Court Opinion

ID: 9838625
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-07 08:10:43.991586+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:42:50.894819
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS
                               EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                    EL PASO, TEXAS

                                               §
 TRANSMOUNTAIN PARTNERS, LLC
 and JOSE A. GONZALEZ,                         §               No. 08-22-00162-CV
                               Appellants,     §                 Appeal from the
 v.                                            §           346th Judicial District Court
 ERNEST A. ROMERO, JOHN J. GRAB,               §             of El Paso County, Texas
 WHITE’S EL REY, L.P., a New Mexico
 Limited Partnership, GGD, LLC, a New          §           (TC# 2018-DCV-1739)
 Mexico Limited Liability Company, as
 Assignee of the George Gary Duncan            §
 Profit Sharing Plan and GEORGE GARY
 DUNCAN,                                       §
                                Appellees.     §

                                MEMORANDUM OPINION

       This case regards a commercial real estate deal gone sour. In November 2015, Appellant

Jose A. Gonzalez (Gonzalez), by and through an entity he managed at the time, entered into a

contract to purchase a 115-acre parcel of property from Appellees for approximately $20 million.

At Gonzalez’s request, the sales contract was amended several times to extend the closing date,

and in 2017, Appellees allowed Gonzalez, by and through his newly created entity, Appellant

Transmountain Partners, LLC (TPL), to purchase a 25.5-acre portion of the property and make

installment payments on the purchase. After TPL failed to make its first installment payment,
Appellees sued TPL, claiming, among other things, that TPL had breached the parties’ contract.

After intervening in the lawsuit, Gonzalez and TPL filed counterclaims against Appellees,

claiming Appellees were the first to materially breach the contract by failing to convey clear title

to the 25.5-acre parcel, and Appellants were therefore entitled to either damages for the breach or

specific performance of the contract. Appellees responded, raising several affirmative defenses,

and thereafter filing: (1) a “dispositive” motion for summary judgment in which they argued they

had undisputed evidence to establish their affirmative defenses as a matter of law; and (2) a

combined no-evidence and traditional motion for summary judgment in which they argued

Appellants had no evidence to support any of their counterclaims. The trial court granted both

motions, and after Appellees nonsuited their claims against Appellants, the trial court’s judgment

became final. Because we conclude that Appellants failed to present sufficient evidence to support

the elements of their breach-of-contract counterclaim and request for specific performance, we

affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                     FACTUAL BACKGROUND

       A. The 2015 sales contract

       The 115-acre parcel at issue is located in El Paso on the corner of I-10 and Transmountain

Road (the Property). On November 2, 2015, Gonzalez, a commercial real estate broker from

Houston, sent an email to one of the Property’s owners, Appellee Ernest A. Romero (Romero),

seeking to purchase the Property. Gonzalez attached a proposed sales contract enumerating most

of the key terms, including the names of the sellers, which was executed after three weeks of

negotiations, with an effective date of November 24, 2015 (the 2015 Contract). Gonzalez agreed

to purchase the Property for approximately $20 million through the El Paso Opportunity Fund,

                                                 2
LLC. (EP Opportunity), an entity he managed. The 2015 Contract gave EP Opportunity 120 days

to conduct feasibility studies and provided for closing 30 days thereafter.

        B. The ownership interests in the Property

        At the time the 2015 Contract was signed on November 4, 2015, Romero and Appellee

John J. Grab (Grab) each owned a 3.5% interest in the Property, while a New Mexico Limited

Partnership they formed, Phase One Equities, Inc. (Phase One), owned a 43% interest. Appellee

George Gary Duncan, by and through his retirement plan, the George Gary Duncan Profit Sharing

Plan 1 (Duncan) and Appellee White’s El Rey, LP, a New Mexico limited partnership owned by

Terrell White, (White’s El Rey) each owned a 25% interest in the Property as co-tenants.

        Relevant to this appeal, on November 18, 2005, Romero, as Phase One’s president,

executed two documents, both entitled, “Memorandum of Real Estate Contracts,” in which Phase

One stated it agreed to sell and convey its 43% interest in the Property to Romero and Grab in

equal shares, with each to own a 21.5% interest in the Property upon completion of the terms of

their sales agreements (the Phase One Memoranda). On the same day, as part of this transaction,

Romero—again signing as Phase One’s president—executed two warranty deeds, stating that

Phase One was conveying its interests in the Property to Romero and Grab respectively, in

consideration of a $10 payment (the Phase One Deeds). Both deeds stated they were to be

“effective as of the date of recording.” The Phase One Memoranda were recorded in the El Paso

County real property records in November of 2006, and at the same time, Romero deposited the

unrecorded deeds with an escrow agent in New Mexico pending completion of the sales

1
 The George Duncan Retirement Plan’s interest was later assigned to Appellee GGD, LLC, a New Mexico Limited
Liability Company. We also refer to that entity as “Duncan.”

                                                    3
agreement. 2 However, when the 2015 Contract was executed, Romero and Grab had admittedly

not yet consummated their Phase One sales contracts and had not yet recorded the Phase One

Deeds.

         The 2015 Contract listed as sellers Duncan, Romero, Grab, and White’s El Rey

(collectively, the Sellers). However, next to the Sellers’ names was a notation stating: “(See

Exhibit A).” Exhibit A was a schedule identifying each of the Sellers and their respective

ownership interests, providing that each had a 25% interest in the Property and further stating:

“Joined by Phase One Equities, Inc. a New Mexico corporation.” Sierra Title subsequently issued

a title commitment effective November 18, 2015 (the 2015 Title Commitment), which provided

that record title in the Property was held as follows: White’s El Rey (25%), Phase One (43%),

Duncan (25%), Romero (3.5%), and Grab (3.5%). And Schedule C to the 2015 Title Commitment

stated that the title insurance company required “consummation” of the real estate contracts in

which Phase One had agreed to convey its 43% interest in the Property to Romero and Grab, as

“evidenced by Memorandum of Real Estate Contract dated November 18, 2005, filed for record

on November 21, 2006, in the Office of the County Clerk of El Paso County, Texas . . . [.]”

         As explained in more detail below, Romero and Grab admittedly waited until

November 2016 to fulfill their obligations under their sales agreements to purchase Phase One’s

interest in the Property. In addition, Romero and Grab admittedly failed to inform their designated

escrow agent that those conditions had been met and failed to record the Phase One Deeds until

almost two years later (in August 2018).

2
  As discussed below, the memoranda also reflected that the parties signed reconveyance deeds, which were also
deposited in escrow, giving Phase One the right to record those deeds if Romero and Grab defaulted on their
contractual obligations under the sales agreements.

