Court Opinion

ID: 8012741
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-09 02:00:07.270843+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:36:09.529899
License: Public Domain

Macfarlane, J.
This is an action under section 2615 of the Revised Statutes of 1889, to recover damages for the destruction by fire of the barn of plaintiff and its contents, charged to have been communicated to them by sparks from one of defendant’s engines. The damages claimed for the destruction of the barn is $7,394.21 and for the loss of the contents, consisting of agricultural implements, grain, hay, etc.., is *653$5,042.70. The answer is, first, a general denial; second, contributory negligence; third, a plea in mitigation on account of insurance collected by plaintiff on account of the loss; and fourth, that the land was mortgaged as security for a debt and the mortgagee was a necessary party. A jury trial resulted in a verdict and judgment for plaintiff for $7,000, and defendant appealed.
It appeared from the evidence that plaintiff was the owner of a farm of about one thousand acres in Jackson county on the line of defendant’s railroad. Plaintiff was a dealer in fine cattle and the farm was used in his business. About the year 1887 plaintiff built on the farm near Blue station and within about one hundred and thirty-five feet of defendant’s railroad track and switches, a valuable barn, and thereafter used the same for sheltering his cattle and for storing feed and implements and machinery used on the farm. In the second story of the barn, on the side next to the railroad, plaintiff left an opening for the purpose of use in unloading and storing hay and other feed. This opening was provided • with a door, which was generally kept closed. On the night of the first day of September, 1891, the barn and its contents were burned. The evidence, which was wholly circumstantial, tended to prove that the fire was started by a spark from one of defendant’s engines being blown into the opening in the second story, the door of which plaintiff had neglected to close. Defendant offered evidence which proved that prior to the fire plaintiff executed and delivered to one Smart a deed of trust conveying to him the land to secure the payment of certain notes therein described. The notes had not matured at the commencement of the suit, but before the trial they were paid by a sale of the land under the deed of trust. It was shown also that at the time the *654property was burned it was insured for the benefit of plaintiff, and that the insurance was afterward paid to him. At the request of plaintiff the court gave to the jury the following instructions:
“1. If the jury find from the evidence that plaintiff was the owner of the barn in controversy, and of its contents, and that they were destroyed by fire coming from an engine operated by defendant upon its railroad on the night of September 1st, 1891, then the defendant is liable to plaintiff for the damage done, although the engine may have been free from defects, and although there may have been no negligence in the management of the engine and train at the time of the fire.
“4. If the jury find from the evidence that plaintiff had procured insurance upon the barn in controversy, and upon a portion of its contents, prior to the burning of the barn, and that after the burning of said barn he received certain moneys in settlement of said insurance, said insurance money so received can not go to diminish the amount of plaintiff’s claim, if any, against the defendant; but if the jury, under the evidence and instructions, find that defendant is liable to plaintiff for the burning of the barn and its contents, they must allow plaintiff the full amount of the injury done to his property, without regard to the amount of insurance money he received.
“5. If it appears from the evidence that on or about the sixth day of January, 1891, the plaintiff conveyed the land upon which the barn in controversy was located, to one David 0. Smart, as trustee, to secure certain notes due from plaintiff to one F. Gr. Farrell, and that after the fire in controversy said land was sold under said deed of trust, and the said notes paid in full out of the proceeds of the sale, then plaintiff’s cause of action, if any, is not affected by the fact *655that said deed of trust was upon said land at the time said barn was burned.
“6. Even if the jury should believe from the evidence that the windows or doors of plaintiff’s barn were open, and that the fire caught from sparks that fell in the hay inside of said barn, that were thrown out by one'of defendant’s locomotives, yet the jury are instructed that the leaving open of said windows or doors was not such contributory negligence on plaintiff’s part as will defeat a recovery by plaintiff, if you believe from the evidence and the other instructions given you that plaintiff is entitled to recover.
