Court Opinion

ID: 2979072
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 18:39:16.263373+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:44:15.436756
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 10a0365n.06

                                       Nos. 08-2232, 08-2268                                FILED
                                                                                        Jun 15, 2010
                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                         LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

HILLSIDE PRODUCTIONS, INC., GARY                         )
RONCELLI, and JOSEPH VICARI,                             )
                                                         )
       Plaintiffs-Appellants/Cross-Appellees,            )
                                                         )   ON APPEAL FROM THE
v.                                                       )   UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                         )   COURT FOR THE EASTERN
COUNTY OF MACOMB,                                        )   DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
                                                         )
       Defendant-Appellee/Cross-Appellant.               )

Before:        KEITH, CLAY, and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges.

       DAMON J. KEITH, Circuit Judge. Plaintiffs-Appellants Hillside Productions, Inc., Gary

Roncelli, and Joseph Vicari (“Plaintiffs”) were granted summary judgment on their breach of

contract claim against Defendant-Appellee County of Macomb (“the County”). Following a jury

trial, Plaintiffs were denied their remaining claims against the County and awarded no damages for

their breach of contract claim against the County. The County prevailed on its counterclaims against

Plaintiffs. On appeal, Plaintiffs argue that the district court erred by: (1) denying Plaintiffs’ motion

for judgment as a matter or law, or, in the alternative, for a new trial; (2) concluding that advice of

counsel evidence was properly admitted at trial; (3) excluding the expert testimony of Mark

Crawford; and (4) rejecting their procedural due process claims against the County. For the reasons

set forth below, we AFFIRM.1

       1
         The County’s cross-appeal presented alternative claims in the event this Court reversed the
district court’s findings and ordered a new trial. We dismiss these claims because we affirm the
Nos. 08-2232, 08-2268
Hillside Productions, Inc., et al. v. County of Macomb
Page 2

                                         I. BACKGROUND

A.      Facts

        Sublease

        On May 19, 1999, Plaintiffs and the County entered into a Sublease for Plaintiffs’ exclusive

use of the Freedom Hill Amphitheater (“Amphitheater”) in Macomb County’s Freedom Hill County

Park (“Park”) and shared use of the rest of the Park. On March 21, 2000, Plaintiffs and the County

amended the Sublease and extended its term, with a twelve-year extension until 2020 and renewal

options until 2040. Plaintiffs constructed underground improvements on the Amphitheater. The

County did not reimburse Plaintiffs for the $1.3 million in costs associated with these improvements.

        The County suggested that Plaintiffs instead recoup payment for these costs by taking 75%

of the annual revenue from parking at all events at the Park with the County receiving the remaining

25%. Plaintiffs also had to guarantee a minimum of $125,000 annually to the County regardless of

the actual revenue, in exchange for receiving 75% of the revenue. At the end of 2000, Plaintiffs

began making major renovations to the Amphitheater and applied for a Class C liquor license from

the City of Sterling Heights, Michigan. From October 24 through November 15, 2000, Sterling

Heights sent letters to Macomb County Parks and Recreation Commission (“MCPRC”), demanding

that revenues be directed to Sterling Heights to support services in the Park. Plaintiffs assert that the

County never provided them with the notices; and as a result, Sterling Heights imposed a Special

Approval Land Use requirement and a new building requirement on the Plaintiffs.

jury’s verdict.
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Page 3

       The County generally authorized its Parks Administrator, Anthony Casasanta, to sign

Plaintiffs’ requests for building permits and other documents for submission to Sterling Heights,

including the February 9, 2001 Special Approval Land Use that he signed. After obtaining the

Special Approval Land Use, Plaintiffs required a building permit to begin the second phase of the

Amphitheater construction project, including constructing a stage that had been torn down during

the first phase of the building project. Plaintiffs submitted the building permit request to Casanata

for signature, but the County directed him not to sign the document.

       Plaintiffs were advised that they would instead need the signature of John Hertel, Chairman

of the County Board of Commissioners. Chairman Hertel and Corporation Counsel George

Brumbaugh met with Plaintiffs, and James Perna, the then President of the MCPRC. Chairman

Hertel advised Plaintiffs that they would have to make concessions to the Sublease in exchange for

Hertel’s signature on the building permit request. Plaintiffs submitted to this request in what became

the Second Amendment to the Sublease, on March 29, 2001. The Second Amendment to the

Sublease included cross-indemnification provisions for the parties and required Plaintiffs to pay

maintenance, property taxes, and 1% of gross ticket revenues to the County.

