Court Opinion

ID: 4147755
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-02-23 08:09:21.025299+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:37:46.723601
License: Public Domain

STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                   UNPUBLISHED
                                                                   February 21, 2017
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                  No. 328737
                                                                   Wayne Circuit Court
EMMANUEL LEROY BROWN,                                              LC No. 14-010589-01-FC

               Defendant-Appellant.

Before: GLEICHER, P.J., and MURRAY and HOOD, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant appeals as of right his convictions, after a jury trial, of first-degree felony
murder, MCL 750.316(1)(b) (felony murder), and torture, MCL 750.85. The trial court
sentenced defendant to life imprisonment for felony murder and 30 to 60 years’ imprisonment
for torture. We affirm.

                                      I. CONTINUANCE

        Defendant argues that the trial court erred in proceeding to trial without giving him the
opportunity to obtain certain evidence. Before trial, defendant filed a motion asking the court to
order defendant’s cellular telephone records be triangulated. The court granted the request to
triangulate the cellular telephone records, and a court order was prepared and sent to defendant’s
cellular telephone providers. One set of phone records was returned to defendant. The second
cellular telephone provider indicated it would comply with the court order to produce the
records, but it could “sometimes . . . take a month, or so, to get the results back.” Due to the
delay, defendant requested a continuance. The trial court denied the motion and proceeded to
trial without the phone records. This Court reviews a denial of a request for an adjournment or a
continuance for an abuse of discretion. People v Steele, 283 Mich. App. 472, 484; 769 NW2d 256
(2009); People v Coy, 258 Mich. App. 1, 17; 669 NW2d 831 (2003). ‘[A]n abuse of discretion
occurs when the decision results in an outcome falling outside the principled range of outcomes.’
” People v Carnicom, 272 Mich. App. 614, 617; 727 NW2d 399 (2006), quoting Woodard v
Custer, 476 Mich. 545, 557; 719 NW2d 842 (2006).

       “ ‘[T]he desire of the trial courts to expedite court dockets is not a sufficient reason to
deny an otherwise proper request for a continuance.’ ” People v Jackson, 467 Mich. 272, 279;
650 NW2d 665 (2002), quoting People v Williams, 386 Mich. 565, 577; 194 NW2d 337 (1972).
However, “[n]o adjournments, continuances or delays of criminal causes shall be granted by any
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court except for good cause shown . . . . ” MCL 768.2; see also Coy, 258 Mich. App. at 18, citing
Jackson, 467 Mich. at 276. MCR 2.503(C) permits the adjournment of criminal proceedings
“because of the unavailability of a witness or evidence” if the request is made “as soon as
possible after ascertaining the facts” and “only if the court finds that the evidence is material and
that diligent efforts have been made to produce the witness or evidence.” “Thus, to invoke the
trial court’s discretion to grant a continuance or adjournment, a defendant must show both good
cause and diligence.” Coy, 258 Mich. App. at 18-19, citing People v Taylor, 159 Mich. App. 468,
489; 406 NW2d 859 (1987). “ ‘Good cause’ factors include ‘whether defendant (1) asserted a
constitutional right, (2) had a legitimate reason for asserting the right, (3) had been negligent, and
(4) had requested previous adjournments.’ ” Id., quoting People v Lawton, 196 Mich. App. 341,
348; 492 NW2d 810 (1992). However, “[e]ven with good cause and due diligence, the trial
court’s denial of a request for an adjournment or continuance is not grounds for reversal unless
the defendant demonstrates prejudice as a result of the abuse of discretion.” Id.

       While a close question, defendant demonstrated good cause and due diligence in seeking
a continuance to obtain his cellular telephone records. With regard to the first consideration,
defendant asserts that his constitutional right to present a complete defense was implicated
because the trial court’s denial of his request for a continuance precluded him from “effectively
undermin[ing] the testimony of [] Houston.” Second, defendant sought the continuance for the
legitimate reason of attempting to secure evidence he alleged tended to establish his innocence.
Third, while defendant was arguably guilty of negligence in attempting to obtain his cellular
telephone records as he did not seek to produce the records until only two months before trial
was set to begin, the cellular telephone provider ultimately caused the delay in producing the
records. Last, defendant did request and receive other adjournments of the trial date. However,
those adjournments were due to the prosecutor’s delay in getting defendant necessary DNA and
fingerprint evidence.

