Court Opinion

ID: 4221323
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-11-17 06:07:21.231336+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:42:27.727984
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS
                                                 444444444444
                                                    NO . 15-0502
                                                 444444444444

                                   NOBLE ENERGY, INC., PETITIONER,
                                                          v.

                              CONOCOPHILLIPS COMPANY, RESPONDENT

                4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
                                  ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE
                        COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444

                                            Argued January 12, 2017

       CHIEF JUSTICE HECHT delivered the opinion of the Court, in which JUSTICE WILLETT ,
JUSTICE BOYD , JUSTICE DEVINE , and JUSTICE BROWN joined.

          JUSTICE JOHNSON filed a dissenting opinion, in which JUSTICE GREEN and JUSTICE GUZMAN
joined.

          JUSTICE LEHRMANN did not participate in the decision.

          The principal question in this case is whether, under the terms of a bankruptcy court order

confirming a plan of reorganization and an agreement for sale of the debtor’s assets, the purchaser

was assigned an undisclosed contractual indemnity obligation of the debtor. We agree with the court

of appeals1 that the answer is yes and therefore affirm.

          1
              462 S.W .3d 255 (Tex. App.— Houston [14th Dist.] 2015).
                                                               I

         Conoco2 and Alma swapped oil and gas interests in 1994 under an Exchange Agreement in

which each accepted responsibility and indemnified the other for any environmental claims related

to the properties received, no matter who caused the injury or when, whether before the swap or

after.3 The agreement provided that the mutual indemnities would “survive . . . the transfer of the

Assets”.4 Each party’s recorded assignment effectuating the transfers was expressly “made subject

to that certain Exchange Agreement dated June 14, 1994, between [Conoco] and Alma”, set out the

indemnity obligation,5 and provided that it would be a “covenant[] running with the lands, [l]eases,

         2
          For simplicity, we refer to respondent ConocoPhillips Co. and its predecessors as “Conoco”; petitioner Noble
Energy, Inc. and its predecessors as “Noble”; Alma Energy Corp. as “Alma”; Alma and Noble’s asset purchase and sale
agreement as “the APA”; Alma’s plan of reorganization in bankruptcy as “the Plan”; and the bankruptcy court’s order
confirming the Plan and the APA as “the Order”. We focus on the terms of these three documents and direct the reader
to the court of appeals’ opinion for a thorough recitation of the facts of the case. Id. at 258–263.

         3
            Section VII(c) provides: “Assignee assumes full responsibility for, and agrees to release, indemnify, hold
harmless and defend Assignor, its agents, officers, and employees from and against all loss, liability, claims, fines,
expenses, costs (including attorney’s fees and expenses) and causes of action caused by or arising out of any federal, state
or local laws, rules, orders and regulations applicable to any waste material or hazardous substances on or included with
the Assets or the presence, disposal, release or threatened release of all waste material or hazardous substance from the
Assets into the atmosphere or into or upon land or any water course or body of water, including ground water, whether
or not attributable to Assignor’s activities or the activities of Assignor’s officers, employees or agents, or to the activities
of third parties (regardless of whether or not Assignor was or is aware of such activities and regardless of any claimed
negligence in whole or in part attributable to Assignor) prior to, during or after the period of Assignor’s ownership of
the Assets. This indemnification and assumption shall apply to liability for voluntary environmental response actions
undertaken pursuant either to the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA),
as such may be amended from time to time, or to any other federal, state or local law.”

         4
             Exchange Agreement § XII(m).

         5
           Conoco’s assignment to Alma stated: “[Alma] has agreed and does hereby agree to indemnify and defend
Assignor, Assignor’s subsidiary and affiliated companies, and its or their respective agents, officers, employees,
successors, and assigns, from and against all claims, demands, causes of action, or liability of any nature or kind,
including (without limitation) civil fines, penalties, costs of cleanup, or plugging liabilities, brought by any and all
persons, entities, or governmental agencies including (without limitation) [Alma’s] or [Conoco’s] employees, agents,
or representatives and also including (without limitation) any private citizens, persons, organizations, and any agency,
branch or representative of federal, state or local government, on account of any personal injury, death, damage,
destruction, loss of property, or contamination of natural resources (including soil, air, surface water or ground water)

                                                               2
and interests” assigned and would “extend to, bind and inure to the benefit of the parties . . . , their

heirs, successors and assigns.”

