Court Opinion

ID: 2784956
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-03-10 13:07:01.901001+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:32:37.834741
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

              Present: Chief Judge Huff,* Judges Chafin and Decker
UNPUBLISHED

              Argued at Richmond, Virginia

              DOMINIQUE TAJUAN WALLER
                                                                            MEMORANDUM OPINION** BY
              v.     Record No. 0070-14-2                                   JUDGE MARLA GRAFF DECKER
                                                                                  MARCH 10, 2015
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

                                FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF RICHMOND
                                              Bradley B. Cavedo, Judge

                               Dorian Dalton, Supervising Assistant Public Defender (Office of the
                               Public Defender, on brief), for appellant.

                               Kathleen B. Martin, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Mark R.
                               Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

                     Dominique Tajuan Waller appeals his conviction for possession of a controlled

              substance, in violation of Code § 18.2-250. He contends that: (A) he was deprived of his right

              to an impartial jury, (B) the trial court erred by admitting the certificate of analysis and the

              accompanying testimony into evidence, (C) the court erred by rejecting his proposed jury

              instruction on the knowledge element of the offense, and (D) the evidence was insufficient to

              support his conviction. We hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion during voir dire,

              the challenged evidence was admissible, the rejection of the proposed jury instruction was not an

              abuse of discretion, and the evidence was sufficient to prove the offense. For these reasons, we

              affirm the conviction.

                     *
                         On January 1, 2015, Judge Huff succeeded Judge Felton as chief judge.
                     **
                          Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                                        I. BACKGROUND

        During a lawful search of the appellant, Officer Willie O’Neil, of the City of Richmond

Police Department, found a cigarette pack in the appellant’s pocket. A “blunt” and a cigarette

were inside the cigarette pack. O’Neil described the blunt as a “rolled-up” cigar with marijuana

instead of tobacco inside it. When Officer O’Neil started to put the cigarette box in an evidence

bag, the appellant asked if he could have his “cigarettes.” O’Neil removed the single cigarette

from the pack and returned it to the appellant.

        The officer put the cigarette pack, with the blunt, inside an evidence bag and sealed the

bag. Once at the police station, Officer O’Neil discovered eight “baggies” containing white

powder also inside the cigarette pack. The officer “sen[t] [the baggies] to property” in a sealed

evidence bag for delivery to the state forensics laboratory for analysis.

        Officer Mark Reres, of the Richmond Police Department’s Property and Evidence

Section, testified that he delivered the evidence bag to the Department of Forensic Science

(DFS). Robert Steiner, a principal forensic scientist at DFS, testified that he analyzed the

substance that was inside the baggies and determined that it was cocaine. The appellant objected

to Steiner’s testimony about the test results, arguing that the Commonwealth had not established

the chain of custody. The trial court overruled the objection and admitted Steiner’s testimony

and the certificate of analysis.

        After the conclusion of the evidence, the appellant requested that the trial court provide

the jury with a separate jury instruction specifically addressing the element of knowledge. The

trial court refused the proposed instruction as duplicative of a granted instruction.

        The jury convicted the appellant of possession of cocaine. He was sentenced to six

months in jail.

                                                  -2-
                                          II. ANALYSIS

       The appellant raises four assignments of error. He contends that the trial court’s

disclosure of a personal relationship with a potential juror on the venire was untimely and

violated his constitutional rights. Second, the appellant suggests that the Commonwealth failed

to establish the chain of custody for the cocaine found on his person, and consequently the

certificate of analysis and accompanying testimony should not have been admitted into evidence.

Third, he claims that the trial court abused its discretion in denying his proposed model jury

instruction on knowledge of the character of the controlled substance. Last, the appellant argues

that the evidence was insufficient to prove that he knew of the presence or character of the

cocaine.

                                             A. Venire

       The appellant suggests that the jury panel was not impartial because the presiding judge

knew a potential juror and did not timely disclose this to counsel. He reasons that he was

entitled to a full panel of twenty impartial jurors. The Commonwealth argues that the appellant

received a fair and impartial jury.