         However, a showing of good cause and due diligence does not require the trial court to
grant the continuance request, but merely “invoke[s] the trial court’s discretion to grant a
continuance or adjournment[.]” Coy, 258 Mich. App. at 18-19. The trial court did not articulate
clearly the basis for its decision to deny a continuance. It did not discuss the requirements of the
court rule or explain precisely how defendant failed to satisfy those requirements. Despite these
failings, the trial court did make statements during the proceedings that seemed to form the basis
for its decision when it indicated that the telephone records were not necessary or persuasive in
establishing defendant’s innocence. Thus, while a close question, the trial court’s denial did not
“fall[] outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes[,]” and was not an abuse of its
discretion. People v Unger, 278 Mich. App. 210, 217; 749 NW2d 272 (2008). Further, even
assuming the denial of the continence was an abuse of discretion, given the overwhelming
evidence of defendant’s guilt and defendant’s failure to substantiate his position on appeal that
his cellular telephone records would have assisted or benefited his defense, defendant is unable
to demonstrate that he was prejudiced by the trial court’s denial of a continuance.

                                     II. EXPERT WITNESS

       Defendant argues the trial court erred in denying his request for the appointment of an
expert in video analysis. A trial court’s ruling on a motion to appoint an expert witness is
reviewed for an abuse of discretion. People v Tanner, 469 Mich. 437, 442; 671 NW2d 728

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(2003), citing MCL 775.15. “ ‘[A]n abuse of discretion occurs when the decision results in an
outcome falling outside the principled range of outcomes.’ ” Carnicom, 272 Mich. App. at 617,
quoting Woodard, 476 Mich. at 557.

       Although defendant requested the court appoint an expert to testify regarding the quality
of the gas station video footage, defense counsel stated the proposed expert would testify that
defendant was not the male in the gas station video. The trial court denied the request “as
presented,” stating proposed identification testimony was “an improper use of that expert’s
testimony,” as the credibility of witness identifications is for the jury to decide. Accordingly,
while the trial court denied defendant’s request for a video analysis expert to the extent the
expert would testify regarding defendant’s identity as the male in the video, the trial court
concluded that it would permit defense counsel to procure a video analysis expert within the fee
schedule if the video expert would “talk about the quality of the DVD.” Thus, contrary to
defendant’s argument, the trial court granted defense counsel’s request to appoint a video
analysis expert but simply limited1 the potential expert’s testimony.

        Even had the trial court denied defendant’s request for the appointment of an expert in
video analysis, it would not have been an abuse of discretion. MCL 775.15 provides the trial
court with the discretion to appoint an expert witness upon an indigent defendant’s request.
“[T]o obtain appointment of an expert, an indigent defendant must demonstrate a ‘nexus between
the facts of the case and the need for an expert.’ ” Tanner, 469 Mich. at 443, quoting People v
Jacobsen, 448 Mich. 639, 641; 532 NW2d 838 (1995). The defendant has the burden of showing
that he “could not safely proceed to trial without” such expert assistance, and “[i]t is not enough
for the defendant to show a mere possibility of assistance from the requested expert.” Tanner,
469 Mich. at 443.

         Here, defendant failed to establish that an expert in video analysis was necessary for him
to safely proceed to trial. MCL 775.15. First, the video footage was played for the jury
numerous times during trial, giving the jury every opportunity to view the poor quality of the
video. Further, through cross-examination, defense counsel challenged the strength and
reliability of Rukia Cartwright’s and Krystal Reimke’s identification testimony by eliciting
testimony regarding Cartwright’s and Reimke’s extensive drug use during the time they
identified defendant, regarding their inability to see the male’s full face in the gas station video,
and questioned them regarding police pressure to identify defendant as the male in the gas station
video. In closing argument, defense counsel also argued that Cartwright’s and Reimke’s
identifications of defendant should not be believed. Given defense counsel’s cross-examination

1
  Limiting the potential expert testimony in this manner was also not error. When a witness is
not in a better position than the jury to make an identification from a video, opinion testimony
identifying a person in a video as the defendant is generally inadmissible as infringing on the
jury’s role in deciding the defendant’s guilt. People v Fomby, 300 Mich. App. 46, 52; 831 NW2d
887 (2013) and People v Perkins, 314 Mich. App. 140, 161-162; 885 NW2d 900 (2016),
superseded in part on other grounds sub nom People v Hyatt, ___ Mich App ___; ___ NW2d___
(2016) (Docket No. 325741).

