Court Opinion

ID: 9900421
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-18 22:12:41.116724+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:21:08.801954
License: Public Domain

No. 324                June 28, 2023                    587

          IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE
                  STATE OF OREGON

                STATE OF OREGON,
                  Plaintiff-Appellant,
                            v.
            VANESSA AMADA GONZALEZ,
                Defendant-Respondent.
              Marion County Circuit Court
                 17CR78352; A173971

  Audrey J. Broyles, Judge.
  Argued and submitted April 11, 2022.
   Jennifer S. Lloyd, Assistant Attorney General, argued
the cause for appellant. Also on the briefs were Ellen F.
Rosenblum, Attorney General, and Benjamin Gutman,
Solicitor General.
   Eric Johansen, Deputy Public Defender, argued the cause
for respondent. Also on the brief was Ernest G. Lannet,
Chief Defender, Criminal Appellate Section, Office of Public
Defense Services.
  Before Powers, Presiding Judge, and Lagesen, Chief
Judge, and Hellman, Judge.
  LAGESEN, C. J.
  Reversed and remanded.
588   State v. Gonzalez
Cite as 326 Or App 587 (2023)                              589

        LAGESEN, C. J.
         In an attempt to take her own life, defendant set
fire to her apartment building. Five of her neighbors were
home at the time; two had to jump from a second-floor win-
dow to escape the fire, one after being severely burned. The
fire caused extensive damage.
         For that conduct, she was convicted in a bench trial of
first-degree arson, ORS 164.325 (Count 6), and third-degree
assault, ORS 163.165 (Count 12). Although defendant was
also charged with five counts of attempted first-degree mur-
der and one count of second-degree assault, the trial court
acquitted her on those charges, having found that defen-
dant did not intend to harm or kill the other residents of the
apartment when she set the fire. At sentencing, defendant
argued that the Ballot Measure 11 mandatory minimum
90-month (7.5 year) sentence for first-degree arson would
be unconstitutionally disproportionate as applied to her, in
violation of Article I, section 16, of the Oregon Constitution
and the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United
States Constitution. The trial court agreed, concluding that,
under the “totality of the circumstances,” including defen-
dant’s “psychological paradigm,” applying the 90-month
mandatory minimum prison sentence required under ORS
137.700(2)(b)(A) would be unconstitutionally disproportion-
ate under Article I, section 16. Having so concluded, the
court sentenced defendant to 60 months’ probation instead.
         The state appeals, assigning error to the trial
court’s determination that the 90-month mandatory sen-
tence was unconstitutionally disproportionate. For the rea-
sons that follow, we conclude that under the legal frame-
work established by the Supreme Court, this case does not
present “the rare circumstances” in which the legislatively
prescribed sentence for defendant’s conviction contravenes
the Article I, section 16, proportionality requirement. We
therefore reverse and remand.
                 STANDARD OF REVIEW
          We review the trial court’s conclusion that defen-
dant’s sentence was unconstitutional under Article I, sec-
tion 16, for legal error. State v. Ryan, 361 Or 602, 614-15, 396
590                                                         State v. Gonzalez

P3d 867 (2017). In conducting that review, we are bound by
any findings of historical fact that the trial court may have
made, if they are supported by evidence in the record. Id. at
615. To the extent we state historical facts in the course of
this opinion, we do so in accordance with that standard.

                         LEGAL FRAMEWORK

          At issue is whether the statutorily required
90-month term of incarceration for first-degree arson is
unconstitutionally disproportionate under Article I, section
16, as applied to defendant.1 Article I, section 16, requires
that “all penalties shall be proportioned to the offense.” The
provision “embodies the basic proportionality concept that
more serious crimes should receive more severe sentences
than less serious crimes and vice versa.” State v. Bartol, 368
Or 598, 621, 496 P3d 1013 (2021) (internal quotation marks
omitted). The application of a legislatively specified penalty
violates the provision only if the penalty “is so dispropor-
tionate, when compared to the offense, so as to ‘shock the
moral sense’ of reasonable people.” State v. Rodriguez/Buck,
347 Or 46, 58, 217 P3d 659 (2009). This standard, the court
has said, is one that will be satisfied rarely. That is because,
in general, determining the appropriate penalty or range
of penalties for a crime is the province of the legislature (or
the people, when acting in their legislative capacity), and
“[i]t is not the role of this court to second-guess the legisla-
ture’s determination of the penalty or range of penalties for
a crime.” Id.

