Court Opinion

ID: 4189192
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-07-25 15:08:55.935355+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:13:54.888787
License: Public Domain

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be                                   FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any                          Jul 25 2017, 6:23 am
court except for the purpose of establishing
                                                                        CLERK
the defense of res judicata, collateral                             Indiana Supreme Court
                                                                       Court of Appeals
estoppel, or the law of the case.                                        and Tax Court

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                   ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Kimberly A. Jackson                                      Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Indianapolis, Indiana                                    Attorney General of Indiana
                                                         Ian McLean
                                                         Supervising Deputy Attorney
                                                         General
                                                         Indianapolis, Indiana

                                           IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Kenneth Lee Neville, Jr.,                                July 25, 2017
Appellant-Defendant/Cross-Appellee,                      Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                         49A02-1606-CR-1447
        v.                                               Appeal from the
                                                         Marion Superior Court
State of Indiana,                                        The Honorable
Appellee-Plaintiff/Cross-Appellant.                      James Kevin Snyder,
                                                         Judge Pro Tempore
                                                         Trial Court Cause No.
                                                         49G20-1410-F3-49424

Kirsch, Judge.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1606-CR-1447 | July 25, 2017        Page 1 of 28
[1]   Following a jury trial, Kenneth Lee Neville, Jr. (“Neville”) was convicted of

      Level 3 felony dealing in a narcotic drug,1 Level 4 felony unlawful possession of

      a firearm by a serious violent felon,2 Level 5 felony possession of a narcotic

      drug,3 and Class C misdemeanor operating a motor vehicle without ever

      receiving a license,4 and he was adjudicated to be a habitual offender.5 The trial

      court vacated Neville’s convictions for unlawful possession of a firearm by a

      serious violent felon and for possession of a narcotic drug based on double

      jeopardy concerns. Neville appeals and raises the following two restated issues:

                 I. Whether the trial court abused its discretion when it admitted
                 evidence obtained during a traffic stop of a vehicle Neville was
                 driving without a license; and

                 II. Whether the State presented sufficient evidence to convict
                 him of dealing in a narcotic drug.

      The State cross-appeals and raises the following restated issue:

                 III. Whether the trial court erred when it vacated Neville’s
                 conviction for unlawful possession of a firearm by a serious
                 violent felon.

      1
          See Ind. Code § 35-48-4-1(a)(2).
      2
          See Ind. Code § 35-47-4-5(c).
      3
          See Ind. Code 35-48-4-6(a).
      4
          See Ind. Code § 9-24-18-1.
      5
          See Ind. Code § 35-50-2-8.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1606-CR-1447 | July 25, 2017   Page 2 of 28
[2]   We affirm.

                                  Facts and Procedural History
[3]   Around 7:30 p.m. on October 23, 2014, Indianapolis Metropolitan Police

      Department Detective Sergeant Brady Ball (“Detective Ball”) was seated in his

      marked police vehicle, surveilling a home associated with an individual named

      Joey Milton (“Milton”), who was a person of interest in a homicide

      investigation. Detective Ball was parked several blocks away from the home

      and observed the home through binoculars. Detective Ball saw two men who

      generally fit Milton’s physical description, along with a female and three

      children, get into a car parked in the driveway at the residence and drive away.

      Detective Ball followed the vehicle.

[4]   Detective Ball attempted to check the license plate of the vehicle, a Lincoln, but

      there was a tinted cover over the paper license plate, and he could not see the

      expiration date or some of the letters or numbers on the license plate due to the

      tinting and because it was nighttime and headlights bounced off the plate. At

      some point, Detective Ball’s car was stopped behind the Lincoln at an

      intersection, and he attempted to run a computer search on what he thought

      were the letters and numbers on the Lincoln’s license plate but found that he

      did not have the correct letters and numbers in his search. Because the license

      plate was not visible, Detective Ball initiated a traffic stop of the Lincoln, which

      pulled into a gas station, and Detective Ball pulled in behind it. Detective Ball

      exited his vehicle and when he was about five or six feet from the Lincoln, he

      could see the license plate and he radioed it to dispatch. He then walked to the
      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1606-CR-1447 | July 25, 2017   Page 3 of 28
      Lincoln and made contact with the driver, Neville, and noted to Neville and the

      occupants that he stopped the Lincoln because it had a tinted cover on the

      license plate, making it not visible. In the front passenger seat was Neville’s

      girlfriend, Amanda Lee (“Lee”), and in the back seat was Milton, who is

      Neville’s brother. Three minor children were also in the car.

[5]   Detective Ball asked Neville for his driver’s license, and Neville responded that

      he did not have one and had never applied for one, but he provided Detective

      Ball with an identification card. Detective Ball learned that Lee and Milton

      also did not possess a driver’s license. Neville and Lee told Detective Ball that

      the car belonged to Lee. Lee explained that she had purchased the car recently

      and that it had come from the dealer with the tinted plate cover. Detective Ball

      asked Neville to step out of the vehicle. Detective Ball showed Neville the

      tinted plate cover, and at Detective Ball’s instruction, Neville sat on the back

      bumper of the Lincoln as Detective Neville returned to his police vehicle.

