Court Opinion

ID: 9394798
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-16 15:08:56.28184+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:19:03.030614
License: Public Domain

Fourth Court of Appeals
                                     San Antonio, Texas
                                MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                        No. 04-22-00589-CV

Renee Kirchoff CHAPA, in her official capacity as County Commissioner of Jim Wells County,
                          Texas; and Jim Wells County, Texas,
                                        Appellants

                                                 v.

                             WYATT RANCHES OF TEXAS, LLC,
                                       Appellee

                         From the County Court, Jim Wells County, Texas
                                Trial Court No. 22-04-61861-CV
                        Honorable Michael Ventura Garcia, Judge Presiding

Opinion by:      Lori I. Valenzuela, Justice

Sitting:         Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice
                 Irene Rios, Justice
                 Lori I. Valenzuela, Justice

Delivered and Filed: May 10, 2023

AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED AND RENDERED IN PART

           In the underlying lawsuit, appellee, Wyatt Ranches of Texas, LLC (“Wyatt Ranches”),

alleged various causes of action against appellants who, in turn, filed a plea to the jurisdiction.

Renee Kirchoff Chapa, in her official capacity as County Commissioner of Jim Wells County,

Texas; and Jim Wells County, Texas (collectively, “appellants”), appeal from the trial court’s

denial of their plea to the jurisdiction. We affirm the trial court’s order denying appellants’ plea

to the jurisdiction based on Wyatt Ranches’ negligence claim, reverse the trial court’s order

denying appellants’ plea to the jurisdiction based on Wyatt Ranches’ trespass and inverse
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condemnation claims, and render judgment dismissing Wyatt Ranches’ trespass and inverse

condemnation claims.

                                               BACKGROUND 1

           Wyatt Ranches owns real property in Jim Wells County, Texas, located along County Road

352. The property is known as the Perez Ranch. Chapa is a Jim Wells County Commissioner who

supervises and directs county employees in her precinct to conduct certain operations. These

operations include, but are not limited to, maintaining public roadways and clearing brush or tree

limbs on county rights-of-way that might cause an obstruction to passing motorists. Oftentimes

(as in this case), motor-driven equipment is used to cut and clear the brush. Additionally, hydraulic

grapplers, trucks, and trailers are used to cut down, destroy, and haul off the remnants of the brush

and trees.

           On or about December 21, 2021, Chapa directed county employees under her control and

command to cut down forty-nine trees located on the Perez Ranch. To accomplish this, the county

employees left the public right-of-way and entered onto the Perez Ranch and proceeded to cut

down and remove trees located entirely on ranch property. Also destroyed were trees that were

partially located on the property and five outdoor waterproof security cameras positioned in the

trees. Wyatt Ranches contended none of the destroyed trees obstructed or otherwise impeded the

public right-of-way.

           Wyatt Ranches alleged the destruction of the trees was done without notice or consent and

Chapa never contacted the landowner to confirm or identify which trees were on private property

and which trees were on the right-of-way before cutting down the forty-nine trees. Wyatt Ranches

argued the destruction and removal of the trees was accomplished with motor-driven equipment,

1
    The background facts are taken from Wyatt Ranches’ first amended petition.

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including but not limited to, motor-driven chain saws, hydraulic grapplers, trucks, and trailers, all

of which were operated by employees of Jim Wells County and/or at Chapa’s direction.

       Wyatt Ranches sued appellants for trespass to real property and negligence and gross

negligence. Wyatt Ranches sued Jim Wells County for inverse condemnation. Finally, Wyatt

Ranches alleged claims under the Texas Tort Claims Act (the “TTCA”). Appellants filed a joint

plea to the jurisdiction asserting immunity was not waived under the TTCA and that Wyatt

Ranches’ pleadings do not support a constitutional inverse condemnation claim.              Various

responses and replies were filed. The trial court conducted a hearing, and later signed an order

denying appellants’ plea to the jurisdiction. This accelerated appeal ensued.

