Court Opinion

ID: 9885788
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-10-06 14:06:15.098875+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:23:16.019986
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: SEPTEMBER 29, 2023; 10:00 A.M.
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

                Commonwealth of Kentucky
                          Court of Appeals
                             NO. 2021-CA-1509-MR

RICHARD L. BROWN                                                    APPELLANT

                 APPEAL FROM OLDHAM CIRCUIT COURT
v.               HONORABLE JERRY D. CROSBY, II, JUDGE
                        ACTION NO. 15-CR-00017

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                                              APPELLEE

                                   OPINION
                                  AFFIRMING

                                  ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: THOMPSON, CHIEF JUDGE; KAREM AND MCNEILL, JUDGES.

MCNEILL, JUDGE: Richard L. Brown (“Brown”) appeals from the Oldham

Circuit Court’s order revoking his probation. Brown contends the trial court erred

when it revoked his probation and failed to make required findings under Kentucky

Revised Statute (“KRS”) 439.3106(1). After careful review, we affirm.
                                  I. BACKGROUND

             On February 13, 2015, Brown was indicted on two counts of

possession of a handgun by a convicted felon; trafficking in marijuana, over 8

ounces (enhanced); possession of drug paraphernalia (enhanced); possession of

marijuana (enhanced); second-degree possession of a controlled substance

(enhanced); and third-degree possession of a controlled substance (enhanced). On

September 3, 2015, Brown accepted a guilty plea. In return, the Commonwealth

agreed all the enhanced offenses would be amended down to unenhanced charges,

and one count of possession of a handgun by a convicted felon would be

dismissed. The Commonwealth additionally agreed Brown could be placed on

pretrial diversion for the handgun and trafficking in marijuana charges and placed

on probation for all remaining charges. Brown was sentenced to supervised

pretrial diversion for a period of five years with a suspended sentence of seven

years on the firearm and trafficking charges and received a sentence of seven years

probated for a period of two years on the remaining charges.

             On September 23, 2015, the trial court entered an order, sua sponte,

noting that possession of a handgun by a convicted felon, due to its status as a class

C felony, was not eligible for pretrial diversion and scheduled the matter for a

review on October 8, 2015. On October 14, 2015, the handgun charge was

amended to first-degree wanton endangerment, and the trial court entered a new

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order granting supervised diversion for five years with a suspended five-year

sentence on that charge.1

              From June 1, 2016, to May 16, 2017, multiple violation of supervision

reports were completed by Brown’s supervising probation officers detailing

numerous violations of his diversion and probation. A revocation hearing date was

ultimately set by the trial court for June 22, 2017, during which Brown stipulated

to violating the terms of his supervision. The trial court revoked Brown’s

diversion and probation and ordered that he serve his sentence. An agreed order

was entered on January 10, 2018, granting shock probation on the condition that

Brown be released to and reside at a long-term drug and alcohol inpatient treatment

center for a minimum of six months.

              On December 3, 2019, and December 16, 2019, two violation of

supervision reports were respectively submitted documenting multiple probation

violations, and the trial court held a revocation hearing on March 30, 2021, which

was continued to and concluded on May 12, 2021. The trial court entered a written

order on June 4, 2021, revoking Brown’s probation. Brown was returned to active

supervision with conditions that he undergo a mental health examination and meet

1
  The trial court’s October 14, 2015, order contained an error stating the Commonwealth
recommended a sentence of seven years on the first-degree wanton endangerment charge. This
was corrected by an order entered on November 18, 2015, which reflected that the
Commonwealth’s recommendation was for five years.

                                            -3-
with his probation officer within seven days of his release from incarceration for

purposes of enrolling in an approved substance abuse treatment program.

