Court Opinion

ID: 4600784
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-20 19:26:18.167719+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:59:19.828367
License: Public Domain

Babette B. Israel, Petitioner, v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, RespondentIsrael v. CommissionerDocket No. 12976United States Tax Court11 T.C. 1064; 1948 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8; December 22, 1948, Promulgated 1948 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*8 Decision will be entered under Rule 50.  Petitioner's husband was the grantor of five trusts of which petitioner is the income benficiary.  The grantor of the trusts directed that all or part of the income should be paid to petitioner in annual payments and that the balance, if any, should be accumulated for other beneficiaries who were minors at the time of any accumulation; and he directed the trustees to decide and notify petitioner, not later than January 5 following the end of the year of the trusts, of her share of the trust income. The trustees gave the required notice to petitioner on January 3, 1944, but they did not make payment of her share to her until March 15, 1944.  The question is whether certain income of the trusts for 1943 became "payable" to petitioner within the meaning of section 162 (d) (3) (A), I. R. C., so as to be includible in petitioner's income for 1943.  Held, that the trust indentures are properly construed to mean that whatever trust income of each year of the trusts is distributable to petitioner, as determined by the trustees within five days after the close of a trust's year, was to be distributed to her early in the following year; and that1948 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*9  it became "payable" to petitioner within the first 65 days of the following year within the meaning of section 162 (d) (3) (A), and was, therefore, taxable to petitioner.  Elden McFarland, Esq., and G. A. Donohue, Esq., for the petitioner.Thomas R. Charshee, Esq., for the respondent.  Harron, Judge.  Disney, J., dissenting.  HARRON 11 T.C. 1064">*1064  Respondent determined a deficiency in petitioner's1948 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*10  income and victory tax for 1943 in the amount of $ 61,539.78.  However, because 11 T.C. 1064">*1065  of the provisions of the Current Tax Payment Act, the income of petitioner for 1942 is also involved in this proceeding.The chief question is whether certain income of five trusts for 1942 and 1943 which was distributed to petitioner after the close of each of those years is includible in petitioner's income for 1942 and 1943 under the provisions of section 162 (d) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code, as the respondent has determined.Petitioner filed her returns for the taxable years with the collector for the district of Connecticut.The record in this proceeding consists of a stipulation of certain facts and exhibits.FINDINGS OF FACT.The facts which have been stipulated are adopted as our findings of fact, and the stipulation is incorporated herein by this reference.Petitioner resides in Stamford, Connecticut.  She is the widow of Adolph C. Israel, deceased.  Adolph C. Israel was living during the years 1942 and 1943.  He died on March 22, 1944.James L. Israel and Adrian C. Israel are sons of petitioner and Adolph C. Israel, deceased.During his lifetime Adolph C. Israel created five trusts, 1948 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*11  of which petitioner was income beneficiary in each instance.  The date on which each trust was created, the property transferred to each trust, and the names of the trustees during the years 1942 and 1943, are as follows:Trust No. 1. Created on February 27, 1932, with a corpus of 4,900 shares of class C common stock of Adrian & James, Inc.  The trustees were petitioner and her two sons, James and Adrian Israel, during the years 1942 and 1943.Trust No. 2. Created on December 26, 1934, with a corpus of 50 shares of the class B common stock of Adrian & James, Inc.  Petitioner and James Israel were the trustees of this trust during the years 1942 and 1943.Trust No. 3. Created on December 26, 1934, with a corpus of 50 shares of class B common stock of Adrian & James, Inc.  The trustees were petitioner and James Israel during the years 1942 and 1943.Trust No. 4. Created on December 31, 1934, with a corpus of 5,000 shares of the common stock of A. C. Israel Commodity Co.  The trustees of this trust were petitioner and James Israel during 1942 and 1943.Trust No. 5. Created on December 31, 1934, with a corpus of 5,000 shares of the common stock of A. C. Israel Commodity Co.  The trustees1948 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*12  were petitioner and James Israel during the years 1942 and 1943.Adolph C. Israel, deceased, was the trustee of the four trusts created in December of 1934, and was a cotrustee of the trust created in February 1932.  He resigned from his trusteeship of each of the trusts on August 13, 1941.All of the trust indentures contain substantially the same terms and provisions.  