         In 1999, Alma filed for protection under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code.6 Conoco was

a party to the bankruptcy proceeding. After a court-approved auction in 2000, Noble and Alma

entered into the APA. Noble agreed to buy “[t]he oil and gas leases, mineral interests, and other

significant Assets described in Exhibit ‘A’”,7 which included the properties Alma had received from

Conoco under the Exchange Agreement. Noble also agreed to buy “[a]ll [Alma’s] rights and interests

in and to all . . . agreements . . . in any way associated with the Assets, including but not limited to,

those Material Contracts . . . described on Exhibit ‘D’”,8 including “[a]ny agreement of . . .

indemnification by [Alma] outside of the ordinary course of business”.9 The Exchange Agreement,

though “associated with the Assets”, is not listed in either Exhibits A or D, nor was it listed in

Alma’s disclosures or mentioned in any way in the bankruptcy proceeding. Noble contends it had

resulting from or arising out of any liability caused by or connected with the presence, disposal or release of any material
of any kind, including, without limitation, asbestos and/or NORM, in, under, or on the Leases at the time of this
Assignment, or thereafter caused by acts of [Alma’s] employees, representatives, or agents with regard to use of the
Leases, wells, or equipment subsequent to this assignment, without regard to whether such liability, injury, death,
damage, destruction, loss, or contamination is caused in whole or in part by any claimed negligence, active or passive,
on the part of [Conoco] or other indemnified person or entity. To the extent there is any conflict between this Assignment
and the Exchange Agreement, the latter Agreement shall prevail.”

         6
             11 U.S.C. §§ 1101–1146.

         7
             APA § 1.01(a).

         8
             APA § 1.01(d).

         9
             APA § 3.01(c)(v).

                                                             3
no actual knowledge of the agreement, though it certainly had constructive knowledge from the

reference in Conoco’s assignment to Alma of the leases Noble was purchasing.10

          The APA does not list the Exchange Agreement among Noble’s “Assumed Liabilities”,11 but

section 8.03 states that Noble

          assumes all duties and obligations as the owner of the Assets which accrue or arise
          from and after [closing], including without limitation the obligation [to] . . . (iii)
          perform obligations under any executory contracts or unexpired oil and gas leases
          expressly assumed hereunder, and (iv) to comply with any [consent decrees or laws],
          and to comply with any [laws] to the extent that any such obligation or liability is
          attributable to events or periods of time after [closing].12

Executory contracts are specially treated under Section 365 of the Bankruptcy Code.13 As we discuss

more fully below, the parties disagree over whether the Exchange Agreement is an executory

contract and whether it was expressly assumed. In any event, Noble argues, section 8.03 refers only

          10
             See, e.g., Cooksey v. Sinder, 682 S.W .2d 252, 253 (Tex. 1984) (per curiam) (“A purchaser is charged with
knowledge of the provisions and contents of recorded instruments.”); Carr v. Oaktree Apartments, 46 So. 3d 793, 797
(La. Ct. App. 2010) (“Third persons are deemed to have constructive knowledge or notice of the existence and contents
of recorded instruments affecting immovable property.”); McCurdy v. Bloom’s Inc., 907 So. 2d 896, 899 (La. Ct. App.
2005) (same); Voelkel v. Harrison, 572 So. 2d 724, 726–727 (La. Ct. App. 1990) (same); see also T EX . P RO P . C O DE
§ 13.002(1) (“An instrument that is properly recorded in the proper county is . . . notice to all persons of the existence
of the instrument . . . .”); L A . C IV . C O DE A NN . art. 3338 (2017) (“rights and obligations established or created” by certain
written instruments “are without effect as to a third person unless the instrument is registered by recording it in the
appropriate mortgage or conveyance records”).

          11
               APA § 1.04.

          12
               APA § 8.03(b).

          13
               11 U.S.C. § 365.

                                                                 4
to post-closing obligations.14 Except as provided by section 8.03, Noble did not “assum[e] any

liability of [Alma] or related to the Assets of any kind or description whatsoever.”15

         The APA excused Noble from closing unless “[t]he Plan materially conforms to the terms

and conditions of this Agreement, . . . and the Plan and any modifications thereto have been

consented to by [Noble] in writing”.16 The Plan authorizes “[a]ll transfers of assets anticipated or

provided for under the [APA]”.17 The Plan contains several provisions regarding executory contracts

but does not mention the Exchange Agreement. Section 10.8 of the Plan provides that executory

contracts not specifically referenced were to be “assumed and assigned to [Noble]” unless rejected

at closing.18 Section 10.9 of the Plan states:

         Exhibit “J” . . . reflects certain agreements, some of which may or may not be binding
         contracts and may or may not be Executory Contracts, which shall be rejected by
         [Alma at closing]. By no later than July 28, [Noble] shall notify [Alma] of any . . .
         executory contracts which are not set forth on Exhibit “J” and which [Noble] elects
         not to have assumed and assigned to it by [Alma]. All . . . executory contracts which
         are not (i) rejected or the subject of a motion to reject as of the Confirmation Hearing,
         (ii) on Exhibit “J” or (iii) on the list provided by [Noble] to [Alma] . . . pursuant to
         this section, shall be assumed by [Alma] and assigned to [Noble].19

Alma did not reject the Exchange Agreement in any way permitted by the Plan.

         14
           Noble points out that under APA Section 8.04, Alma is responsible for asserted liabilities “arising from any
injury or occurrence prior to [closing]”. APA § 8.04(b)(ii).

