Court Opinion

ID: 8374033
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-10-18 18:01:30.839201+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:46:12.175465
License: Public Domain

Filed 10/17/22 P. v. Lopez CA5

                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

           IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                     FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

 THE PEOPLE,
                                                                                             F083005
           Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                                              (Super. Ct. No. 20CMS-3614)
                    v.

 BERNARDINO PAREDES LOPEZ,                                                MODIFICATION OF OPINION
                                                                          AND DENIAL OF REHEARING
           Defendant and Appellant.                                       [NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT]

THE COURT:

       It is ordered that the opinion herein filed on September 26, 2022, be modified as
follows:
       1. In footnote 1, add the word “the” before “Evidence Code.”
         2. After the third paragraph in BACKGROUND, which ends in “police station,”
insert the following new paragraphs:

                 Grandmother testified that defendant was already watching
         television in bed when victim got on the bed with her tablet that night.
         Grandmother was tired, so she lay down too, and turned her back toward
         victim, who was in the middle. Defendant had his back to the wall so he
         could see the television. Grandmother was not sure if she fell asleep before
         victim, but she did not notice anything happening or going on during the
         night. She thought defendant probably went to sleep about the same time
         she did because he had to get up to work.
               Grandmother testified she and victim had a good relationship.
         Victim did not interact with defendant; she interacted with everyone else.
              On cross-examination, grandmother testified she was a light sleeper;
       she was able to hear people crying in the next room and she could feel the
       bed move. She frequently woke up during the night because she used the
       bathroom a lot. On the night that victim slept in the bed, grandmother
       tossed and turned a lot because she was trying to get comfortable as victim
       “squirm[ed] herself up to [her] back.” Grandmother did not recall anything
       else out of the ordinary that night. Defendant was the first to get up in the
       morning because he went to work. Then grandmother got up. When victim
       came out, she said good morning to grandmother. Grandmother asked
       victim if she slept well and she answered, “[Y]eah, I had a good dream.”
               On cross-examination, grandmother repeated that she had a good
       relationship with victim. But she explained that victim did not tell her
       about her secrets or the difficulties in her life. She was “not much of a
       talker like that.” Grandmother said, “[W]e thought she would at least tell
       somebody in the house ….” She thought if something bad happened she
       would tell her or at least her two aunts.
             Grandmother testified that she and defendant were still together, but
       she would leave him if she had any belief that this actually occurred.

       3. In the first paragraph on page 3, in the third sentence beginning with “On
Friday of that week,” delete the word “victim.”
       4. In the next sentence, delete the word “grandma” and replace it with
[grandmother].
       5. On page 4, after I.    Exclusion of Aunt’s Testimony, add indentation and
add the title “A.   Section 352.” This title should be italicized.
       6. On page 4, delete the letter “A.” before Background, add indentation, and
change to number “1.” This title should not be italicized.
       7. On page 4, delete the letter “B.” before Law, add indentation, and change to
number “2.” This title should not be italicized.
       8. On page 5, delete the letter “C.” before Analysis, add indentation, and change
to number “3.” This title should not be italicized.

                                             2.
       9. On page 6, add the following new paragraphs after the citation ending in “386
U.S. 18, 24.)” and before II.    Consecutive Sentences:

              B.     Defense Counsel’s Credibility
               Defendant also argues he suffered prejudice from the trial court’s
       exclusion of aunt’s testimony because defense counsel’s credibility with the
       jury was diminished when he failed to call a witness he promised during his
       oral argument. We see no prejudice in this regard.
                     1.     Background
              In his opening statement, defense counsel told the jurors they would
       hear from three females, referring to grandmother and the two aunts.

                     “… We also have three female family members who
              were either present at the exact moment that this incident
              supposedly took place, or were present in the house, and you
              will hear from them that this didn’t happen, couldn’t have
              happened in the way that was described. And these are
              people that have known the victim … her whole life.

