Court Opinion

ID: 4257803
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-03-23 19:09:52.329932+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:28:12.718504
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

JENNIFER PAVIK, DOUGLAS                  §
TODD PAVIK, and ASHLEE JEAN              §     No. 160, 2017
REED,                                    §
                                         §     Court Below: Superior Court
       Plaintiffs Below,                 §     of the State of Delaware
       Appellants,                       §
                                         §     C.A. No. S14C-01-006
       v.                                §     C.A. No. S14C-04-005
                                         §           Consolidated
GEORGE & LYNCH, INC., a                  §
Delaware corporation, and GEORGE         §
& LYNCH TRUCKING, LLC, a                 §
Delaware Limited Liability Company,      §
                                         §
       Defendants Below,                 §
       Appellees.                        §

                           Submitted: January 10, 2018
                            Decided: March 23, 2018

Before STRINE, Chief Justice; VALIHURA, VAUGHN, SEITZ, and
TRAYNOR, Justices, constituting the Court en Banc.

Upon appeal from the Superior Court.    REVERSED AND REMANDED.

Chase T. Brockstedt, Esquire, (argued), Lewes, Delaware, Stephen A. Spence,
Esquire, Lewes, Delaware, Vincent A. Bifferato, Jr., Esquire, Wilmington,
Delaware, and Roger D. Landon, Wilmington, Delaware, for Appellants.

Louis J. Rizzo, Jr., Esquire, (argued), Wilmington, Delaware for Appellees.
VAUGHN, Justice, for the Majority:
                                         I.

      This appeal involves a single-vehicle accident that occurred on Omar Road in

Sussex County. Ashlee Reed was the driver of the vehicle, and Jacqueline Pavik

was her passenger. Reed was injured in the accident. Pavik died from injuries

she received.   At the time, Omar Road was undergoing reconstruction.            The

accident occurred on a Sunday night when no construction was taking place and the

road was open to the public. Reed and Pavik’s parents allege that the accident was

caused by an unsafe road condition known as raveling, which was a byproduct of

the road reconstruction. Raveling, they claim, caused Reed to lose control of her

vehicle and crash into trees off the roadway.    George & Lynch, Inc. (George &

Lynch) was the general contractor in charge of construction. Reed and Pavik’s

parents brought suit against a number of entities, but this appeal involves only

George & Lynch. Among the claims they assert against George & Lynch is a claim

that George & Lynch was negligent for failing to place adequate temporary traffic

control signs or devices warning the public of road conditions.   The Superior Court

granted summary judgment in favor of George & Lynch, holding that it had no duty

to post temporary traffic control signs or devices warning about the condition of the

road on the weekend the accident occurred, regardless of whether it anticipated that

                                         2
raveling would occur because of a predicted storm over the upcoming weekend.

The Superior Court also held that certain repair work that the Delaware Department

of Transportation (DelDOT) performed on Omar Road on the day of the accident

broke any causal link between George & Lynch’s alleged negligence and the

accident.   The question on appeal is whether the Superior Court’s summary

judgment analysis was legally correct. We have concluded that it was not and that

the judgment of the Superior Court must be reversed.

                                         II.

      The State of Delaware and DelDOT entered into a contract with George &

Lynch to repave a number of roads in Sussex County, including Omar Road.            It

was agreed that a paving process known as cold in-place recycling (CIPR) would be

used.1 CIPR is a method of removing and reusing the existing surface. It involves

removing roughly two to five inches off the top of the existing asphalt surface,

mixing that crushed asphalt with a binding agent, and then reapplying it as a recycled

base layer. Paving rollers then compact the reused asphalt into place. Finally, an

overlay—either a sealant or a thin layer of fresh asphalt—is placed on top of the

recycled material. The overlay process cannot take place until the recycled asphalt

1
 George & Lynch subcontracted the CIPR work to E.J. Brenneman. E.J. Brenneman settled
with the Appellants and is not involved in this appeal.

                                          3
has cured, which takes approximately one week.           During this one-week curing

period, the road surface is in an unfinished condition, but the road may be re-opened

to traffic before the final coat is applied.

       The contract between the State and George & Lynch included a section titled

“Maintenance of Traffic.” It provided, in pertinent part:

             This item shall consist of furnishing, installing, maintaining
       and/or relocating the necessary temporary traffic control devices used
       to maintain vehicular, bicycle and pedestrian traffic . . . . All work shall
       be performed in a manner that will provide reasonably safe passage
       with the least practicable obstruction to all users, including vehicular,
       bicycle and pedestrian traffic.

              All requirements of the Delaware Manual on Uniform Traffic
       Control Devices (MUTCD), Part 6, herein referred to as the Delaware
       MUTCD . . . shall apply for all temporary traffic control devices.
       Any, and all, control, direction, management and maintenance of traffic
       shall be performed in accordance with the requirements of the Delaware
       MUTCD, notes on the Plans, this specification, and as directed by the
       Engineer.

             The Contractor shall be aware that the Case Diagrams and safety
       measures outlined in the Delaware MUTCD are for common
       construction situations and modifications may be warranted based on
       the complexity of the job. The Contractor shall submit justification
       for modifications to the Temporary Traffic Control Plan (TTCP) to the
       Engineer for approval prior to implementation.

              ....

             . . . The Contractor shall submit a Temporary Traffic Control
       Plan (TTCP) . . . at or prior to the pre-construction meeting. . . .

                                               4
               . . . [T]he Contractor shall be required to have an American
        Traffic Safety Services Association (ATSSA) certified Traffic Control
        Supervisor on the project. The authorized designee must be assigned
        adequate authority, by the Contractor, to ensure compliance with the
        requirements of the Delaware MUTCD and provide remedial action
        when deemed necessary by the Traffic Safety Engineer or the District
        Safety Officer. The ATSSA certified Traffic Control Supervisor’s
        sole responsibility shall be the maintenance of traffic throughout the
        project. This responsibility shall include, but is not limited to, the
        installation, operations, maintenance and service of temporary traffic
        control devices. Also required is the daily maintenance of a log to
        record maintenance of traffic activities, i.e., number and location of
        temporary traffic control devices; and times of installation, changes and
        repairs to temporary traffic control devices. The ATTSA [sic] Traffic
        Control Supervisor shall serve as the liaison with the Engineer
        concerning the Contractor’s maintenance of traffic.2

        Other parts of the contract addressed other matters, such as public safety and

traffic control:

        104.09 Maintaining Traffic. . . . The Contractor shall keep the section
        of the Project being used by public traffic in a condition that safely and
        adequately accommodates traffic. The Contractor shall furnish, erect,
        and maintain barricades, drums, warning signs, delineators, striping,
        and flaggers, in accordance [with] the Traffic Control Manual.3

        104.14 Contractor’s Responsibility for Work. Until the Contractor
        has achieved substantial completion, the Contractor shall have the sole
        and absolute responsibility for the work and to provide for the
        protection and safety of . . . members of the general public.4

        [Note] 7: All work shall be performed in a manner that will
        reasonably provide the least practicable obstruction to all road users,
2
    App. to Opening Br. A0222.
3
    Id. at A0279.
4
    Id. at A0282.

                                            5
         including vehicular, pedestrian and bicycle traffic, and shall conform to
         the requirements of the 2011 Delaware Manual on Uniform Traffic
         Control Devices, Part 6, including all revisions up to the date of
         advertisement for bids.5

         Provisions pertinent to warning signs found in the Delaware Manual on

Uniform Traffic Control Devices (DeMUTCD) include the following:

         Section 2C.01 . . . Warning signs call attention to unexpected
         conditions on or adjacent to a highway, street, or private roads open to
         public travel . . . that might call for a reduction of speed or an action in
         the interest of safety and efficient traffic operations.

