Court Opinion

ID: 9373994
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-02-22 16:11:11.317717+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:44.110732
License: Public Domain

U NITED S TATES A IR F ORCE
             C OURT OF C RIMINAL APPEALS
                          ________________________

                           Misc. Dkt. No. 2022-01
                          ________________________

                        In re Gregory P. BANKER
                                Petitioner
                          ________________________

  Petition for Extraordinary Relief in the Nature of a Writ of Coram
                                Nobis
                          Decided 6 February 2023
                          ________________________

Military Judge: Gregory E. Pavlik.
Approved Sentence: Bad-conduct discharge, confinement for 2 years, and
reduction to E-1. Sentence adjudged 9 February 2001 by GCM convened
at Sheppard Air Force Base, Texas.
For Petitioner: Major Kasey W. Hawkins, USAF.
For Respondent: Major John P. Patera, USAF; Major Brittany M. Speirs,
USAF; Mary Ellen Payne, Esquire.
Before POSCH, RICHARDSON, and CADOTTE, Appellate Military
Judges.
Judge RICHARDSON delivered the opinion of the court, in which Judge
CADOTTE joined. Senior Judge POSCH filed a separate opinion concur-
ring in the result in part, and dissenting in part.
                          ________________________

    This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as
    precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 30.4.
                          ________________________

RICHARDSON, Judge:
    On 26 January 2022, Petitioner filed with this court a Petition for Extraor-
dinary Relief in the Nature of a Writ of Error Coram Nobis. The petition was
docketed with the court the next day. The petition included, inter alia, an affi-
                      In re Banker, Misc. Dkt. No. 2022-01

davit from Petitioner about the lingering effects of his conviction and its collat-
eral consequences, and an affidavit from the named victim in Petitioner’s
court-martial, LG. In that affidavit, LG recanted her trial testimony that sup-
ported the offenses of which Petitioner was convicted. Petitioner requests this
court issue “a writ of error coram nobis setting aside his 9 February 2001 con-
viction, as it was based on false testimony.” Alternatively, Petitioner suggests
that if the court is unable to determine LG’s credibility, it remand for a hearing
in accordance with United States v. DuBay, 37 C.M.R. 411 (C.M.A. 1967).

                                 I. BACKGROUND
    On 9 February 2001, Petitioner was convicted at a general court-martial
composed of officer and enlisted members at Sheppard Air Force Base, Texas.
LG testified as the primary government witness. Contrary to his pleas, Peti-
tioner was found guilty of sodomy with a child under the age of 16 years on
divers occasions and sodomy on divers occasions, in violation of Article 125,
Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 925; and indecent acts
with a child under the age of 16 years on divers occasions, indecent acts with
another on divers occasions, and adultery on divers occasions, in violation of
Article 134, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 934.1,2 The court members sentenced Petitioner
to a bad-conduct discharge, confinement for two years, and reduction to the
grade of E-1. The convening authority approved the adjudged sentence.
    For our initial review of his case under Article 66, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866,
Manual for Courts-Martial (2000 ed.), Petitioner raised three issues as an ap-
pellant on direct review: (1) legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence on all
convicted offenses, (2) the military judge’s ruling under Mil. R. Evid 412 pre-
venting Petitioner from offering evidence of LG’s motive to fabricate, and (3)
the admission of a stipulation of expected testimony of Petitioner’s psycholo-
gist. This court found some merit in the first issue, and no error in the remain-
ing issues. On 8 October 2002, it modified the specification of indecent acts
with a child and set aside the finding of guilty to the specification of indecent
acts with another. United States v. Banker, 57 M.J. 699, 706 (A.F. Ct. Crim.
App. 2002). It also reassessed Petitioner’s sentence, and affirmed the approved
sentence. Id. The United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (CAAF)
considered whether this court or the military judge erred in its resolution of
the Mil. R. Evid. 412 issues. United States v. Banker, 58 M.J. 245 (C.A.A.F.

1References to the punitive articles of the UCMJ are to the Manual for Courts-Martial,
United States (1995 ed.).
2Petitioner was found not guilty of carnal knowledge under Article 120, UCMJ, 10
U.S.C. § 920.

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                       In re Banker, Misc. Dkt. No. 2022-01

2003). The CAAF did not find error, but on 23 August 2004 remanded Peti-
tioner’s case to this court to consider a supplemental issue.3 United States v.
Banker, 60 M.J. 216, 225 (C.A.A.F. 2004). Petitioner requested the CAAF re-
consider its decision; on 4 January 2005 the CAAF denied that request. United
States v. Banker, 60 M.J. 452 (C.A.A.F. 2005).
    Petitioner’s case came before this court a second time to consider the sup-
plemental issue CAAF specified, along with two issues this court specified. 4
On 29 June 2006, this court found no relief was warranted for these additional
issues, and came to the same conclusions regarding legal and factual suffi-
ciency and sentence reassessment as it had in its initial review. United States
v. Banker, 63 M.J. 657, 661 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2006), aff’d, 64 M.J. 437
(C.A.A.F. 2007). Specifically, it modified the specification of indecent acts with
a child and set aside the finding of guilty to the specification of indecent acts
with another, and found Petitioner would have received the same sentence as
that adjudged, which it further found was appropriate. See id.
   On 20 February 2007, the CAAF granted Petitioner’s petition for review,
and then affirmed this court’s 29 June 2006 decision. United States v. Banker,
64 M.J. 437 (C.A.A.F. 2007). On 25 June 2007, the United States Supreme
Court denied Petitioner’s petition for writ of certiorari. Banker v. United
States, 551 U.S. 1147 (2007). On 30 October 2008, the convening authority or-
dered the bad-conduct discharge executed.
    Petitioner’s case is now before this court as a petition for extraordinary re-
lief in the nature of a writ of error coram nobis for the reasons stated above.
Upon review of the petition, this court ordered the Government to show cause
not later than 31 March 2022 why Petitioner’s requested relief should not be
granted. The Government responded on that date and opposed the requested
writ, but did not address the Petitioner’s alternative request for a DuBay hear-
ing. In response to another order from this court, on 12 April 2022 the Govern-

3 The CAAF specified the following issue: Whether the appellant’s conviction for vio-
lating Article 125, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 925, by engaging in consensual sodomy must be
set aside in light of Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003). United States v. Banker,
60 M.J. 216, 225 n.6 (C.A.A.F. 2004).
4On 20 April 2005, this court specified the following additional issues: (1) Whether the
disparity in age between the victim and the appellant, as well as the appellant’s prior
grooming of the victim to engage in sexual conduct while she was under the age of
consent, placed the victim in a relationship where consent might not easily be refused
in light of United States v. Marcum, 60 M.J. 198 (C.A.A.F. 2004), and whether the court
should apply an objective or subjective test in answering this question; and (2)
Whether a 16-year-old is a minor in the context of Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558,
123 S. Ct. 2472 (2003).