                                                      4
        C. The Parcel I sales agreement and warranty deeds

        Although the 2015 Contract originally gave EP Opportunity 120 days to complete

feasibility studies, Gonzalez informed the Sellers he needed more time. At Gonzalez’s request and

in exchange for nonrefundable payments, the parties amended the 2015 Contract several times to

extend the closing date. In early 2017, when EP Opportunity had still not tendered payment of the

sales price, Gonzalez proposed restructuring the 2015 Contract to allow his newly formed entity,

Appellant Transmountain Partners, LLC (TPL), to purchase the Property in three phases, while

obtaining immediate title to a 25.5-acre portion of the Property, referred to as “Parcel I.” Gonzalez

represented to the Sellers that giving TPL immediate title to Parcel I would allow him to procure

financing for the remaining parcels. The Sellers agreed to execute a warranty deed transferring

ownership of Parcel I to TPL in exchange for a note to the Sellers wherein TPL agreed to pay $5.5

million by April 20, 2017 (the Parcel I Note). 3 And on March 17, 2017, the parties executed their

fourth amendment to the 2015 Contract, reflecting those terms (the Parcel I Sales Agreement). The

Parcel I Sales Agreement contained a deed-back provision entitled, “Escrow and Default,”

providing that title would revert back to the Sellers if TPL failed to close on or before April 20,

2017, and requiring TPL to execute a reconveyance deed to that effect. The Parcel I Sales

Agreement only listed Romero, Grab, Duncan, and White’s El Rey as the Sellers; it did not refer

to Phase One as having any interest in the parcel.

        Gonzalez’s lawyer drafted, and the parties executed, two mirror-image deeds in accordance

with the Parcel I Sales Agreement. The first deed listed Romero, Grab, Duncan, and White’s

El Rey as the Grantors, and TPL as the Grantee (the Parcel I Conveyance Deed) and was recorded

on March 21, 2017. The second deed listed TPL as the Grantor and the Appellee Sellers as the

3
 The Fourth Amendment further stated Transmountain could purchase Parcel II for $11,107,800 and Parcel III for
$3,885, 987.60, and that both purchases were to close and fund in April 2018.

                                                      5
Grantees (the Parcel I Reconveyance Deed). The Parcel I Reconveyance Deed was sent to Sierra

Title to be placed in escrow. Neither deed named Phase One as a Grantor or Grantee.

       D. The parties’ final agreement

       After TPL failed to pay the $5.5 million owed on the Parcel I Note by the April 2017

deadline, the parties amended the Parcel I Sales Agreement several times to give TPL additional

time to pay it. When payment was still not forthcoming almost a year later, the parties entered into

one last agreement, with an effective date of February 28, 2018, memorializing all of the parties’

prior agreements and TPL’s failure to fulfill its contractual obligations under the Parcel I Sales

Agreement, but stating the Sellers’ wish to “revive” their agreement to sell TPL the Property under

newly specified terms (the Final Agreement). Once again, the Sellers listed were Romero, Grab,

Duncan, and White’s El Rey, and the Purchaser listed was TPL. The Final Agreement made no

mention of Phase One.

       The Final Agreement recited that TPL had made a non-refundable earnest money payment

to be applied to the total Parcel I purchase price and that TPL currently owed $4,746,350.80 on

the Parcel I Note. The Final Agreement then gave TPL the right to make three installment

payments. TPL’s first installment payment of $1 million was due on April 14, 2018, and its second

and third payments were due on July 12, 2018, and July 27, 2018, respectively. It further required

TPL to reimburse the Sellers for the property taxes they had been paying on the Property while the

sale was pending. Importantly, the Final Agreement stated that unless TPL made the first

installment payment by the specified April deadline, the parties’ agreement would terminate and

the escrow agent at Sierra Title, David Puente, who held the Parcel I Reconveyance Deed, was

directed to record that deed:

       3.a. On or before April 14, 2018, Purchaser shall pay to Sellers $1,000,000 plus
       $194,597.91 as reimbursement for real estate taxes Sellers have paid for 2015 (pro-
       rated since contract inception - $17,676.29) and 2016 ($176,921.62).

                                                 6
                                             .     .      .
        If Borrower/Buyer does not make the payment, required by 3.a. above, to the
        escrow agent by wire transfer, not by check. no later than 12:00 p.m. on April 14,
        2018, or as such earlier time as may be required by the escrow agent to enable it to
        wire transfer the funds to Lender/Seller the same day, this Agreement shall be over;
        kaput. Upon Lender/Sellers notification by email to the escrow agent that
        Borrower/Buyer failed to make the payment as specified, escrow agent shall
        forthwith record the Warranty Deed from Borrower/Buyer back to Lender/Sellers,
        which he presently has in his possession.

TPL admittedly did not make the required payment to the Sellers prior to the April 14, 2018

deadline, and the Sellers thereafter instructed Puente to record the Parcel I Reconveyance Deed;

however, Puente failed to do so, claiming he had been given conflicting directions from TPL not

to record it.

        E. TPL’s dealings with Casaporta

        Despite TPL’s admitted failure to make the first installment payment on the Parcel I Note

by the April deadline, TPL and Gonzalez were in ongoing negotiations with a third party,

Casaporta Equity, Inc. (Casaporta), between April and August 2018, to purchase the Property. In

July 2018, Casaporta requested an updated title report on TPL’s interest in Parcel I, which Sierra

Title issued with an effective date of July 18, 2018, stating “Record title to the land on the Effective

Date appears to be vested in: Phase One Equities, Inc., as to an undivided 43% interest AND

Transmountain Partners, LLC, a Texas limited liability company, as their interest may appear

(emphasis in original)” (the 2018 Title Commitment).

        Upon receiving the 2018 Title Commitment, Gonzalez sent Duncan a text message dated

August 7, 2018, accusing the Sellers of wrongdoing in failing to ensure Phase One had conveyed

its interest in the Property to Romero and Grab as promised. He further accused the Sellers of

violating their obligation to convey clear title to TPL in the Parcel I Deed. Gonzalez informed

Duncan that TPL had the necessary funds to close the sale of the Property ($20,500,000 less

                                                   7
Gonzalez’s commission) and that they could “close this deal” in ten days. Duncan, however,

refused his entreaties and immediately contacted Romero about the title issue. Romero then

recorded the two Phase One deeds on August 10, 2018.