Each trust is to continue during the lifetime and until the death of petitioner, and she is given a power of appointment under 11 T.C. 1064">*1066  each trust to designate by her last will the person or persons to whom the principal of each trust is to be transferred after her death, subject to the limitation that her power may be exercised only in favor of one or more persons living at the time of the creation of the trust who would be entitled to share in her estate under the laws of New York, if she should die intestate.Adrian and James Israel are made beneficiaries of the trusts, after the death of petitioner, in the event petitioner does not exercise her power of appointment under each trust; and in that event, the trusts are to continue for a certain length of time, during which the income is to be paid to either Adrian1948 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*13  or James Israel; and ultimately the trust principal under each trust is to be distributed to either Adrian or James, or to their descendants.In trust No. 1, the trustee was directed to pay all or a part of the net income to petitioner under the following provisions:(a) During the lifetime of the Grantor, the Trustees shall pay all or a part of the net income to Babette B. Israel, wife of the Grantor, in annual payments, and shall accumulate the balance, if any, for the benefit of one or more of the children, nephews, or nieces of the Grantor, who may be minors, such payment and/or accumulation to be made as the said Henry L. Bloch, Trustee, in his sole discretion, shall direct.  If any income shall be accumulated for the benefit of a minor it shall be paid over to him when he reaches the age of twenty-one.(b) After the death of the Grantor, the Trustees shall pay all of the net income to the said Babette B. Israel in quarterly installments.The other four trusts contain identical provisions with respect to the payment of income to petitioner, which is as follows:2. During the lifetime of Babette B. Israel, wife of the Grantor, to pay all or a part of the net income to the said1948 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*14  Babette B. Israel in annual payments, and to accumulate the balance, if any, for the benefit of one or more of the children, nephews, or nieces of the Grantor, who may be minors at the time of such accumulation. The decision of the Trustee with reference to the distribution or accumulation of the net income of any year shall be communicated by him to Babette B. Israel not sooner than the second day and not later than the fifth day of January of the following year, and such decision shall be binding upon all persons having interests under this trust.Although there is a slight difference between the provision in the trust created on February 27, 1932, and in the other four trusts relating to the procedure to be followed by the trustees in the matter of making distribution of income to petitioner, the trustees have adopted the same procedure with respect to giving notice to petitioner of the income to be distributed to her under trust No. 1 as is required in the other four trusts.  That is, the trustees have acted as though the provision in trust No. 1 relating to the distribution of income to petitioner contained the clause appearing in paragraph 2 of each of the other four trusts1948 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*15  which requires that the trustees shall give notice to petitioner not later than January 5 of their decision of the amount 11 T.C. 1064">*1067  of the trust income for the year ended December 31 which is to be distributed to her.Originally there was only one trustee of trusts Nos. 2, 3, 4, and 5, Adolph C. Israel, the grantor of the trusts; but upon his resignation in 1941, he appointed and was succeeded by two trustees, petitioner and James Israel.  Originally there were two trustees of trust No. 1, Adolph C. Israel and Henry Bloch; but upon the resignation of Adolph C. Israel and the death of Henry Bloch, the successor trustees of that trust were petitioner and Adrian and James Israel.  The notice to petitioner of the amount of income of each trust to be distributed to her was signed, in 1943 and 1944, by Adrian Israel, as a cotrustee of trust No. 1, and by James Israel as a cotrustee of trusts Nos. 2, 3, 4, and 5.Under each trust it was provided that whatever part of the net income of each trust was not distributed to petitioner should be accumulated for the benefit of any one or more of the children, nephews, or nieces of the grantor who are minors.  Margaret Freeman and T. J. Israel, 1948 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*16  Jr., were minors, and they were the minor beneficiaries for whom some of the income of each trust was accumulated out of the income for the years 1942 and 1943.Each of the trusts is governed by the laws of the State of New York.The books of account of the five trusts are kept on the cash receipts and disbursements basis.  During the period 1939 through 1944 most of the annual income of each trust was distributed to petitioner, and only a small amount of the annual income of each trust, from $ 500 to $ 2,000 in each year, was accumulated for the benefit of minor beneficiaries; and the difference between the trust income and the total amount of the income which was either distributed to petitioner or accumulated for minor beneficiaries was used by the trustees to pay income taxes of the trusts.  