Court Opinion

ID: 9392084
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-04 07:00:16.665465+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:16.030189
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
                        MERIT SYSTEMS PROTECTION BOARD

     JUANITA PHILIP,                                 DOCKET NUMBER
                    Appellant,                       NY-0752-18-0166-I-1

                  v.

     DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY,                         DATE: May 3, 2023
                 Agency.

             THIS FINAL ORDER IS NONPRECEDENTIAL 1

           Neil C. Bonney, Esquire, Virginia Beach, Virginia, for the appellant.

           John Gupton and Nina A. Clarke-Brewley, Kingshill, Virgin Islands, for
             the agency.

                                           BEFORE

                               Cathy A. Harris, Vice Chairman
                                Raymond A. Limon, Member

                                       FINAL ORDER

¶1         The agency has filed a petition for review of the initial decision, which
     found that the agency violated the appellant’s due process rights and reversed the
     removal action taken pursuant to 32 U.S.C. § 709.         For the reasons discussed
     below, we GRANT the agency’s petition for review, VACATE the initial

     1
        A nonprecedential order is one that the Board has determined does not add
     significantly to the body of MSPB case law. Parties may cite nonprecedential orders,
     but such orders have no precedential value; the Board and administrative judges are not
     required to follow or distinguish them in any future decisions. In contra st, a
     precedential decision issued as an Opinion and Order has been identified by the Board
     as significantly contributing to the Board’s case law. See 5 C.F.R. § 1201.117(c).
                                                                                            2

     decision, and DISMISS the appeal for lack of jurisdiction. We also DENY the
     appellant’s motion to dismiss the agency’s petition for review for failur e to
     comply with interim relief.

                                        BACKGROUND
¶2         The Adjutant General of the Virgin Islands National Guard (VING)
     employed the appellant pursuant to 32 U.S.C. § 709(a) in a Public Affairs
     Specialist position at VING’s Joint Force Headquarters in St. Croix, Virgin
     Islands. Initial Appeal File (IAF), Tab 9 at 7-8. In the position, the appellant
     was required to meet the following conditions of employment:             (1) be a dual
     status military technician as defined in 10 U.S.C. § 10216(a); 2 (2) be a member of
     the National Guard; (3) hold the military grade specified by the Secretary
     concerned for that position; and (4) wear the appropriate military unifo rm while
     performing duties as a dual status military technician. 32 U.S.C. § 709(b).
¶3         In an order dated July 9, 2018, the Adjutant General honorably discharged
     the appellant, effective June 14, 2018, from the Army National Guard and as a
     reserve of the Army. IAF, Tab 9 at 9. Also, on July 9, 2018, the VING’s Human
     Resources Officer issued a memorandum informing the appellant that she would
     be separated from her dual status military technician position, effective July 13,
     2018, due to her loss of military membership. Id. at 8.
¶4         The appellant filed an appeal of her removal with the Board and requested a
     hearing. IAF, Tab 1 at 2, 4. The agency subsequently filed a motion to dismiss,
     arguing that the Board is without jurisdiction to hear her appeal because her
     removal from her dual status military technician position was based entirely upon
     her fitness for duty in the VING and the resulting failure to maintain her military
     2
      As relevant here, a dual status military technician includes a Federal civilian employee
     who is employed under 32 U.S.C. § 709(b), is required as a condition of employment to
     maintain membership in the Selected Reserve, and “is assigned to a civilian position as
     a technician in the organizing, administering, instructing, or training of the Selected
     Reserve or in the maintenance and repair of supplies or equipment issued to the
     Selected Reserve or the armed forces.” 10 U.S.C. § 10216(a).
                                                                                      3

