Court Opinion

ID: 4531663
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-05-05 13:02:45.689512+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:27:08.037190
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

VINEY SETYA,                         )
    Plaintiff,                       )
                                     )
      v.                             )     C.A. No. N18C-05-155 ALR
                                     )
CHRISTINA PETITTO,                   )
    Defendant.                       )

                            Submitted: April 8, 2020
                             Decided: May 4, 2020

                  Upon Plaintiff’s Motion in Limine to Exclude
                    Reference to Plaintiff’s Gross Earnings
                                    DENIED

   Upon Defendant’s Motion in Limine to Exclude the Testimony of Doctors
Jeffrey Soulen and Thomas Ghiorzi or, in the Alternative, to Compel Production
                            of Expert Reports
                    GRANTED in part; DENIED in part

   Upon Defendant’s Unopposed Motion in Limine to Exclude Plaintiff from
            Offering Expert Testimony and/or Expert Opinions
                              GRANTED

           Upon Defendant’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment for
                         Plaintiff’s Lost Wages Claim
                                    DENIED

                         MEMORANDUM OPINION

Sean P. Gambogi, Esquire, Kimmel, Carter, Roman, Peltz & O’Neill, Newark,
Delaware, Attorney for Plaintiff.

Matthew R. Hindley, Esquire, Reger, Rizzo & Darnall, LLP, Wilmington, Delaware,
Attorney for Defendant.

Rocanelli, J.
      On August 7, 2016, Plaintiff Viney Setya was rear-ended by Defendant

Christina Petitto on Route 1 North, near the intersection of Route 9 in Lewes,

Delaware. It was not just another day at the beach—or even at the outlets. Rather,

it was a day that culminated in this civil lawsuit pending in New Castle County.

      Plaintiff is a surgeon claiming lost wages and other damages resulting from

this motor vehicle accident. As the parties prepare for a trial scheduled to begin on

July 29, 2020, they have filed several motions to exclude certain evidence and to

limit the claims presented to the jury.

      Several of the pending motions address Plaintiff’s lost wages claim. Plaintiff

proposes to present the jury with his claim for lost wages, but he does not want the

jury to know how much money he makes. Defendant claims the total earnings are a

necessary context for the lost wages claim. Defendant also challenges whether

Plaintiff’s receipt of a salary draw means he has not lost wages at all.

      In addition, the parties dispute the breadth and scope of required expert

disclosures pursuant to Superior Court Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b)(4). Defendant

claims that expert reports are required and seeks to preclude the testimony of

Plaintiff’s expert witnesses unless expert reports are produced. Plaintiff contends

that his expert disclosures satisfy Rule 26(b)(4).

                                          1
                     PLAINTTIFF’S CLAIMED INJURIES

      Following the motor vehicle accident, Plaintiff received medical treatment for

anxiety from his primary care physician, Dr. Thomas Ghiorzi, who has been

identified as one of Plaintiff’s two expert witnesses. According to Dr. Ghiorzi,

Plaintiff’s anxiety was caused by the motor vehicle accident. Plaintiff also received

treatment for anxiety from Dr. Jeffrey Soulen, a board-certified psychiatrist

identified by Plaintiff as the second of two expert witnesses for trial. In the months

following the August 2016 accident, between September and December 2016, in

addition to treating Plaintiff for anxiety, Dr. Ghiorzi treated Plaintiff for symptoms

“consistent with/suggestive of walking pneumonia.”1 Later, “in hindsight,” Dr.