       Food and Beverage Agreement

       Plaintiffs eventually entered into a Food and Beverage Agreement with the County for

Independence Hall, a banquet facility located in the Park. In October 2000, the County issued a

Request for Proposals for Catering Services at the Independence Hall, which stated: “No liquor

license is available at the Independence Building. All alcohol consumption is done either by being

provided by a host without charge or through use of a temporary permit secured by a non-profit
Nos. 08-2232, 08-2268
Hillside Productions, Inc., et al. v. County of Macomb
Page 4

entity.” (Am. Compl. Ex. I, at 2.) Parks Administrator Casanata received a letter from the Sterling

Heights Police Department in response to the Request for Proposals, dated October 26, 2000,

advising him that Independence Hall must comply with the city’s liquor ordinances and providing

him with the text of said ordinances.

       Plaintiffs bid on the County’s Request for Proposals and thereafter executed the Food and

Beverage Agreement, a license, with the County on May 10, 2001. The license provided Plaintiffs

with access to parts of the building for catering service through 2020, for an annual payment of

$40,000. Plaintiffs and Sterling Heights became embroiled in litigation regarding the ordinances that

Sterling Heights required of Plaintiffs, which ended after entry of a Consent Judgment in 2004. See

Hillside Productions, Inc. et al. v. Duchane et al., Case No. 2:02-cv-73618 (E.D. Mich.).

       In January 2005, Plaintiffs sought the County’s consent to renovate Independence Hall.

Plaintiffs wanted to create office space, a coatroom, and a liquor storage room. The proposed

coatroom would have affected the space in the County’s meeting room, and resulted in changes to

the County’s administrative office and storage supply areas. The County responded by stating that

the MCPRC would like to meet with Plaintiffs to discuss a possible modification to the Food and

Beverage Agreement and the Sublease. Plaintiffs countered that they would not renegotiate either

agreement to obtain the approval to renovate.

       The MCPRC stated that it would approve Plaintiffs’ request only if Plaintiffs agreed to

collect parking revenue for all events – the County’s obligation under the Second Amendment of the

Sublease – at no charge, unless the revenue exceeded $500,000, and at only 25% of the actual labor
Nos. 08-2232, 08-2268
Hillside Productions, Inc., et al. v. County of Macomb
Page 5

costs applied against any amount owed to the County above $125,000. Plaintiffs rejected this

proposal.

       Over Plaintiffs’ opposition, the MCPRC voted on April 11, 2005:

       [T]o approve Plaintiffs’ request to use the following 439 square floor areas, small
       office for a catering manager, storage room for the locked liquor and dry goods and
       conference room area for coatroom all changes for remodeling paid by Hillside
       Production. In lieu of this space, Plaintiffs will continue to collect parking and cost
       of labor for parking not to exceed 25 percent and will forward request to Facilities
       & Operation for recommendation.

(Appellant’s App. at 66.) Plaintiffs argue that the designation of square footage for its proposed

renovations was contrary to the license, which stated that it was not a lease for specific property.

Plaintiffs asked the MCPRC to reconsider its vote. When it would not, Plaintiffs sent the County

a notice of termination of the Food and Beverage Agreement on July 5, 2005.

       PSE Transaction

       On October 18, 2005, Plaintiffs approached the County about entering into a purchase asset

agreement that would assign its interests in the Sublease to a business formed between Plaintiffs and

Palace Sports and Entertainment Hillside, which was named PSE Hillside (“PSE”). PSE agreed to

purchase the Sublease from Plaintiffs for nine million dollars. PSE sought written authorization to

make improvements to the Amphitheater, to expand parking and raise parking rates without County

approval, and to obtain clarification on whether County approval was necessary for advertising. The

purchase asset agreement required that certain deliverables be provided in order for the parties to

close the agreement.
Nos. 08-2232, 08-2268
Hillside Productions, Inc., et al. v. County of Macomb
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       After the April 11, 2005 MCPRC meeting at which parking collection was discussed, some

MCPRC members met with Plaintiffs. According to Riberas, two of the eleven commissioners,

Bucci and DiMaria, stated that the County was going to collect and keep all parking revenue related

to County-sponsored events. Riberas testified that Bucci and DiMaria informally told him that they

knew that the County was not entitled to all the parking revenue for County-sponsored events, but

they would vote in this manner to force Plaintiffs to make concessions to the contracts. Bucci and

DiMaria later denied making such statements. At the March 23, 2006 MCPRC meeting, DiMaria

moved that the County “collect all parking for County-sponsored events and fees,” and the motion

carried. (3/26/06 Meeting Minutes at 3.) On March 24, 2006, Plaintiffs wrote the County

demanding rescission of the vote within four days. On March 28, 2006, the County invited Plaintiffs

and PSE to discuss the Sublease at its April 6, 2006 MCPRC meeting. Plaintiffs did not attend the

meeting. Plaintiffs instead filed this lawsuit on March 31, 2006.