         Apparently unaware that the Phase One deeds had been recorded, Casaporta signed a

purchase agreement dated August 14, 2018, purporting to purchase the Property for $20,500,000,

with a 120-day closing date, listing TPL, “Phase [One] Equities, Inc.,” Grab, and Romero, as the

Sellers. Thereafter, on August 18, 2018, Richard Schindler, Casaporta’s principal, contacted the

Sellers’ attorney and informed him of the proposed purchase agreement, seeking his approval.

Duncan, however, informed Schindler that TPL had no interest in the Property, given its default

on the Parcel I Note, and that TPL was wrongfully claiming it still held the deed to Parcel I and an

interest in the Property. Schindler then sent Duncan an email informing him that Casaporta was

terminating its contract with TPL and would no longer engage in any dealings with TPL or

Gonzalez (hereinafter, we refer to TPL and Gonzalez collectively as the TPL Parties). 4

                                       PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

         A. The Sellers’ lawsuit

         In the meantime, in May 2018, the Sellers filed a lawsuit against TPL, claiming TPL

breached the Parcel I Sales Agreement by failing to pay the agreed-upon purchase price and by

wrongfully directing Sierra Title and Puente not to record the Parcel I Reconveyance Deed. 5 In

addition, the Sellers sued Sierra Title and Puente (the Sierra Title Defendants) for breach of

4
  Although the TPL Parties repeatedly allege Casaporta terminated the contract due to the “title issues” in the 2018
Title Commitment, they failed to obtain affidavits from or depose Schindler or any other Casaporta representative to
support this belief.
5
  In their brief, the TPL Parties argue the Sellers prematurely filed the lawsuit in May 2018, contending the
TPL Parties’ final payment on the Parcel I Note was not due until July 27, 2018 (insinuating that the Parcel I Sales
Agreement was still in force at that time). As set forth above, however, the parties’ Final Agreement stated the parties’
entire agreement would be terminated if the first payment was not made by the April 14, 2018 deadline, which in fact
did not occur.

                                                           8
contract for refusing to record the Parcel I Reconveyance Deed and further sought a declaratory

judgment setting forth their right to have the deed recorded, as well as injunctive relief to that

effect. 6 Both sets of defendants filed general denials to the lawsuit.

         B. The Sellers’ motion for partial summary judgment

         On August 23, 2018, the Sellers filed a traditional motion for partial summary judgment,

alleging the undisputed facts supported a finding that both sets of defendants breached the

contracts, and the Sellers were entitled to the declaratory and injunctive relief requiring the Sierra

Title Defendants to record the Parcel I Reconveyance Deed. The Sierra Title Defendants responded

to the motion, claiming they had received conflicting instructions from the parties and were

“innocent” of any wrongdoing, but they were willing to follow any instructions from the court.

TPL, however, failed to file a response to the motion.

         On October 25, 2018, the trial court granted the motion and directed the Sierra Title

Defendants to turn over the Parcel I Reconveyance Deed to the Sellers for recording. They

immediately complied with the order, and the Sellers recorded the Parcel I Reconveyance Deed.

The Sellers later settled their claims against the Sierra Title Defendants, and at the Sellers’ request,

the trial court dismissed their claims against those defendants.

         However, on November 19, 2018, alleging it did not receive proper notice of the summary

judgment motion, TPL filed a motion for new trial and/or to vacate the order granting the Sellers’

motion for summary judgment with respect to its interests in the lawsuit, explaining its lawyers

had withdrawn from the case without advising TPL of the pending summary judgment motion.

The trial court granted TPL’s motion on January 31, 2019.

6
  In their amended petitions, the Sellers added additional claims against the defendants, including a claim for breach
of fiduciary duty against the Sierra Title Defendants and claims for fraud and conspiracy against all of the defendants
as well as claims under the Deceptive Trade Practices Act and the Texas Real Estate Licensing Act.

                                                          9
           C. The TPL parties’ counterclaims against the Sellers

           After retaining new counsel, TPL filed counterclaims against the Sellers, and Gonzalez

further intervened in the case as TPL’s manager, claiming TPL had a justiciable interest in the

lawsuit. 7 The TPL Parties’ counterclaims included breach of contract, alleging the Sellers failed

to convey clear title to TPL at the time of the 2017 closing as they were contractually obligated to

do, pointing to the 2018 Title Commitment listing Phase One as having a 43% interest in the

Property. 8 And they asserted the Sellers’ failure to convey clear title to TPL was the reason

Casaporta’s purchase of the Property fell through. The TPL Parties sought from the Sellers over

$50 million in damages, to include the profits they contend they would have received if the

Casaporta sale had been consummated, as well as their earnest money and costs incurred in

conducting feasibility studies and in commercially developing the Property. 9 The TPL Parties also

sought specific performance in lieu of damages and a declaratory judgment that they were the true

owners of the Property.

           In response to the counterclaims, the Sellers raised several affirmative defenses, including

a waiver defense, asserting Gonzalez knew about Phase One’s interest in the Property from the

start of his contractual relationship with the Sellers, as reflected in the 2015 Title Commitment.

And they pointed out that the TPL Parties accepted the Parcel I Conveyance Deed in 2017, which

7
    The TPL Parties also filed a crossclaim against the Sierra Title Defendants, which they later dismissed.
8
  The TPL Parties also brought counterclaims for breach of fiduciary duty, breach of warranty of title, common law
and statutory fraud, fraud in the inducement, civil conspiracy, quiet title, and unjust enrichment, and further sought
both declaratory and injunctive relief against the Sellers. However, as explained below, none of those counterclaims
are at issue in this appeal.
9
  According to the TPL Parties, if the sale to Casaporta had been consummated, TPL would have received a $2 million
bonus and Gonzalez would have received a $600,000 sales commission as well as $1,550,000 in commissions for
ground leases Gonzalez had secured. Gonzalez also claimed he had entered into a “participation agreement” with
Casaporta that would have netted him additional funds if the Property had been sold to a third party in the future.

                                                           10
did not list Phase One as a seller, without objection or requesting a cure, despite knowing of Phase

One’s potential interest in the Property.

