Court Opinion

ID: 4212532
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-10-18 15:09:28.390317+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:40:50.553612
License: Public Domain

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),                                        FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be                                    Oct 18 2017, 10:29 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any
                                                                              CLERK
court except for the purpose of establishing                              Indiana Supreme Court
                                                                             Court of Appeals
the defense of res judicata, collateral                                        and Tax Court

estoppel, or the law of the case.

APPELLANT PRO SE                                         ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Joe M. Meyers                                            Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Carlisle, Indiana                                        Attorney General of Indiana
                                                         Justin F. Roebel
                                                         Deputy Attorney General
                                                         Indianapolis, Indiana

                                           IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Joe M. Meyers,                                           October 18, 2017
Appellant-Defendant,                                     Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                         30A01-1609-PC-2265
        v.                                               Appeal from the Hancock Superior
                                                         Court
State of Indiana,                                        The Honorable Terry Snow, Judge
Appellee-Plaintiff.                                      Trial Court Cause No.
                                                         30D01-1608-PC-1377

Riley, Judge.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 30A01-1609-PC-2265 | October 18, 2017           Page 1 of 37
                                STATEMENT OF THE CASE
[1]   Appellant-Defendant, Joe Meyers (Meyers), appeals his conviction for murder,

      Ind. Code § 35-42-1-1(1); and kidnapping, a Level 3 felony, I.C.§ 35-42-3-2(a);

      as well as the summary dismissal of his petition for post-conviction relief.

[2]   We affirm.

                                                   ISSUES
[3]   Meyers presents seven issues on appeal, which we consolidate and restate as the

      following five issues:

      (1) Whether the search warrants relating to certain searches were properly

      issued, and the evidence recovered from those searches admissible;

      (2) Whether the State presented sufficient evidence to support Meyers’

      convictions;

      (3) Whether the trial court judge was required to recuse himself;

      (4) Whether Meyers received ineffective assistance of counsel; and

      (5) Whether the post-conviction court was required to issue specific findings of

      facts and conclusions of law in dismissing his post-conviction petition.

                      FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
[4]   In July of 2014, Meyers was staying at the Always Inn in Indianapolis, Indiana.

      Ronnie Westbrook (Westbrook), and Amanda Gonzales (Gonzales), who were

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 30A01-1609-PC-2265 | October 18, 2017   Page 2 of 37
      friends with Meyers, were also staying in the same hotel. Westbrook had

      rented several rooms at the hotel, and he shared his room with his “on and off”

      girlfriend, Gonzales. (Transcript Vol. V, p. 1010). On July 19, 2014,

      Westbrook spent the night in one of the rooms he had rented with Katrina

      Miller (Miller). During the night, Westbrook awoke to someone banging on

      the door. Upon opening the door, he saw Gonzales storming across the

      parking lot to the room occupied by Meyers. Westbrook closed the door and

      went back to bed. Moments later, Gonzales returned and began pounding on

      the door. This time, Miller answered the door and Gonzales entered the room

      asking Westbrook what he had been doing in the room with Miller. The two

      began arguing. The confrontation between Westbrook and Gonzales continued

      with Westbrook going to the hotel room he shared with Gonzales, but the

      couple returned to Miller’s room, where they were joined by Meyers.

[5]   Because Miller did not want to be involved in the conflict between Westbrook

      and Gonzales, she decided to leave. By that time, it was 6:00 a.m. Meyers

      offered to give Miller a ride and drop her off at the intersection at “30th and

      German Church” Road. (Tr. Vol. V, p. 1015). Gonzales, Miller, and

      Westbrook all sat in the back seat. As they drove, Westbrook leaned into his

      seat and Miller rested on him. At some point, Westbrook looked up and saw

      that they were on “Carroll Road,” and that Meyers had driven past Miller’s

      designated stop. (Tr. Vol. V, p. 1036). This fact caused Westbrook to get into

      an argument with Meyers, and Westbrook insisted to be let out of the vehicle.

      According to Westbrook, Meyers pulled over to the side of the road next to a

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 30A01-1609-PC-2265 | October 18, 2017   Page 3 of 37
      cornfield, where the two argued some more. Westbrook also saw Meyers and

      Gonzales look at each other suspiciously, and that is when he knew “something

      wasn’t right.” (Tr. Vol. V, p. 1036). Notwithstanding Westbrook’s request to

      be let out, he did not get out of the vehicle at that point, and Meyers drove the

      vehicle back onto the road. However, as Meyers approached the intersection of

      42nd Street and German Church Road, Westbrook again insisted to be let out of

      the vehicle. According to Westbrook, he did not worry about leaving Miller

      behind with Meyers and Gonzales because he knew she “always carried a

      firearm on her.” (Tr. Vol. V, p. 1038). After Westbrook got out of Meyers’

      vehicle, Meyers, did a “U turn right there in street” and headed in the opposite

      direction on Carroll Road. (Tr. Vol. V, p. 1038). Westbrook, who was wearing

      a GPS-enabled ankle monitor, began walking towards German Church road.

      Meyers however, drove back to the cornfield on Carroll Road. There, Gonzales

      gave Meyers a .380 caliber Sig Sauer handgun and she encouraged him to shoot

      Miller. Meyers shot Miller in the back of the head. The two got inside the

      vehicle and drove back to the hotel; however, they stopped on the way and

      picked up Westbrook. The group arrived at the hotel at approximately 6:30

      a.m.

[6]   On July 24, 2014, Miller’s decomposing body was found in a cornfield by two

      Mormon missionaries who telephoned the police. Subsequent investigations

      revealed that Miller had been shot in the back of the head with a .380 caliber

      bullet. There was a shell casing of a Hornady-brand .380 bullet near Miller’s

      body. Miller also showed signs of having been beaten before being shot: she

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 30A01-1609-PC-2265 | October 18, 2017   Page 4 of 37
      had blunt-force trauma to the right side of her face and some of her teeth had

      been knocked out. She also had a contusion on her thigh.

[7]   The discovery of Miller’s body was announced on the local news. On July 25,

      2014, Isadore Webster (Webster) and his girlfriend, Michelle Muse (Muse),

      who were residents at the Always Inn, went to the police station and informed

      the police that they had information regarding Miller’s murder. Muse informed

      the police that she knew Miller and that Miller had stayed in the same hotel

      with different people from time to time. Muse advised the police that either on

      July 22 or July 23, 2014, Gonzales approached her and asked if she had ever

      seen a real murder take place. Muse told the police that she did not understand

      Gonzales’ question. Gonzales explained to Muse that Meyers, Westbrook,

      Miller, and herself got into a vehicle and drove to a cornfield, where Meyers

      made Miller get down on her knees, and then Meyers shot Miller in the back of

      the neck. Webster, who was separately interviewed by the police, reiterated

      Muse’s narration. Webster also informed the police that Gonzales and Meyers

      each carried firearms. Webster added that Gonzales was Westbrook’s

      girlfriend.