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                      In re Banker, Misc. Dkt. No. 2022-01

ment responded, opposing such hearing. Petitioner replied to the Govern-
ment’s responses on 19 April 2022. Petitioner submitted an additional affida-
vit, which he signed on 18 April 2022, asserting his innocence and denying he
made statements to anyone that he had a sexual or otherwise inappropriate
relationship with LG.
    Petitioner argues we should issue the writ because (1) we have jurisdiction,
(2) issuance is “necessary and appropriate,” and (3) “there are sufficient
grounds to grant a new trial due to fraud upon the court.”5 Petitioner asserts
that “[i]n this case, where LG’s testimony was the only evidence of Petitioner’s
guilt, and no physical evidence corroborated her testimony, there is sufficient
basis for this Court to grant the writ, however a DuBay hearing is appropriate
if necessary for this Court to adequately assess LG’s credibility.” The Govern-
ment opposes issuance of the writ, and asserts this court “can adequately as-
sess the credibility of LG’s recantation without a DuBay hearing” based on the
evidence in the record. The Government added:
       Petitioner has not pointed to any other evidence that might be
       developed at a DuBay hearing that would bolster LG’s late re-
       cantation. As a result, a DuBay hearing would merely feature
       LG’s new protestations that nothing happened being impeached
       and contradicted by LG’s multiple pretrial statements to OSI
       and others, her Article 32[, UCMJ,] and original trial testimony,
       and Petitioner’s own admissions that a sexual relationship had
       occurred. It would be further impeached by the immutable fact
       that LG waited more than 16 years to indicate her willingness
       to recant, and then another four-and-a-half years to execute her
       affidavit.
(Footnote omitted).

                             II. LAW AND ANALYSIS
    The All Writs Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1651(a), grants this court authority to issue
extraordinary writs. Loving v. United States, 62 M.J. 235, 246 (C.A.A.F. 2005)
(citing Clinton v. Goldsmith, 526 U.S. 529, 534 (1999)). “The writ of coram
nobis is an ancient common-law remedy designed ‘to correct errors of fact.’”
United States v. Denedo, 556 U.S. 904, 910 (2009) (quoting United States v.
Morgan, 346 U.S. 502, 507 (1954)). Appellate military courts have jurisdiction
over “coram nobis petitions to consider allegations that an earlier judgment of
conviction was flawed in a fundamental respect.” Id. at 917. The writ of coram
nobis is an extraordinary writ and an extraordinary remedy. Id. It should not

5 The Government agrees with (1)—that this court has jurisdiction to consider the Pe-
tition—but disagrees with (2) and (3).

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                     In re Banker, Misc. Dkt. No. 2022-01

be granted in the ordinary case; rather, it should be granted only under cir-
cumstances compelling such action to achieve justice. Id.; Morgan, 346 U.S. at
511; Correa-Negron v. United States, 473 F.2d 684, 685 (5th Cir. 1973). “Re-
cantations of trial testimony are viewed by federal courts with extreme suspi-
cion.” United States v. Rios, 48 M.J. 261, 268 (C.A.A.F. 1998) (internal quota-
tion marks and citations omitted).
    Although a Petitioner may file a writ of coram nobis at any time, to be en-
titled to the writ he must meet the following threshold requirements:
       (1) the alleged error is of the most fundamental character; (2) no
       remedy other than coram nobis is available to rectify the conse-
       quences of the error; (3) valid reasons exist for not seeking relief
       earlier; (4) the new information presented in the petition could
       not have been discovered through the exercise of reasonable dil-
       igence prior to the original judgment; (5) the writ does not seek
       to reevaluate previously considered evidence or legal issues; and
       (6) the sentence has been served, but the consequences of the
       erroneous conviction persist.
Denedo v. United States, 66 M.J. 114, 126 (C.A.A.F. 2008), aff’d, 556 U.S. 904
(2009).
    “This court uses a two-tier approach to evaluate claims raised via a writ of
coram nobis. First, [P]etitioner must meet the aforementioned threshold re-
quirements for a writ of coram nobis. If [P]etitioner meets the threshold re-
quirements his claims are then evaluated under the standards applicable to
his issues.” Chapman v. United States, 75 M.J. 598, 601 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App.
2016) (citing Denedo, 66 M.J. at 126).
    We have the authority to order a post-trial fact-finding hearing. See Article
66(f)(3), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866(f)(3); United States v. Ginn, 47 M.J. 236, 242
(C.A.A.F. 1997); United States v. DuBay, 37 C.M.R. at 413. Upon careful review
of the record, we conclude a fact-finding hearing is appropriate to address two
coram nobis threshold requirements, specifically Denedo factors (3) and (4). We
allow that in consideration of the Denedo factors, evidence relating to LG’s ve-
racity and Petitioner’s underlying request may be revealed. However, at this
time we do not request findings of fact on the merits of Petitioner’s request for
a new trial.

                               III. CONCLUSION
    The record of trial is returned to The Judge Advocate General for referral
to an appropriate convening authority for the purpose of promptly directing a

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                       In re Banker, Misc. Dkt. No. 2022-01

post-trial hearing in accordance with DuBay, 37 C.M.R. at 413. A detailed mil-
itary judge conducting the hearing shall address Denedo factors (3) and (4),
and specifically the following issues:
   (1) The circumstances surrounding LG’s recantation(s) of her testimony
from Petitioner’s court-martial, including when Petitioner learned that LG was
recanting. (Denedo factor (3)).
   (2) The circumstances leading to Petitioner filing his Petition for Extraor-
dinary Relief in the Nature of a Writ of Error Coram Nobis in January 2022,
nearly 21 years after his conviction. (Denedo factor (3)).
    (3) The circumstances relating to LG’s 28 October 2021 affidavit statement6
that LG would have admitted her allegations were untrue to any investigator
or participant to the court-martial, had she been asked directly, before Peti-
tioner was convicted. (Denedo factor (4)).
   The military judge will be provided with the record of trial and all appellate
pleadings in this case. The military judge has broad authority to hear testi-
mony and receive evidence, and may require the presence—including via vir-
tual means—of any witnesses deemed necessary.
    At the conclusion of the hearing, the military judge will prepare written
findings of fact on Denedo issues (3) and (4) only. We recognize the military
judge has broad but not unlimited authority over the control of the courtroom,
docketing, and rulings on continuances. See United States v. Bowser, 73 M.J.
889, 896 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2014) (citations omitted), aff’d, 74 M.J. 326
(C.A.A.F. 2015) (mem.). Allowing for such matters, we find four months a suf-
ficient period of time for the military judge to hold the post-trial hearing and
complete written findings of fact.
    Therefore, we require the Government to provide the military judge’s writ-
ten findings of fact to this court not later than 6 June 2023. Additionally, we
require the Government to return the record of the post-trial hearing to this
court for further review not later than 30 days after the military judge has
completed the written findings of fact. Counsel for the Government shall
promptly notify this court of any decisions of the military judge regarding dock-
eting or continuances that may impact the ability of the Government to return
the matters to this court by these deadlines.
    Petitioner may file a brief addressing the military judge’s written findings
of fact not later than 14 days following the court’s receipt of the record of the

6Specifically, LG states, “During the trial, on cross-examination, I admitted that I had
provided inconsistent and false statements to investigators, but I never directly was
asked or made [Petitioner’s] defense counsel aware that my allegations were false.”

