Court Opinion

ID: 4417372
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-07-17 14:51:23.939303+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:45:44.923938
License: Public Domain

[J-72A-2018, J-72B-2018, J-72C-2018, J-72D-2018, J-72E-2018, J-72F-2018, J-72G-
                             2018 and J-72H-2018]
                 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
                             WESTERN DISTRICT

  SAYLOR, C.J., BAER, TODD, DONOHUE, DOUGHERTY, WECHT, MUNDY, JJ.

PENNSYLVANIA RESTAURANT AND              :   No. 57 WAP 2017
LODGING ASSOCIATION, STORMS              :
RESTAURANT AND CATERING, LLC             :   Appeal from the Order of the
D/B/A STORMS RESTAURANT,                 :   Commonwealth Court entered May 17,
LAWRENCEVILLE BREWERY, INC.,             :   2017 at No. 79 CD 2016, affirming the
D/B/A THE CHURCH BREW WORKS,             :   Order of the Court of Common Pleas
1215 INCORPORATED, D/B/A RITA'S          :   of Allegheny County entered
ITALIAN ICE, DIRT DOCTORS                :   December 21, 2015 at No. GD 15-
CLEANING SERVICE LLC, AND                :   16442.
MODERN CAFE INC.                         :
                                         :   ARGUED: October 23, 2018
                                         :
            v.                           :
                                         :
                                         :
CITY OF PITTSBURGH                       :
                                         :
                                         :
            v.                           :
                                         :
                                         :
SERVICE EMPLOYEES                        :
INTERNATIONAL UNION LOCAL 32BJ           :
                                         :
                                         :
APPEAL OF: SERVICE EMPLOYEES             :
INTERNATIONAL UNION LOCAL 32BJ           :

PENNSYLVANIA RESTAURANT AND              :   No. 58 WAP 2017
LODGING ASSOCIATION, STORMS              :
RESTAURANT AND CATERING, LLC,            :   Appeal from the Order of the
D/B/A STORMS RESTAURANT,                 :   Commonwealth Court entered May 17,
LAWRENCEVILLE BREWERY, INC.,             :   2017 at No. 101 CD 2016, affirming
D/B/A THE CHURCH BREW WORKS,             :   the Order of the Court of Common
1215 INCORPORATED, D/B/A RITA'S          :   Pleas of Allegheny County entered
ITALIAN ICE, DIRT DOCTORS                :   December 21, 2015 at No. GD 15-
CLEANING SERVICE LLC, AND                :   16442.
MODERN CAFE INC.                         :
                                         : ARGUED: October 23, 2018
                                         :
           v.                            :
                                         :
                                         :
CITY OF PITTSBURGH, COUNCIL OF           :
THE CITY OF PITTSBURGH, AND              :
WILLIAM PEDUTO, AND SERVICE              :
EMPLOYEES INTERNATIONAL UNION            :
LOCAL 32 BJ                              :
                                         :
                                         :
APPEAL OF: SERVICE EMPLOYEES             :
INTERNATIONAL UNION LOCAL 32BJ           :

BUILDING OWNERS AND MANAGERS             :   No. 59 WAP 2017
ASSOCIATION OF PITTSBURGH                :
                                         :   Appeal from the Order of the
                                         :   Commonwealth Court entered May 17,
           v.                            :   2017 at No. 100 CD 2016, affirming
                                         :   the Order of the Court of Common
                                         :   Pleas of Allegheny County entered
CITY OF PITTSBURGH, COUNCIL OF           :   December 17, 2015 at No. GD 15-
THE CITY OF PITTSBURGH, AND              :   13329.
WILLIAM PEDUTO, AND SERVICE              :
EMPLOYEES INTERNATIONAL UNION            :   ARGUED: October 23, 2018
LOCAL 32 BJ                              :
                                         :
                                         :
APPEAL OF: SERVICE EMPLOYEES             :
INTERNATIONAL UNION LOCAL 32BJ           :

BUILDING OWNERS AND MANAGERS             :   No. 60 WAP 2017
ASSOCIATION OF PITTSBURGH                :
                                         :   Appeal from the Order of the
                                         :   Commonwealth Court entered May 17,
           v.                            :   2017 at No. 102 CD 2016, affirming
                                         :   the Order of the Court of Common
                                         :   Pleas of Allegheny County entered
CITY OF PITTSBURGH, COUNCIL OF           :   December 17, 2015 at No. GD 15-
THE CITY OF PITTSBURGH, AND              :   13329.
WILLIAM PEDUTO, AND SERVICE              :
EMPLOYEES INTERNATIONAL UNION            :   ARGUED: October 23, 2018
LOCAL 32BJ                               :
                                         :
                                         :

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                            2018 and J-72H-2018] - 2
APPEAL OF: SERVICE EMPLOYEES             :
INTERNATIONAL UNION LOCAL 32BJ           :

BUILDING OWNERS AND MANAGERS             :   No. 61 WAP 2017
ASSOCIATION OF PITTSBURGH                :
                                         :   Appeal from the Order of the
                                         :   Commonwealth Court entered May 17,
           v.                            :   2017 at No. 100 CD 2016, affirming
                                         :   the Order of the Court of Common
                                         :   Pleas of Allegheny County entered
CITY OF PITTSBURGH, COUNCIL OF           :   December 17, 2015 at No. GD 15-
THE CITY OF PITTSBURGH, AND              :   13329.
WILLIAM PEDUTO, AND SERVICE              :
EMPLOYEES INTERNATIONAL UNION            :   ARGUED: October 23, 2018
LOCAL 32BJ                               :
                                         :
                                         :
APPEAL OF: CITY OF PITTSBURGH,           :
COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF                   :
PITTSBURGH, AND WILLIAM PEDUTO           :

BUILDING OWNERS AND MANAGERS             :   No. 62 WAP 2017
ASSOCIATION OF PITTSBURGH                :
                                         :   Appeal from the Order of the
                                         :   Commonwealth Court entered May 17,
           v.                            :   2017 at No. 102 CD 2016, affirming
                                         :   the Order of the Court of Common
                                         :   Pleas of Allegheny County entered
CITY OF PITTSBURGH, COUNCIL OF           :   December 17, 2015 at No. GD 15-
THE CITY OF PITTSBURGH, AND              :   13329.
WILLIAM PEDUTO, AND SERVICE              :
EMPLOYEES INTERNATIONAL UNION            :   ARGUED: October 23, 2018
LOCAL 32BJ                               :
                                         :
                                         :
APPEAL OF: CITY OF PITTSBURGH,           :
COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF                   :
PITTSBURGH, AND WILLIAM PEDUTO           :

PENNSYLVANIA RESTAURANT AND              :   No. 63 WAP 2017
LODGING ASSOCIATION, STORMS              :
RESTAURANT AND CATERING, LLC,            :   Appeal from the Order of the
D/B/A STORMS RESTAURANT,                 :   Commonwealth Court entered May 17,
LAWRENCEVILLE BREWERY, INC.,             :   2017 at No. 79 CD 2016, affirming the
D/B/A THE CHURCH BREW WORKS,             :   Order of the Court of Common Pleas
1215 INCORPORATED, D/B/A RITA'S          :   of Allegheny County entered

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ITALIAN ICE, DIRT DOCTORS                : December 21, 2015 at No. GD 15-
CLEANING SERVICE LLC, AND                : 16442.
MODERN CAFE INC.                         :
                                         : ARGUED: October 23, 2018
                                         :
           v.                            :
                                         :
                                         :
CITY OF PITTSBURGH                       :
                                         :
                                         :
           v.                            :
                                         :
                                         :
SERVICE EMPLOYEES                        :
INTERNATIONAL UNION LOCAL 32BJ           :
                                         :
                                         :
APPEAL OF: CITY OF PITTSBURGH,           :
COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF                   :
PITTSBURGH, AND WILLIAM PEDUTO           :

PENNSYLVANIA RESTAURANT AND              :   No. 64 WAP 2017
LODGING ASSOCIATION, STORMS              :
RESTAURANT AND CATERING, LLC,            :   Appeal from the Order of the
D/B/A STORMS RESTAURANT,                 :   Commonwealth Court entered May 17,
LAWRENCEVILLE BREWERY, INC.,             :   2017 at No. 101 CD 2016, affirming
D/B/A THE CHURCH BREW WORKS,             :   the Order of the Court of Common
1215 INCORPORATED, D/B/A RITA'S          :   Pleas of Allegheny County entered
ITALIAN ICE, DIRT DOCTORS                :   December 21, 2015 at No. GD 15-
CLEANING SERVICE LLC, AND                :   16442.
MODERN CAFE INC.                         :
                                         :   ARGUED: October 23, 2018
                                         :
           v.                            :
                                         :
                                         :
CITY OF PITTSBURGH, COUNCIL OF           :
THE CITY OF PITTSBURGH, AND              :
WILLIAM PEDUTO, AND SERVICE              :
EMPLOYEES INTERNATIONAL UNION            :
LOCAL 32BJ                               :
                                         :
                                         :
                                         :
                                         :

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                            2018 and J-72H-2018] - 4
    APPEAL OF: CITY OF PITTSBURGH,                :
    COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF
    PITTSBURGH, AND WILLIAM PEDUTO

                                           OPINION

JUSTICE WECHT                                         DECIDED: JULY 17, 2019

        Pennsylvania long has sought to balance carefully the time-honored prerogatives

of local governance with the countervailing state interest in providing a hospitable

environment for commercial activity. In its recent enactment of two ordinances that impose

certain obligations upon local businesses, the City of Pittsburgh approached the fulcrum

between these competing priorities. The Paid Sick Days Act (“PSDA”),1 as its name

suggests, entitles employees to accrue paid sick leave. The Safe and Secure Buildings

Act (“SSBA”)2 imposes education and training obligations upon building owners and their

employees in furtherance of disaster preparedness, counterterrorism, and related

concerns. We are asked to consider whether these ordinances run afoul of the qualified

statutory preclusion of local regulations that burden business. We hold that the PSDA

does not exceed those limitations, and that the SSBA does exceed them.

