Court Opinion

ID: 4548344
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-07-15 15:00:29.467114+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:56:33.743154
License: Public Domain

19-33-cr
     United States v. Muzio
 1
 2                         United States Court of Appeals
 3                             for the Second Circuit
 4
 5                                        August Term, 2019
 6
 7               (Argued: February 28, 2020                   Decided: July 15, 2020)
 8
 9                                      Docket No. 19-33-cr
10                            _____________________________________
11
12                               UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
13
14                                                          Appellee,
15
16                                                  v.
17
18                                      GEORGE MUZIO, JR.,
19
20                                              Defendant-Appellant.
21                            _____________________________________
22
23              ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
24                  FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
25                     _____________________________________
26
27   Before:
28
29                  LIVINGSTON and PARK, Circuit Judges, and UNDERHILL,
30                  Chief District Judge. 1
31
32         Defendant-Appellant George Muzio, Jr. appeals from a judgment of
33   conviction entered by the United States District Court for the Northern District of
34   New York (D’Agostino, J.) primarily sentencing him to a 420-month term of

            Judge Stefan R. Underhill, Chief United States District Judge for the District of
            1

     Connecticut, sitting by designation.
 1   imprisonment. We conclude that Muzio’s sentence is reasonable and AFFIRM.
 2   Judge Underhill dissents in a separate opinion.
 3
 4                                          TERRENCE L. KINDLON, The Kindlon Law
 5                                          Firm, PLLC, Albany, New York, for
 6                                          Defendant-Appellant.
 7
 8                                          PAUL D. SILVER, Assistant United States
 9                                          Attorney, for Grant C. Jaquith, United States
10                                          Attorney for the Northern District of New
11                                          York, Albany, New York, for Appellee.
12
13   PARK, Circuit Judge:

14         This case concerns the reasonableness of a criminal sentence for child

15   pornography offenses.      The district court primarily sentenced Defendant-

16   Appellant George Muzio, Jr. to a below-Guidelines, 420-month term of

17   imprisonment. In light of Muzio’s reprehensible conduct, we conclude that the

18   district court acted well within its discretion. We therefore affirm.

19                                  I. BACKGROUND

20   A.    Facts

21         From August 2014 to May 2016, Muzio exploited at least fourteen underage

22   girls, luring them into sending him a trove of sexually explicit pictures and videos

                                              2
 1   of themselves. 2 Muzio, who was in his thirties, posed as a teenage boy on the

 2   internet and manipulated his victims by saying that he was suffering from cancer

 3   and by repeatedly professing his love for them, including telling several girls that

 4   he would marry them when they were older. He also pressured his victims into

 5   sending more pictures and videos when they protested.

 6          Muzio then traded many of these pictures and videos with at least one other

 7   person on the internet in exchange for more child pornography. He also traded

 8   the usernames of his victims with at least two other child pornography consumers,

 9   along with “suggestions for ways to approach the girls online so the others could

10   contact and proposition the girls for additional images and videos.” App’x at 138–

11   39.

12          In addition, Muzio downloaded and otherwise received substantial

13   quantities of child pornography.            At the time of his arrest, Muzio had

14   approximately 400 videos of child pornography on his laptop.                       He also

15   surreptitiously videotaped his adolescent female neighbor on hundreds of

16   occasions from the second-floor window of his home.

            2 Although the government identified only 14 victims, Muzio told probation that he had
     actually “communicated with over 100 minors online,” and he “estimated over seventy-five of
     those conversations were sexual in nature.”

                                                  3
 1   B.    Procedural History

 2         Muzio was charged with, and ultimately pled guilty to, two counts of sexual

 3   exploitation of a child in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2251(a), (e); six counts of

 4   distribution of child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2252A(a)(2)(A),

 5   (b)(1); and one count of possession of child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C.

 6   §§ 2552A(a)(5)(B), (b)(2). Muzio faced a mandatory minimum sentence of 15 years

 7   and a maximum of 30 years for each exploitation count, see id. § 2251(e); a

 8   mandatory minimum of 5 years and a maximum of 20 years for each distribution

 9   count, see id. § 2252A(b)(1); and a maximum of 20 years for the possession count,

10   see id. § 2252A(b)(2).

11         In advance of sentencing, the Probation Office prepared a Pre-Sentence

12   Report (the “PSR”). In calculating Muzio’s Guidelines range under the United

13   States Sentencing Guidelines, the PSR found that Muzio was in Criminal History

14   Category I and that his conduct warranted the highest possible offense level of 43,

15   yielding a Guidelines range of life.    Because each crime carried a statutory

16   maximum sentence of less than life, however, the PSR concluded that Muzio’s

                                             4
 1   actual Guidelines range was the combined statutory maximum of 6,000 months. 3

 2   See U.S.S.G. § 5G1.2(b).

 3          At sentencing, Muzio asked the district court to impose a mandatory

 4   minimum sentence of 15 years, to run concurrently on all counts. He did not object

 5   to the PSR, which the district court adopted in full. The district court imposed a

 6   sentence of 420 months’ incarceration—the mandatory minimum of 15 years for

 7   each child-exploitation count and 5 years for one of the distribution counts, to run

 8   consecutively, and 5 years each for the remaining distribution and possession

 9   counts, to run concurrently with all counts—to be followed by a lifetime term of

10   supervised release.

11          In explaining its sentence, the district court detailed the depth of Muzio’s

12   exploitative conduct. It noted that the two victims of the sexual exploitation

13   counts were only 11 and 13 years old, and it explained how Muzio “sucked these

14   [children] into sending [Muzio] vile, pornographic images . . . by telling them that

15   [he] loved them.” App’x at 143–44. The district court further observed that, in a

16   victim impact statement, one of the victims “indicated that she’s lost emotional

17   trust of men, that it’s affected her ability to have healthy and happy relationships,

            3 As discussed below, see Section II(B), infra, the PSR erred in calculating this combined
     statutory maximum. Muzio’s actual Guidelines range was 2,400 months.

                                                    5
 1   that she struggles with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, that she doesn’t want to be

 2   touched, that she’s had numerous counseling sessions and she still suffers. She

 3   suffers from issues of judgment.” App’x at 149.

 4         The district court also emphasized the breadth of Muzio’s conduct, which

 5   involved “thousands and thousands of conversations with children all throughout

 6   the United States and throughout the world.” App’x at 146. Muzio’s victims, the

 7   district court observed, are “real” people who are “never going to be able to forget

 8   what they did,” and whose images and videos “will live on forever . . . on the

 9   internet.” App’x at 148. “Children are supposed to be able to lead their lives

10   without being subjected to this kind of evil.” App’x at 162.

11         The district court acknowledged the letters from family and friends that

12   “indicate[d] that [Muzio] w[as] a good person, a good father, that [he was] a

13   baseball coach, that [he] did good things in the community.” App’x at 148. It also

14   credited Muzio’s “history of mental health issues,” and noted that “after his arrest,

15   [Muzio] indicated he had been sexually abused” as a child. App’x at 152, 153.

16   Nevertheless, the district court concluded that “the only reason to impose a non-

17   guideline sentence in this case is the fact that the guideline range calls for a

                                              6
 1   sentence of 500 years,” which was “greater than necessary to meet the goals of

 2   sentencing.” App’x at 153, 150. This appeal follows.

