Court Opinion

ID: 2684401
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-07-17 21:35:07.682653+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:13:57.891554
License: Public Domain

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       STATE OF CONECTICUT v. RAQUANN
                TYRONE DAVIS
                  (SC 18864)
    Rogers, C. J., and Palmer, Zarella, Eveleigh and McDonald, Js.
      Argued March 15, 2013—officially released April 22, 2014

  Glenn W. Falk, assigned counsel, for the appellant
(defendant).
   Rocco A. Chiarenza, assistant state’s attorney, with
whom, on the brief, were Kevin D. Lawlor, state’s attor-
ney, and Charles M. Stango, senior assistant state’s
attorney, for the appellee (state).
                          Opinion

   ROGERS, C. J. This appeal requires us to further
define the contours of the implied waiver doctrine
announced in State v. Kitchens, 299 Conn. 447, 10 A.3d
942 (2011). The defendant, Raquann Tyrone Davis,
claims that the trial court improperly instructed the
jury that it could find him guilty under a theory of
liability not set forth in the state’s information. Specifi-
cally, the defendant argues that although the state
alleged, in count one of its long form information charg-
ing him with robbery in the first degree, that ‘‘during
the commission of the crime [the defendant] was armed
with what he represented by his words or conduct to
be a firearm,’’ in violation of General Statutes § 53a-134
(a) (4), the court instructed the jury that the defendant
could be found guilty if all the other elements of robbery
in the first degree had been proven, and any person
participating in the commission of the crime possessed
a firearm.1 Because the defendant did not preserve his
claim for appellate review by objecting to the jury
instructions, he sought review under State v. Golding,
213 Conn. 233, 239–40, 567 A.2d 823 (1989).2 The Appel-
late Court concluded that the defendant had implicitly
waived any objection to the jury instructions, and
declined to review the defendant’s instructional error
claim on appeal. State v. Davis, 131 Conn. App. 50,
64–65, 26 A.3d 128 (2011). We granted the defendant’s
petition for certification to appeal, limited to the follow-
ing question: ‘‘Did the Appellate Court properly apply
the waiver doctrine set forth in State v. Kitchens, [supra,
447]?’’ State v. Davis, 302 Conn. 943, 29 A.3d 468 (2011).
  We conclude that, under the facts of the present case,
the defendant did not implicitly waive his claim under
the rule set forth in Kitchens, because he was never
provided with the court’s actual proposed charge, and
consequently did not have a meaningful opportunity to
review the instructions. Accordingly, we reverse the
judgment of the Appellate Court.
  The Appellate Court’s opinion sets forth the following
facts that the jury reasonably could have found. ‘‘Some-
time after 10 p.m. on July 12, 2008, the defendant, Thad-
deus Lowery and Brian Backman were passengers in
an automobile being operated by Gerard Jones. Jones
drove to a deli in West Haven, spoke with two other
men there and then walked toward the victim, Dayshon
Caple, who was standing near a restaurant that was
close by. Jones, who was acquainted with the victim,
discussed obtaining marijuana from him. Following
their conversation, Jones and the victim, who believed
that Jones had offered him a ride home in exchange
for marijuana, approached Jones’ automobile. The
defendant and Lowery exited the automobile. The
defendant brandished a revolver that he held close to
the victim’s chest and Lowery brandished a shotgun
that he pointed at the victim’s head. The victim, perceiv-
ing that he was about to be robbed, told the men that
he did not ‘have anything.’ The defendant cocked the
hammer on his revolver and asked the victim, ‘you think
we playin’?’ Thereafter, the defendant and Lowery
searched the victim’s clothing and stole his cellular
telephone, a quantity of marijuana in his possession
and his wallet that contained approximately $40. Jones
stood nearby while these events unfolded. After the
defendant, Lowery and Jones got back into their auto-
mobile with the victim’s possessions and drove away,
the victim fled to a nearby gas station where he called
family members for assistance. Later, Jones provided
information concerning these events to the police.’’
