Court Opinion

ID: 9919664
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-01-18 21:03:23.048359+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:07:49.373332
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

JOSE TERREROS,                        §
                                      §          No. 435, 2022
      Defendant Below,                §
      Appellant,                      §          Court Below: Superior Court
                                      §          of the State of Delaware
      v.                              §
                                      §          Cr. ID No. N1911014417 (N)
STATE OF DELAWARE,                    §
                                      §
      Appellee.                       §

                         Submitted: October 25, 2023
                         Decided:   January 18, 2024

Before SEITZ, Chief Justice; VALIHURA, TRAYNOR, LEGROW, and
GRIFFITHS, Justices, constituting the Court en Banc.

Upon appeal from the Superior Court of the State of Delaware. REVERSED AND
REMANDED.

Elliot M. Margules, Esquire, Office of the Public Defender, Wilmington, Delaware,
for Appellant Jose Terreros.

Andrew J. Vella, Esquire, Delaware Department of Justice, Wilmington, Delaware,
for Appellee State of Delaware.

LEGROW, Justice:
       In 2019, Andrea Casillas-Ceja (“Casillas”) left her children in the care of her

boyfriend, Jose Terreros. When Casillas returned home, her four-year-old daughter,

J.S., informed her that Terreros had licked her vagina. Casillas immediately told

Terreros to leave the home and called the police. A few days later, Casillas accessed

the internet search history on Terreros’s phone, which he had left at her house.

Within the phone’s internet history, Casillas observed several web searches that the

State contended were evidence of his guilt. Specifically, Terreros had searched how

long saliva and fingerprints stay on bodies and clothes and whether police can detect

if a little girl has been raped.

       Investigators obtained a warrant to search Terreros’s phone based on

Casillas’s observations. Although the only nexus between the alleged crime and the

phone was Terreros’s internet history, the warrant authorized police to search

Terreros’s messages, messaging apps, photos, videos, internet search history, GPS

coordinates, and incoming and outgoing calls. The warrant did not identify any dates

limiting the scope of the search. Terreros moved to suppress the fruits of the search,

arguing that the warrant was a general warrant that authorized a search of far more

data than police had probable cause to search.

       After the Superior Court denied Terreros’s motion, finding that the warrant

was neither general nor overbroad, the State introduced the web searches at

Terreros’s trial for Rape First Degree, Sexual Abuse of a Child in the First Degree,

                                          1
and Dangerous Crime Against a Child. Ultimately, the jury returned a verdict

finding Terreros not guilty of Rape First Degree but guilty of the other two counts.

         Following the verdict, Terreros moved for judgment of acquittal, contending

that the verdicts were inconsistent, and that this inconsistency violated the

protections afforded within Article I, Section 4 of the Delaware Constitution. The

Superior Court denied Terreros’s motion but did not specifically address his state

constitutional claim.

         Terreros now appeals his convictions, arguing that the Superior Court abused

its discretion in refusing to suppress the internet search history and erred in denying

the Motion for Judgment of Acquittal. Because the warrant constituted a general

warrant, we REVERSE and REMAND the Superior Court’s denial of Terreros’s

Motion to Suppress. Because both the Superior Court and the State did not address

the state constitutional aspect of Terreros’s inconsistent-verdicts argument, we

REMAND the Superior Court’s denial of Terreros’s Motion for Judgment of

Acquittal for further consideration of the constitutional issues raised therein.

              I.     FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

         In 2019, Terreros lived with Casillas, their two children, and three of

Casillas’s children from another relationship.1 On November 19, 2019, Casillas and

1
    App. to Opening Br. at A249; A269; A350 (Trial Tr.).

                                                2
Terreros spent the day at a farm in Pennsylvania with all the children.2 That night,

Casillas went to the local 7- Eleven to buy water for Terreros.3 Terreros later stated

that Casillas was likely gone for no more than five to ten minutes.4 When Casillas

returned, J.S., her four-year-old daughter, told her that Terreros had licked her

“cola,” which was the word she used to mean vagina.5 Casillas immediately took

her children outside and told Terreros to leave the house.6 Terreros left the home as

requested.7 Casillas called the police and took J.S. to a hospital where she was

examined by a forensic nurse. J.S. also provided a recorded statement at the

children’s advocacy center (“CAC”).8

          A few days later, after police interviewed Terreros in connection with J.S.’s

statement, Terreros called Casillas and asked her to call his supervisor from his

phone, which he had left at their home.9 Casillas agreed to do so. After making that

call, Casillas looked through Terreros’s internet search history and found—in

Spanish—searches translating to “how to detect if a little girl has been raped,” “how

2
    Id. at A282; A352 (Trial Tr.).
3
    Id. at A272–73 (Trial Tr.).
4
    Id. at A354 (Trial Tr.).
5
    Id. at A272-73 (Trial Tr.).
6
    Id. at A273; A276; A356 (Trial Tr.).
7
    Id. at A273; A356 (Trial Tr.).
8
    Id. at A273 (Trial Tr.).
9
    Id. at A275-76 (Trial Tr.).

                                            3
long saliva stays on a body,” and “how long fingerprints stay on

clothes/sheets/blankets.”10 Casillas reported this finding to police, and Officer Jay

Davidson obtained a warrant for Terreros’s cell phone based on what Casillas saw.11

The warrant application stated, in pertinent part:

           Your affiant was advised by [Casillas] that she responded to [her front
           yard] where she located [Terreros’s cell phone]. [Casillas] advised that
           she proceeded to check the search history and found pornography, a
           search of how to detect if a little girl has been raped, how long saliva
           stays on the body, and a search of how long fingerprints stay on
           clothes/sheets/blankets.12

           The application sought a search warrant for dates between “11/19/19-

11/23/19.”13        The application and affidavit, attached to the warrant, sought

authorization to search “[a]ny and all messages, any and all messaging apps, all

search history, all photographs, videos, GPS coordinates, incoming and outgoing

calls from November 18, 2019, to November 23, 2019.”14

           On November 23, 2019, the Justice of the Peace Court approved a warrant to

search the following data on Terreros’s phone, “[a]ny and all messages, any and all

messaging apps, all search history, all photographs, videos, GPS coordinates,

incoming and outgoing calls used or intended to be used for Rape 2 nd by person of

10
     Id. at A122 (Warrant Application); App. to Opening Br. at A276–82 (Trial Tr.).
11
     Id. at A119 (Warrant).
12
     Id. at A122 (Warrant Application).
13
     Id.
14
     Id. at A120 (Warrant Application and Affidavit).

                                                  4
Authority.”15        The warrant the court approved did not contain any temporal

limitation.

