Court Opinion

ID: 3817226
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-06 07:53:27.405992+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:44:41.527495
License: Public Domain

Of the numerous assignments of error the first urged is:
"The court erred in sustaining the plaintiffs' fourth exception to the master's report, wherein the master concluded as follows: 'I am further of the opinion and conclude that the ordinance passed by the town council of the incorporated town of Sapulpa on February 28, 1905, is null and void, for the reason that said ordinance was advanced from the first to the third reading on the same day, without two-thirds of the members of said council voting in favor thereof, as provided in Mansfield's Digest of the Statutes of Arkansas,  § 924,' (Ind. T. Ann. St. 1899,  § 694)."
The ordinance here referred to is Ordinance No. 67, in which the town council undertook to extend the time designated in section *Page 353 
6 of Ordinance No. 67 so as to give the Sapulpa Oil   Gas Company until June 30, 1905, within which to furnish gas to the inhabitants of the town. It is unnecessary to discuss the facts set forth in this finding, since by defendants in error in their brief "it is admitted that the so-called Ordinance No. 67 granting an extension of time to the Sapulpa Oil   Gas Company was not passed in accordance with section 924 of Mansfield's Digest," which is as follows:
"All by-laws, ordinances, resolutions or orders for the appropriation of money shall require for their passage or adoption the concurrence of a majority of the alderman of any municipal corporation. All by-laws and ordinances of a general or permanent nature shall be fully and distinctly read on three different days unless two-thirds of the members composing the council shall dispense with the rule. No by-law or ordinance shall contain more than one subject, which shall be clearly expressed in its title."
It is contended by them that it was not necessary to so pass it, that the same was not an ordinance of a "general or permanent nature," and did not come within the contemplation of the act. They cite no authority in support of this proposition, and with the contention we cannot agree. That the ordinance is one of a general and permanent nature we entertain no serious doubt. McQuillan, Municipal Ordinances,  § 9, says:
"As regard their operation, ordinances are spoken of as 'general' and 'special.' All ordinances of a general nature having an obligatory force on the community and upon the administration of the municipal government may be denominated general."
See, also, National Bank of Commerce v. Town of Grenada (C. C.) 44 Fed. 262. State of Iowa ex rel. C. C. Bump v. Omaha  Council Bluffs Railway   Bridge Company, 113 Iowa, 30, 84 N.W. 983, 52 L. R. A. 315, 86 Am. St. Rep. 357, was an action to test the validity of the ordinance passed by the city of Council Bluffs amending an ordinance of the same city conferring upon the defendant as a corporation the power to construct, operate, and maintain street railways in the city of Council Bluffs. The lower court held that the ordinance in question was invalid for want, *Page 354 
among other things, of proper publication. Section 492 of the Code of 1873 provides: "All by-laws of a general or permanent nature shall be published in some newspaper of general circulation in the municipal corporation. * * *" In passing upon the question as to whether or not the ordinance was one of a general or permanent nature, the Supreme Court said:
"The term 'by-laws of a general or permanent nature,' used in the section of the Code of 1873 above quoted, certainly includes ordinances such as that which we have before us. A by-law 'is a law made by a municipality for the regulation of affairs within its authority: an ordinance.' (Century Dictionary.) 'In general and professional use the term "ordinance" is almost, if not quite, equivalent in meaning to the term "by-laws," and is the word most generally used to denote the by-laws adopted by municipal corporations.' (1 Dillon, Municipal Corporations [4th Ed.]  § 307.) The ordinance in question was of a general and permanent nature, and plainly was within the term 'by-law' used in the statutory provision."