         D. The Sellers’ summary judgment motions on TPL’s counterclaims

         The Sellers thereafter filed two separate summary judgment motions seeking dismissal of

the TPL Parties’ counterclaims on two separate theories. First, the Sellers filed what they labeled

a “dispositive” motion for summary judgment, contending the undisputed evidence established

their affirmative defense of waiver and estoppel, which they argued was a “form of waiver.” They

argued the TPL parties had waived their right to raise the alleged title issue and/or were estopped

from doing so based on their failure to seek a cure or object to the title issue until after the parties’

agreement had already terminated. Second, the Sellers filed a combined no-evidence and

traditional summary judgment motion, arguing the TPL Parties had no evidence to support the

elements of any of their counterclaims. Relevant to this appeal, and as discussed in more detail

below, the Sellers argued the TPL Parties could not support their claim for breach, as the

undisputed evidence established: (1) the Sellers were not in breach of the Parcel I Sales Contract,

as Romero and Grab had obtained both equitable and legal title to Phase One’s interest in the

Property prior to conveying the parcel to TPL in 2017; (2) TPL had failed to fulfill its obligations

to the Sellers, as it failed to timely make the first installment payment required by the parties’

contracts; and (3) the TPL Parties could not establish damages from the Sellers’ alleged breach in

failing to convey clear title. 10

10
   We note that on November 5, 2018, while the litigation was ongoing, TPL recorded a lis pendens on the Property,
seeking to establish its title. On the Sellers’ motion, the trial court later expunged the lis pendens, finding “Defendants’
Amended Counterclaim, upon which the lis pendens is based, does not contain a legitimate real property claim,” and
“even if the Amended Counterclaim stated an arguable real property claim, the Defendants failed to establish by a
preponderance of the evidence the probable validity of the real property claim[.]” TPL thereafter filed a petition for
writ of mandamus with this Court, which we denied, finding TPL had not demonstrated it was entitled to mandamus
relief. In re Transmountain Partners, L.L.C., No. 08-19-00316-CV, 2020 WL 401834, at *1 (Tex. App.—El Paso
Jan. 24, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op.). On appeal, the Sellers assert the litigation should have been over at that point, and
the expungement is yet another reason why the trial court properly dismissed the TPL Parties’ counterclaims. The

                                                            11
         The TPL Parties responded that although TPL admittedly did not perform its obligations

under the Parcel I Sales Agreement, it was excused from doing so because the Sellers committed

the first material breach of the parties’ agreement when they failed to convey clear title to Parcel I

at the time of the 2017 closing, making the tender of TPL’s performance unnecessary. And again

the TPL Parties argued that the Sellers’ failure to convey clear title caused Casaporta to terminate

its purchase agreement with TPL, which caused millions of dollars in damages.

         E. The trial court’s rulings

         On November 9, 2020, the trial court issued two separate orders granting both of the

Sellers’ summary judgment motions, thereby dismissing all of the TPL Parties’ counterclaims. The

trial court denied the TPL Parties’ motions for new trial and for rehearing, and after the Sellers

nonsuited their claims against the TPL Parties, the trial court’s judgment became final. This appeal

followed.

                                              ISSUES ON APPEAL

         In two broad issues, the TPL Parties argue the trial court erred in granting the Sellers’

summary judgment motions. Because we find that the trial court properly granted the Sellers’

combined no-evidence and traditional summary judgment motion challenging the elements of the

TPL Parties’ counterclaims, we focus only on the parties’ arguments with respect to that motion.

As explained below, the TPL Parties contend the record contains more than a scintilla of evidence

to raise a question of fact regarding whether they could satisfy the elements of their counterclaim

for breach of contract and their request for specific performance. Again, they argue the Sellers

Sellers, however, did not raise the trial court’s expungement order as a ground for granting summary judgment in
either of their summary judgment motions, and we therefore do not consider it as a basis for affirming the trial court’s
summary judgment orders on appeal. See Rise Above Steel Co., LLC. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 656 S.W.3d 577, 581
(Tex. App.—El Paso 2022, no pet.) (recognizing that an appellate court “cannot affirm a summary judgment on a
ground not expressly presented in the motion for summary judgment”).

                                                          12
committed the first material breach by failing to convey clear title in the 2017 Parcel I deeds,

thereby excusing TPL’s performance and causing significant damage. In their jointly filed

Appellees’ brief, the Sellers maintain that the trial court properly granted their motion—the Sellers

assert they conveyed clear title to TPL, they were never in breach of contract, and their conduct

did not cause any damages. And in a separately filed brief, Appellee Duncan seeks damages against

the TPL Parties pursuant to Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 45 for filing a frivolous appeal.

       Although we affirm the trial court’s order granting the Sellers’ combined no-evidence and

traditional summary judgment motion, we decline Appellee Duncan’s Rule 45-damages request.

                                    STANDARD OF REVIEW

       We review the grant of a motion for summary judgment de novo. Merriman v. XTO Energy,

Inc., 407 S.W.3d 244, 248 (Tex. 2013); Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Xerox State & Local Sols., Inc.,

663 S.W.3d 569, 576 (Tex. 2023). If a party moves for summary judgment on both traditional and

no-evidence grounds, we first consider the no-evidence motion. Ford Motor Co. v. Ridgway, 135

S.W.3d 598, 600 (Tex. 2004). In a no-evidence summary judgment case, the party without the

burden of proof may, after an adequate time for discovery and without presenting evidence, move

for summary judgment on the ground that there is no evidence to support an essential element of

the non-movant’s claim or defense on which the adverse party would have the burden of proof at

trial. See Draughon v. Johnson, 631 S.W.3d 81, 88 (Tex. 2021) (citing TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i));

see also Sw. Elec. Power Co. v. Grant, 73 S.W.3d 211, 215 (Tex. 2002) (recognizing that to

“prevail on a no-evidence summary-judgment motion, a movant must allege that there is no

evidence of an essential element of the adverse party’s claim”). When a movant meets its burden

of establishing each element of the claim or defense on which it seeks summary judgment, the

burden then shifts to the non-movant to disprove or raise an issue of fact as to at least one of those

                                                 13
challenged elements. See Amedisys, Inc. v. Kingwood Home Health Care, LLC, 437 S.W.3d 507,

511 (Tex. 2014) (citing City of Houston v. Clear Creek Basin Auth., 589 S.W.2d 671, 678–79 (Tex.

1979)). Although the “nonmoving party is not required to marshal all its proof in response to a

summary judgment motion [it] must present evidence that raises a genuine issue of material fact

on each of the challenged elements.” Herrera v. Resignato, 621 S.W.3d 835, 840–41 (Tex. App.—

El Paso 2021, no pet.) (citing Stierwalt v. FFE Transp. Services, Inc., 499 S.W.3d 181, 194 (Tex.

