Court Opinion

ID: 4162226
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-04-21 15:16:16.299981+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:23:58.700348
License: Public Domain

Thomas Clifford Wallace v. State of Maryland, No. 29, September Term, 2016. Opinion
by Getty, J.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE — POSTCONVICTION DNA TESTING STATUTE —
DUTY TO PRESERVE SCIENTIFIC IDENTIFICATION EVIDENCE
Black t-shirt worn by appellant at the time of his arrest did not constitute “scientific
identification evidence” as defined by the Postconviction DNA Testing Statute, Maryland
Code, Criminal Procedure Article (“CP”) § 8-201. Multiple eyewitnesses described
appellant as wearing a white t-shirt when the crime occurred, and appellant admitted that
he did not obtain the black t-shirt until later that day. Thus, even if the black t-shirt
contained hair fibers, there was no possibility that testing those fibers “may produce
exculpatory or mitigating evidence relevant to” appellant’s claim of wrongful conviction.
CP § 8-201(a)(5)(iii). Accordingly, the State did not have a duty to preserve the black t-
shirt under the Statute, and appellant was not entitled to a hearing to determine whether the
State’s failure to produce the black t-shirt “was the result of intentional and willful
destruction.” CP § 8-201(j)(3)(i).

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE — POSTCONVICTION DNA TESTING STATUTE —
APPOINTMENT OF COUNSEL
Fuster v. State, 437 Md. 653 (2014), holding that appointment of counsel under the
Postconviction DNA Testing Statute is discretionary, is not “clearly wrong or contrary to
established principles,” and has not “been superseded by significant changes in the law or
facts,” such that it would be appropriate for the Court to overrule its own precedent. Circuit
court did not abuse its discretion in declining to appoint counsel for appellant where
appellant did not request counsel in his petition, appellant had previously litigated a
postconviction proceeding represented by counsel, and court perceived appellant’s
potential for success as being minimal.
Circuit Court for Washington County
Case No. 21-K-00-26006
Argued: February 7, 2017

                                       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                                            OF MARYLAND

                                                      No. 29

                                           September Term, 2016

                                      THOMAS CLIFFORD WALLACE

                                                        v.

                                         STATE OF MARYLAND

                                      Barbera, C.J.
                                      Greene,
                                      Adkins,
                                      McDonald,
                                      Watts,
                                      Hotten,
                                      Getty,

                                                       JJ.

                                             Opinion by Getty, J.

                                      Filed: April 21, 2017
        The Postconviction DNA Testing Statute provides for postconviction review

related to DNA evidence for individuals convicted of certain enumerated offenses. See

generally Md. Code (2001, 2008 Repl. Vol.), Criminal Procedure Article (“CP”) § 8-201.

When the Maryland General Assembly passed the Statute in 2001, the legislature was

responding to a nationwide concern over individuals being wrongfully convicted for

serious crimes and held in prison for many years. Blake v. State, 395 Md. 213, 219 (2006).

Prior to 2001, a convicted person could only file one postconviction petition within ten

years of being sentenced, and the court retained the discretion to reopen a postconviction

proceeding if to do so was “in the interests of justice.” Dep’t Legis. Servs., Fiscal and

Policy Note (Revised), Senate Bill 694, at 3 (2001 Session).1 Under the Statute, a convicted

person can “obtain DNA testing of evidence when either the DNA tests were not available

or not as sophisticated at the time the inmate was convicted.” Id. Thus, the Postconviction

DNA Testing Statute provides convicted persons a second bite of the postconviction apple.2

       The Statute also establishes separate procedures for these postconviction

proceedings. An individual convicted of a qualifying offense may file a petition for either

1
 http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2001rs/fnotes/bil_0004/sb0694.PDF
[https://perma.cc/5NT4-RE84].
2
  The General Assembly has amended the Postconviction DNA Testing Statute numerous
times since its enactment in 2001, including once during the course of proceedings in the
circuit court in this case. See 2015 Md. Laws, ch. 369. The 2015 amendments, which took
effect after the petition was filed but before the circuit court issued its decision, are not at
issue in this appeal. Therefore, all references to the Statute in this opinion are to the 2008
version, which took effect on January 1, 2009. See 2008 Md. Laws, ch. 337. For a detailed
discussion of previous amendments to the Statute, see Gregg v. State, 409 Md. 698, 708–
12 (2009).
“DNA testing of scientific identification evidence that the State possesses . . . that is related

to the judgment of conviction; or . . . a search by a law enforcement agency of a law

enforcement data base or log for the purpose of identifying the source of physical evidence

used for DNA testing.” CP § 8-201(b). If the circuit court denies the petition, the petitioner

can appeal directly to this Court. CP § 8-201(k)(6).

       Furthermore, the Statute imposes on the State a duty to preserve certain evidence

that might later be subject to DNA testing. See CP § 8-201(j). If the State fails to produce

evidence that it had a duty to preserve, then the petitioner is entitled to a hearing for “the

court to determine whether the failure to produce evidence was the result of intentional and

willful destruction.” CP § 8-201(j)(3)(i).

       In this case, the appellant, Thomas Clifford Wallace, filed a petition in the Circuit

Court for Washington County requesting a hearing under CP § 8-201(j)(3)(i) because the

State admitted that it had destroyed the requested evidence—a black t-shirt that Mr.

Wallace was wearing when he was arrested in 1997. The circuit court denied Mr.

Wallace’s petition, concluding that the black t-shirt did not constitute “scientific

identification evidence,” as defined by the Statute, and therefore the State did not have a

duty to preserve it. On appeal, Mr. Wallace challenges the denial of his petition, as well

as the circuit court’s decision not to appoint counsel to represent Mr. Wallace at the

proceedings on his petition. For the following reasons, we shall affirm the circuit court’s

judgment on both issues.

                                      BACKGROUND

A.     The Crime

                                               2
       Darrius Fetterhoff disappeared from Hagerstown, Maryland on August 20, 1997,

after driving his wife to work that morning. Five days later, on August 25, two men on a

raft on Conococheague Creek in Washington County saw a man lying in the rocks along

the creek bank. They called out to the man and told him they were going to get him help;

the man raised his right hand. Later that day, when police officers located the man, he was

unconscious but still alive. They identified the man as Mr. Fetterhoff. Three days later,

on August 28, he died in the hospital without regaining consciousness. The medical

examiner testified that the cause of death was multiple blunt force injuries to the head,

torso, and extremities, including a fractured skull and ribs. One can only speculate what

the five days lying injured in the rocks were like for Mr. Fetterhoff.