“8. The court instructs the jury that if you find for the plaintiff, you will assess his damages at such sum as you may believe from the evidence the barn and its contents were reasonably worth on the first day of September, 1891; and if you believe from the evidence that a portion of said barn or of its contents was only partially destroyed by fire on said day, then you will allow plaintiff such sum on the property so partially destroyed as will reasonably compensate him for the loss thereby sustained, taking into consideration the value the property may have possessed for any purpose after its injury. But the jury will not allow anything for the Angus cow. sued for; and in estimating the damage the jury will make no deduction on account of a,ny insurance money received by plaintiff.”
The court refused to give instructions 7 and 8 asked by defendant as follows:
“7. The court instructs the jury that the deed read in evidence in this case by. the defendant vested in the grantee therein named the title to the real estate in question, together with the barn thereon, and placed him in possession thereof, and the plaintiff thereby became a tenant of said grantee; and the court further *656instructs the jury that the plaintiff can not maintain this suit as to the barn in question, regardless of whether the fire that destroyed the same escaped from one of defendant’s engines.
“8. If the jury believe from the evidence in the case that the property in question was destroyed by fire by reason of any negligence and carelessness of the plaintiff, or anyone in his employ at the time; that such negligence and carelessness directly contributed to cause the fire, and that but for such negligence and carelessness the fire would not have occurred, then the plaintiff is not entitled to recover, regardless of whether the fire escaped from one of defendant’s engines. The court further instructs the jury that negligence and carelessness, as these terms are used in this instruction, mean the failure to exercise such care and diligence as an ordinarily careful and prudent person would exercise for the preservation of his own property, under the same or similar circumstances.”
Section 2615 of the statute is as follows: “Each railroad corporation owning or operating a railroad in this State shall be responsible in damages to every person and corporation whose property may be injured or destroyed by fire communicated directly or indirectly by locomotive engines in use upon the railroad owned or operated by such railroad corporation, and each such railroad corporation shall have an insurable interest in the property upon the route of the railroad owned or operated by it, and may procure insurance thereon in its own behalf for its protection against such damages.”
I. A witness was permitted, on the trial, to testify to having seen, subsequently to the fire, a spark from an engine on defendant’s road strike the center pole of a tent which had been erected on the site of the barn. It is objected that it was not first shown that the en*657gine was of the same kind or in the same condition as the one from which, alone, the fire could have originated; nor was it shown that the condition of the weather or the direction and force of the wind was the same as it was on that occasion. This objection is fully answered in the opinion in Campbell v. Railroad, 121 Mo. 349, in which it was held that the evidence was competent as tending to prove the possibility, and consequent probability, that the fire was communicated to plaintiff’s property by sparks from one of defendant’s engines. The probative force of the evidence was for the jurors, in a determination of which they had the right, and it was their duty, to consider the differences in the condition of the engines and of the weather.
II. A witness testified over defendant’s exception that a spark falling in chaff would, at first, burn very slowly. This evidence, on motion of the defendant, was afterward stricken from the record on the ground that the question as to how chaff would burn was a matter of common observation and was not therefore a proper subject for expert testimony. This action of the court relieves us of the necessity of a consideration of the question. If defendant had desired to have the evidence more specifically excluded, an instruction to that effect should have been requested.
III. Prior to the burning of the barn plaintiff had executed and delivered to one Smart a deed of trust on the farm upon which it stood as security for a note to a third person fora large amount. The note had not matured at the time this suit was instituted, but had been paid, by a sale of the farm, before the judgment herein was rendered'. By the terms of the deed of trust plaintiff was permitted to remain in possession of the farm until condition broken without *658the payment of rent, bnt agreed after condition broken to deliver possession thereof, on demand to the trustee. Under this state of facts defendant asked, and the court refused to give, instruction 7 set out fully in the statement. There can be no doubt, under the decisions of this court, that a trustee, in a deed securing a debt, takes the legal title to the land, and on condition broken, is entitled to the possession thereof. Bowlin v. Furman, 28 Mo. 427; Springfield Co. v. Donovan, 120 Mo. 423, and cases cited. But even after condition broken the trustee in possession holds the legal title in trust for the grantor, and the payment of the debt before foreclosure defeats the deed, and the legal title is at once invested in the grantor. Hudson Bros. v. Glencoe S. & G. Co., 140 Mo. 103. While, therefore, the legal title is vested in the trustee, it is held merely in trust as security, and the beneficial interest remains in the grantor subject to the payment of the secured debt. The-deed of trust, then, is really a mere security, and an injury to the freehold is a damage to the grantor, who is, in equity, the real owner, and he is at least a proper party to a suit to recover compensation therefor. It is unnecessary to inquire, in this case, whether the trustee was a necessary party to the suit when instituted, for the secured debt was paid before the trial, and the trustee at that time, at least, was neither a necessary nor a proper party. Plaintiff, as the substantial owner of the farm when the barn was burned, was the real party damaged; neither the trustee nor the secured creditor is complaining, and we are unable to see that defendant, who is in nowise interested in the deed of trust, has a right to complain after satisfaction of the debt. If defendant is liable for the damages, there can be no difference to whom it is paid if payment discharged the liability and is a bar' to an action by another party.
