Court Opinion

ID: 9882313
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-10-05 18:03:54.591407+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:58:59.937025
License: Public Domain

Filed 10/5/23 P. v. Amos CA5

                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

 THE PEOPLE,
                                                                                             F082941
           Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                                                 (Super. Ct. No. 2067529)
                    v.

 ROBERT RAY AMOS,                                                                         OPINION
           Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Stanislaus County. Shawn D.
Bessey, Judge.
         Janet J. Gray, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
         Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Louis M. Vasquez, Amanda D.
Cary and Lewis A. Martinez, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                                        -ooOoo-
                                    INTRODUCTION
       Defendant Robert Ray Amos molested Jane Doe 1, Jane Doe 2, Jane Doe 3, Jane
Doe 4, and Jane Doe 5 when they were children. Each of the victims came forward and
reported the molestations to law enforcement after defendant confessed to his daughter,
K.M., that he had been touching her daughter, Jane Doe 6, his granddaughter, on her
privates. Defendant was convicted of three counts of lewd and lascivious acts on a child
under 14 years of age (Pen. Code, § 288, subd. (a)1; counts 1, 3, and 5) with the multiple
victims under age 14 allegation found true. The jury was unable to reach a verdict on
counts 2 and 4, which were dismissed. Defendant was sentenced to 45 years to life.
       Defendant raises several issues in his appeal. First, he claims he received
ineffective assistance of counsel when his attorney elicited testimony from the People’s
expert witness about percentages of children that falsely report molestations. Second,
defendant claims the trial court erred by relying on an incorrect standard in denying his
Marsden2 motion. Third, defendant claims the expert witness exceeded the scope of his
expertise and that his attorney was ineffective for his failure to object. Fourth, that
testimony regarding prior uncharged acts of molestation should have been excluded as
unfair and prejudicial. Fifth, the trial court erred when it overruled defendant’s corpus
delicti objection to the pretext call. Sixth, defendant claims the pretext statements were
involuntarily made. Seventh, defendant alleges there is insufficient evidence to support
the conviction for count 1. And eighth, defendant claims the trial court erred when it
instructed the jury with CALCRIM No. 1191. We reject defendant’s claims and affirm
the judgment.

1      All statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.
2      People v. Marsden (1970) 2 Cal.3d 118 (Marsden).

                                              2.
                              FACTUAL BACKGROUND
        A. Prosecution Case
   1.      Jane Doe 1
        Jane Doe 1’s birthdate is June 7, 1988. Jane Doe 1 first met defendant when she
was five years old. Defendant was a friend of her mother. Defendant had two daughters:
J., who was about five or six years older than Jane Doe 1, and K.M., who was about two
years older. When Jane Doe 1 was around seven years old, she became best friends with
K.M. Jane Doe 1 spent a lot of time at K.M.’s house, spent the night and even lived with
K.M. for periods of time. Jane Doe 1 said defendant was “like a second dad to me.” He
took care of her, made her meals, and gave her money to go shopping. Jane Doe 1 said
her view of defendant changed after he molested her. This occurred two to three times
while defendant was living in an apartment on Chrysler Street. The last time defendant
molested Jane Doe 1 was in Mexico.
        Count 1: First Incident
        The first time defendant molested Jane Doe 1, she was 10 or 11 years old. Jane
Doe 1 was asleep in a bedroom with K.M. but woke up because she had a headache. Jane
Doe 1 told defendant she had a headache and defendant massaged her neck and shoulders
to make her headache go away. Jane Doe 1 did not think this was unusual and just
thought of it as him caring for her. Jane Doe 1 said they were sitting on the floor with
defendant sitting behind her. Defendant slowly moved his hand down her lower back and
then said, “I’m sorry.” Jane Doe 1 responded “What? What do you mean?” and turned to
look behind her. When she turned around she saw defendant’s penis was erect and
exposed through the hole of his boxer underwear and he had his hand on it. When Jane
Doe 1 saw this, she got up and went downstairs. K.M. remained asleep during this
incident. Jane Doe 1 told her sisters about the incident and later reported it to law
enforcement in 2015.

                                             3.
       Count 2: Second Incident
       The second incident occurred a few months later when Jane Doe 1 was around 10
or 11 years old. Jane Doe 1 and K.M. were both sleeping in a daybed in the bedroom
closest to the bathroom. Jane Doe 1 was sleeping on the side of the bed closest to the
wall when she was woken up by a hand that was reaching up from underneath the bed
and touching her. Defendant was lying underneath the daybed and reaching his arm up
between the wall and the bed. Defendant touched Jane Doe 1 on her vagina, over her
clothes. She also remembered an incident where defendant touched her vagina
underneath her clothes, skin to skin, but could not recall if it was this incident or another
incident. She explained that her memories of the incidents were jumbled together. There
may have been more than one incident where defendant only touched her thigh. On this
incident, Jane Doe 1 was certain defendant touched her on her vagina and that it stopped
when she moved and rolled over. Jane Doe 1 recalled that pornography was playing on
the television when defendant touched her vagina. K.M. did not wake up and Jane Doe 1
did not tell anyone about this incident until she reported it in 2015.
       Third Incident in Mexico
       When Jane Doe 1 was about 11 or 12 years old, she went with K.M. and defendant
on a trip to Mexico to visit defendant’s older daughter, J. They stayed the night in a
motel that had two beds. Jane Doe 1 and K.M. shared a twin bed; Jane Doe 1 slept on the
side of the bed closest to the wall. Jane Doe 1 woke up to defendant’s hand reaching up
and touching her on her vagina over her clothes. Defendant was laying in the space
between the bed and the wall. Jane Doe 1 got up quickly and went into the bathroom and
sat in the dark.3 She did not tell anyone about this incident until 2015 when she reported
it to law enforcement.

3       Jane Doe 1 did not tell law enforcement that she went to the bathroom in Mexico,
but said she rolled over and went back to sleep. Jane Doe 1 did not have an explanation
for the omission except that her memory jumbled a bit. At trial, Jane Doe 1 maintained

                                              4.
        After the incident in Mexico, Jane Doe 1 did not spend the night at K.M.’s
anymore because she was living with her mom again. Jane Doe 1 remained friends with
K.M. The last time Jane Doe 1 saw defendant was around 2006. Jane Doe 1 explained
that she reported the abuse to law enforcement in 2015 when she found out defendant had
touched his granddaughter, Jane Doe 6. Jane Doe 1 was under the impression that law
enforcement could not do anything about what defendant did to Jane Doe 6.
        Jane Doe 1 is friends with Jane Doe 2 and Jane Doe 3, Jane Doe 4 is Jane Doe 1’s
sister, and Jane Doe 5 was Jane Doe 1’s stepsister. Prior to reporting the abuse to law
enforcement, Jane Doe 1 told Jane Doe 2 and Jane Doe 4 that she was molested by
defendant. Prior to speaking with law enforcement in 2015, Jane Doe 1 spoke with other
Jane Does and they decided it was time to get justice for Jane Doe 6 and for themselves.
When they heard the incidents happened to another little girl, they wanted it to stop.
They were upset that defendant was not going to be prosecuted for touching his
granddaughter and they wanted him to face justice for what he did. Jane Doe 1 said they
did not make up this story in order to get defendant in trouble; she would not lie in order
to get justice for Jane Doe 6. Jane Doe 1 wanted to see defendant convicted because of
what he did to her.
   2.      Jane Doe 2
        Jane Doe 2’s birthday is March 22, 1989. Jane Doe 2 is friends with K.M. and
defendant is K.M.’s dad. Jane Doe 2 first met K.M. in 1999 at Jane Doe 1’s house and
they became best friends. Jane Doe 2 went over to K.M.’s apartment where she met
defendant. Jane Doe 2 did not have a relationship with defendant and did not really talk
with him. She went to K.M.’s apartment a few times and stayed over two times when she
was 10 years old. The first time she stayed overnight, defendant was not there.

that after defendant touched her in Mexico she went to the bathroom and sat there for a
while in the dark.

                                             5.
       Count 3: First Incident
       The second time Jane Doe 2 stayed over it was for the two nights. The first night
she slept in the bedroom closer to the bathroom. The room had a twin bed against the
wall, a dresser and a television. She fell asleep in the room with K.M. and defendant,
who was sitting on the floor setting up a video game. K.M. was sleeping on the side of
the bed closest to the wall and Jane Doe 2 was on the other side. Jane Doe 2 woke up to
defendant touching her vagina under her clothes, making skin to skin contact. Defendant
was feeling around with his fingers but did not go inside. He was on the floor next to her
side of the bed. Jane Doe 2 turned over and he stopped. Jane Doe 2 did not tell anyone
and tried to act like nothing happened.
       Count 4: Second Incident
       The second night Jane Doe 2 and K.M. slept in the other bedroom that had a
daybed. Jane Doe 2 changed the sleeping arrangements because she did not want
defendant to touch her again. This night, Jane Doe 2 asked to sleep on the side of the bed
against the wall, thinking defendant could not get to her. Jane Doe 2 woke up to
defendant touching her again. Defendant was standing at the end of the bed where Jane
Doe 2’s feet were and reaching over. Jane Doe 2 said she clearly saw defendant’s face
both times he touched her.4 Defendant was feeling Jane Doe 2’s vagina with his hand,
under her clothes. When Jane Doe 2 woke up, she turned over and he stopped and went
away. Jane Doe 2 did not say anything to K.M. at that time.
       Jane Doe 2 reported the incidents to law enforcement in 2015 after Jane Doe 1,
Jane Doe 3 and Jane Doe 4 had come forward. Jane Doe 2 did not talk with the other

4      Jane Doe 2 said she was mistaken at the preliminary hearing when she said she
could not see defendant’s face when he touched her. She remembered seeing his face
both times he touched her and was not changing her story to strengthen her allegations.
Further, Jane Doe 2 said defendant was the only male living in the house at the time of
the incidents.

                                            6.
Jane Does about what happened before she spoke with law enforcement. They shared
that something had happened to them but did not talk about the details of the incidents.
On cross-examination, Jane Doe 2 said she might have told Jane Doe 1 that after each
incident she rolled over and went to sleep. Jane Doe 2 is still friends with K.M. and
heard that defendant did something to her daughter, Jane Doe 6, but did not know any
details about it. Jane Doe 6 is also one of the reasons Jane Doe 2 came forward. She
heard that defendant told K.M. he touched Jane Doe 6. She said it was wrong of him to
do that and she felt she needed to come forward for herself as well. Jane Doe 2 said she
just wanted the truth to come out. Jane Doe 2 said she has a good memory about what
happened and denied that anyone implanted this idea in her head.
   3.      Jane Doe 3
        Jane Doe 3’s birthday is June 2, 1995. Jane Doe 3 was eight years old when she
met defendant. Defendant’s ex-wife was friends with Jane Doe 3’s mother and Jane Doe
3 was friends with his stepdaughter K.J. She did not spend any time with defendant and
did not have any type of relationship with him. Jane Doe 3 spend time at K.J.’s place on
Sutter Street when defendant lived there.
        Count 5
        One day in 2004 defendant asked Jane Doe 3’s mother if Jane Doe 3 could spend
the night with K.J. Jane Doe 3 was eight or nine years old. Defendant had Jane Doe 3
and K.J. stay with him in his trailer which was parked outside at Jane Doe 1 and Jane Doe
4’s grandmother’s house. Jane Doe 3 slept in the back bed with K.J. and was woken up
with her pants and underwear down and defendant’s hands touching her vagina. Jane
Doe 3 said she was scared and did not know what to do because she was just a child. She
pulled her pants up and defendant pulled her pants and underwear back down and
continued to touch her inappropriately. Defendant touched her vagina underneath her
clothes with his fingers, rubbing it. She did not remember how it stopped. The next

                                            7.
morning, Jane Doe 3 went home and told her mother what happened, and they spoke with
law enforcement right away. Jane Doe 3 did not discuss the incident with K.M. or any of
the Jane Does before reporting it in 2004.
         Jane Doe 3 went to the police again in 2015 after hearing what defendant did to
K.M.’s daughter. She was disappointed law enforcement did not do anything about it
when she first reported it, saying this never would have happened to Jane Doe 6 if
defendant was not let out. Jane Doe 3 told the police the same things that she reported in
2004. She did not discuss the details of what defendant did to her with Jane Does 1, 2, 4
or 5 before reporting the incident again in 2015. Jane Doe 3 is traumatized from the
incident and has bad dreams. It has affected her life. Jane Doe 3 said this was something
she lived with every day of her life and something you never forget.
    4.      Evidence Code Section 1108
         Jane Doe 4
         Jane Doe 4’s birthday is December 6, 1984. Jane Doe 1 is her sister, Jane Doe 5 is
her stepsister, and Jane Doe 2 and Jane Doe 3 are her friends. Jane Doe 4 said she knew
defendant as a family friend and that K.M. and J. were really good friends of hers
growing up. She first met defendant in 1992 when she was eight years old. Jane Doe 4’s
father was not around and defendant became like a father figure for her. Jane Doe 4
remembered spending the night with K.M. and J. at the place on Chrysler street where
defendant lived when she was around nine or 10 years old.
         The first incident with defendant occurred when Jane Doe 4 was about 13 or 14
years old, and she was sleeping over at defendant’s house.5 K.M. and Jane Doe 1 fell
asleep in one bedroom while Jane Doe 4 and J. were in the other bedroom watching a
movie. Jane Doe 4 fell asleep on the side of the bed closest to the door. Jane Doe 4 said

5       Jane Doe 4 told law enforcement in 2005 that she was 14 or 15 years old for the
first incident.

                                             8.
she woke up to the feeling of poking and touching on her behind. At first Jane Doe 4 did
not do anything, but she continued to feel it. After about a minute, she looked up and
saw pornography on the television and looked away. She turned around and saw
defendant grabbing her bottom and playing with himself. Defendant had his hand on his
exposed penis. Jane Doe 4 got up and left. She went into the room next door where
K.M. and Jane Doe 1 were sleeping, locked the door and curled up on the floor next to
the bed. Jane Doe 4 did not tell anyone about the incident at that time.
       There was another incident with defendant between 1999 and 2001, when Jane
Doe 4 was about 15 years old.6 Jane Doe 4 was staying at one of her mom’s friend’s
houses and was sleeping on the couch in the living room. Jane Doe 4 woke up to find
defendant sitting on the floor next to the couch and her pants were undone. She does not
know whether defendant touched her on that occasion, but she knows that when she fell
asleep her pants were not undone. No one else was in the room when she woke up. Jane
Doe 4 told her sister Jane Doe 1 within a few days or a week that there was in incident
with defendant.7
       Jane Doe 4 reported both incidents to law enforcement in 2005 after she found out
about Jane Doe 3. She felt guilty because she thought that if she had said something
sooner maybe it would not have happened to Jane Doe 3. Before reporting the incidents
in 2005, Jane Doe 4 said that she had not discussed what happened with Jane Does 2, 3 or
5. Jane Doe 4 reported these incidents again to law enforcement in 2015. She only told
Jane Doe 1 there were a few incidents that happened to her that made her feel
uncomfortable.

6      Jane Doe 4 told law enforcement in 2005 that she was about 15 or 16 years old for
the second incident.
7      Jane Doe 4 initially testified she did not tell anyone about defendant before
reporting the incidents in 2005, but her memory was refreshed by the police report.

