Court Opinion

ID: 2977826
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 18:14:44.601119+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:44:09.042264
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                           Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                 File Name: 09a0097p.06

              UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                _________________

                                                 X
                           Plaintiff-Appellee, -
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                  -
                                                  -
                                                  -
                                                       No. 07-5412
          v.
                                                  ,
                                                   >
                                                  -
                        Defendant-Appellant. -
 MYRON BAKER,
                                                  -
                                                 N
                    Appeal from the United States District Court
               for the Eastern District of Tennessee of Chattanooga.
              No. 06-00069—Curtis L. Collier, Chief District Judge.
                               Submitted: March 3, 2009
                         Decided and Filed: March 16, 2009
               Before: KEITH, COLE, and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges.

                                 _________________

                                      COUNSEL
ON BRIEF: Charles Patrick Dupree, LAW OFFICE, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for
Appellant. Scott A. Winne, ASSISTANT UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Chattanooga,
Tennessee, for Appellee.
                                 _________________

                                       OPINION
                                 _________________

       McKEAGUE, Circuit Judge. Defendant Myron Baker appeals the 300-month
sentence he received following his guilty plea for conspiracy to distribute cocaine
hydrochloride. For the reasons stated below, we AFFIRM in part, REVERSE in part, and
REMAND to the district court for the limited purpose of resentencing defendant after
determining whether he qualifies as a career offender under the Sentencing Guidelines.

                                           1
No. 07-5412          United States v. Baker                                              Page 2

                                               I

        This case arose out of a joint investigation by local and federal law enforcement
agents into a drug trafficking organization coordinated by defendant and Rodney Bates in
Chattanooga, Tennessee. Through confidential sources and authorized wiretaps, agents
learned that defendant acted as the primary supplier for the organization, obtaining cocaine
hydrochloride from Atlanta, Georgia.

        On June 13, 2006, a federal grand jury in the Eastern District of Tennessee returned
a fourteen-count indictment against defendant and eleven other individuals, including
                                                                1
Rodney Bates and defendant’s half brother, Jermaine Baker. The first count charged all
twelve defendants with conspiracy to distribute five kilograms or more of cocaine
hydrochloride, fifty grams or more of crack cocaine, and 100 kilograms or more of
marijuana, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A), (b)(1)(B), and 846. Counts
ten and eleven charged defendant individually with possession with intent to distribute
marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 841(b)(1)(D) and being a felon in
possession of a firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2).

        On September 11, 2006, defendant appeared before the district court with counsel
and entered a guilty plea pursuant to a plea agreement. Defendant pleaded guilty to
conspiracy to distribute a mixture or substance containing five kilograms or more of
cocaine hydrochloride, as charged in count one.

        Defendant appeared before the district court for sentencing on March 29, 2007.
He objected to the Presentence Investigation Report’s (“PSR”) recommendation of a
four-level enhancement for his leadership role in the offense and a two-level
enhancement for possession of a firearm in the course of a drug trafficking offense. He
also challenged the PSR’s conclusion that he qualified as a career offender. The district
court granted defendant’s objection regarding the firearm enhancement, but denied his
other two objections. After applying a full three-level reduction for acceptance of
responsibility under U.S. SENTENCING GUIDELINES MANUAL (“U.S.S.G.”) § 3E1.1, the

        1
         Defendant’s appeal in this case has been consolidated with the appeals of two of his co-
defendants: Jermaine Baker, No. 06-6610, and Roderick Bates, No. 07-5033.
No. 07-5412             United States v. Baker                                                       Page 3

district court determined that the total offense level was 34 and the criminal history
category was VI, which yielded a Guidelines range of 262 to 327 months.
Acknowledging the advisory nature of the Guidelines, the district court then sentenced
defendant to a term of 300 months’ imprisonment. Defendant timely appealed his
sentence.2

                                                     II

         Following United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005), we review a district
court’s sentencing decisions “under a deferential abuse-of-discretion standard,” for
reasonableness. Gall v. United States, 128 S. Ct. 586, 591 (2007); United States v.
Stephens, 549 F.3d 459, 464 (6th Cir. 2008). This inquiry consists of both a procedural
and a substantive component. Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 597.

