Court Opinion

ID: 9881540
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-10-03 12:07:03.770393+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:16:43.184522
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                     No. COA22-714

                                Filed 3 October 2023

Onslow County, No. 18CRS52479

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA

             v.

JAMES KELLY MOORE, III

      Appeal by defendant from judgment entered 17 February 2022 by Judge

Henry L. Stevens in Onslow County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals

6 September 2023.

      Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Special Deputy Attorney General
      Jonathan P. Babb, for the State.

      Mark L. Hayes, for the defendant-appellant.

      TYSON, Judge.

      James Kelly Moore, III (“Defendant”) appeals from judgment entered on a

jury’s verdict finding him guilty of first-degree murder. We find no error.

                                I.     Background

      Defendant and his girlfriend, Erica Gaines (“Gaines”) moved to and resided on

East Fort King Street in Ocala, Florida in March 2017. After Thanksgiving 2017,

Defendant borrowed Gaines’ Kia Sorrento SUV to purportedly visit his family in
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                                  Opinion of the Court

North Carolina for the weekend.       Defendant failed to return the vehicle until

approximately two to three weeks later.

      After arrival in North Carolina, Defendant and Amanda Bell (“Bell”) visited

Laura Saldana’s home in the Northwoods area of Jacksonville in the early morning

hours of 3 December 2017. Defendant and Bell left Saldana’s house in Gaines’ Kia

Sorrento. Defendant drove to a field located off Thomas Humphrey Road, parked,

and the two “made out” in the vehicle. Defendant later drove Bell to a hotel, arrived

around 6:00 a.m., and engaged in sexual intercourse.

      Defendant and Bell left the hotel after a few hours to eat and later returned to

the hotel. Defendant left, while Bell stayed at the hotel. Throughout the morning of

4 December 2017 Defendant left and returned to the hotel a few times. Defendant

returned to the hotel for the last time at approximately 12:30 p.m.

      Defendant had access to two cell phone numbers. Both of those phone numbers

exchanged hundreds of text messages with a cell phone number associated with a

prostitute, Shelby Brown (“Brown”), on 3 and 4 December 2017. Brown advertised

on Backpage.com, a website used for sexual solicitations, and was “pimped” by

Tamara Jackson (“Jackson”). Jackson had provided Brown with a cell phone to use

for her prostitution contacts.

      Brown lived with Jackson in a mobile home Jackson had rented, located on 183

Orvin Drive in Sneads Ferry. A camera recording on Orvin Drive showed a Kia

Sorento SUV going to 183 Orvin Drive and leaving multiple times on 3 December

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                                       Opinion of the Court

2017 and 4 December 2017. The camera showed the Kia Sorrento: arrive at 4:14 p.m.

and leave at 4:42 p.m. on 3 December 2017; arrive at 11:37 p.m. on 3 December 2017

and leave at 1:15 a.m. on 4 December 2017; and, arrive at 2:41 a.m. and leave at 3:11

a.m. on 4 December 2017.

      Wendy Moore, Brown’s mother, awoke to a text message from Brown saying

“This ni--a I’m wit might kill me he jus beat me up n raped me in the back seat so I

love you if I don’t see u again.” Moore called and spoke with Brown. While talking

on the telephone Moore and her daughter also exchanged text messages. Moore asked

Brown over the telephone where she was located or where she was going. Brown

replied via text message “Belgrade.” Moore replied via text message: “U want me to

call popo” and “Call 911 or I will.”

      Brown responded by text message asking “Are u high?” Moore replied “Stop

playing f--king games.” Moore called Brown. Brown sounded upset to her, was

crying, and asked Moore why she had done that. Moore did not speak with Brown

again after 4 December 2017.

      Moore contacted Mariann Milan (“Milan”), Brown’s best friend, and asked her

to contact Brown and learn what was happening to her. Milan contacted Brown via

Facebook Messenger, but she was suspicious of Brown’s purported replies, because

the messages incorrectly used the homophones: “too” and “to.” Brown regularly used

the words correctly when she had written prior messages. Milan never heard from

Brown again after 4 December 2017.

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                                 Opinion of the Court

        Jackson, the pimp, exchanged text messages with Brown’s cell telephone

number at 1:30 p.m. on 4 December 2017. Jackson texted Brown stating she needed

her cell phone back. Brown replied she would return the cellphone and further stated:

“Mama. Chill. I’m coming ok. And I might have some thing good for u. I just seen a

bag full of mone[money bag emoji.] 25 thousand[.] Looking at it right now[.]” Brown

texted she needed to be picked up in the Northwoods area. A text message sent at

6:39 p.m. gave an address of 308 Doris Avenue and the description “Black. Older guy.”

        Jackson went to the address given on the corner of Vernon Drive and Doris

Avenue around 9:00 p.m. that evening, but Brown was not there. The text message

exchange purportedly from Brown also incorrectly used the homophones: “too” and

“to.” Later analysis of the phone records showed the numbers for both Brown and

Defendant were located in Sneads Ferry, about 20 minutes from the Northwoods

area.

        Defendant’s cell phone number (336)-830-XXXX was carried on Gaines’

Verizon account. Defendant called Gaines and asked her to change his cell phone

number while he was in North Carolina. A few hours later, Defendant called Gaines

screaming and yelling because she had not yet changed his phone number. Gaines

changed Defendant’s phone number to (336)-978-XXXX.

        Denell Sharek (“Sharek”) also worked as a prostitute and advertised on

Backpage.com.     Sharek requires new prospective “tricks” to send a picture of

themselves to her. Defendant, who Sharek later identified as “June” sent her a

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                                 Opinion of the Court

picture of himself from phone number (352)-600-XXXX on 3 December 2017 at 4:12

a.m.

       Defendant texted Sharek and requested to see her for an hour on 5 December

2017. Defendant’s visit was quoted to cost $200. In the text messages between

Defendant and Sharek, Defendant incorrectly used the homophones: “too” and “to.”

Sharek took a cab to Defendant’s location for their encounter. Defendant had Sharek

get into his dark colored SUV. Sharek panicked because she did not do “car dates.”

They drove off of the paved road, through gravel, and into a field. Sharek later

identified this location as at the end of Thomas Humphrey Road off the paved portion.

       Defendant parked the SUV, exited the SUV, and got into the backseat.

Defendant pulled Sharek out of the front passenger’s seat and into the backseat.

Sharek testified Defendant raped her. When Defendant completed his crimes, he told

her to get out of the SUV and walk. Defendant kept Sharek’s cell phone and purse,

which contained around $600 to $700 in currency. As Sharek walked towards the

hotel where she was staying, Defendant drove up in the SUV beside her and told her

to get inside. Defendant returned her purse and cellphone, but the money from inside

the purse was gone. Sharek did not report this incident to law enforcement until they

began investigating Brown’s homicide.

       At 7:39 a.m. Sharek received a missed call and four text messages from (910)-

548-XXXX, a cell number Brown had used. No prior communications had occurred

between Brown and Sharek. The text messages stated: “Hey there beautiful sexy

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                                  Opinion of the Court

lady;” “Are you doing out calls;” “Hello;” and, “Hey babe.” Sharek did not respond to

the missed call or the text messages. Sharek also received text messages from (910)-

335-XXXX and (336)-978-XXXX, both numbers associated with Defendant.

      Defendant returned Gaines’ Kia Sorento SUV to her in Florida before

Christmas. Gaines testified her Kia Sorrento contained a ”really bad odor” inside,

unlike any odor Gaines had smelled before. When Gaines asked Defendant about the

smell, he responded a friend had left a bag of chicken in the back. The floorboard and

third-row seats were wet. Gaines used carpet freshener to try to alleviate the odor.

The stench was so strong Gaines would leave the windows down.

      Gaines noticed Defendant had an open wound on his chest. When Gaines

questioned him, Defendant said he had been bitten. Defendant had scratches on his

arms, which Defendant asserted had resulted from mosquito bites. Gaines’ Kia

Sorrento SUV was repossessed by the lender on 7 January 2018. Gaines’ child had

left a Batman mask inside the vehicle.

      Children from Onslow County found a partially burned and decomposed body

in a grassy area near a dirt road off Thomas Humphrey Road on 31 December 2017.

The grass around the corpse did not appear to be burned. Law enforcement officers

had walked in that area investigating gunfire previously and had not seen a body.

An individual who had walked his dog there a week prior to discovery did not see

anything at that time.

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                                   STATE V. MOORE

                                   Opinion of the Court

      The corpse was decomposing with extensive maggot infestation. The body had

multiple areas of burning with significant burning around her pelvic area. The State

Medical Examiner identified the body as Brown’s through fingerprints.

      Dr. Zachary O’Neill performed the autopsy on 8 January 2018. Dr. O’Neill

observed ten stab wounds to the left and right of Brown’s neck. Nine of the wounds

were located close together, and at least one of the stabs caused a lethal injury of the

right jugular vein. Dr. O’Neill testified the stabbing had occurred first and was the

cause of Brown’s death. The burning occurred after Brown was deceased, and then

the decomposition occurred.

      The Jacksonville Daily News published an article on 11 January 2018 stating

a body was found off of Thomas Humphrey Road on 31 December 2017. Google search

records associated with the account Junehova@gmail.com showed a search was

performed on 11 January 2018 asking: “can autopsies show sperm in a decomposed

body[?]” The GPS cellular records for the inquiry originated from an address on East

Fort King Street in Ocala, Florida, where Defendant and Gaines lived.

      Gaines’ former Kia Sorrento was sold by the lender to an overseas buyer

located in Costa Rica. Law enforcement officers located the Kia vehicle in a Florida

port the day before it was scheduled to be shipped abroad. Law enforcement officers

found white powder, which appeared to be carpet deodorizer, and the vehicle’s

interior was damp. Positive indications for the presence of blood were located on: the

front carpet on the drivers’ side, an access panel in the back of the vehicle, and the

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                                  Opinion of the Court

vehicle’s third row. A Batman mask was inside the vehicle. Several swabs taken

from the vehicle were submitted for DNA testing.

      The vehicle’s access panel swab had a DNA profile, which was a mixture of two

contributors: the major profile being consistent with Brown’s DNA profile and a minor

profile that was inconclusive. The third-row seat sample had a DNA profile which

was consistent with Brown’s DNA profile. The sample from the driver’s side front

carpet was insufficient for DNA analysis.

