Court Opinion

ID: 7802423
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-08-22 16:02:57.307751+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:29:27.732301
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

                            Docket Nos. 49615, 49817, 49899

PLANNED PARENTHOOD GREAT                         )
NORTHWEST, HAWAII, ALASKA,                       )
INDIANA, KENTUCKY, on behalf of itself, its      )     Boise, August 2022 Term
staff, physicians and patients, and Caitlin      )
Gustafson, M.D., on behalf of herself and her    )     Opinion filed: August 12, 2022
patients,                                        )
                                                 )     Melanie Gagnepain, Clerk
       Petitioners,                              )
                                                 )
v.                                               )
                                                 )
STATE OF IDAHO,                                  )
                                                 )
       Respondent,                               )
                                                 )
and                                              )
                                                 )
SCOTT BEDKE, in his official capacity as         )
Speaker of the House of Representatives of the   )
State of Idaho; CHUCK WINDER, in his             )
official capacity as President Pro Tempore of    )
the Idaho State Senate; and the SIXTY-SIXTH      )
IDAHO LEGISLATURE,                               )
                                                 )
       Intervenors-Respondents.                  )
     _____________________________________       )
                                                 )
PLANNED PARENTHOOD GREAT                         )
NORTHWEST, HAWAII, ALASKA,                       )
INDIANA, KENTUCKY, on behalf of                  )
itself, its staff, physicians and patients,      )
and CAITLIN GUSTAFSON, M.D., on behalf           )
of herself and her patients,                     )
                                                 )
       Petitioners,                              )
                                                 )
  v.                                             )
                                                 )
STATE OF IDAHO; BRAD LITTLE, in his              )
official capacity as Governor of the State of    )
Idaho; LAWRENCE G. WASDEN, in his

                                           1
 official capacity as Attorney General of the        )
 State of Idaho; JAN M. BENNETTS, in her             )
 official capacity as Ada County                     )
 Prosecuting Attorney; GRANT P. LOEBS, in            )
 his official capacity as Twin Falls County          )
 Prosecuting Attorney; IDAHO STATE                   )
 BOARD OF MEDICINE; IDAHO STATE                      )
 BOARD OF NURSING; and IDAHO STATE                   )
 BOARD OF PHARMACY,                                  )
                                                     )
       Respondents,                                  )
                                                     )
 and
                                                     )
 SCOTT BEDKE, in his official capacity               )
 as Speaker of the House of                          )
 Representatives of the State of Idaho;              )
 CHUCK WINDER, in his official                       )
 capacity as President Pro Tempore of the            )
 Idaho State Senate; and the SIXTY-                  )
 SIXTH IDAHO LEGISLATURE,                            )
                                                     )
       Intervenors-Respondents.                      )
                                                     )

       In the Matters of the Petitions for Writs of Prohibition.

       Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr, LLP, New York and Bartlett & French,
       LLP, Boise, Idaho, for Petitioners Planned Parenthood, etal. Alan E. Schoenfeld
       argued.

       Lawrence G. Wasden, Idaho Attorney General, Boise, for Respondent State of
       Idaho. Megan A. Larrondo argued.

       Monte Neil Stewart, Las Vegas, Nevada and Morris Bower & Haws PLLC, Nampa,
       Idaho, for Intervenors Scott Bedke, Chuck Winder and the Legislature. Monte N.
       Stewart argued.

             _______________________________________________

BRODY, Justice
        The Court held a public hearing on August 3, 2022 to address specific procedural matters
the parties were ordered to brief and argue. All parties agree the Court should consolidate all three
actions filed by Petitioners for purposes of oral argument and issuing an opinion. Furthermore, all
parties agree the Court should not transfer these matters to the district court for development of a

                                                 2
factual record under Idaho Appellate Rule 5(d). The only issues in dispute are whether the Court
should stay the enforcement of Idaho Code section 18-622(2) and whether it should continue to
stay the enforcement of Senate Bill 1309. For the reasons discussed below, we: (1) consolidate
Docket Nos. 49615-2022, 49817-2022, and 49899-2022 for purposes of oral argument and
opinion; (2) retain the consolidated cases; (3) deny Petitioners’ request to stay the enforcement of
Idaho Code section 18-622 in Docket No. 49817-2022; and (4) vacate the stay of the enforcement
of Senate Bill 1309 entered by the Court on April 8, 2022 in Docket No. 49615-2022. Oral
argument on the merits of the petitions will be held on September 29, 2022 at 9:00 a.m.
                    I.   BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
        The Idaho Legislature has enacted two independent statutes criminalizing abortion. In
2020, the legislature passed a law making it a felony for anyone to perform or attempt to perform
or assist with an abortion. I.C. § 18-622(2) (“Total Abortion Ban”). This law allows for affirmative
defenses to prosecution where the abortion is necessary to prevent the death of a pregnant woman,
or the pregnancy resulted from rape or incest that was reported to law enforcement. I.C. § 18-
622(3). Recognizing the constitutional impediments presented by Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113
(1973), the Total Abortion Ban expressly states it will only go into effect thirty days following
“[t]he issuance of the judgment in any decision of the United States supreme court that restores to
the states their authority to prohibit abortion . . . .” I.C. § 18-622(1)(a).
        A year later, the legislature passed the Fetal Heartbeat Preborn Child Protection Act. See
2021 Idaho Laws Ch. 289 (H.B. 366) (originally codified as I.C. §§ 18-8701 to -8708). The Act
makes it a felony to perform an abortion on a woman when a fetal heartbeat is detected, except in
cases involving a medical emergency, rape, or incest. I.C. § 18-8704 (2021). In its original form,
the Act also provided a private cause of action for a woman who underwent an abortion to recover
damages from medical professionals who intentionally, knowingly, and recklessly violated the
Act. See I.C. § 18-8707 (2021). Again, recognizing federal constitutional impediments to
implementing the law, the Act expressly provided that it would take effect “ . . . immediately upon
the issuance of the mandate in any United States appellate court case in which the appellate court
upholds a restriction or ban on abortion for a preborn child because a detectable heartbeat is present
on the grounds that such restriction or ban does not violate the United States constitution.” See I.C.
§ 18-8706 (2021).

