Court Opinion

ID: 3151367
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-11-02 21:00:33.484207+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:07:34.504410
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                         No. 15-1218
                                         ___________

                                 JEFFREY P. GOOD;
                            MARY A. GOOD, Husband and Wife,

                                                                Appellants

                                               v.

      INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE; HENRY SLAUGHTER; DEANN BENDER;
             B. CLARK; LAWRENCE R. COFFIN; MAUREEN GREEN
                   ____________________________________

                       On Appeal from the United States District Court
                          for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                           (D.C. Civil Action No. 5:14-cv-00755)
                        District Judge: Honorable Edward G. Smith
                        ____________________________________

                       Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                       July 13, 2015

                  Before: FUENTES, SHWARTZ and ROTH, Circuit Judges

                               (Opinion filed November 2, 2015)

                                         ___________

                                          OPINION*
                                         ___________

PER CURIAM

*
    This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
       Jeffrey and Mary Good, husband and wife, appeal pro se from the District Court’s

order dismissing their amended complaint. We will affirm the District Court’s judgment.

                                             I.

       In January 2014, the Goods initiated this action by filing a pro se complaint in the

District Court against the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and five IRS employees (“the

individual defendants”). The 92-page complaint, which contained few factual allegations

and relied solely on tax protester-type arguments, claimed that the Goods are not subject

to the federal income tax and that they are entitled to damages in light of the defendants’

past efforts to collect that tax.

       The IRS moved to dismiss, arguing that the complaint (1) failed to state a claim

upon which relief can be granted, and (2) was “unnecessarily and confusingly prolix” and

thus failed to comply with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2)’s “short and plain

statement” requirement. 1 The individual defendants also moved to dismiss, arguing that

the District Court lacked jurisdiction over the claims against them, and that those claims

failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. In August 2014, the District

Court granted the IRS’s motion in part, concluding that the complaint ran afoul of Rule

8(a)(2). The District Court afforded the Goods 21 days to file an amended complaint,

and denied the defendants’ other arguments for dismissal without prejudice to their

ability to renew those arguments if and when an amended complaint was filed.

constitute binding precedent.
1
  That rule provides that a pleading must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim
                                             2
       The Goods timely filed an amended complaint. This new pleading, only two

pages long, once again challenged the collection of federal income tax, claiming that

“[f]undamental law via Common Law contains limitations . . . [that] absolutely forbid[] a

direct tax upon the people without apportionment.” (Supplemental App. at 13.) The IRS

subsequently moved to dismiss the amended complaint for failure to state a claim upon

which relief can be granted. The Goods opposed that motion, incorporating their

arguments from their original complaint.

       On November 5, 2014, the District Court scheduled oral argument on the motion

to dismiss (and another motion that is not at issue here) for November 20, 2014. The

Goods did not appear at the hearing. On December 30, 2014, the District Court granted

the IRS’s motion to dismiss, dismissed the amended complaint with prejudice, and closed

the case. In its opinion, the District Court explained that “the federal income tax is

constitutional, wages are taxable income, and the Sixteenth Amendment removed the

apportionment requirement for direct taxes.” (Id. at 8 (quotation marks omitted).) The

District Court further explained that, “[i]nsofar as the amended complaint aims to provide

factual clarification by incorporating the substance of the original complaint, the

amended complaint, like the original complaint, violates Rule 8(a)(2) as being devoid of

any factual or legal basis for a claim.” (Id. at 8-9.) The District Court denied further

leave to amend, and stated that its dismissal was pursuant to the IRS’s motion and, “to the

showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2).
                                               3
extent necessary, pursuant to the court’s sua sponte power under Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 8(a)(2).” (Id. at 3.) This timely appeal followed.

                                             II.

       We have jurisdiction over this appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review

the dismissal of a pleading under Rule 8(a)(2) for abuse of discretion, see In re

Westinghouse Sec. Litig., 90 F.3d 696, 702 (3d Cir. 1996), and our review of a pleading’s

dismissal for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted is plenary, see

Allah v. Seiverling, 229 F.3d 220, 223 (3d Cir. 2000). We may affirm a district court’s

judgment on any basis supported by the record. See Murray v. Bledsoe, 650 F.3d 246,

247 (3d Cir. 2011) (per curiam).

