Court Opinion

ID: 8483867
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-15 17:01:12.562971+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:49:48.478980
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA                          :
                                                  :
       v.                                         :       Criminal Action No.: 22-110 (RC)
                                                  :
MATTHEW THOMAS KROL,                              :       Re Document Nos.:      24, 25
                                                  :
       Defendant.                                 :

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

DENYING DEFENDANT’S MOTIONS TO REVOKE DETENTION ORDER AND REOPEN DETENTION
                                 HEARING

                                      I. INTRODUCTION

       Defendant Matthew Thomas Krol was one of the hundreds of people who stormed the

Capitol to stop Congress from certifying the results of the 2020 presidential election. On January

6, 2021, Krol allegedly pushed through to the front of the crowd fighting with law enforcement

officers near the steps of the Capitol, wrested a police baton away from a Metropolitan Police

Department officer, then assaulted at least two other police officers. Krol was arrested on

February 22, 2022. Following a detention hearing before Magistrate Judge Curtis Ivy, Jr. of the

U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan, Krol was ordered detained pending trial

and transferred to his current facility, the Central Virginia Regional Jail in Orange, Virginia.

Krol now asks the Court to revoke that detention order and reopen the detention hearing. For the

reasons described below, the Court will deny the motions.
                                      II. BACKGROUND 1

       On January 6, 2021, Krol participated in the riot at the U.S. Capitol, assaulting at least

three law enforcement officers. Mot. Supp. Pretrial Det. at 1, 8, 24, ECF No. 26-1. Multiple

videos from January 6 show that, while on the Capitol grounds, Krol wore blue jeans, a dark

jacket, and a light red hood pulled over a baseball cap; he also carried a green backpack that had

a large blue flag draped across the front and a small American flag affixed to the backpack

behind Krol’s right shoulder. Id. at 9; Gov’t Ex. 3 at 00:01. 2

       As rioters began fighting with law enforcement officers attempting to maintain the police

line near the steps of the Capitol building, Krol pushed toward the front of the crowd. See Gov’t

Ex. 1 at 00:00–00:33. Although Krol threw a water bottle toward the officers as he made his

way through the crowd, the bottle appeared to instead hit another rioter. Id. at 00:26–00:27.

Upon arriving at the front of the crowd, Krol grabbed Metropolitan Police Department (“MPD”)

Officer D.P. and swung Officer D.P. around as they struggled over Officer D.P.’s police baton.

Id. at 00:36–00:45. After wresting Officer D.P.’s baton away from him, Krol held the baton up

towards the crowd. Id. at 00:46. Krol then turned around and struck another officer, MPD

Officer J.M., using that baton. Mot. Supp. Pretrial Det. at 11. In addition, U.S. Capitol Police

Sergeant A.G. subsequently identified an individual, later identified as Krol, as having struck

Sergeant A.G. with a baton, injuring Sergeant A.G.’s hand. Id. at 19.

       A tipster who knew Krol personally subsequently identified Krol to the Federal Bureau of

Investigation (“FBI”) based on the FBI’s Most Wanted images from January 6. Id. at 5–6.

       1
          This background is drawn from the Government’s charging instruments, the parties’
briefing, and the exhibits tendered to the Court in support of each party’s filings. It does not
represent the Court’s findings of fact on the merits of the case.
        2
          Exhibits labeled “Gov’t Ex. __” are located in an electronic folder that the Government
shared with the Court.

                                                  2
According to public sources, Krol has served in a leadership position with the Genesee County

Volunteer Militia. Id. at 20. During an interview with U.S. Customs and Border Protection

(“CBP”) in October 2021, when asked if he was an activist in Michigan, Krol “admitted he

attends rallies, and having strapped an AR on his shoulder to go guard the recruiting offices in

Chattanooga, TN.” Def.’s Mots. to Revoke Det. Order and Reopen Det. Hr’g (“Def.’s Mots.”)

Ex. R at 2, ECF No. 24. 3 Krol further stated during the CBP interview that “there is a lying

fucking thief in the Office, and he needs to go,” and “the bitch in Michigan, the governor, she

needs to be arrested.” Id.

       On February 22, 2022, Krol was arrested. Mot. Supp. Pretrial Det. at 24. During an

interview with the FBI, Krol stated that, on January 6, he had walked—including walking “over

a . . . wall”—from former President Trump’s speech to the Capitol. Id.; Def.’s Mots. Ex. Q (FBI

Interview, Part 2) at 27:55–27:59. Krol also admitted during the interview that he had associated

with individuals charged in the alleged plot to kidnap the Governor of Michigan, Gretchen

Whitmer. Mot. Supp. Pretrial Det. at 24. Krol has been charged with: (1) civil disorder, in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 231(a)(3); (2) assaulting, resisting, or impeding certain officers, in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 111(a)(1); (3) assaulting, resisting, or impeding certain officers using a

dangerous weapon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 111(a)(1) and (b); (4) robbery, in violation of 18

U.S.C. § 2111; (5) entering and remaining in a restricted building or grounds with a deadly or

dangerous weapon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1752(a)(1) and (b)(1)(A); (6) engaging in physical

violence in a restricted building or grounds with a dangerous weapon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §

1752(a)(4) and (b)(1)(A); and (7) act of physical violence in the Capitol grounds or buildings, in

violation of 40 U.S.C. § 5104(e)(2)(F). See Indictment, ECF No. 11.

       3
           Exhibits labeled “Def.’s Mots. Ex. __” were provided to the Court on a USB flash drive.

                                                  3
       After Krol’s arrest, the Government moved for his detention. On February 28, 2022,

Magistrate Judge Curtis Ivy, Jr. of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan

conducted a detention hearing. See U.S. Mem. Opp’n at 2, ECF No. 26. Magistrate Judge Ivy

ordered Krol detained, concluding that the information submitted at the detention hearing

established by clear and convincing evidence that Krol was a danger to the community. Order

Granting Mot. Pretrial Det. at 1, ECF No. 26-2. Krol was then transferred to his current facility,

the Central Virginia Regional Jail in Orange, Virginia. Def.’s Mots. at 9. Krol now moves to

revoke the detention order and reopen the detention hearing. See generally id. The Government

opposes his release. See U.S. Mem. Opp’n. The Court held a hearing on the matter. See Min.

