Court Opinion

ID: 6350816
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-06-17 15:04:42.88244+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:15:34.385269
License: Public Domain

No. 123,782

             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

                                       GARY A. CULLISS,
                                          Appellant,

                                                 v.

                             BRIAN R. CULLISS, as Trustee of the
                                 JULIA A. CULLISS TRUST,
                                        Appellee.

1.
       Generally, a trust beneficiary may void a transaction involving trust property
which is affected by a conflict between the trustee's fiduciary and personal interest,
without further proof. But an exception to that rule applies when the terms of the trust
expressly or impliedly authorize the transaction. K.S.A. 2021 Supp. 58a-802(b)(1).

2.

       In a judicial proceeding involving the administration of a trust, the court, as justice
and equity may require, has broad discretion to award reasonable attorney fees to any
party, to be paid by another party or from the trust that is the subject of the controversy.
K.S.A. 58a-1004.

       Appeal from Johnson District Court; MICHAEL P. JOYCE, judge. Opinion filed June 17, 2022.
Affirmed.

       Michael R. Ong, of Ong Law Firm, P.A., of Overland Park, for appellant.

       Jeffrey R. King and Caleb F. Kampsen, of Sage Law, LLP, of Overland Park, for appellee.

Before GARDNER, P.J., HILL and ISHERWOOD, JJ.
                                                 1
       GARDNER, J.: Trust beneficiary, Gary Culliss, appeals the district court's denial of
his motion for partial summary judgment on issues related to the distribution of real
property of his mother's estate. Gary argues that his brother, Brian Culliss (trustee and co-
beneficiary), breached his fiduciary duties as trustee by conveying ownership of certain
real property to himself while paying Gary cash equal to the property's value. Gary
claims he was entitled to sole or joint ownership of the property and the district court
erred by finding the trust waived Brian's duty of loyalty. Gary also challenges the district
court's valuation of the properties and its order that he pay attorney fees. Finding no
reversible error, we affirm.

                        FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       Overview of the Testamentary Instruments

       Julia Culliss executed a trust and will in March 2009; she died in June 2018. She
appointed her oldest son, Brian, to act as trustee and executor. She named Brian and his
brother, Gary, the beneficiaries of her estate.

       According to its terms, Julia's trust was "to provide for the management of [her]
property during [her] lifetime and at [her] death to reduce taxes and transfer cost of [her]
property and provide for the management of the property and its orderly disposition to the
proper persons at the proper times." The trust directs the trustee to distribute Julia's
"tangible personal property to [Julia's] surviving issue per stirpes." If a disagreement
occurs regarding the distribution of Julia's tangible personal property, the trust gives the
trustee "the discretion to either divide the property . . . as equitably as possible, taking
into account their personal preferences, and/or sell such assets and add the proceeds to
the remainder." The trustee must then divide the remainder equally between the
beneficiaries.

                                               2
       The trust provision at the center of this appeal is this "cash and in-kind
distributions" provision:

               "Except where there are directed dispositions of specific assets, Trustee may
       make any distribution in cash or in kind (including non-pro rata in kind distributions) or
       a combination thereof. Distributions are to be valued at the recognized market value at
       the date of distribution. If there is no generally recognized market value, Trustee may
       conclusively make a determination of such value. Trustee shall have power to make
       allocations of assets without regard to the income tax basis of specific property."

Julia included the same language in her will directing her executor (Brian) regarding the
disposition of assets, and incorporated the provisions of the trust into her will, giving "all
of [her] estate" to Brian, as the trustee, "to dispose of under the terms of the Trust."

       Dispute over the Lake Properties

       The parties agree that, at the time of her death, Julia owned two adjacent
properties in Gravois Mills, Missouri—the Lake Properties. But Julia made no specific
directions about those properties in her will or her trust. So when she died, the Lake
Properties became part of "the remainder" of her estate.

       Gary and Brian both wanted to own the Lake Properties. Gary agreed to joint
ownership if necessary, but Brian did not. Brian created a proposed distribution plan as
trustee, seeking sole ownership of the Lake Properties and offering to pay Gary an
amount of cash equal to the value of the properties.

