Court Opinion

ID: 2701377
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-04 19:32:38.349236+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:53:45.112424
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Clifford, 2010-Ohio-4867.]

                            STATE OF OHIO, JEFFERSON COUNTY

                                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                          SEVENTH DISTRICT

STATE OF OHIO,                                  )
                                                )   CASE NO. 09 JE 32
        PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE,                     )
                                                )
        - VS -                                  )         OPINION
                                                )
ANTONIO CLIFFORD,                               )
                                                )
        DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.                    )

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDINGS:                           Criminal Appeal from Common Pleas
                                                    Court, Case No. 06 CR 113.

JUDGMENT:                                           Affirmed.

APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellee:                             Attorney Thomas Straus
                                                    Prosecutor
                                                    Attorney Jane M. Hanlin
                                                    Assistant Prosecutor
                                                    16001 State Route 7
                                                    Steubenville, OH 43952

For Defendant-Appellant:                            Attorney Timothy Young
                                                    Ohio Public Defender
                                                    Attorney Spencer Cahoon
                                                    Assistant Ohio Public Defender
                                                    250 E. Broad Street
                                                    Columbus, OH 43215

JUDGES:
Hon. Mary DeGenaro
Hon. Gene Donofrio
Hon. Cheryl L. Waite

                                                    Dated: September 29, 2010
                                                                                             -2-

DeGenaro, J.
       {¶1}    This timely appeal comes for consideration upon the record in the trial court,
the parties' briefs and their oral arguments before this court. Appellant, Antonio Clifford,
appeals the August 10, 2007 decision of the Jefferson County Court of Common Pleas
that imposed a jointly-recommended sentence of life in prison, with the possibility of
parole after 33 years, subsequent to accepting Clifford's plea of guilty to aggravated
murder, aggravated robbery, tampering with evidence, and two accompanying firearm
specifications.
       {¶2}    Clifford argues that he was denied his right to allocution as afforded by
Crim.R. 32 and R.C. 2929.19(A). Clifford further argues that his sentencing hearing was
deficient because the trial court did not comply with the mandatory sentencing statute
relating to victim impact statements. The sentencing transcript reveals that before the
trial court could directly ask Clifford if he wished to exercise his right to allocution, Clifford
had counsel relay a personal statement of remorse on his behalf, rather than express it to
the trial court himself. Because Clifford invited the error now complained of, and the trial
court complied with the sentencing statutes, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
                               Facts and Procedural History
       {¶3}    On August 2, 2006, Clifford was indicted for one count of aggravated
murder, in violation of R.C. 2903.01(B); one count of aggravated robbery, in violation of
R.C. 2911.01(A)(1); two accompanying firearm specifications, pursuant to R.C. 2941.145;
and one count of tampering with evidence, in violation of R.C. 2921.12(A)(1). Clifford was
arraigned on August 9, 2006, entered a plea of not guilty, and was appointed counsel.
       {¶4}    According to the State's Bill of Particulars, Clifford and other defendants
committed an aggravated robbery against Joshua Sweat on July 29, 2006, during which
Clifford shot and killed Sweat. Clifford then disposed of the weapons and the clothing he
had been wearing.
       {¶5}    On August 6, 2007, Clifford withdrew his former plea, entered a plea of
guilty, and was sentenced. During the hearing, the parties stated that they had entered
an agreement wherein Clifford agreed to plead guilty to the three counts and two firearm
                                                                                         -3-

specifications, the State would dismiss the death penalty specification, and the
recommended sentence would be life in prison without the possibility of parole for 33
years. Specifically, the parties stated:
       {¶6}   "[THE STATE:] Pursuant to negotiations between the Prosecutor's Office
and Attorneys Olivito and Carinci the agreement that we have is as follows: Antonio
Clifford will plead guilty to the murder of Joshua Sweat. The State of Ohio will dismiss the
death specification. He will plead guilty to the second specification in Count One. He will
plead guilty to Count Two along with the specification in Count Two, and he will plead
guilty to Count Three.
       {¶7}   "The sentencing recommendation that we have for the Court today is that
he will be sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole for twenty years for
the murder; that he be sentenced to ten years in prison for the aggravated robbery, and
that that charge or that sentence rather be served consecutively; and finally, that he will
plead guilty to Count Three which is the tampering with evidence charge. He will be
sentenced to five years on that charge, however, it would run concurrent with sentences
in Count One and Count Two.
       {¶8}   "In terms of the gun specifications, he will serve an additional three years for
those gun specifications.
       {¶9}   "The net sentence in this case is that he will be sentenced to life in prison
without the possibility of parole for at least thirty-three years.
       {¶10} "THE COURT: Defense.
       {¶11} "[DEFENSE COUNSEL:] If it please the Court, that's the understanding of
the Defendant at this time. It's a correct recitation, Your Honor.
       {¶12} "THE COURT: Mr. Clifford, did you hear all that?
       {¶13} "THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.
       {¶14} "THE COURT: Is that [what] you expected to hear when you came in the
courtroom this afternoon?
       {¶15} "THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.
       {¶16} "THE COURT: And is that what you think you want to do?
                                                                                            -4-