The following schedule shows the total amount of the income of the five trusts during the period 1939 through 1944, and the use thereof:Income distributedIncome accumulatedIncome taxesYearIncome oftofor minorpaid by5 trustspetitionerbeneficiariestrustees1939$ 123,165.9387,212.69$ 4,850$ 27,207.50194099,684.0571,863.335,70022,120.721941121,538.6171,351.328,00042,187.29194278,503.1243,122.898,00027,380.23194372,740.2137,384.918,00027,355.30194452,144.0049,144.003,0000   1948 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*17  Income of the five trusts for the years 1939, 1940, 1941, and 1944 was paid to petitioner on the dates set forth below:1939Jan. 5, 19401940Jan. 5, 19411941Jan. 5, 19421944Feb. 15, 194511 T.C. 1064">*1068  Although trust income was paid to petitioner by the trustees on January 5 and on February 15, as set forth in the above schedule, in the years 1940, 1941, 1942, and 1945, the trust income for 1942 was paid to petitioner on March 15, 1943, and the trust income for 1943 was paid to petitioner on March 15, 1944.  On January 4, 1943, and January 3, 1944, one of the trustees of each of the five trusts, other than petitioner, gave petitioner written notice of the amount of the trust income for the respective years 1942 and 1943 under each trust which would be paid to her, and of the amount which would be accumulated for the benefit of Margaret Freeman and T. J. Israel, Jr. The notice which was given to petitioner was the same in each instance, and the following is a typical example of the notice:January 4, 1943Mrs. Babette B. IsraelR. F. D. #3Stamford, ConnecticutDear Madam:Under the Trust set up by Mr. A. C. Israel on December 26, 1934 of which you and Adrian C. Israel1948 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*18  are the principal beneficiaries, it is provided that the Trustee shall pay all or part of the net income to you in annual payments and shall accumulate the balance, if any, for the benefit of one or more of the children, nephews or nieces of the grantors who may be minors at the time of such accumulation.In accordance with this provision, we have decided to pay you $ 11,885.43 and to accumulate the balance of the net income as below:Minor BeneficiariesAmountMargaret Freeman$ 1,000.00T. J. Israel, Jr1,000.00The amount to be paid to you as indicated above will become payable and will be paid to you on March 15, 1943.Yours very truly,[Signed] James L. Israel, TrusteeThe trustees of each of the trusts paid Federal income tax on the entire income of each trust for the years 1942 and 1943, without deducting any sum as paid or credited or payable to petitioner during the respective years 1942 and 1943.The respondent included in petitioner's income for the years 1942 and 1943 the income of each trust which was paid to her on March 15 of the succeeding year, plus trust income tax for each year paid by the trustees, as income taxable to her under the provisions1948 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*19  of section 162 (d) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code.  The amounts included in petitioner's income for each of the years are as follows: 1942, $ 70,503.12; 1943, $ 64,740.21.  111 T.C. 1064">*1069  Petitioner reports her income on the cash basis for each calendar year.OPINION.The question presented by the pleadings arises under subsection (d) (3) (A) of section 162 of the Internal Revenue Code, 2 which was added to the code by section 111 (c) of the 1942 Revenue Act, and is applicable to years beginning after December 31, 1941.  The subsection sets forth a rule to be followed in the application of subsections (b) and (c) of section 162.1948 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*20  The deficiency determined by the respondent is for the year 1943, and results from the inclusion in the income of petitioner of part of the 1943 income of five trusts.  Petitioner was notified by a trustee of each trust, on January 3, 1944, of the amounts of her shares of the 1943 income of the trusts.  However, the income was not distributed to her until March 15, 1944.  The question to be decided is "Did the petitioner's share of the 1943 income of the trusts become payable to petitioner within the first 65 days of 1944, within the meaning of section 162 (d) (3) (A)?"The answer to the question is to be found in the income provisions of the trusts.  In construing the trusts we take into consideration the intention of the grantor as evidenced by his directions to the trustees, and the construction of the pertinent provisions made by the trustees for several years.In our consideration of the meaning and purposes of the new subsection (d) (3) (A) we have given attention to the report of the Senate Finance Committee on the new statutory provision and to the new regulation which the Commissioner issued with respect to subsection (d) of section 162, which appears in section 29.162-2 1948 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*21  of Regulations 111, pp. 664 to 673 (1943 edition, approved March 8, 1943).  