Court Opinion

ID: 4878910
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-08-26 14:03:03.375561+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:12:37.106335
License: Public Domain

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            DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COURT OF APPEALS

             Nos. 20-CV-15, 20-CV-229, 20-CV-243 & 20-CV-244

       C.R. CALDERON CONSTRUCTION, INC., APPELLANT/CROSS-APPELLEE,

                                       V.

    GRUNLEY CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, INC., APPELLEE/CROSS-APPELLANT.

                        Appeals from the Superior Court
                          of the District of Columbia
                                 (CAB-747-16)

                     (Hon. Anthony C. Epstein, Trial Judge)

(Argued May 20, 2021                                  Decided August 26, 2021)

      James J. Faughnan for appellant/Cross-Appellee Allegheny Casualty
Company, with whom Leonard A. Sacks, Appellant-Cross-Appellee C.R. Calderon
Construction, Inc.

      Robert J. Symon, with whom Eric A. Frechtel, Attorneys for Appellee-
Cross-Appellant Euro Capital Properties, LLC, Appellee-Cross-Appellant Grunley
Construction Company, Inc.

      Before GLICKMAN and MCLEESE, Associate Judges, and FISHER, Senior
Judge.

      FISHER, Senior Judge: These appeals come to us from orders of the Superior

Court related to an arbitration award. The underlying dispute arose between the

general contractor renovating the Watergate Hotel and a subcontractor. Appellant
                                        2

C.R. Calderon Construction, Inc. (“Calderon”), the subcontractor, asks us to

reverse the trial court’s decision confirming the award in favor of Grunley

Construction Company, Inc. (“Grunley”), the general contractor. Grunley cross-

appealed, asking us to reverse the trial court’s decision denying its motion for

attorney’s fees expended in the post-arbitration litigation in Superior Court. For

the following reasons, we affirm the court’s decision confirming, and entering

judgment upon, the arbitration award. We reverse the court’s decision denying

Grunley’s request for attorney’s fees and remand that motion for further

consideration.

                  I. The Factual and Procedural Background

      In 2014, Euro Capital Properties, LLC (“Euro”), the owner of the property,

retained Grunley to serve as general contractor on the renovation of the Watergate

Hotel; Grunley engaged Calderon as a subcontractor.       According to Grunley,

Calderon defaulted and left the project before it was completed, requiring Grunley

and Euro to strike a new agreement to retain and pay for additional subcontractors

to finish the renovation.   In 2016, Calderon sued Grunley and Euro seeking

payment for work it had performed before leaving the project. Grunley responded

with a counterclaim for additional costs incurred because of Calderon’s default,
                                          3

and filed a third-party complaint against Allegheny Casualty Company

(“Allegheny”), which had issued a performance bond on behalf of Calderon. In

2018, the parties agreed to resolve the dispute through arbitration.

      The arbitration agreement provided that the two sides of the dispute would

each select a neutral arbitrator, and that these two arbitrators would select a third

neutral arbitrator. After learning that its initial selection could not serve, Grunley

instead chose Stephen Shapiro, an attorney. Mr. Shapiro did not disclose any

potential conflicts.

      Following hearings in May 2019, the arbitration panel – including Mr.

Shapiro – unanimously awarded Grunley $1,527,122.00 (plus interest), as well as

attorney’s fees and expenses totaling $700,000.00.       Grunley and Euro filed a

motion to confirm the arbitration award, while Calderon and Allegheny filed

motions to vacate it. Based on research conducted after the award was issued,

Calderon and Allegheny argued that Mr. Shapiro had violated D.C. Code § 16-

4412(a) (2012 Repl.) by failing to disclose that, before and during the pendency of

the arbitration, he served on the board of Associated General Contractors of the

District of Columbia (“AGC”) – an industry association – along with various

employees of Grunley. They also contended that Mr. Shapiro violated the statute
                                         4

by failing to disclose that some attorneys who work at the same law firm as Mr.

Shapiro had represented Euro or a Euro affiliate. Calderon separately argued that

the arbitrators exceeded the scope of their authority and manifestly disregarded the

law by awarding such a large amount in damages, attorney’s fees, and expenses.

      The Superior Court, the Honorable Anthony C. Epstein, confirmed the

award and issued a corresponding judgment. Grunley then moved for attorney’s

fees as authorized by D.C. Code § 16-4425(c) (2012 Repl.). The court denied

Grunley’s motion. Calderon and Allegheny appealed the judgment, while Grunley

cross-appealed the denial of its motion for attorney’s fees. Having reached a

settlement with Grunley, Allegheny has since dismissed its appeal.