                                                    3
       In 2022, the Idaho Legislature amended and re-codified the Fetal Heartbeat Preborn Child
Protection Act to expand the private cause of action in favor of fathers, grandparents, siblings, and
aunts and uncles of the preborn child and to add statutory minimum damages of $20,000. See I.C.
§ 18-8807(1) (2022). Importantly, the amended Act also repealed Idaho Code section 18-8706—
the provision which delayed the effectiveness of the Act—and moved the “trigger language” to
the section providing criminal penalties for a violation of the Act. See 2022 Idaho Laws Ch. 152
(S.B. 1309) and I.C. § 18-8805. This amendment meant the civil liability provision would become
effective on April 22, 2022 (pursuant to an emergency clause in Senate Bill No. 1309), but the
criminal liability provisions would remain dormant until “triggered.”
       On March 30, 2022, a week after Idaho Governor Brad Little signed Senate Bill No. 1309
(“Civil Liability Law” or “S.B. 1309”) into law, Petitioners filed their first Petition for Writ of
Prohibition, Docket No. 49615-2022, challenging the Civil Liability Law on state constitutional
grounds. The Court initially agreed to hear the matter on an expedited basis, but subsequently
granted a motion to reconsider filed by the State and agreed to give the parties additional time to
submit briefing. As part of its Order Granting Motion to Reconsider, the Court also ordered that
the implementation of Senate Bill 1309 be stayed to preserve the status quo as requested by the
parties: “The parties having both requested action by this Court to preserve the status quo to give
the parties the ability to adequately brief this case, pursuant to I.A.R. 13(g) the implementation of
Senate Bill 1309 is STAYED, pending further action by the Court.” The State subsequently moved
to vacate the stay, disputing that it had requested the stay. The Court denied the motion and set the
case for oral argument to be held on August 3, 2022.
       About three weeks after Petitioners’ challenge to the Civil Liability Law was set for oral
argument, the United States Supreme Court issued its landmark decision in Dobbs v. Jackson
Women’s Health Organization, 142 S.Ct. 2228 (June 24, 2022). In Dobbs, the Supreme Court held:
“The Constitution does not prohibit the citizens of each State from regulating or prohibiting
abortion. Roe and Casey arrogated that authority. We now overrule those decisions and return that
authority to the people and their elected representatives.” 142 S.Ct. at 2284. There is no dispute
that the Supreme Court’s decision has “triggered” the Total Abortion Ban and the effective date
of that ban is imminent. Three days after the Dobbs decision was issued, Petitioners filed their
second Petition for Writ of Prohibition, Docket No. 49615-2022, this time challenging the Total
Abortion Ban under the Idaho Constitution and the Idaho Human Rights Act. Petitioners contend,

                                                 4
among other things, there is an implicit constitutional right to procreate and make intimate family
decisions that include the right to abortion.
        On June 30, 2022, six days after Dobbs was issued, the Court vacated the merits argument
scheduled for August 3, 2022 and ordered the parties to brief and argue the procedural questions
addressed in this opinion and accompanying order. Before the ordered briefing was complete, the
United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit upheld a Georgia law prohibiting abortions
after a detectable human heartbeat, thus “triggering” the criminal liability provisions of the Fetal
Heartbeat Preborn Child Protection Act (I.C. §§ 18-8804, -8805). See SisterSong Women of Color
Reprod. Just. Collective v. Governor of Ga., __ F.4th __, 2022 WL 2824904 (11th Cir. July 20,
2022) (holding that Dobbs foreclosed the abortion providers’ challenge to Georgia’s fetal heartbeat
act).
        On July 25, 2022, Petitioners filed their third Petition for Writ of Prohibition, Docket No.
49899-2022, this time challenging the Fetal Heartbeat Ban. Petitioners repeat essentially the same
arguments presented in their second petition.

             II.     ANALYSIS OF PRELIMINARY STAYS OF ENFORCEMENT
    A. Petitioners’ Request to Stay Enforcement of the Total Abortion Ban is Denied.
        Petitioners have requested that the Court enter an order staying enforcement of the Total
Abortion Ban. We ordered the parties to present argument at the August 3 hearing on whether a
stay should be issued. For the reasons discussed below, even if Petitioners have met the legal
standard for demonstrating irreparable harm, the request for a preliminary stay of the Total
Abortion Ban is denied because Petitioners have not demonstrated a substantial likelihood of
success on the merits or a “clear right” to the relief sought.
        The Idaho Appellate Rules do not set forth a legal standard governing when a stay should
issue. The parties agree that the standard for injunctive relief requires us to look at the likelihood
of success on the merits and irreparable harm. Notably, Petitioners have asserted: “A stay is proper
here because Petitioners have alleged serious violations of the state constitutional rights of the
citizens of Idaho and are likely to prevail on the merits of their claims.” Pet. Br. on Issues Set for
Aug. 3 Hearing, p. 4 (Dkt. No. 49817) (emphasis added). (See also Resp. Br. on Issues Set for
Aug. 3 Hearing, p. 8–15 (Dkt. No. 49817); Pet. Br. on Issues Set for Aug. 3 Hearing, p. 2–9 (Dkt.
No. 49615); Resp. Br. on Issues Set for Aug. 3 Hearing, p. 8–15 (Dkt. No. 49615); Interv. Br. on
Issues Set for Aug. 3 Hearing, p. 2–16 (Dkt. No. 49615).

