Court Opinion

ID: 2646009
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-12-14 01:03:53.27011+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:53:08.307542
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT JACKSON
                             Assigned on Briefs July 9, 2013

                STATE OF TENNESSEE v. TOMMIE PHILLIPS

                   Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
                       No. 09-05231     W. Mark Ward, Judge

               No. W2012-01126-CCA-R3-CD - Filed December 13, 2013

The defendant, Tommie Phillips, was convicted by a Shelby County Criminal Court jury of
four counts of first degree felony murder, one count of reckless homicide, two counts of
attempted first degree murder, one count of aggravated rape, one count of aggravated sexual
battery, six counts of especially aggravated kidnapping, and two counts of especially
aggravated burglary. The trial court merged the four counts of felony murder and one count
of reckless homicide into one felony murder conviction and merged the aggravated sexual
battery conviction with the aggravated rape conviction. The trial court also merged the six
counts of especially aggravated kidnapping into three convictions – one per victim – and
merged the two especially aggravated burglary convictions into one conviction. He was
sentenced to an effective term of life imprisonment plus sixty years. On appeal, he argues
that: (1) the trial court erred in denying his motions to suppress his statement to police and
the photographic and subsequent identifications of him as the perpetrator; (2) the trial court’s
erroneous jury charge on especially aggravated kidnapping deprived him of a fundamentally
fair trial; and (3) the evidence is insufficient to sustain his convictions. After review, we
remand for entry of a corrected judgment in Count 14 to reflect the sentence length of twenty
years, which was omitted, and we vacate the judgment for especially aggravated burglary in
Count 16 and remand for resentencing for the modified conviction of aggravated burglary
in that count. In all other respects, the judgments of the trial court are affirmed.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed
                     in Part, Vacated in Part, and Remanded

A LAN E. G LENN, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which J OSEPH M. T IPTON, P.J., and
J ERRY L. S MITH, J., joined.

Stephen C. Bush, District Public Defender; Tony N. Brayton, Assistant Public Defender (on
appeal); and Gerald D. Skahan and Robert H. Gowen, Assistant Public Defenders (at trial),
for the appellant, Tommie Phillips.
Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Jeffrey D. Zentner, Assistant Attorney
General; Amy P. Weirich, District Attorney General; and Patience R. Branham, Assistant
District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                               OPINION

                                                 FACTS

       The defendant was charged in an eighteen-count indictment with four counts of first
degree felony murder, one count of first degree premeditated murder, two counts of
attempted first degree murder, two counts of aggravated rape, six counts of especially
aggravated kidnapping, and three counts of especially aggravated burglary, as a result of his
multiple actions against multiple victims on December 9, 2008, in Memphis.

                                        State’s Proof at Trial

        M.L.1 testified that on December 9, 2008, she lived in Memphis with her eighty-five-
year-old mother, F.G.; son, C.L.; and daughter, M.J.L. M.L. planned to go to her job at the
post office that day and usually left for work around 12:30 p.m. M.L. and her mother were
hanging curtains for Christmas when M.L. realized, at 12:20 p.m., that she was going to be
late for work. She went into her bedroom and put her lunch bag on her bed, where her work
clothes and phone were already sitting. M.L. got into the shower and had been in there for
about ten minutes, when she heard someone open the bathroom door and say, “[G]et out of
the shower.” Thinking it was her son, M.L. responded, “[W]hat did you open the door for,
you know I’m taking a shower,” and continued to shower.

       M.L. testified that the voice again commanded her to get out of the shower and that
fear came over her as she realized it was not her son. She saw a man wearing a white bubble
coat with the hood up and pulled low so that she could only see his nose and mouth, and he
had a sawed-off shotgun pointed at her. She turned off the water and got out of the shower,
naked.

      M.L. recalled that the intruder told her to put her robe on and come out. She
complied, wondering how the man got into her house. As she came out of the bathroom, she

        1
          It is the policy of this court to identify victims of sex crimes only by their initials. To further
protect the identity of the victim, we have used initials to identify the victim’s family members, who were
victims themselves of other crimes committed by the defendant.

                                                    -2-
felt a draft and noticed that the window air conditioner had been removed, the curtain was
halfway down, and her night stand had been pushed away from the window and everything
had been knocked off it. She, therefore, surmised that he had entered through her window.
The intruder asked if anyone else was in the house, and she responded that her mother was.
He asked where, and M.L. told him that her mother was in her room. He told M.L. to go get
her, and she went down the hallway to her mother’s room and went in. Her mother asked,
“[W]ho is that?” and M.L. told her not to panic.

        M.L. testified that the intruder ordered her to take her mother “to the back,” and they
went into M.L.’s bedroom and sat on the bed. The intruder demanded their money and
expensive jewelry. M.L. told him that she did not have any expensive jewelry or money,
aside from the ten or eleven dollars that she had. He insisted that she had money because of
the vehicles she and her family members drove. She offered to go to the bank and withdraw
what money she had.

       M.L. testified that the intruder told her to pull the drawers out of her dresser, which
she did until he ordered her to stop. He then ordered M.L. to take her mother back to her
bedroom. Once there, the intruder ordered her to tie her mother’s hands and feet with some
shoelaces, and M.L. complied. The intruder told M.L. that he was going to separate them,
and he ordered her to go back into her bathroom, take off her robe, and get into the bathtub.
Once she was in the bathtub, the intruder bound her hands with some tape that he grabbed
off her VCR and bound her feet with a belt.

       M.L. testified that, after she was bound, she heard things falling all over the floor in
her bedroom and saw the intruder throwing things out of her drawers and ransacking the
house. She heard him in her mother’s room, going through her jewelry box and knocking
things onto the floor. The intruder then returned to the bathroom and asked where her son
kept his clothes. She called to her mother to tell him where the clothes were and then heard
scissors as if the intruder were cutting up the clothes.

       M.L. testified that she heard the intruder talking, like he was on the phone. She heard
him say, “I got your momma and your grandmomma. . . . You got thirty minutes.” The
intruder returned to the bathroom, and M.L. asked him if her son owed him money. He told
her that her son’s friends, “Main and Nick,” had robbed his friend the night before and that
her son was “going [to] be the pawn for it.” The intruder left the room and continued to
rummage through the house, and then she heard him get on the phone again and tell whoever
was on the other line that he had fifteen minutes. M.L. estimated that the intruder had been
in her home for about an hour.

       M.L. testified that the intruder came back into the bathroom and, grabbing her head,

                                              -3-
forced her to stand. The intruder “took his fingers and he stuck his fingers up in [her] vaginal
area.” She noted that he was wearing gloves. She pleaded with the intruder not to rape her,
saying that she just had surgery. He pushed her back down, “rubbed [her] across there, and
he said, oh, that feels good[,]” and left the bathroom. She noted that her hands and feet were
still tied, and the intruder had the gun with him the entire time. When he came back into the
bathroom, he had taken off his coat. She did not recognize him and said that she had never
seen him before that time, but she identified the defendant in court as the perpetrator.

        M.L. testified that, upon returning to the bathroom, the defendant said that he now had
two problems: they had seen his face and he had to kill them. He left the bathroom again,
and she saw him pouring dishwashing liquid on the floor of her bedroom. He came back into
the bathroom, saying to himself, “I’m getting paranoid, getting paranoid now, I got to show
him I mean business[.]” He left the room again, and she heard him tell someone that he had
ten minutes and then heard him talking to what sounded like somebody else, saying that he
was “going to kill his momma and grandmomma and Chris and Main and Nick, too.” M.L.
sat in the bathtub, terrified and praying. She asked the defendant if he had called her son,
and he said that he had. She said that her son would have been there by now or called the
police.

        M.L. testified that the defendant came back into the bathroom with a knife. She said
to him, “[Y]ou just told my son he had ten minutes. . . . [I]t hasn’t even been two minutes.”
The defendant replied, “I got to show him I mean business.” He stepped behind her in the
bathtub and said, “I’m going to cut you right here.” She put her face down when he started
to cut her, which kept him from cutting her throat but not from cutting her. She tried to trick
him by telling him that he had cut her throat and that she could not breathe, but he did not
believe her. He pushed her head back and then stabbed her, digging into her chest. She was
screaming, and she heard her mother calling out to her. She tried to reassure her mother.
The defendant was about to stab her a third time when she threw up her arms and he stopped.

        M.L. testified that blood started pouring from her wounds, and she lost control of her
bladder and bowels. She felt her body getting weaker and shutting down. The defendant
stepped out of the bathtub, smiled at her, and went back into her bedroom. Knowing that she
had to stop the bleeding, M.L. grabbed a soapy rag from the bathtub to try to stop the blood
that was “pouring out of [her].” The defendant came back into the bathroom, threw her
bathrobe to her, and said, “[P]ack it down, you’ll live.” He told her that if her son arrived
in fifteen minutes, he could call the paramedics to save her. He said, “I do this all the time,”
then smiled and left the bathroom.

