Court Opinion

ID: 4112299
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-12-29 23:01:25.859541+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:24:57.206092
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

VIVIAN VASSER,                                    :
                                                  :
       Plaintiff,                                 :       Civil Action No.:      14-0185 (RC)
                                                  :
       v.                                         :       Re Document No.:       21
                                                  :
ROBERT MCDONALD, Secretary, United                :
States Department of Veterans Affairs,            :
                                                  :
       Defendant.                                 :

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

                    GRANTING DEFENDANT’S PARTIAL MOTION TO DISMISS

                                      I. INTRODUCTION

       Vivian Vasser alleges that she was unlawfully discriminated and retaliated against when

the Department of Veterans Affairs failed to promote her ten different times over the course of

three years. Although the details of each alleged failure-to-promote are unique, Defendant’s

motion hinges on just one attribute of Ms. Vasser’s claims: their timing. Defendant argues that

Ms. Vasser did not administratively exhaust her claims because she failed to raise some of them

to an Equal Employment Opportunity Counselor within the prescribed time. Because Ms.

Vasser indeed failed to timely raise many of the claims that she brings in this case, the Court

must dismiss them. The Court further dismisses Ms. Vasser’s age-discrimination claims brought

pursuant to the Age Discrimination in Employment Act and her retaliation claims for non-

selections occurring prior to her participation in any protected activities, because she has

conceded that she did not exhaust either category of claims.
                                II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

                          A. Plaintiff’s Second Amended Complaint

       Plaintiff Vivian Vasser brings this action against Defendant Robert McDonald in his

official capacity as Secretary of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs (“VA”),

alleging that the VA unlawfully discriminated against her on the basis of race, sex, and age in

connection with her employment. See 2d Am. Compl. (“Compl.”) ¶¶ 1, 4–5, ECF No. 19. She

specifically contends that her supervisors willfully refused to promote her to higher positions ten

different times, in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act (“Title VII”) and the Age

Discrimination in Employment Act (“ADEA”). Id. ¶¶ 17–19, 30–48. She also contends that the

VA retaliated against her by not promoting her the same ten times. Id. ¶¶ 59–60.

       Of the ten alleged instances of unlawful failure to promote, the first five occurred in 2007

and 2008.1 See id. ¶¶ 17–18; see also Pl.’s Opp’n to Def.’s Renewed Partial Mot. Dismiss (“Pl.’s

Opp’n to Mot. Dismiss”) at 4–6, ECF No. 31. In the first four cases, less-experienced candidates

who were not black females were selected for the positions. See Compl. ¶ 17. In the fifth, Ms.

Vasser alleges that after she was told by the interviewer that he would “recommend her

selection” and that she should “begin looking for a residence,” the VA informed her that the

position was “cancelled.” Id. ¶ 18; see also Pl.’s Opp’n to Mot. Dismiss at 6–7. After she was

told of the cancellation in January 2009, the VA again announced that it was hiring for the

position. Compl. ¶ 18. Ms. Vasser applied again for this position in May 2009. See id. ¶ 21.

       1
         They are, respectively, a 2007 Dallas, Texas Regional Manager position (07-B6-301); a
2007 Towson, Maryland Regional Manager position (08-048); a 2008 Bay Pines, Florida
Regional Manager position (MPA 08-05); a 2008 St. Louis, Missouri Deputy Regional Manager
position (MPA 2007-8515); and a 2008 Bay Pines, Florida Deputy Regional Manager position
(MPA 08-351). See Compl. ¶¶ 17–18.

                                                 2
        The sixth alleged failure to promote was for Ms. Vasser’s May 2009 re-application.2 See

id. ¶ 21; see also Pl.’s Opp’n to Mot. Dismiss at 7–8. Ms. Vasser alleges that in July 2009 a less-

qualified white male was hired for the position. See Compl. ¶ 22. Then, in November 2009, Ms.

Vasser “filed a formal complaint of discrimination for [that] non-selection.” See id. ¶¶ 21–29;

see also Pl.’s Opp’n to Mot. Dismiss at 7–8. The seventh alleged failure-to-promote3 occurred

“[i]n late 2010 to early 2011,” after which a fellow applicant filed a separate lawsuit. See

Compl. ¶ 30. “To this day, that vacancy has not been filled despite the presence of at least two

qualified candidates,” Ms. Vasser and the fellow applicant, who is “another African[-]American

woman.” Id.; see also Pl.’s Opp’n to Mot. Dismiss at 9 (noting that as of September 23, 2015—

the day the Opposition was filed—the position had still not been filled). Ms. Vasser does not

specifically contend that she contacted an Equal Employment Opportunity (“EEO”) counselor or

otherwise engaged the EEO process in connection with this alleged non-promotion.

        The final three instances of alleged discrimination occurred from 2010 to 2011. See

Compl. ¶¶ 35–39, 47–48; see also Pl.’s Opp’n to Mot. Dismiss at 9–11. The VA does not

contend that Plaintiff failed to exhaust her administrative remedies for these three claims. See P.

& A. Supp. Def.’s Partial Mot. Dismiss (“Mot. Dismiss”) at 11–12, ECF No. 21-1. Plaintiff’s

Second Amended Complaint states that she “filed a charges [sic] of discrimination for these non-

selection [sic] on the basis of race, gender[,] and in retaliation for filing her previous . . .

complaints against” her supervisor, and that because it has been more than 180 days since she

        2
        Ms. Vasser applied in response to a second posting for a Bay Pines, Florida Deputy
Regional Manager position (2009-1996-AA). See Compl. ¶ 18.
        3
       The seventh posting occurred in 2011 and was for a Towson, Maryland Regional
Manager Position (MP-037-410167). See Compl. ¶ 30.

                                                    3
filed her “complaints of discrimination,” she has “exhausted her administrative remedies for each

of the non-selections since 2007.” Compl. ¶ 59.

       In paragraph 60 of her Second Amended Complaint, Plaintiff further alleges that she has

been targeted and retaliated against since the filing of this action. See Compl. ¶ 60. She

specifically alleges that because, in this lawsuit, she has asserted that her supervisor is

“unqualified for the position,” her supervisor has since “refused to grant leave . . ., subjected

[Ms. Vasser] to hostile and abusive treatment[,] and threatened to down-grade[] her performance

evaluation in retaliation” against Ms. Vasser’s participation in protected activity. Id.

                              B. Related Administrative Materials

       In support of its Motion to Dismiss for failure to exhaust—which addresses only the first

five and seventh alleged failures to promote—Defendant relies heavily on materials not included

as part of the Second Amended Complaint. See Mot. Dismiss at 8–9 (arguing that the Court

should take such materials into account at the motion-to-dismiss stage). Plaintiff argues that

“[i]n relying on material outside of the pleadings, defendant has converted its motion to dismiss

into a motion for summary judgment,” and urges the Court not to consider any related

administrative materials. Pl.’s Opp’n to Mot. Dismiss at 13–14.

