Court Opinion

ID: 4562843
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-09-03 21:02:15.079277+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:12:18.492811
License: Public Domain

Filed 9/3/20 P. v. Bryant CA4/1
(unmodified opinion attached)

                  COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                      DIVISION ONE
                                  STATE OF CALIFORNIA

 THE PEOPLE,                                    D075377
                                                (Super. Ct. Nos. SCE384541,
         Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                SCS300549)
         v.
                                                ORDER MODIFYING OPINION
                                                AND DENYING REHEARING
 VINCENT BRYANT,
                                                NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT
         Defendant and Appellant.

THE COURT:

      It is ordered that the opinion filed herein on August 17, 2020, be
modified as follows:

       1. On page 25, footnote 16, delete the first two sentences and replace with the
following two sentences:

        “In a petition for rehearing, Bryant argues that he raised the issue of the
        reasonableness of the eight-day delay in his reply brief in response to
        arguments that the People asserted in their respondent’s brief. Even if we
        were to find that this explanation demonstrates good cause for the failure to
        raise this issue sooner, additional considerations persuade us that it would
        be unfair to consider the merits of Bryant’s contention that the deputies’
        eight-day seizure of the backpack prior to obtaining the warrant was not
        justified by sufficiently exigent circumstances, or that they unreasonably
        delayed in obtaining the search warrant for Bryant’s backpack, rendering
        the search unlawful.”

        There is no change in the judgment.

        The petition for rehearing is denied.
                             O’ROURKE, Acting P. J.

Copies to: All Parties

                         2
Filed 8/17/20 P. v. Bryant CA4/1 (unmodified opinion)
                 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                 DIVISION ONE
                                         STATE OF CALIFORNIA

 THE PEOPLE,                                               D075377
                                                           (Super. Ct. Nos. SCE384541,
           Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                           SCS300549)
           v.

 VINCENT BRYANT,

           Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County,
John M. Thompson, Judge. Affirmed.

         Janice R. Mazur, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for
Defendant and Appellant.
         Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant
Attorney General, Eric A. Swenson and Michael D. Butera, Deputy Attorneys
General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                                             I.
                                               INTRODUCTION
         A jury convicted Vincent Bryant of first degree burglary, grand theft,
and receipt of stolen property. The stolen items underlying each offense were
recovered from Bryant’s backpack, which was seized by deputies at the time
of Bryant’s arrest and subsequently searched pursuant to a search warrant.
Photographs of the backpack and its contents were introduced in evidence at
trial.
         Bryant, acting in pro per, brought several motions seeking suppression
of the evidence obtained from his backpack on the ground that the deputies’
seizure of the backpack violated his rights under the Fourth Amendment to
the United States Constitution. The trial court denied the motions. Bryant,
who is represented by appointed counsel on appeal, challenges these rulings,
arguing that the court erred when it denied his suppression motions because
the underlying evidence demonstrated that the deputies lacked probable
cause to seize his backpack. We affirm.
                                        II.
                FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
         Kirk P.’s belongings were stolen from his room at the Ayres Hotel in
Alpine, California, in a sequence of events that began on August 27, 2018.
That evening, Kirk and another hotel guest were drinking beer on the hotel’s
front patio when a man, identified at trial as Bryant, walked up and sat at
the next table, rummaged through a plastic grocery bag, and occasionally
chimed in on the men’s conversation.
         Later in the evening, Kirk was awakened by loud knocking at his hotel
door. Kirk opened the door to find Bryant, who told Kirk that Kirk had to
leave his hotel room, purportedly to deal with some “drunk women” who had
just arrived at the hotel and were causing a commotion. Kirk left his room,
leaving the door open, only to find that the “drunk women” were two elderly
women who were checking into the hotel. When Kirk returned to his room,

                                         2
he noticed that his cell phone was missing. The next morning, he realized
that his laptop was also gone. Kirk’s daughter reported the incident to police.
      Deputy Sheriffs John Greene and Anthony Pratola responded to the
hotel on the morning of August 28. They conducted an investigation that
included interviewing Kirk and his son Conner P.; viewing hotel video
surveillance footage that showed a figure entering and then exiting Kirk’s
hotel room carrying a light-colored plastic grocery bag; and viewing
surveillance footage from a nearby gas station where, according to Conner,
Bryant had purchased cigars earlier in the evening.
      Later in the afternoon of August 28, Deputies Greene and Pratola
responded to a report of a disturbance at a Rite-Aid across the street from the
Ayres Hotel. When they arrived, they were directed to the person allegedly
causing the disturbance, who was seated in the pharmacy next to a black
backpack. Both deputies immediately recognized the person as the man from

the gas station video footage.1 A criminal records check confirmed that the
man was Bryant and that he had a history of two recently cleared warrants
for burglary and grand theft. Conner subsequently identified Bryant in a
curbside identification.
      Greene and Pratola arrested Bryant and took him to the Alpine
sheriff’s station. After Bryant asked to speak to a lawyer and refused to
grant consent to search his backpack, Greene decided to release him but to
retain custody of his backpack pending issuance of a search warrant
authorizing a search of his backpack. When Bryant was released, he was

1     The hotel surveillance video footage apparently was not clear enough to
enable the deputies to identify the person who had entered and exited Kirk’s
room.

                                       3
provided a certificate of release pursuant to Penal Code2 sections 849,

subdivision (b)(1), and 851.6.3
      After obtaining a search warrant, Pratola opened the backpack and
found Kirk’s laptop and cell phone. He took photographs of the backpack and
its contents and returned the laptop and cell phone to Kirk.
      Bryant was arrested and charged in a criminal complaint with burglary
of an inhabited dwelling, grand theft of personal property, and receipt of
stolen property. He was represented by a deputy public defender at the
preliminary hearing on October 3, 2018. At the conclusion of the preliminary
hearing, the court set a motion cut-off date of October 17, 2018, and a trial
date of November 19, 2018.
      On the date that the trial was scheduled to begin, Bryant moved to
represent himself pursuant to Faretta v. California (1975) 422 U.S. 806
(Faretta). The court granted the motion, finding that Bryant had knowingly
and voluntarily waived his right to be represented by counsel. At the
prosecution’s request, the trial was continued for one week.
      On November 26, 2018, the parties appeared for trial. During motions
in limine, Bryant orally moved to suppress evidence obtained from his
backpack on the ground that the seizure of the backpack violated his rights

2     All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise
indicated.

3      Section 849, subdivision (b)(1), provides that a person arrested without
a warrant may be released from custody if “[t]he officer is satisfied that there
are insufficient grounds for making a criminal complaint against the person
arrested.” Section 851.6 states, in pertinent part, that a person arrested and
released pursuant to section 849, subdivision (b)(1), “shall be issued a
certificate, signed by the releasing officer or his superior officer, describing
the action as a detention.” (§ 851.6, subd. (a).)

