Court Opinion

ID: 2976498
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 17:52:56.404435+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:44:01.924263
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                                              File Name: 08a0172p.06

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                         FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                           _________________

                                                     X
 JOHNSON, P.C.; JOHN L. BARLOW; J.L. BARLOW AND -
 GEOFFREY N. FIEGER; FIEGER, FIEGER, KENNEY &
                                                      -
                                                      -
 ASSOCIATES ADVERTISING, INC.; BILL MILLER;
                                                      -
                                                                           No. 07-1103
 NANCY FISCHER,
                                                      ,
                              Plaintiffs-Appellants, >
                                                      -
                                                      -
                                                      -
           v.

                                                      -
                                                      -
 MICHAEL A. COX; STEPHEN J. MARKMAN; TERRI
                                                      -
 LYNN LAND; THOMAS J. CAMERON; DOUG BAKER;
                                                      -
 DONOVAN MOTLEY,
                            Defendants-Appellees. N

                              Appeal from the United States District Court
                             for the Eastern District of Michigan at Detroit.
                           No. 05-73891—Lawrence P. Zatkoff, District Judge.
                                            Argued: March 21, 2008
                                      Decided and Filed: May 6, 2008
              Before: MARTIN and NORRIS, Circuit Judges; STAMP, District Judge.*
                                              _________________
                                                    COUNSEL
ARGUED: Michael R. Dezsi, FIEGER, FIEGER, KENNEY, JOHNSON & GIROUX, Southfield,
Michigan, for Appellants. Margaret A. Nelson, MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF ATTORNEY
GENERAL, Lansing, Michigan, Richard J. Suhrheinrich, KITCH, DRUTCHAS, WAGNER,
VALITUTTI & SHERBROOK, Okemos, Michigan, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Michael R. Dezsi,
FIEGER, FIEGER, KENNEY, JOHNSON & GIROUX, Southfield, Michigan, for Appellants.
Margaret A. Nelson, MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF ATTORNEY GENERAL, Lansing,
Michigan, Richard J. Suhrheinrich, KITCH, DRUTCHAS, WAGNER, VALITUTTI &
SHERBROOK, Okemos, Michigan, for Appellee.

         *
           The Honorable Frederick P. Stamp, Jr., Senior United States District Judge for the Northern District of West
Virginia, sitting by designation.

                                                          1
No. 07-1103             Fieger et al. v. Cox et al.                                                      Page 2

                                            _________________
                                                OPINION
                                            _________________
        BOYCE F. MARTIN, JR., Circuit Judge. Plaintiffs Geoffrey N. Fieger, John L. Barlow, Bill
Miller, Nancy Fisher, the law firm of Fieger, Fieger & Johnson, and the J.L. Barlow advertising firm
brought a vindictive prosecution action against Michigan Attorney General Michael Cox, Michigan
Supreme Court Justice Stephen J. Markman, Michigan Secretary of State Terri Lynn Rand, and
others in the Michigan Attorney General’s office. The district court found that the Younger
abstention doctrine counseled against exercising jurisdiction where essentially the same issues were
being raised in a state court proceeding, and dismissed each of the plaintiffs’ claims. Plaintiffs now
appeal. For the reasons that follow, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
                                                        I
         Sometime before the 2004 general election, a group identified as Citizens for Judicial Reform
began airing television advertisements encouraging Michigan residents not to re-elect Justice
Stephen J. Markman to the Michigan Supreme Court. On October 28, 2004, Dan Pero filed a
complaint with the Michigan Secretary of State alleging that Citizens for Judicial Reform had
violated the Michigan Campaign Finance Act by failing to register as a political organization     with
the Department of State, and by not including various disclaimers in the advertisement.1 A person
who knowingly breaks these rules is guilty of a misdemeanor, and in the case of a failure to register,
a fine of $1,000. MICH. COMP. LAWS §§ 169.229, 169.247. Under the Campaign Finance Act, the
Secretary of State is required to try to correct the violation or prevent a further violation by using
“informal methods,” see MICH. COMP. LAWS § 169.215(10), which it did by sending a letter to
Citizens for Judicial Reform informing them of the violation on November 24, 2004. Before this
letter was sent, Citizens for Judicial Reform filed their organization registration, although it is
unclear what actions they took to correct the advertisements. Nevertheless, because of this updated
filing, the Secretary of State informed Mr. Pero that it “consider[ed] the matter resolved.”
        Citizens for Judicial Reform then failed to file its required Triannual Report in January of
2005. On March 2, the Secretary of State sent a “Notice of Late Filing Fee Due” to Citizens for
Judicial Reform assessing a $1,000 fine. Because other recent correspondence with the committee
had been returned as undeliverable, the Secretary of State informed the Attorney General on
March 16 that Citizens for Judicial Reform was out of compliance with the Campaign Finance Act
and requested the Attorney General’s assistance in “bringing th[e] committee into compliance” with
the law “and prosecuting those who have ignored the law to the fullest extent possible.” By the
beginning of May, the Attorney General’s office had begun to investigate the expenditures, seeking
search warrants from the 54-B Judicial District Court in Ingham County, MI.
         On May 31, after the investigation had already begun, Citizens for Judicial Reform filed its
late January 2005 Triannual Report, disclosing anonymous contributions for the Markman ads
totaling $457,163.65, a misdemeanor violation of Michigan election law. See MICH. COMP. LAWS
§ 169.241 (“A person shall not accept or expend an anonymous contribution”). On June 1, 2005,
Citizens for Judicial Reform filed an amended January 2005 Report to update the name and address
of its treasurer. On June 14, 2005, the committee filed yet another amended January Report, this
time to remove the $457,163 in anonymous contributions. The Secretary of State sent a Notice of
Error or Omission to the committee on July 8, 2005, asking for an explanation regarding the missing
anonymous contributions and expenditures. The committee then failed to timely file its July 2005