       In support of its Motion to Dismiss with respect to the first five alleged unlawful failures

to promote—which allegedly occurred from 2007 to 2008—the VA attaches 15 exhibits, all of

which are administrative materials. Most importantly for this motion, Defendant cites to

Plaintiff’s EEO complaint, dated February 17, 2010, and a final decision by the Department of

Veterans Affairs Office of Employment Discrimination Complaint Adjudication. See Final

Agency Decision in Vasser v. Secretary, VA Case Nos. 200I-153A-2010100557 & 200I-0010-

                                                  4
2011104729 (“Final Agency Decision”), Mot. Dismiss Ex. 11 at 3, ECF No. 21-4;4 Complaint of

Employment Discrimination, No. 200I-153A-2010100557 (“February 2010 Administrative

Compl.”), Mot. Dismiss. Ex. 13, ECF No. 21-5. Plaintiff’s first administrative complaint alleged

non-selection for the sixth non-promotion listed in the Complaint. See February 2010

Administrative Compl. at 21.5 In a portion of the administrative complaint for complainants to

list their “[c]laim(s),” Ms. Vasser listed only the sixth alleged non-promotion, which she stated

“occurre[d]” “10/30/09[,] when [she] found out that some one [sic] else was selected.” See id. at

20. She lists the previous five positions in her complaint as background information, and to

establish that the VA had, “in the last [two-and-a-half] to three years . . . demonstrated a

common practice” of discriminatory hiring practices. See id. at 21–22.

       The VA’s Final Agency Decision concurs with the findings of the VA’s Office of

Resolution Management, concluding that, because Ms. Vasser’s February 2010 administrative

complaint was in-part untimely given that she had not initiated the administrative process within

45 days, “it [was] the final decision of the Department to dismiss claim[s] . . . relating to the non-

selections occurring . . . [on or before] January 9, 2009.” See Final Agency Decision at 3. The

Final Agency Decision noted that Ms. Vasser did not deny failing to contact an EEO counselor

within 45 days of her first-five alleged non-selections, and that the first time she mentioned them

was in her February 2010 administrative complaint. See id. at 2–3. Ms. Vasser, citing to an

EEO counselor’s report, see Pl.’s Opp’n to Mot. Dismiss Ex. B, ECF No. 31-2, contends that she

actually first mentioned them during her initial interview “on November 10, 2009.” See Pl.’s

       4
         Defendant appends multiple exhibits in each of its related ECF attachments, but sub-
divides and numbers them using exhibit stickers. The Court identifies Defense exhibits by
referring to Defendant’s numbering.
       5
         The Court cites to the page numbers at the bottom of Exhibit 13, which start at 20 and
end at 23.

                                                  5
Opp’n to Mot. Dismiss at 4–6 (adding, at the end of each description of the alleged non-

promotions, that she “first raised th[e] issue[s]” with an EEO counselor on that date). Like in her

formal complaint, Ms. Vasser mentioned the previous non-promotions as background supporting

her belief that she had been discriminated against. See Pl.’s Opp’n to Mot. Dismiss Ex. B at 3.

Ms. Vasser also contends that she was on active duty from May 2009 until July 2010. See Pl.’s

Opp’n to Mot. Dismiss at 4–6; id. Ex. A.

       As for the seventh alleged failure to promote, which occurred in late 2010 or early 2011,

Defendant makes general reference to Plaintiff’s “two pending EEO complaints,” reasoning that

because neither of them contains allegations of this particular instance of non-selection, Plaintiff

did not exhaust her available administrative remedies for it. See Mot. Dismiss at 11–12; see

generally February 2010 Administrative Compl.; Complaint of Employment Discrimination, No.

200I-0010-201104729 (“December 2011 Administrative Compl.”), Mot. Dismiss. Ex. 9, ECF

No. 21-4. In her December 2011 Complaint, Ms. Vasser raised five separate claims, none of

which were for the seventh alleged failure-to-promote. See December 2011 Administrative

Compl. at 21–23.6 The only reference that Ms. Vasser made to this position was in her

December 2011 complaint, when she said that she wanted the non-promotion to be “used as

evidence and claims to support [her] current claims.” See id. at 24; Compl. ¶ 30 (describing the

position that Plaintiff referenced in the December 2011 complaint).

                                         III. ANALYSIS

       The VA moves to dismiss on the grounds that Plaintiff did not exhaust her administrative

remedies. See generally Mot. Dismiss. The VA first argues that Plaintiff did not engage the

       6
         The Court cites to the page numbers at the bottom of Exhibit 9, which start at 20 and
end at 25.

                                                 6
administrative process for the first five alleged non-promotions—which allegedly occurred in

2007 and 2008—until over a year after they occurred, when Plaintiff was required to contact an

EEO counselor within 45 days of the discrimination or personnel action. See id. at 9–11. The

VA also argues that, to the extent Ms. Vasser raised additional claims for a hostile work

environment in her Second Amended Complaint, those claims are wholly unexhausted. See id.

at 12. Next, Defendant moves to dismiss Plaintiff’s claims under the ADEA, arguing that

Plaintiff never raised them in either of her two administrative complaints. See id. at 13–14.

Finally, the VA argues that because Ms. Vasser did not engage in any protected activity until

November 2009, she could not have been illegally retaliated against when she was allegedly not

promoted the first six times, which all occurred prior to the time she first engaged in protected

activity. See id. at 14–15.

        Ms. Vasser claims that the VA’s reliance on materials outside the Second Amended

Complaint requires the Court to convert the Motion to Dismiss into a motion for summary

judgment, requiring denial of the motion as prematurely filed. See Pl.’s Opp’n to Mot. Dismiss

at 13–15. Even if the Court does consider such materials, Plaintiff argues, the Motion should

still be denied with respect to the alleged discrimination claims because the “the timeliness

provisions . . . are . . . subject to enlargement, waiver[,] and equitable tolling,” particularly in

cases where there is an alleged pattern of unlawful behavior. See id. at 16–17. And, she argues,

the forty-five day limit is not triggered until all facts that support a charge of discrimination

become apparent, and certain active duty military-service time is excluded from the calculation.

See id. at 17. Plaintiff further argues that she has plausibly alleged that Defendant has obscured

the hiring processes in an effort to “thwart[] [her] efforts to seek redress,” apparently through not

notifying her of the non-selections and otherwise making the EEO process inaccessible. See id.

                                                   7
at 18–19. As for the new hostile work environment claims, she argues that raising such claims

for the first time before the Court is justified because these retaliatory hostile work environment

claims are reasonably related to her exhausted non-selection claims. See id. at 20. With respect

to her ADEA and first six alleged instances of retaliation, Plaintiff consents to dismissal,

implicitly conceding the VA’s argument that these claims have not been administratively

exhausted. See id. at 20 n.2.

