Court Opinion

ID: 9403284
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-20 19:09:24.990664+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:05.962782
License: Public Domain

[Cite as Childs v. Kroger, 2023-Ohio-2034.]

                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                   TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

Tawan Childs,                                       :

                 Plaintiff-Appellant,               :                No. 22AP-524
                                                                  (C.P.C. No. 19CV-10192)
v.                                                  :
                                                                (REGULAR CALENDAR)
The Kroger Co. et al.,                              :

                 Defendants-Appellees.              :

                                              D E C I S I O N

                                      Rendered on June 20, 2023

                 On brief: Tawan Childs, pro se. Argued: Tawan Childs.

                 On brief: Littler Mendelson, P.C., Jeffrey S. Hiller, and
                 Judson S. Millhon, for appellee. Argued: Jeffrey S. Hiller.

                   APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas

EDELSTEIN, J.
        {¶ 1} Plaintiff-appellant, Tawan Childs, appeals from a judgment of the Franklin
County Court of Common Pleas granting defendants-appellees, The Kroger Co. (“Kroger”),
Heather Gray, Patti Hutchinson, and Levi VanReeth (collectively “appellees”), summary
judgment on Mr. Childs’ claims of race discrimination, disability discrimination,
retaliation, wrongful termination in violation of public policy, unlawful aiding and abetting
of discrimination, and defamation. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
I. Facts and Procedural History
        {¶ 2} In 1994, when Mr. Childs was 17 years old, he fatally shot a man in Akron,
Ohio. The juvenile court relinquished jurisdiction and transferred the case to the Summit
County Court of Common Pleas. In 1996, Mr. Childs was tried as an adult and convicted of
murder with a firearm specification. See State v. Childs, 9th Dist. No. 17653, 1996 Ohio
No. 22AP-524                                                                                  2

App. LEXIS 3975 (Sept. 18, 1996). The Summit County Court of Common Pleas sentenced
Mr. Childs to a term of imprisonment and Mr. Childs was released from prison in 2013.
       {¶ 3} In October of 2014, Mr. Childs submitted an employment application to
Kroger at Kroger store #350 in Dublin, Ohio (“Dublin store”). (Apr. 16, 2021 Childs Dep.,
Ex. 1; Gray Aff. at ¶ 3.) Under the section of the application titled “Employment History,”
Mr. Childs stated he was currently employed by Embassy Suites as a lobby/front desk
runner, and he had previously been employed by Exel/Groupon in 2013 as a picker/packer,
by Grafton Correctional Institution (“GCI”), from 2008 to 2013 as an administrative
reclaimer and program aide, by GCI from 2001 to 2002 as a food service worker, and by
Madison Correctional Institution (“MCI”), from 1996 to 1997 as a food service worker.
(Childs Dep., Ex. 1.) Mr. Childs also provided Kroger his resume, which identified
Exel/Groupon, GCI, and MCI as his previous employers. (Childs Dep., Ex. 3.)
       {¶ 4} In response to a question on the employment application asking if he had
been convicted of a crime, Mr. Childs affirmed that he had. He identified the date of
conviction as January 8, 1996, the conviction state and city as Akron, Ohio, and the
disposition of the offense as “conviction.” (Childs Dep., Ex. 1.) In response to the question
asking him to explain the conviction, Mr. Childs wrote: “Juvenile offender transferred to
adult court.” (Childs Dep., Ex. 1.)
       {¶ 5} Christine Gerace, a non-management, hourly-paid store recruiter at the
Dublin store, interviewed Mr. Childs after he submitted his application. (Apr. 16, 2021 Gray
Aff. at ¶ 4.) Mr. Childs testified in his deposition that, during his interview with Ms. Gerace,
he “told her murder and everything.” (Childs Dep., at 71.) Mr. Childs stated that Ms. Gerace
told him she would “fight for [him]” because she was an “advocate for people who got in
trouble and turned their lives around.” (Childs Dep. at 72.)
       {¶ 6} Kroger used a third-party vendor to conduct a background check on Mr.
Childs before hiring him. (Gray Aff. at ¶ 4.) The vendor “only processed criminal history
within the past seven years in specified jurisdictions,” and searched for criminal history
within “the past 15 years” if “admitted criminal information was provided.” (Gray Aff. at
¶ 5.) As such, the 2014 background check did not discover Mr. Childs’ 1996 murder
conviction and instead returned to Kroger marked “clear.” (Gray Aff. at ¶ 5.)
No. 22AP-524                                                                              3

       {¶ 7} Kroger hired Mr. Childs effective November 11, 2014 as a part-time clerk in
the produce department at its Dublin store. (Childs Dep., Ex. 1, 9.) Mr. Childs voluntarily
completed paperwork when he was hired identifying his ethnic background as Black or
African American. (Childs Dep., Ex. 1.) As an hourly-paid clerk in one of Kroger’s
Columbus, Ohio stores, Mr. Childs was a member of the United Food and Commercial
Workers (“UFCW”), Local 1059.
       {¶ 8} In November of 2015, Mr. Childs applied for Kroger’s management training
program. (Gray Aff. at ¶ 6.) In the application he submitted for the management program,
Mr. Childs again affirmed that he had been convicted of a crime. (Childs Dep., Ex. 13.) In
response to the question on the management application asking him to describe the
conviction, Mr. Childs wrote: “Juvenile Offender/Summit Co.: will explain at interview.”
(Childs Dep., Ex. 13.)
       {¶ 9} Mr. Childs had an initial screening interview for the management position
with human resources coordinator Deb Gail. (Gray Aff. at ¶ 7; Childs Dep., Ex. 14.) During
the interview, Mr. Childs told Ms. Gail that one of his “proudest achievements” occurred
when he was working as an administrative clerk in the library at GCI. (Childs Dep. at 136.)
Following his interview with Ms. Gail, Mr. Childs had a panel interview with Ms. Gail,
district manager Jill Wilder, and recruiting and training manager Heather Gray. (Gray Aff.
at ¶ 2, 7.) Ms. Gray did not ask Mr. Childs about his prior conviction because she generally
did not “inquire about juvenile offenses during interviews.” (Gray Aff. at ¶ 6.) Since Mr.
Childs was a current Kroger employee when he applied for the management position,
Kroger conducted only a limited background check on Mr. Childs which looked for adverse
actions in the healthcare field. (Gray Aff. at ¶ 8.) The limited background check returned
as “clear” and Kroger selected Mr. Childs for a position in its management training
program. (Gray Aff. at ¶ 9.)
       {¶ 10} In May of 2016, Mr. Childs began working as an assistant store manager at
Kroger store #216 in Reynoldsburg, Ohio (“Reynoldsburg store”). (Apr. 16, 2021 VanReeth
Aff. at ¶ 3.) As an assistant store manager, Mr. Childs was no longer a member of the UFCW
Local 1059. Levi VanReeth was the store leader of the Reynoldsburg store and Mr. Childs’
direct supervisor.   (VanReeth Aff. at ¶ 3.)     Mr. Childs oversaw the merchandising
department at the Reynoldsburg store. (Childs Dep. at 168.)
No. 22AP-524                                                                                 4

       {¶ 11} On February 28, 2017, an individual stole meat from the Reynoldsburg store
while Mr. Childs was working. Mr. Childs stated the suspect “pulled a knife on [him] and
pointed it at [him]” during the incident. (Childs Dep. at 174.) Mr. Childs described the
robbery as “traumatic” and stated he began having panic attacks after the robbery. (Childs
Dep. at 174-76.) In March of 2017, Mr. Childs asked Mr. VanReeth to transfer him to a
different store due to “the stress that [the robbery] caused [him].” (Childs Dep. at 140, 188.)
Mr. Childs claimed Mr. VanReeth “ignored” his transfer request. (Childs Dep. at 140.)
       {¶ 12} Mr. Childs’ 2016 year-end performance review, completed by Mr. VanReeth
on April 21, 2017, rated Mr. Childs’ overall performance as “consistently delivers
expectations low.” (Childs Dep., Ex. 17.) Mr. VanReeth stated in the review that Mr. Childs
needed “better planning sessions,” to be “more organized,” to “tackle one item at a time,”
and “to focus on being clear and concise in order to be effective.” (Childs Dep., Ex. 17.)
       {¶ 13} On June 2, 2017, Mr. VanReeth and district human resources manager
Lauren Flury placed Mr. Childs on a 30-Day Action Plan (“Action Plan”). The Action Plan
stated Mr. Childs had to “achieve/show considerable improvement” in the following areas
over the next 30 days: process walks, time management, team building, and detailed store
walks. (Childs Dep., Ex. 18.) On June 16, 2017, Mr. VanReeth and Ms. Flury held a follow-
up meeting with Mr. Childs regarding the Action Plan. Mr. VanReeth noted at the meeting
that Mr. Childs’ performance “did not show any improvement over the first 2 weeks” of the
Action Plan. (Childs Dep., Ex. 19.)
       {¶ 14} Mr. Childs testified that during his discussions with Mr. VanReeth regarding
the Action Plan, Mr. VanReeth said to him, “[W]hy do black people always use the race
card?” (Childs Dep. at 140.) Mr. Childs described Mr. VanReeth as a “racist” who showed
“favoritism for whites and discriminated and was harsh against blacks.” (Childs Dep. at
144, 153.) Mr. Childs noted that Mr. VanReeth ignored comments from Kroger’s black
leadership but acted with “urgency” in responding to comments from white leadership, that
Mr. VanReeth fired an African American clerk from the Reynoldsburg store “without
writing him up or anything,” and that Mr. VanReeth reversed Mr. Childs’ decision to
suspend a Caucasian store clerk following an incident with a customer. (Childs Dep. at 142-
43.)
No. 22AP-524                                                                                 5

       {¶ 15} On June 26, 2017, Mr. Childs sent an email to Kathy Wagenknecht in Kroger’s
human resources department. (Childs Dep., Ex. 16.) In the email, Mr. Childs stated that
Mr. VanReeth constantly “tor[e him] down and attacked [him] professionally.” (Childs
Dep., Ex. 16.) Mr. Childs asked Ms. Wagenknecht to take him off the Action Plan and
transfer him to another store because Mr. VanReeth caused him “too much anxiety and
stress.” (Childs Dep., Ex. 16.)
       {¶ 16} On July 3, 2017, Mr. Childs sent a letter to Ms. Wagenknecht to follow up on
his June 26, 2017 email. (Childs Dep., Ex. 22.) Mr. Childs informed Ms. Wagenknecht that
his primary care physician had diagnosed him with depression and that he was
“request[ing] consideration and accommodation” as a result. (Childs Dep., Ex. 22.) Mr.
Childs attached a July 3, 2017 note from his primary care physician, Dr. Aaron Friedberg,
to the letter. In the note, Dr. Friedberg stated he had recently diagnosed Mr. Childs with
depression, “which based on [their] discussion [was] related to stress in his workplace,” and
that he believed a “transfer of location would be beneficial for [Mr. Childs’] health.” (Childs
Dep., Ex. 22.)
       {¶ 17} On July 21, 2017, Mr. Childs met with Ms. Flury and Kroger’s talent and
development manager Patti Hutchinson. (Apr. 16, 2021 Hutchinson Aff. at ¶ 4.) Mr. Childs
stated that during the July 21, 2017 meeting the parties discussed “[a]ccomodation, transfer
requests,” and how Mr. VanReeth “was racially discriminatory against just black people.”
(Childs Dep. at 188-89.) Ms. Hutchinson, on the other hand, stated that Mr. Childs “did
not report any discriminatory or retaliatory conduct to us nor any medical necessities”
during the meeting, but indicated that “he wanted to be taken off his Action Plan and placed
at a different store.” (Hutchinson Aff. at ¶ 4.)
       {¶ 18} On October 12, 2017, Mr. Childs sent a letter to Kroger’s Columbus, Ohio
division vice president of operation Bill Green. Mr. Childs informed Mr. Green that Mr.
VanReeth “constantly harassed [him]” and that Mr. VanReeth appeared to have “a problem
with black leadership” at Kroger. (Mot. to Deny Summ. Jgmt., Ex. 10.) In late October
2017, Kroger transferred Mr. VanReeth to another store in the Columbus, Ohio area.
(Childs Dep. at 152; VanReeth Aff. at ¶ 8.)
       {¶ 19} Effective February 11, 2018, Kroger transferred Mr. Childs to an assistant
store manager position overseeing the human resources department at Kroger store # 802
No. 22AP-524                                                                             6

in Sunbury, Ohio (“Sunbury store”). (Childs Dep., Ex. 25.) Leighanne Heitkamp was the
store leader of the Sunbury store. (Childs Dep. at 195.) Ms. Heitkamp completed Mr.
Childs’ 2017 year-end performance review which rated Mr. Childs’ overall performance as
“consistently delivers expectations.” (Apr. 21, 2021 Childs Aff. of Verity, Ex. 9.)
       {¶ 20} On April 1, 2018, two clerks at the Sunbury store informed Mr. Childs that
Donald Gladman, another clerk at the Sunbury store, had recently been convicted of
importuning and became a registered sex offender. (Childs Dep. at 197, Ex. 26.) Mr. Childs
stated that Mike Simoneski, another assistant store manager at the Sunbury store, told
“[him] not to report [Mr. Gladman’s conviction]” because it was “[Ms. Heitkamp’s] store.”
(Childs Dep. at 198.) However, on April 1, 2018, Mr. Childs sent an email to Ms. Hutchinson
and Ms. Heitkamp informing them of Mr. Gladman’s conviction. (Childs Dep. Ex. 26.) Ms.
Hutchinson thanked Mr. Childs and asked him to gather additional information. (Childs
Dep., Ex. 26.)
       {¶ 21} Kroger suspended Mr. Gladman’s employment pending an investigation.
(Hutchinson Aff. at ¶ 9.) The union grieved Mr. Gladman’s suspension, and Mr. Childs
participated in the grievance procedure. Mr. Childs recommended that Mr. Gladman be
fired because he believed Mr. Gladman presented a safety risk to the minor employees at
the Sunbury store. (Childs Dep. at 198-99, 203-05.) Mr. Gladman’s employment was
terminated following the union grievance process. (Hutchinson Aff. at ¶ 9.)
       {¶ 22} In May of 2018, Mr. Childs informed some of his co-workers at the Sunbury
store that he was involved in a motorcycle accident. (Childs Dep. at 107-08.; Hutchinson
Aff. at ¶ 10.) An employee at the Sunbury store allegedly searched for information
regarding the motorcycle accident and found an internet article regarding Mr. Childs’ 1996
murder conviction.     (Hutchinson Aff. at ¶ 10.)      The store employee informed their
supervisor, who informed Ms. Hutchinson, who informed Ms. Gray about Mr. Childs’
murder conviction. (Hutchinson Aff. at ¶ 10; Gray Aff. at ¶ 10.)
       {¶ 23} Ms. Gray explained that, because Kroger’s criminal background matrices
identified murder as a disqualifying conviction for either management or hourly-paid
employment, she decided to terminate Mr. Childs’ employment. (Gray Aff. at ¶ 11-12.) On
May 29, 2018, Ms. Gray and Kroger’s district asset protection assistant manager Steve
No. 22AP-524                                                                              7

