Court Opinion

ID: 4568062
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-09-22 22:31:29.763118+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:45:55.310825
License: Public Domain

PUBLISHED

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

                                       No. 18-2078

SAMUEL R. BALLENGEE,

                     Plaintiff - Appellant,

              v.

CBS BROADCASTING, INC.; CBS NEWS, INC.; JIM AXELROD; ASHLEY
VELIE; and SCOTT PELLEY,

                     Defendants - Appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia, at
Charleston. Joseph R. Goodwin, District Judge. (2:17-cv-00212)

Argued: January 29, 2020                                         Decided: August 3, 2020

Before KEENAN, WYNN, and RUSHING, Circuit Judges.

Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Rushing wrote the opinion, in which Judge Keenan
and Judge Wynn joined.

ARGUED: James D. McQueen, Jr., MCQUEEN DAVIS, Huntington, West Virginia, for
Appellant. Michael D. Sullivan, BALLARD SPAHR LLP, Washington, D.C., for
Appellees. ON BRIEF: Christopher J. Heavens, HEAVENS LAW OFFICES,
Charleston, West Virginia, for Appellant. Thomas V. Flaherty, Wesley P. Page,
FLAHERTY SENSABAUGH BONASSO PLLC, Charleston, West Virginia; Jay Ward
Brown, Maxwell S. Mishkin, BALLARD SPAHR LLP, Washington, D.C., for Appellees.
RUSHING, Circuit Judge:

       In 2016, CBS Evening News aired two reports on the opioid crisis in West Virginia

that featured Samuel “Randy” Ballengee and his pharmacy. Ballengee sued, alleging

among other things that the news reports were defamatory. The district court granted

summary judgment in favor of the defendants on all claims. Ballengee now appeals the

district court’s ruling as to only two allegedly defamatory statements in the reports.

Because we agree with the district court that there can be no material dispute of fact that

those statements were substantially true, we affirm.

                                            I.

                                            A.

       Randy Ballengee opened Tug Valley Pharmacy in Williamson, West Virginia in

2007. When he opened the pharmacy, Ballengee was aware that two pain management

clinics were within a two-block radius: Mountain Medical Care Center (Mountain Medical)

and Dr. Diane Shafer’s office.

       During the first few years it was open, Tug Valley Pharmacy filled a large number

of prescriptions for controlled substances from Mountain Medical and Dr. Shafer’s office.

Many of those prescriptions were for pain medications—hydrocodone, oxycodone,

Endocet, Vicodin, Lorcet, and Lortab—all of which are considered opioids. In a “customer

profile” Tug Valley Pharmacy completed for one of its drug distributors, it disclosed that

66% of all prescription drugs purchased at the pharmacy were controlled substances. By

contrast, “in a typical retail pharmacy, controlled substances might amount to between five

and twenty percent of the pharmacy’s purchases.” Southwood Pharm., Inc., 72 Fed. Reg.

                                            2
36,487, 36,492 (Dep’t of Just. July 3, 2007) (revocation of registration) (internal quotation

marks omitted).     In 2009 alone, Tug Valley Pharmacy filled 42,115 hydrocodone

prescriptions, which averages to 162 hydrocodone prescriptions per business day. Many

of those prescriptions for hydrocodone and other controlled substances were filled for

patients of Dr. Shafer and Mountain Medical. For example, in 2008, Tug Valley Pharmacy

filled 10,195 prescriptions for controlled substances from Dr. Shafer and 11,111

prescriptions for controlled substances from doctors at Mountain Medical. Similarly, in

2009, Tug Valley Pharmacy filled 17,055 prescriptions for controlled substances from Dr.

Shafer and 29,027 prescriptions for controlled substances from Mountain Medical. By

comparison, Tug Valley Pharmacy filled a total of 65,532 prescriptions for controlled

substances from all providers in 2009. On seven occasions from 2008 to 2009, Tug Valley

Pharmacy filled more than 150 prescriptions for pain medication from Mountain Medical

alone in a single day.

       In 2009, Dr. Shafer came under investigation for improperly distributing controlled

substances. She ultimately surrendered her license to practice medicine, pleaded guilty to

conspiring to misuse a Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) registration number, and

was sentenced to six months in federal prison. After a law enforcement raid in 2010,

Mountain Medical also was closed for improperly prescribing controlled substances.