                                       4
under the Fourth Amendment. The court denied the motion, and Bryant was
subsequently convicted on all counts.
      Following his conviction, Bryant filed three posttrial motions in which
he renewed his argument that the seizure of his backpack violated the Fourth
Amendment. At the sentencing hearing on December 28, 2018, the court

denied the motions and sentenced Bryant to a prison term of six years.4

Bryant timely appealed.5
                                        III.
                                 DISCUSSION
      Bryant, represented by appointed appellate counsel, challenges the
trial court’s denial of his oral motion to suppress brought on the first day of
trial, as well as the trial court’s denial of his posttrial motions. Bryant
contends that the court erred in denying each of these motions because the

seizure of his backpack was not supported by probable cause.6 We reject this

4      Bryant was sentenced in two cases concurrently—the underlying action
(case No. SCE384541) and case No. SCS300549, in which Bryant was
convicted of grand theft auto and second degree burglary. The longest
custodial term imposed on any of the counts of conviction was a six-year term
imposed as to the first degree burglary conviction in case No. SCE384541.
The court ran the sentences on all counts of conviction concurrently, for a
total term of imprisonment of six years.

5     Bryant filed notices of appeal in Superior Court case Nos. SCE384541
and SCS300549, which were consolidated for purposes of appeal. However,
his appeal concerns only case No. SCE384541.

6     Bryant also argues that the eight-day delay between the deputies’
seizure of the backpack and their procurement of the search warrant was
unjustified and therefore unreasonable. However, Bryant raised this issue
for the first time in his reply brief, and as we discuss post, we deem the
argument forfeited.

                                         5
contention. As we discuss post, our reasons for doing so turn on the distinct
factual and procedural issues presented by each motion.
A. Motion to Suppress
      1. Additional Procedural Background
      On the first day of trial, the court heard motions in limine. During the
in limine hearing, Bryant brought an oral motion under “the United States
Constitution” which “speaks of illegal search and seizures,” to suppress all

evidence obtained from his backpack.7 Bryant argued that the certificate of

release presented to him upon his release from custody8 represented a
concession by the deputies that “there were no facts to arrest Mr. Bryant.”
Since his backpack was “an extension of” him, he argued, the deputies also

necessarily lacked probable cause to justify the seizure of his backpack.9
      The prosecution responded that Bryant’s motion “should have been
brought up before trial, with moving papers [and] with notice to the People
outlining these arguments . . . . That has not been done. He cannot come the
day of the trial with a jury waiting outside to raise a pre-trial motion that
should have been brought a long time ago.” As to the merits, the prosecution
argued that “the deputies lawfully detained him. They seized the backpack.
They obtained a search warrant signed by a reviewing judge. They searched

7     Bryant initially sought suppression of the photographs of his backpack
and its contents. The trial court subsequently clarified that Bryant was
requesting suppression of all evidence obtained from the backpack.

8     See footnote 3, ante.

9     Bryant also challenged the sufficiency of the affidavit to support
issuance of the search warrant, but he does not renew that challenge on
appeal.

                                        6
the backpack and then found a stolen computer and a stolen phone. [¶] So at
the end of the day, even if the court will entertain the argument, we have a
valid search warrant that was reviewed by a judge and felt there was
probable cause to go in there and retrieve these stolen items.”
      In response to the prosecution’s characterization of his motion as
untimely, Bryant stated, “what I just heard from the D.A. is ineffective
assistance of counsel. I was not my counsel. But he just said my lawyer was
ineffective. This is a gross negligence.”
      The court responded, “Not quite. If anyone was going to bring any
motion, whether it should or should not have been brought, I think the
argument is that it should have been brought as [a] pre-trial motion and it is
untimely brought at the time of trial. [¶] He is absolutely correct, but I don’t
see that as being an impediment to me hearing what you have to say.”
      The court proceeded to entertain the merits of the motion. In a
colloquy with Bryant, the court analogized the situation to one in which a car
is reported stolen, lawfully seized, and subsequently searched based on a
valid warrant. Bryant countered that “[t]he backpack was never at the scene
of the crime. It showed up the following morning a mile away.” The court
responded, “Now you are suggesting there was insufficient evidence to
support the warrant. And I am ruling that once the warrant was obtained,
the search of the backpack was lawful.” The court proceeded to deny the
motion.
      2. Analysis
      Characterizing his motion to suppress as a motion in limine, Bryant
contends that the seizure of his backpack was not supported by probable
cause and that the trial court thus erred in denying the motion.

                                        7
      The People argue that the motion is governed by section 1538.5 and
that it was properly denied because it was untimely, violating the notice
requirements for a section 1538.5 motion. With respect to the merits of the
motion, the People contend that the deputies’ seizure of Bryant’s backpack

was supported by probable cause.10
      Bryant responds that the trial court’s decision to consider the merits of
the suppression motion reflects an implied finding that the motion was
timely under section 1538.5.
      Because the parties offer differing characterizations of the suppression
motion, we first address the difference between a motion in limine and a
motion under section 1538.5. Criminal defendants may seek suppression of
evidence obtained from violation of certain constitutional rights through
nonstatutory motions in limine. (See, e.g., People v. Smithson (2000) 79
Cal. App. 4th 480, 494 [stating the voluntariness of a confession may be
challenged “at different times during the process of prosecution” including in
a “pretrial common law motion or motion in limine”]; People v. Stansbury
(1993) 4 Cal. 4th 1017, 1049 [trial court properly treated defendant’s motion
to suppress statements for claimed violations of Fifth and Sixth Amendment
rights as a nonstatutory motion in limine rather than a motion pursuant to
§ 1538.5], rev’d on other grounds by Stansbury v. California (1994) 511 U.S.
318, 326.) Motions in limine may be brought “at the beginning of trial” or
even “during trial when evidentiary issues are anticipated by the parties.”
(People v. Morris (1991) 53 Cal. 3d 152, 188, disapproved on other grounds by
People v. Stansbury (1995) 9 Cal. 4th 824, 830, fn.1.)

10    The People offer additional justifications for the seizure and additional
grounds supporting denial of the suppression motion. However, we do not
reach these issues because we conclude that the motion was untimely.

