Court Opinion

ID: 9962072
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-22 16:13:03.042641+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:19:47.803626
License: Public Domain

J-S15044-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

  COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                 :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
  MICHAEL J. BALAS II                          :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 516 MDA 2022

              Appeal from the PCRA Order Entered March 9, 2022
                In the Court of Common Pleas of Luzerne County
              Criminal Division at No(s): CP-40-CR-0002821-2015

BEFORE: BOWES, J., STABILE, J., and SULLIVAN, J.

MEMORANDUM BY SULLIVAN, J.:                             FILED: APRIL 22, 2024

       Michael J. Balas II (“Balas”) appeals from the order dismissing his first

petition for relief filed pursuant to the Post Conviction Relief Act (“PCRA”).1

We affirm.

       The PCRA court previously set forth the following factual and procedural

history:

             [In March 2015, Pennsylvania State Police Troopers Ryan
       Golla and Daniel Spath performed a traffic stop on a black
       Mercedes sedan travelling northbound on State Route 93 in the
       City of Hazleton, after the officers learned that the vehicle’s
       registration had been suspended for approximately two months.
       The vehicle was operated by Balas, and he was the only
       occupant.]

             After Trooper Golla pulled [Balas] over, he noticed that
       [Balas] smelled of alcohol; had bloodshot eyes; and slurred, thick
       speech. Trooper Spath, who was also at the scene, smelled
       marijuana coming from [Balas’s] vehicle. [Balas] admitted to
____________________________________________

1 See 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9541-9546.
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     drinking three beers and smoking marijuana earlier in the
     evening. Trooper Golla testified that [Balas] was unable to
     successfully perform three sobriety tests[, including the lack of
     convergence test and the one-leg-stand test]. After searching
     [the] vehicle, Trooper Golla found a glass bowl, a digital scale, and
     a knife all with cocaine residue; two bags of cocaine, totaling
     392.03 grams; $487 in single bills in a black bag; and $1,343 in
     small denomination, one-dollar bills[,] in [Balas’s] pocket.

                                ****

           [The Commonwealth charged Balas with several offenses
     arising from this incident, and, following a jury trial in October
     2018, the jury convicted him of] [d]riving [u]nder the [i]nfluence
     (hereinafter “DUI”) — [c]ombination of [a]lcohol and [d]rugs, . . .
     [p]ossession [w]ith [i]ntent to [d]eliver (hereinafter “PWID”) —
     [c]ocaine, . . . [s]imple [p]ossession, . . . [p]ossession of [d]rug
     [p]araphernalia, . . . and [d]riving while [l]icense is DUI
     [s]uspended . . .. [I]n December [] 2018, [Balas] was sentenced
     to an aggregate term of 82 to 158 months’ incarceration. . . . On
     January 7, 2019, [Balas] filed a timely direct appeal . . ..

PCRA Court Opinion, 3/9/22, at unnumbered 1-2, 6 (internal citations omitted;

paragraphs re-ordered).

     This Court affirmed the convictions on direct appeal, though we vacated

the judgment of sentence for the simple possession conviction, because that

count should have merged with the PWID conviction for sentencing purposes.

See Commonwealth v. Balas, 222 A.3d 817 (Pa. Super. 2019) (unpublished

memorandum at *4). Our Supreme Court denied review on April 21, 2020.

See Commonwealth v. Balas, 229 A.3d 907 (Pa. 2020). Balas filed his first

pro se PCRA petition on July 7, 2020, and appointed counsel filed a first

supplemental petition, followed by an amended supplemental PCRA petition.

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See generally First Supplemental PCRA Petition, 1/14/21; Amended

Supplemental PCRA Petition, 8/2/21.

       In his PCRA petition, Balas asserted trial counsel was ineffective for:

failing to object to testimony by Trooper Golla concerning Balas’s performance

on the lack of convergence test; failing to cross-examine Trooper Golla about

the results of the one-leg-stand test insofar as it related to Balas’s impairment

by marijuana; and failing to object to testimony by Trooper Golla that he had

become a drug recognition expert (“DRE”) after the offense date.              See

Amended Supplemental PCRA Petition, 8/2/21, at 3-8.             Balas additionally

claimed appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to raise on appeal the

denial at trial of Balas’s motion for a jury instruction on constructive

possession. See id. at 8-10. Balas lastly alleged trial counsel was ineffective

for failing to obtain letters from, or present testimony by, his family members

for sentencing. See id. at 10-11.

