Court Opinion

ID: 9326284
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-12-15 17:00:42.938789+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:04.181915
License: Public Domain

Appellate Case: 21-7053      Document: 010110783911         Date Filed: 12/15/2022      Page: 1
                                                                                       FILED
                                                                           United States Court of Appeals
                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                             Tenth Circuit

                              FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                             December 15, 2022
                          _________________________________
                                                                              Christopher M. Wolpert
                                                                                  Clerk of Court
  UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

        Plaintiff - Appellee,

  v.                                                             No. 21-7053
                                                      (D.C. No. 6:20-CR-00071-RAW-1)
  DEMARCO LATREL PATTERSON,                                      (E.D. Okla.)

        Defendant - Appellant.
                       _________________________________

                              ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                          _________________________________

 Before MATHESON, CARSON, and ROSSMAN, Circuit Judges.
                   _________________________________

        Demarco Patterson entered a conditional plea to sexual abuse of a minor in Indian

 country. He appeals on two grounds.

        First, he contends the district court erred in denying his motion to suppress

 evidence derived from a search warrant and his arrest. He argues the state judge who

 issued the warrant and the sheriff’s deputy who executed it and arrested him lacked

 jurisdiction to do so, and that the district court erred in applying the good-faith exception

 to the exclusionary rule to deny the motion.

        *
          This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines
 of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for
 its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
Appellate Case: 21-7053       Document: 010110783911        Date Filed: 12/15/2022      Page: 2

           Second, he argues the district court erred in imposing a sentencing enhancement

 under United States Sentencing Guideline (“U.S.S.G.”) § 2A3.2(b)(2)(ii) for unduly

 influencing the minor victim of his offense to engage in prohibited sexual conduct.

           Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a), we

 affirm.

                                     I. BACKGROUND

    Investigation and Arrest of Mr. Patterson

           On June 22, 2019, Matt Youngblood, a deputy with the McIntosh County

 Sheriff’s Office, was dispatched to a home in Checotah, Oklahoma to investigate a

 report of sexual assault. There, a 14-year-old told him that earlier that day, she used

 a friend’s phone to communicate with Mr. Patterson, who promised to give her a cell

 phone. When they met, he drove her to a secluded road and had sex with her.

           After taking the minor’s statement, Deputy Youngblood accompanied her to

 the Muscogee (Creek) Nation Department of Health for a sexual assault nurse

 examination (“SANE”). The resulting SANE report recorded the results of the

 examination. It also contained details elicited from the juvenile, including a written

 statement from her about the encounter with Mr. Patterson. The report noted that

 multiple swabs were taken from the juvenile.

           On June 27, 2019, based on the information he obtained through his

 investigation, Deputy Youngblood prepared an affidavit in support of a search

 warrant to collect DNA from Mr. Patterson. In the affidavit, Deputy Youngblood

 said “that collecting DNA from the person of Demarco Patterson . . . will aid in

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 verifying the information [the juvenile] provided to law enforcement about the sexual

 assault.” ROA, Vol. I at 207. Also on June 27, a state court judge issued a search

 warrant to take “[b]uccal swabs from the person of Demarco L. Patterson.” Id.

 at 208.

       On July 1, 2019, Mr. Patterson, who was 23 years old, consented to meet with

 Deputy Youngblood at the Checotah Police Department. Deputy Youngblood read

 him his Miranda rights, and Mr. Patterson agreed to speak. Although Mr. Patterson

 at first denied the sexual encounter, he eventually admitted to engaging in sexual acts

 with the 14-year-old and corroborated her account. Deputy Youngblood next asked

 Mr. Patterson to prepare a written statement, provided him a form, and left the room.

 Mr. Patterson wrote the statement, admitting again to engaging in sexual acts with

 the victim. A copy of his statement is included below:

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       Where the form included a designation for race, Mr. Patterson circled “B,”

 indicating he is Black. See ROA, Vol. I at 205. Although Mr. Patterson is a member

 of the Muscogee (Creek) Tribe, he did not circle “I” on the form to indicate that he is

 a member of an Indian tribe.

       While Mr. Patterson prepared his written statement, Deputy Youngblood

 contacted his supervisor, who advised that Mr. Patterson’s oral statements provided

 sufficient probable cause for arrest. Deputy Youngblood then informed Mr.

 Patterson that he had a search warrant for DNA evidence and collected buccal swabs

 from him. After collecting DNA, Deputy Youngblood placed Mr. Patterson under

 arrest and transported him to jail, where jail personnel collected the clothes Mr.

 Patterson had worn to the police department.

    Procedural History

       The State of Oklahoma charged Mr. Patterson with rape in the second degree.