     membership.    IAF, Tab 8 at 5, 8-9.    In such a case, the agency argued, the
     appellant’s removal is appealable only to the VING’s Adjutant General. Id. at 9.
     The appellant responded, arguing that she was entitled to the procedural
     protections of 5 U.S.C. § 7513, which include advance written notice of a
     removal action and an opportunity to provide a response. IAF, Tab 13 at 6 -8.
     Because the agency did not provide her with an opportunity to respond prior to
     her removal, she argued that the agency violated her constitutional right to due
     process. Id.
¶5        The appellant withdrew her request for a hearing, and the administrative
     judge issued an initial decision based on the written record. IAF, Tab 17 at 2,
     Tab 20, Initial Decision (ID). The administrative judge found that, pursuant to
     the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 (2017 NDAA), the
     appellant was a covered employee entitled to the procedural protections of Title 5
     of the U.S. Code. ID at 3. She rejected the agency’s argument that the Board
     lacks jurisdiction over the appeal because it was based on her loss of military
     membership; instead, she found that the appellant’s removal was based on a
     charge of failure to meet a condition of employment—in this case, the
     maintenance of her military status. ID at 3-4. The administrative judge found
     that the statute precluded her from reviewing the merits of the agency’s
     determination regarding the appellant’s loss of military membership ; she further
     found that the appellant, as a covered employee, was nevertheless entitled to the
     procedural protections of Title 5 during the removal process.      ID at 5.   The
     administrative judge therefore found that the agency denied the appellant her due
     process rights when it failed to provide adequate notice, an opportunity to
     respond, and a subsequent written decision.        ID at 5.     As a result, the
     administrative judge reversed the action, and she ordered the agency to cancel the
     removal and retroactively restore the appellant, effective July 13, 2018. ID at 6.
     The administrative judge also ordered the agency to provide interim relief
     pursuant to 5 U.S.C. § 7701(b)(2)(A). ID at 7.
                                                                                      4

¶6        The agency has filed a petition for review. Petition for Review (PFR) File,
     Tab 1. The appellant has filed a response to the agency’s petition for review and
     a motion to dismiss the petition for review for failure to comply with the
     administrative judge’s interim relief order. PFR File, Tabs 3 -4.

                        DISCUSSION OF ARGUMENTS ON REVIEW
¶7        The Board’s jurisdiction is limited to those matters over which it has been
     given jurisdiction by law, rule, or regulation.        Maddox v. Merit Systems
     Protection Board, 759 F.2d 9, 10 (Fed. Cir. 1985). The appellant has the burden
     of establishing jurisdiction over her appeal by a preponderance of the evidence.
     5 C.F.R. § 1201.56(b)(2)(i)(A).
¶8        On review, the agency argues that the administrative judge erred in finding
     that dual status military technicians are considere d covered employees under
     Title 5 regardless of the basis upon which the adverse action at issue was taken.
     PFR File, Tab 1 at 19-20. In support of its argument, the agency contends that
     Congress plainly limited the expansion of dual status military technicians’ appeal
     rights to appeals that did not concern “activity occurring while the member is in a
     military pay status, or . . . fitness for duty in the reserve components.”      Id.
     at 20-21 (quoting 32 U.S.C. § 709(f)(4)).    The agency argues that because the
     appellant lost her military membership as a result of a fitness-for-duty
     determination, the Board lacks jurisdiction over the appeal. Id. at 6-7, 25. For
     the following reasons, we agree with the agency that the Board lacks jurisdiction
     over the appeal.
¶9        While this appeal was pending on petition for review, the U.S. Court of
     Appeals for the Federal Circuit issued Dyer v. Department of the Air Force,
     971 F.3d 1377 (Fed. Cir. 2020), which governs the outcome in this matter, even
     though the events in this matter predate the issuance of the Dyer decision. See
     Heartland By-Products, Inc. v. U.S., 568 F.3d 1360, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2009)
     (“Under general principles of law, judicial decisions are given retroactive
                                                                                        5

