Court Opinion

ID: 9350979
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-12-28 23:00:30.418497+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:57:55.434063
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                     For the First Circuit

No. 20-1131

                    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                           Appellee,

                               v.

                       TIMOTHY FLETCHER,

                      Defendant, Appellant.

          APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
               FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS

         [Hon. Richard G. Stearns, U.S. District Judge]

                             Before

                   Kayatta, Selya, and Gelpí,
                        Circuit Judges.

     K. Hayne Barnwell for appellant.
     Abigail Frisch Vice, Bristow Fellow, Office of the Solicitor
General, United States Department of Justice, with Rachael S.
Rollins, United States Attorney, and Alexia R. De Vincentis,
Assistant United States Attorney, on brief, for appellee.

                       December 28, 2022
            KAYATTA,      Circuit      Judge.      A    jury   convicted       Timothy

Fletcher    of   being    a    felon    in    possession       of   a    firearm    and

ammunition, and of possessing cocaine and cocaine base with intent

to distribute.      The district court then imposed a sentence above

the range provided by the United States Sentencing Guidelines.

Fletcher requests a new trial because the district court did not

allow him to call a witness who would have asserted her Fifth

Amendment right to avoid incriminating herself and because one of

the court's instructions ran afoul of Rehaif v. United States, 139

S. Ct. 2191 (2019).           He also raises numerous challenges to his

sentence. For the following reasons, we affirm both the conviction

and the sentence.

                                         I.

            Shortly before 10:00 p.m. on April 2, 2015, local police

officers trailed Brooke Cotell, a known heroin dealer, to "Simple

Storage,"    a   storage      facility       in   the   village     of    Hyannis   in

Barnstable, Massachusetts.             An officer observed Fletcher exit

Cotell's vehicle and walk toward Simple Storage, returning fifteen

minutes later.      Continuing to follow Cotell's vehicle, officers

observed Fletcher selling one gram of cocaine in what he did not

realize was a controlled buy.                After the vehicle parked at the

Clarion    Hotel,   the    officers      proceeded       to    execute     a   warrant

authorizing the search of Cotell, Fletcher, the vehicle, and a

room reserved at the Clarion by Cotell and Fletcher.                     The officers

                                        - 2 -
found on Fletcher's person eleven individually wrapped baggies

containing what was later confirmed to be cocaine and crack

cocaine.    They also found on Fletcher $1,168 in cash, two cell

phones, a key fob for entry to the Simple Storage facility, and a

key to a U-Haul lock.

            When questioned, Cotell sought to trade information for

leniency, telling the officers about Fletcher's drug dealing and

his use of a storage unit at Simple Storage.   The officers obtained

a warrant to search the storage unit.      They also questioned the

owner of the facility, Andrew Adair. At trial, Mr. Adair testified

that Fletcher's mother, accompanied by Fletcher, had rented a

storage unit one year and eight months previously, stating a desire

to store her son's sneaker collection in the unit.           During the

ensuing one year and eight months, Mr. Adair saw Fletcher access

the unit about once per month.    He saw Fletcher's mother only two

or three times, and never saw anyone else access the unit with

Fletcher.    Simple Storage's software confirmed that the fob found

on Fletcher had been used to access the facility on the evening of

Fletcher's arrest.

            In the unit rented by Fletcher's mother, the officers

found 223 boxes of sneakers, in and among which were three pistols

and   ammunition,    bags   containing   179.11 grams   of     cocaine,

2.89 grams of crack cocaine, cutting agents, scales, $1,420 in

cash, and paperwork of various types in Fletcher's name.           They

                                 - 3 -
also obtained Fletcher's prints from one of the pistols and from

a magazine for one of the other pistols.

            Fletcher's defense at trial was that the contraband

found in the storage unit did not belong to him.              His counsel

theorized    that   Cotell   or   a    prior   girlfriend,   Erica   Lopes,

exclusively controlled possession of the drugs.          Unconvinced, the

jurors found Fletcher guilty of being a felon in possession of a

firearm and ammunition, and of possessing cocaine and cocaine base

with intent to distribute.        The district court imposed a sentence

of 168 months, 31 months above the top of the Guidelines sentencing

range of 110–137 months.

                                      II.

