Court Opinion

ID: 9411571
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-27 06:00:20.135753+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:00:14.445123
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
                        MERIT SYSTEMS PROTECTION BOARD

     LEWIS E. VAN FOSSEN,                            DOCKET NUMBER
                    Appellant,                       SF-1221-17-0403-W-1

                  v.

     DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE,                         DATE: July 26, 2023
                 Agency.

                  THIS ORDER IS NONPRECEDENTIAL 1

           Lewis E. Van Fossen, Honolulu, Hawaii, pro se.

           Ashley Geisendorfer, Washington, D.C., for the agency.

                                           BEFORE

                               Cathy A. Harris, Vice Chairman
                                Raymond A. Limon, Member

                                     REMAND ORDER

¶1         The appellant has filed a petition for review of the initial decision, which
     dismissed his individual right of action (IRA) appeal for lack of jurisdiction . For
     the reasons discussed below, we AFFIRM the initial decision to the extent that it
     found that the appellant did not nonfrivolously allege that he made any protected

     1
        A nonprecedential order is one that the Board has determined does not add
     significantly to the body of MSPB case law. Parties may cite nonprecedential orders,
     but such orders have no precedential value; the Board and administrative judges are not
     required to follow or distinguish them in any future decisions. In contrast, a
     precedential decision issued as an Opinion and Order has been identified by the Board
     as significantly contributing to the Board’s case law. See 5 C.F.R. § 1201.117(c).
                                                                                      2

     whistleblowing disclosures. We MODIFY the initial decision to the extent that it
     found that the appellant did not exhaust his claims regarding his performance
     reviews and previous disciplinary actions and instead find that his appeal is
     untimely with respect to these claims. We also MODIFY the initial decision to
     find that the appellant engaged in protected whistleblowing activity only when he
     filed complaints with the Office of Special Counsel (OSC) and the agency’s
     Office of the Inspector General (OIG). We further MODIFY the initial decision
     to find that the appellant nonfrivolously alleged that his protected whistleblowing
     activity was a contributing factor in his first-line supervisor’s decision to place
     him on a performance improvement plan (PIP), the proposing and deciding
     officials had constructive knowledge of this activity, and the activity was a
     contributing factor in his proposed removal and removal.         We GRANT the
     appellant’s petition for review and REMAND the case to the regional office for
     further adjudication in accordance with this Remand Order.

                                      BACKGROUND
¶2           The appellant was employed at the agency as a Fishery Resource
     Management Specialist in Honolulu, Hawaii. Initial Appeal File (IAF), Tab 1
     at 7. The appellant’s first-line supervisor began supervising him on February 19,
     2014.    Id. at 8.   On April 15, 2015, she conducted a progress review of the
     appellant’s performance and gave him written feedback. Id. At that point, she
     notified him that his performance was at the “eligible” performance level and that
     he had several performance deficiencies under the critical element s of (1) Mission
     and (2) Administration. Id. On May 27, 2015, the appellant received an official
     reprimand for disrespectful and unprofessional conduct. IAF, Tab 14 at 65-67.
     Effective October 5, 2015, the agency placed him on a Performance Improvement
     Plan (PIP) on the basis of his unsatisfactory performance under Critical Element
     (1) Mission. IAF, Tab 1 at 8. The PIP concluded on January 8, 2016. Id.
                                                                                        3

