Court Opinion

ID: 4692883
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-06-04 14:06:54.672141+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:05:18.923953
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: MAY 28, 2021; 10:00 A.M.
                        NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

               Commonwealth of Kentucky
                         Court of Appeals

                            NO. 2020-CA-0782-MR

SHERYL BAILEY, CO-ADMINISTRATRIX OF THE ESTATE
OF KRISTEN EDWARDS, AND CARMON HARLOW,
CO-ADMINISTRATRIX OF THE ESTATE OF KRISTEN
EDWARDS                                        APPELLANTS

                APPEAL FROM BARREN CIRCUIT COURT
v.             HONORABLE JOHN T. ALEXANDER, JUDGE
                       ACTION NO. 18-CI-00430

CITY OF GLASGOW; 911 GOVERNING BOARD;
BARREN-METCALFE EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS
CENTER; AND MANAGEMENT CONTROL BOARD                             APPELLEES

                                  OPINION
                                 AFFIRMING

                                ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: CLAYTON, CHIEF JUDGE; TAYLOR AND L. THOMPSON,
JUDGES.

THOMPSON, L., JUDGE: Sheryl Bailey, Co-Administratrix of the Estate of

Kristen Edwards, and Carmon Harlow, Co-Administratrix of the Estate of Kristen
Edwards (“Appellants”), appeal from an order of the Barren Circuit Court denying

their motion to alter, amend, or vacate a summary judgment in favor of City of

Glasgow, 911 Governing Board, Barren-Metcalfe Emergency Communications

Center, and Management Control Board (“Appellees”). Appellants argue that the

circuit court improperly applied McCuiston v. Butler, 509 S.W.3d 76 (Ky. App.

2017), in concluding that a 911 operator has no duty of care to a 911 caller absent a

special relationship between the parties. For the reasons stated below, we find no

error and affirm the summary judgment on appeal.

                   FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

             On the afternoon of July 14, 2016, an unknown person made a phone

call from a cellular phone to Appellees’ 911 operator. The call disconnected

before the 911 operator could determine who was calling, from where the call was

placed, or the nature of the call. The 911 operator then placed a call back to the

cell phone, which was not answered. The cell phone had no voice mail, and no

further action was taken by the 911 operator. The parties assume, though have not

demonstrated, that the call was made by Kristen Edwards (“Ms. Edwards”). On

that same day, Ms. Edwards was murdered by Clark Smith. Smith is currently

incarcerated for the murder.

             On July 13 and 14, 2018, Appellants filed a complaint and amended

complaint in Barren Circuit Court alleging that Appellees were negligent in failing

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to investigate the 911 call. Specifically, Appellants alleged that Appellees

improperly failed to ping, trace, or locate the cell phone by GPS or other electronic

means, and that this failure contributed to the wrongful death of Ms. Edwards,

caused her pain and suffering, and caused pain and suffering to the family of Ms.

Edwards.

             On August 1, 2018, Appellees filed a motion to dismiss the action

pursuant to Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure (“CR”) 12.02. The following

month, the Barren Circuit Court entered an order denying the motion upon finding

that no discovery had been undertaken.

             The matter continued in Barren Circuit Court, whereupon Appellees

filed a motion for summary judgment on February 17, 2020. In support of the

motion, Appellees argued that the 911 operator and his governmental employers

owed no legal duty to Ms. Edwards, and that such a duty could be shown only if

the 911 operator and Ms. Edwards had a “special relationship” giving rise to a

duty. Appellants responded by arguing that the motion was premature, and that the

911 operator breached both general and specific duties to Ms. Edwards by failing

to ping or otherwise locate the cell phone after the call was disconnected. They

also sought more time for discovery. Appellees responded in April 2020, by

contending that Appellants had ample time for discovery, the 911 call center

director Beverly Harbison had been deposed, the 911 call information had been

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turned over to Appellants’ counsel, and that Appellees had complied with

Appellants’ written discovery requests.