Ghiorzi concluded Plaintiff “had a severe viral pneumonia” which “was likely

initiated and exacerbated by the fatigue, severe anxiety and lack of sleep triggered

by the car accident.”2

      Plaintiff claims that it was necessary for him to reduce his workload in the

months after the accident, resulting in a lost wages claim for 2016. Plaintiff

acknowledges he actually received his full salary by way of a draw but claims that

he owes $57,500 to his employer because he did not actually bill enough to justify

1
  Def.’s Mot. Lim. Exclude Test. Doctors Jeffrey Soulen and Thomas Ghiorzi Ex. A,
at 8.
2
  Def.’s Mot. Lim. Exclude Test. Doctors Jeffrey Soulen and Thomas Ghiorzi Ex. A,
at 12.
                                         2
what he was paid. Plaintiff contends that this debt must be repaid, either by billing

more in the future or, if not made up, being deducted from his retirement benefits.

                              MOTIONS IN LIMINE

      1.     Plaintiff’s Motion in Limine to Exclude Reference to Plaintiff’s
             Gross Earnings

      Plaintiff moves in limine to preclude evidence referencing Plaintiff’s gross

earnings. Essentially Plaintiff does not want the jury to know how much money he

makes which is, according to Plaintiff, a “significant salary” as a surgeon. Defendant

opposes this motion and contends that information regarding Plaintiff’s salary is

necessary for a jury to evaluate Plaintiff’s lost wages claim.

      Delaware Rule of Evidence 403 provides that “[t]he court may exclude

relevant evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed by a danger of

. . . unfair prejudice.”3 The evidence of Plaintiff’s total gross earnings is highly

relevant4 and substantially outweighs any unfair prejudice.         Plaintiff’s annual

earnings go to the heart of Plaintiff’s lost wages claim—to prevail, Plaintiff must

prove that he actually lost wages. Accordingly, if Plaintiff chooses to present a claim

3
 D.R.E. 403.
4
 See D.R.E. 401 (“Evidence is relevant if . . . it has any tendency to make a fact
more or less probable than it would be without the evidence; and . . . the fact is of
consequence in determining the action.”).
                                        3
for lost earnings, that claim must be presented in the full context of Plaintiff’s 2016

salary.5

      2.     Defendant’s Motion in Limine to Exclude the Testimony of Dr.
             Soulen and Dr. Ghiorzi

      The deadline for expert disclosures in this case was July 30, 2019. 6 By letter

dated June 11, 2019, Plaintiff’s counsel identified Dr. Soulen and Dr. Ghiorzi as

medical experts and represented that the doctors would testify in accordance with

“medical records” produced by Plaintiff. No additional documents or reports were

provided.7

      Citing Hill v. DuShuttle,8 Defendant argues that expert witnesses in personal

injury cases must prepare “expert reports.” According to Defendant, Plaintiff’s June

2019 letter and the accompanying records are inadequate to give notice of the

5
  Basically, Plaintiff wants to testify: “Trust me – this is how much money I lost.”
This approach is not only improper for the reasons mentioned here but it will result
in a waste of time during jury deliberations. Assuming the jury reaches the question
of damages and considers a lost wages claim, and even if the jury accepts Plaintiff’s
credibility as a witness, the jury will almost certainly ask for more information.
Unless the jury is told how much money Plaintiff made in 2016, the jury will
inevitably send a note asking, “How much money did Plaintiff make in 2016?” The
lost wages claim simply does not make sense without context.
6
  Trial Scheduling Order, Dec. 10, 2018 (D.I. 19).
7
  Defendant’s counsel sent an e-mail to Plaintiff’s counsel requesting expert reports
and/or affidavits on March 7, 2020. Plaintiff’s counsel responded by re-sending the
June 2019 letter and accompanying medical records. See Def.’s Mot. Lim. Exclude
Test. Doctors Jeffrey Soulen and Thomas Ghiorzi Ex. B.
8
  58 A.3d 403 (Del. 2013).
                                            4
opinions of these experts and, unless expert reports are produced, neither Dr. Soulen

nor Dr. Ghiorzi should be permitted to testify.

