Court Opinion

ID: 865288
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-04-27 00:27:34.462354+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:05:53.125245
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

                               NO. 2005-CA-01924-SCT

KATHERINE L. BUCHANAN

v.

AMERISTAR CASINO VICKSBURG, INC.

DATE OF JUDGMENT:                         09/30/2005
TRIAL JUDGE:                              HON. FRANK G. VOLLOR
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                WARREN COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                   DAVID M. SESSUMS
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:                   TIMOTHY D. MOORE
                                          EDWARD J. CURRIE, JR.
                                          JAMES J. PISANELLI
NATURE OF THE CASE:                       CIVIL - OTHER
DISPOSITION:                              AFFIRMED - 03/15/2007
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:

       BEFORE SMITH, C.J., EASLEY AND GRAVES, JJ.

       EASLEY, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1.    The Circuit Court of Warren County, Mississippi determined that Ameristar Casinos,

Inc. (Ameristar-Las Vegas) was not the alter ego of Ameristar Casino Vicksburg, Inc.

(Ameristar-Vicksburg) and granted summary judgment, dismissing Ameristar-Las Vegas as

a defendant. In addition, the trial court granted Ameristar-Las Vegas’s motion to strike the

expert report and affidavit of James A. Koerber, Plaintiff Katherine Buchanan’s expert, as

untimely. Koerber’s affidavit consisted merely of his sworn statement to the effect that the
information contained in his report was true and correct as set forth therein. We find that the

trial court did not err by granting Ameristar-Las Vegas’s motion for summary judgment and

granting Ameristar-Las Vegas’s motion to strike the expert report and affidavit as untimely.

Accordingly, the judgment of the Circuit Court of Warren County is affirmed.

                        PROCEDURAL HISTORY AND FACTS

¶2.    On March 8, 1997, Buchanan was employed by Ameristar-Vicksburg. Buchanan

claimed that she injured her left knee while working at Ameristar-Vicksburg in the course and

scope of her employment. Buchanan went to the emergency room for treatment, and

Ameristar-Vicksburg and its workers’ compensation carrier, Legion Insurance Company, paid

the emergency room expenses. Thereafter, Ameristar-Vicksburg and Legion refused to pay

additional medical expenses for costs incurred with other medical visits and surgery.

¶3.    On March 26, 1997, Buchanan filed a petition to controvert with the Mississippi

Workers’ Compensation Commission (Commission). The Administrative Law Judge (ALJ)

found that Buchanan had received a work-related injury to her left knee. The ALJ ordered

Ameristar-Vicksburg and Legion, collectively “the Defendants,” to pay temporary total

benefits, penalties, and interest on any unpaid compensation benefits, and to provide medical

services and supplies as required by Buchanan in accordance with Mississippi statutes.

¶4.    The Defendants appealed the ALJ’s ruling to the full Commission.               The full

Commission affirmed the ALJ’s order.         Thereafter, the Defendants appealed the full

Commission’s decision to the Circuit Court of Warren County. The trial court affirmed the

Commission’s decision. In November 1999, the Defendants filed an appeal from this ruling

                                              2
with this Court. However, the Defendants dismissed their appeal with this Court in December

1999. The Defendants waited almost six months to begin payment as ordered by the trial

court.

¶5.      Thereafter, Buchanan filed suit against Ameristar-Vicksburg and Legion, alleging bad

faith for its refusal to pay, bad faith for its delay in payment, and improper and inadequate

investigation. During the discovery process, Buchanan learned that Ameristar-Vicksburg did

not have separate financial statements from its parent company Ameristar-Las Vegas. The

trial court granted Buchanan’s motion to amend to bring Ameristar-Las Vegas into the lawsuit

as a party defendant.1

¶6.      Buchanan filed a third amended complaint adding Ameristar-Las Vegas as a party

defendant on August 16, 2004, more than four years after the complaint was originally filed

in the circuit court.2 The third amended complaint alleged that Ameristar-Las Vegas was the

alter ego of Ameristar-Vicksburg. In the complaint, Buchanan sought two million dollars in

actual damages and thirty million dollars in punitive damages. On December 23, 2004,

Ameristar-Las Vegas filed a motion for summary judgment denying that it was the alter ego

of Ameristar-Vicksburg and requesting that it be dismissed from the lawsuit.