                   GOVERNMENTAL IMMUNITY UNDER THE TTCA

       On appeal, appellants argue the TTCA does not waive their immunity from Wyatt Ranches’

tort claims for two reasons. First, appellants note that the TTCA’s immunity-waiver provision

requires any property damage to “arise” from “the operation or use of a motor-driven vehicle or

motor-driven equipment.” See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 101.021(1)(A). Appellants

contend the County’s use of motor-driven equipment was merely ‘incidental,” and the “gravamen”

of Wyatt Ranches’ complaint was a negligent failure “to confirm or identify which trees were on

private property and which trees were on the right-of-way” of the county road. Second, appellants

contend the facts alleged by Wyatt Ranches amount to a trespass—a tort that falls within the

TTCA’s intentional-tort exclusion. See id. § 101.057.

A.     Standard of Review

       Sovereign immunity protects the State of Texas and its agencies and subdivisions from suit

and from liability. PHI, Inc. v. Tex. Juv. Just. Dep’t, 593 S.W.3d 296, 301 (Tex. 2019).

“[G]overnmental immunity provides similar protection to the political subdivisions of the state,

such as counties, cities, and school districts.” Harris Cnty. v. Annab, 547 S.W.3d 609, 612 (Tex.

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2018). The TTCA waives immunity when the plaintiff states a claim for conduct that violates the

statute. Alamo Heights Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Clark, 544 S.W.3d 755, 770 (Tex. 2018). “A

jurisdictional plea may challenge the pleadings, the existence of jurisdictional facts, or both.” Id.

When, as here, a jurisdictional plea challenges the pleadings, we determine if the plaintiff alleged

facts affirmatively demonstrating subject-matter jurisdiction. Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v.

Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 226 (Tex. 2004). We construe the pleadings liberally in favor of the

plaintiff and look to the pleader’s intent. Id. “Where the pleadings generate a ‘fact question

regarding the jurisdictional issue,’ a court cannot sustain the plea to the jurisdiction.” Ryder

Integrated Logistics, Inc. v. Fayette Cnty., 453 S.W.3d 922, 927 (Tex. 2015).

       “If the pleadings do not contain sufficient facts to affirmatively demonstrate the trial court’s

jurisdiction but do not affirmatively demonstrate incurable defects in jurisdiction, the issue is one

of pleading sufficiency and the plaintiff[] should be afforded the opportunity to amend.” Miranda,

133 S.W.3d at 226-27. “If the pleadings affirmatively negate the existence of jurisdiction, then a

plea to the jurisdiction may be granted without allowing the plaintiff[] an opportunity to amend.”

Id. at 227. Thus, to defeat a plea to the jurisdiction, the plaintiff suing the governmental entity or

its officers must plead facts that, if true, “affirmatively demonstrate” that governmental immunity

either does not apply or has been waived. Id. at 226. Whether a court has subject-matter

jurisdiction is a question of law we review de novo. Id.

B.     County’s Use of Motor-Driven Equipment

       A governmental unit is liable for:

       (1) property damage, personal injury, and death proximately caused by the
       wrongful act or omission or the negligence of an employee acting within his scope
       of employment if:
              (A) the property damage, personal injury, or death arises from the
              operation or use of a motor-driven vehicle or motor-driven
              equipment; and

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               (B) the employee would be personally liable to the claimant
               according to Texas law; . . ..

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 101.021(1) (emphasis added).

       Although the TTCA waives immunity for property damage that “arises from the operation

or use of . . . motor-driven equipment,” id.; “not all uses of motor-driven equipment are sufficient

to waive immunity.” San Antonio Water Sys. v. Overby, 429 S.W.3d 716, 722 (Tex. App.—San

Antonio 2014, no pet.). The damage must “rise from” such use. The TTCA does not define “arises

from.” The Texas Supreme Court has defined this standard as a “nexus between the operation or

use of the motor-driven vehicle or equipment and a plaintiff’s injuries.” Ryder Integrated

Logistics, 453 S.W.3d at 928 (citation omitted); LeLeaux v. Hamshire-Fannett Indep. Sch. Dist.,

835 S.W.2d 49, 51 (Tex. 1992) (“The phrase ‘arises from’ requires a nexus between the injury

negligently caused by a governmental employee and the operation or use of a motor-driven vehicle

or piece of equipment.”).