Entry (Oct. 6, 2022).

       Following the hearing, the Government submitted a supplemental response containing the

transcripts of social media chats between Krol and individuals convicted of or on trial for being

involved in the alleged plot to kidnap Governor Whitmer. U.S. Suppl. Resp. at 1–2, ECF No. 27.

In one chat, Krol wrote that he “spoke on the Michigan Capital [sic] steps last fall that I would

rather apprehend Tyrants at the Capital [sic], hang them on those beautiful oak trees then kill

citizens in a civil war.” U.S. Suppl. Resp. Ex. 1 at 2, ECF No. 27-1. Krol also filed a

supplement attaching incident reports from the Central Virginia Regional Jail describing an event

where Krol was found lying face down in his cell. Def.’s Suppl. Def.’s Mots. at 1, ECF No. 29.

       Krol’s motions are ripe for decision. For the reasons explained below, the Court denies

Krol’s motions to revoke the detention order and reopen the detention hearing.

                                                 4
                                     III. LEGAL STANDARD

                         A. Pretrial Detention Under the Bail Reform Act

        Where a person has been ordered detained by a magistrate judge pending trial, “the

person may file, with the court having original jurisdiction over the offense, a motion for

revocation or amendment of the order.” 18 U.S.C. § 3145(b). The D.C. Circuit has “not

squarely decided” what the standard of review should be for such proceedings. See United States

v. Munchel, 991 F.3d 1273, 1280 (D.C. Cir. 2021). But, as of 2021, every circuit to address the

issue had held that a district court’s review of a magistrate’s detention order is de novo. See

United States v. Chrestman, 525 F. Supp. 3d 14, 23 & n.5 (D.D.C. 2021) (collecting cases).

Neither party argues otherwise. Accordingly, the Court will review the detention order de novo.

        The Bail Reform Act permits the detention of a defendant awaiting trial only in “carefully

defined circumstances.” United States v. Simpkins, 826 F.2d 94, 96 (D.C. Cir. 1987). First, a

defendant qualifies for pretrial detention if his case “involves” (1) an offense that falls into one

of five enumerated categories that include “a crime of violence,” 18 U.S.C. § 3142(f)(1), or (2) a

serious risk that the defendant will flee, obstruct (or attempt to obstruct) justice, or threaten,

injure, or intimidate a witness or juror (or attempt to do so), id. § 3142(f)(2)(A)–(B). Second,

where the Bail Reform Act authorizes pretrial detention, the court “shall order the detention” of a

qualifying defendant if it “finds that no condition or combination of conditions will reasonably

assure the appearance of the person as required and the safety of any other person and the

community.” Id. § 3142(e)(1). In other words, “the relevant inquiry is whether the defendant is

a ‘flight risk’ or a ‘danger to the community.’” United States v. Vasquez-Benitez, 919 F.3d 546,

550 (D.C. Cir. 2019). Moreover, a finding that no condition or combination of conditions will

                                                   5
reasonably assure the safety of any other person and the community must be supported by clear

and convincing evidence. 18 U.S.C. § 3142(f)(2).

                                B. Reopening a Detention Hearing

       The Bail Reform Act further provides that a detention hearing

       may be reopened . . . at any time before trial if the judicial officer finds that
       information exists that was not known to the movant at the time of the hearing
       and that has a material bearing on the issue whether there are conditions of release
       that will reasonably assure the appearance of such person as required and the
       safety of any other person and the community.

18 U.S.C. § 3142(f)(2). Although the statute does not define “material bearing,” it has been

defined to “refer to information that actually affects the Court’s decision whether to detain the

defendant pending trial.” United States v. Chansley, No. 21-cr-3, 2021 WL 2809436, at *3

(D.D.C. July 6, 2021). “Thus, in addition to ‘bearing’ on—having a logical relation to—

detention, the sort of new information capable of reopening a detention hearing must also ‘bear’

materially—it must relate in some significant or essential way to the decision whether to detain.”

United States v. Worrell, No. 21-cr-292, 2021 WL 2366934 at *9 (D.D.C. June 9, 2021). In

addition, “[n]ew and material information . . . consists of something other than a defendant’s

own evaluation of his character or the strength of the case against him; instead, it must consist of

truly changed circumstances, something unexpected, or a significant event.” United States v.

Caldwell, No. 21-cr-181, 2022 WL 168343, at *6 (D.D.C. Jan. 19, 2022) (quoting United States

v. Lee, 451 F. Supp. 3d 1, 5 (D.D.C. 2020)).

                                         IV. ANALYSIS

       Based on the evidence currently available to the Court, the Court will deny Krol’s

motions to revoke the detention order and reopen the detention hearing. Krol’s violent rhetoric,

association with individuals alleged to have been involved with the plot to kidnap Governor

                                                 6
Whitmer, historical leadership of a militia group, and ownership of approximately ten guns lead

the Court to conclude that Krol poses a concrete, prospective threat to public safety. Defense

counsel avers that Krol suffers from serious cardiac conditions that predated his arrest but that

have worsened during his detention. During the hearing on Krol’s motions on October 6, the

Court urged defense counsel to provide Krol’s medical records for the Court’s consideration.

Rather than submitting medical records documenting a formal diagnosis of Krol’s purported

cardiac conditions, however, Krol has thus far only submitted to the Court readings from his

personal defibrillator and certain Central Virginia Regional Jail incident reports describing an

event where Krol was found lying face down in his cell. These documents do not clearly

establish that Krol suffers from the cardiac conditions described in his motions.

