Court Opinion

ID: 5122951
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-11-03 15:15:54.958165+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:22:30.760659
License: Public Domain

11/03/2021
                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                               AT NASHVILLE
                              Assigned on Briefs September 1, 2021

                                          IN RE AUSTIN W.

                      Appeal from the Chancery Court for Giles County
                           No. 299     Stella L. Hargrove, Judge
                         ___________________________________

                                No. M2020-01315-COA-R3-PT
                            ___________________________________

This appeal involves the termination of a father’s parental rights to his young son. The
trial court found by clear and convincing evidence that four grounds for termination were
proven and that termination was in the best interest of the child. We affirm and remand for
further proceedings.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Affirmed
                                  and Remanded

CARMA DENNIS MCGEE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which D. MICHAEL
SWINEY, C.J., and FRANK G. CLEMENT, JR., P.J., M.S., joined.

Casey A. Long, Lawrenceburg, Tennessee, for the appellant, Kelsey W.

Stacie L. Odeneal, Lawrenceburg, Tennessee, for the appellees, Chasity W. and William
W.

                                                 OPINION

                               I.    FACTS & PROCEDURAL HISTORY

        Austin W. was born to unmarried parents in November 2014.1 Austin’s birth
certificate lists his parents as Shelby C. (“Mother) and Kelsey W. (“Father”).2 Initially,
Mother, Father, and Austin resided in a one-bedroom apartment in income-based housing.
On December 31, 2014, Mother and Father arranged for one-month-old Austin to stay with
Mother’s aunt and uncle (“Aunt” and “Uncle”) for the first time, so that Mother and Father

      1
          We refer to the parties using initials in order to protect the privacy of the child.
      2
          Mother had been married to another man until June 2014.
could go out for New Year’s Eve. In the days and months that followed, Mother and Father
continually left Austin in the care of Aunt and Uncle for extended periods, even though
Father was unemployed. Mother would drop Austin off at Aunt’s place of employment or
call Aunt to come and get Austin from the apartment when she and Father were hosting
parties or fighting.

       Although Father was only 22 when Austin was born, he had a lengthy criminal
history. Prior to Austin’s birth, he had pled guilty to numerous charges, including
attempted possession of a prohibited weapon, simple possession of marijuana, underage
consumption of alcohol, vandalism between $1,000 and $10,000, theft of property between
$1,000 and $10,000, and possession of methamphetamine. He had also violated his
probation on numerous occasions. Thus, Father had been incarcerated several times related
to these offenses.

        In April 2015, when Austin was four months old, Father violated his probation again
by failing a drug screen, testing positive for amphetamines. He spent two days in jail in
May. On June 11, 2015, Father tested positive for methamphetamine and amphetamines
on a drug screen, and his probation officer conducted a home visit at the apartment. During
a search of the apartment, officers found methamphetamine in the bedroom along with a
box in the living room containing drug paraphernalia and a revolver. Thus, Father was
charged with simple possession of methamphetamine, possession of drug paraphernalia,
and felon in possession of a firearm, and he was deemed to have violated his probation.
Father was cited for these new charges but not immediately arrested.

       On June 17, 2015, officers responded to a 911 call at the apartment due to a custody
dispute. Aunt and Uncle wanted to remove Austin from the residence but Father would
not allow it. Mother was undecided and admittedly did not feel safe at the residence. It is
not clear from the record how the situation was resolved.

        On June 24, 2015, Aunt and Uncle filed a petition for dependency and neglect, for
an emergency ex parte temporary custody order, for an ex parte temporary restraining
order, and for permanent custody of Austin. Aunt and Uncle alleged that Austin had been
in their physical care for the majority of his life. They alleged that on the date of the home
search, Mother and Father had left Austin with an acquaintance in a downstairs apartment
without the necessities needed for an infant. According to the petition, Aunt and Uncle
learned about the incident and initially resumed custody of Austin “until [Mother and
Father] would no longer allow them to care for the child.” They alleged that Austin was
dependent and neglected because Mother and Father did not have the financial or physical
means to support the child, he was drug exposed, their residence was unsuitable and
dangerous, the parents failed to provide supervision and medical care for the child, and he
was exposed to a neglectful environment. That same day, the juvenile court entered an
emergency temporary custody order and temporary restraining order placing Austin in the
custody of Aunt and Uncle. Father went to jail for violating his probation on June 30
                                              -2-
(where he would remain for the next nine months).

       The juvenile court appointed counsel for Mother and Father. After two
continuances, a preliminary hearing was held on July 21, 2015. By this time, Austin was
eight months old. The juvenile court heard testimony from Mother, Father, Aunt, Mother’s
mother, a police sergeant, a probation officer, and an “agent” who participated in the search
of the apartment. Father testified that he had been unemployed since Austin was born in
November 2014. His name was not on the lease of the apartment. He had been placed on
probation for a term of four years in connection with vandalism and methamphetamine
charges, but he had tested positive on drug screens twice that year. Father had incurred
three new charges as a result of the home search, and his probation was fully revoked for
the four-year sentence. He expected to serve about a year of his sentence and admitted that
he could not care for Austin at that point. Mother was also unemployed and admitted to
using methamphetamine and relying on family members for support. She acknowledged
having to call Aunt and Uncle to come and get Austin when she and Father were fighting.
Even though Austin suffered from allergies, she admitted that she allowed smoking in the
apartment, had not followed up on his medications, and had not obtained insurance for him.

        Aunt had maintained calendars showing that she and Uncle had physical custody of
Austin for over half of the days of every month so far in 2015 (January to May). She
testified that there were periods when they did not hear anything from Mother or Father.
Mother’s mother also testified and confirmed that she and Aunt had taken Austin to his
doctor’s appointments at their own expense because he did not have insurance. She said
Austin was behind on his immunizations by “at least two rounds of shots.”

        The juvenile court found probable cause that Austin was dependent and neglected
according to three different statutory definitions due to neglect and his lack of medical care,
citing Tennessee Code Annotated sections 37-1-102(12)(D), (F), and (G). The court found
that Austin lacked insurance, that the parents allowed smoking in the apartment despite his
allergies, Mother did not know the medications he was taking or why, and that missing his
immunizations was “inexcusable.” The court found that illegal drugs, drug paraphernalia,
and a gun were found inside the apartment, also posing a danger to the child’s health. The
court found that both parents admitted use of methamphetamine when “a child this young
is going to need constant care” and “needs the parents all of the time.” It also found that
their fighting was to the point that they had to call others to care for the child. The court
found that Mother and Father relied on others for necessities and left the child with others
for the majority of the time even though neither was employed. Finally, the court noted
that due to Father’s violation of his probation, he would not be able to provide for Austin
for at least a year due to his incarceration. As such, the court found there was no less
drastic alternative to removal and that custody was to remain with Aunt and Uncle. The
case was set for an adjudicatory hearing.