         The proportionality test, as the Supreme Court
itself has recognized, is somewhat nebulous.2 The court

     1
       As mentioned, defendant also challenged her sentence under the Eighth
Amendment, but did not develop an argument distinct from her Article I, section
16, argument. To the extent defendant’s Eighth Amendment challenge to the sen-
tence is a live dispute, it fails for the same reasons that her Article I, section 16,
challenge ultimately fails.
     2
       In Ryan, 361 Or at 622, the court acknowledged that the test is inherently
difficult to apply:
     “The fact that a comparison of the gravity of an offense and the severity of
     its penalty involves factual considerations does not mean that it is unmoored
     in principle. Nor do challenges posed by the application of such a test justify
     rejecting it.”
Cite as 326 Or App 587 (2023)                                      591

nonetheless has stated that “at least” three guideposts gov-
ern the assessment:
      “(1) a comparison of the severity of the penalty and the grav-
      ity of the crime; (2) a comparison of the penalties imposed
      for other, related crimes; and (3) the criminal history of the
      defendant.”
Id.
          Regarding the first factor, which plays the most
significant part in this case, the primary determinant of a
penalty’s severity is the amount of time the offender must
spend incarcerated for the conviction. Rodriguez/Buck, 347
Or at 60. To weigh the gravity of the crime, a court must con-
sider the description of the prohibited conduct in the statute
and the range of conduct encompassed in that prohibition,
then consider the circumstances of the defendant’s specific
offense to locate the defendant’s conduct on the scale of pro-
hibited conduct. Id. at 59. The particular facts of a defen-
dant’s criminal conduct are more significant when apply-
ing a statute that criminalizes a “broad range of activity.”
Id. at 61. That is particularly true when the specific conduct
is relatively minor in the context of the full range of activity
encompassed by the statute. Id. When assessing the “range
of activity,”
      “a court may consider, among other things, the specific cir-
      cumstances and facts of the defendant’s conduct that come
      within the statutory definition of the offense, as well as
      other case-specific factors, such as characteristics of the
      defendant and the victim, the harm to the victim, and the
      relationship between the defendant and the victim.”
Id. at 62.
         In addition, and pertinent to the issue in this case,
the Supreme Court has held that an offender’s personal
characteristics may, in some circumstances, be relevant to
the assessment of an offense’s gravity and its relationship to
the severity of the penalty. Ryan, 361 Or at 616. So far, the
court has identified only one specific personal characteristic
that is legally relevant under the first factor: an offender’s
intellectual disability. Id. at 621. Intellectual disability is
relevant because it can render an offender less culpable for
592                                            State v. Gonzalez

criminal conduct. Id. That is because an intellectual dis-
ability can affect an “offender’s level of understanding of the
nature and consequences of his or her conduct and ability to
conform his or her behavior to the law.” Id. Specifically, if,
as a result of an intellectual disability, an offender’s “age-
specific intellectual capacity [falls] below the minimum level
of criminal responsibility for a child,” then it may “be argu-
ably unconstitutional” to sentence an offender as an adult.
Id. at 625-26. As we understand it, that flows from the fact
that the legislature has recognized a societal standard that
treats children as less culpable than adults. That legisla-
tively acknowledged societal standard, according to the
court, warrants treating people who have the intellectual
capacity of a child as less culpable than people who have
the intellectual capacity of an adult for purposes of Article I,
section 16. As the court explained,
   “Moreover, it is undisputed that defendant has significantly
   impaired adaptive functioning, such that he functions—
   as it pertains to standards of maturation, learning, per-
   sonal independence, and social responsibility—at an
   approximate mental age of 10, two years below the min-
   imum age for establishing criminal responsibility of a
   child under Oregon law. That legislative pronouncement
   is relevant here because it is objective evidence of a socie-
   tal standard that eschews treating persons with the attri-
   butes of a preteen child as if they were normally abled adult
   offenders.”
Id. at 623-24 (emphasis added; citation omitted).
         The court’s recognition that an offender’s intellec-
tual disability is relevant to the proportionality analysis
does not equate to a general rule that an offender’s other
individual characteristics are relevant to the analysis. As
the concurring opinion explained, the holding in Ryan is
a narrow one that necessarily rejected a broader rule pro-
posed by the defendant. After describing the defendant’s
expansive theory—one that would allow for consideration
of all individual characteristics potentially bearing on cul-
pability—the concurring opinion explained that “that open-
ended review of the constitutionality of a sentence mandated
by statute is unlikely to have been intended by the framers
of Article I, section 16, and the majority wisely adopts a
Cite as 326 Or App 587 (2023)                                      593