         {¶17} "THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir."
         {¶18} The trial court then entered into a lengthy colloquy with Clifford, at the end
of which the trial court accepted his guilty plea as knowing, voluntary and intelligent. The
State proceeded to present victim impact statements. After the trial court heard the
statements of the victim's sister, mother and father, the trial court addressed the parties:
         {¶19} "THE COURT: Is there anything additional on behalf of the State?
         {¶20} "[THE STATE:] No, your Honor.
         {¶21} "THE COURT: Defense, anything on behalf of defense?
         {¶22} "[DEFENSE COUNSEL:] If it please the Court, the Defendant has asked me
to say that he is truly sorry for the offense he committed and for the difficulties that he has
caused the family for the loss of their son.
         {¶23} The trial court then accepted the joint sentencing recommendation, and
imposed a net sentence of life in prison without the possibility of parole for 33 years.
Specifically, the trial court imposed a sentence of life in prison, with possibility of parole
after twenty years, for the aggravated murder count; ten years in prison for the
aggravated robbery count, to be run consecutively; five years for the tampering with
evidence count, to be run concurrently; and three years for each of the two firearm
specifications, to be run concurrently with each other and consecutively to the other
terms.
         {¶24} Clifford did not file a direct appeal. On October 5, 2009 this court accepted
Clifford's motion for leave to file a delayed appeal, and appointed appellate counsel.
                            Crim.R. 32(A)(1) Right to Allocution
         {¶25} In Clifford’s sole assignment of error on appeal, he asserts:
         {¶26} "When the trial court did not have Mr. Clifford make a statement and did not
inform him of his right to do so, it erred by denying him his right to allocution in violation of
Crim.R. 32(A)(1), R.C. 2929.19(A), and R.C. 2930.14(B).”
         {¶27} Clifford argues that the trial court's failure to perform its affirmative duty to
personally address Clifford and ask if he wanted to exercise his right to allocution caused
reversible error because it violated both Clifford's common law rights related to Crim.R.
                                                                                       -5-

32(A), and his statutory right to allocution pursuant to R.C. 2929.19(A). Clifford further
alleges that the trial court failed to comply with R.C. 2930.14(B) relating to victim impact
statements, which we will address separately.
       {¶28} The common law right to allocution, now codified in the Rules of Criminal
Procedure, requires the following: "At the time of imposing sentence, the court shall do all
of the following: * * * Afford counsel an opportunity to speak on behalf of the defendant
and address the defendant personally and ask if he or she wishes to make a statement in
his or her own behalf or present any information in mitigation of punishment." Crim.R.
32(A)(1).
       {¶29} The language of Crim.R.32(A)(1) imposes an affirmative duty on the trial
court, and courts must painstakingly adhere to this rule. State v. Green, 90 Ohio St.3d
352, 359-360, 2000-Ohio-182, 738 N.E.2d 1208. "A Crim.R. 32 inquiry is much more
than an empty ritual: it represents a defendant's last opportunity to plead his case or
express remorse." Id. A defendant has an absolute right to allocution, which is not
subject to waiver due to the defendant's failure to object. Id. at 358; State v. Campbell,
90 Ohio St.3d 320, 324, 2000-Ohio-183, 738 N .E.2d 1178.
       {¶30} In Campbell, the Ohio Supreme Court provided an explicit holding regarding
allocution errors: "pursuant to Crim.R. 32(A)(1), before imposing sentence, a trial court
must address the defendant personally and ask whether he or she wishes to make a
statement in his or her own behalf or present any information in mitigation of punishment
* * *. We further hold that in a case in which the trial court has imposed sentence without
first asking the defendant whether he or she wishes to exercise the right of allocution
created by Crim.R. 32(A), resentencing is required unless the error is invited error or
harmless error." Campbell at 326.
       {¶31} Here, after the trial court listened to the victim impact statements, the trial
court stated "anything on behalf of defense?" The record does not reflect whether the
trial court directed this question toward Clifford or his counsel. Clifford's attorney then
relayed a personal statement on Clifford's behalf at Clifford’s request, and the trial court
proceeded to sentencing. The record contains no indication that the trial court personally
                                                                                          -6-