           In December 2019, Detective Steven Burse of the New Castle County Police

Department used Cellebrite software to extract and search the data on Terreros’s

phone.16 The resulting download included 29 gigabytes of videos, pictures, audio

files, search history, and GPS coordinates.17 The extraction included more than

3,000 videos and more than 60,000 pictures.18

           On February 17, 2020, Terreros was indicted on one count each of Unlawful

Sexual Contact First Degree, Sexual Abuse of a Child by a Person in a Position of

Trust, Authority, or Supervision Second Degree, and Dangerous Crime Against a

Child.19

           On March 3, 2020, the State provided Terreros with requested discovery,

including the extraction report from the cell phone search.20 The report included

internet searches from November 20 and 22 and 1,031 GPS coordinates.21 The

internet searches, in Spanish, matched those that Casillas had reported seeing.

15
     Id. at A119 (Warrant).
16
     Id. at A212; A286–88 (Trial Tr.).
17
     Id. at A215–17 (Trial Tr.).
18
     Id.
19
     Id. at A1 (Superior Court Docket); Superior Court D.I. 3 (Indictment).
20
     App. to Opening Br. at A14 (DOJ Discovery Response Letter).
21
     Id. at A16–20 (Extraction Report).

                                                  5
          In March 2021, Terreros moved to suppress the fruits of the search, arguing

that the warrant lacked sufficient particularity as to the types of data it authorized

police to search and that it lacked any temporal limitation.22 Terreros likened this

search to the “top-to-bottom” cell phone search warrants that this Court previously

has found to be lacking in particularity.23 The State’s response to the Motion to

Suppress maintained that the warrant contained a temporal limit and a sufficient

nexus existed between the probable cause alleged in the affidavit and the categories

of data for which the warrant authorized a search.24

          While the Motion to Suppress was pending, the State re-indicted Terreros on

May 10, 2021, charging him with one count each of Rape First Degree, Sexual Abuse

of a Child by a Person in a Position of Trust or Authority or Supervision in the First

Degree, and Dangerous Crime Against a Child.25

          The Superior Court held a hearing on the Motion to Suppress in June 2021.26

Terreros made the same arguments as contained in his Motion, but the State shifted

its position, contending that although the warrant authorized a search of “any and all

messages” and “any and all messaging apps,” police did not actually conduct a

22
     Id. at A103 (Motion to Suppress).
23
     Id. at A110 (Motion to Suppress).
24
     Id. at A159 (State’s Response to Motion to Suppress).
25
   Id. at A4 (Superior Court Docket); id. at A11–13 (Re-Indictment). The Re-Indictment did not
affect Terreros’s arguments in the Motion to Suppress or the State’s response to that motion.
26
     Id. at A171 (Suppression Hearing Tr.).

                                                 6
search of Terreros’s e-mails, Facebook, or Instagram, and the warrant therefore was

not as broad as it appeared on its face.27 The State also represented to the court that

the absence of any temporal limitation on the face of the warrant was not relevant to

evaluating the warrant’s breadth because Cellebrite, the software used to conduct the

extraction, limited the extraction to the dates listed on the affidavit and application.28

         The court ultimately denied Terreros’s Motion to Suppress, finding that the

warrant was not a general warrant because it limited the search to specific categories,

did not allow a search of “contacts, e-mails, Facebook, Instagram, or any financial

information,” and Cellebrite limited the extraction temporally.29

27
     Id. at A192–93 (Suppression Hearing Tr.).
28
   Id. at A195 (Suppression Hearing Tr.). Throughout the trial court proceedings and this appeal,
the parties used the terms “extraction,” “extraction report,” and “search” interchangeably. This
lack of precision contributed to some of the confusion and misunderstanding in this case. To
clarify, as we understand it, Cellebrite software (and similar tools) allows law enforcement to
engage in a number of steps to analyze digital data. See Taylor v. State, 260 A.3d 602, 610 (Del.
2021); United States v. Jean-Claude, 2022 WL 2334509, at *18 (S.D.N.Y. June 27, 2022). First,
using the software, law enforcement “extracts” all or nearly all of the data in a digital device to
create a forensic copy of the data. The forensic image is not limited to certain categories of data
or to particular time periods. Next, law enforcement uses software to analyze the forensic image
and separate data into different categories. Finally, law enforcement creates an “extraction report,”
which is formatted so that it can be accessed and read without Cellebrite software. This extraction
report can be limited to particular categories of data and particular dates. See e.g. Jean-Claude,
2022 WL 2334509, at *18. According to Cellebrite’s website, investigators can conduct a
preliminary extraction that “allows access to the device” and later conduct a “selective extraction”
that allows investigators to target specific applications or categories of data on the device. Ori
Nurick, The Solution That Changed Modern Digital Investigations Forever, Cellebrite Blog (Aug.
4, 2021), https://cellebrite.com/en/the-solution-that-changed-modern-digital-investigations-
forever/. With this understanding, we assume that the parties’ reference to the cell phone’s
extraction is actually to the “extraction report” generated by law enforcement and later provided
to Terreros.
29
     App. to Opening Br. at A207–08 (Suppression Hearing Tr.).

                                                 7
           Terreros’s trial began on July 26, 2021, and lasted until July 29.30 At trial,

J.S. testified to what she told her mother on November 19, 2019.31 The CAC

interviewer, Amy Kendall, testified about her interview with J.S., and the State

played portions of that interview for the jury.32 Next, Casillas testified about her

relationship with Terreros, what J.S. told her that Terreros had done, and the search

history she found on his phone.33

           The State then admitted Terreros’s search history with the assistance of a court

interpreter.34 The interpreter testified that Terreros had made the following internet

searches: “what time does it take for the markers or traces in saliva to be erased,”

“how the rape of a female child is detected,” “what are the possibilities that they can

get fingerprints or print from a piece of clothing,” “how long will a fingerprint last,”

“what is a fingerprint,” and “what are the possibilities that fingerprints are taken off

of a piece of clothing.”35

30
     Id. at A7 (Superior Court Docket).
31
     Id. at A249 (J.S. Direct Exam.).
32
     Id. at A255 (Kendall Direct Exam.).
33
     Id. at A270–78 (Casillas Direct Exam.).
34
     Id. at A292–94 (Lane Direct Exam.).
35
     Id.

