Court Opinion

ID: 4370254
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-02-22 15:48:22.202766+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:22:15.018657
License: Public Domain

NOTICE: This opinion is subject to motions for reargument under V.R.A.P. 40 as well as formal
revision before publication in the Vermont Reports. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter
of Decisions by email at: JUD.Reporter@vermont.gov or by mail at: Vermont Supreme Court, 109
State Street, Montpelier, Vermont 05609-0801, of any errors in order that corrections may be made
before this opinion goes to press.

                                           2019 VT 8

                                         No. 2018-112

In re Glenn Robinson, Esq.                                    Original Jurisdiction
(Office of Disciplinary Counsel)

                                                              Professional Responsibility Board

                                                              September Term, 2018

Sheila Ware, Chair

Sarah Katz, Disciplinary Counsel, Burlington, for Petitioner-Appellant.

P. Scott McGee of Hershenson, Carter, Scott & McGee, P.C., Norwich, for
 Respondent-Appellee.

PRESENT: Reiber, C.J., Robinson, Eaton and Carroll, JJ., and Pearson, Supr. J. (Ret.),
         Specially Assigned

       ¶ 1.   PER CURIAM.          A hearing panel of the Professional Responsibility Board

concluded that respondent, Glenn Robinson, Esq., violated several of the Vermont Rules of

Professional Conduct—Rules 1.7, 4.3, 8.4(d), and 8.4(g)—based on his relationships with two

former clients. The panel imposed a sanction suspending respondent from the practice of law for

two years and placed several conditions on respondent’s ability to resume practice. This Court

ordered review of the hearing panel’s decision, pursuant to Administrative Order 9, designating

the Office of Disciplinary Counsel as appellant. A.O. 9 § 11(E). Disciplinary counsel argues that

the panel erred in applying the presumptive standards for attorney discipline and asks this Court
to modify the panel’s sanction and disbar respondent. While accepting the recommended sanction,

respondent argues that several of the panel’s findings of fact were clearly erroneous, the panel

incorrectly determined respondent acted knowingly in violating Rule 1.7, and the panel erred in

concluding that respondent violated Rules 4.3, 8.4(d), and 8.4(g) and applying the standards for

attorney discipline. We adopt the hearing panel’s conclusions that respondent violated Rules 1.7,

4.3, and 8.4(g) of the Vermont Rules of Professional Conduct; reverse the panel’s conclusion that

respondent violated Rule 8.4(d); and conclude that respondent’s actions warrant disbarment.

                               I. Hearing Panel’s Findings of Fact

       ¶ 2.    The relevant facts as found by the hearing panel are as follows. Respondent was

admitted to the Vermont bar and has practiced as a licensed attorney in Vermont since 1999. In

2005, respondent began business as a solo practitioner in Newport, Vermont. Most of respondent’s

practice related to family, criminal, and probate law. During the time period at issue, from

December 2010 until approximately April 2013, respondent provided legal services for several

female clients relevant to this appeal—C.M., P.B., and A.P. Respondent later employed and

engaged in sexual behavior with these former clients. The hearing panel concluded that respondent

violated the Rules of Professional Conduct based on his interactions with two of these individuals,

C.M. and P.B. The hearing panel found no violations with related to respondent’s conduct with

A.P. On appeal, we address whether the panel correctly concluded that respondent’s conduct with

C.M. and P.B. violated the Rules of Professional Conduct and, if so, what sanctions are

appropriate. We do not consider the allegations with respect to A.P.

                              A. Respondent’s Conduct with C.M.

       ¶ 3.    Respondent represented C.M. in her divorce proceedings from December 2010

until June 2012. At the time, C.M. was a thirty-nine-year-old mother of five children who had

                                                2
recently separated from her husband of sixteen years. She had left the family farm and was living

in a trailer in Newport Center, Vermont. Respondent engaged in a sexual relationship with C.M.

from February 2011 until June 2012, while he was representing her in the divorce action.

       ¶ 4.    Prior to entering the sexual relationship with C.M., respondent discussed with C.M.

whether he could ethically enter a sexual relationship with her while representing her in the divorce

action, and he told her he believed he could do so. However, respondent did not request or receive

a signed written waiver from C.M. acknowledging that she was aware of the risks of engaging in

a sexual relationship with respondent while he represented her or authorizing him to do so.

Respondent also took steps not to be seen with C.M. in the area of the state where he practiced.

       ¶ 5.    During the pendency of the divorce action, C.M. was under considerable financial

strain; she struggled to make her monthly car and rent payments. C.M. paid respondent an initial

“retainer” of approximately $2000 by cashing in a retirement account, but she stopped making

monthly payments to respondent at some point over the course of his representation of her in the

divorce proceedings. To alleviate C.M.’s financial burden, respondent made several offers to C.M.

that she could stay with him at his condominium and hired C.M. as an employee of a tanning salon

business that he owned.

       ¶ 6.    Respondent ended the relationship with C.M. very shortly after the final merits

hearing in her divorce proceedings in June 2012. They had sexual relations on one occasion during

the week following the divorce settlement and one final time in the fall of 2012. The panel found

that C.M.:

               believes—rightly or wrongly—that [r]espondent failed to devote
               sufficient time to representing her interests in the divorce
               proceedings; that he did not take sufficient actions to protect and
               advance her financial interests in the proceeding; that he misled her

                                                 3
               into agreeing to the final settlement; and that he abandoned her after
               convincing her to agree to a settlement in the divorce proceeding.1

The panel further noted that C.M. “felt that she was being abandoned by [r]espondent both

personally and in connection with her expectations as to receiving ongoing support from

[r]espondent on divorce-related issues going forward.”

                                B. Respondent’s Conduct with P.B.

       ¶ 7.    In December 2011, P.B. contacted respondent’s office seeking legal advice.

Respondent assisted her in connection with several matters, including a pending criminal

proceeding in which respondent helped P.B. obtain temporary relief from the conditions of release

imposed at her arraignment. He did not charge P.B. for his legal services. In January 2012,

respondent contacted P.B. and offered her a job as an administrative assistant at his law firm. At

the time, P.B. was twenty-nine years old, living with her parents, and aspiring to gain admission

to a training program to work as a border-patrol agent. Because P.B. did not have a college degree,

she needed to demonstrate law-related employment for a minimum of one year to qualify for

admission to the training program—employment with respondent appealed to her to satisfy that

requirement, and she had an incentive to remain employed with respondent for at least one year.

P.B. had no experience or training as an administrative assistant.

       ¶ 8.    P.B. suffers from mental-health issues. In 2005, P.B. was diagnosed with attention

deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Over the course

       1
          C.M. took an active role in the divorce proceedings and was concerned about obtaining
a fair property settlement. The panel found that she justified entering into the settlement
agreement, at least in part, based on her belief that the terms of the settlement could be adjusted in
the future to be more favorable to her. C.M. asserted that respondent verbally assured her this was
the case. The panel was unable to find by clear and convincing evidence that respondent made
any unqualified communication along those lines; it found that C.M.’s understanding was more
likely the product of a miscommunication. Either way, the panel found that, due to respondent’s
behavior, C.M. would likely never believe she received “zealous” representation from respondent
and that his actions damaged her view of the legal profession.

                                                  4
of her treatment for these disorders, P.B. utilized a variety of coping mechanisms in response to

exacerbation of her PTSD, which included, at times, self-harm via cutting behaviors, avoidance of

social engagements, agoraphobia, withdrawal, and counterphobia—engaging in behavior that

makes the individual feel threatened.

       ¶ 9.    P.B. began working for respondent in January 2012 and received her last paycheck

in January 2013. Over the course of her employment, P.B. experienced various difficulties relating

to respondent. Relevant to the panel’s analysis and the issues on appeal are incidents where

respondent tossed paperclips at P.B.’s cleavage, masturbated in her presence, and requested that

she sign a contract in September 2012 indicating their relationship was “mutually welcome” and

waiving any future claims against respondent. The panel’s findings regarding these events are as

follows.

       ¶ 10.   The panel found that respondent encouraged a “relaxed atmosphere” at the office

and often engaged in verbal banter, teasing, and flirtatious conduct with P.B. In April or May

2012, respondent’s common practice of “joking” with P.B. escalated when he—on more than one

occasion—threw paperclips at her in a manner that intentionally “targeted her breasts and

cleavage” so that the paperclips would slip down her shirt and between her breasts. The panel

found that, at various times throughout April and July 2012, P.B. told her psychiatrist “that her

boss was making unwanted advances towards her or otherwise causing her stress.”               The

psychiatrist noted that P.B.’s PTSD symptoms “surfaced” and were “being exacerbated” due to

the “unwanted sexual advances from [respondent].”

       ¶ 11.   The panel made further findings that, in late July 2012, while respondent and P.B.

were together in the law office, an incident occurred during which, at respondent’s request, P.B.

unbuttoned her shirt, exposed her bra, and lowered her bra strap while respondent proceeded to

                                                5
masturbate to ejaculation in his pants.     Respondent asked her to pull on his tie while he

masturbated; P.B. did so. That evening, after the incident, P.B. went home and “broke down” in

front of her mother while explaining what had happened with respondent. On August 7, 2012,

P.B. sent an email to respondent stating that she felt disrespected and planned to stop coming to

work due to respondent’s actions. Respondent replied that he never intended to make P.B.

uncomfortable and that he would be happy to speak with her about her concerns. Following this

exchange, P.B. and respondent revisited signing a contract to outline the boundaries of their

personal and professional relationships—an issue that had been developing for several months.

       ¶ 12.   The panel made the following findings regarding the contract agreement between

P.B. and respondent. In May or early June 2012, respondent told his step-father about his interest

in pursuing a romantic relationship with P.B. and was encouraged to “get something in writing”

indicating that the relationship was consensual. Soon thereafter, respondent and P.B. participated

in a conference call with respondent’s step-brother, who is also an attorney. During the call,

respondent asked his step-brother to draft an agreement reflecting that the relationship was “mutual

and welcoming” and containing a release of any sexual-harassment or gender-discrimination

claim, preventing P.B. from alleging either claim in the future. Respondent’s step-brother drafted

the agreement entitled “Notice of Intent to Engage in Mutually Welcomed Romantic Relationship

and Waiver of Claims” and provided it to respondent, who gave a copy of the agreement to P.B.