       Gary petitioned for declaratory judgment, claiming that Brian's proposed
distribution breached his fiduciary duties as trustee. In later briefs, Gary specified that
Brian's proposal violated his duties as trustee under K.S.A. 58a-801 (the duty to
                                                    3
administer the trust in good faith and in accordance with the Kansas Uniform Trust
Code); K.S.A. 2021 Supp. 58a-802 (the duty of loyalty to the trust beneficiaries); K.S.A.
58a-803 (the duty to act impartially); and K.S.A. 58a-814 (limiting trustee discretion).
Brian responded that the distribution plan followed the terms of the trust—specifically its
non-pro rata clause—and his duties as trustee. Gary replied that the non-pro rata clause
was just boilerplate language and that Julia intended the trust to be administered to
equally benefit both brothers. Gary also argued that because the trust did not expressly
waive Brian's duty to act as a prudent investor or his duty of loyalty to the trust
beneficiaries, those duties prevented Brian from distributing the Lake Properties to
himself.

       At the hearing, the parties agreed to consider Gary's petition as a motion for partial
summary judgment. After considering the parties' claims through that lens, the district
court denied Gary's claim, finding that the trust gave Brian the authority to distribute the
Lake Properties as he proposed and that doing so did not violate Brian's duties as trustee.

       Valuation Proceedings

       Gary also moved the court to determine the value of the Lake Properties, and the
district court considered that issue at a separate hearing.

       Brian had the Lake Properties appraised by a certified real estate appraiser,
Michael McClain. McClain testified that he had appraised the properties three times and
had valued the properties together at $177,000 each time. McClain determined that the
highest and best use of the properties was as a single parcel. He explained that although a
person could legally separate the two lots, doing so would decrease the value of each lot.
McClain explained that one of the two lots had a house on it, and Julia had bought the
second lot to get better access to the lake. Both lots shared a single dock, but the first lot
would need access to the second lot and its portion of the dock to get a boat on the water.

                                               4
And the second lot could have a dock only by encumbering the first lot, which could
significantly affect the value of the second lot.

       Gary testified about the positioning of the docks and the value the properties held
separately. He stated that a purchaser could remove a portion of the existing dock and
rearrange separate docks to allow each lot appropriate access to the lake. Gary thought
the properties had separate water and sewer rights, which would allow independent
development of the properties, and he believed the lots would be more valuable if sold
separately.

       Although Gary had obtained separate appraisals for each lot, his appraiser did not
testify. Instead, Gary admitted exhibits of two appraisals valuing the Lake Properties
separately. Those exhibits showed the value of the lot with the house as $175,000 and the
other lot as $51,500. Based on these appraisals, Gary had offered to purchase the Lake
Properties from the trust for $226,100 and he was still willing to purchase the properties
at that price.

       In closing, Brian explained that he had offered to stipulate to a value between his
appraiser's value and the value Gary had offered or to get a new appraisal from a third
party, but Gary had rejected those offers. Brian then argued that the trust authorized the
trustee to overrule any disagreement about the value because its non-pro rata clause gave
the trustee discretion to make distributions based on "the recognized market value" but if
there was none the trustee could "conclusively . . . determin[e] . . . such value."

       The district court accepted Brian's valuation, finding McClain's explanation about
the highest and best use of the Lake Properties as a single parcel more compelling than
the information from Gary's appraisals. The court also found that even though Gary had
offered to purchase the Lake Properties at a higher value, Brian did not have to accept
that value.

                                              5
       Attorney Fee Proceedings

       At the close of the valuation hearing, the district court found that the parties had
failed to provide the evidence necessary to determine attorney fees. After extensive
briefing, the district court held another hearing. Gary argued that Brian should be held
personally responsible for his attorney fees because he had pursued his own interests by
his proposed distribution of the Lake Properties and had not acted on behalf of the trust.

       But the district court disagreed and awarded Brian the attorney fees he had
incurred throughout the litigation over the Lake Properties. And the court ordered Gary to
reimburse the trust for those fees. And as to further fees, the district court stated:

       "In addition, should the Court approve any further fees of the [trustee's] Firm for services
       [that] were incurred that relate to this judicial proceeding, Gary Culliss will be ordered to
       pay some or all of those fees within thirty days of the entry of that Order.