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                        In re Banker, Misc. Dkt. No. 2022-01

post-trial hearing. The Government may file an answer brief not later than 14
days after the filing of Petitioner’s brief.

POSCH, Senior Judge (concurring in the result in part, and dissenting in part):
    Petitioner has the burden to demonstrate a clear and indisputable right to
the extraordinary relief he requests. Denedo v. United States, 66 M.J. 114, 126
(C.A.A.F. 2008) (citing Cheney v. United States Dist. Court, 542 U.S. 367, 381
(2004)), aff’d and remanded, 556 U.S. 904 (2009). I agree with my colleagues’
decision to order further proceedings before the court may settle his petition
and resolve whether his substantive claim on the merits warrants setting aside
the findings and sentence. For this reason I join my colleagues in the decision
to order an evidentiary hearing.
    I write separately for two reasons: first, to explain why a factfinding hear-
ing on Denedo factors (3) and (4) is not only appropriate, but that it is necessary
under applicable precedent and the circumstances present here. Put differ-
ently, the court is correct to order factfinding not because we can, but because
we must. For this reason I concur with ordering the DuBay1 judge to fully eval-
uate Denedo factors (3) and (4), and conduct factfinding on both issues. How-
ever, I dissent in part because our order does not afford latitude to the DuBay
judge that would allow this court to evaluate Denedo’s second tier of analysis—
that is, the question of the merits of LG’s recantation and whether she told the
truth before, or is telling the truth now. It is not too soon to inquire into the
veracity of LG’s trial testimony and recantation.
     Therefore, I respectfully dissent not because our order is incorrect, but be-
cause it is too narrow in scope. On further review of the petition, should Peti-
tioner establish all six requirements of the first tier, we may discover that we
need additional factfinding to resolve the second. To be sure, on further review
we may discover Petitioner fails in his burden to satisfy what our superior
court has described as the “stringent” requirements of the first tier, id., and
that will surely end this matter. However, to avoid the potential for piecemeal
litigation, the DuBay judge should not be so constrained. It is in the interests
of judicial economy and efficiency to inquire into the question of LG’s veracity,
which would allow the court to fully evaluate the petition on further review.
   Those interests are especially meaningful considering the significance of
Petitioner’s claim, belated as it may be as his timing stands in relation to his
February 2001 court-martial. Petitioner asks this court to issue a writ of error
coram nobis on grounds that each of his five convictions were a result of per-

1   United States v. DuBay, 37 C.M.R. 411 (C.M.A. 1967) (per curiam).

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                     In re Banker, Misc. Dkt. No. 2022-01

jured testimony LG gave at his court-martial. Alternatively, Petitioner sug-
gests that if the court is unable to determine the truthfulness of LG’s recanta-
tion, then we should direct an evidentiary hearing in accordance with United
States v. DuBay, 37 C.M.R. 411 (C.M.A. 1967) (per curiam). The Government
contends that Petitioner fails to satisfy all six requirements in the first tier of
coram nobis analysis. See Denedo, 66 M.J. at 126. The Government posits, also,
that Petitioner would not be entitled to relief if this court reached the second
tier of analysis—that is, the question of the merits of LG’s recantation as it
may bear on her pretrial and trial testimony.
    Contending that the petition fails the first tier, the Government argues the
petition is “inadequate on its face” and, therefore, a DuBay hearing is unnec-
essary. For support, the Government cites United States v. Campbell, 57 M.J.
134, 138 (C.A.A.F. 2002) (remanding petition for extraordinary relief for Court
of Criminal Appeals (CCA) to determine whether an evidentiary hearing is
warranted). Alternatively, the Government urges the court to find that fact-
finding is unnecessary because the petition is “conclusively refuted as to the
alleged facts by the files and records of the case.” Id. As to both contentions, I
disagree.
A. Alleged Error of a Most Fundamental Character
    To evaluate a petition for a writ of error coram nobis, the United States
Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (CAAF) uses a two-tiered approach.
Denedo, 66 M.J. at 126. As mentioned by my colleagues, the first tier requires
a petitioner to meet all six aforementioned Denedo requirements for a writ of
coram nobis. If the petitioner meets all six, then the second tier allows his claim
to be evaluated under the standards applicable to his issue.
    Among the six requirements under the first tier is that “the alleged error
is of the most fundamental character.” Id. Because additional factfinding is not
warranted if Petitioner could not meet this legal standard, a suitable initial
inquiry is to answer the question whether deliberately false testimony is an
alleged error of the most fundamental character. In my view, Petitioner has
shown that it may qualify as such.
   1. Additional Background
       a. Proceedings at Court Martial and Automatic Review
    The background facts of Petitioner’s general court-martial deserve mention
here. In December 1994, Petitioner and his wife hired LG as the babysitter for
their two children. LG was 14 years old at that time. LG watched Petitioner’s
children once or twice a month until March 1996 when she became a full-time
babysitter for the family. LG was a caregiver for the children after school and
during full-time breaks from school. On any given day LG could be at Peti-
tioner’s home from 0700 until 2200. LG stopped babysitting in July 1999.

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                        In re Banker, Misc. Dkt. No. 2022-01

    In February 2001, a panel of officer and enlisted members found Petitioner
guilty of sexual misconduct with LG when she was under the age of 16 years.
Before trial, Petitioner moved unsuccessfully to offer evidence of LG’s past sex-
ual behavior with MB, Petitioner’s son. In a closed hearing under Mil. R. Evid.
412, MB, who was 13 years old at the time of the hearing, testified that LG
sexually molested him, and that it continued until LG stopped babysitting.
    The first time MB told anyone about the molestations was in March 2000
during a counseling session with a psychotherapist. In one of those sessions,
MB asked his counselor to report to police what LG had done to him. Petitioner
and his wife had sought professional counseling for their son when they
learned of certain inappropriate sexual behaviors he engaged in with others.
    LG elected to be present at the Mil. R. Evid. 412 hearing, and also testified
at that hearing.2 She denied that she engaged Petitioner’s son in sexual activ-
ity as alleged by the son. During that hearing, Petitioner argued that evidence
given by MB in the closed session was relevant to attack LG’s credibility at
trial because it showed her motive to fabricate the allegations against him.
Petitioner argued that exclusion of MB’s testimony would violate his constitu-
tional right to present a defense. The military judge ruled the evidence was not
relevant because it did not suggest a motive to fabricate. As support for this
ruling, the military judge relied on the fact that LG made allegations against
Petitioner about eight months before MB made allegations against LG. Find-
ing MB’s testimony irrelevant, the military judge ruled that it was “clearly not
constitutionally required under these circumstances.” United States v. Banker,
57 M.J. 699, 702 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2002), remanded on other grounds, 60
M.J. 216 (C.A.A.F. 2004).
    Petitioner appealed his convictions and this court affirmed.3 Id. at 706. In
our decision this court observed that Petitioner had the burden to show the
“constitutionally required relevance” of his son’s testimony that the son was a
victim of sexual abuse by LG. Id. at 704 (quoting United States v. Carter, 47
M.J. 395, 396 (C.A.A.F. 1998)). Relying on this standard, a three-judge panel
of this court concluded that Petitioner failed to “me[e]t his burden of showing
why the prohibition in Mil. R. Evid. 412 should have been lifted.” Id. The panel
agreed with the military judge that MB’s testimony was “irrelevant,” id. (citing
Mil. R. Evid. 401, 402), noting that “even if there may have been relevance to
the evidence, that relevance was so tenuous as to not require its admission.”
Id. Thus, the panel held the military judge did not abuse his discretion in re-

2   LG was 20 years old in February 2001 when she testified.
3This court approved the findings, as modified, and sentence, as reassessed. Banker,
57 M.J. at 706.