                                                -3-
and thorough challenge to the identifications, defendant cannot show that an expert in video
analysis was necessary for him to safely proceed to trial.

                           III. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

       Defendant argues that the prosecution failed to present legally sufficient evidence to
support his conviction for torture. A court must “review a challenge to the sufficiency of the
evidence de novo and in a light most favorable to the prosecution to determine whether the trial
court could have found that the essential elements of the crime were proved beyond a reasonable
doubt.” People v Sherman-Huffman, 241 Mich. App. 264, 265; 615 NW2d 776 (2000), aff’d 466
Mich. 39 (2002). “The standard of review is deferential: a reviewing court is required to draw all
reasonable inferences and make credibility choices in support of the . . . verdict.” People v
Nowack, 462 Mich. 392, 400; 614 NW2d 78 (2000).

       In a criminal case, a prosecutor must introduce evidence sufficient to justify a trier of fact
in concluding that the defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. People v Johnson, 460
Mich. 720, 723; 597 NW2d 73 (1999); People v Harverson, 291 Mich. App. 171, 175; 804 NW2d
757 (2010). A prosecutor need not negate every reasonable theory of innocence, but must only
prove her own theory beyond a reasonable doubt in the face of whatever contradictory evidence
the defendant provides. Nowack, 462 Mich. at 400; People v Chapo, 283 Mich. App. 360, 363-
364; 770 NW2d 68 (2009). Questions of credibility should be left to the trier of fact to resolve.
People v Harrison, 283 Mich. App. 374, 378; 768 NW2d 98 (2009); Unger, 278 Mich. App. at 229.
All conflicts in the evidence must be resolved in favor of the prosecution. People v Kanaan, 278
Mich. App. 594, 619; 751 NW2d 57 (2008).

        It is well-settled that, “because it can be difficult to prove a defendant’s state of mind on
issues such as . . . intent, minimal circumstantial evidence will suffice to establish the
defendant’s state of mind, which can be inferred from all the evidence presented.” Kanaan, 278
Mich. App. at 622. Further, intent may be inferred from “any facts in evidence, including the
nature, extent, and location of these wounds.” People v Ericksen, 288 Mich. App. 192, 196; 793
NW2d 120 (2010).

       The Michigan torture statute provides, in relevant part:

       (1) A person who, with the intent to cause cruel or extreme physical or mental
       pain and suffering, inflicts great bodily injury or severe mental pain or suffering
       upon another person within his or her custody or physical control commits torture
       and is guilty of a felony punishable by imprisonment for life or any term of years.

       (2) As used in this section:

       (a) “Cruel” means brutal, inhuman, sadistic, or that which torments.

                                               ***

       (c) “Great bodily injury” means either of the following:

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       (i) Serious impairment of a body function as that term is defined in section 58c of
       the Michigan vehicle code, 1949 PA 300, MCL 257.58c.

       (ii) One or more of the following conditions: internal injury, poisoning, serious
       burns or scalding, severe cuts, or multiple puncture wounds

        (3) Proof that a victim suffered pain is not an element of the crime under this
       section. [MCL 750.85(1).]

Thus, to prove torture, the prosecutor needed to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that (1)
defendant intended to cause cruel or extreme physical or mental pain and suffering, (2) defendant
inflicted great bodily injury or severe mental pain or suffering, and (3) the victim, Andre
Buchanan, was within defendant’s custody or physical control. MCL 750.85; see also People v
Schaw, 288 Mich. App. 231, 233-234; 791 NW2d 743 (2010).

