Court Opinion

ID: 2827128
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-08-13 17:33:00.869412+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:31:24.519299
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                       AUGUST 13, 2015
                                                                  In the Office of the Clerk of Court 

                                                                W A State Cou rt of Appeals, Division III 

              IN TIIE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 

                                  DIVISION THREE 

STATE OF WASHINGTON,                           )
                                               )         No. 32027-8-III
                       Respondent,             )
                                               )
         v.                                    )
                                               )
JOEL RAMOS,                                    )         PUBLISHED OPINION
                                               )
                       Appellant.              )

         SIDDOWAY, C.J. -    In this appeal of his 2013 resentencing ordered by this court,

Joel Ramos argues that the United States Supreme Court's decision in Miller v. Alabama,

_      U.S. _ , 132 S. Ct. 2455, 183 L. Ed. 2d 407 (2012), includes constitutional

commands that are violated by the consecutive 20- and 25-year sentences that the trial

court imposed for four murders committed when Mr. Ramos was 14 years old. He argues

that under Miller, the court could impose a total period of incarceration of 85 years only

by finding "irreparable corruption," which was not shown in his case; that former RCW

9.94A.370 (1989)1 cannot be applied and the Washington Supreme Court's decisions in

State v. Law, 154 Wash. 2d 85, 110 P.3d 717 (2005) and State v. Ha'mim, 132 Wash. 2d 834,

940 P .2d 633 (1997) cannot be followed in the case of a juvenile offender without

         1 RCW   9.94A.370 was recodified as RCW 9.94A.530 by LAWS OF 2001, ch. 10,
§ 6.
No. 32027-8-III
State v. Ramos

violating a mandate of Miller and the Eighth Amendment; that a sentencing court cannot

apply standard sentencing ranges and consecutive sentencing presumptions to a juvenile

without violating the Eighth Amendment; and that under Miller, a sentencing court

cannot limit its consideration of the attributes of youth to assessing culpability for the

crime. He also contends that the State violated a 1993 agreement under which Mr.

Ramos entered a guilty plea in exchange for the State's recommendation of a total

sentence of 80 years. He asks us to remand for resentencing before a different judge.

       Mr. Ramos draws too much encouragement from the lengthy and largely general

terms in which the majority opinion in Miller discusses juveniles' ordinarily diminished

culpability and greater prospects of reform. Current adolescent brain science is relevant

to the sentencing of every juvenile, but that does not mean that it has Eighth Amendment

implications for the sentencing of every juvenile. The United States Supreme Court, state

legislatures, and sentencing judges each apply current science within their respective

realms. In the case of the United States Supreme Court, the only Eighth Amendment

limitations on the states' plenary authority to define and impose punishment for state

crimes has been to bar capital punishment for children, Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551,

572-73, 125 S. Ct. 1183, 161 L. Ed. 2d 1 (2005); to prohibit a sentence of life without the

possibility of parole for a child who commits a nonhomicide offense, Graham v. Florida,

560 U.S. 48,88, 130 S. Ct. 2011, 176 L. Ed. 2d 825 (2010); and, in Miller, to require

                                              2

No. 32027-8-III
State v. Ramos

individualized sentencing, including consideration of the attributes of youth, for a child

who commits a homicide. None of those three limitations applies in this case.

       Review of the record satisfies us that the sentencing court understood the law,

considered the evidence, and concluded that it did not support Mr. Ramos's argument

that his reduced culpability supported an exceptional downward sentence. We will not

substitute our judgment for that of the sentencing court. For that reason, and because the

prosecutor did not commit misconduct, we affirm.

                    FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       In 1993, Joel Ramos waived a declination hearing and entered a guilty plea to the

first degree felony murders of Michael Skelton, his wife Lynn, and their 12-year-old son

Jason; and to the premeditated intentional murder of Michael and Lynn Skelton's 6-year­

old son Bryan. The homicides were committed by Mr. Ramos and Miguel Gaitan, both

of whom were 14 years old at the time. In exchange for Mr. Ramos's guilty plea, the

State agreed to recommend the minimum sentence possible under the standard sentencing

range--consecutive 240 month terms on each count, for a total of 80 years. At the time

of sentencing, the trial court stated that "the crimes 'have no parallel in Yakima County

history for violence'" and noted that the premeditated intentional murder of Bryan

Skelton deserved more than 240 months, but nonetheless imposed the requested sentence.

State v. Ramos, 152 Wash. App. 684, 689, 217 PJd 384 (2009) (Ramos II) (quoting the

                                             3

No. 32027-8-III
State v. Ramos

report of the original sentencing hearing), rev'd in part by State v. Ramos, 171 Wn.2d.

46,246 P.3d 811 (2011).

       The facts of the crimes were recounted in the decision on appeal from the trial of

Mr. Gaitan. Tim Alvarado, a juvenile detention officer overheard Mr. Gaitan telling

another juvenile detainee about his and Mr. Ramos's murders of the members of the

Skelton family:

       Mr. Alvarado testified Mr. Gaitan said it was part of a gang initiation. He
       beat Mr. Skelton, then went to the bathroom where he used a bat to strike
       Mrs. Skelton as she left the shower. He attempted to stab her in the head,
       but the knife bent. Jason came in screaming, "Don't kill my mommy."
       They killed him as well.

             Mr. Gaitan said he and Mr. Ramos went back to the living room,
      where Mr. Skelton had revived. They killed him as he attempted to defend
      himself with a mop handle. As they went through the house taking items,
      they discovered Bryan in his bedroom. Mr. Ramos told Bryan to go to
      sleep, hit him in the head, then found Bryan's heart and stabbed him.

State v. Gaitan, noted at 80 Wash. App. 1077, 1996 WL 123155 at *3. The opinion

recounts that Mr. Gaitan told his fellow detainee that he and Mr. Ramos took "a Sega

Genesis game player, a VCR, a TV and a telephone from the house." Id.

      Mr. Ramos's 1993 statement on plea of guilty admitted that he and Mr. Gaitan had

gone to the Skelton home at 10:00 or 11 :00 p.m., armed with knives, with "a plan to

break in and rob." Clerk's Papers (CP) at 79. It stated:

      When we broke into the mobile home, Miguel went in first and I went in
      second. We were confronted by Mr. Skelton and a struggle took place and
      Mr. Skelton was killed. Mrs. Skelton was killed in the bathroom and Jason

                                            4

No. 32027-8-III
State v. Ramos

       Skelton was killed nearby. During this time and at one point, I ran outside.
       But then I ran back in. Later while inside I picked up a piece of firewood
       and hit Brian Skelton in the head with it so he could not identify us later.
       The medical reports say that the blow killed him. We then took some
       personal property from the home and ran away.

Id. at 79-80.

       Mr. Ramos did not file a contemporaneous appeal, but in 2006 filed a pro se

appeal that the Washington Supreme Court ruled in 2008 could "proceed as a timely filed

notice of appeal." Order, State v. Ramos, No. 80365-0 (Wash. Mar. 7, 2008) (Ramos I).

After a further round of appeal to this court and the Washington Supreme Court, Mr.