[8]   Based on the information gathered from Muse and Webster, the police went to

      the Always Inn, and inquired if Westbrook and Meyers were residents at the

      hotel. The Always Inn confirmed that Westbrook and Meyers had paid for

      rooms in advance, and the police obtained the surveillance video from the

      hotel. The surveillance video substantiated Muse’s and Webster’s account, and

      the police began to look for Gonzales, Westbrook, and Meyers. On July 26,

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 30A01-1609-PC-2265 | October 18, 2017   Page 5 of 37
      2014, the police obtained search warrants to search the rooms occupied by

      Gonzales, Westbrook, and Meyers. During the search of Meyers’ hotel room,

      several items were discovered, including six unfired Hornady-brand .380 caliber

      bullets. On the same day, the police initiated a traffic stop of a green 2003 Ford

      Expedition driven by Meyers, and he was thereafter arrested. Following a

      search warrant application, at approximately 4:43 p.m. on the same day, the

      magistrate issued a search warrant authorizing the search of five vehicles,

      including Meyers’ green 2003 Ford Expedition. A search of the green 2003

      Ford Expedition yielded a .40 caliber Smith & Wesson handgun and a 12-gage

      shotgun. The next day, on July 27, 2014, the officers located and arrested

      Westbrook and Gonzales.

[9]   Following Gonzales’ arrest, the Hancock County Police Department received

      additional evidence about Miller’s murder from an inmate housed at the

      Hancock County Jail with Gonzales. The inmate informed the officers that

      Gonzales had disclosed to her that Meyers had taken out the barrel of the gun

      used to kill Miller and hidden it in a storage unit. Without a specific location of

      the storage unit, the police began searching “every storage unit” in “the entire

      east side of Indianapolis” possibly being rented by Meyers. (Tr. Vol. II, p. 491).

      Eventually, the police located a storage unit at the Great Value Storage that had

      been rented by Meyers. Subsequent to a valid search of Meyers’ storage unit,

      the police found a disassembled .380 caliber Sig Sauer gun. While the barrel of

      the gun was missing, forensic testing confirmed that the slide of the gun was

      used to fire the bullet casing found near Miller’s body. There was also a

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 30A01-1609-PC-2265 | October 18, 2017   Page 6 of 37
       recorded phone call from the Hancock County Jail, in which Meyers instructed

       his wife to dispose some evidence. Detective Trent Smoll (Detective Smoll) of

       the Hancock Sheriff’s Department also received a phone call from Meyers’

       brother-in-law, informing him that he was in possession of a Hornady-brand

       .380 caliber ammunition box that belonged to Meyers. That ammunition box

       was missing seven bullets.

[10]   On July 30, 2014, the State filed an Information, charging Meyers with Count I,

       murder, I.C. § 35-42-1-1(1); and Count II, kidnapping, a Level 3 felony, I.C.§

       35-42-3-2(a). On the same day, Meyers appeared for an arraignment hearing,

       where he pled not guilty to the charges, and requested the trial court to appoint

       counsel for him. The trial court at that point appointed attorney Jeff

       McClarnon (Attorney McClarnon) and set the matter for a pretrial conference

       on September 17, 2014. On July 31, 2014, the State filed its notice of intent to

       file a habitual offender enhancement. On August 1, 2014, Attorney McClarnon

       entered his appearance. On August 15, 2014, Meyers filed a motion requesting

       the removal of Attorney McClarnon in order to proceed pro se. The trial court

       indicated that it would consider Meyers’ motion. On August 27, 2014,

       following a hearing, the trial court granted Meyers’ request to proceed pro se.

[11]   On September 29, 2014, and October 1, 2014, Meyers filed motions to suppress

       the search warrant affidavits to search his hotel room, vehicle, and storage unit,

       as well as items seized in relation to those searches. Following a hearing on

       October 21, 2014, the trial court denied suppression with respect to the evidence

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 30A01-1609-PC-2265 | October 18, 2017   Page 7 of 37
       found in Meyers’ storage unit. In denying Meyers’ motion to suppress, the trial

       court indicated that it would consider Meyers’ remaining requests at his trial.

[12]   During a jury trial held on October 27, 2014, and November 6, 2014, Meyers

       again sought to suppress the probable cause affidavits for the searches relating

       to his hotel room, vehicle, and storage unit, but was denied. Westbrook,

       pursuant to a Use Immunity Agreement, testified that Gonzales had a Sig Sauer

       .380 caliber handgun. Westbrook also testified that Meyers confessed to

       shooting Miller on behalf of Gonzales after they got back to the hotel. Also, the

       State presented the surveillance video from the hotel, which depicted Meyers,

       Gonzales, Westbrook, and Miller leaving the Always Inn, and later returning

       without Miller. In addition, the State presented evidence of Meyers’

       movements through his cell phone records, thereby placing him at the scene of

       the crime. At the close of the evidence, the jury found Meyers guilty as

       charged. On December 3, 2014, Meyers was sentenced to concurrent terms in

       the Department of Correction of sixty years for murder and twelve years for

       kidnapping. Meyers’ murder sentence was enhanced by an additional fifteen

       years for being a habitual offender, resulting in an aggregate sentence of

       seventy-five years.

[13]   On January 2, 2015, Meyers filed a Notice of Appeal. On September 29, 2015,

       this court entered an order granting Meyers’ motion for remand pursuant to a

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 30A01-1609-PC-2265 | October 18, 2017   Page 8 of 37
       Davis/Hatton procedure to allow him to file a petition for post-conviction relief. 1

       We also ordered that following the post-conviction proceedings, Meyers could,

       upon the filing of a new notice of appeal, raise in a subsequent appeal any of the

       issues which could have been raised in the direct appeal together with any

       appealable issues arising from the post-conviction proceedings. On August 8,

       2016, Meyers filed his petition for post-conviction relief, primarily claiming

       ineffective assistance of trial and appellate counsel. On September 2, 2016, the

       State filed its response refuting Meyers’ claims, as well as a motion for

       summary disposition of Meyers’ post-conviction petition. On August 30, 2016,

       the trial court summarily denied Meyers’ petition for post-conviction relief,

       which was entered in the Chronological Case Summary (CCS) on September 6,

       2016. On September 30, 2016, Meyers filed his present Notice of Appeal.

[14]   Additional facts will be provided as necessary.

                                 DISCUSSION AND DECISION
                                            I. Admission of the Evidence

[15]   Meyers first argues that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting the

       evidence obtained during the search of his hotel room, vehicle, and storage unit.

       We review the trial court’s ruling on the admission or exclusion of evidence for

       an abuse of discretion. Roche v. State, 690 N.E.2d 1115, 1134 (Ind. 1997). We

       1
         The Davis/Hatton procedure involves a termination or suspension of a direct appeal already initiated, upon
       appellant counsel’s motion for remand or stay, to allow a post-conviction relief petition to be pursued in the
       trial court. Taylor v. State, 929 N.E.2d 912, 917 n. 1 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans. denied.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 30A01-1609-PC-2265 | October 18, 2017            Page 9 of 37
       reverse only where the decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts

       and circumstances. Joyner v. State, 678 N.E.2d 386, 390 (Ind. 1997). According

       to Meyers, his murder and kidnapping convictions should be reversed because

       there was no probable cause supporting the issuance of the warrants to search

       his hotel room, vehicle, and storage unit; and the evidence obtained from those

       searches was inadmissible.

