Court Opinion

ID: 9380888
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-21 17:02:30.070925+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:26.218698
License: Public Domain

Filed 3/20/23 Hall v. Sohn CA5

                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

 DANA HALL et al.,
                                                                                             F083452
           Plaintiffs, Cross-defendants and
           Respondents,                                                            (Super. Ct. No. 10647)

                    v.
                                                                                          OPINION
 DANIEL SOHN et al.,

           Defendants, Cross-complainants and
           Appellants.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Mariposa County. Ronald W.
Hanson, Judge. (Retired Judge of the Merced Super. Ct. assigned by the Chief Justice
pursuant to art. VI, § 6 of the Cal. Const.)
         Mazur & Mazur and Janice R. Mazur, for Defendants, Cross-complainants and
Appellants.
         Berliner Cohen, Kimberly G. Flores and Lindsay I. Walczak, for Plaintiffs, Cross-
defendants and Respondents..
                                                        -ooOoo-
       This case involves a dispute among the residents of a subdivision (the Bishop-
Huntley subdivision), with seven large parcels, in the rolling hills of Mariposa. The
dispute arose over the use of a 60-foot-wide easement that serves the seven parcels in the
subdivision. The easement is used by the subdivision’s property owners for ingress to,
and egress from, their properties as well as for accessing other properties within the
subdivision.
       The plaintiffs—property owners Dana Hall and Michele Minniear, Fred and
Muriel Temps, Roger and Laurel Siebecker, and Tom and Carol Schmidt—initiated the
action against property owners Daniel and Juliet Sohn, primarily alleging the Sohns were
interfering with the other residents’ use of the easement that runs, in part, over the Sohns’
land. The Sohns filed a cross-complaint against Hall and Minniear, the Temps, the
Siebeckers, and the Schmidts, for trespass, quiet title, and declaratory relief. The nub of
contention was whether Hall and Minniear, the Temps, the Siebeckers, and the Schmidts
could use the entire width of the easement as specified in the instruments granting the
easement.
       Hall and Minniear, the Temps, the Siebeckers, and the Schmidts brought a motion
for summary judgment/summary adjudication. The trial court granted the motion for
summary adjudication with respect to most of the claims in the operative complaint; the
court found one of the remaining claims was moot and the plaintiffs subsequently
dismissed the other remaining claim. The trial court further granted summary
adjudication as to all the claims in the operative cross-complaint.
       The Sohns appeal. We affirm.
                              FACTUAL BACKGROUND
A.     The Bishop and Huntley Maps
       In January 1980, Gary Bishop subdivided, into four parcels, a large tract of real
property (consisting of approximately 38 acres) located in Mariposa County, creating

                                             2.
Parcels A, B, C, and D. The corresponding “PARCEL MAP [¶ ] FOR [¶ ] GARY
BISHOP” (Bishop Map) was recorded with Mariposa County on January 21, 1980. The
Bishop Map offered for dedication to Mariposa County, a 60-foot-wide, non-exclusive
easement for public use and utilities. The easement is clearly delineated on the Bishop
Map, which states:

       “NOTE: [¶ ] ALL EASEMENTS SHOWN ON THIS MAP ARE 60’
       WIDE NON-EXCLUSIVE EASEMENTS FOR PUBLIC USE AND
       PUBLIC UTILITIES: OFFERED FOR DEDICATION BY THIS MAP;
       SEE OWNERS CERTIFICATE.”1
The Bishop Map appears in Appendix A to this opinion. As indicated, the Bishop Map
delineates the new Parcels A, B, C, and D (Parcel D was far larger than the other parcels),
as well as the easement providing access to the new parcels.
       Later that same year, Dennis Huntley acquired Parcel D as shown by the Bishop
Map, and subdivided it into four parcels: A, B, C, and D. The corresponding “PARCEL
MAP [¶ ] FOR [¶ ] DENNIS HUNTLEY” (Huntley Map) was recorded with Mariposa
County on June 4, 1980. Like the Bishop Map, the Huntley Map dedicated a 60-foot-
wide non-exclusive easement to Mariposa County for public access and utilities. More
specifically, the Huntley Map referenced the easement offered for dedication in the
Bishop Map and delineated an extension thereof—in the form of a “60’ wide
nonexclusive P.U. & access easement”—to provide access to the additional parcels
created by the Huntley Map (we will refer to the easements dedicated by both maps,

1      The Owner’s Certificate of the Bishop Map provides:
“OWNER[:] [¶ ] The UNDERSIGNED, being the parties having a record title interest
in the land as plotted by this map, hereby consent to the preparation and recordation of
this map, and offer for dedication to Mariposa County all easements as shown on this
map and so marked as offered for dedication. This offer of dedication to Mariposa
County shall remain open until either accepted or rejected, in writing, by Mariposa
County.”

                                            3.
collectively, as the easement). (Unnecessary capitalization omitted.) The Huntley Map
appears in Appendix B to this opinion.
       The easement lay on each of the parcels created by the Bishop and Huntley Maps,
taken together. The easement provides the only means of accessing five or six of the
seven parcels established by the Bishop and Huntley Maps, from the main thoroughfare
(Yaqui Gulch Road) bordering, on the northeast, the original, undivided Bishop tract.
The easement has consistently been used for this purpose since the 1980s, with a graveled
roadway soon developing through the center of the easement. The gravel roadway
became known as Vista Grande Way (Vista Grande Way or VGW).
       On April 5, 1991, Mariposa County recorded an “Acceptance of Dedication,” with
respect to the offers of dedication in the Bishop and Huntley Maps, indicating that the
dedications were accepted for public access but not for maintenance. (Unnecessary
capitalization omitted.) The easement is therefore privately maintained.
B.     The Properties and Property Owners Served by Vista Grande Way
       The plaintiffs (Dana Hall & Michele Minniear; Fred & Muriel Temps; Roger &
Laurel Siebecker;2 and Tom & Carol Schmidt (plaintiffs or Hall et al.)) and defendants
(Daniel & Juliet Sohn (the Sohns, Sohn defendants, or defendants)), among others, own
properties (with residences) served by Vista Grande Way. With respect to the Bishop
Map, Roger and Laurel Siebecker own Parcel A; Fred and Muriel Temps own Parcel B;
and Dana Hall and Michele Minniear own Parcel C. (See Appen. A.) With respect to the
Huntley Map, Daniel and Juliet Sohn own Parcel A; the Miningers (not a party to the
instant action) own Parcel B; Tom and Carol Schmidt own Parcel C; and Danielle
Zartman (not a party to the instant action) owns Parcel D.
       Hall et al. and the Sohns acquired their ownership interests by way of grant deed;
each deed describes the respective property by direct reference to either the Bishop or

