Court Opinion

ID: 2653280
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-02-14 01:02:09.41508+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:56:15.845431
License: Public Domain

Filed 2/13/14 In re M. E. CA2/3
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(a). This opinion has not been certified for
publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115(a).

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION THREE

In re M. E., A Person Coming Under the                                     B250422
Juvenile Court Law.
LOS ANGELES COUNTY                                                         (Los Angeles County
DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN AND                                                 Super. Ct. No. CK75874)
FAMILY SERVICES,

         Plaintiff;

         v.

MARCUS E.,

         Defendant and Respondent.

         APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County,
Elizabeth Kim, Juvenile Court Referee, (Pursuant to Cal. Const., art. VI, § 21.) and
Margaret Henry, Judge. Reversed and remanded.
         Janette F. Cochran, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Appellant,
C.H.
         No appearance for Plaintiff.
         Jamie A. Moran, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Respondent, Marcus E.
                            _______________________________________
       C. H. (appellant), the foster mother of two-year-old M. E., appeals the juvenile

court’s denial of her request for de facto parent status. Appellant argues the juvenile

court erred in denying her request because she had met her burden of showing she was

entitled to de facto parent status. We agree and reverse.

                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       M. E. was born premature on November 30, 2011, and tested positive for

cocaine. On December 7, 2011, the Department of Children and Family Services

(Department) filed a petition alleging that Claudia I.’s (mother) substance abuse

endangered M.’s physical health, and that mother had a ten-year history of illicit drug

abuse.1 The Department also reported to the court that Marcus E. (father) had an

extensive criminal history dating back to 1976. The court detained M. and she was

placed in foster care.

       On January 3, 2012, the Department filed a first amended petition which added

the allegation that father had a criminal history. A second amended petition was filed

on February 22, 2012, which alleged that father also used marijuana, rendering him

incapable of providing regular care for M. and placing her at risk of abuse and neglect.

       At the contested jurisdictional hearing on February 29, 2012, the court sustained

the allegations against both parents and removed M. from her parents’ custody.2 The

1
     Mother also had prior dependency cases involving her two older children, with
whom she failed to reunify due to her illicit drug use.
2
      Father appealed the court’s jurisdictional findings against him as well as the
removal order. (In re M.E. (B239887; filed on November 15, 2012) [nonpub. opn.].)
We affirmed. (Ibid.)

                                            2
court ordered random drug testing for father, individual counseling, and parenting

courses, and granted him family reunification services. The court denied reunification

services to mother, but ordered monitored visits for both parents.

       On March 28, 2012, the Department informed the court that M. had been moved

to a new foster home, and that it was assessing father’s home for placement. On

July 19, 2012, when M. was eight months old, she was moved again and placed with

appellant. Appellant reported to the Department that M. was adjusting to her new home

and thriving with regards to meeting developmental milestones.

       On August 29, 2012, the Department informed the court that father consistently

visited M. five times a week, had “good parenting skills” and had “formed a strong

bond and attachment with the child.” However, father had tested positive for illicit

substances on three separate occasions, and had not shown up for two of his drug tests.

Mother’s visits were inconsistent.

       With respect to appellant, the Department reported that M. appeared “happy and

[was] adjusting well to [her] new placement,” and that appellant was working on

“increasing [the] child’s hand strength through hand exercises and appropriate toys so

that [the] child can latch onto her bottle.” In addition, M. was “engag[ing] [appellant]

with babbling and trying to talk.”

       At the six-month review hearing on September 4, 2012, the court continued

reunification services for father. However, later that month, the Department filed

                                            3
a Welfare and Institutions Code section 3423 petition alleging that father had tested

positive for marijuana and cocaine on multiple occasions, and had failed to regularly

participate in the court-ordered substance rehabilitation program and random drug

testing. The court sustained these allegations on October 10, 2012, and also continued

reunification services and monitored visits for father.

       On October 22, 2012, a Department social worker observed appellant to be “very

caring towards” M. when the child was sick, and concluded that M. was “thriving in her

current placement.” On January 30, 2013, in preparation for the 12-month review

hearing, the Department informed the court that father was complying his case plan, and

that his visits with M. were going well. The Department further reported that appellant

was “meeting M.’s needs by providing food, shelter, clothing and medical care as

necessary; ensuring her overall well being. [The social worker] has observed various

interactions between [appellant] and M. M. appears to be comfortable in her presence

and looks to [appellant] when she needs comforting. It appears that the child is thriving

in her care and the placement continues to be appropriate.” Appellant told the social

worker that she was willing to adopt M. if father did not reunify with her. At the 12-

month review hearing, the court continued reunification services for father.