                     “And I think one thing that was mentioned, one of the
              folks you will hear from is [victim’s] grandmother, her
              biological grandmother who was physically in the bed. The
              People are asking you to believe that the grandmother
              physically in the bed while this event supposedly occurred did
              not wake up.

                      “You will hear from two other female relatives who
              talk[ed] to [victim] before and after. The People also down
              played the fact that there was a large gap of time to the extent
              we even know the date this incident is alleged to have taken
              place. The reporting of it was a long time after it occurred, at
              least three days. And … victim went back and forth to her
              grandmother’s [apartment] multiple times without reporting
              it. [Victim] is a victim. She is a victim of something, it was
              just not the conduct of [defendant] who was present here.”
                     2.     Analysis
              We disagree that the trial court’s exclusion of aunt’s testimony
       caused the jurors to view defense counsel as less credible. Defense
       counsel’s opening statement relied on two arguments to support his
       conclusion that defendant did not molest victim. First, the molestation

                                             3.
never happened because it could not have happened, according to the three
female relatives (grandmother and the two aunts) present in the apartment
when the incident allegedly occurred. Counsel told the jurors, “[Y]ou will
hear from them that this didn’t happen, couldn’t have happened in the way
that was described. And these are people that have known the victim …
her whole life.”
        But counsel supported this argument only as to grandmother—
explaining that she was physically present in the bed when the incident
allegedly occurred, and it was not believable that she did not even wake up.
As to the two aunts, counsel provided no explanation and promised no
specific testimony from them on this point. He did not suggest that they
were physically present in the bedroom during the alleged incident, nor did
he explain how their presence in the apartment established that the incident
could not have occurred. Thus, the jurors likely did not expect the aunts to
testify on this point and were not disappointed when they did not. And
counsel did provide the promised testimony from grandmother on this
point.
         Counsel’s second argument was that the molestation never happened
because victim did not report it for at least three days, even though she
continued going back and forth to grandmother’s apartment. Counsel told
the jurors, “You will hear from two other female relatives who talk[ed] to
[victim] before and after…. The reporting of [the incident] was a long time
after it occurred, at least three days. [V]ictim went back and forth to her
grandmother’s house multiple times without reporting it.”
        Defense counsel did not differentiate how the three females would
testify, suggesting instead that they would all provide the identical
testimony on this point—that victim did not report the molestation to them,
even though they were part of the household, were close to her, and had
known her all her life. When grandmother testified, she provided this
promised testimony, referring to herself and the two aunts. As a result,
after grandmother’s testimony, all of defense counsel’s promised evidence
on this point had been produced, and repetition by the two aunts would
have been merely corroborative of and cumulative to grandmother’s
testimony. Thus, after hearing grandmother’s testimony, the jurors likely
recognized that counsel had no reason to call two more witnesses to repeat
grandmother’s testimony. We conclude it is highly unlikely the jurors
judged defense counsel negatively for not producing two more witnesses
who would have repeated the identical information that counsel had already
presented as promised. Ultimately, counsel only offered one aunt as a
witness, and we see no prejudice to defendant emanating from the jury’s
awareness that counsel did not call that witness.

                                     4.
     This modification does not effect a change in the judgment.

     The petition for rehearing is denied.

                                                                   HILL, P.J.

WE CONCUR:

MEEHAN, J.

DE SANTOS, J.

                                             5.
Filed 9/26/22 P. v. Lopez CA5 (unmodified opinion)

                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

           IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                     FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

    THE PEOPLE,
                                                                                             F083005
           Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                                              (Super. Ct. No. 20CMS-3614)
                    v.

    BERNARDINO PAREDES LOPEZ,                                                             OPINION
           Defendant and Appellant.