 3                                     II. DISCUSSION

 4   A.    Substantive Reasonableness

 5         On appeal, Muzio primarily challenges the substantive reasonableness of

 6   his sentence.    “[O]ur review of a sentence for substantive reasonableness is

 7   particularly deferential,” and we will set aside “only those sentences that are so

 8   shockingly high, shockingly low, or otherwise unsupportable as a matter of law

 9   that allowing them to stand would damage the administration of justice.” United

10   States v. Broxmeyer, 699 F.3d 265, 289 (2d Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks

11   omitted). Mindful of this standard, we conclude that Muzio’s sentence “easily falls

12   within the range of permissible decisions available to the district court.” United

13   States v. Rivernider, 828 F.3d 91, 111 (2d Cir. 2016).

14         The district court carefully reviewed the record and determined that

15   Muzio’s conduct warranted a 35-year sentence. We agree. As described above,

16   Muzio’s conduct was abhorrent, notable for both the number of victims and the

17   lengths he went to manipulate them. The district court therefore acted well within

18   its discretion in imposing a 35-year sentence.

                                                7
 1          Muzio’s arguments to the contrary are unavailing. First, Muzio contends

 2   that his sentence “conflicts with” our decisions in United States v. Dorvee, 616 F.3d

 3   174 (2d Cir. 2010), and United States v. Jenkins, 854 F.3d 181 (2d Cir. 2017).

 4   Appellant’s Br. at 20. But Dorvee and Jenkins do not stand for the proposition that

 5   nearly any sentence for child pornography above the mandatory minimum is

 6   substantively unreasonable. See Appellant’s Br. at 24. Muzio’s reliance on those

 7   cases is thus misplaced.

 8          Neither Dorvee nor Jenkins involved the production of child pornography.

 9   Dorvee pled guilty to a single count of distribution of child pornography, see

10   Dorvee, 616 F.3d at 176, and a jury convicted Jenkins of one count of possession of

11   child pornography and one count of transportation of child pornography, see

12   Jenkins, 854 F.3d at 183–84. Both received sentences at or near the statutory

13   maximum. See Dorvee, 616 F.3d at 176; Jenkins, 854 F.3d at 184. And neither had

14   any contact with children—virtually or otherwise.4 See Dorvee, 616 F.3d at 176;

            4 Although Dorvee did speak with and send pornographic videos to an undercover officer
     posing as a child, the undercover officer had initiated the contact, and we emphasized that Dorvee
     was “simply too passive, shy, socially anxious, retiring, introverted, submissive, unsure of
     himself and distrustful to push or develop a relationship with any other person, child or adult,
     unless the other person took the lead.” Dorvee, 616 F.3d at 177 (internal quotation marks omitted).
     And Jenkins merely “owned a collection of child pornography and brought it across the U.S.-
     Canada border on the way to a family vacation for his personal viewing.” Jenkins, 854 F.3d at 184.
     He “did not produce or distribute child pornography and did not contact or attempt to contact a
     minor.” Id.

                                                     8
 1   Jenkins, 854 F.3d at 184. Under those narrow circumstances—i.e., where the

 2   defendant was not involved in production of child pornography and had no

 3   contact with children—we noted that a straightforward application of the

 4   sentencing Guidelines “can lead to unreasonable sentences that are inconsistent

 5   with what [18 U.S.C.] § 3553 requires.” Dorvee, 616 F.3d at 184. It is in this limited

 6   context that we warned that strict adherence to the Guidelines could result in

 7   “virtually no distinction between the sentences for . . . the most” and least serious

 8   offenders because many of the sentencing enhancements in U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2 “are

 9   all but inherent to the crime of conviction.” Id. at 186–87.

10         Muzio is undoubtedly a more “dangerous” offender than Dorvee or Jenkins.

11   Id. at 187. Child pornography production offenses are extremely serious and

12   ordinarily warrant significantly harsher punishment than possession or even

13   distribution offenses. See Paroline v. United States, 572 U.S. 434, 439–40 (2014) (“The

14   demand for child pornography harms children in part because it drives

15   production, which involves child abuse. The harms caused by child pornography,

16   however, are still more extensive because child pornography is a permanent

17   record of the depicted child’s abuse, and the harm to the child is exacerbated by

18   its circulation.”) (cleaned up). Muzio’s conduct also involved manipulating many

                                               9
 1   victims into repeated acts of producing child pornography.                            The concerns

 2   articulated in Dorvee and Jenkins are therefore inapplicable here, where the

 3   defendant was involved in the production of child pornography and had direct

 4   contact with child victims.

 5          The dissent repeatedly emphasizes that Muzio’s conduct did not involve

 6   physical contact.5 But this fails to appreciate the fact that some offenses that do not

 7   involve physical contact may nonetheless inflict very real and even more severe

 8   harm on victims.6 We thus decline to hold, as a matter of law, that non-contact

 9   production of child pornography is categorically less harmful than sexual abuse

10   involving physical contact. Similarly, the dissent’s concerns with the Guidelines

            5 See, e.g., Dissent at 1 (emphasizing that Muzio “had no physical contact with” and did
     not himself film his victims); id. at 2 (noting that Muzio “was never within 100 miles” of his
     victims); id. at 14–15 (characterizing child pornography producers who were “physically present
     with their victims” as more “serious” offenders than those who were not); id. at 18 (“Muzio’s
     conduct was substantially less severe than a typical production offender’s because he never
     touched, or tried to touch, any of his victims”); id. at 22 (describing Muzio’s offenses as “closer to
     the conduct of defendants in distribution cases,” which “typically do not include sexual contact,”
     than to “the conduct of a bad production offender”); id. at 22–23 (asserting a lessened need to
     protect the public in sentencing “exclusively an online predator”).
            6See, e.g., Paroline, 572 U.S. at 439–40; id. at 472 (Sotomayor, J., dissenting) (“The traffic in
     images depicting a child’s sexual abuse . . . poses an even greater threat to the child victim than
     does sexual abuse or prostitution because the victim must go through life knowing that the
     recording is circulating within the mass distribution system for child pornography[,] . . . [causing]
     continuing harm by haunting the child in years to come.”) (internal quotation marks omitted);
     Ateret Gewirtz-Meydana et al., The Complex Experience of Child Pornography Survivors, 80 Child
     Abuse & Neglect 238, 244 (2018) (“Some survivors distinguished between unfilmed child sexual
     abuse, and child pornography. According to them, every abuse eventually ends, yet with child
     pornography, when images circulate, it feels as if the abuse is constant and continuing.”).

                                                       10
 1   and so-called “barbaric” sentences are ultimately matters of policy on which we

 2   must defer to the judgments of Congress and the Commission. Cf. United States v.

 3   Mantanes, 632 F.3d 372, 377 (7th Cir. 2011) (“[I]t is ultimately for Congress and the

 4   Commission to consider . . . concerns [regarding disparities in child pornography

 5   sentences]. Having said that, however, those concerns can certainly be taken into

 6   account by district judges when exercising their sentencing discretion under the

 7   now advisory guidelines.”).

 8         In any event, the district court did not impose a Guidelines sentence and

 9   instead based Muzio’s sentence on the applicable mandatory minimums

10   prescribed by Congress. The court concluded that the Guidelines sentence was

11   “greater than necessary to meet the goals of sentencing” simply by virtue of its

12   duration. App’x at 150. It instead imposed consecutive mandatory-minimum

13   sentences for each child-exploitation count and a third consecutive mandatory-

14   minimum sentence covering all the distribution and possession counts. This was

15   clearly reasonable. Put simply, the district court was not required to give Muzio

16   what would amount to free passes on the second child-exploitation count and the

17   distribution and possession counts. See Broxmeyer, 699 F.3d at 290.