       During the investigation into Mr. Fetterhoff’s disappearance and murder, police

identified three key witnesses who later testified at Mr. Wallace’s trial. Keisha Russ

recounted that on the morning of August 20, she witnessed Clara Miller driving a car with

Mr. Wallace in the passenger seat and Mr. Fetterhoff in the back seat. Ms. Russ, who knew

all three occupants from previous encounters with them, described Ms. Miller as a white

female, Mr. Wallace as a black male, and Mr. Fetterhoff as a white male. Later in the day,

Ms. Russ saw Mr. Wallace and Ms. Miller at an apartment.3 By that time, Mr. Wallace

was shirtless and had a bloody rag wrapped around his hand.

3
 Ms. Miller also gave statements to the police implicating Mr. Wallace in Mr. Fetterhoff’s
murder, and the State charged her as a co-defendant in the case. She went missing in
September 1997, and was found dead in March 1998. Her murder remains unsolved.

                                              3
       Kim Stottlemeyer testified that, while driving on August 20, she was stopped by a

black male who asked if he could siphon some gasoline from her car. She described the

man as wearing a white t-shirt with red stains on it and later identified Mr. Wallace as the

man she encountered. She also stated that he was with a female passenger.

       Robert Kursey testified that, while driving on the same road as Ms. Stottlemeyer on

August 20, he saw a car in the middle of the road and a black male talking to someone

inside the car. The man approached Mr. Kursey and asked him for a ride into town. Mr.

Kursey drove the man and the woman who had been inside the car into town. He stated

that the man had a bloody white t-shirt wrapped around his hand, and later identified Mr.

Wallace as the man he encountered.

       Also on August 20, at 6:20 p.m., the Washington County Narcotics Task Force

arrested Mr. Wallace for drug charges, unrelated to Mr. Fetterhoff’s disappearance and

murder, and placed him in the Washington County Detention Center (“WCDC”). When

he was arrested, Mr. Wallace was wearing a black t-shirt and blue shorts. WCDC officials

inventoried and stored those items, along with other personal effects, at the time of Mr.

Wallace’s arrest.

B.     The Physical Evidence

       On August 30, 1997, after connecting Mr. Wallace to Mr. Fetterhoff’s death through

witness statements, Corporal Roy Harsh of the Washington County Sheriff’s Department

decided to review WCDC’s property record for Mr. Wallace. At that time, Corporal Harsh

took possession of all of Mr. Wallace’s property, including the black t-shirt and blue shorts

he had been wearing when he was arrested, and placed the items in the Washington County

                                             4
Sheriff’s Department’s property room. In his affidavit for a search and seizure warrant,

Corporal Harsh noted the following observations regarding Mr. Wallace’s clothes: “When

the tee shirt & dark blue shorts were packaged separately for storage, I observed hair

fibers on the shirt & unidentified stains on the shorts.” (Emphasis added.)

      Forensic chemist Jeffrey Kercheval of the Western Maryland Regional Crime

Laboratory examined Mr. Wallace’s property and found “no stains consistent with blood”

on the black t-shirt, but identified “stains consistent with blood” on the shorts. Mr.

Kercheval’s report made no mention of any hair fibers on any of the items. DNA testing

on the shorts later confirmed that the stains were in fact blood, and that it was Mr.

Fetterhoff’s blood. The black t-shirt was never tested for DNA.

      Investigators also recovered hair fibers from Mr. Fetterhoff’s car—the same car that

was seen by Ms. Stottlemeyer and Mr. Kursey on the morning Mr. Fetterhoff disappeared,

which police found abandoned near the site where they later recovered Mr. Fetterhoff.

Forensic scientist David Exline compared three of these hair fibers to known hair samples

submitted by Mr. Wallace. Mr. Exline concluded that the hair fibers from the car were

“Negroid in origin,” which he defined as originating from an individual in the African-

American population. He determined that two of the hair fibers “exhibited characteristics

that were unlike the known hair samples submitted from Mr. Wallace.” The third hair fiber

“exhibited some similarities but also some differences” to Mr. Wallace’s hair samples, so

Mr. Exline could not conclusively determine whether it originated from Mr. Wallace.

C.    The Trial, Direct Appeals, and First Postconviction Proceeding

                                            5
       On November 30, 2000, a jury in the Circuit Court for Washington County

convicted Mr. Wallace of first- and second-degree murder, first-degree assault, and the

unlawful taking of a motor vehicle. On March 8, 2001, the circuit court, Judge John H.

McDowell presiding, sentenced Mr. Wallace to life imprisonment without the possibility

of parole for first-degree murder, and to a concurrent five-year term of imprisonment for

the unlawful taking of a motor vehicle. The second-degree murder and first-degree assault

convictions merged into the first-degree murder conviction for sentencing purposes. Mr.

Wallace appealed his convictions to the Court of Special Appeals, which affirmed the

convictions on May 9, 2002, in an unreported opinion. Mr. Wallace petitioned this Court

for a writ of certiorari, which we granted on August 22, 2002. Wallace v. State, 370 Md.

268 (2002). We affirmed the judgment of the Court of Special Appeals on February 13,

2003. Wallace v. State, 373 Md. 69 (2003).

       Mr. Wallace filed his first Petition for Postconviction Relief on May 27, 2009. The

Circuit Court for Washington County, Judge Donald Beachley presiding, held a hearing on

the petition on May 26, 2011. Appointed counsel represented Mr. Wallace at the hearing.

On September 15, 2011, the circuit court granted Mr. Wallace’s petition in part, allowing

him to file an application for review of his sentence by a three-judge panel pursuant to

Maryland Rule 4-352. The circuit court denied Mr. Wallace’s petition with regard to all

other relief sought.4 Mr. Wallace filed an application for review of his sentence on

4
  Mr. Wallace’s first postconviction petition is not part of the record in this case. Thus,
this Court is unaware of what other relief Mr. Wallace requested in that petition.

                                             6
September 21, 2011. On November 1, 2011, a three-judge review panel declined to

increase, decrease, or otherwise modify Mr. Wallace’s sentence.

D.     The Postconviction DNA Petition

       On May 23, 2013, Mr. Wallace filed a Public Information Act Request with the

Office of the State’s Attorney for Washington County requesting the results of any testing

performed on the hair fibers from the black t-shirt he was wearing when he was arrested

on August 20, 1997. Assistant State’s Attorney Gina Cirincion, one of the prosecutors who

tried Mr. Wallace’s case, responded to the PIA Request in a letter dated March 11, 2014.

Ms. Cirincion stated that there was no reference in Mr. Wallace’s case file to any hair fibers

on the black t-shirt “other than the sentence included in the search warrant affidavits

prepared by [Corporal] Harsh. There is no other record, and no testing was ever done.”