       The Court finds that it may take judicial notice of enough materials to resolve this motion

without the need to convert it to one for summary judgment. Because Ms. Vasser did not timely

exhaust her administrative remedies with respect to her first five claims of non-promotion and

does not demonstrate that equitable tolling should apply, the Court will dismiss Ms. Vasser’s

Title VII discrimination claims for the first five alleged failures-to-promote. And, because Ms.

Vasser did not raise the seventh alleged non-promotion at any point, the Court dismisses it as

well. The Court further dismisses the new hostile work environment claim that Plaintiff raises

for the first time in her Second Amended Complaint because it is neither exhausted nor related to

any freestanding claim that has been exhausted. In light of Plaintiff’s consent to dismiss her

ADEA and first six retaliation claims, following this order Plaintiff is left with only her sixth,

eighth, ninth, and tenth Title VII discrimination claims for non-selection and her seventh,7

eighth, ninth, and tenth Title VII retaliation claims.

       7
         The Court notes that, although Defendant does not move for dismissal of Plaintiff’s
seventh instance of alleged retaliation, the reasoning behind dismissing the same claim for
discrimination appears to apply equally to retaliation.

                                                  8
                                      A. Standard of Review

       Both parties agree that the rules for Rule 12(b)(6) motions to dismiss apply here.8 See

Mot. Dismiss at 7–8; Pl.’s Opp’n to Mot. Dismiss at 14. The parties are correct that the motion-

to-dismiss standard governs motions to dismiss for failure to exhaust administrative remedies

under Title VII and the ADEA. See Laughlin v. Holder, 923 F. Supp. 2d 204, 208 (D.D.C.

2013). To survive such a motion a complaint must contain sufficient factual allegations that, if

accepted as true, would state a plausible claim to relief. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678

(2009). “Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory

statements, do not suffice.” Id. Instead, plaintiffs must “nudge[] their claims across the line

from conceivable to plausible.” See Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007).

       “In evaluating a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, a court may consider the facts alleged

in the complaint, documents attached as exhibits or incorporated by reference in the complaint,

or documents upon which the plaintiff’s complaint necessarily relies even if the document is

produced not by the parties.” Busby v. Capital One, N.A., 932 F. Supp. 2d 114, 133–34 (D.D.C.

2013) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). “[A] document need not be mentioned

by name to be considered ‘referred to’ or ‘incorporated by reference’ into the complaint.”

Strumsky v. Wash. Post Co., 842 F. Supp. 2d 215, 218 (D.D.C. 2012) (internal citation omitted).

Of course, courts may also take “judicial notice of facts on the public record . . . to avoid

unnecessary proceedings when an undisputed fact on the public record makes it clear that the

plaintiff does not state a claim upon which relief could be granted.” See Covad Commc’ns Co. v.

       8
        This assumes, of course, that the Court does not find it appropriate to convert the
Motion into one for summary judgment.

                                                  9
Bell Atl. Corp., 407 F.3d 1220, 1222 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (quoting Marshall Cty. Health Care Auth.

v. Shalala, 988 F.2d 1221, 1228 (D.C. Cir. 1993) (Mikva, C.J., dissenting)).

       Failure to exhaust administrative remedies is an affirmative defense. See Mondy v. Sec’y

of the Army, 845 F.2d 1051, 1058 n.3 (D.C. Cir. 1988) (MacKinnon, J., concurring) (citing

Brown v. Marsh, 777 F.2d 8, 13 (D.C. Cir. 1985)); see also Bowden v. United States, 106 F.3d
433, 437 (D.C. Cir. 1997) (“Because untimely exhaustion of administrative remedies is an

affirmative defense, the defendant bears the burden of pleading and proving it.” (citing

Brown, 777 F.2d at 13)). Defendants can meet their burden of pleading and proving a failure to

exhaust at the motion-to-dismiss stage by using the pleadings and undisputed documents in the

record. See Bowden, 106 F.3d at 437.

                    B. Conversion into a Motion for Summary Judgment

       Ms. Vasser claims that because Defendant’s exhaustion arguments are predicated upon

materials outside the Second Amended Complaint, the Court must treat the motion as one for

summary judgment, entitling her to discovery not yet had. See Pl.’s Opp’n to Mot. Dismiss at

13–15. She explicitly “does not concede that the Reports of Investigation to which [D]efendant

relies are ‘incorporated’ into her complaint,” and does not view the taking of judicial notice of

such materials as appropriate in this case. See id. at 14. Ms. Vasser believes that discovery is

necessary on the exhaustion issues “particularly in light of [D]efendant’s refusal to produce at

the administrative level documents, including the OIG report, relating to [her supervisor]’s

illegal practice of manipulating . . . hiring procedures.” Id. She also believes that discovery

might show that employees of the VA impeded her access to the EEO process. See id. at 15.

Plaintiff does not contend that the documents are not authentic. See generally id. The VA

argues that the necessary administrative documents are incorporated in Plaintiff’s complaint by

                                                10
reference and, because they are publicly available, the Court can take judicial notice of them.

See Mot. Dismiss at 8–9.

       In general, if the Court relies on materials other than those permitted to be considered on

motion to dismiss—namely, the facts alleged in the complaint, documents attached as exhibits or

incorporated by reference, documents upon which the plaintiff’s complaint necessarily relies,

and facts of which the Court may take judicial notice—“it converts the motion to one for

summary judgment.” See Void v. Smoot, No. 16-0078, 2016 WL 6459554, at *5 (D.D.C. Oct.

31, 2016), appeal docketed, No. 16-5367 (D.C. Cir. Dec. 8, 2016). In the context of exhaustion,

courts are willing to rely upon administrative orders and administrative complaints without

converting the motion into one for summary judgment when the documents are “referred to in

the complaint, . . . are integral to [the plaintiff’s] exhaustion of administrative remedies, and are

public records subject to judicial notice.” See Laughlin, 923 F. Supp. 2d at 209. “[C]ourts may

take judicial notice of matters of a general public nature . . . without converting the motion to

dismiss into one for summary judgment.” Koutny v. Martin, 530 F. Supp. 2d 84, 89 (D.D.C.

