Court Opinion

ID: 2898215
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-08 21:09:41.517762+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:35:11.654837
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                            AT KNOXVILLE
                                    May 19, 2015 Session

    STATE OF TENNESSEE v. WALTER FRANCIS FITZPATRICK, III

                  Appeal from the Criminal Court for McMinn County
                    No. 2014-CR-69    Jon Kerry Blackwood, Judge

                No. E2014-01864-CCA-R3-CD – Filed September 8, 2015

The Defendant-Appellant, Walter Francis Fitzpatrick, III, was indicted by the McMinn
County Grand Jury for harassment, aggravated perjury, stalking, and extortion. The trial
court granted the defense‟s motion for judgment of acquittal as to the stalking charge
after the close of the State‟s proof at trial, and it was dismissed. The jury convicted
Fitzpatrick of aggravated perjury and extortion, Class D felonies, but found Fitzpatrick
not guilty of harassment, a Class A misdemeanor. T.C.A. §§ 39-16-703; 39-14-112; 39-
17-308. The trial court sentenced Fitzpatrick to concurrent sentences of three years with
a release eligibility of thirty percent for his aggravated perjury and extortion convictions
and ordered these sentences to be served consecutively to his misdemeanor convictions in
Monroe County for disrupting a meeting and resisting arrest in case number 10-213,
resisting arrest in case number 11-018, and tampering with government records in case
number 12-108.1 On appeal, Fitzpatrick argues: (1) the trial court lacked jurisdiction
over his case because a grand jury member voting to indict him was disqualified by
reason of interest, and (2) the evidence is insufficient to support his convictions. Upon
review, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed

       1
          See State v. Walter Francis Fitzpatrick, III, No. E2013-00456-CCA-R3-CD, 2014 WL
1422981 (Tenn. Crim. App. Apr. 11, 2014), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Oct. 14, 2014) (affirming
Fitzpatrick‟s conviction in case number 12-108 for tampering with government records); State v.
Walter Francis Fitzpatrick, III, No. E2011-00013-CCA-R3-CD (Tenn. Crim. App. Sept. 14,
2011) (order dismissing Fitzpatrick‟s appeal of his convictions for disrupting a meeting and
resisting arrest in case number 10-213 based on his failure to timely file a brief); State v. Walter
Francis Fitzpatrick, III, No. E2011-01628-CCA-R3-CD (Tenn. Crim. App. Apr. 12, 2012) (order
dismissing Fitzpatrick‟s appeal of his conviction for resisting arrest in case number 11-018 based
on his failure to timely file a brief).
CAMILLE R. MCMULLEN, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which THOMAS T.
WOODALL, P.J., and D. KELLY THOMAS, JR., J., joined.

Van R. Irion, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the Defendant-Appellant, Walter Francis
Fitzpatrick, III.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Jeffrey D. Zentner, Assistant
Attorney General; R. Steven Bebb, District Attorney General; and A. Wayne Carter and
Krista R. Oswalt, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the Appellee, State of
Tennessee.

                                       OPINION

       Fitzpatrick, a retired Navy Lieutenant Commander, was charged with harassment,
stalking, aggravated perjury, and extortion. These charges stemmed from Fitzpatrick‟s
interaction with McMinn County Grand Jury foreperson Jeff Cunningham.

       Trial. Jeff Cunningham testified that he served as a foreperson for the McMinn
County Grand Jury from October 2011 to February 2014, for which he was paid $11.00 a
day. He explained that he was officially appointed to serve as the foreperson pursuant to
an order from the McMinn County Criminal Court. Cunningham said that in rare cases a
private individual, who is not accompanied by the district attorney‟s office or law
enforcement, petitions the grand jury to issue a presentment based on evidence that a
person committed a crime. The private individual must complete a sworn affidavit
outlining the evidence of the offense, which is presented to a panel composed of the
grand jury foreperson and two grand jury members. If the panel determines that the
information warrants investigation, then the case is presented to the full grand jury.

       Although Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-12-104 requires the panel to be
composed of the grand jury foreperson and two grand jury members chosen by the
individual petitioning the grand jury, Cunningham stated that he usually asked for
volunteers to sit on the panel to evaluate the individual‟s sworn affidavit. In the event
that no one volunteered, he would ask two grand jurors to hear the petition, a method
consistent with the long-standing practice in McMinn County. He said that occasionally
the entire grand jury would sit on the panel to determine whether the information
warranted investigation. If the petitioner received two votes from the panel, regardless of
the size of the panel, then the case would be heard by the full grand jury, where twelve
votes were required to charge someone with a crime.

       Shortly after being appointed foreperson, Cunningham met Fitzpatrick for the first
time at the courthouse. During their conversation, which was pleasant, Fitzpatrick gave
                                           -2-
him a document he wanted disseminated to all of the grand jurors, and Cunningham later
provided this document to the grand jury. Cunningham encountered Fitzpatrick again on
November 20, 2012, when Fitzpatrick gave him a petition to appear before the grand
jury, which included the following allegations under oath: (1) crimes involving massive
government corruption had been committed by the District Attorney for McMinn County,
judges in McMinn County, and several other individuals; (2) crimes affecting the
integrity of the federal election of President Barack Obama had been committed by the
Tennessee Secretary of State and the Deputy Elections Commissioner as well as by other
individuals in other states; (3) crimes affecting the integrity of McMinn County voting
had been committed by the Tennessee Secretary of State and the Deputy Commissioner
of Elections when they encouraged Tennesseans to vote their absentee ballots twice; (4)
crimes had been committed by the Tennessee Secretary of State and the Commissioner of
Elections by placing the President‟s name (Barack Obama) on the Tennessee ballot
despite “knowing or having reason to know that Obama was not eligible to legally hold
the elected office”; and (5) crimes had been committed regarding interference of the
military vote.

       In the November 2012 petition, Fitzpatrick claimed that he had documents to
support the above allegations, although he provided no evidence or facts of which he had
personal knowledge. Cunningham, in light of his prior interactions with Fitzpatrick,
presented this petition not just to a three-person panel comprised of himself and two other
grand jurors but to a panel composed of the entire grand jury, which determined that
Fitzpatrick had presented insufficient evidence to indict any of the people named in his
petition and that the McMinn County Grand Jury had insufficient jurisdiction over the
alleged offenses. Cunningham and all twelve grand jurors signed the petition denying
Fitzpatrick‟s request to present his evidence to the entire grand jury.

       Cunningham‟s next interaction with Fitzpatrick was on February 19, 2013, when
Fitzpatrick presented another petition under oath with a cover letter challenging
Cunningham‟s capacity to serve as the McMinn County Grand Jury foreperson and
asserting that neither Cunningham nor any attorney or judge was to approach him in the
courthouse because his “business [was] with those citizens of the reconfigured McMinn
County grand jury and with Sheriff Joe Guy.” In the February 2013 petition, Fitzpatrick
alleged that a “self-identified hate group known as FOGBOW” had targeted him as a
dangerous individual. He then made the following false allegations against Cunningham
in the petition: (1) Cunningham was pretending to be the “real” McMinn County,
Tennessee grand jury foreperson because “no judge ha[d] issued an appointing order for
the McMinn County, Tennessee grand jury since 2011”; (2) Cunningham had been
announced as the foreperson to the February 2013 term of the McMinn County Grand
Jury “[a]bsent an appointing order, and in stark violation of Tennessee statute”; (3)
“Cunningham [had] served as an illicit grand jury foreperson throughout the entire
                                           -3-
calendar Year 2012”; (4) “Cunningham ha[d] successfully blocked [Fitzpatrick‟s]
petition to appear before [the McMinn County] grand jury in August and again in
November 2012.”

