Court Opinion

ID: 9897749
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-14 19:24:37.107557+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:16:36.035041
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

              Present: Chief Judge Decker, Judges O’Brien and Lorish
UNPUBLISHED

              Argued at Lexington, Virginia

              SEAN ANDREW BARB
                                                                             MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.     Record No. 1169-22-3                                   JUDGE MARY GRACE O’BRIEN
                                                                                  OCTOBER 3, 2023
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

                                 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF ROCKINGHAM COUNTY
                                              Andrew S. Baugher, Judge

                               (David R. Martin; Law Office of David R. Martin, PLLC, on brief),
                               for appellant. Appellant submitting on brief.

                               Liam A. Curry, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. Miyares,
                               Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

                     Sean Andrew Barb (appellant) appeals the trial court’s revocation of his previously

              suspended sentences. The court found that he violated a condition of probation while enrolled in the

              Community Corrections Alternative Program (CCAP). Appellant contends that CCAP is a form of

              incarceration and the court erred by finding that he was on probation while he participated in CCAP.

                                                        BACKGROUND

                     In June 2010, the Rockingham County Circuit Court sentenced appellant to ten years’

              incarceration with nine years suspended for various drug offenses. In January 2011, the court

              sentenced appellant to ten years’ incarceration with nine years suspended for gang participation.

              The suspended sentences were conditioned upon appellant completing a period of probation, during

              which he was to have “no contact with anyone known to be a member of criminal street gang.”

                     *
                         This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A).
          Appellant’s suspended sentences were partially revoked for probation violations in February

2014, April 2015, August 2016, and September 2018. Each time, the court extended his probation

and included the special condition prohibiting any contact with gang members. Notably, the court’s

September 21, 2018 revocation order extended appellant’s supervised probation “for a period of

[two] years upon his release from any and all incarceration.”

          In 2018, the Augusta County Circuit Court ordered appellant to complete CCAP as a

condition of his suspended sentence for an unrelated conviction in that court. Appellant began

treatment at CCAP on May 11, 2022, after being released from Keen Mountain Correctional Center.

Appellant’s probation officer, assigned to supervise appellant while he was enrolled in CCAP, filed

a major violation report on May 19, 2022. The probation officer advised the Rockingham County

Circuit Court that appellant had been removed from CCAP because he contacted a member of the

Gangster Disciples, a recognized criminal street gang. The court issued a capias for appellant’s

arrest.

          At a July 5, 2022 hearing after his arrest, appellant did not dispute that he had contacted

gang members while he was enrolled in CCAP. He argued, however, that when he did so, he “had

not yet been released from ‘any and all incarceration’” and therefore, he did not violate “the special

conditions of the supervised probation.” The court ruled that the CCAP statutes reflected the

General Assembly’s intent to “contrast CCAP from active periods of incarceration” and appellant

was subject to the terms and conditions of his probation while he was enrolled in CCAP. The court

found that appellant violated probation, revoked ten years and eleven months of the previously

suspended sentences, and re-suspended eight years and nine months. This appeal followed.

                                               ANALYSIS

          The issue before us is a narrow one—whether appellant had been released “from any and all

incarceration” and was therefore subject to the conditions of probation at the time he was removed

                                                   -2-
from CCAP.1 Appellant argues that he had not yet been released from incarceration because a

CCAP participant is “subject to confinement” under the CCAP statutes.

       “Under well-established principles, an issue of statutory interpretation is a pure question of

law which we review de novo.” Conyers v. Martial Arts World of Richmond, Inc., 273 Va. 96, 104

(2007). “Where possible, an appellate court analyzing a statute must determine legislative intent

‘from the plain meaning of the language used.’” Street v. Commonwealth, 75 Va. App. 298, 306

(2022) (quoting Hillman v. Commonwealth, 68 Va. App. 585, 592-93 (2018)). “[W]hen the General

Assembly has used words that have a plain meaning, courts cannot give those words a construction

that amounts to holding that the General Assembly meant something other than that which it

actually expressed.” Coles v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 549, 557 (2004) (quoting Beck v.