      Defendant misconstrues the import of Hill. Indeed, subsequent decisional law

expressly rejects Defendant’s reading of this precedent. “Given cases that postdate

Hill, it does not stand that the Supreme Court meant to impose a requirement . . . that

an expert must author a formal report in all instances . . . .”9 Instead, the parties’

disclosure obligations are governed by the Trial Scheduling Order10 and Superior

Court Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b)(4)(A), which requires disclosure of each

expert’s identity, the opinions of each expert, and the bases for those opinions.11

Medical notes may suffice when the information contained therein satisfies the

requirements of Rule 26(b)(4)(A) and provides the other side with “adequate notice

of the expert’s expected testimony.”12

      Dr. Ghiorzi’s medical notes, together with the June 2019 letter, satisfy the

requirements of Rule 26(b)(4)(A). The letter identifies Dr. Ghiorzi as an expert

witness, and the medical notes provide Defendant with notice of Dr. Ghiorzi’s

9
  Winn v. Clements, 2017 WL 780878, at *3 (Del. Super. Feb. 27, 2017) (emphasis
added).
10
   See Super. Ct. Civ. R. 16(b)(5).
11
   Super. Ct. Civ. R. 26(b)(4)(A)(i) (“A party may through interrogatories require
any other party to identify each person whom the other party expects to call as an
expert witness at trial, to state the subject matter on which the expert is expected to
testify, and to state the substances of the facts and opinions to which the expert is
expected to testify and a summary of the grounds for each opinion.”).
12
   Winn, 2017 WL 780878, at *4.
                                             5
opinions and the bases for those opinions. Accordingly, Dr. Ghiorzi may testify but

his opinion must be limited to the information contained within the four corners of

the medical notes provided.13 Choosing not to produce an expert report is a strategy

decision—some may say a calculated risk—permitted by Rule 26(b)(4)(A).14

      Dr. Soulen’s medical records, on the other hand, do not provide the necessary

disclosure to support an expert opinion for presentation at trial. Instead, Dr. Soulen’s

records merely state the fact that “[a] diagnosis of Other Specified Anxiety . . . with

features of both specific (driving) phobia and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

was made.”15 The minimal disclosure provided here by Plaintiff is insufficient. 16

      Nevertheless, exclusion of Dr. Soulen’s testimony because of this inadequate

disclosure would be too harsh.17 Therefore, if Plaintiff wants to present Dr. Soulen

13
   See Diaz v. Malarkey, 2015 WL 3508064, at *1 (Del. Super. June 3, 2015) (“As it
presently stands, however, [the doctor’s] “Office Note” suffices as a necessary
report, the four corners of which limit his testimony.”).
14
   The Court appreciates there is a significant expense associated with preparation of
expert reports.
15
   Def.’s Mot. Lim. Exclude Test. Doctors Jeffrey Soulen and Thomas Ghiorzi Ex.
A, at 2.
16
   Plaintiff’s counsel, having recently been sanctioned by this Court for not providing
adequate expert disclosures by the deadline set by this Court, had been put on notice
of the limitations of this strategy such that, even if Rule 26(b)(4)(A) does not require
expert reports, a party is required to abide by the deadlines set by this Court in
accordance with the Superior Court Rules of Civil Procedure. See Stephenson v. Big
Oaks Trailer Park, Inc., 2019 WL 4273809, at *3–4 (Del. Super. Sept. 10, 2019).
17
   See id. at *3 (declining to grant dismissal for counsel’s failure to comply with the
Trial Scheduling Order because, in part, the opposing party failed to move to compel
the required disclosures).
                                             6
as an expert at trial, then Plaintiff must supplement his expert disclosures for Dr.

Soulen within two weeks of this decision. The timing of the supplemental disclosure

should allow adequate time for Defendant to prepare for trial but, if it does not,

Defendant may request a continuance of the trial date.

      3.     Defendant’s Unopposed Motion in Limine to Exclude Plaintiff from
             Offering Expert Testimony and/or Expert Opinions

      The parties agree that Plaintiff, who is himself a physician as already noted,

may not offer expert testimony at trial. Accordingly, Plaintiff may not offer any

medical opinions or expert testimony at trial.

     DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT

      The Court may grant summary judgment only where the moving party can

“show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party

is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”18 A genuine issue of material fact is one

that “may reasonably be resolved in favor of either party.”19 The moving party bears

the initial burden of proof and, once that is met, the burden shifts to the non-moving

party to show that a material issue of fact exists.20 At the motion for summary

judgment phase, the Court must view the facts “in the light most favorable to the

18
   Super. Ct. Civ. R. 56(c).
19
   Moore v. Sizemore, 405 A.2d 679, 680–81 (Del. 1979).
20
Id.
                                       7
non-moving party.”21 Summary judgment is only appropriate if Plaintiffs’ claims

lack evidentiary support such that no reasonable jury could find in Plaintiffs’ favor.22

      Defendant seeks partial summary judgment as to Plaintiff’s lost wages claim,

arguing that Defendant cannot prove actual lost wages, as a matter of law, because

Plaintiff received his full salary for 2016. Defendant argues that the $57,500 does

not amount to a “loss” because Plaintiff can repay the debt to his employer before

his retirement.

      While Plaintiff may have received his full salary for 2016, record evidence

shows that Plaintiff’s “reduced billings . . . from Sept[ember] of 2016, through

December of 2016 resulted in a reduction of [Plaintiff’s] income of approximately

$57,500.”23 This is an issue of material fact for the jury’s consideration. Moreover,

Defendant has not provided any relevant authority to support her position that, as a

matter of law, Plaintiff may not present the balance sheet debt as a lost wages

21
   Brozka v. Olson, 668 A.2d 1355, 1364 (Del. 1995).
22
   See Hecksher v. Fairwinds Baptist Church, Inc., 115 A.3d 1187, 1200–05 (Del.
2015); Edmisten v. Greyhound Lines, Inc., 2012 WL 3264925, at *2 (Del. Aug. 13,
2012).
23
   Def.’s Mot. Partial Summ. J. Preclude Pl.’s Lost Wages Claim Ex. A.
                                         8
claim.24 Accordingly, Defendant has not met the initial burden for purposes of

summary judgment.25

                                 CONCLUSION

      NOW, THEREFORE, this 4th day of May 2020:

      1.    Plaintiff’s motion in limine to exclude reference to Plaintiff’s gross

earnings is hereby DENIED.

      2.    Defendant’s motion in limine to exclude the testimony of Dr. Soulen

and Dr. Ghiorzi or, in the alternative, to compel production of expert reports is

hereby GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. Dr. Ghiorzi’s medical notes,

together with the June 2019 letter, satisfy the requirements of Rule 26(b)(4)(A).

Consistent with Superior Court Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b)(4)(A), Plaintiff shall

provide expert disclosures for Dr. Soulen within two weeks of this decision. If the

disclosures are such that Defendant needs more time to prepare for trial, Defendant

may request postponement of the July 29, 2020 trial date.

24
   Plaintiff relies on the standard set forth in Casson v. Nationwide Insurance
Company, 455 A.2d 361, 366 (Del. Super. 1982), arguing that lost wages sought
must be reasonable and necessary. Casson does not apply to this case. The Court
in Casson examined an insured’s claim against an insurance company for damages
arising from a breach of an automobile insurance contract. See id. at 363. The
Court’s “reasonable and necessary” analysis was governed, in part, by a statute that
is not applicable here. See id. at 365–66.
25
   See Moore, 405 A.2d at 680.
                                           9
      3.    Defendant’s unopposed motion in limine to exclude Plaintiff from

offering expert testimony and/or expert opinions is hereby GRANTED.

      4.    Defendant’s motion for partial summary judgment to preclude

Plaintiff’s lost wages claim is hereby DENIED.

      IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                            Andrea L. Rocanelli
                                            _____________________________
                                            The Honorable Andrea L. Rocanelli

                                       10