        M.L. testified that she was still in the bathtub with her hands and legs bound, and she
tried to ball up the robe and put it on her shoulder and the other places she was bleeding. A

                                              -4-
few minutes later, she heard her mother scream, “[P]lease, don’t kill me.” M.L. called out
to her mother, and the defendant told her, “[S]hut up or I’ll kill her.” She called out to her
mother again and got no response. After that, M.L. heard the defendant walking around the
house.

       M.L. testified that, after hearing the front door open about ten minutes later, she heard
C.L. say, “[M]an, what you doing in my house,” then heard “some tussling,” and knew the
two men were fighting. M.L. was able to loosen her bindings and slowly get out of the
bathtub. She went into her bedroom to try to get a phone to call 911 and then into the kitchen
where she found one. However, the defendant had disconnected the phone line.

        M.L. testified that she went back into the bathroom and heard the defendant command
her son to bind himself. She tried to put the phone back so the defendant would not see that
she had tried to call for help and kill them all. The defendant saw her and trained his gun on
her. He accused her of calling someone, but she denied it. He tested the phone to see if it
had a signal and, as he did so, she tried to back into the bathroom. He stuck his gun in the
door to prevent her from closing it. The defendant cocked the gun and pulled the trigger, but
it did not fire. He tried two more times, but the gun did not fire. He stuck a knife through
the door while M.L. held the door, trying to keep him from stabbing her. The defendant
moved the gun out from the door and said, “[Y]ou just killed your son” and went into the
kitchen.

       M.L. testified that she heard her son screaming and begging for his life, so she went
down the hallway pleading for her son’s life. The defendant picked up his gun, which was
on the floor, and ordered her into the hall bathroom. She saw her son lying on her mother’s
bed, bound and bleeding, and the defendant stabbing him. In the hall bathroom, M.L. saw
her mother lying unmoving on the floor with her head between the commode and the wall.
She asked to go back to her bathroom to relieve herself, and the defendant walked her to her
bathroom at gunpoint.

        M.L. testified that the defendant went back to stabbing her son. She saw a hammer
sitting on her dresser, so she picked it up and went back down the hallway. She went into
the room where the defendant was with her son, and the defendant trained his gun on her and
ordered that she put the hammer down. She kept walking toward him with the hammer,
begging him not to kill her son. Her son was on the floor.

        M.L. testified that she then saw her daughter, M.J.L., stick her head in F.G.’s bedroom
door and scream. C.L. told M.J.L. to run, and the defendant ran after her. M.L. heard M.J.L.
fall and the defendant commanding her not to move. M.L. saw C.L. work his way loose from
his ties, and he jumped up and went into the living room behind the defendant. C.L. and

                                              -5-
M.J.L. attacked the defendant from both sides, and M.L. advanced and tried to hit him with
the hammer. The defendant slung C.L. and M.J.L. from side to side, but C.L. managed to
get the front door open and the struggle spilled out onto the porch. C.L. collapsed on the
porch, while M.J.L. kept a hold of the defendant’s shirt and M.L. tried to hit him with the
hammer. The defendant pulled out of M.J.L.’s grasp and jumped off the porch. With a
smile, the defendant said, “[H]ey, main, I’m gone” and ran down the street.

       M.L. testified that she collapsed onto a chair in the living room and told M.J.L. to call
911. M.J.L. asked M.L. if the defendant had raped her, and M.L. said, “[N]o.” M.L. told her
to go check on her grandmother, and M.J.L. reported back that her grandmother appeared to
be dead. M.J.L. ran next door and returned with a neighbor, Vella Powell, to help. M.L. said
that she thought that she was dying because she felt herself getting weaker and weaker and
was barely breathing. Paramedics arrived and took her to the Regional Medical Center, “the
Med,” where she spent four days. While at the Med, police visited her and showed her a
photographic array, from which she identified the defendant as her attacker.

        On cross-examination, M.L. acknowledged that one of the crime scene photographs
of the interior of her house showed a bag of marijuana near a jacket that belonged to C.L. but
said that the marijuana did not belong to him. She said that, prior to the day of the incident,
she had never seen the defendant, even though he had apparently been to the house with C.L.

        On redirect examination, M.L. stated that she was stabbed twice and cut across her
face and chest. She reiterated that she felt her body shutting down like she “was just barely
there.”

       C.L. identified the defendant in court. At the time of the incident, he had known the
defendant for about three and a half or four years through mutual friends known as “Nick and
Main,” who were the victims’ neighbors. C.L. testified that he got home around 2:30 p.m.
the day of the incident and saw the defendant standing in the dining room. He did not
recognize the defendant immediately but realized who he was when they “began to tussle.”
The defendant hit C.L. in the head with his gun. C.L. asked the defendant why he was doing
what he was doing and if he wanted money. The defendant said that he wanted money and
made C.L. kneel at the foot of his grandmother’s bed. He took C.L.’s keys and cell phone.
He then bound C.L.’s feet with a belt and ordered him to bind his own hands with another
belt. The defendant also “gagged [his] mouth.”

        C.L. testified that the defendant heard M.L. trying to call the police and went to stop
her. When the defendant returned, he was armed with a knife and told C.L., “[Y]our mother
just got you killed[.]” The defendant put down his gun and began stabbing C.L. in the back.
C.L. rolled over, and the defendant stabbed him in the chest and arm. When C.L. tried to

                                              -6-
kick the defendant away, he stabbed him in the leg.

       C.L. testified that he heard his mother moving again and that the defendant went to
see what she was doing. C.L. heard the defendant “cocking” the shotgun, apparently trying
to shoot her but the gun did not fire. While the defendant was with M.L., C.L. saw his sister,
M.J.L., at the door. M.J.L. screamed and ran, but she fell down as she was trying to get out
of the house. The defendant caught her, and they began to struggle. C.L. was able to free
himself and ran into the living room to help his sister fight the defendant. He saw his mother,
armed with a hammer, coming toward the defendant, but she could not “get a good shot at
him[.]” C.L. managed to open the front door, and the struggle spilled out onto the porch.
He “flip[ped]” the defendant off the porch, and the defendant ran away, saying, “[I’m] gone.”

        C.L. testified that the defendant stabbed him thirteen times and that he spent five days
in the hospital due to his injuries. Police visited him in the hospital and showed him a
photographic array, from which he identified the defendant as his attacker. C.L. maintained
that the marijuana found in the house did not belong to him.

        On cross-examination, C.L. denied telling the police that he could not identify his
attacker when he was interviewed at the scene shortly after the attack. He explained, “I
actually couldn’t talk at the time, because I was stabbed in my lung, I couldn’t talk, I was
losing breath. So, I actually didn’t tell them anything.” On redirect examination, C.L. said
that the defendant did not call him on the day of the incident. He also said that the defendant
cocked his gun and pointed it at him when he was tied up, but the gun did not discharge.

        M.J.L., who was a high school senior at the time of the incident, testified that, on that
day, she got out of school at 2:15 p.m. and ran a few errands before going home. When she
arrived, she noticed that her mother’s car was still there, even though she should have been
at work, and that no lights were on in the house. M.J.L. entered the house and walked to her
grandmother’s bedroom. She opened the door and saw her brother, C.L., sitting on the floor
with a shirt tied around his mouth and clothing bloody. She screamed, and C.L. told her
“through the shirt” to get out of the house. She turned around and saw the defendant coming
down the hallway with a gun. She noted that she had seen the defendant two or three times
prior to that day and recognized him. She identified him in court as the perpetrator.

        M.J.L. testified that she turned to run but fell and that the defendant caught her at the
front door. He told her to “shut up” or he would kill both her and her mother. She saw C.L.
untie himself and charge at the defendant. C.L. and the defendant began fighting, and M.J.L.
hit the defendant in the head. She saw her naked mother coming from the back of the house
with a hammer. C.L. pushed the defendant out the front door, and they continued to fight.
The defendant rolled off the porch “and was like, okay, I’m gone.” C.L. collapsed on the

                                               -7-
stairs, and her mother collapsed on a chair in the living room. M.J.L. called 911 and also
went to a neighbor’s house to get help. She checked on her grandmother, whom she found
lifeless lying in the bathroom with a bandana around her neck and with her feet bound.

       Vella Powell, the victims’ neighbor, testified that she went to the victims’ house to
offer assistance. She administered CPR to F.G. even though it sounded like she was not
breathing. F.G. had a bandana around her neck.

        Chad Smart and Robert Mabe, firefighter paramedics with the Memphis Fire
Department at the time of the incident, were among the paramedics who responded to the
scene. Smart was assigned to care for F.G., whom he determined to be dead in the bathroom.
She had a blue bandana wrapped tightly around her neck, apparently strangling her. Mabe
was assigned to care for C.L., who “had a very serious set of injuries,” including a life-
threatening stab wound to his upper chest that penetrated through the chest wall into the
space for the heart and lungs. Mabe noted that such an injury could lead to death within two
to five minutes if untreated. He said that C.L. was transported to the trauma unit at the Med
in critical condition.

       Jeffrey Garey, a crime scene investigator with the Memphis Police Department,
photographed and processed the scene, as well as collected evidence. One piece of evidence
collected from the scene was a Mossberg shotgun. Officers discovered a shotgun round of
the incorrect gauge jammed inside the barrel of the gun, which caused it to misfire.

