Court Opinion

ID: 2669891
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-04-14 20:24:53.74616+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:12:06.747907
License: Public Domain

Filed 4/14/14 P. v. Kerns CA5

                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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               IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE,
                                                                                           F066227
         Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                                           (Super. Ct. No. MCR036148A)
                   v.

LELAND STANFORD KERNS III,                                                              OPINION
         Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Madera County. Dale J. Blea
and Mitchell C. Rigby, Judges.
         Sylvia Whatley Beckham, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for
Defendant and Appellant.
         Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Charles A. French and John G.
McLean, Deputies Attorney General for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                                        -ooOoo-
         A jury found defendant Leland Stanford Kerns III guilty of transportation of heroin
(Health & Saf. Code, § 11352, subd. (a)) and possession of heroin for purposes of sale
(Health & Saf. Code, § 11351). In bifurcated proceedings, the trial court found true the
allegations that Kerns suffered two prior strike convictions (Pen. Code,1 § 667,
subds. (b)-(i)) and served five prior prison terms (§ 667.5. subd. (b)). Kerns was
sentenced to an indeterminate term of 25 years to life in prison, plus a consecutive
determinate term of five years.
       In this appeal, Kerns contends that: (1) the trial court abused its discretion in
failing to dismiss one of the alleged strike convictions; (2) he is entitled to additional
presentence custody credit; (3) the fine imposed under section 672 was unauthorized and
must be stricken; (4) the drug program fee must be reversed; and (5) the restitution fine
and parole revocation fine must be reduced to $200.
       We will modify the judgment to reflect that Kerns has 1,704 days of presentence
custody credit and delete the $940 fine imposed under section 672. In all other respects,
we affirm the judgment.
                         FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
       On September 10, 2009, a Madera County Sheriff’s detective observed Kerns and
his wife in their car; Kerns was driving. The detective saw Kerns pull over and then a
woman leaned in the passenger window, stood up with her right hand coming out of the
car, and walked away. Based on his training and experience, the detective believed this
was a hand-to-hand narcotic transaction. Kerns and his wife were detained. An officer
searched Kerns and found a sewn-in pocket inside his pants that contained two clear
plastic bags that appeared to contain a usable amount of heroin.
       On March 22, 2010, the Madera County District Attorney filed a two-count
information against Kerns and his wife. Kerns was charged with transportation of heroin
(Health & Saf. Code, § 11352, subd. (a); count 1) and possession of heroin for purposes
of sale (Health & Saf. Code, § 11351; count 2). It was further alleged that Kerns had
three prior convictions for serious or violent felonies (i.e., strike convictions under the

       1Subsequent   statutory references are to the Penal Code unless noted otherwise.

                                              2.
Three Strikes law) (§ 667, subds. (b)-(i)) and had served five prior prison terms (§ 667.5,
subd. (b)).
       On April 27, 2011, Kerns filed an invitation to the court to exercise its discretion
to dismiss the alleged prior strike convictions under section 1385 and People v. Superior
Court (Romero) (1996) 13 Cal. 4th 497 (Romero motion). He asserted that the first
alleged strike conviction, a burglary conviction from 1980, did not qualify as a strike
because the incident involved a commercial burglary. The two remaining alleged strikes
arose from Kerns’s convictions on October 27, 1981, in Madera County of residential
burglary and rape (1981 case). Kerns argued that these strike convictions should be
dismissed for three reasons. First, he has not displayed a violent nature since 1981 as his
later convictions were drug related. Given his “non-strike” history since 1981, he argued,
“this case is not in the spirit of the [Three] Strikes law.” Second, “there is a reasonable
question as to [his] guilt of the two 1981 strikes.” Third, when he was sentenced in the
1981 case, one of the felonies was stayed under section 654 and, since then, courts have
treated the 1981 case as one strike, not two. He urged the court to treat the two
convictions from 1981 as one strike conviction.
       In support of his argument that there was reason to question his guilt in the 1981
case, Kerns pointed out that he has always maintained his innocence and “certain
questionable aspects of the police reports from the incident … suggest that [he] could not
have been the perpetrator.” The victim reported that her attacker was a white male with a
rough face and he spoke with a Mexican accent, but Kerns had an unblemished face and
speaks without a Mexican accent. The victim told the police that she bit her attacker on
his arm, but there was no evidence Kerns had a bite mark on his body. The victim
reported that her attacker asked her what street they were on, suggesting he was
unfamiliar with Madera, but Kerns was familiar with the area and had lived in Madera for
more than a year prior to the incident. Even though fingerprints were taken from the
scene and a rape kit was collected from the victim, no physical evidence connected Kerns

