Court Opinion

ID: 7798556
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-08-08 00:08:29.076612+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:28:50.202306
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                     UNPUBLISHED
                                                                     July 21, 2022
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

V                                                                    No. 356408
                                                                     Gratiot Circuit Court
AARON JAMES MILLER,                                                  LC No. 04-004842-FH

               Defendant-Appellant.

Before: MARKEY, P.J., and BOONSTRA and RIORDAN, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

         Defendant appeals by delayed leave granted1 the trial court’s order denying his motion for
relief from judgment. We affirm.

                                        I. BASIC FACTS

        This case arises out of defendant’s guilty plea, in 2005, to two counts of third-degree
criminal sexual conduct, MCL 750.520d(1)(a) (victim at least 13 but less than 16 years old). The
trial court sentenced defendant to serve 3½ to 15 years in prison. It is not clear from the record on
what date defendant registered under the Sex Offender Registration Act (SORA), MCL 28.721 et
seq., and the parties simply state in various documents that he was required to register after his
2005 convictions. He currently appears on the registry’s website.

       In January 2012, defendant was sentenced to serve 76 days in jail for the misdemeanor of
attempted failure to comply with sex-offender reporting duties. In November 2016, defendant was
convicted of stalking, and subsequently sentenced to serve 12 months in jail.

1
 People v Miller, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered May 6, 2021 (Docket No.
356408).

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       In 2017, defendant was convicted of, and sentenced for, aggravated indecent exposure,
MCL 750.335a(2)(b), and being a sexually deviant person, MCL 750.335a(2)(c). As the result of
attendant appellate proceedings, the trial court dismissed the conviction of sexual deviancy and
resentenced defendant to serve 34 months to 15 years’ imprisonment for the remaining conviction.2

       In 2020, defendant filed a motion for relief from judgment in the trial court concerning his
2005 convictions. Arguing that the retroactive application of the 2011 SORA amendments, 2011
PA 17 and 18, violated due process, he urged the trial court to vacate his 2005 plea-based
convictions, allow him to withdraw that plea, and proceed to trial on the original charges.
Defendant maintained that, when he entered his plea, SORA required annual registration of his
home address and nothing more. Defendant asserted that he would not have offered the plea if he
had known that SORA would later set geographic limits on his movements and require extensive
in-person reporting and fees. Defendant also argued that these changes to SORA constituted an
increase in punishment and should not have been applied retroactively to him because doing so
was an ex post facto violation.

        The prosecution responded that whether the 2011 SORA amendments constituted an
increase in punishment was of no consequence because defendant committed another felony in
2017, thus subjecting himself to the 2011 amendments by operation of their recapture provision,
MCL 28.723(1)(e).3 The prosecution alternatively argued that, even if an ex post facto violation
occurred, the proper remedy was to vacate the portion of the penalty attributable to the violation,
not plea withdrawal. The prosecution further maintained that defendant “constructively waived”
his argument by waiting nine years to raise objections to application of the 2011 amendments, and
the prosecution would be prejudiced by the delay if it was forced to gather witnesses in relation to
an offense that occurred 15 years earlier.

       The trial court ruled that defendant had not established an ex post facto violation and denied
the motion for relief from judgment. The trial court concluded that the key issue was whether the
2011 SORA amendments increased defendant’s punishment. The trial court explained as follows:
              Defendant waited nine years to raise this issue and in the interim, over three
       years ago, he was convicted of a new felony offense, which subjects him to the
       “recapture” provision of the 2011 SORA amendment, MCL 28.723(1)(e). This
       means that this Court does not need to wade into the waters of whether or not the
       amendment, or even registration generally, would have been punitive as applied to
       the Defendant because his registration requirements now stem from his 2017
       conviction and the recapture provision.

2
 In May 2022, this Court affirmed his sentence. People v Miller, unpublished per curiam opinion
of the Court of Appeals, issued May 19, 2022 (Docket No. 354611).
3
  Recently, in People v Klinesmith, ___ Mich App ___, ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2022) (Docket No.
340938); slip op at 1, we concluded that the recapture provision remained valid in light of People
v Betts, 507 Mich 527; 968 NW2d 497 (2021).

                                                -2-
        The trial court further concluded that, even if defendant had made a persuasive ex post
facto claim, the relief requested—to withdraw his plea—was nevertheless inappropriate, because
the “remedy for an ex post facto violation is to vacate the portion of the penalty which is
attributable to the violation. Therefore, . . . Defendant’s remedy would be an injunction against
the amendments applying to him from the 2005 conviction.”

                                         II. ANALYSIS

      Defendant argues that he is entitled to withdraw his 2005 guilty plea on the ground that it
was not knowingly and voluntarily entered, given that he was unaware of the 2011 SORA
amendments when the plea was entered.4 We disagree.