      effect.”); NV24-Keyport2 v. Department of the Navy, 123 M.S.P.R. 263, ¶ 22
      (2016) (noting that the Board generally applies case law issued while an appeal is
      pending); Porter v. Department of Defense, 98 M.S.P.R. 461, ¶¶ 11-14 (2005)
      (explaining that judicial decisions are given retroactive effect to all pending
      cases, whether or not those cases involve predecision events); see also Fairall v.
      Veterans Administration, 33 M.S.P.R. 33, 39 (stating that decisions of the U.S.
      Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit are controlling autho rity for the Board),
      aff’d, 844 F.2d 775 (Fed. Cir. 1987). We briefly discuss the relevant facts from
      Dyer.
¶10           Mr. Dyer enlisted in the West Virginia Air National Guard (WVANG), and
      he was later appointed in his civilian capacity to a dual status position as a
      military technician.     Dyer, 971 F.3d at 1378.          Pursuant to 32 U.S.C.
      § 709(b), (f)(1)(A), and as a requirement to maintain his dual status position,
      Mr. Dyer was required to continue his membership with the WVANG.             Id. In
      June 2017, the WVANG Selective Retention Review Board recommended Mr.
      Dyer’s separation from the WVANG. Id. Based on this recommendation, the
      West Virginia Adjutant General notified Mr. Dyer that he would be separated
      from the WVANG on December 31, 2017. Id. at 1378-79. Mr. Dyer requested
      reconsideration, and the Adjutant General declined to overturn the separation
      decision. 3 Id. at 1379. The Adjutant General also notified Mr. Dyer that upon his
      separation from the WVANG, his position as a dual status technician would be
      terminated because he no longer fulfilled the requirement of 32 U.S.C. § 709(b).
      Id. Mr. Dyer filed a Board appeal, and the administrative judge found that the
      Board had jurisdiction over the appeal and that Mr. Dyer was provided with due
      process. Id. The initial decision became the Board’s final decision, and Mr. Dyer
      petitioned the court for review. Id.

      3
       Ultimately, the Adjutant General extended Mr. Dyer’s term of service until June 30,
      2018. Dyer, 971 F.3d at 1379.
                                                                                           6

¶11         The court found that the Board lacked jurisdiction over Mr. Dyer’s appeal.
      Id.   In pertinent part, the court noted that, to be employed as a dual status
      technician, the civilian must be a military member of the National Guard, among
      other requirements.     Id. at 1380 (citing 32 U.S.C. § 709(b)(2)).         The court
      described as “clear” the statutory language in 32 U.S.C. § 709(f)(1)(A), which
      states that the state Adjutant General must “promptly separate[] from military
      technician (dual status) employment any dual status technician who has been
      separated from the National Guard.” Id. (citing 32 U.S.C. § 709(f)(1)(A)).
¶12         The court noted that, prior to the 2017 NDAA, any dual status technician
      who was separated due to the failure to maintain National Guard membership
      only had appeal rights to the state Adjutant General and dual status technicians
      were excluded from certain procedural protections under Title 5. Id. However,
      the court explained that the 2017 NDAA added a clause to section 709(f)(4)
      limiting the prohibition on appeal rights. Importantly, the provision at 32 U.S.C.
      § 709(f)(4) now states that “a right of appeal which may exist with respect to
      paragraph (1) . . . shall not extend beyond the adjutant general of the jurisdiction
      concerned when the appeal concerns activity occurring while the member is in a
      military pay status, or concerns fitness for duty in the reserve c omponents.” 4
      Dyer, 971 F.3d at 1381 (emphasis in original). The court also noted that the 2017
      NDAA amended sections related to Title 5 to allow dual status employees to be
      covered in some circumstances. 5 Id.

      4
        The 2017 NDAA defined the term “fitness for duty in the reserve components” as
      referring “only to military-unique service requirements that attend to military service
      generally.” 32 U.S.C. § 709(j)(2); Dyer, 971 F.3d at 1382.
      5
        Office of Personnel Management regulations implementing the 2017 NDAA, which
      became effective on December 12, 2022, state that adverse actions and
      performance-based removals or reductions in grade of dual status National Guard
      Technicians are not appealable to the Board except as provided by 32 U.S.C.
      § 709(f)(5). 5 C.F.R. §§ 432.102(b)(16), 752.401(b)(17); see Probation on Initial
      Appointment to a Competitive Position, 87 Fed. Reg. 67765, 67782 -83 (Nov. 10, 2022).
                                                                                            7

