Court Opinion

ID: 9483807
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-05 09:31:56.377242+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:49:50.658386
License: Public Domain

KENNEDY, Circuit Judge.
Defendant Darlene Marie Beckner appeals her sentence under the Sentencing Guidelines. She plead guilty to four counts of mail theft under 18 U.S.C. § 1708, one count of possession of keys to steal mail under 18 U.S.C. § 1704, and one count of illegal possession of agricultural coupons under 7 U.S.C. § 2024(b). She was also convicted by a jury of two counts of resisting arrest under 18 U.S.C. § 111. Defendant argues that the District Court erred in not grouping all of the counts of her plea and conviction under United States Sentencing Guidelines (“Guidelines” or “U.S.S.G.”) Section 3D1.2. Because we find the District Court to have erred in not grouping one of defendant’s resisting arrest counts with the counts to which she plead guilty, we VACATE the sentence and REMAND for resentencing consistent with this opinion.
I.
During the month of August 1991, United States Postal Inspectors Russ Fallis and Raymond Pearce investigated mail theft from the Talbott, Tennessee post office, placing a hidden video camera in the post office lobby. This camera recorded four *1382occasions in which a woman wearing a black and red uniform entered the post office lobby and removed mail from mailboxes from which theft had previously occurred. Further investigation revealed the black and red uniform to be that of the Mayflower Restaurant, and when the manager of the Mayflower viewed the videotapes, he identified the woman as defendant, who was at the time a Mayflower waitress. Fallis and Pearce then had dinner at the Mayflower in order to positively identify defendant as the woman who had taken mail. After doing so, the two postal inspectors decided to stake out the post office lobby. Pearce hid behind the wall of mailboxes where the video camera had been placed, watching the camera monitor. Fallis remained in his car, driving back and forth in front of the post office.
At 11:06 p.m., defendant entered the post office lobby. After observing defendant's activities in the lobby, Pearce entered the lobby with his gun drawn, in order to arrest defendant. Pearce claims he was wearing his postal inspector’s raid jacket and badge, although defendant claims she saw neither. Pearce identified himself as a police officer and informed defendant she was under arrest. Defendant attempted to leave the post office lobby, Pearce grabbed her arm, and a struggle ensued. Eventually Pearce subdued defendant, forcing her to her knees. When he used his radio to call Fallis, however, defendant ran out of the post office lobby and to her car. As defendant attempted to start the car, Pearce reached into the car and tried to take the keys away. Defendant successfully started the car and backed it up, causing part of the car to strike Pearce, leaving a large bruise on his arm. At this point, Fallis arrived and attempted to block the post office exit with his car, which was clearly identified as a law enforcement vehicle by two flashing blue lights on the grill, a rotating beacon on the dashboard, and a high intensity strobe on the rear deck. Defendant narrowly avoided Fallis’ car and exited the post office. According to Fallis, defendant accelerated toward and nearly collided with his car. Upon exiting the post office, defendant drove to her home through two subdivisions. During at least part of this drive, she did not have her headlights on. According to Fallis, who was pursuing her, defendant drove recklessly, crossing a grassy median strip in order to shorten a turn and at one point ignoring a stop sign. Defendant admits having exceeded the speed limit. A witness, Leroy Gass, testified that he feared for the safety of several children, including his own, who were playing near the road. While Fallis did not receive any response when he attempted to contact the Hamblen County Sheriff’s Department, off-duty Chief Deputy Robert Hill witnessed the chase and followed in his own car, as did Leroy Gass.
When defendant reached her house, she left her vehicle and attempted to run inside. After identifying himself again as a law enforcement officer and stating that defendant was under arrest, Fallis exited his car with his shotgun. In gaining control over defendant, another struggle ensued, at one point during which Fallis clumsily struck defendant on the head with his shotgun. When defendant’s husband approached, Fallis pointed the shotgun at him, identified himself as a law enforcement officer, and ordered Mr. Beckner to lie on the ground, which he did. Mr. Beckner then asked if he could go inside to take care of the couple’s children, and Fallis allowed him to. When Chief Deputy Hill and Leroy Gass arrived, they placed defendant in Hill's unmarked patrol car.
Defendant pled guilty to the mail theft charges on November 5, 1991. The next day, a jury found defendant guilty of two counts of resisting arrest. On February 11, 1992, defendant was sentenced to twenty-four months of incarceration and three years of supervised release. She was ordered to pay restitution of approximately $5,000 and a special assessment of $400.
II.