 Before Mr. Patterson’s trial date, the United States Supreme Court decided McGirt v.

 Oklahoma, 140 S. Ct. 2452 (2020), holding that Congress had not disestablished the

 Muscogee (Creek) Reservation. Id. at 2459. In light of McGirt, the Court affirmed

 our decision in Murphy v. Royal, 875 F.3d 896 (10th Cir. 2017), aff’d, 140 S. Ct.

 2412 (2020), which held the same. Based on McGirt, the State dismissed the case

 against Mr. Patterson because he is a member of the Muscogee (Creek) Tribe, the

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 alleged crime was committed in Indian country, and thus the federal government, not

 the State, had jurisdiction.1

        A federal grand jury then indicted Mr. Patterson for sexual abuse of a minor in

 Indian country in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1151, 1153, 2243(a), and 2246(2)(A).2

 He moved to suppress the evidence collected by Deputy Youngblood and the jail

 personnel, arguing that the search and arrest violated his Fourth Amendment rights

 because the alleged offense occurred in Indian country and thus was beyond the

 State’s jurisdiction.

        A federal magistrate judge recommended that the district court deny in part

 and grant in part the motion to suppress. She concluded (1) both the search and

 arrest had violated the Fourth Amendment, (2) the DNA evidence was nonetheless

 admissible because Deputy Youngblood had acted in good faith in executing the

 search warrant,3 and (3) the good-faith exception did not apply to warrantless arrests.

        1
         The record showed and the district court found that Deputy Youngblood had
 not been cross-deputized to exercise law enforcement authority on the Muscogee
 (Creek) Reservation.
        2
          The Major Crimes Act provides that “[a]ny Indian who commits” certain
 enumerated offenses within “Indian country” “shall be subject to the same law and
 penalties as all other persons committing any of [those] offenses, within the exclusive
 jurisdiction of the United States.” 18 U.S.C. § 1153(a). “Indian country” includes
 “all land within the limits of any Indian reservation under the jurisdiction of the
 United States Government.” Id. § 1151. One of the Act’s offenses is “assault against
 an individual who has not attained the age of 16 years.” Id. § 1153(a).
        3
            There is no evidence in the record about the results of any DNA analysis.

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 The magistrate judge thus recommended suppression of the clothing collected

 incident to arrest but not the DNA evidence collected pursuant to the search warrant.

           On review of the magistrate judge’s Findings and Recommendations, the

 district court agreed that the search warrant and arrest violated the Fourth

 Amendment, but denied the motion to suppress in its entirety. It determined that the

 good-faith exception applied to the evidence from both the search warrant and the

 arrest.

           Mr. Patterson pled guilty as charged to sexual abuse of a minor in Indian

 country. As a condition of his plea, he preserved the right to challenge the court’s

 denial of his motion to suppress. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(a)(2). At sentencing, the

 court applied a four-level enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2A3.2(b)(2)(ii), finding that

 Mr. Patterson exercised undue influence over a minor to engage in prohibited sexual

 conduct. It sentenced Mr. Patterson to 38 months in prison to be followed by five

 years of supervised release.

                                II. MOTION TO SUPPRESS

           On appeal, Mr. Patterson asserts that the district court erred in its application

 of the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule and refusal to suppress evidence

 from the search warrant and arrest.

                                 A. Search Warrant Evidence

           We affirm the district court’s application of the good-faith exception to the

 DNA evidence collected pursuant to the search warrant.

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    Standard of Review

       “In reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, we accept the district court’s

 factual findings unless clearly erroneous.” United States v. Hammond, 890 F.3d 901,

 905 (10th Cir. 2018). In conducting our review, we “view the evidence in the light

 most favorable to the determination of the district court.” United States v. Johnson,

 43 F.4th 1100, 1107 (10th Cir. 2022) (quotations omitted). We review de novo

 whether the district court correctly applied the good faith exception. United States v.

 Workman, 863 F.3d 1313, 1317 (10th Cir. 2017).

    Legal Background

       a. The exclusionary rule and deterrence

       The Fourth Amendment protects individuals from “unreasonable searches and

 seizures.” U.S. Const. amend. IV.4 “[E]vidence obtained in violation of the Fourth

 Amendment is generally inadmissible” under the exclusionary rule. United States v.

 Wagner, 951 F.3d 1232, 1243 (10th Cir. 2020) (quotations omitted). “The

 exclusionary rule operates as a judicially created remedy designed to safeguard

 against future violations of Fourth Amendment rights through the rule’s general

 deterrent effect.” Arizona v. Evans, 514 U.S. 1, 10 (1995); see United States v.