¶13         The court stated that it was undisputed that Mr. Dyer was not in a military
      pay status when he was terminated from dual status employment. Id. at 1382.
      Noting that National Guard membership is a “fundamental military-specific
      requirement attendant to dual[] status employee’s military service,” and the
      statute does not give the Adjutant General any discretion with respect to the
      termination of a dual status employee who has been separated from the National
      Guard, the court concluded that Mr. Dyer’s termination from dual status
      employment as a result of his separation from the National Guard concerned
      fitness for duty in the reserve components. Id. The court further held that the
      termination fell within an exception that precludes a right of appeal to the Board
      pursuant to section 709(f)(4), and the Board therefore lacks jurisdiction over Mr.
      Dyer’s appeal. Id. at 1384.
¶14         Similarly, here, the appellant’s termination based on her separation from the
      National Guard concerned her fitness for duty in the reserve components .
      Pursuant to 32 U.S.C. § 709(f)(4), her only avenue for appeal is with the Adjutant
      General, and the Board lacks jurisdiction over the appeal. Accordingly, we do
      not address any arguments related to due process, and we exercise our discretion
      not to dismiss the agency’s petition for review regardless of whether the agency
      complied with the administrative judge’s interim relief order.           See Lovoy v.
      Department of Health and Human Services, 94 M.S.P.R. 571, ¶ 28 (2003).

                               NOTICE OF APPEAL RIGHTS 6
            You may obtain review of this final decision. 5 U.S.C. § 7703(a)(1). By
      statute, the nature of your claims determines the time limit for seeking such
      review and the appropriate forum with which to file.              5 U.S.C. § 7703(b).
      Although we offer the following summary of available appeal rights, the Merit

      6
        Since the issuance of the initial decision in this matter, the Board m ay have updated
      the notice of review rights included in final decisions. As indicated in the notice, the
      Board cannot advise which option is most appropriate in any matter.
                                                                                        8

Systems Protection Board does not provide legal advice on which option is most
appropriate for your situation and the rights described below do not represent a
statement of how courts will rule regarding which cases fall within their
jurisdiction.   If you wish to seek review of this final decision, you should
immediately review the law applicable to your claims and carefully follow all
filing time limits and requirements. Failure to file within the applicable time
limit may result in the dismissal of your case by your chosen forum.
      Please read carefully each of the three main possible choices of review
below to decide which one applies to your particular case. If you have questions
about whether a particular forum is the appropriate one to review your case, you
should contact that forum for more information.

      (1) Judicial review in general. As a general rule, an appellant seeking
judicial review of a final Board order must file a petition for review with the U.S.
Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which must be received by the court
within 60 calendar days of the date of issuance of this decision.               5 U.S.C.
§ 7703(b)(1)(A).
      If you submit a petition for review to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the
Federal   Circuit,   you   must   submit   your   petition   to   the   court    at   the
following address:
                              U.S. Court of Appeals
                              for the Federal Circuit
                             717 Madison Place, N.W.
                             Washington, D.C. 20439

      Additional information about the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit is available at the court’s website, www.cafc.uscourts.gov. Of particular
relevance is the court’s “Guide for Pro Se Petitioners and Appellants,” which is
contained within the court’s Rules of Practice, and Forms 5, 6, 10, and 11.
      If you are interested in securing pro bono representation for an appeal to
the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, you may visit our website at
                                                                                     9

http://www.mspb.gov/probono for information regarding pro bono representation
for Merit Systems Protection Board appellants before the Federal Circuit. The
Board neither endorses the services provided by any attorney nor warrants that
any attorney will accept representation in a given case.