                                              11
 1         Muzio also challenges the district court’s balancing of the sentencing factors

 2   set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). He argues that the district court failed to give

 3   “adequate” weight to a number of allegedly mitigating factors, including his (1)

 4   mental-health and substance-abuse issues, (2) lack of criminal history, (3) family

 5   and community ties, (4) remorse, and (5) supposed “amenability” to supervised

 6   release given the nature of his offense and his good behavior while on pretrial

 7   release. Appellant’s Br. at 23–25. But the district court considered each of these

 8   arguments at sentencing and reasonably concluded that the mitigating factors

 9   were outweighed by the “barbaric” nature of Muzio’s conduct. App’x at 162. It

10   acted well within its discretion in doing so. See, e.g., Rivernider, 828 F.3d at 111.

11   B.    Procedural Reasonableness

12         Finally, Muzio argues that his sentence was procedurally unreasonable

13   because the district court incorrectly calculated the applicable Guidelines range.

14   Because Muzio did not object below to the district court’s Guidelines calculations,

15   we review this challenge for plain error. See United States v. Villafuerte, 502 F.3d

16   204, 207–08 (2d Cir. 2007).

17         Each crime to which Muzio pled guilty carried a statutory maximum

18   sentence of less than life, so Muzio’s Guidelines range was equal to the combined

                                               12
 1   statutory maximum. See U.S.S.G. § 5G1.2(b). The PSR and the district court both

 2   concluded that this number was 6,000 months, or 500 years. But in actuality, the

 3   combined statutory maximum is 2,400 months, or 200 years.

 4         Muzio argues that this error rendered it “impossible [for the district court]

 5   to formulate a proper sentence.” Appellant’s Supp. Letter at 2. For practical

 6   purposes, however, a 200-year sentence and a 500-year sentence are both life

 7   sentences, and the district court treated the Guidelines range as such. Cf. United

 8   States v. Betcher, 534 F.3d 820, 827–28 (8th Cir. 2008) (noting that a 750-year sentence

 9   is “for practical purposes . . . a life sentence, and that is how we view it”).

10   Moreover, the district court expressly disclaimed reliance on the Guidelines in

11   formulating its sentence. We thus conclude that the Guidelines calculation error

12   did not “seriously affect[] the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the

13   [sentencing],” and we reject Muzio’s challenge to his sentence as procedurally

14   unreasonable. Villafuerte, 502 F.3d at 209 (internal quotation marks omitted).

15                                   III. CONCLUSION

16         For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.

                                               13
 1   Stefan R. Underhill, District Judge, dissenting:

 2         George Muzio produced child pornography by tricking minor girls into

 3   sexting with him by posing as a teenage boy with cancer. He engaged in no

 4   violence and, indeed, had no physical contact with any of the girls. There is no

 5   evidence that he has ever had inappropriate contact with any minor. Muzio did

 6   not film any of the girls, even remotely. None of the images or videos, as

 7   disturbing as they are, involves sex acts with another person. Nevertheless, as a

 8   first-time offender, Muzio was sentenced to 420 months—35 years—in prison, a

 9   sentence that is more than 12 years longer than the nationwide average sentence

10   for production of child pornography. In my view, that sentence did not

11   meaningfully distinguish Muzio from more culpable child pornography

12   producers, is shockingly high, and is therefore substantively unreasonable.

13   Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.

14                                   I. BACKGROUND

15         Muzio pled guilty to a nine-count indictment that charged him with

16   producing (two counts), distributing (six counts), and possessing (one count)

17   child pornography. All of Muzio’s charged conduct took place over the internet
 1   using his computer or through his iPhone.1 He was never within 100 miles of his

 2   victims; he used deceit to convince the victims to film or photograph themselves

 3   and send him the product. He did not touch or film, remotely or otherwise, any

 4   victim.

 5          The two production charges (brought as sexual exploitation of a child

 6   charges) are based upon Muzio’s extensive electronic contact with two particular

 7   victims (Victims 1 and 2).2 Muzio used his iPhone and an app called Kik

 8   Messenger to communicate with Victims 1 and 2. Between August 2014 and

 9   March 2015, Muzio and Victim 1—who lived in Montana—exchanged over 2,000

10   text messages. Victim 1 was eleven years old and Muzio was 33. Muzio

11   represented himself to be a teenage boy. Muzio manipulated Victim 1 by telling

12   her that he loved her and that they would get married one day. Muzio solicited

13   pornographic photographs and videos from Victim 1 and often instructed her in

14   graphic terms what he wanted her to do in those photographs and videos.

            1 In a related incident—which the district judge considered at sentencing—Muzio used
     a home video recorder to record from a window in his own residence his neighbors’ adolescent
     daughter walking in and out of her house (i.e., fully clothed and in public).
            2 As the majority points out, Muzio likely engaged in similar conduct with more than

     seventy-five young girls.

                                                  2
 1   Muzio also sent Victim 1, on at least one occasion, a photograph of his erect

 2   penis.

 3            Between October 2015 and January 2016, Muzio and Victim 2—who lived

 4   in Georgia—exchanged over 4,700 text messages. Victim 2 was 13, and Muzio

 5   was 34. Again, Muzio sent Victim 2 incredibly graphic messages, manipulated

 6   Victim 2, and solicited pornographic photographs and videos that Muzio

 7   choreographed.

 8            On at least two occasions, Muzio traded images and videos of child

 9   pornography with other users on Kik. Muzio shared the online contact

10   information of Victim 1 and another young girl with the other users with whom

11   he was trading child pornography. Muzio gave those other users advice about

12   how to speak to those young girls. He said, for instance: “Don’t come off strong

13   with this girl.” PSR at ¶ 52.

14            Finally, when going through seized materials (DVDs), federal agents

15   discovered hundreds of home video clips depicting a teenage girl that were

16   taken over a two- to three-year period. The videos were taken from the second

17   floor of Muzio’s house and featured Muzio’s neighbors’ daughter (when she was

                                               3
 1   between fourteen and sixteen years old) exiting and entering her house; the

 2   videos focused on the girl’s breasts and buttocks.

 3         In his written plea agreement with the government, Muzio agreed not to

 4   appeal a sentence of incarceration that did not exceed 365 months—the top of the

 5   Guidelines range Muzio would have faced for a single count of sexual

 6   exploitation of a minor with the enhancements applicable to his conduct (offense

 7   level 40 and criminal history category I). District Judge Mae A. D’Agostino

 8   sentenced Muzio to 420 months’ imprisonment and lifetime supervised release.

 9   The government had submitted that the most relevant and important section

10   3553(a) factor was the need “to protect the public from further crimes of the

11   defendant.” App’x at 139. I quote several portions of the sentencing transcript to

12   highlight (what I believe to be) the reasons animating the district judge’s

13   sentence.

