Court Opinion

ID: 4090538
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-10-19 03:29:54.763217+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:35:09.745014
License: Public Domain

1       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

 2 Opinion Number: ___________

 3 Filing Date: October 14, 2016

 4 NOS. 32,936, 32,945 & 32,953 (Consolidated)

 5 GARY AND KIMBERLY COBB,

 6        Plaintiffs-Appellees,

 7 and

 8 CLARENCE G. SIMMONS and
 9 SUSAN BEGY SIMMONS,

10        Third-Party Defendants-Appellees,

11 v.

12 JOSEPH GAMMON and LINDA
13 GAMMON,

14        Defendants-Appellants,

15 and

16 FFFP, LLC

17        Third-Party Defendants-Appellants.

18 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF SANTA FE COUNTY
19 George P. Eichwald, District Judge
 1 Wray & Girard, PC
 2 Katherine Wray
 3 Albuquerque, NM

 4 Sanders & Westbrook, PC
 5 Maureen A. Sanders
 6 Albuquerque, NM

 7 for Appellees Simmons

 8 The Hemphill Firm, P.C.
 9 Linda G. Hemphill
10 Santa Fe, NM

11 Paul W. Grace LLC
12 Paul W. Grace
13 Santa Fe, NM

14 for Appellants Gammon

15   Dixon, Scholl & Bailey, P.A.
16   Gerald G. Dixon
17   Lisa Joynes Carrillo
18   Albuquerque, NM

19 for Appellants FFFP, LLC and French & French Fine Properties, Inc.
 1                                      OPINION

 2 KENNEDY, Judge.

 3   {1}   Joseph and Linda Gammon, builders in search of a property to split and

 4 develop, purchased a piece of property with the help of their realtor, French & French

 5 Fine Properties, Inc. (FFFP). Neither the Gammons nor FFFP took notice of a

 6 covenant creating a minimum lot size for that property, and the Gammons created two

 7 impermissibly small lots from the property they purchased. The neighboring property

 8 owners sued the Gammons and FFFP seeking to enforce the covenant. Meanwhile,

 9 Clarence and Susan Simmons (Simmons) purchased land adjacent to the Gammons’

10 property. FFFP filed a third-party action against the neighboring property owners,

11 including the Simmons, seeking to bind them to the outcome of the case involving the

12 enforceability of the covenant. The Simmons, unaware of the Gammons covenant

13 violation during their purchase of the property and relying on FFFP’s representations

14 as to the existence of an enforceable covenant, then filed suit against FFFP for

15 negligent misrepresentation. The district court ruled against the Gammons in the first

16 case dealing with enforceability, and against FFFP with regard to the negligent

17 misrepresentation claims.

18   {2}   Only the issues presented in the Simmons’ case against FFFP remain on appeal.

19 FFFP asserts that the Simmons did not prove that FFFP made misrepresentations

20 during the sale to the Simmons and that the Simmons also did not prove the justifiable
 1 reliance necessary for their negligent misrepresentation claim. FFFP appeals the

 2 district court’s award of compensatory damages to the Simmons in the form of

 3 disgorgement of commission, attorney’s fees, pecuniary loss, and transaction costs.

 4 We affirm the award of compensatory damages for the pecuniary loss. We remand the

 5 award of disgorgement of commission and transaction costs so that the district court

 6 may recalculate those damages as set forth in this opinion. We also remand the award

 7 of attorney’s fees so that the district court may determine which fees were incurred

 8 while defending against FFFP’s suit, and which were incurred while affirmatively

 9 pursuing the negligent misrepresentation claims. The Simmons are entitled only to

10 those attorney’s fees incurred in defending against the suit.

11 I.      FACTUAL BACKGROUND

12   {3}   In 1980, HMBL Venture (HMBL) owned 116 acres of property (HMBL

13 Property) and split the property into four tracts (Tracts 1, 2, 3, and 4), imposing an

14 identical restrictive covenant upon each tract when it was sold. The restrictive

15 covenant attached to each of the four tracts that made up the HMBL Property, and the

16 lots resulting from subdivision of those tracts included seven provisions, two of

17 which are relevant to this appeal. The first reads, “[t]his land shall not be divided into

18 parcels of less than five acres.” The second provides, “[t]he covenants and restrictions

19 shall run with and bind the land until the year 2020. They may be enforced by any

20 person who has title to any of the property which is subject to these same restrictive

                                               2
 1 covenants.” Each of the four tracts within the HMBL Property were subsequently

 2 divided and sold.

 3 A.      The Gammons’ Purchase of Lot 4A2

 4   {4}   In 2002, the Gammons purchased five acres within Tract 4 of the HMBL

 5 Property (Lot 4A2). The Gammons were represented by a broker from FFFP.1 The

 6 warranty deed conveying Lot 4A2 stipulated that the tract was “SUBJECT TO:

 7 Restrictions, reservations and easements of record.” The restrictive covenant for Lot

 8 4A2 was recorded in Book 530, page 343, of the records of the Santa Fe County

 9 Clerk. Prior to closing on Lot 4A2, the Gammons received information from their title

10 insurance company that disclosed the existence of the restrictive covenant as well as

11 where it was recorded. Neither the Gammons nor their FFFP broker reviewed the text

12 of the covenant, despite receiving documents containing this information from the

13 title insurance company.

14   {5}   After purchasing Lot 4A2, the Gammons divided their five-acre parcel into two

15 two-and-one-half acre lots and constructed a house on one of the lots. The Gammons

16 sold that house and lot to Lawrence Goldstein in October 2003.2 While constructing

          1
17          We acknowledge that French & French has changed hands several times,
18 resulting in several name changes. For the sake of clarity, however, we refer to all
19 present and past versions of French & French Fine Properties, Inc., French & French
20 Sotheby’s, FFFP LLC, and any other variations of the name, as FFFP.
           2
21             Goldstein is not a party to this appeal.

                                                  3
 1 a house on the second two-and-one-half acre lot, the Gammons discovered they were

 2 in violation of the covenant burdening Lot 4A2. FFFP assured the Gammons it would

 3 fix the problem with the restrictive covenant.

 4   {6}   FFFP discussed potential remedies to the violation with both the Gammons and

 5 Goldstein. These remedies included “condominiumizing” both of the violating lots

 6 within Lot 4A2, acquiring acreage from surrounding lots to bring each lot into

 7 compliance with the minimum size requirement, and obtaining a waiver of or

 8 amendment to the existing covenant from all HMBL Property owners. Ultimately,

 9 FFFP pursued plans to get all landowners within the HMBL Property to waive

10 objections to or consent to amending the restrictive covenant that burdened the tracts

11 within the HMBL Property.

12   {7}   In August 2005, FFFP hand-delivered letters to all HMBL Property owners

13 requesting signatures to “resolve an expiring deed restriction.” The letter was

14 accompanied by a copy of the relevant deed and restrictive covenant, a diagram

15 specifying which tracts had acquiesced to the waiver and amendment as well as which

16 tracts within the HMBL Property were in violation of the covenant, and copies of the

17 proposed waiver and amendment. Because of FFFP’s circulating the letter, Gary and

18 Kimberly Cobb (the Cobbs) learned of the Gammons’ covenant violation, as well as

19 three other restrictive covenant violations within the HMBL Property. The Cobbs

                                             4
 1 refused to sign the waiver and amendment. FFFP’s attempts to get the waiver and

 2 amendment signed by other neighboring property owners were also unsuccessful.

 3 B.      Simmons and the Trust Property

 4   {8}   Lots 2A, 3B, 3C, 3D, 4B, 4C, and 4D within the HMBL Property belonged to

 5 a trust (Trust Property) that Cowden Henry and Thomas Craddock managed as

 6 trustees.3 Ray Rush and Tim Van Camp, brokers for FFFP, listed the Trust Property

 7 for sale. The Simmons were searching for property in the Santa Fe area that was

 8 protected from dense development, had unobstructed views, was in a quiet setting,

 9 and had low potential for adjacent development. The Simmons were working with

10 Neil Lyon, another FFFP broker, during their search. Lyon and Van Camp showed

11 the trust property to the Simmons, and during the Simmons’ many subsequent visits

12 to the property, the FFFP brokers told them that some of the neighbors were

13 interested in amending the existing covenants. On May 2, 2005, unbeknownst to the

14 Simmons who were contemplating purchasing the Trust Property, Van Camp obtained

15 Henry’s and Craddock’s signatures, as trustees for the Trust Property, on the waiver

16 and amendment to the covenant that FFFP was circulating among the HMBL Property

17 owners. The Simmons signed a purchase agreement on May 13, 2005, and closed on

18 the property on June 15, 2005. Both houses on the Gammons’ Lot 4A2, which was

         3
19         Lot 4C abuts the Gammon/Goldstein property, while lots 4B and 4D each
20 share one corner with the Gammons’ property.