                                       8
      A section 1538.5 motion, on the other hand, is the “sole and exclusive”
procedure through which a criminal defendant can seek suppression of
evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment. (§ 1538.5, subd.
(m); People v. Brooks (1980) 26 Cal. 3d 471, 475 (Brooks) [“Section 1538.5
provides a comprehensive and exclusive procedure for the final determination
of search and seizure issues prior to trial.”].)
      The enactment of section 1538.5 “was chiefly aimed at redressing
defects identified in the previously existing procedures: (i) the unnecessary
expenditure of time and effort in allowing repeated challenges to the legality
of a search or seizure during the course of a criminal proceeding; (ii) the
waste of jury time in permitting search and seizure questions to be raised
during trial, since the determination of these issues takes place outside the
presence of the jury; and (iii) the lack of adequate opportunity for the
prosecution to obtain appellate review of an adverse decision on a search and
seizure question before trial commences and jeopardy attaches.” (Brooks,
supra, 26 Cal.3d at pp. 475-476.) “In accordance with these objectives,
section 1538.5 requires that a defendant’s motion for the return of property or
suppression of evidence obtained as a result of a search or seizure be made at
an early stage.” (Id. at p. 476.)
      Hearings pursuant to section 1538.5 are evidentiary proceedings
during which the prosecution presents evidence demonstrating the
reasonableness of the challenged government conduct. (§ 1538.5, subd. (c)(1)
[“Whenever a search or seizure motion is made in the superior court as
provided in this section, the judge or magistrate shall receive evidence on any
issue of fact necessary to determine the motion.”]; People v. Johnson (2006)
38 Cal. 4th 717, 723 (Johnson) [holding that the evidence presented at a

                                         9
§ 1538.5 hearing must be in the form of live witness testimony].) A defendant
moving to suppress evidence pursuant to section 1538.5 has an initial burden
to establish a legal basis for the motion, which requires only that the
defendant “mak[e] a prima facie showing that the police acted without a
warrant.” (People v. Williams (1999) 20 Cal. 4th 119, 136 (Williams).) Once
the defendant satisfies this initial burden, “the burden of proving the
justification for the warrantless search or seizure lies squarely with the
prosecution.” (Johnson, at p. 723, citing Williams, at pp. 136-137.) The
defendant may then challenge the adequacy of the prosecution’s
justifications. (Id. at p. 136.)
      The standard of review that generally applies to a trial court’s
resolution of a suppression motion reflects the evidentiary nature of a section
1538.5 hearing. “ ‘ “In ruling on such a motion, the trial court (1) finds the
historical facts, (2) selects the applicable rule of law, and (3) applies the latter
to the former to determine whether the rule of law as applied to the
established facts is or is not violated. [Citations.]” ’ ” (People v. Carter (2005)
36 Cal. 4th 1114, 1140, quoting People v. Alvarez (1996) 14 Cal. 4th 155, 182
(Alvarez).) “ ‘ “The [trial] court’s resolution of the first inquiry, which involves
questions of fact, is reviewed under the deferential substantial-evidence
standard. [Citations.] Its decision on the second, which is a pure question of
law, is scrutinized under the standard of independent review. [Citations.]
Finally, its ruling on the third, which is a mixed fact-law question that is
however predominantly one of law, . . . is also subject to independent
review.” [Citation.]’ ” (Ibid., quoting Alvarez, at p. 182.)
      Bryant’s motion sought suppression of evidence on the basis of an
allegedly unconstitutional seizure and is therefore governed by section
1538.5. The time limits for bringing a motion to suppress for a felony offense

                                        10
are found in subdivisions (h) and (i) of section 1538.5, which provide: “(h) If,
prior to the trial of a felony or misdemeanor, opportunity for this motion did
not exist or the defendant was not aware of the grounds for the motion, the
defendant shall have the right to make this motion during the course of trial.
[¶] (i) If the property or evidence obtained relates to a felony offense initiated
by complaint and the defendant was held to answer at the preliminary
hearing, or if the property or evidence relates to a felony offense initiated by
indictment, the defendant shall have the right to renew or make the motion
at a special hearing relating to the validity of the search or seizure which
shall be heard prior to trial and at least 10 court days after notice to the
people, unless the people are willing to waive a portion of this time.”
(§ 1538.5, subds. (h), (i), italics added.)
      As the People correctly contend, Bryant’s belated motion was brought
with no notice and thus violated section 1538.5, subdivision (i). Bryant does
not contend otherwise. Instead, he claims that by considering the merits of
the suppression motion, the trial court impliedly found that the motion fell
within one of the exceptions in section 1538.5, subdivision (h), which allow a
suppression motion to be raised at trial.
      At the outset, the record does not support Bryant’s contention that the
trial court made such an implied finding. A defendant whose motion satisfies
section 1538.5, subdivision (h) is excused from the usual notice requirements
and has “the right to make this motion during the course of trial.” (§ 1538.5,
subd. (h).) In effect, such a motion is not untimely even though it is raised at
trial. It is clear that the court did not make the implied finding that Bryant
claims because the court noted that the prosecution’s objection that the
motion was “untimely brought at trial” was “absolutely correct.” The court’s
express determination that Bryant’s motion was untimely dispels any

                                          11
implication that it found otherwise when it nevertheless proceeded to address

the motion’s merits.11
      Moreover, Bryant fails to establish a basis on which the court could
have found that either of the exceptions set forth in section 1538.5,
subdivision (h) applied. He appears to contend that because he had been
granted the right to represent himself just one week prior to trial, he could
not, personally, have brought the motion sooner. This argument has
superficial appeal, because section 1538.5, subdivision (h) refers to the lack of
a prior “opportunity” to bring a suppression motion, and Bryant arguably did
not have the opportunity to file a suppression motion until after he began
representing himself. However, interpreting section 1538.5, subdivision (h)
to excuse a belated suppression motion on this ground would be inconsistent
with both prior interpretations of section 1538.5, subdivision (h) as well as
the statutory objectives of section 1538.5.
      “The procedural scheme established by Penal Code section 1538.5
displays a strong legislative preference for litigating prior to trial the legality
of searches and seizures.” (People v. Burke (1974) 38 Cal. App. 3d 708, 713
(Burke), citing People v. Superior Court of Butte County (1971) 4 Cal. 3d 605,
610 (Edmonds).) Hearing untimely motions at trial “thwarts one of the
statute’s purposes [citation] and misuses judicial resources.” (People v.
Jackson (1992) 7 Cal. App. 4th 1367, 1370, fn.3 (Jackson).) Trial courts are

11    The California Judges Benchbook: Search and Seizure (CJER 2019)
states that “[s]ome courts treat an untimely [section 1538.5] motion as a
motion in limine to exclude evidence,” although it also notes that “[m]ost
judges consider such treatment ill-advised . . . .” (Cal. Judges Benchbook:
Search and Seizure (CJER 2019) § 6.79.) This appears to be what the trial
court did here. As we discuss, such a practice is not merely ill-advised; it is in
fact unauthorized.

