Court Opinion

ID: 6340995
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-05-16 13:11:25.268198+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:19:50.745330
License: Public Domain

Opinion issued May 12, 2022

                                       In The

                               Court of Appeals
                                      For The

                          First District of Texas
                            ————————————
                               NO. 01-18-01014-CR
                            ———————————
                 EX PARTE CAMERON MICHAEL MOON

                   On Appeal from the 182nd District Court
                            Harris County, Texas
                       Trial Court Case No. 1467534A

                       OPINION ON REHEARING1

1
     We issued our original opinion and judgment in this appeal on February 20, 2020.
     Appellant Cameron Michael Moon subsequently filed a motion for rehearing and a
     motion for rehearing en banc. We grant Appellant’s motion for rehearing, withdraw
     our February 20, 2020 opinion and judgment, and issue this opinion and judgment
     in their place. We deny Appellant’s motion for rehearing en banc as moot. In
     re Wagner, 560 S.W.3d 311, 312 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2018, orig.
     proceeding [mand. denied]) (“Because we issue a new opinion in connection with
     the denial of rehearing, the motion for en banc reconsideration is rendered moot.”).
      A juvenile court waived jurisdiction over 16-year-old Cameron Michael

Moon (“Moon”) and certified him to stand trial as an adult in criminal district court

for the charged offense of murder. After a jury convicted him and assessed his

punishment at 30 years’ imprisonment in criminal district court, Moon appealed.

This Court held the juvenile court abused its discretion in waiving jurisdiction over

Moon, vacated the criminal district court’s judgment, and dismissed the case. See

Moon v. State, 410 S.W.3d 366, 378 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013), aff’d,

451 S.W.3d 28 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014). On the State’s petition for discretionary

review, the Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed this Court’s judgment. See Moon v.

State, 451 S.W.3d 28, 52 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014).

      On remand, the juvenile court again waived jurisdiction over Moon, who was

then over the age of 18, and recertified him to stand trial as an adult in criminal

district court for the same charged offense of murder. Moon filed a motion to

dismiss and an application for a pretrial writ of habeas corpus with the criminal

district court, both of which the district court denied.

      Moon now appeals the district court’s denial of his pretrial writ of habeas

corpus. In eight points of error, he contends (1) the State presented legally and

factually insufficient evidence to prove the elements required under Section 54.02(j)

of the Texas Family Code (“Family Code”) for waiver of juvenile jurisdiction; (2)

the juvenile court’s findings under Section 54.02(j) of the Family Code were

                                           2
insufficient to allow it to waive jurisdiction; (3) the criminal district court had

jurisdiction when it originally adjudicated Moon on the charged offense of murder;

(4) the State introduced legally and factually insufficient evidence, and did not

obtain the necessary findings, to establish that reversal of the original transfer order

made it impracticable for the State to proceed in juvenile court before Moon turned

18; (5) the State introduced legally and factually insufficient evidence, and did not

obtain the necessary findings, to establish that it exercised due diligence; (6)

application of Section 54.02(j) of the Family Code to recertify Moon deprived him

of the process to which he was originally due under Sections 54.02(a), (d), and (f)

of the Family Code in violation of the United States and Texas Constitutions; (7)

application of the standards for certification under Section 54.02(j) of the Family

Code violated the ex post facto doctrine; and (8) the recertification of Moon under

Section 54.02(j) of the Family Code violated the Equal Protection clause and the

prohibition against double jeopardy.

      Because we conclude there was an adjudication or an adjudication hearing

concerning the alleged offense, the juvenile court erred in transferring Moon’s case

to criminal district court. We reverse the criminal district court’s order denying

Moon’s application for a pretrial writ of habeas corpus and we remand this matter to

the criminal district court with instructions to enter an order granting Moon’s writ of

habeas corpus and dismissing the case for lack of jurisdiction.

                                           3
                                      Background

A.    Original Certification Under Sections 54.02(a) and (f)2

      Moon was arrested when he was 16 years old and detained in the Harris

County Juvenile Justice Center starting on July 20, 2008. On November 19, 2008,

the State filed a petition in the 313th Juvenile Court alleging that Moon engaged in

delinquent conduct by committing murder. On the same date, the State filed a

motion under Sections 54.02(a) and (f) of the Family Code, asking the juvenile court

to waive its exclusive original jurisdiction over Moon and transfer him to criminal

district court to be tried as an adult. The State alleged that given the seriousness of

the offense alleged, the welfare of the community required waiver of the juvenile

court’s jurisdiction.

      The juvenile court granted the State’s request for a hearing on its motion for

waiver of jurisdiction. At the conclusion of the hearing, the juvenile court granted

the State’s motion for waiver of jurisdiction. The next day, on December 18, 2008,

the juvenile court signed and entered an “Order to Waive Jurisdiction” transferring

Moon’s case to the 178th District Court for Moon to be tried as an adult (“Original

Transfer Order”). The order stated the juvenile court had determined “that there is

2
      A detailed recitation of the factual and procedural background of this case through
      Moon’s original certification and subsequent conviction in the criminal district court
      can be found in the opinions of this Court and the Court of Criminal Appeals. See
      Moon v. State, 410 S.W.3d 366 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013), aff’d, 451
      S.W.3d 28 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014).
                                            4
probable cause to believe that the child committed the OFFENSE alleged and that

because of the seriousness of the OFFENSE, the welfare of the community requires

criminal proceeding.” The order further stated that “[i]n making that determination,

the Court considered among other matters:

      1. Whether the alleged OFFENSE WAS against person or property,
         with the greater weight in favor of waiver given to offenses against
         the person;

      2. The sophistication and maturity of the child;

      3. The record and previous history of the child; and

      4. The prospects of adequate protection of the public and the likelihood
         of reasonable rehabilitation of the child by use of procedures,
         services and facilities currently available to the Juvenile Court.

      The juvenile court also found that (1) Moon “is of sufficient sophistication

and maturity to have intelligently, knowingly and voluntarily waived all

constitutional rights heretofore waived[,] . . . to have aided in the preparation of HIS

defense and to be responsible for HIS conduct;” (2) the offense alleged “WAS

against the person of another;” and (3) “there is little, if any, prospect of adequate

protection of the public and likelihood of reasonable rehabilitation of” Moon “by

use of procedures, services, and facilities currently available to the Juvenile Court.”

      Following transfer of Moon’s case to criminal district court, Moon stood trial

for the first-degree felony charge of murder. In 2010, a jury convicted Moon and

assessed his punishment at 30 years’ imprisonment. Moon appealed arguing the

                                           5
juvenile court had abused its discretion in waiving its jurisdiction and certifying him

to stand trial as an adult.3

B.     Moon’s Original Appeal (“Moon I”)

       On direct appeal, when Moon was 21 years old, this Court found the evidence

insufficient to support the juvenile court’s findings under Sections 54.02(a) and (f)

of the Family Code related to Moon’s sophistication and maturity, the prospect of

adequate protection of the public, and the likelihood of Moon’s rehabilitation, and

that only one factor—whether the offense was against person or property—weighed

in favor of Moon’s certification as an adult. See Moon v. State, 410 S.W.3d 366,

378 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013), aff’d, 451 S.W.3d 28 (Tex. Crim. App.

2014) (“Moon I”). We held the juvenile court abused its discretion in waiving its

jurisdiction over Moon, certifying him for trial as an adult, and transferring his case

to criminal district court. Id. We held the criminal district court lacked jurisdiction

3
       At the time the juvenile court entered the Original Transfer Order, direct appeals
       from transfer orders were not permitted. In 1995, the Legislature amended the
       Juvenile Justice Code to strike a provision that previously permitted interlocutory
       appeals from transfer orders as civil matters. Effective January 1, 1996, transfer
       orders could be appealed only in conjunction with the appeal of a conviction of the
       offense for which the juvenile was certified. See Moon, 451 S.W.3d at 39–40
       (explaining that due to legislative amendments in 1995, effective January 1, 1996,
       “an alleged juvenile offender [could] no longer immediately appeal from the
       juvenile court’s waiver of jurisdiction; instead, he must wait until such time as he
       may be convicted in an adult criminal court to complain, on appeal, of some error
       in the juvenile court’s transfer ruling”).
                                            6
over the case. Id. We vacated the criminal district court’s judgment and dismissed

the case, noting “[t]he case remains pending in the juvenile court.” Id.