Notably, the contract provided a waiver by P.B. of “any and all” state and federal law claims of

sexual harassment or gender discrimination against respondent—apparently including future as

well as past claims. The panel found that P.B. “was confused and intimidated by the conference

call, had a hard time following the discussion and understanding the issues, and did not understand

the need for a written agreement.” Neither party signed the agreement at this point; no further

                                                 6
action was taken regarding the agreement until the fall of 2012, following the masturbation

incident.

       ¶ 13.   After the masturbation incident and email exchange between respondent and P.B.,

respondent asked his step-brother to revise the contract. In September 2012, respondent and P.B.

discussed and signed the contract. No witnesses were present, and P.B. did not have an attorney.

The panel found that P.B. “believed from her discussion with respondent that they needed to sign

the agreement to satisfy [r]espondent’s father and that it was required of her to continue working

for [r]espondent.” The panel further found that “[r]espondent did not advise [P.B.] to obtain

independent legal advice with respect to the agreement.”

       ¶ 14.   Other relevant facts found by the panel regarding the relationship between

respondent and P.B. include the following. At some point during the fall of 2012, respondent

began counseling, which P.B. perceived to have a positive effect on respondent. In December

2012 or January 2013, respondent began to indicate that he was displeased with P.B.’s absences

from work due to her agoraphobia and informed her that he wanted to hire another former client,

A.P., as his new assistant and to have P.B. help train her for the position. P.B. and respondent

were still engaged in a sexual relationship at this point. In January 2013, P.B. ceased working for

respondent—it is unclear whether P.B. quit or she was fired—and A.P. began working in his office.

From the time P.B. stopped working with respondent in January 2013 until the panel’s hearing,

P.B. was unemployed, lived at home with her parents, and continued to suffer from agoraphobia

and other symptoms related to her PTSD and ADHD conditions. In the spring of 2013, P.B. sought

legal help from an attorney regarding respondent’s behavior toward her, but she did not initiate a

claim against respondent.

                                                7
       ¶ 15.   In May 2013, P.B. was interviewed by a state police officer because of a complaint

of sexual harassment filed against respondent by A.P. This complaint ultimately led to the

disciplinary hearing at issue here. When interviewed, P.B. made allegations of sexual harassment

against respondent. Although the relationship between P.B. and respondent was complicated, and

the parties gave conflicting testimony, the hearing panel ultimately found that respondent’s sexual

attentions toward P.B. involving the paperclip incident and the masturbation incident were

“unwanted” by P.B. and caused her harm.2

                                   II. Disciplinary Proceedings

       ¶ 16.   As noted above, in April 2013, A.P. filed a sexual-harassment claim against

respondent. This claim triggered an investigation into respondent’s behavior with C.M., P.B., and

A.P. and led to the disciplinary hearing at issue here.

       ¶ 17.   Following the investigation, no criminal charges were filed against respondent, and

the matter was referred to the Professional Responsibility Program in 2013. The panel held a

hearing over a five-day period in November 2017 and January 2018.3 In March 2018, the panel

       2
          The panel made additional findings indicating that P.B. and respondent reconciled and
continued their sexual relationship intermittently until December 2014. The panel heard testimony
that, among other allegations, “[a]t various times subsequent to the termination of [P.B.]’s
employment, [P.B.] expressed to her parents and others that she was afraid of [r]espondent” and
that respondent had made threats against her to prevent her from testifying. The panel found that
“[t]here was no evidence presented that [r]espondent threatened [P.B.] at any time,” and explained
that, according to P.B.’s therapist, these reported incidents were “consistent with the behavioral
profile associated with PTSD during periods of exacerbation.” Respondent seeks to discredit
P.B.’s allegations of harassment and harm resulting from respondent’s actions due to her
inconsistency. While we acknowledge that the record indicates discrepancies in P.B.’s state of
mind toward respondent, we determine that the panel’s findings of fact were not clearly erroneous
and agree with the panel’s conclusion that, based on the findings, it is reasonable to determine that
respondent knowingly engaged in conduct that was “unwelcome” by P.B.
       3
          The panel acknowledged that there was a delay in proceedings due, in part, to
respondent’s “effort to secure a ruling on the basis of a stipulation of facts” and the appointment
of a new hearing panel.

                                                  8
issued an order setting forth the findings of fact, conclusions of law, and sanctions. Based on the

facts outlined above, the panel concluded that respondent violated Rules 1.7, 4.3, 8.4(d), and 8.4(g)

due to his misconduct with C.M. and P.B.4 The panel further determined that respondent acted

“knowingly” regarding each violation; that each of the violations resulted in harm (potential or

actual) to C.M., P.B., or the public’s perception of the legal profession; and that the presumptive

sanction for each violation should be suspension. The panel’s consideration of the aggravating

and mitigating factors did not alter the presumptive sanction, and the panel ultimately suspended

respondent from the practice of law for two years. The panel also ordered:

                In the event that [r]espondent files a motion seeking permission to
               resume the practice of law, . . . he shall be required to submit as part
               of his application (1) an independent . . . evaluation of his mental
               health . . . to be performed no earlier than 90 days prior to the filing
               of any motion; and (2) a certificate of his participation in and
               completion of a sexual harassment education program that meets
               with the prior approval of Bar Counsel.

       ¶ 18.   On appeal, disciplinary counsel asks this Court to adopt the factual findings and

conclusions of law as set forth in the hearing panel’s order, but to modify the sanction and disbar

respondent from the practice of law. Respondent does not contest the imposition of a two-year

suspension but challenges several of the hearing panel’s findings.

       4
          The panel determined that there was insufficient evidence to conclude that respondent’s
sexual interactions with A.P. were “unwelcome.” As such, the panel did not find that respondent
violated any of the Vermont Rules of Professional Conduct based on his relationship with A.P.

        We note that Rule 1.8 was recently amended, effective March 12, 2018, to expressly
prohibit a lawyer from having sexual relationships with a client, subject to a limited exception: “A
lawyer shall not have sexual relations with a client unless a consensual sexual relationship existed
between them when the client-lawyer relationship commenced.” V.R.Pr.C. 1.8(j) (2018).
However, this change to Rule 1.8 postdated the Rules of Professional Conduct in effect at the time
of the events alleged and is therefore inapplicable to this proceeding.

                                                  9
                                      III. Standard of Review

       ¶ 19.   We review “a disciplinary hearing panel’s findings of fact under a clearly erroneous

standard.” In re Strouse, 2011 VT 77, ¶ 8, 190 Vt. 170, 34 A.3d 329 (per curiam). We will uphold

the panel’s findings “if clearly and reasonably supported by the evidence, whether the findings are

purely factual or mixed law and fact.” Id. (quotation omitted). We review the panel’s legal

conclusions, including its violations determinations, de novo. See In re Sinnott, 2004 VT 16, ¶ 11,

176 Vt. 596, 845 A.2d 373 (mem.) (citing Graham v. Town of Duxbury, 173 Vt. 498, 499, 787
A.2d 1229, 1232 (2001) (mem.) for proposition that “this Court’s review of conclusions of law is

plenary and nondeferential”). Our standard of review regarding the level of deference we afford

the panel’s sanction recommendation has been unclear; we clarify that standard here.

       ¶ 20.   In the past, we have stated that the Court defers to the disciplinary panel’s

recommendations on the issue of sanctions, yet retains discretion to determine which sanctions are

appropriate for violations of the Rules of Professional Conduct. Strouse, 2011 VT 77, ¶ 8 (“We

give deference to the recommendations of a disciplinary panel but use our own discretion and

make our own determinations as to which sanctions are appropriate for violations of the Rules of

Professional Conduct.”); see also In re Fink, 2011 VT 42, ¶ 16, 189 Vt. 470, 22 A.3d 461 (“As to

sanctions, we accord the panel’s recommendation deference, but this Court renders the ultimate

decision.” (quotation omitted)). This standard is contradictory—it suggests that we simultaneously

defer and, yet, do not defer to the disciplinary panel’s exercise of discretion. As explained below,

there is no basis for this Court to defer to the panel’s sanction recommendation. To the extent that

our caselaw has indicated such deference is appropriate, we reject that proposition now.

       ¶ 21.   Under the Vermont Constitution, the Supreme Court exercises “administrative

control of all the courts of the state, and disciplinary authority concerning all judicial officers and

                                                  10
attorneys at law in the State.” Vt. Const. ch. II, § 30. Pursuant to that authority, this Court has

promulgated the Vermont Rules of Professional Conduct, setting forth the ethical rules and

responsibilities governing attorneys in the State, and has established a program to enforce the Rules

of Professional Conduct and provide for attorney discipline, known as the Permanent Rules

Governing Establishment and Operation of the Professional Responsibility Program, which are set

forth in Administrative Order 9. The disciplinary program is administered by the Professional

Responsibility Board. Notably, “the [Board] acts on behalf of this Court and pursuant to rules

adopted by this Court.” In re Berk, 157 Vt. 524, 527, 602 A.2d 946, 948 (1991) (per curiam); see

A.O. 9 Preamble to Permanent Rules (explaining Board was created by this Court pursuant to its

“constitutional authority. . . to structure and administer the lawyer discipline and disability

system”). However, “[t]his Court retains inherent power to dispose of individual cases of lawyer

discipline.” Berk, 157 Vt. at 527, 602 A.2d at 948 (quotation and alteration omitted); see also Vt.

Const. ch. II, § 30 (stating Supreme Court has “disciplinary authority concerning all . . . attorneys

at law in the State”). Decisions by hearing panels of the Board are appealable to this Court under

Rule 11(E) of the Permanent Rules. Although these decisions come to this Court on appeal, we

have stated that “this Court does not ‘review’ [Board] recommendations on sanctions; rather, it

makes its own ultimate decisions on discipline.” Berk, 157 Vt. at 527-28, 602 A.2d at 948. While

the rules provide that the Board’s findings of fact “shall not be set aside unless clearly erroneous,”

A.O. 9 § 11(D), the rules do not provide standards of review for the Board’s conclusions in mixed

findings of fact and law or its recommendations on sanctions. As such, the rules provide no basis

for this Court’s deference to the Board’s sanction recommendations.