       Without more concrete evidence of Krol’s medical conditions as diagnosed by a doctor,

the Court does not find sufficient support for Krol’s request that he be released. Further, without

the purported developments in Krol’s medical conditions, Krol offers only letters of support and

claims about his disaster relief efforts and work to provide Flint, Michigan residents with bottled

water. This information does not constitute new and material information sufficient to merit

reopening the detention hearing. Krol also contends that detention in his current facility, which

does not allow inmates access to electronics, prevents him from reviewing video evidence and

participating fully in his defense. But because Krol does not aver that his defense counsel is

unable to bring electronics to the facility to show him the evidence, and the Court has requested

that the Government investigate further to see if the jail can accommodate Krol’s access to

relevant evidence, the Court does not now conclude that it would be necessary to release Krol for

this reason or that transfer to a different facility would be the more appropriate remedy.

Accordingly, the Court will deny Krol’s motion to revoke the detention order and deny the

                                                 7
motion to reopen the detention hearing. Should Krol submit to the Court medical records

evincing a formal diagnosis of his purported medical conditions, Krol may refile his motion to

reopen the detention hearing for the Court’s consideration.

                                 A. Revocation of Detention Order

       Krol qualifies for pretrial detention under the Bail Reform Act. As previously noted, a

case that involves a crime of violence—which includes “an offense that has as an element of the

offense the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person or property

of another,” 18 U.S.C. § 3156(a)(4)(A)—will qualify a defendant for pretrial detention, 18

U.S.C. § 3142(f)(1)(A). Among other offenses, Krol has been charged with assaulting, resisting,

or impeding certain officers using a dangerous weapon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 111(a)(1) and

(b). See Indictment. Because that offense is “categorically a crime of violence,” Krol is eligible

for pretrial detention. See United States v. Quaglin, 851 F. App’x 218, 218 (D.C. Cir. 2021); see

also United States v. Klein, 533 F. Supp. 3d 1, 8–9 (D.D.C. 2021).

       Thus, the Court turns to whether any “condition or combination of conditions will

reasonably assure the appearance of the person as required and the safety of any other person and

the community.” 18 U.S.C. § 3142(e)(1). The Government focuses on arguing that Krol poses a

danger to the community. See, e.g., U.S. Mem. Opp’n at 4; Mot. Supp. Pretrial Det. at 1. The

question for this Court, then, is whether Krol should be detained based on dangerousness. “To

justify detention on the basis of dangerousness, the Government must prove by ‘clear and

convincing evidence’ that ‘no condition or combination of conditions will reasonably assure the

safety of any other person and the community.’” Munchel, 991 F.3d at 1279–80 (quoting 18

U.S.C. § 3142(f)). “Thus, a defendant’s detention based on dangerousness accords with due

process only insofar as the district court determines that the defendant’s history, characteristics,

                                                  8
and alleged criminal conduct make clear that he or she poses a concrete, prospective threat to

public safety.” Id. at 1280. The “dangerousness inquiry” is a “forward-looking determination.”

United States v. Languerand, No. 21-cr-353, 2021 WL 3674731, at *4 (D.D.C. Aug. 19, 2021)

(quoting United States v. Hale-Cusanelli, 3 F.4th 449, 456 (D.C. Cir. 2021)).

       Assessing whether the Government has made this showing requires consideration of four

factors: (1) “the nature and circumstances of the offense charged,” (2) “the weight of the

evidence against the person,” (3) “the history and characteristics of the person,” and (4) “the

nature and seriousness of the danger to any person or the community that would be posed by the

person’s release.” 18 U.S.C. § 3142(g). The Court will address each in turn.

                    a. Nature and Circumstances of Krol’s Charged Offenses

       Chief Judge Howell’s six considerations for assessing the relative severity of a Capitol

rioter’s conduct provide a helpful framework for the Court’s analysis of this first factor. See

Chrestman, 525 F. Supp. 3d at 26–27. Those considerations include whether a defendant:

(1) “has been charged with felony or misdemeanor offenses,” (2) “engaged in prior planning

before arriving at the Capitol,” (3) carried or used a dangerous weapon during the riot,

(4) “coordinat[ed] with other participants before, during, or after the riot,” or (5) “assumed either

a formal or a de facto leadership role in the assault by encouraging other rioters’ misconduct,”

and (6) the nature of the “defendant’s words and movements during the riot,” including whether

he “threatened or confronted federal officials or law enforcement.” Id.

       Four of the six Chrestman factors illustrate Krol’s higher “comparative culpability . . . in

relation to fellow rioters.” Id. at 26. First, the first and third Chrestman factors are related here.

The Government argues that Krol has been “charged with a felony and crime of violence,” and

“using a dangerous weapon against law enforcement is an extremely serious offense.” Mot.

                                                   9
Supp. Pretrial Det. at 29–30. Krol concedes that he has been indicted on felony charges but

submits that the first Chrestman factor should not weigh in favor of either party and the

Government should not be “reward[ed]” simply for charging him with felonies. Def.’s Mots. at

27. Additionally, in relation to the third Chrestman factor, Krol does not contest that he “was

briefly in possession of” and “handled” a baton, but puts forward that one might determine that

Krol was or believed he was “coming to the aid” of other rioters. Id. at 28.

       As Krol states correctly, “[n]othing in the Bail Reform Act ‘shall be construed as

modifying or limiting the presumption of innocence.’” Id. at 27 (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 3142(j)).

Contrary to Krol’s arguments otherwise, however, the Court is not making any findings here as

to his guilt or innocence of the charges laid against him. In considering the level of the charges

against Krol, the Court is merely using the information “evident on the face of a criminal

complaint, information, or indictment” to “inform [its] assessment” of the nature and

circumstances of the offense charged, as mandated by the Bail Reform Act. Chrestman, 525 F.

Supp. 3d at 26.

       The overarching goal of the § 3142(g) analysis—to ensure that the pretrial release
       of a defendant will not imperil “the safety of any other person and the
       community”—and § 3142(g)(1)’s mandate that judges consider certain offense
       characteristics that might be probative of danger to the community suggest that a
       reviewing court should give weight to any particulars of the offense that indicate
       the defendant continues to pose a threat to public safety.

Id. (citation omitted). “Felony charges are by definition more serious than misdemeanor

charges,” and the “dangerousness inherent in a defendant’s conduct on January 6” is

relevant to the Court’s assessment of whether a defendant would remain a danger to the

community should he be released. Id. Thus, the first Chrestman factor weighs in favor

of detention.