            Fletcher's first claim of error during his trial is the

district court's decision not to allow him to call his mother to

testify.    Toward the end of the trial, the following discussion

ensued:

            [Defense    Counsel]:       With   regard    to
            Ms. Fletcher, Your Honor, my understanding is
            she's going to invoke her Fifth Amendment
            privilege with respect to items in the storage
            unit. I subpoenaed her because of the very
            fact that I believe that this information is
            exculpatory to my client. I also understand
            that -- you know, my intention was to ask other
            questions with regard to Ms. Fletcher that did
            not pertain to the storage unit, but did
            pertain to conversations with Mr. Adair, or
            what she saw when she arrived to that unit.

                                      - 4 -
My desire would be to elicit some questioning
not -- that I know will not cover the immediate
search or the items inside, other than to say
what she found when she arrived to the Simple
Storage area.

She will also talk about this individual named
Erica Lopes.

She will also reference any knowledge that she
might have of Brooke Cotell.

But I do know that she is going to be invoking
her Fifth Amendment privilege, and as a
result, I think that -- that's why I brought
it to the Court's attention.

THE COURT:     You're doing the appropriate
thing, although I think under our rules, a
witness can't be selective about what he or
she chooses to testify to. Generally, if you
take the oath, you -- and I can't believe that
[the prosecutor] wouldn't be asking questions,
and why she would take the Fifth Amendment is
perfectly apparent to me.

[Defense Counsel]: Your Honor, I would -- I
want to ask those questions myself, right.
And so I was contacted just this past week by
attorneys for Ms. Fletcher, and I do know --
the court may be aware, but she was charged in
the state court for possession without -- you
know, improper storage, and then that was
dropped without prejudice to being refiled.
That was only on the one weapon that was
physically registered to her.

So, as a result, I do know -- I understand the
Court's position, Your Honor, but it is -- it
was our intention to call her.

I would ask, at the very least, that if she is
called, that I could call her on the stand and

                    - 5 -
         then she can invoke her Fifth Amendment
         privilege on the stand, Your Honor.

         THE COURT: Well, as you know, in state court
         that would never be permitted because the rule
         is pretty absolute.      It's a little more
         flexible in federal court.       I think the
         leading case is United States v. Johnson,
         which it's a matter of discretion for the
         court.     Rather   than   put   her  to   the
         embarrassment of being on the witness stand
         and then being taken off . . . I would be
         willing to simply instruct the jury that it
         was the intention to call her, that she
         indicated that she will not testify under her
         Fifth Amendment right as to any matter that
         involves the storage locker or its contents.
         I think that might be better than having her
         on the stand in front of the jury.

         So why don't we handle it that way?

Fletcher did not call his mother, and the court instructed the

jury as follows:

         I'm going to tell you now that he would have
         called his mother, T[]eresa Fletcher, but I've
         been informed by her lawyer that, if called,
         she would assert the Fifth Amendment privilege
         and refuse to answer any question regarding
         the storage locker or its content. A witness
         obviously can't selectively testify. So she
         understands that the defendant under statute
         will not be called.

         As the foregoing excerpts from the trial transcript

demonstrate, no one expressed any doubt that Fletcher's mother

would invoke the Fifth Amendment privilege and refuse to answer

questions "as to any matter that involves the storage locker or

its contents."     And given her name on the lease, the contents of

                                - 6 -
the locker, and the specter of refiled criminal charges in state

court, no one disputed that the invocation of her right not to

testify about that subject matter was justified.        Finally, no one

objected to the instruction given by the court.

           On appeal, Fletcher now reasserts his contention that he

should have been permitted to call his mother to the stand to ask

specific questions such as he proposed.         Instead of allowing a

"blanket   assertion"   of   privilege,   Fletcher   contends   that   the

district court should have enforced the trial subpoena to bring

his mother and her counsel into court and then conducted a voir

dire inquiry to determine whether any lines of questioning fell

outside the scope of the privilege and could be fairly explored by

both parties.

           As to the content of his proposed questions, Fletcher

asserts on appeal that he would have elicited testimony from his

mother "about her observations and knowledge of Lopes and Cotell

including whether she ever saw them access the Simple Storage

building or Unit 26 itself and if so, when, whether she ever saw

them with the key fob and keys to Unit 26, whether she saw either

of them put items in or take items out of Unit 26, whether she

knew anything about their drug dealing or drug possession and/or

whether she knew anything about their motivations or biases against

Fletcher."   Fletcher submits that this proposed testimony would

have "put enough meat on the bones" of the defense's theory that

                                 - 7 -
"Brooke Cotell or Erica Lopes stored the cocaine in the storage

unit without Fletcher's knowledge."            More particularly, Fletcher

contends that the testimony would have bolstered his theory that

Cotell "could have taken his keys and put the cocaine in Unit 26,

allowing her to pass blame to Fletcher if she were ever caught."

