Court Opinion

ID: 22394
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-25 07:55:20+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:48:51.819415
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                        For the Fifth Circuit

                             No. 99-21137

                     UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                 Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                VERSUS

   ANTONIO HERNANDEZ-SALGADO, also known as Antonio Hernandez,
also known as Antonio S Hernandez, also known as Toni Hernandez,
 also known as Antonio Salgado-Hernandez, also known as Antonio
           Hernandez-Salgado, also known as Antonio H,

                                                 Defendant-Appellant.

           Appeal from the United States District Court
                For the Southern District of Texas
                         November 7, 2000

Before DUHÉ and PARKER, Circuit Judges, and FOLSOM1, District
Judge.

PER CURIAM:2

      Appellant,   Antonio   Hernandez-Salgado    (“Hernandez”)   was

convicted on his guilty plea of illegal re-entry into the United

States, 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a)(b)(2); possession of a firearm by a

convicted felon, 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) & 924 (a)(2); and possession

  1
     District Judge of the Eastern District of Texas, sitting by
designation.

  2
     Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the Court has determined that
this opinion should not be published and is not precedent except
under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR. R. 47.5.4.
of a firearm by an illegal alien, 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(5) & 924

(a)(2). He appeals his sentence contending that the District Court

erred by       enhancing      his   sentence    for   possessing    a   firearm   in

connection with a drug offense.            We determine that this issue was

not properly preserved so we review only for clear error.                   We find

no clear error and affirm.

                        FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       Hernandez was deported after serving a state prison term for

possession of cocaine.          He illegally re-entered the United States

and police officers observed him handling an apparent cocaine wafer

he had removed from his vehicle.              The officers followed Hernandez,

but when they attempted to make a traffic stop, he drove off at a

high    rate    of    speed    to   a   local    residence.        Johnny   Andrade

(“Andrade”), a passenger in the vehicle, fled inside the residence.

There    is    no    indication     whether     Hernandez   went     inside.   Both

Hernandez and Andrade were arrested quickly, and Cynthia Andrade

(Andrade’s sister) gave permission to search the residence.                    This

search yielded 22.81 grams of cocaine base “on the side of a stereo

on the top shelf of a wall unit,” and two handguns underneath a

mattress in a room occupied by Andrade.               Hernandez and Andrade were

each found to be carrying less than one gram of cocaine.

       Cynthia Andrade told police Hernandez had been staying at the

residence for several weeks, and that the cocaine base belonged to

him.    Andrade said Hernandez had brought one handgun into the home

and placed it on the top shelf in the living room; Andrade removed

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it, placing it underneath his mattress to hide it from children

living in the home, and when Hernandez brought a second handgun to

the residence, he was told to place it under this same mattress.

Cynthia Andrade confirmed Hernandez had brought the guns into the

home.

     Hernandez was convicted of drug possession and sentenced under

Texas law to one year in prison.        After his release, he was taken

into federal custody and charged with illegal re-entry after

deportation, possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, and

possession of a firearm by an illegal alien.          He pleaded guilty to

all counts without a plea agreement.

     Hernandez accepted responsibility for these crimes with a

statement which admits the firearms were his: “[the police] did a

search of the house where I was staying ... [t]hey found two guns

... [a]t the time I had the guns, I did not have permission to be

in the United States ....”     However, in objections to the Pre-

Sentence Report (“PSR”), Hernandez denied the cocaine base found

inside the residence belonged to him, and made no admission of drug

possession in his acceptance of responsibility statement.

     In   determining   sentence,       the   court   applied   U.S.S.G.   §

2K2.1(c)(1) and its cross-reference provisions.          Section 2K2.1(c)

directs the calculation of a separate offense level using other

sentencing guidelines if a firearm is “used or possessed ... in

connection with the commission or attempted commission of another

offense, or possessed ... with knowledge or intent that it would be

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used or possessed in connection with another offense....”            §

2K2.1(c)(1).    Section 2K2.1(c)(1)(A) directs the application of §

2X1.1 (Attempt, Solicitation, or Conspiracy), which defines its

base offense level as the base offense level from the guideline for

the substantive offense, plus adjustments for any intended offense

conduct that can be established with reasonable certainty.         The

court then referred to § 2D2.1 (Unlawful Possession), which directs

the application of § 2D1.1 instead if the offense involved more

than five grams of cocaine base.       Section 2D1.1(c) provides a base

offense level of twenty-eight for possession of twenty to thirty-

five grams of cocaine base.    Two additional levels were added for

possession of a dangerous weapon, pursuant to § 2D1.1(b)(1), which

resulted in a total adjusted offense level of thirty.        Since the

offense level calculated under § 2K2.1(c) and the cross-references

(thirty) was higher than the offense level calculated under the

provisions of § 2K2.1 (eighteen), the court utilized the higher

offense level.