       Following an evidentiary hearing on February 17, 2022, at which Balas,

trial and appellate counsel, and Balas’s mother, Maureen Balas (“Ms. Balas”)

testified, the PCRA court denied relief.         See Order, 3/9/22.   Balas timely

appealed.2

____________________________________________

2 It does not appear from the record that the PCRA court ordered Balas to file

a concise statement of errors complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P.
1925(b); however, the court issued a statement indicating the reasons for its
order could be found in the opinion accompanying the order denying PCRA
relief. See Order, 5/31/22. We note with disapproval that the Commonwealth
failed to file a brief in this matter.

                                           -3-
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      Balas raises the following issues for our review:

      1. Whether trial counsel was ineffective in failing to object to
         Trooper Golla’s testimony regarding [the horizontal gaze
         nystagmus (“HGN”)]/[l]ack of [c]onversion [sic] [f]ield
         [s]obriety [t]est[?]

      2. Whether the trial counsel was ineffective in failing to cross
         examine Trooper Golla regarding the one[-]leg[-]stand test[?]

      3. Whether trial counsel was ineffective in failing to object to the
         testimony of [T]rooper Golla as a [DRE?]

      4. Whether appellate counsel was ineffective in failing to raise the
         issue on direct appeal that the trial court erred in denying [the]
         defense motion for [a] constructive possession jury
         instruction[?]

      5. Whether trial counsel was ineffective in failing to present
         mitigation evidence at sentencing[?]

Balas’s Brief at 1.

       Our standard of review of an order denying PCRA relief is well-settled:

             Our review of a PCRA court’s decision is limited to examining
      whether the PCRA court’s findings of fact are supported by the
      record, and whether its conclusions of law are free from legal
      error. We view the record in the light most favorable to the
      prevailing party in the PCRA court. We are bound by any
      credibility determinations made by the PCRA court where they are
      supported by the record. However, we review the PCRA court’s
      legal conclusions de novo.

Commonwealth v. Staton, 184 A.3d 949, 954 (Pa. 2018) (internal citation

and quotations omitted). The PCRA petitioner “has the burden to persuade

this Court that the PCRA court erred and that such error requires relief.”

Commonwealth v. Wholaver, 177 A.3d 136, 144–45 (Pa. 2018) (internal

citations omitted).

                                      -4-
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      All of Balas’s issues concern assertions of ineffective assistance of

counsel. In order to be eligible for PCRA relief, the petitioner must prove by

a preponderance of the evidence that his conviction or sentence resulted from

one or more of the enumerated circumstances found in section 9543(a)(2),

which includes the ineffective assistance of counsel. See 42 Pa.C.S.A §

9543(a)(2)(ii); see also Commonwealth v. Benner, 147 A.3d 915, 919–20

(Pa. Super. 2016). To prevail on an ineffectiveness claim, the petitioner has

the burden to prove: “(1) the underlying substantive claim has arguable merit;

(2) counsel whose effectiveness is being challenged did not have a reasonable

basis for his or her actions or failure to act; and (3) the petitioner suffered

prejudice as a result of counsel’s deficient performance.” Benner, 147 A.3d

at 920 (internal citations and quotations omitted). The failure to satisfy any

of these prongs is fatal to a petitioner’s claim. See id. Additionally, counsel

is presumed effective. See id.

      Regarding “arguable merit,” this Court has provided that, “[t]he first

inquiry   in    an     ineffectiveness       claim    is      always   whether    the

issue/argument/tactic which counsel has foregone and which forms the basis

for the assertion of ineffectiveness is of arguable merit; for counsel cannot be

considered     ineffective   for   failing     to    assert    a   meritless   claim.”

