Court Opinion

ID: 4643296
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-15 22:12:34.595743+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:00:38.917567
License: Public Domain

12/15/2020
                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                                AT JACKSON
                                    September 15, 2020 Session

                   TIMOTHY A. BAXTER v. JENNIFER D. ROWAN

                     Appeal from the Juvenile Court for Madison County
                        No. 55-48873        Larry McKenzie, Judge
                         ___________________________________

                                No. W2018-02209-COA-R3-JV
                            ___________________________________

This case involves an unwed father’s right to visitation with his minor child. After an initial
denial of Father’s request for visitation, the trial court later granted Father and Father’s
mother visitation rights following the filing of a Rule 60 motion. In granting relief, the trial
court found that Father had standing, having previously executed a voluntary
acknowledgment of paternity. Mother filed a timely appeal arguing that the trial court erred
in granting Father relief. Notably, Mother contested Father’s standing to sue for visitation,
arguing that the voluntary acknowledgment of paternity did not vest Father with standing
to sue. For the reasons contained herein, we affirm in part and vacate in part the trial court’s
order granting Father relief. Further, we reverse the portion of the trial court’s order
granting visitation rights to Father’s mother.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Juvenile Court Affirmed in
            Part, Reversed in Part, Vacated in Part, and Remanded.

ARNOLD B. GOLDIN, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which CARMA DENNIS
MCGEE, JJ., joined. KENNY ARMSTRONG, J., filed a separate concurring opinion.

Mary Jo Middlebrooks, Jackson, Tennessee, for the appellant, Jennifer D. Rowan.

Timothy Aaron Baxter1, Hartsville, Tennessee, Pro se.

                                                OPINION

                          I. BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       Timothy A. Baxter (“Father”) was convicted of aggravated assault and sentenced to
seventeen years in prison beginning in June of 2011. The child at issue (“Child”) was born
in July of 2011. Following the child’s birth, Father and Jennifer D. Rowan (“Mother”)
       1
           Appellee Timothy A. Baxter did not file a brief or participate in oral argument.
signed a notarized voluntary acknowledgement of paternity (the “VAP”), which states that
Father is the legal parent of Child. Soon thereafter, Mother began taking Child with her to
visit Father at the prison. These visits continued until June of 2013, after which the visits
ceased. In July of 2013, Mother filed a petition requesting to be named as Child’s primary
custodian, which was granted. Subsequently, on April 13, 2014, Father filed a Motion for
Visitation Rights in the Madison County Juvenile Court. Mother filed a Motion to Dismiss,
arguing that Father lacked standing to seek visitation rights with the minor child as no
parentage order adjudicating him to be the father had been entered. On June 27, 2014, the
trial court entered an order dismissing Father’s Motion for Visitation Rights due to a lack
of standing. Father subsequently filed a Rule 60.02 motion, arguing that the notarized VAP
signed by both he and Mother gave him standing to sue for parental rights, regardless of
whether a parentage order had been entered. By order dated July 12, 2018, the trial court
granted Father relief, declaring him to be Child’s father.2 In November of 2018, the trial
court entered a second order granting Father certain communication rights with the child,
but it reserved the determination of any future visitation at the prison. The court also
awarded Father’s mother (“Grandmother”) visitation rights such that she may facilitate
future visitation with Father at the prison. Mother now appeals the trial court’s order
granting Father relief under Rule 60.02. For the reasons contained herein, we affirm in part
and vacate in part in regards to Father, and we reverse as to Grandmother.

                                         II. ISSUES PRESENTED

        Mother appeals the trial court’s decision and raises the following issues:

            1. Whether the trial court erred in granting Father’s motion under Rule 60.02 of
               the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure.
            2. Whether the trial court erred in awarding Father parenting time.
            3. Whether the trial court erred in awarding parenting time to the paternal
               grandmother.
            4. Whether this Court should award the appellant attorney’s fees and costs
               incurred for this appeal.

                                             III. DISCUSSION

       As noted, Mother advances four separate issues for appeal. We will address each
of those issues separately.