        I. HISTORICAL AND LEGAL CONTEXT

        Historically, “municipal corporations are creatures of the State and . . . the authority

of the Legislature over their powers is supreme. . . . Municipal corporations have no

inherent powers and may do only those things which the Legislature has expressly or by

1       PITTSBURGH CODE §§ 626.01-626.13.
2       PITTSBURGH CODE §§ 410.01-410.09.

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necessary implication placed within their power to do.” Denbow v. Borough of Leetsdale,

729 A.2d 1113, 1118 (Pa. 1999) (quoting Knauer v. Commonwealth, 332 A.2d 589, 590

(Pa. Cmwlth. 1975)).3 The Constitution of 1968 turned this principle on its head. Article

IX of the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1968 provides:

        Municipalities shall have the right and power to frame and adopt home rule
        charters. Adoption, amendment or repeal of a home rule charter shall be
        by referendum. The General Assembly shall provide the procedure by
        which a home rule charter may be framed and its adoption, amendment or
        repeal presented to the electors. If the General Assembly does not so
        provide, a home rule charter or a procedure for framing and presenting a
        home rule charter may be presented to the electors by initiative or by the
        governing body of the municipality. A municipality which has a home rule
        charter may exercise any power or perform any function not denied by this
        Constitution, by its home rule charter or by the General Assembly at any
        time.

PA. CONST. art. IX, § 2. By virtue of this revision, any power that the General Assembly

did not forbid was now extended to any municipality that—like the City of Pittsburgh—

adopted home rule. See City of Phila. v. Schweiker, 858 A.2d 75, 84 (Pa. 2004) (holding

that, “[u]nder the concept of home rule, . . . the locality in question may legislate

3     This bedrock legal principle sometimes is referred to as “Dillon’s Rule,” after Judge
John F. Dillon, who explained:

        Municipal corporations owe their origin to, and derive their powers and rights wholly
        from, the legislature. It breathes into them the breath of life, without which they
        cannot exist. As it creates, so it may destroy. If it may destroy, it may abridge and
        control. Unless there is some constitutional limitation on the right, the legislature
        might, by a single act, if we can suppose it capable of so great a folly and so great
        a wrong, sweep from existence all of the municipal corporations in the State, and
        the corporation could not prevent it. We know of no limitation on this right so far as
        the corporations themselves are concerned. They are, so to phrase it, the mere
        tenants at will of the legislature.

City of Clinton v. Cedar Rapids & M.R.R. Co., 24 Iowa 455, 475 (1868) (emphasis in
original).

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concerning municipal governance without express statutory warrant for each new

ordinance,” provided it does so in a fashion allowed by its home rule charter and without

running afoul of the Pennsylvania Constitution or state statutory law).

       In 1996, the General Assembly enacted the Home Rule Charter and Optional Plans

Law, 53 Pa.C.S. §§ 2901-3171 (hereinafter, “the HRC”). Echoing Article IX, Section 2, of

our Constitution, the HRC extends home-rule authority only to “function[s] not denied by

the Constitution of Pennsylvania, by statute or by [the municipality’s] home rule charter.”

53 Pa.C.S. § 2961; see City of Pittsburgh v. Fraternal Order of Police, Ft. Pitt Lodge No. 1,

161 A.3d 160, 170 (Pa. 2017) (quoting Spahn v. Zoning Bd. of Adjustment, 977 A.2d 1132,

1144 (Pa. 2009)). Thus, no home rule charter may confer upon a home-rule municipality

“power or authority” that is “contrary to or in limitation or enlargement of powers granted

by statutes which are applicable to a class or classes of municipalities.” 53 Pa.C.S.

§ 2962(a).   Notwithstanding these limitations, “a home-rule municipality’s exercise of

legislative power is presumed valid, absent a specific constitutional or statutory limitation.”

SEPTA v. City of Phila., 101 A.3d 79, 88 (Pa. 2014). The HRC instructs that “[a]ll grants

of municipal power to municipalities governed by a home rule charter under this

subchapter, whether in the form of specific enumeration or general terms, shall be liberally

construed in favor of the municipality.” 53 Pa.C.S. § 2961. Accordingly, when we find

ambiguity in the scope of municipal authority or the limitations imposed thereon, we must

resolve that ambiguity in the municipality’s favor. Nutter v. Dougherty, 938 A.2d 401, 411

(Pa. 2007) (citing Cty. of Delaware v. Twp. of Middletown, 511 A.2d 811, 813 (Pa. 1986)).

       Home rule incorporates and reinforces local municipalities’ traditional police

powers. In Balent v. City of Wilkes-Barre, 669 A.2d 309 (Pa. 1995), we described “the

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police power” as that which “promote[s] the health, safety and general welfare of the

people.”    Id. at 314.   In Adams v. City of New Kensington, 55 A.2d 392 (Pa. 1947),

interpreting the Third Class City Law’s “general welfare clause,” we explained that courts

regard such provisions “as ample authority for the reasonable exercise, bona fide, of broad

and varied municipal activity to protect the health, morals, peace and good order of the

community.” Id. at 395.4

        In explicating the police powers enjoyed by the State, which are broader than, and

necessarily superior to, the police powers possessed by counties and municipalities, we

have explained:

        The “police power” is one of the “most essential powers of government . . . .”
        Hadacheck v. Sebastian, 239 U.S. 394 (1915). It has been variously
        defined as the power “to promote the public health, morals or safety and the
        general well-being of the community,” Commonwealth v. Harmar Coal Co.,
        306 A.2d 308, 316 (Pa. 1973); see DePaul v. Kauffman, 272 A.2d 500, 504
        (Pa. 1971), or as “the inherent power of a body politic to enact and enforce
        laws for the promotion of the general welfare,” Commonwealth v. Barnes &
        Tucker, 371 A.2d 461, 465 (Pa. 1977), or as a power extending to “all the
        great public needs,” Day-Brite Lighting, Inc. v. Missouri, 342 U.S. 421, 424
        (1952). The police power is fundamental because it enables “civil society”
        to respond in an appropriate and effective fashion to changing political,
        economic, and social circumstances, and thus to maintain its vitality and
        order. See, e.g., Mugler v. Kansas, 123 U.S. 623, 668 (1887).

Nat’l Wood Preserves, Inc. v. Commonwealth, Dep’t of Env’t Res., 414 A.2d 37, 42

(Pa. 1980) (citations modified; footnote omitted).

4      The Second Class City Code, which would govern the City of Pittsburgh absent its
home-rule election, grants authority to “make regulations to secure the general health of
the inhabitants, and to remove and prevent nuisances.” 53 P.S. § 23145.

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        II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

        In 2015 the Pittsburgh City Council passed and Mayor William Peduto (collectively,

“the City”) signed the PSDA and the SSBA. In each Ordinance, the City provided prefatory

recitations of the purported sources of its authority to enact the legislation.         See

PSDA § 626.01(c); SSBA § 410.02.

        On the City’s account, the PSDA seeks “to enhance the public health by ensuring

that employees across the City of Pittsburgh are able to earn paid sick time.” PSDA

§ 626.01(b). As statutory authority for that enactment, the City cites: the HRC itself; the

Second Class Cities Code, 53 P.S. §§ 22101-28707 (hereinafter, “SCCC”)5; and the

Disease Prevention and Control Law of 1955, 35 P.S. §§ 521.1-521.21 (hereinafter,

“DPCL”).6 See PSDA § 626.01(c).

        Subject to various qualifications and exclusions that do not affect our analysis, the

PSDA provides that employees of employers with fifteen or more employees are entitled

to accrue up to forty hours of paid sick leave per year at a rate of one hour of leave for

every thirty-five hours worked. Employers with fewer than fifteen employees also must

provide paid sick leave at the rate of one hour of leave per thirty-five hours worked.

However, these employers may limit accrued leave to twenty-four hours per year. See

PSDA § 626.03.

        For its part, the SSBA seeks “to enhance the safety requirements and standards

currently in the Emergency Management and Preparedness Chapter of the Fire Prevention

5       Act of April 24, 1905, P.L. 307, as amended.
6       Act of April 23, 1956, P.L. (1955) 1510, as amended.

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Code for the benefit of the public by ensuring that buildings are staffed with workers who

receive the training necessary to protect its occupants and property.” SSBA § 410.02. As

statutory authority for this enactment, the City cites: HRC §§ 2961 and 2962(c)(4); the

Emergency Management Services Code, 35 Pa.C.S. §§ 7501-7931 & 79a01-79a31

(hereinafter, “Emergency Code”)7; and the SCCC, 53 P.S. § 25092. See SSBA § 410.02.

        The SSBA’s provisions apply to “covered properties,” a term that encompasses

commercial office buildings or complexes, retail buildings or complexes, health care

facilities, museums, and “similar cultural institutions” occupying 100,000 or more square

feet, as well as all colleges and universities, and all properties owned, managed, or

occupied, wholly or in part, by the City. The SSBA’s requirements apply variously to

“[s]ecurity officers”8 and “[b]uilding service employees.”9 While we consider the specific

requirements of the SSBA in greater detail below, our review of the lower courts’ rulings

requires us to note only that the SSBA imposes an array of time-consuming education

requirements that putatively ensure that employees of certain businesses and building

7       See Act of Nov. 26, 1978, P.L. 1332, No. 323, as amended, 35 Pa.C.S. §§ 7101, et
seq.
8       “[A] person employed principally to perform one (1) or more of the following
functions: protection of individuals or property from harm or unlawful or unauthorized
activity; and deterrence, observation, detection and/or reporting of incidents in order to
prevent or abate any harmful, unlawful or unauthorized activity,” excluding all city, county,
state, and federal law enforcement officers, as well as officers appointed by non-profit
corporations as authorized by 22 Pa.C.S. § 501. SSBA § 410.03(e).
9      “[A] person performing work in connection with the care and maintenance of
property, such as a concierge, doorperson, cleaner, janitor, custodian, superintendent,
porter, maintenance person, handyperson, . . . who regularly works at such property a
minimum of sixteen (16) hours per week,” excluding students employed by their
educational institution. SSBA § 410.03(a).

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facilities are capable of serving certain protective and investigative functions in the event

of a plethora of events that imperil the health and safety of such facilities’ occupants.

