Court Opinion

ID: 7235415
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-25 04:40:24.739446+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:42:19.141236
License: Public Domain

*276OPINION
SIMANDLE, Chief Judge:
Table of Contents
I. INTRODUCTION.277
II. BACKGROUND. to -3
A. Factual Background. to ->3
1. Arrest and Transport to Vineland Police Department and Cumberland County Jail. to —3
2. Incident in the Processing room during Plaintiffs first trip to the CCDOC (Day, Ciangaglini, Mingúela). to S3
3. Incident in the CCDOC control room and strip search room during Plaintiffs second visit (Houbary, Pratts, Still, Fazzolari, Sciore, Pierce, Mingúela, Ford)... <M
4. Use of Force reports. 00 C3
Statements. 00 <M
00 <M
7. of Dr. Fred Simon and Dr. Randall McCauley .... 00 C3
8. on the use of force at Cumberland County Jail . CO 03
9. Internal investigations into excessive force at Cumberland County Jail. lO 00 03
10. Plaintiffs expert report of Dr. Randall McCauley lO 00 03
11. Notice of Claim . CO 00 03
B. Procedural Background. CO 00 03
III. STANDARD OF REVIEW .287
IV. ANALYSIS. to 00 00
A Claims against Cumberland Correctional Officers. to 00 00
1. Summary judgment is not warranted against Plaintiffs § 1983 claim of excessive force. to 00 CO
2. Mingúela is not entitled to qualified immunity. to C0 OI
3. Plaintiffs state law claims are not barred by the NJTCA. to CO Oi
4. Defendants Pratts, Still, Mingúela, Ford, Fazzolari, and Ciangaglini are not entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiffs assault and battery claim. 05 05 03
5. Fazzolari and Pratts are not entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiffs claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress CO o o
6. Defendants Pratts, Still, Mingúela, Ford, Fazzolari, and Pierce are not entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiffs conspiracy claim. CO o o
B. Claims against Cumberland County and CCDOC. CO o to
1. Cumberland County is not entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiffs failure to train and failure to investigate claims. 00 o 00
2. Plaintiffs common law claims are not precluded by the New Jersey Tort Claims Act. CO o 05
C. Claims against the Vineland Defendants. CO o <3
1. The City of Vineland is entitled to summary judgment on the § 1983 claim of failure to train and the common law claim of negligent training. CO o -3
2. The Court will grant summaiy judgment on Plaintiffs § 1983 claim for failure to intervene against Officer Day but deny summary judgment on the claim against Officer Houbary .. 05 o CO
IV. CONCLUSION.311
*277I. INTRODUCTION
This is a case involving excessive force against Plaintiff Michael Ewing by correctional officers at the Cumberland County Correctional Facility and police officers of the Vineland Police Department. After Ewing was arrested in Vineland, New Jersey for disorderly conduct, he was pror cessed and sent to the Cumberland County Jail, where he was beaten by correctional officers. He suffered multiple traumatic injuries, fractures, and a concussion.
Plaintiff brought suit against the individual officers involved, as well as against Cumberland County, the Cumberland County Jail, Vineland Township (‘‘City of Vineland” or “Vineland”),1 and the Vine-land Police Department, alleging constitutional violations under the Fourteenth Amendment and various state tort claims.
The individual officers and entity Defendants have filed, nine motions for summary judgment seeking the dismissal of Plaintiffs § 1983 and state law claims. Because there is a genuine dispute as to whether Cumberland County correctional officers used excessive force against Plaintiff .and whether the jail failed to adequately investigate and train officers in the use of force, the Court will deny the Cumberland County Defendants’ motions for summary judgment. The Court will, however, grant the Vineland Defendants’ motion for summary judgment for all Vineland Defendants except Steven Hou-bary, and will dismiss .the City of Vineland (named as Vineland Township), the Vipe-land Police Department, and Vineland Police Officer James Day from this action.
II. BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background
Because Plaintiff suffers, from memory problems allegedly related to post-traumatic stress and recalls very little of what happened to him, the following facts are taken primarily, from other sources in the record.
1. Arrest and transport to Vineland Police Department and Cumberland County Jail
At around 11 p.m. on the evening of June 3Ó, 2008, the Vineland police arrived 'at a Comfort Inn in Vineland, New Jersey, where Plaintiff was staying, in response to a disorderly persons call. ■ Plaintiff, who was in the area because of a temporary job, had gotten into an argument with the clerk of the hotel,' which prompted the clerk to call the police. The clerk refused to let Plaintiff into his room, so Plaintiff went to sleep "near ’some trees behind the hotel. ■ (PI. Counterstatement of Facts (“Counter SMF”) [Docket Item 237] ¶¶ 6-11.)
Police Officer William Bontcue of the Vineland Police Department arrived at the scene and was told that Plaintiff was in the back of the hotel. (Bontcue Dep. 1 [Docket Item 237-4] 93:20-94:13.) According to Bontcue, Plaintiff was lying on the ground but was not acting disorderly. (Id. 94:17-96:2.) Bontcue called to Plaintiff, who then got up and became “quite agitated.” When Bontcue could not get him to calm down, Bontcue- told Plaintiff that he was under arrest for disorderly conduct. (Bontcue Dep. 2 [Docket Item 221-8] 48:2-51:24.) After Plaintiff pushed Bontcue into a parked van, Bontcue released his police dog from his car. Bontcue and the *278dog pushed Plaintiff to the ground and another police officer who had arrived on the scene, Officer Michael Fransko, handcuffed Plaintiff. (Bontcue Dep. 252:20-55:12.) Plaintiff was bitten by the police dog and was pepper sprayed during this encounter. (Mingúela Statement of Material Facts (“Mingúela SMF”) [Docket Item 221-1] ¶¶ 12-13.)
Plaintiff was taken to the Vineland Police Department for processing, where he was pepper sprayed a second time for spitting at police officers. (Shaw Dep. [Docket Item 221-8] 20:24-21:5; Mingúela SMF ,¶ 16.) He was then taken to the hospital to be cleared for dog bites. As he was being secured into a stretcher by Defendant Officer James Day and Officer Shaw to go to the hospital, Plaintiff spit in Shaw’s face. Shaw then struck Plaintiff with his hand, and Plaintiff fell off .the stretcher and onto the pavement. - Plaintiff sustained a cut over his left eye., (Shaw Dep. 66:12-25; Mingúela SMF ¶¶ 17-18; Counter SMF ¶¶ 22-23.)
At the hospital, Plaintiff was given two sedatives and cleared for transport to the Cumberland County Correctional . Facility (“CCDOC” or “Cumberland County Jail”), where he was to be held. /Correctional officers at' the Cumberland County Jail were told that Plaintiff was coming and that he was “belligerent” and “irate” and was “trying to fight with officers.” (Pratts Dep. [Docket.Item 237-8].157:17-23; Still Dep. [Docket Item 237-10] 214:4-23.)
Day transported ' Plaintiff to the CCDOC. He stated that it was the practice of the Vineland Police Department tó assign the most junior police officer to transport prisoners to the jail. He had transported 'prisoners to jail before but had received no formal training on the proper procedures for bringing a prisoner to jail. He learned the procedures during his time shadowing another officer following his graduation from the police academy. (Day Dep. 34:18-35:22; 114:10-115:25.)
2.' Incident in the processing1 room during Plaintiff’s first trip to the CCDOC (Day, Ciangaglini, Mingúe-la) •
Defendant Day brought Plaintiff to a CCDOC processing cell. Defendants Sergeant‘Clint Ciangaglini ■ and correctional officer" Lisa-Brown" Carter ■ were in the room. Defendant Joshua Mingúela observed from an outside monitor. Day testified that Plaintiff appeared sedated and calm, arid 'was having some difficulty standing because of the' sedatives. (Day Dep.‘[Docket Item' 237-6] 134:1-135:7; CCDOC Video.) Mingúela stated that Plaintiff was “acting in an irate manner.” (Mingúela Use of Force report [Docket Item -237-13].) Nurse Moore, who was called into the processing cell to examine Plaintiff, did not observe any injuries to Mr. Ewing other than to' his left' eye. ' (See Deposition of Moore at 'page 17, lines 15-25, attached as‘Exhibit “N”).
Nurse Moore refused to accept Plaintiff into the jail because he did not have medical clearance for an abrasion over his left eye. (Moore Dep. [Docket Item 237-14] 15:11-21.) Ciangaglini testified that Plaintiff was still in Day’s custody while Plaintiff was in the processing cell, but Day was under the belief that Plaintiff was in the custody of CCDOC. • (Ciangaglini Dep. 170:15-24; Day Dep. 154:15-18.)
‘ Plaintiff had to go to the hospital to get a medical clearance before being admitted as an'inmate. Ndrse Moore, Day, and Mingúela all testified that Sergeant Cian-gaglini thén brought Plaintiff, who was handcuffed, to' his feet and forcefully pushed him into the closed door of the cell. (See Day Dep. 147:6-211; Mingúela Dep. at page 162:14-24;. Moore Dep. 19:24-20:4; see also Deposition of Carter at page 75, lines 5-8 and page 76, lines 6-8, attached *279as Exhibit “L”). Mingúela and Day believed that Ciangaglini’s use of force was “excessive” and “not necessary.” (Min-gúela Dep. [Docket Item 237-15] 163:21— 164:6.) Mingúela, Day, and Carter did not report the incident to their supervisors.2
Defendant Ciangaglini denies pushing Plaintiff into the door. According to Cian-gaglini, he was assisting Plaintiff, who was still sedated, with walking to the door of the processing cell. Plaintiff “was face to face with the door until [Ciangaglini] ordered to have the door open.” Ciangaglini stated that Plaintiff made' no contact with the door. (Ciangaglini Dep. [Docket Itém 172:5-174:9.) ' •
Day escorted Plaintiff out of the jail and transported him back to the hospital to get hospital clearance. Day did not recall Plaintiff complaining of being in pain. (Day Dep. 159:9-161:4.)
Plaintiff was examined by Dr. Dominic Diorio at Bridgeton Division of South Jersey Hospital. Dr. Diorio indicated in his medical chart that Plaintiff did not report being in any pain and did not appear to be suffering from any .injuries, including external injuries. Everything appeared to-be normal. (Diorio Dep. [Docket Item 237-20] 28:20-34:18.)
3. Incident in the CCDOC control room and strip search'room during Plaintiffs second visit (Houbary, Pratts, Still, Fazzolari, Sdore, Pierce, Mingúela, Ford)
Vineland police officer Steven Houbary relieved Defendant Day and took Plaintiff back to Cumberland County Jail to be admitted. Day did not tell Houbary about the earlier incident with Ciangaglini. (Day Dep. 165:15-167:8.)
At the time Plaintiff entered the jail with Houbary, the midnight shift officers were ón duty. Defendant' Lieutenant Dale Sciore was the Shift Commander and held the most senior position. He supervised the other officers as well as the Sergeants. Defendants Sergeants Ciangaglini and Brad Pierce were the Shift Supervisors. (Pierce Dep. 22:9-23:2.) Ciangaglini and Pierce were responsible for'the day-to-dáy operations and for supervising the officers.
Houbary brought Plaintiff to the rear control room, where three correctional officers, Defendants Edwin Pratts,. Kevin Still, and John Fazzolari were waiting to process Plaintiff.
Pratts was the-“Issue-Officer” that day and was in charge of the intake process. As part of the intake process, inmates undergo a pat search and strip search. Pratts received training on pat downs’ and strip searches during his orientation training but recalled that the training was “real short” and did not go into any depth. He did not receive training on how to be an Issue Officer. (Pratt Dep. 60:3-12; 63:7-15.) ■ -
Pratts did not follow the Jail’s pat search procedures, which required an inmate to first remove his shoes and socks before the search. He did not know the Jail had a policy on how to conduct a pat search. (Pratts Dep. [Docket Item 237-8] 109:25-111:10.) Pratts told Plaintiff to *280turn towards the.wall, spread his legs, and place both hands on the wall. He ordered Plaintiff to take off his shoes -without removing his hands from the wall. (Pratts Dep. 224:19-225:2.) Houbary had never seen another inmate being asked to remove his shoes in this manner. (Houbary Dep. 99:17-21.) Houbary thought that the "pat-down procedure was a little different that day because “[u]sually the nurse is called down” to examine the prisoner before a pat-down begins and no nurse was called down for Plaintiff. (Houbary Dep. 87:14-22.) Houbary also noticed that there were more than the normal number of officers in the room. (Houbary Dep. 95:4-24.)
Pratts testified that Plaintiff was “irate” and initially refused to take his shoes off. (Pratts Dep. 225:11-20.) The CCDOC surveillance video shows Plaintiff attempting to comply with Pratts’ order by using his foot to take his shoe off. (CCDOC Surveillance Video, Ex. B of Ciangaglini Br. [Docket Item 226], sent to the Court.) In the process of trying to take off his shoe, Plaintiffs foot touched Defendant Pratts’ leg. (Houbary Dep. 102:1-20.) Pratts then used physical force to bring Plaintiff to the ground. (Houbary Dep. 96:16-97:3.) Houbary “wasn’t looking at exactly what was happening,” and only saw Pratts “in his peripheral vision.” (Hou-bary Dep. 94:2-9,). He didn’t clearly see whether Plaintiff had kicked Pratts and testified, “I was-looking at everything peripheral, and I seen them take him to the ground.” Id. 96:13-15; 102:12.)
Pratts, Still, and Fazzolari then carried Plaintiff to the strip search room. Defendant Mingúela and Defendant Drew Ford were also ordered to go to the strip search room. In total, five correctional officers were in the room with Plaintiff. In addition to those officers, Sergeants Sciore and Pierce went into the strip search room at the beginning but left after approximately two minutes. Sciore left the room and continued with his duties as Shift Commander. (Sciore Dep. 167:14; 170:3-7.) Pierce went back into the room later on and observed one officer with his knee in Plaintiffs back as Plaintiff was face down on .the' ground while Still was trying to remove his pants. (See CCDOC, Surveillance .Video; Pierce Dep. [Docket Item 230-3] 125:23-129:14.)
Houbary did not go into .the strip search room but he followed,the officers to the strip search room to see what was happening. (Houbary Dep. 109:13-22.). He testified that he observed Plaintiff from outside the room because he had not yet been told that he could leave the jail. Houbary believed that until he was excused to leave the jail, Plaintiff was still partially his responsibility. Pierce escorted Houbary out of the building a few minutes later. (Hou-bary Dep. 104:4-21.)
Before Houbary left, he saw Plaintiff in the strip search room complying with orders to remove his shoes and socks. (Hou-bary Dep. 108:2-23; Counter SMF f 94.) Pierce and Sciore, who left the strip’ search room with Houbary at around the same time, also testified to seeing Plaintiff comply with orders. (Pierce Dep. 112:2-113:25; Sciore Dep. 170:2-7.)
Plaintiff was escorted out of the room approximately six and a half minutes later by Pratts, Mingúela, Fazzolari, and Ford. He was taken to the medical unit. There is no surveillance camera in the strip search room.
One inmate whose cell was close to the strip search room, David Pagan, was woken up by correctional officers in the early morning of July 1 and ordered to mop up “a lot of blood” from the area near the strip search room. (Pagan Statement [Docket Item 237-26], at 3-5.)3 He stated *281that there was “a whole puddle” of blood “as big as [a] basketball ring” which he had to mop up. Pagan found bloodied clothing, including a white shirt that was “full of blood,” .which he .had to throw away. (Id.) The surveillance video shows Pagan using a mop to clean up the floor. The video also shows him leaving the area with a black garbage bag.
4. Use of Force reports
The five Defendants who were in the strip search room filled out Use of Force reports documenting the force they allegedly used on Plaintiff. The Use of Force reports state that Plaintiff was being irate while in the strip search room and would not comply with a search; that Pratts took down Plaintiff because Plaintiff “kicked” Pratts; that Mingúela gave Plaintiff a one second burst of pepper spray when he did not comply with the strip search; and that Plaintiff was taken down a second time and handcuffed after he turned towards Fazzolari with a raised, closed fist. (Use of Force reports [Docket Item 237-13].) Mingúela, Still, and Pratts refer to the take down in the rear control room as a “minimal force” take down. Fazzolari refers to the take down in the strip search room as a “minimal force” take down.” (Id.) Four of the five reports contained the same misspelling of the word “irate.” (Id.)
Ford testified that at the time, Cumberland County Jail had a policy requiring officers’ Use of Force reports to match. He also testified that officers had to rewrite reports that did not match. (Ford Dep. 295:5-10.) He testified that he discussed the content of the report with the other officers involved “so that way [the] reports are similar in detail, just to get down time lines, actions.” (Ford Dep. 293:25-294:4.) Victor Bermudez, a correctional officer at CCDOC, recalled being told by one of the correctional officers involved in the incident that he was asked to re-write his report. Bermudez did not recall why the report had to be changed. (Bermudez Dep. [Docket Item 237-28] 107:5-16.)
Defendant Pierce reviewed the officers’ reports and wrote his own Use of Force report one hour before he visited Plaintiff in his cell. Pierce’s report indicates that it was done at 5:45 a.m., 15 minutes before Minguela’s report was completed and 40 minutes before Ford’s report was completed. (Compare Pierce Use of Force report [Docket Item 237-39] with Mingúela and Ford Use of Force reports [Docket Item 237-13]; PI. Counter SMF ¶ 159.) Pierce stated in the report that Plaintiff was cleared by Nurse Moore and had been placed in a transitional holding cell for observation.- At 5:45 a.m., however, Plaintiff had not yet been cleared.
Pierce’s report was consistent with the officers’ reports. He testified that because he was not present during the incident, he took what his officers told him “at face value.” (Pierce Dep. [Docket Item 237-21] 236:10-14.) Pierce concluded that the force used on Plaintiff by his officers was “justified.” (Pierce Use of. Force Report [Docket Item 237-39].)
5. Defendants’statements
The Defendants’ accounts of the incident during deposition were similar to what was in their Use of Force reports. Defendants testified that Plaintiff was acting belligerent, was cursing and spitting at the offi*282cers, and was making offensive gestures. They testified that Mingúela pepper sprayed Plaintiff and that a take down was performed in order to get Plaintiff to comply with the strip search.
There were some inconsistencies with the Use of Force report. Ford and Pratts testified that all five officers participated in the take down in the strip search room, while.Still testified that only Pratts, Min-gúela, and Fazzolari were involved. (Compare Ford Dep. 250:6-13 and Pratts Dep. 244:20-245:3 with Still Dep. 268:15-24.)
According -to Mingúela, Plaintiff fell from a bench he was standing on in the room, at which time Fazzolari, Mingúela, Still, and Pratts grabbed his legs and arms. (Mingúela Dep. 199:17-200:23.) Pierce testified that there were no benches in the strip search room. (Pierce Dep. [Docket Item 237-21] 146:4-147:9.) Ford and. Fazzolari did not recall-any officers being injured from the encounter in the strip search room. (Ford Dep. 265:20-266:1; Fazzolari Dep. 150:20-151:2.) Ford testified that they did not find any weapons on Plaintiff during the strip search. (Ford Dep. 266:6-8.)