         Section 2C.02 . . . 01 The use of warning signs shall be based on an
         engineering study or on engineering judgment.

         Guidance:

         02 The use of warning signs should be kept to a minimum as the
         unnecessary use of warning signs tends to breed disrespect for all
         signs.6

         Section 6A.01 . . . 07 No one set of [temporary traffic control (TTC)]
         devices can satisfy all conditions for a given project or incident. At
         the same time, defining details that would be adequate to cover all
         applications is not practical.      Instead, Part 6 displays typical
         applications that depict common applications of TTC devices. The
         TTC selected for each situation depends on [the] type of highway, road
         user conditions, duration of operation, physical constraints, and the
         nearness of the work space or incident management activity to road
         users.7

         Section 6F.47 . . . Special warning signs may be used based on
5
    Id. at A0310.
6
    Id. at A0320.
7
    Id. at A0326.

                                              6
         engineering judgment. Guidance: Special warning signs should
         conform to the general requirements of color, shape, and alphabet size
         and series. The sign message should be brief, legible, and clear.8

         The contract also contained provisions which discussed the relationship

between DelDOT and George & Lynch:

         105.01 Authority of the Engineer. The Engineer [i.e., DelDOT] is
         the administrator of the Contract and not a supervisor of the work. . . .

         105.02 Authority and Duties of Inspectors. Inspectors, acting under
         the authority of the Engineer, are administrators of the Contract and not
         supervisors of the work. . . . The inspector shall in no case act as
         foreman or perform other duties for the Contractor, nor interfere with
         the management of the work by the latter.9

         As required by the Maintenance of Traffic section of the contract, George &

Lynch submitted a traffic control plan to DelDOT prior to the start of construction.

The plan George & Lynch chose followed two “case diagrams” from the

DeMUTCD: Case 6 and Case 15.            Case 6 was supplemented by Figure 6C-1 and

Table 6C-1. They provided for certain permanent warning signs, permanent in the

sense that they were erected at the beginning of construction and remained in place

until the project was completed. The permanent signs, placed at proper intervals,

read “ROAD WORK 1500 FT,” “ROAD WORK 1000 FT,” “ROAD WORK 500

FT,” and “END ROAD WORK,” facing each direction and along every side street.

8
    Id. at A0337.
9
    Id. at A0283.

                                            7
         Case 6 also addressed the use of temporary warning signs for flaggers and for

shutting down one lane of a two lane road while construction was actively occurring.

These signs indicated that a flagger was present and that a lane was closed.     Case

15 addressed creating a detour if both lanes of Omar Road needed to be shut down.

Under the contract, roadwork was restricted to the hours of 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.,

Monday through Friday, which meant that the temporary signs relating to lane

closures and flaggers were to be taken down at the end of each work day and “traffic

[was to be] returned to unrestricted roadway use until work resumed the next

weekday morning.”10       The plan did not require any temporary warning or traffic

control signs at night or on weekends for any portion of the project, including areas

where the CIPR asphalt was curing. The plan was approved by DelDOT.

         The use of CIPR presents a risk that a condition known as “raveling” can occur

when the rough CIPR recycled base layer is curing. When the base layer “ravels,”

it loses its integrity and starts to break apart. This causes the formation of loose

gravel, depressions, potholes, and ruts.        A deteriorated road surface with those

conditions can result in vehicles losing control because it adversely affects the tire-

to-road friction dynamic – the tires’ grip is lessened which diminishes the driver’s

10
     Id. at A0224.

                                            8
control.

        There is evidence that George & Lynch had prior experience with raveling

while using CIPR. Raveling occurred during George & Lynch’s CIPR paving jobs

located on State Route 20 between Dagsboro and Roxana in 2008, and again on State

Route 404 between Bridgeville and Georgetown in 2011.         As part of a 2012 Sussex

County repaving project that included Omar Road, George & Lynch experienced

raveling of CIPR on Indian Mission Road a few months prior to the accident in this

case.

        There is also evidence that George & Lynch was aware from experience that

a roadway that is undergoing the CIPR curing process is especially susceptible to

raveling when it is subjected to heavy traffic, excessive rainfall and limited sunlight.

George & Lynch employees testified by deposition that they were aware that Omar

Road was heavily traveled, at least at that time of year, especially on weekends,

because it is a primary route from inland Sussex County to the resort beaches.

There is also evidence they were aware that the section of Omar Road where the

accident occurred was heavily wooded with a significant tree canopy that limited

sunlight.

        On August 22 (four days before the accident), weather forecasts began

predicting significant rainfall for the weekend.     By Friday, August 24, recycled

                                           9
asphalt had been laid on a portion of the road and compacted into place to begin the

curing process. At 4:00 p.m., work was stopped for the weekend, and the road was

reopened to traffic. At that time, the road surface appeared to be in order, and there

was no evidence of raveling.       DelDOT inspectors and safety inspectors were

satisfied with the road’s condition.   As contemplated by the contract, George &

Lynch removed the temporary lane closure and flagger signs when the road was

reopened, leaving behind only the standard set of “Road Work” signs.

      On Saturday, August 25, a severe thunderstorm passed through the area. By

noon on Sunday, DelDOT had received complaints from drivers about potholes on

Omar Road. These complaints suggest the thunderstorm may have disrupted the

compacted asphalt material and interrupted the curing process.      George & Lynch

was under contract to make itself available during non-work hours to make repairs,

but DelDOT was unable to locate its list of emergency contacts George & Lynch

had provided. On the afternoon of Sunday, August 26, DelDOT sent its own crew

out to patch potholes on Omar Road around 3:30 p.m.

      On Sunday night, August 26, 2012, around 11:00 p.m., Reed and Pavik were

driving from Ocean City, Maryland, to their homes in Sussex County. Reed was

driving. Pavik was the front-seat passenger. Reed claims that while driving on

Omar Road, she saw a deer just off the side of the road in the grass, facing toward

                                         10
the road. The deer startled her, and she worried it would dash into the road. She

reacted by applying her brakes. She then started to feel gravel under her tires for

the first time.      Upon pressing her brakes, the back end of the vehicle started to

“swish.” Due to the loss of friction between the vehicle’s tires and the road surface,

the vehicle lost directional control and entered a yaw.    In a yaw, a vehicle’s tires

are rolling but sliding sideways. She tried to recover by turning the opposite way

and adding more pressure to her brakes.         Her actions, however, did not restore

control. The vehicle left the roadway and struck trees before coming to rest.

         The accident occurred on the portion of Omar Road that was undergoing the

curing process. The road had deteriorated due to raveling. Corporal Jay Burns of

the State Police Collision Reconstruction Unit reported that the “area that was re-

surfaced appeared to be extremely rough and deteriorating creating an unstable

driving surface” 11 and that he had observed “large depressions and scattered

gravel.”12

         Reed testified in her deposition that if she had known that loose gravel was

present on the road or that the road was rough, she would have reduced her speed

until she had been able to gauge the road’s condition.

11
     Id. at A0522.
12
     Id. at A0524.

                                           11
         The Appellants’ collision reconstruction expert, John Nawn, testified in his

deposition that the raveling on Omar Road caused Reed’s vehicle to lose control.

