Court Opinion

ID: 4637999
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-30 11:01:06.751917+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:58:44.759169
License: Public Domain

U NITED S TATES A IR F ORCE
             C OURT OF C RIMINAL A PPEALS
                      ________________________

                           No. ACM 39706
                      ________________________

                         UNITED STATES
                             Appellee
                                 v.
                       Clayton W. TURNER
           Staff Sergeant (E-5), U.S. Air Force, Appellant
                      ________________________

       Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary
                     Decided 25 November 2020
                      ________________________

Military Judge: Matthew D. Talcott (arraignment and motions); Re-
becca E. Schmidt.
Approved sentence: Bad-conduct discharge, confinement for 8 months,
and reduction to E-1. Sentence adjudged 7 March 2019 by GCM con-
vened at Dyess Air Force Base, Texas.
For Appellant: Major Benjamin H. DeYoung, USAF; Major David A.
Schiavone, USAF.
For Appellee: Lieutenant Colonel Brian C. Mason, USAF; Major Dayle
P. Percle, USAF; Mary Ellen Payne, Esquire.
Before MINK, KEY, and ANNEXSTAD, Appellate Military Judges.
Judge KEY delivered the opinion of the court, in which Senior Judge
MINK and Judge ANNEXSTAD joined.
                      ________________________

   This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as
   precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 30.4.
                      ________________________
                       United States v. Turner, No. ACM 39706

KEY, Judge:
    A general court-martial composed of a military judge sitting alone con-
victed Appellant, contrary to his pleas, of five specifications of assault consum-
mated by a battery in violation of Article 128, Uniform Code of Military Justice
(UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 928.1,2 He was sentenced to a bad-conduct discharge, con-
finement for eight months, and reduction to the grade of E-1. The convening
authority approved the sentence as adjudged.
    On appeal, Appellant raises two issues through counsel: whether his con-
viction (on all specifications) is legally and factually insufficient; and whether
he was subjected to illegal post-trial confinement conditions. Appellant person-
ally raises three additional issues pursuant to United States v. Grostefon, 12
M.J. 431 (C.M.A. 1982). He first alleges the military judge erred in admitting
certain expert witness testimony, which Appellant contends exceeded the wit-
ness’s expertise, and that trial counsel improperly argued as substantive evi-
dence information which had been admitted to show the basis for expert wit-
ness testimony. Appellant’s second personally raised assertion is that his trial
defense counsel were ineffective in not offering evidence of pertinent character
traits and in providing incomplete advice on Appellant’s choices with respect
to whether to be tried by members or by military judge. His third assertion is
that trial counsel’s findings argument improperly appealed to the military
judge’s “common sense” and “knowledge of the ways of the world.” We have
carefully considered Appellant’s second and third personally raised claims and
have determined they are without basis, and warrant neither discussion nor
relief. See United States v. Matias, 25 M.J. 356, 361 (C.M.A. 1987).
    We find the evidence is factually insufficient to affirm the conviction for one
of the specifications of assault consummated by a battery as discussed in
greater detail below.3 We thus set aside the finding of guilt for that specifica-
tion, dismiss the specification with prejudice, and reassess the sentence. Find-
ing no other error, we affirm the remaining convictions and the sentence as
reassessed.

                                     I. BACKGROUND
   Stationed at Dyess Air Force Base (AFB), Texas, Senior Airman (SrA) BT
was scheduled to take her promotion test at 0730 hours on Wednesday, 9 May

1 All references in this opinion to the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), Rules
for Courts-Martial, and Military Rules of Evidence are to the Manual for Courts-Mar-
tial, United States (2016 ed.).
2   Appellant was acquitted of a sixth specification of assault consummated by a battery.
3   Specification 5 of the Charge.

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                   United States v. Turner, No. ACM 39706

2018. She left her on-base house that morning with her 15-month-old son, MT,
and went to their babysitter’s house. The babysitter noted SrA BT seemed
more rushed than usual, as SrA BT seemed “very standoffish” and did not come
in the house and sit and talk, as she ordinarily did. SrA BT left the babysitter’s
house and drove to the building where her test was going to be held and told
the proctor she would not be taking her test that morning because she was
going to the hospital. From the test site, SrA BT drove off base to the emer-
gency room at Abilene General Medical Center where she reported to medical
providers there that she had been physically assaulted by her husband, Appel-
lant.
    Medical records from the hospital indicate SrA BT checked in around 0730
hours and told emergency room staff Appellant had hit her with his fist and “a
wooden bat or drumstick,” and that he had “choked” her. During the visit,
which lasted about an hour, SrA BT complained of neck pain, and the treating
physician noted she had “a little soft tissue swelling in her left temple area
from sustaining an injury there,” leading him to diagnose her with a contusion
to her head and cervical neck strain. The physician ordered a CT scan which
returned negative findings.
    Detective DG from the Dyess AFB Security Forces Squadron learned of the
alleged assault and went to the hospital to speak to SrA BT about what had
happened. He arrived shortly after 0900, and SrA BT told him she was experi-
encing “a lot of pain.” Detective DG saw “visible injuries” on SrA BT’s arms and
neck and took pictures of those injuries. He later testified SrA BT appeared
“upset,” “sad,” and “depressed” as she explained to him what had happened.
    Shortly thereafter, Appellant was apprehended and brought to Detective
DG’s office where an investigative photographer took pictures of various inju-
ries on Appellant’s body, including marks on his head, back, and arm, and cuts
on his face and foot. The same photographer took another set of pictures of SrA
BT’s injuries later in the day, around 1400 hours, showing dark bruising to her
neck, left arm and thigh, as well as a red mark on her lower back. After those
pictures were taken, Detective DG and the photographer accompanied SrA BT
to her house in order to take photographs of the living room, to include a hole
in the wall roughly the size of a human torso. Detective DG met with SrA BT
the next day for a follow-up interview.
    At Appellant’s court-martial, SrA BT testified she met Appellant in Febru-
ary 2016 while they were both stationed in Korea. They began dating, and at
the end of May 2016—the day Appellant was leaving Korea for his new assign-
ment at Dyess AFB—SrA BT discovered she was pregnant, something she and
Appellant had not planned on. SrA BT was able to cancel her upcoming assign-
ment to England, and she and Appellant married less than three months later
in August 2016. SrA BT joined Appellant at Dyess AFB in September 2016.

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                   United States v. Turner, No. ACM 39706

Their son, MT, was born in January 2017, and the family moved into a house
on base the following summer. SrA BT described a turbulent marriage during
which the couple frequently had heated arguments about a variety of issues
and even physically fought on at least two occasions.
    SrA BT testified that on 8 May 2018, the night before her promotion test,
she went to sleep upstairs in the bedroom of their two-story house around 2200
hours—early for her—to rest up for the test. Appellant, meanwhile, was still
at work, his shift lasting until 2300 hours.
    SrA BT woke up around 0100 hours to the sound of the television down-
stairs “being too loud.” She got up, saw Appellant watching television, and
asked him to turn the volume down, which he did. SrA BT woke up again
around 0400 hours, as the television was “loud again.” She texted Appellant,
telling him the television woke her up and asking when he was coming to bed.
He responded by telling her “to get off his a[*]s.” Frustrated, tired, and unable
to go back to sleep, SrA BT got up, got dressed, went downstairs, and began
folding clothes next to Appellant while he finished watching a movie. SrA BT
testified she was upset and complained to Appellant she couldn’t sleep, describ-
ing her demeanor at the time as being “rude” and “snarky.” When the movie
ended, SrA BT told Appellant he might as well leave the television on, leading
Appellant to tell her, “I’m not doing this sh[*]t tonight” before picking up his
drink and going upstairs to the bedroom.
    SrA BT said she went to the bedroom to talk to Appellant about why she
was upset. Appellant was laying on the bed, and SrA BT sat down next to him
and put her hands on his shoulders. She testified Appellant was mad and he
shoved her away from him, telling her he was tired of her “bitching at him.”
Appellant then stood up and started yelling at SrA BT, at which point he
grabbed her neck with his right hand and shoved her into the wall with his
other hand. SrA BT remembered “hitting the wall with [her] head and [her]
neck and seeing him face-to-face with [her] and his hands on [her].” SrA BT
said she yelled at Appellant to get away from her, and he let her go, but as she
tried to walk past him, he accused her of looking for things to throw at him and
he shoved her into the wall and then into her vanity. According to her testi-
mony, SrA BT did not fight back and instead told Appellant to leave her alone
and to not touch her.
   SrA BT gathered a few items from the bedroom and went downstairs while
Appellant stayed upstairs. Realizing that MT was awake and crying, SrA BT
went back upstairs to get him and brought him downstairs to the couch where
she changed his diaper. She then went to the kitchen—leaving MT on the
couch—to throw out the diaper and get MT a drink. SrA BT said she was “yell-
ing” in the kitchen because she was “so upset,” and she said out loud she hated
Appellant before going back to the couch and putting MT in her lap. As she did