Commonwealth v. Lott, 581 A.2d 612, 614 (Pa. Super. 1990) (internal

citation and quotations omitted).        For the “reasonable basis” prong, the

petitioner must show that counsel “had no reasonable basis designed to

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effectuate his client’s interests.”   Id.   Lastly, to establish prejudice, the

petitioner “must show that there is a reasonable probability that the outcome

of the proceedings would have been different but for counsel’s action or

inaction.” Commonwealth v. Brown, 161 A.3d 960, 965 (Pa. Super. 2017).

      In his first issue, Balas argues trial counsel was ineffective for failing to

object to testimony by Trooper Golla regarding his lack of convergence test,

which he likens to the HGN test, ostensibly because they are both eye tests

that are scientific in nature and could be used as evidence of impairment.

Generally, “the admissibility of evidence is a matter addressed to the sound

discretion of the trial court . . ..” Commonwealth v. Yedinak, 676 A.2d

1217, 1221 (Pa. Super. 1996). Regarding the HGN test, specifically, this Court

has held that “HGN test results have been deemed scientific evidence based

on the scientific principle that alcohol consumption causes nystagmus.

Therefore, an adequate foundation must be presented prior to admission of

HGN test results.” Commonwealth v. Stringer, 678 A.2d 1200, 1201 (Pa.

Super. 1996) (internal citation omitted). However, even if this evidence is

improperly admitted, it may be harmless error where there is other evidence

of impairment sufficient to sustain the verdict, including, for example, other

field sobriety tests. See Commonwealth v. Miller, 532 A.2d 1186, 1187–

88 (Pa. Super. 1987) (holding that “the trial court improperly admitted into

evidence results of the HGN test, but we also find that the trial court’s error

was harmless since other sufficient evidence was admitted at trial to sustain

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the jury’s verdict”); cf. Stringer, 678 A.2d at 1203 (concluding error in the

admission of HGN test results was not harmless where no other evidence of

impairment was admitted).

          Balas argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to

Trooper Golla’s testimony about Balas’s performance on the lack of

convergence test. Analogizing to case law regarding HGN tests, Balas argues

the Commonwealth “laid no foundation as to whether the lack of convergence

test was generally accepted in the scientific community[,] and that lack of

convergence tests are inadmissible unless there is an adequate foundation laid

to support the submission of that evidence.” See Balas’s Brief at 6 (citing

Stringer, 678 A.2d 1200). Balas argues that the jury heard testimony that

he was impaired by marijuana based on evidence that “should have been

rendered inadmissible,” and, therefore, the outcome of the trial would have

been difference absent this evidence. Accordingly, Balas argues, trial counsel

was ineffective, and the PCRA court erred in denying relief.

          The PCRA court considered this issue and determined it merited no

relief:

                 [Balas’s] claim that [t]rial [c]ounsel was ineffective for
          failing to object to Trooper Golla’s testimony regarding the
          HGN/lack of convergence field sobriety tests is without merit.
          [Balas] cites to a series of cases wherein the Superior Court of
          Pennsylvania held that the HGN test was inadmissible at trial as
          substantive proof that a defendant is guilty of [DUI]. . . .
          However, probable cause to arrest can be supported by evidence
          that is inadmissible at trial. [See] Commonwealth v. Weaver,
          76 A.3d 562, 567 (Pa. Super. 2013) . . .. In Weaver, the Superior
          Court held that the officer’s observations of the defendant’s

                                        -7-
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       performance of the HGN test was admissible to support the
       determination of probable cause to arrest for DUI, even though
       such evidence was inadmissible to prove guilt. . ..

             Similarly, here, Trooper Golla, who was trained in the
       administration of field sobriety tests, was permitted to rely on his
       observations gained from that procedure to support his conclusion
       that [Balas] was [DUI]. [Balas’s] claim lacks arguable merit and
       no prejudice resulted, as [t]rial [c]ounsel had no basis to
       object . . ., as the Commonwealth used the field sobriety tests to
       support Officer Golla’s probable cause to arrest [Balas], not as
       substantive proof that [Balas] was guilty of [DUI]. . .. Thus,
       [Balas’s] claim is without merit.

PCRA Court Opinion, 3/9/22, unnumbered at 4-5.

