Court Opinion

ID: 9685743
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-24 15:00:34.761909+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:37:15.818925
License: Public Domain

21-2019
Bartlett v. Baasiri

                              In the
             United States Court of Appeals
                      For the Second Circuit

                         August Term, 2022
                           No. 21-2019

ROBERT BARTLETT, TERREL CHARLES BARTLETT, LINDA JONES, SHAWN
  BARTLETT, MAXINE E. CROCKETT, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF
THE ESTATE OF RICKY LEON CROCKETT, MARVISE L. CROCKETT, TRACIE
ARSIAGA, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF ROBERT R.
  ARSIAGA, SYLVIA MACIAS, GILBERT ARSIAGA, JR., GEORGE ARSIAGA,
 MATTHEW ARSIAGA, ANGEL MUNOZ, ROBI ANN GALINDO, PATRICIA
   ARSIAGA, ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF JEREMY ARSIAGA, CEDRIC
 HUNT, STEVEN GREENWOOD, STEVEN W. HILLER, INDIVIDUALLY AND
    ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF STEPHEN DUSTIN HILLER, JEREMY
  CHURCH, SANDRA HANKINS, INGRID FISHER, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON
  BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF STEVEN SCOTT FISHER, KRISTIN WALKER,
 STEVEN T. FISHER, KATHLEEN GRAMKOWSKI, DANIEL CARVILL, MARY
CARVILL, PEGGY CARVILL-LIGUORI, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF
    THE ESTATE OF FRANK T. CARVILL, PAMELA ADLE-WATTS, JOHN
   WATTS, GLORIA NESBITT, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE
ESTATE OF DEFOREST L. TALBERT, D.J.H., A MINOR, TAWANNA TALBERT
   DARRING, LATASHA MARBLE, JAMES TALBERT, MIRANDA PRUITT,
 VELINA SANCHEZ, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF
   MOSES ROCHA, ALOYSIUS SANCHEZ, JR., ROMMEL ROCHA, PHILLIP
SANCHEZ, GLORIA P. REYNOSO, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE
 ESTATE OF YADIR G. REYNOSO, JASMIN REYNOSO, PATRICIA REYNOSO,
   JOSE REYNOSO, ASHLEY WELLS SIMPSON, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON
    BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF LARRY LLOYD WELLS, CHAD WELLS,
  CRYSTAL STEWART, CHASITY WELLS-GEORGE, CANDICE MACHELLA,
 BILLY DOAL WELLS, HOPE ELIZABETH VEVERKA, DONNA JEAN HEATH,
   INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF DAVID MICHAEL
    HEATH, LOLA JEAN MODJESKA, JOHN DAVID HEATH, OLGA LYDIA
  GUTIERREZ, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF JACOB
 DAVID MARTIR, ISMAEL MARTIR, NATHANIEL FOLEY, MICHAEL SCOTT
 DEWILDE, STEVEN MORRIS, DANIELLE DECHAINE-MORRIS, NICHOLAS
     MORRIS, K.M., A MINOR, MONICA ARIZOLA, ROBERTO AARON
ARIZOLA, ROBERTO ARIZOLA, SR., CECILIA ARIZOLA, DANNY ARIZOLA,
     RICARDO ARIZOLA, GREG KLECKER, RAYMOND MONTGOMERY,
  PATRICIA MONTGOMERY, TONY WOOD, JOEDI WOOD, ADAM WOOD,
  MEGAN WOOD, LISA RAMACI, LISA RAMACI INDIVIDUALLY AND ON
     BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF STEVEN VINCENT, ISABELL VINCENT,
   CHARLES VINCENT, MARIA VIDAL, TAMARA HASSLER, RICHARD E.
     HASSLER, JOANNE SUE HASSLER, SCOTT HUCKFELDT, KATHRYN
  HUCKFELDT, ALISHA HUCKFELDT, MATTHEW HUCKFELDT, TIMOTHY
 NEWMAN, PADRAIC J. NEWMAN, AMENIA JONAUS, INDIVIDUALLY AND
    ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF JUDE JONAUS, GERNESSOIT JONAUS,
    DAPHNIE JONAUS MARTIN, RICKY JONAUS, MARCKENDY JONAUS,
 CLAIRE JONAUS, SHAREN JONAUS MARTIN, MASINA TULIAU, AUDELIA
    MORIN, ESTEBAN MORIN, ESTAVAN MORIN, SR., BRIANNA RENEE
      NAVEJAS, MARGARITO A. MARTINEZ, AMY LYNN ROBINSON,
INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF JEREMIAH ROBINSON,
   FLOYD BURTON ROBINSON, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE
  ESTATE OF JEREMIAH ROBINSON, JACOB MICHAEL ROBINSON, LUCAS
     WILLIAM ROBINSON, JODEE JOHNSON, JAMES HIGGINS, WENDY
     COLEMAN, BRIAN RADKE, NOVA RADKE, STEVEN VERNIER, JR.,
 CLIFFORD L. SMITH, JR., INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE
 OF KEVIN J. SMITH, GEORGIANNA STEPHENS-SMITH, CORENA MARTIN,
  ADAM MATTIS, TERRANCE PETERSON, III, PETRA SPIALEK, DAVID G.
    CARDINAL, JR., INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF
    ANTHONY CARDINAL, RICHELLE HECKER, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON

                                2
BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF WILLIAM F. HECKER, III, VICTORIA HECKER,
    W.H., A MINOR, C.H., A MINOR, WILLIAM F. HECKER, JR., NANCY
   HECKER, JOHN D. HECKER, ROBERT F. MARIANO, DEBRA MARIANO,
  BOBBIE D. MARIANO, VICKIE MICHAY WHITE, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON
     BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF STEPHEN J. WHITE, GLADYS E. REYES
CENTENO, VERONICA LOPEZ REYES, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF
 THE ESTATE OF JASON LOPEZ REYES, ZORAIMA LOPEZ, JENNIFER LINK,
  SHARON JOHNSTON, KENNY LEE, TOM B. LEE, LING P. LEE, DEBORAH
 NOBLE, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF CHARLES E.
     MATHENY, IV, DAVID NOBLE, CHARLES E. MATHENY, III, JUDY
   COLLADO, KAIYA COLLADO, JUSTIN WALDECK, TANJA KUHLMEIER,
INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF DANIEL KUHLMEIER,
     ROBERT J. KUHLMEIER, THERESA A. KUHLMEIER, THERESA ANN
     KUHLMEIER, EDWARD KUHLMEIER, THOMAS KUHLMEIER, JOHN
  KUHLMEIER, ROBERT W. KUHLMEIER, PATRICK FARR, INDIVIDUALLY
     AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF CLAY P. FARR, SILVER FARR,
    CARROL ALDERETE, ANTHONY ALDERETE, CHAD FARR, RAYANNE
  HUNTER, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF WESLEY
   HUNTER, W.H., A MINOR, T.H., A MINOR, FABERSHA FLYNT LEWIS,
    CHRISTOPHER ANTHONY BERSHEFSKY, LORENZO SANDOVAL, JR.,
       INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF ISRAEL
DEVORAGARCIA, LORENZO SANDOVAL, JR., ADRIAN SANDOVAL, ROSA
 ESTHER SANDOVAL, HENRY J. BANDHOLD, SR., INDIVIDUALLY AND ON
   BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF SCOTT BANDHOLD, AFONSO BANDHOLD,
MARIANA BANDHOLD, H. JOSEPH BANDHOLD, DONALD C. BANDHOLD,
 JOSHUA P. STEIN, NICOLE B. STEIN, NICOLE B. STEIN, A MINOR, J.S.S., A
MINOR, JESSE P. STEIN, ERIK ROBERTS, E.C.R, A MINOR, ROBIN ROBERTS,
     JAMES CRAIG ROBERTS, CARA ROBERTS, COLIN ROBERTS, LUKE
   MURPHY, WILLETTE MURPHY, SHANE IRWIN, T.R., A MINOR, HELEN
   MARGUERITE IRWIN, NICOLE IRWIN, MARIA GOMEZ, INDIVIDUALLY
  AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF JOSE GOMEZ, JOHN DANA GREER,
 STEPHANIE SANDER, CHRISTOPHER D. GREER, JOSEPH L. GREER, CARL

                                  3
        K. GREER, CHRISTOPHER JOYNER, ANNE P. JOYNER, BRIAN
  MONTOGMERY, K.K, A MINOR, NECOLE DUNLOW SMITH, MICHAEL R.
 MILLS, M.R.M., A MINOR, EDDIE JO PALINSKY, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON
BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF JERRY A. PALINSKY, JR., JERRY A. PALINSKY,
  II, ADINA PALINSKY, JERRY A. PALINSKY, SR., KATHLEEN HOKE, JOEL
  PALINSKY, KARALEEN HERB, ERIC BRANDON STONEKING, CARRIE SUE
         STONEKING, FAITH RENEE STONEKING, NANETTE SAENZ,
 INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF CARLOS N. SAENZ,
JUAN SAENZ, JOAQINA SAENZ CHORENS, LUZ MARIA ESTRADA-PULIDO,
 FRANCES CATHERINE CASTRO, ELVA ESPINOZA, AMANDA VACHO, ON
   BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF NATHAN J. VACHO AND ON BEHALF OF
E.V., A MINOR, BAYLI VACHO, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE
  ESTATE OF NATHAN J. VACHO, JOHN VACHO, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON
   BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF CAROL VACHO, ASHLEY VACHO LESLIE,
     RONALD VEVERKA, CAROL POLLEY, DOUGLAS VEVERKA, SANDRA
    SOLIDAY, JEANETTE WEST, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE
      ESTATE OF ROBERT H. WEST, SHELBY WEST, DONNA ENGEMAN,
       INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF JOHN W.
   ENGEMAN, SHANNON SHUMATE, LAUREN SHUMATE, L.S., A MINOR,
 NICOLE DICENZO, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF
DOUGLAS ANDREW DICENZO, D.D., A MINOR, LARRY DICENZO, KATHY
CRANE, JOHNNY ALLEN BLAIR, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE
    ESTATE OF ROBERT EDWARD BLAIR, CHARLEE BLAIR WEBB, C.L., A
  MINOR, ARNE EASTLUND, TINA EASTLUND, SVEN EASTLUND, TAYLOR
   EASTLUND, ELIZABETH JO EASTLUND, MATTHEW ADAMSON, R.A, A
      MINOR, KATHY ADAMSON, RICHARD ADAMSON, CHRISTOPHER
   ADAMSON, JEFFREY ADAMSON, JUSTIN ADAMSON, JAMES SHEPARD,
     JOHN P. SKLANEY,, III, KATHY CRABTREE, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON
   BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF DANIEL CRABTREE, M.C., A MINOR, JUDY
   ANN CRABTREE, RONALD WAYNE CRABTREE, DEBRA WIGBELS, JUDY
       HUENINK, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF
  BENJAMIN J. SLAVEN, SEAN SLAVEN, NICOLE LANDON, MISTI FISHER,

