Court Opinion

ID: 4287862
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-06-25 17:07:38.597657+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:37:18.771903
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

SUSAN FRINGER,                           )
                                         )
                  Plaintiff,             )
                                         )
      v.                                 ) C.A. No. 9780-VCG
                                         )
KERSEY HOMES, INC., a Delaware           )
Corporation, LIVING ENTERPRISES,         )
LLC, a Delaware Limited Liability        )
Company, and NOELLE MCCOLGAN,            )
                                         )
                  Defendants.            )

                        MEMORANDUM OPINION

                        Date Submitted: March 5, 2018
                         Date Decided: June 25, 2018

Dean A. Campbell, of LAW OFFICE OF DEAN A. CAMPBELL, P.A., Georgetown,
Delaware, Attorney for Plaintiff Susan Fringer.

Richard E. Berl, Jr., of HUDSON, JONES, JAYWORK & FISHER, LLC, Lewes,
Delaware, Attorney for Defendants Living Enterprises, LLC and Noelle McColgan.

GLASSCOCK, Vice Chancellor
      The great advantage of the corporate form is that it permits investment and

ownership without risk of personal liability for entity debt. This advantage has its

limits, obviously. One such limitation is involved here. The corporation involved,

Kersey Homes, found itself a defendant in a lawsuit based on fraud, in connection

with an agreement to sell a modular home. At the time of the agreement, the

company was moribund, and as the trial date approached, it had a single asset with

value, the modular home at issue. In fact, by that time, Kersey Homes had caused

the building to be placed on a permanent foundation, on a lot owned by another

entity controlled by Kersey Homes’ principals, Living Enterprises. Kersey Homes

made what I find to have been a tactical decision. It treated the modular home as an

asset no longer owned by Kersey Homes; created a bill of sale purporting to show

transfer of the asset—two years previously—to a relative of the principals, in

satisfaction of an old debt; and then defaulted on the fraud action. Kersey Homes’

principals, I find, acted on the (misplaced) understanding that a judgment against the

now-insolvent Kersey Homes would be beyond the reach of the resulting judgment

creditors.

      The survivor of the judgment creditors here, Susan Fringer, sued in this Court,

on the belief that neither law nor equity would condone the behavior of Kersey

Homes, or leave her without remedy. That belief was well-founded. This is my

post-trial decision. I find that the “sale” of the modular home to the relative, the

                                          1
grandmother of Noelle McColgan, the President of Kersey Homes, was a sham; that

the home was transferred to the lot owner, Living Enterprises, when it was affixed

to its lot; and that the latter transfer was fraudulent under Delaware’s Uniform

Fraudulent Transfer Act. Mrs. Fringer, accordingly, is entitled to levy on the

property, and to receive the sales proceeds in an amount sufficient to satisfy her

judgment against Kersey Homes. My reasoning follows.

                                  I. BACKGROUND

       Trial took place over one day, during which seven witnesses gave live

testimony. The parties submitted twenty-two exhibits. I give the evidence the

weight and credibility I find that it deserves.1

       A. Factual Background

               1. The Fringers Buy Their Retirement Home

       Plaintiff Susan Fringer lives in York, Pennsylvania.2 In 2001, Susan3 and her

late husband Herbert bought a vacant lot in Beaver Dam Acres, a development in

rural eastern Sussex County.4 The Fringers planned to build their retirement home

on the lot.5

1
  Citations to “PTO A,” “PTO B,” and “PTO C” refer to sections A, B, and C of the stipulated
facts in the parties’ joint pre-trial stipulation.
2
  Trial Tr. 79:24–80:1; Fringer Dep. 7:13–14.
3
  To the extent I use first names here, it is to avoid confusion; no disrespect is meant.
4
  Fringer Dep. 14:9–17. Herbert Fringer passed away in the course of this litigation.
5
  Trial Tr. 80:15–21.

                                             2
       Herbert retired in 2011, and in July of that year, he met with representatives

of Defendant Kersey Homes, Inc., a designated builder for Beracah Homes, Inc.,

which manufactures modular homes.6 The Kersey Homes representatives showed

Herbert a model home located on the company’s sales lot in Millsboro, Delaware.7

On July 9, 2011, the Fringers agreed to buy the modular home Herbert had seen at

the Kersey Homes lot for $210,795.8 Per the agreement, Kersey Homes would clear

the Fringers’ lot, build the foundation, install the well and septic systems, and deliver

and set the house.9 Later, on March 17, 2012, the parties revised the terms of the

agreement.10 Under the new agreement, the Fringers would bear the costs of clearing

the lot and installing the well, water, and septic systems, among other things.11

Kersey Homes would still be responsible for building the foundation and setting the

house.12 The Fringers agreed to pay $184,230 under the revised agreement, which

valued the modular home at $182,000.13

6
  Fringer Dep. 15:17–18; PTO A ¶¶ 2, 4. The Defendants respond to the first section of Susan
Fringer’s proposed factual findings as follows: “Defendants admit all of the facts proposed by the
Plaintiff in this section (1-25). By way of further response, however, Defendants Living
Enterprises and McColgan were not parties to th[e Superior Court] action, and as a result those
facts are not binding on the Defendants here.” Defs.’ Resp. to Pl.’s Statement of Facts 7–8. I take
this to mean that the Defendants stipulate to the facts in question.
7
  PTO A ¶ 4.
8
  Id. ¶ 5, B ¶ 1; JX 000011–12.
9
  PTO B ¶ 1; JX 000011–12.
10
   PTO B ¶ 2.
11
   Id.
12
   Id.
13
   Id. ¶¶ 2–3.