 Calandra, 414 U.S. 338, 348 (1974).

       4
         Through its incorporation in the Fourteenth Amendment, the Fourth
 Amendment applies to searches and seizures conducted by state officers. See Mapp v.
 Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 655 (1961).

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        A major purpose of the exclusionary rule is thus to deter unreasonable searches

 and seizures. See Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 12 (1968) (the rule’s “major thrust is a

 deterrent one”); Elkins v. United States, 364 U.S. 206, 217 (1960) (the rule’s “purpose is

 to deter”). The Supreme Court has said it is applicable only “where its deterrence

 benefits outweigh its ‘substantial social costs.’” Pennsylvania Bd. of Probation and

 Parole v. Scott, 524 U.S. 357, 363 (1998). In Herring v. United States, 555 U.S. 135

 (2009), the Court declared: “To trigger the exclusionary rule, police conduct must be

 sufficiently deliberate that exclusion can meaningfully deter it, and sufficiently culpable

 that such deterrence is worth the price paid by the justice system.” Id. at 144. The rule

 “serves to deter deliberate, reckless, or grossly negligent conduct, or . . . recurring or

 systemic negligence.” Id.

        b. The good-faith exception

        The Supreme Court first recognized the good-faith exception to the

 exclusionary rule in United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 (1984). Leon held that

 evidence should not be excluded “when an officer acting with objective good faith

 has obtained a search warrant from a judge or magistrate and acted within its scope.”

 Id. at 920.5 “The rationale behind the exception is that when an officer acts in

        5
         Leon identified five instances in which the good-faith exception to the
 exclusionary rule cannot apply:
       1. the magistrate judge “was misled by information in an affidavit that the
          affiant knew was false or would have known was false except for his
          reckless disregard of the truth;”
       2. the “magistrate [judge] wholly abandoned his judicial role;”
       3. the “warrant [was] based on an affidavit so lacking in indicia of probable
          cause as to render official belief in its existence entirely unreasonable;”
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 good-faith reliance on a search warrant, the deterrence rationale of the exclusionary

 rule is no longer applicable.” United States v. Pacheco, 884 F.3d 1031, 1045

 (10th Cir. 2018).

        Whether the good-faith exception applies in a particular case turns on whether

 “a reasonably well trained officer would have known that the search was illegal in

 light of all the circumstances,” Herring, 555 U.S. at 145 (quoting Leon, 468 U.S.

 at 922 n.23)—in the case of a defective warrant, whether the officer “would have

 known the warrant was invalid despite the . . . judge’s authorization,” Workman,

 863 F.3d at 1320. “These circumstances frequently include a particular officer’s

 knowledge and experience . . . .” Herring, 555 U.S. at 145.

        “When an officer searches pursuant to a warrant, Leon generally requires we

 presume the officer acted in good-faith reliance upon the warrant.” United States v.

 Campbell, 603 F.3d 1218, 1225 (10th Cir. 2010). Reliance upon a warrant issued by

 a neutral magistrate thus creates a “presumption . . . [that] the officer is acting in

 good faith.” United States v. Cardall, 773 F.2d 1128, 1133 (10th Cir. 1985) (citing

 Leon, 468 U.S. at 925-26).

         4. the “warrant [was] so facially deficient—i.e., in failing to particularize the
            place to be searched or the things to be seized—that the executing officers
            c[ould not] reasonably presume it to be valid;” or
         5. the officer obtained the warrant based on a “bare bones affidavit and then
            rel[ied] on colleagues . . . ignorant of the circumstances under which the
            warrant was obtained to conduct the search.”
 Id. at 923 & n.24 (quotations omitted). None of these instances occurred here.

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         The good-faith presumption is not absolute. See United States v. Danhauer,

  229 F.3d 1002, 1007 (10th Cir. 2000) (noting exceptions to the presumption). An

  “officer’s reliance on the defective warrant still must be objectively reasonable.”

  United States v. Russian, 848 F.3d 1239, 1246 (10th Cir. 2017). But it is “only when

  an officer’s reliance on [a] warrant is wholly unwarranted that good faith is absent,

  and the evidence acquired should be suppressed.” Pacheco, 884 F.3d at 1045

  (quotations omitted); see also United States v. Master, 614 F.3d 236, 239 (6th Cir.

