Court Opinion

ID: 6640514
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-20 20:44:57.418562+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:59:13.536372
License: Public Domain

BINGHAM, Circuit Judge.
This was an action of tort brought by Michael B. Ryan, a citizen of Connecticut, against the Northern Railway Company and the United Eruit Company, New Jersey corporations having their usual places of business at Boston, Mass.; to recover damages for injuries sustained while a passenger on the Northern Railway Company’s road in Costa Rica, Central America. The writ was dated January 15, 1921. The action was brought in the ' federal District Court for Massachusetts.
There were two trials in the District Court. At the first trial a vei’diet was directed for the United Fruit Company, and the jury disagreed as to the railway company. At the second trial, in answer to questions submitted by the court, the jury found specially (1) that the plaintiff was injured by the negligence of the defendant; and (2) that the plaintiff’s damages were $35,000, less $10,000 which had been paid him by the Costa Rican government, and returned a general verdict for the plaintiff for $25,000.' At the same time, at the direction of the court, they found for the defendant, if, as a matter of law, the plaintiff was not entitled to a verdict, and consented that a verdict might be entered on an order of the District Court for Massachusetts, or of the Circuit Court of Appeals, or of the Supreme Court, with the same effect as if returned by them.
On May 5, and within two days of the rendition of the verdict, the defendant filed a motioA. to set aside the verdict as not warranted in law, and asked that the alternative verdict for the defendant be entered in its place.' A hearing having been had on the motion, the District Court, on September 6, 1923, entered an order setting the verdict aside and entering the alternative verdict for the defendant, subject to the plaintiff’s exception.
The ease was thereafter continued from term to term, when, at the December term, 1923, the death of the' plaintiff being suggested and administration having been taken out, the administrators, Donald Page and H. Anton Bock, were made plaintiffs. A substituted bill of exceptions having been filed on March 12, 1924, on March 17, 1924, judgment was entered for the United Eruit Company and the Northern Railway Company, and this writ of error was prosecuted.
The errors relied on relate to the order of the District Court setting aside the verdict for the plaintiff and entering the alternative verdict for the defendant railway company.
The defendants in their answer, in addition to a general denial, pleaded three special defenses: (1) Assumption of risk; (2) that the plaintiff received the sum of $10,-000 from the republic of Costa Rica as compensation for the injuries in question and gave a release to the said republic; and (3) that the plaintiff never had a cause of action under the law of the republic of Costa Rica, and, if he ever had, it was prescribed under said. law.
The principal question in the ease is whether there was any evidence which warranted the jury in finding that the defendant was negligent — that through its representatives charged with the duty of operating its road it failed to use the care of the good father or of the average prudent man; a common carrier of passengers, under the law of Costa Rica, not being responsible for the highest degree of care.
Considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, it tended to show *749the following: That at 8 o’clock in tho morning of February 23, 1918, the plaintiff became a passenger on defendant’s regular east-bound train from San José to Port Limón, Costa Rica, which was due to arrive at Limón at 4:30 that afternoon, wrhero ho intended to take a steamer the next day for New York. That on the day preceding February 23 an insurrection against the government broke out west of San José, which the government and railway officials regarded as of a trifling nature. That the train arrived at Turrialba about 11:30 in the forenoon of the 23d, where it was seized by a band of revolutionists and detained there until about 5:45 that afternoon, some of the revolutionists in the meantime having taken the engine and gone back west of Turrialba to destroy the track. That, after the engine was brought back, the passenger train, at about 5:45 p. m., with a number of the revolutionists still on board, proceeded easterly. That the next station reached east of Turrialba and some two or three miles distant therefrom was Torito. That at this point tho revolutionists left the passenger train to go back and destroy the Torito bridge and the train proceeded on its way east to Peralta, a distance of three or four miles. That the hca,d offices of the railway company were at Limón, where its general manager, superintendent, and chief assistant train dispatchers were located, and from which point orders were issued for the movement of trains. That there were telephone and telegraph lines connecting the head offices at Limón with the following stations west thereof, to wit: Turrialba; Peralta, a station some seven miles east of Turrialba; La Pascua, five or six miles east of Peralta; Las Lomas, five or six miles east of La Pascua; La Junta, some ten or twelve miles east of Las Lomas; and Siquirres, a short distance east of La Junta. That all tho orders directing the movements of trains were made from Limón. That there ■were no means of communication from one station to another west of Limón. That all communications from such stations had to be to the head offices at Limón, which offices alone could communicate to the stations named west of it; that every station that was provided with lines west of Limón had an operator, except the stations at La Pascua and La Junta, which had booths. That tho passenger train arrived at Peralta about 6 o’clock. That at Peralta word was received to pass an extra going west at La Pascua. That the passenger train proceeded east some five or six1 miles to La Pascua, arriving there at about 7 o’clock, where it went upon a siding, so that the extra might pass, the road being a single track. That the extra coming west proved to be a train bearing government soldiers, sent in pursuit of the insurrectionists, and as the extra bearing the troops passed the passenger train tho soldiers shot into the passenger ears and injured the plaintiff.
