Court Opinion

ID: 4076881
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-30 19:04:56.668932+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:33:14.405882
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

JEFFREY S. ROTBLUT and      )
UBO PROPRIETY TRADING, LLC, )
                            )
               Plaintiffs,  )
                            )            C.A. N15C-12-024 AML
          v.                )
                            )
TERRAPINN, INC.,            )            TRIAL BY JURY OF TWELVE
TERRAPINN HOLDINGS, LTD.,   )            DEMANDED
and LEWIS C. WILKINS,       )
                            )
               Defendants.  )

                          Submitted: June 3, 2016
                        Decided: September 30, 2016

                        MEMORANDUM OPINION

James S. Green, Sr., Esquire and Jared T. Green, Esquire, SEITZ, VAN OGTROP
& GREEN, P.A., Wilmington, Delaware; Attorneys for Jeffrey S. Rotblut and UBO
Propriety Trading, LLC.

Kevin J. Connors, Esquire, MARSHALL DENNEHEY WARNER COLEMAN &
GOGGIN, Wilmington, Delaware; Attorney for Terrapinn, Inc., Terrapinn
Holdings, Ltd., and Lewis C. Wilkins.

LeGROW, J.
      This suit arises out of an allegedly defamatory article posted on a website.

The plaintiffs have sued the author of the article, the author’s employer, and the

website’s “host.” The author and the website’s host have moved to dismiss the

complaint for lack of personal jurisdiction. The plaintiffs assert this Court may

exercise jurisdiction over the movants under Delaware’s long-arm statute.           I

disagree and, for the reasons below, grant the motions to dismiss.

      The pending motions require this Court to probe questions of personal

jurisdiction at perhaps their most theoretical.        Courts across the country

increasingly are confronted with cases challenging online conduct and must

determine issues of personal jurisdiction over actors engaged in such conduct.

These cases highlight the reality that the Internet, which increasingly forms an

important part of our day-to-day interactions, exists outside of the state boundaries

that define considerations of jurisdiction. The question posed in this case is this:

where an allegedly defamatory article caused injury to a Delaware corporation, but

the article was posted solely on a website with no connection to Delaware, while

the author was outside Delaware, and without any other nexus between either the

author, the website’s host, and Delaware, can jurisdiction be maintained against the

author of the article and the host of the website?       Under settled law in this

jurisdiction, the answer is no.

                                          1
       The plaintiffs argue, persuasively, that this conclusion leads to an unfair and

inefficient result, because it will require the plaintiffs to pursue multiple causes of

actions in different jurisdictions, with the possibility of inconsistent results and the

certainty of increased costs. Although that argument has pragmatic appeal, it

cannot overcome the constitutional rigors of the question of jurisdiction.

                                     BACKGROUND

       Plaintiff Jeffrey S. Rotblut is the Chief Executive Officer of Plaintiff UBO

Propriety Trading, LLC (“UBO”), an alternative asset manager, research firm, and

system developer for institutions and high-net worth individuals (collectively

“Plaintiffs”).1 Mr. Rotblut is a New York citizen, while UBO is a Delaware

limited liability company. Defendant Terrapinn, Inc. (“Terrapinn”) is a Delaware

corporation. Defendant Terrapinn Holdings, Ltd. (“Holdings”) is incorporated

under the laws of the United Kingdom and has a principal place of business in

London, England. Defendant Lewis C. Wilkins (“Wilkins”) was in Illinois at all

times relevant to the allegations in the complaint and presently is a citizen of the

District of Columbia.2

       In August 2013, Terrapinn’s New York office invited Mr. Rotblut to

participate in a trade conference on automated trading in New York City. 3

1
  Compl. ¶¶ 1-2.
2
  Wilkins Aff. (attached to Wilkins’ Mot. Dismiss Ex. A).
3
  Compl. ¶ 8.
                                               2
Terrapinn, a business media company, promotes and conducts trades exhibitions,

conferences, training solutions, and electronic and print publications world-wide.4

At that time, Mr. Rotblut had an “excellent reputation and recognized expertise at

developing risk[-]averse trading systems and quant strategies.”5 On December 3

and 4, 2013, Mr. Rotblut participated as a panelist in “The Trading Show New

York 2013,” hosted by Terrapinn (the “Trading Show”).

