Court Opinion

ID: 9592296
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-22 00:12:46.147103+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:17:59.519993
License: Public Domain

Eldridge, Judge.
Alexander Lostocco, plaintiff-appellant, and Anthony R D’Eramo, defendant-appellee, formed as stockholders and investors a corporation, Performance Leasing, Inc. (“PLI”), and plaintiff operated it in Atlanta. Such day-to-day operations by the plaintiff included all accounting. Defendant lived in Cincinnati and had no involvement with the management or day-to-day operations of PLI. Defendant believed that the plaintiff was utilizing PLI for his individual interests rather than the company’s interests. Therefore, early in 1987, defendant took over PLI to liquidate it. Defendant shipped PLI’s books and records to Cincinnati. On May 31, 1988, plaintiff filed suit against the defendant for taking over the company.
On May 31, 1988, to settle the suit the parties entered into a written settlement agreement in which plaintiff transferred all of his stock in PLI to defendant. The defendant, in consideration, agreed to indemnify plaintiff from federal taxes arising from PLI. Under the agreement, defendant “shall pay and hereby agrees to indemnify [plaintiff], and each of them, from and against any liability for federal taxes arising out of PLI and its operations. There is no agreement between the parties with respect to any state withholding taxes, and the parties’ respective rights or liabilities concerning any state withholding taxes shall be unaffected by this settlement agreement or the releases or covenants contained herein.”
Beginning in 1987, the IRS began an audit of PLI, focusing on *270the trust fund taxes. Plaintiff alleged that neither PLI nor defendant paid federal employees’ withholding trust fund taxes totalling $18,917.53 for federal income, FICA, and Medicare for the quarters ending December 31,1986 and March 31,1987. In October 1987, PLI filed its withholding tax return for the first quarter of 1987 without paying the taxes due. In June 1991, the IRS gave notice of its intent to levy such taxes against the corporate officers, plaintiff and defendant, for failure to pay such trust fund taxes. As of February 23, 1991, the interest and taxes were $22,721.71. To stop the running of interest, plaintiff paid the IRS $22,790.28.
The IRS levied upon plaintiff’s bank account to collect the trust fund taxes due. Plaintiff demanded indemnification under the agreement for the taxes paid, but defendant refused to indemnify what he contended were federal penalties.
In September 1991, plaintiff sued defendant for breach of contract. Defendant answered and raised several affirmative defenses. Plaintiff moved for summary judgment. Defendant responded and filed his own cross motion for summary judgment. Defendant moved to strike the affidavits of plaintiff’s witnesses. Plaintiff moved to strike defendant’s affidavits.
After oral argument, the trial court granted defendant’s motion for summary judgment and denied plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment. Plaintiff appealed.
Plaintiff’s first and second enumerations of error are that the trial court erred in denying plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment and in granting defendant’s motion for summary judgment. We agree.
The plain and unambiguous language of the agreement obligates defendant to pay PLI’s federal taxes and to indemnify plaintiff for any federal taxes that he had to pay on behalf of PLI. See Hartley-Selvey v. Hartley, 261 Ga. 700 (410 SE2d 118) (1991); CareAmerica v. Southern Care Corp., 229 Ga. App. 878 (494 SE2d 720) (1997). However, the phrase “federal taxes” is ambiguous, because it may include corporate income tax, fiduciary fund taxes, interest, and penalties. The parties do not agree that 26 USC § 6672 penalties come within this provision, but agree that PLI was under a duty to pay over the employees’ withholding taxes under 26 USC § 7501. The trial court refused to resolve such issue of construction and instead resolved the dispute under federal public policy that rendered the indemnity agreement void.
(a) The Internal Revenue Code § 7501, 26 USC § 6672, imposes the obligation upon the employer to collect, report, and pay over such trust account taxes. Failure to do so makes the employer and officers liable for such sums as “responsible persons.” See 26 USC § 6672. Under 26 USC § 6672, while the IRS can collect trust account taxes *271from the responsible person, it cannot collect late penalties and interest levied against the employer for non-payment. See First Nat. Bank in Palm Beach v. United States, 591 F2d 1143, 1149 (5th Cir. 1979).