14         Before reading excerpts of text messages between Muzio and Victims 1

15   and 2, Judge D’Agostino explained:

16         We are not talking about a few isolated discussions with children.
17         That would be bad enough. But we’re talking about thousands and
18         thousands of conversations with children all throughout the United
19         States and throughout the world. You knew just how to prey on these
20         victims. You knew just what to say when they would tell you that

                                              4
 1         they didn’t want to do these things. Any reviewing court has to
 2         understand that you were a predator in every sense of the word.
 3

 4   App’x at 146. Judge D’Agostino continued:

 5         [Although] the defendant portrayed himself as a stay-at-home father,
 6         actively involved in his children’s lives and activities, . . . he was
 7         acting as an online sexual predator . . . .
 8
 9         ...
10
11         The defendant not only acted as an online sexual predator, he
12         perpetrated [sic] the online child pornography epidemic by
13         distributing nude and pornographic images and videos of minor
14         females . . . whom he introduced to at least one other individual. He
15         also shared the female’s [sic] social media user names with the
16         individual so he could also attempt to induce the minors to produce
17         further sexually explicit material of themselves.
18
19   App’x at 150–51. Judge D’Agostino also found important that Muzio

20         videotaped and photographed his neighbor’s young minor daughter
21         over a number of years, zooming in on her buttocks and chest as she
22         innocently walked to and from school, her home and her car.
23
24         ...
25
26         This conduct demonstrates that the defendant poses a risk not only to
27         minors online but to minors in the community as well.
28
29   App’x at 151–52.
30
31         Judge D’Agostino discounted the mitigating effects of both Muzio’s mental

32   health issues and his alleged history of childhood sexual abuse. The Judge

                                             5
 1   explained that “the only reason to impose a non-guideline sentence in this case is

 2   the fact that the guideline range calls for a sentence of 500 years.” App’x at 153.3

 3   No “other mitigating factors [] would warrant a sentence outside of the guideline

 4   range.” Id.

 5          Judge D’Agostino noted that her sentence would comply with 18 U.S.C. §

 6   3553(a) because it would

 7          reflect the seriousness of the offense, and this offense was egregiously
 8          serious; it needs to promote respect for the law; it needs to deter
 9          further criminal conduct; and it most definitely needs to protect the
10          public from further crimes from this predator.
11
12   App’x at 153. This appeal followed.

13                                        II. DISCUSSION

14          Sentencing defendants who have committed child pornography offenses is

15   extraordinarily difficult, as is reviewing those sentences for substantive

16   reasonableness. The offense conduct constitutes a serious breach of fundamental

17   societal norms and leaves even seasoned judges disquieted. The conduct of the

18   defendant, and the impact on the victims, is often horrific—especially with

19   defendants who have produced child pornography. These cases instill a sense

            3 As the Court explains, the correct Guidelines range was 2,400 months, but the
     Guidelines range relied on by all at the time of sentencing was “life, or 6,000 months.” App’x at
     136. I agree with the Court’s holding that that discrepancy does not provide a basis for reversal.

                                                     6
 1   that the defendants deserve what they get, no matter how long the sentences

 2   might be. But, like all offenses, child pornography offenses vary in their

 3   seriousness. Even the conduct of producers of child pornography occurs along a

 4   spectrum. That spectrum calls for a concomitant range in the seriousness of the

 5   sentences imposed, for we have a statutory duty to impose—or affirm—only

 6   sentences that are “sufficient, but not greater than necessary,” to serve the

 7   purposes of sentencing, even in child pornography cases. I do not believe the

 8   sentence imposed on Muzio was the shortest sentence “sufficient” to serve those

 9   purposes. Indeed, although his conduct places him among the least serious

10   production offenders, his sentence was dramatically above the national average

11   for production offenders. Because I believe Muzio’s sentence was shockingly

12   high, and thus substantively unreasonable, I would vacate and remand.

13

14   A.    Review for Substantive Reasonableness

15         Substantive review of sentences “is intended to ‘provide a backstop’

16   against sentences that are ‘shockingly high, shockingly low, or otherwise

17   unsupportable as a matter of law.’” United States v. Dorvee, 616 F.3d 174, 183 (2d

18   Cir. 2010) (quoting United States v. Rigas, 583 F.3d 108, 123 (2d Cir. 2009)). The

                                               7
 1   factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) govern the Second Circuit’s review for

 2   substantive unreasonableness. See United States v. Jenkins, 854 F.3d 181, 187 (2d

 3   Cir. 2017). This Court must evaluate whether “each sentencing factor, ‘as

 4   explained by the district court, can bear the weight assigned it under the totality

 5   of the circumstances in the case.’” Id. at 188 (quoting United States v. Cavera, 550

 6   F.3d 180, 191 (2d Cir. 2008) (en banc)).

 7         It is not empirically surprising that this Court holds that Muzio’s sentence

 8   is substantively reasonable. There are almost no decisions, here or in other

 9   Circuits, reversing a sentence imposed for production of child pornography on

10   substantive unreasonableness grounds. In the 124 appeals in which this Court

11   has cited 18 U.S.C. § 2251 (not all of which involved claims of substantive

12   unreasonableness), the Court has reversed a sentence for substantive

13   unreasonableness exactly once, and that reversal was short-lived.

14         In United States v. Sawyer, 672 F. App’x 63 (2d Cir. 2016) (“Sawyer I”), the

15   Court vacated and remanded a 30-year sentence imposed by Judge D’Agostino

16   on a producer of child pornography who had engaged in inappropriate physical

17   contact with a four-year-old and a six-year-old. The decision was based, in part,

18   on Judge D’Agostino’s “overreliance on Sawyer’s danger to the community.” Id.

                                                8
 1   at 67. When reviewing the 25-year sentence imposed following remand, the

 2   Court again initially vacated and remanded for failure to comply with the

 3   mandate. United States v. Sawyer, 892 F.3d 558, 564 (2d Cir. 2018). Five weeks

 4   later, the Court withdrew that decision, United States v. Sawyer, 2018 WL 5116340,

 5   at *1 (2d Cir. July 26, 2018), and issued an order affirming the judgment, United

 6   States v. Sawyer, 2018 WL 5117293, at *1 (2d Cir. July 30, 2018). Several months

 7   later, this Court issued a published opinion that rejected the substantive

 8   reasonableness appeal and noted that: “The sentence is barbaric without being

 9   all that unusual.” United States v. Sawyer, 907 F.3d 121, 126 (2d Cir. 2018)

10   (“Sawyer II”).

11         In a second case, the Court suggested, without holding, that it had

12   concerns about the substantive reasonableness of a sentence imposed on a child

13   pornography producer. It remanded an extremely lengthy sentence “to ensure

14   that the sentence is not based on a clearly erroneous understanding of the facts.”

15   United States v. Brown, 826 F.3d 51, 53 (2d Cir. 2016). About a month later, the

16   panel vacated its opinion and judgment. See Order, United States v. Brown, No.

17   1:12-cr-145 (GLS) (N.D.N.Y.), Doc. No. 57. Ultimately, the Second Circuit

                                               9
 1   affirmed Brown’s 720-month sentence as substantively reasonable. United States

 2   v. Brown, 843 F.3d 74 (2d Cir. 2016).

 3         The Second Circuit is not unique in its reluctance to reverse child

 4   pornography production sentences as substantively unreasonable. I am aware of

 5   only two such decisions nationwide. In United States v. Aleo, 681 F.3d 290, 294,

 6   299–302 (6th Cir. 2012), the Sixth Circuit reversed as substantively unreasonable

 7   a 60-year sentence imposed on a grandfather who made a hidden-camera video

 8   of him sexually touching his five-year-old granddaughter while drying her off

 9   after a bath. And in United States v. Killen, 729 F. App’x 703, 717–18 (11th Cir.

10   2018), the Eleventh Circuit reversed a 139-year sentence as substantively

11   unreasonable because the district judge refused to take into account unwarranted

12   disparities in sentencing.

