Court Opinion

ID: 2975183
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 17:30:11.655472+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:02:21.969115
License: Public Domain

RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                      File Name: 07a0155p.06

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                    _________________

                                                    X
                              Plaintiff-Appellant, -
 MICHAEL E. KLEIBER,
                                                     -
                                                     -
                                                     -
                                                         No. 06-3490
          v.
                                                     ,
                                                      >
 HONDA OF AMERICA MFG., INC.,                        -
                             Defendant-Appellee. -
                                                    N
                     Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Southern District of Ohio at Columbus.
                   No. 04-00109—James L. Graham, District Judge.
                                   Argued: January 22, 2007
                                Decided and Filed: May 3, 2007
                    Before: SILER, MOORE, and ROGERS, Circuit Judges.
                                      _________________
                                           COUNSEL
ARGUED: Gary A. Reeve, KENNEDY REEVE & KNOLL, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellant.
Douglas R. Matthews, VORYS SATER SEYMOUR AND PEASE LLP, Columbus, Ohio, for
Appellee. ON BRIEF: Gary A. Reeve, KENNEDY REEVE & KNOLL, Columbus, Ohio, for
Appellant. Douglas R. Matthews, VORYS SATER SEYMOUR AND PEASE LLP, Columbus,
Ohio, for Appellee.
                                      _________________
                                          OPINION
                                      _________________
        KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. This case stems from a tragic off-the-job
accident that has diminished Michael E. Kleiber’s capacity to work. Admirably, Kleiber attempted
to return to work despite his injuries. Unfortunately, he was unsuccessful. He sued his former
employer, Honda of America Manufacturing, Inc. (“Honda”), alleging that it violated the Americans
with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. §§ 12101 et seq., and related state statutes by failing to
accommodate his disabilities. Finding no evidence that Kleiber could now perform any job at
Honda, the district court granted Honda’s motion for summary judgment. We similarly find no
evidence showing that Kleiber was capable of working at Honda, and accordingly must AFFIRM
the district court’s judgment.

                                                1
No. 06-3490           Kleiber v. Honda of America Mfg., Inc.                                 Page 2

                                       I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background
        Michael Kleiber began working in Honda’s Marysville, Ohio plant in June 1989. In
November 1999, he remained employed full-time at Honda as a Production Associate and was
assigned to a repair position in the Assembly Department. His position required him to read
inspection cards describing necessary repairs, to determine the method for performing the repairs,
to implement fine motor skills in executing the repairs, and to drive cars across the shop floor.
       1. Kleiber’s Injury and Treatment
        On November 21, 1999, Kleiber fell from a fence while performing yard work at his parents’
home and hit his head on a concrete surface. The fall left him with serious head injuries. Kleiber
remained hospitalized until January 21, 2000. During his hospitalization, Kleiber was under the care
of Dr. Jerry Mysiw, the Director of The Ohio State University’s Head Injury Diagnostic Clinic.
After being discharged, Kleiber continued to see Dr. Mysiw every three to four months.
       When first discharged, Kleiber was unable to live independently, and he required ongoing
physical, occupational, and speech therapy to overcome difficulties with attention span, thinking,
and coordination. His physical therapy continued through August 2000, at which time Kleiber had
progressed such that he was able to carry most items on level surfaces and had only some difficulties
moving heavy objects up stairs. Although he was no longer receiving physical therapy, Kleiber’s
occupational therapy sessions continued into 2001. Notwithstanding his therapy, Kleiber failed two
driving examinations in March and August 2000.
       2. Kleiber’s Attempts to Return to Work
               a. BVR Assistance
       In late March 2000, Kleiber met with a counselor from the Ohio Bureau of Vocational
Rehabilitation (“BVR”), a state agency whose mission is to provide service leading to employment
for Ohioans with disabilities. In April 2000, the BVR determined Kleiber was eligible for its
services and soon assigned Rodney Brandel, the BVR’s liaison with Honda, to Kleiber’s case.
        Brandel arranged for Kleiber to undergo a neuropsychological evaluation—intended to
identify the cognitive limitations resulting from Kleiber’s brain injury—with Dr. James Arnett on
August 17, 2000. Dr. Arnett’s evaluation noted various limitations, including deficits in (1)
attention and concentration, including memory; (2) problem-solving abilities; and (3) manual
dexterity. Dr. Arnett concluded that the evaluation revealed “mild to moderate” impairment of brain
function, and that the deficits “raise[d] questions about safety in the performance of high risk
activities.” Joint Appendix (“J.A.”) at 20-21 (Report of Neuropsychological Evaluation at 5-6). He
further noted that he could not predict whether Kleiber’s attention and concentration deficits would
be further compromised in a chaotic environment.
        After receiving Dr. Arnett’s evaluation, Brandel met with Dr. Arnett, Kleiber, and Kleiber’s
parents on September 12, 2000, to discuss the results and Kleiber’s prospects for returning to Honda.
Based upon Dr. Arnett’s evaluation, Brandel did not expect Kleiber to be able to return immediately
to his former position at Honda, nor did Brandel believe that anyone else at the meeting had such
an expectation.
No. 06-3490               Kleiber v. Honda of America Mfg., Inc.                                                Page 3