                                              3.
to the crimes. He submitted police reports, including the victim’s statement, from the
incident and the probation officer’s report from the 1981 case.
         The People filed a response arguing that Kerns’s case was not outside the spirit of
the Three Strikes law. They described the underlying facts of the 1981 case. Kerns
entered the home of the victim who was asleep in bed. He woke her, grabbed her by the
hair, and forced her into her living room. The victim struggled and one of her children
entered the room. Kerns ordered the victim to make her child go back to bed and then he
raped her. The People did not address Kerns’s argument that he may not be guilty of that
crime.
         On May 13, 2011, the trial court heard argument on the Romero motion. His
defense attorney reiterated that, while Kerns had been in and out of prison his whole adult
life, he had no subsequent convictions for any serious or violent felonies after 1981. He
acknowledged that Kerns was found guilty by a jury in the 1981 case but asserted there
were “some real questions” about whether he had committed those crimes. The People
argued that Kerns’s position that he did not actually commit the crimes in the 1981 case
“is not a proper basis under the law” for dismissing the prior strike convictions.
         The trial court declined to dismiss any of the strike convictions. First, it agreed
with the People that it was “barred from looking behind that conviction [in the 1981
case].” The court stated: “The conviction was made following a jury trial, there was no
appeal on that. Or if there was, it was sustained on appeal. It’s a valid conviction, and I
don’t think a Romero invitation is a basis to attack the conviction itself. [¶] … I am
looking at that judgment being in place and not subject to the attack by the Court in its
analysis here.”
         Next, the court declined to treat the burglary and rape convictions from the 1981
case as a single strike. The court explained its reasoning: “While the convictions may
have arisen out of a single transaction, it does not appear that they arose out of a single
act here. So I don’t think that this would come within the rule of the Benson case [People

                                               4.
v. Benson (1998) 18 Cal. 4th 24] .… I don’t see this as being a single strike for that
reason. So I don’t hold it to be a single strike. And given the circumstances, I do not find
that it is appropriate to strike a strike in this matter.” The court did not address Kerns’s
assertion that the 1980 burglary conviction (on which the first strike allegation was based)
did not qualify as a strike conviction.
       A jury trial began on July 31, 2012. The prosecutor requested amendment of the
information to delete the allegation that Kerns had a strike conviction in 1980, agreeing
with Kerns that his second degree burglary conviction was not a strike. The court
dismissed the strike allegation. This left the two strike allegations based on the 1981
case. At Kerns’s request, the court bifurcated trial on the allegations of the prior strike
convictions and prior prison terms.
       The jury reached a verdict on August 8, 2012, finding Kerns guilty of both counts.
The trial court then found true the allegation that Kerns had two prior strike convictions
and had served five prior prison terms.
       At the sentencing hearing on October 19, 2012, Kerns renewed his Romero motion
to dismiss (or rather, to vacate) one of the two prior strike convictions. His attorney
pointed out that Kerns was cooperative with the police and his crime was “[s]mall time”
and only done to support his own drug habit. Kern’s attorney noted that, in a criminal
case in 1995, Judge Moffat had dismissed one of the strike convictions from the 1981
case. The prosecutor opposed the motion. Referring to the 1995 case, the prosecutor
argued: “People’s position is he had the benefit of giving that mercy or that grace of the
court that time and he could have been sentenced to 25 to life on that case. He received
that benefit and then when he gets out he continues to have violations of his parole and
returns to prison numerous times, then picks up this case doing the same exact thing he
did before.”
       Kerns’s attorney again questioned the reliability of the convictions in the 1981
case and told the court he had been appointed to seek DNA testing in that case. The court