         The above-captioned plaintiff-appellees (collectively, “Challengers”)10 filed suit

seeking declaratory and injunctive relief, challenging the PSDA’s and SSBA’s validity on

the basis that the HRC precludes the City from imposing the burdens those ordinances

entail upon local employers. The Allegheny County Court of Common Pleas considered

the challenges to both laws, and found, in separate decisions issued within four days of

each other, that both ordinances were ultra vires as impermissible business regulations

pursuant to Section 2962(f) of the HRC. That provision states:

         Regulation of business and employment.—A municipality which adopts a
         home rule charter shall not determine duties, responsibilities or requirements
         placed upon businesses, occupations and employers, including the duty to
         withhold, remit or report taxes or penalties levied or imposed upon them or
         upon persons in their employment, except as expressly provided by statutes
         which are applicable in every part of this Commonwealth or which are
         applicable to all municipalities or to a class or classes of municipalities. . . .

53 Pa.C.S. § 2962(f) (emphasis added) (hereinafter, the “Business Exclusion”).                We

review these trial court decisions in turn, focusing first upon the later-issued ruling

concerning the PSDA, which the court analyzed at greater length.

         The Pittsburgh Restaurant and Lodging Association, among others (collectively,

“PRLA”11), challenged the PSDA. As noted above, the Business Exclusion precludes

home-rule municipalities from determining “duties, responsibilities or requirements placed

upon” businesses and employers unless authority to do so is “expressly provided” by

10     Except where citing briefs, for simplicity’s sake we refer to all plaintiffs below as
“Challengers.”
11       All Challengers to the PSDA filed a joint brief before this Court.

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statute. Thus, the trial court reviewed each of the putative statutory sources of authority

proffered by the City.

       First, the court rejected the City’s invocation of the DPCL, which provides, in

relevant part: “Municipalities which have boards or departments of health or county

departments of health may enact ordinances or issue rules and regulations relating to

disease prevention and control, which are not less strict than the provisions of this act or

the rules and regulations issued thereunder by the board.” 35 P.S. § 521.16(c). The court

concluded that this grant of authority did not apply because the City does not have a

municipal board or department of health.

       The court next rejected the City’s resort to the SCCC, 53 P.S. §§ 23103 and 23145

(collectively empowering second-class cities to “make regulations to secure the general

health of the inhabitants, and to remove and prevent nuisances”). The Business Exclusion

envisages reliance upon the express provision of authority by statutes “which are

applicable to all municipalities or to a class or classes of municipalities.” Evidently, the

court construed that exception to refer only to such grants of authority when they govern

the particular city asserting a challenged law-making authority.      Thus, the trial court

determined that SCCC § 23145 could not confer the authority asserted because the City

lost its status as a second-class city governed by the SCCC when it elected to enact its

home rule charter. Tr. Ct. Op. PSDA at 3 (citing Danzilli v. Lomeo, 944 A.2d 813, 815 n.6

(Pa. Cmwlth. 2008)).

       The trial court concluded as well that its disposition was controlled by this Court’s

decision in Building Owners & Managers Association of Pittsburgh v. City of Pittsburgh,

985 A.2d 711 (Pa. 2009) (hereinafter, “BOMA—2009”). In that case, this Court confronted

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a challenge to a Pittsburgh ordinance requiring employers who obtained new service

contracts to retain the employees of the prior contractor for no fewer than 180 days after

the new contract took effect. By precluding the termination of the prior contractor’s

employees for 180 days, we held, the City had imposed an unauthorized “requirement” on

City businesses as that term is used in the Business Exclusion.12 For all of these reasons,

the trial court ruled that the PSDA could not stand, and it granted judgment on the

pleadings in favor of Challengers.

         The trial court’s analysis of the SSBA was more concise. Therein, the court did not

expressly consider any of the City’s cited sources of authority for the legislation. Instead,

it repeated its brief discussion of BOMA—2009, and it ruled accordingly.

         The City and the Service Employees International Union Local 32BJ (hereinafter,

“SEIU”) both appealed the trial court’s decisions to the Commonwealth Court, which

considered the cases en banc and affirmed both rulings in separate non-precedential

decisions. See Pa. Restaurant & Lodging Ass’n v. City of Pittsburgh, 79 C.D. 2016, 101

C.D. 2016, 2017 WL 2153813 (Pa. Cmwlth. May 17, 2017) (en banc memorandum;

hereinafter, “PRLA”); Bldg. Owners & Managers Ass’n of Pittsburgh v. City of Pittsburgh,

100 C.D. 2016, 102 C.D. 2016, 2017 WL 2153216 (Pa. Cmwlth. May 17, 2017) (en banc

memorandum).

         With regard to the PSDA, the Commonwealth Court ruled that the provisions the

City cited as express statutory authorizations for the PSDA were insufficient to except that

enactment from the Business Exclusion. The court rejected the City’s reliance upon HRC

12    Notably, in that case this Court did not address any proposed statutory sources of
express authority to impose the requirement, such as are contemplated by HRC § 2962(f).

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§ 2962(c)(4), which broadly bars a municipality from enacting ordinances and regulations

“with respect to definitions, sanitation, safety, health, standards of identity or labeling

pertaining to the manufacture, processing, storage, distribution and sale of any foods,

goods or services subject to any Commonwealth statutes and regulations” unless they are

uniform with Commonwealth statutes and regulations on the same subject, but makes an

exception for “ordinances relating to building codes or any other safety, sanitation or health

regulations pertaining thereto.” 53 Pa.C.S. § 2962(c)(4). In relying upon “ordinances

relating to safety, sanitation or health regulations” as a source of express authority, the

court observed, the City effectively wrote out of the statute the language limiting these

allowances to ordinances “relating to building codes” and regulations “pertaining thereto.”

The City’s argument failed because the PSDA had nothing to do with building codes.

       The intermediate court also rejected the City’s reliance upon the SCCC. The court

did not endorse the trial court’s conclusion that the SCCC could not grant the authority in

question because the City had forfeited its second-class city status by electing home rule.

However, the court concluded that the City’s reliance upon SCCC §§ 23145 (authorizing

cities to “make regulations to secure the general health of the inhabitants”) and 23146

(permitting cities to “make all necessary orders and regulations to prevent the introduction

of contagious or pestilential diseases into the city” and “to enact quarantine laws for that

purpose”) was unavailing because neither provision “expressly grant[s] the City authority

to impose the affirmative duties” embodied in the PSDA. PRLA, 2017 WL 2153813 at *3.

       With regard to the City’s resort to the DPCL, the Commonwealth Court agreed with

the trial court that the City’s lack of a health board or health department precluded the

DPCL’s application. In this regard, the court summarily rejected the City’s argument that

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the DPCL’s authorization applies where a home-rule municipality is served by a county

health department. Rather, on the Commonwealth Court’s account, only if the City was

served by a municipal board or department of health might it find the requisite authority to

provide paid sick leave. As a consequence of this reasoning, the Court did not address

whether, assuming the City had the legislative authority conferred by the DPCL, the

DPCL’s terms would qualify as express authority for purposes of the Business Exclusion.

       Judge Cosgrove was the lone dissenter. Citing the “essential principle underlying

home rule [to] transfer [] authority to control certain municipal affairs from the state to the

local level,” id. at *4 (Cosgrove, J., dissenting) (quoting Hartman v. City of Allentown,

880 A.2d 737, 742 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2005)), Judge Cosgrove noted that this Court’s decision

in BOMA—2009, upon which the Commonwealth Court majority relied, concerned an

ordinance that was designed “in the first place to regulate business,” while the PSDA

reflects an effort to protect health and safety that lies at the heart of home rule. Id. at *5

(citing BOMA—2009, 985 A.2d at 715 n.12, in which the Majority of this Court criticized

the dissent for “confus[ing] regulating business with health or safety ordinances that may

affect a business”). Thus, Judge Cosgrove maintained, the exercise of home-rule authority

in this case should be allowed because the PSDA acts in furtherance of health and safety

and the resulting burdens upon businesses are merely incidental to that objective.

       In its separate decision affirming the trial court’s ruling that the SSBA violated the

HRC, the Commonwealth Court rejected the City’s resort to the SCCC and the Emergency

Code as sources of express statutory authority for purposes of the Business Exclusion.

The City contended that the SSBA was authorized by: SCCC § 23145, which empowers

second-class cities “[t]o make regulations to secure the general health of the inhabitants,

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and to remove and prevent nuisances”; Section 25081, which authorizes second-class

cities to provide for the inspection of all buildings and premises “to decrease and prevent

fire, the spread of fire, and fire waste, loss of life from fire, and loss of life or damage to

property from unsafe or improper construction or design”; and Section 25092, pursuant to

which second-class cities may “provide for the preparation and distribution by the

Department of Public Safety of rules and regulations to minimize the danger of fire and

lessen fire waste.” The court found that these provisions did not grant the City “specific

authority” to impose upon employers the affirmative duties that the SSBA created.

       The court also found that the Emergency Code did not confer express authority to

enact the SSBA. The Emergency Code authorizes and directs political subdivisions “to

establish a local emergency management organization in accordance with the plan and

program of the Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency” with “responsibility for

emergency management, response and recovery within the . . . political subdivision.”

35 Pa.C.S. § 7501(a).      Section 7503 directs political subdivisions to “adopt an

Intergovernmental Cooperation agreement with other political subdivisions” in furtherance

of maintaining a “disaster emergency management plan,” and explains in great detail the

various functions for which the plan must provide. The court found that these grants of

authority do not “expressly empower” the City to direct the regulation and training of

“Security Officers” or “Building Service Employees” of private employers. Acknowledging

Section 7503(7)’s authorization of municipalities to “[c]ooperate and coordinate” with

private employers in furtherance of the “Intergovernmental Cooperation agreement”

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among cooperating municipalities, the court found that it nonetheless did not support

compelled regulation and training of covered security and service employees.13

         The City and SEIU sought our review of these decisions, which we granted in order

to resolve the following question:

         Did the Commonwealth Court err in holding that the State Emergency
         Management Services Code, the State Disease Prevention and Control Act
         Law [sic], the Second Class City Code, and the Home Rule Charter and
         [Optional Plans] Law failed to satisfy the “expressly provided by statute”
         exception, and that the City of Pittsburgh therefore lacked the authority to
         pass the Paid Sick Days Act and the Safe and Secure Buildings Act?

Pa. Rest. & Lodging Ass’n v. City of Pittsburgh, 175 A.3d 219 (Pa. 2017) (per curiam).