He also testified that temporary warning signs should have been in place that warned

motorists that the surface conditions of the pavement were not the surface conditions

of a normally paved roadway, signs such as “Rough Road” and “Loose Gravel” or

“Uneven Pavement.” George & Lynch disputes Nawn’s opinions. It argues that

“[a]lthough John Nawn has stated that he would have put up a warning sign, at no

time in his deposition nor in his report could he site [sic] to a specific provision in

the DeMUTCD that required such a sign. Nawn could only state with certainty that

a sign would have been ‘consistent’ with the DeMUTCD.”                           However, in a

supplemental report dated February 25, 2016, Nawn states that “George & Lynch’s

failure to provide warning sign(s) breached the standard of care under the terms of

their contract with the Delaware Department of Transportation and the provisions of

the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices.”13

         DelDOT’s       construction-area      supervisor     conducted      a       post-accident

investigation and concluded that all required signs were in place at the time of the

accident and there was no deviation from the DeMUTCD.

13
     The Superior Court did not make any rulings regarding the expert’s testimony.

                                                12
        In its motion for summary judgment, George & Lynch argued that it did not

owe a legal duty to the plaintiffs to erect temporary warning signs.                   The plaintiffs

argued that the permanent warning signs were insufficient to alert Ms. Reed to the

perils of traveling on Omar Road as it underwent the CIPR curing process and that

temporary warning signs such as “Loose Gravel” or “Rough Road” should have been

in place.

        The Superior Court granted summary judgment in favor of George & Lynch.

In the court’s view, the first element of the negligence inquiry—duty—was

dispositive of George & Lynch’s liability.14 The court held that the traffic plan in

George & Lynch’s contract with the State defined the scope of its duty, and because

the plan did not call for the use of a “Loose Gravel” or “Rough Road” sign when a

road was open to traffic during non-construction hours, George & Lynch had no duty

to erect one.15 It also ruled that DelDOT’s repair work over the weekend “broke

14
   See Pavik v. George & Lynch, Inc., 2016 WL 5335792, at *3 (Del. Super. Ct. Sept. 22, 2016)
(“Liability depends upon whether the defendant was ‘under a legal obligation—a duty—to protect
the plaintiff from the risk of harm which caused his injuries.’ . . . Whether a duty exists is a question
of law to be determined by the trial court. The heart of this litigation concerns George & Lynch’s
legal duty, if any, to erect additional temporary warning signs . . . .”).
15
   Id. at *3–4 (“George & Lynch contends it was not negligent because its [movement of traffic]
plan was DelDOT-approved and prepared in accordance with the DMUTCD standards. The Court
concurs with George & Lynch. . . . ‘[George & Lynch] was following an approved plan. No
negligence can follow in such a situation merely because there might have been another way to
control traffic.’ . . . In sum, George & Lynch was not negligent for following a DelDOT-approved
temporary traffic control plan encompassing the use of advance permanent [‘Road Construction’]
warning signs and temporary warning signs while work was in progress.” (second alteration in

                                                  13
any causation link” between George & Lynch’s work and the accident.16

                                           III.

         “This Court reviews de novo the Superior Court's grant or denial of

summary judgment ‘to determine whether, viewing the facts in the light most

favorable to the nonmoving party, the moving party has demonstrated that there are

no material issues of fact in dispute and that the moving party is entitled to judgment

as a matter of law.’”17

                                           IV.

      The appellants contend that summary judgment was inappropriate because

genuine issues of material fact remain regarding whether George & Lynch breached

its duty of care to the traveling public to act as a prudent and reasonable contractor

in performing the work on Omar Road. They contend that George & Lynch was

responsible for in-the-field maintenance of traffic conditions – including the use of

temporary warning signs; that George & Lynch had a duty to exercise its judgment

to determine whether temporary warning signs should have been used to warn

motorists of the risks that might be encountered while driving on the unfinished

original)).
16
   Id. at *5.
17
   Brown v. United Water Del., Inc., 3 A.3d 272, 275 (Del. 2010) (quoting Estate of Rae v.
Murphy, 956 A.2d 1266, 1269–70 (Del. 2008)).

                                           14
portions of Omar Road; and that George & Lynch breached that duty by failing to

erect warning signs.

         George & Lynch contends that it was under no duty to place temporary

warning signs along the road the Friday afternoon before the accident; that neither

the Appellants nor their expert could identify any requirement by DelDOT or the

DeMUTCD that a sign must be erected warning motorists that they will be driving

on a temporary roadway; that neither the appellants nor their expert could identify

any specific conditions of the roadway that existed on Friday night that would have

required the use of a warning sign; that no duty exists to place warning signs for a

condition which has not yet but, might develop; and that the grant of summary

judgment was appropriate.

                                            V.

         The parties’ call our attention to four Delaware cases that have discussed

accidents at road construction sites. The first in time is a decision of this Court,

High v. State Highway Dep’t.18

         In High, the plaintiff’s husband was killed in an accident at a road construction

site.     Road construction was taking place on the southbound lanes of a dual

18
     307 A.2d 799 (Del. 1973).

                                            15
highway. Traffic was diverted from the southbound lanes over a grass median, and

detoured onto the northbound lanes which had been temporarily altered to handle

both directions of traffic. The altered northbound lanes had a double-yellow line

to separate the traffic. The plaintiff’s husband was struck when a motorist crossed

over into the opposite traffic lane while braking to avoid a sudden traffic stoppage

ahead of him.

         Prior to beginning the work, the general contractor was required to present a

traffic control plan.    The plan was approved by the Highway Department with

several revisions. The plan provided for “a series of detour signs and barricades

erected at each end of the detour; the painting of double yellow lines . . . ‘do not

pass’ signs . . . and the placement of ‘advisory’ speed signs.”19   The plaintiff sued

the Highway Department and the general contractor, alleging negligence on the part

of both. All of the experts in the case, both for the plaintiff and the defendants,

agreed the detour plan approved by the State was in accordance with nationally

accepted standards and followed the Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices.

The plaintiff’s expert, however, testified that the Highway Department and the

general contractor were negligent in not adopting a more cautious plan, including

19
     Id. at 803.

                                           16
additional barricades and different signage.

         This Court was of the view that since both the plan approved by the Highway

Department and the plan proposed by the plaintiff’s expert were in compliance with

the Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices, it was not negligence to pursue one

rather than the other. The Court stated: “[I]f there are two acceptable courses of

action for the achievement of the same purpose, it is not negligence on the part of a

defendant to pursue one rather than the other.”     The Court also found that there was

no evidence that the plan was not “exactly followed” by the contractor.

           For these reasons, the Court reversed a jury verdict against the Highway

Department and the general contractor.

         The other three cases are Superior Court cases.   In the first of these, Thurmon

v. Kaplin, a motorcyclist brought an action for personal injuries against a general

contractor and sub-contractor for injuries he suffered from a motor vehicle accident

that occurred during non-construction hours on a road undergoing repaving.20 The

motorcyclist was traveling in the right turn lane and was hit when another driver in

the right thru-lane attempted to make a right turn across his lane.          Some lane

striping had been applied, but the right thru-lane and right turn-lane were not marked.

20
     1999 WL 1611327 (Del. Super. Mar. 25, 1999).

                                             17
The motorcyclist alleged the contractor and subcontractor were negligent in their

traffic maintenance operations, in failing to provide temporary striping on the

roadway, and for not closing the right turn-lane.

       The record of that case showed that DelDOT’s consulting engineer was

ultimately responsible for determining when striping would be applied, and that at

no time did he instruct the general contractor to apply striping indicating the

boundaries of the right-turn lane. The plaintiff contended that the defendants had

an independent duty to provide striping and turn-lane markings pursuant to the

Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. The Court rejected this contention

because the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices did not contain any specific

provision that would make failure to provide striping and markings a violation of a

mandatory duty.        The Court also held, however, that the general contractor had

assumed the responsibility of providing services necessary for the protection of the

traveling public. Whether the general contractor had acted as a reasonable, prudent

contractor in carrying out that duty, the Court reasoned, was a question for the jury.21

       Next, in Hales v. English, a contractor was resurfacing a portion of Route 113,

21
   The Court included a footnote that read as follows: “It could be that Tilcon is entitled to rely on
DelDOT’s discretionary decisions pursuant to High v. State Highway Dep’t.. . . The record here,
however, is incomplete as to what, if any, planning decisions were made regarding traffic flow
during non-construction hours.” Id. at *3 n.6.