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                   United States v. Turner, No. ACM 39706

so, Appellant came down the stairs telling SrA BT she was “not going to cuss
out [their] child” and that SrA BT “wasn’t fit to hold [MT] right now.”
    Appellant and SrA BT continued arguing, and SrA BT testified Appellant
took hold of the coffee table in front of the couch and “threw it behind him” so
that it was pushed up against a bookshelf, and he demanded SrA BT release
MT. When she refused, Appellant grabbed SrA BT—who was still holding
MT—by her ankles and pulled her off the couch such that her back and head
hit the ground. SrA BT said Appellant tried prying her arms off MT, but she
rolled on her side, telling Appellant to stop and leave MT alone. Appellant then
grabbed MT’s arm, leading SrA BT to release MT. She said, “As soon as he had
hands on my son, I let go. I wasn’t going to pull.” SrA BT agreed with trial
defense counsel’s characterization that Appellant picked MT up by MT’s arm
and then “kind of scooped him with the other hand to hold him.” Once Appel-
lant took MT from SrA BT, he put MT on the couch.
    SrA BT said she stood up, and then Appellant shoved her into a wall with
both hands “as hard as he could,” leaving a large hole in the drywall. SrA BT
was pleading with Appellant to stop and to let her get to MT, but Appellant
responded by threatening to punch her and knock her unconscious. MT, mean-
while, climbed off the couch and began walking toward SrA BT, but Appellant
would “shove him back and [MT] would fall down,” which kept MT from reach-
ing SrA BT. Appellant then began punching SrA BT in her temple and on the
back of her head. SrA BT testified that she heard MT cry “as if he was in pain,”
and Appellant said, “I didn’t mean to do it. He got in the way.” SrA BT said she
“panicked because [she] thought [her] son was hurt,” and she started punching
back at Appellant. While this was going on, MT crawled towards an adjacent
room, and SrA BT picked up and threw a plastic child’s chair at Appellant in
the hopes of distracting Appellant so that she could get to MT, but Appellant
“blocked it.”
    SrA BT testified that after throwing the chair, she “was trying to figure out
something else to do,” and she picked up a drumstick and held it in front of
her, telling Appellant to stay away from her and “leave us alone,” threatening
to hit him with it if he did not comply. Appellant, however, “came forward a
couple of times,” and SrA BT said she hit him on the arms several times with
the drumstick “to get him away from [her],” but she did not recall hitting him
on his head. Appellant then “lunged forward” and grabbed SrA BT’s arms such
that she was “back on the floor.” Appellant took the drumstick from her and
began hitting her in the head with it, “[s]everal times all over [her] temple” as
well as “a blow” on the back of her head, calling her a “red-faced Indian” and
saying, “You like getting hit in the head with sticks?” SrA BT began “screaming
for help,” and then Appellant grabbed her neck again, with two hands at first
and then just with his left hand, using his other arm to hold her down. SrA BT

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                   United States v. Turner, No. ACM 39706

testified she could not breathe “for a few moments,” but Appellant eventually
let go of her neck while still holding her down. SrA BT said she was “screaming
at the top of [her] lungs for help,” while Appellant told her he would let her go
if she would “calm down.” SrA BT was able to reach over to a nearby dog kennel
and release the dog inside. The dog began barking and circling the two, leading
to Appellant letting go of SrA BT such that she was able to get to MT and sit
down on the couch with him.
    Appellant walked over to the closet, retrieved two guns and some ammuni-
tion, and then went upstairs and locked himself in the bedroom. SrA BT began
making a plan to go to the emergency room, get her son to his babysitter, and
to notify the appropriate personnel she would not be able to take her promotion
test. Realizing she needed an additional pair of pants, she unlocked the bed-
room door and found Appellant “passed out asleep, his guns on the floor and a
loaded magazine on the night stand.” She got her pants and walked out of the
bedroom, closing the door behind her, and left with MT for the babysitter’s
house on her way to the test site and then the emergency room.
    Later in the day, SrA BT picked MT up from his babysitter who testified
she saw bruises on SrA BT’s arms and on her throat. SrA BT also met with her
first sergeant, Master Sergeant (MSgt) BN, early that afternoon. He reported
seeing “visible red marks” on SrA BT and what “looked like finger imprints on
her arms and around her neck.” MSgt BN saw SrA BT three days later and
noticed that the bruising had become more pronounced. “I’ve never seen bruis-
ing like that before on anybody; black, blue, red, white,” he said. “It looked like
a half-sleeve bruise on her left arm,” and what appeared to be finger marks on
SrA BT’s left arm and neck “were more distinctive.”
    By the time of Appellant’s court-martial, almost a year later, SrA BT and
Appellant were going through divorce proceedings in which the two had been
granted joint custody—an “even split”—of MT, although SrA BT conceded she
would prefer to have greater custodial rights, and she had sought a protective
order against Appellant early in the proceedings. SrA BT had also applied for
a “humanitarian” transfer so that she could be closer to her family, a request
which was still pending at the time of trial.
    On cross-examination, SrA BT acknowledged that when she was first in-
terviewed about the assault the day after it occurred, she told Detective DG
that Appellant had only used one hand at a time to choke her, and he never
used both hands. SrA BT also admitted she testified in a deposition related to
the divorce proceedings that the chair she threw hit Appellant in the back.
   Both parties called expert witnesses to offer their opinions about the source
and age of the various injuries suffered by SrA BT and Appellant. The Govern-
ment called Dr. DS, an expert in forensic nursing and wound examination with

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                   United States v. Turner, No. ACM 39706

extensive experience in assessing and intervening in instances of domestic vi-
olence. The Defense called Dr. RF, an expert in forensic pathology and biome-
chanics with significant expertise focused on investigating causes of death. The
two doctors generally agreed the photographs of SrA BT and Appellant de-
picted injuries, but disagreed in certain particulars as to whether the injuries
were consistent with SrA BT’s testimony. With respect to SrA BT, the primary
injuries the experts focused on were those to her neck, back, upper left arm,
lower right arm, and right thigh.
    Photographs of SrA BT’s neck depict bruises radiating laterally from her
windpipe towards the back of her neck on her right side. No significant bruis-
ing was noted on the left side of her neck. Dr. DS concluded the injuries were
caused by a combination of bruising and abrasions, consistent with SrA BT
being strangled by being grabbed by the neck. He further concluded the abra-
sions could be caused by a person struggling while being strangled. Dr. RF did
not disagree that the bruising appeared to have been caused by someone grab-
bing SrA BT’s neck, but he hypothesized SrA BT would have been grabbed from
behind based upon SrA BT’s report of pain on the back of her neck, a small
crescent-shaped mark he attributed to a fingernail, and the lack of a corre-
sponding thumb-caused bruise on the opposite side of SrA BT’s neck. Dr. DS,
however, disputed the premise that the crescent-shaped mark came from a fin-
gernail, concluding it was “just part of the overall presentation of trauma that
is a combination of two mechanisms, squeezing mechanism for the bruising
with rubbing mechanisms that caused abrasions.” He noted the mark was not
consistent with other fingernail wounds he had seen, and he also testified that
he had seen strangulation cases in which no opposing-side injury was visible
to the naked eye.
    Photographs of SrA BT’s lower back show a roughly rectangular wound ex-
tending vertically. Dr. DS testified this type of injury is referred to as a “pat-
terned injury” because it can be matched to a particular object which caused
the injury. Dr. DS could not identify the precise object which caused this injury
to SrA BT’s back, but he said it could have been caused by her being pushed
up against the wall or her vanity. Dr. RF said that Dr. DS’s explanation was
“very reasonable,” and that this injury could have been caused by SrA BT being
hit by, being pushed into, or falling on something. He added that he did not
think the wound was caused when SrA BT was pushed into the downstairs
drywall, because the pictures showed the damaged drywall had jagged edges,
which was inconsistent with the relatively straight lines of the mark on SrA
BT’s back.
   The inside of SrA BT’s upper left arm near her armpit had a large bruise
with small darker spots on the outer edges. Dr. DS testified this was consistent
with a thumb pressing into SrA BT’s arm while being grabbed, and Dr. RF