         First, we must “ensure that the district court committed no significant procedural
error.” Id. A sentence is procedurally unreasonable if the district court fails to calculate
(or improperly calculates) the Guidelines range, treats the Guidelines as mandatory, fails
to consider the § 3553(a) factors, selects a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or
fails to adequately explain the chosen sentence. Id. We review the district court’s
application of the Sentencing Guidelines de novo and the district court’s findings of fact
at sentencing for clear error. United States v. Hunt, 487 F.3d 347, 350 (6th Cir. 2007).

         If the sentence is procedurally sound, we then must consider “the substantive
reasonableness of the sentence imposed.” Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 597. A sentence is
substantively unreasonable if the district court “selects a sentence arbitrarily, bases the
sentence on impermissible factors, fails to consider relevant sentencing factors, or gives
an unreasonable amount of weight to any pertinent factor.” United States v. Conatser,
514 F.3d 508, 520 (6th Cir. 2008). Sentences imposed within a properly-calculated

         2
           Although defendant filed his notice of appeal after he was sentenced, but before the district court
entered judgment, we still possess appellate jurisdiction. See FED. R. APP. P. 4(a)(2) (“A notice of appeal
filed after the court announces a decision or order—but before the entry of the judgment or order—is
treated as filed on the date of and after the entry.”); Metro. Life Ins. Co. v. Marsh, 119 F.3d 415, 418 n.3
(6th Cir. 1997) (“As long as a subsequent final order is eventually entered, a prematurely filed notice of
appeal can confer appellate jurisdiction.”).
No. 07-5412         United States v. Baker                                           Page 4

Guidelines range enjoy a rebuttable presumption of substantive reasonableness on
appeal. United States v. Vonner, 516 F.3d 382, 389-90 (6th Cir. 2008) (en banc); see
also Rita v. United States, 127 S. Ct. 2456, 2462-63 (2007) (holding that “a court of
appeals may apply a presumption of reasonableness to a district court sentence that
reflects a proper application of the Sentencing Guidelines”).

                                             III

        On appeal, defendant makes several challenges to the district court’s Guidelines
calculations. “When considering the Guidelines, the district court must calculate the
correct sentencing range. In practice, this means that the court must begin at the proper
base-offense level, apply any applicable enhancements or reductions to arrive at the
adjusted-offense level, and use the resulting offense level with the appropriate criminal-
history category to arrive at a sentencing range.” United States v. Thompson, 515 F.3d
556, 561 (6th Cir. 2008) (citation omitted). Here, defendant alleges that the district court
erred by applying an offense level enhancement for his leadership role in the offense,
applying a criminal history score enhancement for committing the offense while on
probation, and classifying him as a career offender.

A. Enhancement for Leadership Role in the Offense

        Defendant argues that he improperly received an offense level enhancement for
his leadership role in the offense. The Guidelines provide for a four-level enhancement
“[i]f the defendant was an organizer or leader of a criminal activity that involved five or
more participants or was otherwise extensive.” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a).

        First, defendant appears to argue that the district court used an overly broad
definition of “participants” in finding that the criminal activity involved at least five
participants. A “participant” is defined as “a person who is criminally responsible for
the commission of the offense, but need not have been convicted.” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1
cmt. n.1. Here, it is undisputed that the indictment charged at least twelve individuals
for their involvement in this drug conspiracy, and the record indicates that at least six
of those co-defendants—not including defendant himself—pleaded guilty to the charges.
No. 07-5412         United States v. Baker                                            Page 5

Moreover, defense counsel admitted at the sentencing hearing that “I believe in this case
there were definitely more than four people involved in the total conspiracy.”
Sentencing Tr. at 3, J.A. at 178. Thus, it is clear that the offense involved five or more
“participants.”

