Court Opinion

ID: 3173527
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-01-29 17:03:42.993983+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:56:10.684895
License: Public Domain

Digitally signed by Reporter
                       Illinois Official Reports                           of Decisions
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                                                                           accuracy and integrity of
                                                                           this document
                               Appellate Court                             Date: 2016.01.26 13:35:21
                                                                           -06'00'

                   In re Davon H., 2015 IL App (1st) 150926

Appellate Court   In re DAVON H., LAVELLE H. and SAVANA H., Minors,
Caption           Appellees (The People of the State of Illinois, Petitioner-Appellee v.
                  Arquita M., Respondent-Appellant).

District & No.    First District, Fifth Division
                  Docket No. 1-15-0926

Filed             October 30, 2015

Decision Under    Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, Nos. 12-JA-1262,
Review            12-JA-1263, 12-JA-1264; the Hon. Bernard Sarley, Judge, presiding.

Judgment          Affirmed.

Counsel on        Thomas M. O’Connell, of Schaumburg, for appellant.
Appeal
                  Anita M. Alvarez, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J. Spellberg,
                  Nancy Kisicki, and John J. Sviokla II, Assistant State’s Attorneys, of
                  counsel), for the People.

                  Robert F. Harris, Public Guardian, of Chicago (Kass A. Plain and
                  Mary Brigid Hayes, of counsel), guardian ad litem.
     Panel                     JUSTICE PALMER delivered the judgment of the court, with
                               opinion.
                               Justices Lampkin and Gordon concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                                 OPINION

¶1         Following adjudication and disposition hearings, the trial court terminated the parental
       rights of respondent Arquita M. to her children Davon H., Lavelle H. and Savana H. It found
       the children to be abused and neglected, respondent to be unfit, respondent should not be
       allowed visitation and it was in the best interests of the children that a guardian with the right to
       consent to their adoption be appointed. Respondent appeals, arguing the trial court’s findings
       of abuse and neglect, unfitness and best interests were against the manifest weight of the
       evidence, it abused its discretion in denying respondent visitation and it erred in admitting an
       expert witness’s testimony. We affirm.

¶2                                          I. BACKGROUND
¶3         Respondent’s children Lavelle, Davon and Savana were removed from her care and placed
       in the custody of the Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS) after the death of
       Lavelle’s twin brother, Lamar. The children had lived with Lamar, respondent and their father
       Enoch H. Eight-month-old Lamar died on December 12, 2012. An autopsy showed he died as
       a result of cerebral edema due to fracture of his skull from multiple blunt force injuries of
       varying ages. He also showed blunt force injury of the torso with back and stomach contusions
       and healing rib fractures. His death was ruled a homicide.
¶4         A medical trauma assessment of Lavelle, Davon and Savana shortly after Lamar’s death
       showed 8-month-old Lavelle had two separate skull fractures from acute blunt force trauma
       from two separate impacts. As neither of his parents had sought help for his injuries or reported
       a fall or impact, his injuries were deemed “occult.” The medical assessment also showed
       21-month-old Davon had a rib fracture that was between a week and two to three weeks old.
       His injury was also deemed occult as it had not been reported. Savana, who was almost three
       years old, had no injuries. Although respondent and Enoch were the children’s only caretakers,
       they denied any knowledge of Lamar’s, Lavelle’s and Davon’s injuries. However, Enoch
       subsequently confessed to hitting the children and was convicted of killing Lamar. Enoch is
       now deceased.
¶5         Shortly before Lamar was killed in December 2012, respondent had given up her parental
       rights to her first three children, Trevion, Trevon and Davonta. In 2008, one-month-old
       Trevion had been found to have a complete break of his left femur. By stipulation, Dr. Richard
       Heller, an expert in pediatric radiology, would testify that “such an injury would have to have
       been caused by a significant degree of force, and if not caused intentionally, the only
       reasonable [sic] consistent accidental explanation would have been one of the nature of car
       accident” and “no accidental explanation for the injury exists in the medical records.” He
       would testify that, at the time of the injury, Trevion “would have been hysterical with pain”
       and his caretaker would have immediately known of the event that caused the injury due to the
       baby’s symptom’s yet his injury was already approximately a week old before respondent

                                                     -2-
       brought him to the hospital. Although respondent stated she and Enoch were Trevion’s only
       caretakers and never left him unsupervised, neither she nor Enoch had an explanation for the
       baby’s injury. Trevion, Trevon and Davonta were removed from respondent’s care. The
       children were found to be abused and neglected and respondent unfit. In August 2012,
       respondent signed a consent for the adoption of the three children. However, between the time
       the first three children were removed from respondent’s care in 2008 and she consented to their
       adoption in 2012, she continued to reside with Enoch and gave birth to Savana, Davon, Lamar
       and Lavelle.
¶6         In December 2012, the State filed petitions for adjudication of wardship over Lavelle,
       Davon and Savana. It alleged that, under the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 (Act) (705 ILCS
       405/1-1 et seq. (West 2012)), the children were neglected as their environment was injurious to
       their welfare (705 ILCS 405/2-3(1)(b) (West 2012)) and abused due to a parent or someone in
       their household or immediate family creating a substantial risk of physical injury to the
       children “by other than accidental means which would be likely to cause death, disfigurement,
       impairment of emotional health, or loss or impairment of any bodily function” (705 ILCS
       405/2-3(2)(ii) (West 2012)). Lavelle’s petition also alleged he was physically abused as a
       parent or someone in his household or immediate family created a substantial risk of physical
       injury to him “by other than accidental means which would be likely to cause death,
       disfigurement, impairment of emotional health, or loss or impairment of any bodily function”
       (705 ILCS 405/2-3(2)(i) (West 2012)). The court entered an order denying the parents
       visitation.

¶7                                     A. Supervised Visitation Hearing
¶8         Respondent moved for supervised visitation with Lavelle, Davon and Savana. After a
       hearing, the court denied the motion on April 26, 2013. During the hearing on the motion, the
       court admitted into evidence a report by Dr. Glick in which she discussed Lavelle and Davon’s
       injuries, the fact that the injuries were unreported and untreated, Lamar’s death and Trevion’s
       earlier injury and she stated her opinion that there was evidence of abuse. The court also
       received into evidence a DCFS integrated assessment report of respondent. It heard testimony
       from respondent, her mother and the children’s caseworker.
¶9         Respondent testified that she had never noticed any injuries on Lavelle or Davon, that they
       were acting “as normal when I changed their pampers” and “ate as normal.” On the day Lamar
       died, the children were playing “as normal,” she left the house and when she came back Enoch
       told her Lamar was having difficulty breathing so she took him to the hospital. Prior to that
       date, she had never noticed anything wrong with Lamar or the other children. She did not know
       how Lavelle suffered the skull fractures or Davon suffered a broken rib. Responded stated she
       was attending therapy sessions at her own request. She did not believe she was at all
       responsible for the case coming into the system, stating she did not “do anything” to the
       children.
¶ 10       Respondent’s mother Yvonne Mays testified that, from what she saw before December
       2012, respondent took good care of her children, did not abuse them, treated them “nice” and
       had a strong bond with them. She had never seen respondent abuse them or Enoch hit them.
       Mays thought it would be in the children’s best interest to have supervised visitation with
       respondent as “every child should be around their mother” and she did not think the children
       would be at risk of harm during such visits. She stated she spoke to the children several times a