       ¶ 22.   When this Court gives deference to another body’s decisions, such as in the context

of deference to agency determinations within the agency’s area of expertise, such

                                                 11
“[d]ecisions . . . are presumed correct, valid, and reasonable.” In re Korrow Real Estate, LLC Act

250 Permit Amendment Application, 2018 VT 39, ¶ 21, __ Vt. __, 187 A.3d 1125. We apply this

deferential standard in limited circumstances. Id. ¶ 20 (explaining that this Court “owes deference

to agency interpretations of policy or terms when: (1) that agency is statutorily authorized to

provide such guidance; (2) complex methodologies are applied; or (3) such decisions are within

the agency’s ‘area of expertise’ ”). Even then, such deference is limited—we do not defer to a

legal conclusion or interpretation of law if it is unreasonable, irrational, arbitrary, or capricious

because it would violate due process principles. Id. Importantly, “where we are not reviewing a

decision by an agency charged with promulgating and interpreting its own rules, we employ the

familiar de novo standard of review for matters of law.” In re Confluence Behavioral Health, LLC,

2017 VT 112, ¶ 12, __ Vt. __, 180 A.3d 867 (quotation omitted).

       ¶ 23.   Here, the Board is not akin to an agency. First, this Court, not the Legislature,

tasked the Board with administering the disciplinary program. As such, there is no separation of

powers concern that would invite this Court’s deference to the Board. Cf. Town of Victory v.

State, 2004 VT 110, ¶ 16, 177 Vt. 383, 865 A.2d 373 (“To preserve the appropriate separation of

judicial and executive powers, we presume that judicial review of administrative decisions is

deferential absent a clear [legislative] statement of contrary intent.”) Second, this Court, not the

Board, promulgated the Rules of Professional Conduct. Therefore the Court, not the Board, is

uniquely positioned to interpret and administer its own rules—again, deference to the Board is not

the standard here. See Confluence Behavioral Health, LLC, 2017 VT 112, ¶ 12 (explaining that

we apply de novo standard of review when reviewing matters of law not within agency’s charge,

such as interpreting its own promulgated rules).

                                                 12
       ¶ 24.   As we have repeatedly affirmed, “it is upon this Court that the responsibility for

regulation and discipline of the legal profession falls.” In re Harrington, 134 Vt. 549, 552, 367
A.2d 161, 163 (1976) (per curiam) (citing Vt. Const. ch. II, § 30). In Harrington, we explained:

               [T]his Court is the true final arbiter in [a disciplinary] matter. It is
               not the function of this Court . . . to “review” actions taken below.
               The only final and ultimate decision is made here, on the
               responsibility of this Court. The Professional Conduct Board
               functions as a collator of the facts and an advisor to the Court,
               assembling and evaluating the presented material so that it will be
               in manageable form for the Court. The findings and
               recommendations of the Board, both as an arm of the Court and as
               a body representation of the profession, carry great weight. But they
               are not binding.

Id. (emphases added). While we have long recognized the Board’s role as an advisor, giving “great

weight” to their recommendations, id., the application of deference to a disciplinary hearing

panel’s recommendation seems to have appeared in this Court’s decision in Berk, 157 Vt. at 527-

28, 602 A.2d at 947-48. The Berk Court used “deference” as a synonym for “great weight,” noting

that other courts applied a similar standard. Id. However, the cases cited by the Court show that

courts in other states at the time gave “great weight”—not “deference”—to Board

recommendations. See Hawkins v. State Bar, 591 P.2d 524, 526 (Cal. 1979) (en banc) (“[W]e

note that despite our undoubted power of review of disciplinary matters, the disciplinary board’s

recommendation is given great weight . . . .”); In re Discipline of Gubbins, 380 N.W.2d 810, 812

(Minn. 1986) (per curiam) (referring to board as “referee” when stating “[w]hile we alone are

responsible for determining appropriate discipline, we place ‘great weight’ on the referee’s

recommendations”); In re Kushner, 502 A.2d 32, 35 (N.J. 1986) (per curiam) (explaining court

gave “great weight” to board recommendations but would “not hesitate to impose a more severe

sanction than that recommended by the Board when circumstances warrant”). We note that

contemporary courts similarly give weight to panel conclusions and recommended sanctions, but

                                                 13
do not give them deference. In re Wyatt’s Case, 982 A.2d 396, 406 (N.H. 2009) (deferring to

board’s “factual findings if supported by the record, but retain[ing] ultimate authority to determine

whether, on the facts found, a violation of the rules governing attorney conduct has occurred and,

if so, the appropriate sanction”); In re Richmond’s Case, 872 A.2d 1023, 1028 (N.H. 2005) (“We

review the referee’s factual findings to determine whether a reasonable person could reach the

same conclusion as the referee based upon the evidence presented. However, we review de novo

to determine whether the referee committed errors of law.” (citation omitted)); In re Disciplinary

Proceeding Against Eugster, 209 P.3d 435, 444 (Wash. 2009) (en banc) (“This court bears the

ultimate responsibility for lawyer discipline . . . . We give considerable weight to the hearing

officer’s findings of fact, especially with regard to the credibility of the witnesses, and we will

uphold those findings so long as they are supported by substantial evidence. We give great weight

to a hearing officer’s determination of an attorney’s state of mind because it is a factual finding.

However, we review a hearing officer’s conclusions of law de novo.” (quotations omitted)).

       ¶ 25.   Giving “great weight” to an advisor’s recommendation, Harrington, 134 Vt. at 552,

367 A.2d at 163, is distinct from “presum[ing]” that decisions made by a disciplinary hearing panel

are “correct, valid, and reasonable.” Korrow, 2018 VT 39, ¶ 21. Therefore, we determine that the

“great weight” afforded to panel recommendations is more appropriately characterized as giving

consideration to the panel in light of this Court’s role as plenary authority, rather than giving the

panel “deference” as that term is used in our broader caselaw.

       ¶ 26.   Our disciplinary-hearing caselaw supports this version of our standard. This Court

has routinely conducted its own legal analysis of the issues present and reached its own conclusions

regarding the violations and appropriate sanctions in a given matter. See, e.g., Strouse, 2011 VT
77, ¶ 9 (agreeing with panel’s conclusion regarding violation of Rule 8.4(c) but applying alternate

                                                 14
sanction); Fink, 2011 VT 42, ¶ 16 (reciting deference standard but conducting independent review

to determine whether evidence was sufficient to prove violation); Sinnott, 2004 VT 16, ¶¶ 10-11

(conducting independent analysis of legal issues but ultimately finding panel’s reasoning

persuasive and agreeing with panel’s recommendations). This practice is consistent with a de novo

standard and our role as the ultimate authority for attorney discipline.

       ¶ 27.   Thus, the standard of review that we will apply upon review of a disciplinary

proceeding will be as follows: we review the panel’s findings of fact for clear error and review de

novo its conclusions of law, including the panel’s violation determinations and sanction

recommendations.       In doing so, we will give consideration to the panel’s sanction

recommendation, but we will treat it as just that—a recommendation. If our analysis comports

with the recommendation of the panel, we will affirm it; if it does not, we will exercise our plenary

authority to reach the appropriate conclusions and sanctions.

                                  IV. Contested Findings of Fact

       ¶ 28.   We first review the panel’s findings of fact, which respondent contests. As

explained above, we will defer to the panel’s findings so long as they are “clearly and reasonably

supported by the evidence.” Strouse, 2011 VT 77, ¶ 8 (quotation omitted). Here, the panel

conducted a five-day hearing riddled with contradictory testimony and competing narratives.

       ¶ 29.   First, respondent contends that this Court should apply his version of certain

essential facts to its analysis. Most notably, respondent asserts that the panel’s findings regarding:

(1) the details of the paperclip incident, (2) whether respondent’s sexual conduct was “unwelcome”

by P.B. during the paperclip and masturbation incidents, and (3) whether P.B.’s mental-health

conditions were “exacerbated” by her relationship with respondent and his conduct were clearly

erroneous. In support of this argument, respondent attacks P.B’s credibility because “[P.B.’s]

                                                 15
testimony was contradicted on material points by undisputed evidence” and “[P.B.] was mentally

unstable.” Our deference to the panel’s factual findings clearly extends to the panel’s credibility

determinations—the credibility of witnesses and resolution of disputed or contradictory testimony

is for the finder of fact. See In re Elgin, 918 A.2d 362, 373 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (explaining that court

defers to findings of fact and credibility determinations made by Board of Professional

Responsibility). We conclude that the panel’s findings on all three issues are supported by the

evidence—including P.B.’s testimony, her psychiatrist’s testimony and records, and her mother’s

testimony regarding P.B.’s description of the masturbation incident and her deteriorating

enthusiasm for working at respondent’s office—and that the panel’s findings were not in error.

        ¶ 30.   Next, respondent contests two specific findings by the panel: (1) that “[r]espondent

presented no evidence that he ever provided [C.M.] with a description of the types of risks”

associated with respondent representing her in her divorce proceedings while the two were

engaged in a sexual relationship; and (2) that P.B. believed she needed to sign the September 2012

agreement to continue working for respondent or else she would be fired.

        ¶ 31.   Regarding the first assertion, we agree with respondent that the panel’s finding

disregards respondent’s testimony that he verbally discussed the potential risks of engaging in a

sexual relationship with C.M. It is unclear whether the panel overlooked this testimony or whether

it found the statement unpersuasive. However, the panel’s error on this point is harmless. The

panel’s ultimate conclusion that respondent violated Rule 1.7 was based on its finding that C.M.

did not give informed consent, confirmed in writing, waiving the conflict, as required by the Rule.

Although respondent contends that he provided C.M. with verbal disclosures, respondent does not

contest the finding that he did not secure written confirmation of C.M.’s informed consent; the

panel’s factual error, if error at all, does not impact its conclusion that respondent violated Rule 1.7.

                                                   16
       ¶ 32.   Second, respondent argues that the evidence does not support the finding that P.B.

believed she would be fired if she did not sign the September 2012 agreement. At the hearing,

P.B. explained that she believed she and respondent would be “in trouble” if they did not sign the

agreement before respondent’s step-father came to the office, but there is no direct evidence that

P.B. believed she would be fired if she did not sign. However, the panel explained that, even if

P.B. “voluntarily signed the agreement because she wanted to have a consensual relationship with

[r]espondent,” respondent still engaged in quid pro quo sexual harassment merely by presenting

and entering into the agreement. The panel articulated that “[a]lthough the waiver provision did

not explicitly make the submission to unwanted sexual advances a term of employment, it

implicitly did so by placing [P.B.] in a position where she could not as a practical matter assert a

claim of discrimination or harassment against her employer going forward.” Thus, any error in

the panel’s findings regarding P.B.’s motive in signing the contract does not impact the panel’s

conclusion that respondent violated Rule 8.4(g).

