Court Opinion

ID: 2970782
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 16:21:53.94365+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:15:09.226265
License: Public Domain

5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21
            3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH                  8QLWHG6WDWHVY%RRWKH                1RV
    (/(&7521,& &,7$7,21  )(' $SS 3 WK &LU
                )LOH 1DPH DS
                                                          )('(5$/ 38%/,& '()(1'(5 )25 7+( :(67(51
                                                          ',675,&7 2) 7(11(66(( 0HPSKLV 7HQQHVVHH IRU
                                                          $SSHOODQW  7LPRWK\ 5 'L6FHQ]D $66,67$17 81,7('
81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6                            67$7(6$77251(<0HPSKLV7HQQHVVHHIRU$SSHOOHH
              )257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7                                            BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
                BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
                                                                                   23,1,21
                                                                               BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
 81,7(' 67$7(6 2) $0(5,&$       ;
           3ODLQWLII$SSHOOHH                             %2<&( ) 0$57,1 s5 &KLHI &LUFXLW sXGJH  7KLV
                                                         DSSHDODULVHVIURPWKHMXU\FRQYLFWLRQRI'HPLFR%RRWKHIRU
                                    1RV    YLRODWLRQV RI  86&   FRQVSLUDF\ WR GHIUDXG WKH
           Y                                            8QLWHG6WDWHVDQG86&SRVVHVVLRQRIFRXQWHUIHLW
                                   !                      VHFXULW\ZLWKLQWHQWWRSDVVDVJHQXLQH%RRWKHDOVRDSSHDOV
                                                         WKHVHQWHQFHRIDFRQVHFXWLYHWHQPRQWKVLQDGGLWLRQWRWKH
 '(0,&2 %227+(                   
         'HIHQGDQW$SSHOODQW                            VHQWHQFHIRUWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHGFULPHVIRUYLRODWLRQRIKLV
                                                          VXSHUYLVHGUHOHDVHLQDSULRUFULPLQDOFDVH%RRWKHFODLPV
                                 1                        WKDWWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWLPSURSHUO\GLVVXDGHGDGHIHQVHZLWQHVV
      $SSHDOIURPWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV'LVWULFW&RXUW        IURPWHVWLI\LQJDQGSHUVXDGHGWKHZLWQHVVWRSOHDGWKH)LIWK
