Court Opinion

ID: 4078971
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-10-03 17:08:17.500243+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:33:15.598814
License: Public Domain

This opinion will be unpublished and
                        may not be cited except as provided by
                        Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                             STATE OF MINNESOTA
                             IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                   A15-1902

                        Robert Allen Taylor Company, et al.,
                                    Appellants,

                                         vs.

                           United Credit Recovery, LLC,
                       a Delaware Limited Liability Company,
                                   Respondent,

                                    US Bancorp,
            a Delaware corporation d/b/a U. S. Bank National Association,
                                    Respondent,

                              Leonard G. Potillo, et al.,
                                   Respondents.

                               Filed October 3, 2016
                                     Affirmed
                                  Bratvold, Judge

                           Hennepin County District Court
                             File No. 27-CV-13-11504

Steven L. Schechtman, Minnetonka, Minnesota (for appellants)

Thomas H. Boyd, Brooks F. Poley, Justin H. Jenkins, Kelly M. McBeain, Winthrop &
Weinstine, P.A., Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondents)

      Considered and decided by Bratvold, Presiding Judge; Halbrooks, Judge; and

Reyes, Judge.
                        UNPUBLISHED OPINION

BRATVOLD, Judge

       Appellants Robert Allen Taylor Company (RATC) and RATC Lenders, LLC

(RATC Lenders), challenge the dismissal of their claims against respondents United Credit

Recovery (UCR) and US Bank, asserting that they sufficiently pleaded claims in their

amended complaint. Because appellants contracted with UCR subject to a valid forum-

selection clause, failed to state a claim against US Bank, and had the opportunity to amend

their complaint, we affirm the district court’s decision to dismiss the complaint with

prejudice under Minnesota Rule of Civil Procedure 12.02(e).

                                         FACTS

      Between February and October 2009, RATC purchased three portfolios containing

direct deposit account consumer debt (DDA debt) from UCR, a secondary debt collector

and broker. RATC’s goal was to collect upon the debt associated with the individual

accounts in the portfolios and later resell any uncollected debt. RATC borrowed capital to

purchase each portfolio from its network of lenders, to whom RATC marketed the

transaction as an investment opportunity. RATC promised its investors “quarterly income

payments targeted to equal 25% annually” and full payment within one year.

       UCR purchased thousands of direct deposit accounts from US Bank and resold three

DDA debt portfolios to RATC at a rate of approximately $.075 per $1 of consumer debt.

UCR and RATC documented their transactions in written “purchase and sales agreements.”

Each sales agreement contained a forum-selection clause providing any dispute arising

from the transaction would be resolved in a Delaware court under Delaware law.

                                            2
      RATC was frustrated in its efforts to collect on the three debt portfolios. In 2013,

RATC and RATC Lenders 1 sued six defendants: UCR; US Bank; UCR manager Leonard

Potillo; RATC founder Lionel Payne; Portfolio Management Group, LLC (PMG); and

Regent Asset Management Solutions, Inc. (Regent). UCR and US Bank moved to dismiss

the complaint, and the district court granted the motion without prejudice in December

2013. Appellants filed their amended complaint in January 2014, and the district court

again dismissed it as to UCR and US Bank, this time with prejudice. In October 2015,

appellants obtained a default judgment against Potillo and voluntarily dismissed their

claims against PMG, Payne, and Regent. Appellants appeal, challenging the dismissal of

their claims against UCR and US Bank. 2

      Appellants’ Amended Complaint

      In their amended complaint, appellants allege that respondents misrepresented the

characteristics and quality of the three consumer debt portfolios and committed other

misconduct in connection with the purchase transactions. Appellants assert that they

learned in 2011 that respondents “wrongly failed to provide RATC with portfolios of ‘zero-

1
   In December 2010, individual lenders sued UCR and RATC founders Philip Gower,
Brett Toyne, and Lionel Payne. In that action, the district court granted UCR’s motion to
dismiss and dismissed the lenders’ claims without prejudice. After the lenders amended
their complaint, the case was removed to federal court, where UCR again moved to dismiss.
While the dismissal motion was pending, the lenders voluntarily dismissed their claims.
The lenders then assigned their claims to a newly created limited liability company, RATC
Lenders, an appellant in this matter.
2
   Following oral argument, this appeal was submitted for decision, then stayed while
appellants secured new counsel. The stay was dissolved, and the appeal again submitted
for decision.

                                            3
agency,’ ‘current’ US Bank DDA debt” 3 and that, in some cases, UCR had held the

accounts for more than two years before selling them to RATC. We address appellants’

claims of misrepresentation and misconduct against US Bank and UCR in three categories.