       On December 17, 2013, Terrapinn posted on its “Total Trading” blog an

article titled: “Panel: ‘Making the trading life cycle more efficient–risk controls,

procedures, and compliance’ at the Trading Show NYC 2013.”6 Wilkins authored

the article, which contained the following sentence:

              Because Jef Rotblut’s trading firm once lost $40 million
              in about 20 minutes, he highlighted the essential roles of
              mitigating risk through the software development and
              testing process.

       That sentence, however, referenced statements made by a different panelist,

not Mr. Rotblut.7 Because the sentence states that Plaintiffs incurred $40 million

in trading losses in 20 minutes, Plaintiffs’ ability to raise capital and ongoing

discussions with potential investors came to a halt following the Trading Show.8

4
  Compl. ¶ 7.
5
  Id. at ¶ 8.
6
  Id. at ¶¶ 11-12. See Compl. Ex. A.
7
  The amount stated allegedly also is incorrect and should be $440 million. Compl. ¶ 12.
8
  Id. at ¶ 9.
                                               3
          Mr. Rotblut did not learn of the article until July 2015, when he was told he

and UBO should “clean up their web presence.”9 Not understanding the meaning

of the suggestion, Mr. Rotblut conducted a “Google” search, through which he

discovered the article.10

          On December 2, 2015, Plaintiffs filed a defamation claim against Terrapinn,

Holdings, and Wilkins based on the December 17, 2013 article. On April 1 and 8,

2016, Wilkins and Holdings, respectively, filed motions to dismiss for lack of

personal jurisdiction. The Court held oral argument on June 3, 2016. This is my

decision on the motions to dismiss.

                            THE PARTIES’ CONTENTIONS

          There is no dispute regarding this Court’s jurisdiction over Terrapinn.

Plaintiffs contend, however, this Court also has personal jurisdiction over Holdings

and Wilkins by virtue of 10 Del. C. § 3104(c)(3) and (4), which provide in relevant

part:

                  As to a cause of action brought by any person arising
                  from any of the acts enumerated in this section, a court
                  may exercise personal jurisdiction over any nonresident,
                  or a personal representative, who in person or through an
                  agent: . . .

                        (3) Causes tortious injury in the State by an act or
                  omission in this State;

9
    Id. at ¶¶ 10, 16.
10
     Id. at ¶ 10.
                                              4
                    (4) Causes tortious injury in the State or outside of
              the State by an act or omission outside the State if the
              person regularly does or solicits business, engages in any
              other persistent course of conduct in the State or derives
              substantial revenue from services, or things used or
              consumed in the State . . . .

       Plaintiffs argue Section 3104(c)(3) confers jurisdiction over Holdings

because Holdings caused tortious injury in Delaware by “publishing defamatory

falsehoods on its website about a Delaware company and its CEO to residents of

Delaware.”11 Plaintiffs contend Holdings “published” the defamatory statement

because the article was posted on a website “copyrighted to Holdings” and “hosted

in the [United Kingdom].”12            Plaintiffs further contend Holdings “used the

terrapinn.com website to publish the defamatory Wilkins[] article in Delaware and

elsewhere.”13

       Plaintiffs also argue Holdings is subject to jurisdiction under Section

3104(c)(4) because Holdings regularly solicits business in Delaware through its

website.    Plaintiffs maintain that “Holdings purposefully directed its articles,

content, advertising, and solicitations to residents of Delaware, including by

defaming a Delaware corporation and its CEO.”14

11
   Pls.’ Resp. Holdings’ Mot. Dismiss ¶ 7.
12
   Id. at ¶ 4.
13
   Id. at ¶ 5.
14
   Pls.’ Resp. Terrapinn’s Mot. Dismiss ¶ 10.
                                                5
       As to Wilkins, Plaintiffs argue this Court has jurisdiction under Section

3104(c)(3) because “by writing the defamatory article for his Delaware employer,

which caused the article to be published, [Wilkins] caused tortious injury in

[Delaware].”15      Plaintiffs further argue general jurisdiction is conferred over