        The evidence at trial was sufficient to prove that it was defendant who caused
Buchanan’s injuries and that defendant intended to cause cruel or extreme physical pain and
suffering when he did so. Ashleigh Houston identified defendant as the person who hit
Buchanan in the head with both a monkey wrench and BB gun and set his body on fire.
Cartwright and Reimke also identified defendant in the gas station video buying the gas used to
ignite Buchanan’s body, and independent physical evidence further corroborated Houston’s
version of events. Even assuming defendant set Buchanan’s body on fire to “disguise the
incident and prevent any possible identification”—rather than to inflict cruel or extreme physical
pain and suffering as defendant asserts—defendant’s actions in binding Buchanan before hitting
him in the head until his skull fractured demonstrate that he intended to cause Buchanan cruel or
extreme physical pain and suffering.

        Further, the evidence presented at trial was sufficient to establish that defendant inflicted
great bodily injury on Buchanan while Buchanan was within defendant’s custody or physical
control. The evidence established that Buchanan suffered fourth degree burns over almost his
entire body. Even if Buchanan only lived for a short period of time after he was set on fire, the
burns that he suffered while alive would be sufficient to enable the jury to find that Buchanan’s
injuries qualified as “great bodily injury” within the meaning of MCL 750.85(2)(c)(ii).
However, even assuming that Buchanan did not live long enough after the fire was lit to sustain
burns, the medical evidence was sufficient to establish that Buchanan suffered great bodily injury
caused by defendant, as defendant inflicted at least seven blows to Buchanan’s head that were so
severe that they caused multiple skull fractures that resulted in much of his brain matter
eviscerating from his skull. That evidence was alone sufficient to enable the jury to find that
Buchanan’s injuries qualified as “great bodily injury” within the meaning of MCL
750.85(2)(c)(i).2 Accordingly, viewed in a light most favorable to the prosecution, the evidence
supported an inference that defendant caused great bodily injury to Buchanan with an intent to
cause him cruel or physical pain and suffering.

2
  MCL 257.58c’s definition of “Serious impairment of a body function” includes, “(h) A skull
fracture or other serious bone fracture.”

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                                    IV. STANDARD 4 BRIEF

        Defendant argues that he is entitled to a new trial because unduly suggestive
identification procedures led to his arrest and convictions. On appeal, “[t]he trial court’s
decision to admit identification evidence will not be reversed unless it is clearly erroneous.”
People v Harris, 261 Mich. App. 44, 51; 680 NW2d 17 (2004). “Clear error exists if the
reviewing court is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.” Id.
Constitutional issues and questions of law relevant to a motion to suppress are reviewed de novo.
People v Hickman, 470 Mich. 602, 605; 684 NW2d 267 (2004).

        Defendant argued that his arrest was the result of an unduly suggestive identification
procedure as early as his preliminary examination and eventually requested a Wade3 hearing on
the matter. A Wade hearing was conducted in relation to both Cartwright’s and Reimke’s
identification of defendant in the gas station video. Both witnesses indicated they identified
defendant as the male in the video when the police showed them the video only a few days after
the murder. Reimke also testified that the police never distrusted her identification or urged her
to look again and that the police never suggested the man in the video was defendant. The trial
court concluded that, “[t]here is nothing on this record to indicate that the police did anything
suggestive; that they pointed to the defendant or that they suggested it was the defendant,” and
therefore it was “more than satisfied that there was nothing wrongful done by the police,” and
thus, the identifications were not suggestive.

        On appeal, defendant again argues that the pretrial identification procedure was unduly
suggestive, rendering Cartwright and Reimke’s identifications unreliable. “An identification
procedure that is unnecessarily suggestive and conducive to irreparable misidentification
constitutes a denial of due process.” People v Williams, 244 Mich. App. 533, 542; 624 NW2d 575
(2001). Where a judicial inquiry into the reliability of an eyewitness identification is
appropriate, the defendant bears the burden of showing that the identification procedure was so
impermissibly suggestive that it led to a “substantial likelihood of misidentification.” People v
Kurylczyk, 443 Mich. 289, 302; 505 NW2d 528 (1993); People v Hornsby, 251 Mich. App. 462,
466; 650 NW2d 700 (2002). Factors that a court should consider to determine the “likelihood of
misidentification” include

         “the opportunity of the witness to view the criminal at the time of the crime, the
         witness’ degree of attention, the accuracy of the witness’ prior description of the
         criminal, the level of certainty demonstrated by the witness at the confrontation,
         and the length of time between the crime and the confrontation.” [Kurylczyk, 443
Mich. at 306, quoting Neil v Biggers, 409 U.S. 188, 199-200; 93 S. Ct. 375; 34 L. Ed.
2d 401 (1972).]