Shepard met with Mr. Childs to inform him that his employment with Kroger was
terminated immediately. (Gray Aff. at ¶ 12; Childs Dep., Ex. 28.)
       {¶ 24} On December 20, 2019, Mr. Childs, through counsel, filed a complaint
alleging claims of race discrimination, disability discrimination, retaliation, wrongful
termination in violation of public policy, unlawful aiding and abetting of discrimination,
and defamation. Appellees took Mr. Childs’ deposition on July 20, 2020.
       {¶ 25} On August 6, 2020, Mr. Childs sent a pro se letter to the trial judge stating
that appellees “improperly raised a stale disclosure issue” at his deposition. (Aug. 6, 2020
Letter at 1.) Mr. Childs claimed that Kroger “evaded union rules,” violated the applicable
collective bargaining agreement, and violated the federal Labor-Management Reporting
and Disclosure Act by terminating him because of his murder conviction. (Aug. 6, 2020
Letter at 1.) Relying on the August 6, 2020 letter, appellees attempted to remove the case
to federal court.
       {¶ 26} On November 30, 2020, the United States District Court for the Southern
District of Ohio, Eastern Division adopted a report and recommendation from the court’s
chief magistrate judge and remanded the case back to the Franklin County Court of
Common Pleas. Childs v. Kroger Co., S.D. Ohio No. 2:20-cv-4216, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS
223537 (Nov. 30, 2020). During the federal proceedings, the district court granted Mr.
Childs’ attorney’s motion to withdraw. See Childs v. Kroger Co., S.D. Ohio No. 2:20-cv-
4216, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 191604 (Oct. 15, 2020), fn. 1. Mr. Childs proceeded pro se
throughout the remainder of the action.
       {¶ 27} On February 25, 2021, the trial court reactivated the case and issued an
amended case schedule. (Feb. 25, 2021 Am. Case Schedule.) The amended case schedule
set April 16, 2021 as the dispositive motion deadline and April 30, 2021 as the discovery
cutoff date. On April 14, 2021, Mr. Childs filed a motion asking the court to strike certain
exhibits appellees introduced during his deposition.
       {¶ 28} Appellees filed a Civ.R. 56 motion for summary judgment on April 16, 2021.
Appellees asserted Mr. Childs’ claims of race and disability discrimination failed because
he was not qualified for employment with Kroger due to his murder conviction. Appellees
argued Mr. Childs could not maintain his retaliation claim with respect to the Action Plan,
because the Action Plan was not an adverse employment action and because Kroger placed
No. 22AP-524                                                                              8

Mr. Childs on the Action Plan for the legitimate reason that his performance was
substandard. Appellees also asserted that Mr. Childs’ termination did not jeopardize the
public policy expressed in R.C. 2950.034, and that Ms. Gray did not publish a false
statement. Appellees supported their motion for summary judgment with affidavits from
Ms. Gray, Mr. VanReeth, Ms. Hutchinson, and Mr. Shepard.
       {¶ 29} On April 23, 2021, Mr. Childs filed a Civ.R. 37(A) motion to compel discovery
and a motion to continue the dispositive motion deadline and discovery cutoff date. On
May 3, 2021, Mr. Childs filed a motion to deny appellees’ motion for summary judgment.
Mr. Childs asserted that Kroger was estopped from relying on his murder conviction as the
grounds for his termination and that the collective bargaining agreement between UFCW
Local 1059 and Kroger applied to his termination. Mr. Childs claimed Mr. VanReeth
discriminated against him on the basis of race through his “performance evaluation and
illegitimate [Action Plan],” and that Kroger failed to accommodate his disability because it
“took over 11 months for [Mr. Childs] to be transferred” to another store. (May 3, 2021 Mot.
to Deny Summ. Jgmt. at 11, 15.) Mr. Childs argued appellees retaliated against him after he
engaged in protected activity, that his termination violated the policy expressed in R.C.
2950.034 because “multiple minors worked at the Sunbury store,” and that Ms. Gray
defamed him by falsely telling Mr. Shepard that Mr. Childs did not disclose his murder
conviction. (Mot. to Deny Summ. Jgmt. at 17, 19.) Mr. Childs supported his motion with
his own affidavit and several exhibits.
       {¶ 30} Thereafter, Mr. Childs filed a number of additional motions with the trial
court. On May 20, 2021, Mr. Childs filed a Civ.R. 37(D) motion for sanctions. On
August 30, 2021, Mr. Childs filed a motion in limine asking the court to exclude any
“reference[] * * * to [his] background.” (Aug. 30, 2021 Mot. in Lim. at 1.) On January 21,
2022, Mr. Childs filed a motion for leave and summary judgment. Mr. Childs also filed a
motion for judicial notice on January 21, 2022.
       {¶ 31} On March 21, 2022, the trial court issued a decision and entry denying Mr.
Childs’ motion for continuance and motion to compel discovery. On March 22, 2022, the
trial court issued decisions and entries denying Mr. Childs’ motion for leave and summary
judgment and his motion for sanctions. On August 25, 2022, the trial court issued a
decision and entry granting appellees’ motion for summary judgment.
No. 22AP-524                                                                      9

II.   Assignments of Error
      {¶ 32} Mr. Childs appeals, assigning the following errors for our review:

             I. TRIAL COURT COMMITTED PLAIN AND REVERSIBLE
             ERROR TO THE HARM AND PREJUDICE OF APPELLANT
             ABUSING       DISCRETION       BY       DENYING
             PLAINTIFF/APPELLANT’S MOTION TO COMPEL, MOTION
             FOR SANCTIONS WHEN DEFENDANTS INTENTIONALLY
             FAILED TO PRODUCE EVIDENCE AND INTENTIONALLY
             CONCEALED EVIDENCE VIOLATING OHIO RULES OF
             CIVIL PROCEDURE, DISCOVERY AND PROTECTION
             ORDER, AND DENYING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION TO STRIKE
             AND MOTION IN LIMINE VIOLATING OHIO RULES OF
             CIVIL PROCEDURE, RULE 12(F), 37 (A) AND (D), AND
             EVIDENCE RULE 402 AND 404.

             II. TRIAL COURT COMMITTED REVERSIBLE ERROR TO
             THE HARM AND PREJUDICE OF APPELLANT AND
             ABUSED DISCRETION IN DENIAL OF LEAVE TO FILE
             SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND SUMMARY JUDGMENT
             MOTION AND MOTION FOR JUDICIAL NOTICE
             PURSUANT TO OHIO RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE, CIVIL
             RULE 56 (A) AND (C), AND OHIO RULES OF EVIDENCE
             201, VIOLATING DUE COURSE, DUE PROCESS AND
             EQUAL PROTECTION UNDER LAW ART 1 § 16 OF OHIO
             CONST. AND 14TH AMENDMENT OF THE U.S.
             CONSTITUTION.

             III. TRIAL COURT COMMITTED PLAIN AND REVERSIBLE
             ERROR TO THE HARM AND PREJUDICE OF APPELLANT,
             ABUSING DISCRETION AND VIOLATING DUE PROCESS
             WHEN        DEFENDANTS        RAISED    DISCLOSURE,
             QUALIFICATIONS AND CRIMINAL BACKGROUND ISSUE 3
             YEARS LATER WHICH HAD BEEN STALE, MOOT, AND
             WAIVED       VIOLATING     DUE     PROCESS,   EQUAL
             PROTECTION UNDER LAW, DUE COURSE NOTIFICATION
             REQUIREMENT,       COLLATERAL       ESTOPPEL,   AND
             PLAINTIFF OBJECTED WITH EXPRESSED PROPERTY
             INTEREST IN UNION AGREEMENT, AND IMPLIED
             PROPERTY INTEREST SINCE PREEMPTION WAS
             INAPPLICABLE UNDER SUPREMACY CLAUSE. OHIO
             CONST ARTICLE 1 §16, U.S. 14th AMENDMENT.

             IV. TRIAL COURT   ABUSED   DISCRETION  AND
             COMMITTED REVERSIBLE ERROR TO THE HARM AND
             PREJUDICE   OF   APPELLANT    BY   GRANTING
No. 22AP-524                                                                               10

                DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
                SINCE DEFENDANTS WERE NOT ENTITLED BY LAW
                WHEN PLAINTIFF PRESENTED GENUINE ISSUE OF
                MATERIAL FACTUAL DISPUTES ON ALL CLAIMS
                VIOLATING OHIO RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE, CIVIL
                RULE 56 (A) AND (C).
(Sic passim.)

       {¶ 33} Before considering Mr. Childs’ assignments of error, we must address a
procedural argument raised by appellees. Appellees contend this court lacks jurisdiction to
address Mr. Childs’ first, second, and third assignments of error because Mr. Childs failed
to designate the judgments at issue in those assignments of error in his notice of appeal.
(Appellees’ Brief at 20.)
       {¶ 34} Appellate courts have jurisdiction to review the final orders or judgments of
the inferior courts in their district. Ohio Constitution, Article IV, Section 3(B)(2); R.C.
2505.03. An appeal as of right “shall be taken by filing a notice of appeal with the clerk of
the trial court within the time allowed by [App.R.] 4.” App.R. 3(A). App.R. 3(D) addresses
the contents of the notice of appeal, and provides that a notice of appeal “shall designate
the judgment, order or part thereof appealed from.”
       {¶ 35} Mr. Childs’ notice of appeal designated only the trial court’s August 25, 2022
decision and entry granting appellees’ motion for summary judgment as the order appealed
from. Appellees contend that Mr. Childs’ failure to separately designate each interlocutory
order in the notice of appeal deprives this court of jurisdiction to address the trial court’s
interlocutory orders. (Appellees’ Brief at 18-20.) We disagree.
       {¶ 36} This court has held that App.R. 3(D) “does not require an appellant to
separately identify each interlocutory order issued prior to a final judgment.” 533 Short
North LLC v. Zwerin, 10th Dist. No. 14AP-1016, 2015-Ohio-4040, ¶ 52, citing Beatley v.
Knisley, 183 Ohio App.3d 356, 2009-Ohio-2229 (10th Dist.). Because a court’s
interlocutory orders merge with the court’s final judgment, “an appeal from a final
judgment includes all interlocutory orders merged with it.”           Id., citing Shaffer v.
OhioHealth Corp., 10th Dist. No. 04AP-236, 2004-Ohio-6523, ¶ 12. Accord Beatley at ¶ 10
(stating that because the court’s interlocutory order merged into the final judgment,
“defendants did not need to name the [interlocutory order] in their notice of appeal”); Accu-
Check Instrument Serv. v. Sunbelt Business Advisors of Cent. Ohio, 10th Dist. No. 09AP-
No. 22AP-524                                                                                           11

505, 2009-Ohio-6849, ¶ 23 (holding App.R. 3(D) “does not require an appellant to
separately identify [in the notice of appeal] each interlocutory order issued prior to a final
judgment”); Shaffer at ¶ 12; Pla v. Cleveland State Univ., 10th Dist. No. 17AP-212, 2017-
Ohio-8149, ¶ 12.
        {¶ 37} Appellees rely on C.V. Perry & Co. v. W. Jefferson, 10th Dist. No. 93APE12-
1640, 1994 Ohio App. LEXIS 4407 (Sept. 27, 1994), In re England, 10th Dist. No. 92AP-
1749, 1993 Ohio App. LEXIS 2605 (May 18, 1993), and cases from our sister districts to
support their contention that this court lacks jurisdiction to address the trial court’s
interlocutory orders. (Appellees’ Brief at 18-19.) While C.V. Perry & Co. and England make
statements indicating that an appellate court may refuse to consider an argument
pertaining to an interlocutory order if the appellant failed to designate the order in their
notice of appeal1, these cases significantly predate the more recent precedent from this
court noted above. As such, we follow the more “recent binding precedent of our court.”
Pla at ¶ 12, citing 533 Short North LLC. While decisions from our sister districts may be
persuasive and assistive, they are not binding authority on this court. Estate of Aukland v.
Broadview NH, LLC, 10th Dist. No. 16AP-661, 2017-Ohio-5602, ¶ 21, quoting Keytack v.
Warren, 11th Dist. No. 2005-T-0152, 2006-Ohio-5179, ¶ 51.
        {¶ 38} Accordingly, because the trial court’s interlocutory orders merged with the
court’s final judgment, this court has jurisdiction to address the trial court’s interlocutory
rulings. Therefore, we will address each of Mr. Childs’ assignments of error. For ease of
analysis, we address Mr. Childs’ first and third assignments of error jointly.
III. First & Third Assignments of Error–Motion to Compel, Motion for
      Sanctions, Motion to Strike, Motion in Limine & Mr. Childs’ Criminal
      History
        {¶ 39} Mr. Childs’ first assignment of error asserts the trial court erred by denying
his motion to compel, motion for sanctions, motion to strike, and motion in limine. Mr.
Childs’ third assignment of error asserts the trial court erred by permitting appellees to rely
on his murder conviction as the grounds for his termination.