             On September 24, 2021, the Commonwealth filed a motion to revoke

probation with an attached violation of supervision report asserting Brown failed to

complete substance abuse treatment after he was discharged from Awake

Ministries for non-compliance with the program. The report also alleged Brown

provided false information to his probation officer by misrepresenting the length of

the treatment program indicating it would take two weeks to complete instead of

45 to 60 days as stated by a program representative. A revocation hearing was

held on November 18, 2021, at which Brown’s probation officer, Timothy Pollard,

testified for the Commonwealth along with Awake Ministries’ Director of Men’s

Housing, Chris Banta. Mr. Banta testified that Brown failed to attend multiple

individual meetings with him during his enrollment in the treatment program

which resulted in his expulsion. Brown testified in his defense. At the conclusion

of the hearing, the trial court made preliminary oral findings from the bench but

took the matter under submission. An order containing written findings and

revoking Brown’s probation was later entered on December 1, 2021. This appeal

followed.

                                         -4-
                            II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

             We note that Brown’s preservation statement designates that his

claims are preserved by the “revocation hearing and Order revoking.” Ordinarily,

revocation of diversion is reviewed for abuse of discretion. See Commonwealth v.

Andrews, 448 S.W.3d 773, 780 (Ky. 2014). “Under our abuse of discretion

standard of review, we will disturb a ruling only upon finding that ‘the trial judge’s

decision was arbitrary, unreasonable, unfair, or unsupported by sound legal

principles.’” Andrews, 448 S.W.3d at 780 (quoting Commonwealth v. English, 993

S.W.2d 941, 945 (Ky. 1999)). However, we could find no indication during our

review of the record of Brown raising the issue of insufficient findings before the

trial court after entry of the written order to revoke, such as through a motion to

vacate or requesting additional findings. Regardless, prior precedent is clear that

failure to enter sufficient findings under KRS 439.3106(1) constitutes palpable

error. See Burnett v. Commonwealth, 538 S.W.3d 322 (Ky. App. 2017); see also

Anderson v. Johnson, 350 S.W.3d 453, 457 (Ky. 2011) (“[T]he failure of the

parties to request complete findings of fact is not fatal to their appeals because the

trial judge did not comply with the procedural requirements of this statutory

proceeding.”). “An error is palpable, we have explained, only if it is clear or plain

under current law . . . .” See Commonwealth v. Jones, 283 S.W.3d 665, 668 (Ky.

                                          -5-
2009) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Thus, we proceed

accordingly.

                                     III. ANALYSIS

               On appeal, Brown argues the revocation of his probation was

erroneous because the trial court violated KRS 439.3106(1) by failing to enter

sufficient findings that he could not be appropriately managed in, and was a

significant risk to, the community. In his appellate brief, Brown specifically

argues, “The trial court never uttered the words, [‘]significant risk to prior victims,

the community or couldn’t be appropriately managed in the community[’] until the

boilerplate Revocation Order used the required statutory language.” (Internal

quotation marks added.) Brown further states that the holding in Helms v.

Commonwealth, 475 S.W.3d 637 (Ky. App. 2015), “forbids the use of form

findings and conclusions of law in probation revocation orders[.]”

               KRS 439.3106(1) states that supervised individuals are subject to:

               (a) Violation revocation proceedings and possible
               incarceration for failure to comply with the conditions of
               supervision when such failure constitutes a significant
               risk to prior victims of the supervised individual or the
               community at large, and cannot be appropriately
               managed in the community; or

               (b) Sanctions other than revocation and incarceration as
               appropriate to the severity of the violation behavior, the
               risk of future criminal behavior by the offender, and the
               need for, and availability of, interventions which may

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             assist the offender to remain compliant and crime-free in
             the community.

             While this statute requires a trial court to consider its described

factors, it does not “require anything more than a finding to this effect supported

by the evidence of record.” McClure v. Commonwealth, 457 S.W.3d 728, 733

(Ky. App. 2015). “These findings can be either oral or written to satisfy both KRS

439.3106(1) and the defendant’s due process rights.” Commonwealth v. Gilmore,

587 S.W.3d 627, 630 (Ky. 2019); see also Commonwealth v. Alleman, 306 S.W.3d

484, 486 (Ky. 2010). “[W]e look to both the written and oral findings in

conjunction with one another and not separately in a vacuum.” Gilmore, 587

S.W.3d at 630.

