Court Opinion

ID: 9297438
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-30 17:08:12.427255+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:13:26.618838
License: Public Domain

J-E01001-22

                             2022 PA Super 203

MACMILES, LLC D/B/A GRANT STREET                  IN THE SUPERIOR COURT
TAVERN                                                      OF
                                                       PENNSYLVANIA
                         Appellee

                    v.

ERIE INSURANCE EXCHANGE

                         Appellant                  No. 1100 WDA 2021

                 Appeal from the Order Entered May 25, 2021
              In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County
                      Civil Division at No: GD-20-007753

BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., BENDER, P.J.E., BOWES, J., LAZARUS, J.,
        STABILE, J., KUNSELMAN, J., NICHOLS, J., McLAUGHLIN, J., and
        KING, J.

OPINION BY STABILE, J.:                        FILED: NOVEMBER 30, 2022

      Appellant, Erie Insurance Exchange (“Erie”), appeals from the May 25,

2021 order granting summary judgment in favor of Appellee, MacMiles, LLC

d/b/a/ Grant Street Tavern (“MacMiles”) and denying its motion for judgment

on the pleadings. MacMiles owns and operates the Grant Street Tavern in

Pittsburgh Pennsylvania.    Like many similarly situated parties, MacMiles

suffered a significant disruption of its business activity during the Covid-19

pandemic.   And like many similarly situated parties, MacMiles believed its

economic losses due to the loss of use of its business premises were covered

under its commercial property insurance. Erie, like many other insurers who

have issued policies with substantially similar terms, denied the claim because
J-E01001-22

MacMiles’ commercial property did not suffer any physical damage. This issue

has made its way through many of our nation’s federal and state courts, but

it is an issue of first impression for this Court. Upon review, we reach the

same result as the near-universal majority of courts to have addressed this

issue:     the policy does not cover mere loss of use of commercial property

unaccompanied by physical alteration or other condition immanent in the

property that renders the property itself unusable or uninhabitable.          We

therefore reverse the trial court's grant of summary judgment in favor of

MacMiles and direct that judgment on the pleadings be granted in favor of

Erie.

         The specifics of the case before us are as follows. Erie sold MacMiles an

insurance policy (the “Policy”) covering, among other things, “physical loss of

or damage to Covered Property [….]” Policy, Commercial Property Coverage

Part, Section I, Coverages/Insuring Agreement.1 In relevant part, the covered

property in this case is the building wherein MacMiles operates the Grant

Street Tavern. On March 6, 2020, in response to the spread of the Covid-19

virus, Governor Tom Wolf issued a Proclamation of Disaster Emergency. The

proclamation was followed by a March 19, 2020 executive order directing the

temporary closure of non-essential businesses.           Restaurateurs such as

____________________________________________

1 The Policy appears in the certified record as Exhibit “A” to Erie’s answer and
new matter. All citations to the Policy in this Opinion will refer to sections and
paragraphs within the Policy’s commercial property coverage part.

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MacMiles were limited to offering take out, drive-through, and/or delivery.

Dine-in service was prohibited.

       MacMiles claimed coverage under the Policy for the loss of use of its

physical premises due to the Covid-19 pandemic and Governor Wolf’s orders.

Erie declined coverage and, on September 29, 2020, MacMiles filed a

complaint for breach of contract and declaratory relief.      On December 22,

2020, MacMiles filed a motion for summary judgment.           Erie filed a cross

motion for judgment on the pleadings on March 10, 2021. On May 25, 2021,

the trial court entered an interlocutory order2 granting partial summary

judgment in favor of MacMiles, finding coverage under the business income

protection portion of the Policy but a triable issue of fact under the civil

____________________________________________

2 The trial court certified the order for immediate appeal under 42 Pa.C.S.A.
§ 702(b):

       (b) Interlocutory appeals by permission.--When a court or
       other government unit, in making an interlocutory order in a
       matter in which its final order would be within the jurisdiction of
       an appellate court, shall be of the opinion that such order involves
       a controlling question of law as to which there is substantial
       ground for difference of opinion and that an immediate appeal
       from the order may materially advance the ultimate termination
       of the matter, it shall so state in such order. The appellate court
       may thereupon, in its discretion, permit an appeal to be taken
       from such interlocutory order.