                                               8
           Testifying in his own defense, Terreros admitted to making the internet

searches but explained that he did so to better understand the allegations against

him.36 Terreros also denied ever having sexual contact with J.S.37

           On July 30, the jury returned its verdict. The jury found Terreros guilty of

Sexual Abuse of a Child by a Person in a Position of Trust or Authority or

Supervision in the First Degree and Dangerous Crime Against a Child.38 The jury,

however, acquitted Terreros of the Rape First Degree count.39

           A week later, Terreros filed a Motion for Judgment of Acquittal, arguing that

the jury’s verdict was inconsistent because, in order to convict him of Child Sexual

Abuse, the jury would have had to find that he engaged in sexual intercourse with

J.S. By finding him not guilty of Rape First Degree, Terreros argued that the jury

implicitly found that he had not engaged in sexual intercourse with J.S.40 This was

so, Terreros contended, because the only element of those offenses actually in

dispute was whether he engaged in sexual intercourse with J.S.41 Additionally,

36
     Id. at A356 (Terreros Direct Exam.).
37
     Id.
38
     Id. at A1 (Superior Court Docket).
39
     Id.
40
     Id. at A405 (Motion for Judgment of Acquittal).
41
   Id. Rape First Degree encompasses the following conduct, “when the person intentionally
engages in sexual intercourse with another person and any of the following circumstances exist . .
. The victim has not yet reached that victim’s twelfth birthday, and the defendant has reached that
defendant’s eighteenth birthday.” 11 Del. C. § 773(a)(5). Sexual Abuse of a Child by a Person in
a Position of Trust, Authority or Supervision in the First Degree includes the following conduct,
                                                 9
because the Dangerous Crime Against a Child count relied on the jury finding

Terreros guilty of either Rape First Degree or Child Sexual Abuse, he argued that

the court also must enter a verdict in his favor on that count.42

         Terreros argued that, at common law, inconsistent verdicts were set aside, and

because Article I, Section 4 of the Delaware Constitution provides jury trial rights

that are substantially similar to those at common law, his inconsistent verdicts must

be set aside.43 Terreros reasoned that even if the inconsistency was the result of juror

lenity, a phenomenon recognized under federal law, because juries were not allowed

to exercise lenity at common law, his verdict violated the Delaware Constitution.44

         The State, in its Response to the Motion for Judgment of Acquittal, failed to

engage with Terreros’s arguments rooted in the Delaware Constitution, and instead

only addressed whether the verdicts were, in fact, inconsistent, and, if so, whether

the inconsistency was the type prohibited by a line of cases referred to as “Johnson-

“A person is guilty of sexual abuse of a child by a person in a position of trust, authority or
supervision in the first degree when the person . . . Intentionally engages in sexual intercourse
with a child who has not yet reached that child’s own sixteenth birthday and the person stands in
a position of trust, authority or supervision over the child, or is an invitee or designee of a person
who stands in a position of trust, authority or supervision over the child.” 11 Del. C. § 778(1).
42
  App. to Opening Br. at A404 (Motion for Judgment of Acquittal). Dangerous Crime Against a
Child means “any criminal sexual conduct against a minor under the age of 14 years as defined in
§§ 770-773, § 777A, §§ 778 through 778A, or §§ 1108 through 1112B of this title.” 11 Del. C.
§ 777(a).
43
     App. to Opening Br. at A415 (Motion for Judgment of Acquittal).
44
     Id. at A416–15 (Motion for Judgment of Acquittal).

                                                 10
Priest,” which are the primary Delaware authorities addressing inconsistent verdicts

for predicate-compound offenses.45

          In denying Terreros’s Motion for Judgment of Acquittal, the Superior Court

likewise focused its analysis on Terreros’s argument under the Johnson-Priest line

of cases. Although the Superior Court cited Delaware case law, the precedent on

which it relied did not address Terreros’s argument that the Delaware Constitution

affords broader protections against inconsistent verdicts than those set forth in either

federal precedent or previous Delaware decisions.46 The Superior Court agreed with

Terreros that the jury’s verdicts were inconsistent, but it denied Terreros’s Motion

for Judgment of Acquittal because it held that Rape First Degree and Child Sexual

Abuse are not predicate-compound crimes under the Johnson-Priest line of cases,

and Terreros’s acquittal on the Rape First Degree charge therefore did not negate his

conviction for the Child Sexual Abuse charge.47 Accordingly, applying a different

line of cases known as “Powell-Tilden,” which applies outside of predicate-

compound offenses, the Superior Court held that Terreros’s Child Sexual Abuse

45
  Id. at A438–40 (Response to Motion for Judgment of Acquittal) (citing Johnson v. State, 409
A.2d 1043 (Del. 1979); Priest v. State, 879 A.2d 575 (Del. 2005)).
46
     State v. Terreros, 2021 WL 5577253, at *4–6 (Del. Super. Nov. 29, 2021).
47
     Id. at *6 (Del. Super. Nov. 29, 2021) (citing Johnson, 409, A.2d 1043; Priest, 879 A.2d at 587).

                                                  11
conviction was supported by sufficient evidence, and the jury’s inconsistency

therefore could be explained by mistake or lenity.48

          Terreros timely filed this appeal, arguing that the Superior Court abused its

discretion when it denied his Motion to Suppress and erred when it denied his

Motion for Judgment of Acquittal.49 Terreros advances the same arguments on

appeal that he did in the trial court: (i) the cell phone search warrant was a general

warrant because it is not sufficiently particular; and (ii) his inconsistent verdicts

offend Article I, Section 4 of the Delaware Constitution.

                              II.     STANDARD OF REVIEW

          This Court reviews the denial of a motion to suppress for abuse of discretion.50

We will reverse the trial court’s factual findings only if they are clearly erroneous.51

The trial court’s legal conclusions, including those addressing constitutional issues,

are reviewed de novo.52

                                        III.   ANALYSIS

          For the reasons set forth below, we conclude that the warrant constituted a

general warrant and all the evidence seized from Terreros’s phone therefore should

48
   Terreros, 2021 WL 5577253, at *6 (citing United States v. Powell, 469 U.S. 57, 66 (1984);
Tilden v. State, 513 A.2d 1302, 1306–07 (Del. 1986)).
49
     Opening Br. at 2.
50
     Flonnory v. State, 893 A.2d 507, 515 (Del. 2006).
51
     Loper v. State, 8 A.3d 1169, 1172 (Del. 2010).
52
     Hall v. State, 788 A.2d 118, 123 (Del. 2001).

                                                     12
have been suppressed in its entirety. Accordingly, the Superior Court abused its

discretion when it denied Terreros’s Motion to Suppress. We also conclude that

Terreros properly raised the argument that his inconsistent verdicts violated Article

I, Section 4 of the Delaware Constitution, and we cannot fairly consider that novel

argument until the State engages with the issue and the trial court addresses it. We

therefore reverse and remand this action for proceedings consistent with this

Opinion.

A.    The warrant was general and the evidence seized under it should have
      been suppressed.

      We begin our analysis with an overview of the Fourth Amendment’s

particularity requirement and how its contravention produces general warrants. We

next consider how the warrant here failed in several respects to meet the particularity

requirement. We then turn to the only remedy that adequately addresses the effects

of a general warrant—full suppression. Finally, we conclude that the court’s

decision not to suppress the fruits of the warrant did not constitute harmless error

beyond a reasonable doubt.

      1.     The Particularity Requirement and General Warrants

      It is axiomatic that the United States and Delaware Constitutions provide

protections to those whose property is subject to an investigatory police search.

