Court Opinion

ID: 9381126
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-21 21:01:06.653232+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:30.134774
License: Public Domain

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                                              PUBLISHED

                               UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

                                               No. 22-1264

        SHANETTE ROGERS,

                             Plaintiff – Appellant,

                      v.

        KILOLO KIJAKAZI, Acting Commissioner of Social Security Administration,

                             Defendant – Appellee.

        Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of North Carolina, at
        Charlotte. Robert J. Conrad Jr., District Judge. (3:20-cv-00206-RJC-DSC)

        Argued: December 6, 2022                                        Decided: March 20, 2023

        Before KING and AGEE, Circuit Judges, and Henry E. HUDSON, Senior United States
        District Judge for the Eastern District of Virginia, sitting by designation.

        Vacated and remanded by published opinion. Judge King wrote the opinion, in which
        Judge Agee and Senior Judge Hudson joined.

        ARGUED: George C. Piemonte, MARTIN, JONES, & PIEMONTE, PC, Charlotte, North
        Carolina, for Appellant.      David Nathaniel Mervis, SOCIAL SECURITY
        ADMINISTRATION, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Michel Phillips,
        MARTIN, JONES & PIEMONTE, PC, Charlotte, North Carolina, for Appellant.
        Samantha L. Zeiler, Special Assistant United States Attorney, Office of the General
        Counsel, SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION, Baltimore, Maryland; Dena J. King,
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        United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Charlotte,
        North Carolina, for Appellee.

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        KING, Circuit Judge:

              Plaintiff Shanette Rogers initiated this civil action under the Social Security Act in

        the Western District of North Carolina, contesting the denial of her claim for disability

        insurance benefits by the defendant Commissioner of the Social Security Administration

        (the “SSA”). Rogers has asserted that the SSA Commissioner erred in multiple ways. Her

        arguments include that, pursuant to precedents of this Court, the Commissioner should

        have accorded substantial weight to a prior determination by the Department of Veterans

        Affairs (the “VA”) that Rogers is 100% disabled, but the Commissioner instead followed

        contrary new SSA rules providing that such a determination need not be considered, much

        less given any weight. As Rogers would have it, the new SSA rules cannot — and thus do

        not — abrogate this Court’s precedents. The district court concluded, however, that the

        new SSA rules supersede our precedents and that the Commissioner acted appropriately in

        adhering to those rules. After then addressing many, but not all, of Rogers’s other

        arguments, the court affirmed the Commissioner’s decision. Rogers has appealed from the

        court’s judgment.

              As explained herein, although we agree with the district court’s conclusion as to the

        new SSA rules, we recognize that the Commissioner otherwise erred for reasons that the

        court did not address. Accordingly, we vacate the court’s judgment and remand for the

        court to further remand this matter for administrative proceedings consistent with today’s

        opinion.

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                                                     I.

               The record reflects that Rogers, a resident of western North Carolina, has a master’s

        degree in social work that she utilized in her employment from 2000 to 2018. During an

        earlier time period, from 1988 to 1992, she served in the United States Army and was

        honorably discharged. In the course of her Army service, Rogers was sexually assaulted

        — causing, or at least contributing to, post-traumatic stress disorder (“PTSD”). Rogers

        began psychiatric treatment through the VA for chronic PTSD in May 2017, and she ceased

        working in May 2018. After initially ruling Rogers to be 70% disabled, the VA ruled her

        to be 100% disabled as of September 2018.

               In October 2018, Rogers filed her claim with the SSA for disability insurance

        benefits, alleging a disability beginning in May 2018 based on PTSD, plus depression and

        anxiety. Following a hearing conducted in October 2019, an SSA administrative law judge

        (“ALJ”) denied Rogers’s claim by a decision of December 2019. Although the ALJ

        deemed Rogers’s PTSD to be a severe impairment and found that she is unable to engage

        in past relevant work, the ALJ further found that there are other jobs that Rogers can

        perform.