                  b. Communications with Honda
        Brandel began communicating with Honda regarding Kleiber’s limitations and his desire to
return to work. On October 10, 2000, Dr. Mysiw filled out a Honda document labeled a “Work
Capacity Form.” On the form, Dr. Mysiw indicated Kleiber’s restrictions were “cognitive—i.e.,
memory, attention,” and that these issues “require[d] supervision and possibly a job coach.” J.A.
at 316 (Work Capacity Form). He also indicated that Kleiber could not work in an environment
featuring “unrestricted heights,” and stated that Kleiber’s endurance was “likely poor.” Id.
Sometime after October 10, 2000, Brandel submitted the Work Capacity Form to Honda.
         Notwithstanding Kleiber’s limitations, Doug Bigler, Honda’s placement leader for the
Marysville plant, and Cathy Cronley, Honda’s in-house registered nurse, began to identify certain
positions that they thought Kleiber might be able to perform. These positions included “the Right
Rear Beam Tighten position in [the] Assembly [Department],” “the Front Bumper Install position
in [the] Assembly [Department],” and processes in the Paint Department. J.A. at 25-27 (Bigler Aff.
¶¶ 14-15, 19). Ultimately, Honda determined that none of these positions were appropriate for
Kleiber because they required walking on uneven surfaces, working under substantial time
pressures, and employing fine manual dexterity.
        During this process, the Honda representatives determined that they needed more precise
information regarding Kleiber’s limitations, so they scheduled a meeting with Brandel. On
October 27, 2000, Brandel and Joe Roop, Kleiber’s job coach from the BVR, met with several
Honda representatives to discuss Kleiber’s prospects for returning to work. According to Brandel,
“[t]he idea was to have the [job] coach work with Honda staff to identify a suitable position to start.”
J.A. at 111-12 (Brandel Dep. at 75:23-76:2). Kleiber did not attend this meeting. The Honda
contingent included Bigler, Cronley, and Jean Jackson, a disability and case-management nurse.
At the meeting, Honda’s representatives indicated that the Work Capacity Form did not provide
enough information for them to identify job processes that Kleiber could perform. Consequently,
Honda’s representatives requested more specific    information and asked that Kleiber be evaluated
by Dr. Robert Shadel at Health Partners, Inc.1
                  c. Further Evaluations
        Kleiber visited Dr. Shadel on October 30, 2000, for a Fitness for Duty Examination. In this
examination, Kleiber’s performance on a memory test revealed a “significant memory deficit.” J.A.
at 28 (Shadel Aff. ¶ 3). Dr. Shadel also reviewed Dr. Arnett’s earlier neuropsychological evaluation
of Kleiber and concluded that both evaluations were consistent and “that there was no reason to
expect significant improvement in Mr. Kleiber’s condition in the future.” Id. (¶ 4). Consequently,
Dr. Shadel concluded that Kleiber’s limitations in gait, balance, upper-extremity coordination,
cognitive processing, and memory would substantially inhibit Kleiber’s returning to work. He also
expressed some reservations regarding Kleiber’s ability to perform job functions involving lifting,
carrying, and moving around in the factory environment. Nonetheless, he ordered a Functional
Capacity Evaluation from Health Partners’s physical therapist Sanford Goldstein.
        During the Functional Capacity Evaluation, Kleiber lost his balance while walking down a
flight of stairs and tested “inadequate” for balance on level surfaces. J.A. at 138-39 (Goldstein Dep.
30:8-9, 32:12-13). Based upon his examination, Goldstein identified four underlying limitations:
(1) safety issues resulting from decreased motor planning; (2) poor balance on level surfaces;
(3) decreased grip strength; and (4) decreased finger dexterity. Goldstein concluded that Kleiber

