Court Opinion

ID: 1047304
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-08 02:44:31.19561+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:05:44.270026
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                             AT JACKSON
                                   July 21, 2011 Session

                         DAVID WHITE
                               v.
     EMPIRE EXPRESS, INC. AND EMPIRE TRANSPORTATION, INC.

                An Appeal from the Chancery Court for Shelby County
                   No. CH-08-0107-2    Arnold Goldin, Chancellor

               No. W2010-02380-COA-R3-CV - Filed December 13, 2011

The case involves a lease-purchase agreement. The plaintiff truck driver worked for the
defendant hauling company. He entered into a lease-purchase agreement with the co-
defendant leasing company, affiliated with the employer hauling company, to purchase the
truck he drove in his employment. At the end of the lease, the leasing company refused to
transfer title to the truck to the plaintiff. The plaintiff then filed this lawsuit against both
defendant companies, alleging breach of contract, conversion, and violation of the Tennessee
Consumer Protection Act. The defendants asserted the affirmative defenses of set-off and
recoupment based on the plaintiff’s employment agreement. After a bench trial, the trial
court held in favor of the plaintiff on all of his claims. However, based on an arbitration
provision in the employment agreement, it granted the plaintiff’s motion to dismiss and to
compel arbitration of the defendants’ affirmative defenses of set-off and recoupment. The
defendants now appeal. In light of the trial court’s order compelling arbitration, we dismiss
the appeal and remand for entry of an order staying the proceedings pending the arbitration.

   Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Appeal Dismissed and Cause Remanded

H OLLY M. K IRBY, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which D AVID. R. F ARMER, J., and
J. S TEVEN S TAFFORD, J., joined.

Richard Glassman and Lewis W. Lyons, Memphis, Tennessee, for the Defendant/Appellants
Empire Express, Inc., and Empire Transportation, Inc.

Saul Belz and Andre B. Mathis, Memphis, Tennessee, for the Plaintiff/Appellee David White
                                         OPINION

                                 F ACTUAL B ACKGROUND

Defendant/Appellants Empire Express, Inc. (“Hauling Co.”), and Empire Transportation, Inc.
(“Leasing Co.”), are two affiliated Tennessee corporations. The Hauling Co. was formed by
Ed Gatlin (“Gatlin”) and his son, Tim Gatlin (“Tim”), in 1986 as an irregular route truckload
carrier that hauls freight to the forty-eight continental United States. The Leasing Co. has
the same owners, Gatlin and Tim, and was formed in 1989 or 1990. The Leasing Co. owns
the trucks and trailers used by the Hauling Co.

The finances of the two affiliated corporations are interrelated. The Leasing Co. does not
maintain a balance in its bank account. Rather, its bank account operates as a “sweep
account,” whereby its balance is swept to zero on a daily basis, and all funds at the end of
each day are deposited in the Hauling Co. bank account. If the Leasing Co. writes a check,
it is automatically covered as a draw from the Hauling Co. bank account. When the Leasing
Co. acquires trucks for its lease-purchase program, the truck purchases are financed. The
Hauling Co. provides cross-collateralization and a guaranty as part of the collateral that the
Leasing Co. puts up for the financing of the trucks.

Plaintiff/Appellee David White (“White”) began working for the Hauling Co. in 2000 as a
“company employee” driving a company-owned truck. The next year, in 2001, the Leasing
Co. began offering a lease-purchase program to drivers who wanted to own their own trucks.
White decided to participate in this lease-purchase program.

To this end, on January 18, 2002, White executed a Lease-Purchase Agreement (“Lease”)
with the Leasing Co. for a 2000 Classic Freightliner XL truck, with the option to purchase
the truck by paying its residual value at the end of the Lease. Under the Lease, White had
several financial obligations. The Lease required White to (1) make rental payments of
$1,909.05 per month for 48 months, payable in weekly installments of $440.55; (2) pay for
fuel, excess mileage charges, insurance, certain taxes, and communication system costs; and
(3) pay for all repairs and maintenance to the truck. Paragraph 15 of the Lease provided that
any liability incurred by White to the Leasing Co. would become payable by White as
additional rent for the truck.