                                                3
       Unbeknownst to the Fringers, the modular home they purchased was the only

one Kersey Homes owned.14 Indeed, Kersey Homes’ sole remaining assets at the

time of sale were the modular home, an inoperable box truck,15 and a modular office

building.16     The Fringers also did not know that, despite Kersey Homes’

representations to the contrary, they were not buying a Beracah Homes-constructed

home.17 Instead, their house was built by Crest Homes.18

       Kersey Homes was in dire financial straits when it contracted with the

Fringers. The company was insolvent, and its tax returns reveal losses of $9,450 and

$81,104 in 2011 and 2012, respectively.19 Defendant Noelle McColgan was the

President and Treasurer of Kersey Homes, and her father Graham Living was its

Vice President and Secretary.20 Graham was the sole owner of Kersey Homes,

which Graham and his wife ran until Noelle took over as President in 2009.21

       In the spring of 2012, after executing the revised agreement with Kersey

Homes, the Fringers cleared the lot and installed the well and septic systems.22 That

summer, the parties began to argue over several issues, including Kersey Homes’

14
   Trial Tr. 50:4–11, 82:1–4. “Kersey Home” would have been a more accurate corporate moniker.
15
   Kersey Homes was later able to fix the box truck and sell it, though just “[b]arely.” Id. at 49:10–
12.
16
   Id. at 45:22–46:7.
17
   PTO A ¶¶ 3, 6, 12.
18
   Id. ¶ 12.
19
   Trial Tr. 45:17–27; PTO B ¶ 10.
20
   PTO B ¶¶ 18, 20.
21
   Trial Tr. 100:16–18; McColgan Dep. 13:5–21.
22
   PTO A ¶ 8.

                                                  4
delay in starting work, difficulties encountered by the company in constructing the

foundation, and “credits for appliances.”23 In July 2012, Kersey Homes informed

the Fringers that they needed to pay an additional $4,323.75 to complete the

foundation.24 The Fringers refused to pay, and Kersey Homes ceased working on

the project.25 Around this time, Herbert visited the lot and discovered that the

foundation could not be used for the modular home.26 Specifically, the crawlspace

was dug too deep, and parts of the foundation had not been closed properly. 27

Herbert reached out to Beracah Homes for help in resolving the parties’ disputes; in

the course of these discussions, he learned—to his surprise—that he and his wife

had not, in fact, purchased a Beracah modular home.28

       By this time, the Fringers had paid Kersey Homes $48,307.50.29 While the

parties’ disputes continued, Kersey Homes sent yet another revised agreement to the

Fringers, threatening to keep their money and leave the project unfinished unless

23
   Id. ¶ 9.
24
   Id. ¶ 10.
25
   Id. ¶ 11.
26
   Id. ¶ 13.
27
   Id. Noelle McColgan testified at trial that Kersey Homes hired an engineer to identify problems
with the foundation, and that a suitable foundation was eventually installed. Trial Tr. 107:14–24.
28
   PTO A ¶ 12. It is clear from the record that the Fringers believed that Beracah modular homes
were materially superior to Crest-built homes. That assertion is not pertinent here, and I make no
such finding.
29
   Id. ¶ 14. According to Noelle McColgan, most of this money was paid to vendors hired to (i)
assist in delivering the modular home to the Fringers’ lot, and (ii) prepare the foundation on the
Fringers’ lot. Trial Tr. 116:24–122:14; see also JX 000022–23.

                                                5
they signed the new contract.30 The Fringers acquiesced and signed the agreement,

which Kersey Homes backdated to July 9, 2011—the date of the original contract.31

               2. Kersey Homes Tries (and Fails) to Deliver the House, and Noelle
               and Ruth Ann Purportedly Strike a Deal

       Despite the parties’ continuing disagreements, Kersey Homes attempted to

deliver the home on August 9, 2012.32 Noelle McColgan testified that the parties

had chosen August 9 as the date for delivery, though Susan Fringer claims she did

not know Kersey Homes intended to deliver the house on that date.33 In any event,

Kersey Homes tried to call the Fringers on August 9, but they did not answer the

phone.34 Surprisingly, that did not stop Kersey Homes from trying to deliver the

house.35

       The attempted delivery did not go well. As the modular home was being

broken up into sections for delivery, an unexpected rainstorm hit.36 Because the

house was unwrapped and split into sections, the interior was exposed to the

elements.37 Once the storm arrived, the house was wrapped in plastic to keep water

out, but these efforts did not prevent the house from suffering water damage.38 In

30
   PTO A ¶ 15. The parties have not set forth the terms of this revised contract.
31
   Id. ¶ 16.
32
   Trial Tr. 57:3–7, 111:23–114:10.
33
   Id. at 94:23–95:1, 111:23–112:6.
34
   Trial Tr. 112:15–113:14; JX 000021.
35
   Trial Tr. 139:23–140:5.
36
   Id. at 110:20–111:10.
37
   McColgan Dep. 45:13–17.
38
   Trial Tr. 113:15–114:10.