       On the scheduled date of the hearing, September 30, 2015, the juvenile court entered
                                           -3-
an order establishing permanent guardianship upon agreement of the parties, stating that
Mother and Father agreed that Austin was dependent and neglected for the reasons stated
in the prior order. The parents agreed that reunification was not in the best interest of the
child at that time and that placing permanent guardianship with Aunt and Uncle was in his
best interest. Mother and Father were permitted to have supervised visitation with Austin
for one six-hour period per week if supervised by each parent’s mother. They could also
call once per week to check on the child.

       Austin turned one in November 2015. Father was released from his nine-month
period of incarceration on April 11, 2016. Unfortunately, however, his behavior did not
improve. Father was in and out of jail so many times over the next few years that it is
admittedly difficult for this Court to determine all of the exact dates. (Father’s “RAP
Sheet” from the Giles County Sheriff’s Department lists 24 charges for Father between
2012 and 2019.) In the meantime, Austin continued to reside with Aunt and Uncle and
thrived in their care. Father would visit with Austin under the supervision of Austin’s
grandmother for six hours on the weekends when Father was not incarcerated. However,
there were lengthy periods when Austin would not see or hear from Father due to his
incarceration.

        On February 28, 2020, when Austin was five years old, Aunt and Uncle filed a
petition to terminate the parental rights of Father and Mother. At that point, Father had
been incarcerated continuously for a period of one year, and he was currently housed at a
maximum security prison. As grounds for termination of Father’s parental rights, the
petition alleged abandonment by an incarcerated parent for failure to support, abandonment
by an incarcerated parent by wanton disregard for the child’s welfare, persistent conditions,
and failure to manifest an ability and willingness to parent.3 The petition further alleged
that termination was in the best interest of the child.

       The trial court entered an order suspending visitation pending further orders. It also
appointed a guardian ad litem for Austin and counsel for Father. Mother joined in the
petition for purposes of consenting to adoption by Aunt and Uncle.

       The termination trial as to Father was held on August 10, 2020. Father was
transported from prison to attend the trial in person. He had also been deposed shortly
before trial, and his deposition was submitted as well. At the beginning of trial, the trial
judge and the parties’ attorneys discussed the difficulty in identifying any four-month
period in which Father had not been incarcerated for purposes of analyzing the definition
of abandonment. Father explained that there had not been a four-month period when he
was not incarcerated for several years, dating back to November 1, 2016 through March 1,
2017. Father’s counsel confirmed that he was in agreement with using that period.

       3
           Some other grounds were alleged but withdrawn prior to trial.
                                                   -4-
       Father was 28 years old at the time of trial. He testified that he had been living with
his grandmother when he was not incarcerated and that he could live with her or his mother
upon his release from prison. He testified about working at a few places over the years,
including two places of employment before Austin was born, one in 2014 (the year Austin
was born), and one in 2015. However, he said he had not held any “regular” jobs since
Austin was born but would occasionally do yard work, pressure washing, and similar work.
Father said he had never sent money to Aunt and Uncle for the support of Austin because
they made it clear at the time of the juvenile court proceeding that they “didn’t want
anything.” He claimed that if he had been ordered to pay support then he would have paid
it. Father pointed out that he has an older son from another relationship and is current on
his child support obligation for that child. Father said he had purchased some clothes and
shoes for Austin, but he kept them at his grandmother’s house in case Austin needed a
change of clothes during visits. Father said he had also bought some toys for Austin and
that he bought him a watch for Christmas the previous year. He was currently working at
the prison making 34 cents per hour, or $62 per month. He said he sent two months of his
earnings ($124) to his mother to buy Christmas presents for Austin the previous year but
that he used the rest to buy items for himself, such as hygiene products. He clarified that
his mother was the one who paid his child support obligation for his oldest child, using her
own money.

       Father testified that he began drinking alcohol and smoking marijuana at the age of
16 and had started using “hard drugs” in the last few years. He testified that the board of
probation and parole had sent him to a 28-day rehabilitation facility in 2017, and that he
had completed that program. However, he continued to test positive for drugs thereafter,
leading to further violations of his probation. Thus, Father conceded that the rehabilitation
program did not “cure” his addiction and that he still had “a drug problem” at the time of
trial. Father’s current period of incarceration had begun with an arrest on February 22,
2019. On that date, he committed offenses for which he was charged with and eventually
pled guilty to introduction of contraband into a penal institution and possession of
methamphetamine. While incarcerated, Father had committed an assault, for which he also
pled guilty. According to Father’s testimony, he was serving an eight-year sentence
concurrent with a seven-year sentence and another six-year sentence. His next parole
hearing was scheduled for March 2022 (eighteen months after trial). At the time of trial,
Father had not seen Austin in over a year due to his incarceration.

        Despite his present inability to care for Austin, Father insisted that either his mother
or his father could care for him until he was released. Father claimed that he was making
changes for the better but admitted that it had been a slow and gradual process that he had
been working on since Austin was born. Father said he had not filed anything in an attempt
to regain custody of Austin because he still did not have a residence with a room for him.
He had taken a couple of classes in prison but said that the programs had been discontinued
due to the covid-19 pandemic. Still, Father claimed that being in prison had made him
realize that he did not want to continue making bad decisions and losing years away from
                                               -5-
his family. He acknowledged that he had been incarcerated for almost half of Austin’s life.
Father said he had last spoken with Austin by telephone about a month before the petition
to terminate his parental rights was filed. Father claimed that he would talk to Austin on
the telephone when Austin was visiting with Father’s mother, which, he estimated, was at
least once a month before the petition was filed.

        The only other witness to testify at the termination trial was Aunt. She and Uncle
had been married 23 years and had no minor children. Aunt testified that after she and
Uncle cared for Austin on New Year’s Eve when he was one month old, they had him for
the majority of the time thereafter, totaling 115 out of the next 175 days. According to
Aunt, Mother would ask her to come and get Austin during her fights with Father because
Mother was afraid that Father was going to kill her. Aunt said she would immediately
bathe Austin when he arrived from the apartment because he smelled so strongly of smoke.
She described how she took Austin to medical appointments at her own expense because
he did not have insurance and he had only had one immunization while in the parents’ care.
She said Austin was three to four months behind on his well-child visits. Aunt said she
tried to assist Mother and Father by giving them diapers, food, hygiene items, and even a
vehicle, but she later learned the vehicle “ended up title loaned.” She agreed that she did
not initially ask for child support because she did not expect the situation to go on for five
years and she suspected that Father’s grandmother, a widow who attended her church,
would likely be paying any obligation that was ordered. Aunt acknowledged that Austin
received a watch that probably cost around $49 for Christmas in 2019 but said she was not
aware of him receiving any Christmas gifts or birthday gifts the previous three years. She
said Austin was given a couple of Christmas gifts and toys the first year he was in her care.
Aunt had not received any money from Father but said she had been given “a shirt a time
or two.”