App.—El Paso 2016, no pet.)). A genuine issue of material fact exists if more than a scintilla of

evidence establishing the existence of the challenged element is produced. Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d

at 600 (citing Morgan v. Anthony, 27 S.W.3d 928, 929 (Tex. 2000) (per curiam)). This requires

the non-movant to produce evidence regarding each challenged element that “would enable

reasonable and fair-minded people to differ in their conclusions.” Id. at 601 (quoting Merrell Dow

Pharms., Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 711 (Tex. 1997)). If the non-movant “brings forth more

than a scintilla of probative evidence to raise a genuine issue of material fact, a no-evidence

summary judgment cannot properly be granted.” Smith v. O’Donnell, 288 S.W.3d 417, 424

(Tex. 2009).

       “A party moving for traditional summary judgment bears the burden of proving there is no

genuine issue of material fact as to at least one essential element of the cause of action being

asserted and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Lightning Oil Co. v. Anadarko E&P

Onshore, LLC, 520 S.W.3d 39, 45 (Tex. 2017) (citing TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Nassar v. Liberty

Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 508 S.W.3d 254, 257 (Tex. 2017)). When a movant meets the burden of

establishing each element of the claim on which it seeks summary judgment, the non-movant bears

the burden of disproving or raising a fact issue as to at least one of those elements. Urias v. Owl

Springs N., LLC, 662 S.W.3d 561, 566 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2022, no pet.) (citing Amedisys, 437

S.W.3d at 511). But if the movant does not meet its initial burden, the burden does not shift, and

                                                14
the non-movant need not respond or present any evidence. Id. “This is because ‘summary

judgments must stand or fall on their own merits, and the non-movant’s failure to answer or

respond cannot supply by default the summary judgment proof necessary to establish the movant’s

right’ to judgment.” Amedisys, 437 S.W.3d at 511–12 (quoting McConnell v. Southside Indep. Sch.

Dist., 858 S.W.2d 337, 343 (Tex. 1993)).

         When reviewing both a no-evidence and traditional motion for summary judgment, we

review the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-movant, indulge every reasonable

inference in favor of the non-movant, and resolve any doubts against the motion. Lyle v. Midway

Solar, LLC, 618 S.W.3d 857, 868 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2020, pet. denied) (citing Ridgway, 135

S.W.3d at 600; Lightning Oil Co., 520 S.W.3d at 45).

                                             BRIEFING WAIVER

         As a preliminary matter, the Sellers argue we should not consider any of the TPL Parties’

issues or arguments on appeal based on briefing waiver, asserting that the TPL Parties’ brief

violates the Rules of Appellate Procedure because it lacks “a clear and concise argument for the

contentions made [and lacks] appropriate citations to authorities and to the record.” They posit that

the TPL Parties’ brief does “not clearly tell the Court why [they] believe the trial court’s orders are

in error, what facts were genuinely disputed, or how the law supports [their] contentions.” 11

         The Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure control the required contents and organization of

an appellant’s brief, including that it contain clear and concise argument, including appropriate

citations to authority and to the record. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(h). “This requirement is not

11
   Appellees also urge us to find that the TPL Parties waived error because they failed to ensure their response to
Appellees’ “dispositive” motion for summary judgment was contained in the appellate record. See Enter. Leasing Co.
v. Barrios, 156 S.W.3d 547, 549–50 (Tex. 2004) (per curiam) (the appellant bears the burden of “bring[ing] forward
the record of the summary judgment evidence to provide appellate courts with a basis to review his claim of harmful
error”). Although the response was not included in the appellate record at the time Appellees filed their brief, it was
included in the third supplemental record recently filed with this Court.

                                                         15
satisfied by merely uttering brief conclusory statements unsupported by legal citations.” Valadez

v. Avitia, 238 S.W.3d 843, 845 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2007, no pet.) (citing Sweed v. City of El

Paso, 195 S.W.3d 784, 786 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2006, no pet.)). Therefore, the failure to cite legal

authority or provide substantive analysis of the legal issue presented results in waiver of the

complaint and leaves us nothing to review. Id. (citing Martinez v. El Paso County, 218 S.W.3d

841, 844 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2007, pet. struck)); see also In re A.N.G., 631 S.W.3d 471, 476–77

(Tex. App.—El Paso 2021, no pet.) (explaining that issues “may be waived when appellant fails

to provide citations, argument, or analysis” and the Court is “not required to perform research nor

develop an argument for an appellant who inadequately prepares an appellate brief”).

         We agree with the Sellers that because the TPL Parties only briefed the issue of error as to

dismissal of their breach-of-contract counterclaim and request for specific performance, they

waived any argument they may have had regarding the dismissal of their other counterclaims.12

However, the TPL Parties provided sufficient briefing on issues raised in relation to their claim for

breach of contract and request for specific performance. First, their brief sets forth the breach-of-

contract claim elements and the requirements for obtaining specific performance. And their brief

further provides sufficient argument, with appropriate citation to legal authority and to the record,

in support of their argument that the Sellers were the first to commit a material breach of the

parties’ contract by failing to convey clear title, which excused TPL’s performance and resulted in

the alleged damages. Accordingly, we turn to the substance of those arguments.

12
   As set forth above, these include the TPL Parties’ three claims for fraud and their claims for civil conspiracy, breach
of fiduciary duty, breach of warranty of title, quiet title, and unjust enrichment, as well as their requests for declaratory
and injunctive relief.

                                                            16
                    TPL’S COUNTERCLAIM FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT
        We first consider the TPL Parties’ argument that the record contains more than a scintilla

of evidence to support their counterclaim for the Sellers’ alleged breach of contract. We conclude

that it does not.

        A. Applicable law

        To establish a claim for breach of contract, a plaintiff must plead and prove: “(1) a valid

contract exists; (2) the plaintiff performed or tendered performance as contractually required; (3)

the defendant breached the contract by failing to perform or tender performance as contractually

required; and (4) the plaintiff sustained damages due to the breach.” See Pathfinder Oil & Gas,

Inc. v. Great W. Drilling, Ltd., 574 S.W.3d 882, 890 (Tex. 2019) (citing USAA Texas Lloyds Co.

v. Menchaca, 545 S.W.3d 479, 501 n.21 (Tex. 2018)). However, when a contracting party fails to

perform a material obligation, the other party’s subsequent failure to perform its obligations under

the contract is excused. See Brownhawk, L.P. v. Monterrey Homes, Inc., 327 S.W.3d 342, 347

(Tex. App.—El Paso 2010, no pet.) (citing Mustang Pipeline Co. Inc. v. Driver Pipeline Co., Inc.,

134 S.W.3d 195, 199–200 (Tex. 2004) (per curiam)); see also Duncan v. Woodlawn Mfg., Ltd.,

479 S.W.3d 886, 899–900 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2015, no pet.) (recognizing same). Thus, in

breach-of-contract disputes where both parties are claiming a breach of contract, a court must

determine who breached the contract first and whether the breach was material. Brownhawk, 327

S.W.3d at 347 (citing Driver Pipeline Co., Inc., 134 S.W.3d at 199–200 (in cases where both

parties are in breach, the proper inquiry is not whether each party materially breached the

agreement, but which material breach occurred first)). “This is because the chronology of the

material breaches determines which party is released from its obligations, and which party is liable

for contract damages.” Id. (citing Driver Pipeline Co., Inc., 134 S.W.3d at 199–200).

