Court Opinion

ID: 1062589
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-09 19:10:25.606514+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:15:19.122030
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Chief Judge Felton, Judges Elder, Frank, Kelsey, Haley, Petty,
          Beales, Powell and Retired Judge Clements ∗
Argued at Richmond, Virginia

CLAUDE M. SCIALDONE
v.         Record No. 1737-06-1
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA                                          OPINION BY
                                                            JUDGE D. ARTHUR KELSEY
                                                               JANUARY 13, 2009
BARRY R. TAYLOR
v.     Record No. 1738-06-1
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

EDWARD JONES, S/K/A
 EDWARD S. JONES
v.     Record No. 1739-06-1
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

                                   UPON REHEARING EN BANC
               FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF VIRGINIA BEACH
                                 Patricia L. West, Judge

                 Marvin D. Miller (Heather Golias; Law Offices of Marvin D. Miller,
                 on briefs), for appellants.

                 Donald E. Jeffrey, III, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Robert F.
                 McDonnell, Attorney General, Karri B. Atwood, Assistant Attorney
                 General; Gregory W. Franklin, Assistant Attorney General, on briefs),
                 for appellee.

       The trial court found Claude M. Scialdone, Barry R. Taylor, and Edward S. Jones in

contempt of court. On appeal, a panel of this Court held the evidence was sufficient to support the

       ∗
         Judge Clements participated in the hearing and decision of this case prior to the effective
date of her retirement on December 31, 2008, and thereafter by designation pursuant to Code
§ 17.1-400(D).
contempt findings. Scialdone v. Commonwealth, 51 Va. App. 679, 724-27, 660 S.E.2d 317,

340-41 (2008). The panel remanded the cases for retrial, however, ruling that the trial court

improperly conducted a summary contempt proceeding and thereby deprived appellants of due

process rights associated with plenary contempt. Id. at 718-24, 660 S.E.2d at 337-41.

        At the Commonwealth’s request, we agreed to rehear the cases en banc. Having done so,

we now hold appellants failed to preserve for appeal their argument that the trial court deprived

them of due process rights associated with plenary contempt. At no point during the contempt

proceeding did appellants object to its summary nature or assert any entitlement to plenary due

process rights. Instead, appellants raised these points for the first and only time solely in support

of a request under Code § 19.2-319 for bail and a stay of the judgments pending appeal. A motion

under Code § 19.2-319, standing alone, does not preserve issues for appeal not previously raised

in the trial court.

                                                  I.

        On July 11, 2006, the trial court began the jury trial of Frankie Dulyea on various criminal

charges. Scialdone served as lead defense counsel at trial. Jones, a third-year law student, and

Taylor, Scialdone’s law partner, assisted the defense. During the course of the trial, the court

suspected Scialdone and Taylor had altered a document offered into evidence. The court also

became concerned Jones had added insulting language to an exhibit offered for admission into

evidence. The court investigated these concerns by examining the documents and by summoning

additional witness testimony and documentary evidence. The court heard some of this evidence

while Taylor and Jones were not present in the courtroom.

        Anticipating where the court’s investigation might end, Scialdone stated he would “like to

know what [he’s] being charged with” because he “may want to have a lawyer for that.” In

                                                -2-
response, the trial court ruled: “I’m finding you in summary contempt, all three of you . . . . At

this point in time that’s what’s happening.” Upon being advised of this finding, neither Scialdone,

Taylor, nor Jones objected to the summary nature of the contempt findings. Nor did they request

any procedural rights associated with plenary contempt.

       Dulyea’s jury trial ended three days later. Shortly after the jury had been discharged, the

trial court referred back to its ruling made the first day of trial and stated: “Pursuant to Code

§ 18.2-456, I found all three of you in contempt of court.” Upon explaining the rationale behind

its ruling, the court sentenced Scialdone, Taylor, and Jones to each serve ten days in jail and pay a

$250 fine. Once again, none of the appellants objected to the summary nature of the contempt

findings. Nor did they request any of the procedural protections associated with plenary contempt.

That same day, appellants filed notices of appeal.

       A few days later, appellants filed with the trial court “Motions for Stay of Execution of

Sentence.” 1 Relying on Code § 19.2-319, they requested a “stay of execution of the sentence

pending appeal of the contempt conviction to the Court of Appeals.” On July 18, appellants also

filed a “Motion for Emergency Stay of Sentence” in this Court requesting that we exercise our

authority under Code § 19.2-319 to stay the sentences pending appeal. The motions alleged the

trial court had not ruled on the motions to stay pending in the trial court.

       We issued an order noting that “the circuit court’s oral ruling from the bench” found

appellants in contempt of court and sentenced them to an active jail term. See Temporary Stay

Order (July 19, 2006). In response, we further noted, appellants had “filed motions, pursuant to

Code § 19.2-319, with the circuit court asking that court for a stay of each of the ten-day sentences

for contempt of court pending the appeals of these cases.” Id. We granted “a temporary stay of

       1
        Scialdone and Taylor filed their motions in the trial court on July 17. Jones filed his
motion on July 18.

                                                 -3-
the execution of the jail sentences until such time that the circuit court rules on the pending

motions filed before it pursuant to Code § 19.2-319.” Id. Our remand was specific and limited:

“We direct the clerk of the circuit court to forward a copy of the written orders addressing these

motions” to our clerk of court within 14 days. Id. (emphasis added).

       In response to our remand order, the trial court conducted a hearing on the request for a

stay pending appeal. At that hearing, appellants argued they should be granted bail in order to

pursue an appeal challenging the factual sufficiency of the contempt findings and legal validity of

the summary contempt procedures. For the first time during the trial court proceedings, appellants

argued the court improperly found them guilty of summary contempt without providing them with

prior notice of the charge, an opportunity to prepare a defense, or the benefit of legal counsel.

Appellants, however, did not ask the court withdraw its contempt findings, issue a show-cause

order outlining the charges, or continue the proceedings so they could retain counsel and prepare a

defense. Instead, appellants criticized the summary nature of the contempt proceedings solely as a

preview of the arguments they intended to make on appeal.

       “[B]ased upon the foregoing,” appellants argued, they were entitled to “an order of stay of

execution of the sentence[s] pending appeal of the contempt conviction[s] to the Court of Appeals

of Virginia.” Motions for Stay of Execution of Sentence (July 17-18, 2006). In their attachment

to the motions, appellants specifically made clear the scope of their argument to the trial court:

“This Court is respectfully requested to consider these authorities in support of the Motion to Stay

Execution of Sentence pending appeal.” Id. at Attachment A.

       The trial court denied the motion for a stay pending appeal. Appellants appealed the trial

court’s Code § 19.2-319 ruling and eventually secured from the Virginia Supreme Court an order

staying execution of the sentences pending appeal.

                                                -4-
        With the sentences stayed, the appeal continued. Scialdone, Taylor, and Jones filed

appellate briefs contending the evidence was insufficient as a matter of law to find them guilty of

contempt of court. They also argued that, even if the evidence were sufficient, the trial court

erroneously conducted a summary contempt proceeding that, in effect, deprived them of due

process rights available under plenary contempt law.

        A panel of this Court rejected appellants’ challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence,

Scialdone, 51 Va. App. at 724-27, 660 S.E.2d at 340-41, 2 but accepted appellants’ due process

argument and remanded the cases for retrial using plenary contempt procedures. The

Commonwealth filed a petition for en banc rehearing contesting the panel’s decision to remand the

cases for retrial. We granted the Commonwealth’s petition for rehearing en banc to reconsider

this issue.

                                                 II.

        Appellants did not petition for en banc rehearing of the panel’s decision finding the

evidence sufficient and, thus, we need not reengage that aspect of these appeals. See generally

Ferguson v. Commonwealth, 51 Va. App. 427, 432-33, 658 S.E.2d 692, 695 (2008) (en banc)

(holding the en banc court would not address issues “affirmed by the panel opinion” for which

appellant “did not petition for rehearing en banc”). We reinstate the panel opinion as to those

issues. Id. We limit our en banc review to the question whether appellants properly preserved

their appellate challenge to the summary nature of the contempt proceeding and, if so, whether the

trial court deprived appellants of procedural rights associated with plenary contempt. Because we

answer the first question in the negative, we do not reach the second.

        2
          The panel reviewed in detail the circumstances justifying this conclusion as applied to
Scialdone and Taylor. Scialdone, 51 Va. App. at 724-27, 660 S.E.2d at 340-41. The Court had
earlier refused to consider Jones’s sufficiency challenge and that issue was not before the panel.
Id. at 724 n.12, 660 S.E.2d at 340 n.12.

                                                -5-
                                                  III.

       Appellants contend the trial court erroneously conducted a summary contempt proceeding

and thereby deprived them of due process rights associated with plenary contempt. See generally

Int’l Union, United Mine Workers of Am. v. Bagwell, 512 U.S. 821, 826-34 (1994). Nothing in

the record, however, shows that appellants ever asked the trial court to recognize any specific

procedural right associated with plenary contempt. In other words, appellants argue the trial court

erroneously deprived them of procedural rights they never requested.

       Rule 5A:18 applies to appellate challenges of summary contempts, Singleton v.

Commonwealth, 52 Va. App. 665, 672-73, 667 S.E.2d 23, 26 (2008), just as it does to any other

non-jurisdictional claim of trial court error. See, e.g., Nusbaum v. Berlin, 273 Va. 385, 406, 641
S.E.2d 494, 505 (2007) (barring argument that the trial court violated defendant’s due process

rights “by summarily convicting him of indirect [plenary] criminal contempt”). Appellants

acknowledge this point but argue their motions under Code § 19.2-319 to stay their sentences

satisfy Rule 5A:18. We disagree.

       Under Rule 5A:18, raising a legal argument in support of one type of relief does not

preserve for appellate review the same argument in support of another type of relief which was

never requested. Put another way, when a “party does not simply disagree with the action of the

trial court, but seeks the trial court to take action, that action must be expressly sought.” Parker v.

Commonwealth, 14 Va. App. 592, 596, 421 S.E.2d 450, 453 (1992). Thus, a litigant who has

merely “questioned the correctness” of the court’s order but did not “expressly indicate the action

[he] wanted the trial court to take” cannot appeal on the ground that the trial court erroneously

failed to take some required action. Widdifield v. Commonwealth, 43 Va. App. 559, 562-63, 600
S.E.2d 159, 161-62 (2004) (en banc) (emphasis in original).

                                                 -6-
       This principle uniformly applies to objections to seating jurors, 3 objections to the same

evidence from different witnesses, 4 requests for cautionary instructions, 5 objections alleging

witness perjury, 6 and objections to irregularities in jury deliberations. 7 In each example, the point

is the same: Except in the most egregious of circumstances, a litigant cannot argue on appeal that

the trial court erroneously denied him relief which he never specifically asked for in the trial court.

See, e.g., Bennett v. Commonwealth, 29 Va. App. 261, 280, 511 S.E.2d 439, 448 (1999) (holding

“the objecting party must expressly seek the action that it desires the judge to take”); cf. Gray v.

Netherland, 518 U.S. 152, 167-69 (1996) (holding a motion to exclude evidence does not require a

trial court to grant a continuance sua sponte when the court denies the motion).

       3
          A party who unsuccessfully objects to rulings made during the voir dire of a prospective
juror has no appellate complaint as to that juror unless he specifically asked the trial court to strike
that juror. See Mu’Min v. Commonwealth, 239 Va. 433, 445 n.6, 389 S.E.2d 886, 894 n.6 (1990);
Spencer v. Commonwealth, 238 Va. 295, 306-07, 384 S.E.2d 785, 793 (1989).
       4
          Thus, an unsuccessful objection “to the admissibility of certain evidence [is] waived by
the failure to object to the same evidence subsequently introduced.” Philip Greenberg, Inc. v.
Dunville, 166 Va. 398, 404, 185 S.E. 892, 894 (1936). This is true even if “precisely the same
fact” was involved and the trial court had earlier rejected precisely the same objection. Id.; see
also Portner v. Portner’s Ex’rs, 133 Va. 251, 263, 112 S.E. 762, 766 (1922) (holding that, “if it had
been error to admit [the challenged evidence] in the first place, subsequent introduction of the
same evidence without objection constituted a waiver of the previous objection”); Charles E.
Friend, The Law of Evidence in Virginia § 8-4, at 295 (6th ed. 2003) (“Waiver is found where . . .
[t]he objecting party fails to object to the same evidence when subsequently introduced by the
opponent.” (emphasis omitted)).
       5
          A party who unsuccessfully objects to evidence cannot appeal on the ground the trial
court failed to give a cautionary instruction unless he asked the trial court to give a cautionary
instruction. Largin v. Commonwealth, 215 Va. 318, 321, 208 S.E.2d 775, 777 (1974); Berry v.
Commonwealth, 22 Va. App. 209, 214, 468 S.E.2d 685, 687-88 (1996).
       6
        A defendant’s notice to the court that a witness has likely perjured herself is not
tantamount to asking the court for a mistrial, an order, or “any specific remedy.” Elliott v.
Commonwealth, 267 Va. 396, 422, 593 S.E.2d 270, 286 (2004).
       7
          A party cannot appeal the trial court’s failure to take specific action in response to an
irregularity in jury deliberations unless the party asked the trial court to do something about it.
See, e.g., Parker, 14 Va. App. at 596, 421 S.E.2d at 453.

                                                 -7-
       This principle, so basic to the nature of the judicial process, undergirds our application of

procedural default law. Like most courts, we believe “[o]ur adversary system is designed around

the premise that the parties know what is best for them, and are responsible for advancing the facts

and arguments entitling them to relief.” Greenlaw v. United States, 128 S. Ct. 2559, 2564 (2008)

(citation omitted). For this reason, courts rely “chiefly on the parties to raise significant issues

and present them to the courts in the appropriate manner at the appropriate time for adjudication.”

Sanchez-Llamas v. Oregon, 548 U.S. 331, 356 (2006) (emphasis in original).

       In this case, appellants filed motions under Code § 19.2-319 asking the trial court to stay

their sentences and admit them to bail pending appeal. We remanded the case for the trial court to

address those motions. “Code § 19.2-319 allows for a person who has been convicted of an

offense to be released on bail during the pendency of an appeal.” Bowling v. Commonwealth, 51
Va. App. 102, 108 n.4, 654 S.E.2d 354, 357 n.4 (2007). In this respect, “a bail proceeding is not

an integral part of the guilt-innocence determination. Rather, it is ancillary to the criminal

prosecution.” Askew v. Commonwealth, 49 Va. App. 127, 138, 638 S.E.2d 118, 123 (2006)

(quoting Commonwealth v. Smith, 230 Va. 354, 357, 337 S.E.2d 278, 279 (1985)) (emphasis

added by Askew). A motion under Code § 19.2-319 does not expressly or implicitly call upon the

trial court to reconsider its prior rulings or vacate the judgment being appealed.

       In short, appellants never asked the trial court to grant them any procedural right associated

with plenary contempt. 8 It would be altogether wrong for us to recast the Code § 19.2-319

motions to stay into de facto motions for reconsideration of the merits of the case. Out of

“fairness to the trial judge” appellate courts should not “put a different twist on a question that is

       8
         Appellants do not argue that any exception to Rule 5A:18 applies, and we will not invoke
one sua sponte. See Edwards v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 752, 761, 589 S.E.2d 444, 448
(2003) (en banc), aff’d by unpublished order, No. 040019 (Va. Oct. 15, 2004).

                                                 -8-
at odds with the question presented to the trial court.” Commonwealth v. Shifflett, 257 Va. 34, 44,

510 S.E.2d 232, 237 (1999).

       If we were to accept appellants’ argument, we would impose upon trial courts the sua

sponte obligation to vacate a conviction on grounds raised for the first and only time during a

motion for stay pending appeal when the party standing to benefit from the vacature, the

defendant, conspicuously chose not to seek such relief. Doing so would be as unprecedented as it

would be problematic — particularly in cases where, as here, appellants “may have had a perfectly

good reason” for not specifically asking the trial court to proceed under plenary contempt

proceedings. Singleton, 52 Va. App. at 672 n.3, 667 S.E.2d at 26 n.3. “One such reason is that

the statutory ‘constraints’ of Code §§ 18.2-456 and 18.2-457 do not apply to plenary, indirect

contempt proceedings.” Id. (citing Robinson v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 137, 146, 583
S.E.2d 60, 64 (2003)).

       In many respects, our case parallels Nusbaum. There, a lawyer was held in summary

contempt and argued on appeal he was entitled to due process protections available for plenary

contempt. Prior to the entry of the final order, the lawyer stated “specific objections” to the

summary proceeding (similar to the ones asserted here) claiming the trial court “violated his due

process rights.” Nusbaum, 273 Va. at 404, 641 S.E.2d at 504. The lawyer advised the trial court

that he presented his specific objections to “make sure” he “preserved any right of appeal” of the

summary contempt finding. Id. The court agreed and invited the lawyer “to state on the record his

objections to the contempt of court finding.” Id. at 406, 641 S.E.2d at 505.