  2010). Thus, evidence is admissible when the police “act with an objectively

  reasonable good-faith belief that their conduct is lawful or when their conduct

  involves only simple, isolated negligence.” Workman, 863 F.3d at 1317 (quotations

  omitted); accord Pacheco, 884 F.3d at 1046; see also Wagner, 951 F.3d at 1244.

         c. Search warrants issued without jurisdiction

         Courts have applied the good-faith exception in a variety of circumstances,

  including when a judge lacked jurisdiction to approve a search warrant. In Workman, a

  federal magistrate judge in the Eastern District of Virginia issued a search warrant that

  authorized the FBI to install software on a server located in the district. 863 F.3d

  at 1315-16. The software enabled investigators to identify users from throughout the

  country who accessed the server to view child pornography. Id. One of the identified

  users was Mr. Workman in Colorado, who consequently faced federal child pornography

  charges. Id. at 1316. We held the evidence derived through the software was admissible

  under the good-faith exception. Id. at 1317.

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         We assumed without deciding that the warrant exceeded the magistrate judge's

  jurisdiction because it authorized the search of computers located outside the Eastern

  District of Virginia. Id. at 1321.6 But we determined the executing agents relied on the

  warrant in good faith. Id. at 1320-21. They knew the software would be installed on

  servers in the jurisdiction where both the magistrate judge was located and any

  identifying information would be retrieved. Id. at 1320. Because we did “not expect [the

  agents] to understand [the] legal nuances” of a magistrate judge’s jurisdiction, we

  concluded they reasonably relied on the warrant's authorization to install the software.

  Id. at 1321. We applied the good-faith exception to allow use of evidence from this

  warrant again in United States v. Cookson, 922 F.3d 1079, 1090 (10th Cir. 2019), and in

  Wagner, 951 F.3d at 1244-46.

     Analysis

         The district court denied Mr. Patterson’s motion to suppress DNA evidence

  because Deputy Youngblood had relied in good faith on the warrant to collect it. We

  affirm this application of the good-faith exception.

         6
          Subject to limited exceptions, magistrate judges may issue warrants to seize
  evidence located only in their districts. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(a)(1) (granting
  magistrate judges authority “within the district in which sessions are held by the
  court that appointed the magistrate judge”); Fed. R. Crim. P. 41(b) (authorizing
  magistrate judges “to issue a warrant to search for and seize a person or property
  located within [their] district” and outlining exceptions).

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         a. The good-faith exception may apply to this case

         As in Workman, Cookson, and Wagner, we hold the good-faith exception may

  apply. In those cases, we assumed a federal magistrate judge lacked jurisdiction to issue

  the search warrant. Here, under McGirt, the search warrant exceeded the state judge’s

  jurisdiction—it authorized Deputy Youngblood, a state law enforcement officer, to

  collect a DNA sample from Mr. Patterson, a tribal member, for investigation of a crime

  that occurred in Indian country.

         Although a state judge rather than a federal magistrate judge issued the search

  warrant here, we see no reason the good-faith exception should not apply in both

  instances where the issuing judge lacked jurisdiction. Leon established that the

  good-faith exception applied to invalid state-issued warrants used in federal prosecutions.

  468 U.S. at 903. And the Sixth Circuit has held that the good-faith exception applies to

  evidence collected pursuant to a warrant that the state judge lacked jurisdiction to issue.

  United States v. Master, 614 F.3d 236, 243 (6th Cir. 2010), accord United States v.

  Moorehead, 912 F.3d 963, 969 (6th Cir. 2019).7

         7
           In Master, a state court judge issued a search warrant for a property located
  in a neighboring county where he lacked jurisdiction. Id. at 238. Officers executing
  the warrant discovered contraband. The defendant later moved to suppress that
  evidence from use in his federal prosecution. Id. The Sixth Circuit held the good-
  faith exception could apply when the state judge issued a warrant beyond his
  jurisdiction. It remanded to the district court to evaluate whether officers had relied
  on the faulty warrant in good faith. Id. at 243.

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        b. The district court properly applied the good-faith exception

        Under Leon, we must presume that Deputy Youngblood “acted in good-faith

  reliance upon the warrant” when he collected the DNA evidence. Campbell,

  603 F.3d at 1225. The record provides no basis to conclude otherwise. Nothing in

  the record suggests that the warrant was “facially deficient” such that Deputy

  Youngblood could not presume its validity. Leon, 468 U.S. at 923. As far as he was

  concerned, he obtained an objectively valid warrant from a state court judge and

  executed it in good faith.