¶3         The agency proposed the appellant’s removal on the basis of unacceptable
     performance on August 15, 2016.       Id. at 7-17. The Director of the Office of
     Sustainable Fisheries stated that the agency selected him to serve as the proposing
     official because he was outside of the appellant’s chain of command . Id. at 7. He
     stated that he based the proposal on an independent assessment of the appellant’s
     performance to provide him with a review outside of his October 5, 2015 PIP. Id.
     He indicated that, on the basis of this review, he found that the appellant failed to
     improve his performance in the Critical Element (1) Mission or achieve the
     specific requirements of that element.       Id. at 8-9.     The Deputy Assistant
     Administrator for Operations, who was also outside of the appellant’s chain of
     command, served as the deciding official. Id. at 18-33. The agency imposed the
     removal on October 12, 2016. Id.
¶4         In July 2016, after the beginning of the PIP, and prior to the proposal to
     remove him, the appellant filed a complaint with OSC. IAF, Tab 16 at 8-15. He
     alleged the following: (1) in May 2015, he disclosed to OIG that his first-line
     supervisor retaliated against him through the manner in which she conducted her
     performance-based discipline and that agency officials were disciplining him; and
     (2) agency officials configured his computer to interfere with his work and to
     surveille him. Id. at 11-13. He also asserted that he had engaged in protected
     activity when he filed complaints with (1) OSC, (2) OIG, and (3) the agency’s
     Office of Civil Rights (OCR) from 2014 to 2016.          Id. at 12.   The appellant
     asserted that, in retaliation for these protected whistlebl owing disclosures and
     activities, the agency conducted a retaliatory investigation against him, assigned
     him poor performance ratings, and placed him on a PIP. Id. at 11-13. At some
     point after the proposal and removal decision, the appellant amended his OSC
     complaint to include the proposal and removal decisions. IAF, Tab 1 at 46.
                                                                                            4

¶5         On January 25, 2017, OSC issued its initial determination letter. 2             Id.
     at 46-47. It stated that it would not consider the appellant’s claims regarding his
     performance ratings and other disciplinary actions that were the subject of his
     prior complaints in MA-11-1110 and MA-14-4863. 3               Id. at 46.     OSC also
     described several reasons why it found that the agency did not have a strong
     motive to retaliate against the appellant. Id. at 47. For instance, OSC stated that
     he merely speculated that his first-line supervisor had placed him on a PIP at the
     direction of his former first-line supervisor, he began filing complaints against
     her after she began to discipline him, he never met either the proposing or
     deciding officials, and these officials were not in his chain of command.             Id.
     OSC further stated that, on the basis of the evidence that the appellant provided,
     it appeared that the agency would be able to show that it took the actions at issue
     because of his performance and not because of a retaliatory motive.            Id. The
     appellant responded, asserting that he had engaged in over 30 protected activities
     and agency officials, including his first-line supervisor and the proposing and
     deciding officials, had knowledge of these activities.         IAF, Tab 16 at 16-32.
     After considering the appellant’s response, OSC issued its closeout letter on
     February 27, 2017. IAF, Tab 1 at 43.
¶6         The appellant then filed the instant IRA appeal.          IAF, Tab 1.     Without
     holding the appellant’s requested hearing, the administrative judge issued an
     initial decision that dismissed the appeal for lack of jurisdiction. IAF, Tab 19,

     2
       The record contains a copy of the appellant’s January 2011 OSC complaint. IAF,
     Tab 12 at 5-16. In this complaint, he asserted that he received lower performance
     scores in retaliation for disclosing possible withholding or destruction of protected
     information to his first-line supervisor and OIG and disclosing to his supervisor in 2007
     and 2008 that it was possible that observers were watching movies or sleeping instead
     of observing fishing gear. Id.
     3
       The letter also stated that it would not consider the claims regarding the appellant’s
     performance evaluation as they had been the subject of his complaint in MA-16-4287.
     IAF, Tab 1 at 46. However, as that complaint number was that of the investigation at
     issue, we assume that this was a typographical error.
                                                                                             5

     Initial Decision (ID). She found that the appellant did not nonfrivolously allege
     that he made any protected disclosures and that, although he engaged in several
     instances of protected whistleblowing activity, he failed to nonfrivolously allege
     that this protected activity was a contributing factor in the decision to place him
     on a PIP or to propose or impose his removal. ID at 7-18.
¶7         The appellant has filed a petition for review and the agency has responded
     in opposition to his petition. 4 Petition for Review (PFR) File, Tabs 1, 4.