                                            9.
       Jane Doe 5
       Jane Doe 5’s birthday is December 22, 1993. Defendant was her parents’ friend;
she knew defendant since she was very young. At one point, when Jane Doe 5 was five
or six years old, defendant lived in the shed in the back of their apartment on South Abby
for about five to six months. During that time defendant would come in and out of the
apartment. A lot of people would come to the apartment to stay, and no one had a
designated bed except for her dad and stepmom. Everyone just slept where they dropped.
Jane Doe 1 and Jane Doe 4 lived there as well; they were the daughters of Jane Doe 5’s
dad’s ex-wife. She did not know Jane Doe 2 or Jane Doe 3.
       The first incident with defendant occurred when she was five years old and had a
friend stay the night. Jane Doe 5 and her friend fell asleep on the couch in the living
room. Jane Doe 5 woke up and saw defendant watching pornography on the television.
Jane Doe 5 closed her eyes and turned her head because she did not want to get into
trouble for watching the pornography. Then defendant got up and sat at the edge of the
couch where Jane Doe 5 was lying on her stomach. Defendant grabbed one of Jane Doe
5’s butt cheeks over her clothing with his hand and shook it, moving back and forth. Jane
Doe 5 pretended to be asleep but moved like she was waking up, hoping he would stop.
This caused defendant to stop and move to the other couch. Defendant returned to Jane
Doe 5 so she turned onto her back so he could not grab her butt. However, defendant
grabbed her vagina and shook it, and she regretted turning over. Jane Doe 5 moved
again, and defendant went back to the other couch. Jane Doe 5 turned back around so
that her butt was showing because she would rather he touch that than the other.
Defendant came back and touched her again, then she moved again to get him to stop.
Jane Doe 5 said this went on like that for a while. At one point, Jane Doe 5 looked up
and their eyes met, and defendant smiled at her like a smirk. Jane Doe 5 then slipped
herself under the couch cushions connected to the back of the couch to hide from
defendant. But then defendant started to do the same thing to her friend who was asleep

                                            10.
on the couch next to her. Jane Doe 5 tried to pinch her friend’s toes to wake her up, but
her friend did not wake up. After defendant moved back to the other couch again, Jane
Doe 5 slipped out of the couch and went into the bedroom.
       Jane Doe 5 told her brother about the incident, but he did not believe her. Jane
Doe 5 told her friend who stayed the night about the incident and her friend got upset that
Jane Doe 5 left her out there. Jane Doe 5 has no other memory of defendant touching
her.
       Jane Doe 5 decided to report the incident to law enforcement in 2018 after
discovering defendant was in custody; she had been looking through custody reports to
find her cousin. Jane Doe 5 discovered that defendant was being accused of child
molestation and she decided to report what he did to her. She wanted to help with the
case and it inspired her to tell her story. Jane Doe 5 did not talk with Jane Doe 1 or Jane
Doe 4 before deciding to report her incident and did not know that something happened
to them as well. Jane Doe 5 had not heard about K.M.’s allegation that defendant had
done something to Jane Doe 6.
       After Jane Doe 5 reported her incident to police she shared her story online for the
“Me Too” movement. Jane Doe 1 responded to Jane Doe 5’s story and asked Jane Doe 5
who it was. Jane Doe 5 told Jane Doe 1 it was defendant. Jane Doe 1 told Jane Doe 5
that she was a victim too and the one who filed charges against defendant. Law
enforcement told Jane Doe 5 her case was past the statute of limitations. A few months
ago, Jane Doe 1 asked Jane Doe 5 if she was willing to help in this case by sharing her
story and Jane Doe 5 agreed. Jane Doe 5 testified in court to help herself and to help her
friend who did not remember what defendant did to her.
       Even though she was only five years old when this incident happened, Jane Doe 5
said the incident is a vivid memory for her. Jane Doe 5 was not mistaken or lying about
what defendant did to her.

                                            11.
   5.      Pretext Call
        K.M. is defendant’s daughter. K.M. lived with her grandmother and her older
sister J. at the Prescott Estates apartment; defendant lived at the apartment “[h]ere and
there.” K.M. met Jane Doe 1 when she was seven years old; Jane Doe 1 is her best friend
and spent the night at K.M.’s often. Jane Doe 2 also spent the night at her place. K.M.
knew Jane Doe 3 and would babysit her. She also knew Jane Doe 4, who was Jane Doe
1’s sister. Jane Doe 4 had spent the night at her house too. K.M. knew Jane Doe 5, but
not very well and she never spent the night at her place.
        K.M. said that growing up with defendant was terrible. They never had running
water or food or lights. Defendant would come and stay when he had nowhere else or
come and take K.M. when he did have a place. The apartment had two bedrooms: the
one closest to the bathroom had a trundle bed without a bed underneath it and she did not
remember whether the other bedroom had a bed. K.M. said she is a very hard sleeper.
        K.M. has three children, including Jane Doe 6. In 2014, K.M. was living in Lake
County when defendant stayed with her for about six months. Jane Doe 6 was nine years
old at that time and K.M. sometimes left Jane Doe 6 with defendant while she worked. In
May of 2015, defendant had threatened to commit suicide and K.M. called the police.
Defendant called K.M. from the psych ward and told K.M. that he touched her daughter
Jane Doe 6 and that he hated himself and he was sorry. K.M. hung up and called the
police. With the suggestion from law enforcement, K.M. called the defendant and
recorded their conversation. The recording was played for the jury. In the recording,
defendant admitted to touching Jane Doe 6 on her privates while she was asleep.
        K.M. said she was unaware of any sexual abuse allegations about defendant before
this and that defendant never touched her in an inappropriate way. K.M. told Jane Doe 1
that defendant admitted to molesting her daughter and Jane Doe 1 told her it happened to
her too. K.M. said she had no idea that defendant had molested Jane Doe 1. Jane Doe 1
did not give K.M. any details about what defendant did to her. K.M. did not tell Jane

                                            12.
Doe 1 that she needed her help to get justice. K.M. did not speak with Jane Doe 2 right
away. K.M. spoke with Jane Doe 6 about defendant after the phone call from him. K.M.
learned that defendant could not be prosecuted for what happened to Jane Doe 6 because
Jane Doe 6 had no recollection of it happening.
   6.      Expert Dr. Blake Carmichael
        The court designated Dr. Blake Carmichael as an expert in the behavior of child
sexual abuse victims. Dr. Carmichael counsels and educates people on the myths and
misconceptions regarding child sexual abuse behaviors. These myths include (1) that the
victim of sexual abuse will hate their abuser, (2) that the abusers are strangers, (3) that
children of sexual abuse report it immediately, and (4) that a child who was sexually
abused will be a great historian as to what happened to them.
        Dr. Carmichael stated he does not determine whether claims of sexual abuse are
true or false. Dr. Carmichael clarified that he did not know the allegations in this case, let
alone have an opinion on whether they are true or false. He did not discuss the facts of
the case with the prosecution, nor was he given copies of any police reports or interviews
with the victims.
        During cross-examination, Dr. Carmichael responded to defense counsel’s
question that there is a lot of research showing false allegations are rare and that children
do not lie about sexual abuse. The percentage of sexual abuse allegations that turn out to
be false are “between two and six percent on the high end.” For negative events or
implausible events like sexual abuse, children do not have any context or cannot relate
and so there is far less false reporting or even suggestibility in this area.
        Dr. Carmichael agreed that there were old cases in the 1990’s that involved groups
of people making false allegations. The specific case from the 90’s was the “McMartin
case” which involved a preschool where people were accused of sexually abusing the
children. The “McMartin case” prompted better interviewing techniques when working

                                              13.
with children because a lot of inappropriate interviewing techniques were used and
children at that age are more suggestible.
        B. Defense case
        Detective Sean Dodge was assigned to the Special Victims Unit and interviewed
Jane Doe 1 on June 16, 2015. Dodge memorialized the interview in his June 30, 2015,
police report, which did not indicate Jane Doe 1 said defendant was masturbating or that
his hand was touching his penis. After reviewing the transcripts of the interview though,
Dodge recalled that Jane Doe 1 did tell him defendant had his hands on his penis. The
report did not indicate Jane Doe 1 said she went to the bathroom after defendant touched
her in Mexico. However, after reviewing the transcripts of his interview, Dodge recalled
that Jane Doe 1 did tell him that after defendant touched her in Mexico, she got up and
went to the bathroom.
        Detective Dodge also spoke with Jane Doe 3. The police report indicated that
Jane Doe 3 said she pulled her pants up and there is nothing in the report indicating
defendant pulled her pants down while she was awake. Dodge recalled from his
interview with Jane Doe 3 that she told him she woke up to defendant pulling her pants
down.
        C. Stipulations
        The parties stipulated that, “In June 2015, defendant’s Toshiba laptop was
forensically analyzed by Officer Duffield of the Lake County sheriff’s office. Officer
Duffield did not locate[] any documents or images relating to the case involving Jane Doe
Six.” The second stipulation was that defendant’s date of birth is January 5, 1955.
        D. Verdict
        Defendant was charged with five counts of committing a lewd and lascivious act
on a child (§ 288, subd. (a)). Count 1 was the first incident involving Jane Doe 1 when
she was 10 or 11 years of age; count 2 was the second incident involving Jane Doe 1

                                             14.
when she was 11 or 12 years old; count 3 was the first incident involving Jane Doe 2
when she was nine or 10 years old; count 4 was the second incident involving Jane Doe 2
when she was nine or 10 years old; and count 5 was the incident involving Jane Doe 3
when she was eight years old. The information alleged that the victims were under 14
years old and defendant committed the offenses against multiple victims (§667.61, subds.
(b), (e), (j)(2)). The information further alleged the statute of limitations was extended
pursuant to section 801.1, subdivision (a).
        The jury convicted defendant of counts 1, 3 and 5 and found true the multiple
victims under age 14 allegations. The jury also found that the statute of limitations was
extended pursuant to section 801.1, subdivision (a). The jury was unable to reach a
verdict as to counts 2 and 4, which were dismissed. Defendant was sentenced to three
consecutive terms of 15 years to life.
                                         DISCUSSION
   I.      DEFENDANT FAILS TO DEMONSTRATE HE RECEIVED INEFFECTIVE
           ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL WHEN HIS ATTORNEY ELICITED
           INFORMATION FROM THE STATE’S EXPERT ABOUT THE
           PERCENTAGE OF FALSE ALLEGATIONS.
        Defendant first contends his trial counsel was prejudicially ineffective for eliciting
testimony from the State’s expert regarding the percentage of false allegations of sexual
abuse. The People claim the evidence was helpful to the defense’s theme of the case and
that regardless, it did not prejudice defendant. We agree that defendant cannot show
prejudice and reject the ineffective assistance claim.
        A. Relevant Facts
        The prosecutor asked Dr. Carmichael, “whether it’s a myth or misconception that
a child always reports the abuse and they report it immediately?” Dr. Carmichael
responded that sexual abuse is one of the crimes less frequently reported. Research
shows that about 60 to 75 percent of children who are sexually abused do not report it in
the first year or until they turn 18 years old. The prosecutor did not ask the expert any

                                              15.
questions about the percentage of false allegations of sexual abuse during direct
examination.
       During cross-examination, defense counsel asked Dr. Carmichael if it is a “fact
that not everyone who says they were molested was really molested.” Defense counsel
confirmed he was asking about false allegations, to which Dr. Carmichael responded that
false allegations are rare, and that research shows children do not lie about sexual abuse.
Defense counsel asked, “what percent[age] of sex abuse allegations turn out to be false?”
Dr. Carmichael responded, “[d]epending upon which research you look at, the consensus
is between two and six percent on the high end.” “There are articles that talk about
higher false allegation rates, but those are in the context of child custody or child access
disputes. And even in those cases, those are made by the adults or the people in the
dispute.” And “in those studies very few kids [were] making false allegations, again in
that almost zero to two to six percent.” Dr. Carmichael explained that “for negative
events or implausible events, things that people have no context for or can’t like really
relate to it, we are seeing far less false reporting or suggestibility in that area.” Dr.
Carmichael agreed there is some false reporting, but that “people can reliably pick out,
yeah, that’s the one that actually didn’t happen.” Therefore, false allegations are pretty
easy to identify because the confidence level of someone sharing a false memory is quite
low.
       The defense attorney asked Dr. Carmichael about confabulation and he explained
that is when someone cannot remember all the details of an event and fills in the holes by
adding information that did not happen. Confabulation tends to occur more in positive or
neutral events, and omissions tend to occur in negative or traumatic events.
       Defense counsel asked Dr. Carmichael about a case where a group of people made
false allegations together. Dr. Carmichael agreed that there were cases in the 90’s that
reported this, but said that since then there have been decades of improvement in talking
with children reporting abuse. Dr. Carmichael specifically discussed the “McMartin

                                              16.
case” from the 90’s. This case involved people at a preschool who were accused of
sexually abusing the children. This case prompted better interviewing techniques when
working with children because a lot of inappropriate interviewing techniques were used.
       Dr. Carmichael explained he does not determine whether claims of sexual abuse
are true or false; he leaves that to the legal system. Dr. Carmichael had studied false
allegations and was familiar with Elizabeth Loftus and her research on memory. She has
done a lot of the research on plausible and positive events. She explained that it is easier
to convince someone of a false memory for plausible and positive or neutral events, but
much more difficult for negative or implausible events.
       The court instructed the jury that they “alone must judge the credibility or
believability of witnesses.” “Dr. Blake Carmichael’s testimony about child sexual abuse
victims is not evidence that the defendant committed any of the crimes charged against
him. You may consider this evidence only in deciding whether or not a Jane Doe’s
conduct was not inconsistent with the conduct of someone who has been molested and in
evaluating the believability of her testimony.”
       In closing statements, the prosecutor referred to the expert’s testimony about false
allegations of sexual abuse. The prosecutor reminded the jury that Dr. Carmichael said
false allegations are very rare and “[m]ost kids do not lie about sexual abuse.” And
incorporated the evidence into the PowerPoint presentation. The prosecutor also recalled
that Dr. Carmichael said, “two to six percent is on the high end and most of those involve
child custody disputes.” And that the expert explained it is highly unlikely to implant a
false memory regarding a negative or traumatic event, which would include child
molestation. The prosecution also noted the expert opined that someone is less likely to
add events to a traumatic event and more likely to omit facts.
       The defense argued that the allegations of sexual molestation were false, and that
the factual consistency between the victims points to a script. Defense counsel said the
prosecutor “acknowledged that there are false molest allegations that do happen. It is a

                                            17.
reality.” Confabulation “could be lying or it could be mixing things that are just not true,
that have been suggested to you or that you have come to believe for some reason that
aren’t true.” Defense counsel pointed out the discrepancies in the witness testimony and
argued that “if a tale is told and it’s not true, it will change. There will be details that
change.” Defense counsel suggested that the witnesses decided they needed to get justice
for Jane Doe 6 and “that kind of moral frenzy can make people say something that is not
true, lie or misremember, or have a memory suggested to them.”
       B. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
       A defendant claiming ineffective assistance of counsel must satisfy the two-part
test of Strickland, requiring a showing of counsel’s deficient performance and prejudice.
(Strickland v. Washington (1984) 466 U.S. 668, 687 (Strickland).) As to deficient
performance, a defendant “must show that counsel’s representation fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness” measured against “prevailing professional norms.”
(Id. at p. 688.) In evaluating trial counsel’s actions, “a court must indulge a strong
presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional
assistance.” (Id. at p. 689; see People v. Dennis (1998) 17 Cal.4th 468, 541 (Dennis).)
Thus, a defendant must overcome the presumption that the challenged action might be
considered sound trial strategy under the circumstances. (Strickland, supra, at p. 689;
Dennis, supra, at p. 541.) “ ‘ “[I]f the record on appeal sheds no light on why counsel
acted or failed to act in the manner challenged, an appellate claim of [ineffective
assistance of counsel] must be rejected unless counsel was asked for an explanation and
failed to provide one, or there simply could be no satisfactory explanation.” ’ ” (People v.
Seumanu (2015) 61 Cal.4th 1293, 1312–1313.) “Reasonableness must be assessed
through the likely perspective of counsel at the time.” (People v. Ochoa (1998) 19
Cal.4th 353, 445.)