       The court then applied other adjustments, resulting in a total

offense level of twenty-eight. Hernandez’ criminal history score

was calculated as five, resulting in a criminal history category of

III.    A total offense level of twenty-eight and criminal history

category of III resulted in a sentencing range of 97 to 121 months

imprisonment.

       Hernandez objected to the cross-reference to U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1

and the finding that he is subject to a base offense level of 28 on

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Counts 2 and 3.   He argued that he did not possess the 22.81 grams

of cocaine base found in the house and that his state conviction

was for possession of the less than one gram found on his person,

and therefore the PSR incorrectly calculated his offense level

under § 2D1.1(c).3

      The court granted a motion for a downward departure of one

year, based on time served on a state drug possession charge

stemming from this incident.

      Hernandez was sentenced to concurrent sentences of eighty-five

months, followed by concurrent three year terms of supervised

release (assuming he was not deported upon release), along with a

$500 fine.

                                DISCUSSION

      Hernandez   raises   a   single   issue   on   appeal:   whether   the

district court erred by enhancing his sentence under § 2K2.1(c) for

using or possessing a firearm in connection with the commission or

attempted commission of possession of cocaine base.              Hernandez

argues the PSR, as adopted by the trial court, does not show by a

preponderance of the evidence a physical and functional proximity

  3
    Hernandez argued the district court should consider only the
less than one gram of cocaine found on his person, and if it did
so, the base offense level under § 2D1.1(c)(12) would be only 16.
However, Hernandez apparently failed to recognize that the referral
to § 2D1.1 is directed by § 2D2.1, and applies only if the
defendant possessed more than five grams of cocaine base. §
2D2.1(b)(1). Thus, if the district court had considered only the
less than one gram found on his person, the proper base offense
level would have been eight, based on § 2D2.1(a)(1).

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of the firearms to the drugs as required by § 2K2.1(c).

       The district court’s application of sentencing guidelines is

reviewed de novo, and its factual findings are reviewed for clear

error.    United States v. Mitchell, 166 F.3d 748, 751 (5th Cir.

1999).    The court’s determination of the relationship between a

firearm and another offense under     § 2K2.1(c) is a factual finding

subject to review for clear error.     Id. at 754 n. 24.

       However, the Government suggests Hernandez did not raise his

argument in the trial court, and the objections he did raise argued

only that the cocaine base found in the house did not belong to

him.     Parties are required to challenge errors in the district

court; failure to do so usually results in plain error review.

See, e.g., United States v. Duncan, 191 F.3d 569, 575 (5th Cir.

1999).    We have often stated that questions of fact which could

have been resolved by the district court at sentencing may never

constitute plain error.   See, e.g., United States v. Arce, 118 F.3d
335, 344 n.8 (5th Cir. 1997).4

       Hernandez argues he did raise this issue in his objections to

the PSR, particularly when he objected “to the cross-reference to

U.S.S.G. § [2]D1.1 and the finding that he is subject to a base

  4
   S However, the court previously noted (but did not resolve) a
possible conflict among its previous decisions over the application
of plain error review to factual questions. See United States v.
Rodriguez, 15 F.3d 408, 416 n.10 (5th Cir. 1994) The court in
Rodriguez suggested a blanket rejection of all fact questions might
conflict with the Supreme Court’s decision in United States v.
Olano, 507 U.S. 725 (1993).

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offense level of 28 on Counts 2 and 3.”         Hernandez also states he

argued below “that the facts as presented in the PSR did not

demonstrate the required nexus between the firearms and drugs.”

However he provides no citation to the record to support his

argument and our review of the record reveals none.                 In the

alternative, Hernandez argues that the error was plain because his

“objection to the PSR was made on a related ground and thus is

obvious from the record.”            He suggests that to evaluate his

objection to the amount of cocaine base, the court was required to

make an either explicit or implicit finding that the firearms were

used or possessed in connection with the cocaine base, which it

should not have done based on the PSR.         Finally, Hernandez argues

his objection that he did not possess the cocaine base found inside

the house “alerted the district court to the issue that he then

could   not   have   possessed   a   firearm   in   connection   with   that

cocaine.”