        Regarding these allegations, Cunningham asserted that he had been properly
appointed as the foreperson, that Fitzpatrick had never appeared before the grand jury
with a petition in August 2012, and that all twelve grand jurors had declined to allow
Fitzpatrick to present his evidence to the full grand jury in November 2012. At the time
of Fitzpatrick‟s February 2013 petition, Cunningham knew that sitting as a grand jury
foreperson pursuant to a valid appointment order was not an indictable offense. He also
knew that none of the allegations in Fitzpatrick‟s February petition were a crime in
McMinn County and that Fitzpatrick had provided no facts to support these bald
allegations. Cunningham said that the February 2013 petition was the first time he had
been named in one of Fitzpatrick‟s petitions. However, there was no question in his mind
that he had been properly appointed as the McMinn County Grand Jury foreperson and
that the criminal court judge had issued an order appointing him as foreperson in October
2011 for a two-year term. During the February 2013 meeting of the McMinn County
Grand Jury, Cunningham asked for two volunteers to sit on the panel with him to
consider Fitzpatrick‟s petition. Because no one volunteered, Cunningham picked two
grand jurors to sit on the panel, and after reviewing the petition, the panel declined to
allow Fitzpatrick to present his case to the full grand jury. Cunningham and the two
grand jurors on the panel signed the petition indicating that they were not allowing
Fitzpatrick to present his case to the entire grand jury.

        Cunningham next saw Fitzpatrick on March 18, 2013, when Fitzpatrick presented
another petition with attachments consisting of articles and blog postings. In it,
Fitzpatrick stated that if a “a JUROR [is] accused of criminal activity, that JUROR loses
their standing as a juror to hear the case wherein their name appears.” Fitzpatrick also
claimed that he remained under a constant threat of death because of his reporting
regarding massive government corruption. He asserted that federal and state law
enforcement officials had likened him to “Timothy McVeigh (the Oklahoma bomber),
and James W. von Brunn (the Holocaust[] Museum shooter and killer), [and] James
Cummings, (a Nazi sympathizer from Maine).” He also asserted he was “quite certain
that [his] name appear[ed] on the state and federal terrorist watch lists.” In this petition,
Fitzpatrick accused a McMinn County Circuit Court judge and his assistant, the District
Attorney for McMinn County, several assistant district attorneys, and numerous other
individuals of encouraging and nurturing these threats against him. In addition,
Fitzpatrick falsely asserted that Cunningham had “tossed out his 35-page report” on
February 23, 2013. Fitzpatrick called for the McMinn County Grand Jury to begin an
independent grand jury investigation regarding his claims of government corruption and
personal threats. Three grand jurors on the panel, not including Cunningham, signed the
                                            -4-
petition indicating that they were not allowing Fitzpatrick to present his case to the entire
grand jury.

       Cunningham‟s next interaction with Fitzpatrick was on December 17, 2013, when
Fitzpatrick appeared outside the office where the December 2013 meeting of the grand
jury was taking place. Fitzpatrick had a package in a double-sealed box that stated,
“Warning! The seal on this document is to be broken only by a lawfully impaneled
„juror‟ and lawfully recognized „juror‟ of the McMinn County grand jury for [t]his
Tuesday, 17 December 2013 term.” Inside the package was a petition and several
attachments, wherein Fitzpatrick called for the arrest of Cunningham, several judges, and
the district attorney. The petition was addressed to a U.S. Attorney for the Eastern
District of Tennessee, a special agent of the FBI in Knoxville, Tennessee, the McMinn
County sheriff, the Athens chief of police, and “a lawfully convened and constructed
McMinn County grand jury.” The petition stated that it “renew[ed] and extend[ed] all of
[Fitzpatrick‟s] previous criminal complaints regarding Tennessee grand juries.”

        Although Fitzpatrick alleged several criminal acts within this petition including
official misconduct and official oppression, he never stated that he suspected a particular
individual of committing a particular crime, and he never provided any evidence of any
crimes. In one section of the petition, Fitzpatrick referenced a September 2013 document
by an Assistant Attorney General and claimed that the document stated that Jeff
Cunningham was not a juror. Cunningham stated that this was a false statement because
he had never been mentioned in the document. The petition also stated that Cunningham
had blocked him from appearing before the grand jury on November 20, 2012, February
19, 2013, and March 19, 2013, which Cunningham asserted was also a false allegation.

        In addition, the petition alleged that on November 20, 2012, Cunningham
informed Fitzpatrick that the McMinn County Grand Jury did not have jurisdiction over
the allegations in his complaint that Cunningham was serving illegally as the grand jury
foreperson. Cunningham said that this was also a false statement because Fitzpatrick
never complained about him being an illegal foreperson in his November 2012 petition.
Fitzpatrick also made the following assertion in his petition: “I‟m advancing this
criminal complaint for the McMinn County grand jury next week, Tuesday, December
17, 2013, I‟m calling for a grand jury presentment, one I expect to find is a properly
convened and operated McMinn County grand jury headed by a foreperson who is
recommended by Tennessee state statutes as a juror.”

      Cunningham said he was unsure whether Fitzpatrick gave him the December 2013
package including his petition or whether someone from the district attorney‟s office
gave it to him. However, Cunningham presented the petition and accompanying
documents to a panel consisting of twelve grand jurors, who all voted to deny
                                            -5-
Fitzpatrick‟s request to present his case to the full grand jury. Twelve grand jurors signed
the petition indicating their denial, although Cunningham did not sign it. Cunningham
stated that he asked all twelve grand jurors to sit on the panel because he believed that
“we couldn‟t please [Fitzpatrick].” He explained how Fitzpatrick‟s attitude toward him
had changed over time:

       I guess the first time [Fitzpatrick brought a petition was] in November of
       2012, and we ha[d] a congenial [conversation] back and forth. And then I
       don‟t know what happened between November 2012 and then February
       [2013]. And [Fitzpatrick] just—he began . . . attacking me and it got
       continually worse every [time]—it seemed to be moving in the wrong
       direction, you might say.

            So I thought it best that everybody be there to hear him [in
       December 2013] instead of a panel of . . . three. And I‟m glad I did.

       Cunningham noted that Fitzpatrick‟s earlier petitions did not name him and that it
was only in Fitzpatrick‟s later petitions, after his request to present his case to the entire
grand jury had been denied, that Fitzpatrick made allegations against him personally. He
said Fitzpatrick‟s December 17, 2013 petition not only asserted that he had been illegally
serving as the grand jury foreperson but also called for his arrest. He considered
Fitzpatrick‟s allegations as a threat and was concerned because Fitzpatrick was
submitting petitions that had statements that never happened in them. Cunningham stated
that he could not understand why Fitzpatrick was falsely accusing him because he had
never asked anyone not to hear his petitions. He was aware that Fitzpatrick had gone
before other grand juries in other jurisdictions, which made him “very apprehensive[.]”