   IRUWKH:HVWHUQ'LVWULFWRI7HQQHVVHHDW0HPSKLV      $PHQGPHQW  %RRWKH IXUWKHU FODLPV WKDW WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW
      1RVnsXOLD6*LEERQV           HUUHGLQDOORZLQJWKHZLWQHVVWRWDNHWKHSULYLOHJHDWDOO
                    'LVWULFWsXGJH
                                                             ,QWKHVSULQJRI&DOYLQ%RRWKHDFRGHIHQGDQWLQWKLV
                 $UJXHGsXQH                   FDVHDQGWKHZLWQHVVLQTXHVWLRQDSSURDFKHGDQLQIRUPDQWIRU
                                                          WKH8QLWHG6WDWHV5HQLWD/LWWOHDQGDVNHGLIVKHFRXOGKHOS
            'HFLGHGDQG)LOHGsXO\              KLP DFTXLUH  LQ FRXQWHUIHLW PRQH\  6KH PDGH
                                                          DUUDQJHPHQWVIRUWKHFRXQWHUIHLWPRQH\DWDFRVWRI
 %HIRUH0$57,1&KLHI&LUFXLWsXGJH.583$16.<          &DOYLQLQYROYHG'HPLFRLQWKHSURFHVVDQGERWKPHQWDONHG
             DQG&2/(&LUFXLWsXGJHV                    WR/LWWOH&DOYLQDQG/LWWOHPDGHDUUDQJHPHQWVWRPHHWDWD
                                                          SDUNLQJ ORW RQ 0D\    /LWWOH ZDV ZLUHG IRU WKH
                  BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB                       WUDQVDFWLRQ DQG 6HFUHW 6HUYLFH DJHQWV SXW WKH FRXQWHUIHLW
                                                          PRQH\LQWKHWUXQNRIKHUFDUDQGWUDLOHGKHUWRWKHGHVLJQDWHG
                       &2816(/                            SDUNLQJORW'HPLFRDQG&DOYLQDUULYHGVKRUWO\DIWHU/LWWOH
                                                          GLG/LWWOHWROG&DOYLQZKHUHWKHPRQH\ZDVDQGKHUHWULHYHG
$5*8('  0 'LDQQH 6PRWKHUV 2)),&( 2) 7+(         WKHSDFNDJHIURPWKHWUXQNRIWKHFDU6HFUHW6HUYLFHDJHQWV
)('(5$/ 38%/,& '()(1'(5 )25 7+( :(67(51              SURPSWO\DUUHVWHG&DOYLQDQG'HPLFR
',675,&7 2) 7(11(66(( 0HPSKLV 7HQQHVVHH IRU
$SSHOODQW  7LPRWK\ 5 'L6FHQ]D $66,67$17 81,7('      $W 'HPLFRjV WULDO VHYHUHG IURP &DOYLQjV 'HPLFRjV
67$7(6$77251(<0HPSKLV7HQQHVVHHIRU$SSHOOHH        DWWRUQH\ LQGLFDWHG WKDW VKH ZDQWHG &DOYLQ WR WHVWLI\  7KH
21 %5,()  0 'LDQQH 6PRWKHUV 2)),&( 2) 7+(      DWWRUQH\LQGLFDWHGWKDW'HPLFRjVGHFLVLRQZKHWKHURUQRWWR

                            
1RV                  8QLWHG6WDWHVY%RRWKH                   8QLWHG6WDWHVY%RRWKH                   1RV

WHVWLI\ZDVFRQWLQJHQWXSRQ&DOYLQjVWHVWLPRQ\&DOYLQFDPH            H[SUHVVO\UHFRJQL]HGWKDWDSDUW\
VULJKWWRSUHVHQWKLVRZQ
WRFRXUWWRWHVWLI\&DOYLQjVFRXQVHOZDVDOVRSUHVHQWDQGVKH        ZLWQHVVHV LQ RUGHU WR HVWDEOLVK D GHIHQVH LV D IXQGDPHQWDO