        1
          The Michigan Campaign Finance Act requires advertisements to contain the phrases “not authorized by any
candidate,” and that the advertisement is paid for “with regulated funds.” MICH. COMP. LAWS § 169.247.
No. 07-1103                Fieger et al. v. Cox et al.                                                              Page 3

Triannual Report, and the Attorney General broadened its investigation to include the possible filing
of false organizational statements and false triannual reports.2
        On June 10, 2005, Geoffrey Fieger filed a late Independent Expenditure Report with the
Oakland County, Michigan, clerk’s office. See MICH. COMP. LAWS § 169.251 (requiring a person
who spends more than $100.01 advocating for the election of a candidate or the defeat of a
candidate’s opponents to file a report of the expenditure within 10 days). This report disclosed
money spent during the Markman election, showing payments to the Barlow advertising agency for
“political advertisements” in the amount of $453,686.35. The expenditure report did not mention
Citizens for Judicial Reform, but no doubt looked strikingly similar to the $457,163 in anonymous
contributions reported and deleted by the committee from its January Triannual Report. The
Attorney General began investigating Fieger and his law firm for a felony violation of Michigan
election law, see MICH. COMP. LAWS § 169.254 (prohibiting corporate campaign donations), when
it found that checks to the Barlow agency may have been written from the Fieger firm.
         On October 10, 2005, the Attorney General served a subpoena on the Fieger firm’s
bookkeper, Nancy Fisher, requiring her to produce records from the law firm regarding payments
to the Barlow advertising firm. This subpoena, like the search warrants, was issued from the 54-B
Judicial District Court in Ingham County, Michigan. Instead of filing motions to quash the warrants
or appealing the 54-B court’s orders, Fieger, Fisher, and Fieger’s firm filed in federal district court
a for a Temporary Restraining Order to halt the Attorney General’s investigation. When this was
denied, Fieger, Fisher, and Barlow filed another collateral attack, this time in Ingham County, MI
Circuit Court. This action requested the state circuit court to exercise superintending control over
the 54-B court to stop the subpoenas. This court granted the plaintiffs’ request and halted the
Attorney General’s investigation. In response, the Attorney General filed an interlocutory appeal
from the state circuit court in the Michigan Court of Appeals, staying the state circuit court’s order.
The Court of Appeals certified the following questions: (1) whether the Circuit Court has the power
to issue a writ of mandamus or superseding control; (2) whether the Circuit Court can issue
injunctive relief “to restrain a public official from performing allegedly unlawful or unauthorized
acts,” and (3) whether the federal district court’s denial of a temporary  restraining order against the
defendants has any res judicata effect in the Court of Appeals.3 While that appeal was pending,
Fieger, Fisher, and Barlow filed another claim in federal district court alleging that the Attorney
General had committed Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment violations in its investigation.4 The
district court concluded that the case in state court included “essentially the same plaintiffs as in this
action . . . and essentially the same defendants . . . [and] the issues presented in the District 54-B
case are substantially similar to those before the Court of Appeals.” Dist. Ct. Op. at 8. It held that:
         many of the allegations stem from the same matters at issue here (i.e., the CJR
         expenditures, the complaint filed by Pero, the referral by the Secretary of State to the
         Attorney General, the search warrants issued out of the 54-B District Court, the use