State v. Davis, supra, 131 Conn. App. 52–53. The Appel-
late Court also noted that, ‘‘[c]ontrary to the victim’s
testimony, Jones, who testified on behalf of the state
. . . testified that the defendant was the assailant who
had pointed a shotgun at the victim’s head during the
robbery.’’ Id., 53 n.2.3
   The following facts and procedural history are also
relevant to the defendant’s appeal. By means of a long
form information, the state alleged that the defendant
committed the crime of robbery in the first degree in
violation of § 53a-134 (a) (4).4 In count one of its infor-
mation, the state alleged that ‘‘during the commission
of the crime [the defendant] was armed with what he
represented by his words or conduct to be a firearm
. . . .’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., 53.
   Subsequently, ‘‘[o]n January 4, 2010, the defendant
filed six written requests to charge covering different
instructions. Although one of these requests to charge
bore the title ‘Defendant’s Request to Charge: Robbery
First Degree,’ neither this request nor any other submit-
ted by the defendant covered the elements of robbery
in the first degree. On January 4, 2010, the state filed
a written request to charge that, among other topics,
covered the elements of robbery in the first degree.
Following the portion of the request to charge that
covered the elements of robbery in the first degree, the
state cited to ‘[§] 6.4-1 [of the] Connecticut Selected
Jury Instructions.’
   ‘‘On January 5, 2010, immediately after the state
rested, the court held a charge conference with the
attorneys . . . . The following is an excerpt from the
colloquy that took place during the conference:
  ‘‘ ‘The Court: I have received the robbery charge [filed
by the state], which is the standard charge. I intend to
give the robbery [charge] in essence, maybe not exactly,
but the robbery charge will be given. The usual charges,
the function of the court and the jury, proof beyond a
reasonable doubt, burden of proof, circumstantial and
direct evidence, they will be given. [I have] the request
for conspiracy. Counsel . . . that’s your charge, con-
spiracy? Yes?
  ‘‘ ‘[The Prosecutor]: Use the state’s conspiracy
charge, Your Honor?
  ‘‘ ‘The Court: Yes.
  ‘‘ ‘[The Prosecutor]: Yes.
  ‘‘ ‘The Court: Counsel, any objection to the conspir-
acy charge as presented by—
  ‘‘ ‘[Defense Counsel]: Your Honor, I have not seen a
charge submitted by the state. I . . . could have left it
in my office, but I haven’t had time to review it. Is it
the standard charge? It’s robbery?
  ‘‘ ‘[The Prosecutor]: Throughout the computer. I’m
not very fair.
  ‘‘ ‘The Court: Right off the cyberspace.
  ‘‘ ‘[Defense Counsel]: Based upon [the prosecutor’s]
representation, Your Honor, there’s no objection. . . .
  ‘‘Thereafter, the defendant’s attorney made an oral
motion for a judgment of acquittal. After hearing argu-
ment concerning the motion, the court denied it. Fol-
lowing its ruling, the court asked counsel, ‘anything
else?’ The state replied in the negative and the defen-
dant’s counsel did not raise any additional matters
for consideration.
   ‘‘The next day, January 6, 2010, the court addressed
counsel, noting that it had received a written motion
for a judgment of acquittal from the defendant. After
stating that the motion was denied, the court stated,
‘[a]nything else before the jury comes out?’ The defen-
dant’s attorney replied, ‘[n]o, Your Honor.’ Following
closing arguments, the court delivered its charge to the
jury. After it instructed the jury as to the elements of
the offenses at issue, the court excused the jury for a
recess. The court, addressing counsel, stated: ‘[T]hat
completes the substantive charge. Any comments? Any-
thing I need to correct now? Think about it.’ Following
the morning recess, the court asked counsel: ‘Anything
I need to add or detract?’ The defendant’s attorney
replied, ‘I have nothing, Your Honor.’ After the court
delivered the remainder of its charge, the defendant’s
attorney did not raise any objection related to the
court’s robbery instruction.’’ (Emphasis added; foot-
notes omitted.) Id., 56–59.