1See C.V. Perry & Co. (stating the appellate court was “unable to reach the merits of [an] assignment of
error since plaintiffs ha[d] not filed a notice of appeal from this judgment as required by App.R. 3(D)”);
England (finding an assignment of error was “not properly before this court,” because the judgment
designated in the notice of appeal did not contain the ruling the appellant sought to challenge).
No. 22AP-524                                                                             12

       A. Motion to Compel
       {¶ 40} In his motion to compel, filed on April 23, 2021, Mr. Childs asked the trial
court to direct appellees to turn over copies of a number of documents. The trial court
denied Mr. Childs’ motion to compel because Mr. Childs failed to demonstrate he made a
good faith effort to resolve the discovery dispute without court intervention, and because
Mr. Childs failed to explain how appellees’ discovery responses were deficient. (Mar. 21,
2022 Decision and Entry at 1.) A trial court has broad discretion to regulate discovery, and
an appellate court will not reverse a trial court’s decision to grant or deny a motion to
compel discovery absent an abuse of discretion. Anderson v. Bright Horizons Children’s
Ctrs., LLC, 10th Dist. No. 20AP-291, 2022-Ohio-1031, ¶ 99, citing Ettayem v. Land of Arrat
Invest. Group, Inc., 10th Dist. No. 19AP-427, 2020-Ohio-3006, ¶ 20.           An abuse of
discretion implies that the court’s attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable.
Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219 (1983). See Huffman v. Hair Surgeon, Inc.,
19 Ohio St.3d 83, 87 (1985).
       {¶ 41} On February 24, 2021, Mr. Childs served a discovery request on appellees
requesting copies of various employment records pertaining to Mr. VanReeth, Ms. Flury,
and other specified clerks from the Reynoldsburg store. (Apr. 23, 2021 Mot. to Compel Exs.
1 & 2.) On March 22, 2021, appellees responded to the discovery request and stated that
they would produce additional documents when the trial court approved the parties’
protective order. Appellees objected to Mr. Childs’ requests for production of documents,
asserting that the requested documents were irrelevant, that Mr. Childs’ requests
mischaracterized facts, and/or that appellees did not have documents responsive to the
requests. (May 5, 2021 Resp. in Opp. to Mot. to Compel at 5.) However, appellees produced
some information relevant to the listed employees, including the former employees’
termination dates and termination codes. (Resp. in Opp. to Mot. to Compel at 5-6.)
       {¶ 42} Parties may generally obtain discovery regarding any nonprivileged matter
that is relevant to the party’s claim or defense and proportional to the needs of the case.
Civ.R. 26(B)(1). Parties may obtain discovery by various methods, including by production
of documents. Civ.R. 26(A). When a party requests production of documents pursuant to
Civ.R. 34, the responding party may object to the request and state the reasons for the
objection. Civ.R. 34(B)(1). The requesting party “may move for an order under Civ.R. 37
No. 22AP-524                                                                               13

with respect to any objection to or other failure to respond to the request” for production of
documents. Civ.R. 34(B)(1).
        {¶ 43} Civ.R. 37 governs motions to compel discovery, and provides that a motion
to compel “shall include a certification that the movant has in good faith conferred or
attempted to confer with the person or party failing to make discovery in an effort to obtain
it without court action.” Civ.R. 37(A)(1). The Local Rules of Practice of the Franklin County
Common Pleas Court, General Division (“Loc.R.”), provide that “[c]ounsel and
unrepresented parties shall make every effort to resolve discovery disputes by agreement
prior to filing motions with the Court.” Loc.R. 26.01. Accordingly, “a trial court does not
err in denying a motion to compel when the moving party has failed to comply with the
[Civ.R. 37(A)(1)] requirement[]” that they make a good faith effort to resolve the discovery
dispute without court action. Deutsche Bank Natl. Trust Co. v. Doucet, 10th Dist. No.
07AP-453, 2008-Ohio-589, ¶ 20. See also Jackson v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 10th
Dist. No. 20AP-233, 2021-Ohio-1642, ¶ 18 (denying motion to compel, in part, because the
“appellant failed to confer with appellee before filing a motion to compel in contravention
of Civ.R. 37(A)(1)”); PennyMac Loan Servs., LLC v. Marker, 7th Dist. No. 18 JE 0024,
2019-Ohio-4088, ¶ 35; Buckner v. Washington Mut. Bank, 12th Dist. No. CA2014-01-012,
2014-Ohio-5189, ¶ 25; Falkenberg v. Kucharczyk, 8th Dist. No. 111014, 2022-Ohio-2361,
¶ 32.
        {¶ 44} In his motion to compel, Mr. Childs alleged that he made “a good faith
attempt” to confer with appellees’ counsel but that counsel was “unresponsive and evasive.”
(Mot. to Compel at 2.) Mr. Childs supported his motion to compel with emails he sent to
appellees’ counsel on March 25, 2021 and April 5, 2021. In the March 25, 2021 email, Mr.
Childs approved appellees’ proposed protective order and cautioned appellees “not to
withhold evidence or destroy evidence.” (Mot. to Compel, Ex. 3.) The trial court approved
the parties’ proposed protective order on April 5, 2021. In his April 5, 2021 email, Mr.
Childs asked appellees if they could mail him a copy of his July 20, 2020 deposition. (Mot.
to Compel Ex. 4.) However, in neither the March 25, 2021 nor April 5, 2021 email did Mr.
Childs inform appellees that he believed their discovery responses were deficient or
otherwise suggest that the parties needed to resolve a dispute regarding discovery.
No. 22AP-524                                                                               14

       {¶ 45} Accordingly, Mr. Childs failed to demonstrate that he made a good faith effort
to resolve the discovery dispute without court action. As such, the trial court did not abuse
its discretion by denying Mr. Childs’ motion to compel discovery. Deutsche Bank Natl.
Trust Co. at ¶ 20.
       B. Motion for Sanctions
       {¶ 46} In his May 20, 2021 Civ.R. 37(D) motion for sanctions, Mr. Childs asserted
appellees should be sanctioned for failing to satisfy discovery requests by “Intentional and
Unlawful Interference with, Concealment and Misrepresentation of Evidence and []or lying
and submitting false statements” to the trial court. The trial court concluded that Mr.
Childs’ motion for discovery sanctions was untimely pursuant to Loc.R. 26.02. (Mar. 22,
2022 Decision and Entry at 1.) An appellate court reviews a trial court’s ruling on a motion
for discovery sanctions for an abuse of discretion. Huntington Natl. Bank v. Zeune, 10th
Dist. No. 08AP-1020, 2009-Ohio-3482, ¶ 17, citing Nakoff v. Fairview Gen. Hosp., 75 Ohio
St.3d 254 (1996), syllabus.
       {¶ 47} Loc.R. 26.02 provides that the “discovery cutoff date specified in the Case
Schedule shall be the last date for any party to seek the involvement of the assigned judicial
officer in the discovery process by way of motion seeking * * * sanctions, * * * absent
extraordinary circumstances.” The amended case schedule established April 30, 2021 as
the discovery cutoff date. As such, Mr. Childs’ May 20, 2021 motion for sanctions was filed
past the discovery cutoff date, in violation of Loc.R. 26.02. Mr. Childs did not provide any
reason to justify his untimely filing.
       {¶ 48} Additionally, Mr. Childs asked the court to sanction appellees for their failure
to produce the documents that were the subject of his motion to compel. “[B]efore a court
may sanction a party under Civ.R. 37 for failing ‘to obey an order to provide or permit
discovery,’ the court must have actually issued an order to provide or permit discovery.”
Gulbrandsen v. Summit Acres, Inc., 4th Dist. No. 14CA26, 2016-Ohio-1550, ¶ 35, quoting
Civ.R. 37. Accord Settle v. Thurber Manor Apts., 10th Dist. No. 98AP-608, 1999 Ohio App.
LEXIS 2187, *10 (May 11, 1999), citing Dafco, Inc. v. Reynolds, 9 Ohio App.3d 4 (10th
Dist.1983); Rogers v. Credit Acceptance Corp., 9th Dist. No. 11CA010141, 2013-Ohio-1097,
¶ 10. When Mr. Childs filed his motion for sanctions, the trial court had not yet ruled on
No. 22AP-524                                                                                                15

Mr. Childs’ motion to compel discovery, and the court ultimately denied the motion to
compel.
        {¶ 49} Accordingly, as Mr. Childs filed the motion for sanctions past the discovery
cutoff date and the trial court never issued an order to compel discovery, the trial court did
not abuse its discretion by denying Mr. Childs’ motion for sanctions.
        C. Motion to Strike
        {¶ 50} Mr. Childs’ motion to strike asked the trial court to strike Exhibits 2 and 4
introduced during his deposition.2 The trial court did not rule on the motion to strike before
granting appellees’ motion for summary judgment. “[A] trial court’s failure to rule on a
motion to strike before granting summary judgment to the moving party is deemed to be a
denial of the earlier filed motion.” Hinton v. Ohio Bur. of Sentence Computation, 10th Dist.
No. 17AP-187, 2018-Ohio-237, ¶ 6. See also Huntington Natl. Bank v. Bywood, Inc., 10th
Dist. No. 12AP-994, 2013-Ohio-2780, ¶ 5 (stating that “[g]enerally, when a trial court enters
judgment without expressly ruling on a pending motion, it is presumed that the court
overruled the motion”). Accordingly, we presume the trial court denied Mr. Childs’ motion
to strike. An appellate court generally reviews a trial court’s decision to grant or deny a
motion to strike evidence for an abuse of discretion. Nist v. Nexeo Solutions, LLC, 10th
Dist. No. 14AP-854, 2015-Ohio-3363, ¶ 14, citing Pickens v. Kroger Co., 10th Dist. No.
14AP-215, 2014-Ohio-4825, ¶ 9.
        {¶ 51} Mr. Childs’ motion asked the court to strike the deposition exhibits pursuant
to Civ.R. 12(F). Civ.R. 12(F) provides that, upon a timely motion, a court “may order
stricken from any pleading any insufficient claim or defense or any redundant, immaterial,
impertinent, or scandalous matter.” Because the deposition exhibits were not pleadings
under Civ.R. 7(A), Civ.R. 12(F) did not apply to Mr. Childs’ request to strike the exhibits.
See Woodson v. Carlson, 9th Dist. No. 21482, 2003-Ohio-5906, ¶ 4 (holding that because

2 Mr. Childs’ motion to strike also asked the court to strike Exhibit 29 introduced during his deposition.
(Mot. to Strike at 3.) However, Exhibit 29 has been completely redacted from the record before this court
and all references to the exhibit have been redacted from Mr. Childs’ deposition. (Childs Dep. at 224-26;
Ex. 29.) As such, we confine our analysis to Exhibits 2 and 4. Additionally, in the motion to strike Mr. Childs
asked the trial court to strike all references to his criminal background. We address this argument in our
review of Mr. Childs’ motion in limine and third assignment of error.
No. 22AP-524                                                                                16

the document at issue was “not a pleading under Civ.R. 7(A),” Civ.R. 12(F) “[did] not
apply”).
       {¶ 52} Exhibit 2 was an email from the principal of London High School, stating that
Mr. Childs never attended London High School. (Childs Dep., Ex. 2.) In the October 2014
employment application, Mr. Childs stated that he graduated from Madison Branch High
School in London, Ohio. (Childs Dep., Ex. 1.) When appellees’ counsel introduced Exhibit
2 at the deposition, counsel stated that the email was “correspondence that [his] office had
with Madison Branch High School.” (Childs Dep. at 38.) Mr. Childs noted that there
“seem[ed] to be a mistake,” because Madison Branch High School was located “at Madison
Correctional Institution” in London, Ohio, but counsel had contacted London High School,
an unrelated school. (Childs Dep. at 38.)
       {¶ 53} Exhibit 4 was an email from an administrative assistant at GCI, stating that
Mr. Childs was never employed by GCI. (Childs Dep., Ex. 4.) When appellees introduced
Exhibit 4 during the deposition, Mr. Childs stated that the email was “not true” because he
was “paid for [his] job [at GCI], every job classification that [he] had.” (Childs Dep. at 50.)
Mr. Childs argued in his motion to strike that appellees introduced Exhibits 2 and 4 to
create the “false impression that [he] lied.” (Mot. to Strike at 5.)
       {¶ 54} Mr. Childs did not object to either Exhibit 2 or 4 during his deposition.
“Errors and irregularities occurring at the [deposition] * * * of any kind which might be
obviated, removed, or cured if promptly presented, are waived unless reasonable objection
thereto is made at the taking of the deposition.” Civ.R. 32(D)(3)(b). “Pursuant to Civ.R.
32(D)(3)(b), a party must object at the time of the deposition or her right to object is
waived.” Bernal v. Lindholm, 133 Ohio App.3d 163, 183 (6th Dist.1999). See Safkow v.
Scheiben, 7th Dist. No. 99 CO 79, 2001 Ohio App. LEXIS 2113, *7 (May 7, 2001) (holding
that because appellants did not object “during the deposition of Dr. Glazer * * * to Def.
exhibits 5 or 7 * * * [a]ppellants ha[d] waived any errors pertaining to the aforementioned
evidence”); Ireton v. JTD Realty Invs., LLC, 12th Dist. No. CA2010-04-023, 2011-Ohio-
670, ¶ 25-26. Thus, Mr. Childs waived any error pertaining to Exhibit 2 or 4 by failing to
object to the exhibits during his deposition. Moreover, because the trial court did not rely
on either Exhibit 2 or 4 in its decision granting appellees’ motion for summary judgment,
any failure to strike the exhibits would amount to harmless error. See Civ.R. 61; Wallick
No. 22AP-524                                                                                 17