                                              5.
suggested that discussing the possibility of having the 1981 conviction set aside based on
DNA evidence was “putting the cart before the horse .…” The court observed, “So right
now what I have before me is a prior rape conviction that is a strike and if it occurs that
that conviction is set aside then I’m sure that it would have an impact on any sentence that
I were to impose today.”
       The trial court denied the renewed Romero motion. In reaching its conclusion, the
court stated it considered among other things2 Kerns’s “long and continuous history of
criminal activity”; that the strike convictions occurred almost 30 years before the current
crimes; that the recent convictions were drug related and nonviolent offenses; and the
facts that Kerns suffers from drug addiction and has failed to address his addiction. It
also recognized the impact of Kerns’s criminal behavior on his family and on society,
observing, “There are victims out there who are being sold heroin by Mr. Kerns.”
       Kerns received an indeterminate term of 25 years to life on count 1, plus a
consecutive determinate term of five years for the five prior prison terms. The court
imposed a term of 25 years to life on count 2 and stayed the term under section 654. The
court also imposed restitution fines, a fine of $940 under section 672, and lab analysis and
drug program fees. The court did not impose a presentence report fee of $750, which the
probation officer had recommended.
       Kerns filed a notice of appeal on November 29, 2012.
                                       DISCUSSION
I.     Denial of request to dismiss prior strike convictions
       Under section 1385, subdivision (a), a judge “may, either of his or her own motion
or upon the application of the prosecuting attorney, and in furtherance of justice, order an
action to be dismissed.” In Romero, supra, 13 Cal.4th at page 504, our Supreme Court

       2The  court stated, “[T]his is not an exhaustive list of considerations, but included
in the factors that I considered.”

                                              6.
held that, pursuant to section 1385, “a trial court may strike or vacate an allegation or
finding under the Three Strikes law that a defendant has previously been convicted of a
serious and/or violent felony .…” (People v. Williams (1998) 17 Cal. 4th 148, 158
(Williams).)
       In deciding whether to dismiss or vacate a prior strike conviction allegation or
finding under section 1385 and Romero, a court “must consider whether, in light of the
nature and circumstances of his present felonies and prior serious and/or violent felony
convictions, and the particulars of his background, character, and prospects, the defendant
may be deemed outside the scheme’s spirit, in whole or in part, and hence should be
treated as though he had not previously been convicted of one or more serious and/or
violent felonies.” (Williams, supra, 17 Cal.4th at p. 161.)
       We review for abuse of discretion a trial court’s decision not to dismiss or vacate a
prior strike conviction allegation or finding. (People v. Carmony (2004) 33 Cal. 4th 367,
374.) If, however, “the record affirmatively discloses that the trial court misunderstood
the scope of its discretion, remand to the trial court is required to permit that court to
impose sentence with full awareness of its discretion .…” (People v. Fuhrman (1997) 16
Cal. 4th 930, 944.)
       Kerns contends that the trial court abused its discretion in failing to dismiss one of
the alleged strike convictions. He argues that “the court’s decision was reached without
consideration of relevant circumstances of the alleged strikes case.” We are not
persuaded that reversal and remand is called for in this case.
       First, Kerns asserts, in the denial of his pretrial Romero motion, the court
“apparently denied relief under the mistaken belief that unless the two strike offenses
were based on the ‘same act,’ the court could not dismiss one of the strikes.” We reject
Kerns’s assertion that the court held a mistaken belief about its discretion to dismiss one
of the strike conviction allegations.

                                              7.
       In People v. Benson, supra, 18 Cal.4th at page 26, the Supreme Court held that,
where a defendant had two prior strike convictions—residential burglary and assault with
intent to commit murder—that arose out of the same set of facts and resulted in the stay of
the sentence for one of the convictions under section 654, each conviction individually
qualified as a separate strike under the Three Strikes law. In reaching this holding, the
court observed in a footnote:

       “Because the proper exercise of a trial court’s discretion under section 1385
       necessarily relates to the circumstances of a particular defendant’s current
       and past criminal conduct, we need not and do not determine whether there
       are some circumstances in which two prior felony convictions are so closely
       connected—for example, when multiple convictions arise out of a single act
       by the defendant as distinguished from multiple acts committed in an
       indivisible course of conduct—that a trial court would abuse its discretion
       under section 1385 if it failed to strike one of the priors.” (People v.
       Benson, supra, 18 Cal.4th at p. 36, fn. 8.)
       In our case, the court stated: “While the convictions may have arisen out of a
single transaction, it does not appear that they arose out of a single act here. So I don’t
think that this would come within the rule of the Benson case .… I don’t see this as being
a single strike for that reason. So I don’t hold it to be a single strike. And given the
circumstances, I do not find that it is appropriate to strike a strike in this matter.”
       This does not indicate that the court misunderstood the scope of its discretion. To
the contrary, the court understood that, as suggested in the footnote in Benson, if two
prior convictions arise out of a single act, the trial court may be required to dismiss one of
the prior convictions. In such circumstances, not to dismiss one of the prior convictions
may be an abuse of discretion. The court considered the Benson footnote and found that
Kerns’s prior convictions did not arise out of a single act. As a result, dismissal of one of
the prior convictions was not required. (“So I don’t think that this would come within the
rule of the Benson case .…”) The court then went on to consider, in the exercise of its
discretion, whether to dismiss one of the strikes and decided not to do so. (“And given