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                       In re Banker, Misc. Dkt. No. 2022-01

fusing to allow Petitioner to use MB’s testimony to defend against the five of-
fenses in which LG was a named victim. Id. In reaching this result, the opinion
included the following findings, which included findings of fact:4
         The son’s claims were a desperate attempt to save his father by
         attacking the character of LG. Even were we to give any cre-
         dence to the son’s allegations, we fail to see how [LG’s] behavior
         provides a motive for LG to fabricate. If [MB’s] allegations are
         true, [LG’s] behavior [with MB] is likely a by-product of [Peti-
         tioner]’s sexual abuse of LG, not evidence that she is a liar.[5]
Id. (emphasis added).
    On appeal to the CAAF, our superior court acknowledged that Petitioner
sought to admit evidence on the basis that its exclusion under Mil. R. Evid. 412
would violate his constitutional rights. United States v. Banker, 60 M.J. 216,
221 (C.A.A.F. 2004), cert. denied, 551 U.S. 1147 (2007). The court described
this exception to the rule as one that is rooted in “relevance and constitutional
necessity,” specifically “an accused’s Sixth Amendment[6] right of confronta-
tion and Fifth Amendment[7] right to a fair trial.” Id. (citation omitted). Ulti-
mately, the court concluded that Petitioner did not meet his burden to prove
why the Mil. R. Evid. 412 prohibition should be lifted. Id. at 225.
    At the CAAF, Petitioner argued for the first time “that LG fabricated alle-
gations against him in order to preemptively discredit any allegations that MB
might ultimately have made regarding LG’s sexual conduct with MB.” Id. at
224. This more detailed contention enlarged upon Petitioner’s theory as to LG’s
motive that he related in his pretrial motion. In that motion, Petitioner “stated
only that MB’s testimony went ‘directly to [LG’s] credibility and motive to fab-
ricate.’” Id. In denying relief, the CAAF relied on the determination that “Ap-
pellant’s proffer” and his “cursory argument” below was inadequate “to show

4 Several years after this court’s decision in Banker, the CAAF observed, “Unlike most
intermediate appellate courts and [the CAAF], the Court of Criminal Appeals has fact-
finding powers.” United States v. Cendejas, 62 M.J. 334, 342 (C.A.A.F. 2006) (citing
Article 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866(c) (2000)).
5The military judge similarly found a “serious question” as to the son’s veracity. United
States v. Banker, 60 M.J. 216, 224 (C.A.A.F. 2004). He attributed MB’s “lack of credi-
bility” to “the circumstances under which this was disclosed after [MB], himself was in
trouble.” Id. The military judge “assume[d] for the purpose of the motion that the alle-
gations that [MB] makes are true.” Id. On this point, the CAAF concluded that, “while
expressing reservations about the veracity of MB’s putative testimony, the [military]
judge correctly identified credibility as an issue for the members.” Id.
6   U.S. CONST. amend. VI.
7   U.S. CONST. amend. V.

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                     In re Banker, Misc. Dkt. No. 2022-01

support for his theory.” Id. Accordingly, the CAAF concluded that “it was
within the [military] judge’s discretion to determine that such a cursory argu-
ment did not sufficiently articulate how [MB’s] testimony reasonably estab-
lished a motive to fabricate.” Id. at 225.
       b. LG’s Recantation
    In an affidavit LG acknowledged before a notary public on 28 October 2021,
LG recanted material parts of her pretrial statements and trial testimony.
With regard to her testimony that supported elements of each of the five of-
fenses of which Petitioner was convicted, she stated “[t]his testimony is false,
and the event did not occur.” LG claims she made multiple attempts to tell her
family and investigators that her allegations were false. She asserts her “re-
cantations were not believed” and that she was “intimidated and coerced to
cooperate.” She attributes her willingness at the time to participate in Peti-
tioner’s prosecution to being a young, “immature, nineteen-year-old,” who “felt
pressured to participate in [Petitioner]’s criminal investigation by the Govern-
ment, law enforcement, and [her] family.”
    LG articulated her motive at the time to contrive false allegations. In her
telling, she
       engaged in behaviors with [Petitioner’s and his wife’s] minor
       child, [MB]. [She] was concerned [about] that information being
       discovered and worried about the repercussions. [She] wanted to
       provide a credible story to demonstrate why [she] would no
       longer be at [Petitioner]’s home. [She] therefore made a false
       claim that [she] had engaged in a sexual relationship with [Pe-
       titioner]. [Her] mother initiated the claim based on [her] false
       accusation.
    LG stated that at the time she swore to the affidavit, she was represented
by counsel, and that she was making that affidavit against her attorney’s ad-
vice.
   2. Law and Analysis
    The writ of error coram nobis “allows military courts to protect the integrity
of their dispositions and processes by granting relief from final judgments.”
Denedo, 556 U.S. at 916. It is available upon a showing “that there were fun-
damental flaws in the proceedings leading to their issuance.” Id. (emphasis
added). When granted, the writ “is extraordinary relief predicated upon excep-
tional circumstances not apparent to the court in its original consideration of
the case.” United States v. Frischholz, 36 C.M.R. 306, 309 (C.M.A. 1966) (inter-
nal quotation marks and citation omitted). It is a means to “remedy an earlier

