Court Opinion

ID: 4579064
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-10-21 16:04:30.441372+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:42:01.749813
License: Public Domain

FOURTH DIVISION
                               DILLARD, P. J.,
                           RICKMAN and BROWN, JJ.

                    NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                    physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                    days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                                http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

                                                                    October 13, 2020

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A20A1413. WARE et al. v. JACKSON et al.

      RICKMAN, Judge.

      The facts of this case are tragic. In 2014, DeMontae Tyrone Ware was

murdered by his cellmate in the Fulton County Jail, where he had been housed

following his arrest on misdemeanor offenses. After his murder, it was discovered

that DeMontae should have been released from the jail three months prior to his

death. Linda Michelle Ware (“Ware”), in her capacity as the surviving mother and

next of kin of DeMontae, and in her capacity as administratrix of his estate, filed a

wrongful death action against, among others, Theodore Jackson, the duly elected

Sheriff of Fulton County responsible for overseeing the jail and its personnel, as well

as Lachonda Johnson, a Fulton County Sheriff’s Office employee who worked in the

records department of the jail. The trial court granted summary judgment to both
Jackson and Johnson after concluding that they were protected by the doctrine of

qualified immunity and, further, that Ware’s claims premised on negligence failed as

a matter of law. Ware appeals, arguing that the grant of summary judgment should be

reversed. For the reasons explained herein, we affirm the trial court’s grant of

summary judgment in favor of Jackson based upon the protection of qualified

immunity; we reverse the trial court’s ruling that Johnson was also protected by

qualified immunity, but nevertheless affirm the court’s grant of summary judgment

in her favor on Ware’s claims premised upon negligence.

      On appeal from the grant of summary judgment, we conduct a de novo review

of the evidence and view the undisputed facts in the light most favorable to the

nonmoving party. See Smith v. Lott, 317 Ga. App. 37 (730 SE2d 663) (2012). So

construed, the record shows that in September 2013, DeMontae, who suffered from

mental illness,1 was arrested in Fulton County on misdemeanor charges and placed

in the Fulton County Jail. On June 12, 2014, a state court judge entered an order

consenting to the entry of nolle prosequi, effectively dismissing all of the charges

      1
          The complaint states that DeMontae suffered from untreated schizophrenia.

                                          2
against him and authorizing his immediate release (the “Nolle Prosequi Order”).2 For

reasons that are not clear from the record, the Nolle Prosequi Order was not sent to

and/or went unnoticed by the sheriff’s office at the time that it was issued.

Consequently, DeMontae was never released.3

      Almost a month later, the sheriff’s office received a telephone call about a

different inmate whose case had supposedly been dismissed and yet who had not been

released from the jail. Johnson, who worked as a civilian in the jail’s records

department, sent an email to a state court employee inquiring about the disposition

of that inmate’s case. In response, Johnson received, on July 10, a copy of the June

12 calendar, which confirmed that the inmate in question should have been released;

the calendar also included the dispositions of and corresponding orders on every other

case called on the June 12 calendar, including DeMontae’s. Johnson recognized that

the record had not been updated on the inmate about whom she inquired, but took no

      2
       A handwritten note on the Nolle Prosequi Order indicated that DeMontae was
determined to be incompetent to stand trial. He was purportedly unable to pay bond,
and he completed a diversion program while incarcerated.
      3
        DeMontae had been visiting Atlanta from Tennessee. Ware and her husband,
both of whom lived in Tennessee, were unaware that DeMontae had been arrested and
had been unsuccessful in trying to contact him or determine his whereabouts.

                                          3
notice or action as to the remaining inmates. Consequently, DeMontae continued to

linger in the jail.

       Nearly two months later, on the evening of September 6, 2014, a different

inmate, Bobby Wynn, physically assaulted his cellmate and was thereafter moved into

DeMontae’s cell. Ware alleges, and there is evidence to suggest, that the events

occurred just before a shift change and that one or more of the sheriff’s office policies

may have been violated as the detention officers and/or their supervisor responded

to the altercation, reassigned Wynn to DeMontae’s cell, and neglected to complete

the necessary paperwork to document the altercation and the cell change prior to the

conclusion of their shifts. Ware further alleges that the next shift of detention officers

was understaffed and that and those officers failed to complete the minimum number

of security rounds.

       Within a few hours of being moved, Wynn killed DeMontae.4 DeMontae was

discovered just before 3:00 a.m. on the floor of his cell by guards who were

distributing breakfast to the inmates. His hands were bound behind his back and a

rope fashioned out of cloth was tied tightly around his neck.