The conductor in charge of the passenger train was one Ramsey. He testified that while at Turrialba he ealled the head office at Limón, and informed it that the passenger train had been seized by revolutionists, and read a message prepared by some of the passengers of the train, which they desired telephoned to the American consul at Limón; that the head office declined to receive the message for transmission; that the message requested the consul’s assistance in getting the train released from the insurrectionists, so that they might proceed. There was testimony that while the passenger train was held at Turrialba, and before the troop train left Limón, Ramsey notified Limón that the insurrectionists had concluded to release the train and permit it to proceed, hut Ramsey did not testify that he gave Limón such information from Turrial-ba. He did, however, testify that when his train reached Peralta he telephoned Limón that the revolutionists had left the train at Torito and gone back to tear up the Torito bridge.
The head office at Limón, on receiving the information from Turrialba that the passenger train was in the hands of the revolutionists, informed the governor at Limón to that effect, and at 3:30 that afternoon a train was started from Limón bearing government troops bound for Turrialba in search of the insurrectionists.
Chittenden, the defendant’s general manager, testified that before the troop train left Limón the trainmen and the commander of the troops were informed that the passenger train at Turrialba was in the hands of tho revolutionists; that, when he received word of the release of the passenger train, he communicated that fact to the governor and told him he had better notify the troop train, and that he said he would, and after-wards that he did; thatjie (Chittenden) did not communicate to the trainmen of the troop train that the passenger train had been released, or that he knew there were women, children, and citizens of other countries among the passengers, but did direct the yardmaster at Siquirres to notify the agent at Las Lomas-to inform the trainmen *750of the troop train that women and children were among the passengers; that the governor had an extension of the United Fruit Company’s telephone line in his office, which permitted him to call np Siquirres; and that the troop train, as he remembered, was at that time between Limón and Siquirres. There was also evidence that the troop train left Siquirres at 5:30 and reached Las Lo-mas about 6 p. m. or a little earlier, and that that place was five or six miles distant from La Pascua, where the trains later met, at the time the accident took place.
The defendant contends that it had no reason to anticipate that the soldiers on the troop train would think that the passenger train contained revolutionists and fire upon it, and that, in any event, it took every reasonable precaution to protect the passengers from such action. But we think the jury might reasonably find on the evidence, particularly in view of the testimony that the trainmen and officers of the troop train, before leaving Limón, were informed that the passenger train was in the hands of the revolutionists at Turrialba, that the defendant had reason to anticipate that the trainmen and officers of the troop train, on coming upon the passenger train, might believe that the passenger train contained revolutionists, and that, in view of this situation, they were, bound to take such steps as reasonable prudence required for the protection of the passengers. The defendant says that it took such steps; that, as above pointed out, it notified the governor to inform the troops that the revolutionists had left the passenger train, and that the governor said that he would, and later that-he had; and it seeks to carry the inference that he did so by communicating over his private phone to the troop train at Siquirres. But, on the evidence, we think that it was open to •the jury to find' that the offices at Limón did not receive word that the revolutionists had left the passenger train until after 6 o’clock, when that train reached Peralta, and that at that time those in charge at Li-món must have known that the troop train had left Siquirres some half an hour or more before; that they also must have known that the governor could not then reach the troop trail} over his private phone, or over any telephone line except that of the' defendant (which was not claimed that he did), and that no such communication was made by the governor to the troops; and that the testimony of Chittenden that he caused the yardmaster at Siquirres to communicate with the agent at Las Lomas that women and children were on the passenger train could likewise have been disregarded, for there was testimony that the agent at Las Lomas could not be • reached over the company’s wires, except from Li-món.