                                V. Contested Conclusions of Law

       ¶ 33.   Next, we address whether respondent violated Rules 1.7, 4.3, 8.4(d), and 8.4(g)

based on his conduct with C.M. and P.B. and the presumptive sanctions that should correlate with

each violation. The American Bar Association’s Standards for Imposing Lawyer Sanctions guide

our sanctions determinations. Fink, 2011 VT 42, ¶ 35; Ctr. for Prof’l Responsibility, Am. Bar

Assoc., Standards for Imposing Lawyer Sanctions (1986) (amended 1992) [hereinafter ABA

Standards]. “Under this construct, we consider: ‘(a) the duty violated; (b) the lawyer’s mental

state; (c) the actual or potential injury caused by the lawyer’s misconduct; and (d) the existence of

aggravating or mitigating factors.’ ” Fink, 2011 VT 42, ¶ 35 (quoting ABA Standards § 3.0). The

standards provide a presumptive sanction “[d]epending on the importance of the duty violated, the

                                                 17
level of the attorney’s culpability, and the extent of the harm caused.” Id. However, the

presumptive sanction may be altered “depending on the existence of aggravating or mitigating

factors.” Id. Notably, “the purpose of sanctions is not to punish attorneys, but rather to protect

the public from harm and to maintain confidence in our legal institutions by deterring future

misconduct.” Id. (quotation omitted). In this case, we concur with the panel’s conclusions

regarding respondent’s violations of Rules 1.7, 4.3, and 8.4(g) and the corresponding presumptive

sanction assigned by the panel regarding the violation of Rule 1.7. However, we disagree with the

panel’s sua sponte conclusion that respondent violated Rule 8.4(d). We also disagree with the

panel’s determination that the presumptive sanction for respondent’s violations of Rules 4.3 and

8.4(g) should be suspension; we conclude that disbarment is the presumptive sanction for

respondent’s violations of these rules. We consider each violation and sanction determination in

turn.

                         A. Rule 1.7 (Conflict of Interest: Current Clients)

        ¶ 34.   First, we consider whether respondent violated Rule 1.7 by engaging in a sexual

relationship with C.M. while representing her in her divorce proceedings and failing to obtain her

consent to the representation in writing. Rule 1.7 prohibits an attorney from representing a client

where there is a concurrent conflict of interest. Specifically, the Rule provides, “a lawyer shall not

represent a client if the representation involves a concurrent conflict of interest. A concurrent

conflict of interest exists if . . . there is a significant risk that the representation of one or more

clients will be materially limited . . . by a personal interest of the lawyer.” V.R.Pr.C. 1.7(a). Rule

1.7 provides for limited exceptions:

                 Notwithstanding the existence of a concurrent conflict of
                interest . . . a lawyer may represent a client if:

                                                  18
                  (1) the lawyer reasonably believes that the lawyer will be able to
               provide competent and diligent representation to each affected
               client;

                  (2) the representation is not prohibited by law;

                 (3) the representation does not involve the assertion of a claim by
               one client against another client represented by the lawyer in the
               same litigation or other proceeding before a tribunal; and

                 (4) each affected client gives informed consent, confirmed in
               writing.

Rule 1.7(b) (emphasis added). Here, the panel determined that respondent violated his duty to

avoid conflicts of interest, and did not qualify for an exception, under Rule 1.7 when he engaged

in a sexual relationship with his client, C.M., without obtaining her “informed consent” in writing.

Based on the facts found by the panel, we agree that respondent violated Rule 1.7.

       ¶ 35.   Next, we must determine respondent’s mental state in committing the violation.

“The lawyer’s mental state may be one of intent, knowledge, or negligence.” ABA Standards

§ 3.0, cmt. The standards define these mental states as follows. Intent, the most culpable mental

state, is defined as acting with “the conscious objective or purpose to accomplish a particular

result.” ABA Standards, Definitions. Knowledge, the next most culpable mental state, is “the

conscious awareness of the nature or attendant circumstances of the conduct but without the

conscious objective or purpose to accomplish a particular result.” Id. Finally, negligence, the least

culpable mental state, exists when a lawyer fails “to heed a substantial risk that circumstances exist

or that a result will follow, which failure is a deviation from the standard of care that a reasonable

lawyer would exercise in the situation.” Id.

       ¶ 36.   In Fink, we explained that the distinction between negligent and knowing conduct

               is whether a lawyer had a conscious awareness of the conduct
               underlying the violation or whether he failed to heed a substantial
               risk that a violation would result from his conduct. In other words,
               was the lawyer aware of the circumstances that formed the basis for

                                                 19
               the violation? If so, the conduct was done knowingly. If the lawyer
               instead acted without awareness, but below the accepted standard of
               care, then he acted negligently.

2011 VT 42, ¶ 38. Notably, “[a]pplication of these definitions is fact-dependent,” and as such “we

give deference to the panel’s assessment of an attorney’s mental state.” Id.

       ¶ 37.   Regarding respondent’s mental state in this case, the panel concluded that

respondent knowingly violated Rule 1.7 because he “knowingly entered into a sexual relationship

with [C.M.] while he was representing her in the divorce action.” (Emphasis added.) Respondent

argues that, while “his judgment was mistaken, . . . his failure to recognize a significant risk of

conflict was negligent, not knowing” when he reviewed comment 17 of the Rules of Professional

Conduct with C.M. and believed he could avoid a conflict. However, the panel concluded that

respondent did not act negligently because his failure to conduct adequate legal research on

conflicts of interest did not diminish his state of mind. We agree with the panel’s conclusion.

       ¶ 38.   Next, the ABA Standards ask us to consider “the actual or potential injury caused

by the lawyer’s misconduct.” ABA Standards § 3.0(c). Under the ABA Standards, injury is

defined as “harm to a client, the public, the legal system, or the profession which results from a

lawyer’s misconduct. The level of injury can range from ‘serious’ injury to ‘little or no’ injury.”

ABA Standards, Definitions. “Potential injury” refers to harm “that is reasonably foreseeable at

the time of the lawyer’s misconduct, and which, but for some intervening factor or event, would

probably have resulted from the lawyer’s misconduct.” Id. “The extent of the injury is defined by

the type of duty violated and the extent of the actual or potential harm.” Id., Theoretical

Framework.

       ¶ 39.   Here, the panel concluded that, although there is no evidence that C.M. suffered

actual harm from respondent’s representation in her divorce proceedings, respondent’s actions

presented a “serious potential injury” to C.M. by placing her at risk of conflicted representation

                                                20
and resulted in a “serious actual injury to the public perception of the legal profession.” Again,

we agree with the panel; a conflict-of-interest violation of this type “feed[s] public distrust of

lawyers and decrease[s] public confidence in the profession.” Fink, 2011 VT 42, ¶ 36 (finding

respondent caused “injury to the public at large and the legal profession” by failing to put

contingent fee in writing and to charge reasonable fee for services).

        ¶ 40.   Based on respondent’s breach of duty, corresponding mental state, and the harm

resulting from respondent’s actions, the ABA Standards assign a presumptive sanction for the

attorney’s misconduct. Id. ¶ 35. While these sanctions are not binding on this Court, they provide

a helpful guide in assigning an appropriate sanction. In re McCarty, 164 Vt. 604, 605, 665 A.2d
885, 887 (1995) (mem.) (electing not to adhere to ABA Standards’ recommendation for minimum

length of suspension). Here, the panel determined that respondent knowingly violated Rule 1.7,

resulting in serious potential harm to C.M. and serious actual injury to the legal profession,

therefore the panel determined suspension was the correct presumptive sanction under ABA

Standard 4.32. We agree.

        ¶ 41.   Standard 4.0 applies to “Violations of Duties Owed to Clients.” ABA Standards

§ 4.0. The introduction to Standard 4.0 expressly states that it applies to violations of Rule 1.7.

Id. Standard 4.32 provides for suspension “when a lawyer knows of a conflict of interest and does

not fully disclose to a client the possible effect of that conflict, and causes injury or potential injury

to a client.” Id. § 4.32. Respondent argues that we should apply Standard 4.34, which suggests

that “[a]dmonition is generally appropriate when a lawyer engages in an isolated instance of

negligence in determining whether the representation of a client may be materially affected by the

lawyer’s own interests . . . and causes little or no actual or potential injury to the client.” Id. § 4.34.

Here, respondent knowingly entered a relationship with C.M.; he was aware of potential conflicts

                                                    21
inherent in his relationship with a client, yet he did not obtain signed consent to the conflict from

C.M., in violation of Rule 1.7; and his actions caused potential injury to C.M. in her divorce

proceedings. Therefore, we conclude that suspension under Standard 4.32 is the appropriate

sanction.

                        B. Rule 4.3 (Dealing with Unrepresented Person)

       ¶ 42.   Next, the panel concluded that respondent committed two distinct violations of

Rule 4.3 when he: (1) failed to take reasonable steps to correct P.B.’s misunderstanding about his

role in the September 2012 agreement—namely, that he was acting in his own interest and not

representing P.B. in any way; and (2) failed to advise P.B. that she should consult an independent

attorney before signing the waiver. Rule 4.3 states, in relevant part:

                 In dealing on behalf of a client with a person who is not represented
               by counsel, a lawyer shall not state or imply that the lawyer is
               disinterested. When the lawyer knows or should reasonably know
               that the unrepresented person misunderstands the lawyer’s role in
               the matter, the lawyer shall make reasonable efforts to correct the
               misunderstanding. The lawyer shall not give legal advice to an
               unrepresented person, other than the advice to secure counsel, if the
               lawyer knows or reasonably should know that the interests of such
               a person are or have a reasonable possibility of being in conflict with
               the interests of the client.

V.R.Pr.C. 4.3. We agree with the panel’s conclusion that respondent’s conduct with P.B. violated

Rule 4.3.

       ¶ 43.   Regarding respondent’s mental state, the panel concluded that respondent acted

knowingly when he “presented a document to [P.B.] that included the clause waiving her right to

assert future claims of gender discrimination and sexual harassment and language representing that

the terms of the agreement protected both of their interests.” We agree with the panel that, while

a case could be made that respondent acted negligently in failing to make reasonable efforts to

clarify his role in connection with the agreement, the facts demonstrate that respondent knowingly

                                                 22
prepared the final version of the agreement with his step-brother’s assistance with the intent to

secure a waiver clause to prevent P.B. from bringing “any and all” claims against him. In addition,

respondent—an attorney—knew that P.B. was unsophisticated in legal matters, that P.B. was a

highly vulnerable individual struggling with various mental-health issues, and that there were

conflicting interests at stake in the September 2012 agreement. P.B. was also a former client and,

as such, it would be reasonable for her to assume that respondent was acting on her behalf.

