Court Opinion

ID: 6322219
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-03-11 08:12:31.08787+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:20:42.199314
License: Public Domain

In The

                                 Court of Appeals

                     Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont

                               __________________

                               NO. 09-19-00459-CV
                               __________________

                PSALM 9:1 WELLS FAMILY, LLC, Appellant

                                          V.

      MICHAEL D. COUR AND 183 RANCH CORPORATION D/B/A
                     EQUICARE, Appellees

__________________________________________________________________

               On Appeal from the 284th District Court
                     Montgomery County, Texas
                   Trial Cause No. 18-12-15915-CV
__________________________________________________________________

                           MEMORANDUM OPINION

      Following a trial to the bench, Psalm 9:1 Wells Family, LLC (Psalm) appeals

from the trial court’s take-nothing judgment after the trial court found that 183 Ranch

Corporation (183 Ranch) was not a party to a $12,000 promissory note payable to

Psalm. Instead, the trial court held only Michael Cour liable on the note, finding he

signed the note in his individual capacity and not in his capacity as the president of

183 Ranch. Psalm appealed and filed a brief raising the following issues: (1) the trial

                                          1
court lacked “the power to dismiss sua sponte[;]” (2) Psalm may recover on the note

against both Cour and 183 Ranch even though the note bears only Cour’s signature

and is not, on its face, signed by Cour in his capacity as 183 Ranch’s president; and

(3) the terms of the note are ambiguous about whether Cour signed the note as the

president of 183 Ranch.

      For the reasons more fully explained below, we conclude Psalm’s suit was not

dismissed sua sponte, the note (as a matter of law) is not ambiguous, and 183 Ranch

is not a party to the note. We will affirm.

                                     Background

      In November 2017, Michael Cour signed a promissory note, agreeing to pay

the principal and interest due on the $12,000 loan on December 12, 2017. As stated

in the note, the purpose of loan was for the “short-term financing of Equicare

improvements.” Just below where Cour signed his name, is an address. Typed out

on the signature line to the note, Cour signed his name. Nothing in the note indicates

Cour was signing the note in his capacity as the president of 183 Ranch. The

pleadings before the trial court reflect that Equicare is a trade name, which no one

disputes is used by 183 Ranch, and no one disputes that the proceeds of the loan

were in fact used to finance improvements that were placed on property owned by

183 Ranch.

                                              2
      On December 14, 2014, at Psalm’s request, Cour agreed to Psalm’s proposal

to amend the terms of the note, amendments that relate to the note’s principal and

interest. The amendments include an agreement to extend the deadline by which

Cour was to pay the note. As to the note, the amendment defines the “Borrower” as

“Michael Cour” and similar to the original note, Cour signed his name to the

amendment on a signature line just below the word “BORROWER” and right below

where his name is typed “MICHAEL COUR.”

      In September 2018, an attorney retained by Psalm sent Cour a demand letter.

In the letter, the attorney advised Cour that if the demand was not met, Psalm would

“have no alternative but to pursue collection of this debt by all lawful means and

through all remedies available at law.”1 In December 2018, Psalm sued Cour and

183 Ranch for the amounts that it claimed Psalm was owed. In addition to a breach

of contract claim, the suit includes a claim for money had and received.2

      Several weeks before the trial, Cour signed an agreed partial judgment,

agreeing to pay the principal, interest, and attorney’s fees that Psalm claimed Cour

      1
         To be sure, while the demand letter is addressed to Michal Cour, the next line
of the address contains the name “Equicare.”
       2
         At trial, the trial court noted the theory of money had and received is an
equitable concept, which does not apply when a promissory note exists. Psalm did
not brief its claim of money had and received on appeal. Since the error is
unassigned, we need not address it here. Pat Baker Co., Inc., v. Wilson, 971 S.W.2d
447, 450 (Tex. 1998); Allright, Inc. v. Pearson, 735 S.W.2d 240 (Tex. 1987).
                                            3
owed for breaching the note. Under the agreed judgment, however, Psalm retained

the claims, if any, against 183 Ranch.

