Court Opinion

ID: 2828616
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-08-19 18:19:05.669746+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:31:32.019211
License: Public Domain

AFFIRM; and Opinion Filed August 18, 2015.

                                          Court of Appeals
                                                          S     In The

                                   Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                                      No. 05-14-00418-CR
                                                      No. 05-14-00419-CR

                                       DIANA FLORES PEINADO, Appellant
                                                     V.
                                         THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

                             On Appeal from the Criminal District Court No. 5
                                           Dallas County, Texas
                            Trial Court Cause Nos. F-10-25782-L & F-12-00406-L

                                         MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                      Before Justices Fillmore, Myers, and Evans
                                             Opinion by Justice Fillmore

          In trial court Cause Number F-10-25782-L (appeal number 05-14-00418-CR), a jury

convicted appellant Diana Flores Peinado (Diana) 1 of interference with child custody and

assessed punishment of two years’ confinement. In trial court Cause Number F-12-00406-L

(appeal number 05-14-00419-CR), the jury convicted Diana of kidnapping and assessed

punishment of six years’ confinement.

          In seven points of error, Diana contends: (1) the trial court erred by refusing her request

for a mistake-of-fact jury charge instruction in both cases; (2) the trial court abused its discretion

in both cases by overruling her objection to evidence of extraneous offenses; (3) the evidence is

     1
       In this opinion, we refer to minor children by their initials. Because appellant and a minor child have the same initials and various
witnesses have the same surname, we refer to the defendant and those witnesses by their first names.
insufficient to support her conviction of kidnapping; (4) the evidence is insufficient to support

her conviction of interference with child custody; (5) the trial court erred in both cases by

excluding testimony of a defense witness in the punishment phase of trial; (6) the trial court erred

in both cases by limiting testimony of a defense witness in the punishment phase of trial; and (7)

there was jury charge error in the kidnapping case because the application paragraph failed to

require the jury to find the element of intent to prevent liberation and failed to require a

unanimous verdict. We affirm the trial court’s judgments.

                                           Background

                                            Indictment

       Diana was charged with interference with child custody, see TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.

§ 25.03(a) (West Supp. 2014) and aggravated kidnapping, TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 20.04(b)

(West 2011). These cases were tried before a jury.

                                           Evidence at Trial
       The reporter’s record includes the testimony of numerous witnesses at trial, as well as

voluminous documents admitted in evidence. Because this appeal involves a challenge to the

sufficiency of the evidence to support Diana’s convictions, a discussion of the testimony and key

exhibits admitted at trial is necessary.

                                            Jose Andrade

       Jose Leonel Andrade (Andrade) is Diana’s ex-husband and father of their child, L.A.

Andrade testified that following Diana and Andrade’s separation, Diana married Jose Gabriel

Peinado (Jose).     In addition to L.A., Diana has four other children: Kimberly Jimenez

(Kimberly), Victor Jimenez (Victor), S.J., and D.P.

       Diana and Andrade’s marriage was dissolved, and issues relating to custody of L.A. were

addressed, in 2005 by a family court in Bexar County, Texas, where Diana and Andrade then

                                                –2–
resided. The trial court’s final divorce decree ordered that Andrade and Diana had standard

visitation and joint custody of L.A. Andrade testified he has never been found to have violated a

child custody order of the family court. However, according to Andrade, there were times Diana

did not allow Andrade visitation of L.A. in violation of provisions of the final divorce decree,

and Diana had been found to have violated orders concerning child custody on multiple

occasions. A July 14, 2008 order of the 131st Judicial District Court of Bexar County, awarding

Andrade exclusive possession of L.A., was admitted in evidence. Andrade testified that the

order specifically referred to Diana failing to allow Andrade to exercise visitation with L.A. and

forcefully taking L.A. from Andrade when he was exercising his visitation rights. In pertinent

part, the July 14, 2008 “Order Revoking Suspension and for Commitment to County Jail”

provides:

             On July 14, 2008 the Court heard the compliance hearing on Movant’s
       Motion to Revoke Suspension of Commitment.

                                              ***

              Respondent, [Diana], appeared in person and, having waived the right to
       counsel, announced ready for trial.

                                              ***

       Findings

              The Court finds that [Diana] has failed to comply with the terms and
       conditions of the order of this court suspending commitment signed on January
       13, 2005, which appears of record in the minutes of this Court . . . and states in
       relevant part as follows:

               “Findings
                       The Court finds that [Diana] is guilty of separate violations
               of the order signed March 17, 2005 in Cause No. 2004-CI-14796,
               styled “In the Matter of the Marriage of JOSE LEONEL
               ANDRADE and DIANA LAURA FLORES and in the Interest of
               [L.A]., a Child,” in the 224th Judicial District Court of Bexar
               County . . . .

                                           ***
                                               –3–
              The Court further finds that [Diana] has failed to comply
       with and has violated the provisions of the order as follows:
              Violation 1: On December 4, 2005, [Diana] failed to
                              present child at Kids Exchange for court
                              order [sic] visitation.
              Violation 2: December 17, 2005, [Diana] failed to
                              present child at Kids Exchange for court
                              order [sic] visitation.
              The Court specifically finds that [Diana] is in contempt for
       each separate violation enumerated above.

                                  ***

       Relief Granted
               IT IS ADJUDGED that [Diana] is in contempt for each
       separate violation enumerated above.

                                      ***

       The Court further finds that [Diana] failed to comply with the terms of the
suspension of commitment as follows:

              1.      [Diana] failed to comply with the Court’s order regarding
                      summer visitation in that on June 29, 2008, she forcefully
                      took the child from [Andrade] while he was exercising his
                      42 day summer possession period. . . .
              2.      [Diana] has failed to pay attorney’s fees as ordered. . . .

                                      ***

Relief Granted
        Revocation
        IT IS ADJUDGED that [Diana] has failed to comply with the terms and
conditions of suspension of commitment as enumerated above. IT IS ORDERED
that suspension of commitment of [Diana] is revoked.

                                      ***

Commitment
      IT IS ORDERED THAT [Diana] is committed to the custody of the sheriff
of Bexar County, Texas, to be confined, as ordered by the order suspending
commitment for a period of six months.

                                      ***

Additional Periods of Possession and Suspension of Child Support

                                       –4–
               IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that [Andrade] shall have the exclusive
        possession of the child until further order of this Court. . . .

        Andrade moved to Garland, Dallas County, Texas in 2007 or 2008, and L.A. came to live

with him approximately five months later. A September 12, 2008 order of the 131st Judicial

District Court was admitted in evidence. The September 12, 2008 order, issued after a hearing at

which Diana appeared in person and through an attorney of record, required that both Diana and

Andrade undergo a psychological evaluation as soon as possible and follow any recommendation

resulting from that evaluation regarding ongoing therapy or psychiatric treatment. The order

further provides Diana shall have access to L.A. “every other weekend to be supervised by a

third party designated by the Dallas County District Court as authorized to supervise parties

litigating child custody in Dallas County.” Diana was ordered to bear the cost of the supervision

and travel to Dallas County for her supervised visits with L.A. The September 12, 2008 order

provides that “[a]ll previous orders in this matter remain in place until further Order of the

Court.” That order was signed by Diana and her attorney, approving the order as to form.

Pursuant to the September 12, 2008 order, Andrade testified he took L.A. to a supervised

visitation facility in Dallas County for visits with Diana, and personnel at the facility supervised

those visits.

        Andrade testified that on Monday morning, December 13, 2010, he was preparing to

drive L.A., who was turning seven years of age that week, to elementary school. L.A. was in the

back seat behind the driver’s seat of Andrade’s two-door automobile. Andrade saw Jose and

Victor running toward him, and he was afraid. Andrade tried to get into his automobile, but

Victor grabbed Andrade by the neck and hit him in the head, causing Andrade to gasp for air.

Diana had gotten out of a van parked across the street, and Diana and Jose approached the

passenger door of Andrade’s automobile. Diana took L.A. out of Andrade’s automobile and

handed her to Jose. L.A. was crying and yelling as a result of these events. Jose took L.A. to the
                                                –5–
van parked across the street. Andrade believed he saw S.J. during this incident, but S.J. did not

get out of the van. Andrade did not see Kimberly that morning. Diana, Jose, and Victor

threatened Andrade that if he looked for L.A., it was “was going to be bad for him.” Jose drove

the van away with Diana, Victor and L.A. inside. Andrade testified he did not give Diana or

anyone else permission to take L.A. on December 13, 2010.

       Andrade got into his automobile and attempted to follow the van. While following the

van, he telephoned the Garland Police Department to inform them of the assault and abduction.

As he was attempting to catch up with the van, Andrade collided with another automobile. A

Garland police officer met Andrade at the scene of the motor vehicle accident.

       Andrade related to Garland police the events that had transpired and the police required

Andrade to establish he had legal custody of L.A. After five days of not knowing L.A.’s

whereabouts following the abduction, a detective contacted Andrade and advised him L.A. had

been found in San Antonio. Andrade then traveled to San Antonio, retrieved L.A. from a San

Antonio police station, and returned with L.A. to Garland.