42 Pa.C.S.A.§ 702(b). This Court has accepted jurisdiction pursuant to
§ 702(b) and Rules of Appellate Procedure 312 and 1311(a)(1), governing
interlocutory appeals by permission.

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authority provision (we discuss these in more detail below) and denying Erie’s

motion for judgment on the pleadings. This timely appeal followed.

      Erie presents two questions:

      1. Did the trial court commit an error of law in granting MacMiles’
         motion for summary judgment in part, and denying Erie’s
         motion for judgment on the pleadings on this record,
         concluding that MacMiles has shown direct physical loss of or
         damage to covered property where there was an alleged mere
         loss of use, absent any harm to the property.

      2. Did the trial court commit an error of law in concluding that the
         Policy’s Ordinance or Law exclusion does not apply to MacMiles’
         claims.

Erie’s Brief at 3-4.

      Summary judgment is appropriate where there is no genuine issue of

fact as to the matter in controversy and the moving party is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law.           Pa.R.Civ.P. 1035.2(1); Summers v.

Certainteed Corp., 997 A.2d 1152, 1159 (Pa. 2010). The pertinent facts are

not in dispute.    Indeed, MacMiles filed for summary judgment seeking a

declaration that the Policy provides coverage given the undisputed facts. We

are therefore called upon to interpret the Policy, a question of law for which

our standard of review is de novo and our scope of review is plenary.

Summers, 997 A.2d at 1159-60.

      An insured may invoke the Declaratory Judgments Act, 42 Pa.C.S.A.

§ 7531, et seq., to determine whether an insurance contract covers an

asserted claim. Genaeya Corp. v. Harco Nat’l Ins. Co., 991 A.2d 342, 346

(Pa. Super. 2010). Where the language of the policy is clear, this Court must

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give it effect. Indalex Inc. v. Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, PA,

83 A.3d 418, 420 (Pa. Super. 2013), appeal denied, 99 A.3d 926 (Pa. 2014).

“Also, we do not treat the words in the policy as mere surplusage and, if at all

possible, we construe the policy in a manner that gives effect to all of the

policy’s language.” Id. at 421. We will construe any ambiguity in favor of the

insured. Id. at 420-21. “Contract language is ambiguous if it is reasonably

susceptible to more than one construction and meaning.”          Pennsylvania

Nat’l Mut. Cas. Ins. Co. v. St. John, 106 A.3d 1, 24 (Pa. 2014). The insured

bears the initial burden of establishing that the asserted claim is covered. Erie

Ins. Grp. v. Catania, 95 A.3d 320, 322–23 (Pa. Super. 2014). If the insured

is successful, the insurer bears the burden of establishing the applicability of

an exclusion. Id.

      This dispute arises under a portion of the policy titled “Ultrapack Plus

Commercial Property Coverage Part”. The Policy provides:

      We will pay for direct physical “loss” of or damage to Covered
      Property at the premises described in the “Declarations” caused
      by or resulting from a peril insured against.

Policy, Commercial Property Coverage Part, Section I, Coverages/Insuring

Agreement.     The Policy’s Property Coverage Part provides coverage for

buildings, business personal property and personal property of others, and

income protection. It also provides additional coverage for losses resulting

from certain actions by civil authorities.      We first address the income

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protection coverage, pursuant to which the trial court granted partial summary

judgment in favor of MacMiles.

      Income Protection means loss of “income” and/or “rental income”
      you sustain due to partial or total “interruption of business”
      resulting directly from “loss” or damage to property on the
      premises described in “Declarations” from a peril insured against.

Policy, Commercial Property Coverage Part, Section I, Income Protection –

Coverage 3, ¶ A. Section II of the Policy defines perils”.

      This policy insures against direct physical “loss”, except “loss” as
      excluded or limited in this policy.

Policy, Commercial Property Coverage Part, Section II, Perils Insured Against,

Covered Cause of Loss.

      “Loss” means direct and accidental loss of or damage to covered
      property.