      Calderon asserts on appeal that the arbitration award must be set aside for

two independent reasons: (1) because one of the arbitrators (Stephen Shapiro)

failed to disclose information that called his impartiality into question and (2)

because the arbitrators manifestly disregarded the law in making the award.

Grunley claims that the court erred in denying its motion for attorney fees in

connection with the post-award litigation in Superior Court. We address these

issues in that order.
                                         5

                           II. The Failures to Disclose

      Calderon argues that the trial court erred in interpreting and applying the

Revised Uniform Arbitration Act (RUAA) – the District’s body of statutes

governing arbitration. It contends that Mr. Shapiro’s failure to disclose (1) that he

sat on the board of an industry association at the same time as certain Grunley

employees and (2) that some attorneys at his law firm represented an affiliate of

Euro violated D.C. Code § 16-4412 and required the court to vacate the award.

      “We review mixed questions of law and fact under our usual deferential

standard of review for factual findings and apply de novo review to the ultimate

legal conclusions based on those facts.” Hilton v. United States, 250 A.3d 1061,

1068 (D.C. 2021) (cleaned up) (citing Caison v. Project Support Servs., Inc., 99

A.3d 243, 248 (D.C. 2014)). “We review questions of statutory interpretation de

novo.” Competitive Enter. Inst. v. Mann, 150 A.3d 1213, 1233 (D.C. 2016).

                    A. The Statutory Obligation to Disclose

      Under the District’s RUAA, D.C. Code §§ 16-4401 to -4432 (2012 Repl.), a

person who has been requested to serve as an arbitrator has the duty to conduct “a
                                              6

reasonable inquiry” and then to disclose “any known facts that a reasonable person

would consider likely to affect the impartiality of the arbitrator in the arbitration

proceeding.” D.C. Code § 16-4412(a). The scope of the general obligation to

disclose thus is expressly limited by the “reasonable person” and “likely to affect

the impartiality” standards incorporated into the statute. These standards also

apply to, and assist in defining, the two types of disclosures required by the statute:

“(1) A financial or personal interest in the outcome of the arbitration proceeding;

and (2) An existing or past relationship with any of the parties to the agreement to

arbitrate or the arbitration proceeding, their counsel or representatives, a witness,

or other arbitrators.” D.C. Code § 16-4412(a)(1)-(2). 1

      1
          Subsection 4412(a) reads in full:

                     (a) Before accepting appointment, an individual
              who is requested to serve as an arbitrator, after making a
              reasonable inquiry, shall disclose to all parties to the
              agreement to arbitrate and arbitration proceeding, and to
              any other arbitrators, any known facts that a reasonable
              person would consider likely to affect the impartiality of
              the arbitrator in the arbitration proceeding, including:
              (1) A financial or personal interest in the outcome of the
              arbitration proceeding; and (2) An existing or past
              relationship with any of the parties to the agreement to
              arbitrate or the arbitration proceeding, their counsel or
              representatives, a witness, or other arbitrators.
                                           7

      Failure to make disclosures required by subsection (a) of § 4412 permits the

court, in its discretion, to set aside the arbitration award. 2 A later portion of the

statute provides that failure to disclose specified information triggers a

presumption that the arbitrator acted with “evident partiality.” 3 If that presumption

remains unrebutted, or if the evidence establishes evident partiality, D.C. Code §

16-4423(a)(2)(A) requires the court to vacate the arbitration award.

                            B. The Trial Court’s Order

      The trial court’s analysis followed the structure of the statute as outlined

above. First, Judge Epstein determined that the “reasonable person” and “likely to

affect the impartiality” standards applied to subsections (a)(1) and (a)(2). In other

words, “[t]he limiting principle that applies to the disclosure obligation is the

principle articulated in § 16-4412(a) itself: whether a reasonable person would

consider a relationship likely to affect the arbitrator’s impartiality.” He concluded

      2
         “If the arbitrator did not disclose a fact as required by subsection (a) or (b)
of this section, upon timely objection by a party, the court, under § 16-4423(a)(2),
may vacate an award.” D.C. Code § 16-4412(d).
      3
         “An arbitrator appointed as a neutral arbitrator who does not disclose a
known, direct, and material interest in the outcome of the arbitration proceeding or
a known, existing, and substantial relationship with a party is presumed to act with
evident partiality under § 16-4423(a)(2).” D.C. Code § 16-4412(e).
                                         8

that “a reasonable person would not consider [Mr. Shapiro’s] relationships,

individually or collectively, likely to affect Mr. Shapiro’s impartiality, so Mr.

