Court Opinion

ID: 9840320
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-16 00:01:05.06287+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:28:19.673154
License: Public Domain

Case: 22-30638     Document: 00516897149         Page: 1     Date Filed: 09/15/2023

           United States Court of Appeals
                for the Fifth Circuit
                                                                        United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                 Fifth Circuit

                                                                               FILED
                                                                      September 15, 2023
                                  No. 22-30638                            Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                               Clerk

   Billy Van Winkle, Jr.,

                                                           Plaintiff—Appellant,

                                      versus

   James Arthur Rogers; New Prime, Incorporated, doing
   business as Prime, Incorporated; Ace American Insurance
   Company,

                                                         Defendants—Appellees.

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Western District of Louisiana
                           USDC No. 6:19-CV-1264

   Before Davis, Southwick, and Oldham, Circuit Judges.
   Leslie H. Southwick, Circuit Judge:
          Plaintiff filed suit against a truck driver, trucking company, and
   insurance company. The claim was that the tread from a tire on Defendants’
   tractor-trailer separated from the tire core and hit Plaintiff’s vehicle on an
   interstate highway. Plaintiff was injured in the resulting crash. Though the
   remnants of the damaged tire were initially saved, they were later destroyed
   as a result of what Defendants claim was simple negligence. The district
   court granted summary judgment in favor of Defendants. On appeal, Plaintiff
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                                    No. 22-30638

   contends the district court erred in ruling on several motions. The central
   question is whether the district court was correct to hold that there were no
   genuine issues of material fact regarding whether Defendants acted in bad
   faith in destroying the tire. We find there were fact issues. REVERSED
   and REMANDED in part; AFFIRMED in part.
               FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
          On February 6, 2018, Billy Van Winkle, Jr., was driving on an inter-
   state highway in Louisiana when his car was struck by part of a tire that came
   from the tractor-trailer being driven directly in front of him. The resulting
   crash caused serious injuries to Van Winkle and damage to his vehicle. The
   tractor-trailer was owned by Defendant New Prime, Inc. d/b/a Prime, Inc.
   and operated by its employee, Defendant James Arthur Rogers. The tread of
   the failed tire — a refurbished, retread tire manufactured by Prime’s own
   EcoTire facility — separated from the casing or tire core before it hit Plain-
   tiff’s vehicle.
          Rogers reported the crash directly to Prime via the Qualcomm system
   in the tractor-trailer immediately after it occurred. A replacement tire was
   attached at the scene. Prime instructed Rogers to load the tire remnants onto
   the tractor-trailer before he left. The tractor-trailer continued on its route
   until it reached Prime’s facility in Salt Lake City, Utah. What happened to
   the tire remnants is unknown, but Prime stated it was likely they were sold
   for scrap about six weeks after the crash.
          On January 22, 2019, Van Winkle filed a petition for personal injuries
   against Rogers, Prime, and their insurer, Ace American Insurance Company,
   in the 15th Judicial District Court for Acadia Parish, Louisiana. Defendants
   removed the case to the United States District Court for the Western District
   of Louisiana based on diversity jurisdiction.

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          Trial was reset at least twice because of the COVID-19 pandemic and
   a scheduling conflict. On February 18, 2021, three years after the accident
   and two years after suit was filed, Defendants filed their first motion for sum-
   mary judgment. The district court denied Defendants’ motion for summary
   judgment without prejudice in light of Van Winkle’s requests to extend dis-
   covery deadlines.
          Van Winkle amended his complaint on September 29, 2021, reiterat-
   ing his claims for Rogers’s negligence in the operation and care of the tractor-
   trailer and his claim against Prime for vicarious liability. Van Winkle also
   pled a claim against Prime for alleged negligence in the training and supervi-
   sion of Rogers and the care and maintenance of the tractor-trailer and tire.
   Importantly, Van Winkle alleged that Prime “destroyed evidence, specifi-
   cally the retreaded trailer tire that failed,” that Prime “had a duty to preserve
   the failed retreaded tire and intentionally destroyed evidence that was rele-
   vant, irreplaceable, unique and critical to any potential future litigation and
   the degree of fault of Defendants,” and that “this destruction clearly de-
   prived plaintiff of this evidence.”
          The district court rejected Van Winkle’s arguments about the de-
   struction of evidence. It granted summary judgment to Defendants. Van
   Winkle timely appealed the judgment.
                                   DISCUSSION
          Van Winkle argues that the district court erred in these ways:
          (1) Denying Van Winkle’s motion for sanctions for spoliation of the
   tire evidence. We review a district court’s denial of a motion for sanctions
   for abuse of discretion. Guzman v. Jones, 804 F.3d 707, 713 (5th Cir. 2015).
          (2) Holding Van Winkle’s expert witness did not have sufficient
   knowledge and expertise to testify about the cause of the commercial truck

