Court Opinion

ID: 7235584
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-25 04:41:00.510849+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:42:30.682578
License: Public Domain

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Amul R. Thapar, United States. District Judge.
A collective-bargaining agreement does not have the'Midas touch, transforming every , state-law claim in the vicinity into a federal case. Here, Bryan Price sued his employer, Appalachian Regional Healthcare, advancing two state-law' claims: a civil-rights violation and breach- of contract. Appalachian then removed the case to this Court, arguing that Prince’s breach-of-contract claim was really a federal-law claim arising under § 301 of the Labor Management Relations Act. But although Prince was indeed subject to a collective-bargaining agreement — and thus could have sued for breach of contract under federal law — he chose not to do so. Instead, he alleged only that Appalachian had breached the terms of- an implied contract that arose under the common law of Kentucky. Thus, Prince’s breach-of-contract claim neither asserts a right under the bargaining agreement nor requires the .Court to interpret its terms. As shown below, that means his claim does not “arise under” federal law. The Court must therefore, grant Prince’s motion to remand.
I.
From May 2013 until June 2014, Prince worked as a plant operational engineer at Appalachian’s regional medical center in South Williamson, Kentucky. During that time, Prince was a member of the United •Steelworkers Union, which had a collective-bargaining agreement with Appalachian.' See R. 9-7 (Collective-bargaining agreement). Appalachian eventually fired him from his job there. See R, 4 at 2.
In May 2015, Prince sued Appalachian in Kentucky state court. See R. 1-2. In his complaint, Prince advanced two theories of liability: that Appalachian had violated the Kentucky Civil Rights Act and that Appalachian had breached, its contract with him. The complaint made no reference to federal law. See id.
In June,- Appalachian removed the case to this Court. See R. 1. In its notice of removal, Appalachian argued that Prince’s breach-of-contract claim “requires the interpretation of ■ a collective bargaining agreement between [Appalachian] and [Prince’s] union representative.” R. 1 at 1. As Appalachian points out, “[c]laims requiring the interpretation of a collective *519bargaining agreement” are “completely preempted by Section 301 of the Labor Management Relations Act.” Id, at 3 (citing Caterpillar, Inc. v. Williams, 482 U.S. 386, 393, 107 S.Ct. 2425, 96 L.Ed.2d 318 (1987)). Thus, Appalachian argues, Prince’s suit is “subject to removal under 29 U.S.C. § 185(c) and 28 U.S.C. § 1331.” Id. (citing Smolarek v. Chrysler Corp., 879 F.2d 1326, 1326 (6th.Cir.1989) (en banc); In re General Motors Corp., 3 F.3d 980, 983 (6th Cir.1993)).1 Prince now moves to remand. R. 9.
II.
A defendant may remove a case filed in state court if the case arises “under the Constitution, treaties, or laws of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b). In most cases, federal courts determine whether a case “arises under” federal law by using the “well-pleaded complaint rule.” See generally Metro. Life Ins.. Co. v. Taylor, 481 U.S. 58, 63, 107 S.Ct. 1542, 95 L.Ed.2d 55 (1987). Under that rule, a court has federal-question jurisdiction only if “a federal question is presented on the face of [a] plaintiffs properly pleaded complaint.” Caterpillar, 482 U.S. at 392, 107 S.Ct. 2425. There is no question that, under the well-pleaded complaint rule, there would be no federal-question jurisdiction here. For Prince’s complaint contains only two claims, both of which appear to arise exclusively under state law, not federal.
Most rules have exceptions, however, and this one is no different. The well-pleaded complaint rule does not apply in cases of “complete preemption.” If a state-law claim is completely preempted by federal law, then even an “ordinary state common-law complaint” is converted “into one stating a federal claim.” Id. at 393, 107 S.Ct. 2425 (quoting Metro. Life, 481 U.S. at 65, 107 S.Ct. 1542). Thus, if a defendant can show that .federal law “completely preempts” any of the plaintiffs state-law claims, then a court will have federal-question jurisdiction over the claim.
