Court Opinion

ID: 4018301
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-22 20:04:37.063927+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:07:34.718032
License: Public Domain

2016 IL App (3d) 150424

                                 Opinion filed July 22, 2016
     ____________________________________________________________________________

                                                  IN THE

                                   APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                            THIRD DISTRICT

                                                    2016

     KATHLEEN LORENC, as Special            )     Appeal from the Circuit Court
     Administrator of the Estate of         )     of the 12th Judicial Circuit,
     James F. Lorenc, Deceased,             )     Will County, Illinois,
                                            )
           Plaintiff-Appellant,             )
                                            )     Appeal No. 3-15-0424
           v.                               )     Circuit No. 13-L-937
                                            )

     THE FOREST PRESERVE DISTRICT OF        )

     WILL COUNTY,                           )     Honorable

                                            )     Roger D. Rickmon,
           Defendant-Appellee.              )     Judge, Presiding.
     ____________________________________________________________________________

           JUSTICE HOLDRIDGE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
           Justices Lytton and Wright concurred in the judgment and opinion.
     ____________________________________________________________________________

                                                OPINION

¶1          The plaintiff, Kathleen Lorenc as special administrator of the estate of James F. Lorenc,

     appeals from the trial court’s dismissal of her second amended complaint. On appeal, the

     plaintiff argues that the court erred when it ruled that: (1) the second amended complaint failed

     to allege facts to support a claim for willful and wanton misconduct, and (2) the plaintiff’s claim

     is barred by the Local Governmental and Governmental Employees Tort Immunity Act (Act)

     (745 ILCS 10/1-101 et seq. (West 2012)).
¶2                                                   FACTS

¶3           On January 27, 2015, the plaintiff filed the second amended complaint that is the subject

     of this appeal. In count I of the complaint, the plaintiff alleged a wrongful death action (740

     ILCS 180/2 (West 2012)). In support of count I, the plaintiff made the following factual

     allegations. On October 5, 2013, the defendant, the Forest Preserve District of Will County,

     planned, organized, coordinated, and conducted a bicycle riding event in the Hickory Creek

     Forest Preserve. The event was called “Cruise the Creek.” The decedent, James F. Lorenc,

     participated in this event. At all times, the defendant owed the decedent a duty to refrain from

     willful and wanton misconduct in conducting the Cruise the Creek bicycle ride event.

¶4           Renee Gauchat, volunteer supervisor for the defendant, oversaw the activities of the

     defendant’s volunteers. Gauchat engaged volunteer trail sentinels to monitor the trail for the

     safety of the participants. Gauchat specifically instructed the trail sentinels to stay off the trail for

     the safety of the event participants. Gauchat knew that if a sentinel was on the trail, it might

     cause a rider to quickly apply his brakes and swerve to avoid a collision.

¶5           The defendant acted with conscious indifference and/or utter disregard for the safety of

     the Cruise the Creek participants when a trail sentinel “suddenly stepped out into the middle of

     the trail, blocking the trail and waving his arms, thereby causing the riders to quickly apply their

     brakes and swerve in order to avoid a collision with the trail sentinel.” As a proximate result of

     this dangerous conduct and disregard for the safety of participants, the decedent was caused to

     quickly apply his brakes to avoid contact with the sentinel and other riders. The decedent

     swerved, fell off his bicycle, and incurred serious bodily injuries that resulted in his death.

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¶6          Count II of the complaint alleged a violation of the Survival Act (755 ILCS 5/27-6 (West

     2012)) and reasserted the factual allegations from count I. The plaintiff sought a judgment

     against the defendant in excess of $50,000.

¶7          The defendant filed a combined motion to dismiss the second amended complaint under

     section 2-619 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(9) (West 2014)). In

     its motion, the defendant argued that the affidavit of James McFarland, community partnership

     manager for the defendant, established that the defendant undertook numerous actions to ensure

     the safety of the Cruise the Creek participants. These actions included encouraging participants

     to wear helmets, trail inspections, trimming vegetation near the trails, blowing debris from the

     trail surface, installing additional caution signs, and assigning trail sentinels to assist participants

     and provide additional warnings. In his affidavit, McFarland averred that despite the defendant’s

     “strong recommendations,” the decedent was not wearing a helmet when he fell from his bicycle.

     McFarland said the defendant had no knowledge or record of any other accident or injury

     occurring at or near the location of the decedent’s accident. The defendant also argued that it was

     absolutely immune from liability for the accident pursuant to section 2-109 and 2-201 of the Act

     (745 ILCS 10/2-109, 2-201 (West 2012)).

¶8          The defendant later filed a second motion to dismiss pursuant to section 2-615 of the

     Code. 735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2014). In this motion, the defendant argued that the allegations of

     the plaintiff’s second amended complaint were insufficient to satisfy the statutory definition of

     willful and wanton conduct. 745 ILCS 10/1-210, 3-108 (West 2012).