                 Whether the Trial Court’s Order Constitutes a Final Judgment

        2
           Judge Christy Little initially presided over this matter, granting Mother’s motion to dismiss. Judge
Little later recused herself and the Tennessee Supreme Court, in an ordered dated April 6, 2015, transferred
the case to Judge Larry McKenzie.
                                                    -2-
        Before we can address Mother’s issues on appeal, we must first determine whether
it is appropriate for this Court to assume jurisdiction in this case pursuant to Rule 3 of the
Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure.

        Generally, “appellate courts have jurisdiction over final judgments only.” Bayberry
Assocs. v. Jones, 783 S.W.3d 553, 559 (Tenn. 1990) (citing Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Miller,
491 S.W.2d 85 (Tenn. 1973)). “A final judgment is one that resolves all the issues in the
case, ‘leaving nothing else for the trial court to do.’” In re Estate of Henderson, 121 S.W.3d
643, 645 (Tenn. 2003) (quoting State ex rel. McAllister v. Goode, 968 S.W.2d 834, 840
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1997)). “[A]ny order that adjudicates fewer than all the claims or the rights
and liabilities of fewer than all the parties is not enforceable or appealable[.]” Tenn. R.
App. P. 3.

        It is clear from our review of the record in this case that the order on appeal is not
final. As will be explained further, the trial court’s order expressly reserves issues for a
future determination. Nevertheless, this is not necessarily dispositive of our ability to rule
on this appeal. Rule 2 of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure provides that this
Court “may suspend the requirements or provisions of any of these rules in a particular
case on motion of a party or on its motion and may order proceedings in accordance with
its discretion[.]”3 Tenn. R. App. P. 2. This Court previously exercised its authority to
suspend the finality requirement set forth in Rule 3(a) in Ruff v. Raleigh Assembly of God
Church, Inc., No. W2001-02578-COA-R3-CV, 2003 WL 21729442 (Tenn. Ct. App. July
14, 2003), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Jan. 5, 2004). There, this Court explained,

        [i]n order to suspend the requirements of Rule 3(a), this Court must
        affirmatively show that the rule is suspended and must give a “good reason”
        for the suspension. See Bayberry Assocs., 783 S.W.2d at 559; see also Tenn.
        R. App. P. 2. The stated purpose behind Rule 2 is to empower the courts to
        “relieve litigants of the consequences of noncompliance with the rules in
        those circumstances in which it is appropriate to do so.” Tenn. R. App. P. 2
        (advisory commission comment).

Id. at *5.

      However, this ability to suspend the rules should be used sparingly and “only in the
most extenuating circumstances, where justice so demands.”4 See Williams v. Tenn.

        3
          While Rule 2 does permit this Court to suspend the requirements or provisions of appellate rules,
it does not permit any suspension of certain requirements set forth in Rules 4, 9(c), 11, or 12 of the
Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure. Tenn. R. App. P. 2.
        4
          Although this Court has the ability to suspend the rules, such suspension will not be done as a
“mere convenience or to work an end-run around Rule 54.02 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure, or
Rules 9 and 10 of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure.” Williams v. Tenn. Farmers Reassurance
Co., No. M2010-01689-COA-R3-CV, 2011 WL 1842893, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 12, 2011).
                                                  -3-
Farmers Reassurance Co., No. M2010-01689-COA-R3-CV, 2011 WL 1842893, at *6
(Tenn. Ct. App. May 12, 2011). In Ruff, this Court found such suspension appropriate by
noting that the underlying matter constituted a third appeal “in a case with a tortured
history” and that the parties had been “entangled in this case for over ten years and are
entitled to some form of closure.” Ruff, 2003 WL 21729442, at *5. Similarly, in In re Estate
of Martha B. Shubert, this Court again found it appropriate to suspend the finality
requirement, citing the lengthy litigation and the likelihood of a future appeal as reasons
why the rule should be suspended. See In re Estate of Martha B. Schubert, No. E2019-
02069-COA-R3-CV, 2020 WL 5614988, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 18, 2020).