       On May 6, 2013, appellant filed a request for de facto parent status in propria

persona. She filed out the “De Facto Parent Statement” form to completion and used all

3
       Section 342 provides that “[i]n any case in which a minor has been found to be
a person described by Section 300 and the petitioner alleges new facts or
circumstances . . . sufficient to state that the minor is a person described in Section 300,
the petitioner shall file a subsequent petition.”

                                             4
the space available to her on the form. She wrote that she had provided daily care for

M. since July 2012, and that she “love[d], care[d] for, fe[]d, clothe[d], interact[ed][,]

play[ed] and engage[d], nurture[d] and assist[ed] [M.] with developmental

milestones[.]” The form asked applicants to provide “[k]inds of information [you] have

about the child that others may not have (medical, educational, behavioral, etc.),” in

response to which appellant stated “[m]edical [-] pre-natal exposure to drugs + alcohol,

premature[;] [e]ducational [-] [d]aily [p]rogress milestones[;] [b]ehavioral [-]

[e]motional [d]evelopment[.]” Appellant also said that she had not attended court

hearings but would like to receive notice and attend these hearings. The court

summarily denied appellant’s request without a hearing. Appellant timely appealed.

                                     CONTENTIONS

       Appellant argues that the juvenile court erred in denying her request for de facto

parent status because she met her burden of showing she was entitled to such status.

                                      DISCUSSION

       A “de facto parent” is “a person who has been found by the court to have

assumed, on a day-to-day basis, the role of parent, fulfilling both the child’s physical

and psychological needs for care and affection, and who has assumed that role for

a substantial period.” (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.502, subd. (10).) “On a sufficient

showing the court may recognize the child’s present or previous custodians as de facto

parents and grant standing to participate as parties in disposition hearings and any

hearing thereafter at which the status of the dependent child is at issue.” (Cal. Rules of

Court, rule 5.534, subd. (e).)

                                              5
       De facto parent status only entitles a person “to be present at dependency

proceedings, to be represented by counsel, and to present evidence.” (In re Kiesha E.

(1993) 6 Cal. 4th 68, 77.) It does not entitle a person to reunification services, custody,

or visitation. (Ibid.) “The de facto parenthood doctrine simply recognizes that persons

who have provided a child with daily parental concern, affection, and care over

substantial time may develop legitimate interests and perspectives, and may also present

a custodial alternative, which should not be ignored in a juvenile dependency

proceeding.” (Ibid.) We review the juvenile court’s denial of a request for de facto

parent status for substantial evidence.4 (In re Ashley P. (1998) 62 Cal. App. 4th 23,

26-30.)

       “[T]he concept of de facto parenthood must be applied liberally.” (In re

Hirenia C. (1993) 18 Cal. App. 4th 504, 514; In re Jacob E., supra, 121 Cal.App.4th at

p. 919 [“de facto parent status ordinarily should be liberally granted.”]) The rationale

behind this liberal application is that “the views of such persons who have experienced

close day-to-day contact with the child deserve consideration.” (In re A.J. (1969)

4
       Some courts have reviewed the denial of de facto parent status for an abuse of
discretion. (See, e.g., In re Jacob E. (2004) 121 Cal. App. 4th 909, 919.) However, an
application for de facto parent status requires the court to consider whether the
individual facts of the case show that the applicant has assumed the role of a parent and
cared for the child. (See In re Kieshia E., supra, 6 Cal.4th at p. 78 [“the key to the
privileged status of de facto parenthood is adherence to ‘the role of parent,’ both
physical and psychological.”]) Thus, the issue is more of a factual determination than
a discretionary one, and the better approach is to use the substantial evidence standard
of review. (See Seiser and Kumli, Cal. Juvenile Courts Practice and Procedure (2012)
§ 2.60A[2][a]; see, e.g., In re Vincent C. (1997) 53 Cal. App. 4th 1347, 1356-1357; In
re Krystle D. (1994) 30 Cal. App. 4th 1778, 1808.)

                                             6
274 Cal. App. 2d 199, 202.) As several courts have observed, “the juvenile courts can

only benefit from having all relevant information bearing on the best interests of the

child . . . . ” (In re Hirenia C., supra, 18 Cal.App.4th at p. 514; In re Rachel C. (1991)

235 Cal. App. 3d 1445, 1452 disapproved on other grounds in In re Kieshia E., supra,

6 Cal. 4th 68; In re Jacob E., supra, 121 Cal.App.4th at p. 919.)

       Moreover, “if it turns out that the information provided by the de facto parent is

not helpful, the court need not give much weight to the input in making the difficult

decisions it must make.” (In re Hirenia C., supra, 18 Cal.App.4th at p. 514.) Foster

parents, in particular, “are usually the ones best equipped to aid the court” during the

reunification period through participation as de facto parents. (Christina K. v. Superior

Court (1986) 184 Cal. App. 3d 1463, 1469)

       “Whether a person falls within the definition of a ‘de facto parent’ depends

strongly on the particular individual seeking such status and the unique circumstances of

the case. However, the courts have identified several factors relevant to the decision.