                                                10
       So too does the third Chrestman factor weigh in favor of detention. Like the defendant in

United States v. Sabol, 534 F. Supp. 3d 58 (D.D.C. 2021), Krol is alleged to have “[taken] the

[baton] from a vulnerable MPD officer and subsequently wielded it” against others. Id. at 74.

Video footage shows the individual identified as Krol striking at least one other officer with that

same baton, Mot. Supp. Pretrial Det. at 11, and it is alleged that Krol struck another officer with

either a short pole or baton, id. at 19. As in Sabol, Krol’s alleged “willingness to strip a

vulnerable law enforcement officer of his weapon” and his use of it in assaulting others “speak[]

to the gravity of the offenses with which he has been charged as well as the danger he poses not

just to his community, but to the American public as a whole.” 534 F. Supp. 3d at 74. 4

       The fifth and sixth Chrestman factors weigh further in favor of detention. The D.C.

Circuit has stated that “those who actually assaulted police officers and broke through windows,

doors, and barricades . . . are in a different category of dangerousness than those who cheered on

the violence or entered the Capitol after others cleared the way.” Munchel, 991 F.3d at 1284.

Krol states that he did not enter the Capitol or destroy barricades. Def.’s Mots. at 29. But as

previously discussed, video footage shows the individual identified as Krol pushing through to

the front of the crowd just as rioters began fighting with police officers guarding the Capitol.

Gov’t Ex. 1 at 00:13–00:33. He was among the first wave of rioters who contributed to breaking

through the police line, and he pushed Officer D.P. back from the line as he swung Officer D.P.

around for the baton. Id. at 00:36–00:38. After stealing the baton, he then held it up towards the

crowd of rioters, as though in victory. Id. at 00:46. By allegedly helping to break the police line

       4
          The Court addresses Krol’s arguments about coming to the aid of other rioters below in
relation to the sixth Chrestman factor.

                                                 11
and holding the baton up to the crowd as if to celebrate, Krol encouraged other rioters to

follow—if not necessarily to assault the officers, then at least to advance forward on the Capitol.

       Krol attempts to diminish the potential seriousness of his alleged actions by casting doubt

on whether he may have injured Sergeant A.G., stating in part that Sergeant A.G. suffered

“serious injuries at the hands of others far more violent” and that Sergeant A.G. “made a less

than affirmative statement regarding Mr. Krol in his interview.” Def.’s Mots. at 29–30. Krol

also contends that the government has shown a mere “36 seconds of controversial behavior”

during the totality of the time Krol spent at the Capitol on January 6. Id. at 29. That other rioters

may have done worse to Sergeant A.G. that day, however, does not absolve Krol of his alleged

actions. See United States v. Brockhoff, 590 F. Supp. 3d 295, 304 (D.D.C. 2022) (“That the

means may have been less violent than, for example, bashing an officer with a flagpole, is

immaterial. [Defendant’s] actions were deliberate, and deliberately aimed at breaking police

resistance. These actions show a blatant disrespect for the role of law enforcement and their

efforts to maintain the safety of the Capitol and the lawmakers inside.”). Nor does the short

duration of Krol’s alleged conduct vindicate him; what matters is the havoc that the Government

contends Krol wreaked in that time by assaulting officers and potentially encouraging others to

do the same.

       Further, Krol argues that the Court might interpret his actions in a more charitable light—

that, as “someone who is inclined to assist people who need help,” Krol may have been “coming

to the aid” of rioters who “were helpless and in need of assistance.” Def.’s Mots. at 28, 30–31;

see also id. at 30 (“Right or wrong, he was responding to what he believed was excessive use of

force by the police.”). The Court declines to weigh in at this stage on whether Krol may

ultimately claim that he was acting in defense of others on January 6. For its purposes here, the

                                                 12
Court need only observe that it appears that Krol took “‘offensive action’ directed toward law

enforcement officers . . . ; his actions were deliberate and dangerous; and any attempts to render

aid to another rioter . . . do not negate the dangerousness he poses to the community in view of

the conduct he displayed on that day.” United States v. McAbee, No. CR 21-35-7, 2021 WL

6049909, at *11 (D.D.C. Dec. 21, 2021). Krol has not presented any statement of his state of

mind at the time; he has not claimed that Officer D.P. was applying excessive force against

anyone, that the officers he allegedly attacked with the baton were applying excessive force

against anyone, that he did anything in aid of the protester reflected in the video who was being

forcefully subdued by officers, or that the officers were not acting reasonably in arresting a

protester who penetrated deep behind the police line.

       The two remaining factors—the second and fourth Chrestman factors—do not weigh

against Krol. With respect to the second factor, the Government in the detention hearing before

Magistrate Judge Ivy referred to Krol planning to “travel with the people he went with,” Audio

R. Det. Hr’g at 33:07–33:09, and Krol alludes in his motions to “his right to plan with two others

to attend the rally together,” Def.’s Mots. at 28. Krol contends that this second factor should not

be held against him since he “arrived in D.C. weaponless.” Id. at 27. Although courts have, in

relation to this factor, taken into consideration a defendant’s coordination of his trip with

associates, see, e.g., McAbee, 2021 WL 6049909, at *9, the briefing provides little more than

passing reference to Krol traveling with others and does not otherwise indicate that Krol engaged

in any planning beyond this travel. Relatedly, aside from Krol’s travel with others before the

riot, the record does not show that, per the fourth Chrestman factor, Krol coordinated with other

participants during or after the riot. Based on the video evidence submitted, Krol appears to have

been moving in the crowd and acting on his own at the Capitol. While Krol’s actions may have

                                                 13
encouraged other rioters that day, he does not appear from the footage to have been coordinating

with anyone. Accordingly, the second and fourth Chrestman factors do not weigh against Krol.