2      Roger Siebecker passed away during the pendency of this action.

                                            4.
Huntley Maps (which maps are recorded with Mariposa County). The parties’ properties
are five to six acres in size and are located in the rural, rolling hills of Mariposa.
       As noted above, the easement lies, in part, on each of the parcels identified in the
Bishop and Huntley Maps. The easement touches the Sohns’ property along its entire
length; it touches the other parcels along various portions of its length. The Sohns
acquired their property in 1999.
C.     Maintenance and Upgrades to Vista Grande Way, Over Time
       Vista Grande Way was upgraded around 2004 by the affected property owners at
the time. Gravel/road base was laid, and the roadway was compacted, graded, and
widened to create a cul de sac at its end. In late 2014, several of the plaintiffs noticed
that Vista Grande Way was showing signs of wear. Hall and Minniear determined that
minor maintenance was necessary, specifically, a new layer of gravel. All the affected
property owners concurred and approved the proposed work except for the Sohn
defendants. Hall and Minniear went ahead with the proposed work based on the approval
of the majority of the affected property owners. New gravel was delivered and spread
over the roadway, thereby widening it by a few feet but remaining within the bounds of
the easement. The maintenance work occurred on a day in December 2014 and another
day in January 2015.
D.     The Dispute Between the Plaintiffs and the Sohn Defendants
       Hall et al. used, to varying degrees, Vista Grande Way, the shoulder thereof, and
the area bordering the shoulder. For example, plaintiffs Dana Hall and Michele Minniear
stated in their respective declarations attached to the motion for summary judgment: “I
do use the easement quite frequently, day and night, and have since as early as 1988.
Most of my use has been limited to the existing roadway. However, I occasionally use
the shoulder of the roadway and the area bordering the roadway on foot, by horse, and by

                                               5.
RTV [rugged terrain vehicle].” Grassy strips constitute the outer parts of the easement
area.
        After the December 2014 maintenance on Vista Grande Way was done, a dispute
broke out between plaintiffs and the Sohns. Between January 2015 and May 2015, the
Sohns placed, within the newly widened roadway (but outside the border of the pre-2014
roadway), multiple reflectors on stakes; multiple steel T-posts with various signs such as
“ ‘No Trespassing,’ ” “ ‘Go Slow in the Roadway,’ ” and speed limit signs; multiple
boulders and concrete pavers; numerous small red flags; and a burn pile. Mariposa
County removed some of the items from the easement on May 26, 2015. The Sohns
made spray paint markings within the pre-2014 borders of “ ‘VGW.’ ”
        The Sohns installed, on their property, several cameras facing the plaintiffs’
properties. In addition, a number of verbal spats and other confrontations occurred
between the Sohn defendants and plaintiffs. The Sohns also accused plaintiffs of
trespassing when they used the roadway. Both Sohns stated in declarations attached to
their opposition papers that they “ha[d] never accused plaintiffs of trespassing while
[plaintiffs] were using the gravel roadway or its shoulder as it existed prior to the end of
December 2014.” (Italics added.) However, the Sohns acknowledged they “ha[d]
repeatedly requested that plaintiffs stop trespassing on the portion of [the easement]
beyond the roadway as it was before plaintiffs widened it.” (Italics added.) As to the
latter situation, the Sohns demanded that plaintiffs “get off [the Sohns’] property.”
Plaintiffs, in their declarations, characterized the Sohns’ conduct as a “campaign of
harassment, confrontations, and complaints,” while the Sohns, in their declarations,
characterized their conduct as necessary “to protect [their] property rights.” The parties
have exchanged the “middle-finger gesture” on multiple occasions. Law enforcement
was called to address the situation multiple times.

                                              6.
          Michele Minniear, after one confrontation, obtained a restraining order against
Daniel Sohn and a court order directing Daniel Sohn to move all cameras on his property
to a location at least 50 feet inside his fence line. Daniel Sohn was subsequently found
guilty of three counts of contempt for violating the restraining order. 3

E.        Separate But Related Action Brought by Daniel and Juliet Sohn Against
          Mariposa County and Hall et al.
          On November 4, 2016, Daniel and Juliet Sohn filed an action in Mariposa County
Superior Court against Mariposa County and related agencies and bodies (collectively,
Mariposa County), as well as the instant plaintiffs (Hall et al.). We will refer to the
November 4, 2016 action brought by Daniel and Juliet Sohn—which action was separate
from but related to the instant action—as the related action. Daniel and Juliet Sohn filed
the related action after plaintiffs had initiated the instant matter. Before we turn to
detailing the procedural history of the instant matter, we will briefly describe the related
action.
          In the related action, Daniel and Juliet Sohn sought declaratory relief, quiet title,
injunctive relief, and damages based on the same factual background as is applicable to
the instant action. Daniel and Juliet Sohn’s causes of action for declaratory relief and
quiet title asserted the easement was not a valid public easement because Mariposa
County did not properly accept the Bishop and Huntley Maps’ offers of dedication with
respect to the easement.
          In June 2017, Mariposa County demurred to the operative complaint in the related
action. Among the grounds asserted in the demurrers to the declaratory relief and quiet
title claims were that the challenges to the validity of Mariposa County’s acceptance of

3       On multiple occasions, Daniel Sohn unsuccessfully sought review of the
restraining order and/or contempt orders from this court. (See Minniear v. Sohn (Aug.
30, 2017, F072835) [nonpub. opn.]; Minniear v. Sohn (dism. June 9, 2016, F073130);
Sohn v. Sup. Ct. (pet. denied Aug. 5, 2016, F073822); In re Sohn (pet. denied June 1,
2018, F077562).