       Austin had resided exclusively with Aunt and Uncle for five years. Aunt estimated
that out of the sixty months that Austin had been in their custody, there were only about
six months, compiled, when Father was not incarcerated. During Father’s most recent
period of incarceration, spanning over a year, Aunt had not received any communication
from Father by telephone, mail, or email. As such, Aunt testified that there was presently
“no relationship” between Father and Austin.

       Aunt’s testimony disputed Father’s claim that his mother had visits with Austin at
least once a month, when he would speak with Austin by phone. According to Aunt,
Father’s mother had Austin for visits while Father was incarcerated only five times in 2016,
seven times in 2017, four times in 2018, and four times in 2019. Thus, she said that Father
may have called Austin during those four visits in 2019, but she had not been aware of any
such communication. Aunt agreed that Father consistently exercised his six-hour visitation
with Austin whenever he was not incarcerated, as Austin’s grandmother ensured that Father
attended the visits. However, Aunt said the transitions were always very traumatic for
Austin. For instance, she described a period in 2017 when Austin experienced a lot of fear
                                            -6-
and would come home after visits saying, “They’re coming to get me.” She also said
Austin would “lash out and bite” after visits. Aunt said she and Uncle started attending
visits with Father and Austin’s grandmother for a time in order to make Austin feel more
comfortable. She testified that Austin needs a very structured and consistent routine.
Austin had undergone extensive testing and was required to get allergy shots once per
week. Otherwise, he was doing very well, with a large support system.

       After taking the matter under advisement, the trial court entered a 24-page written
order terminating Father’s parental rights. The trial court found by clear and convincing
evidence that all four grounds for termination were proven and that termination was in the
best interest of Austin. Father timely filed a notice of appeal.

                                      II.   ISSUES PRESENTED

       The only issue raised in Father’s brief on appeal is whether the trial court erred in
finding clear and convincing evidence that termination is in the best interest of the child.
Even though he does not present any issue regarding the grounds for termination of his
parental rights, we must review the trial court’s decision as to grounds as well. See In re
Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d 507, 511 (Tenn. 2016) (holding that “appellate courts must
review a trial court’s findings regarding all grounds for termination and whether
termination is in a child’s best interests, even if a parent fails to challenge these findings
on appeal”).4

             III.   STANDARDS APPLICABLE TO TERMINATION PROCEEDINGS

       Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-113 “sets forth the grounds and procedures
for terminating the parental rights of a biological parent.” In re Kaliyah S., 455 S.W.3d
533, 546 (Tenn. 2015). Pursuant to the statute, the petitioner seeking termination of
parental rights must prove two elements. Id. at 552. First, that party must prove the
existence of at least one of the statutory grounds for termination set forth in Tennessee
Code Annotated section 36-1-113(g). Id. The grounds are “cumulative and nonexclusive,
so that listing conditions, acts or omissions in one ground does not prevent them from
coming within another ground.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g). Second, the petitioner
must prove that termination of parental rights is in the best interest of the child, considering
the best interest factors listed in Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-113(i). In re
Kaliyah S., 455 S.W.3d at 552.

4
 In other cases in which attorneys have offered little or no argument regarding grounds for termination,
apparently relying instead on this Court’s duty as stated in Carrington, we have “caution[ed] counsel
against the use of our Supreme Court’s holding in this manner.” See In re Edward R., No. M2019-01263-
COA-R3-PT, 2020 WL 6538819, at *6 n.3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 6, 2020); In re Yariel S., No. E2016-
00937-COA-R3-PT, 2017 WL 65469, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 6, 2017) (citing Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 8, RPC
8(3) (providing that lawyers are obligated to act as a zealous advocate on behalf of his or her client)). We
do the same here.
                                                   -7-
       Because of the constitutional dimension of the parent’s rights at stake, the party
seeking termination “must prove all the elements of their case by clear and convincing
evidence.” In re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d 586, 596 (Tenn. 2010). To be clear and
convincing, the evidence must enable the finder of fact “to form a firm belief or conviction
regarding the truth of the facts” sought to be established and eliminate “any serious or
substantial doubt about the correctness” of the findings. Id.

        Due to this heightened burden of proof applicable in parental termination cases, we
adapt our customary standard of review on appeal. In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838, 861
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2005). Appellate courts review the trial court’s factual findings de novo
in accordance with Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure 13(d), presuming each factual
finding to be correct unless the evidence preponderates otherwise. In re Carrington H.,
483 S.W.3d at 524. Then, we make our own determination regarding “whether the facts,
either as found by the trial court or as supported by a preponderance of the evidence,
amount to clear and convincing evidence of the elements necessary to terminate parental
rights.” Id. (citing In re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d at 596-97). “The trial court’s ruling that
the evidence sufficiently supports termination of parental rights is a conclusion of law,
which appellate courts review de novo with no presumption of correctness.” Id. (citing In
re M.L.P., 281 S.W.3d 387, 393 (Tenn. 2009)).

                                     IV.    DISCUSSION

                                A.    Grounds for Termination

            1. Abandonment by an Incarcerated Parent – Failure to Support

       Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-113(g)(1) provides that one ground for
termination of parental rights exists if “[a]bandonment” has occurred within the meaning
of Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-102. When this petition was filed in February
2020, the relevant definition of abandonment provided, in pertinent part:

       (iv) A parent . . . is incarcerated at the time of the institution of an action or
       proceeding to declare a child to be an abandoned child, or the parent . . . has
       been incarcerated during all or part of the four (4) months immediately
       preceding the institution of such action or proceeding, and . . . has failed to
       support or has failed to make reasonable payments toward the support of the
       child for four (4) consecutive months immediately preceding such parent’s .
       . . incarceration . . . . If the four-month period immediately preceding the
       institution of the action or the four-month period immediately preceding such
       parent’s incarceration is interrupted by a period or periods of incarceration,
       and there are not four (4) consecutive months without incarceration
       immediately preceding either event, a four-month period shall be created by
                                               -8-
       aggregating the shorter periods of nonincarceration beginning with the most
       recent period of nonincarceration prior to commencement of the action and
       moving back in time. Periods of incarceration of less than seven (7) days
       duration shall be counted as periods of nonincarceration. Periods of
       incarceration not discovered by the petitioner and concealed, denied, or
       forgotten by the parent shall also be counted as periods of nonincarceration.
       A finding that the parent has abandoned the child for a defined period in
       excess of four (4) months that would necessarily include the four (4) months
       of nonincarceration immediately prior to the institution of the action, but
       which does not precisely define the relevant four-month period, shall be
       sufficient to establish abandonment[.]

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv) (2019). Here, the parties’ attorneys and the trial
judge had a discussion at the beginning of trial about the difficulty of identifying the correct
four-month period. Counsel for Aunt and Uncle suggested that they could “either build
four months out of periods of time or we can go to the last consistent four-month period of
time before [Father] was incarcerated.” After questioning Father about his periods of
incarceration, the parties settled on a continuous four-month period of nonincarceration
from November 1, 2016 to March 1, 2017. We conclude that the parties and the trial judge
identified the wrong four-month period. As reflected above, the applicable statute does not
say that we continue looking backward until we locate a period of four consecutive months
of nonincarceration.

