Court Opinion

ID: 4396257
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-05-13 16:45:53.700536+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:52:09.577466
License: Public Domain

J-S11007-19

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    NYSARE ONEIL O. ALSTON                     :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 215 EDA 2018

           Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence November 16, 2017
    In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
                       No(s): CP-51-CR-0007416-2016,
                            CP-51-CR-0007420-2016

BEFORE: SHOGAN, J., MURRAY, J., and FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E.

MEMORANDUM BY SHOGAN, J.:                                  FILED MAY 13, 2019

       Nysare Oneil O. Alston (“Appellant”) appeals from the judgment of

sentence imposed after a jury found him guilty of murder in the first degree,

conspiracy to commit murder, two counts of robbery, two counts of kidnapping

for ransom, firearms not to be carried without a license, firearms not to be

carried in public, possession of an instrument of crime (“PIC”), attempted

murder, and aggravated assault.1 We affirm.

       The trial court summarized the facts of this case as follows:

             On April 17, 2014, [Appellant], Brandon McKelvey,
       Christopher Corley[, DeForest Johnson,] and Ken Thomas
       kidnapped Carl Johnson and Ryan Hardy, as part of a robbery
       scheme.1 During the course of the robbery, both men were shot.

____________________________________________

1 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 2502(a), 903, 3701, 2901, 6106, 6108, 907, 901(a), and
2702, respectively.
J-S11007-19

       [Carl] Johnson died as a result of his injuries. Hardy was injured,
       but survived.

              1  Co-defendant DeForest Johnson filed a Motion for
              Severence [sic], which was granted. Co-defendant,
              Ken Thomas entered into an open guilty plea to
              murder of the third degree, kidnapping, conspiracy to
              commit robbery, VUFA [Violations of the Uniform
              Firearms Act] charges, aggravated assault, [PIC] and
              avoiding apprehension. N.T., 11/08/17 at pp. 200–
              202. Thomas testified in the instant matter pursuant
              to a Memorandum of Agreement with the
              Commonwealth. He has not been sentenced yet.

Trial Court Opinion, 6/6/18, at 3.2            Following Appellant’s jury trial and

convictions, the trial court sentenced him on November 16, 2017, “to

concurrent terms of life without the possibility of parole for the first degree

murder and conspiracy to commit murder convictions and a consecutive ten

(10) to twenty (20) years confinement for the attempted murder conviction.

No further penalty was imposed for the remainder of the charges.” Id. at 1–

2.

       Appellant filed a post-sentence motion challenging the weight and

sufficiency of the evidence. Post-Sentence Motion, 11/26/17, at ¶¶ 3, 4. The

trial court denied Appellant’s post-sentence motion without a hearing. Order,

12/11/17. This appeal followed. Notice of Appeal, 1/4/18. Appellant and the

trial court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

____________________________________________

2 Appellant was tried together with co-defendants Corley and McKelvey. Co-
defendant Corley’s appeal is lodged at 209 EDA 2018, and co-defendant
McKelvey’s appeal, at 65 EDA 2018.

                                           -2-
J-S11007-19

      On appeal, Appellant presents the following two questions:

      I.    Whether the adjudication of guilt is against the weight of the
            evidence and shocking to one’s sense of justice where there
            was no physical evidence linking the Appellant to the crimes,
            where the cooperating co-defendant was a corrupt and
            polluted source who had lied on previous occasions to the
            police but who nevertheless established unequivocally that
            the Appellant did not share the intent to kill, where the cell
            phone evidence was circumstantial and based upon an
            incomplete analysis and investigation of other calls and
            people associated with the cooperating co-defendant, and
            where the convictions are based upon the preposterous
            theory that the Appellant arranged for an abduction of the
            victims in front of his own home?

      II.   Whether the adjudication of guilt for First Degree Murder,
            Attempted First Degree Murder and Conspiracy to Commit
            Murder is based upon insufficient evidence were the
            Appellant did not shoot the decedent or the other victim and
            where the Commonwealth did not prove beyond a
            reasonable doubt that he shared the intent to kill?

Appellant’s Brief at 6.

      Because    a   successful   sufficiency-of-the-evidence   claim   warrants

discharge on the pertinent crime, we address Appellant’s second issue first.

Commonwealth v. Toritto, 67 A.3d 29, 33 (Pa. Super. 2013) (citing

Commonwealth v. Stokes, 38 A.3d 846 (Pa. Super. 2011)).                 Appellant

argues that there was insufficient evidence presented to support a finding of

guilt on the charges of first degree murder, attempted first degree murder,

and conspiracy to commit murder. Appellant’s Brief at 25–26. Specifically,

Appellant contends that the Commonwealth failed to prove that he shared his

co-conspirator’s specific intent to kill Carl Johnson and Ryan Hardy. Id.

      Our standard of review is well established:

                                      -3-
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      The standard we apply in reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence
      is whether viewing all the evidence admitted at trial in the light
      most favorable to the verdict winner, there is sufficient evidence
      to enable the fact-finder to find every element of the crime beyond
      a reasonable doubt. In applying the above test, we may not weigh
      the evidence and substitute our judgment for the fact-finder[’s].
      In addition, we note that the facts and circumstances established
      by the Commonwealth need not preclude every possibility of
      innocence. Any doubts regarding a defendant’s guilt may be
      resolved by the fact-finder unless the evidence is so weak and
      inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of fact may be
      drawn from the combined circumstances. The Commonwealth
      may sustain its burden of proving every element of the crime
      beyond a reasonable doubt by means of wholly circumstantial
      evidence. Moreover, in applying the above test, the entire record
      must be evaluated and all evidence actually received must be
      considered. Finally, the finder of fact while passing upon the
      credibility of witnesses and the weight of the evidence produced,
      is free to believe all, part or none of the evidence.

Commonwealth v. Enix, 192 A.3d 78, 81 (Pa. Super. 2018) (quoting

Commonwealth v. Estepp, 17 A.3d 939, 943–944 (Pa. Super. 2011)).

      “A criminal homicide constitutes murder of the first degree when it is

committed by an intentional killing.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 2502(a). To prove murder

in the first degree, the Commonwealth must demonstrate that a human being

was unlawfully killed, that the defendant did the killing, and that the killing

was   done    in   an   intentional,   deliberate,   and   premeditated   manner.

Commonwealth v. Bryant, 67 A.3d 716, 721 (Pa. 2013).                       “What

distinguishes first degree murder from all other forms of homicide is the

existence of a specific . . . intent to kill.” Commonwealth v. Wayne, 720

A.2d 456, 460 (Pa. 1998) (citation omitted).

                                        -4-
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     “A person commits an attempt when, with intent to commit a specific

crime, he does any act which constitutes a substantial step toward the

commission of that crime.”     18 Pa.C.S.A. § 901(a).     “A person may be

convicted of attempted murder ‘if he takes a substantial step toward the

commission of a killing, with the specific intent in mind to commit such an

act.’” Commonwealth v. Jackson, 955 A.2d 441, 444 (Pa. Super. 2008)

(quoting Commonwealth v. Dale, 836 A.2d 150, 152 (Pa. Super. 2003)).

     To convict a defendant of conspiracy, the trier of fact must find
     that: (1) the defendant intended to commit or aid in the
     commission of the criminal act; (2) the defendant entered into an
     agreement with another (a “co-conspirator”) to engage in the
     crime; and (3) the defendant or one or more of the other co-
     conspirators committed an overt act in furtherance of the agreed
     upon crime. The essence of a criminal conspiracy, which is what
     distinguishes this crime from accomplice liability, is the agreement
     made between the co-conspirators.

     “Mere association with the perpetrators, mere presence at the
     scene, or mere knowledge of the crime is insufficient” to establish
     that a defendant was part of a conspiratorial agreement to commit
     the crime. There needs to be some additional proof that the
     defendant intended to commit the crime along with his co-
     conspirator. Direct evidence of the defendant’s criminal intent or
     the conspiratorial agreement, however, is rarely available.
     Consequently, the defendant’s intent as well as the agreement is
     almost always proven through circumstantial evidence, such as by
     “the relations, conduct or circumstances of the parties or overt
     acts on the part of the co-conspirators.”

Commonwealth v. Golphin, 161 A.3d 109, 1018–1019 (Pa. Super. 2017),

appeal denied, 170 A.3d 1051 (Pa. 2017) (quoting Commonwealth v.

Murphy, 844 A.2d 1228, 1238 (Pa. 2004) (internal citations and quotation

marks omitted)).