Ramos's case was remanded in 2011 for a full resentencing. State v. Ramos, 171 Wn.2d

46,49,246 P.3d 811 (2011) (Ramos III). Mr. Ramos sought an exceptional downward

sentence based on his youth at the time of the crimes, evidence that Mr. Gaitan

committed most of the violence, and Mr. Ramos's demonstrated rehabilitation, which he

argued supported his reduced culpability for the crimes. 2

       At the 2011 resentencing, a new sentencing judge re-imposed the four consecutive

20-year sentences. In 2013, we reversed the resulting sentence and remanded. The State

had argued at resentencing that the court could not impose an exceptional downward

sentence notwithstanding In re Mulholland, 161 Wash. 2d 322, 327-28, 166 P.3d 677

       2A  more detailed procedural history of events leading up to the 2011 resentencing
is recounted in State v. Ramos, noted at 174 Wn. App. 1042,2013 WL 1628255 at *1-3
(Ramos IV) and will not be repeated here.

                                             5

No. 32027-8-II1
State v. Ramos

(2007), and it appeared the court might have been persuaded by the State's argument.

Ramos IV, 2013 WL 1628255 at *8-9. We made it clear in remanding that the court did

enjoy such discretion. We also discussed the relevance and admissibility of evidence of

intervening adolescent brain science:

             The legislature has been persuaded that, prospectively, adolescent
      brain science supports eliminating mandatory minimum sentencing for first
      degree murders committed by juveniles. While Mr. Ramos cannot claim
      the benefit of the prospective change to RCW 9.94A.540, he can at least
      ask that the court consider his request for an exceptional sentence based on
      the underlying science that developed pending finality of his sentence­
      something anticipated in [State v.] Ha'mim.

             We do not mean to express a view on how the trial court should
      exercise its discretion. Mr. Ramos committed a heinous crime. The
      appropriate sentence is the trial court's domain. We only point out that Mr.
      Ramos has presented real reasons why a court might choose to reduce his
      sentence. He should have the opportunity to have his request considered
      with the correct law in mind.

Id.at*16.

       In a concurring opinion, Judge Korsmo cautioned:

              There is nothing to prohibit the prosecutor from arguing against an
      exceptional sentence (while maintaining its 80-year recommendation), and
      Mr. Ramos's actions in slaughtering a young boy in order not to have any
      witnesses seriously undercut his argument that he was a follower rather
      than an equally culpable actor. A full resentencing could just as easily
      result in a standard range sentence of 106 years rather than the 80 years
      recommended by the prosecutor.

Id at * 18 n.4. It is from the result of the subsequent resentencing that Mr. Ramos now

appeals.

                                            6

No. 32027-8-111
State v. Ramos

                              The 2013 resentencing hearing

       The resentencing conducted following our 2013 remand took place on October 14

and 15,2013. Before the court was Mr. Ramos's 50-paged Motion for Resentencing

Below the Standard Range submitted in 2011, which addressed his "neglect, immaturity,

drug use, follower status, and personal losses," which he argued "contributed to this

crime" and "mitigate Mr. Ramos' culpability and show his capacity for rehabilitation."

CP at 19. It also addressed his "exceptional history of positive prison behavior, learning,

and emotional development," which he argued were "relevant to his capacity to change

and achieve rehabilitation." [d. The 224 pages of appendices to the motion included

records relating to his positive behavior, schooling and other program participation while

incarcerated, and almost 100 pages of supportive letters.

       Also before the court was Mr. Ramos's 51-paged Memorandum Re: Resentencing,

which included an updated discussion of intervening science, intervening case law, and

proposed Washington legislation addressing juvenile sentences. In 2012, the United

States Supreme Court had held in Miller that it was a violation of the Eighth Amendment

for a state to apply a statutorily mandated sentence of life without parole to an offender

who committed a homicide while age 17 or younger. The appendices to Mr. Ramos's

memorandum included reports on legislation that had been proposed during the 2013

session of the Washington legislature to address the resentencing ofjuveniles serving life

                                             7

No. 32027-8-III
State v. Ramos

sentences without the possibility of parole in light of the decision in Miller. They also

included additional letters of support for leniency.

       Mr. Ramos submitted a report expressing the opinion of Dr. Mark Mays, a clinical

psychologist, as to Mr. Ramos's current functioning, describing him as not aggressive or

violent, and having good behavioral control. Dr. Mays reported that even though Mr.

Ramos had spent two decades incarcerated, he was psychologically well-adjusted and

"appears to be a person without behavioral difficulties." CP at 1032.

       Mr. Ramos called seven witnesses at the resentencing hearing. Four were family

members, three of whom (two brothers and a brother-in-law) had known Mr. Ramos

before the murders and testified that the crime was an aberrational act for Mr. Ramos,

whom they characterized as having been a normal child.

       Christopher Rogers, a former inmate at Airway Heights, appeared for the defense

and testified that Mr. Ramos helped him stay out of trouble while incarcerated and

provided advice that helped him restore a relationship with his parents and embark on a

productive path following his release. Mark Dhaenens, the manager of the textile

operations for the Department of Corrections, testified that he met Mr. Ramos while

working as a vocational instructor at Airway Heights Correction Center. He testified that

he had worked with Mr. Ramos for about five years, had taught Mr. Ramos upholstery

skills, and that Mr. Ramos had an excellent attitude and had advanced to the top pay

grade in the textile shop.

                                              8

No. 32027-8-II1
State v. Ramos

       Finally, Mr. Ramos called Dr. Terry Lee, an expert in the field of adolescent

behavior and brain development, who narrated a slide presentation on adolescent brain

development without objection by the State and responded to questioning thereafter.

       The State called Tim Alvarado, the juvenile detention employee who had

overheard Mr. Gaitan describe his and Mr. Ramos's crime to Jaime Silva, another

detainee, in May 1993, roughly six weeks after the murders. The prosecutor questioned

Mr. Alvarado about what Mr. Gaitan said about the planning of the crime and Mr.

Ramos's role. Mr. Alvarado's contemporaneous written statement of what he overheard

in May 1993 had been admitted to support Mr. Ramos's 1993 plea of gUilty.

       Mr. Alvarado testified that among the details of the crime that he heard Mr. Gaitan

describe was that his and Mr. Ramos's instructions for the gang initiation were that they

were to burglarize the house and "[i]f anybody was there, they were supposed to take care

of them." Report of Proceedings (RP) at 49. According to Mr. Alvarado, Mr. Gaitan

said that he and Mr. Ramos approached the home wearing gloves and armed with knives.

Anticipating that family members would be present, Mr. Gaitan entered through the front

door and Mr. Ramos entered through the back. Their plan, if family members were

present, was to kill the father first because they expected him to be in the living room

"and he was the biggest and the strongest, so they wanted to take care of him first." Id. at

50.

                                             9

No. 32027-8-111
State v. Ramos

       According to Mr. Alvarado, Mr. Gaitan said that Mr. Skelton came at him yelling

when they entered the home. Mr. Gaitan told Mr. Silva that he hit Mr. Skelton with a

bat-like weapon in the head, Mr. Skelton fell to the ground, and Mr. Ramos stabbed Mr.

Skelton in the stomach. Mr. Gaitan said that after that he (Mr. Gaitan) killed Lynn and

Jason Skelton. Mr. Gaitan told Mr. Silva that he and Mr. Ramos then re-encountered Mr.

Skelton in the living room and that Mr. Skelton swung at them with a mop handle but

they had managed to knock him down. Mr. Alvarado testified that Mr. Gaitan said Mr.