       Cunningham stated that he next saw Fitzpatrick at the January 2014 meeting of the
grand jury. Fitzpatrick appeared with a sealed petition, and Cunningham did not allow
the petition to be reviewed by a panel because Fitzpatrick refused to give the petition to
him. Cunningham acknowledged that he discussed Fitzpatrick during the orientation of
the new grand jurors in January 2014:

              Well, when the grand jury was impaneled, it‟s my recollection
       with—January [2014] was our first meeting. And as part of that meeting
       we always do a sort of an orientation about what kinds of cases that we‟ll
       hear. What kinds of cases that will come forward. What the grand jury can
       expect to hear throughout the year.

             And one of the things that I covered is, one part of the orientation
       was that Mr. Fitzpatrick had appeared on previous attempts at previous
                                            -6-
      times—I don‟t think I said how many, but that we talked about how that
      would be handled in terms of when somebody comes. And I told them that
      Mr. Fitzpatrick had been there before. And that—I‟m not even—that he
      was out there and that I expected him to present a petition that day.

             I had seen him that morning before we began the orientation process.
      And then he wasn‟t discussed again until I went out and checked, and I
      came back in at that point, and I said, Mr. Fitzpatrick has indicated he does
      not wish to deliver his petition to me, but to deliver it straight to the grand
      jury, and I told them that—if he didn‟t want to follow the rules that I was
      adjourning the grand jury for the day. And I did so. I think that‟s when I
      told them.

            And I think you‟ve got a tape where I went back in the grand jury
      room, told them, and came right back out, and that‟s when I said, clear the
      hallway. And I went back in while they cleared the hallway.

             And one lady who was on the panel, I don‟t know what her name is,
      she said, should we be afraid of this man. And I said, I don‟t—I don‟t have
      any—or I don‟t believe he‟s violent or something like that. I don‟t know
      exactly how I responded to that. But it was not that—I didn‟t tell them
      anything that would be bad about Mr. Fitzpatrick.

        Cunningham also informed the McMinn County Grand Jury that Fitzpatrick “had
some issues with the grand jury in Monroe County” and that Fitzpatrick had “attempted
some activity that had disrupted the grand jury there, . . . that he had been charged
previously” and that he believed that Fitzpatrick had been convicted of those charges,
although he did not know what the charges were specifically. Cunningham became
aware of this information about Fitzpatrick after reading the newspaper and after talking
to a circuit court judge. Cunningham said most of the grand jurors in January 2014 who
were informed of this information were the same grand jurors who voted to indict
Fitzpatrick in March 2014 because the grand jury on the odd months was composed of
predominantly the same individuals. Cunningham said that at the time he refused to
allow Fitzpatrick to bypass him in order to present his petition to the grand jury, he was
aware that Fitzpatrick was accusing him of what Fitzpatrick thought was an indictable
offense.

      Cunningham admitted that he asked officers at the January 2014 grand jury
meeting to remove Fitzpatrick from the building. However, he said that the officers
could have refused to remove Fitzpatrick because they did not work for him and merely
provided security for the courthouse. Cunningham was unsure whether Fitzpatrick was
                                           -7-
actually escorted from the courthouse because he immediately returned to the grand jury
room. He recalled one other time when he asked an officer to remove Fitzpatrick from
the hallway, where he was talking to an assistant district attorney.

        Cunningham acknowledged that he had an armed officer with him when he talked
to Fitzpatrick at the February 2014 meeting of the grand jury. On that date, Cunningham
informed Fitzpatrick that he would not be allowed to petition the grand jury because: (1)
he had presented his petition to a panel on four prior occasions; (2) he had not followed
the rules in presenting his petition to Cunningham, the grand jury foreperson; (3) he had
made false statements in his prior petitions; and (4) he was retaliating against
Cunningham because he had been unable to present his petition to the full grand jury.
Cunningham said that in all of Fitzpatrick‟s previous petitions, “there was no [grand]
juror that found [Fitzpatrick] credible” and that Fitzpatrick had failed to provide any
evidence in support of a crime over which the McMinn County Grand Jury had
jurisdiction.

       Cunningham stated that Fitzpatrick filed two petitions for orders of protection
against him. In the first petition, filed February 14, 2014, Fitzpatrick stated that
Cunningham was a county employee blocking him from appearing before the grand jury
to disclose issues of massive government corruption within the McMinn County Grand
Jury. Cunningham said this was a false statement because he never blocked Fitzpatrick
from appearing before the grand jury. Fitzpatrick also asserted that “Joe Guy and Jeff
Cunningham are criminally complicit in blocking my aggressive efforts to register my
reports,” that “both men stand a grave danger to my liberty and to my life,” and that
“Cunningham is as malignant and dangerous as ever in his perversion and willful
obstructions in the court of justice,” all of which Cunningham stated were false
allegations. Fitzpatrick also made the following claim in his petition: “Mr. Cunningham
ordered McMinn County Deputy Sheriff Tim Davis, who was armed, to escort me out of
the McMinn County courthouse under threat of arrest and I resisted.” Cunningham said
this was a false statement because he merely ordered that the room and hallway be
cleared so that the grand jurors could feel safe to leave the courthouse.

        Cunningham stated that if the order of protection had been granted, he could have
lost his job as the president of a publicly traded company because he would have had to
disclose it to the company‟s accountants and possibly to the Security Exchange
Commission. He stated that around the time Fitzpatrick filed the February 2014 petition
for a protective order, Cunningham was forced to explain Fitzpatrick‟s criminal
allegations against him with the regional director of the Office of the Comptroller of the
Currency and the Department of the Treasury.

                                          -8-
        Attached to Fitzpatrick‟s February 2014 petition for an order of protection was a
memorandum of complaint to the Board of Professional Responsibility, which called for
the permanent revocation of Cunningham‟s law license and Cunningham‟s permanent
disbarment based upon Fitzpatrick‟s allegations. Fitzpatrick also attached a document he
intended to send to the McMinn County Grand Jury for the February 2014 term, which
stated that Fitzpatrick had notified the Athens Police Department and various other state
law enforcement agencies Cunningham‟s law license should be revoked. Fitzpatrick
stated in his petition that distribution of these allegations about Cunningham was “wide,”
which Cunningham understood to mean that Fitzpatrick was publishing information
calling for his arrest and his disbarment on the internet. Cunningham asserted that
Fitzpatrick‟s allegations could have affected his ability to earn a living.

       In the second petition for an order of protection against Cunningham, filed on
March 12, 2014, Fitzpatrick marked the box showing that Cunningham had stalked him,
which was one of the choices that did not require a domestic relationship between the
parties in order to receive an order of protection. Cunningham denied ever stalking
Fitzpatrick and said that he had never seen Fitzpatrick anywhere other than the
courthouse. Cunningham stated that, in fact, Fitzpatrick was the one who kept coming to
the courthouse to file petition after petition alleging the same types of unfounded
government corruption. Fitzpatrick also alleged that Cunningham “physically and
verbally assaulted [him] on the morning of Tuesday, 18 February 2014” at the
courthouse. Cunningham stated that this was a false statement because he “neither
physically [n]or verbally assaulted this man.”