Shelton, 267 Va. 482, 488 (2004)). “We interpret plain, ordinary words in a plain and ordinary

way—hence ‘the plain meaning rule.’” Tomlin v. Commonwealth, ___Va. ___, ___ (June 29, 2023)

(quoting Supinger v. Stakes, 225 Va. 198, 206 (1998)). We must also “assume . . . the legislature

chose, with care, the words it used when it enacted the relevant statute.” Street, 75 Va. App. at 306

(quoting Chenevert v. Commonwealth, 72 Va. App. 47, 57 (2020)).

       Code § 53.1-67.9, establishing CCAP, authorizes the Department of Corrections “to

establish and maintain a system of residential community corrections alternative facilities for

probationers and parolees whose identified risks and needs cannot be addressed by conventional

probation or parole supervision and who are committed to the Department under § 19.2-316.4.”

       1
          Resolving this issue does not require us to give deference to the court’s interpretation of
what it meant by “any and all incarceration” in its September 21, 2018 order—these words are not
ambiguous and do not require interpretation. In fact, here, the court’s decision rested on an
interpretation—not of its own order—but of the statutes governing CCAP. Instead, to resolve the
appeal, we must decide whether appellant was subject to the terms of his probation while he was
enrolled in CCAP under the relevant statutes. Merely deferring to a trial court’s interpretation of
whether CCAP is a form of incarceration or probation could lead to inconsistent results.
        Additionally, the issue of time-served credit is not before us, and so we do not address it.
Resolution of that question is unnecessary to decide this appeal.
                                                 -3-
The program includes “components” for “ensuring compliance with terms and conditions of

probation or parole,” access to counseling, treatment, education, and career development, and “other

programs that will assist the probationer or parolee in returning to society as a productive citizen.”

Id. A “probationer or parolee” who has completed “the community corrections alternative

component” of their probation “shall be released from confinement and remain on probation or

parole for a period of one year or for such other longer period as may be specified by the sentencing

court or Parole Board.” Id.

        Code § 19.2-316.4 governs eligibility for participation in CCAP. Under subsection B, a

defendant “who otherwise would have been sentenced to incarceration for a nonviolent felony and

whose identified risks and needs the court determines cannot be addressed by conventional

probation supervision” or “whose suspension of sentence would otherwise be revoked after a

finding that the defendant has violated the terms and conditions of probation for a nonviolent

felony[] may be considered for commitment to a community corrections alternative program.”

Code § 19.2-316.4(B). If a defendant qualifies, the court must impose a sentence, suspend it, and

place the defendant on probation pursuant to Code § 19.2-316.4(B)(3). Should a defendant fail to

complete the program, “the court shall cause the defendant to show cause why his probation and

suspension of sentence should not be revoked.” Code § 19.2-316.4(B)(4). “Upon a finding that the

defendant voluntarily withdrew from the program, was removed from the program by the

Department for intractable behavior, or failed to comply with the terms and conditions of probation,

the court may revoke all or part of the probation and suspended sentence . . . .” Id.

        These statutes describe CCAP as a form of probation. The plain meaning of the language

reflects the General Assembly’s intent to give the trial court a “valuable tool[] to help rehabilitate an

offender,” Howell v. Commonwealth, 274 Va. 737, 740 (2007), should a “probationer[] [or]

parolee[]” present with “needs [that] cannot be addressed by conventional probation or parole

                                                  -4-
supervision,” Code § 53.1-67.9. Under the plain language of Code § 53.1-67.9, the program is only

available to “probationers and parolees” and is described as a “component” of probation. See Code

§ 53.1-67.9 (“Upon completion of the program, the probationer or parolee shall be released from

confinement and remain on probation or parole . . . . As a condition of such probation or parole

following the community corrections alternative component, a probationer’s or parolee’s successful

participation in employment, career and technical education, or other educational or treatment

programs may be required.” (emphasis added)).