       The lawyer in Nusbaum, however, did not ask the trial court to “reconsider and set aside

the finding of contempt of court for those reasons.” Id. Stating that “he was not requesting the

circuit court to reconsider its ruling,” the lawyer advised the court that he merely wanted to ensure

                                                -9-
that the final order “include the ‘particulars’ of his objection” to the summary contempt

conviction. Id. After hearing the lawyer’s specific objections to the contempt finding, the trial

court entered a final order confirming its previous bench ruling finding the lawyer in contempt.

       On appeal, the lawyer argued that “having made the circuit court aware of his objections,

he had no obligation to ask the court to reconsider any matter since the court had the opportunity,

within 21 days of entering the final order, to vacate that order and change its rulings.” Id. at 402,

641 S.E.2d at 503. The Virginia Supreme Court flatly disagreed. The lawyer could not claim the

trial court erred in not vacating its contempt finding on due process grounds, Nusbaum held,

because the lawyer never once asked the court to do so. “Those issues, whether the circuit court

violated his due process rights by summarily convicting him of indirect criminal contempt, with

no notice of the charge, no plenary criminal hearing, and no substitution of the Commonwealth as

the prosecuting party, are therefore waived on appeal.” Id. at 406, 641 S.E.2d at 505.

       Like the lawyer in Nusbaum, appellants in this case never asked the trial court to vacate its

oral contempt findings. 9 Nor did they ever seek permission to relitigate the charges using plenary

contempt procedures. Both the lawyer in Nusbaum and appellants in this case raised their

arguments solely for appellate purposes: the former in an ineffectual effort at preserving the issue

for appeal, the latter in an unpersuasive effort to obtain bail pending appeal. In neither instance,

however, were the trial courts asked to supply any neglected due process protection. To be sure,

the only difference between Nusbaum and this case is the lawyer in Nusbaum said he was not

       9
          The trial court’s oral contempt pronouncements were not merely forewarnings of the
court’s ultimate decision. In Virginia, contempt orders “orally pronounced from the bench” are
immediately effective and enforceable. Rollins v. Bazile, 205 Va. 613, 616, 139 S.E.2d 114, 116
(1964). A written order memoralizing an oral contempt finding “does not constitute an integral
part of, and should not be confused with, the judgment itself.” Id. at 617, 139 S.E.2d at 117; see
also Jefferson v. Commonwealth, 269 Va. 136, 139-40, 607 S.E.2d 107, 109 (2005) (“[T]he
Rollins principle does not affect the rule that: ‘A court speaks only through its orders.’”).

                                                - 10 -
asking the trial court to vacate its earlier rulings based upon his objections to the summary process

whereas, here, appellants made no such objections in the first place and thus had no reason to

disavow them later.

       For these reasons, we find it inconsequential that “the trial judge acknowledged she

received and read appellants’ motions for stay before she entered the order finding the men in

contempt on Wednesday, July 19.” Post at 23 (emphasis in original). Exactly the same thing

could be said about the trial judge in Nusbaum. Prior to the entry of the final order, he heard in

open court each of the lawyer’s arguments challenging the summary contempt. The objections

appeared on the later written order. Yet, like appellants, the lawyer in Nusbaum never asked the

trial court to vacate its summary contempt findings so the case could be relitigated using plenary

contempt procedures. This disconnect fully negates the assertion that appellants gave the trial

court a sufficient opportunity to “correct the alleged error.” Post at 28. In Nusbaum, as here, the

only opportunity being presented to the trial court was the opportunity to sua sponte vacate its

earlier rulings when the complaining parties conspicuously had not asked it to do so.

                                                 IV.

       Because appellants never asked the trial court to employ plenary contempt procedures,

they will not now be heard to assert the trial court erred by failing to do so. We reinstate the

panel’s sufficiency holdings and affirm the trial court’s findings of contempt against Scialdone,

Taylor, and Jones.

                                                                             Affirmed.

                                                - 11 -
Beales, J., concurring, in part, and dissenting, in part.

        In this difficult case, I have concluded that the three appellants did, in fact, preserve their

objections to the “summary” contempt proceeding used by the trial court, as the trial court

explicitly ruled that the hearing was conducted under the summary contempt statute and

reaffirmed that ruling after the appellants presented their written motions discussing the

inconsistencies between the trial court’s stated intention to hold a summary proceeding and the

actual hearing that the court held. The trial court said at the final hearing:

                Although you’ve been found in summary contempt and thus have no
                right to counsel, I have, in fact, read all of the papers and
                information submitted by Mr. Miller and I’ve also reviewed a
                memorandum of law submitted by the National Association of
                Criminal Defense Lawyers.
                        It appears that their position is that this is not summary
                contempt but some other form of contempt. But I do not find their
                arguments persuasive.

        Although this hearing was held to address appellants’ motion to stay the execution of their

sentences, the trial court clearly considered the substance of appellants’ arguments regarding the

procedure used by the court to find them in contempt.

        Given the recent Supreme Court of Virginia decision in George v. Commonwealth, 276
Va. 767, 773, 667 S.E.2d 779, 782 (2008), although the appellants’ arguments and timing in this

case were not as specific as we might prefer (and as the majority of this Court would require), I

agree with the conclusion of the dissenting opinion that appellants’ argument regarding the

contempt procedure used here was preserved as the trial court knew of and ruled on appellants’

objections. Contrast Nusbaum v. Berlin 273 Va. 385, 402-04, 641 S.E.2d 494, 503-04 (2007)

(finding Nusbaum specifically told the court that he was not asking that the court reconsider its

contempt ruling, thus his argument regarding the court’s procedure was not preserved for appeal).

Consequently, I believe appellants’ Question Presented regarding due process must be addressed.

                                                  - 12 -
        Contempt charges are tried either with a summary proceeding wherein the trial court acts

based on its own observations from the bench or with a plenary proceeding wherein evidence is

presented to the trial court and the accused is afforded the traditional due process rights of a

defendant. Normally, this difference reflects the nature of the contempt – whether the accused’s

actions were “direct,” i.e., before the court, or “indirect,” i.e., outside the presence of the court:

                        “The substantial difference between a direct and a
                        constructive [indirect] contempt is one of procedure. Where
                        the contempt is committed in the presence of the court, it is
                        competent for it to proceed upon its own knowledge of the
                        facts, and to punish the offender without further proof, and
                        without issue or trial in any form.” (Citations omitted).

                        “In dealing with indirect contempts -- that is, such as are
                        committed not in the presence of the court -- the offender
                        must be brought before the court by a rule or some other
                        sufficient process; but the power of the court to punish is the
                        same in both cases.”

                        [Burdett’s Case,] 103 Va. [838,] 845-46, 48 S.E. [878,]
                        880-81 [(1904)].

                Davis v. Commonwealth, 219 Va. 395, 398, 247 S.E.2d 681, 682 (1978).
                Indirect or constructive contempt charges, therefore, are not brought
                summarily, but must proceed under a more formal procedure than an
                immediate adjudication by the court.

Robinson v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 137, 145-46, 583 S.E.2d 60, 64 (2003) (footnote

omitted; alterations in original); see also Cooke v. United States, 267 U.S. 517, 535-37 (1925).

Here, the trial court insisted that it was acting under its summary contempt authority. However, as

the court took evidence from people who were not in the courtroom when the offending

documents were offered into evidence, these proceedings simply could not have been summary in

nature. Therefore, I would find that the trial court erred in using the procedure that it followed

here.

                                                  - 13 -
       To determine the appropriate remedy for this procedural error, the sufficiency of the

evidence must be considered. Although the majority opinion cites Ferguson v. Commonwealth,

51 Va. App. 427, 432-33, 658 S.E.2d 692, 695 (2008) (en banc), to explain why it does not

discuss the sufficiency of the evidence to support appellants’ convictions, the due process and

sufficiency arguments are intertwined in this appeal, as the various issues were not in Ferguson.

Id. at 430-32, 658 S.E.2d at 693-95. In addition, Ferguson’s remaining questions presented, the

ones that the Court en banc did not address, related to different convictions than the one that the

Court en banc did consider. Compare Ferguson v. Commonwealth, 50 Va. App. 351, 355, 649
S.E.2d 724, 726 (2007) (three-judge panel), to Ferguson, 51 Va. App. at 430-32, 658 S.E.2d at

693-95 (sitting en banc). Here, the sufficiency and due process arguments relate to the same

conviction for each appellant, as evidenced by the three-judge panel’s explanation in this case that

it addressed the sufficiency question only “insofar as necessary to assure that their retrial on

remand will not violate double jeopardy.” Scialdone v. Commonwealth, 51 Va. App. 679, 724,

660 S.E.2d 317, 340 (2008). Finally, appellants here won their appeal at the panel level, and, as a

result, the one conviction of each appellant was reversed. Conversely, the Ferguson panel opinion

reversed only two of Ferguson’s convictions and affirmed the other three convictions. Ferguson

did not ask for review of any of the three affirmed convictions, and the Commonwealth in

appealing the panel’s decision regarding one of the felony child neglect convictions did not

implicate any of the affirmed convictions or the overturned malicious wounding conviction.

Therefore, in Ferguson, 51 Va. App. at 432-33, 658 S.E.2d at 695, the Court appropriately decided

that reexamination of the convictions that the three-judge panel affirmed was not appropriate.

That same analysis, for the foregoing reasons, does not apply in this case, and, therefore, the

sufficiency of the evidence must be addressed.

                                                 - 14 -
       In the case of appellant Scialdone, the evidence was sufficient to convict him of summary

contempt, even if the evidence collected by the trial court about events that occurred outside its

presence were excluded. Based solely on the documents presented to the trial court by Scialdone

himself as part of his client’s defense, the trial court had sufficient evidence to find him guilty of

summary contempt of court. The first day of the trial, Scialdone attempted to introduce an exhibit

(Exhibit 1), dated July 11, 2006, that listed the rules for a Yahoo chat room. The trial court ruled

that Exhibit 1 was irrelevant as the offense for which Scialdone’s client was being prosecuted

occurred in 2005. Scialdone told the court that he hoped to have the rules for the relevant time

period later in the trial. After the lunch break, Scialdone attempted to introduce into evidence a

second exhibit (Exhibit 2) that the trial court noted looked exactly like Exhibit 1, except the date

was missing from the bottom of Exhibit 2. The court also noticed that the sign-in name for the

chat room was different. Scialdone then represented to the court that Exhibit 2 was the document

that his client’s “father brought to my office when [the client] was arrested.” Scialdone repeated

this representation later, during argument over admission of Exhibit 2. The court then told

Scialdone that he could put his client’s father on the stand to provide a foundation for admission of

the document. The father testified that, after his son was arrested, he and a relative used his wife’s

sign-in name, found the chat room rules, printed out two pages, stapled them together, and brought

them to Taylor to use in his son’s defense. The trial court noted that Exhibit 2 had only one page

and that the sign-in name was different from the name that the father testified he had used.

Scialdone then claimed he first saw the document during lunch.

       At this point, the trial court discovered a connection between Scialdone’s secretary and the

sign-in name on Exhibit 2, told Scialdone to call his secretary and have her come to the

courthouse, and also told Scialdone to have Taylor come to the courthouse. The trial court then

                                                 - 15 -
proceeded to take testimony from the secretary and Taylor, asked questions of Scialdone and

Jones, and accepted various additional documents that were printed out from the computers in

Scialdone’s law office. Although both Taylor and Jones were excluded during much of this

testimony, Scialdone’s counsel acknowledged during oral argument before this Court en banc that

Scialdone was not excluded from the courtroom by the trial court and was, therefore, present

during the entire contempt proceeding as it related to him.

       Although Scialdone represented to the trial court that Exhibit 2 had been provided to his

office by his client’s father, that exhibit was clearly not the one provided by the father, but instead

was a copy of Exhibit 1, altered to omit the date. As an attorney and an officer of the court,

Scialdone owed a duty of truthfulness and honesty to the trial court. Scialdone’s cavalier

representation to the trial court that Exhibit 2, a document that he wanted to present to the jury,

was authentic – when it clearly was not – violated this duty. Therefore, although the trial court

continued to investigate the production of Exhibit 2, that deviation from summary contempt

procedure did not unduly affect Scialdone’s conviction. Even if the additional testimony and

evidence were excluded, the remaining evidence was still sufficient to convict Scialdone of

summary contempt of court. Therefore, as the error in these proceedings was harmless beyond a

reasonable doubt in relation to Scialdone, see Dearing v. Commonwealth, 259 Va. 117, 123, 524
S.E.2d 121, 124-25 (2000), I agree with the majority opinion’s basic conclusion that his

conviction should be affirmed, although I reach this conclusion for different reasons.

       In contrast, the trial court found Taylor guilty of summary contempt based on the evidence

produced by the witnesses that the court examined in its efforts to investigate the production of

Exhibit 2 – not based on the documents proffered by Scialdone in open court as evidence in the

criminal jury trial over which the court was presiding. The evidence that Scialdone introduced in

                                                 - 16 -
an attempt to have Exhibit 2 admitted did not implicate Taylor in any wrongdoing before the trial

court. In fact, Taylor was not even in the courtroom until the trial court ordered Scialdone to call

and tell him to come to the courtroom. 10 Only after the trial court asked questions of the secretary,

Scialdone, Taylor, and Jones did the trial court find that the evidence implicated Taylor in the

commission of a fraud on the court. Therefore, the error in relation to Taylor’s conviction was not

harmless. See id.

       As the error was not harmless, and as Taylor argues that the evidence was insufficient to

convict him of contempt, I believe we should also consider the sufficiency of the evidence to

convict him in order to determine if the conviction should be remanded for retrial or dismissed.

See, e.g., Leybourne v. Commonwealth, 222 Va. 374, 377, 282 S.E.2d 12, 14 (1981).

       After reviewing the totality of the evidence against Taylor, I would find that the trial court

had sufficient facts before it to allow a rational factfinder to conclude that Taylor acted in

contempt of court. Taylor was the first person in the law office to see the original document, as

the client’s father gave the copy of the chat room’s guidelines to Taylor rather than to Scialdone.

In addition, when the secretary returned to the office at the court’s direction to attempt to replicate

Exhibit 2, Taylor’s computer produced a document exactly like Exhibit 2, except that document

had a date at the bottom. Taylor himself admitted that he was in the office when his partner and

Jones were working on the case and that he helped them prepare. He also testified that Exhibit 2

was the document given to him by the client’s father, and he claimed that, after Scialdone called

and asked him to look for it, he found it on a table in their conference room during the criminal

trial’s lunch break. The secretary testified that Taylor was the attorney who asked her to print off

the chat room rules.

       10
         Although Taylor came to the courthouse with Scialdone’s secretary, the trial court
excluded Taylor from the courtroom during the secretary’s and Jones’s testimony.

                                                 - 17 -
       Considering all these facts, I would find that the evidence was sufficient to support the trial

court’s finding of contempt. However, this evidence was not properly before the court in Taylor’s

summary contempt proceedings, and Taylor was improperly excluded from the courtroom during

the contempt hearing when the trial court heard important parts of the testimony concerning him.

Therefore, I would reverse and remand Taylor’s conviction for a new plenary contempt hearing if

the trial court or the Commonwealth be so inclined, rather than dismiss the conviction outright

based on the procedural errors. Id. Consequently, I must dissent from the majority opinion’s

affirmation of Taylor’s conviction.

       Finally, Jones also was found in contempt based on evidence presented after the trial court

began taking evidence and questioning witnesses. The trial court had Jones sworn as a witness

after hearing testimony from Taylor and the secretary. Jones admitted that he helped prepare the

case before trial, but told the trial court that he was not present in the office during lunch. Instead,

he went out to eat with his wife and her sister. Jones then admitted that he created and used the

offending sign-in name that appeared on Exhibit 1 and that he printed out that document. The trial

court then ordered Jones to go outside the courtroom while Scialdone presented his explanations

for Exhibits 1 and 2.

       Prior to the confession by Jones, the trial court did not have sufficient evidence to convict

him of summary contempt. Therefore, the trial court’s error was not harmless error in relation to

Jones, especially as the trial court also improperly excluded him from the courtroom during part of

the contempt proceedings against him. However, unlike Taylor, the sufficiency of the evidence to

convict Jones was not actually before us in his appeal, and so, consequently, I would presume that

                                                 - 18 -
the totality of the evidence was sufficient to convict him. 11 Thus, for the foregoing reasons, I

would also reverse Jones’s conviction and remand the conviction for a new plenary contempt

hearing, if the trial court or the Commonwealth be so inclined. See id.

       Based on the foregoing analysis, I concur in the majority opinion’s conclusion affirming

the trial court’s conviction of Scialdone, although I do so on alternate grounds. However, as I

cannot agree with the majority opinion’s affirmation of Taylor’s and Jones’s convictions, I

respectfully dissent in relation to those appeals, for the foregoing reasons.

       11
           Jones’s petition for appeal regarding the sufficiency of the evidence to convict was not
granted. (Thus, he did not argue to the panel or to the Court en banc that the evidence was
insufficient to support his conviction.) Therefore, I agree with the conclusion of the majority that,
in relation to Jones, we should not consider the sufficiency of the evidence to support the contempt
finding.

                                                - 19 -
Elder, J., with whom Felton, C.J., and Clements, J., join, dissenting.

