Court Opinion

ID: 5141086
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-28 18:00:42.129962+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:24:27.091534
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                          No. 21-1118
                                          __________

  WILLIAM HARDY SAUNDERS, JR., artist and photographer, member of class represent
 minority group; as individual; and on behalf class all other persons similarly situated John and
 Mary Does one through hundred yet to be identified and determine part of this action a suit for
                                           damages,
                                                       Appellant

                                               v.

ART COUNCIL OF PRINCETON; JIM LEVINE, Executive Director; MARIA EVANS,
  as the Artistic Director, and are each; being sued individually and in official capacity;
 LIZ LEMPERT, Mayor, being sued individually; COUNCIL MEMBERS, individually
     and in official capacity; CITY, MUNICIPALITY PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY;
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY; LEWIS CENTER FOR THE ARTS; MUSEUM OF ART
  FOR PRINCETON UNIVERSITY; PRINCETON HISTORICAL PRESERVATION
  COMMISION; PUBLIC ART SELECTION COMMITTEE OF PRINCETON; JOHN
     AND MARY DOES 1-100; SHIRLEY SATTERFIELD, as individual; MARION
DAVIA, sued as individual; BARBARA A. HILLIER, Individually; ROBERT HILLIER,
 Individually; TIMOTHY M. ANDREWS, Chief Executive Officer, and the Advertising
Specialty Institute, each, being sued individually; SETH B. HINSHAW, individually, and
    in official capacity; JOINT EFFORT SAFE STREETS PROGRAM, entity; JOHN
BAILEY, organizer, each being sued individually and in official capacity; THE STUDIO
   HILLIER, entity; LETICIA FRAGA, Councilwoman, being sued individually and in
   official capacity; WISE PRESERVATION PLANNING, as entity; ELIZABETH H.
    KIM, Officer, and, in all, each are being sued individually and in official capacity;
  WITHERSPOON-JACKSON NEIGHBORHOOD ASSOCIATION; PUBLIC ARTS
   SELECTION COMMITTEE; HISTORIC PRESERVATION COMMISSION, AND
                                     COMMISSIONERS
                        ____________________________________

                      On Appeal from the United States District Court
                              for the District of New Jersey
                          (D.C. Civil Action No. 3-19-cv-19018)
                      District Judge: Honorable Anne E. Thompson
                      ____________________________________

                    Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                   August 24, 2021
             Before: MCKEE, SHWARTZ, and RESTREPO, Circuit Judges

                           (Opinion filed December 28, 2021)
                                     ___________

                                        OPINION*
                                       ___________

PER CURIAM

       William Saunders appeals the District Court’s order dismissing his complaint

under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii). Appellant also appeals the denial of his motion for a

preliminary injunction, his motion for a temporary restraining order, and his motion to

appoint counsel. For the reasons set forth below, we will affirm.

                                             I.

       Saunders filed a complaint against the Arts Council of Princeton and various

defendants affiliated with the municipality of Princeton, New Jersey, and Princeton

University on behalf of the African American residents of Princeton’s historically

African American Witherspoon-Jackson neighborhood. Saunders is an African American

artist and a Princeton native. He stated that the local government passed an ordinance to

preserve Witherspoon-Jackson and its African American heritage. Saunders claimed the

*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
                                              2
defendants violated this ordinance when they proposed and approved a mural celebrating

Hispanic heritage to be painted in the neighborhood. He also alleged that the defendants

misused national grant funds and maintained a discriminatory sanctuary city policy.

The District Court twice screened Saunders’s complaint under 28 U.S.C. § 1915, finding

both times that he had failed to state a claim but granting Saunders an opportunity to

amend after each dismissal. Following the second dismissal, the District Court cautioned

Saunders that a failure to cure the deficiencies would result in a dismissal with prejudice.