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   tire failure. Exclusion of expert testimony is reviewed for abuse of discretion.
   In re Complaint of C.F. Bean, L.L.C., 841 F.3d 365, 369 (5th Cir. 2016).
          (3) Granting Defendants’ motion for summary judgment and (4)
   denying Van Winkle’s motion for partial summary judgment. We review a
   grant of summary judgment de novo. Petro Harvester Operating Co. v. Keith,
   954 F.3d 686, 691 (5th Cir. 2020). The district court’s construction of the
   amended complaint is reviewed de novo. Ruiz v. Brennan, 851 F.3d 464, 468
   (5th Cir. 2017).
          (5) Denying Van Winkle’s motion to amend his prior motion in limine
   to exclude Defendants’ surveillance evidence. We review the denial of a mo-
   tion in limine for abuse of discretion and a showing of prejudice. Hesling v.
   CSX Transp., Inc., 396 F.3d 632, 643 (5th Cir. 2005).
          We analyze the arguments in that order.
          I.     Spoliation of the tire evidence
          “Spoliation of evidence is the destruction or the significant and mean-
   ingful alteration of evidence.” Guzman, 804 F.3d at 713 (quotation marks
   and citation omitted). “We permit an adverse inference against the spoliator
   or sanctions against the spoliator only upon a showing of bad faith or bad con-
   duct.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted). “Under the spoliation
   doctrine, a jury may draw an adverse inference that a party who intentionally
   destroys important evidence in bad faith did so because the contents of those
   documents were unfavorable to that party.” Whitt v. Stephens Cnty., 529
   F.3d 278, 284 (5th Cir. 2008) (quotation marks and citation omitted). “Bad
   faith, in the context of spoliation, generally means destruction for the pur-
   pose of hiding adverse evidence.” Guzman, 804 F.3d at 713.
          Van Winkle asserts that Prime’s disposal of the tire under these cir-
   cumstances demonstrates bad faith. The district court denied the motion for

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   sanctions due to spoliation “after an exhaustive review of the arguments and
   evidence.” The court noted it is undisputed that Prime intentionally de-
   stroyed crucial evidence. The court denied the motion for sanctions because,
   “[a]lthough Prime should have preserved the tire, Plaintiff’s arguments that
   Prime intentionally destroyed the tire in bad faith in order to hide adverse
   evidence from Plaintiff are highly speculative.” Nevertheless, the court con-
   cluded that, because “Plaintiff has been prejudiced due to his inability to in-
   spect and test the failed tire,” “the Court will permit Plaintiff to question the
   witnesses in detail as to the destruction of the failed tire” and “to argue what-
   ever inference he urges should be drawn due to the absence of the failed tire.”
          Van Winkle could present only circumstantial evidence to show bad
   faith: (1) Prime’s destruction of the failed tire, knowing that litigation was
   likely; (2) Prime’s failure to maintain records regarding its remanufactured
   tires; (3) Prime’s admission (later withdrawn) that it received a letter of rep-
   resentation from Van Winkle’s counsel 10 days before the tire was destroyed;
   (4) Prime’s withholding of claims notes, made on the day of the crash and 10
   days later, as alleged work product; and (5) Prime’s “deceptive discovery
   tactics, including attempting to hide the identity of the manufacturer of the
   [t]ire for over two years.”
          Van Winkle does not elaborate on the last two arguments. He does
   not explain how defense counsel’s assertion of a privilege more than a year
   after the disposal of the tire tends to show that the tire was thrown away be-
   cause Prime knew it was defective. Likewise, Van Winkle neither provides
   record cites for, nor elaborates on, his assertion that Prime engaged in “de-
   ceptive discovery tactics.” Accordingly, we find these contentions to be im-
   properly briefed and focus instead on his first three arguments for bad faith.
   See Crose v. Humana Ins. Co., 823 F.3d 344, 351 n.5 (5th Cir. 2016).