                                                  5
       When our appellate rules are silent, we will adopt an appropriate procedure or standard
based on the “practice usually followed in such or similar cases, or as may be prescribed by the
Court or a Justice thereof.” I.A.R. 48. While a stay and a preliminary injunction are not identical,
they result in a similar procedural outcome: the implementation of a proceeding or rule is halted
to preserve the status quo. Thus, the most analogous standard to apply here is the standard for a
preliminary injunction under Idaho Rule of Civil Procedure 65(e) which states:
              (e) Grounds for Preliminary Injunction. A preliminary injunction may
       be granted in the following cases:

               (1) when it appears by the complaint that the plaintiff is entitled to the
       relief demanded, and that relief, or any part of it, consists of restraining the
       commission or continuance of the acts complained of, either for a limited period or
       perpetually;

               (2) when it appears by the complaint or affidavit that the commission or
       continuance of some act during the litigation would produce waste, or great or
       irreparable injury to the plaintiff;

               (3) when it appears during the litigation that the defendant is doing,
       threatening, procuring or allowing to be done, or is about to do, some act in
       violation of the plaintiff's rights, respecting the subject of the action, and the action
       may make the requested judgment ineffectual;

               (4) when it appears, by affidavit, that the defendant is about to remove or
       to dispose of the defendant's property with intent to defraud the plaintiff;

               (5) for the defendant upon filing of a counterclaim praying for affirmative
       relief upon any of the grounds mentioned above in this section, subject to the same
       rules and provisions provided for the issuance of injunctions on behalf of the
       plaintiff;

The portion of Rule 65(e) at issue here is subsections (1) and (2).
       A preliminary injunction is the “strong arm of equity” which, as an extraordinary remedy,
must be exercised with great restraint. See Bonaparte v. Camden & A.R. Co., 3 F. Cas. 821, 827
(C.C.D.N.J. 1830); see also Munaf v. Geren, 553 U.S. 674, 689 (2008) (“A preliminary injunction
is [a] [. . .] drastic remedy[.]” (emphasis added)). Before Idaho became a territory in 1863, the
common law supported the view that (1) a preliminary injunction would issue only if the right to
the ultimate relief requested was “clear” and (2) such preliminary relief could not be issued in
“doubtful cases, or new ones, not coming within well established principles”:

                                                  6
        There is no power the exercise of which is more delicate, which requires greater
        caution, deliberation, and sound discretion, or more dangerous in a doubtful case,
        than the issuing an injunction; it is the strong arm of equity, that never ought to be
        extended unless to cases of great injury . . . . The right must be clear, the injury
        impending or threatened, so as to be averted only by the protecting preventive
        process of injunction: but that will not be awarded in doubtful cases, or new ones,
        not coming within well established principles; for if it issues erroneously, an
        irreparable injury is inflicted, for which there can be no redress, it being the act of
        a court, not of the party who prays for it. It will be refused till the court [sic] are
        satisfied that the case before them is of a right about to be destroyed, irreparably
        injured, or great and lasting injury about to be done by an illegal act; in such a case
        the court owes it to its suitors and its own principles, to administer the only remedy
        which the law allows to prevent the commission of such act.
Bonaparte, 3 F. Cas. at 827.
        Indeed, before we adopted Rule 65 in 1975, we adhered to this understanding and held that
a preliminary injunction “is granted only in extreme cases where the right is very clear and it
appears that irreparable injury will flow from its refusal.” Evans v. Dist. Ct. of Fifth Jud. Dist., 47
Idaho 267, 270, 275 P. 99, 100 (1929) (emphasis added). This conjunctive standard is borne out
by our cases applying the statutory precursors to what is now Rule 65(e)(1) and (2). See, e.g.,
Gilpin v. Sierra Nevada Consol. Min. Co., 2 Idaho 696, 702-03, 23 P. 547, 549 (1890) (reaching
the question of waste, great injury, or irreparable injury under section 4288, Rev. St. Idaho, after
explaining that the plaintiff had a presumptive right to the mine by being in possession of it);
Staples v. Rossi, 7 Idaho 618, 625, 65 P. 67, 69 (1901) (upholding a preliminary injunction where
“the plaintiff’s complaint shows his right to a certain mining claim; shows that the defendants were
trespassing thereon, cutting timber for the purpose of removing the same, and would remove the
same unless prohibited by the process of the court.”); Farm Serv., Inc. v. U. S. Steel Corp., 90
Idaho 570, 590–91, 414 P.2d 898, 909–10 (1966) (reversing an order granting a preliminary
injunction under Idaho Code section 8-402 (“Injunctions”) (repealed by Idaho S.L. 1975, ch. 242,
§ 1 when I.R.C.P. 65(e) was adopted) because the plaintiff did not show both “irreparable injury”
and that “it would likely prevail” at trial).
        Even after we adopted Rule 65(e)(1) and (2), we have continued to apply the conjunctive
standard articulated in Evans. See, e.g., Harris v. Cassia Cnty., 106 Idaho 513, 518, 681 P.2d 988,
993 (1984); Idaho Cnty. Prop. Owners Ass’n, Inc. v. Syringa Gen. Hosp. Dist., 119 Idaho 309,
315, 805 P.2d 1233, 1239 (1991); Brady v. City of Homedale, 130 Idaho 569, 572, 944 P.2d 704,
707 (1997). We articulated the conjunctive standard just six months ago in Munden v. Bannock