Saunders then filed his second amended complaint, asserting 5 claims: 1) “Race

Discrimination Deprive Equal Protection of Law”; 2) “Discrimination on Basis Race,

Origin, Culture, and Identity”; 3) “Discrimination By Policy Sanctuary City Preferential

Treatment”; 4) “Discriminatory to [sic] Pitting Immigrant Culture Against Black-

American Culture”; and 5) “Race Discrimination By Mural Deny Freedom of

Expression.” Saunders claimed that the defendants violated his First, Fifth, and

Fourteenth Amendment rights pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981–83, although he did not

specify how these provisions or constitutional violations applied to the specific claims in

his complaint. Saunders sought the appointment of counsel, the removal of the mural, an

end to the “Sanctuary city policy,” and monetary damages.

       The District Court again screened Saunders’ complaint pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §

1915 and concluded that he had failed to state a claim as to each of the five alleged

counts. More specifically, the Court indicated that Saunders failed to plead any plausible

                                             3
basis for racial discrimination, had provided what amounted to “merely an account of his

reaction to the mural,” failed to detail any discriminatory policy, and failed to allege a

violation of his statutory or constitutional rights. This timely appeal followed.

                                             II.

       We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and exercise plenary review over the

District Court’s ruling. See Dooley v. Wetzel, 957 F.3d 366, 373-74 (3d Cir. 2020);

Allah v. Seiverling, 229 F.3d 220, 223 (3d Cir. 2000). To state a claim, a civil complaint

must set out “sufficient factual matter” to show that its claims are facially plausible. See

Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). We construe Saunders’s pro se filings

liberally. See Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (per curiam).

                                             III.

       Much of Appellant’s pro se brief contains conclusory arguments, with little to no

citation to the record or relevant authority.1 To that extent, he has forfeited review of

much of the District Court’s decision. See Barna v. Bd. of Sch. Dirs. of Panther Valley

Sch. Dist., 877 F.3d 136, 145–46 (3d Cir. 2017) (noting that “we have consistently

1
  For example, Saunders includes an extensive account of his family history, his personal
history, and arguments concerning his medical issues. He also alleges claims regarding
the Americans with Disability Act, the Social Security Act, and arguments concerning an
alleged wrongful conviction. Because these issues were not raised below, we will not
consider them. See Simko v. U.S. Steel Corp., 992 F.3d 198, 205 (3d Cir. 2021) (“It is
well-established that arguments raised for the first time on appeal are not properly
preserved for appellate review.”); Freeman v. Pittsburgh Glass Works, LLC, 709 F.3d
240, 249 (3d Cir. 2013) (“We generally refuse to consider issues that the parties have not
raised below.”).
                                             4
refused to consider ill-developed arguments” or those not properly preserved due to

passing and conclusory statements). Nonetheless, to the extent his brief may be

construed as contesting the issues, we agree with the District Court’s decision.

       Saunders’s complaint alleged various theories of racial discrimination related to

the Arts Council of Princeton’s sponsorship of a mural on the wall of a local grocery

store that was painted by a first-generation American of Guatemalan descent. However,

even if Saunders had standing,2 his complaint did not support an inference of any

disparate treatment or discriminatory purpose regarding the mural. Although he argues

that defendants engaged in preferential treatment, his allegations are conclusory and

speculative, and failed to demonstrate any connection between the alleged preferential

treatment and his membership in a protected class. See Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550

U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (““[f]actual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief

above the speculative level.”); Mala v. Crown Bay Marina, Inc., 704 F.3d 239, 245 (3d

Cir. 2013) (explaining that “pro se litigants still must allege sufficient facts in their

complaints to support a claim”); Sarullo v. U.S. Postal Service, 352 F.3d 789, 798 (3d

2
  It is unclear from the allegations in Saunders’s complaint to what extent he alleges that
he has been harmed by the defendants’ alleged actions. See Blunt v. Lower Merion Sch.
Dist., 767 F.3d 247, 278 (3d Cir. 2014) (to satisfy injury-in-fact standing requirement, a
plaintiff must claim “the invasion of a concrete and particularized legally protected
interest” resulting in harm “that is actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical.”)
(citing Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560 (1992)).
                                                5
Cir. 2003) (per curiam) (plaintiff in racial discrimination claim must “establish some

causal nexus between his membership in a protected class and” the adverse action).