       I believe the majority’s application of Rule 5A:18 to bar this appeal reaches new heights in

elevating form over substance and extends the boundaries of the rule far beyond those previously

set out in Virginia’s appellate decisions. Here, appellants objected to the trial judge’s finding of

contempt when she sentenced them. Although they did not detail the basis for their objection at

that time, they did so just a few days later in written motions for stay of execution of sentence,

which they filed before the trial judge entered an order memorializing her contempt ruling. More

importantly, the trial judge acknowledged she read the motions prior to entering the contempt

order. The motions specifically challenged the validity of the contempt rulings, alleging the trial

judge, by calling witnesses and gathering evidence, exceeded the bounds of summary contempt

proceedings without affording appellants the additional procedural rights to which they were

entitled in non-summary proceedings. The trial judge was clearly made aware of appellants’

specific objections to the contempt findings at a time when the matters were still within the breast

of the court, and the trial judge expressly rejected those arguments in a later ruling on the record

denying the motions for stay of execution of sentence. On these facts, I do not believe appellants

were required to request a particular form of relief—the vacating or setting aside of the findings of

contempt and the related sentences made from the bench but not yet memorialized in a written

ruling—in order to satisfy Rule 5A:18. For the reasons set out in the majority opinion at the panel

stage, Scialdone v. Commonwealth, 51 Va. App. 679, 710-24, 660 S.E.2d 317, 332-40 (2008), I

continue to believe each appellant was denied his right to due process in proceedings that clearly

exceeded the bounds appropriate for summary contempt. I also continue to believe remand of

Scialdone and Taylor for retrial in proceedings comporting with due process would not offend

double jeopardy principles. Id. at 724-27, 660 S.E.2d at 340-41. Thus, I respectfully dissent.

                                                - 20 -
                                                   I.

       Because I believe the majority opinion fails adequately to recount the sequence of events

and some of the key facts related to those events, I briefly detail those here:

       When the underlying criminal trial of Frankie Dulyea began in July 2006, Scialdone and

third-year law student Jones served as trial counsel. Taylor, Scialdone’s law partner, was not

present in the courtroom for any of the proceedings in Dulyea’s case. Taylor appeared only when,

in the midst of trial on Wednesday, July 12, the judge directed Scialdone to use the telephone in

the courtroom to summon Taylor and one of the firm’s secretaries to come immediately to court.

The judge ordered Scialdone not to provide them with any explanation for the judge’s demand.

Once Taylor and the secretary arrived, a significant portion of the judge’s inquiry concerning the

questionable exhibit occurred outside the presence of all but Scialdone and before the trial judge

ever used the word contempt. Once she did state she was finding the men in contempt, Scialdone

and Taylor both challenged the sufficiency of the evidence to support a finding of contempt,

arguing the evidence amounted to negligence at most. Scialdone also inquired about the nature of

the proceedings and said, “I may want a lawyer,” which prompted a ruling from the trial court that

the proceedings were for summary contempt. The judge indicated, “We will finish [Mr. Dulyea’s

criminal] trial and then we will have hearings on [the contempt] matter as far as . . . anything else

you might want to say.”

       Immediately following the conclusion of Dulyea’s trial on Friday, July 14, 2006, the trial

judge stated the basis for finding each man in contempt and pronounced a sentence of ten days and

a $250 fine for each. She ordered Scialdone and Jones to begin serving their sentences on Sunday,

July 16, and allowed Taylor to delay reporting until July 24. Taylor responded, “Note our

exception for the record please.” The three men then filed notices of appeal of the judge’s

                                                - 21 -
contempt findings. 12 However, because the trial court did not enter an order embodying the

contempt rulings and sentences until after the notices of appeal were filed, the notices of appeal

did not take effect until Wednesday, July 19, the date on which the final order was entered. See

Saunders v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 154, 155, 402 S.E.2d 708, 709 (1991).

       On Monday, July 17, two days prior to the trial judge’s entry of the contempt order,

Scialdone and Taylor filed motions for stay of execution of their sentences pursuant to Code

§ 19.2-318. On Tuesday, July 18, Jones filed an identical motion. Each of the motions averred

that, although the proceedings were conducted in a summary fashion, “[t]he conduct upon which

the Court relied was not wholly contained within the record of the [underlying criminal]

proceedings [against] Dulyea” and that “[t]he Court conducted an investigation that included

[summoning and] interrogat[ing] . . . witnesses who were not participants in the trial proceedings”

and using the court’s deputy sheriff to gather evidence from computers at counsel’s law office.

Appellants alleged that because the proceedings were not in fact summary proceedings, they

should have been allowed time to obtain counsel and prepare a defense. Thus, the basis of the

motions for stay of execution of sentence pending appeal constituted a claim of the likelihood of

success on the merits of the appeals.

       On Wednesday, July 19, appellants filed in the Court of Appeals an emergency motion for

stay of execution of sentence indicating two of them were already serving their sentences and that

the circuit court “ha[d] been unwilling to say yes or no” to their motions for stay filed in that

court, which they alleged “[was] tantamount to a denial” of those motions. The Court of Appeals,

in the course of attempting to resolve appellants’ emergency motions, learned the trial court had

       12
          Scialdone and Taylor filed their notices of appeal on Friday, July 14. Jones filed his
notice of appeal on Tuesday, July 18.

                                                - 22 -
not yet prepared or entered a written order finding the men in contempt. In response to the Court

of Appeals’ inquiry, the trial judge prepared and entered the written contempt order that day. The

record clearly indicates the trial judge acknowledged she received and read appellants’ motions

for stay before she entered the order finding the men in contempt on Wednesday, July 19.

Manifestly, then, at a time when the trial judge retained authority to set aside the contempt

findings and initiate plenary proceedings, she was aware of appellants’ claims that the contempt

proceedings should not have been conducted summarily and that appellants should have been

allowed time to obtain counsel and prepare a defense.

                                                  II.

       Rule 5A:18 provides that “[n]o ruling of the trial court . . . will be considered as a basis for

reversal unless the objection was stated together with the grounds therefor at the time of the ruling,

except for good cause shown or to enable the Court of Appeals to attain the ends of justice.” The

purpose of the rule is to avoid unnecessary appeals, reversals, and mistrials by requiring litigants

to inform the trial judge of the action complained of so that the judge has the opportunity to

consider the issue intelligently and take timely corrective action. See, e.g., Robinson v.

Commonwealth, 13 Va. App. 574, 576, 413 S.E.2d 885, 886 (1992). Formal exceptions to rulings

are not necessary as long as the party “makes known to the court [either (1)] the action which he

desires the court to take or [(2)] his objections to the action of the court and his grounds therefor.”

Code § 8.01-384(A).

       The majority holds that “Under Rule 5A:18, raising a legal argument in support of one

type of relief does not preserve for appellate review the same argument in support of another type

of relief which was never requested.” (Emphasis omitted.) Although this has been the practical

result in some prior cases under particular factual scenarios, until today, neither this Court nor any

                                                 - 23 -
higher appellate court whose decisions are binding upon us has held such a principle must be

applied in all cases. In announcing such a rule, the majority unnecessarily tightens procedural bar

boundaries well beyond the text of Rule 5A:18 and Code § 8.01-384(A), which, as quoted above,

expressly provides that either a statement of the action the objecting party desires the court to take,

i.e., the relief he seeks, or a statement of his objection to the court’s action and the grounds for that

objection is sufficient to preserve the objection for appeal.

       The cases upon which the majority relies are factually distinguishable and do not dictate

the result the majority reaches in this case. In a few well-defined areas, established principles

require the objecting party to request a specific form of relief. A classic example is the

requirement that a defendant who desires a mistrial must request one promptly upon occurrence of

the event on which he claims entitlement to the mistrial; a mere objection to the event or a request

for a cautionary instruction is insufficient to preserve the mistrial claim for appeal. See, e.g.,

Bennett v. Commonwealth, 29 Va. App. 261, 280, 511 S.E.2d 439, 448 (1999); see also Manetta

v. Commonwealth, 231 Va. 123, 127 n.2, 340 S.E.2d 828, 830 n.2 (1986) (recognizing the

well-settled principle that, where a defendant successfully objects to the admission of evidence

and requests that it be stricken or obtains a ruling that evidence is admissible for only a limited

purpose, a court has no duty to give a cautionary or limiting instruction unless the defendant

specifically requests one).

       The majority cites Bennett for the general proposition that “‘the objecting party must

expressly seek the action that it desires the judge to take.’” However, Bennett involved a very

specific factual context—allegedly objectionable comments made by a prosecutor during closing

argument in a jury trial. 29 Va. App. at 280, 511 S.E.2d at 448. We made the statement quoted by

the majority in that unique context, holding that “[w]hen allegedly improper comments are made

                                                 - 24 -
during closing argument in the guilt phase of a [jury] trial, the objecting party must expressly

seek the action that it desires the judge to take.” Id. (emphasis added). We listed as the only two

choices under those circumstances making a motion for a mistrial or requesting a cautionary

instruction. Id. at 280-81, 511 S.E.2d at 448. The Court acknowledged that requiring a defendant

to make a prompt, specific request for a mistrial under these particular circumstances is a rule

requiring “strict application,” to which “[t]here appears to be no exception in Virginia law.” Id. at

281, 511 S.E.2d at 449. Thus, our holding in Bennett belies the majority’s assertion that such a

strict rule applies in every case.

        The majority focuses on this and other situations in which Virginia’s appellate decisions

have held that a prompt request for a specific type of relief is particularly important to avoid the

need for retrial. However, not all situations require a request for a specific form of relief, as Code

§ 8.01-384(A) expressly acknowledges, or require that the objection be stated at a particular point

in time and no other. Unless a more specific rule applies, as is the case for certain mistrial

motions, a party challenging a court’s determination “may meet the mandates of Rule 5A:18 in

many ways.” Lee v. Lee, 12 Va. App. 512, 515, 404 S.E.2d 736, 738 (1991) (en banc).

                For instance, counsel may make clear the ground for his objection in
                a motion to strike the evidence or in closing argument. Counsel may
                also state the grounds therefor during a motion to set aside the
                verdict or a motion to reconsider. Likewise, counsel may . . .
                include an objection and reasons therefor in the final order or at least
                tender such an order to the trial judge.

Id. at 515-16, 404 S.E.2d at 738 (citations omitted); see George v. Commonwealth, 276 Va. 767,

773, 667 S.E.2d 779, 782 (2008) (reversing the decision of this Court applying Rule 5A:18,

holding that “[a]lthough [the defendant] did not use the phrase ‘fatal variance,’ his arguments

before the trial court [in objecting to a jury instruction and moving to set aside the jury’s verdict]

were sufficient to put that court on notice of his position regarding the inconsistency between the

                                                 - 25 -
indictment and the jury instruction”); cf. Jay v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 510, 517-20, 659 S.E.2d
311, 315-17 (2008) (holding that the Court of Appeals may not dismiss on jurisdictional grounds

appeals that fail to comply with the requirement of Rules 5A:12(c) and 5A:20(e) that a petition

include “[t]he principles of law, the argument, and the authorities relating to each question

presented” and that, although the Court may deny such appeals on waiver principles, it “should . . .

consider whether any failure to strictly adhere to the requirements of Rule 5A:20(e) is

insignificant, thus allowing the court to address the merits of a question presented”).

       Where a party wishes to preserve objections for appeal through a motion filed after entry

of the final decree or order, he must obtain a ruling from the trial court in compliance with Rule

1:1 in order to preserve the issue for appeal. See Weidman v. Babcock, 241 Va. 40, 44, 400
S.E.2d 164, 167 (1991); Smith v. Smith, 18 Va. App. 427, 433, 444 S.E.2d 269, 274 (1994).

However, where a party makes his objections known to the court prior to or at the time of entry of

a final order or decree and does not specifically disclaim the desire to have the court rule on those

objections, entry of a final order or decree adverse to those objections constitutes a rejection of

them and preserves them under Rule 5A:18 for purposes of appeal. Compare Kaufman v.

Kaufman, 12 Va. App. 1200, 1204, 409 S.E.2d 1, 3 (1991) (holding objections were preserved for

appeal where the party “made known to the trial court his position through his memoranda and

other written correspondence with the court prior to the court’s issuance of its amended final

decree” and “the trial judge specifically acknowledged the existence of [his] objections”), with

Nusbaum v. Berlin, 273 Va. 385, 406-06, 641 S.E.2d 494, 503-05 (2007) (holding the appellant

waived the right to challenge his contempt conviction on due process grounds where, inter alia, he

objected to the trial court’s ruling on due process grounds prior to entry of the final order but

specifically stated he was not asking the trial court to change the oral ruling already pronounced

                                                - 26 -
and the trial court never ruled on the objections he raised), and Widdifield v. Commonwealth, 43
Va. App. 559, 562-63, 600 S.E.2d 159, 161-62 (2004) (en banc) (in a revocation proceeding in

which the trial court ruled the defendant was not entitled to credit for twelve months she

previously served in jail as a condition of the suspension of a two-year prison sentence, during

which defense counsel said first, “I understand,” and then said, without elaboration, “I’m not sure

that’s how it works,” holding counsel’s remarks did not make clear what relief, if any, counsel

desired and, thus, “[a]ppellant failed to state an objection ‘together with the grounds therefor’ at

the time of the ruling”).

       The majority’s assertion in footnote 8 that “contempt orders ‘orally pronounced from the

bench’ are immediately effective and enforceable” is correct as far as it goes, but what the

majority does not make clear is that the principle upon which this language is based applies to all

judgments, not just those for contempt. Rollins v. Bazile, 205 Va. 613, 616-17, 139 S.E.2d 114,

116-17 (1964) (involving trial for contempt following Rollins’s “refusing to . . . submit to an

examination by a physician appointed by the court to determine whether he was physically able to

appear in court and testify”). Further, in deciding Rollins, the Court noted the relevant sequence

of events in that case included not only the oral pronouncement of the ruling but also the spreading

of an unsigned order memorializing that ruling on the order book on a particular day. Id. at 618,

139 S.E.2d at 118. On those facts, the Court held that the lack of the judge’s signature on the

order was not dispositive and that “[t]he copy of the order of conviction spread on the order book

under date of August 6, 1963, was notice to the petitioner [Rollins] of the judicial determination of

the matter,” after which, in fact, he filed a timely petition for appeal and motion for bond pending

appeal. Id. at 617-18, 139 S.E.2d at 117-18. Thus, to the extent that all oral rulings are

immediately effective and enforceable, this fact does not negate the principle that the date of the

                                                - 27 -
court’s endorsement of the order, or the date it is spread on the order book without endorsement, is

the date from which other relevant time periods are calculated, i.e., the 21-day time limit of Rule

1:1 or the date of effectiveness of a prematurely filed notice of appeal. Cf. Jefferson v.

Commonwealth, 269 Va. 136, 139, 607 S.E.2d 107, 109 (2005) (“[W]e point out that the Rollins

principle does not affect the rule that: ‘A court speaks only through its orders.’” (quoting

Cunningham v. Smith, 205 Va. 205, 208, 135 S.E.2d 770, 775 (1964))).

       Here, appellants presented their objections to the summary nature of the proceedings in

their motions to stay execution of sentence. Although the motions for stay were filed after the trial

court’s oral pronouncement of sentence and after appellants filed their notices of appeal, the

notices of appeal did not take effect until after the trial court entered the written order

memorializing its contempt rulings and sentences. The trial court expressly stated that, before it

entered the contempt order on July 19, 2006, it read appellants’ motions for stay. The trial court

clearly was aware of appellants’ claims that the contempt proceedings were not in fact summary

proceedings and, thus, that they should have been afforded various rights including time to obtain

counsel and prepare a defense. The judge had ample notice and opportunity to correct the alleged

error before entering the final order but opted to take no action because, as she later detailed on the

record in denying the motions for stay, she believed summary proceedings were proper and that

appellants received all the rights to which they were entitled.

       The Supreme Court’s recent holding in Nusbaum does not support a different result. In

Nusbaum, the Court relied on dual grounds for concluding his due process objections were barred

by that Court’s Rule 5:25. 273 Va. at 404, 641 S.E.2d at 504. It emphasized that Nusbaum did

not raise his due process objections for the first time until more than two months after the court

found him in contempt and that he never requested a ruling on those objections, stating instead,

                                                 - 28 -
each time he asserted his objections, that he was not asking the court to change its ruling. Id. at

404, 641 S.E.2d at 504. The Court also emphasized that the trial court in fact never ruled on any

aspect of the due process objections Nusbaum attempted to raise on appeal. Id. at 403-04, 641

S.E.2d at 504. The Court held that because “Nusbaum did not afford the circuit court an

opportunity to rule intelligently on the due process issues that he now raises,” those issues were

“therefore waived on appeal.” Id. at 406, 641 S.E.2d at 505.

       The holding in Nusbaum is readily distinguishable from appellants’ cases. Here, during

the very first stage of the contempt proceedings on July 12, Scialdone specifically inquired about

the nature of the proceedings, whether the contempt was civil or criminal, and said, “I may want a

lawyer.” In response, the trial court ruled that the proceedings were for summary contempt.

Although Scialdone did not pursue the issue further at that point, the men objected generally to the

contempt findings and punishment pronounced orally on July 14. Further, within four days after

the court’s oral pronouncement of appellants’ contempt sentences and two days before the trial

court entered the order memorializing its contempt findings, appellants filed motions challenging

those findings on the merits based on the specific due process claims they assert on appeal.