If White fulfilled all of these obligations, paragraph 24 of the Lease gave White the right to
purchase the truck at the end of the 48-month term by making a balloon payment of
$22,908.60, which was the residual value of the truck. However, that same paragraph of the
Lease included a proviso that White forfeited his right to purchase the truck if he failed “to
have all payments required under this Lease paid in full at the end of this Lease.”

                                             -2-
On January 21, 2002, White executed two more agreements that were related to the Lease.
The first was a “Contract Hauling Agreement” (also called the “Employment Agreement”)
with the Hauling Co., which made White an independent contractor of the Hauling Co. and
set out the terms of his employment. Under the Employment Agreement, White was
responsible for “[s]electing, purchasing, financing, and maintaining” the truck, and paying
“all operating expenses and repairs” to the truck. The second related contract White executed
was a “Direct Pay Authorization,” under which he agreed to allow the Hauling Co. to deduct
from his earnings and pay to the Leasing Co. (on White’s behalf) any amounts White owed
under the Lease.1 Under the Employment Agreement, the Hauling Co. was authorized to
deduct any amount owed by White to the Hauling Co. directly from White’s weekly
paycheck.

White continued to work for the Hauling Co. as an independent contractor from January 2002
until August 2007, while participating in the lease-purchase program. During this time, in
accordance with the Direct Pay Authorization and the Employment Agreement, the Hauling
Co. made weekly deductions for amounts White owed to the Leasing Co. and to the Hauling
Co., even if White did not earn enough money in a given week to cover the expenses. If
White earned enough money during the week to cover the total amount of deductions, White
was paid the difference. If, however, he did not earn enough money to cover the deductions,
the Hauling Co. would make the deductions anyway, and the deficit became a debt that White
owed to the Hauling Co. In this way, all of White’s truck rental payments to the Leasing Co.
were made in a timely manner, even though some of the rental payments were made with
money borrowed from the Hauling Co. Every week, White received a settlement sheet from
the Hauling Co. that detailed his earnings, expenses, and the amount of the debt that White
accumulated for advances made to him by the Hauling Co.

In May 2006, after White had made his final rental payment under the Lease, he sought to
exercise his option to purchase the truck by paying off its residual value pursuant to the
Lease. Over the next year, White was permitted to continue to drive the truck for the Hauling
Co., while he made the payments for the residual value in weekly installments. When he
made his final rental payment in May 2006, White owed the Hauling Co. $2,271.77 in cash
advances and loans as reflected in the weekly settlement sheets sent to White. However, the
parties did not discuss how White’s accumulated debt affected his ability to purchase the
truck.

1
 The record is unclear as to whether these deductions for amounts due under the Lease were ever actually
transferred to the Leasing Co. It appears that the amounts may have been simply retained by the Hauling Co.,
and that this was deemed to satisfy White’s obligation to the Leasing Co. under the Lease.

                                                    -3-
From May 18, 2006, until May 3, 2007, White made weekly payments of $468.23 through
payroll deductions to pay the $22,908.60 residual value of the truck. Over that year,
however, White’s debt to the Hauling Co. increased substantially as a result of these and
other weekly deductions related to Lease expenses, repairs and maintenance on the truck,
and other advances made to White by the Hauling Co.

On May 10, 2007, the balance remaining on the residual value of the truck, $1,370.02, was
deducted from White’s paycheck. By that time, as reflected in the settlement sheets, White’s
debt to the Hauling Co. totaled over $25,000.

Shortly after White made the final payment on the residual value, he went to Mr. Gatlin to
ask for title to the truck. White also told Gatlin that the Hauling Co. needed to assign him
more miles to drive, so that he could earn more money. Gatlin refused to give White the title
to the truck, explaining that his refusal was because White owed money to “the company”
in an amount that exceeded the value of the truck. Gatlin told White that he had to pay this
accumulated debt in order to receive title to the truck.