Ramos "stabbed the father repeatedly in the back until he was dead." Id. at 59.

       Finally, Mr. Alvarado testified that Mr. Gaitan said he had found Bryan Skelton in

bed, hiding under his covers, and went to tell Mr. Ramos. According to Mr. Alvarado,

Mr. Gaitan said that after he and Mr. Ramos returned to the boy's room and told Bryan to

put the blankets over his head and go to sleep, Mr. Ramos first hit Bryan in the head

several times with a piece of wood and then "got on his chest, found where his heart was,

stabbed him through the chest, they heard a gurgling sound, and it was with such thrust it

went all the way through." Id. at 60.

       To challenge the reliability of what Mr. Alvarado overheard, Mr. Ramos offered

portions of the transcript of the Gaitan trial, reflecting the testimony of four juvenile

detainees as to what Mr. Gaitan had told them, which the sentencing court admitted.

According to Mr. Ramos's lawyer, "Every story is different and they all differ from the

confession [Mr. Gaitan] made." Id. at 63.

                                              10 

No. 32027-8-111
State v. Ramos

       The State also called James Sherman and George Town, both of whom, as

detectives, had worked the homicide of the Skelton family and interviewed, or attempted

to interview, Mr. Ramos. Detective Sherman described Mr. Ramos at 14 years old as

having been cocky and disrespectful, but testified that he believed that Mr. Gaitan was

the instigator of the homicides. The detective also testified that he had transported Mr.

Ramos from the prison at Airway Heights to Yakima a couple of years before the

resentencing hearing and that Mr. Ramos appeared to have matured; he described Mr.

Ramos as polite and cooperative, and as even exhibiting a sense of humor.

       At the conclusion of a day's worth of testimony and following Mr. Ramos's

allocution, the court posed several legal questions for the lawyers to address in their

arguments the following morning. Among others, the court asked how "the scope and

extent of ... discretion under Washington's Sentencing Reform Act as interpreted by

[State v. Law] compared with the more expansive discretion that the Court would have

under the federal Sentencing Reform Act under the United States Supreme Court case of

[Pepper v. United States, 562 U.S. 476,131 S. Ct. 1229, 179 L. Ed. 2d 196 (2011)]." RP

at 128-29. The next morning both the prosecutor and Mr. Ramos's lawyer addressed the

court's questions from the day before.

       In arguing for an exceptional sentence downward, Mr. Ramos's lawyer pointed

out that her client had little control over his home environment, was vulnerable to peer

pressure and negative influences, that he experienced trauma at a young age, including

                                             11 

No. 32027-8-111
State v. Ramos

abuse, neglect, the death of his sister, and that he had language problems at school.

Stressing the fact that Mr. Ramos immediately showed signs of rehabilitation after

arriving at a juvenile detention facility, she argued "[t]he rehabilitation is clearly relevant

to seeing that as a 14 year old, no, he wasn't incorrigible. His traits weren't fixed. He

was capable of change and rehabilitation." Id. at 153.

       In announcing its sentencing decision, the court acknowledged its discretion to

reconsider the original sentence and impose concurrent sentences as an exceptional

sentence downward. It discussed Miller, observing that it did not prohibit an

individualized sentence of lifetime without parole for a juvenile found guilty of a

homicide but only the mandatory imposition of such a sentence.

       The court stated that in imposing Mr. Ramos's sentence it was guided by former

RCW 9.94A.390 (1990),3 which addressed mitigating circumstances applicable at the

time the offenses were committed and that it was also guided by the adolescent brain

science considerations set forth in Miller and related cases.

       The court then reviewed the facts of the crime, noting that "by all accounts it was

a horrific crime that wiped out an entire family in one night." RP at 171. It

acknowledged that Mr. Ramos was only 14 years old at the time of the murders and noted

Dr. Lee's presentation on the maturing of the human brain. The court then turned to the

       3 RCW 9.94A.390 was recodified as RCW 9.94A.535 by LAWS OF 2001, ch. 10,
§ 6.

                                              12
No. 32027-8-111
State v. Ramos

scientific evidence of the three significant gaps between juveniles and adults identified by

Miller, 132 S. Ct. at 2464, and addressed their application to Mr. Ramos's crimes, stating

in part:

       "First, children have a lack of maturity and an underdeveloped sense of
       responsibility leading to recklessness, impulsivity, and heedless risk
       taking."
              When I look at this case, I do not see impulsive acts. These acts
       were planned. Mr. Ramos and Mr. Gaitan armed themselves. They entered
       both available exits to prevent escape. They killed each family member
       systematically. Then they killed the last child for the stated purpose of
       eliminating witnesses. Those were not indicative of impulsive acts.
              Second, "Children are more vulnerable to negative influences and
       outside pressures and lack the ability to extricate themselves from horrific
       crime-producing settings." Stated another way, Dr. Lee indicated in his
       presentation that the adolescent mind cannot appreciate the consequences in
       the future of their current actions.
              In this case, unlike the presentation, Mr. Ramos went back into the
       Skelton family home, took a block of wood, and bashed in the head of a six
       year old boy hiding under the covers in his own bed. He did this for the
       stated purpose of eliminating a witness. That evidences to me a clear, cold,
       calculating decision of a mind fully cognizant of future consequences.
              Third, the United States Supreme Court stated that a juvenile's
       actions are less likely to be evidence of irretrievable depravity. In weighing
       these actions, I believe they were monstrous.
              Whether we look to the four penological justifications set forth in
       [Miller] or the stated purposes of Washington Sentencing Reform Act
       found in former RCW 9.94A.OIO [1981], in balance they do not create a
       substantial and compelling reason for me to run these sentencing [sic]
       concurrently.

RP at 173-74.

                                            13 

No. 32027-8-111
State v. Ramos

       The court continued that "[i]n [Miller] the Court was faced with one murder. Here

we have four .... [T]he meaningful opportunity [for] release referenced in [Graham]

cannot logically be extended to situations of multiple murders that present themselves

here." RP at 174.

       The court imposed a standard range sentence of 85 years based on three

consecutive sentences of 20 years for the three counts of first degree felony murder (the

murders of Mike, Lynn and Jason Skelton) and one term of25 years for one count of

premeditated intentional murder (the murder of Bryan Skelton). The standard range for

each of the courts for an offender with no criminal history was 240 to 320 months. Mr.

Ramos appeals.

                                        ANALYSIS

       Mr. Ramos's briefing on appeal discusses at length the attributes of youth that bear

on culpability as discussed by the United States Supreme Court in Miller, Roper, and

Graham. He argues that his consecutive 20- and 25-year sentences fail under Miller's

asserted constitutional commands in four respects.

       He argues that Miller holds that "a severe sentence [equivalent to life in prison],

even for a horrible crime, is constitutionally permissible only in the rarest of

circumstances where there is proof of 'irreparable corruption,' 132 S. Ct. at 2469," and

"Mr. Ramos's impressive record ... demonstrates he is not irredeemable." See Br. of

Appellant at 13-15. He makes the related argument that imposing a sentence that does

                                             14 

No. 32027-8-III
State v. Ramos

not include an opportunity for his release based on rehabilitation violates the Eighth

Amendment where he is not irreparably corrupt or beyond redemption. See id. at 29-31.