               Notably, the SSA ALJ acknowledged the VA’s determination that Rogers is 100%

        disabled and observed that it could “never be entitled to controlling weight.” See A.R. 19. 1

        The ALJ nonetheless gave some consideration to the VA’s determination, as the ALJ

               1
                Citations herein to “A.R. __” refer to the contents of the Administrative Record in
        these proceedings.

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        commented — without elaboration or explanation — that it was “only partly persuasive.”

        Id.   The ALJ thereby complied with the new SSA rules, under which the VA’s

        determination could have been disregarded. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1504, 404.1520b(c)(1).

        But the ALJ disobeyed our precedents, as they would have required much more

        consideration and discussion of the VA’s determination and a detailed justification for not

        according it substantial weight. See DeLoatche v. Heckler, 715 F.2d 148, 150 & n.1 (4th

        Cir. 1983); Bird v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 699 F.3d 337, 343 (4th Cir. 2012); Woods

        v. Berryhill, 888 F.3d 686, 692 (4th Cir. 2018).

               The SSA Appeals Council denied review of the ALJ’s decision in February 2020,

        meaning that the ALJ’s decision became the SSA Commissioner’s final decision.

        Thereafter, in April 2020, Rogers initiated this action against the Commissioner in the

        Western District of North Carolina, where the parties filed cross-motions for summary

        judgment and the matter was referred to a magistrate judge. By his Memorandum and

        Recommendation of Remand of March 2021, the magistrate judge recommended reversing

        the Commissioner’s decision and remanding for further proceedings. See Rogers v.

        Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 3:20-cv-00206 (W.D.N.C. Mar. 23, 2021), ECF No. 18. In so

        doing, the magistrate judge addressed only Rogers’s argument with respect to the new SSA

        rules and agreed with her that the new rules cannot — and thus do not — abrogate this

        Court’s precedents.

               The magistrate judge’s recommendation drew prompt objections from the SSA

        Commissioner. By its Order of January 2022, the district court declined to adopt the

        magistrate judge’s recommendation and instead resolved to affirm the Commissioner’s

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        decision. See Rogers v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 3:20-cv-00206 (W.D.N.C. Jan. 13, 2022),

        ECF No. 23. With regard to the new SSA rules, the district court concluded that the new

        rules supersede this Court’s precedents. In reaching that conclusion, the district court

        utilized a standard enunciated by the Supreme Court in its 2005 Brand X decision: that

        “[a] court’s prior judicial construction of a statute trumps an agency construction otherwise

        entitled to Chevron deference only if the prior court decision holds that its construction

        follows from the unambiguous terms of the statute and thus leaves no room for agency

        discretion.” See Nat’l Cable & Telecomms. Ass’n v. Brand X Internet Servs., 545 U.S. 967,

        982 (2005) (referring to Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837

        (1984)).

               From there, the district court approved the ALJ’s application of the new SSA rules,

        as well as the balance of the ALJ’s assessment of Rogers’s claim for disability insurance

        benefits. In its analysis, the court addressed many, but not all, of Rogers’s arguments.

        Upon the resultant entry of the court’s judgment against her, Rogers timely noted this

        appeal. We possess jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

                                                     II.

               Where a plaintiff has turned to the federal courts to contest the SSA Commissioner’s

        denial of a claim for disability insurance benefits, “a court of appeals applies the same

        standard of review as does the district court.” See Brown v. Comm’r Soc. Sec. Admin., 873

        F.3d 251, 267 (4th Cir. 2017). Under that standard, the reviewing court must uphold the

        Commissioner’s decision “when an ALJ has applied correct legal standards and the ALJ’s

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        factual findings are supported by substantial evidence.” Id. (internal quotation marks

        omitted); see 42 U.S.C. § 405(g).

                                                    III.

               Among the contentions of error raised by Rogers in these court proceedings are that

        the ALJ failed to apply correct legal standards by (1) adhering to the new SSA rules and

        failing to accord substantial weight to the VA’s disability determination, and (2) omitting

        other significant evidence from the ALJ’s analysis of Rogers’s ability to work. For the

        reasons explained below, we reject the first of those arguments (as did the district court),

        but we agree with the second (which the district court did not address).