                                       A. Validity of the Search Warrants

[16]   In deciding whether to issue a search warrant, the issuing magistrate’s task is

       simply to make a practical, common-sense decision whether, given all the

       circumstances set forth in the affidavit, there is a fair probability that evidence

       of a crime will be found in a particular place. Casady v. State, 934 N.E.2d 1181,

       1188-89 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans. denied. The duty of a reviewing court is to

       determine whether the issuing magistrate had a substantial basis for concluding

       that probable cause existed. Id. While we review the question de novo, we give

       significant deference to the issuing magistrate’s determination and focus on

       whether reasonable inferences drawn from the totality of the evidence support

       the finding of probable cause. Id. “In determining whether an affidavit

       provided probable cause for the issuance of a search warrant, doubtful cases are

       to be resolved in favor of upholding the warrant.” Mehring v. State, 884 N.E.2d
371, 377 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008), trans. denied. “‘On review, we consider only the

       evidence presented to the issuing magistrate and not post hoc justifications for

       the search.’” Casady, 934 N.E.2d at 1189 (quoting Jaggers v. State, 687 N.E.2d
180, 182 (Ind. 1997)). Meyers contends that the searches of his hotel room,

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 30A01-1609-PC-2265 | October 18, 2017   Page 10 of 37
       storage unit, and vehicle, violated both the Fourth Amendment to the U.S.

       Constitution and Article 1, section 11 of the Indiana Constitution.

[17]   The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides:

               The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,
               papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures,
               shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon
               probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and
               particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons
               or things to be seized.

       The text of Article I, section 11 of the Indiana Constitution contains nearly

       identical language. These constitutional principles are codified in Indiana Code

       § 35-33-5-2, which details the information to be contained in an affidavit for a

       search warrant. State v. Spillers, 847 N.E.2d 949, 953 (Ind. 2006). The statute

       provides in pertinent part:

               [N]o warrant for search or arrest shall be issued until there is filed
               with the judge an affidavit:

               (1) particularly describing:

               (A) the house or place to be searched and the things to be
               searched for; or

               (B) particularly describing the person to be arrested;

               (2) alleging substantially the offense in relation thereto and that
               the affiant believes and has good cause to believe that:

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 30A01-1609-PC-2265 | October 18, 2017   Page 11 of 37
               (A) the things as are to be searched for are there concealed; or

               (B) the person to be arrested committed the offense; and

               (3) setting forth the facts then in knowledge of the affiant or
               information based on hearsay, constituting the probable cause.

       I.C. § 35-33-5-2(a).

                                                  1. Hotel Room

[18]   Following the announcement of Miller’s body being found in a cornfield, Muse

       and Webster came forward with information regarding Miller’s murder. On

       July 30, 2014, Detective Smoll prepared an affidavit for probable cause stating,

       in relevant part:

               On July 25th, 2014, we responded to IMPD East District
               Headquarters on Shadeland Avenue where two subjects came in,
               and reported they had information.

               The subjects were interviewed by Detectives and gave statements:
               Michelle Muse stated she stays at the Always Inn, located at
               7410 East 21st Street in room 315. Muse said she knew Miller,
               and she used to stay at the Always Inn with different people,
               from time to time. Muse advised one of the residents of the
               Always lnn, Amanda Nell Gonzales (room 302), came over and
               was talking to her. Muse said her boyfriend Ike Webster, was
               also present. Muse believed the date was either [July 22 or July
               23, 2014]. Muse said Gonzales asked her if she had ever seen a
               real murder take place. Muse said she told Gonzales she saw a
               relative die of cancer, and Gonzales said, “No somebody being
               killed.” Muse said she told Gonzales she had not, and [did not
               know] what was she talking about. Gonzales told Muse that her,

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 30A01-1609-PC-2265 | October 18, 2017   Page 12 of 37
        Miller, Joe Meyers, and Ronnie Westbrook got into a vehicle and
        drove to a corn field [sic] on Carroll Road. Gonzales told Muse,
        they walked into the corn field [sic] and Meyers made Miller get
        down on her knees, and then Meyers shot her in the back of the
        neck. Gonzales told Muse that Meyers said to her “Lil Sis,
        nothing’s going to happen to you.” Gonzales says they got into
        the car and drove back to the Always Inn. Westbrook drives a
        white 1995, Chevy Camaro (Indiana license 227EPC, which is
        registered to him). Muse says she was shocked and asked why
        they did it. Gonzales said Westbrook got mad because some
        drugs came up missing out of his room, and he threatened to kill
        her and Miller if he didn’t get them back. Muse told us
        Westbrook deals drugs out of his rooms. Gonzales told Muse
        when they got back Westbrook found the drugs in his room.
        Muse said she was shocked and asked why they had to kill her.
        Muse told us she thought Gonzales took and hid the drugs
        because she was mad at Miller for finding her and Westbrook in
        bed together. Muse says Gonzales and Westbrook have been
        together since February 2014. Muse asked Gonzales why she
        was telling her and [Gonzales] told her she was scared.

        Muse told Gonzales she needed to go and tell what happened to
        the police. Gonzales told Muse she couldn’t because she was
        scared that they would kill her. Muse asked if she was telling her
        so she would go tell someone and [Gonzales] replied “no, please
        don’t tell anyone.” Muse said Miller was her friend and it wasn’t
        right they killed her. Muse advised us she knew it was right to
        tell the police what Gonzales told them.

        Muse said Westbrook had a lot of guns in his room, but since
        Miller’s body was found they have all been removed. Muse told
        us she has seen Gonzales carry a small silver police looking gun
        on her hip, and [] Westbrook carries a gun. Gonzales told Muse
        she heard Meyers has killed people for Westbrook in the past.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 30A01-1609-PC-2265 | October 18, 2017   Page 13 of 37
               Ike Webster was interviewed on the same date by police.
               Webster advised us, Gonzales came into their room about four
               days ago. Webster said he thinks it was on July 22nd but wasn’t
               sure. Webster advised as some of [Westbrook’s] “Ice” and
               heroin came up missing recently. Webster says Gonzales told
               them about Meyers, Westbrook, Gonzales[,] and Miller got into
               a car and they drove out to Carroll Road. Webster advised us
               Gonzales said they all walked into a cornfield, and Meyers made
               Miller get down on her knees. Webster says Gonzales told them
               she started to walk away, and then Meyers shot Miller. Webster
               said Meyers told Gonzales they weren’t going to do anything to
               her. Gonzales told them Westbrook ended up finding the drugs
               later the same day inside his room. Webster told us he has seen
               Gonzales carry a Glock .380 caliber with an extended clip, and
               Westbrook usually carries the same weapon. Webster said
               Gonzales is [Westbrook’s] girlfriend, and he has known Meyers
               for 20 years. Webster told us Miller used to stay at the Always
               Inn, got kicked out but came back.

               Detective Cook and Deputy McFarland went to the Always Inn
               located at 7410 East 21st Street Indianapolis, Marion County[,]
               Indiana and talked with the front desk worker who confirmed
               Westbrook and Meyers have paid for rooms in advance.

       (Appellant’s App. Vol. III, pp. 86-89). Meyers posits that the magistrate should

       not have issued the search warrant to search his hotel room because the State’s

       request was based on unreliable hearsay information from Muse and Webster.