                                                 18
a dual highway, pursuant to a contract it had with DelDOT. 22         The contractor

prepared a traffic control plan in accordance with the DeMUTCD, which DelDOT

approved.       The plan called for hiring a police officer to direct traffic at an

intersection. The plaintiffs were in a vehicle stopped at a stop sign at a side road,

waiting to proceed across the southbound lane and turn left onto the northbound lane.

The police officer was stationed at the intersection, as called for by the plan,

directing traffic. The officer motioned for the plaintiffs’ vehicle to move across the

southbound lane.       The plaintiffs believed the officer was motioning for them to

move across the southbound lane and also continue on to make their left turn onto

the northbound lane without stopping in the median to observe northbound traffic.

A collision resulted. The plaintiffs argued the contractor should have closed the

median, rerouted traffic in a different manner, or used an additional flagger.

         The Superior Court relied on High in granting summary judgment for the

contractor. It found no evidence that the contractor “deviated in practice from its

approved traffic control plan.” 23      The Court viewed the plaintiffs’ argument as

essentially the same argument that had been made in High, and quoted High’s

statement that “if there are two acceptable courses of action for the achievement of

22
     2014 WL 12059005 (Del. Super. Aug. 6, 2014).
23
     Id. at *2.

                                             19
the same purpose, it is not negligence on the part of a defendant to pursue one rather

than the other.”24

         Finally, in Patton v. 24/7 Cable Company, LLC, a motorcyclist brought an

action against a general contractor, various subcontractors, and another driver for

injuries that resulted from a motor vehicle collision in an area that was under

construction.25 The defendant driver was driving in the northbound lane of Route

13 when he entered a crossover median to enter a parking lot on the southbound side.

The crossover median was in a construction zone, and construction equipment was

present in the crossover. The driver failed to see an oncoming motorcyclist and

struck him.      The motorcyclist alleged the contractors were liable because they

failed to take reasonable safety precautions in the work zone, failed to warn of the

danger they created, failed to protect the traveling public, and failed to comply with

their DelDOT construction permit.

         All the contractors moved for summary judgment, arguing no evidence

existed that they breached any duty of care owed to the motorcyclist.    Specifically,

they argued they were not negligent as a matter of law because they properly

designed and executed a traffic control plan in accordance with the DeMUTCD.

24
     Id. (citing High, 307 A.2d at 804).
25
     2016 WL 6272552 (Del. Super. Aug. 31, 2016).

                                             20
          The Court reasoned that, to the extent the plaintiff alleged that the defendants

were negligent in failing to maintain safe travel of the roadways through the

construction site by not imposing additional safeguards, as in High and Hales, the

standard of care was set forth by the DeMUTCD.              To the extent, however, the

plaintiffs were arguing that the defendants were negligent in failing to supervise the

construction site, the Court reasoned that High and Hales were distinguishable and

that the applicable standard of care was that of a reasonable and prudent contractor

under the circumstances.        Ultimately, the Court decided that a question of fact

existed as to which DeMUTCD case plan applied, and whether the defendants

actions were “in full compliance” with the DeMUTCD and the general contractor’s

contract with DelDOT.26 Accordingly, summary judgment was denied.

          There are significant differences between the facts in this case and the facts in

High.       In High, all of the experts in the case, both for the plaintiffs and the

defendants, agreed that the traffic plan the contractor implemented—and the State

approved—was in accordance with nationally-accepted standards and followed the

DeMUTCD.           In this case, by contrast, the Appellants’ expert has expressed an

opinion in his supplemental report that George & Lynch’s failure to provide warning

26
     Id. at *4.

                                             21
signs breached its contract with the State and the provisions of the DeMUTCD. In

addition, this is not a case where the contractor is alleged to have been negligent by

choosing between two acceptable traffic plans.       Moreover, the Appellants here

allege that George & Lynch failed to plan for a safety risk of which it was, or should

have been, aware—raveling during the curing process.         No such allegation was

made in High. Hales followed the reasoning of High. Thurmon and Patton both

recognized that a general contractor has a duty to act as a reasonable and prudent

contractor in providing for the safety of the traveling public, which, as in High, a

contractor may be able to discharge by implementing a traffic plan that is designed

to mitigate those safety risks and that conforms to nationally-accepted standards like

the DeMUTCD.

      The Superior Court in this case appears to have understood High to stand for

the principle that when the State approves a contractor’s traffic management plan,

the plan defines the scope of the contractor’s duty, and as long as the contractor does

not deviate from the plan, there can be no negligence. Under that line of reasoning,

the Superior Court concluded that George & Lynch had no duty to erect any “Loose

Gravel” or “Rough Road” signs because the traffic management plan in the contract

did not call for them. The Superior Court erred in both its interpretation of High

and its understanding of the traffic management plan in this case.

                                          22
       The Court’s first error was to characterize High as a case about duty, rather

than negligence. By framing this case as one that turned on the scope of George &

Lynch’s duty to Reed and other motorists, the Court took for itself the inherently

fact-bound question of whether George & Lynch should have provided additional

temporary warning signs about potential road conditions.27

       High, however, turned on the element of breach, not duty. High absolved both

the State and the contractor of liability in that case not because neither had a duty to

take precautions to warn motorists about the construction, but because the

precautions they incorporated into their traffic plan were reasonable under the

circumstances. Because the traffic plan the State and the contractor had devised for

the project “accord[ed] with the Uniform Manual on which highway engineers

almost uniformly rely,” the Court deemed it to have been an “acceptable” approach

under the circumstances.28 Having concluded that the plan was a reasonable one,

the contractor could not be negligent for following it. That line of reasoning does

not, however, suggest that, as a general matter, a road contractor’s duty is

circumscribed by the terms of a traffic plan incorporated into its contract with the

27
   See Pavik, 2016 WL 5335792, at *3 (“‘[I]n appropriate situations, a trial court is authorized to
grant judgment as a matter of law because no duty exists.’ Whether a duty exists is a question of
law to be determined by the trial court.”).
28
   307 A.2d at 804.

                                               23
State, or that the trial courts should be determining the reasonableness of traffic

management plans for construction zones as a matter of law. High simply stands for

the proposition that if, as a factual matter, there is no dispute that a traffic plan was

put in place to mitigate the sort of risks that led to an accident and that plan was in

accord with nationally-recognized safety standards, the contractor does not breach

its duty of care by following it.29

       The second and more fundamental error in the Superior Court’s reasoning was

its conclusion that George & Lynch could not be liable for failing to use road surface

warning signs like “Loose Gravel” or “Rough Road” because the traffic plan

incorporated into the contract did not specifically call for them. But there is another

key difference between this case and High.                In High, all of the precautions the

plaintiff believed that the contractor should have taken directly conflicted with the

safeguards incorporated into the traffic plan that the State and the contractor had

29
   Further support for the notion that High turned on the element of breach (or a lack thereof),
rather than on the scope of a contractor’s duty, comes from the fact that the two authorities that
High relied upon voiced their holdings in terms of whether a jury could find, as a matter of fact,
that the defendant in each case had breached its duty of care. See Di Filippo v. Preston, 173 A.2d
333, 337 (Del. 1961) (concluding that “the plaintiffs failed to make a submissible issue of
negligence for the jury and that, consequently, . . . the direction of a verdict for the defendant was
proper”); Boston, Cape Cod & N.Y. Canal Co. v. Seaboard Transp. Co., 270 F. 525, 529– 30 (1st
Cir. 1921) (“‘Negligence is the failure to do what a reasonable and prudent person would ordinarily
have done under the circumstances of the situation, or doing what such a person under the existing
circumstances would not have done.’ . . . We find that the fair preponderance of the evidence on
that question is in favor of the [defendant].”).

