Court Opinion

ID: 1072559
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-09 19:51:07.465618+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:06:09.961616
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                            AT KNOXVILLE
                                  February 16, 2001 Session

                          ERNEST J. FRYE v.
              BLUE RIDGE NEUROSCIENCE CENTER, P.C., et al.

                        Appeal from the Law Court for Sullivan County
                         No. C33344(M) John S. McLellan, III, Judge

                                    FILED MARCH 12, 2001

                                  No. E2000-02155-COA-R9-CV

Plaintiff sued Defendants on November 25, 1998, alleging medical malpractice. Summonses were
issued but never served on Defendants or returned to the court. Process was never reissued on the
first Complaint. A voluntary nonsuit was entered by the Trial Court on June 8, 1999. On November
22, 1999, Plaintiff refiled a similar lawsuit, process issued, and Defendants were served the next day.
Defendants filed summary judgment motions claiming that the statute of limitations had run because
Plaintiff failed to have process reissued on the first Complaint as required by Rule 3 of the Tenn. R.
Civ. P. Plaintiff claimed compliance with Rule 3, and, therefore, that the second lawsuit was filed
within the statute of limitations. The Trial Court denied the summary judgment motions after
determining that Defendants had actual notice of the first lawsuit and thus the spirit of the rules had
been complied with. The Trial Court granted Defendants’ request for an interlocutory appeal. We
granted this interlocutory appeal to decide whether Plaintiff can comply with Rule 3 of the Tenn. R.
Civ. P. not by obtaining issuance of new process in his original lawsuit within the one year period
provided for in Rule 3, but instead by voluntarily dismissing the first lawsuit and refiling a similar
lawsuit with the issuance of process in the second lawsuit within the one year period. Our answer
is “no.” We reverse the decision of the Trial Court.

                  Interlocutory Appeal Pursuant to Rule 9, Tenn. R. App. P.;
                    Judgment of the Law Court Reversed; Case Remanded

D. MICHAEL SWINEY, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which HOUSTON M. GODDARD , P.J.,
and CHARLES D. SUSANO, JR., J., joined.

Jimmie C. Miller, Kingsport, Tennessee, for the Appellant Blue Ridge Neuroscience Center, P.C.

William T. Gamble and Russell W. Adkins, Kingsport, Tennessee, for the Appellant Gregory N.
Corradino, M.D.

Olen G. Haynes, Johnson City, Tennessee, for the Appellee Ernest J. Frye.
                                            OPINION

                                           Background

                 The first Complaint in this medical malpractice action was filed on November 25,
1998, in the Law Court for Sullivan County, Tennessee. At that time Ernest J. Frye (“Plaintiff”) was
represented by counsel in Norton, Virginia. In the first Complaint, Plaintiff claimed Defendant
Gregory N. Corradino, M.D. (“Defendant Corradino”) was negligent in providing medical treatment
after Plaintiff was in an automobile accident and suffered neck injuries. Although the date(s) of the
alleged negligence are not specifically set forth in the Complaint, it is clear that any alleged
negligence occurred on or before January 18, 1998. Plaintiff also sued Dr. Corradino’s employer,
Blue Ridge Neuroscience Center, P.C. (“Defendant Blue Ridge”).

                 When the original Complaint was filed, summonses were issued and given to
Plaintiff’s counsel. The summonses were never returned to the court indicating whether or not
service had been accomplished on either Defendant. It is undisputed that Defendants were never
served with process and that process was never reissued. Neither Defendant made an appearance
in the original lawsuit and no answers were filed. On February 26, 1999, counsel for Defendant Blue
Ridge sent a proposed Notice of Voluntary Dismissal and a proposed Order of Voluntary Dismissal
to Plaintiff’s counsel. Defendant Blue Ridge was, therefore, aware of the lawsuit, as well as the
court in which it was pending and the docket number. In the proposed notice, the certificate of
service indicated that a copy of the notice and order were being sent to counsel for both Defendants.
The proposed notice and order were not utilized by Plaintiff, who on June 7, 1999, filed a different
Notice of Voluntary Dismissal and proposed Order. This notice did not contain a certificate of
service. The Order granting the voluntary dismissal pursuant to Rule 41.01 of the Tenn. R. Civ. P.
was entered by the Trial Court on June 8, 1999.