       From 2010 to 2012, former customers of Tug Valley Pharmacy filed several

lawsuits against the pharmacy and Ballengee.          See Compl., Collins v. Tug Valley

Pharmacy, LLC, No. 10-C-251 (W. Va. Cir. Ct. Mingo Cnty. Aug. 24, 2010); Compl.,

Salmons v. Shafer, No. 11-C-332 (W. Va. Cir. Ct. Mingo Cnty. June 17, 2011); Compl.,

                                             3
Collins v. Tug Valley Pharmacy, LLC, No. 12-C-38 (W. Va. Cir. Ct. Mingo Cnty. Feb. 21,

2012). The lawsuits alleged that Ballengee and Tug Valley Pharmacy negligently or

recklessly filled prescriptions for controlled substances and contributed to the customers’

addictions. As part of these civil suits, one customer testified that he saw drug deals occur

right outside of Tug Valley Pharmacy and that the pharmacy would fill narcotic

prescriptions before their refill date, particularly if the customer paid in cash. Another

customer testified that the pharmacy was crowded whenever she arrived to pick up a

prescription, with some customers “slumped over” and “totally out of their mind,” and

other customers completing drug deals right outside. J.A. 1198. The customers also

alleged that one doctor from Mountain Medical, Dr. Ryckman, “was not at [Mountain

Medical] in Williamson except for one time after 2005 although his name and DEA number

were continuously used for prescriptions for narcotics which [Tug Valley Pharmacy and

others] continuously filled.” J.A. 399.

       Ballengee was deposed in connection with one of these lawsuits. During the

deposition, Ballengee admitted that he filled prescriptions written by Dr. Ryckman even

though he never once saw him in person or spoke with him. Ballengee also confirmed,

more generally, that he filled high numbers of pain prescriptions from Mountain Medical,

testifying as follows:

       Q: What would be in the ballpark when Dr. Hoover and [Mountain Medical]
       were in their prime, so-to-speak, how many prescriptions would you say you
       fill a day from there?

       A: It would be an estimate, maybe 150 to 200.

       ...

                                             4
      Q: Those would be if not 100 percent controlled substances, certainly a large
      part of that 150 would be for a controlled substances, wouldn’t it?

      A: Most of their patients got more than just pain medication and nerve
      medication.

      Q. I understand, but virtually, everyone of them got some pain medication,
      didn’t they?

      A. Most of them did.

J.A. 252–255. These civil suits remain pending.

      In 2012, the State of West Virginia sued eleven pharmaceutical drug distributors for

contributing to the prescription drug abuse problem in West Virginia. Compl., West

Virginia v. AmerisourceBergen Drug Corp., No. 12-C-141 (W. Va. Cir. Ct. Boone Cnty.

June 26, 2012); Second Am. Compl., AmerisourceBergen, No. 12-C-141. The State did

not name any pharmacies as defendants, but the complaint discussed several pharmacies’

practices. The State described Tug Valley Pharmacy, along with two other pharmacies in

Williamson, as “among the most notorious of the pill mill pharmacies in Southern West

Virginia.” Second Am. Compl. at 31, AmerisourceBergen, No. 12-C-141. Elsewhere the

complaint described Tug Valley Pharmacy as a “pill mill pharmacy . . . located within

yards of two notorious pill mill physicians,” whose “voluminous illegal prescriptions

written for non-medical purposes were filled daily by this pharmacy.” Id. at 15. The State

further alleged that one distributor should have been alarmed by the “volume of oxycodone

and hydrocodone pills distributed to Tug Valley Pharmacy” given, among other things, the

town’s small population and the pharmacy’s proximity to “pill-pushing physicians whose

reputations were both well-known and the subject of extensive publicity.” Id. at 36–37.

                                            5
      In January 2016, CBS Evening News began a series on the opioid crisis in West

Virginia. The second report in the series aired on January 7. Host Scott Pelley opened the

segment by noting that West Virginia was “suing, accusing pharmacies and drug

distributors of making millions pushing narcotics to anyone who wants them.” J.A. 510.