       He argues that the sentencing court's reliance on former RCW 9.94A.390(1)

(1990) and the Washington Supreme Court's decision in Law limited its consideration

such that it "could not meaningfully consider the mandate of Miller and the Eighth

Amendment analysis of Graham and Roper," which Mr. Ramos views as being that a

sentencing court" , must' take into account [a] child's 'background and emotional

development.'" See Br. of Appellant at 15-20 (quoting Miller, 132 S. Ct. at 2467).

       He argues that the sentencing court could not apply the statutory presumptions of

standard sentencing ranges and consecutive sentences provided by former RCW

9.94A.120(1) (1992)4 and RCW 9.94A.400(l)(b) (1990)5 without thereby violating the

Eighth Amendment as construed by Miller. See Br. of Appellant at 20-22.

       He argues that the sentencing court "considered the attributes of youth only in the

context of the crime itself' in violation of the Eighth Amendment. See id. at 22-29.

       He finally argues that the State breached its obligations under the 1993 plea

agreement in the course of argument at the sentencing hearing.

       4 RCW 9.94A.120 was recodified as RCW 9.94A.505 by LAWS OF 2001, ch. 10,
§ 6.
       5 RCW 9.94A.400 was recodified as RCW 9.94A.589 by LAWS OF 2001, ch. 10,
§ 6.

                                            15 

No. 32027-8-III
State v. Ramos

       After an overview of the law applicable to the sentence for this 1993 crime, we

address the asserted errors in tum.

                                      1 Applicable law

       '" Fixing of penalties or punishments for criminal offenses is a legislative function,

and the power of the legislature in that respect is plenary and subject only to

constitutional provisions against excessive fines and cruel and unusual punishment.' "

State v. Thorne, 129 Wash. 2d 736, 767, 921 P.2d 514 (1996) (quoting State v. Mulcare, 189
Wash. 625, 628, 66 P.2d 360 (1937)), abrogated on other grounds by Blakely v.

Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 124 S. Ct. 2531, 159 L. Ed. 2d 403 (2004). Under the

Sentencing Reform Act of 1981 (SRA), chapter 9.94A RCW, a trial court must generally

impose a sentence within the statutory standard range. Former RCW 9.94A.120(1)

(1992). Yet "[t]he court may impose a sentence outside the standard sentence range for

that offense if it finds, considering the purpose of [the SRA], that there are substantial

and compelling reasons justifying an exceptional sentence." Former RCW 9.94A.120(2)

(1992). The SRA sets forth nonexclusive "illustrative" mitigating factors, all of which

our Supreme Court has observed "relate directly to the crime or the defendant's

culpability for the crime." Law, 154 Wash. 2d at 95; former RCW 9.94A.390(1).

       In a series of decisions-most recently Law-our Supreme Court has clearly and

consistently held that "the SRA requires factors that serve as justification for an

exceptional sentence to relate to the crime, the defendant's culpability for the crime, or

                                              16 

No. 32027-8-111
State v. Ramos

the past criminal record of the defendant." Law, 154 Wash. 2d at 89. A mitigating factor

'" must relate to the crime and make it more, or less, egregious.'" Id. at 98 (quoting State

v. Fowler, 145 Wash. 2d 400, 404, 38 P.3d 385 (2002)). The court has viewed this

limitation as required by the nondiscrimination mandate of the SRA, which provides that

sentences be imposed "without discrimination as to any element that does not relate to the

crime or the previous record of the defendant." RCW 9.94A.340. Thus, the fact that an

offender successfully completed a drug rehabilitation program and re-established a

positive relationship with her two children, whom the court hoped to see reunited with

their mother rather than remain in foster care, was found to be non-crime-related and

therefore an improper mitigating factor in Law. 154 Wash. 2d at 104. An offender's low

threat to the public and the court's concern for the offender's opportunity to improve

herself and frugal use of State resources were found to be improper mitigating factors in

State v. Pascal, 108 Wash. 2d 125, 137-38, 736 P.2d 1065 (1987). A court's desire to see

an atypically altruistic defendant given an opportunity to improve herself rather than

further overcrowd jail facilities was found to be an improper mitigating factor in State v.

Freitag, 127 Wash. 2d 141, 144-45, 896 P.2d 1254 (1995).

       "Age alone" was found to be an improper mitigating factor in Ha'mim, but as we

explained in Ramos IV, the decision in Ha 'mim anticipated that age would be a relevant

mitigating factor if the attributes of youth were relevant to culpability for a crime:

                                              17 

No. 32027-8-111
State v. Ramos

       In holding that the trial court [in Ha 'mim] erred in relying on the
       defendant's youth, the Supreme Court made clear that the age of a young
       adult "is not alone" a mitigating factor. 132 Wash. 2d at 847 (emphasis
       added). In reaching that conclusion, it acknowledged that a defendant's
       youth could be relevant to one of the illustrative mitigating factors
       identified by the legislature, that being that "the defendant's capacity to
       appreciate the wrongfulness of his or her conduct or to conform his or her
       conduct to the requirements of the law was significantly impaired." Id. at
       846 (citing former RCW 9.94A.390(l)(e), recodified as RCW
       9.94A.535(l)(e)).

      Eight years after Ha 'mim, and following Roper, our legislature found that
      "adolescent brains, and thus adolescent intellectual and emotional
      capabilities, differ significantly from those of mature adults. It is
      appropriate to take these differences into consideration when sentencing
      juveniles tried as adults," and amended RCW 9.94A.540 prospectively.[6]
      The Supreme Court anticipated in Ha 'mim that if evidence demonstrated
      that culpability was diminished because of youth, it would be a factor that
      may be considered in sentencing. The legislature's finding and United
      States Supreme Court recognition support the viability of the brain science
      offered by Mr. Ramos. It is relevant to a request for an exceptional
      downward sentence.

Ramos IV, 2013 WL 1628255 at *l3.

       Following Mr. Ramos's 2013 resentencing, the Washington legislature amended

the SRA in respects that will afford relief to offenders who committed crimes as juveniles

decades ago and face lengthy continuing incarceration. Among the changes was the

addition of a new section to chapter 9.94A RCW that provides a prospect of early release

to Mr. Ramos and others. It provides in part as follows:

        6 The 2005 changes excluded juveniles tried as adults from the mandatory
minimum terms imposed by RCW 9.94A.540, but only as to crimes committed on or
after the effective date of the act. See LAWS OF 2005, ch. 437, § 2.

                                            18 

No. 32027-8-II1
State v. Ramos

       Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, any person convicted
       of one or more crimes committed prior to the person's eighteenth birthday
       may petition the indeterminate sentence review board [ISRB] for early
       release after serving no less than twenty years of total confinement,
       provided the person has not been convicted for any crime committed
       subsequent to the person's eighteenth birthday, the person has not
       committed a major violation in the twelve months prior to filing the petition
       for early release, and the current sentence was not imposed under RCW
       10.95.030 or 9.94A.507.

LAWS OF   2014, ch. 130, § 10. At the time of oral argument of this appeal, it was

represented that Mr. Ramos had petitioned the ISRB for early release. 7

       We tum to Mr. Ramos's arguments from the asserted mandates of Miller.