         III. THE GOVERNING LEGAL STANDARDS

         The scope of the issue we granted for review is narrow. We consider only whether

any “statute[] which [is] applicable in every part of this Commonwealth or which [is]

applicable to all municipalities or to a class or classes of municipalities,” 53 Pa.C.S.

§ 2962(f), expressly empowered the City to enact either or both of the PSDA and SSBA.

         Before taking up these two ordinances in detail, we note that resolving the question

presented requires us to seek express statutory authority as conceived by the Business

Exclusion. This principally constitutes an exercise in statutory construction involving a

question of law, which we address de novo, subject to a plenary scope of review. Thomas

Jefferson Univ. Hosp., Inc. v. Pa. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 162 A.3d 384, 389 (Pa. 2017).

“‘In all matters involving statutory interpretation, we apply the Statutory Construction Act,

1 Pa.C.S. §§ 1501, et seq., which directs us to ascertain and effectuate the intent of the

13     Once again, Judge Cosgrove dissented. In this case, he merely cited his dissent
in the PSDA decision as expressing his reservations with regard to the court’s rejection of
the SSBA.

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General Assembly. 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(a).’” Id. at 389 (quoting Commonwealth v. Kingston,

143 A.3d 917, 922 (Pa. 2016)). In seeking the General Assembly’s intent, our inquiry

begins and ends with the plain language of the statute if that statute is unambiguous.

Mohamed v. Commonwealth, Dep’t of Transp., Bureau of Motor Vehicles, 40 A.3d 1186,

1193 (Pa. 2012). However, when the language is susceptible of two or more reasonable

interpretations, we may rely upon various extrinsic considerations. These construction

devices include, but are not limited to:

       (1) The occasion and necessity for the statute.

       (2) The circumstances under which it was enacted.

       (3) The mischief to be remedied.

       (4) The object to be attained.

       (5) The former law, if any, including other statutes upon the same or similar
       subjects.

       (6) The consequences of a particular interpretation.

       (7) The contemporaneous legislative history.

       (8) Legislative and administrative interpretations of such statute.

1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(c). We also may presume that “the General Assembly does not intend

a result that is absurd, impossible of execution or unreasonable,” and that the legislature

“intends to favor the public interest as against any private interest.”           1 Pa.C.S.

§§ 1922(1), (5).

       It bears repeating that “[a]ll grants of municipal power to municipalities governed by

a home rule charter under this subchapter, whether in the form of specific enumeration or

general terms, shall be liberally construed in favor of the municipality.” 53 Pa.C.S. § 2961.

Accordingly, when we find ambiguity in the scope of municipal authority and limitations

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imposed thereupon, we must resolve that ambiguity in the home-rule municipality’s favor.

Nutter, 938 A.2d at 411 (quoting Cty. of Delaware, 511 A.2d at 813).

         IV. DISCUSSION14

         Disposition of these appeals turns upon the Business Exclusion and the limited

exception which that provision contains. The Business Exclusion provides as follows:

         Regulation of business and employment.—A municipality which adopts a
         home rule charter shall not determine duties, responsibilities or requirements
         placed upon businesses, occupations and employers, including the duty to
         withhold, remit or report taxes or penalties levied or imposed upon them or
         upon persons in their employment, except as expressly provided by statutes
         which are applicable in every part of this Commonwealth or which are
         applicable to all municipalities or to a class or classes of municipalities. . . .

53 Pa.C.S. § 2962(f) (emphasis added). Accepting as we must the proposition that both

the PSDA and the SSBA in some sense determine duties, responsibilities, and

requirements placed upon businesses and employers, we must decide whether the

impositions in question are “expressly provided by statutes which are applicable in every

part of this Commonwealth or which are applicable to all municipalities or to a class or

classes of municipalities.” Id. Before taking each ordinance up individually, we must

address one recurrent argument that bears upon both the PSDA and the SSBA.

14     The following amici curiae have filed or joined others in filing briefs in support of the
City and SEIU: American Civil Liberties Union of Pennsylvania; A Better Balance and Local
Government Labor Law Professors; Fifty-One Organizations Committed to Women’s
Health and Safety; International Association of Fire Fighters, Local 1; Pennsylvania
Municipal League and Pennsylvania State Association of Township Commissioners; and
Pennsylvania State Association of Township Supervisors.

      Supporting Challengers are amici curiae the Restaurant Law Center, the National
Federation of Independent Business Small Business Legal Center, the Pennsylvania Food
Merchants Association, and the Pennsylvania Chamber of Business and Industry.

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              A. Resort to Municipal Codes Under the Business Exclusion

       The trial court, Challengers, and certain amici curiae maintain that the City cannot

rely in any way upon the SCCC as authority for its enactment of either the PSDA or the

SSBA. They contend that the City surrendered its status as a second-class city, and thus

any resort to the SCCC, upon the enactment of its home-rule charter. Those venturing

this interpretation cite our decision in County of Delaware, 511 A.2d 811, and the

Commonwealth Court’s decision in Danzilli, 944 A.2d 813. Taken at face value, the

proposition is correct. Thus, in County of Delaware, we held that “the adoption of a home

rule charter acts to remove a municipality from the operation of the code provisions

enumerating the powers of that particular class of municipality.”          Cty. of Delaware,
511 A.2d at 813. However, that principle has no bearing on our interpretation of the

Business Exclusion.

       It bears repeating that our Constitution grants a home-rule municipality all powers

“not denied by this Constitution, by its home rule charter or by the General Assembly at

any time.” PA. CONST. art. IX, § 2. Furthermore, “a home-rule municipality’s exercise of

legislative power is presumed valid, absent a specific constitutional or statutory limitation.”

SEPTA, 101 A.3d at 88. Thus, “[a]ll grants of municipal power to municipalities governed

by a home rule charter under this subchapter, whether in the form of specific enumeration

or general terms, shall be liberally construed in favor of the municipality.” 53 Pa.C.S.

§ 2961. From this, it necessarily follows that a home-rule municipality power cannot,

except where specified clearly by statute or the municipality’s own charter, find itself vested

with less power than a non-home-rule counterpart.

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       By its terms, the Business Exclusion allows municipal regulation of business when

expressly provided “by statutes which are applicable in every part of this Commonwealth

or which are applicable to all municipalities or to a class or classes of municipalities.”

53 Pa.C.S. § 2962(f). It does not suggest that whatever statutory provision is relied upon

must correspond (or cannot correspond) to the particular statutory status that the

municipality invoking the exception wore before it adopted home rule.              Rather, in

unambiguous terms, the Business Exclusion provides that a home-rule municipality

seeking to invoke this exception is entitled to the benefit of affirmative grants of authority

applicable to any class of municipality as a whole, or reflected in codes that apply to all

municipalities together. While it is true that, in other contexts, the City may not seek

authority in the SCCC or any other municipal code on the basis that the authority in

question is specifically conferred by that code standing alone, here it is the Business

Exclusion itself that furnishes the authority in question: It merely incorporates municipal

codes and state-wide regulations by reference to define the scope of the authority.

       The flaw in the Challengers’ reasoning appears on the face of the HRC itself. The

Business Exclusion—its prohibition as well as the exception thereto—applies only to

home-rule municipalities. However, the scope of the exception to the Business Exclusion

is defined, in part, by reference to “statutes . . . which are applicable to all municipalities

or to a class or classes of municipalities.” Id. Challengers thus are wedded to one of two

untenable positions: either (1) that the putative grant of authority is mere surplusage,

because as home-rule municipalities, no municipalities seeking to establish authority to

act under the exception to the Business Exclusion may invoke any municipal code; or

(2) that a given home-rule municipality seeking the exception may cite authority in any

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                             2018 and J-72H-2018] - 21
municipal code except the particular one that would apply to that municipality had it not

elected home-rule in the first instance. We presume that “the General Assembly does not

intend a result that is absurd, impossible of execution or unreasonable,” and that “the

General Assembly intends the entire statute to be effective and certain.” 1 Pa.C.S. § 1922;

see Allegheny Cty. Sportsmen’s League v. Rendell, 860 A.2d 10, 19 (Pa. 2004) (noting

that, where possible, we must interpret a statute to give effect to every provision because

we presume that the legislature intends to avoid mere surplusage). The first argument

manifestly creates considerable surplusage, and the second is absurd on its face.

      Neither Delaware County nor Danzilli are to the contrary.           In Danzilli, the

Commonwealth Court rejected resort to a municipal code as a stand-alone limitation on a

home-rule municipality’s authority, hence hewing to the bedrock proposition that a home-

rule municipality enjoys all powers not denied it by the Constitution or state statute.

Because Middletown Township was a home-rule municipality, the municipal code’s

limitations did not apply to it. See Danzilli, 944 A.2d at 814-16; cf. Ziegler v. City of

Reading, 142 A.3d 119, 134 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2016) (“[A]lthough home rule cities may not be

limited or restrained by their former municipal codes, there is no law preventing a home

rule charter from exercising powers bestowed by its former code.”). In Delaware County,

we upheld resort to a municipal code, but only because, as in this case, the statute in

question was incorporated by reference in the relevant provision of the HRC, and the

action in question was not otherwise precluded by statute.           See Delaware Cty.,

511 A.2d 811. Thus, as in this case, the source of authority was the HRC itself. The

municipal code was used only to flesh out the nature and scope of that authority, as

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                             2018 and J-72H-2018] - 22
expressly provided by the HRC provision at issue. Thus, Danzilli is distinguishable, and

Delaware County contradicts Challengers’ contention.

       The Business Exclusion provides limited authority for certain actions, the scope of

which it expands in plain language to include by reference all authority vested by any state

statute pertaining to any class or all classes of municipality. This supports the City’s

argument that the legislature intended municipalities electing home rule to enjoy as much

or more authority than municipalities that decline to do so. As worded, this exception to

the broader preclusion of municipal authority to regulate business ensures that a home-

rule municipality can invoke the authority that any municipality in the Commonwealth has

been granted. Accordingly, Challengers’ argument that the City can derive no authority

under the SCCC is unavailing.