      Officer Jimmy Moore with the Memphis Police Department responded to the scene.
He spoke to M.J.L., who told him that the perpetrator was a friend of her brother, but she did
not know his name. He tried to obtain the suspect’s identity from C.L. but did not get a
name.

       Detective Tim Reynolds with the Memphis Police Department also responded to the
scene and noted that a crowd was gathering. Some of the people in the crowd told Detective
Reynolds that the defendant was responsible and that he drove a white pickup truck.
Someone also gave Detective Reynolds the defendant’s cell phone number. Detective
Reynolds ran the information through the police database and located the defendant. The
next day, Detective Reynolds called the defendant on his cell phone and told him that they
needed to talk to him. Officers went to the defendant’s address, but he left before they
arrived. The defendant’s mother assisted officers in locating the defendant, and he finally
turned himself in. Officers took the defendant and his mother to the police station and,
during the drive, Detective Reynolds heard the defendant explaining his side of the story to
his mother. The defendant told her that F.G. was having a heart attack and he put a pillow
under her head.

                                             -8-
       On cross-examination, Detective Reynolds acknowledged that the defendant also told
his mother that he and C.L. got into a fistfight over a debt. The defendant said that C.L.
pulled a shotgun on him and pulled the trigger, but the gun did not go off. The two then
fought each other with knives.

        Sergeant Anthony Mullins, a homicide detective with the Memphis Police
Department, testified that he was involved in the investigation of the case. As part of his
involvement, Sergeant Mullins interviewed the defendant at the police station the day after
the incident, after advising him of his rights. The officers asked the defendant if he wanted
to talk to them, and he said that he did.

       Sergeant Mullins recalled that the defendant told them “a long story about what
happened leading up to this event.” However, they did not take a formal statement from the
defendant because, “[d]uring the course of the interview, . . . [the defendant] said he didn’t
have anything else to say to us without his attorney.” Upon the defendant’s request for an
attorney, the officers stopped the interview and then, with belief that they had probable cause,
booked him into jail on a forty-eight-hour hold.

       On cross-examination, Sergeant Mullins acknowledged that the defendant told him
that he and C.L. had been friends since 2001 and were involved in dealing drugs together.
According to the defendant, he fronted C.L. some drugs four or five days before the incident
and a disagreement developed over money. On the day of the incident, he knocked on the
door to C.L.’s house, and C.L. let him in. A shotgun was offered as a trade for the money
owed between the two, but that was not accepted and they got into a fistfight. They fought
around the house, and C.L. got a shotgun and pointed it at the defendant. The defendant
grabbed a knife and defended himself. C.L.’s mother then got involved, with a hammer.
Thereafter, the defendant heard F.G. complaining about her heart, so he got a pillow and put
it under her head and she lay down on the bathroom floor.

        On redirect examination, Sergeant Mullins reiterated that the defendant admitted being
in the house and stabbing C.L. and M.L. but claimed that he did so in self-defense.

       Sergeant Vivian Murray testified that she was the case coordinator on the case and
recalled that the defendant was originally brought to the office on December 10, the day after
the incident, and spoke with two other investigators. She first came into contact with the
defendant on December 11 when she and Lieutenant Mason interviewed him, after advising
him of his rights. The defendant then gave a statement.

       At the beginning of his statement, the defendant acknowledged that, the previous day,
he had agreed to speak with Sergeant Mullins and Lieutenant Mason without an attorney but

                                              -9-
then, during the interview, decided that he wanted to speak with an attorney and the officers
stopped the interview. He further acknowledged that, on the present day, he informed
Deputy Jailer Robinson that he wanted to speak with the detectives and was brought to an
interview room where he was again advised of his rights and agreed to speak with the
officers without an attorney.

        In his statement, the defendant admitted that he was responsible for F.G.’s death and
the injuries to M.L. and C.L. He acknowledged that he had known C.L. since 2001 and said
that he was at C.L.’s house because C.L. owed him money. On that day, he knocked on the
door and C.L. answered it. He and C.L. began arguing about money and “who owed who.”
C.L. “got aggressive” and punched him, sparking a fight.

        The defendant stated that they separated and that he began going through drawers
looking for money. He heard the shower turn off and heard M.L. call C.L.’s name. He then
turned and saw that C.L. had a gun pointed at him. He said that C.L. pulled the trigger, but
the gun did not fire, so he grabbed a knife and began stabbing C.L. Thereafter, he stabbed
M.L. when she tried to attack him with a hammer. He bound C.L.’s and M.L.’s hands and
attempted to put something around M.L.’s mouth to keep her from yelling. He heard F.G.
yelling and grabbed a bandana and wrapped it around her mouth. He was putting something
around C.L.’s mouth when he heard F.G. yelling again. He went into the bathroom to retie
the bandana around F.G.’s mouth but, when he heard M.J.L. screaming, “pulled the bandana
ends too tight real fast.” He left the bathroom, and M.J.L. saw him so he picked up the gun
and ran for the front door. As he was running, C.L. came around the corner behind him and
tried to tackle him. He then thwarted M.L.’s attempt to hit him with a hammer. He broke
free, ran out the door, and escaped.

        The defendant said that, when he stabbed M.L., “she was kind of running through the
house naked.” He also said that he bagged up the clothes he was wearing during the incident
and threw them into the back of a stranger’s truck. He acknowledged that he was treated
fairly during the investigation and that he gave his statement freely and voluntarily. He said
that he told each of the victims that he did not want to kill them and that he gave F.G. a
pillow because her chest was hurting.

      Sergeant Murray testified that, after the defendant gave his statement, he was arrested
and charged with murder.

        Medical examiner, Dr. Lisa Fuente, performed an autopsy on F.G. She determined
that the cause of death was ligature strangulation from the bandana that “was very tightly
encircling her neck.”

                                             -10-
                                 Defendant’s Proof at Trial

       Rachael Geiser, a private investigator for the defense, testified that the defense team
went to the medical examiner’s office and interviewed Dr. Fuente about the autopsy. She
said that they reviewed autopsy and crime scene photos, as well as the autopsy report. They
did not review any tissue samples because Dr. Fuente told them that none were taken.

       Dr. O’Brian Cleary Smith, a forensic pathologist, testified regarding alternate means
by which F.G. could have died, as well as posited a theory that the petechiae located on her
body could have been caused by her medications. Dr. Smith was of the opinion that the
autopsy performed by Dr. Fuente did not conform to the lowest level of medically acceptable
proof. On cross-examination, Dr. Smith acknowledged that he could not say that F.G. did
not die of ligature strangulation. He admitted that he was asked to leave the medical
examiner’s office in 2004.

                                       Rebuttal Proof

       Dr. Fuente stated that the petechiae noted on F.G. was not post-mortem petechiae.
Regardless, she thought the presence of “a tight ligature encircling [F.G.’s] neck” was the
“significant thing,” not the presence or absence of petechiae. She said that petechiae was
typically seen in only a minority of cases; often “the only thing that’s present is a ligature.”
Dr. Fuente did not think it would have made any difference had Dr. Smith looked at tissue
samples.

         Following the conclusion of the proof, the jury convicted the defendant of four counts
of first degree felony murder, one count of reckless homicide as a lesser-included offense of
first degree premeditated murder, two counts of attempted first degree murder, one count of
aggravated rape, one count of aggravated sexual battery as a lesser-included offense of
aggravated rape, six counts of especially aggravated kidnapping, and two counts of especially
aggravated burglary. The jury acquitted the defendant on one count of especially aggravated
burglary. The trial court merged the following convictions: the four felony murder and the
reckless homicide convictions into one felony murder conviction; the aggravated sexual
battery conviction with the aggravated rape conviction; the six especially aggravated
kidnapping convictions into three convictions, one per victim; and the two especially
aggravated burglary convictions into one conviction.

                                         ANALYSIS

                                  I. Motions to Suppress

                                              -11-
        Prior to trial, the defendant filed motions to suppress his statement to police and the
photographic identification of him. He argued that his statement should have been
suppressed because he was improperly questioned after invoking his right to counsel and
ultimately was coerced into giving a statement because the police threatened to arrest his
girlfriend and mother. He argued that the photographic array from which the witnesses
identified him was unduly suggestive because the background of his photograph was lighter
than the background of the other photographs.

        On February 19, 2010, the trial court conducted a hearing on the defendant’s motions.
At the hearing, Sergeant Vivian Murray, a homicide detective with the Memphis Police
Department, testified that the defendant was developed as the suspect in the case and brought
to the homicide office by Lieutenant Barham. Sergeant Murray identified the advice of rights
form that she discussed with the defendant and he signed on December 11, 2008, at 7:25 p.m.
before giving his statement.

        Sergeant Murray also identified another advice of rights form dated December 10,
2008, indicating that the defendant was advised of his rights by Sergeant Mullins and
Lieutenant Mason. On that form, the defendant indicated that he had a tenth grade education.
Sergeant Murray explained that a suspect is advised of his rights before each time he is
interviewed, although she was not sure why the defendant was interviewed twice. She said
the defendant may have been interviewed by Sergeant Mullins and Lieutenant Mason, but
there was no typed supplement of any interview conducted on December 10. She also said
that it was normal to interview a witness and then take a formal statement if the individual
agreed to give one.