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          “A party’s duty to preserve evidence comes into being when the party
   has notice that the evidence is relevant to the litigation or should have known
   that the evidence may be relevant.” Guzman, 804 F.3d at 713. On the day of
   the accident, Rogers advised Prime that the tractor-trailer “blew” a tire and
   Van Winkle’s vehicle was hit by debris from the tire failure, that Van Winkle
   was injured, that emergency crews were on the way and law enforcement had
   arrived, and that Van Winkle had been taken to the hospital and his car was
   “severely damaged” and towed from the scene of the crash. We agree with
   the district court that this notice was enough to create the obligation to retain
   the tire.
          Van Winkle also argues Prime had actual notice that he had retained
   an attorney before the tire was destroyed, and that disposing of the tire with
   such notice is bad faith. Prime disputes this. Van Winkle relies on a letter
   from his counsel dated March 8, 2018, addressed to Prime’s claims manager,
   Kevin French, and sent by e-mail. According to Prime, its counsel initially
   took the letter at face value and admitted in discovery responses that this let-
   ter had been received. French’s deposition, though, French testified that
   both the e-mail address and the physical address for the letter were incorrect
   and that he never received the email or the letter. The email server for Van
   Winkle’s counsel reflected that the e-mail transmitting the letter had not
   been delivered. Given these facts, Defendants moved for leave to withdraw
   their admission that they received the letter. The trial court granted the mo-
   tion to withdraw. There was no error in allowing the withdrawal, as there is
   no evidence that counsel’s letter was received by Prime before the tire rem-
   nants were discarded. Nonetheless, as we already explained, the district
   court determined Prime was on notice from the events at the time of the ac-
   cident that the tire would likely be relevant to a claim by the injured driver.
          Prime, of course, failed to retain the tire. Following the crash, the tire
   scraps were loaded onto Prime’s truck at the accident scene. They were

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   discarded some time after the truck reached Prime’s Salt Lake City facility,
   40 days and 1,600 miles later. There is no bad faith in the destruction of
   evidence if, “at the time [the alleged spoliator] disposed of this potential ev-
   idence, it was unaware that it might be relevant to [the plaintiff’s] claims.”
   King v. Ill. Cent. R.R., 337 F.3d 550, 556 (5th Cir. 2003). Alternatively, a
   moving party “would have . . . a stronger argument for spoliation [if she
   could] prove that the [evidence was] destroyed after [the spoliator] had no-
   tice of their relevance to her claim.” Russell v. Univ. of Tex. of Permian Basin,
   234 F. App’x 195, 208 (5th Cir. 2007). When Prime disposed of the tire, it
   was fully aware of the relevance of the tire to a potential claim.
          Prime has no evidence of what actually happened to the remnants of
   the tire. It proposes that, likely, a Prime employee discarded or sold the tire
   scraps when the truck reached Salt Lake City. A Prime representative, des-
   ignated under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 30(b)(6), was deposed and
   stated it was a customary practice to dispose of a tire that had reached the
   end of its useful life and that the blown-out tire was unusable. Defendants
   insist that bad faith is not established merely through loss of evidence in the
   ordinary course of business or through the defendant’s adherence to stand-
   ard operating procedures in destroying the evidence. See Vick v. Tex. Emp’t
   Comm’n, 514 F.2d 734, 737 (5th Cir. 1975); Coastal Bridge Co. v. Heatec, Inc.,
   833 F. App’x 565, 573–74 (5th Cir. 2020).
          We already mentioned that there is no direct evidence of what hap-
   pened to this tire following the crash. During oral arguments, Defendants’
   counsel could not explain why the tire was transported to Prime’s Salt Lake
   City facility. Counsel would not state why Prime would have had the tire
   remnants retrieved from the side of the road following the blowout, though
   he acknowledged that “a conceivable purpose” for removing the tire was to
   preserve it. Prime’s corporate counsel, designated under Rule 30(b)(6), tes-
   tified during a deposition that, although Prime does not have a written policy

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   to preserve its equipment that causes an injury, “[i]f [Prime] think[s] it’s go-
   ing to be part of litigation, yes, we do our best to preserve it.” In contrast,
   Prime’s appellate counsel during oral arguments stated that Prime has no
   policy governing situations where, like here, a Prime tire is involved in an
   accident. Instead, preservation is “a case-by-case” determination. Counsel
   also stated that Prime did not have the equivalent of a designated storage area
   at its facility in Salt Lake City in which such damaged tires are kept. All of
   this is simply an assertion by Prime that it has no actual knowledge of what
   happened to the tire and an admission that it has no formal preservation or
   retention policies.
          Defendants rely on two of our prior opinions in which we found that
   companies’ adherence to standard operating procedures shielded them from
   an adverse inference of spoliation. See Vick, 514 F.2d at 737; Schreane v. Bee-
   mon, 575 F. App’x 486, 490–91 (5th Cir. 2014). We find both cases to be
   distinguishable.
          In the opinion that is precedential, we found no evidence of bad faith
   when the records the plaintiff sought were destroyed pursuant to the defend-
   ant’s regulations governing disposal of inactive records. Vick, 514 F.2d at
   737. “There was indication here that the records were destroyed under rou-
   tine procedures without bad faith and well in advance of [the plaintiff’s] ser-
   vice of interrogatories.” Id. We explained that “[m]ere negligence is not
   enough, for it does not sustain an inference of consciousness of a weak
   case.” Id. (quoting MCCORMICK, EVIDENCE § 273 at 660–61 (1972)).
          Quite differently, Prime was on notice that parts of the tire — the most
   crucial piece of evidence to a potential lawsuit — caused an accident. Why
   the tire separated was a fact question that would need answering, and Prime
   was on notice of the need from the accident itself and the injuries to Van
   Winkle. The disappearance of the tire remnants did not occur long after the