Policy, Commercial Property Coverage Part, Section XI, Definitions. Finally,

the following terms govern the amount of insurance available for income

protection coverage:

      We will pay the actual income protection loss for only such length
      of time as would be required to resume normal business
      operations. We will limit the time period to the shorter of the
      following periods:

      1. The time period required to rebuild, repair, or replace such part
         of the Building or Business Property that has been damaged or
         destroyed as a direct result of an insured peril; or

      2. Twelve (12) consecutive months from the date of loss.

Policy, Commercial Property Coverage Part, Section I, Income Protection –

Coverage 3, ¶ D.

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      As set forth above, MacMiles alleges loss of use of its covered property

(the building housing the Grant Street Tavern) due to the Covid-19 pandemic

and the resulting orders from Governor Wolf. Erie denied coverage claiming

that the Policy provides coverage in the event of total physical destruction

(loss) of property or partial damage to property. According to Erie, loss of use

unaccompanied by physical property damage does not trigger coverage.

      The trial court, construing the phrase “direct physical loss of or damage

to Covered Property”, reasoned that the disjunctive “or” between “direct

physical loss of” and “damage to Covered Property” supports a reasonable

reading of the Policy whereby a “direct physical loss” need not necessarily

result from physical or structural damage.

             The spread of COVID-19, and a desired limitation of the
      same, had a close logical, causal, and/or consequential
      relationship to the ways in which [MacMiles] materially used its
      property and physical space. Indeed, the spread of COVID-19 and
      social distancing measures (with or without the Governor’s orders)
      caused [MacMiles], and many other businesses, to physically limit
      the use of property and the number of people that could inhabit
      physical buildings at any given time, if at all. Thus, the spread of
      Covid-19 did not, as [Erie] contends, merely impose economic
      limitations.    Any economic losses were secondary to the
      businesses’ physical losses.

Trial Court Opinion, 5/25/21, at 14-15 (emphasis in original; citation omitted).

      Regarding the amount of insurance provision, the trial court reasoned

that it “merely imposes a time limit on available coverage, which ends

whenever any required building, repairs, or replacements are completed to

any damaged or destroyed property that might exist, or twelve (12) months

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after the initial date of the loss.” Id. at 17. Because it merely imposes a time

limit, the trial court found that the amount of insurance provision did not alter

its interpretation of “physical loss or damage.” Id. In essence, the trial court

concluded that MacMiles’ claim is covered because MacMiles’ proposed reading

of the Policy is a reasonable one.3

       We turn now to the judicial precedent on this question, of which there

is none from the appellate courts of this Commonwealth. But many parties

similarly situated to MacMiles have claimed coverage for loss of income during

the Covid-19 pandemic and the resulting economic shutdown under insurance

contracts substantially similar or identical to the Policy. Court decisions from

across the country overwhelmingly and persuasively support a conclusion that

MacMiles’ loss of income claim is not covered.

       First, and most fundamentally, we observe that MacMiles’ claim arises

under commercial property insurance coverage. Nearly all courts addressing

____________________________________________

3 The trial court relied in part on a dictionary definition of loss: “loss is defined
as DESTRUCTION, RUIN, … [and/or] the act of losing possession [and/or]
DEPRIVATION …” Trial Court Opinion, 8/2/21, at 12 (pagination ours) (citing
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/loss). Given the disjunctive
“or” between “loss” and “damage” in the Policy language, the trial court
concluded that loss must mean something other than destruction. Therefore,
the trial court relied on the portion of the definition defining loss as “the act
of losing possession [and/or] DEPRIVATION.” Id. We are unable to confirm
the accuracy of the trial court’s citation. Merriam Webster’s online dictionary
contains seven entries under “loss.” The first entry, ”DESTRUCTION, RUIN”
appears exactly as quoted in the trial court’s opinion. https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/loss (last visited June 9, 2022). The remainder of the
definition as quoted and relied on by the trial court (“the act of losing
possession [and/or] DEPRIVATION”) appears nowhere. Id.

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this issue have held that economic loss unaccompanied by a physical alteration

to the property does not trigger coverage under a commercial property

insurance policy.     For example, in Delaware Valley Mgmt., LLC v.