         1
        GAB Robbins North America, Inc., also was added as a new party defendant to the
third amended complaint.
         2
         The third amended complaint listed four defendants: Ameristar Casino Vicksburg,
Inc.; Legion Insurance Company; GAB Robbins North America, Inc.; and Ameristar Casino,
Inc. Legion was the workers’ compensation insurance carrier, and GAB Robbins
investigated workers’ compensation claims and determined if the claims should be paid or
denied. Legion was dismissed later from the lawsuit.

                                              3
¶7.    On February 9, 2005, Buchanan filed a response in opposition to the motion for

summary judgment. On the same day, Ameristar-Las Vegas filed a motion to strike the expert

report and affidavit contained in Buchanan’s response in opposition to the motion for

summary judgment. A hearing was conducted on February 10, 2005. The trial court granted

the summary judgment and motion to dismiss in favor of Ameristar-Las Vegas. In addition,

the trial court granted Ameristar-Las Vegas’s motion to strike Buchanan’s expert report and

his affidavit as being untimely filed. On reconsideration, the trial court affirmed its decision

to grant summary judgment and to strike Buchanan’s expert report and affidavit and entered

its order as a final judgment pursuant to M.R.C.P. 54(b) . Following this ruling, Buchanan

filed a notice of appeal with this Court raising the following issues:

       I.     Whether the trial court erred by granting Ameristar-Las Vegas’s
              motion to strike.

       II.    Whether the trial court erred by granting Ameristar-Las Vegas’s
              motion for summary judgment

                                         ANALYSIS

       I.     Motion to strike

¶8.    Ameristar-Las Vegas filed a motion to strike Buchanan’s expert report and affidavit

as being untimely submitted. The trial court agreed with Ameristar-Las Vegas and struck the

expert report and affidavit as being untimely submitted pursuant to its discovery deadline

order. Accordingly, Buchanan argues on appeal that the trial court erred by striking her

expert’s affidavit and report as being untimely. Buchanan improperly relies on M.R.C.P. 56

and In re Last Will and Testament of Smith, 910 So. 2d 562 (Miss. 2005), which both

                                               4
concern when a party may serve affidavits in the context of summary judgment motions. This

issue does not involve whether summary judgment was appropriate, but instead, whether the

expert report and affidavit was timely submitted to Ameristar-Las Vegas in discovery, where

the trial court had issued a discovery deadline order.

¶9.    In Bowie v. Montford Jones Mem’l Hosp., this Court held:

       Our trial judges are afforded considerable discretion in managing the pre-trial
       discovery process in their courts, including the entry of scheduling orders
       setting out various deadlines to assure orderly pre-trial preparation resulting in
       timely disposition of the cases. Our trial judges also have a right to expect
       compliance with their orders, and when parties and/or attorneys fail to adhere
       to the provisions of these orders, they should be prepared to do so at their own
       peril. See, e.g., Kilpatrick v. Miss. Baptist Med. Ctr., 461 So. 2d 765, 767- 68
       (Miss. 1984) (held that trial court did not abuse discretion in dismissing case
       due to failure to comply with pre-rules discovery statutes relating to timely
       designation of expert witnesses); Mallet v. Carter, 803 So. 2d 504, 507-08
       (Miss. Ct. App. 2002) (held that trial court did not abuse discretion in
       dismissing case for failure to timely designate expert witness within the time
       allowed by the trial court's scheduling order).

Bowie v. Montfort Jones Mem'l Hosp., 861 So. 2d 1037, 1042 (Miss. 2003). However, this

Court also considers the time line for discovery submissions and each alleged discovery

violation on a case-by-case basis. In Bowie, this Court further held:

       Discovery responses are to be supplemented seasonably pursuant to Rule 26(f)
       of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure. It has been held that "seasonably
       does not mean several months later. It means immediately." West v. Sanders
       Clinic for Women, P.A., 661 So. 2d 714, 721 (Miss. 1995). Additionally,
       "seasonableness must be determined on a case by case basis looking at the
       totality of the circumstances surrounding the supplemental information the
       offering party seeks to admit." Blanton v. Board of Supervisors, 720 So. 2d
       190, 195 (Miss. 1998).

Bowie, 861 So. 2d at 1041.