              B. The Paid Sick Days Act

       As potential sources of express statutory authority for the PSDA, the City cites the

DPCL and the SCCC. Section 521.16(c) of the DPCL provides as follows:

       Municipalities which have boards or departments of health or county
       departments of health may enact ordinances or issue rules and regulations
       relating to disease prevention and control, which are not less strict than the
       provisions of this act or the rules and regulations issued thereunder by the
       board. . . .

35 P.S. § 521.16(c). The City argues that this provides an express grant of statutory

authority of the sort envisaged by the Business Exclusion.

       We first must consider the disputed threshold question regarding whether we

should count the City as one among the “[m]unicipalities which have boards or

departments of health or county departments of health,” to whom this limited grant of

authority applies. Undisputedly, Pittsburgh has no municipal board or department of

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                             2018 and J-72H-2018] - 23
health.    However, Allegheny County, within which Pittsburgh lies, is served by the

Allegheny County Health Department. The Commonwealth Court found, and Challengers

argue, that because the City has no municipal board or department of health, our inquiry

need go no farther, because the City fails to satisfy DPCL § 521.16(c)’s threshold

condition.

         Beyond simply arguing that the words describe municipalities that are served by

any local department of health, whether city-specific or countywide, the City offers two

additional arguments. First, it argues that its interpretation is “consistent with both the

broad scope of home rule authority and municipalities’ long-recognized authority to protect

public health, safety, and welfare.” Brief for the City at 23. Furthermore, the City argues

that to read the inclusion of county boards of health in the DPCL § 521.16(c) in the

restrictive way that the trial court and Challengers do would render that provision

redundant with the Local Health Administration Law,15 which authorizes county

departments of health to issue “rules and regulations for the prevention of disease,”

16 P.S. § 12011(c), thus rendering that aspect of DPCL § 521.16(c) duplicative with regard

to county rule-making authority on the lower court’s and Challengers’ account. The City

further argues that PRLA’s interpretation leads to an absurd result because it effectively

“reads ‘or county departments of health’ out of Section 521.16(c).” Brief for the City at 24.

         Mounting what they characterize as a plain-language argument, Challengers

essentially argue that the City does not fall within the Act’s scope not because of what it

does say, but because of what it does not say:

15       Act of Aug. 24, 1951, P.L. 1304, as amended, 16 P.S. §§ 12001-28.

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       The plain language of the statute does not authorize (as Appellants argue)
       municipalities which are located in a county which has a county department
       of health to promulgate health regulations. Rather, it only authorizes
       municipalities which themselves have boards or departments of health . . .
       to promulgate health regulations and counties which have departments of
       health to issue county-wide health regulations.

Brief for PRLA at 24 (emphasis in original).       PRLA also contends that the DPCL’s

definitional section supports their argument, in defining “local board or department of

health” as “[t]he board of health or the department of public health of a city, borough,

incorporated town or township of the first class, or a county department of health, or a joint

county department of health.” 35 P.S. § 521.2(f) (emphasis as provided in PRLA’s brief).

“The definition makes a clear distinction between a board or department of health of a

municipality and a county department of health,” and “[t]here is no basis upon which [the

City] can reasonably conflate the two in order to arrive at the contrived interpretation of

Section 512.16(c) that the City has a department of health because Allegheny County

indisputably does.” Brief for PRLA at 24-25.

       One complication confounds Challengers’ interpretive approach.            Specifically,

ostensibly in order to account for the presence of a county department of health in the

statute at all, Challengers offer that DPCL § 521.16(c) “empowers municipalities which

have boards or departments of health to enact certain health-related ordinances or

regulations,” and also “empowers counties with departments of health to do so.” Brief for

PRLA at 25. However, the flaw in this reasoning, and hence the inferences that depend

upon it, is that nowhere in Section 521.16(c) is a county, as such, empowered to do

anything. If the statute does not empower the county itself to exercise the authority

contemplated therein, then the reference to ordinances necessarily anticipates municipal

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                             2018 and J-72H-2018] - 25
action, suggesting that the oversight of a county board of health suffices to vest municipal

law-making authority under the DPCL.

       One may reason credibly that, because Section 521.16(c) refers to the making of

ordinances, and because the only entity described in the statute that has authority to enact

ordinances is the City (with or without a municipal board or department of health), the

legislature intended to authorize municipalities to issue ordinances in service of that

section’s mandate when it is served by either a municipal or a county board or department

of health. On this reading, the City would satisfy the threshold condition.

       That being said, Challengers’ argument is not entirely untenable. While it would

suggest imprecise draftsmanship, one might allocate the power to enact ordinances only

to municipalities served by their own boards or departments of health, and recognize the

presence of county departments of health to be concerned only with the rule-making

authority the statute describes.

       In light of these considerations, we find that the DPCL is ambiguous with regard to

whether and when municipalities may enact ordinances relating to disease prevention and

control. Accordingly, we must seek guidance in our rules of construction, presuming that

the legislature did not intend an absurd or unreasonable result and that it intended to serve

the public over private interests, and we must resolve ambiguities in favor of local

regulation.

       As suggested above, we find the City’s account of the text more convincing than

Challengers’. But that is not the only basis upon which we resolve this threshold question

in the City’s favor. Section 521.3 of the DPCL provides further support for the City’s view

of its authority. That section provides that “[l]ocal boards and departments of health shall

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be primarily responsible for the prevention and control of communicable and non-

communicable disease, . . . in accordance with the regulations of the [State Advisory

Health Board] and subject to the supervision and guidance of the [State Department of

Health].” 35 P.S. § 521.3(a) (bracketed insertions reflect the definitions provided by

35 P.S. § 521.2).     It further provides that the State Department of Health “shall be

responsible for the prevention and control of communicable and non-communicable

disease in any municipality which is not served by a local board or department of health.”

35 P.S. § 521.3(b) (emphasis added), implying that, where a municipality is served by a

county department of health, the municipality in tandem with the county agency assumes

responsibility for disease prevention and control.

         The DPCL defines a “[l]ocal board or department of health” as “[t]he board of health

or the department of public health of a city, borough, incorporated town or township of the

first class, or a county department of health, or joint county department of health.”

35 P.S. § 521.2 (emphasis added). Notably, in DPCL § 521.3(b), where the statute vests

responsibility for disease prevention and control in the state board “in any municipality

which is not served by a local board or department of health,” it does not discriminate

between a municipal board of health or a county board of health. Thus, viewed in its

entirety, the DPCL embodies the General Assembly’s intention that county boards or

departments of health should be treated as serving the municipalities within their

respective counties.16

16     Notably, in Title 16 Chapter 4 of the Pennsylvania Statutes, which provides an
exhaustive account of the existence, composition, and authority of county boards and
departments of health, we find that a county’s department or board of health upon its
inception takes jurisdiction over “all municipalities which do not have departments or

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                                 2018 and J-72H-2018] - 27
       We find in the DPCL a holistic scheme that, for purposes of disease prevention and

control, favors local regulation as informed by the expertise of a dedicated local board or

department of health over state-level regulation, and correspondingly allows local

lawmakers to impose more stringent regulations than state law provides. Thus, in priority

order, a municipality with a board or department of health may enact ordinances or

promulgate rules and regulations in service of disease prevention and control. Where a

municipality lacks its own board or department of health, but lies within the jurisdiction of

a county department of health, the municipality may enact such ordinances, while the

county board or department of health may issue rules and regulations. Absent a municipal

or county board or department of health, a municipality falls within the jurisdiction of the

state board.

       With this account in mind, viewing DPCL § 521.16 in its entirety, certain principles

are clear. First, state-level regulations must be devised and promulgated by a State

Advisory Health Board with the Secretary of Health’s oversight. Second, at the local level,

municipalities with the benefit of access to similar expertise, whether in the form of a

municipal board or department of health or a department or board administered by the

county, enjoy the prerogative of enacting additional laws or regulations, provided they are

no less strict than state law and regulations on the same subject. See 35 P.S. § 521.16(c)

(allowing such ordinances that “are not less strict than the provisions of this act or the rules

and regulations issued thereunder” by the state board). Consequently, the City, lying

boards of health at the time of the establishment of the county department of health,”
including those that, until that time, had been under the jurisdiction of the State Department
of Health. 16 P.S. § 12013.

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within the jurisdiction of the Allegheny County Health Department, qualifies as a

municipality which has a department of health for purposes of DPCL § 521.16.

         Having found that the City satisfies DPCL § 521.16(c)’s threshold requirement, we

now must determine whether that section expressly authorizes the City to enact the PSDA.

Challengers do not dispute that mandating paid sick leave “relat[es] to disease prevention

and control.”17 Nor do Challengers dispute that encouraging sick workers to convalesce

privately will have a salutary effect on public health generally.18 Thus, we detect no

material dispute that the PSDA is, at least in the literal sense, “an ordinance . . . relating

to disease prevention and control,” as envisaged by Section 521.16 of the DPCL.

         This does not end our inquiry, though, because it does not conclusively establish

that the DPCL’s authorization is “express” with respect to the burden businesses will bear

17      The closest that Challengers come to doing so is in observing that Pittsburgh does
not have “a public health code,” and that the PSDA, instead, appears in Title VI of the
Code, governing “Conduct,” which “contains ordinances concerning diverse matters such
as panhandling, curfew, boating, firearms, youth offender work corps, weeds and grass,
alarm systems, . . . Marcellus shale drilling, . . , and other topics.” Brief for PRLA at 21-
22. Thus, in Challengers’ view, it is improper to treat the PSDA as a “health regulation,”
because it is, in fact, a “labor and employment ordinance.” But how the ordinance is
classified, and what motives one might impute to the City in enacting it, do not amount to
a direct challenge to the proposition that paid sick leave discourages what one amicus
curiae identifies as “presenteeism,” reporting to the workplace while ill, and that
presenteeism for want of paid sick leave exacerbates the spread of contagious disease.
See generally Brief for Amici Curiae Fifty-One Organizations Committed to Women’s
Health and Safety.
18       Amici Curiae provide detailed accounts of the research sustaining the proposition
that paid leave policies have a salutary effect on public health. See Brief Amici Curiae
Fifty-One Organizations Committed to Women’s Health and Safety at 4-14; Brief Amici
Curiae Pa. Mun. League and Pa. State Ass’n of Twp. Comm’rs at 20-22. However, we do
not need to consult with experts to find that the City’s expectation that allowing paid sick
leave will reduce the greater community’s exposure to contagion is a reasonable basis, in
itself, for the PSDA.