                                                   -3-
       week, saw them once a week and they asked about their mother. She had been told by police
       officers that Lamar died from being “hit” and that Lavelle and Davon had been “hit” too.
¶ 11        Lutheran Social Services of Illinois (LSSI) caseworker Critella Holmes was assigned to the
       children’s case in December 2012. She testified respondent had been “assessed” for individual
       therapy and was participating in therapy with Dr. Callie Pittman. In March 2013, LSSI held a
       “staffing” meeting with its program director, two supervisors and Holmes to discuss
       respondent’s request for supervised visitation. Holmes testified “all parties involved” in the
       meeting unanimously agreed that LSSI would not recommend supervised visitation as LSSI
       wanted the children to undergo trauma therapy prior to having visits with respondent. Holmes
       stated that, if the children’s therapist recommended visits, then the agency would agree to
       them, “[b]ut right now, *** because the agency felt that the biological mother failed to protect
       and keep those children safe in her care,” it did not agree that visitation should be granted.
       Holmes stated an additional reason for LSSI’s decision was the fact that respondent was still
       having contact with the biological father after he admitted harming her children, visiting him in
       jail. Holmes testified that, because of what happened to the children and what they had seen,
       “who did what to who,” LSSI did not yet know whether the children should have a relationship
       with their mother. It was LSSI’s opinion that respondent did not give a satisfactory explanation
       for what happened to the children and, having heard respondent’s testimony that day, Holmes
       agreed.
¶ 12        Considering that the children suffered broken bones over a period of time from ongoing
       abuse, Holmes did not know when LSSI would be able to recommend visitation. LSSI would
       wait until the children received the specialized trauma therapy and their therapists
       recommended visitation. She stated that if respondent’s therapist notified LSSI with a
       favorable opinion, then LSSI would “restaff” the issue but LSSI would “want” progress by
       respondent in therapy. LSSI was concerned that, even though respondent stated she lived
       together with her children in a two bedroom apartment during a time when three of the children
       had broken bones and bruises, respondent reported never noticing any bruises or injuries on her
       children prior to Lamar’s death. Holmes testified LSSI thought it “impossible” that respondent
       did not notice the injuries, yet respondent “always” stated that she had not done “anything” to
       her children and “she didn’t notice anything about anything.”
¶ 13        Holmes testified that when Davon and Savanna first came “into the system,” they were
       having night terrors. Their caregiver told Holmes the children were getting only an hour’s
       sleep per night for the first month, waking up screaming in fear. Initially, the caregiver was
       unable to calm the children. However, after receiving de-escalation and trauma training, the
       caregiver became able to calm the children. The caregiver also received training on how to
       restrain Davon, as the child was “head banging.” Holmes stated Savana and Davon’s night
       terrors had decreased since coming into the system. Initially, their caregiver had phoned
       Holmes almost daily with reports of the children’s terror and her inability to help them. But
       recently, the night terrors had diminished to once or twice a week, “a tremendous
       improvement.” It was LSSI’s position that, although the children would not suffer physical
       harm during a supervised visit with respondent, they would suffer emotional harm and be
       retraumatized. Holmes noted the children were too young to express whether they would be
       traumatized by seeing respondent.
¶ 14        The trial court denied the motion for supervised visitation. Pointing to the evidence
       regarding Lamar’s death and Lavelle and Davon’s injuries, the fact that LSSI recommended

                                                   -4-
       denying supervised visitation until after the children had received trauma therapy and their
       therapists recommended visitation and that Holmes’ testimony showed, in the court’s words,
       “a couple of the minors have had serious, serious emotional and psychological problems in that
       they’ve woken up screaming,” the court found respondent failed to show it was in the
       children’s best interests to allow supervised visitation. It stated it would reconsider its decision
       once supervised visitation was found to be “therapeutically appropriate.”

¶ 15                               B. Adjudication and Fitness Hearing
¶ 16        In September 2013, the State moved to amend the wardship petitions to seek permanent
       termination of parental rights at disposition and the appointment of a guardian with the right to
       consent to adoption. In December 2013, the court allowed the amended petitions to be filed. In
       the amended petitions, the State alleged respondent was unfit to parent by clear and convincing
       evidence under the Adoption Act (750 ILCS 50/0.01 et seq. (West 2012)) as she failed to
       maintain a reasonable degree of interest, concern or responsibility as to the children’s welfare
       (750 ILCS 50/1(D)(b) (West 2012)); committed extreme or repeated cruelty to the children
       (750 ILCS 50/1(D)(e) (West 2012)); failed to protect the children from conditions within their
       environment injurious to their welfare (750 ILCS 50/1(D)(g) (West 2012)); and behaved in a
       depraved manner (750 ILCS 50/1(D)(i) (West 2012)). The petitions also alleged the children
       had been with their foster parents since April 2013, the foster parents were considering
       adoption and the adoption would be in the best interests of the children.
¶ 17        In June 2014, the court conducted a consolidated adjudication and fitness hearing. Dr. Jill
       Glick, a professor of pediatrics at the University of Chicago Comer Children’s Hospital and
       board-certified in pediatrics and child abuse pediatrics, testified regarding the examination of
       Lavelle, Davon and Savana at the Comer Children’s Hospital and her opinions regarding the
       source of the children’s injuries.1 The children had been transferred to the children’s hospital
       when Mercy Hospital’s examination showed Lavelle had skull fractures and DCFS requested
       all the siblings be examined given Lamar’s death and concerns about child abuse.
¶ 18        Dr. Glick testified Savana’s examination two days after Lamar’s death showed no injuries
       but 21-month-old Davon was found to have a rib fracture. She explained the fracture was “not
       acute, meaning it didn’t just happen.” She stated “acute” would mean the fracture was “a few
       days old” but radiographic evidence showed Davon’s fracture was “weeks old, two, three
       weeks old.” Dr. Glick testified rib fractures are “unusual” in children of Davon’s age as such
       fractures are caused by “usually a blunt force, and based upon the activities of children and
       what they do, they don’t usually get into those kind of scenarios where you’ll see a rib fracture
       like a major car accident or a fall out of a window, some blunt force like playing soccer or
       falling on a track or something like that when running so they are just uncommon.”
¶ 19        Over respondent’s objection, Dr. Glick testified regarding what the caretaker of a child
       with a broken rib would notice about the child. She stated a child with a rib fracture would be in
       pain and have discomfort as the rib would move and hurt, explaining people with rib fractures

           1
            Dr. Glick is the medical director of the Child Protective Services Team at Comer Children’s
       Hospital. She testified the team’s mission is to identify victims of child abuse and provide expertise in
       the diagnosis of child mistreatment. The team also is a part of the Multidisciplinary Pediatric Education
       and Evaluation Consortium (MPEEC), a DCFS program which provides medical experts to examine
       children under three years of age who are reported to have head or skeletal trauma.

                                                       -5-
       do not want to move their chests or have a bowel movement and they breath “very shallowly.”
       Unlike other children, a child with a rib fracture would not want to be held as it is
       uncomfortable. As the child’s fussiness would be persistent, “it would bring cause to worry
       that there is more” as the child would be inconsolable. It might take two to three weeks for a
       bone to heal.
¶ 20       Dr. Glick testified she examined eight-month-old Lavelle herself on the day after Lamar’s
       death. He had external swelling to his head on both sides of his skull and “boggy, swelling
       areas.” She stated there were “two bulging spots” on the sides of his head and “when you
       looked at his scalp and touched his scalp, you could see that there was deformity.” A CT scan
       showed two separate skull fractures, one on each side of his head. Dr. Glick testified the
       fractures would be from two separate impacts, two separate blows to the head. She stated the
       impacts had occurred within a few days of being seen at the hospital as the swelling indicated
       that the injuries were “new and fresh” and “a couple of days of age.” She explained it takes two
       to three days before swelling from head trauma becomes visible. Respondent objected to Dr.
       Glick’s testimony regarding the age of the injury, asserting it had not been previously
       disclosed. The court overruled the objection. Dr. Glick testified that, given the ages of the
       injuries, Davon’s weeks-old rib fracture and Lavelle’s days-old skull fractures had been caused
       at different times. She testified, over respondent’s objection, that the caretaker of a child with
       skull fractures would notice “obvious swelling on both sides of the head.”
¶ 21       Dr. Glick testified it was her opinion to a reasonable degree of medical certainty that
       Davon’s rib fracture and Lavelle’s skull fractures were “inflicted” injuries, meaning they were
       not caused by a natural phenomena such as an accident or bone disease. She did agree it was
       “hypothetically possible” that Lavelle’s injuries were caused by accidental means as “anything
       is possible.”
¶ 22       Dr. Glick had not been provided with any history or “accidental explanation” for the
       children’s injuries, and she did not interview respondent or speak with the older children
       regarding their injuries. The court admitted into evidence the medical examiner’s report on
       Lamar. Dr. Glick had read the report in preparing her opinions regarding the cause of Davon
       and Lavelle’s injuries. She stated the report showed Lamar had injuries to the head, skull
       fracture, contusions to the brain, “abdominal involvement,” peritonitis and a healed or healing
       rib fracture and his death was ruled a homicide.
¶ 23       The court also admitted into evidence a report dated December 13, 2012, that Dr. Glick
       wrote for DCFS’s Multidisciplinary Pediatric Education and Evaluation Consortium program
       (the MPEEC report). In the report, she summarized her opinions regarding the children’s
       injuries and explained “the basis for [her] opinion that all three children [Lamar, Lavelle and
       Davon] were victims of abuse.”2 Dr. Glick acknowledged she stated in her report “that rib
       fractures in young children, babies is highly suspicious for abuse, but there could be a plausible
       and truthful explanation, meaning an accidental injury is possible.”
¶ 24       Detective Mann, a Lynwood police officer, testified regarding his investigation of Lamar’s
       death and the recorded interviews he conducted with respondent and Enoch. The compact
       disks with the interview were admitted into evidence. The court also admitted into evidence the
       medical records of Lavelle, Davon and Savanna.

