Court Opinion

ID: 3018390
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-13 22:19:06.279783+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:10:01.410740
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals

                             FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

               No. 96-1265

United States of America,                *
                                         *
      Appellee,                          *
                                         * Appeals from the United States
          v.        *                    District Court for the Eastern
                                         * District of Missouri.
Linda Sue Bryson, Also Known             *
as Linda   Sue Campbell, Also            *
Known as Linda   Nolting, Also           *
Known as Karen Nolting, Also             *
Known as Linda Sue Vehlewald,            *
                                         *
     Appellant. *

               No. 96-1359

United States of America,                *
                                         *
     Appellee,                           *
                                         *
     v.                                  *
                                         *
Henrietta Furnish, Also Known            *
as Hank,                                 *
                                         *
     Appellant. *
           No. 96-1362

United States of America,                *
                                         *
     Appellee,                           *
                                         *
     v.                                  *
                                         *
Ronnie Furnish,   *
                                         *
     Appellant. *

                      Submitted: November 21, 1996

                          Filed: April 7, 1997

Before McMILLIAN and MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD,     Circuit Judges, and BOGUE,1
      District Judge.

MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judge.
      The three defendants were indicted, along with seven others, on one
count of conspiracy to distribute, and to possess with the intent to
distribute, more than one kilogram each of methamphetamine and heroin.   See
21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), § 846.    The conspiracy was alleged to have existed
between December, 1992, and June, 1995.      After a two-day trial, a jury
convicted Linda Bryson.    After a separate seven-day trial, a jury convicted
Ronnie Furnish and Henrietta Furnish (who are husband and wife) and three
co-defendants whose cases we do not address in this opinion.

     1
      The Honorable Andrew W. Bogue, United States District Judge
for the District of South Dakota, sitting by designation.

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                                      2
        Ms. Bryson and Mr. Furnish appeal both their convictions and their
sentences.        Ms. Furnish appeals only her conviction.                        We affirm the
convictions of all three defendants but remand the cases of Ms. Bryson and
Mr. Furnish for resentencing.

                                                I.
        As far as we can tell, Ms. Bryson was first arrested in late March,
1995.     We note the date of Ms. Bryson’s initial arrest because of the
wording of her pretrial motions to suppress, both of which requested the
exclusion of "all statements ... taken from [Ms. Bryson] ... at any time
following her initial arrest."           Despite the specificity of those requests,
however,    at    hearings      on   pretrial    motions,       both      Ms.   Bryson    and   the
government       seemed   to    assume    that       Ms.    Bryson     was      challenging     the
admissibility of statements that she gave in June, 1994, during a police
interview at the St. Louis airport and in February, 1995, during a police
interview at her residence, even though both of those dates are prior to
her initial arrest.        Both parties presented proof on those issues.

        Ms. Bryson’s motions to suppress also requested the exclusion of "all
evidence    obtained      ...   by    means   of     a     search   ...    of    [Ms.    Bryson’s]
residence."      Despite the specificity of that request, however, at hearings
on pretrial motions, both Ms. Bryson and the government seemed to assume
that Ms. Bryson was challenging the admissibility of money and hypodermic
needles found in a search of her luggage during the airport interview, even
though that search was not at her residence.                         Both parties presented
evidence on that issue.

                                              -3-
                                               3
        The magistrate judge2 who conducted the hearings on pretrial motions
made findings of fact and recommendations with respect to the statements
and evidence described above.      The trial court ruled on those issues as
well.       Even on appeal, the government says nothing about this apparent
discrepancy between the motions and the proof.

        Under these circumstances, we too are inclined to address all of the
matters argued in the trial court, proceeding as if Ms. Bryson’s motions
requested the exclusion of "all statements" and "all evidence obtained ..
by means of a search."        See, e.g., 3 C. Wright, Federal Practice and
Procedure: Criminal 2d § 673 at 769 (1982).       See also United States v.
Hall, 565 F.2d 917, 919-20 (5th Cir. 1978); United States v. Wylie, 462
F.2d 1178, 1182 (D.C. Cir. 1972); and United States v. Lucas, 360 F.2d 937,
938 (6th Cir. 1966) (per curiam), cert. denied, 385 U.S. 875 (1966).      We
therefore turn to each of the incidents referred to above.
                                      II.
        In June, 1994, acting on suspicion that Ms. Bryson might be "involved
in drugs," a police officer stopped Ms. Bryson and a friend at the St.
Louis, Missouri, airport, identified herself to them as a police officer,
and asked if Ms. Bryson was going to Los Angeles; Ms. Bryson said that she
was.    (We recount the facts as found by the magistrate judge based on the
testimony of two police officers at a suppression hearing; Ms. Bryson did
not testify.)      The officer was not wearing a uniform, and her weapon was
not visible.       The officer then asked Ms. Bryson if they could talk;
Ms. Bryson agreed.

