Court Opinion

ID: 9370025
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-02-10 17:00:43.349731+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:18.798099
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                                  FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

    LESLIE MAYNARD,

                             Plaintiff,                        Civil Action No. 1:17-cv-02612 (JMC)

          v.

    MICHAEL MELTON,

                             Defendant.

                                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

         Leslie Maynard sued Michael Melton, bringing claims for battery, assault, false

imprisonment, invasion of privacy, fraud, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Melton

moved to dismiss those claims. Magistrate Judge Robin M. Meriweather issued a Report and

Recommendation advising that Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss or, in the alternative, Motion for

More Definite Statement be granted in part and denied in part. After considering the Parties’ briefs,

the Report and Recommendation, and Defendant’s Objections to the Report and Recommendation,

the Court adopts the Report and Recommendation in full.1

I.       BACKGROUND

         The facts of this case are set forth in detail in the Report and Recommendation. See ECF

69 at 2–5. Because neither Party objected to the Report and Recommendation’s findings of fact,

the Court adopts them in full. See Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140, 150–51 (1985) (“It does not appear

that Congress intended to require district court review of a magistrate's factual or legal conclusions,

1
  Unless otherwise indicated, the formatting of quoted materials has been modified throughout this opinion, for
example, by omitting internal quotation marks and citations, and by incorporating emphases, changes to capitalization,
and other bracketed alterations therein. All pincites to documents filed on the docket are to the automatically generated
ECF Page ID number that appears at the top of each page.

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under a de novo or any other standard, when neither party objects to those findings.”). To evaluate

Defendant’s objections to the Report and Recommendation, the Court briefly recounts the facts of

the case.

       On July 7, 2017, Leslie Maynard filed a Complaint against Michael Melton. ECF 1. She

later filed a First Amended Complaint, ECF 12, and then a Second Amended Complaint, ECF 42.

For purposes of evaluating Defendant’s Motion, the Court refers to the facts alleged in the Second

Amended Complaint.

       Maynard alleges that she started dating Melton around December 2014. Id. ¶¶ 11–14. She

contends that their relationship became abusive after they moved in together. Id. ¶¶ 15–18.

Notably, Maynard alleges that on one occasion Melton hit her with a clothes iron and forced her

to have sex with him by threatening to hit her again. Id. ¶¶ 35–39. Maynard also alleges that Melton

sent a video to his friends that showed Maynard engaging in an intimate sexual act. Id. ¶¶ 118–30.

Maynard alleges that amidst all of this, Melton hid the fact that he was married to another woman

in Virginia for years. Id. ¶¶ 44, 133. Maynard filed suit against Melton, making the following

claims: (1) sexual battery (duress), (2) sexual battery (physical force), (3) battery (abrasions), (4)

battery (electric iron), (5) simple battery (the punch), (6) battery (the strangling), (7) battery (the

shove), (8) battery (the kick), (9) assault (the electric iron), (10) assault with fist, (11) intent-to-

frighten assault, (12) false imprisonment, (13) invasion of privacy (photo), (14) invasion of privacy

(video), (15) fraud, and (16) intentional infliction of emotional distress. Id. ¶¶ 47–148.

       After the case was referred to Magistrate Judge Robin M. Meriweather for full case

management, Melton filed a Motion to Dismiss or, in the alternative, a Motion for a More Definite

Statement. ECF 46. He argues that thirteen of Maynard’s sixteen claims are “impermissible

shotgun pleadings” that violate Fed. R. Civ. P. 8. Melton also contends that two invasion of privacy

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claims fail to state a legal claim under Rule 12(b)(6), and one fraud claim fails to provide the

specificity demanded by Rule 9(b). Id. at 1. Maynard responded to this Motion, ECF 47, and

Melton replied, ECF 48. Magistrate Judge Meriweather then asked the parties to provide

supplemental briefing on a choice-of-law issue. ECF 55. The Parties complied and filed additional

briefs. See ECF 56; ECF 57.

        Magistrate Judge Meriweather issued a Report and Recommendation advising that the

Motion be granted in part and denied in part. ECF 69. The Report and Recommendation advises

that the Motion to Dismiss be denied as to the Rule 8 arguments because the Complaint “identifies

the intentional torts” for each claim and “indicates which specific facts . . . give rise to the pertinent

cause of action.” Id. at 8, 10. However, the Report and Recommendation suggests that the Motion

to Dismiss be granted as to Counts 13 and 14—the two invasion of privacy claims—because the

Complaint does not allege “that the video and photograph were publicized in the manner necessary

to state a claim for invasion of privacy under D.C. law.” Id. at 11. The Report and Recommendation

advises that these claims be dismissed without prejudice because “dismissals with prejudice under

Rule 12(b)(6) are disfavored and warranted only when a trial court determines that the allegations

of other facts consistent with the challenged pleading could not possibly cure the deficiency.” Id.

at 19–20 (citing Smartdoor Holdings, Inc. v. Edmit Indus., Inc., 78 F. Supp. 3d 275, 278 (D.D.C.