                                    -5-
J-S11007-19

      Where murder is committed in the furtherance of a conspiracy, each

member of a conspiracy to commit murder can be convicted of murder of the

first degree, regardless of who inflicted the fatal wound. Specific intent to kill

can be inferred from the use of a deadly weapon on a vital part of the body.

Murphy, 844 A.2d 1238. Accord Golphin, 161 A.3d at 1018–1019 (“Once

the trier of fact finds that there was an agreement and the defendant

intentionally entered into the agreement, that defendant may be liable for the

overt acts committed in furtherance of the conspiracy regardless of which co-

conspirator committed the act.”).

      Viewing all the evidence admitted at trial in the light most favorable to

the Commonwealth, we agree with the trial court that there was sufficient

evidence to enable the trier of fact to find every element of murder of the first

degree, attempted first degree murder, and conspiracy beyond a reasonable

doubt.   N.T. (Ken Thomas), 11/8/17, at 87–213; N.T. (Ladashe Johnson),

11/9/17, at 53–69; N.T. (Detective James Dunlap), 11/13/17, at 3–56. In

support of our conclusion, we adopt as our own the well-reasoned analysis of

the trial court in its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion. Trial Court Opinion, 6/6/18,

at 23–28.

      Appellant’s remaining issue is a challenge to the weight of the evidence.

Appellant’s Brief at 20.     Appellant complains that the jury “capriciously

disregarded” the lack of fingerprint, DNA, and video evidence linking him to

the crimes. Id. at 21. Appellant also complains that the jury “capriciously

                                      -6-
J-S11007-19

disregarded the unrebutted testimony of Kenneth Thomas that . . . Appellant’s

intention was to release the victims and not kill them.”       Id.   According to

Appellant, Ken Thomas’ unrebutted testimony “soundly exonerated” Appellant

“from having the mens rea for First Degree Murder, Attempted First Degree

Murder and Conspiracy to Commit Murder.” Id. at 23 (italics supplied).

      We have held that “[a] motion for [a] new trial on the grounds that the

verdict is contrary to the weight of the evidence[] concedes that there is

sufficient evidence to sustain the verdict.” Commonwealth v. Rayner, 153

A.3d 1049, 1054 (Pa. Super. 2016) (quoting Commonwealth v. Widmer,

744 A.2d 745, 751 (Pa. 2000)).         Our Supreme Court has described the

standard applied to a weight-of-the-evidence claim as follows:

             The decision to grant or deny a motion for a new trial based
      upon a claim that the verdict is against the weight of the evidence
      is within the sound discretion of the trial court. Thus, “the function
      of an appellate court on appeal is to review the trial court’s
      exercise of discretion based upon a review of the record, rather
      than to consider de novo the underlying question of the weight of
      the evidence.” An appellate court may not overturn the trial
      court’s decision unless the trial court “palpably abused its
      discretion in ruling on the weight claim.” Further, in reviewing a
      challenge to the weight of the evidence, a verdict will be
      overturned only if it is “so contrary to the evidence as to shock
      one’s sense of justice.”

Commonwealth v. Cash, 137 A.3d 1262, 1270 (Pa. 2016) (internal citations

omitted).   A trial court’s determination that a verdict was not against the

interest of justice is “[o]ne of the least assailable reasons” for denying a new

trial. Commonwealth v. Colon–Plaza, 136 A.3d 521, 529 (Pa. Super. 2016)

(quoting Commonwealth v. Clay, 64 A.3d 1049, 1055 (Pa. 2013)). A verdict

                                      -7-
J-S11007-19

is against the weight of the evidence where “certain facts are so clearly of

greater weight that to ignore them or to give them equal weight with all the

facts is to deny justice.” Commonwealth v. Lyons, 833 A.2d 245, 258 (Pa.

Super. 2003) (quoting Widmer, 744 A.2d at 751–752). “[W]e do not reach

the underlying question of whether the verdict was, in fact, against the weight

of the evidence....      Instead, this Court determines whether the trial court

abused its discretion in reaching whatever decision it made on the motion[.]”

Commonwealth v. Ferguson, 107 A.3d 206, 213 (Pa. Super. 2015) (citation

omitted).3

       Here, the trial judge, who viewed the witnesses’ demeanors at trial,

determined that the verdict did not shock her sense of justice. We ascertain

no abuse of discretion in this determination. In support of our conclusion, we

adopt as our own the well-reasoned analysis of the trial court in its Pa.R.A.P.

1925(a) opinion.        Trial Court Opinion, 6/6/18, at 17–23.     We add an

observation. According to Appellant, Thomas’ testimony that Appellant did

not intend to kill the victims was unrebutted evidence that Appellant lacked

the requisite mens rea for murder. We remind Appellant that co-conspirator

McKelvey’s cellmate, Aaron Smith, contradicted Thomas’ testimony: Smith

____________________________________________

3  A challenge to the weight of the evidence must first be raised at the trial
level “(1) orally, on the record, at any time before sentencing; (2) by written
motion at any time before sentencing; or (3) in a post-sentence motion.”
Commonwealth v. Akrie, 159 A.3d 982, 989 (Pa. Super. 2017). Appellant
properly preserved his weight of the evidence claim by raising the issue in his
post-sentence motion filed on November 26, 2017.

                                           -8-
J-S11007-19

testified that McKelvey confessed to killing Carl Johnson because Appellant

believed that Carl Johnson would have identified Appellant. N.T., 11/13/17,

at 107–108.

       We discern no error of law or abuse of discretion by the trial court.

Accordingly, Appellant is not entitled to relief.4

       Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 5/13/19

____________________________________________

4 The parties are directed to attach a copy of the trial court’s June 6, 2018
opinion in the event of further proceedings in this matter.

                                           -9-
                                                                                                      Circulated 05/03/2019 11:21 AM

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      NYSARE O'NEIL O ALSTON                                                  215 EDA 2018

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                                                      OPINION

          Rose Marie Defino-Nastasi, J.                                           /fl/II/Ill
                                                                                        8119474431

                                             PROCEDURAL HISTORY

                   On November 16, 2017, the Defendant was found guilty after a jury trial, presided over

          by the Honorable Rose Marie Defino-Nastasi, of Murder of the First Degree, 18 Pa. C.S. §

          2502(a), as a felony of the first degree; Conspiracy to Commit Murder, 18 Pa. C.S. § 903; two

          (2) counts of Robbery (Inflict Serious Bodily Injury), 18 Pa. C.S. § 3701, each a felony of the

          first degree; two (2) counts of Kidnapping for Ransom, 18 Pa. C.S. § 2901, each a felony of the

          first degree; Violation of the Uniform Firearms Act (Firearms Not to be Carried without a

          License), 18 Pa.C.S. § 6106, as a felony of the third degree; Violation of the Uniform Firearms

          Act (Firearms not to be carried in Public), 18 Pa.C.S. § 6108, as a misdemeanor of the first

          degree; Possession of an Instrument of Crime, 18 Pa.C.S. § 907, as a misdemeanor of the first

          degree; Attempted Murder, 18 Pa. C.S. § 901 (a), as a felony of the first degree; and Aggravated

          Assault, 18 Pa. C.S. § 2 702, as a felony of the first degree. On that same date, the Defendant

          was sentenced to concurrent terms of life without the possibility of parole for the first degree

          murder and conspiracy to commit murder convictions and a consecutive ten (10) to twenty (20)
years confinement for the attempted murder conviction. No further penalty was imposed for the

remainder of the charges.

       On November 26, 2017, the Defendant filed a timely post-sentence motion challenging

the weight and sufficiency of the evidence.

       On December 11, 2017, the Defendant's post-sentence motion was denied without a

hearing.

       On January 4, 2018, the Defendant filed a timely Notice of Appeal with the Pennsylvania

Superior Court.

       On January 28, 2018, the Defendant filed a Rule l 925(b) Concise Statement of Matters

Complained of on Appeal, pursuant to an Order of the Court, claiming, verbatim, that:

        I.       The adjudication of guilt is against the weight of the evidence and shocking to

                 one's sense of justice where there was no physical evidence linking the defendant

                 to the crimes, where the co-operating co-defendant was a corrupt and polluted

                  source who had lied on previous occasions to the police, where the cell phone

                  evidence was circumstantial and based upon an incomplete analysis and

                  investigation of other calls and people associated with the co-operating co-

                  defendant, and where the convictions are based upon the preposterous theory that

                  the defendant arranged for an abduction of the victims in front of his own home.