                                                   THE COURT *
         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Kings County. Donna L.
Tarter, Judge.
         Gordon S. Brownell, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant
and Appellant.
         Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General,
Catherine Chatman and Erin Doering, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and
Respondent.
                                                        -ooOoo-

*        Before Hill, P. J., Meehan, J. and DeSantos, J.
       Defendant Bernardino Paredes Lopez was convicted of three counts of lewd and
lascivious acts upon his six-year-old stepgranddaughter. On appeal, he contends (1) the
trial court erred by excluding evidence pursuant to Evidence Code section 352,1 and
(2) the trial court abused its discretion by imposing consecutive terms. We affirm.
                                     BACKGROUND
       While her mother and father were at work, six-year-old victim often spent the days
at the apartment of her maternal grandmother and defendant, who was her
stepgrandfather. Victim called defendant her grandpa. Victim’s two aunts also lived in
the apartment.
       Victim did not usually stay overnight at the apartment, but in July 2020, she stayed
for about four days so she would not have to get up early to be dropped off in the
mornings. On approximately July 24, 2020, victim slept between grandmother and
defendant in their bed. Victim testified that during the night, defendant grabbed her hand
and put it on his penis—“a little squishy thing” that was between his legs. She felt
clothes and skin. It felt “gross” and made her feel “weird.” He held her hand there and
moved it “like he wanted [her] to squish it.” Victim pulled her hand away, but he
grabbed it and put it back on his penis again. This happened three times. After the third
time, victim “turned around,” but defendant kept pulling her hand. When victim was
asked how it ended and defendant stopped pulling her hand, she said, “It ended in the
morning.”
       Victim testified that she did not tell grandmother about what defendant did. She
thought grandmother already knew, although she could not explain how she knew.
Victim remembered telling father about it when she was at home in her bed, and then
later going to the police station.

1      Further statutory references are to Evidence Code unless otherwise noted.

                                            2.
       Victim’s father testified that after victim’s four days at the apartment, he picked
victim up on a Monday at about 3:00 p.m., after he got off work. The remainder of the
week, he and mother went back to dropping victim off at the apartment in the morning
and picking her up around 3:00 p.m., as usual. On Friday of that week, father picked her
up victim and strapped her into her car seat. As they drove home, he “asked her how her
time with grandma was, and she said it was good. [He] asked her if she liked spending
time at grandma’s house, and [he] asked her if she had fun. She said yes, and she told
[him] that [defendant] made her grab something long and hard. And [father] asked her,
well, where was it, and she said down by his belly.”
       When they got home, father called mother. He told her what victim told him, and
told her to meet them at the police station. In victim’s forensic interview at the police
station, the following occurred: “The interviewer asked her, ‘Tell me more about it being
gross?’ [Victim] stated, ‘Um, it, um, I don’t remember of it, but it looked kind of gross.
It is like boogers, when you’re touching someone else’s boogers.’ The interviewer asked,
‘It is like you’re touching somebody else’s boogers?’ [Victim], ‘Yeah.’ Interviewer,
‘Okay.’ [Victim], ‘And it looks gross.’ Interviewer, ‘It looks gross? What did it look
like, the boogers?’ [Victim], ‘It was kind of like a circle thing, that it wasn’t boogers.’
Interviewer[], ‘It wasn’t boogers?’ [Victim], ‘Yeah, like you touch something gross.’
Interviewer, ‘Okay, and where was the gross thing that felt like boogers, where was that
at?’ [Victim], ‘Um, it wasn’t boogers.’ Interviewer, ‘It wasn’t boogers?’ [Victim],
‘Yes.’ Interviewer, ‘It just felt gross like boogers?’ [Victim], ‘Yeah.’ Interviewer,
‘Okay, and where did you feel that?’ [Victim], ‘I felt it right here.’ Interviewer, ‘Um, on
you or someone else?’ [Victim], ‘Um, on my grandpa.’ Interviewer, ‘Oh, on your
grandpa, okay.’ [Victim], ‘Uh-Huh.’ ”
       On April 13, 2021, the Kings County District Attorney filed a first amended
information charging defendant with three counts of lewd and lascivious acts upon a
child under 14 years of age (Pen. Code, § 288, subd. (a); counts 1–3).