      On the State’s petition for discretionary review, the Court of Criminal Appeals

affirmed this Court’s judgment, holding the juvenile court, in an order waiving its

original jurisdiction, must both state the reasons for waiving its jurisdiction and

expressly set out the findings of fact that support those reasons. See Moon v. State,

451 S.W.3d 28, 50 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014). It stated that a failure to do so may

result in a finding that there is insufficient evidence to support the juvenile court’s

waiver of jurisdiction. See id. at 51–52. The Court of Criminal Appeals found that

the only reason specifically set out in the Original Transfer Order justifying the

juvenile court’s waiver of jurisdiction was that the offense Moon was alleged to have

committed was a serious one, and that the only fact specified in support of such a

finding was that the charged offense was an offense against the person of another.

See id. at 50. The Court of Criminal Appeals held that “a waiver of juvenile

jurisdiction based on this particular reason, fortified only by this fact, constitutes an

abuse of discretion.” Id.

      In a footnote, the Court of Criminal Appeals noted that neither party had

challenged this Court’s statement that the case remained “pending in the juvenile

court.” Id. at 52 n.90. Although it left the question “[p]ending for what?” to the

juvenile court, the Court of Criminal Appeals noted that “at least one legislatively

                                           7
provided alternative would seem to be for the juvenile court to conduct a new

transfer hearing and enter another order transferring the appellant to the jurisdiction

of the criminal court, assuming that the State can satisfy the criteria under Section

54.02(j) of the Juvenile Justice Code.” Id. As to the juvenile court’s authority to

cure a deficient transfer order, the Court explained:

       The juvenile court has either validly waived its exclusive jurisdiction,
       thereby conferring jurisdiction on the criminal courts, or it has not. We
       cannot order the court of appeals to remand the cause to the juvenile
       court unless and until we affirm its judgment that the juvenile court’s
       transfer order was invalid and that the criminal courts therefore never
       acquired jurisdiction. Unless and until the transfer order is declared
       invalid, the criminal courts retain jurisdiction, and the juvenile court
       lacks jurisdiction to retroactively supply critical findings of fact to
       establish whether or not it has validly waived its jurisdiction.

Id.

C.     Recertification Under Section 54.02(j) (“Moon II”)

       Upon remand to the juvenile court, the State filed a second motion to waive

jurisdiction, requesting that the juvenile court waive its jurisdiction and certify Moon

as an adult, this time pursuant to Section 54.02(j) of the Family Code, which applies

to those who are 18 or older at the time of the certification hearing. Moon opposed

the certification and sought dismissal of the proceeding. He filed a response to the

State’s motion to waive jurisdiction and brief in support, as well as a brief in support

of his motion to dismiss the juvenile proceeding and opposition to the State’s motion

to certify.

                                           8
      The juvenile court held a hearing on the State’s motion to waive jurisdiction.

Moon argued the State could not prove the mandatory elements of Section 54.02(j)

of the Family Code. He also argued that Section 54.02(j) violated his constitutional

rights to due process and equal protection of the law, as well as the prohibition

against double jeopardy. Following the hearing, the juvenile court granted the

State’s motion, recertified Moon to be tried as an adult, and denied Moon’s motion

to dismiss. The juvenile court signed an “Order to Waive Jurisdiction” transferring

Moon’s case to criminal district court on May 7, 2015 (“Second Transfer Order”).4

      In its Second Transfer Order, the juvenile court found that:

      (1)   Moon is 18 years of age or older;

      (2)   Moon was 10 years of age or older and under 17 years of age at
            the time he is alleged to have committed an offense under Penal
            Code section 19.02;

      (3)   no adjudication concerning the offense has been made and no
            adjudication hearing concerning the offense has been conducted;

      (4)   by a preponderance of the evidence after due diligence of the
            State it was not practicable to proceed in juvenile court before
            Moon’s 18th birthday because a previous transfer order was
            reversed by an appellate court; and

      (5)   there is probable cause to believe that Moon committed the
            offense alleged.

4
      Moon filed a petition for writ of mandamus challenging his recertification on
      sufficiency and constitutional grounds. This Court denied his petition for
      mandamus.

                                         9
The Second Transfer Order incorporated the State’s proposed Findings of Fact and

Conclusions of Law which “specifically state the reasons for this waiver and

decision to transfer the matter to criminal district court and are likewise certified by

this Court.” The juvenile court made the following Finding of Fact:

      [Finding of Fact] 44. No adjudication concerning the offense has
      occurred in the 313th District Court or any other juvenile court, and the
      Harris County Juvenile Court retained exclusive, original jurisdiction
      throughout the pendency of this case. See Moon, 451 S.W.3d at 31–32,
      51, n.90; see also Moon, 410 S.W.3d at 378 (“Because the juvenile
      court abused its discretion in waiving its jurisdiction over Moon and
      certifying him for trial as an adult, the district court lacked jurisdiction
      over the case. The Court of Appeals for the First Judicial District
      therefore vacate[d] the district court’s judgment and dismiss[ed] the
      case. The case remains pending in the juvenile court.”).

The juvenile court also made the following Conclusion of Law:

      [Conclusion of Law] 4. Because the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals
      determined that original, exclusive jurisdiction remained in the 313th
      District Court rather than properly transferring to the 178th District
      Court, no adjudication concerning this offense has been made and no
      adjudication hearing concerning the offense has been conducted. See
      Moon, 451 S.W.3d at 31–32, 51, n.90; see also Moon, 410 S.W.3d at
      378 (“Because the juvenile court abused its discretion in waiving its
      jurisdiction over Moon and certifying him for trial as an adult, the
      district court lacked jurisdiction over the case. The Court of Appeals
      for the First Judicial District therefore vacate[d] the district court’s
      judgment and dismiss[ed] the case. The case remains pending in the
      juvenile court.”); see TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 54.02(j)(3) (West Supp.
      2014).

      In September 2015, a grand jury indicted Moon for murder. In June 2018,

Moon filed an application for a pretrial writ of habeas corpus and challenge to the

constitutionality of Texas Code of Criminal Procedure Article 44.47 and Family
                                          10
Code Section 54.02(j). Following a hearing, the criminal district court entered an

order denying Moon’s pretrial writ of habeas corpus and adopting the State’s

proposed Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law. Moon timely filed his notice of

appeal of the trial court’s denial of his pretrial writ of habeas corpus (“Moon II”).5

                               Juvenile Certification

      Juvenile courts have exclusive original jurisdiction over cases involving

delinquent conduct by children between 10 and 17 years old. TEX. FAM. CODE §§

51.02(2)(A), 51.04(a). Delinquency proceedings against minors proceed in juvenile

court under the Juvenile Justice Code. See id. §§ 51.01–61.107. A juvenile court

may waive its exclusive original jurisdiction under certain conditions and “transfer

a child to the appropriate district court or criminal district court for criminal

proceedings.” Id. § 54.02(a), (j). The burden is on the State to establish that waiver

of jurisdiction and transfer to criminal district court is appropriate. Moore v. State,

532 S.W.3d 400, 405 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017). What the State must prove to obtain

5
      In 2015, the Legislature amended the Juvenile Justice Code to again permit
      interlocutory appeals from a juvenile court’s transfer order, but it did so only for
      orders issued on or after September 1, 2015. See Act of May 12, 2015, 84th Leg.,
      R.S., ch. 74, § 3, 2015 Tex. Gen. Laws 1065, 1065. Because the Second Transfer
      Order pursuant to which Moon was transferred to criminal district court was entered
      after January 1, 1996, but before September 1, 2015, Moon was not able to appeal
      the Second Transfer Order directly. Rather, pursuant to Article 44.47 of the Code
      of Criminal Procedure, now repealed, Moon must again “wait until such time as he
      may be convicted” in adult criminal district court to complain, on appeal, of some
      error in the juvenile court’s transfer ruling.” See Moon, 451 S.W.3d at 39–40.