                                               5
¶10.   Here, Buchanan filed a motion for leave to amend her complaint to add Ameristar-Las

Vegas as a party defendant under an alter ego theory. Initially, the trial court denied

Buchanan’s motion for leave to amend the complaint. However, in July 2004, the trial court

conducted a hearing on the plaintiff’s motion for reconsideration of the motion for leave to

amend her complaint. On August 3, 2004, the trial court granted Buchanan leave to amend

the complaint. Importantly, this order also re-opened discovery and provided that Buchanan

had sixty days from the date of Ameristar-Las Vegas’s answer to conduct discovery to support

her position, and thereafter, Ameristar-Las Vegas had thirty days, if warranted, to submit a

motion to dismiss.

¶11.       According to the certificate, on October 19, 2004, Ameristar-Las Vegas, the newly

added defendant, served a request for production of documents on Buchanan. In the request

for production of documents, Ameristar-Las Vegas sought the production of any report

received from an expert and all documents used by the expert to form his or her opinion

instead of filing an interrogatory request for expert information pursuant to M.R.C.P.

26(b)(4)(A)(I).3

       3
            M.R.C.P. 26 provides in part:

       (b) Scope of Discovery. Unless otherwise limited by order of the court in
       accordance with these rules, the scope of discovery is as follows:

                 (1) In General. Parties may obtain discovery regarding any
                 matter, not privileged, which is relevant to the issues raised by
                 the claims or defenses of any party. The discovery may include
                 the existence, description, nature, custody, condition and
                 location of any books, documents, electronic or magnetic data,

                                                 6
¶12.   Buchanan produced no documents in response to the eight requests for production of

documents. On November 9, 2004, she responded to Ameristar-Las Vegas’s eight requests

for production of documents. The relevant portion of the response provided:

              Plaintiff further objects on the basis that if Ameristar-Casino, Inc.[,]
       [Las-Vegas] is not the alter ego of Ameristar Casino Vicksburg, Inc.[,] then
       there is not (sic) need for the requested information and that if Ameristar
       Casino, Inc.[,] [Las Vegas] is in fact the alter ego of Ameristar Casino
       Vicksburg, Inc.[,] this information has already been provided to Ameristar
       Casino, Inc [Las Vegas].

              or other tangible things; and the identity and location of persons
              (I) having knowledge of any discoverable matter or (ii) who
              may be called as witnesses at the trial. It is not ground for
              objection that the information sought will be inadmissible at the
              trial if the information sought appears reasonably calculated to
              lead to the discovery of admissible evidence.

       (4) Trial Preparations: Experts. Discovery of facts known and opinions held
       by experts, otherwise discoverable under subsection (b)(1) of this rule and
       acquired or developed in anticipation of litigation or for trial, may be obtained
       only as follows:

              (A) (I) A party may through interrogatories require any other
              party to identify each person whom the other party expects to
              call as an expert witness at trial, to state the subject matter on
              which the expert is expected to testify, and to state the
              substance of the facts and opinions to which the expert is
              expected to testify and a summary of the grounds for each
              opinion.

(Emphasis added).

                                               7
While Buchanan’s response stated that she objected to the requested information, her

objection was not appropriate as it stated no grounds or basis for the objection. The response

amounted to a waiver of any alleged objection.

¶13.   After Ameristar-Las Vegas received Buchanan’s response, it filed a motion for

summary judgment. Ameristar-Las Vegas then received the expert report and affidavit the

day before the hearing on the motion for summary judgment, when Buchanan filed a motion

in opposition to Ameristar-Las Vegas’s motion for summary judgment and attached the two

documents. Ameristar-Las Vegas immediately filed a motion to strike Buchanan’s expert

report and affidavit as being untimely, rather than a motion to compel discovery. The

language of M.R.C.P. 37 does not mandate that a party must file a motion to compel

unanswered or incomplete discovery.4

       4
           M.R.C.P. 37(a)(1) and (3) provides:

               (a) Motion for Order Compelling Discovery. A party, upon
               reasonable notice to other parties and all persons affected
               thereby, may apply for an order compelling discovery as
               follows:

                      (1) Appropriate Court. An application for an
                      order may be made to the court in which the
                      action is pending.

               (3) Evasive or Incomplete Answer. For purposes of this
               section, an evasive or incomplete answer is to be treated as a
               failure to answer.

       (Emphasis added).

                                                 8
¶14. At trial and on appeal, Buchanan’s position was that the expert report was timely

submitted to Ameristar-Las Vegas pursuant to M.R.C.P. 56. Buchanan did not argue that

M.R.C.P. 26 does not specifically require that the expert’s information listed under M.R.C.P.

