Court Opinion

ID: 1046131
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-08 02:33:17.676882+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:53:19.347249
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT KNOXVILLE
                            Assigned on Briefs June 20, 2012

                       IN THE MATTER OF ABIGAIL F. K.

                   Appeal from the Hamilton County Juvenile Court
                    No. 244.734 Suzanne Bailey, Juvenile Judge

            No. E2012-00016-COA-R3-JV-FILED-SEPTEMBER 14, 2012

This appeal concerns the termination of parental rights. The subject child is the eighth born
to the appellant mother. The appellant mother failed a prenatal drug screen prior to the birth
of the child at issue, so the appellee Tennessee Department of Children’s Services took the
child into protective custody three days after birth. A permanency plan was adopted and the
mother made efforts to comply with her permanency plan responsibilities. The Department
filed a petition to terminate the mother’s parental rights as to this child. The juvenile court
terminated the mother’s parental rights based on the grounds of substantial noncompliance
with the permanency plan and persistence of conditions. The mother now appeals only as
to the grounds for termination. We reverse as to the ground of substantial noncompliance
with the permanency plan but affirm as to the ground of persistent conditions. On that basis,
we affirm the termination of parental rights.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Juvenile Court is Affirmed
                           in Part and Reversed in Part

H OLLY M. K IRBY, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which A LAN E. H IGHERS, P.J.,
W.S., and J. S TEVEN S TAFFORD, J., joined.

John Allen Brooks, Chattanooga, Tennessee for Respondent/Appellant J.R.K.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Shanta J. Murray, Assistant Attorney General
Nashville, Tennessee for Petitioner/Appellee State of Tennessee Department of Children’s
Services
                                                OPINION

                                 F ACTS AND P ROCEEDINGS B ELOW

The child at issue in this case, Abigail F. K. (“Abigail”) was born into difficult
circumstances. She is the daughter of Respondent/Appellant J.R.K. (“Mother”) and W.M.G.
(“Father”). Abigail is Mother’s eighth child; none of Abigail’s seven siblings are in
Mother’s custody. Mother’s parental rights as to five of the seven siblings have been
involuntarily terminated; the other two siblings are in the legal custody of relatives. Mother
has a lengthy history of criminal convictions for offenses such as public intoxication and
disorderly conduct. While Mother was pregnant with Abigail, she was given a prenatal drug
screen; it was positive for methamphetamine, cocaine, and amphetamines.

Mother and Father were never married.1 Abigail was born on August 30, 2010. Shortly after
Mother gave birth to the child, Father came to the hospital and got into an argument with
Mother. Father allegedly shoved Mother and spat on her while she was holding Abigail. As
a result, Father was expelled from the hospital.

Three days after Abigail was born, she was removed from Mother’s home and taken into
protective custody by Respondent/Appellee Tennessee Department of Children’s Services
(“DCS”). Since then, she has remained in foster care.

In light of all of these circumstances, on September 7, 2010, DCS filed a petition in the
Juvenile Court of Hamilton County, Tennessee, seeking to have Abigail declared dependent
and neglected. The next day, the Juvenile Court granted DCS’s petition and awarded DCS
temporary custody.

On October 13, 2010, Mother signed the initial DCS permanency plan for Abigail, with dual
goals of reunification with Mother and adoption. The permanency plan assigned Mother
numerous tasks. In various places in the permanency plan, it indicated that Mother was to
remain clean and sober, follow all recommendations of an assessment from the treatment
center and treatment specialist, participate in drug screens, sign all necessary releases for
DCS to communicate with a treatment specialist, resolve and refrain from all illegal actions
and from associating with individuals who participate in illegal actions, have a mental health
intake assessment to address reasons for using alcohol and drugs and stressors related to
Abigail being in custody, follow all recommendations of that assessment, become financially
responsible, provide DCS with proof of legal and verifiable income, pay child support in

1
 No father is listed on Abigail’s birth certificate. However, later testing confirmed that Father is Abigail’s
biological parent.

                                                     -2-
accordance with the child support guidelines, and provide a safe, stable residence for a period
of six consecutive months. The plan listed March 2, 2011 as the date of the expected
outcome.

In the months that followed, Mother began making changes in her life consistent with the
permanency plan. Mother began attending a weekly support group for chemical dependency
at a drug treatment facility. From September to December 2010, she attended daily
Alcoholics Anonymous (“AA”) and Narcotics Anonymous (“NA”) meetings.

In November 2010, Mother underwent a clinical parenting and mental assessment with
psychological examiner Alice Greaves, Psy.D. (“Dr. Greaves”). In the assessment, Dr.
Greaves diagnosed Mother with borderline personality disorder, anxiety disorder, and
cocaine and marijuana dependency, which Mother self-reported as in remission. Dr.
Greaves’ parenting assessment recommended counseling and therapy sessions. In December
2010, Mother began therapy sessions with marriage and family therapist William A. Lockett
(“Lockett”). In addition, Mother attended supervised visits with Abigail, lasting two to three
hours per visit, twice a week.

In February 2011, Father came to the residence of Mother’s mother, the maternal
grandmother, where Mother was living. After Father entered the residence, a physical
altercation ensued in which Father “cracked a chair over [Mother’s] head.” Mother was
knocked unconscious and taken to the hospital. Mother later admitted that, prior to Father’s
physical assault, she had consumed a substantial amount of alcohol. After the incident,
Mother pressed domestic violence charges against Father, which resulted in his incarceration
in May 2011. Mother later obtained an order of protection against Father.

On July 13, 2011, DCS filed a petition to terminate the parental rights of both Mother and
Father. With respect to Mother, the petition asserted two grounds for termination. First,
pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113(g)(2), the petition alleged that Mother
failed to substantially comply with the statement of responsibilities set forth in the
permanency plan for the child, in that she continued to engage in substance abuse and
associate with individuals who engaged in illegal activity, and had not addressed her
underlying issues from past trauma. Second, pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-
113(g)(3), the petition alleged that the conditions that led to removal of the child from
Mother’s home persisted and prevented the safe return of the child to Mother’s custody. The
petition asserted that Mother remained financially and mentally unstable and claimed that her
history of drug use and domestic violence created a high risk for the child.

The Juvenile Court conducted the trial on the petition for termination of parental rights over
two non-consecutive days, October 10, 2011 and October 24, 2011. At the time of the trial,

                                              -3-
Father was still incarcerated for assaulting Mother. Prior to the testimony and evidence,
Father agreed not to contest the termination of his parental rights, so the matter proceeded
only as to the termination of Mother’s parental rights.

Mother testified at the outset of the trial. Mother acknowledged her extensive history of drug
and alcohol abuse and conceded that her parental rights were terminated as to five of her
seven other children. Her two older children were being raised by relatives. Asked about
testing positive for methamphetamine and cocaine while pregnant with Abigail, Mother
explained that an ex-boyfriend, the father of several of her children, had come by her house
to borrow her telephone. While he was at her house, unbeknownst to Mother, he allegedly
put liquid methamphetamine in her soft drink. Mother admitted that DCS had indicated the
ex-boyfriend as a sex offender. However, she insisted that, since the above-described
incident, she had had no contact with him.

Mother was also asked about the incident of domestic violence by Father at the hospital when
Abigail was born. In the incident, she said, Father “spat at me and kind of shoved on my
shoulder” while she was holding newborn Abigail. As a result, Mother had to have Father
removed from the hospital.

Mother testified that she understood her responsibilities under the DCS permanency plan for
Abigail. She maintained that she had fully complied with the requirements of the
permanency plan.