13         The creation and trafficking of child pornography is a horrible crime

14   because it perpetuates and elongates the suffering of some of the most innocent

15   in our society. See Paroline v. United States, 572 U.S. 434, 439–40 (2014). Few

16   crimes cut so deeply against fundamental societal norms. But that should not

17   mean that any sentence within the statutory range is immune from review. As

18   former Chief Judge Dennis G. Jacobs noted, in dissent: “If any sentence between

                                              10
 1   the [statutory] minimum and maximum is substantively reasonable as a matter

 2   of law unless the offense borders on innocence itself, there is no such thing as

 3   substantive unreasonableness in this area.” United States v. Broxmeyer, 699 F.3d

 4   265, 304 (2d Cir. 2012) (Jacobs, C.J., dissenting); see Brown, 843 F.3d at 85 (Sack, J.,

 5   concurring) (“[T]he extreme nature of [child pornography] offenses compels . . .

 6   particularly meticulous scrutiny.”). As discussed below, the Sentencing

 7   Guidelines provide no means for distinguishing among producers of child

 8   pornography, so the task falls to substantive reasonableness review.

 9

10   B.     The Sentencing Guidelines Offer No Help

11          The child pornography production guideline, U.S.S.G. § 2G2.1, shares

12   many of the same flaws identified by this Court when it reviewed the child

13   pornography distribution guideline, U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2. See Dorvee, 616 F.3d at

14   184–88. I need not emphasize those flaws here, 4 for the thing speaks for itself:

            4  In my view, although perhaps not as egregiously, section 2G2.1 suffers from some of
     the same deficiencies as section 2G2.2 because, rather than being a product of the Commission’s
     empirical study, Congress has driven amendments to that guideline and some enhancements
     are applicable in so many cases that the guideline does not help distinguish between levels of
     culpability among defendants. See, e.g., U.S. Sentencing Comm’n, Federal Child Pornography
     Offenses 249 (2012) (the “2012 Commission Report”),
     https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/news/congressional-testimony-and-reports/sex-
     offense-topics/201212-federal-child-pornography-offenses/Full_Report_to_Congress.pdf (“Over
     the years, the Commission increased the base offense level [under 2G2.1] and added additional

                                                   11
1   Muzio’s Guidelines range, for a non-violent, first-time offender who had no

2   physical contact with any victim, was calculated to be 6,000 months. We learned

3   on appeal that it was actually “only” 2,400 months, but there is no practical

4   difference between 500 years in prison and 200 years in prison.

5          The Guidelines are an exceedingly blunt tool in the child pornography

6   context. They do not call for consideration of the characteristics of the defendant

7   and do not meaningfully account for differences in conduct committed by

8   persons who violated the same statute. It is axiomatic that punishment should

9   be proportional to an offense. See Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48, 59 (2010); see also

    enhancements, usually as a result of congressional directives.”); U.S. Sentencing Comm’n, Use of
    Guidelines and Specific Offense Characteristics: Guideline Calculation Based, Fiscal Year 2018 44,
    https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/research-and-publications/federal-sentencing-
    statistics/guideline-application-frequencies/2018/Use_of_SOC_Guideline_Based.pdf (showing
    that 90.4 percent of sentences under section 2G2.1 included a two- or four-point enhancement
    based on the victim’s age; that 47.6 percent of those sentences included a two-point
    enhancement because the offense involved a sex act or sexual contact; and that 39 percent of
    those sentences included a two-level enhancement because the victim was in the defendant’s
    custody, care, or control); Brown, 843 F.3d at 89 (Pooler, J., dissenting) (“[M]uch of the Dorvee
    court’s criticism of the child pornography guidelines applies to the guidelines for production
    offenses as well.”); United States v. Grigsby, 749 F.3d 908, 911 (10th Cir. 2014) (“Defendant may
    be correct when he says the child pornography production guideline, § 2G2.1, suffers from the
    same apparent defect as the distribution guideline, § 2G2.2.”) (citing 2012 Commission Report at
    247); United States v. Zauner, 688 F.3d 426, 431 (8th Cir. 2012) (Bright, J., concurring); United
    States v. Price, 2012 WL 966971, at *11 (C.D. Ill. Mar. 21, 2012) (explaining that section 2G2.1
    “presents some of the same problems” as section 2G2.2), aff’d, 775 F.3d 828, 840–41 (7th Cir.
    2014); United States v. Jacob, 631 F. Supp. 2d 1099, 1115 (N.D. Iowa 2009); United States v. Krueger,
    2009 WL 4164122, at *3 (E.D. Wis. 2009); but see United States v. Murphy, 792 F. App’x 232, 235
    (3d Cir. 2019).

                                                     12
 1   Dorvee, 616 F.3d at 187 (“[C]ourts must guard against unwarranted similarities

 2   among sentences for defendants who have been found guilty of dissimilar

 3   conduct.”) (citing Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 55 (2007)). Achieving such

 4   proportionality is one major reason that the Sentencing Guidelines exist. See 28

 5   U.S.C. § 991(b)(1)(B) (articulating that a purpose of the Sentencing Commission is

 6   to “avoid[] unwarranted sentencing disparities among defendants with similar

 7   records who have been found guilty of similar criminal conduct”); U.S.S.G. ch. 1,

 8   pt. A, at § 1.3 (noting that, in instituting Guidelines, “Congress sought

 9   proportionality in sentencing through a system that imposes appropriately

10   different sentences for criminal conduct of differing severity”); 18 U.S.C. §

11   3553(a)(6).

12         The fact that the sentence imposed in this case falls well below the

13   applicable Guidelines range does not suggest that the sentence is substantively

14   reasonable. The Second Circuit has noted that “the amount by which a sentence

15   deviates from the applicable Guidelines range is not the measure of how

16   ‘reasonable’ a sentence is” and that, even when a sentence falls “relatively far

17   below” the Guidelines range, an “individualized application of the statutory

18   sentencing factors” is still required. See Dorvee, 616 F.3d at 184 (citing Gall, 552

                                               13
 1   U.S. at 46–47). Even Judge D’Agostino implicitly recognized the uselessness of

 2   the Guidelines range in this case when she remarked that “the only reason to

 3   impose a non-guideline sentence in this case is the fact that the guideline range

 4   calls for a sentence of 500 years.” App’x at 153.

 5         The decision to affirm Muzio’s sentence actually creates the very

 6   sentencing disparity that the Guidelines were enacted to dispel. Statistically,

 7   Muzio’s conduct places him in the least serious 10 percent of production

 8   defendants nationwide. Indeed, according to the U.S. Sentencing Commission,

 9   in 2010 (the most recent year for which detailed child pornography offense

10   statistics are available), 74 percent of “production offenders were physically

11   present with their victims or remotely aided and abetted another adult offender

12   in the commission of a sexual contact offense against a minor victim.” See U.S.

13   Sentencing Comm’n, Federal Child Pornography Offenses 263 (2012) (the “2012

14   Commission Report”),

15   https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/news/congressional-testimony-and-

16   reports/sex-offense-topics/201212-federal-child-pornography-

17   offenses/Full_Report_to_Congress.pdf. A further 15.5 percent of production

18   offenders were “physically present with their victims” but did not touch them or

                                              14
 1   aid another in touching them. See id. Only 10.5 percent of production offenders

 2   neither were physically present nor touched the minor. See id.

 3          That last category—“offenders who solicited still images of self-produced

 4   child pornography from minors via email or text or who recorded sexually

 5   explicit conduct of minors who appeared remotely via webcam”—describes

 6   Muzio. See id. at 263 n.56. But, even though Muzio’s conduct would have placed

 7   him in the least serious 10 percent of production offenders for the fiscal year

 8   2010, his sentence was 153 months longer than the average sentence for all

 9   production offenders in 2010. See 2012 Commission Report at 253 (reporting

10   average sentence for production offenders as 267.1 months). That disparity

11   shocks the conscience.