2007) (quoting Baker v. Henderson, 150 F. Supp. 2d 17, 19 n.1 (D.D.C. 2001)). Thus, courts

have taken judicial notice of public administrative charges, see, e.g., Wiley v. NEBF Investments,

No. 09-0223, 2010 WL 114953, at *1 (D.D.C. Jan. 12, 2010), and parties’ administrative

complaints when no party disputes their authenticity. See Ahuja v. Detica Inc., 742 F. Supp. 2d
96, 103 (D.D.C. 2010); Redmon v. U.S. Capitol Police, 80 F. Supp. 3d 79, 83 (D.D.C. 2015). If

courts could not take judicial notice of such public documents, plaintiffs who obviously had not

complied with the administrative-exhaustion process could survive motions to dismiss purely by

failing to attach their administrative complaint. Redmon 80 F. Supp. 3d at 84 (D.D.C. 2015)

(quoting Strumsky, 842 F. Supp. 2d at 218).

                                                  11
       In light of “the abundance of caution” courts observe before relying on materials outside

the pleadings, at least one court in this district has found that “the Court, in addition to the

pleadings, ‘may only consider [the] [p]laintiff’s EEOC Complaint and Notice of Charge . . .

without converting . . . motions to dismiss.’” See Latson v. Holder, 82 F. Supp. 3d 377, 386

(D.D.C. 2015) (alterations other than emphasis and second ellipsis in original) (emphasis added)

(quoting Ahuja, 742 F. Supp. 2d at 103) (concluding that because “both parties rel[ied] on other

documents, such as emails,” the court was required to convert the motion). However, the case

the Latson court referred to did not actually seem to set out a rule restricting courts to EEOC

complaints and notices of charges. There, the court considered five exhibits attached to motion-

to-dismiss filings. See Ahuja, 742 F. Supp. 2d at 103. Immediately after referencing the five

exhibits, that court stated: “The Court, however, may only consider Plaintiff’s EEOC Complaint

and Notice of Charge . . . without converting the motions to dismiss . . . .” See id. The Ahuja

court was simply separating out the sole permissible exhibit—which was indeed an EEOC

complaint and notice of charge—from the broader group of five exhibits, not stating that only

those documents could be considered in any given situation. See id. Notably, the four excluded

exhibits were an Employment Intake Questionnaire—which was used to formulate the plaintiff’s

EEOC complaint—and several e-mails. See Mot. Dismiss Ex. 1, Ahuja v. Detica Inc., 742 F.

Supp. 2d 96 (D.D.C. 2010) (No. 09-2246), ECF No. 4-1; Opp’n to Mot. Dismiss Exs. 1–4, Ahuja

v. Detica Inc., 742 F. Supp. 2d 96 (D.D.C. 2010) (No. 09-2246), ECF Nos. 9-1–9-7.

       Despite the Latson court’s restrictive view of judicial notice with respect to

administrative documents, courts have taken judicial notice of Final Agency Decisions,

especially for background information such as dates of filings. See Grant v. Dep’t of

Treasury, --- F. Supp. 3d ---, No. 15-1008, 2016 WL 3365388, at *2 n.2 (D.D.C. June 16, 2016)

                                                  12
(“[T]he Administrative Judge’s Initial Decision, Treasury’s Final Agency Decision, and [the

Merit Systems Protection Board]’s Final Order are official, public documents subject to judicial

notice.”); Gen. Cas. v. United States Gov’t, No. 13-5596, 2014 WL 2198487, at *4 (N.D. Ill.

May 27, 2014), reconsideration denied, 2014 WL 4269096 (N.D. Ill. Aug. 28, 2014) (taking

judicial notice of a civil docket, “permit[ing] the [c]ourt to consider the date on which Plaintiff

filed its complaint and the fact of its voluntary dismissal”); Byers v. Principi, 2003 WL 1811529,

at *2 n.1 (N.D. Ill. Apr. 4, 2003) (“taking judicial notice of a letter constituting

the Final Agency Decision of the Department of Veteran Affairs and, especially, the date of that

decision, to determine if the plaintiff ran afoul of the statute of limitations after exhausting

administrative remedies,” see Gen. Cas., 2014 WL 4269096 at *4).

       Plaintiff may be correct that most of Defendant’s exhibits cannot be considered at this

stage without converting the motion, but the Court will consider Ms. Vasser’s administrative

complaints—both informal as written by the EEO counselor during her initial interview and

formal as written by Ms. Vasser—and the VA’s Final Agency Decision insofar as it describes the

timing of Ms. Vasser’s interactions with the administrative process. This does not require

conversion of the VA’s Motion to Dismiss into a motion for summary judgment. Ms. Vasser’s

administrative complaints are incorporated by reference in her complaint. She specifically states

that she “filed . . . charges of discrimination for these non-selection[s],” and that “[i]t has been

more than 180 days since [she] filed her complaints . . . and has, therefore, exhausted her

administrative remedies.” Compl. ¶ 59. Even if she had not, the Court would be on sound legal

footing to take judicial notice of the administrative complaints at this stage, particularly because

Ms. Vasser does not dispute their authenticity. See Ahuja, 742 F. Supp. 2d at 103; Redmon, 80
F. Supp. 3d at 83. To ignore an administrative complaint undisputedly filed by the plaintiff

                                                  13
herself—for the purposes of determining what claims were made and when they were raised—

would be to create unnecessary proceedings, against this circuit’s mandate in Covad

Communications Co., 407 F.3d at 1222.

       The Court takes judicial notice of the VA Final Agency Decision’s description of the

dates on which Plaintiff engaged the administrative process. This is in line with this district’s

case law and the case law in other districts. See Grant, --- F. Supp. 3d ---, 2016 WL 3365388, at

*2 n.2; Gen. Cas. v. United States Gov’t, 2014 WL 2198487, at *4. It also makes sense in light

of the broader purpose of judicial notice: if the Court cannot take notice of the dates of

administrative filings using documents whose authenticity is not in question, it will be forced to

engage in “unnecessary proceedings” to determine whether “an undisputed fact on the public

record makes it clear that the plaintiff does not state a claim upon which relief could be

granted.”9 See Covad Commc’ns Co., 407 F.3d at 1222 (quoting Marshall Cty. Health Care

Auth., 988 F.2d at 1228 (Mikva, C.J., dissenting)).

       9
          Notably, even if the Court were to treat this motion as one for summary judgment, the
Court would likely still be able to resolve it. In responding to a motion for summary judgment, a
party may not simply rest on the assertions in its pleadings. Behrens v. Pelletier, 516 U.S. 299,
309 (1996). However, under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(d) (“When Facts Are
Unavailable to the Nonmovant”), an opposing party may “show[] by affidavit or declaration that,
for specified reasons, it cannot present facts essential to justify its opposition.” It is appropriate
for the Court to rule on the merits of a converted motion for summary judgment when “(1) the
evidence submitted is sufficiently comprehensive to conclude that further discovery would be
unnecessary; and (2) the non-moving party has not been unfairly disadvantaged by being unable
to access the sources of proof necessary to create a genuine issue of material fact.” Ryan-White
v. Blank, 922 F. Supp. 2d 19, 24 (D.D.C. 2013); see also Rosier v. Holder, 833 F. Supp. 2d 1, 5
(D.D.C. 2011) (treating a motion as one for summary judgment because “both parties refer[red]
to documents outside of the complaint and there [was] nothing in the record . . . indicat[ing that]
the parties did not have a reasonable opportunity to present all pertinent material”). Plaintiff has
failed to articulate what further discovery would be necessary to oppose Defendant’s motion in
compliance with Rule 56(d). This may be because it would be impossible to do so: at the time
that she filed her opposition, Plaintiff had almost a year’s time to conduct discovery. Compare
Pl.’s Opp’n to Mot. Dismiss at 21 (dated September 23, 2015), with Scheduling Order, ECF No.