6. Plaintiff’s-injuries
Plaintiff was taken’to the ‘medical unit and examined by Nurse Moore. She observed that Plaintiff looked “beaten up” or “roughened up.” She heard Plaintiff say to the officers, “Y’all didn’t have to beat me like that.” (Moore Dep. 26:23-27:5; 28:22-29:10.) Moore observed that Plaintiff had an -injury to his right eye that he did not have the first time she saw him. (Moore Dep. 25:19-26:4.) She also heard Defendant Still say to another correctional officer that Still didn’t lay a hand on Plaintiff. (Moore Dep. 35:13-14.)
After the medical exam, Plaintiff was taken to a transitional holding cell. Sergeant Pierce saw Plaintiff in the early morning of July 1, and Plaintiff complained to Pierce of being in pain. (Pierce Dep. [Docket Item 237-21] 226:8-13.) He was given some Motrin. (Id)
Approximately an hour and a half later, Lisa Brown-Carter, another correctional officer, found Plaintiff lying on the floor of his cell. (Brown-Carter Dep. [Docket Item 237-12] 41:3-5.) She recalled Plaintiff saying, “Help me, help me, I can’t breathe,” and that he was dizzy. (Id. 42:12-13; 45:1-2.) Brown-Carter noticed that Plaintiffs right eye' appeared shut. (Id. 45:8-10.) ' . '
Brown-Carter took Plaintiff to the medical unit and helped him undress for the doctor. She noticed bruising on Plaintiffs lower back, “scrapes on his- rib area,” and a mark the shape of a footprint on Plaintiffs back. (Brown-Carter Dep. 46:24-49:2.)
Later that -morning, Victor Bermudez, a correctional officer, was sent to retrieve Plaintiff from a holding cell for a matter related to Plaintiffs case. He described Plaintiff as-“battered-up.” Plaintiff was limping and one side of his face was “swollen and black and blue.” (Bermudez Dep. [Docket Item 237-28] 134:16-135:3.) Plaintiff ' had trouble breathing. (Id. 136:11-13.) When Bermudez asked Plaintiff what had happened, Plaintiff said that he -couldn’t remember. (Id. 140:3-4.) Bermudez also recalled Plaintiff turning a “gray-green color,” which Bermudez had seen before in three inmates who had died. (Id. 135:8-23.) Bermudez “knew” that individuals who turned-that color, were “not getting enough blood,” and advised Lieutenant Susan Luciano, the Shift Commander -that day, to take Plaintiff to the hospital. (Id. 138:4-139:6.) ■
Plaintiff was taken to South Jersey Regional Medical Center in an ambulance. The EMT report noted that Plaintiff “had severe braising on his abdomen area and severe braising on his back and a perfect *283foot print on his lower left shoulder.” It also stated that Plaintiffs “leg and buttocks was bruised from a[sic] dog bites that did not puncture the skin.” (EMT Report [Docket Item 23.7-32].) Plaintiff told the EMT that he “was beat up by the police department and sprayed with maeed[sic] and then the dog was let loose on him.” (Id.)
Because of his injuries, Plaintiff was transported by helicopter to Cooper Hospital Trauma Center for medical treatment. He was in hemodynamic shock and was admitted to the intensive care unison a ventilator. (See Cooper Hospital Discharge Summary [Docket Item 237-35].) Cooper Hospital records indicate that Plaintiff had suffered numerous injurie?, including a lacerated kidney and renal artery which caused internal bleeding, fracture of the bones around his right eye, multiple fractured ribs, a fractured jaw bone, and a concussion. (See Cooper Hospital Summary Sheet [Docket Item 237-37].) He was at the hospital for ten days. (See Cooper Hospital Discharge Summary.)
Nurse Moore testified that when Pratts returned to Cumberland County Jail for his shift the next day, he told her that she “knew what to say” if people began to ask questions. (Moore Dep. 47:7-48:8.)
7. Expert reports of Dr., Fred Simon and Dr. Randall McCauley
Plaintiff submitted expert testimony from Dr. Fred Simon, a board certified General Surgeon who practices Acute Care Surgery. Simon opined that Plaintiffs injuries, “[o]ther .than- the dog bites and abrasion over his left eye, ... were, caused by brute aggressive blunt-trauma in the Cumberland County Jail.” Simon stated that the injuries “require[] significant force,” and “could not haye been caused by the ‘take down’ seen in the [surveillance] video and the second ‘take down’ described in the Use of Force Reports that occurred in the strip search room.” (Simon Letter [Docket Item 237-31]).
Plaintiffs expert Dr. Randall McCauley, a Professor Emeritus of Criminology. at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, opined that with a multiple officer take down, the harm suffered by Plaintiff would be minimized. ;
8. Training on the use of force at Cumberland County Jail
The New Jersey Attorney General’s Use of Force Policy (“AG Policy”) requires every law enforcement agency to hold trainings twice a year on the appropriate use of force and deadly force.4. Cumberland County Jail has adopted the AG Policy. (Sciore Dep. 29:19-31:14; Saunders Dep. [Docket Item 237-41] 88:25-89:11.)
There is conflicting. . evidence on CCDOC’s compliance with the AG policy at the time of Plaintiffs assault. Mingúe-la, Ford, and Fazzolari, did not recall receiving use of force training other than during their initial two-week training at the Jail and training at the police academy, which they were required to complete within one year of hire. (See Pratts Dep. 75:13-16-81:5-9; Mingúela . Dep. 32:12-*28433:12; 46:13-22; Ford Dep. 57:3-9; Fazzo-lari Dep. 83:12-85:12.)
Glenn Saunders, the Warden at Cumberland County Jail at the time of the incident, stated that in 2008, correctional officers did not receive any use of force training other than during the initial academy and jail trainings. (Saunders Dep. 84:10-14.)
Sciore testified that CCDOC provided use of force training to its officers twice a year as part of the bi-annual firearms re-certification. However, Pratts and Cian-gaglini did not remember ever reviewing use of force policies during fire-arms re-certification, and Mingúela testified that he was “sure” that they did not review use of force training during the semi-annual firearms recertification. (Compare Sciore Dep. 29:8-30:22 with Mingúela Dep. 52:17-53:25; Ford Dep. 60:17-61:6; Pratts Dep. 80:22-81:4; Ciangaglini Dep. 117:11-14.) Ford did not recall whether this was ever done. (Ford Dep. 60:14-61:6.)5
The CCDOC keeps a training log showing officers’ attendance at training sessions. (Training Log [Docket Item 237-42]; Counter SMF ¶ 173.)6 The training log indicates that of the five correctional officers who in the strip search room, only Still had received training which included training on use of force within six months of the July 30, 2008 incident because he was a new hire.7 Sergeants Pierce and Ciangaglini and Lieutenant Sciore had last attended training which included use of force' training approximately nine years before the incident. (Id.) Captain Michael Paláú, the head of the Internal Affairs and training unit, testified that the training log did not reflect all of the training the officers at the jail may have received. (Palau Dep. [Docket Item 237-25] 123:17-124:2.)
Pursuant to New Jersey law, Cumberland County Jail also required new hires to attend academy training, which included a training on use of force,’ within one year of their hire.8 (CCDOC Policy 5.2 [Docket Item 237-22].) Correctional officers who were not academy trained within one year were not allowed to work at the jail without a waiver from the State. Glenn Saunders, the warden at CCDOC at the time of the incident, stated that the academy training “did not always happen” within the one-year period. Four of the five officers who were in the strip search room— Still, Pratts, Mingúela, and Fazzolari — had not been academy-trained at the time of the incident. (Pratt Dep. 67:25-68:10; Mingúela Dep. 31:11-19.)9 Pratts, Min-gúela, and Fazzolari received waivers from the one-year requirement.
Mingúela and Pratts did not believe they were properly trained at the time of the incident. Pratts stated that he did not feel ready to be a corrections officer until after he finally received his academy training, because it was there that correctional officers were shown “everything, exactly how *285to understand the policies and procedures.” (Pratts-Dep. 62:10-21.) Likewise, Mingúela testified, “[T]o this day, I don’t think anybody in this facility should work intake or issue without being, academy trained.” (Mingúela Dep. 165:23-25.)
9. Internal investigations into excessive force at Cumberland County Jail
The CCDOC policy required correctional officers to fill out statements on the use of force each time they used physical, mechanical, or deadly force on an inmate. These statements would be reviewed by a shift supervisor, who would determine whether the force was justified or not justified. The shift supervisor’s report and determination would then be. reviewed by the captain, the Professional Standards Officer (“PSO”) in the internal affairs unit, and the Warden. (Saunders Dep. 78:4-81:12; Palau Dep. [Docket Item 237-25] 199:24-200:7.) In Plaintiffs case, the captain did not sign off on Pierce’s Use of Force report, suggesting that he either did not forward it on or did not receive it. (Saunders Dep. 81:15-82:17.) The report also does not indicate that it was reviewed by either the PSO or the Warden.
Lieutenant Susan Luciano, a retired correctional officer who worked for Cumberland County Jail for 25 years, testified that she would write up incident reports whenever she received credible information from inmates that they had been beaten up by guards, yet she never saw any investigation into the reports she submitted .nor did she ever see any officers being disciplined for the incidents. (Luciano Dep. [Docket Item 237-27] 37:11-39:21.) Luciano stated that her supervisor, Captain Lamcken called her a “troublemaker” and would tell her, in sum and substance, “[y]ou’re á pain in the ass, you know, just mind your own business, you know, do you have to write everything up.” She testified, “I’m a firm believer in if--there’s something wrong then you need to report it. An a lot of people say, well, if you don’t see it, you know, it will go away, or if you don’t write it down, it will go away, and I couldn’t do that.” (Luciano Dep. 54:24-56:3.) '
Lieutenant Walter Wroniuk, who was assigned to the Internal Affairs and training unit at the time of the incident, testified that the CCDQC did not have a formal mechanism in place to monitor and track complaints against individual correctional officers.- Moreover, past complaints made against a particular officer did not factor into any new investigation into excessive force by that officer. (Wroniuk Dep. 91:12-21; 136:6-12.)
10. Plaintiffs expert■ report of Dr. Randall McCauley
Plaintiff submitted expert testimony from Dr. Randall McCauley, a Professor Emeritus of Criminology at Indiana University of Pennsylvania.' McCauley reviewed Use of Force reports at Cumberland County Jail that were filed between 2003 and 2013. He concluded that the Use of Force reports were not reviewed according to the jail policy by all necessary parties. From 2003 to 2004, the reports were reviewed by the shift supervisor, the captain, the PSO, and the Warden. The Warden did not review any reports after 2004. The PSO signed off on less than half of the reports in 2007 and reviewed no reports that were filed after 2008. He opined that there was a “steady decline in review and accountability below the Jail’s standards” beginning in 2005, and that the Jail “violated it,s own policies and procedures as well as good and accepted corrections practice” by not having the designated personnel review each Use of Force report. (Id. ¶¶ 29-30.)
. McCauley noted an increase in the amount of force being used by correctional *286officers, between the years 2003 and 2008. Out of 364 reported incidents of force at Cumberland County Jail, investigations were opened.by the Internal Affairs-unit only six, times. (Id. ¶¶ 34-35.) The use of force was deemed "unjustified” three times. (McCauley Aff. [Docket Item 237-17].) McCauley opined that based on his review of the excessive force allegations contained in the Use of Force reports, the jail should have opened investigations into “far more” incidents.' (Id. ¶'36.) He opined that the jail’s practice of conducting deficient or no internal affairs investigations “reflects a complete indifference to the safety, security, and well-being of its personnel and inmates.” (McCauley Letter Report [Docket Item 237-17], at 56.) Defendants dispute the conclusions reached in McCauley’s Affidavit.
McCauley also reviewed the Vineland Police Department’s training practices. He concluded that the Vineland Police Department failed to provide adequate training to police officers on the appropriate procedures to be followed for transporting prisoners to the jail, and that the failure was contrary to accepted police practice. (Id. at 56.) McCauley reviewed the particular police actions in this case and concluded that had Officer Day been properly trained in procedures involving transfer of prisoner custody, he would have known that Plaintiff was still in his custody when Ciangaglini pushed Plaintiff into the door. (Id. at 42.)
11. Notice of claim
Plaintiff was represented by Brian Chacker, Esq. from July 2008 to July 2010. On July 25, 2008, Chacker sent a letter to the Vineland Police Department notifying them that he had been retained to represent Plaintiff in a claim against the Vine-land Police Department arising from the June 30, 2008 incident. (Ex. C to Chacker Aff. [Docket Item 237-48].) The; Vineland Police Department.subsequently requested that Chacker complete a Notice of Claim form. (Id. Ex. E.) The letter stated, “Upon receipt of completed Notice of Claim form, your claim will be processed.” (Id.) Chacker returned- the form by letter dated December 3, 2008. In the section in which he was supposed to list the names of City employees involved, Chacker wrote, Vineland Police Department, Cumberland County Dept, of Corrections. The specific identifies of the ■ [assailant] is unknown at[sic] this time.” In the negligence claim section, Chacker wrote, “Excessive use of force by the Police Officers and Correctional Officers.” (Id. Ex. F.) Vineland did not follow up. with Chacker regarding his claim. (Chacker Aff. ¶ 16.)
’On July 9, 2008, Chacker faxed a letter to Warden Saunders at Cumberland County Jail. The letter stated that Chacker’s office had been retained to represent Plaintiff “in connection with severe and permanent injuries that he sustained as a result of an incident- with either Vineland Police Officers or Officers from the Cumberland County Department of Corrections on June 30, 2008.” The letter asked Cumberland County Jail riot to deny him access to his client at Cooper Hospital. The letter also requested copies of surveillance video from the prison, “as this incident took place either in the Vineland Police Station or the' Cumberland County Department of Corrections.” (Ex. A to Chacker Aff.) Chacker later spoke to Sergeant Wroniuk in the Internal Affairs unit at' Cumberland about visiting Plaintiff at the hospital, and faxed a confirmatory letter the same day. (Chacker Aff. ¶¶8-9; Ex. B to Chacker Aff.)'
B. Procedural Background
Plaintiff filed his Complaint in October 2009, asserting claims against Cumberland County,- Cumberland. County Department of Corrections, Pratts, Still, Ford, Mingue-*287la, Fazzolari, Pierce, Sciore, Ciangaglini, and two. other correctional officers who have since been dismissed from the suit.10 Plaintiff also named as defendants the City of Vineland, the Vineland Police Department, and the two Vineland police officers, Day and Houbary. Plaintiffs claims revolve around his treatment inside the Cumberland County Jail; he does, not bring any claims related to his arrest by Vineland police officers outside the Comfort Inn.
In September 2013, Plaintiff filed an Amended Complaint alleging state law claims as well as constitutional claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. [Docket Item 116.]11 Against the remaining eight individual correctional officers at Cumberland County Jail, Plaintiff asserts claims under § 1983 for excessive force and malicious prosecution, as well as state law claims of assault and battery, intentional infliction of emotional distress, conspiracy, and invasion of privacy. With respect to Vineland police officers Day and Houbary, Plaintiff asserts a claim of failure to intervene under § 1983. Finally, Plaintiff asserts § 1983 and state law claims against the entity Defendants, Cumberland County, Cumberland County Department of Corrections, the City of Vineland, and the Vineland Police Department, for failure to properly train individual officers, and failure to investigate excessive force claims.
The various Defendants have filed nine motions for summary judgment to dismiss all claims. The Cumberland Defendants filed a single motion to address the claims against Cumberland County and CCDOC. The individual Cumberland correctional-officers have each filed briefs to address the claims against the officers. ■ The .Vineland Police Department, the City of Vineland, and' the two Vineland police officers; Day and Houbary, have filed a single brief to dismiss all claims against them. The Cumberland Defendants oppose summary judgment for the Vineland Defendants. -
III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
At summary judgment, the moving party bears the initial burden of demonstrating that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(a); accord Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). Once a properly supported motion for summary judgment is made, the burden shifts to the non-moving party, who must Set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 250, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). In reviewing a motion for summary judgment, the court is required to examine the evidence in. light most favorable to the non-moving party, and resolve all reasonable inferences in that party’s favor. Hunt v. Cromartie, 526 U.S. 541, 552, 119 S.Ct. 1545, 143 L.Ed.2d 731 (1999); Wishkin v. Potter, 476 F.3d 180, 184 (3d Cir.2007).
*288A factual dispute is material when it “might affect- the outcome of the suit .under the governing law,” and genuine when “the evidence is such that -a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S, 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). The non-moving party “ ‘need not- match, item for item, each piece of evidence proffered by the movant,’” but must simply present more than a “mere scintilla” of evidence on which a jury could reasonably find for the non-moving party. Boyle v. Cnty. of Allegheny Pennsylvania, 139 F.3d 386, 393 (3d Cir.1998) (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986)). “Where the record taken as a. whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the non-moving party,” no genuine issue for trial exists and summary judgment shall be granted. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986) (citation omitted).
IV. ANALYSIS
A. Claims against Cumberland Correctional Officers
Defendants Sciore, Pierce, Pratts, Still, Ford, and Fazzolari have filed individual motions for summary judgment which raise substantially similar arguments. First, they argue that Plaintiff’s § 1983 claim must be dismissed because the force used against Plaintiff was not excessive as a matter of law. They also argue that Plaintiffs tort claims are barred by the New Jersey Tort Claims Act’s 90-day notice requirement. Defendants also contend that they are entitled to summary judgment even if the NJTCA does not bar Plaintiffs claims because defendants have not engaged in any offensive contact or wrongful act to make out common law claims of assault and battery and conspiracy. In addition, Pratts and Fazzolari argue that they are not- liable for a claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress.