      Defendant was indicted for first-degree murder on 12 June 2018. Krystal

Moore, Defendant’s sister, a licensed attorney in Georgia, was permitted pro hac vice

to appear in Onslow County Superior Court. Moore had listed George Battle of

Mecklenburg County as her North Carolina sponsoring counsel. See N.C. Gen. Stat.

§ 84-4.1(5) (2021) (“A statement to the effect that the attorney has associated and is

personally appearing in the proceeding, with an attorney who is a resident of this

State, has agreed to be responsible for filing a registration statement with the North

Carolina State Bar, and is duly and legally admitted to practice in the General Court

of Justice of North Carolina, upon whom service may be had in all matters connected

with the legal proceedings, or any disciplinary matter, with the same effect as if

personally made on the foreign attorney within this State.”) The record contains no

evidence of Battle appearing in Onslow County Superior Court at any time during

Moore’s representation of Defendant.

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                                   STATE V. MOORE

                                  Opinion of the Court

      Defendant retained Thomasine Moore, who was not related to Krystal Moore

or Defendant, as co-counsel. Thomasine Moore filed a motion to withdraw due to a

conflict of interest on 23 August 2018, which the court allowed on 19 December 2018.

Krystal Moore submitted a motion dated 23 July 2018 and filed 13 December 2018

requesting for the trial court to appoint additional counsel. The trial court appointed

Walter Hoyt Paramore, III on 19 December 2018.

      Paramore filed a motion to withdraw as counsel, which was allowed. Paul

Castle (“Castle”) was next appointed as Defendant’s attorney on 30 January 2019. A

trial date was set for 30 September 2019. Castle filed a motion to withdraw due to

his inability to work with Krystal Moore. The trial court held a hearing on 23 August

2019 to hear Castle’s motion. At the hearing, Castle asserted: “an irreparable conflict

arose between him and [Krystal] Moore.” Castle further asserted he was asked to

withdraw by Krystal Moore. Castle acknowledged one counsel cannot force another

to withdraw from representation, but the situation was conflicted because Defendant

and Krystal Moore are siblings. Castle was also unable to contact Defendant.

      The 23 August 2019 hearing began at 2:03 p.m. Krystal Moore was not present

when the hearing commenced. The trial court heard from Castle, the State, and

Defendant. The trial court then addressed Defendant:

             THE COURT: Okay. [Defendant], do you understand the
             motion that we’re here for today?

             ...

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                     Opinion of the Court

DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.

THE COURT: And do you understand that Mr. Castle is
asking to withdraw?

DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.

THE COURT: And you understand that’s because he can’t
effectively assist you, apparently because of your sister’s
representation. Do you understand that?

DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.

THE COURT: Okay. Do you want to be heard as to his
motion to withdraw?

DEFENDANT: He can withdraw, yes, sir.

THE COURT: Okay. And you told me last time that you
were going to hire an attorney, is that correct?

DEFENDANT: I am.

THE COURT: Have you hired anybody?

DEFENDANT: I would have to get in contact with my
sister and talk to her about it, and my family members.

THE COURT: Okay. And I understand that your sister is
representing you, and this matter has been set at least
twice in front of me with an order that she be here, and she
hasn’t appeared yet. Do you understand that?

DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.

...

THE COURT: Okay.          Anything you want to say,
[Defendant], before I make the decision?

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                                   Opinion of the Court

              DEFENDANT: I mean, he can withdraw.

              The trial court then addressed the State. The State spoke on Krystal

Moore’s non-attendance in court, the requirements for admission pro hac vice, and

Defendant’s current representation:

              [DISTRICT ATTORNEY]: Judge, you know, of course,
              Krystal Moore is not here. We’ve not seen Krystal Moore
              in this courtroom since January the 23rd of 2019. She was
              ordered to be here today. She was ordered to be here today.
              And, Judge, as the Court is also well aware, sir, that she’s
              in this case pro hac vice with another attorney and, Judge,
              I know the Court is aware of the statute. We’ve reviewed
              the same. Let’s see. It’s G.S. 84-4.1, and one of the
              requirements, it does appear, to be some personal
              appearance from that attorney. That attorney she’s listed
              is an individual in Mecklenburg County by the name of
              George Battle. He has also never appeared in this court.
              We’ve never had any contact with him. I think [my co-
              counsel] attempted to reach him early in the proceedings,
              and he never spoke to him. Is that correct?

              [ASSISTANT DISTRICT ATTORNEY]: That’s right.

              [DISTRICT ATTORNEY]: So, Judge, we’ve got a lot of
              issues here, in terms of representation. But if the record
              would reflect that Ms. Moore is not present today.

        The trial court then revoked Krystal Moore’s pro hac vice admission ex mero

motu:

              THE COURT: Okay. Sir, on my review of the statute that
              [the State] is referencing, which is North Carolina General
              Statute 84-4.1, it indicates in that that when she was let in
              - - I understand from previous discussion that Ms.
              Thomasine Moore was representing you, who is a local
              counsel here who is experienced. And to be admitted to - -

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                                 Opinion of the Court

            it says you’re going to associate with local counsel who is
            going to be appearing in the proceedings with you. And
            that local counsel is no longer included.

            So, in my discretion, under 84.4 - - 84-4.2, on my own
            motion, I’m going to revoke your sister’s pro hac vice status
            here. That’s going to leave you without a counsel, because
            I’m going to allow Mr. Castle to withdraw. What I’m going
            to do is, I’m going to appoint IDS immediately to represent
            you so that you’ve got somebody there to appear for you
            that can answer your questions. Do you understand what
            I’m saying so far?

            DEFENDANT: So are we trying to say she’s not going to be
            my lawyer no more?

            THE COURT: Yes. She’s not - - doesn’t have the authority
            to practice law in the State of North Carolina. So I’m going
            to appoint a capital defender to represent you. They will
            participate, if they can - - if they’re the lead counsel.

      Krystal Moore arrived at 2:11 p.m. after the above colloquy. The following

exchange took place:

            THE COURT: Is this Ms. Moore? Ms. Moore, we started at
            2:00.

            MOORE: I understand, Your Honor. I’m traveling from out
            of town.

            THE COURT: Okay. Did you communicate with anybody
            that you were going to be late?

            MOORE: Yes, I communicated - - it was earlier this week -
            - that I was going to be late. Ms. Caitlin Emmons.

            THE COURT: Okay.        You’re talking about the judicial
            assistant - -

            MOORE: Yes.

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                     Opinion of the Court

...

THE COURT: I understand from my judicial assistant that
she notified you that the hearing was going to be today and
there was no response after you asked to appear by
telephone.

MOORE: When she said that it was going to go forward and
I had already told her that I had a conflict in my schedule,
I’m here as soon as possible.

THE COURT: Okay. I understand that Mr. Castle has
asked to withdraw. You can put your stuff down. At this
point, I have allowed Mr. Castle to withdraw, which gets
us back to the issue of do you have counsel in the State of
North Carolina that is appearing with you?

MOORE: We would have to move to appoint new counsel.

THE COURT: Say again.

MOORE: We would have to move to appoint new counsel.
I do have someone, as far as my sponsor, for my pro hac,
yes. And so --

THE COURT: Okay. Well, there’s nobody that’s appearing
in this case. Nobody has appeared in this case, with the
exception of Thomasine Moore, who was removed or
withdrew. I don’t know when the date was, but I can look
through the file and figure it out, but it’s been at least one
attorney back.

THE STATE: It was December 13th of ‘18, sir.

THE COURT: Of 2018?

THE STATE: Mm-hmm.

THE COURT: So what’s the plan? I understand that He’s
[sic] on trial in a first-degree murder case in September,
next month.

MOORE: That is correct, Your Honor.

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                     Opinion of the Court

THE COURT: And this is the first time you’ve been here
since January?

MOORE: I'm not sure when the last time I’ve been here.

THE COURT: Okay. Is there anything you want to say?

MOORE: We would like to move to appoint new counsel,
and would like an order entered doing so.

THE COURT: I understand from Mr. Castle that he’s had
problems communicating with your brother because of your
involvement; that he didn’t get discovery from you and had
to go to the D.A.’s office to get it. Is that the case?

MOORE: Absolutely not, Your Honor.

THE COURT: If I have IDS coming in, they’re the ones that
have the experience in representing people in capital cases
in the State of North Carolina. I would appoint them as
lead counsel, unless you’re planning on hiring somebody
that you’re going to associate that is going to be appearing
in this courtroom with you at every proceeding that we
have.

...

THE COURT: Okay. I’m going to do that, under one
condition, but let me ask you this. How much criminal
experience do you have doing criminal cases? Because he’s
on trial for first-degree murder.

MOORE: I’m aware of that, Your Honor.

THE COURT: So how much time, criminal?

MOORE: Are you asking how many cases?

THE COURT: Yes.

MOORE: I already went over my qualifications with the
other judge.

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                     Opinion of the Court

THE COURT: Right. And I have the authority to remove
you right this second from it. So I’m asking a question, and
I would appreciate an answer.

MOORE: It’s part of my practice.

THE COURT: Okay. I’m going to assume that to be none,
since you can’t answer it.

MOORE: No. I mean, you asked me a question. I said it’s
part of my practice. I do it often.

THE COURT: Okay. Anything else from the state?

...

THE COURT: And so you’re asking me to appoint
somebody else. He had a great lawyer in there with Mr.
Castle, and now he’s out. And I understand, again, this
matter, at least, was set for September 30th, if I’m not
mistaken.

[THE STATE]: September 30th, that’s right, Judge.

THE COURT: Okay. Is there anything else you want to
say, ma’am?

MOORE: I would like to say that Mr. Castle also has a
conflict that he did not disclose to the client or to myself,
and that is one of the reasons that I asked him to withdraw.

THE COURT: Okay. Do you want to be heard?

MR. CASTLE: I’m not aware of any such conflict.

THE COURT: Okay. All right. In this case – this is a very
serious case, ma’am, and these guys do this for a living and
have for decades, doing these type of cases. I have, in the
interest as a judge on the North Carolina Superior Court,
to ensure that he has a fair trial, that he’s represented
competently. And so, again, I’ve allowed Mr. Castle to
withdraw. I don’t have anyone here that is appearing with
you in this case that you have associated. You’re asking

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                       STATE V. MOORE

                      Opinion of the Court

me to associate them by making them the -- by me
appointing somebody.

MOORE: No, Your Honor. I actually do have association
in the case for my pro hac. That’s not an issue.