         1
           Kleiber describes Health Partners as Honda’s in-plant medical provider. The record provides no clear support
for this contention. In any event, Health Partners’s relationship to Honda is not material to our resolution of Kleiber’s
claims.
No. 06-3490           Kleiber v. Honda of America Mfg., Inc.                                  Page 4

should not be assigned to jobs that require “balance on uneven surfaces,” “fine motor and medium
motor dexterity,” or “rapid cyclical work.” J.A. at 403 (Phys. Work Performance Evaluation
Summary). However, when asked in deposition what constituted a “rapid pace,” Goldstein was
unable to answer. J.A. at 141 (Goldstein Dep. at 43:15-18).
         After receiving Goldstein’s Functional Capacity Evaluation, Dr. Shadel wrote a report
regarding Kleiber, dated November 13, 2000. Dr. Shadel concluded that Kleiber (1) could not work
independently; (2) needed to work where balance would not be at issue; (3) had to work in a position
that allowed only light gripping and simple, slow hand movements due to his dexterity deficits; and
(4) could not be placed in a job requiring multiple processes. Additionally, Shadel noted that any
return to work would have to be gradual because Kleiber’s endurance was likely poor and that it was
impossible to predict how Kleiber would function in a busy and noisy environment.
               d. Kleiber’s Discharge from Honda
       Based upon Dr. Shadel’s report and “a thorough review of [Honda]’s production work
environment,” Honda’s placement committee determined that Kleiber’s limitations precluded him
from working as a Honda Production Associate. J.A. at 397 (Memo dated Nov. 16, 2000).
Consequently, and consistently with its policy of releasing employees who have been unable to work
for twelve consecutive months, Honda terminated Kleiber’s employment effective November 22,
2000. Randy Moore, Honda’s assistant manager for restriction placement, sent a letter to Brandel
on November 30, 2000 indicating that Honda was unable to accommodate Kleiber, and that it
consequently terminated him. Brandel responded on December 4 with a letter reiterating the BVR’s
willingness to continue working with Honda on Kleiber’s behalf, and requesting documentation of
Kleiber’s Functional Capacity Evaluation and Fitness for Duty Examination, as well as specific
information regarding the jobs for which Kleiber was considered.
B. Procedural History
        On July 16, 2001, Kleiber filed a discrimination charge against Honda with the EEOC, which
issued a right-to-sue letter on November 19, 2003. Kleiber filed a complaint in the U.S. District
Court for the Southern District of Ohio on February 10, 2004. Kleiber’s complaint alleged that
Honda discriminated against him on the basis of his disability, and asserted claims for (1) violation
of the Americans with Disabilities Act by refusing to provide a reasonable accommodation, refusing
to participate in the interactive process, and causing the breakdown of the interactive process;
(2) violation of the Ohio Revised Code’s prohibition of disability discrimination, OHIO REV. CODE
§ 4112.02; and (3) discharge in violation of public policy as prohibited by Ohio Revised Code
§ 4112.02.
        In early October 2005, both Honda and Kleiber filed motions for summary judgment.
Kleiber amended his complaint on November 17, 2005 but continued to pursue the same three
claims. On February 27, 2006, the district court issued an order granting Honda’s, and denying
Kleiber’s, motion for summary judgment and entered judgment in Honda’s favor. The district court
concluded that Kleiber could not show that he was qualified for any position at Honda, and
therefore, he could not show that Honda either failed to offer him a reasonable accommodation for,
or terminated him because of, his disability. Further, the district court concluded that because
Honda’s actions did not contravene Ohio’s prohibition of disability discrimination, Kleiber could
not show that his termination would jeopardize that policy; accordingly, the district court rejected
his claim for violation of public policy. On March 16, 2006, Kleiber timely filed his notice of
appeal.
No. 06-3490              Kleiber v. Honda of America Mfg., Inc.                                             Page 5