           II.    The adjudication of guilt for First Degree Murder is based upon insufficient

                  evidence where the defendant did not shoot the decedent and where the evidence

                  that he intended to kill is derived solely from a co-operating co-defendant.

                                                    2
                                                      FACTS

        On April 17, 2014, the Defendant, Brandon McKelvey, Christopher Corley and Ken

Thomas kidnapped Carl Johnson and Ryan Hardy, as part of a robbery scheme. 1 During the

course of the robbery, both men were shot. Johnson died as a result of his injuries. Hardy was

injured, but survived.

        Ken Thomas testified that he lives in North Philadelphia and was friends with all of his

co-defendants in this case. Thomas knew Brandon McKelvey as 'SK' since they were children.

They grew up together in the Strawberry Mansion neighborhood of Philadelphia. Thomas knew

Christopher Corley as 'C' since approximately 2008�2009. They lived in the same

neighborhood. It was Corley who introduced him to the Defendant. Thomas knew the

Defendant as 'NA' since 2014. Thomas knew Deforest Johnson as 'Big Huss'. Thomas testified

that the Defendant was the only co-defendant, out of the group, who knew the decedent.

         Thomas admitted that he was involved in the kidnapping, robbery, and murder of the

decedent and the attempted murder of Ryan Hardy on April 17, 2014, along with his co-

defendants. N.T. 11/08/17 at pp. 88-97.

         Thomas testified that it was the Defendant's idea to kidnap and rob the decedent for

 money and drugs and that all five of them agreed that it was a great idea. The group also

 planned to get the decedent's "connect."2 Thomas testified that: "The original plan was for us to

 find an abandoned house, so we can take him to an abandoned house and see how much

 I Co-defendant Deforest Johnson filed a Motion for Severence, which was granted. Co-defendant Ken Thomas

 entered into an open guilty plea to murder of the third degree, kidnapping, conspiracy to commit robbery, VUF A
 charges, aggravated assault, possession of an instrument of crime, and avoiding apprehension. N .T. 11 /08/17 at pp.
 200-202. Thomas testified in the instant matter pursuant to a Memorandum of Agreement with the Commonwealth.
 He has not been sentenced yet.
 2"Connect" referred to the person that supplied the decedent, a cocaine dealer, with cocaine. The five of them
 wanted to get the decedent to call his supplier so that they could rob the supplier of drugs and money as well. Id. at
 pp. 99-100.

                                                            3
information we can get out of him. When we get him, he was going to come with drugs We

were going to take the drugs he got, get him to call his connect, and see ifNysare was to play a

role as far as like questioning him and ifhe sees Nysare's face, he was supposed to kill him."

The group planned to torture the decedent, to get information about his "connect," once they had

him in the abandoned house. Ultimately, it was decided that the decedent would have to be killed

so he wouldn't retaliate. Id. at pp. 98-103.

       Thomas testified that he met up with McKelvey, Corley, and DeForest Johnson at a

hardware store at 29111 and Dauphin Streets in Strawberry Mansion on the morning of the

incident. The four men purchased duct tape and saran wrap for the purpose of tying up the

decedent. This was the Defendant's idea. The four then went to the Defendant's house. Thomas

was driving his Grand Prix followed by the McKelvey, Corley, and DeForest Johnson in

Johnson's big, green van. Thomas had a .38 caliber gun on his person and there was a .9

millimeter gun in the van. The .9 millimeter gun belonged to Corley.

       The Defendant met the others at the van, and the group discussed their plan, outside of

the Defendant's house on Queen Lane. The Defendant planned to invite the decedent over to the

Defendant's house under the guise of purchasing drugs from him. The Defendant would ask the

decedent to park his vehicle in the rear driveway when he arrived. Thomas would block the

decedent's vehicle in the driveway with his Grand Prix. McKelvey and Deforest Johnson would

grab the decedent from his car and place him into their van. Corley would drive the van and the

Defendant would drive the decedent's car.

        To initiate the scheme, the Defendant called the decedent. The decedent was at the gym,

so the two agreed that the decedent would call when he was finished. The group waited for

approximately one ( l) to two (2) hours for the decedent to arrive. Thomas was positioned in his

                                                 4
Grand Prix to block the decedent's vehicle once he pulled into the driveway. McKelvey, Corley,

and DeForest Johnson were inside the van, which was already parked in the Defendant's

driveway. The group communicated via conference calls on their cell phones while they waited.

Id. at pp. 104-121.

       The decedent called the Defendant and told him that he was leaving the gym and was on

his way to the Defendant's house. At the same time, the Defendant's step-father arrived and told

the Defendant that his friends had to remove the van from the driveway. The van exited the

driveway and began circling the block. The decedent arrived, and instead of pulling into the

driveway, parked his Camara on Knox Street, which was on the side of the Defendant's house.

Thomas saw the decedent standing on the corner talking on the phone. The Defendant told the

other four males that he was talking to the decedent and that they would have to abduct him

where he was standing on the corner. Thomas waited for the van to circle around, and followed

behind it. Id. at pp. 124-125.

        The van pulled next to the decedent's vehicle and Thomas' Grand Prix pulled behind it.

McKelvey, Thomas, DeForest Johnson, and Corley exited their respective vehicles. Thomas and

DeForest Johnson, at point of gun, grabbed the decedent and shoved him into the van.

Unbeknownst to the group, another male, Ryan Hardy, had accompanied the decedent, and was

seated in the decedent's vehicle. Thomas and McKelvey, at point of gun, grabbed Hardy out of

the decedent's vehicle and shoved him in the van as well. Thomas returned to his Grand Prix

and the Defendant entered the decedent's vehicle. The three vehicles (Thomas' Grand Prix, the

van, and the decedent's Camara) initially drove off in the same direction, however, the van

turned onto Hansberry Street and the Defendant continued driving straight with Thomas

following behind him. McKelvey, Corley, DeForest Johnson, Hardy, and the decedent were

                                                5
inside the van. A surveillance video was played for the jury from the Complete Grocery and

Deli at the corner of Knox and Hansberry Streets. The van was visible turning left onto

Hansberry Street while the decedent's vehicle and Thomas' vehicle continued straight on Knox

Street. Thomas did not know where the van went after it turned onto Hansberry Street. Id. at pp.

125-139.

        Thomas followed the Defendant back to the Defendant's house. The Defendant found

drugs and jewelry in the decedent's vehicle. Thomas joined the Defendant in the decedent's

vehicle and they drove to the Defendant's grandmother's house and remained there for

approximately one (1) to two (2) hours. During this time, they were in phone contact with the

co-defendants in the van. Id. at pp. 144-145.

        Corley informed Thomas that the decedent told him that the decedent had some drugs at

his house, hidden in the basement above the washer. Thomas and the Defendant drove to the

decedent's house3 at Frankford and Magee Avenues. No one was home, so they entered the

house using the house key on the decedent's car key ring. The Defendant retrieved one-half of a

kilo of cocaine, worth approximately twenty-thousand dollars ($20,000.00), which was hidden in

the basement. Thomas took a large television. Additionally, the decedent had approximately

nine (9) ounces of cocaine on him in the van. Thomas and the Defendant then drove to meet up

with the van on Clarissa Street. Id. at pp. 146-152.

        The Defendant said that he knew a "duckey spot", along the 5600 block of Newtown

A venue, where the group could dump the decedent and Hardy. Once the Defendant, Thomas,

McKelvey, Corley, Johnson, the decedent, and Hardy arrived at the 5600 block of Newtown

Avenue, Thomas took the jewelry that had been found in the decedent's car to Kensington to

3 The decedent gave Corley, Johnson, and McKelvey his address, which Corley relayed to the Defendant and
 Thomas.

                                                       6
sell." The Defendant, McKelvey, Corley, DeForest Johnson, Hardy, and the decedent remained

on Newtown Avenue. Id. at pp. 151-158.

