Court Opinion

ID: 6693403
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-20 21:42:58.315081+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:01:10.402954
License: Public Domain

Avjcry, ■].,
concurring: When Lord Denman’s Act was passed by Parliament in 1851, the various courts of law' and chancery were still maintained with the established procedui’e in each, and this fact, in part, accounts for the modification of the second section of that statute by the Acts of 1866 '(Bat. Rev., ch. 43, sec. 15), and the subsequent acts culminating in the enactment of The Code, §580. The English statute provided that in all actions or proceedings, *297and at all stages, before any person baying authority to hear evidence, “the parties thereto and the persons in whose behalf any such suit or action or other proceeding may be brought or defended, shall, except as hereinafter excepted, be competent and compellable to give evidence, either viva voce or by deposition, according to the practice of the Court, on behalf of either or any of the parties to the said suit, action or other proceeding.”
In section six of Lord Denman’s Act it was also provided that in all actions pending in the Superior Courts of common law the right of compelling the production of, of inspecting and of taking copies of the papers of, an adversary party should be confined to those cases where a discovery might have been obtained at the instance of the moving party by a bill or other proceeding in a court of equity. 14 and 15 Vic., 91 Stat. at Large, ch. 99, sections 2 to 6, inclusive; 2 Taylor on Ev., sec. 1217. When courts of equity were abolished in this State the Code of Civil Procedure was passed, embi’acing what are now sections 579 to '584 of The Code, both inclusive, and section 588 in totidem verbis, except the proviso to section 580. Bat. Rev., ch. 17, sections 332 t-p 341. Section 579 provided that “no action to obtain discovery under oath in aid of the prosecution or defence of another action shall be allowed, etc., except in the manner prescribed by this chapter.” Except the proviso (to section 580) .The Code of-New York (Vor-hees, sections 389 to 397, both inclusive) contains precisely the same language as that embodied in our statutes (sections 579 to 587 of The Code).
The mode subsequently substituted for the equitable proceeding was to compel a party, at the instance of his adversary “in the same manner and subject to the same rules of examination as any other witness, to testify either at the trial or conditionally or upon commission.” What rules appli*298cable to testifying at trial or to deposing before a commissioner are still in force here? If, in recognizing the mode of examination adopted in equity practice before a commissioner to take depositions, we hold that parties should be entitled to the same protection as was afforded to other witnesses or to parties by the rules of evidence up to that time in force, in answering a bill of discovery, we would find in the practice of the courts of New York, and other States where the new procedure prevails, abundant authority to sustain us. But before passing upon that question, it may be well to recur to the restrictions adopted by courts of equity to prevent abuse of the statutory power of compelling an adversary to disclose information which was essential to the prosecution of a meritorious action against him, but was often wrongfully or fraudulently withheld.
1. A man was not compellable, in answering a bill of discovery, to criminate himself or to furnish a link in a chain of testimony tending to convict him of crime, or to make, any disclosure tending to subject him to a penalty or forfeiture. Adams’ Eq., pp. 2 and 3; 1 Pomerory Eq. Jur., sec. 202; United States v. MacRae, L. R., 3, 79; Story’s Eq. Pl., secs. 553 and 575; Liggett v. Postly, 2 Paige R., 601 Cooley Const. Lim., marg. p. 394.
2. The office of such a bill was to compel the discovery “of facts resting in the knowledge of the defendant, or’of deeds or writings in his possession or power, in order to maintain the right or title of the party asking it in some suit or proceeding in another court.” Pemberton v. Kirk, 4 Ired. Eq., 178; 1 Pom. Eq. Jur., 195; Mitford’s Eq. Pl., p. 21.
3. The bill of discovery could not be used to elicit information as to a controversy about a title that might possibly arise in the future or merely to pry into an adversary’s grounds of defence in a pending action at law. Baxter v. Farmer, 7 Ired. Eq., 239; 1 Pom. Eq. Jur., sec. 201.
*2994. A party might by plea successfully resist disclosures sought by such a bill, not only on the ground that his answers might subject him to criminal punishment or to a forfeiture or penalty, but because, as many Courts held, the discovery might show him guilty of moral turpitude. 1 Story's Eq. .Jur., sec. 595.