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in facilitating the implementation of the PSDA, as that word is employed in the Business

Exclusion. Challengers’ position distills to the proposition that, to burden business, the

“express” exception applies only where the General Assembly has anticipated, described,

and explicitly authorized municipalities to burden businesses in the particular way

proposed. Challengers would have us require that the DPCL or other related statute not

only authorize a municipality to legislate generally for purposes of disease prevention and

control, but also indicate with particularity that the municipality may do so even where it

would burden employers, and perhaps, even more finely, that it may do so by dictating

paid leave policies. In effect, the parties’ respective positions depend on how specific the

“express” authorization must be.

         Here, we recall, the language at issue precludes such regulation “except as

expressly provided by statutes.” Our research discloses no Pennsylvania statute that

utilizes precisely that language, and we find little guidance in case law under the Business

Exclusion or otherwise where the specificity necessary to establish express authority has

been addressed.19 The DPCL authorizes in unmistakable terms the enactment of local

19       In an effort to fill this void, Chief Justice Saylor cites only one binding authority,
arguing that, in Commonwealth v. Beam, 788 A.2d 357 (Pa. 2002), we “equat[ed] ‘express
legislative delegation’ with ‘legislative language that is clear and unmistakable.’” See
Conc. & Diss. Op. at 6-7 (Saylor, C.J.). Thus, like Challengers, the Chief Justice would
demand authority that is not only “clear” and “unmistakable” but also “specific . . . and not
left to inference or implication,” a new requirement he would add onto Beam’s formulation.
Id. (emphasis added). Beam’s “clear and unmistakable” language, however, must be
understood against the backdrop of the administrative context in which it lies; to wit, this
Court’s careful scrutiny of putative legislative grants of administrative authority, which
arises from our wariness of the improper or unintended delegation of legislative authority
to unelected administrative officials. See generally Protz v. Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd.
(Derry Area Sch. Dist.), 161 A.3d 827 (Pa. 2017). The effect of our holding in Beam is that
any ambiguity regarding the asserted delegation must be construed against the
delegation. Conversely, the Pennsylvania Constitution provides that “[a] municipality

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which has a home rule charter may exercise any power or perform any function not denied
by this Constitution, by its home rule charter or by the General Assembly.” PA. CONST.
art. IX § 2 (emphasis added). This is complemented by our statutorily prescribed
presumption in favor of local authority when we confront ambiguity in an alleged legislative
prohibition of home-rule authority. 53 Pa.C.S. § 2961 (“All grants of municipal power to
municipalities governed by a home rule charter under this subchapter, whether in the form
of specific enumeration or general terms, shall be liberally construed in favor of the
municipality.”); accord Nutter, 938 A.2d at 411 (holding that ambiguity in the scope of a
home-rule municipality’s authority and the limitations imposed upon such authority must
be resolved in the municipality’s favor). The “specific, clear and unmistakable standard”
that the Chief Justice proposes would reverse this time-honored principle of construction,
and would instead presume that ambiguity arising from a lack of specificity must be
resolved against local authority.

       Moreover, the Chief Justice’s view excludes the possibility that a grant of authority
can be express in its general terms while nonetheless ambiguous regarding the particular
incidents that the authority might permissibly encompass. To use the Chief Justice’s own
terminology, it cannot seriously be disputed that the DPCL “specifically, clearly, and
unmistakably” authorizes municipalities to regulate to prevent and control disease. But
what, precisely, qualifies as such a regulation and what such a regulation may require of
any given party or class of parties is unspecified. Notably, even in Beam we recognized
the necessity of “implied [administrative] powers” precisely because, “as a practical matter,
the legislature cannot foresee all the problems incidental to carrying out the duties and
responsibilities of the agency.” Beam, 788 A.2d at 360 (quoting 2 AM.JUR.2D
ADMINISTRATIVE LAW § 62 (1994)); cf. id. at 361 (holding, in the administrative context, that
“the delegation of authority to an agency is construed liberally when the agency is
concerned with protecting the public’s health and welfare”). The Chief Justice’s rejection
of the exercise of any powers discernible only by “inference or implication,” Conc. & Diss.
Op. at 6, contradicts Beam’s acknowledgment that the legislature may, in conferring “clear
and unmistakable”—but nonetheless broad—statutory authority to regulate in a given
domain, constructively confer textually unspecified powers upon agencies that are
necessary to exercise a “clear and unmistakable” delegation of authority. Similarly, in
granting broadly-described legislative authority upon home-rule municipalities to enact
measures to prevent and control disease, the General Assembly must have anticipated
unspecified measures necessary to give life to the authorization. This observation
certainly does not exclude reasonable dispute regarding whether the incidental burdens
that the PSDA imposes upon employers exceed what the exception to the Business
Exclusion allows, and the Dissenters’ position on this point is not unreasonable, as far as
it goes. But it is precisely our reasonable disagreement regarding the breadth of the
authority expressly granted by the DPCL that reveals the ambiguity that we must resolve
in the City’s favor. See Nutter, 938 A.2d at 411.

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                             2018 and J-72H-2018] - 31
legislation in furtherance of disease control and prevention. But whether and to what

extent that allows the consequent burdening of businesses remains an open question.

      The courts below and the parties have discussed a number of cases, and these

warrant brief discussion. The parties chiefly address BOMA—2009, supra (finding that an

ordinance requiring contracting concerns newly retained by the City to retain the former

contractors’ employees for 180 days violated the Business Exclusion), but also refer to

Hartman, 880 A.2d 737 (finding that anti-discrimination ordinance did not violate the

Business Exclusion), and Smaller Manufacturers Council v. Council of the City of

Pittsburgh, 485 A.2d 73 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1984) (finding that an ordinance obliging businesses

to provide notices in advance of certain plant relocations, closures, or reductions in

workforce violated predecessor provision substantially identical to the Business

Exclusion). The problem we encounter, though, is that in none of these cases did the

reviewing court specifically consider or address other statutes identified as providing the

express authority that triggers an exception to the Business Exclusion. Thus, we have no

guidance on that question, which is essential to this case.

      Nonetheless, BOMA—2009 suggested a legal rubric, relied upon by the

Commonwealth Court and Challengers, that we must address.                   BOMA—2009

distinguished Hartman, and held that “Section 2962(f) prohibits the placement of

affirmative duties on employers such as those imposed by the Ordinance herein,” BOMA—

2009, 985 A.2d at 716, a provision which, as set forth above, involved the mandatory

retention by new contractors of the employees of the contractors they replaced for a period

of 180 days.    Cf. Smaller Manufacturers, supra (invalidating provision that directed

companies to provide the city with notice of certain planned business moves that would

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                             2018 and J-72H-2018] - 32
affect local employment). Challengers argue that the PSDA imposes an “affirmative”

obligation upon businesses and employers in allowing and administering paid sick leave,

as well as in requiring them to compensate employees for time during which they are

absent pursuant to the mandatory policy. BOMA—2009’s language suggests a bright-line

rule, to be sure, but a parenthetical qualification in that same opinion complicates matters.

       Justice Todd dissented in BOMA—2009, contending that the majority’s approach

effectively denied home-rule municipalities powers undisputedly enjoyed by non-home-

rule municipalities, contradicting the legislature’s intent to grant home-rule municipalities

as much or more authority than their non-home-rule counterparts.             BOMA—2009,
985 A.2d at 716 (Todd, J., dissenting) (“[T]he undisputed intent of the General Assembly

was for municipalities which have adopted home rule to enjoy . . . broader powers of self-

government than non-home rule municipalities.”).        Justice Todd suggested that the

majority “engraft[ed] onto the statute a distinction between affirmative and non-affirmative

duties that is not found there, and that is impossible to reconcile with the plain language

of the statute.”   Id.   Conversely, settled precedent established that non-home-rule

municipalities, which are not bound by the Business Exclusion, were allowed to regulate

businesses as an exercise of their “general welfare” or police powers. Id. at 717-18 (citing

Taylor v. Harmony Twp. Bd. of Comm’rs, 851 A.2d 1020, 1024-25 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2004)).

For example, in Taylor, the Commonwealth Court upheld an ordinance that barred timber

harvesting in certain areas deemed unstable or flood-prone as a proper exercise of a

township’s police powers. The majority’s response to the dissent’s citation of Taylor was

telling: “[T]he dissent confuses regulating business with health or safety ordinances that

may affect a business.” Id. at 715 n.12.

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                             2018 and J-72H-2018] - 33
         Measuring the BOMA—2009 Majority’s distinction against the facts in that case and

those in Taylor reveals that the line between what constitutes an affirmative obligation and

a non-affirmative obligation is not as clear as one might suppose. After all, in denying

logging companies the right to timber portions of land on which they had such rights seems

to reflect the imposition of an affirmative burden—to avoid logging in the designated

areas.20 Moreover, in implicitly classifying the Taylor scenario as a “health or safety

ordinance[] that may affect a business,” the BOMA—2009 Majority left the door open to

ordinances that impose incidental burdens in service of the general welfare.

         By itself, the concept of express authority, when measured against the potential

complexity of acting upon it when it is broadly-stated, proves imprecise, and introducing a

distinction between affirmative burdens (telling businesses what to do) and non-affirmative

burdens (telling businesses what they may not do) only complicates the matter. Thus,

once again, we must seek guidance in our rules of construction.

         The object of the DPCL, plainly, is disease prevention and control. The object of

the Business Exclusion is to avoid regulations that burden commercial interests absent

express authorization, with attendant concern for the imposition of inconsistent

requirements from one municipality to the next. However, were we to accept Challengers’

definition of “express,” we would hamstring home-rule municipalities from exercising their

home-rule authority in any way that burdens businesses, even where such burdens are

20     This do/not-do distinction putatively accounts for the Commonwealth Court’s
decision in Hartman, wherein the Commonwealth Court upheld an anti-discrimination
ordinance against a Business Exclusion challenge on the basis that the ordinance did not
require covered parties to do anything, only to refrain from discrimination in prescribed
contexts.