*659IY. At the time the barn was burned plaintiff had it insured in his own name and for his own benefit. This insurance he afterward collected. Defendant insists that the damage for the loss of the barn should be reduced by the amount paid plaintiff by the insurance company.' The argument is that it would be unreasonable to allow plaintiff to collect from defendant the full amount of damages for his loss after having already received partial indemnity from the insurance company. While at first thought the argument appears plausible, the principal invoked here has, after careful consideration and sound reasoning, been disapproved by several decisions of this court. Matthews v. Railroad, 121 Mo. 298, and eases cited. Under these decisions it is held that a party will not be allowed indemnity for his own wrong under a contract to which he is not a party and in which he has no interest. The insurance money in this case was not paid in satisfaction, in whole or in part, of defendant’s liability. Defendant is liable for its wrongful act and has no concern whether the damages are paid to plaintiff or to the insurance company.. That question is between the parties to the contract of insurance and is not in issue in this case. That defendant had the right to protect itself by insurance in its own name does not affect, in the least, the principle involved. Though it neglected to avail itself of the right conferred upon it by the statute, yet it has no more right to claim the benefit of plaintiff’s contract with the insurance company, made for his own protection and for which he paid, than it would have to claim under the same contract had it no insurable interest in the property. In either case the contract is between the owner and the insurance company and is not for the benefit of a third person whose negligent or wrongful act caused the injury.
*660V. The court refused, at the request of the defendant, to instruct the jury that if the property in question was destroyed by fire by reason of the negligence of plaintiff, or anyone in his employ, which negligence directly contributed to cause the fire, and that without such negligence the fire would not have occurred, then the verdict should be for the defendant. The only negligence ascribed to the plaintiff is that of permitting the door in the second story of the house to remain open. Defendant insists that if such an act was negligent and directly contributed to start the fire it would bar a recovery. The question then fairly raised by the instruction is whether, under the statute in question, the contributory negligence of the landowner, in the control and management of his property, constitutes a defense to an action for damages caused by such fires.
In Matthews v. Railroad, supra, it was said by Gantt, J., who wrote the opinion: “By virtue of section 2615 the defendant is made an insurer against fire set out by its engines and it is a familiar rule that contributory negligence short of fraud does not furnish any defense to an action by the insured on his policy of insurance.” Counsel admits that this statement, as a legal proposition, authorized the refusal of the instruction asked, but, he says, the statement was not necessary to a decision of the case and was therefore a mere dictum of the judge who wrote the opinion and is not therefore an authority for the correctness of the principle of law announced. That was also a suit under section 2615 of the statute. Defendant undertook to prove, as a defense to the action, that plaintiff had negligently permitted dry grass and weeds to accumulate on his property, adjacent to the railroad, by means ofwhich'the fire was started and communicated to his buildings. The learned judge pointed out that, under *661the rulings of this and other courts, it was not contributory negligence in a farmer “to permit dead and dry grass to remain in his field adjoining the right of way, especially when there was no evidence that this is out of the usual course of husbandry.” But the action in that case was not for negligence, but under a statute which makes railroad companies absolutely responsible in damages for property destroyed by fire communicated directly or indirectly by engines in use upon their roads. The concluding paragraph of the opinion above quoted was therefore a direct decision of the question involved in this case, namely, that contributory negligence, as a cause of the fire, can not be pleaded • as a defense to an action under this statute. It is true, the court might have rested its decision alone on the fact that no contributory negligence was shown, but it did not do so, and we must take what was there said as a decision of the question involved in this case. The inquiry then is, was the statute, so far as it affects the question of contributory negligence, correctly interpreted by the opinion delivered in the Matthews case. The importance of the question involved, and the respectful earnestness of counsel’in his argument against the rule declared in that case, has induced us to give it a careful reconsideration.
