Court Opinion

ID: 8265737
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-10-16 16:01:06.933901+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:43:20.679829
License: Public Domain

NORTONI, J.
This is a suit for damages accrued to defendant in error on account of personal injuries received through the negligence of plaintiff in error.
*543In tlie circuit court, the finding and judgment were for plaintiff in the suit, and defendant therein prosecutes the writ of error in this court, as plaintiff in error.
Defendant in error, plaintiff in the suit, is a married woman and together with her husband resided in a tenement owned hy plaintiff in error, which was occupied hy them under a verbal lease from month to month with plaintiff in error. On the demised premises and appertaining thereto, there was situate a privy, the floor of which became out of repair and dangerous. Though plaintiff in error had not contracted in the lease to make repairs, she nevertheless voluntarily undertook to do so and sent her carpenter there for the purpose. It appears the carpenter performed the task in such a negligent manner as to render the floor dangerous, so that defendant in error broke through the same on stepping into the privy. On the breaking of the floor beneath her foot, defendant in error was precipitated against the side or seat of the outhouse with such force as to inflict a personal injury across her abdomen and to occasion a miscarriage a few hours thereafter.
Besides the original, three amended petition were filed in the case, and it is first argued that the third amended petition, on which the trial was had, is a departure and substituted a new cause of action for the' one originally declared upon. It is true the original petition and the first and second amended petitions are not models of good pleading, hut, upon looking into all of them, no one can doubt that in each amendment, the pleader adhered to the same cause of action that was defectively stated in the first filed. The grievance complained of, and the amount sought to he recovered therefor, is the same, in all, although some of the mere incidents pertaining thereto are varied in the different petitions. The present, or -third amended, petition declared upon the same injury and maintains *544in a general way the identity of the cause of action first stated, so that the character of the proof to maintain either would necessarily remain about the same. The amendment is properly' allowed so long as the gist of the cause of action in an amended pleading-remains the same as that set forth in the original, although some of the alleged incidents he different from those set forth. [Ingwerson v. C. & A. R. Co., 150 Mo. App. 374, 130 S. W. 411.] Besides, plaintiff in error answered the third amended petition and tried the case throughout thereon as though it adhered to the original cause of action stated. Because of this alone, the point that it was a departure from the original petition and substituted a new cause of action for that set forth therein was thereby waived and is now concluded from review on this writ of error. [See Grymes v. Liebke, etc., Mill Co., 111 Mo. App. 358, 85 S. W. 946; Scovill v. Glasner, 79 Mo. 449; Spurlock v. Mo. Pac. R. Co., 104 Mo. 658, 16 S. W. 834; Farmers’, etc., Bank v. Kont, 116 Mo. App. 371, 92 S. W. 724.]
It is neither averred not proved that plaintiff in error contracted, at the time of letting the premises, nor that she agr.eed at any time thereafter, on a new and sufficient consideration, to make repairs on the demised premises. Because of the omission to either 'aver or prove this fact, it is argued the court should have directed a verdict for plaintiff in error, for the reason, it is said, no obligation whatever rested upon her pertaining- to. the matter of repairs for a breach of which an action will lie. There can he no doubt that the landlord is not bound to keep the leased premises in repair, in the absence of an agreement to do so, made at the time of the letting, or thereafter upon a new and sufficient consideration. This being true, an action may not be maintained on account of an injury resulting to the tenant or a member of his family from the mere failure of the landlord to re*545pair the leased premises, for the reason no obligation resting on the landlord is breached by snch omission. [Ward v. Fagin, 101 Mo. 669, 14 S. W. 738; Glenn v. Hill, 210 Mo. 293, 109 S. W. 27; 2 Underhill, Landlord & Tenant, sec. 518.] But the suit proceeds • on another and distinct theory, for it is alleged, and the evidence tends to prove, that, though no obligation rested upon plaintiff in error in that behalf, she nevertheless voluntarily undertook to make the repairs and caused her carpenter to do so. It is averred in the petition, and the evidence tends to prove, that, in repairing the floor of the privy, this carpenter performed the task in such a negligent manner as to render it unsafe and that the injury of defendant in error resulted from the negligent manner in which the repair was performed. The general rule undoubtedly is, that every person is prima facie liable to respond for an injury which .befalls another through his negligence, if the injury is directly traceable to such negligent conduct and the injured party is without fault and rightfully on the premises. In this view, the rule is well settled, even between the landlord and tenant, to the effect that if the landlord voluntarily repairs the demised premises he will be responsible for his want of due care in the execution of the work and if an injury befalls the tenant or a member of his family as a result of the negligent manner in which the repair is made, an action will lie therefor, unless barred by the negligence of the injured party. [See Little v. McAdaras, 29 Mo. App. 332, s. c. 38 Mo. App. 187; Glenn v. Hill, 210 Mo. 291, 297, 298, 109 S. W. 27.] On this theory, the evidence tends to support the charge of liability on the part of plaintiff in error and that question was one for the jury. So, too, was the matter of contributory negligence on the part of defendant in error. [See Little v. McAdaras, 29 Mo. App. 332, s. c., 38 Mo. App. 187.]