              We   review   rulings   sustaining     invocations       of   Fifth

Amendment privilege for abuse of discretion.           See United States v.

Ramos, 763 F.3d 45, 53 (1st Cir. 2014).             Generally speaking, our

case law prefers that the trial court conduct a "particularized

inquiry" to see whether there are specific questions that are

outside the scope of the privilege and can be explored by both

parties without unfairness.        United States v. Pratt, 913 F.2d 982,

990 (1st Cir. 1990); see United States v. Cascella, 943 F.3d 1, 5–

6 (1st Cir. 2019) (noting that "a blanket assertion . . . is

'extremely disfavored,'" but stating that "[w]e have nevertheless

at least once allowed such a blanket assertion of privilege when

the district court itself confirmed the witness's inability to

offer    any       relevant,    non-privileged      testimony"     (citations

omitted)).

              Here, the district court did not question Fletcher's

mother   or    her    counsel   regarding     the   scope   of   her   asserted

privilege, nor did it provide any analysis as to how testifying

about certain topics, such as general knowledge about Lopes and

Cotell, could possibly incriminate Fletcher's mother. On the other

                                      - 8 -
hand, this was likely the result of Fletcher's rather flimsy

descriptions of what testimony he sought to elicit at trial.

Certainly, Fletcher's description to the district court of the

proposed testimony was much vaguer than his description on appeal.

At trial, his counsel stated only that he wanted to ask questions

of Fletcher's mother about (1) her "conversations with Mr. Adair";

(2) "what she found when she arrived to the Simple Storage area";

(3) "this individual named Erica Lopes"; and (4) "any knowledge

that she might have of Brooke Cotell."     Those vague proffers did

not provide much detail to suggest that the testimony would be

both relevant and beyond the scope of the privilege.

          In any event, we need not decide whether the district

court abused its discretion because we agree with the government

that the exclusion of Fletcher's mother as a witness was harmless

beyond a reasonable doubt.   See Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S.

673, 681 (1986); Cascella, 943 F.3d at 6; United States v. Kaplan,

832 F.2d 676, 685 (1st Cir. 1987).    "Caught red-handed" comes to

mind as a fair description of Fletcher.    The local police saw him

-- not Cotell -- go to the storage unit before the sale; his

paperwork was in the unit; his prints were on one of the pistols;

he carried the key fob and the key to the storage unit; and he was

carrying cocaine when arrested just after making a controlled sale.

Given that evidence, no reasonable jury would find that he used

the storage unit only to store sneakers.   See, e.g., United States

                              - 9 -
v.    Highgate,    521   F.3d    590,    595   (6th    Cir.   2008)   ("Although

questioning the arresting officer's credibility could marginally

benefit [the] defense, this testimony would not have altered the

jury's verdict in light of the overwhelming evidence of guilt.").

                                        III.

            Fletcher also argues that he is entitled to a new trial

due to a flawed jury instruction on the felon-in-possession charge.

Section 922(g) makes it unlawful for "any person . . . who has

been convicted in any court of, a crime punishable by imprisonment

for   a   term    exceeding     one   year . . .      to . . .   possess   in   or

affecting commerce, any firearm or ammunition . . . ."                18 U.S.C.

§ 922(g).    Section 924(a)(8), in turn, makes it a crime punishable

by up to fifteen years to "knowingly violate[]" section 922(g).

18 U.S.C. § 924(a)(8). In Rehaif, decided after Fletcher's verdict

but before sentencing, the Supreme Court held that "the Government

must prove both that the defendant knew he possessed a firearm and

that he knew he belonged to the relevant category of persons barred

from possessing a firearm."             139 S. Ct. at 2200.        The district

court's instructions to the jury, delivered before Rehaif was

decided, did not inform jurors of the need to find beyond a

reasonable doubt that Fletcher knew that a crime for which he had

previously been convicted was punishable by more than one year in

prison.     Fletcher requests a new trial on this basis.

                                      - 10 -
          The parties agree that we review this claim for plain

error, given that Fletcher did not object to the jury instructions.

Under the plain error standard, Fletcher "must show '(1) an error,

(2) that is clear or obvious, (3) which affects his substantial

rights . . .   ,   and    which   (4) seriously     impugns    the   fairness,

integrity or public reputation of the proceeding.'"             United States

v. Burghardt, 939 F.3d 397, 403 (1st Cir. 2019) (alteration in

original) (quoting United States v. Correa-Osorio, 784 F.3d 11, 18

(1st Cir. 2015)).