       Fitzpatrick also claimed in the petition that Cunningham “approached [him]
uninvited and unsolicited on 18 February, 2014, to communicate his threat of physical
harm,” which he asserted was a “form of stalking.” Cunningham stated that this was also
a false statement. He noted that although he did approach Fitzpatrick that morning prior
to the grand jury meeting, he never approached him to communicate a threat of physical
harm. Instead, he said he told Fitzpatrick he was not coming back to the grand jury and
at some point told Fitzpatrick that “false statements submitted to the grand jury . . .[were]
a crime.”     Fitzpatrick also alleged that “Sergeant George participated in Mr.
Cunningham‟s assault under the color of his badge and while carrying a gun.”
Cunningham stated that he did not know who Sergeant George was. However, when
Cunningham went to speak to Fitzpatrick the morning prior to the March grand jury
meeting, he asked Deputy Tracy Brown, who was providing security for the grand jury,
to accompany him because he was unsure what Fitzpatrick was going to do.
Cunningham then told Fitzpatrick that he would not be presenting any more petitions to
the grand jury because Fitzpatrick had not followed the rules, had submitted false
statements in his petitions, and was retaliating against him, which was against the law.

                                            -9-
Cunningham stated that he never touched Fitzpatrick and merely spoke to him before
returning to the grand jury room.

       Fitzpatrick also claimed in his petition that Cunningham “blocked [him] six times
from appearing before the grand jury to report upon massive government corruption.”
Cunningham asserted that he had never blocked Fitzpatrick from appearing before the
grand jury and that at times the entire grand jury, acting as a panel, had evaluated
Fitzpatrick‟s petitions before denying him the opportunity to present his case in person.
He explained, “[A]t the end of every time that we‟ve heard [Fitzpatrick‟s petitions] as a
twelve[-]person panel, my last words . . . to the panels were, look, if . . . two people want
to hear this man, we‟ll get him in here and hear him,” although none of the grand jurors
ever wanted to hear from him. Fitzpatrick also claimed in this petition that “Mr.
Cunningham‟s threats of physical harm to me are currently reported in writing to the
Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation, and the Internal
Affairs officer(s) within the McMinn County Sheriff‟s Department, and to the Athens
Police Department.”

       Cunningham stated that Fitzpatrick had succeeded in restricting his freedom of
action because he resigned as foreperson at the end of February 2014, even though a
judge had asked him to serve a second term as foreperson. He believed Fitzpatrick had
submitted all of his petitions for the purpose of restricting his freedom of action by
forcing him to resign from his position as the McMinn County Grand Jury foreperson.
Cunningham speculated that “it will all start over now” because Fitzpatrick will make the
same allegations against the next grand jury foreperson.

       Cunningham acknowledged that there was no limit to the number of times that a
person could petition a grand jury. Although Fitzpatrick was accusing him of illegally
serving as the grand jury foreperson and calling it a crime, Cunningham knew that he had
committed no crime and that Fitzpatrick‟s allegations were not an indictable crime.
When asked whether Fitzpatrick believed his repeated claims in his petitions that
Cunningham was acting as an illegal grand jury foreperson, Cunningham stated, “I don‟t
know what he believed. He sure acts like he believes it.” He said he informed
Fitzpatrick that he was not going to present any more petitions to the grand jury because
Fitzpatrick had been given the opportunity to submit petitions, without any supporting
evidence, multiple times in the past and his rights under Tennessee Code Annotated
section 40-12-104 had been met.

       Vickie Vaughn, an employee in the McMinn County Clerk‟s Office, testified that
she saw Fitzpatrick on February 14, 2014, when he sought an order of protection against
Jeff Cunningham. Vaughn affirmed that Fitzpatrick was under oath when he signed his
petition for a protective order. In the section of the February 14, 2014 petition form
                                           - 10 -
asking for the relationship of the parties, Fitzpatrick checked the box for “other” and
wrote the following: “County employee blocking my appearance before the McMinn
County Grand Jury.” He asked that the trial court order that Cunningham was not to have
any contact with him, that Cunningham was to stay away from him, that Cunningham not
be allowed to possess or obtain a firearm, and that Cunningham pay all court costs,
lawyer fees, and taxes associated with this case. The trial court did not find good cause
to grant a temporary order of protection without a hearing and declined to set a hearing
on the petition based on the following: “Does not qualify under the statute requiring
relationship.”

        Gwendolyn Crisman, another employee of the McMinn County Clerk‟s Office,
testified that she encountered Fitzpatrick on March 12, 2014, when he requested a second
petition for an order of protection against Cunningham. Crisman said that after
Fitzpatrick completed this petition for an order of protection, he signed it under oath. In
the section of the March 12, 2014 petition form asking for the relationship of the parties,
Fitzpatrick checked the box for “The Respondent has stalked me.” He also checked the
box for “Weapon involved” and made notation of “law enforcement” and checked the
box for “[Respondent h]as or owns a weapon” and made the notations “probably” and
“personal.” In this petition, he again asked that the trial court order that Cunningham was
not to have any contact with him, that Cunningham was to stay away from him, that
Cunningham not be allowed to possess or obtain a firearm, and that Cunningham pay all
court costs, lawyer fees, and taxes associated with this case. Under the request that
Cunningham not be allowed to have firearms, Fitzpatrick wrote: “[Cunningham] controls
law enforcement officers who are under arms.” The trial court did not find good cause to
grant a temporary order of protection without a hearing and declined to set a hearing on
the petition based on the following: “Petitioner does not state a claim.”

      The trial court made the following stipulation regarding his denial of Fitzpatrick‟s
March 12, 2014 petition for a protective order against Cunningham:

             Ladies and gentlemen that writing . . . on that order [denying the
      March 12, 2014 petition for an order of protection] is my writing. That
      order of protection was submitted to my office in Knoxville. I wrote the
      words on there that—“Does not state a claim.” Because as I looked at the
      petition I did not see that there was a domestic relationship between the two
      parties, and that‟s the reason that I put denied. “Did not state a claim.”
             ...

            The truth or falsity of anything in that petition was not addressed by
      The Court.

                                          - 11 -
                                       ANALYSIS

        I. Trial Court’s Jurisdiction. Fitzpatrick argues that the trial court lacked
jurisdiction over his case because his indictment is void. Specifically, he claims that Kay
Hicks, one of the grand jury members who voted to indict him, was disqualified to vote
because Hicks was an unnamed victim of the charges in the indictment. See Tenn. R.
Crim. P. 6(c)(1)(C) (“No member of the grand jury shall be present during—or take part
in—the consideration of a charge or the deliberation of the other grand jurors, if . . . the
offense was committed against the member‟s person or property[.]”). Fitzpatrick argues
that because the disqualification of Kay Hicks left only eleven grand jury members
voting on the indictment, his indictment is void, leaving the trial court without
jurisdiction over his case. Alternatively, he claims that even if twelve qualified grand
jury members had voted to indict him, Hicks was precluded from taking part in the
consideration of the charges because she was an unnamed victim of the charges in the
indictment. He asserts that because Hicks testified at a pre-trial hearing that she was
“scared” of Fitzpatrick, Hicks‟s presence and participation in the grand jury proceedings
prejudiced him.