                                              18.
       The prejudice prong requires a defendant to establish “there is a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding
would have been different.” (Strickland, supra, 466 U.S. at p. 694.) “A reasonable
probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” (Ibid.)
       Expert testimony on “the common reactions of child molestation victims,” is
known as CSAAS, or child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome. (See People v.
McAlpin (1991) 53 Cal.3d 1289, 1300 (McAlpin); People v. Munch (2020) 52
Cal.App.5th 464, 466.) CSAAS has long been held admissible in California for the
limited purposes of dispelling commonly held myths or misconceptions about child
sexual abuse and aiding the jury in “evaluating the credibility of an alleged child victim
of sexual abuse.” (People v. Lapenias (2021) 67 Cal.App.5th 162, 171 (Lapenias); see
McAlpin, supra, at pp. 1300–1301; People v. Bowker (1988) 203 Cal.App.3d 385, 393–
394 (Bowker).) CSAAS testimony is permitted “ ‘to explain the emotional antecedents of
abused children’s seemingly self-impeaching behavior,’ ” such as delayed disclosure of
the abuse. (McAlpin, supra, at pp. 1300–1301; see Lapenias, supra, at p. 172.)
       “However, pursuit of that laudable rehabilitative purpose must not lead the expert
to cross over into affirmatively vouching for the truthfulness of a complainant's
allegations against the defendant.” (People v. Sedano (2023) 88 Cal.App.5th 474, 479–
480; see Lapenias, supra, 67 Cal.App.5th at p. 180 [expert must not vouch for the
veracity of the alleged victims]; People v. Munch, supra, 52 Cal.App.5th at p. 468
[“ ‘The expert is not allowed to give an opinion on whether a witness is telling the truth
....’ ”].) CSAAS evidence “is not admissible to prove that the complaining witness has in
fact been sexually abused.” (McAlpin, supra, 53 Cal.3d at p. 1300.) Accordingly, a
CSAAS expert also “may not give ‘ “general” testimony describing the components of
the syndrome in such a way as to allow the jury to apply the syndrome to the facts of the
case and conclude the child was sexually abused.’ ” (People v. Julian (2019) 34
Cal.App.5th 878, 885 (Julian).) Overall, the testimony must respect the “ ‘ “fine but

                                             19.
essential” ’ ” line between an “ ‘ “opinion which would be truly helpful to the jury and
that which merely conveys a conclusion concerning defendant’s legal guilt.” ’ ” (Id. at p.
887.)
        “Thus, the Courts of Appeal have repeatedly held it to be an abuse of discretion to
permit a CSAAS expert to testify—either qualitatively, or with specific statistics or
percentages—to the infrequency with which children make false allegations of sexual
abuse.” (Sedano, supra, 88 Cal.App.5th at p. 480; see Lapenias, supra, 67 Cal.App.5th at
p. 179 [error to admit expert testimony that it was “ ‘rare’ for children to make false
allegations of sexual abuse”]; People v. Wilson (2019) 33 Cal.App.5th 559, 568, 570–571
(Wilson) [expert testimony about studies finding false allegations in 1-to-6 percent of
cases had the impermissible “effect of telling the jury there was at least a 94 percent
chance that any given child who claimed to have been sexually abused was telling the
truth”]; see also Julian, supra, 34 Cal.App.5th at pp. 883–884 [false allegation statistics
were not admissible because they “invited jurors to presume [the defendant] was guilty
based on statistical probabilities, and not decide the evidence properly introduced in the
case”].)
        C. Analysis
        Defendant claims he received ineffective assistance of counsel when his attorney
asked the expert about the percentage of false allegations since this evidence is generally
deemed inadmissible. He argues a failure to object to statistical testimony has been held
to constitute reversible ineffective assistance of counsel. The People disagree arguing the
evidence benefited the defense and was not prejudicial given the brevity of the evidence,
the weight of properly admitted evidence, and the instructions given to the jury.
        In Wilson, supra, 33 Cal.App.5th 559, the defendant claimed the trial court abused
its discretion in allowing testimony from a CSAAS expert on statistical probability of
false reports in child sex abuse cases. (Id. at p. 568.) The Wilson court noted the CSAAS

                                             20.
expert’s testimony “had the effect of telling the jury there was at least a 94 percent
chance that any given child who claimed to have been sexually abused was telling the
truth.” (Id. at p. 570.) The practical result of this testimony “was to suggest to the jury
that there was an overwhelming likelihood their testimony was truthful.” (Ibid.) The
Wilson court stated such testimony “invaded the province of the jury, whose
responsibility it is to ‘draw the ultimate inferences from the evidence.’ ” (Ibid.)
       Wilson emphasized that it was the jury who must evaluate the victims’ testimony,
together with all the other evidence, to decide whether their testimony is true or false, and
“should do so without statistical evidence placing a thumb on the scale for guilt.”
(Wilson, supra, 33 Cal.App.5th at p. 571; see People v. Collins (1968) 68 Cal.2d 319, 331
[evidence of mathematical likelihood of any random couple possessing distinctive
features of perpetrators of crime would not bear on defendants’ guilt because of statistical
likelihood other couples also share those features]; People v. Sergill (1982) 138
Cal.App.3d 34, 40, italics omitted [officers’ opinions of child’s truthfulness “did not have
a reasonable tendency to prove or disprove [child’s] credibility and were therefore not
relevant”].) The court determined the “statistical evidence was not relevant, and its
admission was more prejudicial than probative,” and concluded admitting the CSAAS’s
statistical evidence was an abuse of discretion. (Wilson, supra, at p. 571.)
       In Julian, the court stated that the expert providing CSAAS testimony may not
“present ‘predictive conclusions’ [citation], such as alleged child abuse victims ‘should
be believed’ or ‘abused children give inconsistent accounts and are credible
nonetheless.’ ” (Julian, supra, 34 Cal.App.5th at pp. 885–886; Bowker, supra, 203
Cal.App.3d at pp. 393–394.) The Julian court noted, “[s]uch predictive conclusions go
beyond the scope of CSAAS evidence and may confuse the jury.” (Julian, supra, at p.
886.) The court expressed its concern that “[w]here expert opinions on the statistical
probability of guilt are admitted, the jury may be ‘distracted’ from its ‘requisite function
of weighing the evidence on the issue of guilt,’ and may rely instead on this ‘irrelevant’

                                             21.
evidence.” (Ibid; People v. Collins, supra, 68 Cal.2d at p. 327.) Thus, the Julian court
concluded the expert’s testimony regarding statistical probability evidence was
inadmissible. (Julian, supra, at p. 887.)
        After concluding the statistical evidence was inadmissible, the Julian court
concluded defendant’s counsel was prejudicially ineffective for his failure to object to
such evidence at trial. (Julian, supra, 34 Cal.App.5th at pp. 887–888.) “[T]here [was] no
justification for counsel’s failure to object to [the expert’s] statistical evidence on false
allegations. It was inadmissible and it improperly suggested [defendant] was guilty based
on statistical probabilities that were irrelevant to this case.” (Id. at p. 888.) In Julian, the
statistical evidence was considered highly prejudicial since there were credibility issues
with the victim’s inconsistent statements and strong defense evidence. (Ibid.) The Julian
court also noted defense counsel questioned the expert on cross-examination, but the
expert “used that opportunity to repeatedly reassert his claim that statistics show children
do not lie about being abused.” (Id. at pp. 888–889.) Defense counsel’s “questions about
multiple studies only opened the door to a mountain of prejudicial statistical data that
fortified the prosecutor’s claim about statistical certainty that defendants are guilty.” (Id.
at p. 889.) The prosecutor was able to use the expert’s statistical evidence in closing
argument, asking the jury to rely on the expert’s statistical evidence that “ ‘children rarely
falsify allegations of sexual abuse.’ ” (Id. at p. 889.) The Julian court concluded
defendant did not receive a fair trial since “the jury’s duty to decide the facts does not
include considering inadmissible statistical information [citation] or using studies of
statistical odds to determine guilt.” (Ibid; see Strickland, supra, 466 U.S. at pp. 686–
687.)
        The above cases address claims that the trial court erred in admitting the statistical
evidence and defense counsel’s failure to object to such evidence. However, the present
situation is different because defense counsel is the one who intentionally elicited the
statistical evidence of false allegations. In such circumstances, the question becomes

                                              22.
whether defendant can overcome the presumption that the challenged action might be
considered sound trial strategy under the circumstances. (See Strickland, supra, 466 U.S.
at p. 689; Dennis, supra, 17 Cal.4th at p. 541.)
       A review of the record shows the false allegation evidence was intentionally
elicited as part of defense counsel’s strategy and used to support defense counsel’s
arguments. This line of questioning produced testimony that everyone, including
children, are capable of lying and included a discussion of a historical case from the
1990’s where groups of people made false allegations. Counsel could reasonably have
decided that the evidence was more beneficial to the case than prejudicial since it fit the
defense theme that Jane Does 1 through 5 made false allegations against defendant in
order to get justice for Jane Doe 6. Therefore, the line of questioning regarding false
allegations is connected to a sound trial strategy. It is well settled that trial tactics are
within the sound discretion of trial counsel (see People v. Wright (1990) 52 Cal.3d 367,
412 [disapproved on other grounds by People v. Williams (2010) 49 Cal.4th 405, 459])
and deference must be given to counsel’s tactical decisions. (In re Fields (1990) 51
Cal.3d 1063, 1069–1070.) Therefore, we cannot say there was no satisfactory
explanation for defense counsel’s line of questioning. (See People v. Scott (1997) 15
Cal.4th 1188, 1212; see People v. Hernandez (2004) 33 Cal.4th 1040, 1053.)
       Even so, we need not decide whether counsel’s performance was deficient since
defendant fails to demonstrate “there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
[alleged] unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.”
(Strickland, supra, 466 U.S. at p. 694.) “[A] court need not determine whether counsel's
performance was deficient ... [i]f it is easier to dispose of an ineffectiveness claim on the
ground of lack of sufficient prejudice.” (In re Cox (2003) 30 Cal.4th 974, 1019–1020.)
       “In assessing prejudice under Strickland, the question is not whether a court can be
certain counsel’s performance had no effect on the outcome or whether it is possible a
reasonable doubt might have been established if counsel [had] acted differently.

                                               23.
[Citations.] Instead, Strickland asks whether it is ‘reasonably likely’ the result would
have been different. [Citation.] This does not require a showing that counsel’s actions
‘more likely than not altered the outcome,’ but the difference between Strickland’s
prejudice standard and a more-probable-than-not standard is slight and matters ‘only in
the rarest case.’ [Citation.] The likelihood of a different result must be substantial, not
just conceivable.” (Harrington v. Richter (2011) 562 U.S. 86, 111–112.)
       In Wilson, the court concluded the inadmissible evidence of percentages of false
allegations was not prejudicial under Watson. (Wilson, supra, 33 Cal.App.5th at pp. 571–
572; People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836 (Watson).) The court determined that
the inadmissible evidence was brief, the expert acknowledged that it was difficult to tell
if a child was making a false allegation and there was no way to know the actual ratio of
true to false allegations. (Wilson, supra, at p. 572.) Moreover, the court instructed that
the jury was the sole judge of the facts and credibility of witnesses, and the defense
offered their own rebuttal expert testimony. (Ibid.) Under these circumstances, the court
saw “no reasonable probability defendant would have achieved a more favorable result in
the absence of the challenged testimony.” (Ibid.) Here as well, the testimony regarding
percentage of false allegations was brief. And even though the prosecutor used the
statistical evidence in their PowerPoint presentation during closing argument, the defense
purposefully used the false allegation evidence in its closing to argue false allegations do
exist. Moreover, the jury was instructed they alone were the judge of the credibility of
the witnesses and that Dr. Carmichael’s testimony was not evidence the defendant
committed any of the charged crimes and could be considered only in deciding whether
or not a Jane Doe’s conduct was not inconsistent with the conduct of someone who has
been molested in evaluating the believability of her testimony. We presume the jurors
followed these instructions. (Lapenias, supra, 67 Cal.App.5th at p. 180.)
       In Lapenias, the court concluded “Dr. Carmichael’s testimony that it is ‘rare’ for
children to make false allegations of sexual abuse was inadmissible” and the trial court

                                             24.
erred in allowing the evidence over defendant’s objections. (Lapenias, supra, 67
Cal.App.5th at p. 179.) However, the court did not find the evidence prejudiced
defendant because the testimony was brief, as were the mentions of that testimony by
both counsel during closing arguments. (Id. at p. 180.) Further, contemporaneous
disclosures to another person about being molested by defendant provided corroborative
evidence of defendant’s guilt. (Ibid.) The jurors also received the standard evidentiary
instructions that they were not bound by an expert’s opinion, and that they were the sole
judge of the credibility of the witnesses. (Ibid. [courts presume jurors follow these
instructions].) Applying the Watson standard, the court concluded “it is not reasonably
probable [defendant] would have received a more favorable result in the absence of Dr.
Carmichael’s erroneously admitted testimony about the rarity of false allegations of child
sexual abuse.” (Lapenias, supra, at p. 180.) Here as well, the testimony regarding false
allegations was brief and was touched on by both counsel in closing arguments.
Moreover, the jury was instructed that they were not bound by the expert opinion and
were the judge of the credibility of witnesses. And last, as in Lapenias, Jane Doe 3 and
Jane Doe 4 made contemporaneous admissions or complaints to law enforcement that
defendant molested them, which provided corroborating evidence of defendant’s guilt.
       On the other hand, in Julian, the court found the expert’s statistical evidence on
false allegations highly prejudicial “because this case was a credibility dispute between
child 2’s testimony and [defendant’s].” (Julian, supra, 34 Cal.App.5th at p. 888.) Julian
was a “heavily contested case with strong defense evidence.” (Ibid.) In Julian, child 1,
child 3 and child 4 testified defendant never touched them inappropriately and they never
saw defendant touch child 2 inappropriately, child 4 believed child 2 was lying, and the
People conceded that child 2’s earlier interviews were “ ‘very different from her
testimony’ ” with “ ‘serious inconsistencies.’ ” (Ibid., italics omitted.) Here, however,
the prosecution presented a strong case with multiple victims testifying defendant

                                            25.
sexually molested them as children, with relative consistency. Two of the victims
reported the assaults to law enforcement around the time of the incidents.
       Moreover, the Julian court noted that statistical evidence of false allegations “may
not be prejudicial where it occurs in a slight passing reference by the expert” but that in
Julian, “the jury was bombarded with it.” (Julian, supra, 34 Cal.App.5th at p. 888.) In
Julian, the CSAAS expert continuously used opportunities to repeatedly reassert his
claim that statistics show children do not lie about being abused and shared a “mountain
of prejudicial statistical data that fortified the prosecutor’s claim about a statistical
certainty that defendants are guilty.” (Id. at pp. 888–889.) During closing argument,
there was a dispute regarding a specific study on false allegations and the court instructed
the jury to “decide the issue based on the evidence introduced about the study,” directing
the juror’s attention to the statistical studies. (Id. at p. 889.) To the contrary here,
statistical evidence on false allegations was not brought up in the prosecutor’s direct
examination and the record does not show the jury was “bombarded” with this evidence.
Additionally, the trial court did not direct the jury’s attention to the expert’s testimony
during closing arguments.
       After such consideration, we do not find the evidence regarding false allegations
to be so prejudicial that it is reasonably probable the jury would have reached a different
verdict without the statistical evidence on false allegations. (See Strickland, supra, 466
U.S. at pp. 691–694.) All five Jane Does testified that defendant touched them on the
vagina or buttocks while they slept or appeared to be asleep. Defendant’s daughter
recorded a phone call with defendant where the jury heard defendant confess to touching
Jane Doe 6 on the vagina. Two of the Jane Does contemporaneously reported the
incidents in 2004 and 2005, long before the allegations regarding Jane Doe 6 occurred,
deflating defendant’s theory that the Jane Does got together to make up the allegations to
seek justice for Jane Doe 6. Thus, when considering the weight of properly admitted
evidence, the brevity of the false allegation evidence solicited by defendant’s counsel,

                                               26.
and the instructions given to the jury limiting use of the testimony, there is nothing in the
record showing there is a reasonable probability that, but for defense counsel’s decision
to bring in statistical evidence on false allegations, the result of the proceeding would
have been different. (See Strickland, supra, 466 U.S. at p. 694.)
          We reject defendant’s argument that prejudice can be shown because the jury was
unable to reach a consensus on two of the five charged counts. The defendant’s reliance
on People v. Sojka (2011) 196 Cal.App.4th 733, 739 and People v. Torres (2011) 198
Cal.App.4th 1131 is misplaced since both cases involve jury instruction error. Instead,
the fact that the jury did not reach a verdict on two of the five counts shows the statistical
evidence on false allegations did not prejudice the jury against defendant. Accordingly,
we reject defendant’s first claim.
    II.      MARSDEN MOTION.
          Defendant next claims the trial court erred when it denied his Marsden8 motion.
The People disagree arguing the trial court properly dismissed the motion on the basis
that it would have disrupted the trial and that defendant made no showing of ineffective
assistance of counsel. We conclude the trial court did not err in denying the Marsden
motion.
          A. Relevant Factual History
          After Jane Doe 1, Jane Doe 2, Jane Doe 3 and Jane Doe 4 testified for the
prosecution, defendant made a Marsden motion,9 asking for his counsel and his office to
be relieved and to appoint new counsel. The prosecution was excluded from the
courtroom and a separate Marsden hearing was held. The trial court informed defendant
“there’s going to be an issue with timeliness, but I will hear from you regarding what is

8         Marsden, supra, 2 Cal.3d 118.
9    Although defendant made two different Marsden motions, he only challenges the
May 13, 2021 motion.