        Appellant focuses on the words “confinement” and “commitment” in the statutes and argues

that these words are “indicative of the common meaning of incarceration.” We cannot, however,

isolate these words from the context in which they are used. Street, 75 Va. App. at 306 (“[T]he

court must ‘examine a statute in its entirety, rather than by isolating particular words or phrases.’”

(quoting Schwartz v. Commonwealth, 45 Va. App. 407, 450 (2005))). To do so would require this

Court to ignore the language specifically establishing the program as a “component” of probation

and specifically providing that only “probationers and parolees” are eligible participants. Code

§ 53.1-67.9. When examining the statutes in their entirety, as the Commonwealth argues, the

General Assembly’s intent to create an “‘alternative’ form of probation—not a new form of

incarceration” is clear.

        Appellant also asserts that Charles v. Commonwealth, 270 Va. 14 (2005), abrogated on

other grounds by Rawls v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 213 (2009), supports his position that CCAP is

a form of incarceration. In Charles, the Virginia Supreme Court considered the defendant’s status

in the now repealed Detention Center Incarceration Program—the predecessor program to CCAP.

Id. at 16. In creating the Detention Center Incarceration Program, the General Assembly authorized

the Department of Corrections to maintain a system of “residential detention centers to provide a

highly structured, short-term period of incarceration.” Code § 53.1-67.8 (repealed 2019). The

                                                  -5-
Court concluded that the defendant could receive time-served credit while participating because the

program was a form of incarceration. Charles, 270 Va. at 18-19. The Court explained that the

General Assembly “specifically label[ed] the program as an ‘incarceration’ program,” and found

that the “references to ‘incarceration’” in the statutes were not inadvertent. Id. at 18. The Court

reasoned that “by describing the [Detention Center Incarceration Program] in this manner, the

General Assembly . . . determined that participation in the Program is incarceration.” Id.

       It is not surprising that in Charles, the Court found the Detention Center Incarceration

Program to be a form of incarceration when it was specifically labeled as an “incarceration

program” and described by the General Assembly as a “short-term period of incarceration.” Code

§ 53.1-67.8 (repealed 2019). Here, however, the General Assembly described CCAP differently.

Most conspicuously, there is not a single reference to CCAP as “incarceration” in the statutes. See

Code §§ 53.1-67.9, 19.2-316.4. Instead of describing CCAP as an “incarceration program,” the

General Assembly describes it as a “community corrections alternative program.” Code

§ 19.2-316.4. The General Assembly omits references to “detention centers,” and instead provides

that CCAP is administered in “alternative facilities,” where “probationers and parolees” participate

in an extensive list of various rehabilitative programs and receive other forms of assistance. Code

§ 53.1-67.9. In contrast, participants in the Detention Center Incarceration Program received

“military-style management and supervision.” Code § 53.1-67.8 (repealed 2019).

       “The General Assembly is presumed to be aware of the decisions of this Court when

enacting legislation,” Waterman v. Halverson, 261 Va. 203, 207 (2001), and is presumed to have

“chose[n], with care, the specific words of the statute,” Wal-Mart Stores E., LP v. State Corp.

Comm’n, 299 Va. 57, 70 (2020) (quoting Rickman v. Commonwealth, 294 Va. 531, 540 n.3 (2017)).

“[W]hen the General Assembly has used specific language in one instance but omits that language

or uses different language when addressing a similar subject elsewhere in the Code, [the Court]

                                                 -6-
must presume that the difference in the choice of language was intentional.” Morgan v.

Commonwealth, 301 Va. 476, 482 (2022) (second alteration in original) (quoting Zinone v. Lee’s

Crossing Homeowners Ass’n, 282 Va. 330, 337 (2011)). “Courts must rely on this presumption

‘because under these circumstances, it is evident that the General Assembly “knows how” to

include such language in a statute to achieve an intended objective,’ and therefore, omission of such

language in another statute ‘represents an unambiguous manifestation of a contrary intention.’” Id.