Later, Gatlin and White had another conversation over the telephone. In this conversation,
White told Gatlin that he wanted title to the truck so that he could drive routes for another
carrier. Gatlin again refused, and he again told White that he could not have title to the truck
because of his debt to “the company.” On that day, Gatlin considered White to be in default
on the Lease. Consequently, after that conversation, Gatlin had the truck repossessed from
White’s home and brought back to the Leasing Co., without giving prior notice to White. A
week or two later, the Leasing Co. sold the truck to a third party for $18,000, again without
giving notice to White.

                                        P ROCEEDINGS B ELOW

On January 16, 2008, White filed the instant lawsuit against the Hauling Co. and the Leasing
Co. (collectively, “Defendants”) for declaratory judgment, breach of contract, violation of
the Tennessee Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”), and conversion.2 White alleged that he
had made all of the truck rental payments and paid the residual value of the truck under the
Lease, and consequently the Defendants’ refusal to transfer title of the truck to him was a
breach of the Lease. In addition, White contended, the Defendants converted his truck by
repossessing it, and their conduct amounted to unfair or deceptive acts under the TCPA.
White sought compensatory and punitive damages for the breach of contract and conversion
claims, and he sought treble damages and attorney fees under the TCPA.

2
 Willie Cockal was named as a co-plaintiff in the original complaint, but his claims were dismissed, and they
are not at issue in this appeal.

                                                    -4-
On July 11, 2008, the Defendants filed an amended answer in which they admitted that White
had made all of the rental payments toward the purchase of the truck. Their answer claimed,
however, that White defaulted under the Lease by failing to pay his accrued debt to the
Hauling Co. The Defendants added a counterclaim, seeking a declaration that White failed
to satisfy his obligations under the Lease, and also seeking a judgment for all damages
suffered from White’s breach of the Lease, including attorney fees incurred in defending the
lawsuit. Discovery ensued.

On April 28, 2009, the Defendants filed a motion for summary judgment. The motion
asserted that, based on the undisputed facts, White forfeited his option to purchase the truck
and lost his right to possession because he was in default under multiple provisions of the
contract.3 Alternatively, the Defendants argued in their motion that the Leasing Co. was an
intended third-party beneficiary of White’s Employment Agreement with the Hauling Co.
The Defendants also claimed that they were entitled to summary judgment on their
counterclaim for attorney fees and other damages pursuant to the Lease, and on their claim
for attorney fees under the TCPA, because White’s claim was “frivolous and totally lacking
factual and legal support.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-109(e)(2).

On the same day, White filed a cross-motion for partial summary judgment. In White’s
cross-motion, he argued that the undisputed facts established that he had satisfied his
obligations under the Lease by making all of the weekly rental payments, and that he
exercised his option to purchase the truck by paying off the residual value of it. White asked
the trial court to grant him partial summary judgment by declaring that the Defendants
breached the Lease, and by holding that the Defendants were liable to him for conversion of
the truck.

On June 5, 2009, the trial court conducted a hearing on the parties’ cross-motions for
summary judgment.4 On June 16, 2009, the trial court entered an order on the parties’
motions. The order granted in part White’s motion for partial summary judgment and denied
in total the Defendants’ motion for summary judgment. The trial court agreed with the
Defendants’ assertion that White owed “a sum of money” to the Hauling Co. under the
Employment Agreement, but found nevertheless that White had met all of his obligations to
the Leasing Co. under the Lease, which was a separate contract. Accordingly, as to White’s
breach of contract claim, the trial court granted White’s motion for summary judgment and
denied the Defendants’ cross-motion. The trial court denied the parties’ motions for

3
 Presumably, the “contract” to which the Defendants referred was the Lease, although this is not stated
expressly.
4
    A transcript of that hearing was not included in the appellate record.