       Plaintiffs sent a letter to PSE stating that they would be unable to close the deal because they

could not provide the deliverables, and the County voted to keep the parking revenue on March 31,

2006. PSE represented that it still believed that the purchase asset agreement was viable and

expressed a desire to close. PSE has filed an arbitration proceeding, which is pending, requesting

that the parties close the purchase asset agreement. As of the date of the filing of Plaintiffs’ brief,

the PSE transaction had not closed.

B.     Procedural History

       On March 31, 2006, Plaintiffs filed their complaint against the County in the United States

District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan, alleging Equal Protection Clause and substantive
Nos. 08-2232, 08-2268
Hillside Productions, Inc., et al. v. County of Macomb
Page 7

and procedural due process violations, and breach of contract. On May 8, 2006, the County filed its

counterclaims against Plaintiffs, alleging breach of contract, fraud, unjust enrichment, and breach

of fiduciary duty. On February 7, 2007, Plaintiffs moved for partial summary judgment on their

breach of contract claim arising from the County’s failure to provide Plaintiffs with certain parking

revenues, which was granted by the district court.

       On June 14, 2007, the district court granted the County’s motion for partial summary

judgment, holding that the County was entitled to 25% of parking revenues, 1% of gross ticket sales,

maintenance costs, and property taxes. On October 18, 2007, Plaintiffs filed a motion in limine for

a determination as to whether the County could withhold certain discovery on the basis of attorney-

client privilege and still proffer an advice of counsel defense to assert that qualified immunity

applies. The district court denied Plaintiffs’ motion because the County represented that it did not

intend to rely on an advice of counsel defense for any of Plaintiffs’ claims; and no official was sued

in his or her official capacity, thus qualified immunity was irrelevant to the lawsuit.

       The parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment and cross-motions to exclude expert

witnesses. The district court granted Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment on their breach of

contract claim as to the parking revenue, and on the fraud, unjust enrichment, and breach of fiduciary

duty counterclaims against them. The district court granted the County’s motion for summary

judgment as to Plaintiffs’ procedural due process and equal protection claims. It also granted the

County’s motion to exclude the testimony of Plaintiffs’ expert witness, Mark Crawford, but denied

Plaintiffs’ motion to exclude the County’s expert witness, Larry Chiagouris.
Nos. 08-2232, 08-2268
Hillside Productions, Inc., et al. v. County of Macomb
Page 8

       The district court heard argument on the motions in limine on April 8, 2008. It granted

Plaintiffs’ motion to preclude emotional appeals to the jurors as taxpayers and references to the

County’s financial condition “to the extent that it concerns the argument that the jury should grant

no award because Defendant’s current or expected financial condition.” (April 9, 2008 Dist. Ct.

Order at 2.) The district court further granted Plaintiffs’ motion to preclude any reference to a

multimillion dollar settlement that Plaintiffs had obtained four years earlier in its lawsuit against

Sterling Heights “to the extent that it concerns precluding the argument that Plaintiffs should receive

no award because of an earlier award in a separate case.” (Id. at 1-2.)

       On April 29, 2008, the district court reversed its ruling on Plaintiffs’ motion in limine

concerning the settlement that they had received four years earlier and permitted the County to argue

that plaintiffs should not receive an award because of that settlement. On May 5, 2008, the jury

found in favor of the County on Plaintiffs’ substantive due process claims and on Plaintiffs’ breach

of contract claims concerning the Food and Beverage Agreement. Plaintiffs were awarded nothing

on their judgment for the County’s breach of contract concerning the parking revenue. The jury

found in favor of Plaintiffs’ on the County’s breach of contract counterclaims, except as to the

counterclaims concerning gross revenue from ticket sales and the Food and Beverage Agreement.

The County was awarded $21,931 on its counterclaim for one percent of the gross revenue from

ticket sales and nothing on the Food and Beverage Agreement counterclaims.

       The County filed a motion for judgment as a matter of law, and Plaintiffs filed a motion for

judgment as a matter of law, or, in the alternative, for a new trial, on June 13, 2008. On August 28,
Nos. 08-2232, 08-2268
Hillside Productions, Inc., et al. v. County of Macomb
Page 9

2008, the district court denied both motions. Plaintiffs filed their timely appeal, and the County filed

its cross-appeal thereafter.

                                           II. ANALYSIS

A.      Plaintiffs’ Rule 59(a) Motion for a New Trial

        This Court reviews the denial of a party’s motion for a new trial brought pursuant to Fed. R.

Civ. P. 59 for an abuse of discretion. See David v. Jellico Community Hospital, Inc., 912 F2.d 129,

132-33 (6th Cir. 1990). “An abuse of discretion occurs when the district court relies on clearly

erroneous findings of fact, improperly applies the law, or uses an erroneous legal standard.” See

Mike’s Train House, Inc. v. Lionel LLC, 472 F.3d 398, 405 (6th Cir. 2006) (citations omitted). A

court “may grant a new trial under Rule 59 if the verdict is against the weight of the evidence, if the

damages award is excessive, or if the trial was influenced by prejudice or bias, or otherwise unfair

to the moving party.” Rush v. Illinois Century Railroad Co., 399 F.3d 705, 727 (6th Cir. 2005).