Defendant Ciangaglini seeks only partial summary judgment. He seeks to dismiss all claims' against him except for the § 1983 excessive force claim and the assault and battery claim. Defendant Min-gúela seeks to dismiss the common law claims only on the basis of failure to comply with the NJTCA’s notice requirement; he does not make any substantive arguments against'' Plaintiffs common law claims. In addition, Mingúela argues that he is entitled to qualified immunity on Plaintiffs § 1983 claim of excessive force.
Plaintiff contends that substantial evidence exists that Defendants used excessive force against Plaintiff in violation of his constitutional rights, and that Defendants are jointly liable under the “concert of action” exception and the “alternative liability” exception. Next, he argues that his state law claims should not be dismissed- because he substantially complied with the NJTCA’s notice exception and because Defendants never notified Plaintiff of any' insufficiency -with Plaintiffs notice. He argues that' the evidence súpports a claim for assault and 'battery against' the five correctional officers in the strip search room;- and that all individual Cumberland officers are liable for conspiracy because they attempted to cover up the truth about how Plaintiff had been beaten. He contends that there is also sufficient evidence ■to support a claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress because Plaintiff developed post-traumatic stress disorder and depression as a result of Defendants’ conduct. Finally, Plaintiff argues that Min-gúela is not entitled to, qualified immunity because, given the severity of Plaintiffs injuries, a reasonable officer would have known that the force used violated Plaintiffs ' dearly established constitutional rights.
*2891. Summary judgment is not warranted against Plaintiff’s § 1983 claim of excessive force
42 U.S.C. § 1983 provides a civil remedy against any person who, acting under color of state law, deprives another of rights protected by the U.S. Constitution; The statute provides in relevant part:
Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or Territory ... subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law..,.
42 U.S.C. § 1983. Section 1983 does not create substantive rights; • it merely provides a remedy for deprivations of rights established elsewhere in the Constitution or federal laws. Kneipp v. Tedder, 95 F.3d 1199, 1204 (3d Cir.1996). To establish § 1983 claim, a plaintiff “must demonstrate a violation of a right secured by the Constitution and laws of the United States and that the deprivation was committed by a person acting under color of state law.” Id. (quoting Mark v. Borough of Hatboro, 51 F.3d 1137, 1141 (3d Cir.1995)).
a) The Eighth Amendment standard applies to Plaintiff’s excessive force claim
Plaintiff asserts a § 1983 claim of excessive force by correctional officers, and the Court must first determine the constitutional right that is implicated. Estate of Smith v. Marasco, 318 F.3d 497 (3d Cir.2003). Both parties agree that plaintiff was a pretrial detainee when he was injured, and the Court must determine whether the correctional officers’ actions should be analyzed under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment or the more stringent Eighth Amendment standard for cruel and unusual punishment, which applies to inmates who have been convicted.12 The distinction is significant: whereas the Fifth Amendment’s Due Process Clause prohibits any form of punishment, the Eighth Amendment only prohibits punishment that is cruel and unusual, or force that is imposed “maliciously and sadistically to cause harm.” Hudson v. McMillian, 503 U.S. 1, 7, 112 S.Ct. 995, 117 L.Ed.2d 156 (1992); Whitley v. Albers, 475 U.S. 312, 321, 106 S.Ct. 1078, 89 L.Ed.2d 251 (1986).
In particular, the inquiry under the Due Process Clause is whether Defendants’ use of force was rationally related to a legitimate non-punitive government purpose or when it was excessive in light of that purpose. Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 535, 99 S.Ct. 1861, 60 L.Ed.2d 447 (1979); Stevenson v. Carroll, 495 F.3d 62, 68 (3d Cir.2007) (quoting Rapier v. Harris, 172 F.3d 999, 1005 (7th Cir.1999)). Under the Eighth Amendment standard, the plaintiff must demonstrate that the force used was applied maliciously and sadistically to cause harm and not in a “good-faith effort to maintain or restore disci*290pline.” Hudson v. McMillian, 503 U.S. 1, 7, 112 S.Ct. 995, 117 L.Ed.2d 156 (1992), The excessive force inquiry must be guided by several factors: (1) the need for the application of force; (2) the relationship between the need and the amount of force that was used; (3) the extent of the injury inflicted on the plaintiff; (4) the extent of the threat to the safety of staff and inmates, as reasonably perceived by the officers responsible; -and (5) the efforts made to temper the severity of a forceful response. Whitley, 475 U.S. at 321, 106 S.Ct. 1078.
The question of whether the Fifth or Eighth Amendment standard applies to a pre-trial detainee’s claim of excessive force is not settled.13 Traditionally, a person who has not been convicted has “federally protected liberty interests that are different in kind from those of sentenced inmates.” Cobb v. Aytch, 643 F.2d 946, 962 (3d Cir.1981) (en banc). He is entitled to the right to remain at ‘liberty,’ which is guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. Id. at 957 (“Unlike sentenced prisoners, who .... must look to state law for the protection of their personal liberties, pretrial detainees have liberty interests firmly grounded in federal constitutional law.”)
■ Consistent with this- principle, the Supreme Court in Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 535, 99 S.Ct. 1861, 60 L.Ed.2d 447 (1979), drew a distinction between pretrial detainees and inmates who have been sentenced. The Court reasoned that a pretrial detainee “may not be punished prior to an adjudication of guilt in accordance with due process of law.” Id. at 535, 99 S.Ct. 1861; see also Hubbard v. Taylor, 399 F.3d 150, 166 (3d Cir.2005) (“[I]t is clear that plaintiffs here are not within the ambit of the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition • against cruel and unusual punishment. ... They are not yet at a stage of the criminal process where they can be punished because they have not as yet been convicted of anything.” (internal quotations and citations omitted)). By contrast, a sentenced inmate has already been tried and convicted and stands in a different category. They “may be punished, although that punishment may not be ‘cruel and unusual’ under the Eighth Amendment.” Id. at 535 n. 16, 99 S.Ct. 1861.
■ Under this , distinction, Plaintiff, who had just been arrested that day, should be afforded the greater constitutional protection that is offered by the Due Process Clause. See, e.g., Stevenson v. Carroll, 495 F.3d 62, 67-68 (3d Cir.2007) (analyzing pretrial detainee’s claim under the Due Process Clause); Sylvester v. City of Newark, 120 Fed.Appx. 419, 423 (3d Cir.2005) (analyzing pretrial detainee’s claim under the Fourteenth Amendment because prior to a formal adjudication of guilt, the state “has not-acquired ‘the power to punish with which the Eighth Amendment is, concerned.’” (citing Ingraham v. Wright, 430 U.S. 651, 671-72 n. 40, 97 S.Ct. 1401, 51, L.Ed.2d 711 (1977)))..
The Court,-, however, must also be guided by Fuentes v. Wagner, 2,06 F,3d 335 (3d Cir.2000), which controls in this Circuit. In Fuentes, the plaintiff, a pretrial detainee, brought a § 1983 claim arguing that placing him in a restraint chair for eight hours after he engaged in a physical fight with correctional officers constituted excessive force. The Third Circuit held that the Eighth Amendment’s cruel and unusual punishment standard, not the due process standard,, governed the plaintiffs claim. 206 F.3d at 344. - The Court made *291a distinction between cases involving excessive force and those challenging a detainee’s conditions of confinement, noting that excessive force claims against prison guards should be subject to the more stringent standard when those claims arise in the context of a prison disturbance. 206 F.3d at 344.
Many courts in this Circuit have followed Fuentes and evaluated a pre-trial detainee’s claim of excessive force under the standard of cruel and unusual punishment. See, e.g., Drumgo v. Brown, 525 Fed.Appx. 125, 128 (3d Cir.2013) (applying Eighth Amendment cruel and unusual punishment standards to a pretrial detainee’s excessive force claim against correctional officers); Everett v. Nort, 547 Fed.Appx. 117, 121 (3d Cir.2013); Johnson v. King, 2013 WL 1903301, at *2.(D.N.J. May 7, 2013); Athill v. Speziale, 2009 WL 1874194, at *8 (D.N.J. June 30, 2009). And the Third Circuit has recently examined Fuentes and .affirmed the distinction between a detainee’s excessive force claim and a claim challenging prison conditions. See Bistrian v. Levi, 696 F.3d 352, 374-75 (3d Cir.2012) (holding that the cruel and unusual punishment standard set forth in Fuentes did not apply to a pre-trial detainee’s claim that his prolonged administrative segregation was excessive in light of non-punitive. purpose).
Plaintiff argues that Fuentes does not control in the present case because force was not used in the context of a prison riot. Plaintiff cites to Jackson v. Phelps, 575 Fed.Appx. 79 (3d Cir.2014), in which the Court applied the due process standard to an excessive force claim because the detainee was “effectively immobilized” in handcuffs, foot shackles, and a padlock, and posed no safety threat to the prison guards who beat him up; Id. at 80, 83.
The Court finds Jackson instructive. There is a significant distinction between using force to quell a prison riot or to stop violence from spreading, and using force when there is no real emergency. Like the detainee in Jackson, Plaintiff was by himself when he was approached by correctional officers. Although he was not handcuffed or shackled, the threat he posed was minimized' by the fact that he was unarmed and surrounded by five correctional officers. Plaintiff was also beaten in a closed room; there is little evidence to suggest that he was in danger of escaping or that Defendants were acting to prevent a disturbance from spreading. In Fuentes, the court noted that a more rigorous standard applied in the context of a prison, riot, because guards in such cases must react to unpredictable, spontaneous, and rapidly changing events and cannot “be expected to draw such precise distinctions between . classes of inmates when those guards are trying to. stop a' prison disturbance,” Fuentes-, 206 F.3d at 347. Those concerns are absent in this case. Here, five correctional officers took an unarmed man inside a secure room for a routine strip search, before thé man had even been properly admitted to the general prison population, and beat him. Nothing in the record suggests that the force used against Plaintiff arose out of a true emergency situation.14 Plaintiff was in the *292booking process when this violence occurred, preliminary to his being held on a disorderly persons offense, still accompanied by an officer of the arresting deparir ment. Given these, particular facts, the Due Process Clause appears to be the more appropriate standard by which to evaluate Plaintiffs claim of excessive force. The Due Process Clause permits reasonable restraint upon liberty as the jail admissions process is undertaken; it does not allow infliction of punishment, excessive or not.
Regardless of which standard applies, pretrial detainees “are entitled to at least as much protection as convicted prisoners, so the protections of the Eighth Amendment would seem to establish a floor of sorts.” Kost v. Kozakiewicz, 1 F.3d 176, 188 n. 10 (3d Cir.1993); cf. Hubbard v. Taylor, 399 F.3d 150, 166-67 (3d Cir.2005) (noting that in conditions-of-confinement cases, Eighth Amendment standard establishes a floor below which treatment of pretrial detainees cannot sink, and does not preclude the application óf a more protective due process standard). The Court believes that the Fifth Amendment standard should control in this case, but it will deny summary judgment on both Fifth and Eighth Amendment grounds because even under 'the Eighth Amendment’s “cruel and unusual standard,” a reasonable jury could find on the evidence presented that Defendants’ use of force was imposed “maliciously and sadistically to cause harm.”
b) There is a genuine dispute of material fad over whether Defendants’ use of force was excessive
Plaintiff does not remember what happened to him at the CCDOC. He argues, however, that given the life-threatening injuries he suffered after being in the strip search room, a reasonable jury could conclude that Defendants’ use of force in the room violated his constitutional rights. Plaintiff has presented more than sufficient evidence to raise a genuine issue of material fact whether Defendants used excessive force.
Certain facts are not in dispute. Plaintiff was examined at South Jersey Hospital immediately before going to Cumberland, and the doctor who examined him noted that he had no visible injuries aside from the dog bite and cut on his left eye, and did not appear to have any internal injuries. Plaintiff was then transported to Cumberland and subject to what was supposed to be a pat down and strip search. He was unarmed when he submitted to a strip search in a room with five correctional officers. Multiple witnesses in the jail testified to Plaintiff’s physical condition after the strip search. Nurse Moore, who examined Plaintiff immediately after the strip search, observed that Plaintiff looked “beaten up.” She heard him say to the officers, “Y’all didn’t have to beat me like that.” Defendant Pierce, who visited Plaintiff early the next morning, stated that Plaintiff complained of being in pain. Lisa-Brown Carter and Victor Bermudez observed bruises on Plaintiffs body, and recalled that Plaintiff was limping and had trouble breathing.
Plaintiffs injuries are also not disputed. Plaintiff nearly died from the encounter. He had to be airlifted to a specialized trauma center, went into hemodynamic shock along the way, and had to be admitted into the intensive care unit on a ventilator. Healthcare workers observed severe bruising on his body and an imprint of a footprint on his left shoulder. He suffered multiple fractured ribs, a lacerated kidney and renal artery which caused internal bleeding, fractured bones around his right eye, a fractured jaw bone, and a concussion! He was hospitalized for ten days. Based simply on the severity of *293Plaintiffs injuries and the fact that he was unarmed in the presence of five correctional officers, a reasonable jury could .find that Defendants’ use. of force was excessive. See, e.g., Smith v. Mensinger, 293 F.3d 641, 649 (3d Cir.2002) (“Punching and kicking someone who is handcuffed behind his back and under the control of at least six prison guards as he is being thrown into cabinets and walls is ‘repugnant to.the conscience of mankind,’ absent the extraordinary circumstances - necessary-'to justify that kind of force.” .-(quoting Hudson v. McMillian, 503 U.S. 1, 10, 112 S.Ct. 995, 117 L.Ed.2d 156 (1992))); Williams v. Twp. of W. Deptford, 2008 WL 1809134, at *5 (D.N.J. Apr. 22, 2008) (“This Court concludes that it would have been clear to a reasonable police officer that three male officers lifting a woman in the air and throwing her on the ground with force sufficient to break a femur bone is unreasonable where that individual is alone, unarmed, outnumbered by police eight to . one.”).
Citing Smith, 293 F.3d at 648, Defendants argue that the severity.of Plaintiffs injuries is insufficient to impose liability. But Smith is inapposite, for it held only that “de minimis injuries do not necessarily establish de minimis force.” '293 F.3d at 648-49. This is not a case where the plaintiffs injuries were de minimis. Smith’s holding that a claim of excessive force is possible with even minor injuries counsels against a grant of summary judgment in a case such as this one, where the injuries Plaintiff sustained were life-threatening. In fact, the law is clear that “the extent of injury suffered by [the] inmate” is a factor in establishing an excessive force claim under the Eighth Amendment. Hudson v. McMillian, 503 U.S. 1, 7, 112 S.Ct. 995, 117 L.Ed.2d 156 (1992); see also Sharrar v. Felsing, 128 F.3d 810, 822 (3d Cir.1997) (noting that “the fact that the physical force applied was of such an extent as to lead to injury is indeed a relevant factor to be considered as part of the totality.”).
Defendant argíiés that as a matter of law, the force used -was'in accordance with protocol" and was justified under the circumstances. The Court disagrees, because there is ample evidence in the record contradicting the evidence Defendants claim is undisputed. Defendants first argue' that the force was not excessive. For support, they point to correctional officers’ testimony that they gave Plaintiff a one-second burst of pepper spray and performed two take - downs using “minimal force.” A reasonable jury, however, could find that Plaintiffs severe injuries could not' have been caused by the force described by Defendants. That view finds support in the evidence. Plaintiffs expert, Dr.' McCauley opined that with a multiple officer take down, the harm suffered by Plaintiff would be minimized. Similarly, Dr. Simon testified that Plaintiffs injuries were “caused by brute aggressive blunt trauma” and could not have been caused by the take downs alone.
Defendants also ’ argue that the force Was justified under the circumstances. They point to testimony that Plaintiff was biting, kicking, and spitting, but that too is disputed. In contrast to Defendants’ testimony, Houbary observed Plaintiff in the strip search room complying with orders to remove his shoes' and socks. (SMF ¶ 93.) A reasonable jury could also give little credence to the officers’ testimony because their statements contradict each other. For example, Ford and Pratts testified that all five correctional officers took Plaintiff down in the strip search room, but Still testified that he and Ford, were not involved at all,- and Mingúela testified that Plaintiff merely fell from a bench. The jury could also refuse to credit the Use of Force statements because of Cumberland’s policy requiring that officers’ *294statements had to match. Finally, the Court rejects Defendants’ bald statement that the Court must accept the officers’ testimony as true since Plaintiff .cannot recall what happened or name the individual officers who were involved. .Defendants should not benefit from Plaintiffs lack of memory when Plaintiff has ¡put forward evidence showing.that his memory problems were caused by Defendants’ purportedly unlawful conduct.
Because Plaintiffs excessive force, claim turns on which of two conflicting stories best captures, what happened, summary judgment is not permitted in Defendants’ favor. “[T]hat is as it should be. When a plaintiff proffers evidence that the official subdued, her with a chokehold even though she complied at all times with his orders, while the official proffers evidence that he used only- stern words, a- ¡trial must ■ be had.” Saucier v. Kate, 533 U,S. 194, 216, 121 S.Ct. 2151, 150 _L.Ed.2d 272 (2001) (Ginsburg, concurring). In this case, the factual disputes go directly to the amount of force used. Viewing the evidence provided to the Court in the light most favorable to the Plaintiff, as this Court must, a reasonable factfinder could conclude, based on the severity of Plaintiffs injuries, that Defendants applied force unnecessarily and wantonly to inflict pain, , The Court will accordingly deny summary judgment.