26(b)(4)(A)(I) be provided in the form of a report.

¶15.   Importantly, Buchanan raised no objection to producing the expert report from Koerber

at the hearing on the motion to strike or the motion for summary judgment, which both were

held on February 10, 2005. Instead, the day before the hearing, Buchanan filed a motion in

opposition to the motion for summary judgment, including an affidavit and expert report from

Koerber. The report stated that in Koerber’s expert opinion, Ameristar-Las Vegas and

Ameristar-Vicksburg operated as one corporation.

¶16.   At the September 9, 2005, hearing on the motion to reconsider, the trial court affirmed

its decision to strike the expert report and affidavit as being untimely provided pursuant to the

trial court’s discovery deadline order. In addition, the trial court made clear that the basis for

granting Ameristar-Las Vegas’s motion to strike was the discovery deadline violation and not

to the requirements of M.R.C.P. 56. Therefore, as to the expert report and affidavit, the trial

court was concerned with violation of discovery deadlines, not whether the lack of the expert

report merited summary judgment in favor of Ameristar-Las Vegas. The issue regarding

summary judgment in favor of Ameristar-Las Vegas is discussed below in Issue II.

¶17.   The trial court has the authority to set discovery scheduling orders with deadlines and

to enforce its deadlines. Bowie, 861 So. 2d at 1062. Furthermore, the trial courts are within

reason to expect compliance by the parties and adherence to trial court orders. Id. Here,

                                                9
Buchanan did not timely file Buchanan’s expert report from Koerber within the sixty-day

discovery deadline order.

¶18.      In Miss. Ins. Guar. Ass'n v. Miss. Cas. Ins. Co., 2006 Miss. LEXIS 622, 29 (Miss.

2006), this Court recently reemphasized that when a party acts to disregard the trial court’s

discovery order he or she so acts at his or her own peril. In Miss. Ins. Guar. Ass'n, 2006

Miss. LEXIS at 29, the Court affirmed the trial court’s decision to strike the discovery. We

stated:

          "Our trial judges . . . have a right to expect compliance with their orders, and
          when parties and/or attorneys fail to adhere to the provisions of these orders,
          they do so at their own peril." Bowie, 861 So. 2d at 1042. MIGA disobeyed
          the chancellor. MIGA gave redundant answers and more information than the
          chancellor said would be allowed. Therefore, MIGA acted at its own peril, and
          the chancellor did not abuse his discretion in striking the record.

Miss. Ins. Guar. Ass'n, 2006 Miss. LEXIS at 29.

¶19.      We find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by granting Ameristar-Las

Vegas’s motion to strike the expert report and affidavit. This issue is without merit.

          II.    Summary judgment

¶20.      This Court applies a de novo standard of review on appeal from a grant of summary

judgment by the trial court. See Hardy v. Brock, 826 So. 2d 71, 74 (Miss. 2001). See also

Jenkins v. Ohio Cas. Ins. Co., 794 So. 2d 228, 232 (Miss. 2001); Russell v. Orr, 700 So. 2d

619, 622 (Miss. 1997); Richmond v. Benchmark Constr. Corp., 692 So. 2d 60, 61 (Miss.

1997); Northern Elec. Co. v. Phillips, 660 So. 2d 1278, 1281 (Miss. 1995).

                                                10
¶21.     Rule 56(c) of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure provides that summary

judgment shall be granted by a court if "the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories

and admissions on file, together with affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as

to any material fact." M.R.C.P. 56 (c); see Saucier, 708 So. 2d at 1354. The moving party

has the burden of demonstrating there is no genuine issue of material fact, while the non-

moving party should be given the benefit of every reasonable doubt. Tucker v. Hinds

County, 558 So. 2d 869, 872 (Miss. 1990); see also Heigle v. Heigle, 771 So. 2d 341, 345

(Miss. 2000). A fact is material if it “tends to resolve any of the issues properly raised by the

parties.” Palmer v. Anderson Infirmary Benevolent Ass’n, 656 So. 2d 790, 794 (Miss.

1995).

¶22.     “If, in this view, there is no genuine issue of material fact and, the moving party is

entitled to judgment as a matter of law, summary judgment should forthwith be entered in his

favor. Otherwise, the motion should be denied.” Williamson ex rel. Williamson v. Keith,

786 So. 2d 390, 393 (Miss. 2001). “Issues of fact sufficient to require denial of a motion for

summary judgment obviously are present where one party swears to one version of the matter

in issue and another says the opposite.” Tucker, 558 So. 2d at 872. In Simmons v.