       “This nexus requires more than mere involvement of property.” Dallas Area Rapid Transit

v. Whitley, 104 S.W.3d 540, 543 (Tex. 2003) (“Whitley’s injuries did not arise from the use of the

bus. Rather, his injuries arose from the bus driver’s failure to supervise the public, which is

insufficient to waive immunity under the Tort Claims Act.”). Instead, “the equipment’s use must

have actually caused the injury.” Tex. Nat. Res. Conservation Comm’n v. White, 46 S.W.3d 864,

869 (Tex. 2001). Thus, the operation or use of motor-driven equipment “does not cause injury if

it does no more than furnish the condition that makes the injury possible.” Whitley, 104 S.W.3d

at 543 (citation omitted); Ryder Integrated Logistics, 453 S.W.3d at 928 (“In other words, even

where the plaintiff has alleged a tort on the part of a government driver, there is no immunity

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waiver absent the negligent or otherwise improper use of a motor-driven vehicle.”). 2 The Supreme

Court has described the threshold as something more than actual cause but less than proximate

cause. Ryder Integrated Logistics, 453 S.W.3d at 928-29. “Accordingly, a plaintiff can satisfy

the ‘arising from’ standard by demonstrating proximate cause.” Id. at 929 (noting, “[t]his is

particularly appropriate in the context of the TTCA, which only reaches injuries ‘proximately

caused by the wrongful act or omission or the negligence of an employee.’”). The components of

proximate cause are cause in fact and foreseeability. Id.

         In their plea to the jurisdiction, appellants contended Wyatt Ranches did not allege its

injuries arose because County employees were negligent in how they used motor-driven

equipment. Instead, according to appellants, Wyatt Ranches complained Chapa never contacted

them to confirm or identify which trees were on private property. Therefore, any injury arose from

alleged negligence in identifying the property line and not from the use of motor-driven equipment.

On appeal, appellants argue the use of a chain saw to remove trees should not trigger immunity

because the true nature of Wyatt Ranches’ claim is the erroneous judgment concerning the

boundary between the county right-of-way and private property.

         Appellants do not dispute that the equipment used by the County to remove the trees was

motor-driven. See White, 46 S.W.3d at 868 (“‘Equipment,’ which is not specially defined either

by the Tort Claims Act or an opinion of this Court, generally means ‘[t]he articles or implements

2
  See City of Laredo v. New Yorkers Apparel, Inc., No. 04-04-00887-CV, 2005 WL 1458248, at *4 (Tex. App.—San
Antonio June 22, 2005, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“use of the motor-driven equipment to remove the pavement and base
did not actually cause the flooding. Instead, the flooding was actually caused by the condition of the sidewalk and
road as it existed after the removal. Although the condition may have been negligently created by the City, the motor-
driven equipment did no more than furnish the condition that made the injury possible. Accordingly, the City’s
immunity is not waived.”); Ector Cnty. v. Breedlove, 168 S.W.3d 864, 867 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2004, no pet.)
(“Although the Breedloves attempted to bring their claim within the waiver of Section 101.021(1)(A) by phrasing
their claim in terms of Ector County’s ‘use’ of motor-driven equipment, Ector County’s use of motor-driven equipment
only furnished the condition-the increased grade and misplacement of culverts—that caused the flooding of their
home. The use of the motor-driven equipment did not cause the Breedloves’ injury within the meaning of the waiver
language in Section 101.021(1)(A).”).

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used for a specific purpose or activity.’ [citation omitted] “‘Motor-driven’ means, quite simply,

driven by a motor.”). Nor do appellants dispute that the motor-driven equipment was used by the

County to remove trees from Wyatt Ranches’ property. LeLeaux, 835 S.W.2d at 51 (citation

omitted) (“‘[o]peration’ refers to ‘a doing or performing of a practical work,’ . . . and ‘use’ means

‘to put or bring into action or service; to employ for or apply to a given purpose’. . ..”). Finally,

appellants do not argue that the individuals operating the motor-driven equipment were not

“employees” of the County. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 101.001(2) (“‘Employee’ means

a person, including an officer or agent, who is in the paid service of a governmental unit by

competent authority, but does not include an independent contractor, an agent or employee of an

independent contractor, or a person who performs tasks the details of which the governmental unit

does not have the legal right to control.”). The dispute is thus narrowed to whether Wyatt Ranches

alleged facts affirmatively demonstrating subject-matter jurisdiction—i.e., the motor-driven

equipment actually caused the injury. We return to the components of proximate cause.