        Plaintiffs filed a motion for a new trial on June 13, 2008, arguing that the weight of the

evidence did not support the jury’s findings that: (1) the County was entitled to $21,930 as 1% of

gross ticket sales revenue; (2) the County did not violate Plaintiffs’ substantive due process rights;

(3) Plaintiffs were entitled to no damages for the County’s breach of contract concerning the

collection of parking revenue; and (4) the County did not breach the Food and Beverage Agreement.

Plaintiffs further argued that they were entitled to a new trial as the “jury’s verdict was improperly

influenced or otherwise unfair” because: (1) advice of counsel evidence was admitted; (2) Fifth

Third Bank documents were improperly admitted; and (3) defense counsel acted inappropriately
Nos. 08-2232, 08-2268
Hillside Productions, Inc., et al. v. County of Macomb
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during trial. Finally, Plaintiffs argue that a new trial was necessary because the award of $21,930

in damages was excessive.

       The district court did not consider several claims in Plaintiffs’ Rule 59 motion for new trial,

finding that there was a “procedural bar” on Plaintiffs’ Rule 59 motion because Plaintiffs had not

properly brought a Rule 50(a) motion for a new trial prior to filing their Rule 59 motion. However,

“motions for directed verdict and judgment n.o.v. are not prerequisites to a motion for a new trial.”

TCP Industries, Inc. v. Uniroyal, Inc., 661 F.2d 542, 546 (6th Cir. 1981) (citation omitted). In

Southern Railway Co. v. Miller, 285 F.2d 202, 206 (6th Cir. 1960), this Court considered a Rule 59

motion, which asserted that the verdict was against the weight of the evidence, in the absence of a

Rule 50 motion and set forth a standard of review for Rule 59 motions (abuse of discretion) which

is different from that for Rule 50 motions (de novo review). In their brief to the district court,

Plaintiffs repeatedly argued that a new trial was necessary because the jury verdict was against the

“weight of the evidence.” (See R. 261, Pls.’ Mot. for J. at 4, 7, 26, 27, 31-37.)

       Despite this, the district court held:

       The procedural bar against Plaintiffs’ Rule 50 motion extends to preclude any Rule
       59 motion raising insufficient evidence for the jury’s verdict grounds for relief. See,
       e.g. ICP [sic] Industries, Inc. v. Uniroyal, Inc., 661 F.2d 542, 545 n.2 (6th Cir. 1981)
       (“A motion for judgment [NOV] cannot be entertained unless the moving party has
       made a timely motion for directed verdict at the close of all evidence.”); Southern
       Railway Co. v. Miller, 286 F.2d 202, 206 (6th Cir. 1960) (“No motion for directed
       verdict having been made, the question of the sufficiency of the evidence to support
       the jury’s verdict is not available as a ground for a motion for a new trial.”).
       Accordingly, Plaintiffs may not seek new trial on the grounds that the jury had
       insufficient evidence for its verdict (1) awarding $21,930 to Defendant for 1% of
       gross ticket sales revenue, (2) finding that Defendant did not violate Plaintiffs’
       substantive due process rights, (3) awarding zero dollars to Plaintiffs for Defendant’s
Nos. 08-2232, 08-2268
Hillside Productions, Inc., et al. v. County of Macomb
Page 11

       breach of contract involving parking revenue, and (4) finding that Defendant did not
       breach the food and beverage agreement.

(August 28, 2008 Dist. Ct. Order at 10.)

       The district court misapplied this Court’s holdings in Southern Railway and TCP Industries,

Inc. In those cases, this Court distinguished between motions made pursuant to Rule 50, which

claim there is insufficient evidence to send a case to a jury, and Rule 59 motions, which claim that

the jury verdict was against the weight of the evidence. The County argues that Plaintiffs’ motion

was unclear as to whether it was based on the insufficiency of the evidence or the weight of the

evidence, and that Plaintiffs invited ambiguity. However, Plaintiffs made repeated reference to the

“weight of the evidence,” and it was clear that they were not making an insufficiency of the evidence

argument.

       An abuse of discretion occurs when the district court improperly applies the law, uses an

erroneous legal standard, or relies on clearly erroneous factual findings. See Mike’s Train House,

Inc., 472 F.3d at 405. The district court abused its discretion when it misapplied the law and held

that a Rule 50 motion is a prerequisite for a Rule 59 motion that the weight of the evidence does not

support the jury’s verdict. Nonetheless, Plaintiffs are not entitled to a new trial because their claims

are meritless.