                                                  7
Cnty., 169 Idaho 818, 829, 504 P.3d 354, 365 (2022) (quoting subsections (1) and (2) of Rule 65(e)
as “articulat[ing] the grounds for a preliminary injunction” while reiterating that preliminary relief
“is granted only in extreme cases where the right is very clear and it appears that irreparable injury
will flow from its refusal.” (internal quotations omitted)).
        Our Court is not alone in applying a conjunctive standard for preliminary relief. In the
federal system, a preliminary injunction will only issue when the requesting party can show,
among other factors, “that he is likely to succeed on the merits” and “that he is likely to suffer
irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief[.]” Winter v. Natural Resources Defense
Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008); see also Alliance for the Wild Rockies v. Cottrell, 632 F.3d
1127, 1131–32 (9th Cir. 2011).
        Many of our sister states also agree with this conjunctive standard. See, e.g., Glen Ellyn
Sav. & Loan Ass’n v. Tsoumas, 354 N.E.2d 53, 55 (Ill. App. 1976) (“[T]o support a preliminary
injunction, plaintiffs must establish both irreparable injury and likelihood of success on the
merits.”); MetroHealth Sys. v. Khandelwal, 183 N.E.3d 590, 595 (Ct. App. Ohio 2022) (same);
Eastman Kodak Co. v. Carmosino, 77 A.D.3d 1434, 1435 (N.Y. App. Div. 2010) (same);
Ingraham v. Univ. of Maine at Orono, 441 A.2d 691, 693 (Me. 1982) (same); but see Porter v. K
& S P’ship, 627 P.2d 836, 839 (Mont. 1981) (applying a more lenient standard where if “either
showing is made” then courts are “inclined” to issue preliminary relief).
        And, there is wisdom in examining the likelihood of success or the clear rights of a party
before a preliminary injunction issues. Beyond the confines of this case, it is easy to foresee the
injustices that might result from a rule of law that would enable a party to enjoin the sale of real
property without first demonstrating that the party holds a right of first refusal. Even more
concerning is the reality that if a court improperly orders injunctive relief it is the court that inflicts
irreparable injury for which there can be no redress. Bonaparte, 3 F. Cas. at 827 (“[F]or if it issues
erroneously, an irreparable injury is inflicted, for which there can be no redress, it being the act of
a court, not of the party who prays for it.”).
        Finally, while the dissent makes the case that the plain meaning of Rule 65(e) is
inconsistent with its application under Idaho caselaw, the principle of stare decisis demands that
this Court adhere to the conjunctive standard we have articulated and applied for the last 130 years.
See Evans, 47 Idaho at 270; Harris, 106 Idaho at 518. Our stare decisis rule is clear: “[w]hen there
is controlling precedent on questions of Idaho law ‘the rule of stare decisis dictates that we follow

                                                    8
it, unless it is manifestly wrong, unless it has proven over time to be unjust or unwise, or unless
overruling it is necessary to vindicate plain, obvious principles of law and remedy continued
injustice.’” Greenough v. Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co. of Idaho, 142 Idaho 589, 592, 130 P.3d 1127,
1130 (2006) (quoting Houghland Farms, Inc. v. Johnson, 119 Idaho 72, 77, 803 P.2d 978, 983
(1990)). None of the justifications to break stare decisis apply here. In short, stare decisis “provides
that today's Court should stand by yesterday's decisions.” Kimble v. Marvel Ent., LLC, 576 U.S.
446 (2015). To grant preliminary injunctive relief without applying a conjunctive standard would
transform an extraordinary form of relief into an ordinary remedy.
        Turning back to this case, even if Petitioners have carried their burden of demonstrating
that irreparable harm will flow from immediate enforcement of the Total Abortion Ban, this alone
cannot permit the extraordinary remedy Petitioners seek. As explained above, for preliminary
relief to issue, Petitioners must demonstrate a substantial likelihood of success on the merits or a
“clear right” to the ultimate relief requested. In the post-Dobbs landscape, Petitioners cannot meet
this burden and as such, are not entitled to the drastic relief they pursue. As noted in our June 30,
2022 order, the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Dobbs has “altered the landscape” of
long-standing federal constitutional law. In Dobbs, the Supreme Court held that the United States
Constitution does not explicitly or implicitly contain a right to abortion and returned the “profound
moral question” of abortion to the “people and their elected representatives”:
        We hold that [Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973)] and [Planned Parenthood v.
        Casey, 505 U.S. 833 (1992)] must be overruled. The Constitution makes no
        reference to abortion, and no such right is implicitly protected by any constitutional
        provision, including the one on which the defenders of Roe and Casey now chiefly
        rely—the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. That provision has
        been held to guarantee some rights that are not mentioned in the Constitution, but
        any such right must be “deeply rooted in this Nation's history and tradition” and
        “implicit in the concept of ordered liberty.” Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S.
        702, 721, 117 S.Ct. 2258, 138 L.Ed.2d 772 (1997) (internal quotation marks
        omitted).
        The right to abortion does not fall within this category. Until the latter part of the
        20th century, such a right was entirely unknown in American law. Indeed, when
        the Fourteenth Amendment was adopted, three quarters of the States made abortion
        a crime at all stages of pregnancy.
        [. . . .]
        Abortion presents a profound moral question. The Constitution does not prohibit
        the citizens of each State from regulating or prohibiting abortion. Roe and Casey