                                                 6
addition, when the modular home was removed from the Kersey Homes’ lot, the

foundation it sat on was damaged.39 Thus, because the house could not be replaced

on the Kersey Homes foundation, it was left on the flatbed trucks that had been hired

to transport the home to the Fringers’ lot.40 Oddly, the house was allowed to sit on

the truck beds for months.41

       Meanwhile, Kersey Homes continued its efforts to get in touch with the

Fringers, to no avail.42 On August 13, the Fringers’ attorney informed Kersey

Homes of the Fringers’ belief that the contract was void as a result of the company’s

“fraud and defective workmanship.”43 On August 17, Noelle McColgan wrote a

letter to the Fringers, informing them that due to “unexpected rainfall,” installation

of the home had been delayed, but that Kersey Homes was ready to set the home at

a mutually convenient time.44

       Once it became clear that the Fringers would not accept the modular home,

Kersey Homes reached out to several individuals who had previously expressed

interest in the house.45 These contacts were not fruitful, as the house had sustained

water damage during the storm, making it “very undesirable,” in Noelle McColgan’s

39
   Id. at 116:7–13.
40
   Id. at 116:9–10.
41
   McColgan Dep. 46:12–47:6.
42
   Trial Tr. 114:11–21; JX 000021.
43
   PTO B ¶ 7.
44
   JX 000053.
45
   Trial Tr. 115:17–21.

                                          7
words.46 Moreover, not long after the unexpected rainstorm on August 9, Hurricane

Sandy hit, causing additional damage to the modular home.47

        Noelle McColgan testified that, around this time, she struck a deal with her

grandmother, Ruth Ann Kersey.48 Earlier, in 2011, Ruth Ann had loaned $350,419

to Kersey Homes in exchange for a promissory note.49 Noelle was personally liable

for the note, on which Kersey Homes regularly paid interest (but not principal,

apparently).50 Soon after the surprise storm on August 9, 2012, Noelle supposedly

agreed to transfer the modular home to her grandmother in exchange for a $75,000

reduction in Kersey Homes’ debt.51 Noelle testified that $75,000 represented the

value she and Ruth Ann placed on the house when the deal was struck; Noelle

claimed that the figure came from a contractor named Paul Harris, who performed

repairs on the home.52 In addition to this immediate debt reduction, a portion of the

proceeds from an anticipated sale of the house in the future would go toward paying

down the debt.53 In the final piece of this purported arrangement, the modular home

46
   Id. at 115:21–24.
47
   Id. at 122:24–123:4.
48
   Id. at 122:15–126:15.
49
   JX 000054.
50
   Trial Tr. 51:22–24, 54:22–55:4; JX 000056–58.
51
   Trial Tr. 123:12:126:15.
52
   Id. at 71:16–72:1. Harris did not testify at trial.
53
   Id. at 126:7–11.

                                                   8
would be set on a lot belonging to Living Enterprises, LLC, a company owned by

Noelle, her husband John McColgan, and her father.54

      According to Noelle, it did not occur to her at the time to take any steps to

document this transaction.55 Indeed, there is no contemporaneous documentation of

the deal purportedly struck between Noelle and her grandmother in 2012.56 In any

event, in or around April 2013, the modular home was moved to a permanent

foundation on one of Living Enterprises’ lots.57 There is no written agreement

between Living Enterprises and Kersey Homes reflecting this arrangement, and

Living Enterprises did not pay anything for the house.58 Between May 2013 and

January 2014, Kersey Homes spent about $102,000 on repairs to the modular

home.59 Most of these repairs were covered by insurance proceeds paid to Kersey

Homes.60

             3. The Fringers Sue Kersey Homes in Superior Court, and Noelle and
             Ruth Ann Execute a Bill of Sale

      On December 17, 2012, the Fringers brought suit against Kersey Homes in

Delaware Superior Court, alleging breach of contract, common-law fraud, breach of

54
   Id. at 56:2–5, 125:19–23.
55
   Id. at 129:21–130:2.
56
   Id. at 149:15–150:2.
57
   Id. at 58:4–10.
58
   Id. at 70:7–18.
59
   Id. at 58:11–59:6; PTO B ¶ 33.
60
   PTO B ¶¶ 32–33; JX 000024–52.

                                        9
warranty, and violations of the Delaware Consumer Fraud Act.61 The crux of the

lawsuit was that Kersey Homes had misled the Fringers into believing they were

buying a Beracah home when, in fact, the home they bought was built by Crest

Homes.62 The Fringers sought $144,922.50 in damages, plus interest and reasonable

attorneys’ fees.63 The damages figure was triple the amount the Fringers had paid

to Kersey Homes in connection with the contract to purchase the modular home.

The reason is that Delaware law provides treble damages for victims of consumer

fraud who are sixty-five years of age or older when the violation occurs.64 Since the

Fringers were over sixty-five years old when they were defrauded by Kersey Homes,

they were entitled to treble damages.65

       Kersey Homes initially defended the lawsuit, filing an answer and

counterclaim on January 30, 2013.66 It was not until the May 15, 2014 pre-trial

conference that counsel for Kersey Homes announced that the company would stop

defending the suit.67 Thus, on June 6, 2014, the Superior Court entered judgment

against Kersey Homes on the claims for common-law fraud, consumer fraud, breach

61
   PTO B ¶ 13.
62
   Id. A ¶¶ 17–22. The Fringers also sought recovery for the defective foundation on their lot. Id.
A ¶ 13.
63
   Id. B ¶ 13.
64
   6 Del. C. § 2583(b).
65
   PTO A ¶ 24.
66
   JX 000007.
67
   PTO B ¶ 14.

