Court Opinion

ID: 4620525
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-21 02:42:49.914181+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:55:50.532702
License: Public Domain

FARMERS & GINNERS COTTON OIL COMPANY, PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT.Farmers & Ginners Cotton Oil Co. v. CommissionerDocket No. 93436.United States Board of Tax Appeals41 B.T.A. 1083; 1940 BTA LEXIS 1103; May 8, 1940, Promulgated *1103  CAPITAL ASSETS - HEDGING. - Purchases and sales of refined cottonseed oil futures by a manufacturer of crude cottonseed oil made entirely as a hedge or protection against the forced sale of perishable crude cottonseed oil at unsatisfactory prices, held, to relate directly to its business of the manufacture and sale of crude cottonseed oil, and losses sustained in such transactions were not capital losses subject to the deduction limitation of section 117 of the Revenue Act of 1934.  E. L. All, Esq., A. J. Bowron, Jr., Esq., and Virden Moore, Esq., for the petitioner.  Stanley B. Anderson, Esq., for the respondent.  MURDOCK *1083  The Commissioner determined a deficiency of $3,019.05 in the petitioner's income tax for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1936.  The issue for decision is whether losses of $24,024.30 which the petitioner sustained on contracts for future deliveries of refined cottonseed oil were capital losses subject to the $2,000 limitation of section 117 of the Revenue Act of 1934, or whether they were ordinary losses or ordinary and necessary business expenses deductible in their entirety.  FINDINGS OF FACT.  The petitioner*1104  is a corporation, organized under the laws of Alabama.  Its principal office is in the city of Birmingham.  It is engaged in the business of operating a cottonseed oil mill.  That is, it buys cottonseed, crushes the seed, and sells the products derived therefrom, consisting of crude cottonseed oil, meal, linters, hulls, fibers, and bran.  The crude cottonseed oil is perishable and deteriorates rapidly, especially in warm weath.  The crude oil storage facilities of the petitioner held not more than one-sixth of the annual production of the mill.  Larger storage facilities were impractical not only because of the expense but also because the oil would deteriorate if held.  The petitioner, because of these circumstances, could not retain its crude oil until it could obtain what it regarded as a favorable price, but had to sell during the operating season at the market price whenever its storage tanks were full.  The practice of the petitioner has been to buy futures in refined oil when, but only when, it was forced to sell crude at prices which it regarded as unsatisfactory.  Refined cottonseed oil may be kept for long periods and has a market throughout the year on produce exchanges. *1105  There is a direct relationship between the market price of refined oil and the market price of crude oil as of any given date.  *1084  The petitioner purchased quantities of refined oil for future delivery only to offset the sale of like quantities of crude at prices which it regarded as unsatisfactory.  It would first sell the crude at prevailing market price and then place orders with brokers for the purchase of refined futures at prices named by the petitioner.  Sometimes several weeks would intervene before the purchases could be made at the prices named.  The practice of buying futures was generally followed by others engaged in the same line of business as the petitioner.  The petitioner sold 2,280,000 pounds of crude during the taxable year at prices satisfactory to it and made no offsetting purchases of futures in regard to those sales.  It sold the following quantities of crude on the dates mentioned at prices unsatisfactory to it: DatePounds10/16/35180,00010/16/35420,00010/18/3560,00010/22/35300,00010/22/35180,00010/25/3560,00010/28/35180,00010/30/35360,00011/20/35300,00012/6/35180,00012/6/35120,0001/8/36600,000*1106  It purchased futures of refined to offset those sales, and its dealings in those futures are shown in the following table: Date acquiredDate soldQuantityLossesPounds11-22-354-13-36180,000$2,462.1311-22-354-13-36120,0001,653.4211-26-354-13-36180,0002,336.1311-26-354-13-36120,0001,545.421-9-364-13-36300,0001,328.551-9-364-13-36180,000887.131-9-364-13-36120,000615.421-9-364-13-36120,000639.421- 9-364-13-36180,000959.132-7-364-13-3660,000331.712-7-364-13-36300,0001,658.5512-12-354-13-36120,000$1,521.4212-12-354-13-3660,000736.7112-17-354-18-36120,0001,389.4212-17-354-21-3660,000766.6812-19-354-21-3660,000766.6812-20-354-21-36120,0001,545.3612-28-354-21-3660,000772.681-9-366-25-36300,0002,108.34Total2,760,00024,024.30The petitioner bought the futures on margin.  The quantity unit in transactions in crude and refined oil is a tank of 60,000 pounds.  The rules of the exchange on which the futures were purchased provide that purchases "of commodities for future delivery are made with the distinct*1107  understanding that actual receipt and/or delivery is intended", but the petitioner never took delivery of any of the refined.  