                                                    A.

                                                     1.

                                                     a.

               We begin with Rogers’s argument regarding the new SSA rules. As background,

        this Court concluded in our 1983 DeLoatche precedent that an SSA ALJ committed legal

        error by, inter alia, failing to discuss in his decision a state agency’s prior disability

        determination. See DeLoatche v. Heckler, 715 F.2d 148, 150 (4th Cir. 1983). That

        conclusion was based on the proposition that an ALJ “must present [the reviewing court]

        with findings and determinations sufficiently articulated to permit meaningful judicial

        review.” Id. It was also based on the separate proposition that another governmental

        agency’s disability determination — though not binding on the SSA — “is entitled to

        consideration.” Id. at 150 & n.1. In other words, DeLoatche recognized that another

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        governmental agency’s disability determination must be considered by the SSA, and thus

        that such a disability determination must be discussed in the ALJ’s decision so that there

        can be appropriate court review.

               As detailed in our 2012 Bird precedent, the SSA’s own directives subsequently

        became consistent with those articulated in DeLoatche. See Bird v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.

        Admin., 699 F.3d 337, 343 (4th Cir. 2012). Specifically, SSA rules provided that another

        agency’s disability determination “is not binding on the SSA.” Id. (citing, inter alia, then-

        existing version of 20 C.F.R. § 404.1504). But concomitantly, an internal ruling issued by

        the SSA in 2006 — Social Security Ruling No. 06-03p — required consideration of “all

        record evidence relevant to a disability determination, including decisions by other

        agencies.” Id. That Social Security Ruling instructed that “another agency’s disability

        determination ‘cannot be ignored and must be considered.’” Id. (quoting Social Security

        Ruling No. 06-03p, 71 Fed. Reg. 45,593, 45,596 (Aug. 9, 2006)). 2

               In Bird, which involved a disability determination by the VA, we expanded on

        DeLoatche — and the SSA’s then-existing directives — by establishing “the precise weight

        that the SSA must afford to a VA disability rating.” See Bird, 699 F.3d at 343. Our analysis

        of that issue encompassed both a survey of relevant opinions of our sister courts of appeals

        and a comparison of the SSA’s and the VA’s respective decision-making processes. Id.

               2
                 As we have explained, Social Security Rulings “are interpretations by the [SSA]
        of the Social Security Act” that “do not carry the force of law but are binding . . . on ALJs
        when they are adjudicating [SSA] cases.” See Dowling v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin.,
        986 F.3d 377, 387 n.9 (4th Cir. 2021) (internal quotation marks omitted).

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        Based on our perception that “the purpose and evaluation methodology of [the SSA and

        VA] programs are closely related,” we concluded that “a disability rating by one of the two

        agencies is highly relevant to the disability determination of the other agency.” Id.

        Accordingly, we held “that, in making a disability determination, the SSA must give

        substantial weight to a VA disability rating.” Id. We allowed, however, that “an ALJ may

        give less weight to a VA disability rating when the record before the ALJ clearly

        demonstrates that such a deviation is appropriate.” Id.

               Finally, in our 2018 Woods precedent, we extended Bird’s holding to a North

        Carolina agency’s disability determination, as we also saw a close relationship between the

        purpose and evaluation methodology of the SSA program and the state program. See

        Woods v. Berryhill, 888 F.3d 686, 692 (4th Cir. 2018). We thereby concluded that the SSA

        must accord substantial weight to the North Carolina agency’s determination unless the

        record before the ALJ clearly shows that some lesser weight is appropriate. Id. And we

        elaborated that “in order to demonstrate that it is appropriate to accord less than substantial

        weight to [a disability determination by the North Carolina agency], an ALJ must give

        persuasive, specific, valid reasons for doing so that are supported by the record.” Id.

        (internal quotation marks omitted) (relying on persuasive authority from other circuits).

                                                      b.