        2
      The Honorable Mary Ann L. Medler, United States Magistrate
Judge, United States District Court for the Eastern District of
Missouri.

                                      -4-
                                       4
     The police officer asked if she could see Ms. Bryson’s ticket, and
Ms. Bryson gave the officer the ticket.            The officer then asked if
Ms. Bryson was the person whose name was on the ticket.                 Ms. Bryson
responded that the ticket was in her sister’s name but that her sister was
unable to go.    When asked for some identification, Ms. Bryson offered a
driver’s license in the name of "Linda Campbell."               The officer then
returned the ticket and the driver’s license and asked Ms. Bryson why she
was going to California; Ms. Bryson’s response was that she was going to
visit a friend but that the friend "doesn’t have anything to do with this."

     At   that   point,   the   police   officer   asked   if   she   could   search
Ms. Bryson’s carry-on bag.      Ms. Bryson agreed, and the officer searched the
bag but found nothing of moment.      Approximately three minutes had elapsed
since the officer had first stopped the two women.         The officer then asked
about checked bags, and Ms. Bryson said that she had four and gave her
ticket envelope (with claim checks attached) to the officer.            When asked
if the officer could search her checked bags, Ms. Bryson agreed.

     In the meantime, a second police officer (who had been interviewing
Ms. Bryson’s friend) had arrested the friend for possession of marijuana
and methamphetamine, a development of which Ms. Bryson was aware.                The
officers told Ms. Bryson that they were detaining her friend, and the
officer who had been questioning Ms. Bryson asked if she would return to
the office with them.     When asked to observe the search of her checked
bags, Ms. Bryson agreed to do so.          Approximately 20 to 30 minutes had
elapsed since the search of Ms. Bryson’s carry-on bag.

                                         -5-
                                          5
      During the search of Ms. Bryson’s checked bags, the police officers
found approximately $12,000 and some hypodermic needles.              A drug dog
alerted "positive" to the money as having "a narcotic odor."      Although they
did not arrest Ms. Bryson, the officers seized the money.      In an interview
with the second officer after the money was discovered, Ms. Bryson at first
asserted that the money belonged to someone whose name it was not in her
best interest to give.     When asked to whom a receipt should be made out,
however, she said that the money belonged to her.

      Ms. Bryson moved to suppress the money and hypodermic needles found
in her checked bags and her statements to the police officers.                 She
asserted that when the officers asked her to accompany them to their office
and retrieved her checked bags, a consensual encounter became a seizure
that lacked probable cause, and thus that the money and hypodermic needles
should be suppressed.    She argued, as well, that because she was not given
the warnings required under Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 467-73, 478-
79   (1966),   for   custodial   interrogations,   her   statements   should    be
suppressed.

      The magistrate judge concluded that Ms. Bryson’s encounter with the
police officers never turned into a seizure.          The trial court agreed.
Ms. Bryson does not challenge any of the magistrate judge’s factual
findings as clearly erroneous.      See, e.g., United States v. McKines, 933
F.2d 1412, 1426 (8th Cir. 1991) (en banc), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 985
(1991).   Rather, the essence of her argument on appeal is that the trial
court erred in concluding that no seizure occurred.      We review de novo the
conclusion that no seizure occurred.        See, e.g., id. at 1424, 1426.

                                      -6-
                                       6
      Generally, a seizure within the meaning of the fourth amendment
occurs only if, considering all of the circumstances of the incident, a
reasonable person would believe that he or she is not free to leave.         See,
e.g., id. at 1415, 1416 n.3.            The courts have recognized the "fact-
intensive" yet "imprecise nature of [the] inquiry."           Id. at 1419.   "The
test is necessarily imprecise, because it is designed to assess the
coercive nature of police conduct, taken as a whole, rather than to focus
on   particular   details   of   that   conduct   in   isolation."   Michigan   v.
Chesternut, 486 U.S. 567, 573 (1988).       We consider, therefore, whether all
of the circumstances involved in Ms. Bryson’s initial encounter with the
police officers were "so intimidating, threatening or coercive that a
reasonable person would not have believed himself [or herself] free to
leave."   United States v. McKines, 933 F.2d at 1419.