                                       Appellant Diana Peinado

       Diana testified that in December 2010, she lived in Laredo with her husband, Jose, and

four of her five children: sixteen year old Victor; thirteen year old Kimberly; eleven year old

S.J., and three year old D.P. Although Diana indicated she was unaware of their actions at the

time they were taken, Jose, Victor, Kimberly, and S.J. travelled to Garland on December 13,

2010 to pick up L.A. Diana saw L.A. at a Laredo police station after Jose and her older children

had returned from Garland, and she thought L.A. was there as part of her court-ordered visitation

with L.A. According to Diana, on December 14 or 15, 2010, she took L.A. to the district

attorney’s office in Laredo, although she did not testify as to the reason for doing so. Diana

spent time with L.A. after she was brought to Laredo, including taking L.A. to Toys-R-Us, Wal-

                                              –6–
Mart, and McDonald’s on December 15, 2010, L.A.’s seventh birthday. Diana was arrested on

December 16, 2010. Carmen Martinez, with whom L.A. was found in a motel room in San

Antonio on December 17, 2010, was Diana’s best friend.

        Diana testified that in November 2010, she received a telephone call from the Texas

Attorney General’s Office or “spoke to a representative of Child Support” and had

correspondence from the Attorney General’s Office that led her to believe she was entitled to

custodial possession of L.A. In 2010, Diana was not receiving child support payments from

Andrade, but testified Andrade owed past due child support payments.

        Diana had been involved since 2005 with family court matters regarding her divorce from

Andrade and custody of L.A. She noted the divorce decree was signed by a Bexar County,

Texas court on January 13, 2005. Diana acknowledged she had been punished by a court for

violating a family court order in 2006. When questioned regarding the July 14, 2008 hearing and

order revoking the suspension of Diana’s commitment, she denied being present for the hearing,

despite the order stating she appeared in person, waived the right to counsel, and announced

ready for trial. She also denied that the July 14, 2008 order for her six month jail confinement

related to taking L.A. from Andrade in violation of a family court order. According to Diana,

she had already been punished for her violations of a family court order, consisting of failure to

present L.A. for court-ordered visitations with Andrade, as referenced in the July 14, 2008 order.

Diana acknowledged her signature on the September 12, 2008 order of the 131st Judicial District

Court, which allowed her supervised visitation with L.A. every other weekend in Dallas County

and provides that all previous orders in the family court case remain in place until further order

of the court.

        Diana testified the family court case involving L.A. was transferred from Bexar County

to Dallas County sometime in November 2010. According to Diana, on November 13, 2010, she

                                               –7–
contacted a Laredo police officer because she was worried about L.A. Diana advised the Laredo

police that the 131st Judicial District Court of Bexar County had jurisdiction over Diana and

L.A., and, as a result, the Laredo police department took no action on her concern. Because she

continued to be worried about L.A., on November 29, 2010, two weeks before L.A. was taken

from Garland to Laredo, Diana appeared at the Garland Police Department, showed a detective a

copy of the January 2005 divorce decree, and claimed to have legal custody of L.A. Diana

acknowledged that the document she showed the Garland detective on November 29, 2010 had

been altered.

                                           Kimberly Jimenez

       Kimberly, seventeen years of age at the time of trial, testified that on December 13, 2010,

she was thirteen years of age and in middle school, Victor was in high school, S.J. was in sixth

grade, and D.P. was three or four years old. According to Kimberly, on December 13, 2010, she

was with Jose, Victor, and S.J. when they travelled to Andrade’s home in Garland. Her mother,

Diana, was not with them in Garland on that day, but was in Laredo with D.P. Kimberly testified

Diana did not know that Jose and the older children were travelling to Garland to get L.A. Jose

drove seven hours from Laredo to Garland the night of December 12, 2010, arriving in Garland

on the morning of December 13, 2010. According to Kimberly, Diana did not tell them where

Andrade lived; rather, Victor knew where Andrade was living from reviewing court papers.

       Jose parked the van he was driving in front of Andrade’s home. Andrade was standing in

the driveway, and L.A. was in Andrade’s automobile. Kimberly and Jose stayed in the van;

Victor and S.J. got out of the van and approached Andrade. When L.A. saw S.J., she willingly

exited Andrade’s automobile to be with S.J. Kimberly did not see anything “go on between”

Victor and Andrade. L.A. got into the van and sat in the rear seat next to Kimberly. They then

drove back to Laredo, stopping only at a fast food restaurant to get L.A. something to eat.

                                              –8–
Kimberly testified they arrived in Laredo that night, and Jose, Victor, Kimberly, S.J., and L.A.

went to a Laredo Police Station.

       Kimberly testified that when they returned to Laredo, Diana appeared to be both happy

and “mad” that Jose and the older children had gone to Garland to get L.A. That week, Diana

spent time with L.A. in Laredo. On December 15, 2010, L.A.’s birthday, they took her to Peter

Piper Pizza. Later that week, on December 17, 2010, Kimberly was in a San Antonio motel

room with L.A., S.J., and D.P., when the police arrived and took L.A. from them.

                                             Victor Jimenez

       Victor testified that on December 13, 2010, he was sixteen years of age. He, Kimberly,

S.J. and Jose left Laredo at midnight in Jose’s van and arrived at Andrade’s home in Garland the

morning of December 13, 2010. Victor had found Andrade’s home address from Diana’s

“paperwork.” Jose parked his van in front of Andrade’s home. Andrade came out of his home

and started his automobile to warm it up. About ten minutes later, Andrade exited his home with

L.A. Victor and S.J., eleven years of age at the time, approached Andrade. L.A. wanted to greet

S.J., but Andrade objected, pushed S.J. out of the way, and S.J. fell. Victor stepped in to protect

S.J. Andrade was very angry and pushed Victor. Victor pushed Andrade back and then placed

his hand around Andrade’s neck in a “chokehold” to pull him away from the automobile. L.A.

began to scream and cry because Victor was attacking Andrade. S.J. and L.A. walked to Jose’s

van, and L.A. got into the van willingly. Andrade did not want Victor to take L.A. away. Victor

told Andrade, “Okay. This is set. We’re done.” Victor returned to the van. L.A. looked happy

to see Victor. Victor drove six or seven hours back to Laredo, stopping only for fast food and

gasoline.

       Initially, Victor testified that Jose did not believe it was okay to take L.A. “He wasn’t

okay with it. But it just happened. We didn’t expect it.” However, Victor later testified that

                                               –9–
Jose felt it was okay for L.A. to be with them. According to Victor, it was nighttime when they

arrived in Laredo. They went “straight” to a Laredo Police Station to let them know they had

L.A. and to “make sure I didn’t do nothing wrong.” Victor recalled Laredo police investigators

advising Jose they would involve Child Protective Services in the matter because Victor,

Kimberly, S.J., and L.A. were minor children.

        Shortly after the December 13, 2010 incident, Diana and her family moved out of their

house in Laredo. On L.A.’s seventh birthday, December 15, 2010, Victor spent a few hours with

her. Victor indicated he did not know how L.A. ended up at a motel in San Antonio with

Victor’s sisters, because he was in jail at the time, having been arrested in Laredo on December

16, 2010 for “trouble” he had gotten into in October 2010. Victor admitted that prior to Diana’s

trial, he was incarcerated in the Dallas County jail for a felony cocaine possession conviction.

Victor testified he loves his mother and would do anything for her.

                                       Officer Michael Birdwell

        Michael Birdwell, a patrol officer of Garland Police Department, testified that, while

responding to a disturbance call on the morning of December 13, 2010, he was dispatched to the

scene of a motor vehicle accident involving Andrade. Upon arriving at the scene, Birdwell saw

that Andrade was upset and that his face was swollen and had red marks. Andrade informed

Birdwell that his daughter, L.A., had been taken by Diana and two men. Andrade told Birdwell

that he placed L.A. in his car and had then seated himself in the driver’s seat when he observed

two males running toward him. Andrade said he had been punched by the men. Birdwell

contacted Patrol Lieutenant Martin. Martin came to the scene of the motor vehicle accident; he

then conferred with a lieutenant in the Criminal Investigation Division.        Following that

conversation, Martin instructed Birdwell to prepare an interference-with-child-custody report.

                                                –10–
Thus, in addition to preparing a motor vehicle accident report, Birdwell prepared an incident

report concerning interference with child custody.

                                         Officer Danielle May

       Danielle May, employed in the Crimes Against Persons Unit of the Garland Police

Department in December 2010, testified that on December 14, 2010, she was assigned an

interference-with-child-custody case involving L.A., who had not been located since the incident

on the morning of December 13, 2010. May contacted Andrade, who described being assaulted

during the December 13, 2010 incident. After speaking with Andrade, May verified Andrade’s

custodial rights by contacting the Bexar County family courts. May then obtained an arrest

warrant for Diana. Relying on a prior address for Diana in Laredo, May contacted the Laredo

Police Department for assistance in locating L.A. and Diana. May also contacted the San

Antonio Police Department for assistance because Diana’s and Jose’s driver’s licenses and

vehicle registration had been issued in San Antonio. Because Jose had been identified by

Andrade as a participant in the December 13, 2010 incident, May also obtained an “at large”

warrant for Jose’s arrest. L.A. was found in San Antonio, and Diana was found in Laredo.

                                   Detective Kevin Landrum

       Detective Kevin Landrum of the San Antonio Police Department testified that on

December 17, 2010, he was assigned to investigate the case and locate L.A. Another San

Antonio Police Department officer received information from an unknown source that L.A.

could be located at a San Antonio motel. Landrum pursued this lead and found L.A. in a room in

that motel. Also present in the motel room were Kimberly, a teenager; S.J., a pre-teen; D.P., a

toddler; and Carmen Martinez, an adult. L.A. was transported to the Youth Services Division of

the San Antonio Police Department and was then released to Child Protective Services.