        Mr. Patterson’s contention that Deputy Youngblood knew or should have

  known the warrant was defective because Murphy had been decided two years earlier

  is unpersuasive. When Deputy Youngblood obtained and executed the warrant,

  “Oklahoma’s long historical prosecutorial practice” was for state law enforcement to

  investigate crimes on the land where the offense here occurred and to prosecute them

  in state court. McGirt, 140 S.Ct. at 2470. And Oklahoma courts, including the

  district court in this case, did not regard Murphy as binding because the Tenth

  Circuit’s mandate in that case had not issued.8 At most, this shows that a reasonably

  well-trained officer in Deputy Youngblood’s position might have been confused

        8
           See, e.g., McGirt v. Oklahoma, Case No. PC-2018-1057 (Okla. Crim. App.,
  Feb. 25, 2019) (unpublished) (“Murphy is not a final decision and Petitioner has cited
  no other authority that refutes the jurisdictional provisions of the Oklahoma
  Constitution.”), see also Bosse v. State, 499 P.3d 771, 774 (Okla. Crim. App. 2021),
  cert. denied, 142 S. Ct. 1136 (2022) (“[N]o final decision of an Oklahoma or federal
  appellate court had recognized any of the Five Tribes’ historic reservations as Indian
  Country prior to McGirt in 2020.”).

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  about state authority over Mr. Patterson and his offense, but it hardly evinces bad

  faith.

           And the record shows that a reasonable officer in Deputy Youngblood’s

  position would not have been confused. At the suppression hearing, he testified that

  his training and supervisors instructed him that sheriff’s deputies “had jurisdiction

  within McIntosh County.” ROA, Vol. 1 at 136. At the training academy in 2019, he

  first heard about Murphy “[v]ery briefly,” was told it “was about jurisdictional

  issues,” and was not told it “impacted [his] jurisdiction in any way.” Id.

  at 137. When asked at the suppression hearing whether he could “have chosen not to

  investigate the allegations against Mr. Patterson that he committed the crime on

  non-Indian land,” Deputy Youngblood said, “No, I had a legal obligation,” and that

  he “would have been reprimanded” had he refused to investigate. Id. at 151. He

  reasonably understood that he “was investigating a state crime at that time” id.

  at 170, and that “the crime didn’t occur on Indian restricted land,” id. at 173.

           We do not ordinarily expect police officers to act contrary to their training and

  supervisors,9 nor to second-guess the legal conclusions of judges. See Workman,

  863 F.3d at 1321. Any error with the search warrant came from the state judge who

           9
           At the suppression hearing, Deputy Youngblood’s supervisor testified that he
  did not think that McIntosh County was Indian country following Murphy and that if
  a sheriff’s deputy had refused to investigate a crime occurring on non-Indian territory
  “he would have been reprimanded and possibly sent over to the district attorney for
  failure to protect, failure to act.” ROA, Vol. I at 122-23.

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  issued it,10 not Deputy Youngblood, who reasonably relied on the state court to issue

  a valid warrant. See United States v. Herrera, 444 F.3d 1238, 1249 (10th Cir. 2006)

  (explaining that suppression is not appropriate when the officer relies in good-faith on a

  third party’s mistake).11

         Deputy Youngblood’s actions in applying for the warrant further demonstrate

  that he acted in objective good faith. He submitted an affidavit that recounted the

  victim’s statement, and the state judge found probable cause and issued the warrant.

  When Deputy Youngblood applied for the search warrant, nothing in the record

  shows that he knew Mr. Patterson was a member of the Muscogee (Creek) Tribe.12

         10
           The Supreme Court has said the exclusionary rule is designed “to deter
  police misconduct,” Illinois v. Krull, 480 U.S. 340, 348 (1987) (quoting Leon,
  468 U.S. at 916), and there is “no sound reason to apply the exclusionary rule as a
  means of deterring misconduct on the part of judicial officers who are responsible for
  issuing warrants,” Arizona v. Evans, 514 U.S. at 11. In Davis v. United States,
  564 U.S. 229 (2011), the Court applied the good-faith exception to officers
  conducting a search in reliance on “binding appellate precedent.” Id. at 241.
         11
           The district court rejected that this court’s Murphy decision in 2017 had any
  bearing on whether Deputy Youngblood acted with a good-faith belief that Mr.
  Patterson’s conduct occurred under state jurisdiction. It reasoned that because the
  mandate in Murphy had been stayed pending Supreme Court review, the decision was
  not binding precedent until 2020 when the Court decided McGirt and affirmed
  Murphy. We reserve to another day the issue of whether the district court’s view of
  the binding effect of a decision of this court when the mandate has not issued is
  correct. We need not resolve that question to reach the good-faith issue in this case.
         12
            Deputy Youngblood’s lack of knowledge distinguishes this case from United
  States v. Baker, 894 F.2d 1144 (10th Cir. 1990). There, we found that a state officer
  executing a state-issued warrant on the property of a tribal member in Indian country
  did not act in good faith because the search affidavit revealed that the officer knew
  the “two crucial facts undermining the state court’s authority to issue the warrant”
  and sought it anyway. Id. at 1148-49.