Shapiro was not required to disclose them under D.C. Code § 16-4412(a).”

      Alternatively, Judge Epstein held that even if Mr. Shapiro’s failures to

disclose violated subsection (a), “the Court would exercise its discretion under

§ 4412(d) not to vacate the award because the relationships that Mr. Shapiro did

not disclose do not create” a reasonable likelihood of bias.        The court also

concluded, again assuming for the sake of argument that there had been a violation

of subsection (a), that “the presumption of evident partiality does not arise in this

case” because Mr. Shapiro did not have “a substantial relationship with Grunley”

and he did not have a “known, direct, and material interest in the outcome of the

arbitration proceeding.”     “For the same reasons,” the court stated, “the

relationships do not cast serious doubt on Mr. Shapiro’s ability to be impartial, so

the Court is not required to vacate the award under § 16-4423(a)(2).”

                                    C. Analysis
                                          9

       Calderon’s lead argument is that the trial court erred in failing to apply the

presumption of evident partiality found in D.C. Code § 16-4412(e). 4 It emphasizes

that Mr. Shapiro failed to disclose his relationship with Adam Grunley – a vice

president at Grunley Construction – and other Grunley employees who served on

the AGC board; he also did not disclose that other attorneys at his law firm

represented Euro (or a Euro affiliate) on matters predating the arbitration.

Calderon contends, contrary to the trial court’s determination, that these

relationships were substantial because Mr. Shapiro served on the AGC board for

seventeen years, the board was small (only thirteen to fifteen members), and it met

monthly before, during, and after the arbitration. Calderon also asserts that Mr.

Shapiro’s service on the AGC board of directors presented a “known, direct, and

material interest” in the outcome of the arbitration because an attorney’s purpose

for participating in trade industry groups is to meet and curry favor with potential

clients.

       Calderon also urges us to incorporate several principles into our review of

questions like this one and ultimately seems to contend that any non-disclosure

should trigger a rebuttable presumption of evident partiality. First, it posits that a

       4
        Calderon incorporates by reference the brief on this issue filed by
Allegheny.
                                         10

party to arbitration has a “fundamental right to judge the neutrality of an arbitrator

before the hearing,” and the arbitrator’s failure to disclose prevents the party from

exercising that right. Second, it asserts that a party to arbitration “is entitled to

expect full disclosure by the arbitrator prior to the hearing regardless of what he or

she deems as trivial.” Third, “[w]ithout any disclosure and without a hearing, there

is no factual record to support . . . an after-the-fact determination of whether the

nature and extent of the relationship required disclosure by the arbitrator.”

Therefore, according to Calderon, the party moving to vacate an award due to a

non-disclosure should not bear the burden to prove arbitrator partiality; instead, the

arbitrator and any party with whom he or she has a relationship should bear the

burden to prove that an undisclosed relationship was trivial. Finally, Calderon

asserts that the court’s analysis “should be limited to the fact that the disclosure

was not made by the arbitrator or the party that selected the arbitrator,” and a

failure to disclose should trigger a presumption of evident partiality that the

arbitrator (and any party with whom he or she has a relationship) must rebut.

      Before turning to the failures to disclose at issue here, we highlight two

important considerations.     First, there is no doubt that the RUAA places

affirmative obligations on the nominated arbitrator to make “a reasonable inquiry”

and thereafter to make certain disclosures. D.C. Code § 16-4412(a). But the
                                          11

problem with Calderon’s argument is that the Council of the District of Columbia

enacted a different statute than Calderon envisions, and understandably so. A

disappointed party to arbitration could always find some fact about an arbitrator

that was not disclosed. The statute describes in general terms disclosures that

should be made, but it also makes clear that some failures to disclose will not

require the court to vacate the award. The statute also reserves the presumption of

evident partiality for non-disclosures of a particular nature.