                                4
   STEVEN J. FRIEDRICH, A.F., A MINOR, PHILIP ALAN DERISE, NORMA
ALICIA CONTRERAS, JONATHAN CONTRERAS, JR., CARLOS CONTRERAS,
      CESAR CONTRERAS, HERNAN CONTRERAS, NOEL CONTRERAS,
   DANNYEL CONTRERAS, SHARON M. PUGH, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON
     BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF KENNETH IRVING PUGH, BRITNEY E.
   CARTER, ALICIA PEARSON, DANIEL J. EVANS, JUSTIN EVANS, KEVIN
 GRAVES, NICHOLAS GENE KOULCHAR, MICHAEL KOULCHAR, SUHEIL
     CAMPBELL, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF
  EDGARDO ZAYAS, A.Z.C., A MINOR, CATHY ANDINO, INDIVIDUALLY
    AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF EDWIN A. ANDINO JR., LUIS
  JUNIOR PUERTAS, LIDIA SULLIVAN, GABRIELA D. PUERTAS VERGARA-
  DONOSO, CHRISTOPHER MICHAEL MELENDEZ, NARCISO MELENDEZ,
  CHRISTINA MELENDEZ, LAUREL BARATTIERI, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON
   BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF GUY BARATTIERI, PATRICIA WHEATLEY,
  REBECCA BARATTIERI, NICOLE BARATTIERI, GINA TESNAR, GLORIA L.
MAGANA, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF KENNY
      FRANCES STANTON JR., MARIO STANTON, BRANDIE STANTON,
TERRYMARIE STANTON, FRED FRIGO, NANNETTE BRYNE-HAUPT, LYNN
FOREHAND, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF RYAN
HAUPT, LANCE HAUPT, RHONDA HAUPT, TIFANY THOMPSON, SABRINA
    CUMBE, WILLIAM WITTE, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE
  ESTATE OF KEVIN M. WITTE, MICHAEL MOCK, TAMMY DORSEY, ERIC
   PHYE, JAMES GMACHOWSKI, CONSTANCE BRIAN, AMBER HENSLEY,
    DAVID W. HAINES, DAWN HAINES, MACKENZIE HAINES, KARAR
   ALABSAWI, MICHELLE TAYLOR, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF
THE ESTATE OF DAVID G. TAYLOR, JR., J.T., A MINOR, PHYLLIS TAYLOR,
 JOHN TAYLOR, BRIAN B. TAYLOR, JUDAS RECENDEZ, TYLER NORAGER,
    SHALEE NORAGER, M.N., A MINOR, HARRY RILEY BOCK, JILL ANN
BOCK, MARIAH SIMONEAUX, KOUSAY AL-TAIE, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON
     BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF AHMED AL-TAIE, NAWAL AL-TAIE,
        BASHAR AL-TAIE, HATHAL K. TAIE, LAWRENCE KRUGER,
   INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF ERIC KRUGER,

                                5
  CAROL KRUGER, C.K., A MINOR, E.K., A MINOR, DOUGLAS KRUGER,
   JACKIE FARRAR-FINKEN, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE
ESTATE OF PAUL FINKEN, EMILIE FINKEN, C.F., A MINOR, J.F., A MINOR,
  STEPHEN FINKEN, ALAN FINKEN, RICHARD FINKEN, DAVID FINKEN,
 MARK FINKEN, JEAN PRUITT, JOAN HENSCHEID, PETER FINKEN, LORI
   ANN MCCOY, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF
 GREGORY MCCOY, L.M., A MINOR, T.M., A MINOR, GLENN MICHAEL
    COX, SANGSOON KIM, SEOP STEVE KIM, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON
  BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF JANG HO KIM, MICHELLE KIM, KURTISS
     LAMB, FRANCIS L. COTE, NANCY COTE, CHRISTOPHER COTE,
SAMANTHA DUNFORD, MAXIMILLIAN SHROYER, SAMANTHA DUNFORD,
  CASEY REUBEN, BREE REUBEN, PATRICK REUBEN, JACKIE STEWART,
   MARK MUNNS, CRISTA MUNNS, SHARON DEBRABANDER, DENNIS
    DEBRABANDER, NICOLE DEBRABANDER, JOELLA PRATT, HELEN
  FRASER, RICHARD FRASER, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE
  ESTATE OF DAVID M. FRASER, TRICIA ENGLISH, NATHAN ENGLISH,
 N.C.E., A MINOR, A.S.E., A MINOR, TODD DAILY, ON BEHALF OF THE
   ESTATE OF SHAWN L. ENGLISH, JOSHUA STARKEY, BRENT HINSON,
WILLIAM HINSON, FRAN HINSON, HILARY WESTERBERG, JOHN GIBSON,
STEPHANIE GIBSON WEBSTER, SEAN ELLIOTT, TRAVIS GIBSON, WILLIAM
 RONALD LITTLE, BRENDA LITTLE, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF
    WILLIAM RONALD LITTLE, JR., KIRA SIKES, RANDOLPH DELBERT
    NANTZ, JOSHUA RYAN NANTZ, CHAQUITA TALBERT, ALOYSIUS
SANCHEZ, SR., VICTORIA M. FOLEY, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF
THE ESTATE OF ALEXANDER SCOTT ARREDONDO, GWENDOLYN MORIN-
 MARENTES, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF STEVE
    MORIN, JR., ALVIS BURNS, KEITH VEVERKA, SUZZETTEE LAWSON,
INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF ISAAC S. LAWSON,
  CHASTITY DAWN LAFLIN, ALEXANDER ZAYAS, COLIN HAINES, LORI
 ANN MCCORMICK, LORI ANN MCCORMICK INDIVIDUALLY AND ON
BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF CLINTON MCCORMICK, DEBORAH BEAVERS,
 DENISE VENNIX, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF

                                6
 ALAN R. BLOHM, JEREMY BLOHM, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF
   THE ESTATE OF CHRIS BLOHM, KIANA BLOHM, JAMES SMITH, MAUK
  MAUK, ROBERT VACCARO, JOANNE GUTCHER, CHARLOTTE FREEMAN,
INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF BRIAN S. FREEMAN,
      G.F., A MINOR, I.F., A MINOR, KATHLEEN SNYDER, RANDOLPH
    FREEMAN, KATHALEEN FREEMAN, ALBERT SNYDER, RICHARD LEE,
DANNY CHISM, ELIZABETH CHISM, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF
 THE ESTATE OF JOHNATHAN B. CHISM, VANESSA CHISM, JULIE CHISM,
RUSSELL J. FALTER, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF
    SHAWN P. FALTER, LINDA FALTER, MARJORIE FALTER, RUSSELL C.
  FALTER, JOHN SACKETT, JASON SACKETT, MICHAEL LUCAS, MARSHA
     NOVAK, DAVID LUCAS, TIM LUCAS, ANDREW LUCAS, SHANNON
      MILLICAN, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF
 JOHNATHON M. MILLICAN, PAUL MITCHELL MILLICAN, NOALA FRITZ,
 INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF JACOB FRITZ AND
     THE ESTATE OF LYLE FRITZ, DANIEL FRITZ, ETHAN FRITZ, BILLY
  WALLACE, BILLY WALLACE, STEFANIE WALLACE, AUSTIN WALLACE,
     DEVON WALLACE, C.W., A MINOR, EVAN KIRBY, MARCIA KIRBY,
STEVEN KIRBY, JOHNNY WASHBURN, MARVIN THORNSBERRY, CYNTHIA
THORNSBERRY, A.B., A MINOR, TRACY ANDERSON, JEFFREY ANDERSON,
    ADAM G. STOUT, ANDREW JEFFREY ANDERSON, ELIZABETH LYNN
   ISLAS, ANASTASIA FULLER, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE
  ESTATE OF ALEXANDER H. FULLER, A.F., A MINOR, L.R.-W., A MINOR,
     HEATH DAMON HOBSON, JODI MICHELLE HOBSON, SAMANTHA
BALSLEY, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF MICHAEL
    C. BALSLEY, JODI MICHELLE HOBSON, M.D.H., A MINOR, NICHOLE
   GARRIGUS, DEADRA GARRIGUS, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF
     THE ESTATE OF MICKEL D. GARRIGUS, DAVID GARRIGUS, KYLA
  OSTENSON, MATTHEW GARRIGUS, SHAWN RYAN, SHARON Y. DUNN
 SMITH, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF TERRENCE
     DUNN, DENNIS DUNN, RICHARD LANDECK, VICTORIA LANDECK,
      LAVONNA HARPER, MELBA ANNE F. HARRIS, PAUL D. HARRIS,