        Later the same day, Thomas met up with the Defendant, McKelvey, Corley, and

DeForest Johnson at Johnson's house in West Philadelphia. The cocaine was divided up equally

among the group.5 Thomas and the Defendant cleaned the decedent's vehicle, inside and

outside, with bleach, to remove any fingerprints. The vehicle was left in West Philadelphia on

Pennsgrove Street. McKelvey told Thomas that he had shot the decedent and Hardy with the .9
                                                                                                                           i
millimeter gun. Id at pp. 158-168.                                                                                         I
                                                                                                                           I

        Ryan Hardy testified that he and the decedent both had a child by the same woman. On                           I
April 17, 2014, Hardy met up with the decedent at Planet Fitness in the Frankford neighborhood                         I
                                                                                                                       I
                                                                                                                       I
of Philadelphia. After working out at the gym, Hardy accompanied the decedent to meet up with

the decedent's friend. Hardy was driving because the decedent's arms were tired from his                            I
workout. Hardy parked near the intersection of Queen Lane and Hansberry Street in the
                                                                                                                   I
Germantown section of the city. Approximately ten (10) to fifteen (15) minutes after he parked,
                                                                                                                   I
                                                                                                                   I
                                                                                                                   I
a group of males with guns surrounded the vehicle. A van pulled up next to the driver's side                      I
                                                                                                                  !
                                                                                                                  i
                                                                                                                  !
door. The males, at point of gun, dragged the decedent and Hardy out of the vehicle and shoved                    I
                                                                                                                  !
                                                                                                                  i
them in the van. The males placed duct-tape on their mouths and eyes. The males also duct-                        'i

taped Hardy's hands and feet together and put him in the back of the van. Hardy was hit in the

head with a gun and was told by one of the males to put his head down. He heard the male say,

"this ain't for you, it's for him ... this ain't for you, light skin." "You were at the wrong place at

 4Thomas could not recall when the jewelry was handed to him, but the Defendant had given it to Thomas to sell.
 5The Defendant, Johnson, Corley, Thomas, and McKelvey all received approximately "a couple thousand" dollars-
 worth of cocaine.                                                                                         ·

                                                       7
the time." Hardy heard the males repeatedly asking the decedent for money. N.T. 11/4/17 at pp.

4-13, 26-41.

        Hardy further testified that the males were torturing him; cutting him on his wrists, neck,

and ears. Hardy could not see what they were cutting him with because his eyes were covered

with duct tape. Hardy heard three or four different voices but was not familiar with any of them.

The males took Hardy's money, wallet, and cell phone. He felt like he was in the van for "a

couple of hours" and the males were beating the decedent the whole time.6

        The van eventually came to a stop and the males threw Hardy from the van, Hardy was

shot «four or five times" after being thrown out of the van. Hardy pulled the tape off of his eyes

and saw the decedent on the ground, bleeding from his mouth, with duct tape over his eyes.

Hardy started to ask for help from every car that passed by until the police arrived. Id at pp. 14-

 17, 43-45, 50-53.

        Police transported Hardy to Albert Einstein Medical Center where he remained for more

than five days. Hardy was shot in the right forearm, left ribs, and back, He had razor cuts to his

 nose, left neck, left wrist, and left ear. Hardy was transferred to Moss Rehab facility for

 approximately two months because he was initially paralyzed from the waist down due to spinal

 injuries caused by a bullet. Hardy had to re-learn how to walk and will never walk without issue

 because the bullet could not be removed from his spine. Id. at pp. 18-22, 46-48.

         Michael Gutierrez testified that at approximately 5:42 p.m., on April 17, 2014, he heard

 gunshots while driving down Adams Avenue from Front Street and crossing over Crescentville

 Road. Approximately one (1) minute later, while driving under a train-bridge on Newtown

 6In his statement to homicide detectives, Hardy stated that he could hear the sound of a gun beating on the
 decedent's head. Hardy also stated that the males cut the duct tape off of him and re-taped him because they did not
 want fingerprints on the tape. N.T. 11/14/17 at p. 54-56.

                                                          8
A venue, Gutierrez saw a male laying on the ground and another male next to him, standing,

pulling duct tape off his face and wrists. Gutierrez had to swerve to avoid hitting the two males.

The male laying on the ground was curled in a fetal position, in a puddle of blood, with duct tape

covering his face. The other male hobbled towards Gutierrez's van, saying repeatedly that he

had been "hit", and needed to go to the hospital. Gutierrez, fearing more gunshots, drove past

the train tracks, pulled over to the right on Godfrey Avenue7, and called 911. N.T. 11/08/17 at

pp. 8-11, 14-23.

       Denni Glenn testified that she was in a relationship with DeForest Johnson for

approximately seven (7) years. Their relationship ended in September of 2014. Glenn testified

that she was the owner of a green, 1997, Ford E-150 van with plate number JSY-9931. In April

of 2014, her relationship with Johnson was on-and-off, but Johnson was permitted use of her van

when he needed it. Glenn gave the van to Johnson after their relationship ended. N.T. 11/09/17

at pp. 5-13.

        Ladashe Johnson testified that she is from the Germantown neighborhood of

Philadelphia. Ms. Johnson was friends with Nadirah Alston; the Defendant's sister. She had

 known the decedent since 2007. In 2013, they began a romantic relationship. Ms. Johnson was

 still in a relationship with the decedent when he was murdered. At the time of his murder, the

 decedent had been living in the Kensington neighborhood of Philadelphia and driving a Carnaro.

 Ms. Johnson also knew Ryan Hardy to be a friend of the decedent. Id. at pp. 54-58.

        In 2014, prior to the decedent's murder, Nadirah Alston asked Ms. Johnson for the

 decedent's phone number for her brother, the Defendant. At the time, the decedent did not have

 his own phone and would take calls on Ms. Johnson's phone. Ms. Johnson told the decedent

 7Newtown A venue is a short, one-way street between Adams and Godfrey A venues that merges into Godfrey
 Avenue.

                                                       9
about the request and she gave N adirah permission to give the Defendant her phone number.

Thereafter, the Defendant would call Ms. Johnson's phone to get in contact with the decedent.8

Ms. Johnson provided homicide detectives with the number that she had given Nadirah Alston to

give to the Defendant. She also provided the number to the phone9 the decedent was using on the

day he was murdered, and the number for the Defendant that appeared on her phone when he

called. Ms. Johnson last spoke to the decedent on the day of his murder between 12:00 p.m. and

1 :00 p.m. At that time, the decedent told her that he was leaving the gym and was on his way

home to take a shower. Id. at pp. 58-69.

        Debra Holmes testified that she was living on the 3800 block of Pennsgrove Street in

2014. On April 17, 2014 at approximately 7:00 p.m., Holmes looked out of her front window

and saw two African-American males washing a Chevrolet Camaro. The two males left the

Carnaro covered in a white substance. Holmes was the block captain, so her neighbors called her

to complain about the car, because it had a white film over the outside, and the keys were sitting

inside of it with a window open. Realizing the car was covered in bleach, 10 Holmes called the

police to report the suspicious vehicle on April 18, 2014. Id. at pp. 179-186.

        Aaron Smith testified that he met Brandon McKelvey in jail, in 2015, when Smith was

incarcerated for a robbery conviction. Smith and McKelvey bonded when they discovered that

 they had mutual friends in North Philadelphia. McKelvey told Smith that he was worried

 because one of his friends was charged with a crime that McKelvey had committed with him.

 McKelvey told Smith that he didn't understand how his friend "Ken,' got caught, because it was

 done so perfectly. He also admitted that he was the shooter, and was fearful that if Ken

 8 The decedent was using his brother's phone on the day of the murder.
 9 This was the number to the decedent's brother's phone. The decedent had moved on to using his brother's phone
 after using Ms. Johnson's phone for a period.
 10 Ms. Holmes testified that the Camara smelled of bleach.

                                                        10
implicated him, he could face the death penalty. McKelvey told Smith that this crime was a

robbery, kidnapping, and homicide. McKelvey said that one of his friends knew the decedent

because he used to buy drugs from him, and that this friend was the person that set up the

robbery. McKelvey said that he and his friends ordered drugs and waited for the decedent to

make the delivery. When the decedent arrived, they boxed his vehicle in. They used two cars, a

green van and another car. McKelvey and his friends kidnapped the decedent and another guy

and put them in the green van. N.T. 11/13/17 at pp. 103-107.

       Smith further testified that McKelvey told him: "one of the guys cut one of the guy's

faces and then they told where the drugs was at, where the rest of the drugs was at and he

(McKelvey) said they drove to the northeast section of Philadelphia. Once the guys confessed

where the drugs was at, he (McKelvey) pushed the guys out of the van, and opened fire on them

because one of the guys said that they had to be put down because he (decedent), basically, knew

the guy, the one who set it up." McKelvey also told Smith that he had used a .9 millimeter gun

to shoot the decedent and Ryan Hardy. Id. atpp. 107-108, 136-142.