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                   United States v. Turner, No. ACM 39706

agreed. Dr. RF also noted a corresponding mark on the outside of SrA BT’s arm
and hypothesized the injuries could have been caused by someone grabbing her
arm to restrain her.
    SrA BT’s lower right arm showed evidence of bruising which Dr. DS de-
scribed as consistent with “a compression bruise or squeeze.” Her arm also had
abrasions which he said could be caused by being pushed up against a wall or
pulled off a couch. SrA BT’s right thigh exhibited signs of bruising combined
with some abrasion, which Dr. DS said was likely caused by a mix of blunt
force and rubbing, which would be consistent with running into something or
hitting something.
    With respect to Appellant, the experts focused on a scratch near Appellant’s
nose, a thin two-and-a-half-inch-long red mark on the left side of his head, par-
allel two-inch-long linear red marks on his right forearm, and two irregular
red marks on his back. Dr. DS described the scratch on Appellant’s face as
“very superficial” and the mark on his head as a scratch which was at least 24
hours old when the picture was taken. Dr. DS said the marks on Appellant’s
forearm were consistent with being struck by a cylindrical solid object, such as
a drumstick. Dr. DS’s opinion was that the marks on Appellant’s back pre-
dated the fight. Dr. RF agreed the marks on Appellant’s forearm could have
been caused by a drumstick, and he hypothesized it would have likely been a
“defensive” injury in which Appellant was hit while “defending his head or
some other part of his body.” Contrary to Dr. DS’s assessment, Dr. RF thought
the mark on Appellant’s head looked like a “fresh injury” that could have been
caused by “a thin linear object” like a drumstick. Dr. RF testified that the
marks on Appellant’s back were “certainly well within [the] time range” of the
fight and said they “fit the criteria for a good scratch mark,” possibly from fin-
gernails. Dr. RF thought the scratch on Appellant’s face was more serious than
Dr. DS did, characterizing it as a “quite deep abrasion” which was likely caused
by “something thin and relatively sharp . . . like a fingernail.”
    Appellant was charged with four specifications of assault consummated by
a battery against SrA BT. The first specification alleged he unlawfully grabbed
SrA BT on her neck with his hand on divers occasions. Trial counsel argued
Appellant committed this offense when he grabbed her neck and pushed her
into the wall upstairs and when he strangled her downstairs. The second spec-
ification alleged Appellant pushed SrA BT on her body with his hands on divers
occasions, and trial counsel pointed to Appellant pushing SrA BT into the van-
ity and into the wall downstairs. Under the third specification, Appellant was
charged with pulling SrA BT’s ankle with his hand, which trial counsel said
occurred when Appellant pulled SrA BT off the couch. The fourth specification
alleged Appellant struck SrA BT on her head with his hand and with a drum-
stick on divers occasions. Trial counsel argued Appellant was guilty of this

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                   United States v. Turner, No. ACM 39706

specification based upon Appellant hitting SrA BT in her temple when she was
trying to get to MT and then hitting her on her head with the drumstick Ap-
pellant took away from her.
   Appellant was also charged with two specifications of assault consummated
by a battery against MT. The first specification alleged Appellant “unlawfully
pull[ed]” on MT’s arm; the second specification—of which Appellant was ac-
quitted—alleged Appellant “unlawfully push[ed]” on MT’s body. There was no
evidence of any physical injury to MT.
    The Defense’s theory was that SrA BT had instigated the fight, Appellant
was defending both himself and MT, and SrA BT had exaggerated Appellant’s
role in the fight based upon a motive to gain leverage in their divorce and child-
custody proceedings. Trial defense counsel sought to impugn SrA BT’s testi-
mony by arguing her injuries were inconsistent with her testimony that Appel-
lant brutally attacked her and were, instead, more consistent with Appellant
restraining her in self-defense.

                                II. DISCUSSION
A. Legal and Factual Sufficiency
    Appellant argues his conviction on the charge and its specifications is both
legally and factually insufficient. In so arguing, he alleges: SrA BT had a mo-
tive to fabricate her testimony; her testimony was not credible by virtue of in-
consistences in it; and the investigation was insufficient. He further argues
that the disagreement between the expert witnesses should undermine our
confidence in his conviction with respect to the assaults on SrA BT. We disa-
gree.
    With respect to the specification alleging Appellant assaulted MT by pull-
ing on his arm, Appellant argues no assault occurred, because there was nei-
ther an offensive touching nor any evidence of unlawful force or violence. We
agree with Appellant that the conviction for this specification is factually in-
sufficient.
   1. Law
    We only affirm findings of guilty that are correct in law and fact and, “on
the basis of the entire record, should be approved.” Article 66(c), UCMJ, 10
U.S.C. § 866(c). We review issues of legal and factual sufficiency de novo.
United States v. Washington, 57 M.J. 394, 399 (C.A.A.F. 2002) (citation omit-
ted).
    “The test for legal sufficiency is whether, after viewing the evidence in the
light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have
found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” United

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                    United States v. Turner, No. ACM 39706

States v. Robinson, 77 M.J. 294, 297–98 (C.A.A.F. 2018) (quoting United States
v. Rosario, 76 M.J. 114, 117 (C.A.A.F. 2017)). “The term reasonable doubt, how-
ever, does not mean that the evidence must be free from conflict.” United States
v. Wheeler, 76 M.J. 564, 568 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2017) (citing United States v.
Lips, 22 M.J. 679, 684 (A.F.C.M.R. 1986)), aff’d, 77 M.J. 289 (C.A.A.F. 2018).
Circumstantial evidence may suffice. See United States v. Kearns, 73 M.J. 177,
182 (C.A.A.F. 2014) (citing Brooks v. United States, 309 F.2d 580, 583 (10th
Cir. 1962)). “[I]n resolving questions of legal sufficiency, we are bound to draw
every reasonable inference from the evidence of record in favor of the prosecu-
tion.” United States v. Barner, 56 M.J. 131, 134 (C.A.A.F. 2001) (citations omit-
ted). As a result, “[t]he standard for legal sufficiency involves a very low thresh-
old to sustain a conviction.” United States v. King, 78 M.J. 218, 221 (C.A.A.F.
2019) (alteration in original) (citation omitted), cert. denied, __ U.S. __, 139 S.
Ct. 1641 (2019).
    The test for factual sufficiency is “whether, after weighing the evidence in
the record of trial and making allowances for not having personally observed
the witnesses, [we are ourselves] convinced of the [appellant]’s guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt.” United States v. Turner, 25 M.J. 324, 325 (C.M.A. 1987). “In
conducting this unique appellate role, we take ‘a fresh, impartial look at the
evidence,’ applying ‘neither a presumption of innocence nor a presumption of
guilt’ to ‘make [our] own independent determination as to whether the evidence
constitutes proof of each required element beyond a reasonable doubt.’”
Wheeler, 76 M.J. at 568 (alteration in original) (quoting Washington, 57 M.J.
at 399).
   2. Analysis
    In order to find Appellant guilty of assault consummated by a battery, the
Government was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt: (1) that Appel-
lant did bodily harm to a particular person, and (2) that the bodily harm was
done with unlawful force or violence in the manner alleged. See Manual for
Courts-Martial, United States (2016 ed.) (MCM), pt. IV, ¶ 54.b.(2). For the spec-
ification pertaining to MT, the Government had to additionally prove MT was
under the age of 16 years old. See MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 54.b.(3)(c). “Bodily harm” is
defined as “any offensive touching of another, however slight,” and the act
“must be done without legal justification or excuse and without the lawful con-
sent of the person affected.” MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 54.c.(1)(a). “Unlawful force or vio-
lence” is demonstrated if an accused “wrongfully caused the contact, in that no
legally cognizable reason existed that would excuse or justify the contact.”
United States v. Bonner, 70 M.J. 1, 3 (C.A.A.F. 2011) (citation omitted).
   Self-defense is an affirmative defense to a charge of assault consummated
by a battery and has three elements. First, the accused must have appre-
hended, on reasonable grounds, that bodily harm was about to be inflicted on