The statute imposes upon railroad companies an absolute liability for all damages caused by fires communicated directly or indirectly to the property of others by locomotive engines in use upon railroads owned or operated by them. There is no exception or qualification to this liability. The statute declares an absolute rule of law in respect to which party shall suffer the loss occasioned by such fires. The courts have no right to add to the plain language of the statute an important and far-reaching exception, limiting the liability to the care the owner has taken to protect *662his property from the wrongful acts of railroad companies. The damage resulting from such fires must fall either upon the company, whose engine starts it, . or upon the person whose property is destroyed. The statute fixes the liability, and justly, upon the one who puts in motion the dangerous and destructive element. The rule of contributory negligence is not founded upon any inviolable right, but was established by the courts as the most reasonable and just in view of the impossibility of measuring what part of the damage is attributable to the negligence of the respective parties. As has been said: “The law has no scales to determine in such cases whose wrong weighed most in the compound that occasioned the mischief.” Railroad v. Norton, 24 Pa. St. 469. A party having no natural or constitutional right to avoid the consequences of his own wrongful or negligent act on the ground that the concurring negligence of the party who suffered the injury contributed to cause it, there can be no doubt that the legislature had the power to change the rule and place the responsibility for damage by fires upon the party who wrongfully started them, regardless of the care the owner may have exercised in the use and management of his property short of intentional exposure or other fraud.
The statute also gives the railroad company protection by authorizing them to insure the property along the route of their railroads against damages caused by fires communicated by their own engines. In case this barn had been insured by defendant, the insurance company could not have defended an action for damages, on its contract of insurance, on the ground that the negligence of the plaintiff had contributed to cause the fire. The railroad company could, according to the argument of counsel, collect the damages from the insurance company, and then defeat an action *663by the property owner. Such a result would be unreasonable and could not have been intended. If the terms of the statute were open to interpretation, the intent to impose an absolute liability clearly appears from this authority to insure.
Elliott, in his late work on railroads, says: “Where there are statutes in force imposing liability upon a railway company for fires set by its locomotives, the question of the owner’s contributory negligence is immaterial and has no effect on his right to recover.” Vol. 3, sec. 1238. The cases cited fully sustain the text. Laird v. Railroad, 62 N. H. 254; West v. Railroad, 77 Iowa, 654; Rowell v. Railroad, 57 N. H. 135. Statutes of many States require railroad companies to fence their roads in order to prevent cattle from trespassing upon the tracks, and declare them absolutely liable for all stock killed or injured by locomotives and trains in case fences have not been built. In suits for damages' under these statutes, it is generally held that negligence of the owner in permitting his stock to run at large in the vicinity of the unfenced railway is immaterial and constitutes no defense. Beach on Contrib. Neg., chap. 9, and cases cited. 3 Elliott on Railroads, sec. 1209, and cases cited. Under such a statute it is held in this State that an owner of cattle killed on a railroad is not guilty of contributory negligence in pasturing them on his own land though he may be aware of the defective condition of the railroad fence. Donnovan v. Railroad, 89 Mo. 147.