        Second, defendant argues that there was no evidence that he directly supervised
five or more participants.      But “a defendant whose sentence is enhanced under
§ 3B1.1(a) need only supervise or manage one of the five or more other participants.”
United States v. Robinson, 503 F.3d 522, 529 (6th Cir. 2007) (emphasis added); see also
U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a) cmt. n.2 (providing that, “[t]o qualify for an adjustment under this
section, the defendant must have been the organizer [or] leader . . . of one or more other
participants”). Here, the PSR indicated that defendant acted as the supplier for the drug
trafficking organization. It also detailed conversations between defendant and other
individuals, which indicated that defendant and Rodney Bates were the organizers and
leaders of the organization. Because defendant did not object to the PSR’s factual
allegations, the district court was allowed to accept them as true. See United States v.
Carter, 355 F.3d 920, 925 (6th Cir. 2004) (“‘The district court is allowed to accept as
true all factual allegations in a presentence report to which the defendant does not
object.’” (quoting United States v. Levy, 250 F.3d 1015, 1018 (6th Cir. 2001)). Based
upon the evidence before it, the district court did not clearly err in finding that defendant
was the organizer or leader of at least one participant in the offense.

        Despite defendant’s unsupported assertions on appeal, the district court properly
concluded that defendant “was an organizer or leader of a criminal activity that involved
five or more participants,” and therefore did not err in applying the four-level
enhancement under § 3B1.1(a).

B. Enhancement for Commission of Offense While on Probation

        Defendant next argues that the district court improperly added two points to his
criminal history score for committing the offense while on probation. The Guidelines
provide for a two-point enhancement in a defendant’s criminal history score “if the
No. 07-5412            United States v. Baker                                                     Page 6

defendant committed the instant offense while under any criminal justice sentence,
including probation, parole, supervised release, imprisonment, work release, or escape
status.” U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(d).

         We find no error by the district court in determining that defendant committed
the instant offense while on probation. The PSR indicated that defendant was on
probation for DUI and possession of marijuana at the time he committed the offense for
which he pleaded guilty. Defendant did not object to this factual finding at his
sentencing hearing, so the district court properly accepted it as true. See Carter, 355
F.3d at 925. Further, defendant admitted in his plea agreement “that within the time
frame alleged in Count One of the Indictment”—that is, January 2002 through June
2006—“he conspired with others . . . to distribute more than five kilograms of cocaine
hydrochloride.” The PSR shows that defendant was convicted and sentenced to
probation twice within this time frame: on January 29, 2002, and January 24, 2006.
Accordingly, the district court did not err in applying the enhancement to defendant’s
criminal history score under § 4A1.1(d).

C. Enhancement for Career Offender Status

         Finally, defendant argues that he should not have received an offense level
enhancement for his status as a career offender under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a). If the district
court had not applied this enhancement, the total offense level would have been 33 rather
than 34.3 Based upon this reduced offense level, the advisory Guidelines range would
have been 235 to 293 months rather than 262 to 327 months.4

         Section 4B1.1(a) provides the following:

         3
           Although the original PSR calculated an adjusted offense level of 40, the government was
willing to agree at the sentencing hearing that defendant “actually [has] got an adjusted offense level of
38 in the new addendum” to the PSR. After the district court granted defendant’s objection to the two-
level firearm enhancement and applied the three-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility, then, the
total offense level would have been 33.
         4
         Both of these calculations are based upon a criminal history category of VI, because defendant
would have fallen into that category regardless of whether he qualified as a career offender.
No. 07-5412             United States v. Baker                                                       Page 7

         A defendant is a career offender if (1) the defendant was at least eighteen
         years old at the time the defendant committed the instant offense of
         conviction; (2) the instant offense of conviction is a felony that is either
         a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense; and (3) the
         defendant has at least two prior felony convictions of either a crime of
         violence or a controlled substance offense.
Defendant does not argue that he did not satisfy the first two requirements for career
offender status; rather, he argues that he did not possess the requisite predicate felony
convictions. The district court found that defendant qualified as a career offender based
upon his two state felony convictions for aggravated assault and his state felony
conviction for reckless endangerment. “We review de novo a district court’s conclusion
that a crime qualifies as a predicate offense for the career-offender designation.” United
States v. Skipper, 552 F.3d 489, 491 (6th Cir. 2009).