                                                 7.
the offers of dedication were meritless, time-barred, and sounded in mandamus and, in
turn, the claims did not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. Hall et al.
demurred to the operative complaint in the related action in July 2017. Among the
grounds asserted by Hall et al. in their demurrer was that the instant matter was already
pending between the same parties and encompassed the same claims. In September
2017, the trial court sustained, without leave to amend, the general and special demurrers
filed by Mariposa County and by Hall et al. and entered judgment in favor of Mariposa
County and Hall et al.
       In November 2017, Daniel and Juliet Sohn appealed the judgment solely as to
Mariposa County’s demurrer to one of the causes of action in their operative complaint,
that is, a cause of action for violation of civil rights. That cause of action related to the
removal, by Mariposa County on May 26, 2015, of items placed in the easement by
Daniel and Juliet Sohn. This court affirmed the judgment of the trial court (and denied
the Sohns’ subsequent petition for rehearing).4
                                PROCEDURAL HISTORY
A.     The Operative Complaint and Operative Cross-Complaint
       The instant matter was initiated by Hall et al. on April 15, 2015. Hall et al. filed a
complaint against the Sohns for interference with easement, nuisance, breach of
contract/covenant, and declaratory relief. In May 2015, the Sohns filed a cross-complaint
against Hall et al. for trespass, declaratory relief, and false imprisonment, asserting, in
part, that the easement was not a valid public easement, and that any easement was
limited to the historical width of Vista Grande Way, allegedly ranging from nine to 20
feet in width along the length of the roadway.

4      Thereafter, the Sohns’ petition for review and petition for writ of certiorari were
denied by our Supreme Court and the federal Supreme Court, respectively.

                                               8.
       In January 2016, Hall et al. amended the complaint (operative complaint) to add a
cause of action for quiet title to easement by prescription. On December 28, 2017, the
Sohns amended the cross-complaint (operative cross-complaint), adding Mariposa
County as a cross-defendant as to their cause of action for declaratory relief, eliminating
their cause of action for false imprisonment,5 and adding a cause of action for quiet title
against Hall et al. and Mariposa County.
       In March 2018, Mariposa County demurred to the Sohns’ operative cross-
complaint on grounds, among others, that the Sohns’ claims were barred by the final
judgment in the related action between Mariposa County and the Sohns, which action
encompassed the same causes of action. Since the related action was pending in the
appellate court at the time, the trial court stayed the instant matter pending resolution of
the related action.
       The instant matter resumed in August 2020, after the judgment in the related
action had become final. The trial court thereafter sustained, without leave to amend,
Mariposa County’s above-mentioned demurrer to the Sohns’ operative cross-complaint,
in part on account of the final judgment in the related action. Once Mariposa County was
dismissed from the matter, the matter was limited to Hall et al.’s operative complaint
against the Sohns and the Sohns’ operative cross-complaint against Hall et al. To
reiterate, Hall et al.’s claims were interference with easement, quiet title to easement by
prescription, nuisance, breach of contract/covenant, and declaratory relief. The Sohns’
cross-claims were trespass, declaratory relief, and quiet title (as to Hall et al. only).
B.     Hall et al.’s Motion for Summary Judgment/Summary Adjudication
       In March 2021, Hall et al. filed a motion for summary judgment or summary
adjudication. The motion was heard in June 2021. The trial court determined, based on

5      The trial court granted, on December 5, 2017, Hall et al.’s motion for judgment on
the pleadings as to the Sohns’ cause of action for false imprisonment.

                                               9.
applicable law and the undisputed facts, that every property owner in the Bishop-Huntley
subdivision had a private easement over the 60-foot area delineated for access in the
Bishop Map and the Huntley Map. The trial court further determined, based on the
undisputed facts, that the Sohns engaged in conduct that unreasonably interfered with
Hall et al.’s use and enjoyment of the easement.
       The trial court granted Hall et al.’s motion for summary adjudication as to the first
(interference with easement), third (nuisance), and fifth (declaratory relief) causes of
action in the operative complaint. The trial court concluded that Hall et al.’s second
cause of action (quiet title by prescription) was moot in light of its finding that Hall et al.
had a private easement over the entire 60-foot area delineated for access in the Bishop
Map and the Huntley Map. Finally, the trial court denied summary adjudication as to
Hall et al.’s fourth cause of action (breach of contract/covenant), finding there were
triable issues of fact regarding that claim.
       As to the claims in the Sohns’ cross-complaint, the trial court granted Hall et al.’s
motion for summary adjudication as to all the claims in the operative cross-complaint.
       The trial court’s ruling on Hall et al.’s motion, order on Hall et al.’s evid entiary
objections, and order on the Sohns’ objections to Hall et al.’s requests for judicial notice,
were filed on June 15, 2021. In light of the trial court’s ruling, the only remaining claim
in the matter was the fourth cause of action (breach of contract/covenant) in Hall et al.’s
operative complaint. Hall et al. thereafter voluntarily dismissed the remaining fourth
cause of action in the operative complaint. Judgment was entered in September 2021.
This appeal followed.
C.     Summary of Trial Court’s Written Ruling Granting Summary Adjudication
       To illuminate the trial court’s reasoning, we will excerpt parts of its written ruling,
granting summary adjudication in favor of Hall et al. The court first found: “Each
property owner in the Bishop-Huntley subdivision has a private easement for ingress and

                                               10.
egress to their property over the entire 60-foot area set forth in the Bishop-Huntley
subdivision maps.” The court based its determination on the undisputed facts regarding
the grant of the easement in the Bishop Map and the Huntley Map, as well as Tract
Development Services, Inc. v. Kepler (1988) 199 Cal.App.3d 1374, 1381-1382 (Tract
Development) (cited by Hall et al.). The court also discussed Scruby v. Vintage
Grapevine, Inc. (1995) 37 Cal.App.4th 697, 702-703 (Scruby) (cited by the Sohns),
evidently concluding that Scruby was distinguishable (see below).
       The court then addressed Hall et al.’s first cause of action, interference with
easement. The court noted:

               “The Court finds that the following facts are undisputed as they
       relate to Defendant Sohn’s interference with Plaintiffs’ right of ingress and
       egress over the 60-foot wide private easement:

               “Defendants placed multiple reflectors, signs, steel stakes, T-posts,
       [boulders], concrete pavers, spray paints, multiple red flags, and a burn pile
       within the 60-foot wide easement area. Defendants did not deny the
       placement of these obstructions, but contend that they never were placed in
       the graveled portion of [Vista] Grande Way (‘VGW’) as it existed prior to
       Plaintiffs’ widening of VGW in December 2014. Prior to December 2014,
       VGW was a gravel roadway through the center of the 60-foot wide non-
       exclusive easement that varied in width from nine feet to 20 feet. After
       December 2014, Plaintiffs widened VGW from eleven feet to 24 feet.
       Defendants Sohn do not deny that the reflectors, stakes, etc. were placed
       within the 60-foot private easement area. These items would obstruct the
       60-foot wide private easement area for ingress and egress. [¶ ]…[¶ ]

              “Defendant Sohn acknowledges he repeatedly accused Plaintiffs of,
       and requested them to stop[,] trespassing on his portion of the servient
       tenement, which would lie from the outer edge of the graveled VGW [as it
       existed prior to the maintenance work performed in December 2014] to the
       edge of the 60-foot wide private easement nearest the Sohn parcel; all of
       which would be within the Sohn servient tenement area. The estimated
       width of this area is from 18 feet to 24 feet. The repeated accusations and
       threats would interfere with Plaintiffs’ enjoyment of the Bishop-Huntley
       60-foot wide private easement for ingress and egress.” (Italics added.)

                                             11.
The court concluded: “Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Adjudication for Plaintiffs’ First
Cause of Action for Injunctive Relief to enjoin Defendants Sohn from interfering or
obstructing Plaintiff[s’] use and enjoyment of the 60-foot easement for ingress and egress
is GRANTED.”
      The court next addressed Hall et al.’s other causes of action. The court ruled:

             “Plaintiff[s’] Motion for Summary Adjudication of Plaintiffs’
      Second Cause of Action to quiet title to a prescriptive easement is moot, as
      each property owner of any parcel within the Bishop-Huntley subdivision
      has a 60-foot wide private easement for ingress and egress created by the
      Bishop-Huntley subdivision maps.

              “Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Adjudication of their Third Cause
      of Action for Nuisance and Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Adjudication of
      their Fifth Cause of Action for Declaratory Relief are GRANTED for the
      same reasons set forth in the granting of Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary
      Adjudication of their First Cause of Action for Interference with Easement.

              “Plaintiffs’ Fourth Cause of Action for Breach of Contract and/or the
      covenant recorded in connection [with the] Bishop/Huntley Subdivision
      requiring each parcel owner to pay a pro rata share of the 2014
      improvement/maintenance costs would be granted if not for the diminimus
      amount -- $91.42. However, the motion is denied as it appears the
      plaintiff[s’] seek damages for alleged ‘offensive activity’ prohibited by the
      Bishop/Huntley covenants. Not only is the covenant in need of
      interpretation, but there are triable issues of fact as to whether the Sohn[s]
      breached whatever activity the covenant was intended to bar.”
      The court thereafter addressed Hall et al.’s motion for summary adjudication as to
the claims in the Sohns’ operative cross-complaint. The court ruled:

             “Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Adjudication of the First Cause of
      Action for Trespass and the Third Cause of Action for Quiet Title and the
      [Second] Cause of Action for Declaratory Relief as alleged in [the]
      Sohn[s’] Cross-Complaint are GRANTED. The Bishop-Huntley
      subdivision maps created a non-exclusive private easement in the 60-foot
      wide area set forth in said subdivision maps for ingress and egress.

            “[The] Sohn[s’] reliance on Scruby is misplaced. Scruby affirmed a
      judgment that a servient tenement’s actions did not interfere with the

                                           12.
         dominant tenement’s right of ingress and egress.… The facts are
         undisputed that the Sohn[s] placed obstructions in the area between the
         south edge of VGW [as it existed prior to December 2014] and the south
         edge of the 60’ Bishop/Huntley access easement. Scruby involved an
         access easement for a single family residence while the instant case
         involves an access easement for seven property owners. Each of the parcels
         of the Bishop/Huntley subdivision are five to six acres and located in the
         Mariposa Hills. The Bishop/Huntley subdivision created reasonable access
         to each of the plaintiff[s’] property for all lawful uses without limitation to
         the graveled portion of VGW. The plaintiff[s] are not required to limit
         access to their property whether by walking, horseback, ATV, heavy
         equipment, trucks and trailers etc., to the graveled portion of VGW.”
                                        DISCUSSION
I.       Summary Judgment/Summary Adjudication: Standard of Review
         Any party may move for summary judgment in an action if it is contended that the
action has no merit. (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (a).)
         “Summary judgment is granted when there is no triable issue as to any material
fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. (Code Civ. Proc.,
§ 437c, subd. (c).) This court reviews de novo the trial court’s decision to grant summary
judgment and we are not bound by the trial court’s stated reasons or rationales.
[Citation.] [¶] In reviewing a motion for summary judgment, we accept as undisputed
fact only those portions of the moving party’s evidence that are uncontradicted by the
opposing party. In other words, the facts alleged in the evidence of the party opposing
summary judgment and the reasonable inferences that can be drawn therefrom are
accepted as true.” (Hersant v. Department of Social Services (1997) 57 Cal.App.4th 997,
1001.)
         We consider “ ‘all the evidence set forth in the moving and opposition papers
except that to which objections were made and sustained.’ ” (State Dept. of Health
Services v. Superior Court (2003) 31 Cal.4th 1026, 1035.) “ ‘We liberally construe the
evidence in support of the party opposing summary judgment and resolve doubts

