Court Opinion

ID: 7182129
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-24 16:49:08.541696+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:15:57.029407
License: Public Domain

Same Case- — On an Application fob. a Re-hearing.
To understand the question properly, our first enquiry must be, what was a real action in the roman law, and what a personal», and then apply the test to the case at bar. “ Actio realis dicta. est ex re, quse" petitur ; puta quando quis nullo jure mihi obligators est, sed volo illi questionem super aliqua re movere. Personalis dicitur, quando persona obligate est.” The real action is defined by Pothier: “Est celle que celui qui est propriétaire d’une chose, ou qui a quelque droit dans cette chose, a contre le possesseur, pour qu’il soit tenu de lui délaisser la chose, ou de le server ou laisser jouir du droit qu’il y a, L’action personelle est celle qu’a un créancier contre son débiteur, pour qu’il soit tenu d’accomplir l’engagement qu’il a codtracté envers lui. L’action í'éelle, qui nait d’un droit que quelqu’un a dans lachóse, suit lachóse, et se donne contre ceux qui la possédent.” These definitions have been closely followed in our Code of Practice.
In the case before the court, it is the land w'hich is claimed, the thing itself; and this feature is peculiar to the action of lesion, that whilst the vendor must bring his action for the property, the vendee or third possessor has the faculty or power oi resolving it into a personal liability by assuming to pay the just price. So entirely free was this form of action from havingany thing personal in it, that it was, and is, considered entirely immaterial whether the purchaser was in good or bad faith, the simple question being, whether the price paid was less than one-half of the fair value of the thing. Domatsays: “Cette rescisión, á cause de la vilité du prix, est indépendante de'la bonne ou mauvaisefoi de l’acheteur; et soit qu’il ait eonnu ou ignoré la valeur de la chose vendue, il suffit pour résoudx-e la vente, que le prix soit nxoindre que la moitié de cette valenr.” And the Code: “ Etsi nullus dolus intercessit stipulantis sed ipsa res in se dolum habet.” The defect in the conti'act was so great that, in the eye of the law, the pui’chaser was not considered as having acquired any property in the thing sold; there was dolus re ipsa, and the court upon proof thereof directed the party, whether purchaser or third possessor, to pay the fair value of the property or give it up. Vide Tx'oplong, Con. de Vente, no. 801-2.
It was, indeed, a contested point amongst the commentatox-3, whether the rescissory action should not first be bi'ought against the original vendee,and then, upon judgment being obtained, a new suit be instituted against the third possessor. The opinion -is now well fixed, that both, as in the present instance, may be sued together. See Ti'oplong, loc. cit. But no doubt was ever entei-tained by commentatox-s, excepting Voet and Fachinosus, but that the third possessor could be sued; and even Voet himself admits, that where there was evident collusion, it might also be done. Pothier, Con. de Vente, no. 356, says: “Cette action est, actio utilis in rem; elle doit s’intenter conti'e colui qui est en possession de l’héritage, soit que ce soit l’acheteur, soit que ce soit un tiers détenteur á qni cet héxñtage est passé. Troplong is to the same effect.; he says that Voet and Fachinosus have deviated from the genoi’ally received opinions in relation to the ancient jurisprudence on the subject, which, he asserts, “alors comme aujourd’hui autoxisait Taction en rescisión contre un tiers possesseui-, suecesseur á titre particulier.” The opinions of Pothier and of those with whom he concurred, were based upon a law precisely similar to ours. The Code of 1825, when treating of lesion, quotes vex-batim the language of the Code of 1808, whilst, in its turn, the language of the Code of 1808 is precisely what the law was in France priox: to the promulgation of the Code Napoléon. See Domat, Con. de Vente, Pothier, &c. If it be true, that the action of lesion is an action against the thing itself; if it be true that the plaintiff has, in the present instance, sti'ictly pursued the law, and merely claimed her px-opei'ty, and these points cannot be denied, it is impossible to see how such proceedings can be considex-ed personal actions.