          II. Miller does not hold that a sentence equivalent to life in prison is
          constitutionally permissible only where there is proofof "irreparable
                                       corruption"

       The Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution proscribes the infliction

of "cruel and unusual punishment." For the most part, the United States Supreme Court's

precedents applying the Eighth Amendment "consider punishments challenged not as

inherently barbaric but as disproportionate to the crime," Graham, 560 U.S. at 59, and

disproportionate punishment was at issue in Roper, Graham, and Miller, the three cases

in which, relying on the Eighth Amendment, the Court respectively invalidated the death

penalty for all juvenile offenders under age 18, invalidated the sentence of life without

      7 Wash. Court of Appeals oral argument, State v. Ramos, No. 32027-8-II1 (Mar.
18,2015) at 26 min., 40 sec. through 28 min., 50 sec. (on file with court).

                                             19
No. 32027-8-III
State v. Ramos

parole for juvenile nonhomicide offenders, and invalidated the mandatory sentence of life

without parole for juvenile homicide offenders. In invalidating mandatory sentences of

life without parole for juveniles who commit homicides, the Court explained that

mandatory sentences "prohibit a sentencing authority from assessing whether the law's

harshest term of imprisonment proportionately punishes a juvenile offender." Miller, 132
S. Ct. at 2466. In so doing, it pointed out that it still recognized the distinction drawn

between homicide and nonhomicide offenses in Graham:

       [O]ur decision today retains that distinction: Graham established one rule
       (a flat ban [on life without parole sentences]) for nonhomicide offenses,
       while we set out a different one (individualized sentencing) for homicide
       offenses.
132 S. Ct. at 2466 n.6.

       The two defendants whose sentences were before the court in Miller had each

received a mandatory sentence of life without parole for separate single murders, in

robberies gone bad. Mr. Ramos, by contrast, received 20-year sentences (the low end of

the standard range) for the three counts of first degree felony murder to which he pleaded

guilty, and a 25-year sentence for the one count of premeditated intentional murder to

which he pleaded guilty. Miller does not apply, by its terms, to his sentence.

       He nonetheless argues that mandates announced in Miller do apply, the first being

Miller's asserted requirement that a sentence equivalent to life in prison (and here, that

                                              20 

No. 32027-8-III
State v. Ramos

would be Mr. Ramos's total sentence, for the four crimes) is constitutionally permissible

only where there is proof of "irreparable corruption."

       Mr. Ramos cites to Miller, at 132 S. Ct. at 2469, for this proposition, and

presumably to the following language that appears on that page of the Court's opinion:

       [W]e do not consider [the petitioners'] alternative argument that the Eighth
       Amendment requires a categorical bar on life without parole for juveniles,
       or at least for those 14 and younger. But given all we have said in Roper,
       Graham, and this decision about children's diminished culpability and
       heightened capacity for change, we think appropriate occasions for
       sentencing juveniles to this harshest possible penalty will be uncommon.
       That is especially so because of the great difficulty we noted in Roper and
       Graham of distinguishing at this early age between "the juvenile offender
       whose crime reflects unfortunate yet transient immaturity, and the rare
       juvenile offender whose crime reflects irreparable corruption." Roper, 543
U.S., at 573, 125 S. Ct. 1183; Graham, 560 U.S., at - - , 130 S. Ct., at
       2026-2027. Although we do not foreclose a sentencer's ability to make that
       judgment in homicide cases, we require it to take into account how children
       are different, and how those differences counsel against irrevocably
       sentencing them to a lifetime in prison.

       "[T]his harshest possible penalty" for juveniles to which Miller refers is, of course,

a life sentence without parole-the subject matter of the Court's decision. In Graham,

the Court recognized that a concern that a defendant is irreparably corrupt or incorrigible

is relevant to the penological goal of incapacitation, one of the four goals of

imprisonment that the Court has recognized as legitimate. Graham, 560 U.S. at 71. It

concluded, however, that "while incapacitation may be a legitimate penological goal

sufficient to justify life without parole in other contexts, it is inadequate to justify [life

without parole] for juveniles who did not commit homicide." Graham, 560 U.S. at 72.

                                               21 

No. 32027-8-II1
State v. Ramos

       The other penological goals recognized by the Court as legitimate are retribution,

deterrence, and rehabilitation, and the Court reiterated in Graham that "choosing among

[penological goals] is within a legislature's discretion." Id. at 71 (citing Harmelin v.

Michigan, 501 U.S. 957,999, III S. Ct. 2680, 115 L. Ed. 2d 836 (1991) (opinion of

Kennedy, J.)). Penological goals of retribution and deterrence can be served without

demonstrating that an offender is irreparably corrupt.

       We also note that even as applied to sentences of life without parole, Miller

suggests it will be the "uncommon" case where that sentence will be imposed but it

"do[es] not foreclose a sentencer's ability to make that judgment in homicide cases."

Miller, 132 S. Ct. at 2469. And in setting forth what it requires of a sentencer who does

make that judgment in a homicide case, it does not say that he or she must find

"irreparable corruption" but only that he or she is "require [d] ... to take into account how

children are different." Id. Of course, the court in this case did not impose a life

sentence without parole for any of the murders; it imposed 20- and 25-year sentences.

       Mr. Ramos's related argument that Miller mandates that a sentence without an

opportunity for release based on rehabilitation violates the Eighth Amendment fails for

the same reason: Miller explicitly recognizes that even a life sentence without parole may

                                             22 

No. 32027-8-111
State v. Ramos

be imposed on a juvenile offender as long as it is an individualized sentence arrived at

after considering, among other factors, the attributes of youth. 8

       Miller did not involve nonlife sentences, it did not involve multiple homicides by

an offender, and it did not announce a constitutional command that a sentencing court

find "irreparable corruption" before imposing a sentence. Miller's language about

irreparable corruption affords no basis for reversing Mr. Ramos's sentence and

remanding for a further resentencing.

           III. Neither the SRA nor State v. Law limited the sentencing court's
          consideration ofthe attributes ofMr. Ramos's youth in a manner that
                    violates the Eighth Amendment as applied in Miller

       Mr. Ramos next draws attention to statements by the sentencing court in

announcing its sentencing decision that he argues show that the court was "restricted by

the criteria of the exceptional sentence statute and case law interpreting that statute" and

"could not meaningfully consider the mandate of Miller and the Eighth Amendment ...

        8 If one were to read Miller to create an Eighth Amendment right to review for
possible early release for juvenile offenders based on demonstrated rehabilitation, then
the 2014 legislation under which Mr. Ramos may petition the ISRB for early release (and
is reportedly doing so) would be relevant. Mr. Ramos argues that it is not, citing the
California Supreme Court's decision in People v. Gutierrez, 58 Cal. 4th 1354, 1384, 171
Cal. Rptr. 3d 421,324 P.3d 245 (2014). But in Guitterrez, the court said only that post­
Miller legislation providing an opportunity for a juvenile offender to seek recall and
resentencing would not cure the constitutional infirmity of a sentence imposed without
individualized consideration of the transitory emotional and mental immaturity of youth.
If an independent Eighth Amendment right to release based on rehabilitation were held to
exist, then the 2014 legislation would have to be considered in determining whether the
right to review provided by that legislation was sufficient.