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                   United States v. Turner, No. ACM 39706

him; second, the accused must have believed that the force he used was neces-
sary for protection against bodily harm; and, third, the force used by the ac-
cused must have been “less than force reasonably likely to produce death or
grievous bodily harm.” See Rule for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) 916(e)(3). The
right to self-defense is lost “if the accused was an aggressor, engaged in mutual
combat, or provoked the attack which gave rise to the apprehension, unless the
accused had withdrawn in good faith after the aggression, combat, or provoca-
tion and before the offense alleged occurred.” R.C.M. 916(e)(4). However, an
accused who starts an affray is entitled to use reasonable force in self-defense
to defend against an opponent who escalates the level of the conflict. United
States v. Dearing, 63 M.J. 478, 484 n.24 (C.A.A.F. 2006) (citations omitted).
Similarly, defense of another is an affirmative defense so long as an accused
uses no more force than the person being defended could lawfully use. R.C.M.
916(e)(5). Once raised, the Government has the burden of proving beyond a
reasonable doubt that the defense of self-defense or defense of another did not
exist. R.C.M. 916(b)(1).
       a. Assault of SrA BT
    We conclude a reasonable factfinder could find all the elements of assault
consummated by a battery against SrA BT beyond a reasonable doubt. SrA BT
went to an emergency room reporting that she had been assaulted by Appellant
just a few hours earlier. Medical and law enforcement professionals along with
lay witnesses observed visible injuries on her body, which another witness re-
ported grew more pronounced as the week progressed. SrA BT testified that
Appellant grabbed her neck twice, pushed her into both her vanity and up-
stairs and downstairs walls, pulled her ankles, and struck her in the head mul-
tiple times. The Defense did not meaningfully impeach SrA BT’s credibility,
and—based upon her testimony alone—a reasonable factfinder could conclude
each of these acts amounted to an offensive touching committed without her
consent. Similarly, if a factfinder gives absolute credit to SrA BT’s testimony,
Appellant would have no viable self-defense claim, as he was the initial aggres-
sor when SrA BT tried to talk to him in the bedroom and then again when he
pulled her off the couch in an effort to get MT away from her. SrA BT said she
did punch Appellant, but this was immediately after Appellant was punching
her in the head, thus, a rational factfinder could conclude SrA BT was fighting
back—that is, exercising her own self-defense rights—rather than initiating
an attack or escalating the level of the conflict. SrA BT testified she struck
Appellant with the drumstick several times, but this was after she held it out
in front of her, telling Appellant to leave her and MT alone. When Appellant
advanced toward her, she hit him with the drumstick, but he promptly dis-
armed her and proceeded to attack her with the drumstick and then strangle
her. A rational factfinder could conclude SrA BT did not escalate the level of

                                       11
                   United States v. Turner, No. ACM 39706

the conflict by picking up the drumstick, and instead was trying to defend her-
self or de-escalate the conflict. Moreover, a factfinder could readily determine
there was no evidence that, once Appellant took the drumstick away from SrA
BT, he either reasonably apprehended bodily harm was about to be inflicted on
him, or that he actually believed strangling SrA BT was necessary to protect
himself.
    SrA BT’s divorce and child-custody proceedings may have given rise to a
motive for SrA BT to exaggerate Appellant’s culpability and minimize her own,
but there was no evidence such motivations existed at the time SrA BT initially
reported the assault, just a few hours after the assault occurred. According to
the record before us, the divorce and child-custody proceedings were not initi-
ated until some later point in time, and a rational factfinder could find implau-
sible the notion that SrA BT devised a plan to achieve a favorable bargaining
position in uninitiated litigation in the early morning hours immediately after
sustaining significant injuries at Appellant’s hands. SrA BT’s version of events
of the assault remained largely consistent between her initial report and her
testimony at trial, and the Defense was only able to point to minor inconsist-
encies, such as whether Appellant blocked the child’s chair with his arms or
that it hit his back and whether he briefly had two hands on her neck at one
point or he used only one hand to choke her. SrA BT’s visible injuries also cor-
roborated her testimony, and the Defense’s expert did not dispute SrA BT had
been injured or raise any doubt that Appellant had caused those injuries. No-
tably, Dr. RF did not disagree with the proposition that the marks on SrA BT’s
neck appeared to have been caused by someone grabbing her neck—his point
of contention was simply whether SrA BT was grabbed from the front or the
back. A rational factfinder would be free to conclude Dr. DS offered the more
credible assessment as to Appellant’s position when he strangled SrA BT, an
assessment which both matched SrA BT’s testimony and the pictures of finger-
shaped bruises on SrA BT’s neck.
    Appellant also argues the investigation into the assault was inadequate in
that investigators did not take any pictures of the upper floor of the house, did
not collect the text messages SrA BT said she sent Appellant just prior to the
assault, and did not adequately interview the neighbors. Appellant exposed
these concerns during the trial. While each of these investigative aspects could
have contributed to the overall evidence in the case, a rational factfinder could
also conclude their absence does not create reasonable doubt or otherwise un-
dermine SrA BT’s testimony, the photographic documentation of her injuries,
and the other evidence in the case. Therefore, we find Appellant’s conviction
for the four specifications alleging assault consummated by a battery against
SrA BT to be legally sufficient. After carefully considering the evidence pre-
sented at trial, we ourselves are convinced of Appellant’s guilt of the first four

                                       12
                   United States v. Turner, No. ACM 39706

specifications of the Charge beyond a reasonable doubt. As a result, we con-
clude his conviction of these four specifications is also factually sufficient.
       b. Assault of MT
    We are not so convinced with respect to the fifth specification alleging the
assault against MT wherein Appellant grabbed MT’s arm with one hand and
used his other hand to “kind of scoop” MT up in order to hold him before setting
him down on the couch. Depending on how one views the evidence, Appellant
was either taking MT away from SrA BT because he believed SrA BT was not
in the right frame of mind to be holding the child, or he was taking MT away
so that he could continue his attack on SrA BT without MT being caught in the
middle. Under either scenario, it is difficult to understand the Government’s
theory that Appellant did bodily harm to MT with unlawful force or violence
by pulling on MT’s arm. According to SrA BT’s testimony, she let go of MT as
soon as Appellant “had hands on” MT, because she did not want to pull on MT.
Thus, the evidence in the case is that Appellant tried to pry SrA BT’s arms off
his son, and then picked him up out of SrA BT’s arms when she released him
and placed him on the couch.
    Given MT’s age, we presume he was incapable of manifesting his consent
or opposition to his father touching him in this case, so the military judge was
required to determine if the touching was offensive to MT based on the sur-
rounding circumstances. Moreover, the military judge had to conclude there
was no legally cognizable reason justifying Appellant’s contact with MT in or-
der to find him guilty. Even if a factfinder were to find Appellant’s picking up
of MT amounted to an offensive touching from MT’s perspective, we are still
left with the question of a parent’s legal rights with respect to handling their
small children, an issue that has not been addressed in depth by military
courts. In discussing the somewhat analogous issue of the affirmative defense
of parental discipline, the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces
(CAAF) has highlighted the “inherent tension between the privacy and sanctity
of the family, including the freedom to raise children as parents see fit, and the
interest of the state in the safety and well-being of children” and recognized
that discipline often has “a physical component.” United States v. Rivera, 54
M.J. 489, 491 (C.A.A.F. 2001). The CAAF explained it had previously held par-
ents may use force to safeguard or promote the welfare of minors so long as the
degree of force used is reasonable. Id. (citation omitted). Considering the fact
that a parent may use some degree of physical force to protect or to discipline
a child, some touching by a parent of a child must be legally permissible outside
of a disciplinary context and regardless of the child’s consent, even though the
same conduct could amount to unlawful bodily harm when carried out against
another. See, e.g., Pleasants v. Town of Louisa, 524 Fed. Appx. 891, 897 (4th
Cir. 7 May 2013) (unpub. op.).