                                                 24
adopted: the plaintiff contended that there should have been guardrails in place to

separate the traffic rather than the mere double-yellow striping called for by the plan,

there should have been a greater number of signs warning motorists about the change

in traffic patterns than the number of signs that the MUTCD specified, and there

should have been a swing-around area and a sign warning of an intersection ahead

despite the fact that the plan did not call for either. Those precautions all would have

gone above and beyond the traffic management plan that both sides conceded was

already in accordance with national safety standards, so the contractor’s failure to

implement them could not have been a breach of its duty.

      But in this case, erecting temporary warning signs during off-hours was not

specifically addressed, one way or the other, by the plan. That is because the two

case diagrams that George & Lynch specified from the DeMUTCD—Case 6 and

Case 15—dealt only with the mitigation of risks to traffic while construction was

active, when one or both lanes needed to be closed while repaving was actively

taking place. Those two cases—which specified the signage to use to warn drivers

of alterations to the normal traffic pattern—were not designed to mitigate risks that

may arise during non-work hours, and they therefore have nothing to say about any

steps George & Lynch might have needed to take to ensure safe passage during off-

hours, when the lane closures were lifted and traffic was allowed to return to normal.

                                          25
The fact that George & Lynch followed DeMUTCD-approved safety standards

during working hours, in other words, does not mean that it acted reasonably to

address risks that may have been posed to drivers during off-hours.In the absence of

a specific (and reasonable) plan to deal with those risks, the scope of George &

Lynch’s obligations falls back on its general contractual duty to ensure that its work

“conform[s] to the requirements of the 2011 [DeMUTCD]”30—which contemplates

the use of road surface warning signs in appropriate circumstances—and its general

tort duty to use reasonable care in carrying out its work.31

       High does not stand for the proposition that a contractor’s duty begins and

ends with a traffic management plan—any traffic management plan—that is

approved in advance by the State. High stands only for the more basic proposition

that if a contractor follows a traffic management plan that addresses the risks that

contributed to an injury in a way that accords with national safety standards, the

contractor acts reasonably under the circumstances.

30
   App. A0310.
31
   See, e.g., Richardson v. Pioneer Const. Co., 434 P.2d 403 (Colo. 1967) (reversing a directed
verdict against a plaintiff in a wrongful death suit arising out of an accident that occurred when a
vehicle struck a patch of loose gravel and sand while driving through a construction zone during
off-hours that was marked only with a standard road-work sign); Morgan Seeley, Annotation,
Highway Construction Contractor’s Liability for Injuries to Third Persons by Materials or Debris
on Highway During Course of Construction or Repair, 3 A.L.R.4th 770, § 6 (1981) (collecting
cases involving accidents that occurred on roads open during non-construction hours).

                                                26
         A contractor doing road construction has a common law duty to act as a

reasonable and prudent contractor in providing for the safety of the traveling

public.32 The record before us shows that George & Lynch also assumed that duty

contractually.      The contract provided that “[a]ll work shall be performed in a

manner that will provide reasonably safe passage . . .”; “[t]he Contractor shall keep

the section of the Project being used by public traffic in a condition that safely and

adequately accommodates traffic”; and “the Contractor shall have the sole and

absolute responsibility for the work and to provide for the protection and safety of

. . . members of the general public.” While DelDOT was ultimately responsible for

oversight of the Project, the contract documents delegated to George & Lynch

responsibility for maintenance of traffic and providing for the protection and safety

of members of the public.

         In the trial court’s—and the dissent’s—view, the fact that the contract “did

not require George & Lynch to . . . set up additional anticipatory warning signs” to

warn motorists about risks they might face during non-work hours meant that

protecting motorists from foreseeable after-hours risks was outside of the scope of

George & Lynch’s undertaking as a contractor. 33 But the contract did not

32
     Thurmon v. Kaplin, 1999 WL 1611327, at *3 (Del. Super. Mar. 25, 1999); see supra note 31.
33
     Infra at 37.

                                               27
affirmatively disclaim George & Lynch’s duty to take reasonable care to mitigate

the risks of its work to after-hours drivers. The contract was simply silent about what

George & Lynch would need to do if it were to foresee, while it was on the job, a

risk that might materialize overnight (or into the weekend).

      Had the contract spelled out that George & Lynch’s only undertaking was to

perform road construction between 8:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. and disclaimed any

responsibility on its part for the risks its work might pose outside of those hours,

then perhaps it would have been exclusively the State’s burden to mitigate whatever

risks George & Lynch left behind at 4:00 p.m. each day (despite being in a worse

position than George & Lynch to foresee them). But this contract did not go that far,

and it is not for us to rewrite the parties’ contract to change the allocation of a set of

risks that the parties left unaddressed.

      The Superior Court should have approached this case through the standard

negligence framework: it should have determined whether George & Lynch should

have, in the exercise of reasonable care, foreseen a need for temporary traffic control

signs over the August 25-26 weekend, and if so, whether it should have sought

authority from DelDOT to erect temporary traffic warning signs, whether DelDOT

would have approved such a request, and whether the absence of warning signs was

a cause of the accident.

                                           28
         George & Lynch argues that the DeMUTCD contains no specific

requirements about placing signs on a temporary road surface. While that is true,

the DeMUTCD does provide for the use of warning signs when road conditions

warrant their use, and the fact that the DeMUTCD does not specifically enumerate

the circumstances when they are needed to reasonably mitigate a safety risk does not

mean they never are.           It also argues that it did not violate the contract or the

DeMUTCD. However, questions remain on such issues as to whether it satisfied

its contractual obligation to provide for the protection and safety of the public. It

also argues that warning signs should be used only when necessary and should be

kept to a minimum. But whether the benefit to be gained from employing a specific

precaution outweighs its costs is part of the inquiry into breach that is addressed to

the finder of fact.34 It also argues that the Appellants’ expert did not provide a valid

opinion that the DeMUTCD or contract was violated. While we express no opinion

on the weight to be given the expert’s testimony, he expresses an opinion in his

supplemental report that George & Lynch breached its duty of care.                       Finally,

George & Lynch argues that no duty exists to erect signs to warn of conditions that

might develop, but have not yet developed. However, there is a duty to exercise

34
     See United States v. Carroll Towing Co., 159 F.2d 169, 173 (2d Cir. 1947) (L. Hand, J.).

                                                 29
reasonable care with respect to risks that are foreseeable.35

                                              VI.

       The Superior Court also ruled that DelDOT’s weekend pothole patching

“broke any causation link” between George & Lynch’s conduct and the accident.

The Superior Court’s ruling on this issue consists of two conclusory sentences.             We

believe that questions of fact remain as to whether the DelDOT crew’s activities

Sunday afternoon contributed to the accident.            The evidence is that the DelDOT

crew was sent to repair potholes.           Reed, however, did not recall hitting any

potholes. There is evidence that Reed lost control on an area of Omar Road where

there were no potholes and no potholes had been repaired. There is evidence that

Reed lost control because of gravel and other rough road conditions.              While there

is clearly evidence that the road was deteriorated when Corporal Burns arrived at the

scene after the accident, no evidence has been brought to our attention concerning

the condition of the road when the DelDOT crew completed its work on Sunday

afternoon.

