Court Opinion

ID: 2806299
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-06-08 19:03:14.023496+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:07:04.641647
License: Public Domain

Filed 5/29/15 Certified for publication 6/8/15 (Order attached)

           IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                  THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                 (Sacramento)
                                                        ----

CITY OF BRENTWOOD,                                                        C076343

                  Plaintiff and Appellant,                         (Super. Ct. No. 34-2013-
                                                                  80001568-CU-WM-GDS)
         v.

ROBERT R. CAMPBELL, as Auditor-Controller,
etc.,

                  Defendant;

MICHAEL COHEN, as Director, etc.,

                 Real Party in Interest and Respondent.

         This appeal represents the latest fallout in this court1 of the shake-up in the status
quo from the “Great Dissolution” legislation enacted in 2011 (and amended in 2012) that
abolished the nearly 400 redevelopment agencies in California for reasons of financial

1 This is by virtue of the Legislature’s designation of Sacramento County Superior Court
as the venue for “any action contesting the validity” of this legislation. (Health & Saf.
Code, § 34168, subd. (a); undesignated statutory references will be to this code.)

                                                         1
exigencies. (See City of Pasadena v. Cohen (2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 1461, 1462 & fn. 2
(Pasadena).) Plaintiff City of Brentwood (Brentwood) filed this petition, in its own right
and as the “successor agency” (§§ 34171, subd. (j), 34173) to its former redevelopment
agency,2 for a writ of mandate to dispute administrative rulings of real party in interest
Department of Finance (the Department).3 The Department, in reviewing an audit,
determined that “tax increment” distributions4 the Brentwood redevelopment agency had
made to Brentwood before the redevelopment agency’s dissolution in February 2012,
which were pursuant to five agreements executed after January 2011 between Brentwood
and its redevelopment agency for various redevelopment projects, were agreements
specifically excluded from the definition of “enforceable obligations” (§ 34171, subd.
(d)) of a former redevelopment agency. As a result, the Department directed Brentwood
to retransfer these amounts to the trust fund that benefits the “taxing entities” (§ 34171,
subd. (k)), which, after successor agencies have satisfied former redevelopment agency
obligations, are now entitled to distribution of the tax increment under the Great

2 A successor agency is essentially a caretaker empowered only to complete ongoing
work pursuant to the former redevelopment agency’s enforceable obligations “but
without any legal authority to participate [otherwise] in redevelopment activities.”
(§ 34173, subd. (g).)
3 The original title in the trial court was both redundant and inaccurate. It named both
the Department and its director (Michael Cohen, in his official capacity) as defendants,
even though only the latter is necessary (Stockton v. Department of Employment (1944)
25 Cal.2d 264, 273), and omitted Robert R. Campbell (in his official capacity as Auditor-
Controller of Contra Costa County), who had been named in the petition as “real party in
interest” (even though he is a neutral stakeholder who disclaimed any interest in the
outcome of the litigation (§ 34182, subd. (c) [auditor-controllers are administrators of
tax-increment trust funds]). We have corrected the appellate caption to read as it does at
present.
4 These are property tax revenues attributable to the increase in value of real property in
a redevelopment project, to which redevelopment agencies had previously been entitled.
(California Redevelopment Assn. v. Matosantos (2011) 53 Cal.4th 231, 246-247
(Matosantos).)

                                              2
Dissolution (§ 34183, subd. (a)(4)) in lieu of the former redevelopment agency. The
Department also rejected the inclusion of payments for these projects as enforceable
obligations of the Brentwood redevelopment agency in the “Recognized Obligation
Payment Schedule” (ROPS) for payments due in July to December 2013 (ROPS IV) that
Brentwood had filed as the successor agency. (§§ 34171, subd. (h), 34179, subd. (h)).
The trial court denied the petition in April 2014; Brentwood timely appealed.

       On appeal, Brentwood contends article XIII, section 25.5, subdivision (a)(7)(A) of
the California Constitution5 precludes the Legislature from retroactively excluding the
five agreements at issue from the definition of enforceable agreements. Alternately, it
claims that the Legislature did not intend to include these types of agreements in the
exclusion, or that the agreements come within an exception to the exclusion for transfers
of money in exchange for goods and services. Finally, it argues that the disapproval of
the inclusion of payments under these agreements from ROPS IV violates the contractual
rights of third party beneficiaries of the agreements, and the Department should also be
estopped from disapproving them because previous inclusions of these agreements in an
ROPS was not a subject of challenge.6 We shall affirm the judgment.

                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       This case turns on the legal issue of statutory interpretation. Consequently, even
though the parties have supplied an exhaustive record of the nature of the projects that

5 All further references to articles are to the California Constitution.

6 We have allowed a number of amici curiae to file briefs. While some of the briefing
provides food for thought, ultimately we are not persuaded that we should allow the
expansion of the issues beyond those as the parties have framed them. (Matosantos,
supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 242, fn. 2; Rieger v. Arnold (2002) 104 Cal.App.4th 451, 461.)