               Meanwhile, in early 2017, the SSA had broadly revised its rules regarding the

        evaluation of medical evidence, with those new rules being applicable to claims filed on or

        after March 27, 2017. See Revisions to Rules Regarding the Evaluation of Medical

        Evidence, 82 Fed. Reg. 5844 (Jan. 18, 2017), amended by 82 Fed. Reg. 15,132 (Mar. 27,

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        2017). 3 The new rules were expressly adopted pursuant to the SSA Commissioner’s

        statutory authority, see 42 U.S.C. § 405(a), and following formal notice-and-comment

        proceedings.

              Relevant here, the new rules identify “[d]ecisions by other governmental agencies

        and nongovernmental entities” as evidence that “is inherently neither valuable nor

        persuasive to the issue of whether you are disabled or blind under the [Social Security]

        Act.” See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520b(c)(1). The new rules thus provide — contrary to our

        DeLoatche, Bird, and Woods precedents — that the SSA “will not provide any analysis

        about how we considered such evidence in our determination or decision.”                Id.

        § 404.1520b(c).

               The SSA provided a lengthy explanation of the new rules, reflecting the SSA’s view

        that the purpose and evaluation methodology of its program actually are not closely related

        to the purpose and evaluation methodology of other programs, including the VA’s. See 82

        Fed. Reg. at 5848. 4 The new rules themselves expound:

              3
                Although our 2018 Woods precedent post-dated the new SSA rules, Woods
        involved a claim filed before March 27, 2017, to which the new rules undisputedly did not
        apply. See 888 F.3d at 691 n.1. Insofar as the new rules were addressed in Woods, we
        suggested that the new rules indeed apply to claims filed on or after March 27, 2017. See
        id.
              4
                In support of the new rules, the SSA proffered the following four reasons for no
        longer requiring consideration of the disability determination of another governmental
        agency or nongovernmental entity:

              (1) the [Social Security] Act’s purpose and specific eligibility requirements
              for disability and blindness differ significantly from the purpose and
              eligibility requirements of other programs; (2) the other agency or entity’s
        (Continued)
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              Other governmental agencies and nongovernmental entities — such as the
              Department of Veterans Affairs, the Department of Defense, the Department
              of Labor, the Office of Personnel Management, State agencies, and private
              insurers — make disability, blindness, employability, Medicaid, workers’
              compensation, and other benefits decisions for their own programs using
              their own rules. Because a decision by any other governmental agency or a
              nongovernmental entity about whether you are disabled, blind, employable,
              or entitled to any benefits is based on its rules, it is not binding on us and is
              not our decision about whether you are disabled or blind under our rules.
              Therefore, in claims filed on or after March 27, 2017, we will not provide
              any analysis in our determination or decision about a decision made by any
              other governmental agency or a nongovernmental entity about whether you
              are disabled, blind, employable, or entitled to any benefits.

        See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1504 (citation omitted).

              Coinciding with the implementation of the new rules, the SSA withdrew its Social

        Security Ruling No. 06-03p, which had instructed — consistent with this Court’s

        precedents — that the disability determination of another agency “cannot be ignored and

        must be considered.” See Recission of Social Security Rulings 96-2p, 96-5p, and 06-3p,

        82 Fed. Reg. 15,263 (Mar. 27, 2017), amended by 82 Fed. Reg. 16,869 (Apr. 6, 2017).

              decision may not be in the record or may not include any explanation of how
              the decision was made, or what standards applied in making the decision;
              (3) our adjudicators generally do not have a detailed understanding of the
              rules other agencies or entities apply to make their decisions; and (4) over
              time Federal courts have interpreted and applied our rules and Social Security
              Ruling [No.] 06-03p differently in different jurisdictions.

        See 82 Fed. Reg. at 5848. With particular regard to disability determinations by the VA,
        the SSA discussed an internal study demonstrating that nearly one-third of “individuals
        with a VA rating of 100%” were denied benefits by the SSA because of differences
        between “our rules and the VA’s disability standards.” Id. at 5849. According to the SSA,
        that data “supports our conclusion that [VA] ratings alone are neither inherently valuable
        nor persuasive in our disability evaluation because they give us little substantive
        information to consider.” Id.