*546The case has been three times tried. The first trial was had in 1903 and resulted in a verdict of two hundred and fifty - dollars in favor of the plaintiff in the circuit court, which that court set aside. The second trial resulted in a verdict of $2500 in favor of plaintiff in the circuit court, which that court set aside for error in excluding from evidence a public record required to be kept by law which pertained to the birth of a child to plaintiff. From the order of the court granting such new trial, plaintiff prosecuted an appeal to this court, which affirmed the ruling of the circuit court and remanded the case for trial. [See Finer v. Nichols, 122 Mo. App. 497, 99 S. W. 808.] On the third and last trial, plaintiff was awarded a recovery of six thousand dollars, and the circuit court, in overruling the motion for a new trial, filed a written opinion, incorporated in the bill of exceptions, in which it expressed great dissatisfaction with the verdict and especially its amount, but declined to disturb it, for the reason that in the opinion of the. court, the statute (section 2023, R. S. 1909) forbade such actior. The record before the circuit court disclosed that the first new trial was granted in 1903 because, in the opinion of the court that tried the case, that verdict was against the'weight of the evidence and because plaintiff and'her witnesses had resorted to perjury to obtain it. As the'new trial first granted was awarded because of matters in pais, the circuit court on the last trial .felt itself concluded by this fact, when considered under the provisions of the statute referred to, from further ihterfering 'with the verdict. The statute is as follows:'
“Only one new-trial shall be allowed to either party, except: First, where the triers of the fact shall have erred in a matter of law; second, when the jury shall be guilty of misbehavior; and. every- order allowing a new trial shall specify of record the ground or *547grounds on which said new trial is granted.” (Sec. 2023, R. S. 1909.)
In the opinion of the circuit court, filed on overruling the motion for a new trial, which we now review, no error of law intervened at the trial and the amount of the verdict alone did not suggest that the jury had been guilty of misbehavior in the sense of the statute. Though the amount of the verdict alone did not authorize the trial court to set the verdict aside, as for misbehavior on the part of the jury, we do not concur in the view that no error of law intervened at the trial, for it appears the instruction on the measure of damages, given at the instance of defendant in error, is misleading and not sufficiently specific in so far as it authorizes a recovery on account of miscarriage suffered by her. It is in evidence that, besides suffering a miscarriage on the day of, and within a few hours after, her injury, plaintiff has suffered two like misfortunes since that time, which the evidence tends to prove were traceable to the hurt received through the negligence complained of. For defendant in error, the court instructed on the measure of damages as follows:
“The court instructs the jury, that if you find for the plaintiff, you will assess her damages at such sum as will be a fair and reasonable compensation, for any injury, if any, to her physical and nervous system and general health, including miscarriages, if any, directly caused to her by the negligence of the defendant referred to in the instructions given to you; and you are further instructed that in the determination of the question of damages to which plaintiff may be entitled, if yon find from the evidence that plaintiff is entitled to any damages, you are authorized to consider the extent of said plaintiff’s injury and the permanency thereof, if you find it permanent, and you may also consider, as an element of damage, any physical pain or mental suffering, if any, of plaintiff di*548rectly incident to and growing ont of said plaintiff’s bodily injury which you may find she has heretofore suffered by reason of said injury or will hereafter suffer by reason thereof, your verdict, however, not to exceed the sum of ten thousand ($10,000) dollars.”