                                              3
underlie the challenged administrative determinations and the path the dispute has taken
on the way to the courthouse,7 the specific underlying facts are mostly immaterial.

       Brentwood is the “[s]ponsoring entity” of its former redevelopment agency.
(§ 34171, subd. (n).) It established the redevelopment agency in August 1981,
designating its city council as the governing board.

       The Brentwood redevelopment agency had identified five projects as part of its
five-year plan for downtown revitalization as early as 2008. We will take Brentwood at
its word (without parsing through the hundreds of pages it cites in the administrative
record) that numerous city and redevelopment agency resolutions and budgets between
2008 and 2010 establish that the two entities were “working cooperatively regarding
the[se] . . . improvements,” including the identification (inter alia) of tax increment as a
primary funding source of these projects. Brentwood represents that it received over $8.2
million in “satisfaction of [these] funding commitments” from its former redevelopment
agency before 2011 (which are not in issue in this appeal).

       However, it was not until February and March 2011 that Brentwood and its
redevelopment agency entered into public improvement agreements (PIA’s) for each of
the five projects to “implement” the cooperation. These obligated the redevelopment
agency to reimburse Brentwood for the costs the latter incurred in the course of planning
and administering the construction of the improvements included in each of the projects,
as was the common prior practice. (See § 33445.) The latter two agreements, executed
in March 2011, identified the January 2011 gubernatorial announcement of an intent to
eliminate redevelopment agencies (Matosantos, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 250) as an
impetus for the execution of the PIA’s. The total funding obligation to Brentwood was

7 This included what Brentwood terms an “administrative record,” which is in fact an
exhibit it submitted to the trial court containing a collection of documents it believed
were relevant to the dispute.

                                              4
about $34.5 million. The February 2011 PIA’s were amended to restructure the payment
schedule. Beginning in March 2011 and ending on the last day of its existence in January
2012, the Brentwood redevelopment agency made payments to its sponsoring entity of
about $15.5 million in cash (and over $4 million in bond proceeds not at issue in this
case).8

          On June 28, 2011, the Legislature enacted the Great Dissolution as an urgency
measure effective immediately. (Assem. Bill No. 26 (2011-2012 1st Ex. Sess.) enacted
as Stats. 2011, 1st Ex. Sess. 2011-2012, ch. 5 (hereafter chapter 5X).) It barred
redevelopment agencies from incurring any further obligations as of that date—the
“freeze” component—and established procedures (eff. Oct. 1, 2011) that dissolved all
redevelopment agencies and wound up their outstanding obligations—the dissolution
component. (Matosantos, supra, 53 Cal.4th at pp. 250-251; Pasadena, supra,
228 Cal.App.4th at p. 1463.) During the freeze, redevelopment agencies were authorized
to continue distributing tax increment pursuant to enforceable obligations, the definition
of which included “sponsor agreements” between a former redevelopment agency and its
sponsor agency. (§§ 34167, subd. (d), 34169, subd. (a)). Postdissolution, however, the
definition of “enforceable obligations” entitled to tax increment from the successor
agencies excluded all sponsor agreements. (§§ 34171, subd. (d)(2), 34177, subd. (a).)9

8 The dates of these payments were March, June, and August 2011, and January 30-31,
2012. However, the amounts of each payment are not clear from the record.
9 Section 34171, subdivision (d)(2) provides: “For purposes of this part, ‘enforceable
obligation’ does not include any agreements, contracts, or arrangements between the city,
county, or city and county that created the redevelopment agency and the former
redevelopment agency. However, written agreements entered into (A) at the time of
issuance, but in no event later than December 31, 2010, of indebtedness obligations, and
(B) solely for the purpose of securing or repaying those indebtedness obligations may be
deemed enforceable obligations for purposes of this part. Notwithstanding this
paragraph, loan agreements entered into between the redevelopment agency and the city,

                                              5
       Matosantos ultimately rejected constitutional challenges to chapter 5X.10
(Matosantos, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 242.) Because the Supreme Court had issued a stay
of the dissolution and windup procedures in chapter 5X, Matosantos judicially reformed
various deadlines, in particular the designation of February 1, 2012, as the new operative
date for dissolution. (Matosantos, at pp. 274-275.)