                                           11
such a transfer depends on whether the minor has reached the age of 18 at the time

of the certification hearing.

      Under Section 54.02(a) of the Family Code, a juvenile court may waive its

exclusive original jurisdiction over a child under the age of 18 if it finds:

      (1)    the child is alleged to have violated a penal law of the grade of
             felony;

      (2)    the child was:

             (A) 14 years of age or older at the time he is alleged to have
             committed the offense, if the offense is a capital felony, an
             aggravated controlled substance felony, or a felony of the first
             degree, and no adjudication hearing has been conducted
             concerning that offense; or

             (B) 15 years of age or older at the time the child is alleged to
             have committed the offense, if the offense is a felony of the
             second or third degree or a state jail felony, and no
             adjudication hearing has been conducted concerning that
             offense; and

      (3)    after a full investigation and a hearing, the juvenile court
             determines that there is probable cause to believe that the child
             before the court committed the offense alleged and that because
             of the seriousness of the offense alleged or the background of the
             child the welfare of the community requires criminal
             proceedings.

Id. § 54.02(a).

                                           12
      In determining whether the welfare of the community requires criminal

proceedings, the juvenile court “shall consider, among other matters:”

      (1)    whether the alleged offense was against person or property, with
             greater weight in favor of transfer given to offenses against the
             person;

      (2)    the sophistication and maturity of the child;

      (3)    the record and previous history of the child; and

      (4)    the prospects of adequate protection of the public and the
             likelihood of the rehabilitation of the child by use of procedures,
             services, and facilities currently available to the juvenile court.

Id. § 54.02(f).

      The requirements for waiver of jurisdiction and transfer are different when a

minor has passed his 18th birthday. Subject to an exception not applicable here,6

once a minor turns 18, the juvenile court must either transfer the case to criminal

district court under Section 54.02(j) or dismiss the case. Moore, 532 S.W.3d at 404–

05 (“The State’s failure to meet this burden [under Section 54.02(j)] left the juvenile

6
      A legislative exception to this rule of limited jurisdiction, which applies to
      incomplete proceedings, became available effective September 1, 2013. See TEX.
      FAM. CODE § 51.0412, Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., ch. 1299 (H.B. 2862), § 7, eff. Sept.
      1, 2013. Under this exception, a juvenile court may retain jurisdiction over a person,
      without regard to the person’s age, if, among other things, the person is a respondent
      in an adjudication proceeding and the proceeding is not complete before the
      respondent turns 18, so long as the court enters a finding in the proceeding that the
      prosecuting attorney exercised due diligence in attempting to complete the
      proceeding before the respondent’s 18th birthday. See In re B.R.H., 426 S.W.3d
      163, 166 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, no pet.); In re V.A., 140 S.W.3d
      858, 859–60 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2004, no pet.). Neither party argues the
      transfer hearing in this case is subject to the Section 51.0412 legislative exception.
                                            13
court with no option other than to dismiss the case and the juvenile court erred by

not doing so.”) (citing In re N.J.A., 997 S.W.2d 554, 555–56 (Tex. 1999) (“If the

person is over age eighteen, and section 54.02(j)’s criteria are not satisfied, the

juvenile court's only other option is to dismiss the case.”)). Under Section 54.02(j),

the juvenile court may waive its exclusive original jurisdiction and “transfer a person

to the appropriate district court or criminal district court for criminal proceedings if”

it finds:

       (1)   the person is 18 years of age or older;

       (2)   the person was:

             (A) 10 years of age or older and under 17 years of age at the
             time the person is alleged to have committed a capital felony
             or an offense under Section 19.02, Penal Code;

             (B) 14 years of age or older and under 17 years of age at the
             time the person is alleged to have committed an aggravated
             controlled substance felony or a felony of the first degree
             other than an offense under Section 19.02, Penal Code; or

             (C) 15 years of age or older and under 17 years of age at the
             time the person is alleged to have committed a felony of the
             second or third degree or a state jail felony;

       (3)   no adjudication concerning the alleged offense has been made or
             no adjudication hearing concerning the offense has been
             conducted;

       (4)   the juvenile court finds from a preponderance of the evidence that:

             (A) for a reason beyond the control of the state it was not
             practicable to proceed in juvenile court before the 18th birthday
             of the person; or
                                           14
             (B) after due diligence of the state it was not practicable to
             proceed in juvenile court before the 18th birthday of the person
             because:

                (i) the state did not have probable cause to proceed in
                juvenile court and new evidence has been found since the
                18th birthday of the person;

                (ii) the person could not be found; or

               (iii) a previous transfer order was reversed by an appellate
                court or set aside by a district court; and

      (5)    the juvenile court determines that there is probable cause to
             believe that the child before the court committed the offense
             alleged.

TEX. FAM. CODE § 54.02(j). If the juvenile is 18 years old or older and the State fails

to meet its burden under Section 54.02(j), the juvenile court’s only option is to

dismiss the case. See Moore, 532 S.W.3d at 405; N.J.A., 997 S.W.2d at 557.

                                     Discussion

      Moon raises eight points of error on appeal. He contends (1) the State

presented legally and factually insufficient evidence to prove the elements required

under Section 54.02(j) of the Family Code; (2) the juvenile court’s findings under

Section 54.02(j) of the Family Code were insufficient to allow it to waive

jurisdiction; (3) the criminal district court had jurisdiction when it originally

adjudicated Moon for the charged offense of murder; (4) the State introduced legally

and factually insufficient evidence, and did not obtain the necessary findings, to

                                          15
establish that reversal of the Original Transfer Order made it impracticable for the

State to proceed in juvenile court before Moon turned 18; (5) the State introduced

legally and factually insufficient evidence, and did not obtain the necessary findings,

to establish that it exercised due diligence; (6) application of Section 54.02(j) of the

Family Code to recertify Moon deprived him of the process to which he was

originally due under Section 54.02(a), (d), and (f) of the Family Code in violation of

the United States and Texas Constitutions; (7) application of the standards for

certification under Section 54.02(j) of the Family Code violated the ex post facto

doctrine; and (8) the recertification of Moon under Section 54.02(j) of the Family

Code violated the Equal Protection clause and the prohibition against double

jeopardy doctrine.

      We address Moon’s third point of error first as it raises a threshold question

of jurisdiction.

A.    Parties’ Arguments on Appeal

      In his third point of error, Moon contends the State failed to satisfy the

requirements of Section 54.02(j)(3) because it failed to prove that “no adjudication

concerning the alleged offense has been made or no adjudication hearing concerning

the offense has been conducted.” He argues “[i]t is beyond dispute that [he] was

previously tried, adjudicated guilty, and convicted of the same alleged offense in the

178th District Court of Harris County and spent six years in adult prison as a result.”

                                          16
Moon asserts there was both an “adjudication hearing” and an “adjudication of the

alleged offense” as a matter of law. He also notes that neither the juvenile court nor

the criminal district court found that there was no “adjudication hearing” or no

“adjudication” because Moon’s prior conviction had been reversed.