        Philadelphia Police Officer, John Madonna, testified that at approximately 5 :42 p.m., on

 April 17, 2014, he received a radio call regarding gunshots fired on the 5600 block of Newtown

 Avenue by Godfrey Avenue. Officer Madonna arrived on the scene approximately two to three

 minutes after receiving the radio call. Upon arrival, Officer Madonna got out of his police cruiser

 to help Officers Scarinci and Ringstaff put Ryan Hardy into their patrol wagon. The other male

 was unresponsive and had no pulse. His eyes and wrists were duct-taped, his face was bloody,

 and he appeared to have gunshot wounds to his chest and leg. The male was pronounced by

 medics, on scene, at approximately 6:00 p.m. There was a piece of duct tape on the ground next

 to where the patrol wagon had initially stopped, and there were several fired cartridge casings

                                                  1I
(hereafter 'FCCs') on the ground around where the decedent had been laying. N.T: 11/08/17 at

pp. 39-56, 61.

        Officer Madonna proceeded to the corner of Newtown and Godfrey Avenues, because he

was familiar with the area, and knew there were surveillance cameras. Officer Madonna called

the number for Burke Plumbing, located at that intersection, and was able to get the owner to

supply Officer Butler of Northeast Detectives with the video footage. Id. at pp. 56-63.

        Philadelphia Police Officer, Daniel Butler, testified that he is a video retrieval officer for

Northeast Detectives. Officer Butler retrieved the surveillance video from Burke Plumbing at

5598 Newtown Avenue.11 Id. at pp. 67-79.

        Sergeant William testified that on April 14, 2015, at approximately 3 :00 p.m., he and his

partner stopped DeForest Johnson for driving with a broken brake light on the 2300 block of

North 29th Street. Johnson was driving a green, 1997, Ford van with the license plate number

JSY-9931. Sergeant Robbins' report of the incident listed the owner of the vehicle as Denni

Glenn and the driver of the vehicle as DeForest Johnson. At the time, Johnson provided his

address as 3804 Wyalusing Avenue. N.T. 11/09/17 at pp. 18-26.

         Philadelphia Police Officer, Brendan Donahue, testified that he was familiar with Ken

 Thomas from having seen him around the Strawberry Mansion neighborhood of Philadelphia.

 At approximately 1 :22 p.m., on April 15,2014, Officer Don�hue came into contact with Ken

 Thomas and the Defendant at 32nd and York Streets12 in that same neighborhood. Officer

 Donahue had not seen the Defendant before. Thomas and the Defendant were in a red, 2004

 Pontiac Grand Prix with license plate number JMG-0253. The Grand Prix was registered to

 11 The video was played for the jury. It showed the green van, Grand Prix, and red Camaro passing the intersection

 of Newtown and Godfrey just after the murder.
 12 This location was approximately one block from 3127 West Dauphin Street, the home address given to Officer

 Donahue by Ken Thomas.

                                                          12
Thomas. The Defendant was in the driver's seat and Thomas was sitting in the passenger seat.

Id at pp. 34-39.

       Philadelphia Police Officer, Jeffrey McMahon, testified that he was assigned to the west-

end section of the Strawberry Mansion neighborhood of Philadelphia. Officer McMahon

testified that he would see Ken Thomas and Christopher Corley in Strawberry Mansion

approximately two (2) to three (3) times a week over the course of approximately two years.

        Philadelphia Police Officer, Ryan Dooling, testified that on April 18, 2014, at

approximately 1: 1 S p.m., he received a radio call to investigate an automobile on the 3800
                                                                                13

block of Pennsgrove Street. When Officer Dooling ran the license-plate number, the car came

back as stolen with a note instructing him to hold the car for fingerprinting. The information also

indicated that the car was being sought by homicide detectives. Officer Dooling contacted the ·

homicide division and held the car until they arrived. The gray, 2010, Chevrolet Camara was

covered in white residue. The keys were in the driver's seat and the windows were slightly open.

The car was owned by the decedent. Id. at pp. 77-90.

         Philadelphia Police Officer, Craig Perry, testifiedthat he processed the crime scene at

 5600 Newtown Avenue on April 17, 2014. Officer Perry recovered five (5) FCCs, a bullet,

 several bullet fragments, 14 and several pieces of duct tape from the crime scene. Four of the

 FCCs were discovered in the grass on the side of Newtown Avenue. The decedent's hands were

 bound together with duct tape and there was duct tape over his eyes. There was a high-impact

 divot in the ground underneath the body of the decedent, indicating that the decedent had been

 shot while he was laying on the ground. Id. at pp. 94-120.

 11 When a Philadelphia Police Officer gets a radio call for "investigate auto" it means that a civilian has noticed a
 suspicious vehicle and has called 911 to report it.
 14 The bullet fragments were discovered underneath the body of the decedent when he was removed from the street.

                                                           13
        Philadelphia Police Officer, Robert Stott, testified as an expert in the field of firearms and

ballistics evidence. Officer Stott identified the five (5) FCCs recovered from the scene as

coming from a .9 millimeter, Luger firearm. Officer Stott determined that all five (5) FCCs were

fired from the same .9 millimeter firearm. Officer Stott also examined a .9 millimeter bullet that

was recovered from the ground underneath the buttocks of the decedent and a .9 millimeter bullet

that was removed from the decedent's chest by the medical examiner. Officer Stott determined
                                                                                                    .
that both bullets were fired from the same .9 millimeter firearm. Id. at pp. 157-175.

        Philadelphia Police Officer, Patrick Raytik, testified as an expert in the field of

fingerprint comparison and analysis. Officer Raytik examined two palm print impressions and a

fingerprint impression lifted from the decedent's Carnaro that was found on the 3800 block of

Pennsgrove Street.15 Only one of the prints, a palm print from the exterior of the passenger-side

rear window, was suitable for identification purposes. Officer Raytik determined that this palm

print matched the palm of Ken Thomas. Id. at pp. 194-201.

         Philadelphia Homicide Detective; James Dunlap, testified as an expert in historical cell

 site analysis.16 Detective Dunlap analyzed the data associated with five cellular phone numbers:

 ( 484) 620- 7803 (billed in Brandon McKelvey's name to 2413 North 32nd Street); (215) 909-1127

 (billed to Zegregory Corley17 at 3548 North           13th   Street); (267) 888-1883 (the Defendant's

 phone); (267) 288-8818 (Ken Thomas' phone); and (267) 300-8891 (the decedent's phone).

 Detective Dunlap determined the locations of these phones on April 17, 2014 in relation to 144

 West Queen Lane at approximately 2:00 p.m. (the time and location of the abduction); and 5600

 is Trial counsel stipulated to the fact that Officer Fidler lifted three latent print impressions from the Camaro found
 on the 3800 block of Pennsgrove Street: one from the exterior of the passenger-side, rear window; one from the top
 of the driver-side roof; and one from the driver-side, rear-view mirror.
 16 Historical Cell Site Analysis is the process through which the call data records for a phone are used to identify the

 potential location of the phone.
 17 Zegregory Corley is the brother of Christopher Corley.

                                                              14
Newtown Avenue at approximately 5:40 p.m. (the time and location of the homicide). N.T.

11/13/17 at pp. 14-22.

         The phones attributable to McKelvey, Thomas, and Corley were all utilizing towers in

the Strawberry Mansion neighborhood of Philadelphia between 9:04 a.m. and 10:41 a.m., on the

day of the decedent's murder.18 The decedent's phone and the Defendant's phone had a total of

fifteen ( 15) connections with each other between 10:35 a.m. and 2:04 p.m. The phone

attributable to Corley made eleven (11) calls utilizing towers within the area of the decedent's

abduction between 12:11 p.m. and 1:58 p.m. The phone attributable to the Defendant made

twenty-four (24) calls utilizing cell phone towers in the area19 of the decedent's abduction

between 9:43 a.m. and 2: 13 p.m. Thomas' phone made six (6) calls utilizing cell phone towers

in the area of the decedent's abduction between 12:25 p.m. and 2: 17 p.m. Thomas' phone and

the phone attributable to Corley called each other at 12:45 p.m., in the area of the decedent's

abduction. That phone call lasted approximately sixty-nine (69) minutes. The same two phones

also had a sixteen-and-a-half (16.5) minute call to each other at 1 :58 p.m., and an approximately

fifty-one (51) minute call to each other at 2:33 p.m., both in the area of the abduction. Id. at pp.

22-52.