Under 26 USC § 7501 (a), an employer is required to withhold taxes from employees in a “special fund in trust for the United States.” Under 26 USC § 6672 (a), the IRS may impose “a penalty equal to the total amount of the tax evaded[.]” The IRS can make such assessment of 100 percent of the payroll withholding liability against all people liable for such taxes. But 26 USC § 6672 policy limits the IRS to only one satisfaction of the payroll tax liability. Gens v. United States, 615 F2d 1335, 1339 (222 Ct. Cl. 407) (1980). Such penalty is to be levied against “(1) a responsible person, who has (2) willfully failed to perform a duty to collect, account, or pay over the taxes. [Cit.]” George v. United States, 819 F2d 1008, 1011 (11th Cir. 1987). The levy under 26 USC § 6672 against the responsible person, who has committed a “flagrant violation of the law,” is based on a willful breach of trust imposed by statute. Smith v. United States, 894 F2d 1549, 1553 (11th Cir. 1990).
The Code and the regulations thereunder require employers to withhold from employees’ paychecks the employees’ share of FICA taxes and income taxes. See Slodov v. United States, 436 U. S. 238, 242-43 (98 SC 1778, 1782-83, 56 LE2d 251) (1978). See also 26 CFR §§ 31.6011 (a)-1, 31.6011 (a)-4. Once the employer deducts funds from the employees’ checks, the Government credits the employees for the funds withheld. Regardless of whether or not the employer pays the withheld taxes over to the Government, the Government’s only recourse is against the employer. Slodov [v. United States, supra at 1783]. Withheld funds constitute a trust in favor of the United States from the time that the employer deducts them from employees’ checks, and the employer is liable to the Government for any amounts withheld. Id.; Code § 7501 (a) .
Smith v. United States, supra at 1552-1553. “[T]he purpose of section 6672 . . . is to give the Government a second person to turn to in the event that withholding taxes prove uncollectible from the employer. [Cits.]” Id. at 1555.
(b) Under 26 USC § 6672, the sum imposed upon the officers for failure to pay the employees’ trust fund taxes is designated a penalty. Notwithstanding such designation, it is a sum equal to the trust fund taxes of the employees that the officers failed to turn over to the IRS. See United States v. Sotelo, 436 U. S. 268, 275 (98 SC 1795, 56 LE2d 275) (1978); see also Smith v. United States, supra at 1553; Botta v. *272Scanlon, 314 F2d 392 (2nd Cir. 1963). However, 26 USC § 6671 (a) expressly provides that “any reference in this title to ‘tax’ imposed by this title shall be deemed also to refer to the penalties and liabilities provided by this subchapter (including [26 USC] § 6672).” (Citation omitted.) Botta v. Scanlon, supra at 393.
The funds here involved [, employee withholding taxes,] were unquestionably “taxes” at the time they were “collected or withheld from others.” . . . That the funds due are referred to as a “penalty” when the [IRS] later seeks to recover them does not alter their essential character as taxes ... at least in a case in which, as here, the § 6672 liability is predicated on a failure to pay over, rather than a failure initially to collect, the taxes.
United States v. Sotelo, supra at 275. Thus, the penalty is a mere collection device to recover the unpaid taxes and does not impose an additional penalty beyond the taxes owed. See Newsome v. United States, 431 F2d 742, 745 (5th Cir. 1970); United States v. Molitor, 337 F2d 917 (9th Cir. 1964). “The nature of the penalty imposed . . . shows that § 6672 is simply a means for ensuring that the tax is paid, and does not impose a criminal liability.” Botta v. Scanlon, supra at 393. The IRS treats payment of the trust account sums under 26 USC § 6672 as a tax. See Kelly v. Lethert, 362 F2d 629, 633 (8th Cir. 1966); Botta v. Scanlon, supra at 393. Consequently, the IRS can collect such trust account sums only once, no matter who ultimately pays it. United States v. Huckabee Auto Co., 783 F2d 1546 (11th Cir. 1986); Newsome v. United States, supra at 742; Gens v. United States, supra at 1339; Brown v. United States, 591 F2d 1136, 1142-1143 (5th Cir. 1979); Kelly v. Lethert, supra at 635. The IRS cannot collect 26 USC § 6672 sums greater than the amount due as a delinquent tax. United States v. Sotelo, supra at 279, n. 12; see also United States v. Security Pacific Business Credit, 956 F2d 703, 705, 707 (7th Cir. 1992).