                      DISCUSSION OF ARGUMENTS ON REVIEW
¶8         The appellant may establish jurisdiction over this IRA appeal if he
     demonstrates by preponderant evidence 5 that he exhausted his administrative
     remedy before OSC and makes nonfrivolous allegations 6 of the following: (1) he
     made a protected whistleblowing disclosure under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8) or
     engaged in protected whistleblowing activity under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(9)(A)(i),
     (B), (C), or (D); and (2) the disclosure or activity was a contributing factor in the

     4
       The appellant has filed a reply, which the agency has moved to strike as untimely.
     PFR File, Tabs 5-6. Under the Board’s regulations, any reply to a response to a petition
     for review must be filed within 10 days after the date of service of the response to the
     petition for review. 5 C.F.R. § 1201.114(e). The agency filed its response on
     November 17, 2017, via e-Appeal. PFR File, Tab 4. Because the appellant was an
     e-filer, the Board’s regulations deem that this response was served on the appellant on
     that date. Id. at 17; see 5 C.F.R. § 1201.14(m)(2). Accordingly, the reply was due on
     November 27, 2017. The appellant did not submit his reply until January 9, 2018, or
     43 days after the filing deadline. He has not provided any excuse for the delay. Thus,
     we have not considered the untimely reply.
     5
      A preponderance of the evidence is that degree of relevant evidence that a reasonable
     person, considering the record as a whole, would accept as sufficient to find that a
     contested fact is more likely to be true than untrue. 5 C.F.R. § 1201.4(q).
     6
       A nonfrivolous allegation is an assertion that, if proven, could establish the matter at
     issue. Lewis v. Department of Defense, 123 M.S.P.R. 255, ¶ 7 (2016); 5 C.F.R.
     § 1201.4(s). An allegation generally will be considered nonfrivolous when, if an
     individual makes such an allegation under oath or penalty of perjury, it is more than
     conclusory, plausible on its face, and material to the legal issues in the appeal. Lewis,
     123 M.S.P.R. 255, ¶ 7; 5 C.F.R. § 1201.4(s).
                                                                                         6

agency’s decision to take or fail to take, or threaten to take or fail to take, a
personnel action. 7 5 U.S.C. §§ 1214(a)(3), 1221(e)(1); Yunus v. Department of
Veterans Affairs, 242 F.3d 1367, 1371 (Fed. Cir. 2001); Lewis v. Department of
Defense, 123 M.S.P.R. 255, ¶ 7 (2016); Salerno v. Department of the Interior,
123 M.S.P.R. 230, ¶ 5 (2016); 5 C.F.R. § 1201.57(a)(1), (b), (c)(1).                If an
appellant establishes jurisdiction over his IRA appeal, he is entitled to a hearing
on the merits of his claim, which he must prove by preponderant evidence.
Salerno, 123 M.S.P.R. 230, ¶ 5; 5 C.F.R. § 1201.57(c)(4). If he proves that his
protected whistleblowing disclosure or activity was a contributing factor in a
personnel action that was taken or threatened, the agency is given an opportunity
to prove, by clear and convincing evidence, that it would have taken or threatened
the same personnel action in the absence of the protected whistleblowing
disclosure or activity.      5 U.S.C. § 1221(e)(1)-(2); Carr v. Social Security
Administration, 185 F.3d 1318, 1322–23 (Fed. Cir. 1999); see Salerno,
123 M.S.P.R. 230, ¶ 5. 8

7
  The administrative judge found that the appellant did not exhaust his administrative
remedy regarding his performance ratings and other disciplinary actions that were the
subject of his 2011 and 2014 OSC complaints. ID at 5; IAF, Tab 1 at 46 -47, Tab 12
at 5-16. We modify the initial decision to find instead that the appellant filed an
untimely Board appeal regarding these matters. Under 5 U.S.C. § 1214(a)(3)(A), an
appellant may file an IRA appeal with the Board once OSC closes its in vestigation into
his complaint and no more than 60 days have elapsed since notification of the closure
was provided to him. Kalus v. Department of Homeland Security, 123 M.S.P.R. 226,
¶ 7 (2016). Under the Board’s regulations implementing that statutory time limit, an
IRA appeal must be filed no later than 65 days after the date that OSC issues its
close-out letter, or, if the letter is received more than 5 days after its issuance, within
60 days of the date of receipt. 5 C.F.R. § 1209.5(a)(1). The appellant has not met his
burden of demonstrating that he filed timely appeals regarding the 2011 and 2014
complaints and thus we do not consider these claims.
We find that the appellant has otherwise demonstrated exhaustion regarding the
remainder of his claims.
8
 The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit decided Carr prior to the enactment
of the Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act of 2012. Pub. L. No. 112-199,
                                                                                         7

