Court Opinion

ID: 821005
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-02-21 15:54:21.039464+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:13:26.016526
License: Public Domain

11-1743
Summa v. Hofstra University

                                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                       FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
                                         ____________________

                                              August Term, 2011

(Argued: June 21, 2012                                                Decided: February 21, 2013)

                                             Docket No. 11-1743

                                           ____________________

LAUREN E. SUMMA,

                                     Plaintiff-Appellant,

                              v.

HOFSTRA UNIVERSITY, DAVID COHEN, and
MELISSA CONNOLLY,

                                     Defendants-Appellees.

                                           ____________________

Before: POOLER, RAGGI, and LYNCH, Circuit Judges.

          Lauren E. Summa appeals from a memorandum, order, and judgment of the United States

District Court for the Eastern District of New York (William D. Wall, M.J.) granting summary

judgment in favor of defendants Hofstra University, David Cohen, and Melissa Connolly, and

dismissing in its entirety Summa’s suit claiming sexual harassment and retaliation in violation of

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, and

corresponding provisions of the New York State Human Rights Law. We hold that Summa

presented evidence sufficient to survive summary judgment with respect to her retaliation claims

but not her harassment claims.

          Judgment affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded.
                                      ____________________

                               SHAFFIN A. DATOO, Thompson Wigdor LLP (Douglas H.
                               Wigdor, on the brief), New York, NY, for Plaintiff-Appellant.

                               DOMENIQUE CAMACHO MORAN, Farrell Fritz, P.C. (Michael
                               A.H. Schoenberg, on the brief), Uniondale, NY, for Defendants-
                               Appellees.

POOLER, Circuit Judge:

       Lauren E. Summa appeals from a memorandum, order, and judgment of the United States

District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Wall, M.J.) granting summary judgment in

favor of defendants Hofstra University (“Hofstra” or “the University”), David Cohen, and

Melissa Connolly, and dismissing in its entirety Summa’s suit claiming sexual harassment and

retaliation in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”), 42 U.S.C.

§§ 2000e-2000e-17, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (“Title IX”), 20 U.S.C.

§§ 1681-88, and corresponding provisions of the New York State Human Rights Law

(“NYSHRL”), N.Y. Exec. Law §§ 290-301. We hold that Summa has presented sufficient

evidence to withstand a grant of summary judgment with respect to her retaliation claims, but not

as to her sexual harassment claims.

                                         BACKGROUND

                                                 I.

       Lauren E. Summa was a graduate student at Hofstra University from 2006 through 2009.

Prior to the start of her graduate program, Summa interviewed with Assistant Football Coach

John Perry and was hired as a team manager. Summa asserts she was hired for both the fall and

spring football seasons and an email from the football office, identifying Summa by name,

indicated that team managers would be paid $700 for the fall season and $300 for the spring

                                                 2
season. Summa served as a team manager during the fall 2006 season. Her job responsibilities

included assisting the football coaches before, during, and after practices, during August double

sessions, and on game day throughout the season. She would also travel with the team to away

games on the team bus. Summa’s boyfriend, Phillip Hall, was a member of the football team.

       Almost as soon as Summa began her term as manager, the players began to act in a way

that made Summa feel uncomfortable. Throughout August and into the fall season, players made

comments regarding her boyfriend, including that she should engage in sexual relations with him

on the bus and that she should sit with another player if she wanted to be with a “real man,”

asserted that women should not be managers because they don’t know anything about sports, and

made remarks relating to Summa’s use of the bathroom on the team bus. Comments of this sort

appear to have pervaded Summa’s tenure as team manager.

       Around September 18, 2006, Summa learned that some players had created a Facebook

page insulting both her and her boyfriend. The page contained a fake “Wanted” poster of

Summa and a “Missing Persons” photo of her boyfriend, the “joke” apparently being that

Summa kidnapped her boyfriend. The “Wanted” poster included, among other things, aliases for

Summa listed as “Miss Piggie, The ‘Wannabe’ Big Boss Man, F.B. Manager.” The poster, thus,

expressly referred to Summa’s employment as team manager. The photo of her boyfriend

included a caption stating that “at the time of his disappearance, weight may have fluctuated

because of . . . excessive sexual activities.” The postings upset Summa, and she complained to

defendant Head Football Coach David Cohen on or about September 24, 2006. Soon after this

complaint, Cohen spoke with the involved players about their role in the page and ordered them

to take the postings down. The players complied and the page was removed.