                                             23 

No. 32027-8-III
State v. Ramos

when it adhered to a sentencing scheme that precludes reducing a person's sentence

based on personal characteristics." Br. of Appellant at 19-20. Mr. Ramos argues that

Miller requires us to employ constitutional avoidance in applying former RCW

9.94A.120 (1992) and to re-examine Law. We believe, as we did in remanding the case

in 20l3, that the statute and the case law permit consideration of the attributes of youth,

including emerging brain science. The record reveals that the sentencing court

considered those matters including as further discussed in Miller even though Miller

involved only life sentences without parole.

       Mr. Ramos relies on the following statements by the sentencing court which he

contends demonstrate that it failed to consider Mr. Ramos's age at the time of the crime

and how it might affect his culpability:

             The question [whether to exercise the discretion recognized by
       Mulholland to impose an exceptional downward sentence] hinges on
       whether or not under former RCW 9.94A.120 [1992] I find a substantial
       and compelling reason to justifY the exceptional sentence requested by Mr.
       Ramos.

              To determine this I am guided by [former] RCW 9.94A.390(l)
       [1990], and that's the former statute applicable at the time in question,
       which sets forth the mitigating circumstances.

RP at 169, and

               I have attempted to restrict my considerations to those authorized by
       the en banc holding of the Washington State Supreme Court in [State v.
       Law] and in compliance with RCW 9.94A.340 to the extent they do not
       restrict my consideration of factors under RCW 9.94A.OIO [1981] on the

                                               24
No. 32027-8-111
State v. Ramos

       question of concurrent versus consecutive sentences under RCW 

       9.94A.535(1)[g].9 

RP at 175.

      The trial court made other statements about the applicable law, including stating it

was aware of its discretion to impose concurrent sentences as an exceptional sentence for

serious violent offenses, RP 167; and including the following:

      1 am also taking into account the adolescent brain science considerations set
      forth in [Miller v. Alabama, Graham v. Florida, and Roper v. Simmons], as
      that relates to [statutory mitigating factors] subsections [(c), (d) and (e)] of
      [former] RCW 9.94A.390(1) [1990], as well as considerations under the
      Eighth Amendment of the United States Constitution and the above­
      mentioned cases, and the corresponding Washington State Constitutional
      protections.

RP at 169. The non-exclusive statutory mitigating factors that the sentencing court

viewed as potentially implicated by Mr. Ramos's youth, and took into account, were

              (c) The defendant committed the crime under duress, coercion,
      threat, or compulsion insufficient to constitute a complete defense but
      which significantly affected his or her conduct.
              (d) The defendant, with no apparent predisposition to do so, was
      induced by others to participate in the crime.
              (e) The defendant's capacity to appreciate the wrongfulness of his
      conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law, was
      significantly impaired (voluntary use of drugs or alcohol is excluded).

Former RCW 9.94A.390(1).

      9 The statute applicable to Mr. Ramos's sentencing would have been former RCW
9.94A.390(1)(g) (1990), which was substantively identical to recodified RCW
9.94A.535(1 )(g).

                                            25 

No. 32027-8-III
State v. Ramos

       The argument by Mr. Ramos that the sentencing court was unconstitutionally

constrained by pre-Miller law depends upon the false premise that when Miller was

decided on June 25, 2012, it fundamentally transformed whether sentencing courts

viewed youth as bearing on culpability and sentencing. Miller did make a significant

change by declaring mandatory life sentences for homicides by juveniles to be

categorically unconstitutional. But it had long been recognized that attributes of youth

are relevant in meting out punishment; Washington has had a separate juvenile court

since 1905. See LA WS OF 1905, ch. 18, § 3 (repealed 1909); LAWS OF 1909, ch. 190, § 3

(repealed 1913); LAWS OF 1913, ch. 160, § 2 (substantially repealed 1977); LAWS OF

1977, ch. 291, § 3. In a 1979 article discussing the 1977 overhaul of Washington's

juvenile justice system, a former chief criminal deputy for the King County prosecutor

observed that while adults commit many kinds of crimes for many reasons,

      juvenile crime is exceedingly difficult to characterize because juveniles
      change so rapidly during adolescence and their crime motives are often the
      result of peer pressure and adolescent experimentation. It is not that there
      is an absence of variety among adults, but rather much more variety among
      juveniles.

Jay A. Reich, The Juvenile Justice Act of1977: A Prosecutor's Perspective, 14 GONZ. L.

REv. 337,349 (1979).

       Eleven years before Mr. Ramos and Mr. Gaitan murdered the members of the

Skelton family, the United States Supreme Court observed in Eddings v. Oklahoma, 455
U.S. 104, 115,102 S. Ct. 869,71 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1982), a capital case, that evidence ofa

                                            26 

No. 32027-8-111
State v. Ramos

difficult family history and of emotional disturbance was typically introduced by

defendants in mitigation of a capital sentence and that while in some cases such evidence

may be given little weight,

       [W]hen the defendant was 16 years old at the time of the offense there can
       be no doubt that evidence of a turbulent family history, of beatings by a
       harsh father, and of severe emotional disturbance is particularly relevant.

             The trial judge recognized that youth must be considered a relevant
      mitigating factor. But youth is more than a chronological fact. It is a time
      and condition of life when a person may be most susceptible to influence
      and to psychological damage. Our history is replete with laws andjudicial
      recognition that minors, especially in their earlier years, generally are less
      mature and responsible than adults. Particularly "during the formative
      years of childhood and adolescence, minors often lack the experience,
      perspective, and judgment" expected of adults. Bellotti v. Baird, 443 U.S.
      622,635,99 S. Ct. 3035, 3044,61 L. Ed. 2d 797 (1979).

(Emphasis added) (footnotes omitted).

       In 2005, six years before Mr. Ramos's first resentencing, the Supreme Court

decided Roper, in which it characterized the "lack of maturity and an underdeveloped

sense of responsibility" found in youth as something that scientific and sociological

studies tended to confirm-but that "any parent knows." 543 U.S. at 569 (emphasis

added).

       In remanding for a second resentencing in 2013, we characterized the Washington

State Supreme Court's 1997 decision in Ha 'mim as anticipating that evidence

demonstrating that culpability was diminished because of youth would be a factor to

consider in sentencing. Our direction on remand was that Washington legislative

                                            27 

No. 32027-8-III
State v. Ramos

findings in 2005 and United States Supreme Court decisions supported the "viability of

the brain science offered by Mr. Ramos," which we said was "relevant to a request for an

exceptional downward sentence." Ramos IV, 2013 WL 1628255 at *13.

       In announcing its decision at the 2013 resentencing, the court said that it had

"considered the issues advanced regarding adolescent brain science, the mitigating

qualities of youth discussed by the United States Supreme Court, and have expressly

considered the fact that Mr. Ramos was 14 atthe time of these four murders, and I have

expressly acknowledged my discretion to adopt a mitigated sentence and run them

concurrently if I so choose." RP at 176. The record demonstrates that the court

understood that Mr. Ramos's youth could be considered under the three explicit statutory

mitigating factors that it identified and as a mitigating factor it could consider even if not

explicitly identified by the SRA. The only respect in which the sentencing court viewed

itself as constrained by Law was that it did not consider Mr. Ramos's post-incarceration

rehabilitation other than as evidence tending to prove his reduced culpability for the 1993

murders. We view this as proper, and discuss it further in section IV, below.