                                                10
of contract, and breach of warranty.68             The judgment awarded the Fringers

$144,922.50 in damages, along with pre-judgment interest and attorneys’ fees in the

amount of $9,377.69

       Notably, on April 1, 2014—well over a year into the litigation, approximately

one month before the pre-trial conference in Superior Court, and two months before

judgment was entered—Kersey Homes and Ruth Ann Kersey executed a “bill of

sale,” theoretically reflecting the transfer of the modular home to Ruth Ann in

exchange for discharging $75,000 of the debt Kersey Homes owed to her.70 Noelle

McColgan signed the bill of sale on behalf of Kersey Homes.71 According to Noelle,

$75,000 represented the value of the home back in 2012, when the transfer

memorialized in the bill of sale supposedly took place.72                Again, there is no

contemporaneous documentation of the deal purportedly struck between Noelle and

her grandmother in 2012.73 Noelle testified that the idea to execute the belated bill

of sale did not come from anyone at Kersey Homes. The idea came solely and

unexpectedly from Noelle’s grandmother, Ruth Ann.74 Oddly, Ruth Ann never told

68
   JX 000001.
69
   Id.
70
   JX 000059.
71
   Id.; Trial Tr. 75:1–5.
72
   Trial Tr. 73:12–74:10. Susan Fringer’s expert opined that, as of March 2017, the modular home
was worth around $200,000. JX 000223. He also testified that the house was worth the same
amount back in April 2014. Trial Tr. 22:7–15.
73
   Trial Tr. 74:14–17.
74
   Id. at 130:16–19.

                                              11
Noelle why she wanted the sale in writing almost two years after the underlying

transaction purportedly took place.75 At trial, Noelle’s “best guess” was that her

grandmother was “doing some work to her will.”76

               4. Kersey Homes Goes Out of Business, Ruth Ann Passes Away, and
               Noelle Gets the House

       In February 2013, Kersey Homes went out of business, though it did not file

a certificate of dissolution until October 2014.77 Nobody from Kersey Homes

informed the Fringers of these developments.78 Later, on April 20, 2015, Ruth Ann

passed away.79 Ruth Ann’s estate included a testamentary trust, under which Noelle

was to receive 18% of the trust principal.80 Noelle’s share was reduced by her debt

to Ruth Ann, which the trust agreement valued at $925,000.81 That debt included

the face value of the $350,419 note, even though Kersey Homes had purportedly

paid down a portion of the note by transferring the modular home to Ruth Ann.82 In

other words, despite Noelle’s guess that the belated bill of sale was demanded by

Ruth Ann for purposes of estate work, the estate did not recognize a reduction in

Kersey Homes’ debt to Ruth Ann. Moreover, the estate inventory described the note

75
   Id. at 130:20–22.
76
   Id. at 130:23–131:1.
77
   PTO B ¶ 31, C ¶ 1.
78
   Id. B ¶ 31, C ¶ 2.
79
   JX 000062.
80
   JX 000077.
81
   Id.
82
   Trial Tr. 157:5–24.

                                        12
as having “no value,” apparently because Kersey Homes was insolvent and could

not pay the debt.83 Finally, Noelle purportedly took the modular home from the

estate as part of her distribution, though there is no contemporaneous documentary

evidence of this transaction.84

       B. This Litigation

       The Fringers commenced this action on June 18, 2014, about two weeks after

they had obtained the judgment against Kersey Homes in Superior Court. The

Complaint names Kersey Homes, Living Enterprises, Noelle McColgan, and Ruth

Ann Kersey as Defendants. The Complaint contains six counts. Count I is brought

against Living Enterprises, and it seeks the imposition of a constructive trust.85

Count II seeks an injunction to rescind Kersey Homes’ transfer of the modular home,

which the Complaint characterizes as a fraudulent conveyance.86 Count III alleges

unjust enrichment, Count IV seeks to pierce the corporate veil with respect to Living

Enterprises and Kersey Homes, Count V alleges that Noelle committed fraud as an

officer of Kersey Homes, and Count VI is brought against Kersey Homes, Noelle,

and Living Enterprises for conspiring to defraud the Fringers.87 Kersey Homes has

83
   Id. at 156:7–15; JX 000065.
84
   Trial Tr. 35:18–36:14, 158:1–11, 160:8–20. As noted above, Noelle was entitled to 18% of Ruth
Ann’s residuary estate.
85
   Compl. ¶¶ 23–28.
86
   Id. ¶¶ 29–32.
87
   Id. ¶¶ 33–49.

                                              13
not appeared to defend this litigation, having dissolved in October 2014; Ruth Ann

Kersey was voluntarily dismissed from the action on June 16, 2016.

      Susan Fringer moved for summary judgment on July 18, 2016, and I denied

the Motion on February 1, 2017. Trial was held on July 25, 2017, after which I

received post-trial briefing, including supplemental statements of facts from the

parties. In her post-trial briefing, Fringer asks the Court to find that Kersey Homes’

transfer of the modular home to Living Enterprises was a fraudulent conveyance.

Fringer also argues that, even if the transfer was not a fraudulent conveyance, the

Court should nevertheless impose a constructive trust to remedy the Defendants’

unjust enrichment. Fringer further claims she has established that Kersey Homes

and Living Enterprises engaged in civil conspiracy by taking steps to place the

modular home beyond the reach of the Fringers. Finally, Fringer seeks fee-shifting

for the Defendants’ bad-faith and fraudulent conduct.

      The Defendants respond that Fringer has failed to establish a fraudulent

transfer, either by proving actual intent to defraud or by demonstrating constructive

fraud. Specifically, the Defendants argue that no intent to defraud can be inferred

from Kersey Homes’ decision, soon after the failed delivery attempt on August 9,

2012, to transfer the house to Ruth Ann Kersey in exchange for reducing Kersey

Homes’ debt to Ruth Ann by $75,000. The Defendants also assert that this transfer

                                         14
was for reasonably equivalent value, that Ruth Ann Kersey was a good-faith

purchaser, and that the Defendants were not unjustly enriched by their conduct.