                                              3.
       On April 14, 2021, a jury found defendant guilty on all three counts.
       On May 12, 2021, the trial court sentenced defendant to 10 years in prison, as
follows: on count 1, the midterm of six years; on counts 2 and 3, two consecutive years
(one-third the midterm of six years).
       On June 30, 2021, defendant filed a notice of appeal.
                                        DISCUSSION
I.     Exclusion of Aunt’s Testimony
       Defendant contends the trial court erred prejudicially in excluding the testimony of
one of the aunts (aunt) pursuant to section 352. We disagree and also conclude any error
was harmless.
       A.       Background
       At trial, defense counsel offered aunt as the only defense witness. Counsel argued
in his offer of proof that aunt would testify she was one of victim’s babysitters. She spent
time with and was close to victim, and yet victim never mentioned the abuse to her. The
relevance, defense counsel explained, was that victim’s failure to report the abuse to aunt
would suggest the abuse was unlikely to have occurred at all. The prosecutor argued that
the evidence was not relevant, and that calling every person to whom victim did not
disclose the abuse would be an undue consumption of time. Defense counsel stated aunt
would be the only witness. The trial court excluded aunt’s testimony, finding it irrelevant
and an undue consumption of time. The court explained that whatever probative value
the evidence had would be outweighed by the risk of confusing the jurors as to why
victim would disclose the abuse to aunt.
       B.       Law
       Under California law, evidence is relevant if it has “any tendency in reason to
prove or disprove any disputed fact that is of consequence to the determination of the
action,” and “all relevant evidence is admissible” unless “otherwise provided by statute.”
(§§ 210, 351.) Section 352 provides: “The court in its discretion may exclude evidence

                                             4.
if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the probability that its admission will
(a) necessitate undue consumption of time or (b) create substantial danger of undue
prejudice, of confusing the issues, or of misleading the jury.” “Cumulative evidence may
be excluded on this basis.” (People v. Mincey (1992) 2 Cal.4th 408, 439; People v.
Brown (2003) 31 Cal.4th 518, 576 [§ 352 “permits the exclusion of evidence on the
ground that it is cumulative”].)
       “We review the trial court’s rulings regarding the admissibility of the evidence for
an abuse of discretion. [Citation.] A trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence
‘ “ ‘will not be disturbed unless there is a showing that the trial court acted in an
arbitrary, capricious, or absurd manner resulting in a miscarriage of justice.’ ” ’
[Citations.] ‘This standard of review affords considerable deference to the trial court
provided that the court acted in accordance with the governing rules of law. We presume
that the court properly applied the law and acted within its discretion unless the appellant
affirmatively shows otherwise.’ ” (People v. Mataele (2022) 13 Cal.5th 372, 413−414.)
       C.     Analysis
       We cannot conclude the trial court abused its discretion in excluding aunt’s
testimony under section 352. Grandmother had already testified that victim told no one
in the household about the abuse, and that she would have expected victim to tell one of
her aunts. Grandmother said she had a good relationship with victim, but victim did not
reveal her secrets or troubles to her. She said victim was “not much of a talker like that.”
Grandmother explained: “I mean, we thought she would at least tell somebody in the
house, you know. [¶] … [¶] I think she would tell me. We thought she would at least
tell [one of her aunts].” Grandmother was surprised that victim spent four more days at
her home after the alleged abuse, but never said anything.
       As this testimony demonstrates, aunt’s proffered testimony that she was close to
victim and yet victim never mentioned the abuse to her would have been cumulative to
grandmother’s testimony, and the trial court acted within its discretion excluding the