         15
              APA § 1.06.

         16
              APA § 6.01(g).

         17
              Plan § 12.8.

         18
              Plan § 10.8.

         19
              Plan § 10.9.

                                                          5
       The bankruptcy court’s Order, issued in 2000, “approved and confirmed in all respects” the

Plan and the APA.20 Paragraph 15 of the Order provides:

       Except for those contracts and agreements that have either already been assumed or
       rejected, those Executory Contracts . . . proposed to be assumed and assigned to
       [Noble] pursuant to the Plan are ordered assumed and assigned to [Noble] . . . . Those
       Executory Contracts . . . proposed to be rejected pursuant to the Plan . . . are ordered
       rejected . . . . [Noble has] provided adequate assurance of future performance of all
       Executory Contracts . . . being assumed and assigned to it.21

       After the bankruptcy proceeding concluded, Noble acted as if it had assumed the Exchange

Agreement. In 2008, it decommissioned an obsolete tank battery on the property it had received from

Conoco under the agreement. In 2011, Noble agreed to indemnify and defend Conoco under the

Exchange Agreement in two environmental contamination lawsuits, one filed in 2004 and the other

in 2008. But in a third suit, filed in 2010, Noble refused to indemnify Conoco under the Exchange

Agreement.

       Conoco sued Noble for breach of the Exchange Agreement to recover the $63 million it paid

to settle the 2010 suit. Both sides moved for summary judgment. The trial court denied Conoco’s

motion, granted Noble’s, and severed the summary judgment from other claims, making it

appealable. The court of appeals reversed and rendered summary judgment for Conoco, holding that

the Exchange Agreement was an executory contract that was assumed by Alma and assigned to

       20
            Order ¶ 1.

       21
            Order ¶ 15.

                                                  6
Noble in the bankruptcy proceeding.22 The court remanded the case to the trial court for further

proceedings.23

        We granted Noble’s petition for review.24

                                                          II

         Because several of the provisions of the APA, Plan, and Order that we must interpret apply

to executory contracts, we consider first whether the Exchange Agreement qualifies. Section 365 of

the Bankruptcy Code authorizes a bankruptcy trustee to assume or reject executory contracts and

prescribes how that authority is to be exercised.25 Although the statute does not include a definition,

the United States Supreme Court has stated that “Congress intended the term to mean a contract ‘on

which performance is due to some extent on both sides.’”26 The Fifth Circuit has phrased the test this

way: “an agreement is executory if at the time of the bankruptcy filing, the failure of either party to

complete performance would constitute a material breach of the contract, thereby excusing the

performance of the other party.”27 A debtor-in-bankruptcy’s executory contracts present special

        22
             462 S.W .3d 255, 259, 275–276 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2015).

        23
             Id.

        24
             59 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1593 (Sept. 2, 2016).

        25
             11 U.S.C. § 365.

        26
N.L.R.B. v. Bildisco & Bildisco, 465 U.S. 513, 522 n.6 (1984) (citation omitted).

        27
           Phoenix Expl., Inc. v. Yaquinto (In re Murexco Petroleum, Inc.), 15 F.3d 60, 62–63 & n.8 (5th Cir. 1994)
(citing Vern Countryman, Executory Contracts in Bankruptcy: Part I, 57 M IN N . L. R EV . 439, 458–462 (1973); Vern
Countryman, Executory Contracts in Bankruptcy: Part II, 57 M IN N . L. R EV . 479 (1974)).

                                                           7
issues in handling the estate. As the Third Circuit has explained:

         Executory contracts in bankruptcy are best recognized as a combination of assets and
         liabilities to the bankruptcy estate; the performance the nonbankrupt owes the debtor
         constitutes an asset, and the performance the debtor owes the nonbankrupt is a
         liability. The debtor (or trustee that has stepped into the debtor’s shoes) may elect to
         assume an executory contract, in which case § 365 mandates that the debtor accept
         the liability with the asset and fully perform his end of the bargain.28

         The Exchange Agreement did two things: it provided for a swap of assets between Conoco

and Alma, and it mutually obligated them to indemnify each other for all environmental

contamination claims related to the properties received. The indemnity obligation covered all claims

of contamination, regardless of when it occurred—whether before or after the agreement—and who

was at fault—even if the indemnitee. The property transfers were completed immediately, but the

mutual indemnity obligations survived. At the time Alma filed for bankruptcy protection, either party

could summon the other to perform on its indemnity. Courts have uniformly held that contracts

imposing ongoing indemnity obligations contingent on future events are executory.29 Noble cites no

case to the contrary, and we have found none.