                                              27.
the issue with [defense counsel].” Defendant stated his trial counsel was “not the right
fit” and complained that his attorney did not bring up specific evidence during cross-
examination of the victims “where they didn’t see my face or I didn’t touch them. He
didn’t bring it up. I had to bring it up. That’s why he’s not the right fit. He works for
you guys, not for me. You guys paid him.” Defendant claimed that the defense counsel
worked for the district attorney. Defendant argued that “every time a person brings up
what ‘[defendant did] to his granddaughter’ ... [his counsel] is already incriminating me
to this jury. He has already corrupted that jury.” Defendant stated he is “objecting to
what he is saying every time a person goes up there.”
       The court explained to defendant that it ruled adversely to defendant on Evidence
Code section 1101 and section 1108 types of evidence so his defense counsel “is
somewhat handcuffed by the Court’s rulings on the law on the case.” The “District
Attorney’s Office gets to bring in some of these other allegations against you based on
the law that is presented.” The defendant expressed his frustration that his counsel failed
to use evidence that a witness said she did not see a person. When the court reminded
defendant that his attorney did ask about this evidence he agreed but argued that he
“made him.”
       Defense counsel explained that he had been practicing law for 30 years and was
assigned to this case for over one year. Counsel explained the theory of the case was that
the Jane Does believed defendant molested his granddaughter Jane Doe 6 and wanted to
believe they were molested by him. Defendant is upset that he mentioned Jane Doe 6 but
counsel explained that he was using his best instincts to create a reasonable doubt. There
is a tape-recorded confession and so they have to deal with what defendant said about
molesting Jane Doe 6. Counsel explained that defendant was not charged with molesting
Jane Doe 6 and so all he needed to do was create reasonable doubt about the witnesses.
       The court explained to defendant that the court ruled to admit the tape recording of
his conversation regarding Jane Doe 6 and his attorney had to deal with this evidence.

                                            28.
The court denied the Marsden motion for the following reasons: (1) the motion was
untimely as they were already in a jury trial and “that motion is a motion usually saved
for prior to jury”; and (2) defense counsel was “dealing with some adverse rulings by the
Court related to the admissibility of Jane Doe [4], [5] and the pretext phone call related to
Jane Doe [6].” And although defense counsel’s strategy is different from defendant’s
strategy, counsel is utilizing his skills as an attorney and provided his reasons for his
strategy. Therefore, the court denied the motion and did not find counsel ineffective.
       B. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
       Under Marsden, a criminal defendant can move to discharge his current appointed
counsel and appoint new counsel based on ineffective assistance. (Marsden, supra, 2
Cal.3d at p. 123; see People v. Sanchez (2011) 53 Cal.4th 80, 86 [Marsden motion used
to seek appointment of substitute counsel].) The California Supreme Court held that a
defendant may be entitled to new appointed counsel where the attorney-client
relationship has broken down to the point where the defendant’s right to the assistance of
counsel is impaired. The Marsden court also held that in making this determination, the
trial court must allow the defendant to explain the manner in which he believes his
counsel is performing inadequately. (Marsden, supra, at pp. 123–124.)
       “ ‘[S]ubstitute counsel should be appointed when ... necessary under the Marsden
standard, that is whenever, in the exercise of its discretion, the court finds that the
defendant has shown that a failure to replace the appointed attorney would substantially
impair the right to assistance of counsel [citation], or, stated slightly differently, if the
record shows that the first appointed attorney is not providing adequate representation or
that the defendant and the attorney have become embroiled in such an irreconcilable
conflict that ineffective representation is likely to result [citation].” (People v. Sanchez,
supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 86; People v. Smith (1993) 6 Cal.4th 684, 692 [same]; People v.
Hines (1997) 15 Cal.4th 997, 1025–1026.) A trial court should appoint substitute counsel

                                               29.
when a proper showing has been made at any stage. (Smith, supra, at p. 695.) However,
“ ‘[i]t is within the trial court's discretion to deny a motion to substitute made on the eve
of trial where substitution would require a continuance.’ [Citation.] This is even more
true if the motion is made during trial.” (People v. Smith (2003) 30 Cal.4th 581, 607.) A
court may not automatically deny a motion for new counsel during trial no matter what
the showing, but it should grant such a motion only when the defendant demonstrates that
counsel is truly providing inadequate representation or that a total breakdown in the
relationship has occurred that the defendant did not cause. (Ibid.)
       Our Supreme Court approved the following three factors to consider on review:
“ ‘ “(1) timeliness of the motion; (2) adequacy of the court's inquiry into the defendant’s
complaint; and (3) whether the conflict between the defendant and his attorney was so
great that it resulted in a total lack of communication preventing an adequate defense.” ’ ”
(People v. Smith, supra, 30 Cal.4th at p. 606.) Whether to grant a Marsden motion lies
within the trial court’s discretion, which will not be overturned on appeal absent a clear
abuse of that discretion. (People v. Smith, supra, 6 Cal.4th at p. 696.)

       C. Analysis
       Defendant challenges the trial court’s denial of his Marsden motion arguing it was
not well-founded to deem it untimely and that the record demonstrates his right to
assistance of counsel was impaired. The People contend it was appropriate for the court
to consider that the Marsden motion was raised in the middle of trial and that the court
properly found that his defense counsel was providing effective assistance and that
appointing new counsel was not warranted.
       “ ‘[A] criminal defendant, at any stage of the trial, must be given the opportunity
to state reasons for a request for new counsel.’ ” (People v. Lopez (2008) 168
Cal.App.4th 801, 814.) In Lopez, the defendant made a motion for substitute counsel due
to the conflict that was raised in open court. (Ibid.) The trial court denied the

                                             30.
defendant’s Marsden motion as untimely without holding a hearing. (Lopez, supra, at p.
813.) The appellate court reversed, concluding the denial of the Marsden motion as “not
timely” without a record to clarify the court’s reasoning was in error. (Lopez, supra, at p.
815.) Here, although the trial court called the motion “untimely,” it did not deny
defendant the opportunity to state his reasons for requesting new counsel. Nor did the
court deny the motion based on untimeliness as the sole basis.
       Applying the Marsden test, defendant fails to demonstrate that his counsel truly
provided inadequate representation or that there was a total breakdown in the relationship
that defendant did not cause. (See People v. Smith, supra, 30 Cal.4th at p. 607; see also
People v. Hines, supra, 15 Cal.4th at p. 1025 [defendant must make a “ ‘substantial
showing that failure to order substitution is likely to result in constitutionally inadequate
representation’ ”].) Defendant was concerned that his counsel was “incriminating” him
every time he asked a witness about Jane Doe 6 and the allegation that defendant
molested Jane Doe 6. (See People v. Smith, supra, 6 Cal.4th at p. 696.) However,
defense counsel explained how his questions regarding Jane Doe 6 were part of his
defense strategy. “ ‘A defendant does not have the right to present a defense of his own
choosing, but merely the right to an adequate and competent defense. [Citation.]
Tactical disagreements between the defendant and his attorney do not by themselves
constitute an “irreconcilable conflict.” ’ ” (People v. Jackson (2009) 45 Cal.4th 662, 688.)
When the court reminded defendant that his tape-recorded confession was coming in and
he was going to have to deal with it, defendant understood that they were going to have to
deal with that evidence. Since defendant was not charged with molesting Jane Doe 6
defense counsel was using “an adequate and competent defense” to create a reasonable
doubt in the testifying witnesses. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion
when it concluded new counsel was not warranted.
Defendant raises additional arguments that were not raised at the Marsden hearing.
Defendant contends his counsel rendered a “tepid, inept argument” regarding the

                                             31.
Evidence Code section 1108 witnesses during the pretrial in limine hearing, and that “it
might [have been] appropriate to only have one witness.” However, the record shows
defense counsel objected to the evidence as prejudicial, cumulative and unfair, and did in
fact suggest to the court that it could limit the character witnesses to just one. Defendant
also complains that his attorney made no objection when Jane Doe 1 testified regarding
an unchargeable incident that occurred in Mexico. However, the failure to object is a
matter which usually involves tactical decisions on counsel’s part and seldom establishes
counsel’s incompetence. (People v. Jackson (1980) 28 Cal.3d 264, 292, disapproved of
on other grounds in People v. Cromer (2001) 24 Cal.4th 889, 901, fn. 3.)
          .) The record does not show counsel’s reason for not objecting and defendant fails
to demonstrate counsel had no tactical reason for not objecting to this testimony. (See
Strickland, supra, 466 U.S. at p. 689 [defendant must overcome strong presumption
counsel’s actions were sound strategy].)
          Last, defendant’s complaint regarding defense counsel’s direct examination of the
defense witness cannot be considered on review of the Marsden hearing since it occurred
after the Marsden hearing. A trial court’s decision is reviewed to determine whether it
was correct when made, and not in light of subsequent events. (People v. Williams
(2006) 40 Cal.4th 287, 311.) Consequently, defendant’s claim fails.
   III.      DR. CARMICHAEL DID NOT EXCEED THE SCOPE OF HIS EXPERTISE
             AT TRIAL AND DEFENSE COUNSEL WAS NOT INEFFECTIVE FOR
             FAILING TO OBJECT TO SUCH TESTIMONY.
          Defendant next contends Dr. Carmichael exceeded the scope of his expertise by
testifying about memory in the context of child sexual abuse and that his counsel was
prejudicially ineffective for failing to object to this testimony. The People first point out
that defendant forfeited this claim by failing to object to this specific testimony. Even
considering the claim, the People contend Dr. Carmichael testified well within his area of

                                              32.
expertise and that defendant fails to demonstrate prejudice under either standard. We
agree with the People and reject defendant’s claim.
       A. Relevant Factual History
       Before trial, the People filed a motion in limine to admit the expert testimony of
Dr. Anthony Urquiza, Ph.D., regarding “a variety of topics concerning victims of child
molestation, generally. Dr. Urquiza will testify and help dispel the common myths and
misconceptions surrounding child sexual abuse.” One such myth is that “[c]hild
molestation victims are always great historians. After all, something horrific happened to
them. They should remember the details like the back of their own hand.” At a hearing
on the motions in limine, defense counsel withdrew his objections to the expert
testimony, but stated, “depending upon how the evidence comes out, there could be an
objection at a certain point.”
       During the trial, the prosecution called Dr. Blake Carmichael, rather than Dr.
Urquiza, as an expert in the behavior of child sexual abuse victims. Dr. Carmichael
testified he was a clinical psychologist who primarily worked with children and families
who have a history of child maltreatment, which includes sexual abuse. Dr. Carmichael
worked at the Child Adolescent Abuse Resource Evaluation Diagnostic and Treatment
Center (CAARE) under the University of California at Davis for 20 years. Dr.
Carmichael began as a post-doctorate fellow and then served as a therapist or a primary
staff psychologist. After about 12 years, Dr. Carmichael became the evaluation program
manager and was responsible for assessments, training and supervising cases. In that
time, Dr. Carmichael worked with around 350 children who had been sexually abused.
Dr. Carmichael also teaches and gives presentations regarding “child sexual abuse, the
impact of trauma on kids, effective treatment, and support for those families’
assessment.” He keeps up with the most recent research and was nationally certified in
trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy. Dr. Carmichael has testified as an expert in

                                            33.
the field of the behavior of child sexual abuse victims over 100 times. The court
designated Dr. Carmichael as an expert and the defense did not object.
       Dr. Carmichael explained why child sexual abuse victims may not be great
historians in all instances. There are a number of reasons why kids who have been
sexually abused may not be good at telling things consistently each time they talk about
it. One reason is disassociation, which he described as when “abuse is happening and
you are trying to ignore it, avoid it, not think about it, pull yourself back from what
actually is happening ... or you are pulling away from or pushing away the experience
itself.” Kids might feel anxious or fearful talking about certain details and so even if a
child remembers something, it does not mean they are comfortable talking about it.
       To help the jury understand, Dr. Carmichael explained how memory works and
that time sequence and order are vague and abstract concepts for a child. Memory is not
a video camera. In the cases where children are reporting incidents as adults, the memory
is still implanted as a child. The person might use adult language, but at the time of the
incident, it may not be the way it was experienced. Dr. Carmichael also explained that if
something happens multiple times over the course of many months and even years, it is a
lot harder to get each discreet, individual event recalled and discussed, especially if a
long time has passed. If something happens once, there is a good chance that a person
can think about the event and recall all of it. However, if someone is numbing out, even
a discreet event may be difficult to recall.
       Dr. Carmichael was familiar with the primacy and recency effect. He described
primacy as the first time something happens, which can be easier to remember. When
there are “subsequent events that are similar, you might remember that first time a little
better, especially if it made a big impact on you or you really enjoyed it.” Recency is
remembering the last time something happened, because less time has passed for you to
start forgetting things. Dr. Carmichael explained that his testimony on memory applies to
the area of sexual abuse because these are the “reasons why kids will remember or not