[19]   Where, as here, a warrant is sought based on hearsay information, the affidavit

       must either:

               (1) contain reliable information establishing the credibility of the
               source and of each of the declarants of the hearsay and

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 30A01-1609-PC-2265 | October 18, 2017   Page 14 of 37
               establishing that there is a factual basis for the information
               furnished; or

               (2) contain information that establishes that the totality of the
               circumstances corroborates the hearsay.

       I.C. § 35-33-5-2(b). The trustworthiness of hearsay for the purpose of proving

       probable cause can be established in several ways, including showing: (1) the

       witness has given correct information in the past, (2) independent police

       investigation corroborates the informant’s statements, (3) the basis for the

       witness’s knowledge is demonstrated, or (4) the informant predicts conduct or

       activity by the suspect that is not ordinarily easily predicted. Smith v. State, 982
N.E.2d 393, 405 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied. These examples are not

       exclusive. Id.

[20]   Our courts have observed that there are two categories of informants:

       professional informants and cooperative citizens. Clifford v. State, 474 N.E.2d
963, 969 (Ind. 1985). The test for determining the reliability of each group of

       informant is different. Id. Cooperative citizens who act as informants

               include[ ] victims of crime or persons who personally witness a
               crime. These individuals generally come forward with
               information out of the spirit of good citizenship and the desire to
               assist law enforcement officials in solving crime. They are
               usually one-time informants and no basis exists from prior
               dealings to determine their reliability. Further, information of
               this type usually goes to past completed crimes rather than future
               or continuing crimes. Some jurisdictions have therefore held that
               informants of this type are to be considered reliable for the
               purpose of determining probable cause unless incriminating
       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 30A01-1609-PC-2265 | October 18, 2017   Page 15 of 37
               circumstances exist which cast suspicion upon the informant’s
               reliability.

       Richard v. State, 820 N.E.2d 749, 754 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (quoting Pawloski v.

       State, 269 Ind. 350, 354, 380 N.E.2d 1230, 1232-33 (1978)), trans. denied. By the

       same token, “the requirement for corroboration is not totally eliminated. The

       amount of evidence necessary to satisfy the probable cause test is largely

       determined on a case-by-case basis.” Pawloski, 269 Ind. at 355, 380 N.E.2d at

       1233.

[21]   We initially note that Webster and Muse fall into the category of cooperative

       citizens, who in the spirit of good citizenship, desired to assist law enforcement

       officials in solving Miller’s murder. Muse indicated that she was Miller’s

       friend, and it was the right thing for her to come forward with information

       regarding Miller’s death. In addition, the record lacks any evidence that there

       were incriminating circumstances that would cast suspicion upon Muse’s and

       Webster’s reliability as informants. See Richard, 820 N.E.2d at 754. Further,

       we find that the police provided sufficient corroboration to overcome the

       hearsay hurdle and establish probable cause to issue the search warrant for

       Meyers’ room. Acting on Muse’s and Webster’s statements, the police

       conducted their own independent investigations by going to the Always Inn.

       The hotel confirmed from their records that Westbrook and Meyers had rented

       rooms at the hotel—this information is not readily available in the public

       domain. See Newby v. State, 701 N.E.2d 593, 601 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998) (holding

       that “[t]he confirmation of ‘easily obtained facts and conditions existing at the

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 30A01-1609-PC-2265 | October 18, 2017   Page 16 of 37
       time of the tip’ is insufficient to establish an informant’s credibility”) (quoting

       llinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 238 (1983)). The officers also watched surveillance

       footage of Meyers, Westbrook, Gonzales, and Millers leaving the hotel

       together, and all returning to the hotel a short while later without Miller.

[22]   Thus, the information gathered by the officers established a substantial basis to

       believe that Meyers was a suspect in Miller’s murder and kidnapping, and that

       there was a fair probability that evidence of Miller’s murder would be found in

       Meyers’ hotel room. Considering the totality of the circumstances, we

       conclude that the State properly corroborated the hearsay statements of Muse

       and Webster, which it submitted in support of its request for a search warrant

       for Meyers’ hotel room. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by

       admitting the evidence found during the execution of the hotel room search

       warrant.

                                                    2. Vehicle

[23]   The record shows that Meyers was arrested following a traffic stop while he was

       driving his green 2003 Ford Expedition. Following Detective Smoll’s request,

       the magistrate issued a warrant authorizing the search of the following vehicles:

               Red 2010 Honda CRV VIN: 5J6RE4H72AL065038

               Blue 1999 SUZI GX7 RS VIN: JSIGR7GA1X2100077

               Green 2003 Ford EPT SUV VIN: 1FMFU16L33LA23485

               White 1995 Chevrolet 228 Camero VIN: 2G1FP22P4S2208193

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 30A01-1609-PC-2265 | October 18, 2017   Page 17 of 37
Black 1998 Yamaha J60 Motorcycle VIN:
               JYA4DUE09WA069953

               Red/Gry 1998 Kia Spo SUV VIN: KNDJA7236W5576288

               and there diligently search for the following described property to
               wit: any firearms, ammunition, holsters, magazines, shell
               casings, clothing, trace evidence not excluding hair, blood, fibers,
               and DNA trace evidence, cellular phones, electronic devices, any
               computer towers, computer components, laptop computers, [SD]
               cards, [USB] devices, books, ledgers, or written documentation
               which would have the capacity to produce or store information
               about illegal activity.

       (Appellant’s App. Vol. III, p. 91). Meyers claims that Detective Smoll’s

       probable cause affidavit in support of the above search warrant lacked any

       information linking his green 2003 Ford Expedition vehicle to Miller’s murder.

[24]   In the probable cause affidavit, Detective Smoll recapped Muse’s and Webster’s

       narration that: on the morning Miller was murdered, Meyers, Westbrook,

       Gonzales, and Miller all left the Always Inn in a vehicle and drove to a cornfield

       on Carroll Road. However, Detective Smoll failed to explicitly state in the

       probable cause affidavit that Meyers owned the Green 2003 Ford Expedition

       vehicle, or allege that evidence relating to Miller’s murder or kidnapping, would

       be recovered in that vehicle.

[25]   We have held that a probable cause affidavit must include all “material facts”

       known to law enforcement, which includes facts that “‘cast doubt on the

       existence of probable cause.’” Ware v. State, 859 N.E.2d 708, 718 (Ind. Ct. App.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 30A01-1609-PC-2265 | October 18, 2017   Page 18 of 37
       2007), trans. denied. (quoting Query v. State, 745 N.E.2d 769, 772 (Ind. 2001)).

       Although it may not be practical to include all information related to an

       investigation in a probable cause affidavit, “the best course for police to follow

       is to include any information that could conceivably affect a probable cause

       determination.” Id. at 719-20. When material information is omitted from a

       probable cause affidavit, such omission will invalidate a warrant if (1) the police

       omitted facts with the intent to make the affidavit misleading or with reckless

       disregard for whether it would be misleading, and (2) the affidavit

       supplemented with the omitted information would have been insufficient to

       support a finding of probable cause. Id. at 718. It has been recognized that

       omissions from a probable cause affidavit are made with reckless disregard “if

       an officer withholds a fact in his ken that ‘[a]ny reasonable person would have

       known that this was the kind of thing the judge would wish to know.’” Gerth v.