          2
           Dr. Glick acknowledged the December 13, 2012, date on the report was incorrect as Davon and
       Savanna were not examined until December 14, 2012.

                                                   -6-
¶ 25       LSSI caseworker Holmes testified she was assigned to work with the H. family,
       specifically Trevion, Trevon and Davonta, for the first time in 2009. She stated that, in 2011,
       she received a telephone call from the children’s guardian ad litem who reported that Trevon
       had told her his father, Enoch, had hit him with a plastic baseball bat during an unsupervised
       visit. Over respondent’s objections, Holmes testified she went to see Trevon at his foster home.
       He told her Enoch had hit him with a plastic baseball bat.3 Holmes then visited Davonta at his
       foster home. He told her Enoch hit Trevon with a plastic baseball bat. He also told her that
       respondent had hit him two or three times. A few weeks later, during an LSSI “staffing”
       meeting, Holmes asked respondent and Enoch about the children’s claims. Both denied
       striking the children and respondent stated Trevon was not telling the truth. LSSI suspended
       unsupervised day visits but allowed the parents supervised visitation with Trevion, Trevon and
       Davonta. Holmes supervised all visits. During one supervised visit shortly after the staffing
       meeting, Holmes observed respondent give Davonta and Trevion a popsicle but denied Trevon
       a popsicle. Holmes stated it was obvious that Trevon was “upset” that he did not receive a
       popsicle so she asked respondent why she denied the child a popsicle. Respondent told her that
       she had offered him one but he declined it. Holmes testified she did not hear Trevon say he did
       not want a popsicle. Although it concerned Holmes that respondent “blatantly” ignored
       Trevon, he did not appear to be afraid of his mother. At some point, LSSI again agreed to allow
       unsupervised visits after respondent and Enoch agreed to resume “parent-child coaching.”
¶ 26       Holmes testified that, by September 2012, respondent and Enoch had four more children,
       Lamar, Lavelle, Davon and Savana. In late 2012, the guardian ad litem reported that Enoch had
       pushed or kicked Savana and she hit her lip on the television. Savana could not verbalize what
       had happened but Trevon told Holmes the incident had occurred. Holmes stated she thought
       Davonta had told her the same thing. Interviewed at their apartment, respondent and Enoch
       denied hitting or pushing Savana. Holmes visited the family at their home at least once a month
       and always found Lamar, Lavelle, Davon and Savana to be well fed and cared for. She saw no
       signs of abuse or neglect and noted the children did not appear to be afraid of respondent and
       seemed to have a strong bond with their mother, always greeting her with hugs. LSSI had no
       concerns that the children were suffering corporal punishment.
¶ 27       Respondent’s mother, Yvonne Mays, testified she often had visited Lamar, Lavelle, Davon
       and Savana at their home. The children appeared well cared for and she never saw anything
       “wrong” with them. The children did not seem afraid of their parents but she noted Enoch was
       stricter with them. The children never told Mays of any abuse or neglect they suffered from
       respondent or Enoch and she never saw either parent use corporal punishment on the children.
       Mays stated respondent seemed to be a good parent, “you could tell they loved her and she
       loved them.” Respondent’s sister, Shana Mays, testified similarly that she saw respondent and
       the children occasionally, had no concerns regarding how the children were treated and never
       saw any signs of abuse or neglect.

           3
            The trial court overruled respondent’s objection to the admission of hearsay statements made by a
       child not the subject of the proceeding at bar, noting that evidence of abuse and neglect by a parent of a
       child is admissible to prove abuse or neglect of another sibling. See 705 ILCS 405/2-18(3) (West 2012)
       (“In any hearing under [the Juvenile Court Act], proof of the abuse, neglect or dependency of one minor
       shall be admissible evidence on the issue of the abuse, neglect or dependency of any other minor for
       whom the respondent is responsible.”).

                                                       -7-
¶ 28       The trial court held all three minors to be abused and neglected. It found Dr. Glick’s
       medical testimony was credible. The court stated Dr. Glick’s testimony that Davon’s three
       week old injury would have been severe enough to have caused him a significant amount of
       pain and discomfort led to the inference that “the parents *** would have been aware of some
       problem and did nothing about it during those three weeks.” With regard to Lavelle’s skull
       fractures, the court noted Enoch had confessed to hitting both Lavelle and Davon. It found that,
       “for whatever reason,” respondent did not do enough to protect her children, “[a]nd whether it
       be fear or whatever reason, she has a responsibility as their mother to protect them [and] she
       did not.” The court found respondent should have known that the children’s injuries had
       occurred but did nothing until after “Lamar was actually killed.”
¶ 29       Based on this evidence, the court found the State sustained its burden to show by clear and
       convincing evidence the physical abuse of both Davon and Lavelle. It therefore held that
       Davon and Lavelle suffered “neglect injurious environment” and “abuse substantial risk of
       injury by the same standard.” It found the State proved by clear and convincing evidence that
       Savana had also been subjected to neglect injurious environment and abuse substantial risk of
       injury. The court held that Enoch was the perpetrator of the physical abuse to Davon and
       Lavelle and respondent was the perpetrator of neglect injurious environment and abuse
       substantial risk of injury as to the three children “for not doing enough to protect the children
       and subjecting them to that neglect and abuse.”
¶ 30       With regard to respondent’s unfitness, the trial court held that the State proved by clear and
       convincing evidence that respondent was unfit under “ground B” for her failure to maintain a
       reasonable degree of interest, concern or responsibility for the children’s welfare and “ground
       G” for her failure to protect them for the same reasons it had stated earlier and “by allowing the
       minors to remain in this environment.”

¶ 31                            C. Disposition and Best Interests Hearing
¶ 32       Given the trial court’s findings that the children were abused and neglected and that
       respondent was unfit, the case proceeded to a consolidated disposition and best interest
       hearing. Carolyn Haslett, Enoch’s aunt, testified she was Davon and Savana’s foster parent and
       she wanted to adopt them. She had three other children, all of them her siblings’ children
       whom she had adopted. If allowed to adopt Davon and Savana, she thought they should be
       allowed contact with their mother as all of her other children had contact with their mothers
       and she wanted all her children to know their mothers.
¶ 33       Ms. Haslett testified that Savana was almost two when she arrived at Haslett’s home.
       Savana had a very “hard time” when she first arrived at her foster home, “night terrors, waking
       up every night screaming, crying,” destroying and tearing at things. She was still undergoing
       counseling and saw her therapist every week. She talked with her therapist about bad dreams
       but she was doing “a lot better.” Although Savana still had night terrors, they have decreased.
¶ 34       Davon was one year old when he arrived at Ms. Haslett’s. He had the same night terrors as
       Savana but he would hit others and hit himself, hitting his head on the floor, hurting himself.
       Haslett testified Davon had a bruise on his head “now” because, as his therapist had warned
       her, therapy was opening some “wounds” and Davon would be acting out. He had, however,
       improved from when he first arrived as, at first, he was not sleeping at night, “he would holler
       and scream all night” but now “it was better.”