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                                 2018 and J-72H-2018] - 34
incidental or de minimis, and certainly in a case such as Taylor, which, as informed by

BOMA—2009, would be abrogated by such a broad account. It is unrealistic to expect the

General Assembly to draft statutes providing the sort of surpassing specificity PRLA would

demand, because it is impossible for any legislature to anticipate the innumerable ways in

which any given ordinance might affect a given business’s receipts or complicate its

administration.

       Conversely, it is not unreasonable to anticipate that, when the legislature authorizes

municipalities to enact ordinances, rules, or regulations in furtherance of disease

prevention and control, it recognizes that such an authorization is not self-executing, and

may entail action that burdens businesses in any number of ways, both foreseeable and

unforeseeable. Hence the ambiguity driving the instant controversy. Consequently, we

must consider the fact that the General Assembly did not more precisely cabin the

legislative and regulatory authority it expressly granted municipalities in the DPCL in light

of our obligation to construe ambiguous statutes in favor of the public interest over private

interests, and in favor of local authority over state authority.

       The burden the PSDA presents to businesses is not insignificant. The ordinance

nonetheless bears a direct nexus with public health, and, all things being equal, lies

squarely within both the City’s traditional police powers and the ambit of the DPCL.

Consequently, the PSDA is more like a “health or safety ordinance[]” that affects business

than a statute with its principal focus upon regulating business for its own sake, as we

conceived that distinction in BOMA—2009. For this reason, we find the DPCL’s legislative

authorization to municipalities to “enact ordinances . . . relating to disease prevention and

control” such as the PSDA sufficiently clear to satisfy the limited exception to the Business

 [J-72A-2018, J-72B-2018, J-72C-2018, J-72D-2018, J-72E-2018, J-72F-2018, J-72G-
                             2018 and J-72H-2018] - 35
Exclusion. Accordingly, we hold that the City did not exceed its home-rule authority in

enacting the PSDA. The Commonwealth Court erred in concluding otherwise.21

                C. The Safe and Secure Buildings Act

         The SSBA imposes numerous complex and continuing obligations upon owners

and employees of “covered properties,”22 all in service of the following purpose:

         [T]o enhance the safety requirements and standards currently in the
         Emergency Management and Preparedness Chapter of the Fire Prevention
         Code for the benefit of the public by ensuring that buildings are staffed with
         workers who receive the training necessary to protect its occupants and
         property. . . .

         A prohibition on an untrained workforce . . . will ensure that security officers
         and other building service workers are trained in a range of essential skills,
         including counterterrorism, crime prevention, fire and other building safety,
         disaster recovery, first aid, and coordination with police, fire, and emergency
         personnel during an emergency.

SSBA § 410.02.

         Under the SSBA, within 180 days of its enactment for current employees, and within

sixty days of hiring for new employees thereafter, covered security officers23 must receive

21      Because we find authority to enact the PSDA in the DPCL, we need not consider
or further discuss the City’s proposed reliance upon other statutory grants of authority.
22      “Covered properties” are defined as: commercial office buildings or complexes;
retail buildings or complexes; health care facilities; and museums and “similar cultural
institutions” occupying more than 100,000 square feet. Additional covered properties
include colleges and universities, as well as “[p]roperties owned, managed or occupied, at
least in part, by the City.” SSBA § 410.03(d).
23     “Security officer” is defined as: “a person employed principally to perform one (1) or
more of the following functions: protection of individuals or property from harm or unlawful
or unauthorized activity; and deterrence, observation, detection and/or reporting of
incidents in order to prevent or abate any harmful, unlawful or unauthorized activity, but
shall exclude City, County, State and Federal law enforcement officers, or any law
enforcement officer pursuant to 22 Pa.C.S.A. section 501.” SSBA § 410.03(e).

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a minimum of forty hours of training and annual refreshers of at least eight hours on the

following topics:

       a. The covered property’s all hazard plan;

       b. Role of the security officer: how to identify specific response methods to
          emergency situations which are consistent with the security officer role
          and function;

       c. Legal powers and limitations of the security officer, such as:

            1. Laws and liability;

            2. Identifying the types of crimes that may be encountered on specific
               work sites;

            3. Evidence preservation;

            4. Explaining the justification of use of force, including deadly physical
               force, by a security officer/private citizen; and

            5. Identifying the security officer’s arrest authority and limitations in the
               workplace.

       d. Emergency situations and response procedures: appropriate prevention
          and response methods to emergencies including fire, chemical spills,
          terrorist threats, workplace violence, medical emergencies, biohazards,
          and natural disasters, including evacuation and disaster recovery;

       e. CPR protocol and how to use medical equipment, including defibrillators;

       f. Terrorism related topics: developing observation, detection and
          reporting skills, and improving skills in working with advanced security
          technology including surveillance and access control procedures;

       g. Coordinating and communicating with local police, fire and emergency
          services;

       h. Crime, including theft prevention;

       i.   Safeguarding information;

       j.   Ethics;

       k. Access control: identifying proper forms of identification that are
          acceptable for gaining access at the location, identifying types of

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                             2018 and J-72H-2018] - 37
              physical threats that may be encountered at the location, crowd control,
              electronic security systems, and access control procedures; and

         l.   Other miscellaneous topics as determined by the Fire Bureau to be
              relevant such as professional image, effective communication, including
              communicating with clients, and report writing.

SSBA § 410.04(a)(1). Employers are required by the SSBA to provide fifteen initial hours

of training and a refresher course of unspecified duration on a triannual basis to building

service employees24 in the subjects specified in paragraphs a., d., e., f., and g. of

Section 410.04(a)(1). See SSBA § 410.04(b). The SSBA also specifies that certain “joint

training” must be conducted with both security officers and building service employees.

See SSBA § 410.04(c). The SSBA further imposes certification requirements for training

schools and instructors, to be overseen by the Fire Bureau, which is responsible for the

implementation and enforcement of the SSBA. See SSBA §§ 410.05, 410.07(a), 410.08.

         As statutory authority for the SSBA, the City cites HRC §§ 2961 and 2962(c)(4), the

Emergency Code, 35 Pa.C.S. §§ 7501-7931 and 79a01-79a31; and the SCCC, 53 P.S.

§ 25092. See SSBA § 410.02. None of these proposed sources of authority satisfy the

exception to the Business Exclusion.

         Section 25092 of the SCCC, under Building Regulations, authorizes municipalities

“[t]o provide for the preparation and distribution by the Department of Public Safety of rules

and regulations to minimize the danger of fire and lessen fire waste.” 53 P.S. § 25092.

24      “Building service employee” is defined as: “a person performing work in connection
with the care and maintenance of property, such as a concierge, doorperson, cleaner,
janitor, custodian, superintendent, porter, maintenance person, handyperson, and who
regularly works at such property a minimum of sixteen (16) hours per week. Except it
should not include students at a college or university that are also employed directly by
that college or university.” SSBA § 410.03(a).

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                                 2018 and J-72H-2018] - 38
Relatedly, Section 25081 allows for “the inspection of the inside and outside of all buildings

and premises at any time” “in order to decrease and prevent fire, the spread of fire, and

fire waste, loss of life from fire, and loss of life or damage to property from unsafe or

improper construction or design.” 53 P.S. § 25081. While the SSBA delegates certain

tasks to Pittsburgh’s Fire Bureau, it is clear that we are confronted not with “rules and

regulations to minimize” fire and fire waste that were prepared and distributed by the

Department of Public Safety, but rather with an ordinance enacted by the City.

Furthermore, while some of the SSBA’s education requirements may reduce the danger

of fire and lessen fire waste, this is not a core function of the SSBA.

       This is problematic because these two sections appear in an Article of the SCCC

covering “Fire Prevention” and by their terms apply only to fire-related concerns. However,

fire-related concerns, even on a generous account, comprise only one small aspect of the

disaster-preparedness matters embraced by the SSBA, and even that much is detectable

primarily by inference. It is true that the SSBA purports to confer rule-making authority

and oversight for SSBA compliance upon the Fire Bureau, but not necessarily in

connection with its specific fire prevention function. Indeed, the very word “fire” does not

appear until paragraph d. of SSBA § 410.04(a)(1), where it is but one in a long list of

“emergencies” that includes everything from natural disasters to terrorist threats and

workplace violence. The Fire Bureau is tasked with prescribing for education purposes

“[o]ther miscellaneous topics as determined by the [b]ureau to be relevant,” but the list of

examples that follows has no direct relevance to fire prevention. Even if one could

shoehorn in the proposition that extensive continuing education and training requirements

covering mostly crime prevention and detection and disaster management qualify as “rules

 [J-72A-2018, J-72B-2018, J-72C-2018, J-72D-2018, J-72E-2018, J-72F-2018, J-72G-
                             2018 and J-72H-2018] - 39
and regulations” as those terms are used in Section 25092, such rules and regulations

specifically must concern “minimiz[ing] the danger of fire and lessen[ing] fire waste.” We

find in the SSBA no suggestion that these particular matters are more than ancillary to the

many subjects encompassed by the education and training requirements.

      The City also cites SCCC Sections 23145 (authorizing a second-class city “[t]o

make regulations to secure the general health of the inhabitants, and to remove and

prevent nuisances”) and 23158 (“[t]o make all such ordinances, by-laws, rules and

regulations . . . as may be expedient or necessary . . . for the proper management, care

and control of the city and its finances, and the maintenance of the peace, good

government and welfare of the city, and its trade, commerce and manufactures”). While

we have rejected the proposition that the “express authorization” precludes any generality

whatsoever, we certainly do not suggest that what amounts to a broad account of

traditional police powers constitutes “express” authorization for purposes of the Business

Exclusion exception. Were we to do so, the exception would devour the rule quite

completely. Sections 23145 and 23158 amount to a general warrant to legislate in service

of the general health and welfare, which lies within a home-rule municipality’s powers

absent any statutory prohibition. Here, however, the Business Exclusion furnishes such a

prohibition. Consequently, the City’s resort to the SCCC fails.