     Generally, the objection must sufficiently alert the district

court to the nature of the objection and allow that court to

correct the perceived error.         See, e.g., United States v. Ocana,

204 F.3d 585, 589 (5th Cir. 2000)(objection notifying court of

grounds and giving opportunity to correct was sufficient); United

States v. Burton, 126 F.3d 666, 671 (5th Cir. 1997)(requiring

sufficient specificity in objection so testimony and argument may

be received and the court may rule); United States v. Krout, 66
F.3d 1420, 1434 (5th Cir. 1995)(imprecise objection offering “no

                                      7
particular legal basis” insufficient); United States v. Berry, 977
F.2d 915, 918 (5th Cir. 1992)(a “generic objection .... was not

sufficient to put the court on notice”); United States v. Lopez,

923 F.2d 47, 50 (5th Cir. 1991)(defendant must “make and factually

develop in the district court all arguments concerning application

of the guidelines he believed might persuade the judge to alter the

sentence he now challenges”); United States v. Jimenez Lopez, 873
F.2d 769, 773 (5th Cir. 1989)(“loosely formulated and imprecise

objection will not preserve error”).

      Appellant's objections do not meet the test.     His strongest

argument relates to his written objection “to the cross-reference

to U.S.S.G. § [2]D1.1 and the finding that he is subject to a base

offense level of 28 on Counts 2 and 3.”      While Hernandez argues

this refers to the application of § 2K2.1(c) and a finding of

proximity between the firearms and drugs, the remainder of this

objection simply argued the drugs found inside the house were not

his, and mentioned firearms only to suggest that with a two level

increase for possession of firearms, the total offense level should

be   eighteen.   In   addition,   during   the   sentencing   hearing,

Hernandez’ counsel never discussed proximity between the firearms

and drugs, and when discussing this particular objection with the

court only inquired into the finding regarding the amount of drugs.

      This objection may also be interpreted as an objection to the

cross-reference from § 2D2.1 to § 2D1.1.         The PSR applied the

cross-reference from § 2K2.1 to § 2X1.1, and from there to § 2D2.1;

                                  8
however, § 2D2.1 sends the calculation to § 2D1.1 if the amount of

cocaine base involved is greater than 5 grams.            That is precisely

what the remainder of this objection discussed:              the amount of

cocaine that should be attributable to Hernandez.                  Thus, the

objection may be read as an objection to the cross-reference from

§ 2D2.1 to § 2D1.1 and its higher offense levels.

       Hernandez also suggests his appellate argument is made “on a

related ground” to objections made below, or that this argument was

implicit in arguments raised below.            He argues that to reach his

claim that the drugs were not his, the court was required to make

an implicit or explicit finding of proximity between the firearms

and the drugs.      We understand this as an argument that by objecting

to one element required under § 2K2.1(c) (the existence of “another

offense,” the possession of cocaine base), he was implicitly

objecting to every element.         While the district court did at least

have to    make    an   implied    proximity   finding   before   applying   §

2K2.1(c), Hernandez did not clearly object, if he even objected at

all.

       Similar arguments have failed to persuade this court an

objection was preserved.          In United States v. Burton, for example

defense counsel argued an objection which simply cited a specific

Federal Rule of Evidence preserved the issue for appeal.             See 126
F.3d at 672.      We held that because there were four possible grounds

for objection under that particular rule and counsel had not

specified in the trial court which ground he was relying on, he

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failed to preserve the objection for appellate review.              Id. at 673.

In the instant case, even if Hernandez’ written objection had

referred to § 2K2.1(c) specifically, there are three distinct

elements to that section: (1) the use or possession of a firearm,

(2) in connection with (3) the commission of another offense.                See

§ 2K2.1(c)(1).      However, the remainder of Hernandez’ arguments to

the trial court, both written and oral, only discuss the contention

that the    drugs    were   not    his,    thus   challenging   element    three

(“another offense”) but not elements one or two.

     We    are   unpersuaded      that    Hernandez   preserved    this   issue,

therefore plain error is the appropriate standard of review.

     The relationship between a firearm and another offense under

§ 2K1.2(c) is a factual finding, and fact findings which could have

been resolved at sentencing are not plain error.                  See Arce, 118
F.3d 335, 344 n. 8 (5th Cir. 1997).            We therefore

     AFFIRM.

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