H[SUHVVHG WR WKH FRXUW KHU FRQFHUQ WKDW &DOYLQ ZKR KDG        HOHPHQWRIGXHSURFHVVl8QLWHG6WDWHVY)RVWHU)G
DOUHDG\SOHGJXLOW\WRWKHRIIHQVHVFKDUJHGZRXOGHLWKHUVD\             WK &LU  FLWLQJ:DVKLQJWRQ Y 7H[DV 
VRPHWKLQJWKDWFRXOGLPSDFWKLVVHQWHQFLQJRUZRXOGSHUMXUH             86
KLPVHOILQDQDWWHPSWWRH[FXOSDWH'HPLFR
                                                                            :HVDLGLQ$UWKXU)GDW
   7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWH[DPLQHG&DOYLQRXWRIWKHSUHVHQFHRI
WKHMXU\7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWH[SODLQHGWR&DOYLQWKDW'HPLFRjV             /DUU\)LHOGVZDVUHSUHVHQWHGE\FRXQVHODQGVWDWHGWRWKH
DWWRUQH\ ZRXOG DVN &DOYLQ DERXW ZKDW KDSSHQHG DQG WKDW              GLVWULFWFRXUWWKDWKHZDQWHGWRWHVWLI\DIWHUKHKDGEHHQ
&DOYLQKDGDULJKWWRUHIXVHWRWHVWLI\RQWKHJURXQGVWKDWKLV             LQIRUPHGE\WKHFRXUWRIKLVULJKWWRUHPDLQVLOHQW7KH
VWDWHPHQW PLJKW LQFULPLQDWH KLP  7KH FRXUW UHSHDWHGO\               GLVWULFWFRXUWUHSHDWHGO\LQIRUPHG)LHOGVRIKLVULJKWWR
VWUHVVHGWR&DOYLQWKDWKHGLGQRWKDYHWRWHVWLI\DQGWKDWKLV             UHPDLQVLOHQWDQGVWDWHGWRKLPWKDWWRWHVWLI\ZDVDJDLQVW
WHVWLPRQ\ZDVmQRWLQ>KLV@LQWHUHVWl&DOYLQILQDOO\DJUHHGWR            KLVLQWHUHVW8QGHUWKHVHFLUFXPVWDQFHVZHWKLQNLWZDV
WDON WR KLV ODZ\HU DJDLQ DQG ZKHQ KH UHWRRN WKH VWDQG KH       DQ DEXVH RI WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW
V GLVFUHWLRQ WR VR LQGXFH
UHIXVHGWRWHVWLI\VWDWLQJm,FDQjWULVNP\SRLQWVEHLQJWDNHQ           /DUU\)LHOGVWRH[HUFLVHKLVILIWKDPHQGPHQWULJKWV
IURP PHlUHIHUULQJWRWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWjVZDUQLQJWKDWKLV
RZQ VHQWHQFLQJ FRXOG EH DIIHFWHG E\ DFFHSWDQFH RI                'HPLFREHOLHYHVWKDWKLVVLWXDWLRQLVVXIILFLHQWO\VLPLODUWR
UHVSRQVLELOLW\RUREVWUXFWLRQRIMXVWLFHDGMXVWPHQWVLIWKHFRXUW       WKDWDWLVVXHLQ$UWKXU$VLVFOHDUIURPWKHUHFRUG&DOYLQ
SHUFHLYHGWKDWKHKDGOLHGRQWKHVWDQGWRSURWHFW'HPLFR             FDPHWRFRXUWSUHSDUHGWRWHVWLI\LQ'HPLFRjVGHIHQVH:KHQ
                                                                        ILUVWTXHVWLRQHGE\WKHGLVWULFWFRXUW&DOYLQDFNQRZOHGJHG
  :HUHYLHZWKHDVVHUWLRQRID)LIWK$PHQGPHQWSULYLOHJH                WKDWKHKDGFRPHmWRWHOOWKHWUXWKl+HVWDWHGWKDWKHKDG
DJDLQVWVHOILQFULPLQDWLRQDQGLWVJUDQWRUGHQLDOIRUDEXVHRI         GLVFXVVHG WHVWLI\LQJ ZLWK KLV ODZ\HU DQG ZDV PDNLQJ DQ
GLVFUHWLRQ8QLWHG6WDWHVY0DFN)GWK&LU         LQIRUPHG GHFLVLRQ  7KH GLVWULFW FRXUW WROG &DOYLQ LW ZDV
'HPLFRPDNHVWZRFODLPVILUVWKHFODLPVWKDWWKH              SUREDEO\QRWLQKLVLQWHUHVWWRWHVWLI\$V'HPLFRSRLQWVRXW
GLVWULFWFRXUWEHKDYHGLQDSSURSULDWHO\LQTXHVWLRQLQJ&DOYLQ            &DOYLQ GLG QRW FKDQJH KLV PLQG ZKHQ ZDUQHG DERXW WKH