      Second, it is generally thought to be important that arbitrators be familiar

with the industry in which the dispute arises. See, e.g., Celtech, Inc. v. Broumand,

584 A.2d 1257, 1259 (D.C. 1991) (noting that “arbitrators are usually

knowledgeable individuals in a given field and have interests which overlap with

the issues which they are considering as arbitrators”); Int’l Produce, Inc. v. A/S

Rosshavet, 638 F.2d 548, 552 (2d Cir. 1981) (“The most sought-after arbitrators

are those who are prominent and experienced members of the specific business

community in which the dispute to be arbitrated arose.”). As the commentary to

the uniform act explains, the various provisions found in § 4412(c), (d), and (e)

“seek to accommodate the tensions between concepts of partiality and the need for

experienced decision makers, as well as the policy of relative finality in arbitral

awards.” Uniform Arbitration Act (2000) § 12, cmt. 4. Thus, an appearance of
                                         12

bias that might disqualify a judge will not necessarily disqualify an arbitrator.

Celtech, 584 A.2d at 1259; see also Merit Ins. Co. v. Leatherby Ins. Co., 714 F.2d

673, 679 (7th Cir. 1983) (“The ethical obligations of arbitrators can be understood

only by reference to the fundamental differences between adjudication by

arbitrators and adjudication by judges and jurors.”).

      More specifically, in this case the parties agreed that the arbitrators should

meet the following qualifications: “The arbitrators selected by each side, and as the

third arbitrator, shall have at least 15 years of experience in construction matters

and shall, at a minimum, have represented both contractors and subcontractors

during the course of their career.” In this context, a reasonable person would not

think that merely being acquainted with the parties or their representatives would

be disqualifying.

              1. The Presumption of Evident Partiality Did Not Apply.

      With these observations in mind, we decide a mixed question of law and

fact: whether the trial court clearly erred in determining the facts or erred in

applying the law when considering the presumption of evident partiality. That

presumption applies when the challenging party demonstrates that a neutral
                                         13

arbitrator did “not disclose a known, direct, and material interest in the outcome of

the arbitration proceeding or a known, existing, and substantial relationship with a

party.” D.C. Code § 16-4412(e). As Judge Epstein concluded, the first prong of §

4412(e) has not been satisfied because Calderon has offered no evidence that Mr.

Shapiro would have benefited directly and materially from ruling in Grunley’s

favor. Despite Calderon’s emphasis on the importance of networking in attracting

clients, attorney Shapiro’s supposed interest in currying favor with AGC members

over time with the hope that they might retain him for future matters is not a

“direct . . . interest in the outcome of the arbitration proceeding.” The trial court

did not clearly err in determining that appellant had not presented facts that would

move this assertion “out of the realm of speculation.” Because a speculative

interest is not a “known, direct, and material interest,” we cannot say that the trial

court incorrectly applied the law.

      Mr. Shapiro’s failures to disclose that he served on the AGC board with Mr.

Grunley and that his law firm colleagues worked with Euro or a Euro affiliate on

zoning and land use matters related to the Watergate project do not satisfy the

second prong of § 4412(e) – that there be “a known, existing, and substantial

relationship with a party.” Though they share a name – and presumably some

family history in the organization – Mr. Grunley is not Grunley Construction; he
                                         14

was not a party to the arbitration. 5 We recognize that a corporation must act

through agents, but Calderon has not asserted, much less established, that Mr.

Grunley participated in the arbitration as a representative of Grunley Construction,

as a witness, or even as an observer. Moreover, as the trial court concluded, Mr.

Shapiro’s “relationship with AGC [itself] is not a substantial relationship with

Grunley.” 6

      As for the prior representation by the law firm, there was no evidence that

Mr. Shapiro was personally involved or that the issues to be resolved in the

arbitration turned in any way on the legal services previously rendered. And, as

Judge Epstein observed, “the fact that the representation ended two years before

      5
          Appellant names two other Grunley employees who also happened to
serve on the AGC board (at different times) with Mr. Shapiro, but there is no
difference between them and Mr. Grunley for purposes of analyzing Mr. Shapiro’s
non-disclosures. The same rationale would apply to other Grunley employees
because the company – not any individual employee – was the party to the
arbitration.
      6
          Calderon also asserts that, as a member of the board, Mr. Shapiro had a
fiduciary duty to AGC which extended to Mr. Grunley, his fellow board member,
and from him to Grunley Construction. We disagree. First, AGC was not a party
to the arbitration; therefore, Mr. Shapiro’s fiduciary duty to the organization would
not demonstrate a “known, existing, and substantial relationship with a party.”
D.C. Code § 16-4412(e). In addition, the trial court explained that, “[t]o the extent
that a board member has a fiduciary duty to association members as well as the
association, any such duty would apply only to actions the board member takes in
his capacity as a board member to manage the association’s affairs.”
                                          15

the arbitration proceeding began is relevant to whether the firm’s relationship was

likely to affect Mr. Shapiro’s impartiality as an arbitrator.” Even assuming the

accuracy of Calderon’s argument that Mr. Shapiro’s colleagues had actually

represented Euro and not its affiliate, this relationship pre-dated the arbitration and

cannot be called “existing,” as required by § 4412(e). For these reasons, the trial

court properly concluded that the presumption of evident partiality did not arise in

this case.