          The parties also appear to agree that the instructions

were clearly erroneous, if only because the district court had no

foreknowledge of the Rehaif decision.          So we ask, next, whether

the error was prejudicial.         Id.; United States v. Guzmán-Merced,

984 F.3d 18, 20 (1st Cir. 2020).            In this context, prejudicial

means that, but for the error, there is a "reasonable probability"

that the jury would have acquitted Fletcher on this count.               Greer

v. United States, 141 S. Ct. 2090, 2098 (2021).

          We see no such probability.          Fletcher served over four

years of post-conviction imprisonment on a 2005 conviction, and an

additional   one   year    and    eleven   months    on   a   2011   probation

violation.     It would require something quite extraordinary to

convince a jury that a person who actually served a sentence well

in excess of a year did not know that his offense had been

punishable by more than a year in prison.           See Burghardt, 939 F.3d

                                   - 11 -
at 404 (reasoning that a defendant's receipt of actual sentences

in excess of one year "would certainly have made clear . . . that

his offenses were punishable by more than one year in prison").1

          Fletcher nevertheless points to the passage of time, his

learning difficulties, his use of drugs and alcohol, and his mental

illness as reasons he may not have understood the nature of his

prior convictions.   But nothing in the record describes the nature

and severity of those afflictions in a manner that would raise a

reasonable probability that jurors would conclude that Fletcher

had forgotten spending over four years in prison as a result of a

conviction, much less that he had also forgotten about another

imprisonment of almost two years.

          We therefore conclude that Fletcher has not shown a

reasonable probability that a proper instruction in light of Rehaif

would have resulted in acquittal.      This closes out Fletcher's

grounds for a new trial, so we turn to his complaints regarding

sentencing.

     1  Fletcher argues that he "received a substantial amount of
credit for time served" on the 2005 conviction and that "it is
reasonably likely that he did not understand that the amount of
time served in pretrial detention counted towards his sentence."
See Greer, 141 S. Ct. at 2103 (Sotomayor, J., concurring in part
and dissenting in part) (noting that a defendant "might not
understand that pretrial detention was included in his ultimate
sentence"). But the credit he received for time-served still left
over four years of his sentence that he served after his
conviction.

                              - 12 -
                                    IV.

          At    sentencing,   the     district   court   rejected   the

government's argument that Fletcher qualified as a career offender

and adopted a Guidelines sentencing range calculation of 110–

137 months.    The court then said the following:

          However, this is one of those rare cases which
          I think an upward departure is in order, given
          the nature and just astonishing criminal
          record that Mr. Fletcher has compiled. It is
          not the longest I have ever seen, but it is,
          certainly given his age, perhaps the most
          replete that I have encountered.2     So I am
          going to depart upward to a sentence of 168
          months.

          Mr. Fletcher, if you would stand, please.

          Mr. Fletcher, pursuant to the Sentencing
          Reform Act of 1984 and having considered the
          sentencing     factors     more     importantly
          enumerated   at   18,   United   States   code,
          Section 3553(a), it is the judgment of the
          court that you be committed to the custody of
          the Bureau of Prisons for a term of 168 months.
          This term consists of a term of 120 months on
          Count One, and terms of 168 months on Counts
          Two and Three to be served concurrently with
          Count One.

     2  Fletcher's "replete" criminal history was summarized by
the government in its sentencing memorandum as follows: Fletcher
"indicate[d] that he ha[d] spent well over a third of his life in
custody," and he had "numerous arrests and convictions for serious
crimes," "repeated violations of his conditions of probation," and
"many disciplinary incidents while in custody." The presentence
report chronicled this record in detail.

                               - 13 -
           Fletcher raises several challenges to this 168-month

sentence, 31 months in excess of the Guidelines sentencing range.

Three of those challenges are based on Fletcher's claims that the

district court disregarded certain procedures that district courts

must follow in issuing departing (as opposed to varying) sentences.

He also contends that the district court did not provide adequate

explanation      for     his   sentence          and    that    his     sentence    was

substantively unreasonable.               We address these challenges in turn.

                                            A.