Council cites, and largely relies upon, the decisions of this court in actions for damages caused by the violation of a statute requiring signals of approaching trains to be given at railroad crossings, in which it is held that notwithstanding the , default of the railroad company in respect to giving the required signals, the contributory negligence of the injured person will *664defeat a recovery. R. S. 1889, sec. 2608; Weller v. Railroad, 120 Mo. 653, and cases cited. The statute cited, after requiring the signals to be given, provides: “And said corporation shall also be liable for all damages which any person may hereafter sustain at such crossing when such bell shall not be rung or such whistle sounded, as required by this section; provided, however, that nothing herein contained shall preclude the corporation sued from showing that the failure to ring such bell or sound such whistle was not the cause of such injury.” It is very evident that the statute, as qualified and limited by the proviso, was only intended to create a prima facie liability on proof of a failure to give the signals and that injury was sustained. It leaves open to the corporation the right to prove, as a defense, where the responsibility for the damages rightfully belongs. The rulings of this court in cases arising under the damage act (sec. 4425, et seq.) have no application to suits for damages under the act in question, for the reason that under the fqrmer statute, negligence is the foundation of the action.
As held in the Matthews case, supra, the effect of the fire statute is to make the railroad company an insurer against loss by fire communicated by its locomotive, and contributory negligence of the owner in the lawful use of his property, short of fraud, furnishes no defense to the action.
VI. The court instructed the jury, in effect, that in case they found for plaintiff they should assess his damages at such sum as they should believe, from the evidence, the barn and its contents were reasonably worth at the time they were destroyed. Defendant insists that the rule, so given by the court for measuring damages, was improper as applied to the loss of the barn. Counsel insists that the destruction of the barn was an injury to the freehold and the correct *665measure of damages is the difference in the value of the real estate just before and just after the property was burned. “The general principle,” says Sedgwick, “upon which compensation for injuries to real estate is given, is that the plaintiff should be reimbursed to the extent of the injury to the property. The injury caused by the defendant may be of a permanent nature; in such case the measure of damages is the diminution of the market value of the property.” 3 Sedg. on Dam., sec. 932. The same rule has been applied as affording the measure of damages when ornamental or fruit-bearing trees have been destroyed. Id., sec. 933, and cases cited; Shannon v. Railroad, 54 Mo. App. 223. But we think this rule, in order to reach just results, can generally be applied only to cases in which the injury is done to the real estate itself, as distinguished from injury or destruction of what may be erected or grown upon it, as fences, buildings, crops, etc. In such case the owner is entitled to reimbursement for the loss he suffers and it is very manifest that the difference between the value of the real estate before, and its value after, the injury would not generally afford a fair rule for measuring the damages. It might often happen that a certain character of building would add nothing to the market value of the real estate upon which it is situated. For example, a cheap dwelling house, on a valuable lot in a business block, would possibly depreciate the salable value of the lot to the extent of the cost of removing it, yet it could not be fairly said that the house had no value, though it added nothing to the market value of the lot. The owner has the right to use his real estate in any lawful manner he may wish, and if the improvements he has chosen to erect upon it are destroyed by another, he is entitled to reimbursement for the loss he suffers. No rule is just which does not afford to the injured person fair compensation *666for the loss or damage he has sustained. If the building destroyed, although a part of the realty, has an ascertainable value, we can see no fairer rule for ascertaining just compensation for its loss than that given the jury in this case. The value of the barn in its condition as it stood upon the farm before its destruction is the loss plaintiff sustained and for which he is justly entitled to compensation. The jury, it is true, might have been required to ascertain,the value of the barn with reference to its condition, locality and the uses to which it could have been applied in connection with the farm, yet the generality of the instruction does not constitute reversible error. The special matters were included under the general language used and we ought to presume that they were taken into consideration by the jury. If defendant thought the instruction too general, and left the jury too much latitute, it should have asked more specific instructions. Browning v. Railroad, 124 Mo. 55.
For the purpose of ascertaining the value of the barn at the time of its destruction, plaintiff was entitled to put the jury in possession of all the facts bearing upon the question. There was therefore no error in permitting witnesses to testify to the original cost, though materials should then have been more costly than when the building was burned. Defendant had the right to show the difference in the cost and the depi’eciatio n in value by use and natural causes.