       Amended Attorney Fees Proceedings

       Brian moved to alter or amend the district court's attorney fees order, claiming the
exhibit he had given the district court inaccurately showed his fees. He provided an
updated version of the exhibit, listing his requested fees. The district court granted that
motion and entered an amended order approving the additional amount. It found Brian's
fees were fair and reasonable and ultimately approved both Brian's original request for
$35,330.96 and his request for another $3,738. The court again ordered Gary to
reimburse the trust for the total amount accrued during the litigation over the Lake
Properties.

       Gary timely appeals, challenging the district court's decision that Brian could own
the Lake Properties, its valuation of the Lake Properties, and its award of attorney fees.

                                                     6
 DID THE DISTRICT COURT ERR IN APPROVING THE TRUSTEE'S PROPOSED DISTRIBUTION
                                     OF THE LAKE PROPERTIES?

       Gary first argues that the district court should have voided Brian's distribution of
the Lake Properties to himself against Gary's wishes because doing so breached Brian's
duty of loyalty to trust beneficiaries. Gary also claims that the district court based its
decision to allow this distribution on its erroneous finding that the trust agreement waived
Brian's duty of loyalty, contrary to this court's decision in Roenne v. Miller, 58 Kan. App.
2d 836, 475 P.3d 708 (2020) (finding a trust cannot waive a trustee's duty of loyalty), rev.
denied 312 Kan. 893 (2021).

       Brian contends that Gary mischaracterizes K.S.A. 2021 Supp. 58a-802's duty of
loyalty and the district court's holding. Brian concedes the duty of loyalty applied to him
but contends the district court correctly found he did not violate that duty because he
properly relied on a trust provision expressly authorizing his acts and fairly distributed
the estate property.

       Standard of Review and Basic Legal Principles

       Because the district court decided this matter as a motion for partial summary
judgment, we outline our appellate summary judgment standards:

               "'Summary judgment is appropriate when the pleadings, depositions, answers to
       interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, show that there is no
       genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as
       a matter of law. The trial court is required to resolve all facts and inferences which may
       reasonably be drawn from the evidence in favor of the party against whom the ruling is
       sought. When opposing a motion for summary judgment, an adverse party must come
       forward with evidence to establish a dispute as to a material fact. In order to preclude
       summary judgment, the facts subject to the dispute must be material to the conclusive

                                                     7
         issues in the case. On appeal, we apply the same rules and when we find reasonable
         minds could differ as to the conclusions drawn from the evidence, summary judgment
         must be denied.'" Patterson v. Cowley County, Kansas, 307 Kan. 616, 621, 413 P.3d 432
         (2018).

When, as here, the parties do not dispute the facts relevant to the legal issues raised, this
court's review of an order granting or denying a motion for summary judgment is
unlimited. Becker v. The Bar Plan Mut. Ins. Co., 308 Kan. 1307, 1311-12, 429 P.3d 212
(2018). Similarly, this court exercises unlimited review over the district court's
interpretation of statutes and trust terms. Nauheim v. City of Topeka, 309 Kan. 145, 149,
432 P.3d 647 (2019) (statutes); Hemphill v. Shore, 295 Kan. 1110, Syl. ¶ 2, 289 P.3d
1173 (2012) (trusts).

         When interpreting a trust, a court's primary duty is to determine the settlor's intent
by reading the trust as a whole. If that intent can be found out from the express terms of
the trust, the court must carry out those terms unless they conflict with law or public
policy. Hamel v. Hamel, 296 Kan. 1060, 1068, 299 P.3d 278 (2013). Courts have limited
authority to intervene in matters properly left to a trustee's discretion through valid trust
terms:

                   "Where the instrument creating a trust gives the trustee discretion as to its
         execution, a court may not control its exercise merely upon a difference of opinion as to
         matters of policy, and is authorized to interfere only where the trustee acts in bad faith or
         its conduct is so arbitrary and unreasonable as to amount to practically the same thing."
         Jennings v. Murdock, 220 Kan. 182, Syl. ¶ 1, 553 P.2d 846 (1976).

                   Trustees' Duties and Discretion

         The parties agree that this case involves a discretionary trust, in which Julia left
Brian wide discretion as trustee to distribute the trust property. See Simpson v. Kansas

                                                        8
Dept. of SRS, 21 Kan. App. 2d 680, 684, 906 P.2d 174 (1995) (defining discretionary
trusts). The trust allowed Brian to distribute the portion of Julia's estate that she did not
specifically direct to distribute otherwise—including the Lake Properties—in his "sole
and absolute discretion." The trust also provided that "[e]xcept where there are directed
dispositions of specific assets, Trustee may make any distribution in cash or in kind
(including non-pro rata in kind distributions) or a combination thereof."