       4
           Wynn was subsequently charged with and convicted of DeMontae’s murder.

                                            4
      Ware sued Jackson and Johnson, among others, in their individual capacities,

asserting claims of negligence, negligence per se, wrongful death, and false

imprisonment, for their failure to keep an accurate record of DeMontae as mandated

by OCGA § 42-4-7 (a),5 and for their failure to release DeMontae within 24 hours of

receiving the Nolle Prosequi Order in accordance with the terms of a previously-

entered consent order in an unrelated class-action lawsuit.6 She also asserted a claim

against Jackson alleging his failure to adopt adequate policies and procedures, and

failure to train and supervise his employees. In addition to compensatory damages,

Ware sought to recover punitive damages and attorney fees.

      Ware filed a partial motion for summary judgment on the issue of liability

against Jackson and Johnson on her claims for negligence, negligence per se, and

      5
         OCGA § 42-4-7 (a) requires the sheriff to “keep a record of all persons
committed to the jail of the county of which he or she is sheriff. This record shall
contain the name of the person committed . . . the day of such person’s discharge,
under what order such person was discharged, and the court from which the order
issued. . . .”
      6
        The consent order at issue stemmed from a 2004 class action lawsuit that had
been filed by Frederick Harper, individually and behalf of all current and future
inmates of the Fulton County Jail, against, among others, then Fulton County Sheriff,
Myron Freeman, in the United States District Court For The Northern District of
Georgia (Civil Action No. l:04-cv-01416-MHS), alleging unconstitutional living and
security conditions at the jail.

                                          5
false imprisonment; Jackson and Johnson each filed a cross-motion for summary

judgment, seeking to dismiss all of the claims against them under the doctrine of

qualified immunity. The trial court denied Ware’s motion and granted Jackson’s and

Johnson’s motions, concluding that they were both protected by qualified immunity.

The trial court further reasoned that those of Ware’s claims premised upon negligence

failed regardless of immunity because the causal connection between the complained-

of conduct and DeMontae’s death was legally insufficient due to the intervening

criminal acts of Wynn. Ware appeals the grant of summary judgment to Jackson and

Johnson.7

      We begin our analysis by recognizing that the doctrine of qualified immunity,

which is also referred to as official immunity,8 “protects individual public agents from

personal liability for discretionary actions taken within the scope of their official

      7
          Ware does not challenge the trial court’s denial of her summary judgment
motion.
      8
        Although the terms “qualified immunity” and “official immunity” are used
interchangeably in Georgia case law, we have adopted the use of the “qualified
immunity” nomenclature to avoid confusion with the defense of sovereign immunity.
See Hill v. Jackson, 336 Ga. App. 679, 683 (1), n.3 (783 SE2d 719) (2016); Tattnall
County v. Armstrong, 333 Ga. App. 46, 52-53 (775 SE2d 573) (2015) (Barnes, J.,
concurring fully and specially), overruled on other grounds, Rivera v. Washington,
298 Ga. 770 (784 SE2d 775) (2016).

                                           6
authority, and done without wilfulness, malice, or corruption.” (Citation and

punctuation omitted.) McDowell v. Smith, 285 Ga. 592, 593 (678 SE2d 922) (2009);

see Ga. Const. Art. 1, § 2, ¶ IX (d); OCGA § 50-21-24 (2). “Under Georgia law, a

public officer or employee may be personally liable only for ministerial acts

negligently performed or acts performed with malice or an intent to injure.” (Citation

and punctuation omitted.) McDowell, 285 Ga. at 593; see Ga. Const. Art. 1, § 2, ¶ IX

(d). This protection extends to Jackson and his employees, including Johnson. See

generally Schmidt v. Adams, 211 Ga. App. 156, 156-157 (438 SE2d 659) (1993).

      There is no allegation nor evidence to suggest that either Jackson or Johnson

acted with malice or engaged in intentional misconduct. Consequently, the threshold

issue in this case is whether the actions or omissions forming the basis of Ware’s

claims against them were ministerial or discretionary in nature.

       “A ministerial act is commonly one that is simple, absolute, and definite,

arising under conditions admitted or proved to exist, and requiring merely the

execution of a specific duty.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Hicks v. McGee,

289 Ga. 573, 575 (1) (713 SE2d 841) (2011). In contrast, a discretionary act is one

that “calls for the exercise of personal deliberation and judgment, which in turn

                                          7
entails examining the facts, reaching reasoned conclusions, and acting on them in a

way not specifically directed.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Id. at 575-576 (1).