Instead, it sold its contracts for future delivery.  The practice of buying futures was a more efficient and less expensive way for the petitioner to await more favorable markets than the alternative of having its crude oil manufactured into refined and held in storage as its own property.  Purchase of cottonseed was not a practical method of protecting the petitioner against sales at unfavorable prices.  *1085  The petitioner entered into the transactions in futures solely as a protection against sales of crude oil which it was compelled to make at prices which it deemed unsatisfactory, and those transactions enabled it to maintain a position in respect to future market conditions of refined oil which it was powerless to maintain in respect to crude oil.  The futures were bought and sold by the petitioner only on the New York Produce Exchange, through brokers.  The petitioner had no customers of its own in respect thereto.  The contracts were neither stock in trade nor property held by the petitioner primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary*1108  course of its trade or business.  The petitioner on its income tax return for the taxable year claimed deductions for the losses sustained in its transactions in futures.  The Commissioner held that the losses resulted from sales of capital assets and limited the deduction to $2,000.  OPINION.  MURDOCK: The question here is substantially the same as that considered in the case of Ben Grote,41 B.T.A. 247">41 B.T.A. 247. The only purpose which the petitioner had in buying the futures in refined oil was to attempt to avoid loss upon the crude oil which it was manufacturing.  This method was as effective a hedge against loss on its operations as was available to the petitioner.  Its raw material was cottonseed, but there was no futures market for that and no hedge could be made by purchases thereof.  It did not buy the futures merely as a speculation, but solely to replace its manufactured product which it was forced to sell at a price which it deemed unsatisfactory.  All of the transactions were directly related to its business of production and sale.  The question of whether or not it could have inventoried the contracts for future delivery of refined oil need not be decided. *1109  Cf. G.C.M. 18658, C.B. 1937-2, p. 77.  We pointed out in the Grote case that the Commissioner has interpreted and administered section 117 as excluding hedging transactions, citing G.C.M. 17322, C.B. XV-2, p. 151.  The facts in this case disclose no satisfactory basis for distinguishing it from the Grote case and on that authority we hold that the petitioner is entitled to a deduction of $24,024.30 as losses sustained in connection with its business for the taxable year.  This opinion supersedes that promulgated on February 6, 1940, 41 B.T.A. 255">41 B.T.A. 255. Reviewed by the Board.  Decision will be entered under Rule 50.HILL, MELLOTT HILL, dissenting: I am unable to agree with the conclusion reached in the majority opinion.  The business of petitioner was the operation of a cottonseed oil mill.  That business was confined to buying and *1086  crushing cottonseed and selling the products derived therefrom, including crude cottonseed oil.  Petitioner's business did not include the processing of crude into refined oil.  Its dealings in futures contracts for refined oil were transactions involving mere investment in, and sale of, capital*1110  assets having no identity with the products manufactured by petitioner.  Refined oil is a distinct and separate commodity from crude oil, notwithstanding the latter is an intermediate source of the former.  The manufacturing operations of petitioner did not extend to the production of refined oil and its business operations were completed when it sold the products it manufactured.  Petitioner contends that the initial processing of crude oil is so related to the manufacture of refined oil as to make stocks of the latter product invoiceable as regular "stock in trade" of the processor.  It further contends that its transactions in refined oil futures were essentially a part of a process of production or other acquisition of property for sale to customers in the ordinary course of its trade or business.  The first of these contentions has no factural basis of application in this proceeding.  Petitioner had no refined oil to invoice either as stock in trade or otherwise and the evidence herein discloses that its intention in dealing in refined oil futures was not to take delivery of oil, notwithstanding it could have demanded and received delivery under the terms of the futures contracts. *1111  Its transactions in refined oil futures were merely executory contracts to purchase, which it acquired with a positive intent not to close into completed purchases and not to acquire any commodity thereby.  The second of the above cited contentions of petitioner is (a) that its transactions in refined oil futures were a part of a process of production or (b) other acquisition of property for sale to customers in the ordinary course of its trade or business.  