  The jury returned a verdict of guilty on both counts
of part one of the information; see footnote 4 of this
opinion; and the trial court rendered judgment in accor-
dance with the verdict. The defendant then appealed
from the judgment of the trial court to the Appellate
Court, claiming, inter alia, that the trial court improperly
instructed the jury that it could find the defendant guilty
on the basis of a theory of liability that was not set
forth in the state’s information.5 Because the defendant
did not object to the trial court’s jury instructions, he
sought review under State v. Golding, supra, 213
Conn. 239–40.
   The Appellate Court declined to review the claim on
the ground that the defendant had waived any objec-
tions to the trial court’s jury charges. It reasoned that
the trial court’s statement that it intended to give the
state’s proposed charge, which was available on the
Judicial Branch website, ‘‘in essence, maybe not
exactly,’’ effectively provided the defendant with the
proposed instructions. The Appellate Court further rea-
soned that, because the trial court’s jury instructions
‘‘mirrored the state’s instruction in all material
respects’’; State v. Davis, supra, 131 Conn. App. 60; and
defense counsel had an opportunity to review those
instructions on the Judicial Branch website overnight,
counsel’s failure to object to the jury instructions consti-
tuted an implied waiver under Kitchens.
   On appeal to this court, the defendant claims that
the Appellate Court’s conclusion that he implicitly
waived his instructional challenges is inconsistent with
the implied waiver doctrine in State v. Kitchens, supra,
299 Conn. 447. Specifically, the defendant asserts that
he did not have a meaningful opportunity to review the
jury instructions because the trial court did not provide
him with an advance written copy of the instructions,
and the court’s description of the charge it intended to
deliver was ambiguous. The state contends that the
Appellate Court correctly concluded that defense coun-
sel implicitly waived any challenge to the court’s jury
instructions. Alternately, the state claims that the Appel-
late Court’s judgment can also be affirmed on the
ground that the defendant waived his claims by
assenting to the jury instructions.6
  Whether a defendant waives the right to challenge
jury instructions is a question of law over which we
exercise plenary review. State v. Mungroo, 299 Conn.
667, 672–73, 11 A.3d 132 (2011).
   In State v. Kitchens, supra, 299 Conn. 482–83, we
concluded that, ‘‘when the trial court provides counsel
with a copy of the proposed jury instructions, allows
a meaningful opportunity for their review, solicits com-
ments from counsel regarding changes or modifications
and counsel affirmatively accepts the instructions pro-
posed or given, the defendant may be deemed to have
knowledge of any potential flaws therein and to have
waived implicitly the constitutional right to challenge
the instructions on direct appeal.’’ The doctrine of
implied waiver is based on the ‘‘idea that counsel had
sufficient notice of . . . the jury instructions and was
aware of their content . . . .’’ (Emphasis omitted.) Id.,
487 n.25. Although the court in Kitchens examined the
basis for inferring a knowing and voluntary relin-
quishment of the right to object to jury instructions;
id., 483–85; it did not establish a broad waiver provision
unmoored from the express requirements set out in
that case. Our examination of the record leads us to
conclude that the trial court’s failure to provide the
defendant with the precise content of the proposed jury
instructions deprived him of a meaningful opportunity
to review the charge. Accordingly, we hold that the
defendant did not implicitly waive his right to challenge
the trial court’s instructions on appeal under the implied
waiver doctrine announced in Kitchens.
   The Appellate Court concluded that the trial court’s
stated intention to deliver the charges proposed by the
state ‘‘in essence, maybe not exactly,’’ met its threshold
obligation to ‘‘[provide] counsel with a copy of the pro-
posed jury instructions’’ and to ‘‘[allow] a meaningful
opportunity for their review . . . .’’ Id., 482–83. In so
concluding, the Appellate Court determined that the
trial court’s reference to the robbery instruction set
forth in the state’s request to charge, which was materi-
ally similar to the model instruction posted on the Judi-
cial Branch website, but broader than the allegation set
forth in the state’s information, adequately provided
the defendant with the proposed jury instruction and
a meaningful opportunity for review. State v. Davis,
supra, 131 Conn. App. 62–63.