               After considering the arguments, the Barren Circuit Court determined

that Appellants could not prove the elements of negligence necessary to sustain

their claim, i.e., duty, breach, causation, and damages, because the public duty

doctrine shields government officials from litigation based on breaches of alleged

duties to the general public. The court found that because 911 operators serve the

public, their actions are subject to the public duty doctrine. The court went on to

note that an exception to the doctrine is found where the government official had a

“special relationship” with a member of the general public which gave rise to a

heightened duty. Citing McCuiston, supra, the court found that an emergency

operator does not have a special relationship with a caller who dies after placing a

911 call. Upon concluding that Appellants could not prove the elements of

negligence if the matter proceeded to trial, the circuit court sustained Appellees’

motion for summary judgment. Appellants’ subsequent motion to alter, amend, or

vacate the summary judgment was denied, and this appeal followed.1

1
  The notice of appeal indicates Appellants’ intent to appeal from the May 19, 2020 order
denying their CR 59.05 motion to alter, amend or vacate the April 22, 2020 summary judgment
in favor of Appellees. “Our case law is clear, however, that there is no appeal from the denial of
a CR 59.05 motion. The denial does not alter the judgment. Accordingly, the appeal is from the
underlying judgment, not the denial of the CR 59.05 motion. When a trial court denies a CR
59.05 motion, and a party erroneously designates that order in his or her notice of appeal, we
utilize a substantial compliance analysis and consider ‘the appeal properly taken from the

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                           ARGUMENT AND ANALYSIS

              Appellants argue that the Barren Circuit Court committed reversible

error in granting summary judgment in favor of Appellees. They contend that

McCuiston, supra, upon which the Barren Circuit Court relied, is distinguishable

from the facts before us as the McCuiston 911 operator took numerous steps to

locate the 911 caller whereas the 911 operator in the instant case did nothing.

Appellants also direct our attention to Jones v. Bennett, No. 2014-SC-000425-DG,

2016 WL 4487189 (Ky. Aug. 25, 2016), for the proposition that government

officials have a duty to investigate 911 calls. The substance of Appellants’ written

argument is that Appellees improperly failed to conduct a diligent search for the

cell phone, that this failure contributed to Ms. Edwards’ death, and that the Barren

Circuit Court erred in failing to so conclude.

              In order to prevail on a negligence action alleging wrongful death, a

plaintiff must propound proof that the decedent was owed a duty of care by the

defendant, that the defendant breached the standard of care by which the duty is

measured, and that the breach resulted in death. Pathways, Inc. v Hammons, 113

S.W.3d 85, 88 (Ky. 2003) (citing Mullins v Comm. Life Ins. Co., 839 S.W.2d 245,

247 (Ky. 1992)). Whether a duty exists is a question of law. Jenkins v. Best, 250

final judgment that was the subject of the CR 59.05 motion.’” Ford v. Ford, 578 S.W.3d 356,
366 (Ky. App. 2019) (emphasis in original) (citation omitted).

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S.W.3d 680, 688 (Ky. App. 2007) (citing Pathways, 113 S.W.3d at 89). If no duty

is owed to the plaintiff, there can be no breach and thus no actionable negligence.

Id.

             In McCuiston, Mrs. McCuiston placed a 911 call to an emergency

operator. McCuiston’s speech was slurred and she stated that she was dehydrated.

McCuiston did not report a medical emergency nor request emergency services.

Nevertheless, the 911 operator dispatched a law enforcement officer to

McCuiston’s residence to investigate her condition. McCuiston said she would be

unable to open the door, and that the responding officer should announce his

presence and then enter the residence. The 911 operator did not relay this

information to the police. When the responding officer arrived, he did not enter

the residence, was unable to make contact with McCuiston, and left the residence.

About three days later, McCuiston was found dead at the residence. A cell phone

was found near her body, which showed that she had placed a call to the 911

operator.

             McCuiston’s estate filed a wrongful death claim against the 911

operator and the municipality. Finding no breach of duty, the trial court granted

summary judgment in favor of the defendants. A panel of this Court affirmed the

summary judgment upon concluding that neither defendant owed a duty of care to

McCuiston under the public policy doctrine. The panel determined that McCuiston

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was a member of the general public, and the 911 operator performed his regular

duties, took the call, and sent help in what was believed to be a non-emergency

situation. The panel concluded that the operator’s actions fell under the public

duty doctrine, which does not make 911 operators or other public officials

guarantors of public safety with a universal duty of care to protect the public from

accident or harm.