Wilkins under Section 3104(c)(4) because: “At the time of authoring the

defamatory article about a Delaware entity,” Wilkins had been “a blogger with

Terrapinn since 2011,” and therefore “had been, either in person or through an

agent, regularly doing business, engaging in other persistent conduct or deriving

substantial revenue from Terrapin[n], the publishing Delaware entity, for over two

years.”16

       In response, Holdings contends that Plaintiffs fail to meet their burden under

subsection (c)(3) because Holdings is “not an operating company”17 and “was not

involved in any way in the publication of the Article dated December 17, 2013.” 18

Holdings submitted an affidavit attached to its motion to dismiss, executed by

Holdings’ Chief Executive Officer (the “Holdings Affidavit”).19 The Holdings

Affidavit states that Holdings “did not have any input, control, participation, or

specific knowledge regarding the Article.”20        In addition, Holdings argues

15
   Pls.’ Resp. Wilkins’ Mot. Dismiss ¶ 7.
16
   Id.
17
   Holdings’ Mot. Dismiss Ex. B ¶ 20.
18
   Id. at ¶ 19.
19
   Id. at Ex. B.
20
   Id. at Ex. B ¶ 21.
                                            6
subsection (c)(3) does not apply in the “absence of any indication that Holdings

posted the alleged writing while in Delaware.”21 Holdings contends that, under

Delaware law, an internet posting made from outside the state and received by a

party inside the state fails to provide sufficient minimum contacts for jurisdiction

under subsection (c)(3).22

       As to subsection (c)(4), Holdings argues Plaintiffs have offered no evidence

supporting the allegation that Holdings regularly solicits business, engages in

persistent conduct, or derives substantial revenue from its activities in Delaware.

Holdings contends it is a holding company that does not do business in Delaware.

       Wilkins similarly responds that Plaintiffs have failed to meet their burden to

establish jurisdiction under subsection (c)(3), as they have not alleged that he

committed a tangible act or omission in the State of Delaware, such as physically

entering the state or writing the alleged defamatory article in the state.23 Wilkins

argues the fact that an individual’s conduct may have an effect in Delaware is not

enough to establish that the action causing that effect took place in Delaware.

       As to subsection (c)(4), Wilkins argues Plaintiffs failed to “establish how

Wilkins personally engaged in business or other persistent conduct in Delaware,

and in fact, they cannot show as much because [he] does not nor has he ever

21
   Holdings’ Reply Mot. Dismiss ¶ 3 (emphasis added).
22
   Id. at ¶ 4.
23
   Wilkins’ Reply Mot. Dismiss ¶ 4.
                                              7
solicited business or engaged in any persistent conduct in Delaware.”24

Additionally, Wilkins contends that an individual’s relationship with a company

that allegedly derives substantial revenue from its activities in Delaware is

insufficient contact under Section 3104(c)(4) to confer personal jurisdiction over

that individual defendant.

                                         ANALYSIS

       Defendants’ motions may be resolved based upon the parties’ pleadings,

affidavits, and briefs.25 “All allegations of fact concerning personal jurisdiction are

presumed to be true.”26 Any factual disputes are to be resolved in the plaintiffs’

favor.27

       When a non-resident defendant challenges in personam jurisdiction with a

motion to dismiss, the Court applies a two-step analysis.28                   The Court first

considers whether jurisdiction may be maintained under Delaware’s long-arm

statute.   If jurisdiction is proper under the long-arm statute, the Court then

considers whether subjecting a defendant to jurisdiction in Delaware violates the

Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.29

24
   Id. at ¶ 3.
25
   Haisfield v. Cruver, 1994 WL 497868, at *5 (Del. Ch. Aug. 25, 1994).
26
   Crescent/Mach I P’rs, L.P. v. Turner, 846 A.2d 963, 974 (Del. Ch. 2000) (citing Haisfield,
1994 WL 497868, at *5); see also Greenly v. Davis, 486 A.2d 669, 670 (Del. 1984).
27
   Greenly, 486 A.2d at 670.
28
   LaNuova D & B, S.p.A. v. Bowe Co., Inc., 513 A.2d 764, 768 (Del. 1986).
29
   Id.
                                                8
       The plaintiff bears the burden of making “a specific showing that the

