Court Opinion

ID: 902839
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-06-17 19:17:11.584361+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:17:58.973611
License: Public Domain

STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA

                          SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

CHARLENE A. SHORTS,                                                         FILED
Petitioner Below, Petitioner                                            June 17, 2013
                                                                         released at 3:00 p.m.
                                                                       RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK
vs.) No. 11-1649 (Brooke County No. 06-C-127)                        SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                          OF WEST VIRGINIA

AT&T MOBILITY and AT&T
MOBILITY CORPORATION and,
PALISADES COLLECTION, LLC,
Respondents Below, Respondents

                            MEMORANDUM DECISION

        The Petitioner herein, Charlene Shorts, by counsel Christopher J. Regan, appeals
from an order entered July 25, 2011, by the Circuit Court of Brooke County which
granted Respondents AT&T Mobility, LLC and AT&T Mobility Corporation’s
(hereinafter collectively referred to as “AT&T Mobility”) Motion to Compel Arbitration.1
Herein, Ms. Shorts asserts the following: the circuit court erred in applying the wrong
contract in granting AT&T Mobility’s Motion to Compel Arbitration; the contract which
the circuit court should have applied was unconscionable; the contract provisions applied
by the circuit court were also unconscionable and the circuit court failed to allow
discovery regarding this issue; and the circuit court erred in requiring the parties to
arbitrate the claims involving Palisades Collection, LLC (“Palisades”), the other
Respondent below. The appeal was timely perfected by counsel, and the appendix record
accompanied the petition. AT&T Mobility filed its response.2 Based upon the parties’
written submissions and oral arguments, the portions of the record designated for our
consideration, and the pertinent authorities, we find that the circuit court did not err in
granting AT&T Mobility’s Motion to Compel Arbitration. Accordingly, we affirm the
underlying decision. This Court further finds that this case presents no new or significant

1
  AT&T Mobility is represented by Jeffrey M. Wakefield and Evan M. Tager, admitted
pro hac vice.
2
  Although Palisades is involved as a party in the case below, it has not filed an
appearance in the instant appeal.

                                            1

questions of law, and, thus, it will be disposed of through a memorandum decision as
contemplated by Rule 21 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

      In February of 2003, Ms. Shorts purchased a cell phone and wireless service plan
from AT&T Wireless. The cell phone contract included a mandatory arbitration clause.
Ms. Shorts reportedly failed to make payments and, on May 6, 2003, AT&T Wireless
terminated her service and assessed a $175 early termination fee, which was not paid.

       AT&T Wireless merged with Cingular Wireless in October of 2004 and began
operating under the Cingular name. In May of 2005, Ms. Shorts purchased new wireless
phone service from Cingular. Cingular and Ms. Shorts ceased doing business under that
contract by early 2006. In 2007, Cingular changed its name to AT&T Mobility.

       AT&T Mobility assigned to Palisades, a debt collection company, the right to
recover the debt that Ms. Shorts allegedly incurred to AT&T Wireless in 2003. On June
23, 2006, Palisades filed a debt collection lawsuit against Ms. Shorts in the Magistrate
Court of Brooke County seeking $794.87 plus $242.52 prejudgment interest. As a
defense and counterclaim, Ms. Shorts alleged that the early termination fee charged in
2003, and the subsequent attempts to collect it, violated multiple provisions of the West
Virginia Consumer Credit and Protection Act (“CCPA”) in that it purported to require the
payment of excessive and illegal fees. Palisades removed the case to circuit court, where
Ms. Shorts amended her counterclaim to assert CCPA claims against AT&T Mobility for
actual and statutory damages, statutory attorney’s fees, and cancellation of her debt. Ms.
Shorts sought to bring her counterclaims against AT&T Mobility on behalf of a class.