                       II. JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW
        The district court had federal-question jurisdiction over Kleiber’s ADA claim, 28 U.S.C.
§ 1331, and supplemental jurisdiction over Kleiber’s state-law claims, Id. § 1367(a). We have
jurisdiction over his appeal from the district court’s final judgment. Id. § 1291.
        We review de novo a district court’s order granting summary judgment, DiCarlo v. Potter,
358 F.3d 408, 414 (6th Cir. 2004), and will affirm a grant of summary judgment “if the pleadings,
depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any,
show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to
a judgment as a matter of law,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). In reviewing the district court’s decision to
grant summary judgment, we must view all evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving
party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986).
                                                III. ANALYSIS
       On appeal, Kleiber offers two arguments. First, Kleiber argues that a genuine dispute of
material fact exists as to whether there was an open position at Honda for which he was qualified.
Second, he contends that Honda denied him a reasonable accommodation by failing to participate
in good faith in the informal, interactive process required to identify a suitable reasonable
accommodation. These arguments both address Honda’s alleged failure to offer Kleiber a
reasonable accommodation.
A. ADA Claim
        The ADA prohibits discrimination because of disability against “a qualified individual with
a disability,” 42 U.S.C. § 12112(a), and defines “discrimination” to include “not making reasonable
accommodations to the known physical or mental limitations of an otherwise qualified individual
with a disability,” id. § 12112(b)(5)(A). The Act further defines “reasonable accommodation” to
include
        (A) making existing facilities used by employees readily accessible to and usable
            by individuals with disabilities; and
        (B) job restructuring, part-time or modified work schedules, reassignment to a
            vacant position, acquisition or modification of equipment or devices,
            appropriate adjustment or modifications of examinations, training materials or
            policies, the provision of qualified readers or interpreters, and other similar
            accommodations for individuals with disabilities.
Id. § 12111(9).
         Kleiber bases his discrimination claim upon Honda’s failure to accommodate his disability.
Honda acknowledges that it did not accommodate Kleiber’s disability but argues that no reasonable
accommodation was possible because Kleiber was not qualified for any position. As noted above,
failing to make a reasonable accommodation falls within the ADA’s definition of “discrimination.”
Accordingly, claims premised upon an employer’s failure to offer a reasonable accommodation
necessarily involve direct evidence (the failure to accommodate) of discrimination.2 Bultemeyer v.
Fort Wayne Cmty. Sch., 100 F.3d 1281, 1283 (7th Cir. 1996). This conclusion is consistent with the
definition of direct evidence, for if the fact-finder accepts the employee’s version of the facts, no

        2
            This, of course, is not necessarily true of claims premised upon an adverse employment decision such as a
failure to hire, failure to promote, or discharge.
No. 06-3490           Kleiber v. Honda of America Mfg., Inc.                                        Page 6