                                       11
                     In re Banker, Misc. Dkt. No. 2022-01

disposition of a case that is flawed because the court misperceived or improp-
erly assessed a material fact.” United States v. McPhail, 1 M.J. 457, 459
(C.M.A. 1979).
      Although initially wielded “to correct factual blunders,” the scope of the
writ expanded in time to include “constitutional and other fundamental errors
. . . .” Garrett v. Lowe, 39 M.J. 293, 295 (C.M.A. 1994) (omission in original)
(quoting 2 S. Childress and M. Davis, Federal Standards of Review, § 13.01 at
13-2 (2d ed. 1992)). The alleged factual errors must be “of the most fundamen-
tal character, that is, such as rendered the proceeding itself irregular and in-
valid.” United States v. Morgan, 346 U.S. 502, 509 n.15 (1954) (citations and
internal quotations marks omitted). The writ “should not be granted in the
ordinary case; rather, it should be granted only in extraordinary cases under
circumstances compelling such action to achieve justice.” Chapman v. United
States, 75 M.J. 598, 601 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2016) (citations omitted).
   The Government argues that recanted testimony, without more, is not an
error of the most fundamental character. The Government contends that tes-
timony given without the prosecutor’s knowledge that it was perjured is not a
fundamental error upon which coram nobis relief may be permitted. The Gov-
ernment finds support for its argument in United States v. Castano, 906 F.3d
458, 464–65 (6th Cir. 2018) (citing Burks v. Egeler, 512 F.2d 221,229 (6th Cir.
1975)).
    Petitioner replies that even without government knowledge, a due process
violation occurs when the Government leaves a conviction in place after a cred-
ible recantation that would likely change the outcome. For this rule, Petitioner
draws our attention to Sanders v. Sullivan, 863 F.2d 218, 224 (2d Cir. 1988)
(stating, “[t]here is no logical reason to limit a due process violation to state
action defined as prosecutorial knowledge of perjured testimony”), superseded
by statute, Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, Pub. L. No.
104-132, 110 Stat.1214 (1996), as recognized in Drake v. Portuondo, 321 F.3d
338, 345 n.2 (2d Cir. 2003). Petitioner observes that Sanders relied on cases
from the Third and Fifth circuits to support its proposition that prosecutorial
lack of knowledge when false testimony is given is not dispositive of a due pro-
cess violation. Id. at 223. To that end, in Curran v. Delaware, the Third Circuit
ruled that a police detective’s perjury “cause[d] the defendant’s trial to pass
the line of tolerable imperfection and fall into the field of fundamental unfair-
ness.” 259 F.2d 707, 713 (3d Cir. 1958), cert. denied, 358 U.S. 948 (1959). In
Smith v. United States, the Fifth Circuit ruled that a government agent’s al-
leged false testimony at a sentencing hearing resulted in a sentence “lacking
in due process.” 223 F.2d 750, 754 (5th Cir. 1955).

                                       12
                     In re Banker, Misc. Dkt. No. 2022-01

    In our jurisdiction, when a complaining witness later recants her trial tes-
timony, such conduct at trial could amount to “‘fraud’ on the court” if the testi-
mony was perjured. United States v. Giambra, 33 M.J. 331, 335 (C.M.A. 1991)
(quoting Rule for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) 1210(f)(3), Manual for Courts-Mar-
tial, United States (1984 ed.)); but see United States v. Cuento, 60 M.J. 106, 113
(C.A.A.F. 2004) (evaluating victim’s post-trial recantation as newly discovered
evidence); United States v. Rios, 48 M.J. 261, 269 (C.A.A.F. 1998) (evaluating
victim’s post-trial recantation as newly proffered evidence). If such recantation
were shown to be reliable and material, it is doubtful a more convincing cir-
cumstance would compel courts in the military justice system to order remedial
action “to protect the integrity of their dispositions and processes.” Denedo, 556
U.S. at 916. Under such circumstances, an appellate court could find a funda-
mental flaw in the appellate proceedings and the proceedings on review, id.,
and thus, an “exceptional circumstance[ ] not apparent to the court in its orig-
inal consideration of the case.” Frischholz, 36 C.M.R. at 309 (internal quotation
marks and citation omitted).
    Importantly, in the petition under review, LG’s recantation reached not
only trial testimony she gave, but her testimony at a Mil. R. Evid. 412 hearing
where she contradicted MB’s claims that LG abused him sexually. The military
judge would have relied on LG’s testimony at that hearing to conclude that
Petitioner did not have a constitutional right to present MB’s testimony that
LG engaged MB in sexual activity. It was likewise consequential to this court
upholding that ruling. If LG had testified at the Mil. R. Evid. 412 hearing in
line with the motive she articulated in her recantation, instead of the testi-
mony she did give at that hearing, the military judge may not have found MB’s
testimony irrelevant on grounds that it did not suggest a motive to fabricate.
    At the same time, a three-judge panel of this court could not have concluded
that it “fail[ed] to see how [LG’s] behavior [with MB] provides a motive for LG
to fabricate” if this court had direct evidence of LG’s motive as LG articulated
in her recantation. Banker, 57 M.J. at 704 (emphasis added). Put differently,
if LG’s recantation were shown to be reliable, her testimony at the pretrial
hearing “rendered the proceeding itself irregular and invalid,” Morgan, 346
U.S. at 509 n.15, and would be of the most fundamental character.
B. Factfinding on Denedo Requirements (3) and (4)
   Having determined that Petitioner can demonstrate the alleged error, if it
occurred, was of the most fundamental character, it is appropriate, next, to
resolve whether Petitioner might satisfy the five remaining requirements in
the first tier of coram nobis analysis. They are,
       (2) no remedy other than coram nobis is available to rectify the
       consequences of the error; (3) valid reasons exist for not seeking
       relief earlier; (4) the new information presented in the petition

                                       13
                      In re Banker, Misc. Dkt. No. 2022-01

       could not have been discovered through the exercise of reasona-
       ble diligence prior to the original judgment; (5) the writ does not
       seek to reevaluate previously considered evidence or legal is-
       sues; and (6) the sentence has been served, but the consequences
       of the erroneous conviction persist.
Denedo, 66 M.J. at 126.
    While not allowing that Petitioner’s conviction was erroneous, the Govern-
ment concedes in its answer to the petition that “(2) no remedy other than co-
ram nobis is available” to Petitioner. The Government also concedes that “(6)
the sentence has been served, but the consequences of . . . conviction persist.”
At the same time, the Government contests requirements (3), (4), and (5) for
coram nobis relief.8 It contends that Petitioner fails to satisfy each, and the
failure to satisfy even one is fatal to the petition.
    As explained next, with regard to requirements (3) and (4), which the Gov-
ernment contests, Petitioner has met his burden for the court to direct fact-
finding on his new trial claim.9 That is to say, factfinding is not only appropri-
ate, but necessary.
    1. Threshold for Ordering Factfinding on the Petition
    This court’s authority to direct factfinding on petitions for extraordinary
relief has deep roots that trace to the All Writs Act, now codified at 28 U.S.C.
§ 1651. As recognized by the United States Supreme Court in Harris v. Nelson,
federal courts may “fashion appropriate modes of procedure,” for example, “to
assist them in conducting factual inquiries.” 394 U.S. 286, 299 (1969) (inter-
preting the Act to allow discovery in habeas corpus proceedings). In Harris, the
Court allowed that federal district court judges may rely on the Act as author-
ity to direct “a fair and meaningful evidentiary hearing . . . either on its own
motion or upon cause shown by the petitioner.” Id. at 300. This is because a
court can direct a factfinding inquiry “as may be ‘necessary or appropriate in
aid of [its jurisdiction] . . . and agreeable to the usages and principles of law.’”
Id. (alteration and omission in original) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1651). Harris
went on to articulate a low threshold for inquiry: “where specific allegations
before the court show reason to believe that the petitioner may, if the facts are

8 As noted earlier, the Government contends that the alleged error is not of the most
fundamental character, and thus Petitioner has not shown the first Denedo require-
ment is met. See Denedo, 66 M.J. at 126. Accordingly, the Government maintains Pe-
titioner fails to meet four of the six requirements identified by the CAAF for coram
nobis relief.
9My colleagues in the majority are apparently of the opinion, as am I, that the court-
martial record and the petition under review provide adequate information to resolve
Denedo requirement (5) without further inquiry.