THE COURT: That’s a guy in Charlotte, from what I
understand in the hearing when you weren’t here. And I
don’t know what he does, either, but he’s not appearing in
this case and hasn’t appeared.

MOORE: That’s all that we needed, as far as my pro hac.
Your Honor, we’re actually asking for an appointment of
counsel to assist with the case.

THE COURT: Okay. Well, I’m going to do it the other way
around. I’m going to – I’m going to, under my own motion,
ma’am, and in my discretion, I’m going to revoke your pro
hac vice status. I am going to appoint IDS, Indigent
Defense Services, to represent him. If y’all hire somebody
here, then they can take it over, that’s fine, but we’ll get a
name of the counsel and we’ll provide it to [Defendant],
okay?

MOORE: And, Your Honor, why are you revoking my --

THE COURT: It’s totally in my discretion. I don’t feel like
it’s moving forward. I think we’re going to have an
ineffective assistance of counsel. You haven’t appeared
here in a murder case since January. I mean, I could keep
going. I don’t feel like you have -- I don’t feel like that it’s
going to be in [Defendant]’s best interests to be represented
by his sister.

MOORE: Your Honor, you’re saying that I haven’t
appeared here since January. We actually set the matter
for trial, and there was only one other admin date that the
D.A.’s office said that they actually needed. And so that’s
one of the reasons why I haven’t appeared here, because
there is no more admin dates.

THE COURT: Okay. We had one two weeks ago, on Friday.

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                                  Opinion of the Court

             Weren’t we here on Friday, two weeks ago?

             [THE STATE]: Yes, sir.

             MOORE: That -- from my understanding, that was not an
             admin hearing, with regards to --

             THE COURT: That was a hearing in which [Defendant]
             was in here and I was addressing Mr. Castle’s motion to
             withdraw. So at this point, with the matter as serious as
             it is and with it drawing near for time to have the trial,
             that’s the Court’s order, and I will appoint IDS. If we can
             contact them and let them know. Okay. Anything else?

      Attorney Scott Jack (“Jack”) was appointed to represent Defendant on 23

August 2019.    The parties agreed on 12 August 2020 to a proposed trial date of 1

February 2021 subject to the jury not being required to wear face masks due to

COVID-19. Jack was allowed to withdraw as Defendant’s attorney at Defendant’s

request on 8 September 2020.      Defendant told the trial court he and Jack had

developed “different views on certain issues.” At the hearing Defendant stated he

was going to retain his own counsel or otherwise to represent himself. The trial court

engaged in a colloquy regarding counsel and waiver with Defendant, who signed a

waiver of counsel.

      On 3 December 2020, with trial still scheduled to begin on 1 February 2021,

Defendant told the trial court he was still in the process of finding an attorney

because “those attorneys that was for Onslow County was not for me” but “if it doesn’t

come in, [he’s] still good enough to handle [his] own situation.” Attorney Bellanora

McCallum (“McCallum”) was appointed as standby counsel.

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                                 Opinion of the Court

      Defendant informed the trial court he wanted McCallum to represent him on

7 January 2021. McCallum was appointed as trial counsel that day. Defendant’s

trial date was continued and re-scheduled for 28 June 2021. Defendant’s 28 June

2021 trial was later continued until November 2021, and was then continued again

until 7 February 2022. No speedy trial motion was filed or objection was raised by

Defendant prior to trial.

      Jury selection ended on 8 February 2022. The next day the parties made

opening statements. On 10 February 2022 McCallum informed the trial court she

had received an email from Defendant’s sister, Krystal Moore, on the previous day

with an attachment which contained a complaint to the North Carolina State Bar

containing Defendant’s typewritten signature. The trial court questioned Defendant

about his satisfaction with McCallum’s representation and services.        Defendant

responded and informed the trial court he had “no problem” with McCallum’s

services.

      Krystal Moore also emailed the district attorney and assistant district attorney

assigned to the case on 9 February 2022. Attached to her email was a drafted

complaint about both attorneys to the North Carolina State Bar. The complaint was

signed by Krystal Moore.

      The State proceeded with its case-in-chief. McCallum informed the trial court

Defendant requested for her to withdraw from representation on 14 February 2022.

McCallum informed the trial court she had also received an email from Krystal Moore

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                                   Opinion of the Court

demanding McCallum not to harass her anymore. McCallum did not respond to the

email and continued to prepare and communicate with Defendant and his parents.

In chambers, McCallum reported to the court that Defendant had advised her to

withdraw from representing him for her safety.

      McCallum further reported she was unable to provide effective legal assistance

after conversations with Defendant concerning his request for her to withdraw from

representation.    McCallum also asserted she could not effectively represent

Defendant under constant threat of having frivolous bar complaints filed against her.

      When the trial court addressed and questioned Defendant on his request for

McCallum to withdraw, he stated “I was going to handle this first, but from my

understanding I can get some more attorneys in here.”        McCallum requested a

continuance to allow Defendant to find new counsel.       The trial court informed

Defendant that he had time to prepare for this trial for years and months and a new

attorney would not be able to “come in and start handling a case” in the middle of a

trial already underway.

      Defendant stated he wanted the trial court to “stop the trial because there is

too much going on.” The trial court told Defendant the trial had already begun and

would continue. The trial court further warned Defendant he would be forfeiting his

right to appointed counsel if he persisted in having McCallum removed.

      The trial court engaged in the following colloquy with Defendant and his

counsel out of the presence of the jury:

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                      STATE V. MOORE

                      Opinion of the Court

THE COURT: Okay? That is not being ugly. We have gone
through all of this time and this is a 2017 case. So it’s time
to get it done. She is a very good attorney. She can stay in
the case or I’m going to find out what you want to do about
attorney.

DEFENDANT: No. I want to excuse [McCallum].

THE COURT: Let me go through these questions with you
because that probably means you’re going to be
representing yourself. Do you understand that? You’ve,
basically, forfeited your right to have an attorney if you fire
her because you have gotten rid of every other one since
then. Do you understand that?

DEFENDANT: Yes, sir, I do.

THE COURT: Let me go through these questions with you
real quick.

MCCALLUM: Can you give them some time to see if there’s
an attorney that they found who can show up this week? I
will just say that. Can you give him an opportunity to call
up the attorney they found to see if they can show up this
week?

THE COURT: My only issue with that is before you got in
the case. When I was talking to [Defendant], they were
going to have Black Lives Matter bring an attorney in and
that attorney has yet to show up. At this point, we have
jurors that are missing their work to be here. That poor
lady at the end said that she can’t afford two-weeks, and
this is just dragging it out further. Let me go over these
questions with you real quick, [Defendant]. I know that
you can hear me and understand me. Are you now under
the influence of any alcohol, drugs, narcotics, medicines,
pills, or any other substance?

DEFENDANT: No, sir, I’m not.

THE COURT: Any other pills?

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                     STATE V. MOORE

                    Opinion of the Court

DEFENDANT: No, sir.

THE COURT: For the record how old are you, sir?

DEFENDANT: Fourty-four,[sic] forty-five. One of them.

THE COURT: Fourty-five? [sic] How far did you go in
school?

DEFENDANT: Graduated high school.

THE COURT: You understand how to read and write; is
that correct?

DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.

THE COURT: Do you have any mental handicaps?

DEFENDANT: No, sir, I don’t.

THE COURT: You understand you do have the right to be
represented by an attorney, and the Court has appointed a
multitude of them, and now this one is still sitting beside
you and I’m about to let her out. You understand you do
have the right to be represented?

DEFENDANT: Yes, sir, I do.

THE COURT: Do you understand that if you decide to
represent yourself by getting rid of her that you have to
follow the rules of evidence and procedures that lawyers
do?

DEFENDANT: Yes, sir, but I am not representing myself.

THE COURT: If you let her go I’m telling you that you’re
going to be forfeiting your right to have an attorney.

DEFENDANT: That’s fine.

THE COURT: You understand if you do represent yourself
that you are held to the same legal standards. I can’t give
you legal advice?

                           - 21 -
                                 STATE V. MOORE

                                 Opinion of the Court

            DEFENDANT: Yes, sir, I understand.

            THE COURT: Do you understand that you are charged
            with murder, and the maximum sentence is life without
            parole, and you’re willing to handle that without an
            attorney?

            DEFENDANT: Yes, sir, I understand. I will have an
            attorney come in.

            THE COURT: Okay. Anything else from the State?

            [THE STATE]: I just want to make sure that it is clear that
            he does not want this attorney that is sitting next to him
            right now, Ms. Bellonora McCallum. That is his intent.

            THE COURT: I think he’s been clear. Is that your intent
            for her to withdraw?

            DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.

            THE COURT: You’re positive?

            DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.

            THE COURT: Okay. I’m going to allow her to withdraw.

      The trial court permitted McCallum to withdraw from representing Defendant

and concluded Defendant had forfeited his right to further appointed counsel by his

conduct. Defendant’s trial proceeded. Defendant was advised of his right to be

present and participate to represent himself.           Defendant elected to leave the

courtroom to make “phone calls.” Defendant represented he did not wish to be

present in court, cross-examine witnesses, present evidence, or to provide a closing

argument.

      Defendant made three oral motions at the beginning of court on 17 February

                                        - 22 -
                                       STATE V. MOORE

                                       Opinion of the Court

2022 asking for new counsel to be appointed, a mental health evaluation to be

performed on him, and for a mistrial. The trial court denied all three motions. The

same day, Defendant was convicted of first-degree murder. The trial court found

Defendant to be a prior record level V offender with 16 prior level points. Defendant

was sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. Defendant gave

oral notice of appeal in open court.

        Defendant filed a pro se motion for appropriate relief (“MAR”) in the trial court

on 28 February 2022. The trial court denied the MAR by order filed 11 April 2022.

Defendant filed a written notice of appeal of the order denying his MAR on 14 April

2022. On 17 May 2022 Defendant filed a motion to consolidate the appeals of the

original judgment and the denial of the MAR, which was granted by order on 20 May

2022.

                                 II.      Jurisdiction

        Jurisdiction lies in this Court pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 7A-27(b), 15A-

1414, and 15A-1444(a) (2021).

                                       III.   Issues

        Defendant argues the trial court erred by: (1) denying his right to counsel when

he sought to change attorneys during trial; (2) denying his motion for a continuance

when he sought to change attorneys during trial; and, (3) allowing Sharek to testify

about unrelated allegations.