               On November 22, 1999, Plaintiff, represented by different counsel, filed a second
Complaint. Process issued that same day and Defendants were served on November 23, 1999.
Although the first and second Complaints are different, Plaintiff sued the same Defendants and
asserted the same causes of action that were alleged in the first Complaint, although the alleged
negligent acts are set out with more specificity in the second Complaint. In the first Complaint,
Plaintiff sought $500,000.00 in damages. In the second Complaint, Plaintiff increased the amount
of damages he was seeking to $750,000.00.

               On January 21, 2000, Defendant Corradino filed a Motion for Summary Judgment
pursuant to Rule 56 of the Tenn. R. Civ. P. A similar motion was filed by Defendant Blue Ridge on
January 31, 2000. Both Defendants asserted that the second Complaint was not filed within the
applicable one-year statute of limitations set forth in Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-26-116. They also
argued that the saving statute, Tenn. Code. Ann. § 28-1-105, was not applicable because Plaintiff
had not reissued process on the first Complaint within one year as required by Rule 3 of the Tenn.
R. Civ. P.

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               On June 30, 2000, the Trial Court entered an Order denying the summary judgment
motions. The Trial Court concluded that Defendants had actual, but not technical, notice of the first
lawsuit. According to the Trial Court, this actual notice, coupled with the liberal construction of
Rule 3 of the Tenn. R. Civ. P., was sufficient to comply with the spirit of the rules of civil procedure
and, therefore, the action was not time barred. Defendants filed an Application for Permission to
Take an Interlocutory Appeal, which was granted by the Trial Court. We granted permission for
Defendants’ interlocutory appeal pursuant to Rule 9, Tenn. R. App. P.

                                                      Discussion

                This interlocutory appeal requires us to decide whether Plaintiff can rely upon the
commencement of the original lawsuit to toll the running of a statute of limitations when Plaintiff
failed to obtain issuance of new process on the first Complaint within the one year period required
by Tenn. R. Civ. P. 3, and instead recommenced suit by filing a second lawsuit with process issued
in the second lawsuit within that one year. Plaintiff argues that the filing of the second Complaint
with process issuing thereon satisfies the requirements of Rule 3 allowing him to rely upon the
original commencement of the first suit to toll the statute of limitations. Defendants argue that Rule
3 was not complied with because process was not reissued on the first Complaint, and Plaintiff
cannot rely on the original commencement to toll the statute of limitations. This issue involves a
question of law and our scope of review is de novo with no presumption of correctness
accompanying the Trial Court’s legal conclusions. See Union Carbide Corp. v. Huddleston, 854
S.W.2d 87, 91 (Tenn. 1993); Rule 13(d) Tenn. R. App. P.

                Because the issue before us requires interpretation of the interaction between the
saving statute, T.C.A. § 28-1-105, and Rule 3 of the Tenn. R. Civ. P., we will first discuss the
applicable rules of statutory construction.1 The role of the courts in construing statutes is to ascertain
and give effect to the legislative intent. Cronin v. Howe, 906 S.W.2d 910, 912 (Tenn. 1995); Wilson
v. Johnson County, 879 S.W.2d 807, 809 (Tenn. 1994). “Legislative intent is to be ascertained
whenever possible from the natural and ordinary meaning of the language used, without forced or
subtle construction that would limit or extend the meaning of the language.” Cronin, 906 S.W.2d
at 912. The Supreme Court in Cronin also pointed out that:

                  If necessary to a determination of the meaning of a statute, however,
                  recourse may be had to considerations of public policy and to the
                  established policy of the Legislature as evidenced by a general course
                  of legislation. Woodroof v. City of Nashville, 183 Tenn. 483, 192
S.W.2d 1013, 1015 (Tenn. 1946).

         1
            Although Rule 3 of the Tenn. R. Civ. P. is not a statute, “the rules governing practice and procedure in the
trial and appellate courts of this state are promulgated by the joint action of the legislature and the Supreme Court. They
have the force and effect of law.” Richards v. Newby, 1991 WL 1 63541 at * 3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 27, 1991 )(citing
Crosslin v. Alsup, 594 S.W.2d 379 (Tenn. 1980)). Accordingly, we will apply the same rules of statutory construction
that would be applicable if two statutes were being interpreted.