           Fletcher contends that the above-Guidelines sentence was

a departure and, therefore, that the district court erred by

failing to follow certain procedures that must accompany departing

sentences.      Specifically, Fletcher argues that the district court

(1) failed to provide reasonable notice that it was contemplating

a   departure    under    Federal         Rule   of    Criminal    Procedure 32(h);

(2) misapplied Guidelines section 4A1.3(a)(4) in determining the

extent of the departure; and (3) failed to set forth in writing

the   specific    reasons      why    the     criminal        history   category    was

inadequate, as required by Guidelines section 4A1.3(c)(1).

           Before      turning       to    these      three    arguments,   we     first

consider their common premise: that the sentence reflected a

departure, rather than a variance.                 Fletcher points out that the

district court twice described its sentence as "departing" during

the sentencing hearing.          And on the administrative statement of

                                          - 14 -
reasons form, the court checked the box for "depart[ing]" and

completed    the        section    titled     "Departures    Pursuant    to    the

Guidelines Manual" while leaving blank the section titled "Court

Determination      for     a    Variance."      The   government    nevertheless

contends that the district court engaged in a variance, rather

than   a   departure,      as     evidenced   by   the   court's   reference    to

section 3553(a) factors, which could be used to explain a variance.

            We can hardly be surprised that skilled counsel for the

parties can advance cogent but opposing views on whether Fletcher's

above-Guidelines sentence is a departure or a variance.                  We have

observed that "a departure is just a variance by another name."

United States v. Santini-Santiago, 846 F.3d 487, 490 (1st Cir.

2017).      That is because for practical purposes, there is no

departure that could not be justified as a variance.                    Id.; see

also United States v. Ríos-Rivera, 913 F.3d 38, 45 (1st Cir. 2019)

("[T]here    is    no    discernable    difference       between   departure   and

variance sentences."). Yet we have also stated that the difference

between departures and variances "is hardly semantic."                    United

States v. Miranda-Díaz, 942 F.3d 33, 40 (1st Cir. 2019); see also

United States v. Díaz-Lugo, 963 F.3d 145, 153 n.1 (1st Cir. 2020)

(observing, even while citing Santini-Santiago, that "we have made

it luminously clear that departures and variances are not of the

same genre"); United States v. Rodríguez-Reyes, 925 F.3d 558, 567

(1st Cir. 2019) ("There are significant differences between a

                                       - 15 -
departure and a variance.").   Although all these statements by our

court are literally correct, it is fair to say that they may invite

confusion.    This confusion is, to a certain extent, unavoidable

given that the notion of departures is largely an artifact of the

pre-Booker era, "when the guidelines were mandatory and variances

were little more than a gleam in the eye of the Supreme Court."

Santini-Santiago, 846 F.3d at 490; see United States v. Booker,

543 U.S. 220, 259–60 (2005).   But until the rules (see, e.g., Fed.

R. Crim. P. 32(h)) fully reflect the implications of Booker's

decree that courts can vary outside Guidelines sentencing ranges

based on section 3553(a) factors (that are, in turn, broad enough

to encompass the grounds for departures), we cannot entirely

abandon the nomenclature.

            So we treat departures and variances like two roads, one

of which can always get you to every place that the other may lead,

yet each of which has acquired its own set of directions.   Nor, we

add, are the respective directions as different as some presume.

For example, while Rule 32(h) requires advance notice of the

grounds for any contemplated departure, our case law requires that

sentencing courts also avoid unfair surprise when adopting a

variance.    United States v. Vega-Santiago, 519 F.3d 1, 5 (1st Cir.

2008) (en banc) ("[W]hen proposing to adopt a variant sentence

relying on some ground or factor that would unfairly surprise

competent and reasonably prepared counsel, a judge must either

                               - 16 -
provide advance notice or, on request, grant a continuance in order

to accommodate a reasonable desire for more evidence or further

research.").

           With the foregoing in mind, we accept Fletcher's premise

that he received a sentence based on an upward departure, as the

district court twice stated.    We turn next to Fletcher's three

arguments based on that premise.

                                 1.

           Fletcher's principal challenge points to the district

court's failure to give advance notice of its intention to depart,

as required by Rule 32(h).   We review this unpreserved challenge

only for plain error.   Fletcher's counsel knew at the sentencing

hearing that the court was departing from the Guidelines, that the

court had not given notice under Rule 32(h), and that the court's

rationale for the departure was Fletcher's extensive criminal

history.    Yet his counsel neither expressed surprise at the

departure nor otherwise objected to the court's procedure. Indeed,

after explaining its reasoning, the district court expressly asked

counsel whether they "ha[d] anything further," to which Fletcher's

counsel replied, "I do not."       See Ríos-Rivera, 913 F.3d at 45

(finding forfeiture of Rule 32(h) argument where, after announcing

the sentence, the district court asked if there was "anything else"

counsel wanted to discuss and defense counsel replied, "That is

all").