                                            5
 1 adjacent to Tract 4C of the purchased Trust Property, existed when Simmons

 2 purchased the Trust Property. In late 2008 and early 2009, FFFP approached the

 3 Simmons, requesting that they either turn over a portion of the trust property to cure

 4 Lot 4A2’s violation, or sign the waiver and amendment. The Simmons refused to

 5 consent to either proposed solution. The Simmons were neither offered the reasonable

 6 value of the property in exchange for the acreage, nor provided with a copy of the

 7 waiver or amendment that the sellers had signed.

 8 II.     PROCEDURAL HISTORY

 9   {9}   After finding out about the Gammons’ covenant violation through FFFP’s

10 attempts to obtain signed a waiver and amendments, the Cobbs joined with other

11 HMBL lot owners (collectively, the Cobb Plaintiffs) and filed suit in January 2006

12 against the Gammons and Goldstein.4 In the complaint, the Cobb Plaintiffs sought

13 enforcement of the covenant through declaratory judgment and an injunction, and

14 they requested punitive damages. The Cobb Plaintiffs later amended their complaint,

15 adding a claim against FFFP and the Gammons for conspiracy to breach the covenant,

16 a claim against FFFP for aiding and abetting, and requesting punitive damages

17 against FFFP.

          4
18          Plaintiffs in the case included Gary and Kimberly Cobb, who owned Tracts 1-
19 4, Carl Gilbert and Sandra Bonchin, who owned Tracts 1-1A, Perry and Barbara Jeffe,
20 who owned Lots 1-2 and Jafet Gonzalez and Deborah Wirth, who owned Lot 1-1B.

                                             6
 1   {10}   In 2009, the Gammons, Goldstein, and FFFP filed a third-party complaint

 2 against all others who owned lots within the HMBL Property, including the Simmons,

 3 seeking judgment binding the property owners to any judgment rendered in FFFP’s

 4 case against the Cobb Plaintiffs. The Simmons filed a counterclaim against the

 5 Gammons, Goldstein, and FFFP. In that counterclaim, the Simmons sought a

 6 declaratory judgment regarding the covenant violation and an injunction requiring

 7 compliance with the restrictive covenants; they also brought claims of negligent

 8 misrepresentation and constructive fraud against FFFP.

 9   {11}   The Cobb Plaintiffs’ claims, the Gammons and FFFP’s third-party complaint,

10 and the Simmons’ counterclaim were all tried together in a district court trial that

11 lasted eleven days. After trial, the district court issued extensive findings of fact and

12 conclusions of law. The district court’s final judgment, entered on April 16, 2013,

13 awarded the Cobb Plaintiffs unjust enrichment damages and punitive damages against

14 the Gammons and FFFP.5 It also awarded the Simmons compensatory damages

15 against FFFP.6 The Gammons and FFFP appealed the district court’s judgment, and

16 the appeals were consolidated. After briefing, the parties settled the Cobb Plaintiffs’

17 claims against FFFP.

        5
18        The district court also awarded pre-judgment interest on the unjust enrichment
19 damages, taxable costs, and post-judgment interest.
            6
20              The district court also awarded taxable costs and post-judgment interest.

                                                  7
 1 III.     DISCUSSION

 2   {12}   The Cobb Plaintiffs prevailed against both the Gammons and FFFP. As a result

 3 of the settlement, the Cobb Plaintiffs’ judgment and claims against FFFP are

 4 dismissed from this appeal. While this appeal was pending, the parties alerted this

 5 Court to the fact that the Gammons have undergone bankruptcy proceedings, and the

 6 bankruptcy court discharged the Gammons’ debts, including the district court’s

 7 judgment for the Cobb Plaintiffs.

 8   {13}   The Gammons concede that, with respect to the issues of damages, their appeal

 9 from the district court judgment is moot. An issue is moot when no actual controversy

10 exists, and the court cannot grant actual relief. Gunaji v. Macias, 2001-NMSC-028,

11 ¶ 9, 130 N.M. 734, 31 P.3d 1008. We agree with the Gammons that the issues of

12 damages are moot in light of their bankruptcy discharge, and we do not address them.

13 However, FFFP’s appeal of the judgment in favor of the Simmons remains. We begin

14 with a discussion of the covenant from which this litigation originates.7

15 A.       The Enforceability of the Restrictive Covenant

            7
16          Though primarily briefed by the Cobb Plaintiffs and the Gammons, FFFP, and
17   the Simmons both briefed the issue of whether the covenants are enforceable.
18   Furthermore, both parties objected to the dismissal of the Cobb Plaintiffs’ appeal on
19   the basis that the covenant issue needed to be addressed. It is relevant to our
20   consideration of the Simmons’ appeal, and we address it.

                                              8
 1   {14}   The HMBL Property was sold in four different tracts and at four different

 2 times. While Tracts 2, 3, and 4 were conveyed subject to a restrictive covenant in

 3 1980, Tract 1 was not conveyed until 1982. The Tracts were later subdivided into

 4 lots. The Gammons’ property was located in Tract 4.

 5   {15}   Though the FFFP’s arguments regarding the covenant’s enforceability are

 6 poorly developed and circular, they can be summarized into two broad statements: the

 7 covenant in this case does not run with the land, and the Cobb Plaintiffs, the

 8 Simmons, and other HMBL Property owners cannot enforce the covenant due to the

 9 lack of a general plan or scheme within the HMBL Property. The Gammons first

10 suggested that the covenant in question was personal, rather than one that runs with

11 the land. Citing Suttle v. Bailey, 1961-NMSC-044, ¶ 13, 68 N.M. 283, 361 P.2d 325

12 (holding that grantor’s reservation of general power to dispense with restrictive

13 covenants destroyed mutuality or reciprocity so necessary to create a covenant that

14 runs with the land), in support of this theory, the Gammons reasoned that there was

15 never an enforceable restrictive covenant governing the HMBL Property because

16 there was no “mutuality and no reciprocity” between the restrictions imposed upon

17 Tract 4 and Tract 1. We address each of the Gammons’ arguments in turn. A

18 determination of whether the restrictive covenant could be enforced against the

19 Gammons required the district court to interpret the covenant; we review such a legal

20 determination de novo. See Heltman v. Catanach, 2010-NMCA-016, ¶ 5, 148 N.M.
9
 1 67, 229 P.3d 1239; see also Smart v. Carpenter, 2006-NMCA-056, ¶ 7, 139 N.M.
2 524, 134 P.3d 811 (stating the rule that appellate courts review the district court’s

 3 conclusions of law de novo).

 4 1.       Requirements for Covenant Running With the Land

 5   {16}   In order to establish an enforceable covenant running with the land, the

 6 covenant must touch and concern the land, the original covenanting parties must

 7 intend the covenant to run with the land, and the successor to the burden must have

 8 notice of the covenant. Lex Pro Corp. v. Snyder Enters., Inc., 1983-NMSC-073, ¶ 7,

 9 100 N.M. 389, 671 P.2d 637. The Gammons concede they had constructive notice,

10 which satisfies the notice requirement for restrictive covenants. See id.; NMSA 1978,

11 § 14-9-2 (1886-87).

12   {17}   In determining whether a covenant touches and concerns the land, we conduct

13 “an objective analysis of the contents of the covenant itself.” Cypress Gardens, Ltd.

14 v. Platt, 1998-NMCA-007, ¶ 8, 124 N.M. 472, 952 P.2d 467. A covenant touches and

15 concerns the land if its performance renders the burdened land less valuable while

16 rendering the benefitted land more valuable. See Lex Pro Corp., 1983-NMSC-073,

17 ¶ 8. In more archaic terms, restrictions on the use of land are “mutual, reciprocal,

18 equitable easements in the nature of servitudes in favor of owners of other lots within

19 the restricted area, and constitute property rights which run with the land.” Montoya

                                             10
 1 v. Barreras, 1970-NMSC-111, ¶ 12, 81 N.M. 749, 473 P.2d 363. The express terms

 2 of the restrictive covenant in this case place a burden on the Gammons’ property

 3 prohibiting the creation of lots smaller than five acres while benefitting the other

 4 HMBL Property owners’ interest in their property by allowing them to enjoy a lower

 5 density of development, less traffic, and unobstructed views.8

 6   {18}   Where the deed does not specify that the covenant is to run with the land, we

 7 must turn to an evaluation of the parties’ intent regarding the covenant. Dunning,

 8 2011-NMCA-010, ¶ 18 (requiring a consideration of the circumstances surrounding

 9 the transaction and the objective of the parties making the restriction in analysis of

10 the parties’ intent). That is not necessary here, as the express language of the

11 covenant provides that “the covenants and restrictions shall run with and bind the

12 land until the year 2020.” When covenant provisions are unambiguous, the district

13 court must “enforce the expressed intentions as set forth in covenants.” Aragon v.

14 Brown, 2003-NMCA-126, ¶ 11, 134 N.M. 459, 78 P.3d 913. The Gammons’ recorded

15 deed specifically enumerates that Lot 4A2 is subject to recorded restrictions, and the

16 restrictive covenant in this case is recorded. The covenant in this case therefore

17 “touches and concerns” the land, as established by its clear language, and the

          8
18          There remains “no practical distinction in our case law between equitable
19 servitudes and restrictive covenants that would necessitate the continued use of
20 separate terms[.]” Dunning v. Buending, 2011-NMCA-010, ¶ 10, 149 N.M. 260, 247
21 P.3d 1145.