        After an unsuccessful attempt to remove the case to federal court, AT&T Mobility
moved to compel arbitration. AT&T Mobility maintained that the primary obligation to
arbitrate arose under the terms of the 2003 agreement, but that procedural aspects of the
arbitration are governed by the 2005 Cingular contract and by amendments that AT&T
Mobility made to its arbitration provision in December 2006 and March 2009. AT&T
Mobility asserted that the 2005 contract is applicable to this dispute because it expressly
provided that “Cingular and you (such references include our respective . . . predecessors
in interest [and] successors and assigns) agree to arbitrate all disputes and claims . . .
arising out of or relating to this Agreement, or to any prior oral or written agreement, for
Equipment or services between Cingular and you.” AT&T Mobility argued that the 2006
and 2009 amendments apply to all customers and contain consumer-friendly
modifications.3 In responding to the motion to compel arbitration below, Ms. Shorts took

3
 The “consumer friendly” terms include the following: (1) both parties can bring claims
in magistrate court in lieu of arbitration; (2) AT&T Mobility pays the costs of arbitration;
(3) there is no restriction on remedies, i.e. punitive damages and attorney’s fees may be
awarded; (4) a customer’s billing address determines the venue of arbitration; (5) a
customer may opt to have an in-person hearing, a telephonic hearing, or a “desk
                                             2

the position that the terms of the 2003 agreement were the only applicable provisions that
governed the issue of arbitration in this case.

        By order entered December 1, 2009, the circuit court found that “the 2005
arbitration agreement, with its consumer oriented revisions in December 2006 and March
2009, [is] the focus of the legal issue before the court.” Citing to the 2005 contract
language quoted above, the circuit court opined: “[W]hen Shorts was sued in 2006 by
Palisades, she had the right to arbitrate her 2003 AWS [AT&T Wireless] phone service
disagreement under the more beneficial Cingular arbitration terms.” Additionally, the
circuit court ruled that AT&T’s arbitration provision was unconscionable under State ex
rel. Dunlap v. Berger, 211 W.Va. 549, 567 S.E.2d 265 (2002), because it provided that
arbitration could only be pursued on an individual basis, not as a class action. AT&T
Mobility thereupon filed a petition for prohibition with our Court, which was granted.

        In State ex rel. AT&T Mobility v. Wilson, 226 W.Va. 572, 703 S.E.2d 543 (2010)
(hereinafter “AT&T Mobility I”), this Court held that, standing alone, a lack of class
action relief herein does not render an arbitration agreement unenforceable on the
grounds of unconscionability under West Virginia law. This Court also recognized that
just because a contract providing for arbitration is a contract of adhesion, the contract is
not automatically unconscionable. Id. at 577, 703 S.E.2d at 549 (citing State ex rel Clites
v. Clawges, 224 W. Va. 299, 685 S.E.2d 693 (2009)). This Court remanded the case to
the circuit court for specific findings and a meaningful analysis of whether the arbitration
provision is unconscionable under the tests set forth in Dunlap and Art’s Flower Shop,
Inc. v. Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Co., 186 W.Va. 613, 413 S.E.2d 670 (1991).
AT&T Mobility I, 226 W. Va. at 580, 703 S.E.2d at 551.4

arbitration”; (6) confidentiality is not required; (7) AT&T Mobility may not seek
attorney’s fees; and (8) AT&T Mobility is required to pay customers either the arbitration
award or $10,000 plus double attorney’s fees if the award is more than AT&T Mobility’s
last settlement offer. There are minimal differences between the 2006 and 2009 versions
of AT&T Mobility’s arbitration provision. The right to a written decision was not
contained in the 2006 version. Additionally, the amount of the minimum award available
to claimants if the arbitral award exceeded AT&T Mobility’s last settlement offer
changed from $5,000 in the 2006 version to $10,000 in 2009 based on the jurisdictional
maximum for magistrate court.
4
 In syllabus point 4 of Art’s Flower Shop, 186 W.Va. 613, 413 S.E.2d 670 (1991), this
Court held that “[a] determination of unconscionability must focus on the relative
positions of the parties, the adequacy of the bargaining position, the meaningful
alternatives available to the plaintiff, and ‘the existence of unfair terms in the contract.’ ”
Additionally, in syllabus point 4 of Dunlap, 211 W.Va. 549, 567 S.E.2d 265 (2002), this
Court held that,