                               - 17 -
          Under plain error review, Fletcher must show, among

other things, that the error prejudiced him.          United States v.

Turbides-Leonardo, 468 F.3d 34, 39 (1st Cir. 2006).            In a case

such as this, involving a purported error in adopting a departure,

there is no prejudice where the district court would have properly

imposed the same sentence as a variance.       United States v. Laboy-

Nadal, 992 F.3d 41, 43 (1st Cir. 2021).

          In   explaining   its   reasoning   for   the   departure,   the

district court effectively made clear that it would have issued

the same sentence under the rubric of a variance.           It explained

why it found the Guidelines range insufficient, particularly as to

Fletcher's criminal history, without going beyond the scope of the

section 3553(a) factors.     More specifically, the district court

explained its sentence by pointing to Fletcher's "astonishing

criminal record . . . given his age."         This extensive criminal

history was detailed in the presentence report and the government

urged that the court rely on it as a basis for a bracing sentence

of 210 months.3    Similarly, the district court's statement of

reasons form indicates that the reason for the departure was

     3  Referring to some of Fletcher's prior convictions that were
chronicled in the presentence report but not accounted for in the
Guidelines calculation, the government argued that "even if
they're too old to count, . . . they're important for the Court to
look to consider the overall history of this defendant. He's been
in and out of jail, in and out of state prison, yet he has not
deterred [sic] his criminal ways."

                                  - 18 -
Guidelines section 4A1.3, i.e., "that the defendant's criminal

history category substantially under-represents the seriousness of

the   defendant's      criminal   history       or   the   likelihood    that   the

defendant will commit other crimes."                 These considerations fall

squarely within the section 3553(a) factors.                See United States v.

Flores-Machicote, 706 F.3d 16, 21 (1st Cir. 2013) (stating that "a

sentencing     judge   may   consider       whether    a   defendant's    criminal

history score substantially under[-]represents the gravity of his

past conduct" as part of the "history and characteristics" factor);

18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(C) (requiring consideration of "the need

for the sentence imposed . . . to protect the public from further

crimes of the defendant"). And the district court expressly stated

that its sentence was based on "having considered the sentencing

factors" in section 3553(a).           Thus, "[e]ven if the district court

imposed a departure rather than a variance, its analysis tracked

the § 3553(a) factors."        Laboy-Nadal, 992 F.3d at 43.              In short,

whether labeled a departure or a variance, Fletcher's sentence was

going to be the same.

           Fletcher nevertheless contends that even if the sentence

could   have   been    imposed    as    a   variance,      the   lack   of   notice

prejudiced him because, had he more notice, he likely would have

"argued that he was not a hardened criminal but a man whose prior

crimes were inextricably linked to his struggles with mental

illness and trauma which are best addressed through treatment."

                                       - 19 -
But arguments in this vein were centrally germane regardless of

whether any departure was anticipated.      Indeed, these arguments

would have been directly relevant even if a Guidelines sentence

-- or a low Guidelines sentence -- had been anticipated.          And

Fletcher had plenty of notice that his criminal history was

especially pertinent given the government's focus on it in its

objection to the presentence report, its sentencing memorandum,

and its argument at the sentencing hearing.    So we cannot see how

Fletcher's arguments can be said to have been omitted due to lack

of notice.

          Fletcher refers us to United States v. Mangone, 105 F.3d

29 (1st Cir. 1997), which held that a district court's failure to

provide notice before departing prejudiced the defendant because

"[a]n increase of two years in time spent behind bars cannot help

but affect one of the most precious rights an individual has, to

live in freedom."   Id. at 36.   But Mangone was decided pre-Booker,

before it was clear that a sentencing court could simply impose

the same sentence through a variance.     Moreover, in Mangone, the

government stated that the Guidelines adequately addressed the

enormity of the offense and did not argue for an upward sentence

based on the rationale relied on by the court.    Id. at 34–35.    So

the defendant in that case had far less reason to anticipate an

upward sentence on the grounds relied on than Fletcher had in this

case, where the government expressly argued for a higher sentence

                                 - 20 -
on the same basis that the district court relied on in imposing

the above-Guidelines sentence.

                                 2.

