Court Opinion

ID: 6336514
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-04-29 18:01:37.152521+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:24:14.310125
License: Public Domain

Filed 4/29/22 P. v. Cruz CA3
                                           NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                      THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                     (Sacramento)
                                                            ----

    THE PEOPLE,                                                                                C092435

                    Plaintiff and Respondent,                                   (Super. Ct. Nos. 18FE001971,
                                                                                        18FE003593)
           v.

    MIGUEL ANGEL PINEDA CRUZ,

                    Defendant and Appellant.

         A jury convicted defendant Miguel Angel Pineda Cruz of two counts of criminal
threats, and one count each of assault with a firearm, domestic violence, possession of a
firearm by a felon, and methamphetamine possession. (Pen. Code, §§ 422, 245, subd.
(b), 273.5, subd. (a), 29800, subd. (a)(1); Health & Saf. Code, § 11377, subd. (a).)1 The
jury found true that defendant personally used a firearm in the assault and in one criminal
threat incident. (§ 12022.5, subd. (a).)

1   All undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.

                                                             1
       Defendant contends that: (1) the trial court erred in admitting evidence of prior
uncharged acts of domestic violence against the victim, Maria E., under Evidence Code
section 1109;2 (2) the court improperly admitted unauthenticated text messages in
violation of the hearsay rule; (3) the evidence was insufficient to support the jury’s
verdict on the firearm possession count; and (4) the cumulative effect of these claimed
errors violated due process.
       We will affirm the judgment.
                     FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       Defendant was Maria E.’s partner for 13 years. They have two children. They
lived together since the first child was born but never married.
       Defendant consumed a lot of alcohol. He would drink all the time. Throughout
their relationship, defendant would call Maria E. derogatory names, in public and in front
of their children.
       Defendant would get upset when things were not done the way he liked, when he
liked. Defendant was a controlling person. Maria E. referred to him as “El Patron,”
meaning a person who orders other people around.
       In recent years, defendant had become violent. In September 2016, defendant
became even more violent. Maria E. believed he was taking drugs.
       In the last few years, defendant frequently had guns. He carried one or two guns
almost all the time.
November 2017 text messages
       By November 3, 2017, Maria E. decided she could no longer stay with defendant
and left him. During the month of November 2017, defendant tried to get Maria E. to
come back. Defendant sent text messages threatening to kill Maria E. and members of

2 We refer to the victim by her first name and last initial. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule
8.90(b)(4).)

                                              2
her family. Maria E. was afraid. She believed defendant’s threats; because of the drugs
it could be possible he would do these things.
       Maria E. provided the police a packet of screenshots of text messages she received
from defendant. She sent them to the police because she felt her life was being
threatened and defendant was capable of carrying out his threats. Maria E. first called
police to report that defendant was sending her threatening text messages and met with an
officer on November 22, 2017. On January 22, 2018, Detective Nicole Sunseri called
Maria E. to follow up and obtain the messages. At the time, Maria E. told Sunseri that
she did not want to go forward with prosecution and did not send any of the text
messages. Maria E. did not send the messages to police until February 8, 2018, after an
incident with defendant on January 30, 2018, described below.
       A text message on page 3 of the packet was incoherent and referred to stories in
the Bible where death was involved.3 Messages like this led Maria E. to believe that
defendant was becoming more violent and might also be under the influence of drugs.
       At the top of page 4 were the letters “M-I-G,” which was a contact for defendant
in Maria E.’s phone. The packet of texts contained messages from several telephone
numbers. Maria E. would block defendant’s numbers and he would send messages from
different numbers.
       In a text message on page 4, defendant said it was not going to be easy for Maria
E. if she left the country, which she understood to mean she would not be safe in Mexico.
In a text message on page five, defendant told Maria E. to talk to him before she left
because he was going to do what he previously said he was going to do. Defendant had
said he was going to go to Mexico to kill Maria E.’s father, mother and brothers. At the

3 Maria E. testified in Spanish through an interpreter. The messages were in Spanish.
Maria E. testified without objection as to her understanding of the messages, not
necessarily their literal translation.