      Evidence sufficient to establish a ministerial duty may include “a written

policy, an unwritten policy, a supervisor’s specific directive, or a statute.” (Citation

and punctuation omitted.) Wyno v. Lowndes County, 305 Ga. 523, 527-528 (2) (824

SE2d 297) (2019); see Roper v. Greenway, 294 Ga. 112, 114-15 (751 SE2d 351)

(2013). Procedures or instructions purporting to create a ministerial act “must be so

clear, definite, and certain as merely to require the execution of a relatively simple,

specific duty.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Wyno, 305 Ga. 528 (2). Finally,

“[t]he determination of whether an action is [ministerial or discretionary] depends on

the character of the specific actions complained of, not the general nature of the job,

and is to be made on a case-by-case basis.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.)

McDowell, 285 Ga. at 594-595. The ultimate decision as to whether a public officer

or employee is entitled to qualified immunity is a question of law for the court to

decide. See Wyno, 305 Ga. at 527 (3).

      1. Ware argues that the trial court erred in holding that Jackson and Johnson

are protected by qualified immunity and in granting summary judgment on that basis.

We agree, in part.

                                           8
       Ware’s claims are premised upon allegations that DeMontae’s untimely death

was caused by Jackson’s and Johnson’s failure to perform ministerial duties,

including their failure to an keep an accurate record pursuant to OCGA § 42-4-7 (a),9

and their failure to release DeMontae within 24 hours of receiving the Nolle Prosequi

Order in accordance with the consent order. She further alleges that Jackson failed

to implement appropriate policies, practices, and procedures to eliminate preventable

violence in the jail and failed to properly train and supervise his employees. We will

address each appellee in turn.

       (a) As the duly elected Sheriff of Fulton County, Jackson oversaw nearly 1,000

employees who were responsible for general law enforcement, court security, and

maintenance and oversight of the jail. As authorized by law, Jackson delegated

       9
          Ware further relies upon OCGA §§ 15-13-1 (“All sheriffs, deputy sheriffs, .
. . jailers . . . and other officers of court shall be liable to all actions and disabilities
which they incur in respect of any matter or thing relating to or concerning their
respective offices.”); 15-16-10 (a) (8) (“ It is the duty of the sheriff . . . [t]o perform
such other duties as are or may be imposed by law or which necessarily appertain to
his or her office”); and 15-16-24 (3) (“Sheriffs are liable for the misconduct of their
jailers as they are liable for their deputies; and persons injured by a jailer have the
same option in bringing an action on the jailer’s bond that they have in bringing an
action on the deputy’s bond, provided that the sheriff shall not be liable for such
misconduct and no claim or cause of action against the sheriff for such misconduct
shall exist unless . . . [t]he sheriff failed to exercise ordinary care and diligence to
prevent the condition or act which proximately caused the injury complained of.”).

                                             9
operational oversight to a chief deputy who, in turn, oversaw a chief jailer who was

responsible for the operations of the jail and who oversaw a hierarchy of officers and

employees responsible for managing and operating the jail. See OCGA § 42-4-1 (a).

      The record is undisputed that Jackson had no personal contact with either

DeMontae or Wynn, nor did he play any direct role in maintaining DeMontae’s

records or procuring his release. Likewise, Jackson did not participate in the physical

or mental examinations or classifications of either inmate or in the determination of

Wynn’s cell assignment or reassignment. Thus, all of the claims against Jackson are

necessarily premised upon his decision to delegate authority related to the operation

and oversight of the jail to his employees.

      Any acts or decisions made by Jackson in this regard would clearly call upon

him to exercise personal deliberation and judgment based upon his experience and

expertise. As such, the acts are discretionary and fall withing the scope of Jackson’s

qualified immunity. See Hill, 336 Ga. App. at 691 (3) (affirming grant of summary

judgment to sheriff, in his personal capacity, who was not personally involved in the

day-to-day operations of inmate management, but fulfilled his statutory duties

through the establishment of contracts and policies); Harvey v. Nichols, 260 Ga. App.

187, 191-192 (1) (a) (581 SE2d 272) (2003) (holding that the sheriff, sued in his

                                          10
individual capacity, was protected by qualified immunity for allegations of negligence

based upon his failure to train jail employees and/or implement policies sufficient to

have prevented an inmate’s suicide), disapproved on other grounds by City of

Richmond Hill v. Maia, 301 Ga. 257 (800 SE2d 573) (2017); Carter v. Glenn, 249

Ga. App. 414, 416 (2) (548 SE2d 110) (2001) (“The operation of a police department,

including the degree of training and supervision to be provided its officers, is a

discretionary governmental function of the municipality as opposed to a ministerial,

proprietary, or administratively routine function.”) (citation and punctuation omitted);

see also Bontwell v. Department of Corrections, 226 Ga. App. 524, 527-528 (4) (a)

(486 SE2d 917) (1997). It follows that the trial court did not err in granting Jackson’s

motion for summary judgment.