         The phone attributable to McKelvey was utilizing cell-phone towers in the area of 5600

Newtown Avenue at 5:13 p.m., 5:16 p.m., 5:45 p.m., and 5:49 p.m. The phone attributable to

Corley made five (5) calls utilizing cell phone towers in the area of 5600 Newtown Avenue

between 4:35 pm. and 5:45 p.m. The phone attributable to the Defendant made six (6) calls

11
   While the Court acknowledges that McKelvey, Thomas, and Corley all lived in the Strawberry Mansion area, the
three phones were geographically located in the same area at the same time, thus corroborating Thomas' testimony
that the three men went to a hardware store in the area together, on the morning of the murder, to purchase duct-tape
and saran wrap with which to bind the decedent.
19
   It is noted that the Defendant lives in the area, however, the twenty-four (24) calls were made by a phone utilizing
the same cell-phone tower that was utilized by the Corley phone when it made eleven (11) calls between 12:11 p.rn.
and I :58 p.rn.

                                                          15
utilizing cell phone towers in the area of 5600 Newtown Avenue between 4:37 p.m. and 5:44

p.m. At 5:44 p.m., that same phone. was using the cellular phone tower that McKelvey's phone
used at 5:45 p.m. Thomas' phone utilized cell phone towers in the area of 5600 Newtown

Avenue at approximately 4:32 p.m., but was located in the Kensington neighborhood of

Philadelphia at approximately 5:40 p.m.20 Id. at pp. 27-37.

       Thomas' phone and the Defendant's phone were utilizing cell phone towers in the area of

the 3900 block of Pennsgrove Street between 6:43 p.m. and 7:26 p.m.21 In addition, the phones

attributable to McKelvey, Thomas, Corley, and the Defendant all used the same cell phone tower

at 39th Street and Lancaster Avenue, in the area of the 3900 block of Pennsgrove Street, between

6:38 p.m. and 8:04 p.m. Id. at pp. 41-52.

        Dr. Albert Chu testified as an expert in the field of forensic pathology. Dr. Chu analyzed

the autopsy report for the decedent that had been prepared by Dr. Marlon Osbourne and came to

 his own conclusion regarding the cause and manner of the death of the decedent. The decedent

 had four gunshot wounds: one bullet entered the left side of the decedent's upper back, fracturing

 one of his vertebrae22; one bullet entered the left side of the decedent's back, hitting his spine, his

 aorta, and trachea before exiting the upper right side of his chest; one bullet entered the right side

 of the decedent's lower back, hitting the decedent's liver and stomach before exiting the front of

 his upper abdomen; and one bullet entered and exited the decedent's left thigh, damaging soft

 tissue. The decedent had two lacerations to the scalp on the right side of the back of his head, a

 number of straight cuts on his forehead, a straight cut on his left forearm, a scrape on his right

 elbow, and a laceration on the back of his right thigh. The injuries to the decedent's head were

 20 Ken Thomas testified that after he dropped the Defendant off at the 5600 block of Newtown Avenue, he drove to
 the Kensington neighborhood of Philadelphia because he "had a house down there." N.T. 11/08/17 at pp. 155-156.
 21 This is the area where the decedent's vehicle was recovered and where co-defendant DeForest Johnson lived.

 n This bullet was the only one removed from the decedent's body by the medical examiner.

                                                        16
consistent with being hit with a heavy object. No drugs or alcohol were found in the decedent' s

system. Dr. Chu testified that the cause of the decedent's death was multiple gunshot wounds

and the manner of his death was homicide. N.T. 11/13/17 at pp. 152-164.

       Dr. Chu also examined the medical records of Ryan Hardy from Albert Einstein Medical

Center. Dr. Chu testified that Hardy had two gunshot wounds: one to his right forearm that

entered and exited and one on the left side of his torso. Hardy also had lacerations on his "left

upper extremity" and scrapes on his right ankle. Id. at pp. 164-165.

       Trial counsel stipulated to the fact that DeForest Johnson was arrested on this matter on

March 8, 2016 at approximately 7:11 p.m. in Newark, New Jersey. At the time of his arrest,

Johnson was exiting a green, Ford E-150 van (plate number JSY-9931 ), registered to Denni

Glenn. The van was towed and photographed. Trial counsel also stipulated to the fact that

Aaron Smith and Brandon McKelvey were in the same prison unit twice in 2016. McKelvey and

 Smith shared a cell from April 11, 2016 to April 22, 2016 and from October 27, 2016 to

November 15, 2016. Lastly, trial counsel stipulated to the fact that the Defendant, Brandon

 McKelvey, and Christopher Corley did not have a valid license to carry a firearm. N.T.

 11/09/17 at pp. 3-4, N .T. 11/14/17 at pp. 99-101.

                                            ANALYSES

                                              ISSUE I

        The adjudication of guilt is against the weight of the evidence and shocking to one's

         sense of justice where there was no physical evidence linking the defendant to the

         crimes, where the co-operating co-defendant was a corrupt and polluted source who

         had lied on previous occasions to the police, where the cell phone evidence was

         circumstantial and based upon an incomplete analysis and investigation of other

                                                  17
       calls and people associated with the co-operating co-defendant, and where the

       convictions are based upon the preposterous theory that the defendant arranged for

       an abduction of the victims in front of his own home.

       The weight of the evidence is exclusively for the finder of fact who is free to believe all,

part, or none of the evidence and to determine the credibility of witnesses. Com. v. Devine, 26

A.3d 1139, 1147 (Pa. Super. 2011), app. denied, 42 A.3d 1059 (Pa. 2012) (citations omitted).

"(A) true weight of the evidence challenge concedes that sufficient evidence exists to sustain the

verdict but questions which evidence is to be believed." Com. v. Thompson, 106 A.3d 742, 758

(Pa. Super. 2014). Accordingly, "[o]ne of the least assailable reasons for granting or denying a

new trial is the lower court's conviction that the verdict was or was not against the weight of the

evidence and that a new trial should be granted in the interest ofjustice." Com. v, Clay, 64 A.3d

I 049, 1055 (Pa. 2013). A trial judge should not grant a new trial due to "a mere conflict in the

testimony or because the judge on the same facts would have arrived at a different conclusion."

Clay, 64 A.3d at 1055. Instead, the trial court must examine whether "notwithstanding all the

facts, certain facts are so clearly of greater weight that to ignore them or to give them equal

weight with all the facts is to deny justice." Id. at 1055. Only where the jury verdict "is so

contrary to the evidence as to shock one's sense of justice'' should a trial court afford a defendant

a new trial. Id.

        The jury determined the credibility of the evidence in this case after hearing

overwhelming direct and circumstantial evidence that the Defendant was a principal actor in a

conspiracy to kidnap, rob, and murder the decedent and Ryan Hardy.

        The Defendant claims that there was no physical evidence linking the Defendant to the

crimes. Physical evidence is not required for a jury to find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. See

                                                  18
Com .. v. Kitchen, 181 A.3d 337, 346 (Pa. Super. 2018), citing Com. v. Wise, 171 A.3d 784, 790

(Pa. Super. 2017) ("It is within the province of the fact-finder to determine the weight to be

accorded to each witness's testimony and to believe all, part, or none of the evidence. The

Commonwealth may sustain its burden of proving every element of the crime beyond a

reasonable doubt by means of wholly circumstantial evidence.") In addition, the "[g[eneral rule

of law pertaining to the culpability of conspirators is that each individual member of the

conspiracy is criminally responsible for the acts of his co-conspirators committed in furtherance

of the conspiracy. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 903_;, Com. v. Wayne, 720 A.2d 456, 463-64 (Pa. 1998).

Therefore, the physical evidence found, namely, the palm print of co-conspirator Ken Thomas on

the decedent's vehicle, is also evidence against the Defendant.

        The jury determined credibility in this case. The jury heard testimony from Ken Thomas

that the Defendant devised the scheme to commit this crime, as he alone was the· only member of

the group that knew the decedent. The Defendant recruited the co-conspirators and gave orders

on their various roles. The fact that the Defendant was the mastermind of this criminal enterprise

 is borne out by direct arid circumstantial evidence.

         The direct evidence was provided by Thomas, wherein he details the movements of the

 conspirators on the day of the decedent's kidnapping, robbery, and murder. The cell-site analysis

 and video evidence, as well as the testimony provided by Ryan Hardy, Ladashe Johnson, Aaron

· Smith, Debrah Holmes, Officer Robert Stott, and Detective Dunlap corroborate Thomas' account

 of the movements of each of the conspirators on the date of the incident.

