Court Opinion

ID: 4019309
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-27 17:01:03.425407+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:50:13.734752
License: Public Domain

RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                               Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                      File Name: 16a0176p.06

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                     _________________

 FRANK REMBISZ,                                          ┐
                                  Plaintiff-Appellant,   │
                                                         │
                                                         │
        v.                                                >      No. 15-2279
                                                         │
                                                         │
 JACOB J. LEW, Secretary, Department of the              │
 Treasury,                                               │
                          Defendant-Appellee.            │
                                                         ┘
                         Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Eastern District of Michigan at Ann Arbor.
                  No. 5:13-cv-12757—John Corbett O’Meara, District Judge.

                                Decided and Filed: July 27, 2016

                    Before: BOGGS, CLAY, and SUTTON, Circuit Judges.
                                  _________________

                                          COUNSEL

ON BRIEF: Heidi T. Sharp, BURGESS SHARP & GOLDEN, PLLC, Clinton Township,
Michigan, for Appellant. Lynn M. Dodge, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Detroit,
Michigan, for Appellee.

                                      _________________

                                           OPINION
                                      _________________

       SUTTON, Circuit Judge. Federal employees must file a civil action for discrimination
“[w]ithin 90 days of receipt of final action” by the agency. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16(c). This court
previously warned Frank Rembisz, a federal employee, that “his case will not be long for this
world” if he filed his complaint after that time limit. Rembisz v. Lew, 590 F. App’x 501, 504 (6th

                                                1
No. 15-2279                               Rembisz v. Lew                                Page 2

Cir. 2014). Presented with a certified-mail receipt dated one day outside the 90-day statutory
limit, the district court granted summary judgment for Secretary Lew. We must affirm.

       Frank Rembisz is a criminal investigator for the Internal Revenue Service. After failing
to obtain several sought-after promotions, Rembisz filed an administrative charge of
discrimination on February 14, 2012, claiming “an ongoing pattern and practice against his sex
(male) and race (Caucasian) or color (white).”        R. 1 at 6.    The Department of Treasury
investigated the claim and rejected it.

       He filed this federal complaint on June 21, 2013, alleging that he received notice of the
final agency decision on March 25, 2013, apparently bringing his complaint within the 90-day
window. We rejected a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss the complaint premised on the ground
that he filed the complaint too late. In doing so, however, we noted that he would have to “come
forward with evidence at summary judgment” to back up the allegation in his complaint that he
received notice of the administrative decision on March 25. Rembisz, 590 F. App’x at 504.

       On remand, he never did so. As a result, the district court determined that “there [was]
no genuine dispute” that Rembisz received notice more than 90 days before he filed his
complaint and rejected the tardy claim as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). Rembisz
appealed again.

       We presume that notice is given, “and hence the ninety-day limitations term begins
running, on the fifth day following the [] mailing of [a right-to-sue] notification to the
claimant[].” Graham-Humphreys v. Memphis Brooks Museum of Art, Inc., 209 F.3d 552, 557
(6th Cir. 2000). The agency in this instance served its right-to-sue notification by first class and
certified mail on March 15, 2013, making March 20, 2013, the presumptive date that the
limitations period began. Rembisz offered no evidence that he received notice after March 20,
the presumptive start date.

       The only other evidence on this score comes from the Secretary, and it does not solve
Rembisz’s problem. A certified-mail receipt shows that Rembisz received the notice on March
22, 2013. But that still makes his complaint late by one day. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 6(a)(1).
Because courts must “strictly enforce[] Title VII’s ninety-day statutory limit,” we ordinarily may
No. 15-2279                                Rembisz v. Lew                                Page 3

not extend it even by “a single day.” Graham-Humphreys, 209 F.3d at 557, 561. And because
Rembisz missed the deadline, Secretary Lew is “entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.
R. Civ. P. 56(a).

        Rembisz responds with evidence that his attorney received notice on March 25, 2013.
But “a notice of final action is ‘received’ when the [agency] delivers its notice to a claimant or
the claimant’s attorney, whichever comes first.” Irwin v. Dep’t of Veterans Affairs, 498 U.S. 89,
92 (1990) (quotation omitted); see Coen v. Riverside Hosp., 2 F. App’x 449, 451 (6th Cir. 2001)
(per curiam); see also Seitzinger v. Reading Hosp. & Med. Ctr., 165 F.3d 236, 239 n.1 (3d Cir.
1999); Reschny v. Elk Grove Plating Co., 414 F.3d 821, 823 (7th Cir. 2005); Noe v. Ward, 754
F.2d 890, 891 (10th Cir. 1985). One regulation, it is true, provides that “time frames for receipt
of materials shall be computed from the time of receipt by the attorney.”                29 C.F.R.
§ 1614.605(d). But that regulation “is concerned with ‘time frames for receipt of materials’
solely in the [Equal Employment Opportunity Commission] administrative process,” making it
inapplicable to civil proceedings before courts rather than administrative proceedings before
agencies. Carter v. Potter, 258 F. App’x 475, 478 (3d Cir. 2007); see also Harris v. Bodman,
No. 08-5091, 2008 WL 5532102 (D.C. Cir. Aug. 27, 2008) (per curiam) (summarily affirming
the use of the 90-day clock rather than the EEOC regulation); cf. King v. Henderson, 230 F.3d
1358, 2000 WL 1478360, at *1 n.2 (6th Cir. 2000) (per curiam) (unpublished table disposition).

        Rembisz argues (for the first time in this case) that he “is entitled to equitable tolling of
the 90-day requirement.” Appellant’s Br. 15. But he forfeited the issue by failing to raise it
below. Grain v. Trinity Health, Mercy Health Servs. Inc., 551 F.3d 374, 378 (6th Cir. 2008). It
would fail anyway. Rembisz knew that the Department of Treasury issued the notice on March
15, 2013, and he knew about the 90-day clock. For reasons of his own, Rembisz nonetheless
failed to file the civil action on time.

        Nor, “[a]s a matter of public policy,” can we accept Rembisz’s invitation to rewrite 42
U.S.C. § 2000e-16(c) to state that he must file a civil action “within 90 days of his attorney’s
receipt” of the notice. Appellant’s Br. 17–18 (emphasis added). It is “the legislature,” not the
judiciary, that “prescribes the rules by which the duties and rights of every citizen are to be
No. 15-2279                            Rembisz v. Lew                             Page 4

regulated.” The Federalist No. 78, at 402 (Alexander Hamilton) (George W. Carey & James
McClellan eds., 2001); see Baker Botts L.L.P. v. ASARCO LLC, 135 S. Ct. 2158, 2169 (2015).

       For these reasons, we affirm.