                                              –11–
                                                                  Jury Verdict

             The jury found Diana guilty of interference with child custody, as charged, for which it

assessed punishment of two-years’ confinement. The jury did not find Diana guilty of the

charged offense of aggravated kidnapping, but found her guilty of the lesser-included offense of

kidnapping, for which it assessed punishment of six years’ confinement. See TEX. PENAL CODE

ANN. § 20.03(a) (West 2011). Diana appealed those convictions.

                                                     Sufficiency of the Evidence

             In her third and fourth points of error, respectively, Diana argues the evidence is

insufficient to support her convictions for kidnapping and interference with child custody, either

as the primary actor or as a party participant. 2

                                                            Standard of Review

             We review the sufficiency of the evidence under the standard set out in Jackson v.

Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (1979). Matlock v. State, 392 S.W.3d 662, 667 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013).

We examine all the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether any

rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable

doubt. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319; Matlock, 392 S.W.3d at 667. This standard recognizes “the

responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the

evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Jackson, 443

     2
         With regard to law of parties, the jury was instructed in both the kidnapping and the interference-with-child-custody cases as follows:

                  All persons are parties to an offense who are guilty of acting together in the commission of an offense. A person is
             criminally responsible as a party to an offense if the offense is committed by his own conduct, by the conduct of another
             for which he is criminally responsible, or by both.

                   A person is criminally responsible for an offense committed by the conduct of another if acting with intent to promote
             or assist the commission of the offense, he solicits, encourages, aids, or attempts to aid the other person to commit the
             offense.

                   Each party to an offense may be charged with the commission of the offense. Mere presence alone at the time and
             the place of the commission of an offense, or knowledge of an offense, if any was committed, does not constitute one
             criminally responsible as a party to the offense.

See also TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 7.01(a) (West 2011) & 7.02(a) (West 2011).

                                                                       –12–
U.S. at 319; see also Adames v. State, 353 S.W.3d 854, 860 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). The

factfinder is entitled to judge the credibility of the witnesses, and can choose to believe all, some,

or none of the testimony presented by the parties. Chambers v. State, 805 S.W.2d 459, 461 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1991); see also Wise v. State, 364 S.W.3d 900, 903 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (“The

factfinder exclusively determines the weight and credibility of the evidence.”).

       We defer to the factfinder’s determinations of credibility, and may not substitute our

judgment for that of the factfinder. See Thornton v. State, 425 S.W.3d 289, 303 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2014); King v. State, 29 S.W.3d 556, 562 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (in conducting legal

sufficiency analysis, appellate court may not re-weigh the evidence and substitute its judgment

for that of the factfinder). When there is conflicting evidence, we must presume the factfinder

resolved the conflict in favor of the verdict, and defer to that resolution. Jackson, 443 U.S. at

326; see also Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Evidence is

sufficient if “the inferences necessary to establish guilt are reasonable based upon the cumulative

force of all the evidence when considered in the light most favorable to the verdict.” Wise, 364
S.W.3d at 903.

       In our sufficiency review, “direct evidence of the elements of the offense is not required.”

Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 14–15 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Circumstantial evidence is as

probative as direct evidence in establishing the guilt of an actor, and the factfinder is permitted to

make reasonable inferences from the evidence presented at trial. Id. at 14. “Circumstantial

evidence alone can be sufficient to establish guilt.” Id. at 15. “Each fact need not point directly

and independently to the guilt of the appellant, as long as the cumulative force of all the

incriminating circumstances is sufficient to support the conviction.” Thomas v. State, 444
S.W.3d 4, 8 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014) (quoting Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 13).

                                                –13–
                                            Kidnapping

       A person commits the offense of kidnapping if that person intentionally or knowingly

abducts another person. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 20.03(a). The term “abduct” means to

restrain a person with the intent to prevent liberation by either (1) secreting or holding the person

in a place where the person is unlikely to be found, or (2) using or threatening to use deadly

force. See id. § 20.01(2). To “restrain” means “to restrict a person’s movements without

consent, so as to interfere substantially with the person’s liberty, by moving the person from one

place to another or by confining the person.” Id. § 20.01(1). Restraint is “without consent” if it

is accomplished by force, intimidation, or deception, or by any means, including acquiescence of

the victim, if “the victim is a child who is less than 14 years of age or an incompetent person and

the parent, guardian, or person or institution acting in loco parentis has not acquiesced in the

movement or confinement.” Id. § 20.01(1)(B)(i).

       A kidnapping becomes a completed offense when “a restraint is accomplished, and there

is evidence that the actor intended to prevent liberation and that he intended to do so by either

secretion or the use or threatened use of deadly force.” Mason v. State, 905 S.W.2d 570, 575

(Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (internal citation omitted). Here, the State had the burden of proving

that a restraint was completed and Diana, as a principal or party participant, evidenced a specific

intent to prevent liberation by either secreting or holding L.A. in a place where she was not likely

to be found or using or threatening to use deadly force. Brimage v. State, 918 S.W.2d 466, 475–

76 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). “Intent can be inferred from the acts, words, and conduct of the

accused.” Dues v. State, 634 S.W.2d 304, 305 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982).

       Diana contends the evidence is insufficient to prove she committed the offense of

kidnapping L.A., either by her own conduct or as a party participant, or that she had the specific

                                               –14–
intent to prevent L.A.’s liberation. The State responds that each element of the completed

offense of kidnapping was proven.

           The jury heard Andrade’s testimony that Diana was present at and assisted in the taking

of L.A. from his automobile in Garland on the morning of Monday, December 13, 2010.

Specifically, Andrade testified Diana assisted in taking six-year-old L.A. out of Andrade’s

automobile and handed L.A. to Jose. L.A., who was crying, was taken to Jose’s van, whereupon

the van with Diana and L.A. in it, was driven away from Andrade’s home and to Laredo.

Andrade testified he did not give consent for anyone to take L.A. from him on December 13,

2010. The July 14, 2008 order of the 131st Judicial District of Bexar County, awarding Andrade

exclusive possession of L.A., was admitted in evidence, as was the September 12, 2008 order

from that court, which included Diana’s signature as approving the order’s form, allowing Diana

access for supervised visits with L.A. every other weekend in Dallas County and specifically

ordering that all previous orders in the family court case remain in force until further order from

the court.

           This evidence, and reasonable inferences that can be drawn from the evidence, are

sufficient to show that Diana, as a principal or party participant, intentionally or knowingly

abducted L.A. on the morning of December 13, 2010, when, without Andrade’s consent, six-

year-old L.A.’s movements were restrained with the intent to prevent her liberation by secreting

or holding her in a place where she was unlikely to be found, namely a van driven away from

Andrade’s home and to Laredo. See Sanders v. State, 605 S.W.2d 612, 614 (Tex. Crim. App.

1980) (automobile being driven on city streets may be used to restrain victim with intent to

prevent liberation). 3 Accordingly, we conclude the evidence was sufficient for a rational juror to

     3
        See also Wilson v. State, No. 05-13-00042-CR, 2014 WL 1413568, at *4 (Tex. App.—Dallas Apr. 2, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op., not
designated for publication) (an automobile being driven on city streets can be used in “secreting or holding the person in a place where the person
is unlikely to be found,” as that phase is used in the statutory definition of “abduction”).

                                                                     –15–
find Diana guilty of the offense of kidnapping L.A. beyond a reasonable doubt. Wise, 364
S.W.3d at 903. We resolve Diana’s third point of error against her.

                                               Interference With Child Custody

          A person commits the offense of interference with child custody if the person takes or

retains a child younger than eighteen years of age when the person knows the taking or retention

of the child violates the express terms of a judgment or court order disposing of the child’s

custody. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 25.03(a)(1); Charlton v. State, 334 S.W.3d 5, 9 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.). Diana argues the evidence is insufficient to establish the offense of

interference with child custody because there is no “reliable” evidence that Diana, as a principal

or party participant, intentionally or knowingly took or retained L.A. or that she had knowledge

that the taking and retention of L.A. violated the July 14, 2008 court order as alleged in the

indictment. 4

          As discussed above, we have concluded the evidence is sufficient to support a finding

that Diana, as a principal or party participant, intentionally or knowingly abducted six-year-old

L.A. on the morning of Monday, December 13, 2010. The jury heard Andrade’s testimony that

Diana was present at and assisted in taking L.A. from his automobile. Specifically, Andrade

testified Diana assisted in taking six-year-old L.A. out of Andrade’s automobile and handing her

to Jose. L.A. was then taken to Jose’s van, whereupon the van, with Diana and L.A. in it, was

driven away from Andrade’s home and to Laredo. With regard to whether Diana intentionally or

knowingly retained L.A., evidence was admitted indicating that L.A. was with Diana in Laredo

during the week of December 13, 2010, before Diana was arrested on December 16, 2010.

Although Diana argues there was insufficient “reliable” evidence that Diana intentionally or

     4
       The indictment alleged that on or about December 13, 2010, in Dallas County, Diana intentionally and knowingly took and retained L.A.,
a child younger than 18 years, “knowing that the taking and retention violated the express terms of a judgment and order of the 131st District
Court of Bexar County, Texas, signed July 14, 2008, disposing of the child’s custody.”

                                                                   –16–
knowingly took or retained L.A., the jury was entitled to judge the credibility of the witnesses

and could choose to believe all, some, or none of the testimony presented by the parties. See

Chambers, 805 S.W.2d at 461. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict,

we conclude a rational juror could find Diana, as a principal or party participant, intentionally or

knowingly took L.A. on December 13, 2010 or retained L.A. after she was taken on December

13, 2010. Wise, 364 S.W.3d at 903.