                     2. Calderon Did Not Prove Evident Partiality.

       Calderon protests that the trial court’s ruling was tantamount to requiring a

party to prove evident partiality in order to benefit from the presumption. It further

argues that the Council’s adoption of the RUAA altered the legal framework and

that our pre-existing precedent on evident partiality is no longer relevant. We

disagree. By creating a presumption, the RUAA may have made it easier to prove

evident partiality, but it did not enact a superseding definition of that concept or

purport to nullify our existing precedent. 7

       7
          Before the RUAA was enacted, we gave non-exhaustive examples of
“evident partiality”: “Evident partiality exists where an arbitrator has had close
financial relations for many years with a party to the arbitration.” Celtech, 584
A.2d at 1259 (citing the plurality opinion in Commonwealth Coatings Corp. v.
                                                                     (continued…)
                                         16

      Calderon does not pay sufficient attention to the wording of § 4412(e),

which opens a new path to proving evident partiality in narrowly prescribed

circumstances. If a party challenging an arbitration award meets the criteria of

subsection (e), then it benefits from the presumption. If not, it may still prevail by

demonstrating evident partiality under our existing and developing precedent. We

now consider whether the evidence – insufficient to trigger the presumption –

nonetheless proves evident partiality.

      When considering an arbitrator’s failure to disclose a relationship, “[t]he

relevant inquiry concerns not only the fact of the nondisclosure, but the nature of

the relationship between [the arbitrator] and [the parties].” Umana v. Swidler &

Berlin, Chartered, 745 A.2d 334, 340 (D.C. 2000). In Umana, an arbitrator had

failed to disclose a prior professional relationship with an individual “who acted as

Swidler & Berlin’s representative and testified in the arbitration proceedings.” Id.

at 336. We nevertheless concluded that the relationship, which began “some

twenty years before the arbitration in question” and only “continued on a sporadic

basis thereafter,” was “not the kind that threatens bias justifying vacation of the

 (…continued)
Continental Cas. Co., 393 U.S. 145, 146 (1968)). “The same has been found to be
true where the arbitrator was the son of an officer of one of the parties.” Id.
                                          17

arbitral award.” Id. at 340. A reviewing court should be concerned, rather, with

relationships that give rise to a sense of “loyalty owed to one side of the dispute,”

id. at 340-41 (quoting Cellular Radio Corp. v. OKI America, Inc., 664 A.2d 357,

360-61 (D.C. 1995)), or that are “so intimate – personally, socially, professionally,

or financially – as to cast serious doubt on [an arbitrator’s] impartiality.” Id. at 341

(quoting Merit Ins. Co., 714 F.2d at 680). While Umana does not foreclose the

possibility that a professional relationship could be so close as to cast doubt on an

arbitrator’s impartiality, it also makes clear that close personal relationships are

much more problematic than professional interconnections, which are “a common

occurrence in the legal circles in the District of Columbia where the parties, their

counsel and the arbitrators practice.” Id. at 342 (footnote omitted).

      According to Adam Grunley’s declaration, which Calderon has not

attempted to refute, Mr. Grunley joined the AGC as a regular member in 2004,

became a board member in 2015, and served as president of the board for one year,

from 2017 to 2018. Most board members participated in their monthly meetings

by telephone. As Mr. Grunley recalled, he had “only met Mr. Shapiro once or

twice in person.” They never discussed the arbitration. Finally, Mr. Grunley

disclaimed having ever had any conversation with Mr. Shapiro during the period

when the arbitration took place, at an AGC social function that Calderon mentions
                                         18

in its brief, or in relation to two amicus curiae briefs that Mr. Shapiro prepared on

AGC’s behalf in unrelated legal matters.

      So far as Calderon has demonstrated, Mr. Grunley’s relationship with Mr.