       1.     Marketing Presentation and Investment-Offering Documents

       Appellants claim that US Bank and UCR were responsible for marketing materials

used to attract potential lenders. Appellants allege that Payne and PMG prepared a

marketing presentation and a loan-offering document that misrepresented the quality of

debt portfolios that RATC would purchase, the interest rate RATC would pay on the

borrowed funds, the manner by which the loans would be secured, and the manner in which

the loans would be repaid to the lenders. 4 Relevant to this appeal, appellants assert that US

Bank and UCR were responsible for the alleged misrepresentations because Payne and

PMG were acting as “the undisclosed paid agents of UCR” and their misrepresentations

were “made on behalf of, and with the prior knowledge and consent of US Bank Vice

President Tate, UCR, and Potillo.”

3
   RATC explained that “zero-agency” refers to debt portfolios that have not previously
been collected upon, and that “current” means an account transferred within 6 to 12 months
of origination.
4
   Specifically, appellants allege that the marketing materials contained the following
misrepresentations: (1) that RATC would purchase “zero agency” consumer debt; (2) that
the consumer debt would be purchased at a below-market price of 7.5%; (3) that UCR sold
the US Bank accounts on a “pass-through basis”; (4) that a diversified group of collection
agencies would be used to collect the debt and they would charge a fee of between 25 and
30% of collections; and (5) that all monies collected relative to the debt accounts would be
transferred to RATC, less any collection fees owed. Regarding the investment-offering
documents, appellants allege that they misrepresented each loan’s interest term, interest
rate, and the security provided to each lender.

                                              4
       2.     Affidavits of Correctness

       Appellants additionally allege that US Bank and UCR falsified thousands 5 of

“affidavits of correctness,” which verified the details of each individual account within the

portfolios. Following the sale of each portfolio, UCR provided RATC with one affidavit

of correctness per account. The affidavit documented the transfer of interest from US Bank

to UCR and listed the US Bank direct deposit account number, borrower name, open date,

charge-off date, and gross balance. Each affidavit was dated and appeared to be signed by

a US Bank assistant vice president and notarized by a US Bank employee.

       Appellants allege that the affidavits of correctness misrepresented the date on which

US Bank transferred the accounts, the balances owed by the individual debtors, and the

charge-off dates of the individual accounts. Appellants further claim that US Bank

participated in creating the affidavits by assisting UCR to artificially insert a US Bank

officer’s signature and a US Bank employee’s notarization into thousands of unsigned

affidavits through a mail-merge program.

       RATC sought to use the affidavits of correctness to verify the debts it owned and

intended to collect upon, but could not do so because the Minnesota Attorney General

obtained an order barring their use. Without the affidavits, RATC had to procure bank

statements or other media to verify account details during the collections process, for which

US Bank charged between $12 and $15 per account.

5
   RATC claims it received 9,947 affidavits of correctness following its purchase of
Portfolio 1; 8,670 affidavits of correctness following its purchase of Portfolio 2; and 9,056
affidavits of correctness following its purchase of Portfolio 3.

                                             5
       3.     Direct Pays

       “Direct Pays” are defined by appellants as “monies voluntarily paid directly to

creditors and collectors by debtors who are attempting to resolve their outstanding

obligations.” Appellants allege that respondents “received and wrongly retained monies

collected and/or ‘Direct Pays’ received relative to the debt accounts contained in Portfolios

1, 2 and 3—said collections occurring both prior to and subsequent to the transfer of

Portfolios 1, 2 and 3 to RATC.” Appellants contend that all “direct-pay” payments should

have been passed on to RATC. While the amended complaint does not state a specific

amount of direct pays withheld, appellants allege that a “conservative industry estimate of

revenue generated from ‘Direct Pays’ relative to Zero-Agency US Bank DDA Debt” was

“more than $1,000,000” from 2009 to the present.

                                     DECISION

I.     Forum-Selection Clause

       Appellants argue that the district court abused its discretion by dismissing their

claims against UCR pursuant to the forum-selection clauses in the purchase agreements for

all three consumer debt portfolios. 6 We review the district court’s decision to enforce a

contract’s forum-selection clause for abuse of discretion. Hauenstein & Bermeister, Inc. v.

Met-Fab Indus., Inc., 320 N.W.2d 886, 889–90 (Minn. 1982); Alpha Sys. Integ., Inc. v.

Silicon Graphics, Inc., 646 N.W.2d 904, 909 (Minn. App. 2002), review denied (Minn.

6
  We note that UCR did not file a brief on appeal. Minnesota Rule of Civil Appellate
Procedure 142.03 provides that “[i]f the respondent fails or neglects to serve and file its
brief, the case shall be determined on the merits.”