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        Under the new rules, however, the SSA will yet “consider all of the supporting evidence

        underlying the other governmental agency or nongovernmental entity’s decision that we

        receive as evidence in your claim.” See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1504.

                                                      2.

               At bottom, if our DeLoatche, Bird, and Woods precedents remain controlling as to

        SSA claims (like Rogers’s) filed on or after March 27, 2017, the SSA ALJ was required to

        consider and thus also discuss the VA’s determination that Rogers is 100% disabled. See

        DeLoatche, 715 F.2d at 150 & n.1. In such a situation, the ALJ was obliged to accord

        substantial weight to the VA’s disability determination unless the record before the ALJ

        clearly showed that some lesser weight was appropriate. See Bird, 699 F.3d at 343. And

        the ALJ could demonstrate the appropriateness of according some lesser weight only by

        stating persuasive, specific, and valid reasons for doing so that found support in the record.

        See Woods, 888 F.3d at 692. If, however, the new SSA rules abrogate our precedents as to

        claims filed on or after March 27, 2017, the ALJ was not required to consider — much less

        discuss or accord any weight to — the VA’s disability determination. See 20 C.F.R.

        §§ 404.1504, 404.1520b(c)(1). Rather, the ALJ merely had to consider any evidence

        underlying the VA’s disability determination that Rogers submitted in support of her SSA

        claim. Id. § 404.1504.

               Consequently, we are called upon to decide today whether our precedents or the

        new SSA rules apply to claims filed on or after March 27, 2017. As did the district court,

        we look to the Supreme Court’s 2005 Brand X decision to resolve that issue. See Nat’l

        Cable & Telecomms. Ass’n v. Brand X Internet Servs., 545 U.S. 967 (2005). Specifically,

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        we utilize the standard outlined in Brand X for determining whether “[a] court’s prior

        judicial construction of a statute trumps an agency construction.” Id. at 982.

               Pursuant to the Brand X standard, we must assess whether our precedents “hold[]

        that [their] construction follows from the unambiguous terms of the [Social Security Act]

        and thus leaves no room for agency discretion.” See 545 U.S. at 982-83 (emphasizing that

        “[o]nly a judicial precedent holding that the statute unambiguously forecloses the agency’s

        interpretation, and therefore contains no gap for the agency to fill, displaces a conflicting

        agency construction”). Quite clearly, our precedents do not so hold. And that makes sense,

        in that the Act itself does not address how or even if the SSA must deal with another

        agency’s disability determination.

               Next, then, we assess under the Brand X standard whether the new SSA rules are

        “otherwise entitled to Chevron deference.” See Brand X, 545 U.S. at 982 (referring to

        Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984)). Where, as here,

        “the statute is silent or ambiguous with respect to the specific issue,” Chevron identifies

        “the question for the court” as being “whether the agency’s answer is based on a

        permissible construction of the statute.” See 467 U.S. at 843.

               Of utmost significance to the Chevron inquiry, Congress has expressly granted the

        SSA Commissioner “exceptionally broad” rule-making authority. See Schweiker v. Gray

        Panthers, 453 U.S. 34, 43 (1981). The Commissioner’s statutory authority includes the

        power to adopt rules (like the new SSA rules) regarding “the nature and extent of the proofs

        and evidence . . . in order to establish the right to benefits.” See 42 U.S.C. § 405(a). As

        such, “our review is limited to determining whether the [new rules] exceeded the

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        [Commissioner’s] statutory authority and whether they are arbitrary and capricious.” See

        Sullivan v. Zebley, 493 U.S. 521, 528 (1990) (internal quotation marks omitted). The new

        rules would exceed the Commissioner’s statutory authority if, inter alia, they are

        “manifestly contrary to the statute.” See id. at 528, 541 (quoting Chevron, 467 U.S. at

        844). But if the new rules are neither outside the Commissioner’s statutory authority nor

        arbitrary and capricious, we must accord those rules “controlling weight.” See id. at 528

        (quoting Chevron, 467 U.S. at 844).