As to subdivision (b) of this contention, attention is directed to the fact that by the purchase of such futures contracts the only property acquired was the contracts, which were bought and sold through brokers on petitioner's own account only and not for customers.  They were merely choses in action and represented neither stocks of oil nor any other commodity includable in an inventory of stock in trade.  By subdivision (a) of such second contention petitioner obviously means that its transactions in refined futures contracts were a part of the process of production of crude oil.  The gist of its supporting argument on this point is that transactions in such futures contracts were necessary to enable petitioner to maintain*1112  its position in the oil market, due to the fact that rapid deterioration of crude oil compels its sale shortly after production, regardless of the state of the market.  Since, as is found, there is a direct relationship between the market price of crude and refined oil, the purpose of petitioner in maintaining a position in the oil market by purchasing refined oil futures is to enable it to indulge in the speculation *1087  that at some future time there may be a better market for oil than when it sold crude.  Such speculation also involves, of course, the risk that instead of improving, the market price may descend to a still lower level.  If, as is argued for petitioner, its purpose in buying refined oil futures was to maintain the same position it would have had in the oil market if it had not been forced to sell its crude oil on an unsatisfactory market, it failed to accomplish that purpose.  The purchasing of futures contracts at or following the times of corresponding sales of crude oil did not operate as an unbroken maintenance of petitioner's position in the oil market.  It left a hiatus between the dates of sales of crude oil and the delivery dates of the futures contracts. *1113  Hence, it can not be said that the futures contracts accomplished the purpose which petitioner acclaimed, namely, to maintain its position in the oil market.  That purpose could have been effectuated by purchasing spot refined oil at the related market prices at the times of corresponding sales of crude oil and by adding such refined oil to its inventories and to its stock in trade for sale to its customers in the ordinary course of trade or business.  That, however, would not have been insurance or protection against investment risks.  It would have afforded only an opportunity for speculation on future oil prices.  But such stocks of refined oil would not have been within the classification of capital assets and any losses resulting in respect thereof would have been deductible in full for income tax purposes.  This course would have at least continued petitioner's status in the oil market on the same relative price basis as if it had been able to hold its crude oil.  Since petitioner did not adopt this course it can not successfully contend that its purpose was to replace crude oil with refined oil.  Petitioner did not seek to maintain its position in the oil market through the*1114  replacement of inventories of crude oil with those of refined oil but first closed out its investment in its crude oil inventories and thereafter made corresponding purchases of refined oil futures contracts which bore no protective relationship to any existing or prospective investment risk.  Furthermore, the market prices at which the futures contracts were purchased were the then present prices of future deliveries and had no relation to the market prices at which the corresponding sales of crude oil were made.  The purchases of such futures contracts were, therefore, wholly speculative transactions.  In view of the purely speculative character of all transactions in futures contracts (except as hedges), it appears to me that, unless such futures contracts constitute hedges against petitioner's business investment risks, they can not be said to be a part of petitioner's process of production.  Petitioner does not claim that its transactions in futures contracts possessed all of the elements of a hedge, but it claims that they had a protective purpose and relationship to its business and operations.  *1088  It is my opinion that such transactions had none of the elements*1115  of a hedge and in no way afforded insurance or protection against petitioner's existing or prospective investment risks, either in its raw materials or its crude oil.  The purchase of such futures contracts operated only to create new and additional investments, fraught with new and additional investment risks, without any counterbalance of a hedge.  The statute has no provision excluding hedging transactions from the operation of the provisions of section 117 of the Revenue Act of 1934, but the Treasury Department has construed such section as excluding from its operation hedging transactions. G.C.M. 17322, C.B. XV-2, p. 151.  