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                        A construction which places one statute in conflict with
                another must be avoided; therefore, we must resolve any possible
                conflict between statutes in favor of each other, so as to provide a
                harmonious operation of the laws. State By and Through Pierotti ex
                rel. Boone v. Sundquist, 884 S.W.2d 438, 444 (Tenn. 1994). In the
                event two acts conflict and cannot be reconciled, the prior act will be
                repealed or amended by implication to the extent of the inconsistency
                between the two, because the Legislature is presumed to have
                knowledge of its prior enactments and to know the state of the law at
                the time it passes legislation. Wilson v. Johnson County, 879 S.W.2d
                at 809. Repeals by implication are not favored, however, and will be
                recognized only when no fair and reasonable construction will permit
                the statutes to stand together. Id.

Cronin, 906 S.W.2d at 912. In Cronin, our Supreme Court held that the saving statute applied to a
medical malpractice action which was initially filed within the one-year statute of limitations and
the three-year statute of repose, but which was voluntarily dismissed and later refiled beyond the
three-year statute of repose. Id. at 915. The reason for this was because the plaintiff had initially
brought the action within the one-year statute of limitations and within the three-year statute of
repose. The plaintiff had, therefore, complied with the letter of the statute of repose and avoided its
substantive bar. With the timely initial filing, the plaintiff had also fulfilled the legislative purpose
of the statute of repose, which was to limit the time period during which a physician is subject to a
claim of potential liability. Id. at 914. This resolution of the issue effectuated the purposes of both
statutes.

                The Tennessee saving statute, Tenn. Code Ann. § 28-1-105(a) provides, in pertinent
part, that:

                If the action is commenced within the time limited by a rule or statute
                of limitation, but the judgment or decree is rendered against the
                plaintiff upon any ground not concluding the plaintiff’s right of
                action, or where the judgment or decree is rendered in favor of the
                plaintiff, and is arrested, or reversed on appeal, the plaintiff, or the
                plaintiff’s representatives and privies, as the case may be, may, from
                time to time, commence a new action within one (1) year after the
                reversal or arrest. . . .

                 The law in Tennessee strongly favors the resolution of all disputes on their merits,
and the saving statute is to be given a broad and liberal construction in order to achieve this goal.
Henley v. Cobb, 916 S.W.2d 915, 916 (Tenn. 1996). As discussed by our Supreme Court in Henley,
courts are paying more attention to the basic and intrinsic rights of parties than they are to form. The
spirit of the saving statute shows its basic purpose is to aid the courts in administering the law fairly
between litigants without binding them to minor and technical mistakes by their counsel in

                                                  -4-
interpreting the complexities of our laws of procedure. Henley, 916 S.W.2d at 916-17. At issue in
Henley was whether the plaintiffs could avail themselves of the saving statute when the original
action was not filed in a court with proper venue. The Supreme Court held that because both
defendants were given actual notice of plaintiffs’ legal claims, their failure to file the action in the
proper venue did not preclude the application of the saving statute. Id. at 918.

                By its own terms, the saving statute tolls the running of the statute of limitations only
if the action was commenced within the original statute of limitations, which in the present case is
one-year. Whether the action is commenced within the initial statute of limitations period is to be
determined by Tenn. R. Civ. P. 3. See Gregory v. McCulley, 912 S.W.2d 175, 177 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1995). The applicable version of Rule 3 of the Tenn. R. Civ. P. provides that:

                All civil actions are commenced by filing a complaint with the clerk
                of the court. An action is commenced within the meaning of any
                statute of limitations upon such filing of a complaint, whether process
                be issued or not issued and whether process be returned served or
                unserved. If process remains unissued for 30 days or is not served
                within 30 days from issuance, regardless of the reason, the plaintiff
                cannot rely upon the original commencement to toll the running of a
                statute of limitations unless the plaintiff continues the action by
                obtaining issuance of new process within one year from issuance of
                the previous process or, if no process is issued, within one year of the
                filing of the complaint.

                According to the plain language of Rule 3, plaintiffs who do not obtain service of
process within 30 days are provided with one avenue of relief in order to rely on the original
commencement to toll the running of the statute of limitations. That sole avenue of relief is to obtain
“issuance of new process within one year from issuance of the previous process or, if no process is
issued, within one year of the filing of the complaint.” Plaintiffs who do not comply with this safety
net provision lose the initial filing date as a bar to the statute of limitations. If this happens, the
action will not be deemed to have been “commenced within the time limited by a rule or statute of
limitation” and the saving statute will not apply. See Gregory, 912 S.W.2d at 177 (applying a
previous version of Rule 3).