   We agree with the Appellate Court that ‘‘the disposi-
tive factor is whether the court has provided counsel
with an opportunity to conduct a meaningful review
of its proposed charge so that ‘the defendant may be
deemed to have knowledge of any potential flaws
therein,’ ’’ and that ‘‘[a]n opportunity for review neces-
sarily entails that the court convey the substance of its
charge in such a manner that the parties may review
[the] proposed instructional language . . . .’’ Id., 62.
Under the facts of the present case, however, we dis-
agree that the trial court’s statement that it intended
to deliver the instructions on the Judicial Branch web-
site ‘‘in essence, maybe not exactly’’ met the standard
for implied waiver set out in Kitchens.
   Our review of the record reveals that the only discus-
sion of the jury instructions, prior to the delivery of the
charge to the jury, was limited to the state’s proposed
charge, which defense counsel stated he had not read,
and ambiguous references to the model instructions on
the Judicial Branch website. Although the court repre-
sented that its jury charge would be derived from the
model instructions, it was equivocal as to the extent
that the charge would conform to the model. We con-
clude that the trial court’s statement that it intended
to deliver the model instructions ‘‘in essence, maybe not
exactly,’’ failed to provide the defendant with adequate
notice of the actual content of the court’s proposed
instructions.7 Accordingly, defense counsel was not
afforded a meaningful opportunity to review the instruc-
tions necessary to infer a wilful and knowing waiver
of instructional challenges. See, e.g., State v. Brown,
299 Conn. 640, 659, 11 A.3d 663 (2011) (‘‘[b]ecause we
cannot reasonably conclude that counsel was aware in
advance of the instructional deficiency, we will not
conclude that the defendant has waived his right to
challenge the charge on direct appeal’’).8
   The threshold question for our implied waiver analy-
sis is whether the trial court provided the proposed
charges to the defendant prior to delivery of its instruc-
tions to the jury. Although the Appellate Court correctly
noted that ‘‘[t]he defendant does not assert that his trial
counsel was not provided with a copy of the state’s
request to charge’’; State v. Davis, supra, 131 Conn.
App. 59; the trial court’s proposed instructions, not the
prosecution’s request to charge, is the touchstone of
our implied waiver analysis. State v. Kitchens, supra,
299 Conn. 482–83. It is the trial court’s obligation to
provide the defendant with the proposed instructions
and a meaningful opportunity for review.9 Accordingly,
we reject the state’s contention that ‘‘[its] request to
charge served as the functional equivalent of a copy of
the court’s draft instructions.’’
   Given the lack of clarity concerning the proposed
instructions, the state’s argument that the defendant
had an opportunity to review the model instructions
on the Judicial Branch website overnight is inapposite.
Although we have noted that ‘‘in every post-Kitchens
case in which defense counsel was given the opportu-
nity to review the proposed jury instructions overnight,
we have concluded that defense counsel had received
a meaningful opportunity to review the proposed
instructions under the Kitchens test’’; State v. Webster,
308 Conn. 43, 63, 60 A.3d 259 (2013); in all of these
cases, defense counsel was provided with the actual
proposed charges. See, e.g., id., 261–63; State v. Mun-
groo, supra, 299 Conn. 673–76; State v. Brown, supra,
299 Conn. 657–59; State v. Akande, 299 Conn. 551, 561,
11 A.3d 140 (2011). In contrast, in the present case the
trial court’s ambiguous reference to the model instruc-
tions on the Judicial Branch website failed to put
defense counsel on notice of the substance of the pro-
posed instructions. Because the trial court did not pro-
vide counsel with the actual proposed instructions, the
length of time between the charge conference and the
delivery of the instructions to the jury does not inform
the question of whether defense counsel had a meaning-
ful opportunity for review.10
   Our conclusion is consistent with the policies under-
lying the implied waiver doctrine. First, declining to
infer a waiver under the particular circumstances of
the present case does not reward the defendant with
a second bite at the apple. In Kitchens, we explained
that permitting a defendant to challenge instructions on
appeal after a meaningful opportunity to review ‘‘would
amount to allowing [the defendant] to . . . ambush the
state [and the trial court] with that claim on appeal’’
after his trial strategy had failed. (Internal quotation
marks omitted.) State v. Kitchens, supra, 299 Conn. 470.