The Court will also reject Defendants’ argument for summary judgment in favor of Officers Still and Ford because ■there is-no. evidence that they were active participants in the strip search .'room. It is undisputed that Still and Ford were in the strip search room- the entire- time when Plaintiff was beaten. Based on the severity of Plaintiffs injuries, a reasonable jury could infer that Still and Ford assisted in the beating, and the extent of each officer’s participation is a factual dispute to be resolved by the-fact finder. See Smith, 293 F.3d at 650 (declining to dismiss excessive force claim against certain defendant officers because, plaintiff was not sure whether they participated in his assault, because officers were in the vicinity when assault occurred, creating a genuine issue of material fact as to their participation); Perez v. City of Camden, 2014 WL 4681037, at *10 (D.N.J. Sept. 22, 2014) (declining to dismiss excessive force claim against officers where each officer was -present during arrest; admitted to using some force against plaintiff, and plaintiff alleged that at least one officer present used excessive force).
Although Pierce and Sciore were not in the strip search room the whole time, they may also be held responsible under a reasonable view of the facts. As correctional officers, Defendants were responsible for Plaintiffs safety and had a duty to protect him from violence. Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 834-36, 114 S.Ct. 1970, 128 L.Ed.2d 811 (1994). Pierce and Sciore were present in the strip search room for approximately two minutes. If a jury concluded that even one of the officers in the room used excessive force against Plaintiff, it could also reasonably conclude that Pierce and Sciore knew of and failed to intervene in thé assault. Still and Ford, who were-in the strip search room for the entire time, could likewise be found liable for failure to intervene. See Smith, 293 F.3d at 650-51 (holding that correctional officer who ignored a realistic opportunity to intervene in another officer’s use of excessive force is liable under the Eighth Amendment) (citing Miller v. Smith, 220 F.3d 491, 495 (7th Cir.2000)); Skrtich v. Thornton, 280 F.3d 1295, 1301 (11th Cir.2002) (holding that correctional officer present at the scene “and who fails to take reasonable steps to protect the victim of another officer’s use of excessive force can be held personally liable for his nonfeasance.”).15
*2952. Mingúela is not- entitled to qualified immunity
Defendant Mingúela alone argues that he is entitled to qualified immunity. The doctrine of qualified immunity “balances two important interests — the need to hold public' officials accountable when they exercise power irresponsibly and the need to shield officials from harassment, distraction, and liability when they perform their duties reasonably.” Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 231, 129 S.Ct. 808, 172 L.Ed.2d 565, (2009). Under this doctrine, government officials are immune from liability for civil damages as long as their conduct “does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable, per son would have known.” Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982); Kelly v. Borough of Carlisle, 622 F.3d 248, 253 (3d Cir.2010). Qualified immunity will not, however, act as a shield for “the official who knows or should know he is acting outside the law.” Butz v. Economou, 438 U.S. 478, 506-07, 98 S.Ct. 2894, 57 L.Ed.2d 895 (1978). In each case, the government’s interests must be balanced against the citizens’ interest in vindicating their constitutional rights, as well as the public interest in holding officials accountable “when they exercise power irresponsibly.” Pearson, 555 U.S. at 231, 129 S.Ct. 808.
'The qualified immunity claim is traditionally analyzed in two steps. First, the court must decide whether the facts alleged, taken light most favorable to the plaintiff, makes out the violation of a constitutional right. Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 121 S.Ct. 2151, 150 L.Ed.2d 272 (2001). Next, the court must examine whether the right at issue was “clearly established” such that-a reasonable official would have known that his conduct was unlawful.
Although'the' Supreme Court held in Pearson that the two-prong Saucier sequence should “nó longer be regarded as mandatory,” the Court will nonetheless begin by' addressing the traditional first prong. See Poe v. Leonard, 282 F.3d 123, 133 (2d Cir.2002). (officers’ intentional violation calls for proper Saucier sequence to provide guidance on what the law requires).
Relying mainly on his own testimony that he used a qne-second burst of pepper spray- on Plaintiff after giving .Plaintiff three verbal warnings to comply with a search, Minguela.contends that .his conduct did not amount to excessive force. For reasons already discussed, above, the Court finds that the facts, in the light most;favorable to Plaintiff, are sufficient -to make out a constitutional violation. The fact that Plaintiff suffered, life-threatening injuries after facing five correctional officers in an isolated room while unarmed, coupled with the fact that none of the officers were injured, indicates that .officers in the room used force beyond what was necessary for a take down, in a manner, that was intended to- inflict -pain. Minguela’s version of events is contradicted by other evidence, and the Court, drawing all inferences in light most favorable to- Plaintiff, holds that Plaintiff has satisfied the first Saucier prong.
The second prong is also satisfied. It was clearly established at the time Plaintiff was beaten that -prisoners were protected from excessive force and wanton beatings that exceed correctional officers’ good-faith efforts to maintain discipline *296and order. See Hudson v. McMillian, 503 U.S. 1, 7, 112 S.Ct. 995, 117 L.Ed.2d 156 (1992); Whitley v. Albers, 475 U.S. 312, 321, 106 S.Ct. 1078, 89 L.Ed.2d,251 (1986); Klaitz v. New Jersey, 2008 WL 111277, at *7 (D.N.J. Jan. 9, 2008). A reasonable officer at the time would also have known that using enough , force against an isolated, unarmed inmate to cause severe, life-threatening injuries was excessive. See Giles v. Kearney, 571 F.3d 318, 327-28 (3d Cir.2009) (“No reasonable officer could agree that striking and kicking a subdued, nonresisting inmate in the side, with force enough to cause a broken rib and collapsed lung, was reasonable or necessary under established law.”); Kounelis v. Sherrer, 529 F.Supp.2d 503, 527 (D.N.J.2008) (declining to find qualified immunity because a reasonable prison official'would have understood that beating a prison inmate without justification violated the Eighth Amendment). The law in this Circuit was also clear that a correctional officer who ignores a realistic opportunity to intervene in another officer’s use of force violates a prisoner’s constitutional rights. Smith v. Mensinger, 293 F.3d 641, 650-51 (3d Cir.2002). Under reasonable inferences from the facts favorable to Plaintiff, no reasonable officer could have believed that this use of force and failure to prevent unwarranted injury by others using excessive force was constitutional. Therefore, Min-gúela is . not entitled to qualified immunity.16
3: Plaintiff’s state law claims are not barred by the NJTCA
With the exception of Defendant Mingúela, all of the individual Cumberland Defendants allege that Plaintiffs state law claims are barred by the New Jersey Tort Claims Act’s (“NJTCA”) notice requirement. Plaintiff argues that the July 9, 2008 letter sent by his former attorney, Brian Chacker, to the Warden at Cumberland County Jail complied or substantially complied with the requirement.
The NJTCA requires notice of a claim of injury against a public' entity to be presented within ninety days of the accrual of the cau§e of action. A plaintiff is barred from recovering damages from a public entity if “he fail[s] to file his claim with the public entity within ninety (90) days.... ” N.J.S.A. 59:8-8. Providing such notice within 90 days achieves several goals. It allows the public entity time to review the claim and to promptly investigate the facts and prepare a defense; provides them an opportunity to settle meritorious claims before bringing suit; grants them an opportunity to correct the conditions which gave rise to the claim; and allows them to inform the State in advance as to the expected liability. Velez v. City of Jersey City, 180 N.J. 284, 850 A.2d 1238, 1242 (2004).
The notice of claim must be presented to the Attorney General or the agency involved in the alleged wrongful act. The *297notice must include, .among other things, (1) the name and address of the claimant; (2) the address for sending communication about the claim (2) the date, place, and other circumstances of the occurrence which gave rise to the claim; (3) a general description of the known injury, damage, or loss incurred “so far as it may be known at the time”; (4) the name of the public entity, employee, or employees causing the injury; and (5) the amount claimed as of the date of presentation of the claim. N.J.S.A. 59:8-4.
In this case, Plaintiffs claim against the Cumberland defendants accrued on July 1, 2008; under the NJTCA, the filing was due on September 29, 2008. Plaintiffs previous attorney, Brian Chacker, faxed a letter to the Saunders, the Warden at Cumberland County Jail on July -9, 2008, informing Saunders that he was reprgsent-ing Plaintiff “in connection with severe and permanent injuries that he sustained as a result of an incident with either Vineland Police Officers or Officers from, the Cumberland County Department of Corrections on June 30, 2008.” The letter sought approval from the Warden to visit Plaintiff at the hospital and asked the Warden to preserve surveillance tapes at the police station and Cumberland County Jail. Mr. Chacker then communicated by phone with Sergeant Wroniuk about visiting Plaintiff at the hospital and faxed a letter confirming the visit. Defendants argue that Plaintiffs state law claims must be dismissed because Plaintiff never filed a notice of claim under the NJTCA.
The Court agrees with Plaintiff that the doctrine of substantial compliance should apply in this case. The equitable doctrine of substantial compliance prevents the barring of legitimate claims due to technical defects. Lebron v. Sanchez, 407 N.J.Super. 204, 970 A.2d 399, 406 (N.J.Super.Ct.App.Div.2009); Henderson v. Herman, 373 N.J.Super. 625, 862 A.2d 1217 (N.J.Super.Ct.App.Div.2004). The doctrine provides that technical notice defects will not defeat a valid claim as long as the notice that given “substantially satisfies the purposes for which notices of claims are required.” Lebron, 970 A.2d at 405-06 (quoting Lameiro v. W. N.Y. Bd. of Educ., 136 N.J.Super. 585, 347 A.2d 377, 379 (N.J.Super.Ct. Law Div.1975)); see also Johnson v. Does, 950 F.Supp. 632, 635 (D.N.J.1997).
Plaintiffs letter provided essentially the same information required under N.J.S.A. § 59:8-4. The letter gave the full name of Plaintiff, and the letterhead showed the name and address of Plaintiffs counsel to which correspondences could be sent. The letter noted that the incident occurred on July 30, and involved correctional officers from Cumberland. Mr. Chacker’s request for preservation of surveillance tapes notified Defendants that the incident occurred at the jail. The letter further stated that Plaintiff suffered “severe and permanent injuries” as a result of the incident. Although the letter did not state, specific injuries, the jail was fully aware of the extent of Plaintiffs injuries and treatment since it had guards posted at the hospital and Plaintiff remained in the Warden’s custody. Defendants argue that notice was not satisfied because the letter was not mailed via certified mail as required under N.J.S.A. 59:8-10(a). The Court does not find this argument persuasive. N J.S.A. 59:8-10(b) specifically provides an exception to the certified mail requirement if the claim “is actually received at an office of the State or local public entity within the time prescribed for presentation thereof.” It is clear in this case that Defendants received notice of Plaintiffs claim by fax on July 9th, which is well within the 90-day requirement.
Mr. Chacker’s letter, along with his subsequent ■ communication with Sergeant *298Wroniuk about representing Plaintiff with respect to the injuries he sustained and visiting Plaintiff at the hospital, served the purpose of the notice requirement. The communications made Defendants' aware of an incident for which they could be liable and gave enough detail for them to begin investigations and to find the correctional officers who were involved. The nature and. severity of Plaintiffs injuries also gave Defendants notice of potential damages so that they could inform the State.17
The facts in this case are similar to another in which the New Jersey court found substantial compliance. In Dambro v. Union Cnty. Park Comm., 130 N.J.Super. 450, 327 A.2d 466 (N.J.Super.Ct. Law Div.1974), counsel for a plaintiff who injured himself while swimming in a park sent a letter to the borough’s police department “advising of his representation of plaintiff in connection with injuries sustained as a result of ah accident which occurred two days before at the swimming area.” The police responded by sending a police report of the incident and a hospital report indicating that the plaintiff had broken his neck. 327 A.2d at 467. The court held that counsel’s letter to the police department complied with the NJTCA’s notice requirement even though it did not have the exact name of the public entity which caused the injury, and, like Plaintiffs letter in this case, lacked any statement of damages. Id. at 471 (commenting that “[a] lack of stated damages will not bar plaintiffs cause of action if the amount of damages is not known at the time of the presentation of the claim.”). Because the police department was on notice of . the injury and the nature- of- the plaintiffs claim, the legislative and remedial goals of the notice requirement were satisfied. ‘ Id. As in Dambro, the extent and permanency of Plaintiffs injuries were not known" at the time the claim letter was filed.
' No factors weigh against providing the relief Plaintiff seeks. There is no evidence that Defendants were prejudiced by not having more information. Nothing suggests that" Defendants could have better prepared for Plaintiffs suit or negotiated a settlement had Plaintiffs counsel provided a statement of . damages or more specific detail about his injuries, of which they were likely already aware. Nor is there any evidence that Plaintiffs counsel acted unreasonably dr delayed in providing information. Plaintiffs counsel was as specific in his letter about identifying the "responsible public employees as he could be under the circumstances and the addressee, the Cumberland County Jail’s Warden, was in a superior position to that of Plaintiff in determining the identities of the alleged assailants. Counsel sent Defendants a letter informing them of a potential suit nine days after the incident. They did not hear from Defendants after the hospital visit and justifiably believed that the letter was sufficient.
Alternatively, the Court also agrees with Plaintiff that equitable estop-pel prohibits Defendants from bringing this notice argument as a defense. Plaintiffs complaint was filed in October 2009, yet Defendants waited until August 2014 to file summary judgment motions asserting'that Plaintiff failed to comply with the notice requirement. In the interim, they *299obtained complete discovery, creating the impression that they were waiving the notice requirements. Had Defendants informed Plaintiff after the filing of the complaint that the notice was deficient, Plaintiff would still have had time apply for permission to file a late notice of claim. Hill v. Bd. of Educ. of Middletown Twp., 183 N.J.Super. 36, 443 A.2d 225, 228 (N.J.Super.Ct.App.Div.1982) (holding that equitable estopped prevented defendant from raising noncompliance with notice requirement as an argument, because defendants failed to raise the issue until two and a half years after complaint was filed and progression of case suggested that argument had been waived).
For these reasons, the Court holds that Plaintiffs state law claims are not barred by the NJTCA’s notice requirement. Defendants’ dismissal motion on this ground is denied.
H» $
Plaintiff asserts state law claims of assault and battery, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and conspiracy. Because Plaintiff concedes that he will not be pursuing either- a malicious prosecution or invasion of privacy claim, the Court will dismiss those, claims against the individual Defendants. (PI. Cumberland Officers Br. at 41 n. 28.) > .* .
4. Defendants Pratts, Still, Mingúela, Ford, Fazzolari, and Ciangaglini are not entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiffs assault and battery claim
Plaintiff argues that Pratts, Still, Mingúela, Ford, and Fazzolari are liable to Plaintiff for assault and battery, and that Ciangaglini is also liable for pushing Plaintiff into the door in the processing room.18
An individual is liable for the common law tort of i assault if .(a) he acts intending to cause a harmful or offensive contact with the person, or an imminent apprehension of such a contact, and (b) the person is thereby put in such imminent apprehension. Leang v. Jersey City Bd. of Educ., 198 N.J. 557, 969 A.2d 1097, 1117 (2009) (citing Wigginton v. Servidio, 324 N.J.Super. 114, 734 A.2d 798 (N.J.Super.Ct.App.Div.1999)). The New Jersey Supreme Court has held that “[a]ny non-consensual touching is a battery,” and that such a cause of action is established by “proof of an unauthorized invasion of the plaintiffs person, even if harmless.” Perna v. Pirozzi, 92 N.J. 446, 457 A.2d 431, 439 (1983); see also Russo Farms, Inc. v. Vineland Bd. of Educ., 144 N.J. 84, 675 A.2d 1077, 1087 (1996); Kelly v. Cnty. of Monmouth, 380 N.J.Super. 552, 883 A.2d 411, 415 (N.J.Super.Ct.App.Div.2005).
There is more than sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to infer that Defendants’ contact with Plaintiff in the strip search room amounted to assault and battery. Defendants’ argument, that the contact was neither “harmful” nor “offensive,” fails in the face of undisputed evidence of Plaintiffs extensive injuries. See Lewis v. Williams, 2008 WL 1809199, at *6 (D.N.J. Apr. 22, 2008) (denying summary judgment on prisoner’s 'assault and battery claim against correctional officers where prisoner alleged that officers repeatedly struck his head and neck with' a closed fist and caused injuries severe enough to require treatment at hospital). Moreover, a reasonable factfinder could find from the uneontroverted facts that the contact was non-consensual, particularly in light of Plaintiffs statement to Defendants, “Y’all didn’t have to beat me up that way.” As *300the Court has already explained above, a reasonable jury could find evidence in the record which substantially undermines the veracity of Defendants’ testimony about what happened.
Defendant Ciangaglini does not move for summary judgment on Plaintiffs assault and battery claim, and the Court finds that summary judgment is not warranted because there is a material dispute whether Ciangaglini slammed Plaintiff against the door in the processing room, and whether Ciangaglini’s use of force was excessive and done for the purpose of inflicting pain. (Ciangaglini Reply Br. [Docket Item 258], at 3 n. 1.) Accordingly, the Court will allow Plaintiff to proceed on this claim against all six Defendants.
5. Fazzolari and Pratts are not entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiff’s claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress
Only Fazzolari and Pratts move to dismiss on the merits of Plaintiffs claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress. The Court will deny Fazzolari and Pratts’ motion and permit this claim to proceed.
A claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress requires a plaintiff to establish intentional and outrageous conduct by the defendant, proximate cause, and distress that is severe. Taylor v. Metzger, 152 N.J. 490, 706 A.2d 685, 694 (1998); Buckley v. Trenton Sav. Fund Soc’y, 111 N.J. 355, 544 A.2d 857, 863 (1988).
Plaintiff has proffered evidence from which a reasonable jury could find all elements of this claim. First, as the Court has explained above, the nature and severity of Plaintiffs injuries is more than enough for a reasonable jury to conclude that Defendants’ conduct was intentional or at the very least reckless. Defendants’ conduct was also outrageous in character. The evidence suggesting that five correctional officers, which included Fazzolari and Pratts, intentionally beat up an unarmed pretrial detainee causing his near death is without question an extreme and “utterly intolerable” act in any civilized community, and goes “beyond all possible bounds of decency.” Buckley, 544 A.2d at 863. Because Plaintiff has come forth with evidence that he sustained permanent psychological injuries, including post-traumatic stress syndrome, as a direct result of the assault, the remaining elements are provable to a reasonable jury as well. See Subbe-Hirt v. Baccigalupi, 94 F.3d 111, 115 (3d Cir.1996) (reversing dismissal of intentional infliction of emotional distress claim where plaintiff suffered from stress, including post-traumatic stress disorder); Kane v. Chester Cnty. Dept. of Children, Youth and Families, 10 F.Supp.3d 671, 693 (E.D.Pa.2014) (allegation of post-traumatic stress disorder is sufficient to satisfy requirement of showing severe emotional distress).
6. Defendants Pratts, Still, Mingúela, Ford, Fazzolari, and Pierce are not entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiff’s conspiracy claim
Plaintiff argues that Defendants engaged in a conspiracy to “cover up the truth of what its Correctional Officers had actually done to Defendant.” (PI. Cumberland Officers Br., at 40.)
In New Jersey, a civil conspiracy is “a combination of two or more persons acting in concert to commit an unlawful act, or to commit a lawful act by unlawful means.” Banco Popular N. Am. v. Gandi, 184 N.J. 161, 876 A.2d 253, 263 (2005). The principal element of a conspiracy is an agreement between the parties to inflict a wrong against or injury upon another person, and an overt act that results in damage. Morgan v. Union Cnty. Bd. of Chosen Freeholders, 268 *301N.J.Super. 337, 633 A.2d 985, 998 (N.J.Super.Ct.App.Div.1993). “The gravamen' of a conspiracy action is not the conspiracy itself but the underlying wrong which, absent the conspiracy, would give a right of action.” Bd. of Educ. of City of Asbury Park v. Hoek, 38 N.J. 213, 183 A.2d 633, 646 (1962); see also Middlesex Concrete Prods. v. Carteret Indus. Ass’n, 37 N.J. 507, 181 A.2d 774, 779 (1962).
Summary judgment is not appropriate on a claim of conspiracy against Defendants Pratts, Still,- Mingúela, Ford, -and Fazzolari. There is evidence that all five correctional officers conspired to cover up their actions by submitting Use of-Force reports that significantly downplayed the amount of force they used against Plaintiff in the strip search room. The five reports recounted- that Pratts and Fazzolari each took Plaintiff down once, and -Mingúela gave Plaintiff a one-second burst of pepper spray. Based on the medical treatment Plaintiff received as a result of the incident, and the severity of Plaintiffs physical and psychological injuries, a reasonable juror could conclude that Defendants’ statements about the force used on Plaintiff were false. Nurse Moore testified that when Pratts returned to Cumberland County Jail for his shift the next day and learned that Plaintiff had been airlifted to Cooper Hospital for his injuries, he told her that she “knew what to say” if people began to ask questions. A reasonable inference could be made that the reports were falsely written to try to cover up what happened. There was also evidence that Defendants entered into an agreement together. The five statements Defendants submitted were nearly identical in describing certain conduct that is unlikely given the other evidence in the record. Moreover, four of the five reports contained the same misspelling of the word “irate.” A juror could reasonably conclude based on this evidence that Defendants acted in concert to falsify the Use of Force reports.
Pierce is also not entitled to summary judgment. ■ There are irregularities in the w;ay Pierce reviewed the officers’ Úse of Force reports before deeming the force “justified.” First, he determined that the Defendants’ use of force was justified without attempting to get a statement from Plaintiff. He also wrote his report before even receiving two of the officers’ statements. In addition, the.evidence suggests that he misrepresented at least one piece of information ip the report. Pierce stated in the report, that Plaintiff was cleared by Nurse. Moore and had been placed in. a transitional holding cell for observation, but Plaintiff had not yet been cleared at the time Pierce completed the report. Finally, Pierce’s Use of Force report reiterated the statements of his officers, even though he was likely aware of what had happened. in the strip search room. Although these irregularities could suggest that Pierce was merely sloppy or incompetent or superficial, a reasonable jury could also conclude that Pierce was aware of and covered up the fact that his officers used excessive force against Plaintiff., See. Morgan, 633 A.2d at 998-99.
The Court will dismiss the conspiracy claim against Sciore and Ciangagli-ni. Although Plaintiff brings a conspiracy claim against all Defendants, Plaintiffs brief makes no mention of either Sciore or Ciangaglini and how they are liable. (PI. Cumberland Officers Br. 38-40.) There is no evidence in the record that Ciangaglini was present or even aware of the incident in the strip search room, nor is there any evidence that he participated in, knew, or acquiesced in an agreement to cover up the beating. Likewise, Plaintiff has pointed to nothing in the record implicating Sciore in the conspiracy to cover up the incident. -Accordingly, the Court will dis*302miss the conspiracy claim against Sciore and Ciangaglini.
B. Claims against Cumberland County and CCDOC
Plaintiff brings' a claim under § 1983 against Cumberland County and Cumberland County Department of Corrections for failure to train and failure to investigate claims of excessive force. The parties agree that Cumberland County Dé-pártment of Corrections should be dismissed as a defendant in the § 1983 claim because it is not a proper institutional party-defendant. See Vuocolo v. Clinton Cnty. Corr. Facility, 2013 WL 572444, at *4 (M.D.Pa. Jan. 24, 2013) (stating that § 1983 “expressly limits liability to persons who violate constitutional rights, a limitation that courts have construed as not reaching county jails as institutions.”); Thomas v. Wilbert, 2011 WL 91001, at *6 (D.N.J. Jan. 11, 2011) (dismissing county correctional institution from § 1983 case because it was-not a proper defendant); Grabow v. S. State Corr. Facility, 726 F.Supp. 537, 538-39 (D.N.J.1989) (New Jersey Department of Corrections and state prison facilities' are" not- “persons” under § 1983). The Court will therefore enter an order dismissing Cumberland County Jail from the case.
Municipalities and other government entities may be ■ sued ■ under § 1983 for constitutional rights violations, but the entity is not liable under the doctrine of respondeat superior for the- misconduct of its employees. Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. of City of New York, 436 U.S. 658, 690-692, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978). Instead, to prevail on a Monell claim, a-plaintiff-must first establish that the municipality had a policy or custom that deprived him of his. constitutional rights. Pelzer v. City of Philadelphia, 656 F.Supp.2d 517, 531 (E.D.Pa.2009) (citing Bd. of the County Comm’rs of Bryan County v. Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 403-404, 117 S.Ct. 1382, 137 L.Ed.2d 626 (1997)). In other words, the plaintiff must show that the municipality, through one of its policymakers,1 affirmatively proclaimed the policy, or acquiesced in the widespread custom, that caused the violation. Watson v. Abington Twp., 478 F.3d 144, 155-156 (3d Cir.2007). A plaintiff may show the existence of a policy when a “decision-maker, with final authority issues an official proclamation, policy, or edict.” Bielevicz v. Dubinon, 915 F.2d 845, 850 (3d Cir.1990). Custom may be established by showing that a given course of conduct, “although not specifically endorsed or authorized by law, is so well-settled, and permanent as virtually to constitute-law.” Id.; see also Watson, 478 F.3d.at 155-56. In other words, custom may be established by proving knowledge of, and acquiescence to, a practice. Fletcher v. O’Donnell, 867 F.2d 791, 793-94 (3d Cir.1989).
Proof of the existence of an unlawful policy or 'custom is not enough to maintain a § 1983 action. A plaintiff must additionally prove that the policy or' custom was the proximate cause of the injuries suffered. Watson, 478 F.3d at 156; Losch v. Borough of Parkesburg, 736 F.2d 903, 910 (3d Cir.1984). To establish causation, 'the plaintiff must demonstrate a “plausible nexus” or “affirmative link” between the custom and the specific deprivation of constitutional rights at issue. Bielevicz, 915 F.2d at 850. And, “[a]s long as the causal link is not too tenuous, the question whether the municipal policy or custom proximately caused the constitutional infringement should be left to the jury,” Id. at 851; see also Merman v. City of Camden, 824 F.Supp.2d 581, 589 (D.N.J.2010).
Plaintiff argues that Defendant Cumberland County had- a custom of failing to train the correctional officers in the appro*303priate use of force and failing to properly investigate incidents of officer misconduct, particularly instances of excessive forcé. Plaintiff argues that Defendants are. liable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 because the institutional failures at CCDOC were linked to the beatings Plaintiff received from the correctional officers, in violation of his constitutional right to be free from excessive force. Plaintiff also argues that Defendants are liable under a theory of respon-deat superior for violations of state common law.
Defendant denies that excessive force was used in violation of the CCDOC’s policies. They also argue that even if Plaintiffs constitutional rights were violated, no evidence supports that the harm was caused by Defendant’s failure to train and to investigate. Defendant further argues that the New Jersey Tort Claims Act bars Plaintiffs state law claims because Defendant cannot be held liable for the willful misconduct of its employees.
1. Cumberland County is not entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiff’s failure to train and failure to inves- ■ tigate claims
Section 1983 liability may be imposed on a government entity that has a policy or custom of failing to train, manifesting deliberate indifference, to the violation of constitutional rights. Where the policy “ ‘concerns a failure to train or supervise municipal employees, liability under section 1983 requires a showing that the failure amounts to ‘deliberate, indifference’ to the rights of persons with whom those employees will come into contact.’ ” Carter v. City of Philadelphia, 181 F.3d 339, 357 (3d Cir.1999) (quoting City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 388, 109 S.Ct. 1197, 103 L.Ed.2d 412 (1989)). Additionally, plaintiff must show a causal link: “the identified deficiency in a city’s training program must be closely related to the ultimate injury.” Canton, 489 U.S. at 391, 109 S.Ct. 1197; see also Thomas v. Cumberland Cnty., 749 F.3d 217, 222 (3d Cir.2014).
Deliberate indifference is a “stringent standard of fault, requiring proof that a municipal'actor disregarded- a’known or obvious consequence of his action.” Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs of Bryan Cnty. v. Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 410, 117 S.Ct. 1382, 137 L.Ed.2d 626 (1997). Ordinarily, deliberate indifference for purposes of failure to train is demonstrated by a “pattern of similar constitutional violations by untrained employees.” Connick v. Thompson, 563 U.S. 51, 131 S.Ct. 1350, 1360, 179 L.Ed.2d 417 (2011). A pattern of violations puts municipal decisionmakers on notice that a new program is necessary, and ‘‘[t]heir continued adherence to an approach that they know or should know has failed to prevent tortious conduct by employees” can establish the deliberate indifference necessary to trigger municipal liability. Bryan Cnty., 520 U.S. at 407, 117 S.Ct. 1382.
Nevertheless, in certain situations, the need for training is “ ‘so obvious’, thqt failure to do so could properly be characterized as ‘deliberate indifference’ to constitutional rights,” even without a pattern of constitutional violations. Canton, 489 U.S. at 390 n. 10, 109 S.Ct. 1197. A municipality. may be liable after -a single incident when the violation of constitutional rights is a “highly predictable consequence of failing to equip [] officers with specific tools to '.handle recurring situations.” Bryan Cnty., 520 U.S. at 408-09, 117 S.Ct. 1382; Connick v. Thompson, 563 U.S. 51, 131 S.Ct. 1350, 1361, 179 L.Ed.2d 417 (2011) (a single incident may trigger municipal liability where unconstitutional consequences for failure to «train are ‘‘patently obvious”).
Plaintiff has marshalled a number of facts to support his claim that Cumberland County failed to train its correctional offi*304cers on the use of force. The evidence shows — and Defendant does not appear to dispute — that the CCDOC failed to meet the state-mandated timelines for completing use of force trainings. This appears to have been a habitual shortcoming, including for most officers who are defendants herein. In addition, the training logs reveal that specific training on the use of force was rarely, if ever, held before the events in this case unfolded. Mingúela, Ford, and Fazzolari, did not recall receiving use of force training other than during their initial. two-week training at the Jail and training at the police academy. While Sciore stated that officers reviewed the use of force policy during firearms re-certification training twice a year, no one else could recall that happening.19 Based on these facts, a reasonable jury could conclude that in 2008, Cumberland County provided no periodic training at all on the appropriate use of force. At the very least, the record shows that there is a factual dispute over how frequently use of force training was held.
Plaintiff has also presented evidence that the trainings at CCDOC were inadequate and untimely. For instance, Pratts, the Issue Officer the day Plaintiff was brought in, stated that he never réceived any training in how to be an Issue Officer and had “minimal training” in pat downs arid strip searches. Several officers testified that they did not feel like they had received adequate training in how to be a correctional officer. In addition, there appeared to be a pattern of providing late trainings at the police academy.- Plaintiff presented evidence that some officers waited between one and a half to three years before attending the required academy training. Defendants frequently requested waivers from the State to delay the officers’ academy training, even though academy training was' far more thorough than the in-house training and was, in two officers’ opinions, essential to understanding the rules and procedures correctional officers had to follow. Academy training also included important training on the use of force.
The need for use of force training in a jail is obvious, as it is highly predictable that failure to understand its appropriate use would result in injury to inmates and officers alike. A reasonable jury could conclude based on the frequent daily interactions between jailers and inmates that there was a high likelihood constitutional violations might recur if training was not provided. Because it was patently obvious that failure to provide training oh the use of force would result in excessive force, the evidence is sufficient for a reasonable juror to conclude that Defendant’s failure to train amounted to deliberate indifference. See Thomas, 749 F.3d at 225-26 (finding summary judgment inappropriate on a failure to train claim where potential for conflict in prison was high and lack of training on de-escalation and intervention could establish deliberate indifference); Berg v. Cnty. of Allegheny, 219 F.3d 261 (3d Cir.2000) (failure to provide protective measures and fail safes against mistake in warrant-issuing procedures precluded summary judgment); Pelzer v. City of Philadelphia, 656 F.Supp.2d 517, 535-36 (E.D.Pa.2009) (denying summary judgment on failure to train claim where evidence showed that City provided no guidelines and offeréd little training to police officers in how to conduct foot pursuits).
The evidence is also sufficient to sustain a “causal link” between the lack of training and the injuries Plaintiff sustained at the *305hands of correctional officers. At the time of the incident, four of the five officers in the strip search room (Still, Pratts, Min-gúela, and Fazzolari) had not yet received training from the academy; and three (Still, Pratts, and Mingúela) were supposed to have already received training, but Defendant had delayed it by requesting waivers from the State. According to the training log, none of the officers had attended a specific training on the use of force. Ciangaglini, Pierce, and Sciore, who were the commanding officers at the time, likewise had little training. In fact, the three of them had not had use of force training (or trainings of any kind, for that matter) in the eight years before this incident. It is patently obvious that the officers’ ignorance of the rules on how and when to use force against a prisoner might have contributed to their transgression of those rules. Defendant’s argument,, that there is no causal link between the failure to train and the excessive use of force against Plaintiff, thus cannot be sustained.
For similar reasons, the Court -Will permit the failure to investigate claim to proceed, since Plaintiff has shown more than a “mere scintilla” of evidence from which a jury could conclude that Defendants’ procedures were inadequate to protect from misuse of force. Although Defendant had a policy of reviewing Use of Force’ reports' to determine whether correctional officers acted appropriately, the reports were not used to root out misconduct. Officers who were present wer¿ required to write reports with accounts that matched, and" reports were sent back if they gave conflicting facts. Ford testified that in this case, all five correctional officers collaborate on the events inside the strip search room before submitting théir identical reports to Pierce. The reports' themselves were frequently not reviewed by the required personnel after 2004, and the Warden did not regularly review the reports.