narrower approach.” Id. at 634 (Balmer, C. J., concurring).
The concurring opinion further emphasized that it agreed
with the defendant that courts should have the discretion-
ary latitude to take into account an offender’s characteris-
tics and circumstances when determining an appropriate
sentence. That authority, however, would need to come from
the legislature. That is because Article I, section 16, does
not confer upon courts the power to make discretionary
judgments in sentencing based on the individual facts of the
case:
       “Again, I agree with defendant that courts should have
   greater discretion than they do in various aspects of the
   sentencing process, including consideration of age, matu-
   rity, psychological condition, and other factors. The manda-
   tory sentences required by Measure 11 should be revisited
   and revised to allow judges, within reasonable parameters
   and based on specific factors, greater flexibility to impose
   sentences that are more appropriate to the defendant, the
   victim, and the crime. The requirement of Article I, section
   16, that the penalty be proportioned to the offense has a
   role to play in rare cases, but it is of limited utility in ensur-
   ing that criminal sentences are appropriate in the great
   majority of cases.
      “Instead of defendant’s sweeping theory, the majority
   adopts a narrow, but principled, approach to the issue pre-
   sented in this case[.]”
Id. at 634-35.
      FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKROUND
         Having supplied the legal framework for evaluat-
ing defendant’s claim that her 90-month sentence for arson
violated Article I, section 16, we turn to the facts of the case
at hand. As noted, defendant’s convictions stemmed from
her act of setting fire to her apartment building in a sui-
cide attempt, which was not her first. The day of the fire,
defendant had planned to attempt suicide by overdose but
was concerned that someone would try to intervene, as they
had with her earlier attempts. To minimize the possibility
that someone would intervene, instead of taking pills, she
piled “a dresser turned on its side, children’s toys, clothes,
birthday cards, household items, the contents of her life
594                                       State v. Gonzalez

discarded” outside the entrance to her apartment and lit it
on fire. She then shut her front door and sat in a window of
her apartment while she let it burn, “want[ing] to die.”
         The other tenants of the four-unit apartment build-
ing became aware of the fire. Two men were home in the unit
on the second floor across the landing from defendant’s unit;
the two units were about three feet apart. One of the men
jumped out of a second-story window to escape the fire, but
the other tried to run out the front door. When he opened the
door, the fire flashed into the apartment, burning him and
blocking his escape. Eventually, he was able to escape by
jumping out his living room window. He sustained serious
burns resulting in three months of hospitalization and two
months of inpatient rehabilitative care. He has scars from
the burns on his arm, near his neck, and on his shoulder.
         A family was also in the building at the time. A
mother and her two daughters were in the unit below defen-
dant’s apartment; the father was grilling behind the build-
ing. All four were able to escape without being physically
harmed.
         As the building’s tenants and other people in the
neighborhood began to gather in the parking lot, defendant
sat in her apartment window, refusing to come down. They
tried to help her escape but she fought back and yelled at
her neighbors, including telling them to “go back inside” and
that she “wanted [them] to burn with her.” When emergency
responders arrived, she resisted their efforts to remove her
from the building, but they eventually succeeded.
         For that conduct, defendant was charged with
five counts of attempted first-degree murder, ORS 161.405
(Counts 1 through 5), five counts of first-degree arson, ORS
164.325 (Counts 6 through 10), two counts of second-degree
assault, ORS 163.175 (Counts 11 and 12), and two counts of
first-degree criminal mischief, ORS 164.365 (Counts 13 and
14).
         Defendant waived her right to a jury trial and the
case was tried to the bench. Defendant raised the defense
of partial responsibility under ORS 161.300. She urged the
court to acquit her on the first-degree arson counts and
Cite as 326 Or App 587 (2023)                                                595