                                               8.
the circumstances, I do not find that it is appropriate to strike a strike in this matter.”)
This was not an abuse of discretion.
       Second, Kerns claims both before trial and after the verdict that the court expressly
declined, in exercising discretion, to consider the possibility that Kerns was not guilty of
the crimes he was convicted of in the 1981 case. He argues, “The failure to dismiss one
of [Kerns’s] strikes upon expressly refusing to consider the relevant circumstances of the
questionable validity of the conviction and likelihood of mistaken identification in that
case, was an abuse of discretion.” The People respond that it would have been an abuse
of discretion for the trial court to give any serious consideration to Kerns’s claim of
innocence because the record contained “virtually no evidence to undermine the 1981
convictions.”
       As we have discussed, in deciding a Romero motion, a trial court must consider,
among other things, the nature and circumstances of the prior strike convictions.
(Williams, supra, 17 Cal.4th at p. 161.) We question the premise of Kerns’s claim,
however, that the consideration of the nature and circumstances of prior strike convictions
includes entertaining collateral attacks on valid convictions.3 We need not decide the
issue, however, because we agree with the People that Kerns failed to provide evidence

       3We   observe, for example, the Supreme Court has held that, “a defendant whose
sentence for a noncapital offense is subject to enhancement because of a prior conviction
may not employ the current prosecution as a forum for challenging the validity of the
prior conviction based upon alleged ineffective assistance of counsel in the prior
proceeding.” (Garcia v. Superior Court (1997) 14 Cal. 4th 953, 966.) In so holding, the
court observed: “Such a claim [of ineffective assistance of counsel] often will necessitate
a factual investigation with regard to counsel’s actions, omissions, and strategic decisions,
requiring the parties and the court to reconstruct events possibly remote in time, and to
scour potentially voluminous records, substantially delaying the proceedings related to the
current offense. Conducting evidentiary hearings on these types of claims also would
protract substantially the proceedings on the current offense.” (Id. at p. 965.) Similarly, a
rule requiring the court to consider a claim of factual innocence of a valid prior
conviction in deciding a Romero motion could require, in essence, a retrial of prior
offenses.

                                               9.
the trial court reasonably could have relied on to determine he was innocent of the rape
and burglary in the 1981 case. He submitted a few police reports, but he did not provide a
record of the trial or information about any appeal. He noted that the jury found him
guilty based on “identification,” not DNA or fingerprints, but he did not provide the
witness testimony from trial. He offered no evidence to show that the victim was an
unreliable witness. Under these circumstances, it would have been an abuse of discretion
if the trial court had dismissed the prior strike convictions on the ground that Kerns was
innocent in the 1981 case. In other words, even assuming that in deciding a Romero
motion a court is allowed or required to consider a defendant’s claim that he is not guilty
of valid prior strike convictions, there was no prejudice from the trial court’s failure to
consider Kerns’s claim of innocence in this case.4
       In his reply, Kerns argues that he was not asserting factual innocence as the basis
for his Romero motion but, rather, “the fact that the evidence in the prior case is far less
than solid and substantial on the issue of identity of the burglar/rapist.” To the extent his
argument is that a trial court must consider the quality of the evidence that supported the
prior strike convictions without regard to whether the defendant was correctly convicted,
we fail to see how this is relevant in deciding a Romero motion.
II.    Presentence custody credit
       The abstract of judgment shows that Kerns has 1,103 actual days in custody, plus
550 conduct credits for a total of 1,653 days of presentence custody credit. The parties
agree, however, that Kerns is entitled to 1,704 days presentence custody credit.
       Kerns was arrested on September 10, 2009, and was sentenced on October 19,
2012. Counting the day of arrest and the day of sentencing, Kerns was in custody 1,136

       4Since  it would have been an abuse of discretion for the trial court to conclude that
Kerns was innocent in the 1981 case, it also would have been an abuse of discretion for
the court to surmise that he became a heroin addict in prison “in despair of being
wrongfully convicted” as Kerns suggests in his opening appellate brief.