                                                       -5-
summary judgment in all other respects. Both parties filed motions for reconsideration and/or
clarification of the trial court’s order; these motions were denied in all respects.

On August 19, 2009, the Defendants filed a motion to amend their answer to add the
affirmative defenses of set-off and recoupment. The Defendants alleged that the undisputed
evidence showed that White owed the Hauling Co. over $20,000 for the amounts advanced
to him pursuant to the Employment Agreement. They argued that any amounts White
recovered in this lawsuit should be reduced by the amount that he owed the Hauling Co.
Over White’s objection, on September 18, 2009, the trial court entered an order permitting
the Defendants to amend their answer to include the affirmative defenses of set-off and
recoupment.

On the eve of trial, February 1, 2010, White filed a motion to dismiss and to compel
arbitration of the Defendants’ affirmative defenses of set-off and recoupment. White’s
motion cited the provisions in the Employment Agreement which stated: “Any disagreement
or litigation arising under this Contract shall be referred to mandatory arbitration . . . .” 5
White argued that, because the Defendants’ affirmative defenses of set-off and recoupment
constitute a “disagreement or litigation arising under” the Employment Agreement, these
claims must be referred to arbitration. On this basis, White asked the trial court to “enter an
order compelling the parties to submit to arbitration on Defendants [sic] affirmative defenses
of set-off and recoupment.” The motion was taken under advisement.

On February 2, 2010, a bench trial was conducted on the parties’ remaining claims —
damages for the Defendants’ breach of contract, White’s claims under the TCPA, and
White’s claim of conversion, and also on the Defendants’ affirmative defenses of set-off and
recoupment. On April 15, 2010, the trial court entered its findings of fact and conclusions
of law, holding in favor of White on all of his claims. The trial court awarded White a
judgment of $18,000 in damages against the Leasing Co. for breach of the Lease, $18,000
for violations of the TCPA against both Defendants, and $18,000 for conversion of the truck
against both Defendants. The trial court awarded punitive damages against the Defendants
on the conversion claim, stating that the amount of the punitive damages would be
determined at a future hearing. In addition, the trial court determined that the Defendants’
actions justified an award of treble damages under the TCPA.6 Regarding the Defendants’
affirmative defenses of set-off and recoupment, the trial court held that they were subject to

5
    The Lease does not contain an arbitration provision.
6
 White was required to choose between the award of punitive damages based on conversion and treble
damages based on violations of the TCPA after the hearing on punitive damages.

                                                      -6-
the arbitration provision in the Employment Agreement; it granted White’s motion to dismiss
and to compel arbitration of these defenses.

After a hearing, on September 16, 2010, the trial court entered an order awarding White
$100,000 in punitive damages. In a separate order, after another hearing, the trial court
awarded White $88,266.25 in attorney fees and $5,035.13 in expenses pursuant to the TCPA.
On October 1, 2010, the trial court entered an order entitled “Final Judgment” detailing all
of its previous awards.7 The Defendants now appeal.

                         ISSUES ON A PPEAL AND S TANDARD OF R EVIEW

The Defendants raise several issues for review in this appeal. However, pursuant to Rule
13(b) of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure, we must first consider whether this
Court has subject matter jurisdiction to hear this appeal. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(b); see Person
v. Kindred Healthcare, Inc., No. W2009-01918-COA-R3-CV, 2010 WL 1838014, at *2
(Tenn. Ct. App. May 7, 2010); see also State ex rel. Garrison v. Scobey, No. W2007-02367-
COA-R3-JV, 2008 WL 4648359, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 22, 2008). Subject matter
jurisdiction concerns the authority of the Court to hear a matter. Lack of appellate
jurisdiction cannot be waived, and the parties cannot consent to the existence of appellate
subject matter jurisdiction. Person, 2010 WL 1838014, at *2; Boykin v. Casher (In re
Estate of Boykin), 295 S.W.3d 632, 635 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2008). Even when parties do not
raise the issue, this Court must consider its own subject matter jurisdiction sua sponte. Ruff
v. State, 978 S.W.2d 95, 98 (Tenn. 1998); Boykin, 295 S.W.3d at 635. The determination
of whether subject matter jurisdiction exists is a question of law to be determined de novo
on the record. Elite Emergency Servs., LLC v. Stat Solutions, LLC, No. M2008-02793-
COA-R3-CV, 2010 WL 845392 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 10, 2010).