                       IV.   Defendant’s Right to Counsel

                                              - 23 -
                                   STATE V. MOORE

                                   Opinion of the Court

      Our Court previously articulated two means by which a defendant may lose

his right to be represented by counsel: (1) a knowing and voluntary waiver after being

fully advised under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1242; and, (2) forfeiture of the right by

serious misconduct in State v. Blakeney, 245 N.C. App. 452, 459-61, 782 S.E.2d 88,

93-94 (2016), holding:

             First, a defendant may voluntarily waive the right to be
             represented by counsel and instead proceed pro se. Waiver
             of the right to counsel and election to proceed pro se must
             be expressed clearly and unequivocally. Once a defendant
             clearly and unequivocally states that he wants to proceed
             pro se, the trial court must determine whether the
             defendant knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waives
             the right to in-court representation by counsel. A trial
             court’s inquiry will satisfy this constitutional requirement
             if conducted pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 15A-1242.

             ....

             The second circumstance under which a criminal
             defendant may no longer have the right to be represented
             by counsel occurs when a defendant engages in such
             serious misconduct that he forfeits his constitutional right
             to counsel. Although the right to counsel is guaranteed by
             the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United
             States Constitution and Article I of the North Carolina
             Constitution, in some situations a defendant may lose this
             right:

                 Although the loss of counsel due to defendant’s own
                 actions is often referred to as a waiver of the right to
                 counsel, a better term to describe this situation is
                 forfeiture. Unlike waiver, which requires a knowing
                 and intentional relinquishment of a known right,
                 forfeiture results in the loss of a right regardless of the
                 defendant’s knowledge thereof and irrespective of
                 whether the defendant intended to relinquish the

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                                   STATE V. MOORE

                                   Opinion of the Court

                 right. A defendant who is abusive toward his attorney
                 may forfeit his right to counsel.

Id. (internal citations, ellipses, alterations, and quotation marks omitted).

      This Court in Blakeney also describes a third manner, a mixture of waiver and

forfeiture, in which a defendant may lose the right to counsel:

             Finally, there is a hybrid situation (waiver by conduct) that
             combines elements of waiver and forfeiture. Once a
             defendant has been warned that he will lose his attorney if
             he engages in dilatory tactics, any misconduct thereafter
             may be treated as an implied request to proceed pro se and,
             thus, as a waiver of the right to counsel. Recognizing the
             difference between forfeiture and waiver by conduct is
             important. First, because of the drastic nature of the
             sanction, forfeiture would appear to require extremely
             dilatory conduct. On the other hand, a waiver by conduct
             could be based on conduct less severe than that sufficient
             to warrant a forfeiture. This makes sense since a waiver
             by conduct requires that a defendant be warned about the
             consequences of his conduct, including the risks of
             proceeding pro se. A defendant who engages in dilatory
             conduct having been warned that such conduct will be
             treated as a request to proceed pro se cannot complain that
             a court is forfeiting his right to counsel.

Id. at 464-65, 782 S.E.2d at 96 (citation, ellipses, and quotation marks omitted).

                              A. Standard of Review

      This Court reviews a trial court’s findings of fact to determine whether they

are “supported by competent evidence, in which event they are conclusively binding

on appeal, and whether those factual findings in turn support the judge’s ultimate

conclusions of law.” State v. Cooke, 306 N.C. 132, 134, 291 S.E.2d 618, 619 (1982)

(citations omitted).   This Court “reviews conclusions of law pertaining to a

                                          - 25 -
                                  STATE V. MOORE

                                  Opinion of the Court

constitutional matter de novo.” State v. Bowditch, 364 N.C. 335, 340, 700 S.E.2d 1, 5

(2010) (citation omitted); see State v. Watlington, 216 N.C. App. 388, 393-94, 716

S.E.2d 671, 675 (2011) (“Prior cases addressing waiver of counsel under N.C. Gen.

Stat. § 15A-1242 have not clearly stated a standard of review, but they do, as a

practical matter, review the issue de novo. We . . . review this ruling de novo.”)

(citations omitted)).

      Whether a defendant was entitled to or forfeited counsel is also reviewed de

novo. State v. Poole, 305 N.C. 308, 318, 289 S.E.2d 335, 341-42 (1982) (citations

omitted); Blakeney, 245 N.C. App. at 459, 782 S.E.2d at 93.

                         B. Challenged Findings of Fact

      Defendant challenges the following findings of fact:

             28. The trial of the State v. James Moore case began on
             Monday, 7 February 2022. Jury selection continued until
             the end of the day on Tuesday, 8 February 2022.
             Wednesday morning, 9 February 2022, the parties made
             opening statements. On Thursday, 10 February 2022 Ms.
             McCallum told the Court that on Wednesday before
             opening statements she received an e-mail from Ms.
             Krystal Moore and attached to the email was a bar
             complaint.    At first, Ms. McCallum thought it was
             something from Ms. Moore, but after going through it in
             court, she noticed that it appeared to have been signed by
             her client. The bar complaint was typed. Ms. McCallum
             thought the matter should be addressed by the Court, so
             she notified the Court of the issue. The Court questioned
             the defendant in open court outside the presence of the jury
             and concluded that the defendant was satisfied with his
             counsel.

             ...

                                         - 26 -
                     STATE V. MOORE

                    Opinion of the Court

30. On Monday, 14 February 2022, Ms. McCallum
represented to the Court that the defendant told her that
the defendant wanted Ms. McCallum to withdraw from this
matter. Ms. McCallum made this representation in
chambers to the Court and then on the record. In
chambers, Ms. McCallum added that the defendant told
Ms. McCallum that for her safety, she should withdraw
from the case. Ms. McCallum advised that she has spoken
to the defendant regularly and that she believed she is
unable to provide effective legal assistance after her
conversation with the defendant concerning his request
that she withdraw from representation of the defendant.
Further, Ms. McCallum received an e-mail at midnight, 11
February 2022, from Ms. Krystal Moore directing Ms.
McCallum to stop threatening Ms. Moore and stop sending
messages.    Ms. McCallum stated that she has not
communicated or responded back or emailed Ms. Moore.
The Court finds Ms. McCallum to be credible. The
defendant’s parents, Mr. James Moore, II and Ms. Rose
Moore were present during the trial. Ms. McCallum stated
that she has communicated with them and believed that
the defendant’s parents wanted her to continue to
represent the defendant.

31. During the afternoon of Friday, 11 February 2022
Denell Sharek testified in the trial of the above captioned
case. Ms. Sharek testified that the defendant sexually
assaulted Ms. Sharek on 5 December 2017 in the same
secluded location where Shelby Brown’s Body [sic] was
found. Ms. Sharek was able to identify the defendant based
on a picture the defendant sent of himself to Ms. Sharek.
Ms. Sharek’s testimony was very unfavorable for the
defendant and highly inculpatory. The Court finds that the
defendant asked Ms. McCallum to withdraw as counsel in
an effort to secure a mistrial because of Ms. Sharek’s
testimony.

...

35. The defendant acknowledged that he understood that
he had the right to be represented by an attorney, and that

                           - 27 -
                                     STATE V. MOORE

                                    Opinion of the Court

             he was forfeiting his right to have an attorney by asking
             Ms. McCallum to withdraw. Further the defendant
             acknowledged that he understood that if the defendant
             proceeded to represent himself by terminating Ms.
             McCallum’s representation of the defendant, he would
             have to follow the rules of evidence and procedures that
             lawyers do and that he would be held to the same legal
             standards as attorneys.        The Court instructed the
             defendant that he could not provide legal advice during the
             trial to the defendant. The defendant acknowledged that
             he understood that he was charged with murder and the
             maximum sentence for that crime is life without parole.
             The defendant on multiple occasions made [it] clear his
             desire for Ms. McCallum to withdraw as counsel. The
             defendant clearly indicated that he was not satisfied with
             any attorneys who have been appointed to represent the
             defendant including Walter H. Paramore, III, Paul Castle,
             Scott Jack and Bellanora McCallum. All of these attorneys
             are well qualified and the only conflicts these attorneys
             had, with the exception of Mr. Paramore’s conflict, were
             engineered by the defendant either individually or acting
             together with his sister, Krystal Moore.

      The challenged findings of fact are supported by competent evidence in the

record. State v. Thomsen, 242 N.C. App. 475, 485 776 S.E.2d 41, 48 (2015) (citation

omitted), aff’d, 369 N.C. 22, 789 S.E.2d 639 (2016).       Defendant’s challenges are

without merit.

                                  C. Waiver of Counsel

      Defendant argues the trial court erred in concluding he had waived and/or

forfeited his right to counsel.

      Both the Constitution of the United States and the North Carolina

Constitution recognize criminal defendants have a right to assistance of counsel. U.S.

                                           - 28 -
                                   STATE V. MOORE

                                   Opinion of the Court

Const. Amend. VI.; N.C. Const. Art I, §§ 19, 23; see also Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S.

45, 66, 77 L.Ed. 158, 169 (1932); State v. McFadden, 292 N.C. 609, 611, 234 S.E.2d

742, 744 ((1977) (citations omitted); State v. Montgomery, 138 N.C. App. 521, 524, 530

S.E.2d 66, 68 (2000).

      Criminal defendants also have the absolute right to waive counsel, represent

themselves, and handle their case without the assistance of counsel. State v. Mems,

281 N.C. 658, 670-71, 190 S.E.2d 164, 172 (1972).

      Before a defendant is allowed to waive the right to counsel, a trial court must

conduct a statutorily-required colloquy to determine that “constitutional and

statutory safeguards are satisfied.” State v. Moore, 362 N.C. 319, 322, 661 S.E.2d

722, 724 (2008) (citation omitted). Courts “must determine whether the defendant

knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waives the right to in-court representation

by counsel.” Id. (citation omitted).

      The procedure to waive counsel is codified in N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1242 (2021).

Courts may only enter an order to allow defendants to waive their right to counsel

after being satisfied the movant: (1) has been clearly advised of his rights to the

assistance of counsel, including his right to the assignment of appointed counsel when

he is so entitled; (2) understands and appreciates the consequences of the decision;

and, (3) comprehends the nature of the charges and proceedings and the range of

permissible punishments. Id. (citation omitted). A “trial court must obtain a written

waiver of the right to counsel.” State v. Thomas, 331 N.C. 671, 675, 417 S.E.2d 473,

                                          - 29 -
                                   STATE V. MOORE

                                  Opinion of the Court

476 (1992) (citation omitted).