instead find her guilty of the lesser-included offense of reck-
less burning, ORS 164.335.3
          The court ultimately found that defendant did not
have the specific intent to hurt anyone else or take anoth-
er’s life, but that she did “intentionally set that fire [and]
* * * intentionally damaged property either hers or another
person’s and thereby recklessly placed others in danger of
physical injury.” It rejected defendant’s contention that, as
a result of the evidence of her mental condition, she lacked
the requisite mental state for first-degree arson: “[D]espite
[defendant’s] mental health considerations, I find that she
was not so out of her mind that she didn’t take volitional
steps to accomplish that[.]” Based on those findings, the
court acquitted defendant of Counts 1 through 5, attempted
murder in the first degree, and Count 11, second-degree
assault. The court found her guilty on Counts 6 through
10, which merged to one count of first-degree arson, and a
lesser-included offense for Count 12, third-degree assault.4
The court rejected the possibility of categorizing the fire
as a reckless burn because it found that defendant had “an
intent to start a fire, [ ] it wasn’t an accident.”
          At sentencing, defendant relied on Rodriguez/Buck
to argue that the mandatory minimum 90-month sentence
for first-degree arson under ORS 137.700(2)(b)(A) was uncon-
stitutionally disproportionate as applied to her crimes. She
asserted that “the constitution exists to say [that manda-
tory sentences apply] unless it’s something so severe that it
doesn’t make sense, and it does not make sense to put this
person in prison for 90 months right now.”

    3
       ORS 164.335(1) provides that “[a] person commits the crime of reckless
burning if the person recklessly damages property of another by fire or explo-
sion.” Reckless burning is a Class A misdemeanor. ORS 164.335(2).
    4
       Third-degree assault, ORS 163.165, includes but is not limited to conduct of
a person who
         “(a) Recklessly causes serious physical injury to another by means of a
    deadly or dangerous weapon;
         “(b) Recklessly causes serious physical injury to another under circum-
    stances manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life;
         “(c) Recklessly causes physical injury to another by means of a deadly or
    dangerous weapon under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to
    the value of human life[.]”
596                                          State v. Gonzalez

          The state argued that defendant’s conduct was not
conduct that barely qualified under the statute, as was the
case in the proportionality analysis laid out in Rodriguez/
Buck. On the contrary, her conduct precisely fit the elements
of ORS 164.325, first-degree arson, and went further by not
only representing a threat of serious physical injury, but
also causing it. Additionally, comparing the sentence to sen-
tences given for related crimes, such as different degrees of
arson, “weighs in favor of finding proportionality.” The state
argued that the absence of a criminal history is not relevant
because the questions of proportionality are not close enough
for defendant’s lack of criminal history to make a difference.
The state also argued that the only mental diagnosis rele-
vant to the crime is a “short-term substance-abuse-induced
psychosis,” and that Oregon sentences for crimes commit-
ted under those conditions “never shocked the conscience[.]”
(Citing State v. Gee, 156 Or App 241, 965 P2d 462 (1998),
adh’d to as modified on recons, 158 Or App 597, 976 P2d 80
(1999); State v. Shaw, 233 Or App 427, 225 P3d 855, rev den,
348 Or 415 (2010).) Finally, the state asserted that the only
mental condition that can be taken into consideration under
Rodriguez/Buck is intellectual disability—which does not
apply to defendant.
          The court concluded that the 90-month mandatory
sentence for first-degree arson violated Article I, section 16.
The court first walked through the specific factors identi-
fied in Rodriguez/Buck to assess whether “this [is] the rare
circumstance * * * that the punishment is disproportionate
to the crime and [shocks] the moral sense of reasonable peo-
ple[.]” In evaluating the gravity of the offense under the first
Rodriguez/Buck factor, the court noted that defendant’s con-
duct was the result of her “downward spiral” and “hit[ting]
rock bottom,” that she did not know at the time of starting
the fire whether any other residents were present, and that
she did not know the victims other than knowing that they
lived in the same building. The court further noted that
defendant’s conduct resulted in emotional injury to several
people, and serious physical injury to one person.
          The court agreed with the state that the sentence
was not disproportionate in relation to the elements and
resulting sentences of similar crimes. It also noted that
Cite as 326 Or App 587 (2023)                                597