The segment included an interview with attorney James Cagle, who represents the State in

the lawsuit against the distributors. In the interview, CBS correspondent Jim Axelrod

discussed one pharmacist who lost his license and spent time in prison “for illegally

dispensing drugs.” J.A. 511. Axelrod then described Tug Valley Pharmacy, stating:

      But Cagle told us the problem persists. This pharmacy, Tug Valley, is now
      being sued for negligently filling prescriptions. Records show Tug Valley
      was filling more than 150 pain prescriptions a day from one clinic alone.

      ...

      We decided to ask owner Randy Ballengee about the charges.

J.A. 511. The report then showed Ballengee declining to be interviewed.

      Following the January 7 broadcast, one of Tug Valley Pharmacy’s distributors,

McKesson, terminated its supply agreement with the pharmacy.            After McKesson

terminated the contract, Ballengee was unable to find a distributor to sell him controlled

substances. In March 2016, Ballengee sold Tug Valley Pharmacy.

      On May 25, 2016, CBS broadcast the fourth report in its series on the opioid crisis.

J.A. 608–614. In that report, Jim Axelrod stated:

      West Virginia is suing McKesson. . . . The suit alleges that while West
      Virginia was drowning in painkillers, McKesson continued to incentivize
      sales with bonuses for the sale of oxycodone and hydrocodone.

                                            6
       Last winter we traveled to this small Appalachian town where we found Tug
       Valley Pharmacy, which until January was supplied by McKesson.

       ...

       We discovered that pharmacist Randy Ballengee is facing several lawsuits
       for negligence, admitting to filling 150 pain pill prescriptions daily for one
       clinic alone.

J.A. 611–612. The report then showed the same footage of Ballengee declining to be

interviewed. Axelrod then stated that “McKesson terminated its contract with Tug Valley,

but only after learning about the charges from our CBS News investigation, raising the

question: why hadn’t the company discovered that on its own?” J.A. 612.

       Since the CBS Evening News series, the opioid crisis in West Virginia has also

captured the attention of Congress. A report prepared by staff for the House Committee

on Energy and Commerce observed that one distributor’s analysis found that “a single

doctor prescribed more than 158,000 doses of hydrocodone dispensed by Tug Valley

Pharmacy in February 2008.” Staff of H. Comm. on Energy & Commerce, 115th Cong.,

Red Flags and Warning Signs Ignored: Opioid Distribution and Enforcement Concerns in

West Virginia 18 (2018). A second doctor prescribed 40,000 doses. Id. Together, “these

two doctors prescribed, and Tug Valley Pharmacy dispensed, nine times the then-monthly

volume for an average retail pharmacy in rural West Virginia.” Id. The distributor reported

its concerns to the DEA in April 2008, including that “two doctors wrote 87 percent of the

hydrocodone prescriptions filled by Tug Valley Pharmacy.” Id. at 19.

                                             7
                                             B.

       On January 6, 2017, Ballengee sued CBS Broadcasting, Inc., CBS News, Inc., CBS

News correspondent Jim Axelrod, CBS Evening News producer Ashley Velie, and CBS

Evening News anchor and managing editor Scott Pelley (collectively, CBS), alleging

defamation, false light invasion of privacy, tortious interference, and intentional infliction

of emotional distress. Ballengee contended that two statements and three implications from

the January 7 and May 25 news reports were defamatory. Specifically, Ballengee alleged

that the following two statements defamed him: (1) “Records show Tug Valley was filling

more than 150 pain prescriptions a day from one clinic alone,” and (2) “We discovered that

pharmacist Randy Ballengee is facing several lawsuits for negligence, admitting to filling

150 pain pill prescriptions daily for one clinic alone.” Ballengee also alleged that CBS

defamed him by implying (1) that Ballengee or his pharmacy was sued by the State of West

Virginia, (2) that Ballengee was criminally charged or was currently under investigation

by the State of West Virginia or federal authorities, and (3) that Ballengee intentionally

acted illegally, acted immorally, or contributed to the opioid epidemic for profit.

       Following discovery, CBS moved for summary judgment, which the district court

granted on all claims. Regarding defamation and false light invasion of privacy, the district

court concluded that the allegedly defamatory statements were substantially true and the

allegedly defamatory implications were substantially true, were not capable of a

defamatory meaning, or were not reasonably implied by the reports. Ballengee timely

appealed, challenging only the district court’s rulings on his defamation and false light

invasion of privacy claims.