                                                3
        On November 18, 2006, the last day of the fall season, on the bus ride home from an

away game, Assistant Coach Perry put on the video Shadowboxer, an R-rated film described as

having numerous sex scenes. The players on the bus yelled whenever a sex scene aired and

made a variety of lewd comments. During one particular scene in the movie when a female

Caucasian character began masturbating in the presence of a male African-American character,

Eric Taylor, a player on the team, turned towards Summa and stated, “This is what you white

women want, our black dicks. That shit will make you crazy.” Humiliated, embarrassed, and

upset, Summa began crying, went to the front of the bus, and asked Perry to turn off the movie.

Perry complied. After the coaches turned off the movie, the players yelled for Perry to turn it

back on, chanting “we want boobies.” Taylor told Summa to “sit down and like shut the fuck

up” as she returned to her seat. Perry told the team to quiet down and stayed near Summa for the

rest of the bus ride.

        When the bus arrived back at school, Summa immediately found Cohen and reported

what had happened. Summa told Cohen that she was tempted to report the incident to the

University’s Public Safety Department. Cohen urged Summa not to go to Public Safety because

the incident would draw attention to the football program and told her that he would handle the

incident. That day, Summa went to Public Safety and reported what had happened on the bus.

She later spoke about her experience of harassment while student manager with the Dean of

Students, who referred her to the University’s Equality Officer, Dr. Maureen Murphy.

        The following day, Cohen spoke with Taylor and a handful of other players. By that

evening, Cohen decided to eject Taylor from the football team. The incident on the bus with

Summa had been the “final straw” that, in addition to two other incidents, resulted in Taylor’s

                                                4
dismissal from the team. Cohen alerted his supervisors and reported his findings on the matter

and contacted Summa to let her know that Taylor would no longer be on the team. Later that

week, Summa met with Murphy and relayed to her the incidents of harassment Summa had

suffered throughout the football season, including what had happened on the November 18 bus

ride. Murphy told Summa that she had to file a written report. Summa complied, but the report

only discussed the November 18 incident and not the other activity that Summa had complained

of orally to Murphy. Murphy only investigated the incident on the bus because it was the only

one contained within the written complaint.

       Approximately a month after the incident, Murphy sent a memorandum of her findings to

the University’s Vice President for Legal Affairs. The report indicated that the incident “offers

an opportunity for educating the coaching staff and all of the Athletics staff about the

University’s Harassment Policy” and stated that Murphy would like to schedule such a training

“this spring.” The training was provided in August 2007.

       Based on the discussions with the coaching staff during her hiring and throughout the fall

and the email from the football office indicating the stipend amount for both the fall and spring,

Summa understood that she would also serve as team manager for the spring 2007 football

season, known as “Spring Ball,” which was slated to begin in the end of March. Meanwhile,

Anthony Battaglia, the Equipment Manager hired in the fall of 2006, conducted a search for

students interested in being the football team manager for the spring. A few days prior to the

start of Spring Ball in March 2007, Summa called the football office to obtain the schedule. She

learned via return voicemail from Cohen that the position had been filled because they had not

yet heard from her. Cohen later indicated that he was not certain the position had been filled at

the time he left Summa the voicemail. Summa did not serve as team manager during the spring.

                                                 5
       In April 2007, in search of new employment, Summa applied for a graduate assistantship

position in the Office of University Relations, helmed by Vice President for University

Relations, defendant Melissa Connolly. Summa went through two interviews and, in mid-May

2007, was offered the position by Helen Stefanidis, Director of Marketing, Planning, and

Operations for the office. Summa accepted. During this time, Summa was preparing a

complaint against the University alleging that her replacement as team manager amounted to

unlawful retaliation for her harassment complaints. She filed the complaint on May 9, 2007,

with the New York State Division of Human Rights (“NYSDHR”). Evelyn Miller-Suber,

Director of Human Resources, became aware of the complaint, and the University responded on

May 17, 2007, attaching an affidavit, dated May 15, 2007, signed by Miller-Suber, regarding

Summa’s employment activities.

       In June 2007, after Hofstra had become aware of Summa’s NYSDHR complaint, Miller-

Suber contacted Connolly to inform her that Vice Presidents were required to “sign off” on the

paperwork for the graduate assistantship position for which Summa had been hired and that

Connolly had neglected to sign the appropriate forms. Even though there was no requirement for

doing so, Miller-Suber told Connolly that “it was probably best practice for [her] to interview

anybody who would be working for [her] office,” and encouraged her to interview the graduate

assistants. Miller-Suber told Connolly that when interviewing, Connolly “should be sure that all

of the candidates working in [Connolly’s] office, whether they be full-time employees or

graduate assistantships, should be able to represent the University in meetings, represent the

University . . . with external audiences, and be advocates for the University.” Connolly took

Miller-Suber’s instruction to include inquiring about litigation-related conflicts. In July 2007,

                                                 6
Stefanidis contacted Summa to arrange for Summa to “meet” with Connolly. The email did not

describe the meeting as an interview or say that the purpose was for Connolly to determine

whether Summa’s hiring would ultimately be approved.