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  When executing the warrant, he had reason to believe Mr. Patterson was not a tribal

  member because Mr. Patterson had not mentioned his tribal membership during the

  interview and did not designate his race as Indian on the form for his written

  statement.

        Finally, application of the good-faith exception here comports with the

  deterrence purpose of the exclusionary rule. That is, the evidence should not be

  excluded because there was no misconduct to deter. See Herring, 555 U.S. at 141.

  Deputy Youngblood did not act with knowing or reckless disregard of the search

  warrant’s jurisdictional invalidity. Excluding the evidence thus would not satisfy the

  primary purpose of the exclusionary rule, see id. at 144, which applies only when it

  “result[s] in appreciable deterrence,” Leon, 468 U.S. at 909 (quoting United States v.

  Janis, 428 U.S. 433, 454 (1976)).

        Deputy Youngblood relied in good faith on the search warrant that authorized

  him to collect Mr. Patterson’s DNA evidence. Even assuming the state judge lacked

  jurisdiction to issue the search warrant, the evidence collected was admissible under

  the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule. The district court did not err in

  denying suppression of the search warrant evidence.

                              B. Incident to Arrest Evidence

        Mr. Patterson also appeals the district court’s denial of his request to suppress

  the evidence collected following his arrest. His challenge fails because he has

  waived the issue of whether the good-faith exception may apply as a legal matter to a

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  warrantless arrest,13 and as with the search warrant evidence, he has not shown the

  district court erred in holding the arrest evidence was collected in objective good

  faith.

     Waiver of Legal Issue

           In his brief, Mr. Patterson mostly fails to separate his arrest evidence

  arguments from his search warrant evidence arguments. When he specifically

  addresses the arrest, he does not argue, as the magistrate judge recommended,14 that

  the good-faith exception does not apply to evidence collected from an arrest without

  a warrant. Instead, he (1) briefly discusses the circumstances surrounding the arrest,

  Aplt. Br. at 20-21; (2) quotes from the magistrate judge’s Findings and

  Recommendations, id. at 10-11, 22; (3) notes the district court’s agreement with the

  magistrate judge that the arrest violated the Fourth Amendment, id. at 22-23; and

  (4) then argues, again conflating the arrest and the search warrant evidence, that “the

           13
           Mr. Patterson’s arrest was both without a warrant and without jurisdiction.
  See Ross v. Neff, 905 F.2d 1349, 1354 (10th Cir. 1990) (holding that “[a] warrantless
  arrest executed” in Indian country “outside of the arresting officer’s jurisdiction is
  analogous to a warrantless arrest without probable cause”). This more complete
  description does not alter the waiver analysis presented here, so we use the shorthand
  “warrantless arrest.”
           14
           The magistrate judge declined to consider whether the evidence collected
  incident to Mr. Patterson’s arrest qualified for the good-faith exception to the
  exclusionary rule, stating that “no exception has been recognized for good faith to
  rescue the warrantless arrest.” ROA, Vol. I at 106. The district court disagreed.

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  salient facts in the instant case” did not justify application of the good-faith exception

  to deny the motion to suppress, id. at 23-24.15

        In short, Mr. Patterson fails to address in his opening brief (he did not file a

  reply brief) whether the good-faith exception may apply to a warrantless arrest.16 He

  has waived the issue. As we stated in United States v. Fisher, 805 F.3d 982, 991

  (10th Cir. 2015):

               While the “omission of an issue in an opening brief generally
               forfeits appellate consideration of that issue,” Kitchen v.
               Herbert, 755 F.3d 1193, 1208 (10th Cir. 2014) (quotation
               omitted), it is equally true that an “issue mentioned in a brief
               on appeal, but not addressed, is waived,” Utah Envtl. Cong. v.
               Bosworth, 439 F.3d 1184, 1194 n. 2 (10th Cir. 2006); see also
               Muscogee (Creek) Nation v. Pruitt, 669 F.3d 1159, 1166
               (10th Cir. 2012) (“[I]ssues designated for review are lost if
               they are not actually argued in the party's brief.” (quotations
               omitted)).