Although these challenges were made via motions to stay execution of their sentences, the

contents of the motions made clear that appellants challenged the validity of their convictions and

specifically articulated their reasons for that belief. Further, unlike Nusbaum, who twice

specifically disclaimed a desire to have the trial court rule on his objections, the appellants never

indicated that they did not wish to have the trial court consider their due process arguments and in

fact attempted to obtain a prompt ruling on the motions by the trial court, albeit in the context of

seeking a stay of execution of their sentences. Finally, and key in distinguishing the two cases, in

a proceeding held on the record, the trial court made clear it read those motions--and, thus, was

                                                - 29 -
aware of the appellants’ due process claims--before it entered the July 19, 2006 order finding

appellants in contempt. Unlike in Nusbaum, appellants “afford[ed] the circuit court an

opportunity to rule intelligently on the due process issues that [they] now raise[],” id., thereby

satisfying the requirements of Rule 5A:18.

                                                   III.

       Thus, contrary to the position taken by the majority, appellants assumed “responsib[ility]

for advancing the facts and arguments entitling them to relief,” see Greenlaw v. United States, 128
S. Ct. 2559, 2564 (2008) (citation omitted), and “present[ed] [those arguments] to the court[] in

[an] appropriate manner at [an] appropriate time for adjudication,” see Sanchez-Llamas v. Oregon,

548 U.S. 331, 356 (2006). To hold that our consideration of this issue on appeal is somehow

“[un]fair[] to the trial judge” because it “put[s] a different twist on a question that is at odds with

the question presented to the trial court,” see Commonwealth v. Shifflett, 257 Va. 34, 44, 510
S.E.2d 232, 237 (1999), is patently wrong, and this principle should not be used to bar

consideration of this appeal on the merits.

       On the merits, for the reasons set out in the panel’s majority opinion, I continue to believe

each appellant was denied his right to due process in proceedings that clearly exceeded the bounds

appropriate for summary contempt. Scialdone, 51 Va. App. at 710-24, 660 S.E.2d at 332-40. I

also continue to believe remand for retrial of Scialdone and Taylor in proceedings comporting

with due process would not offend double jeopardy principles. See id. at 724-27, 660 S.E.2d at

340-41.

                                                 - 30 -
VIRGINIA:
           In the Court of Appeals of Virginia on Tuesday          the 10th day of June, 2008.

Barry R. Taylor,                                                                                Appellant,

against             Record No. 1738-06-1
                    Circuit Court No. CR06-2838

Commonwealth of Virginia,                                                                       Appellee.

                                  Upon a Petition for Rehearing En Banc

 Before Chief Judge Felton, Judges Elder, Frank, Clements, Kelsey, McClanahan, Haley, Petty, Beales
                                             and Millette

       On May 13, 2008 came the appellee, by the Attorney General of Virginia, and filed a petition

requesting that the Court set aside the judgment rendered herein on April 29, 2008, and grant a rehearing

en banc on the issue(s) raised in the petition.

       On consideration whereof, the petition for rehearing en banc is granted with regard to the

issue(s) raised therein, the mandate entered herein on April 29, 2008 is stayed pending the decision of

the Court en banc, and the appeal is reinstated on the docket of this Court.

       Notwithstanding the provisions of Rule 5A:35, the following briefing schedule hereby is

established: Appellant shall file an opening brief upon rehearing en banc within 21 days of the date of

entry of this order; appellee shall file an appellee’s brief upon rehearing en banc within 14 days of the

date on which the opening brief is filed; and appellant may file a reply brief upon rehearing en banc

within 14 days of the date on which the appellee’s brief is filed. The appellant shall attach as an

addendum to the opening brief upon rehearing en banc a copy of the opinion previously rendered by the
Court in this matter. It is further ordered that the appellee shall file twelve additional copies of the

appendix previously filed in this case.

                                           A Copy,

                                                   Teste:

                                                                       Cynthia L. McCoy, Clerk

                                                   By:

                                                                       Deputy Clerk

                                                     -2-
                            COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Chief Judge Felton, Judges Elder and Kelsey
Argued at Chesapeake, Virginia

CLAUDE M. SCIALDONE

v.     Record No. 1737-06-1

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

BARRY R. TAYLOR

v.     Record No. 1738-06-1                                       OPINION BY
                                                              JUDGE LARRY G. ELDER
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA                                         APRIL 29, 2008

EDWARD JONES, S/K/A
 EDWARD S. JONES

v.     Record No. 1739-06-1

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

            FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF VIRGINIA BEACH
                              Patricia L. West, Judge

              Marvin D. Miller (Heather Golias; Law Offices of Marvin D. Miller,
              on briefs), for appellants.

              Donald E. Jeffrey, III, Assistant Attorney General; Karri B. Atwood,
              Assistant Attorney General (Robert F. McDonnell, Attorney General;
              Gregory W. Franklin, Assistant Attorney General, on briefs), for
              appellee.

       Claude M. Scialdone, Barry R. Taylor, and Edward S. Jones each appeal from a finding

of summary contempt for violating Code § 18.2-456. 1 On appeal, each contends the proceeding

       1
         Because these cases involve interrelated facts and legal issues, we have consolidated
them for purposes of decision. See, e.g., Surles v. Mayer, 48 Va. App. 146, 155, 628 S.E.2d 563,
567 (2006).
in which he was convicted for contempt was not a summary proceeding and, thus, that he was

improperly denied his due process rights, 2 including the rights to pretrial notice, to present a

defense, and to be represented by counsel. We hold each of the appellants was denied his right

to due process, and we reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion if

the trial court and the Commonwealth be so advised.

                                        I. BACKGROUND

       Beginning on July 12, 2006, Frankie Dulyea was tried by a jury for several offenses, all

of which stemmed from online conversations he had in April and May 2005 with an undercover

police officer posing as a twelve-year-old girl. Dulyea was represented by attorneys Claude

Scialdone and Barry Taylor, of Scialdone & Taylor, Inc. They were assisted by a law student,

Edward Jones. All three men participated in the preparation of Dulyea’s case for trial, but Taylor

did not appear at trial. Scialdone served as lead counsel at trial, and Jones was present in the

courtroom to assist him.

       While cross-examining the undercover police officer, Scialdone attempted to ask her

about the age-limit rules applicable to the online chat room in which she and Dulyea had

conversed. When Scialdone proffered a copy of the rules dated July 11, 2006, the day prior to

trial, the Commonwealth objected that the document was irrelevant because it did not cover the

proper time period. The court sustained the objection, ruling inter alia, “[I]f you want to pursue

this line of questioning . . . [,] you would have to have the rules that were in place in 2005.”

Scialdone responded, “I can introduce that in part of my case. . . . I believe we’ll have [the rules

that were in place in 2005].”

       2
        On briefs, appellants also assert their equal protection rights were violated. However,
none has articulated any basis for this assertion either on brief or at oral argument. Thus, we
conclude each has waived that argument. See Rule 5A:20(c); Littlejohn v. Commonwealth, 24
Va. App. 401, 409, 482 S.E.2d 853, 857 (1997).
                                                 -2-
       Later, when Dulyea was testifying in his own behalf, Scialdone inquired, “After you were

arrested, did you make an effort to check out the rules of Yahoo in that chat room that you were

in?” The Commonwealth objected that “the rules after [Dulyea] was arrested are not relevant.”

After excluding the jury, the trial court examined a second set of proffered rules and stated,

“[T]he first chat rules [you proffered earlier] . . . had a date on the bottom of 7/11/06. So they

were printed yesterday. You’ve now shown me what appears to be the exact same thing with

just no print date on the bottom.” Dulyea indicated that the proffered rules “were printed off by

my father and my step cousin.” The court asked, “Why is there not a print date on the bottom?”

and then stated twice, “[I]t’s got to have some sort of authentication on it.” When the trial court

inquired why Scialdone had “print[ed] [them] off again yesterday,” Scialdone said they had been

unable to locate the copy that Dulyea’s father had provided to them. The court noted “it would

be very easy” to create such a document by “whit[ing] out the bottom print time and then just

run[ning] a copy of it.” Scialdone said, “[I]f you want to voir dire us while we’re outside the

presence of the jury, I have no problem with that.”

       The trial court then asked the Commonwealth for its position. The Commonwealth

agreed with the court’s assertion, stating, “It’s very suspicious that that document is exactly the

same as the document that we objected to earlier today.” The trial court then noticed the most

recently proffered copy of the rules bore a different “Welcome so and so” line—a different

screen name, indicating that a different person had signed on to access the rules. Scialdone

argued the challenged document containing the rules was admissible regardless of the presence

or absence of a print date because Dulyea would testify both that he was familiar with the rules

in place before his online contact with the undercover officer and after and that the proffered

document accurately set out those rules. The trial court said, “Well, you can ask him all of those

things”; “it’s just the document itself that’s causing me the problem.” The court then indicated

                                                -3-
that, in the absence of a print date, the court was “not convinced that this was done at the time –

that this is an authentic document. If it were printed out on a computer, it should have a print

date on the bottom just like the one you offered a couple of hours ago.” The court noted that,

although the screen name of the person who printed it was different, that “doesn’t mean that it

wasn’t just gotten. I need to know a date.”

       Still outside the presence of the jury, Scialdone then called Dulyea’s father to the stand in

an attempt to authenticate the second set of rules so that the court would admit it into evidence,

but as the testimony of the elder Dulyea progressed, it became apparent upon questioning from

the court that the copy of the rules he obtained and printed in December 2005 was a two-page

document that bore the screen name “pdulyea,” one of his wife’s screen names, and that the copy

of the chat room rules Scialdone had most recently attempted to have admitted was a one-page

document showing it had been printed by someone using the screen name “wndydpooh.”

       The court then inquired of Scialdone what his secretary’s name was, and when he

answered, “Wendy,” the trial court responded, “Yeah. That’s what I thought. Get her over

here. . . . Right now. Call her from the court because I don’t want you to talk to her outside

anyone’s presence. . . . Just tell Wendy to come over here. She’s got five minutes. . . . Tell

[Mr. Taylor] to come too. . . . It is 3:19. I’m giving them until 3:30.” The court recessed and

reconvened at 3:34 p.m. when secretary Wendy Suttlage and attorney Barry Taylor arrived. The

judge said, “Mr. Taylor, I need you to go wait out in the hall. . . . Wendy, I need you in here.”

The judge then showed Wendy Suttlage the chat room rules sheet bearing the screen name

“wndydpooh” and questioned her about it. Suttlage testified she printed it out on the Sunday

preceding the trial at the request of Mr. Taylor. She did not recall whether the printout included

a date at the bottom of the sheet, and she denied having altered the document. The judge then

                                                -4-
inquired whether the attorneys had any questions for her. The Commonwealth’s attorney

responded, “No, Your Honor.”

        The trial judge then sent Suttlage out of the courtroom and called Taylor to the stand.

Taylor testified that he recognized the printout bearing the chat room rules. Upon further

questioning, he said he did not know when the sheet was printed but said, “This is the one, I

think, that was given to us by our client, Mr. Dulyea.” When the trial court said “that would be

very interesting since it’s under Wndydpooh’s user name” and asked Taylor to “[e]xplain it,” he

responded he “was called and asked to look for the document that the client said he dropped off”

and that he “found the document in a pile on the conference room table where they had been

working on the case.” Taylor denied “whit[ing] out the date at the bottom” or altering the

document in any way.

        The court then stated as follows, without mentioning the word “contempt,” “One of

you - one of the three of you, I guess – Mr. Jones, you’re in this too – is going to come clean

about this. . . . [S]omebody better take the fall or everybody is going to take the fall for this.”

        The trial court attempted to press Taylor further, but he insisted, “All I was asked to do

was to look for the document – look for any document that talked about the adults being in the

chat room.” He indicated he was very familiar with the rules page because when “we were in

preparation for the case, we had looked at this very document multiple times because . . . it was

crucial to our case.” When the trial court inquired further why Taylor thought the document he

retrieved was the document their client had brought to them, he said, “[It was] the only document

in the stack that had this material on it.”

        The trial court then had Suttlage return to the courtroom and, upon further questioning,

Suttlage reiterated that she printed the rules the Sunday prior to trial in response to a specific

request from Taylor to do so, and she said she handed the document to Taylor. The trial court

                                                 -5-
then asked Taylor why he presumed the document he received from Suttlage on Sunday was “the

one your client gave you two years ago.” Taylor responded, “Well, ma’am, it’s the same

document.” When the court said, “Mr. Taylor, you better come clean with me right now. What

is going on?” Taylor responded, “I don’t know, ma’am,” and the judge told him to wait in the

hall.

        The trial court then swore Jones and questioned him about what it believed was the

fraudulent removal of the copyright and date information from the exhibit, but he, too, denied

any knowledge of it. The court then asked who “ran . . . off” “this other copy that we rejected

this morning that’s dated 7/11/2006.” Jones responded, “Oh, I ran that off, Your Honor.”

Changing focus, the trial court then inquired about the screen name on that copy of the exhibit,

asking, “Whose idea of a joke is [the screen name, West is a Nazi 3 ]? Mr. Scialdone, you better

do some talking.” (Footnote added). Scialdone said, “Oh, I’ll answer every one of your

questions,” and the court placed him under oath. Scialdone testified:

               I know Mr. Dulyea – when he had retained us, he gave Barry
               [Taylor] a couple of these screen things about adult chat rooms.
               That’s my extent of knowledge about it. This morning when they
               handed the one to me that was dated afterwards, I realized we
               needed to find the one that was included in the file; and I asked
               [Taylor] to look in the file to see if they could find it. I don’t know
               how to work e-mails and my little windows and stuff in my desk. I
               don’t go into any of that stuff. Wendy is not my secretary.
               Antonia is my secretary. I don’t – I don’t know. Sunday if she
               printed something, she didn’t print it for me.

        When the trial court inquired once more about “westisanazi,” Scialdone again pleaded

ignorance about computer matters, and the trial court responded:

               But you know how to white out and copy, I would assume, which
               is what’s been done to this document that is being represented as
               being given to you two years ago but was actually run off by your
               secretary or Mr. Taylor’s secretary on Sunday.

        3
         The screen name actually appeared as “westisanazi.” Judge Patricia L. West was
presiding at Dulyea’s trial.
                                             -6-
                           *       *       *       *       *       *       *

                       There is a serious ethical issue here, if not criminal.

                           *       *       *       *       *       *       *

                       Somebody in your firm, Mr. Scialdone – and it’s Scialdone
               and Taylor. So it’s you and under your direction, and you’re lead
               counsel in this case. Somebody has perpetrated a fraud on this
               court, and I will get to the bottom of it. . . . I am finding both you
               and Mr. Taylor and Mr. Jones – get them back in here – in
               contempt; and we will deal with it after the trial. And if it comes
               out that one of you may not have had any knowledge, I may
               reconsider; but at this point in time all of you are involved.

        When Taylor and Jones had come back into the courtroom, the trial judge inquired

further, “Whose idea of a joke is [w]estisanazi? Anybody want to fess up to that? . . . . You ran

it off, Mr. Jones. Did you do it?” Jones admitted that he did and said he chose the screen name

“westisanazi” because “I was very upset about some of the rulings, and I thought it was unfair to

the client.”

        The trial court repeated that it was finding all three men in contempt, saying, “We will

finish this trial and then we will have hearings on this matter as far as . . . anything else you

might want to say. Otherwise, it will just be sentencing hearings. Is there anything anybody else

wants to say right now?” When Mr. Scialdone objected, saying, “I don’t think there’s any basis

of you finding me in contempt,” the trial court recited the facts as follows:

                        THE COURT: I have a document that you tried to offer
               into evidence, and you argued vehemently that it was a document
               that your client and his father provided to you two years ago when,
               in fact, it’s a document that your secretary printed out on Sunday
               for you and Mr. Taylor. Those are the facts.

                     MR. SCIALDONE: Judge, no one printed anything out for
               me. That is not true.

                        THE COURT: You are lead counsel. That was printed out
               for you and Mr. Taylor. And if Mr. Taylor wants to take the full
               fall for it, he can; but right now it’s both of you on the line . . . and
               Mr. Jones as well. So if somebody wants to break ranks and rat
                                                 -7-
               somebody out, they can; but otherwise the three of you are in
               contempt.

       The court also said, “these documents will not be coming in unless you can find the ones

that have at the top pdulyea and a date at the bottom of 2005, in which case I don’t think you can

actually find the true documents.” Taylor made an unsuccessful attempt to locate the document

at the firm’s offices in a span of twenty-five minutes allowed by the trial court. At that same

time, at Scialdone’s request, the court agreed to break for the day and dismissed the jury, but said

“you all aren’t going anywhere until we get those documents back over here.” When Taylor’s

search failed to reveal the 2005 document, the trial judge directed her baliff to accompany

Wendy Suttlage back to the law office and asked Suttlage to try to generate a copy of the chat

room rules that were identical to the ones with the screen name “wndydpooh” and no date line.

The court recessed for this purpose from 4:49 p.m. until 5:16 p.m.