                                             3
end of the message, defendant said that even though he loved his children, he would not
look for them, and if they did not look for him, he would send them where he was going
to send Maria E. “to eat shit for being dumb asses.”
      At the top of page 6 of the text messages from a contact labeled “El Patron,”
defendant told Maria E. he was going to send someone to hurt her family and asked
which of her brothers to start with. Maria E. believed that defendant was capable of
sending someone to harm her brothers. On a page 7 from a contact labeled “Miguel
Cruz,” defendant said if Maria E. did not do what he wanted her to do, she would have a
“lot of pain in my heart,” which she understood to mean she would suffer if she did not
obey him. Defendant said he was becoming the devil because of her. On page 8,
defendant said he had run out of patience and Maria E. was going to suffer the death of
others. Maria E. understood this to mean defendant would kill someone close to her.
Defendant told Maria E. to go “fuck yourself.”
      On page 9 of the text messages was a photo of guns and alcohol. Defendant had
threatened Maria E. with the guns and made her do things she did not want to do. Maria
E. took this message to mean that defendant “kept going with the same threat.” On page
10, defendant texted that he wanted Maria E. to avoid suffering and pain, so she should
come home.
      The packet contained screenshots of text messages from Elizabeth, a friend of
Maria E.’s that defendant met through her. Elizabeth would send Maria E. messages that
Elizabeth received from defendant. A text on page 11 said that because Maria E. would
not talk to defendant, they were “going to leave from here and nine others of your
family,” which she took to mean defendant would kill her and maybe himself, but first
kill nine of her family members. On page 12, Elizabeth told Maria E. that defendant said
all he had to do was place the order to have her killed. On page 13 was a text message
from defendant that what happened between them only death could resolve, which Maria
E. understood to mean defendant would kill both of them or just her. On page 14,

                                            4
Elizabeth forwarded a message from defendant to Maria E. that if she didn’t want to go
back to him that there was no place in the world she could go that defendant’s “will”
would not be “fulfilled.” Maria E. understood defendant’s “will” to be his intention to
kill her.
January 30, 2018 incident
        On January 30, 2018, Maria E. went to defendant’s house with a friend to pick up
Maria E.’s belongings and those of her children. Maria E. knocked on the door but
defendant didn’t answer and she used a key she had to open the door. When Maria E.
and her friend went inside, defendant came out of his room and asked what Maria E. was
doing there. Defendant seemed upset. When Maria E. told him she was there to collect
some belongings, defendant said, “[t]hat’s fine,” and walked towards the kitchen.
        Maria E. went into the children’s room. She was picking things up when
defendant came up behind her with a gun in his hand. Maria E. turned around and saw
defendant coming towards her pointing the gun at her head. Defendant said the “best
thing is for me to kill you,” and cocked the gun by sliding the top of the gun back.
Defendant walked towards Maria E. and rammed the tip of the gun into her forehead.
Defendant turned towards the door and Maria E.’s friend was there. Defendant walked
towards the friend pointing the gun at her chest and told her if she didn’t leave the house
that “he was going to fucking kill her, as well.” Maria E. took advantage of the moment
while defendant was distracted to push her friend in front of her and they left. They
drove to a gas station and called the police.
        Police officers responded, arrested defendant, and searched the house with his
consent. In a garbage can in the back, an officer found a box with a picture of a holster
on it. Defendant said he found the box in the front yard of the house. Inside the house in
the kitchen, deputies found a plastic bag containing methamphetamine.
        The house was rented. The owners had a detached garage behind the house. The
rental agreement did not give defendant and Maria E. access to the garage. Both Maria