       When the petition to terminate parental rights was filed on February 28, 2020, Father
had been incarcerated for just over a year, since February 22, 2019. Prior to his current
period of incarceration, he had been out of jail for a period of just over two and a half
months – he was incarcerated from October 10 to December 5, 2018, for violating his
probation. Prior to that period of incarceration, Father had been out of jail for another
period of almost two months, from August 15 (or perhaps August 18) until his arrest on
October 10. Pursuant to the statute in effect when the petition was filed,

       [I]f the four-month period prior to the petition’s filing or the parent’s
       incarceration is interrupted by a period or periods of the parent’s
       incarceration “and there are not four (4) consecutive months without
       incarceration immediately preceding either event,” the applicable four-
       month period shall be determined by “aggregating the shorter periods of
       nonincarceration beginning with the most recent period of nonincarceration
       prior to commencement of the action and moving back in time.”

In re Gracie H.Y., No. M2019-00639-COA-R3-PT, 2020 WL 1249453, at *15 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Mar. 16, 2020) perm. app. denied (Tenn. June 16, 2020) (quoting Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv)). Because Father was “incarcerated at the time the petition was filed
and there are not four consecutive months prior to [his] incarceration, the correct method
                                          -9-
of calculating the four-month period for purposes of abandonment is the aggregated period
of time consisting of [Father’s] periods of nonincarceration.” See id. Stated differently,
“‘the trial court [is] required to determine the four-month period by piecing together [the
parent’s] periods of non-incarceration prior to the filing of the termination petition.’” In
re Steven W., No. M2018-00154-COA-R3-PT, 2018 WL 6264107, at *11 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Nov. 28, 2018) (quoting In re Travis H., No. E2016-02250-COA-R3-PT, 2017 WL
1843211, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 5, 2017)). That did not occur here. See In re Travis
H., 2017 WL 1843211, at *9 (concluding that a trial court utilized the wrong four-month
period because it looked to “the first consecutive four-month period in which Father was
not incarcerated” instead of “piecing together Father’s periods of non-incarceration prior
to the filing of the termination petition”).

        However, a trial court’s identification of the wrong four-month period is not always
reversible error. “[A] miscalculation of the relevant four-month period can be considered
harmless when the trial court made sufficient findings of fact that encompassed the correct
determinative period.” In re J’Khari F., No. M2018-00708-COA-R3-PT, 2019 WL
411538, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 31, 2019). For instance, in In re J’Khari F., on the issue
of failure to visit, “the parties incorrectly identified the relevant four-month period,” but
the trial court found that the mother had not visited the child “since August 2016,” which
necessarily “encompassed the entire relevant four-month period.” Id. at *9 n.5; see also In
re Braelyn S., No. E2020-00043-COA-R3-PT, 2020 WL 4200088, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App.
July 22, 2020) (“As the trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law include
sufficient information to consider the correct four-month period, any error from the use of
the incorrect four-month period is harmless.”); In re Savanna C., No. E2016-01703-COA-
R3-PT, 2017 WL 3833710, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 31, 2017) (“[I]nasmuch as the trial
court’s findings encompassed the correct determinative period, this correction [of the four-
month period] does not affect the outcome of this action or the issues raised on appeal.”);
In re Selena L., No. E2015-02059-COA-R3-PT, 2016 WL 4056185, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App.
July 27, 2016) (concluding that the trial court’s “miscalculation of the relevant statutory
period” was harmless error because it found that the parent failed to visit for a period of
one year, which necessarily included findings of fact encompassing the correct four-month
period); see also Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv) (2019) (“A finding that the parent
has abandoned the child for a defined period in excess of four (4) months that would
necessarily include the four (4) months of nonincarceration immediately prior to the
institution of the action, but which does not precisely define the relevant four-month period,
shall be sufficient to establish abandonment[.]”). Likewise, in In re Jessica V., No. W2019-
01700-COA-R3-PT, 2020 WL 3125354, at *4 n.7 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 12, 2020), we noted
that a factual discrepancy as to the start date of a parent’s incarceration did not change our
analysis because it was undisputed that the parent neither visited nor paid support during
the four months preceding incarceration regardless of the start date.

      Here, the trial court started out by stating that the critical four-month period spanned
from November 1, 2016, to March 1, 2017. However, the evidence presented at trial in
                                             - 10 -
August 2020 was not limited to that four-month period, and neither were the trial court’s
factual findings. Instead, the trial court found it was “uncontested [Father] failed to provide
any monetary support for the child to [Aunt and Uncle] since June, 2015,” when Austin
entered their custody. The trial court noted that Austin had some clothes and toys at the
home of Father’s grandmother but that those items were not provided to Aunt and Uncle
for the care of the child. The court also found that Father had no disability, had a history
of working, and his “only impediment to working has been his criminal activity.” It found
that Father had no housing or transportation expenses and that he managed to pay for his
own personal items, including cigarettes, when not incarcerated. It also noted that Father’s
child support obligation was current as to his older child.

       The trial court’s factual findings are amply supported by the record, and the facts
clearly and convincingly establish Father’s failure to support for a period encompassing
the relevant four months. Father admitted that he never sent money to Aunt and Uncle.
He said the reason for this was because Aunt and Uncle indicated at court during the
dependency and neglect proceeding in 2015 that “they didn’t want anything,” and no child
support was ordered by the court. Father testified that if a child support order had been
entered, he would have paid child support, noting that he was up to date on his child support
obligation for his older son. A father made a similar argument in In re Sydney B., 537
S.W.3d 452, 460 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2017), claiming that he did not pay because “no child
support order was ever entered directing him to do so.” Id. We said that excuse did not
hold weight in this Court. Id. “‘[T]he law is clear that parents have a duty to support their
children even absent a court order requiring them to do so.’” Id. at 459 (quoting In re
Makenzie L., No. M2014-01081-COA-R3-PT, 2015 WL 3793788, at *20 (Tenn. Ct. App.
June 17, 2015)). “Every parent who is eighteen (18) years of age or older is presumed to
have knowledge of a parent’s legal obligation to support such parent’s child[.]” Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(H).