Moreover, the vast majority of the reviews concluded that the use of force was justified. Few. internal investigations into excessive force ever resulted from the Use of Force reports, even though an analysis of the reports showed that investigations were warranted in far -more cases. Plaintiffs expert, Dr. McCauley, noted that out of the .364 reports of force submitted in 11 years. Defendants investigated only six incidents and found only three incidents of excessive force. Lieutenant Wroniuk from the Internal Investigations unit testified that the jail had no formal procedures in place to track complaints against individual officers, and did not take into consideration past misconduct when faced with a complaint of excessive force against that officer. In short, there were no real procedures in place to detect and prevent problematic behavior by particular officers. Even though the use of force went up steadily in the five years leading up to the incident in this case, the deficiencies in review persisted. A jury could reasonably conclude that the procedures in place were little more than a rubber stamp to justify officer conduct, including conduct that crossed the line into excessive force.
A jury could also conclude that there was a culture of ignoring and failing to investigate misconduct. When Sergeant Ciangaglini pushed Plaintiff against a door using force that appeared to be excessive, neither Mingúela nor Brown-Carter reported the incident because ■ Ciangaglini was their superior officer. Lieutenant Pierce testified that when there was a claim of misconduct, he took his officers at their word when they reported what had happened. Even before he visited Plaintiffs holding cell, Pierce had written his Use of Force report and had concluded that the use of force was justified. Although Plaintiffs injuries were severe and should have raised some suspicion, no ef*306fort-was made to preserve physical evidence .for a future investigation.
Significantly, as discussed above, Luciano testified that she would frequently report incidents of misconduct, including incidents of excessive force, to her supervisor, but that her reports were consistently ignored. Indeed, her • supervisor, Captain Lamcken called her a “troublemaker” and , told her to “mind her own business.” ' Luciano’s testimony suggests that Defendants knew of past problems with officer misconduct against inmates, and, rather than investigate these claims, looked the other way. Dr. McCauley, Plaintiffs expert, testified that. Defendant’s . practice of conducting few investigations and ignoring complaints of excessive force amounted to a “complete indifference to the safety, security, and well-being of its personnel and inmates.”
A reasonable jury could conclude based on the evidence above that Defendant’s deliberate indifference was the moving force behind Plaintiffs injury. See Bielevicz, 915 F.2d at 851 (“If the City is shown to have tolerated known misconduct by police officers, the issue whether the City’s inaction contributed to the individual officers’ [unlawful action against the plaintiff] is a question of fact for the jury.”); Beck v. City of Pittsburgh, 89 F.3d 966, 974-76 (3d Cir.1996) (reversing grant of summary judgment on municipal liability claim where evidence showed that investigatory procedures into police misconduct were inadequate; there was no formalized tracking of complaints for individual officers; and there were civilian complaints of officer violence); Merman v. City of Camden, 824 F.Supp.2d 581, 591 (D.N.J.2010) (denying summary judgment on claim of inadequate investigations and finding persuasive the fact that there was a significant , number of civilian complaints against officers and a comparatively small number of disciplinary sanctions). Summary ■ judgment will be denied.
- 2. Plaintiffs common law claims are not precluded by the New Jersey Tort Claims Act
The New Jersey Tort Claims Act (“NJTCA”) imposesliability for a public entity “for injury proximately caused by an act or omission.of a public employee within the scope of ids employment in the same manner and to the same extent as a private individual under like circumstances.” N.J.S.A. 59:2-2(a). Section 59:2-2a of the NJTCA expressly adopts the general' 'concept of vicarious liability for public entities. Hoag v. Brown, 397 N.J.Super. 34, 935 A.2d 1218, 1230 (N. J.Super.Ct.App.Div.2007); Tice v. Cramer, 133 N.J. 347, 627 A.2d 1090, 1094 (1993). The NJTCA also'provides that a public entity is “not liable for the acts or omissions of a public employee constituting á crime, actual fraud,' actual malice, ■ or willful misconduct.” N.J.S.A. 59:2-10. Thus, there can be no vicarious liability by a public entity for intentional torts committed by its employees. Defendant Cumberland County argues that. Plaintiffs common law; claims against the municipality are barred by the NJTCA because Cumberland County, as a public entity, cannot be held liable for the willful misconduct of its employees. (Def. Br. 20-21.)
Defendant Cumberland County is not entitled to summary judgment on this ground. As Plaintiff correctly points out, the NJTCA does not immunize Defendant from liability for its employees’ negligent or grossly negligent conduct. See Graham v. Huevel, 2011 WL 1256607, at *10 (D.N.J. Mar. 28, 2011) (noting that a “claim for negligent supervision is an independent claim for direct liability, rather than-one for vicarious .liability under a theory of respondeat superior.”)-, Hoag, *307935 A.2d at 1230 (same). Plaintiffs theory, that Defendant is liable for its employees’ failure to properly supervise subordinates on the day Plaintiff was beaten, states a claim of negligent supervision that is not barred by the NJTCA. Plaintiff additionally states a claim of negligent failure to train. As Defendant does not otherwise challenge the sufficiency of Plaintiffs state law claims, the Court will permit Plaintiffs claims of negligent supervision and failure to train to proceed.20
C. Claims against the Vineland Defendants
The parties agree that Vineland Police Department should be dismissed as a defendant in the § 1983 claim because it is not a proper institutional party-defendant. Accordingly, an Order will be entered to dismiss the Vineland Police Department.
With respect to the remaining parties, Defendants argue that the § 1983 claim against the City of Vineland (“Vineland”) for failure to train must be dismissed because the evidence does not support that Deféndant Vineland failed to train its officers, and because there is no causal nexus between Defendant’s failure to train and Plaintiffs injury. Defendants additionally argue that Plaintiffs state' law claims against Vineland for negligent training must be dismissed because Plaintiff did not file a timely Notice of Claim pursuant'to N.J.S.A. 59:8-8.
With respect to the. § 1983 claim against Day and Houbary for failure to intervene, Defendants argue that the claim must be dismissed because Day and Houbary did not have a realistic opportunity to intervene to prevent the violation of Plaintiffs rights.21 Defendant Cumberland County filed an opposition to the Vineland Defendants’ motion for summary judgment,' arguing that -factual disputes remain as to whether Plaintiffs injuries were the result of Vineland’s conduct.
1. The City of Vineland' is entitled to summary judgment on the § 1983 claim of failure to train and the ■ common law claim of negligent training
Plaintiff argues that Vineland failed to train its police officers on the proper procedures for transporting prisoners to the jail. Day testified that Vine-land’s custom was to assign the most junior officers to transport prisoners to the jail, and that as the junior officer on duty that day, the task was left to him to bring Plaintiff to Cumberland County Jail. Day also testified that he received no specific in-house training on transportation and exchange procedures; he, learned how to transport prisoners only during the months he spent shadowing other officers following his graduation from the police academy. The opinion of Plaintiffs expert, Dr. McCauley, was that the Vineland Police Department’s training on transporting and exchanging prisoners was inadequate.
As discussed above, to prove a § 1983 constitutional violation for failure to train, *308the plaintiff must show that the defendant’s conduct amounted to deliberate indifference, which, absent a pattern of similar constitutional violations by untrained employees, “require[es] proof that a municipal actor disregarded a known or obvious consequence of his action.” Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs of Bryan Cnty. v. Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 410, 117 S.Ct. 1382, 137 L.Ed.2d 626 (1997). In addition, the plaintiff must show an “affirmative link” between the failure to train and the specific constitutional violation that occurred. Bielevicz v. Dubinon, 915 F.2d 845, 850 (3d Cir.1990). Although there is some evidence that Defendant failed to provide adequate training, that dispute is not material because the evidence does not link the lack of training of Vineland officers to the constitutional harm of which Plaintiff complains. Plaintiff has not presented sufficient evidence for a reasonable factfinder to conclude that Defendant Vineland’s failure rose to the level of deliberate indifference. Nor has is there enough evidence in the record for a rational jury to find a causal connection between Defendant’s failure to train arid the injuries Plaintiff suffered.
First, the lack of formal police training in this particular area of the transport of detainees does not create an obvious risk that a prisoner would be beaten by correctional officers at the receiving institution. Not knowing the specific procedures for presenting an inmate to the jail does not generally pose an obvious danger to the inmate’s health and safety. The process of transport and exchange requires a police officer to bring a prisoner to the jail and leave him in the custody of correctional officers, and there is no reason for a police officer to suspect that, correctional officers would mistreat an inmate. Thus, ignorance of the exact method by which an exchange of custody takes place at the Cumberland County Jail does not create a high risk of harm of which Defendant Vineland should have known.
Second, Plaintiff has not specified what additional training could have prevented the harm that occurred. See Woloszyn v. Cnty. of Lawrence, 396 F.3d 314 (3d Cir.2005) (failure to identify specific training that could reasonably have identified the prisoner’s suicidal tendencies was fatal). Plaintiff notes that without training, Day mistakenly believed that Plaintiff was in Ciangaglini’s custody when they were in the processing room and consequently did not speak up when excessive force was being used. But Day testified that this was only one of the reasons why he did not say anything to Ciangaglini; he also stayed silent because he was “brand new” and because Ciangaglini, a Lieutenant at the time, outranked him. More significantly, Day and Houbary both testified that they knew their obligations to report officer misconduct. Day stated that he “should have” said something to Ciangagli-ni and confirmed that his law enforcement training required him to speak up to an officer when he sees that, officer using excessive force. (Day Dep. 154:9-157:12.) Similarly, Houbary confirmed that based on his training, it was his responsibility.to report the use of excessive force by another officer., (Houbary Dep. 36: 1-21.) In other words, it was clear that Day and Houbary knew what they were supposed tp do in the present situation, whether or not they received formal training. Thus, even if Day and Houbary had been properly trained on transporting prisoners, there is no reason to believe it would have made a difference in how they reacted to the Cumberland Defendants’ conduct.
Because Plaintiff has not shown that Vineland ignored an “obvious risk” of constitutional violations, or that there is a causal link between Vineland’s failure to provide formal training on prison trans*309port and the injuries Plaintiff suffered at the jail, the Court will grant summary judgment on Plaintiffs claim against Vine-land under 42U.S.C. § 1983 for failure to train. For similar reasons, the Court will grant summary judgment on Plaintiffs common law claim of negligent training.22 Both claims will be dismissed..
2. The Court mil grant summary judgment on Plaintiffs § 1983 claim for failure to intervene against Officer Day but deny summary judgment on the claim against Officer Houbary
Plaintiff alleges that Pay and Houbary are liable under § 1983 for failure to intervene to prevent the deprivation of Plaintiffs constitutional rights. “It is clear that one who is given the badge of authority of a police officer may not ignore the duty imposed by his office and fail to stop other officers who summarily punish a third person in his presence or otherwise within his knowledge.” Byrd v. Brishke, 466 F.2d 6, 11 (7th Cir.1972). Under this principal, when a police officer fails to intervene when a constitutional violation such as a beating takes place in his presence, he may be liable under § 1983 for violating the victim’s Eighth Amendment rights. Smith v. Mensinger, 293 F.3d 641, 650 (3d Cir.2002) (citing Byrd v. Clark, 783 F.2d 1002, 1007 (11th Cir.1986)); Putman v. Gerloff, 639 F.2d 415, 423 (8th Cir.1981).
A police officer has a duty to take reasonable steps to protect a victim from another officer’s use of excessive force, but liability does not attach in all cases. An officer is liable for failing to intervene only if he saw the beating and there was a “realistic and reasonable, opportunity to intervene.” Mensinger, 293 F.3d at 650. Generally, the constitutional violation must have occurred in the officer’s presence. Clark, 783 F.2d at 1007; Brishke, 466 F.2d at 11 (liability for failure to intervene exists only -if the • beating occurred in the officer’s presence or was otherwise within his knowledge).
The evidence shows that Defendant Day witnessed Ciangaglini forcefully push Plaintiffs face into, the door of a processing room during Plaintiffs first trip to Cumberland County Jail. Mingúela, who observed the incident from a monitor, believed that Ciangaglini used “excessive” force against Plaintiff. Day also admitted that he thought the use of force was “excessive.” . As Ciangaglini, does not seek summary judgment on Plaintiffs § 1983 claim of excessive force, the Court assumes for purposes of this motion that Ciangaglini’s conduct violated Plaintiffs rights under the Fifth and Eighth Amendments.
Nonetheless, the Court finds that Day is entitled to summary judgment, because even assuming a constitutional violation had occurred, no reasonable jury could find that there was a reasonable opportunity for Day to intervene before Plaintiff was mistreated by Ciangaglini. Day did not know that Ciangaglini would push Plaintiff intp the door, and nothing in the record suggests that Day knew Ciangaglini was about to use excessive force when he took Plaintiff by the arm to escort him out of the room. The evidence of record describes an instantaneous, perhaps impulsive shove by Ciangaglini, to which Day was only a witness. Even if Day had wanted to intervene, the evidence is insufficient as a matter of law to show that he had any opportunity to do so. See O’Neill v. Krzeminski, 839 F.2d 9, 11-12 (2d Cir.1988) (finding no liability where blows were struck, too quickly for an officer to intercede); Sullivan v. Warminster Tp., *310765 F.Supp.2d 687, 701-02 (E.D.Pa.2011) (finding that officers had no realistic or reasonable opportunity to intervene because they were far from where the constitutional deprivation took place and could not reasonably have reached area to prevent harm).23
Because the- Court finds that the § 1988 claim against Day should be dismissed, the question of damages against Day is moot.
' The, Court will’ allow Plaintiffs failure to intervene claim' against Houbary to proceed. Houbary was not in the strip search' room when Plaintiff was beaten by the correctional officers, nor does the record show that he witnessed correctional officers use inappropriate force against Plaintiff in the strip search room.
Plaintiff argues, however, that. Houbary should have stayed at the jail because there were signs that Plaintiffs safety was at risk. For example, Houbary' testified that' there were more than the normal number of officers in the room for Plaintiffs pat-down and strip search, and the way Pratts performed his pat-down of Plaintiff in the control room was unusual. Houbary noticed that the nurse was not called down to examine Plaintiff before the strip' search. He also indicated that Pratt’s take down of Plaintiff may not have been jüstified, because he did not see Plaintiff kick Pratts. Although hé did not go into the strip search room, Houbary followed the officers when they took Plaintiff to the strip search room because he wanted to see what was happening.
In his supplemental briefing, Plaintiff cites Floyd v. City of Detroit, 518 F.3d 398 (6th Cir.2008) and Curley v. Suffern, 268 F.3d 65 (2d Cir.2001), for the proposition that an' officer may be liable for failing to act to prevent the use of excessive force where the officer “had reason to know” that excessive force will be used. See Floyd, 518 F.3d at 406 (police officer who fails to act to prevent- the use of excessive force may be held liable where officer -“had reason to know that excessive force would be or was being used” and had both the opportunity and the means to prevent the harm from occurring); Curley, 268 F.3d at 72 (“Failure to interceded results in liability where an officer observes excessive force is being used ór has reason to know that it will be.”); see also Hicks v. Norwood, 640 F.3d 839, 843 (8th Cir.2011) (reciting rule in Floyd); Turner v. Scott, 119 F.3d 425, 429 (6th Cir.1997). Plaintiff argues that the unusual behavior of the correctional officers should have alerted Houbary to the risk that Plaintiff would be subject to excessive force, and Houbary’s failure to stay in' the jail to protect Plaintiff therefore violated Plaintiffs constitutional rights.
Plaintiff has raised a material factual dispute whether Hqubary had reason to believe that Plaintiffs safety was in jeopardy when Houbary left the jail. Even though Houbary testified that he did not fear for Plaintiffs safety when he left (Houbary Dep. 135:7-12), a reasonable factfinder could reject this statement based on other evidence in the record. Here, immediately after Plaintiff was taken down in a manner Houbary believed might not have been justified, Houbary witnessed numerous officers grab Plaintiff and take him into a strip search room. Particularly when Plaintiff is given the benefit of all reasonable inferences, a reasonable fact finder could concludé that *311Houbary should have known that Plaintiff would probably be mistreated, and that Houbary had an opportunity to prevent it by insisting on staying by Plaintiffs side until the strip search was completed. A reasonable jury could find from the evidence that Houbary’s. intervention, or even his mere personal presence* would have prevented the beating that Plaintiff alleges occurred in the strip search room. The Court will accordingly deny summary judgment on Plaintiffs § 1983 claim against Houbary for failure to intervene.
Y. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court will dismiss Cumberland County Department of Corrections as a party in the case and deny the motion for summary judgment by Cumberland County. Plaintiff’s § 1983 claims against Cumberland County for failure to train and failure to investigate, and common law claims for negligent training and negligent supervision will be allowed proceed. The Court will also deny the motions for summary judgment by Defendants Ciangaglini, Pratts, Still, Fazzo-lari, Ford, Mingúela, Sciore, and Pierce. However, the Court will dismiss the conspiracy claim against Sciore and Ciangagli-' ni.
As to the Vineland defendants, the Court will dismiss the Vineland Police Department as a party in the case and grant summary judgment on all counts for Defendants City of Vineland, and Officer Day. Summary judgment will be denied on Plaintiffs'§ 1983 claim against Houbary for failure to intervene. The accompanying Order will be entered.