(quoting Brown v. Commonwealth, 284 Va. 538, 545 (2012)).

        The omission of the word “incarceration” in the CCAP statutes and the notable, advertent

differences between the descriptions of CCAP and the Detention Center Incarceration Program are

an “unambiguous manifestation” of the General Assembly’s intent to create a program that differed

from the Detention Center Incarceration Program considered in Charles. Id. If the General

Assembly intended for the program to be a form of incarceration, it certainly “kn[e]w[] how to

include such language in [the] statute to achieve” this objective in light of the Charles decision. Id.

It chose differently here.

                                           CONCLUSION

        For the foregoing reasons, this Court affirms the trial court’s judgment finding that appellant

had been released “from any and all incarceration” and revoking appellant’s previously suspended

sentences.

                                                                                              Affirmed.

                                                  -7-
Lorish, J., concurring in the judgment.

        Barb was released from Keen Mountain Correctional Center after completing the carceral

portion of the sentence imposed by the Augusta County Circuit Court. He then started his term of

probation with Augusta County, and participation in the Community Corrections Alternative

Program (CCAP) was a condition of that probation.

        Under a different (earlier) sentence, imposed by Rockingham County, Barb was to start

supervised probation with Rockingham County upon his release from “any and all incarceration.”

The Circuit Court of Rockingham County concluded that Barb was released from incarceration

when he began his probation with Augusta County and was transferred to CCAP, and this triggered

the start to his probationary term with Rockingham County. Barb’s communication with a known

gang member, while at CCAP, therefore violated the conditions of his Rockingham County

probation.

        I agree with the majority that we should affirm the circuit court’s judgment. But I do so by

deferring to the court’s interpretation of its own sentencing order—specifically the phrase “any and

all incarceration.” The majority, on the other hand, finds that CCAP is generally not

“incarceration,” for seemingly any purpose, because someone must be on probation to participate in

CCAP and because the program is described as confinement, not incarceration. And yet, our

Supreme Court, and this Court, have held that participation in a detention or diversionary program

may be both a condition of probation and incarceration, for which a defendant should receive

carceral credit on a later-imposed or re-imposed sentence. Charles v. Commonwealth, 270 Va. 14,

18 (2005), abrogated on other grounds by Rawls v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 213 (2009); Boone v.

Commonwealth, 60 Va. App. 419, 426 (2012). Moreover, the General Assembly has, in several

statutes, defined “incarceration” to include time spent in CCAP. In other words, the context

matters, and the relevant context here is the circuit court’s order.

                                                  -8-
        I write separately, despite agreeing with the bottom line, because the majority’s analysis of

the statutes authorizing CCAP, Code § 53.1-67.9, and establishing eligibility for CCAP, Code

§ 19.2-316.4, suggests that CCAP is substantially different from the diversionary programs that

came before it, such that a defendant should no longer receive “time served” credit for time spent in

CCAP under Code § 19.2-306. In other words, the majority suggests that in implementing CCAP,

the General Assembly deliberately abrogated Charles and Boone, unnecessarily casting doubt on

whether participants in CCAP should receive credit against a re-imposed sentence for time spent in

the program. I disagree that the General Assembly intended such a result, particularly given such a

conclusion is unnecessary to resolve this case.

       A. The circuit court did not abuse its discretion in interpreting the sentencing order.

        I would resolve this case by looking only at how the circuit court used and interpreted the

phrase “any and all incarceration” in its own order, as the “best and narrowest grounds available.”

See Butcher v. Commonwealth, 298 Va. 392, 396 (2020) (quoting Commonwealth v. White, 293 Va.

411, 419 (2017)).