       Connolly and Summa met on July 19, 2007. Connolly felt that Summa’s resume was

imprecise. On her resume, instead of listing only her official degree program titles for her

undergraduate and graduate programs of study, Summa listed both the degree program or major

and a particular area of interest. Connolly testified that she had interpreted these listings to

indicate double majors, though Summa clarified at the interview what she had meant. Summa

had previously had her resume reviewed by the University’s own career department on more

than one occasion and had never been told there was a problem with her presentation of both her

degree program and area of interest without explicit labels so identifying them. Connolly also

testified that she felt Summa had overstated the importance of her duties at an internship without

articulating how. Connolly later contacted one of Summa’s references who reportedly gave her a

lukewarm recommendation. Connolly spoke with another candidate for the graduate

assistantships on the phone and could not recall if she contacted that candidate’s references.

Shortly thereafter, Connolly consulted Miller-Suber about whether Summa’s imprecision on her

resume was a sufficient reason not to approve her for the position. Miller-Suber responded that

such precision was very important and that if Connolly agreed as to the importance, they should

not hire Summa. Connolly subsequently rescinded Summa’s offer of employment.

       On January 25, 2008, Summa filed the instant lawsuit. She continued to work at Hofstra

until the summer of 2008, at which point Miller-Suber terminated Summa’s privilege of student

employment by letter because the University discovered she had double-counted some of her

                                                  7
hours, claiming to be working at two jobs simultaneously. According to Miller-Suber, Hofstra’s

legal department had notified her of the duplicative hours. Miller-Suber then compared the time

sheets for two of Summa’s jobs for one pay period in July 2006 and saw duplicate billing of

hours. According to the student handbook, such double-billing was prohibited and could result

in the loss of working privileges, so Miller-Suber revoked Summa’s ability to work on campus.

Miller-Suber had never terminated any other student’s privilege of student employment in the

past nor had she investigated any other student’s billing practices. According to Summa, she

input her hours this way because her supervisor had explicitly advised her to do so because,

when working multiple jobs, the hours worked needed to be input as worked during regular

business hours. Summa would list work done outside of typical business hours as done during

the business day, while she was at another job, in order to receive compensation for hours

actually worked.

                                               II.

       After Summa filed the instant action, Defendants moved for and were granted summary

judgment on all counts. The district court concluded that no reasonable jury could find that

Summa had experienced a hostile work environment and, further, that even if Summa had

established a hostile work environment, no liability could be imputed to defendants because they

had swiftly and appropriately handled her complaints. As to Summa’s Title IX harassment

complaint, the district court concluded that no employment-related private right of action was

available under Title IX and that Summa had not demonstrated harassment in her capacity as a

student. The court dismissed Summa’s three retaliation claims, concluding that she had failed to

meet the criteria outlined in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802 (1973).

Summa now appeals.

                                                8
                                          DISCUSSION

       “We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same

standards that govern the district court’s consideration of the motion.” Kaytor v. Elec. Boat

Corp., 609 F.3d 537, 546 (2d Cir. 2010). “Summary judgment is appropriate where there are no

genuine disputes concerning any material facts, and where the moving party is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law.” Weinstein v. Albright, 261 F.3d 127, 132 (2d Cir. 2001). We

resolve all ambiguities and draw all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the non-

moving party. See Castle Rock Entm’t, Inc. v. Carol Publ’g Grp., Inc., 150 F.3d 132, 137 (2d

Cir. 1998).

                                                 I.

       Hostile work environment claims under both Title VII and the NYSHRL are governed by

the same standard. Schiano v. Quality Payroll Sys., Inc., 445 F.3d 597, 609 (2d Cir. 2006). “In

order to prevail on a hostile work environment claim, a plaintiff must make two showings: (1)

that the harassment was sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of the victim’s

employment and create an abusive working environment and (2) that there is a specific basis for

imputing the conduct creating the hostile work environment to the employer.” Duch v. Jakubek,

588 F.3d 757, 762 (2d Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). Here, we need not and do

not determine whether Summa’s showing of harassment was sufficiently severe or pervasive to

constitute a hostile work environment under Title VII or the NYSHRL because we hold that the

conduct in this case cannot be imputed to Hofstra.

                                                 9
                                                 II.

       Assuming that Summa’s allegations constituted a hostile work environment, there are no

grounds upon which the objectionable conduct can be imputed to the University. In this case, all

of the alleged harassers were players on the football team. While this Circuit has not yet

determined the standards for addressing harassment attributable to non-employees, we now

adopt the well-reasoned rules of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) in

imputing employer liability for harassment by non-employees according to the same standards

for non-supervisory co-workers, with the qualification that we “will consider the extent of the

employer’s control and any other legal responsibility which the employer may have with respect

to the conduct of such non-employees.” 29 C.F.R. § 1604.11(e).