       Regarding the first component of proximate cause, “[c]ause in fact is essentially but-for

causation.” Ryder Integrated Logistics, 453 S.W.3d at 929. “In other words, a tortious act is a

cause in fact if it serves as ‘a substantial factor in causing the injury and without which the injury

would not have occurred.’” Id. (citation omitted). “Because proximate cause is ultimately a

question for a fact-finder, we need only determine whether the petition ‘creates a fact question’

regarding the causal relationship between [Chapa’s] conduct and the alleged injuries.” Id. Wyatt

Ranches pled that by directing County employees under her control and command to cut down

forty-nine trees, Chapa caused a loss of significant value to Wyatt Ranches. These allegations

easily satisfy the standard that Wyatt Ranches’ damages were proximately caused by “the wrongful

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act or omission or the negligence of an employee” (Chapa) arising “from the operation or use of

. . . motor-driven equipment.” 3

         Regarding the second component of foreseeability, Wyatt Ranches alleged the destruction

of the trees was done without notice or consent, and Chapa did not contact the landowner to

confirm or identify which trees were on private property and which trees were on the right-of-way

before cutting down the forty-nine trees. “Foreseeability requires only ‘that the injury be of such

a general character as might reasonably have been anticipated; and that the injured party should be

so situated with relation to the wrongful act that injury to him or to one similarly situated might

3
  See PHI, 593 S.W.3d at 306 (“While [the driver] had turned off and exited the van before it collided with the
helicopter, the statute does not require in every case that the driver be in the vehicle at the precise time of the collision.
The statute requires that the accident arise from the use or operation of the vehicle, and as explained above, we
conclude that this language covers the allegations in question because ‘operation’ of a vehicle includes making sure it
does not roll away after it is parked.”); Ryder Integrated Logistics, 453 S.W.3d at 929 (because the injuries would not
have occurred but for the officer’s decision to position the headlights of his patrol car toward oncoming traffic, his
action was a cause-in-fact of the injuries); City of Houston v. Nicolai, 539 S.W.3d 378, 390 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 2017, pet. denied) (holding police officer’s affirmative decision not to use seat belt to restrain detainee was a
substantial factor in causing detainee’s ejection from patrol car during traffic collision); City of Houston v. Sw. Bell
Tel. Co., No. 01-16-00734-CV, 2017 WL 3262131, at *1, *5 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 1, 2017, no pet.)
(mem. op.) (Southwestern Bell alleged City’s operation of a backhoe was negligent because City’s employees failed
to ascertain what underground utilities were in the area before digging, thus damaging Southwestern Bell’s
underground cable; court held evidence was legally sufficient to support determination that Southwestern Bell’s injury
“arose from” operation of motor-driven equipment); Kilburn v. Fort Bend Cnty. Drainage Dist., 411 S.W.3d 33, 36
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, no pet.) (County undertook excavation operations to remove debris from a
creek and grade its banks. Some of this work took place on the Kilburns’ property, on which the County’s records
erroneously indicated it had an easement. By the time the County discovered the error in its records, the excavation
work was substantially complete. According to the Kilburns, the County’s work damaged the creek and the
surrounding property both aesthetically and functionally. The County alleged section 101.021(1) did not apply
because “[t]here was nothing negligent about the operation or use of the motor-driven equipment in this case.” Court
concluded Kilburns alleged sufficient facts to demonstrate trial court’s jurisdiction.); Doyal v. Tex. Dep’t of Criminal
Justice-Institutional Div., 276 S.W.3d 530, 535 (Tex. App.—Waco 2008, no pet.) (holding Doyal’s petition adequately
pled that his personal injury was proximately caused by the TDCJ’s employee’s negligence in the operation or use of
the motor-driven cell door; thus stating a claim under section 101.021(1)); Freeman v. Harris Cnty., 183 S.W.3d 885,
889 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, pet. denied) (Freeman alleged facts supporting his claim that his damages
arose from a County employee’s use of motor-driven equipment, i.e., an incinerator, and that there was proximate
causation between the employee’s alleged negligence and the loss of Freeman’s baby’s body. Freeman alleged, among
other things, that the County’s employees failed to follow County policy regarding the proper procedures for handling
the baby’s body and that this failure resulted in the use of the incinerator to negligently dispose of the baby’s body
following his autopsy. County argued that any damages suffered by Freeman were caused by the negligent acts of an
individual employee and not by the negligent use of the incinerator, itself. Court held the trial court erred in dismissing
Freeman’s case for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.); City of El Paso v. W.E.B. Invs., 950 S.W.2d 166, 170 (Tex.
App.—El Paso 1997, writ denied) (holding that negligence of a City employee in ordering the motor-driven equipment
to demolish the wrong building waived the City’s immunity).