             Upon the conclusion of the revocation hearing, the trial court cited its

June 4, 2021 revocation order and spoke at length about the condition of Brown’s

probation being that Brown enroll in and complete drug treatment. The trial court

also referenced Brown’s prior appearance before the trial court when he was in

custody for his previous probation violation stating:

             I was pretty clear with you, and if we need to roll that
             tape back from the June, from the date when we were
             here in court. I can roll it back, and we can sit and listen
             to what we talked about. But my interest is, is that you
             have shown all the signs in your, um, evaluation that we
             had you complete before you were released from custody,
             all the signs of being a meth addict. You are a drug
             addict. . . . And you don’t get to dictate where you go or
             how you get treatment. You have forfeited that right.

                                          -7-
(Emphasis added.) Shortly thereafter, the trial court indicated it was taking the

matter under submission and would follow up with a written order.

                 The written order was completed on a preprinted form, and within a

section reserved for typewritten findings, the order states as follows:

                 Defendant was ordered to enroll in SA[2] treatment and
                 was returned to probation and signed conditions to
                 complete any treatment program directed by the Court or
                 his officer. Defendant was directed to complete IOP[3] at
                 AWAKE ministries. Defendant enrolled at AWAKE but
                 was terminated for failing to attend individual sessions.
                 Defendant made excuses for his absences but court
                 adjudged those excuses to be invalid and/or false.
                 Defendant submitted proof of a positive drug screen for
                 amphetamines. He argues he has a valid prescription.
                 The copy of the prescription cut off the date of the
                 prescribing doctor and the date the prescription was
                 filled. The only prescribed medication he advised P&P[4]
                 was ZOLOFT for depression. The positive tests for
                 amphetamines was [sic] not submitted by P&P. The
                 defendant presented this on his own.

(Footnotes added.) Below this, the written order contains a marked checkbox next

to preprinted language containing the KRS 439.3106(1) criteria.

                 When examining the trial court’s oral findings in conjunction with its

written findings, we conclude the trial court met the statute’s requirements. It is

2
    Substance abuse.
3
    Intensive outpatient treatment.
4
    Probation and Parole.

                                            -8-
immaterial the statutory criteria were not invoked until the entry of the trial court’s

written order or that the written order was completed on a preprinted form. The

holding in Helms, supra, does not expressly preclude the use of preprinted form

orders. It instead sought to preclude perfunctory recitations of the statutory

factors. Id. Indeed, preprinted form orders have been affirmed in prior appellate

decisions. See Thompson v. Commonwealth, No. 2017-CA-001866-MR, 2019 WL

103866, at *4 (Ky. App. Jan. 4, 2019); Fair v. Commonwealth, No. 2016-CA-

001105-MR, 2017 WL 3642967, at *3 (Ky. App. Aug. 25, 2017).5 As long as a

trial court makes specific findings, and a form order clearly evidences the criteria

were considered, there is no error. Id. In the trial court’s order, the checkbox next

to the criteria was checked which sufficiently signified the trial court considered

the statute. See Thompson, 2019 WL 103866, at *4.

              Brown argues his failure to attend individual meetings “should not

have amounted to a finding that he could not be appropriately managed in the

community[,]” and his employment, attendance at church, and support of his

family demonstrated he “was not a risk to the community[.]” This position is far

too narrow and omits the larger context and circumstances in which his violation

occurred. The trial court’s oral and written findings demonstrate Brown had

5
 We cite Thompson and Fair as persuasive, as opposed to mandatory, authority pursuant to
Kentucky Rule of Appellate Procedure 41(A).