It therefore follows that Ordinance No. 67 was void for the reasons stated by the master, that the court erred in sustaining plaintiffs' exception to this finding, and that said ordinance must be eliminated from further consideration unless, as is contended, the town is estopped to deny its validity, and that the work was not completed within the time therein specified. It is contended that the defendants in error, relying upon this ordinance or a waiver, express or implied, of the time limit, "spent large sums of money in laying its mains in the streets and alleys and furnishing gas to the city and its inhabitants, and the city cannot now be allowed to step in and make any such defense to the gas company." The findings of facts filed by the master do not so disclose, for the very good reason, as we presume, the question of estoppel was not raised by the pleadings, and was therefore not in issue in the case. It is well settled that estoppels against the public are not favored (16 Cyc. 781); also that, "in order to render admissible the matters on which an estoppel is based, it must be specially pleaded, whether the suit be at law or in equity" (4 Am.   Eng. Dec. in Equity, 375, and cases cited; DemingInvestment *Page 355 Company v. Shawnee Fire Insurance Company, 16 Okla. 1,83 P. 918, 4 L. R. A. [N. S.] 607; Tonkawa Milling Company v. Town ofTonkawa et al., 15 Okla. 672, 83 P. 915).
8 En. of Pl.   Pr. 7, says:
"Under the Code system, * * * the great weight of authority is to the effect that the facts constituting an estoppel inpais, to be available, must, except in a few cases, be specially pleaded"  — citing cases.
As to what the plea shall contain, 8 En. of Pl.   Pr. 11, says:
"He must allege that the party to be estopped has been guilty of misrepresentation or conduct inconsistent with the evidence he proposes to give, or the title or claim he proposes to set up. He must also allege that such misrepresentation or conduct was with intent to mislead, that the representations were known to the maker to be false, or that they were made with gross negligence, and that the fact of their being false was not known to the party setting up the estoppel. It must also be shown that the party pleading the estoppel acted to his prejudice on such representations, and that he will be prejudiced by allowing them to be disproved."
That such is not attempted to be set up in the complaint is apparent at a glance. After stating their corporate existence, plaintiffs in the complaint, in substance, allege the passing by the town of Sapulpa on May 23, 1904, of Ordinance No. 62, granting to Sapulpa Oil   Gas Company a franchise to furnish said town for 20 years, the same to be an exclusive right for 10 years, with light and heat by means of natural or artificial gas and files a copy thereof marked "Exhibit A"; that on February 28, 1905, said ordinance was amended by another ordinance passed by the common council of said town, which was made a part of the complaint as "Exhibit B," and that said ordinance was accepted; that, prior to the passage of the said second ordinance, said company had drilled several wells, and that the principal object in passing said ordinance was to extend the time for furnishing and delivering gas to said town beyond the time mentioned in the original ordinance; that said company, for financial reasons being unable to complete the work, had made a contract with its co-plaintiff, Central *Page 356 
Light   Fuel Company, to complete the work and carry out its purposes, and filed a copy of said contract as "Exhibit C"; that under said contract the streets of said town were immediately laid with pipes, mains, etc.; and from that time have continued to exercise said franchise and supply a large portion of the inhabitants of said town with gas, and have in every way complied with the terms and conditions contained in said franchise and ordinance.
"Plaintiffs further state that said town and its officers have been and are fully aware of the fact that plaintiffs have complied with the terms of said ordinance as aforesaid, and knew and know that the plaintiffs were and are expending their money in compliance therewith. Plaintiffs have used reasonable and due diligence in complying therewith, and in endeavoring to furnish natural gas and maintain works for the same, and supply said town and its inhabitants with gas."
The complaint then sets forth, in haec verba, section 1 of said Ordinance No. 62, and proceeds to charge the town council of Sapulpa with attempting to grant a franchise for a similar purpose to John Smith, sets forth a copy of the proposed ordinance to him, alleges irreparable injury in case the same is granted, etc., and prays for injunctive and other relief. Nowhere does the complaint attempt to set forth facts sufficient to estop defendants to rely on the invalidity of said Ordinance No. 67. We are therefore of the opinion that the court erred in sustaining plaintiffs' exception to the finding of fact relied on that said Ordinance No. 67 was void for the reason assigned by the master in his findings of fact, and must be eliminated from further consideration in this case.