                                              8
                                             II.

                                             A.

       We review de novo a district court’s decision to grant summary judgment, applying

the same legal standards as the district court and viewing all facts and reasonable inferences

in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. News & Observer Publ’g Co. v.

Raleigh-Durham Airport Auth., 597 F.3d 570, 576 (4th Cir. 2010). Summary judgment is

warranted “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and

the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “Facts are

material when they might affect the outcome of the case, and a genuine issue exists when

the evidence would allow a reasonable jury to return a verdict for the nonmoving party.”

News & Observer Publ’g Co., 597 F.3d at 576 (internal quotation marks omitted). If the

nonmoving party “has failed to make a sufficient showing on an essential element of [his]

case with respect to which [he] has the burden of proof,” summary judgment is appropriate.

Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986).

       As a court exercising diversity jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332, the district

court appropriately applied West Virginia choice-of-law principles. J.A. 1208 (citing

Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Elec. Mfg. Co., 313 U.S. 487, 496 (1941), and Wells v. Liddy, 186

F.3d 505, 521 (4th Cir. 1999)). West Virginia employs a place-of-injury rule for tort cases;

therefore, West Virginia law applies to this case. McKinney v. Fairchild Int’l, Inc., 487

S.E.2d 913, 922 (W. Va. 1997).

                                              9
                                             B.

       Ballengee contends that the district court erred by concluding that no reasonable

juror could find that the two allegedly defamatory statements in the CBS reports were false,

rather than substantially true. The essential elements of a defamation claim in West

Virginia are “(1) defamatory statements; (2) a nonprivileged communication to a third

party; (3) falsity; (4) reference to the plaintiff; (5) at least negligence on the part of the

publisher; and (6) resulting injury.” Crump v. Beckley Newspapers, Inc., 320 S.E.2d 70,

77 (W. Va. 1983). As to the element of falsity, “‘[t]he common law of libel takes but one

approach . . . regardless of the form of the communication. It overlooks minor inaccuracies

and concentrates upon substantial truth.’” State ex rel. Suriano v. Gaughan, 480 S.E.2d

548, 561 (1996) (quoting Masson v. New Yorker Magazine, Inc., 501 U.S. 496, 516–517

(1991)). “‘Minor inaccuracies do not amount to falsity so long as the substance, the gist,

the sting, of the libelous charge be justified.’” Id. (quoting Masson, 501 U.S. at 516–517).

Therefore, “[a] ‘statement is not considered false unless it would have a different effect on

the mind of the reader from that which the pleaded truth would have produced.’” Id. at

562 (quoting Masson, 501 U.S. at 517); see also In re Callaghan, 796 S.E.2d 604, 627 (W.

Va. 2017).

       A claim for false light invasion of privacy similarly requires that “the matter

publicized as to the plaintiff must be untrue.” Crump, 320 S.E.2d at 87. Therefore, our

analysis of this element applies to both causes of action.

       The two statements of which Ballengee complains are: (1) “Records show Tug

Valley was filling more than 150 pain prescriptions a day from one clinic alone,” and

                                             10
(2) Ballengee “admit[ed] to filling 150 pain pill prescriptions daily for one clinic alone.”

As an initial matter, Ballengee is correct that he did not literally state in his deposition that

he was filling 150 pain prescriptions daily for one clinic alone. Rather, he testified that he

filled “maybe 150 to 200” prescriptions per day from Mountain Medical, a pain

management clinic, and that “most of” its patients “got some pain medication.” J.A. 252–

255. But we agree with the district court that no reasonable juror could find that the

broadcast statement “‘would have a different effect on the mind of the [viewer] from that

which the pleaded truth would have produced.’” Suriano, 480 S.E.2d at 562 (quoting

Masson, 501 U.S. at 517). The substance, gist, or sting of the broadcast statement was that

Ballengee had admitted to filling a high volume of pain prescriptions daily, even from just

one clinic. Ballengee’s deposition testimony—that he filled “150 to 200” prescriptions

daily from one pain clinic and “most of” those patients received “some pain medication”—

would have produced a similar effect on the viewer as the broadcast statement. That is, the

broadcast statement was “‘substantially’ true in overall effect,” and therefore insufficient

to establish falsity. In re Callaghan, 796 S.E.2d at 627.