            IV. The statutory presumptions ofstandard sentencing ranges and
           consecutive sentences are not unconstitutional as applied to juvenile
                                offenders following Miller

       Mr. Ramos next argues that a presumptive sentence of life without the possibility

of parole for homicide is sufficiently similar to a mandatory sentence of life without the

possibility of parole to raise a "serious constitutional concern," citing People v.

                                              28 

No. 32027-8-111
State v. Ramos

Gutierrez, 58 Cal. 4th 1354, 1379, 171 Cal. Rptr. 3d 421,324 P.3d 245 (2014), and

argues that Washington's sentencing scheme of (1) standard range sentences that must be

imposed absent substantial and compelling circumstances and (2) presumptive

consecutive sentencing for serious violent crimes presents the same constitutional

concern presented by the presumptive life without parole sentence at issue in Gutierrez.

He argues that the combined application of these two presumptions under the SRA

resulted in a de facto life sentence for him of 85 years. Br. of Appellant at 14-21.

       Gutierrez addressed the life without parole sentences imposed on two 17-year-old

offenders who were convicted of "special circumstance murder" under California Penal

Code section 190.5(b). In one case, the sentence was for the felony murder of a police

officer by the defendant's partner in crime, committed while the co-defendant was being

pursued following an armed robbery. 58 Cal. 4th at 1362. In the other, the sentence was

for a murder of a woman during the commission of a rape or attempted rape. Id. at 1366­

67.

       Here again, Mr. Ramos focuses in his comparison to Gutierrez on his total

sentence. Had he committed a single murder, like those giving rise to the sentences in

Miller and Gutierrez, the standard sentence range provided by the SRA for a defendant

with no prior criminal background would have afforded him a meaningful opportunity for

release: he would have been released sometime between ages 34 and 40. Former RCW

                                             29 

No. 32027-8-II1
State v. Ramos

9.94A.310 (1992).10 Mr. Ramos faces the equivalent of a lifetime sentence here not

because the sentence for a single first degree murder is categorically disproportionate but

because he was convicted of four murders.

       None of the United States Supreme Court's precedents under the Eighth

Amendment suggest that consecutive sentencing for multiple murders constitutes cruel

and unusual punishment. We cannot accept the proposition that a sentencing scheme that

is valid under the Eighth Amendment for a juvenile offender who commits a single

murder is invalid if an offender commits enough murders that, run consecutively, the

sentences approach a lifetime. Youth matters. But so do the lives that were taken. As

the United States Supreme Court reiterated in Graham, murder is incomparable in terms

of its severity and irrevocability, because '" [l]ife is over for the victim of the murderer. '"
560 U.S. at 69 (quoting Kennedy v. Louisiana, 554 U.S. 407, 449, 128 S. Ct. 2641, 171 L.

Ed. 2d 525 (2008). As observed in Miller, it is "beyond question" that a juvenile who

commits even one murder "deserve[s] severe punishment." 132 S. Ct. at 2469.

       The defendants in both Gutierrez and in Miller were guilty of single murders and

presented issues of sentencing proportionality in that context. Nothing in Miller or the

precedents on which it relies suggests that proportionality is not affected if the offender

has committed multiple murders-and Graham's discussion of the incomparability of the

       10 RCW   9.94A.310 was recodified as RCW 9.94A.510 by LAWS OF 2001, ch. 10,
§ 6.

                                               30
No. 32027-8-III
State v. Ramos

crime of murder compels the conclusion that committing multiple murders must affect the

proportionality analysis. Mr. Ramos does not demonstrate any Eighth Amendment

problem with the 20- to 25-year sentencing ranges provided by the SRA or its provision

for consecutive sentencing of serious violent offenses.

           V. The sentencing court properly reconciled current adolescent brain
         science and Washington's determinate sentencing scheme in focusing on
          whether the evidence presented bore on Mr. Ramos's cUlpability for his
                                      criminal acts

       In his 2013 sentencing memorandum, Mr. Ramos argued that in 2011, in Pepper,

562 U.S. 476, "the United States Supreme Court recognized that post-crime rehabilitation

may indeed be relevant to the history and characteristics of the defendant." CP at 615.

One of the questions posed by the sentencing court at the conclusion of the first day of

the sentencing hearing was how the discretion of a Washington court, as limited by Law,

compared to the discretion enjoyed by federal courts under the federal SRA as described

in Pepper. In announcing its sentencing decision, the court hewed to our reasoning that

rehabilitation was only relevant to the extent it made it more probable that Mr. Ramos's

1993 crimes were a result of his emotional and mental immaturity, thereby reducing his

culpability.

       The United States Supreme Court's decision in Pepper was not based on

constitutional principles. At issue in Pepper was whether an offender's exceptional

progress following his original sentencing could be taken into consideration when he was

                                            31 

No. 32027-8-111
State v. Ramos

resentenced in light of a policy statement by the Federal Sentencing Commission that

provides in part:

       Post-sentencing rehabilitative efforts, even if exceptional, undertaken by a
       defendant after imposition of a term of imprisonment for the instant
       offense[,] are not an appropriate basis for a downward departure when
       resentencing the defendant for that offense.

United States Sentencing Guidelines § 5K2.19 (Nov. 1,2010).

       Applicable federal statutes, by contrast, provide that "[n]o limitation shall be

placed on the information" a sentencing court may consider "concerning the [offender's]

background, character and conduct," 18 U.S.C. § 3661; and include "the history and

characteristics of the defendant" as factors that a sentencing court must consider. 18

U.S.C. § 3553(a)(l). The opinion in Pepper noted that the Court had previously held that

district courts must give'" respectful consideration'" to the sentencing guidelines but

may, in appropriate cases, "impose a non-Guidelines sentence based on a disagreement

with the Commission's views." Pepper, 562 U.S. at 501, (quoting Kimbrough v. United

States, 522 U.S. 85, 101, 128 S. Ct. 558, 169 L. Ed. 2d 481 (2007)). It held that the

statutory provisions controlled and enabled a sentencing court in the event of a

resentencing not only to consider post-sentence rehabilitation, but, in an appropriate case,

to rely on it as the basis for a downward departure from the advisory Federal Sentencing

Guidelines range.

                                             32 

No. 32027-8-III
State v. Ramos

       The fact that the Court was deciding a statutory issue rather than a constitutional

one was driven home by Justice Alito's concurring opinion, which discussed the

pendulum swing in federal sentencing law in the several preceding decades. Justice AUto

remarked that "[a]nyone familiar with the history of criminal sentencing in this country

cannot fail to see the irony in the Court's praise for the sentencing scheme exemplified

... by 18 U.S.C. § 3661" and similar case law, pointing out that "[b]y the time of the

enactment of the Sentencing Reform Act in 1984, this scheme had fallen into widespread

disrepute." Pepper, 562 U.S. at 517, (AUto, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part).

       Law, not Pepper, construes Washington's SRA and is controlling on the issue of

the extent to which a Washington court can consider post-sentencing rehabilitation. The

sentencing court properly considered Mr. Ramos's post-sentencing rehabilitation solely

for its relevance to his culpability at the time of the 1993 murders.