                                        12
thus not authorized to consider suppression motions at trial absent a showing
satisfying section 1538.5, subdivision (h). (People v. Takencareof (1981) 119
Cal. App. 3d 492, 496 (Takencareof), overruled on other grounds by People v.
Towne (2008) 44 Cal. 4th 63, 84-85.)
      Section 1538.5, subdivision (h) has been interpreted narrowly to permit
a trial court to hear a motion to suppress at trial only upon a showing of “an
intervening change in the applicable law or the discovery of new evidence in
support of suppression.” (Edmonds, supra, 4 Cal.3d at p. 611.) In People v.
Martinez (1975) 14 Cal. 3d 533 (Martinez), defense counsel sought to bring a
midtrial suppression motion based on an officer’s testimony at trial, arguing
that the officer had testified differently at the preliminary hearing and that
counsel was thus “previously unaware of the grounds for suppression.” (Id. at
p. 537.) The Supreme Court held that counsel had failed to establish good
cause under section 1538.5, subdivision (h), reasoning that defense counsel
was not limited to the transcript of the preliminary hearing and could have
learned the grounds for the suppression motion “by simply interviewing his
client.” (Ibid.) This holding has been construed as recognizing a due
diligence requirement for a belated motion to suppress. (People v. Frazier
(2005) 128 Cal. App. 4th 807, 828 (Frazier).)
      In Frazier, defense counsel sought to bring a suppression motion on the
eve of trial, arguing that he had been belatedly retained and had only
recently learned the relevant facts. (Frazier, supra, 128 Cal.App.4th at
p. 828.) The trial court denied the motion as untimely based on the finding
that the underlying evidence, which related to an allegedly unlawful search
of the defendant’s home, “appears to have been known to the Defense or
should have been known. The facts are not new.” (Id. at p. 829.) The Court
of Appeal affirmed, reasoning that defense counsel had been representing

                                       13
defendant for two months, that the facts of the searches were “central points
in the case” and thus, that they “must have been within the knowledge of
defendant.” (Ibid.) The court also found that a different result would have
the undesired effect of “encourag[ing] gamesmanship in the use of substituted
counsel and delay of trials.” (Ibid.)
      In this case, as in Martinez and Frazier, the facts underlying Bryant’s
suppression motion relate to his arrest and subsequent release with a
certificate of release—facts that were necessarily known to him since the
inception of the case and thus were either known, or should have been
known, to prior counsel. That Bryant could not personally have brought the
motion sooner does not mean that the opportunity to bring the motion did not
exist earlier; a suppression motion challenging the seizure could have been
brought by Bryant’s prior counsel, who was charged with acting on his behalf.
Even if Bryant’s decision to represent himself was motivated by a
disagreement with his prior counsel over whether to file the motion, under
Martinez, Bryant and his prior counsel were nevertheless required to act with
due diligence in bringing Bryant’s motion for self-representation, and there

was no showing of such due diligence.12 Also, a concern much like the one
expressed by the Court of Appeal in Frazier pertains here, namely, that if a
defendant granted the right to self-representation shortly before trial were
thereby excused from complying with the notice requirements of section
1538.5 on the ground that he could not personally have filed the motion
sooner, this might encourage gamesmanship in the form of belated Faretta
motions. We therefore conclude that the late timing of Bryant’s request for

12     Bryant’s Faretta motion was brought on November 19, 2018, the date
initially set for trial and almost two months after the criminal complaint was
filed on September 20, 2018.

                                        14
self-representation, and his related inability to have personally brought the
suppression motion sooner, is not a circumstance that satisfies section
1538.5, subdivision (h).
      In a footnote, Bryant states, “[t]o the extent the People argue that the
motion could have been brought earlier, the failure to do so falls on the
defendant’s prior counsel.” This statement is unaccompanied by supporting
argument or citation to legal authority. If it is meant as an allegation of
ineffective assistance of counsel, it is wholly inadequate, and we are not

required to consider it.13 (See People v. Stanley (1995) 10 Cal. 4th 764, 793
(Stanley) [“ ‘[E]very brief should contain a legal argument with citation of
authorities on the points made. If none is furnished on a particular point, the
court may treat it as waived, and pass it without consideration.
[Citations.]’ ”], quoting 9 Witkin, Cal. Procedure, (3d ed. 1985) Appeal, § 479,
p. 469.)
      Even if we were to consider whether Bryant’s prior counsel was
ineffective for failing to file a pretrial suppression motion, we would be
unable to resolve the issue on the record before us. “Reviewing courts will
reverse convictions on the ground of inadequate counsel only if the record on
appeal affirmatively discloses that counsel had no rational tactical purpose
for his act or omission. In all other cases the conviction will be affirmed and

13     Whether a trial court is authorized to hear a suppression motion at
trial upon the assertion that the failure to file a pretrial suppression motion
was the result of counsel’s ineffectiveness is undecided. (See Cal. Judges
Benchbook: Search and Seizure, supra, § 6.84 [“It is unclear whether the
court may hear a [section 1538.5, subdivision (h)] motion” on the ground that
“unless the court hears the motion, the defendant would be denied effective
representation.”].) However, because Bryant has not explicitly raised this
argument on appeal, we need not decide this issue now.

                                       15
the defendant relegated to habeas corpus proceedings . . . .” (People v.
Fosselman (1983) 33 Cal. 3d 572, 581-582.) Because the trial court decided
the suppression motion without receiving any evidence, we have only a
partial picture of the facts underlying the motion. Moreover, the record is
silent as to the reasons a pretrial suppression motion was not filed. On this
record, we cannot determine whether Bryant’s counsel had a legitimate
tactical reason for not pursuing such a motion. Any claim of counsel’s alleged
ineffectiveness is better pursued, if at all, in a habeas corpus proceeding.
      We conclude that the trial court correctly determined that Bryant’s
suppression motion was untimely under section 1538.5. Although we do not
doubt the court’s good intentions, it erred when it nevertheless proceeded to
consider the motion on its merits. A court that entertains a section 1538.5
motion at trial despite a defendant’s failure to make the showing required by
subdivision (h) “acts in excess of its jurisdiction” (Takencareof, supra, 119
Cal.App.3d at p. 496) and thereby “misuses judicial resources.” (Jackson,
supra, 7 Cal.App.4th at p. 1370, fn. 3; see People v. Smith (1973) 30
Cal. App. 3d 277, 280 [“[A]ppellant’s motion to suppress was improperly made
for the first time at trial, and although the court chose to entertain the
motion over the prosecution’s objection on this basis, it was incumbent upon
the court not to do so.”].)
      Moreover, by considering and ruling on the merits of the motion
without conducting an evidentiary hearing, the trial court effectively allowed
Bryant to sustain his initial burden to contest the legality of the seizure while
simultaneously depriving the prosecution of the opportunity to present
evidence justifying the deputies’ actions. (Williams, supra, 20 Cal.4th at
pp. 136-137 [“The prosecution has the burden of proving a justification for a
warrantless search or seizure, not merely refuting the defendant’s arguments