[6]   Detective Ball conducted a search on the information he had received and

      confirmed that Neville never had a license and that Milton was the person that

      the Violent Crimes Unit was investigating for a homicide. Detective Ball

      confirmed that the license plate belonged to a vehicle owned by Lee and was

      registered to her at the address Detective Ball had been surveilling. Detective Ball

      asked for backup officers.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1606-CR-1447 | July 25, 2017   Page 4 of 28
[7]   After backup officers arrived, Detective Ball handcuffed Neville’s hands behind

      his back.6 In the process of removing items from Neville’s pockets, Detective

      Ball felt the exterior of Neville’s pants in the pockets and crotch area, and he

      detected lumps that Detective Ball believed to be “dope.” Tr. Vol. III at 703;

      State’s Ex. 2 at 16:03. After advising Neville that he was going to retrieve the

      lumps that he had felt, Detective Ball reached down the front of Neville’s pants

      and pulled from under his scrotum area and in his underwear a package of what

      he at that time believed to be a package of cocaine and a package of heroin.

      During this time, Neville protested that Detective Ball was in his pants, and

      stated that he felt violated and that Detective Ball was violating his

      constitutional rights. Neville suggested that Detective Ball had no authority to

      search him and asked repeatedly why it was necessary for Detective Ball to

      touch him, stating, “You stopped me for driving.” Detective Ball replied, “I

      did, and I’m arresting you for driving.” State’s Ex. 2 at 18:36.

[8]   Detective Ball placed the narcotics on the trunk of the Lincoln, and he then

      looked inside the vehicle and popped open an armrest on the driver’s side door

      and found a loaded handgun. Neville told Detective Ball that it was not his car,

      and he did not know the gun was there. Detective Ball told Neville, “You’re

      going to jail,” read him his Miranda rights, and told Neville that he was under

      6
          At or near this time, other officers removed Milton from the car and handcuffed him.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1606-CR-1447 | July 25, 2017       Page 5 of 28
       arrest. Id. at 23:33-24:47. Neville’s wallet contained $1,243 in cash. Police

       seized the cash and towed the vehicle.

[9]    In October 2014, the State charged Neville with Count I, dealing in a narcotic

       drug while in possession of a firearm, a Level 3 felony; Count II, unlawful

       possession of a firearm by a serious violent felon, a Level 4 felony; Count III,

       possession of a narcotic drug and a firearm, a Level 5 felony; and Count IV,

       operating a motor vehicle without ever receiving a license, a Class C

       misdemeanor. In March 2016, the State added a habitual offender count.

[10]   In March 2016, Neville filed a Motion to Suppress – Traffic Stop (“Motion to

       Suppress”), alleging that the traffic stop violated his rights under the Fourth

       Amendment and Article I, Section 11 of the Indiana Constitution.7 Neville

       contended that the search of his person and the vehicle were not valid because

       (1) the stop was not valid, and (2) he was not arrested until after the searches, so

       the searches were not incident to his arrest.

[11]   At a hearing on the Motion to Suppress, Detective Ball acknowledged that the

       traffic stop was “pretextual” and was related to the residence, as he had been

       surveilling the home and watched the two men get in the vehicle and leave. Tr.

       Vol. III. at 689. He also testified that the license plate had a tinted cover, it was

       dark outside, and he could not read the license plate until he was out of his

       vehicle and standing five or six feet from it at the gas station. He testified that

       7
           Neville also filed a Motion to Suppress Statements, which he later withdrew.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1606-CR-1447 | July 25, 2017   Page 6 of 28
       Neville was driving the car, that he did not have, and had never had, a driver’s

       license, and that no adult in the car had a driver’s license. Detective Ball

       testified that after getting Neville’s identification, he returned to his police car

       and called dispatch with the information. He stated that he decided to arrest

       Neville for operating a motor vehicle without a license, and he requested back

       up assistance.

[12]   During Detective Ball’s testimony at the hearing, the State presented an audio

       recording of the traffic stop, taken by Detective Ball (the Audio Recording”).

       State’s Ex. 2. When the assisting officers arrived, Detective Ball can be heard

       telling them that Neville was “arrestable” and that he intended to “hook him

       up,” meaning arrest him, to gain access to the car. State’s Ex. 2 at 14:39-42; Tr.

       Vol. III at 743. Detective Ball can be heard instructing Neville to face the

       Lincoln and place his hands on the truck, and handcuffing sounds are audible.

       Detective Ball stated that he felt lumps, not part of Neville’s body, and he

       advised Neville that he was going to retrieve what he felt. The tape reveals

       Neville’s repeated protests of Detective Ball’s search of him and Detective Ball’s

       responses. Later, Detective Ball told Lee that her car was going to be towed,

       and Lee stated that she did not know about the drugs or the handgun and that

       they did not belong to her.

[13]   Detective Ball testified that, in searching Neville, he reached down the front of

       Neville’s pants, not the back of Neville’s pants as Neville alleged, and he

       retrieved the bag of what he believed to be narcotics and placed them on the

       trunk of the Lincoln. He then looked in the Lincoln and found inside the

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1606-CR-1447 | July 25, 2017   Page 7 of 28
       driver’s side door armrest a handgun. He told Neville that he was under arrest

       and read the Miranda rights to him.

[14]   Defense called several witnesses at the hearing: Lee; Neville’s sister, Kentia

       Neville (“Kentia”), who arrived at the scene during the search, and Neville.

       Lee videotaped with her cell phone some of the search, which happened at the

       back of the Lincoln, from her position in the front seat of the car. That video

       was admitted into evidence over the State’s objection. Defense Ex. C. Kentia

       testified that she saw Neville being searched when she arrived at the gas station.

[15]   The trial court issued an order, denying the motion to suppress:

               1. The Defendant was stopped and detained as a result of a valid
               traffic stop on October 23, 2014.

               2. Detective Sergeant Brady Ball followed a tan Lincoln vehicle
               driven by Defendant and attempted to run the temporary paper
               plate affixed to the rear of the vehicle; however, Detective
               Sergeant Ball, who testified under oath, was unable to read the
               numbers or expiration date on the paper plate due to a tinted
               plate cover obstructing his view.