       On appeal, the Goods claim that they were not notified in advance of the

November 20, 2014 hearing, and they argue that their amended complaint was

improperly dismissed based on their failure to attend that hearing. This argument is

meritless. Regardless of whether they actually received advanced notice of the hearing, 2

it is clear from the record that the District Court did not dismiss the amended complaint

based on their failure to attend that hearing. Rather, as highlighted above, the dismissal

was based on defects in the amended complaint. For the reasons that follow, we agree

with the District Court’s decision to dismiss the amended complaint.

2
 We note that the District Court’s docket indicates that a copy of the court’s November
5, 2014 scheduling order was mailed to the Goods.
                                            4
       Absent a waiver, the doctrine of sovereign immunity shields from suit the United

States and its agencies, FDIC v. Meyer, 510 U.S. 471, 475 (1994), as well as federal

employees sued in their official capacities, see Treasurer of N.J. v. U.S. Dep’t of the

Treasury, 684 F.3d 382, 395 (3d Cir. 2012). A waiver of sovereign immunity “must be

unequivocally expressed in statutory text, and will not be implied.” Lane v. Pena, 518
U.S. 187, 192 (1996) (citation omitted). Here, the Goods identified two relevant statutes

in which Congress has waived the Government’s sovereign immunity in tax matters. We

consider them in turn.

       First, under 28 U.S.C. § 1346(a)(1), a taxpayer may sue the United States for “the

recovery of any internal-revenue tax alleged to have been erroneously or illegally

assessed or collected.” Before filing such a lawsuit, however, the taxpayer must file a

timely claim for a refund or credit with the Secretary of the Treasury. See 26 U.S.C.

§ 7422(a); see also Phila. Marine Trade Ass’n-Int’l Longshoremen’s Ass’n Pension Fund

v. Comm’r, 523 F.3d 140, 146 (3d Cir. 2008) (explaining that this requirement “is a

prerequisite to federal jurisdiction”). Here, neither the Goods’ original complaint nor

their amended complaint alleged facts demonstrating that they had timely filed such a

claim. Accordingly, the Goods could not proceed under § 1346(a)(1).

       The other relevant statute relied upon by the Goods is 26 U.S.C. § 7433, which

permits a taxpayer to bring a suit for civil damages for certain unauthorized collection

actions. This statute requires the taxpayer to first exhaust “the administrative remedies

available to such [taxpayer] within the [IRS].” 26 U.S.C. § 7433(d)(1). More than two
                                             5
decades ago, in Venen v. United States, 38 F.3d 100, 103 (3d Cir. 1994), we

characterized this exhaustion requirement as jurisdictional. However, in light of the

Supreme Court’s subsequent decision in Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp., 546 U.S. 500 (2006),

other courts of appeals have recently concluded that this exhaustion requirement is not

jurisdictional. See Gray v. United States, 723 F.3d 795, 798 (7th Cir. 2013) (collecting

cases). We need not revisit that issue here because, under either approach, dismissal of

the Goods’ amended complaint with prejudice was warranted. There is no indication that

the Goods exhausted their administrative remedies, and their claims (including those

raised in their original complaint) otherwise fail because the tax protester rhetoric upon

which they rely is the same or similar to arguments that we and our sister courts have

roundly rejected. See, e.g., United States v. Bell, 414 F.3d 474, 475-76 (3d Cir. 2005);

United States v. Connor, 898 F.2d 942, 944 (3d Cir. 1990); Sauers v. Comm’r, 771 F.2d
64, 66, 68 n.6 (3d Cir. 1985); United States v. Cooper, 170 F.3d 691, 691 (7th Cir. 1999);

Lonsdale v. United States, 919 F.2d 1440, 1448 (10th Cir. 1990); Funk v. Comm’r, 687
F.2d 264, 265 (8th Cir. 1982) (per curiam).3

       In light of the above, we will affirm the District Court’s judgment.

3
 We need not consider whether dismissal of the Goods’ amended complaint was
warranted under Rule 8(a)(2).
                                          6