The discussion and illustration of hedges set forth therein do not include, as constituting a hedge, the state of facts in the instant proceeding.  Two examples are given therein as illustrating typical situations in which protection is obtained by the use of hedging transactions, as follows: (1) The taxpayer buys quantities of spot cotton, which will necessarily be on hand for some months before being manufactured into goods and sold.  In order to be protected against losses which would be incurred if the cotton market declined during those*1116  months, the taxpayer, at the same time the above purchases are made, enters into futures sale contracts for the delivery of equivalent amounts of cotton a few months hence.  As the above quantities of spot cotton are subsequently disposed of by sales from time to time of manufactured cotton goods, the above futures sale contracts are concurrently disposed of by futures purchase contracts which serve as offsetting transactions closing out the futures sale contracts.  (2) The taxpayer makes contracts for future delivery of cotton goods, the manufacture of which will require more cotton than the amount on hand or the amount which can be immediately purchased advantageously.  In order to secure protection against a rising cotton market during the months that intervene between the date of the order for cotton goods and the agreed delivery date, the taxpayer, at the same time the above orders are taken, enters into futures purchase contracts for cotton in amounts necessary to provide the desired protection.  As the taxpayer from time to time buys spot cotton for the manufacture of the goods specified in the above orders, the futures purchase contracts are disposed of by futures sale contracts*1117  which serve as offsetting transactions closing out the futures purchase contracts.  * * * The last paragraph of the cited G.C.M. is as follows: It follows from the above that hedging transactions are essentially to be regarded as insurance rather than a dealing in capital assets within the comprehension of section 117 of the Revenue Act of 1934.  Regardless of accounting or inventory methods in use, provisions pertaining to capital gains and losses govern gains or losses on futures contracts which are speculative.  Futures contracts representing true hedges against price fluctuations in spot goods are not speculative transactions, though not concurrent with spot transactions.  Futures contracts which are not hedges against spot transactions are speculative unless they are hedges against concurrent futures or forward sales or purchases.  *1089  Under the interpretation set forth in the cited G.C.M. the futures contracts in the instant proceeding would not be includable in petitioner's inventories if on hand at the end of the taxable year, for the reason that they are not hedges against actual spot or cash transactions or against forward sales or purchases, as evidenced*1118  by a quotation with approval therein from S.M. 5693 (C.B. V-2, p. 20) as follows: (2) That cotton and grain dealers should incorporate in their balance sheets at the close of the taxable year at market such open future contracts to which they are parties as are hedges against actual spot or cash transactions or against forward sales or purchases, as the case may be; provided, that no purely speculative transactions in futures not offset by actual spot or cash transactions or concurrent forward purchases or sales may be so included or taken into the taxpayer's account in any manner until such transactions are actually closed by liquidation; and provided further, that the values of the commodity covered by such open future contracts shall not be added to or deducted from the inventory of the taxpayer.  In order for petitioner to avail itself of the protective principle of a hedge as that principle is illustrated and enunciated in the cited G.C.M., it must use as a basis the investment risk involved in the cost of its raw material, namely, cottonseed, and relate its futures purchases to that basis.  After the manufacturing processes are complete and the resulting product sold, there*1119  remains no investment risk against which to hedge.  It is my opinion that petitioner's dealings in futures contracts were not in any sense hedging transactions, and by the very circumstances under which they were consummated they could not possibly be other than purely speculative and could not furnish protection against petitioner's business or investment risks.  A hedging transaction is not speculative and eliminates pro tanto the speculative character of the investment hedged.  It operates as insurance or protection against the investment risk of future loss and must be entered into for operation covering the period of such risk and terminate therewith.  A hedging transaction and the investment protected thereby coexistingly operate upon each other.  If a gain is realized on the hedging transaction it is counterbalanced either by a realized loss or by some other character of economic disadvantage in respect of the investment hedged.  