Court Opinion

ID: 4640095
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-07 15:00:24.043444+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:00:11.164531
License: Public Domain

18-346
John Doe I, et al v. Express Scripts, Inc., Anthem, Inc.

                                UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                    FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                            SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED
BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY
MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE
NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY
OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

        At a stated Term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the
Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York on the
7th day of December, two thousand twenty.

Present:    RALPH K. WINTER,
            ROSEMARY S. POOLER,
                        Circuit Judges. 1
_____________________________________________________

JOHN DOE 1, ON BEHALF OF THEMSELVES AND ALL
OTHERS SIMILARLY SITUATED, JOHN DOE 2, ON BEHALF
OF THEMSELVES AND ALL OTHERS SIMILARLY SITUATED,
BRIAN CORRIGAN, STAMFORD HEALTH, INC.,
BROTHERS TRADING CO., INC.,

                                    Plaintiffs-Appellants,

KAREN BURNETT, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF
ALL OTHERS SIMILARLY SITUATED, BRENDAN FARRELL,
INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF ALL OTHERS
SIMILARLY SITUATED, ROBERT SHULLICH, INDIVIDUALLY
 AND ON BEHALF OF ALL OTHERS SIMILARLY SITUATED,

                                     Consolidated Plaintiffs-Appellants,

1
  Judge Robert Sweet, United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, was a
member or the panel, sitting by designation. Judge Sweet died, and the appeal is being decided
by the remaining two members of the panel, who are in agreement. See 2d Cir. IOP E(b).

                                                           1
                                v.                                          18-346

EXPRESS SCRIPTS, INC., ANTHEM, INC.,

                         Defendants-Appellees. 2
_____________________________________________________

Appearing for Appellant:        Jeffrey Lewis, Keller Rohrback L.L.P. (Derek W. Loeser, Gretchen
                                S. Obrist, David J. Ko, on the brief), Oakland, CA.

                                Joe R. Whatley, Jr., Whatley Kallas, LLP, New York, NY (on the
                                brief).

Appearing for Appellee
Anthem, Inc.:                   Glenn M. Kurtz, White & Case LLP, New York, NY.

Appearing for Appellee
Express Scripts, Inc.:          Derek L. Shaffer, Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan, LLP
                                (Jonathan G. Cooper, Andrew S. Corkhill, Michael J. Lyle, Jacob
                                J. Waldman, on the brief), New York, NY.

                                Paul J. Ondrasik, Jr., Eric G. Serron, Osvaldo Vazquez, Steptoe &
                                Johnson LLP, Washington, DC (on the brief).

Appearing for Amici             Karen L. Handorf, Cohen Milstein Sellers & Toll, PLLC,
Curiae in support of            Washington, DC, for amici curiae AARP and National
Appellants:                     Employment Lawyers Association.

                                Mary Ellen Signorille, AARP Foundation, Washington, DC, on
                                the brief, for AARP.

                                Matthew C. Koski, National Employment Lawyers Association,
                                Washington, DC, on the brief, for National Employment Lawyers
                                Association.

Appearing for Amici             M. Miller Baker, McDermott Will & Emery LLP (Sarah P.
Curiae in support of            Hogarth, Eric Hageman, on the brief), Washington, DC, for
Appellees:                      amici curiae Pharmaceutical Care Management Association,
                                America’s Health Insurance Plans, and the Chamber of Commerce
                                of the United States of America.

2
    The Clerk of the Court is directed to amend the caption as above.

                                                  2
                               Steven P. Lehotsky, U.S. Chamber Litigation Center, Washington,
                               DC, on the brief, for the Chamber of Commerce of the United
                               States of America.

      Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
(Ramos, J.).

     ON CONSIDERATION WHEREOF, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED,
AND DECREED that the judgment of said District Court be and it hereby is AFFIRMED.

         Plaintiffs appeal from the January 5, 2018 opinion and order of the United States District
Court for the Southern District of New York (Ramos, J.) dismissing their putative consolidated
class action against Anthem, Inc. and Express Scripts, Inc. alleging the two violated their fiduciary
obligations under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”) in setting prescription
drug prices. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, procedural history, and
specification of issues for review.

        Anthem is a health benefits company. Anthem offers its health care plans both through
employers and directly to individual subscribers. Anthem also offers “Administrative Services
Only” plans to self-funded employer plans: the plans pay Anthem to administer the plan and
negotiate for lower rates with health care providers. Express Scripts is a pharmacy benefits
manager (“PBM”). Anthem uses PBMs to manage the prescription medication programs it offers
for health plans. PBMs negotiate with drug manufacturers, manage formularies, contract with
pharmacies, and process and pay prescription drug claims. Express Scripts is the largest PBM in
the United States, with nearly 97 percent of the pharmacies belonging to its network. The
plaintiffs are certain health care plans regulated by ERISA that are either administered or insured
by Anthem, as well as people individually enrolled in Anthem health plans who receive
prescription benefits through Express Scripts.