        During voir dire, the judge asked the members of the venire if they knew the

Commonwealth’s attorney handling the case, any other assistant Commonwealth’s attorneys for

the City of Richmond, or the defense attorneys. The judge also asked them if they knew the

Commonwealth’s Attorney for the City of Richmond. One panel member answered that he

knew the Commonwealth’s Attorney, but that relationship would not affect his ability to be fair.

The judge further inquired if anyone had “any interest, personal or otherwise, in this trial or in

the outcome of the case,” and no one responded. The defense attorney queried if anyone was an

attorney, good friends with an attorney, or related to an attorney. One venire member responded

that he had friends who were civil and criminal attorneys. Upon further questioning, he stated

                                                -3-
that those relationships would not affect his evaluation of the case. A second venire member

indicated that her stepfather was an attorney, but that any conversations with him about the law

would not affect her ability to serve as a juror. A third member, Adriene Hungerford, stated that

she knew a civil attorney, but that her relationship with that person would not affect her ability to

serve as a juror.

        Hungerford was among the prospective jurors who were struck through preemptory

challenges.1 After the jury was selected and sworn in, the judge commented, “Who struck

Ms. Hungerford? She is a friend of mine. I’m surprised she didn’t say I knew lawyers and I

know a judge too. Her husband is a childhood friend of mine.”2

        The right to a jury trial is provided under both the United States and Virginia

Constitutions. E.g., Brooks v. Commownealth, 24 Va. App. 523, 527, 484 S.E.2d 127, 129

(1997). “‘It is the duty of the trial court, through the legal machinery provided for that purpose,

to procure an impartial jury to try every case.’” Lovos-Rivas v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 55,

60, 707 S.E.2d 27, 30 (2011) (quoting Salina v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 92, 93, 225 S.E.2d 199,

        1
         The fact that the appellant used a preemptory challenge to strike Hungerford does not
abrogate this Court’s responsibility to review this assignment of error. Following the statutory
process for jury selection is mandatory. Winston v. Commonwealth, 32 Va. App. 864, 870-71,
531 S.E.2d 59, 62 (2000). “[A]ny ‘departure from a strict observance of the statutory
provisions,’ when done ‘over the protest of the accused . . . constitutes reversible error.’” Id. at
869, 531 S.E.2d at 61 (quoting Elkins v. Commonwealth, 161 Va. 1043, 1047, 171 S.E. 602, 603
(1933)) (holding that the error of improperly seating a venireman was not harmless to the
defendant even though the Commonwealth used a preemptory strike against him); see also David
v. Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 77, 80, 493 S.E.2d 379, 381 (1997) (“[A] trial court’s refusal to
remove a juror who is not impartial does not constitute harmless error even if counsel uses a
peremptory strike to exclude the juror.”).
        2
         The Commonwealth contends that the appellant did not preserve this issue under Rule
5A:18 because he failed to object when the judge first indicated that he knew one of the
members of the venire, or at any other time during the trial. Regardless of whether these
circumstances triggered the statutory exception to the contemporaneous objection requirement,
we hold that the trial court did not err. See Code § 8.01-384(A) (“[I]f a party has no opportunity
to object to a ruling or order at the time it is made, the absence of an objection shall not
thereafter prejudice him on motion for a new trial or on appeal.”).
                                                  -4-
200 (1976)). The purpose of voir dire is to “select a fair and impartial jury,” as required by the

United States and Virginia Constitutions. Beavers v. Commonwealth, 245 Va. 268, 276, 427
S.E.2d 411, 417 (1993).