       Gary claims that regardless of the degree of discretion the trust gave Brian, Brian's
duty of loyalty as trustee prevented him from distributing the Lake Properties solely to
himself. Gary argues that the distribution was voidable because it was affected by conflict
between Brian's interests as trustee and a beneficiary. See K.S.A. 2021 Supp. 58a-802(b).
Brian counters that his proposed distribution was not voidable simply because Gary did
not prefer it, asserting that this statute does not give "a dissenting beneficiary de facto
veto power over an otherwise authorized distribution."

       In deciding this issue, we first look to the Kansas Uniform Trust Code (KUTC),
which prescribes the statutory duties and powers of trustees. K.S.A. 2021 Supp. 58a-802
establishes the duty of loyalty:

               "(a) A trustee shall administer the trust consistent with the terms of the trust and
       solely in the interests of the beneficiaries.
               "(b) . . . [A] sale, encumbrance, or other transaction involving the investment or
       management of trust property entered into by the trustee for the trustee's own personal
       account or which is otherwise affected by a conflict between the trustee's fiduciary and
       personal interests is voidable by a beneficiary affected by the transaction unless:
               (1) The transaction was authorized by the terms of the trust."

Gary relies on the general rule in subsection (b) that a beneficiary may void a transaction
involving trust property which is affected by a conflict between the trustee's fiduciary and

                                                       9
personal interest. Brian relies on the exception to that rule, arguing that "[t]he transaction
was authorized by the terms of the trust." K.S.A. 2021 Supp. 58a-802(b)(1).

       The comment to subsection (b) of the statute explains that it establishes a "no
further inquiry rule":

                 "Subsection (b) states the general rule with respect to transactions involving trust
       property that are affected by a conflict of interest. A transaction affected by a conflict
       between the trustee's fiduciary and personal interests is voidable by a beneficiary who is
       affected by the transaction. Subsection (b) carries out the 'no further inquiry' rule by
       making transactions involving trust property entered into by a trustee for the trustee's own
       personal account voidable without further proof. Such transactions are irrebuttably
       presumed to be affected by a conflict between personal and fiduciary interests. It is
       immaterial whether the trustee acts in good faith or pays a fair consideration. See
       Restatement (Second) of Trusts Section 170 cmt. b (1959)." Uniform Trust Code
       Comments, K.S.A. 58a-802.

See, e.g., Restatement (Third) of Trusts § 78, comments b-c (2007) (describing the no
further inquiry rule as imposing an irrebuttable presumption of voidability to self-dealing
transactions).

       Our appellate courts have not often addressed this statute, but a panel of this court
addressed the duty of loyalty under different facts in Roenne. There, beneficiaries of
decedent's testamentary trust sued the trustee/beneficiary, alleging that the trustee had
breached his fiduciary duties by taking all the trust assets for himself and his wife. The
trial court found no breach of fiduciary duties because the trust stated that the trustee had
"uncontrolled" or "exclusive" discretion over the trust. But this court reversed and
remanded for further proceedings, holding that a trustee could not act as if there were no
trust, and that the trustee had breached his duties of loyalty, impartiality, and prudence to
plaintiffs. 58 Kan. App. 2d at 850-54.

                                                     10
       The panel in Roenne characterized the conflict as "a permissible grantor-created
conflict of interest that should be respected," but warned "the trustee's conduct should 'be
closely scrutinized for abuse, including abuse by less than appropriate regard for the duty
of impartiality.' Restatement (Third) of Trusts § 79, comment b(1) (2007)." 58 Kan. App.
2d at 848.

               "The various cases that have dealt with these laws have all recognized that while
       the intent of the grantor is paramount, the law limits a trustee. Even where the grantor
       intended the trustee to have as much power as possible over the trust, the law restricts
       that power. See In re Ralph E. Breeding Trust, 21 Kan. App. 2d 351, 357-58, 899 P.2d
       511 (1995). The trustee must act in good faith and in the interests of the beneficiaries.
       While a trust can eliminate strict prohibitions, such as that against self-dealing, it cannot
       eliminate the duty of loyalty. That limit preserves the fundamental fiduciary character of
       trust relationships recognized by law. Schartz v. Barker, No. 104,812, 2013 WL 189686,
       at *10 (Kan. App. 2013) (unpublished opinion) (quoting Restatement [Third] of Trusts
       § 78, comment c[2], p. 99 [2005])." 58 Kan. App. 2d at 847.