                                  II. ANALYSIS

      A. When was the Modular Home Transferred?

      Before deciding whether Fringer has proven that Kersey Homes fraudulently

transferred the modular home, I must address a threshold question: Did Kersey

Homes transfer the house to Ruth Ann Kersey soon after the surprise storm in August

2012, or did the company transfer the property to Living Enterprises in or around

April 2013? If Kersey Homes sold the house to Ruth Ann Kersey in 2012 in

exchange for reducing the company’s debt to her by $75,000, then I would need to

analyze whether that transaction constituted a fraudulent transfer. In conducting this

analysis, the placement of the house on the Living Enterprises lot would arguably be

irrelevant. If, on the other hand, the sale to Ruth Ann never took place, and Kersey

Homes instead transferred the property to Living Enterprises by affixing it to that

company’s lot in 2013, then the analysis would focus on whether that conveyance

was fraudulent. Assuming that is what happened, the bill of sale executed in 2014

between Kersey Homes and Ruth Ann did not transfer title to the modular home,

both because the house at that point belonged to Living Enterprises, not Kersey

                                         15
Homes,88 and because the bill of sale memorialized a non-existent oral agreement

purportedly reached almost two years earlier.

       In my view, Fringer proved at trial that the purported sale to Ruth Ann back

in 2012 did not actually take place. First, there is no contemporaneous documentary

evidence corroborating Noelle McColgan’s testimony that, soon after the

unexpected rainstorm in August 2012, she reached an agreement with Ruth Ann to

transfer the modular home to her in exchange for debt reduction. Indeed, other than

Noelle herself, no witness testified to the existence of this oral agreement. Noelle’s

testimony on this subject struck me as self-serving and litigation-driven, especially

in light of the lack of any corroborating evidence.

       It is among the most awesome responsibilities of a trial judge to evaluate the

credibility of witness testimony. I must examine testimony and resolve it with other

evidence of record, giving credibility to the testimony where possible. Nonetheless,

I find Noelle’s testimony as to the transfer to Ruth Ann not credible. My rejection

of this part of her testimony is in light of the events that followed the Fringers’

initiation of the Superior Court litigation. While Kersey Homes initially defended

the lawsuit, its counsel indicated at the May 15, 2014 pre-trial conference that the

company would stop actively litigating the case. Accordingly, less than a month

88
  See Barlow v. Stevenson, 2000 WL 33653412, at *2 (Del. Com. Pl. July 19, 2000) (“The general
legal rule is [the] maxim Nemo dat qui non habet (No one gives which he does not possess).”
(emphasis omitted)).

                                             16
later, the Superior Court entered judgment against Kersey Homes, awarding the

Fringers $144,922.50 in damages for statutory and common-law fraud, breach of

contract, and breach of warranty.89 A mere two months before this judgment was

entered, Kersey Homes and Ruth Ann Kersey executed the bill of sale, which

purportedly memorialized the deal struck by the parties back in 2012. Noelle

testified that, notwithstanding that timing, the execution of the bill of sale was at

Ruth Ann’s (never explained) request. Convenient, if true.

           To my mind, however, there is a more likely explanation for this sequence

of events: Kersey Homes’ principals, realizing they might be on the hook for over

$100,000 dollars, decided to take steps to evade any judgment obtained by the

Fringers. When the bill of sale was executed in April 2014, Kersey Homes was out

of business and insolvent, so the Fringers could not reach into its assets to satisfy a

judgment. But around April 2013, Kersey Homes’ only asset of value—the modular

home—had been transferred to Living Enterprises for no consideration. Knowing

that the Fringers could plausibly characterize that transaction as a fraudulent

conveyance, Kersey Homes’ principals decided to cover their tracks.                        They

concocted the story about the transfer to Ruth Ann back in 2012, and they attempted

to provide documentary support for that agreement by executing the bill of sale.

Having papered a transaction that looked less like a fraudulent conveyance than did

89
     The judgment also awarded pre-judgment interest and attorneys’ fees in the amount of $9,377.

                                                17
the Living Enterprises arrangement, Kersey Homes defaulted in Superior Court,

leaving the Fringers unable to execute on the judgment they would obtain there—or

so Kersey Homes, I find, thought.

       Thus, the relevant transaction for purposes of analyzing whether a fraudulent

conveyance took place is the transfer of the modular home from Kersey Homes to

Living Enterprises, which took place around April 2013.90 At that time, Kersey

Homes placed the house on a permanent foundation on one of Living Enterprises’

lots. Kersey Homes and Living Enterprises did not execute a written agreement

memorializing this arrangement. Nonetheless, under the law of fixtures, Kersey

Homes transferred ownership of the property to Living Enterprises by installing the

modular home on the Living Enterprises lot.

       “A fixture is an article which, though originally a chattel, is, by reason of its

annexation, regarded as a part of the land, partaking of the character of realty and,

ordinarily, belonging to the owner of the land.”91 “To determine whether or not a

chattel has become a fixture, the Court must look at ‘the intention of the party

making the annexation as disclosed by the surrounding circumstances.’”92 The

Court considers several factors in ascertaining intent, including “the nature of the

90
   This finding moots Fringer’s motion in limine, which asked the Court to hold that the purported
transfer to Ruth Ann Kersey was irrelevant, and that therefore evidence regarding the alleged
transfer was inadmissible.
91
   Warrington v. Hignutt, 31 A.2d 480, 481 (Del. Super. 1943).
92
   JJID, Inc. v. Del. River Indus. Park, LLC, 2007 WL 2193735, at *3 (Del. Super. July 30, 2007)
(quoting Wilmington Hous. Auth. v. Parcel of Land, 219 A.2d 148, 150 (Del. 1966)).