The court does not undertake to decide the question x'aised by Voet, and so triumphantly refuted by Charondas and othoi’s. It leaves the question as it found it, writh this remark, that the opinion of Voet and Fachincous “ was not the common opinion.”
The opinion in this case is based upon a difference between art. 2569 of our Code and art. 1681 of the Code Napoleon. The hitter has this clause : “ Le tiers possesseur a le mónte droit, sauf sa garantía contre son veiidour,” and from its not being found in the Code of 1825, the court conclude that the redacteurs omitted it for some good reason ; and this reason the court assumes to be, that they were opposed to extending the action against third possessors.
The court admit, that, the insertion of this clause in the Code Napoleon did not alter the law us it existed in France prior to the adoption of the Code, but merely “ implied its maintenance under the new system that, therefore, if it had not been inserted in the Code Napoléon, the right would still have been maintained in France. If, then, the law in France, prior to the adoption of the Code Napoléon, admitted of this action against third possessors, and ours is now, and always has been the.same as the french law, for the Code of 1808 and that of 1825 are identically the same on this subject; and it is conceded that the provision annexed to art. 1(581 of the french Code introduced no new legislation on the subject, but was merely enunciative of the generally recognized doctrine on the subject, the casual omission of a clause, not necessary, under the existing french law, cannot be interpreted into an absolute legislative prohibition against the exercise of the action against third possessors. A more satisfactory reason than that advanced can be given for the incorporation into the text of art. 1681 of the Code Napoleon, of the clause relative to third possessors. When the 1681st art. was before the jurisconsults employed to frame the Code, Napoléon suggested the insertion of a new provision, differing entirely from the old, to wit, that the purchaser, if he preferred, might pay the supplement of the price, “sous la deduction du dixiéme du prix total." This new provision was adopted, and forms now a portion of art. 1681, Being the introduction of an entirely new provision, it is not unreasonable to suppose that the clause “ le tiers possesseur a le méme droit,” was added to remove any doubts which might arise whether the indulgence accorded to the first purchaser of paying the supplement of the price, subject to a deduction of one-tenth, should bo considered personal to him, or might be enjoyed by the third possessor. Our Code of 1825 does not contain the addition to the old law of “sous la deduction du dixiéme du prix total” ; and, therefore, the framers of it did not consider it necessary to add the words, “ le tiers possesseur a le méme droit.” Had the Code of 1825 never been framed, nor the Code Napoléon, we should be left to the Code of 1808 ; the french, to the civil law, as it existed in Pothier’s time. That law, upon the subjectof lesion, is the same as that which is to be found in the Code of 1808, and, therefore, the authority of Pothier and others, who wrote upon the subject, will be held as authority by us. The Code of 1825 left the law exactly as it found it, so that the old french civilians must be held to be good authority with us, on the point, up to the present moment.
The court compares art. 1681 of the Code Napoléon with art. 1871 of our Code. Art. 1871 has but little to do with the present enquiry. Art. 2569 is the article really corresponding to the 1681st of the Code Napoléon.
The limitation of the action of lesion to the original party purchasing, is assimilated to that of a vendor of moveable effects seeking to enforce his privilege upon them, which he can only do so long as they remain in the hands of the original purchaser. But art. 3194 declares positively that the vendor can only maintain his privilege “if the property still remains in the possession of the purchaser” ; while there is no limitation as to the person in the chapter treating of lesion in sales — the only limitation is ns to time, which is fixed at four years between majors, whilst between minors the prescription is suspended during minority. The very length of time given for bringing this action, is a strong and convincing proof, that the law-maker must have contemplated the possibility of the property passing into third hands; but, considering the vice go great as to attach itself to the tiling, it was permitted to the vendor to get it back, upon the legal inference that he had really never sold it; and so, as has been before stated, the civilians held that the action lay “ Etsi nullus dolus intercessit stipulantis, sed ipsa res in se dolum habet.” jD. 1. 18, cap. De Reseindenda Venditione.