                                               34.
remember certain things, it’s not just because of the first time or the most recent time.
Certainly it can apply, but because of the emotional implications, the cognitive
implications, the social implications, the family implications, it may not be the first or
last time this is most memorable to some kids.”
       During closing argument, the prosecutor referenced Dr. Carmichael’s testimony
on the “primacy/recency effect” in relation to Jane Doe 1’s testimony, in showing that
she clearly remembered the first incident where defendant massaged her back and the
third incident in Mexico, but the “middle time was a little jumbled.” The prosecutor also
referred to testimony by Dr. Carmichael that “victims of child sexual abuse aren’t typical
great historians” because they “zone out” and “don’t want to focus on the physical abuse
that is happening to them...”
       The prosecutor also referred to Dr. Carmichael’s testimony that “in traumatic
situations, [it is] much more common for people to [omit] facts than add facts to a story,
which is exactly what Jane Does did, which is omit facts, if anything.” The prosecutor
stated that, based on Dr. Carmichael’s testimony, it is not true to think that “[i]f that
happened to me, I would remember every detail of what happened to me.” The
prosecutor reminded the jury about the myth that children are great historians of their
abuse and that kids are not good at discussing their abuse consistently since they
disassociate in an attempt to ignore what is happening to them. The prosecutor reiterated
the expert’s testimony that time, sequence and order are difficult for children to
understand. And again explained with regard to Jane Doe 1 that “it can be more difficult
to remember the abuse if it happened more than once or in a small window of time verses
if it happened over a longer window of time.” The prosecutor also touched on Dr.
Carmichael’s testimony that it was difficult to implant a false memory of a negative or
implausible event and that childhood molestation would fall within this category.
       Defense counsel argued that the Jane Does decided to get justice for Jane Doe 6
and “that kind of moral frenzy can make people say something that is not true, lie or

                                              35.
misremember, or have a memory suggested to them.” Defense counsel also referenced
Dr. Carmichael in arguing a five-year-old is inherently suggestible and the memories are
inherently not dependable. The prosecutor argued on rebuttal though, that there was “no
evidence about a five year old being inherently unreliable. Dr. Carmichael talked about
the fact that they are perhaps suggestible at that age, but that does not make them
inherently unreliable.”
       B. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
       Evidence Code section 720 provides that: “(a) A person is qualified to testify as an
expert if he has special knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education sufficient to
qualify him as an expert on the subject to which his testimony relates. Against the
objection of a party, such special knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education
must be shown before the witness may testify as an expert. [¶] (b) A witness’ special
knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may be shown by any otherwise
admissible evidence, including his own testimony.”
       “If a witness is testifying as an expert, his testimony in the form of an opinion is
limited to such an opinion as is: [¶] (a) Related to a subject that is sufficiently beyond
common experience that the opinion of an expert would assist the trier of fact; and [¶] (b)
Based on matter (including his special knowledge, skill, experience, training, and
education) perceived by or personally known to the witness or made known to him at or
before the hearing, whether or not admissible, that is of a type that reasonably may be
relied upon by an expert in forming an opinion upon the subject to which his testimony
relates, unless an expert is precluded by law from using such matter as a basis for his
opinion.” (Evid. Code, § 801.)
       “Whether a person qualifies as an expert in a particular case, however, depends
upon the facts of the case and the witness’s qualifications. [Citation.] The trial court is
given considerable latitude in determining the qualifications of an expert and its ruling

                                             36.
will not be disturbed on appeal unless a manifest abuse of discretion [is] shown.”
(People v. Bloyd (1987) 43 Cal.3d 333, 357; People v. Singh (1995) 37 Cal.App.4th
1343, 1377; People v. Bolin (1998) 18 Cal.4th 297, 321-322 [whether a witness qualifies
as an expert is reviewed for abuse of discretion].) This court may find error only if the
witness “clearly lacks qualification as an expert.” (People v. Hogan (1982) 31 Cal.3d
815, 852, italics in original, disapproved on other grounds in People v. Cooper (1991) 53
Cal.3d 771, 836; Singh, supra, at p. 1377.) “ ‘ “Where a witness has disclosed sufficient
knowledge of the subject to entitle his opinion to go to the jury, the question of the degree
of his knowledge goes more to the weight of the evidence than its admissibility.” ’ ”
(Bolin, supra, at p. 322.)
       To prove ineffective assistance of counsel, defendant bears the burden of showing
by a preponderance of the evidence that (1) counsel’s performance was deficient because
it fell below an objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing professional norms,
and (2) counsel’s deficiencies resulted in prejudice. (Strickland, supra, 466 U.S. at pp.
688, 694; People v. Ledesma (2006) 39 Cal.4th 641, 746.)
       C. Analysis
       Defendant claims that Dr. Carmichael’s testimony went beyond the parameters of
his expertise when he gave his opinions on memory. Defendant argues there was no
evidence Dr. Carmichael was qualified to address how memory works and that this
evidence exceeded the scope of CSAAS evidence. Defendant claims the introduction of
this evidence under the circumstances of this case abridged his rights to due process of
law and that his counsel's failure to object to this testimony constitutes ineffective
assistance of counsel. Defendant further contends the error requires reversal under either
the Chapman or Watson standards of review. The People first point out that defendant
forfeited this claim by failing to object to this specific testimony at trial. They also

                                              37.
contend Dr. Carmichael was well within his area of expertise and that defendant fails to
show his counsel’s performance was deficient or prejudicial.
       Defendant concedes that he failed to raise a specific objection to the expert’s
testimony on memory. Defendant also failed to object to Dr. Carmichael’s qualification
to give such testimony. Consequently, defendant forfeits for appellate review both the
claim that Dr. Carmichael was not qualified to give testimony on memory and that the
testimony on memory exceeded the scope of permissible CSAAS testimony.10 (See
People v. Morales (2020) 10 Cal.5th 76, 98 [defendant forfeited claim of error by not
objecting to the expert testimony]; People v. Doolin (2009) 45 Cal.4th 390, 434 [failure
to object results in forfeiture]; People v. Williams (2008) 43 Cal.4th 584, 620
[admissibility of evidence will not be reviewed on appeal in the absence of a specific and
timely objection in the trial court].)
       Alternatively, defendant fails to demonstrate his counsel was ineffective for failing
to object. (See Strickland, supra, 466 U.S. at pp. 688, 694.) First, defendant fails to
demonstrate Dr. Carmichael was not qualified as an expert to testify on memory as it
relates to child sexual abuse victims. After describing that he had over 20 years of
experience in working with children who were sexually abused and training others, Dr.
Carmichael was designated by the court as an expert in the behavior of child sexual abuse
victims. Based on the record, it cannot be said the trial court abused its discretion in
designating Dr. Carmichael an expert on the behavior of child sexual abuse victims. (See
People v. Bolin, supra, 18 Cal.4th at pp. 321–322.)
       Second, defendant fails to demonstrate Dr. Carmichael testified to matters beyond
his area of expertise. “ ‘ “Where a witness has disclosed sufficient knowledge of the
subject to entitle his opinion to go to the jury, the question of the degree of his knowledge

10    To the extent defendant suggests his forfeiture should be excused, he fails to offer
any basis to overcome the requirements of Evidence Code section 353, subdivision (a).

                                             38.
goes more to the weight of the evidence than to its admissibility.” ’ ” (People v. Nelson
(2016) 1 Cal.5th 513, 536; People v. Bolin, supra, 18 Cal.4th at pp. 321–322.) As a
designated expert on behaviors of children of sexual abuse, Dr. Carmichael’s testimony
was “needed to disabuse jurors of commonly held misconceptions about child sexual
abuse, and to explain the emotional antecedents of abused children's seemingly self-
impeaching behavior.” (McAlpin, supra, 53 Cal.3d at p. 1301; Myers et al., Expert
Testimony in Child Sexual Abuse Litigation (1989) 68 Neb.L.Rev. 1, 89, fn. omitted;
Lapenias, supra, 67 Cal.App.5th at p. 171.) Such expertise involves the myths or
misconceptions of child sexual abuse behavior, which includes dispelling the myth that
child sexual abuse victims are great historians. Dr. Carmichael explained that evidence
about memory directly applies to the area of child sexual abuse because it relates to the
“reasons why kids will remember or not remember certain things,” including whether the
incident was the first time or the most recent time. Thus, Dr. Carmichael’s testimony was
properly “targeted to a specific ‘myth’ or ‘misconception’ suggested by the evidence.”
(Bowker, supra, 203 Cal.App.3d at pp. 393–394.)
       We are not persuaded by the cases defendant relies upon in arguing Dr.
Carmichael’s testimony on memory fell outside his expertise. In People v. Hogan, supra,
31 Cal.3d 815, the expert could not recall any specific training on blood spatters and the
court found his mere observation of bloodstains did “not invest the criminalist with
expertise to determine whether the stains were deposited by ‘spatters’ or ‘wipes.’ ” (Id. at
p. 853.) Here, there is nothing in the record demonstrating Dr. Carmichael did not have
the requisite training on the myths and misconceptions of sexually abused children,
which includes memory when discussing the myth that children are great historians of the
incidents. Defendant also relies on People v. Kelly (1976) 17 Cal.3d 24, abrogated by
statute on another point as explained in People v. Wilkinson (2004) 33 Cal.4th 821, 845–
848, where the witness had experience as a technician and law enforcement officer, but
not as a scientist. The court found the technician’s training and experience did not

                                            39.
necessarily qualify him to express an informed opinion of the view of the scientific
community toward voiceprint analysis. (Id. at p. 39.) The Frye11 test could only be
satisfied by a showing of general acceptance by those scientists who are most familiar
with the use of a new technique. (Kelly, supra, at p. 40.) Here, however, Dr. Carmichael
had the requisite qualifications to be an expert on behaviors of child sexual abuse.
Furthermore, our Supreme Court has held that the Kelly/Frye test does not apply to expert
testimony on child sexual abuse behavior. (People v. Stoll (1989) 49 Cal.3d 1136, 1161;
People v. Munch, supra, 52 Cal.App.5th at p. 473; People v. Harlan (1990) 222
Cal.App.3d 439, 449.)
       We reject the claim there must be direct testimony from Dr. Carmichael that he
had specific training on memory. In Nelson the court held that the expert’s “training in
the examination of crime scenes, crime scene reconstruction, bullet trajectories, and
bloodstain pattern analysis was sufficient to permit her to render an opinion on shot
sequence. It was not necessary for the scope of [her] employment to be specifically
focused on that subject matter.” (People v. Nelson, supra, 1 Cal.5th at p. 537.) Here, Dr.
Carmichael had a Ph.D. in clinical psychology, with over 20 years’ experience in treating
and supervising the treatment of children who had suffered sexual abuse. This was
sufficient to permit him to testify on the myths of child sexual abuse behaviors that
included how memory affects their recollection about the events. Consequently,
defendant fails to demonstrate his attorney was ineffective for failing to object to such
evidence. (See People v. Anderson (2001) 25 Cal.4th 543, 587 [no duty to make a futile
request]; People v. Riel (2000) 22 Cal.4th 1153, 1202 [no duty to object simply to
generate appellate issues].)

11     Frye v. United States (D.C. Cir. 1923) 293 F. 1013, superseded by the adoption of
the Federal Rules of Evidence as stated in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
(1993) 509 U.S. 579, 587.

                                            40.
         Regardless, defendant fails to demonstrate any alleged error was prejudicial. The
jury was instructed that Dr. Carmichael’s “testimony about child sexual abuse victims is
not evidence that the defendant committed any of the crimes charged against him. You
may consider this evidence only in deciding whether or not a Jane Doe’s conduct was not
inconsistent with the conduct of someone who has been molested, and in evaluating the
believability of her testimony.” The jury was also instructed that it was free to decide the
correctness of an expert’s opinion and its importance. Here, the jury heard about Dr.
Carmichael’s experience and training and so the question of the degree of his knowledge
in the area of memory “ ‘ “goes more to the weight of the evidence than its
admissibility.” ’ ” (People v. Bolin, supra, 18 Cal.4th at p. 322; People v. Nelson, supra,
1 Cal.5th at p. 536 [same].) Moreover, as discussed ante, multiple victims with relatively
consistent stories and contemporaneous reporting of the incidents to law enforcement
provided strong evidence supporting defendant’s convictions. As such, we cannot
conclude that it is reasonably probable that, but for defense counsel’s failure to object to
the memory evidence, a verdict more favorable to defendant would have been reached.
(See Strickland, supra, 466 U.S. at p. 694.) Therefore, we reject defendant’s claim.
   IV.      THE TRIAL COURT DID NOT ABUSE ITS DISCRETION IN ADMITTING
            EVIDENCE OF DEFENDANT’S PRIOR ACTS.
         Defendant next claims the trial court abused its discretion in admitting evidence of
five uncharged acts from four different witnesses. The People disagree and state the
uncharged acts were not particularly prejudicial compared with the charged acts and their
similarity to the charged acts increased their probative value. We conclude the trial court
did not abuse its discretion in admitting evidence of the uncharged acts.
         A. Relevant Facts
         The prosecution filed a motion in limine to admit uncharged acts as evidence
under Evidence Code section 1101, subdivision (b) and section 1108. The motion moved
to “permit evidence of the Defendant’s uncharged sex offenses involving Jane Doe 4,

                                              41.
Jane Doe 5, and Jane Doe 6 since the Defendant has demonstrated a character trait of
deviant sexual behavior.”
       In the pretrial hearing, the prosecution relayed to the court that it planned to call
Jane Does 4 and 5, plus K.M. for the pretext call. Defendant objected to the prosecution
calling the witnesses as cumulative and unfair and prejudicial under Evidence Code
section 352. The trial court ruled that it would “allow the [Evidence Code section] 1108
evidence against [defendant] based on the facts that have been presented in the motion
and the facts known to the Court.”
       On the issue of limiting the number of witnesses, the People stated they only had
two Evidence Code section 1108 witnesses testifying, and they would not pose an undue
consumption of time. The prosecutor anticipated an hour or two at most for both. Plus,
the prosecution added they would call K.M., who would be laying the foundation for the
pretext call and her testimony was estimated to be very short. The court ruled Jane Does
4 and 5 could testify and stated it did not feel their testimony was “cumulative as it
relates to the nature of these particular charges, multiple allegations of child molestation
over a period of time with multiple victims and two short witnesses, as well as the
daughter.” Additionally, in reference to Jane Doe 6, the court stated it did “not feel it
would be overly or substantially-more prejudicial than probative. I find [it is] very
probative in this particular case.” The trial court also noted that its ruling was without
prejudice for the defendant to interject an objection at trial if the evidence does get too
long or becomes too cumulative.
       At the close of evidence, the court instructed the jury as follows:

       “The People presented evidence that the defendant committed the crime of
       lewd acts upon a child under the age of 14, [section] 288[, subdivision] (a);
       to wit, Jane Doe [1] and that’s related to the Mexico event; Jane Doe [5]
       and [6]; and then the crime of lewd and lascivious acts on a 14-, 15-year-
       old child, … [s]ection 288[, subdivision] (c)(1) with Jane Doe [4] that were
       not charged in this case. These crimes are defined for you in these
       instructions.”

                                             42.
       “You may consider this evidence only if the People have proved by a
       preponderance of the evidence that the defendant, in fact, committed the
       uncharged crimes.

       “Proof by a preponderance of the evidence is a different burden of proof
       from proof beyond a reasonable doubt. A fact is proved by a
       preponderance of the evidence if you conclude that it's more likely than not
       that the fact is true. If the People have not met this burden of proof, you
       must disregard this evidence entirely.

       “If you decide that the defendant committed the uncharged offenses, you
       may but are not required to conclude from that evidence that the defendant
       was disposed or inclined to commit sexual offenses, and based on that
       decision also conclude that the defendant was likely to commit lewd acts
       upon a child, as charged here.