Properties Midwest, LLC v. Jama, 10th Dist. No. 20AP-299, 2021-Ohio-2830, ¶ 20;
O’Brien v. Angley, 63 Ohio St.2d 159, 164-65 (1980).
        D. Motion in Limine and Third Assignment of Error–Mr. Childs’
           Criminal History
        {¶ 55} Although Mr. Childs’ first assignment of error asserts the trial court erred by
denying his motion in limine, Mr. Childs does not present an argument regarding the
motion in limine in his brief. An appellant must “include in its brief * * * [a]n argument
containing the contentions of the appellant with respect to each assignment of error
presented for review and the reasons in support of the contentions.” App.R. 16(A)(7). An
appellate court may disregard an assignment of error presented for review if the party
raising it “fails to argue the assignment separately in the brief, as required under App.R.
16(A).” App.R. 12(A)(2). See State v. Brown, 10th Dist. No. 16AP-753, 2017-Ohio-7134,
¶ 14.
        {¶ 56} However, Mr. Childs’ motion in limine and third assignment of error both
concern Mr. Childs’ argument that Kroger waived its ability to rely on his criminal
background. Mr. Childs’ motion in limine asked the court to exclude any reference to his
criminal background, and Mr. Childs’ third assignment of error asserts the trial court erred
by allowing appellees to rely on his criminal background, based on his waiver argument.
As such, in the interests of justice, we will address Mr. Childs’ contention under his first
assignment of error regarding his motion in limine and Mr. Childs’ third assignment of
error jointly.
        {¶ 57} “A motion in limine is a request ‘that the court limit or exclude use of evidence
which the movant believes to be improper, and is made in advance of the actual
presentation of the evidence to the trier of fact, usually prior to trial.’ ” Gordon v. Ohio
State Univ., 10th Dist. No. 10AP-1058, 2011-Ohio-5057, ¶ 82, quoting State v. Winston, 71
Ohio App.3d 154, 158 (2d Dist.1991). We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion in limine
for an abuse of discretion. Id. at ¶ 82, citing State v. Yohey, 3d Dist. No. 9-95-46, 1996 Ohio
App. LEXIS 999 (Mar. 18, 1996). Although the trial court did not rule on Mr. Childs’ motion
in limine before granting appellees’ motion for summary judgment, we presume the court
overruled the motion. Bywood, 2013-Ohio-2780 at ¶ 5.
No. 22AP-524                                                                                18

       {¶ 58} Throughout the case, Mr. Childs argued that Kroger either waived its ability
to rely on, or was prevented from relying on, his criminal background for the following
reasons: (1) Kroger conducted background checks on Mr. Childs and made promises to Mr.
Childs regarding his employment; (2) because Mr. Childs allegedly disclosed his murder
conviction when he was a union member, Kroger had to comply with the terms of the
collective bargaining agreement before terminating his employment; and (3) because the
federal magistrate found Kroger waived its ability to rely on Mr. Childs’ criminal
background, either the law of the case doctrine or collateral estoppel required the trial court
to follow the federal magistrate’s ruling. (Mot. in Lim.; Mot. to Deny Summ. Jgmt.; Mot.
for Leave and Summ. Jgmt.; Appellant’s Brief at 21-28.)
       {¶ 59} When Mr. Childs became an assistant store manager in 2016, he became an
at-will employee. “Ohio has long recognized the employment-at-will doctrine.” Lunsford
v. Sterilite of Ohio, L.L.C., 162 Ohio St.3d. 231, 2020-Ohio-4193, ¶ 25, citing La France
Elec. Constr. Supply Co. v. Internatl. Bhd. of Elec. Workers, Local No. 8, 108 Ohio St. 61
(1923), syllabus. Either party to an employment-at-will contract may “terminate the
employment relationship for ‘any reason which is not contrary to law.’ ” Id., quoting Mers
v. Dispatch Printing Co., 19 Ohio St.3d 100, 103 (1985). See Fendley v. Wright State Univ.,
10th Dist. No. 18AP-113, 2019-Ohio-1963, ¶ 17 (stating “at-will employees face discharge
for good reasons, bad reasons, or no reason at all,” so long as the discharge is “not contrary
to law”). The Supreme Court of Ohio has, however, recognized certain exceptions to the
employment-at-will doctrine, including promissory estoppel and breach of an express or
implied contract. Lunsford at ¶ 26; Wright v. Honda of Am. Mfg., Inc., 73 Ohio St.3d 571,
574 (1995), citing Mers at 104-05.
       {¶ 60} Mr. Childs testified that when he was initially hired, Kroger considered an
applicant’s criminal history “case by case, [considering] recency and severity and things like
that.” (Childs Dep. at 114.) Mr. Childs claimed that Kroger subsequently changed its policy
to “contingency” whereby management had to “complet[e] a background check” before
hiring an applicant. (Childs Dep. at 114-15.) In his motion in limine, Mr. Childs asserted
that Mr. Gray and Ms. Gerace “both did independent Background Checks before and while
Plaintiff was a union member” which resulted in the issue of his “background [being]
waived.” (Mot. in Lim. at 5.) In his motion to deny appellees’ motion for summary
No. 22AP-524                                                                             19

judgment, Mr. Childs asserted that equitable or promissory estoppel precluded Kroger
from relying on his criminal background because he “relied on Kroger Co. waivers of
background and criminal case on a case by case basis when [he was] first hired,” and
because he “quit his job at Embassy Suites for Career at Kroger Co. which Deb Gail asked
him to do.” (Mot. to Deny Summ. Jgmt. at 6.)
       {¶ 61} “Promissory estoppel limits an employer’s right to discharge an employee
when promises have been made on which the employee relies to her detriment.” Montell
v. Huntington Bancshares Inc., 10th Dist. No. 96APE12-1725, 1997 Ohio App. LEXIS 3634,
*3 (Aug. 14, 1997). To establish the promissory estoppel exception to the employment-at-
will doctrine, an employee must prove (1) a promise made by the employer that the
employer reasonably should expect would induce action or forbearance on the part of its
employee; (2) evidence that the expected action or forbearance actually resulted; and (3)
such action or forbearance must have been detrimental to the employee. Schrock v. A.R.
Bldg. Co., 10th Dist. No. 20AP-567, 2021-Ohio-2831, ¶ 13, citing Hester v. Case W. Res.
Univ., 8th Dist. No. 104415, 2017-Ohio-103, ¶ 56.        The promise must be clear and
unambiguous in its terms, and must concern and limit the employer’s right to discharge the
employee. Id.; Welch v. Finlay Fine Jewelry Corp., 10th Dist. No. 01AP-508, 2002 Ohio
App. LEXIS 503 (Feb. 12, 2002). See Wing v. Anchor Media, Ltd. of Texas, 59 Ohio St.3d
108, 110 (1991) (noting that although the employee “may have thought that the promise of
a future opportunity to buy into the station meant job security, such a promise is not a
promise of continued employment and, therefore, [could not] reasonably be relied upon as
such.”).
       {¶ 62} Mr. Childs did not present evidence of a clear and unequivocal promise from
Kroger stating that it would not terminate Mr. Childs’ employment because of his criminal
history. Mr. Childs may have subjectively believed that, because Kroger conducted
background checks on him and he disclosed his conviction to Ms. Gerace, Kroger would not
subsequently rely on his murder conviction to terminate his employment. However, Mr.
Childs’ subjective belief was not a substitute for a specific promise of continued
employment from Kroger. See Welch at *10 (finding the plaintiff’s “subjective belief that if
she obeyed her supervisors’ order she would be ensured continued employment [could not]
be a substitute for allegations of a specific promise of continued employment by the
No. 22AP-524                                                                                             20

employer”); Schrock at ¶ 15. Similarly, although Mr. Childs averred that Ms. Gail “asked
[him] what would it take for [him] to leave Embassy Suites for management at Kroger,” Ms.
Gail’s question did not amount to a promise of continued employment once Mr. Childs
became a manager at Kroger. (Mot. to Deny Summ. Jgmt., Ex. 48 (Childs Aff.) at 2.)
Accordingly, Mr. Childs failed to establish the promissory estoppel exception to the
employment-at-will doctrine.3
        {¶ 63} Mr. Childs’ testimony and arguments demonstrate that he believed Kroger
was aware of his murder conviction, either because of the background checks or Ms. Gerace,
and that the murder conviction did not disqualify him from employment with Kroger when
he was initially hired. Thus, Mr. Childs appears to contend that because his initial hire was
appropriate, Kroger could not rely on a subsequent change in its policy to terminate his
employment. However, when employment is at-will, an employer may “prospectively
change the terms and conditions of the at-will employment contract, without
consideration.” Carter v. Warner Interior, 8th Dist. No. 71797, 1997 Ohio App. LEXIS
4894, *7 (Nov. 6, 1997), citing Nichols v. Waterfield Fin. Corp., 62 Ohio App.3d 717, 719
(9th Dist.1989). Accordingly, Kroger could prospectively change which criminal
convictions disqualified an individual from employment with Kroger and apply that change
to any at-will employee. Ms. Gray’s affidavit demonstrated that murder was a disqualifying
conviction for both hourly-paid and management-level employment with Kroger.4 (Gray
Aff. at ¶ 11.) Mr. Childs did not present evidence to rebut Ms. Gray’s averment that Kroger
policy identified murder as a disqualifying conviction at least by the time of his termination
in May of 2018.
        {¶ 64} Mr. Childs further contends that Kroger breached the collective bargaining
agreement between UFCW Local 1059 and Kroger, because Kroger did not comply with the
disciplinary procedures of the agreement during his termination. (Appellant’s Brief at 26.)

3 Mr. Childs also asserted that equitable estoppel precluded Kroger from relying on his criminal
background. “ ‘A prima facie case of equitable estoppel requires proof of (1) a factual representation that,
(2) is misleading, (3) induces actual reliance that is reasonable and in good faith, and (4) causes detriment
to the relying party.’ ” Garb-Ko, Inc. v. Benderson, 10th Dist. No. 12AP-430, 2013-Ohio-1249, ¶ 17, quoting
Hudson v. Petrosurance, Inc., 10th Dist. No. 08AP-1030, 2009-Ohio-4307, ¶ 38. Because Mr. Childs failed
to identify a misleading factual representation made by Kroger which he relied on to his detriment, Mr.
Childs failed to establish a prima facie case of equitable estoppel.
4 Ms. Gray’s affidavit does not indicate when Kroger’s policy regarding murder convictions became

effective.
No. 22AP-524                                                                                 21

Certainly, when an employee is a member of a labor union “the terms of her employment
relationship [are] governed by a collective bargaining agreement.” Haynes v. Zoological
Soc., 73 Ohio St.3d 254, 258 (1995). As such, a member of a labor union “is not an at-will
employee.” Garrett v. City of Columbus, 10th Dist. No. 11AP-1113, 2012-Ohio-3271, ¶ 15.
       {¶ 65} However, from 2016 until his termination in 2018, Mr. Childs was an at-will,
management level employee. The agreement between UFCW Local 1059 and Kroger stated
that the union would be the sole and exclusive bargaining agent “for all employees * * *
except Store Managers in the stores of the Employer within Local 1059’s jurisdiction.”
(Mot. for Jud. Notice, Ex. 1 at 1.) See also 29 U.S.C. 152(3) (stating that, for purposes of the
National Labor Relations Act, an “employee” does not include “any individual employed as
a supervisor”). Because Mr. Childs was no longer a member of the union when he became
an assistant store manager, the disciplinary procedures of the collective bargaining
agreement did not apply to his termination in 2018. Mr. Childs presented no evidence to
support his contention that the collective bargaining agreement could apply to his
termination from his management level position simply because the grounds for his
termination allegedly existed when he was a union member. As such, Mr. Childs failed to
establish the breach of contract exception to the employment-at-will doctrine.
       {¶ 66} In the federal removal proceeding, the district court’s magistrate noted that,
although Mr. Childs’ August 6, 2020 letter referenced the Labor-Management Reporting
and Disclosure Act, the language in the letter “suggest[ed] that [Mr. Childs] made these
references for purposes of objecting to defense counsel’s line of questioning at his
deposition regarding his alleged failure to disclose his criminal record.” Childs, 2020 U.S.
Dist. LEXIS 191604 at *16. The magistrate further stated as follows:
              While not entirely clear, the [August 6, 2020 letter’s] language
              also reflects that, to the extent Kroger could have pursed such
              an issue against him, Mr. Childs is contending that it should
              have done so when he was a union member subject to union
              due process protections. Mr. Childs asserts that Kroger’s failure
              to do so resulted in a “waiver,” making the issue “stale,”
              “improper and moot” and, by extension, an inappropriate
              defense against him in this case.