Powers, the chief train dispatcher at Li-món, testified that he was in the train dispatcher’s office at 5:30, and remained there with his assistant, Dingledine, until after the accident occurred; that he was present when Dingledine telephoned the orders as to the meeting of the passenger and troop trains at La Pascua; that the order to the passenger train was, “Engine 38 run Per-alta to Siquirres as an extra; meet special west engine 48 at Pascua;” and that the order to the troop train was “Engine 48 run Siquirres to Peralta as a special to meet extra east engine at Pascua.”
Dingledine, the assistant train dispatcher, testified that he got a message from Ramsey from Peralta which read, “All the rebels have gotten off the train at Torito, with the intention of destroying the bridge and disconnecting the track;” that after getting that message he sent a communication to the agent at Las Lomas for the conductor of the troop train as to meeting the passenger train; that the message read something like this, “Put out train order to meet the train at Pascua,” and that “special 38 east has no revolutionists on the train”; that he also sent a message to Siquirres for the conductor of the troop train, saying that the “passenger train has been released and I will give you meet orders later;” that the orders he sent were in writing, but that he had none of them with him. Then later he testified that the agent at Las Lomas would write the message out as any ordinary telephone message and deliver it to the conductor, with the train orders in the same manner; that he, as dispatcher, kept nothing in writing.
Marsh, the superintendent, testified that train orders were issued in writing; that records of the orders for train movements were kept in the train dispatcher’s office; that the train dispatcher’s duties were to make notes of anything that affected train service in any way.
Ramsey testified that at Peralta he received a train order to meet the special west at La Pascua, and that he left a message there advising the head office that To-rito bridge would be obstructed; that some of the revolutionary forces got off there, and that he had left the revolutionists at Torito.
From the foregoing evidence it appears *751that Powers, the chief train dispatcher, testified that the order to the troop train was, “Engine 48 run Siquirres to Peralta as a special to meet extra east engine at Pas-cua,” and that Dingledine, his assistant, testified that that message also contained a statement that “special 38 east has no revolutionists on the train.” Because of this discrepancy in their testimony, it was for tho jury to say whether the” chief or the assistant dispatcher was correct as to what the message embodying the order contained, and in view of the testimony of Marsh that a record of orders affecting train service was kept in tho train dispatcher’s office at Limón, and that it was the duty of the train dispatcher to keep records of anything that affected train service in any way, and that Dingledine testified that he did not keep records of such orders, it was open to the jury to disbelieve the testimony of Dingle-dine, and find that the orders communicated by him to Las Lomas and Siquirres did not contain the information that there were no revolutionists on the east-bound or passenger train, and that, if the messages had contained the information, tho defendant would have produced the written record of the orders which the train dispatcher was required to keep at the Limón office, which it did not do.
Inasmuch as the officers of the troops and the men in charge of tho troop train had been informed by the defendant’s general manager that the passenger train at Tur-rialba was in tho hands of the revolutionists, and knew that La Pascua, where the trains were to pass, was only about twelve miles distant from Turrialba, and as the defendant had reasonable grounds to anticipate that the trainmen and officers in charge of tho troops might understand that the oncoming passenger train contained armed enemy forces, unless informed by the governor and those in charge at Limón that no enemy forces were on the passenger train, and as the jury might find that no such warning was given to tho officers of the troops or to the trainmen by the governor or those in charge at Limón, the question reduces itself to whether, in the absence of such information from these sources being given, and in view of all tho other evidence in the case, including what transpired at La Pascua on the meeting of the trains, no other conclusion could reasonably be drawn than that the defendant was free from fault.
As above stated, the evidence shows that the passenger train reached La Pascua at about 7 o’clock and went upon the siding to await the coming of the west-bound train; that Ramsey, the conductor of the passenger train, on arriving at La Pascua, was unaware that the west-bound train bore government troops; that, after waiting there some five minutes, the west-bound train appeared and stopped its engine about opposite the engine of the passenger train; that Ramsey went forward and was heard to speak with one of the officers of the troops; that two witnesses testified that he said that there were no revolutionists on the passenger train; that he then gave the signal for the passenger train to go forward, but that tho officers of the troops ordered him to stop; that tho passenger train consisted of an engine, two or three freight cars, a combination baggage and passenger ear, one or two coaches, and a pay car, carrying express and money, arranged in the order named; that the troop train was started, and as it moved along the barrels of the rifles of the soldiers could be seen in alignment extending from the windows of the troop train in the direction of the passenger train; that as the troop train drew opposite the combination baggage and passenger ear an officer gave an order to fire, which the soldiers obeyed; that the firing continued, and when the ears containing the troops came opposite the passenger cars the troop train was suddenly brought to a standstill; that numerous shots were discharged into the open windows of the passenger train, out of which, prior to the shooting, passengers had been looking. The rfesult was that several of the passengers were killed and others wounded, including the plaintiff, who was seriously injured. There was evidence that some of the soldiers on the steps of the platform of the troop train could have seen women and children at the windows of tho passenger cars as the troop train approached, “but that the bulk of the soldiers couldn’t see anything over a square equal to one window, because they were sighting right along their guns, and that they were sighting at the time that they came in sight of this train.”