Considering these factors, respondent’s failure to clarify that he was in no way representing P.B.’s

interests when asking her to sign the agreement or to advise her to seek legal counsel of her own

constitutes a knowing violation of Rule 4.3.5

       ¶ 44.    Regarding the harm caused by respondent’s actions, the panel concluded that

signing the agreement resulted in potential injury to P.B. because the waiver clause may have

discouraged P.B. from filing any gender-discrimination or sexual-harassment claims against

respondent and, even if she had overcome this hurdle and filed such a claim, the waiver may have

barred the claim if a court found the agreement to be valid. The panel further concluded that the

agreement, standing alone, caused “substantial injury to the legal system and the profession.” The

panel stated:

                Respondent’s effort, through the waiver clause, to shield himself
                from liability for discrimination in connection with conduct that had
                not yet occurred . . . was fundamentally inconsistent with the
                expectation that lawyers should seek justice at all times. . . . Such
                an agreement could only decrease confidence in the legal profession.

We agree with the panel that respondent’s request that P.B. sign the September 2012 agreement

presented potential injury to P.B. and caused serious injury to the legal profession.

       5
           Respondent’s step-brother testified that he verbally advised P.B. to seek counsel.
However, there is no evidence that respondent was aware of his step-brother’s advice and the step-
brother’s acts do not excuse respondent’s failure to comply with the Rules of Professional Conduct.

                                                 23
       ¶ 45.   The panel applied Standard 7.2, which carries a presumptive sanction of

suspension, to respondent’s violation of Rule 4.3.       Standard 7.2 provides: “[s]uspension is

generally appropriate when a lawyer knowingly engages in conduct that is a violation of a duty

owed as a professional, and causes injury or potential injury to a client, the public, or the legal

system.” ABA Standards § 7.2.

       ¶ 46.   However, the final sanction determination for respondent’s conduct rests with this

Court. As noted above, we are not required to defer to the panel’s conclusion that suspension is

the appropriate presumptive sanction under Standard 7.2. See supra, Part III. While we give the

panel’s recommendation consideration, we conduct our own analysis to determine the appropriate

sanction. Disciplinary counsel advocates that Standard 7.1, which carries a presumptive sanction

of disbarment, rather than Standard 7.2, is applicable to respondent’s violations of Rules 4.3 and

8.4(g). See infra, Part V(D). We agree with disciplinary counsel’s assessment and determine that

Standard 7.1 is more appropriate than Standard 7.2 in this instance.6

       6
          We note that the ABA Standards recommend that Standard 6.3 (Improper
Communications with Individuals in the Legal System) applies to violations of Rule 4.3. ABA
Standards, Appendix I. As explained above, the ABA Standards provide guidance in setting
appropriate sanctions, but they are not binding on this Court. See supra, ¶ 40. Here, we find
Standard 6.3 to be inapplicable to the facts at issue. Standard 6.3 provides that “the following
sanctions are generally appropriate in cases involving attempts to influence a judge, juror,
prospective juror or other official by means prohibited by law”—P.B. does not fit into any of these
categories. ABA Standards § 6.3 (emphasis added). Based on the introduction and commentary
to Standard 6.3, as well as the language of the standard subparts, we conclude that this standard is
not applicable to this violation. Considering that the ABA Standards’ recommended standard is
not applicable, we agree with disciplinary counsel that Standard 7.0 (Violations of Other Duties
Owed as a Professional) is most applicable in this case. Cf. ABA Standards §§ 4.0 (Violations of
Duties Owed to Clients); 5.0 (Violations of Duties Owed to the Public); 6.0 (Violations of Duties
Owed to the Legal System).

                                                24
       ¶ 47.   Standard 7.0 applies to “Violations of Other Duties Owed as a Professional.”7

Under the umbrella of Standard 7.0, there are four standards, Standards 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, and 7.4, which

provide for a presumptive sanction depending on the severity of respondent’s misconduct. See

ABA Standards §§ 7.1 (disbarment), 7.2 (suspension), 7.3 (reprimand), 7.4 (admonition).

Standard 7.2, applied by the panel, and Standard 7.1, advocated by disciplinary counsel here, are

nearly identical. Standard 7.2 provides for suspension “when a lawyer knowingly engages in

conduct that is a violation of a duty owed as a professional, and causes injury or potential injury

to a client, the public, or the legal system.” ABA Standards § 7.2. Standard 7.1 provides for

       7
          The introduction to Standard 7.0 explains that the Rules of Professional conduct “include
many ethical standards that are not fundamental to the professional relationship but which define
certain standards of conduct.” ABA Standards § 7.0, Intro. Standard 7.0 provides a nonexclusive
list of cases in which the Standard 7.0 sanctions “are generally appropriate,” including “cases
involving false or misleading communication about the lawyer or the lawyer’s services, improper
communication of fields of practice, improper solicitation of professional employment from a
prospective client, unreasonable or improper fees, unauthorized practice of law, improper
withdrawal from representation, or failure to report professional misconduct.” Id. In the past, we
have refused to apply Standard 7.0 as the presumptive sanction when “[n]one of the behaviors
[stated in the introduction to Standard 7.0] matche[d] respondent’s conduct” and another standard
“clearly appl[ied].” Strouse, 2011 VT 77, ¶¶ 22, 24 (concluding Standard 5.1, not Standard 7.0,
was applicable to attorney’s violation of 8.4(c) when she failed to disclose to her supervising
attorney her continuing romantic relationship with husband of firm’s divorce client). However,
we have also recognized that multiple interpretations of the ABA Standards are “plausible because
the language used in the ABA Standards is relatively broad and subjective,” and our application
of the standards requires a fact-intensive inquiry. Id. ¶¶ 20, 22 (attempting to “match”
respondent’s conduct to broad and subjective categories of behaviors outlined in ABA standards).

        Here, unlike Strouse, there is not another “clearly applicable” standard for respondent’s
grossly deceitful conduct toward a vulnerable and unrepresented individual, which resulted in
serious potential injury to P.B., the public, and the legal system. We conclude that Standard 7.0 is
the most appropriate standard for respondent’s actions in this case, which violated his duties owed
as a professional. The commentary to Standards 7.1, 7.2, and 7.3 elaborate that Standard 7.0 is
applicable in situations involving “falsehoods and omissions,” such as intentionally making false
material statements on a bar application, charging excessive or improper fees, or neglecting to
properly instruct employees regarding what constitutes solicitation. ABA Standards §§ 7.1-7.3,
cmt. Thus, we conclude that Standard 7.0 is the most applicable ABA Standard for this rule
violation—whether the respondent’s conduct was expressly included in the Standard 7.0 categories
is not dispositive. See supra, ¶ 40 (explaining that ABA Standards merely guide Court’s analysis).

                                                 25
disbarment “when a lawyer knowingly engages in conduct that is a violation of a duty owed as a

professional with the intent to obtain a benefit for the lawyer or another, and causes serious or

potentially serious injury to a client, the public, or the legal system.” ABA Standards § 7.1

(emphasis added). Here, we conclude that Standard 7.1 is the presumptive sanction.

       ¶ 48.   As explained above, respondent knowingly presented the 2012 contract to P.B. and

asked her, an unrepresented individual unsophisticated in legal matters, to sign the contract and

waive any and all sexual harassment or discrimination claims against him—past or future.

Respondent never clarified that he was not representing P.B.’s interests in the transaction, but was,

in fact, representing his own, and he did not advise her to seek counsel to protect her interests.

While respondent’s failure to suggest that P.B. obtain independent counsel could be couched as a

careless omission, respondent’s request that P.B. formally waive any claims against him by signing

the 2012 contract was most certainly presented and executed “with the intent to obtain a benefit”

for respondent—protection from future suit or liability. ABA Standards § 7.1. Although a court

may not have enforced the waiver if called upon to construe it, there is no assurance that P.B.

would realize the potential to file suit still existed despite her signing the waiver. The intent behind

the document was to provide protection for respondent, for acts that had already occurred and

potential future acts, and the document on its face appeared to make him immune from sexual-

harassment and gender-discrimination suits. These actions resulted in “potentially serious injury”

to P.B. by discouraging her from filing a complaint against respondent and, if the agreement had

been found enforceable, waiving her claims against him.

       ¶ 49.   The severity of a presumptive sanction increases with the “seriousness of the

reflection [of the violation] on the lawyer’s fitness to practice [law].” Strouse, 2011 VT 77, ¶ 24.

Here, respondent’s misconduct took advantage of a vulnerable and unrepresented party who was

                                                  26
also a former client to advance his own interests—a gross dereliction of the duties respondent

owed as a professional with the potential for serious impact on the integrity of our system of justice.

As such, Standard 7.1 is more applicable to this case than Standard 7.2, and the presumptive

sanction for respondent’s violation of Rule 4.3 is disbarment.8

               C. Rule 8.4(d) (Misconduct—Prejudicial to Administration of Justice)

       ¶ 50.    The panel concluded, sua sponte, that respondent violated Rule 8.4(d), which

provides that “[i]t is professional misconduct for a lawyer to . . . engage in conduct that is

prejudicial to the administration of justice,” when he proposed and executed the September

agreement that was intended to absolve respondent of liability for past and future gender-

discrimination and sexual-harassment claims. V.R.Pr.C. 8.4(d). The parties were given the

opportunity to brief: (1) whether the panel was barred from considering, on its own initiative,

whether respondent violated Rule 8.4(d); and (2) whether respondent’s misconduct, in fact,

violated Rule 8.4(d). On appeal, respondent asserts that the panel’s action, disciplining him for

violating an uncharged rule, violated the procedural protections of Administrative Order 9. We

conclude that the panel’s actions ran afoul of Administrative Order 9’s procedural rules because,

even if the panel had the authority to sua sponte consider an uncharged rule violation, the panel

failed to provide respondent with the opportunity to contest and provide evidence regarding the

alleged violation at the evidentiary hearing.