                                7
HYUNJUNG GLAWSON, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE
  OF CURTIS E. GLAWSON, YOLANDA BROOKS, CURTIS GLAWSON,, SR.,
KIERRA GLAWSON, SABRINA GLAWSON, ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF
 CORTEZ GLAWSON, JAZMON REYNA, RYAN SABINISH, R.J.S., A MINOR,
  S.J.S., A MINOR, CARRIE THOMPSON, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF
OF THE ESTATE OF SEAN M. THOMAS, A.T., A MINOR, DANIEL THOMAS,
   SR., DIANA THOMAS, DANIEL THOMAS, JR., KELLY GILLIS, MELINDA
   FLICK, ANN CHRISTOPHER, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE
ESTATE OF KWESI CHRISTOPHER, NANCY FUENTES, INDIVIDUALLY AND
     ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF DANIEL A. FUENTES, ARMANDO
FUENTES, JULIO FUENTES, TATYANA FUENTES, EMMA MCGARRY, D.J.F.,
A MINOR, JOHN KIRBY, MICHAEL MURPHY-SWEET, ELIZABETH MURPHY-
  SWEET, ANONA GONELLI, LINDSAY YOUNG, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON
     BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF BRETT A. WALTON, LEASA DOLLAR,
EUGENE DELOZIER, MICHELLE KLEMENSBERG, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON
 BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF LARRY R. BOWMAN, SCOTT LILLEY, FRANK
         LILLEY, JOLENE LILLEY, MATTHEW LILLEY, AVA TOMSON,
      INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF LUCAS V.
     STARCEVICH, RICHARD TOMSON, GLENDA STARCEVICH, ARIANA
  STARCEVICH, TRENTON STARCEVICH, SAMANTHA TOMSON, ANDREW
   TOMSON, JARED S. STEVENS, S.W., A MINOR, BRADLEY STARCEVICH,
  SUSAN MARIA DOSKOCIL HICKS, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF
    THE ESTATE OF GLENN DALE HICKS, JR., GLENN DALE HICKS, JR.,
    DAVID JAMES HICKS, JOHN CHRISTOPHER HICKS, S.L.H., A MINOR,
  KAREN FUNCHEON, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE
 OF ALEXANDER J. FUNCHEON, ROBERT FUNCHEON, DWIGHT MARTIN,
   INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF JAY E. MARTIN,
      DOVE DEANNA ADAMS, RAVEN ADAMS, LARK ADAMS, HOLLY
  BURSON, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF JEROME
  POTTER, NANCY UMBRELL, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE
    ESTATE OF COLBY J. UMBRELL, MARK UMBRELL, CASEY BOEHMER,
 JEREMY D. SMITH, DANIEL DIXON, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF

                               8
 THE ESTATE OF ILENE DIXON AND THE ESTATE OF ROBERT J. DIXON,
 JESSICA HUBBARD, ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF ROBERT J. DIXON,
M.R., A MINOR, L.R., A MINOR, DAVID DIXON, DANIEL AUSTIN DIXON,
 GRETCHEN LANG, REBECCA J. OLIVER, DANIEL C. OLIVER, KIMBERLEE
 AUSTIN-OLIVER, TIFFANY M. LITTLE, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF
   OF THE ESTATE OF KYLE A. LITTLE, K.L., A MINOR, SHELLEY ANN
SMITH, DAKOTA SMITH-LIZOTTE, KIMBERLEE AUSTIN-OLIVER, TIFFANY
M. LITTLE, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF KYLE A.
LITTLE, K.L., A MINOR, SHELLEY ANN SMITH, DAKOTA SMITH-LIZOTTE,
SHYANNE SMITH-LIZOTTE, ERIN LEE DRUCTOR, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON
     BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF BLAKE STEPHENS, TRENT STEPHENS,
 KATHLEEN STEPHENS, DEREK STEPHENS, RHETT STEPHENS, SUMMER
 STEPHENS, BRITTANI HOBSON, CYNTHIA CONNER, WILLIAM FARRAR,
    SR., INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF WILLIAM
   FARRAR, JOSHUA BROOKS, JOYCE BROOKS, DANIEL TYLER BROOKS,
  DELILAH BROWN, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF
    SCOTT J. BROWN, TONYA K. DRESSLER, ARDITH CECIL DRESSLER,
 MELISSA DRESSLER, TANYA SUZZETTE DRESSLER, DANIEL DRESSLER,
ELIZABETH MASTERSON, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE
 OF JOSHUA D. BROWN, MARIAN BROWN, WAYNE BROWN, DANIELLE
SWEET, A.B., A MINOR, G.B., A MINOR, DONNA KUGLICS, INDIVIDUALLY
     AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF MATTHEW J. KUGLICS, LES
      KUGLICIS, EMILY ADAMS, DEREK GAJDOS, TAMMY DENBOER,
BRANDEAUX CAMPBELL, RYAN WILSON, JAMI LIN WILSON, MATTHEW
  LAMMERS, ALICIA LAMMERS, BARBARA LAMMERS, GARY LAMMERS,
 STACY PATE, ANGEL GOMEZ, DENISE JACKSON, SCOTT HOOD, FLORA
 HOOD, DIXIE FLAGG, STEPHANIE HOOD, CHEYENNE FLAGG, WILLIAM
  PARKER, MEGHAN PARKER-CROCKETT, ANDREW MOORES, SHEILA
 TRACY, INDIVIDUALLY AND BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF JACOB TRACY,
DONALD TRACY, NICHOLE SWEENEY, CHRISTINA SHERIDAN, MATTHEW
 BENSON, MELISSA BENSON, C.B., A MINOR, B.B., A MINOR, DANIEL P.
    BENSON, CAROL BENSON, DANIEL R. BENSON, RAYMOND NIGEL

                               9
   SPENCER, JR., SYLVIA JOHNSON SPENCER, MICHAEL DEAN MOODY,
   INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF MICHAEL DEAN
     MOODY, JR., CONNIE MOODY, KEDRICK DANTE MOODY, DREW
    EDWARDS, DONIELLE EDWARDS, ARIFAH HARDY, T.C., A MINOR,
    AUNDRA CRAIG, JOYCE CRAIG, DEBRA COOK-RUSSELL, NASHIMA
WILLIAMS CRAIG, JONATHAN CRAIG, ANDRE BROWN, MICHAEL COOK,
    VALENCIA COOK, KATHERINE M. CROW, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON
     BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF WILLIAM J. CROW, K.A.C., A MINOR,
CANDACE CATHRYN HUDSON, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE
 ESTATE OF KATHRYN ANN MONDINI, K.E.C, A MINOR, JOHN TAYLOR,
      CARROL ALDERETE, TRACYANDERSON, J.J., R.J.S., LORI ANN
  MCCORMICK, TINA EASTLUND, NANETTE SAENZ, BARBARAFARLEY,
JACKIE MERK HLASTAN, KATHRYN HUCKFELDT, RANDOLPH FREEMAN,
    MAXINE E.CROCKETT, CAMERON FARLEY, JUAN SAENZ, THOMAS
  SMITH, JENNIFER RENEE YORK, BOONCHOB PRUDHOME, STEPHANIE
 MCCULLEY, DREW EDWARDS, RHONDA KEMPER, DANIEL C. OLIVER,
  CECILIA ARIZOLA, JACOB MICHAEL ROBINSON, MICHELLE TAYLOR,
  T.M.(A MINOR), DEREK STEPHENS, BRUCE LUKOW, KATHY KUGLER,
    STEPHANIE HOOD, M.R.(A MINOR), TONYA FREEMAN, MICHELLE
     BENAVIDEZ, EDWARD KUHLMEIER, JUSTIN ADAMSON, NICHOLE
   LOHRIG, ANTHONY ALDERETE, NAWAL ALTAIE, WILLIAM WITTE,
     ANNE P. JOYNER, CLIFFORD VAUGHN, A.F.(A MINOR), LAUREN
SHUMATE, TAWANNA TALBERT DARRING, DANIEL BENAVIDEZ, SKYLAR
HAKE, MICHAEL LUKOW, CHARLEE BLAIR WEBB, HENRY J. BANDHOLD,
   SR, JEFFREY D. PRICE, MARC STEARNS, BRANDON ARNOLD, ADAM
WOOD, CHRISTOPHER LEVI, I.W., NICHOLAS GENE KOULCHAR, WAYNE
BROWN, C.S.(A MINOR), B.B., GREG KLECKER, GLENN DALE HICKS, SR,
ROBERT FUNCHEON, NANCY UMBRELL, COLLEEN CZAPLICKI, JOAQINA
    SAENZ CHORENS, DANIELCARVILL, ALOYSIUS SANCHEZ, SR, AVA
 TOMSON, NATHANIEL FOLEY, DONNA JEAN HEATH,AUDELIA MORIN,
   KATRINA COE, G.H., PHILIP ALAN DERISE, MARLYNN GONZALES,
  JOSHUADENMAN, CORY SMITH, ANGELA M. LAIRD, MEGAN WOOD,