                                              11
 1 Gammons had notice of the covenant’s existence. We hold that the restrictive

 2 covenant in this case runs with the land.

 3   {19}   The Gammons’ reliance on Suttle for their argument that this is a personal

 4 covenant, is unpersuasive. In Suttle, our Supreme Court looked at the issue of whether

 5 “a reservation by the grantor of a general power to dispense with restrictions [is] a

 6 personal covenant, or one which runs with the land[.]” 1961-NMSC-044, ¶ 4.

 7 Applying the general rule that covenants burdening land sold under a general plan of

 8 restriction could be enforced by one landowner against another within a subdivision,

 9 id. ¶ 5, the Court concluded that a grantor’s reservation of the right to alter or annul

10 the covenant destroyed the mutuality and reciprocity necessary to create a covenant

11 running with the land, because no subsequent grantee had any assurance that the

12 restrictions might not be altered without his consent. Id. ¶ 13. Because the grantor’s

13 reserved right to alter the covenant made the covenant personal, there existed “no

14 right as between the individual grantees to enforce the restrictive covenants[.]” Id.

15 Here, HMBL made no reservation of right to amend or annul the covenant; Suttle is

16 inapposite. We next address the Gammons’ assertion that no right to enforce the

17 covenant exists because the HMBL Property lacks a general plan or scheme.9

          9
18          To the extent that this argument is aimed toward characterizing the covenant
19 at issue as a personal one that does not bind the covenantor’s successors in interest,
20 Lex Pro Corp., 1983-NMSC-073, ¶ 12, it fails in light of the above analysis
21 characterizing the covenant as one running with the land.

                                               12
 1 2.       General Plan or Scheme

 2   {20}   The Gammons contend that they had no notice “that covenants affecting [Lot

 3 4A2] potentially could be enforced by the owners of other lots within Tract 4” and

 4 that the lack of a general plan or scheme within the HMBL Property kept them from

 5 receiving notice of the restrictive covenant on Lot 4A2.10 More specifically, they

 6 suggest that because the HMBL Property was sold piecemeal and at different times,

 7 there was no general plan in existence and the covenant does not touch and concern

 8 the entire HMBL Property. This view is incorrect.

 9   {21}   “[W]here an owner of a tract subdivides and sells under a general plan of

10 restrictions, the restrictions may be enforced by one grantee against another.” Sharts

11 v. Walters, 1988-NMCA-054, ¶ 8, 107 N.M. 414, 759 P.2d 201. The “absence of an

12 observable general plan does not negate the express language” of the restrictive

13 covenant. Dunning, 2011-NMCA-010, ¶ 16. When a covenant meets the requirements

14 for an enforceable covenant running with the land, proof of a general plan or scheme

15 is unnecessary. Id. ¶ 14. The existence of a general plan or scheme is mostly used to

16 prove three things: that covenanting parties intended a covenant to run with the land,

17 that a purchaser had notice of the covenant, or that restrictions apply to parcels even

         10
18          Although this is the argument made, the reference to Tract 4 seems to be a
19 typographical error. It appears the Gammons meant Tract 1, as that is the tract in
20 which the Cobb Plaintiffs’ lots are located.

                                             13
 1 where they have been omitted from the written deed. Id. ¶ 13. In this case, those

 2 things are established, and the purposes of proving a general plan or scheme are

 3 already fulfilled. Proof of a general plan or scheme is therefore unnecessary.

 4   {22}   Even if the general plan doctrine were applicable here, the Gammons’

 5 argument would fail because a general plan can be inferred from the circumstances

 6 of this case. The existence of a general plan “may be inferred from the inclusion of

 7 similar restrictions in the deeds from a common grantor[.]” Restatement (Third) of

 8 Prop.: Servitudes § 2.14 cmt. f (2000). The restrictive covenants affecting each

 9 HMBL Property tract are not merely similar or substantially similar; all four contain

10 identical language. The district court concluded that inclusion of identical language

11 in all of the deeds in an area demonstrates a grantor’s intention to benefit all of the

12 lots in the area. See Rowe v. May, 1940-NMSC-019, ¶ 32, 44 N.M. 264, 101 P.2d 391

13 (acknowledging that the identical language of the covenant in all deeds in the relevant

14 area “could bear no other reasonable inference than that such deeds from the original

15 grantor . . . gave sufficiently adequate and clear expression to its intention that the

16 restriction was for the benefit of all the lots” (emphasis omitted)); Lockwood v.

17 Steiner, 1984-NMSC-100, ¶ 9, 101 N.M. 783, 689 P.2d 932 (affirming narrow

18 construction of restrictive covenant based on evidence that conveyances to all initial

19 lot owners contained identical restrictive covenants that ran with the land). Though

20 the HMBL Property may not have carried specific indicia typical to a general plan

                                             14
 1 such as representations in sales brochures, advertisements, and oral statements, see

 2 Sharts, 1988-NMCA-054, ¶ 10, we conclude that a general plan exists within the

 3 HMBL property.

 4 3.       Covenant’s Reference to “This Land”

 5   {23}   The district court found that HMBL intended that any person whose property

 6 was subject to the restrictive covenants on the HMBL Property could enforce them.

 7 The district court also found that because the same restrictive covenant was imposed

 8 on all conveyances of property within the HMBL Property, all owners of all lots

 9 within HMBL Property could enforce the covenant against the Gammons. The

10 Gammons and FFFP suggest that the language of the restrictive covenant applies only

11 to Lot 4A2, such that other property owners within the HMBL Property cannot seek

12 enforcement of the covenant. The restrictive covenant provides, “[t]his land shall not

13 be divided”; the Gammons and FFFP assert “this” refers only to the tract concerned,

14 and because the covenants were attached to the tracts at different times and in

15 different conveyances, the covenant on Lot 4A2 cannot be enforced by anyone in

16 another tract within the HMBL Property.

17   {24}   We construe the covenant as a whole rather than separate specific words and

18 phrases from the rest of the provisions. See 20 Am. Jur. 2d Covenants, Conditions

19 and Restrictions § 15 (2016) (stating the rule that covenants are to be construed as a

20 whole and indicating that “[t]he intention of the parties is to be gathered from the

                                             15
 1 entire context of the agreement, and not from a single clause” (footnote omitted)); 21

 2 C.J.S. Covenants § 5 (2016) (“In interpreting any single provision in a covenant, the

 3 entire agreement must be viewed as a whole.”). Restrictive covenants are used “to

 4 assure uniformity of development and use of a residential area to give the owners of

 5 lots within such an area some degree of environmental stability.” Cunningham v.

 6 Gross, 1985-NMSC-050, ¶ 8, 102 N.M. 723, 699 P.2d 1075 (internal quotation marks

 7 and citation omitted).

 8   {25}   The Gammons’ and FFFP’s argument is flawed because it interprets the phrase

 9 “this land” in geographical isolation from the rest of the covenant language when the

10 covenant permits enforcement “by any person who has title to any of the property

11 which is subject to these same restrictive covenants.” When considered as a whole,

12 the provisions of the covenant reveal that the phrase “this land” is neither ambiguous,

13 see Cain v. Powers, 1983-NMSC-055, ¶ 9, 100 N.M. 184, 668 P.2d 300 (stating that

14 first step in construing covenant language is to determine whether ambiguity exists),

15 nor does it support the interpretation suggested. While the phrase “this land” alone

16 may refer to any portion of Tract 4, interpreting it to mean that only people who own

17 a portion of Tract 4 may enforce the covenant is contrary to its express terms. Other

18 provisions in the covenant reveal that any person who owns a portion of the HMBL

19 Property and whose title is subject to a restrictive covenant identical to the one they

20 seek to enforce may do so. This interpretation is particularly persuasive in light of the

                                              16
 1 general plan, discussed above, that can be inferred from the identical restrictive

 2 language in each of the four tract conveyances.

 3   {26}   To allow the Gammons’ and FFFP’s interpretation of this language to prevail

 4 would promote an illogical result, id. (noting that restrictive covenants must be

 5 considered so that an “ ‘illogical, unnatural or strained construction’ will not be

 6 effected”), as it would render the covenant unenforceable against any tract owned

 7 entirely by one owner. For example, if Tract 3 were owned entirely by one owner, the

 8 owner of Tract 3 could divide it into impermissibly small lots without repercussions

 9 from the owners in Tracts 1, 2, or 4, who would be unable to enforce the covenant,

10 because their land was restricted through separate conveyances. We therefore

11 conclude that the restrictions were clearly created to preserve the entire HMBL

12 Property’s “genuine residential character, the symmetry and beauty of the area, and

13 for the general good of all interested, [make it] an attractive and valuable residential

14 district.” Rowe, 1940-NMSC-019, ¶ 32. The Gammons’ and FFFP’s attempts to

15 weaken the covenant’s ability to do so by limiting the ability of others to enforce it

16 fails as well. We hold that the restrictive covenant at issue in this case is valid and can

17 be enforced by any owner of land within the HMBL Property. With the resolution of

18 this issue as a backdrop, we turn specifically to FFFP’s appeal of the judgment in

19 favor of the Simmons.