To arrive at the mail theft offense level of 12, the District Court grouped all four mail theft counts together, as required by U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2. The initial base offense level of 4 was then found under *1383U.S.S.G. § 2Bl.l(a). Four levels were added for the total loss to defendant’s victims of over $5,000, under U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(E). Two more levels were added for more than minimal planning, under U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(5). Finally, two levels were added for reckless endangerment of others during flight from a law enforcement officer, under U.S.S.G. § 3C1.2. The District Court did not group the resisting arrest counts — one for resisting arrest by Fallis and one for resisting arrest by Pearce — citing U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2. To arrive at the resisting arrest base offense level of 9 for each count, the District Court used the initial base level of 6 under U.S.S.G. § 2A2.4(a). Three levels were then added for possessing and threatening to use a dangerous weapon, a car, under U.S.S.G. § 2A2.4(b)(l).1
The District Court calculated defendant’s sentence by assigning one unit to the highest offense level, the 12 arrived at for the mail theft group of closely related counts. Because the resisting arrest counts each had an offense level of 9, which is within four levels of the highest offense level (i.e., the 12 level of the mail theft group), the District Court also assigned one unit for each of them. Under U.S.S.G. § 3D1.4, these three units required an addition of three levels to the highest offense level of 12, and thus defendant’s combined adjusted offense level was found to be 15. Because defendant was in Criminal History Category I, this total offense level of 15 translated into a sentencing range of 18 to 24 months. The District Court then gave defendant the maximum sentence under this range.
III.
In the present case, the central issue in deciding whether offenses should be grouped involves interpreting the Guidelines. Guideline interpretation is a question of law to be reviewed by this Court de novo. United States v. Edgecomb, 910 F.2d 1309, 1311 (6th Cir.1990).
IV.
Defendant contends that the District Court erred by not grouping the two resisting arrest counts with the mail theft counts. The District Court did not group these counts because it found that they fell within the explicit exclusion from grouping under U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2 found in subsection (d). The third paragraph of section 3D 1.2(d) states that listed sections are “[sjpecifically excluded from the operation of this subsection.” The first item of the list of excluded offenses are “all offenses in Chapter Two, Part A,” which obviously includes the section 2A2.4(a) Guideline under which defendant was sentenced for resisting arrest.
Where the District Court erred was in failing to give effect to the final paragraph of section 3D1.2(d), which states that “[e]x-clusion of an offense from grouping under this subsection does not necessarily preclude grouping under another subsection.” Section 3D1.2(c) provides precisely such a grouping mandate for the circumstances here. The counts involve substantially the same harm and must thus be grouped, according to section 3D1.2(c), “[w]hen one of the counts embodies conduct that is treated as a specific offense characteristic in, or other adjustment to, the guideline applicable to another of the counts.” (Emphasis added). Defendant’s driving of the car in her futile attempt to escape arrest by Pearce and Fallis forms the basis of the “reckless endangerment during flight” two level enhancement of her mail theft counts, falling within section 3D1.2(c)’s “other adjustment to” language. The very same conduct, defendant’s driving of the car in her futile attempt to escape arrest by Pearce and Fallis, is also embodied in de*1384fendant’s resisting arrest counts. As a result, section 3D1.2(c) applies, and at least one of the resisting arrest counts must be grouped with the counts to which defendant pled guilty as “counts involving substantially the same harm” under section 3D1.2. Cf. United States v. Lincoln, 956 F.2d 1465, 1470 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 113 S.Ct. 259, 121 L.Ed.2d 190 (1992) (“if an obstruction [of justice] offense has been used to adjust the sentence for a related offense, then in sentencing for the obstruction offense the court is required to group that offense with the related offense even when the two were separately charged and separately tried and are being separately sentenced”).
The dissent argues that because defendant’s conduct, driving recklessly, is a “specific offense characteristic” of her resisting arrest counts it cannot also be considered as conduct embodied in those counts, and therefore subsection (c) does not require grouping. U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2(c). The underlying assumption of the dissent’s argument is that the categories of specific offense characteristic and conduct embodied in a count are mutually exclusive, in other words that once conduct has been identified as a specific offense characteristic under a guideline, it cannot also be conduct embodied in an offense. We find this assumption to be erroneous. First, while subsection (c) refers to the “specific offense characteristic in, or other adjustment to the guideline” in reference to the second count being considered for grouping, it refers to the conduct embodied in the first “count[ ].” Id. (emphasis added). This change in terminology indicates that while subsection (c) requires looking at the adjustment to the guideline for the second count—here, the reckless endangerment enhancement of the theft offense level—it requires looking at the count itself for the first count being considered—here, the resisting arrest count. Thus, the reckless driving is still at the core of the conduct embodied in the resisting arrest count even though it is also undeniably a specific offense characteristic in the obstructing or impeding guideline. Second, the phrase “specific offense characteristic” on its face describes conduct embodied in an offense. Rather than refer to discrete conduct distinct from the offense, it uses the word “characteristic,” which means an integral “feature or quality” of what is being described. The Random House College Dictionary 226 (rev. ed. 1980). Viewed this way, it should be no surprise that determining that conduct is a specific offense characteristic in a particular guideline does not necessarily preclude it from being determined to be conduct embodied in the underlying count. Thus, defendant’s reckless driving is conduct embodied in her resisting arrest counts notwithstanding the dissent’s correct identification of it as a specific offense characteristic in the guideline used to determine the sentence for the same counts.