defendant had no prior criminal history and that, while that
fact is not sufficient to determine proportionality, it is a fac-
tor to be taken into consideration.
          Finally, the court stated that the Rodriguez/Buck
factors “are not exclusive,” and that “the court found in State
v. Sanderlin[, 276 Or App 574, 575-77, 368 P3d 74 (2016),]
that the trial court could consider mitigating facts in assess-
ing moral culpability.” For that reason, the court “[found]
it appropriate to consider the psychological paradigm of
[defendant], all factors internal and external as a factor in
the determination of proportionality.”
          The court then recounted the facts of defendant’s
life from childhood to indictment, conviction, and sentenc-
ing for first-degree arson. Among other things, it found that
“the defendant had a history of adverse childhood experi-
ence.” It found that defendant’s husband had a history of
substance abuse and provided inconsistent support for the
couple’s children. It found that
   “[defendant] in her psychological paradigm reports a his-
   tory of domestic violence that includes strangulation, slam-
   ming her head into a wall, her husband reportedly isolated
   her from her family, planted seeds of paranoia, and enabled
   and encouraged intermittent drug use, first prescription
   and then methamphetamine.”
All this has resulted in defendant “act[ing] out her emotions
in maladaptive ways” when overwhelmed.
         The court further found that in the months lead-
ing up to the fire, defendant had attempted suicide on three
occasions. The court noted that before the case in question,
“defendant went through her life without any criminal jus-
tice interaction, until after three suicide attempts, an evic-
tion notice, lost children, her husband’s continued attempts
to control her and harass her, the maelstrom existed that
caused her to snap.”
         The court also found that, post-arrest, defendant’s
condition improved consistently while in custody. After serv-
ing two years in jail pending trial, defendant was released
and voluntarily sought help for her condition. The court
found that defendant was remorseful and, pending trial,
“served two years in and out of custody without incident.”
598                                                        State v. Gonzalez

         Based on all those facts, the court then concluded
that the mandatory 90-month sentence would violate
Article I, section 16:
    “On its face it is a Ballot Measure 11 offense with a
    90-month presumptive prison sentence. However, for rea-
    sons that I have stated and in view of the other facts sur-
    rounding [defendant’s] life, I am led to the conclusion that
    a 90-month sentence would constitute cruel and unusual
    punishment and be disproportionate as applied. I don’t
    come upon this decision lightly, I have considered and
    reconsidered case law, arguments, evidence. I have—this
    has been probably the most difficult case that I have had,
    but I do find it unconscionable to follow legislation in a vac-
    uum and without context. This is a case that calls for an
    incisive departure and I do find that it is one of the rare
    cases that would shock the conscience of reasonable people,
    giv[en] all of the reasons that I have indicated.”
         The court then noted that it was not relieving defen-
dant of the consequences of her actions. It then departed
from both ORS 137.700 and the guidelines range during
sentencing. It sentenced defendant to 60 months of super-
vised probation with orders to complete drug addiction and
mental health treatment. Defendant also stipulated to a
90-month incarceration sentence in the event of probation
being revoked, including in the event of her failure to make
restitution payments.5 The state appealed.
         On appeal, both parties revive their arguments on
the proportionality of the mandatory minimum sentence pre-
scribed for first-degree arson under ORS 137.700. Based on
those arguments, the state contends that (1) the trial court
erred in the scope of information about the defendant that
it considered in its constitutional proportionality analysis,
and (2) even if those considerations were permitted, the trial
court still erred by finding disproportionality and departing
from the mandatory sentence prescribed by ORS 137.700.
Defendant, in response, argues that the court permissibly
considered the sum of her circumstances in determining
whether her sentence was proportional and correctly deter-
mined that the 90-month sentence for first-degree arson is
     5
       At the time of the trial court’s judgment, restitution and attorney fees were
set to be determined at a later date.
Cite as 326 Or App 587 (2023)                                                 599