5. Though there is no little conflict between the leading text-writers of England and of this country on the subject, the weight of authority seems to be in favor of the proposition that a party could not be compelled to discover any matter which might tend to show such party liable in a pending civil action for libel or to be used in aid of such suit. Story’s Eq., sec. 597, and note 3, sec. 553, and note 4, p. 571; 2 Story’s Eq. Jur., sec. 1494, and note 1; Glynn v. Houston, 1 Keen R., 329; Mitford’s Eq. Pl., marg. p. 195; Opdyke v. Marble, 18 Abbott, 269; Thompson on Trials, sec. 744. Both Thompson, in the sections just cited, and Judge Leonard, in the case of Opdyke x. Marble, supra, assume that “ nothing is better settled than that no discovery could be made under the practice of the Court of Chancery in an action for libel.”
When the opinion in Opdyke v. Marble was rendered there were two concurrent statutory provisions in New York that could be used in compelling the production of books and papers, the one exactly- the same as the section of our Code (sec. 578 — C. C. P., sec. 331), and the other a section of their Revised Statutes similar in its terms to section 82, chapter 31, of our Revised Code. Until the last codiflcation of our laws both statutes were still in force here. McLeod v. Bullard, 84 N. C., 515. The section of the Revised Code had been enacted in 1828 to accomplish one of the objects attained in the passage of Lord Den-man’s Act, by enabling the- Superior Courts of lawT to procure documentary evidence without invoking the aid of a *300court of equity, but subject to the same limitations as to the extent of examination that were allowed by the chancellors. The statutory provisions now in force in North Carolina and in New York are and have been substantially the same, except that no discoveiy can be compelled under our statute until after suit is brought. 2 Am. and Eng. Ene., pp. 206 and 207.
In Opdyke v. Marble, supra, Mr. David Dudley Field, in his brief, insisted that under the Code of Civil Procedure and the old statute (corresponding with The Cade, §578, and Rev. Code, sec. 82, ch. 31), together with the additional right given by the act in force there, to call for the production of papers before trial, the plaintiff could compel the production of the hooks of The World, a newspaper, in order to ascertain who, besides Mr. Mantón Marble, were the owners of the paper and amenable to an action for libel. Upon that state of facts it was held that a discoveiy could not be had when “ it would not have been allowed by the principles and practice of the late Court of Chancery,” and therefore no discovery could be granted in an action for libel. It appears, therefore, that when, by our own statutes (ReAn Code, ch. 31, sec. 82), the courts of laiv were permitted to require disclosures in reference to books, papers, etc., they ivere subject, as were the English Superior Courts under Lord Denman’s Act, to the restrictions imposed by the rules of the courts of chantíery. When our courts of equity were subsequently abolished we adopted and enacted those sections of the Code .of Neiv York which had been previously construed (Opdyke v. Marble, supra) as prescribing the same limits to the compulsory examination of adversary parties. The provisions of our Code having been passed after the Courts of New York and other States had construed them it may “ be presumed” that they were enacted with a knowledge, if not approval, of the *301judicial construction already given them. Bridgers v. Taylor, 102 N. C., 86; Redmond v. Commissioners, 106 N. C., 122.