                                       16
for why its justification is inadequate.”].) On appeal, unable to cite to
evidence from the suppression hearing (because there was none) to establish
the merits of their respective positions, the parties have resorted to relying
on evidence from the trial. However, one of the general principles of
appellate law is that we review “only those matters which were before the
court when it made its decision” (Ramis v. Superior Court (1977) 74
Cal. App. 3d 325, 332); since the trial evidence was not before the court at the
time it ruled on the suppression motion, we cannot rely on it to review the
court’s ruling.
      “[I]t is a settled principle of appellate review that a correct decision of
the trial court will be affirmed even if based on erroneous reasons . . . .”
(People v. Johnson (2018) 21 Cal. App. 5th 1026, 1032.) The trial court
correctly determined that the motion to suppress was untimely under section
1538.5. Although the court erred in proceeding to consider the motion on its
merits, the court nevertheless properly denied the motion.
B. Posttrial Motions
      Bryant challenges the trial court’s denial of his posttrial motions, again
arguing that the deputies lacked probable cause to seize his backpack.
      Reports of investigation prepared by Deputies Greene and Pratola were
submitted as attachments to the posttrial motions. Both deputies also
testified at trial. When the trial court ruled on Bryant’s posttrial motions, it
did so with the benefit of this evidence. We therefore begin by summarizing
the facts of the deputies’ investigation and seizure of Bryant’s backpack as
they relate to the probable cause determination.
      1. Additional Factual and Procedural Background
      Greene responded to a report of theft at the Ayres Hotel at around
10:30 a.m. on August 28, 2018. Once there, he interviewed Kirk about the

                                        17
circumstances of the theft. Conner was present during the interview. Kirk
said he had been drinking beers with another hotel guest on the hotel patio
at around 8:00 p.m. the previous evening when an unknown man, described
by Kirk as a 6 feet 4 inches tall Black male adult, joined them. After retiring
to his hotel room to go to bed, Kirk was awakened at around 1:00 a.m. by the
same unknown man knocking on his hotel door. The man told Kirk that
there was something outside that Kirk that needed to see, pointing to elderly
women who were walking upstairs. Kirk exited his hotel room, leaving the
door open, and walked upstairs. When Kirk returned to his hotel room, he
noticed that his cell phone was missing. The following morning, he realized
that his laptop computer was also gone.
      As he related these events to Greene, Kirk’s speech was slurred. He
told Greene that he thought he might have been drugged. Although he
claimed to have consumed no more than five beers the night before, he still
smelled of alcohol. Greene thought that Kirk seemed confused and found his
story inconsistent.
      Pratola arrived at the hotel as Greene was finishing his interview.
Both deputies watched video footage of the incident recorded on a hotel
surveillance camera. The footage showed a male adult walk to Kirk’s hotel
room at around 1:00 a.m. and knock on the door. Kirk could be seen opening
the door, talking to the unknown male, and then leaving the room with the
man and walking out of view of the camera. The man initially walked with
Kirk but then returned to Kirk’s room alone, entered carrying a white plastic
grocery bag, and exited with the bag about a minute later.
      Kirk’s story made sense to Greene after Greene watched the video
footage, which corroborated what had initially struck Greene as an unlikely
account. As the deputies were leaving the hotel, Conner told them that he

                                      18
had given the suspect a ride the night before to an Albertson’s grocery store,
where Conner had made a purchase, and then to a Shell gas station, where
the man had purchased cigars. Conner gave the deputies his Albertson’s
receipt, which was time-stamped 10:22 p.m. The gas station manager was
able to isolate surveillance video from shortly after 10:22 p.m. In the
surveillance video, the deputies observed a man fitting the suspect’s
description purchasing cigars in the gas station store.
      At around 1:30 p.m. on August 28, Greene and Pratola responded to a
report of a disturbance at a Rite-Aid across the street from the Ayres Hotel.
They were directed to the pharmacy, where they found the person who had
reportedly caused the disturbance seated next to a black backpack. Both
deputies immediately recognized this person as the man from the gas station
surveillance video. They subsequently identified him as Vincent Bryant.
Pratola conducted a criminal records check and was able to confirm Bryant’s
identity with a recent jail booking photo. The records check also showed that
Bryant had two recently cleared warrants for grand theft and burglary. The
deputies escorted Bryant outside and called Conner to the scene for an in-
person identification. Conner said that he was “80-90 percent” certain that
Bryant was the person he had given a ride the night before.
      Based on this evidence, Greene believed that Bryant “was likely
responsible for the theft.” Greene also noted that Bryant’s backpack “was
heavy as if it contained a large amount of items inside it” and “was large
enough[] to conceal Kirk’s stolen property.” The deputies placed Bryant
under arrest, took possession of his backpack, and transported Bryant to the
Alpine sheriff’s station. There, Bryant requested to speak to a lawyer and
refused to consent to a search of his backpack.

                                      19
      At this point, Greene decided to release Bryant from custody but to
retain the backpack pending issuance of a warrant authorizing a search of
the backpack. Greene suspected that Bryant was responsible for the theft
but felt that he needed to gather more evidence to substantiate the charges
that he intended to recommend. In his report, Greene explained that he was
concerned that Kirk had seemed inebriated and complained of being drugged
when recounting the events from the night before, and that because Kirk had
been socializing with at least one other person apart from Bryant, it was
possible that someone else might have been responsible for the crime.
Accordingly, later in the day on August 28, Greene released Bryant with a
certificate of release pursuant to sections 849, subdivision (b)(1) and 851.6
but retained custody of Bryant’s backpack.
      On September 5, 2018, Pratola applied for and received a search
warrant authorizing the search of the backpack and seizure of the cell phone
and laptop. Upon opening the backpack, he discovered Kirk’s cell phone and
laptop. Pratola took photos of the backpack with its contents and returned
the stolen items to Kirk.
      Bryant’s posttrial motions were brought under section 1538.5. Bryant
argued that the certificate of release, together with other facts that he
claimed cast doubt on his culpability, established that the deputies lacked
probable cause to arrest him and thus, also lacked probable cause to seize his
backpack. He argued that the evidence obtained from his backpack should
therefore have been suppressed and that he was entitled to a new trial.
      At the sentencing hearing on December 28, 2018, the trial court denied
the posttrial motions on two grounds: (1) that they were untimely under
section 1538.5, and (2) that even if the motions were construed as motions for
a new trial, they were meritless because they relied on the same arguments

                                       20
that the court had previously considered and rejected when ruling on

Bryant’s previous motion to suppress.14
      Bryant argues that the evidence before the trial court established that
the deputies lacked probable cause to seize his backpack, and as a result, all
evidence obtained from the backpack should have been suppressed. Bryant
also maintains that the motions were not untimely under section 1538.5,
because they “could have been deemed motions for a new trial,” which are
timely when raised at the sentencing hearing.
      The People respond that the evidence before the trial court established

probable cause for the seizure of Bryant’s backpack.15
      2. Analysis
      “A trial court has broad discretion in ruling on a motion for a new trial,
and there is a strong presumption that it properly exercised that discretion.”
(People v. Davis (1995) 10 Cal. 4th 463, 524 (Davis).) “ ‘ “The determination of
a motion for a new trial rests so completely within the court’s discretion that
its action will not be disturbed unless a manifest and unmistakable abuse of
discretion clearly appears.” ’ ” (Ibid., quoting People v. Williams (1988) 45
Cal. 3d 1268, 1318.)