So even if a trust authorizes a conflict-of-interest transaction, the trustee must still act "in
good faith in the interests of the beneficiaries." 58 Kan. App. 2d at 850. Thus, the
"'uncontrolled discretion'" granted to the trustee in Roenne did "not relieve him from his
fiduciary duties as a trustee to act impartially in the interests of all the beneficiaries,
rather than just himself." 58 Kan. App. 2d at 850.

       Although the district court's written order, filed before Roenne, suggested the trust
could waive Brian's duty of loyalty, the district court did not rely on that finding alone in
denying Gary's motion for partial summary judgment. Rather, the district court correctly
determined that Brian acted within the authority provided through the trust and his duties
as trustee, as we explain below. So even if the district court found the trust could waive
Brian's duty of loyalty, that error was harmless.

                                                    11
       Brian's Conflict of Interest

       We agree that Brian's distribution of the Lake Properties to himself evidenced a
conflict of interest between his interests as trustee and his interests as a beneficiary. In
short, Brian was wearing two hats and could not enter a transaction that prejudiced the
beneficiaries. Because Gary was a beneficiary affected by the transaction, he could void
the transaction without further proof, even if Brian gave Gary fair consideration for those
properties, unless the trust authorized the transaction. K.S.A. 2021 Supp. 58a-802(b)(1).

                 Trust Created a Conflict of Interest

       After recognizing that the trust gave Brian the authority to make "'any distribution
in cash or in kind (including non-pro rata in kind distribution),'" the district court found
that Julia intended to give Brian the ability to resolve this type of dispute:

       "This language shows the grantor recognized that, after her death, a circumstance might
       arise where an asset might be subject to dispute about how it should be distributed. With
       this provision, the grantor gave the Trustee the discretion to not divide each asset evenly,
       but keep an asset, like this real estate, undivided and distributed to one beneficiary, so
       long as the other beneficiary received an 'in [cash] or in kind' distribution of the same
       value."

       We agree.

       True, no trust term expressly addressed the Lake Properties. But the trust term
permitting non-pro rata in kind distribution authorized Brian's proposed distribution of
them. Although the distribution was voidable because Brian's dual status as a trustee and
a beneficiary created an inherent conflict of interest, our law allows conveyances despite
conflicting interests if the transaction is authorized by the trust. K.S.A. 2021 Supp. 58a-
802(b)(1). And a "'trustee who acts in reasonable reliance on the terms of the trust as

                                                    12
expressed in the trust instrument is not liable to a beneficiary for a breach of trust to the
extent the breach resulted from the reliance.'" Mead v. Small, Trustee of Herlinda Small
Revocable Living Trust, No. 122,511, 2021 WL 2021199, at *7 (Kan. App. 2021)
(unpublished opinion); see K.S.A. 58a-1006.

       Although Julia did not expressly grant the trustee the power to act in a dual
capacity, she created Brian's divided loyalty by knowingly placing him in a position in
which his interest as trustee/beneficiary might conflict with the interest of the only other
beneficiary. Julia knew that her estate included the Lake Properties, and she was familiar
with how her sons had used them. She knew that she had only two beneficiaries and she
chose one of them to act as trustee. Yet Julia did not specifically direct that the Lake
Properties be distributed to one of her sons, or that the properties be co-owned, or that
any beneficiary could occupy or use those properties during some or all of the trust
period. She thus intended for those properties to pass under the non pro rata clause in her
trust, which permitted the trustee to "make any distribution in cash or in kind (including
non-pro rata in kind distributions) or a combination thereof." As trustee, Brian did so.

       When, as here, a settlor expressly or impliedly creates a conflict of interest by the
terms of the trust, the beneficiary must generally prove more than divided loyalty.