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   accident; the relevance of the tire was known. Prime speculates that the tire
   remnants were accidentally sold or destroyed pursuant to its ordinary course
   of business, though the company knew the evidence should be preserved.
          We disagree with the district court that this shows only negligence.
   The need for the material from the tire to be preserved was critical. There
   was evidence that Prime had its own recapping operation on or near the Salt
   Lake Facility, and those tires were used on Prime’s tractor-trailers. The fail-
   ure of a company in the business both of recapping tires and then using them
   on its vehicles to have policies in place to preserve evidence such as this, and
   its inability to produce any actual evidence of what happened to the tire, cre-
   ates a fact question on bad faith. See Rimkus Consulting Grp., Inc. v. Cam-
   marata, 688 F. Supp. 2d 598, 620, 643–44 (S.D. Tex. 2010) (finding the evi-
   dence created a fact question for the jury on bad faith when “[t]he defend-
   ants’ proffered reasons and explanations for [destroying the evidence] are in-
   consistent and lack record support”).
          In the second opinion, which is non-precedential, there was no dispute
   that the prison surveillance videotape the plaintiff sought was erased.
   Schreane, 575 F. App’x at 490. The government presented an affidavit from
   an electronics technician at the prison who explained the prison’s policy. Id.
   The relevant cameras automatically recorded over surveillance video after 15
   to 30 days unless a prison official identified specific footage relating to an in-
   cident warranting investigation. Id. at 489–90. Additionally, the court found
   there was no evidence that any prison official viewed the video footage before
   the cameras automatically erased it. Id. at 491. There was no knowledge on
   the part of the prison authorities that the video was needed until after the
   erasures. Id. Prison officials preserved and produced the recording of the
   few minutes of the assault being investigated, but not the time leading up to
   it. Id. at 489–90. Conversely, here, Prime preserved and produced nothing.

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             Another of our cases, cited by neither party on appeal, is likewise dis-
   tinguishable. See King, 337 F.3d at 556. In that case, we found no evidence
   of bad faith when, at the time the defendant disposed of potential evidence,
   “it was unaware that it might be relevant to [the plaintiff’s] claims.” Id. The
   plaintiff did not notify the defendant that the evidence sought, a railroad sig-
   nal at a crossing, malfunctioned at the time of the accident, nor did the plain-
   tiff request access to the defendant’s records or the signal. Id. It was not
   until nearly three years after the destruction of the signal that the plaintiff
   first informed the defendant that he was seeking recovery based on the al-
   leged signal malfunction. Id. Further, the defendant “presented evidence
   showing that it disposed of the documents and the signal for innocuous rea-
   sons.” Id. The records were maintained for one year pursuant to a federal
   regulation and then “destroyed as a part of routine file maintenance.” Id.
   The signal was destroyed several months after the accident when the defend-
   ant, as part of an overall system upgrade, installed a new signal and sold the
   old one as scrap. Id.
             In contrast, Prime asserts that it likely destroyed the tire scraps six
   weeks after the accident, though it had been immediately notified that the tire
   would be at the center of any litigation stemming from the accident. Moreo-
   ver, unlike the defendant in King, Prime has no actual knowledge of what
   happened to the tire scraps.
             We agree with another circuit court, in the context of spoliation, that
   “bad faith is a question of fact like any other.” Bracey v. Grondin, 712 F.3d
   1012, 1019 (7th Cir. 2013) (quotation marks and citation omitted). If a genu-
   ine dispute of material fact exists as to bad faith, a jury should make that de-
   termination. One circuit court agreed with giving the issue of bad faith to
   jurors:

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          We conclude that the district court acted within its discretion
          in permitting the jury to draw an adverse inference if it found
          that [the spoliator] caused destruction or loss of relevant evi-
          dence. Rather than deciding the spoliation issue itself, the dis-
          trict court provided the jury with appropriate guidelines for
          evaluating the evidence.
    Vodusek v. Bayliner Marine Corp., 71 F.3d 148, 157 (4th Cir. 1995). Another
   circuit court found no error when the district court issued a permissive ad-
   verse inference jury instruction to allow the jury to resolve the genuine dis-
   putes of material fact concerning spoliation. GN Netcom, Inc. v. Plantronics,
   Inc., 930 F.3d 76, 81–85 (3d Cir. 2019).
          Courts in this circuit have sent such fact questions to the jury before.
   For instance, a panel of this court affirmed a district court’s adverse infer-
   ence jury instruction, permitting jurors to determine bad faith. See Union
   Pump Co. v. Centrifugal Tech. Inc., 404 F. App’x 899, 906 & n.4 (5th Cir.
   2010). The instructions there allowed an inference that the destroyed evi-
   dence would have been detrimental to the defendants’ case if jurors “deter-
   mined that the evidence was in the control of the defendants, that they had
   an obligation to preserve it, that the destroyed evidence was relevant to the
   litigation, and that the evidence was destroyed intentionally and in bad
   faith.” Id. at 903–04. The district court there declined to rule on the plain-
   tiff’s motions for sanctions, for an adverse inference instruction, and for sum-
   mary judgment with respect to its spoliation claims. Id. at 903. Instead, the
   district court “decided that evidence regarding spoliation can be presented
   to, and the issue will be decided by, the jury. The issue of sanctions shall be
   addressed by the Court after the jury returns its verdict.” Id. (quotation
   marks and alterations omitted). This court did not disturb those procedures.
   Id. at 904-07.

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           Likewise, we have cited with approval a district court’s decision to
   give “both parties the freedom to put forward evidence about document de-
   struction” and to defer a decision on whether a spoliation instruction is war-
   ranted until the close of trial. See BCE Emergis Corp. v. Cmty. Health Sols. of
   Am., Inc., 148 F. App’x 204, 219 (5th Cir. 2005).1
           Turning to this case, we find there is sufficient circumstantial evi-
   dence to create a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether Defendants
   destroyed the tire in bad faith. Plaintiff should be permitted a jury instruction
   that if jurors find bad faith, they may infer that the destroyed evidence would
   have been adverse to Prime’s defense in this suit.
           Our holding, that bad faith in this case is a fact question that should be
   sent to the jury upon a showing of a genuine dispute, does not indicate that
   district courts should freely give such an issue to the jury. We emphasize that
   the need to do so here stems from the following circumstantial evidence:
   Prime destroyed the most crucial piece of evidence just weeks after learning
   that its tire may have caused a car accident; Prime cannot explain why it
   transported the tire to its Salt Lake facility or what happened to the tire fol-
   lowing the accident; and Prime cannot demonstrate it had any formal preser-
   vation or retention policy for its equipment, like tires, that may have caused
   an injury. These circumstances create a fact question on bad faith, necessi-
   tating a jury determination.

           1
             Other district courts in the Fifth Circuit also have permitted similar adverse
   inference jury instructions when the evidence generated a fact question on a spoliator’s bad
   faith. See, e.g., Cornejo v. EMJB, Inc., No. SA-19-CV-01265-ESC, 2021 WL 4526703, at *5
   (W.D. Tex. Oct. 4, 2021) (“Although the Court agrees that there is no direct evidence
   establishing [the spoliator’s] bad faith, a jury could nonetheless infer some degree of
   culpability based on several pieces of circumstantial evidence.”); Rimkus, 688 F. Supp. 2d
   at 620, 643–44.

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          The district court abused its discretion in denying Van Winkle’s mo-
   tion for sanctions for spoliation.
          As a result of our holding, we will remand to the district court. That
   impacts several of the issues that have been raised. We address only those
   that might still have relevance on remand.
          II.    Van Winkle’s expert
          Federal Rule of Evidence 702 provides the following:
          A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, ex-
          perience, training, or education may testify in the form of an
          opinion or otherwise if: (a) the expert’s scientific, technical, or
          other specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to under-
          stand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue; (b) the testi-
          mony is based on sufficient facts or data; (c) the testimony is
          the product of reliable principles and methods; and (d) the ex-
          pert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the facts
          of the case.
          Experience alone can provide a sufficient foundation for expert testi-
   mony. FED. R. EVID. 702, Advisory Committee Notes on 2000 Amend-
   ments. “Rule 702 does not mandate that an expert be highly qualified in or-
   der to testify about a given issue. Differences in expertise bear chiefly on the
   weight to be assigned to the testimony by the trier of fact, not its admissibil-
   ity.” Huss v. Gayden, 571 F.3d 442, 452 (5th Cir. 2009).
          Van Winkle argues the district court abused its discretion in limiting
   the testimony of his commercial trucking and safety expert, Roger Allen. Van
   Winkle insists Allen is qualified to testify concerning the issues in this case.
   Allen testified that his opinion was based on his 62 years of hands-on experi-
   ence in the trucking business, “not counting that I’ve been around trucks all
   my life.” The district court noted: (1) “Allen is qualified to offer expert opin-
   ions under Rule 702 with respect to the applicable safety regulations and