      The record indicates Defendant executed a written waiver of court-appointed

attorney on 8 September 2020 after the trial court had conducted a colloquy into

Defendant’s present mental state, not being under the influence of any drugs or

intoxicants, understanding of the charge and its possible punishment, level of

education attained, right to appointed or retained counsel, right to represent himself,

and Defendant’s obligations and responsibilities if he decided to represent himself.

The transcript also reflects the trial court conducted a similar colloquy when

Defendant sought to remove McCallum as his counsel during trial.

      Written waivers of counsel, certified by the trial court, create a rebuttable

presumption that the waiver was executed knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily

pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1242. State v. Kinlock, 152 N.C. App. 84, 89, 566

S.E.2d 738, 741 (2002) (citation omitted), aff’d per curiam, 357 N.C. 48, 577 S.E.2d

620 (2003).

      “Once a written waiver of counsel is executed and certified by the trial court,

subsequent waivers or inquiries are not necessary before further proceedings.” State

v. Harper, 285 N.C. App. 507, 517, 877 S.E.2d 771, 780 (2022) (citation omitted).

      The signed waiver and certification by the superior court judge that a proper

inquiry and disclosure was made in compliance with N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1242 was

not included in the record on appeal. The only mention of the signed waiver was in

the transcript of the hearing where it was signed and in the order denying

                                         - 30 -
                                   STATE V. MOORE

                                  Opinion of the Court

Defendant’s MAR. (“The defendant signed a waiver of court-appointed counsel and

was sworn on the same.”).

      This absence in the record does not invalidate Defendant’s waiver. See State

v. Heatwole, 344 N.C. 1, 18, 473 S.E.2d 310, 318 (1996) (holding inter alia the lack of

a written waiver neither alters the conclusion that the waiver was knowing and

voluntary, nor invalidates the defendant’s waiver of counsel); State v. Fulp, 355 N.C.

171, 176, 558 S.E.2d 156, 159 (2002) (affirming Heatwole holding “that a waiver was

not invalid simply because there was no written record of the waiver” (citation and

internal quotation marks omitted)).

      Defendant further asserts he did not intend to represent himself, asserting his

answer below during the 14 February 2022 colloquy stated his intention:

             THE COURT: Do you understand that if you decide to
             represent yourself by getting rid of her that you have to
             follow the rules of evidence and procedures that lawyers
             do?

             DEFENDANT: Yes, sir, but I am not representing myself.

      Defendant’s argument is misplaced.          The transcript quoted above shows the

trial court had unequivocally warned Defendant before the now-asserted reply of the

practical effect and consequence of his decision dismissing McCallum would be to

represent himself. However, the trial court continued the inquiry with Defendant:

             THE COURT: If you let her go I’m telling you that you’re
             going to be forfeiting your right to have an attorney.

             DEFENDANT: That’s fine.

                                         - 31 -
                                   STATE V. MOORE

                                  Opinion of the Court

             THE COURT: You understand if you do represent yourself
             that you are held to the same legal standards. I can’t give
             you legal advice?

             DEFENDANT: Yes, sir, I understand

The trial court also stated Defendant would not have the right to another appointed

attorney, and Defendant would have to hire his own attorney or represent himself.

Defendant stated he understood.

      At each colloquy, the trial court advised and counseled Defendant about his

right to an attorney, including his right to appointed counsel.       The trial court

counseled Defendant on the complexity of handling his own jury trial and the fact the

judge would neither be able to offer legal advice nor excuse non-compliance with any

rules of evidence or procedure.

      The trial court addressed the seriousness of the first-degree murder charge.

The trial court advised a conviction by the jury of first-degree murder carried a life

sentence without the possibility of parole. The trial court further told Defendant that

no other appointed counsel would be able or willing to immediately step into the

middle of an ongoing trial. After being fully advised, Defendant proceeded to fire

McCallum and was left to acquire his own counsel or proceed pro se.

      Defendant clearly waived and/or forfeited his right to further court-appointed

counsel. Defendant’s argument is overruled.

                             D. Forfeiture of Counsel

      Presuming, without deciding, Defendant did not give a knowing and voluntary

                                         - 32 -
                                  STATE V. MOORE

                                  Opinion of the Court

waiver of his right to counsel, we will also examine the trial court’s and MAR court’s

holdings Defendant had forfeited his right to counsel.

      Defendant asserts the trial court and MAR court judge erred in concluding he

had forfeited his right to appointed counsel by his conduct.

      Our Supreme Court has long held “the right to be defended by chosen counsel

is not absolute.” McFadden, 292 N.C. at 612, 234 S.E.2d at 745 (citation omitted).

“[A]n indigent defendant does not have the right to have counsel of his choice to

represent him.” State v. Anderson, 350 N.C. 152, 167, 513 S.E.2d 296, 305 (1999)

(citing State v. Thacker, 301 N.C. 348, 351-52, 271 S.E.2d 252, 255 (1980)).

      “Forfeiture of counsel is separate from waiver because waiver requires a

knowing and intentional relinquishment of a known right[,] whereas forfeiture

results in the loss of a right regardless of the defendant’s knowledge thereof and

irrespective of whether the defendant intended to relinquish the right.” State v.

Schumann, 257 N.C. App. 866, 879, 810 S.E.2d 379, 388 (2018) (citation and

quotation marks omitted).

      Our Court has held when a defendant has forfeited their right to counsel, then

a “trial court is not required to determine, pursuant to [N.C. Gen. Stat.] § 1242 that

[the] defendant knowingly, understandingly, and voluntarily waived such right

before requiring him to proceed pro se.” State v. Leyshon, 211 N.C. App. 511, 518, 710

S.E.2d 282, 288 (2011) (citation omitted).

      In Montgomery, this Court examined the issue of a criminal defendant

                                         - 33 -
                                    STATE V. MOORE

                                    Opinion of the Court

forfeiting their right to counsel as an issue of first impression. Montgomery, 138 N.C.

App. at 524, 530 S.E.2d at 69 (“Although the loss of counsel due to defendant’s own

actions is often referred to as a waiver of the right to counsel, a better term to describe

this situation is forfeiture.”). This Court held, inter alia, “a defendant who is abusive

toward his attorney may forfeit his right to counsel.” Id. at 525, 530 S.E.2d at 69

(citing U.S. v. McLeod, 53 F.3d 322, 325 (11th Cir. 1995)).

      This Court further held “[a] forfeiture results when the state’s interest in

maintaining an orderly trial schedule and the defendant’s negligence, indifference, or

possibly purposeful delaying tactic, combine[ ] to justify a forfeiture of defendant’s

right to counsel[.]” Id. at 524, 530 S.E.2d at 69 (citing LaFave, Israel, & King

Criminal Procedure, § 11.3(c) at 548 (1999) (quotation marks omitted)).               The

defendant had been afforded “ample opportunity” to obtain counsel over a period of

over a year; had twice fired appointed counsel and had retained a private attorney;

had been disruptive in the courtroom, causing the trial to be delayed; had refused to

cooperate with his counsel when his counsel was not allowed to withdraw; and, had

physically assaulted his counsel. Id. at 525, 530 S.E.2d at 69. This Court ultimately

held the defendant had forfeited his right to counsel and the trial court did not have

to follow the waiver procedures outlined in N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1242. Id.

      Since the decision in Montgomery, this Court has upheld a forfeiture only in

“situations involving egregious conduct by a defendant.” See Blakeney, 245 N.C. App.

at 460, 782 S.E.2d at 93. The Supreme Court of North Carolina first examined and

                                           - 34 -
                                    STATE V. MOORE

                                    Opinion of the Court

recognized a defendant’s forfeiture of counsel in State v. Simpkins, 373 N.C. 530, 535,

838 S.E.2d 439, 445-46 (2020) (“We have never previously held that a criminal

defendant in North Carolina can forfeit the right to counsel.”). Our Supreme Court

recognized a defendant’s forfeiture, holding: “in situations evincing egregious

misconduct by a defendant, a defendant may forfeit the right to counsel.” Id. at 535,

838 S.E.2d at 446.

      While the Supreme Court, in Simpkins, recognized the ability of a criminal

defendant to forfeit by “egregious misconduct” the right to counsel, the Court held the

defendant’s conduct in that case had not arisen to a forfeiture. Id. at 539, 838 S.E.2d

at 448. The defendant did not employ counsel before appearing at trial and put forth

“frivolous legal arguments about jurisdiction throughout the proceedings.” Id. at 540,

838 S.E.2d at 448. The defendant had different counsels representing him previously

during the pre-trial proceedings. Id.

      The trial court did not conduct a colloquy to determine if the defendant was

waiving his right to counsel under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1242. Our Supreme Court

held this was error to fail to determine if the defendant desired to waive his right to

counsel using the proper procedure and further held, under the facts in Simpkins,

this defendant did not forfeit his right to counsel at trial. Id. at 540, 838 S.E.2d at

449. The record did not lead our Supreme Court to “conclude that h[is] failure to

retain counsel was an attempt to delay the proceedings, and certainly not an attempt

so egregious as to justify forfeiture of the right to counsel.” Id.

                                           - 35 -
                                     STATE V. MOORE

                                    Opinion of the Court

         In 2022, the Supreme Court of North Carolina further examined the forfeiture

of counsel in both State v. Harvin, 382 N.C. 566, 879 S.E.2d 147 (2022) and State v.

Atwell, 383 N.C. 437, 881 S.E.2d 124 (2022).

         In Harvin, our Supreme Court analyzed over two decades of persuasive Court

of Appeals precedent and found two circumstances where forfeiture of counsel could

occur:

               The first category includes a criminal defendant’s display
               of aggressive, profane, or threatening behavior. See,
               e.g., id. at 536-39 (first citing State v. Montgomery, 138
               N.C. App. 521, 530 S.E.2d 66 (2000) (finding forfeiture
               where a defendant, inter alia, disrupted court proceedings
               with profanity and assaulted his attorney in court); then
               citing State v. Brown, 239 N.C. App. 510, 519, 768 S.E.2d
               896 (2015) (finding forfeiture where a defendant “refus[ed]
               to answer whether he wanted assistance of counsel at three
               separate pretrial hearings [and] repeatedly and vigorously
               objected to the trial court’s authority to proceed”); then
               citing State v. Joiner, 237 N.C. App. 513, 767 S.E.2d 557
               (2014) (finding forfeiture where a defendant, inter alia,
               yelled obscenities in court, threatened the trial judge and a
               law enforcement officer, and otherwise behaved in a
               belligerent fashion); then citing United States v. Leggett,
               162 F.3d 237 (3d Cir. 1998) (finding forfeiture where a
               defendant physically attacked and tried to seriously injure
               his counsel); and then citing Gilchrist v. O’Keefe, 260 F.3d
               87 (2d Cir. 2001) (same)). . . .

