Court Opinion

ID: 817871
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-02-01 01:58:59.56799+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:36:31.958266
License: Public Domain

Slip Op. 11- 128

           UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

______________________________
                              :
LIZARRAGA CUSTOMS BROKER,     :
                              :
               Plaintiff,     :
                              : Before: Richard K. Eaton, Judge
                              :
     v.                       : Court No. 08-00400
                              :
BUREAU OF CUSTOMS AND BORDER :
PROTECTION, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF:
HOMELAND SECURITY; and ROSA   :
HERNANDEZ, PORT DIRECTOR,     :
OTAY MESA, CALIFORNIA,        :
                              :
               Defendants.    :
______________________________:

                        OPINION AND ORDER

[Plaintiff’s application for fees and other expenses pursuant to
Equal Access to Justice Act is granted.]

                                            Dated: October 17, 2011

     Sandler, Travis & Rosenberg, P.A. (Arthur K. Purcell and
Kenneth N. Wolf), for plaintiff.

     Tony West, Assistant Attorney General; Barbara S. Williams,
Attorney in Charge, International Trade Field Office, Commercial
Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United States Department of
Justice (Justin R. Miller); Office of Assistant Chief Counsel,
International Trade Litigation, U.S. Customs and Border
Protection (Nancy Gudel), for defendants.

     Eaton, Judge: This case is before the court on plaintiff

Guillermo Lizarraga’s (“plaintiff” or “Lizarraga”) application

for fees and other expenses pursuant to the Equal Access to

Justice Act (“EAJA”), 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d) (2006).   The

application follows the defendants’ Confession of Judgment dated
Court No. 08-00400                                             Page 2

April 30, 2010 (the “Confession of Judgment”) and the subsequent

entry of judgment in plaintiff’s favor.     See Lizarraga Customs

Broker v. U.S. Customs & Border Protect., 34 CIT __, Slip Op. 10-

113 (Oct. 4, 2010).    Defendants, the Bureau of Customs and Border

Protection (“Customs”), the U.S. Department of Homeland Security,

and Rosa Hernandez, Port Director for the Otay Mesa Port of

Entry, San Diego, California (collectively, “defendants”), oppose

the application.

     For the reasons set forth below, the court grants

plaintiff’s application for fees.

                              BACKGROUND

I.   Entry Filer Code

     An entry filer code is a unique, three character code that

Customs assigns to a licensed customs broker.    19 C.F.R.

§ 142.3a(b)(1) (2011).    Filing “entries” means the filing of

documentation required to ensure the release of imported

merchandise from Customs’ custody, or the act of filing that

documentation.     Id. § 141.0a(a).

     Entries can be filed either manually or electronically

through the Automated Broker Interface (“ABI”) system.       Id.

§§ 143.34, 143.32(a).    Ninety-six percent of all entries are

filed electronically, and that figure is likely higher for

licensed brokers.     See Automated Broker Interface (ABI), CBP.gov,
Court No. 08-00400                                               Page 3

http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/trade/automated/automated_systems/abi/

(last visited Sept. 20, 2011).    Each electronically-filed entry

is identified by an entry number created by the broker.    19

C.F.R. § 142.3a(a), (b).   The first three digits of the entry

number are the broker’s entry filer code.     Id. § 142.3a(b)(1).

Accordingly, the entry filer code identifies the broker filing a

particular entry.    The ABI system is part of Customs’ Automated

Commercial System that allows entry filers to both submit data

electronically and receive messages from Customs.     Id. § 143.1.

In order to file electronically, the broker must have an active

entry filer code and be approved for participation in the ABI

system.   Id. §§ 143.2, 143.34.    The purpose of ABI is “to improve

administrative efficiency, enhance enforcement of customs and

related laws, lower costs[,] and expedite the release of cargo.”

Id. § 143.1.

II.   Suspension of Plaintiff’s Entry Filer Code

      Mr. Lizarraga is a licensed customs broker, and in 2008 had

an assigned entry filer code.     Under 19 C.F.R. § 142.3a(d),

“[t]he Assistant Commissioner, Office of International Trade, or

his designee may refuse to allow use of an assigned entry filer

code if it is misused by the importer or broker.”    On October 21,

2008, the Director of Field Operations at the Otay Mesa Port of

Entry in San Diego, California wrote to the Assistant
Court No. 08-00400                                            Page 4

Commissioner of the Office of International Trade and asked that

Mr. Lizarraga’s entry filer code be deactivated for misuse.    Mem.

from Dir. Field Operations to Asst. Comm’r, Office of Int’l

Trade, Oct. 21, 2008 (C.R. Doc. 152).   Although it did not

compile a contemporaneous record,1 Customs has represented that

     1
          On January 23, 2009, Customs filed, what it identified
as, the administrative record. The record was comprised of three
looseleaf binders containing 156 documents amounting to roughly
1,000 pages. Admin. R. (C.R. Doc. 1–156). Of these, the
Assistant Commissioner of the Office of International Trade had
before him one document consisting of four pages when he made the
determination to suspend Mr. Lizarraga’s entry filer code. See
Baldwin Decl., Mar. 3, 2010. The court thoroughly reviewed the
documents and on February 24, 2010, conducted a hearing at which
counsel for defendants reviewed the documents in the record in
open court. Tr. Or. Arg., Feb. 24, 2010, 6:10–28:2. The first
two volumes of the record contained 122 documents, and about 800
pages whose purpose appeared to be to demonstrate to the court
that Mr. Lizarraga was a sloppy bookkeeper and a thorn in the
side of Customs generally, e.g.:

     THE COURT: Volume 1 seems to have a lot of audits of
     Mr. Lizarraga which seem to me to be completely off the
     point. The audits find that he isn’t conducting
     business the way [Customs] might have hoped. They make
     the findings. They ask him to correct things. He
     corrects them or doesn’t correct them. There are
     letters back and forth. None of these things seem to
     have, at least in Volume 1 -- I’ve had a lot of trouble
     figuring out how the [entry filer] code was involved.

Tr. Or. Arg., Feb. 23, 2010, 7:8-7:15. The first document to
which counsel for the defendants pointed as having to do with the
suspension of the entry filer code was Document 146, which was
found at about eighty percent of the way through Volume 3. This
document consists of notes, compiled with the assistance of
counsel, that purport to memorialize previous discussions. Tr.
Or. Arg., Feb. 23, 2010, 9:16-10:19. Thus, while there was,
arguably, some kind of “internal administrative review,” no
record was made of it while it was being conducted. For
instance, with respect to evidence that Mr. Lizarraga had
Court No. 08-00400                                            Page 5

it then conducted an “internal administrative review” of the

Director’s request.   On November 3, 2008, the Assistant

Commissioner “made the final determination to indefinitely and

immediately suspend Mr. Lizarraga’s entry filer code” for misuse

(a final determination later memorialized in a letter to Mr.

Lizarraga dated November 10, 2008).   See Letter from Port Dir. to

Lizarraga, Nov. 10, 2008 (C.R. Doc. 156) (“Port Dir. Letter”).

The Assistant Commissioner stated that “[t]he suspension is

provided his entry filer code for use by Mexican nationals,
document 152 was prepared by counsel after the fact:

     [COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANTS]: That information was based
     upon interviews that I had conducted with individuals
     involved in a transaction and then that information was
     then transmitted to Customs, the trade aspect of it.
     So there wouldn’t be any -- 152 is a summary of the
     conversations between [U.S. Immigration and Customs
     Enforcement] and Customs.
     THE COURT: Let me see if I’ve got this straight. You
     provided me with these three volumes. They’re supposed
     to represent the record but that there is nothing . . .
     in the record to back up this statement [regarding
     providing the entry filer code to Mexican nationals]?
     [COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANTS]: 152 would be the documentary
     evidence.
     THE COURT: 152 is just -- so there’s nothing to back up
     the material that [the Assistant Commissioner] made his
     determination on other than 152?
     [COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANTS]: Other than the conversations
     between individuals.
     THE COURT: But they’re not the record.
     [COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANTS]: No, Your Honor, they’re not.

