Court Opinion

ID: 1071197
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-09 19:40:57.583213+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:00:21.174704
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Chief Judge Fitzpatrick, Judges Coleman and Bray
Argued at Richmond, Virginia

LINDA L. HILL
                                    MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY
v.   Record No. 0653-99-2      CHIEF JUDGE JOHANNA L. FITZPATRICK
                                       DECEMBER 28, 1999
TRAVELODGE AND
 SELECTIVE INSURANCE COMPANY
 OF AMERICA

        FROM THE VIRGINIA WORKERS' COMPENSATION COMMISSION

          Gregory O. Harbison (Geoffrey R. McDonald;
          Jeremy C. Sharp; Geoffrey R. McDonald &
          Associates, on briefs), for appellant.

          S. Vernon Priddy, III (William B. Judkins;
          Sands, Anderson, Marks & Miller, on brief),
          for appellees.

     In this workers' compensation case, Linda L. Hill

(claimant) appeals the commission's decision denying her

benefits for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).     The

commission held that claimant's PTSD was not a compensable

psychological injury because she failed to prove either (1) it

was "causally related to an obvious sudden shock or fright"; or

(2) it was a compensable occupational disease.    On appeal,

claimant contends the evidence was insufficient to support the

     * Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, recodifying Code
§ 17-116.010, this opinion is not designated for publication.
commission's findings.   We disagree and affirm the commission's

decision.

                                 I.

     Claimant, a supervisor of housekeeping for Travelodge

(employer), testified that on August 11, 1997 she suffered a

psychological injury after being trapped in an elevator for

approximately two hours with a co-worker, Pamela Gregory.

Claimant described the incident as follows:

            All of a sudden it just stopped, . . . I
            said Pam, something's wrong, and she said
            yeah, this thing's stuck. By that time both
            of us had really started sweating because
            there was only a light on in there. We
            started pushing the button, the emergency
            button. I guess about five or ten minutes
            later we heard Alice Sose calling to us
            asking us was we all right, and we kept
            telling her to get somebody to get us out.
            I guess maybe five or ten minutes later we
            could hear sirens coming. I guess over a
            period of time the fire department came in
            and they did something, and they jarred the
            door open a little bit, and they put a fan
            up so we could get some air. . . . While we
            was in there, we were basically just shocked
            that something like this had actually
            happened and we couldn't get out without
            anyone coming to get us out.

While in the elevator, Gregory passed out.     With help from the

fire department, claimant revived Gregory by administering

oxygen and using smelling salts.      The two women were stuck in

the elevator "a little over two hours."

     Claimant described her condition as follows:      "I felt like

my flesh was crawling. . . .   I just felt like I was losing

                                - 2 -
control of my feelings of everything.   I just felt loss, numb.

I felt sick to my stomach.   I just felt scared."   At home,

claimant experienced "anxiety attacks" and nightmares about

being "closed in somewhere."

     Claimant treated with Dr. Nicolas Emiliani, a psychiatrist

who diagnosed claimant's condition as "an acute Post Traumatic

Stress Disorder . . . after she was trapped in an elevator for 2

hours."   On April 3, 1998, Dr. Emiliani signed a disability

certificate stating that claimant was totally incapacitated

beginning August 11, 1997, with an unknown recovery date.      At

the hearing, claimant admitted that she had a history of

depression beginning in 1981 and that she previously treated

with Dr. Emiliani and Dr. A.W. Durrani, a general practitioner.

Claimant was hospitalized on at least three occasions due to

severe stress and depression.

     The evidence also established that claimant's father died

July 30, 1997 and that she was off work until August 10, 1997.

Don Harrington, claimant's supervisor, testified that claimant

asked for additional time from work because of "the stresses

placed on her by her family."   Diana Wright, another co-worker,

testified that when claimant returned to work on August 11,

1997, claimant "said she was under a lot of stress. . . . She

didn't say from what, but she said her doctor said she was under

a lot of stress, and I knew she had just came back because her

father died."   Wright was present when claimant was freed from

                                - 3 -
the elevator and overhead claimant state that "she was going to

sue."