In response to the grouping issue, the government counters that the same conduct did not form the basis of the reckless endangerment enhancement to the mail theft counts and the possession of and threat with a deadly weapon enhancement of the resisting arrest counts. Instead of viewing the conduct forming the basis of these enhancements as the defendant’s driving of the car in her futile attempt to escape Pearce and Fallis, the government views defendant’s driving as three separate incidents. In the government’s view, defendant first drove the car in such a way that it was a deadly weapon threatening Pearce. Then she drove the car in such a way that it was a deadly weapon threatening Fallis. Finally, she drove the car in such a way that it recklessly endangered third parties, such as the children for whose safety Leroy Gass feared. Such an interpretation of events is an artificial and unrealistic division of a single uninterrupted course of conduct into separate events. Defendant’s use of her car to flee the post office and seek refuge at her home was a single fluid action. We see no reason to carve this conduct up into an action here and an action there for the purpose of adding to defendant’s sentence.
Moreover, we cannot know that the jury did not include the driving of the car through the neighborhood in its conviction *1385As the on the resisting arrest counts, court informed the jury,
Count II of the indictment charges that on or about the 17th day of August 1991 in the Eastern District of Tennessee that Darlene Marie Beckner knowingly did forcibly resist, oppose, impede, intimidate and interfere with Raymond Andrew Pearce, a United States postal inspector, while he was engaged in his official duties. Count III charges that on the same day Darlene Marie Beckner also knowingly and forcibly resisted, opposed, impeded and interfered with another postal inspector, Russell R. Fallís, while he was engaged in his official duties.
Now, these counts charge violations of Title 18 of the United States Code Section 111, a law intended to protect federal officers from forcible resistance or interference with their official duties.
Now, in order for the government to be entitled to a verdict on Counts II and III, it must prove for each of them beyond a reasonable doubt the following elements of the offense.
First, that Darlene Marie Beckner forcibly resisted or opposed or impeded or intimidated or interfered with the United States postal inspector named in the particular count;
Secondly, they must prove that the postal inspector was a federal officer then engaged in the performance of his official duties, and, three, that she did so intentionally.
Now, the term “forcibly” means by use of force. As used here, it means with a deliberate, intentional application of physical force, strength or power, such as a push or a shove, even when the officer is not actually injured. Physical force can be applied by human bodily strength or by the use of some other implement such as a stick, a gun or even a motor vehicle. However, resisting a federal agency by lying to him or by simply refusing to open the door, for example, is not forcible within the meaning of the law involved in Counts II and III.
We do not, however, group the second resisting arrest count. Application Note 5 to U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2(c) states that when there are multiple counts,
each of which could be treated as an aggravating factor to another more serious count, but the guideline for the more serious count provides an adjustment for only one occurrence of that factor[,] ... only the count representing the most serious of those factors is to be grouped with the other count.
Thus, one of the resisting arrest counts must be grouped with the counts to which defendant pled guilty, under section 3D1.2.2
V.
Because we find the District Court to have erred in its interpretation of the Guidelines, by failing to group one of defendant’s resisting arrest counts with the counts to which she pled guilty, we VACATE defendant’s sentence and REMAND for resentencing consistent with this opinion.

. Defendant questions whether a car may be considered a deadly weapon. This Court recently faced a similar question and found no difficulty with such a characterization. Smith v. Freland, 954 F.2d 343, 347 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 112 S.Ct. 1954, 118 L.Ed.2d 557 (1992) ("a car can be a deadly weapon”). As indicated by Application Note 2 to U.S.S.G. § 2A2.4, the definition of "deadly weapon” is found in Application Note 1(d) to U.S.S.G. § 1B1.1. We find nothing in that definition which would exclude a car used as defendant used hers.

. Defendant also contends that the District Court erred in applying the specific offense characteristic under U.S.S.G. § 2A2.4(b)(l) because defendant was neither indicted for nor convicted of assault. This Court, however, has recently confirmed the breadth of conduct which may be considered in sentencing under the Guidelines. See United States v. Davern, 970 F.2d 1490, 1494 (6th Cir.1992) (en banc).