                                                A NALYSIS

This appeal encompasses all of the trial court’s rulings, set out in five separate orders: (1) the
June 16, 2009 order granting in part White’s motion for partial summary judgment and
denying the Defendants’ motion for summary judgment, (2) the April 15, 2010 findings of
fact and conclusions of law resulting from the trial, (3) the September 14, 2010 order
granting White attorney fees and costs, (4) the September 16, 2010 order awarding White
punitive damages, and (5) the October 1, 2010 “Final Judgment” entered by the trial court
capsulizing the rulings in the previous orders.

7
 On December 30, 2010, this Court remanded the matter to the trial court to adjudicate the Defendants’
counterclaim against co-plaintiff Willie Cockal. On January 4, 2011, the trial court entered an amended final
order dismissing those claims with prejudice.

                                                    -7-
Although the “Final Judgment” details the various damage awards granted to the Plaintiff on
all of his claims, it does not allude to the Defendants’ affirmative defenses of set-off and
recoupment. In its previous April 15, 2010 order, the trial court had granted White’s motion
to dismiss and to compel arbitration of these affirmative defenses. The order states:

           White’s Motion to Dismiss and Compel Arbitration on Defendants’
           Affirmative Defenses of Setoff and Recoupment is GRANTED and the
           Hauling Company’s affirmative defenses of setoff and recoupment are hereby
           DISMISSED without prejudice. The parties shall submit the Hauling
           Company’s affirmative defenses of setoff and recoupment to arbitration as set
           forth in the Hauling Agreement.

In Tennessee, under the Tennessee Uniform Arbitration Act, (“TUAA”), Tennessee Code
Annotated § 29-5-303(d),8 when a motion to compel arbitration is granted, “the correct
procedure in the trial court is to stay the matter pending arbitration and not to dismiss it.”
Thompson v. Terminix Int’l Co., No. M2005-02708-COA-R3-CV, 2006 WL 2380598, at
*3 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 11, 2006) (citing Geiger v. Ryan’s Family Steak Houses, Inc., 134
F. Supp. 2d 985, 993 (S.D. Ind. 2001), and M.R. Dillard Constr. v. J.P. Realty, II, Inc., No.
M1999-01250-COA-R3-CV, 2000 WL 48497, at *1 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 21, 2000)); see also
Barclay v. Kindred Healthcare Operating, Inc., No. W2008-02828-COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL
2615821, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 26, 2009). The TUAA also provides that, “if the issue
is severable, the stay may be with respect thereto only.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-5-303(d)
(2000). Regardless of whether the stay is ordered for the entire case or only for the issue that
is subject to arbitration, “the order for arbitration shall include such stay.” Id. (emphasis
added).

It is well settled that, under the appealability provision of the TUAA, Tennessee Code
Annotated § 29-5-319,9 an order granting a motion to compel is not a final, appealable order.

8
    That subsection provides:

           (d) Any action or proceeding involving an issue subject to arbitration shall be stayed if an
           order for arbitration or an application therefor has been made under this section or, if the
           issue is severable, the stay may be with respect thereto only. When the application is made
           in such action or proceeding, the order for arbitration shall include such stay.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-5-303(d) (2000).
9
    Section 29-5-319 sets out the types of orders related to arbitration from which appeals may be taken:

           (a) An appeal may be taken from:
                                                                                                 (continued...)