Tr. Or. Arg., Feb. 23, 2010, 10:15–11:6. It is worth noting
that the Assistant Commissioner did not, in fact, even have
document 152 before him when he made his determination. See
Baldwin Decl., Mar. 3, 2010.
Court No. 08-00400                                            Page 6

necessary to prevent Mr. Lizarraga from using his individual

filer code to facilitate smuggling narcotics into the Customs

territory of the United States and allowing the use of his

license, permit, and filer code . . . by Mexican nationals.”

Mem. from Asst. Comm’r, Office of Int’l Trade to Dir. Field

Operations (C.R. Doc 155) (“Asst. Comm’r Mem.”).   Customs did not

provide Mr. Lizarraga with notice of its internal administrative

review or an opportunity for a hearing, nor did it solicit a

written submission from him prior to its final determination.

     Instead, by letter dated November 10, 2008,2 Customs

notified plaintiff that, effective November 14, 2008, it would

“immediately and indefinitely” suspend his entry filer code.

Port Dir. Letter (C.R. Doc. 156).   The notice cited 19 C.F.R.

§ 142.3a(d) as authority for defendants’ action, and stated that

the action was “necessary to prevent the misuse of [Lizarraga’s]

filer code in the conducting of customs business.”   Port Dir.

Letter (C.R. Doc. 156).   The notice also stated that the

suspension was to prevent Mr. Lizarraga from using his individual

filer code to “facilitate smuggling narcotics,” and to ensure

that plaintiff’s “license, permit, name[,] and filer code are not

used by persons who are not employed by [Lizarraga] and

authorized to act for [Lizarraga].”   Port Dir. Letter (C.R. Doc.

     2
          Plaintiff received this notice on November 11, 2008.
Lizarraga Aff. ¶ 2.
Court No. 08-00400                                               Page 7

156).

        The notice further stated:

        By requiring you to use the alternative filing
        procedures found in 19 CFR § 142.3a(e), [Customs] will
        be able to effectively review the accuracy of the
        documentation you are submitting for the entry of
        merchandise. This will enable you to continue
        conducting customs business; however, you will be
        required to file entry/entry summary documentation
        using customs assigned numbers with estimated duties
        attached before the merchandise may be released.

Port Dir. Letter (C.R. Doc. 156).

        Thus, Customs stated that, even though he could no longer

use his entry filer code, Mr. Lizarraga would nonetheless be able

to continue to conduct his business as a customs broker.

III. Proceedings in CIT

        On November 13, 2008, Mr. Lizarraga sought to halt the

suspension of his entry filer code by filing a motion for a

temporary restraining order (“TRO”) and a preliminary injunction.

At the November 14, 2008 hearing, defendants opposed the entry of

the TRO, in part, because they claimed the case involved

America’s national security.    As counsel for defendants stated:

        The importation of narcotics under an importer’s filer
        code or a broker’s filer code is illegal activity and
        effectively it represents a situation where the balance
        of hardships once those drugs come into the country
        would be adverse to the United States and the national
        security of the United States . . . . [N]arcotics were
        imported under this filer code. So Customs has every
        right at this juncture to be concerned about the abuse
        or misuse of that filer code and every right to take
Court No. 08-00400                                            Page 8

        every precaution available to it to insure national
        security for this country.

Tr. Or. Arg., Nov. 14, 2008, 8:15–9:1.

        After the hearing with both sides present, the court granted

plaintiff’s motion for a TRO, issued an order to show cause why a

preliminary injunction should not be granted, and set a hearing

date.    A briefing schedule was established, which was

subsequently modified by the parties.    Thereafter, defendants

agreed to take no action against plaintiff’s entry filer code

until the court ruled on the preliminary injunction.      See Order

at 2, Lizarraga Customs Broker v. U.S. Customs & Border Protect.,

No. 08-00400 (Dec. 23, 2008) (acknowledging defendants’ consent

not to suspend plaintiff’s entry filer code during the time the

preliminary injunction was pending); see also Order at 1,

Lizarraga Customs Broker v. U.S. Customs & Border Protect., No.

08-00400 (Mar. 1, 2010) (reiterating that defendants would not

suspend plaintiff’s entry filer code until the court ruled on the

motion for preliminary injunction).

        Further, on November 13, 2008, plaintiff filed his verified

complaint alleging, among other things, that he was a licensed

customs broker and that Customs has “issued a notice . . . that

plaintiff’s entry filer code will be deactivated effective

November 14, 2008.”    Compl. ¶ 5.   Plaintiff’s complaint alleged

that “Customs’ plan to suspend or deactivate plaintiff’s entry
Court No. 08-00400                                           Page 9

filer code without any explanation or hearing was effectively a

revocation or suspension of plaintiff’s broker’s license without

any showing of good cause, and without the benefit of a hearing

or other due process protections.”   Compl. ¶ 21.   In addition to

the preliminary injunction, the complaint sought relief in the

form of a declaratory judgment and a permanent injunction

restraining the defendants “from suspending his entry filer code

without a hearing providing for basic due process, in accordance

with the letter or spirit of 19 U.S.C. § 1641(d)(2)(B).”3   Compl.

     3
          Had Customs actually sought to revoke Mr. Lizarraga’s
broker’s license it would have had to comply with 19 U.S.C.
§ 1641(d)(2)(B) (2006) which provides:

     Revocation or suspension
          The Customs Service may, for good and sufficient
     reason, serve notice in writing upon any customs broker
     to show cause why a license or permit issued under this
     section should not be revoked or suspended. The notice
     shall be in the form of a statement specifically
     setting forth the grounds of the complaint, and shall
     allow the customs broker 30 days to respond. If no
     response is filed, or the Customs Service determines
     that the revocation or suspension is still warranted,
     it shall notify the customs broker in writing of a
     hearing to be held within 30 days, or at a later date
     if the broker requests an extension and shows good
     cause therefor, before an administrative law judge
     appointed pursuant to section 3105 of title 5 [5 U.S.C.
     § 3105 (2006)], United States Code, who shall serve as
     the hearing officer. If the customs broker waives the
     hearing, or the broker or his designated representative
     fails to appear at the appointed time and place, the
     hearing officer shall make findings and recommendations
     based on the record submitted by the parties. At the
     hearing, the customs broker may be represented by
     counsel, and all proceedings, including the proof of
     the charges and the response thereto shall be presented
Court No. 08-00400                                          Page 10

¶ 23(c).

     On January 12, 2009, defendants filed their Answer to the

Complaint.   On January 23, 2009, defendants filed the

administrative record, and on March 27, 2009, they filed their

motion to dismiss and for judgment on the agency record.

Thereafter, on July 13, 2009, defendants moved for a voluntary

remand.    In their papers seeking the voluntary remand, defendants

stated:

     Remand is particularly appropriate in this case, as we
     have been advised by Customs that upon remand, the
     agency will issue a new notice of action and then allow
     Mr. Lizarraga to administratively challenge the
     agency’s action. The new notice of action will include
     a description of the procedures Mr. Lizarraga may use
     to contest Custom’s new notice of action. If Mr.
     Lizarraga decides to administratively challenge the
     agency’s action, the agency will review the issues
     presented by Mr. Lizarraga and make a new determination
     as to whether his entry filer code should be suspended

     with testimony taken under oath and the right of cross-
     examination accorded to both parties. A transcript of
     the hearing shall be made and a copy will be provided
     to the Customs Service and the customs broker; which
     shall thereafter be provided reasonable opportunity to
     file a post-hearing brief. Following the conclusion of
     the hearing, the hearing officer shall transmit
     promptly the record of the hearing along with the
     findings of fact and recommendations to the Secretary
     for decision. The Secretary will issue a written
     decision, based solely on the record, setting forth the
     findings of fact and the reasons for the decision.
     Such decision may provide for the sanction contained in
     the notice to show cause or any lesser sanction
     authorized by this subsection, including a monetary
     penalty not to exceed $30,000, than was contained in
     the notice to show cause.
Court No. 08-00400                                          Page 11

     or deactivated.