               3. That this obstruction violated I.C. 9-18-2-26 and gave
               Detective Sergeant Ball a valid reason to stop the vehicle, despite
               the admitted pretextual nature of the stop.

               4. Despite the absence of averments in Defendant’s Motion to
               Suppress-Traffic Stop alleging an unlawful search of Defendant’s
               person, the parties agreed to hear further evidence during the
               May 17, 2016, hearing as to the validity of the search of
               Defendant’s person following the traffic stop.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1606-CR-1447 | July 25, 2017   Page 8 of 28
               5. Upon validly stopping the tan Lincoln, the Defendant was
               found in the driver’s seat and had never received a driver’s
               license; this gave Detective Sergeant Ball probable cause to arrest
               Defendant for a crime.

               6. Therefore, the subsequent search of Defendant’s person was
               lawful incident to his arrest for that crime.

               7. Thus, any and all items seized from the Defendant’s person are
               admissible into evidence.

       Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 91-92. The trial court also denied Neville’s motion to

       reconsider.

[16]   Neville re-asserted his motion to suppress Neville’s statements prior to the start

       of trial. During the course of trial, Neville objected to the admission of

       evidence arising from the alleged illegal traffic stop and unconstitutional

       searches. The trial court overruled the objections and renewed its denial of the

       motion to suppress evidence from the traffic stop. Tr. Vol. I at 171. When the

       State attempted to introduce the gun found during the search of the Lincoln, the

       trial court conducted a supplemental suppression hearing outside the presence

       of the jury, and the trial court again denied Neville’s motion to suppress. Tr.

       Vol. II at 276, 303.

[17]   Forensic testimony was presented that the bags retrieved from Neville during

       the traffic stop contained 4.16 grams of heroin and 24.29 grams of Doxylamine,

       an anti-histamine that is often used to “cut” controlled substances. Tr. Vol. I at

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1606-CR-1447 | July 25, 2017   Page 9 of 28
       220-21, 229; Tr. Vol. II at 350-51; State’s Exs. 16, 17, 18. Neville’s DNA was

       found on the gun. Tr. Vol. II at 396.

[18]   The jury found Neville guilty on Counts I through IV. Neville waived his right

       to have a jury determine his status as a serious violent felon and habitual

       offender. After hearing evidence, the trial court found Neville to be a serious

       violent felon and a habitual offender. Based on the jury’s finding that Neville

       unlawfully possessed a firearm, the trial court found Neville committed

       possession of a firearm by a serious violent felon. Tr. Vol. III at 615. At the

       sentencing hearing, the trial court vacated the conviction for possession of a

       firearm by a serious violent felon, due to double jeopardy concerns.8 Id. at 671;

       Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 22-25. It imposed an eleven-year sentence for dealing

       in a narcotic drug, enhanced by ten years for the habitual offender finding, and

       a concurrent sixty-day sentence for operating a vehicle without ever receiving a

       license. Neville now appeals.

                                         Discussion and Decision

                                      I. Admissibility of Evidence
[19]   Neville claims that the traffic stop and ensuing searches violated his federal and

       state constitutional rights and that the trial court erred when it denied his

       motion to suppress and, thereafter, admitted into evidence the items found

       8
        The trial court also vacated Neville’s conviction for possession of a narcotic drug, as a lesser-included
       offense of the dealing conviction. Tr. Vol. III at 671. The trial court’s decision to vacate the possession
       conviction is not at issue in this appeal.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1606-CR-1447 | July 25, 2017                Page 10 of 28
       during the searches. Because Neville’s case proceeded to trial, where he

       renewed his objection to the admissibility of the seized evidence, his appeal “is

       better framed as a request to review the trial court’s ruling on its admissibility.”

       Guilmette v. State, 14 N.E.3d 38, 40 (Ind. 2014). A trial court has broad

       discretion to rule on the admissibility of the evidence. Jarrell v. State, 818
N.E.2d 88, 91 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied. We review its rulings “for

       abuse of that discretion and reverse only when admission is clearly against the

       logic and effect of the facts and circumstances, and the error affects a party’s

       substantial rights.” Guilmette, 14 N.E.3d at 40. When an appellant’s challenge

       to such a ruling is predicated on an argument that impugns the constitutionality

       of the search or seizure of the evidence, it raises a question of law, and we

       consider that question de novo. Id. at 40-41 (citing Kelly v. State, 997 N.E.2d
1045, 1050 (Ind. 2013)).

[20]   Neville claims that the traffic stop was illegal and that all evidence arising from

       that stop was inadmissible, and “[e]ven if the traffic stop was not illegal, the

       searches and seizures were.” Appellant’s Br. at 17. He raises claims under the

       Fourth Amendment and Article I, Section 11 of the Indiana Constitution. The

       purpose of the Fourth Amendment is to protect the privacy and property

       interests of individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures. Rush v. State,

       881 N.E.2d 46, 50 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008). The protections of the Fourth

       Amendment have been extended to the states through the Fourteenth

       Amendment. Wilson v. State, 966 N.E.2d 1259, 1263 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012),

       trans. denied. Evidence obtained in violation of a defendant’s Fourth

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1606-CR-1447 | July 25, 2017   Page 11 of 28
       Amendment rights may not be introduced against him at trial. Id. A traffic

       stop is a seizure under the Fourth Amendment, so police must possess

       reasonable suspicion that a traffic law has been violated or other criminal

       activity is taking place. Finger v. State, 799 N.E.2d 528, 532 (Ind. 2003).