      About two weeks later, the trial court called the case for trial. Just before voir

dire, the trial court told Psalm’s attorney the court had reviewed the file and was

concerned, based on Psalm’s proposed charge, about whether any issues of material

fact existed for the jury to decide at trial. Explaining her concerns, the trial court

noted that she had examined the promissory note, and that she was aware based on

the agreed judgment, which she had signed earlier against Cour, that 183 Ranch did

not appear to be a signatory on the note. When the trial court asked Psalm’s attorney

to explain what fact issues existed for the jury in the trial, Psalm’s attorney argued

he thought a jury could find both Cour and 183 Ranch liable on the note, explaining

that a material issue of fact existed about whether Cour signed the note in a dual

capacity when making the note. Psalm’s attorney asked the trial court if she would

allow him to make an offer of proof to demonstrate that an issue of material fact

existed on his dual capacity claim.

      The trial court agreed to the proposal, allowing Psalm to proceed, while

making the prospective jurors wait outside. During the proceeding before the trial

court, Psalm called Mathew Wells, the president of Psalm, to the stand. Wells

testified that in November 2017, Cour called and asked whether he could provide

“short-term financing” for an arena that Cour wanted to build on the property of 183
                                          4
Ranch “for the events that he was going to do and for his training for the horses

themselves.” According to Wells, when he spoke with Cour, he believed that Cour

owned 183 Ranch, and he thought Cour had the authority to bind 183 Ranch

Corporation d/b/a Equicare to a loan by signing a note. That said, Wells never

testified he discussed any of those matters with Cour, and Wells never testified that

Cour told him he was seeking a loan on behalf of 183 Ranch.

      Wells went on to explain that he drafted the promissory note that Cour signed.

And while he agreed that Cour could have proposed to change or alter the terms of

the note, he did not. Only one other witness testified in the trial, Psalm’s attorney—

Mathew Maddox. But in his testimony, Maddox never addressed any of the issues

relevant to the appeal. Instead, Maddox’s testimony concerns the reasonableness of

the fees he charged Psalm for the efforts that her undertook in collecting the principal

and interest due on the note, signed by Cour.

      At Maddox’s request, the trial court marked the exhibits Maddox wanted to

offer in the trial as exhibit one.3 Psalm called no other witnesses in the proceedings

conducted to the bench. For instance, Maddox did not call or ask to call Cour, nor

did he file any post-trial motions suggesting he would have called additional

      3
       This group of exhibits includes (1) the Promissory Note; (2) the First
Amendment To the Promissory Note; (3) the demand letter from Maddox to Cour;
(4) miscellaneous emails between Cour and Wells; (4) photos of the construction
progress; and (5) Maddox’s itemized bill for attorney’s fees.
                                        5
witnesses to show that he would have offered additional testimony had the case been

presented before a jury in a trial. Moreover, the trial court did not prevent Psalm

from presenting whatever evidence it wished to show that Cour signed the note while

intending to bind both himself and 183 Ranch to the debt. And on appeal, Psalm

does not argue that it could have presented more evidence had the case been

presented to the jury rather than to the trial court. Finally, after Psalm concluded

presenting its evidence, Maddox never objected when the trial court announced that

it was finding 183 Ranch had no liability under the promissory note because there

was no evidence to show that Cour signed the note in his capacity as the president

of 183 Ranch.

      After the trial court announced its ruling, Psalm’s counsel made only one

request: that the trial court allow Psalm the right to amend and plead ambiguity.

Maddox filed a handwritten, proposed amended pleading on a notepad, and filed it

as Psalm’s amended pleading for the record. For its part, the attorney representing

183 Ranch objected to the Psalm’s filing an amended pleading, and the record does

not show the trial court gave Psalm leave to amend.

      The trial ended with the trial court thanking the parties for being present.

Psalm did not object to the summary trial to the bench, without a jury, the procedure

the trial court used to dispose of Psalm’s remaining claim against 183 Ranch. In that

proceeding, the trial court allowed Psalm to present all evidence it wanted to present
                                          6
relevant to showing that Cour signed the note in a representative capacity as

president of 183 Ranch. We presume that after the parties left the courtroom, the

trial took up some other case on the court’s docket for that day.4

      Eight days later, the trial court signed a judgment, which recites that Psalm

take nothing against 183 Ranch. The judgment also recites that Psalm recover

against Cour under the agreed judgment based on the $12,000 note. This appeal

followed.