Mother understood that, under the permanency plan, she was required to get a drug and
alcohol assessment and follow the recommendations from it. Mother testified that she had
undergone three alcohol and drug assessments, one immediately after Abigail was removed
from her custody and then two more in July or August 2011. Mother’s first assessment
recommended that she attend 90 AA and NA meetings in 90 days. Mother testified that she
completed this recommendation and also attended a support aftercare meeting. The
attendance sheets documenting Mother’s attendance at these meetings were submitted into
evidence. Mother admitted that she relapsed in February 2011, in the incident in which she
was hospitalized after Father’s domestic assault. She confirmed that she consumed alcohol
on that one occasion, characterizing it as “a one-time thing” that involved only alcohol and
not illegal drugs. After this incident, Mother said, she was asked to undergo another
assessment, which she did “as soon as [she] was asked.” After this, Mother testified, she
continued to attend AA and NA meetings, but attended more sporadically. Mother also
underwent random drug screens, all of which were clean, and she had an AA sponsor.
Mother said that she did not participate in a drug treatment program after Abigail was
removed from her custody. She explained that the treatment programs would not admit her

                                             -4-
because she was not on drugs. Mother said, however, that she had completed drug and
alcohol programs four times, before Abigail was born.

Addressing the permanency plan requirement that she refrain from illegal activity and from
associating with persons who engage in such activity, Mother emphasized that she had no
criminal convictions since June 2007 and had refrained from associating with individuals
who participate in illegal activity. Mother noted that, after the February 2011 domestic
violence incident, DCS encouraged her to get an order of protection against Father, and she
did so four months later in June 2011. Mother conceded past arrests for driving on a
suspended driver’s license, so consequently she did not drive and did not have a car. She
said that she took a bus to visit Abigail; a friend would take her to the bus stop on her way
to work.

Mother also testified that, since September 2010, she had been working on her mental health
in accordance with the permanency plan. Mother said that she was attending counseling and
therapy sessions with Lockett working on issues dealing with her past trauma and her future
goals. Mother was seeing Lockett twice a month. She testified that her therapy sessions with
“Dr. Bill” were useful in helping her deal with stress, plan ahead, and prioritize. Mother had
not been prescribed any medicine for her mental health issues and none had been
recommended.

With respect to her financial responsibilities under the permanency plan, Mother described
her employment over the past year. For about three years, Mother worked on and off at Mac.
D Evans Farms, loading fruit trucks and doing anything else that needed to be done. At the
time of trial, she was working there primarily on Sundays, and sometimes when needed
during the week, for a total of approximately ten to twenty hours per week at $7 per hour.
At some earlier point, Mother had worked as a personal assistant for an insurance agent but
was no longer employed in that capacity. Mother said she had applied for jobs with two
temporary services agencies. Mother borrowed an undetermined sum of money to attend an
online school for medical billing and coding; she had been attending since July 2010 and
expected to complete the program in January 2012. Mother said that the Juvenile Court had
not yet set her child support obligation for Abigail.

At the time of trial, Mother was living with her 77-year-old mother in her mother’s home.
The house is paid for and Mother said that she and her mother share the monthly bills.
Mother acknowledged that DCS had suggested that she move out of her mother’s home,
though she did not think that it was a requirement of the permanency plan. She said that
DCS suggested that she move from her mother’s home because it was near the home of
Mother’s ex-boyfriend, the alleged sex offender. Mother stated, however, that she had not

                                             -5-
moved out of her mother’s home because she was taking care of her mother and she did not
even know where the ex-boyfriend was living. Mother testified that DCS caseworker Adrian
Boyd had visited the home and found nothing wrong with it.

Mother testified that, approximately twice a week, she travels by bus to visit with Abigail,
visits that last two to three hours. The bus ride to the visit is approximately an hour each
way. Mother acknowledged missing several visits; she explained that the reasons for the
missed visits varied greatly, such as an abscessed tooth, transportation issues, the DCS
supervisor’s vacation, a stomach virus, Abigail having an earache, and the like. Mother said
that she also attended online parenting classes, witnessed by an appropriate supervisor.

Mother was asked how her situation was different this time, as opposed to her circumstances
when her parental rights as to her five other children were terminated. Mother pointed out
that, prior to the other termination proceedings, she was not attending AA and NA meetings.
She also said her attendance at counseling “does help.” Mother also said that, this time, she
has “a little bit more sense.” She stated as follows:

       I know where I have been and where I want to be and where I don’t want to go
       back to and what I want for Abigail. And I have a little bit more sense on how
       to avoid the same things that I did wrong before. And I have an idea of how
       to avoid things like that before they can happen with [Abigail].

She also emphasized her intent not to lapse back into her prior destructive behavior:

       [C]ocaine is the drug of the devil. Methamphetamine I’m allergic to. I’ve
       never liked prescription pills, even if they were prescribed, I still don’t really
       like them. And marijuana causes me to have brain seizures. So I have adverse
       reactions to the drugs that is more of a reason for me to not go back to them.

The trial court also heard testimony from Dr. Greaves, the therapist at the Center for
Individual and Family Effectiveness who performed Mother’s parenting assessment. Dr.
Greaves explained that she performed the parenting assessment in November 2010 by
administering a variety of tests to Mother, interviewing Mother for approximately an hour,
and reviewing Mother’s social history. Dr. Greaves noted significant trauma in Mother’s
history, including abandonment by her father, physical abuse by a sister, sexual crimes
against her as a teenager, and teenage substance abuse. She explained the basis for her
primary diagnosis of borderline personality disorder, as well as the basis for the other
diagnoses of anxiety disorder and substance abuse and dependence.

                                              -6-
Borderline personality disorder, Dr. Greaves explained, is “characterized by instability of
behavior, mood and self image.” She said that borderline personality disorder “tends to be
the outgrowth of a past trauma history.” She testified that the disorder often causes
interpersonal problems, including impulse control and “frequent conflicts and swinging back
and forth between idealizing and despising other individuals.” A person with borderline
personality disorder, Dr. Greaves said, is at “risk to damage a child . . . in that person’s
custody,” and has the potential to damage “a child’s ability to attach emotionally with
others.” Dr. Greaves’ report also said that the disorder could lead to Mother “neglecting or
not recognizing the emotional needs of a child,” as well as creating “mood, anxiety, image
and behavioral problems in a child.” Dr. Greaves added:

       [I]f a person deals with the [past] trauma issues and doesn’t make the
       unconscious mistake of repeating the past trauma in the life of their own child,
       then they can learn, functionally at least, [to] create an awareness that would
       make them a lot more capable whether they completely deal with the
       borderline issue or not.

Dr. Greaves also diagnosed Mother as having an anxiety disorder and “substance dependence
issues with cocaine and marijuana, both of which are reportedly in remission.” In her
testimony, Dr. Greaves clarified that the characterization of Mother’s substance abuse as “in
remission” was based only on what Mother reported to her, including her explanation of the
positive drug test two weeks before Abigail was born.

Dr. Greaves also explained the significance of the score Mother received on two of the
assessments administered to her. The first was the global assessment relational function
(“GAR”), assessing different aspects of Mother’s relationships with other people. Mother
received a score of 25 on a scale of 100, a score Dr. Greaves described as “low.” This was
based on Mother’s failure to address the emotional and psychological needs of others in her
household, primarily her children, and her failure to form relationships stable enough to
continue. On the global assessment of functioning (GAF), Mother received a score of 58 on
a scale of 100, which Dr. Greaves also described as low: “[T]o go lower than 58 would have
put [Mother] in the category of people who might be verging on psychosis or thinking about
suicide or things like that. So 58 is . . . a cut-off score for me [to] function in the world.”
Based on Mother’s history and her overall assessment, Dr. Greaves said, there was “a strong
potential that [Mother] would have difficulty as a parent.” Counseling was essential, Dr.
Greaves said, and for the counseling to be successful, it would be necessary for Mother to
be open and honest, disclose substance abuse relapses to the counselor, and work on her past
trauma issues.