one that, as applied to defendant, violates Article I, section
16.
                                 ANALYSIS
         Before turning to the legal issue, we start by rec-
ognizing the trial court’s struggle with this case. The trial
court sought to impose what, in its judgment, would be a
just sentence. Many of the circumstances that the trial
court identified as bearing on its decision—such as the con-
stellation of events that led defendant to commit her crimes,
defendant’s post-arrest conduct, her remorse, and her efforts
at recovery—are ones that weigh in favor of leniency, or so
a reasonable judge could conclude.6 And, as Justice Balmer
noted in his concurring opinion in Ryan, a more “just and
nuanced” sentencing scheme would allow trial courts some
discretion to consider at least some individual circumstances
when determining an appropriate sentence for a particular
offender:
        “I agree with defendant that a just and nuanced sen-
    tencing policy would give a judge at least some discretion,
    in imposing a criminal sentence, to take into account per-
    sonal characteristics, including intellectual disability, and
    the possibility that an intellectually disabled person may
    be less morally culpable in some sense for his or her crim-
    inal conduct than a person whom defendant describes as
    ‘normally abled.’ In my view, the legislature should revisit
    the statutes that prevent courts from considering, when
    imposing a Measure 11 sentence, intellectual disability,
    youth, immaturity, or other mental or psychological lim-
    itations that may affect behavior. Appropriate legislation

     6
       We note that a defendant’s difficult childhood, amenability to treatment, and
likelihood of an alternative sentence better serving any penological purpose have
all been acknowledged as mitigating factors in capital and guidelines sentencing,
both of which allow for discretionary choices in sentencing. See, e.g., Montez v.
Czerniak, 355 Or 1, 23, 322 P3d 487, adh’d to as modified on recons, 355 Or 598, 330
P3d 595 (2014) (childhood abuse and drug and alcohol use in capital case); OAR
213-008-0002(1)(a)(I) (amenability to treatment and likelihood that a “probation
sentence will serve community safety interests” mitigating factors in guidelines
sentencing). It is possible that some governors might also view such factors as
relevant to the question whether to exercise their discretionary and plenary clem-
ency power under Article V, section 14, of the Oregon Constitution to commute a
sentence; that choice to commute a lawful sentence prescribed by the legislature
and imposed by the judiciary is, of course, one that belongs solely to the Governor,
not to the legislative branch and not to the judicial branch. See Marteeny v. Brown,
321 Or App 250, 291-92, 517 P3d 343, rev den, 370 Or 303 (2022).
600                                             State v. Gonzalez

   would give the courts discretion to impose a sentence more
   tailored to a particular defendant and crime, rather than
   imposing the current mandatory minimum sentence; and
   perhaps also could provide additional guidance as to the
   kinds of personal characteristics that may affect a defen-
   dant’s legal culpability and, if reduced culpability is found,
   the relationship between that reduced culpability and the
   kind of sentence that would be proportionate to the defen-
   dant’s offense.”
Ryan, 361 Or at 628 (Balmer, C. J., concurring).
         Despite those admonitions from a former Chief
Justice that a “just and nuanced sentencing policy” would
allow a sentencing judge to consider factors like those
considered by the trial court here, the legislature has not
taken that approach. Had it granted the sentencing court
that discretion, we might well be in a position to affirm;
a reasonable sentencing court could conclude that on the
circumstances present here, the 90-month sentence might
not be the best way to punish defendant while promoting
her reformation. See Or Const, Art I, § 15 (“Laws for the
punishment of crime shall be founded on these principles:
protection of society, personal responsibility, accountability
for one’s actions and reformation.”). But the legislature has
not taken that approach; it has, instead, elected to require
many mandatory sentences, including a 90-month sentence
for conduct constituting first-degree arson, no matter what
an individual’s circumstances may be.
          As a result, the question before us is not whether
the trial court acted reasonably in sentencing defendant as
it did, given defendant’s individual circumstances. Instead,
the inquiry under Article I, section 16, as construed in Ryan,
is different. As we understand Ryan, it carves out a narrow
exception to allow for a court to consider whether an offend-
er’s intellectual disability, brain injury, or the like, effectively
means that the offender’s “age-specific intellectual capacity
fell below the minimum level of criminal responsibility for
a child.” Ryan, 361 Or at 625-26. In those circumstances,
a mandatory sentence is “arguably unconstitutional” to the
extent it results in an offender being treated more harshly
than a child. Id. at 626. Although the Ryan court did not
fully explain its rationale for that conclusion, it appears to
Cite as 326 Or App 587 (2023)                                                601