                              10
  L.W., MATTHEW CRAIG, JUDY ANN CRABTREE, ANDREW LUKOW,
DARLENE SHELTON, WESLEY WILLIAMSON, LUKE MURPHY, RAYMOND
  NIGEL SPENCER, SR., DEADRA GARRIGUS, KATHRYN HEAD, DENISE
 VENNIX, K.A.C, LARRY DICENZO, JOYCE CRAIG, CESAR CONTRERAS,
  EMILY LEVI, JOEDI WOOD, JOSEPH LUKOW, CANA HICKMAN, ROBIN
      ROBERTS, SARAH DUDEK, S.S., SEAN ELLIOTT, GEORGIANNA
 STEPHENSSMITH, JORDAN M. LAIRD, CHRISTOPHER BOUTEN, PATRICK
  WARD, MELISSA DRESSLER, TATYANA FUENTES, TANJA KUHLMEIER,
ERIC PHYE, GLORIA P REYNOSO, JOAN HENSCHEID, NICHOLAS MORRIS,
   STEVEN J. FRIEDRICH, G.L., MATTHEW MENKE, ROBERT KUGLER,
TERREL CHARLES BARTLETT, CATHY ANDINO, ADAM MATTIS, PHYLLIS
   TAYLOR, J.M.H., AMBER HABSIEGER, ARIANA STARCEVICH, K.A.,
 HEATH DAMON HOBSON, S.L.H., BRENT HINSON, TIMOTHY TIFFNER,
 E.R., KIMBERLEE AUSTINOLIVER, MARK HURST, LISA RAMACI, KELLY
 GILLIS, NORMA ALICIA CONTRERAS, M.B.S., J.L.(A MINOR), JOSEPH T.
  MILLER, JEREMY D. SMITH, DONALD MAYES, ALAN BURKS, MEGAN
   PEOPLE, JOHN RICHARD TULLY, II, BRETT FARLEY, CHRISTOPHER
   JOYNER, ANGELICA ANDRADE, MATTHEW GARRIGUS, STEVEN T.
   FISHER, JENNIFER ROOSE, CASSANDRA BAILEY, ERIC NEIBERGER,
 SHAREN JONAUS MARTIN, TRENT STEPHENS, LEE WOLFER, NICHOLAS
 PROWSE, THERESA DAVIS, KAIYA COLLADO, TABITHA MCCOY, JUSTIN
    WALDECK, JONI ARIEL REEVES LITTLE, TAMMY DORSEY, JODEE
 JOHNSON, ROBERTO ARIZOLA, SR, NATHAN ENGLISH, ALISON BURKS
  MCRUIZ, CYNTHIA DELGADO, ANDREW BRADLEY, KEDRICK DANTE
  MOODY, DON JASON STONE, DONNA LEWIS, ANDY POOL, JERRY L.
MYERS, JEFFREY C. MANN, GEORGE ARSIAGA, JOHN STEARNS, BRIDGET
JUNEAU, BREANNA LYNN GASPER, DONNA FARLEY, AUSTIN WALLACE,
 BRIAN T. SHELTON, AFONSO BANDHOLD, MARY NEIBERGER, NANCY
    HECKER, KIRA SIKES, RICHARD TOMSON, MACKENZIE HAINES,
   CHRISTOPHER BOGART, LUZ MARIA ESTRADAPULIDO, JESSICA H.
   WILLIAMS, NICHOLAS BAUMHOER, SANDRA HANKINS, ESTEBAN
   MORIN, MICHAEL KOULCHAR, GINA TESNAR, LINDSAY YOUNG,

                               11
   REBECCA J. OLIVER, CHARLES B. GREGSTON, JAMES SMITH, JACKIE
   FARRARFINKEN, SABRINA GLAWSON, MICHAEL SCOTT DEWILDE,
SHANNON SHUMATE, JOHN D HECKER, LILLIAN HURST, DAVID WAYNE
 HARTLEY, RYAN WILSON, LOLA JEAN MODJESKA, BEVERLEY WOLFER,
      DENICE YORK, FABERSHA FLYNT LEWIS, KERI HAKE, PAMELA
ADLEWATTS, ROBI ANN GALINDO, BRANDIE STANTON, KURTISS LAMB,
BRYAN S. SHELTON, M.R.M, JOHNNY JAVIER MILES, JR, JACQUELINE A.
   SMITH, MELISSA BENSON, MARK MUNNS, CARL K. GREER, CARRIE
   THOMPSON, TOM B. LEE, RICHARD FRASER, JOANNE SUE HASSLER,
    ANDREW LUCAS, HUNTER L. LAIRD, JONATHAN CONTRERAS, SR,
   MARIA ALVAREZ, ALEXANDER ZAYAS, NANNETTE BRYNEHAUPT,
       CONNIE HADDOCK, JENNIFER LINK, DOVE DEANNA ADAMS,
     CHARLOTTE FREEMAN, HOLLY BURSON, CHRISTOPHER WATTS,
NATALIA WHITE, ZACHARY HAKE, T.S. (A MINOR), SEAN HARRINGTON,
TAMARA RUNZEL, SHYANNE SMITHLIZOTTE, K.B., SUZZETTEE LAWSON,
CEDRIC HUNT, E.C.R., GLADYS E. REYES CENTENO, LAVONNA HARPER,
DAWN HAINES, ROBERT NEIBERGER, JENNIFER MORMAN, HARRY RILEY
  BOCK, CARLOS CONTRERAS, DEVON WALLACE, TIFFANY M. LITTLE,
    MARY JANE VANDEGRIFT(INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE
     ESTATE OF MATTHEW R. VANDEGRIFT), SAMANTHA DUNFORD,
    CHRISTINA MELENDEZ, CALVIN CANINE, LES KUGLICIS, WAYNE
NEWBY, REBECCA BARATTIERI, KYLA OSTENSON, FRANCES CATHERINE
  CASTRO, JUDY HOFFMAN, BRENDA LITTLE, PAULA MENKE, CONNIE
    MOODY, DEBRA WIGBELS, JEAN DAMMANN, DONNA ENGEMAN,
   STEPHANIE KIDDER, SYLVIA JOHNSON SPENCER, DEBORAH SMITH,
 DEBRA COOKRUSSELL, MICHAEL HABSIEGER, H. JOSEPH BANDHOLD,
 I.F., MEGAN MAUK, ESTAVAN MORIN, SR, J.T.B., RAYANNE HUNTER,
  DANIEL BENAVIDEZ, JR, HERNAN CONTRERAS, TAYLOR EASTLUND,
   CHRISTINA SMITH, MICHEAL PAUL ALLEN SHELSWELL, J.M., JUDY
  COLLADO, DIXIE FLAGG, CHASTITY DAWN LAFLIN, ASHLEY VACHO
    LESLIE, RICKY JONAUS, M.R.M., TANYA EVRARD, COLIN HAINES,
 LUCAS WILLIAM ROBINSON, JOHN RICHARD TULLY, MARK UMBRELL,

                              12
 P.A., JEAN PRUITT, VERONICA PENA ANDRADE, RICHARD LEE, CAROL
   BENSON, ROBERTO AARON ARIZOLA, TIMOTHY NEWMAN, COLIN
     ROBERTS, ROBERTO ANDRADE, SR., SVEN EASTLUND, SABRINA
 CHAPMAN, SHANE IRWIN, SCOTT LILLEY, CRYSTAL TUTWILER, SUHEIL
CAMPBELL, DOUGLAS KRUGER, DAVID FINKEN, MARIANA BANDHOLD,
  PETRA SPIALEK, VELINA SANCHEZ, DANIEL THOMAS, SR, PATRICIA
   MONTGOMERY, JAMES VAUGHN, A.L.R., K.K, DAVID C. IVERSON,
  KAYTRINA JACKSON, L.R., N.C.E., T.C., DIANNE O'NEILL, WILLIAM
   PARKER, ETHAN FRITZ, EDNA LUZ BURGOS, WILLIAM FARRAR,SR.,
BRANDEAUX CAMPBELL, CHRISTINA SHERIDAN, JERRY A. PALINSKY, SR,
    STEVE WADLEIGH, KATHLEEN HOKE, MICHELLE WEST, TIFANY
  THOMPSON, JESSECA LYN TSOSIE, KEVIN GRAVES, JUDAS RECENDEZ,
  CORENA MARTIN, DANIEL FRITZ, MIRANDA PRUITT, JAMES KINSEY,
  KEMELY PICKETT, JARRETT WARD, D.A.S., MARY CARVILL, JEFFREY
     ANDERSON, VICTOR RAY WISE II, BILLY DOAL WELLS, NICOLE
    BARATTIERI, NICHOLE GARRIGUS, VICTORIA LANDECK, DONNA
  KUGLICS, CHRISTOPHER SONGER, JESSALYN HOLT, VALENCIA COOK,
 LING P. LEE, ROSEMARIE ALFONSO, DANIEL DRESSLER, LARK ADAMS,
 RICHARD E. HASSLER, ERIK ROBERTS, PATRICIA WHEATLEY, A.M.H.,
         MARGARITA ARISTIZABAL, THERESA HART, MARY JANE
 VANDEGRIFT(INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF JOHN
VANDEGRIFT), DANIEL MENKE, JOSEPH L. GREER, SHELLEY ANN CASEY,
  CHRISTOPHER MILLER, RENE POOL, JARED S. STEVENS, KENNY LEE,
A.Z.C., MELINDA FLICK, JOHN GIBSON, OLGA LYDIA GUTIERREZ, FRED
    FRIGO, NICOLE A. KAPLAN, REBECCA L. SAMTENFINCH, TAMMY
  VANDERWAAL, TYLER NORAGER, BRITNEY E. CARTER, DAVID JAMES
HICKS, SHANNON MILLICAN, R.A., CARLLIE PAUL, THEODORE LESTER,
     LORI ANN MCCOY, K.L., BOBBIE D. MARIANO, C.L.(A MINOR),
   ANASTASIA FULLER, RICHARD FINKEN, JOSHUA SCHICHTL, KIERRA
  GLAWSON, FAITH RENEESTONEKING, PATRICIA REYNOSO, BRIANNA
 RENEE NAVEJAS, POLOKA AIETI, DONIELLE EDWARDS, SHELBY WEST,
 VICTORIA M. FOLEY, RUSSEL HICKS, JR., ELVA ESPINOZA, CHAD FARR,