Thompson Mach. of Miss., Inc., 631 So. 2d 798, 801 (Miss. 1994) (citing Shaw v.

Burchfield, 481 So. 2d 247, 252 (Miss. 1985)) this Court held:

         Of importance here is the language of the rule authorizing summary judgment
         'where there is no genuine issue of material fact.' The presence of fact issues
         in the record does not per se entitle a party to avoid summary judgment. The
         court must be convinced that the factual issue is a material one, one that
         matters in an outcome determinative sense . . . the existence of a hundred

                                           11
       contested issues of fact will not thwart summary judgment where there is no
       genuine dispute regarding the material issues of fact.

The evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. See

Russell, 700 So. 2d at 622; Richmond, 692 So. 2d at 61; Northern Elec. Co., 660 So. 2d at

1281; Simmons, 631 So. 2d at 802; Tucker, 558 So. 2d at 872.

¶23.   Ameristar-Las Vegas filed a motion for summary judgment claiming that it was not the

alter ego of Ameristar-Vicksburg. The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of

Ameristar-Las Vegas. The trial court relied on Castillo v. M.E.K. Const., Inc.,741 So. 2d

332, 340 (Miss. Ct. App. 1999). Castillo addressed the issues of piercing the corporate veil

and workers’ compensation law.         In Castillo, Castillo claimed that certain evidence

demonstrated that one subsidiary was the alter ego of another subsidiary. Id. at 342. The

Court of Appeals held that Castillo failed to present “facts sufficient to justify piercing” the

corporate veil under Mississippi law. Id.

¶24.   Here, the trial court, relying on Castillo, ruled as follows:

       I’m ready to rule. I’m going to rule - - I’m going to grant the summary
       judgment. I’m going specifically on the point that there appears to be no sham
       or fraud shown or and intent to subvert justice, as mentioned in the Castillo
       case. I don’t think - - I don’t think I need to address all the issues. To me,
       that’s the main basis of my ruling. Also the - - in that regard, as far as no fraud
       or sham, there appears to be assets available to satisfy the judgment. It doesn’t
       seem to be - - any of this was directed at shielding assets from creditors. They
       have a balance net worth of 90 - - what, 98 million, which would be sufficient
       to satisfy a judgment.

The trial court denied Buchanan’s motion for rehearing on this issue.

                                               12
¶25.   Both Buchanan and Ameristar-Las Vegas cite to factors used by Mississippi federal

district courts, applying Mississippi law, for alter ego theories. In Gammill v. Lincoln Life

& Annuity Distribs., 200 F. Supp. 2d 632, 634-35 (S.D. Miss. 2001), the court, applying

Mississippi law, considered ten factors to “pierce the corporate veil.” The factors considered

were as follows:

       [T]he factors relevant to the determination of whether plaintiff has made
       sufficiently particularized allegations demonstrating the applicability of the
       piercing doctrine to the facts of the case: (1), the parent corporation owns all or
       a majority of the capital stock of the subsidiary; (2), the parent and subsidiary
       corporations have common directors or officers; (3), the parent corporation
       finances the subsidiary; (4), the parent corporation subscribes to all the capital
       stock of the subsidiary or otherwise causes its incorporation; (5), the subsidiary
       has grossly inadequate capital; (6), the parent corporation pays the salaries or
       expenses or losses of the subsidiary; (7), the subsidiary has substantially no
       business except with the parent corporation or no assets except those conveyed
       to it by the parent corporation; (8), in the papers of the parent corporation and
       in the statements of its officers, "the subsidiary" is referred to as such or as a
       department or division; (9), the directors or executives of the subsidiary do not
       act independently in the interest of the subsidiary but take direction from the
       parent corporation; and (10), the formal legal requirements of the subsidiary as
       a separate and independent corporation are not observed. Id; and see Century
       Hotels v. United States, 952 F. 2d 107, 110 (5th Cir. 1992); and United States
       v. Jon-T Chemicals, Inc., 768 F. 2d 686, 691-92 (5th Cir. 1985), cert. denied,
       475 U.S. 1014, 106 S. Ct. 1194, 89 L. Ed. 2d 309 (1986).