       Sergeant Murray testified that the defendant agreed to give a statement on December
11, did not ask for an attorney, and appeared to understand what was happening. She
informed the defendant of the possible charges against him, and he seemed to understand.
He spoke with her voluntarily, and she reviewed his rights again at the start of the statement.
Sergeant Murray stated that the eight-page statement was taken in the robbery office by
herself and Lieutenant Mason. The defendant was not deprived of food or bathroom breaks,
and he was not threatened with any harm to his mother or girlfriend. He did not hesitate in
answering questions.

       Sergeant Murray testified that she reviewed with the defendant all of the charges he
faced, and he understood them. After giving the statement, the defendant was allowed to
make handwritten corrections, and then he signed and initialed the statement. Sergeant
Murray testified regarding what she could remember of the substance of the defendant’s
statement. She confirmed that at no point during the giving of the statement did the
defendant request an attorney. She did not threaten him at any time to get him to say what

                                             -12-
he said in his statement. She said that the defendant’s statement was corroborated by
evidence at the scene.

        On cross- and recross-examination, Sergeant Murray denied that Rimilia Taylor was
in the homicide office, handcuffed to a table, when the defendant gave his statement. She
said that the defendant was not provided an attorney after he advised that he wanted to speak
with one during the interview on December 10, but the interview stopped immediately.
Sergeant Murray stated that the defendant was arrested and placed on a forty-eight-hour hold
on December 10, 2008, at 12:40 p.m. as a suspect in a homicide but was not formally charged
at that point. She prepared an affidavit of complaint and swore to the facts stated in it before
a commissioner on December 12.

        Sergeant Murray identified copies of the photographic array from which the witnesses
identified the defendant. She noted that the defendant’s picture “in black and white is lighter
than the other pictures” in the array. She agreed that his picture was noticeably lighter but
said, “This is a black and white copy. I don’t know if there was anything going on with the
printer. The actual photo spread should ha[ve] been in color. So I . . . would have to see that
to see if it’s that much of a difference.”

       Sergeant Murray testified that the probable cause to arrest the defendant came from
C.L.’s telling officers, when he was questioned while in the hospital, that the defendant was
the person who attacked his family. She stated that, after this, Lieutenant Mason contacted
the defendant’s mother in an attempt to locate the defendant. Sergeant Murray testified that
the day after the defendant’s invocation of his right to an attorney, officers were informed
by “deputy jailer Robinson” that the defendant “wanted to speak with someone in homicide.”
She said that the defendant was questioned on December 11 only because he “made it aware
that he wanted to speak with [them].”

       Rimilia Taylor, the mother of the defendant’s child, testified that she and the
defendant were in a relationship on December 10, 2008. She said that, shortly after the
defendant turned himself in, officers requested that she come to the police station for
questioning. Taylor claimed that the officers kept her in a small room, chained by her ankle
to a bench that was nailed to the floor, for eleven hours. She was two and a half months
pregnant at the time. She recalled that the officers opened the door and brought the
defendant by the room, and she heard the defendant telling them that they should let her go.
While the defendant was standing in the door, the officers told her that she was “going to jail
too, you’[re] accessory.” The officers had her sign something they claimed were her “arrest
papers.” However, they did not arrest her.

       Taylor testified that the police allowed he to see the defendant one more time before

                                              -13-
she left. She said that it had been five or six hours since she saw him last. Officers told her
that they were going to bring the defendant’s mother in for questioning if needed.

        On cross-examination, Taylor acknowledged that the police advised her of her rights
and that she never told the police she did not understand her rights or what was happening.
Taylor claimed that she spoke with Sergeant Murphy2 and another woman and that they
threatened that her children would enter the Department of Children’s Services’ custody if
she went to jail. She said she had no information about the defendant’s crimes or where he
was on December 9. She knew nothing about what the defendant said in his statement to
police.

         On redirect examination, Taylor identified an advice of rights form that she signed on
December 11 at 12:25 p.m. She said that she arrived at the police station at 11:30 a.m. and
left at approximately 11:50 p.m. She stated that she was still in custody, chained by her ankle
to a table, at 9:25 p.m. when the defendant evidently gave his statement. She recalled that
the police sent her father home around 1:00 p.m., saying they would call him when they were
finished questioning her.

        Patrina Wilson, the defendant’s mother, testified that she drove the defendant to the
police station to be questioned and was advised not to wait because “they were going to take
awhile with him.” Wilson went home but talked to Sergeant Murray later that night by
telephone. She said that Sergeant Murray never threatened her directly, but the defendant
told her that the police were coming to arrest her. However, she was not certain of the exact
date of this conversation with the defendant, and no one ever came to arrest her. She recalled
that the defendant told her that he gave and signed a statement on December 11, but he was
brought back the next day to resign the statements because he had not “sign[ed] all the
documents.”

        On cross-examination, Wilson stated that the defendant told her that “he had gotten
into it with his friend Chris . . . and he had actually stabbed Chris.” She brought the
defendant to the police station because he wanted to tell his side of the story. Wilson said
she never contacted an attorney.

       The twenty-three-year-old defendant testified that his mother brought him to the
police station around noon on December 10. He was told that he was not under arrest but
was coming in for questioning. When he arrived, he was met at the elevators by Lieutenant
Caroline Mason and Sergeant Tony Mullins, who took him to an interview room, put an
ankle bracelet on him, and left him sitting in the room for thirty or forty minutes before

       2
           We assume Taylor meant Sergeant Murray, not Murphy.

                                               -14-
coming to speak to him.

        The defendant testified that he signed an advice of rights form and expected to give
a statement immediately, but Sergeant Mullins began trying to “coerce” him and give him
details about the case. He asked for an attorney because Sergeant Mullins was making him
feel “uncomfortable” and telling him, “[Y]ou did this.” He said that the officers would leave
for a couple of hours and then come back in. He “kept telling [them] [he] want[ed] to talk
to [an] attorney.”

       The defendant recalled that the officers told him that other officers had gone to the
hospital and taken statements from M.L. and C.L. After the statements came back, the
officers asked him if he was ready to go to intake and took his shoes. As he was being
booked, Lieutenant Mason gave him a card with her telephone number on it in case he
changed his mind and wanted to talk. He was afforded the opportunity to make a fifteen-
minute phone call and called his mother. However, he did not know the number of an
attorney to call and did not know what offense he was charged with at the time.

       The defendant testified that, when he woke up the next day, he was told he had a visit
from detectives, so he talked to Officer Robinson who told him that two detectives were
coming to see him. He denied telling Officer Robinson or anyone else at the jail that he
wanted to talk. He said that he told Sergeant Murray and the officer with her that he wanted
to speak with an attorney. However, the officers brought him to the homicide floor and
showed him Rimilia Taylor chained up in a room. He claimed that he asked the officers if
they wanted him to say that he had committed the crimes, and they responded, “[T]he truth’s
on you.” He again asked to speak with an attorney but was denied.

       The defendant testified that he was taken to an interview room in the robbery office.
He asked if he could be provided with a public defender, but Sergeant Murray told him that
an attorney was not going to be appointed “at this time of night.” He was also told that he
could not talk to his mother “until after you give us what we want.” He recalled that the
officers told him, “[W]e got your girl, we’re fixing to go get your mom too. We got a squad
car on the way there right now.” He said that he felt he had to cooperate and give a
statement. He said the majority of the statement was made up. However, he acknowledged
that he told his mother that he got into a fight with and stabbed C.L., which was a true
statement.

      On cross-examination, the defendant acknowledged that he signed the advice of rights
form on December 10 but said he did so because the officers were not exerting pressure on
him at the time. He admitted that he was aware of his rights, having been through the
criminal justice system before. However, when the actual questioning began, he asked for

                                            -15-
an attorney. He was taken from the homicide office to the jail and called his mother.
However, he did not ask her to call an attorney because they did not have the money to hire
one.

       The defendant claimed that he did not sign the second advice of rights form, the one
given on December 11, voluntarily because he was forced to choose between Rimilia
Taylor’s freedom and going to jail himself. He denied that the initials, signature, and
corrections on the statement were his. He then attempted to clarify that he did sign and initial
some pages on December 11, but not the exact eight-page document presented at the
suppression hearing which was a document that had been “reprinted” by an officer on the
12th. He acknowledged that his statement on the 11th was “basically the same thing” as the
December 12 statement but that the officers had “broke[n] it down into individual questions,”
and he refused to sign the new document. He maintained that the information in the
statement was nevertheless untrue because he had been coached on what to say.

       The defendant denied responsibility for F.G.’s death, explaining that he only said he
was responsible because he was under pressure. He admitted that he was responsible for
M.L. and C.L.’s stab wounds. He acknowledged that the statement contained some truths.
He said that the officers told him that Rimilia Taylor would be released once he finished his
statement. The defendant admitted that he used Taylor’s car to drive to the victims’ house
the day of the incident.

