Court Opinion

ID: 9383094
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-29 16:14:13.856366+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:43.548352
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

 JAMES L. MARTIN,                         §
                                          §
       Plaintiff Below,                   §   No. 160, 2022
       Appellant,                         §
                                          §   Court Below–Superior Court
       v.                                 §   of the State of Delaware
                                          §
DAVID H. NIXON,                           §   C.A. No. N17C-08-152
                                          §
       Defendant Below,                   §
       Appellee.                          §

                          Submitted: January 13, 2023
                          Decided:   March 28, 2023

Before SEITZ, Chief Justice; VALIHURA and VAUGHN, Justices.

                                      ORDER

      After consideration of the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal, it appears

to the Court that:

      (1)    The plaintiff below/appellant, James L. Martin, brought a personal-

injury action against the defendant below/appellee, David H. Nixon, in the Superior

Court, seeking damages for injuries that he sustained in a motor-vehicle/bicycle

collision. The Superior Court bifurcated the trial into a liability phase and a damages

phase. Following the September 2019 jury trial on the issue of liability, a Superior

Court jury found Martin forty-three percent at fault and Nixon fifty-seven percent at

fault for the accident. Following the February 2022 jury trial on the issue of
damages, the jury determined that Martin had suffered $102,709.59 in damages.

Reducing the award by Martin’s comparative fault, the Superior Court entered a

judgment in favor of Martin for $58,544.47 in damages, plus costs. This appeal

followed.

      (2)    On appeal, Martin’s arguments may be fairly summarized as follows:

(i) the Superior Court judge should have recused himself because he was biased in

favor of Nixon; (ii) Nixon’s trial counsel should be sanctioned for denying the

existence and content of Nixon’s “recorded statement” to his insurance company;

(iii) Martin was entitled to present evidence of lost compensation to the jury; (iv) the

question of the value of Martin’s bicycle should not have been submitted to the jury;

(v) and the testimony of the police officer who responded to the scene should have

been excluded. Because we find no merit to Martin’s contentions, we affirm the

Superior Court’s judgment.

      (3)    Martin first argues that the Superior Court judge who oversaw his trial

should have recused himself because (i) he allegedly laughed when defense counsel

referenced the fact that the name of one of Martin’s proposed witnesses, Charles

Bare, sounded like the recurring character “Dancing Bear” on the television show

“Captain Kangaroo;” (ii) he engaged in ex parte communication with Nixon’s

counsel concerning the language of the verdict sheet submitted to the jury during the

liability phase of the trial; (iii) he sent a letter to Nixon’s counsel that outlined

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alternatives to a jury trial to resolve the damages phase of the trial because of the

indefinite suspension of jury trials in light of the COVID-19-related courthouse

restrictions; and (iv) he allowed Nixon’s counsel the opportunity to sur-rebut

Martin’s closing statement.

          (4)    The record reflects that Martin filed a motion to recuse and disqualify

the Superior Court judge on the basis that the judge permitted Nixon’s counsel to

mock Martin’s proffered need for an expert to testify about traffic laws as they relate

to bicyclists by referring to Captain Kangaroo and then laughed along with counsel

during a pretrial conference. The Superior Court judge denied the motion, noting

that he did not recall counsel’s purported comment and explicitly finding that he

harbored no particular prejudice or bias against Martin or the merits of his case. We

review a judge’s decision declining to disqualify and recuse himself for abuse of

discretion.1 When the basis for disqualification is a claim that the judge has a

personal bias or prejudice concerning a party, “the alleged bias or prejudice of the

judge must stem from an extrajudicial source and result in an opinion on the merits

on some basis other than what the judge learned from his participation in the case.”2

With the transcript of the pretrial conference in hand, we note that Martin

mischaracterized counsel’s comment: counsel did not mock the need for an expert

1
    See Los v. Los, 595 A.2d 381, 385 (Del. 1991).
2
    Id. at 384 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
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to testify to the cycling rules of the road but merely made a passing reference to the

character Mr. Bear on “Captain Kangaroo.” Moreover, the transcript does not reflect

that the trial judge reacted in any way to the comment. Even if the judge had laughed

at the reference, however, the record does not reflect that he harbored any bias—

actual or perceived—against Martin.

       (5)    Because Martin did not present his other claims that he alleges support

the trial judge’s recusal to the trial judge in the first instance, we review them for

plain error. We find no plain error here. First, the phone call from someone in

Nixon’s counsel’s office to the Superior Court judge’s chambers (noting that the jury

may have been confused by the use of the term “fault” on the jury verdict form when

the term “negligence” had been used in the jury instructions) was not an improper

ex parte communication.3 Second, the trial judge’s letter to counsel on which Martin

was copied suggesting alternative means of moving ahead with the damages phase

of the trial if the parties were so inclined was not evidence of bias against Martin.

Third, the trial judge’s decision to allow Nixon’s counsel to briefly rebut Martin’s

testimonial closing argument during the damages phase of the trial to remind the jury

that medical evidence must be testified to by a medical expert was neither

3
  See Abbott v. Del. State Pub. Integrity Comm’n, 2019 WL 937184, at *6 (Del. Feb. 25, 2019)
(“Improper ex parte communications… involve contact with a judge on substantive matters
concerning the merits of an issue pending before the court.”).

