Court Opinion

ID: 7800443
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-08-15 00:18:00.470836+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:29:05.709438
License: Public Domain

NUMBER 13-22-00100-CR

                              COURT OF APPEALS

                     THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                       CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG

                             EX PARTE ERIC ROSALES

                     On appeal from the 445th District Court
                          of Cameron County, Texas.

                           MEMORANDUM OPINION

  Before Chief Justice Contreras and Justices Longoria and Tijerina
             Memorandum Opinion by Justice Longoria

       Appellant Eric Rosales was indicted in 2021 for multiple counts of sexual assault

of a child and indecency with a child that allegedly occurred from 2008 to 2009. He filed

a pretrial application for writ of habeas corpus on the grounds that the statute of limitations

had expired as to each count. The trial court denied his application. Rosales appeals that

denial. We affirm.

                                   I.      BACKGROUND

       Rosales was charged with three counts of sexual assault of a child in Count One,
Count Two, and Count Three of the indictment. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.

§ 22.011(a)(2). Count One alleged an offense date of on or about January 1, 2009; Count

Two alleged an offense date of on or about February 1, 2009; and Count Three alleged

an offense date of on or about March 1, 2009. Rosales was also charged with three counts

of indecency with a child by sexual contact in Count Four, Count Five, and Count Six of

the indictment. See id. § 21.11(a)(1). Count Four alleged an offense date of on or about

October 1, 2008; Count Five alleged an offense date of on or about November 1, 2008;

and Count Six alleged an offense date of on or about December 1, 2008. The

complainant, A.M., was born on September 29, 1992; consequently, A.M. would have

been approximately sixteen years old when the crimes purportedly happened. Rosales

was indicted on September 1, 2021, just a few weeks prior to A.M.’s twenty-ninth birthday.

        On November 4, 2021, Rosales filed his motion to dismiss. On December 6, 2021,

Rosales filed his “Exception to the Substance of the Indictment” and application for writ

of habeas corpus. In his motion to dismiss and habeas application, Rosales contended

that the offenses as charged were barred by the statute of limitations. See TEX. CODE

CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 27.08(2). 1 On December 15, 2021, the State filed its response to

Rosales’s motion to dismiss and application for writ of habeas corpus. On March 9, 2022,

a hearing was held on Rosales’s habeas application and the trial court orally denied the

writ. On March 16, 2022, Rosales filed his notice of appeal of the trial court’s order. On

March 18, 2022, the trial court signed and entered its written order denying Rosales’s

        1 Pursuant to the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, “[t]here is no exception to the substance of
an indictment or information except,” among other things, “[t]hat it appears from the face thereof that a
prosecution for the offense is barred by a lapse of time.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 27.08(2).
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application for writ of habeas corpus. On March 28, 2022, the trial court certified Rosales’s

right to appeal, and this appeal ensued. See TEX. R. APP. P. 25.2(a)(2).

                  II.      STANDARD OF REVIEW AND APPLICABLE LAW

       The pretrial writ of habeas corpus is an extraordinary remedy. Ex parte Doster, 303

S.W.3d 720, 724 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). Pretrial habeas relief is generally not

appropriate to test the sufficiency of a charging instrument. See Ex parte Tamez, 38

S.W.3d 159, 160–61 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). An exception applies when prosecution of

the offense is barred by the statute of limitations because “the defect is incurable and

irreparable.” Ex parte Smith, 178 S.W.3d 797, 802 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Therefore, “if

the pleading, on its face, shows that the offense charged is barred by limitations[,] the

complaint, information, or indictment is so fundamentally defective that the trial court does

not have jurisdiction and habeas corpus relief should be granted.” Ex parte Dickerson,

549 S.W.2d 202, 203 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977); see Ex parte Smith, 178 S.W.3d at 801–

02.

       We review the trial court’s ruling on an application for writ of habeas corpus for an

abuse of discretion. Ex parte Wheeler, 203 S.W.3d 317, 324 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). But

when, as here, the resolution of the ultimate issue turns on an application of purely legal

standards, our review is de novo. See Ex parte Martin, 6 S.W.3d 524, 526 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1999); Ex parte Lovings, 480 S.W.3d 106, 111–12 (Tex. App. —Houston [14th Dist.]

2015, no pet.) (conducting de novo review of statutory construction issue in appeal from

denial of application for writ of habeas corpus).

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                                       III.       DISCUSSION

        In his sole issue, Rosales contends that the trial court abused its discretion when

it denied his application for pretrial writ of habeas corpus. Rosales argues that there are

two “irreconcilable” statutes of limitations, and that the most recently enacted one made

the statute of limitations for the crimes charged against him to be ten years after the

eighteenth birthday of the victim. If Rosales is correct, the statute of limitations for the

crimes charged against him would have expired on September 29, 2020—ten years after

A.M.’s eighteenth birthday—therefore, the September 1, 2021 indictment would have

been barred by the statute of limitations.