Defs.’ Mot. to Stay & for Vol. Remand (“Defs.’ Remand Mot.”) 3.

Thus, as early as July 13, 2009, defendants acknowledged that Mr.

Lizarraga was entitled to an opportunity to be heard, and that he

had been denied this due process by Customs’ actions.

     Plaintiff objected that the proposed administrative review

did not address all of Mr. Lizarraga’s claims.   Pl.’s Resp. to

Defs.’ Remand Mot. 1 (“Inherent in defendants’ otherwise vague

proposal for remand is an admission that [Customs] failed to

provide due process to Mr. Lizarraga as required by law. . . .

Under the Administrative Procedure[] Act (“APA”), the challenged

agency action must be held unlawful and set aside because it was

undertaken contrary to law.   That result is consistent with law

and Mr. Lizarraga’s legitimate expectation of finality after nine

months of litigation.”).   Therefore, because Customs’ offer of an

opportunity to be heard was not accompanied by a concession that

Customs’ previous actions should be set aside, plaintiff did not

consent to the remand.   On August 6, 2009, the court denied

defendants’ remand motion.    Order at 2, Lizarraga Customs Broker

v. U.S. Customs & Border Protect., No. 08-00400 (Aug. 6, 2009)

(“[T]he stay would not end in a determination concerning the

actions already taken by [Customs].”).

     Subsequently, the parties briefed and the court granted

defendants’ request to file an amended answer, which was filed on
Court No. 08-00400                                           Page 12

September 17, 2009.   In their Amended Answer, defendants stated:

“defendants admit that the suspension or deactivation of a

broker’s entry filer code must comport with 5 U.S.C. § 558.”    Am.

Answer ¶ 22(iii); see also Tr. Or. Arg., July 15, 2010, 11:7–19

(acknowledging same).   The significance of the citation to 5

U.S.C. § 558 is that this section is part of the Administrative

Procedure Act, and provides for the “annulment of a licence” only

after the “licensee has been given—(1) notice by the agency in

writing of the facts or conduct which may warrant action; and (2)

opportunity to demonstrate or achieve compliance with all lawful

requirements.”   5 U.S.C. § 558(c).

     Briefing of the pending motions was complete as of November

13, 2009.   Oral argument was held on February 24, 2010.   At the

conclusion of the February 24th hearing, the court stayed

proceedings until March 10 to provide the parties an opportunity

to pursue settlement.   Thereafter, the parties informed the court

that they were unable to settle the case.   On March 26, 2010, the

court issued an order remanding the matter to Customs solely for

the purpose of making a record before an administrative law judge

with respect to plaintiff’s claim that the suspension of his

entry filer code would be tantamount to a revocation of his

broker’s license.    Order at 2–4, Lizarraga Customs Broker v. U.S.

Customs & Border Protect., No. 08-00400 (Mar. 26, 2010).

     On April 23, 2010, defendants filed their Confession of
Court No. 08-00400                                           Page 13

Judgment in plaintiff’s favor and moved to stay the execution of

the remand order pending entry of the judgment itself.     The sole

reason the defendants gave for proffering their Confession of

Judgment was: “We have engaged in a cost/benefit analysis with

respect to retaining and administering an ALJ, and based upon our

analysis we offer the following Confession of Judgment . . . .”

Confession of Judgment 2–3.

     The substantive portion of the Confession of Judgment

requested a “judgment granting relief in favor of plaintiff

Guillermo Lizarraga (Mr. Lizarraga), as stated herein and in the

proposed order, be entered.”   Confession of Judgment 1.   Further,

it offered the following “Confession of Judgment: we agree not to

suspend or deactivate Mr. Lizarraga’s entry filer code for any

past fact or event (i.e., for any fact or event that will have

occurred prior to the entry of the attached proposed Court

order.).”   Confession of Judgment 3 (footnote omitted).   By these

words, Customs effectively “set aside” its previous actions taken

to suspend Mr. Lizarraga’s entry filer code.

     Further, at oral argument defendants represented to the

court that Customs would not seek to summarily suspend a broker’s

entry filer code:

     Well, we know for certain that brokers are entitled to
     the APA if their entry filer code is deactivated, the
     procedur[al] protections of the APA. So with respect
     to what occurred to Mr. Lizarraga in this instance, the
     Customs treatment of Mr. Lizarraga, it’s certain that
Court No. 08-00400                                           Page 14

     that is not going to occur again.

Tr. Or. Arg., July 15, 2010, 10:13–18.    Counsel’s reference to

the APA was to the provisions of 5 U.S.C. § 558.

     Thereafter, in Lizarraga, the court found that the

Confession of Judgment mooted plaintiff’s motion for a

preliminary injunction because it “remove[d] the threat that his

business will be harmed as a result of the findings of the

internal investigation.”     Lizarraga, 34 CIT at __, Slip Op. 10-

113, at 14 (Oct. 4, 2010).    The accompanying judgment ordered:

     judgment granting relief in favor of plaintiff is hereby
     entered; . . . the Remand Order dated March 26, 2010 is
     declared moot, and thus the parties are relieved from
     compliance therewith; . . . the defendants shall not
     suspend or deactivate plaintiff’s entry filer code for
     any past fact or event (i.e., for any fact or event that
     will have occurred prior to the entry of this judgment);
     and . . . the suspension, deactivation, revocation or
     similar act or threat thereof of a broker’s entry filer
     code must comport, at a minimum, with 5 U.S.C. § 558
     (2006).

Judgment at 1–2, Lizarraga Customs Broker v. U.S. Customs &

Border Protect., No. 08-00400 (Oct. 4, 2010).

     On December 21, 2010, plaintiff filed a Form 15 application

for attorney’s fees under the Equal Access to Justice Act, 28

U.S.C. § 2412(d) and USCIT R. 54.1, seeking a reimbursement of

attorney’s fees in the amount of $223,305.83 and an additional

$2,850.16 for costs and expenses, for a total of $226,155.99.
Court No. 08-00400                                           Page 15

                            DISCUSSION

I.   Equal Access to Justice Act Framework

     Under EAJA, “a court shall award to a prevailing party other

than the United States fees and other expenses . . . unless the

court finds that the position of the United States was

substantially justified or that special circumstances make an

award unjust.”   28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(A) (2006).   A position is

substantially justified if it is “justified to a degree that

could satisfy a reasonable person” and has a “‘reasonable basis

in both law and fact.’”   Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 565

(1988) (internal citation omitted).   The government’s “position”

includes the underlying actions of any administrative agency, as

well as the government’s litigation arguments.   Smith v.

Principi, 343 F.3d 1358, 1361-62 (Fed. Cir. 2003).    Although the

“position” of the government involves prelitigation conduct as

well as the litigation itself, “only one threshold determination

for the entire civil action is to be made.”   Comm’r, Immigration

& Naturalization Serv. v. Jean, 496 U.S. 154, 159 (1990).

     Pursuant to EAJA, an application for fees and expenses must

be granted when: “(1) the claimant is a prevailing party; (2) the

government’s position during the administrative process or during

litigation was not substantially justified; (3) no special

circumstances make an award unjust; and (4) the fee application

is timely and supported by an itemized fee statement.”      Former
Court No. 08-00400                                           Page 16

Emps. of Tyco Elecs., Fiber Optics Div. v. U.S. Dep’t of Labor,

28 CIT 1571, 1577, 350 F. Supp. 2d 1075, 1081 (2004) (citing 28

U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(A)-(B)).   Furthermore, the court “shall not .

. . award[] in excess of $125 per hour unless the court

determines that an increase in the cost of living or a special

factor, such as the limited availability of qualified attorneys

for the proceedings involved, justifies a higher fee.”     28 U.S.C.

§ 2412(d)(2)(A)(ii).