                                         14
                       In re Banker, Misc. Dkt. No. 2022-01

fully developed, be able to demonstrate that he is . . . entitled to relief, it is the
duty of the courts to provide the necessary facilities and procedures for an ad-
equate inquiry.” Id.
    Until recently, Article 66, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866, did not expressly state
that CCAs could order an evidentiary hearing on direct review, much less “ex-
pressly provide for the appellate resolution of collateral claims not raised at
the court-martial.” United States v. Dykes, 38 M.J. 270, 272 (C.M.A. 1993). The
collateral claim considered by the United States Court of Military Appeals
(CMA) in Dykes was not a writ petition, but a post-trial allegation on direct
review that six servicemembers were improperly influenced by command. Id.
at 272–73. Because there were “substantial unresolved questions” in that case
that could not be settled by post-trial affidavits, the Dykes court directed an
evidentiary hearing, citing DuBay10 for authority. Dykes, 38 M.J. at 271–73. In
doing so, the court observed that “[t]he purpose of such a ‘DuBay hearing’ is to
enable a military judge at the trial level to make the findings of fact and con-
clusions of law on collateral matters when the record is incomplete and ‘resort
to affidavits [is] unsatisfactory[.]’” Id. at 272 (alterations in original) (quoting
DuBay, 37 C.M.R. at 413).
    Congress recently amended Article 66, UCMJ, to expressly grant military
appellate courts authority to order “additional proceedings . . . as may be nec-
essary to address a substantial issue.” Article 66(f)(3), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C.
§ 866(f)(3).11 In doing so, this court’s express authority is not restricted, but
neither is it delineated as to the threshold for conducting further inquiry. In
the absence of direction in the statute, we look for guidance in cases like Dykes,
though such guidance is meager. In Dykes, the CMA recognized that, even as
of the date of that decision, the court “ha[d] not clearly articulated a standard
for determining when resorting to [post-trial] affidavits is unsatisfactory for
resolving such collateral matters.” Id. at 272 n.1 (emphasis added). Dykes con-
templated, however, that “[a] useful comparison . . . might be the Supreme
Court’s practice with respect to federal habeas corpus proceedings.” Id. (dic-
tum) (citing Harris, 394 U.S. at 298–300) (other citations omitted). In that re-
gard, Dykes observed that “[t]he Supreme Court has relied on the standard

10In DuBay, the CMA observed that the “collateral issues,” in that case and others,
would normally “on remand in the civil courts, be settled in a hearing before the trial
judge.” 37 C.M.R. at 413 n.2. However, because the “court-martial structure” at that
time was “such that this cannot be accomplished,” the CMA found it “necessary to refer
the matter . . . to be heard by the law officer alone.” Id.
11See Military Justice Act of 2016 (MJA), National Defense Authorization Act for Fis-
cal Year 2017, Pub. L. No. 114-328, §§ 5001–5542 (23 Dec. 2016); see also Exec. Order
13,825, § 3(a), 83 Fed. Reg. 9889 (8 Mar. 2018) (directing, “except as otherwise provided
by the MJA or this order, the MJA shall take effect on January 1, 2019”).

                                           15
                     In re Banker, Misc. Dkt. No. 2022-01

used in motions for summary judgment for determining whether to order an
evidentiary hearing in habeas corpus proceedings.” Id. (citing Blackledge v. Al-
lison, 431 U.S. 63 (1977)). In Blackledge, the Supreme Court noted that in civil
cases, “there exists a procedure whose purpose is to test whether facially ade-
quate allegations have sufficient basis in fact to warrant plenary presentation
of evidence.” 431 U.S. at 80 (emphasis added) (summarizing procedure analo-
gous to the motion for summary judgment).
    To be sure, neither the Supreme Court’s decisions in Harris and Blackledge,
nor the CMA’s decision in Dykes, define precisely when factfinding may be nec-
essary in a coram nobis context. However, taken together, these cases suggest
an inquisitive approach is called for on a collateral matter over one that is more
demanding of a petitioner upon initial submission of a writ petition to an ap-
pellate court. These decisions suggest a facial claim is sufficient. In Dykes, the
CAAF was receptive to this approach. This standard is in harmony with the
CAAF’s decision in Campbell, 57 M.J. 134 (C.A.A.F. 2002), decided almost a
decade after Dykes. In Campbell, the appellant, on direct review, filed a peti-
tion for extraordinary relief under the All Writs Act to compel discovery. Id. at
136 (writ of mandamus). The appellant sought information from the govern-
ment to support a claim of prosecutorial misconduct. Id. at 137. In returning
the record to the CCA for further review, the CAAF noted that the proper ques-
tion under review was “whether [the] appellant has done enough to establish
the relevance of the information sought to his allegation of prosecutorial mis-
conduct to warrant such appellate review.” Id. at 139. The CAAF concluded
that the appellant met his burden, noting that the first question a CCA must
ask in the context of that case is whether the “appellant met his threshold bur-
den that some measure of appellate inquiry is warranted.” Id. at 138 (emphasis
added). In the context of a post-trial discovery dispute, a CCA must be satisfied
that “the defense has made a colorable showing that the evidence or infor-
mation exists.” Id. (emphasis added).
    The Supreme Court’s Harris and Blackledge opinions, and the opinions in
Dykes and Campbell, indicate that a petitioner’s initial burden is essentially a
threshold showing that relief may be warranted. When the CAAF examined
the writ of coram nobis within the military justice system, it was not incon-
sistent with these opinions, or this conclusion. To be sure, the CAAF acknowl-
edged a “petitioner must establish a clear and indisputable right to the re-
quested relief.” Denedo, 66 M.J. at 126 (reviewing an ineffective assistance of
counsel claim raised via a coram nobis petition). However, on the question of
factfinding as an antecedent for evaluating the petition, the CAAF’s charge to
CCAs was more permissive: the CAAF observed that CCAs “are well-positioned
to determine whether corrective action on the findings and sentence is war-
ranted, including ordering any factfinding proceedings that may be necessary.”
Id. at 124 (emphasis added).