Before passing, however, from this point, we desire further to say that if we are wrong and that such was not the rule of pleading in the Indian Territory at that time, and of this we are somewhat in doubt, that, independent of any question of pleading, the record nowhere discloses and it is nowhere claimed, except in the brief of defendant in error, that because of any act, omission, or concealment of plaintiffs in error they *Page 357 
were misled, to their injury. Nowhere does it appear that, relying on the validity of this ordinance, they expended money or did anything else that they would not have done under Ordinance No. 62 in the exercise of their franchise of 20 years, the right to which is not here questioned or sought to be disturbed. Nowhere is it claimed, much less shown, that to permit defendants in error to set up the invalidity of this ordinance would, in effect, operate as a fraud upon plaintiffs in error. All this must be shown, and more, in order to constitute an estoppel, and the burden of proof is on defendants in error to establish all facts necessary to constitute it. 16 Cyc. 811, 812, and cases cited.
To constitute an estoppel, 4 Am.   Eng. Dec. in Equity, 267, 268, says:
"First. There must have been a misrepresentation or concealment of facts. Second. The misrepresentation or concealment must have been with knowledge of the true state of facts, unless the party making it was bound to know the facts, or his ignorance of them was due to gross negligence. Third. The party to whom it was made must have been ignorant of the truth of the matter as to which representation was made. It must have been made with the intention that the other party should act on it; but the place and intent will be supplied by gross and culpable negligence on the part of the party sought to be estopped, if the effect of that negligence is to work a fraud on the party setting up the estoppel. * * * Fifth. The misrepresentation or concealment must be proved to have been the inducement to the actions of the other party. Sixth. The party claiming the estoppel must have been misled to his injury."
We are not unmindful of the contention by defendants in error that the city is estopped to deny the validity of Ordinance No. 67, nor of the long line of cases cited in support of that contention which we have examined. The leading case relied on, as we take it, is Illinois Trust   Savings Bank v. City ofArkansas City, 76 Fed. 271, 22 Cow. C. A. 171, 34 L. R. A. 518. In that case on December 28, 1885, the city undertook to pass an ordinance to induce the construction of waterworks in that city for the purpose of supplying its inhabitants with water for public and domestic purposes. *Page 358 
The ordinance was defeated in the council, but declared adopted; was approved by the mayor; was accepted by the Interstate Gas Company, to which it granted the franchise to construct and operate the waterworks. The works were constructed under its provisions at vast expense, $150,000 of which was loaned by the bondholders and secured by trust deed in reliance upon the ordinance, and the city paid the rentals promised to be paid by it until October, 1891. On February 12, 1886, the gas company submitted its selection of water supply for the works to the mayor and city council for their approval, and the council by vote approved the selection. At the same time the gas company presented its written acceptance of the ordinance and the bond required thereby, and these were received by the council in open session. On September 12, 1886, the gas company offered to extend the waterworks by adding hydrants and to furnish certain public places free, and the offer was accepted by a vote of the council. The waterworks were constructed by the gas company, and in September of that year had it ready for operation in accordance with the provisions of the ordinance. On January 17, 1887, a committee of the city council reported to it, and recommended an acceptance of the same which was adopted by the city council. The court, in effect, held that on this state of facts, and by reason of said acceptance, a binding contract existed between the city and the grantee in the ordinance, and that the city was estopped from setting up the invalidity of the ordinance, and in a portion of its syllabus says:
"The representation to the city council of a city in open session by a private party, who is named as grantee in a defeated ordinance upon its records, of a written acceptance of the terms of the ordinance and a bond to construct waterworks accordingly, the construction of the works and the location of the hydrants by such grantee under the direction of the city council, the actual acceptance and use of the works by the city when completed, and the passage by the city council of a formal resolution that the waterworks erected under the ordinance are accepted by the city, constitute a binding contract between the city and the grantee in *Page 359 
the ordinance for the construction and operation of the waterworks according to its terms. No one may, to the damage of another, deny the truth of the representations by which he has purposely or carelessly induced that other to change his situation."