12          Similarly, in 2019, the mean sentence for a sexual abuser 5 under the

13   Guidelines was 206 months. See U.S. Sentencing Comm’n, 2019 Sourcebook of

14   Federal Sentencing Statistics tbl.15 (the “2019 Sourcebook”),

15   https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/research-and-publications/annual-

            5  The category “sexual abuse” includes: criminal sexual abuse, sexual abuse of a minor,
     sexual abuse of a ward, abusive sexual contact, transportation of a minor for sex, sex trafficking
     of children, sex trafficking of adults by force, fraud or coercion, child pornography production,
     and child exploitation enterprises. It includes “offenders sentenced under USSG §2G1.1 who
     received a Base Offense Level of 34, and all offenders sentenced under USSG §§2A3.1, 2A3.2,
     2A3.3, 2A3.4, 2G1.2 (deleted), 2G1.3, 2G2.1, 2G2.3, and 2G2.6.” See 2019 Sourcebook at 214.

                                                     15
 1   reports-and-sourcebooks/2019/2019-Annual-Report-and-Sourcebook.pdf.

 2   Indeed, the mean sentence for a sexual abuser in criminal history category VI was

 3   272 months. See id. at tbl.27. By any statistical metric, Muzio was sentenced

 4   much too harshly.

 5          Taken as a whole, the Guidelines themselves indicate that Muzio’s sentence

 6   is egregiously long: The Guidelines recommend that many defendants who

 7   subject children to repeated, inappropriate sexual contact should spend less than

 8   35 years in prison. For instance, under the Guidelines, a first-time offender “who

 9   intentionally seeks out and contacts a twelve[-]year-old on the internet,

10   convinces the child to meet and to cross state lines for the meeting, and then

11   engages in repeated sex with the child,” would be subject to a Guidelines range

12   of 151 to 188 months’ imprisonment. See Dorvee, 616 F.3d at 187 & n.11; Sawyer I,

13   672 F. App’x at 66 (citing Dorvee). Similarly, by my calculation, a first-time

14   offender who, through the internet, entices a 14-year-old into crossing state lines

15   under false pretenses, sells her into the sex trade, and profits from her

16   commercial sex acts would be subject to the same Guidelines range of 151 to 188

17   months’ imprisonment.6 In both of the above situations, the Guidelines range

            6 This hypothetical individual has been convicted of sex trafficking under 18 U.S.C. §
     1591(b)(2). Under U.S.S.G. § 2G1.3(a)(2), the defendant’s base offense level is 30. Further, he

                                                     16
 1   would be 108 to 135 months’ imprisonment if the hypothetical defendants pled

 2   guilty and earned three points off for acceptance of responsibility. See U.S.S.G. §

 3   3E1.1.

 4            To the extent that the Guidelines and statistics collected by the Sentencing

 5   Commission provide any meaningful guidance regarding what sentence to

 6   impose, they suggest that Muzio’s sentence was a shocking aberration.

 7

 8   C.       The Section 3553(a) Factors Do Not Support Muzio’s Sentence

 9            The ultimate touchstone for all federal sentencing is 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).

10   That statute requires that the “court shall impose a sentence sufficient, but not

11   greater than necessary, to comply with the purposes” of sentencing. Thus, the

12   sentence imposed must:

13            • reflect the seriousness of the offense, promote respect for the law,
14            and provide just punishment for the offense;
15
16            • afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct;

17            • protect the public from further crimes of the defendant; and

     has qualified for the misrepresentation enhancement under § 2G1.3(b)(2) (2 levels) and the use-
     of-a-computer enhancement under § 2G1.3(b)(3) (2 levels). Thus, the defendant’s total offense
     level is 34, which, for a defendant in criminal history category I, yields a Guidelines range of 151
     to 188 months’ imprisonment.

                                                     17
 1          • provide the defendant with needed educational or vocational
 2          training, medical care, or other correctional treatment in the most
 3          effective manner.
 4
 5          Muzio’s sentence in this case is substantively unreasonable because it is

 6   shockingly high, and the district judge’s heavy reliance on one of the section

 7   3553(a) factors—“protection of the public”—cannot bear the weight she assigned

 8   it. Although Muzio was convicted of two production offenses, Muzio’s conduct

 9   was substantially less severe than a typical production offender’s because he

10   never touched, or tried to touch, any of his victims—he was never even in the

11   same room with one. Still, Judge D’Agostino sentenced Muzio as if he were

12   among the worst-of-the-worst child pornography offenders.7 All of Muzio’s

13   criminal conduct took place in the digital world. No matter what prison term he

14   serves, his computer and phone use will be monitored for the rest of his life—

15   and that is certainly appropriate. In this case, 35 years is—by far—a greater-

16   than-necessary term of imprisonment to achieve the purposes of sentencing.

            7  Importantly, at oral argument, Assistant United States Attorney Paul Silver
     acknowledged that Muzio was not among the worst-of-the-worst child pornography
     defendants. AUSA Silver described a “spectrum” of child pornography cases with simple
     possession (“the least serious”) at one end and “hands-on abuse of a child” at the other
     (“highest end”). Oral Arg. at 11:08–11:35. AUSA Silver explained that production cases fall
     “somewhat right in the middle” and that this case fell into the upper half of the production
     cases. Id. at 11:35–11:50.

                                                    18
 1         In too many other cases to count, child pornography defendants who rape,

 2   molest, or torture children get meaningfully shorter sentences than Muzio did in

 3   this case. See, e.g., Brown, 843 F.3d at 92 (Pooler, J., dissenting) (citing United

 4   States v. Gilmore, 599 F.3d 160, 162 (2d Cir. 2010) (affirming 30-year sentence for

 5   defendant who repeatedly raped eight-year-old daughter); United States v.

 6   Swackhammer, 400 F. App’x 615, 616 (2d Cir. 2010) (affirming 168-month sentence

 7   for defendant who repeatedly molested children); United States v. Irey, 612 F.3d

 8   1160, 1166 (11th Cir. 2010) (en banc) (determining that 30-year sentence (statutory

 9   maximum) should be imposed on defendant who raped, sodomized, and

10   sexually tortured fifty or more little girls, some as young as four); United States v.

11   Castro-Valenzuela, 304 F. App’x 986, 988 (3d Cir. 2008) (affirming 220-month

12   sentence for defendant who recorded himself violently sexually assaulting his

13   girlfriend’s seven-year-old niece)); United States v. Batchu, 724 F.3d 1, 3, 14 (1st

14   Cir. 2013) (affirming 365-month sentence for defendant—a “skilled and

15   apparently undeterrable predator” and “relentless and highly dangerous child

16   molester”—who travelled all over the country to sexually exploit fifteen-year-old

17   and violated court-issued restraining orders and state-level prosecutions to do

18   so); United States v. Rudow, 373 F. App’x 298, 299–300 (3d Cir. 2010) (affirming

                                                19
 1   326-month sentence when defendant “made several videos of himself sexually

 2   abusing his fourteen-year-old daughter” and had six prior felony convictions,

 3   putting him in criminal history category VI).

 4         Of course, I acknowledge that this Court has affirmed some extremely long

 5   sentences for child pornography defendants convicted—as Muzio was—of

 6   production under 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a) and (e). See, e.g., Broxmeyer, 699 F.3d at 288–

 7   97 (30 years); United States v. Levy, 385 F. App’x 20, 24–25 (2d Cir. 2010) (30

 8   years); United States v. Oehne, 698 F.3d 119, 125–26 (2d Cir. 2012) (45 years);

 9   United States v. Pattee, 820 F.3d 496, 512–13 (2d Cir. 2016) (47 years); Brown, 843

10   F.3d at 82–84 (60 years); United States v. Rafferty, 529 F. App’x 10, 13–14 (2d Cir.

11   2013) (60 years).