Ms. Cirincion further stated that her co-counsel in Mr. Wallace’s case had no recollection

of any hairs being found on the black t-shirt, nor did the forensic chemist Mr. Kercheval

who processed all of the evidence in his case. Ms. Cirincion also revealed that the “actual

evidence,” i.e. the black t-shirt, “was destroyed on February 28, 2003, after the appellate

process was exhausted.”

       On April 29, 2014, Mr. Wallace filed a Petition for a Postconviction DNA Hearing

pursuant to CP § 8-201. In his petition, Mr. Wallace asserted that the hair fibers found on

the black t-shirt “would exonerate him,” but he was “prevented from presenting this

exculpatory evidence because it was destroyed,” without notification to either himself or

                                              7
his counsel as required by CP § 8-201(k)(1).5 Therefore, Mr. Wallace requested a hearing

pursuant to CP § 8-201(j)(3) “to determine whether the [State’s] failure to produce

evidence was the result of intentional and willful destruction.”

         The State answered Mr. Wallace’s petition on May 1, 2014, asserting that Mr.

Wallace was not entitled to a hearing under CP § 8-201(j)(3) because the black t-shirt did

not constitute “scientific identification evidence” as defined by the Statute. The State

admitted that the black t-shirt had been destroyed, but denied that it had a duty to preserve

the t-shirt under the Statute. The State asserted that “[t]here is no conceivable fashion in

which either the shirt or the alleged fibers could have produced ‘exculpatory or mitigating

evidence relevant to a claim of . . . wrongful conviction’” because the shirt was only

associated with Mr. Wallace, and not with the victim or the crime scene. (Ellipsis in

original) (quoting CP § 8-201(a)(5)(iii)). Mr. Wallace responded to the State’s answer on

May 14, 2014, and filed an amended petition on June 10, 2014.

E.       Hearings and Orders in the Circuit Court

5
    CP § 8-201(k)(1) provides,

         The State may dispose of scientific identification evidence before the
         expiration of the time period described in subsection (j) of this section if the
         State notifies the following persons:

                (i) the person who is incarcerated in connection with the case;

                (ii) any attorney of record for the person incarcerated; and

                (iii) the Office of Public Defender for the judicial district in which the
                judgment of conviction was entered.

                                                8
       The Circuit Court for Washington County, Judge Donald Beachley presiding, held

a hearing on the petition on December 4, 2014. During that hearing, the State again

asserted that a hearing to determine whether its destruction of the black t-shirt “was

intentional and willful” was unnecessary because the t-shirt did not satisfy the statutory

definition of “scientific identification evidence.” Furthermore, the State asserted that if the

court did decide to have a hearing, it would be required to appoint counsel for Mr. Wallace.

Mr. Wallace did not include a request for the appointment of counsel in either his petition

or his amended petition, nor in his response to the State’s answer. However, Mr. Wallace

did indicate a desire for appointed counsel during the December 4 hearing.

       On December 18, 2014, the circuit court issued a memorandum order in which it

concluded that a hearing was required “in the interest of justice” to determine whether the

black t-shirt satisfied the statutory definition of “scientific identification evidence.”

Furthermore, the circuit court disagreed with the State that it was required to appoint

counsel for Mr. Wallace. Instead, the court determined that under Maryland Rule 4-707(b)

and Fuster v. State, 437 Md. 653 (2014), the appointment of counsel for a hearing under

the Postconviction DNA Testing Statute is within the court’s discretion. The court then

declined to appoint counsel for Mr. Wallace, noting that he “ha[d] actually litigated a prior

petition for post conviction relief[,] and in consideration of the potential for success in the

present case.” Mr. Wallace subsequently filed a Petition for Appointment of Counsel on

August 27, 2015, which the circuit court denied on September 4, 2015.

       The circuit court held another hearing on May 4, 2016, during which the State and

Mr. Wallace debated whether the black t-shirt constituted “scientific identification

                                              9
evidence” under the Statute. Mr. Wallace indicated at the start of the hearing that he had

been attempting to obtain counsel, but was unsuccessful. He then indicated that he was

ready to proceed with the hearing and represent himself. During the hearing, Mr. Wallace

acknowledged that he did not obtain the black t-shirt until after the murder “allegedly”

occurred.

       On May 31, 2016, the circuit court issued a memorandum opinion and order denying

Mr. Wallace’s Petition for a Postconviction DNA Hearing. In its opinion, the court found

that Mr. Wallace had “utterly failed to show any connection between the black shirt he was

wearing on the evening of August 20 and the murder that occurred earlier that day.”

Therefore, the court concluded “that there is no reasonable probability that DNA testing of

the black t-shirt would have produced exculpatory or mitigating evidence.”

       Mr. Wallace noted an appeal of the circuit court’s order on June 27, 2016, which

was docketed by this Court on August 8, 2016. In his brief,6 Mr. Wallace presents the

following questions for this Court’s review:

       1.     Did the [circuit court] err when it concluded that there was no
              reasonable probability that DNA testing of the black T-shirt would
              have produced exculpatory or mitigating evidence?

       2.     Did the [circuit court] abuse its discretion by denying [Mr. Wallace’s]
              and the State’s request to appoint counsel for [Mr. Wallace]?

                                      DISCUSSION

A.     The State’s Duty to Preserve Scientific Identification Evidence

6
 This Court assigned an attorney to represent Mr. Wallace on a pro bono basis for purposes
of his appeal only.

                                               10
       Mr. Wallace argues that the circuit court erred in denying his Petition for a

Postconviction DNA Hearing because the State had a duty, under the Postconviction DNA

Testing Statute, to preserve the black t-shirt and accompanying hair fibers, but the State

admitted that it had in fact destroyed the t-shirt. The State responds that it did not have a

duty to preserve the t-shirt because it did not constitute “scientific identification evidence,”

as defined by the Statute. Therefore, the State concludes that the circuit court did not err

in denying Mr. Wallace’s petition for a hearing.

       The Postconviction DNA Testing Statute imposes a duty on the State to preserve

“scientific identification evidence”:

       (1) The State shall preserve scientific identification evidence that:

              (i) the State has reason to know contains DNA material; and

              (ii) is secured in connection with an offense described in subsection
              (b) of this section.

       (2) The State shall preserve scientific identification evidence described in
       paragraph (1) of this subsection for the time of the sentence, including any
       consecutive sentence imposed in connection with the offense.

       (3)    (i) If the State is unable to produce scientific identification evidence
              described in paragraph (1) of this subsection, the court shall hold a
              hearing to determine whether the failure to produce evidence was the
              result of intentional and willful destruction.

              (ii) If the court determines at a hearing under subparagraph (i) of this
              paragraph that the failure to produce evidence was the result of
              intentional and willful destruction, the court shall:

                      1. order a postconviction hearing to be conducted in
                      accordance with subparagraph (iii) of this paragraph; and

                      2. at the postconviction hearing infer that the results of the
                      postconviction DNA testing would have been favorable to the
                      petitioner.