          Fletcher next argues that an error in calculating the

extent of the departure generated a gravitational pull on the

district court's thinking, such that we cannot say that it would

have settled on its 168-month sentence, whether by departure or

variance, absent that pull.   See United States v. Rodriguez, 630

F.3d 39, 43 (1st Cir. 2010) (citing Vega-Santiago, 519 F.3d at 5).

Due to the lack of objection below, plain error applies to this

argument as well.4

          The    alleged   error       here   concerns   Guidelines

section 4A1.3(a)(4), which describes a process for departing based

on the extent and nature of a defendant's criminal history.

Fletcher seems to contend that because the presentence report

assigned him a criminal history category of V, an upward departure

should have moved him only to VI, and that such a move would have

generated a range of only 120–150 months, still below the sentence

of 168 months.

     4  Fletcher suggests that his counsel lacked the opportunity
to object because the district court did not expressly state that
it was applying Guidelines section 4A1.3(a)(4) at the sentencing
hearing.    But it was clear at the hearing that the court's
rationale for the departure was Fletcher's extensive criminal
history, such that section 4A1.3(a)(4) was in play.

                              - 21 -
            But nothing in the Guidelines limited the district court

to merely changing the criminal history category to VI.                     Rather,

if the court felt that a category of VI also understated the extent

and nature of the actual criminal history, section 4A1.3(a)(4)

expressly    supported      an   effective          departure   above   the   range

generated by category VI by means of "incrementally" increasing

the offense level "until [the court] finds a guideline range

appropriate to the case."          Such a move here, in turn, generated a

range encompassing 168 months.

            Two conclusions flow from the foregoing.                First, it is

not clear to us that any error was committed merely because the

court's qualitative assessment of the criminal history drove its

selection of a sentencing range.                Section 4A1.3(a)(4) expressly

allows adoption of a range that is "appropriate to the case."

Second,     the   court's    use    of    its       departure   authority     under

section 4A1.3(a)(4) to select a sentence appropriate to the case

based on its assessment of the extent and nature of Fletcher's

"replete" criminal history makes clear that it would have reached

the same endpoint had it started out down the variance road.                     So

Fletcher cannot show any prejudice from the alleged misapplication

of section 4A1.3(a)(4) in calculating the extent of the departure.

                                         3.

            Fletcher   argues      that       the    district   court   failed   to

provide a written statement of reasons required by Guidelines

                                     - 22 -
section 4A1.3(c)(1),         which     he     contends     was   necessary     for

meaningful      appellate     review    of    the     upward   departure.      The

government appears to concede that we review this argument under

an abuse of discretion standard, because Fletcher and his counsel

would not have become aware of the court's failure to comply with

the writing requirement until after the sentencing hearing.                    But

"[t]he district court's oral explanation provided this Court with

an   adequate    record      to   evaluate      the   appropriateness     of   its

departure," and, given that explanation, "we believe that the

district court would have imposed the same sentence" had it

provided a written statement of reasons. United States v. Vázquez-

Martínez, 812 F.3d 18, 25 (1st Cir. 2016).                 Therefore, any such

error was harmless.         See id.5

                                         B.

           Shifting       tacks    slightly,      Fletcher     argues   that   the

explanation for his enhanced sentence -- whether called a departure

or variance -- was inadequate.              We review this argument for plain

error because Fletcher did not object to the court's explanation

at the sentencing hearing.         United States v. Carrasquillo-Sánchez,

9 F.4th 56, 58 (1st Cir. 2021).

      5 For the same reasons, we reject Fletcher's challenge under
section 3553(c)(2), which similarly requires a written statement
of reasons. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(c)(2).

                                       - 23 -
          We    find    no   plain    error     in    the   district     court's

explanation of its sentence.         An explanation, "though brief," may

nonetheless be sufficient if it "contain[s] a clear, cogent, and

coherent rationale for its decision."            United States v. Madera-

Ortiz, 637 F.3d 26, 31 (1st Cir. 2011).              All that is required is

that the sentencing court "identify the main factors behind its

decision"; the explanation "need not 'be precise to the point of

pedantry.'"     United States v. Merced-García, 24 F.4th 76, 80–81

(1st Cir. 2022) (first quoting United States v. Vargas-García, 794

F.3d 162, 166 (1st Cir. 2015); then quoting United States v. Del

Valle-Rodríguez, 761 F.3d 171, 177 (1st Cir. 2014)).

          Here, the explanation that the district court gave for

its sentence identified the main factors behind its decision.