      (b) Ware argues that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment to

Johnson on the basis of qualified immunity. On this point, we agree.

      Although the June 12 calendar that included the Nolle Prosequi Order was not

sent and/or received through the normal channels, the record is undisputed that

Johnson received a copy of both on July 10, 2014. The chief jailer and a deputy chief

jailer, two of the highest ranking members of the jail’s command staff, deposed that

their employees had been directed and trained that upon learning of a discrepancy

                                          11
between a court calendar and any specific inmate’s record, regardless of how or when

that information was obtained, the employee was required to process the calendar in

its entirety to ensure that the record on every inmate listed on the calendar had been

updated. The chief jailer stated that his employees, including Johnson, had no

discretion to deviate from that instruction, and that written policies and procedures

included step-by-step instructions detailing exactly how to process the calendar and

update the inmates’ records, thus initiating the process of those inmates who were to

be released.

      This evidence establishes that once Johnson obtained the June 12 calendar and

became aware of the discrepancy between the calendar and the record of the inmate

prompting her inquiry, she had a ministerial duty to process the calendar in its entirety

in order to ensure that every inmate’s record, including DeMontae’s, had been

updated. See Hill, 336 Ga. App. at 689-690 (2) (a) (ii) (holding jail employee had a

ministerial duty to copy information from a suicide watch order onto inmate’s

information card); McDowell, 285 Ga. at 593-994 (holding school receptionist had

a ministerial duty to check a student’s information card to confirm the authority of a

person attempting to retrieve a student for early release); see also Carter, 249 Ga.

App. at 416 (2) (“While the act of establishing a policy in the first place is

                                           12
discretionary, the acts of following established policies . . . are ministerial tasks.”).

The fact that Johnson failed to recognize her ministerial duty does not change the

nature of the duty itself. See Hicks, 289 Ga. at 575-577 (1) (holding that appellants’

failure to recognize a sentencing order as such, which in turn resulted in their failure

to timely notify the Department of Corrections of the order, did change the nature of

the duty from ministerial to discretionary). It follows that the trial court erred in

holding that Johnson was protected by qualified immunity and in granting her

summary judgment on this basis. See Hicks, 289 Ga. at 575-77 (1); McDowell, 285

Ga. at 593-954; Hill, 336 Ga. App. at 689-690 (2) (a) (ii).

      2. Ware further challenges the trial court’s holding that her claims against

Johnson premised upon negligence — namely negligence, negligence per se, and

wrongful death — failed because Wynn’s intervening criminal act broke the causal

connection between Johnson’s allegedly negligent conduct and DeMontae’s death.10

We find no error.

      10
         The trial court made no ruling on the merits of Ware’s claim for false
imprisonment pending against Johnson, and that claim is not at issue in this appeal
beyond our conclusion that Johnson is not entitled to its dismissal on the basis of
qualified immunity.

                                           13
      “It is well established that to recover for injuries caused by another’s

negligence, a plaintiff must show four elements: a duty, a breach of that duty,

causation and damages.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Goldstein, Garber &

Salama v. J. B., 300 Ga. 840, 841 (1) (797 SE2d 87) (2017). With respect to

causation, a plaintiff must prove that the defendant’s negligence was both the “cause

in fact” and the “proximate cause” of the injury. See Reed v. Carolina Cas. Ins. Co.,

327 Ga. App. 130, 132 (2) (762 SE2d 90) (2014). To show that a defendant’s conduct

was the cause in fact of a plaintiff’s injuries, the plaintiff ordinarily must prove that,

“but for this conduct, he [or she] would not have sustained the injury.” Strength v.

Lovett, 311 Ga. App. 35, 43-44 (1) (b) (714 SE2d 723) (2011). To show proximate

cause, on the other hand, “the question is not whether the defendant’s conduct caused

the injury, but whether the causal connection between the defendant’s conduct and

the injury resulting therefrom is too remote to be the basis of a recovery.” (Citation

and punctuation omitted.) Reed, 327 Ga. App. at 132 (2). “The requirement of

proximate cause constitutes a limit on legal liability; it is a policy decision that, for

a variety of reasons . . . the defendant’s conduct and the plaintiff’s injury are too

remote for the law to countenance recovery.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Id.