Continental Cas. Co., ___ F.Supp.3d ___ 2021 WL 5235277 (E.D.Pa.

November 10, 2021), the plaintiff medical providers were prohibited to offer

elective surgeries due to the Covid-19 pandemic.          They alleged that their

properties became contamination zones and that their ability to conduct

business was significantly limited. Id. at *2. Plaintiffs argued, as MacMiles

did here, that “physical loss of or damage to Covered Property” was

reasonably susceptible of more than one meaning and therefore ambiguous.

The District Court disagreed:

            Here, not only was there no physical alteration to the
      Covered Properties, but there was also no loss of utility of the
      buildings. Indeed, Plaintiffs admit that they “could remain open,
      but only for essential surgeries, not elective.” (Am. Compl. at ¶
      77.) And Plaintiffs’ loss of their ability to perform elective surgeries
      does not render the building “uninhabitable.” Rather, their ability
      to conduct business was limited, which resulted in purely
      economic losses.

Id. at *5.    Likewise, damage to property exists where there is “actual

structural damage” or where damage “unnoticeable to the naked eye

render[s] the property entirely useless and uninhabitable.” Id. at *6. The

Delaware Valley Court noted that the amount of insurance was tied to the

period of physical restoration, and that the period of restoration portion of the

policy made no sense unless the damage in question was physical damage.

Id. at *7.

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      Similarly, the Third Circuit Court of Appeals, applying the law of New

York and New Jersey, held that the presence of asbestos does not constitute

“physical loss or damage” unless it is present in the air in quantities sufficient

to render the building “uninhabitable and unusable.” Port Authority of New

York and New Jersey v. Affiliated FM Ins. Co., 311 F.3d 226, 236 (3d Cir.

2002).   In Port Authority, the mere presence of asbestos in the insured

building was not sufficient to trigger coverage:

            In the case before us, the policies cover “physical loss,” as
      well as damage. When the presence of large quantities of asbestos
      in the air of a building is such as to make the structure
      uninhabitable and unusable, then there has been a distinct loss to
      its owner. However, if asbestos is present in components of a
      structure, but is not in such form or quantity as to make the
      building unusable, the owner has not suffered a loss. The
      structure continues to function—it has not lost its utility. The fact
      that the owner may choose to seal the asbestos or replace it with
      some other substance as part of routine maintenance does not
      bring the expense within first-party coverage.

Id. at 236. (Footnote omitted).

      The Court of Common Pleas in Spector Gadon Rosen Vinci P.C. v.

Valley Forge Ins. Co., 2021 Phila. Ct. Com. Pl. LEXIS 16 (June 16, 2021),

reached the same conclusion. There, the trial court found that the plaintiff

law firm’s loss of use of its office space pursuant to Governor Wolf’s orders did

not trigger coverage under a policy covering direct physical loss of or damage

to its commercial property. Applying Port Authority, the trial court found

that physical damage to the insured property is necessary, especially in light

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of language in the policy contemplating a period of restoration during which

physical repairs take place. Id. at *10.

      Courts outside of Pennsylvania considering similar policy language have

concluded that the loss of use of a business during the Covid-19 pandemic

was not covered under policies insuring against physical loss of or damage to

commercial property. In Terry Black’s Barbecue, L.L.C. v. State Auto.

Mut. Ins. Co., 22 F.4th 450 (5th Cir. 2022) the Court held that the plaintiff’s

inability to provide dine-in services was an economic loss unrelated to the

insured’s property:

            TBB has failed to allege any tangible alteration or
      deprivation of its property. Nothing physical or tangible happened
      to TBB’s restaurants at all. In fact, TBB had ownership of, access
      to, and ability to use all physical parts of its restaurants at all
      times. And importantly, the prohibition on dine-in services did
      nothing to physically deprive TBB of any property at its
      restaurants.

Id. at 456; see also, Santo’s Italian Café LLC v. Acuity Ins. Co., 15 F.4th

398, 402 (6th Cr. 2021) (noting that direct physical loss and direct physical

damage are the “North Star of this property insurance policy from start to

finish”); Real Hosp., LLC v. Travelers Cas. Ins. Co. of Am., 499 F. Supp.3d

288 (S.D. Miss.2020) (holding that insurance against physical loss of or

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damage to commercial property covers damage to the insured’s building and

personal property but not the operations).4

       Instantly, the trial court relied on In re Soc’y Ins. Co. Covid-19 Bus.