                                       Analysis

                                      Issue One

      In Psalm’s first issue, it argues the judgment should be reversed because the

trial court lacked the power to dismiss its suit sua sponte. In its brief, Psalm cites

cases from some of our sister courts, which have reversed cases where trial courts

dismissed causes of actions in the absence of any dispositive motion before the

court.5 But that is not what occurred here. To be sure, 183 Ranch did not have a

      4
         The record reflects the trial court had not discharged the jury when it thanked
the attorneys and advised the attorney that under the note and based on the offer of
proof, it did not appear to the court that183 Ranch was not a borrower as defined by
the note.
       5
         Porras v. Jefferson, 409 S.W.3d 804, 807-08 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 2013, no pet.); Mitchell v. Baylor Univ. Med. Ctr., 109 S.W.3d 838, 844 (Tex.
App.—Dallas 2003, no pet.); Dillard v. NCNB Tex. Nat’l Bank, 815 S.W.2d 356,
358 (Tex. App.—Austin 1991, no writ), disapproved on other grounds by Amberboy
v. Societe de Banque Privee, 831 S.W.2d 793, 797 (Tex. 1992); Attorney Gen. of
                                              7
motion for summary judgment on file when the trial court called the case to trial.

But unlike the cases Psalm cites, at the beginning of the trial of the case at issue here

Psalm’s attorney offered to provide the trial court with evidence that he claimed

would show the trial court the jury would have a genuine issue of material fact to

decide on Psalm’s claim that Cour signed the $12,000 note in a dual capacity, both

individually and as the president of 183 Ranch, meaning the trial would not be a

waste of the jury’s time. And unlike the cases Psalm cites in its brief, the trial court

allowed Psalm to call witnesses and present evidence in a bench proceeding to

establish that Cour signed the note in a dual capacity, both individually and as

president of 183 Ranch.

      When Psalm failed to demonstrate that Cour signed the note as president of

183 Ranch, the trial court did not simply dismiss Psalm’s case sua sponte as Psalm

claims in its appeal; instead, the trial court adjudicated Psalm’s case on the merits

after construing the note, which the trial court found unambiguous as a matter of

law. So, the trial court adjudicated the merits of Psalm’s claims following a trial to

the bench, meaning Psalm had its day in court. Its case was not simply dismissed

sua sponte, as Psalm argues in its appeal.

Tex. v. Rideaux, 838 S.W.2d 340, 341 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, no
writ).
                                      8
      And there’s more. The record shows that Psalm participated in the bench trial

without objection, meaning it never advised the trial court that it wanted to stand on

its jury demand. Instead, Psalm’s attorney invited the trial court to hear Psalm’s

evidence, thereby allowing the trial court to determine if a genuine issue of material

fact existed on whether Cour signed the promissory note in a dual capacity, both as

president of 183 Ranch and individually as Cour. But Psalm then failed to make that

showing.

      Rule 33.1 requires parties to preserve complaints so they can be later appealed

through timely and proper objections in the trial court to allow the trial court to know

what the appellant objects to and why the party who is lodging the objection believes

it is entitled to the ruling that it seeks.6 Psalm did not object to proceeding on its

claim to the bench; instead, it invited the very error it now complains about here. But

“a party cannot complain on appeal that a trial court took a specific action that the

complaining party requested, a doctrine commonly referred to as ‘the invited error’

doctrine.”7 For all these reasons, Psalm’s issue one is overruled.