       By analogy to the rules for non-supervisory co-workers, see id. § 1604.11(d), “the

employer will be held liable only for its own negligence,” and the plaintiff must demonstrate that

the employer “failed to provide a reasonable avenue for complaint or that it knew, or in the

exercise of reasonable care should have known, about the harassment yet failed to take

appropriate remedial action.” Duch, 588 F.3d at 762 (internal quotation marks omitted). In

determining the appropriateness of an employer’s response, we look to whether the response was

“immediate or timely and appropriate in light of the circumstances, particularly the level of

control and legal responsibility [the employer] has with respect to [the employee’s] behavior.”

Crist v. Focus Homes, Inc., 122 F.3d 1107, 1111 (8th Cir. 1997).

       In this case, we think it apparent that the University and the head football coach had a

high degree of control over the behavior of its student football players, and thus apply the test for

imputing harassment by co-workers. Once Hofstra knew or should have known about the

                                                 10
harassing behavior, it had a remedial obligation to address and end the harassment. We find that

Hofstra met its obligation.

       The first time Summa complained to Cohen about the behavior of the football players

was in late September 2006, regarding the objectionable Facebook postings. It is undisputed that

Cohen promptly spoke to the three players involved in making the offending postings and

instructed the players to remove the posts. The players complied, and no further online postings

or other public displays were directed at Summa. Summa next complained to Cohen about the

incidents surrounding the movie viewing on the team bus on November 18, 2006. Again, it is

undisputed that as soon as Summa complained to Assistant Coach Perry about the content of the

movie, he turned it off. Upon the players’ raucous reaction, Perry immediately instructed them

to be quiet and stationed himself near Summa for the rest of the bus ride. Upon arriving back at

the University, Summa relayed her complaint to Cohen, who, within 48 hours, investigated the

incident, immediately talking with the coaching personnel who had been on that bus, and

removed Taylor from the football team. The fact that this incident was one of “three strikes” that

lead to Taylor’s expulsion does not undermine the appropriateness of Cohen’s actions. The

standard for reviewing the appropriateness of an employer’s response to co-worker harassment

“is essentially a negligence one, and reasonableness depends among other things on the gravity

of the harassment alleged.” Torres v. Pisano, 116 F.3d 625, 638 (2d Cir. 1997) (citation and

alteration omitted). Each complaint that was brought directly to Cohen’s attention was dealt

with quickly and in proportion to the level of seriousness of the event. The fact that Cohen took

action at once—completed within just days in all cases—speaks to the appropriateness of the

University’s response in this case. Because defendants took the needed remedial action in this

                                               11
case, the harassment carried out by some players on the football team cannot be imputed to the

University and its personnel. In addition to the prompt response to the particular incidents of

harassment, upon the report of the movie incident to the school’s EEO officer—which took place

after the offending player had already been expelled from the football team—the University had

the entire Athletics staff undergo sexual harassment training before the start of the next football

season. In addition to directly addressing the particular incidents of harassment of which it was

aware, the University also took proactive steps to create a better environment for all employees

in the future. Thus, district court properly granted summary judgment in favor of Hofstra and

Cohen with respect to Summa’s harassment claims.

                                                  III.

        The burden-shifting framework laid out in McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802, governs

retaliation claims under both Title VII and the NYSHRL. Schiano, 445 F.3d at 609. To make

out a prima facie case of retaliation, a plaintiff must make four showings: that “(1) she engaged

in a protected activity; (2) her employer was aware of this activity; (3) the employer took adverse

employment action against her; and (4) a causal connection exists between the alleged adverse

action and the protected activity.” Id. at 608. “Once a prima facie case of retaliation is

established, the burden of production shifts to the employer to demonstrate that a legitimate,

nondiscriminatory reason existed for its action.” Raniola v. Bratton, 243 F.3d 610, 625 (2d Cir.

2001). If the employer demonstrates a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason, then “[t]he burden

shifts . . . back to the plaintiff to establish, through either direct or circumstantial evidence, that

the employer’s action was, in fact, motivated by discriminatory retaliation.” Id. at 625.

                                                   12
                                                 A.

       There is no dispute that Summa satisfied the second and third elements of the prima facie

case contemplated by McDonnell Douglas—employer knowledge and adverse employment

actions. It is apparent that a number of Hofstra officials—including Cohen, Equality Officer

Maureen Murphy, and Linda O’Malley of the Office of the Dean of Students—were aware of

Summa’s complaints throughout 2006 and 2007. And, at a minimum, the University’s legal

office knew about the instant litigation. Nothing “more is necessary than general corporate

knowledge that the plaintiff has engaged in a protected activity,” Gordon v. N.Y.C. Bd. of Educ.,

232 F.3d 111, 116 (2d Cir. 2000), and it is apparent Hofstra had such knowledge here. As to the

third factor, Hofstra concedes that each of Summa’s asserted claims—namely, (1) the denial of

the football manager position for 2007 Spring Ball; (2) the denial of the graduate assistantship

position in the Office of University Relations; and (3) the termination of Summa’s privilege of

student employment—constitutes an adverse employment action.