                                                   -8-
¶ 35       Ms. Haslett testified she loved all her children and there was not anything she would not do
       for them. She knew respondent well and had thought she and Enoch were “beautiful parents,”
       struggling but trying to take care of their young children. If the “no contact” order barring
       respondent from seeing her children was lifted, Haslett had no objection to respondent visiting
       Davon and Savana as she would do “what the court [told] her to do.” She stated if the
       psychologist stated the children were ready to see respondent, then “fine” but she wanted to
       make sure the children were “ready” to see their mother as she did not want them to regress
       “back into that anger and the pain.”
¶ 36       Alicia Hampton, respondent’s half-sister, testified she was Lavelle’s foster parent and
       wanted to adopt him. She stated Lavelle was seven months when he arrived in her home and
       now was almost three, a loving child doing well in day care and a part of her home. If she were
       to adopt Lavelle, she would allow supervised visits with Lavelle “if it’s okay,” was in the best
       interest of Lavelle and as “long as everything was safe.”
¶ 37       David Wilson, a child welfare specialist with LSSI, was assigned to work with respondent,
       Lavelle, Davon and Savana in April 2014. He testified LSSI had determined that day that
       respondent’s parental rights should be terminated as it was in the children’s best interests that
       they be placed for adoption. He visited the children in their foster homes monthly, found the
       foster homes were safe and appropriate and the children were comfortable and happy. Wilson
       stated that, as a result of the no contact order, respondent had not been referred for parent/child
       services such as parent/child psychotherapy and “parenting coaching” as such services would
       entail contact with the child. He agreed that in order for a parent to regain custody of a child,
       the parent had to engage in recommended reunification services and acknowledged that
       respondent had not been provided with such services. He could think of nothing LSSI could
       have done to help respondent reunite with her children.
¶ 38       Respondent testified she wanted visitation with her children, she missed them, loved them,
       had not done “anything,” would never injure or hurt them and had been fighting to get her
       children “back.” She stated if the court decided not to terminate her parental rights, she was
       ready and willing to engage in recommended services in order to be reunited with her children.
       Respondent stated she had already put herself in counseling with Dr. Callie Pittman but the
       counseling ended in May 2013 and she had not sought further treatment.
¶ 39       Dr. Pittman testified she had a doctorate in clinical psychology, was not yet licensed by the
       State of Illinois and worked as a child and adolescent therapist at Grand Prairie Services. She
       was assigned to respondent’s case in January 2013, when respondent came to Grand Prairie
       Services “with an accumulation of losses” as her son had died, her boyfriend had been arrested
       and her father had died recently. Dr. Pittman stated the goals and objectives for respondent
       were to “get” her children back, handle stress better and to grieve. Respondent received
       assessment treatment planning, case management and individual therapy as well as community
       support service. Dr. Pittman testified she saw respondent usually once a week from January to
       May 2013 and respondent actively participated in the recommended services but the therapy
       sessions were terminated due to lack of insurance. Although she believed respondent had made
       progress in her therapy sessions and gained insight into why her children were removed from
       her care, she stated “[w]e were still working on accepting responsibility *** for her own
       actions *** for the care regarding her children.” Dr. Pittman found respondent was still in need
       of ongoing individual therapy. In the mental health assessment report she prepared regarding
       respondent, Dr. Pittman recorded that, when she contacted respondent on Lamar and Lavelle’s

                                                    -9-
       birthday, respondent told her she was feeling fine, which Dr. Pittman recorded “was likely a
       denial of her feelings.” She also recorded that “it appears [respondent] continues to have an
       unrealistic view of what life would be like when she regains custody of her remaining
       children,” “is not accepting of the challenge she may face” and “is unable to work in preparing
       for stressors” and that respondent became defensive when Dr. Pittman attempted to discuss
       these issues.
¶ 40       On February 25, 2015, the court found it in the best interest and welfare of Lavelle, Davon
       and Savana to adjudge them wards of the court. It found respondent unable for reasons other
       than financial circumstances alone to care for, protect, train or discipline the children and
       further found her unfit based on the court’s prior proceedings. It found that reasonable efforts
       at reunification were inappropriate given the evidence regarding the abuse, neglect and
       termination of parental rights regarding Travion, Travon and Davonta; Lamar’s death at the
       hands of his father; and the “serious injuries” to Davon and Lavelle that resulted in the abuse
       and neglect findings and the unfitness findings. Based on all of this “conduct,” the court found
       it was not unreasonable for “the agency” to “not offer services” and it was therefore
       appropriate to withhold visitation. The court found it in the children’s best interests to remove
       them from respondent’s custody and ordered that the children be placed in the custody of
       DCFS with the right to place the children for adoption.
¶ 41       With regard to the State’s request for termination of parental rights, the court found the
       State has clearly shown by a preponderance of the evidence that the children were abused and
       neglected and had shown by clear and convincing evidence that respondent was unfit for
       failure to protect the children and failure to maintain a reasonable degree of interest, concern or
       responsibility for the children’s welfare. It reiterated that “reasonable efforts” were
       inappropriate in the case. The court also stated the evidence showed that, under the care of the
       children’s foster parents, their condition and behavior improved vastly, “in no small measure
       due to the care that the foster parents provided.” On these bases and the best interests of the
       children, the court ordered that respondent’s parental rights be involuntarily terminated and a
       guardian with right to consent to adoption be appointed.

¶ 42                                           II. ANALYSIS
¶ 43       Respondent raises four arguments on appeal, asserting (1) the trial court’s findings at the
       adjudication hearing that respondent committed abuse and neglect of the three children and
       was unfit to parent were against the manifest weight of the evidence, (2) the court’s findings at
       the disposition and best interests hearings were against the manifest weight of the evidence, (3)
       the court abused its discretion in denying respondent visitation and (4) the court erred in
       admitting portions of Dr. Glick’s testimony. We address first the court’s findings on the
       petition for adjudication of wardship, then its findings regarding the petition for termination of
       respondent’s parental rights, its denial of supervised visitation and its admission of Dr. Glick’s
       testimony.

¶ 44                                   A. Adjudication of Wardship
¶ 45                                  1. Abuse and Neglect Findings
¶ 46       On a petition for wardship, following placement of a child in temporary custody, the trial
       court must make a finding of abuse, neglect or dependence before it conducts an adjudication
       of wardship. In re Arthur H., 212 Ill. 2d 441, 462 (2004); 705 ILCS 405/2-21 (West 2012). The

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       trial court here found the State proved by clear and convincing evidence that the three children
       had been subjected to “neglect injurious environment” and “abuse substantial risk of injury.” It
       held that Enoch was the perpetrator of the physical abuse to Davon and Lavelle and respondent
       was the perpetrator of neglect injurious environment and abuse substantial risk of injury as to
       all three children “for not doing enough to protect the children and subjecting them to that
       neglect and abuse.” Respondent argues the court’s findings were against the manifest weight
       of the evidence. She asserts the record is “devoid” of any factual support for the findings of
       abuse and neglect against her or that she was a perpetrator of any abuse or neglect against her
       children.
¶ 47        The State must prove its allegations of neglect or abuse by a preponderance of the
       evidence, establishing the allegations are more probably true than not. In re Arthur H., 212 Ill.
2d at 464; In re N.B., 191 Ill. 2d 338, 343 (2000). The trial court has broad discretion when
       determining the existence of neglect or abuse as it has the best opportunity to observe the
       demeanor and conduct of the parties and witnesses and is therefore in the best position to
       determine the credibility and weight to be given to the witnesses’ testimony. In re Stephen K.,
       373 Ill. App. 3d 7, 20 (2007). Upon review, the trial court’s finding of abuse or neglect will not
       be reversed unless it is against the manifest weight of the evidence. In re E.S., 324 Ill. App. 3d
661, 667 (2001). A ruling is against the manifest weight of the evidence only if the opposite
       conclusion is clearly evident. In re Arthur H., 212 Ill. 2d at 464.
¶ 48        If the State satisfies its burden of proof to prove either abuse or neglect, then the trial court
       must proceed to the second adjudicatory stage, in which it determines whether “ ‘it is
       consistent with the health, safety and best interests of the minor and the public that he be made
       a ward of the court.’ ” Id. (quoting 705 ILCS 405/2-21(2) (West 2000)). “Cases involving
       abuse, neglect and wardship are sui generis; each case must be decided on its own distinct set
       of facts and circumstances.” In re M.W., 386 Ill. App. 3d 186, 197 (2008).
¶ 49        The Act sets forth multiple definitions for a “neglected” minor and an “abused” minor. 705
       ILCS 405/2-3(1), (2) (West 2012). At issue here are the court’s findings that Lavelle, Davon
       and Savana were neglected under section 2-3(1)(b) of the Act and abused under sections
       2-3(2)(i) and 2-3(2)(ii) of the Act.