       Fitzpatrick asks this court to reverse the trial court‟s denial of his motion to
dismiss all the charges in the indictment. Although Fitzpatrick provides argument
regarding the harassment and stalking charges in his principal brief, he addresses the
extortion charge for the first time in his reply brief. Issues raised for the first time in a
reply brief are waived. See State v. Franklin Sanders, No. 02C01-9305-CR-00102, 1994
WL 413465, at *10 (Tenn. Crim. App. Jackson Aug. 10, 1994) (“The defendant cannot
change issues from his original brief to his reply brief any more than he can change
theories from the trial court to the appellate court.”); Regions Financial Corp. v. Marsh
USA, Inc., 310 S.W.3d 382, 392 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2009) (citing Gentry v. Gentry, No.
E2000-02714-COA-R3-CV, 2001 WL 839714, at *4 n.3 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001) (“[I]t is
not the office of a reply brief to raise issues on appeal.”)); see also Tenn. Ct. Crim. App.
R. 10(b); Tenn. R. App. P. 27(a)(7). Consequently, Fitzpatrick has waived this issue.
Fitzpatrick has also waived this issue by limiting his argument to the harassment and
stalking charges at the time that he requested dismissal of the indictment. See State v.
Alder, 71 S.W.3d 299, 303 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2001) (“It is well-settled that an appellant
is bound by the evidentiary theory set forth at trial, and may not change theories on
appeal.”); State v. Dooley, 29 S.W.3d 542, 549 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000) (same).
Notwithstanding Fitzpatrick‟s waiver of this issue, we conclude Hicks is not an unnamed
victim in the extortion charge.

       The State limits its argument to whether Hicks was an unnamed victim in the
harassment and stalking charges. It asserts that even if Hicks was a victim of these two
counts, the stalking count was dismissed, and Fitzpatrick was acquitted of the harassment
                                           - 12 -
count at trial, which makes his argument moot. The State also urges this court to
conclude that even if the stalking and harassment counts were fatally defective, these
counts would have no effect on the aggravated perjury and extortion counts, which vested
the court with jurisdiction, because it asserts that a defect in one or more of the counts
should not affect the remaining counts of the indictment. Cf. Usary v. State, 112 S.W.2d
7, 8 (Tenn. 1938) (“[S]eparate counts of an indictment are in legal contemplation each
separate indictments[.]”). Without addressing the State‟s arguments, we conclude that
Hicks did not meet the criteria for disqualification for the stalking, harassment, or
extortion counts of the indictment.

        Prior to trial, Fitzpatrick filed the following motions: a motion to dismiss counts
1, 2, and 3 because no set of facts supported convictions on these counts, a motion to
dismiss the indictment for vindictive prosecution, and a motion to dismiss counts 1, 3,
and 4 for violation of constitutionally protected activities. At the pretrial hearing on these
motions to dismiss, Kay Hicks testified that she was a member of the McMinn County
Grand Jury and that she was present at the January 2014 and March 2014 meetings of the
grand jury. She said she voted to indict Fitzpatrick on the charges associated with this
case. Hicks stated that when Cunningham told all of the grand jurors to avoid Fitzpatrick
at the January 2014 meeting, she wondered why she was supposed to stay away from
him. At the conclusion of that meeting, Hicks was escorted by an officer as she exited
the courthouse. At the time, she was aware that Fitzpatrick was the reason an officer was
accompanying her. Hicks knew who Fitzpatrick was because he had spoken to her as she
entered the meeting in January. As she left the courthouse, Hicks saw Fitzpatrick leaning
against her car in the parking lot, which made her feel scared and concerned because she
left her car unlocked. As soon as she got into her car, Hicks locked her car doors.

       Following Hicks‟s testimony, the defense asked for the indictment to be dismissed
for lack of jurisdiction because Hicks had just testified that she “was a victim of the same
harassment that she voted to indict[] Mr. Fitzpatrick for two months later.” The State
responded that based upon the defense‟s argument, any accused person could intimidate a
grand jury and avoid indictment. The defense countered with the following:

       Mr. Fitzpatrick is being charged with harassment and stalking in part
       because of his activity, attempting to petition the Grand Jury, the members
       of whom voted for him [to be indicted]. That is not something that happens
       very often. In fact, it‟s probably never happened before. [The grand jurors
       voting to indict Fitzpatrick] are victims of the crimes for which they voted
       to indict, and I just don‟t see how we can proceed with this indictment,
       Your Honor.

                                            - 13 -
The trial court, noting that the named victim in this case was Jeff Cunningham, denied
the motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction. Following trial, but prior to the sentencing
hearing, Fitzpatrick filed a Motion to Arrest Judgment, arguing in part that the court was
without jurisdiction over his case because several members of the grand jury who voted
to indict him were disqualified to do so.2

       Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 6(c), which outlines the disqualification of
grand jurors by reason of interest, provides:

        (1) Disqualification. No member of the grand jury shall be present during—
        or take part in—the consideration of a charge or the deliberation of the
        other grand jurors, if:

        (A) the member is charged with an indictable offense;
        (B) the member is a prosecutor;
        (C) the offense was committed against the member‟s person or property; or
        (D) the member is related to the person charged or to the victim of the
        alleged crime by blood or marriage within the sixth degree, computed by
        the civil law.

Tenn. R. Crim. P. 6(c). As we will explain, Hicks does not fit within any of the criteria
for disqualification.

       Tennessee courts “have never required grand jurors to be free from previous
opinions as to the guilt or innocence of a defendant.” State v. Robert N. Gann, No. 01-C-
019011CR00294, 1992 WL 75845, at *3 (Tenn. Crim. App. Apr. 16, 1992) (citing State
v. Felts, 418 S.W.2d 772, 774 (Tenn. 1967); State v. Chairs, 68 Tenn. 196, 197 (1877)).
Significantly, a grand jury does not determine the guilt or innocence of an accused;
instead, it serves as an investigatory and accusatory body that determines whether there is
sufficient evidence to justify bringing an accused to trial. Felts, 418 S.W.2d at 774. The
Tennessee Supreme Court has held that bias, prejudice, or possessing outside information
does not disqualify a person from serving as a grand juror:

              “Generally, in the absence of a controlling statutory provision, a
        person is not disqualified or incompetent to serve as a grand juror by reason

        2
          Although the trial court indicated at the sentencing hearing that it would set Fitzpatrick‟s motion
for new trial and the motion to arrest judgment at a later date, no transcript from such a hearing is
included in the record of appeal. However, an order entered on October 22, 2014, shows that the trial
court denied both the motion for new trial and the motion to arrest judgment.
                                                   - 14 -
      of bias or prejudice on his part, by the fact that he has heard or read about
      the case under investigation or has even formed or expressed an opinion as
      to the guilt of the accused, or by his interest in a prosecution other than a
      direct pecuniary interest. The reasons assigned in support of this rule are
      that a grand jury, being an accusatory and not a judicial body, has the right
      and obligation to act on its own information, however acquired; that the
      oath required to be taken by grand jurors contemplates that they may be
      called on to act in the cases of both enemies and friends and requires them
      to inquire diligently into the commission of crimes; and that those who live
      in the vicinity of the place where the crime was committed know better
      than others the character of the parties and of the witnesses and are,
      therefore, particularly proper members of the grand jury. However, there
      seems no authority which goes so far as to hold that this would be true
      where the jurors had determined through malice or bribery to violate their
      oaths.”

Rippy v. State, 550 S.W.2d 636, 642 (Tenn. 1977) (quoting 38 Am. Jur. 2d., Grand Jury §
7); see Felts, 418 S.W.2d at 774. Therefore, “in the absence of a statutory prohibition,
express malice, bribery or other equally reprehensible conduct, there is no legal objection
to a person with bias or prejudice serving as a member of a grand jury.” Id.; see Chairs,
68 Tenn. at 197-98 (holding that the grand jury foreperson, who was the magistrate who
heard the case upon a preliminary examination and who committed the defendants to
answer the charge, was not disqualified to act as a grand juror in the case against the
defendants).