us to flow from the notion that the proportionality of a sen-
tence for an adult offender with the intellectual capacity of
a child should be assessed by comparing the presumptive
sentence for an adult with the consequences, if any, that
would be imposed on a child for the same conduct, in view
of the legislative judgment that children generally should be
treated more leniently than adults. Id. at 623-24 (relying on
the “legislative pronouncement” regarding the “minimum
age for establishing criminal responsibility of a child”).
          Consistent with that analysis, our cases both before
and after Ryan have restricted the consideration of a defen-
dant’s personal characteristics to those affecting intellec-
tual capacity. See, e.g., Sanderlin, 276 Or App at 575-77
(brain damage); Ryan, 361 Or at 616 (intellectual disabil-
ity); State v. Allen, 294 Or App 301, 316, 432 P3d 250 (2018)
(“transience of defendant’s youth and any concomitant sus-
ceptibility to reformation”).
         In this case, unlike in Ryan, defendant does not
contend that, because of intellectual disability or otherwise,
she was functioning at the level of a child so as to allow
for the conclusion that the mandatory sentence would be
disproportionate to how a child would be treated under the
law. Although the facts found by the trial court would be
relevant to the question of leniency in a situation where the
court had sentencing discretion, they do not readily speak
to the issue of whether a 90-month sentence is proportional
to the crime of first-degree arson for defendant’s conduct. In
particular, the many challenges that defendant has faced
throughout her life and her post-offense recovery do not
bear, in any objective way, on whether defendant should be
viewed as less culpable for setting the fire, or on whether the
fire, and the significant harm it caused, should be viewed as
anything other than grave.
         As for defendant’s mental health condition, the trial
court explicitly found that defendant acted with the requi-
site culpability, after taking into account her mental health
conditions.7 Furthermore, in contrast with Ryan, defendant
     7
       The court found that “despite [defendant’s] mental health considerations,
I find that she was not so out of her mind that she didn’t take volitional steps to
accomplish that[.]”
602                                         State v. Gonzalez

has not identified any statutory or other basis for conclud-
ing that there is a “societal standard that eschews” treat-
ing persons with defendant’s mental health attributes the
same way that other adults are treated where, as here, they
are found to have acted with the requisite culpable mental
state, notwithstanding the presence of mental health issues.
Rather, the law accounts for how mental health conditions
may affect culpability by allowing the introduction of evi-
dence of mental health conditions for the purpose of demon-
strating diminished capacity, insanity, or that the mental
health condition “is relevant to the issue of whether the actor
did or did not have the intent which is an element of the
crime,” ORS 161.300. See generally ORS 161.295 - 161.309.
Because such conditions—and their relationship to criminal
culpability—are taken into account in the determination
of guilt in the first instance, it is difficult to see how such
conditions might then also be relevant, in the context of pro-
portionality analysis under Ryan, to show that a defendant
should be viewed as less culpable than other defendants
found to have acted with the same culpable mental state,
absent the same sort of legislatively recognized societal
standard on which the Ryan court relied.
         We turn to the legal question of whether the
90-month sentence is proportional to defendant’s crime of
first-degree arson, excluding from our consideration those
circumstances that we have concluded exceed the scope of
the inquiry authorized under Ryan.
          As mentioned, the first factor requires weighing
the gravity of defendant’s crime against the severity of 90
months’ imprisonment, the mandatory minimum sentence
required by ORS 137.700(2)(b)(A). As described above, under
Rodriguez/Buck, we assess the gravity of the crime by exam-
ining the description of the conduct prohibited by the statute
under which defendant was convicted, including the range
of conduct prohibited by the statute, and then examine the
facts of defendant’s case to assess where defendant’s conduct
fits within that range. Rodriguez/Buck, 347 Or at 61. For
purposes of Article I, section 16, where a statute criminal-
izes a broad range of conduct and the defendant’s conduct
is on the less-egregious end of the range, then defendant’s
crime is treated as less grave for purposes of proportionality
Cite as 326 Or App 587 (2023)                                603