                                               18
chattel, the mode of its annexation, the purpose or use for which the annexation has

been made, and the relationship of the annexor to the property.”93 “Considerable

weight should be given to the fact that the person making the attachment is the owner

of the realty since an owner is more likely to intend permanency than one only

temporarily in possession of the premises.”94              “No one factor is necessarily

controlling,” though, and “[t]he true test . . . is whether or not the chattel was affixed

to the realty for a temporary or a permanent purpose.”95

       In this case, the modular home became a fixture belonging to Living

Enterprises when Kersey Homes moved it to the Living Enterprises lot.96 Several

considerations support this conclusion.             To begin, a dwelling is, perhaps, the

quintessential fixture. Here, the house was attached to a permanent foundation on

the lot.97 The purpose of placing the modular home on the lot was to allow people

to live there. Indeed, the home is currently being rented out to individuals who reside

on the property.98 Moreover, while Kersey Homes and Living Enterprises were

93
   Parcel of Land, 219 A.2d at 150.
94
   36A C.J.S. Fixtures § 6 (2018).
95
   Parcel of Land, 219 A.2d at 150.
96
   See 35A Am. Jur. 2d Fixtures § 52 (2018) (“[W]hen a manufactured home is permanently affixed
to the land and becomes stationary, it may . . . become a fixture.”).
97
   See Hartford Nat’l Bank & Trust Co. v. Godin, 398 A.2d 286, 287 (Vt. 1979) (“The trial court
concluded, we think correctly, that the mobile home became a fixture with its installation on the
mortgaged premises. Clear intent to make it part of the realty was evidenced by a concrete block
foundation, attached steps, a connected septic system, and encasement of the foundation in
aluminum foundation siding.”).
98
   Trial Tr. 78:16–20.

                                               19
distinct entities, the former was solely owned by Graham Living, and the latter was

owned by Noelle McColgan, her husband, and Graham, her father. The transfer was

therefore between related parties. Taken together, these facts establish that Kersey

Homes’ intent in placing the modular home on Living Enterprises’ lot was to make

it a permanent part of the land. Accordingly, once the house was installed on the lot,

it became the property of Living Enterprises.99

       Because Living Enterprises owned the home as of spring 2013, it was the only

entity that could dispose of the property from that point on. For that reason, the bill

of sale executed by Kersey Homes and Ruth Ann Kersey in April 2014 did not

transfer title to the modular home.100            The bill of sale also failed to convey

title because it purported to memorialize an oral agreement that was never actually

reached. Thus, having established that the modular home passed from Kersey

Homes to Living Enterprises in or around April 2013, I must determine whether that

transfer constituted a fraudulent conveyance. I turn to that question now.

       B. Was the Transfer a Fraudulent Conveyance?

       The Delaware Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act (“DUFTA”) “provides

remedies to creditors who are defrauded by debtors who transfer assets or incur

99
   See 36A C.J.S. Fixtures § 1 (“[A] ‘fixture’ is an article of the nature of personal property that
has been so annexed to the realty that it is regarded as part of the land and partakes of legal
incidents of the freehold and belongs to the person owning the land.”).
100
      See Barlow, 2000 WL 33653412, at *2 (“The general legal rule is
[the] maxim Nemo dat qui non habet (No one gives which he does not possess).” (emphasis
omitted)).

                                                20
obligations ‘[w]ith actual intent to hinder, delay or defraud any creditor of the

debtor,’ or, in certain circumstances, ‘[w]ithout receiving reasonably equivalent

value.’”101 DUFTA defines a “creditor” as “a person who has a claim.”102 “Claim,”

in turn, is defined broadly to include “a right to payment, whether or not the right is

reduced to judgment, liquidated, unliquidated, fixed, contingent, matured,

unmatured, disputed, undisputed, legal, equitable, secured or unsecured.”103 “In an

action to set aside a fraudulent conveyance the burden is on the creditor to prove that

the conveyance was fraudulent.”104

       Under Section 1304(a)(1) of DUFTA,

       (a) A transfer made or obligation incurred by a debtor is fraudulent as
       to a creditor, whether the creditor’s claim arose before or after the
       transfer was made or the obligation was incurred, if the debtor made the
       transfer or incurred the obligation

              (1) With actual intent to hinder, delay or defraud any creditor of
              the debtor.105

Section 1304(b) provides a non-exclusive list of factors to consider “[i]n determining

actual intent under paragraph (a)(1).”106 The factors include whether:

       (1) The transfer or obligation was to an insider;

101
    August v. August, 2009 WL 458778, at *10 (Del. Ch. Feb. 20, 2009) (alterations in original)
(quoting 6 Del. C. § 1304(a)).
102
    6 Del. C. § 1301(4).
103
    Id. § 1301(3).
104
    Duffield Assocs., Inc. v. Lockwood Bros., LLC, 2017 WL 2954618, at *3 (Del. Ch. July 11,
2017) (quoting United States v. West, 299 F. Supp. 661, 663 (D. Del. 1969)).
105
    6 Del. C. § 1304(a)(1).
106
    Id. § 1304(b).