       The district court nonetheless determined that Summa could not prevail on any of her

three retaliation claims based on her supposed failure to demonstrate that she had engaged in

protected activity and the requisite causation. We conclude that the district court erred in its

analysis of these McDonnell Douglas factors and that Summa has made a sufficient showing on

each of these factors in order to establish a prima facie case.

                                                  1.

       To establish that she engaged in protected activity, Summa “need not establish that the

conduct she opposed was actually a violation of Title VII, but only that she possessed a good

faith, reasonable belief that the underlying employment practice was unlawful under that

                                                 13
statute.” Galdieri-Ambrosini v. Nat’l Realty & Dev. Corp., 136 F.3d 276, 292 (2d Cir. 1998)

(internal quotation marks omitted). The district court erred in concluding that Summa could not

have reasonably believed that her complaints to public safety and the school’s Equality Officer

were complaints about violations of Title VII. That the school considered these complaints to be

“student-on-student” issues is of no moment, as the first element of the prima facie case

explicitly contemplates the belief of the plaintiff, not of the employer. At the same time,

Equality Officer Murphy also concluded that the comment by Taylor constituted sexual

harassment and that the showing of the movie raised concerns that needed to be investigated.

Upon investigation, Murphy concluded that the Athletics Department staff would benefit from a

sexual harassment training, which was carried out the following August. In addition, regardless

of the steps taken, the University’s definition of the incident as a “student-on-student” issue has

no bearing on the reasonableness of Summa’s belief that it was employment related and

actionable under Title VII. It is clear from Summa’s formal EEO complaint that she believed

that the event was employment related. Furthermore, this was an entirely reasonable belief

because Summa was not on the football team bus in her capacity as a graduate student, but rather

was there solely in her capacity as an employee of the Athletics Department.

       As to the assertion that no reasonable person could believe a single incident amounted to

a Title VII violation, we disagree. Our case law, particularly Howley v. Town of Stratford, 217

F.3d 141, 154 (2d Cir. 2000), establishes that a single incident can create a hostile environment if

it is sufficiently severe. The incident on the team bus was close enough in severity to that in

Howley that a reasonable person certainly could have believed that it alone was enough to satisfy

the standard. Finally, as Summa correctly notes, the district court erroneously confined its

                                                 14
consideration to her written complaints. The written notes of the University’s Equality Officer

evidence that Summa complained about the entire course of harassment over the semester. In

determining the reasonableness of Summa’s belief, the court should have considered these

complaints as well because “[t]he law protects employees in the filing of formal charges of

discrimination as well as in the making of informal protests of discrimination, including making

complaints to management, writing critical letters to customers, protesting against discrimination

by industry or society in general, and expressing support of co-workers who have filed formal

charges.” Matima v. Celli, 228 F.3d 68, 78-79 (2d Cir. 2000) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Furthermore, Summa’s belief that her May 2007 complaint to the New York State Division of

Human Rights constituted protected activity is evident not only for all of the same reasons that

apply to her internal complaint, but also based upon the conclusion of the NYSDHR itself, which

determined that there was probable cause to proceed on Summa’s complaint. We conclude it

was objectively reasonable for Summa to believe she had suffered from employment

discrimination under Title VII and that her complaints to her employer were directed at just this

harm. We conclude that, with respect to all of her retaliation claims, Summa has met the first

step in making a prima facie case of retaliation by demonstrating that she had engaged in

protected activity.

                                                2.

       The district court also erred in concluding that there was insufficient evidence of

causation to meet the fourth element of a prima facie case of retaliation under Title VII with

respect to Summa’s loss of the football manager position and the termination of all of Summa’s

employment privileges. The district court concluded that Summa could not establish that her

                                                15
November 2006 complaints caused her replacement as football manager because there was no

evidence that the decisionmaker responsible for hiring spring managers, Equipment Manager

Battaglia, either knew about Summa’s complaints or knew that Summa had wanted to return as a

manager. To the extent that decisionmaker knowledge is relevant in establishing causation, that

knowledge may be satisfied by demonstrating that “the agent who decides to impose the adverse

action but is ignorant of the plaintiff’s protected activity acts pursuant to encouragement by a

superior (who has knowledge) to disfavor the plaintiff.” Henry v. Wyeth Pharm., Inc., 616 F.3d