       "'Where a conflict of interest is approved or created by the testator, the fiduciary will not
       be held liable for his conduct unless the fiduciary has acted dishonestly or in bad faith, or
       has abused his discretion. Further, where the will approves the conflict of interest, the
       burden of proof remains on the party challenging the fiduciary's conduct as there is no
       presumption against the fiduciary despite the divided loyalty.'" Restatement (Third) of
       Trusts § 78, comment c(1) (2007) (quoting Dick v. Peoples Mid-Illinois Corp., 242 Ill.
       App. 3d 297, 304, 609 N.E.2d 997 [1993]).

See Tankersley v. Albright, 374 F. Supp. 538, 543 (N.D. Ill. 1974) (finding conflicts of
interest generally are prohibited but this proscription is subject to modification by settlor;

                                                    13
mere existence of a conflict does not automatically require a prohibition of trustees'
planned action where trust instrument creates conflict), aff'd in part, rev'd in part 514
F.2d 956 (7th Cir. 1975); Clayton v. James B. Clow & Sons, 212 F. Supp. 482, 505 (N.D.
Ill. 1962) (finding that a fiduciary is not always precluded from self-dealing with trust
property where settlor did not so intend, especially where testator knowingly placed his
trustee in a position which he knew might conflict with interest of trust), aff’d 327 F.2d
382 (7th Cir. 1964); In re Flagg's Estate, 365 Pa. 82, 88-89, 73 A.2d 411(1950) (finding
that existence of a conflict of interest did not ipso facto disqualify trustee from acting,
and that bad faith, rather than a mere conflict of interest, was determinative factor where
the will created the conflict).

       Unlike the trustee in Roenne, Brian pointed to valid trust provisions he reasonably
relied on to distribute the Lake Properties without breaching his duty of loyalty. Brian
neither disregarded Gary's interests nor converted trust assets to only his personal use.
Compare 58 Kan. App. 2d at 848-50. And unlike the trustee in Roenne, Brian considered
Gary's interest in the Lake Properties and proposed a plan that created an equal financial
distribution of the Lake Properties. Here, we have an implicitly approved trust-created
conflict between a trustee who is also a beneficiary, so "there is, on the one hand, some
inference of a preference for or confidence in the trustee-beneficiary but, on the other
hand, a general recognition that a trustee-beneficiary's conduct is to be closely scrutinized
for abuse, including abuse by less than appropriate regard for the duty of impartiality."
Restatement (Third) of Trusts § 79, comment (b)(1) (2007).

       For a court to force co-ownership of real property in this situation, when the
trustee/beneficiary and the sole remaining beneficiary cannot agree to jointly own the
property, would be as unworkable as a divorce court's order forcing the parties to share
real property despite their professed incompatibility. The more reasonable solution is to
award the property to one beneficiary and to make the other whole financially. But a

                                              14
court is poorly suited under these circumstances to determine which of two competing
beneficiaries should own real property. Here, both the trustee/beneficiary and the other
beneficiary claim to have the power to choose ownership. Yet it is the settlor, not the
court or the beneficiaries, who decides that matter. As settlor, Julia decided that the
trustee, Brian, could "make any distribution in cash or in kind (including non-pro rata in
kind distributions) or a combination thereof." And a settlor's designation of the
beneficiary-trustee may generally suggest a "tilt" in favor of the beneficiary-trustee in the
balancing of divergent interests. See Restatement (Third) of Trusts § 78, comment c(2).

       Having closely scrutinized Brian's conduct for abuse, we find Brian acted fairly
and complied with the terms of the trust and his duties of loyalty and impartiality. Under
the circumstances, Gary fails to show that Brian breached his fiduciary duties as trustee
or that the district court committed reversible error in denying his motion for partial
summary judgment.

DID THE DISTRICT COURT ERR BY APPROVING BRIAN'S VALUATION OF THE PROPERTIES?

       Gary next challenges the value approved for the Lake Properties. He claims the
district court had to accept his "bona fide offer" of $226,100 as the value of the properties
over Brian's lower appraised value of $177,000.