                                             10.
days. (See In re Jackson (1986) 182 Cal. App. 3d 439, 442-443 [“law normally views a
fraction of a day as a full day”].) He is also entitled to two days of conduct credit for
every four days in actual custody, which gives him 568 days of conduct credit. (Former
§ 4019, subd. (f), as amended by Stats. 1982, ch. 1234, § 7.) Accordingly, we will modify
the judgment to reflect that Kerns has 1,136 days of actual custody credit and 568 days of
conduct credit.
III.   Fines and fees
       Kerns also challenges the fines and fees the trial court imposed.
       A.     Fine under section 672
       The trial court imposed a fine of $940 under section 672, consisting of a base fine
of $200 plus attendant fees, assessments, and surcharges (assessments) for that base fine.
The court also imposed a “Lab Analysis Fee” of $200, consisting of a “Base Fine” of $50
pursuant to Health and Safety Code section 11372.5, plus assessments, and a “Drug
Program Fee” of $400, consisting of a “Base Fine” of $100 pursuant to Health and Safety
Code section 11372.7, subdivision (a), plus assessments.
       Kerns contends that the trial court was not allowed to impose a section 672 fine in
addition to the lab analysis fee and drug program fee. He did not raise this objection at
the sentencing hearing.
       Section 672 provides, “Upon conviction for any crime punishable by imprisonment
in any jail or prison, in relation to which no fine is herein prescribed, the court may
impose a fine on the offender not exceeding one thousand dollars ($1,000) in cases of
misdemeanors or ten thousand dollars ($10,000) in cases of felonies, in addition to the
imprisonment prescribed.”
       For Kerns’s two convictions (violation of Health & Saf. Code, §§ 11351 &
11352), Health and Safety Code section 11372 provides that a court may impose a fine
not exceeding $20,000 for each offense.

                                             11.
       In People v. Breazell (2002) 104 Cal. App. 4th 298, 304 (Breazell), this court held
that a trial court could not impose a fine pursuant to Health and Safety Code
section 11372 and another fine pursuant to section 672. We explained:

       “The language used in section 672 demonstrates that it was meant to
       provide a fine for offenses for which another statute did not impose a fine.
       In other words, this is a catchall provision allowing a fine to be imposed for
       every crime, even if the statute criminalizing the conduct did not
       specifically authorize a fine. The limiting provision was meant to ensure
       that a fine pursuant to section 672 would not be imposed if another statute
       authorized a fine for the offense.” (Breazell, supra, 104 Cal.App.4th at
       p. 304.)
       We concluded, “the trial court erred in imposing a fine pursuant to section 672
when a fine also was imposed pursuant to Health and Safety Code section 11372.”
(Breazell, supra, 104 Cal.App.4th at p. 304.) We went on to hold that the defendant in
Breazell did not forfeit her appellate challenge to the imposition of two fines even though
she failed to object with the trial court. We considered the issue because “the error [was]
clear and correctable without factual dispute” and “the fine pursuant to section 672 could
not have been imposed in the circumstances of [the] case.” (Id. at p. 305.)
       Here, the trial court did not impose a fine under Health and Safety Code
section 11372, but Kerns argues that the lab analysis fee and drug program fee similarly
preclude the imposition of a section 672 fine. Health and Safety Code section 11372.5,
subdivision (a), provides that a court shall impose a criminal laboratory analysis fee of not
more than $50 for each conviction of, among other statutes, Health and Safety Code
sections 11351 and 11352. It is described as a “fee,” but case law has determined it to be
a fine. (People v. Sharret (2011) 191 Cal. App. 4th 859, 869.) In addition, we have
recognized that the drug program fee (Health & Saf. Code, § 11372.7, subd. (a)) is “a fine
and/or a penalty.” (People v. Sierra (1995) 37 Cal. App. 4th 1690, 1696.) Accordingly,
we agree with Kerns that the trial court in this case was not authorized to impose an
additional fine under section 672, which is “not … imposed if another statute authorize[s]