       Diana further argues there is no “reliable” evidence that Diana had knowledge that taking

and retaining L.A. violated the July 14, 2008 order of the 131st Judicial District Court of Bexar

County. In contravention of Diana’s testimony that she was not present at the July 14, 2008

hearing before the 131st Judicial District Court, the trial court’s July 14, 2008 order awarding

Andrade exclusive possession of L.A., provides that Diana “appeared in person [at the July 14,

2008 hearing] and, having waived the right to counsel, announced ready for trial.”              The

September 12, 2008 order of the 131st Judicial District Court contains Diana’s signature

approving the form of the order and provides that Diana is allowed supervised visitation of L.A.

in Dallas County every other weekend and specifically orders that all previous orders of the

131st Judicial District Court, which would necessarily include the July 14, 2008 order, remain in

force until further order of the 131st Judicial District Court. The jury was entitled to judge the

credibility of the witnesses and could choose to believe all, some, or none of the testimony

presented by the parties. See Chambers, 805 S.W.2d at 461. Viewing the evidence in the light

most favorable to the verdict, we conclude a rational juror could find Diana had knowledge that

taking and retaining L.A. violated the July 14, 2008 order of the 131st Judicial District Court

awarding Andrade exclusive possession of L.A. Wise, 364 S.W.3d at 903.

                                               –17–
       We conclude the evidence was sufficient for a rational juror to find Diana, as a principal

or party participant, guilty of the offense of interference with child custody beyond a reasonable

doubt. We resolve Diana’s fourth point of error against her.

                                          Charge Error

       In her first point of error, Diana asserts the trial court erred in refusing to include a

mistake-of-fact instruction in the jury charge in both the kidnapping and interference-with-child-

custody cases. In her seventh point of error, Diana asserts there is charge error in the kidnapping

case because the application paragraph failed to require the jury to find the essential element of

intent to prevent liberation and to require a unanimous verdict.

                                       Standard of Review

       Our first duty in analyzing a jury-charge issue is to decide whether error exists. Price v.

State, 457 S.W.3d 437, 440 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015). If error exists, we then determine whether

the error caused sufficient harm to warrant reversal. Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 743–44 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2005). Properly preserved charge error requires reversal if the error was “calculated

to injure the rights of [the] defendant,” which means no more than that there must be some harm

to the accused from the error.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.19 (West 2006); see also

Abdnor v. State, 871 S.W.2d 726, 731–32 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994); Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d
157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (op. on reh’g). In other words, properly preserved error will

call for reversal as long as the error is not harmless. See Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171. In

making this determination, “the actual degree of harm must be assayed in light of the entire jury

charge, the state of the evidence, including the contested issues and weight of probative

evidence, the argument of counsel and any other relevant information revealed by the record of

the trial as a whole.” Id.; see also Ovalle v. State, 13 S.W.3d 774, 786 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).

                                               –18–
         When the purported error was not objected to, the error must be “fundamental” and

requires reversal only if it was “so egregious and created such harm that the defendant was

deprived of a fair and impartial trial.” Villarreal v. State, 453 S.W.3d 429, 433 (Tex. Crim. App.

2015) (citing Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171). Egregious harm exists when the record shows that a

defendant has suffered actual, rather than merely theoretical, harm from jury-charge error. Nava

v. State, 415 S.W.3d 289, 298 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013); Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 174. Egregious

harm consists of error affecting the very basis of the case, depriving the defendant of a valuable

right, or vitally affecting a defensive theory. Villarreal, 453 S.W.3d at 433. “Egregious harm is

a ‘high and difficult standard’ to meet, and such a determination must be ‘borne out by the trial

record.’” Id. (quoting Reeves v. State, 420 S.W.3d 812, 816 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013)). As

indicated above, we assess harm in light of “(1) the entirety of the jury charge, (2) the state of the

evidence, including the contested issues and weight of probative evidence, (3) the arguments of

counsel, and (4) any other relevant information revealed by the trial record as a whole.” Id.

(citing Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171). “[I]n making our determination, we may presume that the

jury acted rationally, at least absent a showing to the contrary.” Alvarado v. State, 912 S.W.2d
199, 216 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (quoting Richardson v. State, 879 S.W.2d 874, 882 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1993)).

                                          Mistake of Fact

       A defendant is entitled to an instruction on any defensive issue raised by the evidence,

whether the evidence is weak or strong, unimpeached or uncontradicted, and regardless of how

the trial court views the credibility of the defense. Celis v. State, 416 S.W.3d 419, 429 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2013).      Section 8.02(a) of the penal code provides that “[i]t is a defense to

prosecution that the actor through mistake formed a reasonable belief about a matter of fact if his

mistaken belief negated the kind of culpability required for commission of the offense.” TEX.

                                                –19–
PENAL CODE ANN. § 8.02(a) (West 2011). The phrase “kind of culpability” in section 8.02(a)

means “culpable mental state.” Celis, 416 S.W.3d at 430 (quoting Beggs v. State, 597 S.W.2d
375, 378 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980)). When a defendant raises evidence of a mistaken belief as to

the culpable mental state of the offense, a defendant is entitled to an instruction on mistake of

fact upon request. Id. Therefore, a trial court’s refusal to give a charge that applies the law of

mistake of fact to the very facts of the case, over the appellant’s objection and in the face of a

properly requested charge, is reversible error. Beggs, 597 S.W.2d at 380. We review the

evidence offered to support the defensive issue in the light most favorable to the defense.

Brazelton v. State, 947 S.W.2d 644, 646 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1997, no pet.). If the evidence,

viewed in a light favorable to the defense, does not establish the defensive issue, an instruction is

not required. Granger v. State, 3 S.W.3d 36, 38 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); see also TEX. PENAL

CODE ANN. § 2.03(c) (West 2011) (issue of existence of a defense is not submitted to jury unless

evidence is admitted supporting the defense).

       Diana requested a mistake-of-fact instruction under section 8.02 of the penal code in the

kidnapping and interference-with-child-custody jury charges. The defense argued to the trial

court that evidence had been admitted that when Diana saw L.A. at a Laredo police station the

night of December 13, 2010, she thought L.A. was there as part of her court-ordered visitation

and that Diana testified that in November 2010, she received a telephone call from the Attorney

General’s Office or “spoke to a representative of Child Support” and had correspondence from

the Attorney General’s Office that led her to believe she was entitled to custodial possession of

L.A.

       The elements of the offense of kidnapping the State was required to prove were that

Diana, as a principal or a party participant, intentionally or knowingly abducted L.A. With those

elements in mind, along with the definitions of “abduct” and “restrain,” we determine whether

                                                –20–
there was evidence Diana through mistake formed a reasonable belief about a matter of fact that

negated Diana intentionally or knowingly abducting L.A. Diana’s principal defensive theory was

that she was not involved in the abduction of L.A. Diana did not argue at trial that she formed a

reasonable belief through mistake of fact that “negated the kind of culpability required” for

intentionally or knowingly abducting L.A. Diana categorically denied she participated in the

abduction, either as a principal or a party participant. Diana testified she was in Laredo at the

time L.A. was placed in Jose’s van and driven from Garland to Laredo and she had no

knowledge of that event until L.A. was in Laredo that night. Diana’s principal defensive theory

is therefore inconsistent with an argument that she was entitled to a mistake of fact instruction

because she was mistaken in her belief she was entitled to take L.A. from Andrade. But even if

we credit Diana with having taken the position at trial that she believed she was entitled to

custodial possession of L.A. and therefore could not have formed the culpable mental state

necessary for a kidnapping conviction, the defensive theory and associated evidence will not

support a mistake of fact instruction. Where the alleged mistaken fact is a matter that is readily

discernable by a simple empirical method of investigation that is universally accepted, a mistake

of fact defense is not raised by the defendant’s failure to properly utilize that method. King v.

State, 919 S.W.2d 819, 821 – 22 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2996, no pet.); Miller v. State, 666 S.W.2d
564, 566 (Tex. App—Houston [14th Dist.] 1984, no pet.). Diana claims she was confused about

whether she had custodial possession of L.A. as a result of a telephone conversation with the

Attorney General’s office or a “representative of Child Support” and documentation received

from the Attorney General’s office that authorized Andrade’s employer to withhold a portion of

Andrade’s salary for past due child support. 5                    If Diana was confused about her telephone

conversation or the meaning of the Attorney General’s correspondence, she could have easily

   5
       Diana and Andrade initially had joint custody of L.A.

                                                               –21–
cleared up any confusion by contacting the Office of the Attorney General and making further

inquiry. Diana admitted knowing that the 2005 custody decree, along with the 2008 orders,

control the parent-child relationship between Diana and L.A. If Diana had any confusion about

the custody provisions of the decree and orders, she could have easily cleared up any confusion

by contacting the court that issued the decree or orders. The “mistake” alleged here was easily

verifiable; accordingly any “belief” that Diana had actual custodial possession of L.A. was not

reasonable. See King, 919 S.W.2d at 821-22. Finally, the evidence, viewed in a light favorable

to the defense, does not establish a mistake of fact, especially in light of Diana’s: (1) admission

that Andrade had custodial possession of L.A. at the time of trial; (2) failure to show a family

court with jurisdiction had made any change in custodial possession since the 2008 orders; and

(3) acknowledgement of her signature on the September 12, 2008 order allowing her only

supervised visitation with L.A. every other weekend in Dallas County. Granger, 3 S.W.3d at 38.