      The appellant did not nonfrivolously allege that he made any protected
      whistleblowing disclosures.
¶9         The administrative judge found that the appellant failed to nonfrivolously
      allege that he made any protected whistleblowing disclosures.          ID at 7-12.
      Although it is unclear to whom he made this disclosure, t he appellant asserted
      that he made one disclosure that the agency was engaging in a disciplinary
      campaign against him. IAF, Tab 16 at 13. He also asserted that he disclosed to
      OIG that his supervisor was retaliating against him through perf ormance-based
      discipline and to both OIG and the information technology (IT) incident response
      team that agency officials configured his computer to improperly access it,
      interfere with his work, and sabotage him. Id. at 13-14, 20-21. On review, the
      appellant challenges, in particular, the administrative judge’s finding that he
      failed to make a protected disclosure regarding computer sabotage. PFR File,
      Tab 1 at 7-10.
¶10        A protected whistleblowing disclosure is a disclosure of information that
      the appellant reasonably believes evidences any violation of any law, rule, or
      regulation, gross mismanagement, a gross waste of funds, an abuse of authority,
      or a substantial and specific danger to public health or safety.          5 U.S.C.
      § 2302(b)(8); Bradley v. Department of Homeland Security, 123 M.S.P.R. 547,
      ¶ 7 (2016).      At the jurisdictional stage, the appellant only is burdened with
      making a nonfrivolous allegation that he reasonably believed that his disclosure
      evidenced one of these circumstances.       Bradley, 123 M.S.P.R. 547, ¶ 7.     The
      proper test for determining whether an employee had a reasonable belief that his
      disclosures were protected is whether a disinterested observer with knowledge of
      the essential facts known to and readily ascertainable by the employee could
      reasonably conclude that the disclosure evidenced one of the circumstances

      126 Stat. 1465.    However, subsequent changes in the law do not affect the relevant
      holding.
                                                                                         8

      described in 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8). Id. Vague, conclusory, unsupported, and pro
      forma allegations of alleged wrongdoing do not meet the nonfrivolous pleading
      standard needed to establish the Board’s jurisdiction.       El v. Department of
      Commerce, 123 M.S.P.R. 76, ¶ 6 (2015), aff’d, 663 F. App’x 921 (Fed. Cir.
      2016).
¶11        We agree with the administrative judge that the appellant’s arguments
      regarding his first-line supervisor and the agency’s discipline do not constitute a
      nonfrivolous allegation of a protected disclosure.     We agree that he has not
      nonfrivolously alleged an abuse of authority or a violation of a law, rule, or
      regulation. ID at 9-10. Specifically, we have considered that harassment by a
      supervisor may constitute an abuse of authority. See Ayers v. Department of the
      Army, 123 M.S.P.R. 11, ¶ 14 (2015).       However, we find that the appellant’s
      assertions that the agency and his supervisor disciplined him for his disagreement
      with how his assignments were evaluated do not rise to this level. We also can
      find no law, rule, or regulation that is applicable to this situation. Additionally,
      we find that the appellant’s arguments regarding how the agency or his supervisor
      disciplined him are too vague and debatable to constitute a nonfrivolous
      allegation of gross mismanagement.      See Webb v. Department of the Interior,
      122 M.S.P.R. 248,     ¶¶ 9-10 (2015) (holding that a         disclosure   of   gross
      mismanagement excludes management decisions that are merely debatable).
¶12        The appellant also has not established jurisdiction over his disclosure that
      the agency somehow tampered with his computer, including creating “back
      doors.” IAF, Tab 16 at 11-12. To the extent that he is asserting that the agency
      or his first-line supervisor somehow violated a law, rule, or regulation or created
      a substantial and specific danger to public health or safety, we find that he has
      identified no such law, rule, or regulation and his assertions are unsupported as
      opposed to substantial and specific. See Lewis, 123 M.S.P.R. 255, ¶ 12 (finding
      that the appellant failed to make a nonfrivolous allegation of a violation of law,
      rule, or regulation or a substantial and specific danger to public health or safety
                                                                                             9