        The revocation order suspended eight years and nine months of Barb’s sentences

“conditioned on successful completion of probation as hereafter set forth” and stated that “[t]he

defendant’s supervised probation is hereby extended for a period of 2 years upon his release from

any and all incarceration.” Barb concedes on brief that he “completed the sentence imposed” by the

Circuit Court of Augusta County and that he was then “transferred” to CCAP as a condition of his

probation with Augusta County. Under the Rockingham County court’s sentencing order, if Barb

was released from “any and all incarceration” when he was transferred from Keen Mountain

Correctional Center to CCAP, then his probation with Rockingham County also began and he was

subject to the conditions of that probationary period. The necessary question, then, is how to

interpret the phrase “any and all incarceration” in the circuit court’s order.

                                                  -9-
        The distinction between interpreting language in a statute and interpreting language in a

court’s order is critical for our standard of review. While we review a lower court’s statutory

construction de novo, “circuit courts have the authority to interpret their own orders,” and we

“accord[] deference to the circuit court’s interpretation.” Roe v. Commonwealth, 271 Va. 453, 457-

58 (2006). “We apply an abuse of discretion standard in determining whether the circuit court’s

interpretation of its order is reasonable.” Id. at 458. The court’s discretion is not without bounds—

it “must be exercised reasonably and not arbitrarily or capriciously.” Smoot v. Commonwealth, 37

Va. App. 495, 500 (2002). We also interpret an order “within its four corners,” considering the

specific words and phrases used—and not used—as well as the “structure of the challenged

sentence in the order, and the grammatical rules that pertain.” Id. at 500-01. In other words, our

deference does not extend to a court changing the language of the order, rewriting it after the fact.

        There is no debate that Barb was released from his carceral sentence, began his term of

probation with Augusta County, and participated in CCAP as a condition of that probationary

period. Given that, I cannot say the circuit court abused its discretion in concluding that Barb was

released from “any and all incarceration” before beginning CCAP, as the phrase was used in the

court’s order. Even if reasonable minds could differ, the circuit court did not act arbitrarily or

capriciously. To the contrary, the court’s interpretation adheres to the “four corners” of the

revocation order, which otherwise distinguishes between active incarceration and probation. After

all, if Barb’s sentencing order in Augusta County said his probation began after he was released

from “any and all incarceration,” and he participated in CCAP as a condition of that probation, there

would be no question that he was subject to the conditions of his probation with Augusta County.

    B. The majority’s problematic, and unnecessary, interpretation of the CCAP statutes may
       have significant consequences.

        Before 2019, the General Assembly authorized the Department of Corrections to establish

and maintain three separate detention and diversionary programs: the Boot Camp Incarceration
                                                 - 10 -
Program, the Diversion Center Incarceration Program (DivCIP), and the Detention Center

Incarceration Program (DetCIP). Code §§ 53.1-67.1, 53.1-67.7, 53.1-67.8 (2013). Each of these

three programs required a defendant to be “on probation” with “[s]uch probation . . . conditioned

upon the defendant’s entry into and successful completion of” the program. Code §§ 19.2-316.1,

19.2-316.2, 19.2-316.3 (2015).

       In 2019, the General Assembly repealed each of these statutes and instead authorized the

Department of Corrections to create a single detention and diversionary program—CCAP. Code

§ 53.1-67.9; 2019 Va. Acts ch. 618. CCAP, like the programs before it, requires participants to be

on probation. A defendant in CCAP, like a defendant in the programs before it, faces a “show cause

[for] why his probation and suspension of sentence should not be revoked” upon “voluntary

withdrawal” from the program, “removal from the program by the Department for intractable

behavior,” or “failure to comply with the terms and conditions of probation.” Code § 19.2-316.4;

Code §§ 19.2-316.2, 19.2-316.3 (2015). There is no question under the plain language of both Code

§ 53.1-67.9 and Code § 19.2-316.4 that CCAP, like the programs preceding it, is a program for

probationers or parolees.2

       Yet a program can simultaneously be both a condition of probation and incarceration. The

Supreme Court held as much when it evaluated the DetCIP program. Charles, 270 Va. at 18. And

our Court extended that holding in evaluating the DivCIP program. Boone, 60 Va. App. at 426.

The relevant question in both cases was not what incarceration means in general, but how the word

“incarceration” was understood in the context of a specific statute—Code § 19.2-306.