        While this appeal does not stem from a final order as required under Rule 3, as the
trial court, “expressly reserve[d] the issue of visitation at the prison” for a future
determination, we conclude there exists good cause as to why Rule 3’s finality requirement
should be suspended in this particular case. The parties have been in litigation since April
of 2014 and are entitled to some relief in the matter. Based upon a review of the record, it
is apparent that, if a decision is not rendered due to a lack of finality, this same appeal will
almost certainly be presented to this Court in the future once the trial court renders a
decision regarding the exact parameters of the Child’s potential visitation with Appellee.
It is evident that this litigation has been contentious and that remanding this case would
only contribute to further delay. Moreover, because the underlying case concerns potential
visitation with a minor child, we conclude that it warrants some urgency in rendering a
decision without additional delay. Therefore, we find good cause to suspend the
requirements of Rule 3 and exercise jurisdiction over this appeal. However, we caution
litigants that, while we are suspending the requirements set forth in the Tennessee Rules of
Appellate Procedure here, under the particular facts of this case, we cannot say we will
choose to do so in the future.

                               Whether Father Has Standing

       At issue is whether the trial court erred in granting Father’s Rule 60.02 motion and
in particular whether or not Father had standing to even pursue visitation. Specifically,
Mother asserts that Father has no standing to sue for parental rights as there has been no
order establishing parentage entered in this case. Respectfully, we disagree with Mother’s
assertion that a voluntary acknowledgment of paternity does not confer standing on Father
to sue for visitation with Child.

       Tennessee Code Annotated section 24-7-113 provides for a simplified procedure in
which unmarried fathers may legally establish their paternity over a child without “further
order of the court.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 24-7-113(a). This is otherwise known as a voluntary
acknowledgment of paternity or VAP. Notably, the statute maintains that this VAP, “unless
rescinded . . . shall be conclusive of that father’s paternity without further order of the
court.” Id. There is a sixty-day period provided for in the statute in which the VAP may be
rescinded. Tenn. Code Ann. § 24-7-113 (c)(1). However, if the VAP is not rescinded
                                            -4-
pursuant to subsection (c), “[it], may only be challenged on the basis of fraud, whether
extrinsic or intrinsic, duress, or material mistake of fact” within five years of the VAP’s
execution. Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 27-7-113 (e)(1), (2).5 Based on our review of the record,
the VAP in this case was filed in 2011. There is no evidence nor assertions set forth by
Mother indicating that the VAP has been rescinded, nor does she appear to challenge its
validity.6 Therefore, “[t]he acknowledgment, unless rescinded pursuant to subsection (c),
shall be conclusive of that father’s paternity without further order of the court.” Tenn. Code
Ann. § 24-7-113(a).

       Mother largely relies on this Court’s language in Milton v. Harness, No. E2017-
00092-COA-R10-CV, 2017 WL 837704 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 3, 2017), to support her
contention that the VAP does not vest Father with standing and that instead the trial court
must enter an order of parentage before he may sue for custody and visitation rights. Mother
predicates her argument by specifically citing language used by the Milton court, which
explained,

        [a] biological father who has signed an ‘acknowledgment of paternity’ is
        declared the legal father with the obligation to pay support and the right to
        be given notice in the event of litigation or attempted termination of parental
        rights/adoption. The acknowledgment does not vest any custody rights or
        visitation rights upon the legal father.

Id. at *5 (quoting In re Hailey S., No M2016-00387-COA-R3-JV, 2016 WL 7048840, at
*9 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 5, 2016)7) (emphasis added). While we agree with Milton’s