      (2) Judicial   or   EEOC     review   of   cases     involving    a   claim   of
discrimination. This option applies to you only if you have claimed that you
were affected by an action that is appealable to the Board and that such action
was based, in whole or in part, on unlawful discrimination. If so, you may obtain
judicial review of this decision—including a disposition of your discrimination
claims—by filing a civil action with an appropriate U.S. district court ( not the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit), within 30 calendar days after you
receive this decision.     5 U.S.C. § 7703(b)(2); see Perry v. Merit Systems
Protection Board, 582 U.S. ____ , 137 S. Ct. 1975 (2017).              If you have a
representative in this case, and your representative receives this decision before
you do, then you must file with the district court no later than 30 calendar days
after your representative receives this decision. If the action involves a claim of
discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin, or a disabling
condition, you may be entitled to representation by a court-appointed lawyer and
to waiver of any requirement of prepayment of fees, costs, or other security. See
42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f) and 29 U.S.C. § 794a.
      Contact information for U.S. district courts can be found at their respective
websites, which can be accessed through the link below:
      http://www.uscourts.gov/Court_Locator/CourtWebsites.aspx.
      Alternatively, you may request review by the Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission (EEOC) of your discrimination claims only, excluding
all other issues. 5 U.S.C. § 7702(b)(1). You must file any such request with the
EEOC’s Office of Federal Operations within 30 calendar days after you receive
this decision. 5 U.S.C. § 7702(b)(1). If you have a representative in this case,
                                                                                     10

and your representative receives this decision before you do, then you must file
with the EEOC no later than 30 calendar days after your representative receives
this decision.
      If you submit a request for review to the EEOC by regular U.S. mail, the
address of the EEOC is:
                            Office of Federal Operations
                     Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
                                  P.O. Box 77960
                             Washington, D.C. 20013

      If you submit a request for review to the EEOC via commercial delivery or
by a method requiring a signature, it must be addressed to:
                            Office of Federal Operations
                     Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
                                 131 M Street, N.E.
                                   Suite 5SW12G
                             Washington, D.C. 20507

      (3) Judicial     review   pursuant     to   the    Whistleblower      Protection
Enhancement Act of 2012. This option applies to you only if you have raised
claims of reprisal for whistleblowing disclosures under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8) or
other protected activities listed in 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(9)(A)(i), (B), (C), or (D).
If so, and your judicial petition for review “raises no challenge to the Board’s
disposition of allegations of a prohibited personnel practice described in section
2302(b) other than practices described in section 2302(b)(8), or 2302(b)(9)(A)(i),
(B), (C), or (D),” then you may file a petition for judicial review either with the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit or any court of appeals of
competent jurisdiction. 7   The court of appeals must receive your petition for

7
   The original statutory provision that provided for judicial review of certain
whistleblower claims by any court of appeals of competent jurisdiction expired on
December 27, 2017. The All Circuit Review Act, signed into law by the President on
July 7, 2018, permanently allows appellants to file petitions for judicial review of
MSPB decisions in certain whistleblower reprisal cases with the U.S. Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit or any other circuit court of appeals of competent jurisdiction.
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review within 60 days of the date of issuance of this decision.             5 U.S.C.
§ 7703(b)(1)(B).
      If you submit a petition for judicial review to the U.S. Court of Appeals for
the Federal Circuit, you must submit your petition to the court at the
following address:
                              U.S. Court of Appeals
                              for the Federal Circuit
                             717 Madison Place, N.W.
                             Washington, D.C. 20439

      Additional information about the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit is available at the court’s website, www.cafc.uscourts.gov. Of particular
relevance is the court’s “Guide for Pro Se Petitioners and Appellants,” which is
contained within the court’s Rules of Practice, and Forms 5, 6, 10, and 11.
      If you are interested in securing pro bono representation for an appeal to
the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, you may visit our website at
http://www.mspb.gov/probono for information regarding pro bono representation
for Merit Systems Protection Board appellants before the Federal Circuit. The
Board neither endorses the services provided by any attorney nor warrants that
any attorney will accept representation in a given case.

The All Circuit Review Act is retroactive to November 26, 2017. Pub. L. No. 115 -195,
132 Stat. 1510.
                                                                       12

      Contact information for the courts of appeals can be found at their
respective websites, which can be accessed through the link below:
      http://www.uscourts.gov/Court_Locator/CourtWebsite s.aspx.

FOR THE BOARD:                          /s/ for
                                        Jennifer Everling
                                        Acting Clerk of the Board
Washington, D.C.