                                              -7-
Mother’s counselor, William Lockett, testified about Mother’s counseling sessions with him.
Pursuant to Dr. Greaves’ recommendation, Mother began seeing Lockett in December 2010
and, as of the time of trial, had seen him 21 times. Initially, Lockett said, Mother had
substantial functionality issues, including problems with organization and time management,
lack of employment and lack of transportation, and she was facing potential contempt
charges for her failure to pay criminal fines assessed against her. While in therapy, Lockett
testified, Mother has made “significant strides” functionally from when he first began seeing
her. Lockett stated that since therapy began, Mother began attending AA and NA meetings;
got Father out of the home; established appropriate boundaries with her mother and sister;
maintained steady employment from May to September 2011, which ended through no fault
of her own; and was taking online courses to become a medical billing assistant. Lockett was
under the impression that Mother had maintained sobriety the entire time, and only learned
of her February 2011 alcohol relapse at trial. With long-term substance addiction, Lockett
noted that “[y]ou . . . normally expect an occasional relapse.” Had he known about Mother’s
relapse, Lockett said, he would have shifted the focus of therapy to address sobriety issues.

While Lockett spoke highly of Mother’s strides in achieving functionality, he saw less
progress emotionally, characterizing her progress in that area as “slight improvement.” In
addition to the diagnoses made by Dr. Greaves, Lockett also diagnosed Mother with chronic
post-traumatic stress syndrome, stemming from traumatic events that occurred when she was
much younger, some in childhood. He commented that it takes a great deal of courage to
confront such issues, and said that Mother suffers a great deal of emotional pain when she
tries to talk about them. Ultimately, he said, Mother “just can’t force herself to go there.”
Lockett opined that the underlying emotional issues stemming from the earlier trauma are a
“very significant” factor in why Mother had taken the life path that she had. Asked if Mother
was working hard to straighten out her life, Lockett agreed that she had, adding that “she’s
put forth the effort.” However, with respect to her trauma issues, Lockett said that Mother
is “reluctant to go there . . . you can never climb in someone else’s mind to know whether
it’s conscious reluctance, or not.” Lockett said that she will need continued counseling for
an undetermined but “significant period of time.”

The DCS case worker, Adrian Boyd (“Boyd”), testified about Mother’s compliance with the
permanency plan and grounds for termination. Boyd had been assigned to this case since
Abigail was born in September 2010, and in the past had worked on DCS cases concerning
four of Mother’s older children. Boyd outlined Mother’s obligations under the permanency
plan and testified as to each.

Boyd addressed the permanency plan requirement that Mother maintain stable employment
and be financially responsible. Boyd said that Mother had been employed in many jobs, early
on with an insurance company and later cleaning houses, working at Waffle House, or

                                             -8-
working at the fruit stand.2 Boyd said that in some of those jobs, Mother did not turn in
check stubs to verify her employment but did submit receipts for cash payment. The pay,
Boyd said, “was not adequate [for Mother] to care for herself and a small child.” Boyd
confirmed that Mother had earned her GED and was enrolled in online coursework to
become a medical technologist.

Boyd next addressed the permanency plan requirement that Mother have a stable residence.
Boyd stated that Mother still lived with her 77-year-old mother in the house in which she
lived prior to Abigail’s birth. Boyd explained DCS’s stance on Mother continuing to live in
this home:

       We had a meeting with [Mother] on June the 1st [2011]. We explained to her,
       that because of her safety, as well as the safety of her mother, had been
       compromised on several occasions; that she needed to seek new residence.

       [Mother] did explain that her mother is 77-years old, it’s a family residence,
       but she had the incidents where the meth was put into her drink. [Father] came
       in on one occasion, hit her in the head with a chair. Came in on another
       occasion, stole her bike and threw her purse in the woods.

       We told her she needed to seek another residence before a child could be
       placed in the home with her because they were pretty much coming and going
       and said he came through the back door, explained how unsafe that was.

Boyd acknowledged that the three-bedroom home was paid for, only Mother and the
maternal grandmother lived there, and Mother had obtained a restraining order against Father
to keep him away from the home. Nevertheless, Boyd said, DCS recommended that Mother
find a new residence.

Pursuant to the permanency plan, Boyd testified, Mother underwent an alcohol and drug
assessment. The initial alcohol and drug assessment was clean. After Mother’s alcohol
relapse in February 2011, a second assessment was recommended and Mother complied.
Boyd confirmed that neither drug and alcohol assessment recommended inpatient treatment
for Mother, in light of her clean drug screens.

Boyd confirmed that Mother had completed a parenting class, as required. As to Mother’s
visits with Abigail, Boyd first stated the Mother had missed half of the scheduled visits, and

2
 Boyd referred to Mother’s “boss” at the insurance company “mak[ing] some child support payment on
[Mother’s] behalf.” There is no explanation in the record about what this meant.

                                               -9-
then later in her testimony corrected to state that Mother had missed approximately 40% of
the scheduled visits. Some of the absences were beyond Mother’s control. In the initial
visits with the child, Boyd testified, Boyd fixed Abigail’s bottle, but after a while, Mother
“got the hang of it” and started feeding and changing Abigail herself.

Overall, in assessing whether Mother had completed her responsibilities under the
permanency plan, Boyd claimed that Mother had failed to maintain steady employment, had
missed a substantial number of visits with Abigail, and did not meet the requirement for a
stable residence because she had not left her mother’s home to find a new residence. Boyd
said these were the only plan responsibilities Mother had not completed.

Pursuant to her required mental health assessment, Boyd said, Mother had been going to
counseling sessions with William Lockett. However, Boyd noted, in the counseling sessions,
Mother remained reluctant to deal with her past trauma. This was emphasized by Boyd when
she was asked why DCS felt that Mother’s parental rights as to Abigail should be terminated:

       I’ve worked with [Mother] for many years on four other children. A lot of the
       same issues then still exist today. Just the compromise of safety, A&D issues,
       just based on her history, not only that, but with her treatment specialist, they
       did . . . state that she was still showing some reluctance in completing and
       following through with her trauma, in dealing with it. And just throughout the
       whole case she’s just kind of stayed middle ways throughout the case, do
       enough and kind of fall off and do enough and kind of fall off.

However, Boyd conceded that Mother was trying this time; she said: “I do think [Mother
is trying] and I even told [Mother] this, I do think she’s trying. I’ve seen her make more
efforts with this case than I have seen her on any of the other children. By now she would
have disappeared, and we wouldn’t know where she was.” Nevertheless, Boyd could not
recommend that Mother be given custody of Abigail and supported termination of Mother’s
parental rights. As to Abigail’s best interest, Boyd testified that Abigail needs a stable and
permanent home now and that there is a family ready and waiting to adopt her.

The Juvenile Court heard testimony from Salina Taylor, the DCS assistant responsible for
transporting Abigail to her visits with Mother. Taylor observed many of the visits. Taylor
stated that early on in October, November, and December 2010, Mother made all of her visits
with Abigail. After January 2011, Mother began missing more visits. All told, Taylor said,
Mother missed 32 out of 77 visits with Abigail. Most often, if Mother was unable to attend
a visit, she would call or otherwise let Taylor know. Asked to describe the relationship
between Mother and Abigail that she observed during the visits, Taylor said that she did not
believe they were particularly bonded. Taylor said that Mother holds, feeds, and changes

                                             -10-
Abigail, and that Abigail knows her, but she also noted that the television is normally on
during the entire visit, and Abigail tried so often during the visits to crawl toward Taylor that
a divider was erected to keep Abigail in the room with Mother.

Finally, Abigail’s foster mother testified. She stated that Abigail had lived with her family
for fourteen months. The foster mother described Abigail as doing really well and meeting
all of her developmental milestones. The foster mother testified that Abigail had bonded to
her family, especially her four-year-old daughter, and that the family hoped to adopt Abigail.
At the conclusion of the proof, the Juvenile Court took the case under advisement.