DERXWWDNLQJWKHSULYLOHJHHYHQWRWKHSRLQWRISHUVXDGLQJRU          SHQDOWLHV IRU SHUMXU\ RU ZKHQ ZDUQHG RI WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI
FRHUFLQJKLPWRGRVRVHFRQG'HPLFRFODLPVWKDW&DOYLQGLG            ORVLQJKLVSRLQWVLQVHQWHQFLQJIRUDFFHSWDQFHRIUHVSRQVLELOLW\
QRWKDYHDULJKWWRWKHSULYLOHJHDWDOO                               DQGWKHSRVVLELOLW\RILQFUHDVLQJKLVSRLQWVIRUREVWUXFWLRQRI
                                                                        MXVWLFH%RWKJRYHUQPHQWFRXQVHODQG&DOYLQjVFRXQVHOWROG
  7XUQLQJ WR WKH ILUVW TXHVWLRQ WKLV FRXUW KDV VDLG m7KH     WKHGLVWULFWFRXUWWKH\KDGQRWKLQJPRUHWRVD\WR&DOYLQEXW
GLVWULFWFRXUWKDVWKHGLVFUHWLRQWRZDUQDZLWQHVVDERXWWKH           WKHGLVWULFWFRXUWDVNHGKLPDJDLQZKHWKHUKHZRXOGOLNHWR
SRVVLELOLW\ RI LQFULPLQDWLQJ KLPVHOI $Q DEXVH RI WKDW           VSHDN ZLWK KLV DWWRUQH\  ,W ZDV RQO\ DIWHU WKDW DGGLWLRQDO
GLVFUHWLRQFDQRFFXUKRZHYHUZKHQWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWDFWLYHO\         FRQYHUVDWLRQ WKDW &DOYLQ GHFLGHG WR DVVHUW WKH SULYLOHJH
HQFRXUDJHVDZLWQHVVQRWWRWHVWLI\RUEDGJHUVDZLWQHVVLQWR           'HPLFR DUJXHV WKDW WKLV VLWXDWLRQ LV DQDORJRXV WR WKDW LQ
UHPDLQLQJ VLOHQWl  8QLWHG 6WDWHV Y $UWKXU  )G      $UWKXUDQGKHDUJXHVWKDWWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWEDGJHUHG&DOYLQ
WK&LULQWHUQDOFLWDWLRQVRPLWWHG7KHFRXUW         LQWRDVVHUWLQJWKHSULYLOHJH
ZHQW RQ WR QRWH WKDW VXFK EDGJHULQJ LV D YLRODWLRQ RI GXH
SURFHVVFLWLQJ:HEEY7H[DV86$UWKXU               :HWRGD\UHLWHUDWHWKH$UWKXUVWDQGDUGWKDWLWLVDQDEXVHRI
)GDW7KLVLVEHFDXVHm>W@KH6XSUHPH&RXUWKDV              GLVFUHWLRQIRUDGLVWULFWFRXUWWRDFWLYHO\GLVFRXUDJHDZLWQHVV
                                                                        IURP WHVWLI\LQJ  1HYHUWKHOHVV ZH GR QRW EHOLHYH WKDW WKH
1RV                   8QLWHG6WDWHVY%RRWKH                    8QLWHG6WDWHVY%RRWKH                    1RV

GLVWULFW FRXUWjV EHKDYLRU LQ WKLV FDVH ULVHV WR WKH OHYHO RI       ULJKW WR UHIXVH WR WHVWLI\ FRQFHUQLQJ RWKHU PDWWHUV RU
$UWKXU  7KH GLVWULFW FRXUW KHUH ZDV FRQFHUQHG WKDW &DOYLQ          WUDQVDFWLRQV QRW LQFOXGHG LQ KLV FRQYLFWLRQ RU SOHD
ZRXOGLQFULPLQDWHKLPVHOIDQGWKHUHIRUHZDVWKRURXJKLQKHU                  DJUHHPHQW3OHDGLQJJXLOW\WRDFULPHGRHVQRWZDLYH
ZDUQLQJV:HGRQRWEHOLHYHWKRVHZDUQLQJVURVHWRWKHOHYHO                WKHSULYLOHJHQRWWRLQFULPLQDWHRQHVHOIDWRWKHUWLPHVLQ
RIEDGJHULQJWKDW$UWKXUIRUELGV                                            RWKHU FULPHV DQ\ PRUH WKDQ FRQYLFWLRQ RI RQH FULPH
                                                                             HUDVHVWKHSULYLOHJHDVLWUHODWHVWRRWKHUV