                                                17
        B. Analysis

        In their no-evidence summary judgment motion, the Sellers challenged the last three

elements of the TPL parties’ breach-of-contract claim, contending TPL failed to perform its

obligations under the contract; the Sellers were not in breach of contract; and even if a breach

occurred, TPL was not damaged by the breach. In the trial court, as they do on appeal, the TPL

Parties acknowledged TPL failed to perform its obligations under the Parcel I Sales Agreement,

as TPL did not tender the first installment payment as required. However, they argue the Sellers

committed the first material breach of contract, which excused TPL’s performance and in turn

caused the TPL Parties to suffer millions of dollars in damages.

            (1) The Sellers did not breach the 2015 Contract

        As explained above, the TPL Parties contend the Sellers committed the first material breach

of contract when they transferred the Parcel I Deed to TPL in 2017 without having clear title to

the Property. However, the only evidence they point to in support of this theory is the 2018 Title

Commitment identifying Phase One as having a 43% “record” interest in the Property. As

discussed below, however, the fact that Phase One may have still had a “record” interest at that

time did not rebut the Sellers’ evidence establishing that both equitable and legal title had already

passed to Romero and Grab prior to the 2017 conveyance, which in turn gave the Sellers clear title

to timely convey to TPL.

        First, as the Sellers point out, the undisputed evidence established that Romero and Grab

obtained equitable title to Phase One’s interest in the Property as early as November 2015, when

they entered into sales contracts to purchase Phase One’s interest in the Property and when Romero

executed and placed in escrow the Phase One Deeds conveying the Property to them subject to

their completion of the conditions set forth in the sales contracts. It is generally recognized that

“‘[e]quitable title’ is a right, enforceable in equity, to have the legal title to real estate transferred

                                                   18
to the owner of the right upon the performance of specified conditions.” High Rd. on Dawson v.

Benevolent & Protective Order of Elks of the United States of Am., Inc., 608 S.W.3d 869, 879

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2020, pet. denied) (citing City of Houston v. Guthrie, 332

S.W.3d 578, 588 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied)); see also Alworth v. Ellison,

27 S.W.2d 639, 640 (Tex. App.—Eastland 1930, writ ref’d) (recognizing that a “person who

possesses the right to have the legal title to property transferred to him upon the performance of

specified conditions has the equitable title to the property”). Thus, from the date a party signs a

contract to purchase real property giving him the right to acquire legal title, the party is vested with

equitable title to the property. See Smith v. Sumeer Homes, Inc., No. 05-11-01632-CV, 2013 WL

2467252, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas June 6, 2013, pet. denied) (mem. op.); see also AHF-Arbors

at Huntsville I, LLC v. Walker Cnty. Appraisal Dist., 410 S.W.3d 831, 837 (Tex. 2012)

(recognizing that “[e]quitable ownership [is] the present right to compel legal title”).

        However, as the Sellers appear to recognize, having equitable title is not the same as having

“clear title” to property, and instead, clear title (also referred to as “good title”) consists of both

equitable and legal title. See First Am. Title Co. of El Paso v. Prata, 783 S.W.2d 697, 702

(Tex. App.— El Paso 1989, writ denied); see also Longoria v. Lasater, 292 S.W.3d 156, 165

(Tex. App.—San Antonio 2009, pet. denied) (holding that “‘perfect title’ means fee simple title or

‘a title that does not disclose a patent defect that may require a lawsuit to defend it . . . title that is

good both at law and in equity’”) The pivotal question then is whether Romero and Grab

established that they also had legal title at the time they conveyed Parcel I to TPL in 2017. We

conclude that they did.

        As the Sellers point out, Romero submitted an affidavit in support of both motions for

summary judgment in which he explained that he and Grab satisfied the conditions of the Phase

One sales contracts in November of 2016—several months before the Sellers executed the

                                                    19
March 2017 Parcel I Sales Agreement. And in accordance with the memoranda Romero signed as

Phase One’s president, the warranty deeds Romero had previously placed in escrow became

effective to pass legal title to the Property upon the satisfaction of those conditions, even though

the deeds remained in escrow and were not immediately delivered to them. See Boles v.

Stonehocker, 275 S.W.2d 141, 143 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1954, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (holding that note

and deed of trust placed in escrow became effective upon fulfillment of the escrow conditions and

were not “ineffective for lack of delivery”); see also Wheatley v. Farley, 610 S.W.3d 511, 516–17

(Tex. App.—El Paso 2020, pet. denied) (it is sufficient to pass title if the grantor places a deed

“within the control of the grantee,” despite not physically delivering it to him); Sykes v. Fischl,

212 S.W. 217, 219 (Tex. App.—Galveston 1919, writ dism’d) (“a deed placed in escrow to be

delivered on compliance with specified conditions becomes effective on the fulfillment of the

conditions, though there is no actual delivery”); Tanner v. Imle, 253 S.W. 665, 669 (Tex. App.—

San Antonio 1923, writ dism’d) (same). As the Texas Supreme Court recently explained, when a

deed is held in escrow pending the fulfillment of conditions, it is not immediately effective, but

once those conditions are fulfilled it becomes a “deed to all intents and purposes.” Boozer v.

Fischer, No. 22-0050, 2023 WL 4278510, at *4 (Tex. June 30, 2023) (citing 2 William Blackstone,

Commentaries *307).