        5
           As noted, pursuant to section 24-7-113(e)(1) and (2), a voluntary acknowledgment that is not
rescinded pursuant to subsection (c) may only be challenged on “the basis of fraud, whether extrinsic or
intrinsic, duress, or material mistake of fact.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 24-7-113(e)(2). However, subsection
(e)(2) provides that a challenge to a VAP “shall not be barred by the five-year statute of limitations where
fraud in the procurement of the acknowledgment by the mother of the child is alleged and where the
requested relief will not affect the interests of the child, the state, or any Title IV-D agency.” Id.
         6
           Apart from this VAP, we observe that Mother, according to the trial court’s order dated July 20,
2018, admitted Father’s paternity in open court. Although we do not have a transcript of the proceedings
on which the July 20, 2018 order was based, nor do we have a statement of the evidence, it is well-settled
in Tennessee that absent a transcript of the proceedings or statement of the evidence “it is ‘conclusively
presumed’ on appeal that the findings of fact made by the trial court are supported by the evidence heard
in that court and must be accepted as true by the appellate court.” J.C. Bradford & Co. v. Martin Const.
Co., 576 S.W.2d 586, 587 (Tenn. 1979) (internal citation omitted). Pursuant to Rule 24 of the Tennessee
Rules of Appellate Procedure, it is incumbent upon the appellant to provide “a transcript of such part of the
evidence or proceedings as is necessary to convey a fair, accurate and complete account of what transpired
with respect to those issues that are the bases of appeal.” Tenn. R. App. P. 24(b). Furthermore, in Mother’s
brief, she refers to Father as the “biological father.”
         7
           We find it pertinent to note that In re Hailey S. was designated as “Not For Citation” by the
Tennessee Supreme Court under Tennessee Supreme Court Rule 4, § E which states in pertinent part, “[i]f
an application for permission to appeal is hereafter denied by this Court with a “Not for Citation”
designation, the opinion of the intermediate appellate court has no precedential value.” Tenn. Sup. Ct. R.
                                                   -5-
statement that a VAP does not vest any custody rights or visitation rights upon the legal
father,8 we cannot agree that the execution of the VAP does not vest Father with standing
to sue for custody and visitation rights.

         In her brief, Mother specifically relies on Milton for the proposition that “the
Tennessee Court of Appeals has repeatedly stated that the execution of an acknowledgment
of paternity alone does not grant father any legal rights, and that a parentage order is
necessary to create a legal parent-child relationship.” (emphasis added). However, this
statement does not align with current Tennessee law and is even belied by certain
statements within Milton. In fact, Milton itself explicitly states that section 24-7-113
provides for “the right” to be given notice in the event of litigation or termination of a
father’s parental rights or potential adoption. Id.; Tenn. Code Ann. § 24-7-113. Therefore,
it is inaccurate to say that a VAP does not vest a father with any rights, when it clearly does
the opposite. Furthermore, the Milton court’s statement that, “[u]ntil such time as the Trial
Court enters an order establishing Father to be Child’s legal father, there exists no legal
parent-child relationship between Father and Child[,]” is erroneous. Id. (citing Tenn. Op.
Att’y Gen. No. 90-68 (June 13, 1990)). This Court has previously held that a properly
executed VAP establishes a “legal relationship” between the father and the child. State ex
rel. Dancy v. King, No. W2010-00934-COA-R3-JV, 2011 WL 123559, at *3 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Apr. 5, 2011) (citing In re Adoption of W.J.P., No. E2007-01043-COA-R3-PT, 2008
WL 246015, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 30, 2008)); see also In re A.N.F., No. W2007-
02122-COA-R3-PT, 2008 WL 4334712, at *13 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 24, 2008) (noting
that the execution of a VAP creates a legal relationship between a father and child). The
foregoing statement from Milton, which disclaims the existence of a legal relationship
between a father and child absent the entry of an order of parentage, appears to have been
made in reliance on an official opinion from the office of the Tennessee Attorney General.
See Milton, 2017 WL 837704, at *5; Tenn. Op. Att’y Gen. No. 90-68 (June 13, 1990).
However, it bears noting that this Attorney General’s opinion was issued in 1990, well
before the codification of what is now Tennessee Code Annotated section 24-7-113.
Therefore, the opinion’s declaration that “Tennessee law does not recognize the legal
relationship of parent and child between a putative father and a child born out of wedlock
until the entry of a court order of paternity, adoption, or legitimation” is not an accurate
presentment of current Tennessee law. See Tenn. Op. Att’y Gen. No. 90-68 (June 13, 1990)
(emphasis added); Tenn. Code Ann. § 24-7-113(a) (“A voluntary acknowledgment of
paternity . . . shall constitute a legal finding of paternity . . .”) (emphasis added).