      when he asserted that an agency manager exhibited signs of schizophrenia in
      response to the 2011 earthquake in Washington, D.C.). Further, we agree with
      the administrative judge that the appellant’s assertions regarding the agency’s
      interference with his computer do not constitute a nonfrivolous allegation of an
      abuse of authority as they are not supported in the record and a reasonable person
      would find his allegations to be implausible. ID at 10-12. Accordingly, we agree
      with the administrative judge that the appellant has failed to nonfrivolously allege
      that he made a protected disclosure.

      The appellant nonfrivolously alleged that he engaged in protected whistleblowing
      activity only with respect to his OIG and OSC complaints.
¶13        Although we find that the appellant has not nonfrivolously alleged that he
      made any protected whistleblowing disclosures, we find that he nonfrivolously
      alleged that he engaged in protected whistleblowing activity by filing complaints
      with OSC and OIG. The appellant asserted before OSC that he engaged in more
      than 30 instances of protected activity from 2002 to 2016, including
      26 specifically described activities. IAF, Tab 16 at 17-21. This activity includes
      seven OIG complaints, four OSC complaints, a 2002 internal report of payroll
      fraud, three grievances, six informal grievances and other complaints, a complaint
      to the information technology (IT) incident response team, a workers’
      compensation    complaint,   and     three     complaints    regarding   discrimination,
      including two equal employment opportunity (EEO) complaints with the OCR.
      IAF, Tab 14 at 47-54, Tab 16 at 12, 17-21.
¶14        The    administrative   judge     found    that   the   appellant   exhausted   and
      nonfrivolously alleged that he         engaged in four instances of protected
      whistleblowing activity on the basis of three OIG complaints and one
      administrative grievance that also was disclosed to OIG. ID at 13-14. We modify
      this decision to find that, although the appellant nonfrivolously alleged that
      several of his complaints to OSC and OIG were protected under 5 U.S.C.
      § 2302(b)(9)(C), his other activity is not protected whistleblowing activity.
                                                                                      10

      Instead, this other activity involves grievances and complaints other than with
      regard to remedying a violation of 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8), internal investigations,
      and complaints limited to EEO matters.
¶15        We find that the appellant nofrivolously alleged that he engaged in
      protected activity under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(9)(C) when he filed several OIG and
      OSC complaints.       Under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(9)(C), the appellant engages in
      protected whistleblowing activity by filing complaints with OIG and OSC.
      Fisher v. Department of the Interior, 2023 MSPB 11, ¶ 8.           Disclosures of
      information to an agency’s OIG or to OSC are protected, regardless of their
      content, as long as such disclosures are made “in accordance with applicable
      provisions of law.”    Id.   The appellant stated that he filed the following OIG
      complaints: (1) in 2009, he asserted that employees were violating the telework
      policy; (2) in 2010, he asserted that a photograph had been withheld or
      improperly archived; (3) in 2014, he asserted that his former first-line supervisor
      failed to assign work to him; (4) in 2015, he asserted that, since March 2015, he
      was being set up for a performance-based action through a PIP; (5) in 2015, he
      asserted that his first-line supervisor subjected him to a hostile work
      environment, including ramping up progressive discipline; (6) in 2015, he
      asserted that the agency improperly engaged in a criminal investigation by
      entering his office and sending pictures of a stuffed turtle to law enforcement
      officials; and (7) in 2016, he asserted that the agency vi olated 18 U.S.C. § 1030
      by engaging in unauthorized access to a Government computer.         IAF, Tab 14
      at 6-9, 18-22, Tab 16 at 17-21.      He also stated that he filed previous OSC
      complaints in 2003, 2011, approximately 2013, and 2014. IAF, Tab 16 at 17-19.
      Specifically, he stated that his 2011 complaint challenged his performance ratings
      and his 2014 complaint challenged his prior first-line supervisor’s decision to
      “idle” him. Id. at 18-19. We find that the appellant has nonfrivolously alleged
                                                                                           11