       As part of a 2012 enactment that amended the Great Dissolution legislation
effective June 27, 2012, section 34179.5 imposed a new audit responsibility on successor
agencies as part of their duty to account for unobligated tax increment revenues available
for transfer to taxing entities. (See Assem. Bill No. 1484 (2011-2012 Reg. Sess.) adding
Stats. 2012, ch. 26, §§ 17, 40 (hereafter chapter 26).) Pursuant to the statute, successor
agencies were required to engage in an audit of former redevelopment agency accounts as
part of a “due diligence review.” (§ 34179.5, subd. (a).) This review, as is pertinent to
this appeal, was to identify “The dollar value of any cash . . . transferred after January 1,
2011, through June 30, 2012, by the redevelopment agency or the successor agency to [a
sponsoring entity] and the purpose of each transfer.” (Id., subd. (c)(2), italics added.)
Under section 34179.6, the successor agency was to submit the results of this audit to the
oversight board11 by December 2012 for the latter’s approval by January 2013. The

county, or city and county that created it, within two years of the date of creation of the
redevelopment agency, may be deemed to be enforceable obligations.”
10 A companion measure would have allowed redevelopment agencies to continue in
operation if the sponsoring entities “paid to play” with disbursements into funds for the
benefit of the taxing entities. (Assem. Bill No. 27 (2011-2012 1st Ex. Sess.) enacted as
Stats. 2011, 1st Ex. Sess. 2011-2012, ch. 6 (hereafter chapter 6X); Matosantos, supra,
53 Cal.4th at p. 241.) The court determined this would be unconstitutional interference
with the operations of ongoing redevelopment agencies. (Matosantos, at p. 242.)
11 An oversight board has supervisory power over successor agencies. It is composed
primarily of the representatives of the taxing entities, to which it owes fiduciary duties.
(§§ 34171, subd. (f), 34179, subds. (a) & (i).)

                                              6
Department thereafter had the authority to adjust any amounts included in the review by
April 2013. Upon this determination, the successor agencies had the duty to transmit the
funds subject to recovery to the county auditor-controllers (including a diligent effort to
recover funds actually transferred without an enforceable obligation to a sponsoring
entity) for the latter to disburse to taxing entities. Section 34179.6 also specified
remedies for the failure to remit identified funds. (Id., subd. (h).)

       Brentwood, as successor agency, engaged the services of an approved auditor to
conduct the required review, which concluded in December 2012 that the payments to
Brentwood for the five projects were all pursuant to enforceable obligations executed in
February and March 2011. The oversight board adopted the review and submitted it to
the Department in February 2013. The Department concluded the PIA’s were not
enforceable obligations because they were sponsor agreements that were excluded from
the definition. (§ 34171, subd. (d)(2).) After a meet-and-confer session, the Department
reaffirmed its determination in May 2013.

       Meanwhile, Brentwood had included these redevelopment projects as enforceable
obligations in three previous ROPS’s with the approval of its oversight board and without
any question from the Department, although it was not until ROPS III that Brentwood
identified an actual payment due from the tax-increment trust fund for any of them. For
the previous three ROPS’s, the Department issued its approvals (with exceptions not
pertinent to this appeal), noting however that “An item included on a future ROPS may
be denied even if it was not questioned from the preceding ROPS.” After its review of
ROPS IV, the Department asserted that payments listed for two of the projects were
pursuant to invalid sponsor agreements and it disapproved their inclusion on that basis in
ROPS IV. The Department reaffirmed its determination after a meet-and-confer session.
The present action followed in July 2013, when Brentwood filed its writ of mandate to
dispute the Department’s administrative actions.

                                              7
       In a lengthy and well-reasoned statement of decision, the trial court denied the
petition. (That we do not quote from it directly does not detract from the invaluable
assistance it has provided in framing the pertinent facts and issues.) It concluded there
were not any constitutional impediments to retroactive invalidation of sponsor
agreements in the 2012 enactment of the auditing process (which was the unmistakable
legislative intent, and which Brentwood conceded was otherwise within the Legislature’s
power). It further concluded the payments to Brentwood did not come within an
exception for goods and services, because the successor agency did not itself receive any
goods or services in exchange for these payments; they were reimbursement for goods
and services for which Brentwood had paid third parties. As for the disapproval of the
items in ROPS IV, the court rejected an argument that the rights of third party
beneficiaries (the contractors for the projects) were impaired, because the agreements (or
any other extrinsic evidence) failed to establish an intent to execute the agreements for
the benefit of the third parties, or provide any evidence to support a claim that contractors
relied on the promised funding. The court also refused to apply estoppel against the
Department. (The court additionally rejected three other arguments that Brentwood does
not renew on appeal.)

                                      DISCUSSION

1.0    The Legislature May Constitutionally Invalidate Predissolution Sponsor
       Agreements Retroactively After Having Abolished Redevelopment
       1.1    Matosantos and Chapters 5X and 6X
       Before we delve into Brentwood’s argument, we must perforce provide a brief
digest of the holding in Matosantos, supra, 53 Cal.4th 231. As noted above, at issue was
the constitutionality of the freeze and dissolution components of chapter 5X (div. 24, pts.
1.8 & 1.85 of the Health & Saf. Code), and the pay-to-play provisions of chapter 6X (div.
24, pt. 1.9 of the Health & Saf. Code).