Interruption Prot. Ins. Litig., 521 F.Supp.3d 729 (N.D. Ill. 2021). There,

the Federal District Court found a factual issue as to whether the insured

restaurant and hospitality businesses suffered a direct physical loss of their

property as a result of the loss of in-person dining during the Covid-19

pandemic.      The insureds argued that the presence of Covid-19 on their

premises was physical damage that created the loss. Id. at 732. The District

Court reasoned that the policy in question did not contain a virus exclusion.

____________________________________________

4  As noted in the main text, nearly all courts addressing commercial property
insurance policies similar to the one at issue have found that a physical
alteration to the subject property is necessary to trigger coverage. For
representative federal cases, See, e.g., 10012 Holdings, Inc. v. Sentinel
Ins., 21 F.4th 216 (2d Cir. 2021); Crescent Plaza Hotel Owner, L.P. v.
Zurich Am. Ins. Co., 20 F.4th 303 (7th Cir. 2021); Sandy Point Dental,
P.C. v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., 20 F.4th 327 (7th Cir. 2021); Oral Surgeons,
P.C. v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., 2 F.4th 1141 (8th Cir. 2021); Mudpie, Inc. v.
Travelers Cas. Ins. Co. of Am., 15 F. 4th 885 (9th Cir. 2021); Goodwill
Indus. of Cent. Okla., 21 F.4th 704 (10th Cir. 2021).

For representative state court cases, See, e.g., Inns by the Sea v.
California Mut. Ins. Co., 71 Cal.App.5th 688 (Cal. Ct. App. 2021); Indiana
Repertory Theatre v. Cincinnati Cas. Co., 180 N.E.3d 403 (Ind. Ct. App.
2022); Wakonda Club v. Selective Ins. Co. of Am., 973 N.W.2d 545 (Iowa
2022); Verveine Co. v. Strathmore Ins. Co., 184 N.E.3d 1266 (Mass.
2022); Gavrilides Mgmt. Co., LLC v. Michigan Ins. Co., ___ N.W. ___
2022 WL 301555 (Mich. Ct. App. Feb. 1, 2022); MAC Prop. Grp. v. Selective
Fire and Cas. Ins. Co., ___ A.3d ___ (N.J. App. Div. June 20, 2022); Nail
Nook, Inc. v. Hiscox Ins. Co. Inc., 182 N.E.3d 356 (Ohio Ct. App. 2021);
Collectivo Coffee Roasters Inc. v. Society Ins., 974 N.W.2d 442 (Wis.
2022).

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Id. at 735. Also, like the trial court instantly, the Northern District of Illinois

relied on the disjunctive “or” in “direct physical loss of or damage to Covered

Property” to support an interpretation of the policy language whereby physical

loss meant something different from physical damage. Id. at 741.

       In any event, the weight of authority is to the contrary and the Seventh

Circuit implicitly overruled In re Soc’y, concluding that commercial property

policies do not provide coverage for business interruptions due to Covid-19.

Sandy Point Dental, 20 F.4th 327 (7th Cir. 2021). Likewise, in Hair Studio

1208, LLC v. Hartford Underwriter’s Ins. Co., 539 F.Supp.3d 409 (E.D.Pa.

2021), the Federal District Court cited Port Authority for the proposition that

physical loss exists when a structure is “uninhabitable and unusable.” Id. at

417. Pure economic loss is not property damage. Id. Said another way,

policy language covering “direct physical loss or damage” unambiguously

requires that the “claimed loss or damage must be physical in nature.” Id. at

418 (quoting Philadelphia Parking Auth. v. Fed. Ins. Co., 385 F.Supp.2d

280, 289 (S.D.N.Y. 2005)).5

       Cases cited by Appellee and various amici do not refute this point. In

Motorists Mut. Ins. Co. v. Hardinger, 131 Fed. App’x 823, 826 (3d Cir.