      In response to the juvenile court’s Finding of Fact No. 44 that there was no

adjudication concerning the offense “in the 313th District Court or any other juvenile

court,” Moon argues that the statute is not limited to “juvenile adjudication.”7 Moon

further contends that the criminal district court that adjudicated Moon for the offense

of murder had jurisdiction at the time of the adjudication. He argues the juvenile

court’s Conclusion of Law No. 4 that no adjudication occurred because the “Texas

Court of Criminal Appeals determined that original, exclusive jurisdiction remained

in the 313th District Court [juvenile court] rather than properly transferring to the

178th District Court [criminal court]” is patently erroneous and, as a legal

conclusion, is subject to de novo review.8

7
      Finding of Fact No. 44 states:

          No adjudication concerning the offense has occurred in the 313th
          District Court or any other juvenile court, and the Harris County
          Juvenile Court retained exclusive, original jurisdiction throughout the
          pendency of this case.
8
      Conclusion of Law No. 4 states:

          Because the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals determined that original,
          exclusive jurisdiction remained in the 313th District Court [juvenile

                                            17
       Moon argues the Court of Criminal Appeals never determined original,

exclusive jurisdiction remained in the 313th District Court and, in fact, held the

opposite. He argues the Court of Criminal Appeals’ holding that “the criminal courts

retain jurisdiction, and the juvenile court lacks jurisdiction” unless and until the

transfer order is declared invalid establishes that original exclusive jurisdiction did

not remain in the 313th District Court. Moon contends the Court of Criminal

Appeals was clear that although the Original Transfer Order was erroneous, it still

effectively transferred jurisdiction of Moon’s proceeding from the juvenile court to

the criminal district court, and the Court of Criminal Appeals’ ruling supersedes this

Court’s statement in Moon I that the district court lacked jurisdiction.

       Finally, Moon asserts that because the criminal district court had jurisdiction

over him during the trial of the charged offense in 2010, the judgment against him

was not void or a nullity but merely voidable based on a non-jurisdictional error.

Thus, it is clear there was an adjudication of the charged offense. Citing State v.

Rhinehart, 333 S.W.3d 154 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011), Moon argues that a transfer

order, such as the Original Transfer Order, that is merely erroneous or an abuse of

discretion, but not void for lack of jurisdiction, is still effective.

          court] rather than properly transferring to the 178th District Court
          [criminal court], no adjudication concerning this offense has been made
          and no adjudication hearing concerning the offense has been conducted.

                                            18
      In Rhinehart, the Court of Criminal Appeals noted that “the legislative

provision in Article 44.47(b) [of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure] that a

defendant may appeal a juvenile court’s transfer order ‘only in conjunction with the

appeal of a conviction . . . for which the defendant was transferred to criminal court’

is some indication that a juvenile court’s erroneous transfer order does not divest the

criminal district court of jurisdiction over the case.” Id. at 159. The Court in

Rhinehart signaled that a transfer order would still vest the district court with

jurisdiction, even if the transfer order were somehow erroneous. Id. (“It is not

apparent to us that a juvenile court’s erroneous ruling on a due-diligence issue

deprives the criminal district court of jurisdiction over the matter.”). See id. Other

courts—including this one—have similarly held that as long as the juvenile court

has jurisdictional power to issue the transfer order, the fact that the order may be

erroneous does not invalidate the subject matter jurisdiction of the criminal district

court. See, e.g., Melendez v. State, 4 S.W.3d 437, 442 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 1999, no pet.) (“We hold that a failure to comply with the notice provisions of

the Vienna Convention does not rise to the level of jurisdictional error. The juvenile

court had jurisdiction to transfer Melendez; the district court obtained jurisdiction to

try him for murder.”); Adams v. State, 827 S.W.2d 31, 33 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1992,

no pet.) (“A judgment is void only if the court rendering the judgment had no

jurisdiction over a party or his property, no jurisdiction over the subject matter, no

                                          19
jurisdiction to enter the particular judgment, or no capacity to act as a court. . . . If

the error asserted does not involve one of these specific issues, a judgment is merely

voidable—not void.”).

      The State responds that Moon’s argument that the State failed to prove the

requirements of Section 54.02(j)(3) during recertification because the criminal

district court had jurisdiction when it originally adjudicated Moon for the alleged

offense is not cognizable on a pretrial writ of habeas corpus. The State asserts that

because Moon’s challenge attacks the sufficiency of the Second Transfer Order,

review of such challenge would require this Court to construe the meaning of the

statute under which the juvenile court certified Moon. According to the State, we

cannot engage in such construction.

      The State further asserts that even if this Court could reach the merits of

Moon’s challenge, his claim fails because the Second Transfer Order attached and

incorporated by reference the juvenile court’s Findings of Fact and Conclusions of

Law which specifically state the reasons for its waiver of jurisdiction and which the

juvenile court certified along with its order. The State argues that “[b]ased on the

holdings of this Court and the Court of Criminal Appeals, the juvenile court found

that the case remained pending in the juvenile court throughout its pendency, and no

adjudication occurred in a juvenile court.” The State contends that the Second

                                           20
Transfer Order and incorporated Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law thus

affirmatively addressed the requirements of Section 54.02(j)(3).

      Moon replies that when the requirements of Section 54.02(j) are not met, the

juvenile court lacks jurisdiction to transfer a case to criminal district court and thus

the transferee criminal court’s jurisdiction is void ab initio. He asserts pretrial

habeas corpus relief is always available where the criminal district court lacks

jurisdiction.

      In our original opinion in Moon II, we concluded that Moon’s third point of

error contending the State failed to establish lack of a prior adjudication was not

cognizable on a pretrial writ of habeas corpus. We declined Moon’s invitation to

disregard our conclusion in Moon I that the criminal district court lacked jurisdiction

and the case remained pending in the juvenile court.

B.    Parties’ Arguments on Rehearing

      In his third point on rehearing, Moon urges us to consider his third point of

error that recertification of Moon was precluded because there has been a prior

“adjudication” or “adjudication hearing” for the alleged offense.          Noting that

whether a criminal district court obtains jurisdiction turns on the jurisdictional power

of the juvenile court to issue a transfer order, Moon contends there is no question

that the juvenile court had jurisdiction when it issued its Original Transfer Order and

thus, the criminal district court obtained jurisdiction over Moon despite the error in

                                          21
the Original Transfer Order. Moon asserts the Court of Criminal Appeals in Moon

I recognized this when it held that “[u]nless the transfer order is declared invalid, the

criminal court retains jurisdiction and the juvenile court lacks jurisdiction . . . . ”

Moon argues the criminal district court obtained jurisdiction under the Original

Transfer Order and thus, there was a prior “adjudication” precluding recertification

under Section 54.02(j). He asserts that when the criteria under Section 54.02(j) are

not met, the juvenile court itself lacks jurisdiction. Consequently, any transfer order

is void and the case must be dismissed. He contends that is precisely the situation

in the present appeal—the juvenile court lacked jurisdiction to issue the Second

Transfer Order and the criminal district court therefore also lacks jurisdiction.