                                       16
                       In re Banker, Misc. Dkt. No. 2022-01

    Significantly, the Supreme Court’s decision that affirmed the CAAF’s
Denedo opinion did not spare the CCA from ordering factfinding proceedings
on the criteria that the CAAF identified. It did just the opposite. The Supreme
Court’s remand “for further proceedings consistent with [the Court’s] opinion”
identified two areas that the CCA “can explore on remand.”12 556 U.S. 904, 917
(2009) (dictum) (“hold[ing] only that the military appellate courts had jurisdic-
tion to hear respondent’s request for a writ of coram nobis”). Among factors
that might be worthy of further investigation, the Court identified the Denedo-
petitioner’s “delay in lodging his petition,” and “when he learned or should
have learned of his counsel’s alleged deficiencies.” Id. (dictum). Each of those
factors correspond to criteria the CAAF identified in its Denedo decision, which
are at issue in the petition under review, specifically the third criteria: “valid
reasons exist for not seeking relief earlier;” and the fourth: “the new infor-
mation presented in the petition could not have been discovered through the
exercise of reasonable diligence prior to the original judgment.” 66 M.J. at 126.
     2. Analysis
    Because a CCA must conduct factfinding upon a petitioner’s facially meri-
torious claim for relief, I turn then to the question of whether Petitioner has
made such a showing on Denedo requirements (3) and (4) contested by the Gov-
ernment. For the reasons that follow, I conclude that he has.
    In regard to requirement (3), Petitioner has made a facial showing that
valid reasons may exist for not seeking relief earlier. On 28 October 2021, LG
signed an affidavit declaring for the first time that her sworn testimony at Pe-
titioner’s court-martial was false in nearly every material respect. Petitioner
relies on her affidavit to support his petition filed with the court on 26 January
2022. In LG’s telling, Petitioner’s “wrongful conviction has weighed on [her] for
decades, but [she] did not know what to do or how to fix it.” Despite having no
contact with Petitioner since his court-martial in 2001, she contacted him in
May of 2017 and says that she has since been committed to “rectifying this
wrong and helping to reverse his wrongful conviction.” Although she is repre-
sented by counsel, she states that she submitted the affidavit against her coun-
sel’s advice. The Government argues that Petitioner failed to provide a valid
reason for waiting to petition for relief until well after May 2017, when LG met
with Petitioner and they “had a discussion, about events that occurred.” Ques-
tions about what LG revealed to Petitioner in May 2017, and why Petitioner

12Writing separately, Chief Justice Roberts presaged the weight of responsibility “an
out-of-court evidentiary hearing on the merits of the petitioner’s claim” could entail.
United States v. Denedo, 556 U.S. 904, 926 (2009) (Roberts, C.J., concurring in part
and dissenting in part) (observing that the CCAs and the CAAF “are not equipped to
handle the kind of factfinding necessary to resolve claims that might be brought on
coram nobis”) (citing DuBay, 37 C.M.R. at 411)).

                                          17
                      In re Banker, Misc. Dkt. No. 2022-01

sought a writ only after LG signed a statement under penalty of perjury while
represented by counsel, are matters that may be explored in an evidentiary
hearing.
    In regard to requirement (4), Petitioner has made a facial showing that the
new information presented in the petition may not have been discoverable
through the exercise of reasonable diligence prior to the original judgment. The
Government argues LG “may have recanted” during Petitioner’s trial, or ear-
lier, “if [trial] defense counsel simply asked [LG] a direct question on this
point.” For support, the Government references LG’s statement in her affidavit
that “[d]uring the trial, on cross examination, [she] admitted that [she] had
provided inconsistent and false statements to investigators, but [she] never di-
rectly was asked or made [Petitioner]’s [trial] defense counsel aware that [her]
allegations were false.” On this record, at no point did LG admit that she fab-
ricated allegations during pretrial interviews with investigators and counsel.
If a genuine question exists as to this matter, that question may be investi-
gated at an evidentiary hearing.
C. Factfinding on Petitioner’s New Trial Claim
    Notwithstanding this court’s conclusion that Petitioner is entitled to fact-
finding on Denedo requirements (3) and (4), further inquiry would not be nec-
essary if Petitioner cannot demonstrate that relief may be warranted on the
merits of LG’s recantation as it may bear on her pretrial and trial testimony.
It follows, then, that this court must consider whether further inquiry is war-
ranted on Petitioner’s request for a new trial. The question to be answered is
what standard governs when an evidentiary hearing may be necessary on the
merits of a writ petition seeking a new trial?
    The Cuento, Rios, and Giambra decisions each involved a petition for new
trial before the proceedings, findings, and sentence were final and conclusive
under Article 76, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 876. Unlike those cases, finality attached
in Petitioner’s case after the United States Supreme Court denied his petition
for a writ of certiorari.13 In view of this difference, and the “very limited cir-
cumstances” under which coram nobis permits collateral attack after finality
has attached, Denedo, 66 M.J. at 126, this court’s duty is to address the legal
standard to guide factfinding on his claim. Put differently, the question arises
as to whether finality holds sway in disputes over the suitability to assess LG’s

13On 25 June 2007, the United States Supreme Court denied petition for writ of certi-
orari to the CAAF. Banker v. United States, 551 U.S. 1147 (2007). The entire sentence,
which included a bad-conduct discharge, was executed by promulgating order dated 30
October 2008, pursuant to Article 71(c), Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 U.S.C.
§ 871(c).

                                         18
                     In re Banker, Misc. Dkt. No. 2022-01

credibility on the strength of the post-trial submissions, on the one hand, or to
direct an evidentiary hearing, on the other.
    In general terms, petitions for a new trial “based on a witness’s recantation
‘are not viewed favorably in the law.’” Rios, 48 M.J. at 268 (quoting Giambra,
33 M.J. at 335). A party seeking a new trial on the grounds that the victim
recanted her testimony “has the heavy burden of establishing his entitlement
to relief.” Giambra, 33 M.J. at 335 (citing Larrison v. United States, 24 F.2d
82, 87 (7th Cir. 1928)). “[T]he real problem,” in the view of the CMA, is “to
determine whether the testimony given at trial was false.” Id. (concluding
DuBay hearing appropriate). However, “‘when the alleged perjurer is the pros-
ecutrix herself,’” the CAAF remains “‘disinclined’ to burden [the petitioner]
with mechanical application of a rigorous standard.” Cuento, 60 M.J. at 113
(alteration omitted) (quoting Giambra, 33 M.J. at 335) (concluding “recanta-
tion cannot adequately be measured without a DuBay hearing”).
    In a timely petition for new trial under the Rules for Courts-Martial, a re-
viewing court evaluates whether a recantation “if considered by a court-mar-
tial in the light of all other pertinent evidence, would probably produce a sub-
stantially more favorable result. . . .” Id. (quoting standard for granting a new
trial codified in R.C.M. 1210(f)(2)(C)). “The reviewing court does not determine
whether the proffered evidence is true; nor does it determine the historical
acts. It merely decides if the evidence is sufficiently believable to make a more
favorable result probable.” Id. at 112 (quoting United States v. Brooks, 49 M.J.
64, 69 (C.A.A.F. 1998)).
    Assuming a petition under the Rules for Courts-Martial demonstrates ju-
risdiction and a legal basis to warrant relief, an appellate court must evaluate
when, and how, factfinding may be conducted. If upon “examining the newly
proffered evidence and comparing it to the trial evidence, we are not ‘reasona-
bly well satisfied’ that [the victim]’s trial testimony was false,” then we may
deny the petition. Rios, 48 M.J. at 269. Conversely, if this court is uncertain
whether a sworn recantation is false, an evidentiary hearing “may be appro-
priate to the fair resolution of the case.” Giambra, 33 M.J. at 335 (citing
DuBay). In either circumstance, the burden is on the petitioner “to prove by
the greater weight of the evidence that the victim lied at his trial.” Giambra,
33 M.J. at 336.
    In Cuento and Giambra the CAAF determined that the CCA abused its
discretion when it failed to order an evidentiary hearing to determine the cred-
ibility of the victim’s post-trial recantation. In Rios, the CAAF concluded that
the CCA did not abuse its discretion when it resolved the credibility of the vic-
tim’s recantation without remanding for an evidentiary hearing. Between the
three cases—Cuento, Rios, and Giambra—the CAAF identified two principal
considerations on the question whether a CCA abused its discretion: first, the