      Ms. Bryson directs our attention to Buffkins v. City of Omaha, 922
F.2d 465, 469 (8th Cir. 1990), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 898 (1991), in which
our court held that a seizure occurred when two police officers "requested
[the defendant] to accompany them to the office ... [and] at that time
seized her luggage ... [by] picking [it] up."          In that case, however, the
officers told the defendant’s friend that she was "free to go" but made no
such statement to the defendant.        Indeed, our court specifically concluded
that the "officers' conflicting statements" to the defendant and her friend
would have led to a reasonable belief on the defendant’s part that she was
not free to go.   Id.   In Ms. Bryson’s case, it was Ms. Bryson’s friend who
was arrested, and thus "had no choice but to go with the officers," id.,
and Ms. Bryson who could have "reasonably infer[red]," id., that she, in
contrast to her friend, was free to go.            We note as well that it was
Ms. Bryson who gave the claim checks to the officer after being asked about
checked

                                         -7-
                                          7
bags, rather than the officer’s physically commandeering those bags, see
id., from Ms. Bryson’s possession.

     Ms. Bryson also relies on Florida v. Royer, 460 U.S. 491, 501, 503
(1983) (plurality opinion), in which the Supreme Court held that a seizure
occurred when two police officers retained the defendant’s ticket and
identification, asked the defendant to accompany them to an office, and
used the defendant’s claim checks to retrieve his checked bags without his
"consent or agreement," id. at 494 (plurality opinion).        In our case,
however, the officer had returned Ms. Bryson’s ticket and driver's license
before asking about checked bags and did not take physical control of those
bags until after Ms. Bryson responded that she had four checked bags and
handed her ticket envelope, with claim checks attached, to the officer.

     We believe that Ms. Bryson’s case is more analogous to United States
v. Dennis, 933 F.2d 671, 673 (8th Cir. 1991) (per curiam);    United States
v. McKines, 933 F.2d at 1422-23, 1426; and United States v. Poitier, 818
F.2d 679, 683 (8th Cir. 1987), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 1006 (1988), where
our court found that no seizure had occurred when the police officers were
not uniformed, did not openly display their weapons, and did not physically
touch the defendant; see also United States v. Delaney, 52 F.3d 182, 186
(8th Cir. 1995), cert. denied, 116 S. Ct. 209 (1995), and United States v.
Todd, 963 F.2d 207, 210 (8th Cir. 1992).   We therefore hold that no seizure
of Ms. Bryson occurred when the officers asked about her checked bags and
asked her to accompany them to their office, where Ms. Bryson’s checked
bags were brought.   Since there was no seizure, the officers were not
required to give Miranda warnings to Ms. Bryson before she made any
statements in the office.   See Miranda, 384 U.S. at 467-73, 478-79.    The
trial court’s refusal to

                                     -8-
                                      8
suppress the money, the hypodermic needles, and Ms. Bryson’s statements was
thus not error.

                                          III.
        In February, 1995, two police officers and a DEA agent went to
Ms. Bryson's residence in St. Louis, Missouri, to try to find her.                    (We
recount the facts as found by the magistrate judge based on the testimony
of   one   of   the   police   officers   and    the   DEA   agent   at   two   different
suppression hearings; Ms. Bryson did not testify at either hearing.)                   At
that time, the indictment against her had been issued but was still under
seal.    Ms. Bryson's son directed the officers and the DEA agent to a second
house, where one of the officers and the DEA agent found Ms. Bryson (the
second officer stayed at the residence).

        The police officer and the DEA agent identified themselves and told
Ms. Bryson that she was a target of a drug investigation.                 They asked if
they could speak with her, and Ms. Bryson agreed but stated that she would
rather return to her residence instead of talking outside.                      After the
police officer advised Ms. Bryson of her Miranda rights, and she said that
she understood them, Ms. Bryson, the officer, and the DEA agent returned
to her residence.

        Ms. Bryson, both police officers, and the DEA agent went inside,
where the law enforcement officers asked for her cooperation in their
investigation, which, they stated, would be taken into consideration.
Specifically, they asked for information about her role in distributing
methamphetamine.      Ms. Bryson stated that she ordered methamphetamine from
Henrietta Furnish (a
co-defendant), gave the money to Robert Avila (a co-defendant who pleaded
guilty and testified for the government), and then received

                                          -9-
                                           9
the methamphetamine from Ms. Furnish.      Ms. Bryson admitted that she had
recently received a pound of methamphetamine from Ms. Furnish and told the
two officers and the DEA agent that it was hidden in the house where they
originally found her.     The questioning took about 45 minutes.    At some
point Ms. Bryson signed    forms consenting to a search of both houses.

     Ms. Bryson, the two police officers, and the DEA agent then returned
to the house where they originally found her, and she gave them the pound
of methamphetamine that she had told them about.       The law enforcement
officers also found two one-ounce packages of methamphetamine, which
Ms. Bryson said she had obtained from Mr. Avila the previous week.