       On balance, four of the six Chrestman factors demonstrate the severity of Krol’s conduct

on January 6 and “evince a clear disregard for the law” as well as “deliberate efforts to

undermine law enforcement,” which together “indicate that he poses a danger to the

community.” Chrestman, 525 F. Supp. 3d at 28. The nature and circumstances of Krol’s

charged offenses therefore weigh heavily in favor of detention.

                            b. The Weight of the Evidence Against Krol

       The weight of the evidence against Krol tends to favor detention. During his interview

with the FBI, Krol denied multiple times that he was the individual in the video footage shown to

him. See, e.g., Def.’s Mots. Ex. Q (FBI Interview, Part 1) at 08:08, 37:50. But Krol admitted to

being present on the Capitol grounds on January 6. See Def.’s Mots. Ex. Q (FBI Interview, Part

2) at 27:36. Phone records for Krol’s phone number show that he was in or around the Capitol

between 1:42 p.m. and 3:01 p.m. on January 6, which aligns with the time when Krol allegedly

assaulted Officers D.P. and J.M. Mot. Supp. Pretrial Det. at 23; Compl. at 19. The Government

has submitted several videos from different angles, including close-ups from body camera

footage, capturing the actions, face, and attire of the person later identified as Krol. See, e.g.,

Gov’t Ex. 1 at 00:00–00:33; Gov’t Ex. 3 at 00:00; Gov’t Ex. 4 at 00:02. And notably, a tipster

who knew Krol personally identified him based on the FBI’s Most Wanted images from January

6. Mot. Supp. Pretrial Det. at 6. This tipster then provided a photograph of an individual, whom

this tipster identified as Krol, attending a protest at the Michigan Capitol Building while wearing

a small American flag affixed behind his right shoulder. Id. Taken together, these pieces of

evidence against Krol move this factor toward detention.

                                                  14
                          B. Krol’s Personal History and Characteristics

       Although certain aspects of Krol’s personal history and characteristics weigh against

detention, others—described in Section IV.A.d. below—reinforce that he would pose a danger to

his community should he be released. In evaluating a defendant’s personal history and

characteristics, a court considers the defendant’s “character, physical and mental condition,

family ties, employment, financial resources, length of residence in the community, community

ties, past conduct, history relating to drug or alcohol abuse, criminal history, and record

concerning appearance at court proceedings.” 18 U.S.C. § 3142(g)(3)(A).

       The Court recognizes that Krol has certain commendable qualities. Family members and

friends wrote to the Court in support of his release and described his community ties, attesting

consistently to Krol’s devotion to his family and his willingness to help others in need. See

Def.’s Mots. Exs. B–M. Krol has been married to his wife since 1984 and is the father of three

children and grandfather of two grandchildren. Def.’s Mots. at 6. Krol states that he has

participated in disaster relief efforts and delivered bottled water to residents of Flint, Michigan. 5

Id. at 4–6. Although Krol acknowledges that he at one point “struggle[d] with drugs and alcohol,

which led to spending 40 days in the Oakland County Jail” many years ago, id. at 16, the

Government states that Krol “has no criminal history,” Mot. Supp. Pretrial Det. at 25. 6

       5
          Krol does not mention, however, that he may have delivered the water to Flint residents
in connection with his participation in the Genesee County Volunteer Militia. See U.S. Mem.
Opp’n at 20–21.
        6
          The Court notes that, during the pretrial detention hearing before Magistrate Judge Ivy,
the Government indicated that it was seeking additional information about an “incident” dating
from 2014 at the Michigan State Capitol in Lansing, Michigan. Audio R. Det. Hr’g at 26:19–
27:07. The Government represented that there existed a record describing Krol as having been
arrested and having had a gun taken from (and later returned to) him, though this incident did not
appear in Krol’s criminal history. Id. But the Court has not received any updates as to what, if
anything, of note resulted from the Government’s efforts. Accordingly, the Court continues to
rely on the Government’s statement that Krol has no criminal history.

                                                  15
        Of most concern to the Court here, Krol avers that he suffers from serious, potentially

life-threatening cardiac conditions. Def.’s Mots. at 7–8. According to Krol, his “diagnostic

history consists of atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease (CAD), congestive health failure

(CHF), and hypertension.” Id. at 7. After Krol was “diagnosed with heart failure” in September

2021 and “found to have atrial fibrillation (AF) and left bundle branch block (LBBB) on an

echocardiogram” in October 2021, Krol wore a personal defibrillator that showed “that Mr. Krol

flatlined on numerous occasions.” Id. As an exhibit to his motions, Krol includes readings from

this defibrillator. Def.’s Mots. Ex. A. Krol further recounts two instances in which he was

admitted to the University of Virginia (“UVA”) University Hospital, the second of which

resulted in Krol having a pacemaker implanted. Def.’s Mots. at 8.

       During the hearing on Krol’s motions on October 6, the Court urged defense counsel to

provide Krol’s medical records for the Court’s consideration. Rather than submitting medical

records documenting a formal diagnosis of Krol’s purported cardiac conditions, however, Krol

instead supplemented his motions with certain Central Virginia Regional Jail incident reports

describing an event on April 20, 2022, where Krol was found lying face down in his cell. Def.’s

Suppl. Def.’s Mots. at 1. These reports detail how Krol explained that he fell after “his Life Vest

alarm was going off,” Def.’s Suppl. Def.’s Mots. Ex. A at 1, ECF No. 29-1, and that Krol saw

“light flashes prior to his LifeVest defibrillator alarm going off,” Def.’s Suppl. Def.’s Mots. Ex.

D at 2, ECF No. 29-4.

       The documentation that Krol has provided does not contain proof that Krol has received a

formal diagnosis of the cardiac conditions that he lists in his motions, that these conditions pose

a threat to Krol’s life, or that he cannot receive adequate treatment if detained. Somewhat to the

contrary, the documentation indicates that his vital signs after the incident on April 20, 2022

                                                 16
appeared to be normal. See Def.’s Mots. Ex. D at 1–2 (incident report from licensed practical

nurse stating that “[f]ollowing incident [Krol] was transported via wheelchair to Booking where

vital signs were obtained and were within normal limits”). And in stark contrast to his claims of

these potentially debilitating conditions, Krol admitted to the FBI that he walked from former

President Trump’s speech, including walking “over a . . . wall,” to get to the Capitol. Def.’s

Mots. Ex. Q (FBI Interview, Part 2) at 27:55. The video footage purportedly of Krol also shows

an individual still capable of vigorous, aggressive action that might cause injury to others. 7

Further, as the Court stated on October 6, it appears that UVA has provided Krol with good

medical care while he has been incarcerated.

