Court Opinion

ID: 6324816
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-03-18 17:01:22.293436+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:21:55.077027
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL
                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                  _____________

                                       No. 21-2118
                                      _____________

   ZONIA MARIBEL LOPEZ-RAMIREZ; FRISDY MARIBEL MORALES-LOPEZ,
                              Petitioners

                                              v.

               ATTORNEY GENERAL UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
                            _______________

                        On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                             Board of Immigration Appeals
                       (BIA 1:A206-783-587 and 1:A206-783-593)
                          Immigration Judge: Steven A. Morley
                                   _______________

                      Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                   March 14, 2022

               Before: JORDAN, KRAUSE and PORTER, Circuit Judges

                                  (Filed: March 18, 2022)
                                     _______________

                                        OPINION
                                     _______________

       
        This disposition is not an opinion of the full court and, pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7,
does not constitute binding precedent.
JORDAN, Circuit Judge.

       An Immigration Judge (“IJ”) denied Petitioner Zonia Lopez-Ramirez’s1

application for asylum, withholding of removal, and deferral of removal under the

Convention Against Torture (“CAT”), and the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”)

dismissed her appeal. She twice moved unsuccessfully before the BIA for

reconsideration of its initial decision and to reopen her removal proceedings. Now she

seeks review of the BIA’s denial of her second motion as number-barred. We will deny

her petition.

I.     BACKGROUND

       Lopez-Ramirez is a native and citizen of Guatemala who entered the United States

in 2014. When the government commenced removal proceedings against her, she applied

for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the CAT. At her hearing

before an IJ in December 2017, she testified to fleeing Guatemala after receiving two

threats from the Piwis Locos gang demanding that she pay them or else they would kill

her and rape her daughter. She also presented evidence that gang violence and other

criminal activity was a significant problem in Guatemala.

       The IJ denied Lopez-Ramirez’s application. It found that she had an objectively

reasonable fear of future persecution in part because the country-conditions evidence she

       1
         Lopez-Ramirez’s daughter, Frisdy Morales-Lopez, who was a minor when the
immigration proceedings began, was a derivative beneficiary of her mother’s application
and also filed her own application. For simplicity, and following the parties’ lead, we
attribute the petitioners’ arguments to lead petitioner Lopez-Ramirez in the singular.

                                            2
submitted showed that “gangs and cartels in Guatemala operate with impunity” and that

Guatemalan women are “systemically targeted for extortion, rape, torture, and murder”

and are “especially vulnerable to gang and cartel related violence.” (App. at 25-26.) The

IJ nonetheless found her ineligible for asylum and withholding of removal for several

reasons, including her failure to demonstrate that her fear of persecution was on account

of her membership in a cognizable particular social group. The IJ also held that she did

not qualify for protection under the CAT. Lopez-Ramirez appealed to the BIA, which in

March 2020 adopted and affirmed the IJ’s decision.

       Rather than petitioning us to review the BIA’s decision, she instead filed with the

BIA a joint “motion to reconsider and/or reopen” the denial of her application. (A.R. at

78.) She pointed to various legal and factual errors that she said the IJ and BIA had

made. She also claimed that reopening her proceedings was justified due to “worsening

country conditions in Guatemala, namely, the growing and pervasive power of the MS-13

gang[,]” of which the Piwis Locos gang that extorted her was a subsidiary. (A.R. at 85-

86.) In support, she submitted reports and news articles about the impact of gang

violence and extortion on Guatemala and Central America.

       The BIA denied the motion in September 2020, finding no error in its initial denial

of relief. It concluded that there was insufficient evidence of changed country

circumstances to merit reopening, since most of the documents that Lopez-Ramirez

submitted predated her hearing before the IJ. The more recent evidence, meanwhile,

reflected “a continuing problem with gangs” that existed at the time of her hearing and

thus did not demonstrate a “material change in country conditions[.]” (App. at 6-7.)

                                             3
       Undeterred, Lopez-Ramirez tried again and filed a second joint “motion to

reconsider and/or reopen.” (A.R. at 23.) Again, she claimed to have identified erroneous

legal conclusions and factual findings in the BIA’s original decision. This time, though,

she offered another basis for her motion to reopen: the fact that her son had since fled

Guatemala and applied for asylum in the United States. Lopez-Ramirez explained that

her son had been repeatedly harassed by gang members in Guatemala, who extorted him

and threatened his and his family members’ lives at gunpoint. Those threats, Lopez-

Ramirez argued, demonstrated that “crime and gang activity [in Guatemala] continue[d]

to increase,” making reopening appropriate. (A.R. at 31.)

       The BIA denied her second motion in May 2021 as number-barred. The BIA

noted that, while the number bar does not apply to successive motions to reopen based on

changed country conditions, the experiences of Lopez-Ramirez’s son evinced “changed

personal circumstances” and did not show that Guatemala’s “ongoing gang problem” had

gotten worse. (App. at 2-4.)

       Lopez-Ramirez then timely filed the pending petition for review.

II.    DISCUSSION

       The petition presents a number of issues, most of them focused on the merits of

the BIA’s affirmance of the IJ’s denial of relief and its refusal to reconsider that initial

decision. An additional argument is that changed circumstances in Guatemala justified

exempting the second motion for reopening from the number bar. None of Lopez-

Ramirez’s arguments, however, entitle her to relief.

                                               4
       A.     Jurisdiction

       As a threshold matter, the limits on our jurisdiction render us unable to pass on

many of the issues Lopez-Ramirez raises. We have jurisdiction to review a final order of

removal, provided that the petitioner seeks review of the decision within thirty days.

8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1), (b)(1). That thirty-day deadline is “mandatory and jurisdictional”

and is not tolled by the filing of a motion for reconsideration or a motion to reopen.