On December 9, 2011, the Juvenile Court entered an order terminating Mother’s parental
rights as to Abigail. The Juvenile Court first determined that DCS had proven the ground
of substantial noncompliance with the permanency plan. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(2).
The order recited what it saw as Mother’s responsibilities under the plan:

       [M]aintain a stable home environment free from alcohol and drugs; obtain a
       mental health assessment and follow the recommendations; obtain a drug and
       alcohol assessment and follow the recommendations; submit to random drug
       screens; maintain stable housing, free from illegal activities and individuals
       who participate in illegal actions, provide proof of sufficient legal verifiable
       income to support herself and the child, visit regularly with the child, and pay
       child support in accordance with Tennessee guidelines.

It found that Mother “failed to comply with such responsibilities in a reasonable manner.”
The Juvenile Court acknowledged that Mother had undergone counseling with Lockett but
noted that Mother had failed to inform Lockett of her February 2011 alcohol relapse. The
Juvenile Court recalled Lockett’s testimony that Mother had experienced significant trauma,
his characterization of progress as “slow,” and his assessment that Mother was “reluctant to
engage in or work on trauma issues and that the emotional pain is such that she will not allow
herself to deal with past trauma.” The order referred to Dr. Greaves’ testimony that Mother
needed “to work on her past trauma issues to help with her Borderline Personality Disorder.”
The order did not refer to Lockett’s testimony regarding Mother’s progress on functionality,
resulting from counseling and Mother’s efforts.

Recalling the testimony of DCS case worker Boyd, the Juvenile Court found: “Mother has
had many jobs, the most recent of which Ms. Boyd has received no verification.” It also
cited Boyd’s assertion that Mother had “not maintained stable employment.” The order
recognized that Mother was taking care of her mother in the house that is owned by her
family but stated that Mother is “still living in the same home where she was allegedly
drugged and was knocked out by a chair.” The order stated that Mother’s “knowing failure

                                              -11-
to correct her circumstances and to attempt to fully complete her Permanency Plan makes it
unsafe for her to parent this child.” While the Juvenile Court order acknowledged that
inpatient drug and alcohol treatment was not “officially recommended by any assessment,”
it also stated pointedly that “Mother has never completed alcohol and drug treatment” and
elsewhere stated that Mother “began going to AA/NA meetings but has not had alcohol or
drug treatment in at least three (3) years.”

As alternate grounds for termination of Mother’s parental rights, the Juvenile Court also
found that Mother has not remedied the conditions which led to the removal of Abigail from
her custody, that those conditions still persist, and that in all probability these conditions
would cause the child to be subjected to further abuse and neglect, if she were returned to
Mother’s custody. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3). The Juvenile Court referenced
Mother’s unstable housing and employment issues and her ongoing mental health and
addiction issues. The order noted Lockett’s recommendation that counseling be continued
for a significant period of time and his inability to identify a time frame for treatment of her
mental disorders. From this, the Juvenile Court concluded that, since Mother “will not
attempt to work on the issues causing her mental health concerns she cannot remedy the
issues which led to the removal of the child.” Mother’s reluctance to engage in treatment of
her past trauma, the Juvenile Court found, would “not provide the child with any hope of
having a home with her at any early date.”

The Juvenile Court also found other persistent conditions:

       The Mother’s home is persistently unsuitable for this child due to her financial
       and mental instability, in addition to her ongoing alcohol use and the
       possibility of domestic violence, all of which create high risks for this child.
       After having tested positive for Meth, Amphetamines, and Cocaine during her
       pregnancy due to an alleged “drug string,” she tested positive for Oxycodone
       on September 7[], 2010 with no explanation, and she admits to being
       intoxicated in February 2011 during a violent incident with the Father. The
       Father (of this child) and [Mother’s ex-boyfriend] (the father of her other
       children) have been inappropriate to be around her and the child, and it
       demonstrates a history of bad decision-making on the part of the mother for
       which she has not corrected through counseling or other treatment. As late as
       February 2011, she was keeping company with known drug users and an
       indicated sex offender. Her continued history of alcohol and drug dependence
       without completion of treatment, her inconsistent employment, and mental
       health issues make it unsuitable for the child to return to her at any early date.

                                              -12-
As to Abigail’s best interest, the Juvenile Court went through many of the factors listed for
consideration in Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113(i). It found that Mother had not
made an adjustment in her circumstances that would make it safe for the child to be in her
custody. It found that Mother had “failed to engage in counseling in a meaningful and
productive way.” The order states: “No child would be safe in the home of Mother, as they
could be the unintended victims of her unstable mental capacity, the possibility of drug and
alcohol use, and her persistent choice of inappropriate males.” It cited Mother’s use of
“drugs both during and after her pregnancy” as abuse of her child, and found that Mother’s
home was “unhealthy and unsafe.” A change of caretakers for Abigail, the trial court
observed, would have “a highly negative effect” on the child, who had been in the same
foster home since she was taken into protective custody as a newborn. For these reasons, the
Juvenile Court held that termination of Mother’s parental rights was in Abigail’s best
interest. Mother now appeals.

                      ISSUES ON A PPEAL AND S TANDARD OF R EVIEW

Mother appeals the grounds for termination of her parental rights. First, Mother contends
that the trial court erred by finding by clear and convincing evidence that she failed to
substantially comply with the permanency plan. Second, Mother argues that the trial court
erred by finding that DCS had proven by clear and convincing evidence the ground of
persistent conditions. Mother does not challenge the trial court’s best interest determination.

Termination proceedings are governed by statute in Tennessee. A party with standing to seek
the termination of the parental rights of a biological parent must first prove at least one of the
statutory grounds for termination. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c)(1)(2010). Secondly, the
party seeking termination must prove that termination of the parental rights of the biological
parent is in the child’s best interest. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c)(2). Because of the
profound consequences of a decision to terminate parental rights, courts must apply a higher
standard of proof. Therefore, the elements required for termination of parental rights must
be proven by clear and convincing evidence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c); In re
Adoption of A.M.H., 215 S.W.3d 793, 809 (Tenn. 2007); In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539,
546 (Tenn. 2002); In re Askia K. B., No. W2010-02496-COA-R3-PT, 2011 WL 4634241,
at *7; 2011 Tenn. App. LEXIS 549, at *20 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 7, 2011).

“No civil action carries with it graver consequences than a petition to sever family ties
irretrievably and forever.” In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d 643, 653 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004) (citing
M.L.B v. S.L.J., 519 U.S. 102, 119 (1996)). The heightened burden of proof in cases
involving the termination of parental rights serves to minimize the risk of an erroneous
decision. In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d at 653. Evidence satisfying the clear and convincing
evidence standard establishes that the facts asserted are “highly probable and eliminates any

                                              -13-
serious or substantial doubt about the correctness of the conclusions drawn from the
evidence.” In re A.T.P., No. M2006-02697-COA-R3-JV, 2008 WL 115538, at *4; 2008
Tenn. App. LEXIS 10, at *13-14 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 20, 2008) (citing In re Valentine, 79
S.W.3d at 546; State v. Demarr, No. M2002-02603-COA-R3-JV, 2003 WL 21946726, at
*9; 2003 Tenn. App. LEXIS 569, at *26 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 13, 2003)). The evidence
should produce a firm belief or conviction in the fact finder’s mind as to the truth of the facts
sought to be established. In re A.T.P., 2008 WL 115538, at *4; 2008 Tenn. App. LEXIS 10,
at *14 (citing In re A.D.A., 84 S.W.3d 592, 596 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002); Ray v. Ray, 83
S.W.3d 726, 733 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001)). “In contrast to the preponderance of the evidence
standard, clear and convincing evidence should demonstrate that the truth of the facts
asserted is ‘highly probable’ as opposed to merely ‘more probable’ than not.” In re M.A.R.,
183 S.W.3d 652, 660 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005) (quoting In re C.W.W., 37 S.W.3d 467, 474
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2000)).