                                               13.
concerning the evidence in favor of that party.’ ” (Conroy v. Regents of University of
California (2009) 45 Cal.4th 1244, 1249-1250.)
       “[F]rom commencement to conclusion, the party moving for summary judgment
bears the burden of persuasion that there is no triable issue of material fact and that he is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law. That is because of the general principle that a
party who seeks a court’s action in his favor bears the burden of persuasion thereon. (See
Evid. Code, § 500.) There is a triable issue of material fact if, and only if, the evidence
would allow a reasonable trier of fact to find the underlying fact in favor of the party
opposing the motion in accordance with the applicable standard of proof…. [A] plaintiff
[moving for summary judgment] bears the burden of persuasion that ‘each element of’
the ‘cause of action’ in question has been ‘proved,’ and hence that ‘there is no defense’
thereto. (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (o)(1).) A defendant [moving for summary
judgment] bears the burden of persuasion that ‘one or more elements of’ the ‘cause of
action’ in question ‘cannot be established,’ or that ‘there is a complete defense’ thereto.
(Id., § 437c, subd. (o)(2).)” (Aguilar v. Atlantic Richfield Co. (2001) 25 Cal.4th 826, 850,
fns. omitted.)
       Motions for summary adjudication are procedurally identical to, and subject to
review under the same standards as, motions for summary judgment. (Code Civ. Proc.,
§ 437c, subd. (f)(2); Nakamura v. Superior Court (2000) 83 Cal.App.4th 825, 832).

II.    Trial Court Properly Granted Summary Adjudication as to Hall et al.’s First
       Cause of Action for Interference with Easement
       A.        Background
       Hall et al. assert, in the first cause of action (interference with easement) of their
operative complaint: “Plaintiffs are the owners of an easement appurtenant to their
respective parcels of real property.… The easement consists of a 60 foot wide public
road known as Vista Grande Way.… [¶ ] The source of Plaintiffs’ title to the Easement
is the Bishop Parcel Map … and the Huntley Parcel Map.… In addition, Vista Grande

                                              14.
Way has been used as the only means of accessing Plaintiffs’ parcels of real property
continuously since at least 1980.” They further assert that the Sohns “are the owners of
the real property subject to the Easement.” In addition, they assert that beginning in
January 2015, the Sohns have interfered with the use of the easement by Hall et al., by,
inter alia, “installing numerous items and markings” in the easement that decrease the
width of Vista Grande Way, thereby creating traffic hazards and the potential for liability
for all the adjoining landowners.
       As relevant here, in the interference-with-easement cause of action, Hall et al.
requested relief in the form of a “permanent injunction restraining and enjoining [the
Sohns] from interfering with [Hall et al.’s] access to and use of the 60 foot wide
Easement for Vista Grande Way,” along with any other relief deemed “just and
equitable” by the court. The trial court determined the evidence established that the
Sohns “placed multiple reflectors, signs, steel stakes, T-posts, [boulders], concrete
pavers, spray paints, multiple red flags, and a burn pile within the 60-foot wide easement
area,” which items “would obstruct the 60-foot wide private easement area for ingress
and egress.” The trial court further determined the Sohns acknowledged they “repeatedly
accused Plaintiffs of, and requested them to stop trespassing on,” the part of the easement
that lay beyond the edge of the pre-2014 graveled roadway and on the Sohns’ property.6
The court noted the “repeated accusations and threats would interfere with Plaintiffs’
enjoyment of the Bishop-Huntley 60-foot wide private easement for ingress and egress.”
       The trial court granted the relief, that is an injunction, sought by the plaintiffs
under their first cause of action for interference with easement. The trial court judgment
states: “Plaintiffs have the right to use and enjoy the entire 60-foot-wide non-exclusive
private easement as set forth in the Bishop-Huntley Maps, for ingress and egress by any

6      The trial court referred to Daniel Sohn’s acknowledgement, in his declaration, that
he made these accusations and demands; however, Juliet Sohn’s declaration included a
similar acknowledgement (see above).

                                              15.
lawful reasonable means, including, without limitation, walking, horseback, ATVs,
trucks, trailers, and heavy equipment.” The trial court judgment further provides:
“Defendants are permanently restrained and enjoined from interfering with and/or
obstructing Plaintiffs’ use and enjoyment of the 60-foot-wide non-exclusive private
easement as set forth in the Bishop-Huntley Maps, for ingress and egress, including,
without limitation, placing signs, stakes, posts, flags, reflectors, boulders, and other items
within the easement and accusing Plaintiffs of trespassing and threatening Plaintiffs while
using the easement.”
       B.     Applicable Law and Analysis
       “ ‘It is fundamental that the language of a grant of an easement determines the
scope of the easement.’ ” (Schmidt v. Bank of America, N.A. (2014) 223 Cal.App.4th
1489, 1499; Van Klompenburg v. Berghold (2005) 126 Cal.App.4th 345, 349 [the
language of a grant of an easement determines the scope of the easement]; Civ. Code,
§ 806 [“The extent of a servitude is determined by the terms of the grant.”].) “In
construing an instrument conveying an easement, the rules applicable to the construction
of deeds generally apply. If the language is clear and explicit in the conveyance, there is
no occasion for the use of parol evidence to show the nature and extent of the rights
acquired.” (Scruby, supra, 37 Cal.App.4th at p. 702.) The interpretation of an easement,
which does not depend upon conflicting extrinsic evidence, is a question of law. (Van
Klompenburg v. Berghold, supra, at p. 349; McCann v. City of Los Angeles (1978) 79
Cal.App.3d 112, 115, fn. 2, italics added [same]; Machado v. Southern Pacific
Transportation Co. (1991) 233 Cal.App.3d 347, 352 [when no extrinsic evidence has
been admitted, the interpretation of a grant deed is a question of law].)
       The easement at issue in this case was an express easement that was granted by the
Bishop and Huntley Maps when the Bishop-Huntley subdivision was created in 1980. In
this context, Tract Development, supra, 199 Cal.App.3d 1374, held:

                                             16.
       “ ‘It is a thoroughly established proposition in this state that when one lays
       out a tract of land into lots and streets and sells the lots by reference to a
       map which exhibits the lots and streets as they lie with relation to each
       other, the purchasers of such lots have a private easement in the streets
       opposite their respective lots, for ingress and egress and for any use proper
       to a private way, and that this private easement is entirely independent of
       the fact of dedication to public use, and is a private appurtenance to the lots,
       of which the owners cannot be divested except by due process of law.’ ”
       (Tract Development, supra, at pp. 1381-1382, italics added, quoting
       Danielson v. Sykes (1910) 157 Cal. 686, 689.)