         Rather, Noble argues that the essence of the Exchange Agreement was the property swap,

that the mutual indemnities were tangential, that the parties substantially performed the agreement

        28
             Enter. Energy Corp. v. United States (In re Columbia Gas Sys., Inc.), 50 F.3d 233, 238 (3d Cir. 1995).

        29
           See Otto Preminger Films, Ltd. v. Qintex Entm’t, Inc. (In re Qintex Entm’t, Inc.), 950 F.2d 1492, 1496 (9th
Cir. 1991); Lubrizol Enters. v. Richmond M etal Finishers, Inc., 756 F.2d 1043, 1046 (4th Cir. 1985); In re
Abitibibowater Inc., 418 B.R. 815, 831 (Bankr. D. Del. 2009); In re Safety-Kleen Corp., 410 B.R. 164, 166–168 (Bankr.
D. Del. 2009); Philip Servs. Corp. v. Luntz (In re Philip Servs. (Del.) Inc.), 284 B.R. 541, 547–550 (Bankr. D. Del.
2002); Waldschmidt v. Metro. Lincoln-Mercury, Inc. (In re Preston), 53 B.R. 589, 591 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. 1985);
Hassett v. Revlon, Inc. (In re O.P.M. Leasing Servs., Inc.), 23 B.R. 104, 117 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1982).

                                                           8
when the property interests were assigned, and that the remaining indemnity obligations, contingent

on future events, did not make the agreement executory. Noble cites two cases in support of its

argument. One, In re Interstate Bakeries Corp., involved the sale of a business and its assets along

with a license agreement authorizing the buyer’s perpetual, exclusive, and royalty-free use of the

seller’s trademark.30 The court concluded that the “essence of the agreement” was the sale of the

business, not merely the licensing of the seller’s trademark, especially when it concerned only one

of the assets sold.31 Therefore, the court concluded, the license agreement was not executory.32 The

other case, In re Exide Technologies, similarly involved the sale of a business accompanied by a

trademark license agreement obligating the seller to maintain quality standards and refrain from

using the trademark.33 The court concluded that the essence of the agreement was the sale of the

business, not the trademark license, and therefore the license agreement was not executory.34 As

another court has observed, licensing agreements are “not . . . universally considered executory

contracts.”35 Rather, a court must “examine the unperformed duties and obligations of each party to

        30
            Lewis Bros. Bakeries, Inc. v. Interstate Brands Corp. (In re Interstate Bakeries Corp.), 751 F.3d 955, 961
(8th Cir. 2014).

         31
              Id.

         32
              Id.

         33
              607 F.3d 957, 963 (3d Cir. 2010).

         34
              Id. at 964.

         35
              Qintex Entm’t, Inc., 950 F.2d at 1495.

                                                          9
determine the status of an agreement.”36 Exide Technologies and Interstate Bakeries concluded that

the trademark licensing obligations were “minor” in the context of the entire agreement.37

        The mutual indemnity obligations under the Exchange Agreement were in no sense minor

or unrelated to the property swap. The indemnities were an important factor in the value of the

properties transferred. With substantial performance, “the defects in performance do not prevent the

parties from accomplishing the purpose of the contract.”38 The stated purpose of the Exchange

Agreement was to transfer responsibility for the swapped parties as well as title. Any failure to

perform the mutual indemnity obligations would deny the indemnitee the benefit of its bargain.

When Alma filed for bankruptcy, the performance it owed Conoco under the Exchange Agreement

was a liability, and the performance Conoco owed it was an asset. We agree with the court of appeals

that the Exchange Agreement was an executory contract.

                                                         III

        As for whether Alma assumed the Exchange Agreement and assigned it to Noble, the APA

is less than perfectly clear. Noble agreed to buy Alma’s assets listed in Exhibit “A”.39 The property

interests Alma had acquired from Conoco were in that list.40 Noble also agreed to buy “[a]ll [Alma’s]

        36
             Id.

        37
           Exide, 607 F.3d at 964; Lewis Bros. Bakeries, Inc. v. Interstate Brands Corp. (In re Interstate Bakeries
Corp.), 751 F.3d 955, 964 (8th Cir. 2014) (obligations under the license were relatively minor in the context of the
agreement to sell operations and assets in certain territories) .

        38
             Matador Drilling Co. v. Post, 662 F.2d 1190, 1195 (5th Cir. 1981).

        39
             APA § 1.01(a).

        40
             APA Ex. A.

                                                          10
rights and interests in and to all . . . agreements . . . in any way associated with” the purchased assets,

“including but not limited to, those Material Contracts . . . described on Exhibit ‘D’”.41 Although the

Exchange Agreement was not listed with such agreements in Exhibit “D” and does not fall within

the general description of “Material Contracts”, the interests Noble purchased were explicitly “not

limited to” those listed in Exhibit “D” or described as “Material Contracts”.42 The Exchange

Agreement was certainly associated with assets Noble bought. Conoco’s assignment of leases to

Alma was expressly subject to the Exchange Agreement and set out its indemnity provisions in

detail. The Exchange Agreement was thus among the interests Noble purchased.