If a loss is realized in the former it is counterbalanced by a realized gain or some other character of economic advantage in respect of the latter.  As a result of the counterbalancing effect between the hedging transaction and the investment*1120  protected thereby, speculation as to either gain or loss is eliminated.  It is said in the majority opinion: * * * The only purpose which the petition had in buying the futures in refined oil was to attempt to avoid loss upon the crude oil which it was manufacturing.  This method was as effective a hedge against losses on its operations as was available to the petitioner.  * * * It *1090  is my opinion, as hereinabove pointed out, that it was not a hedge and was not of such character as to be effective to accomplish petitioner's claimed purpose.  If, however, petitioner's transactions in refined oil futures contracts be deemed a hedge for tax purposes, petitioner with equal logic and effectiveness could have created a hedge by purchasing wheat futures contracts or futures contracts in respect of any other commodity listed on the produce exchange.  This illustration is employed merely to indicate the wide open spaces revealed in the majority opinion.  The opinion of the Board in this proceeding cites the case of Ben Grote,41 B.T.A. 247">41 B.T.A. 247, as authority for its conclusion.  Regardless of whether the Grote case, on its facts, supports the conclusion reached*1121  by the majority in this case, it is my opinion that the Grote decision is glaringly erroneous.  I dissented from it.  The opinion in the Grote case did not discuss the question of what constitutes "hedging transactions." It merely said "the evidence shows that petitioner's transactions were all hedging transactions." Aside from that terse ipse dixit, no reasons are assigned for the conclusion therein reached.  Subdivision (b) of section 117, supra, defines as "capital assets" all property held by a taxpayer except (1) stock in trade of the taxpayer, (2) other property which would properly be included in the inventory of the taxpayer if on hand at the close of the taxable year, and (3) property held by the taxpayer primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business.  Regardless of whether petitioner's transactions in such futures contracts constituted a trade or business or were entered into for profit, such contracts were nevertheless capital assets within the above statutory definition.  They were choses in action, bought and sold only on a produce exchange through brokers.  They were bought and sold by petitioner on its own account only, and not*1122  for customers.  It held no oil futures contracts in stock for sale to customers and, therefore, had no right to include them in an inventory.  Cf. Francis M. Weld,31 B.T.A. 600">31 B.T.A. 600; Adirondack Securities Corporation,23 B.T.A. 61">23 B.T.A. 61; Oil Shares, Inc.,29 B.T.A. 664">29 B.T.A. 664; O. L. Burnett,40 B.T.A. 605">40 B.T.A. 605; Staerker v.United States (U.S. Dist. Ct., N. Dist. of Texas, Sept. 23, 1938). Accordingly the losses involved in this proceeding were capital losses and the deduction thereof should be limited as prescribed in subdivision (d) of section 117, supra.LEECH and HARRON agree with this dissent.  MELLOTT, dissenting: The case of Ben Grote,41 B.T.A. 247">41 B.T.A. 247, which I feel was decided correctly, does not support the conclusion of the majority in the instant proceeding.  It approves an administrative *1091  ruling (G.C.M. 17322, C.B. XV-2, p. 151) - which it may be it not bottomed upon any specific statutory provision - authorizing the deduction of losses in connection with "hedging" operations as "a legitimate form of business insurance." *1123  I agree with much that is said by Mr. Hill in his dissenting opinion.  It is obvious that petitioner's dealings in futures in refined oil did not constitute true "hedging" operations in its business.  Hedging "is a means by which collectors and exporters of grain or other products, and manufacturers who make contracts in a advance for the sale of their goods, secure themselves against the fluctuations of the market by counter contracts for the purchase or sale, as the case may be, of an equal quantity of the product, or of the material of manufacture." Board of Trade v. Christie Grain & Stock Co.,198 U.S. 236">198 U.S. 236, 249. In United States v. Coffee Exchange,263 U.S. 611">263 U.S. 611, 619, the Court refers to one of the classes who deal in "futures" as "those who use them to hedge, i.e., to insure themselves against loss by unfavorable changes in price at the time of actual delivery of what they have to sell or buy in their business." The examples given in the G.C.M. indicate that when the Commissioner used therein the term "hedging" he had in mind the Court's definition.  I would limit the applicability of the ruling to one who has made a counter contract for*1124  the purchase or sale of an equal quantity of the product manufactured or raised, or of the material going into the manufacture of it.