       8
            We recognize that the introduction to ABA Standard 7.0 states that, “[i]n general, . . . a
sanction of disbarment or suspension will rarely be required” because “a violation of [Standard
7.0] generally is less likely to cause injury to a client, the public, or the administration of justice
than . . . other standards.” ABA Standards § 7.0, Intro. However, the introduction also recognizes
that “[w]hile it will as a rule be inappropriate to impose a sanction of disbarment . . . there are
situations when a more severe sanction should be imposed.” This is such a case.

                                                  27
       ¶ 51.   Administrative Order 9 clearly outlines procedures for screening misconduct

allegations for probable cause prior to submitting formal charges and conducting a hearing in

response to a petition of misconduct. A.O. 9 § 11. Section 11(A) provides that disciplinary

counsel must give a respondent notice in writing “of the substance of the matter under

investigation.” A.O. 9 § 11(A). Section 11(C) explains that “[d]isciplinary counsel’s decision to

proceed with a petition of misconduct shall be reviewed for probable cause by a hearing panel

assigned by the chair of the Board . . . . If the panel finds probable cause to believe that a violation

has occurred, disciplinary counsel shall present formal charges to a different hearing panel

assigned by the chair of the Board, unless a stipulation to misconduct is earlier submitted.” A.O.

9 § 11(C). Following the probable cause determination, disciplinary counsel may initiate formal

proceedings against the respondent “by filing with the Board and serving upon respondent a

petition of misconduct which is sufficiently clear to inform respondent of the alleged misconduct

and the rules alleged to have been violated.” A.O. 9 § 11(D) (emphasis added). Administrative

Order 9 further requires that “[t]he notice of hearing on a petition of misconduct shall state that

the respondent is entitled to be represented by a lawyer, to cross-examine witnesses, and to present

evidence.” A.O. 9 § 11(D)(4) (emphases added). Failure to comport with this procedure carries

due process implications that run counter to our requirements.

       ¶ 52.   Here, the petition did not notify respondent that he would be charged with violating

Rule 8.4(d), as such respondent was not on notice that he should present evidence during the

hearing to contest such a charge. Respondent did not learn of the additional Rule 8.4(d) allegation

until after the close of the evidentiary hearing—when it was too late to provide additional evidence

or testimony on the matter.        Although respondent was given the opportunity to provide

supplemental briefing in response to the late addition of the Rule 8.4(d) violation, Administrative

                                                  28
Order 9 clearly states that respondent is entitled to know the rules alleged to have been violated

and to present evidence at the hearing. See A.O. 9 § 11(D). Because the panel elected to sua

sponte consider the Rule 8.4(d) violation after the close of the evidentiary hearing and provided

no accommodation for the parties, particularly respondent, to present evidence in response, we

conclude that the panel was precluded from considering whether respondent violated this rule.9

Accordingly, we reverse on this issue. However, we agree with the panel’s conclusions that

respondent violated Rules 1.7, 4.3, and 8.4(g), each of which carries a presumptive sanction of

suspension or disbarment in this case. Therefore, our reversal of the panel on the Rule 8.4(d)

violation does not impact our ultimate sanction determination.

                          D. Rule 8.4(g) (Misconduct—Discrimination)

       ¶ 53.   Finally, the panel concluded that respondent violated Rule 8.4(g), which states, “[i]t

is professional misconduct for a lawyer to . . . discriminate against any individual because of his

or her . . . sex . . . in hiring, promoting or otherwise determining the conditions of employment.”

V.R.Pr.C. 8.4(g).10 In so concluding, the panel determined that: (1) respondent’s conduct toward

       9
          The panel determined that respondent violated Rule 8.4(d) based on the facts before it—
that respondent presented to P.B. and executed the 2012 agreement purporting to waive any claims
against him—and that no additional evidence could alter the outcome of the Rule 8.4(d)
determination. Even if the panel’s assertion is true and no evidence could alter its ultimate
conclusion, the ends do not justify the means—the panel cannot propose and conclude that
respondent committed an uncharged rule violation while at the same time circumventing the
procedural protections guaranteed to him.

        Because we conclude that the panel’s addition of the Rule 8.4(d) violation after the close
of the hearing failed to provide the parties with the opportunity to present evidence, running afoul
of the procedural protections outlined in Administrative Order 9, we do not address whether a
disciplinary panel may sua sponte consider rule violations not outlined in the initial petition of
misconduct under other circumstances.
       10
          Rule 8.4(g) was amended, effective September 18, 2017. However, we apply the version
of Rule 8.4(g) in effect at the time of respondent’s misconduct in conducting our analysis.

                                                29
P.B.—including the paperclip incident and the masturbation incident—created a hostile work

environment tantamount to sexual harassment; and (2) the waiver clause in the September 2012

agreement constituted quid pro quo sexual harassment because it implicitly conditioned P.B.’s

employment upon submitting to unwanted sexual advances “by placing [P.B.] in a position where

she could not as a practical matter assert a claim of discrimination or harassment against her

employer going forward.” We agree that respondent’s actions violated Rule 8.4(g) by creating a

hostile work environment for P.B. and implicitly conditioning P.B.’s future employment on her

agreement not to file future discrimination and sexual-harassment claims.11

       11
           We do not conclude that asking an employee to sign a voluntary acknowledgement of a
consensual relationship always amounts to quid pro quo harassment. However, in this case, there
is sufficient circumstantial evidence to support the inference that P.B. reasonably believed that
signing the agreement, and submitting to respondent’s unwanted sexual advances without
recourse, was a condition of her employment. First, the 2012 contract not only acknowledged that
respondent and P.B. were in a sexual relationship, but also provided respondent with a prospective
exculpatory release from any past or future impropriety. Second, although P.B. refused to sign the
agreement in June, later explaining that she was “intimidated” and “uncomfortable,” P.B. stated
that she signed the 2012 agreement in the fall because she believed that she and respondent would
“be in trouble” if they did not sign the agreement. It is reasonable to infer that P.B. believed that
rejecting the agreement a second time and “be[ing] in trouble” with respondent’s step-father would
have negative ramifications on her employment. Finally, terms within the contract indicate the
quid pro quo nature of the agreement. For example, the agreement recites: “[w]hereas, both parties
wish to continue their working relationship and set forth terms that protect both Employer and
Employee,” and includes as apparent consideration respondent’s agreement to remain flexible
about P.B.’s hours in light of her mental-health issues. The fact that respondent placed P.B., who
he knew to have significant mental-health issues, in a situation where she was pressured to admit
to the “mutual welcomeness” of their relationship and waive any prospective claims against
respondent (or else she would be in trouble), and that she also received assurances that respondent
would accommodate her mental-health issues, demonstrates the exploitative nature of the
agreement in light of the power differential between respondent and P.B. And, finally, the fact
that respondent did not advise P.B. to consult with counsel of her own before signing supports an
inference that submitting to unwelcome sexual attention was an implicit requirement for her
continued employment. Thus, we agree with the panel that there is sufficient evidence to conclude
that asking P.B. to sign the agreement constituted quid pro quo sexual harassment under these
limited circumstances.

                                                 30
       ¶ 54.   The panel concluded that respondent knowingly and intentionally engaged in

sexual conduct with P.B. that was “unwelcome” by her and engendered a hostile work

environment. The panel stated, “[h]e was fully aware of his conduct and he was engaging in that

conduct to achieve a particular result—his own gratification. . . . The fact that [r]espondent may

not have intended to harm [P.B.] by his conduct is not the issue.” We agree; the facts support the

panel’s conclusion that respondent knowingly engaged in sexual conduct with P.B., that his sexual

advances were “unwelcome,” and that they resulted in a hostile work environment.

       ¶ 55.   The panel also concluded that respondent knowingly entered into the September

2012 agreement with the intention of shielding himself from potential discrimination or sexual-

harassment claims from P.B. There was little, if any, benefit to P.B. from entering the agreement,

which appeared to leave her without recourse regarding any unwelcome sexual conduct in the

workplace. As explained in our analysis of respondent’s mental state pertaining to the agreement

in the context of the Rule 4.3 violation, we agree with the panel that respondent acted knowingly.

       ¶ 56.   The panel found that “[w]ith respect to [r]espondent’s unwelcome sexual conduct

involving [P.B.], there was serious emotional harm to her.” Based on the comments that P.B. made

to her mother and her psychiatrist, as well as the email P.B. sent to respondent notifying him that

she felt uncomfortable in the workplace, we agree that the evidence demonstrates P.B. suffered

direct harm from respondent’s actions during the paperclip and masturbation incidents. As noted

above, we also concur that entering into the September 2012 agreement with P.B. and implicitly

conditioning her continued employment on her waiver of future claims against respondent caused

potential harm to P.B. and substantial injury to the legal profession.

       ¶ 57.   The panel applied Standard 7.2 to respondent’s violations of Rule 8.4(g), resulting

in suspension as the presumptive sanction.        See ABA Standards § 7.2.      However, due to

                                                 31
respondent’s intent to benefit himself through his actions and the seriousness of the reflection of

respondent’s Rule 8.4(g) violation on his fitness to practice law, Strouse, 2011 VT 77, ¶ 24, we

conclude that Standard 7.1, which provides for disbarment, is more appropriate in this situation.12

        ¶ 58.   As explained above, Standard 7.1 provides for disbarment “when a lawyer

knowingly engages in conduct that is a violation of a duty owed as a professional with the intent

to obtain a benefit for the lawyer or another, and causes serious or potentially serious injury to a

client, the public, or the legal system.” ABA Standards § 7.1 (emphasis added). Here, respondent

knowingly engaged in unwanted sexual conduct with P.B. “to achieve a particular result—his own

gratification.” Respondent violated his duties owed as a professional with the intent to benefit

himself, resulting in serious harm to P.B. and the legal profession. Accordingly, disbarment under

Standard 7.1 is the appropriate presumptive sanction.

        ¶ 59.   Based on the conclusions listed above, the presumptive sanction for respondent’s

violation of Rule 1.7 is suspension; the presumptive sanction for respondent’s violations of Rules

4.3 and 8.4(g) is disbarment.

                              VI. Aggravating and Mitigating Factors

        ¶ 60.   Next, the ABA Standards direct us to consider any aggravating and/or mitigating

factors present in this case and to determine whether these factors justify a lesser or greater sanction

than presumed—here, disbarment. See ABA Standards § 9.1 (“After misconduct has been

established, aggravating and mitigating circumstances may be considered in deciding what

sanction to impose.”). Aggravating or mitigating circumstances are considerations or factors that

may justify an increase or decrease in the degree of discipline to be imposed. Id. §§ 9.21, 9.31.