                                                   9
        arrogated that authority. We now overrule those decisions and return that authority
        to the people and their elected representatives.
142 S. Ct. at 2242–43, 2284.
        In light of this, Petitioners have presented this Court with a “new” case that does not come
within “well-established principles.” Moreover, what Petitioners are asking this Court to ultimately
do is to declare a right to abortion under the Idaho Constitution when—on its face—there is none.
In fact, before Roe announced a federal constitutional right to abortion in 1973, abortion had been
a long-standing criminal offense in Idaho. See Idaho Rev. Stat. §§ 6794, 6795 (1887), recodified
at Idaho Comp. Stat. §§ 17-1810, 17-1811 (1932), recodified at I.C. §§ 18-601, 18-602 (1948),
repealed after Roe by an Act of March 17, 1973, ch. 197, § 2, 1973 Idaho S.L. 443. Indeed,
abortion had been a crime in Idaho since its early territorial days and for approximately 26 years
before Idaho adopted its constitution in 1890. See Act of Feb. 4, 1864, ch. IV, § 42, 1863-64 Idaho
(Terr.) Laws 443, repealed and reenacted by Act of Dec. 21, 1864, ch. III, Pt. IV, § 42, 1864 Idaho
(Terr.) Laws 305, reenacted by Act of Jan. 14, 1875, ch. IV, § 42, 1874 Idaho (Terr.) Laws 328.
        Petitioners offer numerous reasons why such a right should nevertheless be read into one,
some, or a combination of certain sections in Article I of the Idaho Constitution. However, this is
exactly why Petitioners cannot meet their burden to show a substantial likelihood of success on
the merits or a “clear right” to the relief request. Petitioners’ legal theories present “complex issues
of law” for this Court to resolve, the outcome of which is neither clear nor free from doubt. See
Harris, 106 Idaho at 518, 681 P.2d at 993 (alteration added) (explaining that a party requesting
preliminary relief cannot show a “substantial likelihood of success” where “[. . .] complex issues
of law or fact exist which are not free from doubt.”). In short, given the legal history of abortion
in Idaho, we cannot simply infer such a right exists absent Roe without breaking new legal ground,
which should only occur after the matter is finally submitted on the merits.
        Petitioners’ remaining claims suffer from the same legal complexity impediment. For
example, in their constitutional vagueness challenge, Petitioners have raised serious issues with
the lack of clarity in the affirmative defense provisions as they relate to criminal prosecution and
the impact it will have on medical providers and women seeking medical treatment for conditions
such as ectopic pregnancies and preeclampsia. However, both sides have articulated colorable
interpretations of the Total Abortion Ban, and we cannot conclude at this time that Petitioners’
constitutional vagueness challenge is free from doubt, especially in light of our rule of construction
that “whenever possible, a statute should be construed so as to avoid a conflict with the state or
                                                  10
federal constitution.” State v. Gomez-Alas, 167 Idaho 857, 866, 477 P.3d 911, 920 (2020).
Petitioners’ likelihood of success on their other claims suffers from the same impediment. To grant
a stay in this case would ignore the weight of injunctive relief and simplify an entire legal standard
given the obstacles Petitioners haven’t overcome for their arguments.
        Thus, because Petitioners have not carried their burden to show a likelihood of success or
a clear legal right on any of their claims so that preliminary relief could issue, Petitioners’ request
for a stay of enforcement of the Total Abortion Ban pending resolution of this case is denied.
    B. The Court’s April 8, 2022 Order Staying Enforcement of the Civil Liability Law is
       Vacated.
        We also instructed the parties to address whether the Court should continue to stay the
enforcement of S.B. 1309. Petitioners argue that grounds still exist to justify continuing the
preliminary stay, while the State and Intervenors maintain that it should be ended immediately.
We again conclude that Petitioners have failed to establish a substantial likelihood of success on
the merits or a “clear right” to relief on any of their claims and, therefore, have failed to carry their
burden to demonstrate that we should continue to stay the enforcement of S.B. 1309.
        The primary claim asserted in Petitioners’ challenge to S.B. 1309 is that it violates the
separation of powers doctrine enshrined in Article II, section 1, of the Idaho Constitution. That
doctrine, among other things, prohibits one branch of government (e.g., the legislative) from
“exercis[ing] [the] powers properly belonging to” another branch of government (e.g., the
executive). Idaho Const. art. II, § 1. Distilled to its essence, Petitioners contend the Civil Liability
Law “attempts to deputize private citizens to do what fifty years of precedent has reaffirmed a
State itself may not—enforce a pre-viability ban on abortion.” Pet’r Brief in Support, p. 18 (Dkt.
No. 49615).
        To explain further, when the legislature passed the Civil Liability Law, its private cause of
action against abortion providers took immediate effect—but its criminal provision remained
dormant and unenforceable. Petitioners contend the legislature was attempting to ensure a law of
Idaho was faithfully executed—through indirect and private enforcement—in an area the executive
branch could not regulate under Roe v. Wade,. 410 U.S. 113 (1973). However, the “supreme
executive power of the state” is vested in the governor and the executive branch agencies to “see
that the laws are faithfully executed.” Idaho Const. art. IV, § 5; Emps. Res. Mgmt. Co. v. Kealey,
166 Idaho 449, 452, 461 P.3d 731, 734 (2020). It is not vested in the legislature, nor is it vested in