      Thus, although we agree with the Milton court’s statement that a VAP alone “does
not vest custody rights or visitation rights upon the legal father[,]” Milton, 2017 WL

4, § E.
          8
          “Absent an order of custody to the contrary, custody of a child born out of wedlock is with the
mother.” See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-2-303 (providing the default rules for child custody involving unwed
parents).
                                                  -6-
837704, at *7, we do not agree with Mother that a VAP under Tennessee Code Annotated
section 24-7-113 would not afford a legal father with the standing to sue for those rights.9

       Mother also appears to rely somewhat on Chapter 36 of the Tennessee Code,
arguing that “[t]here is nothing in the statute which establishes the procedure by which
parentage is ordered which substitutes a Voluntary Acknowledgment of Paternity for an
Order of Parentage.” Respectfully, we disagree with Mother’s interpretation of the
applicable Tennessee statutes to the extent that she maintains that an order of parentage is
the only mechanism by which a father may establish parentage and acquire standing to sue
for custody or visitation. Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-2-301 serves as a statement
of purpose regarding the subsequent statutes regarding paternity and legitimation in the
Tennessee Code. It expressly states that “[t]his chapter provides a single cause of action to
establish parentage of children other than by adoption . . . or by acknowledgment of
parentage . . .” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-2-301. Furthermore, Tennessee Code Annotated
section 36-2-305(b)(1) states that “[a]bsent an agreement or an acknowledgement of
parentage as prescribed by § 68-3-203(g), § 68-3-302, or § 68-3-305(b), a complaint to
establish parentage may be filed.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-2-305(b)(1). These referenced
provisions from Title 68 are the very provisions pursuant to which a VAP under Tennessee
Code Annotated section 24-7-113 is completed. See Tenn. Code Ann. 24-7-113(a) (“A
voluntary acknowledgment of paternity which is completed under § 68-3-203(g), § 68-3-
302, or § 68-3-305(b) or under similar provisions of another state or government shall
constitute a legal finding of paternity on the individual named as the father of the child in
the acknowledgment[.]”).

       Based on our plain reading of the applicable statutes, it appears that the Code
provides for multiple ways in which parentage may be established rather than the sole
option of filing suit to specifically establish same. As indicated above, the statement of
purpose in section 36-2-301 itself notes that parentage may be established by ways other
than a cause of action to establish parentage of children by its inclusion of “other” along
with express mentions of both adoption and acknowledgment of parentage. This language
alone indicates that an order establishing parentage is not the sole manner in which a father
may obtain standing to sue for custody and visitation rights.

      Furthermore, Mother argues that the main purpose of this VAP concerns an
acknowledgment of an obligation to pay child support. However, the notion that Tennessee

        9
          In further support of this, consistent with section 24-7-113, under which a VAP establishes a legal
relationship, we also note that the very VAP signed by Mother and Father in the present case stated that, as
the legal father, Father will have “[t]he right to petition the court for visitation and custody.” Additionally,
the Acknowledgment also noted to Mother that, by signing, “[t]he child’s father will have the right to ask
the court for visitation or custody of the child.” Additionally, this Court recently alluded to the significance
of the language included on the VAP. See State of Tennessee ex rel. Kimberly C. v. Gordon S., No. M2019-
01499-COA-R3-JV, 2020 WL 7029358, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 30, 2020) (quoting the VAP’s language
as providing notice to father as to his responsibilities regarding the child).
                                                     -7-
Code Annotated section 24-7-113’s alleged main purpose is to simplify the child support
process does not effectively remove the potential for other purposes. In fact, Tennessee
Code Annotated section 24-7-113(a) states that this VAP “shall constitute a legal finding
of paternity on the individual named as the father of the child in the acknowledgment. The
acknowledgment, unless rescinded pursuant to subsection (c), shall be conclusive of that
father’s paternity without further order of the court.” (emphasis added). The provision
noting the VAP’s purpose for support proceedings is mentioned only in subsection (b)(1)
of the statute and nowhere in the statute does it declare that this is the statute’s sole
purpose.10