       Following our review, we, like the PCRA court, conclude that Balas failed

to prove prejudice, albeit on different grounds.3 Assuming, without deciding,

that the Stringer’s holding—i.e., that a foundation is required prior to the

admission of HGN test results—applies to lack of convergence test results

because of their similarity, it was error for the trial court to admit this evidence

without a proper foundation, and, thus, there was a basis for trial counsel to

object to this evidence at trial.       However, Balas has nevertheless failed to

show prejudice given the other evidence of his impairment. During the traffic

stop, Balas admitted to drinking three beers and smoking marijuana earlier in

the evening prior to driving. See N.T., 10/16/18, at 36, 37. He also smelled

of alcohol and burnt marijuana. See id. Further, he had bloodshot eyes. See

____________________________________________

3 See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Towles, 300 A.3d 400, 417 (Pa. 2023) (this

Court may affirm an order denying PCRA relief for any reason appearing of
record).

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id. at 36. Additionally, he had “slurred, thick speech.” Id. at 37. He also

failed other field sobriety tests, including the one-leg-stand test. See id. at

40-42. Given the other evidence of Balas’s impairment, trial counsel’s failure

to object to, and the trial court’s admission of, Trooper Golla’s testimony about

the lack of convergence test was harmless error. See, Miller, 532 A.2d at

1187–88; Cf. Stringer, 678 A.2d at 1203. Accordingly, Balas cannot show

prejudice, namely, that the outcome of the proceedings would have been

different had trial counsel objected to Trooper Golla’s testimony about the lack

of convergence test. Therefore, this issue merits no relief.

      In his second issue, Balas asserts counsel was ineffective for failing to

cross-examine Trooper Golla regarding the one-leg-stand test insofar as

Trooper Golla testified that he used the test to determine Balas was impaired

due to a combination of alcohol and drugs. The one-leg-stand test, along with

the finger-to-nose and walking-in-a-straight-line tests, are grounded in

theories which link an individual’s lack of coordination and loss of

concentration with intoxication:

            This inter-relationship is also recognized in what is generally
      accepted as the common indicia of intoxication, within the
      understanding and experience of ordinary people. In fact, non-
      expert testimony is admissible to prove intoxication where such
      testimony is based upon the witness’ observation of the
      defendant’s acts and speech and where the witness can opine as
      to whether the defendant was drunk.

Commonwealth v. Ragan, 652 A.2d 925, 928 (Pa. Super. 1995) (internal

citation omitted).   Accordingly, evidence of a defendant’s performance on

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these field sobriety tests is properly admitted at trial.    See id.    Where a

defendant has admitted to driving and having taken drugs, the failure of field

sobriety tests may be used as evidence of impairment.                See, e.g.,

Commonwealth v. Tarrach, 42 A.3d 342, 346-47 (Pa. Super. 2012)

(holding that the evidence—including, inter alia, admission to ingesting

prescription medication and driving prior to an accident, failure of field

sobriety tests, and bloodshot eyes, lethargy and slowness of speech—was

sufficient to prove impairment).

      Balas argues the PCRA court erred in denying his petition because trial

counsel was ineffective for failing to cross-examine Trooper Golla regarding

the one-leg-stand test, since Trooper Golla did not testify that this test has

been validated for discerning drug impairment. See Balas’s Brief at 8. Balas

maintains trial counsel should have cross-examined Trooper Golla “to inform

the jury that the [one-leg-stand] test could not show impairment by drugs.”

Id. Because Trooper Golla used the one-leg-stand test, in part, to conclude

Balas was under the influence of a drug, Balas argues the outcome of the trial

would have differed had the jury known that this test cannot show impairment

by drugs. See id.

      The PCRA court considered this argument and concluded it is meritless

for reasons including the following:

            . . . [A]ny error by [t]rial [c]ounsel was harmless[,] as there
      was a sufficient amount of other evidence to sustain [Balas’s] DUI
      verdict. . ..