       Father testified that when he was not incarcerated he would “do a little work here
and there,” such as yard work, pressure washing, and “different things.”5 However, the
only item that Father described purchasing for Austin for any significant value was the
watch for Christmas in 2019, while Father was incarcerated, which did not fall within any
periods of nonincarceration relevant for this ground. Aunt testified that in the five years
Austin had been in her care, she had only received a few items from Father “or someone
on his behalf,” including “a shirt a time or two” and a couple of toys. She was not aware
of Austin receiving any birthday gifts for the past three years or any Christmas gifts in the
three years prior to his receipt of the watch in 2019. We conclude that these items, along

        5
           We note that it is a defense to abandonment for failure to support that a parent’s failure was not
willful. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(I). “The parent or guardian shall bear the burden of proof that the
failure to visit or support was not willful. Such defense must be established by a preponderance of evidence.
The absence of willfulness is an affirmative defense pursuant to Rule 8.03 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil
Procedure.” Id. Here, Father has not argued, before the trial court or on appeal, that his failure to support
was not willful.
                                                   - 11 -
with toys or clothing that may have been purchased but kept at his grandmother’s home for
“a change of clothes and shoes,” amounted to token support. See In re Braxton M., 531
S.W.3d 708, 721 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2017) (agreeing with the trial court’s conclusion that
clothes and toys were token support); see also In re Ava M., No. E2019-01675-COA-R3-
PT, 2020 WL 2560932, at *15 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 20, 2020) (concluding that “sporadic
gifts” were token in nature and “not a substitute for monetary payments for the day-to-day
necessities of the Children, which is the essence of child support”).

       For the aforementioned reasons, we conclude that Aunt and Uncle presented clear
and convincing evidence that Father abandoned Austin by failing to support him during his
periods of nonincarceration over the past five years, including and exceeding the most
recent four months of nonincarceration.

         2.   Abandonment by an Incarcerated Parent – Wanton Disregard

        An alternative definition of abandonment applies if a parent is incarcerated at the
time of the institution of the action (or has been incarcerated during all or part of the four
months immediately preceding the institution of the action), and the parent “has engaged
in conduct prior to incarceration that exhibits a wanton disregard for the welfare of the
child.”    Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv).              The term “wanton” means
“‘[u]nreasonably or maliciously risking harm while being utterly indifferent to the
consequences.’” In re O.W., No. W2019-01127-COA-R3-PT, 2020 WL 97727, at *5
(Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 9, 2020) (quoting In re Chandler M., No. M2013-02455-COA-R3-
PT, 2014 WL 3586499, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 21, 2014)). “‘The consequences at issue
in termination cases relate to the child’s welfare. In other words, the parent must be
indifferent to how their conduct may affect their child’s welfare.’” In re Chandler M.,
2014 WL 3586499, at *4. “Wanton disregard for the welfare of the child can be established
by the parent’s previous criminal conduct along with a history of drug abuse.” In re S.L.A.,
223 S.W.3d 295, 299 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006).

       Regarding this ground, the trial court found that Father has a criminal history dating
back to 2012 but a “significant record of criminal behavior” since 2015, when Austin was
placed in the custody of Aunt and Uncle. It acknowledged that Father attended
rehabilitation when mandated by court order but found that he failed drug screens and
incurred additional drug charges thereafter. The trial court found that Father “grossly
neglect[ed]” his parental obligations when not incarcerated, failing to obtain housing,
maintain employment, or meet his child’s material or medical needs. It found that Father
had “a distorted and unhealthy sense of the role of a parent,” desiring that Austin would
remain in limbo with Father’s parents until Father is able to finally accept parental
responsibility. In summary, the trial court concluded,

            It is difficult for this Court to imagine any clearer circumstance that
       demonstrates a broad pattern of behavior that renders a parent unfit than that
                                            - 12 -
        demonstrated by [Father]. When [Father] was not incurring new legal
        charges, he was incurring unnecessary violations of probation for failure to
        pay and failure to pass drug screens. [Father] had explicit instruction from
        his probation officer to attend rehabilitation to address his drug use, but failed
        to do so until ordered by the Court. He has failed to obtain housing or
        maintain employment. He demonstrates a dysfunctional willingness to allow
        his family to assume his responsibilities for him. And perhaps most
        indicative of his willful and wanton disregard is his testimony that a “good
        parent” is one who spends time with a child, instructing the child in right
        from wrong decisions, and that he deserves his parental rights so that he can
        be a “good parent” to Austin, a child who has not had any significant contact
        with [Father] in nearly 18 months. [Father] asserts this position from
        Riverbend Maximum Security Prison, where he will remain until March,
        2022.

Again, the trial court’s assessment is supported by the record. “We have repeatedly held
that probation violations, repeated incarceration, criminal behavior, substance abuse, and
the failure to provide adequate support or supervision for a child can, alone or in
combination, constitute conduct that exhibits a wanton disregard for the welfare of a child.”
In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 867-68. Father has demonstrated every one of these. When
Austin was an infant, Father left him in the care of others for the majority of his young life,
even though Father was unemployed, so that he and Mother could continue partying.
During that time, Austin was not receiving appropriate medical care. Even after Austin
was found dependent and neglected and permanent guardianship was established with Aunt
and Uncle, Father’s lifestyle did not change. He was in and out of jail for the next five
years, visiting Austin only under supervision for six hours on weekends when he was not
incarcerated.

        “The actions that our courts have commonly found to constitute wanton disregard
reflect a ‘me first’ attitude involving the intentional performance of illegal or unreasonable
acts and indifference to the consequences of the actions for the child.” In re Anthony R.,
No. M2014-01753-COA-R3-PT, 2015 WL 3611244, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 9, 2015).
That is precisely the case here. This ground for termination was proven by clear and
convincing evidence.

                                 3.    Persistent Conditions

        The next ground at issue is commonly known as “persistent conditions.” It applies
when:

        (3)(A) The child has been removed from the home or the physical or legal
        custody of a parent or guardian for a period of six (6) months by a court order
        entered at any stage of proceedings in which a petition has been filed in the
                                             - 13 -
       juvenile court alleging that a child is a dependent and neglected child, and:
       (i) The conditions that led to the child’s removal still persist, preventing the
       child’s safe return to the care of the parent or guardian, or other conditions
       exist that, in all reasonable probability, would cause the child to be subjected
       to further abuse or neglect, preventing the child’s safe return to the care of
       the parent or guardian;
       (ii) There is little likelihood that these conditions will be remedied at an early
       date so that the child can be safely returned to the parent or guardian in the
       near future; and
       (iii) The continuation of the parent or guardian and child relationship greatly
       diminishes the child's chances of early integration into a safe, stable, and
       permanent home;
       (B) The six (6) months must accrue on or before the first date the termination
       of parental rights petition is set to be heard;

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3). Each element must be proven by clear and convincing
evidence. In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 550 (Tenn. 2002).

        Here, Austin was removed from the home he shared with Father by a court order
entered during the dependency and neglect proceeding in 2015. Austin was removed due
to Father’s drug use, criminal behavior, and impending incarceration. These conditions
persisted for the next five years. Father was in a continuous cycle of criminal activity,
probation violations, and incarceration. Although Father was incarcerated at the time of
trial and unable to abuse drugs, he admitted that he still had a drug problem. Thus, the
original conditions that led to Austin’s removal still persisted five years later, preventing
Austin’s safe return to the care of Father. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3)(A)(i). Due
to Father’s lengthy history of criminal behavior and drug use and lack of effort at
rehabilitation, there is little likelihood that these conditions will be remedied at an early
date so that the child can be safely returned to him in the near future. Tenn. Code Ann. §
36-1-113(g)(3)(A)(ii). Continuing the parent- child relationship greatly diminishes the
child’s chances of early integration into a safe, stable, and permanent home. Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3)(A)(iii). This ground was also sufficiently proven.