         2
           The Attorney General testified to the district court that it was unable to locate or identify the Treasurer listed
on Citizens for Judicial Reform’s original filing statement, and the address listed was apparently a burned-out tire store.
In addition, the bank listed on the committee’s filing statement reported no deposits or checks from its reported bank
account.
         3
           The Michigan Court of Appeals later ruled that plaintiffs had engaged in improper forum shopping and were
required to pursue an appeal in state district court before filing an action for superintending control or mandamus. Fieger
v. Cox, 274 Mich. App. 449 (Mich. Ct. App. 2007).
         4
          On December 19, 2005, the Attorney General appointed a Special Prosecutor to take over the investigation
of CJA’s and the Fieger firm’s campaign activities. In January 2006, this Special Prosecutor determined that no criminal
charges should be issued and closed the criminal investigation.
No. 07-1103           Fieger et al. v. Cox et al.                                                Page 4

        of the Investigative Subpoena Act, and the subpoena duces tecum to [the law firm’s
        bookkeeper]), and there are a number of identical issues being litigated in that
        mandamus action.
Id. at 9. The district court held, as it had in its denial of a Temporary Restraining Order, that
because the pending state court actions involved the same matters, the district court would abstain
based on Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37, 44 (1971). The district court also ordered Rule 11
sanctions against plaintiffs for their claims against Markman, which it found were “wholly lacking
in merit . . . spurred solely by plaintiffs’ political and professional animus toward Markman.” Dist.
Ct. Op. at 32. Plaintiffs now appeal to this Court, arguing that the district court improperly
abstained because the same issues were not being litigated in state court, and because a First
Amendment exception prevents the application of Younger. For the reasons detailed below, we find
Plaintiffs’ arguments unavailing.
                                                    II
        This Court reviews a district court’s decision to invoke Younger abstention de novo. Cooper
v. Parrish, 203 F.3d 937, 954 (6th Cir. 2000). We review a district court’s imposition of sanctions
for abuse of discretion. Frank v. D’Ambrosi, 4 F.3d 1378, 1387 (6th Cir. 1993) (citing Cooter &
Gell v. Hartmarx Corp., 496 U.S. 384, 399 (1990)).
        In Younger v. Harris, the Supreme Court held that federal injunctions against a state criminal
law enforcement process could be issued only “under extraordinary circumstances where the danger
of irreparable loss is both great and immediate.” 401 U.S. at 45. So-called “Younger abstention”
was later extended to civil proceedings in state court. Huffman v. Pursue, Ltd., 420 U.S. 592 (1975).
The Supreme Court in these cases noted that federal courts should not act to restrain a criminal
prosecution, or interfere with state appellate proceedings. Younger, 401 U.S. at 43; Huffman, 420
U.S. at 608.
       Three factors determine whether a federal court should abstain from interfering in a state
court action: (1) whether the underlying proceedings constitute an ongoing judicial proceeding,
(2) whether the proceedings implicate an important state interest, and (3) whether there is an
adequate opportunity in the state proceedings to raise a constitutional challenge. Tindall v. Wayne
County Friend of the Court, 269 F.3d 533, 538 (6th Cir 2001).
         First and most importantly, there was an “ongoing judicial proceeding” at the time of the
district court’s review, namely a criminal investigation with the same parties, involving the same
underlying set of facts and circumstances. The Court of Appeals’ order of November 10, 2005
certified the following questions for review: (1) whether the Circuit Court has the power to issue a
mandamus or superseding control order; (2) whether the Circuit Court can issue injunctive relief “to
restrain a public official from performing allegedly unlawful or unauthorized acts,” and (3) whether
the federal district court’s denial of a temporary restraining order against the defendants has any res
judicata effect in the Court of Appeals. Plaintiffs claim that the only issue being considered by the
Michigan Court of Appeals was the state circuit court’s mandamus power, and the alleged illegal
investigation was not being considered. We find that, although the thrust of the certified questions
concerns the powers of the various Michigan courts, the “allegedly unlawful or unauthorized acts”
were certainly up for review. Indeed, in plaintiffs’ motion for superintending control with the state
circuit court, plaintiffs argued to the court that they wanted to halt the investigation “until the Court
of Appeals has a[n] opportunity to rule on this with some finality.” This conclusion is supported by
the Michigan Court of Appeals’ eventual decision, which thoroughly details the scope of the
Attorney General’s power to conduct this kind of investigation. Fieger v. Cox, 274 Mich. App. at
467 (“there was no abuse of authority in the Attorney General’s conducting, by means of search
warrants, the investigation of the Fieger firm’s potential violation of [MICH. COMP. LAWS]
No. 07-1103            Fieger et al. v. Cox et al.                                                 Page 5