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reasonably have been foreseen.’” Id. A reasonable person in Chapa’s position could have foreseen

that directing trees to be cut down, without confirming the location of the trees, might lead to the

destruction of trees on private property much like the destruction that ultimately occurred here.

The alleged harm is of the very character that might reasonably have been anticipated.

       Upon consideration of these allegations, we conclude Wyatt Ranches alleged an injury

arising from the use of motor-driven equipment for the purpose of Civil Practice and Remedies

Code section 101.021 by demonstrating proximate cause. Accordingly, the trial court did not err

in denying appellants’ plea to the jurisdiction based on Wyatt Ranches’ negligence claims.

C.     The TTCA’s Intentional Tort Exclusion

       In their plea to the jurisdiction, appellants contended the alleged conduct amounted to a

trespass—an intentional tort—for which immunity is not waived. Although the TTCA provides a

limited waiver of immunity for certain suits against governmental entities; see TEX. CIV. PRAC. &

REM. CODE § 101.021; it does not waive immunity for claims arising from any intentional tort.

The limited waiver “does not apply to a claim:”

       (1) based on an injury or death connected with any act or omission arising out of
       civil disobedience, riot, insurrection, or rebellion; or
       (2) arising out of assault, battery, false imprisonment, or any other intentional tort,
       including a tort involving disciplinary action by school authorities.

Id. § 101.057 (emphasis added).

       Trespass is an intentional tort. See Hidalgo Cnty. v. Dyer, 358 S.W.3d 698, 704 (Tex.

App.—Corpus Christi 2011, no pet.). “A trespass is usually regarded as an intentional tort in the

sense that it involves an intent to commit an act which violates a property right, or would be

practically certain to have that effect, although the actor may not know that the act he intends to

commit is such a violation.” Harris Cnty. v. Cypress Forest Pub. Util. Dist. of Harris Cnty., 50

S.W.3d 551, 554 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, no pet.).

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        In determining whether Wyatt Ranches’ claims are barred by immunity, we look to the

substance of the claims alleged because governmental immunity cannot be circumvented by artful

pleading. Tex. Parks & Wildlife Dep’t v. Sawyer Tr., 354 S.W.3d 384, 389 (Tex. 2011) (“The

central test for determining jurisdiction is whether the ‘real substance’ of the plaintiff’s claims falls

within the scope of a waiver of immunity from suit.”); McLennan Cnty. Water Control &

Improvement Dist. #2 v. Geer, No. 10-17-00399-CV, 2020 WL 4218085, at *4 (Tex. App.—Waco

July 22, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op.) (concluding trial court erred in denying defendant’s plea to the

jurisdiction because plaintiffs’ “factual allegations encompass intentional rather than negligent

acts”). Wyatt Ranches alleged trespass to real property as follows:

            At the time the causes of action asserted herein arose, Plaintiff owned the
        Property. Defendants’ act of entering the Property and removing and destroying
        trees outside of the County Road 352’s public right-of-way was physical,
        intentional and was voluntary and constitutes a trespass to real property. Defendants
        did not have permission, consent, or authority to enter the Property outside of the
        public right-of-way, and Defendants did not have permission, consent, or authority
        to clear and remove or destroy trees located wholly or partially on the Property. As
        a direct and proximate result of above-described acts of Defendants, Plaintiff has
        been injured and sustained damages in excess of the minimum jurisdictional limits
        of this Court for which they hereby sue.

        We agree with appellants’ that immunity is not waived for any claim by Wyatt Ranches

based on the intentional tort of trespass. Therefore, the trial court erred in denying appellants’ plea

to the jurisdiction based on Wyatt Ranches’ trespass claim. However, “a plaintiff’s negligence

claim against a governmental unit may arise out of the same facts that would also give rise to an

intentional-tort claim absent the governmental unit’s sovereign immunity.” Kilburn, 411 S.W.3d

at 39 (“the fact that the employees intentionally entered the property and undertook the excavation

work does not, standing alone, transform the Kilburns’ negligence claim into a trespass claim”).