There was no error in permitting witnesses who knew the barn and were familiar with the cost of such buildings to testify to its value. Grenerally the opinions of witnesses are not evidence, but there are exceptions to the rule. “The case of the value of property forms one of the adxnitted exceptions and the opinions of witnesses are admitted as to the value of *667property.” Thomas v. Mullinckrodt, 43 Mo. 65, and eases cited.
VII. Before the trial commenced defendant applied for a continuance, which was refused. The motion for a continuance was supported by affidavit, The absence of two witnesses, Moran and Applegate, and the loss of the deposition of plaintiff which had been taken by defendant, were the grounds upon which the continuance was asked. Plaintiff admitted that the witnesses Moran and Applegate, if present, would swear to the facts set out in the affidavit, and such facts were read by defendant on the trial as the testimony of Moran, and Applegate was present at the trial though not called as a witness. There was therefore no prejudicial error in refusing a continuance on account of the absence of these two witnesses at the time the application was made.
It appears from the affidavit that some time before the trial defendant took the deposition of plaintiff and had the same filed as a deposition in the cause. When the trial came on this deposition could not be found. The facts stated in the affidavit tended to prove that the deposition, when last heard of, was in the possession of plaintiff and that defendant was in no way responsible for its loss. The affidavit states as ground for a continuance: “The deposition of plaintiff, which is missing, was taken several months ago and is quite lengthy, containing about twenty-five pages of typewritten testimony to the best of the recollection of defendant’s attorney. In said deposition said Matthews testified very fully about the matters involved in this case, and it is utterly impossible for defendant’s attorney to remember the statements made by said plaintiff in said deposition. It is very important that defendant should have said deposition in the trial of this case, and it can not try said case as well without *668as with said deposition, and if it be forced to try said case without said deposition it may thereby suffer a wrong and an injustice.” Plaintiff was present when the continuance was applied for, and indeed, testified in his own behalf, as a witness at the trial. Section 8920 of the statutes gives a party to a civil action the right .to “compel the adverse party to testify as a witness in his behalf in the same manner and subject to the same rules as other witnesses.”
It is insisted that under this provision of the statute one party to a suit “is entitled to know what his adversary’s knowledge and information is, bearing on the case, and what his testimony will be in regard to the issues involved,” and is also entitled to get at it in the shape of a deposition, and “'have the deposition before him for such practical use as may be made of it on the trial of the case.” There is no doubt the statute is often used for the practical purposes suggested^ but we do not feel ourselves justified in going outside of the statute for its reasons when they sufficiently appear therein. At common law and under the Missouri statutes in force when this provision was enacted a party was not a competent witness, though under the chancery practice he could be required to make answer to such interrogatories as the opposite party might propound to him. It is said that this section was probably designed as a substitute for this ancient chancery practice. Eck v. Hatcher, 58 Mo. 235. This may have been the purpose, yet we must give effect to the statute as we find it written. The original intention evidently was to allow one party to make a witness of his adversary who was incompetent to testify in his own behalf. He could compel the adverse party to testify in his behalf, but by doing so he made him a competent witness who might be examined by the opposite party “under the rules applicable to the cross-examination of *669witnesses.” Ess v. Griffith, 139 Mo. 322. The statute remains unchanged though under the present law parties to suits are, with some exceptions, competent to testify as witnesses in their own behalf. “A party to a suit is a competent witness for himself and may be called as a witness by his adversary, and stands precisely as any other witness, in relation to that suit.” Ex parte Priest, 76 Mo. 235. A party, when he takes the deposition of his adversary, must do so with the purpose of using it as evidence at the trial. This is the manifest intent of the statute. When taken and filed it becomes a deposition in the case and nothing more. The statute can not be tortured into meaning that the deposition of an adverse party may be taken for the. purpose of forcing him to disclose the evidence on which he relies and the testimony he will give on the trial. The deposition could not have been read as such for the plaintiff was present, nor did defendant state, in his affidavit for a continuance, that the deposition contained admissions of plaintiff which he wished to read as evidence against him. The loss of the deposition was therefore no cause for continuance.
The trial seems to have been fair throughout, the verdict is amply supported by the evidence, and the judgment is affirmed.
All the judges of this division concur.