      that he engaged in protected whistleblowing activity by filing these OIG and OSC
      complaints in accordance with law. 9
¶16         The Board does not have jurisdiction over the appellant’s other claims. He
      asserts that the agency retaliated against him for filing formal and informal
      grievances and workers’ compensation complaint.               Pursuant to 5 U.S.C.
      § 2302(b)(9)(A)(i), an employee engages in protected activity over which the
      Board has jurisdiction in an IRA appeal when he engages in “any appeal,
      complaint, or grievance right granted by any law, rule, or regulation —with regard
      to remedying a violation of [5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8)].”               The Board lacks
      jurisdiction over the appellant’s assertion regarding his workers’ compensation
      claim because filing such a claim is not a protected activity.          See Linder v.
      Department of Justice, 122 M.S.P.R. 14, ¶ 9 (2014). Further, the Board only has
      jurisdiction in an IRA appeal over allegations of retaliation for filing a grievance
      when the grievance concerns remedying a violation of 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8). See
      Mudd v. Department of Veterans Affairs, 120 M.S.P.R. 365, ¶¶ 6-7 (2013). These
      instances involve the appellant’s disagreements with his first-line supervisor and
      other agency officials and pertain to matters such as challenging his workload,
      instructions, deadlines, and performance reviews, reporting rumors, and

      9
        We have considered the appellant’s claim that the agency conducted a criminal
      investigation against him by searching his office in the context of whether he engaged
      in protected whistleblowing activity. IAF, Tab 16 at 20 -21. To the extent that the
      appellant asserts that the investigation constituted a personnel action, we find that an
      investigation is not generally a personnel action. See Shibuya v. Department of
      Agriculture, 119 M.S.P.R. 537, ¶ 22 n.12 (2013). In this regard, the National Defense
      Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018 (NDAA of 2018) , Pub. L. No 115-91,
      § 1097(c)(4), 131 Stat. 1283, 1619, signed into law on December 12, 2017, amended
      5 U.S.C. § 1214 to allow OSC to petition the Board for corrective action on behalf of an
      employee due to an agency’s investigation of the employee if it was commenced,
      expanded, or extended in retaliation for protected whistleblowing activity. 5 U.S.C.
      § 1214(j).    Regardless of any questions as to whether this amendment applies
      retroactively, it does not apply to this appeal because OSC has not petitioned the Board
      for such relief.
                                                                                             12

      requesting a transfer.     IAF, Tab 16 at 17-21.         However, none involves his
      challenge of a violation of 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8). Accordingly, we do not have
      jurisdiction over the appellant’s claims regarding this activity.
¶17         Additionally, we lack jurisdiction over the appellant’s claims of retaliation
      regarding the IT incident response team and his report regarding payroll fraud.
      Participation in an internal investigation does not constitute protected activity
      under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(9)(A)(i) because it is not an initial step toward taking
      legal action against the agency for a perceived violation of employment rights . 10
      See Graves v. Department of Veterans Affairs, 123 M.S.P.R. 434, ¶ 18 (2016).
      The appellant has not asserted that the IT incident response team or the payroll
      fraud report involved his employment rights.           Accordingly, we find that his
      involvement was not protected.
¶18         In an IRA appeal, there is also no jurisdiction over claims that are limited to
      discrimination or EEO matters. 5 U.S.C. § 1221(e); Corthell v. Department of
      Homeland Security, 123 M.S.P.R. 417, ¶ 16 (2016); 5 C.F.R. § 1209.2(c). The
      appellant asserted that he complained to OCR that the agency discriminated
      against him on the basis of his disabilities. IAF, Tab 16 at 21. Thus, this EEO
      complaint did not constitute protected whistleblowing activity. He also has not
      asserted that his 2003 EEO complaint or 2012 complaint regarding racially
      insensitive language involved anything other than EEO matters.             Id. at 17-18.
      Accordingly, the Board lacks jurisdiction over the appellant’s claims of
      retaliation on the basis of these complaints.            We find that he has only

      10
        After the issuance of the initial decision, Congress passed the NDAA of 2018, which,
      in section 1097(c)(1), amended 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(9)(C) to provide protections for
      individuals who cooperate with or disclose information to “any other component
      responsible for internal investigation or review.” However, as we found in Edwards v.
      Department of Labor, 2022 MSPB 9, ¶¶ 29-33, aff’d, No. 2022-1967, 2023 WL
      4398002 (Fed. Cir. July 7, 2023), this statute is not retroactive. Accordingly, the
      appellant cannot claim that his participation in the internal agency processes, other than
      with the OIG, constituted protected whistleblowing activity.
                                                                                      13

      nonfrivolously alleged that he engaged in protected activity with respect to his
      disclosures to OIG and OSC.