The case of Bradford's heirs v. Brown, 11 Martin, cited by the court, was a petitory action, not ¡in action for the rescisión of a sale on account of lesion. The suit was brought against a third party (Brown) who cited in his warrantors, the heirs of Flower, who in his lifetime had purchased the premises in dispute from Bradford. On the warrantors’ offering in evidence the deed from Bradford, to their ancestor, the reception of it in evidence was objected to, because it was a nullity, lesion being apparent on the face of the instrument, the consideration being stated therein to be one dollar. The court merely say, that it could not be treated ás a nullity; that an action should have been brought to declare it void, leaving to the purchaser to make his election, either to give the property up. or pay the supplement of the just price. This was the question before the court, and thus was it decided. The dictum of a court on a question not before them, has never been held to be of any binding authority.
This court, however, say, in conclusion, that this, at most, is a latent equity, and that third parties, purchasing in good faith, must be protected. I am not disposed to question the general correctness of the principle, for which, however, no textual provision of the Code can be found, but, being a mere equitable conclusion, plain and obvious texts of law ought not to be defeated by it. The law has expressly given to the plaintiff four years within which to commence her action ; she has done so. The law expressly says that the action lies against the thing itself, not against the person ; she has so brought her action. The best commentators on our law have said that, being an action against the thing, it lies against the third possessor; and that, to avoid a circuity of actions, the original purchaser and third possessor may be sued at the same time ; the plaintiff has done so. The same commentators say, that the third possessor cannot complain, because he has his recourse in warranty against his vendor ; the same right is accorded here. It will be said, perhaps, that the limitation of four years is nothing, because ten are given within which to bring an action for the annulment of a .contract on the grounds of error or-fraud; and that no body will contend that the property passing into third parties’ hands, bond fide, can be affected by the error or fraud. This, no doubt, is an 'exception introduced for the security of titles and the peace of society'; though the true and real difference is to be found in this, that actions for the annulment of contracts on the grounds of error or fraud, are personal actions, while the action of lesion is a real action- — dolus re ipsa.
“ Cette action,” says Pothier, ,(est une action utilis in rem et non directa.” Con. da Vente, no. 331. But is lesion, in truth, a Intent equity ? Is it nota vice which materially affects the contract of sale ? 'The law certainly says it does. This vice, or defect, was not, in the present instance, hid from the eye of the honest purchaser! . The title deeds of the vendor exhibited this defect; it was patent — the error, vice, or defect, was spread upon the public records,
The judgment of the court on the re-hearing, was pronounced by
Slideli,, J.
After a careful reexamination of this case, which is obscurely presented by the pleadings and evidence, our minds are left in doubt whether the land purchased by Brashear was community property; and, if so, whether, at the time of the subsequent purchase at judicial sale by Mrs. Brashear, she had ceased to have an interest in the community. Bottfthese questions may be important in the decision of this cans.-. They may have a material influence upon the legal question, whether Mrs. Brashear can be considered as a third person, purchasing in good faith and exempt from liability. Without wishing to be considered as now expressing an opinion upon the legal question under the hypothesis that the property once belonged to the community, and that she had not ceased tp have an interest in the community before her purchase at sheriff’s sale, we think it best to remand the cause for further evidence. When principles of grave moment are involved, the court prefers riot to act upon an hypothetical or doubtful state of facts.
We will merely say for the present that, we adhere to the opinion that the action of lesion does not extend to third persons purchasing in good faith from the vendee; and that Brashear must be held personally responsible, if there was lesion, even if his wife’s purchase should be maintained.
It is, therefore, decreed that the judgment rendered by the court below be reversed, and that this cause be remanded for a new trial and for further pro» p.eedings according to law: the plaintiff paying the costs of this appeal,