       1.        Verdict Against the Weight of the Evidence

       A new trial is appropriate “only when a jury has reached a seriously erroneous result.” Id.

(internal quotations and citations omitted). Plaintiffs first claim that the jury award of $21,931 for

Plaintiffs’ failure to pay gross ticket sales to the County was excessive and request remittitur or a
Nos. 08-2232, 08-2268
Hillside Productions, Inc., et al. v. County of Macomb
Page 12

new trial. Remittitur is granted only if the award exceeds the amount that a jury could reasonably

find to be compensatory for the claimant’s loss. See Jackson v. City of Cookville, 31 F.3d 1354,

1358 (6th Cir. 1994). The Sublease provides that Hillside “shall pay to the County 1% of all gross

revenue derived from ticket sales” and that “gross ticket revenue derived from ticket sales shall be

based upon general admission ticket price for each seat.” (Sublease at 3, ¶ 3.) The testimony of

Ticketmaster representative Robert Garsh and Plaintiffs’ accountant, Thomas Wickersham, and the

Ticketmaster Audit Reports indicate that Plaintiffs gave away a substantial number of complimentary

tickets and failed to compensate the County for these tickets. The Audit Reports indicate that

Hillside gave away $2,193,179 in tickets. The jury awarded the County damages that were 1% of

that amount – $21,931. This sum was not excessive and was reasonable in light of the evidence

regarding the gross ticket revenue at issue.

       Plaintiffs further argue that the district court abused its discretion when it failed to put aside

the jury’s verdict against Plaintiffs’ on their substantive due process claim concerning the County’s

vote on the collection of the parking revenue. A court is not to set aside a verdict simply because

it believes that another outcome is more justified. See Denhof v. Grand Rapids, 494 F.3d 534, 543

(6th Cir. 2007) (citing TCP Industries, Inc. v. Uniroyal, Inc., 661 F.2d 542, 546 (6th Cir. 1981)).

To show that their substantive due process rights were violated, Plaintiffs must prove that the County

acted in a manner that was “arbitrary or capricious,” Bowers v. City of Flint, 325 F.3d 758, 763 (6th

Cir. 2003), and that the County acted out of a constitutionally impermissible motive, Scarborough

v. Morgan County Board of Education, 470 F.3d 250, 261 (6th Cir. 2006).
Nos. 08-2232, 08-2268
Hillside Productions, Inc., et al. v. County of Macomb
Page 13

       At trial, there was little evidence of improper motive. Former MCPRC President Perna did

not vote in favor of the motion. Eight of the remaining ten commissioners testified that they voted

in favor of the motion because they believed that the Sublease was unclear, and that they did not

intend to injure Hillside or extract concessions. The primary evidence of improper motive was

presented through Riberas’s testimony. Riberas claimed that Commissioners Bucci and DiMaria told

him that they did not believe that the County was entitled to parking revenue and that they were

seeking to extract concessions from Plaintiffs. DiMaria and Bucci both denied making such

statements. MCPRC President Perna testified that he spoke to six commissioners, and a “small

consensus” of the commissioners believed that the County was entitled to the money. The jury

properly made a credibility determination concerning what evidence to rely upon, and a rational fact-

finder could find that there was no impermissible motive given these conflicting facts. The district

court was not required to ensure that the jury reach the most justifiable outcome – it was to determine

whether any rational fact-finder could reach the conclusion that the County did not act out of an

impermissible motive. See Denhof v. Grand Rapids, 494 F.3d 534, 543 (6th Cir. 2007). The facts

here support a conclusion that there was no improper motive.

       Plaintiffs next contest the jury’s award of no damages on their breach of contract claim with

respect to the parking revenue. The district court granted Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment

and held that the County’s March 23, 2006 vote to retain parking revenue violated the terms of the

Sublease and left the issue of the damages award for the jury. Under Michigan law, the party

asserting a breach has the burden of proving damages with reasonable certainty. See Alan Custom

Homes, Inc. v. Krol, 667 N.W.2d 379 (Mich. App. 2003). Plaintiffs did not introduce evidence of
Nos. 08-2232, 08-2268
Hillside Productions, Inc., et al. v. County of Macomb
Page 14

lost parking revenue. And, despite the amount of parking revenue collected, the County was entitled

to a guaranteed minimum of $125,000 annually. After the 2006 vote, the County never received

more than its guaranteed $125,000. Accordingly, the vote did not cause any direct damages to

Plaintiffs. As for consequential damages, a PSE representative acknowledged that the parking

revenue from County-sponsored events was not a significant part of the transaction with Plaintiffs.

This evidence adequately supports the jury’s determination that Plaintiffs did not incur damages as

a result of the parking vote.