                In our opinion, in order for Plaintiff in the present case to comply with the
requirements of Rule 3, process must have been reissued on the first Complaint within one year from
issuance of the previous process. Rule 3 unequivocally states that if process is not issued or not
served within 30 days of issuance, a plaintiff “cannot” rely on the original filing date to toll the
statute of limitations unless the plaintiff continues the action by having new process issued within
the one year period contained in Rule 3. Filing a new Complaint outside the statute of limitations
and issuing process on this second Complaint does not satisfy the Rule 3 requirements.

                                                  -5-
                 Under the previous version of Rule 3 before amendment in 1995, filing of this second
lawsuit with issuance of process therein would have been sufficient to toll the statute of limitations.
Under the previous version of Rule 3, a plaintiff could rely on the original commencement to toll the
statute of limitations if the plaintiff either: (1) issued new process within 6 months from issuance of
the previous process or, if no process issued, within 6 months from the filing of the complaint and
summons, or (2) recommenced the action within 1 year from issuance of the original process or, if
no process issued, within 1 year from the filing of the original complaint and summons.

                In 1995, Rule 3 was revised and the provision authorizing the recommencement of
the action was eliminated altogether. The Rule was further revised to increase from 6 months to 1
year the time in which a plaintiff could continue the action by obtaining issuance of new process and
rely on the original date of commencement to avoid the running of the statute of limitations. Our
conclusion that “recommencement” or the filing of a second suit is no longer an available option to
toll the statute of limitations is supported by the Advisory Commission Comment to the 1995
amendment to Rule 3, which states:

                Because the former rule created confusion between the one-year
                recommencement period and the one-year saving statute, the
                recommencement provision is eliminated. The earlier six-month
                reissuance period is extended from six months to a full year.

                 When interpreting statutes, the Legislative intent is to be ascertained without forced
or subtle construction that would limit or extend the meaning of the language. Cronin, 906 S.W.2d
at 912. If Plaintiff’s argument that recommencement by filing the second lawsuit tolls the statute
of limitations is accepted by this Court, we would be extending Rule 3 to create a recommencement
option when our Supreme Court unequivocally eliminated that option from Rule 3. Once the one-
year time limit in which to reissue process expired, Plaintiff’s lawsuit was essentially dead.
Assuming a nonsuit had not been taken, if Plaintiff had simply reissued process on the first lawsuit
after the one-year safety net provision had expired, his lawsuit would be subject to dismissal because
Rule 3 was not complied with. See, e.g., Toney v. Cunningham, No. 02A01-9801-CV-00005, 1999
WL 188291 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 6, 1999)(applying previous version of Rule 3). Plaintiff cannot
circumvent his failure to comply with Rule 3 by filing a new lawsuit and then seeking the benefit of
the liberal construction of the saving statute. In Pinson v. Tata, No. 02A01-9804-CV-00115, 1999
WL 167724, (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 29, 1999), the Court of Appeals for the Western Section refused
to grant plaintiff the benefit of the saving statute. In Pinson, the plaintiff did not comply with either
safety net provision available to her under the version of Rule 3 which existed prior to the 1995
amendment. Specifically, the plaintiff in Pinson reissued process after the 6 month time limit to do
so had expired, and then recommenced the action more than one year after issuance of the original
process. Because the requirements of Rule 3 had not been complied with, the Pinson Court
concluded that the saving statute did not operate to save the action.

                                                  -6-
               In reaching our conclusion that the present lawsuit must be dismissed, we are not
unmindful of the Legislative intent of the saving statute. It is not, however, the function of this Court
to incorporate into Rule 3 a provision that was expressly eliminated by our Supreme Court and
approved by our Legislature in order to liberally construe the saving statute.