       In a felony case, such as this one, “[t]welve persons from a panel of not less than 20 shall

constitute a jury.” Code § 19.2-262(B). “A trial judge has broad discretion and control over how

voir dire is conducted and the procedure for seating a jury.” Brooks, 24 Va. App. at 529, 484

S.E.2d at 129. During voir dire,

               [t]he court and counsel for either party shall have the right to
               examine under oath any person who is called as a juror therein and
               . . . to ask such person or juror directly any relevant question to
               ascertain whether he is related to either party, or has any interest in
               the cause, or has expressed or formed any opinion, or is sensible of
               any bias or prejudice therein; and the party objecting to any juror
               may introduce any competent evidence in support of the objection;
               and if it shall appear to the court that the juror does not stand
               indifferent in the cause, another shall be drawn or called and
               placed in his stead for the trial of that case.

Code § 8.01-358. Although a trial court must remove a biased juror, “a social relationship,

standing alone, is no cause for disqualification.” Wise v. Commonwealth, 230 Va. 322, 325, 337
S.E.2d 715, 717 (1985) (holding that a prospective juror was not disqualified solely on the basis

of his friendship with the Commonwealth’s Attorney); see also Mayfield v. Commonwealth, 59
Va. App. 839, 847-48, 722 S.E.2d 689, 693-94 (2012) (affirming the trial court’s refusal to strike

a juror for cause on the basis of her familial relationship to two of the prosecution witnesses).

       The venire was asked if anyone knew the attorneys for either party, any other assistant

Commonwealth’s attorneys for the City of Richmond, or the Commonwealth’s Attorney himself.

The panel also was asked if anyone was an attorney, was good friends with an attorney, or had a

family member who was an attorney. In addition, the judge asked if anyone had “any interest,

personal or otherwise, in this trial or in the outcome of the case.”

                                                -5-
        The trial court followed the statutory mandates governing the voir dire process. Both

parties had the opportunity to examine the venire, and the panel was specifically asked about

personal relationships with attorneys and whether they had any interest in the outcome of the

case. The appellant had the opportunity to inquire specifically about any acquaintance with the

judge, even if he did not exercise this ability. The prospective juror in question indicated that

she knew a civil attorney but that relationship would not affect her ability to serve fairly as a

juror. The voir dire and jury selection process met the statutory requirements and constitutional

mandates. Consequently, the trial judge did not abuse his discretion while overseeing voir dire

by failing to disclose his personal acquaintance with the prospective juror prior to the selection

of the jury.

                             B. Admissibility of Challenged Evidence

        The appellant argues that the Commonwealth failed to prove the chain of custody of the

cocaine because the witnesses did not testify as to the identifying numbers on the evidence bag.

He also contends that the chain of custody was not established because of a discrepancy between

the descriptions of the powder provided by two witnesses.

        This Court reviews a trial court’s decision regarding the admissibility of evidence for

abuse of discretion. See, e.g., Herndon v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 138, 143, 694 S.E.2d 618,

620 (2010); Dean v. Commonwealth, 61 Va. App. 209, 213, 734 S.E.2d 673, 675 (2012). We

will only hold that an abuse of discretion occurred “‘when reasonable jurists could not differ’” in

such a finding. Pope v. Commonwealth, 60 Va. App. 486, 517, 729 S.E.2d 751, 766 (2012)

(quoting Thomas v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 741, 753, 607 S.E.2d 738, 743, adopted upon

reh’g en banc, 45 Va. App. 811, 613 S.E.2d 870 (2005)). Further, it is the appellant’s burden to

prove that “the trial court’s admission of the evidence constitutes reversible error.” Alvarez v.

Commonwealth, 24 Va. App. 768, 776, 485 S.E.2d 646, 650 (1997).

                                                -6-
        Officer O’Neil testified that he put the cigarette pack, with the blunt, inside an evidence

bag and sealed the bag. The officer brought the evidence bag to the police station to log the

marijuana into evidence. While engaging in the process, he unsealed the bag, removed the

cigarette pack, and removed the blunt from the pack. Inside the bottom corner of the pack, he

found eight “baggies” of “white flakey powdery substance.” Officer O’Neil sealed the baggies

containing the substance in an evidence bag and “sen[t] it to property” for delivery to the state

forensics lab for analysis.