12         A signature feature of those cases is the defendant’s physical proximity to

13   the victims. In all the above-cited cases, for instance, the defendant either had

14   physical/sexual contact with his victims or recorded/photographed them while in

15   the same room. This Court has repeatedly emphasized that physical contact and

16   proximity—and the attempt to have physical contact—are extremely important

17   factors in determining the substantive reasonableness of child pornography

18   sentences. See, e.g., Dorvee, 616 F.3d at 184; Jenkins, 854 F.3d at 191 (“Whether a

                                               20
 1   child pornography offender has had or has attempted to have contact with

 2   children is an important distinction.”). In many such cases, too, the defendant is

 3   in a position of trust with respect to the victim (a family member or a coach, for

 4   instance) and abuses that trust.

 5          Muzio’s conduct was, of course, abhorrent. Crucially, however, he never

 6   had—or even attempted to have—physical contact with any minor. Indeed,

 7   Muzio was never in the same room as a minor victim, and all the relevant

 8   evidence suggests that he never would have been. The minors whom Muzio

 9   contacted were strangers. Muzio raised two young boys and was a Little League

10   coach for boys between the ages of five and fifteen, but there are no allegations of

11   impropriety against him in those roles. Online, Muzio initiated computer contact

12   with young girls with absolutely no regard for where those girls were located

13   geographically. Muzio never met any of those girls. (Indeed, Muzio’s anxiety

14   made it difficult for him even to leave his own parents’ house. 8) In addition,

            8 A psychologist’s evaluation indicated that Muzio’s significant anxiety “likely affects
     his employment outside of the house and his willingness to consistently leave the house for
     other than family activities.” App’x at 128–29.

                                                    21
 1   despite the fact that Muzio surreptitiously recorded the young girl who lived

 2   next door for years, Muzio never attempted to contact her inappropriately.9

 3          Muzio’s conduct is closer to the conduct of defendants in distribution cases

 4   than to the conduct of a bad production offender (e.g., a child rapist). In

 5   distribution and possession cases, which typically do not include sexual contact,

 6   the Second Circuit has vacated as substantively unreasonable several sentences

 7   much shorter than the one in this case. See Dorvee, 616 F.3d at 176 (20 years);

 8   Jenkins, 854 F.3d at 184 (225 months); see also United States v. DiMartino, 797 F.

 9   App’x 27, 30 (2d Cir. 2019) (affirming sentence but acknowledging that the

10   sentences in Dorvee and Jenkins were “shockingly high”). Indeed, in my view,

11   defendants in some distribution cases—including Dorvee, in which the defendant

12   was arrested when he showed up to a meeting with a (fake) 14-year-old boy—are

13   closer to having “sexual contact” with a minor than was Muzio. See Dorvee, 616

14   F.3d at 176.

15          Despite all this, in sentencing Muzio, the district judge focused on the need

16   to protect the public. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(C). That sentencing factor cannot

17   bear the weight assigned to it. Jenkins, 854 F.3d at 188 (citing Cavera, 550 F.3d at

            9 Muzio sent the girl one Facebook message “inquiring about her new dog.” PSR at ¶
     69. The neighbor’s daughter did not respond, and Muzio apparently sent no further messages.

                                                 22
 1   191). In Sawyer I and Dorvee, this Court remarked that the sentences in those

 2   cases could not “be justified by public protection, given that a defendant who

 3   repeatedly has sex with a child would face a far more lenient sentence.” Sawyer I,

 4   672 F. App’x at 66 (citing Dorvee, 616 F.3d at 187). As I have noted above, Muzio

 5   never touched a young girl, and, in my view, he was not a threat to do so. Muzio

 6   may have been a “predator,” but he was exclusively an online predator. Cf.

 7   Dorvee, 616 F.3d at 183. For that reason alone, his sentence is substantively

 8   unreasonable.

 9         Ultimately, Congress has directed that sentences should be “sufficient, but

10   not greater than necessary” to serve the purposes of sentencing. The sentence

11   imposed in this case is much “greater than necessary” to serve the purposes of

12   sentencing. For instance, the sentence goes far beyond what would be necessary

13   for “adequate deterrence.” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(B). There is simply no basis to

14   believe that a sentence of 35 years is necessary to deter Muzio (or anyone else)

15   from committing this crime ever again. No matter what term of incarceration

16   was imposed in this case, Muzio was likely to be subject to a lifetime term of

17   supervised release during which his internet use would be constantly monitored.

18   At oral argument, Muzio’s lawyer conceded that Muzio was not challenging the

                                             23
 1   lifetime term of supervised release. Thus, no matter the term of incarceration,

 2   Muzio will always be subject to re-incarceration if he uses the internet for

 3   improper purposes. Further, because of Muzio’s age upon release 10 and his

 4   potential participation in the BOP’s Sex Offender Treatment Program, 11 Muzio

 5   would be even less of a threat to recidivate. The difference between the

 6   mandatory minimum incarceration in this case (fifteen years) and the 35-year

 7   sentence imposed simply cannot be justified by specific deterrence. For all the

 8   reasons identified above, I also do not believe that general deterrence can justify

 9   Muzio’s sentence.

10          Moreover, the sentence in this case does not “promote respect for the law.”

11   18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(A). Although it affirmed the sentence, this Court recently

12   remarked that a 25-year sentence imposed on a child pornography defendant

13   who had actually made inappropriate contact with a four-year-old and a six-

14   year-old12 was “barbaric.” See Sawyer II, 907 F.3d at 126. If a 25-year sentence for

            10   See United States v. Craig, 703 F.3d 1001, 1003 (7th Cir. 2012) (Posner, J., concurring)
     (“Only 1.1 percent of perpetrators of all forms of crime against children are between 70 and 75
     years old and 1.3 percent between 60 and 69.”) (citing government study).
              11 See United States v. Mudd, 681 F. App’x 425, 431–32 (6th Cir. 2017) (Merritt, J.,

     concurring) (citing a government study that concludes: “[T]he evidence suggests that []
     treatment for sex offenders—particularly cognitive-behavioral/relapse-prevention approaches—
     can produce reductions in both sexual and nonsexual recidivism”).
              12 It is clear that the defendant in Sawyer touched his victims inappropriately. In Sawyer

     I, this Court noted a disagreement below regarding whether the defendant had touched the

                                                     24
 1   a defendant who actually touched a four-year-old and a six-year-old was

 2   “barbaric,” how can the 35-year sentence in this case be anything but barbaric?

 3          No matter how commonly they are imposed, Courts of Appeals should not

 4   be in the business of affirming barbaric sentences. Any barbaric sentence, almost

 5   by definition, shocks the conscience and must therefore be substantively

 6   unreasonable. Indeed, the Supreme Court has made clear that the Eighth

 7   Amendment’s ban on cruel and unusual punishments “prohibits the imposition

 8   of inherently barbaric punishments under all circumstances.” Graham, 560 U.S. at

 9   59 (citation omitted). Put differently, a barbaric sentence must, necessarily, be a

10   sentence greater than necessary to comply with the purposes of sentencing. See

11   18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). Affirming barbaric sentences does not promote respect for

12   the law.