       George & Lynch argues that because DelDOT assumed control over the

35
   George & Lynch argues that it would be unreasonable to expect it to have “Loose Gravel” signs
in place when there was no loose gravel when it left the work site on Friday afternoon. We
understand that argument. The relevance of “Loose Gravel” signs would depend upon the
foreseeability of raveling and loose gravel that occurred on the weekend.

                                              30
roadway on Sunday afternoon, made repairs, and reopened the road to the general

public without additional warning signs, any causal link to the conduct of George &

Lynch was broken. Under the specifications, however, DelDOT’s role for after-

hours work is limited to “making repairs” in case of an emergency if it could not

reach George & Lynch. 36          Any duties the DelDOT crew may have had beyond

repairing potholes are unclear on this record.               The extent to which the crew

inspected parts of the road where no potholes were observed, the extent to which the

raveling at the site of the accident had manifested itself while the crew was there,

whether the particular crew involved had experience with raveling on CIPR road

surfaces, and whether the crew had any responsibility for signs are questions that

would seem to be relevant to the issue of DelDOT’s conduct as a superseding cause,

but that have gone unaddressed.            “[T]he question of superseding cause is fact-

driven.”37 On this record, it was error to rule that DelDOT’s conduct on Sunday

afternoon was a superseding cause as a matter of law.

                                               VII.

       The dissent expresses a concern about the case being decided on emotion.38

36
   B0010.
37
   Duphily v. Del. Elec. Co-op, Inc., 662 A.2d 821, 830 (Del. 1995).
38
   Infra at 42 (“In any case where a young life is lost, human heartstrings are naturally pulled,
including those of juries, and there is a temptation to award compensation even if no party is at
fault, especially if the party being sued is perceived as having large resources.”).

                                                31
The dissent’s concern seems to reflect a lack of confidence in trial by jury that we

do not share. Superior Court juries, under the careful guidance of Superior Court

judges, regularly carry out their duties in emotional cases without allowing sympathy

to affect their verdicts. We are confident the same can be done in this case.

       The dissent also discusses the duties of a Delaware driver and Ms. Reed’s

compliance with those duties. 39            However, the issue of Ms. Reed’s alleged

negligence is a question for the jury, not this Court, and has no bearing on George

& Lynch’s motion for summary judgment.                  The dissent’s detours into issues of

breach and comparative negligence all present fact-bound inquires within the

province of the jury. The dissent also expresses a concern about increased cost of

road improvement contracts, but we are satisfied that any such concern can be

addressed through appropriate drafting of road improvement contracts.40

       It is important to remember the scope of this appeal. The trial court absolved

George & Lynch of liability at duty, the very first step of the negligence inquiry, and

39
    Infra at 42-45. Infra at 44 (“[T]he four prominent warning signs that were posted in full
compliance with the approved plan . . . should signal to any reasonable driver the need to slow
down . . . .”). Infra at 45 (“[D]espite the reality that there were four prominent signs on Omar
Road warning of the construction, the driver also testified that she did not see any indicates of
construction, including road work signs, and did not reduce her speed until she braked when she
spotted a deer on the side of the road.”).
40
    Infra at 40 “Not only does the contract make clear that George & Lynch does not have
authority or responsibility to do this, but we also risk imposing increasing costs on the state and
its taxpayers in the procurement process for road improvement projects.”

                                                32
we venture no further than to hold that that was error—and to observe that genuine

disputes of fact remain about whether the repairs that DelDOT performed “broke

any causation link” between George & Lynch’s work and the accident, to the extent

the Superior Court relied upon that conclusion as an independent basis to grant

summary judgment in George & Lynch’s favor. Even with George & Lynch’s duty

established, the plaintiffs still have to prove the other negligence elements.

                                      VIII.

      The judgment of the Superior Court is reversed and the case is remanded for

further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                          33
STRINE, Chief Justice, dissenting, with SEITZ, Justice, joining.

       We respectfully dissent from the well-stated decision of the majority reversing

the Superior Court’s grant of summary judgment to George & Lynch.

In its decision, the Superior Court relied on this Court’s decision in High v. State

Highway Department, which it correctly read as precluding the imposition of tort

liability on a DelDOT contractor that complies with the contractually specified and

DelDOT-approved traffic control plan.41

       Applying High, the Superior Court held that the approved plan limited George

& Lynch’s obligations because there is no evidence that George & Lynch deviated

from the plan.     Absent such evidence, “[n]o negligence can follow . . . merely

because there might have been another way to control the traffic.”42 That is, “if

there are two acceptable courses of action for the achievement of the same purpose,

it is not negligence on the part of a defendant to pursue one rather than the other.”43

       Consistent with George & Lynch’s contractual limitations, on the afternoon

of Friday, August 24th, 2012, DelDOT took charge of Omar Road, at that time a

nonactive work zone that did not require additional anticipatory warning signs, and

41
   High v. State Highway Dep’t, 307 A.2d 799 (Del. 1973).
42
   Pavik v. George & Lynch, C.A. No. S14C-01-006, 2016 WL 5335792, at *3 (Del. Super. Sept.
22, 2016).
43
   Id. (citing Hales v. English, 2014 WL 12059005, at *2 (Del. Super. Aug. 6, 2014), aff’d sub
nom., Hales v. Pennsy Supply Co., 2015 WL 2330065 (Del. 2015)).

                                             34
approved it to be reopened to its normal flow of traffic.44 And on that Sunday, after

a heavy rainstorm, in response to complaints about the condition of the road,

DelDOT had its own crews repair the road, instead of requesting that George &

Lynch make the repairs.45 George & Lynch owed a duty to perform repairs outside

of its scheduled work hours only if DelDOT asked it to do so, and DelDOT never

made that request.46 Instead, as the Superior Court found, DelDOT failed to give

George & Lynch notice of the potholes that developed on Omar Road after the

weekend rainstorm, and took affirmative action to repair the road itself.47 Nor did

DelDOT give George & Lynch any notice that raveling was occurring on the road;

nor did it take any action to put up additional warning signs.

          Not only did George & Lynch have no duty to perform any inspection or

maintenance over the weekend, but as the Superior Court held, DelDOT’s decision

to not ask George & Lynch to repair the road, and instead repair the road itself, broke

any causal link between the work George & Lynch finished on that Friday afternoon

and the tragic accident at 11:00 PM on that Sunday night.48

          Because George & Lynch conformed to its duty under the approved traffic

44
     Id. at *4.
45
     Id. at *4–5.
46
     Id.
47
     Id. at *5.
48
     Id. at *2, 5.

                                          35
control plan, and DelDOT’s assumption of control of the road at 4:00 PM on that

Friday afternoon and repair of it that Sunday afternoon broke any causal connection

between George & Lynch’s work and the accident at 11:00 PM that Sunday night

by not activating George & Lynch’s obligation to make after-hours repairs, we

would affirm the Superior Court’s grant of summary judgment.

                                                I.