Shapiro was not the type that would instill “loyalty owed to one side of the

dispute.”   Unlike in Commonwealth Coatings, see note 7, supra, there is no

evidence that Mr. Shapiro had past financial dealings with Grunley.            And in

comparison to Umana, where the undisclosed relationship involved a

representative and witness who actually participated in the arbitration, a

professional relationship with someone who did not participate in the arbitration is

even less problematic. We therefore conclude that Mr. Shapiro’s undisclosed

acquaintance with Mr. Grunley is insufficient to prove evident partiality. 8

      8
         Appellant also asserts that Mr. Shapiro evidenced partiality because he
repeatedly questioned “witnesses solely in support of Grunley’s position
throughout the arbitration” and told the parties “that ‘most of what he needed’ for
the case was contained in a small binder of documents distributed by counsel for
Grunley during his opening statement.” There is no transcript of the proceedings
to support these assertions, nor does the record describe what was in the binder.
We will not consider such conclusory arguments on appeal. See Wagner v.
Georgetown Univ. Med. Ctr., 768 A.2d 546, 554 n.9 (D.C. 2001) (“It is not enough
merely to mention a possible argument in the most skeletal way, leaving the court
to do counsel’s work, create the ossature for the argument, and put flesh on its
bones.” (quoting United States v. Zannino, 895 F.2d 1, 16 (1st Cir. 1990)).
                                           19

      The law firm’s past representation of Euro or its affiliate is an apt illustration

of a distant and impersonal relationship that does not demonstrate evident partiality

of Mr. Shapiro. Mr. Shapiro of course has a professional relationship with other

attorneys working in the same law firm.           These colleagues obviously had a

professional relationship with their client – Euro or its affiliate. But Judge Epstein

found “that the representation ended two years before the arbitration proceeding

began.” Therefore, Mr. Shapiro’s relationship to Euro (the party to the arbitration)

is indirect at best, straining any argument that it establishes his partiality. 9 On this

record, Calderon has not established evident partiality. 10

      9
          Calderon relies on Rule 1.10 of the Rules of Professional Conduct to
support its claim that Mr. Shapiro had a duty of loyalty to his firm’s former client
(which it claims was Euro, not an affiliate). Rule 1.10 provides that “[w]hile
lawyers are associated in a firm, none of them shall knowingly represent a client
when any one of them practicing alone would be prohibited from doing so by
Rules 1.7 or 1.9.” This argument fails for the simple reason that Mr. Shapiro, as a
neutral arbitrator, did not represent anyone in the arbitration. Furthermore, as
Judge Epstein correctly noted, “any duty that Mr. Shapiro had to his law firm’s
former land use client is not implicated by his service on an arbitration panel
concerning an unrelated dispute.”
      10
          Calderon also presents an argument that could fit under the umbrella of
arbitrator misconduct, a ground for vacatur specified in § 16-4423(a). It asserts
that Mr. Shapiro and Mr. Grunley engaged in ex parte communications by
participating in AGC board meetings, as well as by attending a social event hosted
by the AGC. As Judge Epstein concluded, this argument fails on both factual and
legal grounds. “Allegheny and Calderon offer no evidence that Messrs. Shapiro
and Grunley actually spoke while the arbitration was ongoing, and Grunley
submitted an affidavit by Mr. Grunley stating that he does not recall speaking with
Mr. Shapiro at that time.” This finding is not clearly erroneous. As for legal
                                                                      (continued…)
                                        20

                   3. The Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion.

      We agree with Judge Epstein’s observation that “[i]t is advisable for an

arbitrator to err on the side of disclosure.” That surely would have been the

prudent course here. Even so, Judge Epstein concluded that disclosure was not

required under § 4412(a) because “a reasonable person would not consider these

relationships, individually or collectively, likely to affect Mr. Shapiro’s

impartiality.”   We need not decide this question, however.          Ruling in the

alternative, the court stated that it “would exercise its discretion under § 4412(d)

not to vacate the award because the relationships that Mr. Shapiro did not disclose

do not create . . . a reasonable likelihood of bias[.]” We discern no abuse of

 (…continued)
inadequacy, Judge Epstein focused first on the rules of professional conduct and
determined that “[a] prohibition on ex parte communications . . . does not prevent
Mr. Shapiro from talking to Mr. Grunley (or anyone) about matters that are not
related to the arbitration proceeding.” However, appellant asserts that an
addendum to the agreement to arbitrate provided a broader definition of ex parte
contact when it required that “[a]ll communications with the Arbitrators by any
Party or a Party’s attorney shall be made at a hearing or in a conference call with
all opposing Parties and/or their attorneys having been given a reasonable
opportunity to participate.” Even if this agreement was intended to cover all
communications, regardless of subject matter, the prohibition was limited to
“Arbitrators” and “any Party or a Party’s attorney.” As explained above, Mr.
Grunley was not a party to the arbitration, nor did he represent Grunley
Construction. Therefore, we will not disturb Judge Epstein’s decision concerning
ex parte communications.
                                           21