14    The prosecution did not file an opposition to the posttrial motions. At
the start of the sentencing hearing, the prosecutor indicated that he was not
aware that any posttrial motions been filed. The court responded that it “did
not solicit any response from the People” because “I didn’t think that they
were necessary. I was taking this one on my own[.]”

15    The People offer additional justifications for the seizure that we do not
reach because we conclude that the posttrial motions were properly denied on
the ground that they were untimely, and because the record demonstrates
that the seizure was supported by probable cause.

                                       21
      We begin with Bryant’s contention that his posttrial motions were not
untimely. Section 1538.5 authorizes a suppression motion to be filed before
trial or during trial, but not after trial. (§ 1538.5, subds. (h), (i).) Motions for
a new trial are governed by section 1181, which sets forth specific statutory
grounds on which a new trial may be granted. (§ 1181, subds. (1)-(9).)
Although Bryant asserts that his otherwise untimely posttrial section 1538.5
motions could properly have been considered as if they were timely motions
for a new trial, he offers no argument or citation to legal authority supporting
this proposition. This contention has therefore been waived. (Stanley, supra,
10 Cal.4th at p. 793.)
      Even if we were to consider this argument, we would find it
unmeritorious. Although section 1181 states that a new trial may be granted
“in the following cases only” (§ 1181), “it is not true that the grounds specified
in [section 1181] are the exclusive statutory grounds” for a new trial motion.
(6 Witkin, Cal. Crim. Law (4th ed. 2012) § 102, p. 144.) A trial court may
consider a motion for new trial where the failure to do so would result in a
denial of the defendant’s right to due process of law. (People v. Cardenas
(1981) 114 Cal. App. 3d 643, 647 (Cardenas).) However, in Cardenas, the court
held that due process considerations did not permit a trial court to hear a
motion for new trial on grounds that were already raised, and rejected, in a
pretrial section 1538.5 motion. The court reasoned that allowing such a
practice would violate the prohibition against filing renewed pretrial section
1538.5 motions, and that prohibiting defendants from renewing arguments
from a section 1538.5 motion via a new trial motion would not impair their
due process rights, because subdivision (i) of section 1538.5 grants a
defendant an even “greater” form of review, namely “the right to pretrial
appellate review by more than one justice.” (Cardenas, at pp. 648-649.)

                                         22
      This case is not entirely like Cardenas, in that Bryant did not file a
pretrial suppression motion, and the court decided the motion that he
brought at trial without considering evidence. Bryant has a statutory right
to an evidentiary hearing, assuming a timely and proper section 1538.5
motion (§ 1538.5, subd. (c)), and his denial of this right would arguably result
in a denial of his due process rights. However, Bryant’s section 1538.5
motion was untimely, and although, in the trial court, Bryant blamed the
failure to file a timely pretrial motion on his prior counsel’s ineffectiveness,
he has not properly raised this claim on appeal, as discussed, ante.
Accordingly, even if we were to consider the unsupported assertion that the
trial court properly could have considered Bryant’s posttrial section 1538.5
motions as timely motions for a new trial, on this record and in light of the
limited issues raised on appeal, we would find no manifest and unmistakable
abuse of discretion in the trial court’s decision to deny Bryant’s posttrial
motions as untimely. (See Davis, supra, 10 Cal.4th at p. 524.)
      Further, even if we were to consider Bryant’s next contention, namely
that the seizure of his backpack was unlawful, we would conclude that the
trial court did not err in denying his posttrial motions. Bryant argues, much
as he did in the trial court, that his release from custody pursuant to sections
849, subdivision (b)(1), and 851.6, together with the doubts that Greene
expressed regarding Kirk’s version of events in discussing his decision to
release Bryant from custody pending issuance of a search warrant, support
the conclusion that the deputies acted without probable cause when they
seized his backpack.
      Bryant concedes that there is no dispute about the facts relevant to the
probable cause determination. “Where the facts are not in conflict, the issue
of probable cause is a question of law reviewable de novo on appeal.” (Cornell

                                        23
v. City and County of San Francisco (2017) 17 Cal. App. 5th 766, 779; see
Ornelas v. United States (1996) 517 U.S. 690, 697-699 [holding that probable
cause determinations should be independently reviewed on appeal].)
      “ ‘Our review of issues related to the suppression of evidence seized by
the police is governed by federal constitutional standards.’ ” (People v. Tran
(2019) 42 Cal. App. 5th 1, 7, quoting People v. Lenart (2004) 32 Cal. 4th 1107,
1118.) “ ‘The Fourth Amendment proscribes all unreasonable searches and
seizures . . . .’ ” (Robey v. Superior Court (2013) 56 Cal. 4th 1218, 1224,
quoting Katz v. United States (1967) 389 U.S. 347, 351-352.) “[S]eizures of
effects that are not authorized by a warrant are reasonable only because
there is probable cause to associate the property with criminal activity.”
(Soldal v. Cook County (1992) 506 U.S. 56, 69.) “[L]aw enforcement officers
are entitled to seize property pending issuance of a search warrant if they
have probable cause to believe it contains contraband and the exigencies of
the circumstances so demand.” (People v. Link (1994) 26 Cal. App. 4th 1272,
1277, citing United States v. Place (1983) 462 U.S. 696, 701; Segura v. United
States (1984) 468 U.S. 796, 806 (Segura) [“[T]he Court has frequently
approved warrantless seizures of property, on the basis of probable cause, for
the time necessary to secure a warrant, where a warrantless search was
either held to be or likely would have been held impermissible.”].)
      As we have already stated, the only challenge to the legality of the
deputies’ seizure of the backpack that has been properly raised on appeal is
Bryant’s allegation that the seizure was not supported by probable cause. In
his reply brief, Bryant disputes whether sufficient exigencies justified seizing
the backpack and keeping it until a search warrant was obtained, and
contends that the eight-day delay between the seizure of the backpack on
August 28 and the issuance of the search warrant on September 5 renders