       Given Krol’s claims of an extensive medical history, it is puzzling to the Court why Krol

has not been willing or able to submit actual medical records in support of his motions. In fact,

the recording of his detention hearing before Magistrate Judge Ivy suggests that Krol’s previous

counsel submitted certain documents about Krol’s medical history to Magistrate Judge Ivy.

Audio R. Det. Hr’g at 28:10–28:33. The Court does not have access to those documents

furnished to Magistrate Judge Ivy, and Krol’s current counsel has not provided those documents

here. Without more, Krol has not provided sufficient, concrete support for his claim that he

should be released for this medical need. 8 Should Krol submit to the Court medical records

       7
          Indeed, when presented with footage during his FBI interview, Krol exclaimed,
“Amazing how much gump that guy has for all the ailments I have.” Def.’s Mots. Ex. Q (FBI
Interview, Part 1) at 14:58–15:02. The Court presumes that Krol meant to suggest that the
individual in the footage had gumption or energy, as opposed to calling the individual a “gump,”
as the term “gump” is typically defined as a “foolish person, a dolt.” Gump, Oxford English
Dictionary (Mar. 2022 ed.).
        8
          In a footnote to its Opposition, the Government has conceded that a serious medical
condition that cannot be adequately treated in custody may provide a basis for home detention
with strict restrictions. U.S. Mem. Opp’n at 2 n. 1.

                                                 17
evincing a formal diagnosis of his purported medical conditions, however, Krol may refile his

motion to reopen the detention hearing for the Court’s consideration.

             D. The Nature and Seriousness of the Danger Krol’s Release Poses

       Weighing strongest against release are the Court’s serious reservations about Krol’s

statements evoking the use of violence to achieve his political aims, association with individuals

charged in the alleged plot to kidnap Governor Whitmer, historical leadership of a militia group,

and ownership of a cache of guns.

       The Government has submitted in support of its opposition several of Krol’s Facebook

messages and posts, in which Krol evoked the use of violence against politicians and open

hostility toward Governor Whitmer, in addition to sharing pictures of himself carrying weaponry.

In one message chain from June 2020, an individual identified as Adam Fox 9 asked,

“Hypothetically if we had to storm the Capitol and charge politicians and the Governor with their

crimes, who would honestly commit to this??” U.S. Suppl. Resp. Ex. 1 at 1. Krol responded:

“That particular issue: ME… the reason I state that particular issue, I’m willing to kill or die for

Liberty. 24–25 years ago, I had a militia leader ask me to gun fight the police over a dilapidated

boat the [sic] was owned by his estranged daughter and court ordered to allow them access to his

property over it… I refused that request!” U.S. Suppl. Resp. Ex. 1 at 2. Fox replied,

“Everything said on here is hypothetical but it’s time to move past the rally’s [sic] and pointless

bullshit that doesn’t work.” Id. Krol then wrote that he “spoke on the Michigan Capital [sic]

       9
         Adam Fox was convicted in August 2022 by a federal jury of conspiracy to kidnap
Governor Whitmer and conspiracy to use weapons of mass destruction against persons or
property. See U.S. Suppl. Resp. at 1 (citing United States v. Fox, No. 20-cr-00183 (W.D. Mich.
Aug. 23, 2022)); Remaining Defendants Convicted in Conspiracy to Kidnap Michigan Governor
Gretchen Whitmer, U.S. Dep’t of Justice (Aug. 23, 2022), https://www.justice.gov/usao-
wdmi/pr/2022_0823_Fox_et_al.

                                                 18
steps last fall that I would rather apprehend Tyrants at the Capital [sic], hang them on those

beautiful oak trees then kill citizens in a civil war…. just saying.” Id.

       In April 2020, an individual named Joe Morrison 10 sent a Facebook message to Krol,

asking, “[W]hat are the guidelines for the rally armed??” U.S. Suppl. Resp. Ex. 2 at 1, ECF No.

27-2. Krol then replied, “Michigan law… Open carry and concealed if you have a permit or

want to just take that chance. . . . NO RESTRICTIONS ON OUR PART!” Id. Krol

subsequently sent pictures of himself dressed in tactical gear and carrying weaponry to Morrison.

Id. at 2–4. He also sent Morrison a picture showing an individual, whom Krol identified in a

later message as himself, who appeared to be open carrying a handgun and to have been detained

by a law enforcement officer. Id. at 6. In another Facebook group chat dating from April 2020

that included Morrison, Krol referred to Governor Whitmer as “Whitmer the Hunn [sic].” U.S.

Suppl. Resp. Ex. 3 at 1, ECF No. 27-3.

       In another Facebook post, Krol wrote: “Looks like a BOOGALOO PARTY… love their

attire! . . . Me thinks [sic] we need a BOOGALOO DRESS UP PARTY in Lansing once the

weather breaks! Bring some grills and beverages (soft because of where) and lot of GUNS!

Every one [sic] would be required to wear boogaloo vibe clothing.” 11 U.S. Suppl. Resp. Ex. 2 at

       10
           Joseph Morrison has been convicted, in connection with the plot to kidnap Governor
Whitmer, of gang membership, providing material support for terrorist acts, and carrying or
possessing a firearm during the commission of a felony. Press Release, Mich. Dep’t of Att’y
Gen., Members of Wolverine Watchmen Convicted on All Charges (Oct. 26, 2022),
https://www.michigan.gov/ag/news/press-releases/2022/10/26/members-of-wolverine-
watchmen-convicted-on-all-charges.
        11
           According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, “[t]he thread that binds boogaloo
adherents is their belief that the country is headed toward a civil war—and that mass civil
conflict of this kind is the only way for the country to right its path. . . . All boogaloo adherents
share antigovernment beliefs and hold especially deep animus for members of law enforcement. .
. . Boogaloo adherents support civil war and revolution against the current democratic system—
something they often discuss sparking by forcing violent confrontations with members of law
enforcement.” Southern Poverty Law Center, Who Are Boogaloos, Who Were Visible at the

                                                 19
11. Morrison also sent a Facebook message to Krol in January 2020, in which Morrison wrote,

“So boogaloo party is when we bring the tar and feather??” Id. at 9.