      Turning to the HRC provisions that the City invokes, Section 2961, as set forth

above, generically provides that a home-rule municipality “may exercise any powers and

perform any function not denied by the Constitution of Pennsylvania, by statute or by its

home rule charter.” Thus, it is non-responsive to whether the exercise of power embodied

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                             2018 and J-72H-2018] - 40
in the SSBA is denied by the Business Exclusion. That leaves HRC § 2962(c)(4), which

provides:

       [A municipality shall not e]nact or promulgate any ordinance or regulation
       with respect to definitions, sanitation, safety, health, standards of identity or
       labeling pertaining to the manufacture, processing, storage, distribution and
       sale of any foods, goods or services subject to any Commonwealth statutes
       and regulations unless the municipal ordinance or regulation is uniform in
       all respects with the Commonwealth statutes and regulations thereunder.
       This paragraph does not affect the power of any municipality to enact and
       enforce ordinances relating to building codes or any other safety, sanitation
       or health regulation pertaining thereto.

53 Pa.C.S. § 2962(c)(4). The City relies upon the last sentence’s reference to the power

“to enact and enforce ordinances relating to building codes or any other safety, sanitation

or health regulation,” but provides no account of the function of the “pertaining thereto”

qualification that closes the sentence. The statute pertains essentially to building codes,

and it seems clear that the catch-all language concerning other safety, sanitation, or health

regulations intends only those that have some connection to the subject matter addressed

by building codes. For example, while the building code may specify general provisions

pertaining to sanitation facilities, the implication would be that the City may also enact

ordinances imposing more detailed sanitation-related requirements upon building owners.

That is a far cry from authorizing staff education and training requirements in subjects with

little or no connection to building codes generally.

       Notably, as set forth above, it is the Fire Bureau that is vested with rule-making and

oversight authority over SSBA compliance, not the Department of Permits, Licenses, and

Inspections, which oversees building code compliance. The City fails even to identify an

attenuated connection between the SSBA and building codes.                      Consequently,

Section 2962(c)(4) does not provide express authorization for the SSBA.

 [J-72A-2018, J-72B-2018, J-72C-2018, J-72D-2018, J-72E-2018, J-72F-2018, J-72G-
                             2018 and J-72H-2018] - 41
       Finally, the City argues broadly that the Emergency Code authorizes the SSBA.

The Emergency Code directs political subdivisions to establish “a local emergency

management organization in accordance with the plan and program of the Pennsylvania

Emergency Management Agency,” which will take responsibility for “emergency

management, response and recovery within the territorial limits of the political subdivision.”

35 Pa.C.S. § 7501(a). It further provides that each political subdivision must adopt an

“Intergovernmental Cooperation agreement with other political subdivisions.” 35 Pa.C.S.

§ 7503. Cooperating subdivisions must maintain emergency management plans “for the

prevention and minimization of injury and damage caused by disaster, prompt and

effective response to disaster and disaster emergency relief and recovery,” “[e]stablish,

equip, and staff an emergency operations center,” “provide individual and organizational

training programs” in furtherance of its duties, and “[c]ooperate and coordinate with any

public and private agency or entity in achieving any purpose of this part.” 35 Pa.C.S.

§ 7503(1)-(3), (7).

       “Pursuant to this express statutory grant,” the City asserts, it “has the authority to

ensure that security officers and others responsible for the operations of large buildings

are trained to effectively respond during emergencies,” noting that these workers “are often

on the front lines during emergencies, . . . and any effective emergency management plan

must integrate private security and other office building staff with government first

responders.” Brief for the City at 26. The City maintains that the SSBA is in service of the

City’s statutory obligation to adopt an Intergovernmental Cooperation agreement that

enables the parties to the agreement to “[p]repare, maintain and keep a current emergency

management plan.” 35 Pa.C.S. § 7503(1). The City also cites the “purpose” section of the

Emergency Code, which seeks to “[c]larify and strengthen the roles of . . . local

government in prevention of, preparation for, response to and recovery from disasters,”

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                             2018 and J-72H-2018] - 42
35 Pa.C.S. § 7103(4); “[a]ssist in prevention of disaster caused or aggravated by

inadequate planning for and regulation of public and private facilities and land use,”

35 Pa.C.S. § 7103(8); and “[f]urther programs of education and training,” 35 Pa.C.S.

§ 7103(11).

       The City’s argument here is heavy on quotation but comparatively light on analysis.

Sections 7501 and 7503 refer specifically to Intergovernmental Cooperation agreements.

While the Emergency Code does allude to training, in context it is difficult to conclude that

the legislature intended this as an express grant of authority to impose any training

programs upon any private employers and any private employees that a municipality can

tenuously connect to disaster preparedness.       Rather, the provision requiring training

immediately follows the statutory obligation to “[e]stablish, equip and staff an emergency

operations center,” strongly suggesting that the organizational training programs apply to:

the emergency operations center itself; perhaps to the first responders who furnish the

“disaster emergency services” for which Section 7503(3) provides; and, even more

remotely, the “locally available manpower . . . necessary for disaster emergency

readiness, response and recovery.”       35 Pa.C.S. §§ 7503(2)-(4).     Nothing about this

statutory language suggests that it can support imposing broad obligations upon virtually

all private building staff, from security to custodial. Moreover, the SSBA itself suggests no

nexus with any extant or anticipated intergovernmental cooperation agreement. Thus,

whatever is authorized in furtherance of intergovernmental cooperation, the SSBA by its

terms does not contribute to that function.

       It is one thing to say that the Commonwealth intends that local municipalities have

an obligation to respond effectively to disasters and should plan for same. It is quite

another to establish a grant of authority that is in derogation of the Business Exclusion.

We find nothing express or implicit in the Emergency Code to sustain the SSBA.

 [J-72A-2018, J-72B-2018, J-72C-2018, J-72D-2018, J-72E-2018, J-72F-2018, J-72G-
                             2018 and J-72H-2018] - 43
Accordingly, we affirm the Commonwealth Court’s determination that the SSBA is barred

by the Business Exclusion.25

         V. CONCLUSION

         What constitutes an express grant of authority to “determine duties, responsibilities

or requirements placed upon businesses, occupations and employers” is a vexing

question. If we interpret the word “express” too stringently, virtually any incidental burden

upon employers arising from a local ordinance will be barred. If we interpret it too broadly,

we subvert the General Assembly’s manifest intent to limit the burdens that a home-rule

municipality can impose upon businesses. Thus, we must find a middle ground.

25      Reinforcing our analysis somewhat, we find it telling that, in its reply brief, the City
proposes an alternative interpretation of the Business Exclusion to support its authority
under the PSDA. The City suggests that, in generally prohibiting the determination of
“duties, responsibilities or requirements placed upon business, occupations and
employers,” the General Assembly intended to preclude only local ordinances and
regulations that so determine on subjects that are already subject to state regulation. The
City makes much of the past-tense “placed upon,” contending that it necessarily refers to
“pre-existing duties” that “have already been imposed from somewhere other than local
government.” Reply Brief for City at 7. The City proceeds to suggest that its reading of
this language squares with the “exception to the exception,” allowing regulation where
expressly authorized by statute. This is so, according to the City, because “[i]f the General
Assembly has ‘placed upon’ businesses, occupations, and employers ‘duties,
responsibilities, and requirements,’ the municipality cannot ‘determine’ those same issues
unless it has express authority from the General Assembly through some other means.”
Id. at 8. In effect, the City posits, the Business Exclusion operates as a non-interference
provision: Where the Commonwealth has not legislated, home-rule municipalities may do
so. According to this view, because the General Assembly has yet to legislate on the
subject of mandatory paid leave, it follows that home-rule municipalities like the City are
free to do so.

       Notably, the City does not suggest that this interpretation provides support for its
authority to enact the SSBA. As our analysis of the SSBA’s validity makes clear, however,
the General Assembly has legislated on the subject of disaster preparedness, including
provisions regarding staffing and education of first responders and individuals retained to
staff emergency response facilities. Thus, the City’s own proposed “alternative”
interpretation of the Business Exclusion in support of the PSDA somewhat undermines its
arguments in support of the SSBA.

     [J-72A-2018, J-72B-2018, J-72C-2018, J-72D-2018, J-72E-2018, J-72F-2018, J-72G-
                                 2018 and J-72H-2018] - 44
       Even if this case does not pronounce the ever-elusive bright-line rule, it enables us

to bracket the gray area between what is and is not allowed by the limitations upon

business regulation imposed by the Business Exclusion.            While the PSDA certainly

burdens Pittsburgh employers, it clearly falls within the ambit of the City’s express statutory

authority to legislate in furtherance of disease control and prevention.

       Conversely, the City fails to identify any statutory authority sufficient to sustain the

SSBA. While the training that the SSBA mandates may well have a salutary public effect

in disaster management, the measure’s multifarious provisions simply want for any

statutory authority, express or otherwise. For owners and operators of qualifying facilities,

maintaining and securing those facilities is a major, if not principal, function, and the

definitions of “security officer” and “building service employee,” see supra nn. 23, 24, are

sufficiently broad to capture, at least as to some properties, virtually every individual

employed by the building’s management. For the foregoing reasons, we must conclude

that no statutory provision cited by the City comes close to authorizing such requirements.

Accordingly, we affirm the Commonwealth Court’s ruling that the SSBA is invalid for want

of express authority under the Business Exclusion.

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for

proceedings consistent with this Opinion.

       Justices Todd and Donohue join the opinion in full, and Chief Justice Saylor and

Justices Baer, Dougherty and Mundy join Parts I, II, and III. With regard to Part IV, each

subsection enjoys majority support. In addition to the joinders of Justices Todd and

Donohue, Justice Dougherty joins Parts IV(A) and (B), and Chief Justice Saylor and

Justices Baer and Mundy join Part IV(C). In terms of the mandate, the disposition as

concerns the PSDA is joined by Justices Todd, Donohue, and Dougherty, and the

 [J-72A-2018, J-72B-2018, J-72C-2018, J-72D-2018, J-72E-2018, J-72F-2018, J-72G-
                             2018 and J-72H-2018] - 45
disposition as concerns the SSBA is joined by Chief Justice Saylor and Justices Baer,

Todd, Donohue and Mundy.

      Chief Justice Saylor files a concurring and dissenting opinion in which Justices Baer

and Mundy join.

      Justice Baer files a concurring and dissenting opinion in which Chief Justice Saylor

and Justice Mundy join.

      Justice Dougherty files a concurring and dissenting opinion.

 [J-72A-2018, J-72B-2018, J-72C-2018, J-72D-2018, J-72E-2018, J-72F-2018, J-72G-
                             2018 and J-72H-2018] - 46