                                                5
E. and defendant went inside the garage, but only defendant went there when the owners
were not present. He did not go in frequently.
       The side door to the garage was unlocked. In the search of the garage, a police
dog pulled a bag out a of wood pile. The bag contained a Glock handgun in a holster that
matched the picture on the box and several loaded magazines, including one in the gun.
       When shown the gun, Maria E. testified she believed, but was not sure, that it was
the gun defendant pointed at her and used to strike her in the head. A sheriff’s deputy
testified that the gun found in the garage looked like a gun in the photo texted to Maria
E., but he couldn’t be certain.
Defense Case
       Maria Rivas owned the house Maria E. and defendant rented. Rivas and her
husband did not rent the garage; they used it for storage. The garage door and the side
door were supposed to be locked. Rivas and her husband did not own guns or keep guns
in the garage. If a gun was found in the garage, it did not belong to Rivas or her husband.
       Defendant testified. Defendant worked for a construction framing company and
met Maria E. at a restaurant where she worked. They dated for five months and then
moved in together. They have two children aged 12 and 14. They were together for 13
years. It was not a good relationship. They did not have a great or mutual love for each
other. They moved in together after Maria E. got pregnant with their first son. They
broke up when Maria E. was pregnant with their second son, but then got back together.
       On January 30, 2018, defendant and Maria E. had been separated about three
months and defendant was living in the house they rented. She had contacted him a week
and a half before about picking up her stuff on the weekend. January 30 was not a
weekend day.
       When Maria E. arrived on January 30, defendant was in the children’s room.
Defendant was going to look for a job with a friend, Samuel, who defendant told to wait
outside while he changed clothes. When Maria E. opened the door without knocking,

                                             6
defendant asked if she was looking for trouble, because she had a restraining order
against him. Maria E. said she was there to pick up some things and defendant said, fine.
Maria E. then said her new place was much smaller and asked if defendant would give
her the house to live in with the children. Defendant said he would pay the rent only if
Maria E. and the children were living there. Maria E. said her friend would be living
there, too. Defendant told Maria E. that he would not leave the house to her if her friend
moved in. Maria E. said, if you do not want to do it the easy way, you can just go to jail.
       Maria E. went into the bathroom and came out with box of make-up and perfume.
She had a spot of blood on her forehead. Defendant asked her why she did this to herself
and Maria E. said, “so you’re going to jail.” Defendant heard Maria E.’s friend, who was
outside with Samuel, ask Maria E. what had happened and should they call the police.
Defendant got angry and said, “you both can fuck yourselves.” On many occasions,
when they would argue, Maria E. would tell him to hit her so that he would go to jail and
she would “get documents.”
       At no point in the conversation did defendant have a gun in his hand, threaten to
kill Maria E. or strike her with a firearm.
       Police arrived at the house two hours later. He was in a chair in front waiting.
Defendant told a police officer that the methamphetamine they found was his. He told an
officer he did not have any weapons; he had a plastic BB gun.
       When Maria E. and defendant lived at the house, they did not have access to the
garage. Defendant had been in the garage on two occasions when the owner asked him to
help move items in and out of the garage.
       Defendant denied that he sent the text messages on pages 11 through 15 in the
packet Maria E. provided to police or that he ever sent Elizabeth messages to forward to
Maria E.
       Defendant did not intend to scare Maria E. with the text on page 3 that referenced
the Bible. He had a new phone that would autocorrect, which is why there were things in

                                              7
the message that he didn’t understand. Defendant mistakenly sent the picture of guns on
page 9, which he meant to send to some friends. In the text message on page 6,
defendant meant that he would not look for Maria E. or his children anymore. In the
reference to Hector and another, defendant meant that Maria E.’s family from Mexico
was trying to get her to leave him because he was Salvadoran. On page 8, defendant was
trying to say that Maria E. would suffer when he died from drinking too much and
because she drank too much and so did the person she was or is with. On page 5, where
defendant said he would send Maria E. and his children to eat shit, defendant said that
this was something the phone did. Defendant meant that he planned to leave the country
and they would be left without his support.
Verdict and sentence
       The jury found defendant guilty of criminal threats based on the text messages,
and criminal threats, assault with a firearm, domestic violence, possession of a firearm by
a felon, and methamphetamine possession based on the January 30, 2018 incident. The
jury found true that defendant personally used a firearm in the assault and criminal threat
on January 30, 2018.
       The trial court sentenced defendant to an aggregate term of 11 years four months
in state prison as follows: the middle term of six years on the assault count, plus the
middle term of four years for the firearm enhancement, and eight months for the text
message criminal threats (one-third the midterm). The court imposed and stayed under
section 654 sentences of two years for the criminal threats on January 30, 2018 (one-third
the midterm), plus four years for the firearm enhancement, and the middle term of three
years for domestic violence. Finally, the court sentenced defendant to eight months
consecutive for firearm possession (one-third the midterm), and imposed no additional
time for methamphetamine possession.