Id.
No. 22AP-524                                                                               22

       {¶ 67} Mr. Childs appears to contend that the magistrate’s statements amounted to
a determination that Kroger had waived its ability to rely on his criminal record. However,
the federal magistrate simply summarized the arguments contained in Mr. Childs’
August 6, 2020 letter. The magistrate did not rule on those arguments. As such, Mr. Childs’
contentions regarding the law of the case doctrine and collateral estoppel with respect to
the magistrate’s statements lack merit. See Giancola v. Azem, 153 Ohio St.3d 594, 2018-
Ohio-1694, ¶ 1, citing Nolan v. Nolan, 11 Ohio St.3d 1, 3 (1984) (explaining that under the
law of the case doctrine “legal questions resolved by a reviewing court in a prior appeal
remain the law of that case for any subsequent proceedings at both the trial and appellate
levels”); Nye v. State Bd. of Examiners of Architects, 165 Ohio App.3d 502, 2006-Ohio-
948, ¶ 13, citing State ex rel. Stacy v. Batavia Local School Dist. Bd. of Edn., 97 Ohio St.3d
269, 2002-Ohio-6322, ¶ 16 (stating that under the doctrine of collateral estoppel “an issue
or a fact that was fairly, fully, and necessarily litigated and determined in a prior action,
may not be drawn into question in a subsequent action between the same parties or their
privies, whether the cause of action in the two actions be identical or different.”).
       {¶ 68} Thus, at the time of his termination in May of 2018, Mr. Childs was an at-will
employee who could be discharged from his employment for any reason not contrary to
law, without the protections afforded by the collective bargaining agreement between
UFCW Local 1059 and Kroger. Lunsford at ¶ 25; Mers at 103. As such, the trial court did
not err by permitting Kroger to rely on Mr. Childs’ criminal history as the grounds for his
termination. Based on the foregoing, we overrule Mr. Childs’ first and third assignments
of error.
IV. Second Assignment of Error–Motion for Leave and Summary Judgment
    & Motion for Judicial Notice
       {¶ 69} Mr. Childs’ second assignment of error asserts the trial court erred by denying
his motion for leave and summary judgment and his motion for judicial notice. The trial
court denied Mr. Childs’ motion for leave and summary judgment because the dispositive
motion deadline expired nine months before Mr. Childs filed the motion, and because Mr.
Childs did not establish good cause for his untimely filing.
       {¶ 70} “Trial courts have inherent power to manage their own dockets and the
progress of the proceedings before them.” Olentangy Condominium Assn. v. Lusk, 10th
No. 22AP-524                                                                                23

Dist. No. 09AP-568, 2010-Ohio-1023, ¶ 47, citing State ex rel. Charvat v. Frye, 114 Ohio
St.3d 76, 2007-Ohio-2882, ¶ 23. “Whether to grant or deny a motion to extend a court-
ordered deadline * * * is a decision committed to the trial court’s sound discretion.” Id. See
also Civ.R. 6(B). Loc.R. 56.03 provides that a party may file a motion for summary
judgment “no later than the dispositive motion deadline in the Case Schedule,” and that
“[l]eave of court is required for a filing after that deadline, which shall be granted only for
good cause.”
       {¶ 71} The amended case schedule below established April 16, 2021 as the deadline
for filing dispositive motions. Mr. Childs filed his motion for leave and summary judgment
on January 21, 2022, over nine months past the dispositive motion deadline. Although Mr.
Childs asked the trial court “for permission” to file his motion for summary judgment, Mr.
Childs did not set forth any explanation for why he was unable to comply with the
dispositive motion deadline. (Mot. for Leave and Summ. Jgmt. at 1.) Because Mr. Childs
did not establish good cause for the delay, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by
denying Mr. Childs’ motion for leave and summary judgment. See Pilz v. Dept. of Rehab.
& Corr., 10th Dist. No. 04AP-240, 2004-Ohio-4040, ¶ 6; Lusk at ¶ 48.
       {¶ 72} Mr. Childs’ motion for judicial notice asked the trial court to take judicial
notice of the disciplinary procedures contained in the collective bargaining agreement
between UFCW Local 1059 and Kroger. The trial court did not rule on Mr. Childs’ motion
for judicial notice before granting appellees’ motion for summary judgment. As such, we
presume the court overruled the motion. Bywood, 2013-Ohio-2780 at ¶ 5.
       {¶ 73} Evid.R. 201 permits a court to take judicial notice “of adjudicative facts; i.e.,
the facts of the case,” and provides that a court “shall take judicial notice if requested by a
party and supplied with the necessary information.” Evid.R. 201(A), (D). A judicially
noticed fact must be one “not subject to reasonable dispute in that it is either (1) generally
known within the territorial jurisdiction of the trial court or (2) capable of accurate and
ready determination by resort to sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.”
Evid.R. 201(B).
       {¶ 74} Because Mr. Childs was not a union member at the time of his termination,
the disciplinary procedures of the collective bargaining agreement did not apply to his
termination. See In re Mingle, 5th Dist. No. 1999CA00075, 1999 Ohio App. LEXIS 5538,
No. 22AP-524                                                                                                 24

*3 (Nov. 22, 1999) (noting that the “propriety of taking judicial notice * * * rests on whether
the facts in the record are relevant and admissible to the case and whether it is proper to
take judicial notice”). As such, Mr. Childs fails to establish how the court’s failure to take
judicial notice of the disciplinary procedures affected his substantial rights. Because the
disciplinary procedures did not apply to the termination of his at-will employment, any
error by the trial court with respect to the motion for judicial notice was harmless.5 See
Civ.R. 61; In re R.B., 6th Dist. No. H-10-018, 2011-Ohio-5042, ¶ 15.
        {¶ 75} Based on the foregoing, we overrule Mr. Childs’ second assignment of error.
V. Fourth Assignment of Error–Appellees’ Motion for Summary Judgment
        {¶ 76} Mr. Childs’ fourth assignment of error asserts the trial court erred by granting
appellees summary judgment on each of his claims. An appellate court reviews a grant of
summary judgment under a de novo standard. Capella III LLC v. Wilcox, 190 Ohio App.3d
133, 2010-Ohio-4746, ¶ 16 (10th Dist.), citing Andersen v. Highland House Co., 93 Ohio
St.3d 547, 548 (2001). “[D]e novo appellate review means that the court of appeals
independently reviews the record and affords no deference to the trial court’s decision.”
(Internal quotations and citations omitted.) Holt v. State, 10th Dist. No. 10AP-214, 2010-
Ohio-6529, ¶ 9. Summary judgment is appropriate only when the moving party
demonstrates: (1) no genuine issue of material fact exists, (2) the moving party is entitled
to judgment as a matter of law, and (3) reasonable minds could come to but one conclusion
and that conclusion is adverse to the party against whom the motion for summary judgment
is made. Civ.R. 56(C); State ex rel. Grady v. State Emp. Relations Bd., 78 Ohio St.3d 181,
183 (1997). In ruling on a motion for summary judgment, the court must resolve all doubts
and construe the evidence in favor of the non-moving party. Premiere Radio Networks,
Inc. v. Sandblast, L.P., 10th Dist. No. 18AP-736, 2019-Ohio-4015, ¶ 6, citing Pilz, 2004-
Ohio-4040 at ¶ 8.
        {¶ 77} Pursuant to Civ.R. 56(C), the moving party bears the initial burden of
informing the trial court of the basis for the motion and of identifying those portions of the

5“Error is harmless if a court determines that ‘if [the] error[] had not occurred, the jury or other trier of the
facts would probably have made the same decision.’ ” Shupe v. Media Distribs. LLC, 10th Dist. No. 11AP-
336, 2012-Ohio-325, ¶ 19, quoting Hallworth v. Republic Steel Corp., 153 Ohio St. 349 (1950), paragraph
three of the syllabus.
No. 22AP-524                                                                                25

record demonstrating the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Dresher v. Burt, 75
Ohio St.3d 280, 293 (1996). If the moving party fails to satisfy its initial burden, the court
must deny the motion for summary judgment. Id. If the moving party satisfies its initial
burden, summary judgment is appropriate unless the non-moving party responds, by
affidavit or otherwise as provided under Civ.R. 56, with specific facts demonstrating a
genuine issue exists for trial. Id.; Hall v. Ohio State Univ. College of Humanities, 10th Dist.
No. 11AP-1068, 2012-Ohio-5036, ¶ 12, citing Henkle v. Henkle, 75 Ohio App.3d 732, 735
(12th Dist.1991).
       A. Race & Disability Discrimination
       {¶ 78} The trial court concluded that Mr. Childs had not established a prima facie
case of race or disability discrimination, and that appellees had asserted a legitimate and
non-pretextual reason for Mr. Childs’ termination—Mr. Childs’ “criminal history, including
a murder conviction, rendered him ineligible for employment with Kroger.” (Decision at
4.)
       {¶ 79} R.C. 4112.02(A) provides that it is an unlawful discriminatory practice “[f]or
any employer, because of the race, color, religion, sex, military status, national origin,
disability, age, or ancestry of any person, to discharge without just cause, to refuse to hire,
or otherwise to discriminate against that person with respect to hire, tenure, terms,
conditions, or privileges of employment, or any matter directly or indirectly related to
employment.” Ohio courts often look to federal anti-discrimination case law when
examining employment discrimination cases made under state law. Nelson v. Univ. of
Cincinnati, 10th Dist. No. 16AP-224, 2017-Ohio-514, ¶ 31, citing Coryell v. Bank One Trust
Co. N.A., 101 Ohio St.3d 175, 2004-Ohio-723, ¶ 15. See Williams v. Akron, 107 Ohio St.3d
203, 2005-Ohio-6268, ¶ 31.
       {¶ 80} To prevail in an employment discrimination case, a plaintiff must prove
discriminatory intent through either direct or indirect methods of proof. Ricker v. John
Deere Ins. Co., 133 Ohio App.3d 759, 766 (10th Dist.1998), citing Mauzy v. Kelly Servs.,
Inc., 75 Ohio St.3d 578, 583 (1996). Direct evidence of discriminatory intent consists of
evidence “that can be interpreted as an acknowledgment of discriminatory intent,” and only
the most blatant remarks will constitute direct evidence of discrimination. Dautartas v.
No. 22AP-524                                                                               26

Abbott Laboratories, 10th Dist. No. 11AP-706, 2012-Ohio-1709, ¶ 35, quoting Southworth
v. N. Trust Sec., Inc., 195 Ohio App.3d 357, 2011-Ohio-3467, ¶ 4 (8th Dist.).
       {¶ 81} If a plaintiff lacks direct evidence of discriminatory intent, they may raise an
inference of discriminatory intent indirectly through the burden-shifting analysis set forth
in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973). Mauzy at 583. Under the
McDonnell Douglas analysis, the plaintiff bears the initial burden of establishing a prima
facie case of discrimination. McDonnell Douglas Corp. at 802; Plumbers & Steamfitters
Joint Apprenticeship Commt. v. Ohio Civil Rights Comm., 66 Ohio St.2d 192, 197 (1981).
To establish a prima facie case of discrimination, a plaintiff must demonstrate that they (1)
are a member of a protected class, (2) suffered an adverse employment action, (3) were
qualified for the position in question, and (4) were replaced by someone outside of the
protected class or that the employer treated a similarly situated non-protected person more
favorably. McDonnell Douglas Corp. at 802; Veal v. Upreach LLC, 10th Dist. No. 11AP-
192, 2011-Ohio-5406, ¶ 21. Establishing a prima facie case “creates a presumption that the
employer unlawfully discriminated against the employee.” Texas Dept. of Community
Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 254 (1981).
       {¶ 82} If a plaintiff establishes a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the employer
to articulate some legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the challenged action.
Williams at ¶ 12; Bowditch v. Mettler Toledo Internatl., Inc., 10th Dist. No. 12AP-776,
2013-Ohio-4206, ¶ 16. The employer’s burden at this stage “is one of production (not
persuasion).” Boyd v. Ohio Dept. of Mental Health, 10th Dist. No. 10AP-906, 2011-Ohio-
3596, ¶ 27, citing Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 142 (2000). If
the employer submits evidence that “taken as true, would permit the conclusion that there
was a nondiscriminatory reason for the adverse action,” the employer has met its burden
of production. (Emphasis sic.) St. Mary’s Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 509 (1993).
       {¶ 83} If the employer meets its burden of production, “the plaintiff must then have
an opportunity to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the legitimate reasons
offered by the defendant were not its true reasons, but were a pretext for discrimination.”
Burdine at 253, citing McDonnell Douglas Corp. at 804. A plaintiff may establish that the
reasons offered by the employer were a pretext for discrimination by demonstrating that
the articulated reasons had no basis in fact, were not the actual reasons for the adverse
No. 22AP-524                                                                                                27

action, or were insufficient to explain the employer’s action. Hartman v. Ohio Dept. of
Transp., 10th Dist. No. 16AP-222, 2016-Ohio-5208, ¶ 21, quoting Smith v. Ohio Dept. of
Pub. Safety, 10th Dist. No. 12AP-1073, 2013-Ohio-4210, ¶ 77. See St. Mary’s at 515.
Although the burdens of production shift under the McDonnell Douglas analysis, “[t]he
ultimate burden of persuading the trier of fact that the defendant intentionally
discriminated against the plaintiff remains at all times with the plaintiff.” Burdine at 253.
        1. Race Discrimination
        {¶ 84} Mr. Childs satisfies the first element of his prima facie case for race
discrimination because he is African American and therefore a member of a protected class.
With respect to the second element, Mr. Childs unquestionably suffered an adverse
employment action when Kroger terminated his employment.6 However, Mr. Childs is
unable to establish the third element of his prima facie case, because his murder conviction
rendered him unqualified for employment at Kroger.
        {¶ 85} “The test for determining whether an employee is otherwise qualified is
whether ‘he was doing his job well enough to meet his employer’s legitimate expectations.’ ”
Strickland v. Fed. Express Corp., 45 Fed.Appx 421, 424 (6th Cir.2002), quoting Dews v.
A.B. Dick Co., 231 F.3d 1016, 1023 (6th Cir.2000). In her affidavit, Ms. Gray averred that

6 Mr. Childs, however, asserts that Mr. VanReeth took adverse employment actions against him through
the “[2016] performance evaluation and illegitimate [Action Plan].” (Appellant’s Brief at 39.) For purposes
of an employment discrimination claim, an adverse employment action consists of a “materially adverse
change in the terms and conditions of the plaintiff's employment.” Canady v. Rekau & Rekau, Inc., 10th
Dist. No. 09AP-32, 2009-Ohio-4974, ¶ 25, citing Michael v. Caterpillar Fin. Servs. Corp., 496 F.3d 584,
593 (6th Cir.2007). Thus, an adverse employment action includes any “ ‘ “significant change in employment
status, such as hiring, firing, failing to promote, reassignment with significantly different responsibilities,
or a decision causing a significant change in benefits.” ’ ” Id., quoting Tepper v. Potter, 505 F.3d 508, 515
(6th Cir.2007), quoting Burlington Industries, Inc., v. Ellerth, 524 U.S. 742, 761 (1998). Employment
actions that result in mere inconvenience or an alteration of job responsibilities are not disruptive enough
to constitute adverse employment actions for purposes of a discrimination claim. Id., citing Mitchell v.
Vanderbilt Univ., 389 F.3d 177, 182 (6th Cir.2004). Mr. Childs failed to establish that, as a result of the
2016 performance review or the Action Plan, he received less pay, was demoted, or that he received
significantly diminished responsibilities. See Mowery v. Columbus, 10th Dist. No. 05AP-266, 2006-Ohio-
1153, ¶ 24 (finding that a “negative performance appraisal” did not constitute an adverse employment
action, because the employee “submitted no evidence that she received less pay, worse assignments, a less
distinguished title or significantly diminished material responsibilities, or that appellees denied her
promotions, pay increases or other benefits based on her appraisal”); Haynes v. Level 3 Communications,
LLC, 456 F.3d 1215, 1224 (10th Cir.2006) (joining the other “circuits in holding a [performance
improvement plan], standing alone, is not an adverse employment action” for purposes of a discrimination
claim); Creggett v. Jefferson Cty. Bd. of Edn., 491 Fed.Appx. 561, 566 (6th Cir.2012). Mr. Childs failed to
establish that the performance review or Action Plan caused a materially adverse change in the terms and
conditions of his employment.
No. 22AP-524                                                                                                28