      The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution contains the

following protections:

                                          13
          The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and
          effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be
          violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause,
          supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place
          to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.53
          Article I, Section 6 of the Delaware Constitution provides substantially the

same protections:

          The people shall be secure in their persons, houses, papers and
          possessions, from unreasonable searches and seizures; and no warrant
          to search any place, or to seize any person or thing, shall issue without
          describing them as particularly as may be; nor then, unless there be
          probable cause supported by oath or affirmation.54
          Both constitutions require that a warrant be supported by probable cause and

describe the places and things to be searched with particularity.55

          A warrant application must contain sufficient facts—viewed under the totality

of the circumstances56—to allow a neutral magistrate to conclude that there is a “fair

probability” both that a crime has been committed and that evidence of that crime

53
     U.S. Const. amend. IV.
54
     Del. Const. Art. I § 6.
55
   Fink v. State, 817 A.2d 781, 786 (Del. 2003). Additionally, 11 Del. C. § 2306 provides that
“[t]he application or complaint for a search warrant shall be in writing, signed by the complainant
and verified by oath or affirmation. It shall designate the house, place, conveyance or person to be
searched and the owner or occupant thereof (if any), and shall describe the things or persons sought
as particularly as may be, and shall substantially allege the cause for which the search is made or
the offense committed by or in relation to the persons or things searched for, and shall state that
the complainant suspects that such persons or things are concealed in the house, place, conveyance
or person designated and shall recite the facts upon which such suspicion is founded.”
56
   Stafford v. State, 59 A.3d 1223, 1229 (Del. 2012) (“‘[t]he probable cause standard is incapable
of precise definition . . . because it deals with probabilities and depends on the totality of the
circumstances.’ The substance of all probable cause definitions, however, is a ‘reasonable ground
for belief of guilt,’ which must be particular to the person seized.”).

                                                14
will be found in the particular place identified in the warrant.57 The probable cause

requirement mandates that the “affidavit in support of the search warrant must,

within the four corners of the affidavit, set forth facts adequate for a judicial officer

to form a reasonable belief that an offense has been committed and the property to

be seized will be found in a particular place.”58 The four-corners test requires that

the probable cause finding be supported only by those facts set forth within the

warrant affidavit or application.59

          It is undisputed in this case that the warrant contained probable cause for the

reviewing judicial officer to conclude that a crime—rape—had occurred. Our focus

then shifts to the “place” to be searched and whether the affidavit articulates

sufficient probable cause to conclude that evidence will be found in that particular

location, i.e., whether the affidavit identifies a nexus between the evidence sought

and the place to be searched.60 In its most basic form, an affidavit must point not

only to the evidence to be seized and the place to be searched, but also the reason

why the affiant believes such evidence will be found in the place to be searched.61

57
     State v. Holden, 60 A.3d 1110, 1114 (Del. 2013).
58
     LeGrande v. State, 947 A.2d 1103, 1107 (Del. 2008).
59
     Valentine v. State, 207 A.3d 566, 570 (Del. 2019).
60
  Dorsey v. State, 761 A.2d 807, 812 (Del. 2000); Blount v. State, 511 A.2d 1030, 1033 (Del.
1986).
61
     11 Del. C. § 2306.

                                                 15
         Here, the affidavit and application contained sufficient facts to allow a

magistrate to conclude that evidence, specifically Terreros’s internet search history

in the days shortly after the alleged rape, would be found in a search of his phone.

Terreros effectively conceded as much.62 But probable cause alone does not satisfy

constitutional or statutory law with respect to searches. The warrant also must

satisfy the particularity requirement, which is fundamental and performs its own

work in protecting against unreasonable searches and seizures.63                         To pass

constitutional muster, the warrant itself must describe the things to be seized and the

places to be searched with particularity such that “nothing is left to the discretion of

the officer executing the warrant.”64 A warrant that fails to conform with the

particularity requirement is unconstitutional.65

         Insufficiently particular warrants fall into two categories.66 The first such

category is a general warrant, which allows law enforcement to conduct an

62
  Opening Br. at 7 (“The affidavit does not state, or allow for an inference, that there would be
any relevant evidence on the phone other than the suspicious searches which occurred after
November 19, 2023.”).
63
     Berger v. New York, 388 U.S. 41, 63 (1967).
64
   Marron v. United States, 275 U.S. 192, 196 (1927); Groh v. Ramirez, 540 U.S. 551, 557 (2004).
The United States Supreme Court does not foreclose the ability of warrants to incorporate
supporting documents by reference, but the warrant must use appropriate words of incorporation
to do so. Id. at 557–58.
65
  Massachusetts v. Sheppard, 468 U.S. 981, n.5 (1984) (citing Stanford v. Texas, 379 U.S. 476,
485 (1965)).
66
  Maryland v. Garrison, 480 U.S. 79, 84 (1987) (“The Warrant Clause of the Fourth Amendment
categorically prohibits the issuance of any warrant except one ‘particularly describing the place to
be searched and the persons or things to be seized.’ The manifest purpose of this particularity
                                                   16
indiscriminate search.67          The second category is an overbroad warrant.                     An

overbroad warrant explicitly allows investigators to search places and things when

no probable cause exists to search them.68

          Although the line between these two warrant categories at times can be thin,

the distinction often turns on whether the warrant allows investigators to conduct an

“exploratory rummaging,” 69 which is indicative of a general warrant, or allows

police to search in specified places or for specified items more broadly than the

articulated probable cause, which is an overboard warrant.70 Distinguishing between

the two categories of warrants is essential because each carries its own remedy. All

fruits of a general warrant must be suppressed in their entirety, whereas an overbroad

warrant, the less constitutionally offensive of the two, can be redacted as to the

portions of the search for which no probable cause exists.71

requirement was to prevent general searches. By limiting the authorization to search to the specific
areas and things for which there is probable cause to search, the requirement ensures that the search
will be carefully tailored to its justifications and will not take on the character of the wide-ranging
exploratory searches the Framers intended to prohibit. Thus, the scope of a lawful search is
‘defined by the object of the search and the places in which there is probable cause to believe that
it may be found.’”).
67
     Wheeler v. State, 135 A.3d 282, 292 (Del. 2016).
68
     Id. at 296.
69
   Andresen v. Maryland, 427 U.S. 463, 480 (1976) (quoting Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403
U.S. 443, 467 (1971)) (“General warrants of course, are prohibited by the Fourth Amendment.
‘(T)he problem (posed by the general warrant) is not that of intrusion per se, but of a general,
exploratory rummaging in a person's belongings. . . . (The Fourth Amendment addresses the
problem) by requiring a ‘particular description’ of the things to be seized.’”).
70
     United States v. Yusef, 461 F.3d 374, n.19 (3d Cir. 2006).
71
     United States v. Christine, 687 F.2d 749, 758 (3d Cir. 1982).

                                                  17
          These principles do not change or disappear when the “place” to be searched

or “evidence to be seized” is digital in nature.72 To the contrary, in Riley v.