      The State responds that Moon’s third point of error challenges the evidentiary

sufficiency of the Second Transfer Order and would require us to engage in statutory

construction, which is not permissible on a pretrial writ. Moon responds that

construction of the relevant transfer statute—specifically, the word “adjudication”—

is not an impediment to habeas corpus relief. The State argues that Moon’s reliance

on this Court’s decision in Ex parte Arango, 518 S.W.3d 916 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] 2017, pet. ref’d)9 is unavailing. It argues that, in Arango, this Court

9
      When Arango was 16 years old, a juvenile court concluded that, because of the
      seriousness of the offense with which he had been charged, the welfare of the
      community required criminal proceedings and it transferred his case to criminal
      district court. See Ex parte Arango, 518 S.W.3d 916, 918 (Tex. App.—Houston

                                           22
refused to go behind the face of the transfer order to consider evidentiary sufficiency

and instead held that the facially invalid order failed to confer jurisdiction on the

criminal court. The State asserts that, unlike the juvenile in Arango, Moon did not

assert error based on the juvenile court’s failure to make the required findings under

Section 54.02(j), but rather asks this Court to second-guess those findings. The State

argues Moon’s reliance on Ex parte Perry, 483 S.W.3d 884 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016)10

      [1st Dist.] 2017, pet. ref’d). Nine years later, Arango, still having not been tried,
      filed a pretrial writ of habeas corpus in the criminal district court contending that
      the juvenile court’s transfer order was facially deficient under Moon I and, thus,
      failed to vest the criminal court with jurisdiction. See id. The trial court denied
      habeas relief. See id. On appeal, Arango argued that the trial court erred in denying
      his pretrial writ of habeas corpus relief because if he were to be tried and convicted,
      the deficient transfer order would be vacated by an appellate court, making an
      intervening trial an unnecessary waste of judicial resources. See id. This Court
      agreed and determined that “[t]he juvenile court’s order waiving jurisdiction in this
      case suffers from the same flaw as the order in Moon.” Id. at 921. We concluded
      that “the juvenile court’s transfer order does not pass muster under Moon, and that
      denying habeas relief and proceeding to trial on the basis of an invalid transfer order
      that failed to vest jurisdiction in the district court would be a waste of judicial
      resources.” Id. at 918.
10
      In Ex parte Perry, 483 S.W.3d 884, 895–96 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016), the Texas
      Supreme Court stated:

              Although we have said that as-applied challenges are not cognizable
          before trial, we allow certain types of claims to be raised by pretrial
          habeas because the rights underlying those claims would be effectively
          undermined if not vindicated before trial. Within this category of rights
          that would be effectively undermined if not vindicated pretrial, we have,
          so far, recognized the constitutional protections involving double
          jeopardy and bail. Facial constitutional challenges, however, are
          cognizable on pretrial habeas regardless of whether the particular
          constitutional right at issue would be effectively undermined if not
          vindicated prior to trial.
                                            23
is just as unavailing because the Court of Criminal Appeals relied on double

jeopardy law to find the separation-of-powers right included within it a right to avoid

trial upon violation.   The State reasons that, unlike Ex parte Perry, Moon’s

evidentiary sufficiency challenge and request for statutory interpretation do not raise

a constitutional right that must be vindicated before trial or otherwise be lost. The

State asserts that Moon’s attempt to hide his claims “underneath a jurisdictional

umbrella does not make the otherwise uncognizable, cognizable.”

      In his reply brief, Moon direct us to the Fourteenth Court of Appeals’ decision

in In re D.T., 631 S.W.3d 355 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2020, pet. denied)

to support his argument that an erroneous, but not void, transfer order under Section

54.02(a) and (f) is effective to confer jurisdiction on a criminal district court. In

D.T., decided after we issued our original opinion in this appeal, the defendant was

originally certified under Section 54.02(a)-(f) and transferred to criminal district

court to stand trial as an adult for the offenses of capital murder and regular murder.

See id. at 356. The juvenile court issued a separate transfer order for each crime.

See id. D.T. was convicted of capital murder and the State later dismissed the regular

murder case. See id. Following his conviction for capital murder, D.T. appealed

contending the juvenile court’s transfer order in the capital murder case contained

error under Moon I because it did not sufficiently state the reasons for its waiver of

jurisdiction. See id. at 356–57. The Fourteenth Court of Appeals agreed that the

                                          24
transfer order was deficient under Moon I, vacated D.T.’s conviction for capital

murder, and remanded the case to the juvenile court. See id. at 357. The State later

refiled the delinquency petitions for both cases, and the juvenile court issued two

new transfer orders under Section 54.02(j). See id. D.T. appealed the orders

separately. See id.

      Because the transfer order in the regular murder case contained the same

defects as in the capital murder case, both parties assumed that the order never

transferred jurisdiction and the juvenile court retained jurisdiction. See id. at 359.

The Fourteenth Court disagreed, noting:

      The juvenile court raised the question of its own jurisdiction during the
      second transfer hearing. In response to that question, both sides agreed
      that the juvenile court had the jurisdiction to act on the State’s motion
      to transfer, even though the previous transfer order had never been
      reversed by an appellate court or set aside by a district court. The
      parties reasoned that the original transfer order was void on its face
      because it violated Moon by not containing any case-specific reasons
      for the juvenile court’s waiver of jurisdiction. Continuing with that
      premise, the parties argued that the juvenile court’s previous waiver of
      jurisdiction was ineffective, which meant that the juvenile court still
      retained its exclusive, original jurisdiction. By rendering the second
      transfer order, the juvenile court apparently accepted this reasoning.

      We believe that this reasoning conflicts with the final footnote in Moon,
      where the Court of Criminal Appeals made the following comment
      regarding the juvenile court’s authority to cure a deficient transfer
      order: “Unless and until the transfer order is declared invalid, the
      criminal courts retain jurisdiction, and the juvenile court lacks
      jurisdiction to retroactively supply critical findings of fact to establish
      whether or not it has validly waived its jurisdiction.” See Moon, 451
      S.W.3d at 52 n.90. That comment is consistent with State v. Rhinehart,
      333 S.W.3d 154 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011), where the Court of Criminal
                                          25
      Appeals signaled that a transfer order would still vest the district court
      with jurisdiction, even if the transfer order were somehow
      erroneous. Id. at 159 (“It is not apparent to us that a juvenile court’s
      erroneous ruling on a due-diligence issue deprives the criminal district
      court of jurisdiction over the matter.”).

Id. The court held that “[u]nless and until the original transfer order is declared

invalid, we conclude that the district court retains jurisdiction in the regular murder

case, which means that the juvenile court lacked jurisdiction and that its second

transfer order is void.” Id. Moon asserts the reasoning in D.T. establishes the

criminal district court obtained jurisdiction over him as a result of the Original

Transfer Order and thus, there was an “adjudication” or an “adjudication hearing”

precluding recertification under Section 54.02(j).

C.    Ex Parte Thomas, 623 S.W.3d 370 (Tex. Crim. App. 2021)

      While Moon’s motion for rehearing was pending in this Court, the Court of

Criminal Appeals issued its decision in Ex parte Thomas, 623 S.W.3d 370 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2021). The Court’s decision implicitly and explicitly overruled Moon I.

      The applicant, who was serving a sentence of life imprisonment for capital

murder committed when he was 16 years old, filed a petition for writ of habeas

corpus arguing the juvenile court’s waiver of jurisdiction and transfer of his case to

criminal district court under Section 54.02 was void and therefore ineffective to

confer jurisdiction on the criminal district court. See id. at 375. He argued the

juvenile court’s failure to satisfy the requirements under Moon I that the transfer

                                          26
order contain factually supported, case-specific findings rendered the entire criminal

proceeding void and thus the district court never obtained jurisdiction over him. See

id.

      The Court first addressed cognizability, stating

      It is axiomatic that review of jurisdictional claims or denials of
      fundamental constitutional rights are cognizable in post-conviction
      habeas corpus proceedings. The core reason why jurisdictional issues
      can never be waived (at least for purposes of raising them in an
      application for a writ of habeas corpus) is because a court that lacks
      subject[-]matter jurisdiction has no authority to fix errors in a judgment
      or order that was entered without subject-matter jurisdiction. . . . Even
      the oft-stated holding that the writ of habeas corpus should not be used
      as a substitute for appeal pre-supposes that the judgment being
      reviewed was entered by a court with jurisdiction.

Id. at 376. Noting that “[g]enerally, subject-matter jurisdiction is never presumed

and cannot be waived,” the Court held that “for a juvenile court to validly waive

jurisdiction and transfer a case to criminal court, it must satisfy the terms of the

statute.” Id. The State bears the burden of proving transfer is appropriate. See id.

