Court Opinion

ID: 8840303
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-26 16:38:48.05483+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:05:11.140596
License: Public Domain

Brown, J.
The libelant propounded interrogatories, in the libel under rule 23, calling for the production of any letters, cablegrams, or correspondence between the respondents and their, agents, or the master, relating to the damage to cargo, which forms the subject-matter of litigation. To these interrogatories the respondent objects as unauthorized. Rule 23 of the supreme court, in admiralty, provides that ,,the libelant may require the defendant- to answer all interrogatories “touching all and singular the allegations in the libel.” The interrogatories must be confined, therefore, to the allegations of the libel; that is, to those matters . or particulars that go to make up the item of damage, or that constitute alleged defects, or the particular acts of negligence, or specifications of negligence, that might properly be averred in the libel, and are covered by it in at least general terms. Contracts, bills of lading, or other documents, when directly forming the subject-matter in litigation, may be the subject of interrogatories, and perhaps be required to be produced. But letters passing between the defendants and their agents do not stand in any such relation to the subject-matter of this suit. If the fact that certain information was communicated to the defendants was material-, that might authorize inquiry as to letters containing such information. But that is not the present case. No averment as respects such letters, or any information they contain, could here be properly pleaded. The libelant has the right to interrogate the defendant as to each and every material fact in issue; but the rule requires the defendant’s oath, and his oath only, in response thereto. It does not require him to produce documents, much of which would be hearsay, as mere evidence in thedibelant’s favor, or as a substitute for his own oath as regards the material facts in issue. Ben. Adm. 670, form 220. That is not, I think, within ■the intent of the rule. The inspection of documents is a different matter, and is obtained, when allowed, by a different procedure,-or under different rules. The English practice, which provides for the production of documents in actions at law, equity, or in admiralty, is founded *91upon express statutory provisions and definite rules of court. See Judicature Act, order 31, and various rules under it; Bustros v. White, 1 Q. B. Div. 423; English v. Tottie, Id. 141; Williams & B. Adm. Pr. 406; The Don Francisco, 1 Lush. 474; The Emma, 3 Asp. (N. S.) 218. We have no such statute applicable to proceedings in admiralty. Section 724 of the United States Revised Statutes relates to suits at law only; and, considering that the answers made to interrogatories are not evidence for the party -making them, (Cushing v. Laird, 6 Ben. 410; Cushman v. Ryan, 1 Story, 91; Hudson v. Jordan, 1 Ware, 389, 400; The L. B. Goldsmith, 1 Newb. Adm. 123; The Serapis, 37 Fed. Rep. 442,) I do not think the rulo should be extended beyond its plain intention. The interrogatories as respects the letters, etc., must therefore be disallowed.
Note. Since the foregoing was written, I am informed of a similar decision made by Judge Benedict in the eastern district in April, 1885, in the case of The Joseph Farwell, which was also a suit for damage to cargo. No opinion was-filed. The following is extracted from Mr. Mosher’s brief in opposition to the interrogatories propounded:
“Perhaps the clearest and fullest exposition of the origin and object of these interrogatories is to be found in the learned note to Hutson v. Jordan, 1 Ware, 386, 395. It is shown in the opinion in that case that, with the other general rules of practice in admiralty, those interrogatories come to us directly from the Roman law. Id. 389. In the civil law the practice of putting interrogatories was substituted for interrogatory actions after the latter fell into disuse. Id.898. But interrogatories were and are subject to the same rules, and governed by the same principles, as were the interrogatory actions. Id. 400. Now, it will be found by reference to the civilians quoted by the learned j udge, that the interrogatory action, and the interrogatories which were substituted for it, were confined wholly to eliciting the oral answers of the adverse party, and could not bo used to procure a discovery and coqiy of documents. For the latter purpose, there was a distinct action ad exhibendum. 2 Tiuberus, Trsnleetiones, p. 415, lib. 10, tit. 4. While the interrogatory action fell into disuse by the time of Justinian, the commentator says that Ulpian declares the actio ad exhibendum, to be most necessary in practice, and that its val lie is proved by daily examples. Id. 1. This actio ad exhibendum is the origin of the bill to discover written instruments in chancery. 2 Story, Eq. Jur. § 1487. (2) While, in the simple proceedings of the American admiralty, these distinctions of form may be disregarded, and discovery of written instruments be compelled, in a proper case, by interrogatories, the substantial rights of the parties must be preserved, and the one interrogated should not bo compelled to exhibit his business books, accounts, and correspondence before the trial, to be- digested by bis adversary at leisure, except on grounds strong enough to uphold an action ad exhibendum or a bill of discovery. Both the ancient action and the modern bill require that the actor or complainant shall show some especial right to the discovery sought beyond the ordinary interest of litigant to procure all attainable evidence in support of his case, and this special right must appear on the face of his pleadings. 2 Huberus, 4-15; 2 Story, Eq. Jur. §§ 1490, 1491. But whoever heard of a bill in equity seeking, under the circumstances of this case, the discovery here asked? If tho libelants were the factors, trustees, or stewards of the claimants, and bound to account to them, more could not be demanded. If they were charged with misappropriating the claimant’s property, a fuller discovery could not be required than that they exhibit
*92all their correspondence, accounts, and book .entries relating to the merchandise for which they sue. Such practice is repugnant to the spirit of our jurisprudence, which has always jealously guarded the private affairs of litigants from the unnecessary prying of their adversaries. £to precedent can be found for it either in equity or admiralty.”