“Kroger’s criminal background matrices list a murder conviction as a disqualifying event
for employment for both management and hourly-paid employees or applicants.” (Gray
Aff. at ¶ 11.) Ms. Gray further averred that Kroger routinely “denie[d] employment to
applicants whose background check results reveal a disqualifying criminal conviction, and
it has also terminated employees when, after an employee’s initial hire, management
discovers that they have been convicted of a disqualifying crime.” (Gray Aff. at ¶ 11.)
        {¶ 86} Mr. Childs presented no evidence to rebut Ms. Gray’s affidavit. Even
accepting Mr. Childs’ contention that Kroger policy did not identify murder as a
disqualifying conviction when he was hired, a plaintiff must demonstrate that they were
qualified for their position “at the time of [their] termination.” Strickland at 424. See Webb
v. ServiceMaster BSC LLC, 438 Fed.Appx. 451, 453 (6th Cir.2011) (holding that an
employee could not rely on “positive performance reviews from prior years to establish his
qualifications at the time of termination,” because the employee’s “performance or [the
employer’s] expectations may have legitimately changed since the prior review period.”).
Ms. Gray’s affidavit demonstrated that, at least by the time of Mr. Childs’ termination in
2018, Kroger policy identified murder as a disqualifying conviction.
        {¶ 87} Because Mr. Childs failed to establish that he was qualified for his assistant
store manager position, Mr. Childs failed to establish a prima facie case of discrimination.
As such, we need not consider the remaining steps of the McDonnell Douglas analysis. See
Moody v. Ohio Dept. of Mental Health & Addiction Servs., 10th Dist. No. 21AP-159, 2021-
Ohio-4578, ¶ 33 (10th Dist.) (holding that “[b]ecause Moody failed to establish a prima facie
case of race or national origin discrimination, we need not consider the second or third
steps of the McDonnell Douglas analytical framework”); Taylor v. Ohio Dept. of Job &
Family Servs., 10th Dist. No. 11AP-385, 2011-Ohio-6060, ¶ 20 (stating that the “failure to
establish any single element [of a prima facie case] is fatal to a discrimination claim”). 7

7 However, even if we were to consider the remaining steps of the analysis, Mr. Childs’ race discrimination
claim would fail. Mr. Childs contends that Kroger’s reliance on his murder conviction as the grounds for his
termination was a pretext for discrimination because (1) Ms. Gray “mention[ed] at the termination meeting,
‘Black thug or Black professional,’ ” (2) Kroger performed background checks before hiring him, and (3) he
disclosed his murder conviction to Ms. Gerace. (Appellant’s Brief at 41.) Regarding the comment Mr. Childs
now attributes to Ms. Gray, at his deposition Mr. Childs testified that during the May 29, 2018 termination
meeting “[he] was like, what is it, black thug or black profession.” (Childs Dep. at 155.) In his affidavit, Mr.
Childs stated that during the termination meeting Ms. Gray “call[ed him] a thug and asked * * *, in a whisper
loud enough for me to hear, ‘Is it black professional or black thug.’ ” (Childs Aff. at 8.) Because Mr. Childs
provided no explanation for the contradiction between his deposition testimony and his affidavit regarding
No. 22AP-524                                                                                              29

Therefore, the trial court did not err by granting appellees summary judgment on Mr.
Childs’ claim for race discrimination.
        2. Disability Discrimination
        {¶ 88} Mr. Childs asserts that appellees discriminated against him by failing to
transfer him to another store to accommodate his disability. The trial court noted that,
although Mr. Childs argued he “was diagnosed with depression, anxiety, and/or PTSD,”8
Mr. Childs admitted that “his physical and mental conditions did not prevent him from
working.” (Decision at 4.) As such, the trial court concluded that Mr. Childs was not
disabled.
        {¶ 89} Generally, to recover on a claim for disability discrimination under
R.C. 4112.02(A), a plaintiff must demonstrate that: (1) he or she was disabled; (2) the
employer took an adverse employment action against the plaintiff, at least in part, because
the plaintiff was disabled; and (3) the plaintiff, though disabled, can safely and substantially
perform the essential functions of the job in question. Columbus Civ. Serv. Comm. v.
McGlone, 82 Ohio St.3d 569, 571 (1998), citing Hazlett v. Martin Chevrolet, Inc., 25 Ohio
St.3d 279, 281 (1986).
        {¶ 90} Disability discrimination can include “both an employer’s taking an adverse
employment action based on an employee’s disability and an employer’s failure to make a
reasonable accommodation.” Shaver v. Wolske & Blue, 138 Ohio App.3d 653, 663 (10th
Dist.2000), citing Taylor v. Phoenixville School Dist., 184 F.3d 296, 306 (3d Cir.1999). “An
employer must make reasonable accommodation(s) to the disability of an employee or

who made the comment, Mr. Childs’ affidavit could not create a genuine issue of material fact which would
preclude summary judgment. Byrd v. Smith, 110 Ohio St.3d 24, 2006-Ohio-3455, paragraph three of the
syllabus (holding that an affidavit of a party opposing summary judgment that
“contradicts former deposition testimony of that party may not, without sufficient explanation, create a
genuine issue of material fact to defeat the motion for summary judgment”); Allen v. Dept. of Adm. Servs.
Office of Risk Mgt., 10th Dist. No. 19AP-729, 2020-Ohio-1138, ¶ 25-26. Ms. Gray’s affidavit demonstrates
that the background checks did not reveal Mr. Childs’ murder conviction, and Mr. Childs never produced
evidence demonstrating that Ms. Gerace informed anyone else at Kroger about his murder conviction.
(Gray Aff. at ¶ 5-9.) Accordingly, even viewing the summary judgment evidence in a light most favorable to
Mr. Childs, Mr. Childs failed to present evidence indicating that Kroger’s stated reason for his termination,
i.e. his disqualifying murder conviction, had no basis in fact, was not the actual reason for the termination,
or was insufficient to explain Kroger’s decision to terminate his employment. Hartman at ¶ 21.
8 Although Mr. Childs presented evidence demonstrating that he was diagnosed with anxiety and PTSD

after his employment with Kroger ended, during his employment with Kroger Mr. Childs was only
diagnosed with depression. (Mr. Childs’ Aff. of Verity Exs. B & C; Childs Dep. at 101-03.) As such, we focus
our analysis of Mr. Childs’ disability discrimination claim on his diagnosis of depression.
No. 22AP-524                                                                                          30

applicant, unless the employer can demonstrate that such an accommodation(s) would
impose an undue hardship on the conduct of the employer’s business.” Ohio Adm.Code
4112-5-08(E)(1). To establish a prima facie case of failure to accommodate, the plaintiff
must show that: (1) they are disabled; (2) they are otherwise qualified for the position (with
or without reasonable accommodation); (3) their employer knew or had reason to know
about her disability; (4) they requested an accommodation; and (5) the employer failed to
provide the necessary accommodation. Coomer v. Opportunities for Ohioans with
Disabilities, 10th Dist. No. 21AP-158, 2022-Ohio-387, ¶ 17, citing DiCarlo v. Potter, 358
F.3d 408, 419 (6th Cir.2004). If the plaintiff establishes a prima facie case of failure to
accommodate, the burden shifts to the employer to demonstrate that the accommodation
would impose an undue hardship on the employer. Id., citing DiCarlo at 419.
        {¶ 91} Thus, to prevail on a failure to accommodate claim, a plaintiff must first
demonstrate that they are disabled. Shaver at 663. R.C. 4112.01(A)(13) defines the term
“disability” as (1) “a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more
major life activities, including the functions of caring for one’s self, performing manual
tasks, walking, seeing, hearing, speaking, breathing, learning, and working;” (2) “a record
of a physical or mental impairment;” or (3) “being regarded as having a physical or mental
impairment.”9 R.C. 4112.01(A)(13). A “physical or mental impairment” includes “[a]ny
mental or psychological disorder, including, but not limited to * * * emotional or mental
illness.” R.C. 4112.01(A)(16)(a)(ii). This court has found that depression “qualifies as a
mental impairment under R.C. 4112.01(A)(16)(ii).” Shaver at 666. See also Cooke v. SGS
Tool Co., 9th Dist. No. 19675, 200 Ohio App. LEXIS 1784 (Apr. 26, 2000).
        {¶ 92} For depression to constitute a disability under R.C. Chapter 4112, the
condition must substantially limit one or more major life activities. See Beauchamp v.
CompuServe, Inc., 126 Ohio App.3d 17, 23 (10th Dist.1998) (noting that although the
“appellant suffered from depression,” the appellant had to demonstrate that their

9 A plaintiff may not establish a failure to accommodate claim by relying solely on the “regarded as”
definition of disability. See Wells v. Cincinnati Children’s Hosp. Med. Ctr., 860 F.Supp.2d 469, 483 (S.D.
Ohio 2012), citing 42 U.S.C. 12201(h) (holding that “an employer has no duty to accommodate an employee
it regards as disabled”); West v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., W.D. Ky. No. 3:10-CV-716-H, 2011 U.S. Dist.
LEXIS 43944 (Apr. 22, 2011), citing Workman v. Frito-Lay, Inc., 165 F.3d 460, 467 (6th Cir.1999) (noting
that the “Sixth Circuit has held that employers do not owe a duty to accommodate an employee who is only
regarded as having a disability”).
No. 22AP-524                                                                                     31

depression “substantially limit[ed] one or more major life activities” to constitute a
disability under R.C. 4112.01); Corrado v. Warren-Trumbull County Pub. Library, 11th
Dist. No. 2005-T-0120, 2006-Ohio-4661, ¶ 27, quoting Cooke at *14 (holding that absent
indication that “ ‘one or more major life activities have been substantially limit[ed], * * *
the experience of depression is insufficient to constitute a disability’ ”).              See also
Woodbridge v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 10th Dist. No. 19AP-321, 2020-Ohio-891,
¶ 23.
        {¶ 93} “An impairment ‘substantially limits’ a major life activity if a person is unable
to perform the major life activity, or if a person is significantly restricted in his or her ability
to perform the major life activity, as compared to the average person in the general
population.” Camp v. Star Leasing Co., 10th Dist. No. 11AP-977, 2012-Ohio-3650, ¶ 55,
citing Slane v. MetaMateria Partners, LLC, 176 Ohio App.3d 459, 2008-Ohio-2426, ¶ 16
(10th Dist.) To determine whether a physical or mental impairment substantially limits a
major life activity, courts consider “(1) the nature and severity of the impairment, (2) the
duration or expected duration of the impairment, and (3) the permanent or long term
impact, or the expected permanent or long term impact of, or resulting from, the
impairment.” Jurczak v. J & R Schugel Trucking Co., 10th Dist. No. 03AP-451, 2003-Ohio-
7039, ¶ 23; Camp at ¶ 55, citing Canady at ¶ 33. Compare Shaver at 666-67 (finding “the
severity, nature, duration, and long-term effects” of the plaintiff’s depression demonstrated
that the condition “substantially limited [the plaintiff] in the major life activity of
thinking”); with Camp at ¶ 59 (concluding that the plaintiff’s depression had not
“manifested itself with sufficient frequency or in sufficient duration to qualify as a
substantially limiting impairment” because the plaintiff had “only one” depressive episode
which lasted four and one-half months and the depression had not “hampered [the
plaintiff’s] ability to lead an ordinary life” since that episode).
        {¶ 94} Although the trial court found that Mr. Childs’ depression did not
substantially limit Mr. Childs’ ability to work, working is only one major life activity that
may be impacted by a physical or mental impairment. Regardless, Mr. Childs failed to
demonstrate that his depression significantly limited any other major life activity. Although
Mr. Childs asserts the July 3, 2017 note from his doctor “provided sufficient information to
show impact on life activities,” the doctor’s note did not identify any major life activities
No. 22AP-524                                                                                32

that were impacted by Mr. Childs’ depression. (Appellant’s Brief at 47; Childs Dep., Ex. 22.)
Mr. Childs averred that after the February 28, 2017 robbery his “symptoms of depression
became more severe,” as he “had panic attacks, could not hardly sleep and had trouble
making it through [his] work days.” (Childs Aff. at 3.) However, Mr. Childs explained that
his panic attacks did not require him to leave work and that he would simply “go take a
breath in the seat and maybe drink some water” during a panic attack. (Childs Dep. at 176.)
Mr. Childs stated that he was able to do chores around the house some days, “but not every
day,” and that it was “not even easy to sleep” some days, although other days he could “sleep
all day.” (Childs Dep. at 105.) Mr. Childs demonstrated that he took medication to treat
his depression. (Childs Aff. of Verity, Ex. G, H, I, & J.)
       {¶ 95} Thus, while Mr. Childs indicated that his depression impacted his ability to
sleep and do household chores on some days, he did not claim that his depression affected
his ability to sleep or do chores for significant amounts of time. Mr. Childs presented no
evidence indicating that his depression substantially limited his ability to think or otherwise
engage in major life activities, and he affirmed that he could hold a job despite his
depression. (Childs Dep. at 105.) Accordingly, Mr. Childs failed to demonstrate that his
depression occurred in sufficient duration and with sufficient severity to significantly limit
any major life activity.
       {¶ 96} As such, Mr. Childs failed to establish that he was disabled. Even if he had,
Mr. Childs also could not establish that he was qualified for his assistant store manager
position either with or without a reasonable accommodation, because his murder
conviction rendered him unqualified for any position of employment with Kroger. See Ohio
Adm.Code 4112-5-02(K) (defining a “qualified disabled person,” as a “disabled person who
can safely and substantially perform the essential functions of the job in question, with or
without reasonable accommodation, and who is not excluded from the coverage of Chapter
4112 of the Revised Code”); EEOC v. Ford Motor Co., 782 F.3d 753, 766 (6th Cir.2015)
(stating that when an employee is “unqualified for her position,” it is unnecessary for a court
“to consider whether [the employer] showed bad faith in the discussions to work out a
reasonable accommodation while [the employee] was still employed”).
No. 22AP-524                                                                                33