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                After Trooper Golla pulled [Balas] over, he noticed that
          [Balas] smelled of alcohol; had bloodshot eyes; and slurred, thick
          speech. Trooper Spath, who was also at the scene, smelled
          marijuana coming from [Balas’s] vehicle. [Balas] admitted to
          drinking three beers and smoking marijuana earlier in the
          evening. Trooper Golla testified that [Balas] was unable to
          successfully perform three sobriety tests. . . . In light of the
          overwhelming evidence against [Balas], the lack of cross
          examination of Trooper Golla regarding the one[-]leg[-]stand test
          only having validation studies performed for alcohol and not drugs
          was harmless error. Thus, [Balas’s] claim is without merit.

PCRA Court Opinion, 3/9/22, unnumbered at 5-6.

          Following our review, we discern no error in the PCRA court’s analysis.

During the stop, Balas smelled of alcohol and marijuana. See N.T., 10/16/18

at 36, 37. He admitted to drinking three beers and smoking marijuana earlier

in the evening before driving. See id. He had bloodshot eyes and “slurred,

thick speech.” See id. During the one-leg-stand test, Balas had to put his

foot down, he used his arms for balance, and he swayed while standing. See

id. at 41-42. This evidence was unquestionably properly admitted for the

purpose of proving impairment by alcohol and may also be used to prove

impairment where there is other evidence of drug use. See Ragan, 652 A.2d

at 928; see also Tarrach, 42 A.3d at 346. Accordingly, Balas has failed to

show prejudice, i.e., that the outcome of his trial would have differed had trial

counsel cross-examined Trooper Golla about whether scientific studies had

validated the one-leg-stand test to show impairment by marijuana or a

combination of alcohol and marijuana. Thus, Balas’s second issue merits no

relief.

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      In his third issue, Balas argues trial counsel was ineffective for failing to

object to Trooper Golla’s testimony that he became a DRE after the stop

resulting in Balas’s prosecution. As noted above, evidentiary rulings are within

the trial court’s discretion.     See, e.g., Yedinak, 676 A.2d at 1221.

Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 701 permits lay opinion testimony that is: “(a)

rationally based    on the    witness’s    perception; (b)    helpful to    clearly

understanding the witness’s testimony or to determining a fact in issue; and

(c) not based on scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge . . ..”

Pa.R.E. 701.    Police officers may provide lay opinion testimony about a

suspect’s alcohol-induced intoxication and ability to drive safely “when the

officer has observed the suspect’s appearance and acts.” Yedinak, 676 A.2d

at 1221. This Court has previously declined to find a “basis upon which to

distinguish opinion testimony of drug-induced intoxication from opinion

testimony of alcohol-induced intoxication where the witness is personally

familiar with the effects of narcotics.”    Id.   See also Commonwealth v.

Dunne, 690 A.2d 1233, 1238 (Pa. Super. 1997) (holding that officer lay

opinion testimony about drug intoxication in a DUI context was properly

admitted where “[t]he officer’s opinion was based on specific and articulable

observations of appellant’s physical appearance and behavior, it was helpful

to the trier of fact, and a proper foundation was laid to show that [the officer]

was familiar with the effects of narcotics. . . . [And] expert testimony was not

needed to link appellant’s symptoms to the use of a controlled substance”);

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but cf. Commonwealth v. Gause, 164 A.3d 532, 539 (Pa. Super. 2017)

(holding that officer lay opinion testimony was erroneously admitted in a DUI

context where there were no “ordinary signs of intoxication discernable by a

layperson,” but, instead, only “eye tremors[, which] are not an ordinary sign

of ingestion of a controlled substance, in particular, marijuana . . ..”).

       Balas maintains that Trooper Golla’s testimony that he was a DRE had

“the effect of misleading a jury and causing unfair prejudice to [him].” Balas’s

Brief at 9. While Balas does not expressly state how Trooper Golla’s testimony

that he had been certified as a DRE after this incident prejudiced him,4

ostensibly, Balas means to argue that the jury improperly gave greater weight

to Trooper Golla’s testimony, based on his status as a DRE, which contributed

to Balas’s convictions.