                                                   11
private citizens, deputized to execute Idaho’s laws to the exclusion of executive actors. See Idaho
Const. art. IV, § 5; Kealey, 166 Idaho at 452, 461 P.3d at 734 (“[E]ach governmental branch has
distinct powers that cannot be delegated to another[.]”).
        At the time of its filing, there was a substantial likelihood that Petitioners’ challenge to the
Civil Liability Law could succeed on the merits. The legislature’s enactment of the Civil Liability
Law occurred only months after a Texas District Court had declared a similar, but more expansive,
private enforcement law (“SB 8”) to be “an unconstitutional delegation of enforcement power” by
the Texas Legislature “to private persons”:
                SB 8 is an unguided and unsupervised delegation of enforcement power to
        private persons. Delegation to an agency or to public officials is of course a
        different matter and is common in the well-developed field of administrative law,
        with many precedents concerning delegation of rulemaking, adjudication, and
        enforcement to agencies. But agencies are staffed at the top by appointed officials,
        and the statute that creates them must provide sufficient guidance to them, narrow
        their discretion, and provide for review. Agency decisions are subject to judicial
        review by traditional courts with their full powers. None of this can be said about
        SB 8’s delegation to private persons.
Van Stean v. Texas Right to Life, No. D-1-GN-21-004179, at *43–44 (98th Jud. Dist. Ct. Dec. 9,
2021) (emphasis original) (applying an eight-factor test to declare that SB 8’s delegation of
executive enforcement power to private persons violates the Texas Constitution).
        The force of Petitioner’s separation of powers argument, however, essentially hinged on
one fact—the criminal liability provision remained dormant while the civil enforcement law was
allowed to take effect. The criminal liability provision, however, is no longer dormant. There is no
dispute that the criminal liability provision was triggered on July 20, 2022, when the United States
Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit upheld a Georgia law prohibiting abortions after a
detectable human heartbeat. See SisterSong Women of Color Reprod. Just. Collective v. Governor
of Ga., __ F.4th __, 2022 WL 2824904 (11th Cir. July 20, 2022). As of August 19, 2022, the State
will be able to criminally enforce the Heartbeat Act’s prohibition on abortions and, in turn, carry
out its duty to ensure the laws of Idaho are faithfully executed. See I.C. § 18-8805(1). Because the
state now has the power to criminally enforce the Act’s prohibition, it is no longer substantially
likely, or clear, that Petitioners are entitled to a declaration that the Civil Liability Law violates the
separation of powers doctrine under the Idaho Constitution.
        During the August 3 hearing, Petitioners focused much of their argument on their
vagueness challenge to S.B. 1309 and the Total Abortion Ban. Again, as we explained above,

                                                   12
while Petitioners have raised serious concerns about the lack of clarity in these provisions, both
sides have given colorable interpretations of these statutes. However, this Court does not take the
requirements for injunctive relief lightly. Given the significance of this specific remedy, the burden
on the parties to meet the standard is high and Petitioners have not met this burden. Because there
are complex legal questions which must be answered, Petitioners have not demonstrated a
substantial likelihood of success on the merits or a clear right to relief, which is necessary to
establish an entitlement to preliminary relief. See Harris, 106 Idaho at 518, 681 P.2d at 993.
Petitioners’ other challenges to S.B. 1309 suffer from the same legal complexity impediment.
       In sum, in the post-Dobbs legal landscape, Petitioners cannot establish a substantial
likelihood of success on the merits or a “very clear” right that will be irreparably injured if the
preliminary stay against implementing S.B. 1309 is vacated.
                                        III.    CONCLUSION

       A separate order carrying out the Court’s opinion will issue.

Chief Justice BEVAN and Justice MOELLER CONCUR.

STEGNER, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part.

       I fully concur with the majority’s decisions to consolidate all three of these cases and to
decline to remand the matters to district court. I also concur in the majority’s decision to expedite
briefing on the two most recently filed cases so the Court can hear arguments on all three cases on
September 29, 2022. However, I respectfully dissent from the majority’s decisions to not grant a
stay of enforcement of Idaho Code section 18-622 (the Total Abortion Ban) and to vacate the order
staying the enforcement of Senate Bill 1309 (the Civil Liability Law). Further, I would stay the
enforcement of Idaho Code section 18-8804 (the Fetal Heartbeat Ban).
       I begin by noting that never in our nation’s history has a fundamental right once granted to
her citizens been revoked. For almost half a century, the people of Idaho who performed or
obtained abortions were protected by the recognized federal fundamental right of the woman
involved in the procedure to exercise her right to bodily autonomy and health to terminate the
pregnancy. The rescinding of a previously recognized fundamental right by the United States
Supreme Court in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, 142 S.Ct. 2228 (2022), has
created significant societal upheaval, as should be evident to even the casual observer of American
society.

                                                 13
       We—both Idaho’s citizens and this Court— now find ourselves in uncharted legal waters,
waters we should navigate with great caution and care. The legal questions before this Court are
“not only unusual, but unprecedented.” Whole Woman’s Health v. Jackson, 141 S.Ct. 2494, 2496
(2022) (Roberts, C.J., dissenting from denial of stay in a case challenging a Texas statute similar
to Idaho’s Civil Liability Law). I agree with Chief Justice Roberts’ viewpoint: “the consequences
of approving the state action, both in this particular case and as a model for action in other areas,
counsel at least preliminary judicial consideration before the program devised by the State takes
effect.” Id. If ever there was time for circumspection, it is now.
       Aside from the value I see in circumspection when considering how this sea change in the
law will affect Idaho’s citizens, I also believe the majority’s decision to not stay two of the laws
and to lift the stay on another is not supported by Rule 65(e). I do not believe the majority’s
decision today clarifies the rule, but instead amends the rule by inserting the word “and” between
subsections (1) and (2) when it has never been there previously.
       It may be true that the common law of other states required a party seeking injunctive relief
to demonstrate both (1) an entitlement to the relief requested, and (2) that absent an injunction,
irreparable injury either would occur or was likely to occur. Idaho’s statutes and rules, however,
have consistently identified the two elements as separate bases for relief.
       At the time of statehood, the Idaho Rules of Civil Procedure did not exist. Instead, the
Idaho territorial statutes described when injunctive relief could be granted. In 1890, section 4288
of the Revised Statutes of the Idaho Territory described when injunctive relief could be granted:
       Sec. 4288. An injunction may be granted in the following cases:
       1. When it appears by the complaint that the plaintiff is entitled to the relief
       demanded, and such relief or any part thereof, consists in restraining the
       commission or continuance of the act complained of, either for a limited period or
       perpetually;

       2. When it appears by the complaint, or affidavit, that the commission or
       continuance of some act during the litigation would produce waste, great or
       irreparable injury to the plaintiff;