II.   Plaintiff’s Eligibility for Fee-Shifting Based on Case’s
      Procedural History

      Defendants begin their response to Mr. Lizarraga’s

application by arguing that the court need not engage in the

four-part analysis, outlined above in Tyco, because the plain

language of the EAJA statute demonstrates that the fee-shifting

provisions do not extend to issues that were never addressed by

the court:

      Ultimately, the Court never reached the merits of Mr.
      Lizarraga’s claims or the merits of the Government’s
      dispositive motions as the Government filed a
      Confession of Judgment that disposed of the case prior
      to the effectuation of the Remand Order. Specifically,
      under the Confession of Judgment, the Government agreed
      not to suspend or deactivate Mr. Lizarraga’s entry
      filer code for any past fact or event.

Defs.’ Mem. in Opp. to Pl.’s Appl. (“Defs.’ Mem.”) 3.    In other

words, defendants assert that the plaintiff may seek EAJA

reimbursement only for claims actually considered by the court.
Court No. 08-00400                                           Page 17

Here, defendants insist that Mr. Lizarraga is not entitled to an

award of fees because the court never determined if he was

entitled to the full due process protections he would have

received had Customs sought to revoke his broker’s license.

     In making their argument, defendants contend that

entertaining Mr. Lizarraga’s application would put the court “‘in

the position of conducting essentially de novo review of the

entire case for purposes of the fee litigation, contrary to the

command against ‘spawn[ing] a second litigation’ of the Supreme

Court and to the far more streamlined ‘substantial justification

review’ envisioned by the EAJA itself.’”   Defs.’ Mem. 10 (quoting

Hardisty v. Astrue, 592 F.3d 1072, 1078 (9th Cir. 2010), cert.

denied, 131 S. Ct. 2443 (2011)); see also Buckhannon Bd. & Care

Home, Inc. v. W. Va. Dep’t of Health & Human Res., 532 U.S. 598,

609 (2001) (“We have also stated that ‘a request for attorney’s

fees should not result in a second major litigation, and have

accordingly avoided an interpretation of fee-shifting statutes

that would have ‘spawned a second litigation of significant

dimension.’” (internal citations omitted)).

     The court finds that the Hardisty rationale does not extend

to the circumstances of this case.   In Hardisty, the plaintiff

challenged his denial of supplemental disability income by the

Social Security Administration on several grounds.   Hardisty, 592
F.3d at 1075.   The district court, however, remanded solely on
Court No. 08-00400                                           Page 18

the basis that the agency improperly discredited the plaintiff’s

testimony.   In doing so, the court chose not to consider the

other arguments raised by him.    Id.   When the plaintiff later

sought EAJA fees, the court concluded that, because the agency

was “substantially justified” in contesting Hardisty’s

credibility, he was not entitled to attorney’s fees on the issue

of his testimony.    In addition, the court declined to award

attorney’s fees based on the other arguments that it had chosen

not to reach.   Id. at 1077 (“Nothing in these provisions extends

fee-shifting to issues not adjudicated.    Section 2412(d)(1)(A)

provides no indication that attorneys’ fees should be awarded

with respect to positions of the United States challenged by the

claimant but unaddressed by the reviewing court.”).    The Court of

Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the latter ruling.

     The posture of this case distinguishes it from Hardisty.

First, as defendants themselves pointed out in their papers

seeking entry of the Confession of Judgment,

     [h]ere . . . we agree not to suspend or deactivate Mr.
     Lizarraga[’s] entry filer code for any past fact or
     event. This is the sum of the relief that is legally
     available to Mr. Lizarraga regarding his challenge to
     the merits of [Customs’] determination to suspend or
     deactivate his code . . . . Accordingly, pursuant to
     Article III, there is no longer a justiciable case or
     controversy with respect to this claim.

Confession of Judgment 4.   Thus, as defendants acknowledge, the

question of the legality of Customs’ actions in suspending Mr.
Court No. 08-00400                                           Page 19

Lizarraga’s entry filer code was before the court and resolved in

his favor.

     In addition, while defendants characterize the due process

claim as being rendered moot, for purposes of this application

that is not precisely the case.   That is, while defendants assert

that they did not concede the issue of whether Mr. Lizarraga was

entitled to the procedural protections of section 1641(d), Defs.’

Mem. 3, they did concede the larger due process point.

     Indeed, throughout this litigation, Customs has

progressively acknowledged that Mr. Lizarraga was entitled to,

and denied, due process at the administrative level.   Thus, in

their Motion for a voluntary remand, Amended Answer, statements

in open court, and Confession of Judgment, the defendants

effectively conceded that Mr. Lizarraga had been denied adequate

due process administratively.   Defendants first made this

concession by seeking a voluntary remand to revisit Customs’

decision to suspend Mr. Lizarraga’s entry filer code, and

offering to provide him with notice and an opportunity to

challenge Customs’ actions.   Defendants’ concession became more

specific by admitting that he was entitled to the protections of

5 U.S.C. § 558, Amend. Answer ¶ 22(iii), and making similar

statements in open court during their motion for entry of the

Confession of Judgment.   Finally, in the Confession of Judgment,

Customs annulled its acts at the administrative level and
Court No. 08-00400                                           Page 20

provided guarantees of due process in the future.   Therefore,

even though the Confession of Judgment prevented the court from

ruling on the exact nature of the required due process, the

overarching issue (i.e., that Mr. Lizarraga was entitled to some

due process protection) was admitted by Customs.

     In fact, counsel for defendants conceded that not only would

Mr. Lizarraga be entitled to the benefits of the APA should he

again find himself in the situation presented here, but that

“brokers are entitled to the APA.”    Tr. Or. Arg., July 15, 2010,

10:13–14.   This admission was then included in the declaratory

portion of the court’s judgment ending the case.    Judgment at

1–2, Lizarraga Customs Broker v. U.S. Customs & Border Protect.,

No. 08-00400 (Oct. 4, 2010) (“the suspension, deactivation,

revocation or similar act or threat thereof of a broker’s entry

filer code must comport, at a minimum, with 5 U.S.C. § 558

(2006).”    Thus, although the court may not have ruled on the

merits of the precise limits of the due process to which Mr.

Lizarraga was entitled (i.e., whether he was entitled to the same

level of due process that he would have been had Customs wished

to revoke his broker’s license), the material issues in this case

were resolved in plaintiff’s favor.   This is demonstrated by the

judgment, which granted relief with respect to Customs’ acts in

suspending Mr. Lizarraga’s entry filer code and as to the minimum

due process requirements to be afforded brokers thereafter.
Court No. 08-00400                                           Page 21

     Moreover, unlike the Court in Hardisty, the court was fully

engaged with and cognizant of all of the due process arguments in

this case throughout the litigation.    This was not the situation

in Hardisty, a primary concern of the Ninth Circuit:

     Such an inquiry requires the district court to decide
     whether government positions it may not have evaluated
     at all were in fact substantially justified. That puts
     the district court in the position of conducting
     essentially de novo review of the entire case for
     purposes of the fee litigation . . . . We decline to
     impose such burdens on district courts.

Hardisty, 592 F.3d at 1078.     That is not the case here, however,

because the court reviewed all of the relevant facts and law in

the case.   Specifically, on February 24, 2010, the court

conducted a hearing at which the administrative record was

examined in detail.   In addition, the opinion accepting

defendants’ Confession of Judgment discussed both the revocation

of the entry filer code and due process considerations.

Therefore, addressing this EAJA application will not “spawn a

second litigation” that raises facts and legal issues unfamiliar

to the court.

     Important policy reasons also support allowing EAJA

applications to proceed in cases conceded by the government

before resolution by a court.    As the Supreme Court emphasized,

“[t]he clearly stated objective of the EAJA is to eliminate

financial disincentives for those who would defend against

unjustified governmental action and thereby to deter the
Court No. 08-00400                                          Page 22

unreasonable exercise of Government authority.”    Ardestani v.

Immigration & Naturalization Srv., 502 U.S. 129, 138 (1991).       The

government, therefore, should not be able to avoid liability

simply by precluding decisions on the merits.   In Foster v.

Boorstin, 561 F.2d 340 (D.C. Cir. 1977), the Court, although

discussing fee-shifting in the context of a Title VII case that

did not advance past the filing of a complaint, noted that:

     [i]f the government could avoid liability for fees
     merely by conceding the cases before final judgment,
     the impact of the fee provision would be greatly
     reduced. The government would remain free to assert
     boilerplate defenses, and private parties who served
     the public interest by enforcing the Act’s mandates
     would be deprived of compensation for the undertaking.
     Thus, a general bar to awards of fees in cases resolved
     before final judgment cannot be accepted by the court.