We conclude the trial court did not err by failing to include a mistake-of-fact instruction in the

kidnapping jury charge.

        With regard to the interference-with-child-custody charge, the State was required to

prove Diana, as a principal or a party participant, intentionally or knowingly took or retained

L.A. on December 13, 2010, knowing that the taking or retention violated the terms of the July

14, 2008 judgment or order of the 131st Judicial District Court of Bexar County. Therefore, in

order to be entitled to a mistake-of-fact instruction on the interference-with-child-custody case,

there must be evidence that a mistake negated the kind of culpable mental state required for the

taking or retaining as charged. The only evidence Diana argued negated the required culpable

mental state was her testimony (1) concerning her belief that when she saw L.A. in Laredo the

night of December 13, 2010, she was exercising her court-ordered visitation, and (2) that based

on a November 2010 telephone call from the Attorney General’s Office or “a representative of

                                              –22–
Child Support” and correspondence from the Attorney General’s Office, she believed she was

entitled to custodial possession of L.A..    However, that evidence pertains only to Diana’s

retention of L.A. Diana did not argue at trial that she formed a reasonable belief through mistake

of fact that “negated the kind of culpability required” for intentionally or knowingly taking L.A.

As noted previously, Diana’s principal defensive theory was that she was not involved in the

taking of L.A.   Diana categorically denied participation as a principal or a party participant in

the taking of L.A. from Garland and driving L.A. to Laredo on December 13, 2010. Diana’s

principal defensive theory is therefore inconsistent with an argument that she was entitled to a

mistake of fact instruction because she was mistaken in her belief she was entitled to take L.A.

from Andrade. But even if we credit Diana with having taken the position at trial that she

believed she was entitled to custodial possession of L.A. and therefore could not have formed the

culpable mental state necessary for taking L.A. knowing that her action violated a court order

disposing of the child’s custody, the defensive theory and associated evidence will not support a

mistake of fact instruction. Nor will the evidence support a mistake of fact instruction on the

theory Diana believed she was entitled to custodial possession of L.A. and therefore could not

have formed the culpable mental state for retaining L.A. knowing that her action violated a court

order disposing of the child’s custody.     The evidence will not support a mistake of fact

instruction for the reasons discussed above in connection with the jury charge in the kidnapping

case; namely, the alleged “mistake” was easily verifiable; accordingly any “belief” that Diana

had actual custodial possession of L.A. was not reasonable, King, 919 S.W.2d at 821-22, and the

evidence, viewed in a light favorable to the defense, does not establish a mistake of fact,

especially in light of Diana’s: (1) admission that Andrade had custodial possession of L.A. at the

time of trial; (2) failure to show a family court with jurisdiction had made any change in

custodial possession since the 2008 orders; and (3) acknowledgement of her signature on the

                                              –23–
September 12, 2008 order allowing her only supervised visitation with L.A. every other weekend

in Dallas County. Granger, 3 S.W.3d at 38. Accordingly, we conclude the trial court did not err

by failing to include a mistake-of-fact instruction in the interference-with-child-custody jury

charge.

          We conclude the trial court did not err in refusing to submit Diana’s requested instruction

of mistake-of-fact in the kidnapping and interference-with-child-custody cases. Accordingly, we

resolve Diana’s first point of error against her.

                                       Kidnapping Jury Charge

          Diana contends the jury charge in the kidnapping case was erroneous in failing to include

language requiring the jury to find that Diana had intent to prevent the liberation of L.A. Diana

contends the mens rea element of “intent to prevent liberation” must be set out in the application

paragraph of the jury charge, otherwise the jury was allowed to find Diana guilty by only finding

she restrained L.A. without the specific intent to prevent liberation. The State responds there

was no error because the statutory mens rea language concerning intent to prevent liberation

about which Diana complains on appeal was included in the definition of “abduct” in the abstract

portion of the jury charge.

          The abstract portion of the jury charge provided that “a person commits the offense of

kidnapping if the person intentionally or knowingly abducts another person.” It contains the

definitions of “abduct,” meaning “to restrain a person with intent to prevent his liberation by

secreting or holding the person in a place where he is not likely to be found,” and “restrain,”

meaning “to restrict a person’s movements without consent, so as to interfere substantially with

his liberty, by moving him from one place to another or by confining him.”

                                                 –24–
          The application portion of the jury charge specifically provides that the terms “abduct”

and “restrain” are “defined [in the abstract portion of the jury charge] and ha[ve] the same

meaning[s] here.” The application paragraph of the jury charge then provides:

          Now, bearing in mind the foregoing instructions, if you find from the evidence
          beyond a reasonable doubt that on or about the 13th day of December, A.D.,
          2010, in Dallas County, Texas, the defendant, [Diana], either acting alone or as a
          party, by soliciting, encouraging, directing, aiding or attempting to aid another,
          did unlawfully, intentionally or knowingly, abduct L.A., hereinafter called
          complainant, in that defendant restrained the complainant by confining
          complainant or by moving complainant from one place to another, and by
          secreting or holding complainant in a place where complainant was not likely to
          be found or by threatening to use deadly force, then you will find the defendant
          guilty of the lesser-included offense of kidnapping, as included in the indictment,
          and you will make no finding in your verdict as to punishment.

          The function of the jury charge is to instruct the jury on the law applicable to the case.

Dinkins v. State, 894 S.W.2d 330, 339 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995); Caldwell v. State, 971 S.W.2d
663, 666 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1998, pet. ref’d). “When we review a charge for alleged error, we

must examine the charge as a whole, considering the workable relationship between the abstract

parts of the charge and those parts that apply the abstract law to the facts of the case.” Caldwell,
971 S.W.2d at 666. “The abstract or definitional paragraphs serve as a kind of glossary to help

the jury understand the meaning of concepts and terms used in the application paragraphs of the

charge.” Id. “Thus, a charge is adequate if it contains an application paragraph that authorizes a

conviction under conditions specified by other paragraphs of the jury charge to which the

application paragraph necessarily and unambiguously refers, or contains some logically

consistent combination of such paragraphs.” Id.; see also Vasquez v. State, 389 S.W.3d 361, 367

(Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (no error in failing to cut and paste the abstract definition of the law of

parties into the application paragraph). 6

     6
       Fountain v. State, Nos. 05-11-00753-CR & 05-11-00797-CR, 2013 WL 1245725, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas Feb. 12, 2013, pet. ref’d) (not
designated for publication) (application paragraph tracked penal code and referred “necessarily and unambiguously” to definition of offense
found in abstract portion of the charge) (quoting Caldwell, 971 S.W.2d at 666).

                                                                 –25–
       We presume the jury followed the instructions in the application paragraph of the charge,

and Diana has not shown otherwise. See Williams v. State, 937 S.W.2d 479, 490 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1996) (“[W]e assume that the jury would follow the instruction as given, and we will not

reverse in the absence of evidence that the jury was actually confused by the charge.”). Here, the

application paragraph incorporated the definition of “abduct,” which specifically includes the

statutory language relating to restraint of a person “with intent to prevent his liberation.” We

conclude the jury charge did not erroneously fail to include language requiring the jury to find

that Diana had intent to prevent the liberation of L.A.

       Diana also argues that the kidnapping jury charge was defective because the application

paragraph “combined all the different means and methods of restraint and abduction together but

failed to require the jury to find ‘intent to prevent liberation’ as required for kidnapping,” and she

was therefore denied a unanimous jury verdict on “this critical element of the offense.”

Specifically, Diana’s concern is that the jury could have found her guilty of “only restraint

without finding the essential element that [she] intended to prevent liberation of [L.A.]” since the

charge “just combined all the manner and means of restraint along with the manner and means of

abduct without requiring a separate finding [of] the mens rea for abduct as opposed to the actus

reas for restraint.” The State responds that Diana was not denied a unanimous verdict because

only one offense was charged and Diana was convicted of only one offense.

       Diana acknowledges that an indictment may allege different manners or means of

committing a single offense, and jurors are not required to agree upon a single manner or means.

See Landrian v. State, 268 S.W.3d 532, 536 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (jury must agree defendant

committed one specific crime, but that does not mean jury must unanimously find defendant

committed that crime in one specific way or even with one specific act); Martinez v. State, 129
S.W.3d 101, 106 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (holding that when the capital murder charge

                                                –26–
authorizes the jury to convict on more than one theory, a guilty verdict will be upheld if the

evidence is sufficient on any one of the theories). As discussed above, the definitions of the

terms “abduct” and “restrain” were incorporated in the application portion of the jury charge, and

the application paragraph thus required that in order to convict, the jury must find Diana intended

to prevent L.A.’s liberation. The application paragraph further required that the jury find the

manner and means of the restraint, from the alternative manner and means included in the jury

charge of (1) confining L.A. or (2) moving L.A. from one place to another. See Laster v. State,

275 S.W.3d 512, 521 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (“abduct” includes two elements: defendant must

have restrained another, which is the actus reus requirement; second, defendant must have had

specific intent to prevent liberation, which is mens rea requirement); see also Brimage, 918
S.W.2d at 475 (kidnapping becomes completed offense when a restraint is accomplished, and

there is evidence the actor intended to prevent liberation and to do so by either secretion or use or

threatened use of deadly force). The offense of kidnapping requires proof that the defendant

intentionally or knowingly abducted another person. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 20.03(a). Proof

that an abduction has occurred requires evidence of a restraint with “intent to prevent liberation”

by secreting or holding a person in a place she is not likely to be found or by using or threatening

use of deadly force. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 20.01(2). The manner and means of “restraint”

include restriction of movement without consent by moving a person from one place to another

or confining the person. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 20.01(1). In this case, the jury charge

contained a definition of “abduct” that controlled interpretation of that term as it is used

throughout the charge, including the application paragraph. Because the mens rea element of the

definition (“intent to prevent liberation”) applied to all manner and means of restraint identified

in the charge (the actus reas), the jury charge cannot be said to deny Diana a unanimous jury

verdict.