                                               17
 1 B.       Issues on Which Simmons Prevailed

 2 1.       Negligent Misrepresentation

 3   {27}   We review the district court’s findings regarding FFFP’s negligent

 4 misrepresentation for substantial evidence. See Golden Cone Concepts, Inc. v. Villa

 5 Linda Mall, Ltd., 1991-NMSC-097, ¶¶ 12-13, 113 N.M. 9, 820 P.2d 1323 (affirming

 6 the court’s findings of negligent misrepresentation that were supported by substantial

 7 evidence). To prove negligent misrepresentation, the Simmons were required to prove

 8 that (1) FFFP made a material misrepresentation of fact to the Simmons, (2) the

 9 Simmons relied upon that representation, (3) FFFP knew the representation was false

10 or made it recklessly, and (4) FFFP intended to induce the Simmons to rely on that

11 representation. See Saylor v. Valles, 2003-NMCA-037, ¶ 17, 133 N.M. 432, 63 P.3d
12 1152. These elements must be established by a preponderance of the evidence.

13 Golden Cone Concepts, Inc., 1991-NMSC-097, ¶ 13. Negligent misrepresentation

14 requires a failure to exercise ordinary care in obtaining or communicating a statement,

15 or “an intent that the plaintiff receive and be influenced by the statement where it is

16 reasonably foreseeable that the plaintiff would be harmed if the information conveyed

17 was incorrect or misleading.” Eckhardt v. Charter Hosp. of Albuquerque, Inc., 1998-

18 NMCA-017, ¶ 55, 124 N.M. 549, 953 P.2d 722.

                                             18
 1   {28}   FFFP suggests that the Simmons could not have met their burden in proving

 2 negligent misrepresentation without proving FFFP’s brokers failed to exercise

 3 reasonable care or competence through expert testimony as to the appropriate

 4 standard of care. FFFP also suggests that there is insufficient evidence of justifiable

 5 reliance and causation of damages to support negligent misrepresentation or an

 6 accompanying damages award. We disagree.

 7 a.       Expert Testimony Regarding Standard of Care

 8   {29}   Negligent misrepresentation can be established by commission or omission.

 9 See, e.g., R.A. Peck, Inc. v. Liberty Fed. Sav. Bank, 1988-NMCA-111, ¶¶ 9, 12, 108

10 N.M. 84, 766 P.2d 928 (stating the rule that “a person may be held liable for damages

11 caused by a failure to disclose material facts to the same extent that a person may be

12 liable for damages caused by . . . negligent misrepresentation” so long as there exists

13 a duty to disclose). While a broker may be held liable for negligent misrepresentation

14 if he or she fails to exercise reasonable care or competence in obtaining or

15 communicating information, the precise level of care and competence required will

16 vary. See Gouveia v. Citicorp Person-to-Person Fin. Ctr., Inc., 1984-NMCA-079,

17 ¶ 10, 101 N.M. 572, 686 P.2d 262. FFFP asserts that in order to show that it failed to

18 exercise reasonable care and competence in obtaining and communicating

19 information to the Simmons, the Simmons were required to proffer expert testimony

                                             19
 1 regarding whether FFFP’s conduct meets the requisite standard of care. Because no

 2 expert testimony was proffered, FFFP asserts that the Simmons failed to establish the

 3 elements of negligent misrepresentation. We disagree as to both assertions.

 4   {30}   FFFP cites to Amato v. Rathbun Realty, Inc., 1982-NMCA-095, ¶ 11, 98 N.M.
5 231, 647 P.2d 433, as support for its assertion that expert testimony is required to

 6 establish whether a broker failed to properly advise a client regarding the condition

 7 of property. Amato dealt with the negligence of a broker in the summary judgment

 8 context. The movants in that case presented a single affidavit that stated the sources

 9 of information that the broker relied upon and disclaimed any knowledge of the

10 complained-of defects in the property being sold. Id.¶ 10. The court concluded that

11 the showing made was insufficient to make a prima facie showing that no issue of fact

12 existed as to whether the broker in that case was negligent. Id. ¶ 11 (stating that

13 without an expert’s testimony that broker “did not breach the standard of care of

14 brokers in the community, no prima facie showing was made”). In this case, the

15 Simmons only needed to prove at trial by a preponderance of evidence that FFFP did

16 not exercise reasonable care or competence in communicating the disclosures relevant

17 to the property to the Simmons.

18   {31}   Liz Cale was a qualifying broker with FFFP when the Simmons purchased the

19 Trust Property. She had supervised approximately 160 brokers within FFFP, had been

                                             20
 1 a licensed qualifying broker since 1989, and had acted in both an associate broker and

 2 qualifying broker capacity within FFFP.

 3   {32}   Cale testified as to what FFFP’s brokers should have disclosed to the Simmons

 4 as well as the ways in which those disclosures could have occurred. Cale testified that

 5 the existence and circulation of the waiver and amendment should have been

 6 disclosed to the Simmons. Similarly, she testified that the fact that the sellers of the

 7 property had signed the waiver and amendment prior to the Simmons’ purchase

 8 should have been disclosed to the Simmons. She also acknowledged that the FFFP

 9 brokers were aware of the Gammons’ covenant violation, and could have disclosed

10 to the Simmons that an adjoining property was in violation of the covenant. Cale

11 stated that disclosure of this information could have been made in the purchase

12 agreement or any of the subsequent negotiations, through a modified disclosure

13 document, through a separate disclosure from the seller to the buyer, or verbally.

14 Despite these opportunities for disclosure, nothing in the seller’s disclosure statement

15 mentioned the waiver, amendment, or known covenant violation present on the

16 adjacent property. In fact, Cale acknowledged that no documentation from the sale

17 could demonstrate that the Simmons or any similarly situated buyer was notified that

18 the waiver and amendment existed or had been signed by the seller. This evidence

19 demonstrated both a standard of care for the realtors, and the facts of non-disclosure.

                                              21
 1   {33}   Section 16.61.19 NMAC sets out the duties of brokers and defines the

 2 disclosures that brokers are required to make when working with consumers,

 3 requiring the “disclosure of any adverse material facts actually known by the [broker]

 4 about the property or the transaction[.]” 16.61.19.8(H) NMAC (1/1/2004). FFFP uses

 5 this same language in its purchase agreement to define the duties of its brokers. This

 6 is mirrored in FFFP’s statement in its own purchase agreement that it assumes the

 7 duty of “disclosure of any adverse material fact actually known,” and the evidence

 8 also supports a conclusion that FFFP breached the duty it imposed on itself in the

 9 purchase agreement.

10   {34}   It is undisputed that Neil Lyon was working for FFFP during the Simmons’

11 purchase of the Trust Property. In fact, throughout his career at FFFP, he worked in

12 several different capacities, including vice president, managing broker, and selling

13 and listing agent. When questioned regarding the nature of his relationship with the

14 Simmons during the purchase of the Trust Property, Lyon obtusely responded by

15 stating “I think it’s clearly defined by the basic licensee duties.” The district court

16 could reasonably infer that the “basic licensee duties” that Lyon references are those

17 contained in the purchase agreement, which also match the standards set out in

18 16.61.19.8 NMAC.

                                             22
 1   {35}   It is also beyond dispute that the FFFP brokers involved in the Simmons’

 2 purchase—Van Camp, Rush, and Lyon—knew of the covenant, the covenant

 3 violation, and FFFP’s ongoing efforts to remedy the violation through the waiver and

 4 amendment. It is undisputed that Van Camp and Rush represented the sellers of the

 5 Trust Property, and as such, Van Camp knew that the sellers had signed the waiver

 6 and amendment at their behest prior to the Simmons submitting their first purchase

 7 agreement. Van Camp and Lyon both testified that the Simmons were aware of the

 8 covenant, the violation, and the efforts to enact a waiver and amendment to the

 9 covenant. The Simmons, however, testified that they were unaware of the existence

10 of a covenant violation or waiver and amendment. This discrepancy is a matter for the

11 fact-finder to resolve, and not a legal impediment to establishing the elements of a

12 cause of action such as negligent misrepresentation. See, e.g., New Mexicans for Free

13 Enter. v. City of Santa Fe, 2006-NMCA-007, ¶ 71, 138 N.M. 785, 126 P.3d 1149

14 (stating that “ ‘where there is conflicting evidence, the [district] court, as fact[-]finder,

15 resolves all disparities in the testimony and determines the weight and credibility to

16 be accorded to the witnesses’ ” (alteration omitted) (quoting Tres Ladrones, Inc. v.

17 Fitch, 1999-NMCA-076, ¶ 16, 127 N.M. 437, 982 P.2d 488)).

18   {36}   According to his testimony, Mr. Simmons was unaware at any time prior to

19 closing on the property, that the waiver and amendment existed and that the sellers

20 had signed them. Mr. Simmons testified that had he and his wife known of the

                                                23
 1 covenant violation and the waiver and amendment before purchasing the house, they

 2 would not have purchased the house. In fact, and known to Lyon, prior to viewing the

 3 property in question, the Simmons had abandoned interest in another home upon

 4 discovering it was embroiled in pending litigation and was affected by dust from a

 5 neighbor’s construction.