        Limitations for a previous crime may be extended by the legislature as long as it

has not expired. Lindsey v. State, 760 S.W.2d 649, 653 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988). House

Bill 8 (H.B. 8), effective September 1, 2007, amended the statute of limitations applicable

to sexual assault of a child under penal code § 22.011(a)(2) and indecency with a child

under penal code § 21.11 from “ten years after the 18th birthday of the victim of the

offense” to “no limitation”. See Act of May 28, 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., ch. 593, § 1.03, 2007

Tex. Gen. Laws 1120, 1121 (codified at TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 12.01(1)(B),

(E)); see TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 22.011(a)(2), 22.11. House Bill 959 (H.B. 959), also

effective September 1, 2007, amended the statute of limitations applicable to the offense

of injury to a child under penal code § 22.04 to “ten years from the 18th birthday of the

victim of the offense.”2 See Act of May 28, 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., ch. 841 § 1, 2007, 2007

        2 Before passage of H.B. 959, the statute of limitations for the offense of injury to a child under

penal code § 22.04 depended on what level felony the offense was punishable as. A charge of injury to a
child punishable as a first-degree felony had a statute of limitations of ten years from the date of the
commission of the offense. Act of May 28, 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., ch. 841, § 1, 2007, 2007 Tex. Gen. Laws
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Tex. Gen. Laws 1750, 1751 (codified at TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 12.01(5)(C)) 3;

see TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. art. 22.04. H.B. 8 and H.B. 959 were both signed by the

Governor of Texas on June 15, 2007.

        Rosales’s argument, that H.B. 959 prevails over H.B. 8 for being the latest in date

of enactment, is predicated on his contention that the two statutes are in irreconcilable

conflict. The Code Construction Act provides that “if amendments to the same statute are

enacted at the same session of the legislature, one amendment without reference to

another, the amendments shall be harmonized, if possible, so that effect may be given to

each.” TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 311.025(b). However, “[i]f the amendments are

irreconcilable, the latest in date of enactment prevails.” Id. The “date of enactment” is the

“date on which the last legislative vote is taken on the bill enacting the statute.” Id.

§ 311.025(d).

        Both H.B. 8 and H.B. 959 were amendments to Article 12.01 of the Texas Code of

Criminal Procedure enacted by the 80th Legislature. Neither bill references nor

incorporates the amendments made in the other. In other words, the amended statute of

limitations for sexual assault of a child and indecency of a child is not altered by H.B. 959.

Likewise, the amended statute of limitations for injury to a child is not altered by H.B. 8.

In H.B. 8 and H.B. 959, the legislature set forth the entire body of Article 12.01 as it then

1750, 1751 (codified at TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 12.01(5)(C)). A charge of injury to a child not
punishable as a first-degree felony had a statute of limitations of five years from the date of the commission
of the offense. Id.

        This provision is currently, at the time of issuance of this memorandum opinion, codified at TEX.
        3

CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 12.01(6)(B).

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existed before the legislative session began and manifested the amendments to the

statute of limitations in each bill through interlineations and underlines. This manner of

amending a statute was and is required by the Texas Constitution. See TEX. CONST. art.

III, § 36. (stating that “[n]o law shall be revived or amended by reference to its title; but in

such case the act revived, or the section or sections amended, shall be re-enacted and

published at length”); Rhoades v. State, 934 S.W.2d 113, 121 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996)

(explaining that to amend a statute, the Iegislature must take the text of the statute as it

was prior to the amendment and indicate changes by interlineating modifications onto the

text of that statute). The Code Construction Act states the following:

       (c) In determining whether amendments are irreconcilable, text that is
       reenacted because of the requirement of Article III, Section 36, of the Texas
       Constitution is not considered to be irreconcilable with additions or
       omissions in the same text made by another amendment. Unless clearly
       indicated to the contrary, an amendment that reenacts text in compliance
       with that constitutional requirement does not indicate legislative intent that
       the reenacted text prevail[s] over changes in the same text made by another
       amendment, regardless of the relative dates of the enactment.

TEX. GOV’T. CODE ANN. § 311.025(c). Regarding H.B. 8 and H.B. 959, both enactments

amended different provisions of the same statute. Given that the text of the statute

reenacted by the legislature to manifest the changes is not indicative of the legislature’s

intent pursuant to § 311.025(c), we find no irreconcilable conflict between H.B. 8 and H.B.

959. See id.; see also Rhoades, 934 S.W.2d at 121–22 (finding that a house bill and a

senate bill which amended different provisions of code of criminal procedure Article 37.07

were reconcilable and not in conflict); Weddel v. State, 07-15-00302-CR, 2015 WL

6522868 *1 (Tex. App.—Amarillo, Oct. 28, 2015, pet ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for

publication) (determining that there is not a irreconcilable conflict between H.B. 8 and

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H.B. 956, which amended different provisions of code of criminal procedure Article 12.01).

Having found no conflict, it is unnecessary to determine which house bill was the latest in

date of enactment. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 311.025(b).

       The portion of Article 12.01 that assigns “no limitations” to the crime of sexual

assault of a child and indecency of a child applies to the criminal prosecution of Rosales.

See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 12.01. As of the effective date of these amendments,

September 1, 2007, limitations had not expired for the offenses charged against Rosales.

See Lindsey, 760 S.W.2d at 653. Therefore, the statute of limitations did not expire for

the sexual assault of a child and indecency of a child offenses alleged against Rosales at

the time the indictment was filed. The trial court did not err in holding as such.

                                  IV.       Conclusion

       We affirm the trial court’s denial of Rosales’s application for pre-trial writ of habeas

corpus.

                                                                 NORA L. LONGORIA
                                                                 Justice

Do not publish.
TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2 (b).

Delivered and filed on the
11th day of August, 2022.

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