       In Charles, the Supreme Court considered whether participation in DetCIP was

“incarceration” such that a court sentencing a defendant for a violation of probation must give the

       2
          Because the status of parolees participating in CCAP, or any predecessor programs, is not
relevant to the issues here, I generally omit those portions of the relevant statutes from my
discussion.
                                                  - 11 -
defendant credit for the time spent in DetCIP before the violation. A court must give credit for

“time already served” when it re-imposes suspended time under Code § 19.2-306. The statute does

not define what sort of confinement does, or does not, count for receiving credit when a previously

suspended sentence is re-imposed. But the separate statute governing what counts as “time spent in

confinement while awaiting trial” credits time spent “in a state hospital for examination purposes or

treatment prior to trial, in a state or local correctional facility awaiting trial or pending an appeal, or

in a juvenile detention facility awaiting trial for an offense for which, upon conviction, such juvenile

is sentenced to an adult correctional facility.” Code § 53.1-187.3

        The Supreme Court framed the question in Charles as whether participation in DetCIP “is

incarceration and whether a probationer is entitled to credit for time served in [DetCIP] when his

probation is later revoked.” Charles, 270 Va. at 16. And the Supreme Court soundly rejected the

argument that “participation in [DetCIP] is a condition of probation and therefore such participation

is not incarceration.” Id. at 18. Indeed, “[d]esignating an activity as an authorized condition of

probation . . . is not a description of the nature of the activity.” Id. Instead, the nature of the activity

itself determines whether a detention or diversion program is incarceration for purposes of “time

already served” under Code § 19.2-306. In concluding the nature of DetCIP was incarceration, the

Court looked to the language in the DetCIP statutes referring to a “short-term period of

incarceration,” “facilities available for confinement,” release from “confinement,” and the program

being titled a “detention center incarceration program.”

        There is no doubt after Charles that a condition of probation can also be “incarceration” in

some cases. In Boone, our Court concluded DivCIP also qualified as time already served for

        3
          This statute was amended and expanded effective June 30, 2022, to require a court to give
credit for time spent “in pretrial confinement or detention on separate, dismissed, or nolle prosequi
charges that are from the same act as the violation for which the person is convicted and sentenced
to a term of confinement.” 2022 Va. Acts ch. 399.
                                                 - 12 -
purposes of Code § 19.2-306. 60 Va. App. at 426. Unlike with DetCIP, the DivCIP statutes did not

describe the program as a “short-term period of incarceration,” but as “a system of residential

diversion centers.” Code § 53.1-67.7 (2013).

         To sum up, in the context of interpreting Code § 19.2-306’s requirement that courts give

credit for “time already served” when re-imposing part of a suspended sentence, the nature of the

program is relevant—not the mere fact that the person was on probation while participating in the

program. Barb would have us to apply the same reasoning and import the definition of

“incarceration” from Charles to our interpretation of the circuit court’s order. Alternatively, Barb

proposes that we interpret the court’s order to incorporate the definition of incarceration the General

Assembly used in defining when compensation may be provided for “wrongful incarceration” in

Code § 8.01-195.10. But what the General Assembly meant by incarceration in an unrelated

context is not relevant here. What is relevant is the circuit court’s use and interpretation of the

phrase “any and all incarceration” in its own order, which easily resolves the case as discussed

above.

         Instead, the majority takes Barb up on his offer to focus on particular statutory language as

determinative of whether CCAP is generally “incarceration,” rather than grounding its analysis in

what the court meant by “any and all incarceration” in its revocation order. By converting this into

a statutory interpretation case, my colleagues imply that under the CCAP statutes, participation in

CCAP could never be incarceration, for any purpose, wherever the term appears. That the General

Assembly continues to consider CCAP to be “incarceration” for several purposes demonstrates the

majority’s misstep. For example, in preventing the accumulation of interest on fines and costs while

incarcerated, Code § 19.2-353.5 defines incarceration to include “confinement in a local or regional

correctional facility, juvenile correctional facility, state correctional facility, residential detention

center, or facility operated pursuant to the Corrections Private Management Act.” The same