        Alma’s indemnity obligation under the Exchange Agreement was a liability, but the

agreement was not included in the APA’s list of Noble’s “Assumed Liabilities”.43 Noble argues that

it bought only the benefits of the Exchange Agreement and not the liabilities. Conoco responds that

Section 365 of the Bankruptcy Code requires that executory contracts like the Exchange Agreement

be purchased cum onere—with burdens as well as benefits. We need not resolve this dispute because

Noble’s argument is contrary to the APA.

        Under Section 8.03 of the APA, Noble agreed to

        assume[] all duties and obligations as the owner of the Assets which accrue or arise
        from and after [closing], including without limitation the obligation [to] . . . (iii)
        perform obligations under any executory contracts or unexpired oil and gas leases
        expressly assumed hereunder, and (iv) to comply with any [consent decrees or laws],

        41
             APA § 1.01(d).

        42
             APA § 1.01(d).

        43
             APA § 1.04.

                                                    11
        and to comply with any [laws] to the extent that any such obligation or liability is
        attributable to events or periods of time after [closing].44

Noble argues that its obligation to indemnify Conoco for the claims in the 2010 lawsuit accrued or

arose when the obligation was created by the Exchange Agreement years before the bankruptcy

proceeding. It cites a Third Circuit case, In re Allegheny Health, Education and Research

Foundation, in which the purchaser of assets in bankruptcy—a number of hospitals—agreed to

assume liability only for obligations arising after closing of the transaction.45 The court held that

hospital employees’ accrued sick leave was a pre-closing obligation because “the collective

bargaining agreements show[ed] that once the employees had accumulated sick leave, they had a

right to the leave, albeit a right contingent on future illness, injury or retirement.”46 “A contingent

obligation,” the court wrote, “is, nonetheless, an obligation.”47 Likewise, Noble argues, the indemnity

obligation under the Exchange Agreement, though contingent on a claim being made against

Conoco, was nonetheless an obligation. But Allegheny held only that the obligation to pay employee

benefits arose when employees had earned them, not when the collective bargaining agreements were

executed. Allegheny does not support Noble’s argument that a contingent obligation arises when it

is created.

        44
             APA § 8.03(b).

        45
             383 F.3d 169, 172 (3d Cir. 2004).

        46
             Id. at 178.

        47
             Id.

                                                  12
        We have held that “a claim based on a contract that provides indemnification from liability

does not accrue until the indemnitee’s liability becomes fixed and certain.”48 Conoco’s liability did

not become fixed and certain until it settled the lawsuit in 2011 for $63 million. Noble also argues

that the indemnity claim against Conoco in the 2010 suit was for contamination that occurred years

before the Exchange Agreement was executed and thus not attributable to events following closing

of the APA. But again, the indemnity obligation is attributable to the event that triggered it—the

settlement of the 2010 suit, not the execution of the Exchange Agreement. The obligation accrued,

arose, and was attributable to events that occurred long after the closing of the APA. Thus, it was

assumed by Noble under Section 8.03 of the APA.

        The Plan and Order reinforce this interpretation of the APA. Section 10.8 of the Plan

provides that executory contracts not specifically referenced were to be “assumed and assigned to

[Noble]” unless rejected at closing.49 Section 10.9 required Noble to notify Alma by a certain date

of its election not to have specific executory contracts assumed and assigned to it. “All . . . executory

contracts . . . not . . . rejected . . . pursuant to this section,” Section 10.9 states, “shall be assumed by

[Alma] and assigned to [Noble].”50 The Exchange Agreement was not specifically referenced in the

Plan and was never rejected in any way permitted by the Plan and thus was assumed by Alma and

assigned to Noble. Paragraph 15 of the bankruptcy court’s Order clearly stated: “those Executory

        48
             Ingersoll-Rand Co. v. Valero Energy Corp., 997 S.W .2d 203, 205 (Tex. 1999).

        49
             Plan § 10.8.

        50
             Plan § 10.9.

                                                         13
Contracts . . . proposed to be assumed and assigned to [Noble] pursuant to the Plan are ordered

assumed and assigned to [Noble]”.51

         The APA did not require Noble to close unless “[t]he Plan materially conforms to the terms

and conditions of this Agreement”.52 The fact that Noble elected to close indicates that in its view,

at least, the assignment of executory contracts under the Plan materially conformed to the APA. And

Noble’s post-bankruptcy conduct was consistent with that view. Noble removed an unused facility

as required by the Exchange Agreement, and even indemnified Conoco from liability on two other

contamination claims.53

         Noble argues that the Exchange Agreement could not be assumed and assigned under the

general, catchall assumed-unless-rejected provisions of Sections 10.8 and 10.9 of the Plan and

Paragraph 15 of the Order, citing the Fifth Circuit’s opinion in In re O’Connor.54 O’Connor, the

debtor in a Chapter 11 proceeding, was a party to a partnership agreement that the bankruptcy court

held, and the district court assumed, was an executory contract.55 The reorganization plan provided

that certain executory contracts—not the partnership agreement—“are hereby rejected” while all

         51
              Order ¶ 15.

         52
              APA § 6.01(g).

         53
           The dissent misses the point, which is not that Noble’s acceptance of responsibility under the Exchange Act
created indemnity obligations that did not exist, but that Noble initially interpreted the APA, Plan, and Order as Conoco
does.