(c) In pre-1996 tax refund cases, several federal district courts have refused to recognize contribution or indemnification theories under 26 USC § 6672 as a federal claim; this occurs when the IRS either brings in a third-party defendant or additional defendant in counterclaim on a refund case. In Rebelle v. United States, 588 FSupp. 49, 51 (M.D. La. 1984), relied upon by the defendant, the trial court wrote, “[t]he question for this Court, then, is whether a statutory right to contribution under section 6672 has been sanctioned by Congress.” In 1984, the answer was no, but the federal trial court went on to reject a state contract indemnity claim for the same reasoning, although it had no subject matter jurisdiction over such claim *273as a state action. Id. The federal district courts have no original subject matter, ancillary, or pendent jurisdiction over state indemnity claims.
It is well settled that an individual subject to a tax assessment pursuant to § 6672 has no federal common law or statutory right of action for contribution or indemnity against another individual who may also be so liable. ... It has been consistently recognized in the federal courts that where an action is patently without merit, a federal court may dismiss such action for want of subject matter jurisdiction.
(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Cook v. United States, 765 FSupp. 217, 219 (M.D. Pa. 1991). Therefore, to simplify the tax collection process, such state claims were routinely dismissed because of the limited subject matter jurisdiction of federal courts. See United States v. Amerson, 808 FSupp. 695 (W.D. Mo. 1992); Cook v. United States, supra; Rebelle v. United States, supra at 52.1 Federal district courts have given many reasons for the deniability of such claims in federal court under federal contribution or state indemnity theories.2 *274However, the right to bring such contract claims in state forums has not been prohibited by the federal district court opinions stating federal public policy, regarding federal tax administration, collection, and refund.3 “Clearly, the ‘statute serves as a collection device for the government, and not as a source of a cause of action between or among persons found to be “responsible” parties.’ [Cit.]” Cook v. United States, supra at 219.
In this case, plaintiff paid the IRS all the taxes due and did not seek a tax refund in federal district court but, instead, seeks reimbursement from the defendant under the written agreement for indemnity, which was the consideration for the PLI stock transfer. Therefore, no delay or interference with the collection policies of the IRS resulted from this case, nor have federal courts been burdened. Therefore, no federal public policy is involved in this case that would prohibit a state contract claim for indemnification. See Schoot v. United States, supra at 298; Swift v. Levesque, supra at 173.
While most of these federal district court opinions may hold that, to allow indemnity would frustrate federal tax policy to penalize the responsible party, such cases are merely persuasive and not binding. Further, they do not even come from the Eleventh Circuit. The foregoing Supreme Court and Circuit Court of Appeals cases do not prohibit indemnification in state actions for a 26 USC § 6672 penalty after it has been paid by the responsible person. Thus, the trial court erred as a matter of law.
Further, 26 USC § 6672 (d)4 was added by amendment in 1996 to provide a new federal right of contribution, so that Congress has drastically changed the pre-existing court-made federal policy in this regard.5 In fact, the Congressional legislative history to this amend*275ment plainly states that, prior to the amendment, responsible persons could bring actions in state courts under state theories of contribution and indemnity for reimbursement. Thus, the trial court erred in this state contract action for indemnification by applying federal public policy as barring such state action.
(d)
The construction of contracts involves three steps. At least initially, construction is a matter of law for the court. First, the trial court must decide whether the language is clear and unambiguous. If it is, the court simply enforces the contract according to its clear terms; the contract alone is looked to for its meaning. Next, if the contract is ambiguous in some respect, the court must apply the rules of contract construction to resolve the ambiguity. Finally, if the ambiguity remains after applying the rules of construction, the issue of what the ambiguous language means and what the parties intended must be resolved by a jury. Century 21 Pinetree Properties v. Cason, 220 Ga. App. 355, 358 (2) (d) (469 SE2d 458) (1996).