       Here, there was no showing of express malice on the part of Hicks in voting to
indict Fitzpatrick. While Hicks observed Fitzpatrick inside and outside the courthouse,
her observations do not disqualify her from voting to indict Fitzpatrick. Moreover,
although Fitzpatrick argues that Hicks was disqualified pursuant to Rule 6(c) because she
was an unnamed victim in the aforementioned counts, the record makes it clear that the
stalking, harassment, and extortion counts were directed at Fitzpatrick‟s crimes against
Cunningham and Cunningham only.

       The harassment charge in count 1 states that on March 12, 2014, Fitzpatrick “did
unlawfully and intentionally threaten, by telephone, in writing, or by electronic
communication, including but not limited to text messaging, facsimile transmissions,
electronic mail, or Internet services to take action known to be unlawful against Jeff
Cunningham.” The record is devoid of any proof that on March 12, 2014, Fitzpatrick
threatened Hicks “by telephone, in writing, or by electronic communication.” In
addition, the stalking charge in count 3 states that on or between January 2012 and March
12, 2014, Fitzpatrick “did unlawfully and intentionally[] engage in a willful course of
                                          - 15 -
conduct involving repeated or continuing harassment of Jeff Cunningham that would
cause a reasonable person to feel terrorized, frightened, intimidated, threatened, harassed,
or molested, and actually caused Jeff Cunningham to feel terrorized, frightened,
intimidated, threatened, harassed, or molested[.]” Again, there is nothing in the record to
show that Fitzpatrick repeatedly or continually harassed Hicks during this time period.
Finally, the extortion charge in count 4 states that on or between August 21, 2012, and
March 12, 2014, Fitzpatrick “did unlawfully, intentionally, or knowingly use coercion
upon another person, to-wit: Jeff Cunningham, with the intent to restrict unlawfully Jeff
Cunningham‟s freedom of action.”

       We note that the State‟s bill of particulars specifically addressed count 4, asserting
that the State was relying on “actions by [Fitzpatrick] that include, but [are] not limited
to, the actions of Fitzpatrick reflected in his petitions to appear before the McMinn
County, Tennessee Grand Jury, his publications, acts, and allegations that relate to Jeff
Cunningham.” A reasonable interpretation of the indictment and the State‟s bill of
particulars shows that the State intended for count 4 to apply to Fitzpatrick‟s acts against
Jeff Cunningham. Therefore, we conclude that Hicks does not meet the criteria for
disqualification pursuant to Rule 6(c) as to these counts because these offenses were not
committed against Hicks‟s person or property. We also conclude that Hicks was not
precluded from taking part in the consideration of the charge in the event that twelve
other grand jurors voted to indict Fitzpatrick because there was no showing of express
malice. Because the indictment is valid and the trial court had jurisdiction over this case,
Fitzpatrick is not entitled to relief.

        II. Sufficiency of the Evidence. Fitzpatrick also argues that the evidence is
insufficient to sustain his convictions for aggravated perjury and extortion because his
efforts to petition the government for a redress of grievances are not illegal activities that
can be used to support criminal charges. Alternatively, he argues that the evidence is
insufficient to support his extortion conviction because Fitzpatrick did not intend to injure
Cunningham by an unlawful act and that the evidence is insufficient to support his
aggravated perjury conviction because his statements in the March 2014 petition for a
protective order were not material. The State responds that perjury and extortion are not
protected by the constitution, “even when travelling under the guise of petition for
redress,” and that the evidence is sufficient to sustain Fitzpatrick‟s convictions for
aggravated perjury and extortion.

       A. Perjury and Extortion are not Constitutionally Protected Speech. Initially,
Fitzpatrick asserts that his petitions to the grand jury and his petitions for protective
orders were attempts to petition the government for a redress of grievances and,
therefore, were constitutionally protected free speech. He claims that because he filed
these petitions to seek governmental action in removing Cunningham as the grand jury
                                            - 16 -
foreperson, they cannot be used to support criminal charges against him. As to his
extortion conviction, Fitzpatrick argues that he did not unlawfully restrict Cunningham‟s
freedom of action because Cunningham admitted that Fitzpatrick seemed to believe that
Cunningham was improperly appointed as the grand jury foreperson. As to his
conviction for aggravated perjury, Fitzpatrick asserts that the perjury exception to the
First Amendment does not apply because the State failed to establish he had an intent to
deceive based on the information in his filings. See T.C.A. §§ 39-16-702(a)(1) (A person
commits the offense of perjury “who, with intent to deceive . . . [m]akes a false
statement, under oath[.]”); 39-11-106(a)(6)(A)(i) (“„Deception‟ means that a person
knowingly . . . [c]reates or reinforces a false impression by words or conduct, including
false impressions of fact, law, value or intention or other state of mind that the person
does not believe to be true[.]”); Shook & Fletcher Supply Co. v. City of Nashville, 338
S.W.2d 237, 242 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1960) (“As is pointed out in 70 C.J.S. under the title
Perjury § 5, p. 462, it is settled beyond controversy that in order to constitute perjury or
false swearing the false statement must be one of fact, and not of opinion, and an honest
but erroneous expression of opinion is not perjury.”). Finally, Fitzpatrick contends that
even if his petitions are not protected by the First Amendment, the indictment should be
dismissed “to prevent serious chilling of Tennessee citizens‟ willingness to petition their
government or testify in legal proceedings.” Cf. United States v. Pendergraft, 297 F.3d
1198, 1200 (11th Cir. 2002) (reversing attempted extortion and mail-fraud convictions
and vacating conspiracy convictions after concluding that defendants‟ threat to seek
damages in a lawsuit against county and to use false evidence in support of the lawsuit
was neither “wrongful” under the Hobbs Act, which made the interference with
commerce by threats or violence a federal crime, nor a “scheme to defraud” under the
mail-fraud act). We agree with the State that perjury and extortion are classes of speech
not constitutionally protected.

       The Petition Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution
gives private actors the right to petition the government for action. See U.S. Const.
amend. I; VIBO Corp., Inc. v. Conway, 669 F.3d 675, 683 (6th Cir. 2012). The Petition
Clause, which is made applicable to the states by the Fourteenth Amendment, provides
that “Congress shall make no law . . . abridging . . . the right of the people . . . to petition
the Government for a redress of grievances.” U.S. Const. amend. I. Likewise, the
Tennessee Constitution provides “[t]hat the citizens have a right, in a peaceable manner,
to assemble together for their common good, to instruct their representatives, and to
apply to those invested with the powers of government for redress of grievances, or other
proper purposes, by address or remonstrance.” Tenn. Const. art. I, § 23. In addition, the
Tennessee Constitution states, “The free communication of thoughts and opinions, is one
of the invaluable rights of man and every citizen may freely speak, write, and print on
any subject, being responsible for the abuse of that liberty.” Tenn. Const. art. I, § 19.