                                              11
                                            ***

CP § 8-201(j). The Statute defines “scientific identification evidence” as evidence that

       (i) is related to an investigation or prosecution that resulted in a judgment of
       conviction;

       (ii) is in the actual or constructive possession of a law enforcement agency
       or agent of a law enforcement agency; and

       (iii) contains biological evidence from which DNA may be recovered that
       may produce exculpatory or mitigating evidence relevant to a claim of a
       convicted person of wrongful conviction or sentencing if subject to DNA
       testing.

CP § 8-201(a)(5). “Biological evidence,” in turn, “includes, but is not limited to, any blood,

hair, saliva, semen, epithelial cells, buccal cells, or other bodily substances from which

genetic marker groupings may be obtained.” CP § 8-201(a)(2).

       Mr. Wallace argues that the State had a duty to preserve the black t-shirt and

accompanying hair fibers because the State had reason to know the t-shirt contained DNA

material by virtue of Corporal Harsh’s mention of the hairs in his affidavit, and because

the t-shirt was secured in connection with the State’s investigation of Mr. Fetterhoff’s

murder. Because the State admitted to destroying the t-shirt, Mr. Wallace asserts that he

is entitled to a postconviction hearing at which the court must infer that the results of DNA

testing on the t-shirt would have been favorable to Mr. Wallace.

       The State responds that it did not have a duty to preserve the black t-shirt and

accompanying hair fibers because the t-shirt did not constitute “scientific identification

evidence.” Specifically, the State asserts that the t-shirt was not related to Mr. Fetterhoff’s

murder, see CP § 8-201(a)(5)(i), and that it did not “contain[] biological evidence from

which DNA may [have been] recovered that may [have] produce[d] exculpatory or
                                              12
mitigating evidence relevant to” Mr. Wallace’s claim of wrongful conviction.7 See CP §

8-201(a)(5)(iii). Additionally, the State argues that even if the black t-shirt did constitute

scientific identification evidence, the denial of Mr. Wallace’s petition was nonetheless

harmless because there is no “favorable result” that could have come from DNA testing on

the t-shirt. Finally, the State notes that the circuit court did not make a determination as to

whether the State’s failure to produce the t-shirt “was the result of intentional and willful

destruction.” See CP § 8-201(j)(3)(i). Therefore, the State contends that if this Court were

to hold that the circuit court’s decision was erroneous, and the error was not harmless, then

the appropriate relief for Mr. Wallace would be a remand for the circuit court to make that

determination.

       In deciding whether the black t-shirt constituted “scientific identification evidence”

as defined by the Postconviction DNA Testing Statute, “[w]e give due regard to the

[circuit] court’s role as fact-finder and will not set aside factual findings unless they are

clearly erroneous.” Phillips v. State, 451 Md. 180, 189 (2017) (quoting Bottini v. Dep’t of

Fin., 450 Md. 177, 187 (2016)). However, when the circuit court’s decision “involves an

interpretation and application of Maryland statutory and case law, our Court must

determine whether the [circuit] court’s conclusions are legally correct under a de novo

7
  The State does not dispute that the black t-shirt satisfied the condition of CP § 8-
201(a)(5)(ii), because it was “in the actual or constructive possession of a law enforcement
agency,” i.e. the Office of the State’s Attorney for Washington County, when it was
destroyed.

                                              13
standard of review.” Blickenstaff v. State, 393 Md. 680, 683 (2006) (quoting Gray v. State,

388 Md. 366, 375 (2005)).

       First, we reject the State’s contention that the black t-shirt and accompanying hair

fibers were not “related to an investigation or prosecution that resulted in a judgment of

conviction.” CP § 8-201(a)(5)(i). Although the black t-shirt was not introduced at Mr.

Wallace’s trial, it was mentioned in Corporal Harsh’s affidavit for a search and seizure

warrant, examined for blood stains by the forensic chemist, and held in the Washington

County Sheriff’s Department’s property room along with the other evidence. We hold that

these factors are sufficient to conclude that the black t-shirt was “related to [the]

investigation,” if not the prosecution, of Mr. Fetterhoff’s murder, which “resulted in a

judgment of conviction” for Mr. Wallace. See id.

       Next, we address whether the black t-shirt “contain[ed] biological evidence from

which DNA may [have been] recovered that may [have] produce[d] exculpatory or

mitigating evidence relevant to” Mr. Wallace’s claim of wrongful conviction. See CP § 8-

201(a)(5)(iii). In its memorandum opinion, the circuit court summarized the trial testimony

of Ms. Russ, Ms. Stottlemeyer, and Mr. Kursey. These witnesses all indicated that Mr.

Wallace was either wearing a white t-shirt with red stains on it, or was shirtless with a

bloody white t-shirt wrapped around his hand, on the morning of Mr. Fetterhoff’s murder.

The circuit court also recounted that Mr. Wallace was wearing the black t-shirt and blue

shorts when he was arrested later that evening for unrelated drug offenses. Finally, the

court noted that investigators did not find any blood stains on the black t-shirt.

                                             14
       The circuit court concluded “that there is no reasonable probability that DNA testing

of the black t-shirt would have produced exculpatory or mitigating evidence.” The court

found that Mr. Wallace had “utterly failed to show any connection between the black shirt

he was wearing on the evening of August 20 and the murder that occurred earlier that day.”

The court then reiterated that “there is no reasonable possibility [sic] that DNA testing of

the black shirt would produce exculpatory or mitigating evidence.” On this basis, the

circuit court denied Mr. Wallace’s Petition for a Postconviction DNA Hearing.

       It is apparent that the circuit court applied an incorrect legal standard in determining

whether the black t-shirt constituted “scientific identification evidence” under the

Postconviction DNA Testing Statute. The proper standard, as noted above, is whether the

t-shirt “contain[ed] biological evidence from which DNA may [have been] recovered that

may [have] produce[d] exculpatory or mitigating evidence relevant to a claim of a

convicted person of wrongful conviction or sentencing if subject to DNA testing.” CP §

8-201(a)(5)(iii). Instead, the circuit court utilized the standard that governs when the court

is required to order DNA testing on the requested evidence. On this distinct question, the

Postconviction DNA Testing Statute provides that

       a court shall order DNA testing if the court finds that:

              (i) a reasonable probability exists that the DNA testing has the
              scientific potential to produce exculpatory or mitigating evidence
              relevant to a claim of wrongful conviction or sentencing; and

              (ii) the requested DNA test employs a method of testing generally
              accepted within the relevant scientific community.