               The second broad type of behavior which can result in a
               criminal defendant’s forfeiture of the constitutional right
               to counsel is an accused’s display of conduct which
               constitutes    a    “[s]erious    obstruction     of    the
               proceedings.” Simpkins, 373 N.C. at 538. Examples of
               obstreperous actions which may justify a trial court’s
               determination that a criminal defendant has forfeited the
               constitutional right to counsel include the alleged

                                           - 36 -
                                   STATE V. MOORE

                                   Opinion of the Court

             offender’s refusal to permit a trial court to comply with the
             mandatory waiver colloquy set forth in N.C.G.S. § 15A-
             1242, “refus[al] to obtain counsel after multiple
             opportunities to do so, refus[al] to say whether he or she
             wishes to proceed with counsel, refus[al] to participate in
             the proceedings, or [the] continual hir[ing] and fir[ing of]
             counsel       and       significantly      delay[ing]     the
             proceedings.” Id. at 538. In Simpkins, we further cited the
             decisions       of      the       Court       of      Appeals
             in Montgomery and Brown, inter alia, as additional
             illustrations of this second mode of misconduct which can
             result in the forfeiture of counsel.

Id. at 587, 879 S.E.2d at 161.

      In Harvin, the defendant had five court-appointed attorneys prior to trial. Id.

at 590, 879 S.E.2d at 163. Two of the defendant’s attorneys withdrew due to no fault

of the defendant, and two others withdrew as a result of “respective incompatible

attorney-client relationships with [the] defendant [and] did so not because of [the]

defendant’s willful tactics of obstruction and delay” but “due to differences related to

the preparation of [the] [d]efendants defense” not a “refus[al] to participate in

preparing a defense.” Id. (citation omitted).

      The defendant in Harvin indicated his intent to not represent himself at trial

at a hearing approximately a month before trial. Id. at 574, 879 S.E.2d at 154. At a

pre-trial hearing three weeks prior to trial, the defendant’s stand-by-counsel stated

he was prepared to serve as standby counsel, but was not prepared to assume full

representation of the defendant. Id. On the morning of trial, the defendant also

indicated his intent to not represent himself during a colloquy with the court to

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                                   STATE V. MOORE

                                   Opinion of the Court

comply with N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1242. Id. at 575, 879 S.E.2d at 154. The trial

court took a recess and attempted to locate any of the prior counsel who could come

in, but none could. Id. at 579, 879 S.E.2d at 156.

      The Supreme Court of North Carolina held the trial court erred by finding the

defendant had forfeited his right to counsel and requiring the defendant to proceed

pro se. Id. at 592, 879 S.E.2d at 164. The Supreme Court further held the defendant’s

behavior in requesting two of his counsel to be removed, seeking to proceed pro se,

and then deciding he needed the help of counsel before proceeding at trial while

remaining polite, cooperative, and constructively engaged in the proceedings was not

“the type or level of obstructive and dilatory behavior which [would] allow[ ] the trial

court . . . to permissibly conclude that [the] defendant had forfeited the right to

counsel.” Id.

      The Supreme Court further examined forfeiture of counsel and applied

reasonings from both Simpkins and Harwin in Atwell. During a pretrial hearing, the

State had requested for the case to move forward after previously agreeing to a

continuance to give more time for the defendant to hire a private attorney. Atwell,

383 N.C. at 448-54, 881 S.E.2d at 132-35. The defendant, appearing pro se, told the

trial court “she had made payments to a private attorney”, but could not afford to

continue to make payments and wanted another court-appointed attorney. Id. at 440,

881 S.E.2d at 127. The trial court then responded with a history of her firing two

prior attorneys, signing four waivers of appointed counsel, and asking why she now

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                                   STATE V. MOORE

                                  Opinion of the Court

wanted another continuance to hire yet another attorney. Id.

      Once the State indicated it was prepared to calendar the case for trial, the trial

court addressed the defendant:

            THE COURT: Well, what I’m going to do is I’m going to put
            an order in the file basically saying you waived your right
            to have an attorney. If you would like to hire your own
            attorney, that will be fine, but based on these — the history
            of this file, it appears to me that your process in moving this
            case along has been nothing more than to see how long you
            can delay it until it goes away. The way you’ve behaved
            appears to be nothing more than a delay tactic and that’s
            what I’m going to put an order in the file and I’m going to
            make specific findings as to everything I just told you and
            to some other things that are in the file. I’m going to let
            the prosecutor arraign you and set this case for trial. Do
            you understand that?

            THE DEFENDANT: Yes.

            THE COURT: Now, that doesn’t preclude you from hiring
            your own attorney. You can hire your own attorney but
            you’re going to have to do that and have your attorney ready
            by the time the prosecutor has this case on the trial
            calendar. Additionally, if you don’t hire an attorney, you’re
            going to be responsible for representing yourself. Do you
            know what that means?

            THE DEFENDANT: Representing myself.

            THE COURT: Yes.

            THE DEFENDANT: It means representing myself.

            THE COURT: It does. It means you’re going to have to
            negotiate any plea deal if there is one with the prosecutor.
            You’re going to have to handle all the [d]iscovery in this
            case. If there is a jury trial you’re going to have to select a
            jury and keep up with any motions and try the case just as
            if you were an attorney and be held to the same standard

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                                   STATE V. MOORE

                                  Opinion of the Court

             as an attorney. You’re not going to get legal advice from
             me or whoever the judge is. Do you understand that?

             ...

             THE COURT: I don’t know what’s ultimately going to have
             [to] happen to this case but you are entitled to a jury trial
             most definitely. What I want you to understand is that if
             you represent yourself, you’re going to be held to the same
             standards of an attorney. Do you understand that?

             THE DEFENDANT: You’re giving me no choice. I mean, I
             asked for another court appointed attorney and you said no,
             so—

             THE COURT: You’ve had choice after choice after
             choice. You’ve been given a court appointed attorney on
             three occasions, which is two more than you usually get.

             THE DEFENDANT: I’ve got the e-mails from one of the
             lawyers that was actually giving me wrong court dates to
             be in court.

             THE COURT: Well, one of the attorneys there is no
             indication as to why that attorney withdrew, the other
             took—you took them off the case, basically. So do you
             understand what’s going on here, ma’am?

             THE DEFENDANT: You’ve denied me a court appointed
             attorney. Yes, I understand that.

             THE COURT: I’ve           denied     you    a   fourth   court
             appointed attorney.

             THE DEFENDANT: I understand that, yes.

Id. at 440-43, 881 S.E.2d at 128 (footnote omitted).

      The trial court, in Atwell, did not conduct an N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1242

colloquy and entered an order stating the defendant had forfeited her right to counsel

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                                   STATE V. MOORE

                                   Opinion of the Court

through her delay tactics prior to trial. Id. at 454, 881 S.E.2d at 135. The Supreme

Court held this was error.

      Relying on the analysis of Harvin, the Supreme Court of North Carolina held

“the record likewise does not permit an inference, much less a legal conclusion, by the

trial court or a reviewing court that defendant engage[d] in the type of egregious

misconduct that would permit the trial court to deprive defendant of [her]

constitutional right to counsel.” Id. at 453, 881 S.E.2d at 135 (internal quotation

marks omitted). The defendant had not forfeited her right because she had “ongoing,

nonfrivolous concerns about her case.” Id. at 454, 881 S.E.2d at 135. The defendant

could not waive her right to counsel without expressing “the express[ ] desire to

proceed without counsel” through the statutory colloquy of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-

1242. Id.

      A defendant may also forfeit their right to counsel by engaging in “serious

misconduct.” Blakeney, 245 N.C. App. at 460, 782 S.E.2d at 93. This Court has

recognized forfeiture by misconduct when a defendant (1) engages in “flagrant or

extended delaying tactics, such as repeatedly firing a series of attorneys;” (2) employs

“offensive or abusive behavior, such as threatening counsel, cursing, spitting, or

disrupting proceedings in court;” or (3) “refus[es] to acknowledge the trial court’s

jurisdiction or participate in the judicial process, or insist[s] on nonsensical and

nonexistant legal ‘rights.’” Id. at 461-62, 782 S.E.2d at 94.

      The State asserts these facts present a “hybrid” situation from Blakeney.

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                                    STATE V. MOORE

                                   Opinion of the Court

While this may be true, Defendant both gave knowing and voluntary waivers of

counsel, and he forfeited his right to counsel under our precedents. Defendant met

all of the instances of “serious misconduct” to forfeit counsel. See id.

      Including Krystal Moore, his sister, and her North Carolina sponsor,

Defendant had seven attorneys representing him during the various stages of

hearings and trial. Thomasine Moore and Paramore withdrew due to conflicts of

interests.   Moore’s pro hac vice admission was revoked due to her conduct,

noncompliance with our State’s rules of pro hac vice admission, lack of participation

or appearance by or responses from her North Carolina sponsor, and her lack of

experience handling first-degree murder cases that could potentially result in an

ineffective assistance of counsel claim. The trial court also found and concluded

Moore was not “credible and [she] did not demonstrate candor with the Court.”

      While acknowledging that one counsel cannot command a co-counsel to

withdraw, Castle petitioned to withdraw due to conflict between himself and Krystal

Moore. Moore had requested for him to withdraw and had prevented contact between

himself and Defendant. Defendant terminated appointed counsel Jack because of

“different views.”

      At Defendant’s express request, McCallum was appointed as trial counsel after

she was initially appointed as his standby counsel. Defendant also later confirmed

during trial he was satisfied with McCallum’s representation. In the middle of trial

following the testimony of Sharek, whose testimony the court found was highly

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                                   STATE V. MOORE

                                  Opinion of the Court

inculpatory, Defendant sought to terminate McCallum’s representation and warned

of her safety if she did not withdraw.