assessment. Id. The severity of the sentence, as noted, is
measured primarily by its length. Id. at 58.
          Applying that analysis here, a 90-month sentence
unquestionably results in a substantial deprivation of lib-
erty; it is a long time to be separated from society, family
and friends, and a long time to be separated from employ-
ment and educational opportunities available to people who
are not incarcerated. It is a severe sentence.
         At the same time, defendant’s crime was grave.
ORS 164.325(1)(a)(B), under which defendant was convicted,
punishes a narrow range of conduct: intentionally damag-
ing, by starting a fire,
      “[a]ny property, whether the property of [defendant] or
   the property of another person, and such act recklessly
   place[d] another person in danger of physical injury or pro-
   tected property of another in danger of damage[.]”
ORS 164.325(1)(a)(B). Defendant’s conduct falls within the
core of that prohibition, not at its margins. Her conduct not
only placed five other people in danger of physical injury,
as required by the statute, her conduct also, in fact, caused
serious physical injury to one of those people. Though there
is no evidence indicating whether she was aware that her
neighbors were home, in finding defendant guilty, the trial
court found that, notwithstanding her mental health issues,
defendant acted both “volitionally” and “recklessly” with
respect to the risk of harm that she posed to her neighbors.
The trial court’s finding that defendant acted recklessly
with respect to the risk of harm her conduct posed means
that the court found that, notwithstanding her mental
health condition, defendant was “aware of the risk” to her
neighbors and “consciously disregard[ed] it.” State v. Hill,
298 Or 270, 279, 692 P2d 100 (1984).
         Under those circumstances, it would be difficult to
conclude that the 90-month sentence applicable to defen-
dant’s conduct is so disproportionate as to shock the moral
conscience of all reasonable persons. Although the sentence
is a long one, defendant, aware of the risk that she posed to
others, disregarded that risk and set fire to her apartment
building, forcing her neighbors out of their apartments to
604                                       State v. Gonzalez

escape the fire, causing severe burns to one neighbor, and
damaging the apartment building.
           As for the balance of considerations applicable to
the proportionality analysis, defendant does not suggest
that the mandatory 90-month sentence for first-degree
arson is disproportionate when compared to penalties for
similar offenses. Further, as the state correctly points out,
because defendant’s conduct did not just threaten, but actu-
ally caused, a permanent injury to one victim, had she been
sentenced under the guidelines, the trial court may have
been permitted to sentence defendant to up to a sentence of
116 to 120 months’ incarceration, even absent prior criminal
history, if it found substantial and compelling reasons to do
so. OAR ch 213, App 1 (guidelines grid); OAR 213-008-0002
(1)(b)(I). That the 90-month mandatory sentence is shorter
than the potential guidelines sentence for arson that causes
permanent injury again makes it difficult to conclude that a
90-month sentence is disproportionately long for defendant’s
conduct. Finally, although defendant had no prior criminal
history, that does not demonstrate that defendant’s sentence
is disproportionate on these facts, given the grave nature
of defendant’s offense, the harm caused, and the fact that
the guidelines potentially allow for an even longer term of
incarceration for someone without a criminal history who
commits arson resulting in permanent injury to another.
        For those reasons, the trial court erred in conclud-
ing that defendant’s sentence violated Article I, section 16.
We therefore reverse and remand for the court to impose the
statutorily required 90-month sentence.
        Reversed and remanded.