                                       13
                      United States v. Turner, No. ACM 39706

    Based on the evidence presented, SrA BT did not want Appellant to take
MT from her, but we are unconvinced SrA BT had any greater authority to
hold MT than Appellant did. No evidence was adduced that Appellant violently
or abusively handled MT or that he picked him up with any sort of intent to
harm MT. The Government’s evidence was that Appellant grabbed MT’s arm,
and then took MT out of SrA BT’s hands after SrA BT let go of him. In the face
of Appellant’s right—as MT’s father—to non-abusively pick up MT, the Gov-
ernment has failed to prove Appellant did bodily harm to MT with unlawful
force or violence. Even if we assume a rational factfinder could conclude the
elements of assault consummated by a battery were met in this case, we are
not convinced beyond a reasonable doubt Appellant is guilty, and we therefore
find his conviction of this specification factually insufficient.
B. Confinement Conditions
    Appellant argues his post-trial confinement conditions violated his rights
under the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution4 and Article
55, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 855. Appellant also argues that, even in the absence of
an Eighth Amendment or Article 55, UCMJ, violation, his confinement condi-
tions rendered his sentence inappropriately severe, warranting relief under
Article 66(c), UCMJ.
      1. Additional Background
    Once sentenced to confinement at his court-martial, Appellant was incar-
cerated in Texas at the Taylor County Jail from 7 March 2019 until he was
released on 19 September 2019. Appellant submitted matters in clemency prior
to the convening authority taking action on 28 May 2019, but Appellant made
no reference to any concerns with his confinement conditions in those matters.
    On 5 September 2019—two weeks before his release—Appellant made a
complaint under Article 138, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 938. In his complaint, Appel-
lant wrote, “After submitting an inmate’s request form to officials, pests and
vermin were found in immediate living conditions at [the jail]. I asked for the
facility to eliminate or minimize the infestation of mice, roaches, ants, beetles,
crickets, and spiders.” He asserted he had woken up “on numerous occasions”
to find “ants crawling on [him] in [his] bed,” he had managed to trap three
mice, and he saw three other inmates receive antibiotics after being bitten by
spiders.5 He further noted that “[p]est control personnel do spray regularly in
the facility but to no avail.” On 27 September 2019—eight days after Appellant

4   U.S. CONST. amend. VIII.
5We may consider matters outside the entire record to resolve allegations of violations
of Article 55, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 855, or the Eighth Amendment. United States v. Jes-
sie, 79 M.J. 437, 445 (C.A.A.F. 2020).

                                          14
                    United States v. Turner, No. ACM 39706

had been released—the commander of the 7th Security Forces Squadron, Ma-
jor (Maj) MM, sent Appellant a written reply to his complaint. Maj MM wrote
that he only learned of Appellant’s complaint on 18 September 2019—the day
before Appellant’s release—and that Appellant’s complaint was “being taken
with the utmost seriousness.” Maj MM asserted that once Appellant informed
his staff about insects and rodents, “an immediate investigation was launched
to personally inspect [Appellant’s] cell by [his] staff.” Maj MM further wrote
that after that inspection, “[M]y staff offered to you to move to a new cell as a
possible immediate resolution to the problem at hand. However, you declined
this offer.” He went on to write to Appellant, “[Your] unwillingness to move to
a new cell prevented us from rectifying your complaint before you were re-
leased from confinement.”
    In support of his appeal, Appellant submitted an affidavit in which he reit-
erated his complaints, adding that he had previously complained to jail staff,
and that he never received Maj MM’s offer to be moved to a new cell. Appellant
did acknowledge Maj MM’s staff had investigated Appellant’s cell and that Maj
MM’s staff said they would speak with Taylor County Jail personnel about pest
management. Appellant’s affidavit expanded upon his Article 138, UCMJ, com-
plaint, explaining that the ants were “sugar ants,” and that “[c]rickets, ear-
wigs, brown recluse spiders, beetles, mice, and wasps were also common in the
facility and individual cells.” He further alleged an inmate in a cell next to
Appellant had been bitten by a brown recluse spider, causing his nipple to swell
“to the size of a tennis ball from infection.”
    The Government responded with an affidavit from the Dyess AFB correc-
tions officer, Captain (Capt) KF, and an attached memorandum from Senior
Airman (SrA) KM, who was performing the duties of the noncommissioned of-
ficer in charge of corrections for the base. Capt KF asserts his staff was re-
quired to visit Air Force inmates at the jail on a weekly basis, and that his staff
offered Appellant the opportunity to transfer to a new cell after seeing “several
ants,” but Appellant declined.6 SrA KM’s memorandum explains that on 3 Sep-
tember 2019, Appellant “brought up the issue of insects in his cell, and stated
he had filed a complaint with Taylor County Jail.” She further states two non-
commissioned officers asked Appellant if he wanted to move to a new cell, and
Appellant responded he did not want to move, but that he would be filing a
complaint under Article 138, UCMJ.7

6The ants were seen near a packet of jelly under the sink in Appellant’s cell; SrA KM’s
memorandum says Appellant claimed insects dragged the packet under the sink.
7Although the memorandum names the two noncommissioned officers, it does not ex-
plain whether they were members of the Dyess Air Force Base corrections staff, Ap-
pellant’s unit, or some other organization.

                                          15
                    United States v. Turner, No. ACM 39706

    The Government also provided an affidavit from Sergeant KH, the Taylor
County Correctional Facility staff investigator. Sergeant KH explained the jail
maintained a formal grievance process, which every prisoner was aware of, and
Appellant never submitted a formal complaint regarding any matter during
his incarceration. In addition to the grievance process, inmates could submit
written requests and make informal complaints. Although the jail records re-
flect Appellant submitted requests for such matters as obtaining dental floss
and having books mailed to him, there was no record of Appellant complaining
about any matter.8
    2. Law
    We review de novo whether an appellant has been subjected to impermis-
sible post-trial confinement conditions in violation of the Eighth Amendment
or Article 55, UCMJ. United States v. Wise, 64 M.J. 468, 473 (C.A.A.F.
2007) (citing United States v. White, 54 M.J. 469, 471 (C.A.A.F. 2001)). Both
the Eighth Amendment and Article 55, UCMJ, prohibit cruel and unusual
punishment. In general, we apply “the [United States] Supreme Court’s inter-
pretation of the Eighth Amendment to claims raised under Article 55, except
in circumstances where . . . legislative intent to provide greater protections un-
der [Article 55]” is apparent. United States v. Avila, 53 M.J. 99, 101 (C.A.A.F.
2000) (citation omitted). “[T]he Eighth Amendment prohibits two types of pun-
ishments: (1) those ‘incompatible with the evolving standards of decency that
mark the progress of a maturing society’ or (2) those ‘which involve the unnec-
essary and wanton infliction of pain.’” United States v. Lovett, 63 M.J. 211, 215
(C.A.A.F. 2006) (quoting Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 102–03 (1976)). As the
Supreme Court has explained, “[t]he Constitution ‘does not mandate comfort-
able prisons,’ but neither does it permit inhumane ones.” Farmer v. Brennan,
511 U.S. 825, 832 (1994) (quoting Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U.S. 337, 349
(1981)).
    A violation of the Eighth Amendment is shown by demonstrating:
       (1) an objectively, sufficiently serious act or omission resulting
       in the denial of necessities; (2) a culpable state of mind on the
       part of prison officials amounting to deliberate indifference to
       [an appellant]’s health and safety; and (3) that [an appellant]
       “has exhausted the prisoner-grievance system . . . and that he
       has petitioned for relief under Article 138, UCMJ . . . .”

8 Sergeant KH’s affidavit states Appellant’s earliest request (which pertained to re-
leasing property to his family) was dated 3 May 2019, and his last request (regarding
receiving books in the mail) was dated 25 August 2019.