                                             6
Oct. 15, 2002). But we review the district court’s decision on whether a plaintiff’s claim is

encompassed within the terms of a forum-selection clause as a question of law. Alpha Sys.,
646 N.W.2d at 907. “When the trial court has enforced a forum selection clause, this court

will affirm unless the forum selection clause is ‘so unreasonable that its enforcement would

be clearly erroneous and against both logic and the facts on record.’” Interfund Corp. v.

O’Byrne, 462 N.W.2d 86, 88 (Minn. App. 1990) (quoting Personalized Mktg. Serv., Inc. v.

Stotler & Co., 447 N.W.2d 447, 451 (Minn. App. 1989), review denied (Minn. Jan. 12,

1990)).

       Forum-selection clauses are enforceable unless a party can show that enforcement

would be unfair or unreasonable. Hauenstein, 320 N.W.2d at 890. The Minnesota Supreme

Court has set forth three factors to determine whether a forum-selection clause is

unreasonable: (1) “the chosen forum is a seriously inconvenient place for trial;” (2) the

underlying agreement is one of adhesion; or (3) the underlying agreement is otherwise

unreasonable. Id.

       Each of the three purchase agreements, which were attached to the amended

complaint, 7 contain the same forum-selection language: “This agreement is entered into,

7
   UCR and RATC filed different versions of the three purchase agreements. In ruling on
the motion to dismiss, the district court relied in part on the contracts UCR filed with its
first motion to dismiss, which was extrinsic to the complaint. “Generally, the court may
not consider extrinsic evidence on a motion to dismiss pursuant to Minn. R. Civ. P.
12.02(e). . . . [H]owever, the court may consider the entire written contract when the
complaint refers to the contract and the contract is central to the claims alleged.” In re
Hennepin 1986 Recycling Bond Litig., 540 N.W.2d 494, 497 (Minn. 1995). Because the
contracts were central to appellants’ claims, the district court was permitted to consider
them without converting the motion to dismiss into a summary-judgment motion. Id.

                                             7
and shall be governed in accordance with the laws of the State of Delaware. Any action

arising out of, or pertaining to this Agreement shall be commenced only in a court of

competent jurisdiction in the State of Delaware.” Applying the three-factor test, the district

court concluded that Delaware is not a seriously inconvenient place for trial, the purchase

agreements are not contracts of adhesion, and the purchase agreements are not otherwise

unreasonable.

       Before addressing the three-factor test, appellants assert that there is no valid written

contract between UCR and RATC because UCR repudiated the purchase agreements with

handwritten notations, and UCR did not affirm the validity of its written documents. The

district court determined that at least one representative for each party had signed the

contracts 8 and that appellants asserted the validity of the contracts by alleging that they

relied upon representations and promises contained in the contracts.

       We agree with the district court’s analysis. First, appellants expressly assert the

validity of the UCR purchase agreements because they claim that UCR is liable for

numerous misrepresentations in the contracts. Second, the district court found that UCR’s

position in this litigation was that the DDA debt portfolios are governed by the written

contracts; in other words, UCR affirmed the validity of the purchase agreements. Third, a

comparison of the contracts appellants filed with the contracts UCR filed shows that each

contract bears the signature of at least one principal of RATC. We agree with the district

8
   The contracts UCR filed with its motion to dismiss are signed, but much of the language
is blocked out. Of the contracts filed by appellants with their amended complaint, the first
is signed only by Payne, Toyne, and Gower; the second is signed only by a UCR
representative; and the third is signed by representatives of both parties.

                                               8
court that appellants do not raise a disputed fact question on the validity of the UCR

contracts.

       Turning to the three-factor test, appellants do not challenge the district court’s

analysis of two of the three factors. Regarding the third factor, appellants argue that the

forum-selection clause is otherwise unreasonable because UCR has engaged in fraudulent

conduct. Relevant case law suggests, however, that the fraud must be directly related to the

forum-selection clause in order to be deemed unenforceable. In M/S Bremen v. Zapata Off-

Shore Co., which held a forum-selection clause enforceable, the Supreme Court noted that

“[t]he correct approach would have been to enforce the forum clause specifically unless

[the plaintiff] could clearly show that enforcement would be unreasonable or unjust, or that

the clause was invalid for such reasons as fraud or overreaching.” 407 U.S. 1, 15, 92 S. Ct.
1907, 1916 (1972) (emphasis added).

       This view was indirectly confirmed by the Supreme Court in Rent-A-Center, West,

Inc. v. Jackson, 561 U.S. 63, 130 S. Ct. 2772 (2010). Rent-A-Center concerned an

employment contract that included a clause requiring arbitration of any enforceability

dispute; the plaintiff argued that the contract was unconscionable and, therefore, the

mandatory-arbitration clause should not be enforced. Rent-A-Center, 561 U.S. at 66, 130

S. Ct. at 2775. The Supreme Court noted that “arbitration is a matter of contract . . . on an

equal footing with other contracts . . . [that] may be invalidated by generally applicable

contract defenses such as fraud, duress or unconscionability.” 561 U.S. at 67–68, 130 S.