                                              8
       Being “political subdivisions of the state,” and “creatures” of statutory genesis
(Matosantos, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 256), redevelopment agencies are subject to the
principle that “the legislative power to make new laws [embraces] the power to abrogate
existing ones. What the Legislature has enacted, it may repeal.” (Id. at p. 255.) Thus,
“barring some specific constitutional obstacle,” redevelopment agencies can exercise
only the authority that the state confers upon them and can be dissolved. (Ibid.) This
legislative plenary power is not constrained under the constitutional provision expressly
authorizing the funding of redevelopment agencies with property tax increment if the
Legislature chooses so to fund them (id. at pp. 256-258); “the Legislature may extend that
authorization . . . [and] it may limit or withdraw that authorization . . . without violating
article XVI, section 16.” (Matosantos, at p. 258.) The addition of article XIII, section
25.5, subdivision (a)(7)(A), to prohibit legislative redirection of tax increment, also did
not constrain plenary legislative power over the existence of redevelopment agencies:
“[A]lteration of a local government entity from a statutory creation existing only at the
pleasure of the [Legislature] to a constitutional creation with life and powers of
independent origin and standing . . . would represent a profound change in the structure
of state government,” and it “would be unusual in the extreme for the people . . . to adopt
such a fundamental change only by way of implication . . . .” (Matosantos, supra, at
p. 260.) As a result, “we [do not] discern [any] constitutional impediment to the
Legislature’s electing to dissolve the state’s redevelopment agencies under part 1.85 of
division 24 of the Health and Safety Code.” (Matosantos, at p. 262.)

       As for the freeze on further activity, “The power to abolish an entity necessarily
encompasses the incidental power to declare its ending point”; consequently, if article
XIII, section 25.5, subdivision (a)(7)(A) was not intended to restrict the power to
abrogate redevelopment agencies, it did not intend to restrict the “ability to decide when
redevelopment agencies could cease to exist as legal entities or at what point, as part of

                                               9
winding up and dissolving, they would be relieved of the ability to make new binding
commitments and engage in new business.” (Matosantos, supra, 53 Cal.4th at pp. 262-
263, italics added.) The article XIII provision “is best read as limiting the Legislature’s
powers during the operation, rather than the dissolution, of redevelopment agencies.”
(Matosantos, at p. 263, italics added.) The freeze thus “exercises the Legislature’s
constitutional power to authorize . . . tax increment revenue . . . , or to withdraw that
authorization from, redevelopment agencies.” (Matosantos, at p. 263.) For this reason,
the article XIII provision “does not invalidate the freeze portions of [division 24, part 1.8
of the Health and Safety Code] as they apply to dissolving redevelopment agencies.”
(Matosantos, at p. 264.)

       On the other hand, the Legislature could not condition the continued existence of
redevelopment agencies on compliance with legislative redirection of their tax increment
in division 24, part 1.9 of the Health and Safety Code. This is contrary to the
unambiguous text of the article XIII provision and the historical context of its enactment.
(Matosantos, supra, 53 Cal.4th at pp. 264-267.)
       1.2    Matosantos and Chapter 26
       Seizing upon the language in Matosantos that the Constitution prohibits
redirection of tax increment during the operation of redevelopment agencies, Brentwood
argues that until the redevelopment agencies closed their doors on February 1, 2012, the
Legislature did not have the power constitutionally to redirect tax increment already
allocated to a redevelopment agency by retroactively invalidating all sponsor agreements
executed after January 1, 2011, and reclaiming the payments made to the sponsor agency
pursuant to them.12 However, “the interpretive principle of ratio decidendi requires that

12 Brentwood concedes that neither redevelopment agencies nor their sponsors have any
vested contractual rights otherwise protected against abrogation. (E.g., Mallon v. City of
Long Beach (1955) 44 Cal.2d 199, 209.) Its sole challenge to the retroactive invalidation

                                              10
we view the scope of a holding through the lens of the underlying facts.” (DeVore v.
Department of California Highway Patrol (2013) 221 Cal.App.4th 454, 461 (DeVore).)
The “factual” context of Matosantos’s constitutional analysis involved drawing a
distinction between the freeze and dissolution of redevelopment agencies or their
continued open-ended operations subject to distribution of tax increment in legislatively
directed fashion. The language on which Brentwood relies was not expressed in a
context of considering the scope of legislative power over redevelopment agencies that
are instead marked for dissolution.

       Furthermore, the distinction in the definition of enforceable agreements at the time
of the Matosantos ruling (which includes sponsor agreements during the freeze period but
excludes them after dissolution) did not play any express or necessarily implied part in
Matosantos’s analysis of the freeze component, and thus hardly represents “the
constitutional compromise that saved [chapter 5X] from invalidation,” as Brentwood
argues. As for Matosantos’s reaffirmation of the “conditional” right of redevelopment
agencies to tax increment to the extent of existing indebtedness (Matosantos, supra,
53 Cal.4th at p. 264), this principle does not inform the analysis of whether the
Legislature was entitled to reduce the amount of legitimate indebtedness in the first place
through the abrogation of sponsor agreements.