                                               –27–
       We conclude the jury charge in the kidnapping case did not erroneously fail to include

language requiring the jury to find Diana had intent to prevent the liberation of L.A. and did not

deny Diana a unanimous jury verdict. We resolve Diana’s seventh point of error against her.

                               Evidence of Extraneous Offenses

       In her second point of error, Diana argues the trial court erred in the kidnapping and

interference-with-child-custody cases by overruling her objection to admission of evidence

regarding her prior violations of court orders and the contempt actions against her and that

admission of that evidence during the guilt-innocence phase of trial violated rules of evidence

404(b) and 403. The State responds that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting

this evidence and Diana opened the door to the evidence during cross-examination of Andrade.

                                       Standard of Review

       We review a trial court’s admission or exclusion of evidence for an abuse of discretion.

Martinez v. State, 327 S.W.3d 727, 736 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010); De La Paz v. State, 279 S.W.3d
336, 343 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (admissibility of extraneous offense). We will not reverse the

trial court’s ruling unless it falls outside the “zone of reasonable disagreement.” De La Paz, 279
S.W.3d at 343–44; see also Manning v. State, 114 S.W.3d 922, 926 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003)

(quoting Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 391 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (op. on reh’g)); see

also Wyatt v. State, 23 S.W.3d 18, 27 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (absent a clear abuse of discretion,

trial court’s decision to admit or exclude testimony will not be disturbed). A trial court’s

decision to admit evidence of an extraneous offense is generally within the zone of reasonable

disagreement if the evidence shows (1) the extraneous offense is relevant to a material, non-

propensity issue, and (2) the probative value of that evidence is not substantially outweighed by

the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury. De La Paz, 279
S.W.3d at 344.

                                              –28–
                                          Discussion

       The trial court granted Diana’s motion in limine that the State not refer to “any trouble,

problems or arrests that [Diana] has experienced, or any cases now pending against [Diana] . . .

unless said subjects are first opened by the defense, for the reason that same would not be

admissible in evidence and would be prejudicial and inflammatory.” Before trial, the State filed

notice of its intention to introduce evidence of Diana’s numerous violations of orders regarding

visitation, possession and custody of L.A. The State’s notice included: (1) the July 14, 2008

order of the 131st Judicial District Court which documented violations by Diana on December 4

and 17, 2005 of court ordered visitation by failing to present L.A. for Andrade’s visitation,

resulting in a contempt finding against Diana; and (2) Diana’s violation of the 131st Judicial

District Court’s order suspending commitment for contempt by forcefully taking L.A. on June

29, 2008 from Andrade while Andrade was exercising his summer period of possession of L.A.

However, at a pretrial hearing, the State informed the court that the State “intend[ed] to

prosecute [Diana] for these two Indictments and not to go far ahead afield with that. I mean,

we’re not going to get into whether or not [Diana violated] court orders in the past, unless the

door is opened.” In the July 14, 2008 order as originally entered into evidence by the State,

Diana’s extraneous offenses of violating orders regarding possession and custody visitation,

possession and custody of L.A. were redacted.

       During cross-examination of Andrade by Diana’s counsel, Andrade was asked whether

“over the course of the last decade, you guys – there has been some back and forth on following

the rules” regarding exercising possession of L.A. Andrade was asked by defense counsel

whether in the weeks before the incident at issue, “there had been complaints, one way or the

other, about interfering with each other’s custody.” Outside the presence of the jury, the State

argued defense counsel’s questioning regarding complaints of interference with custody of L.A.

                                             –29–
opened the door to the State being allowed by the trial court to introduce evidence regarding

Diana’s violations of orders of the 131st Judicial District Court in the family case, and the State

moved for admission of an unredacted copy of the July 14, 2008 order. The prosecutor advised

the trial court that, in accordance with the trial court’s limine order, she instructed Andrade that

he was not to testify regarding Diana’s violations of child custody orders. Defense counsel’s

questioning touched on issues implicating those violations of child custody orders. The State

argued that by virtue of the defense opening the door regarding “interfering with each other’s

custody,” it should be able to question Andrade about whether he or Diana had ever violated

orders regarding child custody issues. In response, defense counsel acknowledged she “could

see how the question and answer [regarding ‘following the rules’] gives rise to a concern or gives

rise to a conversation about complaining about the ruling,” but that the follow-up question

regarding “complaints” about interference with custody of L.A. was not tantamount to opening

the door to evidence regarding violations of orders of the 131st Judicial District Court as

contained in the July 14, 2008 order. Defense counsel argued that prejudice from admission of

such evidence regarding Diana’s violations of orders would outweigh the probative value of the

evidence under rule of evidence 403. The trial court granted the State’s request to admit into

evidence an unredacted copy of the July 14, 2008 order, and to ask questions regarding

violations of child custody orders. Diana was granted a running objection to that evidence.

       Diana contends that, even if the evidence was relevant, it should have been excluded

under rule of evidence 403 because its probative value was substantially outweighed by the

danger of unfair prejudice. TEX. R. EVID. 403. Rule of evidence 403 “favors the admission of

relevant evidence and carries a presumption that relevant evidence will be more probative than

prejudicial.” Hayes v. State, 85 S.W.3d 809, 815 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). “Unfair prejudice”

does not arise from the mere fact that the evidence injures a party’s case, because virtually all

                                               –30–
evidence that a party offers will be prejudicial to the opponent’s case. Casey v. State, 215
S.W.3d 870, 883 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Evidence is “unfairly prejudicial” only when it tends

to have some adverse effect on a defendant beyond tending to prove the fact or issue that justifies

its admission. Id. When the admissibility of evidence is challenged under rule of evidence 403,

a trial court must perform a balancing test to determine if the probative value of the evidence is

substantially outweighed by its prejudicial effect. TEX. R. EVID. 403. In conducting a rule 403

analysis, a trial court must balance (1) the inherent probative force of the proffered item of

evidence along with (2) the proponent’s need for that evidence against (3) any tendency of the

evidence to suggest decision on an improper basis, (4) any tendency of the evidence to confuse

or distract the jury from the main issues, (5) any tendency of the evidence to be given undue

weight by a jury that has not been equipped to evaluate the probative force of the evidence, and

(6) the likelihood that presentation of the evidence will consume an inordinate amount of time or

merely repeat evidence already admitted. Gigliobianco v. State, 210 S.W.3d 637, 641–42 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2006) (identifying six factors to be balanced under rule 403 but recognizing “these

factors may well blend together in practice”).

       The first two Gigliobianco factors involve the probative value of the evidence—how

strongly it serves to make more or less probable the existence of a fact of consequence to the

litigation coupled with the proponent’s need for that item of evidence. Id. at 641. With regard to

these factors, we note the inherent probative force of the extraneous offense evidence was

substantial. The extraneous offense evidence was highly probative of Diana’s intent to take L.A.

from Andrade on December 13, 2010, and retain L.A. in Laredo, in contravention of the orders

of the 131st Judicial District Court regarding possession, custody, and visitation, a material issue

at trial. The evidence was also probative of Diana’s knowledge of the parameters of her lawful

                                                 –31–
possession, custody, and visitation with L.A. under those orders, and the absence of mistake in

taking and retaining L.A. in contravention of those orders.

        Further, defense counsel opened the door to admission of evidence of Diana’s violations

of court orders regarding possession, custody and visitation. “[A] party who ‘opens the door’ to

otherwise inadmissible evidence risks the adverse effect of having that evidence admitted.”

Bowley v. State, 310 S.W.3d 431, 435 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). Specifically, Diana opened the

door regarding whether there had been “back and forth” between Andrade and Diana “over the

course of the last decade” regarding possession of L.A. and whether in the weeks before the

incident at issue, there had been complaints “one way or the other, about interfering with each

other’s custody.” The State needed the extraneous offense evidence for purposes of eliminating

jury confusion regarding provisions of family court orders relating to possession, custody, and

visitation of L.A. and whether Andrade or Diana had interfered with those orders or was

interfering with those orders on December 13, 2010, or in the following days. Therefore, these

factors weigh in favor of admission of the evidence.

       As for the third factor, there is nothing in the record to indicate admission of the evidence

would be so inherently inflammatory that it would tend to elicit an emotional response and

impress a jury in some “irrational yet indelible way,” Wheeler v. State, 67 S.W.3d 879, 889 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2002), or “lure the factfinder into declaring guilt on a ground different from proof

specific to the offense[s] charged” of interference with child custody and kidnapping. See Old

Chief v. United States, 519 U.S. 172, 180 (1997). As such, this factor weighs in favor of

admission of the evidence.