       George & Lynch’s contract with DelDOT, which defined the scope of its duty,

did not give George & Lynch general control of the road, but rather, required it to

adhere to certain specified obligations, which defined its potential for liability. 49

These contractual obligations included: setting up four permanent warning signs

stating “ROAD WORK 1500 FT,” “ROAD WORK 1000 FT,” “ROAD WORK 500

FT,” and “END ROAD WORK”;50 only working Monday through Friday between

8:00 AM and 4:00 PM;51 modifying the flow of traffic during active construction as

49
    Id. (citing Brown v. F.W. Baird, LLC, 2008 WL 324661, at *2–3 (Del. 2008) (“In Delaware, it
is the scope of the undertaking as defined in the contract, which gives shape to the independent
contractor’s duty in tort.”); id. at *1 (the contract required George & Lynch to conform to “(1)
DelDOT’s standard specifications dated August 2001 and as amended by the supplemental
specifications, (2) the contract’s special provisions, (3) the most recent standard construction
details, (4) the Delaware Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices . . . and (5) the contract plans
and specifications”).
50
    Id. at *1.
51
     App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A313 (Plan and Specifications for Contract No.
T201206304 [hereinafter Plan and Specifications]). The majority relies on a footnote of the
Superior Court’s decision in Thurmon v. Kaplin for the proposition that whether a general
contractor has acted as a reasonable, prudent contractor in carrying out its assumed responsibility

                                                36
described by the approved plan;52 filling all ruts and potholes at the end of each

workday; and, after DelDOT inspection, returning traffic to its original unrestricted

flow and removing temporary warning signs indicating the presence of a flagger and

a lane closure.53

       The contract did not require George & Lynch to, in its own discretion, set up

additional anticipatory warning signs during nonactive construction for nonexistent

conditions that may arise between the end of its workday on Friday at 4:00 PM and

the start of its next scheduled workday on Monday at 8:00 AM. To do so would be

contrary to the Delaware Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, which advises

that “[t]he use of warning signs . . . be kept to a minimum” and that “where the

condition or activity is seasonal or temporary, the warning sign should be removed

of providing services to protect the public is a question for the jury. 1999 WL 1611327 (Del.
Super. Mar. 25, 1999). The full text of this footnote highlights a critical distinction between the
Superior Court’s decision that the contractor in that case assumed a common law duty of care and
the facts before this Court: “It could be that Tilcon is entitled to rely on DelDOT’s discretionary
decisions pursuant to High v. State Highway Dep’t, Del. Supr., 307 A.2d 799, 803-804 (1973)
(holding that if the detour, warning signs and other safeguards were erected in accordance with the
plan approved by the Highway Department, there is, as a matter of law, no proof of negligence on
the part of the contractor). The record here, however, is incomplete as to what, if any, planning
decisions were made regarding traffic flow during non-construction hours.” Id. at *3 n.6
(emphasis added). In this case, the record is clear that George & Lynch had no authority to erect
additional anticipatory warning signs without DelDOT approval, and no duty to make any repairs
outside of its specified work hours, except if asked to do so by DelDOT.
52
   App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A313 (Plan and Specifications).
53
   Id. at A222 (Contract No. T201206304.01); id. at A309 (Plan and Specifications); id. at A317–
19 (Preconstruction Meeting Minutes).

                                               37
or covered when the condition or activity does not exist” so as to not “breed

disrespect” for warning signs through unnecessary overuse.54 The contract also did

not require George & Lynch to conduct weekend inspections or maintenance, unless

asked to do so by DelDOT.55

       On August 24, 2012, at the end of the day, George & Lynch complied with its

contractual duties when it removed the temporary warning signs indicating the

presence of a flagger and a lane closure; left in place the permanent warning signs

that read “ROAD WORK 1500 FT,” “ROAD WORK 1000 FT,” “ROAD WORK

500 FT,” and “END ROAD WORK”; and filled in all ruts and potholes.56 DelDOT

inspected the road and, finding no problems with the surface of the road, reopened

it to traffic. 57   At the time George & Lynch stopped working on that Friday

afternoon, it was not raining, and there was no raveling on Omar Road. 58                   Any

driver approaching and driving on the road would have seen four prominent signs

making it clear that Omar Road was undergoing road work and was not in its normal

54
   Id. at A320 (Delaware MUTCD § 2C.02).
55
   App to Appellee’s Ans. Br. at B0010 (DelDOT Standard Specification Subsection 107.07 (“The
Contractor shall maintain a safe work site at all times and be prepared to make repairs as needed
after normal working hours in the case of an emergency. If the Department is unable to contact
the Contractor to make these repairs then the State Maintenance forces or a third party contractor
may be used to make such repairs.”)).
56
   Id. at B38 (Deposition of Thomas Wayne Massey).
57
   Id. at B41.
58
   Id.

                                               38
condition.

                                          II.

      A heavy rainstorm struck the area of Omar Road on Saturday, and on Sunday

morning, after receiving many complaints about the condition of Omar Road,

DelDOT’s maintenance crew confirmed the presence of potholes requiring

immediate repair.59 On Sunday afternoon, DelDOT had its own crews make the

repairs, instead of asking George & Lynch to do so. 60          This broke any causal

connection between George & Lynch’s work up to that Friday afternoon, when the

road was reopened with DelDOT approval, and the tragic accident that Sunday night,

because during that time, DelDOT retained full control of the site, never authorized

George & Lynch to make any repairs, and did not, in its judgment, undertake to set

up any signs warning of the condition of the surface of the road (by reason of

potholes or raveling) after making its repairs.61

                                         III.

      We are reluctant to hold George & Lynch responsible for monitoring the road

24/7 and facing possible liability based on its failure to set up additional anticipatory

59
   Id. at B4–7 (DelDOT Memorandum, Post Accident Investigation).
60
   Id. at B112–13 (Plaintiff’s Answers to Request for Admissions); id. at B4–7 (DelDOT
Memorandum, Post Accident Investigation).
61
   Id. at B4–7 (DelDOT Memorandum, Post Accident Investigation).

                                           39
warning signs based on shifting weather conditions, nay forecasts. Not only does

the contract make clear that George & Lynch does not have the authority or

responsibility to do this, but we also risk imposing increasing costs on the state and

its taxpayers in the procurement process for road improvement projects.

       Here, there can be no argument that if any party was responsible for

determining if additional signage warning of the condition of the surface of Omar

Road should have been set up on the day of the accident, it was DelDOT. But,

DelDOT did not waive its sovereign immunity protection for this project because it

did not purchase any liability insurance that would cover an accident like this, 62

leaving only George & Lynch as a potentially responsible party. Nor did DelDOT

craft a contract that required George & Lynch to conduct weekend inspections,

consistently monitor and assess weather forecasts, and set up additional anticipatory

warning signs for temporary and intermittent conditions. Instead of imposing such

a contractual obligation and creating additional expense, DelDOT took control of

the road and assumed for itself the responsibility of conducting after-hours

inspections and repairs.      The majority’s imposition of an additional general tort

duty of reasonable care to serve as a back-stop for weekend repairs ignores the fact

62
   Pavik, 2016 WL 5335792, at *6 (citing Doe v. Cates, 499 A.2d 1175, 1179 (Del. 1985) (waiver
of sovereign immunity only applies where the State has obtained insurance to cover the risk)).

                                             40
that George & Lynch and DelDOT did identify how they would mitigate risks to

drivers outside of George & Lynch’s specified working hours: George & Lynch had

to be available to perform any necessary repairs at DelDOT’s request.                       Going

beyond the approved traffic control plan and setting up additional anticipatory

warning signs for conditions that developed over the weekend was not part of George

& Lynch’s duty.63

       By subjecting DelDOT’s contractor to liability for additional anticipatory

warning signage in a manner that is inconsistent with the contractor’s limited role

under the contract, we will increase the cost of future bids for state road work

because contractors will not be able to rely on the limitations of their contractual

duties, but rather, will have to monitor and interpret weather forecasts to determine

whether the certainty of a particular forecast is sufficient to justify the cost of

discretionary action, in light of, among other considerations, the developing weather

condition’s possible effect on road conditions and the contractor’s desire to

63
   The majority interprets High as holding that a contractor who follows an approved traffic
control plan is not negligent if the precautions specified by the plan are reasonable under the
circumstances. But, in finding no negligence on the part of the State Highway Department or its
contractor, this Court did not examine whether the design of the traffic control plan was reasonable
under the circumstances; rather, it observed that both parties agreed that the plan was prepared in
accordance with nationally accepted safety standards. Although the plaintiff’s expert opined that
“the Highway Department was negligent in following the designated procedures ordinarily and
customarily followed for such detours,” the Court did not, as the majority suggests, find that the
plan was reasonable under the circumstances, other than by reason of its compliance with
nationally accepted standards. High v. State Highway Dep’t, 307 A.2d at 803.