       The trial court ultimately concluded that “[w]hether [the 2005 ‘pdulyea’ chat room rules]

actually exist[] or not, that’s totally irrelevant” to the contempt issue because the copy of the

rules Mr. Scialdone attempted to have admitted bore “a space . . . where evidently something was

laid over on the copyright date and it was copied on a copier or it was whited out or something.

Because you can see a line on the one that you gave me that is clearly where the copyright was

and it’s been altered.”

       Mr. Scialdone then said, “I’d like to know what I’m being charged with, whether it’s civil

contempt, criminal contempt, or whatever it is. And I may want to have a lawyer for that.” The

trial court responded,

               Well, right now I’m finding you in summary contempt, all three of
               you . . . . [O]ne of you all knows what’s going on here. It is so
               obvious that this document has been altered. I mean, there is no
               other explanation except that one of the three of you or someone in
               your office or someone in your directions altered the documents
               and then offered them to the court as something that they are not.

                                                -8-
Mr. Taylor then asked to see the documents again – the one bearing the “wndydpooh” screen

name Scialdone had offered into evidence and the one bearing the same screen name that

Suttlage had generated at the court’s request during the recess. When Taylor argued the

documents were not the same and that the court’s emphasis on the lack of a date line was faulty

because “[o]bviously, they must have different pages that can print differently,” the court said,

“Wendy, I need you to try to get . . . this exact page . . . and print it out. Because . . . when you

do, I think it’s going to have . . . both the copyright and the date [at the bottom] when you print it

out.”

        While Suttlage was gone a second time, Taylor offered additional testimony about his

retrieval of the chat room rules for Scialdone during the lunch recess that day. Taylor argued,

“[I]t might be negligence on our part; but I don’t think it’s contempt judge.” The trial judge

repeated her finding that the copy had clearly been altered by someone to remove the date.

        When Suttlage returned with additional copies of the chat room rules printed from

various computers at the law firm’s offices, the judge found that the one “printed from

Mr. Taylor’s computer is the exact replica of the one that was introduced into evidence except

for the copyright is gone” where “a piece of paper [was] placed over it and copied off.” At

6:18 p.m. the court recessed for the night.

        When Dulyea’s trial resumed on July 13, Scialdone offered a reconstructed document

that appeared to be the 2005 “pdulyea” chat room rules, which he said was found in pieces

during a search of his firm’s trash. When the Commonwealth objected on grounds of relevance

because the rules were dated December 10, 2005, whereas the relevant period was in March

2005, the trial court sustained the objection and refused to admit the copy of the rules. The court

also stated, “this has nothing to do with the contempt issue,” which involved what the court

concluded was offering “an obviously altered document.” When Scialdone again protested his

                                                 -9-
innocence, the court said, “It was an obviously manufactured document, so stop with the charade

on that.” “Now whether you knew it or not, I don’t know. And I said until someone comes

clean, you are tainted with that. Unless Mr. Taylor wants to come in here and fall on his swor[d]

and say he did it, you’re tainted with it.”

       Following the conclusion of Mr. Dulyea’s trial on July 14, 2005, the trial court dismissed

the jury and ruled as follows on the contempt issue:

                       Pursuant to Code Section 18.2-456, I found all three of you
               in contempt of court. Mr. Taylor and Mr. Scialdone, I found that
               the two of you attempted to perpetrate a fraud upon the court by
               you, Mr. Taylor, altering the document that was to be presented to
               this court and you, Mr. Scialdone, for offering that fraudulent
               document to the court. That very clearly falls under Section 4 of
               18.2-456, misbehavior of an officer of the court in his official
               character.

                       You, Mr. Jones, violated Sec[tion] 3 of 18.2-456 which
               deals with vile, contemptuous, and assaulting [sic] language
               addressed to or published of the judge for or in respect of any act
               or proceeding had, or to be had, in such a court. It goes on, but
               that covers your creating a screen name, West is a Nazi, and then
               the document obtained with that screen name being offered to the
               court.

                           *       *          *     *      *    *       *

                       I’ve given a great deal of thought on how to deal with this
               matter . . . . Now, contempt can range from merely being late to
               court to under some circumstances progressing to rudeness and
               disrespect for the court all the way up to what the three of you have
               done.

                       In looking at the continuum of acts that could be considered
               contempt, I can’t think of anything much worse than an attorney
               creating a false document and offering it to the court as true. If the
               court can’t trust those who are officers of the court to be honest
               and professional, the whole system will fail. . . .

                      To that end, I have come to the conclusion that your
               dishonesty and unprofessional behavior require the maximum
               punishment. I’m sentencing each of you to ten days in jail and a
               $250 fine with a copy of the order to be sent to the Virginia State
               Bar.
                                                  - 10 -
Taylor responded, “Note our exception for the record please,” and the trial court responded,

“Note everybody’s exception.” That same day, Scialdone and Taylor filed notices of appeal of

the contempt finding.

       On July 16, 2006, Scialdone and Jones began serving their sentences as ordered. Taylor,

with permission from the trial court, was scheduled to report at a later time so that he could be

married and take his honeymoon as previously scheduled.

       On July 17, 2006, Scialdone and Taylor filed motions for stay of execution of sentence in

which they asserted their right in the contempt proceeding to present a defense and to have

counsel. On July 18, 2006, Jones filed both a notice of appeal and a motion for stay of execution

of sentence in which he asserted the same rights Scialdone and Taylor had asserted. In addition,

the three motions averred that when the trial court found them in contempt at the conclusion of

Dulyea’s trial, it “read a prepared ruling . . . and immediately left the bench without giving

[appellants] the opportunity to present evidence, to present any argument [or] to have the

assistance of counsel.” Appellants noted they were able merely “to take exception to the

[court’s] ruling as [the trial judge] was leaving the courtroom.” In the memoranda

accompanying their motions, appellants asserted that although the proceedings were conducted

in a summary fashion, “[t]he conduct upon which the Court relied was not wholly contained

within the record of the proceedings of the trial in Commonwealth v. Dulyea” and that “[t]he

Court conducted an investigation that included the [summoning and] interrogation of witnesses

who were not participants in the trial proceedings” and the use of the court’s baliff to gather

evidence from computers at counsel’s law office. Appellants alleged they should have been

allowed time to obtain counsel and prepare a defense.

       By July 18, 2006, the men had retained counsel, Marvin Miller, whose offices were

located in Alexandria, Virginia. By letter faxed to the trial court that day, Miller sought an

                                               - 11 -
expedited ruling on the motions for stay and requested that, if a hearing on the motion was

required, it be conducted by telephone conference that same day. The trial court later indicated it

“heard about [the faxed letter]” but that “[s]omebody . . . in the clerk’s office said they don’t

accept faxes” and that, as a result, the trial court “[did not] see [the faxed letter].” The trial court

also later indicated the motion was not set for hearing because “[no one] call[ed] [to] set[] it.”

        On July 19, 2006, by counsel, appellants filed in the Court of Appeals an emergency

motion for stay of execution of sentence indicating two of them were already serving their

sentences and that the circuit court “ha[d] been unwilling to say yes or no” to their motions for

stay filed in that court, which they alleged “[was] tantamount to a denial.” The Court of Appeals

also received appellants’ notices of appeal of their contempt convictions that day. The Court of

Appeals, in the course of the attempt to resolve the appellants’ emergency motion, learned that

the trial court had not yet prepared or entered a written order finding the men in contempt. In

response to the Court of Appeals’ inquiry, the trial court prepared and entered the written

contempt order that day.

        The July 19, 2006 contempt order found Scialdone and Taylor in contempt for violating

Code § 18.2-456(4) “(misbehavior of an officer of the court in his official character)” and Jones

in contempt for violating Code § 18.2-456(3) “(Vile, contemptuous or insulting language

addressed to or published of a judge for or in respect of any act or proceeding had, or to be had,

in such court or like language used in his presence and intended for his hearing for or in respect

of such act or proceeding).” After noting “[t]hese documents are filed and made a part of the

record of this contempt proceeding,” the court also found “pursuant to § 18.2-456(1) that such

misbehavior in the presence of the court obstructed and interrupted the administration of justice,”

presumably applying this language to the actions of all three men.

                                                 - 12 -
       Also on July 19, 2006, after receiving the contempt order from the trial court that

afternoon via fax, the Court of Appeals “grant[ed] a temporary stay of the execution of [the

appellants’] jail sentences until such time that the circuit court rules on the pending motions.”

The Court of Appeals also “direct[ed] the clerk of the circuit court to forward a copy of the

written orders addressing these motions to the clerk of this Court within 14 days of today.”

Scialdone and Jones were released from incarceration pursuant to that stay.

       In proceedings held on July 24, 2006, the trial court indicated it was aware of the filing of

the motions for stay of execution of sentence on Monday, July 17, that it read the motions, and

that it “kept waiting for [the matter] to show up on [the court’s] docket” but that “[i]t never did

because it was never set.” The trial court confirmed that it entered the contempt order on

Wednesday, July 19. The trial court also indicated on July 24, 2006, that the fact that the men’s

attorney “circumvented this Court and went to the Court of Appeals, telling them that we

wouldn’t hear your case, was not particularly appreciated” “[s]ince you-all didn’t bother to set

[the motion].”

       The trial court then indicated, “[O]nce I got the stay from the Court of Appeals, pending a

hearing on the stay, I went ahead and asked our Clerk to put it on the docket for today,” and

inquired why the men’s attorney, Marvin Miller, was not present for the hearing. The men

averred that none of them had received personal service of notice that a hearing would be held on

July 24. Scialdone also said, “Last night Marvin told me that the hearing was going to be on

Thursday, because he had trials this week and could not be here.” The trial court responded, “It

is not going to be on Thursday because we don’t have court reporters on Thursday. It’s Monday,

Tuesday or Wednesday.” Scialdone said, “I don’t make the arrangements. I just rely on my

lawyer,” and the trial court responded, “You don’t have a right to counsel anyway. . . . It is a

summary proceeding. Do you not understand that?” Scialdone averred, “I believe we have a

                                                - 13 -
right to counsel,” and the trial court said, “Well, you can believe anything you like. . . . But I am

going to accommodate you, since you have hired counsel. But he will need to be here

Wednesday.”

       The trial court then pressed Scialdone regarding not whether or when he had received

personal service but when he had received actual notice of the hearing. Scialdone indicated

Miller had told him Sunday evening that the hearing would be Thursday and that he did not have

actual notice of a hearing for Monday morning until Monday morning. He indicated he was in

court in Norfolk when “they called me [from my office] . . . and they said we had to be here.”

The trial court noted that on Sunday, Scialdone had arranged to have a court reporter present on

Monday and questioned the accuracy of Scialdone’s statements about actual notice, and

Scialdone responded he had made those arrangements because

               Mr. Miller told me that he should have someone over here this
               morning . . . [b]ecause, dealing with this court, I am not taking any
               chances. . . . I don’t know what you-all are doing. You don’t
               notice us. No one calls us. No one tells us anything. And if you
               think I am just going to not send somebody over here, wrong. I
               will spend a hundred and fifty dollars to make sure.

After additional argument between the court and counsel about notice, the trial court said,

               Mr. Scialdone, I find it very interesting that you didn’t have actual
               knowledge of this hearing until this morning, yet you called the
               court reporter to have her here at nine o’clock this morning. . . .
               Frankly, I think it is a lie on your part, if you want to get right
               down to it. . . . I think you are lying to me. I think you knew that
               it was set today and that is why you had the court reporter here.

                       And you didn’t get notice. You are right. I have
               discovered that problem. I was out of town Thursday and Friday.
               I have discovered that problem. And that is why I wanted you-all
               here, because we will set it right now with the three of you here in
               court. And that is the notice that you will get.

       The court then indicated,

               So it needs to be heard on Wednesday. That is a felony day. That
               is a day when we have a court reporter here. I know you are not
                                               - 14 -
               charged with a felony, but this arises out of a felony case. There
               needs to be a court reporter here. Your attorney’s letter says he
               cannot be here tomorrow. So we will hear it on Thursday I think –
               Wednesday.

When Scialdone responded, “I think he said – he couldn’t be here until Thursday is what he

said,” the trial court responded, “I don’t think his letter says that.” Scialdone indicated they

would “be glad to provide a court reporter.” The trial court responded, “Obviously,” and

commented further, “His letter says he is in the western district on Tuesday and that is all it says.

So he can be here Wednesday.” Taylor said, “Okay.” At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial

court said, “We will see him on Wednesday morning. Please let him know.” Apparently, the

Clerk’s Office also notified Mr. Miller that the hearing would be held on Wednesday “because

the Virginia Beach courts hear these matters on Mondays, Tuesdays and Wednesdays.”

       At the hearing held on Wednesday, July 26, 2005, for which the appellants’ attorney was

unavailable, the trial court denied the motions for stay of execution of sentence, reasoning as

follows:

                       Although you’ve been found in summary contempt and
               thus have no right to counsel, I have, in fact, read all of the papers
               and information submitted by [your attorney,] Mr. Miller[,] and
               I’ve also reviewed a memorandum of law submitted by the
               National Association of Criminal Defense Attorneys.

                      It appears that their position is that this is not summary
               contempt but some other form of contempt. But I do not find their
               arguments persuasive. I cannot imagine any worse misbehavior by
               attorneys in the presence of the court or so near thereto as to
               obstruct or interrupt the administration of justice than in this case.

                       Furthermore – that’s Subsection 1 of 18.2-456. But 3 and 4
               addressing vile, insulting language and misbehavior of an officer
               of the court in his official character, which I also cited in finding
               you in contempt, . . . do not have the requirement that the actual act
               occurred in the courtroom. Even though it’s not required except
               under Subsection 1 to actually have occurred in court, these acts
               did occur in court and had to be dealt with immediately to preserve
               the integrity of the trial. While you all may not have intended for

                                                - 15 -
               me to see the document containing the screen name West is a Nazi,
               you nonetheless offered it into evidence. Your intent is irrelevant.

                       Furthermore, while you may not have actually
               manufactured in the courtroom the fraudulent document that you
               offered as authentic, it was certainly continuing in nature because
               of the fact that you offered it into evidence in the courtroom.

                       As to the assertions that not everything is on the record, I
               disagree. I saw what I believed to be unethical conduct on the part
               of the three of you, and I had an obligation to determine if you
               were trying to perpetrate a fraud on the court. That appears on the
               record.

                        As to obtaining documents from your office, first, there
               was no objection posed by any of you. Second, I went out of my
               way to make clear on the record that attorney/client confidentiality
               would be maintained. And, third, your employee, not my deputy,
               produced the requested materials. On my direction he was to only
               escort her to and from court and observe what she did. Again, all
               of this is on the record and it’s very clear, so assertions that
               something is missing from the record are untrue.

                          *       *       *       *        *      *       *

                       As such, I do not believe that you have a substantial
               likelihood of prevailing on appeal and thus your request for a stay
               is denied.

                          *       *       *       *        *      *       *

                       Mr. Scialdone, as recently as Monday you lied to this court.
               There were several references by your attorney to the potential
               Monday [July 24, 2006,] hearing date in letters to me dated before
               Monday. Your court reporter was also called Sunday. Yet you
               insisted [in the proceedings on Monday, July 24, 2006,] that you
               only had actual notice of the hearing Monday morning.

                        There is a pattern of behavior during this entire case that
               anyone reviewing the matter should be aware of. I dare say that
               once the entire picture is seen by your supporters, you may find
               yourself standing alone. I don’t see how anyone can read the
               entire transcript and still defend your unethical, shameless
               behavior.

                      Your motion is denied . . . .

Taylor asked the court to “note our exceptions, please.”
                                               - 16 -
       All three men served portions of their sentences before the Virginia Supreme Court

granted a stay of execution of their sentences pending appeal.

                                          II. ANALYSIS

                                    A. PROCEDURAL BAR

       The Commonwealth contends each appellant waived his right to challenge his summary

contempt conviction on due process grounds because he did not properly present these objections

to the trial court. Citing Nusbaum v. Berlin, 273 Va. 385, 641 S.E.2d 494 (2007), it contends the

due process objections each appellant asserted in his motion for stay of execution of sentence

were insufficient to satisfy Rule 5A:18. We hold Nusbaum is distinguishable and that, on the

facts of this case, appellants’ post-conviction objections coupled with the contents of their

motions for stay of execution were sufficient to preserve their objections for appeal.

       Rule 5A:18 provides that “[n]o ruling of the trial court . . . will be considered as a basis

for reversal unless the objection was stated together with the grounds therefor at the time of the

ruling, except for good cause shown or to enable the Court of Appeals to attain the ends of

justice.” 4 As the Commonwealth expressly acknowledges on brief, the purpose of the rule is to

avoid unnecessary appeals, reversals, and mistrials by requiring litigants to inform the trial judge

of the action complained of so that the judge has the opportunity to consider the issue

intelligently and take timely corrective action. See, e.g., Robinson v. Commonwealth, 13

       4
         Appellants averred in their motions to stay execution of sentence that the trial court did
not give them a chance to make specific objections contemporaneously with her ruling from the
bench on July 14, 2006, because “she immediately left the bench” and they were only “able to
take exception to [the] ruling as [the judge] was leaving the courtroom.” On appeal, appellants
make no contention that these allegations provide “good cause” for their failure to object under
Rule 5A:18’s “good cause” exception. See Edwards v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 752, 761,
589 S.E.2d 444, 448 (2003) (en banc) (holding Court of Appeals may not raise “good cause” or
“ends of justice” exceptions sua sponte).
                                               - 17 -
Va. App. 574, 576, 413 S.E.2d 885, 886 (1992). A party “may meet the mandates of Rule 5A:18

in many ways.” Lee v. Lee, 12 Va. App. 512, 515, 404 S.E.2d 736, 738 (1991) (en banc).