Wliore the bill of discovery has been abolished by similar statutes in the various States of America and by the judicature acts in England, it seems to have been generally, if not universally, held that “all of the principles of the law of discovery, not modified or abrogated by the new statute, are still in full force.” 2 Am. and Eng. Enc., 210; Anderson v. Bank, L. R. 2 Ch. Div. 644; Cashier v. Craddock, L. R. 2 Ch. Div. 240. Mr. Pomeroy says (1 Eq. Jur., sec. 194): “It follows from the foregoing statements that the suit for a discovery as a branch of the auxiliary jurisdiction is now confined to a portion only of the States and Territories, and oven in those commonwealths a resort to it is quite infrequent. For this reason an extensive and minute discussion of the rules which govern it seems to be unnecessary. On the other hand, the principles and doctrines relating to discovery, which have been settled by the courts of equity and which determine what facts parties can be compelled to disclose and what documents to produce, and under what circumstances the disclosures or productions can be obtained, will still continue to be recognized by the Courts and to regulate their action in enforcing the examination of parties and the production of writings by means of the more summary statutory proceedings. The abolition or discontinuance of technical “discovery” has not abrogated those principles and doctrines.” Recurring to the language of the statutes for the purpose of giving my own construction, we find that the Legislature may be said to have discontinued the formal bill of discovery, but to have retained the right to compel similar disclosures “ in the manner prescribed ” (section 579); that is, subject to the same settled method and rules of examination applica*302ble to other witnesses. "Without ado])ting the extreme views of some text-writers that a discovery cannot be compelled, under the usual provisions in the new Codes of Procedure, in aid of any action of tort, or passing upon the question whether a party can he forced in any case to disclose Iris own moral turpitude, I am sustained by the general current of authority in holding that the defendant was not compellable, either in aid of the pending civil action for libel or in view of the possible use of his answer in a criminal indictment against him, to disclose what was meant by the word “merciful,” and the nature of the rumors with reference to which it was used in the report. The palpable purpose in asking the defendant Cunninggim whether the committee had reported as to the conduct of the feme plaintiff after consultation with him, and, following that, upon receiving an affirmative response, by interrogating him as to what he and the committee meant by the use of the word “merciful” in the reports submitted to the church, was first to connect the witness, as an abettor and counselor, with the other defendants composing the committee, and then to establish the innuendo by showing from his own testimony a common purpose on the part of himself and the committee in the use of the words to charge the feme plaintiff with incontinency. The direct tendency of the question, therefore, was to furnish a portion of the evidence necessary to sustain not only the pending civil action for slander, but an indictment, if one should be found, for slandering an innocent woman (under The Code, §1113), against the witness and his co-defendant. It will be noted that no such protective proviso as that, applicable to proceedings supplementary to execution (The Code, §488 (5)), was enacted in reference to the ordinary examination of parties, and hence we may fairly infer that the Legislature intended, in omitting the provision as to *303parties, to emphasize the fact that in all other cases, except that of an execution debtor, a party under examination should have the benefit of all such instructions as the law had, for his own safety, thrown around him in the conduct of the proceeding- The statute (The Code, §581) permits either party to demand the examination of an adAmrsary “at any time before trial, at the option of the party claiming it, before the -Judge or Clerk of the Court.” When a party elects to have the examination before the Clerk, it would seem that the mode of conducting it must be in all respects the same as if had before the Judge. The examination was not conducted for the Clerk or Judge by a referee or commissioner. Conceding that the witness was not entitled to the benefit of the objection that his answer might criminate himself, unless he had rested his refusal to answer on that ground instead of liis privilege as pastor as to confidential communications, we think it is clear that a plaintiff cannot use the privilege of examining a defendant for the purpose of extorting confessions that will tend to enable the plaintiff, in the very action in which the examination is had, to prove that the defendant has maliciously libeled him. It is not necessary, therefore, to determine whether it was the duty of the Clerk to caution the defendant and “advertise him of his right to decline” to answer, in view of the developments which must have made apparent the danger of self-crimination, if the theory of the plaintiff as to the innocence of the feme plaintiff should .prove to be well founded. -1 Greenleaf Ev., sec. 451, p. 549. Where a party offers himself as a witness in his own behalf on the trial of the action, he opens the door for questions on cross-examination that would not otherwise have been competent, and hence the case of McDougald v. Coward, 95 N. C., 368, is not even analogous to this. It has been expressly held by this Court that where Judges *304hold courts on legal holidays their proceedings arc valid and binding upon parties whose rights are affected by adjudications made on such days. State v Moore, 104 N C., 743.
It has been held in the case of Fertilizer Co. v. Taylor, decided at this Term, and in effect in Parker v. MePhail, that such interlocutory orders as that appealed from involve a substantial right, and are, therefore, subject to review in this Court. As the record presents the questions raised fully, it was not essential that there should have been a formal statement of the case on appeal.
For the reasons stated I think that the Court erred.