Court Opinion

ID: 9483704
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-05 09:29:33.637994+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:49:47.876815
License: Public Domain

MINER, Circuit Judge,
concurring:
Adhering to my dissenting opinion in United States v. Calderone, 917 F.2d 717, 726-29 (2d Cir.1990) (“Calderone I”), and in light of United States v. Gambino, 968 F.2d 227 (2d Cir.1992) (“Gambino II”), I agree that the rule in United States v. Korfant, 771 F.2d 660 (2d Cir.1985) (per curiam), should be applied to determine whether the Adamita conspiracy and the conspiracy charged in the indictment at bar are the same offense for purposes of double jeopardy analysis. I have, however, reconsidered my dissenting opinion in regard to the application of the Korfant test to the facts of this case and now agree that prosecution of the pending conspiracy indictment is barred by the doctrine of double jeopardy. Upon a closer examination of all the facts and circumstances surrounding the two indictments, I now am convinced that the conspiracy charged here fits wholly within the conspiracy previously charged. All the essential evidence upon which the second conspiracy indictment is based formed part of the basis for the first conspiracy prosecution. Where one conspiracy is so completely subsumed within another, the double jeopardy doctrine must bar the second prosecution. If the Korfant rule cannot be applied to find double jeopardy in this case, then it cannot be invoked to make such a finding in any case. I therefore concur with Judge Newman’s opinion in all respects.