        The motion to suppress hearing continued on May 19, 2010, and the State recalled
Sergeant Murray to testify. Sergeant Murray stated that, on December 11, she called the jail
to have the defendant brought up for a detective visit. She was aware that Sergeant Mullins
and Lieutenant Mason had interviewed the defendant the previous day when he turned
himself in, but she was not present during that interview and did not know that he had asked
for an attorney during that interview. She knew that the officers had placed the defendant
on a forty-eight-hour hold in the jail later that night. When the officers who interviewed the
defendant the previous day came into the office, they informed her that the defendant had
asked for an attorney so they could not talk to him. She called back to cancel the detective
visit and was told that the defendant was in transit to Old Release but that once he arrived,
he would be told the visit was canceled and sent back.

        Sergeant Murray testified that, a short time later, she received a call from Deputy
Jailer Robinson, telling her that the defendant was in Old Release for the detective visit. She
told Deputy Jailer Robinson that she had called to cancel the detective visit because the
defendant had requested an attorney. However, Deputy Jailer Robinson told her that the
defendant wanted to talk with them, so they went down and got the defendant. Prior to
talking to him, the officers read the defendant his rights again, specifically referring to the

                                              -16-
fact he had previously requested an attorney and ensuring whether he still wanted to talk.
Sergeant Murray stated that the defendant wanted to talk, so they questioned him. The
defendant gave a statement, implicating himself in the crimes.

         On cross-examination, Sergeant Murray testified that she did not recall what time she
left for the day on December 10, the day the defendant invoked his right to an attorney during
his interview with Sergeant Mullins and Lieutenant Mason. She said she did not give
instructions to the officers during the time they were talking to the defendant. Asked how
she was able to recall her conversation with Deputy Jailer Robinson on December 11 if it was
not noted in her supplement, Sergeant Murray explained, “I remembered the conversation.
Some things about certain cases just stand out to you, you just remember certain cases and
then some things.” Sergeant Murray said that the officer in Old Release when she picked up
the defendant on December 11 was an African-American female, whom she believed to be
Deputy Jailer Robinson.

       Sergeant Murray testified that she called Rimilia Taylor and asked her to come into
the office on December 11, but she did not know what time Taylor arrived or how long she
was there. She said that Taylor was in an interview room, but she did not “remember her
being shackled at all.” She stated that Taylor was brought in to verify an alibi given by the
defendant. She thought she spoke with Taylor, but she could not remember any specific
questions that were asked. After reviewing Lieutenant Mason’s supplement, she recalled that
both she and Lieutenant Mason spoke with Taylor and that Taylor was in the homicide office
for “a little over four hours.” However, she could not recall when Taylor was actually
released. Sergeant Murray acknowledged that the background of the defendant’s photograph
in the array shown to the witnesses was different than the background for the other five
individuals in the array. However, she did not think the array was suggestive.

        On redirect examination, Sergeant Murray stated that Taylor was never in custody or
arrested, nor was she shackled or handcuffed. Sergeant Murray noted that the defendant, in
his statement, confirmed that he told Deputy Jailer Robinson that he wanted to speak with
the detectives.

       Lieutenant Caroline Mason with the Memphis Police Department testified that she and
Sergeant Mullins interviewed the defendant on the day he turned himself in to the police,
December 10, 2008. Sergeant Murray was present and directed them to interview the
defendant, but Sergeant Murray did not come into contact with the defendant. The defendant
was read his rights and appeared to understand them. The defendant indicated, without any
force or coercion, that he wanted to talk to them and did not indicate that he wanted an
attorney.

                                             -17-
        Lieutenant Mason testified that the defendant first told them that F.G. had not been
stabbed. The officers had not mentioned who the victims were at that point. The defendant
acknowledged that he knew C.L. and had stopped by his house with regard to a debt. He told
the officers that he and C.L. got into a struggle, which spilled into other rooms of the house.
Feeling like C.L. was “getting the best of him,” the defendant picked up a knife to try to
defend himself. He said that, by this point, C.L.’s mother also started to attack him, so he
stabbed her in self-defense. He also said that he heard a “thump” from F.G.’s bathroom, as
though she may have fallen, and tried to render aid. The defendant told them that he had to
tie up C.L. to keep from being attacked and, after M.J.L., C.L.’s sister, arrived, he had to
break away and escape.

       Lieutenant Mason testified that the defendant appeared to know the layout of the
victims’ house and told them that he went there three or four times a week. She said that the
defendant “was quite a talker” and that “[i]t was kind of like he wanted to . . . get it off his
chest.” However, she recalled that, when she and Sergeant Mullins started asking the
defendant questions, he asked for an attorney and the interview stopped. They booked the
defendant into jail on a forty-eight-hour hold. They did not talk to Sergeant Murray during
any of this.

        Lieutenant Mason testified that, when she arrived at work the next day, she learned
that Sergeant Murray had ordered a detective visit with the defendant, as she had not been
present when the defendant requested an attorney the previous night. Upon learning this,
Sergeant Murray called and canceled the interview, but someone called back to say that the
defendant wanted to speak with them. Lieutenant Mason said that she was present when the
defendant was brought up, read his rights, and gave a statement. She recalled that the
defendant said that he wanted to talk and that Sergeant Murray went over with him that he
had asked for an attorney but now said that he wanted to talk. Lieutenant Mason said that
she was present when the defendant was asked whether he had told Deputy Jailer Robinson
that he wanted to speak with the detectives, and the defendant implied that he had. She was
also present when the defendant signed and initialed his statement. Lieutenant Mason stated
that she showed a photographic array to M.J.L. who identified the defendant without
hesitation.

        On cross-examination, Lieutenant Mason acknowledged that she and Sergeant Mullins
put Rimilia Taylor in an interview room and questioned her. However, she did not know
how long Taylor was in the interview room. She said that the defendant told them that he
had given Taylor some clothing to get rid of, which possibly implicated her as an accessory
after the fact.

       On redirect and recross examinations, as well as examination by the court, Lieutenant

                                              -18-
Mason testified that Taylor was not under arrest or not free to leave. Taylor was not
shackled, and her presence was not used to threaten or coerce the defendant. Lieutenant
Mason did not know what time Taylor left the homicide office. Lieutenant Mason stated that
Sergeant Murray could have shackled Taylor, but she maintained that Taylor was not
shackled. She said that, even though the door to the interview room was closed and locked,
Taylor could have asked to leave but did not. She stated that the defendant and Taylor were
never allowed to see or speak to each other while Taylor was at the police station. Lieutenant
Mason said that no statements were made to the defendant that they were going to arrest his
mother, and she did not consider placing Taylor under arrest.

        Officer Evelyn Robinson, a deputy jailer at the Shelby County Jail, testified that she
was working at the jail on December 10 and 11, 2008, but she did not have an independent
recollection of those days. She did not recall any conversation with the defendant. She said
that, if an inmate did not want to leave the facility, he did not have to, even if the police
wanted to talk to him.

       Lieutenant Bart Ragland with the Memphis Police Department testified that he was
directed to compile a photographic array in this case. He testified concerning the process for
creating an array and that the goal was to find photographs that are “similar and alike” to the
suspect. He acknowledged that the background of the defendant’s picture was a little lighter
than the background behind the other individuals but explained “[t]hat’s the way the photos
were taken that day or the way that this person’s photo turned out.” He said that the
backgrounds sometimes looked different on the computer screen than when printed. He
denied trying to draw attention to the defendant’s photograph, as his intention was to create
as “unbiased” array as he could. He stated that his emphasis in compiling an array was on
the physical attributes of the subjects rather than the background of the photographs. He said
that he rejected other photographs of the defendant because they contained attributes that
would have unnecessarily drawn attention to them.

        Sergeant David Parks, a homicide investigator with the Memphis Police Department,
testified that he showed a photographic array to C.L., who immediately identified the
defendant as the man who stabbed him. Sergeant Parks acknowledged that the background
of the defendant’s photograph was obviously lighter than the backgrounds of the other
photographs in the array. He said that he showed C.L. the array as a formality or “extra
step,” even though C.L. knew the perpetrator. He showed the array to M.L. as well, and she
immediately identified the defendant “as the person who harmed her.”

        Sergeant Parks testified that he took a statement from M.L. and that she said she knew
the perpetrator but did not know his name. He also took a statement from C.L. who told him
that the defendant was responsible for F.G.’s death. Sergeant Parks acknowledged that he

                                             -19-
memorialized in the written supplement of his interview of C.L. in the hospital that C.L. said
that he did not know who was responsible for F.G.’s death. Sergeant Parks said that “it was
obvious that he didn’t want to tell what had happened. . . . It was obvious he knew and he
wanted to get revenge himself.”

        The motion to suppress hearing continued on June 18, 2010, and the State first called
C.L. to testify. C.L. stated that he had known the defendant since 2002 or 2003 and that he
saw him once every two or three months. He said that he identified the defendant from a
photographic array while he was in the hospital and that there was no doubt in his mind that
the defendant was the perpetrator. No one suggested someone or told him whom to pick out
of the array. C.L. acknowledged that he initially told the police he did not know who stabbed
him but explained that he was distracted trying to get medical attention for his stab wounds.