                               13
CRISTA MUNNS, DAVID ARNOLD, ANTHONY HUDSON, JOSEPH HELTON,
     SR., JOHN D. LAMIE, GEORGE D. WHITE, C.F., BASHAR ALTAIE,
 MATTHEW LILLEY, VIVIAN PICKETT, BILLY JOHNSON, CARA ROBERTS,
   C.B., CHRIS FARLEY, JESSICA HUBBARD, RANDALL GEIGER, ROBERT
     CANINE, JOHN SACKETT, J.T., LEASA DOLLAR, JOHN MCCULLEY,
CANDICE MACHELLA, MATTHEW LAMMERS, WILLIAM RONALD LITTLE,
   CASSIE COLLINS, CHRISTOPHER COTE, NICOLE LANDON, JOSHUA P.
   STEIN, CARRIE SUE STONEKING, URSULA ANN JOSHUA, MATTHEW
  BENSON, JAMES CANINE, CHRISTINA BIEDERMAN, MARIO STANTON,
   VERONICA DENISSE ANDRADE, BILLY WALLACE, DIANA THOMAS,
   MONICA ARIZOLA, DAKOTA SMITHLIZOTTE, LEAANN WADLEIGH,
   LESLIE K. REEVESHARDCASTLE, A.S.E., TONY GONZALEZ, JENNIFER
   LYNN HUNT, SLADE VICTOR TULLY, DOUGLAS VEVERKA, THOMAS
 KUHLMEIER, JOHN VACHO, KIMBERLY VESEY, ELIZABETH CHISM, AVA
  LANETTE BRADLEY, HILARY WESTERBERG, M.C., DEBORAH BEAVERS,
  MAX W. HURST, TANYA SUZZETTE DRESSLER, JAMIE BARNES, PEGGY
CARVILLLIGUORI, JEFFREY ADAMSON, SAMANTHA BALSLEY, ELIZABETH
JO EASTLUND, ANGEL MAYES, ALOYSIUS SANCHEZ, JR, JUDITH TIFFNER,
T.R., HOPE ELIZABETH VEVERKA, A.S., ARIFAH HARDY, JUSTIN EVANS,
  GILBERT ARSIAGA, JR, SELICIA FIELD, A.B.(A MINOR), FRANK LILLEY,
    JEANNINE VAUGHN, NOEL CONTRERAS, ADINA PALINSKY, BRIAN
  MONTOGMERY, EMANUELA FLOREXIL, STEPHEN FINKEN, RUSSELL J.
   FALTER, CASEY REUBEN, M.A.H., STEVEN GREENWOOD, SEOP KIM,
 PAUL MITCHELL MILLICAN, JAMES TALBERT, GEORGE J. WHITE, ANITA
   BAKER, KARALEEN HERB, PAM MARION, KELLI D. HAKE, BRIAN G.
 TAYLOR, MATTHEW ARSIAGA, DONALD C. BANDHOLD, JEANNE RHEA
    MCMANUS, DANIEL PRICE, MARK FINKEN, K.M., VICKIE MICHAY
WHITE, REBEKAH SCOTT, ERIC BILLITER, MICHAEL J. MILLER, RICHELLE
HECKER, STEVEN KIRBY, MARLEN PICKETT, SHAYLYN C. REECE, GLORIA
L. MAGANA, ROMMEL ROCHA, T.H., MARILYN LOUISE TULLY, TAMARA
   HASSLER, DAVID DIXON, BRITTANI HOBSON, HELEN FRASER, JOHN
DAVID HEATH, JOHN KUHLMEIER, P.H., KIMBERLY SONGER, MATTHEW

                               14
FIESER, BRIAN COKE, DEREK ALLEN HOLLCROFT, ADAM MAGERS, JOYCE
BROOKS, MARICEL MURRAY, SEBASTIAN NIUMAN, SAMANTHA TUCKER,
JOSHUA P.G. WOLD, ANDREW TOMSON, JACOB BAUER, JOHNNY JAVIER
   MILES, SR, CLAIRE JONAUS, DANNYEL CONTRERAS, STEPHANIE C.
   SANDER, ROBERT WHITE, CHRISTOPHER D. GREER, DANNY CHISM,
    MICHAEL DEAN MOODY, ROBERT VACCARO, SHALEE NORAGER,
  MICHAEL LUCAS, ARDELL THOMSEN, TIMOTHY W. ELLEDGE, ARNE
EASTLUND, DAVID W. HAINES, MELBA ANNE F. HARRIS, JESSE P. STEIN,
  RALPH THOMSEN, MICHAEL WEATHERLY, SUSAN MARIA DOSKOCIL
  HICKS, VERONICA LOPEZ REYES, AUNDRA CRAIG, SANDRA SOLIDAY,
   ANDREW MOORES, L.R.W., RONALD SLOAN, KATHLEEN SNYDER,
HATHAL K. TAIE, SHEILA TRACY, ROBERT F. MARIANO, JUDY HUENINK,
    MICHAEL SMITH, DENNIS DUNN, CYNTHIA CONNER, IMO AIETI,
  CONSTANCE BRIAN, JOHN O'NEILL, DAVID KAPLAN, ELENA SHAW,
  G.B.(A MINOR), ANGELA ALVAREZ, AMI NEIBERGER, JOLENE LILLEY,
JENNIE L. MORIN, JONATHAN CRAIG, ANDRE BROWN, JAMES DRESSLER,
    KATHY ADAMSON, RHETT MURPHY, MICHAEL R. MILLS, CAROL
  POLLEY, CYNTHIA THORNSBERRY, ALAN FINKEN, CELESTE YANTIS,
  KRISTIN WHITE, JASON ROBINSON, JODI MICHELLE HOBSON, SCOTT
 HOOD, SHAULA SHAFFER, DANIEL J. EVANS, C.W., MARION CRIMENS,
 GABRIELA D. PUERTAS VERGARADONOSO, DONALD TRACY, DONALD
  FIELD, CHRISTOPHER GOLEMBE, ANGELICA FIELD, LANI D. BOGART,
FRANK L. CONVERSE, RUSSELL C. FALTER, MARVISE L. CROCKETT, JEAN
 MARIANO, SENOVIA FIELD, JESSICA CABOT, LORENZO SANDOVAL, JR,
EUGENE DELOZIER, SHARON JOHNSTON, STACY PATE, SHILYN JACKSON,
 VICTORIA HECKER, MARIO BOWEN, SETH TIFFNER, JOHN P. SKLANEY,
 III, JOELLA PRATT, PRESTON SHANE REECE, JEREMY BAUER, DAVID G.
     CARDINAL, JR, JEREMY CHURCH, LAUREL BARATTIERI, EDDIE JO
 PALINSKY, CHEYENNE FLAGG, JOEL PALINSKY, S.J.S., BRENDA CHAND,
SAMANTHA TOMSON, MICHELLE KIM, JERRY A. PALINSKY, II, LATASHA
   MARBLE, PHILLIP SANCHEZ, LUIS GARZA, CHRISTOPHER MICHAEL
      MELENDEZ, JOHN DANA GREER, PADRAIC J. NEWMAN, ALICIA

                               15
    PEARSON, LINDA GIBSON, CHRISTOPHER ADAMSON, ELIZABETH
MASTERSON, GREGORY BAUER, M.N., KATHY CRABTREE, J.R., EVAN D.
BOGART, MAXIMILLIAN SHROYER, CHASITY WELLSGEORGE, MICHELLE
     KLEMENSBERG, JOHNNY WASHBURN, G.F., ISABELL VINCENT,
  MICHAELMURPHYSWEET, MARGARITO A. MARTINEZ, JR, STEFANIE
WALLACE, NATHAN NEWBY, VANESSA CHISM, ZORAIMA LOPEZ, SUSAN
     ARNOLD, EMILIE FINKEN, VICKIE MCHONE, JOSHUA TIFFNER,
 MATTHEW HUCKFELDT, JAYDEAN HAMILTON, MARIAH SIMONEAUX,
 SHARON M. PUGH, DONNIE MARION, JAMES CRAIG ROBERTS, AMBER
 HENSLEY, AMENIA JONAUS, MELISSA DOHENY, SHELLEY ANN SMITH,
NOEL S. FARLEY, TAMMY KINNEY, GLORIA NESBITT, KIMBERLY MILLER,
  SEAN SLAVEN, ERIC BRANDON STONEKING, JULIE CHISM, DWIGHT
 MARTIN, KATHY CRANE, RONALD VEVERKA, TRAVIS GIBSON, NOALA
FRITZ, MATTHEW L. MERGELE, LAWRENCE KRUGER, SHARON Y. DUNN
  SMITH, JOSE REYNOSO, BRADLEY STARCEVICH, DANIEL P. BENSON,
 KEITH VEVERKA, PATRICIA SMITH, E.W., SHIRLEY STEARNS, ADAM G.
  STOUT, ARMANDO FUENTES, RONALD WAYNE CRABTREE, SANDRA
     VALENCIA, KAREN FUNCHEON, ISMAEL MARTIR, E.K., BRYANT
      BEARFIELD, WILLIAM J. LEE, MARVIN THORNSBERRY, ANN
    CHRISTOPHER, CHRISTOPHER DAVID, TAUSOLO AIETI, BENJAMIN
DANIEL CARRINGTON, NANCY COTE, JANET JONES, MERLESE PICKETT,
  NICOLE IRWIN, AMANDA VACHO, RICHARD CASEY, PERRY WHITE,
   SHARON DEBRABANDER, ADRIAN SANDOVAL, JAMI LIN WILSON,
   HYUNJUNG GLAWSON, LINDA FALTER, KARAR ALABSAWI, JASON
     SACKETT, ROADY LANDTISER, JEREMY BLOHM, PETER FINKEN,
  TERRANCE PETERSON, III, ANGELINE JACKSON, ERIC LEVI, FRANCES
    ROBINSON, RYAN SABINISH, SHELBY WHITE, ASHLEY GUDRIDGE
  HOUPPERT, JOSHUA BROOKS, MICHAEL COOK, NICHOLE SWEENEY,
   SARAH CROSBY, JAMES SHEPARD, STEPHANIE JUNEAU, ROBERT W.
    KUHLMEIER, GARY LAMMERS, LINDA JONES, SHAWN BARTLETT,
 TEMIKA SWINTON, JOHN DAGGETT, LYNN FOREHAND, JANET L. RIOS,
MARK E. THOMSEN, LAUREN NIQUETTE, JOEL HERNANDEZ, VICTORIA