Here, Appalachian argues that § 301 of the Labor Management Relations Act has “completely preempted” Prince’s breach-of-contract claim. Section 301 preempts a state-law breach-of-contract claim in two situations: if the claim asserts a right created by a collective-bargaining agreement, or if the claim' requires the court to interpret the terms of such an agreement. See Mattis v. Massman, 355 F.3d 902, 906 (6th Cir.2004). The “bare fact” that “a court must consult the [collective-bargaining agreement] for information helpful to' resolving the claim is not enough to.result in preemption.” Howard v. Cumberland River Coal Co., 838 F.Supp.2d 577, 583 (E.D.Ky.2011). Instead, the “meaning of the [agreement’s] terms must be at dispute.” Id. (quoting Livadas v. Bradshaw, 512 U.S. 107, 124, 114 S.Ct. 2068, 129 L.Ed.2d 93 (1994)). Thus, § 301 “completely preempts” a state-law claim — for removal purposes, anyway — only if “proof of the plaintiffs prima facie case requires interpreting the [collective-bargaining agreement].” Id. at 582. If not, then § 301 does not preempt the claim. Id.; see also Alongi v. Ford Motor Co., 386 F.3d 716, 727 (6th Cir.2004) (rejecting, on appeal of a remand order; consideration of a defense that the defendants were “certain to raise”); Mattis, 355 F.3d at 906-07 (analyzing, on appeal of a remand order, only the elements of the plaintiffs prima facie case).
Here, Prince’s breach-of-contract theory runs as follows. He alleges that, at the time he was fired, Appalachian had in place “policies and procedures governing *520its expectations of employees.” R. 1-2 at 6. Those policies and procedures, Prince says, created a contract “between [Appalachian] and employees like [Prince].” Id. Under the terms of that contract, Prince says, Appalachian could not fire an employee who abided by its policies and procedures. And Prince says he did just that. Id. Thus, he concludes, Appalachian “breached its contract with [him]” when it fired him. Id.
To summarize, Prince’s breach-of-contract claim is really a breach-of-mpiied-contract claim. In Prince’s view, “personnel policies may become binding contracts” under Kentucky common law “when the employee continues to work while the policy remains in effect” because “the policy is deemed an implied contract for so long as it remains in effect.” R. 9-1 at 3 (citing Parts Depot, Inc. v. Beiswenger, 170 S.W.3d 354, 363 (Ky. 2005)). Thus, Prince says, when Appalachian issued its policies and procedures, the company thereby created an implied - contract under the common law of Kentucky. See id. That implied contract — rather than, say, a collective-bargaining agreement — is the contract Prince says that Appalachian breached.
It'is not clear that Prince’s claim is a winner under Kentucky law. What is clear, however, is that his claim does not assert any rights “created” -by the collective-bargaining agreement. After all, •Prince says that his contract rights come from the common law, not from any paper document. Equally clear is that his claim does not require the Court to interpret the terms of the bargaining agreement. For Prince argues only that Appalachian breached its implied contract, not that Appalachian breached its collective-bargaining agreement. When evaluating that argument, a court will certainly need to interpret the common law of Kentucky. But it will have no need — at least when evaluating Prince’s prima facie case — to interpret the collective-bargaining agreement. See Howard, 838 F.Supp.2d at 582 (citing Smolarek v. Chrysler Corp., 879 F.2d 1326, 1333 (6th Cir.1989)) (“If [Labor Management Relations Act]- preemption arises as a basis for removal, the Court’s inquiry is limited to whether the proof of the plaintiffs prima facie ease requires interpreting . the [collective-bargaining agreement].”). Thus, the state-law claim does not require interpretation of the collective-bargaining agreement, nor is that claim based on rights created by such an agreement. Thus,. § 301 of the Labor Management Relations Act does not “completely preempt” Prince’s state-law claim. See Mattis, 355 F.3d at 906.