                                              8
                                      DISCUSSION
                                              I
         Admitting Evidence of Prior Uncharged Incidents of Domestic Violence
       Defendant contends the trial court abused its discretion in admitting evidence of
prior uncharged incidents of domestic violence, including rape, under Evidence Code
section 1109, which he maintains “was more prejudicial than probative under [Evidence
Code] section 352.”
       A.     Background
       The prosecution filed an in limine motion to admit prior uncharged acts of
domestic violence defendant committed against Maria E. The evidence concerned the
following incidents:
              (1) In 2014, defendant wanted to have sex with Maria E. and, when she
refused, he cut her on the leg with a kitchen knife.
              (2) In 2015, defendant struck Maria E. multiple times in the arms and
chest, resulting in bruises that showed up on a mammogram.
              (3) In September 2016, Maria E. forgot to take their son to an extra class,
which upset defendant. When Maria E. got home, defendant was drunk and swore at her.
Defendant wanted to have sex to punish her and when she said, no, defendant forced her
despite her begging him to stop.
              (4) In November 2016, defendant came home drunk and demanded that
Maria E. have sex with him. Defendant placed a handgun next to the bed where Maria E.
could see it. Defendant forced Maria E. to have oral and anal sex despite her crying and
begging him to stop.
              (5) On December 20, 2016, Maria E. was unable to pick up cash wired by
defendant’s brother because of a misspelled name. Defendant accused her of lying. He
was holding a gun and told her it would be bad for her unless she brought the money.

                                              9
Maria E. felt particularly threatened because defendant had fired his gun in the house
three different times.
              (6) On December 28, 2016, when Maria E. and defendant were separated,
defendant asked Maria E. to let the children spend New Year’s Eve with him. After a
week with him, defendant refused to give the children back. Defendant said that if she
did not return home, he would have her beaten. He also threatened to have her deported.
Defendant said that if she did not return to him the torture would begin, that he could kill
her if he wanted to, and her family in Mexico would be killed.
              (7) In early 2017, Maria E. returned to defendant for the sake of the
children. In September 2017, Maria E. told defendant she was leaving again because he
was violent, drinking and using drugs. Defendant became upset and threw her against the
wall so hard it broke.
              (8) On November 3, 2017, Maria E. noticed that defendant had been
drinking beer when she came back to the house. He went to his truck and came back
screaming at Maria E. that she was a traitor, and, with his face “ ‘twisted with anger,’ ”
said this would cost Maria E. her life.
       Defense counsel argued that uncharged claims of rape should not be admitted
under Evidence Code section 352 because these were serious crimes that were not
substantiated. Counsel stated, “I do agree than any prior acts of physical violence would
be admissible under [Evidence Code section] 1109; however, there wasn’t any
investigation with regards to those rapes. There’s no photographs. There’s no reports.”
       The prosecutor responded that the evidence was relevant to Maria E.’s credibility
regarding her belief in defendant’s threats. The prosecutor argued that the probative
value of the evidence was as at least as great as the prejudicial effect.
       The trial court ruled that it would admit the 2014 and 2015 incidents under
Evidence Code section 1109. The court also admitted the September 2016 incident as
more probative than prejudicial but ordered that the evidence be “sanitize[d],” so that the

                                              10
testimony did not mention the specific sex acts Maria E. was forced to engage in and
simply stated that defendant forced her to have sex with him. The court excluded the
November 2016 evidence as cumulative and unduly prejudicial because the September
2016 incident already introduced defendant’s use of forced sex to intimidate Maria E.
The court admitted evidence of the December 20 and 28, 2016 incidents to establish
defendant’s habit of carrying and using a firearm, which the September 2016 incident
also established. The court observed that the December 28 incident further established
that defendant made criminal threats to Maria E. The court also allowed evidence of the
September 2017 incident. In sum, the court admitted evidence of every incident in the
prosecutor’s motion but required the September 2016 incident sanitized and excluded the
November 2016 incident.
       The court concluded, “with respect to the Defense’s argument that there’s no
corroboration of the sexual assaults, I think that goes to weight, not admissibility. [¶]
The Defense is free to cross-examine the witness with respect to the lack of any
corroboration.”
       B.     Analysis
       Evidence Code section 1109 provides in relevant part, “in a criminal action in
which the defendant is accused of an offense involving domestic violence, evidence of
the defendant's commission of other domestic violence is not made inadmissible by
Section 1101 if the evidence is not inadmissible pursuant to Section 352.”
       Evidence Code section 352 requires the trial court to balance the probative value
of evidence of past domestic violence against four factors: (1) the inflammatory nature of
the prior conduct; (2) possible confusion of the issues; (3) remoteness in time of the prior
offenses; and (4) the time involved in introducing and refuting the evidence of prior
offenses. (People v. Thomas (2021) 63 Cal.App.5th 612, 630.)
       “The weighing process under [Evidence Code] section 352 depends upon the trial
court’s consideration of the unique facts and issues of each case, rather than upon the