Delaware court has jurisdiction under the long-arm statute.”30 Under that statute,

personal jurisdiction is either general or specific. Section 3104(c)(4) is a general

jurisdiction provision, requiring that the defendant have greater contacts with the

forum state.    Jurisdiction under that section applies “even when the claim is

unrelated to forum contacts.”31 In contrast, specific jurisdiction, such as under

Section 3104(c)(3), requires a link between the cause of action and the defendant’s

conduct.32

       If there is a statutory basis to exercise jurisdiction over the defendant, the

Court then will examine whether such an exercise is consistent with due process.

Due process requires that the non-resident defendant have “minimum contacts”

with the forum so that the litigation does not offend traditional notions of “fair play

and substantial justice.”33      The existence of sufficient minimum contacts is

determined “from the close examination of the particular circumstances of each

case.”34 Each defendant must have purposefully established minimum contacts

30
   Greenly, 486 A.2d at 670.
31
    inni360, Inc. v. Zakta, LLC, 50 F. Supp. 3d 587, 593 (D. Del. 2014) (citing Applied
Biosystems, Inc. v. Cruachem, Ltd., 772 F. Supp. 1458, 1466 (D. Del. 1991)).
32
   Kabbaj v. Simpson, 2013 WL 2456108, at *5 (D. Del. 2013) (citing Monsato Co. v. Syngenta
Seeds, Inc., 443 F. Supp. 2d 636, 642 (D. Del. 2006)); Boone v. Oy Partek Ab, 724 A.2d 1150,
1155 (1997).
33
   Transportes Aereos De Angola v. Ronair, Inc., 544 F. Supp. 858, 865 (D. Del. 1992).
34
   Id.
                                             9
with the forum state such that he reasonably should “anticipate being haled into

court” there.35

     A. Plaintiffs have not made a specific showing that this Court has personal
        jurisdiction over Holdings.

     For purposes of the pending motions, Defendants concede the article contained

a defamatory statement. Although Section 3104(c) “is to be broadly construed to

confer jurisdiction to the maximum extent possible under the Due Process

Clause,”36 Plaintiffs nevertheless must make a specific showing that this Court has

jurisdiction over each movant. Plaintiffs argue they have satisfied their burden

with evidence that Holdings owns and hosts a website which regularly solicits

business in Delaware and on which a defamatory article was posted. As explained

below, Plaintiffs’ showing is insufficient to confer jurisdiction under Delaware’s

long-arm statute.

        1. Plaintiffs have not established jurisdiction under Section 3104(c)(3)
           because they have not shown the alleged injury was caused by an act
           or omission in Delaware.

     Merely owning the copyright to a website on which a defamatory article was

posted does not confer jurisdiction under Section 3401(c)(3). This Court may

exercise personal jurisdiction over an out-of-state defendant under Section

35
  Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 474 (1985).
36
   Hercules Inc. v. Leu Trust & Banking Ltd., 611 A.2d 476, 480 (Del. 1992) (citing LaNuova D
& B, S.p.A., 513 A.2d at 768 (“[S]ection 3104(c) has been broadly construed to confer
jurisdiction to the maximum extent possible under the due process clause.”)).
                                             10
3104(c)(3) “if the plaintiff demonstrates that the non-resident defendant has caused

a tortious injury in Delaware and such injury was due to an act or omission by the

defendant in Delaware.37 “[A]llowing the exercise of personal jurisdiction over a

defendant merely because that defendant allegedly caused tortious injury in

Delaware would eviscerate the difference between § 3104(c)(3) and § 3104(c)(4),

which does not require an act in Delaware.”38                  This Court previously has

explained:

              Literally, Delaware law requires both a tortious act
              within the State and an act or omission within this State.
              The dual reference to “within the State” indicates that the
              draftsman intended that there be two separate events,
              each within the State.39