Those considerations include whether (1) the child is ‘psychologically bonded’ to the

adult; (2) the adult has assumed the role of a parent on a day-to day basis for

a substantial period of time; (3) the adult possesses information about the child unique

from the other participants in the process; (4) the adult has regularly attended juvenile

court hearings; and (5) a future proceeding may result in an order permanently

foreclosing any future contact with the adult. [Citations.]” (In re Patricia L. (1992)

9 Cal. App. 4th 61, 66-67.) “[A] juvenile court should not deny a request for de facto

status based upon some vague concern that such participation will lengthen the hearings

                                             7
or somehow interfere with the goal of providing the child with a stable and loving

home.” (In re Vincent C., supra, 53 Cal.App.4th at p. 1358.)

       Here, four out of the five factors identified in In re Patricia L. were present. The

evidence indicated that appellant (1) was “ ‘psychologically bonded’ ” with M. by virtue

of having been the infant’s exclusive caregiver for ten months, (2) had assumed the role

of parent on a day-to-day basis during that period of time, and (3) “possesse[d]

information about the child unique from the other participants in the process” as a result

of having taken care of M.’s medical and educational needs at a stage when a child’s

needs and behaviors change often. In addition, “future proceedings [could] result in an

order permanently foreclosing any future contact” between M. and appellant should the

court decide to reunify M. with father. (In re Patricia L., supra, 9 Cal.App.4th at

pp. 66-67.) Furthermore, although appellant had not attended court hearings, she

expressed an interest in being present for future hearings.

       The Department had also noted that appellant was providing excellent care for

M. The Department reported several times that appellant was providing an appropriate

home for M. and that M. was doing well in appellant’s care. The Department even

informed the court that appellant was meeting all of M.’s needs, that appellant was

“very caring” towards M., and that M. looked to appellant for “comforting.” No report

includes any criticism of appellant.

       Although “a person who otherwise qualifies for de facto parent status may

become ineligible by acting in a manner that is fundamentally inconsistent with the role

of a parent,” here, there was no evidence that appellant had ever harmed M. (In re

                                             8
Bryan D. (2011) 199 Cal. App. 4th 127, 142; In re Merrick V. (2004) 122 Cal. App. 4th
235, 257 [an applicant for de facto parent status is “automatically disqualified” if he or

she “substantially harms” the minor].) In fact, all the evidence before the court was

positive and showed that appellant had taken care of M. on a day-to-day basis for almost

a year.

          Only father has opposed this appeal, arguing that appellant did not meet her

burden of proof.5 Specifically, father argues that appellant did not show that she

possessed unique information regarding M.’s medical needs regarding “pre-natal

exposure to drugs [and] alcohol” because appellant did not observe M. when she was

born. However, M. was only eight months old when she was placed with appellant and

appellant was in the best position to observe any continued effects from M.’s pre-natal

exposure to illicit substances.

          Furthermore, appellant also possessed unique information regarding M.’s

development and behavior as appellant had cared for M. from age eight months to

eighteen months. Appellant spent substantially more time with M. than either father or

mother, and the evidence indicated that she had fulfilled all of M.’s needs by having

“care[d] for, fe[]d, clothe[d], interact[ed][,] play[ed] and engage[d], nurture[d] and

assist[ed] [M.] with developmental milestones[.]” (Cf. In re Jacob E., supra,

121 Cal.App.4th at pp. 919-921 [holding that, despite five years as caretaker, the

grandmother failed to merit de facto parent status because she did not ensure the child’s

5
          The Department did not take a position below regarding this issue or on appeal.

                                              9
visits with siblings or meet his schooling and medical needs, and had exposed him to

domestic violence and physical abuse]; cf. In re R.J. (2008) 164 Cal. App. 4th 219, 224

[affirming the juvenile court’s summary denial of the grandmother’s request for de facto

parent status where there was no evidence that the grandmother had assumed a parental

role on a day-to-day basis, although the grandmother did have a “positive, nurturing,

and loving relationship” with her grandchildren.])

          Accordingly, appellant met her burden of showing that she was entitled to

de facto parent status, and there was no evidence that she had harmed M. or failed to

provide for her care such that she should be denied such status. The juvenile court thus

erred in denying appellant’s request for de facto parent status, and we reverse that

ruling.

                                             10
                                     DISPOSITION

       The order denying de facto parent status is reversed. The juvenile court is

directed to enter a new order granting appellant’s de facto parent application.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

                                                                      CROSKEY, J.

WE CONCUR:

       KLEIN, P. J.

       ALDRICH, J.

                                            11