¶9          The plaintiff filed a response to the defendant’s motions to dismiss in which she argued

     that the second amended complaint presented issues of material fact for the jury to decide and the

     defendant was not immunized from liability for the willful and wanton conduct of its trail

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       sentinel. The response was supported by a transcript of Gauchat’s deposition and an affidavit

       from Felix Orasco.

¶ 10          In her deposition, Gauchat stated that the trail sentinel at issue was an episodic volunteer.

       Gauchat said that the sentinels were intended to be a courtesy to the bicyclists who were new to

       the trail and that they notified the bicyclists of upcoming changes in the path including a bridge.

       The trail sentinels wore safety vests with the words “Forest Preserve District Volunteer.” The

       trail sentinel at issue was positioned before a bridge and notified the bicyclists that there was a

       bridge ahead so that the bicyclists could safely cross it. Gauchat said that this courtesy

       information “could be construed as safety” information. Gauchat also explained that the trail

       sentinels were to assist if something happened along the trail. Gauchat instructed the trail

       sentinels to stand off to the side of the trail to avoid impeding the bicyclists. Gauchat said that a

       trail sentinel standing in the trail “could” cause riders to swerve off the trail to avoid a collision.

       Gauchat also said that a trail sentinel standing in the trail “could” cause a rider to “quickly apply

       their brakes in order to stop and avoid a collision.”

¶ 11          Orasco averred that he participated in the October 5, 2013, Cruise the Creek bicycle ride

       event. As Orasco approached a downhill portion of the path near a bridge, he saw a staff member

       step into the middle of the path and motion with his hands for the bicyclists to stop. The staff

       member’s actions startled Orasco and caused him to apply his brakes. Orasco saw other

       bicyclists do the same thing. The bicyclist in front of Orasco applied his brakes, and his rear

       wheel “fishtailed” before the rider flew over the handlebars and landed on his head.

¶ 12          After a hearing, the court found: (1) “[t]hat the facts alleged by the Plaintiff, even if taken

       as true, would not form a basis for a finding of willful and wanton misconduct against the

       Defendants” and (2) the plaintiff’s claim was barred by sections 2-109 and 2-201 of the Act. 745

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       ILCS 10/2-109, 2-201 (West 2012). The court expressly granted the defendant’s section 2­

       619(a)(9) motion to dismiss. 735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(9) (West 2014). The plaintiff appeals.

¶ 13                                               ANALYSIS

¶ 14          Initially, the plaintiff contends that although the court said that the dismissal was entered

       pursuant to section 2-619(a)(9) of the Code (id.), the language of its ruling suggested that the

       dismissal was based on section 2-615 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2014)). A section 2­

       615 motion to dismiss attacks the legal sufficiency of the complaint, and a section 2-619 motion

       to dismiss admits the legal sufficiency of the well-pleaded factual allegations but raises defects

       or defenses that defeat the claims. Hanks v. Cotler, 2011 IL App (1st) 101088, ¶ 17.

¶ 15          In this case, the defendant had filed two separate motions to dismiss the plaintiff’s

       complaint. The first motion was filed under section 2-619 and alleged the defendant was immune

       from liability under the Act. Subsequently, the defendant filed a motion to dismiss under section

       2-615, which argued the factual allegations in the second amended complaint were insufficient to

       allege willful and wanton conduct. The court’s ruling addressed both grounds for the dismissal,

       and the issues the plaintiff raises on appeal concern both bases for the dismissal. Therefore, we

       review de novo the court’s dismissal under both sections 2-619 and 2-615. Thurman v.

       Champaign Park District, 2011 IL App (4th) 101024, ¶ 7.

¶ 16                                       I. Section 2-615 Dismissal

¶ 17          The plaintiff argues that the court’s dismissal was erroneous because her factual

       allegations sufficiently pled a claim of willful and wanton misconduct. The plaintiff’s argument

       attacks the court’s section 2-615 rationale for the dismissal.

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¶ 18          A section 2-615 motion to dismiss attacks the legal sufficiency of the complaint by

       alleging defects on the face of the complaint. Vitro v. Mihelcic, 209 Ill. 2d 76, 81 (2004). In

       ruling on a section 2-615 motion, the court must determine whether the allegations in the

       complaint, when construed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, are sufficient to establish a

       cause of action upon which relief may be granted. Id.

¶ 19          Here, the parties dispute the sufficiency of the plaintiff’s allegation of willful and wanton

       conduct. Under the common law, willful and wanton conduct is not a distinct tort but a form of

       aggravated negligence. Krywin v. Chicago Transit Authority, 238 Ill. 2d 215, 235 (2010). To

       survive a motion to dismiss, a willful and wanton conduct claim must allege that the defendant

       owed a duty to the plaintiff, the defendant breached the duty, the breach was the proximate cause

       of the plaintiff’s injury, and the defendant exhibited either a deliberate intent to cause harm or an

       utter indifference or conscious disregard for the welfare of the plaintiff. Kirwan v. Lincolnshire-

       Riverwoods Fire Protection District, 349 Ill. App. 3d 150, 155-56 (2004).