  See SCO Grp., Inc. v. Novell, Inc., 578 F.3d 1201, 1226 (10th Cir. 2009) (“An issue or

  argument insufficiently raised in a party’s opening brief is deemed waived.”); Silverton

        15
           In his “Summary of the Argument,” Mr. Patterson does not argue the
  good-faith exception does not apply to a warrantless arrest as a matter of law.
  Instead, he says, “The issue in the case is whether, a county deputy’s illegal arrest
  outside his jurisdiction is entitled to a good-faith exception under all of the factual
  circumstances of this case.” Aplt. Br. at 6 (emphasis added).
        16
            Although we rely on appellate waiver, we also note that Mr. Patterson did
  not pursue this argument in district court. It was absent from his (1) motion to
  suppress evidence, ROA, Vol. 1 at 15-26; (2) reply to the Government’s response to
  his motion to suppress, id. at 65-73; (3) statements at the motion to suppress hearing,
  id. at 112-79; (4) objections to the magistrate judge’s Findings and
  Recommendations, id. at 213-47; and (5) response to the Government’s objections to
  the magistrate’s Findings and Recommendations, id. at 262-72.

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  Snowmobile Club v. U.S. Forest Serv., 433 F.3d 772, 783 (10th Cir. 2006) (“[W]e have

  held that the failure to raise an issue in an opening brief waives that issue.” (brackets and

  quotations omitted)).

         Although we have the discretion to reach an issue that has been waived, see

  United States v. McGehee, 672 F.3d 860, 873 n.5 (10th Cir. 2012) (“[W]e are not obliged

  to apply forfeiture principles to [a party’s] briefing omission; such decisions are

  discretionary.”), we decline to do so here. See also United States v. Rodebaugh, 798 F.3d

  1281, 1314 (10th Cir. 2015). Whether the good-faith exception should apply to evidence

  collected from a warrantless arrest is a significant Fourth Amendment issue that this

  circuit has not squarely addressed. But neither the magistrate judge nor the district court

  offered more than limited analysis of this issue, and we lack the benefit of adequate

  briefing on it from the parties. Under these circumstances, we leave this issue for a more

  appropriately preserved and presented case.

     Evidence Collected with Objective Good Faith17

         Without deciding, due to Mr. Patterson’s waiver, whether the good-faith exception

  may apply to evidence collected incident to a warrantless arrest, we consider Mr.

  Patterson’s argument that the exception should not be recognized in this instance because

  Deputy Youngblood acted in “deliberate disregard” of the Fourth Amendment. 18 Aplt.

         17
            Judge Rossman, having determined that the preceding discussion of waiver
  in II.B.1. resolves the arrest warrant evidence issue, does not join this section, II.B.2.
         18
         Mr. Patterson’s argument that the evidence should be excluded because
  Deputy Youngblood did not act in good faith implies that the good-faith exception is
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  Br. at 18. We disagree. Applying the standard of review stated above for the search

  warrant evidence, we hold the district court did not err in deciding that the arrest was

  conducted and the evidence was collected in objective good faith. Deputy Youngblood

  reasonably believed he had probable cause to make the arrest based on the oral and

  written statements from both the victim and Mr. Patterson. A reasonable officer in

  Deputy Youngblood’s position, based on his training and instructions from supervisors,

  his supervisor’s approval of the arrest, and his reasonable belief that he had jurisdiction to

  perform the arrest, would have had an objective good-faith basis to arrest Mr. Patterson.

         We therefore affirm the district court’s decision to deny suppression of the

  evidence collected incident to the arrest.

                          III. SENTENCING ENHANCEMENT

         Mr. Patterson also challenges the district court’s application of a four-level

  undue influence enhancement at sentencing. We conclude that the district court did

  not err.

  applicable to warrantless arrests, further indicating that he waived any argument that
  the exception categorically may not apply.

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                                A. Additional Background

     Legal Background

        a. Standard of review

        When a defendant makes a procedural challenge to a sentencing enhancement,

  we review factual findings for clear error and purely legal questions de novo. See

  United States v. McDonald, 43 F.4th 1090, 1095 (10th Cir. 2022).

        b. Section 2A3.2(a)

        Sentencing Guideline § 2A3.2(a) sets a base offense level of 18 for criminal

  sexual abuse of a minor under the age of 16 years (statutory rape) or attempt to

  commit such acts. The sentencing court may impose a four-level enhancement if “a

  participant unduly influenced the minor to engage in prohibited sexual conduct.”

  U.S.S.G. § 2A3.2(b)(2)(ii).

        An Application Note to § 2A3.2 states that in determining whether the undue

  influence enhancement applies, “the court should closely consider the facts of the

  case to determine whether a participant’s influence over the minor compromised the

  voluntariness of the minor’s behavior.” U.S.S.G. § 2A3.2 cmt. 3(B). It further

  provides that when “a participant is at least 10 years older than the minor, there shall

  be a rebuttable presumption” that the undue influence enhancement applies. Id.

        The enhancement covers cases where “coercion, enticement, or other forms of

  undue influence by the defendant . . . compromised the voluntariness of the victim’s

  behavior and, accordingly, increased the defendant’s culpability for the crime.”