A case from the Supreme Court of the United States — Caterpillar v. Williams— confirms this result. See Caterpillar, 482 U.S. at 386, 107 S.Ct. 2425. There, the plaintiffs were union members who were subject ■ to a collective-bargaining agreement- with Caterpillar, their employer. They alleged that Caterpillar made “oral and written representations that they could look forward to indefinite and lasting employment with the corporation.” Id. at 388, 107 S.Ct. 2425 (internal quotations omitted). Specifically, the plaintiffs alleged that Caterpillar told them that, if their plant was ever closed, “Caterpillar would provide employment 'opportunities for [them] at other [Caterpillar] facilities.” Id. at 389, 107 S.Ct. 2425. After Caterpillar closed the plant and failed to transfer them, the plaintiffs “filed an action based solely on state' law in California state court, contending that Caterpillar [had] breached [its oral] agreement.” Id. at 390, 107 S.Ct. 2425 (internal quotations omitted). Caterpillar then removed the action to federal court, arguing that “removal was proper because the individual employment contracts made with respondents were, as a matter of federal substantive labor law, *521merged into and superseded by [the] collective bargaining agreements.” Id. (internal quotations omitted)
The Supreme Court rejected that argument and held that Caterpillar’s removal was improper. As the Court noted, the plaintiffs “possessed substantial rights under the collective agreement and could have brought suit under § 301 [but] as masters of the complaint ... they chose not to do so.” Id. at 395, 107 S.Ct. 2425. Instead, the Court pointed out, the plaintiffs alleged that Caterpillar had “entered into and breached individual employment contracts with them.” Id. at 394, 107 S.Ct. 2425 (emphasis in original). “Section 301,” the Court went on to say, “says nothing about the content or validity of individual employment contracts,” and “it would be inconsistent with congressional intent under [§ 301] to preempt state rules that proscribe conduct, or establish rights and obligations, independent of a labor contract.” Id. at 394-95, 107 S.Ct. 2425 (internal quotations omitted).. Caterpillar’s “basic error,” the Court held, was its “failure to recognize that a plaintiff covered by a collective-bargaining agreement is permitted to assert legal rights independent of that agreement, including state-law contract rights, so long as the contract relied upon is not a collective-bargaining agreement.” Id. at 396, 107 S.Ct. 2425 (emphasis in original).
Appalachian makes the same “basic error” here. Although Prince was covered by a collective-bargaining agreement — and thus could have “brought suit under § 301” — he “chose not to.” Id. at 395, 107 S.Ct. 2425. And although Prince was indeed a member of the union, he nevertheless “is permitted to assert' legal rights independent of [the collective-bargaining] agreement, including state-law contract rights, so long as the contract relied upon is not a collective-bargaining agreement.” Id at 396, 107 S.Ct. 2425. The contract Prince relies on here is an implied contract under the common law of Kentucky, rather than a collective-bargaining agreement. And thus this Court reaches the same result here that- the Supreme Court reached in Caterpillar. Prince’s claims “do not arise under federal law and therefore may not be removed to federal court.” Id. at 399, 107 S.Ct. 2425.
Appalachian responds in a few ways. First, it notes that, “[a]s a member of the bargaining unit of [the union], [Prince’s] employment could only be terminated in accordance with the terms and conditions of the [collective-bargaining agreement] between the parties.” R. 11 at 2. As Appalachian points out, the [collective-bargaining agreement] provides that union employees may be terminated only with “just cause,” “grants [Appalachian] exclusive rights of hiring, discharging, and directing the work force, and establishing reasonable policies in connection therewith,” and forbids Appalachian from making any policy that “abridge[s] any terms, provisions,, or conditions of the [agreement].” R. 11 at 3 (citing the collective-bargaining agreement). Thus, Appalachian argues, “the [collective-bargaining agreement] constitutes the only contract in existence between the parties with respect to the termination of [Prince’s] employment.” R. 11 at 3. '
That argument misunderstands Prince’s claim. Prince argues that Appalachian’s conduct created an implied contract notwithstanding the collective-bargaining agreement. Thus, according to Prince, the collective-bargaining agreement was not the “only contract in existence between the parties with respect to the termination of [Prince’s] employment.” R. 11 at 3. And it was that implied contract — rather than the collective-bargaining agreement — that *522Prince says Appalachian breached when it fired him.
Second, Appalachian contends that “the [collective-bargaining agreement] is the sole basis for determining the grounds and conditions of the termination of Prince’s employment with [Appalachian].” R. 11 at 3. Since Appalachian may not “abridge” the agreement’s terms, the argument seems to go, a union member may sue for breach of contract only if he does so pursuant to the bargaining agreement. The problem with that argument is that the agreement nowhere claims to be the only agreement between Appalachian and members of union. The agreement does indeed provide that union members may not be fired without just cause. And that provision creates for union members a base-level of employment protection: if no “just cause,” then no termination. What the agreement nowhere provides, however, is that the parties may not enter into other agreements that provide more than base-level protections for employees.2
Here, Prince argues that Appalachian created one such additional agreement with him. The terms of that agreement, Prince says, were that he would not be fired — notwithstanding whether there was “just cause” pursuant to the collective-bargaining agreement — so long as he complied with Appalachian’s policies and procedures. The collective-bargaining agreement nowhere purports to forbid such supplemental agreements. And thus Appalachian is mistaken when it says that the collective-bargaining agreement provides the only foundation on which to build a breach-of-contract claim.