                                             11
mechanical application of automatic rules. [Citations.] We will not overturn or disturb a
trial court’s exercise of its discretion under [Evidence Code] section 352 in the absence of
manifest abuse, upon a finding that its decision was palpably arbitrary, capricious and
patently absurd. [Citations.] ‘The [trial] court’s exercise of discretion under Evidence
Code section 352 will not be disturbed on appeal unless the court clearly abused its
discretion, e.g., when the prejudicial effect of the evidence clearly outweighed its
probative value.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Jennings (2000) 81 Cal.App.4th 1301, 1314-
1315.)
         On the first factor, defendant argues that the charged crimes were not similar to
the rape incidents and rape “is one of the most inflammatory crimes there is.” However,
the trial court admitted evidence of only one incident of forced sex in September 2016,
which the court ordered sanitized so that there was no mention of any specific acts, and
excluded evidence of the November 2016 incident. Moreover, in the January 30, 2018
incident, defendant pointed a gun at Maria E.’s head, pulled the slide back to cock the
gun, told her the best thing would be for him to kill her, and then rammed the gun barrel
into her forehead. Without attempting a comparison between these crimes, there can be
no doubt that the evidence of the January 30, 2018 incident was extremely inflammatory.
         On the second factor, possible confusion of the issues, defendant maintains that
“the allegations were quite shocking and distracting to the jurors, and they were highly
likely to wish to punish [defendant] for these uncharged acts.” (See People v. Kerley
(2018) 23 Cal.App.5th 513, 539 (Kerley) [“the concern is that a jury might convict a
defendant to punish him for uncharged acts, rather than because the evidence is sufficient
to prove the charged crime”].) However, evidence of uncharged offenses was not likely
to mislead the jury because the court gave CALCRIM No. 852A, which instructed the
jury that: “If you decide that the defendant committed the uncharged domestic violence,
you may, but are not required to, conclude from that evidence that the defendant was
disposed or inclined to commit domestic violence and, based on that decision, also

                                              12
conclude that the defendant was likely to commit and did inflict corporal injury upon
Maria Doe, as charged here. . . . [¶] Do not consider this evidence for any other
purpose.” (Italics added.) We presume the jury followed this instruction. (People v.
Mani (2022) 74 Cal.App.5th 343, 378, fn. 16.)
       On the third factor, defendant concedes “that the prior acts were not particularly
remote.” On the fourth factor, consumption of time, defendant argues that this evidence
took up 20 pages of the reporter’s transcript. But that was a fraction of the hundreds of
pages of transcript of testimony. Maria E.’s testimony alone ran to over 90 pages.
(People v. Frazier (2001) 89 Cal.App.4th 30, 42 [evidence of uncharged crimes that
consumed 27 percent of the reporter’s transcript was not prejudicial].)
       Beyond these factors, defendant argues that the “lack of certainty that each of
these instances occurred also weighed against their admission,” because “each of the acts
of rape were uncharged, unreported, and unverified by any independent witness.” In
short, defendant argues that evidence of uncharged offenses was inadmissible because the
evidence consisted of Maria E.’s testimony. However, it was up to the jury to determine
what weight to give her testimony. As the jury was instructed, “[t]he testimony of only
one witness can prove any fact.” (CALCRIM No. 301.)
       Defendant next asserts that the “cumulative nature of the prior acts evidence also
weighed against admitting all of the prior acts.” To the contrary, evidence that defendant
committed multiple acts of domestic violence was more probative than one or two acts.
The probative value of evidence of prior domestic violence “ ‘is principally in its
cumulative nature.’ ” (Kerley, supra, 23 Cal.App.5th at p. 536.) “Evidence that
[defendant] abused [the victim] multiple times is more probative than evidence that he
did so once or twice . . . .” (Ibid.)
       Lastly, defendant contends that the premise for admission of other acts of
domestic violence under Evidence Code section 1109 was that domestic violence tended
to escalate in severity and frequency, which was not the case here. We disagree that