In the present case, however, the defendant gained no
advantage by permitting the state to enlarge upon the
theory of liability alleged in its long form information.
Although a defendant may implicitly waive objections
to jury instructions even without ‘‘obvious tactical rea-
sons’’; id., 481; the absence of any benefit to the defen-
dant in the present case lends further support to our
conclusion that he did not implicitly waive his instruc-
tional challenges.
   In addition, inferring a waiver under these circum-
stances is inconsistent with the policy of encouraging
meaningful on-the-record charge conferences. State v.
Baptiste, 302 Conn. 46, 57–58, 23 A.3d 1233 (2011). In
State v. Kitchens, supra, 299 Conn. 493–94, we pre-
sumed that delivery of jury instructions and a meaning-
ful on-the-record charge conference provided a basis
for a defendant’s reflection on the proposed charge.11
The defendant’s failure to object to the proposed
charges subsequent to these procedural safeguards
gave rise to an inference that the defendant knowingly
and voluntarily relinquished the right in question. Id.
In announcing this rule in Kitchens, we sought to
encourage these procedures to facilitate meaningful
review of jury instructions. See State v. Baptiste, supra,
57–58. In contrast, expanding the implied waiver doc-
trine to situations in which a trial court failed to put
the defendant on notice of its actual proposed jury
instructions would undermine this policy.
   Finally, the fact that § 53a-134 (a) (4) incorporates
accessory liability is of no consequence to our implied
waiver analysis. The jury charge must conform to the
specific allegations in the information, not every theory
of liability included in the statute under which the defen-
dant is charged. See State v. Peterson, 13 Conn. App.
76, 83–86, 534 A.2d 1237 (1987). Accordingly, we dis-
agree with the state’s contention that the inclusion of
accessory liability in the statute put the defendant on
notice that the trial court’s instructions would include
a theory of liability not alleged in the state’s information,
such that his failure to take an exception can be inter-
preted as an implied waiver.
  The judgment of the Appellate Court is reversed and
the case is remanded to that court for consideration of
the defendant’s claim of instructional error.
  In this opinion ZARELLA and EVELEIGH, Js., con-
curred.
  1
    General Statutes § 53a-134 (a) provides in relevant part: ‘‘A person is
guilty of robbery in the first degree when, in the course of the commission
of the crime of robbery . . . he or another participant in the crime . . .
(4) displays or threatens the use of what he represents by his words or
conduct to be a pistol, revolver, rifle, shotgun, machine gun or other fire-
arm . . . .’’
  2
    Under State v. Golding, supra, 213 Conn. 239–40, ‘‘a defendant can prevail
on a claim of constitutional error not preserved at trial only if all of the
following conditions are met: (1) the record is adequate to review the alleged
claim of error; (2) the claim is of constitutional magnitude alleging the
violation of a fundamental right; (3) the alleged constitutional violation
clearly exists and clearly deprived the defendant of a fair trial; and (4)
if subject to harmless error analysis, the state has failed to demonstrate
harmlessness of the alleged constitutional violation beyond a reasonable
doubt. In the absence of any one of these conditions, the defendant’s claim
will fail. The appellate tribunal is free, therefore, to respond to the defen-
dant’s claim by focusing on whichever condition is most relevant in the
particular circumstances.’’ (Emphasis omitted; footnote omitted.)
   In State v. Kitchens, supra, 299 Conn. 533–34, we noted: ‘‘There is no
dispute that, for reasons of strategy, counsel may knowingly and intention-
ally waive a defendant’s constitutional right to a particular jury instruction
despite the fundamental nature of the defendant’s due process entitlement
to an adequate jury charge. . . . In such circumstances, moreover, the
defendant cannot satisfy the third Golding prong . . . because it cannot
be said that the alleged constitutional violation clearly exists and clearly
deprived the defendant of a fair trial . . . .’’ (Citations omitted; footnote
omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.)