     When considering whether the defendant acted in the forum state, courts within

the Third Circuit require “something more” from the defendant than “the

knowledge that their website could be viewed or that their product could be used in

a forum state.”40 For example, in Kloth v. Southern Christian University, the

37
   Hartsel v. Vanguard Grp., Inc., 2011 WL 2421003, at *12 (Del. Ch. June 15, 2011), aff'd, 38
A.3d 1254 (Del. 2012) (emphasis added).
38
   Joint Stock Soc. v. Heublein, Inc., 936 F. Supp. 177, 194 (D. Del. 1996) (citing Ramada Inns,
Inc. v. Drinkhall, 1984 WL 247023 (Del. Super. May 17, 1984) (citing Moore v. Little Giant
Indus., 513 F. Supp. 1043, 1046 (D. Del. 1981), aff'd, 681 F.2d 807 (3d Cir. 1982) (“Plaintiffs'
suggestion that the ‘tortious act’ should be deemed to have occurred where the injury took place
would eviscerate the distinction between subsections (c)(3) and (c)(4) of the statute, and must
therefore be rejected under generally-accepted principles of statutory construction.”) (citing
Mergenthaler v. State, 239 A.2d 635 (Del. 1968)))).
39
   Ramada Inns, Inc., 1984 WL 247023, at *2.
40
   See Kloth v. S. Christian Univ., 494 F. Supp. 2d 273, 279 (D. Del. 2007), aff'd, 320 F. App'x
113 (3d Cir. 2008) (citing Desktop Techs., Inc. v. Colorworks Reprod. & Design, Inc., 1999 WL
98572, at *5 (E.D. Pa. Feb. 25, 1999) (“Courts have repeatedly recognized that there must be
                                              11
District Court of Delaware held that specific jurisdiction is proper “[w]hen a

defendant's website is specifically designed to commercially interact with the

residents of a forum state . . . because that defendant has ‘purposefully availed’

itself of doing business with the forum state.”41 In Kloth, the District Court

determined that the defendants could have foreseen that Delaware students might

choose to participate in a program described on the website and that the defendants

knew that the website could be accessed from Delaware; “[t]his foreseeability,

however, [did] not mean that defendants purposefully directed their activities at

residents of Delaware or ‘purposefully availed’ themselves of doing business with

Delaware citizens.”42 The Kloth Court held there was “no evidence before the

court suggest[ing] that defendants purposefully availed themselves of doing

‘something more’ than simply registering someone else's trademark as a domain name and
posting a web site on the Internet to demonstrate that the defendant directed its activity towards
the forum state.”); Zippo Mfg. Co. v. Zippo Dot Com, Inc., 952 F. Supp. 1119, 1125–28 (W.D.
Pa. 1997) (rejecting the argument that the defendant merely was “operating a website” or
“advertising” and finding that the defendant sold passwords to thousands of subscribers in the
forum state and entered into seven contracts with internet access providers to furnish services to
their customers in the forum state)); see also Kane v. Coffman, 2001 WL 914016, at *5 n.10
(Del. Super. Aug. 10, 2001) (“It is important to note as well that the posting was ‘on’ an
electronic bulletin board. Ms. Kane has not alleged that the bulletin board has any connection
with or contact in Delaware; only that she accessed it from her home in this state. Again,
without more, that is not enough.”).
41
   Kloth, 494 F. Supp. 2d at 279 (citing Toys “R” Us, Inc. v. Step Two, S.A., 318 F.3d 446, 452
(3d Cir. 2003)).
42
   Kloth, 494 F. Supp. 2d at 279 (citing World–Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S.
286, 295 (1980)).
                                               12
business with Delaware citizens or targeted the contents of their website toward

Delaware.”43

     Plaintiffs allege jurisdiction exists because Holdings hosted the website on

which     its   subsidiary     posted     the    defamatory      article.      The     website

www.terrapinn.com states: “This site is owned and operated by Terrapinn

Holdings Ltd[,]”44 and the footer of website pages states: “© terrapinn holdings ltd