Tract Development also held: “Furthermore, the right to an easement created in
this manner cannot be lost by mere nonuse, nor because the easement is not
necessary for access to the dominant tenement.” (Tract Development, supra, 199
Cal.App.3d at p. 1382, italics omitted.)
       Here, it is undisputed that the Bishop and Huntley Maps delineated
easements to provide access to the lots in the Bishop-Huntley subdivision. Under
Tract Development, the maps expressly created a “private easement [that] is
entirely independent of the fact of dedication to public use and is a private
appurtenance to the lots” established by the maps.7 (Tract Development, supra,
199 Cal.App.3d at p. 1382.) Accordingly, the trial court correctly concluded that
“[e]ach property owner in the Bishop-Huntley subdivision has a private easement
for ingress and egress to their property.”
       The Bishop and Huntley Maps expressly specify that the easement was 60 feet in
width. Ballard v. Titus (1910) 157 Cal. 673, 681 and Tarr v. Watkins (1960) 180
Cal.App.2d 362, 366, are instructive in this context. These cases stand for the
proposition that, where the width of a right of way is expressly specified in a grant or
conveyance, the owner may have the absolute right to use it to the limits of the specified

7     An appurtenant easement is an easement that runs with the land. (Kazi v. State
Farm Fire & Casualty Co. (2001) 24 Cal.4th 871, 881.)

                                             17.
width even if that gives the owner a wider way than necessary. (See Ballard v. Titus,
supra, 157 Cal. at p. 681.) Tarr v. Watkins explains: “Where the way over the surface of
the ground is one of expressly defined width, it is held that the owner of the easement has
the right, free of interference by the owner of the servient estate, to use the land to the
limits of the defined width even if the result is to give him a wider way than necessary.”
(Id. at p. 366; see Norris v. State of California ex rel. Dept. of Public Works (1968) 261
Cal.App.2d 41, 48 (Norris) [dominant tenement had right to use entire easement area
when “the size [and location] of the right of way was fixed and defined by precise
description”]; Scruby, supra, 37 Cal.App.4th at pp. 703-704 [“when the width of an
easement is definitely fixed by the grant or reservation creating the same, its use may be
interpreted as commensurate with the entire width thereof”]; see also Dolnikov v. Ekizian
(2013) 222 Cal.App.4th 419, 428 [“The grant of an easement must ‘be interpreted
liberally in favor of the grantee.’ ”].)
       “[A] right of way is a privilege of passage over the land of another, ‘with the
implied right … to make such changes in the surface of the land as are necessary to make
it available for travel in a convenient manner.’ ” (White v. Walsh (1951) 105 Cal.App.2d
828, 832.) Although an easement owner cannot change the character of the easement or
materially increase the burden on the servient estate, within those limits the owner “may
make repairs, improvements, or changes that do not affect its substance.” (Burris v.
People’s Ditch Co. (1894) 104 Cal. 248, 252; Dolnikov v. Ekizian, supra, 222
Cal.App.4th at p. 428 [same]; 6 Miller & Starr, Cal. Real Estate (4th ed. 2018) § 15:59
[“[t]he owner of a road easement has a right to grade and pave the surface, install guard
rails, and add other improvements reasonably required to make the use of the easement
safe and convenient”] (fns. omitted).) In addition, an express right-of-way easement
presumptively encompasses “ ‘normal future development,’ ” whereby such an easement
will generally not be restricted to its historical use. (Zissler v. Saville (2018) 29

                                              18.
Cal.App.5th 630, 641, italics omitted; Red Mountain, LLC. v. Fallbrook Public Utility
Dist. (2006) 143 Cal.App.4th 333, 350 [“ ‘[n]ormal future uses [of an easement] are
within the reasonable contemplation of the parties and therefore permissible, but
uncontemplated, abnormal uses, which greatly increase the burden, are not’ ”]; Rest.3d
Property, Servitudes, § 4.10, com. f, pp. 597-598 [“the manner, frequency, and intensity
of use of the servient estate may change to … accommodate normal development of the
dominant estate”].)
       Here, the seven parcels entitled to use the easement specified in the Bishop and
Huntley Maps for access thereto and to other properties within the Bishop-Huntley
subdivision were large, approximately five to six acres in size. The area was rural, and
the record reflects that at least some of the parties utilized heavy equipment (tractors),
rugged terrain vehicles, and horses in the subdivision. Under the authorities discussed
above, Hall et al. are entitled to use the entirety of the 60-foot easement delineated in the
Bishop and Huntley Maps (see Tarr v. Watkins, supra, 180 Cal.App.2d at p. 366.), and to
reasonably repair and upgrade it (see Burris v. People’s Ditch Co., supra, 104 Cal. at p.
252). The regraveling, grading, and widening of Vista Grande Way that occurred in
December 2014/January 2015 did not change the character of the easement and effected
improvements that were reasonably contemplated in the grant. (Cf. Norris, supra, 261
Cal.App.2d at p. 48 [“the holder of a dominant tenement may not unduly increase the
burden of the holder of the servient tenement”], italics added.)
       Furthermore, the Sohns admitted in their declarations that they “placed various
reflectors, T-posts and ‘no trespassing’ signs … on the area where the roadway had been
widened.” In addition, the Sohns admitted they would accuse the plaintiffs of trespassing
as to the latter’s use of the newly-widened portions of the graveled roadway. In these
instances, the Sohns would demand that plaintiffs get off the Sohns’ property. However,
as noted above, the relatively limited widening of Vista Grande Way as part of a needed