       {¶ 97} Accordingly, Mr. Childs failed to establish a prima facie case of failure to
accommodate. As such, the trial court did not err by granting appellees summary judgment
on Mr. Childs’ disability discrimination claim.
       B. Retaliation
       {¶ 98} R.C. 4112.02(I) provides that it is an unlawful discriminatory practice “[f]or
any person to discriminate in any manner against any other person because that person has
opposed any unlawful discriminatory practice defined in [R.C. 4112.02] or because that
person has made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in any
investigation, proceeding, or hearing under sections 4112.01 to 4112.07 of the Revised
Code.” Retaliation claims based on indirect evidence are evaluated under the McDonnell
Douglas burden shifting analysis. Moody, 2021-Ohio-4578 at ¶ 36, citing Wu v. Northeast
Ohio Med. Univ., 10th Dist. No. 18AP-656, 2019-Ohio-2530, ¶ 29.
       {¶ 99} To establish a prima facie case of retaliation under R.C. 4112.02(I), a plaintiff
must establish that (1) they engaged in protected activity; (2) the defending party knew the
plaintiff engaged in protected activity; (3) the defending party took an adverse employment
action against the plaintiff; and (4) a causal connection between the protected activity and
the adverse action. Nebozuk v. Abercrombie & Fitch Co., 10th Dist. No. 13AP-591, 2014-
Ohio-1600, ¶ 40, citing Imwalle v. Reliance Med. Prods., Inc., 515 F.3d 531, 544 (6th
Cir.2008). If the plaintiff establishes a prima facie case of retaliation, the burden shifts
back to the employer to articulate a legitimate, non-retaliatory reason for its action. Id. at
¶ 41, citing Carney v. Cleveland Hts.-Univ. Hts. City School Dist., 143 Ohio App.3d 415,
429 (8th Dist.2001). If the employer carries its burden, the burden shifts back to the
employee to establish that the employer’s stated reason is a pretext for unlawful retaliation.
Id., citing Carney at 429. Because of the similarities between R.C. 4112.02(I) and Title VII
of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Ohio courts look to federal case law for assistance in
interpreting retaliation claims under R.C. 4112.02(I). Moody at ¶ 35, citing Grubach v.
Univ. of Akron, 10th Dist. No. 19AP-283, 2020-Ohio-3467, ¶ 67.
       {¶ 100} The trial court held that Mr. Childs failed to establish a causal connection
“between any alleged protected activity” and either the Action Plan or his ultimate
termination. (Decision at 5.) Mr. Childs asserts that he “engaged in protected activity with
[Ms. Hutchinson] and [Mr. VanReeth], [Ms. Hutchinson] denied accommodation,” and
No. 22AP-524                                                                             34

that Mr. VanReeth used the Action Plan “as [an] adverse mechanism to discriminate.”
(Appellant’s Brief at 56-57.) At his deposition, Mr. Childs claimed his termination “was
retaliatory” because he was fired “within weeks” after he informed Kroger of Mr. Gladman’s
importuning conviction. (Childs Dep. at 200.)
       1. Action Plan
       {¶ 101} “An employee’s activity is ‘protected’ for purposes of R.C. 4112.02(I) if the
employee has ‘opposed any unlawful discriminatory practice’ (the ‘opposition clause’) or
‘made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in any investigation,
proceeding, or hearing under sections 4112.01 to 4112.07 of the Revised Code’ (the
‘participation clause’).” Veal, 2011-Ohio-5406, ¶ 18, quoting HLS Bonding v. Ohio Civ.
Rights Comm., 10th Dist. No. 07AP-1071, 2008-Ohio-4107, ¶ 15. Accord Brown v. O’Reilly
Auto. Stores, Inc., 8th Dist. No. 102694, 2015-Ohio-5146, ¶ 32 (noting that “R.C. 4112.02(I)
protects two types of activities: participation and opposition”). To engage in protected
“opposition” activity “ ‘a plaintiff must make an overt stand against suspected illegal
discriminatory action.’ ” Jackson v. Champaign Natl. Bank & Trust Co., 10th Dist. No.
00AP-170, 2000 Ohio App. LEXIS 4390, *19 (Sept. 26, 2000), quoting Comiskey v. Auto.
Industry Action Group, 40 F.Supp.2d 877, 898 (E.D. Mich.1999). Vague charges of
discrimination are insufficient to satisfy the opposition clause. Id. See also Blizzard v.
Marion Technical College, 698 F.3d 275, 288 (6th Cir.2012); Weaver v. Ohio State Univ.,
71 F.Supp.2d 789, 793-94 (S.D. Ohio 1998).
       {¶ 102} To the extent Mr. Childs contends he engaged in protected activity by
asking Ms. Hutchinson to transfer him to a different store, his contention fails. A request
for reasonable accommodation does not amount to “participation in any manner in any
investigation, proceeding, or hearing” or “opposition to an unlawful discriminatory
practice” under R.C. 4112.02(I). Musil v. Gerken Materials, Inc., 6th Dist. No. L-19-1262,
2020-Ohio-3548, ¶ 20. Accord Hall v. Crawford Cty. Job & Family Servs., 3d Dist. No. 3-
21-19, 2022-Ohio-1358, ¶ 35 (stating that a “request for a reasonable accommodation is not
a protected activity under R.C. 4112.02(I)”).
       {¶ 103} However, Mr. Childs also asserted that he engaged in protected activity with
Mr. VanReeth. In his affidavit, Mr. Childs stated that he “ask[ed] [Mr. VanReeth] directly
that [he] thought [Mr. VanReeth] was treating [him] differently because of [his] race.
No. 22AP-524                                                                              35

Shortly thereafter [Mr. VanReeth] put [him] on a performance improvement plan.” (Childs
Aff. at 4.) Viewing this statement in a light most favorable to Mr. Childs, as is required in
summary judgment proceedings, it demonstrates Mr. Childs directly informed his
supervisor that he believed the supervisor was treating him differently than other
employees because of his race. As such, this statement creates a genuine issue of material
fact regarding whether Mr. Childs engaged in protected opposition activity and whether
Mr. VanReeth was aware of Mr. Childs’ protected activity. See Jackson v. Genesee Cty. Rd.
Comm., 999 F.3d 333, 344-45 (6th Cir.2021), quoting Niswander v. Cincinnati Ins. Co.,
529 F.3d 714, 721 (6th Cir.2008) (noting that examples of opposition activity “include
‘complaining to anyone (management, unions, other employees, or newspapers) about
allegedly unlawful practices’ ”); Crawford v. Metro. Govt. of Nashville & Davidson Cty.,
Tennessee, 555 U.S. 271, 276 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted) (emphasis sic)
(stating that “[w]hen an employee communicates to her employer a belief that the employer
has engaged in * * * a form of employment discrimination, that communication virtually
always constitutes the employee’s opposition to the activity”).
       {¶ 104} As Mr. Childs has demonstrated a genuine issue of material fact concerning
the first two parts of his prima facie case of retaliation, we next consider whether he can
satisfy the third—that Kroger took an adverse employment action against him. For a claim
of retaliation under R.C. 4112.02(I), an adverse employment action includes any action that
“might well have dissuaded a reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of
discrimination.” Smith v. Superior Prod., LLC, 10th Dist. No. 13AP-690, 2014-Ohio-1961,
¶ 34, citing Hughes v. Miller, 181 Ohio App.3d 440, 2009-Ohio-963, ¶ 28 (8th Dist.). As
such, demonstrating an adverse employment action for purposes of a retaliation claim “is
less onerous than in the discrimination context.” Arnold v. Columbus, 515 Fed.Appx. 524,
536-37 (6th Cir.2013), quoting Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 64
(2006). See Greer-Burger v. Temesi, 116 Ohio St.3d 324, 2007-Ohio-6442, ¶ 13, fn.2, citing
Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. (noting that, for purposes of a retaliation claim, “the
adverse action need not be employment-related, so the filing of a lawsuit or a counterclaim
can constitute an adverse employment action”); Pettay v. Adtalem Global Educ., Inc., 10th
Dist. No. 21AP-508, 2022-Ohio-3015, ¶ 10.
No. 22AP-524                                                                              36

          {¶ 105} This court has observed that “denial of consideration for promotion,
exclusion from meetings, and being singled out for discipline were sufficient to
demonstrate adverse employment action for a retaliation claim.” Moody at ¶ 39, citing
Peterson v. Buckeye Steel Casings, 133 Ohio App.3d 715, 728 (10th Dist.1999). The Sixth
Circuit has observed that a “brief placement on paid administrative leave and [a] 90-day
performance plan” met the “relatively low bar” to establish an adverse employment action
for a retaliation claim.     Michael, 496 F.3d 584 at 596.       See also Henry v. Abbott
Laboratories, 651 Fed.Appx. 494, 505 (6th Cir.2016) (finding that a low performance
evaluation and a “letter of expectations threatening further action if her performance did
not improve” were adverse employment actions for purposes of a retaliation claim); Arnold
at 537.
          {¶ 106} Mr. Childs’ Action Plan obligated him to send to Ms. Flury each week a
recap of his process walks, a written copy of his store walks, a recap demonstrating that he
“ask[ed] 5 department leaders or backups for feedback,” and “a detailed copy of his
planning sessions.” (Childs Dep., Ex. 18.) The Action Plan also required that Mr. Childs
have a “sit down meeting every week with [Mr.] VanReeth to discuss his time
management.” (Childs Dep., Ex. 18.) Mr. Childs informed Ms. Wagenknecht in the
June 26, 2017 email that the Action Plan was “pil[ing] more work on [him].” (Childs Dep.,
Ex. 16.) Although the Action Plan did not reference potential discipline, Mr. Childs stated
that during the period of the Action Plan Mr. VanReeth “told [him he] was going to be fired”
and that Ms. Flury told him he was “going to lose [his] job.” (Childs Dep. at 217; Ex. 16.)
Ms. Hutchinson averred that under “Kroger’s standard practice,” a manager could not be
transferred to another store if they had “recently been placed on an Action Plan and not yet
demonstrated consistent, improved performance.” (Hutchinson Aff. at ¶ 4.)
          {¶ 107} Thus, the Action Plan required Mr. Childs to perform additional job duties,
required him to have a sit-down meeting with his supervisor each week, prevented him
from being transferred to another store, and, Mr. Childs claimed, Mr. VanReeth and Ms.
Flury told him he was going to lose his job during the Action Plan. Construing the evidence
in a light most favorable to Mr. Childs, placement on the Action Plan might well have
dissuaded a reasonable employee from making or supporting a charge of discrimination.
See Smith, 2014-Ohio-1961 at ¶ 34, citing Hughes, 2009-Ohio-963 at ¶ 28. As such, the
No. 22AP-524                                                                                37

Action Plan satisfied the relatively low bar to establish an adverse employment action for a
prima facie case of retaliation. Compare Michael at 592.
       {¶ 108} Therefore, we next consider whether Mr. Childs has demonstrated a
genuine issue of material fact concerning the fourth part of a prima facie case of retaliation–
a causal connection between protected activity and an adverse employment action. To
establish a causal connection, the plaintiff “must produce ‘sufficient evidence from which
an inference could be drawn that the adverse action would not have been taken had the
plaintiff not filed a discrimination action.’ ” Smith at ¶ 32, quoting Gibson v. Shelly Co.,
314 Fed.Appx. 760 (6th Cir.2008). This court has held that “ ‘close temporal proximity
between the employer's knowledge of the protected activity and the adverse employment
action may constitute evidence of a causal connection for purposes of satisfying a prima
facie case of retaliation.’ ” Moody at ¶ 41, quoting Dautartas, 2012-Ohio-1709 at ¶ 54. See
Moody at ¶ 41, citing Hartman, 2016-Ohio-5208 at ¶ 41 (finding a two-month gap between
protected activity and an adverse employment action “sufficient to establish a prima facie
case of retaliation”); Haji v. Columbus City Schools, 621 Fed.Appx. 309, 313 (6th Cir.2015)
(finding a three-month gap sufficient); Mickey v. Zeidler Tool & Die Co., 516 F.3d 516, 525
(6th Cir.2008).
       {¶ 109} Although Mr. Childs did not identify the precise time between his statement
to Mr. VanReeth and the imposition of the Action Plan, Mr. Childs stated that the Action
Plan occurred “[s]hortly” after he made the statement to Mr. VanReeth. (Childs Aff. at 4.)
Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to Mr. Childs, the record presents a genuine
issue of material fact regarding the causation element of his prima facie case of retaliation.
       {¶ 110} Because Mr. Childs established a genuine issue of material fact as to each
step of a prima facie case, the burden shifted to Kroger to offer a legitimate and non-
retaliatory reason for Mr. Childs’ Action Plan. See Nebozuk, 2014-Ohio-1600 at ¶ 40, citing
Imwalle, 515 F.3d 531 at 544. Kroger stated that it placed Mr. Childs on the Action Plan
because Mr. Childs’ 2016 year-end performance review rated his performance as
consistently delivers expectations low. Ms. Hutchinson averred that “Kroger consistently
places management employees on Action Plans and/or Performance Improvement Plans
when they demonstrate substandard performance, regardless of race, disability, or
No. 22AP-524                                                                             38

protected activity.” (Hutchinson Aff. at ¶ 12.) Accordingly, Kroger satisfied its burden of
production.
       {¶ 111} As such, the burden shifted back to Mr. Childs to “prove not only that the
proffered reason was a pretext, but also that the real reason for the employer’s action was
unlawful retaliation.” Smith, 2013-Ohio-4210 at ¶ 76. Mr. Childs failed to carry his burden.
Notably, in his responses to Mr. VanReeth’s comments on the 2016 performance review,
Mr. Childs acknowledged that he “[n]eed[ed] to improve on 100% Execution by more in
depth planning ahead and consistency,” that his “[c]ommunication ha[d] improved but
there [was] still room for progress,” and he acknowledged that he failed to meet his
established budget requirement. (Childs Dep., Ex. 17.) In his email to Ms. Wagenknecht,
Mr. Childs admitted that “[e]verything that went wrong in Merchandising [was] totally [his]
fault because it [was his] responsibility.” (Childs Dep., Ex. 16.) Thus, Mr. Childs’ own
statements in the record below acknowledge that his performance needed to improve. Mr.
Childs presented no evidence to rebut Ms. Hutchinson’s testimony that Kroger consistently
placed low-performing management employees on Action Plans. And, Mr. Childs failed to
present evidence demonstrating that Kroger’s reason for placing him on the Action Plan,
i.e. his 2016 performance review, had no basis in fact, was not the actual reason for his
placement on the Action Plan, or the 2016 performance review was insufficient to explain
his placement on the Action Plan. Hartman at ¶ 21. Therefore, Mr. Childs failed to
demonstrate a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether Kroger’s reasons for placing
him on the Action Plan were a pretext for unlawful retaliation.
       2. Termination Following Report of Mr. Gladman
       {¶ 112} Mr. Childs also asserts he suffered retaliation because the temporal
proximity between his termination and his report of Mr. Gladman’s conviction
demonstrated that his termination was retaliatory. However, Mr. Childs’ report of Mr.
Gladman’s conviction did not constitute protected activity as opposition to an unlawful
discriminatory practice or participation in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing under
R.C. 4112.01 to 4112.07. Compare Motley v. Ohio Civ. Rights Comm., 10th Dist. No. 07AP-
923, 2008-Ohio-2306, ¶ 15-16 (holding that the “mere assertion of a union grievance, not
based upon opposition to discrimination, does not constitute protected activity” for
purposes of a retaliation claim); Ksiazek v. Columbiana Cty. Port Auth., 7th Dist. No. 20
No. 22AP-524                                                                              39