                                              15
CP § 8-201(d)(1). The circuit court quoted this provision of the Statute in its memorandum

opinion, and referenced this language in its conclusions by stating that there was “no

reasonable probability” and “no reasonable possibility” that DNA testing on the black t-

shirt would have produced exculpatory or mitigating evidence for Mr. Wallace.

       The threshold that a petitioner must satisfy in order to show that the State had a duty

to preserve certain evidence under the Postconviction DNA Testing Statute is lower than

the threshold that a petitioner must satisfy in order to be entitled to DNA testing on that

evidence.8 In other words, evidence that satisfies the “reasonable probability” standard of

subsection (d), and is therefore subject to DNA testing, is a subcategory of evidence that

satisfies the definition of “scientific identification evidence” in subsection (a), and is

8
  The Postconviction DNA Testing Statute contains yet another legal threshold that a
petitioner must satisfy in order to be entitled to a new trial. If the petitioner moves for a
new trial “on the grounds that the conviction was based on unreliable scientific evidence,”
then the court must determine whether “a substantial possibility exists that the petitioner
would not have been convicted without the evidence.” CP § 8-201(c) (emphasis added).
Similarly, “[i]f the results of the postconviction DNA testing are favorable to the
petitioner,” then the court must find “that a substantial possibility exists that the petitioner
would not have been convicted if the DNA testing results had been known or introduced
at trial,” before ordering a new trial. CP § 8-201(i)(2)(iii) (emphasis added).

Because this “substantial possibility” standard relates to whether the outcome of the
petitioner’s trial would have been different, it is a higher threshold than the “reasonable
probability” standard, which relates only to whether the DNA testing has the potential to
produce exculpatory or mitigating evidence, not what the effect of that evidence would
have been at trial. See Fuster, 437 Md. at 671 (affirming circuit court’s use of “substantial
possibility” standard on petitioner’s motion for new trial and use of “reasonable
probability” standard on petitioner’s request for DNA testing); Gregg, 409 Md. at 720 (In
petition for DNA testing, petitioner “was not required to show that the outcome of his case
necessarily would have been different, had the jury been presented with the evidence he
seeks to obtain through the requested DNA testing.”).

                                              16
therefore subject to the State’s duty of preservation. “Scientific identification evidence”

includes all evidence that “contains biological evidence from which DNA may be

recovered that may produce exculpatory or mitigating evidence relevant to a claim of a

convicted person of wrongful conviction or sentencing if subject to DNA testing.” CP §

8-201(a)(5)(iii) (emphases added). In contrast, for the petitioner to be entitled to DNA

testing of the evidence, there must exist a “reasonable probability . . . that the DNA testing

has the scientific potential to produce exculpatory or mitigating evidence relevant to a

claim of wrongful conviction or sentencing.” CP § 8-201(d)(1)(i) (emphasis added).

       While this Court has not yet defined the term “reasonable probability” in the context

of the Postconviction DNA Testing Statute, we thoroughly discussed the term and its

implications in the distinct context of demonstrating when a certain property “is a

reasonable probable source of lead exposure.” Rowhouses, Inc. v. Smith, 446 Md. 611, 654

(2016). In that context, we held that, “for purposes of causation in lead-based paint cases

at the summary judgment phase, a reasonable probability requires a showing that is less

than ‘more likely than not,’ but more than a mere ‘possibility.’” Id. at 655 (footnote

omitted). After examining various definitions for the term “reasonable probability,” we

concluded “that a ‘reasonable probability’ is a fair likelihood that something is true.” Id.

at 657. We then examined various definitions for the term “possibility,” and concluded

that this means “a mere chance that something might be true, as opposed to a fair likelihood

that something is true.” Id. at 658. Therefore, “[e]stablishing a possibility requires a lower

quantum of proof or evidence (the showing of a chance, not necessarily a fair likelihood)

                                             17
than establishing a reasonable probability. In that regard, a ‘reasonable probability’ is a

higher standard than a ‘possibility.’” Id. at 658–59.

       Thus, the relationship between the terms “possibility” and “reasonable probability”

mirrors the relationship between the two standards for establishing what constitutes

“scientific identification evidence” and what entitles a petitioner to DNA testing,

respectively. Specifically, establishing that certain evidence meets the statutory definition

of “scientific identification evidence” “requires a lower quantum of proof” than

establishing that the petitioner is entitled to DNA testing on that evidence. Therefore, we

deem it appropriate to employ the same definitions of these terms in the context of the

Postconviction DNA Testing Statute.

       Accordingly, we hold that the “may produce” language of CP § 8-201(a)(5)(iii) is

equivalent to a “mere possibility” or “chance.” In other words, “scientific identification

evidence” is evidence that “contains biological evidence from which DNA [could possibly

be] recovered that [could possibly produce] exculpatory or mitigating evidence relevant

to a claim of a convicted person of wrongful conviction or sentencing if subject to DNA

testing.” If there is any chance that the requested evidence could produce exculpatory or

mitigating evidence (and it satisfies the other statutory requirements), then it is scientific

identification evidence, which the State has a duty to preserve. Contrary to the language

used by the circuit court, this “chance” or “mere possibility” need not rise to the level of a

“reasonable probability” in order to establish that the State had a duty to preserve the

evidence at issue.

                                             18
       Applying the correct legal standard to the circuit court’s factual findings, we hold

that the black t-shirt did not constitute “scientific identification evidence,” as defined by

the Statute. While recognizing that the “may produce” standard is a lower threshold than

the “reasonable probability” standard employed by the circuit court, we nonetheless

conclude that there was no possibility, or chance, that DNA testing on the black t-shirt

could have produced exculpatory or mitigating evidence. This is because, as the circuit

court found, it was never alleged that Mr. Wallace was wearing the black t-shirt when the

murder occurred. Instead, multiple eyewitnesses stated that they saw Mr. Wallace on the

morning of the murder either wearing a white t-shirt or shirtless with a bloody white shirt

wrapped around his hand. At the hearing on his petition, Mr. Wallace acknowledged that

he did not obtain the black t-shirt until after the murder “allegedly” occurred.

       Mr. Wallace argued that DNA testing the hair fibers on the black t-shirt could have

shown those hairs to match the ones found in Mr. Fetterhoff’s abandoned car. While we

acknowledge that this result is a statistical possibility, however unlikely, we do not see how

such evidence, if it existed, could possibly qualify as “exculpatory or mitigating evidence

relevant to [Mr. Wallace’s] claim of wrongful conviction or sentencing.”             CP § 8-

201(a)(5)(iii). At best, this result could indicate that there was another individual with hair

“of Negroid origin” in Mr. Fetterhoff’s car at some unknown time, and that that individual

also came into contact with Mr. Wallace’s black t-shirt at some other unknown time.

Again, we are unable to see how this result could possibly qualify as “exculpatory or

mitigating evidence” for Mr. Wallace.