         Ryan Hardy described parking the decedent's vehicle on the corner of Queen Lane and

 Knox Street, whereupon a group of males surrounded the vehicle, pulled him and the decedent

 from the vehicle, and shoved them in a van. This corroborated Ken Thomas' testimony

                                                   19
regarding the circumstances surrounding the abduction of the decedent and Hardy. Moreover, the

cell-site analysis confirms that, not only was the Defendant's phone in the area of the abduction,

but that it was in contact with the decedent's phone 15 (fifteen) times between 10:35 a.m. and

2:04 p.m. Additionally, Corley's phone and Thomas' phone were utililzing cell towers in the

same area during the same time frame. Moreover, the video evidence shows the vehicles of

Deforest Johnson, Thomas, and the decedent all pass through an intersection located on the

corner of t�e abduction just after the abduction.

        Thomas testified that the decedent and Hardy were taken to a "duckey" spot to be killed

and dumped. Thomas met the others at this spot, located at 5600 Newtown A venue, at

approximately 4:30 p.m., but then left to go fence the stolen jewelry in Kensington. Cell-site

analysis showed that the phones attributable to Thomas, the Defendant, Corley, and McKelvey

were all utilizing cell phone towers in the area of 5600 Newtown A venue at approximately 4 :30

p.m. Thomas' phone then traveled to Kensington, while the other conspirators' phones remained

at 5600 Newtown Ave., until the time of the murder at 5:45 p.m. Moreover, the video evidence

showed the vehicles of the decedent and Deforest Johnson pass through the intersection of

Newtown and Godfrey Avenues just after the murder, Furthermore) the decedent and Hardy were

 found at 5600 Newtown Avenue moments after the murder.

        Thomas testified that he and the Defendant dumped the decedent's vehicle at the 3900

 block of Pennsgrove Street following the murder, and that they wiped it down with bleach. The

 cell-site analysis showed that both the defendant's phone and Thomas' phone were utilizing cell

 towers in the area of the 3900 block of Pennsgrove between 6:43 p.m. and 7:26 p.m. on the date

 of the incident.

                                                    20
          Thomas testified that all of the conspirators met at DeForest Johnson's house on 39th and

Lancaster after the murder to divide the proceeds from the robbery. Cell-site analysis determined

that the cell phones attributable to Thomas, the Defendant, Corley, and McKelvey were all

utilizing the same cell phone tower located at 39th and Lancaster between 6:38 p.m. and 8:04

p.m.23

          As to the Defendant's claim that the cooperating co-defendant was a corrupt and polluted

source, the jury was instructed on accomplice testimony, bias, and crimen falsi with respect to

evaluating the credibility of Ken Thomas. The jury is presumed to follow the court's instructions

on the law. See Com. v. Chmiel, 30 A.2d 1111, 1184 (Pa. 2011) ("The law presumes that the

jury will follow the instructions of the court." citing Com. v. Spotz, 896 A.2d at 1224 (citation

omitted); see also Com. v. 0 'Hannon, 557 Pa. 256, 732 A.2d 1193, 1196 (1999) ("Absent

evidence to the contrary, the jury is presumed to have followed the trial court's instructions.").

           The jury heard testimony from Ladashe Johnson, the decedent's girlfriend, that she spoke

to the decedent at approximately 12:00 p.m. on the day of his murder. The decedent told

 Johnson that he was on his way home from the gym. This corroborated Ken Thomas' testimony

. that when the Defendant called the decedent to get him to bring drugs to the Defendant's house,

 the decedent told the Defendant that he had just left the gym and was on his way to meet him.

           The jury heard testimony from Debra Holmes that she observed two African American

 males washing a Chevrolet Camaro on the 2800 block of Pennsgrove Street at approximately

 7:00 p.m., in the evening, after the decedent's murder. Holmes testified that the car smelled of

 bleach and was covered in a white substance. This corroborated Ken Thomas' testimony that he

 23   39th and Lancaster is approximately one block from 39th and Pennsgrove Street.

                                                           21
and the Defendant disposed of the decedent's vehicle on the 3800 block of Pennsgrove Street

after wiping it down with bleach.

         The jury heard testimony from Officer Robert Stott that the FCCs recovered from the

crime scene and the decedent's body were fired from the same .9 millimeter Luger firearm. This

corroborated Ken Thomas' testimony that the decedent had been shot with a .9 millimeter gun

that belonged to co-conspirator Christopher Corley.

       Defendant claims that the "the cell phone evidence was ... based upon an incomplete

analysis and investigation of other calls and people associated with the co-operating co-

defendant." The jury heard evidence that the phone attributable to the Defendant was using cell

phone towers in the area of the decedent's abduction, the area of the decedent's murder, and the

area where the co-conspirators reconvened after the murder of the decedent. The phone

attributable to the Defendant was utilizing cell phone towers at times and locations that directly

corresponded with the timeline and locations set out by Ken Thomas as he was depicting the

events of the day including: the purchase of supplies, the kidnapping, the murder, and the

reconvening of the co-conspirators after the murder. Finally, the defendant's phone and the

decedent's phone were in contact fifteen (15) times on the morning of the murder.

        Defendant claims that "the convictions are based upon the preposterous theory that the

 defendant arranged for an abduction of the victims in front of his own home." Actually, this was

 not the Defendant's original plan. The original plan was to kidnap the decedent in the rear

 driveway of the Defendant's house, which was a secluded area. That plan was thwarted by the

 Defendant's step father, when he told the Defendant that his friends had to remove their vehicle

 from the rear driveway. As a result, at the last minute, the Defendant told his co-conspirators that

 they would have to kidnap the decedent from the corner where the decedent was standing by his

                                                 22
car. Furthermore, this "preposterous theory" was based on the testimony of two eyewitnesses,

videotape evidence, and cell site analysis.

       The evidence showed that the Defendant and his cohorts concocted a plan to lure the

decedent to the Defendant's house where the group, who lie in wait, then abducted the decedent

and Hardy at gunpoint, tortured them, robbed them, shot them, disposed of the decedent's

vehicle, and divided the proceeds.

       Based on the foregoing, as well as the evidence discussed in the sufficiency analysis

below, the jury's verdict does not shock one's sense of justice. Therefore the verdict was not

against the weight of the evidence.

                                              ISSUE II

        The adjudication of guilt for First Degree Murder is based upon insufficient

        evidence where the defendant did not shoot the decedent and where the evidence

        that he intended to kill is derived solely from a co-operating co-defendant.

         "The standard we apply when reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence is

        whether viewing all the evidence admitted at trial in the light most favorable to

        the verdict winner, there is sufficient evidence to enable the fact-finder to find

        every element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. In applying the above test,

        we may not weigh the evidence and substitute our judgment for the fact-finder. In

         addition, we note that the facts and circumstances established by the

         Commonwealth need not preclude every possibility of innocence. Any doubts

         regarding a defendant's guilt may be resolved bythe fact-finder unless the

         evidence is so weak and inconclusive that as a matter oflaw no probability of fact

         may be drawn from the combined circumstances. The Commonwealth may

                                                  23
       sustain its burden of proving every element of the crime beyond a reasonable

       doubt by means of wholly circumstantial evidence. Moreover, in applying the

       above test, the entire record must be evaluated and all evidence actually received

       must be considered. Finally, the trier of fact, while passing upon the credibility of

       witnesses and the weight of the evidence produced, is free to believe all, part or

       none of the evidence. Furthermore, when reviewing a sufficiency claim, [the]

       Court is required to give the prosecution the benefit of all reasonable inferences to             i
                                                                                                         /
                                                                                                     .
       be drawn from the evidence.                                                                       j

       However, the inferences must flow from facts and circumstances proven in the

       record, and must be of such volume and quality as to overcome the presumption

       of innocence and satisfy the jury of an accused's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

       The trier of fact cannot base a conviction on conjecture and speculation and a

       verdict which is premised on suspicion will fail even under the limited scrutiny of

       appellate review."

Com. v. Slocum, 86 A.3d 272, 275-76 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citing Com. v. Bostick, 958 A.2d 543,

560 (Pa. Super. 2008), app. denied, 987 A.2d 158 (Pa. 2009) (quoting Com. v. Smith, 956 A.2d

1029, 1035-36 (Pa. Super. 2008) (en bane) (emphasis added)).

       "To sustain a conviction for first-degree murder, the Commonwealth must prove that: (I)

a human being was unlawfully killed; (2) the accused was responsible for the killing; and (3) the

accused acted with malice and a specific intent to kill." Com. v. Williams, 176 A.3d 298, 306-07

(Pa. Super. 2017). First-degree murder is an intentional killing, i.e., a "willful, deliberate and

premeditated killing." 18 Pa.C.S. § 2502(a), (d). "A jury may infer malice ... based on the

defendant's use of a deadly weapon on a vital part of the victim's body." Id. at 308 (citing Com.