§ 169.254.”). Although this decision had not been handed down at the time of the district court’s
opinion, it is further evidence that the legality of the investigation was being considered by the
Michigan Court of Appeals.
        The second Younger factor, whether the proceedings implicate an important state interest,
was also present. As the district court found, the issues in the case included “financing of campaign
advertisements, criminal activity related to campaign financing, judicial review of criminal
proceedings, (i.e., issuance of search warrants and investigative subpoenas), the regulation of the
campaign financing, and the relationship between the Secretary of State and the Attorney General
regarding enforcement of possible violations of the Act.” Dist. Ct. Op. at 13-14. We find all of
these to be important state interests under Younger.
        The third factor, whether there was an adequate opportunity in the state proceedings to raise
a constitutional challenge, was present throughout the underlying litigation. Tindall, 269 F.3d at
538. Fieger and the other plaintiffs could have filed a motion to quash the search warrants, raised
constitutional issues and procedural irregularities through the state appeals process, or challenged
evidence seized after the fact. See, e.g., MICH. COMP. LAWS § 767A.6(5) (a court shall not compel
a person to answer a subpoena that interferes with a constitutional right). Moreover, they could
have brought their federal § 1983 claims in state court. See Felder v. Casey, 487 U.S. 131 (1988)
(requiring state courts to hear federal constitutional claims). They did not take any of these routes,
instead choosing to circumvent state procedure and file in federal court.
        Because each of the three prongs of Younger abstention were met, the district court properly
refrained from exercising its jurisdiction over the case. Finding that the district court properly
abstained, it is unnecessary for us to reach the substance of plaintiffs’ vindictive prosecution claim.
        Plaintiffs’ final claim is that the district court’s abstention was inappropriate because their
complaint involved a First Amendment challenge. See Houston v. Hill, 482 U.S. 451, 468 (1987).
Plaintiffs claim that Michigan election law § 169.247(2) – requiring radio or television ads to bear
the name of the person paying for the advertisement – unconstitutionally abridges free speech. This
claim fails because the Supreme Court has said that there is no unabridgeable First Amendment right
to broadcast comparable to the right to speak, write, or publish. See FCC v Nat’l Citizens Comm.
for Broad., 436 U.S. 775 (1978). State law regulating anonymous television advertisements is not
therefore per se unconstitutional, as plaintiffs argue, and their analogy to McIntyre v. Ohio Elections
Comm’n, 514 U.S. 334 (1995) (prohibiting the criminalization of anonymous handbills), does not
apply.
                                                     III
       Sanctions may be imposed under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure for filing frivolous
lawsuits or lawsuits for an improper purpose, such as to harass or impose needless cost on a party.
FED. R. CIV. P. 11. The district court found that plaintiffs’ complaint against defendant Markman
was “devoid of any allegations, let alone facts, to support Markman’s alleged participation in a
conspiracy” against the plaintiffs. Dist. Ct. Op. at 32. We agree.
        It is “well-settled that conspiracy claims must be pled with some degree of specificity and
that vague and conclusory allegations unsupported by material facts will not be sufficient to state
such a claim under § 1983.” Gutierrez v. Lynch, 826 F.2d 1534, 1538 (6th Cir. 1987). Accordingly,
pleading requirements governing civil conspiracies are relatively strict. See, e.g., Fisher v. City of
Detroit, 1993 U.S. App. LEXIS 23277, at *16 (6th Cir. Sept. 9, 1993).
        In this case plaintiffs failed to allege any material facts to show that Markman engaged in
a plan to violate plaintiffs’ constitutional rights, and the district court did not abuse its discretion in
issuing sanctions. We therefore affirm the district court’s order directing that plaintiffs’ counsel pay
No. 07-1103           Fieger et al. v. Cox et al.                                              Page 6

fees associated with Markman’s defense, both in the district court and on appeal here, in a
reasonable amount as determined by the district court.
                                                    IV
        Because the issues raised in the Michigan Court of Appeals were substantially the same as
those raised in the district court, because those interests implicated important state interests, and
because the plaintiffs had ample opportunity to raise their constitutional challenge in the state
proceedings, the district court properly refrained from exercising jurisdiction in this case. Moreover,
the district court’s imposition of sanctions for plaintiffs’ claims against Markman did not represent
an abuse of discretion. For these reasons, we AFFIRM the holding of the district court.