       We also do not find persuasive the Department’s assertion that Matosantos
“affirmed” a somewhat analogous power of the state Controller to invalidate asset
transfers retroactively that both occurred after January 1, 2011, and were not a result of a
legitimate contractual obligation. (§ 34167.5.) Simply because this provision is part of
chapter 5X does not mean Matosantos gave its imprimatur to a procedure that it neither
expressly nor necessarily considered. (DeVore, supra, 221 Cal.App.4th at p. 461.)

of sponsor agreements rests on the article XIII provision as interpreted in Matosantos,
supra, 53 Cal.4th 231.

                                             11
       This leaves us to prognosticate the side of the constitutional divide on which our
Supreme Court would place the present exercise of legislative power. The “End of
Redevelopment As We Knew It” (ERAWKI) took place on October 1, 2011 (though
because Matosantos invalidated the lifeline that the Legislature had proposed, it gave the
condemned agencies until February 1, 2012, as a matter of judicial reformation, to get
their affairs in order). The 2012 audit process represents a legislative rethinking in light
of the resulting scurry on the part of sponsors and their conjoined redevelopment
agencies in response to the announced intention in January 2011 to overturn their
lucrative apple cart.13 Matosantos held plainly that the power to abolish encompassed
the power to designate the points at which redevelopment agencies ceased to exist as
legal entities and would cease to have the power to make new binding commitments. If
in retrospect the facts on the ground demonstrated to the Legislature the need to have
abrogated the authority to enter into sponsor agreements from the moment that ERAWKI
was foretold, rather than October 2011 (or Matosantos’s further extension of the window
until February 2012) because redevelopment agencies and sponsors would make the
unanticipated choice to commit hara-kiri through a challenge to chapter 6X’s lifeline (and
thus frantically sought to lock up tax increment revenues before ERAWKI), this
retroactive invalidation would appear to come within the Legislature’s plenary authority
to dictate the manner in which redevelopment agencies come to their end.14

13 The share of property taxes statewide dedicated to redevelopment rose from 2 percent
in 1977 to 12 percent in 2008. (Legis. Analyst’s Off., The 2012-[20]13 Budget:
Unwinding Redevelopment (Feb. 17, 2012) p. 6 (hereafter Unwinding Redevelopment).)
The trial court took judicial notice of this report. (Kaufman & Broad Communities, Inc.
v. Performance Plastering, Inc. (2005) 133 Cal.App.4th 26, 32 [such reports proper
subject of judicial notice in connection with legislative intent].) Since it was already part
of the record, we have denied as unnecessary Brentwood’s request to take judicial notice
of it.
14 As the Legislative Analyst noted, “During the legislative debate over redevelopment,
many [redevelopment agencies] took actions to transfer or encumber assets and future tax

                                             12
       Thus, the situation is not as Brentwood would characterize it: The Legislature is
not attempting to impose a redistribution of tax increment on redevelopment agencies that
had open-ended operations. Had the Legislature been willing to “[c]ry ‘Havoc,’ and let
slip the dogs of war” (Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, act III, scene 1, line 1501), it could
have immediately dissolved redevelopment agencies without a freeze period (as chaotic
as that would have been) in response to the original proposal from the Governor, which
missed the necessary two-thirds margin by a single vote in March 2011 (see Unwinding
Redevelopment, supra, at p. 9), and invalidated sponsor agreements as of that date.
Nothing in Matosantos would have prevented this action. The Legislature’s choice to do
so with retroactive wisdom is therefore equally constitutional because it does not reflect
redirection of tax increment in the coffers of a viable redevelopment agency of indefinite
existence. We thus turn to Brentwood’s statutory arguments.

2.0    The Legislature Intended to Abrogate Sponsor Agreements Retroactively

       While we accord at least “weak deference” to an agency’s interpretation of its
governing statutes where its expertise gives it superior qualifications to do so (in contrast
with the “strong deference” standard in other jurisdictions), the issue is one ultimately
subject to our de novo review. (County of Sonoma v. Cohen (2015) 235 Cal.App.4th 42,
47 (Sonoma).)

increment revenues in case the Governor’s proposal, or something similar, was enacted,”
resulting in a rush to issue debt and transfer assets to sponsors in transactions that were
not at arm’s length. (Unwinding Redevelopment, supra, at pp. 10-11.) The Legislative
Analyst’s report highlighted the power of the state Controller to order the return of assets
transferred to sponsor agencies after January 2011 without a contractual obligation to do
so. (Id. at p. 17.) However, it did not recommend any specific extension of a similar
power to the Department in connection with sponsor agreements.