       The appellate court applies the clear and convincing evidence standard as follows:
       In light of the clear and convincing standard of proof, a reviewing court must
       “distinguish between the specific facts found by the trial court and the
       combined weight of those facts.” In re Tiffany B., 228 S.W.3d 148, 156
       (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007). When a trial court has seen and heard witnesses,
       considerable deference must be accorded to the trial court's findings as to the
       credibility of the witnesses. Seals v. England/Corsair Upholstery Mfg. Co.,
       984 S.W.2d 912, 915 (Tenn. 1999). Using the standard under Rule 13(d) of
       the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure, the trial court's specific findings
       of fact are first reviewed to determine whether they are supported by the
       preponderance of the evidence; these facts are presumed to be correct unless
       the evidence preponderates against them. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d); Union
       Carbide Corp. v. Huddleston, 854 S.W.2d 87, 91 (Tenn. 1993). We then
       determine whether the combined weight of the facts, as found by the trial court
       or as supported by the preponderance of the evidence, clearly and convincingly
       establish all of the elements required to terminate the biological parent’s
       parental rights. In re Tiffany B., 228 S.W.3d at 156; In re S.M., 149 S.W.3d
632, 640 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004). The trial court’s conclusions of law,
       including its conclusion that the State presented clear and convincing evidence
       to support termination, are reviewed de novo on the record, affording them no
       presumption of correctness. Campbell v. Florida Steel Corp., 919 S.W.2d 26,
       35 (Tenn. 1996); Presley v. Bennett, 860 S.W.2d 857, 859 (Tenn. 1993); In
       re Tiffany B., 228 S.W.3d at 156.

In re Askia K. B., 2011 WL 4634241, at *7; 2011 Tenn. App. LEXIS 549, at *21-22.

                                              -14-
                                          A NALYSIS

A biological parent’s right to the care and custody of his or her child is among the oldest of
the judicially recognized liberty interests protected by the federal and state constitutions.
Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65; 120 S. Ct. 2054, 2059-60 (2000); Hawk v. Hawk, 855
S.W.2d 573, 578-79 (Tenn. 1993); Ray, 83 S.W.3d at 731. While this right is fundamental
and superior to the claims of other persons, it is not absolute. In re Giorgianna H., 205
S.W.3d 508, 515 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006); In re J.W.P., 154 S.W.3d 586, 589 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2004). It continues without interruption only so long as a parent has not relinquished it,
abandoned it, or engaged in conduct requiring its limitation or termination. In re Audrey S.,
182 S.W.3d 838, 860 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005) (citing Blair v. Badenhope, 77 S.W.3d 137, 141
(Tenn. 2002); In re S.M., 149 S.W.3d at 638; In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d at 652-53).

Mother has appealed both grounds for termination of her parental rights, failure to
substantially comply with the permanency plan and also persistent conditions. We discuss
each in turn. Although Mother has not appealed the trial court’s best interest determination,
we consider it as well.

                 Substantial Noncompliance with the Permanency Plan

        Mother first appeals the trial court’s finding that she failed to substantially comply
with the permanency plan under Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113(g)(2). This
subsection states that termination of parental rights may be based on a finding by clear and
convincing evidence that: “[t]here has been substantial noncompliance by the parent . . . with
the statement of responsibilities in a permanency plan . . . .” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
113(g)(2). For each child placed in foster care, DCS is statutorily required to develop an
individualized plan of care that sets forth DCS’s responsibilities and parental responsibilities
that are reasonably related to achievement of the plan’s goals; here, reunification or adoption.
Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 37-2-403(a)(1)(A) and (2)(A) (2010). Parents are responsible for
addressing the conditions that either led to the child’s removal or prevent the child’s safe
return to the parent’s custody, and they must make reasonable efforts once DCS has made
services available to them. In re Tiffany B., 228 S.W.3d at 159; In re Chase A.C., No.
E2009-01952-COA-R3-PT, 2010 WL 3257711, at *18; 2010 Tenn. App. LEXIS 523, at *56
(Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 18, 2010).

To consider whether Mother has substantially complied with the permanency plan, we, of
course, start with a review of the permanency plan. The 16-page form permanency plan,

                                              -15-
made an exhibit in the record, appears to be at once repetitive, confusing, and incomplete.3
Various parts of the permanency plan set forth “action steps” for Mother, such as: “follow
all recommendations of the assessment from treatment center & treatment specialist” and
“provide a safe, stable residence for a period of no less than 6 months.” The following
excerpt is stated either as a “description of concern” or as part of the “underlying needs” for
Mother at least 28 times4 in the permanency plan:

           Needs a stable residence, financially responsible, pay child support, menatl
           [sic] health assessment to address stressors related to Abigail being removed
           from her care, follow recommendations from treatment center/treatment
           specialist.

Unfortunately, however, the permanency plan for Abigail nowhere includes a section labeled
as the “statement of responsibilities” for Mother. This omission is not a mere technicality.
As we have noted in a previous case: “[T]he statute that sets out this ground for termination
states that parental rights may be terminated where there is substantial noncompliance ‘with
the statement of responsibilities’ in the permanency plan.” In re Askia K. B., 2011 WL
4634241, at *9 (quoting Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(2)) (emphasis in original). See also
State of Tenn. Dep’t of Children’s Servs. v. P.M.T., No. E2006-00057-COA-R3-PT, 2006
WL 2644373, at *8; 2006 Tenn. App. LEXIS 608, at *23-24 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 15, 2006)
(“Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(2) does not require substantial compliance with a
permanency plan’s ‘[d]esired outcome[s],’ rather it requires substantial compliance with a
plan’s statement of responsibilities”). Moreover, the statement of responsibilities serves a
substantive purpose. If the parent is required to comply with the permanency plan, then the
permanency plan should clearly communicate to the parent: this is what you must do to
regain custody of your child. That is the purpose of the parent’s statement of responsibilities.
Thus, the absence of a clearly marked “statement of responsibilities” for Mother in the
permanency plan is a significant problem. It is difficult for the Court to find that Mother
failed to substantially comply with the plan’s statement of responsibilities if the plan does
not contain one.

We note that there is no dispute on appeal about what most of Mother’s responsibilities were
under the plan, with the exception of DCS’s request that Mother find a residence other than

3
    The permanency plan is for both Mother and Father; we focus only on the portions that relate to Mother.
4
 In 18 of the 28 times this paragraph is reproduced in the permanency plan, it includes the misspelling of
“mental” as “menatl.”

                                                     -16-
her mother’s home.5 Consequently, in the alternative, we will consider the evidence on this
ground for termination.

The determination of whether there has been substantial noncompliance with a permanency
plan is a question of law, to be reviewed on appeal de novo with no presumption of
correctness. In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 548. Termination of parental rights under
Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113(g)(2) “requires more proof than that a parent has not
complied with every jot and tittle of the permanency plan.” In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d at 656.
To succeed under Section 36-1-113(g)(2), DCS “must demonstrate first that the requirements
of the permanency plan are reasonable and related to remedying the conditions that caused
the child to be removed from the parent's custody in the first place.” In re M.J.B., 140
S.W.3d at 656-57 (citing In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 547; In re L.J.C., 124 S.W.3d 609,
621 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003)). Second, DCS must show that “the parent’s noncompliance is
substantial in light of the degree of noncompliance and the importance of the particular
requirement that has not been met.” In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d at 657 (citing In re Valentine,
79 S.W.3d at 548-49; In re Z.J.S., No. M2002-02235-COA-R3-JV, 2003 WL 21266854, at
*12; 2003 Tenn. App. LEXIS 415, at *41-42 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 3, 2003)). The Tennessee
Supreme Court has explained how substantial noncompliance with a permanency plan should
be assessed:

        Substantial noncompliance is not defined in the termination statute. The statute
        is clear, however, that noncompliance is not enough to justify termination of
        parental rights; the noncompliance must be substantial. Black’s Law
        Dictionary defines “substantial” as “[o]f real worth and importance.” Black’s
        Law Dictionary 1428 (6th ed. 1990). In the context of the requirements of a
        permanency plan, the real worth and importance of noncompliance should be
        measured by both the degree of noncompliance and the weight assigned to that
        requirement.