                                                 14
                                          C. Exhaustion

       The VA claims that Plaintiff failed to exhaust her administrative remedies for several of

the alleged non-promotions. See generally Mot. Dismiss. In Title VII cases, when a federal

employee believes she has been discriminated against, she must contact an EEO Counselor

“within 45 days of the date of the matter alleged to be discriminatory or, in the case of personnel

action, within 45 days of the effective dates of the action,” so that they can try to resolve the

matter informally. See 29 C.F.R. § 1614.105(a)(1). If the parties are unable to resolve the issue

informally, the aggrieved person may file a formal administrative complaint within 15 days of

receiving notice of her right to do so from the EEO counselor. See id. § 1614.105(d). “A

complainant may amend [such] a complaint at any time prior to the conclusion of the

investigation to include issues or claims like or related to those raised in the complaint.” Id.

§ 1614.106(d). Within 90 days of receiving a final decision or after the formal administrative

complaint has been pending for 180 days, the complainant may file a civil action in federal court.

42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16(c).

       “[C]ourts may treat otherwise untimely complaints as timely if the employee ‘did not

know and reasonably should not have known that the discriminatory matter or personnel action

occurred.’” Hairston v. Tapella, 664 F. Supp. 2d 106, 114 (D.D.C. 2009) (quoting 29 C.F.R.

§ 1614.105(a)(2)); see also Adesalu v. Copps, 606 F. Supp. 2d 97, 101–02 (D.D.C. 2009) (“if

plaintiff ‘knew or should have known’ of the non-promotion decisions before . . . 45 days prior

to this initial contact, they are time-barred.” (citation omitted)). This is so because “[a]n overly

17 (dated November 21, 2014). As of the time of this Opinion, she has had even longer.
Moreover, Plaintiff has submitted exhibits of her own in her opposition to the motion. See
generally Pl.’s Opp’n to Mot. Dismiss. Although the Court need not treat Defendant’s Motion as
one for summary judgment, it likely could without changing its conclusions.

                                                 15
technical approach would improperly impede the goal of making federal employment free from

proscribed discrimination.” Loe v. Heckler, 768 F.2d 409, 417 (D.C. Cir. 1985); accord

Hairston, 664 F. Supp. 2d at 114. However, “[t]he court’s equitable power to toll the statute of

limitations will be exercised only in extraordinary and carefully circumscribed instances.”

Smith-Haynie v. District of Columbia, 155 F.3d 575, 579–80 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (Mondy, 845 F.2d

at 1058 n.3).

       It is the burden of the party seeking equitable tolling to prove “reasons that would support

. . . tolling of the 45-day time limit.” Harris v. Gonzales, 488 F.3d 442, 444 (D.C. Cir. 2007)

(quoting Harris v. Att’y Gen. of the U.S., 400 F. Supp. 2d 24, 26 (D.D.C. 2005)). In the context

of allegations that the defendant blocked access to the administrative process, “to successfully

assert equitable estoppel, [the plaintiff] must demonstrate that he was diligent and must point to

‘active steps’ the defendant took to prevent the plaintiff from making a timely filing.” Cristwell

v. Veneman, 224 F. Supp. 2d 54, 60 (D.D.C. 2002) (“For a plaintiff to successfully assert

equitable estoppel, when it is alleged that an untimely filing was a result of conduct by the

defendant, the plaintiff must be able to point to some type of “affirmative misconduct” or

misleading information regarding the filing deadline by the defendant.”). In Hairston v. Tapella,

at the summary-judgment stage, the court found that the plaintiff, after having been told by an

EEO counselor that he needed more evidence of discrimination aside from the non-selection

itself, “could have reasonably believed that . . . he needed to wait to assert any other grievance

about any non-promotion until he knew who had been hired for the position.” See 664 F. Supp.
2d at 114.

                                                 16
                                     1. Discrimination Claims

                                          a. Positions 1–5

       The VA claims that Plaintiff did not timely exhaust her administrative remedies with

respect to the alleged non-selections occurring from 2007 to 2008. See Mot. Dismiss at 9–11.

The VA specifically argues that Ms. Vasser knew about her non-selection for these positions for

years, yet did not file a formal administrative complaint until over a year later. See id. at 11.

Plaintiff responds that she did not have a reasonable suspicion that discrimination had occurred

with respect to the non-selections until well after the non-selections themselves, that Defendant

may have obstructed her access to the EEO process, and that she was on active duty during

portions of the time between non-selection and her initial contact with the administrative process.

See Pl.’s Opp’n to Mot. Dismiss at 17–18.

       As noted above, the administrative timeline in the case of personnel action begins on “the

effective date of the action.” See 29 C.F.R. § 1614.105(a)(1); Mier v. Owens, 57 F.3d 747, 749

(9th Cir. 1995) (in the context of Title VII, classifying promotion as a “personnel action[]”).

Here, the dates of the “personnel actions”—within 45 days of which the plaintiff must notify an

EEO counselor—are the dates when other candidates are officially promoted. See Jakubiak v.

Perry, 101 F.3d 23, 26–27 (4th Cir. 1996) (reasoning that “to determine when the 45-day time

period begins, 29 C.F.R. § 1614.105(a)(1) expressly distinguishes cases involving personnel

actions from other cases involving allegations of discrimination,” and concluding that, in the

context of an alleged non-appointment, the plaintiff must contact an EEO counselor within 45

days of the appointment of another candidate); accord Harris, 488 F.3d at 444–45 (citing

Jakubiak for the proposition that the regulation’s terms are “mandatory”); see also Greer v.

Paulson, 505 F.3d 1306, 1316 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (finding a failure to exhaust because the plaintiff

                                                 17
“offered no evidence that she had met with an EEO counselor within 45 days of the termination

of her employment” (emphasis added)); Green v. Donahoe, 760 F.3d 1135, 1144 n.3 (10th Cir.

2014) (“[W]e have no doubt that [the phrase “personnel action”] must refer to the acts of the

employer, not the employee . . . .”), vacated and remanded on other grounds sub nom., Green v.