                                       24
the seizure unreasonable. (See Segura, supra, 468 U.S. at p. 812 [“[A] seizure
reasonable at its inception because based on probable cause may become
unreasonable as a result of its duration.”]; United States v. Martin (2d Cir.
1998) 157 F.3d 46, 54 [holding 11-day delay between agents’ seizure of UPS
package and procurement of warrant authorizing its search was not
unreasonable].) At oral argument, Bryant’s appellate counsel argued at
length about the purported lack of exigent circumstances justifying the eight-
day seizure. However, because Bryant raised these challenges for the first
time in his reply brief, we decline to consider them. (People v. Bryant, Smith
and Wheeler (2014) 60 Cal. 4th 335, 408; People v. Nelson (2015) 240
Cal. App. 4th 488, 497.)16 Therefore, our review of the justification for the

16     Additional considerations persuade us that it would be unfair to
consider the merits of Bryant’s contention that the deputies’ eight-day seizure
of the backpack prior to obtaining the warrant was not justified by
sufficiently exigent circumstances, or that they unreasonably delayed in
obtaining the search warrant for Bryant’s backpack, rendering the search
unlawful. Bryant’s initial suppression motion was filed without notice to the
prosecution, and the trial court ruled on the motion without hearing
evidence. In addition, Bryant did not raise the issue of the purported lack of
exigency or the delayed issuance of the warrant in the trial court. The
prosecution thus had no opportunity to present evidence of the reasons for
the delay in the deputies’ procurement of the search warrant. The
prosecution had no reason to explore the justifications for the delay during
the trial, because this information would not have been relevant to
determining Bryant’s guilt. Thus, the record on this issue is undeveloped and
precludes meaningful review, a deficit attributable to Bryant’s failure to raise
this issue in a timely pretrial motion. (See People v. Mendoza Tello (1997) 15
Cal. 4th 264, 267 (Mendoza Tello) [“An appellate court should not declare that
a police officer acted unlawfully, suppress relevant evidence, set aside a jury
verdict, and brand a defense attorney incompetent unless it can be truly
confident all the relevant facts have been developed and the police and
prosecution had a full opportunity to defend the admissibility of the
evidence.”].)

                                       25
seizure is limited: we consider only whether, at the time the deputies seized
the backpack, they had probable cause to believe that it contained

contraband.17
      We begin by addressing the contention that Bryant’s release from
custody pursuant to sections 849, subdivision (b)(1), and 851.6, indicates that
the deputies lacked probable cause to arrest him or to seize his backpack.
Section 849, subdivision (b)(1), provides that a person arrested without a
warrant may be released from custody if “[t]he officer is satisfied that there
are insufficient grounds for making a criminal complaint against the person
arrested.” Section 851.6 states, in pertinent part, that a person arrested and
released pursuant to section 849, subdivision (b)(1), “shall be issued a
certificate, signed by the releasing officer or his superior officer, describing
the action as a detention.” (§ 851.6, subd. (a).) The argument appears to be
that because Bryant’s arrest was transformed into a detention by operation of
these provisions, the underlying grounds supporting what was initially an
arrest must have amounted to something less than probable cause.

17     At trial, Bryant was permitted to fully explore the facts underlying his
probable cause challenge. Bryant questioned Deputies Pratola and Greene at
length about the circumstances of his arrest, his subsequent release under
section 849, subdivision (b)(1), and the seizure of his backpack. In addition,
Bryant was permitted to play the entirety of Greene’s body camera footage,
which included Greene’s interview of Kirk and his viewing of the hotel
surveillance video with Pratola and the hotel manager. Bryant attached to
his posttrial motions both deputies’ investigative reports, which discussed at
length the facts underlying their decisions to arrest Bryant, release him, and
to retain his backpack. The trial court took judicial notice of section 849. As
a result, the record relating to Bryant’s probable cause challenge is
sufficiently developed to permit us to address it on the merits without
running afoul of Mendoza Tello, supra, 15 Cal.4th at p. 267.

                                        26
      This same argument, known as the “ ‘ “disappearing lawful arrest” ’
trick,” has previously been considered and rejected. (Teter v. City of Newport
Beach (2003) 30 Cal. 4th 446, 454 (Teter), quoting Armondo v. Department of
Motor Vehicles (1993) 15 Cal. App. 4th 1174, 1178 (Armondo), and Behan v.
Alexis (1981) 116 Cal. App. 3d 403, 405 (Behan).) In Armondo, the appellant
was arrested for drunk driving and was subsequently released with a
certificate of release under sections 849, subdivision (b), and 851.6. She
sought to challenge the suspension of her driver’s license, arguing, in part,
that her certificate of release demonstrated that her drunk driving arrest had
not been supported by reasonable cause, as required to suspend her license.
(Armondo, at p. 1179.) The court rejected this argument, reasoning that
“[w]hether an arresting officer had reasonable grounds for initially arresting”
a criminal suspect “is a different question than whether, having done so, the
officer may determine there are insufficient grounds for bringing criminal
charges against him or her. [Citation.]” (Ibid.) In Behan, faced with a
similar challenge, the court decided “Once a lawful arrest, always a lawful
arrest.” (Behan, at p. 405.)
      Bryant claims that we should distinguish Armondo, Behan, and Teter
as involving different crimes (drunk driving in Armondo and Behan, and
public intoxication in Teter) in the context of administrative, rather than
criminal, proceedings. We disagree. As Bryant acknowledges, the statutory
purpose of the release provisions embodied in section 851.6 “was to prevent
hiring discrimination against persons who had been arrested, but not
charged with any crimes.” (Armondo, supra, 15 Cal.App.4th at p. 1178, citing
Behan, supra, 116 Cal.App.3d at pp. 406-407.) Just as the courts in
Armondo, Behan, and Teter found that the legislative objective of protecting