This case is not in point, for the reason that the question as to whether or not an estoppel should be pleaded did not arise and was not passed on by the court, and for the further reason that the facts clearly constitute an estoppel on the part of the city, and that the city would, in effect, be getting the use of a valuable system of waterworks for nothing if allowed to plead the invalidity of the ordinance, which would be a palpable fraud. Here no such result would follow and such is not claimed, or that the city of Sapulpa would, by showing the invalidity of said ordinance, receive an unconscionable benefit from the grantee arising therefrom.
Defendants in error being thus relegated to their rights under Ordinance No. 62, let us see what, if any, right under it they have to maintain this suit. The master found "that on May 23, 1904, the common council of the incorporated town of Sapulpa, Ind. T., granted to the plaintiff Sapulpa Oil   Gas Company a franchise to furnish said town with light and heat by means of natural or manufactured gas, which ordinance is No. 62." That said ordinance provided that:
"Said franchise shall be a contract between the incorporated town of Sapulpa and said Sapulpa Oil   Gas Company, and shall be binding upon all parties with equal force and effect, provided said company shall within ten days after the passage and approval of this ordinance file with the city recorder of the incorporated town of Sapulpa written acceptance of the terms and conditions of this ordinance and shall commence work within the incorporated town of Sapulpa within thirty days after the passage, approval and publication of said ordinance by the incorporated town of Sapulpa, the sinking of a well and prospecting for gas in or near the incorporated town of Sapulpa for the purpose of obtaining gas to comply with the terms of this ordinance."
Said ordinance further provides:
"That if said Sapulpa Oil   Gas Company shall fail to obtain *Page 360 
in sufficient quantities gas from wells at or near the incorporated town of Sapulpa on or before April, 1905, or shall within such time or at any time thereafter fail or refuse to furnish gas in such quantities as required for use by said incorporated town of Sapulpa and its inhabitants and consumers, then, in that event the council of the incorporated town of Sapulpa reserves the right and privilege of granting a franchise by ordinance to any person, firm or corporation, to lay pipes in the streets and alleys and public places, for the purpose of supplying gas to the incorporated town of Sapulpa or its inhabitants, as intended and specified in this ordinance."
This was unexcepted to, and must stand. He further found:
"I am therefore of the opinion and conclude that the Sapulpa Oil   Gas Company did not comply with the terms of Ordinance No. 62 to be performed by it, * * * and that it did not commence work within the incorporated town of Sapulpa within thirty days after the passage, approval and publication of said ordinance by the incorporated town of Sapulpa, and that it did not furnish gas to the incorporated town of Sapulpa, its inhabitants and consumers, before April, 1905."
This was excepted to, and the exception sustained by the court, and it now becomes our duty to turn to the testimony and see whether the court erred in so doing, and, if so, and this finding of fact should stand, what effect, if any, it would have on the alleged exclusive feature of said franchise.
Counsel on both sides properly agree that an ordinance such as is under construction is, in effect, a contract, and should be governed by the same rules of construction as any other contract between individuals or private corporations, except that it should be construed strictly against the grantee and liberally in favor of the people or the grantor. The exclusive franchise is claimed to be the right under Ordinance No. 62, § 1, in substance, to erect, maintain, and operate a gas plant, and to lay pipes for conducting it through the streets and alleys of the town of Sapulpa for the purpose of supplying the inhabitants thereof for a period of 10 years. Said section reads:
"That in consideration of the benefits that will accrue to the incorporated town of Sapulpa, Indian Territory, and its inhabitants *Page 361 
from the erection, maintenance and operation of a gas plant or plants in and laying of pipes for conducting such gas through, under and above the streets, alleys and public places of the incorporated town of Sapulpa, Indian Territory, and in addition thereto, the right and privilege of entering upon any streets, alleys, public grounds or bridges in said incorporated town of Sapulpa, and additions thereto for the purpose of laying mains and pipes and adjuncts thereto for the conveyance of gas only for the period of twenty years, said privilege to be exclusive for the first ten years of said period, except as to any additions which may hereafter be added to the incorporated town of Sapulpa, Indian Territory, and additions thereto and the consumers thereof, is hereby granted to the Sapulpa Oil   Gas Company, a corporation, its successors and assigns."