            4.   Failure to Manifest and Ability and Willingness to Parent

      Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-113(g)(14) provides another ground for
termination when:

       A parent or guardian has failed to manifest, by act or omission, an ability and
       willingness to personally assume legal and physical custody or financial
       responsibility of the child, and placing the child in the person’s legal and
       physical custody would pose a risk of substantial harm to the physical or
       psychological welfare of the child[.]
                                           - 14 -
For this ground, two separate prongs must be proven by clear and convincing evidence:
“(1) the parent [] failed to manifest an ability and willingness to personally assume legal
and physical custody or financial responsibility of the child; and (2) placing the child in
the parent’s legal and physical custody would pose a risk of substantial harm to the physical
or psychological welfare of the child.” In re Neveah M., 614 S.W.3d 659, 674 (Tenn.
2020).

       Regarding the first prong,

       [S]ection 36-1-113(g)(14) places a conjunctive obligation on a parent [] to
       manifest both an ability and willingness to personally assume legal and
       physical custody or financial responsibility for the child. If a person seeking
       to terminate parental rights proves by clear and convincing proof that a parent
       [] has failed to manifest either ability or willingness, then the first prong of
       the statute is satisfied.

Id. at 677. When considering whether the parent has demonstrated an ability, “we focus
on ‘the parent’s lifestyle and circumstances.’” In re Jaxx M., No. E2018-01041-COA-R3-
PT, 2019 WL 1753054, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 17, 2019) (quoting In re Cynthia P.,
No. E2018-01937-COA-R3-PT, 2019 WL 1313237, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 22, 2019)).
For willingness, “we look for more than mere words” and consider whether the parent
attempted to overcome the obstacles that have prevented him or her from assuming custody
or financial responsibility for the child. Id. “A lack of effort can undercut a claim of
willingness.” Id.

        The second prong of this ground for termination requires a showing, by clear and
convincing evidence, that “placing the child in the person’s legal and physical custody
would pose a risk of substantial harm to the physical or psychological welfare of the
child[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(14). Regarding this prong:

       The courts have not undertaken to define the circumstances that pose a risk
       of substantial harm to a child. These circumstances are not amenable to
       precise definition because of the variability of human conduct. However, the
       use of the modifier “substantial” indicates two things. First, it connotes a
       real hazard or danger that is not minor, trivial, or insignificant. Second, it
       indicates that the harm must be more than a theoretical possibility. While
       the harm need not be inevitable, it must be sufficiently probable to prompt a
       reasonable person to believe that the harm will occur more likely than not.

In re Malachi M., No. E2020-01114-COA-R3-PT, 2021 WL 1140272, at *6 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Mar. 25, 2021) (quoting In re Maya R., No. E2017-01634-COA-R3-PT, 2018 WL
1629930, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 4, 2018)).
                                         - 15 -
        The trial court found that Father failed to manifest a willingness and ability to
assume physical and legal custody and financial responsibility. The trial court aptly noted
that placing the child in Father’s care or custody “is practically impossible at this point”
because Father was housed at a maximum security prison where a child cannot live. It
found that Father will continue to be incarcerated until at least March 2022. It further
found that Father appeared to have “no appreciable desire to become an appropriate parent
for the child.” The trial court found that Father had ample opportunities to complete tasks
that would be associated with returning Austin to his care with the support of his probation
officer. However, Father continued abusing drugs after attending rehabilitation, had
unstable housing and income, never sought modification of custody or visitation, failed to
complete any therapy, and failed to provide financial support for Austin. It found that
Father had a “lack of realistic understanding of the child’s needs” that posed a risk to the
child. Thus, the trial court also found that the second prong was met in that placing the
child in Father’s care posed an immediate and substantial risk of harm to the child’s
emotional, psychological, and physical well-being.

        We agree with the trial court’s factual findings and its conclusion that both prongs
of this ground were proven by clear and convincing evidence. Even five years after the
removal of his child, Father had not demonstrated an ability or a willingness to personally
assume legal and physical custody or financial responsibility for Austin. Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 36-1-113(g)(14). Father is incarcerated until at least 2022. Father’s lifestyle and
circumstances have not changed, and he simply has made no effort to change them.
Considering all of the circumstances, the evidence is clear and convincing that placing
Austin in Father’s legal and physical custody “would pose a risk of substantial harm to the
physical or psychological welfare of the child[.]” Id.; see In re Anari E., No. M2020-
01051-COA-R3-PT, 2021 WL 1828500, at *17 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 7, 2021) (“Given
Father’s unabashed drug use, as well as his continual failure to achieve stability, an
unacceptable risk of harm would inhere were the Children returned to Father’s care.”); In
re Brayden E., No. M2020-00622-COA-R3-PT, 2020 WL 7091382, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Dec. 4, 2020) (“Naturally, placing the Children with a parent who has not shown the ability
and willingness to abide by the law would put them at substantial risk for harm.”). Thus,
this ground for termination was also met.

                                     B. Best Interest

       If at least one ground for termination has been proven by sufficient evidence, “the
court next determines whether the proof amounts to clear and convincing evidence that
terminating parental rights is [in] the best interests of the child.” In re Gabriella D., 531
S.W.3d 662, 681 (Tenn. 2017) (citing In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d at 523). When the
petition was filed in this case, Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-113(i) listed nine

                                           - 16 -
statutory factors for consideration.6 Determining what is in the best interest of a child
“involves more than simply ‘tallying the number of statutory factors weighing in favor of
or against termination.’” In re Neveah M., 614 S.W.3d at 679 (quoting In re Gabriella D.,
531 S.W.3d at 682). The analysis is factually intensive, and “[t]he unique facts and
circumstances of each case dictate the weight and relevance that a court should afford each
statutory factor.” Id. “A court must consider all the statutory factors but may appropriately
ascribe more weight—even outcome determinative weight—to one statutory factor or rely
upon fewer than all of the statutory factors.” Id. We must bear in mind that the child’s
best interest is viewed from the child’s perspective rather than the parent’s perspective. In
re Gabriella D., 531 S.W.3d at 681. “‘[W]hen the best interests of the child and those of
the adults are in conflict, such conflict shall always be resolved to favor the rights and the
best interests of the child.’” Id. at 681-82 (quoting Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-101(d)).

        The first statutory factor is whether the parent “has made such an adjustment of
circumstance, conduct, or conditions as to make it safe and in the child’s best interest to be
in the home of the parent[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(1). The trial court found that
this factor weighed in favor of termination because Father had failed to make any
adjustment to his circumstances, as he “continues to be incarcerated but has failed to
otherwise benefit from services or obtain stability.” We agree with this assessment.
Father’s circumstances had remained the same for five years, with no adjustment to make
it safe for Austin to be in his home.