       In this same vein, Romero and Grab’s failure to immediately record the deeds did not have

any impact on their legal title to the Property, as a deed does not have to be recorded to convey

title. See Adams v. First Nat’l Bank of Bells/Savoy, 154 S.W.3d 859, 869 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2005,

no pet.) (“A deed does not have to be recorded to convey title.”) (citing Thornton v. Rains, 299

S.W.2d 287, 288 (Tex. 1957); Burris v. McDougald, 832 S.W.2d 707, 709 (Tex. App.—Corpus

Christi 1992, no writ)); see also Sumeer Homes, Inc., 2013 WL 2467252, at *4 (party’s failure to

record deed following sale of property did not affect the validity of the transaction). To the

                                                20
contrary, as the Sellers point out, the “only practical effect” of Romero and Grab’s delay in

recording the Phase One deed was that Phase One continued to “appear” to hold a “record title” in

the Property, as reflected in the 2018 Title Commitment. But as the Sellers point out, record title

“refers to the appearance of title in the public record, but it is distinct from the concepts of legal

and equitable title (emphasis added).” Haynes v. Molina, No. 01-19-00917-CV, 2021 WL

4155822, at *5 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Sept. 14, 2021, pet. denied) (mem. op.); see also

Longoria, 292 S.W.3d at 165 (recognizing that “record title” means “title as it appears in the public

records after the deed is properly recorded”). Accordingly, the fact that the 2018 Title Commitment

identified Phase One as having a “record” interest in the Property did not have any bearing on

whether Romero and Grab had legal title to Phase One’s former interest in the Property or their

ability to convey clear title to TPL.

             (2) The TPL Parties suffered no damages from any title defects in the deed

        Moreover, even if the TPL Parties could establish that the Sellers breached their 2017

Parcel I Sales Agreement with TPL due to their alleged failure to convey clear title, there is nothing

in the record to suggest the TPL Parties suffered any damages as the result thereof. Instead, the

undisputed evidence showed it was TPL’s failure to perform its obligations under the 2017 Parcel

I Sales Agreement that caused any damages that TPL, Gonzalez, or both allegedly suffered.

        As explained above, the TPL Parties acknowledge TPL failed to make its first installment

payment by the April 14, 2018 deadline set forth in the Final Agreement—and the undisputed

evidence established that the Parcel I Sales Agreement (the fourth amendment to the 2015

Contract) automatically terminated at that time due to TDL’s default, triggering Sierra Title’s duty

to record the Parcel I Reconveyance Deed. 13 Yet, the TPL Parties continued to negotiate with

13
  At times in his brief, the TDL Parties suggest TDL was not in default until July 27, 2018, when the third and final
payment was due on the Parcel I Note in accordance with the parties’ Final Agreement. However, the Final Agreement

                                                        21
Casaporta from April to August of 2018 in an attempt to sell Casaporta the Property, despite no

longer having any interest after April 14, 2018, much less legal, or even equitable, title at the

time. 14 In fact, the undisputed evidence demonstrated that—although TPL had “record” title to

Parcel I at the time of their negotiations—Casaporta’s principal terminated the negotiations upon

learning TPL had defaulted on the Parcel I Note and therefore itself lacked the necessary legal title

to convey any interest in the Property to Casaporta. Accordingly, any profits the TPL Parties may

have lost due to Casaporta’s termination resulted from TPL’s own failure to perform its contractual

obligations, not from any breach on the Sellers’ part. Similarly, any losses Gonzalez, TPL, or both

may have incurred in attempting to purchase or develop the Property also stemmed from TPL’s

failure to fulfill its contractual obligations, not from any record title issues appearing in the 2018

Title Commitment.

         Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court properly granted the Sellers’ motion for

summary judgment dismissing the TPL Parties’ cause of action for breach of contract.

                        TPL’S REQUEST FOR SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE

         Although not a separate cause of action, we explain below why the TPL Parties’ request

for specific performance was not supported by the record and was properly dismissed.

         A. Applicable law

         “Specific performance is an equitable remedy that may be awarded upon a showing of

breach of contract.” See Goldman v. Olmstead, 414 S.W.3d 346, 361 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013,

pet. denied); Stafford v. S. Vanity Magazine, Inc., 231 S.W.3d 530, 535 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2007,

pet. denied). Specific performance compels “a party violating a duty under a valid contract to

clearly stated that the parties’ contract would terminate upon the failure to make the first installment payment on
April 14, 2018.
14
   The Sellers also introduced evidence that Gonzalez was attempting to negotiate with other potential purchasers and
investors for months after he defaulted on the Final Agreement.

                                                         22
comply with its obligations.” See Woody v. J. Black’s L.P., No. 07-12-00192-CV, 2013 WL

5744359, at *5 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Oct. 18, 2013, pet. denied) (mem. op.). It is properly used

when a court determines that monetary damages would not be adequate to compensate the non-

breaching party. See In re Staley, 320 S.W.3d 490, 499 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, no pet.); see

also Stafford, 231 S.W.3d at 535; Scott Pelley P.C. v. Wynne, No. 05-15-01560-CV, 2017 WL

3699823, at *13 (Tex. App.—Dallas Aug. 28, 2017, pet. denied) (mem. op.).

       Although specific performance requires the plaintiff to establish the four elements of a

breach-of-contract claim, a party seeking specific performance may, in some circumstances, be

excused from pleading and proving the second element of a breach of contract claim, i.e., that the

plaintiff performed under the contract or tendered performance, as contractually required.

DiGiuseppe v. Lawler, 269 S.W.3d 588, 593–94, 601 (Tex. 2008). In the context of specific

performance, a party may be excused from performance when the other party has openly

repudiated the contract or when the circumstances otherwise suggest it would be “useless” for the

party to tender its performance. Id. at 594. This “exception to the general rule—that actual tender

of performance is a prerequisite to obtaining specific performance—is grounded in the notion that

actual pre-suit tender of performance should be excused when it would be a ‘useless act, an idle

ceremony, or wholly nugatory.’” (emphasis in original) Id. (quoting Wilson v. Klein, 715 S.W.2d

814, 822 (Tex. App.—Austin 1986, writ ref’d n.r.e.)); see also Chapman v. Olbrich, 217 S.W.3d

482, 491 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, no pet.) (recognizing that when a party seeks

specific performance, the “[t]ender of performance is excused under certain circumstances, such

as when a tender would be futile or when the defendants have repudiated the contract”).

Nevertheless, “even when a plaintiff’s pre-suit tender of performance is excused, he is still

obligated to plead and prove his readiness, willingness, and ability to perform at relevant times

before specific performance may be awarded.” DiGiuseppe, 269 S.W.3d at 595 (citing Ratcliffe v.

                                                23
Mahres, 122 S.W.2d 718, 721–22 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1938, writ ref’d) (recognizing that “a party

seeking the remedy of specific performance . . . must show himself to have been ready, desirous,

prompt, and eager” at all relevant times)). In other words, a plaintiff must prove: (1) he tendered

performance under a contract or was excused from doing so; and (2) he was ready, willing, and

able at all relevant times to tender his performance. Id. at 594–95; see also Smith v. Dass, Inc., 283

S.W.3d 537, 545 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2009, no pet.) (recognizing that a plaintiff must establish

both requirements to be entitled to specific performance of a contract).