        There is nothing in the record to suggest a substantial likelihood of misidentification.
The lower court record reveals that Cartwright and Reimke were clear and certain in their
identifications of defendant as the man buying the gas in the video. Both witnesses knew

3
    United States v Wade, 388 U.S. 218; 87 S. Ct. 1926; 18 L. Ed. 2d 1149 (1967).

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defendant for a period of time before the incident, and while they both admitted to initially
believing Buchanan was the man in the video, they also both had detailed and specific reasons
for ultimately identifying defendant as the man in the video, including defendant’s walk,
mannerisms, and manner of dress. Neither witness suggested that police interfered with, or made
any suggestions regarding, the identification. Under these circumstances, defendant’s contention
that there was a substantial likelihood of misidentification is without merit. Thus, the trial court
properly denied defendant’s pretrial request to suppress the identifications.

        Defendant argues he was denied his right to be tried by a fair and impartial jury when a
juror lied during voir dire. However, defendant fails to indicate what “false answers” a juror
provided during jury selection and does not elaborate on how the juror’s untruthfulness
prejudiced him at trial. A defendant may not simply “announce a position or assert an error and
then leave it up to this Court to discover and rationalize the basis for his claims, or unravel and
elaborate for him his arguments, and then search for authority either to sustain or reject his
position.” People v Kevorkian, 248 Mich. App. 373, 389; 639 NW2d 291 (2001) (quotation
marks and citation omitted). An appellant’s failure to properly address the merits of his assertion
of error constitutes abandonment of the issue. Harris, 261 Mich. App. at 50. Accordingly,
defendant abandoned this issue.

       Defendant also argues that he was denied the effective assistance of counsel when
defense counsel failed to investigate Buchanan’s cause of death and failed to obtain medical
records related to Buchanan’s head injury. Generally, “[a] claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel is a mixed question of law and fact.” People v Petri, 279 Mich. App. 407, 410; 760
NW2d 882 (2008). “A trial court’s findings of fact, if any, are reviewed for clear error, and this
Court reviews the ultimate constitutional issue arising from an ineffective assistance of counsel
claim de novo.” Id. However, because defendant’s motion was denied, People v Brown,
unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered August 31, 2016 (Docket No. 328737), and
no Ginther4 hearing was held, review “is limited to mistakes apparent on the record.” Payne,
285 Mich. App. at 188.

        The United States and Michigan Constitutions guarantee a defendant the right to effective
assistance of counsel. US Const, Am VI; Const 1963, art 1, § 20. To establish ineffective
assistance of counsel, a defendant must show: (1) that counsel’s performance was below an
objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing professional norms, and (2) that there is a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s deficient performance, the result of the proceedings
would have been different. Strickland v Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 694; 104 S. Ct. 2052; 80 L. Ed.
2d 674 (1984); People v Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich. 38, 51; 826 NW2d 136 (2012). A “reasonable
probability” is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome. Strickland, 466
U.S. at 694. Effective assistance of counsel is presumed, and the defendant bears a substantial
burden of proving otherwise. People v Vaughn, 491 Mich. 642, 670; 821 NW2d 288 (2012). A
defendant can overcome the presumption by showing that counsel failed to perform an essential

4
    People v Ginther, 390 Mich. 436, 443; 212 NW2d 922 (1973).

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duty and that failure was prejudicial to the defendant. People v Reinhardt, 167 Mich. App. 584,
591; 423 NW2d 275 (1988), remanded on other grounds 436 Mich. 866 (1990).

        Defendant’s allegations regarding defense counsel’s failure to investigate Buchanan’s
cause of death are inconsistent with the record. Contrary to defendant’s arguments, the record
indicates that defense counsel investigated Buchanan’s cause of death, obtained Buchanan’s
autopsy report and related documents containing information related to his head injury, and
presented the potential inconsistency regarding the cause of death determination to the jury
during cross-examination of several witnesses and during closing argument. Accordingly,
defendant has failed to show that defense counsel failed to investigate Buchanan’s cause of death
and, therefore, failed to establish that defense counsel’s performance fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness.