                                                       -8-
 See T.R. Mills Contractors, Inc. v. WRH Enterprises, LLC, 93 S.W.3d 861, 864-65 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 2002). In the case at bar, the trial court’s order did, in fact, compel arbitration of
the issues of set-off and recoupment. However, the order also “dismissed” those defenses;
it did not stay the matter as mandated under the TUAA. This Court has held that, while an
order improperly dismissing an action, rather than staying it, and compelling arbitration, may
appear “technically” to be a final order of dismissal under Rule 3(a) of the Tennessee Rules
of Appellate Procedure,10 such an order in fact “amounts to an end run around” the
appealability provisions of the TUAA. Barclay, 2009 WL 2615821, at *2 (quoting
Thompson, 2006 WL 2380598, at *3); see also Person, 2010 WL 1838014, at *4. Given
this unusual procedural posture, where the trial court has erroneously attempted to
simultaneously “dismiss” a claim or issue and also compel arbitration of the same claim or
issue, instead of staying the proceedings, this Court has determined that we must dismiss the
appeal and remand for the trial court to stay the proceedings pending arbitration. See
Barclay, 2009 WL 2615821, at *2; Thompson, 2006 WL 2380598, at *3; see ATAC Corp.
v. Arthur Treacher’s, Inc., 280 F.3d 1091, 1102 (6th Cir. 2002) (noting that the trial court
retains jurisdiction over collateral matters during the stay); Jolley v. Paine Webber Jackson
& Curtis, Inc., 864 F.2d 402, 405 (5th Cir. 1989) (stating that granting a stay “contemplates
that the district court will retain jurisdiction to confirm, modify, or, in some cases, to renew
the litigation despite the arbitration award”).

We note that, while the order of the trial court below, dismissing the affirmative defenses and
compelling arbitration, may appear to “technically” satisfy the finality requirements of Rule
3(a), in reality it does not. The Tennessee Supreme Court has recognized that appellate
courts have jurisdiction over final judgments only, “[u]nless an appeal from an interlocutory

9
    (...continued)
                  (1) An order denying an application to compel arbitration made under §
                  29-5-303;
                  (2) An order granting an application to stay arbitration made under §
                  29-5-303(b);
                  (3) An order confirming or denying confirmation of an award;
                  (4) An order modifying or correcting an award;
                  (5) An order vacating an award without directing a re-hearing; and
                  (6) A judgment or decree entered pursuant to the provisions of this part.
           (b) The appeal shall be taken in the manner and to the same extent as from orders or
           judgments in a civil action.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-5-319 (2000). Notably, an order denying a motion to compel arbitration, although
interlocutory, is specified as an appealable order in Section 29-5-319(a)(1).
10
 Rule 3(a) provides that appeals may be had only of final judgments that adjudicates “all the claims, rights,
and liabilities of all the parties.” Tenn. R. App. P. 3(a).

                                                    -9-
order is provided by the rules or by statute.” Bayberry Assocs. v. Jones, 783 S.W.2d 553,
559 (Tenn. 1990); see also Ruff v. Raleigh Assembly of God Church, Inc., 241 S.W.3d 876,
877 at n.1 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007). A final judgment is “one that resolves all the issues in the
case, ‘leaving nothing else for the trial court to do.’ ” Henderson v. Henderson (In re Estate
of Henderson), 121 S.W.3d 643, 645 (Tenn. 2003) (quoting State ex rel. McAllister v.
Goode, 968 S.W.2d 834, 840 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997)). Tennessee Rule of Appellate
Procedure 3(a) provides in relevant part that “any order that adjudicates fewer than all the
claims or the rights and liabilities of fewer than all the parties is not enforceable or
appealable . . . .” Tenn. R. App. P. 3(a). “Such an order is interlocutory or interim in nature
and generally cannot be appealed as of right.” Henderson, 121 S.W.3d at 645. Thus, it is
well settled that “any trial court order that adjudicates fewer than all the claims or the rights
and liabilities of fewer than all the parties is not final or appealable as of right.” State ex rel.
Garrison v. Scobey, No. W2007-02367-C0A-R3-JV, 2008 WL 4648359, at *5 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Oct. 22, 2008).