 6   {37}   FFFP’s brokers insisted that they achieved the result of making the relevant

 7 disclosures to the Simmons, but could proffer few or no details regarding the manner

 8 or method in which those disclosures were made. According to Van Camp’s

 9 testimony regarding disclosure of the covenant violation, waiver, and amendment, he

10 indicated to the Simmons that there was a possibility the waiver and amendment

11 could be signed by HMBL Property owners in the future, rather than disclosing that

12 the sellers had already signed the waiver and amendment. Although Van Camp

13 testified that he told the Simmons that the waiver and amendment was signed, he

14 could not recall when, where, or how many times he revealed that information. Van

15 Camp also testified that he gave the Simmons a copy of the waiver and amendment,

16 but the copy he provided was not the one previously signed by the sellers. Lyon’s

17 testimony was similar, as he had no recollection of where he had seen the waiver and

18 amendment, whether a copy had been given to the Simmons, or whether the copy he

19 saw bore the sellers’ signatures. From these vague facts, a fact-finder could conclude

20 disclosure was not made at all.

                                             24
 1   {38}   The district court determined that the FFFP brokers neither informed the

 2 Simmons that the sellers had executed the waiver and amendment, nor provided the

 3 Simmons with a copy of the waiver and amendment. It also found that, based on

 4 Cale’s testimony, the FFFP brokers should have disclosed that information to the

 5 Simmons. The district court found that the sole disclosure made—that some

 6 neighbors were interested in altering the covenants at some point in the future—was

 7 a factual misrepresentation in light of FFFP’s possession of a waiver and amendment

 8 signed by sellers. The district court concluded that Van Camp and Lyon’s

 9 testimony—that they told the Simmons that the waiver and amendment had been

10 signed and gave the Simmons copies of those documents—was not credible. This

11 determination was based on the lack of evidence of such disclosure in this case’s

12 lengthy record, as well as FFFP’s subsequent unsuccessful attempts to obtain another

13 waiver and amendment from the Simmons in 2008-2009.

14   {39}   The district court, acting as the fact-finder in this case, is entitled to assess the

15 credibility of the witnesses and assign weight to their testimony accordingly. See, e.g.,

16 New Mexicans for Free Enter., 2006-NMCA-007, ¶ 71 (stating that “[i]t is well

17 established that where there is conflicting evidence, the trial court, as fact[-]finder,

18 resolves all disparities in the testimony and determines the weight and credibility to

19 be accorded to the witnesses” (alteration, internal quotation marks, and citation

                                                 25
 1 omitted)); Mares v. Valencia Cty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, 1988-NMCA-003, ¶ 8, 106 N.M.
2 744, 749 P.2d 1123 (acknowledging that appellate courts do not second-guess a fact-

 3 finder’s determination where it is supported by substantial evidence).The district

 4 court concluded that FFFP’s actions violated the obligations set forth under

 5 16.61.19.8(A) NMAC and the Simmons’ purchase agreement to act with honesty and

 6 to disclose any adverse material facts. Reviewing the evidence in favor of the party

 7 that prevailed below, we conclude that a reasonable mind could accept the evidence

 8 presented as adequate to support a conclusion that FFFP breached its duty to exercise

 9 reasonable care or competence in communicating information regarding the Trust

10 Property to the Simmons prior to their purchase of the property. See Smith v. FDC

11 Corp., 1990-NMSC-020, ¶ 13, 109 N.M. 514, 787 P.2d 433 (setting forth substantial

12 evidence standard). Because they were supported by substantial evidence, the district

13 court’s findings were appropriate in this instance, as FFFP, through its brokers, knew

14 that potential involvement in litigation was an adverse material fact to the Simmons,

15 based on their abandoning interest in another home for just that reason.

16 b.       Justifiable Reliance

17   {40}   FFFP also asserts that the written purchase agreement precludes the Simmons

18 from justifiably relying on representation regarding the possibility of future

                                             26
 1 development surrounding the property.11 The Simmons assert that they would not

 2 have bought the property had they known of the existence of the covenant violation

 3 and waiver and amendment. They assert that they relied on Lyon and Van Camp’s

 4 misrepresentations as to the existence of the covenant and their right to enforce it,

 5 absent any waiver or amendment, to protect their expectations regarding development

 6 density, traffic, and dust.

 7   {41}   FFFP’s assertion that the sales agreement precludes a claim of negligent

 8 misrepresentation is loosely based on a concept originating in Rio Grande Jewelers

            11
 9             The language of the purchase agreement provides, “Buyer understands and
10   acknowledges that Broker cannot and does not warrant or guarantee the condition of
11   the Property . . ., nor does Broker guarantee that all defects have been disclosed by
12   Seller.” “Both Parties acknowledge that Broker did not and cannot examine the status
13   of . . . future development plans[.]” Furthermore, the agreement states that “Buyer
14   acknowledges that Buyer has not received or relied upon any representations by either
15   Broker or Seller with respect to the condition of the Property other than those
16   contained in th[e] Agreement, or in the Property Disclosure Statement[.]” In fact, it
17   specifies that “[a]ny disclosure Buyer obtains should not be deemed by Buyer as a
18   substitute for due diligence by Buyer, such as inspections by qualified professionals.”
19   Most importantly, the purchase agreement addresses future development:

20          Buyer is aware that the Property may be affected by future development
21          of property in the neighborhood or surrounding areas, including, without
22          limitation, view, noise, traffic, local services, safety and water
23          restrictions. . . . Buyer agrees that Seller and Broker make no
24          representation as to the preservation of present/future views, and that
25          p r e s e n t / f u t u r e v i e w s ma y b e a f f e c t e d b y f u t u r e
26          development/construction/alteration of neighboring property or other
27          impairments.

                                                 27
 1 Supply, Inc. v. Data General Corp., 1984-NMSC-094, ¶¶ 6, 8, 101 N.M. 798, 689

 2 P.2d 1269. In Rio Grande Jewelers Supply, our Supreme Court addressed a very

 3 specific issue: whether, in a sale of goods context governed by the New Mexico

 4 Uniform Commercial Code, a commercial purchaser may maintain an action in tort

 5 against the seller for pre-contract negligent misrepresentations where the

 6 subsequently executed written sales contract contains an effective provision

 7 disclaiming all prior representations and all warranties not contained in the contract.

 8 Id. ¶ 1. The Court’s analysis blended a consideration of the parol evidence rule with

 9 an acknowledgment of our State’s freedom of contract policy. Id. ¶ 3. Reasoning that

10 the representations alleged in the negligent misrepresentation count were the same as

11 those alleged for breach of warranties, the Court concluded that the claim for

12 negligent misrepresentation was “nothing more than an attempt to circumvent the

13 operation of the Commercial Code” and an attempt “to allow the contract to be

14 rewritten under the guise of an alleged action in tort.” Id. ¶ 6.

15   {42}   This case is distinguishable from Rio Grande Jewelers Supply, as it deals with

16 a real estate contract rather than a contract governed by the New Mexico Commercial

17 Code. In addition, the purchase agreement’s limitation of liability does not limit

18 FFFP’s tort liability for its conduct in this case. The purchase agreement does not

19 alleviate FFFP’s duty to disclose material facts regarding valuable property rights;

                                              28
 1 rather it imposes a duty to do so. The only thing that the purchase agreement

 2 disclaims is reliance on representations regarding possible future occurrences. The

 3 Simmons’ reliance was on FFFP’s representations as to the present status of the

 4 property, particularly the covenant and the existence of a waiver and amendment, as

 5 it existed at the time of the sale. The Simmons thus relied on representations

 6 regarding a valuable property right rather than any representations regarding future

 7 adjacent development. While it is true that “freedom of contract and notions of

 8 contractually assumed duties and liabilities can act to limit general tort liability in

 9 certain circumstances when limited liability is expressly bargained for[,]” this case

10 does not present such a circumstance. State ex rel. Udall v. Colonial Penn Ins. Co.,

11 1991-NMSC-048, ¶ 37, 112 N.M. 123, 812 P.2d 777. This is particularly true in light

12 of FFFP’s knowledge of the covenant violation, their role in actively promoting

13 waivers among the HMBL Property owners, and their specific assertions that they

14 informed the Simmons of the status of these issues. We therefore conclude that

15 FFFP’s assertion that the Simmons’ reliance was not justified is without merit.

16 2.       Negligence Per Se

17   {43}   FFFP suggests that Simmons failed to prove that FFFP did not exercise the

18 reasonable care or competence required of brokers. In doing so, FFFP challenges the

19 district court’s findings regarding negligence per se. FFFP reasons that the duties

                                             29
 1 enumerated in 16.61.19.8 NMAC (1/1/2004) do not have the specificity required to

 2 satisfy a claim of negligence per se. Negligence per se consists of four elements:

 3          (1) There must be a statute [or regulation] which prescribes certain
 4          actions or defines a standard of conduct, either explicitly or implicitly,
 5          (2) the defendant must violate the statute [or regulation], (3) the plaintiff
 6          must be in the class of persons sought to be protected by the statute, and
 7          (4) the harm or injury to the plaintiff must generally be of the type the
 8          Legislature through the statute sought to prevent.