               For instance, counsel may make clear the ground for his objection
               in a motion to strike the evidence or in closing argument. Counsel
               may also state the grounds therefor during a motion to set aside the
               verdict or a motion to reconsider. Likewise, counsel may . . .
               include an objection and reasons therefor in the final order or at
               least tender such an order to the trial judge.

Id. at 515-16, 404 S.E.2d at 738 (citations omitted). Formal exceptions to rulings are not

necessary as long as the party “makes known to the court the action which he desires the court to

take or his objections to the action of the court and his grounds therefor.” Code § 8.01-384(A).

       Where a party wishes to preserve objections for appeal through a motion filed after entry

of the final decree or order, he must obtain a ruling from the trial court in compliance with Rule

1:1 in order to preserve the issue for appeal. See Weidman v. Babcock, 241 Va. 40, 44, 400
S.E.2d 164, 167 (1991); Smith v. Smith, 18 Va. App. 427, 433, 444 S.E.2d 269, 274 (1994).

However, where a party makes his objections known to the court prior to or at the time of entry

of a final order or decree and does not specifically disclaim the desire to have the court rule on

those objections, entry of a final order or decree adverse to those objections constitutes a

rejection of them and preserves them under Rule 5A:18 for purposes of appeal. See Kaufman v.

Kaufman, 12 Va. App. 1200, 1204, 409 S.E.2d 1, 3 (1991) (holding objections were preserved

for appeal where the party “made known to the trial court his position through his memoranda

and other written correspondence with the court prior to the court’s issuance of its amended final

decree” and “the trial judge specifically acknowledged the existence of [his] objections”); see

also Nusbaum, 273 Va. at 402-06, 641 S.E.2d at 503-05 (holding the appellant waived the right

to raise due process challenge on appeal of contempt conviction where, inter alia, he objected to

the trial court’s ruling on due process grounds prior to entry of the final order but specifically

                                                - 18 -
stated he was not asking the trial court to change the oral ruling already pronounced and the trial

court never ruled on the objections he raised).

       The court issued verbal rulings holding Scialdone, Taylor, and Jones in contempt on both

July 12 and July 14. On July 12, Scialdone and Taylor both challenged the sufficiency of the

evidence to support a finding of contempt, arguing the evidence amounted to negligence at most.

Scialdone also inquired about the nature of the proceedings and said, “I may want a lawyer,”

which prompted a ruling from the trial court that the proceedings were for summary contempt.

At the conclusion of the proceedings on those days, the men objected to those rulings only

generally. These general objections, standing alone, were insufficient to preserve any specific

objections for appeal. However, a court speaks through its written orders, e.g. Walthall v.

Commonwealth, 3 Va. App. 674, 679, 353 S.E.2d 169, 171 (1987), and the court did not enter

the written order finding appellants in contempt until July 19, 2006. Prior to that entry, each

appellant filed a motion for stay of execution of sentence in which he averred that, although the

proceedings were conducted in a summary fashion, “[t]he conduct upon which the Court relied

was not wholly contained within the record of the [underlying criminal] proceedings [against]

Dulyea.” Instead, each alleged, “[t]he Court conducted an investigation that included the

[summoning and] interrogation of witnesses who were not participants in the trial proceedings”

and the use of the court’s deputy sheriff to gather evidence from computers at counsel’s law

office. Appellants alleged that because the proceedings were not in fact summary proceedings,

they should have been allowed time to obtain counsel and prepare a defense. Manifestly, the

basis of the motions for stay of execution of sentence pending appeal constituted a claim of the

likelihood of success on the merits.

       Most importantly, the trial court stated on the record that, prior to entering the contempt

order on July 19, it had received the motions to stay execution of sentence and had, in fact, read

                                                  - 19 -
the motions. Thus, when the trial court entered the order finding appellants in contempt, it was

well aware of their argument that the proceeding was not a summary one and that they believed

the trial court erred in failing to afford them certain due process rights. Although the appellants

had filed their notices of appeal prior to that time, these filings did not deprive the trial court of

jurisdiction to act on the objections contained in their motions because the early filed notices of

appeal did not take effect until the final order was entered on July 19. See Saunders v.

Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 154, 155, 402 S.E.2d 708, 709 (1991). In light of the trial court’s

admission that it read the motions for stay prior to entering the final order, it was irrelevant that

the trial court did not formally rule on appellants’ motions until after entry of the final order and

after the Court of Appeals had acted to enter a stay of execution of their sentences. Thus, on the

facts of this case, appellants’ motions to stay execution of sentence and the supporting grounds

alleged therein, filed before the trial court entered the final order, were more effective at alerting

the trial court to the appellants’ objections than would have been the commonly accepted

practice of endorsing the final order “seen and objected to” for the same reasons. See Kaufman,

12 Va. App. at 1204, 409 S.E.2d at 3-4. Accordingly, we hold that the goals of Rule 5A:18 were

met. 5

         The Supreme Court’s recent holding in Nusbaum does not compel a different result.

Nusbaum, like this case, involved an attorney who was held in contempt under Code § 18.2-456.

         5
         The dissent states, “The majority’s . . . view imposes upon a trial court the sua sponte
obligation to vacate a conviction on grounds raised for the first and only time during a motion for
stay pending appeal when the party standing to benefit from the vacatur[], the defendant,
conspicuously chooses not to seek that relief.” Our decision clearly states that it rests in large
part on the fact that, when appellants filed their motions for stay, the trial judge had not yet
entered final judgment and expressly stated she read the motions for stay before she did so.
Further, as explained in greater detail in the text, supra, only after final judgment was entered did
the notices of appeal take effect. See Saunders, 12 Va. App. at 155, 402 S.E.2d at 709. Thus, we
impose no greater duty on a trial judge than the Court imposed in Kaufman, 12 Va. App. at 1204,
409 S.E.2d at 3.
                                                 - 20 -
273 Va. at 396, 641 S.E.2d at 499. Nusbaum’s contempt stemmed from an incident in which he

was alleged to have shoved another attorney in the presence of the jury, an incident that was seen

by the bailiff but not by the trial judge. Id. at 390-95, 641 S.E.2d at 496-99. The court declared

a mistrial and disqualified Nusbaum’s law firm from further representation of the plaintiffs in

that litigation. Id. at 395-96, 641 S.E.2d at 499. At the conclusion of the hearing in which

Nusbaum was held in contempt, his attorney noted only a general “objection to the determination

of the [c]ourt . . . and to all of the rulings.” Id. at 396, 641 S.E.2d at 499.

        Shortly after that hearing, Nusbaum moved the court to reconsider its ruling disqualifying

his law firm, but in a memorandum accompanying the motion, Nusbaum “advised that he was

not asking the court to reconsider any other part of its rulings.” Id. At the hearing on the

motion, the trial court amended its prior ruling to permit Nusbaum’s firm to continue its

representation of the plaintiffs. Id. at 397, 641 S.E.2d at 500. Also during that hearing, which

was held more than two months after the court first found Nusbaum in contempt, Nusbaum’s

counsel indicated for the first time that he wanted to note a specific objection to the contempt

finding since he had previously voiced only a general objection. Id. He

                asked the circuit court to recite in its order Nusbaum’s objection to
                the summary determination of contempt of court on the grounds
                that, “where the misconduct is not seen by the judge[,] the
                defendant has a right to be accorded a trial on that particular issue,
                and the lack of a trial is a denial of due process.” Nusbaum’s
                counsel, however, stated, “I am not asking [the court] at this time
                to change [its] ruling. I am simply going to make sure . . . that I
                have preserved any right of appeal with respect to the contempt
                finding.”

Id. (emphasis added).

        During the “final hearing” six days later, “[a] discussion again arose concerning the

objections to the contempt of court finding that Nusbaum wanted to recite in the final order.” Id.

In the course of that discussion, Nusbaum’s counsel “again stated that he was not requesting the

                                                 - 21 -
circuit court to reconsider its ruling” and was merely making sure that the court’s final order

would “include the ‘particulars’ of his objection” to the contempt conviction. Id. (emphasis

added). When the final order was entered, Nusbaum noted a more detailed due process objection

on the final order, contending the conviction violated his rights because, inter alia, “it was a

summary proceeding with no notice, rule to show cause, or attachment; the alleged contempt was

indirect and not personally witnessed by the trial judge, and the contempt charge was not brought

by the Commonwealth.” Id. at 398 n.4, 641 S.E.2d at 500 n.4.

       The Supreme Court concluded that Nusbaum’s due process objections were barred under

that Court’s Rule 5:25. Id. at 403-06, 641 S.E.2d at 503-05. The Court relied on dual grounds

for that ruling. Id. at 404, 641 S.E.2d at 504. It emphasized that Nusbaum did not raise his due

process objections for the first time until more than two months after the court found him in

contempt and that he never requested a ruling on those objections, stating instead each time he

asserted his objections that he was not asking the court to change its ruling. Id. at 404, 641

S.E.2d at 504. The Court also emphasized that the trial court in fact never ruled on any aspect of

the due process objections Nusbaum attempted to raise on appeal. Id. at 403-04, 641 S.E.2d at

504. Because “Nusbaum did not afford the circuit court an opportunity to rule intelligently on

the due process issues that he now raises,” the Court held those issues were “therefore waived on

appeal.” Id. at 406, 641 S.E.2d at 505.

       The holding in Nusbaum is readily distinguishable from appellants’ cases. Here, during

the very first stage of the contempt proceedings, conducted on July 12, Scialdone specifically

inquired about the nature of the proceedings, whether the contempt was civil or criminal, and

said, “I may want a lawyer.” In response, the trial court ruled that the proceedings were for

summary contempt. Although Scialdone did not pursue the issue further at that point, the men

objected generally to the contempt findings and punishment pronounced orally on July 14.

                                               - 22 -
Further, within four days after the court’s oral pronouncement of appellants’ contempt sentences

and two days before the trial court had entered the order finding the men in contempt, appellants

filed motions challenging the contempt findings on the merits based on the specific due process

claims they assert on appeal—that the court’s decision to proceed summarily violated their

rights. Although these challenges were made via motions to stay execution of their sentences,

the contents of the motions made clear that appellants challenged the validity of their convictions

and specifically articulated their reasons for that belief. Further, unlike Nusbaum, who twice

specifically disclaimed a desire to have the trial court rule on his objections, the appellants never

indicated that they did not wish to have the trial court consider their due process arguments and

in fact attempted to obtain a prompt ruling on the motions by the trial court, albeit in the context

of seeking a stay of execution of their sentences. Finally, and key in distinguishing the two

cases, in a proceeding held on the record, the trial court made clear it read those motions--and,

thus, was aware of the appellants’ due process claims--before it entered the July 19, 2006 order

finding appellants in contempt. 6 Thus, unlike in Nusbaum, appellants “afford[ed] the circuit

court an opportunity to rule intelligently on the due process issues that [they] now raise[],” id.,

thereby satisfying the requirements of Rule 5A:18.

                                            B. MERITS

       “‘Contempt is defined as an act in disrespect of the court or its processes, or which

obstructs the administration of justice, or tends to bring the court into disrepute.’” Carter v.

Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 392, 396, 345 S.E.2d 5, 7 (1986) (quoting 4A Michie’s

Jurisprudence Contempt § 2 (Repl. Vol. 1983)). It includes any act “which is calculated to

       6
         Seven days after entering the written contempt order on July 19, 2006, after the
appellants’ notices of appeal became effective, the trial court rejected the due process claims for
reasons it clearly articulated on the record, denying the motions for stay of execution of the
sentences.
                                                - 23 -
embarrass, hinder, or obstruct the court” in the discharge of its responsibilities. Id. at 396, 345

S.E.2d at 7-8; Potts v. Commonwealth, 184 Va. 855, 859, 36 S.E.2d 529, 530 (1946). “It has

long been recognized and established that a court is invested with power to punish for contempt,

both by the inherent nature and constitution of the court and by [statute].” Higginbotham v.

Commonwealth, 206 Va. 291, 294, 142 S.E.2d 746, 749 (1965); see Nusbaum, 273 Va. at 399,

641 S.E.2d at 501 (recognizing inherent contempt powers).

       Both the common law and Virginia’s statutes recognize two kinds of contempt, direct and

indirect. Carter v. Commonwealth, 96 Va. 791, 807, 32 S.E. 780, 782 (1899); see Code

§ 18.2-456 (setting out categories of contempts that are considered direct and subject to being

punished summarily). Traditionally, direct contempts are those committed within the view of the

court and for which immediate vindication of the court’s authority and integrity is considered

necessary, whereas indirect contempts are those not committed within the view of the court and

for which additional procedural safeguards must be provided. E.g. In re Savin, 131 U.S. 267,

274-77, 9 S. Ct. 699, 700-02, 33 L. Ed. 150, 152-53 (1889) (citing 4 William Blackstone,

Commentaries on the Laws of England 286 (1769)); Burdett v. Commonwealth, 103 Va. 838,

845-46, 48 S.E. 878, 880-81 (1904). Direct contempts may be punished summarily. E.g.

Burdett, 103 Va. at 845-46, 48 S.E. at 880-81. The word “summarily” when used with respect to

contempt “refers not to the time the adjudication must be made, but to the form of the procedure

which dispenses with any further proof or examination and a formal hearing.” Higginbotham,

206 Va. at 294, 142 S.E.2d at 749.

               Where the contempt is committed in the presence of the court, it is
               competent for it to proceed upon its own knowledge of the facts,
               “and to punish the offender without further proof, and without
               issue or trial in any form.” Ex parte Terry, 128 U.S. 289, 9 S. Ct.
77, 32 L. Ed. 405 [(1888)]. In dealing with indirect contempts –
               that is, such as are not committed in the presence of the court – the

                                                - 24 -
               offender must be brought before the court by a rule or some other
               sufficient process . . . .

Burdett, 103 Va. at 845-46, 48 S.E. at 880-81 (citations omitted).

       “[O]nly ‘[t]he least possible power adequate to the end proposed’ should be used in

contempt cases.” United States v. Wilson, 421 U.S. 309, 319, 95 S. Ct. 1802, 1808, 44 L. Ed. 2d
186, 194-95 (1975) (quoting Anderson v. Dunn, 19 U.S. (6 Wheat.) 204, 231, 5 L. Ed. 242, 248

(1821)). “Trial courts . . . must be on guard against confusing offenses to their sensibilities with

obstruction to the administration of justice,” only the latter of which they may properly punish as

contempt. Brown v. United States, 356 U.S. 148, 153, 78 S. Ct. 622, 626, 2 L. Ed. 2d 589, 596

(1958). “Summary punishment always, and rightfully, is regarded with disfavor . . . .” Sacher v.

United States, 343 U.S. 1, 8, 72 S. Ct. 451, 454, 96 L. Ed. 717, 723 (1952).

       Code § 18.2-456 provides in relevant part as follows:

               The courts and judges may issue attachments for contempt, and
               punish them summarily, only in the following cases:

               (1) Misbehavior in the presence of the court, or so near thereto as
               to obstruct or interrupt the administration of justice;

               (2) Violence, or threats of violence, to a judge or officer of the
               court, or to a juror, witness or party going to, attending or returning
               from the court, for or in respect of any act or proceeding had or to
               be had in such court.

               (3) Vile, contemptuous or insulting language addressed to or
               published of a judge for or in respect of any act or proceeding had,
               or to be had, in such court, or like language used in his presence
               and intended for his hearing for or in respect of such act or
               proceeding;

               (4) Misbehavior of an officer of the court in his official character;

               (5) Disobedience or resistance of an officer of the court, juror,
               witness or other person to any lawful process, judgment, decree or
               order of the court.

                                               - 25 -
The legislature also has limited the punishment that may be imposed in cases of summary

contempt falling under subdivision (1) of Code § 18.2-456. Pursuant to Code § 18.2-457, “No

court shall, without a jury, for any such contempt [under Code § 18.2-456(1)], impose a fine

exceeding $250 or imprison more than ten days . . . .” 7 The range of punishment a circuit court

is authorized to impose for summary contempt under the other subsections of Code § 18.2-456 is

not governed by statute. See Code § 18.2-458 (granting district court judges “the same power

. . . as a . . . circuit court [judge] to punish summarily for contempt” except that “in no [district

court contempt] case shall the fine exceed $250, or the imprisonment exceed ten days”).

Although the statute authorizes trial judges to punish summarily in the enumerated situations,

summary punishment is not mandatory. Further, the trial court retains common law authority to

punish, in nonsummary fashion, types of contempt not enumerated in the statute. E.g. Robinson

v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 137, 145-46, 583 S.E.2d 60, 64 (2003) (involving nonsummary

contempt proceeding for attorney’s failure to appear).