       The PCRA court considered and rejected Balas’s issue for reasons

including the following:

              [Balas’s] claim that [t]rial [c]ounsel was ineffective for
       failing to object to testimony that Trooper Golla was a [DRE], since
       Trooper Golla did not become a DRE until after the offense date,
       is without merit. [Balas] did not suffer any actual prejudice and
       his claim lacks arguable merit, as Trooper Golla testified at the
       beginning of his direct examination that he became a DRE “[i]n
____________________________________________

4 Because Balas has not explained how Trooper Golla’s unequivocal testimony

that he became a DRE subsequent to this incident would have confused the
jury, nor cited any law in support of his argument, he has arguably waived
this issue. See Commonwealth v. Wholaver, 177 A.3d 136, 160 (Pa. 2018)
(stating that “[t]he Rules of Appellate Procedure require appellants to support
their arguments with pertinent discussion and citation to authority. Pa.R.A.P.
2119(a)” and finding waiver of several PCRA issues supported by undeveloped
arguments). Nevertheless, we address it on the merits infra.

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      2016. It would have been after the date of this traffic stop.”
      Trooper Golla admitted that he was not a DRE at the time of the
      traffic stop, and [t]rial [c]ounsel’s objection would have been
      moot. . ..

PCRA Court Opinion, 3/9/22, unnumbered at 6-7.

      Following our review, we conclude the PCRA court committed no error

in denying Balas relief on this basis. Initially, Balas makes merely a boilerplate

assertion of prejudice resulting from counsel’s decision not to object to

Trooper Golla’s testimony that he became a DRE following this incident.

Balas’s issue fails for this reason alone, as boilerplate assertions of

ineffectiveness arising from prejudice are insufficient to establish entitlement

to relief. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Paddy, 15 A.3d 431, 443 (Pa. 2011)

(“We stress that boilerplate allegations and bald assertions of no reasonable

basis and/or ensuing prejudice cannot satisfy a petitioner’s burden to prove

that counsel was ineffective”). That said, Balas’s issue, to the extent we can

divine his argument, warrants no relief on the substantive merits. In addition

to Trooper Golla’s personal observations, the evidence included Balas’s

admission during the stop he had consumed three beers and smoked

marijuana earlier that same evening. See N.T., 10/16/18, at 36-37. Trooper

Golla smelled both alcohol and burnt marijuana emanating from Balas. See

id. In addition to his admissions to consuming beer and marijuana, Balas also

exhibited the “ordinary signs of intoxication” discernible by a layperson,

including, bloodshot eyes and slurred, thick speech. See id. Trooper Golla

was therefore permitted to offer lay opinion testimony about Balas’s

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intoxicated state. See Yedinak, 676 A.2d at 1221; see also Dunne, 690

A.2d at 1238. Given that Trooper Golla clearly testified before the jury that

he had only become a DRE subsequent to the traffic stop, and in light of the

properly admitted lay opinion testimony about Balas’s intoxicated state and

the causes thereof, we conclude that the PCRA court did not err in determining

Balas failed to prove prejudice, namely, that the outcome of his trial would

have been different had trial counsel made an objection to Trooper Golla’s

testimony about later becoming a DRE. Accordingly, Balas’s third issue merits

no relief.

       In his fourth issue, Balas argues the PCRA court erred in denying his

petition because appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to include a

constructive possession jury instruction issue in his appellate brief. 5     The

three-prong ineffectiveness test delineated above applies to appellate counsel

as well. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Blakeney, 108 A.3d 739, 49-50 (Pa.

2014). As for appellate counsel specifically,

       [w]ith regard to “reasonable basis” in the appellate context, it is
       well settled that appellate counsel is entitled, as a matter of
       strategy, to forego even meritorious issues in favor of issues he
       believes pose a greater likelihood of success.

Id. at 750 (internal citations, quotations, and brackets omitted). Regarding

prejudice, the PCRA petitioner must show that “there is a reasonable

____________________________________________

5 Trial Counsel requested a constructive possession jury instruction, and the

trial court denied the request. See N.T., 10/16/18, at 173-78.

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probability that the outcome of the direct appeal proceeding would have been

different but for counsel’s deficient performance.” See id.