134, 148 (2d Cir. 2010) (emphasis added). While there is no direct evidence that Cohen

specifically told Battaglia not to hire Summa, crediting Summa, as we must, Cohen and Perry

told her the position continued into the spring and the email regarding the position clearly

identified both the fall and spring seasons. A reasonable jury could conclude that these facts,

coupled with the fact that these coaches then either allowed Battaglia to replace her or told

Battaglia that new managers were needed, constitute Battaglia’s superiors encouraging him to

disfavor Summa. Battaglia’s affidavit states only that at the time he selected students to serve as

managers, he was not aware that Summa had any interest in returning. The affidavit does not say

who told him to hire managers, and a jury could reasonably infer that it was Cohen who told

Battaglia that they needed to hire new managers. This conclusion is further supported by Perry’s

deposition testimony that he had hired student managers in the past because Cohen told him it

needed to be done. A jury could reasonably conclude that the same procedure characterized

manager hiring in the spring.

       Furthermore, Summa’s presentation of a temporal connection is enough, in and of itself,

in this instance to permit a reasonable jury to find causation. We have regularly held that “[t]he

                                                16
causal connection needed for proof of a retaliation claim can be established indirectly by

showing that the protected activity was closely followed in time by the adverse action.” Cifra v.

Gen. Elec. Co., 252 F.3d 205, 217 (2d Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Furthermore, “[w]e have not drawn a bright line to define the outer limits beyond which a

temporal relationship is too attenuated to establish a causal relationship between the exercise of a

federal constitutional right and an allegedly retaliatory action. This has allowed our Court to

exercise its judgment about the permissible inferences that can be drawn from temporal

proximity in the context of particular cases.” Espinal v. Goord, 558 F.3d 119, 129 (2d Cir.

2009) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted) (comparing Hollander v. American

Cyanamid Co., 895 F.2d 80, 85-86 (2d Cir. 1990) (finding a lack of evidence that an adverse

action, taken three months after the plaintiff’s EEOC complaint, was in response to the plaintiff’s

protected activity) with Grant v. Bethlehem Steel Corp., 622 F.2d 43, 45-46 (2d Cir. 1980)

(finding that the lapse of eight months between an EEOC complaint and retaliatory act indicated

a causal connection)).

       In Espinal, we concluded that “the passage of only six months between the dismissal of

Espinal’s lawsuit and an allegedly retaliatory beating by officers, one of whom . . . was a

defendant in the prior lawsuit, [wa]s sufficient to support an inference of a causal connection.”

Id. We explained that “[i]t is plausible that the officers waited to exact their retaliation at an

opportune time—as when Espinal was involved in a fight with another inmate—in order to have

a ready explanation for any injuries suffered by Espinal.” Id. The temporal relationship here is

much like that in Espinal. Only four months passed between Summa’s November 2006

complaints and the denial of the spring season manager position. There is strong reason to find

                                                  17
this four-month time span sufficient in this case to establish causation because Summa’s

complaints were based on events that occurred on the very last day of the fall season. The start

of the spring season was the first moment in time when the football coaching staff could have

retaliated against Summa as she was not directly working for them over the intervening months.

This Court has recently held that even gaps of four months can support a finding of causation.

Hubbard v. Total Commc’ns, Inc., 347 F. App’x 679, 681 (2d Cir. 2009) (summary order). Here,

this close temporal relationship is made even closer by the fact that the adverse action occurred

at the first actual opportunity to retaliate. Thus, with respect to the denial of the football

manager position, Summa has made a prima facie case sufficient to move on to the next step of

the McDonnell Douglas analysis.

       Likewise, the combination of reasonably close temporal proximity and the particular

context in this case is sufficient to infer causation in establishing a prima facie case of retaliation

regarding the termination of Summa’s employment privileges at Hofstra. See Espinal, 558 F.3d

at 129-30. The seven-month gap between Summa’s filing of the instant lawsuit and the decision

to terminate her employment privileges is not prohibitively remote. See Grant, 622 F.2d at 45-

46 (finding causation based on an eight-month lag between protected activity and adverse

action). In addition to the fact that seven months is within the temporal range that we have

found sufficient to raise an inference of causation, the other surrounding

circumstances—including Miller-Suber’s personal knowledge of the lawsuit when she decided to

terminate the employment privileges and Miller-Suber’s comment about insuring that graduate

employees like Summa are able to “be advocates for the University,” which Connolly took as

including litigation-related conflicts—are sufficient to allow an inference of causation here.