      The appellant has nonfrivolously alleged that his 2014 and 2015 OIG and OSC
      complaints were a contributing factor in the decision to place him on a PIP.
¶19         Having found that the appellant has nonfrivolously alleged that his
      complaints to OSC and OIG constituted protected whistleblowing activity, we
      next modify the initial decision to find that he nonfrivolously alleged that his
      protected whistleblowing activity was a contributing factor in his placement on a
      PIP. One way to meet his burden regarding this element is to nonfrivolously
      allege that the official who took the personnel action knew of the protected
      whistleblowing activity and that the personnel action occurred within a period of
      time such that a reasonable person could conclude that the activity was a
      contributing factor in the personnel action. Carney v. Department of Veterans
      Affairs, 121 M.S.P.R. 446, ¶ 7 (2014).
¶20         We agree with the administrative judge that the appellant’s first -line
      supervisor knew about his protected whistleblowing activity before placing him
      on the PIP. ID at 14. The appellant repeatedly informed her about his protected
      activity.   In a June 2015 grievance to his first-line supervisor regarding a
      reprimand, the appellant stated that she was retaliating against him for prior OSC
      and OIG activity. IAF, Tab 14 at 11-16. In July 2015, the appellant emailed her
      to state that he was filing a grievance regarding unreasonable deadlines, unclear
      instructions, and excessive workloads. Id. at 47-53. In that email, he alleged that
      she was retaliating against him for his July 2014 OIG complaint and stated that he
      would expand another OIG complaint, which was filed on May 28, 2015.            Id.
      at 47. She placed him on a PIP, effective October 5, 2015. IAF, Tab 1 at 8.
      Thus, we find that she knew about the appellant’s OIG and OSC activity when
      she placed him on a PIP.
¶21         Having found that the appellant nonfrivolously alleged that his first-line
      supervisor knew about his protected whistleblowing activity, we also modify the
                                                                                        14

      initial decision to find that the activity occurred within a period of time such that
      he has demonstrated that it was a contributing factor to his placement on a PIP.
      The Board has found that personnel actions alleged to have begun within 1 to
      2 years of the appellant’s protected whistleblowing disclosures or activity
      satisfied the timing prong of the knowledge/timing test.         See, e.g., Salerno,
      123 M.S.P.R. 230, ¶ 14 (finding that the appellant made a nonfrivolous allegation
      that his protected disclosure was a contributing factor to his 30 -day suspension
      when the decision letter was issued approximately 15 months after his disclosure
      to OSC); Mastrullo v. Department of Labor, 123 M.S.P.R. 110, ¶¶ 20-22 (2015)
      (finding that the appellant proved that his August 2010 disclosures were a
      contributing factor in the agency’s failure to give him a 40 -hour time-off award in
      June 2012). The appellant filed his OSC complaints in 2014 and 2015. IAF,
      Tab 1 at 46-47. Although it is unclear what dates the appel lant filed his OIG
      complaints, he stated that he filed them in 2014 and 2015, prior to being placed
      on a PIP in October 2015. Because he asserted that these complaints were dated
      less than 2 years before he was placed on the PIP, we find that he has
      nonfrivolously alleged that these OSC and OIG complaints were a contributing
      factor to his placement on the PIP.