CareAmerica v. Southern Care Corp., supra at 880. Ambiguity exists when the meaning is uncertain, and the language may be fairly understood in more than one way. Id. at 881. Thus, “federal tax” in the indemnity agreement may be construed to mean only federal corporate income taxes owed by the corporation or may include withholding trust fund taxes as well as interest and penalties; such fair interpretations render the indemnity agreement ambiguous regarding the meaning of federal taxes, even though the Revenue Code defines the term taxes to include penalties. See 26 USC § 6671 (a).
“The cardinal rule of contract construction is to ascertain the intention of the parties.” OCGA § 13-2-3. Since PLI was in financial difficulty, then it had no income and no federal corporate income tax liability. However, it did have a long history of liability for trust fund taxes withheld from employees under 26 USC § 7501, for which plaintiff could be held liable as the responsible person. Further, the agreement expressly excluded “any state withholding taxes, and the parties’ respective rights or liabilities concerning any state withholding taxes,” which demonstrates that the parties had in mind such *276class of tax liability and intended that “federal taxes” meant federal withholding taxes because the comparable state taxes were expressly excluded but such federal withholding taxes were not expressly excluded. See OCGA §§ 48-7-101; 48-7-106 (c); 48-7-108; 48-7-109. If the penalty under 26 USC § 6672 was not intended to come within the federal tax indemnity, then plaintiff would receive no real consideration for the transfer of his stock.
“If the construction is doubtful, that which goes most strongly against the party executing the instrument or undertaking the obligation is generally to be preferred.” OCGA § 13-2-2 (5). While both parties executed the agreement, plaintiff fully performed by transferring the PLI stock, leaving defendant to perform by paying the federal taxes and indemnifying plaintiff from federal taxes. Therefore, the interpretation that does not relieve the defendant from liability for the federal trust fund withholding taxes is the one to be preferred. CareAmerica v. Southern Care Corp., supra at 881. PLI had failed to pay all federal trust fund withholding taxes.
Generally, parol evidence is not admissible “to add to, take from, or vary a written contract,” because the language of the indemnity is not clear; however, we may consider “[a]ll the attendant and surrounding circumstances” to explain the ambiguity. OCGA § 13-2-2 (1); CareAmerica v. Southern Care Corp., supra at 881. PLI had a history of late filings and payments of the trust account taxes under plaintiff; therefore, the indemnity against all federal taxes, interest, and penalties of the plaintiff was the sole consideration that he received or wanted and that the parties bargained for. Thus, the parties intended that plaintiff be protected by (1) the defendant’s promise to pay all federal taxes, including the trust fund withholding taxes; and (2) the promise to indemnify plaintiff against any tax liability of PLI that he was required to pay under 26 USC § 6672 or other federal taxes. Since plaintiff immediately transferred his PLI stock and resigned as officer, then the only federal taxes that he could become liable for would be under 26 USC § 6672.
Since, as a matter of law, the IRS cannot levy against the responsible party under 26 USC § 6672 unless the trust fund taxes have not been paid, and since, as a matter of law, the IRS can satisfy the trust fund taxes only once, the legal presumption then arises that neither PLI nor the defendant paid the federal trust fund taxes, because the IRS levied against and fully collected the trust fund taxes from the plaintiff as the responsible person. See United States v. Sotelo, supra at 275, 279, n. 12; United States v. Schroeder, 900 F2d 1144, 1146, and n. 1 (7th Cir. 1990); United States v. Huckabee Auto Co., supra; Newsome v. United States, supra; Brown v. United States, supra. Therefore, the legal presumption arises that the trust fund taxes were not paid by PLI. Thus, defendant breached his promise to *277pay PLI’s taxes and breached his promise to indemnify the plaintiff against any and all federal taxes that he was forced to pay on behalf of PLI. The trial court erred in granting summary judgment to the defendant and denying summary judgment for the plaintiff as a matter of law. See OCGA § 9-11-56 (e); Lau’s Corp. v. Haskins, 261 Ga. 491 (405 SE2d 474) (1991).