        Officer Mark Reres testified that evidence seized at night is put in the “overnight room”

by the officers who obtain it. The process involves packaging the evidence, putting it in a locked

locker in the overnight room, and placing the locker key in a locked drop box. Only property

and evidence personnel have access to the drop box. Upon removal of the evidence from the

locker, protocol requires that the officer from the Property and Evidence Section verify the

evidence and the suspect’s name, as well as confirm that the written paperwork is correct. Next,

that officer puts a bar code on the bag, logs the information into the system, and takes the

evidence to the forensic laboratory. Once at the lab, the officer again verifies the information on

the paperwork with the information on the bag and compares the physical evidence against the

written description on the request-for-lab-analysis form.

        Officer Reres testified that the day after the evidence was seized from the appellant, he

removed it from the locker. Reres explained that he followed the standard procedure with the

evidence and then took the bag to the DFS lab. He stated that the evidence bag related to the

appellant’s case remained in his exclusive control from the time that he took it from the locker

until he left it at DFS.

        Robert Steiner, the DFS drug chemist, testified that he analyzed the substance that was in

the evidence bag. He explained that each evidence bag has a number that must match the

                                                -7-
number on the request-for-analysis form. Steiner confirmed that Reres delivered the evidence to

the lab on June 22, 2012. Until he tested the evidence, Steiner stored it in his personal evidence

locker. When the time came to analyze the material, he unsealed the evidence bag, removed the

substance, weighed it, and tested it. Steiner described the evidence as eight “small bag corners,

which are little corners of plastic bags.” The eight individual bag corners were within another

plastic bag corner and each held a “caked tan powder.”

       The appellant objected to Steiner’s testimony about the test results, alleging that the

Commonwealth had not established the chain of custody because no evidence proved that the

numbers on the bag processed at the police station matched the numbers on the bag taken to

DFS. The appellant also objected to the testimony because the Commonwealth had not

introduced the actual drugs into evidence for Steiner to verify “that the drugs that he tested

[were] in fact the same drugs or alleged drugs that were recovered by O’Neil.” The appellant

objected to the admission of the certificate of analysis into evidence for the same reasons. The

trial court overruled the objections. The court stated that Officer O’Neil’s “white” powder

description and the “tan” powder description by Steiner were not contradictory because the

difference could be explained by dissimilar lighting conditions.

       As the proponent of the evidence regarding the chemical properties of the substance, the

Commonwealth bore “the burden . . . to show with reasonable certainty that there [was] no

alteration or substitution of the item.” Herndon, 280 Va. at 143, 694 S.E.2d at 620; accord Jeter

v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 733, 737, 607 S.E.2d 734, 736-37 (2005). With regard to

admission of chemical analysis evidence, the Commonwealth was required to show “each vital

link in the chain of custody.” Herndon, 280 Va. at 143, 694 S.E.2d at 620. The prosecutor was

required to present evidence demonstrating “‘reasonable certainty that the item [had] not been

altered, substituted, or contaminated prior to analysis, in any way that would affect the results of

                                                -8-
the analysis.’” Alvarez, 24 Va. App. at 776, 485 S.E.2d at 650 (alteration in original) (quoting

Crews v. Commonwealth, 18 Va. App. 115, 119, 442 S.E.2d 407, 409 (1994)). “‘[T]he purpose

of the chain of custody rule is to establish that the evidence obtained by the police was the same

evidence tested.’” Hargrove v. Commonwealth, 53 Va. App. 545, 553, 673 S.E.2d 896, 900

(2009) (quoting Brown v. Commonwealth, 21 Va. App. 552, 555, 466 S.E.2d 116, 117 (1996)).

       Only “‘[w]hen a “vital link” in the possession and treatment of the evidence is left to

conjecture,’” is the chain of custody “‘incomplete[] and the evidence . . . inadmissible.’” Id. at

554, 673 S.E.2d at 900 (quoting Jeter, 44 Va. App. at 737, 607 S.E.2d at 737). Although the

Commonwealth must establish each vital link, “[o]ther gaps in the chain go to the weight of the

evidence rather than its admissibility.” Branham v. Commonwealth, 283 Va. 273, 282, 720
S.E.2d 74, 79 (2012); accord Pope, 60 Va. App. at 512, 729 S.E.2d at 763. Based upon this

standard and the record in this case, it is clear that the Commonwealth established the chain of

custody and any discrepancies went to the weight rather than the admissibility of the evidence.