                                                  18
       As correctly noted by the district court, Summa’s May 2007 complaint to the NYSDHR

and its June 2007 determination that she had established probable cause are plainly close enough

in time to the July 2007 rescission of the offered graduate assistantship that causality may be

inferred. Thus, with respect to all three adverse actions, Summa has established a prima facie

case sufficient to move on to the next step of the McDonnell Douglas analysis, namely, the

burden shifting to the University to offer legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for the adverse

actions in question.

                                                B.

       The next stage of the McDonnell Douglas balancing test places the burden on the

University to demonstrate that there were legitimate, non-retaliatory reasons for each of the three

adverse actions previously identified. Raniola, 243 F.3d at 625. The district court did not

consider the reasons offered by the University for Summa’s replacement as football manager or

for the termination of her employment privileges, and the University has made no direct

argument as to its legitimate motivations either here or in its motion for summary judgment

below. We nonetheless consider the record as whole and glean legitimate, non-retaliatory

reasons for each of these adverse actions. Because Summa did not contact the football team

regarding Spring Ball until immediately prior to the season, a legitimate reason for her

replacement was the football staff’s conclusion that the position needed to be filled because they

had not heard from her. With respect to the rescission of the graduate assistantship position,

Connolly’s conclusion that Summa had overstated her qualifications, misrepresented her

academic majors, and received “a lackluster reference” all amount to legitimate, non-retaliatory

reasons. Finally, the legitimate, non-retaliatory reason for the termination of Summa’s

                                                19
employment privileges was her double entry of hours on her time sheets for two student

employment positions. Because legitimate non-retaliatory reasons can be offered for each of the

adverse actions complained of, the burden shifts back to Summa “to establish, through either

direct or circumstantial evidence, that the [University’s] action was, in fact, motivated by

discriminatory retaliation.” Id.

                                                  C.

       While a Title VII plaintiff need not prove that retaliation was the only motivating factor

for an adverse action, see Gordon, 232 F.3d at 117, the plaintiff must show that retaliation was

the determinative factor, see Matima, 228 F.3d at 81. In this Circuit, it is “settled that a plaintiff

in a Title VII action need not disprove a defendant’s proffered rationale for its adverse actions in

order to prevail.” Gordon, 232 F.3d at 117. In assessing whether a plaintiff has established that

an adverse employment action was motivated by discriminatory retaliation, “there are two

distinct ways for a plaintiff to prevail—either by proving that a discriminatory motive, more

likely than not, motivated the defendants or by proving both that the reasons given by the

defendants are not true and that discrimination is the real reason for the actions.” Id. (internal

quotation marks omitted).

       With respect to the spring football manager position, Summa presented evidence that she

had repeatedly discussed the spring season with the football coaching staff and, more tellingly,

presented an e-mail that listed her stipend for the year as “Fall: $700 Spring: $300.” Defendants

now argue that they did not know she was returning for the spring because she did not contact

the football office until immediately before the start of Spring Ball, but this claim is undermined

by the documentary evidence regarding her spring salary. Furthermore, drawing all inferences in

                                                  20
Summa’s favor as we must at this stage, a jury could also conclude that the fact that she waited

until just before the spring season and contacted the department only for the purpose of obtaining

the schedule corroborates her account that she had been told she had the position already lined

up, thus obviating any need to contact the department at an earlier time. The evidence in the

record also demonstrates that Cohen did not know whether the position was actually filled when

he denied Summa the spring manager position, and Battaglia’s e-mails concerning the hiring

process for student managers suggest that indeed the position was not filled. This evidence

would allow a reasonable jury to conclude that the position was, in fact, available and was

denied to Summa in retaliation for her complaints regarding her treatment during the fall season.

Thus, Summa has made a sufficient showing of pretext, undermining the reason proffered by the

University for the removal of her position as manager of the football team for the spring.

       Summa has also made a sufficient showing of pretext with respect to the rescission of the

graduate assistantship position. The district court concluded that Summa’s presentation of her

area of interest in addition to her major without explicitly identifying it as such was a sufficient

reason for the University not to hire her as a graduate assistant. However, the district court

began its analysis too late in the sequence of events: it failed to consider the evidence that (a)

Summa had already been offered the position; (b) Miller-Suber, who was well aware of

Summa’s NYSDHR complaint, both suggested and encouraged Connolly to re-interview Summa

when Connolly could simply have signed off on the form based on her staff’s evaluation of

Summa; and (c) Miller-Suber encouraged and affirmed Connolly’s decision to rescind her offer.

Moreover, the e-mail informing Summa of the Connolly interview falsely stated that the office

had never hired a graduate assistant before and misrepresented the nature of her meeting with

                                                 21
Connolly, stating simply that Summa should “meet” Connolly. The e-mail did not say that

Summa’s offer, which a jury could find she had already accepted, was in danger of being

rescinded if the interview did not go well. Moreover, a jury is not required to credit Connolly’s

testimony that she was unaware of the NYSDHR complaint. Connolly admitted to speaking with

Miller-Suber, who knew of the complaint, and Summa described Connolly’s attitude toward her

as cold. The fact that Connolly took detailed notes and prepared a memo explaining her hiring

decision, which by her own admission was not her regular practice, further supports an inference

that she knew of Summa’s complaint and felt the need to carefully document her decision in case

any questions should arise in the future.