        C.L. testified that the defendant had visited his house socially four or five times and
had met his sister but not his mother. He clarified that his sister had “seen [the defendant’s]
face a couple of times . . . [but] [t]hey never officially met each other,” and his sister did not
know the defendant’s name. With regard to the day of the incident, C.L. stated that he did
not realize that the defendant was the intruder at first but that he recognized both the
defendant’s voice and face during their altercation. He said that he did not recognize the
defendant at first because the house was dark and he could not see. C.L. estimated that the
defendant was in his presence for approximately thirty minutes that day. He again admitted
that he initially told the police, while waiting on the porch for an ambulance, that he did not
know who was responsible for the attack.

       M.J.L. testified that she recognized the defendant as the perpetrator “as soon as [she]
saw him,” because he was friends with her brother. She said that daylight was coming in the
windows, allowing her to see the defendant’s face clearly, even though no lights were on
inside the house. She had seen the defendant “around” a lot and recognized him
immediately. She knew the defendant’s name but “would get his name confused.” Police
officers showed her a photographic array, from which she identified the defendant.

        M.L. testified that she was able to see the perpetrator’s face when he took off his coat.
She said that she was in the house with him from about 12:30 p.m. until after 3:00 p.m. and
that he took his coat off after about two hours. She did not know the defendant prior to the
incident but was able to see him throughout the ordeal. She said that the light was on in the
bathroom so that she could see the defendant clearly. The police showed her a photographic
array, from which she identified the defendant as the person who attacked her. She said that
the only reason she picked the defendant out of the array was because she recognized him
as her attacker. On cross-examination, she acknowledged that the background of the
defendant’s photograph was much lighter than the backgrounds of the other photographs.

                                              -20-
       Following the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court entered an order denying the
defendant’s motions. On appeal, a trial court’s findings of fact regarding a motion to
suppress are conclusive unless the evidence preponderates against them. State v. Reid, 213
S.W.3d 792, 825 (Tenn. 2006) (citing State v. Ross, 49 S.W.3d 833, 839 (Tenn. 2001)). Any
question about the “credibility of witnesses, the weight and value of the evidence, and a
resolution of conflicts in the evidence are matters entrusted to the trial judge as the trier of
fact.” State v. Odom, 928 S.W.2d 18, 23 (Tenn. 1996). The party prevailing at the
suppression hearing is afforded the “strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all
reasonable and legitimate inferences that may be drawn from that evidence.” State v. Keith,
978 S.W.2d 861, 864 (Tenn. 1998). Thus, unless the defendant demonstrates that “the
evidence preponderates against the judgment of the trial court, this court must defer to the
ruling of the trial court.” Reid, 213 S.W.3d at 825 (citing State v. Cribbs, 967 S.W.2d 773,
795 (Tenn. 1998)). However, the application of the law to the facts found by the trial court
is a question of law and is reviewed de novo. See State v. Yeargan, 958 S.W.2d 626, 629
(Tenn. 1997).

                                        A. Statement

       Again, the defendant argues that his statement should have been suppressed because
he was improperly questioned after invoking his right to counsel and ultimately was coerced
into giving a statement because the police threatened to arrest his girlfriend and mother.

         The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that “[n]o person
. . . shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself.” U.S. Const.
amend. V. The corresponding provision of the Tennessee Constitution states “[t]hat in all
criminal prosecutions, the accused . . . shall not be compelled to give evidence against
himself.” Tenn. Const. art. I, § 9. Thus, to be admissible at trial, a confession made while
under custodial interrogation must be shown to have been freely and voluntarily given, after
the defendant’s knowing waiver of his constitutional right to remain silent and to have an
attorney present during questioning. See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 444 (1966). The
State has the burden of proving the waiver by a preponderance of the evidence at the hearing
on the motion to suppress. State v. Bush, 942 S.W.2d 489, 500 (Tenn. 1997). In determining
whether a defendant has validly waived his Miranda rights, courts look to the totality of the
circumstances. State v. Middlebrooks, 840 S.W.2d 317, 326 (Tenn. 1992). If a suspect
invokes his right to counsel under the Fifth Amendment, he or she “is not subject to further
interrogation by the authorities until counsel has been made available to him, unless the
accused himself initiates further communication, exchanges, or conversations with the
police.” Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477, 484-85 (1981).

                                              -21-
        Under the Fifth Amendment, a confession is involuntary when it is the result of
coercive action on the part of the State. Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157, 163-64 (1986).
Our supreme court has concluded that “the test of voluntariness for confessions under Article
1, § 9 is broader and more protective of individual rights than the test of voluntariness under
the Fifth Amendment.” State v. Crump, 834 S.W.2d 265, 268 (Tenn. 1992). In order for a
confession to be considered voluntary in Tennessee, it must not be the result of “‘any sort of
threats or violence, . . . any direct or implied promises, however slight, nor by the exertion
of any improper influence.’” State v. Smith, 42 S.W.3d 101, 109 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000)
(quoting Bram v. United States, 168 U.S. 532, 542-43 (1897)). Courts look to the totality of
the circumstances to determine whether a confession is voluntary. State v. Smith, 933
S.W.2d 450, 455 (Tenn. 1996).

        As to whether the defendant was improperly questioned after invoking his right to
counsel, the court found that the defendant’s statement was “knowingly and voluntarily given
after [the] defendant re-initiated contact with police; revoked his previous invocation of his
right to counsel; and, voluntarily waived his rights.” The defendant testified that Sergeant
Murray initiated the discussions on December 11, 2008, and that he had not asked to speak
with officers that day. However, the court specifically found that the defendant’s credibility
was “highly suspect” and resolved conflicts in the testimony against the defendant.

        The trial court observed, and the record shows, that both Sergeant Murray and
Lieutenant Mason testified that Sergeant Murray canceled the scheduled detective visit after
learning that the defendant had invoked his right to counsel the previous evening but that
Sergeant Murray was subsequently contacted by jail personnel informing her that the
defendant wanted to speak with them. Both officers testified that the defendant was again
advised of his rights and voluntarily waived those rights. The contents of the defendant’s
statement include an acknowledgment that the defendant initiated the contact. The court
noted that Sergeant Murray’s testimony was at sometimes “confused” and that she did not
seem to have a good recollection of the case, but that Lieutenant Mason had “a good
recollection of the details of the investigation” and that her testimony was entitled to
“substantial credit.” The question of whether the defendant initiated the discussions with the
officers after invoking his Miranda rights the previous day turns on the court’s determination
of the credibility of the witnesses. The trial court resolved conflicts in the testimony against
the defendant. We will not second-guess this determination and, therefore, conclude that the
defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

       With regard to his claim of coercion, the defendant testified that the officers showed
him Rimilia Taylor, his girlfriend at the time, shackled to a table in an interview room, and
also threatened to arrest his mother. He stated that he only gave a statement, which he
claimed to be in large part made up, because he felt that he had to choose between going to

                                              -22-
jail himself and Taylor’s freedom. He said that his repeated requests for an attorney were
ignored. Taylor testified that she was held in an interview room with her ankles shackled for
eleven hours and that the defendant was paraded by her interview room and told that she was
going to jail. The defendant’s mother, Patrina Wilson, testified that the defendant told her
at some point that the police had told him they were going to arrest her, but she was never
arrested or threatened with arrest by any officers.

        Sergeant Murray testified that the defendant was not threatened with any harm to his
mother or girlfriend. She said that Taylor was in an interview room but was not shackled.
Lieutenant Mason testified that Taylor was not shackled and that her presence was not used
to threaten or coerce the defendant. She said that no statements were made to the defendant
that they were going to arrest his mother, and she did not consider placing Taylor under
arrest. She stated that the defendant and Taylor were never allowed to see or speak to each
other while Taylor was at the police station. She explained that the defendant told them that
he had given Taylor some clothing to get rid of, which possibly implicated her as an
accessory after the fact. Lieutenant Mason stated that, on December 11, the defendant did
not indicate that he wanted an attorney.

        As to this issue, the court noted that it did not question Lieutenant Mason’s
recollection of the events and did not “find Taylor’s testimony particularly credible.” It also
did not find the defendant’s testimony regarding Taylor and his mother “particularly
credible” in light of Sergeant Murray’s and Lieutenant Mason’s testimony. The court
concluded that it did not find the “defendant’s claims that his confession was the subject of
coercive tactics by the police to be credible.” We will not second-guess the credibility
determinations of the trial court and, therefore, conclude that the defendant is not entitled to
relief on this issue.

        Moreover, the trial court also noted that, even had the police told the defendant that
Taylor might be charged, such was not unconstitutionally coercive because the officers had
at least probable cause to charge Taylor as an accessory after the fact. The evidence supports
this finding. Threats to arrest members of a suspect’s family may cause a confession to be
involuntary, but the question turns upon whether the threat could have been lawfully carried
out. See, e.g., United States v. Johnson, 351 F.3d 254, 262-263 (6th Cir. 2003). Here, the
defendant told the police that he had given Taylor some items of clothing to dispose of. An
accessory after the fact is one who, with knowledge or reasonable ground to believe that the
offender has committed a felony, provides or aids in providing the offender with any means
of avoiding arrest. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-411(a). Thus, the defendant’s confession
was not coerced by any threat to arrest Taylor, even had there been such threat.