                                             - 17 -
       “„[T]he right of free speech is not absolute at all times and under all
circumstances.‟” Spence v. State of Washington, 418 U.S. 405, 417 (1974) (quoting
Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, 315 U.S. 568, 571 (1942)). Instead, “[t]he right of free
speech, though precious, remains subject to reasonable accommodation to other valued
interests.” Id. Consequently, the Petition Clause of the First Amendment does not afford
an absolute right to petition. McDonald v. Smith, 472 U.S. 479, 484 (1985) (“[W]e are
not prepared to conclude . . . that the Framers of the First Amendment understood the
right to petition to include an unqualified right to express damaging falsehoods in
exercise of that right.” (footnote omitted)). While the Petition Clause protects legitimate
petitioning, it does not protect sham petitions or petitions containing “intentional and
reckless falsehoods.” Id. (citations omitted).

       Moreover, “speech or writing used as an integral part of conduct in violation of a
valid criminal statute” is not protected by the First Amendment. Giboney v. Empire
Storage and Ice Co., 336 U.S. 490, 498 (1949); see United States v. Barnett, 667 F.2d
835, 842 (9th Cir. 1982) (“The [F]irst [A]mendment does not provide a defense to a
criminal charge simply because the actor uses words to carry out his illegal purpose.”);
United States v. Varani, 435 F.2d 758, 762 (6th Cir. 1970) (“[S]peech is not protected by
the First Amendment when it is the very vehicle of the crime itself.” (citations omitted)).
The United States Supreme Court has consistently recognized that “it does not abridge
the freedom of speech to make a course of conduct illegal, even though the conduct is in
some respect carried out by means of expression.” Smithfield Foods v. United Food and
Commercial Workers Int‟l Union, 585 F. Supp. 2d 789, 803 (E.D. Va. 2008) (citing Cox
v. Louisiana, 379 U.S. 559, 563 (1965); Giboney, 336 U.S. at 502).

        Perjury is not protected by the First Amendment. United States v. Alvarez, 132 S.
Ct. 2537, 2540 (2012) (“As for perjury statutes, perjured statements lack First
Amendment protection not simply because they are false, but because perjury undermines
the function and province of the law and threatens the integrity of judgments.”). Because
laws prohibiting fraud, perjury, and defamation existed at the time when the First
Amendment was adopted, “their constitutionality is now beyond question.” Id. at 2561
(citing Donaldson v. Read Magazine, Inc., 333 U.S. 178, 190 (1948); United States v.
Dunnigan, 507 U.S. 87, 97 (1993); Beauharnais v. Illinois, 343 U.S. 250, 256 (1952)).
The United States Supreme Court has explained why perjury is treated differently from
false statements not spoken under oath:

      Unlike speech in other contexts, testimony under oath has the formality and
      gravity necessary to remind the witness that his or her statements will be
      the basis for official governmental action, action that often affects the rights
      and liberties of others. Sworn testimony is quite distinct from lies not
      spoken under oath and simply intended to puff up oneself.
                                           - 18 -
Id. at 2546.

        Likewise, extortion is not protected by the First Amendment. See R.A.V. v. City
of St. Paul, 505 U.S. 377, 420 (1992) (Stevens, J., concurring) (“Although the First
Amendment broadly protects „speech,‟ it does not protect the right to „fix prices, breach
contracts, make false warranties, place bets with bookies, threaten, [or] extort.‟”); United
States v. Hutson, 843 F.2d 1232, 1235 (9th Cir. 1988) (“It may categorically be stated
that extortionate speech has no more constitutional protection than that uttered by a
robber while ordering his victim to hand over the money, which [has] no protection at
all.”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); United States v. Irving, 509 F.2d
1325, 1331 n.5 (5th Cir. 1975) (“[T]hreats are properly punished every day under statutes
prohibiting extortion, blackmail and assault without consideration of First Amendment
issues.”); United States v. Boyd, 231 Fed. App‟x 314, 316 (5th Cir. 2007) (“The First
Amendment does not protect extortion.”); Smithfield Foods, 585 F. Supp. 2d at 806
(“[T]he law seems quite settled that the First Amendment provides no refuge for
extortion.”).

       Although Fitzpatrick claims that his petitions were constitutionally protected free
speech because they were attempts to petition the government for a redress of grievances,
the proof at trial established that Fitzpatrick used these petitions as a vehicle to commit
the crimes in this case. It is no defense that he used words to carry out the aggravated
perjury and extortion offenses in this case. Consequently, we conclude Fitzpatrick‟s
petitions are not constitutionally protected speech.

       Lastly, Fitzpatrick argues that this court should dismiss his indictment to prevent
serious chilling of the right to petition the government. However, we reject this argument
because the Constitution does not protect knowingly false statements or false statements
made with reckless disregard for the truth, see Garrison v. Louisiana, 379 U.S. 64, 75
(1964); New York Times v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 279-80 (1964), or threats, see
R.A.V., 505 U.S. at 420; Hutson, 843 F.2d at 1235. The aggravated perjury statute at
issue in this case serves the legitimate goal of discouraging knowingly false statements
and improving the reliability of important statements made under oath in a court
proceeding. See T.C.A. § 39-16-703(a); Gates v. City of Dallas, 729 F.2d 343, 347 (5th
Cir. 1984). In addition, the extortion statute serves the worthy goal of precluding threats
made with the intent to obtain an advantage, to obtain services or property, or to restrict
unlawfully another‟s freedom of action. See T.C.A. § 39-14-112(a), Sentencing Comm‟n
Cmts. Neither the extortion statute nor the aggravated perjury statute in any way chill a
citizen‟s right to petition the government regarding legitimate grievances.

                                           - 19 -
       B. Sufficiency of the Evidence. Fitzpatrick also argues that the evidence is
insufficient to support his convictions for extortion and aggravated perjury. We agree
with the State that the evidence is sufficient to sustain these convictions.

       “Because a verdict of guilt removes the presumption of innocence and raises a
presumption of guilt, the criminal defendant bears the burden on appeal of showing that
the evidence was legally insufficient to sustain a guilty verdict.” State v. Hanson, 279
S.W.3d 265, 275 (Tenn. 2009). When considering the sufficiency of the evidence on
appeal, the State is entitled to the strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all
reasonable inferences which may be drawn from that evidence. State v. Davis, 354
S.W.3d 718, 729 (Tenn. 2011) (citing State v. Majors, 318 S.W.3d 850, 857 (Tenn.
2010)). When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, the standard of
review applied by this court is “whether, after reviewing the evidence in the light most
favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential
elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307,
319 (1979). Similarly, Rule 13(e) of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure states,
“Findings of guilt in criminal actions whether by the trial court or jury shall be set aside if
the evidence is insufficient to support the finding by the trier of fact of guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt.”

       Guilt may be found beyond a reasonable doubt where there is direct evidence,
circumstantial evidence, or a combination of the two. State v. Matthews, 805 S.W.2d
776, 779 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990) (citing State v. Brown, 551 S.W.2d 329, 331 (Tenn.
1977); Farmer v. State, 343 S.W.2d 895, 897 (Tenn. 1961)). The standard of review for
sufficiency of the evidence “„is the same whether the conviction is based upon direct or
circumstantial evidence.‟” State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011) (quoting
Hanson, 279 S.W.3d at 275). The jury as the trier of fact must evaluate the credibility of
the witnesses, determine the weight given to witnesses‟ testimony, and reconcile all
conflicts in the evidence. State v. Campbell, 245 S.W.3d 331, 335 (Tenn. 2008) (citing
Byrge v. State, 575 S.W.2d 292, 295 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1978)). Moreover, the jury
determines the weight to be given to circumstantial evidence and the inferences to be
drawn from this evidence, and the extent to which the circumstances are consistent with
guilt and inconsistent with innocence are questions primarily for the jury. Dorantes, 331
S.W.3d at 379 (citing State v. Rice, 184 S.W.3d 646, 662 (Tenn. 2006)). When
considering the sufficiency of the evidence, this court shall not reweigh the evidence or
substitute its inferences for those drawn by the trier of fact. Id.