      Unlike Simpkins, Harvin, and Atwell, wherein our Supreme Court held there

was no egregious misconduct, none of those cases involve a defendant’s decision to

fire a counsel during the middle of trial after the jury was empaneled and the State

had presented its case in chief. This incident was not Defendant’s only misconduct.

      McCallum informed the trial court she should be allowed to withdraw because

she had been informed by Defendant she should withdraw for her safety. This threat

was documented in the trial court’s denial of Defendant’s MAR as constituting

“offensive or abusive behavior.” Id.

      The trial court also documented misconduct by Krystal Moore and Defendant

of preparing and sharing purported complaints to the North Carolina State Bar

against both district attorneys and McCallum during trial. Defendant purportedly

“signed” the complaint against McCallum electronically, despite not having access to

a computer and testifying in open court on 9 February 2022 that he was satisfied with

McCallum’s services. The trial court attributed the change from 9 February 2022 to

14 February 2022 to the testimony of Sharek. The purported “conflicts” with the

attorneys, which were attributable to Defendant and/or Krystal Moore, were found

and concluded to be “attempts to disrupt the orderly administration of justice.”

      The trial court specifically found and concluded Defendant’s decision to fire

McCallum “was an attempted effort to delay, disrupt and obstruct the proceedings

                                         - 43 -
                                    STATE V. MOORE

                                   Opinion of the Court

and prevent them from coming to completion which undermines the purposes of the

right to counsel and constitutes ‘egregious misconduct.’”

      After Defendant was allowed to terminate McCallum’s representation, but

learned the trial underway was going to proceed, Defendant informed the Court he

did not want to be physically present in the courtroom.          Defendant’s egregious

conduct forfeited his right to further appointed counsel. The trial court did not err in

concluding Defendant had forfeited his right to appointed counsel and by later

denying his MAR on this ground.

      Defendant’s MAR asserted he was denied the counsel of his choice in violation

of his rights under the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution when the

trial court revoked Krystal Moore’s pro hac vice admission ex mero motu. See N.C.

Gen. Stat. § 84-4.2 (2021) (“Permission granted under G.S. 84-4.1 may be summarily

revoked by the General Court of Justice . . . on its own motion and in its discretion.”).

The order denying the MAR properly denied relief based upon the lack of sponsoring

counsel’s appearance in Onslow County; Krystal Moore’s conduct, lack of attendance

in court, lack of candor with the court, errors in North Carolina law and procedure,

and lack of criminal trial experience; the role of appointed counsel; and Defendant’s

right to competent counsel. Defendant did not advance this argument on appeal and

has abandoned this argument. See N.C. R. App. P. 28(b)(6) (“Issues not presented in

a party’s brief, or in support of which no reason or argument is stated, will be taken

as abandoned.”). Defendant’s argument is without merit and is dismissed.

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                                    STATE V. MOORE

                                   Opinion of the Court

                      E. Motion for Appointment of Counsel

      Defendant argues the trial court erred by denying his 17 February 2022 motion

for a court-appointed attorney. This argument is deemed abandoned for his failure

to cite any authority in support thereof. N.C. R. App. P. 28(b)(5). As held above,

Defendant had already waived and forfeited his right to an attorney three days earlier

during trial outside of the presence of the jury.

                          V.    Motion for Continuance

      Defendant argues the trial court erred in denying his motion to continue the

trial during trial to enable him to secure other counsel, after allowing his trial counsel

to withdraw at his request, after the jury was empaneled, and while the State was

presenting its case in chief.

                                A. Standard of Review

      A motion to continue generally rests within the trial court’s discretion and is

reviewable on appeal only for an abuse of discretion. State v. Thomas, 294 N.C. 105,

111, 240 S.E.2d 426, 431 (1978) (citations omitted). When the motion to continue is

based on a constitutional right, “the question presented is one of law and not of

discretion, and the order of the court below is reviewable” on appeal. State v. Harris,

290 N.C. 681, 686, 228 S.E.2d 437, 440 (1976) (citations omitted).

                                      B. Analysis

      “To establish a constitutional violation, a defendant must show that he did not

have ample time to confer with counsel and to investigate, prepare and present his

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                                   STATE V. MOORE

                                  Opinion of the Court

defense.” State v. Tunstall, 334 N.C. 320, 329, 432 S.E.2d 331, 337 (1993) (citation

omitted).

      Defendant sought to continue his trial in progress to enable him to fire his

appointed attorney, who had entered appearance, filed motions, represented him for

jury selection, opening statement, and during the State’s case-in-chief. Defendant

was informed no other appointed counsel would be able to effectively represent him

by immediately appearing in the middle of a first-degree murder trial. As held above,

Defendant had already waived and forfeited his right to an attorney three days earlier

during trial. The trial court did not err in denying Defendant’s motion to continue.

                           VI.   Sharek’s Testimony

      Defendant contends the trial court erred in admitting testimony from Sharek

under Rules 401, 402, 403, and 404(b).

                                  A. Preservation

      Our appellate rules provide: “[i]n order to preserve an issue for appellate

review, a party must have presented to the trial court a timely request, objection, or

motion, stating the specific grounds for the ruling the party desired the court to make

if the specific grounds were not apparent from the context.” N.C. R. App. P. 10(a)(1).

Our Supreme Court has held:

             To preserve an issue for appeal, the defendant must make
             an objection at the point during the trial when the State
             attempts to introduce the evidence. A defendant cannot
             rely on his pretrial motion to suppress to preserve an issue
             for appeal. His objection must be renewed at trial. [The

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                                  STATE V. MOORE

                                  Opinion of the Court

             defendant’s] failure to object at trial waived his right to
             have this issue reviewed on appeal.

State v. Golphin, 352 N.C. 364, 463, 533 S.E.2d 168, 232 (2000) (internal citations

omitted).

      “To be timely, an objection to the admission of evidence must be made at the

time it is actually introduced at trial.” State v. Ray, 364 N.C. 272, 277, 697 S.E.2d

319, 322 (2010) (citation and quotation marks omitted).

      It is insufficient to rely upon the objections lodged pre-trial or after similar

evidence has previously been admitted without protest as “the admission of evidence

without objection waives prior or subsequent objection to the admission of evidence

of a similar character.” State v. Hudson, 331 N.C. 122, 151, 415 S.E.2d 732, 747-48

(1992) (citation and quotation marks omitted).

      Defendant’s counsel, McCallum, filed a motion in limine to exclude the

testimony of Sharek “pursuant to North Carolina General Statute § 58C-1 Rules 401,

402, 403, & 404(b); and Rules 701-02; and North Carolina General Statute § 15A-951-

952[.]”

      The trial court held a hearing on Defendant’s motion on 1 October 2021.

McCallum argued:

             Again, this is limited. We’re just asking that the term
             “rapist” or “barber” -- “rapist barber,” those two terms not
             be allowed into testimony or the State be able to present
             anything, type of compilation that showed that’s what was
             stated in her phone. We understand her testimony is going
             to be her testimony, but to allow a term such as “rapist” or

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                                  STATE V. MOORE

                                 Opinion of the Court

            “rapist barber” or to show that’s how she stated it is highly
            prejudicial, improper character evidence on top of that. It
            will just inflame the jury. So at this point, you know, if her
            testimony is sufficient (phonetic), we just ask that those
            terms not be used by her any other -- anyone else, that he’s
            been labeled as a rapist or that she had saved in her phone
            that he was a rapist or a rapist barber is the term that was
            used.

McCallum continued:

            Right. We understand she’s going to testify. We’re just
            asking that “rapist” or “rapist barber” should not be a part
            of any testimony, whether officer or her or anything shown
            in any exhibits where her phone had it saved as that, or
            her alluding to saying that. That’s what we’re asking for.
            We definitely feel the probative value substantially
            outweighs the danger of unfair prejudicial.

The trial court redacted the term “rapist” from Sharek’s cellular phone information.

McCallum never argued the entirety of Sharek’s testimony of her encounter with

Defendant should be excluded during the motion in limine.

      When Officer Michael Gibbs, the officer who had downloaded cellular data,

including a photo purportedly of Defendant from Sharek’s cell phone, was on the

stand and the line of questioning was leading toward this information from Sharek

and Defendant’s image on her cell phone, McCallum renewed her objection for the

same grounds as her motion in limine.        The trial court heard arguments from

McCallum outside of the presence of the jury:

            Yes, Your Honor, just to reiterate what was argued
            concerning excluding testimony from Denell Sharek.
            Because I know that is where this is going since Officer
            Gibbs is the one that downloaded the cell phone to the

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                                  STATE V. MOORE

                                  Opinion of the Court

            Cellebrite and obtained the photo of [Defendant] based on
            her allegations of rape. So I know we are starting to get
            out into it. I’m renewing the objection on the record. I’m
            confident. I’m sure once the jury comes back in and once
            she is called as a witness I’m going to have to renew it
            again. The objection is concerning the testimony and the
            photo that is trying to be published to the jury and entered
            into evidence pursuant to 8C-1 Rules 401, 402, 404B and
            Rule 701 and 702, and that is pursuant to the North
            Carolina General Statute 15[A]-1951 and 1952. If I need
            to file another copy of what was filed. We, again, argue
            that is going to be very prejudicial to allow her to get up
            and there are no charges that have been filed against him.
            This is something that was brought to attention when she
            was under investigation -- I don’t want to say she was
            under investigation, but she was being questioned about
            being one of the last persons to speak to Ms. Brown. Then
            it turns into a situation where a photo was provided to her
            and, Your Honor, it definitely there would be some
            information provided where she will say, as she has said in
            her statements, that it happens. Where someone will take
            a photo -- someone took her photo and used it and pretend
            like there [sic] someone else; and this goes to identification.
            There was no identification done prior to today, and so that
            is a part of what is going to happen today. I will also have
            to renew the objection when that happens also if the Court
            allows her to testify and this photo to be brought into
            evidence. There was no out-of-court identification of
            [Defendant] except for the photo that was presented from
            her phone.

(emphasis supplied). The trial court subsequently overruled Defendant’s objection

and allowed Officer Gibbs to testify about the photograph, which had been sent from

one of Defendant’s phones to Sharek.

      When Sharek was called to the stand, McCallum objected on the grounds of:

“8C-1 Rules 401, 402, 403, and 404B in the due process of my client.” Defendant did

                                         - 49 -
                                   STATE V. MOORE

                                   Opinion of the Court

not object during Sharek’s testimony. Defendant asserts this objection preserves his

arguments asserting Sharek’s testimony violated Rules 401, 402, 403, and 404(b) on

appeal, citing N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1446(d)(10) (2021) and State v. Corbett, 376 N.C. 799,

826, 855 S.E.2d 228, 248 (2021).