California,73 the United States Supreme Court recognized that the immense amount

of digital information stored on cell phones creates privacy issues to which Fourth

Amendment principles must be applied.74 To address these privacy concerns, the

Riley court clarified that, absent exigent circumstances, police must obtain a warrant

to search a phone’s digital contents, rejecting the argument that police could search

the data contained in a cell phone that was seized incident to a lawful arrest.75

          Four years after Riley, in Carpenter v. United States,76 the United States

Supreme Court held that law enforcement must obtain a warrant to acquire an

extended period of an individual’s cell-site location information, even though law

enforcement obtained the location records from a third-party cell phone company.77

The Court explained that permitting police to obtain an individual’s cell phone

location history without a warrant and thereby track a person’s movements over an

72
  Riley v. California, 573 U.S. 373, 401–02 (2014) (Requiring a warrant to search the digital
contents of a cell phone absent exigent circumstances).
73
     573 U.S. 373 (2014).
74
     Id. at 394–97.
75
     Id. at 401.
76
     Carpenter v. United States, 585 U.S. ---, 138 S.Ct. 2206 (2018).
77
     Id. at 2217.

                                                  18
extended period78 contravenes the Fourth Amendment’s privacy protections.79 In so

holding, the Supreme Court held that an individual maintains a privacy interest in

“the record of his physical movements as captured through [cell-site location

information],” even when that information is shared with or stored by the phone

carrier.80

          With that foundation, we turn to this Court’s previous consideration of the

particularity requirement as applied to digital data. On three occasions in the past

seven years, our Court has held that warrants to search digital data constituted

general warrants for purposes of the particularity requirement.

          In Wheeler v. State, this Court had its first opportunity to consider the

particularity requirement as applied to warrants to search digital data.81 There,

police were investigating witness tampering allegations relating to the defendant’s

communications with individuals he had previously victimized.82 Although the

78
   The cell-site information that law enforcement obtained in Carpenter included 127 days of
location history from one wireless carrier and two days of location history from a second carrier.
See id. at 2212.
79
     Id. at 2218.
80
   Id at 2217. But see Hudson v. State, --- A.3d ---, 2024 WL 91187 (Del. Jan. 9, 2024) (holding
that Carpenter’s reasoning is not applicable to warrants for cell tower “dumps,” which provide
information regarding all the cell phones that utilized particular cell towers in “an extremely
limited and specific window of time, and for a limited geographic area.”)
81
  Wheeler, 135 A.3d at 302. This Court previously had considered digital search warrants in
Bradley v. State, 51 A.3d 423 (Del. 2012) and Fink, 817 A.2d 781, but not as applied to the
particularity requirement.
82
     Wheeler, 135 A.3d at 287–89.

                                               19
warrant application and affidavit only contained probable cause to support a search

for physical communications in the form of letters, notes, and books, the warrant

allowed for a sweeping search of “any and all data” stored on “any personal

computer,” “any digital or optical device,” “any cellular telephone,” and “any digital

camera.”83

           In Wheeler, we recognized that the vast amount of information stored on

digital devices presents “unique challenges in satisfying the particularity

requirement.”84 Although we acknowledged the difficulty that affiants may face

when crafting a search warrant that satisfies the Fourth Amendment’s requirements,

we also firmly upheld the importance of preventing general searches.85 In striking

a balance between the two, we eschewed a “hyper technical” test and instead

announced that law enforcement must provide a description of the items to be search

and seized that is as specific as possible at the current investigative juncture.86

           Ultimately, we concluded that where law enforcement can obtain “a more

precise description of the alleged criminal activity that is the subject of the warrant,

such information should be included in the instrument, and the search and seizure

should be appropriately narrowed to the relevant time period so as to mitigate the

83
     Id. at 289.
84
     Id. at 299.
85
     Id.
86
     Id. at 300–01.

                                           20
potential for unconstitutional exploratory rummaging.”87 We further held that the

Wheeler warrant failed the particularity requirement because it did not contain

sufficient probable cause to support the authorized searches of all digital content.88

In other words, the warrant lacked a sufficient nexus between the types of digital

media to be searched and the investigation’s current evidence of criminal activity.

           Two years later, in Buckham v. State,89 we considered whether a search

warrant for the defendant’s phone constituted a general warrant. The Buckham

investigators had been looking for GPS evidence of Buckham’s whereabouts during

a six-week period.90 Rather than authorizing a search for GPS data during that time

period, the warrant allowed police to search for “[a]ny and all store[d] data contained

within the internal memory of the cellular phones.”91 We concluded that although

the affidavit provided probable cause to search the phone for GPS data, a search of

any other digital data lacked probable cause. 92 In other words, we held that the

affidavit did not provide a sufficient nexus between the articulated probable cause

and the authorization to search the defendant’s call-log, photos, and text messages.

87
     Id. at 301; 305.
88
     Id. at 306.
89
     185 A.3d 1 (Del. 2018).
90
     Id. at 5.
91
     Id. at 6.
92
     Id. at 19.

                                          21
We described this warrant as containing a “mismatch between the scope of the

warrant and the probable cause.”93

          Most recently, in Taylor v. State,94 we considered whether a warrant that

allowed investigators to search “any/all data stored by whatever means . . . of said

cellular telephone, to include but not limited to registry entries, pictures,

photographs, images, audio/visual recordings, multi-media messages, web browsing

activities, electronic documents, location information . . . and any other

information/data pertinent to this investigation within said scope,” violated the

particularity requirement.95 There, the defendant was charged with murder, robbery

and firearm-related offenses in connection with a gang killing.96

          In Taylor, we reiterated the Wheeler rule: a warrant must “describe the items

to be searched for and seized with as much particularity as the circumstances

reasonably allow and is no broader than the probable cause on which it is based.”97

We held that the Taylor warrant did not meet the particularity requirement because,

like the warrants at issue in Wheeler and Buckham, it “authorized ‘a top-to-bottom

search’ of ‘[a]ny and all store[d] data’ of the digital contents of the devices” and

93
     Id. at 20.
94
     260 A.3d 602 (Del. 2021).
95
     Id. at 609.
96
     Id. at 604–10.
97
     Id. at 615.

                                            22
“used the open-ended language ‘including but not limited to’ to describe the places

to be searched.”98 Ultimately, we concluded that the warrant “allowed investigators

to conduct an unconstitutional rummaging through all of the contents of Taylor’s

smartphones to find whatever they decided might be of interest to their

investigation.”99 In all three cases, we held that the warrant constituted a general

warrant and that all the evidence seized therefrom should have been suppressed.100

          Taken together, Wheeler, Buckham, and Taylor instruct that reviewing courts

should consider whether the warrant’s explicit language and its practical effect allow

law enforcement to search categories of digitally stored information that lack a

sufficient nexus to their investigation.              Here, although the warrant identified

categories of digital evidence to be searched, rather than referring to “any and all”

data, it constituted a general warrant because the listed categories comprised almost

all of the phone’s data and only one of those categories was supported by the

probable cause articulated in the affidavit.