Ct. at 2776 (quotation and citations omitted). But the Supreme Court differentiated between

a challenge to the validity of the mandatory-arbitration clause and a challenge to the entire

                                             9
agreement on grounds of fraudulent inducement: “a party’s challenge to another provision

of the contract, or to the contract as a whole, does not prevent a court from enforcing a

specific agreement to arbitrate.” 561 U.S. at 70, 130 S. Ct. at 2778. The Supreme Court

stated that the challenge must allege fraudulent inducement of the specific clause requiring

arbitration in order for a court to deem it unenforceable. 561 U.S. at 71, 130 S. Ct. at 2778.

       Read together, Rent-A-Center and M/S Bremen suggest that for fraud to invalidate

a forum-selection clause or mandatory-arbitration clause, the party must establish fraud

related to the clause that designates the forum. Here, appellants have not asserted that

RATC’s agreement to the forum-selection clause was fraudulently induced, only that the

contract contains false representations.

       Appellants’ final argument is that enforcing the forum-selection clause is otherwise

unreasonable because it would contravene judicial economy. Case law does not support

appellants’ position. In Hauenstein, the appellant sued Met-Fab, the Florida broker of

industrial equipment from whom it purchased a press brake that did not operate as

expected, seeking to revoke acceptance of the contract or rescind the contract and claiming

damages for breach of warranty and misrepresentation. 320 N.W.2d at 887–88. The

appellant obtained a default judgment against three defendants who failed to appear; Met-

Fab, however, moved to dismiss the case based on a forum-selection clause in the parties’

contract. Id. at 888. After the district court granted Met-Fab’s motion, the appellant

appealed, urging the supreme court to permit litigation of the claims in Minnesota, “either

by invalidating the forum selection clause as against public policy or by striking down the

clause as unreasonable under the facts of [the] case.” Id.

                                             10
       After adopting the three-factor approach to forum-selection clauses, the supreme

court addressed the appellant’s argument that enforcement of the clause would be

unreasonable because it contravened the public policy favoring the plaintiff’s choice of

forum. Id. at 891. 9 The supreme court reasoned that the case involved “a freely negotiated

commercial contract between a Minnesota corporation and a Florida corporation” and that

the selection of a Florida forum was “a reasonable effort to bring certainty to the transaction

and to provide a presumably neutral forum experienced and capable in the resolution of

commercial sales litigation.” Id. It also noted that any inconvenience the appellant would

suffer by litigating in Florida, as it contracted to do, “was certainly foreseeable at the time

of contracting.” Id. Accordingly, the court held that the appellant had failed to show that

enforcement of the forum-selection clause was unreasonable. Id.

       Similar to Hauenstein, enforcement of the forum-selection clause here affects only

appellant RATC and respondent UCR. Appellants sued six defendants, but only two remain

engaged in the action. Although the district court dismissed appellant RATC Lenders’

claims against UCR, this decision is not challenged on appeal. Because this court affirms

9
   The appellant in Hauenstein urged the supreme court to extend the rule of Prestressed
Concrete, Inc. v. Adolfson & Peterson, Inc., 308 Minn. 20, 240 N.W.2d 551 (1976), which
held that “in complex multiparty litigation the policies supporting arbitration will be
balanced against the interests of parties not subject to the arbitration agreement and the
policies supporting joinder of all related parties and claims.” 308 Minn. at 22, 240 N.W.2d
at 552. The supreme court declined to extend Prestressed, concluding that the Prestressed
rule “seeks to protect the interests of parties who are not signatories to the arbitration
agreement; the parties in this case, who are situated similarly to the nonsignatory parties in
Prestressed, have defaulted and are no longer part of the litigation . . . Moreover, the
Prestressed rule is not intended to accord the party to an agreement a means of avoiding it,
which is how appellant seeks to have it applied here.” Hauenstein, 320 N.W.2d at 891.

                                              11
the district court’s decision to grant US Bank’s motion to dismiss, no other litigants remain

in this action. Further, any potential inconvenience of litigating in Delaware was

foreseeable when RATC contracted with UCR for the debt portfolios. Thus, there is no

support in this record to find the forum-selection clause unreasonable.

       In sum, the district court did not abuse its discretion by giving effect to the forum-

selection clause in dismissing appellants’ claims against UCR without prejudice.

II.    Claims Against US Bank

       Appellants next assert that the district court erred in dismissing their claims against

US Bank. We review de novo whether a party’s complaint sets forth a legally sufficient

claim. Bodah v. Lakeville Motor Express, Inc., 663 N.W.2d 550, 553 (Minn. 2003). In

reviewing the complaint, we consider only the facts alleged in the complaint. Id. We accept

those facts as true and construe all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party.