        Anthem and Express Scripts entered into a 10-year PBM Agreement on December 1,
2009. The PBM Agreement provides that Express Scripts will process the claims of Anthem
participants, both through brick-and-mortar pharmacies and directly through mail-order
pharmacies. In addition, Express Scripts provides administrative services relating to prescription
drugs for Anthem’s health plans and participants. Plaintiffs allege that at the same time the
parties were negotiating the PBM Agreement, Express Scripts and Anthem were also negotiating
Express Script’s purchase of three PBM companies owned by Anthem: NextRx, LLC, NextRX,
Inc. and Next Rx Services (collectively, the “NextRx Companies”) to Express Scripts (the
“NextRx Agreement”).

        The signing of the PBM Agreement was a condition precedent to the sale of the NextRx
Companies, and the purchase price was linked to the price Anthem would pay for prescription
drugs during the term of the PBM Agreement. During negotiations, Express Scripts offered to
pay $500 million for the NextRx Companies in exchange for providing prescription medication
at a lower prices. Alternatively, Express offered to pay $4.675 billion for the NextRx Companies,
but would then charge higher prices for prescription medications during the PBM Agreement.

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        Anthem chose the latter option. Plaintiffs allege that in so choosing, Anthem agreed to
allow Express Scripts to charge far more for prescription drugs than the industry standard.
Anthem did so by agreeing to allow Express Scripts wide, and relatively unfettered, discretion in
setting drug prices. Thus, plaintiffs allege, even though Anthem wielded significant bargaining
power, Express Scripts charges Anthem plans a higher rate for drugs than those charged by
PBMs to other plans—and those inflated costs are passed on to the plan subscribers.

        Plaintiffs sued, alleging claims under ERISA, the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt
Organizations Act, and the Affordable Care Act, as well as a variety of state law torts. Express
Scripts and Anthem both moved to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be
granted. The district court granted the motions. In re Express Scripts/Anthem ERISA Litig., 285
F. Supp. 3d 655 (S.D.N.Y. 2018). This appeal followed.

        Plaintiffs first argue that the district court erred in dismissing their claims under ERISA
§§ 409 and 502. Section 409 makes any fiduciary who breaches the provisions of ERISA
personally liable to the plan for restoring any profits the fiduciary reaped through use of plan
assets, and to “make good” any losses the plan suffered as a result of the breach. 29 U.S.C. §
1109(a). Section 502 permits plan participants, beneficiaries, and fiduciaries to bring actions
under ERISA for equitable relief. 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(3). Specifically, the complaint alleges that
defendants breached Section 404 (ERISA fiduciaries must discharge their duties “solely in the
interest of the participants and beneficiaries” of the plan); Section 405 (co-fiduciary liability);
and Section 406 (barring an ERISA fiduciary from engaging in certain transactions). 29 U.S.C.
§§ 1104, 1105, 1106. The first issue is whether defendants were “acting as a fiduciary . . . when
taking the action subject to complaint.” Pegram v. Herdrich, 530 U.S. 211, 226 (2000).
“Fiduciary” is defined in the statute as:

               [A] person is a fiduciary with respect to a plan to the extent (i) he
               exercises any discretionary authority or discretionary control
               respecting management of such plan or exercises any authority or
               control respecting management or disposition of its assets, (ii) he
               renders investment advice for a fee or other compensation, direct or
               indirect, with respect to any moneys or other property of such plan,
               or has any authority or responsibility to do so, or (iii) he has any
               discretionary authority or discretionary responsibility in the
               administration of such plan.

29 U.S.C. § 1002(21)(A). The Second Circuit employs a functional approach to determine which
individuals and entities are ERISA fiduciaries “by focusing on the function performed, rather
than on the title held.” Blatt v. Marshall & Lassman, 812 F.2d 810, 812 (2d Cir. 1987). “[A]
person may be an ERISA fiduciary with respect to certain matters but not others; fiduciary status
exists only to the extent that the person has or exercises the described authority or responsibility
over a plan.” Coulter v. Morgan Stanley & Co., 753 F.3d 361, 366 (2d Cir. 2014) (internal
quotation marks omitted).