          2.     The warrant here constituted a general warrant.

          Terreros argues that because the affidavit and application provided probable

cause only as to his phone’s internet search history over the course of a few days,

98
     Id. (quoting Buckham, 185 A.3d at 18–19).
99
     Taylor, 260 A.3d at 615.
100
      Wheeler, 135 A.3d at 307; Buckham, 185 A.3d at 20; Taylor, 260 A.3d at 618–19.

                                                 23
the warrant was a general warrant because it authorized the search of “nearly the

entire phone.”101 Terreros also contends that the lack of any temporal limitation on

the warrant’s face supports his position that it was a general warrant, and that the

trial court erred in relying on the State’s inaccurate representations that the search

was limited to the dates listed in the affidavit.102 In response, the State contends that

this was not a general warrant because “it limited the categories of data to be

searched and, when read in a common-sense way . . . had a temporal limit.”103 The

State does not, however, even attempt to argue how any category of data, other than

Terreros’s search history and GPS information, was supported by probable cause.104

          We agree with Terreros; the Superior Court abused its discretion when it

found that the warrant was not a general warrant. The Superior Court distinguished

this warrant from those in Wheeler and Buckham because, it held, the warrant for

Terreros’s phone identified specific categories of data, did not authorize a search of

“any and all” categories of data, and excluded categories such as contacts, e-mail,

social media, and financial information.105 The court also found that, although the

101
      Opening Br. at 2.
102
      Id. at 12.
103
      Answering Br. at 11.
104
    Id. Recall, the warrant authorized police to extract and search “Any and all messages, any and
all messaging apps, all search history, all photographs, videos, GPS coordinates, incoming and
outgoing calls used or intended to be used for Rape 2nd by person of authority.” App. to Opening
Br. at A119 (Warrant).
105
  Id. at A207 (Suppression Hearing Tr.). We issued our decision in Taylor, 260 A.3d 602, one
week after the Superior Court held the suppression hearing. App. to Opening Br. at A170
                                               24
body of the warrant contained no temporal limitation, the extraction and search were

temporally limited by Cellebrite, the third party company whose software law

enforcement uses to conduct cell phone extractions and searches.106 The court noted

that this “neutral third party extraction” was one of “two factors weighing against

suppression” on the issue of the temporal limitation.107 The other factor on which

the court relied was Terreros’s failure to identify authority supporting his argument

that the evidence falling within the appropriate time frame should be suppressed

along with evidence falling outside the appropriate time frame.108

                  a.    The warrant was not particular regarding the categories of
                        data to be searched.

            Although the warrant for Terreros’s phone did not go so far as to authorize a

search of “any and all data,” that was, in effect, what the warrant permitted law

enforcement to extract and search. In other words, this warrant gave police the

authority to conduct an indiscriminate search through Terreros’s cell phone. The

State argues that this warrant is distinguishable from those in Wheeler, Buckham,

and Taylor because it specified the types of data that law enforcement could search

(Suppression Hearing Tr.). The parties and Superior Court therefore could not rely on that decision
to guide their arguments and analysis.
106
      Id. at A208 (Suppression Hearing Tr.).
107
      Id.
108
      Id. at A208–09 (Suppression Hearing Tr.).

                                                  25
in Terreros’s phone. But the distinction the State identifies does not come close to

addressing the warrant’s constitutional infirmities.

          The Fourth Amendment demands a nexus between the probable cause

articulated in the affidavit and each place to be searched.109 Even the State conceded

that the affidavit does not provide facts sufficient to conclude that any evidence of

the alleged crime would be found in Terreros’s messages, messaging apps, photos,

videos, or call logs.110 And although the State contends otherwise, there are no facts

contained in the affidavit that set forth probable cause to believe that Terreros’s GPS

data would contain evidence of a crime.111 Accordingly, the affidavit only contained

a nexus between the crime and Terreros’s internet history, but the warrant allowed

police to search nearly every category of data on the cell phone. Our Constitution

does not allow that type of “exploratory rummaging” through digital data.112

109
      Dorsey, 761 A.2d at 812; Blount, 511 A.2d at 1033.
110
    The State conceded this at oral argument and during the suppression hearing. Oral Argument
at 33:35-34:16; App. to Opening Br. at A193 (Suppression Hearing Tr.).
111
    App. to Opening Br. at A121–22 (Warrant Application). Additionally, although the affidavit
states that J.S.’s mother found “pornography” in addition to the other searches in Terreros’s
history, this is not an argument on which the State ever relied as creating a nexus between the facts
in the affidavit and probable cause to search Terreros’s photos and videos. In fact, the State
appears to have abandoned the allegation that J.S.’s mother found pornography on Terreros’s
phone and reported it to police. App. to Opening Brief at A155 (State’s Response to Motion to
Dismiss).
112
      Andresen, 427 U.S. at 480 (quoting Coolidge, 403 U.S. at 467).

                                                 26
            To juxtapose, in Thomas v. State,113 we recently held that the Superior Court

did not abuse its discretion when it found that a warrant obtained in a stalking

investigation was overbroad but not general because it identified the specific types

of data to be searched, all of those categories were supported by probable cause, the

warrant did not contain the “including but not limited to” language, and it identified

a temporal limitation.114               Critically, we also held that the phone was an

instrumentality in the stalking crime, and unlike Wheeler, Buckham, and Taylor, the

investigators in Thomas did not have a more precise description of the place to be

searched when applying for the warrant.115 We reiterated the United States Supreme

Court’s distinction between a general and an overbroad warrant:

            Between a general warrant, which is invalid because it vests the
            executing officers with unbridled discretion to conduct
            an exploratory rummaging through [the defendant's] papers in search
            of criminal evidence, and an overly broad warrant, which “describe[s]
            in both specific and inclusive general terms what is to be seized,” but
            “authorizes the seizure of items as to which there is no probable cause
            ...” [A]n overly broad warrant can be redacted to strike out those
            portions of the warrant that are invalid for lack of probable cause,
            maintaining the remainder of the warrant that satisfies the Fourth
            Amendment. In contrast, the only remedy for a general warrant is to
            suppress all evidence obtained thereby.116

113
      Thomas v. State, --- A.3d ---, 2023 WL 6379829 (Del. Oct. 2, 2023).
114
      Id. at *14 (Del. Oct. 2, 2023).
115
      Id.
116
      Yusef, 461 F.3d at n.19.

                                                 27
          Here, even though the warrant identified specific categories of data, rather

than referring to “any and all data,” each category was preceded by “any and all”

language with no temporal limitation. The identified categories also constitute a

large portion of the total extractable data on the cell phone. Finally, the investigators

had a more precise description of the places to be searched than was provided in the

warrant.117 Based on the facts in the affidavit, there was no probable cause to believe

that any type of data on Terreros’s phone would yield seizable evidence other than

his internet search history.