The part of section 29.162-2 which is pertinent to the meaning of the clause "income which becomes payable" is found on page 669 of Regulations 111; and the part of section 29.162-2 which applies to subsection (d) (3) is found on pages 672 and 673.The question is posed by the parties without making any distinction between the income provisions of trust No. 1 and the income provisions of the other four trusts.  Accordingly, we accept this posture 11 T.C. 1064">*1070  of the question, and refer hereinafter to the provision which is common to trusts Nos. 2, 3, 4, and 5, relating to distribution of income, as the trust provision which is to be construed.Adolph C. Israel, the grantor of the trusts, directed that the trustees should pay all or part of the net income of each trust to petitioner, his wife, "in annual payments." There was no provision for the accumulation of any income for her benefit.  The only income to be accumulated each year was the part, if any, which the trustees decided not to pay to petitioner; and the beneficiaries of any accumulations of income could be only persons other than petitioner who were1948 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*22  minors at the time of such accumulation.We think the trust provision makes it clear that the grantor intended to and did direct the trustees in the matter of the application of each year's income which the trusts received, and that the direction to pay all or part of the net income of the trusts to petitioner in annual payments means that each year's income of the trusts is to be paid to petitioner, either in whole or in part, early in the following year.The trusts accounted for income on the calendar year basis, so that there can be no doubt that the income provision in the trusts relates to the income of the trust for each calendar year, and, since the trusts reported income on the cash basis, it is understood that the income for each calendar year was income it would account for on the cash receipts basis.Also, it is clear that the grantor intended that the trustee of each trust should decide what was to be done with each year's income, but that the decision did not have to be made on or before the end of the year, i. e., December 31.  The phrase, "the distribution or accumulation of the net income of any year," clearly means "the distribution or accumulation of the 1948 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*23  net income of each year." Petitioner does not contend otherwise.  And the decision of the trustees as to the amount of each year's income which was to be distributed had to be made and notice thereof given not later than January 5 "of the following year."Petitioner makes no argument contrary to the above, and it appears that there is no real dispute over the meaning of the income provisions of the trust, as set forth above.The dispute is only about when the income of these trusts became payable for purposes of subsection (d) (3) (A), and petitioner finds room for disputing the respondent's determination in the alleged vacuum in the income provisions which do not specify when payment shall be made of the share of income which the trustees decide shall be distributed. Thus petitioner contends that, "since the trusts are silent as to when the annual distributions, if any, are to become payable to Babette B. Israel, the exact date thereof is left, within reasonable limits, to the discretion of the trustees."11 T.C. 1064">*1071  We think it is reasonable to assume that the grantor of the trusts intended that the trustees should have a reasonable interval of time, after deciding about 1948 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*24  the share to be distributed, within which to make the payment of her share to the income beneficiary, and we agree with this part of petitioner's contention.  But, it had been the practice of the trustees to make payment to petitioner at the same time they notified her of the amount of her distributable share. Thus, payments were made to petitioner on January 5, 1940, January 5, 1941, and January 5, 1942.  The grantor of the trusts was a trustee of each trust until August 1941, so that we have evidence of the grantor's intention from his own administration of the trusts.  We have held that a long standing interpretation of a trust by the interested parties is entitled to considerable weight, Mary Helen Cadwalader, 27 B. T. A. 1078, 1082; and we think we must give much weight in this proceeding to the procedure which the grantor of the trusts followed when he was a trustee and administered his own trusts.  Furthermore, 60 days appears to have been ample time within which to make payment, nothing being shown to the contrary, so that we believe that 60 days marked the limit of a reasonable period, after January 5, within which the income could be paid. 1948 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*25  Petitioner's theory, that the grantor of the trusts intended to give the trustees rather wide discretion in the matter of the time for making distribution of her share of each year's income of the trusts after the close of the year, is not consistent, in our opinion, with the grantor's direction to the trustees to make their decision about the amount of each year's income to be distributed not later than five days after the close of the year.  