13          As discussed above, the fact that certain child rapists and child sex

14   traffickers are likely under the Guidelines to receive more lenient sentences than

     victims’ vaginas. See Sawyer I, 672 F. App’x at 66 n.3. This Court explained, though, that the
     resolution of that disagreement had been unnecessary because the relevant enhancement under
     the Guidelines would have applied even if the defendant did not technically touch the victims’
     vaginas but, rather, their “inner thigh.” See id. (citing U.S.S.G. § 2G2.1(b)(2)(A); 18 U.S.C. §
     2246(3)). This Court later made clear that Sawyer had “touch[ed] [his victims] in the process” of
     photographing them. See Sawyer, 892 F.3d at 561; Sawyer II, 907 F.3d at 124. Thus, although
     Sawyer may not have touched his victims’ vaginas, there can be no doubt that Sawyer touched
     them inappropriately.

                                                    25
 1   Muzio’s also does not promote respect for the law. Relatedly, the severity of

 2   Muzio’s sentence depended, in many ways, on the court in which he was

 3   prosecuted. That is, Muzio might well have been subject to lesser penalties for

 4   the same conduct had he been prosecuted under the laws of his own state. In

 5   New York, an individual who produces child pornography in the way that

 6   Muzio did has committed the crime of “promoting an obscene sexual

 7   performance by a child.” See N.Y. Penal Law § 263.10. That crime is a class D

 8   felony, which is punishable by a maximum of seven years’ imprisonment. See id.

 9   at § 70.00(2)(d). In addition, in New York, an individual who knowingly

10   possesses “an obscene sexual performance by a child” has committed a class E

11   felony, for which the maximum punishment is four years. See id. at § 263.11

12   (possession); id. at § 70.00(2)(e) (class E felony punishment). See also Brown, 843

13   F.3d at 88–89 & n.2 (Pooler, J., dissenting) (making this very point).

14         Similarly, individuals in New York who commit crimes worse than Muzio’s

15   will be subject to statutory maximum penalties below Muzio’s sentence if they are

16   prosecuted by state authorities. For instance, in New York, an individual who has

17   sex with a child under eleven years old has committed rape in the first degree. See

18   N.Y. Penal Law § 130.35(3). As a class B felony, the maximum sentence for such

                                              26
 1   conduct is 25 years’ imprisonment. See id. at § 70.00(2)(b). Thus, a child rapist who

 2   lives on Muzio’s street might be capped at a sentence of 25 years so long as the

 3   local authorities prosecute him.           Meanwhile, Muzio, who has never made

 4   inappropriate sexual contact with a child, receives a 35-year sentence in the federal

 5   courts.     Respect for the law decreases when the severity of a defendant’s

 6   punishment differs so drastically depending on the identity of the investigative

 7   authority.13 Indeed, the disparity in punishment ranges created by the fortuity of

 8   the court system that controls the prosecution corrodes public trust that our courts

 9   will deliver justice in all cases.

10   D.     Factors that Distinguish Among Child Pornography Production Defendants

11          It is not enough to say that we must distinguish among child pornography

12   production defendants and that the Guidelines do not effectively do so. I believe

13   that Courts of Appeals have the obligation to step into the void and provide

14   meaningful guidance for district judges through development of a common law

15   of sentencing. I set forth below a series of non-exclusive factors that I believe

16   should be considered by sentencing judges and reviewing courts when dealing

            13  Although disparities between state and federal punishments exist in many cases—and
     I do not suggest that such disparities are always cause for re-examination of the reasonableness
     of federal sentences—the disparity here is extraordinarily salient and difficult to ignore.

                                                   27
 1   with child pornography offenders. 14 These factors are intended to provide a

 2   broad framework to assist courts in evaluating the relative seriousness of child

 3   pornography production offenses, a task that courts are obliged to undertake in

 4   order to avoid treating all child pornography production offenders like the worst

 5   such offenders. This list is not exhaustive, but I hope it demonstrates some of the

 6   many ways in which child pornography production offenses vary in

 7   seriousness. 15 Those differences must be considered by sentencing judges and by

 8   reviewing courts as they go about the difficult and often disturbing task of

 9   punishing producers of child pornography. Some of these factors are included in

10   the Guidelines, at least indirectly, and some are not.

11          Factors regarding the nature of the offense:

12          1. Did the defendant engage in violence? The worst child
13               pornography production cases involve the filming of child rape;
14               forced or coerced sex acts are among the most serious offenses
15               imaginable.

            14 Of course, the “history and characteristics of the defendant,” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1),
     are important in every sentencing and so will be an important factor in imposing a sentence on
     a producer of child pornography, but I do not focus on that factor here.
            15 The genius of the common law is that factors identified by one court are refined and

     supplemented by future decisions, resulting in an accretion of judgments that wears a pathway
     through a difficult legal problem. I hope that courts undertake that process in the sentencing of
     child pornography production cases, where the guidance of the Sentencing Guidelines is so
     wanting.

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 1   2. What is the nature of the sexual contact involved? The conduct
 2      ranges from no actual contact to touching of genitalia to full
 3      penetration or oral sex. Repeated conduct (multiple times or
 4      multiple victims) is substantially more serious than a single
 5      episode.

 6   3. How was the pornography produced? Was the defendant
 7      filming his own interaction with the victim, filming another’s
 8      interaction, passively recording through a hidden surveillance
 9      device, or soliciting victims’ selfies? Did the defendant
10      participate alone or with others?

11   4. What was the extent of the distribution or use of the images?
12      Was there a commercial exploitation? How wide was
13      distribution on the internet? Were the images used as currency
14      or to barter?

15   5. Did the defendant engage in deceit or trickery, including identity
16      misrepresentation? Fraudulently inducing “voluntary”
17      participation of the victim reflects serious wrongdoing.

18   6. How many films or images did the defendant create? Production
19      of a large volume of material reflects consciousness of
20      wrongdoing.

21

22   Factors regarding the status of the victim(s):

23   7. How old was the victim or victims? The age of a victim can
24      dramatically affect the crime’s seriousness; in general, the
25      younger the more serious, with crimes involving very young
26      victims being especially horrific.

                                       29
 1         8. How many victims were there? The number of victims and the
 2            length of time over which the conduct occurred both can reflect
 3            seriousness.

 4         9. What relationship/responsibility did the defendant have vis-à-vis
 5            the victim? Was the defendant a parent, guardian, relative,
 6            babysitter, or person with authority over the victim?

 7         10. What was the intellectual capacity of the victim? Was the victim
 8            mentally disabled, drugged, or too young to resist/understand?

 9

10         In my view, factors one, two, and three are the most important

11   considerations, and they cut in Muzio’s favor. As described above, Muzio did

12   not engage in violence; he had no sexual contact with any victim; and he himself

13   did not film any child pornography. Factors seven, nine, and ten also weigh in

14   Muzio’s favor. Although Muzio’s conduct involved girls as young as 11

15   (including Victim 1), most of his victims “were between 13 and 14 years old,”

16   PSR at ¶ 3(i); many production cases involve much younger children. Further,

17   Muzio and all his victims were strangers, and Muzio did not target especially

18   vulnerable young girls, although he did use deceit to snare his victims, so factor

19   five weighs against him. The extent of Muzio’s conduct—captured in factors

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 1   four, six, and eight—also weighs against him, but many production defendants

 2   engage in more extensive conduct.

 3         Application of these factors again confirms that Muzio’s sentence was

 4   drastically out of line with the specific facts of his offense and with the nature of

 5   his victims.

 6

 7                                   III. CONCLUSION

 8         For the foregoing reasons, I would vacate Muzio’s sentence and remand

 9   for resentencing. Muzio’s sentence is shockingly high and therefore

10   substantively unreasonable. Because the majority has decided to affirm, I

11   respectfully dissent.

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