Third, Appalachian argues that, “[w]hile a particular policy or policies of [Appalachian] might certainly be referred to as part of the disciplinary process, such reference would be in assessing whether ‘just cause’ exi[s]ts under the [collective-bargaining agreement] to terminate the employment of. an employee.” R. 11 at 3-4. The policies “do not authorize termination of a bargaining unit employee,” Appalachian says, “only the [collective-bargaining agreement] provides this authority.” R. 11 at 4. Thus, the argument seems to go, when Prince sued for breach of contract, he must,have .done so pursuant to -the collective-bargaining agreement.
Again, this argument misunderstands Prince’s claim. He does not argue that Appalachian’s policies gave Appalachian some additional power to terminate employees. He argues instead that the policies placed additional restrictions on Appalachian’s ability to do so, namely that Appalachian could not terminate an employee if he complied with its policies. This argument therefore provides no basis on which to conclude 'that § 301 preempts Prince’S' state-law claim.
Finally, Appalachian argues that Prince’s “requested relief requires the interpretation of the collective-bargaining agreement.” R. 11 at 6. In th.e prayer-for-relief section of Prince’s complaint, he asks the.Court to reinstate him “to his former position with [Appalachian] at the rate of pay he received at the time of his discharge.” R. 1-2 at 7. Appalachian points put that the Sixth Circuit has held that, if a plaintiff requests reinstatement as the remedy for a breach-of-contract claim, then that request alone is “enough to support preemption.” R. 11 at 6 (quoting Klepsky v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 489 F.3d 264, 270 (6th Cir.2007)). The reason for this rule is that employment is typically at-*523will and courts will thus refrain in most eases from ordering specific, performance — in the form of reinstatement — to enforce employment agreements. See Klepsky, 489 F.3d at 270. Thus, Appalachian says, the only way Prince would be entitled to reinstatement is if the collective-bargaining agreement says so. In Appalachian’s view, therefore; the Court would need to interpret the terms of the collective-bargaining agreement when fashioning a remedy. For that reason, Appalachian concludes, § 301 preempts Prince’s breach-of-contract claim.
That would be a good argument if Prince had included only a breach-of-contract claim in his complaint. But he also included a claim under the Kentucky Civil Rights Act. And under that law, a plaintiff is entitled to reinstatement as an injunc-tive remedy in certain situations. See Brooks v. Lexington-Fayette Urban Cty. Hous. Auth, 132 S.W.3d 790, 806 (Ky. 2004). In Prince’s complaint, he refers to reinstatement only- twice: in his civil-rights count, and in his catch-all prayer for relief at the very end. See R. 1-2 at 5, 7. He does not ask for reinstatement at all in the breach-of-contract section of his complaint. See id. at 6.
Moreover, in Prince’s prayer for relief, he makes clear that he wants either damages or, in the alternative, reinstatement. Id. at 7. The most natural reading of the complaint is that Prince seeks reinstatement only if he prevails on the civil-rights claim; otherwise, he seeks only damages. For that reason, Klepsky — the Sixth Circuit case on which Appalachian relies — is distinguishable. There, the plaintiffs reinstatement request could have been granted only on the basis of the collective-bargaining agreement, thus requiring a court to interpret that document when fashioning relief. See Klepsky, 489 F.3d at 270. Here, by contrast, the Kentucky Civil Rights Act provides, an alternative basis for granting reinstatement, which means a court might not need to interpret the bargaining agreement at all to determine whether to order Appalachian to reinstate Prince. Thus, Prince’s request for reinstatement does not show that § 301 completely preempts his breach-of-contract claim.
In summary, the defendant bears the burden to show that a federal court has jurisdiction over the case. Here, Appalachian has failed to demonstrate that § 301 completely preempts Prince’s state-law claim for breach of contract. Since Appalachian identifies no other basis for federal jurisdiction, the Court must remand the case back to Kentucky state court.
Accordingly, it is ORDERED as follows:
(1) Prince’s motion to remand, R. 9, is GRANTED.
(2) The case is REMANDED to Pike Circuit Court.
(3) All pending motions are DENIED AS MOOT, and all conferences and hearings aré CANCELLED.
(4) This case shall be STRICKEN from the Court’s active docket.

. Appalachian concedes that Prince’s civil-rights claim arises under state law, not federal, and thus asks the Court to exercise its supplemental jurisdiction over that claim.

. At the very least, Appalachian has not pointed to any such language in the collective-bargaining agreement.