¶ 50                                        (a) Neglect Finding
¶ 51       Section 2-3(1)(b) defines a neglected minor as “any minor under 18 years of age whose
       environment is injurious to his or her welfare.” 705 ILCS 405/2-3(1)(b) (West 2012).
       “Generally, ‘neglect’ is defined as the ‘ “failure to exercise the care that circumstances justly
       demand.” ’ ” In re Arthur H., 212 Ill. 2d at 463 (quoting In re N.B., 191 Ill. 2d 338, 346 (2000),
       quoting People ex rel. Wallace v. Labrenz, 411 Ill. 618, 624 (1952)). “ ‘ “[Neglect] embraces
       wilful as well as unintentional disregard of duty. It is not a term of fixed and measured
       meaning. It takes its content always from specific circumstances, and its meaning varies as the
       context of surrounding circumstances changes.” ’ ” Id. (quoting In re N.B., 191 Ill. 2d at 346,
       quoting Labrenz, 411 Ill. at 624). The term “injurious environment” has been similarly
       recognized as an amorphous concept that cannot be defined with particularity. Id. “In general,
       however, the term ‘injurious environment’ has been interpreted to include ‘the breach of a
       parent’s duty to ensure a “safe and nurturing shelter” for his or her children.’ ” Id. (quoting
       In re N.B., 191 Ill. 2d at 346, quoting In re M.K., 271 Ill. App. 3d 820, 826 (1995)).

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¶ 52       The evidence supports the trial court’s findings that Lavelle, Davon and Savana were
       neglected as their environment was injurious to their welfare and that respondent was the
       perpetrator of that neglect. Respondent allowed Lavelle, Davon and Savana to remain in an
       environment where they were either physically abused or witnessed the physical abuse of their
       siblings at the hands of their father. Dr. Glick’s testimony showed the evidence of that physical
       abuse was inescapable, as the injuries to Lavelle were severe enough to manifest visible
       swelling and tenderness of both sides of the infant’s head and Davon’s broken rib would have
       been so painful that he would have tried not to move, would not want to be held and would be
       inconsolable in his pain and distress. The court found Dr. Glick credible. Given the evidence of
       evident injuries, the record supports the court’s finding that respondent ignored the physical
       abuse and the evidence thereof, did not get help for Lavelle and Davon and did not protect
       them. The evidence shows respondent breached her parental duty to ensure a safe and
       nurturing shelter for Lavelle and Davon, allowing them to remain in an environment injurious
       to their welfare. Accordingly, the court’s findings that Lavelle and Davon were neglected and
       that respondent was the perpetrator of that neglect were not against the manifest weight of the
       evidence.
¶ 53       “[P]roof of the abuse, neglect or dependency of one minor shall be admissible evidence on
       the issue of the abuse, neglect or dependency of any other minor for whom the respondent is
       responsible.” 705 ILCS 405/2-18(3) (West 2012). “A parent’s behavior toward one minor may
       be considered when deciding whether a sibling is exposed to an injurious environment.” In re
       K.G., 288 Ill. App. 3d 728, 736 (1997). Accordingly, the State’s showing that respondent
       neglected Lavelle and Davon is admissible evidence that respondent similarly neglected
       Savana. Respondent’s failure to protect her three children from harm and provide them with a
       safe and nurturing home falls within the concept of statutory neglect. Id. There is no opposite
       conclusion clearly evident as the testimony from respondent’s mother and sister and
       caseworker Holmes that they did not witness respondent abusing the children and did not see
       signs of neglect or abuse does not compel a different conclusion. Accordingly, the trial court’s
       findings that the three children were neglected as their environment was injurious to their
       welfare and that respondent was the perpetrator of that neglect were not against the manifest
       weight of the evidence.

¶ 54                                         (b) Abuse Finding
¶ 55       The trial court also found Lavelle and Davon abused under sections 2-3(2)(i) and 2-3(2)(ii)
       of the Act and Savana abused under section 2-3(2)(ii) of the Act. Respondent argues the
       court’s findings of abuse were against the manifest weight of the evidence. In order to proceed
       to the second stage of wardship determination, the State need only prove either abuse or
       neglect. In re Arthur H., 212 Ill. 2d at 464. As previously determined, the trial court’s finding
       that the State proved by a preponderance of the evidence that the children were neglected was
       not against the manifest weight of the evidence. The neglect finding, standing alone, is
       sufficient to propel the case to the next stage of the wardship determination. Id. Therefore, we
       need not address respondent’s argument regarding the court’s abuse findings.

¶ 56                                        2. Wardship
¶ 57      Following the disposition hearing, the court found it in the best interests and welfare of
       Lavelle, Davon and Savana to adjudge them wards of the court, finding respondent unable for

                                                  - 12 -
       reasons other than financial circumstances alone to care for, protect, train or discipline the
       children. It also found her unfit based on its findings in earlier proceedings and that reasonable
       efforts at reunification were inappropriate. The court ordered the children removed from
       respondent’s custody and placed in the custody of DCFS with the right to place the children for
       adoption.
¶ 58       At a dispositional hearing, the court must determine whether it is in the best interests of the
       minor and the public that the child be made a ward of the court. In re Jennifer W., 2014 IL App
       (1st) 140984, ¶ 42; 705 ILCS 405/2-22(1) (West 2012). “The court may place the minor under
       DCFS guardianship if the court determines that the child’s parents ‘are unfit or are unable, for
       some reason other than financial circumstances alone, to care for, protect, train or discipline
       the minor or are unwilling to do so, and that the health, safety, and best interest of the minor
       will be jeopardized if the minor remains in the custody of his or her parents.’ ” In re Jennifer
       W., 2014 IL App (1st) 140984, ¶ 42 (quoting 705 ILCS 405/2-27(1) (West 2012)). We will
       reverse the trial court’s determination of wardship “ ‘only if the factual findings are against the
       manifest weight of the evidence or if the court abused its discretion by selecting an
       inappropriate dispositional order.’ ” Id. ¶ 44 (quoting In re Kamesha J., 364 Ill. App. 3d 785,
       795 (2006)).
¶ 59       Respondent argues the court abused its discretion in finding her “unable” to care for,
       protect, train or discipline her children, asserting the record shows she “provided a safe and
       loving home” for them. As the litany of evidence recited above shows, the record supports a
       finding that respondent provided anything but “a safe and loving home” given the physical and
       emotional injury to which she allowed her children to be subjected and the lack of care or
       concern she gave to their evident physical and emotional distress.
¶ 60       Respondent also argues that, typically, parents are provided with services for the purpose
       of reunification with their children and, as she was not permitted visits or such services, there
       was no opportunity for her to regain custody and, therefore, a finding that she was “unable”
       based on lack of compliance with a service plan or required services was improper. However,
       the court did not find her “unable” due to her failure to participate with a service plan. It found
       her unable because she subjected her children to an environment in which they were physically
       and emotionally abused, ignored their evident injuries and consistently disclaimed any
       knowledge of or responsibility for the children’s condition or the reason they were taken from
       her custody. Her argument is meritless.
¶ 61       Respondent lastly argues that, “for the reasons stated above” but without citation to
       specific legal authority or the record, the trial court abused its discretion in finding it not
       unreasonable for “the agency” not to offer her services and visitation. The cited “reasons stated
       above” consist of her arguments regarding the court’s findings that (1) she was unable to care
       for, protect, train or discipline her children and (2) it was in the children’s best interests to
       terminate her parental rights. None of the “reasons” she stated “above” have any bearing on
       whether the court erred in holding that reasonable efforts at reunification were inappropriate.
       Without citation to legal authority and the record, her argument is forfeited. In re Estate of
       Michalak, 404 Ill. App. 3d 75, 90 (2010).
¶ 62       Respondent does not challenge the court’s determination that it was in the best interests of
       the children that they be adjudged wards of the court. Although she makes some argument
       regarding the children’s best interests in this section of her brief on appeal, she makes those
       assertions solely in the context of the court’s termination of her parental rights, not in the

                                                   - 13 -
       context of its adjudication of wardship. Accordingly, given the inadequacy of respondent’s
       arguments regarding the court’s “unable” finding and her lack of argument regarding the best
       interest wardship determination, we affirm the trial court’s adjudication of wardship with the
       right to place the children for adoption.