inference is necessary to conclude that the employee has proven this form of discrimination. See
Jacklyn v. Schering-Plough Healthcare Prods. Sales Corp., 176 F.3d 921, 926 (6th Cir. 1999) (sex-
discrimination case; defining direct evidence as “that evidence which, if believed, requires the
conclusion that unlawful discrimination was at least a motivating factor in the employer's actions”);
Johnson v. Kroger Co., 319 F.3d 858, 865 (6th Cir. 2003) (race-discrimination case; noting that
direct evidence does not require the fact-finder to draw any inferences to conclude that the defendant
discriminated against the plaintiff). It is further consistent with our analysis in Monette v. Electronic
Data Systems Corp., 90 F.3d 1173, 1182-84 (6th Cir. 1996), in which we noted that claims for
failure-to-accommodate fall within the category of cases in which the employer relies on the
employee’s disability in its decision-making, and consequently are suitable for analysis under the
direct-evidence framework. See also Hoskins v. Oakland County Sheriff’s Dep’t, 227 F.3d 719, 724-
30 (6th Cir. 2000) (applying direct-evidence standard to claim for failure to accommodate).
       When an ADA plaintiff premises his claim upon direct evidence, we jettison the familiar
McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework applicable in indirect-evidence cases (also called
“circumstantial-evidence cases”), and we analyze the claim under the following framework:
        (1) The plaintiff bears the burden of establishing that he or she is disabled. (2) The
        plaintiff bears the burden of establishing that he or she is “otherwise qualified” for
        the position despite his or her disability: (a) without accommodation from the
        employer; (b) with an alleged “essential” job requirement eliminated; or (c) with a
        proposed reasonable accommodation. (3) The employer will bear the burden of
        proving that a challenged job criterion is essential, and therefore a business necessity,
        or that a proposed accommodation will impose an undue hardship upon the
        employer.
Hedrick v. W. Reserve Care Sys., 355 F.3d 444, 452 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 543 U.S. 817 (2004).
Honda does not contest that Kleiber is disabled. Instead, the parties’ dispute centers on whether
Honda could reasonably accommodate Kleiber’s disability by transferring him to a different
job—part (2)(c) of the above framework. Accordingly, to survive summary judgment, it is Kleiber’s
burden to submit evidence sufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether he
is qualified for a position with a proposed reasonable accommodation.
        1. Failure to Transfer Kleiber to an Open Position for Which He Was Qualified
        Here, the accommodation Kleiber sought was a transfer to a different position at Honda. As
noted above, a “reasonable accommodation” under the ADA may include “reassignment to a vacant
position.” 42 U.S.C. § 12111(9)(B) (emphasis added). Consequently, “an employer has a duty
under the ADA to consider transferring a disabled employee who can no longer perform his old job
even with accommodation to a new position within the [c]ompany for which that employee is
otherwise qualified.” Burns v. Coca-Cola Enters., Inc., 222 F.3d 247, 257 (6th Cir. 2000).
However, this duty does not require employers “to create new jobs [or] displace existing employees
from their positions . . . in order to accommodate a disabled individual.” Id.
                a. Vacancy
        First, we must determine whether a genuine issue of material fact exists regarding whether
Honda had a vacant position in October and November 2000. Honda maintains that no vacancy
existed “because each job process must be filled at all times for the production line to operate.”
Appellee Br. at 10 n.6. In other words, Honda’s position is that as long as the plant is operating,
there are ipso facto no vacancies. This argument proves too much. If Honda is correct, when it
seeks to hire new Production Associates, it hires them into positions that are not vacant. This cannot
be.
No. 06-3490               Kleiber v. Honda of America Mfg., Inc.                                                 Page 7

        Honda also notes that Kleiber has offered no evidence that Honda was seeking to hire any
Production Associates in October and November 2000, and argues on this basis that Kleiber has
failed to create a genuine issue of material fact regarding a vacancy. Absent any evidence that
Honda continued to hire Production Associates, seek out applicants, or accept applications during
the relevant time period, we cannot conclude that a reasonable jury could find that a vacancy existed.
                  b. Kleiber’s Qualification
        Even if a vacancy did exist, however, Kleiber’s ADA claims fail because the record evidence
does not create a genuine issue of material fact regarding his qualification for any particular position.
Generally, an ADA plaintiff “bears the initial burden of proposing an accommodation and showing
that that accommodation is objectively reasonable.” Hedrick, 355 F.3d at 457 (internal quotation
omitted). Where the requested accommodation is a job transfer, “employers have a duty to locate
suitable positions for” employees with disabilities. Burns, 222 F.3d at 258. Nonetheless, to
overcome summary judgment, the plaintiff generally must identify the specific job he seeks and
demonstrate that he is qualified for that position. Id. at 258-59. Honda, however, does not have any
job descriptions for Production Associates, J.A. at 236 (Moore Dep. at 61), so it was not possible
for Kleiber to identify a specific job.
        Honda itself attempted to locate positions appropriate for Kleiber. For instance, Honda
considered Kleiber for various positions within the Assembly Department, but concluded that his
limitations rendered him unqualified for each of them. Kleiber does not contest these conclusions.
         Kleiber argues that he could have performed the “exterior wipe-off” job process in the
plant’s Paint Department, and further suggests      that having a “job coach” would be a reasonable
accommodation for him in this position.3 However, uncontroverted evidence reveals that this job
process is “located in [an] area[] with uneven surfaces, including gratings and raised platforms.”
J.A. at 27 (Bigler Aff. ¶ 19). Kleiber’s Functional Capacity Evaluation indicated that his difficulties
with balance precluded him from working on uneven surfaces, and Dr. Shadel indicated that Kleiber
could work only where balance was not an issue. Accordingly, Kleiber cannot establish a genuine
issue of material fact as to his qualification for this job process.
        Kleiber does not suggest any other job processes for which he may be qualified. He
emphasizes that some of his medical personnel concluded that he was capable of general factory
work or certain tasks generally associated with factory jobs. Nonetheless, he does not indicate
whether this translates to an ability to perform the essential job functions of any position at Honda.
Accordingly, on the record before us, no reasonable jury could conclude that Kleiber was qualified
for a position at Honda.
         2. Failure to Engage in the Interactive Process
        Kleiber further argues that he is unable to identify a particular suitable position at Honda
because Honda did not participate in good faith in the “interactive process.” According to Kleiber,
Honda stonewalled throughout this process and refused to give him the information necessary to
identify an appropriate job.