                                              3

        In AT&T Mobility I, this Court distinguished the facts of the case from those of
Dunlap. In Dunlap there were concerns that small-dollar/high-volume claims would not
be pursued without the availability of class action relief. See 211 W. Va. at 562, 567
S.E.2d at 278. In AT&T Mobility I, this Court found that “[b]ased on the limited record
that is before us, it appears that this case stands in severe contrast to the concerns of legal
representation; burdensome mediation costs; and nominal recovery that we articulated in
Dunlap.” 226 W.Va. at 579, 703 S.E.2d at 550. This Court then discussed the arbitration
provisions that AT&T Mobility adopted in its 2006 and 2009 amendments to its
arbitration clause. Id. at 575 n.8, 703 S.E.2d at 546 n.8. We noted in footnote 9 that “Ms.
Shorts’ counsel represented during oral argument that he did not object to the trial court’s
ruling that the 2005 agreement, along with the 2006 and 2009 modifications, are the
controlling provisions with regard to arbitration.” Id. at 576 n.9, 703 S.E.2d at 547 n.9.
This Court also noted in footnote 20 that “this Court does not address the issue of which
agreement is controlling, finding that the issue is not properly before us.” Id. at 580 n.20,
703 S.E.2d at 551 n.20. We then said in footnote 22 that, because of the undeveloped
record, “[t]his Court takes no position on whether the contractual provisions at issue are
unconscionable.” Id. at 580 n.22, 703 S.E.2d at 551 n.22. Following this Court’s opinion

              Provisions in a contract of adhesion that if applied would
              impose unreasonably burdensome costs upon or would have a
              substantial deterrent effect upon a person seeking to enforce
              and vindicate rights and protections or to obtain statutory or
              common-law relief and remedies that are afforded by or arise
              under state law that exists for the benefit and protection of the
              public, are unconscionable; unless the court determines that
              exceptional circumstances exist that make the provisions
              conscionable. In any challenge to such a provision, the
              responsibility of showing the costs likely to be imposed by
              the application of such a provision is upon the party
              challenging the provision; the issue of whether the costs
              would impose an unconscionably impermissible burden or
              deterrent is for the court.

Subsequent to our opinion in AT&T Mobility I, this Court revised the framework for
determining the enforceability of an arbitration clause in Brown v. Genesis Healthcare
Corp., 228 W. Va. 646, 724 S.E.2d 250 (2011) (“Brown I”), Brown v. Genesis
Healthcare Corp., 229 W. Va. 382, 729 S.E.2d 217 (2012) (“Brown II”), and SER
Richmond American Homes v. Sanders, 228 W. Va. 125, 717 S.E.2d 909 (2011).
Because this case was remanded for a determination of unconscionability prior to our
opinions in Brown I, Brown II, and Richmond American Homes, the tests set forth in
those cases are not applicable here.

                                              4

in AT&T Mobility I, Ms. Shorts filed a motion for rehearing challenging the foregoing
conclusion, which this Court denied on November 29, 2010.

       Upon remand, by order of July 25, 2011, the circuit court granted AT&T
Mobility’s motion to compel arbitration and stayed the litigation. In a memorandum
opinion attached to the order, the circuit court found that “there is very little left in this
case on the issue of unconscionability that is not preordained by what has already
occurred.” The circuit court cited to, inter alia, its earlier decision that the 2006 and 2009
amendments apply; this Court’s discussion in the AT&T Mobility I opinion regarding the
consumer-friendly provisions in the 2006 and 2009 amendments; and this Court’s and the
U.S. Supreme Court’s decisions5 that a class-action ban does not render an arbitration
agreement unconscionable. Thereafter, the circuit court denied a motion filed by Ms.
Short to clarify and reconsider the order compelling arbitration.

        “A circuit court order compelling arbitration is based upon a legal determination
that the terms of the arbitration agreement require the matter in dispute to be arbitrated.
Accordingly, ‘we review the circuit court's legal determinations de novo.’” McGraw v.
American Tobacco Co., 224 W. Va. 211, 222, 681 S.E.2d 96, 107 (2009) (citing Dunlap,
211 W.Va. at 556, 567 S.E.2d at 272). “Other courts reviewing orders compelling
arbitration have likewise utilized a de novo standard of review.” McGraw, 224 W. Va. at
222, 681 S.E.2d at 107 (citing Title Max of Birmingham, Inc. v. Edwards, 973 So.2d
1050, 1052 (Ala. 2007) (“We review the trial court's grant or denial of a motion to
compel arbitration de novo.”); State ex rel. Carter v. Philip Morris Tobacco Co., 879
N.E.2d 1212, 1214–15 (Ind. App. 2008) (holding that a de novo standard of review
applies to trial court’s determination to compel arbitration); State ex rel. Stenehjem v.
Philip Morris, Inc., 732 N.W.2d 720, 726 (N.D. 2007) (finding that district court’s
decision to order arbitration under the MSA was not based upon any factual finding, but
based upon the interpretation of contractual terms and is, therefore, subject to de novo
review)).