Gammill, 200 F. Supp. 2d at 634-35 (citing North American Plastics v. Inland Shoe

Manufacturing Company, 592 F. Supp. 875, 877 (N.D. Miss. 1984)).

¶26.   While these ten factors are instructive on the alter ego theory, this Court has not

adopted the factors as applied by the federal courts. Likewise, in Castillo, the Court of

Appeals merely set forth the federal factors since Castillo used them as the basis of her

argument. However, this Court has held a three-factor test for piercing the corporate veil and

                                               13
imposing liability on corporate shareholders. These factors are set forth in Gray v. Edgewater

Landing, Inc., as follows:

       (a) some frustration of contractual expectations regarding the party to whom he
       looked for performance; (b) the flagrant disregard of corporate formalities by
       the defendant corporation and its principals; (c) a demonstration of fraud or
       other equivalent misfeasance on the part of the corporate shareholder.

Gray v. Edgewater Landing, Inc., 541 So. 2d 1044, 1047 (Miss. 1989); see also Hardy v.

Brock, 826 So. 2d 71, 75 (Miss. 2002); Castillo,741 So. 2d at 340; Richardson v. Jenkins

Builders, Inc., 737 So. 2d 1030, 1031 (Miss. Ct. App. 1999); Berhow v. Peoples Bank, 423

F. Supp.2d 562, 566 (S.D. Miss. 2006) (applying the Gray three-part test for piercing the

corporate veil). In Gray, this Court further held that “[t]o present a jury issue on a demand

that the corporate veil be pierced, a party must present some credible evidence of each of

these points.” Gray, 541 So. 2d at 1047.

¶27.   Mississippi case law generally favors maintaining corporate entities and avoiding

attempts to pierce the corporate veil. Gray, 541 So. 2d at 1046. “[T]he cardinal rule of

corporate law is that a corporation possesses a legal existence separate and apart from that of

its officers and shareholders.” Id. at 1047 (quoting Amason v. Whitehead, 186 Ga.App. 320,

367, S.E.2d 107, 108 (1988)); see also North American Plastics, Inc. v. Inland Shoe

Manufacturing Co., Inc., 592 F. Supp. 875, 877 (N.D. Miss. 1984). This rule applies

“whether such shareholders are individuals or corporations.” North American Plastics, 592

F. Supp. at 877. In Johnson & Higgins of Miss., Inc. v. Comm’r of Ins., 321 So. 2d 281,

284-85 (Miss. 1975), this Court held that “the concept of the corporation is that the distinct

                                              14
corporate entities will be maintained unless to do so would subvert the ends of justice.”

(Emphasis added).

¶28.   In Murdock Acceptance Corporation v. Adcox, 245 Miss. 151, 163, 138 So. 2d 890,

896 (Miss. 1962), this Court has held that “[o]rdinarily two or more corporations are separate

and distinct entities although the same individuals are the incorporators of, or own stock, in

the several corporations, and although such corporations may have the same persons as

officers.” See also Johnson & Higgins, 321 So. 2d at 285. A corporation also retains a

separate identify for corporation purposes when stock is owned wholly or in part by another

corporation or natural person. Id. at 164; see also Johnson & Higgins, 321 So. 2d at 284-85.

Further, “[o]wnership of all the stock of a corporation coupled with common management and

direction does not, however, operate as a merger of the two corporations into a single entity.”

Johnson & Higgins, 321 So. 2d at 285. This Court will not disregard corporate identity

unless it is shown that one corporation is a “mere instrumentality or agency or adjunct in that

sense, or as a sham or is used in fraud, by the dominant corporation.” Id.

¶29.   Piercing the corporate veil of a subsidiary to reach the parent corporation is not “lightly

undertaken” by Mississippi courts. Johnson & Higgins, 321 So. 2d at 285. “Courts do not

take piercing of the corporate veil lightly because of the chilling effect it has on corporate

risk-taking.” Nash Plumbing, Inc. v. Shasco Wholesale Supply, Inc., 875 So. 2d 1077, 1082

(Miss. 2004) (citing Highway Dev. Co. v. Miss. State Highway Comm'n, 343 So. 2d 477, 480

(Miss. 1977)).