Brennan, 136 S. Ct. 1769 (2016); Hairston, 664 F. Supp. 2d at 114; Armmstrong v. Jackson, No.

05-0075, 2006 WL 2024975, at *1, *4 (D.D.C. July 17, 2006) (finding that a failure-to-hire the

plaintiff occurred on the date when the “offers of employment were formally extended”). Under

the text of the regulation, it does not matter whether the employee received notice of the non-

selection, or knew that another person was selected. See Jakubiak 101 F.3d at 26–27 (rejecting

such an argument because “the regulation explicitly provides that the 45-day clock runs from the

‘effective date of the action’” (quoting 29 C.F.R. § 1614.105(a)(1))). It is certainly not sufficient

for the plaintiff to notify an EEO counselor within 45 days of “apprehend[ing] that an adverse

employment decision was motivated by a discriminatory purpose.” Pacheco v. Rice, 966 F.2d
904, 906 (5th Cir. 1992); accord Miller v. Hersman, 594 F.3d 8, 12 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (citing

Pacheco favorably in the context of the 45-day rule).

       Courts are open to tolling that timeframe until when the complainant had reason to know

the identity of the person receiving the promotion. See, e.g., Hairston, 664 F. Supp. 2d at 114.

However, such equitable tolling only applies when “despite all due diligence, a plaintiff is unable

to discover essential information bearing on the existence of his claim,” which does not include

details about the decision-making process. Pacheco, 966 F.2d at 906–07 (emphasis added) (also

noting that “[t]he doctrine of equitable tolling has it limits,” including “[t]he requirement of

diligent inquiry [that] imposes an affirmative duty on the potential plaintiff”). The party seeking

equitable tolling bears “the burden of pleading and proving in the district court ‘equitable

                                                 18
reasons’ for noncompliance with the [forty-five] day requirement.” Bayer v. U.S. Dep’t of

Treasury, 956 F.2d 330, 333 (D.C. Cir. 1992) (quoting Saltz v. Lehman, 672 F.2d 207, 209 (D.C.

Cir. 1982)).

       As shown by Plaintiff’s inability to cite any court case, see Pl.’s Opp’n to Mot. Dismiss

at 17, courts have not created a sui generis tolling rule for plaintiffs on active military duty.

However, the EEOC has, under certain circumstances, tolled the relevant administrative

deadlines for complainants on active duty. See, e.g., Clark v. Chertoff, EEOC Appeal No.

0120065245, 2008 WL 2951641. Regardless of whether such a rule applies in the federal courts,

the burden is on the plaintiff to establish that such an exception applies. See Harris v. Gonzalez,
488 F.3d at 444 (quoting Harris v. Att’y Gen., 400 F. Supp. 2d at 26).

       Plaintiff’s complaint before the Court, along with her administrative complaints and

portions of the VA’s Final Agency Decision, show that Ms. Vasser did not timely initiate contact

with an EEO counselor for her first five alleged non-promotions. The fifth alleged non-

promotion—the chronologically latest10 of the five—occurred when Ms. Vasser was notified that

the position was cancelled in January, 2009.11 See Compl. ¶ 18; see also Pl.’s Opp’n to Mot.

       10
          The VA’s Final Agency Decision confirms that the personnel actions occurred before
January 2009. See Final Agency Decision at 2. Specifically, Ms. Vasser alleged that she was
“discriminated against . . . when she was not selected” in July 2008 for the second and third non-
promotions, June 2008 for the fourth, and January 2009 for the fifth. See id. Although the Final
Agency Decision notes that Ms. Vasser did not remember the exact date that she was notified
that she was not selected for the first non-promotion, see id., the Complaint shows that the
selection for the first position occurred before the selection for the second. See Compl. ¶ 17
(describing the first alleged non-selection, then, in describing the second, stating that “Ms.
Vasser was again not selected” (emphasis added)). Because someone else was formally
promoted long before she first contacted an EEO counselor, it does not matter that she could not
specifically recall when she was notified of her non-selection.
       11
          Although Ms. Vasser’s complaint does not specifically indicate when she was notified
about the first-four non-promotions, she does not contend that the VA failed to notify her of the
non-selections within a reasonable time. See Compl.; Pl.’s Opp’n to Mot. Dismiss at 15–17.

                                                  19
Dismiss at 6; Final Agency Decision at 2.12 Because it does not matter under Jakubiak v. Perry

and Pacheco v. Rice whether Ms. Vasser learned the motivation behind the non-promotions until

a later time, the administrative clock began ticking in January 2009. The first time that Ms.

Vasser contacted an EEO counselor about the alleged non-promotions—by her own admission—

was in November, 2009. See Pl.’s Opp’n to Mot. Dismiss at 4–6; see generally Final Agency

Decision (procedurally dismissing certain claims because Plaintiff had not initiated any

administrative actions for these claims prior to 2010). Although the Court queries whether Ms.

Vasser actually raised the non-selections with the EEO counselor in a meaningful way, see Pl.’s

Opp’n to Mot. Dismiss Ex. B (mentioning the previous instances as background information in

her informal complaint); Final Agency Decision at 3 (noting that Ms. Vasser first raised these

claims on February 17, 2010), treating November 10, 2009 as the earliest possible time she

raised these claims suffices to resolve the issues here. Because Ms. Vasser was required to

contact an EEO counselor within 45 days of the alleged non-promotions and she did not do so

And, as explained below, even if she did not receive reasonably prompt notice, the over 15
months’ time that elapsed between the non-selection and her initial contact with an EEO
counselor, see Final Agency Decision at 2, shows that she did not exercise the reasonable
diligence required to benefit from equitable tolling.
       12
           The Court does not suggest that the fifth alleged failure to promote is not probative on
the sixth alleged failure to promote, which was for the same position. See Nat’l R.R. Passenger
Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 113 (2002) (“The existence of past acts and the employee’s prior
knowledge of their occurrence, however, does not bar employees from filing charges about
related discrete acts so long as the acts are independently discriminatory and charges addressing
those acts are themselves timely filed. Nor does the statute bar an employee from using the prior
acts as background evidence to support a timely claim.”). To the extent that Ms. Vasser claims
that the cancellation of the position itself constituted a non-promotion, however, her initial EEO
contact was untimely.