                                             13
         Brentwood contends the Department has misinterpreted the statutes at issue in its
decision to overturn the approved audit. We will attempt to unravel the twisted skein of
its claim.
         2.1    Redevelopment Agency Transfers for Goods and Services Do Not Include
                the Reimbursement of a Sponsor for Such Payments to Third Parties
         In pertinent part, section 34179.5 provides:

         “(a) In furtherance of [its duty to remit the unencumbered balances of former
redevelopment agency accounts for redistribution to taxing entities (§ 34177, subd. (d))],
each successor agency [shall conduct an audit] to determine the unobligated balances
available [for redistribution] . . . ;

         “(b) For purposes of this section . . . : [¶] . . . [¶]

         “(2) ‘Enforceable obligation’ includes [(A)] any of the items listed in [section
34171, subdivision (d)], [(B)] contracts [for] specific work . . . [antedating] June 28,
2011, [between a redevelopment agency and] a third party that is other than [a sponsor
agency], and [(C)] indebtedness obligations as defined in [section 34171, subdivision
(e)];

         “(3) ‘Transferred’ means the transmission of money . . . that is not in payment for
goods or services . . . ;

         “(c) At a minimum, the review required by this section shall include . . . :
[¶] . . . [¶]

         “(2) The dollar value of assets and cash . . . transferred after January 1, 2011,
through June 30, 2012, by the redevelopment agency or the successor agency to [its
sponsor agency] and the purpose of each transfer. The review shall provide
documentation of any enforceable obligation that required the transfer.”

                                                  14
       Brentwood contends the exclusion of transmission of payments for goods or
services from this definition of transfer should be interpreted as excluding only transfers
that were not a quid pro quo for legitimate redevelopment purposes, because legislative
history reflects this focus15 and various other California codes give a broad definition to
“goods and services.” It also notes that the transactions subject to the state Controller’s
audit of asset transfers did not include those made pursuant to valid sponsor agreements.
It thus argues this exception from transfers subject to audit should include any payment
for goods or services that is pursuant to a valid redevelopment agreement (even payments
reimbursing the other party’s payments for goods and services).

       In the first place, we are concerned with giving effect to the specific language of a
specific statute, not an overarching policy penumbra. (Sonoma, supra, 235 Cal.App.4th
at p. 48.) Second, it would be odd indeed to extract this legislative intent from the
statute’s definition of transfer, when—if this were in fact the intent in enacting section
34179.5—it would have been so much more straightforward simply to define
“enforceable obligation” by reference to section 34167 rather than section 34171. (See
Matosantos, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 261 [invoking principle that drafters of legislation do
not hide an “ ‘elephant[]’ ” of a major element in an apparently unrelated
“ ‘mousehole[]’ ”].) Indeed, it would be easy for any sponsor agency to claim
reimbursement for expenditures of goods or services, and therefore the exception would
eviscerate the explicit exclusion of sponsor agreements from enforceable obligations.
Third, Brentwood does not provide authority for importing a definition of goods or

15 In support of this proposition, Brentwood cites in its brief to page 8 of a committee
report that it contends is cited in the trial court’s ruling. In point of fact, the trial court
was citing to the Legislative Analyst’s report we have quoted above (Unwinding
Redevelopment, supra, at pp. 10-11, 17; see fn. 14, ante.) We do not find anything on
the cited page of the committee report (of which we have taken judicial notice at the
behest of amicus City of West Covina) that is material, although we will return to its
other contents post.

                                                15
services from different codes enacted in different contexts, and even if we were to accord
the phrase a “broad” definition it still contemplates nonetheless the receipt of something
in exchange for the transfer of money. Fourth, because the statutory language is not
reasonably susceptible to ambiguity, we do not have any cause to consider legislative
history. (County of Sacramento v. Superior Court (2012) 209 Cal.App.4th 776, 782;
People v. Meyer (2010) 186 Cal.App.4th 1279, 1283.) Fifth, and finally, the committee
report to which Brentwood and amicus City of West Covina have called our attention
(Assem. Com. on Budget, Bill Analysis of Assem. Bill No. 1484 (2011-2012 Reg. Sess.)
as amended June 25, 2012 (hereafter Budget Bill Analysis)) is not particularly
illuminating on the intent with which the Legislature enacted the 2012 audit process, as
we next explain.