The words which we have italicised in the above instruction, “including miscarriages,” are objectionable as employed in the context of the instruction; for, without further explanation or limitation from the court on that subject, they suggest to the jury that, it was proper to allow defendant in error a recovery for the loss of three offspring. No one can doubt that a physical injury suffered by a female through the negligence of another which occasions .a. miscarriage will operate as a cause of action in her favor to the extent she may be injured thereby in the impairment of health and increased suffering, if any, of body and mind occasioned by the miscarriage, over and beyond that which usually attends a birth in due course. [Tunnicliffe v. Bay Cities, etc., Ry. Co., 107 Mich. 261; 1 Joyce on Damages, sec. 185; see, also, secs. 183, 184; Rapid Transit Ry. Co. v. Smith (Tex.), 86 S. W. 322.] The same is true, too, where a right of recovery accrues in favor of the injured party and a miscarriage results from an affirmative wrong, as in trespass. Such only is the extent of the ruling, though, we had no occasion to elaborate upon it, in Bouillon v. Laclede Gas Light Co., 148 Mo. App. 462, 129 S. W. 401. But though a recovery may be had by the mother to the extent mentioned, the loss of the offspring itself is not to be considered as an injury to her. As the basis of a recovery on the part of the parent for the death of a child by the negligent act of another is the value of the service of the child to the parent during minority, a recovery for the loss of a prospective offspring, it is said, would extend the field of damage into the realm of mere possibility. Of course, the loss of the anticipated society of the prospective child and *549mere matters of sentiment which, attend snch misfortunes are too remote for consideration by the courts as a basis for monetary compensation, though the law be humane in its policy and purpose. [Tunnicliffe v. Bay Cities, etc., Ry. Co., 107 Mich. 261; Bovee v. Danville, 53 Vt. 183; Hawkins v. Front Street, etc., Ry. Co., 3 Wash. 592; 1 Joyce on Damages, sec. 185; see, also, Rapid Transit Ry. Co. v. Smith (Tex.), 86 S. W. 322.] 1 Joyce on Damages, sec. 185, considers the question in judgment on principle and we adopt his views as a sound exposition of the law on the subject.
“From a consideration of the cases noted in the preceding section it will be seen that the courts are not in harmony as to the recovery of damages in cases of miscarriage. Where the miscarriage results in loss of prospective offspring, it would seem .that the better reasoning would support the conclusion that there can be no recovery for such loss. In many cases the sex of the unborn child cannot be determined, or whether it will be free of deformity, and even where it may be possible to determine these facts, it may still be an uncertain question as to whether the embryo would have developed into a child of good health and sound mental faculties. The basis of recovery for a child’s death by a negligent act is the value of services to the parent during minority, but if the child’s mental faculties are impaired or he is a sickly child, he may not only be unable to render any services, but may, on the other hand, be a source of expense and cause of sorrow and worry to the parents, not only during minority but during the whole of his or her parent’s life. To permit, therefore, a recovery for loss of prospective offspring would be an extension of the field of damages too much into the realms of possibility. In those eases where a negligent act results in a miscarriage, the general rule seems to be that damages therefor are recoverable. But in such cases it would seem that though damages may be recovered *550for a physical injury or negligent act independent of any miscarriage, yet if miscarriage results from such act or injury, in order to authorize a recovery for the latter, it should appear that there was an increased or aggregated mental or physical pain or distress in connection with such miscarriage, in addition to what the mother would have suffered if the child had been horn at the proper time or that her health had been impaired thereby. In the absence of any such evidence there would seem to be hut little basis for the-awarding of damages for a miscarriage.”
The instruction given by the court omits to prescribe any limitations on the plaintiff’s right of recovery on account of the several miscarriages she suffered, and the amount of the verdict suggests that the jury considered it as authority to award compensation therefor on broader grounds than the law warrants. So much is obvious when it appears the verdict has constantly increased from $250 on the first trial to $2500 on the second and $6000 on the third, which latter verdict the trial court suggests, in its opinion on the motion for new trial, to he excessive to the amount of $2500 and regrets its inability'to order a new trial or compel a remittitur therefrom. Because of the broad scope of recovery which the words “including miscarriages” in the instruction implies, we regard it both misleading and prejudicial to plaintiff in error and for the reason no more pointed limitations attend these words in respect of the right of recovery on account of miscarriages, the judgment should he reversed and the cause remanded. It is so ordered.
Reynolds, P. J., and Caulfield, J., concur.