Court Opinion

ID: 9867442
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-26 16:09:50.678403+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:48:24.991668
License: Public Domain

J-S24044-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

  COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                 :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
  TYRONE EDWARD NEELY                          :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 8 MDA 2023

      Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered December 1, 2022
    In the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County Criminal Division at
                      No(s): CP-22-CR-0001113-2021

BEFORE:      BENDER, P.J.E., LAZARUS, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY STEVENS, P.J.E.:                 FILED: SEPTEMBER 26, 2023

       Appellant Tyrone Edward Neely appeals from the judgment of sentence

entered in the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County after a jury found

him guilty on numerous offenses, listed infra, including Simple Assault by

Physical Menace, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2701(a)(3), for his conduct occurring after a

minor vehicle collision.      Sentenced to six to fourteen years’ incarceration,

Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence offered to prove the

charge of simple assault under Section 2701. After careful review, we affirm.

       The trial court opinion sets forth the pertinent procedural history, as

follows:

       On or about January 15, 2021, Appellant was charged with: (1)
       Possession of Firearm Prohibited1; (2) Firearms Not to be Carried
____________________________________________

* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.

1 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6105(a)(1).
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       Without a License2; (3) Disarming Law Enforcement Officer-
       Without Lawful Authorization3; (4) Fleeing or Attempting to Elude
       Officer4; (5) Make Repairs/Sell/Etc. Offensive Weapon5; (6) DUI:
       Controlled Substance-Combination Alcohol/Drug-2nd Offense6; (7)
       DUI: Controlled Substance-Schedule I-2nd7; (8) DUI: Highest
       Rate-2nd Offense8; (9) DUI: Controlled Substance-Impaired
       Ability-2nd Offense9; (10) Simple Assault10; (11) Resisting
       Arrest/Other Law Enforcement Officer11; (12) Escape12; (13) DUI:
       General Impairment-2nd Offense13; (14) Marijuana-Small
       Amount14; (15) Drive Wrong Way15; (16) Driving While BAC .02
       or Greater while License Suspended 16; (17) Accident Damage to
       Unattended Vehicle or Property17; and (18) Duties at Stop Sign18.
       A Jury trial was held before [the trial court] on August 17 and 18,
       2022. Prior to the start of the trial, the Commonwealth withdrew
       Counts 6, 9, 12, and 13.

       At the conclusion of the trial, Defendant [hereinafter “Appellant”]
       was found guilty on Counts 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 10, and not guilty
       on Counts 3 and 11. Count 1 (possession of a firearm prohibited)
       was bifurcated; However, the jury answered ‘yes’ to the
       interrogatory of whether Appellant was in physical possession or
       control of a firearm. Immediately after the verdict was recorded,
       the trial on the bifurcated charge began. At the conclusion of the
       bifurcated trial, the jury found Appellant guilty on Count 1.
       Sentencing was deferred for the completion of an evidence-based
____________________________________________

2 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6106(a)(1).
3 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 5104.1(a)(1).
4 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3733(a).
5 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 908(a).
6 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3802(d)(3).
7 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3802(d)(1)(i).
8 75 Pa.C.S.A    § 3802(c).
9 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3802(d)(2).
10 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2701(a)(3).
11 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 5104.
12 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 5121(a).
13 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3802(a)(1).
14 35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(31)(i).
15 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3308(b).
16 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 1543(b)(1.1)(i).
17 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3745(a).
18 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3323(b).

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      pre-sentence investigation (“PSI”).      On December 1, 2022,
      Appellant was sentenced to an aggregate term of six (6) to
      fourteen (14) years in a state correctional institution.

      On December 29, 2022, Appellant filed a timely Notice of Appeal.
      [The trial court] directed Appellant to file a Concise Statement of
      Matters Complained of on Appeal on January 12, 2023. . . .
      Defendant filed his Statement on February 22, 2023.

Trial Court Opinion, 3/8/23, at 1-3 (footnotes omitted).

      On Appeal, Appellant has raised in both his Concise Statement and

appellate brief the following issue:

            Did the Commonwealth fail to prove by sufficient
            evidence that Mr. Neely committed simple assault by
            physical menace when the victim in the case did not
            describe any fear of serious bodily injury and at most
            the potential harm the victim feared was bodily injury?

Brief for Appellant, at 5 (footnotes omitted).