                                            13
defendant’s pointing a gun at Maria E.’s head and telling that he was going to kill her was
not an escalation from his other acts of domestic violence. In any event, there is no
requirement in Evidence Code section 1109 that admissible evidence of acts of domestic
violence show a pattern of escalation. True, the legislative history indicates that an
escalating pattern of domestic violence was one of the concerns the Legislature addressed
by adopting Evidence Code section 1109. (People v. Johnson (2000) 77 Cal.App.4th
410, 419.) But the statute itself does not limit admissibility to only those uncharged acts
that show such a pattern.
        We conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting evidence of
defendant’s prior uncharged acts of domestic violence under Evidence Code section
1109.
                                             II
                              Admitting Texts from Elizabeth
        Defendant contends that trial court erred in admitting screenshots of text messages
from Elizabeth to Maria E. that contained messages said to be from defendant.
Defendant claims that these messages were not authenticated and constituted
inadmissible hearsay. We agree that these messages included hearsay but conclude their
admission was not reversible error.
        A.     Background
        At the hearing on motions in limine, defense counsel raised the issue that “some of
these text messages come from a person named Elizabeth, so clearly not messages from
my client.” A discussion ensued in which defense counsel argued that text messages
from Elizabeth to Maria E. that relayed messages from defendant to Maria E. involved
multiple levels of hearsay, lacked foundation without Elizabeth’s testimony, and might
violate the confrontation clause. The prosecutor argued that messages Maria E. believed
were relayed from defendant by Elizabeth were relevant to the criminal threats charge
and fell under the exception to the hearsay rule for party admissions. The prosecutor

                                             14
confirmed to the trial court that the messages would be offered for their truth as well as
Maria E.’s state of mind. The prosecutor’s position was that Elizabeth was not making
any statement but simply forwarding defendant’s statements. The court responded,
“She’s just the conduit,” and the prosecutor responded that, “It’s almost like a translator.
It doesn’t constitute a layer of hearsay.” The court still expressed concern that these
messages were hearsay for which an exception to the hearsay rule would be required.
The parties agreed that a hearing under Evidence Code section 402 would be appropriate
to resolve the matter.
       At the hearing, Maria E. testified that Elizabeth told her the messages were sent
from defendant. Also, the messages sounded the same to Maria E. as messages she
received directly from defendant. On cross-examination, Maria E. testified that the
messages Elizabeth forwarded did not have a telephone number, so Maria E. could not
verify that they were from defendant.
       Defense counsel renewed her objection that text messages forwarded by Elizabeth
lacked foundation and involved multiple levels of hearsay.
       The court ruled that, under Evidence Code section 1421, the text messages were
authenticated by content, including “unique references to the Bible, threats to Maria’s
family, and references to violent stories in the family . . . .” The court noted that Maria E.
testified that Elizabeth told Maria E. that Elizabeth would send messages from defendant
and the content of the messages was similar to previous messages sent by defendant
directly. Maria E.’s inability to verify that the messages came from defendant went to the
weight not admissibility of the evidence. For these reasons, the court concluded the
messages were self-authenticated.
       Lastly, the court said: “So to the extent these may have come from Elizabeth --
and I’m not entirely convinced she even wrote any of it. She’s just the CONDUIT -- it’s
similar to I write a note. The bailiff picks it up, hands it to my courtroom clerk. He’s just
the conduit. [¶] Similarly, I think Elizabeth was simply a conduit for that