Id.

       A complaint must “contain a short and plain statement of the claim” demonstrating

that the plaintiff is entitled to relief. Minn. R. Civ. P. 8.01. While every averment in the

complaint must be “simple, concise, and direct,” no specific or technical form of pleading

is required. Minn. R. Civ. P. 8.05(a). But parties alleging fraud must meet a heightened

pleading standard. Hardin Cty. Sav. Bank v. Hous. & Redevelopment Auth. of City of

Brainerd, 821 N.W.2d 184, 191 (Minn. 2012). “In all averments of fraud, . . . the

circumstances constituting fraud . . . shall be stated with particularity. Malice, intent,

knowledge, and other condition of mind of a person may be averred generally.” Minn. R.

Civ. P. 9.02. “[A] pleading will be dismissed only if it appears to a certainty that no facts,

                                             12
which could be introduced consistent with the pleading, exist which would support granting

the relief demanded.” Bahr v. Capella Univ., 788 N.W.2d 76, 80 (Minn. 2010) (quotation

omitted); see also Walsh v. U.S. Bank, N.A., 851 N.W.2d 598, 603 (Minn. 2014) (declining

to adopt the federal plausibility pleading standard).

       A.     Fraudulent-Misrepresentation Claim

       The Minnesota Supreme Court has equated fraudulent misrepresentation with fraud

and applied rule 9.02. Martens v. Minn. Mining & Mfg. Co., 616 N.W.2d 732, 747 (Minn.

2000) (“Our case law establishes a high threshold of proof for such a claim.”). Accordingly,

appellants were required to plead their fraudulent-misrepresentation claim against US Bank

with particularity. Appellants must have pleaded the ultimate facts amounting to fraud.

Hardin Cty. Sav. Bank, 821 N.W.2d at 191. “A party pleads the ‘ultimate facts’ of a fraud

claim when it pleads facts underlying each element of the fraud claim.” Id.

       “General allegations of fraud are insufficient to meet the requirements of Rule

9.02.” Stubblefield v. Gruenberg, 426 N.W.2d 912, 914–15 (Minn. 1988). Although rule

9.02 does not specify what constitutes sufficient particularity, the Eighth Circuit has

interpreted rule 9.02’s federal counterpart, Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b), to require parties to plead

the circumstances constituting fraud with particularity; those circumstances “include such

matters as the time, place and contents of false representations, as well as the identity of

the person making the misrepresentation and what was obtained or given up thereby.” Murr

Plumbing, Inc. v. Scherer Bros. Fin. Servs. Co., 48 F.3d 1066, 1069 (8th Cir. 1995). Simply

reciting the elements of a claim is insufficient. Stubblefield, 426 N.W.2d at 914–15.

                                             13
       This    court    has    articulated   eleven   specific   elements   for   fraudulent

misrepresentation. 10 Comparing the allegations of the amended complaint to these eleven

elements, the district court concluded that appellants’ allegations regarding the marketing

presentation, the investment-offering document, and the affidavits of correctness lacked

the requisite particularity.

       On appeal, appellants highlight the pertinent paragraphs in the amended complaint

that they contend establish their fraudulent-misrepresentation claim with sufficient

particularity. They maintain that particularity is required only with regard to fraud claims,

as stated in rule 9.02, and does not apply to appellants’ claims for violation of the

Minnesota Securities Act, conversion, theft, conspiracy, and promissory estoppel, even

10
  The eleven elements are:
               (1) There must be a representation[;]
               (2) That representation must be false[;]
               (3) It must have to do with a past or present fact[;]
               (4) That fact must be material[;]
               (5) It must be susceptible of knowledge[;]
               (6) The representer must know it to be false or, in the
               alternative, must assert it as of his own knowledge without
               knowing whether it is true or false[;]
               (7) The representer must intend to have the other person
               induced to act or justified in acting upon it[;]
               (8) That person must be so induced to act or so justified in
               acting[;]
               (9) That person’s action must be in reliance upon the
               representation[;]
               (10) That person must suffer damage[;]
               (11) That damage must be attributable to the
               misrepresentation, that is, the statement must be the
               proximate cause of the injury.
Nave v. Dovolos, 395 N.W.2d 393, 397 (Minn. App. 1986) (citing Weise v. Red Owl
Stores, Inc., 286 Minn. 199, 175 N.W.2d 184 (1970)).

                                              14
though the factual allegations for these claims overlap. They also assert that the district

court relied on “federal case law from jurisdictions outside the Minnesota District and the

8th Circuit.”

       Appellants’ arguments fail. First, the particularity requirement applies not only to

claims of fraud, but to all averments of fraud under the plain language of rule 9.02.