In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 548. Therefore, “[n]ot every failure to comply with a
permanency plan will furnish grounds for termination.” In re K.E.R., No. M2006-00255-
COA-R3-PT, 2006 WL 2252746, at *5; 2006 Tenn. App. LEXIS 525, at *14 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Aug. 3, 2006). “Trivial, minor, or technical deviations from a permanency plan’s
requirements will not be deemed to amount to substantial noncompliance.” Id. (quoting In
re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d at 656). Additionally, a parent’s “improvement toward compliance

5
 Mother testified that DCS had talked to her about finding another residence, but Mother did not understand
this to be a requirement.

                                                   -17-
should be considered in a parent's favor.” In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 549 (citing State
Dep’t of Human Servs. v. Defriece, 937 S.W.2d 954, 961 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996)).

DCS acknowledges that Mother “did partially comply with some of the tasks enumerated in
the permanency plans.” It argues, however, that the central obligations in the permanency
plan, designed to achieve reunification, were not fulfilled. First, DCS stresses that Mother
continues to live in the family residence, where she was “allegedly drugged without her
knowledge, assaulted, and the victim of other personal offenses.” DCS concedes that Mother
completed her parenting class requirement, but argues that Mother did not comply with the
visitation requirement in the permanency plan because she “missed over half of her
scheduled visits with the child.” DCS also emphasizes Mother’s use of alcohol in February
2011 and her decision not to inform counselor Bill Lockett about this relapse. DCS argues
that this omission, coupled with Mother’s reluctance to deal with the emotional pain of her
past trauma, has diminished the effect of her therapy and “render[ed] her progress slow if not
stagnant.” This failure to fully engage in therapy, DCS contends, has rendered “two of the
chief requirements of the permanency plan” unfulfilled. Finally, DCS points to the many
years DCS has been involved with Mother’s older children. It relies on case worker Boyd’s
testimony that many of Mother’s problems have stayed the same and the Juvenile Court’s
finding that Mother “has never substantially complied with any Permanency Plans.”

While the only child at issue in this appeal is Abigail, DCS rightly points to Mother’s lengthy
history with the Department, and the disturbing fact that, of her seven older children, two are
being raised by relatives and Mother’s parental rights have been terminated as to the rest.
Mother’s past behavior is clearly relevant as background for the evidence as to Abigail. See
In re Adoption of Kleshinski, No. M2004-00986-COA-R3-CV, 2005 WL 1046796, at *22
(Tenn. Ct. App. May 4, 2005) (past circumstances can be considered as backdrop for
evidence in current termination proceedings). We note, however, that DCS is obliged to
present clear and convincing evidence as to both grounds and best interest as to the child at
issue in this case, and while the evidence on Mother’s past cases serves as the backdrop, our
view of the evidence in this case cannot be skewed by Mother’s past transgressions.

We consider first DCS’s argument that Mother did not comply with the permanency plan
requirement that she have a “stable residence.” Based on DCS’s argument that Mother
should move out of the family residence, the Juvenile Court found that Mother “is still living
in the same house where she was allegedly drugged and was knocked out by a chair” and
Mother’s “ knowing failure to correct her circumstances . . . makes it unsafe for her to parent
this child.” Frankly, we are baffled by DCS’s insistence that Mother move out of her
mother’s home and the Juvenile Court’s agreement with this argument. The record contains

                                             -18-
no evidence indicating that the house itself was physically unsafe or inadequate; to the
contrary, the record indicates that the DCS caseworker conducted a home inspection and
found the home physically adequate. Other residents in the home do not present a problem;
the only other person in the house is Mother’s seventy-seven-year-old mother, who does not
drink alcohol. The record indicates that the house is debt free, and Mother is able to share
the household expenses with her mother, so living in the family residence makes financial
sense for Mother, in light of her income level and financial situation. DCS’s argument is
premised on the fact that the family residence was the setting for adverse incidents such as
Mother’s ex-boyfriend supposedly putting illegal drugs in her soft drink while she was
pregnant with Abigail and Father hitting Mother over the head with a chair. But this has
nothing to do with the physical home and everything to do with Mother’s choices on persons
with whom she associates, a separate requirement in the permanency plan. Such problems
would surface again, wherever Mother lives, if she were to continue to associate with unsafe,
inappropriate men. Thus, to the extent that the Juvenile Court viewed moving out of the
family residence as a plan requirement, it is neither reasonable nor related to remedying the
conditions that led to Abigail’s removal from Mother’s custody. See In re Valentine, 79
S.W.3d at 547 (where trial court makes no findings on reasonableness of plan
responsibilities, the appellate court reviews the issue de novo). The evidence in the record
does not support the Juvenile Court’s finding that Mother did not substantially comply with
the “stable residence” requirement in the permanency plan.

With respect to persons with whom Mother associates, the permanency plan lists as an
“action step” for Mother: “will refrain from engaging with individuals who are participating
in unlawful activity.” The Juvenile Court found that Mother has “continued to keep contact
with people who are not appropriate for the child to be around,” stating that, in “February
2011, she was keeping company with known drug users and an indicated sex offender.” It
appears that the Juvenile Court was referring to the incident in which Mother’s ex-boyfriend,
indicated by DCS as a sex offender, purportedly put illegal drugs in her soft drink. However,
this incident did not take place in February 2011; it occurred when Mother was pregnant with
Abigail, obviously prior to the permanency plan at issue. We note that, in February 2011,
Father came to Mother’s home and hit her over the head with a chair. Certainly allowing
Father into her home represents a poor choice by Mother, with disastrous results. However,
she prosecuted Father for the offense, he was incarcerated for it, and Mother obtained an
order of protection against him. Other than this incident, the record before us contains no
evidence that, during the time period after implementation of the permanency plan, Mother
was consorting with individuals who engaged in illegal activity.

As to financial matters, Mother testified that no child support obligation had been established
for her, and DCS does not dispute this. The permanency plan states that Mother must be

                                             -19-
“financially responsible” and, as an “action step,” Mother was to “provide DCS with proof
of a legal and verifiable income.” The Juvenile Court summarized Mother’s proof as
follows:

       [Mother] testified that she has worked for Evans Farms for three years, and
       that she has attended school online since July 2010 with the expectation to
       graduate in December 2011. She testified she works at a fruit stand on Sundays
       and makes $7.00 per hour, and that she helps pay bills at her mother’s home
       where she lives.

The Juvenile Court recounted testimony from therapist Lockett that Mother “was
unemployed when she first came to him, and that she found employment in May after being
let go from her last employment due to her boss retiring.” It also summarized the testimony
on this issue from DCS case worker Boyd: “[Boyd] testified that the Mother has had many
jobs, the most recent of which Ms. Boyd has received no verification.” It found that Mother
had continued to have “unstable employment and income.”

Returning to the requirements in the permanency plan, as we must in considering this ground
for termination, the plan required Mother to be “financially responsible,” and to have “legal
and verifiable income.” The evidence on this is somewhat of a mixed bag. Since custody of
Abigail was removed from Mother, the proof showed that Mother had verified to DCS some
of her income and employment but had not verified the employment she had at the time of
trial. There is no indication that Mother spent her limited funds in a way that was not
“financially responsible.” However, the proof also shows that Mother’s income was meager
at best, and she was told by DCS that her income needed to be sufficient to support herself
and her child. Given Mother’s limited education, the online training in which she enrolled
appeared reasonably geared toward enabling Mother to have sufficient income. Thus, overall,
the record indicates that Mother was making substantial efforts to earn enough income to
support herself and her daughter but had not yet achieved that level of income.