                              16
     HERNANDEZ, ATHENA HALL, MATTHEW C. BEATTY, ANDREW
  CHARLES MAJOR, H.K., KIERSTEN HALL, JERRIN MATTHEW OGDEN,
  RONALD ALLDRIDGE, BROOKE KENNEY, K.R.G., TODD ALLDRIDGE,
   RENE GUTEL, ABIGAIL HALL, JOANN ALLDRIDGE, ANDREW JAMES
RAYMOND, KANDI DANIELLE WHITESIDE, THOMAS NIQUETTE, A.M.M.,
     ANA M. GOMEZ, RANDALL KLINGENSMITH, SHARON SMITHEY
 WHITESIDE, KAITLYN ADAMS, ANGELA M. GARCIA, RYAN BOWMAN,
  MICHAEL PASCO, ANDREW HALL, DANIEL KENNEY, CHRISTOPHER
WHITESIDE, SEAN M. NIQUETTE, CHRISTOPHER SATTERFIELD, GRANT H.
     VON LETKEMANN, II, ASHLEY MEIKEL MAJOR, BRIAN CLARK
  ALLDRIDGE, SHERYL ANN CHEN, TARA HUTCHINSON, RANDI JEAN
  MARTZ, J.K., K.M.G., M.J.H., STEPHEN W. EVANS, JACKSON WILEY
WHITESIDE, TYLER NICHOLAS OGDEN, M.T.W., RICHARD HEDGECOCK,
II, MATTHEW WHITESIDE, MACKENZIE G. HALL, DIANNA ALLDRIDGE,
  MARY NIQUETTE, MARK A. HALL, GARY DOUGLAS FISHBECK, TONI
                            ATTANASIO,
                        Plaintiﬀs-Appellees,

                               v.

                    DR. MUHAMMAD BAASIRI,
                        Movant-Appellant,

                   JAMMAL TRUST BANK SAL,
                      Defendant-Appellant.

On Appeal from a Judgment of the United States District Court for
              the Eastern District of New York.

                    ARGUED: MARCH 2, 2023

                               17
                      DECIDED: AUGUST 24, 2023

         Before: JACOBS, PARK, and NARDINI, Circuit Judges.

       A group of American victims of terrorist attacks in Iraq sued
several Lebanese banks for aiding and abetting the Lebanese militant
group Hezbollah in carrying out those attacks. One of the banks,
Jammal Trust Bank (JTB), was later designated a terrorist organization
by the U.S. Treasury Department, sending it into liquidation and
prompting Lebanon’s central bank to acquire its assets. JTB moved to
dismiss the suit against it on the ground that it now possessed foreign
sovereign immunity. The United States District Court for the Eastern
District of New York (Carol Bagley Amon, Judge) denied the motion
on the ground that a defendant is entitled to foreign sovereign
immunity only if it possesses such immunity at the time suit is ﬁled.
We hold that immunity under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act,
28 U.S.C. § 1604, may attach when a defendant becomes an
instrumentality of a foreign sovereign after a suit is ﬁled. We
therefore VACATE and REMAND for a determination of whether JTB
is such an instrumentality.

                         MICHAEL RADINE (Gary M. Osen, Dina
                         Gielchinsky, and Aaron Schlanger, on the
                         brief), Osen LLC, Hackensack, NJ, for
                         Plaintiﬀs-Appellees.

                         MARK W. DELAQUIL (David B. Rivkin, Jr.,
                         Elizabeth Price Foley, and Kendall E.
                         Wangsgard, on the brief), Baker &

                                  18
                         Hostetler LLP, Washington, DC, for
                         Movant-Appellant and Defendant-Appellant.

                         Lewis S. Yelin, Attorney, Appellate Staﬀ,
                         Civil Division, United States Department of
                         Justice, Washington, DC (Richard C. Visek,
                         Acting Legal Adviser, Department of State;
                         Brian M. Boynton, Principal Deputy
                         Assistant Attorney General; Breon Peace,
                         United States Attorney for the Eastern
                         District of New York; Sharon Swingle,
                         Attorney, Civil Division, United States
                         Department of Justice, Washington, DC, on
                         the brief), for Amicus Curiae United States of
                         America.

                         Jay S. Auslander (Natalie Shkolnik, Michael
                         Van Riper, on the brief), Wilk Auslander
                         LLP, New York, NY, for Amicus Curiae
                         Professor Joseph W. Dellapenna.

WILLIAM J. NARDINI, Circuit Judge:

      The plaintiﬀs in this case are American service members who

were wounded, and the relatives of service members who were killed

or wounded, in terrorist attacks carried out in Iraq from 2004 to 2011

by proxies of the Lebanese militant group Hezbollah. In 2019, victims

                                 19
and their family members sued several Lebanese banks, alleging that

the banks aided and abetted the attacks by laundering money for

Hezbollah.

      After the plaintiﬀs ﬁled suit, the United States Department of

the Treasury labelled one of those banks, Jammal Trust Bank (JTB), a

Specially Designated Global Terrorist. That designation prompted

the Banque du Liban, Lebanon’s central bank, to liquidate JTB and

acquire its assets. JTB then moved to dismiss the case against it, on

the ground that it was now entitled to sovereign immunity as an

instrumentality of Lebanon. The district court denied the motion,

holding that a defendant is entitled to foreign sovereign immunity

only if it possesses such immunity at the time suit is ﬁled. JTB

appealed.    We hold that immunity under the Foreign Sovereign

Immunities Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1604, may attach when a defendant

becomes an instrumentality of a foreign sovereign after a suit is ﬁled.

                                  20
We therefore vacate the district court’s decision and remand for

determination of whether JTB is such an instrumentality.

I.    Background

      Between 2004 and 2011, the Lebanese militant group Hezbollah

armed and trained numerous proxy groups in Iraq with increasingly

sophisticated roadside bombs, grenades, and rockets, which those

groups used to kill and injure thousands of American soldiers.

Hezbollah, which is a U.S.-designated Foreign Terrorist Organization,

allegedly coordinated the attacks with Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary

Guard Corps, which supplied much of the weaponry.

      On January 1, 2019, a group of American victims and their

relatives sued eleven Lebanese banks, including JTB, in the United

States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Carol

Bagley Amon, Judge) for allegedly laundering money for Hezbollah.

They brought their claims under the Anti-Terrorism Act, 18 U.S.C.

§ 2333(a) and (d), as amended by the Justice Against Sponsors of

Terrorism Act, Pub. L. No. 114-222, 130 Stat. 852 (2016), which

                                 21
authorizes suits against those who aid and abet acts of terrorism. The

plaintiﬀs ﬁled an amended complaint on August 2, 2019.

      On August 29, 2019, the United States Department of the

Treasury named JTB a Specially Designated Global Terrorist. The

Treasury    Department     accused      JTB   of   “brazenly   enabling”

Hezbollah’s ﬁnancial activities and posing a “direct threat to the

integrity of the Lebanese ﬁnancial system.” Joint App’x at 881.

      That designation ended things for JTB. Shut out of the dollar

system, the bank was unable to trade with many of its counterparties

or to carry out other business denominated in dollars. In September,

the Banque du Liban, Lebanon’s central bank, responded by freezing

JTB’s deposits and liquidating its operations. JTB is now undergoing

liquidation under Lebanese law. Movant-Appellant Dr. Muhammad

Baasiri is the central bank’s liquidator.

      After the Banque du Liban took over, JTB and Baasiri, acting

separately from the other defendants, moved for (1) substitution of

                                   22
Baasiri for JTB or, in the alternative, intervention by Baasiri, and

(2) dismissal, based on (a) Baasiri’s asserted sovereign immunity,

(b) international comity, or (c) lack of redressability as to JTB.

      The district court granted Baasiri’s motion to intervene but

denied the motion to substitute and the motion to dismiss. The court

concluded that JTB could not raise sovereign immunity as a defense

because the liquidation process began only after the plaintiﬀs brought

their suit. It rested that conclusion on the Supreme Court’s decision

in Dole Food Co. v. Patrickson, 538 U.S. 468 (2003), which it read to hold

that “instrumentality status [must] be determined at the time suit is

ﬁled.” Special App’x at 16 (quoting Dole Food, 538 U.S. at 478). JTB

and Baasiri appealed. After oral argument, we solicited the views of

the United States State Department, which submitted an amicus brief.

II.   Discussion

      The decisive issue in this appeal is whether JTB may raise a

defense of immunity under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act

(FSIA), 28 U.S.C. §§ 1602–1611, when it alleges that immunity arose

                                    23
after suit was ﬁled. 1 We review the district court’s resolution of this

question of law de novo. A&B Alternative Mktg. Inc. v. Int’l Quality Fruit

Inc., 35 F.4th 913, 915 (2d Cir. 2022); Rukoro v. Fed. Republic of Germany,

976 F.3d 218, 223 (2d Cir. 2020).

       To determine the eﬀect of the FSIA, one must know something

of the system that came before it. We begin, therefore, as almost all

modern discussions of foreign sovereign immunity do, with The

Schooner Exchange v. McFaddon, 7 Cranch 116 (1812). In that case,

Chief Justice John Marshall explained that foreign sovereigns have no

inherent exemption from the power of American courts, since the

“jurisdiction of the nation within its own territory is necessarily

exclusive and absolute.” Id. at 136. Still, he wrote, it would “degrade

the dignity” of a sovereign state to have its rights adjudicated in the

courts of another country, so, most countries had agreed to waive

       1 We have appellate jurisdiction over this appeal because the collateral
order doctrine “allows an immediate appeal from an order denying immunity
under the FSIA.” Petersen Energía Inversora S.A.U. v. Argentine Republic & YPF S.A.,
895 F.3d 194, 203 (2d Cir. 2018) (internal quotation marks omitted).