Averment is defined as “a positive declaration or affirmation of fact.” Black’s Law

Dictionary 163 (10th ed. 2014). Therefore, even factual allegations sounding in fraud, such

as appellants’ claims against US Bank, must be pleaded with particularity because they are

“averments.” Cf. Hardin Cty. Sav. Bank, 821 N.W.2d at 191 (extending rule 9.02

particularity requirement to negligent-misrepresentation claim).

       Next, we specifically address the sufficiency of appellants’ allegations in each of

the two categories relating to fraud—the marketing materials and the affidavits of

correctness. First, the amended complaint alleges that US Bank is connected to the actions

of Payne and PMG in drafting the marketing materials because they are “undisclosed

agents” of US Bank, US Bank “indirectly compensated” Payne and PMG, and, “at all times

relevant hereto,” Payne acted with “prior knowledge, support and consent of US Bank.”

The amended complaint additionally alleges that Payne received compensation—which

they refer to as “juice” or “flavor”—for enticing entities to purchase the consumer debt

portfolios.

       Fatal to appellants’ claims, however, the amended complaint fails to allege that US

Bank played a role in creating the marketing materials. The amended complaint instead

states that Payne and PMG created the materials. Appellants further omit any factual

                                            15
averments regarding the alleged agency between US Bank and Payne, the alleged “indirect

compensation” of Payne, and how US Bank possessed “prior knowledge” of, supported,

and consented to Payne’s actions. The amended complaint alleges that US Bank gave its

agents preferential pricing, but this allegation does not amount to fraud because US Bank’s

sale of the debt portfolios to UCR was legal. Further, the amended complaint states that

UCR compensated Payne with “juice” or “flavor” for his role in inducing the sale but fails

to allege any payment by US Bank. In other words, appellants’ amended complaint only

“vaguely attributes” the alleged fraud to US Bank and thus does not satisfy pleading

requirements. Moua v. Jani-King of Minn., Inc., 613 F. Supp. 2d 1103, 1111 (D. Minn.

2009); see also Juster Steel v. Carlson Cos., 366 N.W.2d 616, 619 (Minn. App. 1985)

(upholding the district court’s determination that the appellant did not meet the rule 9.02

particularity standard because the complaint “facially assert[s] false representations” and

only “vaguely refers to the content of the misrepresentations”).

       Second, regarding the affidavits of correctness, the amended complaint asserts that

“US Bank Vice President Wilbur Tate provided his signature for, and participated in and

consented to [their] creation.” The complaint alleges that the affidavits specifically

misrepresented the date the accounts were transferred from US Bank to UCR, the balances

owed by the account holders, and the charge-off dates of the accounts.

       As the district court noted, however, the amended complaint fails to state which

defendant made the misrepresentations or how US Bank was responsible for providing

Tate’s notarized digital signature. As such, the amended complaint fails to identify “the

who, what, where, when, and how of the alleged fraud.” U.S. ex rel. Joshi v. St. Luke’s

                                            16
Hosp., Inc., 441 F.3d 552, 556 (8th Cir. 2006) (quotation omitted). Specifically missing is

a description of how, when, or to whom Tate allegedly provided his signature. While the

amended complaint asserts that US Bank provided one notarized signature with which to

create an affidavit and asserts UCR’s use of a mail-merge system, the amended complaint

does not allege US Bank’s participation or consent with specificity.

          In sum, appellants have failed to specify US Bank’s role in the alleged fraudulent

misrepresentation by UCR. Appellants rely on what the district court referred to as

“rhetorical devices” and conclusory accusations, attempting to link US Bank to any

misrepresentations. These attempts are “general allegations of fraud,” which are

insufficient to meet the rule 9.02 heightened pleading standard. Stubblefield, 426 N.W.2d

at 914.

          B.    The Minnesota Securities Act Claim

          The amended complaint appears to invoke subsection 2 of Minnesota Statutes

section 80A.68 11 and subsection b of section 80A.76. Section 80A.76(b) imposes civil

liability for the conduct prohibited by section 80A.68(2): selling a security “by means of

an untrue statement of a material fact or an omission to state a material fact necessary in

order to make the statement made . . . not misleading.” “Federal and Minnesota state courts

have held that § 80A.01 (now §80A.68) is the state analogue to federal rule 10b-5 and

11
    The Minnesota Securities Act has been revised over time. Section 80A.68 became
effective in 2007, replacing section 80A.01, under which a “substantially similar action
could be brought.” Merry v. Prestige Capital Markets, Ltd., 944 F. Supp. 2d 702, 709 (D.
Minn. 2013). Thus, case law discussing section 80A.01 applies to a discussion of section
80A.68. Id.