       Generally, a search or seizure may only be conducted pursuant to a lawful

       warrant. Wilson, 966 N.E.2d at 1263. Because warrantless searches are per se

       unreasonable, the State bears the burden of establishing that a warrantless

       search falls within one of the well-delineated exceptions to the warrant

       requirement. Johnson v. State, 766 N.E.2d 426, 432 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002), trans.

       denied. A search incident to arrest is one such exception. Black v. State, 810
N.E.2d 713, 715 (Ind. 2004).

[21]   Notwithstanding the textual similarity of Article I, Section 11 of the Indiana

       Constitution to that of the federal Fourth Amendment, Section 11 is interpreted

       separately and independently from Fourth Amendment jurisprudence. State v.

       Washington, 898 N.E.2d 1200, 1205-06 (Ind. 2008). Our Supreme Court has

       explained:

               The purpose of [Section 11] is to protect those areas of life that
               Hoosiers consider private from unreasonable police activity. The
               Indiana Constitution may protect searches that the federal
               Constitution does not. Section 11 should be applied to protect
               people from unreasonable search and seizure. When police
               conduct is challenged as violating this section, the burden is on
               the State to show that the search was reasonable under the
               totality of the circumstances. The determination of the
               reasonableness of a search and seizure under the Indiana
               Constitution turns on a balance of: 1) the degree of concern,

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1606-CR-1447 | July 25, 2017   Page 12 of 28
                 suspicion, or knowledge that a violation has occurred, 2) the
                 degree of intrusion the method of search or seizure imposes on
                 the citizen’s ordinary activities, and 3) the extent of law
                 enforcement needs.

       Id. (citations and quotation omitted).

                                                A. Traffic Stop

[22]   Indiana Code section 9-18-2-26 requires license plates to be displayed in a

       position so as to be “clearly visible,” “maintained free from foreign materials

       and in a condition to be clearly legible,” and “not obstructed or obscured by . . .

       accessories, or other opaque objects.” Ind. Code § 9-18-2-26(b)(3)-(5). Indiana

       Code section 9-32-6-11(f) imposes the same requirements on temporary license

       plates.

[23]   Detective Ball testified that he followed the Lincoln for a mile or more to the

       gas station and could not clearly see the letters and numbers and the expiration

       date on the plate due to the tinted plate cover, which no one disputes was on

       the Lincoln. Detective Ball stated that at one point he attempted to conduct a

       license plate search, somewhat guessing at the letters or numbers, but the search

       was unsuccessful, since he did not have the correct information. The record

       before us indicates that the tinted cover of the Lincoln’s license plate

       contravened the requirements of Indiana Code section 9-18-2-26. Therefore,

       Detective Ball was entitled to stop the Lincoln. See State v. Quirk, 842 N.E.2d
334, 340 (Ind. 2006) (police officers may stop vehicle when they observe minor

       traffic violations).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1606-CR-1447 | July 25, 2017   Page 13 of 28
[24]   Neville contends that the traffic stop was illegal because, although Detective

       Ball stopped the vehicle for the tinted plate, his stop was pretextual, as his

       intention was to stop the vehicle and speak to Milton, who was being

       investigated for homicide. As Neville, acknowledges, pretextual stops are not

       per se unreasonable, but are subject to greater scrutiny. See Turner v. State, 862
N.E.2d 695, 700 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007). Neville’s claim, at its core, is that

       Detective Ball’s testimony, regarding his inability to view the plate’s

       information, was not credible. Neville notes that Detective Ball acknowledged

       that he could read the plate when he was out of his vehicle and walking to the

       Lincoln and that a picture taken by the evidence technician at the scene,

       admitted as Defendant’s Exhibit A, illustrates that the plate was visible.

       However, both of those circumstances are from the vantage point of a person

       standing five or so feet from the car, and thus not the same conditions as

       Detective Ball, or anyone else, driving behind the Lincoln. Neville also

       suggests that Detective Ball was not credible, given that he conceded that he

       was surveilling the house and followed the car intending to stop it if he saw a

       traffic violation, in order to speak to Milton. Neville’s arguments are a request

       for us to reweigh the evidence, which we may not do on appeal. Lundquist v.

       State, 834 N.E.2d 1061, 1067 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005). Furthermore, our courts

       have recognized that there is “nothing unreasonable in permitting an officer,

       who may have knowledge or suspicion of unrelated criminal activity . . . to

       nevertheless respond to an observed traffic violation.” Mitchell v. State, 745
N.E.2d 775, 787 (Ind. 2001); see also Herron v. State, 991 N.E.2d 165, 170-71

       (Ind. Ct. App. 2013) (officers are permitted to stop vehicle when they observe
       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1606-CR-1447 | July 25, 2017   Page 14 of 28
       traffic infraction, even if officers have independent motive of furthering

       unrelated criminal investigation), trans. denied; Jackson v. State, 785 N.E.2d 615,

       619 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003) (if there is objectively justifiable reason for traffic stop

       then stop is valid “whether or not the police officer would have otherwise made

       the stop but for the ulterior suspicions or motives”), trans. denied. We find that,

       here, the traffic stop was constitutional under both the Fourth Amendment and

       Article I, Section 11.

                                                   B. Searches

[25]   Neville next contends that even if the stop was valid, the search of Neville, and

       then the car, were not. He claims that the searches violated both the Fourth

       Amendment and Article I, Section 11 of the Indiana Constitution. We address

       each constitutional argument in turn.

[26]   Incident to a lawful arrest, police “may conduct a warrantless search of the

       arrestee’s person.” Gibson v. State, 733 N.E.2d 945, 953 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000).