This direction required a prompt decision, and a reasonable view would be that the grantor intended that distribution would likewise be prompt.  That interpretation is one which we think is to be implied from the direction to make the decision not later than five days after the close of the year.  Also, support for this interpretation is to be found in the direction to pay all or part of the net income to the petitioner "in annual payments," and to accumulate the balance, if any, for others.  Complete disposition of each year's income was made; i. e., each year's income was to be allocated among petitioner and minors, but petitioner's share was to be paid to her.Under the theory of petitioner, she had no present right to her share of the1948 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*26  trust income when the trustees decided what her share was and gave her notice of their decision.  She contends, in effect, that she had no present right to the income until the date of payment and distribution fixed by the trustees.  We do not agree with this theory, and believe it represents a clearly erroneous construction of the income provisions of the trusts.  Petitioner clearly had a present right to the trust income upon the trustees' decision of what part would be distributed to her, and that decision could be made no later than the 11 T.C. 1064">*1072  fifth day following the end of a trust's year.  The decision of the trustees put upon them a fixed obligation to distribute a definite part, or all, of the trust income to petitioner, and after the decision of the trustees was made petitioner's share of the trust income could be paid to her, and she had a right to demand payment.The meaning of the word "payable" is not always the same in ordinary or in legal usage.  The issue in this proceeding seems to present conflicting views of the parties as to the meaning of the term "payable" in paragraph (3) (A) of section 162 (d).  Dictionary definitions of the word cover various meanings1948 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*27  and do not provide a solution of the conflicting views which appear to be involved in the respective arguments of the parties.  Furthermore, we give heed to the admonition of Judge Learned Hand, stated in Cabell v. Markham, 148 Fed. (2d) 737, 739, "not to make a fortress out of the dictionary." The Commissioner construes the phrase "income which becomes payable" to mean "income to which the legatee, heir, or beneficiary has a present right, whether or not such income is actually paid," in the new regulation under the new subsection (d) of section 162, part of which is set forth in the margin.  3 This interpretation is entitled to some weight, as was observed in Carlisle v. Commissioner, 165 Fed. (2d) 645. See also Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation v. Tremaine, 133 Fed. (2d) 827, 830.1948 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*28  We do not understand petitioner to dispute the correctness of the Commissioner's regulation which construes the term "payable" to mean having a present right to income.  Petitioner argues, rather, that the trustees were given the discretion to determine when petitioner's right to the income became fixed, and that they determined that matter by notifying her of the date on which her distributable share, as determined by them on or before January 5, would be paid.  We must reject this argument.  As stated above, we construe the trust provisions to mean that both petitioner's right to the income and the trustee's obligation to make distribution became fixed when he decided what amount he would distribute to petitioner.  The additional decision of the trustee as to the date of payment, did not in any respect postpone the fixing of petitioner's right to receive the income.  Accordingly, the trust income in question became "payable" to petitioner within the first 65 days under paragraph (3) (A) of section 162 (d).11 T.C. 1064">*1073  The courts have frequently distinguished the term "payable" from the term "paid" as having an essentially different meaning, and as meaning that which is due or1948 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*29  owing, rather than that which is paid.  See In re Coleman's Estate, 65 Pac. (2d) 467, 469. We think that it was intended in subsection (d) (3) (A) that the determinative fact is the date when income becomes payable and not when it is actually distributed and paid.The purpose of paragraph (3) of the new subsection (d) was stated in the report of the Finance Committee, Rept. No. 1631, 77th Cong., 2d sess., p. 71, et seq., to be as follows:Paragraph (3) of section 162 (d) is designed to remove problems arising in cases in which amounts are paid, credited or to be distributed shortly after the close of the taxable year of the estate or trust.  