addressed Clifford or directly asked if he wished to exercise his right to allocution. Thus,
the trial court failed to expressly fulfill its affirmative duty under Crim.R. 32(A). However,
the State argues that the trial court’s alleged error does not require reversal, because
Clifford invited the error and/or was not prejudiced by the error.
       {¶32} The exceptions to the Campbell holding are limited. The doctrine of waiver
is generally inapplicable in the context of allocution unless the trial court asks the
defendant if he wishes to allocute, and the record affirmatively shows that the defendant
was aware of that right, and waived it. Campbell at 324-325; State v. Mikolaj, 7th Dist.
No. 05-MA-157, 2007-Ohio-1563, at ¶32-37. The State does not argue that waiver
applies in this case, but does argue that any error by the trial court was invited by Clifford,
or else rendered harmless.
       {¶33} Regarding the State’s claim of invited error, Clifford asserts that he did
nothing to actively mislead the court into failing to afford Clifford the right to allocution.
The State alleges that Clifford invited the error by asking his attorney to speak on his
behalf, and cannot now complain that he was not allowed to speak. In other words, the
State argues that counsel's statement to the trial court, relaying Clifford’s personal
statement, induced the trial court to not address Clifford personally.
       {¶34} The exception of invited error requires that counsel take some affirmative
action to induce or be actively responsible for the trial court's error. Campbell at 324. In
Campbell, the trial court expressly precluded the defendant from allocuting prior to
imposing the sentence on the capital counts:
       {¶35} “After the penalty phase, the trial court heard arguments from counsel, set a
sentencing date, and discussed procedures. The judge said: ‘I'll * * * render my decision
and then I assume, once I've rendered my decision on [the aggravated murder counts],
then there will be a sentencing where you will be able to make statements * * *.’
(Emphasis added.) The prosecutor asked whether Campbell would ‘have an allocution
right before the Court announces its sentencing decision.’ Defense counsel stated: ‘After
you've made your decision on Counts One through Four, then I think we have a right to
make a statement in allocution as to the sentences on the other offenses.’ (Emphasis
                                                                                          -7-

added.)” Campbell at 323.
       {¶36} The State argued that the defendant invited the allocution error by defense
counsel’s reply. Id. at 324. The Ohio Supreme Court interpreted defense counsel's
statements to constitute, at most, acquiescence to what the trial court had already stated,
and concluded that mere acquiescence does not constitute invited error. Id.
       {¶37} During the defendant’s sentencing hearing in Green, the trial court asked:
"Is there anything with regard to those offenses, Counsel or Mr. Green, prior to the Court
passing sentence * * * ?" Green at 359. Defense counsel answered with an argument
about firearm specifications, and neither counsel nor Green said anything further. Id.
After this exchange, the trial court heard victim impact statements, and then immediately
imposed sentences for Green's convictions without any further inquiry to the defense.
The Ohio Supreme Court found that the trial court’s ambiguous inquiry was not explicitly
personally directed at Green, and that nothing in the record indicated that the error was
invited. Id. at 359-360.
       {¶38} Here, after the victim impact statements were presented, the trial court
asked if there was “anything on behalf of the defense.” Defense counsel responded by
stating, “the Defendant has asked me to say that he is truly sorry for the offense he
committed and for the difficulties that he has caused the family for the loss of their son."
Thus, in response to the trial court’s question, defense counsel did not merely present
legal arguments on Clifford’s behalf, as was done in Green. Instead, counsel recited
Clifford’s own personal statement, with an indication that Clifford had requested that
counsel deliver the personal statement rather than deliver it personally to the court.
       {¶39} Given the content of defense counsel’s statements, the present case is
distinguishable from Campbell and Green. In Campbell, counsel acquiesced to the trial
court’s explicit refusal to allow allocution prior to the imposition of the defendant’s capital
sentence. In Green, counsel acquiesced to the trial court’s general failure to directly and
separately address the defendant. In contrast, here, the trial court began to address the
defense as required by Crim.R. 32(A), but defense counsel’s affirmative act, stating that
Clifford had asked counsel to relay a statement on his behalf, and then reciting that
                                                                                          -8-