       Plaintiffs also contest the jury’s finding that the County did not breach the Food and

Beverage Agreement by “refusing to allow improvements,” and that Plaintiffs did breach the

Agreement by failing to make payments on the contract although this breach resulted in no damages

to the County. The Agreement provides that Plaintiffs will have access to Independence Hall to

conduct events “except for the Park administrative office and storage supply areas.” (Agreement at

8.) Plaintiffs sought to make permanent changes to the administrative and storage areas of the Park.

Consequently, the County’s request for additional consideration to make renovations to these areas

was not unreasonable, and a reasonable juror could find that no breach occurred. The Agreement

permits unilateral termination only upon breach, and the jury reasonably found that the County did

not breach its contract by denying Plaintiffs’ request to make permanent changes to the venue.

Accordingly, by failing to make payment pursuant to the Agreement upon declaration of the

contract’s termination, Plaintiffs themselves had breached the contract.

       2.      Unfair or Improperly Influenced Verdict
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         Plaintiffs next argue that the district court abused its discretion when it held that the jury’s

verdict was not improperly influenced or otherwise unfair due to the admission of evidence

concerning advice of counsel and the Fifth Third Bank documents, and the improper conduct of

defense counsel. Evidentiary rulings fall within the broad discretion of the district court, Conklin

v. Lovely, 834 F.2d 543, 551 (6th Cir. 1987), and a new trial is proper only when an abuse of

discretion has an effect on the final result, Leonard v. Uniroyal, Inc., 765 F.2d 560, 567 (6th Cir.

1985).

         As the district court noted, the challenged evidence2 – the advice of counsel evidence and the

Fifth Third Bank evidence – constituted “a small portion of a nearly month-long trial and did not

relate to an actual defense.” (August 28, 2008 Dist. Ct. Order at 13.) It held that this evidence did

not have a substantial effect on the final result of the trial. The district court denied Plaintiffs’

motion in limine concerning the advice of counsel evidence, “finding that Defendant would not rely

on advice as counsel as an affirmative defense and that the such evidence was therefore not relevant

to any fact of consequence in the case.” (Id.) After trial, the district court held that the County “in

fact presented no such defense at trial.” (Id.) It noted that while “certain witnesses touched upon

advice of counsel, it [sic] did so in a tangential way and not with the effect of suggesting to the jury

that Defendant simply followed the advice of counsel and should therefore not be held liable.” (Id.)

         2
         Plaintiffs also challenge the admission of testimony by two individuals, Brumbaugh and
Meyerand. The district court properly held that Plaintiffs waived this issue by failing to provide
adequate briefing on it in their motion for judgment as a matter of law. Moreover, as the County
notes, “Although plaintiffs’ counsel asserted at trial that these witnesses had not been produced for
deposition, plaintiffs’ counsel subsequently withdrew her objection, stating that counsel ‘let him
testify and then I can bring in the history of correspondence between us if necessary.’” (Appellee’s
Br. at 41.) No correspondence was provided, and no curative jury instruction was requested.
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With regard to the Fifth Third Bank documents the court noted that Plaintiffs did not object to this

evidence at trial, and held that it was not convinced that these documents were “surprise” evidence.

With respect to the alleged misconduct of counsel, the district court noted that “Plaintiffs raise

isolated moments in a lengthy trial.” (Id. at 14.)

       The district court correctly found that there was no unfair prejudice resulting from the

admission of the challenged evidence at trial or the conduct of counsel at trial. Much of the

testimony that Plaintiffs describes as “advice of counsel” evidence was elicited by Plaintiffs. There

were adequate jury instructions, no advice of counsel defense presented at trial, no timely objections

to the admission of the contested evidence, and the contested evidence was merely a small portion

of the evidence presented at trial and was not prejudicial. When a new trial is requested on the basis

of counsel’s conduct, there must be clear prejudice that would justify a new trial. See United States

v. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., 310 U.S. 150 (1939). The alleged misconduct drew no timely objections.

The district court instructed the jury not to consider the arguments of counsel as evidence (Jury

Instruction 4-5), and courts must presume that juries follow instructions. See Francis v. Franklin,

471 U.S. 307, 324 n.9 (1985). Plaintiffs have failed to show that there has been an abuse of

discretion that had a substantial effect on the outcome of the trial. See Conklin, 834 F.2d at 551.

       Moreover, even if the admission of the challenged evidence was an abuse of discretion, it was

harmless error. Admission of improper evidence at trial will not warrant a new trial unless a

different ruling would have caused a different outcome at trial. See Morales v. American Honda

Motor Co, 151 F.3d 500, 514 (6th Cir. 1998). The challenged evidence relates to issues that were
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merely tangential to the parties claims and did not create the type of prejudice that would affect the

outcome of the trial.

        Accordingly, the district court’s rulings on these issues and the jury’s verdict are

AFFIRMED.