     Ms. Bryson subsequently went with the law enforcement officers to the
DEA office, where the DEA agent typed a summary of the information that
Ms. Bryson had given.     She initialed a form indicating that she had been
advised of her Miranda rights and that no "threats, force, or promises of
rewards" had been used in obtaining the statement.   In response to the DEA
agent's inquiry, Ms. Bryson said that the typed summary of her statements
was accurate; she then signed it "Linda Campbell" and initialed each page.

     Ms. Bryson moved to suppress her statements and the drugs that the
law enforcement officers found.   Ms. Bryson argued, first, that because the
DEA agent did not recall hearing her receive her Miranda rights, they were
not given; that she was effectively in custody at the time she gave her
statements; and that the statements should therefore be suppressed as
having been induced without prior Miranda warnings.    She also argued that
because she was under indictment even though unaware of it, her sixth
amendment

                                    -10-
                                     10
right to counsel had attached, and therefore that the law enforcement
officers were actively interfering with that right by telling her only that
she was a target of a drug investigation rather than that she had already
been indicted.   Ms. Bryson further argued that her alleged waivers of her
Miranda rights and her sixth amendment rights were not fully informed
because of her lack of awareness of the indictment.   Finally, she contended
that her consents to answer questions and to allow the house searches were
obtained by deceit so egregious as to amount to coercion under the law, and
therefore were not voluntary under the law.

     The magistrate judge found that one of the police officers advised
Ms. Bryson of her Miranda rights.      The magistrate judge also found that
Ms. Bryson's consents to answer questions and to allow the searches were
voluntary and not coerced.    The trial court adopted all of those findings.

     It is true that at one of the suppression hearings the DEA agent
testified that Ms. Bryson was never given Miranda warnings "because she was
never placed under arrest."   At the other suppression hearing, however, one
of the police officers testified that he advised Ms. Bryson of those rights
"when we approached her."    From all of that testimony, the magistrate judge
concluded that the DEA agent "apparently was out of earshot when [the
police officer] advised Ms. Bryson of her rights."         In reviewing the
magistrate judge's findings, the trial court concluded that the police
officer "advised [Ms. Bryson] of her Miranda rights verbally, out of the
hearing of the DEA agent."

     We have read the transcripts of both suppression hearings.          The
finding that Ms. Bryson was indeed advised of her Miranda rights is not
clearly erroneous.   See, e.g., United States v.

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                                      11
Chaidez, 906 F.2d 377, 385 (8th Cir. 1990), and United States v. Capers,
685 F.2d 249, 252 (8th Cir. 1982) (per curiam); see also United States v.
Dickson, 58 F.3d 1258, 1265 (8th Cir. 1995), modified on other grounds, 64
F.3d 409 (8th Cir. 1995), cert. denied, 116 S. Ct. 747 (1996), and Atwell
v. State of Arkansas, 426 F.2d 912, 913-14 (8th Cir. 1970).

     It is also true that Ms. Bryson's sixth amendment right to counsel
attached once she was indicted.    See e.g., United States v. Gouveia, 467
U.S. 180, 187-89 (1984); see also Kirby v. Illinois, 406 U.S. 682, 688-90
(1972)   (plurality opinion).     Our court has held, however, that law
enforcement officers, with the consent of a suspect, may question even
suspects who are unaware of their own indictment.     Our court has further
held that the officers have no duty to make such suspects aware of an
indictment.    See, e.g., United States v. Chadwick, 999 F.2d 1282, 1284-86
(8th Cir. 1993).    We turn, then, to the question of whether Ms. Bryson's
consent to answer questions was fully informed.

     The Supreme Court has held that the Miranda warnings are sufficient
to advise a suspect of the sixth amendment right to counsel and, therefore,
that a valid waiver after being advised of Miranda rights is also a knowing
waiver for sixth amendment purposes, see, e.g., Patterson v. Illinois, 487
U.S. 285, 291-300 (1988), except in certain circumstances not present here,
see, e.g., id. at 296-97 n.9.   See also United States v. Chadwick, 999 F.2d
at 1285.      We therefore reject Ms. Bryson's argument that her lack of
awareness of the indictment rendered her consent to answer questions not
"knowing" under the law.

     Ms. Bryson asserts that by telling her that she was only a target of
a drug investigation and not that she had actually been

                                    -12-
                                     12
indicted, the law enforcement officers engaged in deceit so extensive as
to amount to coercion.              She contends, therefore, that her consents to
answer questions and to allow the house searches were involuntary under the
law.