                                                   - 13 -
definition is used in setting out compensation that may be available to those wrongfully

incarcerated. Code § 8.01-195.10. And for purposes of the “discretionary sentencing guidelines,” a

“person sentenced to a community corrections alternative program pursuant to § 19.2-316.4 shall be

deemed to be sentenced to a term of incarceration.” Code § 19.2-298.01(G).4 So despite the

statutory changes between the pre-2019 and post-2019 diversionary programs the majority points to

as determinative—the removal of the phrase “short-term period of incarceration” and the renaming

of the program—the General Assembly still includes CCAP as “incarceration” in several statutes.5

        It is unsurprising that the General Assembly did not amend Code § 19.2-306 to clarify that

time spent in CCAP should be credited against a re-imposed suspended sentence. After all, the

Supreme Court, and this Court, already held that participation in diversionary programs counted as

“time served.” See Waterman v. Halverson, 261 Va. 203, 207 (2001) (“The General Assembly is

presumed to be aware of the decisions of this Court . . . .”); Cygnus Newport-Phase 1B, LLC v. City

of Portsmouth, 292 Va. 573, 582 (2016) (“[I]naction by the General Assembly despite awareness of

the Court’s interpretation of a statute ‘is not only acquiescence but approval’ of that interpretation.”

(quoting Manchester Oaks Homeowners Ass’n v. Batt, 284 Va. 409, 428 (2012))). And this

conclusion aligns with Code § 53.1-187, which broadly gives a defendant credit for time spent in

confinement while awaiting trial, including time spent in state hospitals and juvenile detention

        4
          While this statute says the definition of “incarceration” it provides is to be used “only” for
the purpose of the discretionary sentencing guidelines, I am not arguing that this definition should
be used elsewhere. Instead, I merely include this as an example of how “incarceration” means
different things in different places and because it demonstrates why I cannot assume, as the majority
does, that the General Assembly thought removing the word “incarceration” from a diversionary
program per se disqualifies time spent in such a program from being considered “incarceration” no
matter the context.
        5
         In addition, the DivCIP program, which our Court found in Boone qualified as
incarceration for awarding a defendant sentencing credit under Code § 19.2-306, also lacked the
phrase “short-term period of incarceration” and instead referred to a “system of residential diversion
centers.” Code § 53.1-67.7 (2013).
                                               - 14 -
facilities. This is true even though the primary purpose of the juvenile justice system is “not

conviction or punishment for crime; but crime prevention and juvenile rehabilitation,” Kiracofe v.

Commonwealth, 198 Va. 833, 844 (1957)—not unlike the programs offered by CCAP.

       A future court asked to determine whether the changes the General Assembly made in

instituting CCAP mean that a defendant should no longer receive “time served” credit for time spent

in a detention and diversionary program—as the majority’s reasoning could suggest—should

instead evaluate the “nature of the activity,” as it relates to Code § 19.2-306. Charles, 270 Va. at

18. CCAP, like its predecessor programs, is only available for a “defendant . . . who otherwise

would have been sentenced to incarceration for a nonviolent felony.” Code § 19.2-316.4; Code

§ 19.2-316.2 (2015). CCAP, like its predecessor programs, provides programming directed at

rehabilitation, education, substance-abuse counseling, and job-training. Cf. Code § 53.1-67.7

(2013), Code § 53.1-67.8 (2013). The statute describing eligibility for CCAP, like its predecessor

programs, repeatedly refers to “confinement.” Finally, a court might consider that the Department

of Corrections, the agency responsible for the program, has described the similarities between

CCAP and its predecessor programs this way: “Daily operations & facility structures will remain

the same.”6

       6
         Department of Corrections, Community Corrections Alternative Program (Apr. 3, 2017),
http://www.vcsc.virginia.gov/meetings.html.
                                            - 15 -