       This Court reviews a denial of a motion for relief from judgment for an abuse of discretion.
People v Ulman, 244 Mich App 500, 508; 625 NW2d 429 (2001). An abuse of discretion occurs
when the result falls outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes. People v Meeker,
___ Mich App ___; ___NW2d ___ (2022) (Docket No. 355046); slip op at 2. “The construction
and application of SORA presents a question of law that we review de novo.” People v Golba,
273 Mich App 603, 605; 729 NW2d 916 (2007).

        Historically, Michigan courts treated Smith v Doe, 538 US 84; 123 S Ct 1140; 155 L Ed 2d
164 (2003), which involved an Alaska sex-offender registry statute, as “the preeminent case
holding that a sex offender registration and notification law, as applied to an adult defendant, is
not a form of punishment.” People v Tucker, 312 Mich App 645, 661; 879 NW2d 906 (2015)
(quotation marks and citation omitted). In Tucker, this Court concluded that certain SORA
amendments, including “the student safety zones and in-person reporting requirements . . . do not
constitute punishment.” Id. at 683.

       In his motion for relief from judgment and his application for leave to appeal in this Court,
defendant relied upon a string of federal cases addressing SORA. In People v Betts, 507 Mich
527; 968 NW2d 497 (2021), our Supreme Court summarized the pertinent federal cases as follows:
       [T]he United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit . . . [concluded] that the
       retroactive application of the 2011 SORA did violate constitutional ex post facto
       provisions. (Does I). It reasoned that the cumulative punitive effects of the 2011
       SORA outweighed the nonpunitive intent of the Legislature such that the
       retroactive application of the 2011 SORA constituted the retroactive application of
       punishment in violation of the federal Constitution. . . .

4
  In his appellate brief, defendant also argues that SORA, as amended by 2020 PA 295, effective
March 24, 2021, cannot apply to him because doing so would constitute an ex post facto violation.
However, our order granting his application for leave to appeal was “limited to the issues raised in
the application.” People v Miller, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered May 6, 2021
(Docket No. 356408). Defendant did not raise the applicability of the recent SORA amendments
in his application, nor did he move to add that issue afterwards. We therefore do not consider this
issue.

                                                -3-
               Shortly after the Sixth Circuit’s decision in Does I, six other plaintiffs filed
       a class-action complaint in the federal district court challenging the
       constitutionality of the 2011 SORA on the same grounds raised by the Does I
       plaintiffs. These plaintiffs also noted that although the Does I plaintiffs had
       received a favorable ruling from the Sixth Circuit on their ex post facto challenge,
       the state of Michigan had continued to enforce the 2011 SORA against all SORA
       registrants. Ultimately, the district court ruled for the plaintiffs and entered an order
       permanently enjoining the state of Michigan from enforcing the unconstitutional
       provisions of the 2011 SORA identified in Does I against any registrant and from
       enforcing the 2011 SORA retroactively. (Does II). In so doing, the district court
       rejected the possibility that portions of the 2011 SORA or an earlier version of
       SORA could be constitutionally applied retroactively. The district court also
       rejected the defendants’ request to certify these issues to this Court. [Betts, 507
       Mich at 539-540 (citations and footnote omitted).]

        In his brief on appeal, defendant adds to his argument by citing Betts, in which our Supreme
Court weighed factors from Kennedy v Mendoza-Martinez, 372 US 144, 168-169; 83 S Ct 554; 9
L Ed 2d 644 (1963), for purposes of an ex post facto analysis, to determine “whether the statutory
scheme [of the 2011 SORA] is so punitive either in purpose or effect as to negate the State’s
intention to deem it civil.” Betts, 507 Mich at 549 (quotation marks and citation omitted). The
Court answered that question in the affirmative, holding that retroactive application of the 2011
SORA amendments is unconstitutional. Id. at 562. It further explained that the unconstitutional
portions of the 2011 amendments could not be severed in order to maintain the remaining portions.
Id. at 563. Revival of a prior version of SORA was also untenable because of concerns about
infringing on the Legislature’s prerogatives. Id. at 571-572. The Court concluded, “Having
determined that severability and revival are inappropriate tools to remedy the constitutional
violation in this case, we are constrained to hold that the 2011 SORA may not be retroactively
applied to registrants whose criminal acts subjecting them to registration occurred before the
enactment of the 2011 SORA amendments.” Id. at 573-574. Because the defendant in Betts was
convicted of failing to comply with registration requirements for a listed offense committed in
1993, the Court vacated that conviction. Id. at 574.

        Accordingly, the 2011 SORA amendments may not be applied to defendant as a direct
consequence of his criminal acts subjecting him to registration in 2005. But defendant does not
request that this Court vacate his later conviction relating to a failure to comply with sex-offender
reporting duties. Instead, defendant urges this Court to remand this case to the trial court so that
he may withdraw his 2005 guilty plea. Defendant argues that the plea was not knowing and
voluntary because he did not know the extent of the future amendments to SORA registration
requirements in 2011.