       It    is   true   that       in   some   cases,    a    consent   has    been     rendered
involuntary under the law because of deception on the part of a law
enforcement officer.         See, e.g., United States v. Bosse, 898 F.2d 113, 115
(9th Cir. 1990) (per curiam); United States v. Carter, 884 F.2d 368, 374-75
(8th Cir. 1989); and United States v. Tweel, 550 F.2d 297, 299-300 (5th
Cir. 1977).       See also United States v. Briley, 726 F.2d 1301, 1304-05 (8th
Cir. 1984).        None of those cases, however, involved circumstances even
close to those present in this case.

       Ms.    Bryson     was    told     not    only    that   she   was    a   target     of    an
investigation but also that it was a drug investigation.                    We do not believe
that the law enforcement officers' request for cooperation in those
circumstances would inevitably lead a reasonable person to believe that
"she was being given an opportunity to make things easier on herself, turn
informant, and perhaps even escape being charged," as Ms. Bryson contends
in her brief.      Furthermore, although she asserts in her brief that she was
"inveigled" into entering a cooperation agreement, and that the officers'
representations to her "evoked" "fears and hopes" on her part, in fact she
offered      no   evidence     to    support    those    contentions       at   either    of    the
suppression hearings.          Under those circumstances, we decline to hold that
her consents to answer questions and to allow the house searches were
involuntary.

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                                                 13
                                   IV.
     During trial, the court admitted evidence of Ms. Bryson's 1987
federal conviction for distributing methamphetamine.       Ms. Bryson argues
that five years is too remote in time from the onset of the alleged
conspiracy and that the government offered no proof, other than the bare
title of the offense, to show that the prior conviction was for acts
similar to those charged in the present case.    Ms. Bryson further argues
that any probative value of the prior conviction was far outweighed by its
unfair prejudicial effect.   See Fed. R. Ev. 403.

     The trial court also admitted evidence that when Ms. Bryson was
arrested in October, 1995, for the second time (having fled after her
initial arrest in March, 1995), the three police officers who arrested her
found, in the truck in which she was riding, a pair of medical clamps, five
hypodermic syringes (four of them apparently already used), and two
ballpoint pen tubes that contained "an unknown residue."   After the arrest,
Ms. Bryson stated that the items found in the truck were hers.      Finally,
the trial court admitted evidence that when the residence of the truck's
owner (where Ms. Bryson had evidently been living) was searched subsequent
to Ms. Bryson's arrest, the police officers who arrested her found "a spoon
with white powder residue, two crack pipes, [a] marijuana pipe, and a small
amount of marijuana."

     With respect to the apparent drug paraphernalia, Ms. Bryson notes
that the only drugs potentially evident at the time of her arrest were the
residues in the four hypodermic syringes and the ballpoint pen tubes, the
white powder residue in a spoon, and the marijuana, a drug that was not
included in the charges (since the alleged conspiracy was to distribute
methamphetamine and heroin).   As to the residues, Ms. Bryson argues that
they represented

                                   -14-
                                    14
evidence of nothing more than personal use, that they were therefore only
barely relevant to the charge of conspiracy to distribute, and thus that
their unfair prejudicial effect exceeded by far any probative value that
they might have had.      See Fed. R. Ev. 403.

     At the time that all of that evidence was admitted, the trial court
instructed the jurors that they could not use the evidence "to decide
whether [Ms. Bryson] carried out the acts involved in the crime charged"
but that if they were convinced, beyond a reasonable doubt, by other
evidence that Ms. Bryson had indeed carried out the acts involved in the
crime charged, they could "use this evidence concerning previous [and,
presumably, subsequent] acts to decide intent, knowledge, or common scheme
or plan."    See Fed. R. Ev. 404(b).

     Evidence of "other crimes, wrongs, or acts" by a defendant, see Fed.
R. Ev. 404(b), is inadmissible only if its relevance is solely to the
question of a defendant's "character or ... propensity to commit the crime
charged."    United States v. Jones, 990 F.2d 1047, 1050 (8th Cir. 1993),
cert. denied, 510 U.S. 1048 (1994).       Such evidence is admissible if it is
"(1) relevant to a material issue; (2) proved by a preponderance of the
evidence; (3) higher in probative value than in prejudicial effect; and (4)
similar in kind and close in time to the crime charged."          United States v.
Campbell, 937 F.2d 404, 406 (8th Cir. 1991).          We review a trial court's
decision to admit such evidence for abuse of discretion.          See, e.g., United
States v. Wiley, 29 F.3d 345, 350-51 (8th Cir. 1994), cert. denied, 115
S. Ct. 522 (1994).