      Regarding jury instructions: this Court reviews a jury charge as a whole,

not in “isolated fragments.” Commonwealth v. Rush, 162 A.3d 530, 540

(Pa. Super. 2017). Further,

      [w]e examine the entire instruction against the background of all
      evidence presented, to determine whether error was committed.
      A jury charge is erroneous if the charge as a whole is inadequate,
      unclear, or has a tendency to mislead or confuse the jury rather
      than clarify a material issue. Therefore, a charge will be found
      adequate unless the issues are not made clear to the jury or the
      jury was palpably misled by what the trial judge said.
      Furthermore, our trial courts are invested with broad discretion in
      crafting jury instructions, and such instructions will be upheld so
      long as they clearly and accurately present the law to the jury for
      its consideration. The trial court is not required to give every
      charge that is requested by the parties and its refusal to give a
      requested charge does not require reversal unless the appellant
      was prejudiced by that refusal.

Rush, 162 A.3d 530, 540 (Pa. Super. 2017) (internal citations, quotations,

and brackets omitted). This Court has explained that constructive possession

is “the power to control contraband and the intent to exercise control over the

contraband. . . . Our Supreme Court has . . . held that constructive possession

may be proved through circumstantial evidence and that the totality of the

circumstances can be examined to determine if constructive possession

exists.” Commonwealth v. Austin, 631 A.2d 625, 629 (Pa. Super. 1993).

      Balas maintains appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to raise on

appeal the issue of the trial court’s denial of a constructive possession jury

instruction at trial. Balas asserts his issue is of arguable merit because it can

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be error for the trial court not to give the instruction. See Balas’s Brief at 10.

He also argues appellate counsel had no reasonable basis for not including the

issue.     See id.   Balas, however, fails to explain how appellate counsel’s

omission prejudiced him. See id.

         The PCRA court nevertheless considered Balas’s issue and concluded it

is devoid of merit, in relevant part, for the following reasons:

               Appellate [c]ounsel’s strategy for not appealing the
         constructive possession jury instruction denial was twofold. First,
         reading the jury instructions as a whole, the [t]rial [c]ourt
         instructed the jury on constructive possession, although not
         highlighted/isolated, “but it was sufficient because the jury was
         informed of the constructive possession.” Appellate [c]ounsel
         thought he had a less chance of winning on this claim, as the jury
         was instructed on the charge. . ..

PCRA Court Opinion, 3/9/22, unnumbered at 7.

         Following our review, we discern no error of law by the PCRA court in

denying Balas relief on this issue. We observe that Balas argues the “arguable

merit” and “no-reasonable-basis” prongs of the ineffectiveness test, but he

fails to address the “prejudice” prong. See Balas’s Brief at 10. This is fatal

to his claim.     In any event, relevant to the prejudice prong, we note the

following facts: Balas was the only person in the car at the time Trooper Golla

performed the traffic stop. See N.T., 10/16/18, at 34. During a search of the

car during the stop, Trooper Golla saw a black bag on the passenger seat with

a pair of sneakers on top of the bag. See id. at 53. The bag was not zipped

closed. See id. Trooper Golla lifted the sneakers from the top of the bag,

and right underneath were two packages of narcotics along with a glass bowl

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and small denominations of cash. See id. The bowl contained a scale. See

id. at 56. During a pat-down search of Balas, officers also found a “large wad

of US currency . . . in his left front pocket.” Id. at 67. Additionally, the jury,

after hearing Trooper Golla’s testimony to this effect, received as part of its

charge a definition of possession, in context of the paraphernalia, that, “[f]or

a person to possess drug paraphernalia, he or she must be aware of the

presence and nature of the item and have the power and intent to control it.”

Id. at 168.     Given the evidence circumstantially linking Balas to the

contraband along with the trial court giving the substance of the constructive

possession during its discussion of the paraphernalia instruction, we cannot

say the PCRA court erred in determining counsel’s omission prejudiced him

such that the outcome of his direct appeal would have been different had

appellate counsel raised the issue.     See Blakeney, 108 A.3d at 750; cf.

Commonwealth v. Battle, 883 A.2d 641, 647 (Pa. Super. 2005) (affirming

a denial of PCRA relief where, “[u]nder the facts of this case, [this Court]

cannot imagine that, if defense counsel had urged and the court had given a

constructive possession charge, appellant would not have been convicted”),

abrogated on other grounds by Commonwealth v. Jette, 23 A.3d 1032,

1044-45 (Pa. 2011).