                                        24
jurisdiction over foreign sovereigns. Id. at 137–40. The young United

States, the Chief Justice announced, would do the same. Id. at 147.

      This was a matter of “grace and comity,” not power, and of

“common law,” not statute. Verlinden B.V. v. Cent. Bank of Nigeria, 461

U.S. 480, 486 (1983); Samantar v. Yousuf, 560 U.S. 305, 311 (2010).

Although district courts had subject-matter jurisdiction over suits

against foreign states under the Constitution and the diversity statute,

they elected not to exercise it when a defendant was entitled to

immunity. See Argentine Republic v. Amerada Hess Shipping Corp., 488

U.S. 428, 437 n.5 (1989).

      For many years, that entitlement was determined by the

executive branch, not the judiciary. See Verlinden, 461 U.S. at 486–87.

In “nearly every action brought against a foreign sovereign,” the State

Department would submit a “suggestion of immunity” and the

receiving court would surrender its jurisdiction over the case.

                                  25
Beierwaltes v. L’Oﬃce Federale De La Culture De La Confederation Suisse,

999 F.3d 808, 818 (2d Cir. 2021) (cleaned up).

      Things started to change in 1952, when the State Department

announced that it would follow the more modern “restrictive” theory

of foreign sovereign immunity. Turkiye Halk Bankasi A.S. v. United

States, 143 S. Ct. 940, 946 (2023). In what came to be known as the Tate

Letter, the State Department explained that “the immunity of the

sovereign [would be] recognized with regard to sovereign or public

acts (jure imperii) of a state, but not with respect to private acts (jure

gestionis).” Letter of Jack B. Tate, Acting Legal Adviser, Department

of State, to Acting Attorney General Philip B. Perlman (May 19, 1952),

reprinted in 26 Dep’t of State Bull. 984, 984–85 (1952), and in Alfred

Dunhill of London, Inc. v. Republic of Cuba, 425 U.S. 682, 711–12 (1976)

(Appendix 2 to opinion of the Court).

      The Tate Letter threw immunity doctrine “into some disarray.”

Republic of Austria v. Altmann, 541 U.S. 677, 690 (2004). Although the

                                   26
State Department continued to ﬁle suggestions of immunity, and the

courts continued to respect them, “political considerations”

sometimes led the State Department to support immunity when a

straightforward reading of the restrictive theory would have led it to

oppose. Id. Confusing things still more, if the State Department did

not step in, courts made immunity determinations by themselves,

“generally by reference to prior State Department decisions.”

Verlinden, 461 U.S. at 487.   With two branches, having diﬀerent

institutional considerations, deciding who should be immune and

who should not, “the governing standards were,” unsurprisingly,

“neither clear nor uniformly applied.” Id. at 488.

      Twenty-four years after the Tate Letter, Congress brought

order to the chaos. It replaced the old ad hoc system with the Foreign

Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976, Pub. L. No. 94–583, 90 Stat. 2891,

which provided a “comprehensive set of legal standards governing

claims of immunity in every civil action against a foreign state.”

                                  27
Republic of Argentina v. NML Cap., Ltd., 573 U.S. 134, 141 (2014)

(internal quotation marks omitted). In doing so, it intended to “codify

the restrictive theory of sovereign immunity” laid out in the Tate

Letter, “which Congress recognized as consistent with extant

international law.” Samantar, 560 U.S. at 319–20; see Garb v. Republic

of Poland, 440 F.3d 579, 586 (2d Cir. 2006) (“Congress . . . intended to

codify the Tate Letter.”).

      The FSIA provides that “a foreign state shall be immune from

the jurisdiction of the courts of the United States and of the States

except as provided” in the Act. 28 U.S.C. § 1604; Saudi Arabia v.

Nelson, 507 U.S. 349, 355 (1993). Any “agency or instrumentality” of

a foreign state is similarly immune. 28 U.S.C. §§ 1603(a), 1604. The

FSIA deﬁnes “agency or instrumentality,” in relevant part, as an

entity “which is an organ of a foreign state or political subdivision

thereof, or a majority of whose shares or other ownership interest is

                                  28
owned by a foreign state or political subdivision thereof.” 28 U.S.C.

§ 1603(b)(2). 2

       The crucial word there—which goes a long way toward

resolving this case—is is. The statute uses the present tense, and we,

in the words of the Supreme Court, must give that choice “real

signiﬁcance.” Dole Food, 538 U.S. at 478. The parties, however,

disagree on that signiﬁcance. The plaintiﬀs argue that a “statute’s use

of the present tense ordinarily refers to the time the suit is ﬁled, not

the time the court rules.” Appellees’ Br. 46–47 (quoting TIG Ins. Co.

v. Republic of Argentina, 967 F.3d 778, 783 (D.C. Cir. 2020)). JTB

counters that a time-of-ﬁling rule would violate the purposes of the

FSIA. The State Department argues that here, the present tense

reﬂects the FSIA’s concern with “current political realities and

       2  The district court did not decide whether JTB is now an instrumentality
of a foreign state under the FSIA. See Bartlett v. Société Générale de Banque au Liban
SAL, No. 19-CV-00007, 2021 WL 3706909, at *8 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 6, 2021) (noting that
defendants “claim that they qualify as an ‘agency or instrumentality’ of Lebanon”
without deciding this question).

                                         29
relationships”   and   its   aim   that   “foreign   states   and   their

instrumentalities” be given “some present protection from the

inconvenience of suit as a gesture of comity.” Br. of Amicus Curiae

U.S. Department of State 11 (quoting Republic of Austria v. Altmann,

541 U.S. 677, 696 (2004)). We think the State Department has the better

of it: The most natural reading of the statute is one that gives foreign

sovereigns immunity even when they gain their sovereign status mid-

suit. We therefore hold that immunity under the Foreign Sovereign

Immunities Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1604, may attach when a defendant

becomes an instrumentality of a foreign sovereign after a suit is ﬁled.

      To see why, look ﬁrst to the structure of the FSIA. The act gives

foreign states immunity not only from judgments, but from process,

too. It shields them from the “expense, intrusiveness, and hassle of

litigation altogether.” Beierwaltes, 999 F.3d at 817 (internal quotation

marks omitted). We see no reason why that protection should apply

only if the defendant had sovereign status from the beginning of the

                                   30
suit. The fact that a defendant acquired instrumentality status after

the suit began will not ordinarily justify subjecting a foreign sovereign

to the “inconvenience of suit.” Altmann, 541 U.S. at 696; cf. Zuza v. Oﬀ.

of the High Representative, 857 F.3d 935, 938 (D.C. Cir. 2017)

(concluding that foreign oﬃcial immunity under the International

Organizations Immunities Act, 22 U.S.C. § 288d(b), “compels prompt

dismissal even when it attaches mid-litigation”).

        This reading is consistent with other authority 3 and dovetails

with the purposes of foreign sovereign immunity. Such immunity

exists for diﬀerent reasons than “other status-based immunities,”

including the qualiﬁed immunity accorded to many state actors. Dole

Food, 538 U.S. at 478–79. Immunity for government oﬃcers prevents

        3See Straub v. A P Green, Inc., 38 F.3d 448, 451 (9th Cir. 1994) (suggesting,
but not deciding, that “the FSIA may be applicable if a party that becomes a
‘foreign state’ after the commencement of a lawsuit promptly brings its status as a
‘foreign state’ to the district court’s attention”); cf. Matton v. Brit. Airways Bd., Inc.,
No. 85 CIV. 1268, 1988 WL 117456, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 27, 1988) (holding that a
post-ﬁling privatization of a sovereign instrumentality meant the FSIA no longer
applied because the purposes of foreign sovereign immunity were no longer
implicated). But see Olympia Express, Inc. v. Linee Aeree Italiane, S.p.A., 509 F.3d 347,
349–50 (7th Cir. 2007) (rejecting Matton’s reasoning).

                                            31
“the threat of suit from crippling the proper and eﬀective

administration of public aﬀairs.” Id. at 479 (cleaned up). “Foreign

sovereign immunity, by contrast, is not meant to avoid chilling

foreign states . . . in the conduct of their business but to give [them]

some protection from the inconvenience of suit as a gesture of comity

between the United States and other sovereigns.” Id. The immunity

therefore focuses on “current political realities.” Altmann, 541 U.S. at

696; see Republic of Iraq v. Beaty, 556 U.S. 848, 864 (2009) (same). What

matters is whether a foreign sovereign is subject to the burdens of suit

at any point before judgment.

      The pre-FSIA history of foreign sovereign immunity likewise

suggests that immunity may kick in after a lawsuit has been ﬁled.

Take the Supreme Court’s decision in Oliver American Trading Co. v.

United States of Mexico, 264 U.S. 440 (1924), which illustrates the need

for immunity to reﬂect the latest political developments.         Oliver

involved a breach of contract suit brought by a Delaware corporation

                                   32
against the government of Mexico. At the time the company ﬁled suit,

the United States did not recognize the de facto Mexican government

as legitimate, but the United States established diplomatic relations

while the suit was pending. Id. at 442. Once that happened, the

district court held that Mexico was entitled to immunity. Id. The

corporation sought review in the Supreme Court, under a statute

authorizing such direct review of decisions that “present the question

of jurisdiction of the District Court as a federal court.” Id. The

Supreme Court, however, concluded that the question of foreign

sovereign immunity did not implicate “the power of the court” and

transferred the appeal to this Court to proceed in the ordinary course.

Id. at 442–43. We aﬃrmed. Oliver Am. Trading Co. v. Gov’t of the United

States of Mexico, 5 F.2d 659, 667 (2d Cir. 1924). The upshot: In the pre-

FSIA world, a defendant who gained foreign sovereign immunity

after a suit was ﬁled had to be dismissed from the case. 4 The FSIA, as

       4  Oliver also demonstrates that immunity and jurisdiction did not
necessarily rise and fall together in the pre-FSIA regime. A court could still have

                                        33
we have seen, codiﬁed the pre-existing common law. Samantar, 560

U.S. at 319–20.