                                                41
minimize exposure to tort suits like this.

       In any case where a young life is lost, human heartstrings are naturally pulled,

including those of juries, and there is a temptation to award compensation even if no

party is at fault, especially if the party being sued is perceived as having large

resources. It may be that in certain cases, it can be a jury question whether a party

is responsible for not posting a more specific warning sign, but George & Lynch did

not undertake a duty to the public of the kind the majority imposes.

       Delaware drivers have a duty to give full attention to the operation of their

vehicle, with due regard for traffic conditions, maintain a proper lookout, and obey

traffic control devices.64 It has long been recognized that traffic and construction

signs are “intended to warn road travelers of particular risks or types of danger,”65

and a driver who comes across such a warning must take notice of the warning and

exercise due care as required by the condition. 66                And DelDOT’s construction

64
     See 21 Del. C. § 4176 (“(a) Whoever operates a vehicle in a careless or imprudent manner, or
without due regard for road, weather and traffic conditions then existing, shall be guilty of careless
driving. (b) Whoever operates a vehicle and who fails to give full time and attention to the
operation of the vehicle, or whoever fails to maintain a proper lookout while operating the vehicle,
shall be guilty of inattentive driving.”); 21 Del. C. § 4107(a) (“The driver of any vehicle shall obey
the instructions of any traffic-control device applicable thereto placed in accordance with this title
. . . .”).
65
     40 Am. Jur. 2d Highways, Streets, and Bridges § 428 Installation and Placement of Warning
Devices (2018).
66
     See generally 60A C.J.S. Motor Vehicles § 568 n.2 Contributory Negligence (2018) (“Highway
under construction: One who operates automobile on a public highway under construction cannot
assume that there are no obstructions or dangers ahead and, in such instances, it is the duty of the

                                                 42
contracts require contractors to adhere to uniform specifications based on nationally

accepted standards.67 We are reluctant to open up DelDOT and its contractors to

motorist, in the exercise of due care, to keep the vehicle under such control that it can be stopped
within the distance within which a proper barrier, obstruction, or obvious danger can be seen.”);
40 Am. Jur. 2d Highways, Streets, and Bridges § 594 Proceeding Along Way Which is Closed or
under Repair (2018) (“When a highway or street is under construction or repair, to the knowledge
of a traveler, he or she may not assume that it is in safe condition. Because persons and commerce
depend on the use of public highways and streets for vehicular traffic, it is not unreasonable for
the public authority to permit vehicles to pass over them while they are undergoing repairs such
as resurfacing, or when they are torn up for the laying of utility mains, and these instances are of
such common occurrence that motorists should expect them to be encountered frequently. One
who operates a motor vehicle on a highway or street which is under construction or repair . . .
cannot assume that there are no obstructions, defects, or dangers ahead, but rather, in such
instances, it is the duty of the motorist, in the exercise of due care, to keep his or her vehicle under
such control that it can be stopped within the distance within which a proper barrier or obstruction,
or an obvious danger, can be seen.”); see also, e.g., Woods v. State ex rel. Dep’t of Transp. and
Dev., 852 So.2d 1109, 1122–23 (La. App. 2 Cir. 2003) (“Pursuant to DOTD’s detailed instructions,
Arnold [the road construction company] had placed numerous barrels, cones, and signs to alert
drivers to the construction area. Any reasonably attentive, albeit careless, driver could have very
easily prepared for the difficulties of traversing the construction zone.”); Williams v. State, 308
N.Y.S.2d 738, 740 (N.Y. App. Div. 1970) (“The construction sign indicating a speed of 25 miles
per hour with the admonition ‘SLOW’, together with the red flashing light which indicated a
construction zone should have placed him on notice to proceed with care and caution in accordance
with the prevailing circumstances and conditions.”).
67
   Pavik, 2016 WL 5335792, at *3 (citing Hales, 2014 WL 12059005, at *2; High, 307 A.2d at
803 (“[T]he traffic-routing plan ultimately approved by the Highway Department was prepared in
accordance with usual and normal provisions for the installation of safeguards for the traveling
public in accordance with the ‘Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices’, used by the Highway
Departments of most, if not all, of the States for this purpose. There is no doubt, apparently, that
the traffic-routing plan actually put into effect on this detour was in accordance with nationally
accepted standards.”). According to the majority, the plaintiffs’ expert concluded in a
supplemental report that the failure to use warning signs breached George & Lynch’s contract with
the State and the traffic regulations. App. to Appellee’s Answering Br. at 103–04. The best
plaintiffs’ expert could muster, however, is the use of signs to alert road users of changing
condition would be “consistent” with the contract and regulations—not that it was required and
therefore a breach of the contract or regulations. Id. In any event, whether the plans submitted
by George & Lynch complied with the contract and regulations was determined by DelDOT, which
approved the plans before construction. And, as we have explained, George & Lynch’s duties
during the time it was on site were different than those it had when the road was returned to
DelDOT’s control over the weekend. That is, whatever duty George & Lynch might have had

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examinations by juries about the precise wording of signs, when the four prominent

warning signs that were posted in full compliance with the approved plan—“ROAD

WORK 1500 FT,” “ROAD WORK 1000 FT,” “ROAD WORK 500 FT,” and “END

ROAD WORK”—should signal to any reasonable driver the need to slow down

from the posted 50 miles per hour speed limit and proceed with caution because the

road is subject to ongoing construction.68 In fact, the driver testified that she would

have slowed down had she observed roadwork signs:

               Q.     What was it about the signs that caused the accident?
               A.     I believe there—if there had been signs, I would have
                      slowed down a lot—lot longer before the accident
                      happened.
               Q.     Okay. Why would you have slowed down?
               A.     Because I would have known that there was construction
                      going on. I would have known to slow down. I would
                      have known—I would have known to go under the speed
                      limit.
               Q.     Okay. What kind of signs would you need?
               A.     Roadwork ahead.
               Q.     And what would you have slowed your speed to?
               A.     The proper speed that you’re supposed to slow down. If
                      the posted speed is 50, then I would probably slow down
                      to about 40 to see what the road’s like; see if it’s bad, if
                      it’s good. If it’s—if it’s bad, I slow down more.69

under the contract to consider putting up special signs if new conditions arose during the time it
was in control of the road is irrelevant to this case.
68
   App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A317–19 (Preconstruction Meeting Minutes); Appellant’s
Opening Br. at 3 (“The speed limit was 50 miles per hour, and [Ashlee] may have been [traveling]
that speed or just above it.”).
69
   App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A409–10 (Deposition of Ashlee Jean Reed).

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         But, despite the reality that there were four prominent signs on Omar Road

warning of the construction, the driver also testified that she did not see any

indications of construction, including road work signs, and did not reduce her speed

until she braked when she spotted a deer on the side of the road.70

                                         IV.

         Because George & Lynch did not breach its legal duty and had no control over

the worksite on the weekend of the accident, we would affirm the grant of summary

judgment. The practical reality flowing from the decision of the majority is that

road construction contractors are no longer bound only by the approved traffic

control plan governing a specific project, but rather, may face potential liability at

the discretion of a jury where they could have exercised any level of discretion to

take additional precautionary measures.        High rejects such an expansive scope of

liability, and instead limits a contractor’s duty in tort to complying with its

contractual obligation under its DelDOT-approved plan, finding a basis for liability

only where the contractor fails to abide by the traffic control plan designed to ensure

public safety.

70
     Id. at A372, 403–04.

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