       After seizing the evidence from the appellant, Officer O’Neil put it in a sealed evidence

bag and took it to the police station where he discovered the eight baggies of cocaine while

processing the cigarette pack with the blunt. He field tested the substance inside the baggies,

sealed the baggies in an evidence bag, and “sen[t] it to property” for delivery to DFS.

       Consistent with O’Neil’s testimony, Officer Reres, the next person in the chain of

custody, testified in detail regarding the procedure for processing evidence at night. Reres stated

that the day after the evidence was seized from the appellant, he took it from the evidence locker

and processed it for delivery to the lab. He verified the evidence, the suspect’s name, and the

written paperwork. Consistent with department protocol, he reviewed the evidence along with

the paperwork and then delivered it to DFS.

                                                -9-
       Steiner, the final person to handle the evidence, testified that he received the evidence

from Reres the day after it was seized from the appellant. He stored it in his personal evidence

locker. Steiner explained that each evidence bag has a number and that number must match the

number on the request-for-analysis form. Steiner detailed the manner in which he prepared the

substance for testing when he unsealed the evidence bag. He also described the substance that

was in the eight “small bag corners[,] which are little corners of plastic bags.”

       Through this evidence the Commonwealth met its burden to show with “reasonable

certainty” that the tested material was the same substance taken from the appellant. The

testimony established each “vital link in the chain of custody.” Everyone involved with

processing the cocaine testified at trial and was subject to cross-examination. Their testimony

outlined the procedures for processing the evidence and the manner in which this evidence was

processed from the time it was seized by O’Neil to the time it was tested by Steiner. See Reedy

v. Commonwealth, 9 Va. App. 386, 392, 388 S.E.2d 650, 653 (1990) (affirming the admission of

the challenged evidence because there was “no gap in the evidence as to what happened to the

items while they were the responsibility of the authorities”). Additionally, contrary to the

appellant’s suggestion, there is no requirement that the number on the sealed evidence bag be

verified by each agent, particularly in light of the detailed description provided regarding the

manner in which the evidence was handled, stored, processed, and then tested. Further, to the

extent that two of the witnesses differed in describing the exact color of the powder material

tested, white versus tan, the judge provided an entirely reasonable explanation for the deviation

and each witness testified to eight baggies, or bag corners, containing powder. In any event, any

inconsistency went to the weight of the evidence rather than its admissibility. Finally, the

appellant suggests that the chemist’s testimony and certificate of analysis should not have been

admitted because the actual cocaine was not provided to the chemist for verification. He cites no

                                               - 10 -
authority for this principle, and the record supports the finding that the chain of custody was

established. Consequently, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by permitting Steiner to

testify and admitting the certificate of analysis into evidence.

                                   C. Proposed Jury Instruction

       “As a general rule, the decision to grant or deny proffered instructions rests within the

sound discretion of the trial court.” Sarafin v. Commonwealth, __ Va. __, __, 764 S.E.2d 71, 74

(2014). This Court’s “responsibility in reviewing jury instructions is ‘to see that the law has

been clearly stated and that the instructions cover all issues which the evidence fairly raises.’”

Darnell v. Commonwealth, 6 Va. App. 485, 488, 370 S.E.2d 717, 719 (1988) (quoting Swisher v.

Swisher, 223 Va. 499, 503, 290 S.E.2d 856, 858 (1982)). A trial court may reject a proposed

instruction that correctly states the law if its contents are adequately addressed by another

instruction. See, e.g., Eaton v. Commonwealth, 240 Va. 236, 257, 397 S.E.2d 385, 398 (1990);

League v. Commonwealth, 9 Va. App. 199, 210, 385 S.E.2d 232, 239 (1989).