                                                20
until ten months later at the earliest, she did not timely exhaust her claims with respect to

positions one through five.13

        None of Ms. Vasser’s claims justify tolling the 45-day requirement here. First, under

cases like Hairston, Pacheco, and Miller, Ms. Vasser would only be entitled to equitable tolling

if she could show that, despite “all due diligence,” she was “unable to discover essential

information” about the claim, see Pacheco, 966 F.2d at 906–07, which here would be the

identities of the candidates ultimately promoted. According to her complaint, Ms. Vasser

knew—or, at the very least, had reason to know—that the positions were filled by others (or

cancelled) by January 2009. See Compl. ¶¶ 17–18. Ms. Vasser knew about the fifth non-

promotion in January 2009. See Compl. ¶ 18. She does not contend that the VA failed to notify

her of the first-four non-promotions within a reasonable time after they were made. See Compl.;

Pl.’s Opp’n to Mot. Dismiss at 15–17. And even if she never received notice, at least 15 months

passed between each of the first-four non-promotions and her initial contact with an EEO

counselor. See Final Agency Decision at 2–3. Thus, because Ms. Vasser has not made any

showing of diligence that can account for her delay in contacting an EEO counselor, she is not

entitled to equitable tolling.

        Second, Plaintiff’s vague claims that discovery could show that nefarious actors

purposefully obstructed her access to the EEO process do not satisfy the requirement that she

“demonstrate that [s]he was diligent and . . . point to ‘active steps’ the defendant took to prevent

[her] from making a timely filing.” Cristwell, 224 F. Supp. 2d at 60. Plaintiff’s memorandum in

        13
          To be clear, the first five non-promotions are the 2007 Dallas, Texas Regional Manager
position (07-B6-301); the 2007 Towson, Maryland Regional Manager position (08-048); the
2008 Bay Pines, Florida Regional Manager position (MPA 08-05); the 2008 St. Louis, Missouri
Deputy Regional Manager position (MPA 2007-8515); and the 2008 Bay Pines, Florida Deputy
Regional Manager position (MPA 08-351). See Compl. ¶¶ 17–18.

                                                 21
opposition to the motion states that the VA’s alleged discrimination “raises questions whether it

engaged in misconduct that impeded Ms. Vasser’s ability to exercise her EEO rights,” but stops

short of citing any concrete example that prevented her from contacting an EEO counselor. Pl.’s

Opp’n to Mot. Dismiss at 15. Hinting at possible “questions” about the VA’s conduct falls far

short of “demonstrat[ing]” that anyone took active steps to prevent her filings. Plaintiff further

maintains that Defendant’s refusal to produce certain documents during discovery further shows

that the VA may have worked to prevent her from accessing the administrative process. See id.

at 15. However, had Ms. Vasser been “diligent” any actions taken by the VA that kept her from

contacting an EEO counselor would be completely within her control; if something impeded her

access to an EEO counselor she has the power to affirmatively allege it in her complaint.

       Finally, assuming without deciding that the administrative deadlines are tolled during

periods of active duty, Ms. Vasser still did not initiate contact with an EEO counselor within 45

days of the alleged non-promotions. Ms. Vasser’s active-duty argument would only support this

action if the Court recognized tolling to some point after January 2009. 14 Given that the

personnel actions took effect, at the latest, in January 2009, Ms. Vasser’s active-duty period

beginning on May 1, 2009 started well after expiration of the 45-day administrative deadline.

       14
          Notably, the VA has provided evidence that Ms. Vasser pursued, at least in part, her
EEO cases during her active duty. See Def.’s Reply Supp. Mot. Dismiss at 5, ECF No. 34; Pl.’s
Opp’n to Mot. Dismiss at 6, 18, 19 (showing that Ms. Vasser contacted EEO counselors during
her time on active duty). Plaintiff invokes an equitable principle—upon which the plaintiff has
the burden of proof—but has submitted no evidence that her active-duty status prevented her
from pursuing her claims. Without deciding whether active-duty tolling is a colorable argument
in federal court, the Court notes that, even if it were, it almost certainly would not apply here.

                                                22
       Accordingly, the portions of Plaintiff’s Second Amended Complaint seeking redress for

the failures-to-promote occurring before January 2009 will be dismissed because those claims

were not administratively exhausted.

                                           b. Position 7

       The Court next addresses the VA’s argument that Ms. Vasser “utterly failed to ever file

an administrative claim” for the seventh alleged non-selection.15 See Mot. Dismiss at 12. The

VA further notes that Plaintiff was “clearly on notice of [the] requirement[]” to exhaust

administrative remedies, and only alleges in her complaint that a separate applicant filed suit

over the same non-selection. See id. Ms. Vasser counters that she has not received “any

notification one way or the other about the status of her candidacy,” and that “to this day [the]

vacancy has [not] been filled, closed, returned, vacated[,] or otherwise disposed of after five

years.” See Pl.’s Opp’n to Mot. Dismiss at 18. She maintains that failing to fill the position is

inconsistent with the VA’s promotion policies and justifies an inference that the position has

been intentionally left open “to thwart Ms. Vasser’s efforts to seek redress.” Id. Finally, she

states that she did indeed include this promotion announcement “alongside her 2011

administrative complaints.” See id. The VA responds to Plaintiff’s final contention by noting

that the only reference made to the position in her 2011 complaint was in passing, to be used as

evidence to support her other claims. See Def.’s Reply Supp. Mot. Dismiss at 5, ECF No. 34.

       The Court first addresses Plaintiff’s contention that she did indeed raise the seventh

alleged non-promotion in her December 2011 administrative complaint. “A vague or

circumscribed EEOC charge will not satisfy the exhaustion requirement for claims it does not

       15
        The seventh alleged non-promotion was for a 2011 Towson, Maryland Regional
Manager Position (MP-037-410167). See Compl. ¶ 30.

                                                 23
fairly embrace.” Marshall v. Fed. Express Corp., 130 F.3d 1095, 1098 (D.C. Cir. 1997). To

allow plaintiffs to proceed to federal court after having raised claims in only a cursory manner

would undermine “the EEOC’s investigatory and conciliatory” purpose. Id. (quoting

Schnellbaecher v. Baskin Clothing Co., 887 F.2d 124, 127 (7th Cir. 1989)). “Naturally every

detail of the eventual complaint need not be presaged in the EEOC filing, but the substance of

[the claim] . . . must fall within the scope of ‘the administrative investigation that can reasonably

be expected to follow the charge of discrimination.’” Id. (quoting Park v. Howard Univ., 71
F.3d 904, 907 (D.C. Cir. 1995)). A plaintiff cannot permute “mere[] background information” in

an EEOC complaint into a separately actionable legal claim. See Lyles v. District of Columbia,

777 F. Supp. 2d 128, 137 (D.D.C. 2011) (dismissing a mental-illness related claim as not

reasonably related to the plaintiff’s EEO charge because “the EEO charge focuses solely on [a

physical injury], making any discussion of mental illness merely ‘background’ information to the

physical injury claim”).

       Plaintiff’s mention of the seventh non-promotion in her December 2011 EEO complaint

is the type of vague reference that her administrative complaint did not “fairly embrace.”