                                            12.
a fine for the offense.” (Breazell, supra, 104 Cal.App.4th at p. 304.) The section 672
fine of $940 must be stricken from the judgment.
       B.     Drug program fee
       Kerns next argues that the drug program fee must be stricken because there is
insufficient evidence to support the trial court’s implied finding that he had the ability to
pay the fee. As we have described, the court imposed a drug program fee of $400,
consisting of a base fine of $100 pursuant to Health and Safety Code section 11372.7,
subdivision (a), plus assessments.
       Health and Safety Code section 11372.7 provides for a drug program fee not to
exceed $150 for each separate offense. (§ 11372.7, subd. (a).) The court is required to
determine whether the defendant has the ability to pay the drug program fee. (Id., subd.
(b).) No express finding is required, however, and the parties agree that, in this case, the
trial court made an implied finding that Kerns had the ability to pay the drug program fee.
(People v. Staley (1992) 10 Cal. App. 4th 782, 785; see Evid. Code, § 664.)
       At the sentencing hearing, Kerns’s attorney argued that Kerns had a substantial
amount of time to serve and he “[h]as no real means to pay any fines that I’m aware of.”
The probation officer’s report, however, noted that Kerns was in good physical and
mental health and that he had been working for a temporary agency “off and on.”
“Ability to pay does not necessarily require existing employment or cash on hand.”
(People v. Staley, supra, 10 Cal.App.4th at p. 785.) Instead, ability to pay a fine may be
“based upon an ability to earn.” (Id. at p. 786.) The People point out that able-bodied
prisoners are required to work under section 2700. “Whenever an inmate is paid for his
labor … and is discharged, all sums due him shall be paid upon release.” (§ 2713.) Thus,
it appears Kerns will be able to earn money from labor while in prison. This is sufficient
evidence to support a finding of ability to pay the $400 drug program fee.

                                             13.
       C.     Restitution and parole revocation fine
       Finally, Kerns contends that the restitution fine and corresponding parole
revocation fine should be reduced to $200. The trial court imposed a restitution fine of
$240. He argues that the court believed $240 was the minimum amount it could impose
as a restitution fine, but the statutory minimum was actually $200.
       Kerns committed his current offenses on September 10, 2009. At that time,
section 1202.4 provided for a restitution fine of not less than $200 and not more than
$10,000. (Former § 1202.4, as amended by Stats. 2008, ch. 468, § 1.) When Kerns was
sentenced in 2012, the law provided for a restitution fine of not less than $240 and not
more than $10,000. (Former § 1202.4, as amended by Stats. 2011, ch. 358, § 1.)
       Kerns’s argument is premised on the assumption that the trial court intended to
impose the minimum restitution fine and used the wrong statutory minimum, but the court
did not expressly state that it intended to impose the minimum fine possible, and we will
not presume the trial court applied the wrong statute. “It is a basic presumption indulged
in by reviewing courts that the trial court is presumed to have known and applied the
correct statutory and case law in the exercise of its official duties.” (People v. Mack
(1986) 178 Cal. App. 3d 1026, 1032.)
       Kerns raises an ex post facto argument, but there is no ex post facto problem here.
The restitution fine of $240 was authorized under the law applicable at the time Kerns
committed his crimes. (Cf. People v. Zito (1992) 8 Cal. App. 4th 736, 740-741 [where pre-
1990 law provided restitution fine could not exceed $10,000, ex post facto prohibition
applied so that restitution fine could not exceed $10,000 for pre-1990 losses].) Further, as
the People assert, Kerns forfeited his challenge to the restitution fine by failing to raise
the issue with the trial court. (People v. Turrin (2009) 176 Cal. App. 4th 1200, 1207.)
       For these reasons, we reject Kerns’s claim that his restitution fine must be reduced.

                                              14.
                                      DISPOSITION
       The judgment is modified: (1) to reflect an award of 1,704 days of presentence
custody credit, consisting of 1,136 days of actual time credit and 568 days of conduct
credit and (2) to delete the $940 fee under section 672. The trial court is directed to
prepare an amended abstract of judgment and to forward a certified copy to the
Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. As modified, the judgment is affirmed.

                                                                  _____________________
                                                                              LaPorte, J.*

WE CONCUR:

 _____________________
 Levy, Acting P.J.

 _____________________
 Detjen, J.

       *Judge  of the Superior Court of Kings County, assigned by the Chief Justice
pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.

                                             15.