          The warrant here is closer to Buckham than it is to Thomas because “the scope

of the warrant so far outruns [the] probable cause finding—and is so lacking in

particularity relative to that probable cause finding.”118 In essence, the warrant

authorized the very type of unbounded fishing expedition that the particularity

requirement is intended to prevent.

                 b.     The warrant contained no temporal range.

          Like Wheeler, Buckham, and Taylor, this warrant contained no temporal

limitation, “despite relevant dates being available to the police.”119 Here too, this

117
      Thomas, 2023 WL 6379829, at *14.
118
      Buckham, 185 A.3d at 18.
119
      Wheeler, 135 A.3d at 304; Buckham, 185 A.3d at 19; Taylor, 260 A.3d at 611.

                                                28
warrant is distinguishable from the one in Thomas, which provided a temporal

limitation, even though the timeframe was broader than necessary.120

          We know investigators had “a more precise description” of the temporal

period that should be applied to the search because the affidavit included date

limitations,121 albeit inconsistent ones.122 At the suppression hearing, the State

sought to blame the missing timeframe in the warrant on the authorizing

magistrate,123 although nothing in the record supports that premise. The State also

argued that this omission was inconsequential because the supporting application

and affidavit included the relevant temporal limitation.124 But the State failed to

carry its burden of showing that the temporal limitation included in the warrant’s

supporting documents was incorporated by reference into the warrant itself.

          The State’s reliance on the dates in the application and affidavit fails for two

reasons. First, the United States Supreme Court has confirmed that, “[t]he Fourth

Amendment by its terms requires particularity in the warrant, not in the supporting

documents.”125 The Court then explained that a warrant may incorporate other

120
      Thomas, 2023 WL 6379829, at *15.
121
      App. to Opening Br. at A120; A122 (Application and Affidavit).
122
   The application and affidavit included two different temporal limitations: one from November
18 to November 23 and one from November 19 to November 23. Id.
123
   Id. at A195 (Suppression Hearing Tr.) (“It’s an omission essentially of the date. I’m unaware
of when it was taken out. The allegation is that the JP court took it out.”).
124
      Id. at A194 (Suppression Hearing Tr.).
125
      Groh, 540 U.S. at 557.

                                                29
documents by reference when “the warrant uses appropriate words of incorporation,

and if the supporting document accompanies the warrant.”126 Here, although the

application and affidavit were attached to the warrant when the JP Court received it,

the warrant itself did not use explicit language incorporating the affidavit. To be

sure, the warrant specified that it relied “[u]pon the annexed affidavit and

application” and identified the cell phone to be searched as the one “described in the

annexed affidavit and application.” There is, however, no indication on the face of

the warrant that it intended to incorporate any other information contained in the

application.127 The record also lacks evidence that the application and affidavit

accompanied the signed warrant when it was transmitted to law enforcement.

          Second, the State did not even argue incorporation by reference on appeal.128

The State’s brief is devoid of any mention of incorporation by reference or the case

law supporting it. Instead, the State simply stated that the temporal limitation “was

clearly set forth in the body of the affidavit of probable cause.”129 We are unwilling

to adopt an argument that the State did not advance on appeal or in the trial court.

126
   Id. at 557–58. Circuit courts have explained that supporting documents “accompany” a warrant
when they are “attached” to it such that they are “physically connected so that they constitute one
document.” United States v. Williamson, 1 F.3d 1134, n.1 (10th Cir. 1993); United States v.
Maxwell, 920 F.2d 1028, 1032 (D.C. Cir. 1990).
127
      App. to Opening Br. at A119 (Warrant).
128
      Oral Argument (23:22-23:47; 29:50-30:07).
129
      Answering Br. at 13.

                                                  30
                 c.     The Superior Court’s holding relied on the State’s
                        misrepresentations.

          Compounding the troubling aspects of this case, the trial court’s reasoning in

denying the Motion to Suppress relied on multiple misstatements by the State. 130

During the suppression hearing, the State consistently represented to the court that

Cellebrite, a company that produces software used to perform cell phone extractions,

was a neutral third-party that could limit the search’s temporal scope to the dates

contained in the application.131 This is manifestly incorrect; the extraction and

search were conducted by law enforcement using Cellebrite software. The State

now concedes as much on appeal.132                 But the damage was done during the

suppression hearing when the court ultimately concluded that “the cell phone

company understood that there was a temporal limitation.”133 To the contrary, the

record does not show that law enforcement applied any temporal limitation during

the search.134

          The court also found that the warrant was not general because it did not

authorize a search of Terreros’s email or his social media accounts like Instagram

130
   This Court does not ascribe to any of these statements an intent on the State’s part to mislead
the trial court. Nonetheless, the confusion created by the State’s lack of clarity leaves the warrant
impossible to uphold on this record.
131
      App. to Opening Br. at A195–196 (Suppression Hearing Tr.).
132
      Answering Br. at 13.
133
      App. to Opening Br. at A201 (Suppression Hearing Tr.).
134
      Id. at A16–101 (Extraction Report).

                                                 31
and Facebook.135 This conclusion was based on the State’s representations regarding

the extraction data, not what the four corners of the warrant authorized.136 The

warrant expressly authorized a search of “any and all messaging apps,” which would

include Instagram, Facebook, and other social media applications that include

messaging capabilities. In fact, the court specifically inquired whether e-mail and

social media were included under the “messaging app” category, but the court

ultimately adopted the State’s representation that, because data from those apps was

not part of the extraction report, they were not included under that category.137

          The trial court’s conclusion cannot be sustained because the warrant’s four

corners authorized a search of Terreros’s messages, including social media data, and

it is the warrant’s scope—and not the search’s results—that must be evaluated under

the Fourth Amendment. Moreover, although the State represented to the Superior

Court that officers did not search Instagram or Facebook,138 the extraction report

included data from Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp.139                      Specifically, the

135
      App. to Opening Br. at A119 (Warrant); Id. at A207 (Suppression Hearing Tr.).
136
      Id. at A192–93 (Suppression Hearing Tr.).
137
      Id. at A196; A207 (Suppression Hearing Tr.).
138
      Id. at A193 (Suppression Hearing Tr.).
139
      Id. at A213 (Extraction Report).

                                                  32
extraction report included 154 Facebook chat messages, 7 Instagram chat messages,

and 2888 WhatsApp messages.140

            3.    The fruits of the search should have been suppressed.

            To reiterate, the only nexus between Terreros’s cell phone and the alleged

rape was the internet search history that Casillas saw on the phone shortly after the

incident occurred. A warrant that met constitutional particularity requirements

would have authorized a search of Terreros’s internet history during the handful of

days between the alleged crime and when Casillas reviewed the phone’s search

history. Instead, the warrant permitted law enforcement to search nearly every major

category of data contained within the phone without regard to date.