Despite the opportunity to specifically raise the non-promotion as a separate claim, she did not

do so. See December 2011 Administrative Compl. at 21–23. After listing five different claims

for discrimination and retaliation, Ms. Vasser simply mentioned this alleged discrimination “as

evidence to support [her] current claims.” See id. at 24. To treat such background “evidence” as

a fairly-raised EEO claim would undermine the purpose of the EEO process in resolving such

disputes; Ms. Vasser specifically sought redress for five claims, none of which were the seventh

alleged non-promotion in the Second Amended Complaint. The Court will not allow Ms. Vasser

to permute this background evidence into another claim for judicial relief.

                                                 24
       As for Ms. Vasser’s argument that the position has not yet been filled, her own grounds

for recovery undermine her claim for exemption from the administrative process. On the one

hand, Ms. Vasser claims that she was discriminated against by not being promoted to the

position. See Compl. ¶ 30. She bases her claim on the inference that because the position has

not been filled for so long, she has been discriminated against in such a way as to thwart her

ability to seek redress. See Pl.’s Opp’n to Mot. Dismiss at 18. On the other, she claims that she

need not seek administrative redress because no personnel action has yet taken place. See id.

This reasoning perches Ms. Vasser upon the horns of a dilemma. If the personnel action or other

cognizable act of discrimination has taken place, allowing her to maintain this action, she was

required to exhaust her administrative remedies. But if the discriminatory act has not taken

place, she has no claim to maintain at all. Although her arguments that the hiring decision has

been delayed to thwart her recovery might justify equitable tolling in a later action, they do not

justify the complete suspension of the administrative exhaustion requirement.

       Accordingly, the Court dismisses the portions of Plaintiff’s Second Amended Complaint

that seek redress for the seventh alleged failure to promote occurring in late 2010 to early 2011.

                                        c. “Paragraph 60”

       The VA argues that “it is unclear whether Plaintiff’s Second Amended Complaint is now

alleging additional discrete acts of discrimination and/or hostile work environment ‘since the

filing of her civil action,’” citing Plaintiff’s Second Amended Complaint. See Mot. Dismiss at

12. “To the extent that Plaintiff is seeking redress for these brand new claims,” Defendant

argues, “Plaintiff has not exhausted administrative remedies as to those claim[s] because there is

no evidence of Plaintiff contacting an EEO counselor on these claims to date.” Id. Plaintiff does

not contend that she contacted an EEO counselor, but responds that her supervisor’s retaliation is

                                                 25
part of a broader hostile work environment claim encompassing many acts. See Pl.’s Opp’n to

Mot. Dismiss at 20. Notably, all of the allegedly retaliatory acts in paragraph 60 were allegedly

triggered by Ms. Vasser’s statements—in this lawsuit—that her current supervisor is unqualified.

See Compl. ¶ 60. Ms. Vasser cites to Baird v. Gotbaum for the proposition that the Court should

not dismiss a hostile work environment claim simply “because it contains discrete acts that the

plaintiff claims [(correctly or incorrectly)] are actionable on their own.” See Pl.’s Opp’n to Mot.

Dismiss at 20 (quoting Baird v. Gotbaum, 662 F.3d 1246, 1252 (D.C. Cir. 2011)) (alteration

omitted in briefing). But the question here is not which acts are included in her hostile-work

environment claim; rather, it is whether she exhausted a hostile work environment claim at all.

       As her “most important” response to Defendant, Ms. Vasser also argues that her new

claims are reasonably related to her previous claims and therefore need not be administratively

exhausted. See Pl.’s Opp’n to Mot. Dismiss at 20. As noted above, a “Title VII lawsuit

following an EEOC charge is limited in scope to claims that are like or reasonably related to the

allegations of the charge and growing out of such allegations.” Leach v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger

Corp., 128 F. Supp. 3d 146, 152–53 (D.D.C. 2015) (alteration omitted) (quoting Craig v. District

of Columbia, 74 F. Supp. 3d 349, 362 (D.D.C. 2014)). “[T]he exhaustion requirement on a

hostile work environment claim is less stringent than for stand-alone claims of discrimination

and retaliation[:] a plaintiff need only have filed an EEOC complaint alleging some of the claims

that comprise the hostile work environment claim.” Id. at 153. However, a hostile work

environment claim must still be exhausted. See id. at 152. One cannot exhaust a claim for

hostile work environment merely by exhausting some underlying facts that happen to constitute

separately-cognizable claims. See Park, 71 F.3d at 907 (finding a hostile work environment

                                                26
claim unexhausted because “[a]lthough [the plaintiff] filed an administrative charge, it did not

express or even hint at a . . . hostile work environment claim”).

       Ms. Vasser concedes that her new claim for a hostile work environment in paragraph 60

was not asserted in any prior administrative complaint. See Pl.’s Opp’n to Mot. Dismiss at 20

(arguing that her claim “need not be subjected to exhaustion” because it is reasonably related to

her other claims). She also did not administratively raise any hostile work environment claim

along with her other claims in this case of discrete non-selections. See generally February 2010

Administrative Compl.; December 2011 Administrative Compl. In fact, Ms. Vasser never

alleged that she was subjected to a hostile work environment until after she filed this suit. See

generally Compl. Her new hostile work environment claim is not reasonably related to her prior

non-selection claims because it involves different facts, different applicable law, and her new

claims would not arise from the administrative investigation that would have reasonably been

expected to follow her prior claims of discrete non-selections. See Park, 71 F.3d at 907–08.

       Because Ms. Vasser has not exhausted any hostile work environment claim, she does not

have a claim to which her contention in paragraph 60 could be “reasonably related” under Park.

Accordingly, the Court dismisses Ms. Vasser’s new hostile work environment claim in paragraph

60 of the Second Amended Complaint for failure to exhaust.

                          2. ADEA Claims and Retaliation Claims 1–6

       The VA moves to dismiss Ms. Vasser’s ADEA claims and retaliation claims for her first

six alleged non-promotions on exhaustion grounds. See Mot. Dismiss at 12–15. Plaintiff

“consents to [the] dismissal of her claims under the Age Discrimination Employment Act, as

well as unlawful retaliation for positions 1[–]6.” Pl.’s Opp’n to Mot. Dismiss at 20 n.2.

Accordingly, the Court will dismiss Ms. Vasser’s second and fourth counts (ADEA

                                                27
discrimination and retaliation, respectively), see Compl. ¶¶ 64–66, 70–72, and her third count

(Title VII retaliation), see Compl. ¶¶ 67–69, for all claims occurring before Ms. Vasser engaged

in protected activity in November 2009. See Pl.’s Opp’n to Mot. Dismiss at 7–8 (identifying the

sixth alleged non-promotion as occurring sometime between April and October 2009).

                                      IV. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s Partial Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED. An

order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is separately and contemporaneously issued.

Dated: December 29, 2016                                         RUDOLPH CONTRERAS
                                                                 United States District Judge

                                               28