¶30.   In Johnson & Higgins, this Court held:

                                               15
       The mere fact that one owns all the stock of the other, or substantially all, is not
       enough to warrant disregard, in the absence of some fraudulent purpose; nor is
       the fact that there was an opportunity to exercise control. Furthermore the fact
       that the shareholders of the two corporations are the same is not of itself
       sufficient to treat the two corporations as one. Fletcher [(1 W. Fletcher,
       Cyclopedia of the Law of Private Corporations § 43 at 210 (Perm.Ed. 1974))].

Id.; see also Berhow, 423 F. Supp.2d at 566.

¶31.   Buchanan argues that Ameristar-Las Vegas is the alter ego of Ameristar-Vicksburg.

To support her position, Buchanan relies upon the alter ego factors used by the federal courts.

At the time of the summary judgment motion, Buchanan argued that Ameristar-Las Vegas

was the parent company and owned all of the capital stock of its subsidiary, Ameristar-

Vicksburg. Ameristar - Las Vegas did not deny this relationship between the two companies.

In his affidavit, Peter Walsh (Walsh), the senior vice-president, general counsel, and assistant

secretary of Ameristar-Las Vegas, admitted that Ameristar-Las Vegas was the parent

company of six subsidiaries, one of them being Ameristar-Vicksburg.

¶32.   According to the documents submitted in Buchanan’s response in opposition to the

motion for summary judgment, Ameristar-Las Vegas and Ameristar-Vicksburg shared some

common directors and officers. However, Ameristar-Las Vegas was incorporated in Nevada

and had at least six directors and seven officers. In contrast, Ameristar-Vicksburg was

incorporated in Mississippi, and had only one director and five officers. Craig H. Neilsen was

the president and one of six directors of Ameristar-Las Vegas and the president and sole

director of Ameristar-Vicksburg. In addition, Thomas M. Steinbauer was the senior vice-

president of finance, chief financial officer, treasurer, and secretary for Ameristar-Las Vegas.

                                               16
Steinbauer was a vice-president of finance, treasurer and secretary of Ameristar-Vicksburg.

Other than Neilsen and Steinbauer’s positions, no other officer or director was the same for

the two corporations. Ameristar-Las Vegas did not deny that the two corporations had

common directors or officers.

¶33.   As this Court has held, corporations are considered to be separate and distinct entities

even if “the same individuals are the incorporators of, or own stock, in the several

corporations, and although such corporations may have the same persons as officers.”

Murdock Acceptance, 138 So. 2d at 896; Johnson & Higgins, 321 So. 2d at 285. Therefore,

we find that the corporate veil should not be pierced merely because there was a commonality

of ownership and directors or officers of Ameristar-Las Vegas and Ameristar-Vicksburg.

¶34.   Buchanan also claims that the parent corporation, Ameristar-Las Vegas, financed its

subsidiary, Ameristar-Vicksburg. To support this assertion, Buchanan argues that all the

income generated by Ameristar-Vicksburg in excess of its operating costs was transferred to

Ameristar-Las Vegas. Buchanan argues that all of Ameristar-Vicksburg’s assets were pledged

as security for loans of Ameristar-Las Vegas. Indeed, Ameristar-Las Vegas admitted that

there are loan agreements, however, these transactions were documented in the two

corporation’s financial statements.

¶35.   Buchanan claims that Ameristar-LasVegas caused the incorporation of Ameristar-

Vicksburg. Buchanan claims that both corporations have identical incorporators. While

Ameristar-Las Vegas did not deny that it was the parent company of its wholly-owned

                                              17
subsidiary, Ameristar-Vicksburg, the record revealed only that Thomas B. Shepherd, III, was

the incorporator for Ameristar-Vicksburg.

¶36.   Buchanan claims that Ameristar-Vicksburg was undercapitalized because (1) it sent

all income in excess of its operating costs to Ameristar-LasVegas; and (2) all of Ameristar-

Vicksburg’s assets were pledged as security for loans of Ameristar-LasVegas. However, the

financial statements of Ameristar-Vicksburg showed that the corporation had more than

enough capital. Further, Walsh stated in his affidavit that Ameristar-Vicksburg was a “well

capitalized corporation.” At the time Walsh signed the affidavit in December 2004, he stated

that Ameristar-Vicksburg had generated more than sixty-eight million dollars over the past

seven years and more than one-hundred million dollars in the two-year period prior to signing

the affidavit. Ameristar-Vicksburg paid its employees from paychecks drafted on the

Vicksburg property and drawn from AmSouth Bank in Mississippi.