       We first consider Gary's argument that Brian's valuation wrongly deprived the
trust of $49,100, violating his duty to act as a "prudent investor" under the Kansas
Uniform Prudent Investor Act, and breaching his duties of loyalty and impartiality under
that Act. See K.S.A. 58-24a02(a). But we agree with Brian that those provisions apply
when trust assets are being invested or managed. See, e.g., K.S.A. 58-24a01 (requiring "a
fiduciary who invests and manages trust assets" to comply with the prudent investor
rule); K.S.A. 58-24a02(a) (requiring a fiduciary to "invest and manage trust assets as a
prudent investor would"); K.S.A. 58-24a02(b) (regulating a fiduciary's "investment and

                                             15
management decisions" respecting individual assets). Gary fails to show that the Act
applies here to a trustee's decision about which of two beneficiaries should own an
estate's real property.

       Gary also generally argues that the district court should have deferred to his
valuation over Brian's because it was higher. But he provides no legal support for this
argument. Further, the trust permitted Brian, as trustee, to set a value for the Lake
Properties if no generally accepted market value existed. Because the appraisers
disagreed as to value and as to the highest and best use of the Lake Properties, that clause
applied here.

       Still, the value of real property is a finding of fact for the district court to make.
See In re Estate of Hjersted, 285 Kan. 559, 569, 175 P.3d 810 (2008). We thus review the
district court's order approving Brian's valuation of the Lake Properties for substantial
competent evidence. See In re Estate of Lentz, No. 118,307, 2021 WL 3573844, at *7
(Kan. App.) (unpublished opinion) (listing cases considering value a question of fact and
applying this standard of review), rev. denied 314 Kan. 854 (2021).

       "Substantial evidence is evidence which possesses both relevance and substance and
       which furnishes a substantial basis of fact from which the issues can reasonably be
       resolved. Substantial evidence is such legal and relevant evidence as a reasonable person
       might accept as being sufficient to support a conclusion." In re Estate of Farr, 274 Kan.
       51, 58, 49 P.3d 415 (2002).

When determining this matter, "an appellate court does not weigh conflicting evidence,
pass on the credibility of witnesses, or redetermine questions of fact. We also accept as
true all inferences to be drawn from the evidence which support or tend to support the
findings of the district court." Hjersted, 285 Kan. at 571. If the evidence, when
considered in the light most favorable to the prevailing party, supports the district court's

                                                   16
judgment, this court will not disturb that judgment on appeal. In re Estate of Engels, 10
Kan. App. 2d 103, 110, 692 P.2d 400 (1984).

       Our review of the record shows substantial competent evidence supporting the
district court's valuation. At the valuation hearing, McClain explained why he believed
the highest and best use of the properties was as a single parcel whose fair market value
was $177,000. Although Gary provided competing appraisal reports, the district court had
good reason to find that they did not sufficiently address the impact that separating the
properties might have on their value. The transaction was fair to the beneficiaries and the
trust, as it was for a fair and adequate consideration. We find no reason to set aside the
district court's findings.

   DID THE DISTRICT COURT ABUSE ITS DISCRETION BY AWARDING AND ALLOCATING
                             ATTORNEY FEES AGAINST GARY?

       The district court awarded Brian $42,069.96 in attorney fees to be paid by the
trust. The court assigned $35,330.96 of that amount to the litigation over the Lake
Properties and ordered Gary to reimburse the trust that amount. The parties agreed that
$3,001 of that amount should be paid as administrative expenses, but Gary challenges the
district court's order for him to pay the remaining amount.

       Gary maintains that Brian's decision not to distribute the Lake Properties jointly as
tenants in common unnecessarily caused this litigation. Gary asserts that no reasonable
person would have awarded Brian the costs accrued by his decision to pursue his
individual goals, and that the district court should not have ordered Gary to reimburse the
trust unless it was to punish egregious conduct, such as bad faith or fraud—conduct not
shown here.

                                             17
       In trust adjudication, a district court may award attorney fees to any party. "In a
judicial proceeding involving the administration of a trust, the court, as justice and equity
may require, may award costs and expenses, including reasonable attorney fees, to any
party, to be paid by another party or from the trust that is the subject of the controversy."
K.S.A. 58a-1004. The district court has wide discretion to determine the amount and
recipient of attorney fees. Westar Energy, Inc. v. Wittig, 44 Kan. App. 2d 182, 203, 235
P.3d 515 (2010). "In the context of the abuse of discretion challenge mounted here, we
assess whether no reasonable person would adopt the position taken by the district court."
Cresto v. Cresto, 302 Kan. 820, 848, 358 P.3d 831 (2015) (citing In re Estate of Somers,
277 Kan. 761, 773, 89 P.3d 898 [(2004)]). An award of attorney fees will be found
reasonable if the litigation proved beneficial to the trust estate. See Moore v. Adkins, 2
Kan. App. 2d 139, 151, 576 P.2d 245 (1978). And legal proceedings benefit a trust estate
if questions are resolved so the estate can be properly administered. In re Trusteeship of
the Will of Daniels, 247 Kan. 349, 357, 799 P.2d 479 (1990). That is a pretty broad
standard.