                                             15
communication, so I don’t think there’s multiple levels of hearsay. [¶] And to the extent
these are messages from the defendant, it qualifies as an exception to the hearsay rule as a
party admission.”
       B.     Analysis
       An out-of-court statement offered for its truth is inadmissible under the hearsay
rule, unless there is an applicable exception to the rule. (Evid. Code, § 1200.) Admission
of multiple hearsay requires all layers to fall within an exception to the hearsay rule.
(Evid. Code, § 1201; Cruey v. Gannett Co. (1998) 64 Cal.App.4th 356, 366; People v.
Williams (1997) 16 Cal.4th 153, 199, fn. 3.) We review a trial court’s determination as to
the admissibility of evidence for abuse of discretion, including the application of
exceptions to the hearsay rule. (People v. Rowland (1992) 4 Cal.4th 238, 264.) A trial
court’s ruling will not be disturbed unless the trial court exercised its discretion in an
arbitrary, capricious, or patently absurd manner that resulted in a manifest miscarriage of
justice. (People v. Rodriguez (1999) 20 Cal.4th 1, 9-10.)
       The messages from Elizabeth included two levels of hearsay: (1) the text
messages from defendant incorporated in (2) the text messages from Elizabeth to Maria
E. Assuming that the text messages from defendant qualified for the hearsay exception
for party admissions (Evid. Code, § 1220), no exception was proposed for Elizabeth’s
messages. Instead, the court deemed Elizabeth a mere “conduit” for defendant’s
messages and thus her messages did not add another layer of hearsay.
       The court’s repeated use of the term “conduit,” as well as the prosecutor’s
comparison of Elizabeth to a “translator,” are telling. In Correa v. Superior Court (2002)
27 Cal.4th 444, 448, the California Supreme Court recognized the “ ‘language conduit’ ”
theory. In Correa, the high court held that the participation of a translator in an out-of-
court interview does not add a layer of hearsay. “Rather, a generally unbiased and
adequately skilled translator simply serves as a ‘language conduit,’ so that the translated
statement is considered to be the statement of the original declarant, and not that of the

                                              16
translator.” (Ibid.) The court adopted the Ninth Circuit’s test in U.S. v. Nazemian (9th
Cir. 1991) 948 F.2d, 522, 527, which requires consideration of several factors, “ ‘such as
which party supplied the interpreter, whether the interpreter had any motive to mislead or
distort, the interpreter’s qualifications and language skill, and whether actions taken
subsequent to the conversation were consistent with the statements as translated.’ ”
(Correa, at p. 458.)
       The “ ‘language conduit’ ” theory does not apply here, nor are we aware of any
authority for a similar theory of general application. The language conduit exception is
based on the recognition that a qualified language interpreter (like a certified court
reporter) is trained to remove themselves from the equation and operate as a pure conduit
or agent of the declarant. Absent a translator relationship, an out-of-court statement of
one declarant passing along the out-of-court statement of another declarant is a classic
multiple-hearsay scenario. To argue otherwise by asserting that the second declarant
directed the first declarant to convey his or her statements or intended them to be
conveyed amounts to circumvention of the requirement that every level of hearsay must
fall within a recognized exception. (Evid. Code, § 1201; Kulshrestha v. First Union
Commercial Corp. (2004) 33 Cal.4th 601, 609 [“[h]earsay evidence is generally . . .
inadmissible without statutory or decisional authorization”].)
       Moreover, as defendant points out, at least in part, the foundation for this evidence
consisted of hearsay. Maria E. testified that Elizabeth told her that the messages were
from defendant. The trial court referenced this testimony in ruling that the text messages
from Elizabeth were self-authenticated. No exception to hearsay rule was proposed for
these out-of-court statements.
       However, we agree with the Attorney General that the admission of this evidence
was harmless error. We review the erroneous admission of hearsay evidence under the
standard stated in People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836, whether it is “reasonably
probable that the error affected the outcome of the trial.” (People v. Harris (2005)