       State, 51 N.E.3d 368, 372 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016) (quoting Wilson v. Russo, 212
F.3d 781, 788 (3rd Cir. 2000).

[26]   Any reasonable person asked to issue a search warrant in this case would have

       wanted to know who owned the green 2003 Ford Expedition vehicle, and why

       it was subject to a police search. The probable cause affidavit does not specify

       that Meyers owned the green 2003 Ford Expedition, neither does it provide any

       clear reason to conclude that a search of the vehicle would uncover evidence of

       criminal activity. There are legitimate questions regarding whether the issuing

       magistrate had enough information to determine that the search of the green

       2003 Ford Expedition would uncover evidence of a crime. Regardless, it is not

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 30A01-1609-PC-2265 | October 18, 2017   Page 19 of 37
       necessary for us to determine whether Detective Smoll’s affidavit was sufficient

       to establish probable cause, for even if we find that it was insufficient, the

       evidence obtained from the vehicle in which Meyers seeks to suppress would be

       admissible under the “good faith” exception to the exclusionary rule.

[27]   In United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 920 (1984), the United States Supreme

       Court held that the exclusionary rule does not require the suppression of

       evidence obtained in reliance on a defective search warrant if the police relied

       on the warrant in objective good faith. Id. Leon cautioned that the good faith

       exception is not available in some situations, including where “(1) the

       magistrate is ‘misled by information in an affidavit that the affiant knew was

       false or would have known was false except for his reckless disregard of the

       truth,’ or (2) the warrant was based on an affidavit ‘so lacking in indicia of

       probable cause as to render official belief in its existence entirely

       unreasonable.’” Id. at 923. The good faith exception to the warrant

       requirement has been codified by Indiana Code section 35-37-4-5. Id.

[28]   Meyers makes no argument that the police supplied the issuing magistrate with

       false information, or that the magistrate was not detached or neutral. Instead,

       he claims that the affidavit for probable cause was so lacking in indicia of

       probable cause as to render an official belief in the existence of the warrant

       unreasonable. We disagree. In his request seeking to search the green 2003

       Ford Expedition, Detective Smoll also listed four other vehicles. Notably,

       Detective Smoll listed at least three suspects to Miller’s murder and indicated

       that Meyers, Gonzales, and Westbrook, all rode in a vehicle to a cornfield on

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 30A01-1609-PC-2265 | October 18, 2017   Page 20 of 37
       Carroll Road where Meyers shot Miller. There is a reasonable inference that at

       least one of those vehicles could have been used on the day Miller was

       murdered. Therefore, we hold that, at the time the warrant was executed, it

       was not based upon an affidavit so lacking in indicia of probable cause as to

       render official belief in its existence entirely unreasonable. As such, the trial

       court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the evidence found during the

       execution of the vehicle’s search warrant.

                                                 3. Storage Unit

[29]   Meyers claims that the storage unit search warrant was solely based on hearsay

       information from an inmate. Following Gonzales’ and Meyers’ arrest,

       Gonzales was housed at the Hancock County Jail. While in jail, Gonzales

       spoke with an inmate, and she disclosed pertinent information regarding

       Miller’s murder. In the probable cause affidavit supporting the request to

       search Meyers’ storage unit, Detective Smoll stated:

               On July 29th, 2014[,] [the police] were contacted by an inmate at
               the Hancock County Jail requesting to speak with us. The
               inmate advised she is in the same cell block as . . .Gonzales, and
               [Gonzales] told her information about the murder she is charged
               for. The inmate says Gonzales told her . . . Meyers took the
               barrel out of the gun used in the murder and put it in his storage
               unit. The inmate told us Gonzales advised her [that]. . . Meyers
               said the police would not be able to trace it back to the murder
               without the barrel.

               On July 31st, 2014[,] Detective Doug Cook from the Hancock
               County Sheriff’s Department went to Great Value Storage

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 30A01-1609-PC-2265 | October 18, 2017   Page 21 of 37
               located at 3380 N. Post Road Indianapolis, Marion County[,]
               Indiana. Detective Cook spoke with an employee at Great Value
               Storage who confirmed a Joe Meyers currently rents storage Unit
               B131. The employee for Great Value Storage provided Detective
               Cook with a copy of . . . Meyers Indiana Driver’s License
               showing his picture, . . . and a DOB 10/04/1974. Detective
               Cook was able to confirm the driver’s license . . . was the same
               Joe Meyers we are currently investigating.

       (Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 304).

[30]   Our supreme court has held that independent police investigation corroborating

       an anonymous informant’s statements will establish the trustworthiness of the

       hearsay for the purposes of establishing probable cause. State v. Spillers, 847
N.E.2d 949, 954 (Ind. 2006). However, “[t]he confirmation of ‘easily obtained

       facts and conditions existing at the time of the tip’ is insufficient to establish an

       informant’s credibility.” Newby, 701 N.E.2d at 601 (quoting llinois v. Gates, 462
U.S. 213, 238 (1983)). Indiana courts have found that confirming merely that a

       suspect lives in the residence and drives the vehicle identified by the informant

       is not adequate to establish the informant’s credibility and therefore such

       confirmation does not support a finding of probable cause. State v. Mason, 829
N.E.2d 1010, 1018 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005).

[31]   Here, the inmate housed with Gonzales at the Hancock County Jail recounted

       to the police that Gonzales had told her that Meyers had taken out the barrel of

       the gun used to kill Miller and hidden it in a storage unit. Information

       regarding what weapon had been used to kill Miller had not been publicized

       and that information was not readily known by a general member of the public.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 30A01-1609-PC-2265 | October 18, 2017   Page 22 of 37
       See Smith, 982 N.E.2d at 405 (holding that hearsay information provided by jail

       inmate was sufficiently trustworthy to support probable cause for the issuance

       of search warrant for Smith’s apartment, when the inmate knew details about

       defendant that matched robber and had not been publicized). More

       significantly is that the inmate did not disclose to the police the specific address

       of the storage unit. The record shows that the police embarked on their own

       independent investigation and searched “the entire east side of Indianapolis”

       for a storage unit rented by Meyers. (Tr. Vol. II, p. 491).

[32]   Moreover, we need not decide whether the anonymous tip, standing alone,

       provided enough evidence to constitute probable cause because the tip was but

       one of many facts in the probable cause affidavit. Here, the probable cause

       affidavit for the storage unit repeated Muse’s and Webster’s account of events.

       Muse’s and Webster’s statements to the police were also part of the totality of

       the circumstances that may be considered sufficient to establish the reliability of

       the anonymous informant’s statement. I.C. § 35-33-5-2(b)(2). In addition, the

       affidavit also contained new information from the Department of Correction

       showing that the GPS tracking established that Westbrook, an alleged co-actor

       in Miller’s murder, was present in the cornfield where Miller’s body had been

       found. Here, we conclude that the information contained in the storage unit

       probable cause affidavit, as a whole, corroborated the inmate’s statement and

       provided sufficient evidence to support the magistrate’s probable cause

       determination. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by

       admitting the disassembled gun obtained from Meyers’ storage unit.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 30A01-1609-PC-2265 | October 18, 2017   Page 23 of 37
                                         II. Sufficiency of the Evidence

[33]   Meyers claims that the evidence is insufficient to sustain his convictions for

       murder, a felony, and kidnapping, a Level 3 felony. When reviewing the

       sufficiency of the evidence needed to support a criminal conviction, we neither

       reweigh evidence nor judge witness credibility. Bailey v. State, 907 N.E.2d 1003,

       1005 (Ind. 2009). “We consider only the evidence supporting the judgment and

       any reasonable inferences that can be drawn from such evidence.” Id. We will

       affirm if there is substantial evidence of probative value such that a reasonable

       trier of fact could have concluded the defendant was guilty beyond a reasonable

       doubt. Id.