       The 13-page summary of the provisions did note that the Senate (in the process of
replacing the original Assembly bill) established an audit obligation for oversight boards
to review assets transferred after January 1, 2011, from redevelopment agencies to
sponsors to determine if these were required by an enforceable obligation (Budget Bill
Analysis, supra, at pp. 1-2), although the definition of “enforceable obligation” is not
discussed at any point in this summary. The committee’s comments observed that “Many
[redevelopment agencies], prior to shut down . . . , made expenditures of cash and
transferred other cash assets that might in fact be contrary to the provisions of . . .
[chapter 5X]. Current law provides for a way to reclaim the assets through actions of the
State Controller, however, due to the budget cash shortage the state needs to have these
cash assets returned to the successor agency for distribution to the taxing entities sooner
than the current process provides for. . . .” (Budget Bill Analysis, at pp. 11-12, com. (1).)
To this end, the bill “sets up a process to review financial records and transactions that
occurred between the former [redevelopment agency] or the successor agency and other
public or private entities that may not have been authorized under the provisions

                                              16
established in [chapter 5X],” and “suspends the ‘fire sale’ of redevelopment property.”
(Budget Bill Analysis, at pp. 12-13, coms. 3(a), 4(a).) Nothing in this report indicates an
intent to replicate exactly the procedures governing the existing state Controller’s audit,
in particular the definition of “enforceable obligation” applying to it (since there is a
reference only to chapter 5X, which contained both definitions).

       In short, section 34179.5 exempts only a transfer of money in exchange for a type
of good or service from its ambit. As a result, Brentwood must demonstrate that the
payment from its former redevelopment agency comes within this definition.
       2.2    Brentwood Did Not Provide Any Good or Service
              in Exchange for the Payments
       Brentwood in passing asserts that it was acting as a manager of redevelopment
work for its former redevelopment agency. However, the trial court observed that
Brentwood had “fail[ed] to show the payments here were for services it provided to the
[Redevelopment Agency]. The PIA’s are replete with references to paying [Brentwood]
for costs [Brentwood] will incur, not for services it will provide. Indeed, [Brentwood]
acknowledges the PIA’s were essentially reimbursement agreements, not services
contracts.” Brentwood cannot change course on appeal on this factual matter. (Saville v.
Sierra College (2005) 133 Cal.App.4th 857, 872-873, boldface & italics added.)

       Brentwood also asserts in a footnote that section 34179.5 does not “contain[ any]
requirement that the payment must be made directly to the party providing the good or
service.” To the extent this argument is even properly tendered (People v. Carroll (2014)
222 Cal.App.4th 1406, 1412, fn. 5 [no obligation to address contentions raised in
footnotes]), this is a strained and unnatural reading of “in payment for” goods or services.

       Admixed in its other arguments on this issue is a claim that the Department abused
its discretion because it did not apply the exception for goods or services. Given that we

                                              17
have concluded the exception does not apply, any failure on the part of the Department to
give effect to it is not of any moment.

3.0    Disapproval of PIA Payments in ROPS IV Was Permissible
       3.1    The Purported Contractual Rights of Third Party Beneficiaries
              Are Not an Issue in This Case
       Brentwood contends the PIA’s “are contracts expressly drafted and intended to
benefit third parties.” In its view, third parties (essentially the construction contractors)
were aware of the intent of the Brentwood redevelopment agency to fund its sponsor’s
redevelopment projects and relied on this promise of funding in executing contracts with
Brentwood. Therefore, it is an unconstitutional impairment of the contractual rights of
these third parties to refuse to approve payments to Brentwood to fund these construction
contracts.

       Even if Brentwood were correct, it does not have standing to litigate this issue. As
Hamlet pondered, “What’s Hecuba to him, or he to Hecuba/That he should weep for
her?” (Shakespeare, Hamlet, act II, scene 2, lines 1599-1600.) The right to enforce a
status as a third party beneficiary accrues to the third party. (Civ. Code, § 1559; see
Souza v. Westlands Water Dist. (2006) 135 Cal.App.4th 879, 893 [point of doctrine “is to
allow a third party to enforce, against a promisor, rights running to the third party”].)
Brentwood purports to be “unaware of any case that holds that only third party
beneficiaries can assert the doctrine.” More to the point, we are unaware of any case that
allows a promisee to appear in court and vicariously assert the rights of a third party, as
opposed to its right to assert its own rights under a contract. (See Diamond Woodworks,
Inc. v. Argonaut Ins. Co. (2003) 109 Cal.App.4th 1020, 1040 [both promisee and third
party may enforce rights against the contractual promisor].) This would transgress the
fundamental principles of standing. “Every action must be prosecuted in the name of the
real party in interest . . . .” (Code Civ. Proc., § 367.) This is the person who possesses
the right to sue under the substantive law involved; anyone other than a real party in

                                              18
interest lacks standing and is subject to a demurrer for the failure to state a cause of
action. (Redevelopment Agency of San Diego v. San Diego Gas & Electric Co. (2003)
111 Cal.App.4th 912, 920-921.)

       Furthermore, Brentwood has utterly failed to demonstrate that any of its contracts
with third party contractors have in fact been impaired because it has been unable to pay
them (or will be unable to pay them). As a result, it is questionable (even if Brentwood
had standing) whether Brentwood has shown that what is in essence nothing more than a
request for a declaration regarding third party rights under the PIA’s (to apply in the
event of a future default) is sufficiently ripe to warrant relief. (See Steinberg v. Chiang
(2014) 223 Cal.App.4th 338, 343.)