   3
     We note that, with respect to the Appellate Court’s recitation of the facts
that the jury reasonably could have found, the defendant’s unpreserved
Golding claim asserts that there was a reasonable probability that the jury
was misled in reaching its verdict, because the court’s jury instructions,
unlike the state’s information, allowed the jury to convict the defendant
based on an accomplice theory. In State v. Peterson, 13 Conn. App. 76, 84, 534
A.2d 1237 (1987), the Appellate Court held that jury instructions permitting
conviction under § 53a-134 (a) (2), if the defendant or another participant
committed a robbery while armed, violated the defendant’s constitutional
right ‘‘to be informed of the charges against him with sufficient precision
to enable him to prepare his defense and to avoid prejudicial surprise,’’
when the state’s information alleged that the defendant committed the crime
while armed. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Because ‘‘the court’s read-
ing of the statute in its entirety created the possibility that the jury convicted
the defendant without ever resolving whether the defendant or [the accom-
plice] held a shotgun on [the victim] during the incident,’’ there was a
reasonable probability that the jury was misled. Id., 86; see State v. Gradzik,
193 Conn. 35, 38, 475 A.2d 269 (1984) (‘‘[t]he trial court cannot by its instruc-
tion change the nature of the crime charged in the information’’).
   4
     In a separate count of its two part information, the state alleged that
the defendant had conspired to commit robbery in the first degree in violation
of General Statutes §§ 53a-48 (a) and 53a-134 (a) (4). Following a jury
trial, the defendant was convicted of both robbery in the first degree and
conspiracy to commit robbery in the first degree. The defendant also pleaded
guilty to the second part of the information charging him with being a
persistent dangerous felony offender in violation of General Statutes § 53a-
40 (a) (1) (A). Neither the conspiracy conviction nor the conviction of being
a persistent dangerous felony offender is at issue in this appeal.
   5
     In count one of its long form information, the state alleged that ‘‘during
the commission of the crime [the defendant] was armed with what he
represented by his words or conduct to be a firearm . . . .’’
   In conformance with the model instructions on the Judicial Branch web-
site, the court instructed the jury that one of the elements of the crime, to
be proven beyond a reasonable doubt by the state, was ‘‘that in the course
of the commission of robbery or immediate flight therefrom, the defendant
or another participant in the crime displayed or threatened the use of what
he represented by words or conduct to be a pistol, revolver, shotgun or
other firearm. . . .
   ‘‘If any person participating in the crime displayed or threatened the use
of what he represented by words or conduct to be a pistol, revolver, shotgun
or other firearm while in immediate flight from the crime, then all the
participants in the robbery would be just as guilty of first degree robbery
as if they had themselves actually done so.’’ (Emphasis added.)
   6
     According to the state, defense counsel assented to the court’s instruction
by stating that he had no objection to the state’s request to charge. See
State v. Kitchens, supra, 299 Conn. 475 (describing category of waiver cases
in which ‘‘defense expressly acknowledged and agreed by words or conduct
to the instruction challenged on appeal’’). Because, as we describe later in
this opinion, we conclude that the defendant was not apprised of the court’s
proposed instruction, we disagree that he waived any instructional chal-
lenges by expressly assenting to the instructions.
   7
     We leave for another day the question of whether a definitive statement
that a court will use the precise language of instructions available on the
Judicial Branch website, or in another reference resource, coupled with its
allowance of sufficient time for counsel to review those instructions, would
satisfy the Kitchens threshold of advance provision of jury instructions and
a meaningful opportunity for review. It is clear that, in the present case,
the trial court’s statements regarding the instructions did not amount to a
definitive assertion that it would use, without alteration, a published and
available instruction.