¶ 63                                  B. Termination of Parental Rights
¶ 64       The involuntary termination of parental rights upon a petition of the State is governed by
       the Act (705 ILCS 405/1-1 et seq. (West 2012)) and the Adoption Act (750 ILCS 50/1 et seq.
       (West 2012)) and requires a two-step process. In re D.F., 201 Ill. 2d 476, 494 (2002). First, the
       State must show by clear and convincing evidence that the parent is “ ‘unfit’ ” as that term is
       defined in section 1(D) of the Adoption Act. Id. at 494-95 (quoting 750 ILCS 50/1(D) (West
       1998)). Second, if the court finds that the parent is unfit, then it must consider whether it is in
       the best interests of the child that parental rights be terminated, which the State must prove by
       a preponderance of the evidence. Id. at 495; 705 ILCS 405/2-29(2) (West 2012).
¶ 65       The determinations of parental fitness and the best interests of the child are made in
       separate hearings, as “ ‘a single hearing consolidating the issues of unfitness and best interest
       carries a risk of prejudice.’ ” In re D.M., 336 Ill. App. 3d 766, 771 (2002) (quoting In re D.R.,
       307 Ill. App. 3d 478, 484 (1999)). The two hearings focus on different factors. During a
       parental fitness hearing, the parent’s past conduct is under scrutiny but, during a parental rights
       termination hearing, the focus is on “the child’s welfare and whether termination would
       improve the child’s future financial, social and emotional atmosphere.” Id. at 771-72.

¶ 66                                            1. Unfitness
¶ 67        The trial court found respondent was unfit to parent the children for her failure to maintain
       a reasonable degree of interest, concern or responsibility as to the children’s welfare (750 ILCS
       50/1(D)(b) (West 2012)) and failure to protect the children from conditions within their
       environment injurious to their welfare (750 ILCS 50/1(D)(g) (West 2012)). Respondent argues
       the State failed to prove unfitness under either ground and the court’s findings were, therefore,
       against the manifest weight of the evidence.
¶ 68        If properly proven by clear and convincing evidence, any one of the grounds enumerated in
       section 1(D) of the Act is sufficient for a finding of unfitness. In re D.F., 201 Ill. 2d at 495
       (citing 750 ILCS 50/1(D) (West 1998) (which provides that a finding of unfitness may be
       based on “any one or more” of the enumerated grounds)). When, as here, the respondent parent
       challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, we will reverse a trial court’s finding of unfitness
       only where it is against the manifest weight of the evidence. Id. In reviewing the court’s
       determination, we must remain mindful that each case is to be considered and decided on its
       own unique facts and circumstances. In re Gwynne P., 215 Ill. 2d 340, 354 (2005). The trial
       court’s findings that respondent is unfit to parent Lavelle, Davon and Savana were not against
       the manifest weight of the evidence.
¶ 69        The extensive evidence previously recited amply supports the trial court’s finding that
       respondent is unfit, both due to her failure to maintain a reasonable degree of interest, concern
       or responsibility as to Lavelle’s, Davon’s and Savana’s welfare (750 ILCS 50/1(D)(b) (West
       2012)) and her failure to protect the children from conditions within their environment
       injurious to their welfare (750 ILCS 50/1(D)(g) (West 2012)). Respondent had her first three
       children removed from her care in 2008 after one of them, one-month-old Trevion, was found

                                                   - 14 -
       to have a fractured femur that could only have been caused by intentional physical force or a
       car accident. As expert witness Dr. Heller would testify, since Trevion was never in a car
       accident, his injury was, therefore, purposely inflicted. Dr. Heller would testify that Trevion
       would have been “hysterical with pain,” yet respondent did not bring him to be treated for a
       week, leading to the inescapable conclusion that respondent chose to ignore the obvious
       evidence that Trevion had been hurt. Although respondent admitted she and Enoch were
       Trevion’s sole caretakers, she denied knowing how or when the infant was injured.
       Necessarily, if respondent did not hurt the child, then Enoch was the perpetrator of the abuse.
       Yet respondent continued to live with him, bearing four more children, three of whom were
       also physically abused by Enoch, resulting in the death of eight-month-old Lamar, skull
       fractures in eight-month-old Lavelle and a rib fracture in 21-month-old Davon. As with
       Trevion, respondent failed to seek treatment for Lavelle and Davon’s injuries despite their
       evident pain and distress. As before, she claimed no knowledge of how or when these children
       were injured, even though she and Enoch were the children’s sole caretakers and, as Enoch
       subsequently admitted, he did hit the children.
¶ 70       Respondent showed absolutely no interest, concern or responsibility for Lavelle’s,
       Davon’s and Savana’s welfare (750 ILCS 50/1(D)(b) (West 2012)) and blatantly failed to
       protect them from the conditions within their environment injurious to their welfare (750 ILCS
       50/1(D)(g) (West 2012)). She allowed the children to remain in her home with Enoch, a man
       she knew had hurt one of her other children so severely that he had broken the one-month-old
       child’s leg. She allowed them to be remain exposed to a man who had already physically
       assaulted their brother and now continually physically assaulted them. Expert witness
       testimony shows respondent could not have failed to notice the children’s pain from their
       repeated injuries and yet she ignored the children’s evident distress and the physical
       manifestations of their injuries, failed to take them for treatment and consistently denied
       knowing anything about those injuries or that the children had been injured. Not only did
       respondent fail to protect her children from Enoch, she consistently showed no interest,
       concern or responsibility for their welfare at all.
¶ 71       During a fitness hearing, a respondent parent’s past conduct is under scrutiny. In re D.M.,
336 Ill. App. 3d at 771-72. Here, respondent’s past conduct supports the trial court’s finding
       that she was unfit for both her failure to maintain a reasonable degree of interest, concern or
       responsibility as to Lavelle’s, Davon’s and Savana’s welfare (750 ILCS 50/1(D)(b) (West
       2012)) and her failure to protect the children from conditions within their environment
       injurious to their welfare (750 ILCS 50/1(D)(g) (West 2012)).
¶ 72       Respondent argues she was denied due process as she had no chance at reunification from
       the inception of the case since she was not afforded visitation or reunification services and thus
       could not make progress toward the children’s return home. Respondent is correct that the
       procedure to terminate a parent’s rights must comply with the requirement of procedural due
       process. See In re J.B., 2014 IL App (1st) 140773, ¶ 42. Further, a parent may be found unfit
       under the Act for failure to make reasonable progress toward the return of the child. 750 ILCS
       50/1(D)(m) (West 2012). However, the State did not allege plaintiff was unfit on this basis,
       alleging instead her failure to maintain reasonable interest or concern in the children’s welfare
       or to protect them from conditions injurious to them. Further, in finding respondent unfit on
       these two bases, the trial court did not rely on any failure by respondent to visit her children or
       comply with a reunification service, i.e., on her conduct after the children were removed from

                                                   - 15 -
       her custody. Instead, it relied on her conduct before her children were removed, on the
       evidence that the children were physically abused by Enoch, that respondent failed to protect
       them from Enoch and that she sought no treatment or help for their evident injuries and
       distress. As the court did not base its unfitness finding on any perceived failure by respondent
       to comply with reunification services or to make progress toward the children’s return,
       respondent’s argument is without merit.
¶ 73       Respondent claims “the record is quite clear that [she] was an innocent victim in this tragic
       case and had no way of predicting that the children could ever be harmed at the hands of their
       father.” From the above litany of evidence, it is quite clear that respondent was anything but an
       innocent victim. It shows she knew her children were being harmed, failed to protect them,
       may have participated in the abuse herself and, even if she did not participate, willfully chose
       to ignore the suffering inflicted on them or get them the help they required. The trial court
       heard respondent’s testimony and, given its unfitness finding, necessarily found her not
       credible. We defer to that determination. In re D.F., 201 Ill. 2d at 498-99. The record could not
       be clearer: respondent is unfit to parent Lavelle, Davon and Savana. Accordingly, the trial
       court’s finding that respondent was unfit is not against the manifest weight of the evidence.