        The commission held that claimant's PTSD was not a

compensable psychological injury, stating the following:

             While we recognize the discomfort and
             anxiety experienced, we do not find that the
             event can be characterized as unexpected,
             shocking, or catastrophic. . . . The
             claimant does not suffer from claustrophobia
             and did not require any immediate medical
             treatment after the incident. Moreover,
             witness testimony casts some doubt on her
             alleged sudden mental deterioration after
             the event. Despite Dr. Emiliani's diagnosis
             of post-traumatic stress disorder, we do not
             find that the incident was so dramatic or
             frightening as to be shocking.

Noting that claimant had a "long-term history of psychological

problems," the commission also concluded that she did not suffer

from an occupational disease causally related to her employment.

Accordingly, the commission denied compensation benefits.

                                  II.

        On appellate review, we view the evidence in the light

most favorable to the prevailing party below.     See Falls Church

Constr. Corp. v. Valle, 21 Va. App. 351, 359, 464 S.E.2d 517,

522 (1995) (citations omitted).    "In determining whether

credible evidence exists, the appellate court does not retry the

facts, reweigh the preponderance of the evidence, or make its

own determination of the credibility of the witnesses."      Id.

(quoting Wagner Enters., Inc. v. Brooks, 12 Va. App. 890, 894,

407 S.E.2d 32, 35 (1991)).    Unless we can determine that Hill

                                 - 4 -
proved as a matter of law that she sustained a compensable

injury, the commission's contrary finding is binding.     See Owens

v. Virginia Dept. of Transp., 30 Va. App. 85, 87, 515 S.E.2d

348, 349 (1999).

     "To qualify as a compensable injury by accident, a purely

psychological injury must be causally related to a physical

injury or to a sudden shock or fright arising in the course of

employment."   Id. at 88, 515 S.E.2d at 349 (citing Chesterfield

County Fire Dept. v. Dunn, 9 Va. App. 475, 477, 389 S.E.2d 180,

182 (1990) (citing Burlington Mills Corp. v. Hagood, 177 Va.

204, 209-11, 13 S.E.2d 291, 293-94 (1941))).   Specifically,

"post-traumatic stress disorder is a compensable injury" within

the meaning of the workers' compensation statute "if caused by

either a physical injury or an obvious sudden shock or fright

arising in the course of employment."   Daniel Constr. Co. v.

Tolley, 24 Va. App. 70, 77, 480 S.E.2d 145, 148 (1997).

     In the present case, the incident of August 11, 1997, as

described by claimant, does not rise to the level of an obvious

fright or sudden shock as contemplated in Hercules v. Gunther,

13 Va. App. 357, 412 S.E.2d 185 (1991), or Burlington Mills

Corp. v. Hagood, 177 Va. 204, 13 S.E.2d 291 (1941).     The

commission determined that although claimant may have

experienced "discomfort and anxiety" from being trapped in the

elevator, the event was not "unexpected, shocking, or

catastrophic" so as to qualify as a compensable psychological

                               - 5 -
injury.   We accept those conclusions because they are supported

by credible and sufficient evidence.

     Additionally, credible evidence supports the commission's

determination that claimant failed to prove she suffered from a

compensable occupational disease.   Here, the medical evidence

demonstrated a long-term history of psychological problems, and

the commission was not required to accept the opinion of the

treating physician when countered by other evidence.

Accordingly, we conclude that the commission did not err in

finding that claimant's PTSD was not an aggravation of an

ordinary disease of life.   See Owens, 30 Va. App. at 88, 515

S.E.2d at 349 (holding that the sound of a falling utility cover

was not an unexpected event and that the evidence was

insufficient to prove an aggravation of claimant's pre-existing

PTSD).

     Finding no error in the commission's decision, we affirm.

                                                        Affirmed.

                               - 6 -