       The Government rightly emphasizes Krol’s statement about “apprehend[ing]” and

“hang[ing]” politicians from oak trees. This is a plainly grotesque statement. In his response,

Krol argues that the statement was “nothing more than a hyperbolic hypothetical answer to an

imaginary event.” Def.’s Reply to U.S. Suppl. Resp. at 3, ECF No. 28; see also Def.’s Mots. Ex.

Q (FBI Interview, Part 1) at 33:12 (saying in FBI interview that his statement was

“hypothetical”). But Krol’s statement, hyperbolic or hypothetical or not, is informative of his

potential willingness to inflict violence himself or encourage others to inflict violence on

perceived political enemies. It suggests that, contrary to Krol’s insistence otherwise, his alleged

actions on January 6 may not be anomalous, but may instead be consistent with extremist views

about using violence to achieve political aims. 12 See Def.’s Mots. at 30.

       Krol also objects to the Government’s portrayal of his association with Adam Fox and

Joseph Morrison, stating that, “while he may have met them in passing at a peaceful protest, he

has no personal relationship with either Adam Fox or Joe Morrison.” Def.’s Reply to U.S.

Suppl. Resp. at 2. But according to Krol himself, he has had a personal relationship with two

additional individuals alleged to have been involved with the plot to kidnap Governor Whitmer,

Capitol and Later Rallies? (Jan. 27, 2021),
https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2021/01/27/who-are-boogaloos-who-were-visible-capitol-
and-later-rallies.
         12
            Krol’s language about hanging politicians from trees is also reminiscent of the violent
imagery of the gallows erected in front of the Capitol on January 6. Catie Edmonson, “So the
Traitors Know the Stakes”: The Meaning of the Jan. 6 Gallows, N.Y. Times (June 16, 2022),
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/16/us/politics/jan-6-gallows.html. That “imagery [of the
gallows], said experts who study domestic extremism, evokes the early practice of hanging
traitors; the nation’s dark history of lynchings and violent attempts to terrorize Black Americans;
and a novel favored by white supremacists that culminates in the mass hangings of political
enemies.” Id.

                                                 20
see Def.’s Mots. Ex. Q (FBI Interview, Part 1) at 17:37–17:44, 19:42–19:49: William and

Michael Null, who have been charged, in connection with that plot, with providing material

support for terrorist acts and carrying or possessing a firearm during the commission of a felony,

AG Nessel Charges 7 Under Michigan’s Anti-Terrorism Act as Part of Massive Joint Law

Enforcement Investigation, State of Michigan Attorney General Dana Nessel (Oct. 8, 2020),

https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/MIAG/bulletins/2a4e649. During Krol’s interview

with the FBI, he—despite indicating that he was aware that the Null brothers had been charged

in the plot to kidnap Governor Whitmer, see Def.’s Mots. Ex. Q (FBI Interview, Part 1) at 17:48

(asking why the Null brothers had not yet been to court)—attested to the Null brothers’

characters, stating: “They’re good guys. I’d trust them with my kids and my grandkids,” id. at

19:53–19:55. The Court understands, and notes with particular concern given its purposes here,

that a Michigan court has lifted the house arrest and curfew restriction for the Null brothers,

though they remain on electronic monitoring. Frank Whitsil, 2 Whitmer Plot Suspects, Twin

Brothers, Released from House Arrest, but Must Wear Tethers, Detroit Free Press (Apr. 14,

2021), https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2021/04/14/michael-null-william-null-

whitmer-kidnapping-suspects-house-arrest/7222609002/. Even if Krol did not himself

participate in the plot to kidnap Governor Whitmer, his associations with these individuals raise

alarms for the Court, given that Krol has also made statements demonstrating hostile feelings

toward the governor. See U.S. Suppl. Resp. Ex. 3 at 1; Def.’s Mots. Ex. R at 2.

       Krol’s statements against his perceived political enemies are especially disquieting when

the Court considers Krol’s historical participation in a militia group and his cache of guns.

During his interview with the FBI, Krol stated that, while he was once second in command and

spokesperson for Genesee County Volunteer Militia, he had not been involved with the group for

                                                 21
approximately three years. Def.’s Mots. Ex. Q (FBI Interview, Part 1) at 25:57–26:53. But Krol

indicated that he would have remained with the militia if not for an internal disagreement. See

id. at 26:42–26:52. In addition, when confronted with his chat exchange with Adam Fox during

the FBI interview, Krol asked the FBI agent, “I took an oath. Did you?” Id. at 34:58. Krol then

asked further, “Foreign and domestic, right? So what is, what is an enemy of the state?” Id. at

35:16–35:22. Later, Krol also said: “Because tyranny, listen, I don’t care who you are, I don’t

care what you want to tell me, but that same thing that’s happening in Canada is nigh and high

on our doorsteps today. So where’s your oath? You gonna let it happen?” Id. at 36:20–36:37.

Whether Krol remains involved in an organized militia or not, he continues to believe that he has

taken an oath to protect the United States from those whom he perceives to be enemies of the

state and to prevent any perceived “tyranny” from taking hold in the United States. See also

Def.’s Mots. Ex. R at 3 (“KROL’s tattoos resemble his firm beliefs and patriotism. They include

cattle brand logos on his upper left shoulder referencing the Bundy brothers’ victory over

oppression and Robert LaVoy Finnicum [sic], who [was] killed in the occupation of the Malheur

National Wildlife Refuge.”). That is all the more concerning when Krol “has a concealed carry

license” and owns a cache of “approximately ten guns,” providing him the means to act on his

evinced willingness to harm his perceived political enemies. Def.’s Mots. at 27.