         First, defendant claims that his two aggravated assault convictions arose out of
the same incident and therefore should have been considered a single offense. The
provisions of U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2 are applicable to the counting of convictions under the
career offender provisions of the Guidelines. U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2 cmt. n.3. At the time of
defendant’s sentencing hearing in 2006, § 4A1.2 provided that “[p]rior sentences
imposed in unrelated cases are to be counted separately. Prior sentences imposed in
related cases are to be treated as one sentence.”5 Application Note 3 explained the
method for determining whether cases were “related”:

         Prior sentences are not considered related if they were for offenses that
         were separated by an intervening arrest (i.e., the defendant is arrested for
         the first offense prior to committing the second offense). Otherwise,
         prior sentences are considered related if they resulted from offenses that
         (1) occurred on the same occasion, (2) were part of a single common
         scheme or plan, or (3) were consolidated for trial or sentencing.
U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2 cmt. n.3. Here, the record does not clearly indicate whether
defendant’s two aggravated assault convictions constituted separate convictions for

         5
            In 2007, § 4A1.2 was amended and now provides the following: “Prior sentences always are
counted separately if the sentences were imposed for offenses that were separated by an intervening arrest
(i.e., the defendant is arrested for the first offense prior to committing the second offense). If there is no
intervening arrest, prior sentences are counted separately unless (A) the sentences resulted from offenses
contained in the same charging instrument; or (B) the sentences were imposed on the same day.”
No. 07-5412             United States v. Baker                                                       Page 8

career offender purposes. According to the PSR, both of these convictions were based
upon conduct that occurred on the same day—July 9, 1991. There is no indication of
any intervening arrest; in fact, the convictions appear to have stemmed from the same
incident in which defendant and another individual caused bodily injury to two other
individuals.6 Defendant was also sentenced for both offenses on the same day. Finally,
it appears from the transcript of the sentencing hearing that both the government and the
district court assumed that these offenses only constituted a single conviction.

           In fact, the government maintained at the sentencing hearing, and the district
court seemed to agree, that defendant’s Tennessee conviction for reckless endangerment
qualified as the second predicate felony conviction for purposes of career offender
status.7       Defendant challenges this finding on appeal, contending that reckless
endangerment does not constitute a “crime of violence” under Tennessee law. Under the
Guidelines, a “crime of violence” is defined as follows:

           [A]ny offense under federal or state law, punishable by imprisonment for
           a term exceeding one year, that—
           (1) has as an element the use, or threatened use of physical force against
           the person of another, or
           (2) is burglary of a dwelling, arson, or extortion, involves use of
           explosives, or otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious
           potential risk of physical injury to another.
U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a). Under the “categorical approach” for determining whether a prior
conviction constitutes a crime of violence under § 4B1.2(a), we must look “only to the
fact of conviction and the statutory definition—not the facts of the underlying

           6
           According to the PSR, the indictment in defendant’s first aggravated assault conviction “charged
that, on July 9, 1991, Myron Orlando Baker and Derrick Richardson unlawfully caused bodily injury to
Garry Brown, by use of a deadly weapon.” The indictment in the second aggravated assault conviction
apparently “charged that, on July 9, 1991, Myron Orlando Baker and Derrick Richardson intentionally,
knowingly or recklessly caused bodily injury to Edwin Crayton, by use of a deadly weapon.”
           7
           The district court’s conclusion as to which of defendant’s offenses qualified as predicate felonies
for career offender purposes is somewhat unclear. The U.S. Attorney argued that even if defendant’s two
aggravated assault convictions were considered a single offense, the reckless endangerment conviction was
sufficient to place defendant in the career offender category. The district court then stated: “And as [the
U.S. Attorney] indicated, the predicate offenses for the career offender were separate.” Sentencing Tr. at
11, J.A. at 185.
No. 07-5412            United States v. Baker                                                     Page 9

offense—to determine whether that definition supports a conclusion that the conviction
was for a crime of violence.”8 United States v. Bartee, 529 F.3d 357, 359 (6th Cir.
2008); see also James v. United States, 550 U.S. 192, 201-02 (2007). In a case where
the statutory definition is ambiguous and where a defendant has pleaded guilty, we may
also consider the “charging document, written plea agreement, transcript of plea
colloquy, and any explicit factual finding by the trial judge to which the defendant
assented.” Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 16 (2005); see also Skipper, 552 F.3d
at 492; Bartee, 529 F.3d at 359.