       1. Evidence Sufficient to Sustain Aggravated Perjury Conviction. Fitzpatrick
argues that the evidence is insufficient to sustain his conviction for aggravated perjury.
He claims the State failed to establish that he made the statements in the March 12, 2014
petition for a protective order with intent to deceive. Noting the trial court‟s stipulation
                                            - 20 -
that it did not consider the truth or falsity of the allegations in the petition because
Fitzpatrick and Cunningham did not have a domestic relationship, he also argues that
none of his statements were material. We conclude the proof is sufficient to sustain
Fitzpatrick‟s conviction for aggravated perjury.

        As relevant here, one commits the offense of aggravated perjury if, with the intent
to deceive, the person makes a false statement under oath during or in connection with an
official proceeding, and the false statement is material. Id. §§ 39-16-703(a), -702(a)(1).
“Official proceeding” is defined as “any type of administrative, executive, judicial, or
legislative proceeding that is conducted before a public servant authorized by law to take
statements under oath in that proceeding.” Id. § 39-16-701(3). A statement is “material”
if “irrespective of its admissibility under the rules of evidence, [it] could have affected
the course or outcome of the official proceeding.” Id. § 39-16-701(1); see State v.
Donald Keel, No. W2003-00638-CCA-R3-CD, 2004 WL 1196104, at *3 (Tenn. Crim.
App. May 28, 2004) (stating that “a false statement is material if it is collaterally,
remotely, or circumstantially material, or if it has a legitimate tendency to prove or
disprove some fact that is material, irrespective of the main fact in issue”).

       The evidence, when viewed in a light most favorable to the State, is sufficient to
sustain Fitzpatrick‟s conviction for aggravated perjury. The proof established that on
March 12, 2014, Fitzpatrick filed a petition for protective order against Cunningham
under oath. In his petition, Fitzpatrick made the following accusations: (1) Cunningham
stalked him, (2) Cunningham physically and verbally assaulted him on February 18,
2014, and (3) Cunningham, who was serving as an illegitimate grand juror, “blocked”
him six times from appearing before the grand jury to report on government corruption.
The proof showed that all of these accusations were false.

       Although Fitzpatrick claims that he did not make these false statements with intent
to deceive, the jury resolved this issue against him based on its guilty verdict, and we
shall not reweigh this evidence. Moreover, we conclude that Fitzpatrick‟s allegations in
the March 12, 2014 petition were material because they could have affected the course or
outcome of the official proceeding in which he sought the protective order. Fitzpatrick
claims that his statements did not affect the outcome of the proceeding because the trial
court failed to consider these allegations and denied the application on the basis that there
was no domestic relationship between Fitzpatrick and Cunningham. However, any
stalking victim, which is what Fitzpatrick claimed to be on this particular application,
may apply for a protective order, regardless of whether there is a domestic relationship.
See T.C.A. §§ 36-3-602(a) (“Any domestic abuse victim, stalking victim or sexual assault
victim who has been subjected to, threatened with, or placed in fear of, domestic abuse,
stalking, or sexual assault, may seek relief under this part by filing a sworn petition
alleging domestic abuse, stalking, or sexual assault by the respondent.”); 36-3-601(11)
                                           - 21 -
(“„Stalking victim‟ means any person, regardless of the relationship with the perpetrator,
who has been subjected to, threatened with, or placed in fear of the offense of stalking, as
defined in § 39-17-315[.]”). The standard for materiality is whether the statements could
have affected the course or outcome of the official proceeding, and the record shows
Fitzpatrick‟s false accusations could have influenced the course or outcome of the
proceeding had the trial court properly considered and believed them. Therefore, we
conclude the evidence is sufficient to support Fitzpatrick‟s conviction for aggravated
perjury.

       2. Evidence Sufficient to Sustain Extortion Conviction. Without regard to the
elements of extortion under Tennessee law, Fitzpatrick argues that the evidence is
insufficient to sustain his conviction because there was no proof he communicated an
intent to injure Cunningham by some unlawful act. He asserts that filing a petition to
have Cunningham, an illegally appointed government official, removed from office is not
an unlawful act. In addition, citing Cunningham‟s testimony that Fitzpatrick seemed to
believe his assertions about Cunningham‟s illegal appointment, he claims that no rational
jury could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that he knew his assertions against
Cunningham were false. Because the evidence is sufficient to sustain Fitzpatrick‟s
extortion conviction, he is not entitled to relief.

        As relevant in this case, “a person commits extortion who uses coercion upon
another person with the intent to . . . [r]estrict unlawfully another‟s freedom of action[.]”
T.C.A. § 39-14-112(a). “Coercion” is defined as “a threat, however communicated, to
. . . [w]rongfully accuse any person of any offense; . . . [e]xpose any person to hatred,
contempt or ridicule; . . . [h]arm the credit or business repute of any person; or . . . [t]ake
or withhold action as a public servant or cause a public servant to take or withhold
action[.]” Id. § 39-11-106(a)(3).

       The proof at trial established that after Fitzpatrick unsuccessfully presented a
petition through Cunningham to the McMinn County Grand jury, he filed successive
petitions, each with increasing vigor against Cunningham, alleging the following: (1)
Cunningham was illegally serving as grand jury foreperson; (2) Cunningham had blocked
his appearance before the McMinn County Grand Jury; (3) Cunningham had stalked him:
(4) Cunningham should be arrested, and (5) Cunningham should be disbarred. We
construe Fitzpatrick‟s pattern of presenting these petitions, and his indications that more
allegations would be forthcoming in the future, as a threat to wrongfully accuse
Cunningham of an offense. Moreover, Fitzpatrick, through these serial petitions,
threatened to expose Cunningham to hatred, contempt, or ridicule and to harm
Cunningham‟s business repute. Cunningham testified that friends, acquaintances, and
business associates had contacted him to inquire about Fitzpatrick‟s unsubstantiated

                                            - 22 -
claims. He also testified that Fitzpatrick allegations, had they been believed, could have
caused him to lose his job, his law license, and his right to possess a firearm.

       In conclusion, Fitzpatrick threatened to make Cunningham, a public servant acting
as the McMinn County Grand Jury foreperson, take or withhold action by bombarding
him with petitions containing false allegations until Cunningham either resigned as grand
jury foreperson or persuaded the grand jury panel to allow Fitzpatrick to present his
petitions before the full grand jury. The evidence presented at trial shows that Fitzpatrick
used these threats with the intent to restrict Cunningham‟s freedom of action by
preventing him from exercising his discretion as the McMinn County Grand Jury
foreperson. Although Fitzpatrick argues that his petitions were merely a redress for
grievances, we conclude that these petitions, which included escalating allegations
against Cunningham, constituted threats for the purposes of the extortion statute.
Accordingly, we conclude that a rational jury could have found that Fitzpatrick
committed the offense of extortion. The judgments of the trial court are affirmed.

                                                    _________________________________
                                                    CAMILLE R. MCMULLEN, JUDGE

                                           - 23 -