        Last, defendant argues the prosecutor committed misconduct5 when he (1) failed to
disclose all of Buchanan’s medical records and all DNA evidence related to his death, (2)
vouched for the credibility of a witness, (3) permitted a witness for the prosecution to give false
testimony, and (4) made improper statements in his closing argument. To preserve an issue of
prosecutorial misconduct, a defendant must contemporaneously object and request a curative
instruction. People v Bennett, 290 Mich. App. 465, 475; 802 NW2d 627 (2010). A curative
instruction is usually sufficient to cure the prejudicial effect of an inappropriate prosecutorial
comment. People v Cain, 299 Mich. App. 27, 36; 829 NW2d 37 (2012), vacated in part on other
grounds by 495 Mich. 874 (2013). Thus, if defense counsel failed to object, review is foreclosed
unless the prejudicial effect of the remark was so great that it could not have been cured by an
appropriate instruction. People v Williams, 265 Mich. App. 68, 70-71; 692 NW2d 722 (2005),
aff’d 475 Mich. 101 (2006). Here, defense counsel did not object to any of the instances of
misconduct asserted by defendant or make a request for a curative instruction. Thus, this issue is
not preserved for appeal.

       When there was no contemporaneous objection and request for a curative instruction,
appellate review of claims of prosecutorial misconduct is limited to ascertaining whether there
was plain error that affected substantial rights. People v Brown, 279 Mich. App. 116, 134; 755
NW2d 664 (2008). Reversal is warranted only when plain error resulted in the conviction of an
innocent person, or seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the
proceedings. Unger, 278 Mich. App. at 235.

5
  In People v Cooper, 309 Mich. App. 74, 87-88; 867 NW2d 452 (2015), this Court explained that
the term “prosecutor misconduct” is more appropriately applied in the rare instance where the
prosecutor’s behavior violates the law or the rules of professional conduct, and the term
“prosecutorial error” is more appropriately applied to claims of conduct that amount to a
technical or inadvertent error. Regardless of the term used, these claims are evaluated to
determine whether the errors during the course of trial deprived the defendant of a fair and
impartial trial. Id. at 88. Here, defendant’s allegations would fall under both terms, as he has
alleged misconduct relative to withholding evidence and allowing perjured testimony.

                                                -8-
         Defendant fails to indicate what witnesses’ credibility the prosecutor vouched for, what
false testimony the prosecutor permitted a witness to give, and what remarks in the prosecutor’s
closing statement were improper. Due to the lack of elaboration in Defendant’s Standard 4 Brief
on Appeal it is impossible to discern what specifically defendant claims constituted the alleged
misconduct. A defendant may not simply “announce a position or assert an error and then leave
it up to this Court to discover and rationalize the basis for his claims, or unravel and elaborate for
him his arguments, and then search for authority either to sustain or reject his position.”
Kevorkian, 248 Mich. App. at 389 (quotation marks and citation omitted). Defendant has
abandoned these claims by failing to provide a factual or legal basis for his arguments. Harris,
261 Mich. App. at 50.

        The record does not support defendant’s remaining claim that the prosecutor failed to
disclose all of Buchanan’s medical records and all DNA evidence related to his death. The trial
court adjourned defendant’s preliminary examination until he was provided with the medical
examiner’s report regarding Buchanan’s death. Further, on February 9, 2015, defendant filed a
motion for specific discovery, asking the court to “compel the delivery” of any fingerprint
evidence related to Buchanan and the “forensic information” related to the DNA swab taken
from defendant for comparison. At a February 18, 2015 motion hearing, the court indicated that
the DNA results had not been produced, so adjourned the March 3, 2015 trial date. Although it
took several months and several court orders, defense counsel was eventually provided with the
fingerprint and DNA evidence before trial. Accordingly, defendant has not shown plain error
affecting substantial rights.

       Affirmed.

                                                              /s/ Elizabeth L. Gleicher
                                                              /s/ Christopher M. Murray
                                                              /s/ Karen M. Fort Hood

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