Under existing law such arrangements give rise to tax avoidance, for example, by placing the tax on the trust for income which is shortly after the close of the taxable year of the trust to be distributed to the beneficiary.  Under section 162 (d) as added in the House bill this tax avoidance would be prevented but harsh results might occur in some cases by reason of the full amount to be distributed being considered distributed out of income for the year of the distribution.  Section 162 (d) (3) as proposed1948 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*30  to be added by your committee provides that in cases in which within the first 65 days of any taxable year of the estate or trust beginning after January 1, 1942, income of the estate or trust for a period beginning before the beginning of the taxable year becomes payable, the income for the part of such period not falling within the taxable year is considered to be paid, credited, or distributed on the last day of the preceding taxable year. * * * [Italics added.]It is our view of the income provisions of the trusts before us, as heretofore stated, that whatever part of each year's income of the trusts should be determined by the trustees to be distributable to the income beneficiary was intended to be distributed to her shortly after the close of the year of each trust.  Therefore, the situation here is exactly the type which paragraph (3) of subsection (d) was designed to cover, and the purpose was to provide that in such cases the trust income was to be taxed to the beneficiary, and was not to be taxed to the trust.The purpose of paragraph (3) of subsection (d), as indicated in the report of the Finance Committee, reflects the principle which the administrative authorities 1948 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*31  have understood to be basic.  In commenting on section 111 of the Revenue Act of 1942, which added the new subsection (d) to section 162 of the code, the following is stated (see G. C. M. 24702, 1945, C. B. 241, 242):The general statutory plan with respect to estates has been to tax in some way the whole net income of the estate ( Helvering v. Julia Butterworth, et al, 290 U.S. 365">290 U.S. 365, * * *), that is, the income is either taxed to the estate as a separate entity or to the legatee to whom the income is paid.  The basic principle underlying section 111 of the Revenue Act of 1942 is to impose the tax, within stated limitations, upon the person who enjoys the income.  * * * [Italics added.]11 T.C. 1064">*1074  It is held that the petitioner's distributable share of the 1943 income of the trusts became payable to petitioner within the first 65 days of 1944, within the meaning of paragraph (3) (A) of section 162 (d), and that, therefore the sum of $ 37,384.91 has been properly included in petitioner's income for 1943.  The trustees should have treated such trust income as "paid, credited, or to be distributed" on the last day of 1943, 1948 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*32  under the provisions of paragraph (3) (A).A further question is presented.  The trustees paid $ 27,355.30 Federal income tax for 1943, as the tax owed by the trusts on the entire trust income for that year.  Respondent included this amount, also, in petitioner's income for 1943.  (He made a like determination for the year 1942, see footnote 1, findings of fact.) No explanation for this part of the respondent's determination was given in the statement attached to the notice of deficiency.  On brief, respondent's contention is that the income of the trusts which was applied to an overpayment of the tax liability of the trusts should be regarded as income which was distributable to petitioner.  It is respondent's theory, evidently, that part of $ 27,355.30 (the part which in fact represents overpayment of the taxes of the trusts), should be held to be, also, income which became payable to petitioner within the first 65 days of 1944, and, hence, taxable to her.Respondent's theory finds no support in the income provisions of the trusts.  They provide for the application of the net income of the trusts remaining after the payment of all of the expenses of the trusts, including taxes. 1948 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*33  Since the trustees were required to determine the amount of petitioner's share of each year's net income not later than January 5, a date which is well in advance of the date on which the returns of the trusts would have to be filed, the trustees were able to estimate the net income of the trusts after all deductions and taxes, and to make their decision of the amount of petitioner's distributable share with full consideration of what taxes might be, depending upon the deduction allowable to the trusts under section 162 for the amount to be distributed to petitioner.  Any error which the trustees made in 1944 in estimating the correct taxable net income of the trusts for 1943, under the provisions of section 162, can not enlarge, retroactively, the petitioner's distributable share of the 1943 trust income, because of any refund which the trusts will doubtless receive, now, for overpayment of taxes of the trusts for 1943, on the basis of our holding in this proceeding.  