        On appeal, each appellant contends the imposition of summary punishment on the facts

of this case violated his rights to notice, to prepare a defense and be present for trial, to the

assistance of counsel, and to assert a privilege against self-incrimination. Each points to the trial

court’s summoning witnesses to testify and having those witnesses obtain evidence for the

court’s review as indicia that the proceeding in which each was convicted was not, in fact, a

summary proceeding and, thus, that each appellant was entitled to those due process rights listed

above. Evaluating the court’s power to summarily convict for contempt in light of the due

process requirements imposed on the states by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States

        7
         Although Code § 18.2-457 requires a jury before heightened punishment may be
imposed for subdivision (1) offenses, it also provides that “in any such case the court may,
without an indictment, information or any formal pleading, impanel a jury to ascertain the fine or
imprisonment proper to be inflicted and may give judgment according to the verdict.”
                                               - 26 -
Constitution, 8 we hold that the contempt convictions of Scialdone, Taylor, and Jones violated

due process and must be set aside.

       As the United States Supreme Court has recognized, “Longstanding precedent confirms

the power of courts to find summary contempt and impose punishment.” Pounders v. Watson,

521 U.S. 982, 987, 117 S. Ct. 2359, 2361, 138 L. Ed. 2d 976, 981 (1997).

                       To preserve order in the court room for the proper conduct
               of business, the court must act instantly to suppress disturbance or
               violence or physical obstruction or disrespect to the court when
               occurring in open court. There is no need of evidence or assistance
               of counsel before punishment, because the court has seen the
               offense. Such summary vindication of the court’s dignity and
               authority is necessary. It has always been so in the courts of the
               common law and the punishment imposed is due process of law.

Cooke v. United States, 267 U.S. 517, 534-35, 45 S. Ct. 390, 394, 69 L. Ed. 767, 773 (1925)

(emphasis added).

       As the United States Supreme Court has made clear, the power to punish summarily for

contempt is limited because it provides “an exception to the normal due process requirements,

such as a hearing, counsel, and the opportunity to call witnesses.” Pounders, 521 U.S. at 988,

117 S. Ct. at 2362, 138 L. Ed. 2d at 982.

       8
         The United States Supreme Court has never expressly equated the rights protected
against state invasion by the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause with those protected
against federal invasion by the Fifth Amendment’s almost identically worded Due Process
Clause. See U.S. Const. amend. V (“No person shall . . . be deprived of life, liberty, or property
without due process of law.”); U.S. Const. amend. XIV (“[N]or shall any State deprive any
person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.”). Nevertheless, in the area of
defining what constitutes in-court conduct punishable as summary contempt and the basic
procedural due process safeguards to be followed in its exercise, the Court has treated the
coverage of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clauses as coextensive without
comment. See In re Oliver, 333 U.S. 257, 68 S. Ct. 499, 92 L. Ed. 682 (1948) (applying existing
federal case law on summary contempt to state habeas appeal); see also Pounders v. Watson, 521
U.S. 982, 987-89, 117 S. Ct. 2359, 2361-62, 138 L. Ed. 2d 976, 981-82 (1997) (implicitly
equating Due Process Clauses for purpose of assessing limits on a state’s authority to issue a
summary contempt order but reserving to “the states . . . latitude in determining what [in-court]
conduct so infects orderly judicial proceedings that contempt is permitted”).
                                                - 27 -
                [F]or a court to exercise the extraordinary but narrowly limited
                power to punish for contempt without adequate notice and
                opportunity to be heard, the court-disturbing misconduct must not
                only occur in the court’s immediate presence, but . . . the judge
                must have personal knowledge of it acquired by his own
                observations of the contemptuous conduct.

In re Oliver, 333 U.S. 257, 274-75, 68 S. Ct. 499, 508, 92 L. Ed. 682, 695 (1948); see

Gilman v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 222, 227-28 & n.1, 657 S.E.2d 474, 476 & n.1 (2008)

(acknowledging distinctions between direct and indirect contempt and noting that Gilman did not

“contest the characterization of her conviction as one of direct contempt”). In short, the power to

punish summarily covers “only charges of misconduct, in open court, in the presence of the

judge, which disturbs the court’s business, where all of the essential elements of the misconduct

are under the eye of the court [and] are actually observed by the court.” 9 Oliver, 333 U.S. at

275, 68 S. Ct. at 509, 92 L. Ed. at 695 (emphasis added); see also Savin, 131 U.S. at 277, 9 S. Ct.

at 702, 33 L. Ed. at 153; Terry, 128 U.S. at 309, 9 S. Ct. at 81, 32 L. Ed. at 410. “If some

essential elements of the offense are not personally observed by the judge, so that he must

depend on statements made by others for his knowledge about these essential elements, due

process requires, according to the Cooke case, that the accused be accorded” his procedural due

process rights, including “adequate notice and opportunity to be heard.” Oliver, 333 U.S. at

275-76, 68 S. Ct. at 509, 92 L. Ed. at 695, quoted with approval in Johnson v. Mississippi, 403

       9
           In summary proceedings,

                where the offender is a lawyer representing a client on trial,
                [punishment for summary contempt] may be postponed until the
                conclusion of the [trial]. . . . Even where summary punishment for
                contempt is imposed during trial, “the contemnor has normally
                been given an opportunity to speak in his own behalf in the nature
                of a right of allocution.”

Taylor v. Hayes, 418 U.S. 488, 498, 94 S. Ct. 2697, 2703, 41 L. Ed. 2d 897, 907 (1974) (quoting
Groppi v. Leslie, 404 U.S. 496, 504, 92 S. Ct. 582, 587, 30 L. Ed. 2d 632, 639 (1972)).
                                               - 28 -
U.S. 212, 215, 91 S. Ct. 1778, 1780, 29 L. Ed. 2d 423, 426 (1971); see Groppi v. Leslie, 404
U.S. 496, 504, 92 S. Ct. 582, 587, 30 L. Ed. 2d 632, 639 (1972) (noting that “[w]here a court acts

immediately to punish for contemptuous conduct committed under its eye, . . . there is no

question of identity . . . because the judge has personally seen the offense and is acting on the

basis of his own observations” (emphasis added)).

       Applying these principles in Johnson, the United States Supreme Court reversed a

summary contempt conviction both because too great a delay occurred between the allegedly

contemptuous act and the contempt proceeding and because the judge denied the contemnor’s

“request for a hearing on the merits” even though the record did not establish that the judge “was

personally aware of the [in-court] contemptuous action when it occurred.” 403 U.S. at 215, 91

S. Ct. at 1780, 29 L. Ed. 2d at 426. The Court noted, “It would seem, therefore, that a fair

hearing would entail the opportunity to show that the version of the events related to the judge

was inaccurate, misleading, or incomplete.” Id.; see also Cologne v. Westfarms Assocs., 496
A.2d 476, 482-83 (Conn. 1985) (applying Johnson’s holding that judge must have personal

knowledge of the “essential elements” to punish a contempt summarily); People v. Jashunsky,

282 N.E.2d 1, 4 (Ill. 1972) (same).

       Further, as one federal circuit court of appeals noted in a case involving an altercation

that occurred in the courtroom, even where the misbehavior occurs fully in open court,

               if the situation was so confused that the judge could not clearly
               observe and accurately record what each defendant had done,
               summary conviction [is] inappropriate. . . . [T]he theory [behind
               allowing summary contempt] 10 is that no hearing is necessary
       10
          The original quoted passage from Marshall refers to the summary contempt provision
of Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 42. That rule merely codified accepted constitutional
principles applicable to summary contempt proceedings, e.g. Offutt v. United States, 348 U.S.
11, 13-14, 75 S. Ct. 11, 13, 99 L. Ed. 11, 16 (1954) (quoting Advisory Committee’s note that the
enactment of Rule 42, which took effect in 1946, was “‘substantially a restatement of existing
law, Ex parte Terry, 128 U.S. 289; Cooke[], 267 U.S. 517, 534’”), which the Court has applied in
both federal and state cases, see supra note 8.
                                               - 29 -
               because the judge already knows the facts. If he does not know the
               facts, a hearing is necessary to discover what the facts are. If,
               despite the uncertainty, no evidentiary hearing is had, the obvious
               risk is that innocent persons may be summarily adjudicated and
               punished.

United States v. Marshall, 451 F.2d 372, 377 (9th Cir. 1971) (footnote added). Under such

circumstances, “the proper practice is, by rule or other process, to require the offender to appear

and show cause why he should not be punished.” Id.

       As the United States Supreme Court has explained,

               th[is] distinction finds its reason not any more in the ability of the
               judge to see and hear what happens in the open court than in the
               danger that, unless such an open threat to the orderly procedure of
               the court and such a flagrant defiance of the person and presence of
               the judge before the public in the “very hallowed place of justice,”
               as Blackstone has it, is not instantly suppressed and punished,
               demoralization of the court’s authority will follow. Punishment
               without issue of trial was so contrary to the usual and ordinarily
               indispensable hearing before judgment, constituting due process,
               that the assumption that the court saw everything that went on in
               open court was required to justify the exception; but the need for
               immediate penal vindication of the dignity of the court created it.

                      When the contempt is not in open court, however, there is
               no such right or reason in dispensing with [due process].

Cooke, 267 U.S. at 536, 45 S. Ct. at 394-95, 69 L. Ed. at 773-74.

       Therefore, due process of law in the prosecution of contempt,

               except that committed [entirely] in open court, requires that the
               accused should be advised of the charges and have a reasonable
               opportunity to meet them by way of defense or explanation. . . .
               [T]his includes the assistance of counsel, if requested, and the right
               to call witnesses to give testimony, relevant either to the issue of
               complete exculpation or in extenuation of the offense and in
               mitigation of the penalty.

Id. at 537, 45 S. Ct. at 395, 69 L. Ed. at 774 (emphasis added); Oliver, 333 U.S. at 274-76, 68

S. Ct. at 508-09, 92 L. Ed. at 695. These rights also include trial before an unbiased judge,

Johnson, 403 U.S. at 215-16, 91 S. Ct. at 1780, 29 L. Ed. 2d at 427; see Taylor, 418 U.S. at 501,

                                               - 30 -
94 S. Ct. at 2704-05, 41 L. Ed. 2d at 909, entitlement to a presumption of innocence, proof of

guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, and the right against self-incrimination, Gompers v. Bucks

Stove & Range Co., 221 U.S. 418, 444, 31 S. Ct. 492, 499, 55 L. Ed. 797, 807 (1911), cited with

approval in Intern’l Union v. Bagwell, 512 U.S. 821, 826, 114 S. Ct. 2552, 2556-57, 129
L. Ed. 2d 642, 651 (1994) (stating “‘[indirect] criminal contempt is a crime in the ordinary

sense,’ Bloom v. Illinois, 391 U.S. 194, 201 (1968), and ‘criminal penalties may not be imposed

on someone who has not been afforded the protections that the Constitution requires of such

criminal proceedings,’ Hicks v. Feiock, 485 U.S. 624, 632 (1988),” and citing cases setting out

the particular constitutional protections applicable to nonsummary contempt proceedings). See

Gilman, 275 Va. at 228-31, & n.2, 657 S.E.2d at 476-78 & n.2 (in appeal of a district court

summary criminal contempt finding on the district judge’s Code § 18.2-459 certificate, (1)

holding the applicable procedural safeguards derive from the Due Process Clauses because such

proceedings are not “‘criminal prosecutions’” within the meaning of the Sixth Amendment and,

thus, that the contemnor “did not have a Sixth Amendment right of confrontation” in her circuit

court appeal, and (2) overruling Baugh v. Commonwealth, 14 Va. App. 368, 417 S.E.2d 891

(1992), to the extent its holding “is inconsistent with the holding we express here”). Further, the

right to assistance of counsel and to a jury attach in nonsummary contempt proceedings under

the same circumstances as for any other crime. See Bagwell, 512 U.S. at 826-27, 114 S. Ct. at

2557, 129 L. Ed. 2d at 651 (holding that “[f]or ‘serious’ criminal contempts involving

imprisonment of more than six months, . . . the right to jury trial” applies); Bloom, 391 U.S. at

198, 211, 88 S. Ct. at 1480, 1487, 20 L. Ed. 2d at 526, 534 (holding “serious contempts are so

nearly like other serious crimes that they are subject to the jury trial provisions of the

Constitution”); Argersinger v. Hamlin, 407 U.S. 25, 37, 92 S. Ct. 2006, 2012, 32 L. Ed. 2d 530,

538 (1972) (holding that “absent a knowing and intelligent waiver, no person may be imprisoned

                                                - 31 -
for any offense, whether classified as petty, misdemeanor, or felony, unless he was represented

by counsel at his trial”).

                             1. Finding of Contempt Against Scialdone

        Based on our constitutional due process analysis above, we hold Code § 18.2-456 may be

constitutionally applied to permit Scialdone to be punished summarily for contempt only to the

extent it delineates behavior that Scialdone engaged in “under the eye of the court” and that was

“actually observed by the court.” Oliver, 333 U.S. at 275, 68 S. Ct. at 509, 92 L. Ed. at 695. “If

some essential elements of the offense [were] not personally observed by the judge, so that [she

had to] depend on statements made by others for [her] knowledge about these essential elements,

due process require[d] . . . that [Scialdone] be accorded” his procedural due process rights. Id. at

275-76, 68 S. Ct. at 509, 92 L. Ed. at 695.

        Under settled principles, “[d]eceit by an attorney may be punished as a contempt if the

deceit is an abuse of the functions of his office . . . .” Clark v. United States, 289 U.S. 1, 12, 53
S. Ct. 465, 468, 77 L. Ed. 993, 999 (1933). Submission of a document that is wholly fraudulent

or contains falsehoods is punishable as contempt. United States v. Ford, 9 F.2d 990, 991-92

(D. Mont. 1925), cited with approval in Clark, 289 U.S. at 12, 53 S. Ct. at 468, 77 L. Ed. at 999.

“[L]ack of actual knowledge [of the fraud or falsehoods] does not constitute a defense, but only

an extenuating circumstance in mitigation. It is counsel’s duty to know the contents of

documents he presents . . . , and presentation is a representation that this duty has been

performed. It is presumed he knows.” Ford, 9 F.2d at 991.

        Thus, here, Scialdone’s proffer to the court of the chat room rules that bore no copyright

or print date, if a contempt because the document was fraudulent, was a contempt for which

Scialdone could be punished summarily. Assuming for the moment that the absence of the

copyright and print dates was sufficient, without more, to support a finding that the document

                                                - 32 -
had been fraudulently altered, the contempt was complete when Scialdone offered the document

into evidence. 11 Because “‘all of the essential elements of the misconduct [occurred] under the

eye of the court [and] [were] actually observed by the court,’” Pounders, 521 U.S. at 988, 117

S. Ct. at 2362, 138 L. Ed. 2d at 982 (quoting Oliver, 333 U.S. at 275, 68 S. Ct. at 509, 92

L. Ed. at 695), the court had the authority to punish Scialdone summarily at that time if the

evidence was sufficient to establish someone had altered the document by removing the dates.

        However, the trial court did not in fact punish Scialdone summarily at that time and did

not indicate at that time that it was even entertaining the idea of holding him in contempt.

Instead of proceeding summarily against Scialdone, the court ordered Scialdone to telephone

Taylor, his law partner, and Wendy Suttlage, one of the firm’s secretaries, and “[g]et [them] over

here. . . . Right now.” The trial court then questioned Suttlage, Taylor, Jones, and Scialdone

extensively to determine who had printed the document and when. Under questioning from the

court, no one admitted having altered the document. Only then did the trial court make an

express finding that someone had “white[d] out” and “cop[ied]” the chat room rules in order to

remove the date; observe that Scialdone was lead counsel; and indicate it was finding Scialdone,

Taylor, and Jones all in contempt.

        The court did not stop there, however. It asked Suttlage to try to generate a copy of the

chat room rules that were identical in format to the ones Scialdone had offered into evidence, and

it had the court deputy accompany Suttlage back to the firm’s offices for this purpose. When

that trip failed to yield a copy of the rules identical to the ones Scialdone had offered, the trial

court sent Suttlage back to the firm to try a second time, saying, “I need you to try to get . . . this

exact page[,] [g]et it looking just like this and print it out[,] [b]ecause . . . when you do, I think

        11
          We analyze the sufficiency issue in detail in Part II.B.4., infra, for purposes of
ascertaining whether double jeopardy principles permit remand for a retrial.

                                                 - 33 -
it’s going to have the copyright here and it’s also going to have [the date] at the bottom.” Thus,

although the court had already found “[i]t is so obvious that this document has been altered,” it

was attempting to obtain additional evidence to prove that the document had been altered. After

Suttlage generated a document from Taylor’s computer that the court found was “the exact

replica of the one that was introduced into evidence except for the copyright is gone” where “a

piece of paper [was] placed over it and copied off,” the court recessed for the evening.

Following the conclusion of Dulyea’s trial, the court found Scialdone attempted to perpetrate a

fraud on the court by offering a fraudulent document to the court.