                                              17
therefore requires the same substantive elements of proof.” Merry, 944 F. Supp. 2d at 709;

see also Minneapolis Emp. Ret. Fund v. Allison-Williams Co., 519 N.W.2d 176, 179–80

(Minn. 1994) (“The Minnesota Securities Act is patterned after federal law. The Act is to

be construed so as to coordinate the interpretation of sections 80A.01 to 80A.31 with the

related federal regulation.” (quotations omitted)).

       “At the pleading stage, a plaintiff asserting liability under Minn. Stat. § 80A.68(2)

must allege: (1) a material misrepresentation or omission by the defendant; (2) negligence;

(3) a connection between the misrepresentation or omission and the purchase or sale of a

security; (4) reliance upon the misrepresentation or omission; (5) economic loss; and

(6) loss causation.” Merry, 944 F. Supp. 2d at 709. Section 80A.68 “imposes a heightened

pleading standard with respect to certain elements of proof. Specifically, while a plaintiff

must plead falsity with particularity, the heightened pleading standard does not apply to

the issues of materiality and loss causation.” Id. (quotation omitted). Critically, “allegations

must specifically identify each defendant alleged to have engaged in fraudulent activity,”

and “[a]llegations that do not specify which [d]efendant violated the law are not sufficiently

particular.” Id. at 710.

       Here, the amended complaint alleges violations of the Minnesota Securities Act by

“the actions of US Bank” in providing the affidavits of correctness, which fraudulently

represented characteristics of each individual account in the debt portfolios. The district

court concluded that the amended complaint did not meet the heightened pleading standard

for the same reason that the allegations were deficient in alleging fraudulent

misrepresentation. On appeal, appellants argue that “fraudulent conduct and/or malicious

                                              18
intent are not requisite elements of a claim under the Act,” and only “the negligent making

of an untrue statement and/or the negligent omission of a material fact” is required.

       Appellants’ argument fails for at least three reasons. First, appellants have shifted

from alleging fraudulent misrepresentation in the district court to alleging negligence in

this court. Such a change in position is impermissible, because litigants are “bound [on

appeal] by the theory or theories, however erroneous or improvident,” they assert before

the district court. Annis v. Annis, 250 Minn. 256, 262–63, 84 N.W.2d 256, 261 (1957).

Second, because appellants seek to establish their Minnesota Securities Act claim using the

same allegations found legally insufficient to support their fraud-based claims, the statutory

claim also fails. See Merry, 944 F. Supp. 2d at 712 (“Under Minnesota law, any allegation

of misrepresentation is considered an allegation of fraud that must be pled with

particularity.”). Third, even if we were to credit appellants’ assertion that mere negligence

is sufficient to establish a claim under the Minnesota Securities Act, the amended

complaint fails because negligent misrepresentation also must be pleaded with

particularity. 12 Id.; Hardin Cty. Sav. Bank, 821 N.W.2d at 191. Critically, appellants fail to

cite legal authority to the contrary. Consequently, the district court properly dismissed

appellants’ claim under the Minnesota Securities Act.

12
   Minnesota law recognizes distinct claims for fraudulent misrepresentation and negligent
misrepresentation. Florenzano v. Olson, 387 N.W.2d 168, 173 (Minn. 1986). “Fraud is
distinguished from negligence by the element of scienter required.” Id. (footnote omitted).
But a misrepresentation, “whether negligent or fraudulent, constitutes fraud under
Minnesota law.” Juster Steel, 366 N.W.2d at 618.

                                              19
       C.     Conversion and Theft Claims

       “Conversion is an act of willful interference with the personal property of another

that is without justification or that is inconsistent with the rights of the person entitled to

the use, possession, or ownership of the property.” Fawcett v. Heimbach, 591 N.W.2d 516,

519–20 (Minn. App. 1999).

       The amended complaint asserts two theories of conversion. First, it contends that

US Bank refused to return the investment capital with which RATC purchased the

consumer debt portfolios. Second, it asserts that US Bank retained “direct pays” related to

the accounts contained in the consumer debt portfolios. Regarding the second theory, the

amended complaint alleges that appellants received only ten percent of the expected

amount of direct pays, and appellants “reasonably anticipate[d] that Defendants have

received, and wrongly retained, more than $1,000,000 due and owing RATC.” The

complaint also alleges “based on industry experience” that US Bank, UCR, and Regent

wrongfully received and converted “the majority” of the funds.

       In challenging the district court’s dismissal of its conversion claim, appellants argue

that they have met the rule 8.01 notice pleading requirement. They assert that the district

court improperly held their conversion claim to the rule 9.02 heightened pleading standard.

       The district court’s order and applicable case law do not support appellants’ view.