         Under Tennessee law, reckless endangerment is committed by one “who
recklessly engages in conduct that places or may place another person in imminent
danger of death or serious bodily injury.” TENN. CODE ANN. § 39-13-103(a). The
offense becomes a felony when “committed with a deadly weapon,” TENN. CODE ANN.
§ 39-13-103(b), which includes a motor vehicle, State v. Wilson, 211 S.W.3d 714, 719
(Tenn. 2007). This offense does not fall within the language of § 4B1.2(a)(1) because
it does not involve the “use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of
another,” and it clearly does not involve “burglary of a dwelling, arson, or extortion, [or]
use of explosives” under § 4B1.2(a)(2). Accordingly, the offense can only be considered
a “crime of violence” if we conclude that it “otherwise involves conduct that presents
a serious potential risk of physical injury to another” under § 4B1.2(a)(2).

         This court has previously held that a Tennessee conviction for felony reckless
endangerment constitutes a “violent felony” for purposes of the Armed Career Criminal
Act (“ACCA”) because “no scenario exists in which an individual could commit felony
reckless endangerment without creating a serious risk of harm to others.” United States
v. Bailey, 264 F. App’x 480, 482 (6th Cir. 2008). More recently, however, this court
remanded a case to the district court for resentencing where the district court had

         8
          This categorical approach was initially articulated in the context of whether a prior conviction
constitutes a “violent felony” under the Armed Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”), 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2).
See Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 602 (1990). However, the approach has been subsequently
“applied by this court to the parallel determination of whether a prior conviction constitutes a ‘crime of
violence’ under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a).” United States v. Bartee, 529 F.3d 357, 359 (6th Cir. 2008) (citing
United States v. Arnold, 58 F.3d 1117, 1121 (6th Cir. 1995), and United States v. Foreman, 436 F.3d 638,
641 (6th Cir. 2006)).
No. 07-5412         United States v. Baker                                          Page 10

determined that felony reckless endangerment in Tennessee constituted a “crime of
violence” under § 4B1.2(a). United States v. Johnson, No. 06-6545, 2009 WL 224036,
at *7 (6th Cir. Jan. 30, 2009).

          The Johnson court reasoned that the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Begay
v. United States, 128 S. Ct. 1581 (2008), “makes clear that the presence of a serious
potential risk of physical injury alone is not sufficient to establish that the conviction is
a ‘crime of violence’ under the ‘otherwise’ clause of USSG § 4B1.2(a)(2).” Johnson,
2009 WL 224036, at *7. Indeed, the Supreme Court in Begay stated that the ACCA’s
“listed examples—burglary, arson, extortion, or crimes involving the use of
explosives—illustrate the kinds of crimes that fall within the statute’s scope. Their
presence indicates that the statute covers only similar crimes, rather than every crime
that ‘presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another.’” Begay, 128 S. Ct.
at 1584-85 (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(iii)). Thus, the Court concluded that the
clause only covers crimes that “are roughly similar, in kind as well as in degree of risk
posed, to the examples themselves.” Id. at 1587. Because the crime of driving under the
influence did not involve the kind of “purposeful, violent, and aggressive” conduct as
the listed examples, the Court held that it fell outside the scope of the ACCA’s “violent
felony” definition. Id. at 1586, 1588. Even more recently, in Chambers v. United States,
the Court held that the Illinois offense of failure to report to a penal institution did not
constitute a “violent felony,” noting that the elements of the crime were a “far cry from
the purposeful, violent, and aggressive conduct potentially at issue when an offender
uses explosives against property, commits arson, burgles a dwelling or residence, or
engages in certain forms of extortion.” 129 S. Ct. 687, 692 (2009) (citing Begay, 127
S. Ct. at 1586) (internal quotation marks omitted). After Begay, this court has held that
the career offender provision of the Guidelines “also should be limited to crimes that are
similar in both kind and in degree of risk to the enumerated examples—burglary of a
dwelling, arson, extortion, or crimes involving the use of explosives.” Bartee, 529 F.3d
at 363.
No. 07-5412            United States v. Baker                                                    Page 11

         We agree with this court’s decision in Johnson and conclude that, insofar as the
district court determined that defendant’s Tennessee reckless endangerment conviction
qualified as a “crime of violence” under the Guidelines, there was insufficient evidence
for it to do so. Although it is hardly debatable that the elements of felony reckless
endangerment in Tennessee “present[ ] a serious potential risk of physical injury to
another,” § 4B1.2(a)(2), the offense does not clearly involve the type of “purposeful,
violent, and aggressive” conduct as burglary, arson, extortion, or the use of explosives,
Begay,128 S. Ct. at 1586.9 Rather, on its face the statute criminalizes only reckless
conduct. See TENN. CODE ANN. § 39-13-103(a); see also United States v. Gray, 535
F.3d 128, 132 (2d Cir. 2008) (holding that a similar reckless endangerment statute under
New York law is not a “crime of violence” because it “does not criminalize purposeful
or deliberate conduct”).