               Rogers has not offered a cogent basis for withholding Chevron deference from the

        new SSA rules, and we perceive none. The new rules are a type that Congress empowered

        the SSA Commissioner to adopt, they are not manifestly contrary to any provision of the

        Social Security Act, and they do not strike us as arbitrary and capricious in any way.

        Notably, it matters not that the new rules constitute a reversal of prior SSA directives, for

        as Brand X explains, “[a]gency inconsistency is not a basis for declining to analyze the

        agency’s interpretation under the Chevron framework.” See 545 U.S. at 981. So long as

        “the agency adequately explains the reasons for a reversal of policy” — as the SSA plainly

        has done here — “change is not invalidating, since the whole point of Chevron is to leave

        the discretion provided by the ambiguities of a statute with the implementing agency.” Id.

        (internal quotation marks omitted).

               In these circumstances, we are constrained to conclude under Brand X that our

        precedents do not trump the new SSA rules. That is, we agree with the district court that

        the new rules supersede our precedents and thus apply to claims filed on or after March 27,

        2017. We also must agree that the SSA ALJ applied correct legal standards and committed

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        no error in adhering to the new rules and declining to accord substantial weight to the VA’s

        determination that Rogers is 100% disabled. 5

                                                    B.

               We therefore turn to Rogers’s other contentions of error. In so doing, we focus on

        her meritorious argument that the SSA ALJ failed to apply correct legal standards by

        omitting significant evidence — beyond the VA’s disability determination — from the

        analysis of her ability to work. That argument relates to the ALJ’s assessment of Rogers’s

        residual functional capacity, rendered in the course of the SSA’s five-step evaluation

        process. See 20 C.F.R. § 416.920(a)(4). The residual functional capacity finding informed

        the ALJ’s step-four conclusion that Rogers could no longer perform her past work, as well

        as the ALJ’s step-five conclusion that Rogers could nonetheless perform other work. See

        Mascio v. Colvin, 780 F.3d 632, 634-36 (4th Cir. 2015). 6

               5
                 To be clear, the new SSA rules addressed herein, see 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1504,
        404.1520b(c)(1), are among many that the SSA implemented for claims filed on or after
        March 27, 2017. By today’s opinion, we do not consider or decide the validity of any of
        the other new rules.
               6
                In Mascio, we summarized the SSA’s five-step evaluation process under 20 C.F.R.
        § 416.920(a)(4) as follows:

               [T]he ALJ asks at step one whether the claimant has been working; at step
               two, whether the claimant’s medical impairments meet the regulations’
               severity and duration requirements; at step three, whether the medical
               impairments meet or equal an impairment listed in the regulations; at step
               four, whether the claimant can perform her past work given the limitations
               caused by her medical impairments; and at step five, whether the claimant
               can perform other work.

        (Continued)
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               A claimant’s residual functional capacity “is ‘the most’ the claimant ‘can still do

        despite’ physical and mental limitations that affect her ability to work.” See Mascio, 780

        F.3d at 635 (quoting 20 C.F.R. § 416.945(a)(1)). An ALJ’s residual functional capacity

        assessment is guided by 20 C.F.R. § 416.945 and Social Security Ruling No. 96-8p. That

        Social Security Ruling directs the ALJ to evaluate the claimant’s “ability to do sustained

        work-related physical and mental activities in a work setting on a regular and continuing

        basis,” meaning “8 hours a day, for 5 days a week, or an equivalent work schedule.” See

        Social Security Ruling No. 96-8p, 61 Fed. Reg. 34,474, 34,475 (July 2, 1996). The ALJ’s

        “assessment must include a discussion of the individual’s abilities on that basis,” and must

        be “based on all of the relevant evidence in the case record.” Id. at 34,475-76.