                    The public duty doctrine originated at
                    common-law and shields a public employee
                    from suits for injuries that are caused by the
                    public employee’s breach of a duty owed to
                    the public at large. The doctrine can be
                    traced to the United States Supreme Court’s
                    decision in South v. Maryland . . . which
                    held that a sheriff is not liable for failing to
                    protect a kidnap victim because the sheriff’s
                    duty to keep the peace was a public duty, for
                    neglect of which he is amenable to the
                    public, and punishable by indictment only.

                    ....

                    [P]ersons who serve the public must be
                    allowed to carry out their function without
                    fear of having to answer for harm caused to
                    an individual by events which are outside
                    the control of the public official. Public
                    officials are not an insurer of the safety of
                    every member of the public, nor are they
                    personally accountable in monetary damages
                    only because the individual is a public
                    official charged with a general duty of
                    protecting the public.

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             The rationale behind the public duty doctrine is that to
             impose a universal duty of care on public officials would
             severely reduce their ability to engage in discretionary
             decision-making on the spot. Because 911 operators
             serve the public, their actions are also encompassed
             under the public duty doctrine. (Emphasis added).

McCuiston, 509 S.W.3d at 79-80 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

             The question for our consideration is whether the Barren Circuit Court

properly relied on McCuiston to conclude that Appellees’ 911 operator did not

have a universal duty of care to protect Ms. Edwards from harm. Having closely

examined the record and the law, we must answer this question in the affirmative.

In both McCuiston and the matter before us, the 911 operators performed their

regular duties by receiving 911 calls and acting upon those calls based on the

information available to them at the time. In McCuiston, the 911 operator had

much more information available to him. He spoke directly with McCuiston,

noted that her speech was slurred and she was unable to answer the door, and

dispatched law enforcement to check on her. In contrast, Appellees’ 911 operator

had no opportunity to speak with the caller and made a reasonable attempt to

contact the caller after the original call was terminated. Appellants argue that more

was required from Appellees’ 911 operator, and that but for Appellees’ negligence,

Ms. Edwards might be alive today. Nothing in the record supports these claims,

however, and it is unclear that Ms. Edwards even made the call in question.

                                         -8-
             Summary judgment “shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings,

depositions, answers to interrogatories, stipulations, and admissions on file,

together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any

material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of

law.” CR 56.03. “The record must be viewed in a light most favorable to the party

opposing the motion for summary judgment and all doubts are to be resolved in his

favor.” Steelvest, Inc. v. Scansteel Service Center, Inc., 807 S.W.2d 476, 480 (Ky.

1991). Summary judgment should be granted only if it appears impossible that the

nonmoving party will be able to produce evidence at trial warranting a judgment in

his favor. Id. “Even though a trial court may believe the party opposing the

motion may not succeed at trial, it should not render a summary judgment if there

is any issue of material fact.” Id. Finally, “[t]he standard of review on appeal of a

summary judgment is whether the trial court correctly found that there were no

genuine issues as to any material fact and that the moving party was entitled to

judgment as a matter of law.” Scifres v. Kraft, 916 S.W.2d 779, 781 (Ky. App.

1996).

                                  CONCLUSION

             When viewing the record in a light most favorable to Appellants and

resolving all doubt in their favor, we conclude that the Barren Circuit Court

properly determined that there were no genuine issues as to any material fact and

                                          -9-
that Appellees are entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. Pursuant to

McCuiston, since 911 operators serve the public, their actions are encompassed by

the public duty doctrine. Appellees are not insurers of public safety, and are not

subject to a universal duty of care. Appellees did not enter into a special

relationship with the 911 caller giving rise to an enhanced duty, as the 911 operator

did not speak to the caller nor even know his or her identity. The Barren Circuit

Court properly so found. Accordingly, we affirm the summary judgment of the

Barren Circuit Court.

             ALL CONCUR.

BRIEFS FOR APPELLANTS:                     BRIEF FOR APPELLEES:

Timothy J. Gillenwater                     Matthew P. Cook
Glasgow, Kentucky                          Bowling Green, Kentucky

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