                                              19
        Therefore, we conclude that the black t-shirt and accompanying hair fibers did not

satisfy condition (iii) in the statutory definition of “scientific identification evidence.” See

CP § 8-201(a)(5). Because the t-shirt did not constitute “scientific identification evidence”

as defined by the Statute, the State did not have a duty to preserve it, and Mr. Wallace was

not entitled to a hearing to determine whether the State’s failure to produce the t-shirt “was

the result of intentional and willful destruction.” See CP § 8-201(j)(3)(i). Accordingly, we

affirm the circuit court’s denial of Mr. Wallace’s Petition for a Postconviction DNA

Hearing.

B.      The Circuit Court’s Denial of Appointed Counsel for Mr. Wallace

        Next, Mr. Wallace argues that the circuit court abused its discretion in declining to

appoint counsel to represent him at the postconviction hearing. Mr. Wallace recognizes

that under Fuster, there is no right to appointed counsel for purposes of a petition under

CP § 8-201. See Fuster, 437 Md. at 669. However, Mr. Wallace asserts that Fuster was

wrongly decided and should be overruled. The State responds that Mr. Wallace waived

this argument, and it is nonetheless without merit. Additionally, the State asserts that the

circuit court did not abuse its discretion in denying Mr. Wallace’s “post-hoc request for

appointment of counsel,” because it was reasonable for the court to deny the request in this

case.

        At the time when Mr. Wallace filed his petition and when the circuit court declined

to appoint him counsel (in response to both the State’s request and Mr. Wallace’s belated

request), Maryland Rule 4-707(b) provided,

                                              20
       If the court finds that a petitioner who has requested the appointment of
       counsel is indigent, the court shall appoint counsel within 30 days after the
       State has filed its answer unless (1) the court denies the petition as a matter
       of law or (2) counsel has already filed an appearance to represent the
       petitioner.

Md. Rule 4-707(b) (2009) (amended 2015) (emphasis added).9              Despite the use of

mandatory language (“shall”) in the Rule, this Court held in Fuster that there is never “any

circumstance under which a trial court must, or shall, appoint counsel for an indigent

petitioner for purposes of a petition under CP § 8-201.” 437 Md. at 669. Instead, we

reiterated “that the appointment of counsel for purposes of a petition under CP § 8-201 is

discretionary,” and “a trial court may appoint counsel to represent a petitioner when the

[trial] court believes [that] counsel would be necessary to further the interest of justice.”

Id. at 667, 668 (alterations in original) (internal quotation marks omitted) (citing Simms v.

State, 409 Md. 722, 726 n.5 (2009) (“Simms I”); Arey v. State, 400 Md. 491, 509 (2007)).

Accordingly, we held that we review the circuit “court’s decision as to whether to appoint

counsel for an indigent petitioner for purposes of a petition under CP § 8-201” for abuse

of discretion. Id. at 669.

       Furthermore, we determined in Fuster that appointment of counsel pursuant to the

Rule was premised upon the petitioner’s request for appointed counsel in the petition. Id.

at 670. Therefore, we held, “A trial court does not abuse its discretion in not choosing

whether to exercise the discretion to appoint counsel for a petitioner for purposes of a

9
 Maryland Rule 4-701 provides that the “Rules in this Chapter apply to proceedings filed
under Code, Criminal Procedure Article, § 8-201.”

                                             21
petition under CP § 8-201 where the petitioner does not request appointment of counsel in

the petition.” Id.

       Following our decision in Fuster, the Standing Committee on Rules of Practice and

Procedure amended Rule 4-707(b) to reflect our holding that the appointment of counsel

for purposes of a petition under CP § 8-201 is discretionary rather than mandatory, and this

Court adopted the amended Rule on December 7, 2015. Simms v. State, 445 Md. 163, 183

n.16 (2015) (“Simms II”). Effective January 1, 2016, the Rule now provides,

       If the court finds that a petitioner who has requested the appointment of
       counsel is indigent, the court may appoint counsel within 30 days after the
       State has filed its answer unless (1) the court denies the petition as a matter
       of law or (2) counsel has already filed an appearance to represent the
       petitioner.

Md. Rule 4-707(b) (2016) (emphasis added). Thus, both the Rule and our precedents make

it abundantly clear that an indigent petitioner under CP § 8-201 has no right to appointed

counsel. Instead, the decision whether to appoint counsel for purposes of a petition under

CP § 8-201 lies within the sound discretion of the circuit court, which must consider

whether the appointment of counsel is necessary to further the interest of justice. Fuster,

437 Md. at 668.

       Mr. Wallace does not dispute that this is the law. Instead, Mr. Wallace asserts that

the holding of Fuster is contrary to “the concept of fundamental fairness” because it will

often require “a generally uneducated person living in a penal institution” to “argue against

an educated and skilled prosecutor” on the complex and highly technical subject of DNA

in order to achieve his freedom. Therefore, Mr. Wallace urges this Court to overrule our

                                             22
holding in Fuster, and hold that indigent petitioners under CP § 8-201 are entitled to

appointed counsel.

       The State responds that Mr. Wallace waived this argument by failing to request

appointed counsel in his petition, and by telling the circuit court at the hearing that he was

prepared to proceed pro se. Furthermore, the State asserts that if the Court does consider

Mr. Wallace’s claim of error, there is no basis to overrule Fuster. The State contends that

a defendant is only entitled to postconviction DNA review by virtue of the Statute, and

therefore any entitlement to be represented by counsel at a postconviction DNA hearing

must also be statutory. Thus, the State concludes, unless the legislature amends CP § 8-

201 to provide a statutory right to counsel, there is no such right for postconviction DNA

hearings.

       We disagree with the State’s contention that Mr. Wallace waived his argument

regarding the correctness of our holding in Fuster. It is true that Mr. Wallace did not

request appointed counsel in his original petition or in his amended petition. Under Fuster,

Mr. Wallace’s failure to request counsel means that the circuit court was not required to

exercise its discretion to determine whether the appointment of counsel was necessary to

further the interest of justice. 437 Md. at 670. But this holding is precisely what Mr.

Wallace now challenges—whether the circuit court was required, by “the concept of

fundamental fairness,” to appoint him counsel despite his failure to request it. To hold that

Mr. Wallace waived this argument by failing to make the request would effectively affirm

our holding in Fuster—that the request is required to trigger the circuit court’s exercise of

discretion—without substantively examining the correctness of that holding. Moreover,

                                             23
we note that the petitioner in Fuster also did not request appointed counsel in his petition,

yet we did not deem this to be a waiver of his argument regarding the right to counsel.