      In his fifth and final issue, Balas argues the PCRA court erred in denying

his PCRA petition because trial counsel was ineffective for failing to present

mitigating testimony on his behalf at sentencing.

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          Our Supreme Court has explained the law on this issue as follows:

                [T]o prove that counsel was ineffective . . ., a defendant
          must establish the existence of and the availability of the
          witnesses[;] counsel’s actual awareness, or duty to know, of the
          witnesses[;] the willingness and ability of the witnesses to
          cooperate and appear on the defendant’s behalf[;] and the
          necessity for the proposed testimony in order to avoid prejudice.

Commonwealth v. Spotz, 896 A.2d 1191, 1229–30 (Pa. 2006) (internal

citations and quotations omitted).      We reiterate that the PCRA’s credibility

findings, where supported by the evidence, are binding on this Court. See

Commonwealth v. Treiber, 121 A.2d 435, 444 (Pa. 2015).

          Balas maintains the PCRA court erred in denying his petition because

trial counsel was ineffective for failing to obtain letters, or call witnesses to

testify, on his behalf for sentencing. According to Balas, his mother, Ms. Balas,

was available to provide favorable testimony; trial counsel unreasonably failed

to discuss with her the possibility of her testifying; and counsel’s dereliction

prejudiced Balas because he did not receive a mitigated sentence as a

consequence of counsel’s omission. See Balas’s Brief at 11.

          The PCRA court considered this claim and concluded it warrants no

relief:

                 Here, [Ms. Balas] was the only character witness that
          testified at the PCRA hearing. As to the first three prongs, Ms.
          Balas existed, was available, and [t]rial [c]ounsel was aware of
          her at the time of sentencing. As to the fourth prong, Ms. Balas
          was unwilling to cooperate with the defense at the time of
          sentencing. Trial [c]ounsel did not believe that Ms. Balas “would
          come in and offer positive things about [Balas].” Ms. Balas “had
          had it with [Balas]... she was not very supportive. . . She was
          very upset with him.” . . ..

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            As to the fifth prong, [Balas] was not prejudiced by the
      absence of Ms. Balas’[s] testimony, as [t]rial [c]ounsel testified
      that she would not have offered positive testimony, which this
      [c]ourt found credible over Ms. Balas’[s] testimony. Further, the
      presence of Ms. Balas would not have altered [Balas’s] sentence[,]
      as her testimony at the PCRA hearing was not compelling. Thus,
      [Balas’s] claim is without merit.

PCRA Court Opinion, 3/9/22, unnumbered at 8-9 (internal citations omitted).

      Following our review, we conclude that the record supports the PCRA

court’s findings, and the court committed no error of law. As noted above, the

PCRA court concluded, inter alia, that trial counsel was not ineffective for

failing to seek out or present Ms. Balas’s testimony because, at the time of

sentencing, trial counsel understood Ms. Balas to be unwilling to provide

favorable testimony or a favorable letter for Balas. See PCRA Court Opinion,

3/9/22, at 8. The PCRA court expressly credited trial counsel’s testimony over

Ms. Balas’s testimony. See id. The record supports this finding. Trial counsel

testified at the evidentiary hearing as follows:

              . . . [Balas’s] mother called the office. She spoke to me;
      she spoke to my secretary . . .. She had had it with [Balas]. She
      wanted nothing – she was not very supportive. She was very
      upset that she hadn’t heard from [Balas]. She hadn’t heard from
      [him] on birthdays, on holidays. . . . [My secretary and I] were
      not of the opinion that she would come in and offer positive things
      about [Balas]. She was just very upset with him at that point in
      his life.

N.T., 2/17/22, at 10. Because the PCRA court’s credibility determination is

supported by the record, it is binding on this Court. See Treiber, 121 A.2d

at 444. Balas has thus failed to show that Ms. Balas was available and willing

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to cooperate on his behalf at the time of his sentencing. Accordingly, Balas

has not carried his burden of proving that counsel was ineffective for not

presenting Ms. Balas’s testimony at sentencing. See Spotz, 896 A.2d at

1229–30.

     Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Benjamin D. Kohler, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 4/22/2024

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