                We are aware that our decision in this case conflicts with Kelly v. Wooten, No.
02A01-9712-CV-00305, 1998 WL 666771 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 29, 1998), decided by the Western
Section of this Court and relied upon by the Trial Court.2 The plaintiff in Kelly voluntarily dismissed
the first complaint and that same day filed a second complaint and process was issued. As in the
present case, the plaintiff in Kelly did not have process on the first complaint reissued. Concluding
that the plaintiff’s lawsuit was not barred by the applicable statute of limitation, the Kelly Court
stated:

                           [Defendants] Wooten and Annona urge this Court to disregard
                   [plaintiff] Kelly’s claim that the filing of the new lawsuit and
                   issuance of process constituted issuance of “new process” under Rule
                   3. Further, they urge us to conclude that Kelly did not have the
                   “option of filing a new lawsuit.” Instead, they contend that Kelly
                   could only fall under the protection of Rule 3 if he obtained new
                   process on the original claim.

                          We respectfully disagree with these assertions. Kelly filed a
                   lawsuit on August 16, 1996 essentially identical to his original suit.
                   Process was issued at that time. To declare that the issuance of
                   process on August 16, 1996 does not fall under Rule 3 would be to
                   approve form over substance. . . .

Kelly, 1998 WL 666771 at *5 (footnotes omitted). Kelly further concluded that the plaintiff’s failure
to issue process on the correct parties did not preclude application of the saving statute because both
defendants had actual knowledge of the lawsuit. Id. at * 4.

                 The impact of a defendant’s actual knowledge was later revisited by the Court of
Appeals for the Western Section in Toney v. Cunningham, No. 02A01-9801-CV-00005, 1999 WL
188291 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 6, 1999). Although the applicability of the saving statute was not
directly at issue, Toney affirmed the dismissal of two of the defendants because the plaintiff failed
to have process reissued within the time permitted under Rule 3.3 The plaintiff argued that the
defendants should be estopped from relying on the defense of lack of service since they had actual
notice of the lawsuit. In rejecting this argument, Toney observed that notice is an important factor
in determining the applicability of the saving statute. The Court went on to conclude that the opinion

        2
            No application for permission to appeal to the Supreme Court was filed in Kelly.

        3
            The Court in Toney was applying the version o f Rule 3 in existe nce prior to the 1995 amendm ent.

                                                          -7-
of the Supreme Court in Henley v. Cobb, 916 S.W.2d 915 (Tenn. 1996) does not, however, stand for
the proposition that actual notice is a substitute for service of process. Toney, 1999 WL at *2 n.4.

                 We respectfully disagree with the conclusion reached by the Western Section in Kelly.
Kelly approved the recommencing of a second lawsuit (as opposed to reissuing process on the
original lawsuit) when the second lawsuit is “essentially” the same as the first. This result would
leave the trial courts of this state with the responsibility of making ad hoc determinations on a case
by case basis as to whether a second complaint is “essentially” the same as the first. This would
create problems when parties or causes of action are added or modified in the second complaint.
These potential problems will not be present if plaintiffs simply comply with the plain language of
Rule 3 and have process on the first complaint reissued.

                Notwithstanding the procedural complications that can arise with allowing a new
lawsuit to be filed to satisfy Rule 3 so long as it is “essentially” identical, our primary disagreement
with Kelly is based on the plain language of Rule 3. As stated previously, Rule 3 was amended in
1995 and the provision creating a recommencement option was specifically deleted. We hold the
plain language of the current version of Rule 3 allows plaintiffs only one avenue of relief if they
intend to rely on the original date of commencement to toll the running of the statute of limitations:
continue the action by obtaining issuance of new process on the original complaint within the one
year period created in Rule 3. We would be inclined to agree with Kelly were it not that the method
sanctioned in Kelly for keeping the action alive was unequivocally removed by our Supreme Court
and Legislature as an option for doing so. We have neither the right nor the power to ignore the
dictates of our Supreme Court and Legislature for the sake of liberally construing Rule 3 and the
saving statute. If we have misinterpreted the Supreme Court’s intent in amending Rule 3 to delete
the recommencement option, or if the liberal construction to be accorded the saving statute somehow
trumps the requirements of the current version of Rule 3, we respectfully suggest that this would be
an appeal and issue best decided ultimately by our Supreme Court.

                                             Conclusion

                The decision of the Trial Court is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Trial
Court with instructions to dismiss the Complaint as being filed outside the one-year statute of
limitations, and for the collection of costs below. Costs of this appeal are taxed to Ernest J. Frye.

                                                        ____________________________________
                                                        D. MICHAEL SWINEY

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