       The appellant’s proposed jury instruction states: “Knowledge that the substance

possessed is cocaine is an element of the crime of possessing. Thus, you may not find the

defendant guilty of such crime unless you believe beyond a reasonable doubt that he was aware

that the substance he possessed was cocaine.” That specific instruction was rejected by the trial

court. The court, however, instructed the jury on the same principles through another instruction

which reads:

                       To knowingly and intentionally possess a controlled
               substance means that a person is aware of the presence and
               character of the substance and has actual physical possession or
               constructive possession. Actual physical possession means that the
               substance is found on the person. Constructive possession means
               that the person has dominion and control over the substance. Mere
               proximity is not enough.

                      Possession need not be exclusive; it may be shared with
               another. The length of time of the possession is not material.
                                                - 11 -
                       Possession may be proved by acts, declarations or conduct
               of the defendant from which it may be fairly inferred that he was
               aware of the presence and character of the substance at the place
               found.

(Emphasis added).3 The jury was fully instructed on the elements of the offense, which included

knowledge of the character of the substance. Under these circumstances, the trial court did not

err in holding that the proposed instruction was duplicative of the knowledge portion of the

instruction given to the jury. Consequently, the trial court properly acted within its discretion by

refusing the proffered jury instruction.

                                  D. Sufficiency of the Evidence

       The appellant argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction.

Specifically, he contends that the Commonwealth failed to prove that he knew either that the

baggies were in the bottom of the cigarette pack or that they contained cocaine. In the context of

review of the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court upholds the conviction unless it was

“‘plainly wrong or lacked evidence to support it.’” Shackleford v. Commonwealth, 262 Va. 196,

209, 547 S.E.2d 899, 906 (2001); accord Sierra v. Commonwealth, 59 Va. App. 770, 775, 722
S.E.2d 656, 658 (2012) (quoting Burrell v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 417, 433, 710 S.E.2d
509, 517 (2011)).

       In this Court’s review of the sufficiency of the evidence, we view the record in the light

most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party at trial. Shackleford, 262 Va. at 209,

547 S.E.2d at 906; Sierra, 59 Va. App. at 774, 722 S.E.2d at 657. To do so, we “‘discard the

evidence of the accused in conflict with that of the Commonwealth.’” Dickerson v.

       3
         The instruction that was given was the applicable portion of Virginia Model Jury
Criminal Instruction 22.330. The proffered instruction also was a model jury instruction. Va.
Model Jury Crim. Instruction No. 22.340. The commentary for the proffered model instruction
notes, however, that “it is probably not necessary to give this instruction” if Instruction No.
22.330 is given.

                                               - 12 -
Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 351, 357, 709 S.E.2d 717, 720 (2011) (quoting Cooper v.

Commonwealth, 54 Va. App. 558, 562, 680 S.E.2d 361, 363 (2009)). The Court also accepts as

true all the credible evidence favorable to the prosecution as well as all fair inferences in support

of the conviction that may be drawn from the record. Id. The fact finder, not this Court, is

responsible for determining what inferences are to be drawn from proved facts, provided that the

inferences reasonably flow from those facts. See Commonwealth v. Hudson, 265 Va. 505, 514, 578
S.E.2d 781, 786 (2003); Burton v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 274, 283, 708 S.E.2d 444, 449

(2011). Finally, if the evidence is sufficient to support the conviction, the reviewing appellate court

will not “substitute its own judgment for that of the trier of fact, even if its opinion might differ from

the conclusions reached” by the fact finder. Jordan v. Commonwealth, 286 Va. 153, 156-57, 747
S.E.2d 799, 800 (2013); accord Kelly v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 250, 257, 584 S.E.2d 444,

447 (2003) (en banc).

        In order to establish illegal possession of a controlled substance, the Commonwealth was

required to show “that the defendant’s possession of the drug was knowing and intentional.”