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   practices governing the commercial trucking industry”; (2) Allen has exten-
   sive experience driving all types of gasoline and diesel engine trucks, tractors,
   trailers and buses; (3) Allen has “extensive experience in the commercial
   trucking industry, including safety regulations and practices”; and (4)
   “courts have accepted Allen as an expert in commercial trucking safety
   standards and practices in similar cases.” Van Winkle contends the district
   court improperly focused on Allen’s “little experience or specialized
   knowledge with respect to tire retreading or tire failures.”
           The district court held Allen did not have the expertise to offer opin-
   ions on the key liability issues in this case. These are the issues: (1) “the
   mechanics or cause of the tire failure”; (2) “the tire retreading process”; (3)
   “the normal life expectancy of the tire”; (4) “the extent to which that tire
   failure resulted from a defect in the tire”; and (5) whether “a manufacturing
   defect caused the [tire] failure.”2 The court accordingly excluded his opin-
   ions on defect and causation. The district court quoted Allen’s testimony as
   to his lack of qualification regarding tire manufacturing, tire retreading, tire
   failures, and accident reconstruction:
           Q:      Have you ever worked for a tire manufacturer?
           A:      No, sir, I have not.
           Q:      Have you ever worked for a company that manufactures
                   retreaded or recapped tires?
           A:      No, sir.
           Q:      Have you ever consulted with a company that recaps or
                   retreads tires?
           A:      No, sir.
                                  ***

           2
             The district court held Allen would be permitted to give the following opinions:
   (1) general background testimony on federal regulations; (2) quoting and referring to
   relevant safety regulations; (3) general (non-regulatory) industry safety standards and
   practices; and (4) whether Defendants complied with industry standards and practices.

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          Q:     Do you have any educational background in the manu-
                 facturing of tires?
          A:     No, sir.
                                ***
          Q:     Have you ever been involved in the process of retread-
                 ing or recapping a tire?
          A:     I already answered that. No, sir.
                                ***
          Q:     Have you ever been involved in the manufacturing of a
                 tire?
          A:     Already answered that. No, sir.
                                ***
          Q:     Have you published any materials as it relates to the re-
                 treading and recapping of tires?
          A:     No, sir. I am in the trucking business, not the retreading
                 — but I want to know, every time I had a blowout, why
                 it happened so I can make sure it didn’t happen again,
                 sir.
          Q:     Have you ever presented on the topic of retreading and
                 recapping tires?
          A:     I’m not qualified to do that, sir. I am qualified to know
                 what tires look like and the condition they’re required
                 to be kept in to be safe for myself and everybody around
                 me, sir.
          Allen himself admitted his lack of qualification and expertise. Accord-
   ingly, Van Winkle has not shown the district court abused its discretion in
   limiting Allen’s expert testimony. Of course, our holding that a factual issue
   of bad faith is for the jury creates a possible source of evidence favorable to
   Van Winkle’s claims. Whether a different expert, or different expertise, is
   properly offered as to that evidence is for the district court to determine
   should the need to do so arise.

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                                    No. 22-30638

           III.   Defendants’ motion for summary judgment
           Summary judgment is appropriate only if the movant shows that
   “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled
   to judgment as a matter of law.” FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a). In deciding whether
   a fact issue has been created, “the inferences to be drawn from the evidence
   must be viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Terre-
   bonne Parish Sch. Bd. v. Columbia Gulf Transmission Co., 290 F.3d 303, 310
   (5th Cir. 2002). “Credibility determinations, the weighing of the evidence,
   and the drawing of legitimate inferences from the facts are jury functions, not
   those of a judge.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986).
           The district court stated three independent grounds for granting De-
   fendants’ motion for summary judgment. We discuss all three.
           First, the district court determined Van Winkle forfeited his negli-
   gence claims because his opposition to summary judgment did not address
   those claims on the merits. Van Winkle’s opposition made no effort to show
   that Rogers as driver of the tractor-trailer or Prime had knowledge of an un-
   reasonably dangerous condition in the tire as required by Article 2317.1 of the
   Louisiana Civil Code. Instead, Van Winkle’s opposition to the motion cited
   evidence that the tire had been thoroughly and properly inspected by Rogers
   for signs of damage, proper inflation, proper alignment, and sufficient tread.
   According to Van Winkle, the only reasonable explanation was a manufactur-
   ing defect. The district court found that the opposition effectively aban-
   doned any negligence claims and attempted to transform the case into a man-
   ufacturing defect claim under the Louisiana Products Liability Act
   (“LPLA”), LA R.S. 9:2800.51, et seq. Van Winkle does not appear to chal-
   lenge this finding on appeal; instead, he explains why a valid LPLA claim ex-
   ists.