personal statement of remorse, invited the trial court to not inquire further regarding
allocution. Clifford’s counsel did not merely acquiesce to an error committed by the trial
court, but instead took an affirmative action to induce the trial court’s error.
       {¶40} Clifford additionally argues that the trial court’s allocution error violated R.C.
2929.19(A), resulting in a sentence that was not authorized by law. R.C. 2929.19(A)
states, in pertinent part, “[t]he court shall inform the offender of the verdict of the jury or
finding of the court and ask the offender whether the offender has anything to say as to
why sentence should not be imposed upon the offender." Id. The duties of the trial court
and rights of the defendant under this statute are neither greater nor broader than those
conferred by Crim.R. 32(A)(1). Thus, the discussion on this point is subsumed by the
above analysis.
       {¶41} Because counsel’s recitation of Clifford’s personal statement at his request
was an affirmative act that obviated the trial court’s need to inquire further about Clifford’s
personal statement, Clifford invited the error. Pursuant to Campbell, resentencing is not
required if an allocution error is invited. Campbell at 326. Therefore, this argument is
meritless.
                      Victim Impact Statements - R.C. 2930.14(B)
       {¶42} Clifford finally asserts that he had an additional limited right to allocution
because the three victim impact statements provided new material facts for the trial court
to consider pursuant to R.C. 2930.14(B):
       {¶43} "(A) Before imposing sentence upon * * * a defendant * * *, the court shall
permit the victim of the crime * * * to make a statement. * * *
       {¶44} "(B) The court shall consider a victim's statement made under division (A) of
this section along with other factors that the court is required to consider in imposing
sentence or in determining the order of disposition. If the statement includes new material
facts, the court shall not rely on the new material facts unless it continues the sentencing
or dispositional proceeding or takes other appropriate action to allow the defendant * * *
an adequate opportunity to respond to the new material facts." Id.
       {¶45} If a victim provides information such as previously unknown circumstances
                                                                                          -9-

about the crime, or allegations of a defendant's prior criminal acts not reflected in a pre-
sentence investigation report or elsewhere in the record, it may be reversible error for a
trial court not to allow a defendant an adequate opportunity to respond to the new
information. See State v. Daugherty, 11th Dist. No. 2001-T-0024, 2002-Ohio-1183, at *2.
A defendant may waive the requirement of a continuance by failing to request it, or
simply by responding to the information immediately. See State v. Rose, 3d Dist. No. 5-
06-32, 2007-Ohio-2863, at ¶12.
       {¶46} The new material facts alleged by Clifford were the victim impact statements
regarding the admirable qualities and attributes of the victim, and the great harm and
sadness that had befallen the family as a result of the victim's death. These statements
do not constitute new material facts, as contemplated by R.C. 2930.14(B), that would
cause any unfair surprise to the defense requiring a continuance to prepare rebuttal. See
Rose, at ¶12-14. Moreover, Clifford did not request a continuance to respond to the
victims’ statements, and instead chose to immediately respond, thus waiving the issue.
       {¶47} Clifford counters that he did not waive the issue because the trial court did
not, in fact, allow him an opportunity to respond to the allegedly material new facts in the
victim impact statements. The record reflects otherwise. After the victim’s mother, father
and sister made their statements to the trial court, the following ensued:
       {¶48} "THE COURT: Is there anything additional on behalf of the State?
       {¶49} "[THE STATE:] No, your Honor.
       {¶50} "THE COURT: Defense, anything on behalf of defense?
       {¶51} "[DEFENSE COUNSEL:] If it please the Court, the Defendant has asked me
to say that he is truly sorry for the offense he committed and for the difficulties that he has
caused the family for the loss of their son."
       {¶52} The defense was given the opportunity to respond to the victim impact
statements, and did so. Clifford argues that the above exchange did not satisfy the
requirements of R.C. 2930.14 because Clifford did not personally respond to the
statements. However, the plain language of R.C. 2930.14 does not require the trial court
to solicit a personal statement from the defendant in response. A response from defense
                                                                                         - 10 -

counsel completely satisfied any applicable statutory requirements. Therefore, this
argument is meritless.
       {¶53} In conclusion, the trial court’s failure to personally address Clifford during his
sentencing hearing constituted error. However, Clifford had counsel recite a personal
statement of remorse on his behalf, rather than personally express it to the trial court.
This affirmative act of counsel invited the error. Accordingly, the judgment of the trial
court is affirmed.
Donofrio, J., concurs.
Waite, J., concurs.