2014 all rights reserved.”45        Plaintiffs represent, “without the benefit of any

discovery, it appears that Terrapinn uses the Holdings’ copyrighted and hosted

website to solicit and transact the Terrapinn family of companies’ business in

North America.”46

     Alleging a tortious injury occurred in Delaware is not enough to satisfy

subsection (c)(3). Delaware law requires plaintiffs also to establish that the out-of-

state defendant committed an act or omission in Delaware. Plaintiffs claim they

have made the requisite showing of an act in Delaware because Holdings was

using the website to “transact the Terrapinn family of companies’ business in

North America.”        But Holdings’ knowledge that its website may be viewed in

Delaware or accessed by Delaware residents is not sufficient to establish

jurisdiction under Section 3104(c)(3). There is no evidence in the record that
43
   Compare Kloth, 494 F. Supp. 2d at 280, with Zippo Mfg. Co., 952 F. Supp. at 1125–28.
44
   Green Aff. Ex. F, at 1.
45
   Id. at Ex. D-F.
46
   Pls.’ Resp. Terrapinn’s Mot. Dismiss ¶ 5. Plaintiffs chose not to propound any jurisdictional
discovery.
                                                13
Holdings targeted the contents of its website toward Delaware in a way to

purposefully avail itself of doing business with Delaware specifically, rather than

North America generally.          Because Plaintiffs have failed to offer sufficient

evidence that Holdings committed an act or omission in Delaware, this Court may

not exercise personal jurisdiction over Holdings under Section 3104(c)(3).47

       2. Plaintiffs have not shown general jurisdiction exists under Section
          3104(c)(4) because they have not produced evidence that Holdings
          regularly does business in Delaware.

     To subject Holdings to personal jurisdiction in Delaware under Section

3104(c)(4), Plaintiffs have the burden to produce evidence that Holdings regularly

does or solicits business in this state, engages in any other persistent course of

conduct here, or derives substantial revenue from services or things used or

consumed in Delaware.48 The only evidence submitted on this issue, other than the

website copyright, is the Holdings Affidavit stating that Holdings is a holding

company, not an operating company; “Terrapinn Holdings, Ltd. is not registered,

47
   See Ciabattoni v. Teamsters Local 326, 2016 WL 4442277 (Del. Super. Aug. 22, 2016)
(dismissing claims based on allegedly defamatory content posted on a Facebook page for lack of
personal jurisdiction); Hidria v. Delo, 783 S.E.2d 839, 844 (S.C. 2016) (affirming the circuit
court’s dismissal of the online newspaper’s publisher: “[T]he mere accessibility of the articles
via unilateral use of the Internet by someone located in South Carolina does not satisfy the
traditional minimum contacts analysis under the facts of this case.”).
48
   Although Terrapinn, Holdings’ allegedly at-fault subsidiary, is a Delaware corporation,
personal jurisdiction may not be exercised over a parent corporation simply because of that
corporation’s relationship with an allegedly at-fault subsidiary, even if the subsidiary is a
Delaware corporation. Rather, “both the parent and the subsidiary corporation's contacts with
[Delaware] must be assessed individually.” Sternberg v. O'Neil, 550 A.2d 1105, 1119-20 (Del.
1988) (citing Cannon Mfg. Co. v. Cudahy Packing Co., 267 U.S. 333 (1925); Keeton v. Hustler
Magazine, Inc., 465 U.S. 770, 781 n.13 (1984)).
                                              14
licensed or otherwise authorized to do business in Delaware”; it “has never

maintained an office in Delaware”; it “maintains no assets in Delaware”; it “has

never paid any taxes to the State of Delaware”; and it “does not have any ongoing

material contractual relationships with any companies or individuals . . . in

Delaware.”49 “The fact that [the defendant] maintains a website that is accessible

to anyone over the Internet is insufficient to justify general jurisdiction.”50

Accordingly, based on the record before me, Plaintiffs have not produced sufficient

evidence to support this Court’s exercise of general personal jurisdiction over

Holdings under Delaware’s long-arm statute.

     B. Plaintiffs have not made a sufficient showing that the long-arm statute
        confers personal jurisdiction over Wilkins.