       Similarly, to the extent that Saunders raised claims under either 42 U.S.C. § 1981

or 42 U.S.C. § 1982, he failed to establish the necessary elements to make out a claim of

discrimination under either statute. The Supreme Court has explained that “[a]lthough

not identical, the requisite elements of claims under §§ 1981 and 1982 are quite similar.”

Brown v. Philip Morris Inc., 250 F.3d 789, 797 (3d Cir. 2001). To state a claim under §

1981, “a plaintiff must allege facts in support of the following elements: (1) that plaintiff

is a member of a racial minority; (2) intent to discriminate on the basis of race by the

defendant; and (3) discrimination concerning one or more of the activities enumerated by

the statute, which includes the right to make and enforce contracts.” Id. at 797

(quotations omitted). Under § 1982, a plaintiff must allege facts that raise “a plausible

inference of (1) the defendant’s racial animus; (2) intentional discrimination; and (3) that

the defendant deprived plaintiff of his rights because of race.” Id. Not only did Saunders

fail to establish a plausible inference of discrimination, but he also failed to allege that his

complaint had any connection to his contract or property rights, factors that are essential

to claims under these two statutes. Id.

       Additionally, Saunders sought to raise a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, which

required him to “prove two essential elements: (1) that the conduct complained of was

committed by a person acting under color of state law; and (2) that the conduct deprived

                                               6
the plaintiff of rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution” or federal

law.” Schneyder v. Smith, 653 F.3d 313, 318-19 (3d Cir. 2011). Saunders has not

alleged that any discrimination was the result of a policy or custom necessary to implicate

municipal liability under § 1983. See Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 694

(1978) (“[A] local government may not be sued under § 1983 for an injury inflicted

solely by its employees or agents. Instead, it is when execution of a government’s policy

or custom, . . . inflicts the injury that the government as an entity is responsible under §

1983.”).

         While Saunders did allege that there was a sanctuary city policy that contributed to

the mural’s selection, he did not plead facts detailing what the policy was, how it

operated, or how the alleged policy furthered a discriminatory purpose. As a result, the

allegation is a legal conclusion not entitled to be assumed true. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal,

556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (allegation that conduct was motivated “solely on account of

religion, race, and/or national origin” was conclusory and “not entitled to be assumed

true.”) (citation omitted). The mere allegation that there was a policy, without more, is

not enough to plausibly state a claim of racial discrimination. See Santiago v.

Warminster Twp., 629 F.3d 121, 133 (3d Cir. 2010) (“Allegations that are merely

consistent with a defendant’s liability or show the mere possibility of misconduct are not

enough.”) (quotation omitted); Sarullo, 352 F.3d at 798.3

3
    For the foregoing reasons, the District Court appropriately denied Saunders’s motions
                                               7
       Finally, Saunders alleged that the mural violated the National Historic

Preservation Act (“NHPA”). The NHPA sets forth certain requirements for protection

and preservation of historic property included on the National Register of Historic Places.

See 54 U.S.C. §§ 300308, 300311, 300315. Saunders failed to demonstrate how the

grocery store mural implicated the NHPA and could not establish that the defendants

were liable under the Act’s provisions where no private action exists against non-federal

agencies under the NHPA. See Pres. Coal. of Erie Cty. v. Fed. Transit Admin., 356 F.3d

444, 455 (2d Cir. 2004) (“Non-federal agencies are not liable for violations of the

NHPA.”); Vieux Carre Prop. Owners, Residents & Assocs. v. Brown, 875 F.2d 453, 458

(5th Cir. 1989); Edwards v. First Bank of Dundee, 534 F.2d 1242, 1246 (7th Cir. 1976);

Ely v. Verde, 451 F.2d 1130, 1139 (4th Cir. 1971).

       Accordingly, we will affirm the District Court’s judgment.4

for a preliminary injunction, temporary restraining order, and for the appointment of
counsel.
4
  Saunders’s motion for an extension of time to file his reply brief is granted.
                                             8