Judgment reversed.

Pope, P. J., and Barnes, J., concur. Blackburn, P. J., and Senior Appellate Judge Harold R. Banke concur specially. Johnson, C. J., and Smith, J., dissent

 See also DiBenedetto v. United States, 35 AFTR2d 75-1502; 75-1 USTC ¶ 9503 (D.R.I. 1974); Cohen v. United States, 35 AFTR2d 75-1445 (E.D. Mich. 1975); Geiger v. United States, 41 AFTR2d 78-1230 (D.Md. 1978); Hanhauser v. United States, 85 FRD 89 (M.D. Pa. 1979); Moats v. United States, 564 FSupp. 1330 (W.D. Mo. 1983); Rice v. Pearce, 574 FSupp. 23 (S.D. Iowa 1983); Swift v. Levesque, 614 FSupp. 172 (D. Conn. 1985); Schoot v. United States, 664 FSupp. 293 (N.D. Ill. 1987); Continental Illinois Nat. Bank & Trust Co. v. United States, 87-2 US Tax Cas. ¶ 9442 (E.D. Ill. 1987); Padalino v. United States, 89-2 US Tax Cas. ¶ 9632 (D.C. N.J. 1989); Cook v. United States, supra; Carlucci v. United States, 793 FSupp. 482 (S.D. N.Y. 1992).

 The majority of the courts which have considered this question have concluded that no such right [to contribution under IRC] exists. This Court agrees with the majority. The seminal case on this question is DiBenedetto v. United States, [supra]. In DiBenedetto, the court concluded that no such statutory right to contribution existed, and articulated several policy reasons which supported this conclusion. First, in addition to any taxes which might be owed, section 6672 provides that the penalty for nonpayment of such taxes is 100% of the taxes owed. The penal nature of this statute would be reduced, if not entirely defeated, by allowing a person found to be a “responsible person” to share the burden or cost of this assessment. Another reason given by the court was that the penalty is only assessed for the willful failure to collect or truthfully account for these taxes, which suggests a higher degree of culpability than the person whose act was merely accidental or inadvertent. As the court noted in DiBenedetto, courts have been loath to extend to a right of contribution in favor of an intentional wrongdoer who has acted in pari delicto with others. This Court would add that denial of a right of contribution serves another useful purpose in addition to those mentioned above. The threat that any one of a group of responsible persons could be held to pay 100% of the penalty without benefit of contribution, while the other actors might altogether avoid payment of even a portion of the penalty, might provide sufficient incentive for one or more in the group to act lawfully and pay or account for the taxes in question. A ‘responsible *274person’s’ resolve to willfully fail to collect such taxes may be weakened when faced with the possibility of bearing all of the 100% penalty than it would be if there was a right to spread and diversify this burden or risk among the group. The need for government action to collect these taxes is obviated if only one potentially liable person in a group of potentially liable people acts properly. The risk of bearing this penalty alone may bring that one person to the forefront a little more readily, and thus save the government the additional enforcement expenses.
(Emphasis supplied.) Rebelle v. United States, supra at 51.

 Schoot v. United States, supra at 298; Swift v. Levesque, supra at 177; and Reid v. United States, 558 FSupp. 686 (N.D. Miss. 1983), allowed an action for indemnification in federal court of funds paid under 26 USC § 6672.

 P. L. 104-168, § 903, Title IX, 110 Stat. 1465.

 Legislative history — 4 1996 U. S. Code Congressional and Administrative News, pp. 1143, 1163 “Present law”:
A responsible person may seek to recover part of the amount which he has paid to the IRS from other individuals who also may have the obligations of a responsible person but who have not yet contributed their proportionate share of their liability under Section 6672. Taxpayers must pursue such claims for contribution under state law (to the extent state law permits such claims). The variations in state law sometimes make it difficult or impossible to press successful suits in state courts to *275force a contribution from other responsible persons.
“Reasons for change”: “The IRS may collect this penalty from a responsible person with the greatest culpability for the failure. It would accordingly promote fairness in the administration of the tax laws to establish a right of contribution among multiple responsible parties.”