Court Opinion

ID: 9919659
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-01-18 21:01:51.423407+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:06:17.118936
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                           FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

                               )
BUZZFEED, INC.,                )
                               )
           Plaintiff,          )
                               )
      v.                       )                 Case No. 18-cv-1556 (TSC)
                               )
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, et )
al.,
                               )
           Defendants.         )
                               )

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Plaintiff BuzzFeed, Inc. brought this action against the United States Department of

Justice (“DOJ”) and the Federal Bureau of Prisons (“BOP”) (collectively, “the Government”)

under the Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552 (“FOIA”). BuzzFeed seeks to compel

production of certain documents related to BOP’s acquisition and use of lethal injection drugs,

and the Government has withheld all responsive documents pursuant to various FOIA

exemptions. The court previously granted in part and denied in part both parties’ motions for

summary judgment. Mem. Op., ECF No. 47; Order, ECF No. 48. The Government moved for

partial reconsideration, claiming that Plaintiff had waived its challenge to the Government’s

withholding of contractor names under FOIA exemption 4, and the court clearly erred in positing

that Plaintiff was challenging that issue. For the following reasons, the court will GRANT the

government’s motion.

                                      I. BACKGROUND

       The court has set forth the relevant background in its previous Memorandum Opinion. In

short, BuzzFeed reporter Christopher McDaniel submitted a FOIA request to DOJ requesting

                                           Page 1 of 7
that BOP provide all records related to the Government’s use of lethal injection drugs.

Christenson Decl., ECF No. 35-4 ¶ 12. The request was referred to BOP, which determined that

all responsive documents should be withheld in full under FOIA exemptions 5, 6, 7(A), 7(C),

7(E) and 7(F). Id. ¶¶ 13, 15. In its Memorandum Opinion, the court noted that Plaintiff was

challenging “(1) the names and descriptions of the substances, prices, delivery dates, and

expiration dates, which are withheld under Exemptions 4 and 7(A); (2) internal discussions

withheld as deliberative process under Exemption 5; and (3) alleged ‘techniques’ for obtaining

execution drugs withheld under Exemption 7(E).” Mem. Op. at 5.

       The court granted in part and denied in part both parties’ motions for summary judgment.

It declined to order a supplemental search, concluding that BOP’s search was adequate, id. at 6–

7; granted BuzzFeed’s motion for summary judgment as to exemption 7(E), holding that the

Government failed to show that the exemption covered the withheld documents, id. at 7–9;

denied both parties’ motions for summary judgment regarding exemption 4 after finding that the

record was insufficient to allow the court to determine whether exemption 4 was properly

applied, id. at 9–11; and denied both parties motions for summary judgment regarding exemption

5, concluding that the Government failed to demonstrate foreseeable harm, id. at 11–13.

       The court ordered the Government to produce all records with respect to information

withheld or redacted under exemption 7(E) within 30 days and asked the parties file a joint status

report proposing further briefing and supplementation of the record regarding information

withheld under Exemptions 4 and 5. See Order. The Government subsequently moved for

partial reconsideration, arguing that Plaintiff waived the issue of whether Defendant properly

withheld the names of its lethal injection drug suppliers under FOIA exemption 4, and the court

therefore should have dismissed that claim as moot. Defs.’ Mot. for Partial Recons., ECF No. 49

                                           Page 2 of 7
at 6–8 (“Motion”). The court requested the parties brief the motion for reconsideration before

commencing further summary judgment briefing on FOIA exemptions 4 and 5. Min. Order, Oct.

19, 2023. In its opposition to the motion for partial reconsideration, Plaintiff argued that an

intervening change in the law warranted the supplemental briefing. Pls.’ Opp’n to Defs.’ Partial

Mot. for Recons., ECF No. 52 at 5–13 (“Opp’n to Motion”).

                                     II. LEGAL STANDARD

       Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a court may reconsider interlocutory orders

“at any time before the entry of a judgment adjudicating all the claims and all the parties’ rights

and liabilities,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b), “as justice requires,” Capitol Sprinkler Inspection, Inc. v.

Guest Servs., Inc., 630 F.3d 217, 227 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (citation omitted). Decisions in FOIA

actions that grant in part and deny in part motions for summary judgment are considered

interlocutory orders subject to this “as justice requires” reconsideration. Murphy v. Exec. Off. for

U.S. Att’ys, 11 F. Supp. 3d 7, 8 (D.D.C. 2014) (citation omitted).

       “In general,” justice requires granting reconsideration “only when the movant

demonstrates: (1) an intervening change in the law; (2) the discovery of new evidence not

previously available; or (3) a clear error in the first order.” Id. (formatting modified; citations

omitted). “Ultimately, the moving party has the burden to demonstrate that reconsideration is

appropriate and that harm or injustice would result if reconsideration were denied.” United

States v. All Assets Held at Bank Julius, Baer & Co., Ltd., 315 F. Supp. 3d 90, 96 (D.D.C. 2018)

(quotation omitted).

                                          III. ANALYSIS

       The court erred in ordering supplemental briefing on the issue of withholding contractor

names pursuant to FOIA exemption 4 because Plaintiff waived the issue. “Whereas forfeiture is

                                             Page 3 of 7
the failure to make the timely assertion of a right, waiver is the intentional relinquishment or

abandonment of a known right.” United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 733 (1993) (formatting

modified; citations omitted). A party waives an issue if, “after expressing a clear and accurate

understanding of the issue,” the party refrains from imposing “any challenge” to it. Keepseagle

v. Perdue, 856 F.3d 1039, 1053 (D.C. Cir. 2017) (quoting Wood v. Milyard, 566 U.S. 463, 474

(2012)) (formatting modified).