     We     apply   "a   reasonableness   standard,   examining    the   facts   and
circumstances of each case," in deciding whether a previous

                                      -15-
                                       15
conviction is too remote in time to be admitted.            United States v. Burk,
912 F.2d 225, 228 (8th Cir. 1990).             We observe, however, that in other
cases, our court has allowed the admission of prior convictions at least
seven and thirteen years old.      See, respectively, id. at 227-28 and United
States v. Burkett, 821 F.2d 1306, 1308-10 (8th Cir. 1987) (both seven
years), and United States v. Engleman, 648 F.2d 473, 478-80 (8th Cir. 1981)
(thirteen years).        We therefore do not think that Ms. Bryson's previous
conviction   was    so    remote   in   time    as   to   render   it   automatically
inadmissible.

     Ms. Bryson was charged in this case with conspiracy to distribute,
and to possess with the intent to distribute, more than one kilogram each
of methamphetamine and heroin.      We greet with some surprise, therefore, her
contention that the introduction of a certified copy of her conviction for
distributing methamphetamine had to be amplified by evidence of the exact
acts involved in order to show that that conviction was "similar in kind,"
see Fed. R. Ev. 404(b), to the charge in this case.          At the very least, the
prior conviction was clearly relevant on the issues of knowledge and
intent.   See, e.g., United States v. Gadison, 8 F.3d 186, 191-92 (5th Cir.
1993) (prior conviction for possession of cocaine; current charge of
conspiracy to distribute cocaine base), and United States v. Rubio-Estrada,
857 F.2d 845, 847-49 (1st Cir. 1988) (prior conviction for possession with
intent to distribute cocaine; current charge the same).             We also believe
that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in deciding that the
probative value of the prior conviction outweighed its unfair prejudicial
effect.    We therefore hold that the trial court properly admitted the
evidence of Ms. Bryson's 1987 conviction.

     We see no evidence in the trial transcript that the drug residues
found at the time of Ms. Bryson's second arrest were

                                        -16-
                                         16
analyzed and thus identified.         We therefore have reservations about the
admission of the evidence of the apparent drug paraphernalia, those
residues, and the marijuana also found at that time.                Nonetheless, we
believe that even if the trial court erred in allowing that evidence to be
admitted, the error was harmless.             That is because, in our view, its
prejudicial effect was negligible compared to the overwhelming other
evidence    against   Ms.   Bryson.     We    therefore   decline   to   reverse   her
conviction because of the admission of the evidence that she challenges.
See, e.g., United States v. Betts, 16 F.3d 748, 760-61 (7th Cir. 1994), and
United States v. Echeverri, 854 F.2d 638, 645-48 (3d Cir. 1988).

                                         V.
     At sentencing, the trial court increased by three levels Ms. Bryson's
base offense level under the federal guidelines to reflect that Ms. Bryson
was a manager or supervisor in a criminal activity that involved five or
more participants or was otherwise extensive.             See U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(b).
The trial court stated only, however, that the evidence "that was adduced
indicates that Ms. Bryson was in fact the main person in St. Louis and had
several    people working under her, received large quantities of drugs, and
I believe all of that is ample to support a three level enhancement."
Ms. Bryson argues that the trial court's finding that she was a manager or
supervisor is clearly erroneous (she does not challenge the size or scope
of the conspiracy).    See, e.g., United States v. Skorniak, 59 F.3d 750, 757
(8th Cir. 1995), cert. denied, 116 S. Ct. 487 (1995).

     The adjustments available under § 3B1.1 are meant to differentiate
among defendants according to their relative responsibility.             See U.S.S.G.
§ 3B1.1, background.        In deciding whether a defendant was a manager or
supervisor, see U.S.S.G.

                                        -17-
                                         17
§ B1.1, application note 2, the court should consider the defendant's
exercise of decision-making authority, the nature of the defendant's
participation in the crime, the defendant's recruitment (if any) of
accomplices, the defendant's claim (if any) to more of the fruits of the
crime,    the   degree    of   the   defendant's    participation     in       planning    or
organizing the offense, the nature and scope of the crime, and the degree
of control and authority that the defendant exercised over others.                        See
U.S.S.G. § B1.1, application note 4.

     The evidence at trial (no additional evidence was presented at
sentencing) was that Ms. Bryson was sent at least nine packages, under
various names and at least three different addresses, from Henrietta
Furnish (a co-defendant), a person who Ms. Bryson described to a DEA agent
as having supplied her with methamphetamine in one-pound quantities "for
a period of time."       Ms. Bryson also told the DEA agent that she and Robert
Avila (a
co-defendant who pleaded guilty and testified for the government) would
"work in conjunction" to get methamphetamine from Ms. Furnish (evidently
Mr. Avila acted as a middleman in placing the order and collecting the
money).    At one point, Ms. Bryson asked Mr. Avila if he also could supply
her with methamphetamine.        Ms. Bryson told both the DEA agent and Mr. Avila
that she sold the methamphetamine when she received it.

