Court Opinion

ID: 5768476
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-12 17:27:29.687648+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:41:43.174912
License: Public Domain

Nunez, J. (dissenting).
This appeal presents the .sole question of the legality of the search of a parolee’s home in his absence without a warrant.
*510After receiving certain information of criminality, a New York City Detective contacted a Parole Officer in Hempstead, Long Island. Following a conversation with the Detective the Parole Officer obtained a parole violation warrant for appellant and then he and the Detective went to appellant’s home for the purpose of executing the warrant. Upon arriving at his home they ascertained from the landlady that appellant Santos had left for work a short while before their arrival. In the appellant’s absence the landlady admitted the Detective and the Parole Officer to appellant’s room, and the Parole Officer searched the room. Certain jewels were found in appellant’s room which the Detective stated as fitting the description of stolen property he had been looking for.
Following the search and the seizure of the jewels, the Detective and the Parole Officer went to appellant’s place of employment and arrested appellant, thus executing the parole warrant. Appellant was thereafter indicted for criminally buying and receiving stolen property as a felony and criminally concealing and withholding wrongfully acquired property as a felony. Appellant moved to suppress the property found in his room subject matter of the indictment as constituting illegally seized evidence. Following the denial of that motion, defendant pled guilty to the crime of attempted criminal concealment and withholding of stolen property as a felony and received a sentence of 2% to 5 years’ imprisonment.
The court below denied the motion to suppress and upheld the legality of the search, relying upon People v. Randazzo (15 N Y 2d 526 [1964], cert. den. 381 U. S. 953 [1965]).
On April 20, 1966 appellant, as a condition to his release on parole, signed a document labeled ‘ ‘ Supplemental Certificate of Release on Parole ’ ’ reading as follows: ‘ ‘ In consideration of being granted parole, I understand I am still in the custody of the superintendent or warden of the institution from which I am being paroled and I consent to any search of my person, my residence or any property or premises under my control The court below specifically held that the search would have been valid even in the absence of the above consent and that the document merely expressed appellant’s awareness that being a parolee he was in technical custody of the Warden and that the Warden or the Parole Officers had as much right to go into his home or apartment as they did to go into his cell when he was in the penal institution.
The supplemental certificate of release should not be held to constitute a valid waiver of appellant’s constitutional rights. He is entitled to every reasonable presumption against waiver *511of fundamental constitutional rights, and the courts may not lightly presume acquiescence in the loss of such rights i(Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U. S. 458, 464 [1938]).
The Supreme Court has recently declared unconstitutional State procedures which coerce or needlessly encourage waiver of constitutional rights by granting special benefits in consideration for the waiver or by imposing penalties for failure to waive. (United States v. Jackson, 390 U. S. 570 [1968] [waiver of right to jury trial in order to avoid the death penalty]; Garrity v. New Jersey, 385 U. S. 493 [1967] [waiver of the privilege against self incrimination in order to avoid job forfeiture].) In Garrity the court said (p. 498): “ Where the choice is ‘ between the rock and the whirlpool ’ duress is inherent in deciding to ‘ waive ’ one or the other. ’ ’
Can anyone question that appellant was under duress when he was requested to sign the supplemental certificate of release as a condition to release from State prison?
Our own court recently recognized the invalidity of waiver under such circumstances in Matter of Saunders v. Lupiano (30 A D 2d 803 [1968]), where we held that a defendant could not be required to waive his right to a jury trial in order to become eligible for youthful offender treatment.
The facts in this case are substantially different from the facts in Randazzo. Appellant’s home was searched in his absence prior to any arrest without a .search warrant and with no justification whatsoever other than his status as a parolee. In Randazzo the defendant was arrested in his apartment for parole violation, and incident to that arrest a search of the apartment was conducted. Our Supreme Court, in denying the motion to suppress in Randazzo, specifically stated that “ the parolee may not be heard to complain that his constitutional rights were violated by such incidental search ” (People v. Randazzo, 37 Misc 2d 80, 82 [Sup. Ct., N. Y. County, 1962]).
In affirming the denial of the motion to suppress in People v. Randazzo (15 N Y 2d 527), the Court of Appeals stated: “ Judgment affirmed. Defendant-appellant, as a parolee, was deprived of no constitutional rights by the search and seizure which was made under the circumstances of this case (People ex rel. Natoli v. Lewis, 287 N. Y. 478; Anderson v. Corall, 263 U. S. 193).”
“ The circumstances ” of the Randazzo case were that the search was conducted as an incident to the parolee’s arrest. This most important circumstance was underscored by Chief Judge Desmond who concurred “ solely on the ground that the search of the parolee’s apartment was incidental to his arrest on *512a valid administrative warrant.” (15 N Y 2d 526, 527; cf. People v. Laverne, 14 N Y 2d 304 [1964].)
The Federal courts have on many occasions held that a parolee is entitled to constitutional protection against unreasonable search and seizure (United States v. Hallman, 365 F. 2d 289 [C. A. 3d, 1966]; Brown v. Kearney, 355 F. 2d 199 [C. A. 5th, 1966]; Martin v. United States, 183 F. 2d 436 [C. A. 4th, 1950], cert. den. 340 U. S. 904; United States v. Lewis, 274 F. Supp. 184 [U. S. Dist. Ct. S. D., N. Y., 1967]).
In upholding the legality of the search in this case without a warrant and without an arrest, the court is in effect holding that appellant, due to his status as a parolee, has no constitutional rights against any intrusion under any circumstances. We must not lose sight of the fact that the seized evidence was not here used in a violation of parole proceeding but that it was used against appellant in a new criminal prosecution. If the Fourth Amendment is the core of the conception of ordered liberty, exceptions .should not be lightly carved out for anyone, including those enjoying liberty in the name of parole.
For the reasons herein stated, I dissent and vote to reverse the order denying appellant’s motion to suppress and grant the motion to suppress, reverse the conviction and remand for further proceedings on the indictment.
Eager, J. P., and Capozzoli, J., concur with Steuer, J.; Nunez, J., dissents in opinion.
Judgment affirmed.