      The Court in Ex parte Thomas examined its decision in Moon I, noting “[i]n

that case, we held that if an order waiving juvenile jurisdiction does not contain

factually-supported, case-specific findings, then the order is invalid. . . . [T]hat

                                         27
holding necessarily means that, in such circumstances, a district court never acquires

jurisdiction.”11 Id. at 372. It explained that:

      Given that we affirmed the court of appeals’ judgment dismissing the
      case for a lack of jurisdiction, we necessarily held that the criminal
      district court lacked jurisdiction. This is how courts of appeals
      reviewing Moon have understood the case as well.

Id. at 377. The Court then declared Moon I’s holding “both [j]urisdictional and

[w]rong” determining that “Moon’s court-made requirement—that transferring

juvenile courts set out specific fact-findings in the transfer order for transferring the

case—is not supported by the text of the statute nor United States Supreme Court

precedent.”12 Id. at 377. The Court stated that while “[r]equiring them may be

good policy, []the lack of case-specific findings has nothing to do with jurisdiction,

11
      In a footnote, the Court in Ex parte Thomas cited this Court’s conclusion in our
      original opinion that “[t]he Court of Criminal Appeals answered its own question
      about whether or not the juvenile court had validly waived its jurisdiction when it,
      without qualification, affirmed our holding that the juvenile court had not.” See Ex
      Parte Thomas, 623 S.W.3d 370, 372 (Tex. Crim. App. 2021) (quoting Ex parte
      Moon, No. 01-18-01014-CR, 2020 WL 827424, at *8 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
      Dist.] Feb. 20, 2020, no pet.)).
12
      Although noting that “[d]etailed findings are certainly preferable and helpful to keep
      the appellate court from having ‘to rummage through the record for facts that the
      juvenile court might have found, given the evidence developed at the transfer
      hearing, but did not include in its written transfer order,’” the Court emphasized
      that “it’s the hearing itself that prevents the transfer process from being arbitrary
      [and] the case-specific fact-findings are not necessary to protect a fundamental
      constitutional right.” Ex parte Thomas, 623 S.W.3d at 381 (quoting Moon, 451
      S.W.3d at 50). The Court stated “[t]o the extent that language in Moon suggests
      that such findings are a fundamental constitutional right, we disavow that language.”
      Id.

                                            28
fundamental constitutional rights, or even the transfer statute itself. The juvenile

court’s transfer order in this case may have lacked factually-supported, case-specific

findings, but that did not make that order invalid or deprive the district court of

jurisdiction.” Id. at 373.

      Recognizing that its resolution of the cognizability issue had implicitly

overruled Moon I, the Court stated:

      Given Moon’s strained reasoning, its inconsistency with related
      decisions, and the legal developments since the decision, we explicitly
      overrule it. A juvenile transfer order entered after the required transfer
      hearing and complying with the statutory requirements constitutes a
      valid waiver of jurisdiction even if the transfer order does not contain
      factually-supported, case-specific findings. In the present case, the
      juvenile court conducted a transfer hearing. The transfer order
      complied with the statute by listing the reasons for the transfer.
      Therefore, the criminal district court had jurisdiction over the case.
      Applicant’s post conviction writ is denied.

Id. at 383.

      We distill several principles from Ex parte Thomas relevant to this appeal.

First, review of jurisdictional claims is cognizable on habeas corpus. See id. at 376.

Second, a juvenile court’s transfer order that does not contain factually supported,

case-specific findings does not render the order void or deprive the transferee

criminal district court of jurisdiction. See id. at 383. Third, a transfer order entered

after a transfer hearing that comports with the statutory requirements of Section

54.02 constitutes a valid waiver of jurisdiction. See id. at 383. With these principles

in mind, we consider the parties’ arguments.
                                          29
D.    Post Ex parte Thomas

      Moon contends Ex parte Thomas confirms that his claims are cognizable on

a pretrial writ of habeas corpus because they challenge the criminal court’s

jurisdiction to proceed. He argues Ex parte Thomas also makes clear the criminal

district court had jurisdiction over him when it adjudicated him guilty in 2010, and

thus the juvenile court erred in concluding there had been no prior adjudication or

adjudication hearing when it issued its Second Transfer Order.

      The State contends that, to the contrary, Ex parte Thomas eliminates Moon’s

claims for rehearing. The State argues Ex parte Thomas reasserts that Moon’s claims

are not cognizable on a pretrial writ of habeas corpus and that Ex parte Thomas

“contradicted appellant’s third point of error on appeal and third issue for review on

rehearing when it explained without question that Moon v. State held the criminal

district court in appellant’s murder trial lacked jurisdiction as both this Court and the

Court of Criminal Appeals held on appellant’s original appeal.”

      1.     Moon’s Claim Is Cognizable on Pretrial Writ

      Section 54.02(j) of the Family Code permits a juvenile court to waive its

exclusive original jurisdiction and transfer a case to criminal district court if certain

criteria are present. See TEX. FAM. CODE § 54.02(j). The burden is on the State to

establish the criteria under Section 54.02(j). Ex parte Thomas, 623 S.W.3d at 376.

If the State fails to carry its burden under Subsection (j), the juvenile court lacks

                                           30
jurisdiction to transfer a case to criminal district court and the case must be

dismissed.    See Moore, 532 S.W.3d at 405 (“The State’s failure to meet

this burden left the juvenile court with no option other than to dismiss the case and

the juvenile court erred by not doing so.”); N.J.A., 997 S.W.2d at 557 (“If the person

is over age eighteen, and section 54.02(j)’s criteria are not satisfied, the juvenile

court’s only other option is to dismiss the case.”); In re A.M., 577 S.W.3d 653, 672

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2019, pet. denied) (concluding State’s failure to

satisfy Section 54.02(j)’s requirements deprived juvenile court of jurisdiction,

juvenile court lacked jurisdiction to transfer case to criminal district court, and

criminal district court therefore did not acquire jurisdiction).

      Although the State characterizes Moon’s third point of error as a sufficiency

challenge, Moon in his brief argued that “because the requirements of [Section]

54.02(j) [were] not met, the juvenile court lack[ed] jurisdictional power to transfer

the case and the criminal court’s jurisdiction [was] void ab initio.” He claims that

his challenge to the Second Transfer Order “calls into question the [criminal] trial

court’s power to proceed.” As the Court in Ex parte Thomas clarified, “[c]laims that

a juvenile transfer order is void are cognizable on a writ of habeas corpus because

they involve the jurisdiction of the trial court to hear a case.” Ex parte Thomas, 623

S.W.3d at 375 (“Even the oft-stated holding that the writ of habeas corpus should

not be used as a substitute for appeal pre-supposes that the judgment being reviewed

                                           31
was entered by a court with jurisdiction.”). Applying Ex parte Thomas, we conclude

that Moon’s claim that the criminal district court’s jurisdiction was “void ab initio”

because the State failed to satisfy the requirements of Section 54.02(j)(3) and thus

the juvenile court lacked the jurisdictional power to transfer the case under 54.02(j),

implicates the jurisdiction of the court and is thus cognizable on a pretrial writ. See

id.; see also Ex parte N.C., No. 13-20-00293-CR, 2021 WL 4995574, at *5 (Tex.

App.—Corpus Christi-Edinburg Oct. 28, 2021, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated

for publication) (reviewing appeal from trial court’s denial of defendant’s petition

for writ of habeas corpus where defendant’s “first three issues on appeal all relate to

the district court’s jurisdiction over him after the juvenile court transferred its case

after his eighteenth birthday”).