  U.S.S.G. § 2A3.2 cmt. background (2000); see also United States v. Castellon,

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  213 F. App’x 732, 736 (10th Cir. 2007) (unpublished) (cited as instructive under Fed.

  R. App. P. 32.1; 10th Cir. R. 32.1(A)).

           At sentencing, “[t]he government has the burden of proving by a

  preponderance of the evidence any findings necessary to support a sentence

  enhancement.” United States v. Gambino-Zavala, 539 F.3d 1221, 1228

  (10th Cir. 2008).

     Procedural Background

           The PSR recommended a four-level sentencing enhancement under U.S.S.G.

  § 2A3.2(b)(2) and said that “some degree of undue influence can be presumed

  because of the substantial difference in age between the participant and the minor.”

  Aplt. Br. at 25 (quoting the PSR). At sentencing, the district court adopted the PSR’s

  recommendation. It explained that the enhancement applied based on the following

  facts:

           (1) Mr. Patterson was approximately nine years and six months older than the
               victim,

           (2) he offered her a free cell phone if she met him,

           (3) he drove her to a secluded dirt road and directed her to perform sexual acts,

           (4) the victim had no means to call for help or remove herself, and

           (5) the victim told officers that she complied with the directives because she
               was not sure what Mr. Patterson would do if she refused.

                                          B. Analysis

           The district court did not err by applying the undue influence enhancement.

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        At sentencing, the district court considered the victim’s and Mr. Patterson’s

  ages, his attempts to gain her trust after she told him she was 14, his promise to buy

  her a cell phone, and that Mr. Patterson drove her to a secluded location where they

  engaged in sexual acts.

        The court’s conclusion that Mr. Patterson unduly influenced the victim

  comports with factors courts consider in applying the undue influence enhancement.

  See Castellon, 213 F. App’x at 736 (considering that defendant picked up the victim

  late at night, drove her to Mexico without identification, and knew that her parents

  wanted her to return home in determining undue influence); see also United States v.

  Montijo-Maysonet, 974 F.3d 34, 52 (1st Cir. 2020) (finding “ample” proof of undue

  influence when defendant offered victim “something to smoke or drink,” brought her

  to a secluded motel, and gained her trust even when victim originally planned the

  encounter).

        The district court did not, as Mr. Patterson contends, rely on the age difference

  between the victim and Mr. Patterson to presume undue influence. To the contrary,

  the probation office and the court both noted that the presumption did not apply. In

  response to Mr. Patterson’s objections to the PSR, the probation officer clarified that

  the rebuttable presumption did not apply because Mr. Patterson was not 10 years

  older than the victim. See Aplt. Br. at 26. And at sentencing, the district court did

  not rely on a presumption. Instead, it properly considered the age difference as one

  of many factors in concluding that Mr. Patterson had exerted undue influence over

  the victim. See Castellon, 213 F. App’x at 738 n.7 (courts must apply a “totality of

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  the circumstances analysis” to establish undue influence); see also United States v.

  Carter, 960 F.3d 1007, 1011 (8th Cir. 2020) (considering a nine-year age gap as a

  factor in undue influence evaluation).

        Mr. Patterson argues the district court failed to consider evidence from the

  SANE about the victim’s prior sexual history. Aplt. Br. at 28-29. But the court acted

  within its discretion to discount this information as irrelevant. As the Government

  notes, see Aplee. Br. at 32, this evidence would have been excluded at trial. See

  Fed. R. Evid. 412(a) (prohibiting “evidence offered to prove that a victim engaged in

  other sexual behavior” or “to prove a victim’s sexual predisposition” in a “civil or

  criminal proceeding involving alleged sexual misconduct”).

        Mr. Patterson also argues the district court failed to consider that the victim

  asked to meet him in person. According to the victim’s handwritten statement, she

  suggested where to meet after Mr. Patterson asked her if she wanted a free cell phone

  and called her pretty. But the undue influence enhancement “nominally applies to

  consensual sexual acts with a person who has not attained the age of 16 years,” and

  recognizes that the victim may have been unduly influenced or coerced by defendant

  under those circumstances. U.S.S.G. § 2A3.2 cmt. background (2000).

        We conclude that the district court did not err in applying the enhancement and

  thus affirm Mr. Patterson’s sentence.

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                                  IV. CONCLUSION

        We affirm the district court’s denial of Mr. Patterson’s motion to suppress and

  its application of the undue influence sentencing enhancement. We affirm the district

  court’s judgment.

                                            Entered for the Court

                                            Scott M. Matheson, Jr.
                                            Circuit Judge

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