       Gary challenges both the amount awarded and the order that he reimburse the trust
for the fees caused by litigation over the Lake Properties. But he does not challenge the
legal services provided or the reasonableness of the legal services itemized or the fees
charged. Because our law gives the district court discretion to award costs and expenses
and to charge them against "another party or from the trust that is the subject of the
controversy," Gary must show the district court abused its discretion in both regards.
K.S.A. 58a-1004; see Gannon v. State, 305 Kan. 850, 868, 390 P.3d 461 (2017) (party
asserting abuse of discretion bears burden of proof). Gary fails to meet that burden.

       True, Brian's distribution proposal, while consistent with the trust terms and
arguably fair, went against Gary's preference to own or share ownership of the Lake
Properties. Only because Brian was trustee could he prevail over his brother's contrary
desires about ownership of the Lake Properties. But Brian distributed the Lake Properties

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as authorized by the trust terms and within his duties as trustee. And because the brothers
disagreed on how to handle the Lake Properties and could not resolve their differences
short of litigation, litigation was necessary to proper administration of the estate.

       We recognize that, as experts on the reasonableness of attorney fees, we could
disagree with the district court's assessment of fees and fix a different award:

               "While great deference is given a trial court in these matters, this court has stated
       that 'appellate courts, as well as trial courts, are experts as to the reasonableness of
       attorneys' fees and may, in the interest of justice, fix counsel fees when in disagreement
       with views of the trial judge.' [Citations omitted.]" Somers, 277 Kan. at 773.

But Gary does not challenge the reasonableness of the legal services or the fees charged.

       Although we may not have assessed all the Lake Properties litigation fees against
Gary, we decline to alter the district court's award. The district court considered the facts
and the necessary factors for deciding attorney fees. See Kansas Rule of Professional
Conduct 1.5 (2022 Kan. S. Ct. R. at 333). And this court generally affirms decisions
made within the district court's discretion even when reasonable minds could differ, as
here. The applicable standard requires a showing that "no reasonable person would reach
the district court's decision" about attorney fees. Consolver v. Hotze, 306 Kan. 561, 571,
395 P.3d 405 (2017). Gary fails to make that showing. Because Gary started the Lake
Properties litigation and lost on all his claims, we cannot say that no reasonable person
would have ruled as the district court did.

        DID THE DISTRICT COURT IMPROPERLY AWARD FUTURE ATTORNEY FEES?

       Lastly, Gary claims the district court erroneously imposed future attorney fees.
Gary relies on this language:

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       "In addition, should the Court approve any further fees of the [trustee's] Firm for services
       [that] were incurred that relate to this judicial proceeding, Gary Culliss will be ordered to
       pay some or all of those fees within thirty days of the entry of that Order."

       We do not view this language as a premature award of attorney fees for services to
be performed in the future. Rather, by this language the district court simply expressed its
intent to apply the same reasoning and result in the event the court approved more
trustee's fees for services the trustee's firm had incurred by defending the lawsuit Gary
filed on May 17, 2019. Thus, when Brian moved to alter and amend the fee order, the
district court applied this rationale, approving additional fees of the trustee's firm for such
services, and ordering Gary to pay them.

                     IS BRIAN ENTITLED TO ATTORNEY FEES ON APPEAL?

       In his brief, Brian requests his attorney fees on appeal. But Brian filed no motion
or affidavit requesting such fees, as is required. See Kansas Supreme Court Rule 7.07
(2022 Kan. S. Ct. R. at 51). We thus deny this request for lack of compliance with our
rules. See In re Estate of Mouchague, 56 Kan. App. 2d 983, 994, 442 P.3d 125 (2019)
(denying motion for attorney fees based on failure to comply with motion and affidavit
requirements in Rule 7.07 and KRPC 1.5.

       Affirmed.

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