                                      Issue Two

      In issue two, Psalm argues the evidence it presented to the trial court

demonstrates that it is entitled to recover against both Cour and 183 Ranch because

      6
       Tex. R. App. P. 33.1.
      7
       Tittizer v. Union Gas Corp., 171 S.W.3d 857, 862 (Tex. 2005).
                                         9
the evidence shows a fact issue exists regarding whether Cour signed the note in a

representative capacity as the president of 183 Ranch. Since notes are nothing more

than contracts that evidence obligations to pay money, we interpret them under the

same rules used to interpret contracts.8 “Whether a contract is ambiguous is itself a

legal question for the court.”9 On appeal, the construction of a contract is a question

of law that we review using a de novo standard.10 “When construing a contract, the

court’s primary concern is to give effect to the written expression of the parties

intent.”11 “Words must be construed in the context in which they are used, but courts

cannot interpret a contract to ignore clearly defined terms.”12

      To resolve Psalm’s second issue, we must answer two questions: (1) is the

contract ambiguous; and (2) are there two obligors under the contract or instead, just

one? The four corners of the promissory note identify the “Borrower” as “Michael

Cour,” the definition of borrower does not identify the borrow as a joint borrower

composed of Cour and 183 Ranch. Likewise, the signature block in the note

identifies one borrower, Cour. The note is signed by one borrower, Cour. Cour did

      8
        In the Estate of Costello, 2008 Tex. App. LEXIS 8873, at *12 (Tex. App.—
Beaumont, no pet.); EMC Mortg. Corp. v. Davis, 167 S.W.3d 406, 413 (Tex. App.—
Austin 2005, pet. denied).
      9
        Id.
      10
         Sundown Energy LP v. HJSA No. 3, Ltd., P’ship, 622 S.W.3d 884, 888 (Tex.
2021).
      11
         Id. (cleaned up).
      12
         Id. (cleaned up).
                                         10
not sign the signature line in any way indicating he signed it as the president or as

an officer of 183 Ranch.

      To be clear, what Psalm seeks (even though it never expressly said so) is the

reformation of the note so that both Cour and 183 Ranch are jointly liable to Psalm

for the principal and interest due on the note. While it’s possible that’s what Wells

intended, he never testified to those facts in the trial. And he also never testified that

he discussed that part of the proposal with Cour. In addition to that, Psalm’s

pleadings, including its amended pleading claiming the note is ambiguous, never

asserts the note should be reformed based on any claim of unilateral or mutual

mistake.

      Here, Psalm drafted the note. The note, in clear and unambiguous terms, states

that it cannot be modified unless the modification is in writing and “by written

agreement signed by both parties.” No written agreement was introduced at trial

making 183 Ranch a party to the note.

      To hold the definition of “borrower” now includes 183 Ranch would require

that this Court insert language in the note when it is simply not there. By exercising

this Court’s judicial power, we will not insert language into a written agreement

                                           11
when the language is not in the unambiguous written agreement the parties made.13

Issue two is overruled.

                                      Issue Three

      In issue three, which is premised on Cour’s claim the note is ambiguous,

Psalm contends it was entitled to present evidence about the words and

circumstances leading to the note’s formation to aid the trial court in its interpretation

of the note. Yet the promissory note and the note’s amendment (documents Wells

drafted for Psalm) names only one borrower, and the note defines that borrower as

“Michael Cour.” As explained in issue two, by naming Cour as the borrower, Psalm

made unambiguously clear who the debtor was under the terms of its note.

      In Texas, it is well-settled that “[t]he parol evidence rule bars consideration of

evidence that contradicts, varies, or adds to the terms of an unambiguous written

agreement.”14 Add to that, the record of the proceeding in the trial court fails to show

that the trial court sustained any objections to any evidence Psalm wanted to

introduce at trial. Issue three is overruled.

      13
        Fortis Benefits v. Cantu, 234 S.W.3d 642, 649 n.41 (Tex. 2007).
      14
        Barrow-Shaver Res. Co. v. Carrizo Oil & Gas, Inc., 590 S.W.3d 471, 483
(Tex. 2019).
                                        12
                                   Conclusion

      Having overruled each of Psalm’s errors, the trial court’s judgment is

      AFFIRMED.

                                                   _________________________
                                                        HOLLIS HORTON
                                                             Justice

Submitted on September 1, 2021
Opinion Delivered March 10, 2022

Before Golemon, C.J., Horton and Johnson, JJ.

                                        13