                                       27
against hiring discrimination did not override the legislative goal of
protecting the public from drunk drivers by suspending their licenses in an
administrative proceeding, we can perceive no rational basis why the
legislative purpose of preventing hiring discrimination should override the
legislative goal of protecting the public from felony theft offenses like those at
issue in this criminal proceeding. We therefore conclude, as did the courts in
Armondo, Behan, and Teter, that Bryant’s release under sections 849 and
851.6 had no bearing on the validity of his preceding arrest.
      Moreover, our determination of the legality of the deputies’ seizure
must be based on federal constitutional standards, not state statutory
procedures. “ ‘Our state Constitution . . . forbids the courts to order the
exclusion of evidence at trial as a remedy for an unreasonable search and
seizure unless that remedy is required by the federal Constitution as
interpreted by the United States Supreme Court.’ ” (People v. Camacho
(2000) 23 Cal. 4th 824, 830; see Cal. Const., art. I, § 28, subd. (f)(2).) Pursuant
to this constitutional mandate, our Supreme Court has held that compliance
with state arrest procedures is irrelevant to determining the reasonableness
of an arrest under the federal Constitution. (People v. McKay (2002) 27
Cal. 4th 601, 611-618 (McKay).) “[S]o long as the officer has probable cause to
believe that an individual has committed a criminal offense, a custodial
arrest—even one effected in violation of state arrest procedures—does not
violate the Fourth Amendment.” (Id. at p. 618.) So too, compliance with
state release procedures should not bear upon the constitutional validity of an
arrest or seizure; under McKay, the only pertinent question is whether the
arrest or seizure was lawful under the Fourth Amendment.
      We therefore turn our focus to determining whether, under applicable
federal constitutional standards, Deputies Greene and Pratola had probable

                                        28
cause to seize Bryant’s backpack. Probable cause is determined by
considering the information known to the officers at the time of the
challenged seizure. (Beck v. Ohio (1964) 379 U.S. 89, 91 (Beck).) Probable
cause exists when, based on the totality of the circumstances, there is a “fair
probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a
particular place.” (Illinois v. Gates (1983) 462 U.S. 213, 238 (Gates).)
      We conclude that the facts before the trial court established probable

cause to seize Bryant’s backpack.18 Kirk provided a detailed account of a
somewhat strange story. Although Kirk’s demeanor while relating the events
of the night before suggested to Greene that Kirk was still inebriated, and his
account of the events struck Greene as disorganized, Greene agreed that
Kirk’s narrative was consistent in its essential details, including his
description of the man who knocked at his door and convinced him to go
outside and look at elderly women, and his subsequent discovery that his
belongings had been stolen. Moreover, the details of Kirk’s account were
fully corroborated by the hotel surveillance video. In addition, Conner not
only corroborated Kirk’s description of the man Kirk said he had been sitting
with on the hotel patio the night before; Conner also provided a time-stamped

18     The parties agree that after Conner identified Bryant, the deputies
took possession of Bryant’s backpack, placed Bryant under arrest, and
transported Bryant and his backpack to the sheriff’s station. The backpack
was seized within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment when the deputies
took possession of it. (See United States v. Jacobsen (1984) 466 U.S. 109, 113
[“A ‘seizure’ of property occurs when there is some meaningful interference
with an individual’s possessory interests in that property.”]; see also Hayes v.
Florida (1985) 470 U.S. 811, 815-816 [holding that a seizure occurs under the
Fourth Amendment when the police remove a person from a “place in which
he is entitled to be and transport him to the police station, where he is
detained, although briefly, for investigative purposes”].)

                                       29
receipt that enabled the deputies to go to the Shell gas station and personally
observe the suspect on the gas station’s surveillance video footage.
      Based on the information they had gathered, when Deputies Greene
and Pratola encountered Bryant at the Rite-Aid and recognized him from the
gas station surveillance video footage, they reasonably believed that he was
the person who had been socializing with Kirk the night before, and that he
was likely responsible for the theft. Bryant’s recent history of arrests for
burglary and auto theft provided additional support for their suspicion.
Conner’s subsequent in-person identification only added to what was already
ample evidence identifying Bryant as the man who had knocked on Kirk’s
door in the middle of the night. The evidence of Bryant’s likely culpability,
coupled with the deputies’ observations that Bryant’s backpack “was heavy as
if it contained a large amount of items inside it” and “was large enough[] to
conceal Kirk’s stolen property,” made it objectively reasonable for the
deputies to conclude that there was a “fair probability” the backpack

contained the stolen items.19 (Gates, supra, 462 U.S. at p. 238.) The
deputies thus had probable cause to seize the backpack pending issuance of a
search warrant.
      As we have already discussed, Greene’s subsequent decision to release
Bryant does not, on its own, impact the probable cause analysis. Notably,
Pratola testified at trial that he had not entirely agreed with the decision to
release Bryant, indicating that the deputies had differing views of the

19    Although both parties state in their briefs that Bryant was seen with
the backpack on the hotel patio, the record reflects that this information was
not known to the deputies at the time they arrested Bryant and seized his
backpack. We therefore do not rely on this fact for our probable cause
analysis.

                                       30
sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal complaint. More
importantly, the probable cause determination relies on an objective
assessment of the totality of the circumstances, not on the deputies’
subjective impressions. (Ohio v. Robinette (1996) 519 U.S. 33, 39
[“Reasonableness . . . is measured in objective terms by examining the
totality of the circumstances”]; Beck, supra, 379 U.S. at p. 97 [“If subjective
good faith alone were the test, the protections of the Fourth Amendment
would evaporate, and the people would be ‘secure in their persons, houses,
papers, and effects,’ only in the discretion of the police.”].)
      Even if we were to consider Greene’s motives for releasing Bryant, his
stated concerns do not persuade us that the deputies lacked probable cause to
believe that Bryant had committed the theft or that his backpack likely
contained the stolen items. One of Greene’s concerns was that Kirk appeared
to be inebriated while relating his account of the events, which is essentially
a concern about Kirk’s reliability as a witness. However, Kirk’s account was
corroborated by the hotel surveillance video on which the deputies were able
to observe the theft as it took place. (See Pollock v. Superior Court of Los
Angeles County (1969) 272 Cal. App. 2d 548, 551-552 (“Evidence that reliance
on a report from an informer was reasonable may be established by proof of
past experience with the person giving the information or by the receipt of
similar information from other sources, or by the personal observation of the
police.”])
      Greene also expressed concern that Kirk had been socializing with
others and that “it was possible” that someone other than Bryant was
responsible for the theft. However, the possibility that another person might
have committed the theft did not negate the probability that Bryant was the
culpable party. (See Gates, supra, 462 U.S. at p. 235 [“ ‘[Only] the

                                         31
probability, and not a prima facie showing, of criminal activity is the
standard of probable cause.’ ”], quoting Spinelli v. United States (1969) 393
U.S. 410, 419.)
      We conclude that the facts before the trial court on Bryant’s posttrial
motions demonstrated probable cause for the seizure of Bryant’s backpack.
The only aspect of the trial court’s ruling on Bryant’s posttrial motions that is
properly before us on appeal is the court’s implied finding that the seizure
was supported by probable cause. Since we discern no error in the trial
court’s determination, we conclude that the court did not err in denying
Bryant’s posttrial motions.
                                DISPOSITION
      The judgment is affirmed.

                                                                     AARON, J.

WE CONCUR:

O’ROURKE, Acting P. J.

IRION, J.

                                       32