       3 When it appears during the litigation that the defendant is doing, or threatens, or
       is about to do, or is procuring or suffering to be done, some act in violation of the
       plaintiff's rights, respecting the subject of the action, and tendency to render the
       judgment ineffectual;

                                                 14
       4. When it appears, by affidavit, that the defendant during the pendency of the
       action, threatens, or is about to remove, or to dispose of his property with intent to
       defraud the plaintiff, an injunction order may be granted to restrain the removal or
       disposition;

       5. An injunction may also be granted on the motion of the defendant upon filing a
       cross complaint, praying for affirmative relief upon any of the grounds mentioned
       above in this section, subject to the same rules and provisions provided for in the
       issuance of the injunctions on behalf of the plaintiff;
Section 4288, Rev. St. Idaho Terr. (1887). The requirements identified in subparts 1-5 above
remained in statute, in substantially the same form, until the Idaho Supreme Court promulgated
Idaho Rule of Civil Procedure 65 in 1974. From 1974 until today, Rule 65(e) has contained
substantially the same requirements for injunctive relief as existed at the time of statehood.
       Throughout Idaho’s history, whether in statute or in rule, Rule 65(e) (or its precursor) has
provided a list of scenarios, any one of which is sufficient on its own, to justify the issuance of
injunctive relief. I.R.C.P. 65(e)(5). The plain language of Rule 65 supports this interpretation: “A
preliminary injunction may be granted . . . upon any of the grounds mentioned in this section . . . .”
Id. (italics added). In 2014, in an article in The Advocate, the official publication of the Idaho State
Bar, Dean Bennett and Brian Wonderlich aptly noted that, “[a]lthough Rule 65(e) is framed in the
disjunctive, courts applying the Rule regularly state the common law standard which is framed in
the conjunctive[.] . . . As one might expect, courts’ continued reliance on the common law has
created confusion and inconsistency in how Rule 65(e) is applied.” See A. Dean Bennett & Brian
C. Wonderlich, Idaho’s Rule 65(e) - Lenient Standard for an Extraordinary Remedy, 57
ADVOCATE 27 (2014). Bennett and Wonderlich’s article alerted this Court to the confusion that
has resulted in Idaho courts regarding when a preliminary injunction could issue. This Court has
had several intervening years to address this confusion by the proper procedures, and it has not
done so. Their article shows that stare decisis, while potentially offering guidance on the
application of the rule, does not support the view that subsections (1) and (2) of Rule 65(e) operate
conjunctively.
       Further, it is doubtful that the cases the majority relies upon even constitute stare decisis
on this issue. The doubt arises from the fact that none of the cases directly addressed whether the
first two subsections should be read in the conjunctive or the disjunctive. Gilpin v. Sierra Nevada
Consol. Min. Co., 2 Idaho 696, 703, 23 P. 547, 549 (1890) (inserting the word “and” between
quotations of subsections (1) and (2) of section 4288, Rev. St. Idaho without explanation); Staples

                                                  15
v. Rossi, 7 Idaho 618, 626–27, 65 P. 67, 69 (1901) (holding Plaintiff entitled to a preliminary
injunction without addressing if the first two subsections of section 4288, Rev. St. Idaho were
conjunctive or disjunctive); Evans v. Dist. Ct. of Fifth Jud. Dist., 47 Idaho 267, 270, 275 P. 99,
100 (1929) (citing California case law and failing to address Idaho statute concerning injunctive
relief); Farm Serv., Inc. v. U. S. Steel Corp., 90 Idaho 570, 590–91, 414 P.2d 898, 909–10 (1966)
(citing Evans for the rule without addressing interpretation of Idaho statute); Harris v. Cassia
Cnty., 106 Idaho 513, 518, 681 P.2d 988, 993 (1984) (citing Evans and Farm Service, Inc. without
interpreting Rule 65(e)); Idaho Cnty. Prop. Owners Ass’n, Inc. v. Syringa Gen. Hosp. Dist., 119
Idaho 309, 315, 805 P.2d 1233, 1239 (1991) (citing Evans and Farm Service, Inc. without
interpreting Rule 65(e)); Brady v. City of Homedale, 130 Idaho 569, 572, 944 P.2d 704, 707 (1997)
(citing Harris and Evans without interpreting Rule 65(e); Munden v. Bannock Cnty., 169 Idaho
818, 829, 504 P.3d 354, 365 (2022) (citing Brady without interpreting Rule 65(e)).
       A review of these cases reveals that this Court has not previously examined or decided
whether the first two subsections should be read with an “and” instead of an “or.” Instead, the
Court either inserted the word “and” without explanation (Gilpin), cited Gilpin, without
articulating whether it required both subsections (Staples), or relied on California law (Evans). The
remaining cases perpetuate the California rule from Evans. None of these grappled with the issue
at hand—how to interpret Idaho’s law and rule. As a result, there is no controlling precedent to
establish that the Rule’s plain language should be ignored in favor of inserting the word “and”
between the first two subsections.
       Today the majority jettisons this history, declaring it an “inconsistency” with “our
traditional requirements for preliminary relief” and reads Rule 65(e)(1) and (e)(2) as conjunctive,
requiring both subsections (1) (the clear right to relief) and (2) (irreparable injury) to be shown
before a court may issue a preliminary injunction. In my view, the majority misreads the plain text
of Rule 65(e) and ignores the fact that the language of the statute and rule have remained essentially
the same since before statehood. The Rule says “any” of the enumerated bases may suffice for the
issuance of an injunction.
       In concluding that subsections (1) and (2) must be read conjunctively, the majority ignores
Rule 65(e)’s remaining subsections:
       (3) when it appears during the litigation that the defendant is doing, threatening,
       procuring or allowing to be done, or is about to do, some act in violation of the