. Mingúela did not report the incident to anyone because he was "the youngest involved in that situation at the time” and felt like "a puppet.” He stated that he "did not have the proper training that [he] was supposed to have at the time and [he] kind of just went off of what [his] supervisors told [him].” (Min-gúela Dep. 165:5-17.) Day admitted that he should have said something to Ciangaglini but did not because he was "brand new,. Cianga-glini outranked him, and he believed Plaintiff was in Ciangaglini’s custody at the time. (Day Dep. 154:15-18; 150:23-154:6.) Carter did not report the incident because Ciangagli-ni was her supervisor and she did not want any repercussions. (Carter Dep. [Docket Item 237-12] 61:2-9.)

. Plaintiff included a transcript of a taped statement Pagan made in July 2008 with the *281Cumberland County Prosecutor’s office. Defendants object that Pagan’s testimony is hearsay, as Pagan was not deposed in connection with this case. Pagan’s statement about what he saw and did is not hearsay, and is largely confirmed by the video evidence. As Pagan could conceivably be used as a witness at trial, the Court will accept his testimony in deciding these summary judgment motions.

. The “Training Requirements" of the AG Policy states:
Every law enforcement agency is required to conduct and document semi-annual training for all officers on the lawful and appropriate use of force and deadly force. This training must be designed to reflect current standards established by statutory and case law, as well as statewide, county and- individual agencypolicy. It should include but not necessarily be limited to the use of force in, general, the use of physical and mechanical force, the use of deadly force, and the limitations that govern the use of force and deadly force.
(Attorney General’s Use of Force Policy [Docket Item 237-40], at 7.)