        12
            The ABA Standards do not provide a recommended standard for violations of
Rule 8.4(g). Absent guidance from the ABA Standards on this point, we concur with the panel’s
recommendation that sanctions under Standard 7.0 are appropriate in this case.

                                                  32
Nonexclusive lists of potential aggravating and mitigating factors recognized by the ABA

Standards are included under Standards 9.22 and 9.32.

       ¶ 61.   In weighing the aggravating and mitigating factors, the panel determined that the

aggravating factors significantly outweighed the mitigating factors.13            Based on these

considerations, the panel applied a presumptive sanction of suspension, but only suspended

respondent from practice for two years. Respondent argues that the mitigating factors outweigh

the aggravating ones, including the delay in these proceedings and respondent’s remorse. Upon

weighing the aggravating and mitigating factors, we not only depart from the panel’s assigned

sanction, but we also conclude that the aggravating factors present are so serious as to justify the

presumptive sanction of disbarment.

       ¶ 62.   Here, particular consideration of two of the aggravating factors—Standard 9.22(c)

pattern of misconduct and Standard 9.22(h) vulnerability of victims—leads us to the conclusion

that disbarment is appropriate.

       ¶ 63.   First, relevant to Standard 9.22(h) (vulnerability of victims), both C.M. and P.B.

were in vulnerable positions during their interactions with respondent. According the facts as

found by the panel, respondent began a relationship with C.M. after she retained him to represent

her in her divorce proceedings—she had just separated from her husband of sixteen years and had

limited financial means. Despite the potential conflict of interest, respondent did not have C.M.

       13
           The ABA Standards set forth the aggravating and mitigating factors in two separate,
alphabetical lists. The panel found that the following aggravating factors under Standard 9.22
were present: (b) dishonest or selfish motive; (c) pattern of misconduct; (d) multiple offenses; (g)
refusal to acknowledge wrongful nature of conduct; (h) vulnerability of victims; (i) substantial
experience in the practice of law; and (k) illegal conduct. The panel considered a number of
respondent’s alleged mitigating factors, but only found the following to be credible: (a) the absence
of a prior disciplinary record; (c) personal or emotional problems; (e) full and free disclosure to
disciplinary board or cooperative attitude toward proceedings; (g) character and reputation; (j)
delay in disciplinary proceedings.

                                                 33
sign a waiver acknowledging that she knew, understood, and consented to the risks associated with

a sexual relationship between attorney and client. Additionally, respondent knew that C.M., who

was involved in a contentious divorce proceeding that included contested parent-child contact

issues, was struggling financially and was concerned with the monetary outcome of the divorce

proceedings. In entering a relationship with C.M. at that time, he offered that she could stay at his

home and provided her work at his tanning salon business to alleviate her financial burden. These

actions demonstrate that respondent encouraged C.M.’s dependence on him, yet failed to properly

inform her and gain her written consent to the potential conflicts inherent in their relationship.

Respondent’s actions in seeking to keep his relationship with C.M. a secret in the area of the state

where he practiced, is, as the panel determined, evidence that he “harbor[ed] concerns or

uncertainty about whether the relationship was ethically acceptable.” Respondent then ended his

relationship with C.M. at virtually the same time he concluded her divorce proceedings,

predictably leaving her feeling abandoned, misled, and poorly represented.

          ¶ 64.   Similarly, P.B. came to respondent for legal advice. At the time she was dealing

with criminal charges, living at home with her parents, and receiving treatment for mental-health

issues.    As with C.M., respondent offered P.B. a job, which she believed would help her

demonstrate employment in the legal field. Respondent entered into a sexual relationship with

P.B. while she was his employee at his law office. Respondent engaged in unwanted sexual

conduct with P.B. at his law office and continued the sexual relationship even after P.B. sent him

an email stating that his behavior was making her uncomfortable at work. Importantly, respondent

raised the issue of signing the waiver absolving him of any potential liability for workplace

harassment once again very shortly after he received the email from P.B. complaining about the

conditions at work. Even though respondent knew that P.B. had mental-health issues and was

                                                 34
unsophisticated in legal matters, he asked her to sign an agreement waiving any potential future

legal claims against him for discrimination or sexual harassment.              Respondent further

disadvantaged P.B. by failing to inform her that, even though he had served as her legal counsel

in the past, he was not acting on her behalf in the contractual proceedings and that she should seek

her own legal counsel. In sum, respondent repeatedly used a vulnerable individual for his own

sexual gratification despite her discomfort, which she made known to respondent, and then

protected himself from the ramifications of these actions by misleading her, an unrepresented

individual, into signing a contract waiving her rights to bring legal claims against him for

discriminatory and harassing conduct.

       ¶ 65.   These findings demonstrate that, on more than one occasion, respondent targeted

vulnerable individuals and engaged in activity contrary to our Rules of Professional Conduct; we

weigh this heavily in our sanction determination.

       ¶ 66.   Although we have no caselaw on point in Vermont, caselaw from other jurisdictions

supports our position on this issue. See In re Berg, 955 P.2d 1240, 1257 (Kan. 1998) (finding

aggravating circumstances when attorney committed “flagrant violations of his fiduciary duty to

women who placed their rights and trust in his hands” by engaging “in inappropriate sexual

behavior with numerous clients who were very vulnerable”); In re Vogel, 482 S.W.3d 520, 539

(Tenn. 2016) (finding aggravating circumstances when attorney engaged in sexual relationship

with “vulnerable” female client—she was young, lacked financial resources, and viewed attorney

as “authority figure”—who he later employed at his law office); Lawyer Disciplinary Bd. v. White,

811 S.E.2d 893, 900 (W. Va. 2018) (finding aggravating circumstances when attorney engaged in

sexual relationship with vulnerable client while representing her on criminal charges).

                                                35
       ¶ 67.   Respondent’s     actions   also   represent   a   pattern   of   misconduct     under

Standard 9.22(h). He demonstrated a pattern of sexual behavior—some consensual and some

unwanted—toward female clients in vulnerable positions whom he encountered because they

sought him out for his legal services. As noted above, both C.M. and P.B. were struggling with

difficult life circumstances (divorce, criminal charges, financial instability, and/or mental-health

issues) when they began their respective relationships with respondent and at the time respondent’s

misconduct occurred. During these relationships, respondent strategically omitted to inform C.M.

and P.B. about essential legal safeguards to secure his own interests: he failed to obtain signed

consent from C.M. acknowledging that she understood the risks associated with a client-attorney

relationship and the conflicts of interest that may arise; and he asked P.B. to sign the September

2012 agreement waiving her rights to bring future and past legal claims against him without

informing her that he was not representing her interests and that she should seek independent

counsel. Looking solely at respondent’s behavior with C.M. and P.B.—the behavior giving rise

to the violations of professional misconduct at issue here—there is evidence of a disturbing pattern

of misconduct.14 Respondent’s argument that these were different types of misconduct—conflict

of interest, misconduct with an unrepresented person, and discrimination—and therefore cannot

constitute a “pattern of misconduct” is unpersuasive in light of the factual similarities and context

of the misconduct.

       ¶ 68.   Respondent further contends that the panel incorrectly considered his behavior with

P.B. to be illegal conduct and an aggravating factor under Standard 9.22(k). The panel determined

that “Vermont law prohibits discrimination in the form of sexual harassment”; that respondent

       14
          We do not consider the facts found by the panel relating to respondent’s conduct with
two other clients, one of whom he also hired as an employee.

                                                 36
sexually harassed P.B. through his misconduct; and that “[r]espondent’s sexual harassment of

[P.B.] constituted illegal conduct.” The panel supported this conclusion by referencing In re

Tenenbaum, in which the court found, under similar circumstances, that an attorney’s sexual

harassment of his female clients and employees constituted illegal conduct and an aggravating

factor under Standard 9.22(k). 880 A.2d 1025, 1035 (Del. 2005). The panel further noted that

“[s]exual harassment is prohibited under [the Fair Employment Practices Act]. It may not be

criminal conduct, but it is illegal nonetheless.” We find the panel’s analysis persuasive and

consider respondent’s illegal conduct to be an aggravating factor.

       ¶ 69.   To the extent that mitigating factors are present, we agree with the panel that,

generally, a lack of prior disciplinary history is persuasive in favor of leniency. See In re Pope,

2014 VT 94, ¶ 14, 197 Vt. 638, 101 A.3d 1284 (mem.) (noting respondent’s lack of prior

disciplinary record was mitigating factor); In re Neisner, 2010 VT 102, ¶ 20, 189 Vt. 145, 16 A.3d
587 (finding respondent’s lack of prior disciplinary record to be mitigating factor when it was “the

first disciplinary action against him”). In this case we conclude that, although respondent has no

prior history of misconduct, the fact that respondent committed multiple violations spanning

several years with different and vulnerable victims tempers the force of this factor.

       ¶ 70.   Respondent argues that the delay in proceedings should be considered a substantial

mitigating factor. The initial investigation into respondent’s misconduct occurred in early 2013,

the charges against respondent were not brought to a hearing until November 2017, and the panel

did not issue an order until March 2018. We have recognized that delay in disciplinary proceedings

may carry weight as a mitigating factor, particularly when a respondent has not violated the Rules

in the interim, see McCarty, 2013 VT 47, ¶¶ 33-34 (providing “some weight in mitigation to delay”

when matter was delayed for approximately ten years “and, in the interim, respondent [had] not

                                                37
had other violations brought against him” (quotation omitted)), and we acknowledge that delay in

proceedings is a mitigating factor in this case. However, the panel found that the parties’ attempt

to achieve resolution of the matter on the basis of stipulated facts significantly contributed to the

delay.    The panel rejected the stipulation in March 2017, after which disciplinary counsel

proceeded to bring charges before the panel. Respondent was permitted to maintain his law license

and continue practicing throughout the disciplinary proceedings. Thus, we conclude that the delay

in proceedings does not outweigh the aggravating circumstances.