       In People v Cole, 491 Mich 325; 817 NW2d 497 (2012), our Supreme Court explained the
requirements for a plea to satisfy due process:
                A no-contest or a guilty plea constitutes a waiver of several constitutional
       rights, including the privilege against compulsory self-incrimination, the right to a
       trial by jury, and the right to confront one’s accusers. For a plea to constitute an
       effective waiver of these rights, the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth

                                                 -4-
       Amendment requires that the plea be voluntary and knowing. In Brady v United
       States, 397 US 742, 748; 90 S Ct 1463; 25 L Ed 2d 747 (1970), the United States
       Supreme Court held that “[w]aivers of constitutional rights not only must be
       voluntary but must be knowing, intelligent acts done with sufficient awareness of
       the relevant circumstances and likely consequences.” In assessing voluntariness,
       the Court stated that a defendant entering a plea must be “fully aware of the direct
       consequences” of the plea. [Cole, 491 Mich at 332-333 (some citations omitted).]

        In Cole, the plea was not voluntary because the defendant had not been advised of the
lifetime electronic-monitoring requirement, which the Court explained was intended as a
punishment and therefore “a direct consequence of a guilty or no-contest plea.” Id. at 335-337.

        Because the 2011 SORA amendments, as a whole, constituted a punishment under Betts,
they became direct consequences of defendant’s plea to the extent that they were applied to him
retroactively. According to defendant’s reasoning, the application of those amendments to him
rendered his guilty plea not knowing or voluntary, because, obviously, those amendments were
not in view in 2005.

       As noted, for relief from his involuntary plea, defendant wishes to withdraw his plea. MCR
6.310(C) addresses plea withdrawal as follows:
                (1) The defendant may file a motion to withdraw the plea within the time
       for filing an application for leave to appeal . . . .

              (2) Thereafter, the defendant may seek relief only in accordance with the
       procedure set forth in subchapter 6.500.

               (3) If the trial court determines that there was an error in the plea proceeding
       that would entitle the defendant to have the plea set aside, the court must give the
       advice or make the inquiries necessary to rectify the error and then give the
       defendant the opportunity to elect to allow the plea and sentence to stand or to
       withdraw the plea. If the defendant elects to allow the plea and sentence to stand,
       the additional advice given and inquiries made become part of the plea proceeding
       for the purposes of further proceedings, including appeals.

        The time for filing a motion to withdraw the plea under MCR 6.310(C)(1) expired many
years ago, thus leaving defendant no avenue for relief but for seeking relief from judgment under
MCR 6.310(C)(2). When a defendant seeks such relief on grounds, other than jurisdictional
defects, that could have been raised on appeal, the defendant must show good cause for the failure
to raise such grounds earlier, along with actual prejudice as a result of the alleged irregularity.
MCR 6.508(D)(3)(a) and (b). Actual prejudice results from a conviction entered on a guilty plea
if a “defect in the proceedings was such that it renders the plea an involuntary one to a degree that
it would be manifestly unjust to allow the conviction to stand.” MCR 6.508(D)(3)(b)(ii). “MCR
6.508 protects [against] unremedied manifest injustice.” People v Clark, 274 Mich App 248, 253;
732 NW2d 605 (2007). “A defendant has the burden to establish entitlement to relief” under MCR
6.508. People v Swain, 288 Mich App 609, 630; 794 NW2d 92 (2010).

                                                 -5-
        We conclude that denying the motion for relief from judgment was not an abuse of
discretion because MCR 6.508 is limited to the protection against “unremedied manifest injustice.”
Clark, 274 Mich App at 253 (emphasis added). Even if defendant can establish that his plea was
not voluntary and manifest injustice resulted, in Betts our Supreme Court crafted a remedy for
claimants, such as defendant here, by holding that “the 2011 SORA may not be retroactively
applied to registrants whose criminal acts subjecting them to registration occurred before the
enactment of the 2011 SORA amendments.” Betts, 507 Mich at 573-574. Thus, it would not be
“manifestly unjust to allow the conviction to stand.” MCR 6.508(D)(3)(b)(ii). Moreover,
defendant has already been discharged from the sentences resulting from his 2005 plea. Therefore,
the asserted manifest injustice does not stand unremedied.

                                      III. CONCLUSION

       The trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying defendant’s motion to withdraw his
2005 guilty plea, and his argument concerning the applicability of the 2021 SORA amendments is
not properly before this Court at this time. Consequently, we affirm.

                                                            /s/ Jane E. Markey
                                                            /s/ Mark T. Boonstra
                                                            /s/ Michael J. Riordan

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