Specifically,    the   district      court    explained     that   the   nature,

length, and repleteness of Fletcher's criminal history, especially

for someone of his age, made this a "rare case[]" warranting an

upward departure.      We do not find this explanation lacking.

          Fletcher contends that his "age is an unremarkable fact

and the Guidelines range already accounts for his criminal record."

"[A] sentencing court must indicate why the defendant's situation

differs from the mine-run of cases when basing an upward variance

on a factor already generally accounted for by the [Guidelines

sentencing range]."      Del Valle-Rodríguez, 761 F.3d at 176 (citing

United States v. Zapete-Garcia, 447 F.3d 57, 60 (1st Cir. 2006)).

                                     - 24 -
But the district court did not merely consider Fletcher's age and

his criminal record independently as two separate factors. Rather,

its decision was based on the repleteness of Fletcher's criminal

record (of 25 years) "given his age" (of 38), and the Guidelines

range did not account for the relationship between these factors.

              Moreover, "[t]he explanation must be read in light of

the record as a whole," Madera-Ortiz, 637 F.3d at 31, and here the

record   as    a   whole   shows   why   the   district      court    thought   the

Guidelines range insufficient.           The government pointed out in its

sentencing memorandum and at the hearing that some of Fletcher's

prior convictions were not considered in the Guidelines range

because they had "aged out."         The government also argued that the

facts underlying some of Fletcher's past crimes were violent, even

though the presentence report did not treat them as violent crimes.

The district court concluded that precedent foreclosed treating

those crimes as predicate offenses for career offender status.

Finally, the Guidelines range did not account for the dozens of

disciplinary reports -- many of which were violent -- that Fletcher

incurred      while   incarcerated,      which   the    court        thought    were

"relevant and merit[ed] some consideration, not perhaps, decisive

consideration."        Accordingly,       we   find    the    district     court's

explanation, especially when read in light of the record as a

whole, to be adequate.

                                     - 25 -
              Nor did the district court fail to consider mitigating

circumstances.     Our case law is clear that a district court "need

not tick off each and every factor in a mechanical sequence" and

that "we presume -- absent some contrary indication -- that a

sentencing court considered all the mitigating factors and that

those   not    specifically     mentioned       were   simply       unpersuasive."

United States v. Saccoccia, 10 F.4th 1, 10 (1st Cir. 2021); see

also United States v. Millán-Román, 854 F.3d 75, 78 (1st Cir. 2017)

("[W]e do not require an express                weighing of mitigating and

aggravating      factors   or    that        each   factor     be    individually

mentioned." (quoting United States v. Lozada-Aponte, 689 F.3d 791,

793 (1st Cir. 2012))).        Here, the district court expressly stated

that it had considered the section 3553(a) factors, a statement

that is "entitled to some weight."            United States v. Vega-Salgado,

769 F.3d 100, 105 (1st Cir. 2014) (quoting United States v.

Clogston, 662 F.3d 588, 592 (1st Cir. 2011)).                And Fletcher points

to nothing in the record suggesting the contrary.

                                        C.

              Fletcher's final contention is that his sentence was

substantively unreasonable.        He argues, in the same vein as his

procedural arguments, that "this is a mine-run case where the

Guidelines cover the seriousness and length of his record."

              The government concedes that Fletcher preserved this

claim by requesting a 110-month sentence.                But even under the

                                   - 26 -
applicable abuse of discretion standard, "we will set aside a

sentence only if the district court's determination falls outside

the 'expansive boundaries' of the entire range of reasonable

sentences."    United States v. Vargas-Dávila, 649 F.3d 129, 130

(1st Cir. 2011) (quoting United States v. Martin, 520 F.3d 87, 92

(1st Cir. 2008)).     "A sentence will stand so long as there is 'a

plausible sentencing rationale and a defensible result.'"        United

States v. Reyes-Rivera, 812 F.3d 79, 89 (1st Cir. 2016) (quoting

Martin, 520 F.3d at 96).

         We cannot say that Fletcher's sentence falls outside the

range of reasonable sentences.          As described above, the record

contained various reasons for the district court to conclude that

Fletcher's extensive criminal history was not adequately covered

by the Guidelines sentencing range and brought this case out of

the "mine-run" of similar cases.        Therefore, we reject Fletcher's

final challenge to his sentence.

                                   V.

         For    the    foregoing   reasons,     we   affirm   Fletcher's

conviction and his sentence.

                                - 27 -