                                              21
      (2) The debtor retained possession or control of the property transferred
      after the transfer;

      (3) The transfer or obligation was disclosed or concealed;

      (4) Before the transfer was made or obligation was incurred, the debtor
      had been sued or threatened with suit;

      (5) The transfer was of substantially all the debtor’s assets;

      (6) The debtor absconded;

      (7) The debtor removed or concealed assets;

      (8) The value of the consideration received by the debtor was
      reasonably equivalent to the value of the asset transferred or the amount
      of the obligation incurred;

      (9) The debtor was insolvent or became insolvent shortly after the
      transfer was made or the obligation was incurred;

      (10) The transfer occurred shortly before or shortly after a substantial
      debt was incurred; and

      (11) The debtor transferred the essential assets of the business to a
      lienor who transferred the assets to an insider of the debtor.107

“It is not necessary that all of the factors support a finding of actual intent. Rather,

the confluence of several factors in one transaction generally provides conclusive

evidence of an actual intent to defraud.”108

107
  Id.
108
   Lake Treasure Holdings, Ltd. v. Foundry Hill GP LLC, 2014 WL 5192179, at *14 (Del. Ch.
Oct. 10, 2014) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

                                           22
       Here, at least seven of the Section 1304(b) factors support a finding of actual

intent to defraud. Kersey Homes retained control of the modular home after it was

transferred to Living Enterprises in the spring of 2013.109 Indeed, between May 2013

and January 2014, Kersey Homes spent approximately $102,000 on repairs to the

house, and the repair money came mostly from insurance proceeds paid to Kersey

Homes. Next, the transfer was not disclosed to the Fringers, even though (i) they

had initiated suit against Kersey Homes only a few months before the house was

moved to the Living Enterprises lot, and (ii) Kersey Homes was still litigating the

case at the time of transfer.110 These two facts point to another factor supporting a

finding of actual intent: Before the house was transferred, Kersey Homes had been

sued by the Fringers.111 In addition, because Kersey Homes’ only significant assets

at the time of transfer were an inoperable box truck and the modular home, the

transfer was of substantially all the company’s assets.112 And, by transferring the

house to Living Enterprises, Kersey Homes “removed . . . [an] asset[].”113 It is

undisputed that Living Enterprises paid nothing for the modular home, which Noelle

McColgan testified was worth $75,000 after the damage caused by the surprise storm

and Hurricane Sandy, and was, obviously, worth far more after the insurance-funded

109
    See 6 Del. C. § 1304(b)(2).
110
    See id. § 1304(b)(3).
111
    See id. § 1304(b)(4).
112
    See id. § 1304(b)(5).
113
    Id. § 1304(b)(7).

                                         23
repairs. Thus, the consideration Kersey Homes received for the house was not

“reasonably equivalent to the value of the asset transferred.”114 Finally, Kersey

Homes was insolvent at the time of transfer.115

       Taken together, these factors convince me that, in transferring the modular

home to Living Enterprises, Kersey Homes acted with actual intent to hinder, delay,

and defraud the Fringers, who had become creditors of the company when it

defrauded them back in 2011 and 2012.116 Thus, Kersey Homes violated Section

1304(a)(1) of DUFTA.

       Kersey Homes also violated Section 1305(a), which provides that

       [a] transfer made or obligation incurred by a debtor is fraudulent as to
       a creditor whose claim arose before the transfer was made or the
       obligation was incurred if the debtor made the transfer or incurred the
       obligation without receiving a reasonably equivalent value in exchange
       for the transfer or obligation and the debtor was insolvent at that time
       or the debtor became insolvent as a result of the transfer or
       obligation.117

114
    Id. § 1304(b)(8).
115
    See id. § 1304(b)(9). Furthermore, while Living Enterprises was not technically an “insider”
under the categories set forth in Section 1301(7)(b), those categories are not exhaustive. “[A]n
‘insider’ is generally defined as the parties set forth on the list [contained in Section 1301(7)] or
someone that has a close enough relationship to the party which warrants closer scrutiny by the
Court.” News Journal Co. v. Little Caesars of Del., Inc., 2000 WL 33653432, at *2 (Del. Com.
Pl. Oct. 20, 2000) (emphasis added). Kersey Homes was run by Noelle McColgan, whose father
(Graham Living) was the sole owner. Living Enterprises was owned by Noelle, Graham, and
Noelle’s husband. Thus, the relationship between these two entities was “sufficiently close . . .
that [Kersey Homes’] conduct is . . . subject to scrutiny more than those dealing at arm’s length
with [the company].” Id. (quoting In re Krehl, 86 F.3d 737, 741 (7th Cir. 1996)).
116
    See 37 C.J.S. Fraudulent Conveyances § 47 (2018) (“The relationship of debtor and creditor
arises in tort cases the moment the tort cause of action accrues, meaning that the tort claimant
becomes a creditor at the time the tort injury is sustained, not when a tort suit is filed or a damage
judgment is obtained.” (footnote omitted)).
117
    6 Del. C. § 1305(a).