         ¶ 71.   Finally, respondent takes issue with the panel’s failure to credit respondent’s

remorse as a mitigating factor under Standard 9.32(1). On this issue, the panel determined that it

could not “find that [r]espondent has shown remorse for his conduct” because “he denied any

wrongdoing throughout the proceeding” and “rel[ied] on post-hearing statements by his therapist

in her letter to the effect that he has expressed remorse for ‘how he understands he hurt

these . . . women’ and has accepted responsibility for his conduct.” We consider respondent’s

indications of remorse to his therapist to be a mitigating factor. While we do not agree with the

panel’s categorical statement that respondent cannot speak through a third person, the mitigating

weight of this factor is diminished, as the panel accurately observed, by the respondent’s failure to

personally indicate remorse throughout the proceedings beyond his observation that “he might

have made a different choice.” See Strouse, 2011 VT 77, ¶ 33 (finding respondent showed remorse

when, despite prior denials of misconduct, respondent personally testified, “these aren’t things that

I’m very proud of, . . . I tried to take this situation and learn from it what I could and really not

dwell on any of it, so I’m terribly regretful”).

                                                   38
       ¶ 72.   Regarding the rest of the aggravating and mitigating factors, we adopt the panel’s

analysis.15 See supra, ¶ 61 n.13. We conclude that the aggravating factors outweigh the mitigating

factors, and that the sanction should reflect as such.

                                           VII. Sanction

       ¶ 73.   In determining the appropriate sanction to apply in this case, we reiterate that “the

purpose of sanctions is to protect the public from persons unfit to serve as attorneys and to maintain

public confidence in the bar, as well as to deter other attorneys from engaging in misconduct.”

Neisner, 2012 VT 102, ¶ 24 (quotation omitted). In our sanction determination, we adhere to the

Vermont Rules of Professional Conduct and look to the ABA Standards for guidance. Based on

our analysis, the presumptive sanction under the ABA Standards is disbarment, and our analysis

of the aggravating and mitigating factors give us no reason to depart from that presumption.

       ¶ 74.   In the past, we have looked to sanctions imposed in other cases to aid us in

measuring out a sanction. See, e.g., Pope, 2014 VT 94, ¶ 14 (comparing sanction in Pope to

“recently imposed two-year suspension” in Neisner, 2012 VT 102). However, we recognize that

“meaningful comparisons of attorney sanction cases are difficult as the behavior that leads to

sanction varies so widely between cases.” Strouse, 2011 VT 77, ¶ 43 (Dooley, J., dissenting). To

       15
           Respondent also argues that his violations of multiple Rules of Professional Conduct—
Rules 1.7, 4.3, and 8.4(g)—should not constitute multiple offenses, an aggravating factor under
Standard 9.22(d). We disagree; here, respondent’s multiple violations of the Rules of Professional
Conduct based on several instances of misconduct with two clients constitutes multiple offenses.
See In re Blais, 174 Vt. 628, 628, 817 A.2d 1266, 1267 (2002) (mem.) (finding multiple offenses
when respondent engaged in “misconduct consisting of five instances of neglecting client matters
and three instances of misrepresentation”); In re Bucknam, 160 Vt. 355, 366, 628 A.2d 932, 938
(1993) (holding that multiple violations against single client constituted multiple offenses, but not
pattern of misconduct). Regarding respondent’s assertions that his substantial experience in the
practice of law should not be considered an aggravating factor, ABA Standards § 9.22(i), and that
the imposition of other penalties and sanctions should be a mitigating factor, id. § 9.32(k), we
adopt the panel’s conclusions. See supra, ¶ 61 n.13.

                                                 39
date, there is no Vermont case that aligns with the unique facts present here, and the sanctions

imposed by courts in other jurisdictions for misconduct similar to respondent’s are varied.

       ¶ 75.   Recent Vermont caselaw indicates that we have applied a two-year suspension

when attorneys engaged in criminal conduct that “undermined public confidence in the integrity

of the bar and the administration of justice.” Pope, 2014 VT 94, ¶ 14 (considering other state’s

two-year suspension appropriate for attorney convicted of identity theft against elderly friend);

Neisner, 2012 VT 102, ¶ 26 (finding two-year suspension for attorney convicted of four criminal

offenses in line with “sanctions that [this Court] and the Professional Responsibility Board have

imposed in other professional responsibility cases”). However, in those cases, the vulnerability of

the relevant victims was not emphasized as an aggravating factor and the criminal conduct was not

directly related to the respondents’ use of their law licenses.16 Here, even though respondent was

not convicted of criminal charges, the panel concluded that the “violations found in this proceeding

should be considered no less serious and no less deserving of a substantial suspension than the

[criminal] conduct at issue in Pope and Neisner.” However, because neither Pope nor Neisner

reflects the same aggravating factors or type of damage dealt to the public’s perception of the legal

profession as the case here, Vermont’s caselaw does not persuade us that we should depart from

the presumptive sanction of disbarment.

       16
           In Pope, the victim was an elderly friend, but not a client, and there were no findings
that the attorney’s misconduct—committing identity theft—was related to her practice of law.
Similarly, in Neisner, the respondent was convicted of four criminal charges after committing a
hit-and-run and implicating his wife as the driver. The victims in that case, the motorcycle driver
and potentially the respondent’s wife, were not “vulnerable victims” in the manner that C.M. and
P.B. are here. The respondent’s misconduct in Neisner was not related to his practice of law or
his relationships with his clients. Moreover, neither Pope nor Neisner involved a pattern of
misconduct, as in this case.

                                                 40
       ¶ 76.   Additionally, Vermont caselaw does not shy away from disbarment when such a

penalty is appropriate. In re Karpin, 162 Vt. 163, 173, 647 A.2d 700, 706 (1993) (per curiam)

(explaining that “[d]isbarment is an appropriate sanction under the ABA Standards, and the fact

that almost every aggravating factor is present confirms disbarment as the appropriate sanction”).

In Karpin, we disbarred an attorney who deceived multiple clients and attempted to undermine the

disciplinary process, despite his “brevity of practice” and “absence of a disciplinary record,” when

disbarment was the presumptive sanction and numerous aggravating factors were present. Id. at

174, 647 A.2d at 706. In Wright, we disbarred an attorney who “knowingly and wilfully put

himself in a position where he was undoubtedly representing conflicting interests” and did so “in

such a manner that he undertook specific actions to benefit one client to the detriment of two other

clients.” 131 Vt. 473, 480, 310 A.2d 1, 4 (1973) (per curiam). In that case, we noted:

               In some ways, an attorney who deliberately and skillfully operates
               consistently at the very verge of ethical limits to his own benefit is
               more to be condemned than the attorney who, on a single occasion,
               under pressure, definitely breaks through ethical bounds. It is the
               first [person] that the public abhors, distrusts and condemns with
               good reason.

Id. at 493, 310 A.2d at 12. Similar to the respondents in Karpin and Wright, respondent here

committed multiple violations of the Rules of Professional Conduct, demonstrating a pattern of

behavior and injuring the public perception of the legal practice; the presumptive sanction for

respondent’s actions is disbarment; and the aggravating and mitigating factors present support

disbarment. As such, our caselaw indicates that disbarment is the appropriate sanction.

       ¶ 77.   In other jurisdictions, courts have applied penalties ranging from suspension to

disbarment for attorney misconduct involving sexual relationships with clients. In re Lewis, 415
S.E.2d 173 (Ga. 1992) (ordering three-year suspension for attorney who had sexual relationship

with divorce client); Berg, 955 P.2d at 1257 (ordering disbarment when attorney engaged in sexual

                                                41
relationships with clients after receiving prior probationary sanction for sexual harassment of

female clients); Attorney Grievance Comm’n of Maryland v. Hall, 969 A.2d 953, 970 (Md. 2009)

(indefinitely suspending attorney’s license when attorney engaged in sex with vulnerable client,

committed multiple offenses, and had prior, albeit unrelated, disciplinary action); Attorney

Grievance Comm’n of Maryland v. Culver, 849 A.2d 423, 450 (Md. 2004) (disbarring respondent

for sexual misconduct with client, along with other violations of Rules of Professional Conduct);

Vogel, 482 S.W.3d at 520 (ordering one-year suspension for attorney engaging in sexual

relationship with vulnerable client); White, 811 S.E.2d at 900 (ordering annulment of attorney’s

license when attorney engaged in sexual relationship with client, among other aggravating factors,

and no mitigating factors were present). As such, comparing the sanctions in “cases from other

jurisdictions is of little assistance because the range of sanctions imposed in relation to the

misconduct is highly inconsistent.” Culver, 849 A.2d at 450.

       ¶ 78.   Here, considering (1) the aggravating circumstances due to the vulnerability of the

victims and respondent’s pattern of misconduct; (2) the comparatively minimal impact of the

mitigating factors; (3) the potential injury and actual harm that respondent’s conduct has caused

to C.M., P.B., and public perception of the legal practice; and (4) comparisons of the offenses and

facts present in this case with other similar cases in which suspension or disbarment was imposed

in Vermont and in other jurisdictions, we adhere to the presumptive sanction and order the

maximum penalty permitted by our rules—disbarment.

       ¶ 79.   Rule 8 provides that an attorney who is disbarred for misconduct “shall not be

eligible for readmission for at least five years.” A.O. 9 § 8(A)(1). Additionally, “[a] person who

has been disbarred . . . may not apply for reinstatement until the expiration of at least five years

                                                42
from the effective date of the disbarment.” Id. § 22(A). The ABA Standards, though not binding

on this Court, similarly state that

                [d]isbarment terminates the individual’s status as a lawyer. Where
                disbarment is not permanent, procedures should be established for a
                lawyer who has been disbarred to apply for readmission, provided
                that: . . . no application should be considered for five years from the
                effective date of disbarment; and . . . the petitioner must show by
                clear and convincing evidence . . . rehabilitation and fitness to
                practice law.

ABA Standards § 2.2.

       Glenn Robinson is hereby disbarred from the practice of law for violations of the Vermont
Rules of Professional Conduct (Rules 1.7, 4.3, and 8.4(g)); we reverse the panel’s conclusion
regarding the Rule 8.4(d) violation; and we adopt and incorporate the hearing panel’s order
regarding the conditions placed on respondent’s ability to file a motion seeking permission to
resume the practice of law set forth in ¶ 17 of this opinion.

                                              BY THE COURT:

                                              Paul L. Reiber, Chief Justice

                                              Beth Robinson, Associate Justice

                                              Harold E. Eaton, Jr., Associate Justice

                                              Karen R. Carroll, Associate Justice

                                              Dennis R. Pearson, Superior Judge (Ret.),
                                              Specially Assigned

                                                  43