       An arrest is lawful if it is supported by probable cause. Fentress v. State, 863
N.E.2d 420, 423 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007)). “The amount of evidence necessary to

       meet the probable cause requirement for a warrantless arrest incident to a

       lawful arrest, is determined on a case-by-case basis, and is less than the level of

       proof necessary to establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” Ross v. State, 844
N.E.2d 537, 542 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006).

[27]   Here, Neville does not deny that his act of driving without a license gave

       Detective Ball probable cause to arrest him for that offense. Rather, Neville’s

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1606-CR-1447 | July 25, 2017   Page 15 of 28
       claim is that Detective Ball did not arrest him until after Detective Ball had

       retrieved the drugs from Neville’s underwear, and thus the search was not

       incident to his arrest. We disagree. Detective Ball handcuffed Neville, emptied

       Neville’s pockets, and felt two large lumps in his groin that Detective Ball

       believed was not Neville’s body, but was, instead, “dope.” Tr. Vol. III at 703;

       State’s Ex. 2 at 16:03. Detective Ball advised Neville, “I’m gonna get the dope

       out of your pants.” State’s Ex. 2 at 16:07. When Neville expressed to Detective

       Ball that he did not have the authority to retrieve the drugs, Detective Ball

       stated, “I’m arresting you for driving.” State’s Ex. 2 at 18:36.

[28]   Neville notes that it was after taking the drugs from Neville’s underwear and

       after finding the gun that Detective Ball told Neville, “You’re going to jail,”

       read Miranda rights to Neville, and stated “You’re under arrest.” State’s Ex. 2 at

       23:22-24:46. He argues that, therefore, Detective Ball did not arrest Neville

       until after he seized the items, and, consequently, the search was not incident to

       arrest, or, stated differently, the search preceded the arrest. However, the

       Audio Recording reveals that Detective Ball advised Neville that he was going

       to retrieve the drugs from Neville’s pants, and in response to Neville’s protests

       that Detective Ball did not have the authority to do so, Detective Ball told

       Neville, “I’m arresting you for driving.” State’s Ex. 2 at 18:36.

[29]   Moreover, as Neville acknowledges, “[O]fficers do not need to inform an

       accused that he is under arrest for him to actually be under arrest[.]” Appellant’s

       Br. at 28 (citing Fentress, 863 N.E.2d at 423). as “the determination of whether

       a defendant is under lawful arrest depends on whether the officer has probable

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1606-CR-1447 | July 25, 2017   Page 16 of 28
cause to arrest the person.” Appellant’s Br. at 28 (citing Fentress, 863 N.E.2d at

423). Under Indiana law, “‘So long as probable cause exists to make an arrest,

the fact that a suspect was not formally placed under arrest at the time of the

search incident thereto will not invalidate the search.’” Sebastian v. State, 726
N.E.2d 827, 830 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000) (quoting Santana v. State, 679 N.E.2d
1355, 1360 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997)), trans. denied. Probable cause for an arrest

exists if at the time of the arrest the officer has knowledge of facts and

circumstances which would warrant a man of reasonable caution to believe the

suspect has committed the criminal act in question. Fentress, 863 N.E.2d at 420.

On appeal, Neville claims that he “was not under arrest at the time of the

search of his person because no reasonable man would believe he had

committed the traffic offense of which he had been accused.” Appellant’s Br. at

29. We are not persuaded, as it is undisputed that Neville was driving a vehicle

with a tinted license plate cover, which Detective Ball testified prevented him

from viewing the plate’s information, and Neville was driving the car without

ever having a license. Detective Ball had probable cause for an arrest, and

although Neville suggests that Detective Ball’s goal was to further investigate

Milton regarding a murder, Detective Ball’s subjective desire to do so does not

invalidate Neville’s arrest. We find Detective Ball’s conduct was a valid search

incident to arrest and did not violate the Fourth Amendment.9

9
  Neville also claims that the search of the Lincoln was “equally unconstitutional,” explaining that because
the discovery of the drugs occurred during an illegal search, there was no probable cause for a warrantless

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1606-CR-1447 | July 25, 2017             Page 17 of 28
[30]   Neville also asserts that the search was invalid under the Indiana Constitution.

       As stated, the legality of a search under the Indiana Constitution “turns on an

       evaluation of the police conduct under the totality of the circumstances.”

       Litchfield v. State, 824 N.E.2d 356, 359 (Ind. 2005). Neville argues that

       Detective Ball used the traffic stop as a pretext to further an investigation of

       Milton, handcuffed Neville, searched him, and “only later advised Neville that

       he was being arrested[.]” Appellant’s Br. at 34. Neville also argues that the

       search of Neville’s person and genital area was “intrusive” and substantial, and

       that the minor driving offenses were not significant and did not justify Detective

       Ball’s actions, arguing, “The record contains no evidence as to why such

       extreme measures were needed simply to ask Milton questions.” Id. at 35.

       Therefore, he claims, the circumstances of the search were unreasonable under

       the Indiana Constitution. We disagree.

[31]   After learning that Neville did not possess a driver’s license, nor did any of the

       adult occupants, Detective Ball asked Neville to step out of the car. Detective

       Ball handcuffed Neville, checked Neville’s pockets, and detected large lumps in

       Neville’s front crotch area, which he recognized as not being part of Neville’s

       body and which he suspected to be “dope.” He told Neville that he was going

       to remove the suspected drugs, and Neville said he would remove it himself, a

       proposition that Detective Ball declined. Neville asserted to Detective Ball that

       search of the vehicle. Appellant’s Br. at 31. Because we find that the drugs were discovered in a valid search
       incident to arrest, the officers had probable cause to search the vehicle.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1606-CR-1447 | July 25, 2017              Page 18 of 28
       he did not have authority to search Neville and go into his pants, to which

       Detective Ball stated, “I’m arresting you for driving.” State’s Ex. 2 at 18:36.