                                         16
                   United States v. Turner, No. ACM 39706

Lovett, 63 M.J. at 215 (footnotes omitted) (quoting United States v. Miller, 46
M.J. 248, 250 (C.A.A.F. 1997)).
    “[A] prisoner must seek administrative relief prior to invoking judicial in-
tervention” with respect to concerns about post-trial confinement conditions.
Wise, 64 M.J. at 471 (alteration in original) (quoting White, 54 M.J. at 472).
“This requirement ‘promot[es] resolution of grievances at the lowest possible
level [and ensures] that an adequate record has been developed [to aid appel-
late review].’” Id. (alterations in original) (quoting Miller, 46 M.J. at 250); see
also United States v. McPherson, 73 M.J. 393, 397 (C.A.A.F. 2014). “Absent
some unusual or egregious circumstance,” an appellant must both exhaust the
grievance system at the confinement facility as well as petition for relief under
Article 138, UCMJ. Wise, 64 M.J. at 469 (quoting White, 54 M.J. at 472).
    Under Article 66(c), UCMJ, we have broad authority and the mandate to
approve only so much of the sentence as we find appropriate in law and fact
and may, therefore, grant sentence relief, without finding a violation of
the Eighth Amendment or Article 55, UCMJ. United States v. Gay, 74 M.J.
736, 742 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2015), aff’d, 75 M.J. 264 (C.A.A.F. 2016); see
United States v. Tardif, 57 M.J. 219, 223 (C.A.A.F. 2002). In considering Article
66(c)-based claims, we have declined to require appellants to demonstrate they
have previously exhausted administrative remedies prior to seeking judicial
relief. See United States v. Henry, 76 M.J. 595, 610 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2017).
We instead consider the entire record and typically give “significant weight” to
an appellant’s failure to exhaust those remedies before requesting judicial in-
tervention. Id. Unlike claims raised under Article 55, UCMJ, or the Eighth
Amendment, we may not consider matters outside the record for a sentence-
appropriateness review under Article 66(c), UCMJ, unless those matters am-
plify information already raised in the record, such as that which is raised to
the convening authority as part of a clemency request. Jessie, 79 M.J. at 441–
42; see also United States v. Matthews, No. ACM 39593, 2020 CCA LEXIS 193,
at *13–15 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2 Jun. 2020) (unpub. op.).
   3. Analysis
    Appellant submitted an Article 138, UCMJ, complaint regarding his con-
finement conditions, albeit only two weeks before he was released from the
Taylor County Jail. Two days before submitting that complaint, Appellant
made his concerns known to Dyess AFB corrections personnel and alleged he
had filed a separate complaint with the jail—an assertion he styles as “submit-
ting an inmate’s request form” in his Article 138 complaint, a request the jail
has no record of. The Government submitted matters in response, but they do
not directly dispute Appellant’s allegations regarding the presence of bugs and
mice in his cell; rather, the government matters focus on the fact that the jail
had regular pest-control service, a point which Appellant does not contest. The

                                        17
                    United States v. Turner, No. ACM 39706

primary factual dispute between Appellant and the Government is whether
Appellant was offered the opportunity to change cells or not, an issue which
pertains more to remedial measures pursued than to the conditions of Appel-
lant’s confinement. In spite of this difference, we conclude we need not require
additional fact finding pursuant to United States v. Ginn, 47 M.J. 236, 248
(C.A.A.F. 1997), because “we can determine that the facts asserted, even if
true, would not entitle [A]ppellant to relief.” White, 54 M.J. at 471.
    Even if we assume, for the purposes of our analysis, that Appellant ex-
hausted the jail’s grievance system, we conclude Appellant has not met his
burden under the Eighth Amendment.9 Appellant has not demonstrated “an
objectively, sufficiently serious act or omission resulting in the denial of neces-
sities.” Giving his complaint that there were bugs and mice in his cell the max-
imum credence possible, we cannot conclude such conditions rise to the level of
the denial of necessities. Waking up at night to (apparently non-biting or sting-
ing) ants is undoubtedly unpleasant, but Appellant has not established this
occurred so frequently or in such an aggravated fashion as to amount to more
than a relatively minor irritant. He has not complained he suffered any injury
or illness caused by ants or other bugs, nor has he explained how they inter-
fered with his daily routine in any form or fashion. The same is true of the mice
Appellant encountered, three of which Appellant was able to catch. We note
that although Appellant complained to his command about the pests, he did
not do so until the very end of his time at the jail, after he had been confined
there for nearly six months. The fact he waited so long to raise his concerns is
a strong indication the bugs and mice were not as great of a concern as Appel-
lant would now have us find. We also note that occasionally encountering bugs
and mice in one’s dwelling or workplace is a relatively common feature of even
non-incarcerated human existence, further diminishing any force behind Ap-
pellant’s Eighth Amendment claim. Moreover, Appellant has not shown that
the prison officials exhibited a deliberate indifference to Appellant’s health and
safety, as he acknowledges the jail regularly performed pest-control measures.
Without more, Appellant has failed to demonstrate the conditions of his con-
finement were so severe that they amounted to a constitutional violation, and
he is therefore entitled to no relief.
    We also decline to grant Appellant relief under our Article 66(c), UCMJ,
authority because the matters Appellant complains of fall outside the record,
as he did not raise them in his clemency submission. Although the CAAF has
determined the service Courts of Criminal Appeals may consider matters

9Appellant has not argued his confinement conditions should be analyzed under any
different standard under Article 55, UCMJ. See United States v. Lovett, 63 M.J. 211,
215 (C.A.A.F. 2006).

                                        18
                   United States v. Turner, No. ACM 39706

raised outside the record regarding confinement conditions as part of their Ar-
ticle 66(c), UCMJ, review, that is only the case when the record itself contains
information about those conditions. Jessie, 79 M.J. at 441–42. In this case, Ap-
pellant’s record contains no information about his post-trial confinement con-
ditions—his concerns were solely raised through his appeal to this court.
C. Expert Witness Testimony and Related Exhibits
   Appellant asserts the military judge abused her discretion by allowing a
government witness to testify about his opinions regarding the cause of SrA
BT’s injuries. Appellant also claims the military judge erred in permitting trial
counsel to reference statistics from various scholarly articles which had been
admitted into evidence and cited during witness testimony.
   1. Additional Background
       a. Government Expert Qualification
    The Government sought to have Dr. DS recognized as an expert in the field
of forensic pathology. Trial defense counsel objected to Dr. DS being recognized
as a forensic pathologist, as opposed to a forensic nurse. Dr. DS explained that
he was “a PhD prepared nurse with a specialty in working with forensic pa-
tients and also injuries and wounds,” further describing himself as “an ad-
vanced practice forensic nurse” with training and experience “in working with
injuries and wounds that deal with reported interpersonal violence.” After Dr.
DS explained this, trial counsel moved the military judge to recognize Dr. DS
as an expert “in the field of forensic nursing and in wound examination,” to
which trial defense counsel did not object.
    During Dr. DS’s direct examination, trial counsel asked him his opinion
about what could cause a particular injury, leading the Defense to object that
Dr. DS’s expertise in “forensic nursing” and “wound examination” (as opposed
to pathology) would not extend to wound causation. Dr. DS detailed his train-
ing and experience, which included more than 500 lectures on forensic wound
identification and documentation, including “the mechanisms of injury.” He
further explained he had co-taught classes with physicians regarding the
mechanisms of injuries and was involved with studies specifically related to
bruising. Dr. DS had also served as an operating room technician in the Air
Force and an emergency room nurse before developing two different family vi-
olence intervention programs in which he focused solely on incidents of domes-
tic violence. Dr. DS also served as a state-level abuse investigator in which he
had to assess the origin of injuries to group-home residents who could not ar-
ticulate how they were injured due to cognitive challenges. In addition, he per-
formed the duties of a forensic nurse examiner, focusing on cases of sexual as-
sault and domestic violence, ultimately conducting examinations numbering