                                             -9-
previously committed a prior violation and was released from custody for the

purpose of addressing his drug addiction. Upon committing a subsequent violation

by failing to cooperate with his drug treatment, it was clear he could not

sufficiently be managed within the community. See Compise v. Commonwealth,

597 S.W.3d 175, 182 (Ky. App. 2020) (“[A] defendant who will not cooperate

with the conditions of her supervision may indeed constitute a significant risk to

the community at large and be unmanageable in the community.”). Brown’s

insufficiently treated drug addiction coupled with the continued use of controlled

substances without sufficient proof of a valid prescription thus posed a significant

risk to the community. See Andrews, supra.

             In response to the Commonwealth’s argument on appeal which

emphasized Brown’s prior violations and history, Brown asserts revocation should

be based solely on his “current violations” as opposed to his “prior actions.” While

this statement is accurate, one’s prior history is still a relevant factor that may be

considered for KRS 439.3106(1) purposes, and for reasons already discussed, the

trial court did not revoke solely based on Brown’s prior history. See Andrews, 448

S.W.3d at 780 (“While [Appellant’s] criminal history could not be the sole basis

for his revocation, it was appropriately considered when assessing the risk posed

by his continued probation.”).

                                          -10-
             Brown maintains the “trial court’s written order revoking simply

stated the violations from the supervision report” with “no explanation of the risks

or how this affected his ability to be managed in the community.” However, the

case law is clear that explanations of findings are not required. See New v.

Commonwealth, 598 S.W.3d 88, 90 (Ky. App. 2019) (citation omitted) (“A trial

court is not required to provide explanations for those findings . . . .”); McClure,

457 S.W.3d at 733 (“Neither KRS 439.3106 nor Andrews require anything more

than a finding . . . supported by the evidence of record. The trial court complied

with this requirement and it owed [Appellant] no further explanation.”).

             Lastly, Brown contends “the trial court failed to consider other

sanctions as required under KRS 439.3106(2).” We disagree. The trial court

sufficiently demonstrated it considered the KRS 439.3106(1) criteria. This

evidences it determined alternative sanctions were not feasible, and there is no

requirement lesser sanctions be imposed before revocation. See McVey v.

Commonwealth, 467 S.W.3d 259, 263 (Ky. App. 2015).

              In conclusion, and in further consideration of McClure, supra, we

hold the trial court’s findings are sufficiently supported by the evidence in the

record. Mr. Banta testified at the evidentiary hearing that Brown missed multiple

individual sessions which resulted in his discharge from the drug treatment

program at Awake Ministries. The record contains a positive drug screen for

                                         -11-
amphetamines taken during Brown’s period of supervision along with a photo of a

prescription tendered by Brown which, as the trial court found, contains no clear

prescription date. While the trial court only referenced Brown’s most recent prior

violation, the record contains multiple notice of supervision violations and two

previous revocation orders including the June 4, 2021, order referenced by the trial

court. In respect to the oral finding concerning Brown’s drug addiction, the record

demonstrates his underlying convictions predominantly consist of drug offenses,

his prior violations for which he was previously revoked involved multiple prior

instances of controlled substance use, and a screening questionnaire completed and

introduced as an exhibit by Brown indicated he had a history of overconsumption

of alcohol and/or drugs.

             Consequently, the trial court did not abuse its discretion. Regardless,

if any abuse of discretion can be discerned, it does not rise to the level of palpable

error based on these facts and under the current state of the law. See

Commonwealth v. Moore, 664 S.W.3d 582, 592 (Ky. 2023) (holding that a trial

court’s KRS 439.3106(1) findings and revocation based on a probationer’s failure

to report to Probation and Parole and use of methamphetamine and

benzodiazepines did not constitute palpable error).

             Therefore, for the reasons stated herein, we affirm the order of the

Oldham Circuit Court revoking probation.

                                         -12-
           ALL CONCUR.

BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:      BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:

Roy A. Durham, II          Daniel Cameron
Frankfort, Kentucky        Attorney General of Kentucky

                           Courtney J. Hightower
                           Assistant Attorney General
                           Frankfort, Kentucky

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