      “In N.C. [Gen. Stat.] § 15A-1446(d) (2017), the General Assembly enumerated

a list of issues . . . appealable without preservation in the trial court.” State v.

Meadows, 371 N.C. 742, 747-48, 821 S.E.2d 402, 406 (2018). Our Supreme Court

reviewed N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1446(d)(10) and held “notwithstanding a party’s failure to

object to the admission of evidence at some point at trial, a party may challenge

subsequent admission of evidence involving a specified line of questioning when there

has been an improperly overruled objection to the admission of evidence involving

that line of questioning.” Corbett, 376 N.C. at 826, 855 S.E.2d at 248 (citation,

quotation marks, and alteration omitted).

      In Corbett, the defendants objected to testimony based upon purported blood

splatters found on their clothing on numerous occasions. The defendants objected to

a portion of the blood splatter expert’s report, but failed to object again when he

testified at trial. Our Supreme Court held inter alia, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1446(d)(10)

preserved their objections by operation of law.

      McCallum’s only objection to Sharek’s testimony at trial was the general

objection on the grounds of: “8C-1 Rules 401, 402, 403, and 404B in the due process

of my client” prior to her testimony. The trial court had previously redacted text

                                          - 50 -
                                       STATE V. MOORE

                                      Opinion of the Court

references to Defendant as “rapist” and other prejudicial text references after her pre-

trial motion.

      This objection, presuming it was directed toward Sharek’s entire involvement

with Defendant and no charges currently pending related to that incident, was

untimely and did not specifically preserve the admission for appellate review. See

State v. Williams, 355 N.C. 501, 576, 565 S.E.2d 609, 652 (2002) (citations omitted).

This assertion was not an “improperly overruled objection” to trigger N.C. Gen. Stat.

§ 15A-1446(d)(10).

      Defendant argues in the event he did not preserve his evidentiary arguments,

he seeks plain error review of these issues. We review these arguments under that

standard. See N.C. R. App. P. 10(a)(4) (“In criminal cases, an issue that was not

preserved by objection noted at trial and that is not deemed preserved . . .

nevertheless may be made the basis of an issue presented on appeal when the judicial

action questioned is specifically and distinctly contended to amount to plain error.”).

                                  B. Standard of Review

      Our Supreme Court has held plain error:

                is always to be applied cautiously and only in the
                exceptional case where, after the entire record, it can be
                said the claimed error is a fundamental error, something
                so basic, so prejudicial, so lacking in its elements that
                justice cannot have been done, or where the error is grave
                error which amounts to a denial of a fundamental right to
                the accused, or the error has resulted in a miscarriage of
                justice or in the denial to appellant of a fair trial or where
                the error is such as to seriously affect the fairness, integrity

                                             - 51 -
                                   STATE V. MOORE

                                  Opinion of the Court

             or public reputation of judicial proceedings[.]

State v. Odom, 307 N.C. 655, 660, 300 S.E.2d 375, 378 (1983) (citations and internal

quotation marks omitted).

                                    C. Analysis

                                  1. Rules 401 & 402

      Rule 401 defines “relevant evidence” as “evidence having any tendency to make

the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action

more or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-

1, Rule 401 (2021). Irrelevant evidence is evidence “having no tendency to prove a

fact at issue in the case.” State v. Hart, 105 N.C. App. 542, 548, 414 S.E.2d 364, 368,

(1992). Evidence is admissible so long as it is relevant, unless excluded under another

Rule. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 402 (2021). Defendant argues the rape and other

allegations of the encounter between Defendant and Sharek is not relevant to

whether he killed Brown. Defendant only argued it was inadmissible on appeal under

Rule 401.

      Defendant’s argument is misplaced. The challenged testimony was relevant

under Rule 401 and admissible under Rule 402.            The evidence was admissible,

relevant, and probative to show the identity of the person who is alleged to have

committed the crimes.       Defendant has failed to show Sharek’s testimony was

irrelevant and inadmissible under Rules 401 and 402. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rules

401, 402.

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                                   Opinion of the Court

                                     2. Rule 404(b)

      Rule 404(b) provides:

             Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible
             to prove the character of a person in order to show that he
             acted in conformity therewith. It may, however, be
             admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive,
             opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge,
             identity, or absence of mistake, entrapment or accident.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 404(b) (2021).

      The Supreme Court of North Carolina has repeatedly interpreted Rule 404(b)

to be a rule of inclusion, and not exclusion. State v. Beckelheimer, 366 N.C. 127, 131,

726 S.E.2d 156, 159 (2012). This rule of inclusion of Rule 404(b) testimony or evidence

is constrained by the requirements of similarity and temporal proximity of the

evidence of the acts. State v. Al-Bayyinah, 356 N.C. 150, 154, 567 S.E.2d 120, 123

(2002). Rule 404(b) is “subject to but one exception requiring the exclusion of evidence

if its only probative value is to show that the defendant has the propensity or

disposition to commit an offense of the nature of the crime charged.” State v. Lyons,

340 N.C. 646, 668, 459 S.E.2d 770, 782 (1995) (citation omitted).

      Defendant argues the alleged rape and robbery of Sharek is too dissimilar from

the murder of Brown to be admitted under Rule 404(b). The trial court allowed

Sharek to testify about the circumstances leading up to an alleged rape of her and

the subsequent events, which occurred 5 December 2017, the day after Brown was

last seen or heard from alive. The trial court admitted this testimony for the purpose

                                          - 53 -
                                   STATE V. MOORE

                                   Opinion of the Court

of showing the “identity of the person who committed the crime charged in this case.”

      “When the features of the earlier act are dissimilar from those of the offense

with which the defendant is currently charged, such evidence lacks probative value.”

State v. Artis, 325 N.C. 278, 299, 384 S.E.2d 470, 481 (1989), sentence vacated on other

grounds, 494 U.S. 1023 ,108 L.Ed.2d 114 (1999). “[T]he passage of time between the

commission of the two acts slowly erodes the commonality between them[.]” State v.

Jones, 322 N.C. 585, 590, 369 S.E.2d 822, 824 (1988).

      “Further, where the perpetrator’s identity is in question, there must be

significant similarities and little passage of time between incidents.” State v. Enoch,

261 N.C. App. 474, 490, 820 S.E.2d 543, 555 (2018) (citing State v. Scott, 318 N.C.

237, 247, 347 S.E.2d 414, 420 (1986) (alterations and quotation marks omitted)).

      Substantial evidence of similarity between the Defendant’s prior bad acts with

Sharek and of Brown’s murder exists. Sharek alleged she was raped and robbed by

Defendant the day after Brown’s last known contact. Defendant used the same phone

number to locate, message, and solicit both prostitutes: Brown and Sharek. The

location Sharek identified where her assault and robbery had occurred was the

location where Brown’s stabbed and burned body was later discovered. Sharek was

allegedly raped inside the Kia Sorrento SUV, which was later found to contain

Brown’s DNA. Brown texted her mother she had been raped and assaulted in the

back seat of a vehicle by a man fitting Defendant’s description. Sharek testified she

was raped in the back seat of the Kia Sorrento. Defendant stole both Sharek’s and

                                          - 54 -
                                   STATE V. MOORE

                                   Opinion of the Court

Brown’s phones. The temporal proximity and place of both events and Sharek’s

testimony identifying Defendant far exceed any assertion that “its only probative

value [was] to show that the defendant has the propensity or disposition to commit

an offense of the nature of the crime charged.” Lyons, 340 N.C. at 668, 459 S.E.2d at

782. Defendant’s argument is overruled. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 404(b) (2021).

                                       3. Rule 403

        Even relevant, probative, and admissible evidence under Rules 401, 402, and

404(b) “may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the

danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by

considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative

evidence.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 403 (2021). Defendant argues the probative

value of admitting this evidence is outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, and

asserts the alleged prior actions with Sharek was admitted solely to establish his

general propensity to commit the crime charged.

        When prior incidents are offered for a proper purpose, the ultimate test of

admissibility is whether they are sufficiently similar and not so remote as to run afoul

of the balancing test between probative value and prejudicial effect set out in Rule

403.”   State v. West, 103 N.C. App. 1, 9, 404 S.E.2d 191, 197 (1991).         “[E]very

circumstance that is calculated to throw any light upon the supposed crime is

admissible. The weight of such evidence is for the jury.” State v. Whiteside, 325 N.C.

389, 397, 383 S.E.2d 911, 915 (1989) (citation omitted).

                                          - 55 -
                                     STATE V. MOORE

                                     Opinion of the Court

      The alleged incident where Sharek was raped and robbed by Defendant

occurred the day after Brown’s last contact with her family and the day the State

alleged she was murdered. The alleged attack and robbery occurred in the same

location where Brown’s body was later found. Brown’s text messages alleged she had

been raped. The trial court did not err, and certainly did not commit plain error, in

admitting Sharek’s testimony under Rules 403 and 404(b). N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1,

Rules 403, 404(b). Defendant’s argument is overruled.

                                  VII.   Conclusion

      Defendant knowingly and voluntarily waived his right to counsel by

terminating his latest among many appointed counsels following highly detrimental

testimony during trial and after being repeatedly advised and informed of the

consequences of this decision. Defendant’s conduct during pre-trial and through trial

in superior court supports a finding and conclusion that he repeatedly dismissed

appointed counsel during pre-trial and while trial was underway and waived and

forfeited his right to counsel.

      The trial court did not err in denying his motion for appointment of new

counsel. Defendant waived and forfeited his right to counsel through dilatory tactics

and serious and egregious misconduct after being warned multiple times of the

consequences of his behavior.

      Sharek’s testimony was properly admitted under North Carolina Rules of

Evidence 401, 402, 403, and 404(b) under plain error review. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1,

                                            - 56 -
                                  STATE V. MOORE

                                  Opinion of the Court

Rules 401, 402, 403 and 404(b).

      Defendant received a fair trial, free of prejudicial errors he preserved and

argued and failed to show any plain error. There is no error in the jury’s verdict or

in the judgment entered thereon. It is so ordered.

      NO ERROR.

      Judges CARPENTER and GORE concur.

                                         - 57 -