Foster, 561 F.2d at 343 (citations omitted).    Similar concerns

are present here.

     Therefore, the court holds that plaintiff is not foreclosed

from seeking EAJA fees for the reasons advanced by defendants.

As such, a review of the four-part analysis set forth in Tyco

Electronics is warranted.

     A. Prevailing Party Status

     The defendants do not dispute that plaintiff was the

prevailing party in this action.   Further, as plaintiff points

out, an EAJA applicant can be the “prevailing party” for purposes

of section 2412 where the requested relief is granted and the
Court No. 08-00400                                           Page 23

case declared moot.   Pl’s Br. in Supp. of Mot. for Att’y’s Fees &

Expenses (“Pl.’s Br.”) 6 (citing Atochem v. United States, 9 CIT
207, 209, 609 F. Supp. 319, 321 (1985); Consol. Int’l Auto., Inc.

v. United States, 16 CIT 692, 695, 797 F. Supp. 1007, 1010

(1992)).   Specifically, plaintiff cites Consolidated

International for the proposition that “a court should look to

the substance of the litigation, and not merely to the technical

disposition of the case or motion.”   Consol. Int’l, 16 CIT at

695, 797 F. Supp. at 1010.   Mr. Lizarraga also relies on United

States v. Hitachi Am., Ltd., 24 CIT 497, 101 F. Supp. 2d 830

(2000), where this Court noted that a “prevailing party” is “one

who ‘succeeds on any significant issue in litigation which

achieves some of the benefit the parties sought in bringing

suit,’ not success on each issue sued.”   Hitachi, 24 CIT at 498,

101 F. Supp. 2d at 832 (quoting Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S.
424, 433 (1983)).

     With these principles in mind, plaintiff argues that he

“prevailed” in this litigation because a judgment was entered in

his favor; he was successful in setting aside Customs’ earlier

action by blocking it from deactivating his entry filer code

based upon any past facts or events; and further, that the case

established a minimum level of due process to which a broker is

entitled before his license can be suspended or deactivated.

Pl.’s Br. 8; see also Lizarraga, 34 CIT at __, Slip Op. 10-113,
Court No. 08-00400                                           Page 24

at 16.

        The court agrees with plaintiff that he was the “prevailing

party.”    Only the most mechanical interpretation of that term

could lead to a different conclusion based on the relief

initially requested by Lizarraga and the final resolution of this

case.    In the demand for relief in his Complaint, plaintiff

sought preliminary and permanent injunctions restraining the

defendants from “suspending or deactivating plaintiff’s entry

filer code.”    Compl. ¶ 23(b), (c).   Likewise, the final judgment

in this case ordered that defendants shall “not suspend or

deactivate plaintiff’s entry filer code for any past fact or

event,” thus effectively setting aside Customs’ actions.

Lizarraga, 34 CIT at __, Slip Op. 10-113, at 14.     In addition,

defendants’ remand request, their Amended Answer, defense

counsel’s representations in open court, and the judgment itself

establish that, as a minimum, a broker similarly situated to Mr.

Lizarraga is entitled to the benefits of the APA.     Lizarraga, 34

CIT at __, Slip Op. 10-113, at 16–17.    Looking to the “substance

of the litigation” then, Mr. Lizarraga clearly prevailed in

ultimately securing this permanent guarantee from the defendants.

He thus unquestionably “‘succeed[ed] on [a] significant issue in

litigation,’” and “‘achieve[d] some of the benefit [he] sought in

bringing suit.’”     See Hitachi, 24 CIT at 498, 101 F. Supp. 2d at

832 (citations omitted).
Court No. 08-00400                                         Page 25

     Therefore, plaintiff has satisfied the EAJA “prevailing

party” element.

     B. Substantial Justification

     To determine if a position is “substantially justified,” the

Federal Circuit “requires that the Government show that it was

clearly reasonable in asserting its position, including its

position at the agency level, in view of the law and the facts.”

Gavette v. Office of Pers. Mgmt., 808 F.2d 1456 (Fed. Cir. 1986);

see also Shinyei Corp. of Am. v. United States, No. 2010-1178,

2010 WL 4146384, at *3 (Fed. Cir. Oct. 22, 2010) (quoting Pierce,
487 U.S. at 565) (“A position is substantially justified if it is

‘justified to a degree that could satisfy a reasonable person’

and has a ‘reasonable basis in law and fact.’”).   The defendants

bear the burden of demonstrating that their position was

substantially justified.   See Nakamura v. Heinrich, 17 CIT 119,

120 (1993) (not reported in the Federal Supplement) (citing

Gavette, 808 F.2d at 1467).

     Courts are often reluctant to award fees because they
     have operated so long under the American rule
     prohibiting fee-shifting. In fact, the reluctance of
     the courts to award fees prompted the adoption of the
     language in Rule 37 on which this standard is based.
     Under these circumstances, it is particularly
     appropriate to place the burden on the government to
     prove the reasonableness of its actions. To do so
     encourages parties to contest action which they believe
     to be unreasonable and thereby serves to refine public
     policy.
Court No. 08-00400                                             Page 26

Gavette, 808 F.2d at 1465–66 (quoting H.R. Rep. No. 1418, at 14

(1980)).

     Plaintiff insists that defendants have not met their burden

primarily because of Customs’ actions at the administrative

level.   Looking at defendants’ administrative position, Mr.

Lizarraga stresses that defendants failed to give him notice of

Customs’ proceeding, or to offer him any opportunity to defend

himself.   Pl.’s Br. 8.   He relies on Bonanza Trucking Corporation

v. United States, 11 CIT 436, 664 F. Supp 1453 (1987), which

involved the failure to disclose an internal investigative report

in proceedings to revoke a license to cart bonded merchandise.

Pl.’s Br. 8.   The failure led this Court to question whether

“asserting such denial of due process can ever result in an ex

post facto determination under EAJA that the position of the

United States in court was substantially justified.”    Bonanza

Trucking, 11 CIT at 440, 664 F. Supp at 1456.

     Plaintiff then notes that, despite the alleged gravity of

his action (i.e., that the national security of the country was

at stake), it was revealed during the litigation that Customs

compiled no contemporaneous administrative record prior to the

commencement of this action.   Pl.’s Br. 10.   Moreover, Mr.

Lizarraga was not permitted to see, review, or respond to any of

the “charges” underlying the agency’s action.   Pl.’s Br. 10.
Court No. 08-00400                                           Page 27

According to plaintiff, Customs also failed to provide him (or

any other broker) with any guidance on what type of actions would

constitute “misuse” of the entry filer code, and arbitrarily and

capriciously denied his request for even a short delay of the

effective date for deactivation.   Pl.’s Br. 11.   Taken together,

then, Lizarraga contends that “from the point of view of a

‘reasonable person,’ defendants’ position at the administrative

level, particularly the decision to completely deny [] Lizarraga

due process prior to taking action that defendants knew or should

have known would destroy his business, would not be considered

correct.”   Pl.’s Br. 12.

     Defendants argue that their position regarding Mr.

Lizarraga’s due process claim was reasonable because: (1) it was

based upon a reasoned examination of the entry process and the

factors that distinguish entry filer codes from broker’s

licenses; (2) there is a “genuine dispute” between the parties as

to whether Mr. Lizarraga should have been afforded the procedural

protections of 19 U.S.C. § 1641(d) prior to the deactivation or

suspension of his entry filer code; and (3) the question of what

due process should be afforded customs brokers when their entry

filer codes are deactivated is one of first impression, and the

agency’s processes were consistent with its mission of border

security and protecting the integrity of the entry process.