“[T]he dispositive inquiry is whether the employees intended the specific damages they caused.”

Id.

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       Wyatt Ranches’ negligence claim is based on the same operative facts as its trespass claim.

Therefore, the factual allegations in Wyatt Ranches’ petition supports its negligence claim under

the TTCA. Compare id. at 39 (“In this case, the conduct of which the Kilburns primarily complain

is not the County employees’ act of entering the property, and the harm is not violation of their

property rights. . . . Construing the petition liberally in favor of the Kilburns and looking to their

intent, we conclude that the gist of their complaint is that the County employees negligently

performed excavation work in such a way as to cause physical damage to the Kilburns’ property.”),

with Harris Cnty., 50 S.W.3d at 554 (concluding appellee’s petition stated a cause of action for

intentional trespass because “the facts contained in appellee’s Second Amended Petition can only

support a theory of intentional trespass.”). We conclude that although Wyatt Ranches’ trespass

claim may be barred under Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code section 101.057, its

negligence claim is not.

                            INVERSE CONDEMNATION CLAIM

       Finally, Wyatt Ranches alleged a takings claim in violation of Article I, section 17 of the

Texas Constitution. That section provides that “[n]o person’s property shall be taken, damaged or

destroyed for or applied to public use without adequate compensation being made, unless by the

consent of such person.” TEX. CONST. art. I, § 17(a). Neither sovereign nor governmental

immunity shield a governmental entity from a claim based on an unconstitutional taking of

property. Sawyer Tr., 354 S.W.3d at 390. “If, however, the plaintiff fails to allege a valid takings

claim, the governmental entity retains its immunity from suit.” City of Floresville v. Starnes Inv.

Group, LLC, 502 S.W.3d 859, 866 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2016, no pet.). Whether a plaintiff’s

allegations are sufficient to constitute a takings claim is a question of law for the trial court to

decide. Mayhew v. Town of Sunnyvale, 964 S.W.2d 922, 936 (Tex. 1998).

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       “Generally, the government compensates the owner before appropriating property, either

by paying a mutually agreed price or by paying the value as determined in a statutory

condemnation proceeding.” Westgate, Ltd. v. State, 843 S.W.2d 448, 452 (Tex. 1992). “If,

however, the government appropriates property without paying adequate compensation, the owner

may recover the resulting damages in an ‘inverse condemnation’ suit.”             Id.    “An inverse

condemnation may occur when the government physically appropriates or invades the property,

or when it unreasonably interferes with the landowner’s right to use and enjoy the property, such

as by restricting access or denying a permit for development.” Id. The appropriated property must

also be applied to public use. Id.

       The elements of an inverse condemnation claim are (1) a governmental entity intentionally

performed certain acts (2) that resulted in a taking or damaging of property (3) for public use. City

of Floresville, 502 S.W.3d at 866. A taking “cannot be established by proof of mere negligent

conduct by the government.” Harris Cnty. Flood Control Dist. v. Kerr, 499 S.W.3d 793, 799 (Tex.

2016). “The essential element that must exist for a taking to be compensable is that the private

property was taken for, or applied to, public use.” State v. Gafford, No. 04-03-00168-CV, 2003

WL 22011302, at *3 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Aug. 27, 2003, no pet.) (mem. op.). “When private

property is damaged or destroyed merely as the result of government employees’ negligence, it is

not taken or damaged for public use.” Id.

       In its petition, Wyatt Ranches alleged as follows:

           At all times described herein, Chapa and Jim Wells County (through Chapa)
       were acting with the intent to cut down and destroy the forty-nine (49) trees located
       on the Perez Ranch. It is clear that the destruction of the subject trees constituted
       calculated and deliberate acts perpetrated by the Defendants. When Chapa gave
       the directives to remove such trees, the language used included verbiage such as
       “shit trees,” “trash trees,” and “ugly trees.” The fact that such adjectives were used
       by Chapa when directing her crew to destroy them leaves no doubt of her intent. In
       the most general of terms, Jim Wells County and Chapa have the authority to cut,
       trim and remove trees to discard such brush for reasons such as clearing the rights

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       of way for improved visibility and/or for prevention of brush fires or other public
       purposes. What they do not have is unfettered access to go onto a person’s property
       and destroy it without compensation. The Plaintiff was not and has not been
       compensated for the unlawful taking of such trees to date. The destruction and
       taking of Plaintiff’s trees to provide unincumbered views, for the prevention of
       brush fires or for any other use that would serve the public, exactly fits the public
       use/purpose contemplated by Texas Law.