   8
     Moreover, defense counsel had a reasonable expectation that the jury
charges would be ‘‘adapted to the issues and sufficient for the guidance of
the jury . . . .’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Kitchens, supra,
299 Conn. 455. The difference between the state’s information and the trial
court’s instructions in the present case illustrates the purpose of the require-
ment that the trial court ‘‘[provide] counsel with a copy of the proposed
instructions’’ in order to trigger an implied waiver under Kitchens. Id., 482.
   9
     In State v. Kitchens, supra, 299 Conn. 495 n.28, we noted that it is the
trial court’s obligation, in the first instance, to inform defense counsel of
the contents of the instructions it intends to give the jury.
   10
      In his concurring opinion, Justice Palmer contends that this case ‘‘falls
squarely within the Kitchens waiver doctrine,’’ ‘‘that Kitchens plainly pre-
cludes the defendant’s claim of instructional impropriety’’ and that ‘‘Kitchens
clearly controls this case’’ to mandate ‘‘one, and only one, conclusion . . . .’’
If anything is indisputable, however, it is that when the trial court stated
that the instruction it intended to give on robbery in the first degree would
be ‘‘in essence, maybe not exactly,’’ the model instruction available on the
Judicial Branch website and reproduced by the state in its proposed charge,
the court indicated that it would give a charge that did not mirror the
model instruction in every respect. Accordingly, the precise substance of
the intended charge could not have been clear to defense counsel when he
agreed to it.
   The applicable definition of ‘‘essence,’’ which the concurrence does not
consult, is ‘‘basic underlying . . . substance’’ or ‘‘most significant element,
attribute, quality, property, or aspect of a thing . . . .’’ Webster’s Third New
International Dictionary (1993) p. 777. The trial court thus implied, by its
use of the words ‘‘in essence,’’ that its robbery instruction would reflect the
model instruction in its most basic or significant substantive aspects, but
at the same time, that there would be some alterations, albeit unarticulated
ones. This suggestion was amplified by the court’s modification of the phrase
‘‘in essence’’ with the qualifying language, ‘‘maybe not exactly . . . .’’
(Emphasis added.) Justice Palmer acknowledges this qualifying language,
but, nevertheless, disregards its significance.
    Given the trial court’s statement that it would give the model instruction,
‘‘in essence, maybe not exactly,’’ it would not have been unreasonable for
defense counsel to presume, when he agreed to the proposed charge, that
it would not be the model instruction verbatim, but rather, would be a
charge that largely was based on the model instruction, yet was tailored to
the information in the present case so as to omit any portion that was
inconsistent with that document. Contrary to the information, however, the
court failed to omit the portion of the model instruction that permitted the
jury to convict the defendant on the basis of the display of a firearm by
another participant in the crime. At the very least, the court’s explanation
of the instruction it would deliver was ambiguous, and, therefore, defense
counsel’s assent to it does not warrant a finding of waiver.
    Justice Palmer’s agreement with the Appellate Court’s analysis does not
lead, as one might expect, to the filing of a dissenting opinion in this case.
Rather, it is utilized as a springboard to revisit and criticize this court’s
opinion in State v. Kitchens, supra, 299 Conn. 447, an opinion with which
Justice Palmer continues to disagree. Revisiting the rule established by
Kitchens in this matter is inappropriate, however, because, as Justice Palmer
acknowledges, the issue of that rule’s propriety has neither been raised nor
briefed by the parties to this appeal. See generally Blumberg Associates
Worldwide, Inc. v. Brown & Brown of Connecticut, Inc., 311 Conn. 123,
139–40,       A.3d      (2014).
   11
      Although, in Kitchens, we emphasized the provision of written instruc-
tions to the defendant; State v. Kitchens, supra, 299 Conn. 485 (highlighting
‘‘opportunity to review the charge in writing’’); we also stated that an ‘‘on-
the-record discussion of the challenged instruction’’ could support an infer-
ence of waiver in the appropriate case, even in the absence of a written
instruction. Id., 484–85. In the present case, however, the trial court’s discus-
sion of the robbery charge at the charge conference was limited to an
ambiguous reference to the model instructions on the Judicial Branch
website.