The record does not show that Ramsey testified as to what he said to the officers of the troops, but it does appear that he testified that “when the firing began he hollered several times to the troops that they were firing at passengers; that there were no revolutionists on board.”
It is evident that the troops and their officers believed that the passenger train contained revolutionists — otherwise, it is prac-*752tieally impossible to- account for their action — and the jury-might have found that, inasmuch as Ramsey,, the conductor, did not testify as to what he said to the officers in charge of the troops prior to the shooting, but did testify that when the shooting began he cried out that there was no revolutionists on the train, nothing of the kind was said until after the shooting began; that the troops and their officers never received any information as to the harmless character of the occupants of the train, or received it too late and under1 such circumstances as to render it unavailable.
We think the case was properly submitted to the jury; that it could not be said that there was no evidence from which It might reasonably be found that the defendant was negligent and that its negligence was the cause of the plaintiff’s injury.
Neither can it be said that the plaintiff assumed the risk, for the evidence shows that neither he nor Ramsey, the conductor, until they reached La Pascua, knew, or had any reason to know, that the west-bound special contained government troops 'in search of the revolutionists, and that the troops- believed that the revolutionists were on the passenger train.
The evidence introduced at the trial relating to the law of Costa Rica shows that it was the defendant’s duty to the plaintiff to exercise the Care of a good father, or that of a reasonably prudent man, and that, for a breach of this duty, the plaintiff had' a right of action which was not barred by limitation, as the limitation relied upon applied- to> actions of contract and not of tort.
- It also appeal’s that the plaintiff’s acceptance of the offer of the' Costa Rican government,, under which he -received the $10,000 from, that government on- account of the injuries sustained- at La Pascua, was not to take effect until his acceptance reached the Costa Rican government, and that the resulting contract is to be interpreted according to the law of that country; that, under the- law of that country, a creditor means a person who can exact, and a debtor one from whom an éxaetion can be made; that, while the republic > of Costa Rica eopld be sued for a wrong committed by it, a judgment against it would not/be enforceable by execution or ordinary process, ■ but only upon the government’s voluntarily providing means for- its1 satisfaction, and that therefore the republic-of- Costa-'Rica was - not a • solidary- debtor;; whose ■ release: from liability would, underwit's law,-'-absolve the defendant; and that this was so, without regard to whether, the plaintiff, at the time he gave the release^ reserved his right' against the defendant under article 642 of the Code.
It is- further argued by the defendant that if the plaintiff, in giving his release to the Costa Rican republic, reserved his right against the defendant — and it is conceded that he did according to the understanding of the parties at the time the release was given, although it was not expressly so stated — the plaintiff, under articles 756 and 757 of the Civil Code of 'Costa Rica, provisions declaring the equivalent of our parol evidence rule, could not introduce parol evidence to show that such reservation was made. The defendant; however, was not a party to the release, nor does-it claim under any right- of Costa Rica. It was a stranger, and in controversies between strangers, or between one of the contractors and a stranger, either party may show by parol what the true transaction was. Barreda v. Silsbee, 21 How. 146, 165-170, 16 L. Ed. 86; Libby v. Spring & Land Co., 67 N. H. 587, 588, 32 A. 772. But we regard' this branch of the discussion as immaterial. The republic of Costa Rica was not a solidary debtor, within, the meaning of article-642 of the Code of Costa Rica, as the plaintiff could not- enforce a judgment against it,, if obtained. And the defendant cannot comr plain because the plaintiff voluntarily consented to having his damages reduced to the extent of $10,000.
The plaintiffs in error have waived their-exception to-the'action of the District Court in directing a verdict for the United Eruit Company, and, if they had not, we are of the opinion that the verdict as to that company was properly directed.
The judgment of the District Court in' favor of the Northern Railway Company is vacated, the verdict in its favor is set aside,, and the case is remanded to that court, with directions to enter, a verdict and judgment, for the plaintiffs in error as to it, with costs.
The judgment of the District Court in favor of the United Eruit Company is affirmed, with costs.