B.      Plaintiffs’ Motion for Judgment As a Matter of Law

        The district court denied Plaintiffs’ motion for judgment as a matter of law, finding that

Plaintiffs failed to bring a Rule 50 motion for judgment as a matter of law before the case was

submitted to the jury. We review a district court’s denial of a motion for judgment as a matter of law

de novo. See Greene v. B.F. Goodrich Avionics Systems, Inc., 409 F.3d 784, 788 (6th Cir. 2005).

A court may grant a motion for a judgment as a matter of law if “‘there is no legally sufficient

evidentiary basis for a reasonable jury to find for that party on that issue . . . .’” Mike’s Train House,

472 F.3d 398, 405 (6th Cir. 2006) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(a)(1)). Judgment as a matter of law

is appropriate when “viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, there

is no genuine issue of material fact for the jury, and reasonable minds could come to but one

conclusion, in favor of the moving party.” Noble v. Brinker International, Inc., 391 F.3d 715, 720

(6th Cir. 2004).

        Courts may grant a party’s motion for judgment as a matter of law if “there is no legally

sufficient evidentiary basis for a reasonable jury to find for that party on that issue . . . .” Fed. R.

Civ. P. 50(a)(1). A motion for judgment as a matter of law must “be made at any time before the

case is submitted to the jury. The motion must specify the judgment sought and the law and facts

that entitle the movant to the judgment.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(1)(2); see American and Foreign
Nos. 08-2232, 08-2268
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Insurance Co. v. Bolt, 106 F.3d 155, 160. “A post-trial motion for judgment can be granted only on

grounds advanced in the pre-verdict motion.” American and Foreign Insurance Co., 106 F.3d at160

(quoting Advisory Committee Note, Fed. R. Civ. P. 50 (1991)).

        Plaintiffs claim that they were prohibited from elaborating on their Rule 50 motion; however,

the record indicates otherwise. At trial before the jury recessed, counsel for Plaintiffs stated, “I’d

like to reserve my Rule 50 motion for later so we can keep proceeding on.” (5/1/2009 Tr. at 127.)

The court indicated that “you’ve successfully preserved that position.” (Id.) After the jury recessed,

the parties had oral argument on the County’s pending Rule 50 motions and several other matters.

(Id. at 128-205.) During these arguments, although the court noted that Plaintiffs’ counsel

mentioned that she wanted to elaborate on Plaintiffs’ Rule 50 claims, Plaintiffs’ counsel never did

so.

        Counsel discussed Defendant’s Rule 50 motions during oral argument. Plaintiffs responded

to the County’s Rule 50 motions by seeking a jury determination on the issues. The morning

following this oral argument, the court announced its decision to reserve the pending Rule 50

motions and return to them after the jury deliberated. Plaintiffs did not object to this, and Plaintiffs

never made a Rule 50 motion on the record before the jury verdict was rendered. Plaintiffs never

provided the factual or legal basis for their entitlement to relief under Rule 50.

        Plaintiffs may not now rely upon their general statement that they reserved their right to make

a Rule 50 motion. A Rule 50 motion “must specify the judgment sought and the law and facts that

entitle the movant to the judgment.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(1)(2). The record is clear that Plaintiffs

never made a motion on the record before the verdict was rendered. The arguments were centered
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on the County’s Rule 50 motions, and Plaintiffs never raised any issues or provided a basis for why

they were entitled to relief under Rule 50. In fact, Plaintiffs argued in favor of a jury determination

on many of the issues. Their failure to raise their claims was more than a minor technical error –

they simply never made the motion. Rule 50 is meant to “narrowly restrict the grounds used to

overturn a jury verdict by requiring that parties raises important issues before the case is submitted

to the jury.” American and Foreign Insurance Co. v. Bolt, 106 F.3d 155, 160. Accordingly, the

district court properly held that Plaintiffs did not make a Rule 50 motion and its determination on

this issue is AFFIRMED.

C.     Exclusion of Plaintiffs’ Expert Testimony

       When considering the admissibility of proffered expert testimony, trial courts are given “the

task of ensuring that an expert’s testimony both rests on reliable foundation and is relevant to the

task at hand.” Daubert v. Merrell Down Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 580 (1993). The trial

court is afforded “a relatively wide degree of discretion” in determining whether to admit expert

testimony. See United States v. Paris, 243 F.3d 286, 288 (6th Cir. 2001) (internal citations and

quotations omitted). The party proffering the evidence bears the burden of proving its admissibility.