       Under Indiana law, probable cause for a lawful arrest supports a “full search” of

       the arrested person for weapons or concealed evidence. Garcia v. State, 47
N.E.3d 1196, 1200 (Ind. 2016). An intrusive search to secure and identify an

       unknown physical object discovered on an arrestee is not unreasonable,

       “provided that it is not extreme or patently abusive.” Edwards v. State, 759
N.E.2d 626, 629 (Ind. 2001). We reject Neville’s claims that Detective Ball did

       not give any indication of arrest until after he had retrieved the drugs and that

       the record does not indicate any need to search him. Appellant’s Br. at 35. We

       also find that the search was not unduly intrusive, where the evidence most

       favorable to the verdict is that Detective Ball while wearing a glove reached into

       the front of Neville’s pants and retrieved a baggie from inside Neville’s

       underwear and in his groin area, and Neville’s genitals were not exposed. We

       find that under the totality of circumstances the search of Neville was not

       unreasonable and did not violate the protections of the Indiana Constitution.

[32]   Accordingly, for the reasons set forth above, the trial court did not abuse its

       discretion when it admitted the evidence obtained during the search of Neville

       and the car he was driving.

                                 II. Sufficiency of the Evidence
[33]   Neville asserts that the evidence was not sufficient to convict him of dealing in a

       narcotic drug. Our standard of review with regard to sufficiency claims is well

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1606-CR-1447 | July 25, 2017   Page 19 of 28
       settled. In reviewing a sufficiency of the evidence claim, this court does not

       reweigh the evidence or judge the credibility of the witnesses. Wilson, 966
N.E.2d at 1265. We consider only the evidence most favorable to the verdict

       and the reasonable inferences drawn therefrom and affirm if the evidence and

       those inferences constitute substantial evidence of probative value to support

       the verdict. Id. A conviction may be based upon circumstantial evidence alone.

       Id. The evidence need not be sufficient to overcome every reasonable

       hypothesis of innocence. Craig v. State, 730 N.E.2d 1262, 1266 (Ind. 2000). We

       affirm a conviction if the probative evidence and reasonable inferences drawn

       from that evidence could have allowed a reasonable trier of fact to find the

       defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Drane v. State, 867 N.E.2d 144,

       147 n.4 (Ind. 2007).

[34]   To convict Neville of Level 3 felony dealing in a narcotic drug as charged, the

       State was required to prove that he knowingly possessed between one and five

       grams of heroin with the intent to deliver the heroin while in possession of a

       firearm. Ind. Code §§ 35-48-4-1(a)(2), 35-48-1-16.5. Neville’s argument, in

       addition to the claim that the heroin and firearm were illegally seized and

       wrongfully admitted at trial, is that there was insufficient evidence that he

       intended to deliver the drug. Id. at 40-41. A conviction for possession of a drug

       with intent to deliver it may be supported by either direct or circumstantial

       evidence. Wilson, 966 N.E.2d at 1266. Intent involves a person’s state of mind,

       and a factfinder may infer its existence from the surrounding circumstances. Id.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1606-CR-1447 | July 25, 2017   Page 20 of 28
[35]   Under Indiana law, “possessing a large amount of a narcotic substance is

       circumstantial evidence of intent to deliver,” which supports the inference that

       the person intended to deliver it and not consume it personally. Davis v. State,

       791 N.E.2d 266, 270 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003), trans. denied. Detective Gregory

       Kessie (“Detective Kessie”) a narcotics investigator with Indianapolis

       Metropolitan Police Department, who has been involved in thousands of

       narcotics investigations, testified to the differences between what users are often

       found with as opposed to dealers. He stated that users often just carry small

       amounts of money, enough to purchase a small amount of heroin, such as .10

       grams for $10 or .20 grams for $20, and the narcotics found on the user are thus

       packaged in small amounts, whereas the dealer generally has narcotics

       packaged in bulk fashion, and they carry larger amounts of cash. Tr. Vol. II at

       348-49. He testified that, in his experience, he had not encountered a person

       who possessed four grams of heroin strictly for personal use. Id. at 361. He

       also explained that the slang term “cut” means a powdered substance which

       can be mixed with the pure narcotics in order to “stretch the product” and make

       more money and that a person who was strictly a user would want a pure

       product and have no reason to want to dilute it. Id. at 350-51. Detective Kessie

       indicated that a cutting agent could be any powdered substance that could be

       made to appear similar in consistency to the illegal substance and could include

       baby formula, muscle powder, or antihistamine. He testified that users, as

       opposed to dealers, often are found to carry paraphernalia used to ingest the

       drugs. Tr. Vol. II at 347. Detective Kessie also stated that it was common for a

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1606-CR-1447 | July 25, 2017   Page 21 of 28
       narcotics dealer to carry a firearm, to protect their product or themselves. Id. at

       349.

[36]   Neville urges that police found “no tools of the drug trade” such as scales,

       plastic baggies, ledgers, or multiple cell phones, either on him or in the Lincoln.

       Appellant’s Br. at 41. However, the substances that Detective Ball found on

       Neville were over four grams of heroin and twenty-four grams of Doxylamine,

       a legal antihistamine. The police also found a handgun in the armrest of the

       driver’s side door, where Neville was seated, and he had over $1200 in his

       wallet. The handgun was found to have his DNA on it. As the State points

       out, no paraphernalia that would be used to ingest the heroin was found on

       Neville or in the Lincoln, the absence of which could have been used to infer

       dealing rather than using the drugs. See O’Neal v. State, 716 N.E.2d 82, 90 (Ind.