The permanency plan also indicated that Mother was required to visit with Abigail. The
Juvenile Court’s order observed that the DCS worker who transported the child for visits
testified that Mother missed 32 out of 77 scheduled visits. This was dismissed by the
Juvenile Court as missing “nearly half of her visits with the child.” It is unclear whether the
Juvenile Court held that Mother had not substantially complied with this plan requirement.
The evidence indicated that getting to the twice-weekly visits was not easy for Mother, as she
could not drive and had to take an hour-long bus trip each way. There was no evidence that

                                             -20-
Mother went more than a week or two without seeing Abigail. Under all of these
circumstances, we find that the evidence in the record shows substantial compliance with this
plan requirement.

As to drug and alcohol use, the permanency plan indicated that Mother’s participation in
random drug screens was a “desired outcome,” and that Mother needed to “follow
recommendations from [the] treatment center/treatment specialist.” In its order, the Juvenile
Court noted Mother’s February 2011 alcohol relapse, said that Mother had “never completed
alcohol and drug treatment” and “has not had alcohol or drug treatment in at least three (3)
years.” It found that Mother had “ongoing . . . alcohol and drug issues.” If this amounts to
a conclusion that Mother did not substantially comply with this prong of the permanency
plan, the evidence does not support such a conclusion. To be sure, Mother admits the
incident of alcohol relapse in February 2011, and to the detriment of her treatment, she failed
to tell counselor Lockett about the relapse. However, the record also indicates that she
attended AA and NA meetings daily for 90 days, and after the February 2011 relapse she
continued to attend, albeit not daily. Mother’s drug screens were all clean, so drug and
alcohol treatment was not recommended for her.6 There is no evidence of drug or alcohol
use other than the single February 2011 incident. This Court has previously cautioned
against expecting perfection from parents who suffer from addiction issues:

        [I]t is imperative for courts handling parental termination cases to view
        substance abuse realistically. In re M.J.M., No. M2004-02377-COA-[R3]-PT,
        2005 WL 873302, at *10 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 14, 2005) . . . . Recovery from
        addiction will frequently entail “false starts and set backs, as well as successes
        and, regrettably, backsliding.” Id. at *11 . . . . Drug addiction is not a condition
        that is “cured”; parents address it by managing it, that is, by following an
        established treatment program and refraining from the use of the drugs. In re
        M.J.M., 2005 WL 873302, at *11.

In re Joshua S., No. E2010-01331-COA-R3-PT, 2011 WL 2464720, at *12 (Tenn. Ct. App.
June 16, 2011) (footnote omitted). Overall, the evidence in the record does not support a
finding that Mother did not substantially comply with this plan requirement.

6
 The Juvenile Court acknowledged that no drug or alcohol treatment was recommended for Mother in her
assessment, so the repeated references in the order, to Mother having not undergone treatment or having not
undergone treatment in several years, do not make sense.

                                                   -21-
As to Mother’s mental health, the permanency plan states that Mother was to have a mental
health “assessment to address stressors related to Abigail being removed from her care,” and
“to address reasons for using alcohol and drugs,” adding: “All recommendations will be
followed.” The Juvenile Court order found that Mother was substantially noncompliant with
the permanency plan in this regard, stating that Mother “showed little desire to work on
trauma issues, which are the focus of her need for therapy,” and that “she will not attempt
to work on the issues causing her mental health concerns.” The order concluded that Mother
“has failed to engage in counseling in a meaningful and productive way.”

Respectfully, the evidence in the record, viewed as a whole, is not consonant with the
Juvenile Court’s conclusion. From the description of counselor Lockett, Mother faced
substantial functionality issues and emotional issues from past trauma. Lockett said that
Mother had made “significant strides” functionally, from where she started. He said that
Mother was “working hard” and “put forth effort” in the counseling. On Mother’s past
trauma, Lockett indicated that she had disclosed to him at least some of the trauma she had
suffered, and he commented that the trauma she had disclosed would surely cause “a
significant amount of emotional pain.” Describing Mother’s efforts to summon the courage
to address the trauma, Lockett testified:

       She will begin almost every time to work on them. The impression I get from
       seeing her reaction in the office is that the pain, the emotional pain, is such a
       significant degree that she just can’t force herself to go there.

Thus, the evidence indicates that Mother started counseling with a full plate of problems and
issues, engaged with the counseling and resolved the most pressing functionality issues, and
put forth effort on her emotional issues but has not resolved them. As with addiction issues,
parents who have mental health issues such as those facing Mother “ ‘can turn their lives
around,’ but must be given the time and opportunity to do so.” In re Joshua S., 2011 WL
2464720, at *12 (quoting In re D.J.R., No. M2005-02933-COA-R3-JV, 2007 WL 273576,
at *5-6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 30, 2007)). The permanency plan required Mother to have a
mental health assessment to address addiction issues and stressors related to losing custody
of her child and to follow the assessment recommendations. Contrary to the Juvenile Court’s
finding, the undisputed evidence shows that Mother in fact “engage[d] in counseling in a
meaningful and productive way.” She made “significant strides” in her numerous
functionality challenges and continued to make efforts to tackle her painful past trauma. The
evidence does not support a factual finding of substantial noncompliance on this requirement.

                                             -22-
Overall, in reviewing the specific facts found by the Juvenile Court below regarding
substantial compliance with the permanency plan, it appears that, to a significant degree, they
were based on the fact that the outcomes and goals in the permanency plan were not met,
with little acknowledgment of Mother’s efforts to reach them. As to this ground for
termination, the parent’s efforts to accomplish his or her responsibilities under the
permanency plan must factor into the court’s consideration. See In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d
at 549 (a parent’s “commendable efforts . . . toward compliance should be considered in a
parent’s favor.”). See also In re B.D., No. M2008-01174-COA-R3-PT, 2009 WL 528922,
at *8; 2009 Tenn. App. LEXIS 263, at *24 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 2, 2009)(“[T]he juvenile
court improperly based its finding of substantial noncompliance upon the fact that DCS’s
outcomes and goals were not reached rather than Mother’s efforts to reach them. This Court
has made clear that outcome achievement is not the measure of compliance.”) (citing P.M.T.,
2006 WL 2644373, at *8; 2006 Tenn. App. LEXIS 608, at *23-24).

In the case at bar, when Abigail was taken into protective custody, Mother faced daunting
challenges on many fronts. Having lost custody and, in most cases, her parental rights as to
seven previous children, Mother failed a prenatal drug screen as to her eighth child. With
significant trauma in her background, Mother had borderline personality disorder, anxiety
disorder, post-traumatic stress syndrome, substance addiction and abuse, a long record of
petty crime, no education beyond a G.E.D., no driver’s license, meager employment, a history
of relationships with inappropriate men, and an ongoing relationship with a violent and
abusive man, namely, Father. She ended her relationship with Father, prosecuted him and
obtained a order of protection, attended numerous AA and NA meetings and maintained
sobriety with one exception, maintained some employment and obtained online training for
better employment, maintained appropriate housing, rode the bus for regular visits with
Abigail, made “significant strides” in functionality through regular counseling, and continued
to try to confront painful past trauma to address the root causes of her issues. As set forth
above, in considering this ground for termination, the Court is obliged to consider these
efforts in Mother’s favor.

Having reviewed the specific facts as found by the trial court or as supported by a
preponderance of the evidence, we look at whether the combined weight of the facts clearly
and convincingly establish substantial noncompliance with the permanency plan. As in In
re Valentine, we consider specific responsibilities with which Mother substantially complied
and those with which she partially complied, weighing the significance of the particular
compliance and the extent of Mother’s efforts. Based on the record before us, we cannot say
that there is clear and convincing evidence of substantial noncompliance with the
permanency plan. Therefore, we must reverse the holding of the Juvenile Court as to this
ground for termination.