             The standard we apply in reviewing the sufficiency of the
      evidence is whether viewing all the evidence admitted at trial in
      the light most favorable to the verdict winner, there is sufficient
      evidence to enable the fact-finder to find every element of the
      crime beyond a reasonable doubt. In applying the above test, we
      may not weigh the evidence and substitute our judgment for the
      fact-finder. In addition, we note that the facts and circumstances
      established by the Commonwealth need not preclude every
      possibility of innocence. Any doubts regarding a defendant's guilt
      may be resolved by the fact-finder unless the evidence is so weak
      and inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of fact may
      be drawn from the combined circumstances. The Commonwealth
      may sustain its burden of proof of proving every element of the
      crime beyond a reasonable doubt by means of wholly
      circumstantial evidence. Moreover, in applying the above test,
      the entire record must be evaluated and all the evidence actually
      received must be considered. Finally, the trier of fact while
      passing on the credibility of witnesses and the weight of the
      evidence produced, is free to believe all, part[,] or none of the
      evidence.

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Commonwealth v. Bragg, 133 A.3d 328, 330-31 (Pa. Super. 2016) (citation

omitted). Because a sufficiency of the evidence challenge raises a question of

law, our standard of review is de novo, and our scope of review is plenary.

Commonwealth v. Mikitiuk, 213 A.3d 290, 300 (Pa. Super. 2019).

       The incident in question occurred on January 15, 2021, at approximately

4:15 p.m. N.T., 2/10/23, at 32. According to the victim, Mr. Magous, he had

parked his white Mercedes on Third Street in Harrisburg and entered a

hardware store to buy tools19 only to realize he had left his wallet in the car.

N.T. at 32-33, 34. He returned to the car and was retrieving his wallet when

another car hit his at a moderate speed. N.T. at 33, 43.

       The driver, Appellant, stopped and approached Mr. Magous in a “very

easy” manner and began to negotiate a cash deal to avoid involving insurance.

N.T. at 33-34. Mr. Magous declined Appellant’s offer of $100, claiming it was

insufficient to cover necessary repairs to his damaged bumper, and he

suggested, instead, that they exchange insurance information and report the

incident. N.T. at 34. When Appellant refused, Mr. Magous called 911.

       According to Mr. Magous, Appellant began “screaming at me and yelling

and getting so close to my face[20] because he was – he got pissed because I

called the police for this incident. . . . He got so close to my face. He did not
____________________________________________

19 Mr. Magous testified he was doing remodeling work on his house that day.

N.T. at 42.

20 Mr. Magous later indicated that Appellant’s face was about two inches

away from his own, at which time he could smell alcohol on Appellant. N.T.
at 35.

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touch me; he did not hit me or anything.”      N.T. at 34-35.     When asked

whether Appellant made any threats toward him, Mr. Magous replied, “Yeah.

He was swearing and yelling. That’s all that he did.” N.T. at 35. “[T]o be

honest”, he continued, “I was scared. I didn’t want to get into any situation

like this. So, after I called 911 and the guy left, and [sic] I had to run away

until the police came in. . . . [b]ecause I was very scared. ” N.T. at 36, 38.

Mr. Magous confirmed he is 5’ 3” tall and that Appellant is “definitely taller

than me.” N.T. at 41.

      Yet, Mr. Magous also testified that he remained at the scene, albeit a

block away, and could see Appellant was “circling” the area the whole time

and was standing across the street when the responding officer arrived ten

minutes later. N.T. at 39, 40, 46, 106. Mr. Magous met the officer and pointed

out Appellant. N.T. at 46. During the encounter, Mr. Magous never saw a

weapon on Appellant’s person. N.T. at 41.

      On cross-examination, defense counsel asked Mr. Magous, “And then

you testified he was angry, but he didn’t hit you, he didn’t threaten you,

right?”, to which Mr. Magous replied, “He was getting so close to my face

yelling and swearing but that’s all. He did not hit me; he did not charge me

at all.”   N.T. at 44-45.   On re-direct, Mr. Magous stated, “I mean, I was

thinking he was going to hit me or something, so I was trying to hold up, so

cover my face and he did not do it. He did not touch me.” N.T. at 51.