       Ct. App. 1999) (evidence sufficient to infer intent to deal narcotics where

       defendant, who was searched after being arrested in course of traffic stop, was

       found in possession of relatively large quantity of drugs, handgun, and $1,128

       in cash, but not in possession of items associated with dealing such as pager,

       scales, or transaction notes), trans. denied. Based on the record before us, we

       find that the evidence presented at trial was sufficient from which the jury could

       have inferred that Neville intended to deliver the heroin.

                           III. Serious Violent Felon Conviction
[37]   The State asserts as a cross-appeal the claim that the trial court erred when it

       vacated Neville’s conviction for unlawful possession of a firearm by a serious

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1606-CR-1447 | July 25, 2017   Page 22 of 28
       violent felon (“UPFSVF”) and that the conviction should be reinstated. Neville

       maintains that the trial court properly vacated his UPFSVF conviction because,

       otherwise, he would be punished multiple times for the same act, which is

       prohibited under Indiana law.10

[38]   “The double jeopardy clause . . . of the Indiana Constitution ‘was intended to

       prevent the state from being able to proceed against a person twice for the same

       criminal transgression.’” Duncan v. State, 23 N.E.3d 805, 814 (Ind. Ct. App.

       2014) (quoting Richardson v. State, 717 N.E.2d 32, 49 (Ind. 1999)), trans. denied.

       Conviction of two or more offenses violates the double jeopardy clause of the

       Indiana Constitution “if, with respect to either the statutory elements of the

       challenged crimes or the actual evidence used to convict, the essential elements

       of one challenged offense also establish the essential elements of another

       challenged offense.” Calvert v. State, 930 N.E.2d 633, 641 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010)

       (quoting Richardson, 717 N.E.2d at 49) (emphasis in original). Under the actual

       evidence test, the defendant must show that the evidentiary facts establishing

       the elements of one offense also establish all of the elements of the second

       offense. Vandergriff v. State, 812 N.E.2d 1084, 1086 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004) (citing

       Spivey v. State, 761 N.E.2d 831, 833 (Ind. 2002)), trans. denied. “[E]ven if ‘each

       10
          Neville asserts, as a preliminary matter, that the State was not permitted to pursue the cross-appeal claim
       because vacating a conviction is not expressly identified in Indiana Code section 35-38-4-2 as a matter that
       the State may appeal, and he asks us to not consider the cross-appeal. The State responds that, under Indiana
       law, it may challenge by way of cross-appeal an erroneous sentencing decision – here, an alleged “erroneous
       refusal to impose a conviction and sentence on a lawful jury verdict[.]” State’s Reply Br. at 5. We agree with
       the State that it may pursue their cross-appeal of the trial court’s sentencing decision, and we address the
       cross-appeal on its merits.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1606-CR-1447 | July 25, 2017            Page 23 of 28
       charge utilizes the same factual event,’ no constitutional violation will be found

       if the second offense ‘requires additional evidentiary facts establishing the

       essential elements.’” Vandergriff, 812 N.E.2d at 1086-87.

[39]   Here, the State charged Neville in Count I with Level 3 dealing in a narcotic

       drug and in Count II with Level 4 unlawful possession of a firearm as a serious

       violent felon. To convict Neville of dealing in a narcotic drug as charged, the

       State was required to prove that Neville (1) knowingly possessed between one

       and five grams of heroin, (2) with the intent to deliver, (3) while in possession of

       a firearm. Ind. Code §§ 35-48-4-1(a)(2), 35-48-1-16.5. With respect to the

       charge of unlawful possession of a firearm by a serious violent felon, the State

       was required to prove that Neville was (1) a serious violent felon, (2) who

       knowingly or intentionally, (3) possessed a firearm. See Ind. Code § 35-47-4-

       5(c).

[40]   The State argues, and Neville does not appear to disagree, that his convictions

       on Counts I and II do not violate either the actual evidence test or the statutory

       elements test, and, therefore, there was no constitutional double jeopardy

       violation under Richardson. However, Neville correctly observes that “[e]ven

       where no constitutional violation has occurred, multiple convictions may

       nevertheless violate the ‘rules of statutory construction and common law that

       are often described as double jeopardy, but are not governed by the

       constitutional test set forth in Richardson.’” Appellant’s Reply Br. at 16-17;

       Vandergriff, 812 N.E.2d at 1088 (quoting Pierce v. State, 761 N.E.2d 826, 830

       (Ind. 2002)). That is, our courts have recognized that, in addition to

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1606-CR-1447 | July 25, 2017   Page 24 of 28
       constitutional double jeopardy, other categories of double jeopardy based on

       statutory construction and common law prohibit multiple convictions or

       punishments for the same crime. Calvert, 930 N.E.2d at 642 (citing Guyton v.

       State, 771 N.E.2d 1141, 1143 (Ind. 2002)).

[41]   As explained by our colleague in Vandergriff, “these rules fall under broader

       categories set forth by Justice Sullivan in his concurring opinion in Richardson”

       and include the following:

               (1) “Conviction and punishment for a crime which is a lesser-
               included offense of another crime for which the defendant has
               been convicted and punished;” (2) “Conviction and punishment
               for a crime which consists of the very same act as another crime
               for which the defendant has been convicted and punished;” (3)
               “Conviction and punishment for a crime which consists of the
               very same act as an element of another crime for which the
               defendant has been convicted and punished;” (4) “Conviction
               and punishment for an enhancement of a crime where the
               enhancement is imposed for the very same behavior or harm as
               another crime for which the defendant has been convicted and
               punished;” and (5) “Conviction and punishment for the crime of
               conspiracy where the overt act that constitutes an element of the
               conspiracy charge is the very same act as another crime for which
               the defendant has been convicted and punished.”
812 N.E.2d at 1088 (citing Richardson, 717 N.E.2d at 55-56 (Sullivan, J.,

       concurring)).