¶ 74                                            2. Best Interests
¶ 75       The trial court found it was in the best interests of Lavelle, Davon and Savana that
       respondent’s parental rights be terminated. Following a finding of unfitness, the focus of a
       proceeding on a petition for termination of parental rights shifts to the child. In re D.T., 212 Ill.
2d 347, 364 (2004). “The issue is no longer whether parental rights can be terminated; the issue
       is whether, in light of the child’s needs, parental rights should be terminated.” (Emphases in
       original.) Id. “Although the parent still possesses an interest in maintaining the parent-child
       relationship, the force of that interest is lessened by the court’s finding that the parent is unfit to
       raise his or her child.” Id. “Accordingly, at a best-interests hearing, the parent’s interest in
       maintaining the parent-child relationship must yield to the child’s interest in a stable, loving
       home life.” Id. A decision to terminate parental rights in the best interest of the child must be
       supported by the preponderance of the evidence. Id. at 366.
¶ 76       “As this court has recognized, ‘once a court has found by clear and convincing evidence
       that a parent is unfit, the state’s interest in protecting the child is sufficiently compelling to
       allow the termination of parental rights.’ ” Id. (quoting In re R.C., 195 Ill. 2d 291, 308 (2001)).
       However, the trial court cannot rely solely on fitness findings to terminate parental rights. In re
       D.M., 336 Ill. App. 3d at 772. Instead, pursuant to section 3-4.5 of the Act, “[t]he court is
       required to consider factually based statutory factors, separate from those considered during
       parental fitness hearings, which focus upon ‘the child’s age and developmental needs.’ ” Id.
       (quoting 705 ILCS 405/1-3(4.05) (West 2000)).
¶ 77       Section 1-3(4.05) of the Act requires that, “[w]henever a ‘best interest’ determination is
       required,” the court must consider, in the context of the child’s age and developmental needs,
       the following factors: (1) “the physical safety and welfare of the child”; (2) “the development
       of the child’s identity”; (3) “the child’s background and ties”; (4) “the child’s sense of
       attachments”; including “where the child actually feels love, attachment” and “the child’s
       sense of security”; (5) “the child’s wishes and long-term goals”; (6) “the child’s community
       ties”; (7) “the child’s need for permanence which includes the child’s need for stability and
       continuity of relationships with parent figures and with siblings and other relatives”; (8) “the

                                                     - 16 -
       uniqueness of every family and child”; (9) “the risks attendant to entering and being in
       substitute care”; and (10) “the preferences of the persons available to care for the child.” 705
       ILCS 405/1-3(4.05) (West 2012).
¶ 78       The court may also consider the nature and length of the child’s relationship with her
       present caretaker and the effect that a change in placement would have upon his or her
       emotional and psychological well-being. In re Tajannah O., 2014 IL App (1st) 133119, ¶ 19.
       The trial court’s best interest determination need not contain an explicit reference to each of
       these factors and we need not rely on any basis used by the trial court in affirming its decision.
       Id. “Ultimately, the trial court’s final determination regarding a minor’s permanency lies
       within its sound discretion and that decision will not be overturned unless it is against the
       manifest weight of the evidence.” Id. ¶ 20.
¶ 79       Here, the record supports the trial court’s findings that the State proved by a preponderance
       of the evidence that it was in Lavelle’s, Davon’s and Savana’s best interests that respondent’s
       parental rights be terminated. It shows that the children clearly did not receive the physical and
       emotional care from respondent that they required. Davon and Lavelle were physically abused
       while in respondent’s care and, if respondent did not participate in the physical abuse, she
       either ignored it or did not notice it. She failed to protect her children from Enoch and the
       effects of his violence toward them and their siblings. She ignored or did not notice Lavelle’s
       evident skull swelling and Davon’s weeks-long evident and inconsolable distress from the pain
       of his broken rib. Davon and Savana were so traumatized by their time in respondent’s
       household that, even though they were very young, they suffered night terrors and were unable
       to sleep for nights at a time. 21-month-old Davon was traumatized to the extent that he “acted
       out” by banging his head into the floor. Only after extensive and ongoing trauma therapy and
       time in a stable foster home did the children improve. They had been with their foster families
       for two years, were attached to their new families, loved and doing well. The trial court’s
       findings that it was in the children’s best interests that respondent’s parental rights be
       terminated were not against the manifest weight of the evidence. The court did not abuse its
       discretion in terminating respondent’s parental rights.

¶ 80                                 C. Denial of Supervised Visitation
¶ 81       Respondent next argues the court abused its discretion in denying her request for visitation
       with the children. Section 2-23(3) of the Act provides that the court may enter a dispositional
       order regarding visitation. 705 ILCS 405/2-23(3) (West 2012). Although a dispositional order
       entered in a proceeding under the Act is a matter committed to the sound discretion of the trial
       court, our review of such an order must be made in light of the purposes and policies of the Act.
       In re Beatriz S., 267 Ill. App. 3d 496, 500 (1994). “The overriding purpose of the Act to which
       all other goals are subordinate is the ‘best interest’ of the minors involved.”4 Id. To that end,
           4
            As set forth previously, section 1-3(4.05) of the Act requires that, “[w]henever a ‘best interest’
       determination is required,” the court must consider, in the context of the child’s age and developmental
       needs, the following factors: (1) “the physical safety and welfare of the child”; (2) “the development of
       the child’s identity”; (3) “the child’s background and ties”; (4) “the child’s sense of attachments”;
       including “where the child actually feels love, attachment” and “the child’s sense of security”; (5) “the
       child’s wishes and long-term goals”; (6) “the child’s community ties”; (7) “the child’s need for
       permanence which includes the child’s need for stability and continuity of relationships with parent
       figures and with siblings and other relatives”; (8) “the uniqueness of every family and child”; (9) “the

                                                      - 17 -
       section 1-3(13) of the Act provides that the right to reasonable visitation remains with a parent
       after the transfer of legal custody or guardianship of a child but that right “ ‘may be limited by
       the court in the best interests of the minor as provided in subsection (8)(b) of this Section.’ ”5
       In re Taylor B., 359 Ill. App. 3d 647, 650 (2005) (quoting 705 ILCS 405/1-3(13) (West 2004)).
       We will reverse a trial court’s dispositional determination, in this case regarding visitation,
       only if the court’s findings are against the manifest weight of the evidence or if the court
       abused its discretion by selecting an inappropriate dispositional order. Id.
¶ 82        The court initially barred respondent from seeing Lavelle, Davon and Savanna on
       December 14, 2012, entering a no-contact order. Respondent has not included a report of these
       proceedings in the record. Respondent, as the appellant, has the burden to present a sufficiently
       complete record of the proceedings at trial to support a claim of error. Foutch v. O’Bryant, 99
Ill. 2d 389, 391-92 (1984). In the absence of such a record on appeal, we will presume that the
       order entered by the trial court was in conformity with law and had a sufficient factual basis
       and resolve any doubts arising from the incompleteness of the record against respondent. Id. at
       392. As there is no transcript of the hearing on respondent’s first request for visitation, there is
       no basis for holding that the trial court abused its discretion in denying such visitation in
       December 2012.
¶ 83        The court subsequently barred respondent from seeing her children in April 2014, when it
       denied her motion for supervised visitation. The record supports the court’s finding that
       granting supervised visitation to respondent, who allowed her children to be beaten, willfully
       or ignorantly failed to notice their injuries and pain, failed to provide them the help they
       required and consistently refused and, indeed, still refuses to accept any responsibility
       whatsoever for what happened to her children, was not in the best interests of the minors. This
       is especially evident given LSSI caseworker Holmes’ testimony during the hearing on the
       motion that Davon and Savana, who were not even two and three years old at the time, were so
       traumatized by their life with respondent that they suffered night terrors daily for over a month,
       Davon exhibited head banging, both children required specialized trauma therapy and their
       emotional state had improved only after being removed from respondent’s care for over a
       month. As a result of the physical abuse and lack of care the children suffered and/or
       witnessed, they have, as the trial court noted, “serious, serious emotional and psychological
       problems.” It was the opinion of LSSI, the agency charged with their care, that even though the
       children’s mental state had improved since being removed from respondent’s home, they
       would be retraumatized during a supervised visit with respondent. Accordingly, the court’s
       ruling that it was not in the children’s best interests to allow visitation was not against the
       manifest weight of the evidence, and it did not abuse its discretion in entering the order
       denying supervised visitation. To quote an earlier decision of this court, “[i]n support of our
       conclusion, we cite but two sources: the record in this case and simple common sense.” In re

       risks attendant to entering and being in substitute care”; and (10) “the preferences of the persons
       available to care for the child.” 705 ILCS 405/1-3(4.05) (West 2012).
           5
             Section 1-3(8)(b) provides that a guardian’s duty and authority regarding a minor are “subject to
       residual parental rights and responsibilities” including “the authority and duty of reasonable visitation,
       except to the extent that these have been limited in the best interests of the minor by court order.”
       (Emphasis added.) 705 ILCS 405/1-3(8)(b) (West 2012).