As a condition precedent to this ordinance operating as a contract or a grant of an exclusive franchise for 10 years, it was specifically provided in said ordinance, as stated by the master, supra, that "it shall be a contract between the incorporated town of Sapulpa and said Sapulpa Oil   Gas Company, and shall be binding upon all parties with equal force and effect, provided said company * * * shall commence work within the incorporated town of Sapulpa within thirty days after the passage, approval, and publication of said ordinance by the incorporated town of Sapulpa, the sinking of a well and prospecting for gas in or near the incorporated town of Sapulpa for the purpose of obtaining gas to comply with the terms of this ordinance. * * *" As a further condition precedent to the contract operating as an exclusive franchise, said ordinance, as found by the master, supra, provides:
"That if said Sapulpa Oil   Gas Company shall fail to obtain in sufficient quantities gas from wells at or near the incorporated town of Sapulpa on or before April, 1905, or shall within such time or at any time thereafter fail or refuse to furnish gas in such quantities as required for use by said incorporated town of Sapulpa and its inhabitants and consumers, then, in that event the council of the incorporated town of Sapulpa reserves the right and privilege to grant a franchise by ordinance to any person, firm or corporation, to lay pipes in the streets and alleys and public places for the purpose of supplying gas to the incorporated town of Sapulpa *Page 362 
and its inhabitants, as intended and specified in this ordinance."
Thus it will be seen that the right to an exclusive franchise for 10 years rested upon the condition that the Sapulpa Oil  
Gas Company find gas in quantities sufficient to meet said requirements at or near said town within three miles thereof before April, 1905. It is therefore vital to the sustaining of this exclusive feature that the conditions precedent shall have been complied with. The master in effect found, as stated, that they had not been. The court, sustaining the exceptions to this part of the master's report, found that they had been, which is assigned as error, and it is now for us to determine whether the court erred in so finding. If so, the master's finding of fact on this point must stand.
This finding of fact by the master was not merely advisory to the court, but had the force and effect of a special verdict of a jury, and, if there is any evidence reasonably tending to support it, the court erred in sustaining plaintiffs' exception thereto, otherwise not. Hope v. Bourland, 21 Okla. 864,98 P. 580, and cases cited. On this point the testimony discloses no room for reasonable doubt. In fact, the Sapulpa Oil   Gas Company has confessed as much in this record. On June 10, 1905, said company made a contract assigning all its rights, title, and interest in and to this franchise to the Central Light  
Fuel Company for and in consideration of the sum of $1,000 wherein it recites:
"And, whereas, Sapulpa Oil   Gas Company is financially unable to develop its said oil and gas leases, and is unable to comply with the terms, conditions, and provisions of said ordinance, and the franchise thereby granted, owing to financial difficulties, and is heavily indebted in large sums of money which it is unable to pay off and discharge: Now, therefore, in consideration of of the payments hereinafter agreed to be made by the Central Light   Fuel Company to the Sapulpa Oil   Gas Company hereby sells, assigns, transfers, and sets over unto the party of the second part, its successors and assigns, all and singular, its rights, title, and interest in and to the franchise by said ordinance above described, granted, and evidenced. * * *"
This would seem to be sufficient to establish this point, but *Page 363 
the evidence of Harry H. McFann, a witness for defendants in error, shows that he was in the employ of the Sapulpa Oil   Gas Company between April, 1904, and April, 1905, and assisted in procuring this franchise; that it was not before the 27th of June 1905, some 20 days after the Central Light   Fuel Company took the assignment to this franchise, that they commenced supplying gas to the citizens of Sapulpa thereunder.