       Additionally, we disagree with the State’s contention that Mr. Wallace waived this

argument by informing the circuit court at the hearing on May 4, 2016 that he was prepared

to proceed pro se. Mr. Wallace informed the court at the start of this hearing that he had

been attempting to secure counsel to represent him, but his efforts had been unsuccessful.

It is in this context that Mr. Wallace told the court that he was ready to proceed on his own.

This exchange makes clear that Mr. Wallace was still hoping to be represented by counsel

at the time of the hearing, and only agreed to represent himself when that became his only

option. Under these circumstances, and considering that Mr. Wallace did file a belated

request for appointed counsel after the circuit court ruled that he was not entitled to such

counsel, we hold that Mr. Wallace has not waived his argument regarding the right to be

represented by counsel for purposes of a petition under CP § 8-201.

       We turn now to Mr. Wallace’s argument that we should overrule our holding in

Fuster. “Under stare decisis, absent ‘extremely narrow’ exceptions, an appellate court

does not overrule its precedent.” Thompson v. UBS Fin. Servs., Inc., 443 Md. 47, 57 (2015)

(citing DRD Pool Serv., Inc. v. Freed, 416 Md. 46, 63 (2010)). “Stare decisis ‘promotes

the evenhanded, predictable, and consistent development of legal principles, fosters

reliance on judicial decisions, and contributes to the actual and perceived integrity of the

judicial process.’” Id. at 58 (quoting DRD Pool Serv., Inc., 416 Md. at 63). Still, this Court

has recognized two “extremely narrow” circumstances under which it would be appropriate

to overrule our own precedent. DRD Pool Serv., Inc., 416 Md. at 63–64. First, the “Court

                                             24
may strike down a decision that is, ‘clearly wrong and contrary to established principles.’”

Id. at 64 (quoting State v. Adams, 406 Md. 240, 259 (2008)). “Second, precedent may be

overruled when there is a showing that the precedent has been superseded by significant

changes in the law or facts.” Id.; see also Thompson, 443 Md. at 58 (“An appellate court

need not adhere to stare decisis where ‘changed conditions or increased knowledge’ have

rendered the appellate court’s precedent ‘unsound in the circumstances of modern life, a

vestige of the past, [and] no longer suitable to [the] people.’” (alterations in original)

(quoting DRD Pool Serv., Inc., 416 Md. at 64)).

       While Mr. Wallace does not specify which of these exceptions he claims to be

applicable to Fuster, we infer from his argument regarding “fundamental fairness” that Mr.

Wallace believes Fuster to be “clearly wrong and contrary to established principles.”

Regardless of his position, we hold that the second exception to stare decisis—“that the

precedent has been superseded by significant changes in the law or facts”—is inapplicable

here. Certainly, it cannot be said that Fuster, which we decided just three years ago, has

become “unsound in the circumstances of modern life, a vestige of the past, [or] no longer

suitable to [the] people.” DRD Pool Serv., Inc., 416 Md. at 64. Additionally, Mr. Wallace

does not point us to any “significant changes in the law or facts” that may have

“superseded” our holding in Fuster, see id., nor are we aware of any such significant

changes. To the contrary, we note that this Court has since reaffirmed our holding in

Fuster. See Simms II, 445 Md. at 183 (“Although [Rule 4-707(b)] uses the phrase ‘shall

appoint,’ this Court has held that a circuit court’s decision whether to appoint counsel is

discretionary.” (citing Fuster, 437 Md. at 664–69)). Thus, having eliminated the second

                                            25
exception to stare decisis, we must determine whether Fuster is “clearly wrong and

contrary to established principles,” such that it would be appropriate for us to overrule our

own precedent. See DRD Pool Serv., Inc., 416 Md. at 64.

       We first examined whether indigent petitioners have a right to appointed counsel

under CP § 8-201 in Blake v. State. There, we noted that “[t]here is no federal constitutional

right to counsel in a postconviction collateral attack on a criminal conviction,” nor is there

such a right under the Maryland Constitution. Blake, 395 Md. at 234–35. Therefore, we

determined that “[a]ny right to counsel . . . under the DNA testing statute must be found in

[CP] § 8-201.” Id. at 235. We then examined the Public Defender Act and the Uniform

Post Conviction Procedure Act, and held that neither one created “a statutory right to

appointed counsel for proceedings under [CP] § 8-201.” Id. at 237. We noted that the

Public Defender Act includes a provision requiring the appointment of counsel “in

postconviction proceedings ‘when the defendant has a right to counsel pursuant to Title 7

of the Criminal Procedure.’” Id. “The right to file a petition for postconviction DNA

testing, however, is granted by § 8-201(b), located in Title 8 of the Criminal Procedure

Article, not Title 7.” Id. Therefore, we concluded that there was neither a constitutional

nor a statutory right to appointed counsel under CP § 8-201. Id.

       We returned to this issue in Arey v. State, where we held that “[t]here is no right to

appointed counsel under [CP] § 8-201, either statutory or constitutional, to assist a person

in filing a petition under the [S]tatute or during the initial stages of the proceedings.” 400

Md. at 507 (citing Blake, 395 Md. at 234–38). We further explained “that under [CP] § 8-

201, a petitioner has no absolute statutory right to assistance from counsel unless and until

                                             26
the petitioner receives favorable DNA testing results, and has not opened a postconviction

hearing previously.” Id. at 508. However, we also noted “that although there is no

constitutional or statutory right to counsel at the time a petitioner files the petition for DNA

testing, a court has the inherent power to appoint counsel at any stage of proceedings under

[CP] § 8-201” when the appointment is necessary to further the interest of justice. Id. at

508–09.

       Later, in Simms I, we reiterated our holding from Arey:

               “There is no right to appointed counsel under [CP] § 8–201, either
       statutory or constitutional, to assist a person in filing a petition under the
       statute or during the initial stages of the proceedings.” Arey v. State, 400 Md.
       491, 507 (2007) (citing [CP] § 8–201(h)(2)). A court nevertheless “has the
       inherent power to appoint counsel at any stage of proceedings under [CP] §
       8–201.” Id. at 508. Consequently, the court may “appoint counsel to
       represent a petitioner when the court believes counsel would be necessary to
       further the interest of justice.” Id. at 509.

Simms I, 409 Md. at 726 n.5.

       Approximately one and a half months after issuing our decision in Simms I, this

Court adopted Rule 4-707(b) on September 10, 2009. A committee note to Rule 4-704(a),

adopted concurrently with Rule 4-707(b), indicated that the Court’s purpose in adopting

the Rule was to implement our holdings in Arey and Simms I:

       A petition filed by an unrepresented petitioner may be lacking in some of the
       details required by subsections (a)(2) and (a)(3) of this Rule. To justify an
       order requiring DNA testing or a search of law enforcement databases or
       logs, however, those details must be provided at some point. That may be
       achieved by the appointment of counsel under Rule 4-707 and an
       appropriate amendment to the petition.