       Furthermore, evidence of disparate treatment of similarly situated individuals allows for

the conclusion that the reasons advanced by an employer in the Title VII context are pretextual.

Raniola, 243 F.3d at 625. Here, the undisputed evidence indicates that Summa was the only

potential graduate assistant who had an in-person interview with Connolly, and she was the only

one whose references were contacted. Further, on this record, drawing all inferences in favor of

Summa, Miller-Suber involved herself in the hiring process with respect to Summa to a far more

substantial degree than she did with the other graduate assistant, including encouraging Connolly

to rescind the offer. The difference in treatment between Summa and the other graduate assistant

is thus evidence from which a reasonable jury could conclude that the reason proffered by the

University was a pretext for a retaliatory motivation.

       Finally, with respect to the third adverse employment action—the termination of

Summa’s student employment privileges—we also hold that Summa has presented sufficient

evidence to conclude that the reason advanced by Miller-Suber and the University was

                                                22
pretextual. While it is undisputed that Summa double-booked hours on at least one time sheet,

Miller-Suber admits that she had never even looked into the billing practices of any other student

employee and had never previously terminated student employment privileges for the practice.

Miller-Suber also admitted that she had once terminated a manager for allowing such double-

billing to occur. Thus, as Miller-Suber knew that a manager had permitted student employees to

double-bill, she must, of course, also have known that one or more of the students working for

that manager had double-billed. Yet in that situation, it was only the manager, and not the

students, who was investigated and punished. This starkly different treatment of students who

had committed the same wrong as Summa would allow a reasonable jury to conclude that Miller-

Suber’s cited reason for the termination was indeed pretext for a retaliatory motive. Therefore,

with respect to each of the three adverse employment actions alleged in the instant case, Summa

has made a sufficient evidentiary showing to survive summary judgment.

                                                IV.

       Title VII and Title IX are governed by the same substantive standards for reviewing

claims of both harassment and retaliation. Murray v. N.Y. Univ. Coll. of Dentistry, 57 F.3d 243,

248 (2d Cir. 1995). Title VII provides an administrative procedure by which an individual

claiming harassment or retaliation must first pursue administrative remedies before the EEOC

prior to seeking judicial relief, see 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5, while Title IX does not. In the instant

case, Summa complied with the administrative procedures under Title VII and brings the same

claims under both Title VII and Title IX. This is not a case where the plaintiff’s access to relief

is prohibited because of her failure to comply with the administrative scheme of Title VII or the

plaintiff only brought suit under Title IX. Nor is Summa claiming any relief that is particular to

                                                 23
Title IX. Thus, we need not and do not address the barely briefed issue of whether there is a

private right of action for employment discrimination under Title IX.1 All of the relief sought by

Summa is cognizable under her Title VII claim, which, in this particular instance, her Title IX

claim simply duplicates.

                                        CONCLUSION

       For the reasons stated above, the judgment of the district court hereby is AFFIRMED in

part and VACATED in part, and the case is REMANDED to the district court for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

       1
          We note that the First and Fourth Circuits have recognized such a right of action, see
Preston v. Virginia ex rel. New River Cmty. Coll., 31 F.3d 203, 205-06 (4th Cir. 1994) (“An
implied private right of action exists for enforcement of Title IX. This implied right extends to
employment discrimination on the basis of gender by educational institutions receiving federal
funds.” (citation omitted)); Lipsett v. Univ. of Puerto Rico, 864 F.2d 881, 897 (1st Cir. 1988)
(finding employment discrimination against a student-employee actionable under Title IX),
while the Fifth Circuit has held there is no such right, see Lakoski v. James, 66 F.3d 751, 755
(5th Cir. 1995). We also note that the U.S. Department of Justice recognizes such a cause of
action. U.S. DEP’T OF JUSTICE, TITLE IX LEGAL MANUAL IV.B.2., available at
http://www.justice.gov/crt/about /cor/coord/ixlegal.php (“The Department takes the position that
Title IX and Title VII are separate enforcement mechanisms. Individuals can use both statutes to
attack the same violations. This view is consistent with the Supreme Court’s decisions on Title
IX’s coverage of employment discrimination, as well as the different constitutional bases for
Title IX and Title VII.” (citing Henschke v. N.Y. Hosp.-Cornell Med. Ctr., 821 F. Supp. 166,
172-73 (S.D.N.Y. 1993)).

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