Stone v. INS, 514 U.S. 386, 394-95, 405 (1995) (citation omitted). Rather, a petitioner

seeking review of both the BIA’s initial ruling and its denial of a motion for

reconsideration or reopening must timely file a separate petition for review of each order.

Id. at 394-95, 401-03.

       Lopez-Ramirez did not file a petition for review within thirty days of the BIA’s

March 2020 decision affirming the IJ’s denial of relief or of the BIA’s September 2020

denial of her first motion to reconsider and reopen. We therefore have no jurisdiction to

consider Lopez-Ramirez’s arguments about the alleged errors in the merits of the BIA’s

initial decision affirming the denial of relief.2 And to the extent that Lopez-Ramirez

challenges the BIA’s rejection of her first motion, we are likewise unable to review her

contentions. That leaves for our review only her challenge to the BIA’s denial of her

second motion for reconsideration and to reopen, which she timely brought.

       2
         Of course, “[s]ome review of the merits decision” would be necessary in
reviewing the propriety of the BIA’s refusal to reconsider an initial denial of relief.
Castro v. Att’y Gen., 671 F.3d 356, 364 (3d Cir. 2012). We need not cross that bridge
here, though, since the BIA’s second denial of reconsideration was based on the number
bar and not on any merits issue.

                                             5
       B.     Second Motion for Reconsideration

       An alien may file only “one motion to reconsider a decision that the alien is

removable from the United States.” 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(6)(A); accord 8 C.F.R.

§ 1003.2(b)(2). Lopez-Ramirez tries to avoid that number bar by claiming, for the first

time on reply, that her second motion for reconsideration was actually a “request for en

banc review” that differed from a second motion to reconsider. (Reply Br. at 1-2.) But

she did not raise that argument in her opening brief or contest on any other ground the

BIA’s denial of her motion to reconsider as number-barred. She has thus forfeited any

challenge to that denial. Patel v. Att’y Gen., 639 F.3d 649, 652 n.3 (3d Cir. 2011).

       C.     Second Motion to Reopen3

       As with motions to reconsider, an alien may file only “one motion to reopen

proceedings[.]” 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(A). What distinguishes the motion to reopen,

however, is that an applicant can bring a second one if it is “based on changed

circumstances” in her country of origin and is supported by evidence that “is material and

was not available and could not have been discovered or presented at the previous

hearing[.]” 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(3)(ii).4

       3
          Given the “disfavored” status of motions to reopen, we review for abuse of
discretion the denial of such a motion, and we “will not disturb the BIA’s determination
unless it is arbitrary, irrational, or contrary to law.” Darby v. Att’y Gen., 1 F.4th 151, 159
(3d Cir. 2021). We review conclusions of law de novo and findings of fact for substantial
evidence. Id.
       4
       Section 1229a does not appear to expressly contemplate a similar exception to
the number bar; it contains one only for its ninety-day time bar. 8 U.S.C.
§ 1229a(c)(7)(A), (C)(ii). We need not resolve whether § 1229a in fact authorizes lifting
the number bar in the face of changed country conditions or whether 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)

                                              6
        Lopez-Ramirez seeks the advantage of that exception by citing two sets of

evidence that she says demonstrate worsening conditions in Guatemala. Neither fits the

bill.

        She first argues that gangs such as MS-13 have used extortion and violence to gain

more “economic and social power” in recent years. (Opening Br. at 19-20.) But Lopez-

Ramirez did not assert that argument in her second motion – she did so only in her first –

so she could rightly be held to have forfeited it. See Khan v. Att’y Gen., 979 F.3d 193,

201 n.6 (3d Cir. 2020) (refusing to consider an issue the petitioner “did not raise before

the BIA”). At any rate, most of the reports and news articles that Lopez-Ramirez

provided in support of that argument predated her December 2017 hearing before the IJ.

Those materials, therefore, were not evidence that “could not have been … presented” at

her hearing. 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(3)(ii). The two post-2017 documents she submitted,

meanwhile, “largely dealt with ongoing problems in Guatemala” – namely, extortion and

other criminal activity by gangs such as MS-13 – and thus “did not provide a basis for

finding that there was a material change in conditions there[.]” Bamaca-Cifuentes v.

Att’y Gen., 870 F.3d 108, 113 (3d Cir. 2017).

        Lopez-Ramirez also points to her son’s subsequent flight from Guatemala after

facing threats and extortion from gang members as evidence that gangs in the country

have become more powerful and dangerous. But the persecution of a single person,

is consistent with the statute, since Lopez-Ramirez would not qualify for that exception in
any event.

                                             7
absent more, is not enough to establish that circumstances in Guatemala have markedly

changed for the worse. See, e.g., Yahya v. Sessions, 889 F.3d 392, 396 (7th Cir. 2018)

(per curiam) (concluding that “evidence of only one attack” against members of

petitioner’s religious subgroup was “not sufficient to show a material change”); Singh v.

Lynch, 840 F.3d 220, 222-23 (5th Cir. 2016) (per curiam) (“[Petitioner]’s assertion that

he fears for his safety upon returning to India, given the new threats and violence

experienced by his mother … , amounts to a change in personal circumstances and does

not constitute changed country conditions.”); Zheng v. Mukasey, 523 F.3d 893, 896 (8th

Cir. 2008) (finding evidence of two incidents of persecution inadequate to demonstrate

material change).

       None of the evidence Lopez-Ramirez offers, then, constitutes material evidence of

changed country conditions that would entitle her to circumvent the number bar. As a

result, the BIA did not abuse its discretion in denying her second motion to reopen.

III.   CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we will deny the petition for review.

                                             8