         54
              Stumpf v. McGee (In re O’Connor), 258 F.3d 392, 401 (5th Cir. 2001).

         55
              Id. at 396, 400.

                                                           14
others not previously rejected—which could have included the agreement—“will be assumed.”56

Neither the debtor’s disclosures nor the plan made any specific reference to the agreement.57 After

the plan was confirmed, the estate trustee claimed to be entitled to exercise the debtor’s rights under

the partnership agreement.58 The court of appeals held that the partnership agreement was not

assumable under Section 365(c)(1) of the Bankruptcy Code and Louisiana law, and therefore the

agreement passed through the bankruptcy unaffected to the pre-bankruptcy debtor rather than to the

reorganized debtor, a liquidating trust.59 The bankruptcy court had not addressed that issue but had

concluded that the partnership agreement had neither been assumed nor rejected because “will be

assumed”, especially in contrast with “are hereby rejected”, indicated that something more than plan

confirmation was required for assumption.60 The court of appeals deferred to the bankruptcy court’s

interpretations of the plan, noting that it was “consistent with the conclusions by other courts that

an executory contract may not be assumed either by implication or through the use of boilerplate plan

language.”61

       Thus, the actual holdings in O’Connor were that the partnership agreement was not an

assumable executory contract and that the bankruptcy court’s interpretation of the plan’s literal

       56
            Id. at 395, 401.

       57
            Id. at 401.

       58
            Id. at 396.

       59
            Id. at 401–402.

       60
            Id. at 401.

       61
            Id.

                                                  15
language was entitled to deference. The Fifth Circuit’s labeling of the language at issue as

“boilerplate” was no more than an aside. The court in In re Greater Southeast Community Hospital

Corp. I characterized it as “dicta upon an alternative ground” for the court’s decision.62 The Chapter

11 plan in Greater Southeast provided that executory contracts not identified within a specified time

“will be deemed assumed”, subject to provisions relating to cure.63 Distinguishing O’Connor, the

court gave effect to the provision:

        The plan here expressly assumed the executory contracts at issue, and did not assume
        them by implication. Moreover, [there is no contention] that the plan used ineffectual
        boilerplate language. By explicitly deeming the executory contracts at issue assumed
        (subject to a retained right of rejection if cure amounts proved unacceptable) and
        setting forth provisions for fixing the cure amounts, and deadlines for paying the
        same, the confirmed plan here can hardly be said to have employed “boilerplate
        language” (whatever that term means).64

        Greater Southeast also distinguished In re Parkwood Realty Corp.65 There, after the debtor

in a Chapter 11 proceeding had rejected several executory contracts, the plan provided that “[a]ll

other executory contracts . . . which have not been previously rejected shall be deemed rejected on

[the plan’s effective date].”66 The debtor did not disclose or mention a shareholders agreement to

which it was a party, or give its co-party, Parkside Lakes, notice of the bankruptcy proceeding.67

        62
          Alberts v. Humana Health Plan, Inc. (In re Greater Southeast Cmty. Hosp. Corp. I), 327 B.R. 26, 34 (Bankr.
D.D.C. 2005).

        63
             Id. at 29 n.3.

        64
             Id. at 35.

        65
             157 B.R. 687 (Bankr. W .D. W ash. 1993).

        66
             Id. at 689.

        67
             Id. at 689, 691.

                                                        16
Repeatedly referring to the plan language as boilerplate, the bankruptcy court refused to allow the

debtor to avoid its obligations under the agreement for two reasons.68 First: “rejection [of an

executory contract] is specifically subject to § 365 and as such requires ‘actual consideration by the

Court.’ . . . [T]o approve the rejection of an unidentified contract results in purely fictitious

compliance with the Code.”69

         Second, and perhaps more important, are the due process implications inherent in the
         debtor’s position. Parkside Lakes has never had notice that the debtor viewed the
         Shareholders Agreement as an executory contract, much less that it was one of those
         being rejected. Further, Parkside Lakes did not have notice of the hearing on
         confirmation. Indeed the executory contract argument was only raised defensively,
         after confirmation, when it was too late to file a claim for damages. This is
         insufficient.70

According to the court in Greater Southeast, “Parkwood Realty turned on due process concerns, and

only secondarily questioned the effectiveness of a plan provision deeming executory contracts

         68
              Id. at 690–691.

         69
             Id. at 691 (internal citation omitted). The dissent argues that the court in Alma’s bankruptcy proceeding could
not have given actual consideration to approval of Alma’s assumption and assignment of the Exchange Agreement when
it did not know the agreement existed. Post at ___. But Section 365 does not impose an obligation on the court to conduct
an independent investigation. Conoco was a party to the proceeding and raised no objection. And Noble had at least
constructive notice of the Executive Agreement in its chain of title and raised no objection. There is nothing before us
to indicate that Alma’s assumption and assignment to Noble were of any interest to creditors or others. The bankruptcy
court’s approval of the plan was perfectly understandable.