(Emphasis added.) Based on the timing of the Rule, the committee note that accompanies

it, and our holdings in Arey and Simms I, we held in Fuster that “Rule 4-707(b) does not

                                              27
entitle an indigent petitioner to counsel for purposes of a petition under CP § 8-201; instead

a trial ‘court may “appoint counsel to represent a petitioner when the [trial] court believes

[that] counsel would be necessary to further the interest of justice.”’” 437 Md. at 668

(alterations in original) (quoting Simms I, 409 Md. at 726 n.5 (quoting Arey, 400 Md. at

509)).

         Thus, it is apparent that our decision in Fuster was premised upon our earlier

holdings in Arey and Simms I, which in turn drew upon Blake, where we first examined

whether there is a right to counsel for purposes of a petition under CP § 8-201. Based upon

our independent review of these earlier cases, and of our analysis of those cases and Rule

4-707(b) in Fuster, we conclude that Fuster is not “clearly wrong.”

         Nor do we believe that our holding in Fuster is “contrary to established principles.”

While we acknowledge the potential difficulties for indigent petitioners representing

themselves for purposes of a petition under CP § 8-201, we reiterate that the right to

postconviction DNA review is purely statutory, and therefore any right to appointed

counsel in those proceedings must also be statutory. See Blake, 395 Md. at 235 (“Any right

to counsel appellant may have under the DNA testing statute must be found in [CP] § 8-

201.”). Moreover, we note that Mr. Wallace’s argument—that being required to represent

himself against a skilled and trained prosecutor on the complex and highly technical subject

of DNA is contrary to “the concept of fundamental fairness”—is the same argument we

considered and rejected in Blake. See id. (“[Mr. Blake’s] sole argument is that as an

indigent, he is entitled to the appointment of counsel because of the scientific complexity

of DNA evidence analysis and that the legal procedures authorized by [CP] § 8-201 are too

                                              28
difficult for a layman to navigate successfully.”). Additionally, the circuit court retains the

discretion to appoint counsel for indigent petitioners when it believes the appointment is

necessary to further the interest of justice, which serves to alleviate some of these concerns

on a case-by-case basis.      “However appealing [these] arguments are from a policy

perspective, they are unavailing with respect to the issue of statutory construction before

us.” Id. at 237. As such, Mr. Wallace’s “remedy is with the Legislature, not with this

Court.” Id. at 238.

       We therefore conclude that neither of the two “extremely narrow” exceptions to

stare decisis applies to our holding in Fuster. Accordingly, we decline Mr. Wallace’s

invitation to overrule our own precedent. Instead, we hold that Fuster was correctly

decided and remains binding on this Court.

       Finally, we consider Mr. Wallace’s argument that the circuit court abused its

discretion in declining to appoint counsel to represent him at the hearing on his petition.

Beyond arguing that Fuster was wrongly decided and that every indigent petitioner is

entitled to appointed counsel at a hearing under CP § 8-201, Mr. Wallace does not explain

how the circuit court’s denial of his request constituted an abuse of discretion in this

particular case. The State asserts that the circuit court’s decision was not an abuse of

discretion because, “given the nature of [Mr.] Wallace’s claim, there is no possibility that

the appointment of counsel would have altered the outcome of the case, let alone that it

was in the ‘interests of justice’” to do so.

       Whether to appoint counsel for purposes of a petition under CP § 8-201 lies within

the sound discretion of the circuit court, which must consider whether the appointment of

                                               29
counsel is “necessary to further the interest of justice.” Fuster, 437 Md. at 668 (quoting

Simms I, 409 Md. at 726 n.5). Accordingly, we will not reverse the decision of the circuit

court unless it abused its discretion. Id. at 669.

              An abuse of discretion occurs where no reasonable person would take
       the view adopted by the trial court, or when the court acts without reference
       to any guiding principles or rules, or when the ruling under consideration is
       clearly against the logic and effect of facts and inferences before the court or
       when the ruling is violative of fact and logic. Generally, the standard is that
       absent a showing that a court acted in a harsh, unjust, capricious and arbitrary
       way, this Court will not find an abuse of discretion.

Md. Bd. of Physicians v. Geier, --- Md. ---, --- (2017) (brackets, internal quotation marks,

and citations omitted).

       Here, Mr. Wallace did not request appointed counsel in either his petition or his

amended petition, but the State indicated at the initial hearing on December 4, 2014 that

the court would be required to appoint counsel for Mr. Wallace for further proceedings.

Despite Mr. Wallace’s failure to formally request counsel at the appropriate time, the

circuit court nonetheless considered the State’s suggestion, and correctly determined that

the decision whether to appoint counsel for Mr. Wallace was within the court’s discretion.

The circuit court then concluded, based on the fact that Mr. Wallace had previously

litigated a postconviction proceeding—represented by counsel—and the court’s perception

of Mr. Wallace’s potential for success on his petition, that appointment of counsel was not

necessary to further the interest of justice. When Mr. Wallace subsequently submitted a

formal request for appointed counsel, the circuit court summarily denied it.

       The court did not act “without reference to any guiding principles or rules”; instead,

it appropriately considered whether appointed counsel was necessary to further the interest

                                              30
of justice. The circuit court’s conclusion is not unreasonable, nor “clearly against the logic

and effect of facts and inferences before the court,” nor “violative of fact and logic.”

Furthermore, the circuit court did not act “in a harsh, unjust, capricious, or arbitrary way.”

Instead, the court carefully considered the State’s suggestion for appointed counsel, even

though not required to do so by virtue of Mr. Wallace’s failure to request it in his petition.

Therefore, we hold that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in declining to appoint

counsel to represent Mr. Wallace for purposes of a petition under CP § 8-201.

                                      CONCLUSION

       The circuit court did not err in denying Mr. Wallace’s Petition for a Postconviction

DNA Hearing to determine whether the State’s failure to produce the black t-shirt “was the

result of intentional and willful destruction” under CP § 8-201(j)(3)(i). The black t-shirt

did not satisfy the statutory definition of “scientific identification evidence,” and therefore

the State did not have a duty to preserve it. Therefore, Mr. Wallace was not entitled to a

hearing under CP § 8-201(j)(3)(i). Additionally, we decline Mr. Wallace’s request to

overrule our holding in Fuster, and reaffirm that the appointment of counsel for purposes

of a petition under CP § 8-201 is discretionary, not mandatory. In this case, the circuit

court did not abuse its discretion in declining to appoint counsel for Mr. Wallace.

Therefore, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.

                                                        JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT
                                                        COURT FOR WASHINGTON
                                                        COUNTY AFFIRMED. COSTS
                                                        TO BE PAID BY APPELLANT.

                                              31