     Plaintiffs maintain Wilkins is subject to jurisdiction in this state under

subsections (c)(3) and (c)(4) of the long-arm statute. Plaintiffs have presented

evidence that Wilkins authored the defamatory article and worked for a Delaware

corporation for two years as a freelance blogger before authoring the article. For

the reasons set forth below, I conclude Plaintiffs have not presented sufficient

evidence to support this Court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction over Wilkins.

49
  Holdings’ Mot. Dismiss Ex. B ¶¶ 8, 10, 15-17.
50
   Bird v. Parsons, 289 F.3d 865, 874 (6th Cir. 2002); Tamburo v. Dworkin, 601 F.3d 693, 701
(7th Cir. 2010) (“Nor is the maintenance of a public Internet website sufficient, without more, to
establish general jurisdiction.”).
                                               15
               1. Plaintiffs have not established jurisdiction under Section
                  3104(c)(3) because they have not shown an injury was caused
                  by an act or omission in Delaware.

     “[W]here the claim is one for tortious injury under subsection (c)(3), a single

‘act or omission’ in the State in which the injury was caused will suffice.” 51 At

this point, the remaining dispute as to subsection (c)(3) is whether Wilkins

committed an act in Delaware, as required by the long-arm statute.52 In order for a

defendant to be subject to Section 3104(c)(3), Wilkins, or his agent, must have

been present in Delaware when the article was written or published.53

     Here, Plaintiffs have presented the Court with a tortious act – the defamatory

article – and the fact that Wilkins did some freelance blogging for Terrapin, a

Delaware corporation, for a two-year period before authoring the article.

Plaintiffs, however, have presented no other facts from which this Court can

conclude that, when he authored or published the article, Wilkins was in Delaware

51
   LaNuova D & B, S.p.A., 513 A.2d at 768.
52
   Republic Bus. Credit, LLC v. Metro Design USA, LLC, 2016 WL 3640349, at *8 (Del. Super.
June 29, 2016) (“The long-arm statute does not confer personal jurisdiction based merely on
tortious injury in Delaware, but on ‘tortious injury in the State [caused] by an act or omission in
this State.”).
53
   See Joint Stock Soc., 936 F. Supp. at 193 (citing Compaq Comput. Corp. v. Packard Bell
Elecs., Inc., C.A. No. 95–222–RRM at 8–9 (D. Del. Feb. 2, 1996) (slip opinion) (holding “the
fact that recipients of the bid letter and the press release republished the allegedly defamatory
statements in Delaware does not alter this conclusion”)); see also Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Sears
plc, 744 F. Supp. 1289, 1294 (D. Del. 1990)); Kabbaj, 2013 WL 2456108, at *7 (citing Joint
Stock Soc., 936 F. Supp. at 193 (“A defendant or his agent must be present at the time of the
tortious conduct for the act to be considered committed in Delaware.”)).
                                                16
or had any other presence in or contact with Delaware that would support specific

jurisdiction under Section 3104(c)(3).54

              2. Plaintiffs have not shown general jurisdiction exists under
                 Section 3104(c)(4) because they have not produced evidence
                 that Wilkins regularly does business in Delaware.

       Similarly, this Court cannot exercise jurisdiction over Wilkins under Section

3104(c)(4). In Hartsel v. Vanguard Grp., Inc., the plaintiffs argued the defendants

satisfied the “revenue requirement [under Section 3104(c)(4)] because [the]

Defendants are high-level officers and portfolio managers of their respective

Defendant-employers, and ‘it is reasonable to infer that the [] Defendants also

derive substantial revenue from the fees that the entit[y Defendants] charge . . . for

their services.’”55 The Court of Chancery pointed out that “Plaintiffs cite no case

law or other authority for the proposition that [an] employee's receipt of a salary

based on services rendered to a company that allegedly derives substantial revenue

from its activities in Delaware is a sufficient contact under § 3104(c)(4) to confer

personal jurisdiction over [the employee].”56            The Hartsel Court concluded:

“Analytically, it would be prohibitively difficult for a court to attempt to trace an