        The second factor is whether the parent “has failed to effect a lasting adjustment
after reasonable efforts by available social services agencies for such duration of time that
lasting adjustment does not reasonably appear possible.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
113(i)(2). The trial court found that this factor also weighed in favor of termination because
Father had access to social services through his probation, the juvenile court, and his
incarceration in TDOC facilities, yet he failed to participate in services to address his
issues. We also agree with the trial court on this factor.7 Father testified during this case,
“It’s called the Tennessee Department of Corrections for a reason. When they send you in
here, they give you the choices and the chances to make better.” However, Father had only
taken a couple of classes. He claimed that the pandemic had halted his efforts to attend
classes. However, his actions in the months prior to his most recent incarceration vividly
demonstrate his lack of effort. In August 2018, during one of Father’s short two-month
stints of nonincarceration, he tested positive for meth and was instructed by his probation

        6
           “The Tennessee General Assembly recently amended the statutory best interest factors provided
in Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-113(i).” In re Porcalyn N., No. E2020-01501-COA-R3-PT,
2021 WL 2026700, at *12 n.6 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 21, 2021) (citing 2021 Tenn. Pub. Acts, ch. 190 § 1).
However, “[t]his amendment does not affect the instant case because we apply the version of the statute in
effect at the time the petition for termination was filed.” Id. (citing In re Braxton M., 531 S.W.3d at 732).
         7
           See In re Gabriella D., 531 S.W.3d at 683 (analyzing this factor and discussing the testimony of
a parent’s probation officer regarding the parent’s completion of supervised probation, random drug
screens, and unsupervised probation).
                                                   - 17 -
officer to comply with the recommendations of a forensic social worker. The forensic
social worker evaluated Father and directed him to begin a relapse prevention class on
September 6 and attend every Thursday thereafter. Father failed to attend on September 6,
although he claimed that his car “broke down.” On September 12, he tested positive for
meth, amphetamine, buprenorphine, and marijuana. On September 13, he again failed to
report to the relapse prevention class. He was incarcerated from October 10 to December
5 for violating his probation. When Father reported to his probation officer after release,
he was asked if he thought he needed inpatient rehabilitation but denied that he did, despite
the recommendation of his probation officer. He was again instructed to begin relapse
prevention class. He attended on December 13 but the following week he tested positive
for meth and amphetamine. Another violation of probation was issued, and Father began
his current period of incarceration on February 22. It was on that date that Father
committed the offenses of introduction of contraband into a penal facility and possession
of meth. Thus, Father failed to take advantage of services that could have helped him to
adjust his circumstances, and at this point, a lasting adjustment does not appear possible.

       The third factor to consider is whether the parent “has maintained regular visitation
or other contact with the child.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(3). On appeal, Father
points out that he “endeavored to visit with Austin when he was not incarcerated” and
spoke with him by phone when he was. The trial court acknowledged that Father attended
supervised visits regularly when he was not incarcerated. However, it found that he “was
more frequently incarcerated” and that his current period of incarceration had already
lasted over a year. The trial court found that Father had been incarcerated for nearly half
of the child’s life. Considering these circumstances, the trial court concluded that there
had not been regular contact supporting a parent-child relationship and that this factor
weighed in favor of termination. We agree.

       The fourth factor is “[w]hether a meaningful relationship has otherwise been
established between the parent [] and the child[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(4).
Father argues on appeal that due to his visits with Austin, he had “an enduring relationship”
with him. The trial court found that Austin was five years old at the time of trial, that he
had not had contact with Father in over a year, and prior to that time, he only sporadically
had contact with Father. Thus, the trial court concluded that Austin had “no significant
attachment” to Father and that this factor weighed in favor of termination. We agree with
these findings and conclusions as well.

        The next factor is “[t]he effect a change of caretakers and physical environment is
likely to have on the child’s emotional, psychological and medical condition.” Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(5). The trial court found that Austin is stable in his relationship with
Aunt and Uncle and their family support and that he enjoys a healthy routine in his home.
It found that Austin demonstrates anxiety if there are changes to his routine but that Aunt
and Uncle ensure that his needs are met even if they must make accommodations for him,
as were necessary during the pandemic. It found that removing Austin from the care of
                                             - 18 -
Aunt and Uncle would almost certainly be a detrimental change for the child and that
placing him with a parent “with such glaring lack of stability as [Father]” would be
especially aggravating. Thus, the trial court found that this factor weighed in favor of
termination. Again, we agree with the trial court. Austin has primarily resided with Aunt
and Uncle since he was one month old, and he had exclusively resided with them for five
years at the time of trial. Taking him out of that stable environment would likely have a
detrimental effect on his emotional, psychological, and medical condition.

       The sixth factor is “[w]hether the parent [], or other person residing with the parent
[], has shown brutality, physical, sexual, emotional or psychological abuse, or neglect
toward the child, or another child or adult in the family or household.” Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 36-1-113(i)(6). The trial court found that this factor weighed in favor of termination
because Father had shown neglect toward the child by exposing him to drug use and
criminal activity as an infant. It found that Father had also shown physical and emotional
abuse toward Mother when the parties lived together and that he had pled guilty to assault
against another individual while he was incarcerated. The record supports the trial court’s
findings and conclusions regarding this factor.

        Factor number seven is “[w]hether the physical environment of the parent’s [] home
is healthy and safe, whether there is criminal activity in the home, or whether there is such
use of alcohol, controlled substances or controlled substance analogues as may render the
parent [] consistently unable to care for the child in a safe and stable manner.” Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(7). The trial court found that this factor weighed in favor of termination
as well. It found that Austin cannot live with Father while he is incarcerated at the
maximum security prison, where Father will remain until at least March 2022. It found
that, prior to his incarceration, Father had violated his probation by failing drug screens
and pled guilty to drug-related criminal charges. It also noted Father’s prior stipulation
that Austin was dependent and neglected based in part on Father’s drug use and criminal
activity, and there was still no evidence that those conditions had been remedied. We
agree. Austin cannot be with Father in his current physical environment, and the criminal
activity and substance abuse in his home renders Father consistently unable to care for
Austin in a safe and stable manner.

        The eighth factor for consideration is whether the parent’s “mental and/or emotional
status would be detrimental to the child or prevent the parent [] from effectively providing
safe and stable care and supervision for the child.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(8). The
trial court found that this factor weighed in favor of termination because Father had
continued to use drugs even after participating in rehabilitation and continued to engage in
criminal activity, pleading guilty to charges as recently as October 2019. The trial court
also noted Father’s claim that he is ready to parent but that he needs his parents to raise the
child until he is not incarcerated. We agree that Father’s emotional status would be
detrimental to the child and prevent him from effectively providing safe and stable care
and supervision for the child. Father admitted that he still had a problem with addiction.
                                             - 19 -
       Factor nine is whether the parent “has paid child support consistent with the child
support guidelines promulgated by the department pursuant to § 36-5-101.” Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(9). The trial court found that Father failed to offer any financial support
to Aunt and Uncle and that this factor weighed in favor of termination. We agree.