         70
              Id.

                                                            17
rejected.”71 Those concerns were for the debtor’s co-party who, unlike Noble, had no notice of the

proceedings; Noble, in contrast, was thoroughly involved in Alma’s bankruptcy.

         Two cases help summarize the law on assumption-rejection catchall provisions in Chapter

11 plans. The plan in In re Amerivision Communications, Inc. provided that “the Debtor shall be

deemed to have rejected each Executory Contract to which it is a party, unless such contract . . . was

previously assumed by the Debtor” or other specified conditions were met, and “[t]he Confirmation

Order will provide for the rejection of those Executory Contracts not assumed or assigned previously

or as provided herein.”72 The debtor listed a production contract as one of its executory contracts,

and the co-party, Dataprose, knew of the bankruptcy proceeding, but the production contract was not

listed as one to be rejected.73 After the plan was confirmed, Dataprose objected to the rejection of

the production contract.74 The court upheld the language of the plan and confirmation order:

                In the case of In re Victory Markets, Inc., 221 B.R. 298 (2d Cir. BAP 1998),
         the Chapter 11 reorganization plan contained a provision that explicitly rejected all
         executory contracts not listed on an assumption schedule attached to the plan. A

         71
              Greater Southeast, 327 B.R. at 35. Thus, neither O’Connor nor Parkwood supports the dissent’s broad
assertion that “bankruptcy courts have consistently concluded that the assumption or rejection of an executory contract
under section 365 cannot be approved in bankruptcy if the contract has not been disclosed.” Post at ___. The only other
case it cites in support is In re Golden Triangle Film Labs, Inc., 176 B.R. 608, 610 (Bankr. M .D. Fla. 1994). There, as
the dissent notes, the plan provided that “all executory contracts and unexpired leases of the Debtor shall be assumed
. . . and . . . assigned to [the] reorganized [debtor] . . . except any executory contracts and unexpired leases that are
subject of separate motions to reject file[d] pursuant to [Section] 365”. Id. at 609. The court held that because no motion
to reject the nonresidential lease at issue had been filed, and the plan and Section 365(d)(4) both required such a motion,
the lease had not been rejected. Id. Golden Triangle is contrary to the dissent’s view that the plain language of a
bankruptcy plan and order, though general, cannot control.

         72
           Dataprose, Inc. v. Amerivision Commc’ns, Inc. (In re Amerivision Commc’ns, Inc.), 349 B.R. 718, 721
(B.A.P. 10th Cir. 2006).

         73
              Id.

         74
              Id. at 721–722.

                                                            18
       majority of the court ruled that the absence of an executory contract from the
       schedule effected a rejection of the contract at issue because the plan language was
       clear and the contract was not explicitly assumed. Id. at 304–05.

               We agree with the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit that specific notice
       of the plan proponent’s intent is required through the confirmation process or by
       separate motion. [In re Nat’l Gypsum Co., 208 F.3d 498, 513 (5th Cir. 2000).]
       However, the question in this case is not only whether the use of boilerplate language
       is acceptable (assuming this is boilerplate language), but also whether the notice
       under the circumstances was adequate.

                Under the facts of this case, the Court concludes that the plan language
       provided adequate notice of the intended rejection. The Court does not invalidate
       boilerplate language per se. The validity of any language depends upon notice and
       clarity and the overall information provided to the parties in interest. Here, the plan
       provision put any party to an executory contract on notice that absent specific
       assumption, the contract was rejected.75

       The second case, Tenucp Property, LLC v. Riley (In re GCP CT School Acquisition, LLC),76

involved a Chapter 11 debtor tenant’s rejection of a lease. The court upheld the rejection:

               Another issue that has surfaced in case law is when a party uses so-called
       boilerplate language to assume or reject. Some courts have held that “boilerplate”
       language in a chapter 11 plan may provide adequate notice of the proposed rejection
       of an executory contract. See, e.g., Dataprose, Inc. v. Amerivision Commc’ns, Inc.
       (In re Amerivision Commc’ns, Inc.), 349 B.R. 718 (10th Cir. BAP 2006). . . .

              The U.S. Bankruptcy Appellate Panel of the Second Circuit reached a similar
       conclusion in Charter Asset Corp. v. Victory Mkts., Inc. (In re Victory Mkts., Inc.),
       221 B.R. 298 (2d Cir. BAP 1998). . . .

               Other courts, however, have concluded that general boilerplate language does
       not automatically effect assumption or rejection, holding that the assumption or
       rejection will only be effective if the bankruptcy court actually considers the

       75
            Id. at 723.

       76
            429 B.R. 817 (B.A.P. 1st Cir. 2010).