       Furthermore, even if the court erred in not suppressing the defendant’s statement, such

                                              -23-
error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. The jury heard testimony from three
witnesses, all of whom identified the defendant as the perpetrator and one of whom had
known the defendant socially for several years. Accordingly, this issue is without merit.

                             B. Photographic Identifications

        The defendant argues that the victims’ identification of him from a photographic array
should have been suppressed because the array was unduly suggestive in that the background
of his photograph was lighter than the background of the other photographs.

        Each officer acknowledged that the background of the defendant’s photograph was
lighter than the other photographs in the array. Lieutenant Bart Ragland, who created the
array, testified that he went through one to two hundred photographs before choosing the
photographs to include in the array. He said that his emphasis in compiling an array was on
the physical attributes of the subjects rather than the background of the photographs and that
his intention was to create as “unbiased” array that he could. He rejected one or two other
photographs of the defendant because of attributes that would have drawn attention to the
defendant.

        Due process is violated if an identification procedure is: (1) unnecessarily or
impermissibly suggestive and (2) gives rise to a “very substantial likelihood of irreparable
misidentification.” Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377, 384 (1968). In Neil v. Biggers,
409 U.S. 188, 199 (1972), the United States Supreme Court established a two-part test to
determine when a defendant’s due process rights have been violated by a pretrial
identification. Under this test, the court first considers whether the identification procedure
itself was unduly or unnecessarily suggestive. Id. If the identification procedure is found
to have been suggestive, the court next considers “whether under the totality of the
circumstances the identification was reliable even though the confrontation procedure was
suggestive.” Id. (internal quotations omitted); see also Stovall v. Denno, 388 U.S. 293, 302
(1967) (stating that “a claimed violation of due process of law in the conduct of a
confrontation depends on the totality of the circumstances surrounding it”).

        The factors to be considered in evaluating the reliability of an identification obtained
as part of a suggestive identification procedure include: (1) the opportunity of the witness
to view the criminal at the time of the crime; (2) the witness’s degree of attention; (3) the
accuracy of the witness’s prior description of the criminal; (4) the level of certainty
demonstrated by the witness at the confrontation; and (5) the length of time between the
crime and the confrontation. See Biggers, 409 U.S. at 199-200. The corrupting effect of the
suggestive procedure is weighed against these factors. See Manson v. Brathwaite, 432 U.S.
98, 114 (1977).

                                              -24-
       There is, however, no need for the court to apply the totality of the circumstances test
outlined in Biggers if it first determines that the identification procedure itself was neither
unnecessarily or impermissibly suggestive nor likely to create a substantial likelihood of
irreparable misidentification. See State v. Biggs, 211 S.W.3d 744, 749 (Tenn. Crim. App.
2006) (citations omitted).

        “Photographs contained in a photographic array do not have to mirror the accused.
Instead, the law simply requires that the police refrain from ‘suggestive identification
procedures.’” State v. Hall, 976 S.W.2d 121, 153 (Tenn. 1998) (quoting Biggers, 409 U.S.
at 196). Accordingly, “a photographic identification is admissible unless, based upon the
totality of the circumstances, ‘the confrontation conducted . . . was so unnecessarily
suggestive and conducive to irreparable mistaken identification that [the accused] was denied
due process of law.’” Id. (quoting Stovall, 388 U.S. at 301-02). The risk of irreparable
mistaken identification is heightened if one of the photographs in the photographic lineup “is
in some way emphasized,” or if “the police indicate to the witness that they have other
evidence that one of the persons pictured committed the crime.” Simmons, 390 U.S. at 383.

        The trial court reviewed the photographic arrays that were shown to the witnesses and
determined that they were not “so unnecessarily suggestive as to preclude either the
admission of the photographic line-ups at trial or any in-court identification by the
witnesses.” However, the court also reviewed the Biggers factors and determined that the
identifications should be admitted.

       We have likewise reviewed the photographic array in question and note that the
background of the defendant’s photograph is noticeably lighter, albeit perhaps not as stark
as the defendant suggests. Regardless, we conclude that the trial court did not err in ruling
not to suppress the photographic identifications because the totality of the circumstances
shows that the identifications were reliable.

        The record shows that each victim had ample opportunity to view the defendant at the
time of the crime. The victims’ testimony made clear that they were attentive for at least
portions of the incident, conversing with the defendant and struggling with him face-to-face.
The record also shows that the victims’ prior descriptions of the assailant were accurate and
that one of the victims knew the defendant prior to the incident and another victim had
previously met the defendant. The record further shows that the victims immediately, and
with certainty, identified the defendant from the array and that the length of time between the
crime and the confrontation was within hours. The record does not preponderate against the
trial court’s finding that the totality of the circumstances shows that the identifications were
reliable.

                                              -25-
                                     II. Jury Charge

       The defendant argues that the trial court failed to properly instruct the jury on
especially aggravated kidnapping. He asserts that the court did not charge the jury in line
with State v. White, 362 S.W.3d 559, 578 (Tenn. 2012).

       In White, the Tennessee Supreme Court ruled that “trial courts should specifically
require a determination of whether the removal or confinement is, in essence, incidental to
the accompanying felony or, in the alternative, is significant enough, standing alone, to
support a conviction.” Id. The court emphasized that it was not creating a new standard for
kidnapping but instead was “merely providing definition for the element of the offense
requiring that the removal or confinement constitute a substantial interference with the
victim’s liberty” and, thus, that its ruling in the case did not “articulate a new rule of
constitutional law or require retroactive application.” Id. To provide guidance, our supreme
court set forth the following instruction to be issued by trial courts until an appropriate
pattern jury instruction is developed:

              To establish whether the defendant’s removal or confinement of the
       victim constituted a substantial interference with his or her liberty, the State
       must prove that the removal or confinement was to a greater degree than that
       necessary to commit the offense of [insert offense], which is the other offense
       charged in this case. In making this determination, you may consider all the
       relevant facts and circumstances of the case, including, but not limited to, the
       following factors:

              • the nature and duration of the victim’s removal or
              confinement by the defendant;

              • whether the removal or confinement occurred during the
              commission of the separate offense;

              • whether the interference with the victim’s liberty was inherent
              in the nature of the separate offense;

              • whether the removal or confinement prevented the victim
              from summoning assistance, although the defendant need not
              have succeeded in preventing the victim from doing so;

              • whether the removal or confinement reduced the defendant’s
              risk of detection, although the defendant need not have

                                             -26-
              succeeded in this objective; and

              • whether the removal or confinement created a significant
              danger or increased the victim’s risk of harm independent of that
              posed by the separate offense.

Id. at 580-81 (footnote omitted).

        Although White was decided after the trial in this case and the defendant, therefore,
neither requested nor received the jury instructions mandated by that case, our supreme court
has clarified that retroactive application was intended with respect to cases that were already
in the “appellate pipeline” at the time White was decided. See State v. Cecil, 409 S.W.3d
599, 608 (Tenn. 2013). The defendant’s case falls into this category.

       The opinions of several panels of this court have indicated that before a case should
be retried due to the failure to give a White instruction, there should be an analysis to
determine whether the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. See, e.g., State v.
Curtis Keller, No. W2012-00825-CCA-R3-CD, 2013 WL 3329032, at *4-5 (Tenn. Crim.
App. June 27, 2013); State v. Jonathan Kyle Hulse, No. E2011-01292-CCA-R3-CD, 2013
WL 1136528, at *14 (Tenn. Crim. App. Mar. 19, 2013), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Aug. 12,
2013); State v. David Earl Scott, No. E2011-00707-CCA-R3-CD, 2012 WL 5503951, at *13-
14 (Tenn. Crim. App. Nov. 14, 2012), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Mar. 5, 2013).

       We conclude that the evidence in this case overwhelmingly shows that the victims’
removal or confinement went beyond that necessary to accomplish any of the underlying
felonies. Similarly to the scenario in Curtis Keller, where the court concluded that the
instructional error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt because it was “clear that the
movement and confinement of the victims was not done for purposes of accomplishing
assaults upon them,” 2013 WL 3329032, at *5, the defendant repeatedly moved, confined,
and bound M.L., C.L., and F.G., at gunpoint, before and after and in a manner unnecessary
to commit the other offenses against them. In addition, had the jury been given the White
instruction, it would have been told to consider, among other things, the nature and duration
of the victims’ removal or confinement by the defendant; whether the removal or
confinement occurred during the commission of the separate offenses; whether the
interference with the victims’ liberty was inherent in the nature of the separate offenses; and
whether the removal or confinement prevented the victims from summoning assistance.
Analysis of these factors, in light of the evidence recited above, leads us to conclude that the
jury would not have reached a different conclusion had a White instruction been given. The
omission of a White instruction was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

                                             -27-
                              III. Sufficiency of the Evidence

       The defendant lastly challenges the sufficiency of the evidence convicting him of
felony murder, attempted first degree premeditated murder, aggravated rape, and especially
aggravated burglary.