                                       19
                      In re Banker, Misc. Dkt. No. 2022-01

presence or absence of evidence, including physical evidence, corroborating a
victim’s trial testimony, Cuento, 60 M.J. at 113; Rios, 48 M.J. at 268; Giambra,
33 M.J. at 334–35; and second, the circumstances of recantation. Cuento, 60
M.J. at 113; Rios, 48 M.J. at 269.
    It seems apparent that the same principal considerations in Cuento, Rios,
and Giambra guide this court’s determination whether an evidentiary hearing
is appropriate, and without regard to finality. To begin, whether raised by way
of a petition for new trial timely asserted under Article 73, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C.
§ 873, or extraordinary writ after finality has attached, either proceeding is
outside of the direct appeal process and, necessarily, “collateral.” See, e.g., Wall
v. Kholi, 562 U.S. 545, 552 (2011) (acknowledging the Court described coram
nobis as a means of “collateral attack” in Morgan, 346 U.S. at 510–11); Burns
v. Wilson, 346 U.S. 137, 141 (1953) (observing a petition for new trial is “a
special post-conviction remedy within the military establishment apart from
ordinary appellate review, whereby one convicted by a court-martial may at-
tack collaterally the judgment under which he stands convicted”). Whether by
a petition for new trial on direct review or petition for writ of coram nobis after
finality, a CCA’s avenue for determining the merits of post-trial relief are fore-
closed if there has not been an opportunity to fully develop a factual record. It
follows, then, that the legal standard to decide whether an evidentiary hearing
is necessary is decided without regard to finality in the military justice system.
    Additional support for this conclusion is the principle that coram nobis
“permits ‘[c]ontinuation of litigation after final judgment and exhaustion or
waiver of any statutory right of review,’” Denedo, 66 M.J. at 125 (quoting Mor-
gan, 346 U.S. at 511). The writ is “designed ‘to correct errors of fact.’” Denedo,
556 U.S. at 910 (quoting Morgan, 346 U.S. at 507). It “is properly viewed as a
belated extension of the original proceeding during which the error allegedly
transpired.” Id. at 913 (citing Morgan, 346 U.S. at 505, n. 4 (coram nobis is “a
step in the criminal case and not, like habeas corpus where relief is sought in
a separate case and record, the beginning of a separate civil proceeding”)). Es-
sential to the court’s authority “to protect the integrity of its earlier judg-
ments,” Denedo, 556 U.S. at 916, is its power to engage in and direct factfind-
ing. See id. at 917 (identifying factual and legal questions the CCA “can explore
on remand”); see also Denedo, 66 M.J. at 130 (remanding for CCA to decide the
merits of petition either on the basis of the record or an evidentiary hearing).
It follows, then, that “additional proceedings” may be necessary to resolve the
writ as an extension of the court-martial proceedings in which error allegedly
occurred. Article 66(f)(3), UCMJ.
   For these reasons, it is logical to conclude that Cuento, Rios, and Giambra
provide suitable guidance on the question whether Petitioner must be permit-
ted an opportunity to develop the record further, and for the Government to

                                        20
                       In re Banker, Misc. Dkt. No. 2022-01

challenge Petitioner’s evidence. For the reasons that follow, I believe the inter-
ests of judicial economy and efficiency are cause to inquire into the question of
LG’s veracity sooner than later, which is why I disagree with my esteemed
colleagues and the limited scope of our order.
    Put simply, Petitioner has established a necessary legal and factual basis
under Article 66(f)(3), UCMJ, for the court to inquire into the merits of his
petition for a new trial. Evidence at trial of Petitioner’s guilt was hardly over-
whelming.14 The Government’s case largely depended on LG’s credibility at
trial, which was called into question on cross-examination even before her
sworn recantation many years later. The corroboration was slight and circum-
stantial. LG testified she recalled plumbers performing work at Petitioner’s
home when he first exposed himself to her. The Government introduced into
evidence housing records that documented dates when maintenance was per-
formed on Petitioner’s house. LG testified that Petitioner showed her pornog-
raphy, which investigators discovered in the home. She testified she was not
concerned about getting pregnant because Petitioner told her he had a vasec-
tomy. The Prosecution presented medical evidence of his vasectomy. In her
sworn recantation, however, LG explains she knew about pornography Peti-
tioner kept in the home because she learned about it from investigators, and
the fact that Petitioner had a vasectomy was something she learned while
babysitting for the family.
    On re-direct examination, LG explained she first reported Petitioner’s sex-
ual misconduct to a friend, AC. Her friend noticed she “was upset,” and that
led to the initial report. After LG testified, the Prosecution offered testimony
of two witnesses on LG’s character for truthfulness; one of the witnesses re-
called an occasion when Petitioner made an “inappropriate comment” towards
LG that was “sexual in nature.” The witness emphasized that the comment
had nothing to do with Petitioner wanting to engage in sexual activity with
LG. Finally, the Government entered a stipulation of expected testimony from
Petitioner’s psychotherapist, which detailed statements Petitioner made to his
therapist, including Petitioner’s anger at a man who had an affair with Peti-
tioner’s wife, Petitioner’s sexual urges when not sexual with his wife, and his

14Even so, the Government’s proof depended on the trier of fact concluding that LG
was worthy of belief as borne out by this court “find[ing] the testimony of LG to be
credible.” Banker, 57 M.J. at 701 (reviewing for legal and factual sufficiency). On direct
review, this court “conclude[d] that [LG’s] testimony was the truth,” moreover, “when
considering all the evidence admitted on findings.” Id.

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                       In re Banker, Misc. Dkt. No. 2022-01

possession of pornographic material. Overall, the Prosecution presented mar-
ginally probative evidence corroborating LG’s trial testimony.15
D. Conclusion
    In regard to Petitioner’s court-martial, the court must “presume[ ] the pro-
ceedings were correct and the burden rests on the accused to show otherwise.”
Morgan, 346 U.S. at 512. For the aforementioned reasons, I believe a factfind-
ing hearing on Denedo factors (3) and (4) is not only appropriate, but that it is
necessary. However, I disagree with my colleagues with respect to the limited
scope of our order that does not permit additional proceedings to resolve the
question of LG’s veracity, which would allow the court to fully evaluate the
petition on further review.
     Nonetheless, I agree at this time the court should not decide the propriety
of the requested writ. For the aforementioned reasons, I join the decision of my
colleagues to order additional proceedings under Article 66(f)(3), UCMJ.

                      FOR THE COURT

                      CAROL K. JOYCE
                      Clerk of the Court

15As quoted by my colleagues in the majority, the Government identifies facts that it
claims will contradict or impeach LG’s recantation if those facts were presented at a
DuBay hearing. However, many if not all of the facts underlying such claims, including
that “Petitioner’s own admissions that a sexual relationship had occurred,” were either
excluded or not admitted into evidence at Petitioner’s court-martial.

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