2015)). Finally, the Report and Recommendation recommends denying the Motion to Dismiss as

it pertains to Melton’s Rule 9(b) argument. Id. at 20–31. The Report found that, although the

Second Amended Complaint does not allege enough facts to determine whether the law of the

District of Columbia, Georgia, or Maryland governed Maynard’s claim, id. at 22–24, it still

satisfies Rule 9(b)’s heightened pleading standard because it pleads the necessary elements of a

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fraud claim under the laws of all three jurisdictions, identifies where the fraud occurred, and gave

Melton fair notice of Maynard’s claim. Id. at 27–31.

        Melton objected to the Report and Recommendation. ECF 70. He renewed his Rule 8

argument without further elaboration, see id. at 1, and supplemented his Rule 9(b) argument with

additional briefing, see id. at 2–3.

II.     LEGAL STANDARD

        When considering objections to a magistrate judge’s Report and Recommendation, district

courts apply a de novo standard of review. 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1); LCvR 72.3(c). However, a

district court may adopt portions of a Report and Recommendation to which no objection was

filed. See Thomas, 474 U.S. at 150–51. After reviewing the Report and Recommendation and any

objections that were filed, “[a] district judge may accept, reject, or modify, in whole or in part, the

findings or recommendations made by the magistrate judge.” 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1); LCvR 72.3(c).

III.    ANALYSIS

        The Court considered Defendant’s objections to the Report and Recommendation but

ultimately agrees with the Report’s conclusions on all issues.

        A. Counts 1–12 and 16

        Melton objects to the Report and Recommendation’s determination that the Second

Amended Complaint satisfies the Rule 8 pleading standard. ECF 70 at 1. He relies on the same

arguments raised in his Motion to Dismiss: namely, that the Second Amended Complaint is a

“shotgun pleading” that does not adequately inform Melton what alleged misconduct underpins

each claim. See ECF 46 at 8–14.

        The pleading standard outlined in the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure governs this issue.

Rule 8(a)(2) requires each claim to include “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that

the pleader is entitled to relief.” Rule 8(d)(1) further adds that “[e]ach allegation must be simple,

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concise, and direct.” While these rules emphasize brevity in pleadings, they also aim to ensure that

defendants are provided “a fair notice of each claim and its basis.” Sparrow v. United Air Lines,

Inc., 216 F.3d 1111, 1118 (D.C. Cir. 2000).

       Maynard’s Second Amended Complaint satisfies this standard. It alleges a series of general

facts laying out the narrative behind the Complaint as a whole, then recounts the specific facts

pertaining to each claim. The battery claims alleged in Counts 1 through 4, the assault claim alleged

in Count 9, and the false imprisonment claim in Count 12 are supported by factual assertions

recalling Melton’s conduct from February 2017 in Georgia. ECF 42 ¶¶ 47–69, 84–87, 99–104. The

battery claims in Counts 5 through 8 and the assault claim in Count 10 are supported by factual

assertions recalling Melton’s conduct in October 2016 in Washington, D.C. Id. ¶¶ 70–83, 88–92.

The assault claim in Count 11 is supported by factual assertions recalling Melton’s conduct in

2016 in their house. Id. ¶¶ 93–98. Finally, the intentional infliction of emotional distress claim in

Count 16 is supported by the composite of all these incidents. Id. ¶¶ 144–48.

       Because each of the first twelve claims alleged in the Second Amended Complaint can be

tied to a specific incident, the Court disagrees with Melton’s argument that he is “unsure exactly

what conduct is at issue in the first 12 counts of the Second Amended Complaint.” ECF 46 at 13.

True, the Second Amended Complaint appends some irrelevant information to each count by

realleging all the general facts in each count. But it also notes within each claim the specific facts

that pertain to that count. For example, Count 1 alleges that Melton committed sexual battery by

intentionally making physical contact with Maynard’s intimate parts without her consent. ECF 42

¶¶ 47–53. Maynard alleges this incident occurred the same day that he struck her with a clothes

iron in Augusta, Georgia. Id. ¶ 49. These facts are sufficiently specific to inform Melton of the

allegations against him and to permit him to respond.