                                             19.
upgrade was a reasonable and permissible improvement; plaintiffs were entitled to use
Vista Grande Way as widened through the repair and upgrades made in December
2014/January 2015.
       Here, the undisputed facts conclusively establish that the Sohns’ conduct in
placing various impediments on the widened portion of the gravel roadway and
consistently accusing the plaintiffs of trespassing when they used that portion of the
gravel roadway, constituted an unreasonable interference with the plaintiffs’ use and
enjoyment of the roadway for ingress and egress and for accessing other properties in the
subdivision. (See Scruby, supra, 37 Cal.App.4th at p. 703 “[w]hether a particular use by
the servient owner of land subject to an easement is an unreasonable interference with the
rights of the dominant owner is a question of fact”]; see also Dolnikov v. Ekizian, supra,
222 Cal.App.4th at pp. 429-430 [“ ‘Actions that make it more difficult to use an
easement, that interfere with the ability to maintain and repair improvements built for its
enjoyment, or that increase the risks attendant on exercise of rights created by the
easement are prohibited … unless justified by the needs of the servient estate.’ ” (italics
omitted)]; Applegate v. Ota (1983) 146 Cal.App.3d 702, 712-713 [an obstruction which
unreasonably interferes with the use of an easement can be ordered removed “for the
protection and preservation” of the easement].)
       C.     Scruby v. Vintage Grapevine, Inc. is Inapposite and Distinguishable
       The Sohns posit that the trial court failed to properly apply Scruby, supra, 37
Cal.App.4th 697. But Scruby does not require a different result or preclude summary
judgment here. In Scruby, the plaintiffs (John and Giovanna Scruby, collectively,
Scruby) had a landlocked property (a single-family home on 1.03 acres of land), the only
access to which was over an easement on the property of the defendant, a winery
(Grapevine). The easement was deeded to Scruby by Grapevine’s predecessor. The
easement grant deed described the easement as a “nonexclusive easement, 52 feet in

                                             20.
width, for road and utility purposes,” and referenced a survey map indicating the
boundaries of the easement (the easement was essentially a “52-foot wide corridor
[running alongside a highway] and ending in a cul-de-sac 100 feet in diameter”).
(Scruby, supra, at pp. 700-701, italics added.)
       Scruby sought “to enjoin Grapevine from interfering with Scruby’s easement by
placing obstructions, such as water tanks and grapevines inside the described easement
area” (specifically, the cul-de-sac), as well as “injunctive relief to compel Grapevine to
remove [existing] tanks and grapevines from the easement area [that is, the cul-de-sac].”
(Scruby, supra, 37 Cal.App.4th at p. 701, 706.) Scruby argued they had “ ‘the right, as a
matter of law, to use every portion of their 52-foot-wide easement, and the 100-foot
diameter cul-de-sac, free of interference by [Grapevine].’ ” (Id. at p. 703.) As for
Grapevine, it did “not deny that Scruby [had] ‘the right to use the easement to come and
go from their property unimpeded,’ but [it] contend[ed] that Scruby [had] ‘not been
granted the right to use discrete “portions of their easement” which [did] not relate to the
efficient ingress and egress to and from their own property.’ ” (Ibid.)
       The trial court in Scruby determined that “the extent of Scruby’s right to use
Grapevine’s land was limited to an easement of ingress and egress to and from the
property.” (Scruby, supra, 37 Cal.App.4th at pp. 703-704.) “The court further found that
Grapevine had not used its property in any fashion or in any way which had restricted
Scruby’s access over the easement to their parcel of land.” (Id. at p. 704.) The question
before the appellate court (Scruby court) was “whether the trial court’s interpretation of
the scope of this easement [was] supported by the language of the [easement] instrument,
the evidence in [that case’s] record, and the intent of the original drafters of the easement
grant.” (Id. at p. 704.)
       The Scruby court noted: “A great deal of extrinsic evidence about the original
creation of the boundaries of this easement was admitted here without objection.”

                                             21.
(Scruby, supra, 37 Cal.App.4th at p. 704.) Scruby also noted there was some ambiguity
in the easement instrument because the grant was simply for a “ ‘nonexclusive easement,
52 feet in width, for road and utility purposes,’ ” but it did “ ‘not specifically describe the
intended roadway as 52 feet in width ending in a 100-foot cul-de-sac.’ ” (Id. at p. 705,
italics added.) Scruby concluded that, in light of this facial ambiguity, resort to extrinsic
evidence as an aid to interpretation was permissible “unless such evidence impart[ed] a
meaning to which the instrument creating the easement [was] not reasonably
susceptible.” (Ibid.) “When there is any ambiguity or uncertainty about the scope of an
easement grant, the surrounding circumstances, including the physical conditions and
character of the servient tenement and the requirements of the grantee, play a significant
role in the determination of the controlling intent.” (Ibid.)
       The extrinsic evidence adduced in Scruby was analyzed by the trial court and
formed the basis for the court’s decision. The trial court found that “ ‘the initial grant of
easement in 1966 was made in connection with a planned subdivision of the lands to
which the easement was to provide access. Because these lands were never subdivided
according to plan, the easement remained in place to service Parcel A [Scruby’s
property], but its dimensions were far greater than those contemplated or necessary for
access to a single parcel, and were indeed far greater than that actually employed by the
dominant tenement over the history of its use.’ ” (Scruby, 37 Cal.App.4th at p. 705,
italics added.) Since the easement expressly was for the purpose of a “road,” and in light
of the extrinsic evidence to the effect the easement was meant to service a subdivision
that was never created, the trial court first concluded that “the extent of Scruby’s right to
use Grapevine’s land was limited to an easement of ingress and egress to and from the
property.” (Id. at pp. 703-705.) The appellate court upheld the trial court’s interpretation
of the scope of the easement because the latter’s “ ‘construction appears to be consistent
with the true intent of the parties.’ ” (Id. at p. 706.)