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impermissible4 nor evidence of bias. Simply put, there is no merit to Martin’s claim

that the trial judge should have disqualified and recused himself from Martin’s case.

       (6)     After the liability phase of the trial, Martin learned that Nixon had given

a statement to his insurance company—a statement that conflicted in some respects

with Nixon’s trial testimony and, Martin argued, entitled him to judgment as a matter

of law. The Superior Court denied the motion as an untimely and meritless motion

to reargue. On appeal, Martin argues that Nixon’s counsel should be sanctioned5 for

his failure to disclose Nixon’s “recorded statement” to his insurance company

because his failure to disclose the statement stymied Martin’s ability to prosecute

his case.6 Although Martin couches his claim as one for sanctions, it is, at its core,

a claim that his ability to challenge Nixon’s credibility at trial was curtailed by

counsel’s failure to disclose Nixon’s statement. This claim is belied by the record.

As a preliminary matter, counsel did not misrepresent the record: although Nixon

provided a brief summary of the accident to his insurance company, he did not give

a recorded statement as Martin claims. In any event, to the extent that the statement

4
  Compare Del. Super. Ct. Civ. R. 42.1 (providing that plaintiff and defense attorneys may make
an opening statement in civil jury trials and setting no parameters with regard to closing or rebuttal
arguments) with Del. Super. Ct. Crim. R. 29.1 (providing that the prosecution must make a closing
argument, to which the defendant may reply, and if he does, the prosecution may reply in rebuttal).
5
 Specifically, Martin asks the Court to order Nixon to reimburse Martin for his fees and costs, to
direct that Nixon be fired from his law firm, and to strike Nixon’s “work product” from the record.
6
  After Nixon acknowledged at his deposition that he had spoken to someone at his insurance
company about the accident, Nixon’s counsel informed Martin’s counsel that the statement was
not recorded.

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could have been used to impeach Nixon, the record reflects that it would have been

cumulative: at trial, Martin aggressively cross-examined Nixon about his

recollection of the accident.

          (7)     Martin’s final arguments concern the Superior Court’s rulings on

various motions in limine. A trial judge's decision to admit or exclude evidence is

reviewed for abuse of discretion.7 Judicial discretion “is the exercise of judgment

directed by conscience and reason, and when a court has not exceeded the bounds of

reason in view of the circumstances and has not so ignored recognized rules of law

or practice so as to produce injustice, its legal discretion has not been abused.”8 To

find an abuse of discretion, there must be a showing that the trial court acted in an

arbitrary and capricious manner.9 Here, the Superior Court did not abuse its

discretion by granting Nixon’s motion in limine to exclude the testimony of Martin’s

medical expert, Dr. Charles Getz, as it related to any treatment or assessment after

December 2016 because Dr. Getz had not opined that any treatment after that date

was causally related to a reasonable degree of medical certainty to the accident.

Accordingly, testimony as it related to any action Dr. Getz took after December 2016

was properly excluded. This properly excluded testimony included Dr. Getz’s

7
    Spencer v. Wal-Mart Stores East, LP, 930 A.2d 881, 886 (Del. 2007).
8
    Id. at 886-87 (citation omitted).
9
    Id. at 887.

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statement that he had reviewed another doctor’s handwritten notes—which included

that doctor’s assessment of Martin’s degree of disability for the years following the

accident and upon which Martin relied in part to support his claim of lost

compensation—in the month before his deposition was taken in January 2022.10

          (8)     We also find that the Superior Court properly concluded that the value

of Martin’s bicycle was a question of fact for the jury. The fact that Martin’s

witness11 signed an affidavit attesting to the value of Martin’s bicycle was not

dispositive of its value—especially where, as here, the bicycle model in question

was no longer being manufactured at the time of the accident and the market value

of the warranty attached to it was unclear. Accordingly, the question was properly

submitted (along with the parties’ respective witnesses and argument) to the jury.

Finally, the fact that the responding police officer issued traffic citations to Martin

that were later dismissed was immaterial to the relevance and admissibility of the

police officer’s testimony at the liability phase of the trial.

10
   Dr. Getz did not opine (or indicate that he intended to opine) on Martin’s lost income in his
opinion letters prepared in connection with Martin’s case. During Martin’s deposition, Martin
stated that he was employed in various capacities, but he did not testify to any lost income as a
result of the accident. At trial, Martin sought to introduce a self-generated document, notably not
a business record, that purported to outline his lost income for the years 2015-2021, simply listing
“hours lost” and “income lost.” Without more (i.e., tax returns), this document was not “sufficient
evidence to provide a reasonable basis for the jury to estimate with a fair degree of certainty his
probable loss.” Moody v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 549 A.2d 291, 293 (Del. 1988).
11
     Contrary to Martin’s representation, the witness did not testify as an expert.

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     NOW, THEREFORE, IT IS ORDERED that the judgment of the Superior

Court be AFFIRMED.

                               BY THE COURT:

                               /s/ Karen L. Valihura
                               Justice

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