                                              5.
testimony. Furthermore, because the jury heard the same evidence through grandmother,
defendant was not prejudiced by the absence of aunt’s testimony and any error was
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. (Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24.)
II.    Consecutive Sentences
       Defendant contends the trial court abused its discretion by imposing consecutive
sentences on counts 2 and 3. He argues the three acts of putting victim’s hand on his
penis were committed “very close in time” and thus constituted “ ‘a single period of
aberrant behavior.’ ” We see no abuse of discretion.
       A.     Background
       The prosecutor stressed that each time victim pulled her hand away from
defendant’s penis, defendant had the opportunity to stop and deliberate before he forced
victim to touch him again. The prosecutor also argued victim was particularly
vulnerable.
       The trial court found victim’s vulnerability was an aggravating factor because she
was only six years old and had been placed in the care of her grandparents. In addition,
defendant took advantage of her trust and belief that she was in a safe place. Lastly, the
court found defendant engaged in violent conduct because he used force to take victim’s
hand and make her squeeze his penis.
       The court noted the only mitigating factor was defendant’s minimal prior record.
And based on that mitigation, the court decided to impose the six-year midterm as the
principal term on count 1.
       Then, addressing the remaining two counts, the court stated: “As far as the other
counts, the Court does find that their objectives are independent of each other, they
involve separate acts where [defendant] was given an opportunity to reflect on his acts
and he continued to engage in that conduct. So he does warrant consecutive sentencing.”
Accordingly, the court imposed two-year consecutive terms.

                                             6.
       B.        Law
       “It is well established that a trial court has discretion to determine whether several
sentences are to run concurrently or consecutively. (Pen. Code, § 669; [citation].) In the
absence of a clear showing of abuse, the trial court’s discretion in this respect is not to be
disturbed on appeal. [Citation.] Discretion is abused when the court exceeds the bounds
of reason, all of the circumstances being considered.” (People v. Bradford (1976) 17
Cal.3d 8, 20.)
       Rule 4.425(a) of the California Rules of Court 2 provides that a sentencing court
may impose consecutive rather than concurrent sentences based on various facts relating
to the crimes, “including whether or not: [¶] (1) The crimes and their objectives were
predominantly independent of each other; [¶] (2) The crimes involved separate acts of
violence or threats of violence; or [¶] (3) The crimes were committed at different times or
separate places, rather than being committed so closely in time and place as to indicate a
single period of aberrant behavior.”
       Rule 4.425(b) also permits a court to consider any aggravating or mitigating
circumstances “in deciding whether to impose consecutive rather than concurrent
sentences, except: [¶] (1) A fact used to impose the upper term; [¶] (2) A fact used to
otherwise enhance the defendant’s sentence in prison or county jail under
section 1170(h); and (3) A fact that is an element of the crime.” Two of the aggravating
circumstances listed in rule 4.421 are that “[t]he victim was particularly vulnerable” and
that “[t]he defendant took advantage of a position of trust or confidence to commit the
offense.” (Rule 4.421(a)(3) & (a)(11).) The existence of a single aggravating
circumstance is enough to impose consecutive sentences. (People v. Davis (1995) 10
Cal.4th 463, 552 [“Only one criterion or factor in aggravation is necessary to support a
consecutive sentence.”].)

2      All references to rules are to the California Rules of Court.

                                              7.
       “The listing of factors in these rules for making discretionary sentencing decisions
is not exhaustive and does not prohibit a trial judge from using additional criteria
reasonably related to the decision being made,” provided those criteria are stated on the
record. (Rule 4.408(a).)
       C.      Analysis
       We see no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s decision that defendant’s crimes
deserved consecutive terms. Although defendant argues his acts occurred very close
together in time, this is not entirely clear from the record. Regardless, defendant forcibly
placed victim’s hand on his penis three separate times, and each time victim pulled her
hand away, giving defendant the opportunity to reflect on his actions and decide whether
to cease or resume. Even when victim finally turned her body away from defendant, he
still attempted to forcibly pull at her hand. Moreover, defendant inflicted these acts upon
a six-year-old child who had been placed in his care—and who believed she was safe
from harm in the trusted security of her grandparents’ bed. Defendant argues that his acts
were not separate acts of violence, but he does not, and cannot, argue that victim was not
particularly vulnerable or that he did not take advantage of her trust in him. The trial
court did not err.
                                      DISPOSITION
       The judgment is affirmed.

                                             8.