       “If you conclude that the defendant committed the uncharged offenses, that
       conclusion is only one factor to consider along with all the other evidence.
       It is not sufficient by itself to prove that the defendant is guilty of a lewd act
       upon a child. The People must still prove that charge or the charge beyond
       a reasonable doubt. Do not consider this evidence for any other purpose.”
       At closing argument, the prosecutor discussed the court’s instructions and
evidence of the uncharged acts. The prosecutor argued that, as to the uncharged acts,
“the law literally allows you to consider this other evidence in conjunction with the
evidence presented as to Counts 1 through 5, Jane Does [1] through [3], and consider that
he was disposed or inclined to commit sexual offenses as a result.” The prosecutor also
stated as to the charged counts that “if you find him guilty of one count, you can use that
to consider whether he was disposed or inclined to commit the other counts.”
       B. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
       Evidence Code section 1108, subdivision (a), provides, “In a criminal action in
which the defendant is accused of a sexual offense, evidence of the defendant’s
commission of another sexual offense or offenses is not made inadmissible by Section
1101, if the evidence is not inadmissible pursuant to Section 352.” “Subject to Evidence
Code section 352, Evidence Code section 1108 permits a jury to consider prior incidents
of sexual misconduct for the purpose of showing a defendant’s propensity to commit

                                              43.
offenses of the same type, and essentially allowing such evidence to be used in
determining whether the defendant is guilty of the current sexual offense charge.”
(People v. Miramontes (2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 1085, 1096.)
       Evidence Code section 1108 was intended “to assure that the trier of fact would be
made aware of the defendant’s other sex offenses in evaluating the victim’s and
defendant’s credibility,” and reflects the determination that “the policy considerations
favoring the exclusion of evidence of uncharged sexual offenses are outweighed in
criminal sexual offense cases by the policy considerations favoring the admission of such
evidence.” (People v. Falsetta (1999) 21 Cal.4th 903, 911 (Falsetta).) There is,
therefore, “a strong presumption in favor of admitting sexual assault evidence under
Evidence Code section 1108 to show propensity to commit charged crimes.” (People v.
Merriman (2014) 60 Cal.4th 1, 62.)
       Evidence Code section 1108 preserves the trial court’s discretion to exclude
evidence under Evidence Code section 352 if its prejudicial effect substantially
outweighs its probative value. (Falsetta, supra, 21 Cal.4th at p. 916; People v. Pierce
(2002) 104 Cal.App.4th 893, 900.) Uncharged sexual offense conduct is admissible
under Evidence Code section 352 if its probative value is not “ ‘substantially outweighed
by the probability that its admission will (a) necessitate undue consumption of time or (b)
create substantial danger of undue prejudice, of confusing the issues, or of misleading the
jury.’ ” (Falsetta, supra, at p. 916, italics omitted.) In evaluating propensity evidence
under Evidence Code section 352, trial judges “must consider such factors as its nature,
relevance, and possible remoteness, the degree of certainty of its commission and the
likelihood of confusing, misleading, or distracting the jurors from their main inquiry, its
similarity to the charged offense, its likely prejudicial impact on the jurors, the burden on
the defendant in defending against the uncharged offense, and the availability of less
prejudicial alternatives ....” (Falsetta, supra, at p. 917.)

                                               44.
       The factors to be considered in the Evidence Code section 1108 analysis under
Evidence Code section 352 include: “(1) whether the propensity evidence has probative
value, e.g., whether the uncharged conduct is similar enough to the charged behavior to
tend to show the defendant did in fact commit the charged offense; (2) whether the
propensity evidence is stronger and more inflammatory than evidence of the defendant’s
charged acts; (3) whether the uncharged conduct is remote or stale; (4) whether the
propensity evidence is likely to confuse or distract the jurors from their main inquiry,
e.g., whether the jury might be tempted to punish the defendant for his uncharged,
unpunished conduct; and (5) whether admission of the propensity evidence will require
an undue consumption of time.” (People v. Nguyen (2010) 184 Cal.App.4th 1096, 1117
(Nguyen); People v. Harris (1998) 60 Cal.App.4th 727, 738–740 (Harris); see also
Falsetta, supra, 21 Cal.4th at p. 917; People v. Kipp (1998) 18 Cal.4th 349, 371.)
       Appellate courts will not find that a trial court abused its discretion in admitting
other sexual acts evidence unless its ruling “falls outside the bounds of reason.” (People
v. Kipp, supra, 18 Cal.4th 349, 371; People v. DeSantis (1992) 2 Cal.4th 1198, 1226.)
“ ‘[A] court need not expressly weigh prejudice against probative value or even expressly
state that it has done so, if the record as a whole shows the court was aware of and
performed its balancing function under Evidence Code section 352.’ ” (People v. Lewis
(2009) 46 Cal.4th 1255, 1285.) We will reverse only if the court’s ruling was “arbitrary,
whimsical, or capricious as a matter of law.” (People v. Linkenauger (1995) 32
Cal.App.4th 1603, 1614; People v. Branch (2001) 91 Cal.App.4th 274, 282 (Branch).)
       C. Analysis
       Defendant asserts the trial court abused its discretion in admitting evidence of
uncharged acts from four different witnesses. Defendant challenges the court’s
determination that this evidence was very probative, and that the evidence was not

                                             45.
cumulative. Defendant asserts the trial court did not take into account the age of the
events or the fact that they did not result in convictions.
       Our Supreme Court has determined that the admission of evidence regarding a
defendant’s propensity to commit a sex act under Evidence Code section 1108 does not
violate the defendant’s right to due process of law. (Falsetta, supra, 21 Cal.4th at pp.
910, 922.) Here, both the current offenses and the offenses involving the incident with
Jane Doe 1 in Mexico, Jane Doe 4, Jane Doe 5, and the pretext phone call were
qualifying “sexual offenses” under Evidence Code section 1108, subdivision (d). Thus,
unless the testimony was inadmissible under Evidence Code section 352, the trial court
did not err in allowing the prosecution to present it to the trier of fact. (See Falsetta,
supra, at p. 916; Branch, supra, 91 Cal.App.4th at p. 281.)
       Upon review of the record, we conclude the court properly exercised it discretion
by deciding “the probative value of this evidence was outweighed by its prejudicial
impact.” (People v. Leon (2001) 91 Cal.App.4th 812, 816.) First, the record shows the
court “weigh[ed] the evidence’s probative value against the dangers of prejudice,
confusion, and undue time consumption.” (People v. Cudjo (1993) 6 Cal.4th 585, 609.)
The court considered the pretext phone call of defendant’s confession to molesting Jane
Doe 6 to be very probative and not more prejudicial than probative. The uncharged
sexual offense evidence was highly probative under Evidence Code section 1108, as
evidence of a “prior sexual offense is indisputably relevant in a prosecution for another
sexual offense.” (People v. Fitch (1997) 55 Cal.App.4th 172, 179.)
       Second, the record does not indicate that the trial court found the uncharged
evidence more inflammatory than the other evidence. (See Nguyen, supra, 184
Cal.App.4th at p. 1117.) Defendant’s methods of sexual abuse of his young victims
remained the same or similar between the victims, and thus it is unlikely that the jury
would have been so prejudiced against defendant as a consequence of the Evidence Code
1108 evidence. (See Branch, supra, 91 Cal.App.4th at pp. 283–284 [the offenses were

                                              46.
very similar to the ones involving S. and unlikely the jury would have been so prejudiced
against defendant as a consequence of B.’s “inflammatory” testimony].)
       Third, while remoteness is a factor, no specific time has been established for
determining when an uncharged offense is too remote to be admissible. (Harris, supra,
60 Cal.App.4th at p. 739 [no bright line]; People v. Ewoldt (1994) 7 Cal.4th 380, 405 [12-
year gap was not too great].) In People v. Waples (2000) 79 Cal.App.4th 1389, 1393–
1395, the court found uncharged sexual offenses involving same victim 15 to 22 years
before trial was not too remote where the similarities balanced out the remoteness. Here,
Jane Doe 4’s incident occurred around 2002 and Jane Doe 5’s incident occurred around
1998. However, since the uncharged and charged offenses are remarkably similar, the
similarity in the offenses balance out the remoteness. (See Branch, supra, 91
Cal.App.4th at p. 285 [“[I]f the prior offenses are very similar in nature to the charged
offenses, the prior offenses have greater probative value in proving propensity to commit
the charged offenses.”].)
       Fourth, there is nothing in the record to indicate the propensity evidence confused
the jury or distracted them from their main inquiry. (See Nguyen, supra, 184 Cal.App.4th
at p. 1117.) Where the “prior offense did not result in a conviction, that fact increases the
danger that the jury may wish to punish the defendant for the uncharged offenses and
increases the likelihood of confusing the issues ‘because the jury [has] to determine
whether the uncharged offenses [in fact] occurred.’ ” (Branch, supra, 91 Cal.App.4th at
p. 284; Harris, supra, 60 Cal.App.4th at pp. 738–739 [same approach to Evid. Code,
§ 1108 evidence].) In Branch, the victim of the uncharged sexual offenses testified that
she “reported them to a police officer on one occasion and that ‘nothing’ came of that
report.” (Branch, supra, 91 Cal.App.4th at p. 284.) Thus, the court weighed the
possibility that the jury may have wanted to punish defendant for committing the prior
uncharged offenses, rather than assessing his guilt or innocence of the charged offenses.
(Ibid; see Ewoldt, supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 405.) Here, Jane Doe 4 testified that she reported

                                             47.
the incident to police in 2005 but did not say whether anything happened from that report.
However, there was testimony that nothing was going to happen regarding Jane Doe 6.
(See Branch, supra, at p. 284.) Even so, like in Branch, there was nothing in the record
indicating the jury wanted to punish defendant for his prior offenses. The jury did not
find defendant guilty of every offense charged, but were unable to reach a verdict on two
of the charges, demonstrating they were not influenced to seek revenge for the other
noncharged victims. (See Branch, supra, at p. 284.)
       The last factor is the consumption of time involved in addressing the prior
offenses, which defendant does not specifically argue on appeal. Upon review, the record
shows the trial court carefully considered the time it would take and that the witness
testimony was estimated to be very short. As a precaution, the trial court admitted the
evidence without prejudice for the defendant to interject an objection if the evidence got
too long or became too cumulative. Defense counsel never objected to the uncharged
sexual offense evidence as cumulative.
       Consequently, we conclude that since the probative value of the uncharged
offenses was high and the Evidence Code 352 factors did not weigh heavily in favor of
excluding the evidence, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the
Evidence Code section 1108 evidence. Regardless, defendant fails to demonstrate he was
prejudiced. As discussed ante, the uncharged offenses were similar and not more
inflammatory that the charges defendant was already facing. Moreover, the jury was
instructed on the proper legal standard in considering the uncharged offenses. We
presume the jury followed those instructions. (See People v. Winbush (2017) 2 Cal.5th
402, 457 (Winbush).) And the fact that the jury did not reach a verdict on some of the
charged offenses shows that the Evidence Code section 1108 evidence did not prejudice
the jury against defendant. Therefore, it is not reasonably probable the jury would have
rendered a more favorable verdict even if some of the propensity evidence of uncharged
sexual conduct had been excluded. (See Watson, supra, 46 Cal.2d at p. 836; Nguyen,

                                             48.
supra, 184 Cal.App.4th at p. 1120 [applying Watson standard]; Harris, supra, 60
Cal.App.4th at p. 741 [applying Watson standard].)
   V.      THE CORPUS DELICTI RULE DOES NOT APPLY TO DEFENDANT’S
           CONFESSION OF AN UNCHARGED CRIME
        Defendant seeks reversal of his convictions arguing the prosecutor was allowed to
rely on an uncorroborated statement for the purpose of establishing an uncharged prior
crime for which there was no corpus delecti established. The People disagree arguing the
corpus delicti rule does not apply to Evidence Code section 1108 evidence. We agree the
corpus delicti rule does not apply here.
        A. Relevant Facts
        Defendant’s daughter, K.M., called police after defendant called her from the
mental hospital and told her he had sexually touched her daughter. K.M. called the
police, who asked her to participate in a pretext call to record defendant’s confession.
Officer Steely suggested a few questions for K.M. to ask defendant during the recorded
phone call. At the officer’s prompting, K.M. asked defendant “[w]hat did he do?” and
“[h]ow did he do it?” The phone call records defendant admitting to touching Jane Doe 6
“in the private” and “[w]hen she was asleep.” Defendant told K.M. he was sick and
wanted to die.
        Before trial, defendant moved to exclude the phone call evidence of defendant’s
admissions based on involuntariness and lack of corpus. At the hearing on the
prosecution’s in limine motion to admit defendant’s statement, defense counsel noted that
“while [Evidence Code section] 1108 evidence doesn’t necessarily need corpus, if you
combine a lack of corpus, which may be here in this case or may not, with the
hospitalization, we think that due process would dictate that we not allow the statement
in.” Because of this, defendant argued that his statement was not freely and willfully
given under these circumstances. The prosecutor argued that the corpus rule did not
apply to evidentiary rulings under Evidence Code section 1108, citing People v. Denis

                                            49.
(1990) 224 Cal.App.3d 563 (Denis). There was “no evidence that simply because he was
in a mental hospital or some sort of hospital that the statement should not be admitted.
We don’t know what his mental state was beyond the accusations that are being conveyed
today.”
       The court agreed stating, “at this point in time, I am going to allow [defendant’s]
statement to come in through the pretext phone call. It does show [Evidence Code
section] 1108 evidence. [¶] At this point, there’s no evidence that it was coerced in any
way on an involuntary bases or the circumstances; although, I wouldn’t necessarily think
that Miranda applies at this point in time, based on he was not in the custody of the law
enforcement officer. But you have to evaluate statements whether or not they are
voluntary and/or coerced. [¶] And at this point, I have no evidence to indicate that it was
not voluntary and not coerced, excuse me, and coerced and so the statement is allowed.”
       The jury was instructed on corpus delicti, as follows: “The defendant may not be
convicted of any crime based on his out-of-court statement alone. You may rely on the
defendant’s out-of-court statement to convict him only if you first conclude that the other
evidence shows that the charge was — excuse me, the charged crime was committed.”
“That other evidence may be slight and need only be enough to support a reasonable
inference that a crime was committed. This requirement of other evidence does not apply
to proving the identity of the person who committed the crime. If other evidence shows
that the charged crime was committed, the identity of the person who committed it may
be proved by the defendant’s statement alone. You may not convict the defendant unless
the People have proved his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”
       B. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
       “The corpus delicti rule requires that the corpus delicti of a crime be proved
independently from an accused’s extrajudicial admissions.” (People v. Jennings (1991)
53 Cal.3d 334, 364; People v. Martinez (1996) 51 Cal.App.4th 537, 543.) “ ‘ “The

                                            50.
corpus delicti of a crime consists of two elements, the fact of the injury or loss or harm,
and the existence of a criminal agency as its cause.” ’ ” (People v. Zapien (1993) 4
Cal.4th 929, 985–986.) The corpus delicti rule requires the prosecution to “prove the
corpus delicti, or the body of the crime itself” independently of a defendant’s own
statements. (People v. Alvarez (2002) 27 Cal.4th 1161, 1168 (Alvarez).) “The purpose of
the corpus delicti rule is to satisfy the policy of the law that ‘one will not be falsely
convicted, by his or her untested words alone, of a crime that never happened.’ ” (People
v. Miranda (2008) 161 Cal.App.4th 98, 107; see also Alvarez, supra, at p. 1169.)
       Generally, the rule applies to crimes for which a defendant is on trial, and courts
have not extended the rule to other crimes with which a defendant is not charged. (Denis,
supra, 224 Cal.App.3d at pp. 568–570 [corpus delicti rule did not apply to “uncharged
conduct, offered for a limited purpose under Evidence Code section 1101, subdivision
(b)”]; People v. Davis (2008) 168 Cal.App.4th 617, 633 (Davis) [corpus delicti rule does
not apply generally to uncharged conduct].)
       Our high court stated that Proposition 8 generally made all relevant evidence
admissible in criminal cases and precludes a defendant from succeeding with a corpus
delicti objection to evidence. (Alvarez, supra, 27 Cal.4th at pp. 1164–1165; Davis, supra,
168 Cal.App.4th at p. 634.) However, Proposition 8 “did not abrogate the corpus delicti
rule insofar as it provides that every conviction must be supported by some proof of the
corpus delicti aside from or in addition to such statements, and that the jury must be so
instructed.” (Alvarez, supra, at p. 1165, italics omitted; Davis, supra, at p. 634.)
       Any error in admitting such evidence is reviewed by the Watson standard. (People
v. Fuiava (2012) 53 Cal.4th 622, 719, fn. 36 [assessing claim of corpus delicti error in
penalty phase under state law standard]; Alvarez, supra, 27 Cal.4th at p. 1181; People v.
Winkler (2020) 56 Cal.App.5th 1102, 1164.)