CO 0010, 2021-Ohio-1267, ¶ 72-75.        Accordingly, because Mr. Childs’ report of Mr.
Gladman did not amount to protected activity for purposes of R.C. 4112.02(I), Mr. Childs
could not establish a prima facie case of retaliation based on that report.
       {¶ 113} Based on the foregoing, the trial court did not err by granting appellees
summary judgment on Mr. Childs’ retaliation claim.
       C. Aiding and Abetting
       {¶ 114} Mr. Childs also asserts on appeal the trial court erred by granting Ms. Gray,
Ms. Hutchinson, and Mr. VanReeth summary judgment on his claims for aiding and
abetting unlawful discrimination. R.C. 4112.02(J) provides that it is an unlawful
discriminatory practice for any person “to aid, abet, incite, compel, or coerce the doing of
any act declared by this section to be an unlawful discriminatory practice.” However,
because Mr. Childs failed to establish his claims of race discrimination, disability
discrimination, and retaliation, his claims of aiding and abetting unlawful discrimination
failed as a matter of law. See Toth v. Cardinal Health 414 LLC, S.D.Ohio No. 1:17-cv-00370,
2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 45833, *30 (Mar. 17, 2020) (stating that because the plaintiff’s
“disability discrimination and age discrimination claims fail, his claims of aiding and
abetting disability discrimination and age discrimination under Ohio law necessarily fail”);
Lloyd v. Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Auth., N.D. Ohio No. 1:18-CV-01557, 2020
U.S. Dist. LEXIS 155826, *42 (Aug. 27, 2020) (stating that “if a plaintiff fails to establish
any underlying unlawful discriminatory conduct, his or her aiding and abetting claim also
fails”); Messer v. Summa Health Sys., 9th Dist. No. 28470, 2018-Ohio-372, ¶ 67.
       {¶ 115} Accordingly, the trial court did not err by granting the individual appellees
summary judgment on Mr. Childs’ claims for aiding and abetting unlawful discrimination.
       D. Wrongful Termination in Violation of Public Policy
       {¶ 116} Mr. Childs also claimed his termination violated the public policy expressed
in R.C. 2950.034 because Kroger terminated his employment after he informed Kroger that
Mr. Gladman was a sex offender. The trial court found Kroger was entitled to judgment on
Mr. Childs’ wrongful termination claim as a matter of law. (Decision at 4.)
       {¶ 117} In Greeley v. Miami Valley Maintenance Contrs., Inc., 49 Ohio St.3d 228
(1990) the Supreme Court of Ohio first recognized an exception to the employment-at-will
doctrine for wrongful discharge in violation of public policy. The court held that “[p]ublic
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policy warrants an exception to the employment-at-will doctrine when an employee is
discharged or disciplined for a reason which is prohibited by statute.” Id., at paragraph one
of the syllabus. “The basis of this exception is that when the General Assembly enacts laws
that are constitutional, the courts may not contravene the legislature’s expression of public
policy.’ ” Thomson v. Boss Excavating & Grading, Inc., 10th Dist. No. 20AP-263, 2021-
Ohio-3743, ¶ 9, quoting Sutton v. Tomco Machining, Inc., 129 Ohio St.3d 153, 2011-Ohio-
2723, ¶ 8.
       {¶ 118} To succeed on a claim for wrongful discharge in violation of public policy, a
plaintiff must establish the following elements: (1) that a clear public policy existed and was
manifested either in a state or federal constitution, statute or administrative regulation or
in the common law (“the clarity element”), (2) that dismissing employees under
circumstances like those involved in the plaintiff’s dismissal would jeopardize the public
policy (“the jeopardy element”), (3) that the plaintiff’s dismissal was motivated by conduct
related to the public policy (“the causation element”), and (4) that the employer lacked an
overriding legitimate business justification for the dismissal (“the overriding-justification
element”). Miracle v. Ohio Dept. of Veterans Servs., 157 Ohio St.3d 413, 2019-Ohio-3308,
¶ 12, citing Collins v. Rizkana, 73 Ohio St.3d 65, 69-70 (1995); Sutton at ¶ 9. The clarity
and jeopardy elements involve questions of law, while the causation and overriding-
justification elements involve questions of fact. Miracle at ¶ 12, citing Collins at 69-70.
       {¶ 119} Mr. Childs alleged his termination violated the public policy expressed in
R.C. 2950.034, which prohibits any person who has been convicted of or plead guilty to a
sexually oriented offense or a child-victim oriented offense from “establish[ing] a residence
or occupy[ing] residential premises within one thousand feet of any school premises,
preschool or child-care center premises, children’s crisis care facility premises, or
residential infant care center.” R.C. 2950.034(A). Thus, the statute expresses a clear public
policy of prohibiting sexually oriented offenders and child-victim oriented offenders from
residing near the listed locations. See Collins at 70-71.
       {¶ 120} Mr. Childs fails to establish that his termination jeopardized the public
policy expressed in R.C. 2950.034 in any way. The evidence demonstrated Kroger
terminated Mr. Childs’ employment because it discovered Mr. Childs’ 1996 murder
conviction, not because Mr. Childs reported Mr. Gladman’s conviction to Kroger.
No. 22AP-524                                                                               41

Moreover, even if we accepted Mr. Childs’ contention that Kroger terminated his
employment because he reported Mr. Gladman, Mr. Childs’ termination would not have
jeopardized the public policy expressed in R.C. 2950.034(A). The statute prohibits sexually
oriented offenders from residing in specific locations; it does not prohibit sexually oriented
offenders from working at specific locations.
       {¶ 121} Accordingly, as Mr. Childs failed to establish the jeopardy element of his
wrongful termination in violation of public policy claim, the claim failed as a matter of law.
The trial court did not err by granting appellees summary judgment on Mr. Childs’ claim
for wrongful termination in violation of public policy.
       E. Defamation
       {¶ 122} Lastly, Mr. Childs asserts the trial court erred by granting Ms. Gray
summary judgment on his claim for defamation. The trial court concluded Mr. Childs had
not established that Ms. Gray “published a false and defamatory statement about [Mr.
Childs] without privilege or justification.” (Decision at 5.)
       {¶ 123} “Defamation is defined as ‘a false publication that injures a person’s
reputation.’ ” Jahahn v. Wolf, 10th Dist. No. 12AP-624, 2013-Ohio-2660, ¶ 13, quoting
Gosden v. Louis, 116 Ohio App.3d 195, 206 (9th Dist.1996). Defamation may occur in two
forms: slander, which is spoken; and libel, which is written. Dehlendorf v. Gahanna, 10th
Dist. No. 14AP-379, 2015-Ohio-3680, ¶ 36, quoting Crase v. Shasta Beverages, Inc., 10th
Dist. No. 11AP-519, 2012-Ohio-326, ¶ 46. To establish defamation, the plaintiff must show
that (1) a false statement of fact was made, (2) the statement was defamatory, (3) the
statement was published, (4) the plaintiff suffered injury as a proximate result of the
publication, and (5) the defendant acted with the requisite degree of fault in publishing the
statement. Am. Chem. Soc. v. Leadscope, Inc., 133 Ohio St.3d 366, 2012-Ohio-4193, ¶ 77,
quoting Pollock v. Rashid, 117 Ohio App.3d 361, 368 (1st Dist.1996). “Publication occurs
when a defendant communicates a false and defamatory statement to a person or persons
other than the person defamed.” Jabr v. Ohio Dept. of Taxation, 10th Dist. No. 16AP-26,
2016-Ohio-4776, ¶ 8, citing Hecht v. Levin, 66 Ohio St.3d 458, 460 (1993). “[T]ruth is a
complete defense to a claim for defamation.” Ed Schory & Sons v. Francis, 75 Ohio St.3d
433, 445 (1996). Accord R.C. 2739.02.
No. 22AP-524                                                                                42

       {¶ 124} Mr. Childs contends Ms. Gray published a false statement when she told
Mr. Shepard that Mr. Childs did not disclose his murder conviction to Kroger. (Appellant’s
Brief at 53-54.) Mr. Childs contends that Ms. Gray, Ms. Gerace and Ms. Gail gave him “a
second chance and waiver because he was a youthful offender when original juvenile act
happened so long ago in the past, and policy was Case by Case at the time.” (Appellant’s
Brief at 54.) Thus, Mr. Childs appears to contend that Ms. Gray knew about his murder
conviction either at the time he was hired or when he was promoted into management and
therefore her statement to Mr. Shepard was false.
       {¶ 125} There is nothing in the record to support Mr. Childs’ contention that Ms.
Gray knew about his murder conviction before May of 2018. The applications and resumes
Mr. Childs submitted to Kroger did not disclose his murder conviction. (Childs Dep. at 66,
Exs. 1, 3, 12, & 13.) Although Mr. Childs argued that the jobs from GCI and MCI listed on
his applications and resumes were “jobs that only a prisoner or inmate [could] have,” Mr.
Childs acknowledged that he did not state on his applications or resumes that he was
actually a prisoner or inmate at GCI or MCI. (Childs Dep. at 57-58.) Ms. Gray explained
that Kroger’s background checks did not discover Mr. Childs’ murder conviction. (Gray Aff.
at ¶ 6.) Ms. Gray further explained that, based on her review of Mr. Childs’ “management
application and the notes from his initial screening interview,” she believed Mr. Childs had
been “a prison employee, not a prison inmate.” (Gray Aff. at ¶ 6.)
       {¶ 126} Although Mr. Childs testified that he told Ms. Gerace about his murder
conviction, Mr. Childs did not present evidence demonstrating that Ms. Gerace informed
Ms. Gray or anyone else at Kroger about his murder conviction. Mr. Childs testified that he
told Ms. Gail “[he] got in trouble,” but he did not indicate he told her about his prior murder
conviction. (Childs Dep. at 138.) Accordingly, because Mr. Childs failed to present evidence
demonstrating he disclosed his murder conviction to Kroger, or that Ms. Gray somehow
knew about his murder conviction before May of 2018, Mr. Childs failed to establish that
Ms. Gray’s statement to Mr. Shepard was false.
       {¶ 127} Furthermore, “ ‘a communication made in good faith on a matter of
common interest between an employer and an employee, or between two employees
concerning a third employee, is protected by qualified privilege.’ ” Hatton v. Interim
Health Care of Columbus, Inc., 10th Dist. No. 06AP-828, 2007-Ohio-1418, ¶ 14, quoting
No. 22AP-524                                                                                  43

Hanly v. Riverside Methodist Hosp., 78 Ohio App.3d 73, 81 (10th Dist.1991). “Once the
defense of qualified privilege attaches, a plaintiff can only defeat the privilege with clear and
convincing evidence that the defendant made the statements at issue with actual malice.”
Id. at ¶ 15, citing A & B-Abell Elevator Co., Inc. v. Columbus/Cent. Ohio Bldg. & Constr.
Trades Council, 73 Ohio St.3d 1, 11 (1995). A defendant acts with actual malice if they make
statements with knowledge that the statements are false or if they recklessly disregard the
truth or falsity of the statements. Id., citing A & B-Abell Elevator Co., Inc. at 11-12. See
Hahn v. Kotten, 43 Ohio St.2d 237, 244 (1975); Evely v. Carlon Co., Div. of Indian Head,
Inc., 4 Ohio St.3d 163, 165 (1983); Jahahn at ¶ 17.
       {¶ 128} Ms. Gray and Mr. Shepard were both managers at Kroger, and their
communication regarding Mr. Childs’ failure to disclose his murder conviction was a matter
of common business interest between them. As such, Ms. Gray’s statement to Mr. Shepard
was subject to a qualified privilege. Because the evidence demonstrates that Mr. Childs
failed to disclose his murder conviction to Kroger, Mr. Childs cannot establish that Ms. Gray
made her statement to Mr. Shepard with actual malice. Accordingly, the trial court properly
granted Ms. Gray summary judgment on Mr. Childs’ defamation claim.
       {¶ 129} Based on the foregoing, we find the trial court did not err by granting
appellees’ motion for summary judgment. Mr. Childs’ fourth assignment of error is
overruled.
VI. Conclusion
       {¶ 130} Having overruled Mr. Childs’ first, second, third, and fourth assignments of
error, the judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.
                                                                           Judgment affirmed.

                             JAMISON and BOGGS, JJ., concur.
                                 _________________