       Thus, assuming without deciding that the absence of the copyright and print dates was

sufficient, without more, to support a finding that the document had been fraudulently altered,

the contempt was complete when Scialdone offered the document into evidence. To the extent

the trial court had the authority to punish Scialdone summarily without hearing any additional

evidence, it did not do so. Because the court did not proceed to punish Scialdone summarily and

engaged in extensive efforts to obtain more evidence on the issue, Scialdone was entitled to the

due process rights available in a nonsummary contempt proceeding. Further, the degree of

Scialdone’s culpability was not discernable without the court’s examination of Taylor and Jones

to determine their respective levels of culpability, as well. Thus, “[u]nder the particular facts and

circumstances here, we are of the opinion that even though the alleged misbehavior . . . by

[Scialdone] was committed in the presence of the court [when he offered the allegedly fraudulent

exhibit into evidence], the [court] should have had a rule specifying the alleged contemptuous

acts served on [Scialdone], to be followed by a full hearing in the matter, instead of exercising

[its] discretionary summary power under Code § [18.2-456].” Higginbotham, 206 Va. at 296,

142 S.E.2d at 750.

       Accordingly, we reverse Scialdone’s contempt conviction.

                                               - 34 -
                             2. Finding of Contempt Against Taylor

       Applying the principles set out above, we hold the trial court had no authority to punish

Taylor summarily. Scialdone and law student Jones were the only people who made formal

appearances at Dulyea’s trial. Taylor did not formally appear for Dulyea’s trial and was not

present in court when Scialdone offered the allegedly fraudulent exhibit into evidence. At that

time, the court had no knowledge, other than the fact of Taylor’s status as Scialdone’s law

partner, that Taylor was involved in any way with the preparation of the document at issue or the

submission of the document into evidence at trial. Thus, it was not true that “‘all of the essential

elements of [Taylor’s] misconduct [occurred] under the eye of the court [and] [were] actually

observed by the court.’” Pounders, 521 U.S. at 988, 117 S. Ct. at 2362, 138 L. Ed. 2d at 982

(quoting Oliver, 333 U.S. at 275, 68 S. Ct. at 509, 92 L. Ed. at 695).

       Before learning of Taylor’s involvement, the court questioned Scialdone about who used

the screen name “wndydpooh.” Scialdone said he could not answer that question and that he had

not even seen the exhibit “until lunchtime.” The trial court then asked Scialdone what his

secretary’s name was, and when he answered, “Wendy,” the trial court responded, “Yeah.

That’s what I thought. Get her over here.” The court had Scialdone call his law firm from the

courtroom to tell Wendy Suttlage to come to court, and it authorized Scialdone to tell Suttlage

only “to come over here.” As the trial court listened to Scialdone make the telephone call, it

said, “Tell [Taylor] to come too.” Scialdone responded Taylor had “a room full of people at the

office” but said he would “tell [Taylor] to leave them there” and come to court.

       When Taylor and Suttlage arrived, the trial court excluded Taylor from the courtroom

and questioned Suttlage under oath. The court then brought Taylor back into the courtroom,

placed him under oath, and questioned him, as well. Only after questioning Taylor did the trial

court learn of his involvement in procuring the document at issue. Thus, Taylor’s role in the

                                               - 35 -
alleged contempt could not properly be punished summarily. Taylor surely knew his actions

would result in the submission of the document into evidence, and this fact is relevant to whether

his behavior was contemptuous, but it is not the test for determining whether his contemptuous

acts, if any, could be punished summarily.

       Thus, we reverse Taylor’s contempt conviction.

                              3. Finding of Contempt Against Jones

       The trial court found Jones in summary contempt under Code § 18.2-456(1) and (3).

Based on our constitutional due process analysis above, we hold these subdivisions of the statute

may be constitutionally applied to permit summary punishment for contempt only to the extent

that they proscribe behavior Jones engaged in “under the eye of the court” and that was “actually

observed by the court.” Oliver, 333 U.S. at 275, 68 S. Ct. at 509, 92 L. Ed. at 695. “If some

essential elements of the offense [were] not personally observed by the judge, so that [she had to]

depend on statements made by others for [her] knowledge about these essential elements, due

process require[d] . . . that [Jones] be accorded” his procedural due process rights. Id. at 275-76,

68 S. Ct. at 509, 92 L. Ed. at 695.

       Plainly, the act of offering into evidence a document bearing the screen name

“westisanazi” could be found to constitute both the type of “[m]isbehavior in the presence of the

court” punishable under Code § 18.2-456(1) and “[v]ile, contemptuous or insulting language”

meeting the additional requirements of subsection (3) of that same code section. Thus, the

person offering the document bearing that screen name into evidence could have been subject to

summary punishment for contempt on that basis. As with the case of the document alleged to be

fraudulent, the offeror was charged with “know[ledge of] the contents of [the] document[] he

present[ed] . . . , and presentation [was] a representation that this duty ha[d] been performed.”

Ford, 9 F.2d at 991.

                                               - 36 -
        However, here, the trial court did not summarily convict the offeror of the exhibit,

Scialdone, for contempt based on the presence of the “westisanazi” screen name on the exhibit.

Instead, it placed Suttlage, Taylor, Scialdone, and Jones under oath and sought to elicit an

admission from one of them about who had devised the derogatory screen name and caused it to

be included on the exhibit. It was upon the direct question of the trial court—“You [said you]

ran . . . off [that copy of the chat room rules], Mr. Jones. Did you do it?”—that Jones indicated

he had in fact typed the derogatory screen name. The trial court did not observe Jones’s use of

the screen name and had to rely on Jones’s confession to establish his involvement in the

contempt.

        As set out above, a court has the power to punish summarily “only charges of misconduct

. . . [of which] all of the essential elements . . . are under the eye of the court [and] are actually

observed by the court.” Oliver, 333 U.S. at 275, 68 S. Ct. at 509, 92 L. Ed. at 695 (emphases

added). In cases of misbehavior for which the judge lacks personal knowledge of any of the

“essential elements” and “is informed thereof only by the confession of the party, or by the

testimony under oath of others,” the court may not punish the contempt summarily. Savin, 131

U.S. at 277, 9 S. Ct. at 702, 33 L. Ed. at 153 (emphasis added); see Groppi, 404 U.S. at 504, 92

S. Ct. at 587, 30 L. Ed. 2d at 639 (“Where a court acts immediately to punish for contemptuous

conduct committed under its eye, . . . there is no question of identity . . . .”). Because the trial

court had personal knowledge of the derogatory language, which was contained in an exhibit

offered into evidence, but did not have personal knowledge of Jones’s status as a participant in

the use of that language, it was not entitled to punish him summarily.

        Thus, we reverse Jones’s contempt conviction and remand for additional proceedings

consistent with this opinion.

                                                 - 37 -
        4. Sufficiency of the Evidence to Support Scialdone’s and Taylor’s Convictions

       Although we reverse on procedural grounds, we address Scialdone’s and Taylor’s

sufficiency-of-the-evidence arguments 12 insofar as necessary to assure that their retrial on

remand will not violate double jeopardy:

               If the evidence adduced [in the contempt proceeding] was
               insufficient to convict [either appellant], he is entitled to an
               acquittal; if he is so entitled, a remand for retrial would violate the
               Constitution's prohibition against double jeopardy. As established
               in Burks v. United States, 437 U.S. 1, 98 S. Ct. 2141, 57 L. Ed. 2d
1 (1978), a full sufficiency analysis is required to satisfy the
               mandate of the Double Jeopardy Clause of the federal Constitution.

Parsons v. Commonwealth, 32 Va. App. 576, 581, 529 S.E.2d 810, 812-13 (2000). “In making

this assessment, we consider all admitted evidence,” without regard for whether it was properly

admitted or is likely to be admitted in any subsequent retrial. Hargraves v. Commonwealth, 37
Va. App. 299, 312-13, 557 S.E.2d 737, 743 (2002). And, as in the case of any review of the

sufficiency of the evidence in a defendant’s appeal, “‘we must view all the evidence in the light

most favorable to the Commonwealth and accord to the evidence all reasonable inferences fairly

deducible therefrom.’” Id. at 312, 557 S.E.2d at 743 (quoting Clark v .Commonwealth, 30
Va. App. 406, 409-10, 517 S.E.2d 260, 261 (1999)) (other citation omitted).

       Viewed under this standard, the evidence admitted in the trial court was sufficient to

support a finding that Scialdone and Taylor engaged in misbehavior constituting contempt. 13

See, e.g., Carter, 2 Va. App. at 396, 345 S.E.2d at 7 (defining contempt as, inter alia, “‘an act in

       12
         Jones, too, attempted to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support his
conviction, but his petition for appeal was denied as to that issue.

       13
          We need not consider whether Scialdone’s and Taylor’s behavior violated a particular
subsection of Code § 18.2-456. That code section does not define the outer limits of behavior
that constitutes contempt for purposes of a sufficiency analysis; rather it merely sets out the
categories of contempt for which the legislature has purported to authorize summary adjudication
and punishment. See Robinson, 41 Va. App. at 144-46 & n.7, 583 S.E.2d at 62-64 & n.7.
                                               - 38 -
disrespect of the court or its processes, or which obstructs the administration of justice’” (quoting

4A Michie’s, supra, § 2)). The trial judge found Taylor intentionally “alter[ed] the document

that was to be presented to this court” by removing the print and copyright dates and that

Scialdone actually “offer[ed] that fraudulent document to the court.” For purposes of assessing

application of the Double Jeopardy Clause, we hold the evidence supports those findings.

        The evidence supported a finding that when Frankie Dulyea retained Scialdone and

Taylor to represent him, he provided Taylor with a two-page copy of the Yahoo chat room rules

dated 2005 and bearing a screen name of “pdulyea.” Taylor admitted he was very familiar with

the rules generally because while “[they] were in preparation for the case, [they] had looked at

[the rules] multiple times because . . . [the rules were] crucial to [the] case.” Additional evidence

established that on the Sunday prior to trial, Taylor had his secretary, Wendy Suttlage, print a

one-page copy of the rules for him from Yahoo and that she used the screen name “wndydpooh”

in order to do so. When preparing for trial, Scialdone and Taylor had been unable to locate the

copy of the rules their client had given them. As a result, at trial on the morning of July 12,

2006, Scialdone first offered into evidence a copy of the rules bearing a print date of July 11,

2006, and the screen name “westisanazi.” Scialdone testified that after the trial court rejected the

rules he originally proffered and said he would “have to have the rules that were in place in

2005” if he wished to pursue a particular line of questioning related to the rules, he “realized we

needed to find the [copy of the rules the client had provided],” and he “asked [Taylor] to look in

the file to see if they could find it.”

        Taylor admitted Scialdone called him at the office on July 12, 2006, and asked him to

look for “the [copy of the rules] that the client . . . dropped off,” although Taylor later claimed he

thought any copy of the rules would suffice. Taylor then provided to Scialdone a one-page copy

of the rules that had been retrieved and printed by someone using the screen name “wndydpooh,”

                                                - 39 -
the screen name used by Suttlage. That copy of the rules, when offered into evidence, bore no

print date or copyright date, and the trial court found, “you can see a line [on the second copy of

the rules offered into evidence] that is clearly where the copyright was and it’s been altered,”

where “something was laid over on the copyright date and it was copied on a copier or it was

whited out or something.” Scialdone, Taylor, Jones, and Suttlage all denied altering the subject

“wndydpooh” chat room rules in any way.

       The trial court had Ms. Suttlage retrieve and print copies of the Yahoo chat room rules

from each of the computers in the firm’s office. All those printouts bore print and copyright

dates. By comparing the various rules printouts Ms. Suttlage generated to the second set of rules

offered into evidence, the trial court determined the only printout that matched the spacing,

margins, and other formatting of the second set of rules was the printout generated on Taylor’s

computer. The judge found this printout was an “exact replica” of the second set of proffered

rules except for the presence of the copyright and print dates. This evidence, taken as a whole

and viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, supported a finding that Taylor,

although he denied doing so, intentionally removed the copyright and print dates from the copy

of the chat room rules he provided to Scialdone to offer into evidence as the 2005 rules, behavior

“‘in disrespect of the court or its processes, or which obstructs the administration of justice.’” Id.

(quoting 4A Michie’s, supra, § 2).

       This same evidence supported a finding that Scialdone’s behavior also constituted

contempt. Whether Scialdone knew the document had been altered was not dispositive. See

Ford, 9 F.2d at 991-92 (holding that submission of a document containing falsehoods is

punishable as contempt and that “lack of actual knowledge [of the falsehoods] does not

constitute a defense, but only an extenuating circumstance in mitigation”). Further, if Scialdone

had made reasonable inquiry of his client prior to offering the second set of rules into evidence,

                                                - 40 -
he could have ascertained based on the different screen names and the fact that the second set of

rules comprised one page rather than two that the second set of rules was not the set his client

had printed in 2005 and provided to his attorneys.

       Thus, remand for retrial of Scialdone and Taylor does not offend double jeopardy

principles.

                                                     III.

       For these reasons, we hold each of the appellants was denied rights to due process, and

we reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion if the trial court and

the Commonwealth be so advised.

                                                                          Reversed and remanded.

                                               - 41 -
Kelsey, J., dissenting.

       The majority’s discourse on due process cuts a broad path through the bedeviling

principles of contempt law. Problem is, none of it is properly before us.

       On appeal, the defendants — two lawyers and a then-third-year law student — concede

they did not raise any specific due process objections prior to filing their notices of appeal. Nor

did they at any time file a motion to reconsider, to vacate, to set aside, or any other motion

specifically asking the trial court to reverse its decision. What they filed was a motion to stay

the jail sentence pending appeal. See Code § 19.2-319. No Virginia appellate court has ever

held, until now, that a motion to stay a jail sentence pending appeal preserves issues never once

raised either prior to the conviction or in a motion to set aside after the conviction.

       To be sure, the Virginia Supreme Court rejected just this sort of reasoning in Nusbaum v.

Berlin, 273 Va. 385, 641 S.E.2d 494 (2007). In that case, a lawyer was held in direct, summary

contempt and complained on appeal that he was entitled to the due process protections available

for indirect, plenary contempt. Prior to the entry of final judgment, the lawyer stated “specific

objections” to the summary proceeding (very similar to the ones asserted here) asserting that the

trial court “violated his due process rights.” Id. at 404, 641 S.E.2d at 504. The lawyer advised

the trial court that he wanted to make it aware of his specific objections and, by doing so, “make

sure” he “preserved any right of appeal” of the contempt finding. Id. He did not, however, ask

the trial court to “reconsider and set aside the finding of contempt of court for those reasons.”

Id. (emphasis added). After hearing the lawyer’s specific objections to the contempt finding, the

trial court entered a final order confirming its previous bench ruling finding the lawyer in

contempt.

       On appeal, the lawyer argued that, “having made the circuit court aware of his objections,

he had no obligation to ask the court to reconsider any matter since the court had the opportunity,

                                                    - 42 -
within 21 days of entering the final order, to vacate that order and change its rulings.” Id. at 402,

641 S.E.2d at 503. The Virginia Supreme Court flatly disagreed. The lawyer could not

complain on appeal that the trial court erred in not vacating its contempt finding on due process

grounds, Nusbaum held, because the lawyer never once asked the court to do so. “Those issues,

whether the circuit court violated his due process rights by summarily convicting him of indirect

criminal contempt, with no notice of the charge, no plenary criminal hearing, and no substitution

of the Commonwealth as the prosecuting party, are therefore waived on appeal.” Id. at 406, 641

S.E.2d at 505 (citing Rule 5:25).

       In our case, the defendants made even less of an effort to preserve the due process issues

than the lawyer did in Nusbaum. Here, the defendants raised their due process arguments only in

support of their motion for a stay of the jail sentence pending appeal. At no point did they ever

ask the trial court, either orally or in writing, to set aside its contempt findings based upon these

objections. As in Nusbaum, the trial court did not vacate its contempt findings based upon the

after-the-fact due process objections because, quite simply, it was not asked to do so.

       The majority’s contrary view imposes upon a trial court the sua sponte obligation to

vacate a conviction on grounds raised for the first and only time during a motion for stay pending

appeal when the party standing to benefit from the vacature, the defendant, conspicuously

chooses not to seek that relief. That the defendant does not ask the trial court to vacate the

conviction does not matter — the court should grant it anyway. I find this conclusion hard to

understand and harder still to defend.

       Equally unconvincing is the effort at distinguishing Nusbaum. “Most importantly,” the

majority reasons, the trial court in our case “had, in fact, read” the defendant’s due process

arguments and thus was “well aware” of the specific objections being asserted. Ante, at 20

(emphasis in original). That is “key” in distinguishing our case from Nusbaum, the majority

                                                - 43 -
emphasizes. Ante, at 23. In Nusbaum, however, the lawyer specifically advised the trial court in

open court of each of his due process objections. It could have just as easily been said in

Nusbaum that the trial court had, in fact, heard the due process arguments and thus was well

aware of the lawyer’s due process arguments. What the majority sees as the “most” important

and “key” difference between our case and Nusbaum is, to me, no difference at all. See Ante, at

20, 23.

          In short, if procedural default applies to the lawyer in Nusbaum, it applies all the more to

the defendants in our case. The majority’s holding to the contrary is as unpersuasive as it is

unprecedented.

          I respectfully dissent.

                                                 - 44 -