¶37.   Buchanan also argues that Ameristar-Vicksburg was organized only as an eating place,

whereas, Ameristar-Las Vegas was organized to operate casinos; and that Ameristar-

Vicksburg was set up to fund Ameristar-Las Vegas and guarantee its loans. Ameristar-

Vicksburg was set up to be a gaming operation. Further, Ameristar-Las Vegas engaged in

loan agreements with all of its subsidiaries. All of the six subsidiaries were guarantors of

Ameristar-Las Vegas’s corporate “Credit Agreement.” However, all transactions between the

two corporations were documented on each corporation’s books and reflected in Ameristar-

Vicksburg’s 2004 balance sheet.

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¶38.   Buchanan asserts that the two corporations had common business departments, as

evidenced by daily, weekly, and monthly reporting from Ameristar-Vicksburg to Ameristar-

Las Vegas. Ameristar-Las Vegas admitted that these reports were sent from Ameristar-

Vicksburg to Ameristar-Las Vegas. In addition, senior employees of Ameristar-Vicksburg

communicated with Ameristar-Las Vegas employees about these reports.

¶39.   Buchanan asserts that the two companies did not observe basic corporate formalities.

To the contrary, Walsh stated that the two companies had separate bank accounts, accounting

records, and corporate books and records. Ameristar-Las Vegas had a bank account in Las

Vegas and Ameristar-Vicksburg had a bank account in Mississippi. In addition to maintaining

separate corporate documents and records, the two corporations also had separate board

meetings, minutes, corporate books, accounting records and payrolls. Additionally, the two

companies had separate articles of incorporation and bylaws. Ameristar-Las Vegas was

incorporated in Nevada, whereas Ameristar-Vicksburg was incorporated in Mississippi.

¶40.   In addition, Buchanan takes issue with the fact that the companies filed a consolidated

financial statement and report to the Security and Exchange Commission (SEC). Ameristar-

Las Vegas did not deny this assertion. In fact, Walsh stated that Ameristar-Las Vegas was

a publically-traded company listed on the NASDAQ. Amerstar-Las Vegas was the parent

corporation of six wholly-owned subsidiaries including Ameristar-Vicksburg. As a publically

traded company, Ameristar-Las Vegas had to report all earnings to the SEC on a consolidated

basis and filed its tax returns on a consolidated basis with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS).

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Ameristar-Vicksburg provided Ameristar-Las Vegas with a separate financial statement of

its own in order to report earnings on a consolidated basis.

¶41.   Furthermore, Ameristar-Vicksburg, as the only entity with a Mississippi gaming

license, was required to report separate financial information to the Mississippi Gaming

Commission and to adhere to Mississippi Gaming Regulations. Both companies had an

independent accounting firm audit the annual financial statements for Ameristar-Las Vegas

and its six subsidiaries, including Ameristar-Vicksburg.

¶42.   While there is a significant connection between Ameristar-Las Vegas and Ameristar-

Vicksburg, Buchanan failed to demonstrate that Ameristar-Las Vegas was the alter ego of

Ameristar-Vicksburg. Buchanan did not show any frustration of contractual expectations

regarding the party to whom she looked for performance. Buchanan had no contractual

expectation regarding Ameristar-Las Vegas. In addition, Buchanan failed to show any

flagrant disregard of corporate formalities by the Ameristar-Vicksburg and its principal,

Ameristar-Las Vegas. Further, Ameristar-Vicksburg demonstrated that it had more than

enough capital to cover a judgment in the event that Buchanan should prevail at trial.

Ameristar-Las Vegas and Ameristar-Vicksburg maintained all corporate formalities. Finally,

Buchanan failed to demonstrate any fraud or other equivalent misfeasance on the part of the

corporate shareholders.

¶43.   Accordingly, we find that the trial court did not err by finding that Ameristar-Las

Vegas was not the alter ego of Ameristar-Vicksburg and granting summary judgment in favor

of Ameristar-Las Vegas. This issue is without merit.

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                                   CONCLUSION

¶44.   For the foregoing reasons the judgment of the Circuit Court of Warren County is

affirmed.

¶45.   AFFIRMED.

    SMITH, C.J., WALLER AND COBB, P.JJ., CARLSON, DICKINSON AND
RANDOLPH, JJ., CONCUR. DIAZ AND GRAVES, JJ., CONCUR IN RESULT
ONLY.

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