      The appellant has nonfrivolously alleged that the proposing and deciding officials
      had constructive knowledge of his protected activity and that the protected
      activity was a contributing factor in their decisions.
¶22         We modify the initial decision to find that the appellant has nonfrivolously
      alleged that the proposing and deciding officials had constructive knowledge of
      his protected whistleblowing activity and to find that this activity was a
      contributing factor in the proposal and decision to remove the appellant. The
      administrative judge found that the appellant failed to nonfrivolously allege that
      either the proposing or the deciding officials had actual knowledge of his
      protected activity. ID at 15-18. She found that, although the appellant speculated
      that the proposing official would have become aware of his reputation for
                                                                                        15

      participating in protected activity, there was no such evidence and the agency
      selected the proposing official, who worked in Silver Spring, Maryland , as
      opposed to in the appellant’s duty station in Honolulu, Hawaii, to provide the
      appellant an independent review of his removal. ID at 15-16. The administrative
      judge also found no evidence that the deciding official knew of the appellant’s
      claims of retaliation or his protected activity. ID at 16-17. She noted that the
      deciding official’s summary of the appellant’s response to the notice of proposed
      removal indicated his general awareness of some of the appellant’s protected
      activity. ID at 17-18. However, she found that this general information did not
      indicate that he had knowledge of the appellant’s protected activity. ID at 18.
      Accordingly, she concluded that the appellant did not nonfrivolously allege that
      either the proposing or deciding official had constructive knowledge of his
      protected activity. Id. The appellant asserts that agency officials were influenced
      to take action against him, including through his former first -line supervisor.
      PFR File, Tab 1 at 10-13. We find instead that these officials had constructive
      knowledge of the appellant’s protected activity through his first -line supervisor at
      the time of his proposed and imposed removal.
¶23         While it is true that the proposing and deciding officials may not have had
      actual knowledge of the appellant’s protected whistleblowing activity, an
      appellant also may demonstrate that a protected whistleblowing disclosure or
      whistleblowing activity was a contributing factor in a personnel action that the
      agency either took or threatened to take by proving that the official taking the
      action had constructive knowledge of the protected whistleblowing disclosure or
      activity.   Aquino v. Department of Homeland Security, 121 M.S.P.R. 35, ¶ 19
      (2014).     An appellant may establish an official’s constructive knowledge of a
      protected whistleblowing disclosure or activity by demonstrating that an
      individual with actual knowledge of the disclosure or activity influenced the
      official accused of taking the retaliatory action. Id.
                                                                                            16

¶24           The proposing official stated that he had been selected to provide the
      appellant an independent review outside of his supervisory chain. IAF, Tab 1
      at 7.    However, the proposal and decision came about after the appellant’s
      placement on the PIP. Both the proposal and decision repeatedly mentioned the
      appellant’s first-line supervisor, her assessment of the appellant’s work, and his
      failure to succeed, despite her willingness to meet with and assist him.              Id.
      at 8-15, 23-33.    Considering that the proposal and decision are so intertwined
      with the PIP and the appellant’s first-line supervisor, we find that the appellant
      has nonfrivolously alleged that the proposing and deciding officials had
      constructive knowledge of his protected whistleblowing activity. 11
¶25           Because we conclude that the appellant has made a nonfrivolous allegation
      that his protected whistleblowing activity under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(9)(C) was a
      contributing factor in the agency’s decision to place him on a PIP, propose his
      removal, and remove him, the Board has jurisdiction over this appeal, and he is
      entitled to a hearing on the merits. See Salerno, 123 M.S.P.R. 230, ¶ 14. We
      thus remand the appeal to the regional office for further adjudication consistent
      with this Remand Order. 12

      11
         The appellant stated that the deciding official probably had actual knowledge of one
      of his OIG complaints as he oversaw the agency component involved in the complaint.
      IAF, Tab 16 at 20-21. Because we find that the appellant has established jurisdictio n
      over his allegation that he was removed in retaliation for his whistleblowing activity on
      the basis of the deciding official’s constructive knowledge of that activity, we need not
      address this contention.
      12
         The remand initial decision will incorporate the findings from this order and provide
      a notice of appeal rights for all claims raised by the appellant.
                                                                                   17

                                          ORDER
¶26        For the reasons discussed above, we remand this case to the regional office
      for further adjudication in accordance with this Remand Order.

      FOR THE BOARD:                                  /s/ for
                                              Jennifer Everling
                                              Acting Clerk of the Board
      Washington, D.C.