       B. Analysis

       We conclude that the TPL Parties did not come forward with any evidence to establish

either specific-performance requirement. First, we have already concluded there is no evidence in

the record to support a finding that TPL’s failure to tender its performance resulted from any breach

of the parties’ 2017 Parcel I Sales Agreement, as no such breach occurred. In addition, we find no

evidence that the Sellers repudiated the contract prior to TPL’s default that would have excused

its performance. “Repudiation” consists in such words or actions by a contracting party as

indicating that he is not going to perform his contract in the future. Fowler v. Resolution Tr. Corp.,

855 S.W.2d 31, 36 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1993, no writ) (citing Group Life and Health Insurance

Company v. Turner, 620 S.W.2d 670, 673 (Tex. Civ. App.—Dallas 1981, no writ)). “It is conduct

which shows a fixed intention to abandon, renounce and refuse to perform the contract.” Id. Here,

there is nothing in the record to suggest the Sellers ever expressed any intent to terminate the

contract prior to TDL’s default. To the contrary, at all relevant times, the Sellers expressed their

intent to go forward with the sales contract, giving TPL multiple extensions of time to pay on the

Parcel I Note for almost a year before finally terminating the agreement when TPL failed to make

the required installment payment on the Parcel I Note pursuant to the Final Agreement.

                                                 24
       Second, the TPL Parties failed to present any evidence to establish they were “ready,

willing and able” to perform under the contract at all relevant times, as required to be entitled to

specific performance. On appeal, the TPL Parties contend they have been ready since at least

August of 2018, as reflected in the text Gonzalez sent to Duncan at that time, advising him that

TPL had the necessary funds to close the contract and could “close the deal” in ten days. However,

as explained above, because TDL had already defaulted on the Parcel I Sales Agreement in

April 2018, through no fault of the Sellers, TDL’s expression of “readiness” to close almost four

months after its material breach does not establish that it was ready, willing, and able to do so at

any relevant time prior to the default. To the contrary, the undisputed record demonstrated that

despite being given multiple extensions to fulfill its obligation to make even one installment

payment on the Parcel I Note, TPL never once tendered a payment while the sales contract was

still operative. Nor did TPL ever inform the Sellers it was withholding payment due to any

perceived title issues prior to its default; in fact, the TPL Parties acknowledge that they were not

aware of the title issues until July 2018—well after the agreement was “kaput”—when they

received the 2018 Title Commitment reciting Phase One’s record interest in the Property.

Accordingly, the record does not contain even a scintilla of evidence to support a finding that TPL

was entitled to specific performance.

       Because the TPL Parties did not come forward with evidence to support the elements of

their claim for breach of contract or their request for specific performance, we conclude that the

trial court did not err in granting the Sellers’ combined no-evidence and traditional summary

judgment motion.

                                                25
         Accordingly, we overrule Appellees’ first issue. 15

              DUNCAN’S REQUEST FOR DAMAGES FOR FRIVOLOUS APPEAL

         Finally, we address Appellee Duncan’s request for Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 45

damages from the TPL Parties for filing a frivolous appeal. Rule 45 provides: “If the court of

appeals determines that an appeal is frivolous, it may—on motion of any party or on its own

initiative, after notice and a reasonable opportunity for response—award each prevailing party just

damages.” TEX. R. APP. P. 45. An appeal is frivolous when the record, viewed from the perspective

of the advocate, “does not provide reasonable grounds for the advocate to believe that the case

could be reversed.” Meraz v. Booker, No. 08-22-00116-CV, 2022 WL 3010077, at *1

(Tex. App.—El Paso July 29, 2022, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing Ortiz v. St. Teresa Nursing &

Rehabilitation Center, LLC, 579 S.W.3d 696, 708 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2019, pet. denied)).

Whether to grant sanctions for filing a frivolous appeal is within the Court’s discretion. Id. And

we only grant sanctions “in truly egregious circumstances.” McCullough v. Scarbrough, Medlin,

& Associates Inc., No. 08-12-00205-CV, 2012 WL 3100845, at *1 (Tex. App.—El Paso July 31,

2012, no pet.) (mem. op.).

         Appellee Duncan argues an award of damages would be appropriate, not only because he

believes the TPL Parties’ appeal was frivolous, but because he believes they engaged in “litigation

abuse” by bringing their counterclaims in the trial court, which he contends never had any basis in

facts or law. Duncan complains that he and the other Sellers spent a significant amount of money

and time to bring this matter to a close, complaining of incidents that occurred even after the appeal

was filed. And he therefore requests an award of attorney’s fees, not just for the expenses the

15
   In light of our disposition of Issue One, we need not address the TDL Parties’ Issue Two in which they challenge
the trial court’s order granting the Sellers’ “dispositive” summary judgment motion based on the Sellers’ affirmative
defenses.

                                                        26
Sellers incurred in defending the appeal, but for the expenses they incurred in the five years of

litigation. While Duncan spends much time addressing what occurred in the trial court and

accusing the TPL Parties and their attorney of wrongdoing, he spends little time addressing

whether the arguments the TPL Parties made on appeal were so frivolous that we should consider

them to be “egregious” in nature. 16

         Moreover, while we agree with the Sellers that the trial court properly dismissed the TPL

Parties’ counterclaims as being factually unsupported, we cannot say that the arguments the TPL

Parties advanced on appeal were wholly frivolous. It was necessary for us to examine the title

issues the TPL Parties raised with respect to Phase One’s interest in the Property because of

Romero and Grab’s admitted delay in addressing those issues. Accordingly, we do not consider

this a truly egregious circumstance on appeal, and we decline to impose Rule 45 sanctions against

the TPL Parties.

                                                  CONCLUSION
         The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.

                                                       LISA J. SOTO, Justice

September 5, 2023

Before Rodriguez, C.J., Palafox, J., Soto, J.

16
   Duncan also contends that the TPL Parties’ attorney has “no business holding a law license” and that he should be
disciplined by the State Bar for his conduct in pursuing frivolous litigation and “perpetrating a fraud.” He further
contends that the Texas Real Estate Commission should discipline Gonzalez and that he has “no business holding a
real estate license in the State of Texas.” We have no authority to discipline either TPL’s attorney or Gonzalez in those
regards, as appropriate disciplinary boards exist for such complaints.

                                                          27