         Plaintiffs allege Anthem was acting as a fiduciary when it negotiated the agreement to
sell the NextRx Companies to Express Scripts for a higher price knowing it would result in

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Express Scripts charging a higher price for prescription drugs. In entering into the PBM
Agreement, plaintiffs argue, Anthem exercised its discretion to manage plaintiffs’ prescription
benefit—discretion that flowed from Anthem’s role as an ERISA fiduciary. The Supreme Court
explained in Pegram that the fiduciary responsibilities imposed by ERISA find their origins in
the common law of trusts. 530 U.S. at 224. “Beyond the threshold statement of responsibility,
however, the analogy between ERISA fiduciary and common law trustee becomes problematic . .
. because the trustee at common law characteristically wears only his fiduciary hat when he takes
action to affect a beneficiary, whereas the trustee under ERISA may wear different hats.” Id. at
225. Thus, while a traditional fiduciary “is not permitted to place himself in a position where it
would be for his own benefit to violate his duty to the beneficiaries . . . [u]nder ERISA . . . a
fiduciary may have financial interests adverse to beneficiaries.” Id. (internal quotation marks
omitted). “Employers, for example, can be ERISA fiduciaries and still take actions to the
disadvantage of employee beneficiaries when they act as employers (e.g., firing a beneficiary for
reasons unrelated to the ERISA plan), or even as plan sponsors (e.g., modifying the terms of a
plan as allowed by ERISA to provide less generous benefits).” Id. (italics omitted). This is the
so-called “two hat[]” doctrine. Id. The Pegram Court noted that “the trustee under ERISA may
wear different hats,” for example, “[e]mployers, for example, can be ERISA fiduciaries and still
take actions to the disadvantage of employee beneficiaries, when they act as employers (e.g.,
firing a beneficiary for reasons unrelated to the ERISA plan), or even as plan sponsors (e.g.,
modifying the terms of a plan as allowed by ERISA to provide less generous benefits).” 530 U.S.
at 225. “Nor is there any apparent reason in the ERISA provisions to conclude . . . that this
tension is permissible only for the employer or plan sponsor, to the exclusion of persons who
provide services to an ERISA plan.” Id. “’[G]eneral fiduciary duties under ERISA [are] not
triggered’ . . . when the decision at issue is, ‘at its core, a corporate business decision, and not
one of a plan administrator.’” Am. Psychiatric Assoc. v. Anthem Health Plans, Inc., 821 F.3d
352, 357 n.2 (2d Cir. 2016) (alterations in original) (quoting Flanigan v. Gen. Elec. Co., 242
F.3d 78, 88 (2d Cir. 2001)).

        Here, the district court found Anthem was not acting in a fiduciary capacity when it
entered into the PBM Agreement. We agree. This Court previously found that the decision to
sell a corporate asset is not a fiduciary decision—even if the sale affects an ERISA plan. See
Flanigan, 242 F.3d at 88 (“Because GE's decision to spin-off the division along with its pension
plan was, at its core, a corporate business decision, and not one of a plan administrator, GE was
acting as a settlor, not a fiduciary, when it transferred the surplus to Lockheed. Therefore, GE's
general fiduciary duties under ERISA were not triggered.”). Anthem did not act as an ERISA
fiduciary when it entered into the NextRx and PBM Agreements, even though its decisions may
ultimately affect how much plan participants pay for drug prices. See, e.g., DeLuca v. Blue Cross
Blue Shield of Mich., 628 F.3d 743, 747 (6th Cir. 2010) (insurer did “not act[] as a fiduciary
when it negotiated the challenged rate changes, principally because those business dealings were
not directly associated with the benefits plan at issue but were generally applicable to a broad
range of health-care consumers.”).

        Similarly, we find no error with the district court’s finding that Express Scripts was not a
fiduciary. The district court concluded that Express Scripts was not a fiduciary because (1) a
PBM does not exercise discretion in setting prices when prices are set according to contractual
terms; and (2) Express Script did not control its own compensation. In re Express Scripts, 285 F.

                                                 5
Supp. 3d at 678-81. Plaintiffs argue that the PMB Agreement gives Express Scripts discretionary
authority to set prescription drug prices, and that discretion allowed Express Scripts to act as an
ERISA fiduciary. Plaintiffs point out that Express Scripts had the discretion to (1) decide
whether to classify medications as “brand” or “generic,” which directly affected how much plan
participants pay; (2) determine whether drugs were to be included in the “maximum allowable
cost” list, which also directly affected how much plan participants had to pay; and (3) negotiate
rebates with drug manufacturers, which the PBM Agreement allows Express Scripts to keep for
itself. Appellants’ Br. at 42-44.

         We agree with the district court that when a PBM sets prices for prescription drugs
pursuant to the terms of a contract, it is not exercising discretionary authority and therefore not
acting as an ERISA fiduciary. See Pegram, 530 U.S. at 226 (insurer does not act in a fiduciary
capacity under ERISA when it “mak[es] decisions . . . influenced by the terms” of the agreement
between the insurer and employer, even when insurer “ultimately profit[s] from [its] own choices
to minimize the medical services provided.”). Even fully crediting plaintiffs’ allegations that the
PBM Agreement provided Express Scripts with extraordinarily broad discretion in setting
prescription drug prices, at bottom the ability to set such prices is a contractual term, not an
ability to exercise authority over plan assets.

        We have considered the remainder of Appellants’ arguments and find them to be without
merit. Accordingly, the judgment of the district court hereby is AFFIRMED.

                                                     FOR THE COURT:
                                                     Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk

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