2005), for example, the Third Circuit found a question of fact as to whether

____________________________________________

5  In Philadelphia Parking Auth., the Southern District of New York held
that economic loss stemming from loss of business after the September 11,
2001 terrorist attacks was not covered.

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an e coli contamination of well water was a “physical loss” under a

homeowner’s policy. The family alleged they vacated the house because all

of them experienced persistent illnesses and skin problems upon moving in.

Id. at 824.   Thus, the facts in Hardinger met the test set forth in Port

Authority of New York, wherein the Third Circuit wrote that invisible

damage constitutes physical loss where it renders the building unusable or

uninhabitable. 311 F.3d at 236 The same is true of cases where buildings

became unusable due to the presence of gas or noxious fumes. See Essex

Ins. Co. v. BloomSouth Flooring Corp., 562 F.3d 399 (1st Cir. 2009)

(holding that the presence of an unexplained chemical odor sufficiently alleged

a physical injury to the insured’s building, thus triggering the insurer’s duty to

defend); TRAVCO Ins. Co. v. Ward, 715 F.Supp.2d 699, 707 (E.D.Va. 2010)

(holding that a noxious odor emitting from defective drywall constituted a

direct physical loss), aff’d, 504 Fed. App’x 251 (4th Cir. 2013) Western Fire

Ins. Co. v. First Presbyterian Church, 437 P.2d 52 (Colo. 1968) (holding

that the insured suffered a direct physical loss where gasoline accumulated in

the soil under and around the insured’s building and gasoline vapors rendered

the building uninhabitable). In cases such as these, the condition that caused

the loss, though not a visible physical alteration to the covered property, was

physically present in the covered building.         Instantly, in contrast, the

prohibition on in-person dining had nothing to do with any condition, visible

or invisible, at the Grant Street Tavern. Rather, the prohibition was meant to

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eliminate the possibility of infected patrons spreading an airborne illness to

uninfected patrons. As MacMiles alleged: "The coronavirus causing COVID-

19 is thought to spread mainly from person to person, primarily through

respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.”

Complaint, 9/29/20, at ¶ 9. In previous cases wherein an airborne toxin or

odor rendered covered property unusable, the toxin or odor was immanent in

the property. It was not an airborne illness that people brought in with them.

In a case involving the scope of property insurance coverage, this distinction

is critical.6

       Ultimately, the question before us is not complicated. The provisions of

the Policy at issue here cover commercial property. But MacMiles argues, and

the trial court found, that “direct physical loss of or damage to Covered

Property” covers pure economic loss caused by MacMiles’ loss of use because

of the disjunctive “or” between loss and damage. Policy, Commercial Property

Coverage Part, Section I, Coverages/Insuring Agreement (emphasis added).

That reading is reasonable if and only if “physical loss” means something

distinct from a loss due to a physical alteration or destruction of the property.

____________________________________________

6 Much has been made of the observation in Couch on Insurance that “physical
alteration” is the most common coverage trigger for a policy insuring against
“physical loss or damage” to covered property. COUCH ON INSURANCE, § 148:46
(3d ed. 2000). Because the analysis in § 148:46 neither relied on nor
anticipated the present circumstances, we do not find it helpful. In our view,
neither side of this debate advances its argument by citing or attacking the
conclusions reached in § 148:46.

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That is, we must conclude it is reasonable to read the Policy as covering mere

loss of use even though the Policy never expressly says so; even though the

policy repeatedly uses the word damage; and even though the amount of

insurance provision references the time period necessary to “repair, replace,

or rebuild” any part of the covered property that had been “damaged or

destroyed.”   These latter terms make sense only in the context of partial

physical damage to or total destruction of the covered property. They do not

make sense in the context of a purely economic loss. See e.g., Dino Drop,

Inc. v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., 544 F.Supp.3d 789, 798 (E.D.Mich. 2021)

(holding that physical loss and damage “can only be reasonably be construed

as extending to events that impact the physical premises completely (loss) or

partially (damage).”). The trial court’s reading of the Policy is strained, and

we find that we are constrained to reject that holding.

