Court Opinion

ID: 6695217
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-20 21:48:11.79424+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:01:12.878855
License: Public Domain

Clark:, O. J.,
concurring: The constitutional limitation upon taxation is 66% cents on the $100 for State and county purposes. Its application has often been thus summarized by this Court:
(a) Eor necessary expenses the county commissioners may levy up to the constitutional limitation without a vote of the people or legislative permission. •
(b) Eor necessary expenses the county commissioners may exceed the constitutional limitation by special legislative authority without a vote of the people. Cons., Art. Y, sec. 6.
(c) Eor other purposes than necessary expenses a tax cannot be levied either within or in excess of the constitutional limitation except by a vote of the people under special legislative authority. Cons., Art. VII, sec. 1.
The above summary is to be found in Tate v. Commissioners, 122 N. C., 815 ; Herring v. Dixon, ib., 424; Smoothers v. Commissioners, 125 N. C., 488; Cotton Mills v. Waxhaw, 130 N. C., 298.
As to the aquation of taxation: The Constitution, Art. Y, sec. 1, provides that the General Assembly shall levy a capitation tax on every male inhabitant over twenty-one and under fifty years of age “which shall be equal to the tax on property valued at $300 in cash,” but couples it immediately with this *252restriction, in the same section: “The State and county capitation tax combined shall never exceed $2 on the head.” Section 2 provides that the State and county capitation tax shall he applied to education and the poor — not more than one-fourth thereof to the latter.
Section 6 of the same article of the Constitution provides that'county taxes “shall be levied in like-manner with the State taxes, and shall never exceed double the State tax,” ■with the exception, “except for a special purpose and with the special approval of the General Assembly.” But for the use of the words "in like manner ” no one could contend that the equation applied to county taxes at all, or, indeed, that the counties, are required to levy a poll tax under any circumstances to any amount. As those words refer us back to section 1 of Article V, so the exception applies both to “in like manner” (the equation) and to exceeding “double the State tax”; i. e., when taxes are levied “for a special purpose and with the special approval of the General Assembly,” both the equation and the prohibition upon the county to exceed double the State tax are to be disregarded. That the equation does not apply when the constitutional limitation is exceeded by legislative authority, the very point now presented, was discussed and was clearly held by Merrimon, C. in Jones v. Commissioners, 107 N. C., 248, and it is cited for that ruling, 21 A. & E. Enc. (2 Ed.), 634.
The language of the Constitution, “The State and county capitation shall never exceed $2 on the head,” is imperative .and uncompromising. There is no exception to this any-■j where. The people so understood it when they adopted the : constitutional amendment in 1900 requiring the payment of l poll tax as a requisite to suffrage.
The poll tax has never been favored by economists. Judge Cooley (Taxation, 28) says: “They are not a common resort in modern times, and only in a few cases could they be either just or politic.” The universal poll tax laid under the later *253Roman Empire is said by ITume to bave been one of the chief causes of its decay and final overthrow. Wells Taxation, 331. A poll tax was first levied in England in 1377 and Avas the cause of the famous Rebellion of Wat Tyler in 1381. After-wards it Avas made a graduated tax, graded according to the amount of property and rank of each person, and bachelors and widowers being specially taxed. Rut even as a graduated tax the poll tax was last enacted in England in 1689 and Avas finally repealed in 1698, more, than two centuries ago, and “henceforth this form of tax passed into the list of taxes tried and never again to be imposed in England. What minister,” said Henry Eox, in 1748, “would presume again to suggest the hated hearth money of the Stuarts or the poll taxes of the reign of William III. ?”
In this country there is, as in England, no poll tax levied . by the State in Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Illinois, Iowa, I Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michi-I gan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, } Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Vermont, Wyo- J ming and Utah — twenty-two States — though in some of these [ there is a small poll tax laid by local authorities in aid of* schools or roads.
In Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Georgia, Indiana, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas, Virginia and West Virginia the poll tax is by the Constitution appropriated to the public schools, and in most of them it does not exceed $1.
In all our neighbor States, Georgia, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia and West Virginia, the poll tax is limited by the Constitution to $1, as is also the case in Arkansas and Colorado..
Without going further into the details as to the other States, none of them present the condition of many of our towns, in some of which the State, county and municipal poll tax combined have reached the oppressive figure of $6, $7 and even $8. This is criticised by Hollander on State Taxation, 104, *254wbo points out that in this State, in wbicb 00 per cent, of tbe taxes are paid bj persons owning less than $500, the result is that the small taxpayer, if he pays a poll tax also, pays nearly double the rate of the larger taxpayers.
Up to about 1850 the poll tax raised about half the State taxes in North Carolina. In 1821, for instance, when the entire taxes collected for our simple State government of that day were less than $60,000, more revenue was raised from polls than from property, the tax on lands and town lots yielding $25,948.41, while the poll tax brought in $27,948.41. The poll tax was largely paid on slaves, which property paid no other tax. In those times there were no insane asylums, public schools, schools for deaf and dumb and blind, nor interest on public debt, and other matters now requiring public expenditures. When the insane asylum was established a part of the. poll tax was appropriated to that purpose.
With the development of the State and the increased demand for revenue to defray the cost of schools, public institutions and the like, it was seen that the taxation on polls might become excessive. The history of taxation in this State, the fact that a large part of the State revenues had been previously raised by the poll tax, the growing necessity for still greater revenues, which might make the poll tax oppressive unless restricted, the abandonment altogether of any poll tax in England and in many of our sister States and its restriction in others — all these combine to show why it was that the Convention of 1868 provided that “The State and county capitation tax combined shall never exceed $2 on the head.” Never — that is to say, “under no circumstances and at no time” shall it exceed that sum.
This does not in any wise affect the holders of bonds issued under acts providing for a poll tax in equation with the property tax, for they took the bonds with a notice in the Constitution (Art. V, sec. 2) : “The proceeds of the State and county capitation tax shall be applied to the purposes of education *255and the suppoi't of the poor.” If, therefore, the poll tax were collected under those acts, the proceeds would go to those purposes only, and if eliminated (where above $2) there is no diminution of the fund applicable to payment of the principal or interest of the bonds.
It is peculiarly inappropriate for the plaintiff to institute this action to compel the payment of a head tax in excess of the $2 per head by the citizens of Buncombe, seeing that, as appears by the record in this case, the taxes collected out of the property in that county to pay the interest on the bonds practically donated to aid in building the railroad owned by the plaintiff amount to about as much as the entire taxes paid by the plaintiff, thus making all the great property of the plaintiff in that county a noncontributor to the expenses of government and the cost of protecting and safeguarding its property.