                                       19
                   United States v. Turner, No. ACM 39706

“into the thousands.” The military judge overruled the Defense’s objection, con-
cluding Dr. DS qualified as an expert on injury causation based upon his
knowledge, experience, training, and education. She specifically noted Dr. DS
had both attended and taught various courses as well as investigated injuries.
She explained she found Dr. DS’s testimony would be helpful in understanding
the photographic evidence, medical records, medical testimony, and lay testi-
mony regarding the injuries involved in the case.
       b. Articles Admitted into Evidence
    During Dr. RF’s testimony, trial defense counsel sought to admit—over
Government objection—several academic articles and studies that Dr. RF re-
lied on in formulating his opinions, telling the military judge they were not
being offered as substantive proof, but rather “as the basis of his opinion” and
“facts and data that he relied upon.” Trial defense counsel cited Mil. R. Evid.
703 as authority for admitting these documents, and the military judge agreed
the documents were admissible, but she questioned whether the documents
could be admitted in documentary form, or if the relevant portions of the doc-
uments needed to be read aloud in court based upon the “learned treatise” ex-
ception to the rule against hearsay under Mil. R. Evid. 803(18). Trial counsel
pointed out that this exception would not permit the admission of the docu-
ments as exhibits, but would allow portions of them to be read into evidence.
Trial defense counsel argued they were only “trying to admit” the documents
under Mil. R. Evid. 703, and not Mil. R. Evid. 803, and that the military judge
could limit herself to considering the documents as “non-substantive proof” and
admit them as exhibits “with that limiting instruction.” At this point, trial
counsel and trial defense counsel had an off-the-record conversation after
which trial counsel withdrew their objection “to the paper format” of the docu-
ments. The military judge then told the parties she would “accept any agree-
ment between the parties as to which portions [they] would like for [her] to
consider,” and she would “disregard the remainder of the article,” if the parties
desired. Trial counsel responded, “I don’t think there’s any need for the Court
to impose that sort of limit in this case,” and the military judge allowed the
Defense to admit the exhibits.
    In cross-examining Dr. RF, trial counsel confronted Dr. RF, without objec-
tion, with several statistics from the articles admitted as defense exhibits, in-
cluding that 50 percent of strangulation victims have no visible injuries, and
30 percent have injuries which are too minor to be photographed. In doing so,
Dr. RF acknowledged that he relied upon the articles and that he believed the
articles were useful and reliable sources. Trial counsel also offered another ar-
ticle as a prosecution exhibit, and trial defense counsel stated, “No objection to
it being admitted under the same rule, not as substantive proof, but as some-
thing that will be considered by the expert.” The military judge responded,

                                       20
                   United States v. Turner, No. ACM 39706

“Right, under [Mil. R. Evid.] 703.” Trial counsel then restated that the exhibit
was being offered “subject to the same limitation that [trial defense counsel]
just described.” Trial defense counsel replied, “Under that limitation, no objec-
tion, Your Honor.” Trial counsel proceeded to offer several additional articles
under the same theory of limitation, which trial defense counsel had no objec-
tion to. Trial counsel offered more articles in the Government’s rebuttal case,
and trial defense counsel stated they had no objection to them being admitted
as exhibits “pursuant to [Mil. R. Evid.] 703.”
    During closing argument, trial counsel cited to some conclusions and obser-
vations contained in the articles admitted into evidence, such as pointing to
the statistic that 50 percent of strangulation victims have no visible injuries.
Trial defense counsel objected to trial counsel’s argument, asserting that the
articles were “not admitted as substantive proof.” Trial counsel responded that
the information was available for the military judge’s use for two reasons: (1)
it was “fair commentary on the sources of the expert’s testimony,” and (2) the
statistics “were read into evidence from a learned treatise by an expert on the
stand under the hearsay rule.” Thus, trial counsel argued, the statistics were
“admissible for the truth of the matter asserted under the exception to the
hearsay rule, and they were read in without objection.” The military judge
overruled the defense objection “consistent with [Mil. R. Evid.] 803(18)(A),”
pointing to the fact the defense expert testified about these same portions of
the exhibits on cross-examination.
   2. Law
       a. Government Expert Qualification
    We review de novo the question of whether a military judge performed the
gatekeeping function required by Mil. R. Evid. 702 properly, and we review a
military judge’s decision to permit a witness to testify as an expert and any
limitations placed on the permitted scope of that witness’s testimony for abuse
of discretion. United States v. Flesher, 73 M.J. 303, 311 (C.A.A.F. 2014) (cita-
tions omitted). Mil. R. Evid. 702 permits expert testimony when the witness
“is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or educa-
tion” so long as the testimony is helpful and based upon adequate facts, reliable
principles, and reliable application of the principles to the facts. The United
States Court of Military Appeals, predecessor to the CAAF, set out six factors
derived from the Military Rules of Evidence for assessing the admissibility of
expert testimony: (1) the expert’s qualifications; (2) the testimony’s subject
matter; (3) the testimony’s basis; (4) the relevance of the testimony; (5) the
testimony’s reliability; and (6) whether the probative value is outweighed by
other considerations. United States v. Houser, 36 M.J. 392, 397 (C.M.A. 1993)
(citations omitted). Shortly after Houser was decided, the Supreme Court de-
cided Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc. 509 U.S. 579 (1993). In Daubert, the

                                       21
                   United States v. Turner, No. ACM 39706

Supreme Court set out six non-exclusive factors to be considered in whether
scientific evidence is reliable and relevant. 509 U.S. at 593–95. The CAAF con-
cluded that Daubert is consistent with Houser, and the Daubert decision pro-
vides “more detailed guidance on the fourth and fifth Houser prongs pertaining
to relevance and reliability.” United States v. Griffin, 50 M.J. 278, 284
(C.A.A.F. 1999). Although Mil. R. Evid. 702 has since been amended, Houser
and Daubert are still employed in military courts to assess the admissibility of
expert testimony under that rule. See, e.g., United States v. Henning, 75 M.J.
187, 191 (C.A.A.F. 2016). While Daubert focused on scientific testimony, its
factors may still be considered in cases involving testimony based on technical
or other specialized knowledge, but the factors do not necessarily apply in
every case. Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 141 (1999) (citation
omitted). The Supreme Court has emphasized that trial judges are afforded
broad latitude in deciding how to determine the reliability of expert testimony.
Id. at 142 (citation omitted).
       b. Articles Admitted into Evidence
    Under Mil. R. Evid. 702, expert witnesses “may testify in the form of an
opinion or otherwise.” Such witnesses may base their opinions on facts or data
reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular field, even if such facts or
data are not admissible in their own rights. Mil. R. Evid. 703. When an expert
witness relies on otherwise inadmissible facts or data, that information may
only be disclosed to court-martial members upon the military judge’s determi-
nation that its probative value in helping the members evaluate the opinion
substantially outweighs the disclosure’s prejudicial effect. Id. If a military
judge determines the information may be disclosed, the expert witness may
still give his or her opinion without first testifying about those underlying facts
or data, but the expert may also be required to disclose the information on
cross-examination. Mil. R. Evid. 705. Absent an exception, out-of-court state-
ments offered for the truth asserted in those statements are inadmissible hear-
say. Mil. R. Evid. 801, 802. One such exception covers statements in learned
treatises, so long as the publication is demonstrated to be a reliable authority
and either called to the attention of an expert witness during cross-examina-
tion or relied on by the expert during direct examination. Mil. R. Evid. 803(18).
One limitation to this exception is that any such statement admitted into evi-
dence may only be read into evidence—the treatise itself may not be received
as an exhibit. Mil. R. Evid. 803(18)(B).
   3. Analysis
       a. Government Expert Qualification
    We conclude the military judge did not err in permitting Dr. DS to provide
his opinions as to the causation of SrA BT’s and Appellant’s wounds. Mil. R.

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                     United States v. Turner, No. ACM 39706

Evid. 702 “permits ‘anyone who has substantive knowledge in a field beyond
the ken of the average court member’ to qualify as an expert witness.” United
States v. Harris, 46 M.J. 221, 224 (C.A.A.F. 1997) (quoting United States v.
Stark, 30 M.J. 328, 330 (C.M.A. 1990)).10 The touchstone for qualifying an ex-
pert is whether that person is someone who can be helpful to the factfinder in
a court-martial. Id. (citation omitted). Here, Dr. DS had significant knowledge
about physical wounds, both from a pedagogical perspective as well as from
practical experience, such as when he served as an investigator wherein he
would seek to determine the origins of wounds on people who did not have the
ability to communicate to him how they were injured. Dr. DS demonstrated
through his testimony that he relied on a variety of academic studies and schol-
arly articles which the Defense’s own expert acknowledged were reliable
sources. Considering the focus of the Defense’s theory at trial centered on
whether SrA BT’s injuries corroborated her testimony, an expert opinion as to
how her injuries were caused would be helpful to the factfinder, as the military
judge concluded. Trial defense counsel did not identify any notable deficiency
with respect to Dr. DS’s expertise at trial, and Appellant has failed to do so on
appeal.
       b. Articles Admitted into Evidence
    Although the military judge’s admission of various articles relied upon by
the expert witnesses as exhibits did not comport with the Military Rules of
Evidence, it was the Defense which first sought to admit articles—purportedly
under Mil. R. Evid. 703. In doing so, Appellant abandoned the right to complain
on appeal what the Defense at trial had asked the military judge to permit,
thereby waiving any issue with respect to the admission of the documents as
exhibits. See, e.g., United States v. Gladue, 67 M.J. 311, 313 (C.A.A.F. 2009).
Moreover, Appellant similarly waived any issue on appeal about the admission
of the articles offered by the Government, as trial defense counsel expressly
said the Defense had “no objection” to their admission. See, e.g., United States
v. Campos, 67 M.J. 330, 332–33 (C.A.A.F. 2009).
   Appellant’s argument is that trial counsel inappropriately referred to facts
and statistics from those exhibits during closing argument, because the docu-
ments were only admitted for non-substantive purposes. Contrary to Appel-
lant’s claim, the Defense’s exhibits were admitted after trial counsel withdrew
their objection, not pursuant to a ruling from the military judge that they were
being admitted for a limited purpose. As the Government offered additional

10See also United States v. Banks, 36 M.J. 150, 161 (C.M.A. 1992) (footnote and citation
omitted) (describing the Military Rules of Evidence as creating “[l]iberal standards”
for the admission of expert testimony).