     It is true that Ms. Bryson was receiving such large amounts of
methamphetamine that an intent to distribute could easily be inferred.
There is no evidence in the record, however, about sales by Ms. Bryson to
subordinate     dealers    or,   indeed,    to    anyone   other   than    a    government
informant.      The Seventh Circuit has held that status "as a distributor,
standing alone, does not warrant an enhancement under § 3B1.1,"                     United
States v. Brown, 944 F.2d 1377,

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1381 (7th Cir. 1991), and we agree with that view.    We note that there is
no evidence in the record that Ms. Bryson had "a greater degree of
responsibility [than any of the co-defendants to whom she was linked by the
evidence] for putting together the drug operation or a particular deal."
United States v. Vargas, 16 F.3d 155, 160 (7th Cir. 1994).     Ms. Bryson's
status as a mid-level distributor is already reflected in her base offense
level, a figure based on the amount of drugs she was responsible for
distributing.    See, e.g., United States v. Brown, 944 F.2d at 1385.    In
these circumstances, we agree with the Seventh Circuit that without
"additional evidence that demonstrated [that she] exercised a leadership
role in the offense," an enhancement under § 3B1.1 is inappropriate.    Id.
(emphasis in original).

     There were six defendants in these cases, and during the two trials,
testimony was offered about many drug deals and many individuals.        We
believe    that in remembering the evidence, the trial court may have
inadvertently conflated some of it.    With respect to Ms. Bryson, we cannot
find sufficient evidence to affirm the three-level enhancement under
§ 3B1.1.    We therefore remand her case for resentencing in light of this
opinion.

                                      VI.
     Ronnie and Henrietta Furnish, who are husband and wife, challenge the
sufficiency of the evidence for their convictions.     Mr. Furnish contends
specifically that there is no evidence directly linking him to the alleged
conspiracy as a participant and that mere knowledge of the alleged
conspiracy is not enough to sustain his conviction.    Ms. Furnish contends
that there is no evidence that she ever belonged to a conspiracy to
distribute both methamphetamine and heroin, as opposed to methamphetamine
only (which she concedes).   We review the evidence in the light most

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favorable to the government.   See, e.g., United States v. Jenkins, 78 F.3d
1283, 1287 (8th Cir. 1996).    We turn first to Mr. Furnish.

     During a search of the Furnishes' residence in 1994, law enforcement
officers found a loaded pistol and extra bullets in the master bedroom,
with a note from Mr. Furnish indicating that he had loaded and cocked the
weapon (presumably to protect the methamphetamine-associated manufacturing
apparatus found in the attic above the closet in that bedroom).     There was
also evidence that Mr. Furnish often used the name "Greg Hildebrand" and
received, in that name and in his own name, at least $5,000 from Paul Logan
(a co-defendant whose case we do not address here) in 1992-1993 and at
least $100 from Linda Bryson (a co-defendant) in 1995.

     Evidence of loaded firearms, particularly in close proximity to drug-
related items (such as equipment for drug manufacture), is probative of
intent to distribute.   See, e.g., United States v. Meirovitz, 918 F.2d
1376, 1379-80 (8th Cir. 1990), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 829 (1991).          An
extremely close personal connection to a location that contains drug-
related items (such as equipment for drug manufacture) is probative of both
conspiracy to manufacture drugs and conspiracy to distribute.     See, e.g.,
United States v. Rogers, 939 F.2d 591, 595 (8th Cir. 1991) (per curiam),
cert. denied, 502 U.S. 991 (1991), and United States v. Perlaza, 818 F.2d
1354, 1359 (7th Cir. 1987), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 861 (1987).           The
repeated use of an alias is probative of consciousness of guilt.        See,
e.g., United States v. Valencia-Lucena, 925 F.2d 506, 513 (1st Cir. 1991),
and United States v. Eggleton, 799 F.2d 378, 381 (8th Cir. 1986).    Finally,
evidence of money transfers between a defendant and co-defendants is
probative of involvement in a drug-related conspiracy.   See, e.g., United
States v. Singer, 970 F.2d

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                                     20
1414, 1419 (5th Cir. 1992), and United States v. Delgado, 914 F.2d 1062,
1066 (8th Cir. 1990).       We therefore believe that although the evidence
against Mr. Furnish is not extensive, it is nonetheless, in combination,
legally sufficient.