 9 Thompson v. Potter, 2012-NMCA-014, ¶ 32, 268 P.3d 57 (alteration, internal

10 quotation marks, and citation omitted). FFFP challenges the district court’s

11 conclusion only as to the first and second elements. Negligence per se exists only

12 where a statutory or regulatory provision imposes an absolute duty to comply with a

13 specific requirement. See Heath v. LaMariana Apartments, 2008-NMSC-017, ¶¶ 8-9,

14 143 N.M. 657, 180 P.3d 664. The statute or regulation at issue “must specify a duty

15 that is distinguishable from the ordinary standard of care.” Thompson, 2012-NMCA-

16 014, ¶ 32. It is the court’s task “to determine whether the statutory or regulatory

17 provisions at issue define with specificity what is ‘reasonable’ in a particular

18 circumstance, such that the [fact-finder] does not have to undertake that inquiry.”

19 Heath, 2008-NMSC-017, ¶ 9 (emphasis added).

20   {44}   FFFP’s argument that the duties enumerated in 16.61.19.8 NMAC are not

21 sufficiently specific to satisfy a claim of negligence per se overlooks the very specific

22 provision of 16.61.19.8(H) NMAC (1/1/2004), which requires brokers to disclose in

                                                 30
 1 writing “any adverse material facts actually known by the associate broker or

 2 qualifying broker about the property or transaction[.]” This is a clear standard of

 3 conduct that FFFP was required to comply with, and in our discussion of negligence

 4 we have set forth the evidence supporting the district court conclusion that FFFP

 5 failed to comply with this standard. FFFP failed to make the disclosures required by

 6 this regulation, and as customers, the Simmons are people that the regulation is aimed

 7 at protecting. The expenses the Simmons incurred in relying on FFFP’s

 8 representations and purchasing the Trust Property are the type of harm that the

 9 regulation is intended to prevent. We therefore reject FFFP’s argument that the first

10 and second elements of negligence per se were not proven here.

11 3.       Damages

12 i.       Actual Damages for Negligence Per Se and Negligent Misrepresentation

13   {45}   The district court concluded that the Simmons suffered actual damages as a

14 consequence of FFFP’s negligent misrepresentation and negligence per se. As a

15 result, it awarded the Simmons $123,000 for overpayments in the purchase of three

16 of the lots within the Trust Property. The district court arrived at this value by

17 concluding that the Gammons’ covenant violations diminished the value of three lots

18 within the Trust Property by $41,000, or 17%, per lot. The diminishment in value was

19 due to the increased development, density, and degradation of view caused by the

                                             31
 1 covenant violation, and resulted in an actual value of $199,000 for each of those lots

 2 despite the Simmons having purchased them for $240,000.

 3   {46}   FFFP asserts that there is insufficient evidence to establish damages for

 4 diminution in value of the Trust Property. See, e.g., Weststar Mortg. Corp. v. Jackson,

 5 2003-NMSC-002, ¶ 8, 133 N.M. 114, 61 P.3d 823 (“If the verdict below is supported

 6 by substantial evidence, which we have defined as ‘such relevant evidence that a

 7 reasonable mind would find adequate to support a conclusion,’ we will affirm the

 8 result.” (quoting Landavazo v. Sanchez, 1990-NMSC-114, ¶ 7, 111 N.M. 137, 802

 9 P.2d 1283)). While diminution of value is relevant as a measure of damages for injury

10 to real property, McNeill v. Burlington Resources Oil & Gas Co., 2008-NMSC-022,

11 ¶ 27, 143 N.M. 740, 182 P.3d 121, the measure of damages for a negligent

12 misrepresentation is that which is necessary to compensate for pecuniary loss caused

13 by the misrepresentation. Restatement (Second) of Torts § 552B(1) (1977) (stating

14 that such damages include “the difference between the value of what he has received

15 in the transaction and its purchase price or other value given” and pecuniary loss

16 suffered as a consequence of reliance upon the misrepresentation); see First Interstate

17 Bank of Gallup v. Foutz, 1988-NMSC-087, ¶ 8, 107 N.M. 749, 764 P.2d 1307. FFFP

18 is therefore advocating the use of the incorrect measure of damages. See Varga v.

19 Ferrell, 2014-NMCA-005, ¶¶ 49-50, 362 P.3d 96.

                                             32
 1   {47}   At trial, the district court heard the testimony of Barry Hunnicutt, a real estate

 2 appraiser. Hunnicutt conducted an appraisal of the Trust Property in 2011, and

 3 conducted a retrospective appraisal to determine the value of the Trust Property in

 4 June 2005. Hunnicutt’s appraisal can be separated into two parts: the appraisal of Lot

 5 4C within the Trust Property, and the appraisal of the rest of the lots of the Trust

 6 Property. As to Lot 4C, Hunnicutt concluded that the construction of the Gammons’

 7 house on Lot 4A2 impacted the view corridor in such a way that the lot suffered a

 8 17% diminution in value. Hunnicutt’s conclusion in this respect took only the

 9 Gammons’ house—not the Goldstein house—into account because it was the only

10 one on Lot 4A2 that was in Lot 4C’s sight line. Hunnicutt acknowledged that he was

11 aware that the Gammons’ house’s impact on Lot 4C’s view already existed as of June

12 2005. Nonetheless, Hunnicutt concluded that Lot 4C had suffered a 17% diminution,

13 resulting in a value of $199,000.

14   {48}   For the rest of the lots within the Trust Property, Hunnicutt applied a

15 hypothetical condition to evaluate the value of the land. That hypothetical was that

16 each lot of five or more acres that was contiguous to the Trust Property could be split

17 into two lots and any vacant lot less than five acres could be built on. Applying that

18 hypothetical to Lots 4D and 4B, Hunnicutt similarly concluded that there was a 17%

19 diminution in value as to those lots and as such they were worth only $199,000.

                                                33
 1 Hunnicutt’s conclusions as to both Lot 4C and the remaining lots were based on

 2 adversely impacted views, which were downgraded from “very good” to “good.”

 3 FFFP did not submit any evidence regarding the value of the Trust Property.

 4   {49}   A reasonable mind would find this evidence adequate to support the district

 5 court’s award of $41,000 for each of the three lots within the Trust Property. The

 6 Simmons had the burden of providing evidence of pecuniary loss, and they did so by

 7 proffering evidence regarding the difference between the value of the Trust Property

 8 and the purchase price that they paid in reliance upon FFFP’s misrepresentations.

 9 FFFP’s argument that the district court improperly awarded future damages that were

10 not “reasonably certain to occur” is unpersuasive. Cf. Frank Bond & Son, Inc. v

11 Reserve Minerals Corp., 1959-NMSC-016, ¶ 4, 65 N.M. 257, 335 P.2d 858 (stating

12 that “damages may be awarded where there is no uncertainty as to whether the rights

13 of the plaintiff were invaded, even though there may be some uncertainty respecting

14 the amount of damages sustained” (quoting Stern v. Dunlap Co., 228 F.2d 939, 943

15 (10th Cir. 1955)).

16 ii.      Actual Damages for FFFP’s Commission

17   {50}   The district court awarded the Simmons actual damages in the amount of

18 $452,287.95. Of that amount, $123,000 was for the difference between the purchase

19 price and value of the Trust Property, and $202,725 was for commissions and gross

                                             34
 1 receipts taxes paid to FFFP that “would not have been paid but for [FFFP’s] negligent

 2 misrepresentations.” FFFP asserts that by awarding actual damages for both the

 3 property value and for the commission paid, the district court awarded impermissibly

 4 duplicative damages. FFFP also asserts that the Simmons never proved that they paid

 5 the commission, and could not do so because the commission was paid by seller out

 6 of the sales proceeds. The Simmons assert that seller received the money to pay

 7 FFFP’s commission from them at closing.

 8   {51}   While we agree with FFFP’s assertion that the Simmons elected to pursue

 9 damages for the negligent misrepresentation claim alone, we disagree with FFFP’s

10 conclusion that the district court could not award damages based on FFFP’s

11 commission because doing so would be duplicative. Cf. Miller v. Bank of Am., N.A.,

12 2015-NMSC-022, ¶ 24, 352 P.3d 1162 (“A damage award including both diminution

13 in value attributable to breach and disgorgement of profit is not necessarily a double

14 recovery.”). The relevant rule on this issue is that “[w]here there are different theories

15 of recovery and liability is found on each, but the relief requested was the same,

16 namely compensatory damages, the injured party is entitled to only one compensatory

17 damage award.” Hood v. Fulkerson, 1985-NMSC-048, ¶ 12, 102 N.M. 677, 699 P.2d
18 608.