       Turning to the statement that “[r]ecords show” Tug Valley Pharmacy was filling

150 pain prescriptions a day from one clinic, Ballengee’s deposition testimony provides

support for that characterization as well. Moreover, as the district court noted, West

Virginia Board of Pharmacy records show that, on at least seven occasions from 2008 to

2009, Tug Valley Pharmacy did in fact fill more than 150 prescriptions for pain medication

from Mountain Medical in a single day. See J.A. 1212 & n.8. More generally, those

records also show that Tug Valley Pharmacy filled an average of 162 hydrocodone

                                               11
prescriptions alone per business day in 2009. J.A. 311, 1196; see also J.A. 311 (records

showing that Tug Valley Pharmacy filled 79,286 hydrocodone prescriptions in 2008–2009,

which averages to 152 hydrocodone prescriptions per business day, without accounting for

holidays). And, as noted in the House Energy and Commerce Committee Report, one of

Tug Valley Pharmacy’s distributors had reported to the DEA in April 2008 that two doctors

wrote 87 percent of the hydrocodone prescriptions filled at the pharmacy. Staff of H.

Comm. on Energy & Commerce, at 19.

       We agree with the district court that no reasonable juror could find that the broadcast

statement—that records showed Tug Valley Pharmacy filled 150 pain prescriptions a day

from one clinic—“‘would have a different effect on the mind of the [viewer] from that

which the pleaded truth would have produced.’” Suriano, 480 S.E.2d at 562 (quoting

Masson, 501 U.S. at 517). The pleaded truth, undisputed by Ballengee, is that on seven

occasions from 2008 to 2009, Tug Valley Pharmacy filled more than 150 pain prescriptions

in a single day from one clinic; Tug Valley Pharmacy filled more than 160 hydrocodone

prescriptions per day on average in 2009; a majority of those pain prescriptions came from

only two clinics; and Ballengee had admitted in his deposition to filling a high volume of

pain prescriptions from Mountain Medical per day.            The broadcast statement was

“‘substantially’ true in overall effect,” In re Callaghan, 796 S.E.2d at 627, and the sting of

the statement—that Tug Valley Pharmacy was filling a suspiciously high number of pain

prescriptions, including prescriptions from a single clinic—was justified by the facts, see

Suriano, 480 S.E.2d at 561; cf. Walters v. City of Kenova, No. 17-0451, 2018 WL 2174129,

at *4 (W. Va. May 11, 2018) (concluding, for the purpose of a defamation claim, that there

                                             12
was no difference between the sting of a reported arrest for possession of hydrocodone and

a reported arrest for possession of cocaine). Because Ballengee failed to offer evidence

from which a reasonable juror could find that the allegedly defamatory statements in the

CBS reports were false, rather than minor inaccuracies, and he bears the burden of proof

on this element of his defamation and false light invasion of privacy claims, summary

judgment on both claims was appropriate.

                                              C.

       Ballengee has not challenged on appeal the summary judgment rulings regarding

the three defamatory implications he alleged in the district court. Those claims are

therefore forfeited on appeal. See Wilson v. Prince George’s Cnty., 893 F.3d 213, 218 n.6

(4th Cir. 2018); see also Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(8)(A) (“[T]he argument . . . must contain

. . . appellant’s contentions and the reasons for them.”).

       Ballengee does, however, attempt to raise for the first time on appeal two new

implications of the news reports: (1) that he was filling high numbers of pain prescriptions

in 2016 at the time the broadcasts aired, and (2) a “guilt by association relationship”

between Tug Valley Pharmacy and McKesson. Br. of Appellant 26. “[I]ssues raised for

the first time on appeal generally will not be considered,” absent “very limited

circumstances, such as where refusal to consider the newly-raised issue would be plain

error or would result in a fundamental miscarriage of justice.” Muth v. United States, 1

F.3d 246, 250 (4th Cir. 1993). Ballengee does not argue that any exception to our general

rule applies here. He specifically identified only three allegedly defamatory implications

                                             13
for the district court, and his failure to provide the district court with an opportunity to

consider these two additional implications forecloses his ability to raise them now.

                                       *     *      *

       For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is

                                                                              AFFIRMED.

                                             14