¶ 20          An allegation of willful and wanton conduct is also an exception to a defense of tort

       immunity that is raised under the Act. See 745 ILCS 10/3-108 (West 2012). The Act defines

       willful and wanton conduct as “a course of action which shows an actual or deliberate intention

       to cause harm or which, if not intentional, shows an utter indifference to or conscious disregard

       for the safety of others or their property.” 745 ILCS 10/1-210 (West 2012). “Willful and wanton

       conduct is established where the public entity has been informed of a dangerous condition,

       knows that others have been injured because of that condition, or intentionally removes a safety

       feature or device from its recreational property.” Thurman, 2011 IL App (4th) 101024, ¶ 10. The

       Act’s statutory definition of willful and wanton applies in this case because we must evaluate a

       public entity’s conduct. Id. ¶ 13.

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¶ 21           Here, the plaintiff argues that her complaint set forth facts that the defendant’s conduct

       was willful and wanton. Specifically, the trail sentinel, as an agent of the defendant, engaged in a

       course of action that constituted an utter indifference or conscious disregard for the safety of the

       event participants. The plaintiff argues that Gauchat’s deposition supports her position because

       Gauchat instructed the trail sentinels not to stand on the path and acknowledged that this action

       could cause the bicyclists to attempt to avoid a collision and thereby injure themselves. However,

       we find that these facts do not establish an utter indifference or conscious disregard for the

       bicyclists’ safety. Instead, the record establishes that the defendant took several steps to ensure

       the bicyclists’ safety, namely, placing trail sentinels to notify the bicyclists of upcoming changes

       in the path and utilizing trail sentinels to assist the bicyclists in other capacities. Further, the trail

       sentinel’s act of stepping into the path, which, according to Gauchat’s deposition, was a violation

       of the defendant’s instructions, does not by itself rise to the level of willful and wanton conduct.

       See Floyd v. Rockford Park District, 355 Ill. App. 3d 695, 702 (2005) (noting that “a public

       entity’s violation of its own internal rules does not constitute proof of negligence, much less

       willful and wanton conduct”). At best, the plaintiff’s allegations amounted to inadvertence or

       incompetence, which do not constitute willful and wanton conduct. See id. Thus, the court did

       not err in granting the defendant’s section 2-615 motion to dismiss.

¶ 22                                         II. Section 2-619 Dismissal

¶ 23           The plaintiff argues that the court erred in holding that her claims were defeated by

       section 2-109 and 2-201 of the Act. 745 ILCS 10/2-109, 2-201 (West 2012). The plaintiff’s

       argument essentially attacks the sufficiency of the court’s section 2-619 dismissal.

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¶ 24          Section 2-619(a) allows for the dismissal of a complaint based on certain defects or

       defenses including claims barred by an affirmative matter. 735 ILCS 5/2-619(a) (West 2014).

¶ 25          Here, the defendant argued in its motion to dismiss the second amended complaint that

       the plaintiff’s claim was barred by the Act. 745 ILCS 10/2-109, 2-201, 2-210 (West 2012). The

       Act protects local public entities and public employees from liability arising from the operation

       of government. 745 ILCS 10/1-101.1(a) (West 2012). It provides, in relevant part, that “[a] local

       public entity is not liable for an injury resulting from an act or omission of its employee where

       the employee is not liable.” 745 ILCS 10/2-109 (West 2012). “[A] public employee serving in a

       position involving the determination of policy or the exercise of discretion is not liable for an

       injury resulting from his act or omission in determining policy when acting in the exercise of

       such discretion even though abused.” 745 ILCS 10/2-201 (West 2012).

¶ 26          The plaintiff argues that section 2-201 of the Act does not bar her claim because the trail

       sentinel’s act of stepping onto the trail and waving his arms did not involve the determination of

       policy or the exercise of discretion. However, the record establishes that the trail sentinel was

       able to exercise discretion in the performance of his duties. Specifically, Gauchat’s deposition

       established that the trail sentinel was tasked with notifying the bicyclists of the upcoming bridge.

       Based on Gauchat’s deposition, the defendant viewed this as a courtesy to the bicyclists and only

       instructed the trail sentinel to stand to the side of the path. This arrangement left the trail

       sentinels with discretion as to how they would notify the bicyclists of the upcoming bridge or

       otherwise provide assistance. Simply put, the pleadings did not establish that the trail sentinels’

       actions were specifically prescribed and involved no exercise of discretion. Instead, they served

       as a “courtesy” to the riders and received basic training to guide their actions. Further, the

       defendant’s actions of placing the trail sentinels at various locations along the path also involved

                                                        8

       an exercise of discretion. Therefore, section 2-201 immunity applied to the defendant, and the

       court did not err in granting the defendant’s section 2-619 motion to dismiss.

¶ 27                                            CONCLUSION

¶ 28          The judgment of the circuit court of Will County is affirmed.

¶ 29          Affirmed.

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