               With respect to her residual functional capacity, Rogers presented evidence to the

        ALJ that her abilities fluctuate during her menstrual cycle, such that “her functioning [is]

        drastically worse during [menstruation], as it remind[s] her of being raped during her time

        in the Army.” See Br. of Appellant 46 (explaining that “Rogers’s flashbacks and anxiety

        [are] worst [when she menstruates], and that is when she [is] especially prone to abandon

        routine household chores and isolate herself”). Rogers’s medical records reflect that “her

        menstrual cycle continues to be a trigger for her”; that her “[f]lashbacks [have become]

        more intense and more frequent, especially during [menstruation]”; and that menstruation

        See 780 F.3d at 634 (italics added). We also explained that “[i]f the first three steps do not
        lead to a conclusive determination, the ALJ then assesses the claimant’s residual functional
        capacity.” Id. at 635. The ALJ subsequently “use[s] the residual functional capacity
        finding at steps four and five.” Id. at 636.

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        “is alarming to her,” in that she “associate[s] the si[ght] of blood with [her] rape that

        happened in the Army.” See A.R. 252, 264, 289 (internal quotation marks omitted).

               Strikingly, however, the ALJ’s decision omitted any mention of the menstrual cycle

        evidence. Moreover, the ALJ found therein that Rogers can adequately sustain work

        activities throughout an eight-hour workday, without addressing the possibility that her

        abilities will be different on some days than others. See, e.g., A.R. 16 (finding that Rogers

        can work while consistently being “off task less than 10% of an eight-hour workday” and

        maintaining concentration for more “than 2-hour segments of an eight-hour workday”). As

        such, the ALJ either wholly ignored the menstrual cycle evidence, or the ALJ considered

        and discounted that evidence for reasons that were not explained.

               Of course, to the extent that the VA’s disability determination relied on the

        menstrual cycle evidence, the new SSA rules required the SSA ALJ to consider that

        evidence. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1504. In any event, the ALJ was compelled by Social

        Security Ruling No. 96-8p to consider the menstrual cycle evidence, as it obviously is

        relevant to Rogers’s ability to do sustained work-related activities on a regular and

        continuing basis. And because of the significance of that evidence, it should have been

        addressed in the ALJ’s decision so that there could be appropriate judicial review. See

        Thomas v. Berryhill, 916 F.3d 307, 312 (4th Cir. 2019) (concluding that an SSA ALJ erred

        by failing “to discuss what appears to be a substantial portion of the record,” regardless of

        whether the ALJ was ultimately “[r]ight or wrong” in deciding not to credit that evidence);

        see also Dowling v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 986 F.3d 377, 388-89 (4th Cir. 2021)

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        (recognizing similar error resulting from ALJ’s failure to address “considerable” and

        “relevant evidence”).

               Simply put, by omitting the menstrual cycle evidence from the residual functional

        capacity assessment as to Rogers, the ALJ’s decision “is sorely lacking in the analysis

        needed for us to review meaningfully [the ALJ’s] conclusions.” See Mascio, 780 F.3d at

        636-37. That legal error alone demands further administrative proceedings. See id. at 637

        (explaining that “[b]ecause we are left to guess about how the ALJ arrived at his

        conclusions on [the claimant’s] ability to perform relevant functions . . . , remand is

        necessary”). 7

                                                   IV.

               Pursuant to the foregoing, we vacate the judgment of the district court and remand

        for the court to further remand this matter for administrative proceedings consistent with

        our decision herein.

                                                                   VACATED AND REMANDED

               7
                  As previously indicated, Rogers’s argument concerning the menstrual cycle
        evidence is one of many contentions of error she has raised in these proceedings — and
        one that the district court did not address. We emphasize that we mean no criticism of the
        district court, for although the SSA Commissioner has conceded (and we agree) that such
        argument was preserved below, it was much more clearly presented in this appeal. We
        also underscore that we have not considered any of Rogers’s other arguments, including
        that the ALJ erred in failing to account for Rogers’s emotional support dog in the residual
        functional capacity assessment and the related analysis of her ability to work. The
        Commissioner should not interpret our silence on those issues as an opinion that no other
        error occurred.

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