Defs.’ Mem. 12.
Court No. 08-00400                                             Page 28

     The court concludes that defendants’ position was

unreasonable and that Customs has conceded as much.   As noted,

“only one threshold determination for the entire civil action is

to be made.”   Jean, 496 U.S. at 159.   That is, the measure of

“substantial justification” is not made at various stages of a

case, but only once.   Here, it is clear that the actions taken at

the agency level by Customs were not justified, and that

defendants recognized that this was true early on in the

proceedings before the court.   First, even before filing their

Amended Answer, defendants sought a voluntary remand to: (1)

issue a new Notice of Action; and (2) allow Mr. Lizarraga to

administratively challenge the agency’s action.   Defs.’ Mot. to

Stay & for Vol. Remand 2.   Thus, at the beginning stages of the

litigation, defendants recognized that Mr. Lizarraga was entitled

to due process, which he had been denied when the initial

determination was made.

     Thereafter, defendants filed their Amended Answer which

stated “defendants admit that the suspension or deactivation of a

broker’s entry filer code must comport with the [APA].”    Am.

Answer ¶ 22(iii).    Thus, defendants conceded not only that

Lizarraga and other brokers were owed due process, but they

identified the minimum procedures to which they were entitled.

Finally, in their Confession of Judgment, defendants conceded

their error in suspending Mr. Lizarraga’s entry filer code.
Court No. 08-00400                                         Page 29

Confession of Judgment 3 (“[W]e agree not to suspend or

deactivate Mr. Lizarraga’s entry filer code for any past fact or

event.” ).   Thus, it is clear that defendants acknowledged that

Customs’ actions were not based on a “reasoned examination” of

the entry process, and that there was no genuine dispute on the

case’s two major issues, i.e., (1) that Customs was not legally

justified in its suspension of Mr. Lizarraga’s entry filer code;

and (2) Mr. Lizarraga was entitled to due process before his

entry filer code could be suspended.   Indeed, the only “genuine

dispute” in this case was the kind of due process that plaintiff

was entitled to when Customs moved against him.   Based on the

foregoing, it is clear that defendants have not demonstrated that

their position was substantially justified.

     C. Special Circumstances

     Should the court find that their position was not

substantially justified, defendants argue, in the alternative,

that special circumstances make a fee award unjust, as “equitable

considerations weigh against awarding EAJA fees.”   Defs.’ Mem.

24—25 (listing as such “equitable considerations”: (1) “the

alleged misuse associated with Mr. Lizarraga’s filer code [that]

was compromising the integrity of the entry process”; (2) the

lack of “clear standards, by way of judicial precedent, statute,

or otherwise, that could have guided the Government”; and (3)
Court No. 08-00400                                             Page 30

“Mr. Lizarraga’s actions that . . . unnecessarily protracted this

litigation”).   They note that special circumstances have been

recognized where the government unsuccessfully advanced novel and

credible legal theories in good faith, where the case is one of

first impression, or where there is an unsettled area of the law.

Defs.’ Mem. 24.    Characterizing their actions during the

litigation as “advanc[ing] a novel and credible legal theory,”

defendants view an award of attorney’s fees in this case as

“punish[ing] the Government for advancing a plausible legal

argument in good faith.”    Defs.’ Mem. 24.

     Despite defendants’ arguments to the contrary, the progress

of this case demonstrates that defendants never advanced any

novel theories, as they quickly moved to abandon their position

with respect to Customs’ administrative action.     Although

defendants claim that the decision to confess judgment was based

on a cost/benefit analysis, it is simply not credible that they

would abandon the country’s national security because of the cost

of engaging an administrative law judge.      Rather, it seems clear

that defendants realized their case was untenable, and sought an

accommodative result.   Indeed, defendants never advanced a

“plausible legal theory,” but rather progressively receded from

Customs’ initial position until ultimately conceding error and

ending the case.

     As to defendants’ claim that Mr. Lizarraga unnecessarily
Court No. 08-00400                                         Page 31

protracted the litigation, the facts indicate the contrary.    That

is, plaintiff can hardly be said to have extended the case by

refusing to agree to actions that were not in his best interest.

For instance, had plaintiff agreed to the voluntary remand, there

is no guarantee that he would have achieved the result of Customs

withdrawing the suspension of his entry filer code, the very

result he accomplished by continuing the case.   Thus, this case

presents no special circumstances that would preclude an EAJA

award, rather, if the equities favor either party, it is

plaintiff.

     D. Timely Filed Itemized Statement

     Under 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(B), “[a] party seeking an award

of fees and other expenses shall, within thirty days of final

judgment in the action, submit to the court an application for

fees and other expenses . . . , including an itemized statement

. . . stating the actual time expended and the rate at which fees

and other expenses were computed.”   28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(B).

Thus, the final component of the four-part analysis set forth in

Tyco Electronics is whether “the fee application is timely and

supported by an itemized fee statement.”   Former Emps. of Tyco

Elecs. v. U.S. Dep’t of Labor, 28 CIT 1571, 1577, 350 F. Supp. 2d
1075, 1081 (2004).   For purposes of EAJA, an application is

timely if it is filed “within thirty days of final judgment in
Court No. 08-00400                                           Page 32

the action,” and “‘final judgment’ means a judgment that is final

and not appealable.”   28 U.S.C. §§ 2412(d)(1)(B), (d)(2)(G).

Under Fed. R. App. P. R. 4(a)(1)(B), a final judgment is

appealable “within 60 days after the judgment or order appealed

from is entered” when “the United States or its officer or agency

is a party.”   Therefore, for purposes of EAJA, an applicant has

thirty days from the expiration of the sixty-day appeal period to

file an EAJA application.   See Impresa Construzioni Geom.

Domenico Garufi v. United States, 531 F.3d 1367, 1370 (Fed. Cir.

2008) (“[T]he time for filing an EAJA request [runs] from the

expiration of the time for appeal, without consideration of

whether the particular final judgement would have or could have

been appealed.”).

     Here, final judgment was entered on October 4, 2010,

Lizarraga, 34 CIT __, Slip Op. 10-113.    Thus, the judgment was

appealable until December 3, 2010 and plaintiff had until January

3, 2011 to file his EAJA application.    Plaintiff filed his Form

15 application on December 21, 2010 and also provided the

requisite itemized statement detailing the time expended on the

case, as well as the appropriate supporting documentation

demonstrating that he meets the net worth requirement of EAJA.4

     4
           Under 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(2)(B), parties eligible to
recover fees and expenses under EAJA include “(i) an individual
whose net worth did not exceed $2,000,000 at the time the civil
action was filed, or (ii) any owner of an unincorporated
Court No. 08-00400                                           Page 33

Pl.’s Decl. in Supp. of Appl., Ex. A, B.   The defendants do not

dispute that plaintiff’s application was timely filed.

Therefore, plaintiff has satisfied all four parts of the Tyco

analysis.

III. Amount of Award

     The plaintiff’s itemized statement includes (1) 671 hours of

attorneys’ time; (2) 19.1 hours of paralegals’ time; and (3)

other costs and expenses totaling $2,850.16.   Pl.’s Decl. in

Supp. of Appl., Ex. A.   The plaintiff thus seeks reimbursement

for $223,305.83 in combined attorney and paralegal fees, and an

additional $2,850.16 in costs and expenses, for a total of

$226,155.99.   Pl.’s Decl. in Supp. of Appl. 5 ¶ 13.

     A. Apportionment

     The problem arises as to how to handle fees incurred by Mr.

Lizarraga with respect to pressing his position that he was

entitled to “basic due process, in accordance with the letter or

spirit of 19 U.S.C. § 1641(d)(2)(B)” as demanded in his

business, or any partnership, corporation, association, unit of
local government, or organization, the net worth of which did not
exceed $7,000,000 at the time the civil action was filed, and
which had not more than 500 employees at the time the civil
action was filed.” 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(2)(B). Here, plaintiff
has demonstrated his eligibility through submission of an
affidavit from his Certified Public Accountant. Baker Aff.,
Pl.’s Decl. in Supp. of Appl., Ex. B.
Court No. 08-00400                                             Page 34

Complaint.   Compl. ¶ 23(c).   That is, in his Complaint Mr.