       In her first assignment of error, Ms. Shorts asserts that the circuit court erred in
applying the 2005 contract and 2006 and 2009 modifications instead of applying the 2003
contract. Ms. Shorts maintains in her second assignment of error that the 2003 contract
terms are unconscionable and thus, the circuit court erroneously granted AT&T’s motion
to compel arbitration. We accord both of these arguments scant merit. When this case
was previously before this Court, this Court stated in footnote 9 of our opinion in AT&T

5
 After AT&T Mobility I was decided, the U.S. Supreme Court decided a similar issue in
AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, __ U.S. __, 131 S.Ct. 1740 (2011). The U.S.
Supreme Court held that the FAA preempts a California rule that had deemed class-
action waivers in arbitration agreements to be unconscionable. Id. Coincidentally,
Concepcion also concerned AT&T’s 2006 arbitration clause.

                                              5

Mobility I that “Ms. Shorts’ counsel represented during oral argument that he did not
object to the trial court’s ruling that the 2005 agreement, along with the 2006 and 2009
modifications, are the controlling provision with regard to arbitration.” Following the
release of our opinion in AT&T Mobility I, Ms. Shorts’ counsel filed a petition for
rehearing challenging the foregoing conclusion. This Court denied the petition for
rehearing. Consequently, the applicability of the 2005 agreement, along with the 2006
and 2009 modifications, is now the law of the case. “The general rule is that when a
question has been definitely determined by this Court its decision is conclusive on
parties, privies and courts, including this Court, upon a second appeal or writ of error and
it is regarded as the law of the case.” Syl. Pt. 1, Mullins v. Green, 145 W. Va. 469, 115
S.E.2d 320 (1960). “The decision, upon a writ of error, of an issue of fact will be
followed as the law of the case in succeeding reviews of the cause, unless the evidence
involving such issue has been substantially changed by subsequent trial.” Syl. Pt. 2,
Hager v. Standard Island Creek Coal Co., 112 W. Va. 479, 164 S.E. 666 (1932). “A
decision of this court on a prior appeal constitutes the law of the case, both in subsequent
proceedings in the circuit court and on subsequent appeal.” Syl. Pt. 5, Kaufman v. Catzen,
100 W. Va. 79, 130 S. E. 292 (1925). Because this issue has been conclusively
determined, it is no longer appealable.

        Alternatively, Ms. Shorts contends that the circuit court erred in failing to find that
AT&T’s 2006 and 2009 contract modifications were unconscionable on the record
presented. Specifically, Ms. Shorts asserts that the 2006 and 2009 provisions are
unconscionable because customers who refuse settlement offers are not guaranteed to
receive the $10,000 minimum payment provided for under the 2009 provision if they are
not awarded more than AT&T Mobility’s last written settlement offer. Because she did
not raise this argument below, we find that she has waived this argument on appeal. See
Zaleski v. West Virginia Mutual Ins. Co., 224 W. Va. 544, 550, 687 S.E.2d 123, 129
(2009) (“[B]ecause this argument is being raised for the first time on appeal, we must
necessarily find that the argument has been waived.”) Furthermore, we find that the
circuit court complied with the directives of this Court’s mandate on remand and found
that the 2005 contract, along with the 2006 and 2009 modifications, was not
unconscionable.

       In granting AT&T’s writ of prohibition as moulded in AT&T Mobility I, this Court
remanded the case to the circuit court requiring it to “make specific findings on the issue
of unconscionability that comport with the tests for unconscionability we established in
Art’s Flower Shop and Dunlap.” Specifically, we stated,

              When this matter is returned to the circuit court, the trial court
              should evaluate the provisions of the arbitration clause it has
              found to control against the ability of Ms. Shorts to enforce
              her rights in connection with her claims. This determination
              will necessarily involve a consideration of the financial costs

                                              6
             to proceed in arbitration; the opportunity to address her
             claims in arbitration; and the ability to seek redress for her
             claims in arbitration.