         3
             The ADA countenances such a request for an “accommodation within an accommodation.” In Burns, we
noted that, when an employee can no longer perform her job due to a disability, her employer has a duty to consider
transferring her to a different position for which she is qualified. Burns, 222 F.3d at 257. An ADA plaintiff is qualified
for a job when she, “with or without reasonable accommodation, can perform the essential functions of the” position.
42 U.S.C. § 12111(8) (emphasis added). Accordingly, it is permissible for an employee to request a transfer to another
job (itself an accommodation) that she can perform with an (additional) accommodation. See Burns, 222 F.3d at 257
(quoting Dalton v. Subaru-Isuzu Auto., Inc., 141 F.3d 667, 678 (7th Cir. 1998)).
No. 06-3490              Kleiber v. Honda of America Mfg., Inc.                                             Page 8

        The ADA’s regulations indicate that, “[t]o determine the appropriate reasonable
accommodation [for a given employee,] it may be necessary for the [employer] to initiate an
informal, interactive process with the [employee].” 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(o)(3). The purpose of this
process is to “identify the precise limitations resulting from the disability and potential reasonable
accommodations that could overcome those limitations.” Id. Accordingly, “[t]he interactive process
requires communication and good-faith exploration of possible accommodations.” Barnett v. U.S.
Air, Inc., 228 F.3d 1105, 1114 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc), judgment vacated on other grounds, 535
U.S. 391 (2002). Even though the interactive process is not described in the statute’s text,4 the
interactive process is mandatory, and both parties have a duty to participate in good faith. Id. at
1116; Taylor v. Phoenixville Sch. Dist., 184 F.3d 296, 312 (3d Cir. 1999); Baert v. Euclid Beverage,
Ltd., 149 F.3d 626, 633-34 (7th Cir. 1998); Taylor v. Principal Fin. Group, Inc., 93 F.3d 155, 165
(5th Cir. 1996); Beck v. Univ. of Wis. Bd. of Regents, 75 F.3d 1130, 1135 (7th Cir. 1996). When a
party obstructs the process or otherwise fails to participate in good faith, “courts should attempt to
isolate the cause of the breakdown and then assign responsibility.” Bultemeyer, 100 F.3d at 1285
(quoting Beck, 75 F.3d at 1135).
         Kleiber argues that Honda failed to participate in the interactive process in good faith, which
led to the premature breakdown of the interactive process before the parties identified a position at
Honda for which he was qualified. Specifically, Kleiber faults Honda for not providing specific
information regarding the different positions and job processes at the Marysville plant.
        We note at the outset that the interactive process that took place here appears not to have
been a model interactive process. For example, the record provides no evidence that Honda and
Kleiber communicated directly to discuss Kleiber’s limitations and Honda’s opportunities for him.
Instead, the parties conducted the process through Kleiber’s BVR proxies. While, of course, there
is nothing wrong with involving such representatives in the interactive process, the process is
designed to encourage direct participation on behalf of both the employee and the employer. E.g.,
Barnett, 228 F.3d at 1114-15 (“Both sides must communicate directly . . . .” (emphasis added));
Phoenixville Sch. Dist., 184 F.3d at 317 (suggesting, inter alia, that employer “meet with the
employee” and ask what specific accommodation she would like).
        Nonetheless, Kleiber has offered no evidence that Honda is to blame for these shortcomings.
The record contains no suggestion that Kleiber attempted to participate directly in the interactive
process, and was rebuffed. Instead, from the record before us, it appears that Kleiber chose to
conduct the interactive process through proxies, and Honda obliged. Further, the record evidence
indicates that Honda participated in good faith. Brandel (Kleiber’s BVR counselor) stated in
deposition that he had no reason to believe that Honda was not attempting in good faith to
accommodate Kleiber’s disability. He further described the Honda personnel with whom he
interacted as “very professional” and “very open to talking about things.” J.A. at 119 (Brandel Dep.
at 125:21-24). Additionally, two Honda representatives, Bigler and Crowley, visited Honda’s
production line to try to identify appropriate jobs for Kleiber. They considered several positions,
but concluded that Kleiber’s limited dexterity and inability to work on uneven surfaces precluded
him from being able to perform them. These efforts undercut Kleiber’s claim that Honda
participated in bad faith. And insofar as Kleiber alleges that Honda refused to provide information,
the record contains no evidence that Kleiber, Brandel, or Roop requested any information during the