           The above-described intentional conduct on the part of Chapa and Jim Wells
       County and its employees resulted in an unconstitutional taking of property
       owned by Plaintiff—their trees and real property rights—under section 17
       of the Texas Constitution without adequate compensation. Article I, Section
       17 of the Texas Constitution provides a right to compensation when property is
       taken for public use. In the instant case, the Defendants performed the act of
       cutting down and destroying Plaintiff’s trees, without compensation for public use.

       In its plea to the jurisdiction, appellants contended the intent and public-use elements were

absent because the pleadings do not allege facts showing (1) any taking of Wyatt Ranches’

property was within the authority of the county commissioner or any county employee and (2) any

specific intent to take Wyatt Ranches’ property for public use.

       In the context of an inverse condemnation claim, “the requisite intent is present when a

governmental entity knows that a specific act is causing identifiable harm or knows that the harm

is substantially certain to result.” Tarrant Reg’l Water Dist. v. Gragg, 151 S.W.3d 546, 555 (Tex.

2004). It is not enough that the act causing the harm be intentional. See City of Dallas v. Jennings,

142 S.W.3d 310, 314 (Tex. 2004). In Jennings, the Texas Supreme Court explained the type of

intent that must be shown to establish an inverse condemnation claim. The Court held it is not

enough to show merely that the governmental entity intended to perform the act that resulted in

the taking or the damage, because such a standard would hold the governmental entity to a stricter

standard of liability than a private person engaging in the same acts. Id. at 313. “Such a

requirement would also ignore the predicate of Article I, Section 17: that the damage be ‘for or

applied to public use.’” Id. “When damage is merely the accidental result of the government’s

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act, there is no public benefit and the property cannot be said to be ‘taken or damaged for public

use.’” Id.

       Wyatt Ranches argued Chapa ordered the trees cut down without notice or consent, and

never contacted the property owner to confirm or identify which trees were on private property

and which trees were on the right-of-way. Even if Chapa intentionally directed employees under

her control to destroy trees on Wyatt Ranches’ property, not every “intentional act can give rise to

liability for an intentional taking.” Id. Based on the allegations in Wyatt Ranches’ petition,

Chapa’s actions amounted, at most, to negligence; however, “[m]ere negligence is not the lawful

exercise of governmental authority, and therefore, does not constitute a compensable taking.” Id.

(holding, damage or destruction that occurs “merely as the result of government employees’

negligence” is “not taken or damaged for public use”). We conclude Wyatt Ranches failed to

allege the County acted with specific intent to take its property for public use. See Gafford, 2003

WL 22011302, at *3 (concluding same based on plaintiff’s allegations that “[t]he entry of the

Defendant, TxDOT, its agents, servants and employees upon Plaintiff’s land was made without

Plaintiff’s knowledge or consent. The unlawful entry and the destruction of the trees and

vegetation on Plaintiff’s property, without his consent or just compensation, amounts to a taking

of his property.”). Accordingly, the trial court erred in denying appellants’ plea to the jurisdiction

based on Wyatt Ranches’ inverse condemnation claim.

       The only question then is whether Wyatt Ranches’ pleading demonstrates an incurable

defect, or whether it should be given the opportunity to amend its pleadings. Based on the

arguments presented, there is no indication that the defects discussed above are curable. See

Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226-27. As such, we decline Wyatt Ranches’ request to remand the case

to the trial court so it may have the opportunity to amend its pleadings.

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                                                                                04-22-00589-CV

                                       CONCLUSION

       We affirm the trial court’s August 31, 2022 “Order Denying Defendant’s [sic] Plea to the

Jurisdiction” (“the order”) based on Wyatt Ranches’ negligence claims. We reverse the order to

the extent it denied appellants’ plea to the jurisdiction based on Wyatt Ranches’ trespass and

inverse condemnation claims and we render judgment dismissing those claims.

                                                Lori I. Valenzuela, Justice

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