       The fourth and sixth factors concern the tendency of the evidence to confuse or distract

the jury from the main issues and the amount of time consumed by the presentation of the

evidence. See Santellan v. State, 939 S.W.2d 155, 169 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (this factor looks

                                               –32–
to the “time the proponent will need to develop the evidence, during which the jury will be

distracted from consideration of the indicted offense[s]”) (citing Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at

389–90). We have already concluded the evidence was highly probative of Diana’s intent to take

L.A. from Andrade on December 13, 2010, and retain L.A. in Laredo, in contravention of the

orders of the 131st Judicial District Court; Diana’s knowledge of the parameters of her lawful

possession, custody, and visitation with LA. under those orders; and the absence of mistake in

taking and retaining L.A. in contravention of those orders. In light of the highly probative nature

of the evidence, there is a low probability the evidence would confuse or distract the jury from

the main issues in the case. Further, the State needed little time to develop the testimony and for

introduction of the unredacted July 14, 2008 order. Of the testimony elicited in its case-in-chief,

the State’s questioning of Andrade following admission of the evidence consisted of less than

four pages of transcription in the record, and a substantial portion of those pages contains

testimony unrelated to the evidentiary matter at issue here. These factors weigh in favor of

admission of the evidence.

       The fifth factor concerns “a tendency of an item of evidence to be given undue weigh by

the jury on other than emotional grounds. For example, ‘scientific’ evidence might mislead a

jury that is not properly equipped to judge the probative force of the evidence.” Gigliobianco,
210 S.W.3d at 641 (internal citation omitted). The evidence at issue here was not prone to this

tendency, as it pertained to matters that could easily be understood by a jury. Hence, this factor

weighs in favor of admission of the evidence.

       The rule 403 factors weigh in favor of admission of the evidence concerning Diana’s

violation of child custody orders. Id. at 641–42. Therefore, we cannot conclude the trial court

abused its discretion by determining the probative value of the evidence was not substantially

                                                –33–
outweighed by any risk of unfair prejudice in admitting the evidence. De La Paz, 279 S.W.3d at

343–44.

           Further, Diana failed to preserve a rule of evidence 404(b) objection. At the hearing

outside the presence of the jury, the defense argued with regard to whether Diana had opened the

door to evidence regarding violations of orders regarding child custody and that introduction of

such evidence would be more prejudicial than probative under rule of evidence 403. The trial

court granted Diana a running objection to introduction of this evidence. However, the running

objection was based on Diana’s objection under rule of evidence 403. Generally, to preserve

error for appellate review, a party’s objection must be sufficiently specific so as to “let the trial

judge know what he wants, why he thinks himself entitled to it, and do so clearly enough for the

judge to understand him at a time when the trial court is in a proper position to do something

about it.” Malone v. State, 405 S.W.3d 917, 925 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2013, pet. ref’d)

(quoting Resendez v. State, 306 S.W.3d 308, 313 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009)). We conclude Diana

did not specifically make a rule 404(b) objection separate from her 403 objection, and therefore,

has not preserved a rule 404(b) complaint on appeal. See Medina v. State, 7 S.W.3d 633, 643

(Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (holding appellant’s relevancy objection at trial did not preserve error

concerning rule 404 extraneous offense claim); see also Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 388–89

(objecting party did not make separate rule 403 objection from his 404(b) objection, and

therefore, had not preserved a rule 403 complaint on appeal). 7

           Even had Diana preserved an appellate complaint under rule 404(b) that the trial court

erred in admitting evidence regarding Diana’s violations of child custody orders, we disagree this

would constitute an abuse of discretion by the trial court. Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or

     7
       See also Washburn v. State, No. 05-13-00921-CR, 2014 WL 3756486, at *5 (Tex. App.—Dallas July 30, 2014, no pet.) (not designated
for publication) (rule 404(b) objection will not preserve a rule 403 complaint; finding no rule 403 objection in record, appellant’s complaint of
rule 403 objection not preserved for review).

                                                                    –34–
acts is not admissible “to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity

therewith.” TEX. R. EVID. 404(b). But it may “be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of

motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or

accident.” Id. Rule 404(b) is a rule of inclusion, rather than exclusion, and excludes “only that

evidence that is offered (or will be used) solely for the purpose of proving bad character and

hence conduct in conformity with that bad character.” De La Paz, 279 S.W.3d at 343. “Whether

extraneous offense evidence has relevance apart from character conformity, as required by Rule

404(b), is a question for the trial court.” Moses v. State, 105 S.W.3d 622, 627 (Tex. Crim. App.

2003). Here, Diana’s prior violations of child custody orders are relevant to her intent to take

L.A. from Andrade on December 13, 2010, and retain L.A. in Laredo, in contravention of the

orders of the 131st Judicial District Court regarding possession, custody, and visitation; Diana’s

knowledge of the parameters of her lawful possession, custody, and visitation with L.A. under

those orders; and the absence of mistake in taking and retaining L.A. in contravention of those

orders. The extraneous offense evidence was therefore admissible under rule 404(b).

       After reviewing the record, we cannot conclude the probative value of the evidence

concerning Diana’s violation of child custody orders was substantially outweighed by the danger

of unfair prejudice in admitting the evidence. TEX. R. EVID. 403. We conclude Diana failed to

preserve a rule of evidence 404(b) objection, but even if she had preserved her appellate

complaint, the evidence concerning her violation of child custody orders is admissible under rule

404(b). Accordingly, we conclude the trial court’s admission of the complained-of evidence was

within the zone of reasonable disagreement and therefore did not constitute an abuse of

discretion. Moses, 105 S.W.3d at 627. We resolve Diana’s second point of error against her.

                                              –35–
                            Exclusion of Defense Witness Testimony

       Diana contends in her fifth point of error that the trial court’s exclusion of a defense

witness in the punishment phase of trial of the kidnapping and interference-with-child-custody

cases was erroneous.

       Outside the presence of the jury, the trial court conducted a hearing regarding Diana’s

intention to call Shirley Poeck to testify in the punishment phase of trial and the State’s objection

to her testimony. Diana’s counsel informed the trial court that she intended to elicit testimony

from Poeck, a licensed professional counselor, about statements made by Diana to Poeck in

December 2013 for the purpose of medical diagnosis or treatment resulting from an evaluation

ordered by the 131st Judicial District Court. Diana’s counsel stated Poeck would not provide

expert opinion and that Poeck’s testimony relating to statements Diana made to her for the

purpose of medical diagnosis or treatment was admissible as an exception to the rule against

hearsay. TEX. R. EVID. 803(4). According to Diana’s counsel, Poeck was to provide testimony

that as recently as December 2013, Diana still expressed anxiety and fear concerning the welfare

of L.A. Diana’s counsel argued that testimony was mitigating evidence relevant to the jury’s

assessment of punishment. The State objected to testimony from Poeck concerning Diana’s

listing of her perceived problems with Andrade and issues relating to custody of L.A. on the

basis that the statements were not made for the purpose of medical diagnosis or treatment, and

thus the testimony did not qualify as an exception to the rule against hearsay.

       Poeck’s testimony was then tendered by Diana outside the jury’s presence.              Poeck

testified she first met with Diana in December 2013. Diana came to Poeck’s office as a patient,

and Diana made statements to Poeck to enable Poeck to counsel her and to make an evaluation or

otherwise render treatment or a diagnosis.        Diana told Poeck about her past and present

symptoms, sensations, emotions, and thoughts regarding her lengthy custody battle with

                                               –36–
Andrade. Diana expressed ongoing concerns about L.A., with her primary concern being that

she wanted to be able to see and visit L.A. Diana made statements concerning L.A.’s safety and

welfare; Diana indicated that she was worried, scared, and anxious about L.A. being abused,

however she told Poeck that nothing had come of prior investigations of alleged sexual abuse of

L.A. Diana stated she felt she had been wronged because L.A. was taken from her by Andrade’s

lawyer. Diana told Poeck that her feelings of worry, apprehension, and tension caused her to cry

easily when she thought about not being able to be with L.A., and Diana described physical

symptoms such as the sensation of tightening in her chest, stomach discomfort, and sadness at

not being able to visit with L.A. Poeck generated a nine-page report that was tendered to the

family court. 8 On cross-examination by the State, Poeck testified she evaluated Diana in order

for Diana to demonstrate her competency to a judge and to “open” a child custody case. Poeck

testified she saw Diana in three follow-up visits after the initial visit.

            Following Poeck’s proffered testimony, Diana’s counsel argued Poeck’s testimony

should be admitted in the punishment phase to rebut testimony regarding Diana’s failure to

comply with orders from the family court addressing child custody matters and to demonstrate

Diana attempted to obtain a psychological evaluation as ordered by the family court in order to

gain custody of L.A. or to be allowed to visit L.A. The State objected to Poeck’s testimony as

hearsay because Diana’s statements to Poeck were not made in the course of medical diagnosis

or treatment. After hearing Poeck’s proffered testimony and the arguments of Diana and State,

the trial court granted the State’s motion to exclude Poeck’s testimony.

            Section 3(a) of article 37.07 of the code of criminal procedure allows evidence during the

punishment phase about “any matter the court deems relevant to sentencing.” TEX. CODE CRIM.

    8
        Poeck’s report is not contained in the record on appeal.

                                                                   –37–
PROC. ANN. art. 37.07, § 3(a) (West Supp. 2014). 9 We review a complaint regarding the

admission or exclusion of evidence at the punishment phase of trial under an abuse of discretion

standard. Mitchell v. State, 931 S.W.2d 950, 953 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (plurality op.) (citing

Saenz v. State, 843 S.W.2d 24, 26 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992)); see also Moreno v. State, 1 S.W.3d
846, 861 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1999, pet. ref’d) (“The trial court has broad discretion in

determining admissibility of evidence at the punishment phase of trial.”). “[T]he trial judge must

still restrict the admission of evidence to that which is ‘relevant to sentencing’—in other words, a

trial judge must operate within the bounds of Texas Rules of Evidence 401, 402, and 403.”