         Accordingly, we reverse and vacate defendant’s sentence and remand to the
district court for resentencing on the limited issue of whether defendant was entitled to
a career offender enhancement in light of Begay. We do so despite the fact that the
Supreme Court decided Begay after defendant was sentenced, and despite the fact that
defendant did not object to consideration of the offense as a predicate felony before the
district court. Because defendant did not object, our review is limited to determining
whether the district court committed plain error. Skipper, 552 F.3d at 491; see also
United States v. Barnett, 398 F.3d 516, 525 (6th Cir. 2005) (noting that plain error
review applied where the defendant did not challenge his sentence before the district
court, but where Booker subsequently made the Guidelines advisory); United States v.
Heikes, 525 F.3d 662, 664 (8th Cir. 2008) (“When the Supreme Court changes the law
while a defendant’s case is pending on appeal, the plain error principle applies.”); United
States v. Spells, 537 F.3d 743, 748 (7th Cir. 2008) (noting that plain error review applies
where “the Supreme Court issues an applicable decision post-sentencing, but during a
pending appeal”). To establish plain error, a defendant must show the following:

         9
          Although defendant does not explicitly cite to Begay in his appeal brief, his argument tracks the
reasoning of Begay: he argues that reckless endangerment “does not on its face qualify as a crime of
violence.”
No. 07-5412         United States v. Baker                                            Page 12

        (1) that an error occurred in the district court; (2) that the error was
        plain, i.e., obvious or clear; (3) that the error affected defendant’s
        substantial rights; and (4) that this adverse impact seriously affected the
        fairness, integrity or public reputation of the judicial proceedings.
United States v. Koeberlein, 161 F.3d 946, 949 (6th Cir. 1998).

        In this case, the plain error standard has been satisfied. Because defendant’s
reckless endangerment conviction does not on its face constitute a “crime of violence”
under Begay, there was error under the current law. See United States v. Rogers,
118 F.3d 466, 471 (6th Cir. 1997) (“To review for plain error, first we must determine
whether there was error under current law.” (emphasis added)).                 This error is
“plain”—that is, “clear” or “obvious”—because Begay clearly altered the requirements
for an offense to qualify as a predicate felony under the “otherwise” clause of
§ 4B1.2(a). See Johnson v. United States, 520 U.S. 461, 467 (1997) (holding that
“where the law at the time of trial was settled and clearly contrary to the law at the time
of appeal . . . it is enough that an error be ‘plain’ at the time of appellate consideration”).
Indeed, prior to Begay, it was sufficient if the “conduct encompassed by the elements of
the offense, in the ordinary case, present[ed] a serious potential risk of injury to
another.” James, 550 U.S. at 208; see also Bailey, 264 F. App’x at 482. There was no
requirement that the offense be “similar, in kind as well as in degree of risk posed,” to
the listed examples in § 4B1.2(a)(2). Begay, 128 S. Ct. at 1587; Bartee, 529 F.3d at 363.

        This error affected defendant’s substantial rights by potentially increasing the
advisory Guidelines range from 235 to 293 months to a range of 262 to 327 months. See
Barnett, 398 F.3d at 529 (holding that the possibility of receiving a lower sentence after
Booker affected a defendant’s substantial rights); United States v. Oliver, 397 F.3d 369,
380 (6th Cir. 2005) (holding that a more severe sentence affected the defendant’s
substantial rights); cf. United States v. Bostic, 371 F.3d 865, 877 (6th Cir. 2004) (holding
that the district court’s sentencing error “affected the government’s and the United States
citizens’ substantial rights because it drastically reduced [the defendant’s] sentence”).
It is apparent from the record that there was a reasonable probability defendant would
have received a more favorable sentence had the district court properly calculated the
No. 07-5412            United States v. Baker                                                    Page 13