                                                   19
         provision at issue.[77] . . .

                 Ultimately, the issue is one of notice. As the Amerivision panel noted, the
         question is not only whether the language contained within the plan or motion is
         sufficiently explicit, but whether the notice (service of the relevant documents) under
         the circumstances was adequate. Thus, “the validity of any language depends upon
         notice and clarity and the overall information provided to the parties in interest.”78

         We would be reluctant to disregard any language in a court order as “boilerplate”, but that

label certainly does not fit here. The Order confirmed the APA and the Plan that used both exclusive

and non-exclusive language throughout, and we must assume the choices were intentional. As

Conoco observes, the Plan could have stated, as reorganization plans often do, that all executory

contracts not formally assumed and assigned by a certain date would be rejected. Either way, the

language is adjudicatory, not boilerplate.79

         Noble complains that the Exchange Agreement was not listed in Alma’s disclosures or

mentioned in any way in the bankruptcy proceeding and asserts that it was unaware of the agreement

before closing on the APA.80 We have noted that the Exchange Agreement was specifically

         77
            Id. at 827–828 & n.14 (citing In re Cole, 189 B.R. 40, 46 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1995) (refusing to give effect to
boilerplate assumption provision in plan); Stumpf v. McGee (In re O’Connor), 258 F.3d 392, 401 (5th Cir. 2001); In re
Parkwood Realty Corp., 157 B.R. 687, 690–691 (Bankr. W .D. W ash. 1993); Cont’l Country Club, Inc. v. Burr (In re
Cont’l Country Club, Inc.), 114 B.R. 763, 766–767 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 1990)).

         78
429 B.R. at 827–829 (quoting Amerivision, 349 B.R. at 723).

         79
           See, e.g., Amerivision, 349 B.R. at 721; Charter Asset Corp. v. Victory Mkts., Inc. (In re Victory Mkts., Inc.),
221 B.R. 298, 303 (B.A.P. 2d Cir. 1998) (holding that plain language, “unexpired leases . . . not previously assumed and
assigned are hereby specifically rejected”, should be given effect).

         80
            The dissent cites three cases “that have addressed a bankruptcy debtor’s failure to follow the specific
requirements of section 365 when attempting to dispose of an executory contract”: American Flint Glass Workers Union
v. Anchor Resolution Corp., 197 F.3d 76, 78 (3d Cir. 1999); In re Allegheny Health, Education and Research
Foundation, 383 F.3d 169, 172 (3d Cir. 2004); and Gray v. Western Environmental Services & Testing, Inc. (In re
Dehon, Inc.), 352 B.R. 546, 558 (Bankr. D. Mass. 2006). Post at ___–___. In all three, the court gave effect to the
debtor’s intent. Thus, the dissent’s reliance on these cases is perplexing.

                                                            20
referenced in Conoco’s assignment to Alma of some of the interests Noble acquired, and that the

assignment was expressly subject to the Exchange Agreement. Thus, Noble had at least constructive

notice of the Exchange Agreement. Noble also complains that Conoco was a party to the bankruptcy

proceeding and could have disclosed the Exchange Agreement but never did. Noble argues that full

disclosure in bankruptcy proceedings is essential, and that if a buyer of a debtor’s assets risks being

saddled with undisclosed liabilities, asset sales, important in estate reorganizations, will be less

attractive. While we take Noble’s point, the issue before us is not whether the bankruptcy

proceedings were conducted as they should have been. We decide what the APA, the Plan, and the

Order mean, and whether they are effective under Section 365. As critical as disclosure in

bankruptcy proceedings may be, we think it more critical that parties to bankruptcy proceedings and

others have confidence that reorganization plans and court orders will be interpreted and enforced

according to their plain terms.

       The dissent argues that today’s decision is “manifestly inequitable.”81 We disagree. Noble

knew from the plain terms of the APA, the Plan, and the Order that it could be assigned executory

contracts not specifically listed. It had at least constructive knowledge of the Exchange Agreement

in its own chain of title. Years after the bankruptcy proceeding was over, it repeatedly honored the

indemnity obligation imposed by the agreement. And had Noble needed indemnification from

Conoco, no doubt it would have sought the benefits promised it by the Exchange Agreement.82 But

       81
            Post at ___.

       82
            After Alma’s bankruptcy, Noble’s predecessor sold the assets obtained under the Exchange Agreement.

                                                        21
inequitable or not, we think the result we reach is compelled by the governing documents and the

law.

       We thus conclude that by the APA, the Plan, and the Order, the Exchange Agreement was

assumed by Alma and assigned to Noble.

                                *       *      *       *       *

       The judgment of the court of appeals is, accordingly,

                                                                                      Affirmed.

                                            Nathan L. Hecht
                                            Chief Justice

Opinion delivered: June 23, 2017

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