       In considering this issue, we apply the rule that where sufficiency of the convicting
evidence is challenged, the relevant question of the reviewing court is “whether, after
viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact
could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson
v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); see also Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e) (“Findings of guilt in
criminal actions whether by the trial court or jury shall be set aside if the evidence is
insufficient to support the findings by the trier of fact of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”);
State v. Evans, 838 S.W.2d 185, 190-92 (Tenn. 1992); State v. Anderson, 835 S.W.2d 600,
604 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992).

        All questions involving the credibility of witnesses, the weight and value to be given
the evidence, and all factual issues are resolved by the trier of fact. See State v. Pappas, 754
S.W.2d 620, 623 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987). “A guilty verdict by the jury, approved by the
trial judge, accredits the testimony of the witnesses for the State and resolves all conflicts in
favor of the theory of the State.” State v. Grace, 493 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Tenn. 1973). Our
supreme court stated the rationale for this rule:

              This well-settled rule rests on a sound foundation. The trial judge and
       the jury see the witnesses face to face, hear their testimony and observe their
       demeanor on the stand. Thus the trial judge and jury are the primary
       instrumentality of justice to determine the weight and credibility to be given
       to the testimony of witnesses. In the trial forum alone is there human
       atmosphere and the totality of the evidence cannot be reproduced with a
       written record in this Court.

Bolin v. State, 219 Tenn. 4, 11, 405 S.W.2d 768, 771 (1966) (citing Carroll v. State, 212
Tenn. 464, 370 S.W.2d 523 (1963)). “A jury conviction removes the presumption of
innocence with which a defendant is initially cloaked and replaces it with one of guilt, so that
on appeal a convicted defendant has the burden of demonstrating that the evidence is
insufficient.” State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982).

                                     A. Felony Murder

       The defendant argues that F.G.’s death “was a senseless and tragic act” but that “there

                                              -28-
is insufficient proof, for the reasons argued in his challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence
of each offense, that he perpetrated or attempted to commit any of the alleged felonies.”

        Felony murder is defined as “[a] killing of another committed in the perpetration of
or attempt to perpetrate any first degree murder, . . . rape, . . . burglary, [or] kidnapping[.]”
Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-202(a)(2) (2010). “No culpable mental state is required . . . except
the intent to commit the enumerated offenses or acts.” Id. § 39-13-202(b). The evidence
shows that the incident resulted in the death of F.G., who was strangled with a bandana. This
establishes the “killing of another” requirement for felony murder and, as will be shown
below, the evidence also establishes that the killing occurred during the commission of
attempted first degree murder, rape, burglary, and kidnapping.3

                    B. Attempted First Degree Premeditated Murder

       First degree murder is defined as “[a] premeditated and intentional killing of another.”
Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-202(a)(1) (2010). An intentional act requires that the person have
the desire to engage in conduct or cause the result. Id. § 39-11-106(a)(18). “Premeditation”
is

       an act done after the exercise of reflection and judgment. “Premeditation”
       means that the intent to kill must have been formed prior to the act itself. It is
       not necessary that the purpose to kill pre-exist in the mind of the accused for
       any definite period of time. The mental state of the accused at the time the
       accused allegedly decided to kill must be carefully considered in order to
       determine whether the accused was sufficiently free from excitement and
       passion as to be capable of premeditation.

Id. § 39-13-202(d).

        Whether premeditation is present is a question of fact for the jury, and it may be
determined from the circumstances surrounding the killing. State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651,
660 (Tenn. 1997); State v. Anderson, 835 S.W.2d 600, 605 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992).
Circumstances that may be indicative of premeditation include declarations of the intent to
kill, procurement of a weapon, the use of a deadly weapon upon an unarmed victim, the fact
that the killing was particularly cruel, infliction of multiple wounds, the making of
preparations before the killing for the purpose of concealing the crime, destruction or
secretion of evidence, and calmness immediately after the killing. State v. Jackson, 173

       3
         The defendant does not contest the sufficiency of the evidence of his especially aggravated
kidnapping convictions.

                                               -29-
S.W.3d 401, 409 (Tenn. 2005); State v. Nichols, 24 S.W.3d 297, 302 (Tenn. 2000). A
defendant’s failure to render aid to a victim can also indicate the existence of premeditation.
State v. Lewis, 36 S.W.3d 88, 96 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000).

       In cases where the defendant has been charged with the attempted commission of a
crime, there must be evidence that the defendant acted “with the kind of culpability otherwise
required for the offense” and acted “with intent to cause a result that is an element of the
offense, and believes the conduct will cause the result without further conduct on the
person’s part.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-12-101(a), (a)(2). Criminal attempt also occurs when
the defendant “acts with intent to complete a course of action or cause a result that would
constitute the offense, under the circumstances surrounding the conduct as the person
believes them to be, and the conduct constitutes a substantial step toward the commission of
the offense.” Id. § 39-12-101(a)(3).

        The evidence shows that the defendant stabbed M.L. in the chest and attempted to cut
her throat. Blood poured from her wounds, she lost control of her bladder and bowels, and
she felt her body getting weaker and shutting down. The defendant told her that if her son
arrived within fifteen minutes, he could call the paramedics to save her, implying that she
would die if he did not. Previously, the defendant told M.L. that he had to kill her and F.G.
because they had seen his face. M.L. also heard the defendant on the phone saying that he
was “going to kill his momma and grandmomma and Chris.” The defendant told M.L., just
prior to trying to cut her throat, that he had to show C.L. that “I mean business[.]” After
M.L. tried to reach a phone to call for help, the defendant attempted, unsuccessfully, to shoot
her three times. He then told M.L. that “[she] just killed [her] son.” The defendant explicitly
threatened to kill C.L. before stabbing him a total of thirteen times. The defendant also tried
unsuccessfully to shoot C.L. Paramedics responding to the scene determined that C.L. “had
a very serious set of injuries,” including a life-threatening stab wound to his upper chest that
penetrated through the chest wall into the space for the heart and lungs that could lead to
death within two to five minutes if untreated. The sum of this evidence, viewed in the light
most favorable to the State, shows that the defendant attempted to kill M.L. and C.L. in a
premeditated fashion.

                                    C. Aggravated Rape

       Aggravated rape is “unlawful sexual penetration of a victim by the defendant or the
defendant by a victim” when “[f]orce or coercion is used to accomplish the act and the
defendant is armed with a weapon or any article used or fashioned in a manner to lead the
victim reasonably to believe it to be a weapon[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-502(a)(1).
“Sexual penetration” includes “ any other intrusion, however slight, of any part of a person’s
body or of any object into the genital or anal openings of the victim’s . . . body.” Id. § 39-13-

                                              -30-
501(7).

        M.L. testified that the defendant grabbed her head and forced her to stand, then
inserted gloved fingers “up in [her] vaginal area.” The defendant was carrying a gun while
he did this. The defendant points out that there was no physical evidence of penetration, but
such is not required for a jury conviction of aggravated rape to be upheld on appeal. See
State v. Bonds, 189 S.W.3d 249, 256 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2005). The defendant also points
out that M.L. told her daughter, M.J.L., that she had not been raped. However, this is only
evidence that M.L. thought of the word “rape” in the lay sense, forced sexual intercourse,
rather than penetration with a digit, which satisfies the legal definition of rape. In the light
most favorable to the State, the evidence is sufficient to sustain the defendant’s conviction
for aggravated rape.

                           D. Especially Aggravated Burglary

       The State concedes that the defendant’s conviction for especially aggravated burglary
should be modified to aggravated burglary, pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated section
39-14-404(d), because he was also prosecuted for especially aggravated kidnapping and
attempted first degree murder. See State v. Holland, 860 S.W.2d 53, 60 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1993). We, accordingly, modify the defendant’s conviction in Count 16 to aggravated
burglary.

       Aggravated burglary occurs when one enters the habitation of another, without
consent, with the intent to commit a felony, theft, or assault. Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-14-401;
-402; -403. The defendant asserts that the evidence fails to show that he entered the
residence without the effective consent of the owner. However, the circumstantial evidence
showed that the defendant entered the victims’ home through a bedroom window, not the
typical means of entry for one invited into another’s home. M.L. testified that she wondered
how the intruder got into her house and noticed that she felt a draft and saw that the window
air conditioner had been removed, the curtain was halfway down, and that her night stand had
been pushed away from the window and everything had been knocked off it. In the light
most favorable to the State, the evidence shows that the defendant’s entrance into the
victims’ home was non-consensual. Thus, the evidence is sufficient to sustain the
defendant’s conviction for aggravated burglary.

                                       CONCLUSION

      Based on the foregoing authorities and reasoning, we remand for entry of a corrected
judgment in Count 14 to reflect the sentence length of twenty years, which was omitted, and
we vacate the judgment for especially aggravated burglary in Count 16 and remand for

                                              -31-
resentencing for the modified conviction of aggravated burglary in that count. In all other
respects, the judgments of the trial court are affirmed.

                                                  _________________________________
                                                  ALAN E. GLENN, JUDGE

                                           -32-