[34]   Indiana Code section 35-42-1-1(1) provides that “[a] person who: (1) knowingly

       or intentionally kills another human being . . . commits murder, a felony.”

       Meyers claims that the evidence presented at trial was insufficient to establish

       that he knowingly or intentionally killed Miller. “A person engages in conduct

       ‘knowingly’ if, when he engages in the conduct, he is aware of a high

       probability that he is doing so.” I.C. § 35-41-2-2(b). “A person engages in

       conduct ‘intentionally’ if, when [s]he engages in the conduct, it is [her]

       conscious objective to do so.” I.C. § 35-41-2-2(a). Intent and knowledge may

       be proved by circumstantial evidence and inferred from the circumstances and

       facts of each case. Heavrin v. State, 675 N.E.2d 1075, 1079 (Ind.1996), reh’g

       denied. Also, one is presumed to have intended the reasonable results of his or

       her own acts. Id.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 30A01-1609-PC-2265 | October 18, 2017   Page 24 of 37
[35]   At Meyers’ jury trial, Westbrook testified that Meyers confessed to him that he

       shot Miller. In addition, there was ample circumstantial evidence linking

       Meyers to Miller’s murder. Near Miller’s body, the officers recovered a

       Hornady .380 shell casing. Fragments from a bullet of the same or similar

       caliber were found in Miller’s skull, and during the search of Meyers’ hotel

       room, the police recovered six unfired Hornady .380 bullets in the nightstand.

       Meyers brother-in-law contacted Detective Smoll and stated that he was in

       possession of a Hornady-brand .380 caliber ammunition box that belonged to

       Meyers—that box was missing seven bullets. Further, a disassembled gun that

       was used to kill Miller was found in Meyers’ storage unit. In addition, the State

       presented evidence of Meyers calling his wife from jail and instructing her to

       dispose some evidence. Additionally, the State presented the surveillance video

       from Always Inn showing Westbrook, Gonzales, Meyers, and Miller, all

       leaving in one vehicle on the morning Miller was murdered. Meyers’ presence

       at the scene where Miller was killed was corroborated by his cell phone records.

       Here, we find that there was sufficient evidence to support Meyers’ murder

       conviction.

[36]   Meyers also claims that his Level 3 felony kidnapping conviction is

       unsupported by the evidence. Indiana Code Section 35-42-3-2(a) provides: “A

       person who knowingly or intentionally removes another person, by fraud,

       enticement, force, or threat of force, from one place to another commits

       kidnapping.” The offense is a Level 3 felony if it is committed while armed

       with a deadly weapon. Ind. Code § 35-42-3-2(b)(2)(A). Meyers first asserts that

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 30A01-1609-PC-2265 | October 18, 2017   Page 25 of 37
       there was no evidence that Miller was kidnapped through fraud, enticement,

       force, or threat of force. We disagree. Westbrook testified that Miller accepted

       a ride from Meyers believing that Meyers would drop her off at 30th and

       German Church Road. Instead of dropping off Miller at her designated stop,

       Meyers drove Miller to a cornfield off Carroll Road where he eventually killed

       her.

[37]   Meyers’ next challenge is to the lack of evidence showing that he had a firearm

       at the time Miller was kidnapped. At his jury trial, the State argued that

       Meyers was guilty as an accomplice to Gonzales in Miller’s kidnapping. The

       jury was instructed regarding accomplice liability.

[38]   For the purpose of accomplice liability, our courts consider the following

       factors when determining whether a defendant aided another in the commission

       of a crime: “(1) presence at the scene of the crime; (2) companionship with

       another at scene of the crime; (3) failure to oppose commission of crime; and (4)

       course of conduct before, during and after occurrence of crime.” Vitek v. State,

       750 N.E.2d 346, 352 (Ind. 2001). While the defendant’s presence during the

       commission of the crime or his failure to oppose the crime are, by themselves,

       insufficient to establish accomplice liability, the jury may consider them along

       with other facts and circumstances tending to show participation. Garland v.

       State, 719 N.E.2d 1236, 1237 (Ind. 1999). In order to sustain a conviction as an

       accomplice, there must be evidence of the defendant’s affirmative conduct,

       either in the form of acts or words, from which an inference of common design

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 30A01-1609-PC-2265 | October 18, 2017   Page 26 of 37
       or purpose to effect the commission of a crime may be reasonably drawn.

       Peterson v. State, 699 N.E.2d 701, 706 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998).

[39]   Westbrook’s testimony established that Meyers and Gonzales were working

       together as part of a plan to kill Miller. Specifically, Westbrook testified that

       when he saw that Meyers had failed to stop at 30th Street and German Church

       Road, where Miller had been requested to be dropped off, Westbrook saw

       Meyers and Gonzales look at each other suspiciously, and that is when he knew

       “something wasn’t right.” (Tr. Vol. V, p. 1036). After Meyers shot Miller, he

       reassured Gonzales by stating, “Lil Sis, nothing’s going to happen to you.”

       (Appellant’s App. Vol. III, p. 86). Westbrook additionally testified that Meyers

       and Gonzales routinely carried guns, and the evidence also supported a

       reasonable inference that either Meyers or Gonzales had a gun at the time

       Miller was murdered. Moreover, forensic testing confirmed that the slide of the

       disassembled .380 caliber Sig Sauer gun recovered from Meyers’ storage unit,

       was used to fire the bullet casing found near Miller’s body. Based on the

       foregoing, we conclude that the State presented sufficient evidence to sustain

       Meyers’ Level 3 felony kidnapping conviction.

                                                IV. Judicial Bias

[40]   We next turn to Meyers claim that the trial court was biased against him. “The

       law presumes that a judge is unbiased and unprejudiced.” Smith v. State, 770
N.E.2d 818, 823 (Ind. 2002). “Such bias and prejudice exists only where there

       is an undisputed claim or where the judge expressed an opinion of the

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 30A01-1609-PC-2265 | October 18, 2017   Page 27 of 37
       controversy over which the judge was presiding.” Id. Adverse rulings are not

       sufficient of themselves to establish bias or prejudice. Resnover v. State, 507
N.E.2d 1382, 1391 (Ind. 1987) (citing Thomas v. State, 486 N.E.2d 531 (Ind.

       1985)). Here, Meyers filed a motion to suppress the search warrant affidavits to

       search his hotel room, vehicle, and storage unit; as well as items seized in

       relation to those searches. After a hearing on October 21, 2014, the trial court

       denied Meyers’ request to suppress the evidence found in Meyers’ storage unit,

       and reserved Meyers remaining challenges to be addressed at his jury trial.