      Herein, Appellant asserts that the Commonwealth failed to present

sufficient evidence that he committed simple assault by physical menace

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pursuant to Section 2701(a)(3) of the Crimes Code.       To prove simple assault

by physical menace, the Commonwealth must provide sufficient evidence that

the accused “intentionally plac[ed] another in fear of imminent serious bodily

injury through the use of menacing or frightening activity.” Commonwealth

v. Reynolds, 835 A.2d 720, 726 (Pa. Super. 2003) (citation omitted); see 18

Pa.C.S. § 2701(a)(3) (“[A] person is guilty of [simple] assault if he ... attempts

by physical menace to put another in fear of imminent serious bodily

injury[.]”).   “Intent can be proven by circumstantial evidence and may be

inferred from the defendant's conduct under the circumstances.” Reynolds,

835 A.2d at 726 (citation omitted). Serious bodily injury is defined as “[b]odily

injury which creates a substantial risk of death or which causes serious,

permanent disfigurement, or protracted loss or impairment of the function of

any bodily member or organ.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 2301.

      Applying this definition of serious bodily injury to the case sub judice,

the trial court opines in its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion that “the facts and

circumstances adduced at trial are not sufficient to support the conviction for

simple assault as charged.”     Trial Court Opinion, 3/8/23, at 6.     The court

continues, “Mr. Magous testified that Appellant was close to his face and

yelling but did not make any verbal threats nor touch or hit him in any way.

He further testified that he was scared[, which] caused him to wait across the

street for police.” Id. at 7. According to the trial court, the Commonwealth

proved, at best, that Appellant intended to place Mr. Magous in fear of bodily

injury, but not serious bodily injury. Id. We respectfully disagree.

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       The evidence presented at trial described Appellant as transforming

instantly from an easy mannered negotiator trying to cajole Mr. Magous into

accepting his insufficient ad hoc cash offer to a wildly irate and physically

threatening presence who exploited his size advantage by leaning down into

the 5’3” victim, putting his face right up against Magous’, and screaming

invectives that overwhelmed Magous.21 The jury clearly drew the inference

from Appellant’s sudden shift to aggression that he intended to physically

menace Mr. Magous with explosive and unpredictable behavior and thereby

create in him a fear of serious bodily injury as retribution for having called 9-

1-1. Indeed, Mr. Magous confirmed that Appellant’s abrupt switch to extreme

hostility caused him significant fright and immediate concern for his safety,

prompting him to gather himself to run across the street to escape the threat

of imminent violence.

       Appellant    posits    that   this      scenario   is   like   that   presented   in

Commonwealth v. Fry, 491 A.2d 843, 844 (Pa. Super. 1985). There, an

eighteen-year-old boy approached a ten-year-old girl from behind, picked her

up, and began to carry her. When the girl screamed, the defendant said, “shut

up, you're coming with me.” Id.             The incident occurred on the campus of a

school, and the girl surmised that the defendant was carrying her toward a
____________________________________________

21  Contrary to the trial court’s opinion, Mr. Magous did not testify that
Appellant refrained from making verbal threats. In fact, when asked on direct
if Appellant threatened him, Mr. Magous responded, “Yeah, he was swearing
and yelling.” Similarly, his failure to respond to the part of defense counsel’s
compound question asking whether Appellant threatened him was not
tantamount to an admission that no threats were made.

                                            -7-
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locker room.   Id.   The defendant put the girl down when two youngsters

serving as safety patrol approached. Id. This Court held that the evidence

was insufficient to sustain a conviction for simple assault under § 2701(a)(3).

      In doing so, this Court found that the only evidence of physical menace

was that Fry had put his arms around the child and picked her up.

Significantly, Fry did not strike or attempt to subdue her by physical means,

nor did he threaten to inflict bodily injury upon her. Also, there was no

evidence that serious bodily injury was imminent or that Fry intended to put

the child in fear thereof. Id.

      This Court acknowledged the evidence did show that Fry had told the

girl to “shut up” and that he was taking her with him. The child speculated

that Fry intended to take her toward the steps leading to the locker room,

which was likely alarming and frightening to a young child. However, that is

not the conduct which was made criminal by 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2701(a)(3), for

the statute required a specific intent on the part of Fry to put the child in fear

of imminent serious bodily injury, and the Commonwealth failed to prove such

intent. Id. at 845 (citations omitted; emphasis added).

      We find Fry distinguishable, as there was no evidence therein of either

Fry’s intent to cause fear in the girl or imminent serious bodily injury. In

contrast, the evidence in the case sub judice, viewed in a light most favorable

to the Commonwealth as the verdict winner, allowed for the jury’s reasonable

inference that Appellant attempted to cause Mr. Magous fear of serious bodily

injury through physical menace. The evidence of a significant difference in

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size between Appellant and the victim coupled with the overwhelming intensity

with which Appellant physically bore down on Mr. Magous was sufficient to

support this determination. Accordingly, we reject Appellant’s challenge to

the sufficiency of the evidence.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 09/26/2023

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