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                     United States v. Turner, No. ACM 39706

exhibits, the military judge did not indicate she had adopted the Defense’s po-
sition that the exhibits were admitted for some purpose other than the sub-
stantive information contained within them. Indeed, when the military judge
admitted the articles offered by the Defense, she offered the parties the oppor-
tunity to limit her consideration to just certain portions of the articles, but they
declined her invitation. She did not state she would only consider the articles
non-substantively. It is clear from the record, however, that trial defense coun-
sel believed the information in the exhibits was not to be used substantively,
and trial counsel seemed to be operating under the same impression. The mil-
itary judge never explicitly adopted that limitation, but she arguably implicitly
did so by admitting the exhibits after trial defense counsel provided their ca-
veat to their lack of objection.
    Setting aside the question of why these articles—if they were not to be con-
sidered substantively—were ever offered as exhibits in the first place, we see
no indication the information in the articles was used improperly. Subject to
the military judge’s weighing of the probative value and the prejudicial impact
of otherwise inadmissible matters, parties may cross-examine an expert wit-
ness regarding such matters in order to test the witness’s opinion. Mil. R. Evid.
703, 705. When this occurs in a trial before members, the military judge
“should give a limiting instruction” explaining the information is not offered
for its truth. United States v. Neeley, 25 M.J. 105, 107 (C.M.A. 1993) (citations
omitted). One purpose of this construct is to prevent the “smuggling” of inad-
missible hearsay “under the guise of testing the basis for expert testimony.”
United States v. Schlamer, 52 M.J. 80, 84 (C.A.A.F. 1999) (citation omitted).
When, however, an expert is asked about otherwise admissible information—
such as matters contained in a learned treatise—that information is available
for the factfinder to use for the truth of the matter asserted. Mil. R. Evid.
803(18); United States v. Jackson, 38 M.J. 106, 110 (C.M.A. 1993) (footnote and
citation omitted).
    Trial defense counsel did not object to trial counsel’s cross-examination of
Dr. RF with statistics from the articles admitted into evidence, and trial coun-
sel did not preemptively explain on the record whether the cross-examination
questions involved the admission of substantive evidence or non-substantive
information simply challenging the basis of Dr. RF’s opinions.11 As a result, the

11Ordinarily, we would test the admission of the information elicited on cross-exami-
nation for plain error due to trial defense counsel forfeiting the issue by not timely
objecting. See, e.g., United States v. Knapp, 73 M.J. 33, 36 (C.A.A.F. 2014). In this case,
however, it was trial defense counsel who offered the evidence in the first place, albeit
for a limited purpose, so the analysis is somewhat more complicated, since trial defense
counsel likely did not perceive any need to object to their own evidence until trial coun-
sel used it in a manner the Defense did not expect during closing argument.

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                    United States v. Turner, No. ACM 39706

question of how the statistics could be used was not discussed until the Defense
objected to trial counsel’s closing argument. At that point, trial counsel posited
the statistics came from learned treatises, and were therefore substantive evi-
dence in the case. The military judge overruled the defense objection “con-
sistent with” Mil. R. Evid. 803(18)(A). Although the military judge did not place
much analysis on the record as to her conclusion that the statistics were avail-
able as substantive evidence by virtue of them coming from a learned treatise
and being elicited during Dr. RF’s cross-examination, we see nothing erroneous
in her conclusion. Dr. RF testified he had relied on the documents and that he
found them to be useful and reliable sources. Mil. R. Evid. 803(18) exempts
statements from learned treatises from the ordinary rule against hearsay so
long as the treatise is “established as a reliable authority by the expert’s testi-
mony,” and such statements may be elicited on cross-examination. Under or-
dinary practice, the treatise would not be admitted as an exhibit. Mil. R. Evid.
803(18)(B). Trial counsel established the foundation required for the docu-
ments containing the statistics through Dr. RF’s testimony that they were re-
liable, and we can infer the military judge so concluded based upon her ruling.
Once the statistics were admitted as statements from learned treatises, trial
counsel was free to argue their substantive import, and Appellant’s asserted
error is without merit.
D. Sentence Reassessment
    Because we set aside and dismiss the specification alleging an assault con-
summated by a battery upon MT, we will consider whether we can reassess the
sentence in lieu of remanding the case for new sentencing proceedings. We
have “broad discretion” when reassessing sentences. United States v. Winckel-
mann, 73 M.J. 11, 13 (C.A.A.F. 2013) (citation omitted). If we “can determine
to [our] satisfaction that, absent any error, the sentence adjudged would have
been of at least a certain severity, then a sentence of that severity or less will
be free of the prejudicial effects of error . . . .” United States v. Sales, 22 M.J.
305, 308 (C.M.A. 1986). We consider the totality of the circumstances with the
following as illustrative factors: dramatic changes in the penalty landscape and
exposure, the forum, whether the remaining offenses capture the gravamen of
the criminal conduct, whether significant or aggravating circumstances re-
main admissible and relevant, and “whether the remaining offenses are of the
type that [we as appellate judges] should have the experience and familiarity
with to reliably determine what sentence would have been imposed at trial.”
Winckelmann, 73 M.J. at 15–16 (citations omitted). We find the factors in Ap-
pellant’s case weigh in favor of reassessment rather than rehearing.
   We conclude that in the absence of the specification we set aside, Appellant
would have received a sentence of at least a bad-conduct discharge, confine-
ment for seven months, and reduction to the grade of E-1. By setting aside the

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                   United States v. Turner, No. ACM 39706

specification, the number of specifications Appellant was convicted of is re-
duced from five to four, and the maximum sentence to confinement he faced is
reduced from four years to two. Although an assault committed upon a child
carries a substantially higher maximum sentence than a similar assault com-
mitted on an adult, SrA BT was the primary victim in the case, and she suf-
fered significant visible injuries as a result, the most severe of which were in-
flicted upon her in front of 15-month-old MT. The facts of this case indicate the
various assaults on SrA BT were committed in close temporal proximity to each
other in two violent episodes separated by a brief respite when SrA BT took
MT downstairs to change his diaper. In contrast, the purported assault on MT
was brief and not only resulted in no injury, but was unlikely to cause any
injury to MT. We thus conclude the specification we set aside did not signifi-
cantly contribute to Appellant’s sentence.
    We have considered this particular Appellant, the nature and seriousness
of his offenses, his record of service, and all matters contained in the record of
trial, and we determine his reassessed sentence is appropriate. See United
States v. Bare, 63 M.J. 707, 714 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2006) (citing United States
v. Healy, 26 M.J. 394, 395–96 (C.M.A 1988); United States v. Snelling, 14 M.J.
267, 268 (C.M.A. 1982)), aff’d, 65 M.J. 35 (C.A.A.F. 2007).

                               III. CONCLUSION
    The finding of guilty of Specification 5 of the Charge is SET ASIDE and
DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE. We reassess the sentence to a bad-conduct
discharge, confinement for seven months, and reduction to the grade of E-1.
The remaining findings and the sentence as reassessed are correct in law and
fact, and no other error materially prejudicial to the substantial rights of Ap-
pellant occurred. Articles 59(a) and 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 859(a), 866(c).
Accordingly, the remaining findings and sentence as reassessed are AF-
FIRMED.

                     FOR THE COURT

                     AARON L. JONES
                     Deputy Clerk of the Court

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