            To borrow Terreros’s analogy, if law enforcement submits an affidavit with

sufficient facts to support a search of one closet in one room of a house, a warrant

authorizing a search of the entire house does not become sufficiently particular

because it identifies each individual room in the house rather than saying “any and

all rooms.” But that is effectively what law enforcement did here by substituting the

“any and all data” language found lacking in Buckham with a list of all major

categories of data on the phone. This is the very exploratory rummaging that the

founders intended to prohibit under the Fourth Amendment.

140
      Id.

                                            33
          Because we have previously made clear that the evidence seized under a

general warrant must be suppressed in its entirety,141 we now hold that the Superior

Court abused its discretion when it denied Terreros’s Motion to Suppress. The

warrant at issue was not merely overbroad, and so the motion to suppress should

have been granted, even as to the small amount of evidence for which there was

probable cause to search.

          4.     The State failed to prove harmless error beyond a reasonable
                 doubt.

          Finally, the State has not carried its burden of demonstrating that the

evidence’s admission was harmless. The State bears the burden of proving harmless

error,142 and in this case the State must show that the error was harmless beyond a

reasonable doubt because the error violated Terreros’s constitutional rights.143 In

order to conclude that the improper admission of evidence constituted harmless

error, we must have no “reasonable fear that injustice occurred that might have

influenced the trial.”144 If the unconstitutionally admitted evidence was “critical,”

we cannot conclude that the State met its burden on harmless error.145

141
   Taylor, 260 A.3d at 617–18 (“There is no room, however, for limited suppression of evidence
seized under a general warrant.”).
142
   Fowler v. State, 194 A.3d 16, 23 (Del. 2018); Dawson v. State, 608 A.2d 1201, 1204 (Del.
1992).
143
      Taylor, 260 A.3d at 618; Fowler, 194 A.3d at 23; Dawson, 608 A.2d at 1204.
144
      Fowler, 194 A.3d at 23.
145
      Taylor, 260 A.3d at 618.

                                                34
          Here, although Casillas testified to the contents of Terreros’s search history,

her testimony was bolstered by the admission of the data confirming those searches

and their contents.146 Had the State been unable to introduce the search history,

Casillas likely would have been subject to a more rigorous and effective cross-

examination without exhibits to corroborate her testimony.147 We also note that the

inconsistent verdicts here are evidence that the jury may have viewed this as a close

case. For those reasons, we cannot conclude that the introduction of Terreros’s

search history was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

B.        We must remand so that the State and the trial court can respond to and
          resolve Terreros’s state constitutional argument.

          Terreros properly raised his inconsistent verdicts argument in the trial court

and on appeal. The State, however, did not engage with the substantive issues in

either forum. In the Superior Court, the State only addressed whether Terreros’s

charges fell within the Johnson-Priest line of cases or instead could be upheld as an

exercise of jury lenity under Powell-Tilden. On appeal, the State repeated those

arguments and asserted—incorrectly—that Terreros did not properly preserve his

146
      App. to Opening Br. at A276 (Casillas Direct. Exam.).
147
    We do not address Terreros’s argument that the mother’s testimony would have been excluded
absent the corroborating internet searches. The trial court may address that evidentiary issue if it
is raised during retrial.

                                                 35
separate constitutional argument.148 At oral argument, the State conceded that it had

not properly briefed the issue.149

          In Ortiz v. State150 we held that “[t]he proper presentation of an alleged

violation of the Delaware Constitution should include a discussion and analysis of

one or more of the criteria set forth in” Jones v. State151 or other applicable criteria.152

The non-exhaustive Jones criteria include: textual language, legislative history, pre-

existing state law, structural differences, matters of particular state interest or local

concern, state traditions, and public attitudes.153

          Here, Terreros properly presented to the trial court his argument that

inconsistent verdicts violate Article I, Section 4 of the Delaware Constitution. In his

Motion for Judgment of Acquittal, Terreros identified the textual language in Article

I, Section 4, Delaware precedent, precedent from other jurisdictions, and common

law history.154 In response, the State identified federal and state precedent affirming

factually inconsistent verdicts produced by jury lenity, without addressing whether

148
      Answering Br. at 21–22.
149
      Oral Argument (39:20-40:17; 40:51-41:50; 42:30-42:58).
150
      Ortiz v. State, 869 A.2d 285 (Del. 2005).
151
      Jones v. State, 745 A.2d 856, 864–65 (Del. 1999).
152
      Ortiz, 869 A.2d at n.4.
153
      Jones, 745 A.2d at 864–65.
154
      App. to Opening Br. at 415–417 (Motion for Judgment of Acquittal).

                                                  36
consistent verdicts were a fundamental feature of the common law when the

Delaware Constitution was adopted.155

          The trial court’s holding denying Terreros’s Motion for Judgment of Acquittal

mirrored the State’s briefing and did not address the Delaware constitutional issues

Terreros raised.156 Because Terreros’s argument is premised on the fact that the

Delaware Constitution affords broader protections than those permitted by federal

courts, the trial court must engage in an analysis under our state constitution once it

has the benefit of briefing from both sides.157

          To properly address the important issues raised by a non-frivolous and novel

argument based on the Delaware Constitution, this Court requires adversarial

briefing. The adversarial process faltered here because the State failed to engage

with the issue in the trial court and on appeal. The trial court’s analysis is also

fundamental to helping the parties develop the issues and allowing this Court to

provide a comprehensive analysis. “In short, the important state constitutional claim

[that Terreros] has raised deserved full and fair consideration by the trial court in

this case.”158

155
      Id. at A435–41 (State’s Response to Motion for Judgment of Acquittal).
156
      Terreros, 2021 WL 5577253, at *2.
157
   Garnett v. State, --- A.3d ---, 2023 WL 6987145, at *14 (Del. Oct. 24, 2023); Juliano v. State,
254 A.3d 369, 372 (Del. 2020); Dorsey, 761 A.2d at 820.
158
      Davis v. State, 2023 WL 7382873, at *4 (Del. Nov. 8, 2023).

                                                 37
       Accordingly, we remand this issue to the trial court for further consideration

of the constitutional issues raised by Terreros’s Motion for Judgment of Acquittal.159

                                    IV.     CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the Superior Court erred in denying Terreros’s

Motion to Suppress. Accordingly, we REVERSE Terreros’s convictions. We

REMAND this case to the Superior Court for further proceedings consistent with

this Opinion. Jurisdiction is not retained.

159
   We leave to the trial court’s discretion how to structure briefing and oral argument after remand.
Although we have held that Terreros is entitled to a new trial because the evidence obtained from
the unconstitutional warrant should have been suppressed before trial, we also have remanded for
further proceedings regarding the Motion for Judgment of Acquittal, since the resolution of that
motion may affect whether Terreros can be retried on the Child Sexual Abuse and Dangerous
Crimes Against a Child counts. See, e.g. State v. Halstead, 791 N.W.2d 805, 816 (Iowa 2016).

                                                 38