                                                 16
        plaintiff’s rights, respecting the subject of the action, and the action may make the
        requested judgment ineffectual;
        (4) when it appears, by affidavit, that the defendant is about to remove or to dispose
        of the defendant’s property with intent to defraud the plaintiff;
        (5) for the defendant upon filing of a counterclaim praying for affirmative relief
        upon any of the grounds mentioned above in this section, subject to the same rules
        and provisions provided for the issuance of injunctions on behalf of the plaintiff;
If both (1) and (2) must be demonstrated by Petitioners to secure preliminary relief, then why not
(3) and (4) as well? If the rule truly is conjunctive, then it must either be so in full or not at all. The
majority makes no mention of how subsections (3) and (4) interact with subsections (1) and (2).
As noted, the text of the rule states that a preliminary injunction may be issued upon “any” of the
grounds listed in the rule.
        There may well be grounds to amend Rule 65 and to require parties to establish both
subsection (1) and (2) to demonstrate a right to injunctive relief. But that is not a decision that
should be made without further research, comment, and consideration. In the past, this Court has
approached rule changes by first referring the issue to the applicable Idaho Supreme Court
committee. That committee then meets to study and consider the issue before making a
recommendation to the Court. If the Court has concerns that Rule 65 should be revised, I see no
reason to deviate from that process to essentially amend Rule 65 in its decision today. Further, by
relying on the Petitioners’ acquiescence to an argument, the majority is essentially allowing
litigants to control our jurisprudence. I first note that Petitioners cited no law in support of their
assertion that they demonstrated both a serious violation of their constitutional rights and a
likelihood of success on the claims. It is unclear from Petitioners’ briefing whether they were
conceding they had to establish both grounds to be entitled to relief, or simply asserting that they
established a right to relief on both grounds. However, even if Petitioners were conceding that they
needed to show both elements to be entitled to relief, it behooves this Court to determine what the
law is and then how it is to be applied. By the majority’s action today, we will have amended a
rule of procedure without having considered whether doing so is correct. Rather, it will be
determined by what the litigants argued. I find this determination antithetical to our responsibility
to determine the law going forward.
        I also note that the majority has cited to both federal law and law from other states to
support its decision. First, the majority cites Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.,
555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008), to explain that Petitioners must establish the existence of a clear right to

                                                    17
recover and irreparable injury. However, Idaho’s procedure is much different than that at issue in
Winter.
          Simply put, this case involves the application of Idaho law to a uniquely Idaho question. It
is manifestly incorrect to apply federal law and precedent under the facts of this case. Additionally,
the majority cites case law from Illinois, Ohio, New York, and Maine to support its conjunctive
reading of 65(e). In my view, how other states have interpreted their respective procedural rules is
irrelevant given that their rules are not analogous to Idaho’s. 1 Here, it is especially important to
apply Idaho law, as opposed to federal law or law from other states that are not comparable to
Idaho when analyzing how Idaho’s law should be applied.
          Pursuant to Rule 65(e)(2), a stay is warranted when the plaintiff would suffer “great or
irreparable injury” without a stay being entered. I.R.C.P. 65(e)(2). Here, there is a substantial risk
of irreparable injury without a stay. If the Petitioners are correct in their interpretation of the Idaho
constitution and we do not stay the implementation and enforcement of the statutes, we run the
serious risk of depriving women of their fundamental rights. This infringement on a (potential)
fundamental right would therefore cause irreparable injury, injury that may be readily avoided if
we were to issue a stay. If the Petitioners’ interpretation is correct, the irreparable harm caused to
women by declining to stay the enforcement of the statutes would be of constitutional proportions:
they would be irreparably denied their chance to exercise a fundamental right. In my opinion, the
potential constitutional harm readily warrants a stay here.
          A preliminary stay is an extreme remedy and should not be issued lightly. These cases now
before us, however, are significant, both in terms of historical context and potential irreparable
injury. In reaching this decision today, I am also mindful of the State’s argument that it is entitled
to implement its duly enacted laws. However, I also note that a stay would only be of brief duration,
given the Court’s decision to expedite the briefing on the remaining petitions and to schedule oral
argument for September 29. This schedule allows us to decide this issue quickly, while taking the
time for all parties to properly brief and present their respective arguments.

1
  Notably, the Montana Supreme Court recently answered the same question now before us. See
Planned Parenthood of Montana v. State by & through Knudsen, 2022 WL 3209766 (Mont. Aug.
8, 2022). The court concluded that its preliminary injunction requirements, which are remarkably
similar to our Rule 65(e), operated disjunctively. See id. at *2; see also Mont. Code Ann. § 27-19-
201 (2022).
                                                   18
       No one seriously disputes that the Petitioners have established a showing of irreparable
harm if a stay is not granted. That is all that is required under Idaho’s rules of procedure. The State
and the Legislature’s only argument that irreparable harm will not result is that the Idaho
Constitution does not protect the right to an abortion. This argument fails because it is premised
on a decision we have not yet made. Staying the enforcement of section 18-622, section 18-8804,
and Senate Bill 1309 would preserve the status quo that has been in effect for nearly fifty years
and allow the parties the opportunity to craft their arguments and for us to consider the merits of
these cases with the care and attention they deserve. See Whole Woman’s Health, 141 S.Ct. 2496
(Roberts, C.J., dissenting from denial of stay) (“I would grant preliminary relief to preserve the
status quo ante—before the law went into effect—so that the courts may consider whether a state
can avoid responsibility for its laws in such a manner [similar to the Civil Liability Law].”).
Therefore, I respectfully dissent from the majority’s decision to deny the staying of these various
statutes while they are pending before this Court.
       Justice ZAHN CONCURS.

                                                  19