                                           14
      Generally speaking, “an intervening and independent wrongful act of a third

person producing the injury, and without which it would not have occurred, should

be treated as the proximate cause, insulating and excluding the negligence of the

defendant.” Goldstein, Garber & Salama, 300 Ga. at 841 (1). But in order for the

intervening act to become the sole proximate cause of a plaintiff’s injuries, it “must

not have been foreseeable by the defendant, must not have been triggered by the

defendant’s act, and must have been sufficient by itself to cause the injury.” (Citation

and punctuation omitted.) Zaldivar v. Prickett, 297 Ga. 589, 601 (2) (774 SE2d 688)

(2015). As further explained by our Supreme Court,

      if the character of the intervening act claimed to break the connection
      between the original wrongful act and the subsequent injury was such
      that its probable or natural consequences could reasonably have been
      anticipated, apprehended, or foreseen by the original wrong-doer, the
      causal connection is not broken, and the original wrong-doer is
      responsible for all of the consequences resulting from the intervening
      act.

(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Goldstein, Garber & Salama, 300 Ga. at 842 (1).

Thus, “a general rule of proximate cause is that a wrongdoer is not responsible for a

consequence which is merely possible, according to occasional experience, but only

for a consequence which is probable, according to ordinary and usual experience.”

                                          15
(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Id. Stated a different way, “[o]ne is not bound to

anticipate or foresee and provide against that which is unusual or that which is only

remotely and slightly probable.” (Citation and punctuation omitted; emphasis in

original.) Dowdell v. Wilhelm, 305 Ga. App. 102, 105 (699 SE2d 30) (2010).

      It is undisputed that Wynn’s criminal acts intervened between any breach of

duty by Johnson’s failure to process the June 12 court calendar and DeMonate’s

death, and that DeMontae’s death would not have occurred absent those criminal acts.

Thus, the relevant question before us is whether Wynn’s criminal act of murdering

DeMontae was a foreseeable consequence of Johnson’s alleged negligence in failing

to process the calendar and initiate the release process.

      Within this legal framework, we are constrained to conclude that DeMontae’s

death did not naturally flow out of Johnson’s alleged negligence such that she was

“bound to anticipate or foresee and provide against” it. Dowdell, 305 Ga. App. at 105.

The murder was simply too remote to be considered a probable or natural

consequence of her single act of failing to recognize that the court calendar had not

been processed and thereby failing to initiate his release. See id. (holding inmate’s

fatal shooting of bystander several hours after and six miles away from courthouse

was too remote to be a foreseeable consequence of sheriff’s deputies’ alleged

                                         16
negligence in allowing his escape); see also Goldstein, Garber & Salama, 300 Ga. at

841 (1) (holding nurse anaesthetist’s sexual assault of patient while under anesthesia

was not a foreseeable consequence of dental practice’s breach of duty to supervise);

Cope, v. Enterprise Rent-A-Car, 250 Ga. App. 648, 652 (2) (551 SE2d 841) (2001)

(holding assault of woman whose rental truck broke down due to rental company’s

failure to maintain it was “too remote to be foreseeable” ); Perkins v. Morgan County

School Dist., 222 Ga. App. 831, 837 (3) (476 SE2d 592) (1996) (holding school

defendants’ allegedly negligent conduct in allowing student’s early release “was, at

best, a remote cause” of the student’s subsequent murder).

      To be sure, Wynn would not have had to opportunity to murder DeMontae had

DeMontae been timely released from confinement. But our case law makes clear that

liability does not attach on the basis that one’s negligence “furnishe[s] only the

condition or occasion” for another to cause injury. See Cope, 250 Ga. App. at 652 (2)

(affirming summary judgment in favor of rental company for merely creating the

opportunity for the stranded driver’s assault); Perkins, 222 Ga. App. at 837 (3)

(affirming summary judgment for school defendants’ who “did nothing more than

give rise to the occasion” for the early-released student’s murder). For these reasons,

                                          17
we conclude that the trial court did not err by granting Johnson summary judgment

on Ware’s negligence-based claims.

      In summary, we affirm the grant of summary judgment to Jackson upon

concluding that he is protected by qualified immunity. We reverse the trial court’s

ruling that Johnson was entitled to qualified immunity, but affirm its grant of

summary judgment in her favor on the claims premised upon negligence.

      Judgment affirmed in part, reversed in part. Dillard, P. J., and Brown, J.,

concur.

                                        18