                                               35
 1   {52}   This is not a case where the Simmons pursued multiple theories of recovery,

 2 prevailed, and were required to make an election among awards.12 See Cent. Sec. &

 3 Alarm Co. v. Mehler, 1996-NMCA-060, ¶ 12, 121 N.M. 840, 918 P.2d 1340

 4 (requiring an election of remedies if the plaintiff pursues several theories of recovery

 5 and liability is found on each). Instead, the Simmons pursued a single theory of

 6 recovery in asserting negligent misrepresentation, prevailed, and are entitled to a

 7 single award of compensatory damages ($452,287.95), which happens to be

 8 comprised of multiple components; loss of property value, commissions, and

 9 transaction costs respectively ($123,000, $202,725, and 125,562.95). As

10 acknowledged by FFFP, the Simmons pursued only the negligent misrepresentation

11 claim. The district court awarded compensatory damages for only that claim. FFFP

12 points to no case law to support its suggestion that a court errs in considering multiple

13 sources of pecuniary loss when calculating the appropriate compensatory damages

14 award in a negligent misrepresentation claim. FFFP therefore cannot prevail on this

15 point. See In re Adoption of Doe, 1984-NMSC-024, ¶ 2, 100 N.M. 764, 676 P.2d
12
16           FFFP presents an unclear argument on this point, suggesting that the
17   Simmons pursued an equity claim, and that the commission was awarded as an
18   element of damages in equity. Thus, FFFP argues, the district court could not award
19   actual damages of diminished value and carry costs plus “additional equitable
20   damages.” This argument is unclear and undeveloped, and we do not address it. See
21   Headley v. Morgan Mgmt. Corp., 2005-NMCA-045, ¶ 15, 137 N.M. 339, 110 P.3d
22   1076 (“We will not review unclear arguments, or guess at what [a party’s] arguments
23   might be.”).

                                              36
 1 1329 (stating that “[w]e assume where arguments in briefs are unsupported by cited

 2 authority, counsel after diligent search, was unable to find any supporting authority.

 3 We therefore will not do this research for counsel[,]” and employing the rule that

 4 issues raised in briefs but unsupported by authority are not reviewed on appeal).

 5   {53}   We next address FFFP’s argument that the Simmons cannot recover

 6 compensatory damages for commissions that they did not pay. The Simmons suggest

 7 that the evidence proffered at trial demonstrated that their mortgage included FFFP’s

 8 sales commission, and that the seller’s payment of the commission was financed by

 9 money provided by the Simmons at closing. Both parties point to the title company’s

10 settlement statement as the only evidence pertinent to this issue. That document lays

11 out the sales price of the Trust Property. The document states that $190,800 in

12 commission was to be “Paid From Seller’s Funds at Settlement” and includes

13 $11,925, also to be paid from seller’s funds, for gross receipts tax on FFFP’s

14 commission. FFFP’s commission was added to other fees and was included in a

15 “reduction in amounts due to Seller.” Thus, we conclude that substantial evidence

16 supports the Simmons’ assertion that FFFP’s commission was paid out of money that

17 the Simmons paid to purchase the Trust Property.

18   {54}   Disgorgement is a remedy that requires a wrongdoer to give up the benefits

19 obtained as a result of his wrongdoing. See Peters Corp. v. N.M. Banquest Inv’rs

                                             37
 1 Corp., 2008-NMSC-039, ¶ 32, 144 N.M. 434, 188 P.2d 1185. “The decision whether

 2 to order a defendant to disgorge profits and the amount of profits to be disgorged rests

 3 within the sound discretion of the [district] court.” Id. The remedy of disgorgement

 4 may not be used punitively, and a causal connection must exist between the breach

 5 and the benefit sought to be disgorged. Id. The evidence supports the conclusion that

 6 the Simmons paid $123,000 more than the value of the Trust Property because of

 7 misrepresentations made by FFFP. See Jacobs v. Phillippi, 1985-NMSC-029, ¶ 5, 102

 8 N.M. 449, 697 P.2d 132 (reviewing an appeal of damages award for substantial

 9 evidence). Thus, FFFP’s misrepresentations and its commission are only causally

10 connected by the portion of the commission that arose from the $123,000

11 overpayment that the Simmons made. FFFP is therefore properly required to disgorge

12 the portion of its commission that was paid as a result of its misrepresentations. We

13 conclude that FFFP is entitled to keep its commission from the sale of the Trust

14 Property except for the portion stemming from the $123,000 that the Simmons

15 overpaid. We remand so that the district court may adjust the amount of commission

16 to reflect the $123,000 diminution in the Trust Property’s value.

17 iii.     Carry-Cost Damages

18   {55}   The district court awarded the Simmons $202,725 for FFFP’s commission and

19 gross receipts taxes that would not have been paid but for FFFP’s actions, and

                                              38
 1 $126,562.95 in mortgage principal and interest, which also would not have been paid

 2 but for FFFP’s actions. The parties have labeled these “carry-cost” damages—a

 3 characterization that we will continue using throughout the remainder of this opinion.

 4 FFFP asserts that the district court’s award of carry-cost damages was improper

 5 because it violates due process principles and because there is insufficient evidence

 6 to support the award. Due process has been provided where a party is afforded timely

 7 notice, a reasonable opportunity to be heard, a reasonable opportunity to confront and

 8 cross-examine adverse witnesses and present evidence, representation by counsel, and

 9 a hearing before an impartial decision maker. In re Pamela A.G., 2006-NMSC-019,

10 ¶ 12, 139 N.M. 459, 134 P.3d 746. FFFP’s due process argument hinges on its

11 assertion that, because the chart was only used as a demonstrative aid during closing

12 arguments, FFFP never had the chance to cross-examine any witness as to the

13 calculations of the carry costs listed in the chart.

14   {56}   During closing arguments, the Simmons presented the district court with a

15 demonstrative aid, which laid out the calculations behind their request for carry-cost

16 damages. In that chart, the Simmons added the monthly mortgage cost and real estate

17 tax for the portion of the Trust Property that had, according to Hunnicutt, diminished

18 in value, namely, Lots 4B, 4C, and 4D, as well as the real estate commission paid to

19 FFFP. Those costs were then multiplied by seventy-three—the number of months

                                              39
 1 between Simmons’ purchase and the trial. Adding together those calculations, the

 2 chart suggests a carry-cost damage award in the amount of $126,561.95. The district

 3 court awarded Simmons $126,562.95 in carry-cost damages.13

 4   {57}   The record reveals, however, that during his testimony, Mr. Simmons set forth

 5 the basic formula that is used in the chart. Mr. Simmons testified that he had a 5.5%

 6 annual interest on his mortgage and that he had owned the property for seventy-three

 7 months. Mr. Simmons also testified as to what he believed the real estate tax rate was

 8 in 2010, and stated that it should be considered in the calculation of damages. FFFP

 9 had the opportunity to cross-examine Mr. Simmons, and availed itself of that

10 opportunity.

11   {58}   FFFP’s assertion that there is insufficient evidence to support the carry-cost

12 damages award is also without merit. Not only was there testimony from Hunnicutt

13 regarding the diminution of value of the Trust Property lots and testimony from Mr.

14 Simmons regarding the monthly mortgage rate, but there was also a title insurance

15 settlement statement entered into evidence. That exhibit listed the amount of the

16 Simmons’ mortgage principal, county taxes, and the daily rate of interest. This

17 evidence, considered together, is substantial enough to support the district court’s

          13
18           The slight discrepancy in amounts is due to a miscalculation in the chart’s
19 total. When the values listed in the chart are added and multiplied correctly, the total
20 carry-cost amount is $126,562.95.

                                              40
 1 findings as to the amount of damages. Landavazo, 1990-NMSC-114, ¶ 7 (defining

 2 substantial evidence and acknowledging that “[e]vidence is substantial even if it

 3 barely tips the scales in favor of the party bearing the burden of proof”). As such, the

 4 district court’s assessment of carry-cost damages against FFFP will stand.

 5   {59}   The district court’s calculation of carry-cost damages included FFFP’s entire

 6 commission for the sale of the Trust Property. Because the value of Lots 4B, 4C, and

 7 4D within the Trust Property is 17% less than the original purchase price, the

 8 commission used for purposes of calculating carry-cost damages must be recalculated

 9 in light of that lower value. We therefore remand for the district court to recalculate

10 the amount of FFFP’s commission, and the carry-cost damages associated therewith,

11 pursuant to this opinion.