Lizarraga insisted that, before his entry filer code could be

suspended, he was entitled to all of the procedures and

protections to which he would have been entitled had Customs

sought to revoke his broker’s license.   While it is clear that

defendants’ suspension of Mr. Lizarraga’s entry filer code at the

administrative level was not substantially justified, it is also

clear that the precise degree of due process to which he was

entitled at the administrative level remained an open question at

the close of the case.   The court never reached a final decision

on this issue because defendants’ Confession of Judgment ended

the case.

     The question then becomes whether Mr. Lizarraga is entitled

to legal fees for all of the time his counsel expended, or only

for the time spent on the precise issues on which he received a

favorable judgment.   In other words, while the court has rejected

defendants’ claim that Mr. Lizarraga is not entitled to any legal

fees because it did not reach the merits of Mr. Lizarraga’s

claims, this does not settle the question of whether he is

entitled to fees for the issues on which he did not receive all

of the relief demanded in his complaint.

     The court finds that Mr. Lizarraga is entitled to attorney’s

fees for all of the time his lawyers put into this case for two

reasons.    First, as noted, the inquiries to determine (1) whether
Court No. 08-00400                                          Page 35

plaintiff is a prevailing party and (2) whether there was a

substantial justification for the government’s actions are made

once for the entire litigation, not on an issue-by-issue basis.

This being the case, the Supreme Court has indicated that only

one finding should likewise be made with respect to fees, unless

the claims in a lawsuit are so distinct they could have been

litigated in separate lawsuits.    See Hensley, 461 U.S. at 435–36;

see also Wagner v. Shinseki, 640 F.3d 1255, 1259 (Fed. Cir. 2011)

(citing Jean, 496 U.S. at 160); Barrera v. Principi, 18 Fed.

Appx. 901, 904 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (citing Jean, 496 U.S. at

161-62).   Therefore, “a fee award presumptively encompasses all

aspects of the civil action.”     Jean, 496 U.S. at 161; see also

Wagner, 640 F.3d at 1259; Former Emps. of Motorola Ceramic Prods.

v. United States, 336 F.3d 1360, 1368 n.3 (Fed. Cir. 2003);

Barrera, 18 Fed. Appx. at 904.    Here, as discussed supra, the

court concludes that plaintiff was the prevailing party and that

the defendants’ positions were not substantially justified.

Having made these threshold determinations, the court is not

required to further this inquiry on an issue-by-issue basis for

the purposes of awarding attorney’s fees under EAJA.

     Second, even if the court were inclined to examine

plaintiff’s entitlement to fees on an issue-by-issue basis, this

approach would be impracticable in this case.    Indeed,

apportioning the fee award here is inappropriate because the
Court No. 08-00400                                           Page 36

issues were so inextricably linked that they cannot be separated

in any meaningful way.   In cases where "a plaintiff . . .

present[s] in one lawsuit distinctly different claims for relief

that are based on different facts and legal theories . . . ,

counsel's work on one claim will be unrelated to his work on

another claim.”   Hensley, 461 U.S. at 434–35.   In such cases, the

“congressional intent to limit awards to prevailing parties

requires that these unrelated claims be treated as if they had

been raised in separate lawsuits, and therefore no fee may be

awarded for services on the unsuccessful claim.”    Id. at 435.

     In other cases, however, “the plaintiff's claims for relief

will involve a common core of facts or will be based on related

legal theories.   Much of counsel’s time will be devoted generally

to the litigation as a whole, making it difficult to divide the

hours expended on a claim-by-claim basis.”   Id.; see also Plyler

v. Evatt, 902 F.2d 273, 280-81 (4th Cir. 1990) (quoting Hensley,
461 U.S. at 435) ("[W]here the issues presented in the later

proceedings or in separate claims involve the same common core of

facts or related legal theories, the case ‘cannot be viewed as a

series of discrete claims.’”).   In such cases, “[w]hile the

parties’ postures on individual matters may be more or less

justified, the EAJA—like other fee-shifting statutes—favors

treating a case as an inclusive whole, rather than as atomized

line-items.”   Jean, 496 U.S. at 161–62.
Court No. 08-00400                                            Page 37

     Here, the issue central to all of plaintiff’s claims and all

of defendants’ defenses was the due process, if any, to which Mr.

Lizarraga was entitled when Customs took steps to suspend his

entry filer code.    Thus, the issues were “overlapping and

intertwined.”   Jones v. Diamond, 636 F.2d 1364, 1382 (5th Cir.

1981).   When the issues in a case are “overlapping and

intertwined,” a court may decline “to dissect the interlocking

evidence and consider it in isolation as supporting only one

claim or the other.”    Williams v. Roberts, 904 F.2d 634, 640

(11th Cir. 1990); see also Plyler, 902 F.2d at 280-81 (quoting

Willie M. v. Hunt, 732 F.2d 383, 386 (4th Cir. 1984) (“Here the

district court acted within its discretion in ruling that the

issues . . . were so ‘inextricably intermingled with the original

claims in the lawsuit’ that severing those proceedings for a

separate analysis of ‘prevailing party’ status was not

justified.”); Afro-Am. Patrolmen’s League v. City of Atlanta, 817
F.2d 719, 725 (11th Cir. 1987) (quoting Jones, 636 F.2d at 1382)

(“‘In fixing the fee, the district court should be mindful that

in complex civil rights litigation . . . issues are overlapping

and intertwined.’”).

     Thus, plaintiff is entitled to fees for all of the hours

spent prosecuting his case.
Court No. 08-00400                                           Page 38

     B.    Special Factor Enhancement

     When granting an application for attorney’s fees, the court

is directed to award “reasonable fees and expenses.”   28 U.S.C. §

2412(b).   Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(2)(A), “attorney fees

shall not be awarded in excess of $125 per hour unless the court

determines that an increase of cost of living or a special

factor, such as limited availability of qualified attorneys for

the proceedings involved, justifies a higher fee.”

     Counsel for plaintiff seeks a special factor enhancement and

in the event the court does not award such increase, a cost of

living fee adjustment.

     According to Mr. Lizarraga’s lawyers, the “special factor”

enhancement applies to this case because they have “extensive

experience in customs law and litigation, and distinctive

knowledge and specialized skill in the representation of customs

brokers,” and “[t]he competent and effective prosecution of

plaintiff’s case required the specialized skills in customs

practice and litigation and knowledge of the customs brokerage

regulations and practices that are beyond what general practice

lawyers would encounter.”   Pl.’s Br. 22—23.   In other words,

plaintiff believes a special factor enhancement is required here

because (1) his counsel possess expertise in a specialized

practice area; and (2) these specialized skills were necessary to

adequately represent the client.
Court No. 08-00400                                              Page 39

        At the outset, it should be noted that the grant of a

special factor enhancement is conditioned upon the requirement

that specialized skill was actually needed for the action before

the court.      In Pierce, the Supreme Court clarified that the EAJA

special factor exception for qualified attorneys “refers to

attorneys having some distinctive knowledge or specialized skill

needful for the litigation in question.”      Pierce, 487 U.S. at

572.    The Court noted, as an example of a special factor,

expertise in “an identifiable practice specialty such as patent

law.”     Id.   The Court then listed several factors that it deemed

insufficient to merit an increase in the statutory cap: “[t]he

‘novelty and difficulty of issues,’ ‘the undesirability of the

case,’ the ‘work and ability of counsel,’ and ‘the results

obtained.’”      Id. at 573 (internal citations omitted).   The Court

explained that these “are factors applicable to a broad spectrum

of litigation; they are little more than routine reasons why

market rates are what they are.”      Id.

        As this Court has found in the past, for purposes of EAJA,

customs law is a specialized practice area, distinct from general

and administrative law.      Jazz Photo Corp. v. United States, 32

CIT __, __, 597 F. Supp. 2d 1364, 1369 (2008) (citing Nakamura v.