       In sum, this final factor in assessing dangerousness weighs strongly in favor of detention.

“Because this factor substantially overlaps with the ultimate question whether any conditions of

release ‘will reasonably assure . . . the safety of any other person and the community,’ it bears

heavily on the Court’s analysis.” United States v. Cua, No. 21-cr-107, 2021 WL 918255, at *5

(D.D.C. Mar. 10, 2021) (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 3142(e)).

                                                 22
         Based on its consideration of the above factors, the Court agrees with Magistrate Judge

Ivy in concluding that Krol should be detained. See U.S. Mem. Opp’n Ex. 2 at 6. The Court

finds by clear and convincing evidence that “no condition or combination of conditions will

reasonably assure . . . the safety of any other person and the community” should Krol be released

pending trial. 18 U.S.C. § 3142(e). The Court thus denies Krol’s motion to revoke his detention

order.

                                  C. Reopening Detention Hearing

         For the same reasons that Krol offers for revoking his detention order, he also requests

that his detention hearing be reopened. For the Court to reopen the detention hearing, it must

find that Krol has offered information “that was not known to the movant at the time of the

hearing and that has a material bearing on the issue whether there are conditions of release that

will reasonably assure the appearance of such person as required and the safety of any other

person and the community.” 18 U.S.C. § 3142(f)(2).

         Krol argues in support of both of his motions that the Central Virginia Regional Jail’s bar

to inmates’ access to electronic devices has hampered his ability to lend reasonable assistance to

counsel in preparation of his case. Because this argument does not fit neatly under any of the

factors relevant to the Court’s considerations as to the detention order, the Court instead analyzes

this argument here and finds that Krol’s lack of access to electronic devices does not suffice to

either revoke the detention order or reopen the detention hearing. The restrictions imposed by

the jail constitute information not known to Krol at the time of his detention hearing, but they do

not have material bearing on the Court’s assessment above of whether there are conditions of

release that would reasonably assure the safety of the community.

                                                 23
       Though defense counsel does not specifically cite to this authority, the Court also

considers the possibility of temporary release under 18 U.S.C. § 3142(i), which provides that a

“judicial officer may, by subsequent order, permit the temporary release of the person . . . to the

extent that the judicial officer determines such release to be necessary for preparation of the

person’s defense or for another compelling reason.” Id. This section “provides a distinct

mechanism for temporarily releasing a detained defendant, in a manner that has nothing to do

with a revisiting of the initial detention determination.” United States v. Worrell, No. 21-cr-292,

2021 WL 2366934, at *9 (D.D.C. June 9, 2021) (quoting United States v. Lee, No. 19-cr-298,

2020 WL 1541049, at *3 (D.D.C. Mar. 30, 2020)). As the Sixth Circuit has observed, there is

“limited authority governing what conditions require release for defense preparation.” United

States v. Bothra, No. 20-1364, 2020 WL 2611545, at *2 (6th Cir. May 21, 2020). “Courts

considering whether pretrial release is ‘necessary’ under § 3142(i) have considered: (1) the time

and opportunity the defendant had to prepare for the trial and participate in his defense, (2) the

complexity of the case and volume of information, and (3) the expense and inconvenience

associated with preparing while incarcerated.” Id. “Regardless of the basis for a § 3142(i)

motion, the defendant bears the burden of demonstrating that his temporary release is

warranted.” United States v. Thomas, 456 F. Supp. 3d 69, 72 (D.D.C. 2020).

       In this case, Krol has had several months to participate in his defense and a trial date has

yet to be set. His defense counsel has had access to the electronic discovery in this case and has

visited Krol at the jail on several occasions. Def.’s Mots. at 9. Although Krol himself may not

be allowed access to electronic devices, his defense counsel has not averred that counsel is

barred from bringing electronics into the jail to show Krol the relevant video evidence. The

limitation on Krol’s access, while inconvenient, does not lead the Court to conclude that release

                                                 24
would be necessary for Krol to participate in his defense. See United States v. Diaz Guillen, No.

18-cr-80160, 2022 WL 4119741, at *1, *5 (S.D. Fla. Sept. 9, 2022) (denying temporary release

despite difficulties with reviewing discovery due to conditions and quarantine process due to

COVID-19); United States v. Persico, No. S 84 CR 809, 1986 WL 3793, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Mar.

27, 1986) (denying temporary release because defendant “has had ample time to prepare his

defense, even given the practical limitations on his access to telephones and the Attorney

Conference Room”). Further, during its October 6 hearing, the Court asked that the Government

inquire whether the Central Virginia Regional Jail might be able to better facilitate Krol’s access

to evidence as needed. Until the Government reports that the jail cannot make any such

accommodations, and defense counsel has demonstrated with sufficient specificity that other

means of providing Krol access to relevant evidence are wholly inadequate or that any such

problems cannot be remedied with a transfer of facility, the Court will decline to release Krol

under 18 U.S.C. § 3142(i). See United States v. Jeffries, No. 10-cr-100, 2011 WL 182867, at *4

(E.D. Tenn. Jan. 20, 2011).

       Absent the submission of medical records demonstrating the alleged deterioration of

Krol’s health since his hearing before Magistrate Judge Ivy, Krol offers only letters of support

and claims about his disaster relief efforts and work to provide Flint, Michigan residents with

bottled water. This is not “new and material information” showing “truly changed

circumstances, something unexpected, or a significant event.” Caldwell, 2022 WL 168343, at *6

(quoting Lee, 451 F. Supp. 3d at 5). Thus, the Court will deny Krol’s motion to reopen the

detention hearing.

                                                25
                                      V. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s motions (ECF Nos. 24, 25) are DENIED. Should

Krol submit to the Court medical records evincing a formal diagnosis of his purported medical

conditions, Krol may refile his motion to reopen the detention hearing for the Court’s

consideration.

       SO ORDERED.

Dated: November 15, 2022                                         RUDOLPH CONTRERAS
                                                                 United States District Judge

                                               26