AT&T Mobility I, 226 W. Va. at 580, 703 S.E.2d at 551. In granting AT&T’s motion to
compel arbitration, the circuit court made the following findings on the issue of
unconscionability that comport with the tests established in Dunlap, 211 W.Va. 549, 567
S.E.2d 265, and Arts Flower Shop, 186 W.Va. 613, 413 S.E.2d 670:

             TEST (1): An examination of the relative position of the
             parties.

                                      ANALYSIS

             AT&T Mobility is a rich corporation and there is no evidence
             that Ms. Shorts is either rich or poor.

             TEST (2): An inquiry into each party’s bargaining power.

                                      ANALYSIS

             The parties are at the extremes in bargaining power. Shorts
             had a very limited choice in wireless service. If she wanted
             Cingular wireless service she had to agree to arbitration.

             TEST (3): Consideration of the availability of meaningful
             alternatives.

                                      ANALYSIS

             There was none. If Shorts wanted the phone and the service
             she had to agree to arbitration.

             and

             TEST (4): The identification of specific unfair terms in the
             subject contract.

                                      ANALYSIS

             Class actions, jury trials, [and] punitive damages presented to
             a jury are all prohibited by the arbitration agreement and are,
             in my opinion, unconscionable. However the loss of these

                                           7
             rights in an arbitration agreement have all been found by our
             Supreme Court of Appeals as not making the agreement
             facially unconscionable and do not prevent a claimant from
             vindicating his or her rights. After the AT&T Mobility
             decision of our Supreme Court it is very clear that standing
             alone, the loss of these procedural rights, even in a contract of
             adhesion, do not prohibit or substantially limit a person from
             enforcing and vindication [sic] rights and protections or from
             seeking and obtaining statutory or common-law relief and
             remedies that are afforded by or arise under state law that
             exists for the benefit and protection of the public, and they do
             not make the arbitration agreement unconscionable.

             A trial judge must also consider whether the costs of
             arbitration are unreasonably burdensome. However, the
             Supreme Court has already concluded that Mrs. Shorts bears
             no costs with regard to an arbitration proceeding. Thus, costs
             are not a factor to be further addressed in this Opinion.

             Therefore, the inevitable further findings of this court:

          1.	 The contract is not unconscionable. A valid, enforceable
              arbitration agreement exists as a matter of law.

          2.	 Relying on the law in our AT&T Mobility case, the law in
              AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, the findings already
              made by this court and the Supreme Court of Appeals, the
              terms in the Arbitration Agreement in this case, the specific
              findings of fact surrounding the dispute, and, of extreme
              importance, my duty to follow the law as interrupted [sic] by
              our highest State Court, I find that the applicable arbitration
              terms, with the continued assistance of counsel, do not
              prevent Ms. Shorts from addressing her claims in arbitration
              and enforcing her rights, as limited by our highest state and
              federal courts, in connection with her claims.

          3.	 The costs attendant to pursuing her claims in arbitration are
              not unreasonably burdensome.

      We find no error in the circuit court’s findings regarding the issue of
conscionability under the applicable West Virginia law. Furthermore, in light of the U.S.
Supreme Court’s decision in Concepcion, __ U.S. __, 131 S. Ct. 1740, we find that the

                                             8

2006 and 2009 agreements are enforceable. In Concepcion, the Supreme Court examined
a California rule that, in certain circumstances, automatically invalidated an arbitration
clause if it contained a class action waiver. Id. The Supreme Court concluded that such a
per se rule abrogating arbitration clauses impairs the rights of parties to contract and, if
they so choose, arbitrate rather than litigate a particular dispute. Id. The California rule
was therefore found to be preempted by the Federal Arbitration Act. Id. In so holding,
the Supreme Court observed that “aggrieved customers who filed claims would be
‘essentially guarantee[d]’ to be made whole” under AT&T Mobility’s arbitration
provision and that plaintiffs are “better off under their arbitration agreement with AT&T
Mobility than they would have been as participants in a class action, . . . .” Id., 131 S. Ct.
at 1753.6