                                              51.
       C. Analysis
       Defendant argues his conviction should be reversed because the prosecutor was
allowed to rely on an uncorroborated statement from defendant that he committed an
uncharged act of sexual molestation for which there was no corpus delecti. Defendant
argues that the holding in Denis should not apply to an uncharged crime allegation
introduced under Evidence Code section 1108. He argues that propensity evidence under
Evidence Code section 1108 is significantly broader than proof of a single element of a
crime, such as motive or identity. The People disagree arguing that the corpus delicti rule
does not apply to Evidence Code section 1108 evidence.
       In Denis, defendant’s admission to uncharged crimes was admitted under
Evidence Code section 1101 without independent proof that such crime was committed.
(Denis, supra, 224 Cal.App.3d at pp. 568–570.) The Denis court noted that the corpus
delicti rule is based in common law and that there was no application of the corpus delicti
rule to uncharged offenses found “in the secondary sources. (See 7 Wigmore, [Evidence
(Chadbourn rev. 1979)] §§ 2070-2074, 2081; McCormick, Evidence (3d ed. 1984)
§§ 145, 190; 2 Jefferson, Cal. Evidence Benchbook (Cont.Ed.Bar 1982 & 1990 supp.)
§§ 33.1-33.8; 1 Witkin & Epstein, California Criminal Law (2d ed. 1988) §§ 136-142; 1
Witkin, Cal. Evidence (3d ed. 1986) §§ 356-379; Annots. (1940) 127 A.L.R. 1130,
(1956) 45 A.L.R.2d 1316, (1965) 4 A.L.R.3d 671; Comment, California’s Corpus Delicti
Rule: The Case for Review and Clarification, 20 UCLA L.Rev. 1055; Imwinkelried,
Uncharged Misconduct Evidence (1984) §§ 6.04, 6.19-6.20, 8.04, 9.21, 9.28-9.45, 9.49,
9.52-9.53.)” (Denis, supra, at p. 570.) Denis further noted that “both Wigmore and
McCormick question the need for the corpus delicti rule itself. (Wigmore, supra, § 2070,
at p. 510; McCormick, supra, § 145, at pp. 370-371.)” (Denis, supra, at p. 570.) The
Denis court was “unwilling to expand the rule to cover evidence of uncharged conduct,
offered for a limited purpose under Evidence Code section 1101, subdivision (b).”

                                            52.
(Denis, supra, at p. 570; see also Davis, supra, 168 Cal.App.4th at p. 633 [corpus delicti
rule does not apply generally to uncharged conduct].)
       Our high court has also questioned the application of the corpus delicti rule to
uncharged offenses. (See People v. Clark (1992) 3 Cal.4th 41, 124 [“It is not clear that
the corpus delicti rule applies to other crimes evidence offered solely to prove facts such
as motive, opportunity, intent, or identity, or for impeachment.”], abrogated on other
grounds as stated in People v. Edwards (2013) 57 Cal.4th 658, 705.)
       In the same vein, there has been no support for expanding the corpus delicti rule to
cover evidence of uncharged conduct, offered for a limited purpose, under Evidence
Code section 1108. As the Third District Court of Appeal stated in Davis, “[a]lthough
the corpus delicti rule applies to uncharged conduct introduced at the penalty phase of a
capital trial, it does not apply generally to uncharged conduct.” (Davis, supra, 168
Cal.App.4th at p. 633, italics omitted.) The purpose of the corpus delicti rule is to ensure
that an accused will not be falsely convicted based on an untested statement for a crime
that never occurred. (People v. Ochoa, supra, 19 Cal.4th at p. 405.) Such danger does
not exist here where defendant’s admission to touching Jane Doe 6, an uncharged crime,
was admitted for the limited purpose of showing a disposition or inclination for similar
crimes.
       The California Supreme Court noted that Proposition 8 “abolishe[d], with
specified exceptions, all state law restrictions on the admissibility of relevant evidence,
necessarily including the prong of the corpus delicti rule that bars introduction of an
accused’s out-of-court statements absent independent proof a crime was committed.”
(Alvarez, supra, 27 Cal.4th at p. 1179, italics omitted.) As such, the corpus delicti rule is
no longer a basis for excluding an accused’s statement regarding participation in a crime.
(Ibid; see People v. Valencia (2008) 43 Cal.4th 268, 297 [Alvarez made clear that the
corpus delicti rule no longer prevents admission of the confession into evidence]; Davis,
supra, 168 Cal.App.4th at p. 634 [Proposition 8 generally made “all relevant evidence

                                             53.
admissible in criminal cases.”].) Accordingly, we reject defendant’s claim that the
corpus delicti rule should be expanded to defendant’s admission of an uncharged offense
offered under Evidence Code section 1108.
       We are not persuaded by defendant’s reliance on People v. Valencia, supra, 43
Cal.4th 268 or People v. Hamilton (1963) 60 Cal.2d 105, overruled on other grounds in
People v. Morse (1964) 60 Cal.2d 631. Both Valencia and Hamilton held that the corpus
delicti rule applies to a defendant’s confession of nonadjudicated crimes at the penalty
phase of a capital trial. (Valencia, supra, at pp. 296–297; Hamilton, supra, at p. 129.)
This case is not a capital case and defendant’s confession was introduced during the trial
and not in the penalty phase. In People v. Mattson (1984) 37 Cal.3d 85, the court
clarified that the People were not required to establish the corpus delicti of an underlying
felony used to convict an accused of murder on a felony-murder theory (People v.
Cantrell (1973) 8 Cal.3d 672, 680–681, disapproved of on other grounds in People v.
Flannel (1979) 25 Cal.3d 668, 684, fn. 12), but that the “general law” proviso
incorporated the corpus delicti requirement for felonies supporting special circumstance
allegations, which if found true, would subject the defendant to a penalty phase and
possibly to the punishment of death. (Mattson, supra, at pp. 93–94.) Here, defendant’s
admission is not being used to support a special circumstance allegation, which would
subject defendant to a penalty phase. Last, defendant’s reliance on Arizona v. Fulminante
(1991) 499 U.S. 279, 296 is irrelevant since Fulminante addressed the voluntariness of
the defendant’s confessions to the crime he was charged, and not a confession to
uncharged crimes.
       Finally, even if the trial court erred in admitting defendant’s statement, it would
not warrant reversal of the judgment. We assess prejudice relating to the corpus delicti
rule under Watson. (See People v. Fuiava, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 719, fn. 36; Alvarez,
supra, 27 Cal.4th at p. 1181.) Under Watson, “ ‘we will affirm the judgment unless we
conclude there is a reasonable (i.e., realistic) possibility that the jury would have rendered

                                             54.
a different verdict had the error or errors not occurred.’ ” (Fuiava, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p.
719.) Here, Jane Doe 1, Jane Doe 2, Jane Doe 3, Jane Doe 4 and Jane Doe 5 all testified
in detail that defendant molested them. Yet even with defendant’s confession to
molesting Jane Doe 6, the jury did not reach a verdict on counts 2 and 4. Thus, the
verdicts themselves reveal that defendant’s admission did not have an overly prejudicial
impact. Further, the jury was instructed on the corpus delicti rule that defendant may not
be convicted of any crime based on his out-of-court statement alone. We presume the
jury followed the court’s instructions. (See Winbush, supra, 2 Cal.5th at p. 457.)
Therefore, defendant fails to show a reasonable probability that the jury would have
rendered a different verdict had defendant’s confession not been admitted.
   VI.      DEFENDANT’S ADMISSION WAS NOT INVOLUNTARY MADE.
         Defendant claims that his pretext statements were made involuntarily and require
reversal. The People disagree stating that nothing in K.M.’s questioning was so coercive
as to overcome defendant’s free will. We agree with the People and reject defendant’s
claim that his statements were involuntarily made.
         A. Relevant Facts
         Defendant objected to the admission of his pretext confession for a lack of corpus
and for not being freely and voluntarily made since defendant was in the hospital. The
court allowed the pretext phone call to be admitted into evidence finding there was “no
evidence that it was coerced in any way on an involuntary bases or the circumstances.”
         B. Applicable Law and Standard of Review
         “[T]he due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States
Constitution makes inadmissible any involuntary statement obtained by a law
enforcement officer from a criminal suspect by coercion.” (People v. Neal (2003) 31
Cal.4th 63, 79.) “A finding of coercive police activity is a prerequisite to a finding that a
confession was involuntary under the federal and state Constitutions.” (People v. Maury

                                             55.
(2003) 30 Cal.4th 342, 404.) Confessions are involuntary if they are obtained by threats
or violence, direct or implied promises, or other improper influences. (People v. Benson
(1990) 52 Cal.3d 754, 778.) Coercive police activity can be the result of either “physical
intimidation or psychological pressure.” (Townsend v. Sain (1963) 372 U.S. 293, 307,
overruled on other grounds in Keeney v. Tamayo-Reyes (1992) 504 U.S. 1, 5; Blackburn
v. Alabama (1960) 361 U.S. 199, 206.) “A statement is involuntary if it is not the product
of a ‘ “rational intellect and free will.” ’ ” (Maury, supra, at p. 404.)
       In determining whether a defendant’s will was overborne, all the surrounding
circumstances are examined, including the characteristics of the accused and the details
of the interrogation. (Maury, supra, 30 Cal.4th at p. 404; People v. Linton (2013) 56
Cal.4th 1146, 1176 [whether a confession was voluntary depends on the totality of the
circumstances]; People v. Benson, supra, 52 Cal.3d at p. 779.) Relevant factors include:
“ ‘ “the crucial element of police coercion [citation]; the length of the interrogation
[citation]; its location [citation]; its continuity” as well as “the defendant’s maturity
[citation]; education [citation]; physical condition [citation]; and mental health.” ’ ”
(People v. Massie (1998) 19 Cal.4th 550, 576; People v. Williams, supra, 49 Cal.4th at p.
436 [no single factor is dispositive]; Winbush, supra, 2 Cal.5th at p. 452 [same].)
       “On appeal, we conduct an independent review of the trial court’s legal
determination and rely upon the trial court’s findings on disputed facts if supported by
substantial evidence.” (People v. Williams, supra, 49 Cal.4th at p. 425; Winbush, supra,
2 Cal.5th at p. 452 [same].)
       C. Analysis
       Defendant asserts that K.M. was acting as a police agent when she recorded the
pretext call with defendant while an officer gave her questions to ask. Defendant claims
that his statements were involuntary because K.M. and the officer took advantage of his
mental illness. The People claim that even if K.M. was acting as a police agent, nothing

                                              56.
in the record indicates K.M.’s questions to defendant were so coercive as to overcome
defendant’s free will.
        A review of the record demonstrates the court properly concluded defendant’s
confession was voluntary beyond a reasonable doubt. Regardless of whether K.M. was
acting as a police agent or not, there is nothing in the record to indicate defendant’s
confession was involuntary or otherwise coerced. (See Colorado v. Connelly (1986) 479
U.S. 157, 167 [coercive police activity is a necessary predicate to finding a confession
was not voluntary]; Benson, supra, 52 Cal.3d at p. 778 [same].) First, defendant was the
one who initiated contact with K.M. and confessed that he inappropriately touched Jane
Doe 6. When K.M. called him back in order to record their conversation, she simply
asked follow up questions about what he already said to her. The questions K.M. asked
defendant, such as “where [did] you touch her” and “[w]hen did you do that” were simply
asking defendant to clarify his previous self-initiated confession. Everything was
“aboveboard” and there is no evidence that K.M. was heavy-handed, threatened
defendant or made false promises of leniency to defendant in order to elicit an
involuntary confession from him. (See People v. Benson, supra, 52 Cal.3d at pp. 779–
780.)
        We further agree with the trial court that defendant’s mental state at the time of the
telephone confession did not render his confession involuntary. “[W]hile mental
condition is surely relevant to an individual’s susceptibility to police coercion, mere
examination of the confessant’s state of mind can never conclude the due process
inquiry.” (Colorado v. Connelly, supra, 479 U.S. at p. 165.) Cases where confessions
made by defendants with deficient mental conditions were considered involuntary were
due to the overreaching police tactics. (Ibid; see Blackburn v. Alabama, supra, 361 U.S.
at pp. 207–208 [police exploited the mental weakness with coercive tactics such as eight-
to nine-hour sustained interrogations]; Townsend v. Sain, supra, 372 U.S. at pp. 298–299
[use of a truth-serum rendered the confession involuntary].) Therefore, since there was

                                             57.
no evidence of coercion, false promises or any exploitation of defendant’s mental state,
his mental state alone did not render his confession involuntary. As such, defendant’s
claim fails.
   VII.    SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE SUPPORTS THE CONVICTION FOR COUNT 1.
       Defendant claims there is insufficient evidence of the sexual intent element of
lewd and lascivious touching to support the conviction for count 1. The People disagree
arguing there is substantial evidence to support the conviction. We conclude there is
substantial evidence of defendant’s lewd intent to support the conviction.
       A. Relevant Facts
       The prosecution’s theory for count 1 was that rubbing Jane Doe 1’s back after she
complained about a headache was the basis for the conviction. Jane Doe 1 testified that
defendant rubbed her neck and shoulders, to help her headache go away. Defendant then
went slowly down her lower back before saying, “I’m sorry.” When Jane Doe 1 turned to
look behind her, she saw that defendant had his erect, exposed penis.
       B. Applicable Law and Standard of Review
       “In reviewing the sufficiency of evidence under the due process clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, the question we ask is
‘whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any
rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt.’ ” (People v. Rowland (1992) 4 Cal.4th 238, 269, quoting Jackson v.
Virginia (1979) 443 U.S. 307, 319; People v. Young (2005) 34 Cal.4th 1149, 1175.) “We
apply an identical standard under the California Constitution.” (Young, supra, at p.
1175.) “In determining whether a reasonable trier of fact could have found defendant
guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, the appellate court ‘must view the evidence in a light
most favorable to respondent and presume in support of the judgment the existence of
every fact the trier could reasonably deduce from the evidence.’ ” (People v. Johnson