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                                     No. 22-30638

          Our allowing the issue of bad faith to go to jurors potentially changes
   the evidentiary foundation for the claims. Issues of causation will need to be
   addressed anew on remand.
          Second, the district court found that Van Winkle’s Amended Com-
   plaint failed to plead a manufacturing defect claim under the LPLA. Under
   the LPLA, a product may be deemed “unreasonably dangerous” in one of
   four ways: construction or composition, design, inadequate warning, or non-
   conformity with an express warranty. LA R.S. 9:2800.54(B). The plaintiff
   can prove a construction defect by showing that, at the time it left its manu-
   facturer’s control, the defendant’s “product deviated in a material way from
   the manufacturer’s specifications or performance standards for the product”
   or “deviated in a material way from . . . otherwise identical products manu-
   factured by the same manufacturer.” LA R.S. 9:2800.55.
          When Defendants filed their second motion for summary judgment
   after nearly three years of litigation, Van Winkle’s opposition expressly
   raised for the first time a manufacturing defect claim under the LPLA. The
   district court held the Amended Complaint did not plead an LPLA claim and
   refused to allow the untimely claim:
          The Court finds the foregoing statements are insufficient to
          give Defendants “fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the
          grounds upon which it rests.” Plaintiff does not include any
          allegations indicating that any defect in the failed tire existed at
          the time it left Prime’s control, or that the tire deviated from
          Prime’s normal specifications and performance standards, or
          from other identical tires manufactured by Prime. And while
          not necessarily dispositive, nowhere in the Complaint does
          Plaintiff use the term “products liability,” nor does he cite to
          the LPLA. Indeed, it is only by implication and reading the
          Complaint in the broadest possible manner that one can infer
          that Plaintiff is alleging Prime is a “manufacturer” under the
          LPLA. The Court therefore finds that the Complaint reflects

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                                           No. 22-30638

           only the claims addressed in Defendants’ motion, and Plaintiff
           did not plead the claim he now asserts.
           We disagree. The Amended Complaint references a “defect,” the
   “manufacture[r]” of the tire, and the “unsafe or unreasonably dangerous”
   condition of the tire.3 The Amended Complaint thus uses the key legal lan-
   guage for each element of a manufacturing defect claim under the LPLA, put-
   ting Defendants on notice of a manufacturing defect claim. This is sufficient
   to satisfy the pleading requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8,
   particularly as “it is unnecessary to set out a legal theory for the plaintiff’s
   claim for relief.” Johnson v. City of Shelby, Miss., 574 U.S. 10, 12 (2014) (quo-
   tation marks and citation omitted).
           Third, the district court found that, alternatively, even if it considered
   Van Winkle’s LPLA claim, summary judgment would still be proper. The
   district court reasoned that Van Winkle introduced no evidence as to the
   tire’s specifications or how the tire supposedly deviated from them, or how
   that deviation supposedly created an unreasonably dangerous condition that
   caused the tire to fail. See LA R.S. 9:5800.55.
           We see the potential for a different evidentiary dynamic on remand
   because a fact issue exists as to whether Defendants disposed of the tire in
   bad faith. If the trier of fact finds a bad faith motive, Van Winkle is entitled
   to an adverse inference that Defendants destroyed the tire because they knew

           3
               Van Winkle alleged that: (1) “the tire failed when the tread of the tire completely
   separated from the tire core or casing”; (2) Prime “failed to exercise reasonable care in the
   manufacture, inspection, maintenance, and repair” of the tractor-trailer and the tire; (3)
   “the condition of [the] retreaded tire was unsafe or unreasonably dangerous”; (4) the tire
   was “an unreasonably dangerous thing” containing a “defect which caused Plaintiff’s
   damages”; (5) the tire “had not been properly manufactured and maintained before the
   ‘blow out’”; and (6) the tire “was unsafe, had an unreasonably safe condition and/or was not
   fit for its intended purpose.” In his Amended Complaint, Van Winkle repeatedly alleged
   that Defendants were liable for the improper “manufacture” of the tire.