discretion in that ruling. See Johnson v. United States, 398 A.2d 354, 361-362

(D.C. 1979) (“Discretion signifies choice.”; “The concept of ‘exercise of

discretion’ is a review-restraining one.”). 11

                              III. Merits of the Award

      Calderon also contends that “the arbitrators manifestly disregarded the facts

and law resulting in an award that was arbitrary and capricious.” It reasons that

because Euro was contractually obligated to cover subcontractor costs that Grunley

incurred, Grunley did not suffer any damages attributable to Calderon once

Grunley and Euro settled their own dispute over the project. Calderon attempts to

support this contention by comparing its version of the costs that Grunley incurred

to the amount of money that Grunley received from its settlement with Euro.

Calderon contends that Grunley received more money in settlement than it had

actually incurred in costs, and that the arbitration award would only serve to

increase this undeserved windfall. Grunley answers with its own set of sums to

      11
           Under the abuse of discretion standard of review, we might also have
affirmed Judge Epstein’s ruling had he decided to vacate the arbitration award.
See Johnson, 398 A.2d at 361 (“[T]he decision-maker exercising discretion has the
ability to choose from a range of permissible conclusions. The decision-making
activity is not ministerial and the various elements of the problem do not preordain
a single permissible conclusion.”).
                                          22

ultimately argue that its losses due to subcontractor costs far exceeded its

settlement with Euro, meaning that there remained uncompensated losses

attributable to Calderon. Judge Epstein’s order explained that “Calderon made the

same argument to the arbitrators” and “cannot relitigate the issue here.”

      Calderon also challenges the arbitrators’ award of attorney’s fees because

“[t]here was no proof of payment for the attorneys’ fee award nor was there any

testimony of the reasonableness of the fees or expenses.” Grunley urges us to

leave the attorney’s fees award undisturbed, arguing that the arbitrators must have

considered $700,000 reasonable since Grunley actually asked for $982,748. The

trial court declined to second-guess the “collective experience [of the arbitrators] in

deciding what fees were reasonable.”

      “It is firmly established that judicial review of an arbitrator’s decision is

extremely limited, and a party seeking to set it aside has a heavy burden.” Stuart v.

Walker, 143 A.3d 761, 768 (D.C. 2016). Judicial review is not available merely

because a party “received an unfavorable result.” Id. Instead, review is limited to

the grounds set forth in D.C. Code § 16-4423. Id. Those enumerated grounds do

not include “manifest disregard,” but we have said in the past that “court inquiry

may be undertaken” “where it appears that the arbitrator manifestly disregarded the
                                           23

law, . . . at least when the decision approaches being arbitrary and capricious.”

Cathedral Ave. Co-op., Inc. v. Carter, 947 A.2d 1143, 1151 (D.C. 2008) (cleaned

up). 12 We therefore will assume, for purposes of argument, that a court may

review an arbitration award for “manifest disregard.” 13          However, this is an

“extreme exception” to the general rule that we “will not review an arbitration

decision on the merits.” Id. Calderon has not demonstrated that this is such an

extreme situation.

      “At its core, arbitration is supposed to be an alternative to litigation in a

court of law, not a prelude to it.” Uniform Arbitration Act (2000) § 23, cmt. B.1.

Like Judge Epstein, we decline Calderon’s invitation to surmise what the

arbitrators must have been thinking when they issued the award or to delve into the

issues ourselves. To substitute our judgment for that of the arbitrators would

      12
          Although we have said as much, we are not aware of a case where this
court has vacated an award on the ground that an arbitrator manifestly disregarded
the law.
      13
           But see A1 Team USA Holdings, LLC v. Bingham McCutchen, LLP, 998
A.2d 320, 324 (D.C. 2010) (noting that, in approving the model Revised Uniform
Arbitration Act, “the NCCUSL considered but decided . . . not to add provisions to
Section 23 which would have allowed vacatur of an arbitration award on the
grounds of ‘manifest disregard of the law’ and ‘public policy.’”); Bolton v.
Bernabei & Katz, PLLC, 954 A.2d 953, 959 n.4 (D.C. 2008) (“[I]t is not clear that
we have any such authority [to vacate an award for manifest disregard of the law]
that is independent of, or broader than, the statutory authority granted to us . . . .”).
                                           24

betray the “policy – inherent in election of arbitration over a judicial trial – that the

parties have bargained for the arbitrators’ judgment, even more than for legal

correctness, and thus should not be deprived of that judgment.” Cathedral Ave.