       More recently, courts have reached the same conclusion in

other immunity cases. In 2009, the Supreme Court held that when a

2003 presidential designation made an FSIA exception inapplicable to

Iraq, “immunity kicked back in” and then-pending cases had to be

dismissed. Beaty, 556 U.S. at 865. Six years ago, the D.C. Circuit held

that oﬃcers of international organizations entitled to immunity under

the International Organizations Immunities Act (IOIA), 22 U.S.C.

§§ 288 et seq., could invoke that immunity, and compel dismissal, even

when they gained their status only after the suit was ﬁled. Zuza, 857

F.3d at 938.        The IOIA, we note, provides that international

organizations enjoy “the same immunity from suit . . . as is enjoyed

jurisdiction even when a defendant gained sovereign immunity after ﬁling and the
court was thereby compelled to dismiss. See Oliver, 264 U.S. at 442 (noting that the
case did not implicate the constitutional or statutory power of the court to
hear the case); Oliver, 5 F.2d at 667 (holding that post-ﬁling diplomatic recognition
conferred immunity on the Mexican government and required dismissal).

                                         34
by foreign governments.”       22 U.S.C. § 288a(b).    And in a case

involving claims against members of the Saudi ruling family, the

Eleventh Circuit held that diplomatic immunity requires dismissal

even when the defendant becomes a diplomat after the action

commences. See Abdulaziz v. Metro. Dade County, 741 F.2d 1328, 1330

(11th Cir. 1984).

      With structure, purpose, and history arrayed against them, the

plaintiﬀs argue that Supreme Court precedent is nevertheless on their

side. They contend that the Court’s statement in Dole Food that

“instrumentality status is determined at the time of the ﬁling of the

complaint” forecloses changes in status after ﬁling. Dole Food, 538 U.S.

at 480. We disagree. In Dole Food, a group of farm workers from Costa

Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, and Panama sued the Dole Food Company

(and several others) over alleged injuries from exposure to a chemical

used as an agricultural pesticide. Id. at 471. Some of the defendants

moved to dismiss, arguing that they were instrumentalities of Israel

                                  35
when the alleged conduct took place, although not at the time the suit

was brought. Id. at 471–72. The Supreme Court granted certiorari to

decide “whether a corporation’s instrumentality status is deﬁned as

of the time an alleged tort or other actionable wrong occurred or, on

the other hand, at the time suit is ﬁled.” Id. at 471.

      The answer, the Court held, is that “instrumentality status is

determined at the time of the ﬁling of the complaint,” not at the time

the wrong occurred. Id. at 480. The Court reasoned that “the plain

text” of § 1603(b)(2) is “expressed in the present tense,” id. at 478. It

also invoked “the longstanding principle that the jurisdiction of the

Court depends upon the state of things at the time of the action

brought.”    Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).        Giving the

companies immunity for a status they no longer held would, the

Court concluded, do nothing to advance the purpose of foreign

sovereign immunity—protecting sovereigns from “the inconvenience

of suit as a gesture of comity”—because, once the defendants had

                                   36
ceased to be instrumentalities of a foreign state, no foreign sovereign

was involved. Id. at 479.

      The situation here is ﬂipped: The defendant claims to have

gained sovereign status after ﬁling, rather than losing it before. The

logic of Dole Food, applied to these facts, supports the mirror-image

outcome: Although pre-suit sovereign immunity cannot be retained

by a no-longer-sovereign defendant, sovereign status acquired post-

ﬁling can confer immunity. That result gives the FSIA’s use of the

present tense “real signiﬁcance,” as Dole Food instructed. 538 U.S. at

478. It also accords with Dole Food’s explanation of the purposes

behind foreign sovereign immunity, which exists to protect foreign

sovereigns from “the inconvenience of suit,” and not, as with

qualiﬁed immunity, to shape conduct ex ante. Id. at 479.

      The plaintiﬀs object that Dole Food gave us a clear rule, and as a

lower court, we are bound by it. But opinions are not statutes. They

should not be read as if they were. See Reiter v. Sonotone Corp., 442

                                  37
U.S. 330, 341 (1979). The Supreme Court has “often admonished that

general language in judicial opinions should be read as referring in

context to circumstances similar to the circumstances then before the

Court and not referring to quite diﬀerent circumstances that the Court

was not then considering.” Turkiye Halk Bankasi A.S. v. United States,

143 S. Ct. 940, 950 (2023) (internal quotation marks omitted). 5

       Read in context, the statement in Dole Food does not support the

plaintiﬀs’ position. The Dole Food court had occasion to consider only

two options: setting instrumentality status at the time of the allegedly

wrongful conduct or setting it at the time the suit was brought. 538

U.S. at 471.       The Court did not consider—and has not since

       5  Turkiye Halk Bankasi provides a nice example of the need for caution in
reading broad judicial statements in the FSIA context. The case concerned the
criminal prosecution of a Turkish bank for conspiring to evade U.S. sanctions.
143 S. Ct. at 943. The bank, which was wholly owned by the Republic of Turkey,
argued that the FSIA gave it immunity from prosecution, claiming that no FSIA
exception applied to it and pointing to the Supreme Court’s statement in a 1989
case that the FSIA is the “sole basis for obtaining jurisdiction over a foreign state
in federal court.” Id. at 950 (quoting Argentine Republic v. Amerada Hess Shipping
Corp., 488 U.S. 428, 439 (1989)). That language, the bank said, was deﬁnitive. But
the Court, noting that Amerada Hess was a civil, not a criminal, case, concluded that
its logic did not “translate to the criminal context.” Id.

                                         38
considered—the immunity of a defendant who gains sovereign status

after the suit begins. That question, as we have explained, raises quite

diﬀerent concerns from the ones the Court faced in Dole Food.

      The plaintiﬀs point to two statements from this Court that they

argue support their reading of Dole Food. First, in 2014, citing Dole

Food, we observed in a footnote that “the court’s subject matter

jurisdiction and a party’s instrumentality status for purposes of § 1603

are both determined at the time when the complaint is ﬁled.”

European Cmty. v. RJR Nabisco, Inc., 764 F.3d 129, 143 n.15 (2d Cir.

2014), rev’d on other grounds, 579 U.S. 325 (2016). The plaintiﬀ in RJR

Nabisco was the European Community (EC), which was incorporated

into the European Union after the suit was brought, a change that the

Court said was irrelevant given Dole Food. Id. That holding, the

plaintiﬀs argue, ties our hands.

      We disagree. For one thing, the case lacks precedential status,

as the Supreme Court reversed the judgment. Even if the decision

                                   39
had not been reversed, the footnote’s cursory incantation of Dole Food

would not bind us, since the opinion’s reference to “instrumentality

status” related not to immunity, but only to determining diversity

jurisdiction where the sovereign was a plaintiﬀ. RJR Nabisco, 764 F.3d

at 143. Because 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(4) creates jurisdiction over suits

between “a foreign state . . . as plaintiﬀ and citizens of a State,” the

district court had diversity jurisdiction only if the EC was a foreign

state or an instrumentality of one. RJR Nabisco, 764 F.3d at 143. We

thus considered the EC’s instrumentality status to establish

jurisdiction; we did not consider the EC’s potential immunity,

because the EC was the plaintiﬀ. See id. 6

       The plaintiﬀs also point to a 2004 case in which we said that

Dole Food had “unequivocally” held that instrumentality status under

       6 RJR Nabisco thus considered neither the eﬀect of a post-ﬁling change in
instrumentality status on jurisdiction in a federal question case, such as this one,
nor in a diversity jurisdiction suit brought against a foreign state under 28 U.S.C.
§ 1330, which provides diversity jurisdiction in cases against foreign states that are
not immune under the FSIA.

                                         40
the FSIA is “determined at the time of the ﬁling of the complaint.”

Abrams v. Société Nationale Des Chemins De Fer Francais, 389 F.3d 61, 64

(2d Cir. 2004). But Abrams cited Dole Food only to establish that an

entity nationalized pre-suit was entitled to immunity even though the

nationalization took place after the conduct at issue. Id. (“Once the

railroad is encompassed by the FSIA, its prior incarnation as a private

entity does not bar the statute’s retroactive application.”).      That

application of Dole Food is not at issue in this case.

      Finally, the plaintiﬀs caution that allowing post-ﬁling changes

in sovereign status will encourage gamesmanship. Those are real

concerns. Take, for example, TIG Insurance Co. v. Republic of Argentina,

967 F.3d 778 (D.C. Cir. 2020). In that case, an insurance company tried

to execute a judgment against Argentina by attaching a house the

country owned in Washington, D.C. Id. at 780. Argentina had listed

the house for sale, but as soon as the company sought to attach the

property to satisfy its judgment, Argentina took it oﬀ the market. Id.

                                    41
The parties then disputed whether the building was still in

commercial use, and thus within one of the FSIA’s exceptions. Id. The

D.C. Circuit held that commercial status had to be determined at the

time the attachment was ﬁled. Id. at 782. The court noted that the

relevant statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1610(a), did not use the present tense, and

it worried about creating an incentive for foreign sovereigns “to halt

any commercial use of a property as soon as a creditor sought to

attach it.” Id. at 782–83, 785. Those concerns are absent in this case.

It was the U.S. designation of JTB as a terrorist organization, not any

attempt by Lebanon to avoid this lawsuit, that forced the bank into

liquidation and public receivership.

III.   Conclusion

       In sum, we hold as follows:

          1. Immunity under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act,

             28 U.S.C. § 1604, may attach when a defendant becomes

             an instrumentality of a foreign sovereign after a suit is

                                   42
           ﬁled. We remand for the district court to determine

           whether JTB is now such an instrumentality.

        2. Given that holding, we need not reach appellants’

           alternative argument that the district court erred in not

           substituting Baasiri for JTB.

     We therefore VACATE the judgment of the district court and

REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                 43