                                               22.
       The trial court further found, with respect to Grapevine’s placement of vines and
water tanks in the 100-foot cul-de-sac, that Scruby had “ ‘in no way been blocked or
prevented from using the easement for ingress and egress to and from’ their property,”
whereby injunctive relief was not warranted. (Scruby, supra, 37 Cal.App.4th at p. 706.)
The appellate court, in reviewing the issue, concluded: “The record reflects that Scruby
actually used a 15-foot wide area of the easement for reasonable ingress and egress to
their property. Scruby admitted that the grapevines and water tanks within the boundary
of the 100-foot cul-de-sac did not block their access to their property. Consequently, the
court’s finding that Grapevine’s use of the easement area had not unreasonably interfered
with Scruby’s right of ingress and egress was fully supported by substantial evidence and
is binding on appeal.” (Id. at p. 706.)
       The Scruby court recognized the principle to the effect that “when the width of an
easement is definitely fixed by the grant or reservation creating the same, its use may be
interpreted as commensurate with the entire width thereof.” (Scruby, supra, 37
Cal.App.4th at p. 704.) The extrinsic evidence adduced in that case, however, triggered
the application of the “equally well settled” principle that “ ‘[t]he specification of width
and location of surface rights-of-way does not always determine the extent of the burden
imposed on the servient land.” (Ibid.)
       The differences between Scruby and the instant case are myriad. The easement
grant at issue in Scruby was specifically for a “road,” while the easement grants at issue
in the present matter were for “access” and were not expressly limited to road access.
More specifically, the easement instrument at issue in Scruby specified a “ ‘nonexclusive
easement, 52 feet in width, for road and utility purposes,’ ” which language was
ambiguous as to the precise dimensions of the intended “road,” as well as with respect to
the 100-foot cul-de-sac in which the relevant obstructions had been placed. By contrast,
in the instant matter, the easements were not limited to road purposes, and there is no

                                             23.
analogous claim or showing of ambiguity as to the easement instruments (i.e., the Bishop
and Huntley Maps).
       In addition, Scruby turned, in large measure, on the extrinsic evidence adduced
there that established the easement had been intended to serve a subd ivision that never
came into existence. Thus, the easement’s dimensions were reasonably found to be “ ‘far
greater than those contemplated or necessary for access to a single parcel.’ ” (Scruby, 37
Cal.App.4th at p. 705.) While the Scruby easement served only a single-family residence
on approximately a one-acre lot, the Bishop-Huntley easement, in contrast, serves seven
parcels that are each five to six acres in size.
       Finally, in Scruby, the obstructions were placed in parts of a 100-foot cul-de-sac at
the end of the easement and Scruby admitted the obstructions did not block ingress to and
egress from their property. (See City of Pasadena v. California-Michigan Land & Water
Co. (1941) 17 Cal.2d 576, 579 [“the owner of the servient tenement may make any use of
the land that does not interfere unreasonably with the easement”].) In the instant matter
by contrast, the Sohns were interfering with Hall et al.’s ability to use Vista Grande Way
itself as widened incident to a reasonable repair and upgrade.
       In light of the wide divergence in the facts of Scruby and the instant case, Scruby
is distinguishable and does not control the outcome here. The trial court’s grant of
summary adjudication as to the first cause of action in Hall et al.’s operative complaint is
affirmed.

III.   Trial Court’s Grant of Summary Adjudication as to Hall et al.’s Third Cause
       of Action for Nuisance and Fifth Cause of Action for Declaratory Relief
       As to Hall et al.’s claims for nuisance and declaratory relief, the trial court ruled:
“Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Adjudication of their Third Cause of Action for
Nuisance and Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Adjudication of their Fifth Cause of Action
for Declaratory Relief are GRANTED for the same reasons set forth in granting of

                                               24.
Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Adjudication of their First Cause of Action for
Interference with Easement.”
       The Sohns’ briefs do not address the trial court’s ruling and judgment as to Hall et
al.’s claims for nuisance and declaratory relief, except to note: “The respondents’ causes
of action for interference with easement, nuisance and declaratory relief all depend on a
finding that they were entitled, as a matter of law … to use the entirety of the 60 foot
wide non-exclusive easement. Therefore, the analysis as to all these claims is identical.”
       As discussed above, we concluded in the context of Hall et al.’s first cause of
action for interference with easement, that Hall et al. were entitled to use the entirety of
the 60-foot-wide non-exclusive easement. Therefore, we affirm the trial court’s grant of
summary adjudication as to Hall et al.’s claims for nuisance and declaratory relief.
IV.    The Sohns’ Operative Cross-Complaint
       The Sohns’ operative cross-complaint asserted claims for trespass, quiet title, and
declaratory relief. Regarding the motion for summary adjudication as to these claims, the
trial court ruled: “Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Adjudication of the First Cause of
Action for Trespass and the Third Cause of Action for Quiet Title and the [Second]
Cause of Action for Declaratory Relief as alleged in [the Sohns’] Cross-Complaint are
GRANTED.”
       The Sohns’ briefs do not address the trial court’s ruling and judgment as to the
Sohns’ cross claims for trespass, quiet title, and declaratory relief, except to note: “Based
on its finding that the respondents are entitled, as a matter of law, to use the entire 60 foot
wide non-exclusive easement, the trial court entered summary judgment in favor of
respondents as to appellants’ cross-complaint for trespass and quiet title. [Citation.] For
the reasons set forth above, if the summary judgment ruling is reversed as to the
respondents’ right to use the entire 60 foot wide easement, it must also be reversed as to
the cross-complaint’s causes of action, which rest on the same set of facts.”

                                             25.
          In light of our conclusions above, we affirm the trial court’s grant of summary
adjudication as to the claims for trespass, quiet title, and declaratory relief in the Sohns’
cross-complaint.
V.        The Trial Court’s Post-Ruling Oral Comments
          Finally, the Sohns argue, with regard to the trial court’s oral comments at post-
ruling hearings: “Summary judgment must be reversed because the trial court effectively
admitted that it granted summary judgment based on the court’s own personal view of a
‘higher and better purpose’ which it believes should control, rather than on application of
existing and well-established precedent.” We reject this argument as it is unsupported by
the record. In any event, our review is de novo.
                                        DISPOSITION
          The judgment is affirmed. Plaintiffs/respondents are awarded their costs on
appeal.

                                                                                    SMITH, J.
WE CONCUR:

FRANSON, Acting P. J.

PEÑA, J.

                                               26.
APPENDIX A
    27.
APPENDIX A
         B
    28.