. Still, Pratts, Fazzolari, .and Mingúela did not attend firearms training at any time before the incident. (Counter SMF ¶ 184.)

. The Training log shows some entries for "Training” which does not specify whether use of force training was included.

. Ford’s last training on use of force occurred nearly five years before the incident. Pratts had attended a training session two years before the incident. Two officers, Fazzolari and Mingúela, had been trained approximately one year before the incident. Still attended a training three months before the incident. (Training Log [Docket Item 237-42]; Counter SMF ¶ 173.)

. Correctional officers who have not yet completed police academy training are on probationary status and are considered "recruits.” (Mingúela Dep. 31:23-32:6.)

. Waivers from this requirement could be granted at the request of the CCDOC.

. Correctional Officers Marvin Church and Rena Miller were voluntarily dismissed from the suit on August 14, 2014. [Docket Item 222.]

. In July 2009, Fazzolari, Ford, Mingúela, Still and Pratts were indicted by a grand jury for aggravated- assault, official misconduct, falsifying records, , obstructing justice, . and ■ conspiracy in connection with the. June 30, 2008 incident. The Court stayed this case in -2010 pending resolution of the Cumberland County officers’ criminal cases. In April 2013, a verdict in favor of defendant Kevin Stills was entered in the case. Thereafter, the Cumberland County Prosecutor dismissed the criminal charges against the remaining indicted defendants, namely Pratts, Mingúela, Ford, and Fazzolari. (PL Mot. to Amend [Docket Item 112] ¶¶ 9-10.) This Court lifted the stay in June 2013.

. The Court does not discuss whether the Fourth Amendment should apply to Plaintiff's claim of excessive force because Plaintiff was beaten after an arrest but before being admitted to the general prison population and before a judicial determination of probable cause. See, e.g., Catherine T. Struve, The Conditions of Pretrial Detention, 161 U. Pa. L.Rev. 1009 (2013) (arguing that Graham v. Connor's objective reasonableness test under the Fourth Amendment is more appropriate for excessive force claims arising in pre-judi-cial detention). That argument was not briefed by either party and the Court will decline to address it. See Aetna Health Inc. v. Davila, 542 U.S. 200, 212, 124 S.Ct. 2488, 159 L.Ed.2d 312 (2004) (deeming an argument waived when the "[rjespondent did not identify this possible argument in their brief in opposition”).

. The law in this area among circuits is split, and the.question of what standard applies in a § 1983 excessive force claim brought by a pretrial detainee is currently before the Supreme Court. See Kingsley v. Hendrickson, 744 F.3d 443 (7th Cir.2014), cert. granted, — U.S. —, 135 S.Ct. 1039, 190 L.Ed.2d 908 (2015).

. The Court also notes that in this párticular case, where there is evidence of inadequate oversight and accountability over the conduct of correctional officers, there is a higher risk that officers with little training on use of force will use inappropriate levels of force to subdue pretrial detainees. The use of a subjective Eighth Amendment recklessness or malice standard is not well-suited to curbing jailhouse violence where officers’ subjective sense of reasonableness may be distorted.

. Although the Court will permit the § 1983. claim of excessive force against Defendant *295Ciangaglini to proceed, the Court notes that Plaintiff does not allege that he suffered any harm from being pushed against the door by Ciangaglini. Plaintiff’s § 1983 claim for compensatory damages will be limited to $1 exemplary damages unless Plaintiff can'prove at trial'that he was injured as a result of Cianga-glini’s conduct. ’

. The Court notes that the second prong may also be met because any violation of the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition against force "maliciously and sadistically to cause harm” may be considered a clearly established constitutional violation. See Skrtich v. Thornton, 280 F.3d 1295, 1301 (11th Cir.2002) (holding that "a defense of qualified immunity is not available in cases alleging excessive force in violation of the Eighth Amendment, because the use of force ‘maliciously and sadistically to cause harm’ is clearly established to be a violation of the Constitution”); Thomas v. Ferguson, 361 F.Supp.2d 435, 442 n. 7 (D.N.J.2004) (noting that "[mjalicious and sadistic use of force is always in violation of clearly established law.”); see also Beers-Capitol v. Whetzel, 256 F.3d 120, 142 n. 15 (3d Cir.2001) (in excessive force case, holding that "to the extent that the plaintiffs have made a showing sufficient to overcome summary judgment on the merits, they have also made a showing sufficient to overcome any claim to qualified immunity.”).

. At oral argument, counsel for Defendant Ciangaglini argued that he never received notice because he personally did not receive the letter sent to Cumberland County. However, the NJTCA does not require Plaintiff to serve the individual employee. The statute explicitly provides that service “upon the public entity shall constitute constructive service upon any employee of that entity.” N.J.S.A. 59:8r 10(c). Thus, whether or not Ciangaglini ever received Plaintiffs letter notice to Cumberland County is immaterial to whether Plaintiff has satisfied the notice requirement.

. Plaintiff clarified-at oral argument that he does not make a claim of assault and battery against Defendants Pierce and Sciore.

. It does not appear that the twice-yearly requirement was cumbersome for Defendant. Indeed, 'the training log reveals that Defendants had no trouble with being punctual in their firearms re-certification.

. The Court will not consider Defendant’s argument that they failed to receive proper notice of claims, as it was not raised in Defendant’s opening brief. See Bayer AG v. Schein Pharm., Inc., 129 F.Supp.2d 705, 716 (D.N.J. 2001).

. • The Court sought additional briefing and on, the narrow question of- whether law enforcement officers have a duty to intervene when the officer has reason to believe excessive force will be used on a victim in the future. Following oral argument, the parties submitted -supplemental briefing, and the Court has considered only the portions of briefs relevant to this question. As the Court did not request additional briefing on any other issue, the parties’ submissions outside this topic were not considered.

. Because Plaintiff has no other common law claims against Vineland, the Court need not decide whether Plaintiff's tort claim is barred by the New Jersey Tort Claim Act.

. Cumberland argues that summary judgment should be denied because there are disputed issues of fact over whether Day failed to intervene' during Plaintiff’s ■ first. encounter near his hotel with officers from Vineland. As Plaintiffs claims against Day relate only to his failure to intervene at the jail and not to the earlier incident, whether Day failed to intervene at .the hotel is immaterial to resolving his liability in this case.