      Further, MacMiles has failed to allege any physical damage.      Dine-in

service was prohibited, but preparation of meals for takeout or delivery was

permitted.       Thus, MacMiles’ building was not rendered unusable or

uninhabitable.    And Covid-19, a primarily airborne illness, did no physical

damage to MacMiles’ covered property. In-person dining was prohibited to

prevent infected diners from spreading the virus to others, not because any

condition immanent in the Grant Street Tavern rendered the building unusable

by diners.

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      Ultimately, our analysis, aided by persuasive authority from numerous

other federal and state jurisdictions, leads us to conclude the trial court erred

in finding that MacMiles established a valid claim for coverage under the

business income provisions of the Policy. We will therefore reverse the trial

court’s order granting summary judgment insofar as it granted summary

judgment in favor of MacMiles on this issue. Because the pertinent facts are

undisputed and the question before us is purely one of law, we direct the trial

court to enter an order granting judgment on the pleadings in favor of Erie on

this issue.

      Next, we consider whether a material issue of fact exists under the civil

authority provision of the Policy. Civil Authority coverage is listed under the

“Additional Coverages” section of the Policy.     It reads in pertinent part as

follows:

      1. Civil Authority

           When a peril insured against causes damage to property other
           than property at the premises described in the “Declarations”,
           we will pay for the actual loss of “income” and/or “rental
           income” you sustain and necessary “extra expense” caused by
           action of civil authority that prohibits access to the premises
           described in the “Declarations” provided that both of the
           following apply:

              a. Access to the area immediately surrounding the
                 damaged property is prohibited by civil authority as a
                 result of the damage, and the premises described in the
                 “Declarations” are within that area but are not more than
                 one mile from the damaged property; and

              b. The action of civil authority is taken in response to
                 dangerous physical conditions resulting from the damage

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                 or continuation of the peril insured against that caused
                 the damage, or the action is taken to enable a civil
                 authority to have unimpeded access to the damaged
                 property.

Policy, Commercial Property Coverage Part, Section I, Income Protection –

Coverage 3, ¶ C1.

      The trial court concluded that, under the civil authority provision, mere

loss of use of a nearby property is not covered. Given that the Civil Authority

provision expressly requires damage to a property other than the insured

property, a showing of physical damage is required. The trial court found that

a question of fact existed as to whether the Covid-19 virus was physically

present at a nearby property and that its presence constituted covered

physical damage.      MacMiles also would have to show that the applicable

governor’s orders were taken in response to dangerous physical conditions

resulting from damage to a nearby property. Trial Court Opinion, 5/25/21, at

18-19. The trial court therefore denied the competing motions on this issue.

      Upon review, we conclude that the trial court erred in finding a triable

issue of fact.   As discussed above, where the alleged property damage is

invisible (as is the possible presence of Covid-19 on surfaces), it does not

qualify as physical damage for purposes of a commercial property insurance

policy. The Delaware Valley Court allowed for a possible exception to this

rule where the invisible damage renders a building unusable or uninhabitable,

but MacMiles has not alleged that any business within a mile of its premises

was rendered unusable or uninhabitable by the presence of Covid-19. Thus,

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the threshold damage requirement is not met, and MacMiles cannot recover

under the civil authority provision of the Policy.    The trial court erred in

denying Erie’s motion for judgment on the pleadings on this issue.

      In its second question presented Erie challenges the trial court’s finding

that the Policy’s governmental authority exclusion was inapplicable. Because

we have concluded that MacMiles has failed to establish the existence of

coverage, we need not assess the applicability of any exclusion.

      For the foregoing reasons, we conclude the trial court erred in granting

partial summary judgment in favor of MacMiles and in denying Erie’s motion

for judgment on the pleadings. On the undisputed facts before us, Erie is

entitled to judgment on the pleadings in its favor on the coverage issues.

      Order reversed. Jurisdiction relinquished.

      President Judge Emeritus Bender, Judge Bowes, Judge McLaughlin, and

Judge King join the opinion.

      Judge Lazarus, Judge Kunselman, and Judge Nichols concur in the

result.

      President Judge Panella files a concurring statement in which Judge

Lazarus, Judge Kunselman, and Judge Nichols join.

                                    - 19 -
J-E01001-22

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 11/30/2022

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