See Nelson v. Tennessee Gas Pipeline Co., 243 F.3d 244, 251 (6th Cir. 2001). A “party proffering

expert testimony must show by a ‘preponderance of proof’ that the expert whose testimony is being

offered is qualified and will testify to scientific knowledge that will assist the trier of fact in

understanding and disposing of issues relevant to the case.” Pride v. BIC Corp., 218 F.3d 566, 578

(6th Cir. 2000) (citing Daubert, 509 U.S. at 592 n.10) .
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       Plaintiffs’ expert, Mark Crawford, is a certified public accountant, and his testimony was

intended to establish the damages stemming from the County’s alleged breach of contract. The

district court excluded the expert testimony and found that “Crawford’s report is heavy on

argumentative narrative and short on verification for his figures.” (February 15, 2008 Dist. Ct. Order

at 3.) This finding was not an abuse of discretion given the content of the report.

       The district court noted that Mark Crawford’s report is nineteen pages long, and six of those

pages provide background on the case. The court found that the report tends to repeat the claims in

the complaint and does not provide much independent specialized analysis. And, the analysis that

it does provide relies on questionable methodology. As the district court noted, the “most glaring

example of unsubstantiated conclusion” was Crawford’s projection that the projected loss should

be based on the total purchase of the transaction “without offsetting the value of the asset that

Plaintiffs retained when the transaction fell through.” (February 15, 2008 Dist. Ct. Order at 5.)

Plaintiffs argue that this methodology was not improper because “there were no willing purchasers

after the transaction . . . failed to close.” (Appellants’ Br. at 68.) However, there is evidence on

record that PSE is still willing to enter a contract with Plaintiffs. Furthermore, the expected profits

analysis in the report does not have a sufficient basis in the facts or reliable methodology. Crawford

projected an over $2 million loss in 2006 although Plaintiffs did not make a profit prior to 2006.

When asked about the basis of one of his assumptions at reaching this figure, he stated that he pulled

it “right out of my head.” (Id. at 5.) Given these serious methodological issues in his analysis, the

district court did not abuse its wide discretion in excluding Crawford’s report.
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        Moreover, even if the exclusion of Crawford’s testimony was erroneous, it was a harmless

error. The jury never reached the issue of damages because it rejected Plaintiffs’ claims that the

County committed a breach of contract. See Toth v. Grand Trunk Railroad, 306 F.3d 335, 355 (6th

Cir. 2002) (finding the exclusion of damages testimony harmless error where the jury found that the

plaintiff failed to prove the claim at issue). For the foregoing reasons, the district court exclusion

of Crawford’s testimony is AFFIRMED.

D.      Plaintiffs’ Procedural Due Process Claims

        Plaintiffs argue that the district court improperly granted summary judgment against them

on their procedural due process claims. This Court reviews a district court’s grant of summary

judgment de novo. See Spencer v. Bouchard, 449 F.3d 721, 727 (6th Cir. 2006). Summary judgment

is only appropriate where there is no genuine issue of material fact. Fed. R. Civ. 56(c). All

reasonable inferences are drawn in favor of the non-moving party. See Siggers-El v. Barlow, 412
F.3d 693, 699 (6th Cir. 2005). Plaintiffs must show that they had a constitutionally protected

property interest, suffered a deprivation of this protected interest, and that the County did not provide

adequate procedural rights prior to the deprivation to prevail on a procedural due process claim. See

Med Corp., Inc. City of Lima, 296 F.3d 404, 409 (6th Cir. 2002). Plaintiffs argue that “MCPRC’s

improper vote to keep all parking revenue from non-Hillside-sponsored events was done without

affording plaintiffs proper notice or an opportunity to be heard, and was an act that in and of itself

inflicted an immediate injury on plaintiffs.” (Appellants’ Br. at 65.) The district court rejected this

argument and noted that the deprivation would not occur until parking revenue had been collected,

divided, and paid; Plaintiffs had the opportunity to challenge the vote before it went into effect; and
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the County had proposed a meeting on the issue a few days after Plaintiffs objected to the vote. The

MCPRC vote could have been rescinded after such meeting.

       Plaintiffs cite Nasierowski Brothers Inventory Co. v. Sterling Heights, 949 F.2d 890 (6th Cir.

1991), to support their claim that they suffered an immediate injury after the Board made its decision

to keep all parking revenue. In Nasierowski, the city passed a zoning ordinance, without notice or

an opportunity to be heard, that severely limited plaintiff’s ability to use his land and resulted in

immediate injury. Id. However, that case is clearly distinguishable from the current matter. Unlike

the plaintiff in that case, who would be “placed in a position where he would be required to expend

considerable time, effort, and money to restore the status quo ante,” see id., Plaintiffs would have

incurred no injury until after the parking revenues were collected. The MCPRC’s decision did not

change the nature of the property or the nature of the type of activities that could occur there.

Plaintiffs had ample opportunity to be heard during the County’s proposed meeting and were given

adequate notice of the County’s decision. There were no genuine issues of material fact concerning

the adequacy of procedural due process that the County provided Plaintiffs.

       Accordingly, the district court determination on this issue is AFFIRMED.

                                       III. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the district court’s rulings and the jury’s verdict are AFFIRMED.