Ellison v. State, 201 S.W.3d 714, 722 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). Questions of relevance should be

left largely to the trial court, relying on its owns observations and experience, and will not be

reversed absent an abuse of discretion. Moreno v. State, 858 S.W.2d 453, 463 (Tex. Crim. App.

1993). “Determining what is relevant then should be a question of what is helpful to the jury in

determining the appropriate sentence for a particular defendant in a particular case.” Rogers v.

State, 991 S.W.2d 263, 265 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).

            Under rule of evidence 803(4), the following is not excluded by the rule against hearsay,

regardless of whether the defendant is available as a witness:

            A statement that:
            (A) is made for—and is reasonably pertinent to—medical diagnosis or treatment;
            and
            (B) describes medical history; past or present symptoms or sensations; their
            inception; or their general cause.

     9
         Section 3(a) of article 37.07 of the code of criminal procedure provides:

            [E]vidence may be offered by the state and the defendant as to any matter the court deems relevant to sentencing, including
            but not limited to the prior criminal record of the defendant, his general reputation, his character, an opinion regarding his
            character, the circumstances of the offense for which he is being tried, and, notwithstanding Rules 404 and 405, Texas
            Rules of Evidence, any other evidence of an extraneous crime or bad act that is shown beyond a reasonable doubt by
            evidence to have been committed by the defendant or for which he could be held criminally responsible, regardless of
            whether he has previously been charged with or finally convicted of the crime or act.

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 37.07, § 3(a).

                                                                       –38–
TEX. R. EVID. 803(4). Here, Poeck’s proffered testimony concerned Diana’s statements to Poeck

made three years after the incident at issue.      Diana’s statements to Poeck concerned her

background and history, battle with Andrade over custody of L.A., and worries about purported

abuse of L.A. Those statements were made for the purpose of gaining custody of or visitation

with L.A. Poeck’s testimony about those statements was hearsay and the testimony was not

admissible under the hearsay exception in rule of evidence 803(4) relating to statements made for

and reasonably pertinent to medical diagnosis or treatment. TEX. R. EVID. 803(4).

       We cannot conclude the trial court abused its discretion in excluding Poeck’s testimony.

Moreno, 858 S.W.2d at 463. Accordingly, we resolve Diana’s fifth point of error against her.

                         Limitation on Testimony of Defense Witness

       Diana argues in her sixth point of error that the trial court’s limitation of Anna Kaiser’s

testimony in the punishment phase of trial of the kidnapping and interference-with-child-custody

cases was error. The State responds that Kaiser’s excluded testimony was inadmissible hearsay

and Diana did not establish an outcry exception for admissibility of the hearsay.

       Outside the presence of the jury, defense counsel informed the court of her intention to

elicit testimony from Anna Kaiser, a former employee of Hannah’s House, an agency

supervising Diana’s visits with L.A., regarding Kaiser’s observations of Diana and L.A. during a

December 21, 2008 visit. Defense counsel expressed the intention to elicit testimony from

Kaiser regarding L.A. showing Diana on a doll where Andrade purportedly had touched her.

Diana argued Kaiser’s testimony would not constitute hearsay because it would not be offered

for the truth of the matter asserted. Rather, defense counsel indicated Kaiser’s testimony would

establish Diana’s state of mind and the effect L.A.’s statements concerning Andrade’s

“touching” had on Diana. The State objected to Kaiser testifying as to hearsay statements by

L.A. or Diana, and the State asserted L.A.’s out-of-court statement did not qualify as an

                                              –39–
exception to the inadmissibility of hearsay under article 38.072 of the code of criminal

procedure.

          The trial court limited Kaiser’s testimony to what she witnessed, but excluded testimony

regarding L.A.’s statements, particularly any purported child outcry statement. Following the

trial court’s ruling, Kaiser testified she observed and monitored the conversation and interactions

between Diana and L.A. during Diana’s supervised visitation with L.A. on December 21, 2008,

at Hannah’s House. Kaiser testified there was loving interaction between L.A. and Diana, and

L.A. looked afraid when it was time to leave Diana and wanted to remain with Diana.

          Outcry testimony of a child victim is hearsay when it is offered for the truth of the matter

asserted. Dorado v. State, 843 S.W.2d 37, 38 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). However, it is admissible

if it falls within an exception to the hearsay rule. Id. Article 38.072 of the code of criminal

procedure allows the admission of a hearsay statement made to an outcry witness by certain

abuse victims, including child victims of sexual abuse. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art.

38.072, § 2(a) (West Supp. 2014); 10 Lopez v. State, 343 S.W.3d 137, 140 (Tex. Crim. App.

2011). The outcry witness is the first person over the age of eighteen, other than the defendant,

   10
        Article 38.072 of the code of criminal procedure, entitled “Hearsay Statement of Certain Abuse Victims,” provides in pertinent part:

               Sec. 1. This article applies to a proceeding in the prosecution of an offense under any of the following provisions of
          the Penal Code, if committed against a child younger than 14 years of age or a person with a disability:
               (1) Chapter 21 (Sexual Offenses) or 22 (Assaultive Offenses)[.]

                                                                         ***

                Sec. 2 (a) This article applies only to statements that:
                (1) describe:
                (A) the alleged offense; or
                (B) if the statement is offered during the punishment phase of the proceeding, a crime, wrong, or act other than the
          alleged offense that is:
                (i) described by Section 1;
                (ii) allegedly committed by the defendant against the child who is the victim of the offense or another child younger
          than 14 years of age; and
                (iii) otherwise admissible as evidence under Article 38.37, Rule 404 or 405, Texas Rules of Evidence, or another law
          or rule of evidence of this state;
                (2) were made by the child or person with a disability against whom the charged offense or extraneous crime, wrong,
          or act was allegedly committed; and
                (3) were made to the first person, 18 years of age or older, other than the defendant, to whom the child or person
          with a disability made a statement about the offense or extraneous crime, wrong, or act.

   TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.072.

                                                                    –40–
to whom the child spoke about the offense. Lopez, 343 S.W.3d at 140. To qualify as a proper

outcry statement, the child must have described the alleged offense in some discernible manner

that is event-specific rather than person-specific, and must be “more than words which give a

general allusion that something in the area of child abuse is going on.” Id. (citing Garcia v.

State, 792 S.W.2d 88, 91 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990)).

          Here, Diana proffered no evidence to establish Kaiser was the first person to whom L.A.

made an outcry statement such that her testimony could be construed as something other than

inadmissible hearsay. The testimony Diana sought to elicit from Kaiser, that L.A. showed to

Diana on a doll where Andrade purportedly touched her, was not discernibly an outcry, and

Diana’s proffered evidence did not establish admissibility of this evidence over the State’s

hearsay objection. 11 Lopez, 343 S.W.3d at 140.

          Affording the trial court the broad discretion to which it is entitled in admitting or

excluding evidence during the punishment phase of trial, we cannot conclude on this record that

the trial court’s exclusion of Kaiser’s testimony regarding L.A. showing Diana on a doll where

Andrade purportedly touched her and the effect it had on Diana falls outside the “zone of

reasonable disagreement.” See De La Paz, 279 S.W.3d at 343–44. Accordingly, we resolve

Diana’s sixth point of error against her.

     11
         There were numerous statements by witnesses during the punishment phase of trial regarding allegations of purported sexual abuse of
L.A. by Andrade, and there was an allegation of sexual abuse of L.A. by Andrade made by Diana a number of years before the December 21,
2008 supervised visitation about which Diana tendered Kaiser to testify. Lesley Cassidy, a caseworker employed by the Texas Department of
Family and Protective Services (Child Protective Services) testified Child Protective Services had conducted multiple investigations of
allegations of sexual abuse of L.A. by Andrade. For example, when Diana had custody of L.A. in July 2006, a complaint of physical neglect of
L.A. was made against Diana based on L.A. being dirty, losing weight, having long fingernails. Cassidy testified Diana was defensive during the
investigation of that complaint and said L.A.’s condition was because Andrade was sexually abusing her. Cassidy testified no allegation of
sexual or physical abuse had been found to be true.

                                                                   –41–
                                          Conclusion

       Having resolved Diana’s points of error against her, we affirm the trial court’s judgments

for the convictions of interference with child custody in Cause No. F-10-25782-L and of

kidnapping in Cause Number F-12-00406-L.

                                                  /Robert M. Fillmore/
                                                  ROBERT M. FILLMORE
                                                  JUSTICE

Do Not Publish
TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b)

140418F.U05

                                             –42–
                                       S
                              Court of Appeals
                       Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                      JUDGMENT

DIANA FLORES PEINADO, Appellant                    On Appeal from the Criminal District Court
                                                   No. 5, Dallas County, Texas,
No. 05-14-00418-CR        V.                       Trial Court Cause No. F-10-25782-L.
                                                   Opinion delivered by Justice Fillmore,
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee                       Justices Myers and Evans participating.

       Based on the Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is AFFIRMED.

Judgment entered this 18th day of August, 2015.

                                            –43–
                                       S
                              Court of Appeals
                       Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                      JUDGMENT

DIANA FLORES PEINADO, Appellant                    On Appeal from the Criminal District Court
                                                   No. 5, Dallas County, Texas,
No. 05-14-00419-CR        V.                       Trial Court Cause No. F-12-00406-L.
                                                   Opinion delivered by Justice Fillmore,
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee                       Justices Myers and Evans participating.

       Based on the Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is AFFIRMED.

Judgment entered this 18th day of August, 2015.

                                            –44–