12 iv.      Attorney’s Fees as Compensatory Damages

13   {60}   Damages allowable for negligent misrepresentation are “those proximately

14 caused by the misrepresentation.” Charter Servs., Inc. v. Principal Mut. Life Ins. Co.,

15 1994-NMCA-007, ¶ 10, 117 N.M. 82, 868 P.2d 1307. We must therefore determine

16 whether FFFP’s misrepresentations regarding the covenant violations, waiver, and

17 amendment caused the Simmons’ expense of attorney’s fees associated with

18 involvement in this lawsuit. See id. (defining proximate cause as “that which in a

19 natural and continuous sequence unbroken by any new independent causes produces

20 the injury and without which the injury would not have occurred” (internal quotation

                                              41
 1 marks and citation omitted)). We review an award of attorney’s fees for abuse of

 2 discretion. N.M. Right to Choose/NARAL v. Johnson, 1999-NMSC-028, ¶ 6, 127

 3 N.M. 654, 986 P.2d 450. “The district court abuses its discretion if it enters findings

 4 of fact that are not supported by substantial evidence.” Atherton v. Gopin, 2015-

 5 NMCA-087, ¶ 25, 355 P.3d 804. If substantial evidence exists to support the district

 6 court’s conclusion, we will not disturb that conclusion on appeal. Landavazo, 1990-

 7 NMSC-114, ¶ 7.

 8   {61}   The district court awarded “compensatory damages in the form of reasonable

 9 attorney’s fees” in the amount of $152,552.36. This award was based on the court’s

10 finding that “[a]s a consequence of the lack of required disclosure, . . . [t]he Simmons

11 closed on the purchase of the . . . Trust Property and purchased property they would

12 not have purchased had [FFFP] acted with honesty and reasonable care.” Thus, the

13 district court found that “[t]he Simmons have been required to retain counsel in order

14 to protect their interests as a direct consequence of the original non-disclosures and

15 misrepresentations by [FFFP]. The Simmons[’] costs and fees arising from being sued

16 by [FFFP] constitute additional damages arising from the wrongful conduct of

17 [FFFP].” The court further concluded that FFFP “hoped to leverage the Simmons into

18 executing the Amendment by subjecting them to the costs of suit and attorneys’ fees

19 by suing the Simmons” and that “[t]he costs and attorneys’ fees incurred by the

20 Simmons are a direct consequence of the series of misrepresentations and regulation

                                              42
 1 violations” of FFFP. As such, the district court concluded that the Simmons are

 2 entitled to recover those costs and fees in accordance with Charter Services, Inc.,

 3 1994-NMCA-007.

 4   {62}   In Charter Services, Inc., an employer purchased an insurance policy, relying

 5 on an insurance agent’s assurance that no additional workers’ compensation policy

 6 would be necessary if the employer chose one particular policy. Id. ¶ 2. The employer

 7 relied on that representation and purchased the policy. Id. Subsequently, an employee

 8 was injured, and sued the employer for workers’ compensation. The employee

 9 asserted that she was fired in retaliation for her workers’ compensation case, and she

10 also filed a wrongful discharge claim. Id. ¶ 3. The employer incurred thousands of

11 dollars in attorney’s fees in defending the suit that the employee brought. Id. ¶ 5.

12 Employer later filed suit against its insurance company for negligent

13 misrepresentation regarding the coverage of the group insurance policy, id. ¶ 1, and

14 it was awarded the total amount of attorney’s fees for defending against both of the

15 employee’s claims. Id. ¶ 5. The insurance company appealed, arguing that only the

16 fees for the workers’ compensation claim should have been awarded against it. Id. ¶

17 8.

18   {63}   We disagreed and affirmed the district court’s determination that the employer

19 was entitled to recover all of its legal costs incurred during the suit against its

20 employee. Id. ¶ 11. This Court pointed out that the appropriate damages in a negligent

                                              43
 1 misrepresentation case are “those proximately caused by the misrepresentation.” Id.

 2 ¶ 10. This Court also reasoned that because all of the employer’s costs in defending

 3 against the employee’s lawsuit flowed directly from the insurance agent’s

 4 misrepresentations concerning the policy, the employer was entitled to recover

 5 attorney’s fees. Id. ¶ 11.

 6   {64}   Though not cited by either party, we also find First National Bank of Clovis v.

 7 Diane, Inc., 1985-NMCA-025, 102 N.M. 548, 698 P.2d 5, to be instructive. The bank

 8 sued the corporation on promissory notes evidencing a loan, and the corporation filed

 9 a third-party claim against the broker, who had negotiated the loan on the

10 corporation’s behalf. Id. ¶ 3. The corporation prevailed against the broker. Id. ¶ 4. The

11 broker then filed a cross-claim against his attorney, alleging malpractice on the basis

12 that he had sought the attorney’s advice regarding the legality of the brokerage fee he

13 had charged, and for which the corporation had ultimately recovered damages. Id.

14 ¶¶ 4-5. In the cross-claim, the district court awarded the broker $25,000 in attorney’s

15 fees incurred “as a proximate result of the advice given to [the broker]” by the

16 attorney. Id. ¶ 31. The attorney appealed.

17   {65}   We acknowledged the general rule that attorney’s fees are not allowable absent

18 a statute or agreement authorizing them, and agreed with the attorney that the broker

19 could not recover attorney’s fees for the malpractice action he brought against the

20 attorney. Id. This Court did, however, allow the broker to recover the attorney’s fees

                                              44
 1 incurred while defending the suit against the corporation: “where, as here, a client is

 2 required to engage counsel to defend a separate action proximately resulting from his

 3 attorney’s negligence, reasonable fees incurred may be awarded[.]” Id. ¶¶ 33, 35

 4 (emphasis added). In total, the award of $25,000 in attorney’s fees was remanded so

 5 that the district court could recalculate the award, allowing only the attorney’s fees

 6 incurred in defending against the corporation’s third-party claim.

 7   {66}   These cases reveal that a party can recover attorney’s fees incurred to defend

 8 against litigation where it is involved in the litigation by a third party, resulting from

 9 reliance on the representations of another. First National Bank of Clovis,

10 demonstrates that attorney’s fees are recoverable in a procedural posture such as this

11 one, where attorney’s fees incurred as a result of one action are recoverable in another

12 action. This case is analogous to First National Bank of Clovis because both cases

13 question whether a party acting as both a plaintiff and a defendant may be awarded

14 attorney’s fees. In First National Bank of Clovis, the broker acted as a defendant

15 when he was brought into the primary action through a third-party action, just as the

16 Simmons acted as defendants when they were brought into this litigation through

17 FFFP’s third-party complaint in the Cobb Plaintiffs’ litigation over the validity of the

18 covenants. See id. ¶ 3. The broker then acted as a plaintiff by filing a cross-claim

19 against his attorney, whose representations proximately caused his involvement in the

20 third-party action, just as the Simmons acted as plaintiffs by filing a countersuit

                                              45
 1 against FFFP, whose actions also proximately caused the Simmons’ involvement in

 2 the third-party action. See id ¶ 4. We see no reason for FFFP’s role as both the

 3 plaintiff in the third-party action and the defendant in the counter-suit to alter our

 4 analysis under First National Bank of Clovis, particularly in light of the various roles

 5 it played in the sale and resale of the HMBL Property.14

 6   {67}   Following the precedent set forth in Charter Services, Inc., and First National

 7 Bank of Clovis, we conclude that the Simmons are entitled to recover attorney’s fees

 8 spent in defending against FFFP’s third-party action against them. The Simmons are

 9 not, however, entitled to attorney’s fees incurred while litigating their counter-claim;

10 to allow such a recovery would violate the American Rule. See N.M. Right to

11 Choose/NARAL, 1999-NMSC-028, ¶ 9 (stating that generally, the American Rule

12 provides that “absent statutory or other authority, litigants are responsible for their

13 own attorney’s fees”). We therefore reverse, so the district court may award only

14 those attorney’s fees incurred in defending against FFFP’s third-party action. See

15 Charter Services, Inc., 1994-NMCA-007, ¶ 8 (“[W]hen an attorney’s services are

16 rendered in pursuit of multiple objectives, some of which permit a fee and some of

         14
17          FFFP represented the Gammons in their purchase of Lot 4A2, the sellers
18 during their sale of the Trust Property, and the Simmons during their purchase of the
19 Trust Property. As FFFP is willing to play fast and loose with its roles in representing
20 these parties, it must face the consequences of doing so.

                                              46
 1 which do not, the trial court must apportion the fees and award only those that are

 2 compensable.”).

 3 IV.      CONCLUSION

 4   {68}   The restrictive covenant in this case is enforceable by anyone owning a lot

 5 within the HMBL Property. FFFP negligently misrepresented the status of the

 6 covenant’s waiver and amendment to the Simmons during the sale of the Trust

 7 Property. As a result, the Simmons are entitled to actual damages. The Simmons

 8 provided sufficient evidence that they overpaid $123,000 for Lots 4B, 4C, and 4D and

 9 that award is affirmed. We remand the remaining portion of the Simmons’ award so

10 that the district court may recalculate the appropriate amount consistent with this

11 opinion. This recalculation includes a reduction in FFFP’s commission proportionate

12 to the $123,000 overpayment, a corresponding reduction in the amount of

13 commission used to calculate carry-cost damages, and a differentiation between

14 attorney’s fees incurred in defending the third-party action (recoverable) and in

15 pursuing the negligent misrepresentation claim (not recoverable).

16   {69}   IT IS SO ORDERED.

17
18                                         RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Judge

                                             47
1 WE CONCUR:

2 __________________________________
3 MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Chief Judge

4 __________________________________
5 MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge

                                  48