   :H WXUQ QRZ WR WKH TXHVWLRQ RI ZKHWKHU RU QRW &DOYLQ
DFWXDOO\KDGDULJKWWRDVVHUWWKH)LIWK$PHQGPHQWSULYLOHJH             )RUWKDWUHDVRQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVDUJXHV&DOYLQjVLQYRFDWLRQ
DJDLQVWVHOILQFULPLQDWLRQm%HIRUHDZLWQHVVLVHQWLWOHGWR      RI WKH )LIWK $PHQGPHQW ZDV DSSURSULDWH  &DOYLQ IHDUHG
UHPDLQ VLOHQW WKHUH PXVW EH D YDOLG DVVHUWLRQ RI WKH ILIWK    SURVHFXWLRQRQSHUMXU\FKDUJHVDQGWKRVHFKDUJHVFRQVWLWXWHG
DPHQGPHQWSULYLOHJHl,QUH0RUJDQURWK)G               WKHmRWKHUFULPHVlPHQWLRQHGLQ6PLWK
WK&LU7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWPXVWGHFLGHmZKHWKHUD
ZLWQHVVjVLOHQFHLVMXVWLILHGDQG>PXVW@UHTXLUHKLPWRDQVZHU             'HPLFR ZRXOG KDYH XV DGRSW WKH VWDQGDUG RI WKH )LIWK
LILWFOHDUO\DSSHDUVWRWKHFRXUWWKDWWKHZLWQHVVDVVHUWLQJWKH        &LUFXLWLQWKLVUHVSHFW7KDWFRXUWVDLGLQ8QLWHG6WDWHVY
SULYLOHJHLVPLVWDNHQDV WRLWVYDOLGLW\l,G1HYHUWKHOHVV          :KLWWLQJWRQ)GWK&LUIRRWQRWH
m%HFDXVHZHUHYLHZIRUDQDEXVHRIGLVFUHWLRQWKHGLVWULFW              RPLWWHG
FRXUW
V UXOLQJ ZLOO EH DIILUPHG XQOHVV ZH DUH OHIW ZLWK D
µGHILQLWHDQGILUPFRQYLFWLRQWKDWWKHWULDOFRXUWFRPPLWWHGD               $ ZLWQHVV PD\ QRW FODLP WKH SULYLOHJH RI WKH ILIWK
FOHDU HUURU RI MXGJPHQWjl0DFN  )G DW  LQWHUQDO           DPHQGPHQW RXW RI IHDU WKDW KH ZLOO EH SURVHFXWHG IRU
FLWDWLRQVRPLWWHG                                                          SHUMXU\IRUZKDWKHLVDERXWWRVD\7KHVKLHOGDJDLQVW
                                                                             VHOILQFULPLQDWLRQ LQ VXFK D VLWXDWLRQ LV WR WHVWLI\
   ,Q8QLWHG6WDWHVY*DLWDQ$FHYHGR)GWK                WUXWKIXOO\ QRW WR UHIXVH WR WHVWLI\ RQ WKH EDVLV WKDW WKH
&LUFLWLQJ8QLWHG6WDWHVY'DPLDQR)G                   ZLWQHVVPD\EHSURVHFXWHGIRUDOLHQRW\HWWROG
WK&LUZHGLVFXVVHGWKHEDODQFHEHWZHHQWKH
GHIHQGDQWjVDQGZLWQHVVjVULJKWVm$GHIHQGDQW
VULJKWWRIRUFH          6HHDOVR8QLWHG6WDWHVY9DYDJHV)GWK
DZLWQHVVWRWHVWLI\PXVW\LHOGWRWKDWZLWQHVVjDVVHUWLRQRIKLV        &LU   6LPLODUO\ WKLV FRXUW KDV KHOG WKDW WKH m)LIWK
)LIWK$PHQGPHQWSULYLOHJHDJDLQVWVHOILQFULPLQDWLRQZKHUH              $PHQGPHQWJUDQWVDSULYLOHJHWRUHPDLQVLOHQWZLWKRXWULVNLQJ
LW LV µJURXQGHG RQ D UHDVRQDEOH IHDU RI GDQJHU RI               FRQWHPSWEXWLWGRHVQRWHQGRZWKHSHUVRQZKRWHVWLILHVZLWK
SURVHFXWLRQjl  'HPLFR DUJXHV WKDW EHFDXVH &DOYLQ KDV            DOLFHQVHWRFRPPLWSHUMXU\l8QLWHG6WDWHVY&KDUOHV
DOUHDG\SOHGJXLOW\WRWKHFKDUJHV&DOYLQFDQQRWDFWXDOO\IHDU          )GWK&LULQWHUQDOFLWDWLRQVRPLWWHG
SURVHFXWLRQIRUWKRVHFKDUJHVRUIRURWKHUV:HVDLGLQ8QLWHG