Such refund may fall into the accumulation of income of the trusts for 1943 for the minor beneficiaries, as part of the 1943 income which was not distributed to petitioner under the terms of the trusts, since the1948 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*34  trusts do not allow the accumulation of any income for petitioner.  Also, the trustees, having determined on January 3, 1944, the amount of the 1943 income of the trusts which 11 T.C. 1064">*1075  would be and which has been distributed to petitioner, are now foreclosed from making any further determination with respect to 1943.  In any event, petitioner can not be taxed on income which she has not received.Petitioner is not seeking to have taxes paid by the trustees of the trusts, to the extent any overpayment has been made, offset against taxes due from her, under any theory of equitable recoupment, which attempt, if made, would not be successful.  See Leslie H. Green, 7 T.C. 263, 278, and cases cited therein.The contention of the respondent on this issue is rejected, and it is held that it was error for the respondent to include all or part of $ 27,355.30 in petitioner's income for 1943.Our conclusions under both issues are made with respect to the taxable year 1942 as well as 1943, which are covered by the pleadings, the discussion of the questions having been confined to the facts as they apply to the year 1943 as a matter of convenience.  The questions1948 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*35  are common to both years, as are the facts, except as to the dollar amounts of income and taxes paid by the trusts.  Because of the computations which are involved for both 1942 and 1943 under the forgiveness feature of the Current Tax Payment Act in computing a taxpayer's liability for tax for both years, it is necessary to make holdings in this proceeding for the year 1942 as well as 1943.  Accordingly, it is held that the respondent properly included trust income for 1942, in the amount of $ 43,122.89, in petitioner's income for 1942, under section 162 (d) (3) (A); and it is held, further, that the respondent erred in including all or part of $ 27,380.23 (the amount of taxes of the trusts) in petitioner's income for 1942.Decision will be entered under Rule 50.  DISNEYDisney, J., dissenting: Trust No. 1 did not authorize notice to the petitioner, not later than January 5, of income to be distributed. Nevertheless the trust has been treated the same as the others.  I can find no reason to disregard this difference.  If it is not disregarded, trust No. 1 is clearly seen to involve discretion in the fiduciary as to distribution or accumulation of income, and, under section1948 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 8">*36  162 (c) of the Internal Revenue Code, deduction could be allowed only of the amount "properly paid or credited during the year" to legatee, heir, or beneficiary. Nothing indicates such payment or credit during the taxable year.As to the other trusts, this is to me a case of not giving ordinary significance to plain language.  I can not find the income here involved "payable" to the petitioner within the first 65 days of 1944 under section 162 (d) (3) (A) of the code within any common connotation 11 T.C. 1064">*1076  of the term.  The trustees decided that the amount was not payable until March 15, outside the 65-day limit.  I would sustain the petitioner on the matter.  Therefore, I respectfully dissent.  Footnotes1. The sum of $ 70,503.12 represents $ 43,122.89, the total trust income which was paid to petitioner, plus $ 27,380.23, Federal income taxes paid by the trustees.  The sum of $ 64,740.21 represents $ 37,384.91, the total of 1943 trust income which was paid to petitioner on March 15, 1944, plus $ 27,355.30, Federal income taxes paid by the trustees.↩2. SEC. 162. NET INCOME.* * * *(d) Rules for Application of Subsection (b) and (c).  -- For the purposes of subsections (b) and (c) --* * * *(3) Distributions in first 65 days of taxable year. --(A) General Rule.  -- If within the first 65 days of any taxable year of the estate or trust, income of the estate or trust, for a period beginning before the beginning of the taxable year, becomes payable, such income, to the extent of the income of the estate or trust for the part of such period not falling within the taxable year or, if such part is longer than 12 months, the last 12 months thereof shall be considered, paid, credited, or to be distributed on the last day of the preceding taxable year. * * *↩3. Sec. 29.162-2 [Regulations 111, p. 669].  Allocation of Estate and Trust Income to Legatees and Beneficiaries. -- * * * *(b) Allocation among income beneficiaries and legatees.  -- * * * *As used in section 162↩, the term "income which becomes payable" means income to which the legatee, heir, or beneficiary has a present right, whether or not such income is actually paid.  Such right may be derived from the directions in the trust instrument or will to make distributions of income at a certain date, or from the exercise of the fiduciary's discretion to distribute income, or from a recognized present right under the local law to obtain income or compel a distribution of income.  * * *