        4
           Congress did, however, endorse the interactive process in the ADA’s legislative history. Barnett, 228 F.3d
at 1111 (quoting S. REP. NO. 101-116, at 34 (1989)).
No. 06-3490               Kleiber v. Honda of America Mfg., Inc.                                              Page 9

interactive process.5 We  cannot conclude that failing to provide unrequested information is
tantamount to bad faith.6
        Because Kleiber has not offered any evidence of lack of good faith on Honda’s part, we
reject his argument that Honda failed to engage in the interactive process in good faith and thereby
caused the process to break down.
B. State-Law Discrimination Claim
       Because Ohio’s disability-discrimination statute and the ADA employ the same analysis,
Brenneman v. MedCentral Health Sys., 366 F.3d 412, 418 (6th Cir. 2004), cert. denied, 543 U.S.
1146 (2005), the foregoing analysis applies to Kleiber’s discrimination claim under Ohio Revised
Code § 4112.02, as well as his claim under the ADA.
C. State-Law Wrongful Termination Claim
       Because Kleiber does not address his wrongful termination claim in his appellate brief, he
has abandoned this claim. Knott v. Sullivan, 418 F.3d 561, 568 (6th Cir. 2005); Enertech Elec., Inc.
v. Mahoning County Comm’rs, 85 F.3d 257, 259 (6th Cir. 1996).
                                              IV. CONCLUSION
         We recognize that this case arose from sad circumstances. We further recognize that Kleiber
is to be commended for his attempts to return to work. Nonetheless, our admiration and sympathies
for him cannot alter the law. Because, as explained above, he has not submitted sufficient evidence
for a reasonable fact-finder to conclude that Honda violated the ADA, we must AFFIRM the district
court’s judgment in Honda’s favor.

         5
           The record does indicate that after Honda discharged Kleiber, Brandel requested information regarding
Kleiber’s physical evaluations and the jobs into which Honda considered placing him. However, there is no evidence
that Honda did not comply with these requests.
         6
            We note that some courts have concluded that a plaintiff-employee must show that a reasonable
accommodation would have been possible if the employer is to be liable for conducting the interactive process in bad
faith. See, e.g., Barnett, 228 F.3d at 1116. Unpublished opinions of this court have followed suit. See Breitfelder v.
Leis, 151 F. App’x 379, 380, 386 (6th Cir. 2005) (unpublished); Clark v. Whirlpool Corp., 109 F. App’x 750, 755 (6th
Cir. 2004) (unpublished). Whether such a showing is an element of a bad-faith participation claim is irrelevant to this
case because Kleiber has not pointed to evidence of bad faith. Accordingly, we do not reach this issue.