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                                       No. 22-30638

   it was unfavorable to them. The possibility of such an inference makes it im-
   possible to determine the validity of the district court’s alternative decision
   for granting summary judgment. “[A]n inference of spoliation, in combina-
   tion with some (not insubstantial) evidence for the plaintiff’s cause of action,
   can allow the plaintiff to survive summary judgment.” Whitt, 529 F.3d at
   285.
           We reverse the district court’s grant of summary judgment.
           IV.       Van Winkle’s motion for partial summary judgment
           Van Winkle sought summary judgment on two affirmative defenses by
   Defendants, those of third-party fault and sudden emergency. The district
   court denied Van Winkle’s motion, citing Rogers’s testimony that the blow-
   out occurred when he hit a “pretty good sizable bump” in the road.
           We first consider the affirmative defense of third-party fault. For the
   custodian of a highway, such as the State of Louisiana, to be held liable for
   third-party fault, Defendants must prove that (1) the State had custody of the
   thing which caused Van Winkle’s damages, (2) the thing was defective be-
   cause it had a condition which created an unreasonable risk of harm, (3) the
   State had actual or constructive notice of the defect and failed to take correc-
   tive measures within a reasonable time, and (4) the defect was a cause-in-fact
   of Van Winkle’s injuries. See Boothe v. Dep’t of Transp. & Dev. & Par. of E.
   Baton Rouge, 285 So. 3d 451, 456–57 (La. 2019).
           As the district court noted, “no evidence has been presented to the
   Court by Defendants that any third party or non-party knew or should have
   known about any defect in the roadway that caused the accident.” Thus,
   Defendants did not carry their burden on summary judgment of showing that
   the sole cause of the crash was the fault of any third party. The district court
   erred in holding otherwise. The court should have foreclosed use of that de-
   fense at trial.

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                                     No. 22-30638

          Van Winkle does not explain, however, how the district court erred in
   denying summary judgment on Defendants’ other defense of sudden emer-
   gency or unforeseen act. He does not even recite the elements of the defense
   or cite any caselaw to support his general assertion that the district court
   erred. Thus, Van Winkle has abandoned this argument on appeal for failure
   to brief it. See Crose, 823 F.3d at 351 n.5.
          We accordingly reverse the district court’s denial of Plaintiff’s motion
   for partial summary judgment as to Defendants’ affirmative defense of third-
   party fault. We do not disturb the district court’s judgment regarding De-
   fendants’ affirmative defense of sudden emergency.
          V.     Van Winkle’s motion to amend his prior motion in limine to exclude
                 Defendants’ surveillance evidence
          Finally, Van Winkle appeals the district court’s denial of his motion
   to exclude video surveillance evidence. Defendants conducted the surveil-
   lance five months after the discovery deadline and did not disclose the video
   until seven months after the discovery deadline and one month before trial.
   As the district court ruled, though, the parties agreed to the timing of this
   disclosure by opting into the procedures of the Lafayette Division of the
   Western District. The district court concluded, “[t]he parties in this matter
   ‘agree[d] to opt into the former procedure for surveillance evidence’” and,
   “[t]herefore, Defendants were not required to disclose surveillance evidence
   prior to the discovery deadline set forth in the governing scheduling order.”
          The district court’s former procedure for surveillance evidence per-
   mits the disclosure of surveillance evidence “21 days before [the] pretrial
   conference.” Van Winkle asserts these procedures “conflict[] with this
   court’s holding that surveillance is substantive, not impeachment, evi-
   dence,” citing Chiasson v. Zapata Gulf Marine Corp., 988 F.2d 513, 517 (5th
   Cir. 1993). The Chiasson court, however, held that the particular surveillance

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                                    No. 22-30638

   in that case was substantive rather than impeachment evidence, not that all
   surveillance is substantive evidence. Id. at 517–18. Van Winkle offers no ex-
   planation as to how Defendants’ surveillance is substantive evidence. More
   importantly, in Chiasson, the court took issue with the fact that the surveil-
   lance was not disclosed until trial was underway and that the district court
   did not allow the plaintiff to view the surveillance videotape before it was
   played to the jury. Id. at 514, 517. In contrast, Defendants here disclosed the
   surveillance a month before trial, so Van Winkle had notice. Accordingly,
   Chiasson does not assist Van Winkle. The district court did not abuse its dis-
   cretion in rejecting his argument that the surveillance was untimely.
          Van Winkle’s second argument has merit. The district court’s one-
   paragraph order did not analyze his alternative argument that the surveillance
   footage was unfairly prejudicial and misleading under Federal Rule of Evi-
   dence 403. Van Winkle avers the district court’s ruling unfairly prevents him
   from challenging the substance of the surveillance evidence before trial under
   Rule 403. We agree and remand for the district court to conduct the Rule
   403 analysis.
          Judgment for Defendants is REVERSED and REMANDED in
   part and AFFIRMED in part.

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