Heinrich, 17 CIT 119, 121 (1993) (not reported in the Federal

Supplement)).     It is not clear, however, that specialized customs

law skills were required for competent representation in this
Court No. 08-00400                                           Page 40

case.     See Jazz Photo, 32 CIT at __, 597 F. Supp. 2d at 1369–70

(declining to award a special factor enhancement for all issues

in a customs case except for one because “specialized customs law

skills” were only required for that one issue) (citing Role

Models Am., Inc. v. Brownlee, 353 F.3d 962, 969 (D.C. Cir. 2004)

(“Pierce made clear that an increase in the cap is justified only

by work requiring specialized skills or knowledge beyond what

lawyers use on a regular basis.    Producing high-quality work on a

short deadline hardly satisfies this standard.”)).

        Having been an active participant in this case throughout,

the court finds that the due process arguments that were central

to the case could have been made by any competent lawyer familiar

with administrative law.    Furthermore, the knowledge needed to

make Mr. Lizarraga’s arguments with respect to the importance of

the entry filer code could have been conveyed to any competent

attorney by plaintiff himself.    This being the case, the novelty

and difficulty of the issues, although they were present, did not

require the attention of lawyers who specialize in customs law.

        In addition, while customs law is a specialized area of law,

the special factor of “the limited availability of qualified

attorneys for the proceedings involved,” 28 U.S.C.

§ 2412(d)(2)(A)(ii), also implies difficulty in securing

qualified counsel at a reasonable rate due to scarcity or other

factors.     Jazz Photo, 597 F. Supp. 2d at 1370 (citing Hyatt v.
Court No. 08-00400                                              Page 41

Barnhart, 315 F.3d 239, 249 (4th Cir. 2002)).     Indeed, “the

statute does not assign extra compensation by ‘fields’ but by

asking the practical question whether in the case at hand lawyers

qualified to handle the case can be found for $125 or less.”

Atl. Fish Spotters Ass’n v. Daley, 205 F.3d 488, 492 (1st Cir.

2000).    As defendants point out, even if specialized skills were

required to litigate this case, plaintiff has made no showing

that he could not have secured counsel at the regular rate.

Defs.’ Mem. 28.    Indeed, plaintiff has not even argued that there

were no other attorneys available who could have handled the

case.     Id. at 29.   As a result, plaintiff is not entitled to a

special factor enhancement.

        C. Cost of Living Adjustment

        With respect to an increase for the cost of living, based on

long-established precedent and the defendants’ failure to object,

the court finds that a cost of living increase is warranted.         See

28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(2)(A)(ii).     The court may exercise judicial

discretion in granting cost of living adjustments so as to

effectuate the intent of Congress “to provide adequate

compensation notwithstanding inflation.”      Payne v. Sullivan, 977
F.2d 900, 903 (4th Cir. 1992).     In making a cost of living

adjustment, the court may calculate the increase using the
Court No. 08-00400                                            Page 42

Consumer Price Index (“CPI-U”).5   See Kerin v. U.S. Postal Serv.,

218 F.3d 185, 194 (2d Cir. 2000) (“[T]he district court may

choose to apply a cost of living adjustment to [the statutory

rate], as measured by the Consumer Price Index.”).

     Here, the court calculates adjustments to EAJA fees using

the CPI-U data for the Northeast Urban Area, available from the

Bureau of Labor Statistics, for the periods in which the services

were performed: the second half of 2008, all of 2009, and 2010.

See Kerin, 218 F.3d at 194 (“[T]he hourly rate . . . should only

be increased by the corresponding Consumer Price Index for each

year in which the legal work was performed.”   (internal citation

omitted)).   To calculate the EAJA fee adjustment, the court makes

an adjustment to the $125 statutory EAJA amount.     See Allegheny

Bradford Corp. v. United States, 28 CIT 2107, 2114, 350 F. Supp.
2d 1332, 1339 (2004); 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(2)(A)(ii).    The

adjustment is calculated as follows: the statutory hourly rate

($125) is multiplied by the applicable CPI-U for the time period,

divided by the CPI-U for March 1996 when the EAJA statutory cap

went into effect.

     Accordingly, the adjusted EAJA fee rate for 2008 is $177.15

($125 x 230.723/162.8).   The adjusted rate for 2009 is $181.83

     5
          “CPI-U” refers to the Consumer Price Index data for
“All Urban Consumers.” Consumer Price Index, U.S. Bureau of Lab.
Stats., http://www.bls.gov/cpi/tables.htm (last visited Sept. 20,
2011).
Court No. 08-00400                                            Page 43

($125 x 236.825/162.8).    The adjusted rate for 2010 is $184.32

($125 x 240.059/162.8).

     D. Calculation

     The court must next consider the number of hours requested

in the EAJA application.    As noted, plaintiff’s itemized

statement includes (1) 671 hours of attorneys’ time; (2) 19.1

hours of paralegals’ time; and (3)other costs and expenses

totaling $2,850.16.   Pl.’s Decl. in Supp. of Appl., Ex. A.

     Plaintiff has therefore requested reimbursement for 19.1

hours of paralegal time.   Although “the EAJA makes no explicit

provision for law clerk ‘fees,’”    Nakamura, 17 CIT at 122; see

also Masias v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 634 F.3d 1283,

1288 (Fed. Cir. 2011), the Supreme Court has determined that “a

prevailing party that satisfies EAJA’s other requirements may

recover its paralegal fees from the Government at prevailing

market rates.”    Richlin Sec. Serv. Co. v. Chertoff, 553 U.S. 571,

590 (2008).    Here, plaintiff’s request for paralegal time is

billed at various hourly rates, ranging from $100 to $175, which

plaintiff has affirmed is “well within the range of prevailing

market rates for a specialized practice area like customs

litigation.”   Pl.’s Decl. in Supp. of Appl. 4–5 ¶ 11.   As there

is no indication that these rates are not the norm and because

defendants have not challenged them, they will be used to
Court No. 08-00400                                            Page 44

calculate the reimbursement amount for paralegal services.

     Finally, while the defendants oppose the awarding of

attorney fees to plaintiff generally, they have not challenged

any specific portion of plaintiff’s claim or any item included on

plaintiff’s statement.   Defs.’ Mem. 28–29.   Additionally,

defendants have not challenged the reasonableness of any of the

additional costs and expenses, totaling $2,850.16, itemized by

plaintiff.

     Because defendants have failed to object to any specific

cost or set of hours billed by plaintiff, and have not asked the

court to exclude any charged items, all of the hours provided by

plaintiff will be used to calculate the total reimbursement award

according to the calculations displayed in the table below.

Plaintiff, however, has not provided an annual breakdown of

attorneys’ hours so that the CPI-U adjusted hourly rate can be

applied to yield a cost-of-living-adjusted fee rate for the

second half of 2008, all of 2009, and 2010.   As a result,

plaintiff is directed to prepare a revised EAJA application

detailing the eligible attorneys’ hours by year, excluding hours

for paralegal services, so that the court may determine the

proper EAJA award.
Court No. 08-00400                                      Page 45

        Item          Rate         Calculation      Total
                 2008 CPI-U       $177.15 x ___      $____
Attorney’s       Adjusted Rate:   Hours
Fees (2008)      $177.15 ($125
                 x
                 230.723/162.8)
Attorney’s       2009 CPI-U       $181.83 x ___      $____
Fees (2009)      Adjusted Rate:   Hours
                 $181.83 ($125
                 x
                 236.825/162.8)
Attorney’s       2009 CPI-U       $184.32 x ___      $____
Fees (2010)      Adjusted Rate:   Hours
                 $184.32 ($125
                 x
                 240.059/162.8)
Paralegal        Prevailing       19.1 Hours x     $1,833.00
Services         Market Rate As   Prevailing
                 Determined by    Market Rate
                 Plaintiff        ($100 to $175
                                  per hour)
Costs                                              $2,850.16
                                           TOTAL   $________
Court No. 08-00400                                             Page 46

                              CONCLUSION

        For the reasons set forth above, plaintiff’s application for

fees and other expenses pursuant to the EAJA is GRANTED.

Accordingly, it is hereby

        ORDERED that plaintiff provide a yearly breakdown of

attorneys fees (excluding paralegal services) by November 16,

2011.

                                        /s/ Richard K. Eaton
                                            Richard K. Eaton

Dated:      October 17, 2011
            New York, New York