6WDWHVY6PLWK)GWK&LULQWHUQDO               1HYHUWKHOHVV 6PLWK DOVR QRWHG WKDW LQ %DQN 2QH RI
FLWDWLRQVRPLWWHGWKDWZKLOH                                          &OHYHODQGY$EEH)GWK&LUZH
                                                                         KHOG D JXLOW\ SOHD LV QRW D EODQNHW ZDLYHU RI WKH SULYLOHJH
  WKH SULYLOHJH DJDLQVW VHOILQFULPLQDWLRQ LV ORVW RQFH D         DJDLQVWVHOILQFULPLQDWLRQDQGLWVXUYLYHVWKURXJKVHQWHQFLQJ
  ZLWQHVVKDVEHHQFRQYLFWHGRIWKHRIIHQVHZLWKUHVSHFWWR              6PLWK  )G DW   7KLV LGHD ZDV DIILUPHG E\ WKH
  ZKLFKKHIHDUVLQFULPLQDWLRQDVZHOODVZKHQDZLWQHVV                6XSUHPH&RXUWLQ0LWFKHOOY8QLWHG6WDWHV86
  SOHDGVJXLOW\WRWKHRIIHQVHLQTXHVWLRQUDWKHUWKDQEHLQJ            LQWHUQDOFLWDWLRQVRPLWWHGZKHUHWKH&RXUWVDLG
  FRQYLFWHGDWWULDO>D@WWKHVDPHWLPHLWLVHTXDOO\           m:KHUHDVHQWHQFHKDV\HWWREHLPSRVHGKRZHYHUWKLV&RXUW
  WUXHWKDWDZLWQHVVGRHVQRWORVHKLV)LIWK$PHQGPHQW                  KDV DOUHDG\ UHMHFWHG WKH SURSRVLWLRQ WKDW LQFULPLQDWLRQ LV
                                                                         FRPSOHWH RQFH JXLOW KDV EHHQ DGMXGLFDWHG DQG ZH UHMHFW LW
1RV                  8QLWHG6WDWHVY%RRWKH        

DJDLQWRGD\l)RUWKHVHUHDVRQVZHDJUHHZLWKWKH8QLWHG
6WDWHVWKDW&DOYLQKDGDULJKWWRSOHDGWKH)LIWK$PHQGPHQW
ZLWKUHJDUGWRWKHULVNRIHQKDQFHPHQWRIKLVVHQWHQFH:H
DOVRUHIXVHWRJRVRIDUDVWKHVWDQGDUGHQXQFLDWHGE\WKH)LIWK
&LUFXLW &RXUW RI $SSHDOV LQ :KLWWLQJWRQ   )G 
%HFDXVHZHDUHQRWmOHIWZLWKDµGHILQLWHDQGILUPFRQYLFWLRQ
WKDW WKH WULDO FRXUW FRPPLWWHG D FOHDU HUURU RI MXGJPHQWjl
0DFN)GDWLQWHUQDOFLWDWLRQVRPLWWHGZHKROG
WKDW&DOYLQKDGDULJKWWRDVVHUWWKHSULYLOHJH
  )LQDOO\ 'HPLFR DSSHDOV KLV VHQWHQFH RI WHQ FRQVHFXWLYH
PRQWKVLPSULVRQPHQWIRUYLRODWLRQRIKLVVXSHUYLVHGUHOHDVH
7KHVXSHUYLVHGUHOHDVHZDVDFRQGLWLRQRI'HPLFRjVVHQWHQFH
IRU D FRQYLFWLRQ IRU SRVVHVVLRQ ZLWK LQWHQW WR GLVWULEXWH
FRFDLQHEDVH
   ,QRUGHUWRUHYRNHVXSHUYLVHGUHOHDVHWKHVHQWHQFLQJFRXUW
PXVWILQGE\DSUHSRQGHUDQFHRIWKHHYLGHQFHWKDWDGHIHQGDQW
KDV YLRODWHG D FRQGLWLRQ RI KLV VXSHUYLVHG UHOHDVH 8QLWHG
6WDWHVY/RZHQVWHLQ)GWK&LU2QFH
WKLV ILQGLQJ LV PDGH ZKHWKHU WKH GHIHQGDQW
V VXSHUYLVHG
UHOHDVHVKRXOGEHUHYRNHGLVUHYLHZHGE\XVIRUDQDEXVHRI
GLVFUHWLRQ,GDW7KXVLQRUGHUWRUHYHUVHLQWKLVFDVH
ZH PXVW ILQG WKDW WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW FOHDUO\ DEXVHG LWV
GLVFUHWLRQ+HUHLWGLGQRW:HDIILUP'HPLFRjVFRQYLFWLRQV
IRUFRQVSLUDF\WRGHIUDXGWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVDQGSRVVHVVLRQRI
D FRXQWHUIHLW VHFXULW\ DQG WKHUHIRUH ZH KROG WKDW WKH
UHYRFDWLRQRIWKHVXSHUYLVHGUHOHDVHZDVDSSURSULDWH
  )RUWKHIRUHJRLQJUHDVRQVZH$)),50WKHMXGJPHQWRIWKH
GLVWULFWFRXUWLQDOOUHVSHFWV