                                            58.
(1980) 26 Cal.3d 557, 576; Young, supra, at p. 1175 [same]; People v. Kelly (1992) 1
Cal.4th 495, 528; People v. Pensinger (1991) 52 Cal.3d 1210, 1237.) Substantial
evidence is evidence “‘of ponderable legal significance[,] reasonable in nature, credible,
and of solid value.’ ” (Johnson, supra, at p. 576.)
        “Before the judgment of the trial court can be set aside for insufficiency of the
evidence to support the verdict of the jury, it must clearly appear that upon no hypothesis
whatever is there sufficient substantial evidence to support it.” (People v. Redmond
(1969) 71 Cal.2d 745, 755; People v. Rolon (2008) 160 Cal.App.4th 1206, 1221 [no
discernable support for the verdict].) The appellate court does not reweigh the evidence
but defers to the factfinder’s credibility determinations and reasonable inferences based
on the evidence. (People v. Ochoa (1993) 6 Cal.4th 1199, 1206; People v. Misa (2006)
140 Cal.App.4th 837, 842.) The test is not whether the reviewing court believes that the
evidence presented at trial established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, but rather
whether any rational trier of fact could have found that the elements of the crime were
established beyond a reasonable doubt. (People v. Towler (1982) 31 Cal.3d 105, 117–
118.)
        Section 288, subdivision (a) states in relevant part: “a person who willfully and
lewdly commits any lewd or lascivious act, … upon or with the body, or any part or
member thereof, of a child who is under the age of 14 years, with the intent of arousing,
appealing to, or gratifying the lust, passions, or sexual desires of that person or the child,
is guilty of a felony.” “Any touching of a child under the age of 14 violates this section,
even if the touching is outwardly innocuous and inoffensive, if it is accompanied by the
intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desires of either the perpetrator or the victim.”
(People v. Lopez (1998) 19 Cal.4th 282, 289, original italics; People v. Martinez (1995)
11 Cal.4th 434, 444–445.) “[T]he trier of fact looks to all the circumstances, including the
charged act, to determine whether it was performed with the required specific intent.”
(People v. Scott (1994) 9 Cal.4th 331, 344, fn. 7.) All of the circumstances surrounding

                                              59.
the touching, including the defendant’s extrajudicial statements, other acts of lewd
conduct admitted or charged in the case, the relationship of the parties, and any coercion,
bribery, or deceit used to obtain the victim’s cooperation or avoid detection are relevant
to determining whether it was performed with the required specific intent. (Martinez,
supra, at p. 445.)
       C. Analysis
       Defendant contends there is insufficient evidence to support the sexual intent
element of lewd touching for count 1. Defendant argues there was only speculation that
defendant was rubbing Jane Doe 1’s shoulders for sexual stimulation. Defendant claims
it was not unusual for defendant to massage her shoulders, and the fact that defendant
apologized and had his hand on his erect penis outside of his boxers reasonably suggests
defendant’s erection was involuntary and he was trying to hide it. Jane Doe 1 did not
know if defendant was doing anything with his penis. The People claim there is ample
evidence to support the jury’s guilty verdict on count 1. The People contend that the fact
that defendant rubbed Jane Doe 1’s back while having his hand on his own erect penis is
ample evidence of his lewd intent. And his statement “I’m sorry” shows his own guilt.
       “Criminal intent will rarely be shown by direct evidence and must frequently be
inferred from a defendant’s conduct.” (People v. Gilbert (1992) 5 Cal.App.4th 1372,
1380.) In Gilbert, the defendant argued that the victim’s testimony “that he had rubbed
her stomach, back and thigh was insufficient to support the ‘lewd and lascivious act’
requirement of subdivision (a) of Penal Code section 288.” (Ibid.) The court disagreed,
stating that “[t]he crime is committed by any touching of a child with the requisite
intent.” (Ibid.) The Gilbert court concluded the jury reasonably could have found,
beyond a reasonable doubt, the requisite intent based on defendant’s pattern of conduct
with other young girls. (Ibid.) Similarly, here, the prosecutor introduced other evidence
of defendant’s sexual intent with other young girls at trial, which allowed the jury to

                                            60.
consider and conclude, beyond a reasonable doubt, that defendant had the requisite intent
when he rubbed Jane Doe 1’s back. Even more so here, defendant’s erection was
evidence of defendant’s sexual arousal from rubbing her back. Therefore, we conclude
substantial evidence established the elements of lewd and lascivious conduct for count 1
beyond a reasonable doubt. (See Gilbert, supra, at pp. 1380–1381.)
   VIII. CALCRIM No. 1191.
      Last, defendant contends the trial court erred in instructing the jury with
CALCRIM No. 1191 alleging the instruction allowed the jury to find claims of prior
uncharged crimes under the lesser preponderance of the evidence standard to conclude
the same witness was telling the truth about the charged crimes. The People reject
defendant’s contention and assert that CALCRIM No. 1191 instructs the jury with the
proper burden of proof. We find no error and reject defendant’s claim.
      A. Relevant Facts
      The jury was instructed with CALCRIM No. 1191 as follows:

      “The People presented evidence that the defendant committed the crime of
      lewd acts upon a child under the age of 14, … [section] 288(a); to wit Jane
      Doe [1] and that’s related to the Mexico event; Jane Doe [5] and [6]; and
      then the crime of lascivious acts on a 14-, 15-year-old child, … [s]ection
      288(c)(1) with Jane Doe [4] that were not charged in this case. These
      crimes are defined for you in these instructions.”

      “You may consider this evidence only if the People have proved by a
      preponderance of the evidence that the defendant, in fact, committed the
      uncharged crimes.

      “Proof by a preponderance of the evidence is a different burden of proof
      from proof beyond a reasonable doubt. A fact is proved by a
      preponderance of the evidence if you conclude that it is more likely than
      not that the fact is true. If the People have not met this burden of proof,
      you must disregard this evidence entirely.

      “If you decide that the defendant committed the uncharged offenses, you
      may but are not required to conclude from that evidence that the defendant
      was disposed or inclined to commit sexual offenses, and based on that

                                            61.
       decision also conclude that the defendant was likely to commit lewd acts
       upon a child, as charged here.

       “If you conclude that the defendant committed the uncharged offenses, that
       conclusion is only one factor to consider along with all the other evidence.
       It is not sufficient by itself to prove that the defendant is guilty of a lewd act
       upon a child. The People must still prove that charge or the charge beyond
       a reasonable doubt. Do not consider this evidence for any other purpose.”
       Defense counsel did not object to CALCRIM 1191.
       The court also instructed the jury as follows, regarding charged offenses used to
show defendant was inclined to commit sexual offenses:

       “The People presented evidence that the defendant committed the crime of
       lewd act upon a child, as charged in Counts 1 through 5. If the People have
       proved beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed one or
       more of these crimes, you may but are not required to conclude from the
       evidence that the defendant was disposed or inclined to commit sexual
       offenses, and based on that decision also conclude that the defendant was
       likely to commit and did commit the other sex offenses charged in this case.

       “If you find that the defendant committed one or more of these crimes, that
       conclusion is only one factor to consider along with all the other evidence.
       It is not sufficient by itself to prove that the defendant is guilty of another
       crime. The People must still prove the charge and allegation beyond a
       reasonable doubt.”
       B. Applicable Law and Standard of Review
       We review de novo whether a jury instruction correctly states the law. (People v.
Posey (2004) 32 Cal.4th 193, 218.) Our task is to determine whether the trial court
“ ‘fully and fairly instructed on the applicable law.’ ” (People v. Ramos (2008) 163
Cal.App.4th 1082, 1088.)
       In determining whether error has been committed in giving or not giving jury
instructions, “[w]e look to the instructions as a whole and the entire record of trial,
including the arguments of counsel.” (People v. Franco (2009) 180 Cal.App.4th 713,
720; People v. Stone (2008) 160 Cal.App.4th 323, 331; People v. Yoder (1979) 100
Cal.App.3d 333, 338.) We “ ‘assume that the jurors are intelligent persons and capable

                                              62.
of understanding and correlating all jury instructions which are given.’ ” (Yoder, supra,
at p. 338; People v. Ramos, supra, 163 Cal.App.4th at p. 1088.) “ ‘Instructions should be
interpreted, if possible, so as to support the judgment rather than defeat it if they are
reasonably susceptible to such interpretation.’ ” (Ramos, supra, at p. 1088.)
        The validity of a jury instruction is a question of law reviewed de novo. (People v.
Berryman (1993) 6 Cal.4th 1048, 1089, overruled on other grounds by People v. Hill
(1998) 17 Cal.4th 800.) If the trial court gives an instruction that incorrectly states the
law, no objection below is necessary to preserve the claim on appeal to the extent it
affects his substantial rights. (§ 1259; People v. Hudson (2006) 38 Cal.4th 1002, 1012;
People v. Prieto (2003) 30 Cal.4th 226, 247; People v. Lawrence (2009) 177 Cal.App.4th
547, 553, fn. 11 [no objection needed to preserve claim of instructional error when it
affects substantial rights].) “Instructional error affects a defendant’s substantial rights if
the error was prejudicial under the applicable standard for determining harmless error.”
(People v. Franco, supra, 180 Cal.App.4th at p. 720; see also People v. Konow (2004) 32
Cal.4th 995, 1024 [substantial rights are affected if the error might reasonably have
affected the outcome of the trial].) “In this regard, ‘[t]he cases equate “substantial rights”
with reversible error’ under the test stated in [Watson, supra,] 46 Cal.2d 818.” (People v.
Felix (2008) 160 Cal.App.4th 849, 857; People v. Arredondo (1975) 52 Cal.App.3d 973,
978.)
        C. Analysis
        Defendant argues that CALCRIM No. 1191 “impermissibly allowed the jury to
find dubious, generic claims of prior uncharged crimes under a preponderance standard,
to conclude that the very same witness, Doe 1, was telling the truth about the charged
crimes.” Defendant contends that “when uncharged offenses are based solely on the
victim’s testimony the jury should be given a modified version of CALCRIM 1191
making it clear that the uncharged act must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt.”

                                              63.
       First, although we note that defendant failed to object to CALCRIM No. 1191
below, the rule of forfeiture does not apply if the instruction was an incorrect statement of
the law (People v. Hudson, supra, 38 Cal.4th at p. 1012) or if the instructional error
affected the defendant's substantial rights. (§ 1259; People v. Ramos, supra, 163
Cal.App.4th at p. 1087.) “ ‘Ascertaining whether claimed instructional error affected the
substantial rights of the defendant necessarily requires an examination of the merits of the
claim ... .’ ” (People v. Lawrence, supra, 177 Cal.App.4th at p. 553, fn. 11; People v.
Andersen (1994) 26 Cal.App.4th 1241, 1249.)
       In People v. Gonzales (2017) 16 Cal.App.5th 494 (Gonzales), the defendant was
charged and convicted of various counts of child molestation against a child, L.W. (Id. at
pp. 496–497.) The prosecution introduced evidence of uncharged sex offenses through
L.W.’s testimony, not through third parties. (Id. at p. 496.) The defendant argued that
CALCRIM No. 1191 improperly allowed L.W. to corroborate her own testimony.
(Gonzales, supra, at p. 500.) Although the court expressed its concern with CALCRIM
No. 1191 instructing on evidence of uncharged sex offenses against the victim and
Evidence Code section 1108, the court affirmed the judgment. (Gonzales, supra, at pp.
496–497.) The court stated that defendant’s issue related more to the admissibility of the
victim’s evidence of uncharged misconduct rather than the instruction. (Id. at p. 500.)
Evidence Code section 1108 permits evidence of uncharged sexual conduct by the
testimony of the victim, subject to Evidence Code section 352 analysis. (Gonzales,
supra, at p. 502; see People v. Reliford (2003) 29 Cal.4th 1007, 1012–1013; People v.
Ennis (2010) 190 Cal.App.4th 721, 733 [evidence of uncharged crimes from same
witness is admissible].) The court concluded that where the trial court complies with
Evidence Code section 1108, CALCRIM No. 1191 is an appropriate instruction.
(Gonzales, supra, at p. 502.)
       The Gonzales court rejected the defendant’s claim that the testimony by the victim
of uncharged sexual offenses would irrationally corroborate the victim’s testimony of the

                                            64.
charged sexual offenses. (Gonzales, supra, 16 Cal.App.5th at p. 502.) The Gonzales
court concluded “there is nothing irrational about a victim supporting her testimony with
testimony of uncharged sexual offenses. We agree, however, that such testimony is not
as probative as similar testimony from a third party. But it is still probative.” (Ibid; see
People v. Stanley (1967) 67 Cal.2d 812, 818 [court refused to adopt rigid rule excluding
such evidence]; Ennis, supra, 190 Cal.App.4th at p. 733 [upholding trial court’s
determination such evidence was more probative than unduly prejudicial].) As such,
“CALCRIM No. 1191 does not violate due process.” (Gonzales, supra, at p. 502.)
       Defendant points to the concurring opinion of Justice Perren in Gonzales who
disagreed that CALCRIM No. 1191 was proper, but agreed that Gonzales was not
prejudiced. (Gonzales, supra, 16 Cal.App.5th at p. 505, conc. opn. of Perren, J.) Justice
Perren believed that “for practical purposes, the instruction lowered the standard of proof
for the determination of guilt.” (Id. at p. 507.) Justice Perren states that, “In my view, a
jury instruction explaining the admissibility of uncharged offenses against the victim as
proof of propensity under Evidence Code section 1108 must resemble the instruction
used in [People v. Villatoro (2012) 54 Cal.4th 1152].” Villatoro specified “that a
currently charged offense must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt before it can be
used as propensity evidence in support of another currently charged offense.” (Gonzales,
supra, at p. 507, quoting People v. Cruz (2016) 2 Cal.App.5th 1178, 1186.) However,
Villatoro and Cruz addressed the use of CALCRIM No. 1191 for “evidence of sexual
offenses charged in the current prosecution to be used to show a propensity to commit
other charged offenses in the same case.” (Cruz, supra, at p. 1185, original italics;
Villatoro, supra, at p. 1164.) Justice Perren felt the Villatoro instruction should be used
for “the admissibility of uncharged offenses against the victim as proof of propensity
under Evidence Code section 1108.” (Gonzales, supra, at p. 507.).
       Here, the jury was instructed under CALCRIM No. 1191 that they could consider
evidence of uncharged crimes at the preponderance of evidence standard, which “courts

                                             65.
have understood that [Evidence Code section 1108] at least allows admission of evidence
of uncharged sexual offenses to show a propensity to commit sexual offenses.” (Cruz,
supra, 2 Cal.App.5th at p. 1185; People v. Fitch, supra, 55 Cal.App.4th at pp. 177–178,
181–182; Falsetta, supra, 21 Cal.4th at pp. 917–918; People v. Reliford, supra, 29
Cal.4th at pp. 1012–1013; People v. Villatoro, supra, 54 Cal.4th at p. 1160.) The court
also instructed the jury as in Villatoro that it must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that
the defendant committed one or more of the charged sexual offenses before considering
defendant was disposed or inclined to commit the other sexual offenses. We decline to
extend the Villatoro instruction to cover evidence of uncharged sexual offenses.
Therefore, the trial court did not err in instructing the jury. (See Villatoro, supra, at pp.
1167–1168 [CALCRIM No. 1191 is the pattern instruction for uncharged offenses].)
       Even if the court erred in instructing the jury with CALCRIM No. 1191, defendant
cannot show he was prejudiced. CALCRIM No. 1191 does not lower the standard of
proof required for the determination of guilt for defendant’s charged offenses. (See
Gonzales, supra, 16 Cal.App.5th at p. 507, conc. opn. of Perren J.; c.f. Cruz, supra, 2
Cal.App.5th at p. 1186.) The court’s instructions made it clear that the charged offenses
had to be proven beyond a reasonable doubt. (See Gonzales, supra, at p. 507; see
Winbush, supra, 2 Cal.5th at p. 457 [we presume the jury followed those instructions].)
Further, as discussed ante, the convictions were supported by detailed testimony from
multiple victims regarding defendant’s sexual abuse. Accordingly, defendant fails to
demonstrate a reasonable probability the jury would have reached a different verdict had
the court instructed the jury with a modified CALCRIM No. 1191. (See Falsetta, supra,
21 Cal.4th at p. 925.) As such, defendant’s claim fails.

                                              66.
                                DISPOSITION
      We affirm the judgment.

                                              FRANSON, J.
WE CONCUR:

HILL, P. J.

SMITH, J.

                                    67.