       Meyers postulates that the judge must have been biased from the start since he

       had partly denied his motion to suppress at the pretrial stage. However, mere

       assertions of adverse rulings by a judge do not establish the requisite showing of

       bias. Further record demonstrates that the trial judge did not express an

       opinion on the merits of the case. Meyers’ claim that the judge was biased

       therefore fails.

                                      V. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

[41]   Meyers used the Davis/Hatton procedure as outlined in Appellate Rule 37 to

       stay his direct appeal and pursue a petition for post-conviction relief in the trial

       court. We initially note that Meyers summarized four claims in his PCR

       petition as: (1) newly discovered evidence; (2) ineffective assistance of trial

       counsel; (3) ineffective assistance of appellate counsel; and (4) a claim of

       judicial bias. However, in his PCR petition, Meyers only addressed claims

       relating to ineffective assistance of counsel. With his trial counsel, who

       represented him between August 1-27, 2014, Meyers claimed that his counsel

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 30A01-1609-PC-2265 | October 18, 2017   Page 28 of 37
       was ineffective for failing to object to Meyers being unrepresented by counsel at

       the “arraignment hearing, nor did he investigate the content of the arraignment

       hearing.” (Appellant’s App. Vol. III, p. 143). In addition, Meyers claims that

       his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to detect an issue of judicial bias and

       which would have necessitated the filing of a motion for change of judge. 2

[42]   In a post-conviction proceeding, the petitioner must establish the grounds for

       relief by a preponderance of the evidence. Ind. Post-Conviction Rule 1(5);

       Overstreet v. State, 877 N.E.2d 144, 151 (Ind. 2007). When challenging the

       denial of post-conviction relief, the petitioner appeals from a negative judgment.

       Overstreet, 877 N.E.2d at 151. To prevail, the petitioner must show that the

       evidence leads unerringly and unmistakably to a decision opposite that reached

       by the post-conviction court. Id. We will disturb the post-conviction court’s

       decision only where the evidence is without conflict and leads to but one

       conclusion and the post-conviction court reached the opposite conclusion.

       Henley v. State, 881 N.E.2d 639, 643-44 (Ind. 2008).

[43]   Where the post-conviction court enters findings of fact and conclusions of law,

       as in the instant case, we do not defer to the post-conviction court’s legal

       conclusions; the post-conviction court’s findings and judgment will be reversed,

       2
         Meyers also claimed that his appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to raise an issue on his direct
       appeal—i.e., whether the trial court erred when it denied Meyers’ motion to suppress. As discussed, Meyers
       filed a Davis/Hatton petition and we dismissed his direct appeal. Accordingly, any possible deficiency in his
       appellate counsel’s performance became moot when he was granted remand to pursue post-conviction relief.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 30A01-1609-PC-2265 | October 18, 2017         Page 29 of 37
       however, only upon a showing of clear error that leaves us with a definite and

       firm conviction that a mistake has been made. Overstreet, 877 N.E.2d at 151.

[44]   There is a strong presumption that counsel rendered adequate assistance and

       made all significant decisions in the exercise of reasonable professional

       judgment. Monegan v. State, 721 N.E.2d 243, 250 (Ind. 1999). To make a

       successful ineffective assistance claim, a petitioner must establish both deficient

       performance and resulting prejudice according to the two-part test announced

       in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). Ben–Yisrayl v. State, 729 N.E.2d
102, 106 (Ind. 2000). First, the petitioner must prove that counsel’s

       representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness under

       prevailing professional norms. Id.; See Thompson v. State, 671 N.E.2d 1165, 1168

       (Ind. 1996). We presume counsel’s performance was not deficient absent

       convincing evidence to the contrary. Winters v. State, 698 N.E.2d 1197, 1198

       (Ind. Ct. App. 1998), trans. denied. The petitioner must secondly prove that

       counsel’s substandard performance was so prejudicial that he was deprived of a

       fair trial. Thompson, 671 N.E.2d at 1168. In determining whether the

       defendant was prejudiced, we look to the totality of the evidence and ask

       whether there is a reasonable probability that the outcome would have been

       different but for counsel’s errors. Wine v. State, 637 N.E.2d 1369, 1378 (Ind. Ct.

       App. 1994), trans. denied. A reasonable probability is one that is sufficient to

       undermine confidence in the outcome. Id. The concept of prejudice has been

       further defined as whether counsel’s deficient performance rendered the trial

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 30A01-1609-PC-2265 | October 18, 2017   Page 30 of 37
       result unreliable or the proceeding fundamentally unfair. Rondon v. State, 711
N.E.2d 506, 517 (Ind. 1999).

[45]   The record shows that when Meyers was presented in court and read his

       charges on July 30, 2014, he did not have counsel, but the trial court appointed

       Attorney McClarnon to represent him. We therefore find his claim that

       Attorney McClarnon was ineffective for failing to object to him being

       unrepresented by counsel at the arraignment hearing to be baseless. Also,

       Meyers’ judicial bias claim, i.e., that Attorney McClarnon should have sought

       change of judge because an adverse ruling on his motion to suppress was

       indicative of the judge being biased, also lacks merit. Attorney McClarnon

       represented Meyers for a limited period—from August 1, 2014, to August 27,

       2014. That period of representation included the deadline to file a motion for a

       change of judge. See Ind. Crim. Rule 12(D) (“An application for a change of

       judge or change of venue from the county shall be filed within thirty (30) days

       of the initial hearing.”). However, to the extent that Meyers places the bulk of

       his ineffective assistance of counsel claim on the fact that Attorney McClarnon

       should have sought a change of judge primarily due to a partly-adverse ruling

       on his motion to suppress, we recognize that the ruling was issued on October

       21, 2014. At that time, Meyers was representing himself. Here, Meyers fails to

       direct us to any other deficient performance rendered by Attorney McClarnon

       at the initial stages of his case that resulted in prejudice.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 30A01-1609-PC-2265 | October 18, 2017   Page 31 of 37
                            VI. Summary Disposition of Meyers’ PCR Petition

[46]   Lastly, Meyers contends that post-conviction court failed to provide specific

       findings of fact and conclusions of law in the summary disposition of his post-

       conviction relief.

[47]   After Meyers filed his PCR petition, the State filed a motion for summary

       disposition pursuant Indiana Post-Conviction Rules 1(4) (f) and (g), claiming

       that Meyers is not entitled to relief because:

               [Meyers] misled or lied to this Court in his Petition when he
               stated that he was represented at trial by counsel, Jeff
               McClarnon. [Meyers] made a request to proceed pro se at trial
               shortly after his arrest on the murder case and this request was
               granted by the Court. [Meyers] did, in fact, represent himself at
               trial. [Meyers] did ask for Mr. McClarnon to represent him for
               the Habitual Offender Sentencing Enhancement phase of the
               trial, however [Meyers] does not make any claims of
               ineffectiveness of Mr. McClarnon for that phase of the trial.

               ****

               5. Further, [Meyers’] claim of ineffective assistance of appellate
               counsel is moot because [Meyers] moved to dismiss his direct
               appeal to pursue this Petition for Post-Conviction Relief. His
               request was granted by the Indiana Court of Appeals and his
               direct appeal was dismissed without prejudice. Because he has
               not pursued a direct appeal, he cannot argue that appellate
               counsel was ineffective.