       The Government informed Plaintiff of the information it withheld pursuant to specific

exemptions in a Vaughn index. See Christenson Decl., Ex. F. That index disclosed that the

Government applied exemption 4 to contractor names. Id. In its summary judgment briefing,

however, Plaintiff expressly claimed that the only exemption 4 issue remaining was the

withholding of “the names and descriptions of the substances, prices, delivery dates, and

expiration dates.” Pls.’ Reply in Supp. of Mot. for Summ. J., ECF No. 41 at 1. Thus, Plaintiff

demonstrated an understanding of exemption 4 withholdings, and chose not to challenge to the

Government’s withholding of contractor names pursuant to exemption 4. Indeed, Plaintiff only

“object[ed]” to withholding of the contractor names “[t]o the extent the purchases were made or

contemplated to be made through straw buyers or suppliers not authorized by the FDA,” Pls.’

Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J., ECF No. 37 at 2, and Defendants declared that no such

information was being withheld, see Defs.’ Reply in Supp. of Mot. for Partial Recons., ECF No.

53 at 9 (“Reply”). Consequently, the parties never briefed the contractor names issue.

       The interests of justice also support granting the motion for reconsideration. Plaintiff

chose not to press the contractor names issue, unlike other litigants in similar cases, such as

Citizens for Resp. & Ethics in Washington v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 58 F.4th 1255 (D.C. Cir. 2023)

(CREW). This is not a case where “an issue . . . did not become available” to the party “until

                                            Page 4 of 7
years after” they failed to raise it. See United States v. Cannady, 63 F.4th 258, 267 (4th Cir.

2023) (refusing to find waiver or forfeiture where a criminal defendant did not raise a challenge

at his initial sentencing to a career offender enhancement because no such challenge was

available until a subsequent change in law). Rather, Plaintiff chose to focus on other issues and

not to preserve a contractor names challenge, only to apparently regret its choice when the D.C.

Circuit decided CREW, holding that the BOP failed to justify withholding contractor names

under exemption 4.

       Plaintiff does not contest that it waived and failed to brief the contractor names issue.

Instead, it argues that supplemental briefing is warranted on alternate grounds. First, because an

intervening change in the law in CREW vitiated its waiver and allowed it to revive the contractor

names issue in a notice of supplemental authority. Opp’n to Motion at 5–9. That argument fails

for several reasons. An intervening change in the law can only excuse waiver if the legal basis

for the issue “did not exist at the time,” Gilmore v. Palestinian Interim Self-Gov’t Auth., 843

F.3d 958, 964–65 (D.C. Cir. 2016); accord Cannady, 63 F.4th at 267, yet Plaintiff fails to

explain how CREW changed controlling law regarding the contractor names, see 58 F.4th at

1266 (“we have never considered whether Exemption 4 applies to a business’s name”). In

addition, Plaintiff’s notice of supplemental authority did not request supplemental briefing or

even attempt to place the contractor names issue back on the table. See Notice of Suppl.

Authority, ECF No. 44 (merely explaining the holding of CREW). And finally, the court

addressed the contractor names issue because of an oversight, not because of CREW or the notice

of supplemental authority. See Mem. Op. at 5 (noting that Plaintiff was challenging the

withholding of contractor names under exemption 4).

                                            Page 5 of 7
       Next, Plaintiff argues that supplemental briefing was appropriate because of

“independent reasons specific to FOIA cases.” Opp’n to Motion at 9. It contends that because

FOIA requires the court to determine whether the agency has disclosed all non-exempt portions

of the document that are reasonably segregable from the withheld portions, “the [c]ourt was

required to ensure [the contractor names] were properly redacted” even if Plaintiff did not

challenge the withholding. Id. at 9–11. But this confuses the court’s ability to raise segregability

sua sponte with an obligation to do so. See id. at 10 (citing cases where courts have raised

segregability sua sponte). The segregability principle does not require the court to address a

waived issue. As the Government correctly notes, “[i]f that were the case, then a Plaintiff could

never waive a challenge to an agency’s withholdings and the courts would be burdened with

addressing the application of FOIA exemptions that both parties agreed were no longer in

dispute.” Reply at 7.

       Plaintiff also notes that “courts in FOIA cases routinely exercise their discretion to

consider exemption issues not raised by the parties.” Opp’n to Motion at 11. This argument

again conflates the court’s discretion with the court’s obligations. In addition, Plaintiff fails to

identify how its waiver of the contractor names issue would comply with the legal standard for

excusing waiver in a FOIA case, which, in the D.C. Circuit, requires “extraordinary

circumstances,” Stonehill v. IRS, 558 F.3d 534, 541–42 (D.C. Cir. 2009).

       Finally, Plaintiff argues that justice does not favor reconsideration because any prejudice

to the Government is “minimal,” and the public remains interested “in knowing who supplied

[the] government with lethal substances” regardless of whether those substances were ultimately

used in executions. Opp’n to Motion at 11–13. Any potential public benefit of disclosing the

names of lethal injection contractors, however, is outweighed by the interest in holding

                                             Page 6 of 7
experienced litigants to their concessions and avoiding unnecessary litigation burdens, especially

considering the current moratorium on federal executions. See supra at 4–5. The court erred,

and Plaintiff should not unjustly benefit from the oversight.

                                       IV. CONCLUSION

       Accordingly, the Government’s partial motion for reconsideration will be GRANTED.

The Order accompanying the court’s prior Memorandum Opinion, ECF No. 48, will be

VACATED and a new Order will be issued.

Date: January 18, 2024

                                                 Tanya S. Chutkan
                                                 TANYA S. CHUTKAN
                                                 United States District Judge

                                            Page 7 of 7