54
   Kabbaj, 2013 WL 2456108, at *7 (“In the absence of any indication that defendant posted his
writing while in Delaware, § 3401(c)(3) does not apply.”); Walden v. Fiore, 134 S. Ct. 1115,
1122 (2014) (citing Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310 319 (1945) (quoting Milliken v.
Meyer, 311 U.S. 457, 463 (1940))) (“[T]he plaintiff cannot be the only link between the
defendant and the forum [State]. Rather, it is the defendant’s conduct that must form the
necessary connection with the forum State that is the basis for its jurisdiction over him.”).
55
   Hartsel, 2011 WL 2421003, at *12.
56
   Id.
                                             17
employee's salary back to each of its financial and geographic sources based on the

customers for which the employee worked.                    In addition, I do not agree that

receiving a salary, part of which might reflect time spent working to generate fees

related to services an employer provided in Delaware, would satisfy the Due

Process Clause's minimum contacts requirement.”57

       Plaintiffs generally allege that because Wilkins “has been a blogger with

Terrapinn since 2011,”58 he had been “either in person or through an agent,

regularly doing business, engaging in other persistent conduct or deriving

substantial revenue from Terrapin[n]” for over two years, and therefore,

jurisdiction is proper under subsection (c)(4). Wilkins submitted an affidavit in

support of his motion to dismiss, stating: he presently resides in the District of

Columbia; he “was a resident of Illinois at all times relevant to the allegations and

claims made in Plaintiffs’ Complaint”; he “never owned, rented or leased any

property in Delaware”; he “never maintained a place of business in Delaware”; he

“maintain[s] no assets in Delaware”; and he “do[es] not have any ongoing material
57
   Id. (citing Amhil Enters. Ltd. v. Wawa, Inc., 1994 WL 750535, at *4 n.5 (D. Md. Dec. 16,
1994) (citing Birrane v. Master Collectors, Inc., 738 F. Supp. 167, 169 n.2 (D. Md. 1990) (“It
might be argued that a highly-salaried corporate officer or other corporate employee or a
shareholder to whom dividends have been paid has personally ‘derive[d] substantial revenue
from goods . . . [or] . . . services . . . used or consumed in the State’ if the corporation has itself
derived substantial revenue from such goods or services . . . . However, the factual difficulties
presented in tracing the particular source of salaries or dividend payments are virtually
insurmountable, and, constitutional considerations aside, there is no legislative history
suggesting that the General Assembly intended that courts should embark on such a radical
inquiry in deciding jurisdictional issues.”))).
58
   A printout of the article shows an “About the Author” section, stating “Wilkins has been a
freelance blogger with Terrapinn since 2011.” Terrapinn’s Mot. Dismiss Ex. A at 2.
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contractual relationships with any companies or individuals, apart from legal

counsel, located in Delaware.”59

       Even if receiving a salary from a Delaware company, on its own, satisfies

the substantial revenue requirement, Plaintiffs have failed to present any facts to

support a finding that Wilkins received a “substantial” salary from Terrapinn for

his work as a freelance blogger.60 Moreover, Plaintiffs have not alleged that

Terrapinn derives substantial revenue from its activities in Delaware. In addition,

the record is devoid of facts that support a reasonable inference that Wilkins

otherwise regularly does or solicits business in Delaware, engages in any other

persistent course of conduct in Delaware, or derives substantial revenue from

Delaware.       Accordingly, Plaintiffs have not shown that Section 3104(c)(4)

provides a basis for subjecting Wilkins to this Court's jurisdiction.

                                        CONCLUSION

       For the reasons set forth above, Defendant Terrapinn Holdings, Ltd.’s

Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED without prejudice, and Defendant Lewis C.

Wilkins’ Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED without prejudice.

59
  Wilkins’ Mot. Dismiss Ex. A ¶¶ 3-8.
60
   Even if Plaintiffs offered factual support for this inference, merely receiving a salary likely is
insufficient to satisfy the minimum contacts requirements. See Hartsel, 2011 WL 2421003, at
*12 (rejecting the argument that high-level officers’ and portfolio managers’ receipt of salaries
based on services rendered to a company that allegedly derives substantial revenue from its
activities in Delaware is a sufficient contact under § 3104(c)(4) to confer personal jurisdiction
over that defendant).
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