      The State argues that Moon has an adequate remedy on appeal. Moon,

however, cannot directly appeal the Second Transfer Order.                  Although the

Legislature amended the Juvenile Justice Code in 2015 to re-authorize interlocutory

appeals from transfer orders as civil matters, that change in law did not become

effective until September 1, 2015.13 See Acts 2015, 84th Leg., ch. 74 (S.B. 888), §

13
      The purpose of this amendment was to provide more immediate safeguards for
      juveniles certified to be tried as adults in criminal district court. Ex parte Thomas,
      623 S.W.3d at 383. Indeed, in Ex parte Thomas, the Court acknowledged that in
      response to Moon I, the Legislature “repeal[ed] Article 44.47 of the Code of
      Criminal Procedure and add[ed] Section 56.01(c)(1)(A) to the Family Code” taking
      review of transfer orders “away from this Court and creat[ing] a vehicle for

                                            32
3, eff. Sept. 1, 2015; see also Misc. Docket No. 15-9156 (Tex. Aug. 28, 2015). The

Second Transfer Order was issued in May 2015. Consequently, Moon, who is now

in his 30s, would have to wait until he is convicted a second time in criminal district

court before he can challenge the Second Transfer Order and raise the threshold

jurisdictional issue he now raises in his pretrial writ of habeas corpus. We note that

a finding the juvenile court lacked jurisdiction to issue the Second Transfer Order

under Section 52.04(j) would not lead to a remand or result in further proceedings.

Rather, such a holding would deprive the criminal district court of the power to

proceed and require dismissal of the case against Moon. Under the circumstances,

we hold that Moon’s jurisdictional claim is cognizable under a pretrial writ. See Ex

parte Smith, 185 S.W.3d 887, 892 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (holding that claim is

cognizable in pretrial writ of habeas corpus if, resolved in defendant’s favor, it would

deprive trial court of power to proceed and result in defendant’s immediate release);

see also Ex parte Smith, 178 S.W.3d 797, 801 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (holding that

defendant may raise in pretrial writ of habeas corpus “certain issues which, if

meritorious, would bar prosecution or conviction”).

      immediate, interlocutory appeal to the courts of appeals and then to the Texas
      Supreme Court” and providing “more immediate safeguards for juveniles being
      transferred to district court for trial as an adult . . . .” Id. at 382–83. Because of
      intervening changes in the law, Moon has twice been deprived of this “immediate
      safeguard.”
                                            33
      2.    The State Failed to Satisfy Section 54.02(j)(3)’s Requirements

      Section 54.02(j)(3) requires the State to prove that “no adjudication

concerning the alleged offense has been made or no adjudication hearing concerning

the offense has been conducted[.]” TEX. FAM. CODE § 54.02(j)(3). The juvenile

court made the following Findings of Fact which it incorporated into its Second

Transfer Order:

      28. On April 6, 2010, jury trial began and continued through April 20,
      2010, in criminal district court cause number 1196446 in the 178th
      District Court of Harris County. See Petitioner’s Exhibit No. 40.

      29. On April 20, 2010, the respondent was convicted in criminal district
      court cause number 1196446 for the offense of murder which formed
      the basis for the Order to Waive Jurisdiction in 2008-06648J Amended
      and was sentenced to 30 years imprisonment after punishment was
      assessed by the jury.14

      Despite these findings, the juvenile court, citing our opinion and the Court of

Criminal Appeals’ opinion in Moon I, also made the following Finding of Fact and

Conclusion of Law:

      [Finding of Fact] 44. No adjudication concerning the offense has
      occurred in the 313th District Court or any other juvenile court, and the
      Harris County Juvenile Court retained exclusive, original jurisdiction
      throughout the pendency of this case. See Moon, 451 S.W.3d at 31–32,
      51, n.90; see also Moon, 410 S.W.3d at 378 (“Because the juvenile
      court abused its discretion in waiving its jurisdiction over Moon and
      certifying him for trial as an adult, the district court lacked jurisdiction
      over the case. The Court of Appeals for the First Judicial District

14
      At Moon’s bond hearing, the State prosecutor stated that “Cameron Moon has been
      adjudicated by a jury of Harris County jurors and was sentenced to a significant
      term of prison time for the offense . . . .” (Emphasis added).
                                          34
      therefore vacate[d] the district court’s judgment and dismiss[ed] the
      case. The case remains pending in the juvenile court.”).

      [Conclusion of Law] 4. Because the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals
      determined that original, exclusive jurisdiction remained in the 313th
      District Court rather than properly transferring to the 178th District
      Court, no adjudication concerning this offense has been made and no
      adjudication hearing concerning the offense has been conducted. See
      Moon, 451 S.W.3d at 31–32, 51, n.90; see also Moon, 410 S.W.3d at
      378 (“Because the juvenile court abused its discretion in waiving its
      jurisdiction over Moon and certifying him for trial as an adult, the
      district court lacked jurisdiction over the case. The Court of Appeals
      for the First Judicial District therefore vacate[d] the district court’s
      judgment and dismiss[ed] the case. The case remains pending in the
      juvenile court.”); see TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 54.02(j)(3) (West Supp.
      2014).

      In support of its argument that Moon’s third point of error fails, the State relies

on the Court of Criminal Appeals’ acknowledgment in Ex parte Thomas of its

holding in Moon I that the criminal district court lacked jurisdiction. It points to the

Court’s language that “[g]iven that we affirmed the court of appeals’ judgment

dismissing the case for a lack of jurisdiction, we necessarily held that the criminal

district court lacked jurisdiction.” The State argues in effect that Moon’s claim fails

because the juvenile court’s Conclusion of Law that it always retained jurisdiction

and thus “no adjudication has been made and no adjudication hearing . . . has been

conducted” was correct when made.

      Ex parte Thomas, however, overruled the cases upon which the State relies

and on the very point for which the State relies on them. See Ex parte Thomas, 623

S.W.3d at 383 (“Given Moon’s strained reasoning, its inconsistency with related
                                          35
decisions, and the legal developments since the decision, we explicitly overrule it.”).

The Thomas Court held that “[a] juvenile transfer order entered after the required

transfer hearing and complying with the statutory requirements constitutes a valid

waiver of jurisdiction even if the transfer order does not contain factually-supported,

case-specific findings.”    Id.   Expressly overruling Moon I’s holding as both

“[j]urisdictional and [w]rong,” the Thomas court then held that a juvenile court’s

transfer order that lacks factually supported, case-specific findings, like the transfer

order in Moon I did, does “not make that order invalid or deprive the district court

of jurisdiction.” Id. at 373 (holding that while “[r]equiring them may be good policy,

[]the lack of case-specific findings has nothing to do with jurisdiction, fundamental

constitutional rights, or even the transfer statute itself”). Thus, the 178th District

Court had jurisdiction over Moon in 2010 when he was adjudicated of the charged

offense, and the juvenile court’s Conclusion of Law No. 4 that “no adjudication

concerning this offense has been made and no adjudication hearing concerning the

offense has been conducted,” based solely upon overruled authorities, is erroneous.

      Our holding is not a retroactive application of a new law. See Salinas v. State,

523 S.W.3d 103, 111 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017) (explaining retroactivity principles are

implicated if court’s holding announces “new” rule). Rather, we are applying Ex

parte Thomas which clarified what was apparent to the Court of Criminal Appeals

from the outset—that the juvenile court had jurisdiction when it originally

                                          36
transferred the case to the criminal district court in 2008, and that although the

Original Transfer Order was erroneous, it was still effective to transfer jurisdiction

from the juvenile court to the criminal district court, where Moon stood trial and

where he was convicted of the charged offense and sentenced to 30 years in prison.