H. M. Watchorn testifies that he kept the books of the Central Light   Fuel Company during the last part of the year 1905, having entered their employ in August or September of that year; that the said company was absolutely unable to meet the demand for gas as required in said franchise until it had put an extension and had connected up with the Hecla Wells near Red Fork, which was made on April 18, 1906. This testimony stands undisputed, and shows conclusively to our minds that the Sapulpa Oil   Gas Company wholly failed to obtain gas in sufficient quantities or any quantity for use by the incorporated town of Sapulpa and its inhabitants and consumers from any source prior to April, 1905, and the Central Light  
Fuel Company was never able to meet the demand until connected with the Hecla Wells as aforesaid. It therefore follows that the court erred in sustaining this exception to the master's report, and that the report should stand, except as to the finding that the Sapulpa Oil   Gas Company did not commence work within the incorporated town of Sapulpa within 30 days after the passage, approval, and publication of said ordinance by the incorporated town of Sapulpa, which there is no proof to support. Taking the report, then, in its entirety as made by the master with the exceptions thereto, overruled as stated, there only remains for us to make the proper deductions of law from the facts thus found.
We are clearly of the opinion that as Sapulpa Oil   Gas Company did not comply with the terms of Ordinance No. 62, § 6, in that it did not furnish gas to the incorporated town of Sapulpa, its inhabitants and consumers before April, 1905, from any source or in any quantities, the exclusive features of said ordinance *Page 364 
were destroyed, and for that reason the trial court erred in enjoining the town council from granting a like franchise to John Smith. This is in keeping with express terms of the ordinance, which provides: "Section 6. * * * If said company, its successors, or assigns shall fail to obtain in sufficient quantities gas from wells at or near the incorporated town of Sapulpa on or before April, 1905 * * * in quantities as required for use in said incorporated town of Sapulpa and its inhabitants and consumers, then in that event the council of the incorporated town of Sapulpa reserves the right and privilege to grant a franchise by ordinance to any person, firm or corporation" for this same purpose. The contract granted to Sapulpa Oil   Gas Company by Ordinance No. 62 was, with the exclusive features eliminated, a contract granting a franchise for 20 years, but, not being exclusive, there is no reason why the incorporated town of Sapulpa should be denied the right thus clearly reserved to grant a like franchise to another, and thus secure to its inhabitants the same commodity from another source, as such a contract would not impair the obligation of the contract franchise already granted to defendants in error.
In Little Falls Water, etc., Co. v. City of Little Falls (C. C.) 102 Fed. 663, the court said:
"Such grant of franchise, after performance by grantee, is a contract protected by the Constitution of the United States against state legislation to impair it. * * * State legislation includes, of course, legislation by municipal bodies created by the state with powers of legislation for local purposes. * * * As to the showing to the effect that the city of Little Falls is taking steps to erect a plant for the supplying of water and electric lights, it appears that the complainants' franchises are not exclusive, and that there was not, as in the case ofWalla Walla v. Walla Walla Water Co., 172 U.S. 1, 19 Sup. Ct. 77, 43 L. Ed. 341, any contract on the part of the city that it would not, during the term for which the franchises were granted, erect, maintain, or become interested in like works. * * * There seems to be no sufficient reason for enjoining the city from constructing and operating a water plant and electric light plant contracted to receive from, and pay *Page 365 
to, the complainant, as such construction of a new plant would not release or affect its contracts with complainant."
It is well established that a city granting a franchise as herein may grant a similar franchise to some other person, firm, or corporation unless the former franchise was made exclusive in express and unequivocal terms. Chas. A. Long v.City of Duluth et al., 49 Minn. 280, 51 N.W. 913, 32 Am. St. Rep. 547; Appeal of Howard et al., 162 Pa. 374, 29 A. 641;Bienville Water Supply Co., v. City of Mobile et al., (C. C.) 95 Fed. 539; Thompson-Houston Electric Co. v. City of Newton etal. (C. C.) 42 Fed. 723; Long Island Water Supply Co. v. Cityof Brooklyn, 166 U.S. 685, 17 Sup. Ct. 718, 41 L. Ed. 1165, and cases cited.
We are therefore of the opinion that the court erred in granting the restraining order complained of, and in making the same perpetual, and that the same should be dissolved and the judgment of the trial court reversed, and this cause dismissed and it is so ordered.
All the Justices concur.