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        Melton also argues that Count 16, which alleges an intentional infliction of emotional

distress claim, fails to delineate how each individual incident in a series of events caused harm to

Maynard. ECF 46 at 13. This argument misses the point of Maynard’s claim. Rather than alleging

that each incident individually inflicted emotional distress, Maynard bases her claim on the

aggregate of misconduct. See ECF 42 ¶¶ 144–48. With the details of each individual incident

recounted in earlier factual assertions, using an aggregation approach to allege an intentional

infliction of emotional distress claim does not offend Rule 8’s pleading standard because these

claims often rely on a string of misconduct. Davis v. Megabus Northeast LLC, 301 F. Supp. 3d

105, 109 (D.D.C. 2018) (“Under D.C. law, extreme or outrageous conduct in the context of

discrimination typically requires a pattern of harassment rather than a few isolated incidents.”).

        The Court adopts the Report and Recommendation with regards to Counts 1 through 12

and 16, and denies Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss with regards to those claims.

        B. Count 15

        Melton also objects to the Report and Recommendation’s proposal to deny his Motion to

Dismiss with regards to Count 15. Melton argues that Count 15, in which Maynard alleges that

Melton committed fraud by intentionally misrepresenting his relationship status, should be

dismissed because it fails to allege enough facts to decide a choice-of-law issue that determines

which state’s laws will govern the merits of the claim. ECF 70 at 2–3. Melton contends that if the

claim is not dismissed, he will be effectively “forced to defend himself against fraud claims from

three different states.” Id. at 2.

        Rule 9(b) requires plaintiffs alleging fraud claims to “state with particularly the

circumstances constituting fraud or mistake.” The Rule is meant to give defendants notice of the

claim against them, prevent unsubstantiated attacks on the defendant’s reputation, and deter fishing

attempts. Anderson v. USAA Cas. Ins. Co., 221 F.R.D. 250, 253 (D.D.C. 2004); Kowal v. MCI

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Commc’ns Corp., 16 F.3d 1271, 1279 n.3 (D.C. Cir. 1994). To that end, the plaintiff must include

more details about the time, place, and contents of the false representations than they would for

other non-fraud claims. United States ex rel. Totten v. Bombardier Corp., 286 F.3d 542, 552 (D.C.

Cir. 2002). “Rule 9(b) does not require plaintiffs to allege every fact pertaining to every instance

of fraud when a scheme spans several years.” United States ex rel. Williams v. Martin-Baker

Aircraft Co., Ltd., 389 F.3d 1251, 1256 (D.C. Cir. 2004). Rather, the plaintiff need only provide

enough details for the defendant “to defend against the charge and not just deny that they have

done anything wrong.” Id.

       The Second Amended Complaint satisfies this standard. The Second Amended Complaint

alleges that Melton intentionally lied about his marriage status over the course of several years,

that he perpetuated this lie to capture Maynard’s time and affection, and that Maynard suffered

financial and emotional damages as a result of the lie. See ECF 42 ¶¶ 132–43. The Second

Amended Complaint also alleges that these false representations were made in Washington, D.C.

and Georgia. ECF 42 ¶¶ 132, 142.

       As the Report and Recommendation recognizes, the Second Amended Complaint does not

include enough facts to conclusively determine which state’s laws will govern the claim. See ECF

69 at 22–24. But that does not mean the Complaint fails to satisfy Rule 9(b). The heightened

pleading standard is designed to ensure that plaintiffs do not throw unsubstantiated accusations at

defendants to cast aspersions or hunt for nefarious activity in discovery. Anderson, 221 F.R.D. at

253; Kowal, 16 F.3d at 1279 n.3. The Second Amended Complaint contains enough factual

assertions to give Melton adequate notice of the claims against him, and they are plead with enough

specificity to show that they are not mere fishing expeditions. That is all that is required at this

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stage. The facts that will decide the choice-of-law issue and any statute of limitations defense will

be determined as the case unfolds, and those defenses can be raised in dispositive briefing.

       The Court agrees with the Report and Recommendation and denies Defendant’s Motion to

Dismiss with regard to Count 15.

IV.    CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the Court ORDERS that the Report and Recommendation be

adopted in full. Defendant’s Motion for a More Definite Statement, or in the alternative Motion to

Dismiss, ECF 46, is granted in part and denied in part. The Motion is GRANTED with respect to

Counts 13 and 14, and those claims are dismissed without prejudice. The Motion is DENIED with

regard to all other counts.

       SO ORDERED.

       DATE: February 10, 2023

                                                              Jia M. Cobb
                                                              U.S. District Court Judge

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