[42]   Here, Neville maintains that the trial court did not err when it vacated his

       UPFSVF conviction because his UPFSVF conviction and his dealing while in

       possession of a firearm conviction were based upon the same act or the “very

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1606-CR-1447 | July 25, 2017   Page 25 of 28
same behavior” – namely the presence of the handgun in the car he was driving.

This court faced a similar situation in Calvert v. State, where Calvert was

convicted for possessing a firearm as a serious violent felon and possessing a

sawed-off shotgun. 930 N.E.2d at 642. The Calvert court found that the two

convictions “were established by proof of one and the same act: his

constructive possession of the sawed-off shotgun in the vehicle he was driving,”

and that even if the convictions did not amount to constitutional double

jeopardy, “Calvert’s convictions fall under the common law category of double

jeopardy” that proscribes “[c]onviction and punishment for a crime which

consists of the very same act as an element of another crime for which the

defendant has been convicted and punished.” 930 N.E.2d at 642 (emphasis in

original). Because “Calvert’s conviction of possessing a sawed-off shotgun was

based on the very same act—his having the sawed-off shotgun in his vehicle—

which formed an essential element of possession of a firearm by a serious

violent felon[,]” this court reversed and remanded with instruction to vacate

that conviction and sentence.11 Id. at 642-43.

11
   In reaching its decision, the Calvert court discussed Alexander v. State, 772 N.E.2d 476, 479 (Ind. Ct. App.
2002), trans. denied, where the court determined that convictions for unlawful possession of a firearm by a
serious violent felon and carrying a handgun without a license violated the actual evidence test of the Indiana
double jeopardy analysis and constituted double jeopardy. See also Jarrell v. State, 818 N.E.2d 88, 93 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2004) (convictions for possession of firearm by serious violent felon and carrying a handgun without a
license violated double jeopardy principles, where evidence of constructive possession of handgun found
under seat during traffic stop was used to prove essential element of possession of firearm by serious violent
felon and all essential elements of carrying a handgun without a license.)

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1606-CR-1447 | July 25, 2017              Page 26 of 28
[43]   In support of its position that the UPFSVF should be reinstated, the State cites

       to Guyton v. State, among other cases. In Guyton, the defendant was convicted

       of both murder and carrying a handgun without a license. 771 N.E.2d at 1143.

       Our Supreme Court found no double jeopardy violation because “‘[c]arrying

       the gun along the street was one crime and using it was another.’” Id. (quoting

       Mickens v. State, 742 N.E.2d 927, 931 (Ind. 2001)). We find that Guyton is

       distinguishable, because, here, as in Calvert, Neville’s constructive possession of

       the handgun in the Lincoln was used to convict him for multiple offenses.

[44]   In this case, Neville’s charge for dealing in a narcotic drug was elevated from a

       Level 4 to a Level 3 based on the allegation that Neville possessed a firearm. In

       Duncan, a defendant’s resisting law enforcement conviction was elevated from

       Class A misdemeanor to Class D felony based on an allegation that he “drew or

       used a deadly weapon” while fleeing. 23 N.E.3d at 817. On appeal, Duncan

       asserted that his convictions of attempted battery by means of a deadly weapon,

       resisting law enforcement, and pointing a firearm violated double jeopardy

       principles under the actual evidence test. The Duncan court recognized that

       “[e]ven if we assume there is no double jeopardy violation under the actual-

       evidence test, . . . ‘we have long adhered to a series of rules of statutory

       construction and common law that are often described as double jeopardy, but

       are not governed by the constitutional test set forth in Richardson,’” one of

       which prohibits “[c]onviction and punishment for an enhancement of a crime

       where the enhancement is imposed for the very same behavior or harm as

       another crime for which the defendant has been convicted and punished.” 23

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1606-CR-1447 | July 25, 2017   Page 27 of 28
N.E.3d at 817 (quoting Richardson, 717 N.E.2d at 56 (Sullivan, J., concurring)).

       It continued, “Thus, if we determine that Duncan was convicted and punished

       for the enhancement of resisting law enforcement based on the same behavior

       or harm that forms the basis of his attempted battery by means of a deadly

       weapon conviction, a double jeopardy violation has occurred.” Id. The Duncan

       court determined that a double jeopardy violation had occurred in that case

       because the defendant was convicted and punished for the enhancement of

       resisting law enforcement based on “the very same act” – i.e., he fired a gun at

       the officer – that formed the basis of his attempted battery by means of deadly

       weapon conviction. Id. at 818. The Duncan court vacated the defendant’s

       resisting law enforcement conviction based on drawing or using a deadly

       weapon and reduced that conviction to a Class A misdemeanor. Id. at 819.

[45]   We conclude that Neville was convicted and punished for the enhancement of

       dealing in a narcotic drug based on the same behavior or harm that forms the

       basis of his UPFSVF conviction, having a handgun in the car. We find that the

       trial court did not err when it vacated Neville’s UPFSVF conviction.12

[46]   Affirmed.

       Mathias, J., and Altice, J., concur.

       12
         Neville alternatively asserts that it was not error for the trial court to vacate his UPFSVF conviction
       because the State failed to prove that he is the same person identified in the documents as having been
       convicted of robbery and thus failed to present sufficient evidence that he was a serious violent felon.
       Because we resolve the issue on other grounds, we do not reach Neville’s sufficiency argument.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1606-CR-1447 | July 25, 2017               Page 28 of 28