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       Beatriz S., 267 Ill. App. 3d 496, 500 (1994).

¶ 84                                      D. Admission of Evidence
¶ 85       Respondent lastly argues the court erred in allowing Dr. Glick to testify that Lavelle’s
       injuries were “relatively fresh and a couple of days of age” and that the caregiver of a child
       with a broken rib would notice the injury, claiming these opinions were not previously
       disclosed pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 213 (eff. Jan. 1, 2007). “The decision of
       whether to admit or exclude evidence, including whether to allow an expert to present certain
       opinions, rests solely within the discretion of the trial court ***.” Cetera v. DiFilippo, 404 Ill.
       App. 3d 20, 36-37 (2010). We will not reverse the trial court’s admission of evidence absent an
       abuse of that discretion, where no reasonable person would take the view adopted by the trial
       court. Id.
¶ 86       Rule 213 provides for the timely disclosure of expert witnesses and their opinions in order
       to avoid surprise and discourage strategic gamesmanship. Id. at 37. Its disclosures are
       mandatory and strict compliance is required. Id. In the State’s answer to respondent’s Rule 213
       interrogatories, it disclosed Dr. Glick as both a lay witness and an independent expert witness.
       Rule 213(f)(2) requires the disclosure of the subjects on which the independent expert witness
       will testify and the opinions the party expects to elicit from that witness. Id.; Ill. S. Ct. R.
       213(f)(2) (eff. Jan. 1, 2007). Rule 213(g) limits expert opinions at trial to the information
       disclosed in answer to a Rule 213(f) interrogatory or at deposition. Cetera, 404 Ill. App. 3d at
       37; Ill. S. Ct. R. 213(g) (eff. Jan. 1, 2007). However, a witness may elaborate at trial “ ‘ “on a
       disclosed opinion as long as the testimony states logical corollaries to the opinion rather than
       new reasons for it.” ’ ” Cetera, 404 Ill. App. 3d at 37 (quoting Spaetzel v. Dillon, 393 Ill. App.
3d 806, 812 (2009), quoting Foley v. Fletcher, 361 Ill. App. 3d 39, 47 (2005)).
¶ 87       During the State’s direct examination of Dr. Glick during the adjudicatory hearing,
       respondent objected to Dr. Glick’s testimony that Lavelle’s injuries were “relatively fresh and
       a couple of days of age,” arguing this opinion had not been disclosed. The court overruled the
       objection, finding it was not a new opinion. We agree. In the State’s answer to respondent’s
       Rule 213 interrogatories, it identified the subjects on which Dr. Glick would testify and the
       opinions it expected to elicit from her as: “see MPEEC Report, Curriculum Vitae, and
       University of Chicago Comer Children’s Hospital records already tendered to counsel for
       Respondent-Mother.” 6 In the MPEEC report, Dr. Glick stated her opinion that Lavelle
       “sustained acute blunt trauma due to swelling noted on CT and exam over the fractures. Acute
       in medical terminology indicates the injury was recent due to the swelling noted.” In her
       diagnosis recorded in Lavelle’s Comer Children’s Hospital medical record, she stated: “The
       fractures are recent in that there is swelling over them on exam.”
¶ 88       At trial, Dr. Glick testified that, based on the “bogginess and swelling” of Lavelle’s skull
       fractures, “they would have occurred within a couple of days of being seen at Comer because
       the swelling indicates relatively new and fresh injury.” She stated she could not comment on
       “exactly how old” Lavelle’s injuries were but could say “those are relatively fresh and a couple
       of days old.” Dr. Glick’s testimony that Lavelle’s skull fractures were “a couple of days old”
       was not a new opinion. It was an elaboration on her disclosed opinion that Lavelle’s injuries

           6
            The “MPEEC report” is the report Dr. Glick wrote in her role as the medical director of the Child
       Protective Services Team in which she summarized her findings regarding all three children.

                                                     - 19 -
       were “acute” and “recent,” as she had stated in her previously disclosed MPEEC report and
       diagnosis in Lavelle’s medical record. If an injury is “a couple of days” old, that injury is
       recent. “The testimony at trial must be encompassed by the original opinion.” Foley, 361 Ill.
       App. 3d at 47. Dr. Glick’s testimony that Lavelle’s skull fractures were “relatively fresh and a
       couple of days of age” was clearly encompassed by her disclosed opinions that his fractures
       were “acute” and “recent.”
¶ 89       Respondent had also objected to Dr. Glick’s testimony, given in the context of Davon’s rib
       fracture, regarding what a caregiver of a child with a broken rib would notice about the child,
       arguing the opinion was vague and undisclosed. After the court overruled the objection, Dr.
       Glick testified that “[a] child with a rib fracture will be in pain and have discomfort,” would be
       uncomfortable with every deep breath and bowel movement, irritable, fussy, inconsolable and,
       unlike most children in pain, would not want to be held because it would hurt. In other words,
       the child’s pain would be evident to a caregiver, leading to the inference that respondent could
       not have failed to notice Davon’s pain. This opinion is encompassed in Dr. Glick’s MPEEC
       report, in which she stated:
                    “[Davon’s] rib fracture is diagnosed as an occult injury; there is no history to my
               knowledge that this child has been seen for an injury. I let DCFS know that if there was
               a history for this injury that is a corroborated history where the child was seen by a
               doctor for pain, (rib fractures hurt with movement) that we could readdress my
               opinion.”
       Dr. Glick had previously explained in her report, in the context of Lavelle’s injuries, that
       “ ‘occult’ that is a parent had not sought care for a known fall or impact.” She stated Davon’s
       “old healing fracture” was “highly suspicious for abuse” given Lamar’s death, Lavelle’s skull
       fractures and the fact that his own injury was occult, i.e., untreated because his parent had not
       sought care for the injury. These disclosed opinions that “rib fractures hurt with movement”
       and that Davon’s fracture was occult, meaning no parent had brought him in for treatment for
       his evident pain, encompassed her subsequent testimony that his pain would be evident to
       respondent, his caregiver, who had not brought him in for medical care.
¶ 90       Respondent further claims the State was required to disclose the basis for each of Dr.
       Glick’s opinions. However, this requirement pertains only to controlled expert witnesses, not
       to independent expert witnesses such as Dr. Glick.
               “A ‘controlled expert witness’ is a person giving expert testimony who is the party, the
               party’s current employee, or the party’s retained expert. For each controlled expert
               witness, the party must identify: (i) the subject matter on which the witness will testify;
               (ii) the conclusions and opinions of the witness and the bases therefor; (iii) the
               qualifications of the witness; and (iv) any reports prepared by the witness about the
               case.” (Emphasis added.) Ill. S. Ct. R. 213(f)(3) (eff. Jan. 1, 2007).
       Dr. Glick was not a controlled expert witness. Instead, she was “a person giving expert
       testimony who is not the party, the party’s current employee, or the party’s retained expert”
       and thus an “independent expert witness” as defined in Rule 213(f)(2). (Emphasis added.) Ill.
       S. Ct. R. 213(f)(2) (eff. Jan. 1, 2007). Rule 213(f)(2) requires only that, “[f]or each independent
       expert witness, the party must identify the subjects on which the witness will testify and the
       opinions the party expects to elicit.” Id. Accordingly, as Dr. Glick was an independent expert
       witness, the State was not required to disclose the bases for her opinions.

                                                   - 20 -
¶ 91       Respondent also argues that the trial court erred in not allowing her to cross-examine Dr.
       Glick regarding where the children were before her examination and how long they were there.
       She makes this argument in two repetitive sentences without citation to legal authority or
       explanation of how she was prejudiced by the alleged error. The argument is, therefore,
       forfeited. In re Estate of Michalak, 404 Ill. App. 3d at 90.
¶ 92       Accordingly, as the State’s disclosures regarding Dr. Glick’s testimony and opinions were
       sufficient to comply with the requirements of Rule 213(f)(2) for the disclosure of independent
       expert witnesses, the trial court did not err in allowing Dr. Glick’s testimony.

¶ 93                                     III. CONCLUSION
¶ 94      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the orders of the trial court.

¶ 95      Affirmed.

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