        Ms. Shorts next maintains that the circuit court should have allowed her an
opportunity for discovery prior to granting AT&T’s motion to compel arbitration.
However, we find that the discovery Shorts seeks would be fruitless. As one court has
noted, discovery on these topics “goes only to substantiating the very public policy
arguments that were expressly rejected by the Supreme Court in Concepcion – namely,
that the class action waiver will be exculpatory, because most of these small-value claims
will go undetected and unprosecuted.” Cruz v. Cingular Wireless, LLC, 648 F.3d 1205,
1214 (11th Cir. 2011). Similarly, the Ninth Circuit has explained that Concepcion
“forcloses [the] argument” that “class-action waivers are unconscionable” based “on a
case-by-case, evidence-specific finding of exculpation.” Coneff v. AT&T Corp., 673 F.3d
1155, 1160 (9th Cir. 2012). Other courts evaluating AT&T Mobility’s arbitration
provisions have also refused to permit the type of discovery Ms. Shorts seeks.7

6
 Numerous other courts have likewise upheld the 2006 and 2009 provisions. See Coneff
v. AT&T Mobility LLC, 673 F.3d 1155 (9th Cir. 2012); Cruz v. Cingular Wireless, LLC,
648 F.3d 1205 (11th Cir. 2011); Kaltwasser v. AT&T Mobility LLC, 812 F. Supp. 2d
1042 (N.D. Cal. 2011); Blau v. AT&T Mobility LLC, 2012 WL 566565 (N.D. Cal. Feb.
21, 2012); In re Apple & AT&TM Antitrust Litig., 826 F. Supp. 2d 1168 (N.D. Cal.
2011); Hendricks v. AT&T Mobility, LLC, 823 F.Supp.2d 1015 (N.D. Cal. 2011); Nelson
v. AT&T Mobility LLC, 2011 WL 3651153 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 18, 2011); Boyer v. AT&T
Mobility Servs., LLC, 2011 WL 3047666 (S.D. Cal. July 25, 2011); In re Apple & AT&T
iPad Unlimited Data Plan Litig., 2011 WL 2886407 (N.D. Cal. July 19, 2011); Johnson
v. AT & T Mobility, LLC, 2010 WL 5342825 (S.D. Tex. Dec. 21, 2010); Fay v. New
Cingular, Wireless, PCS, LLC, 2010 WL 4905698 (E.D. Mo. Nov. 24, 2010); Powell v.
AT & T Mobility, LLC, 742 F. Supp. 2d 1285 (N.D. Ala. 2010); Wince v. Easterbrooke
Cellular Corp., 681 F. Supp. 2d 679 (N.D. W. Va. 2010); Francis v. AT&T Mobility LLC,
2009 WL 416063 (E.D. Mich. Feb. 18, 2009).
7
 See, e. g., Kaplan v. AT&T Mobility, LLC, 2011 WL 7409078, at *1 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 9,
2011)(“The Court finds that arbitration-related discovery is neither necessary nor proper
and therefore denies plaintiff’s request therefor.”); In re Apple & AT&T iPad, 2011 WL
                                              9

Accordingly, we find that the circuit court did not err in denying Ms. Shorts’ request for
discovery prior to granting AT&T’s motion to compel arbitration.8

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the circuit court’s order entered July 25,
2011, granting AT&T’s Motion to Compel Arbitration.

                                                                                   Affirmed.

ISSUED: June 17, 2013

CONCURRED IN BY:

Chief Justice Brent D. Benjamin
Justice Robin Jean Davis
Justice Margaret L. Workman
Justice Menis E. Ketchum
Justice Allen H. Loughry, II

2886407 at *6 (N.D. Cal. 2011) (“The argument that plaintiffs seek to support through
arbitration related discovery has already been addressed and rejected by the [U.S.]
Supreme Court in Concepcion.”); Hopkins v. World Acceptance Corp., 798 F. Supp. 2d
1339 (N.D. Ga. 2011).
8
 Last, Ms. Shorts maintains that the circuit court erred in requiring the parties to arbitrate
the claim brought by Palisades against Ms. Shorts and the counterclaim by Ms. Shorts
against Palisades because the AAA currently has a moratorium in place and currently
ceases to administer this type of consumer debt-collection action. We decline to address
this issue as it pertains to a party that is not before the Court.

                                             10