     It is clear from the trial transcript that Robert Avila (a
co-defendant who pleaded guilty and testified for the government) and
Rodrigo Rodriguez (a co-defendant whose case we do not address here) were
the primary actors in the heroin distribution that occurred in this case.
The evidence also showed, however, that Ms. Furnish knew that Mr. Avila had
a source for heroin and     that she asked him on at least one occasion, and
possibly more (the testimony was unclear), to send some heroin to a third
person.

     Ms.   Furnish    and   Mr.   Avila   worked   closely   together   to   supply
methamphetamine to others.        It would not have been unreasonable for the
jurors to conclude that Ms. Furnish and Mr. Avila had the common goal of
sending illegal drugs from California to Missouri, with Ms. Furnish's
primary responsibility being the methamphetamine and Mr. Avila's primary
responsibility being the heroin.          Indeed, there was some evidence to
suggest that they may have had at least one customer in common for both
drugs -- Steven Glaus (a
co-defendant whose case we do not address here) -- who may have served as
a mid-level distributor for both drugs.       Although the issue is a close one,
we hold that the totality of the evidence supports a conclusion that the
conspiracy was a single one to distribute both methamphetamine and heroin
and that Ms. Furnish was a knowing participant in that conspiracy with
respect to both drugs.      We therefore affirm her conviction.

     We caution the government, however, that it may be "unnecessarily
exposing itself to reversal," United States v.

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                                        21
Sperling, 506 F.2d 1323, 1340 (2d Cir. 1974), cert. denied, 420 U.S. 962
(1975),    421 U.S. 949   (1975),      by   combining   the   charges    against    ten
defendants into one case under the claim of a single conspiracy "when the
criminal    acts   could      be    more   reasonably    regarded    as     two   or   more
conspiracies, perhaps with a link at the top," id. at 1341.                 In our view,
the link between Ms. Furnish and the conspiracy to distribute heroin is
just about as thin as it can be and still be legally sufficient.

                                            VII.
     Finally, Mr. Furnish challenges the trial court's application to him
of a four-level increase of his base offense level under the federal
sentencing guidelines to reflect that Mr. Furnish was an organizer or
leader in a criminal activity that involved five or more participants or
was otherwise extensive.            See U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a).        At sentencing, the
trial court made no specific findings but merely "overruled" Mr. Furnish's
objection to the four-level increase.              Mr. Furnish argues that the trial
court's finding that he was an organizer or leader is clearly erroneous (he
does not challenge the size or scope of the conspiracy).             See, e.g., United
States v. Maxwell, 25 F.3d 1389, 1399 (8th Cir. 1994), cert. denied, 115
S. Ct. 610 (1994).

     As    noted    above,         in   determining   whether     this    adjustment     is
appropriate, a trial court should consider how much decision-making
authority the defendant had, the nature of the defendant's participation
in the crime, whether the defendant recruited accomplices, the defendant's
assertion of a right to greater profits from the crime, the defendant's
degree of participation in planning or organizing the offense, the nature
and scope of the crime, and the degree of the defendant's control and
authority over others.        See U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1, application note 4.

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                                             22
     In   our   view,   the   evidence   against    Mr.   Furnish   shows   nothing
resembling the type of control over "one or more other participants," see
U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1, application note 2, that is necessary to support an
enhancement for being a leader or organizer in the absence of other
evidence of leadership or organization.            It is true that Mr. Furnish
apparently had a buyer/seller relationship with Paul Logan (a co-defendant
whose case we do not address here) and possibly Linda Bryson (a co-
defendant), and may even have "fronted" methamphetamine to them (although
the evidence is not clear on that point).     There was no evidence, however,
that Mr. Furnish "regularly made decisions as to when [drugs] should be
transported, hired the [transporters], ... recruited distributors, ... or
directed the activity of [any] subordinate."         United States v. Richards,
784 F. Supp. 1373, 1384 (N.D. Ind. 1992), aff'd, 997 F.2d 248 (7th Cir.
1993).    In these circumstances, we agree with the courts that have held
that without such additional evidence, an enhancement for being a leader
or organizer under § 3B1.1(a) is not appropriate.         See, e.g., United States
v. Guyton, 36 F.3d 655, 662 (7th Cir. 1994); see also United States v.
Maxwell, 34 F.3d 1006, 1012 (11th Cir. 1994), and United States v. Yates,
990 F.2d 1179, 1182 (11th Cir. 1993) (per curiam).            We therefore remand
Mr. Furnish's case for resentencing in light of this opinion.

                                     VIII.
     For the reasons stated, we affirm the convictions of Linda Bryson,
Ronnie Furnish, and Henrietta Furnish.        We remand for resentencing the
cases of Ms. Bryson and Mr. Furnish.

     A true copy.

            Attest:

                 CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.

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