In this case, we must note that the affirmative defenses of set-off and recoupment are not
separable “claims” brought by the Defendants.11 They are defenses that, if proven, would
apply against any damage award granted to White. In other words, they do not exist
independently of White’s claims in this case, and resolution of the issues that are the subject
of arbitration will not end the matter. Because those defenses were dismissed and referred
to arbitration, the trial court has not even considered whether and to what extent the
Defendants’ right to set-off or recoupment may apply to White’s damage award.12 Therefore,
because the arbitration has not been conducted and the extent of the Hauling Co.’s defenses
has not been determined, the trial court’s award in favor of White was not an adjudication
of “all the claims, rights, and liabilities of all the parties,” and Rule 3(a) has not even
“technically” been satisfied.13

11
  The Defendants did not assert a counterclaim against White based on the amounts that White owes the
Hauling Co. Rather, the defenses of set-off and recoupment were asserted only after the trial court granted
summary judgment in favor of White on his claim that the Defendants breached the Lease.
12
  The extent to which the Hauling Co. was found liable under the Lease is unclear, and the extent to which
the claim of set-off is available to the Leasing Co. is also unclear. We note that, in the trial court’s orders,
the Hauling Co. and the Leasing Co. are often aggregated together, when in reality the liabilities of each
corporation is likely separate and distinct, so clarification on remand is essential if further appeals are
contemplated.
13
 For the same reason, this Court did not have the option of remanding the case so that the trial court could
make the October 1, 2010 “Final Judgment” order final pursuant to Rule 54.02 of the Tennessee Rules of
Civil Procedure.

                                                     -10-
In sum, we find that the trial court’s action in dismissing and compelling arbitration of the
affirmative defenses of set-off and recoupment was contrary to the mandate of the TUAA,
and that it should have stayed the matter pending arbitration. Because the trial court
compelled arbitration of those defenses, it did not resolve all the rights and liabilities of all
the parties, and the matter is not final and appealable under Rule 3(a). Therefore, we do not
address the issues raised on appeal, but instead dismiss the appeal and remand with
instructions for the trial court to stay the matter pending arbitration, and thereafter to conduct
further proceedings to determine whether and to what extent White’s damage award is
affected by the decision reached in arbitration.14

                                              C ONCLUSION

The appeal is dismissed for lack of jurisdiction and remanded for further proceedings
consistent with this Opinion. Costs on appeal are to be taxed to Appellants Empire Express,
Inc., and Empire Transportation, Inc., and their sureties, for which execution may issue, if
necessary.

                                                           _________________________________
                                                           HOLLY M. KIRBY, JUDGE

14
  We are mindful that, under the Federal Arbitration Act, an order compelling arbitration and dismissing all
of the claims before it is considered to be a final, appealable order. See Green Tree Fin. Corp.-Alabama
v. Randolph, 531 U.S. 79, 88-89 (2000). Nevertheless, even if the FAA were applicable to the underlying
contract, the state law on appealability governs this procedural issue. Morgan Keegan & Co. v. Smythe, No.
W2010-01339-COA-R3-CV, 2011 WL 5517036 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 14, 2011). Even under federal
jurisprudence, however, it appears that the rule on appealability applies only when the trial court has
dismissed all of the claims before it and leaves nothing for the trial court to decide. When some claims are
arbitrable but others are not, an order dismissing and compelling arbitration of the arbitrable claims only is
not a final, appealable order. See In re Hops Antitrust Litigation, 832 F.2d 470, 473-74 (8th Cir. 1987); see
Green Tree, 531 U.S. at 88-89. Therefore, the trial court’s decision would not be considered to be final and
appealable even under federal law.

                                                    -11-