        To summarize, the trial court found that every factor weighed in favor of terminating
Father’s parental rights, and so do we. Considering the best interest of the child, from
Austin’s perspective, we find clear and convincing evidence that termination of parental
rights is in his best interest.

       Father argues on appeal that the Tennessee Supreme Court’s decision in In re
Carrington required the trial court to find that there would be “substantial harm” to Austin
and that Father was “unfit,” as part of its analysis, before it can terminate his parental rights.
He relies on the following underlined language from Carrington:

       Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-113(c) provides:

               Termination of parental or guardianship rights must be based
               upon:
               (1) A finding by the court by clear and convincing evidence
               that the grounds for termination of parental or guardianship
               rights have been established; and
               (2) That termination of the parent’s or guardian’s rights is in
               the best interests of the child.

       This statute requires the State to establish by clear and convincing proof that
       at least one of the enumerated statutory grounds for termination exists and
       that termination is in the child’s best interests. In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d
       [240, 250 (Tenn. 2010)]; In re F.R.R., III, 193 S.W.3d 528, 530 (Tenn. 2006);
       In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002). “The best interests
       analysis is separate from and subsequent to the determination that there is
       clear and convincing evidence of grounds for termination.” In re Angela E.,
       303 S.W.3d at 254. Although several factors relevant to the best interests
       analysis are statutorily enumerated, the list is illustrative, not exclusive. The
       parties are free to offer proof of other relevant factors. In re Audrey S., 182
       S.W.3d at 878. The trial court must then determine whether the combined
       weight of the facts “amount[s] to clear and convincing evidence that
       termination is in the child's best interest.” In re Kaliyah S., 455 S.W.3d 533,
       555 (Tenn. 2015). These requirements ensure that each parent receives the
       constitutionally required “individualized determination that a parent is either
       unfit or will cause substantial harm to his or her child before the fundamental
       right to the care and custody of the child can be taken away.” In re Swanson,
                                             - 20 -
       2 S.W.3d 180, 188 (Tenn. 1999).

In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d at 523. Thus, Father argues that in the absence of an
express finding of “substantial harm” and “unfitness,” Carrington “stands to prevent such
termination from occurring.”

       Father has simply misinterpreted Carrington. This Court rejected essentially the
same argument over a decade ago in In re Audrey S., when a parent argued that a trial court
“erred in terminating her parental rights because it failed to make a separate and explicit
finding that she is an unfit parent or poses a risk of substantial harm to the welfare of the
children.” In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 881. We explained:

              This argument misconceives the relationship between the operation of
       the termination statutes and the constitutional requirement that “before a
       parent’s rights can be terminated, there must be a showing that the parent is
       unfit or that substantial harm to the child will result if parental rights are not
       terminated.” In re Swanson, 2 S.W.3d at 188; accord Hawk v. Hawk, 855
       S.W.2d at 577, 579, 581. This court has repeatedly recognized that the
       statutory grounds for termination of parental rights listed in Tenn. Code Ann.
       § 36-1-113(g) are all examples of parental conduct and situations that render
       a parent unfit or pose a risk of substantial harm to the welfare of a child.
       White v. Moody, 171 S.W.3d 187, 192-93 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004); In re
       C.D.C., Jr., No. E2003-01832-COA-R3-PT, 2004 WL 1243994, at *8 (Tenn.
       Ct. App. June 7, 2004) (No Tenn. R. App. P. 11 application filed); State Dep’t
       of Children’s Servs. v. Whaley, No. E2001-00765-COA-R3-CV, 2002 WL
       1116430, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 30, 2002) (No Tenn. R. App. P. 11
       application filed); State Dep’t of Children's Servs. v. C.S.M., No. E2000-
       02806-COA-R3-JV, 2002 WL 385870, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 13, 2002)
       perm. app. denied (Tenn. Sept. 16, 2002); Ray v. Ray, 83 S.W.3d 726, 732
       n.7 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001).
              In every case in which parental rights are terminated, there must be a
       “finding by the court by clear and convincing evidence that the grounds for
       termination o[f] parental or guardianship rights have been established,”
       Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c)(1), and this finding must be contained in a
       written order entered by the trial court, Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(k).
       Thus, as long as the juvenile court has correctly found that at least one of the
       statutory grounds for termination of parental rights exists, the constitutional
       requirement of a showing of parental unfitness or a risk of substantial harm
       to the welfare of a child has been satisfied. In effect, the constitutional unfit
       parent/substantial harm analysis is subsumed within the analysis of whether
       the statutory grounds for termination have been properly established. A
       separate finding of parental unfitness or substantial harm, in addition to a
       finding of the existence of at least one of the statutory grounds, would be
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       redundant.

Id. at 881-82.

        We have reached the same conclusion post-Carrington. In In re Sophia P., No.
M2016-01400-COA-R3-PT, 2017 WL 1191299, at *11 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 30, 2017)
perm. app. denied (Tenn. June 13, 2017), a trial court separately analyzed the issue of
“substantial harm” in addition to analyzing the grounds for termination. Quoting at length
from In re Audrey S., we explained that the trial court’s additional analysis was
“unnecessary” because “[e]stablishing a statutory ground for termination of parental rights
is sufficient to establish substantial harm or parental unfitness and therefore support
termination of parental rights.” Id. “A separate and explicit finding of a substantial risk
of harm is not required.” Id. (citing In re L.A.J., III, No. W2007-00926-COA-R3-PT, 2007
WL 3379785, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 15, 2007)); see also In re Jude M., 619 S.W.3d
224, 244 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2020) (“When a parent has been found to be unfit by
establishment of at least one statutory ground for termination of parental rights, as here,
the interests of parent and child diverge, and the focus shifts to what is in the child’s best
interest.”) (citing In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 877); In re Daymien T., 506 S.W.3d 461,
475 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2016) (“When a parent has been found to be unfit (upon establishment
of ground(s) for termination of parental rights), the interests of parent and child diverge.”)
(citing In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 877).

        Carrington’s language is not inconsistent with these cases. The Tennessee Supreme
Court first explained that the termination statute requires clear and convincing proof that
at least one of the statutory grounds for termination exists and that termination is in the
child’s best interest. In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d at 523. It then stated, “These
requirements ensure that each parent receives the constitutionally required ‘individualized
determination that a parent is either unfit or will cause substantial harm to his or her child
before the fundamental right to the care and custody of the child can be taken away.’” Id.
(quoting In re Swanson, 2 S.W.3d at 188) (emphasis added). We discern no merit in
Father’s argument.8

                                       V.   CONCLUSION

      For the aforementioned reasons, we affirm the decision of the chancery court and
remand for further proceedings. Costs of this appeal are taxed to the appellant, Kelsey W.,
for which execution may issue if necessary.

       8
         We also note that the trial court did expressly find both that Father was “unfit” and that
continuing the parent-child relationship posed an immediate threat of substantial harm to Austin’s
well-being and development.
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         _________________________________
         CARMA DENNIS MCGEE, JUDGE

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