                                                 24
“[A] cause of action under Section 1305(a) will exist if (i) the debtor made the

transfer . . . without receiving a reasonably equivalent value in exchange, (ii) the

debtor was insolvent at the time of or rendered insolvent by the transfer, and (iii) the

plaintiff was a creditor at the time of the transfer.”118

       In this case, I find that Kersey Homes transferred the modular home to Living

Enterprises for no consideration, even though Noelle McColgan valued the house at

$75,000 after the storms hit (but before the repairs were made). Thus, Kersey Homes

did not receive reasonably equivalent value for the home. It is also undisputed that

Kersey Homes was insolvent at the time of transfer. And the Fringers were creditors

of Kersey Homes in the spring of 2013, when the house was moved to a permanent

foundation on the Living Enterprises lot. Thus, Fringer proved at trial that Kersey

Homes committed a fraudulent transfer under Section 1305(a) of DUFTA.119

118
    Quadrant Structured Prods. Co., Ltd. v. Vertin, 102 A.3d 155, 199 (Del. Ch. 2014).
119
    In addition, even if I credited Noelle McColgan’s testimony about the deal she purportedly
struck with her grandmother in 2012, Fringer would still be able to establish a fraudulent transfer
under Section 1304(a)(1). As a relative of Kersey Homes’ President, Ruth Ann Kersey was an
insider for purposes of DUFTA. See 6 Del. C. § 1301(7)(b)(6). For the reasons discussed above,
Kersey Homes continued to exercise control over the modular home after the purported sale. The
transfer was not disclosed, and the modular home was Kersey Homes’ only valuable asset in the
fall of 2012. Finally, Kersey Homes was insolvent when Ruth Ann supposedly agreed to accept
the modular home. The confluence of these factors makes it more likely than not that, even
assuming it took place, the purported deal between Kersey Homes and Ruth Ann was entered into
with actual intent to defraud the Fringers.

                                                25
       C. Conspiracy

       Fringer asks the Court to find that Kersey Homes and Living Enterprises

engaged in a conspiracy to fraudulently transfer the modular home. 120 Under

Delaware law, however, “a conspiracy cannot be predicated on fraudulent

transfer.”121 Thus, I decline to hold Kersey Homes and Living Enterprises liable for

conspiracy.

       D. Remedy

       Having found that Kersey Homes fraudulently transferred the modular home,

I turn next to task of crafting an appropriate remedy.                  “DUFTA contemplates

remedies that include the ‘[a]voidance of the transfer or obligation to the extent

necessary to satisfy the creditor’s claim.’”122 DUFTA also provides for “attachment

or [any] other provisional remedy against the asset transferred or other property of

the transferee in accordance with the procedure prescribed by applicable law.”123

Moreover, “[i]f a creditor has obtained a judgment on a claim against the debtor, the

creditor, if the court so orders, may levy execution on the asset transferred or its

120
    See Pl.’s Opening Post-Trial Br. 13 (“All the elements of civil conspiracy are satisfied. Two (2)
fictional entities engaged in conduct whereby the objective was to conceal, or otherwise make
unreachable, Kersey’s single largest asset from the reach of the Fringer’s judgment.”).
121
    Quadrant Structured Prods. Co., Ltd., 102 A.3d at 203 (citation and internal quotation marks
omitted); accord Edgewater Growth Capital Partners, L.P. v. H.I.G. Capital, Inc., 2010 WL
720150, at *2 (Del. Ch. Mar. 3, 2010) (“[T]he Delaware Fraudulent Transfer Act does not create
a cause of action for aiding and abetting, or conspiring to commit, a fraudulent transfer.”).
122
    Lake Treasure Holdings, Ltd., 2014 WL 5192179, at *15 (quoting 6 Del. C. § 1307(a)(1)).
123
    6 Del. C. § 1307(a)(2).

                                                26
proceeds.”124 “In addition to [these] specific remedies . . . , the statute provides that,

‘[s]ubject to applicable principles of equity . . . [a defrauded creditor may obtain]

[a]ny other relief the circumstances may require.’”125 Thus, “DUFTA grants a court

‘broad latitude’ . . . to craft a remedy to ‘put a creditor in the position she would have

been in had the fraudulent transfer not occurred.’”126

       Fringer appears to seek an order permitting her to levy execution on the

modular home. Indeed, Fringer argues that, but for the fraudulent transfer, she

“would have filed a writ of execution in the Superior Court to seize and sell Kersey

Homes’ assets to satisfy the judgment.”127 As a judgment creditor, Fringer is entitled

under DUFTA to levy execution on the modular home, which Fringer’s expert

valued at around $200,000 as of March 2017. Thus, I hold that Fringer may levy

execution on the house in order to satisfy the entirety of the judgment she and her

late husband obtained in Superior Court. Fringer has not made clear whether she

believes she is entitled to sale of the property to which the house is affixed, and the

record is silent as to whether, at this point, the house could be removed without

significant destruction of value; I retain jurisdiction over this issue, should the parties

be unable to resolve it. To the extent the house is encumbered by a lease, such lease

124
    Id. § 1307(b).
125
    August, 2009 WL 458778, at *10 (second, third, and fourth alterations in original) (quoting 6
Del. C. § 1307(a)(3)).
126
    Lake Treasure Holdings, Ltd., 2014 WL 5192179, at *15 (quoting August, 2009 WL 458778,
at *10).
127
    Pl.’s Opening Post-Trial Br. 2.

                                               27
should be terminated as soon as its terms permit. Finally, the Defendants must

account for rental receipts for the house. To the extent sale of the property is

insufficient to satisfy the Fringers’ judgment together with interest, the shortfall shall

be made up from the rental receipts.

      Finally, Fringer requests that the Defendants pay her legal fees incurred. In

light of the fact that the judgment that I enforce here is based on exemplary treble

damages, it would be inequitable to depart from the American Rule on fees.

Accordingly, this request is denied.

                                III.   CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, I find that Kersey Homes’ transfer of the modular

home to Living Enterprises was a fraudulent conveyance in violation of DUFTA.

Accordingly, Susan Fringer is entitled to levy execution on the house to satisfy the

judgment she and her late husband obtained in Superior Court, together with interest.

The parties should submit an appropriate form of order.

                                           28