                                             -23-
                                   Persistent Conditions

The Juvenile Court also held that DCS established by clear and convincing evidence the
ground for termination often referred to as “persistent conditions.” The statute on persistent
conditions states that there are grounds for termination where:

       3) The child has been removed from the home of the parent or guardian by
       order of a court for a period of six (6) months and:

              (A) The conditions that led to the child’s removal or other
              conditions that in all reasonable probability would cause the
              child to be subjected to further abuse or neglect and that,
              therefore, prevent the child’s safe return to the care of the
              parent(s) or guardian(s), still persist;

              (B) There is little likelihood that these conditions will be
              remedied at an early date so that the child can be safely returned
              to the parent(s) or guardian(s) in the near future; and

              (C) The continuation of the parent or guardian and child
              relationship greatly diminishes the child’s chances of early
              integration into a safe, stable and permanent home;

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3)(A-C).

Mother argues that the grounds for removal of Abigail from her custody were related to
Mother’s drug use during her pregnancy, Mother’s mental issues, and her overall instability.
Mother suggests that the Juvenile Court incorrectly found that the ground of persistent
conditions had been proven and argues that the “testimony at trial paints a different picture.”
With respect to the alcohol and drug addictions, Mother argues that the proof offered at trial
showed that she has had no “dirty drug screens.” She acknowledges one significant alcohol
relapse but emphasizes that there was no other evidence of alcohol or drug use. Mother also
points to her attendance at AA and NA meetings, which demonstrated a real “effort to deal
with her drug addiction.” Mother stresses that she completed a parenting assessment which
involved therapy sessions, parenting classes, drug and alcohol after-care, and sobriety
meetings. Mother also points to the affirmative steps she took to remove the threat of
domestic violence from her home by pressing charges against Father and obtaining a
protective order against him. All of this, she insists, demonstrates “fundamental changes and

                                             -24-
adjustments to her life to change the conditions that led to the removal” and “considerable
progress in dealing with these issues.”

Parents whose children are taken into protective custody sometimes face multiple serious
obstacles to healthy parenting: mental and emotional problems, physical difficulties,
addiction, lack of education or training to earn sufficient income, to name a few. Often the
problems are longstanding and difficult to remedy, even with a permanency plan tailored to
their needs and significant assistance from DCS. Even if such a parent makes herculean
efforts to address his or her issues, serious obstacles may remain, leaving the child with a
parent who is not, and may never be, able to safely parent the child. As this Court has
explained, the ground of persistent conditions was enacted by the Legislature to address this
dilemma:

       Thus, children removed from their parents’ custody because they were
       dependent, neglected, or abused were often caught in a legal whipsaw. They
       could not be returned to their parents, because their parents had not improved
       to the point of being able to provide them with a suitable home, but they could
       not be adopted into stable and permanent homes either, because as long as
       their parents made some effort, however minimal, to improve, their parental
       rights could not be terminated. . . . These children often languished for years
       in state custody or foster care until they simply “aged out” of the system.
                                            * * *
       The legislation [adopting persistent conditions as a ground for termination]
       recognized the critical role of permanence and stability . . . . [It] broadened the
       law’s almost exclusive focus on the behavior and wishes of the parent to
       include consideration of the effects of prolonged state custody or foster care
       on the welfare of the child.
                                            *     *    *
       [T]his new ground for termination focused on the results of the parent’s efforts
       at improvement rather than the mere fact that he or she had made them. In
       addition, the new ground asked whether the child could be returned to the
       parent “in the near future,”. . . rather than whether the child might be able to
       be returned “at some future date.”

In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838, 873-74 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005) (citations omitted).
Mother’s arguments on this ground for termination emphasize Mother’s significant efforts
to address the array of challenges to her ability to safely parent Abigail. While these efforts

                                                -25-
are part of our analysis on substantial noncompliance with the permanency plan, the ground
of persistent conditions focuses on whether the parent’s efforts have been fruitful, i.e.,
whether the parent has remedied the conditions that led to the child’s removal or whether
those conditions “will be remedied at an early date . . . in the near future.” Id.; Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3)(A) and (B).

We review the evidence with this standard in mind. As discussed above, Mother began these
proceedings far behind the finish line, with many road blocks to having custody of Abigail
returned to her. Mother’s “commendable efforts” produced notable results and brought her
closer to the finish line, so to speak. In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 549. Nevertheless, the
proof shows that “the conditions which led to the removal” of Abigail from Mother’s custody
“still persist.” After assessment, Mother was diagnosed by Dr. Greaves and counselor
Lockett as having borderline personality disorder, anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress
syndrome, and addiction. As noted by the trial court, Mother has a long history of choosing
“inappropriate males.” Any one of these problems would be formidable. This Court has
recognized that borderline personality disorder alone presents a serious challenge to a
person’s ability to safely parent a child and can be controlled only with substantial therapy.
See Tenn. Dep’t of Children’s Servs. v. Bates, 84 S.W.3d 186, 192, 197 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2002) (finding a mother’s borderline personality disorder and pattern of instability in
relationships, coupled with a failure to fully participate and attend therapy, resulted in a
finding of persistent conditions, among other grounds for termination).

The trauma in Mother’s past appears from the evidence to underlie Mother’s most intractable
conditions. Dr. Greaves stated in her testimony that borderline personality disorder is often
an “outgrowth” of past trauma. Mother’s borderline personality disorder, Dr. Greaves said,
could lead to Mother “neglecting or not recognizing the emotional needs of a child” and
could potentially damage Abigail’s ability to attach emotionally. The instability resulting
from Mother’s borderline personality disorder could cause Abigail to have emotional and
behavioral problems. Counselor Lockett testified that, while Mother had made functional
progress in therapy, she had not yet been able to tackle the emotional issues stemming from
her significant history of trauma. Lockett said that Mother would likely need to continue
working on these issues for an indeterminate but “significant period of time.” Dr. Greaves’
testimony was consistent with Lockett’s assessment.

The proof shows that the conditions that most hinder Mother’s parenting – borderline
personality disorder, anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress syndrome – go unaddressed so
long as Mother is unable to bring herself to confront her history of trauma in counseling.
Moreover, Mother’s sobriety and ability to avoid relationships with “inappropriate males”

                                             -26-
are at risk as well. In addition, while Mother has taken steps to improve her ability to earn
income, as noted by the trial court, the proof indicates that Mother will continue to be in a
state of financial instability. All of these conditions would likely cause Abigail to be
subjected to either abuse or neglect and prevent her safe return to Mother’s custody, and
there is little likelihood that they will be remedied at an early date. Under these
circumstances, the continuation of Mother’s relationship with Abigail “greatly diminishes
the child’s chances of early integration into a safe, stable and permanent home.” Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3)(C).

Overall, we hold that the record supports the trial court’s finding that the ground of persistent
conditions was established by clear and convincing evidence.

                                         Best Interest

Although Mother has not appealed the Juvenile Court’s finding that termination of her
parental rights was in Abigail’s best interest, we nevertheless review the evidence on this
essential element, in light of its paramount importance. The Juvenile Court found that
Mother had not made sufficient adjustment in her circumstances to make it safe to return
Abigail to Mother’s custody. It also found that, despite Mother’s visitation with Abigail, the
child was bonded to her foster family, not Mother, and a change of caretakers would likely
have a very negative effect on the child. From our review of the record, clear and convincing
evidence supports these findings and supports the Juvenile Court’s overall holding that
termination of Mother’s parental rights is in Abigail’s best interest.

                                         C ONCLUSION

The decision of the trial court is affirmed in part and reversed in part. Costs on appeal are
assessed against Respondent/Appellant J.R.K., for which execution may issue if necessary.

                                                     _________________________________
                                                     HOLLY M. KIRBY, JUDGE

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