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37 Cal.4th 310, 336.) In highlighting the evidence supporting the criminal threat charge
based on defendant’s text messages, the prosecutor only referred to text messages that
defendant sent directly to Maria E., including the photo of guns (which the prosecutor
called “the most clear, an unquestionable threat that was sent by the defendant,” as well
as the texts where “defendant told Maria to go fuck herself,” and “[i]t doesn’t matter
where I am. I have run out of patience, and you will suffer death.” None of these three
threats were conveyed in the text messages from Elizabeth. (See Continental Airlines,
Inc. v. McDonnell Douglas Corp. (1989) 216 Cal.App.3d 388, 423-424 [extent that
counsel relies on inadmissible evidence in closing argument is a relevant factor in
determining prejudice from introduction of inadmissible evidence].)
       In light of the prosecutor’s emphasis in closing argument to the jury on
inflammatory text messages such as these from defendant, it is not reasonably probable
that the presentation of inadmissible hearsay in the form of text messages from Elizabeth
affected the outcome of the trial.
                                             III
                Sufficiency of Evidence—Felon in Possession of a Firearm
       Defendant contends that there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction
of possession of a firearm by a felon.
       “ ‘To determine whether sufficient evidence supports a jury verdict, a reviewing
court reviews the entire record in the light most favorable to the judgment to determine
whether it discloses evidence that is reasonable, credible, and of solid value such that a
reasonable jury could find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.’ [Citation.]
‘This standard of review applies when the evidence is largely circumstantial . . . .’
[Citation.]” (People v. Hardy (2018) 5 Cal.5th 56, 89.) We “presume the existence of
every fact that the jury could reasonably have deduced from [the] evidence.” (People v.
Mora and Rangel (2018) 5 Cal.5th 442, 488.) A verdict will be reversed for lack of
evidence only if “ ‘upon no hypothesis whatever is there sufficient substantial evidence to

                                             18
support [the conviction].’ ” (People v. Bolin (1998) 18 Cal.4th 297, 331.)
       The firearm possession statute prohibits a felon from “possess[ing]” a firearm or
having a firearm “under custody or control.” (§ 29800, subd. (a)(1).) “Possession may
be actual or constructive. ‘ “A defendant has actual possession when the weapon is in his
[or her] immediate possession or control,” ’ i.e., when he or she is actually holding or
touching it. [Citations.] ‘To establish constructive possession, the prosecution must
prove a defendant knowingly exercised a right to control the prohibited item, either
directly or through another person.’ [Citations.] Although a defendant may share
possession with other people, ‘mere proximity’ or opportunity to access the contraband,
‘standing alone, is not sufficient evidence of possession.’ ” (People v. Bay (2019)
40 Cal.App.5th 126, 132.) But “ ‘the necessary additional circumstances may, in some
fact contexts, be rather slight.’ ” (People v. Land (1994) 30 Cal.App.4th 220, 225.)
       There was substantial evidence in this case supporting the jury’s verdict that
defendant had constructive possession of the firearm in the garage. Police found the
Glock handgun hidden in the detached garage under a pile of wood. Maria E. testified
the side door to the garage was unlocked and it was open when the police searched the
garage. Maria E. also testified that defendant had gone inside the garage when the
owners were not there. Rivas denied that the owners owned any guns or stored any guns
in the garage. Any gun found in the garage would not belong to the owners. The jury
could infer from the testimony of Maria E. and a police officer that a gun in the
photograph defendant texted to Maria E. looked like the gun found in the garage that this
gun was in fact one of the guns in the photograph. The jury could infer from Maria E.’s
testimony that defendant always had guns, she did not know where defendant kept his
guns, and police found a gun in the garage, not the house, that defendant kept his gun in
the garage. The jury, on the other hand, was entitled not to credit defendant’s explanation
that he texted the photo of alcohol and guns to Maria E. by mistake, i.e., that he took a
picture of a friend’s guns that he sent to contact groups, and Maria E. was in one of the

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groups. On cross-examination, defendant conceded that the message was sent only to
Maria E., not a group. Similarly, the jury could infer possession from the gun being
found in a holster that matched the picture on a box in defendant’s trash can. The jury
was entitled to disbelieve defendant’s statement to the police that he found the box in the
front yard.
       The evidence was sufficient to support the jury’s finding that defendant had
constructive possession of the Glock handgun found in the garage.
                                            IV
                                     Cumulative error
       Defendant contends that his conviction should be reversed because cumulative
error denied his right to due process. Since we have rejected his claims of error, save for
a single error that we found to be nonprejudicial, we find no error to accumulate and no
cumulative prejudice to defendant, and therefore reject defendant’s claim that cumulative
error denied him due process. (See People v. Koontz (2002) 27 Cal.4th 1041, 1094.)
                                     DISPOSITION
       The judgment is affirmed.

                                                     /s/
                                                 RAYE, P. J.

We concur:

    /s/
BLEASE, J.

    /s/
KRAUSE, J.

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