                                                  24
v, Hitcho, 633 Pa. 51, 123 A.3d 731, 746 (2015)). "Specific intent to kill may be inferred by the

use of a deadly weapon upon a vital organ of the body." Com. v. Murray, IV, 623 Pa. 506, 529

(Pa. 2013) (citing Com.v. Spell, 61 lPa. 584, 28 A.3d 1274, 1278 (2011)). "That this

presumption is a reasonable one founded on human experience is obvious: one does not normally

use a deadly weapon on a vital part of another's body unless he intends to kill." Com. v. 0 'Searo,

352 A.2d 30, 37 (Pa. 1976).

       Section 903 of the Crimes Code sets forth the crime of conspiracy.

               "(a) Definition of conspiracy. - A person is guilty of conspiracy with another

               person or persons to commit a crime if with the intent of promoting or facilitating

               its commission he:

                       (1) agrees with such other person or persons that they or one or more of

                       them will engage in conduct which constitutes such crime or an attempt or

                       solicitation to commit such crime; or

                       (2) agrees to aid such other person or persons in the planning or

                       Commission of such crime or of an attempt or solicitation to commit

                       such crime."

 18 Pa.C.S. § 903.

        "To sustain a conviction for criminal conspiracy, the Commonwealth must establish the

 defendant: 1) entered into an agreement to commit or aid in an unlawful act with another person

 or persons; 2) with a shared criminal intent; and 3) an overt act was done in furtherance of the

 conspiracy." Com. v. Devine, 26 A.3d 1139, 1147 (Pa.Super.2011). "The conduct of the parties

 and the circumstances surrounding such conduct may create a web of evidence linking the

 accused to the alleged conspiracy beyond a reasonable doubt." Id. The conspiratorial agreement

                                                  25
                                                                                                                                          I
                                                                                                                                          I
                                                                                                                                          I

                                                                                                                                      I
"can be inferred from a variety of circumstances including, but not limited to, the relation
                                                                                                                                      I
between the parties, knowledge of and participation in the crime, and the circumstances and                                           I
conduct of the parties surrounding the criminal episode." Id., Feliciano, supra at 25-26, Com. v.                                 I
                                                                                                                                  I
Watley, 2013 PA Super 303, 81 A.3d 108, 115-16 (2013). The "[gjeneral rule oflaw pertaining

to the culpability of conspirators is that each individual member of the conspiracy is criminally

responsible for the acts of his coconspirators committed in furtherance of the conspiracy. 18

Pa.C.S.A. § 903." Com. v. Wayne, 720 A.2d 456, 463-64 (Pa. 1998).

       "All co-conspirators to a murder may be found guilty of first-degree murder, regardless
                                                                                                                              l
                                                                                                                              i
of which person actually inflicted the wound which resulted in death." Com. v. Small, 741 A.2d                                f

                                                                                                                          II
                                                                                                                              I

666. 672 (Pa. 1999). See Com.   v,   Gibson, 688 A.2d 1152, 1167-68 (Pa. 1997) (finding that the

"Court properly instructed on accomplice liability in prosecution for first degree murder by

stating that person is guilty of a crime if he is an accomplice of another person who commits the
                                                                                                                          I
crime and that he is an accomplice if, with the intent of promoting or facilitating the commission

of the crime, he solicits, commands, encourages. or requests the other person to commit it, or he

aids, agrees to aid, or attempts to aid the other person in planning or committing."). See Com. v.

Patterson, 91 A.3d 55, 66- 7 (Pa. 2014) (finding that "conviction for first-degree murder as a

conspirator was supported by confessed shooter's testimony that he killed victim at request of                        I
                                                                                                                  I
                                                                                                                      I

defendant and another co-conspirator, who told shooter they wanted victim killed because he was
                                                                                                                  I
a snitch, by evidence that shotgun used in killing had been traded to defendant in exchange for
                                                                                                                  I
                                                                                                                  I

drugs, and by evidence of a series of phone calls in which defendant instructed shooter or
                                                                                                              I
                                                                                                              I
other co-conspirator to "take care of' or "deal with" the victim once defendant gave the word. 18
                                                                                                              I
                                                                                                              I
Pa.C.S.A. § 2502(a).").                                                                                   I
                                                                                                          i
       Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict                    I
                                                                                                          I

                                                 26                                                   r

                                                                                                     I
                                                                                                     Ii
winner, the Commonwealth presented sufficient evidence to establish that the Defendant

conspired with Ken Thomas, Brandon McKelvey, and Christopher Corley to murder the

decedent.

       The Commonwealth presented evidence from Ken Thomas that the plan to commit this

crime was devised by the Defendant. It was the Defendant alone who had a connection to the

decedent. Since the decedent knew the Defendant, the Defendant decided that the decedent

needed to be killed. Therefore, the Defendant had the specific intent to kill the decedent. Under

the doctrine of conspiracy, it matters not whether the Defendant actually fired the gun. It was

agreed to by the members of the conspiracy that a killing would be part of their scheme, so as to

avoid apprehension because the decedent could identify the Defendant. But for the Defendant's

involvement as the principal mastermind in this conspiracy, the kidnapping, robbery, and murder

would not have occurred.

       The Commonwealth presented corroborative evidence of the defendant's connection to

the decedent by way of evidence that the Defendant initially obtained the decedent's phone

number by having his sister, Nadirah Alston, ask Ladashe Johnson for it. Ladashe Johnson

testified that the Defendant called the decedent on her phone.

       The Commonwealth presented evidence that the defendant was part of a conspiracy that

involved Corley, McKelvey and Thomas by way of circumstantial evidence obtained from the

phone records. The phone attributable to the Defendant made fifteen (15) connections to the

decedent's phone between 10:35 a.m. and 2:04 p.m. on the day of the decedent's murder. The

phone attributable to the Defendant made twenty-four (24) calls utilizing cell phone towers in the

area of the decedent's abduction between 9:43 a.m. and 2:13 p.m. The phone attributable to

Christopher Corley was using the same cell phone tower as the Defendant's phone for eleven

                                                27
(11) calls made between 12: 11 p.m. and 1 :58 p.m. The phone attributable to the Defendant made

six (6) calls utilizing cell phone towers in the area of 5600 Newtown Avenue between 4:37 p.m.

and 5:44 p.m. on the day of the decedent's murder. At 5:44 p.m. that same phone was using the

same cellular phone tower that Brandon McKevley's phone was using at 5:45 p.m. The phone

attributable to the Defendant and Ken Thomas' phone were utilizing cell phone towers in the

area of 3900 Penns grove Street between 6:43 p.m. and 7:26 p.m. that same day. Lastly, the

phones anributable to McKelvey, Corley, Thomas, and the Defendant all used the same cell

phone tower at 39th Street and Lancaster Avenue, in the area of the 3900 block of Pennsgrove

Street, between 6:38 p.m. and 8:04 p.m. All of these locations corroborate Ken Thomas'

testimony of the co-conspirators' movements on the day of the decedent's murder.

       Based on the foregoing and the reasonable inferences deduced therefrom, the

Commonwealth established beyond a reasonable doubt, by both direct and circumstantial

evidence that the Defendant was guilty of first degree murder .
                                                 •
                                         CONCLUSION

        Based on the foregoing, the judgment of sentence of the trial court should be affirmed.

 By the Court:

                                                      Rose Marie Defino-Nastasi, J.

                                                 28
Commonwealth v. Nysare O'Neil O Alston
CP-5l-CR-0007416-2016
CP-5I-CR-0007420-2016
Opinion

                                        Proof of Service

I hereby certify that I am this day serving the foregoing Court Order upon the person(s), and in
the manner indicated below, which service satisfies the requirements of Pa.R.Crim.P. 114:

Appellant:                    Mr. Nysare O'Neil O Alston, JU 5071
                              SCI Benner Township
                              301 Institution Drive
                              Bellefonte, PA 16823

Type   of Service:     () Personal    (x) First Class Mail   () Other, Please Specify:

Counsel:                      Gary Sanford Server, Esquire
                              52103 Delaire Landing
                              Philadelphia, PA 19114

Type of Service:       () Personal    (x) First Class Mail   () Other, Please Specify:

District Attorney:             Philadelphia District Attorney's Office
                               Appeals Unit
                               Widener Bldg.
                               3 South Penn Square .
                               Philadelphia, PA 19107

Type of Service:       ( ) Personal   () First Class Mail    (x) Inter-Office

Date: 06/06/2018

                                                                     ose Marie DeFino-Nastasi