Co-op., 947 A.2d at 1152.

                    IV. Grunley’s Motion for Attorney’s Fees

      After the trial court confirmed the arbitration award, Grunley moved for

attorney’s fees and expenses as authorized by D.C. Code § 16-4425(c). 14 Rule

54(d) of the Superior Court Rules of Civil Procedure governs the process for

seeking attorney’s fees and requires that a motion,

             (i) be filed no later than 14 days after the entry of
             judgment; (ii) specify the judgment and the statute, rule,
             or other grounds entitling the movant to the award;
             (iii) state the amount sought or provide a fair estimate of
             it; and (iv) disclose, if the court so orders, the terms of
             any agreement about fees for the services for which the
             claim is made.

      14
         “On application of a prevailing party to a contested judicial proceeding
under § 16-4422, 16-4423, or 16-4424, the court may add reasonable attorney’s
fees and other reasonable expenses of litigation incurred in a judicial proceeding
after the award is made to a judgment confirming, vacating without directing a
rehearing, modifying, or correcting an award.” D.C. Code § 16-4425(c).
                                          25

      The court denied Grunley’s Rule 54(d) motion on the ground that it failed to

provide “information ‘sufficiently detailed to permit the Court to make an

independent determination whether or not the hours claimed are justified.’”

(quoting Tenants of 710 Jefferson Street v. District of Columbia Rental Hous.

Comm’n, 123 A.3d 170, 187 (D.C. 2015)). In its cross-appeal, Grunley argues that

its failure to attach documents fully supporting the motion at the time of filing was

not a proper ground for denial because its motion complied with Rule 54(d).

      “When interpreting a Superior Court rule, we frequently find guidance in the

advisory committee’s notes to the corresponding federal rule.”           District of

Columbia v. Jackson, 878 A.2d 489, 492 (D.C. 2005).           We thus turn to the

advisory committee notes for Rule 54 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure,

which state that “[t]he rule does not require that the motion be supported at the

time of filing with the evidentiary material bearing on the fees. This material must

of course be submitted in due course, according to such schedule as the court may

direct in light of the circumstances of the case.”

      While § 16-4425(c) states that “the court may add reasonable attorney’s fees

and other reasonable expenses” (emphasis added), the trial court did not exercise

its discretion in this case. Indeed, it stated that, “[b]ecause the Court denies
                                        26

Grunley’s motion on this ground, it need not decide whether it should exercise its

discretion to award attorney fees under D.C. Code § 16-4425.” Consequently, we

are not reviewing a discretionary decision entitled to deference; instead, we apply

de novo review. See Gibson v. Freeman, 941 A.2d 1032, 1034-35 (D.C. 2008)

(applying de novo review to the trial court’s interpretation of a rule of civil

procedure).

      We conclude that Grunley’s motion satisfied the requirements of Rule 54(d).

It was timely, it invoked § 16-4425, and it requested $54,403.16 in attorney’s fees

and other expenses. The text of Rule 54(d) does not require the movant to submit

full documentary support for the motion at the time of filing. Furthermore, the

advisory committee notes for federal Rule 54 explicitly state that this is not

necessary. See 10 Wright, Miller & Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure: Civil

§ 2680 (4th ed., 2008, updated 2021) (“Because of the early filing deadline for

fees, the rule does not require that the motion be fully supported at the time of

filing by all of the evidentiary material bearing on fees. Rather, subparagraph (B)

simply requires that the motion specify the grounds entitling the movant to a fee

award and the amount or a fair estimate of the amount sought.”). The court

reasonably wanted additional information before ruling, and Grunley would have

been well-advised to provide it at the outset, but the court erred by denying the
                                         27

motion without giving Grunley an opportunity to submit more detailed records.

Therefore, we vacate the order denying attorney’s fees and remand to the trial

court for further consideration of the motion.

                                  V. Conclusion

      We affirm the court’s judgment confirming the arbitration award. However,

because Grunley’s motion for attorney’s fees met the facial requirements of Rule

54(d), we reverse the decision denying that motion and remand for further

consideration.

                                       Affirmed in part and reversed in part.