      We are cognizant that our holding that the criminal district court obtained

jurisdiction under the Original Transfer Order and that there was thus a prior

adjudication precluding recertification of Moon is at odds with our holding in Moon

I, where we held the criminal district court lacked jurisdiction and we vacated the

judgment of the trial court.15

15
      In In re J.G., 495 S.W.3d 354 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, pet. denied),
      we similarly considered whether an adjudication of the alleged offense had been
      made for purposes of Section 54.02(j)(3). Id. at 372–73. There, after the juvenile
      court first waived jurisdiction and transferred the juvenile’s case to the district court,
      the juvenile pleaded guilty to the charge of aggravated robbery and the district court
      entered a judgment of conviction. See J.G. v. State, 471 S.W.3d 1, 2 (Tex. App.—
      Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, pet. denied) (“J.G. I”). On original appeal, the
      Fourteenth Court of Appeals held the juvenile court abused its discretion in waiving
      jurisdiction and transferring the case and it reversed the defendant’s conviction. See
      id. at 4 (“J.G. I”). Relying on the Court of Criminal Appeals’ opinion in Moon I,
      the court stated, “[b]ecause the criminal district court never acquired jurisdiction
      over appellant, we vacate the judgment of the criminal district court, dismiss the
      case, and return the case to the juvenile court.” Id. (citing Moon, 451 S.W.3d 28,
      52 n.90) (“J.G. I”).
      On remand, the juvenile court again waived its jurisdiction and certified the
      defendant, who was by that time over the age of 18, under Subsection (j). See In re
      J.G., 495 S.W.3d at 359. On appeal from recertification, this Court relied on the
      Fourteenth Court’s determination in J.G. I that “because the district court did not
      acquire jurisdiction over appellant, his conviction in that court is void and of no
      effect” to conclude that “[i]n this case, therefore, no valid adjudication concerning
      the alleged offense has been made.” Because the J.G. courts relied on the Court of

                                             37
      Under the “law of the case” doctrine, courts of appeals are ordinarily bound

by their initial decision if there is a subsequent appeal in the same case.16 Briscoe v.

Goodmark Corp., 102 S.W.3d 714, 716 (Tex. 2003); Ware v. State, 736 S.W.2d 700,

701 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987) (“The ‘law of the case’ doctrine is as applicable to the

appeals of criminal cases as it is to appeals of civil cases.”). The doctrine “is defined

as that principle under which questions of law decided on appeal to a court of last

resort will govern the case throughout its subsequent stages.” Briscoe, 102 S.W.3d

at 716 (quoting Hudson v. Wakefield, 711 S.W.2d 628, 630 (Tex. 1986)). “A

decision rendered on an issue before the appellate court,” however, “does not

absolutely bar re-consideration of the same issue on a second appeal” Id. Rather,

“[a]pplication of the doctrine lies within the discretion of the court, depending on

the particular circumstances surrounding that case.” Id.

      The Texas Supreme Court has long recognized an exception to the law of the

case doctrine holding that if an “appellate court’s original decision is clearly

erroneous, the court is not required to adhere to its original rulings.” Id. (citing

      Criminal Appeals’ decision in Moon I in reaching their conclusion that the
      juvenile’s prior conviction was void—a decision that has since been overruled—
      those cases are distinguishable from the case before us.
16
      In Briscoe v. Goodmark Corp., 102 S.W.3d 714 (Tex. 2003), the Texas Supreme
      Court stated “[b]y narrowing the issues in successive stages of the litigation, the law
      of the case doctrine is intended to achieve uniformity of decision as well as judicial
      economy and efficiency. The doctrine is based on public policy and is aimed at
      putting an end to litigation.” Id. at 716.
                                            38
Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio Ry. Co. v. Faber, 8 S.W. 64, 65 (1888)). “It

would be unthinkable for [the court], after having granted the writ, reconsidered the

case, and arrived at the conclusion that the opinion on the former appeal was clearly

erroneous, to hold that it is bound by considerations of consistency to perpetuate that

error.” Id. at 716–17 (quoting Conn. Gen. Life Ins. Co. v. Bryson, 219 S.W.2d 799,

800 (1949)). Because we conclude that our decision in Moon I that the criminal

district court lacked jurisdiction over Moon is clearly erroneous in light of Ex parte

Thomas, we are not bound by our first decision. See id. at 717 (“Because application

of the law of the case doctrine is discretionary, the court of appeals had the authority

to re-visit its jurisdictional decision. Finding clear error in its first decision, it had

the power to overturn that first decision on the second appeal.”); see also Entergy

Corp. v. Jenkins, 469 S.W.3d 330, 338 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st. Dist.] 2015, pet.

denied) (holding that “jurisdiction is a fundamental inquiry and the law of the case

doctrine does not preclude a re-examination of a prior jurisdictional decision”).

      Thus, under Ex parte Thomas, we hold the criminal district court obtained

jurisdiction when the juvenile court issued its Original Transfer Order and Moon

was adjudicated guilty of the charged offense in 2010. Because “an adjudication

concerning the offense has been made” or an “adjudication hearing concerning the

offense has been conducted,” the State did not satisfy the requirements of Section

54.02(j)(3) and the juvenile court lacked jurisdiction to transfer the case to the

                                           39
criminal district court. The juvenile court’s only option was to dismiss the case.17

See Moore, 532 S.W.3d at 405 (concluding State’s failure to meet its burden under

Section 54.02(j) left juvenile court with no option other than to dismiss case); In re

A.M., 577 S.W.3d at 672 (concluding State’s non-compliance with Section 54.02(j)

deprived juvenile court of jurisdiction, juvenile court lacked jurisdiction to transfer

case to criminal district court, and criminal district court could not acquire

jurisdiction and thus only available disposition was dismissal of case for lack of

jurisdiction).

17
       In reaching our conclusion, we need not, as the State contends, construe the statute.
       The State’s response on the issue of “adjudication” was limited to its argument that
       because the criminal district court lacked jurisdiction under the Original Transfer
       Order, there was no adjudication concerning the offense. The State does not contest
       the definition of the term “adjudication” nor does it argue that the criminal district
       court’s judgment could not be an “adjudication” under Section 54.02(j). We note
       such an argument would be unavailing. The Legislature did not include the
       language “by a juvenile court” in Section 54.02(j)(3) and thus it is presumed to have
       purposefully omitted such words. See TEX. FAM. CODE § 54.02(j)(3) (requiring that
       “no adjudication concerning the alleged offense has been made or no adjudication
       hearing concerning the offense has been conducted”); see also TGS-NOPEC
       Geophysical Co. v. Combs, 340 S.W.3d 432, 439 (Tex. 2011) (“We presume that
       the Legislature chooses a statute’s language with care, including each word chosen
       for a purpose, while purposefully omitting words not chosen.”). Further,
       “adjudication” is defined broadly as “the formal giving or pronouncing a judgment
       or decree in a cause,” BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 39 (5th ed. 1979), and a conviction
       necessarily involves “adjudication.” McNew v. State, 608 S.W.2d 166, 172 (Tex.
       Crim. App. 1978) (“[A] ‘conviction,’ regardless of the context in which it is used,
       always involves an adjudication of guilt.”); Beedy v. State, 194 S.W.3d 595, 599
       (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006), aff’d, 250 S.W.3d 107 (Tex. Crim. App.
       2008) (“Simply put, whether examined in the context of the term’s plain meaning
       or of its common usage, there can be no ‘final conviction’ without an adjudication
       of guilt.”).

                                             40
      We sustain Moon’s third point of error.18

                                     Conclusion

      We reverse the criminal district court’s order denying Moon’s application for

a pretrial writ of habeas corpus. We remand this matter to the criminal district court

with instructions to enter an order granting Moon the habeas relief requested in his

pretrial writ of habeas corpus and dismissing the case for lack of jurisdiction.

See TEX. R. APP. P. 31.3. All pending motions are dismissed as moot.

                                               Veronica Rivas-Molloy
                                               Justice

Panel consists of Justices Goodman, Hightower, and Rivas-Molloy.

Publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).

18
      In light of our holding, we need not address Moon’s remaining points of error.
                                          41