       Given the lack of standing or a concrete controversy implicating the impairment of
any third party beneficiary’s contractual rights, we accordingly decline to address the
merits of the issue. Should some third party beneficiary seek to make this argument, we
can resolve at that time whether the trial court was correct about the absence of any
evidence to satisfy the criteria for creation of a third party interest in the PIA’s.
       3.2     Estoppel Does Not Apply to the Disapproval of PIA Payments in ROPS IV
       The equitable relief of estoppel requires proof that the opposing party was aware
of the facts and intended reliance on its conduct (or induced a reasonable reliance), that
the party asserting estoppel was ignorant of the true facts, and that the party asserting
estoppel in fact relied on the opposing party’s conduct to its own detriment; in addition, a
party cannot assert estoppel against a government entity if it would nullify a strong rule
of public policy. (Cotta v. City and County of San Francisco (2007) 157 Cal.App.4th
1550, 1567.)

       The logic supporting Brentwood’s claim of estoppel is strained. The entirety of
the argument on this point asserts that Brentwood “reasonably relied” on the failure of the
Department to dispute the listing of PIA projects in ROPS I and II as enforceable

                                               19
agreements (or the inclusion of actual payments made for PIA projects in ROPS III) “to
move forward with the projects” (by which we assume Brentwood means it entered into
the construction contracts with third parties).

       This argument founders on the reasonability of the reliance on the Department’s
previous failure to raise any objection to the inclusion of PIA projects as enforceable
obligations. As noted above, in its previous determination letters involving ROPS I to
ROPS III, the Department each time informed Brentwood that past approvals would not
prevent it from revisiting the validity of including an item on a future ROPS.16 If
Brentwood had wanted an ironclad guarantee that approval of an enforceable obligation
would be ongoing, it had the statutory remedy of petitioning the Department for a “final
and conclusive” determination of approval for subsequent payments for that enforceable
obligation. (§ 34177.5, subd. (i).) Given the Department’s express reservation of rights
and the existence of a statutory remedy to achieve the same result as the estoppel,
Brentwood now urges, after the fact, that any reliance on its part was not reasonable.
Given the absence of this element, we do not need to consider whether application of
estoppel in the present case would nullify public policy.

16 Indeed, the Department had reversed itself in a subsequent ROPS in other cases as
well. (E.g., Pasadena, supra, 228 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1463, 1465 [approval in an ROPS I
and II is reversed in an ROPS III].)

                                             20
                                      DISPOSITION

       The judgment is affirmed. The Department shall recover its costs on appeal. (Cal.
Rules of Court, rule 8.278(a)(1), (2).)

                                                        BUTZ              , J.

We concur:

      BLEASE                , Acting P. J.

      HULL                  , J.

                                             21
Filed 6/8/15
                            CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

           IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                            THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                          (Sacramento)
                                              ----

CITY OF BRENTWOOD,                                               C076343

               Plaintiff and Appellant,                   (Super. Ct. No. 34-2013-
                                                         80001568-CU-WM-GDS)
        v.
                                                          ORDER CERTIFYING
ROBERT R. CAMPBELL, as Auditor-Controller,                  OPINION FOR
etc.,                                                       PUBLICATION

               Defendant;                                   [NO CHANGE IN
                                                              JUDGMENT]
MICHAEL COHEN, as Director, etc.,

               Real Party in Interest and Respondent.

     APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Sacramento County, Allen H.
Sumner, Judge. Affirmed.

      Burke, Williams & Sorensen, J. Leah Castella and Megan A. Burke for Plaintiff
and Appellant.

      Rutan & Tucker and William H. Ihrke for League of California Cities as Amicus
Curiae on behalf of Appellant.

      Alvarez-Glasman & Colvin, Arnold M. Alvarez-Glasman and Christopher G.
Cardinale for City of West Covina and West Covina Successor Agency as Amici Curiae
on behalf of Appellant.

                                               1
       No appearance for Defendant.

       Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Douglas J. Woods, Assistant Attorney
General, Stepan A. Haytayan and Anthony R. Hakl, Deputy Attorneys General, for Real
Party in Interest and Respondent.

      Orry P. Korb, County Counsel, Danny Y. Chou, Assistant County Counsel,
Lizanne Reynolds and Ling Y. Lew, Deputy County Counsel for Auditor-Controller of
the County of Santa Clara, the County of Santa Clara, and County of Santa Clara Office
of Education as Amici Curiae on behalf of Real Party in Interest and Respondent.

THE COURT:
       The opinion in the above entitled matter filed on May 29, 2015, was not certified
for publication in the Official Reports. For good cause it now appears that the opinion
should be published in full in the Official Reports and it is so ordered. There is no
change in judgment.

FOR THE COURT:

      BLEASE                , Acting P. J.

      HULL                  , J.

      BUTZ                  , J.

                                             2