                  VI. The State did not breach the plea agreement

       Mr. Ramos's sentencing memorandum had asked the court to impose an

exceptional sentence of30 years for the murder of Bryan Skelton and 20 years for the

remaining counts, to run concurrently. It identified 10 "mitigating factors" associated

with Mr. Ramos's emotional immaturity, lesser culpability, and acceptance of

                                             33 

No. 32027-8-II1
State v. Ramos

responsibility that it argued supported exceptional concurrent sentencing. CP at 620­

       A recognized mitigating factor under former RCW 9.94A.390(1)(g) is that a

sentencing court may impose an exceptional sentence downward if it finds that the

"multiple offence policy ofRCW 9.94A.589 [formerly RCW 9.94A.400] results in a

presumptive sentence that is clearly excessive in light of the purposes of the [SRA]."

State v. Graham, 181 Wn.2d 878,880,337 P.3d 319 (2014). In arguing against an

exceptional downward sentence, the prosecutor addressed that statutory mitigating factor.

After arguing, in effect, that each life mattered and each homicide should count, the

prosecutor stated:

       11   The 10 "mitigating factors" identified by Mr. Ramos were:
       New evidence regarding adolescent brains; Supreme Court statements on
       lesser culpability of adolescents; Joel had little control over his
       environment--he experienced frequent moves, a language barrier, physical,
       verbal, and sexual abuse and emotional neglect; at a stage of life when Joel
       was most susceptible to psychological damage, he experienced the trauma
       of his sister's unexpected death; Joel was vulnerable to negative
       influences--he underwent a significant personality change after his sister's
       death, between 6th and 7th grade; Joel's youth impacted his interactions
       with law enforcement and the legal system; the fourteen-year-old Joel was
       immature even for his age; under Pepper v. United States, Mr. Ramos's
       post-crime rehabilitation is relevant substantive mitigating evidence on its
       own merits; Joel lacked a criminal predisposition and was induced to
       commit this crime by his codefendant; and Joel Ramos accepted
       responsibility, waived his decline hearing, and pled gUilty.

CP at 620-21.

                                             34
No. 32027-8-II1
State v. Ramos

       [A]s the Court's aware, the manner and mechanism of death-or injury and
       death was very heinous. This is-the description that was provided to the
       Court clearly shows that the people were both bludgeoned to death and then
       stabbed to death. And in particular the death of Bryan, a six year old, that
       the defendant admits having committed himself, was particularly heinous.

                And I'd like to point out that that death, you know, would have been
       a basis for an aggravate [d] sentence. And it's the State position that, you
       know, that's something you have to look at in terms of, well, okay, there's
       these mitigating factors. Well there's also an aggravating factor. Although,
       we're not advocating that you give him an aggravated sentence based upon
       that, I think it's something as part of the crime that the Court can look at.
       And in particular that Bryan was a young child that the defendant knew or
       should have known was particularly vulnerable or incapable of resistance
       due to his extreme youth. And so I think you've got to weigh that in terms
       of the type of crime that was committed.

RP at 140-41.

       Later, in response to the sentencing court's direct questions to the prosecutor as to

the extent of its discretion and whether a jury finding was required,12 the prosecutor

stated that the court could not go above the standard range without a jury and could not

go below the standard range unless it found, considering the purpose of the SRA, that

there were substantial and compelling reasons justifying an exceptional sentence.

       The prosecutor had agreed in 1993 to recommend a sentence of 80 months. Mr.

Ramos contends that the prosecutor undercut his recommendation by arguing that the

       12 Among the court's questions to the prosecutor were, "From the State's point of
view, am I bound by the sentencing recommendation?," and "[A]m I authorized as
essentially the new sentencing judge to make a decision within the standard sentencing
range?," and "[T]hat was the law in effect at the time of the original plea and sentenc[e]
in 1993; is that correct?" RP at 144-46.

                                             35
No. 32027-8-I11
State v. Ramos

crimes could have supported an aggravated sentence and suggesting that Bryan had been

particularly vulnerable due to his extreme youth. He argues that by presenting facts that

the conduct was egregious enough to justify a sentence above the standard range, the

prosecutor went beyond what was necessary to explain his sentencing recommendation

and breached the plea agreement. Mr. Ramos contends the proper remedy is resentencing

before a different judge.

       Due process requires a prosecutor to adhere to the terms of a plea agreement.

State v. Sledge, 133 Wn.2d 828,839,947 P.2d 1199 (1997). While the prosecutor need

not make the promised sentencing recommendation "enthusiastically," the prosecutor has

a duty "not to undercut the terms of the agreement explicitly or by conduct evidencing an

intent to circumvent the terms of the plea agreement." Sledge, 133 Wash. 2d at 840 (citation

omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). "[T]he State will not violate its duty of good

faith and fair dealing by participating in an evidentiary hearing and presenting evidence

to assist the sentencing court, so long as it does not, by its words and conduct at that

hearing, contradict its recommendation for a standard range sentence." State v. Talley,

134 Wn.2d 176,187,949 P.2d 358 (1998).

       In Sledge, the court held that the prosecution undercut its agreed recommendation

of a disposition within the standard range. Although the court had the manifest injustice

report written by the probation officer, the State insisted on a hearing where the State

called the probation officer and the juvenile parole officer. The State then questioned

                                             36 

No. 32027-8-III
State v. Ramos

both in detail as to their reasons for recommending an exceptional sentence. Sledge, 133
Wash. 2d at 833-35. Our Supreme Court pointed out that there was no need for the hearing,

the questioning "over and over" of the probation officer on her reason for recommending

an exceptional sentence, or for calling the parole officer as a witness. Id. at 842-43. The

court held that these factors together with the prosecutor's summation demonstrated a

"transparent attempt to sustain an exceptional sentence." Id at 843.

       In this case, the prosecutor's presentation in its entirety reflects compliance with

the plea agreement. As set forth above, at the time he discussed the fact that an

aggravating factor could apply, he emphasized, "[a]lthough [ ] we're not advocating that

you give him an aggravated sentence based upon that." RP at 141. Turning later to the

State's requested sentence, he said, "So in this case, the State is asking that the Court

continue the sentence of80 years, which was what was bargained for." Id at 143. When

asked by the court whether the prosecutor wished at a later point to make the State's

recommendation, or would just as soon "do that now," the prosecutor responded, "Well,

the recommendation is to deny the exceptional sentence and just reaffirm the sentence of

80 years." Idat 144. His only reference to the aggravating characteristics of the crime

was in opposing Mr. Ramos's argument that mitigating factors justified an exceptional

downward sentence. As Judge Korsmo had observed in his concurring opinion in Ramos

IV, "There is nothing to prohibit the prosecutor from arguing against an exceptional

                                             37 

No. 32027-8-III
State v. Ramos

sentence (while maintaining its 80-yearrecommendation)." 2013 WL 1628255 at *18

nA.

       As to the prosecutor's answers to the court's direct questions about the extent of

its discretion, Talley requires the prosecutor to "answer the court's questions candidly in

accordance with RPC 3.3" (requiring counsel to be candid with the trial court), and "not

hold back relevant information regarding the plea agreement." Talley, 134 Wash. 2d at 183.

Mr. Ramos's lawyer conceded at oral argument of the appeal that it was proper for the

prosecutor to answer. And when Mr. Ramos's lawyer was asked the same question by

the sentencing court, she, too stated that she "certainly believe[d]" that the court had

discretion to act within the sentencing range. RP at 160.

       The prosecutor made the promised recommendation, did not advocate for an

exceptional sentence and did not contradict his recommendation.

       Affirmed.

WE CONCUR: 

Brown, J.

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