Guidelines range. The district court noted that “a sentence within the guideline” range
was appropriate, Sentencing Tr. at 16, J.A. at 190, and sentenced defendant near the
middle of the potentially improperly-calculated Guidelines range. If, on remand, the
district court concludes that defendant does not qualify as a career offender, defendant
could receive a sentence at least seven months shorter than his original sentence.
Further, the PSR does not clearly indicate any alternative qualifying predicate
offenses—although defendant has a rich criminal history, each of his other offenses
appears to be a misdemeanor or also does not appear to qualify as a “crime of violence.”
Finally, as to the fourth prong of the plain error standard of review, such an error in the
calculation of the sentencing range seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public
reputation of judicial proceedings. See United States v. Story, 503 F.3d 436, 440 (6th
Cir. 2007); Oliver, 397 F.3d at 380; United States v. Goward, No. 06-2586, 2009 WL
512685, at *6 (6th Cir. Mar. 2, 2009).

         Moreover, we note that at least one of our sister circuits has already reached the
same conclusion as we do today. See United States v. Davidson, 551 F.3d 807, 808 (8th
Cir. 2008) (holding that “[u]nder current law, it was plain error for the district court to
conclude that Davidson’s commission of tampering by operation was a crime of
violence”); United States v. Heikes, 525 F.3d 662, 664 (8th Cir. 2008) (holding that
Begay entitled the defendant to plain error relief “because his three DWI convictions do
not qualify as violent felonies” under the ACCA).

         The government argues that if defendant had objected to the conclusion that
reckless endangerment constituted a predicate felony, it could have presented additional
evidence establishing that the conviction did qualify as a “crime of violence.” The
district court may consider any of this additional factual evidence on remand, provided,
of course, that it is limited to the “charging document, written plea agreement, transcript
of plea colloquy, and any explicit factual finding by the trial judge to which the
defendant assented.”10 Shepard, 544 U.S. at 16. The government may also offer

         10
           Even though at the original sentencing hearing “[t]he government had the burdens of production
and persuasion” to prove that defendant’s reckless endangerment conviction qualified as a predicate felony
under § 4B1.1(a), its failure to do so was justified by “special circumstances”—the fact that Begay had not
No. 07-5412             United States v. Baker                                                      Page 14

evidence of any other separate predicate felonies, provided they were “felony
convictions of either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense” and were
sustained prior to defendant’s commission of the “instant offense of conviction.”11
U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(c).

         Because we remand to the district court for resentencing, we need not address
defendant’s other, more general objections to the procedural and substantive
reasonableness of his sentence. Moreover, we express no opinion as to the length of
defendant’s sentence on remand; of course, any sentence imposed by the district
court—including any variance from the properly-calculated advisory Guidelines
range—will be reviewed under the same deferential reasonableness standard with which
we review all sentences. See Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 591.

                                                     IV

         For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM in part and REVERSE in part
defendant’s sentence. We REMAND to the district court for the limited purpose of
resentencing defendant after determining whether defendant qualifies as a career
offender under the Guidelines, U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1, in light of the Supreme Court’s recent
decision in Begay and consistent with this opinion.

yet been decided at the time the sentencing hearing took place. United States v. Goodman, 519 F.3d 310,
323 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting United States v. Leonzo, 50 F.3d 1086, 1088 (D.C. Cir. 1995)). Accordingly,
the government should be permitted to present further evidence on this issue on remand.
         At the same time, the government also failed to offer factual evidence on the issue of whether
defendant was responsible for more than five kilograms of cocaine—which would have raised the total
offense level absent the career offender enhancement from a 33 to a 35. Because the government had an
incentive to present this evidence at the original sentencing hearing (the career offender enhancement only
yielded a total offense level of 34), and because its failure to do so was not otherwise justified by “special
circumstances,” we see no reason why it should be permitted to have a “second bite at the apple” on this
issue on remand. Id.
         11
           For example, the government could offer evidence demonstrating that defendant’s two
aggravated assault convictions are in fact separate convictions under U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2.