Young v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 587, 591, 659 S.E.2d 308, 310 (2008); see also Code

§ 18.2-250(A) (proscribing the possession of a controlled substance); Gillis v. Commonwealth,

215 Va. 298, 301, 208 S.E.2d 768, 771 (1974) (explaining that the offender must be “aware of

the presence and character of the particular substance and . . . intentionally and consciously in

possession of it”); Christian v. Commonwealth, 59 Va. App. 603, 608, 721 S.E.2d 809, 811-12

(2012). Physical “possession alone is not sufficient.” Young, 275 Va. at 591, 659 S.E.2d at 310.

Knowledge, a vital element, may be proven through the accused’s “acts, statements, or conduct.”

Id. Further, “[o]ther circumstantial evidence may also support a finding of a defendant’s

knowledge of the nature and character of the substance in his possession.” Id.

                                                  - 13 -
       In this case, Officer O’Neil testified that he smelled the odor of marijuana coming from

the vehicle he stopped for a traffic offense. Although the driver was calm, the appellant, a

passenger in the car, appeared extremely nervous, looked from left to right. He also was

sweating and breathing heavily. According to O’Neil, the appellant’s heart beat so strongly and

rapidly that the officer could see it beating through his shirt. O’Neil found this behavior odd in

the context of a marijuana possession charge. Further, after Officer O’Neil discovered the

cigarette pack in the appellant’s pocket, and the blunt inside, curiously, the appellant asked if he

could “at least have [his] cigarettes,” with a single cigarette left in the pack. When O’Neil was

processing the cigarette pack at the police station, he noticed eight “baggies” of “white flakey

powdery substance” inside the bottom corner of the pack that he had taken from the appellant’s

pocket. O’Neil specifically testified that he did not need to peel the pack open in order to see the

substance. Subsequent testing revealed that the substance was cocaine.

       These facts represent far more than simply possession and support the reasonable

inference that the appellant knew that the cocaine was secreted away in the bottom of the

cigarette pack that was in his pocket. Although the appellant calls attention to the fact that

O’Neil did not see the baggies of cocaine until he opened the box for the third time, the first two

times that the officer opened the pack were outside at night. He did not conduct an inventory of

the pack at the time of the seizure. When he opened the cigarette pack in the police station, the

baggies were readily visible. The jury’s finding that the appellant knowingly and intentionally

possessed the cocaine was a reasonable one and was not plainly wrong. Ample evidence,

including the appellant’s odd and nervous behavior, supports the conclusion that he knew the

cocaine was inside his cigarette pack along with the blunt of marijuana.

       The appellant urges us to reject the jury’s factual finding that he had knowledge of the

presence and nature of the cocaine. His “hypothesis of innocence” at trial was that he did not

                                               - 14 -
know that the cocaine was in the cigarette pack. See generally Blow v. Commonwealth, 52
Va. App. 533, 539, 665 S.E.2d 254, 257 (2008) (explaining that when a conviction is based on

circumstantial evidence, that evidence must exclude every reasonable hypothesis of innocence).

However, the jury rejected this hypothesis, and that conclusion cannot be disturbed on appeal

unless it is plainly wrong. See generally Taylor v. Commonwealth, 61 Va. App. 13, 30, 733
S.E.2d 129, 138 (2012) (holding that the finder of fact’s rejection of a hypothesis of innocence is

“‘binding on appeal unless plainly wrong’” (quoting Archer v. Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 1,

12-13, 492 S.E.2d 826, 832 (1997))). In this case, as previously discussed, the evidence supports

the jury’s rejection of the notion that the appellant was not aware of the eight baggie corners of

cocaine that were in the cigarette pack that also contained a blunt, and was in his pocket. The

evidence was sufficient to support the conviction.

                                       III. CONCLUSION

       The trial court did not abuse its discretion in the manner in which it conducted voir dire,

in finding that the Commonwealth adequately established the chain of custody of the cocaine, or

by declining to give the jury a duplicative instruction. Further, the evidence was sufficient to

support the conviction. For these reasons, we affirm the conviction for possession of a

controlled substance.

                                                                                          Affirmed.

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