First, the district court dismissed both conversion theories under the rule 8.01 notice

pleading standard because both theories rest on labels and legal conclusions in the amended

complaint. As the district court noted: “The prohibition against pleading ‘labels and

conclusions’ is not the heightened pleading standard; rather it is part of the lower pleading

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standard under Rule 8.01.” This is an accurate discussion of Minnesota case law. Bahr, 788
N.W.2d at 80 (applying rule 8.01 and stating that “a legal conclusion in the complaint is

not binding on us. A plaintiff must provide more than labels and conclusions.” (citations

omitted)). Second, the amended complaint falls short of the heightened standard required

for averments sounding in fraud, which is an apt description of appellants’ first theory that

the purchase price was wrongfully held because the amended complaint alleges that the

purchase arose from fraudulent misrepresentations. Accordingly, dismissal of appellants’

conversion claim was proper.

       For the same reasons, the district court properly dismissed appellants’ theft claim.

“A person who steals personal property from another” is civilly liable for theft. Minn. Stat.

§ 604.14, subd. 1 (2014). The amended complaint alleges that respondents “have

intentionally diverted, misused, and misappropriated” RATC assets “provided in exchange

for the Portfolios, together with the assets collected in relation to said Portfolios, including

but not limited to ‘Direct Pays.’” Because appellants rely entirely on the facts alleged in

their conversion claim to support their theft claim, the theft claim also fails.

       D.     Unjust-Enrichment Claim

       “Unjust enrichment is an equitable doctrine that allows a plaintiff to recover a

benefit conferred upon a defendant when retention of the benefit is not legally justifiable.”

Caldas v. Affordable Granite & Stone, Inc., 820 N.W.2d 826, 838 (Minn. 2012). The

claimant must show more than the defendant’s mere retention of a benefit at the claimant’s

expense; the claimant must show that the defendant has wrongfully retained the benefit. Id.

                                              21
       In challenging the district court’s determination that they had not sufficiently

pleaded this claim, appellants point to the allegations that US Bank “unjustly refused to

return” the purchase price of the three debt portfolios, “unjustly withheld” direct pays, and

“unjustly refused to return any portion of the monies received by them in exchange for the

27,500 worthless Affidavits of Correctness.” Again, as with their conversion and theft

claims, appellants’ allegations are merely labels and conclusions. Because the allegations

are legally insufficient to state a claim for which relief may be granted, the unjust-

enrichment claim was properly dismissed.

       E.     Promissory-Estoppel Claim

       Promissory estoppel “implies a contract in law where no contract exists in fact.”

Deli v. Univ. of Minn., 578 N.W.2d 779, 781 (Minn. App. 1998), review denied (Minn.

July 16, 1998). Such a claim “requires: (1) a clear and definite promise; (2) that the

promisor intended to induce the promisee’s reliance; (3) that the promisee relied on the

promise to his or her detriment; and (4) that enforcement of the promise is necessary to

prevent injustice.” Zinter v. Univ. of Minn., 799 N.W.2d 243, 246 (Minn. App. 2011),

review denied (Minn. Aug. 16, 2011).

       Appellants’ amended complaint alleges that “defendants have made numerous

specific promises,” followed by the same labels and conclusions supporting their claim

under the Minnesota Securities Act. On appeal, appellants assert that the district court

improperly applied the rule 9.02 heightened pleading standard.

       This argument misstates the district court’s analysis because appellants’

promissory-estoppel claim does not survive even the rule 8.01 notice pleading standard.

                                             22
As the district court noted, appellants allege that Payne and PMG made specific promises.

But appellants do not allege that US Bank made any “clear and definite” promises, a fatal

flaw in their promissory-estoppel claim. This claim therefore fails and the district court did

not err in dismissing it.

       F.     Conspiracy Claim

       To establish civil conspiracy, a claimant must show that two or more people worked

together to accomplish (1) an unlawful purpose or (2) a lawful act by unlawful means.

Harding v. Ohio Cas. Ins. Co., 230 Minn. 327, 337, 41 N.W.2d 818, 824 (1950). A

conspiracy claim is properly dismissed when not supported by an underlying tort. D.A.B.

v. Brown, 570 N.W.2d 168, 172 (Minn. App. 1997). The district court dismissed appellants’

conspiracy claim because appellants had failed to state a claim for any underlying torts.

       Before this court, appellants first argue that their pleading was sufficient to state an

underlying tort claim. As discussed above, we disagree. Second, appellants assert that the

district court “ignored the fact that, at the time of dismissal, allegations of tortious conduct

against Potillo and the other defendants remained and served to support the conspiracy

claims.” This argument fails because the facts pleaded do not sufficiently link US Bank to

any conduct for which a tort claim could be proven. The district court properly dismissed

appellants’ conspiracy claim against US Bank for failure to state a claim.

       Affirmed.

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