       Based upon our careful reading of the applicable Tennessee statutes, we conclude
that, while the VAP signed by both Mother and Father in the underlying cause of action
does not confer visitation rights upon Father by mere dint of its execution, it does vest
Father with standing to sue for those rights. Therefore, we affirm the trial court’s finding
that Father has standing.

         Whether the Trial Court Erred in Awarding Any Parenting Time to Father

       Although we find that Father has standing to sue for custody and visitation rights by
way of executing the VAP, we vacate the trial court’s award of communication rights to
Father and remand for further proceedings.

        In its order, the trial court found that Mother’s decision to unilaterally discontinue
Child’s relationship with Father was not in the best interest of Child. From that
determination, the trial court held that “Father shall have the right to write and talk to his
daughter. Mother shall not interfere with these communications.” However, based upon
our review of the record, we cannot determine how the trial court intended to effectuate
these awarded rights since its order provided no further guidance to the parties or this court.
This is of particular concern and significantly complicates matters as Father is currently
incarcerated and the relationship between the parties is contentious at best. Consequently,
we vacate the trial court’s award of parenting time, to the extent of letters and phone calls,
and remand for further proceedings to set parameters for these communications.
Furthermore, the actual visitation between Father and Child was expressly reserved by the
trial court, which indicated that it would only award such visitation if it was satisfied that
such visitation was in Child’s best interest. Therefore, any issues about actual visitation are
not presently before us.

        10
           Specifically, Tennessee Code Annotated section 24-7-113(b)(1) states that “[a] voluntary
acknowledgment of paternity . . . shall be a basis for establishing a support order without requiring any
further proceedings to establish paternity.”
                                                  -8-
       Whether the Trial Court Erred in Awarding Parenting Time to Grandmother

       In addition to challenging the rights awarded to Father in this appeal, Mother also
challenges the trial court’s grant of affirmative relief to Father’s mother. For the reasons
stated below, we vacate the award of parenting time to Grandmother.

        Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-6-306 provides the proper avenue in which a
grandparent may seek visitation rights to a grandchild. Specifically, under subsection (a),
the statute notes that visitation rights may be awarded “when presented in a petition for
grandparent visitation.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-306(a). In the present case, nothing in the
record evinces any indication that Grandmother ever filed a petition seeking visitation
rights, nor did she even participate as a party in any capacity in the matter.

        Because Grandmother was not a party and never petitioned the trial court to receive
visitation rights with Child, it was error for the trial court to award her any such visitation
rights. Therefore, we vacate this portion of the trial court’s order.

  Whether This Court Should Award the Mother Attorney’s Fees and Costs Incurred for
                                    This Appeal

       Mother has requested that this Court award her attorney’s fees in her appeal against
Father. Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-5-103(c) vests this Court with discretion to
award attorney’s fees and costs under appropriate circumstances. Holt v. Holt, 995 S.W.2d
68, 78 (Tenn. 1999). In determining whether an award of attorney’s fees is warranted, this
Court should consider, among other factors, “the ability of the requesting party to pay the
accrued fees, the requesting party’s success in the appeal, whether the requesting party
sought the appeal in good faith, and any other equitable factor that need be considered.”
Shofner v. Shofner, 181 S.W.3d 703, 719 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004) (citing Parchman v.
Parchman, No. W2003-01204-COA-R3-CV, 2004 WL 2609198, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Nov. 17, 2004)).

       Respectfully, in exercising our discretion, we decline to award Mother attorney’s
fees and costs for this appeal.

                                      IV. CONCLUSION

        For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed in part, reversed
in part, vacated in part and remanded.

                                                            s/ Arnold Goldin
                                                           ARNOLD GOLDIN, JUDGE
                                             -9-