               6. That from all the pleadings that have been filed in this case,
               there are no genuine issues of a material fact or facts.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 30A01-1609-PC-2265 | October 18, 2017   Page 32 of 37
               7. The State of Indiana is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

               8. Oral arguments are not necessary in this case.

       (Appellant’s App. Vol. III, pp. 190-91). An entry on the CCS dated September

       6, 2016, shows the post-conviction court summarily denying Meyers’ post-

       conviction relief and issuing the following finding:

               COURT REVIEWS [MEYERS’] MOTION TO SET
               EVIDENTIARY HEARING. COURT NOW HAVING
               REVIEWED THE RECORD IN THIS CAUSE NOW FINDS
               [MEYERS] WAS SELF REPRESENTED BY HIS CHOICE
               AT TRIAL, THEREFORE INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF
               COUNSEL IS NOT AVAILABLE TO HIM. COURT
               FURTHER FINDS THAT [MEYERS] WAS ASSISTED BY
               COUNSEL FOR THE HABITUAL OFFENDER PHASE OF
               THIS CASE, BUT ADMITTED THE HABITUAL
               OFFENDER PHASE STATUS DURING THAT STAGE OF
               THE HEARING. BEING WITH THESE FACTS IN MIND
               THE COURT DENIES MOTION FOR EVIDENTIARY
               HEARING AND DENIES MOTION FOR POST-
               CONVICTION RELIEF.

       (Appellant’s App. Vol. III, p. 192).

[48]   We note that the State’s motion of summary disposition was filed pursuant to

       Indiana Post-Conviction Rules 1(4)(f) and (g). Disposal of a PCR petition

       under each of these two subsections lead to a different standard of review.

       When a court disposes of a petition under subsection f, we essentially review

       the lower court’s decision as we would a motion for judgment on the pleadings.

       The court errs in disposing of a petition in this manner unless “the pleadings

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 30A01-1609-PC-2265 | October 18, 2017   Page 33 of 37
       conclusively show that petitioner is entitled to no relief.” P.-C.R. 1 § 4(f). If the

       petition alleges only errors of law, then the court may determine without a

       hearing whether the petitioner is entitled to relief on those questions. Clayton v.

       State, 673 N.E.2d 783, 785 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996). However, if the facts pled

       raise an issue of possible merit, then the petition should not be disposed of

       under section 4(f). Id. at 786. “This is true even though the petitioner has only

       a remote chance of establishing his claim.” Id. at 785.

[49]   On the other hand, when a court disposes of a petition under subsection g, we

       review the lower court’s decision as we would a motion for summary judgment.

       Hough v. State, 690 N.E.2d 267, 269 (Ind. 1997), reh’g denied, cert. denied, 525
U.S. 1021 (1998). We face the same issues that were before the post-conviction

       court and follow the same process. Poling v. State, 740 N.E.2d 872, 877-878

       (Ind. Ct. App. 2000), disapproved on other grounds by Graves v. State, 823 N.E.2d
1193, 1195 n. 1 (Ind. 2005). A grant of summary disposition is erroneous

       unless “there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is

       entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Id. at 878; See P-C.R. 1 § 4(g). We

       must resolve all doubts about facts, and the inferences to be drawn from the

       facts, in the non-movant’s favor. Poling,740 N.E.2d. at 878. The appellant has

       the burden of persuading us that the post-conviction court erred. Id.

[50]   The differences in the manner in which we review decisions made under the

       two subsections lead us to conclude that these two subsections of the post-

       conviction rule were intended to create two independent means by which a

       court could summarily dispose of a post-conviction petition. Allen, 791 N.E.2d

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 30A01-1609-PC-2265 | October 18, 2017   Page 34 of 37
       at 753. Consequently, to determine the appropriate standard of review for the

       court’s disposal of Meyers’ petition, we must determine whether the court

       disposed of Meyers’ petition under subsection f or subsection g of Post–

       Conviction Rule 1, section 4. Under the plain language of subsection g, a court

       may grant summary disposition after “a motion by either party” and after

       considering the pleadings and other evidence submitted. P.-C.R. 1 § 4(g). Here,

       the State filed a motion of summary disposition, therefore the PCR court’s

       decision must have been made pursuant to subsection 4(g).

[51]   Meyers maintains that the post-conviction court erred for not issuing specific

       findings of fact and conclusions of law on all four issues raised in his PCR

       petition. It is true that Indiana Post-Conviction Rule 1(6) requires a PCR court

       to “make specific findings of fact, and conclusions of law on all issues

       presented, whether or not a hearing is held.” This would seem to require PCR

       courts to enter findings and conclusions, even if it grants a motion for summary

       disposition. But see State v. Daniels, 680 N.E.2d 829, 831-32 (Ind. 1997)

       (comparing Indiana Post-Conviction Rule 1(4)(g) with Indiana Trial Rule 56

       and stating, “[s]pecific findings and conclusions are neither required nor

       prohibited in the summary judgment context”). However, a PCR court’s failure

       to enter specific findings of fact and conclusions of law in ruling on a PCR

       petition is not reversible error when the issues are sufficiently presented for

       review and addressed by the parties. Jackson v. State, 676 N.E.2d 745, 750 (Ind.

       Ct. App. 1997), trans. denied. If the facts underlying a claim are not in dispute,

       the issues are sufficiently clear, and both parties address the merits in their

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 30A01-1609-PC-2265 | October 18, 2017   Page 35 of 37
       briefs, remand for specific findings by the PCR court is not necessary. Id.

       (citing Lowe v. State, 455 N.E.2d 1126, 1128 (Ind. 1983)). The underlying facts

       here are not in dispute, the issue is sufficiently clear, and both parties address

       the merits in their briefs. Consequently, we will address the issue rather than

       remanding to the post-conviction court.

[52]   Meyers raised four issues, but only fully addressed the issues pertaining to

       ineffective assistance of trial and appellate counsel. As we have already

       explained, Meyers’ trial counsel did not render ineffective assistance, and

       Meyers cannot have possibly have a received ineffective assistance of appellate

       counsel since he abandoned his direct appeal to pursue post-conviction relief.

       Here, there were no genuine questions of fact with respect to Meyers’ PCR

       petition and the State was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Accordingly,

       the trial court correctly granted the State’s motion for summary disposition.

                                             CONCLUSION
[53]   Based on the above, we conclude that (1) the search warrants for Meyers’ hotel

       room, vehicle, and storage unit were valid, and the trial court properly admitted

       evidence pursuant to those searches; (2) there was sufficient evidence to support

       Meyers’ convictions for murder and Level 3 felony kidnapping; (3) Meyers

       failed to establish bias or prejudice on the part of the trial judge; (4) Meyers

       failed to establish that he suffered ineffective assistance of trial counsel; and (5)

       the trial court correctly granted the State’s motion for summary disposition.

[54]   Affirmed.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 30A01-1609-PC-2265 | October 18, 2017   Page 36 of 37
[55]   Robb, J. and Pyle, J. concur

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 30A01-1609-PC-2265 | October 18, 2017   Page 37 of 37