Court Opinion

ID: 4691913
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-06-01 20:05:07.651448+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:05:12.745425
License: Public Domain

Filed 6/1/21 Vargas v. County of San Bernardino CA4/2
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
 California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
                                     or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

           IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                   FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION TWO

 DOMINIC RAY VARGAS,

          Plaintiff and Appellant,                                       E074404

 v.                                                                      (Super.Ct.No. CIVDS1830385)

 COUNTY OF SAN BERNARDINO, et                                            OPINION
 al.,

          Defendants and Respondents.

         APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Bryan F. Foster,

Judge. Affirmed.

         The Blue Law Group and Michael K. Blue, for Plaintiff and Appellant.

         Michelle D. Blakemore, County Counsel and Kenneth C. Gregory II, Deputy

County Counsel, for Defendants and Respondents.

         Plaintiff and appellant Dominic Ray Vargas contends he was subjected to

excessive force during an arrest by deputies of the San Bernardino County Sheriff’s

Department. The trial court dismissed on demurrer Vargas’s complaint seeking damages

against defendants and respondents County of San Bernardino, San Bernardino Sheriff’s

                                                             1
Department, and John McMahon (both individually and in his official capacity as San

Bernardino County Sheriff), as well as sheriff’s deputies named only as Doe defendants.

The trial court found the complaint barred in its entirety by the claim preclusive effect of

the judgment in an earlier federal lawsuit arising from the same incident, which had been

dismissed with prejudice under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) for failure to

state a plausible claim for relief. We affirm the judgment.

                                         I. FACTS

       According to the operative Second Amended Complaint (state complaint), on May

28, 2017, Vargas was driving in San Bernardino when sheriff’s deputies pulled him over.

The deputies instructed him to exit the vehicle, which he did. Without any provocation

(“[d]espite Plaintiff’s respectful and compliant behavior”) the deputies began threatening

“to commit violent physical threatening acts” against Vargas “such as kicking, punching,

and tasering him.” Vargas “conveyed he was aware he had government (state and

federal) protections to be free from being physically beaten” in such a manner. The

deputies nevertheless proceeded “hitting and beating [Vargas] with kicks, punches,

tasers, physical and violent tackling and elbowing, and violently subduing [him].”

(Underlining and bolding omitted.)

       The state complaint alleges that Vargas suffered “physical injuries” to his “jaw,

right hand, back, neck, chest, right knee, right leg, and left ear” that have left him with

“continuing pain and suffering.” Vargas also alleges “emotional injuries/pain” that

“include[], without limitation, substantial embarrassment and humiliation, loss of

                                              2
reputation, loss of esteem within the community, severe depression, nightmares, mental

anguish, irritability, nervousness, hyperventilation, severe bouts of anxiety, short-temper,

moodiness, insomnia, difficulty sleeping (and lost sleep), waking up from sleep in cold

sweats, decreased appetite, social withdrawal, tearfulness, and anger.” Additionally,

Vargas alleges that, while he was in jail after the arrest, he was initially denied medical

care “overnight,” despite his “pleas for medical attention” and his “serious medical

need.”

         Vargas alleges the traffic stop, the threats, and the physical force inflicted on him

were racially motivated. According to the state complaint, he had been obeying all traffic

laws, and he was pulled over due to the deputies “not liking Hispanics and recognizing he

was Hispanic.” The threats, too, were “due to [Vargas] being Hispanic.” He was beaten

for three reasons: (1) he is Hispanic; (2) the deputies “were angry and wanted to

retaliate/punish [him] for his comments” about his right not to be beaten; and (3) the
                                            1
deputies “did not like [his] ‘attitude.’”

         This is not Vargas’s first lawsuit arising out of the incident; he first brought suit in

federal court. Vargas’s second amended complaint in the federal case (federal complaint)

asserted ten causes of action: (1) “Excessive Force (42 U.S.C. § 1983)”; (2) “Excessive

         1
         Elsewhere in the state complaint, Vargas expands on this point as follows: “The
physical beating administered [to Vargas by the deputies] was motivated by hatred and ill
will towards [him] because [they] didn’t like, inter alia, [his] Hispanic race, background
and culture, appearance, his history of run-ins with law, his demeanor and his dress (and
were retaliating against his communication that he was entitled to be free of excessive
force).”

                                                 3
Force—Failure to Train under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Monell Claim)”; (3) “Excessive

Force—Supervisor Liability in Individual Capacity under 42 U.S.C. § 1983”; (4)

“Excessive Force—Municipal Liability under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Monell Claim)”; (5)

“Assault”; (6) “Battery (California Civil Code Section 43)”; (7) “Battery by Police

Officer”; (8) “Negligence”; (9) “Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress”; and (10)

“Negligent Hiring, Training, and Retention.” (Bolding omitted.) On the defendants’

motion, the district court dismissed the federal complaint without leave to amend, finding

that Vargas had not alleged sufficient facts to plead a cognizable claim even after

multiple opportunities to amend. Vargas did not appeal that ruling. Instead, several

weeks after the dismissal of the federal complaint, Vargas filed his initial complaint in

this state court action.

       In the state complaint, Vargas essentially reasserts nine of the ten causes of action

of the federal complaint (all except the claim for “Excessive Force—Supervisor Liability

in Individual Capacity under 42 U.S.C. § 1983”), albeit in different order and slightly

modified titles: (1) “Assault”; (2) “Battery (California State Law and California Civil

Code Section 43)”; (3) “Battery by Peace Officer”; (4) “Intentional Infliction of

Emotional Distress”; (5) “Negligence”; (6) “Negligent Hiring, Training, and Retention”;

(7) “Excessive Force Under the Fourth Amendment Individual Liability (42 U.S.C. §

1983)”; (8) “Excessive Force—Failure to Train Under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Monell

Claim)”; and (9) “Excessive Force—Municipal Liability Under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for (1)

Custom, Policy or Practice; and (2) Ratification (Monell Claim).” He also added four

                                             4
additional causes of action: (10) “Violation of Cal. Gov. Code §[§] 844.6 and 845.6”;

(11) “Violation of the Ralph Act (Cal. Civ. Code § 51.7)”; (12) “Violation of the Bane

Act (Cal. Civ. Code § 52.1)”; and (13) “Violation of the Unruh Civil Rights Act (Cal.

Civ. Code §§ 51, 52(a)).”

       The County, the Sheriff’s Department, and McMahon demurred to the state

complaint. The trial court sustained the demurrer without leave to amend, finding the

state complaint to be barred by the claim preclusive effect of the earlier federal judgment.

                                     II. DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review

       On appeal from a judgment based on an order sustaining a demurrer, we assume

all the facts alleged in the complaint are true. (Pineda v. Williams-Sonoma Stores, Inc.

(2011) 51 Cal.4th 524, 528.) We accept all properly pleaded material facts but not

contentions, deductions, or conclusions of fact or law. (Evans v. City of Berkeley (2006)

38 Cal.4th 1, 6.)

       We determine de novo whether the complaint alleges facts sufficient to state a

cause of action under any legal theory. (Committee for Green Foothills v. Santa Clara

County Bd. of Supervisors (2010) 48 Cal.4th 32, 42.) “‘Where the complaint’s

allegations or judicially noticeable facts reveal the existence of an affirmative defense,

the “plaintiff must ‘plead around’ the defense, by alleging specific facts that would avoid

the apparent defense. Absent such allegations, the complaint is subject to demurrer for

                                              5
failure to state a cause of action . . . .”’” (Doe II v. MySpace, Inc. (2009) 175 Cal.App.4th

561, 566.)

       When a trial court has sustained a demurrer without leave to amend, “we decide

whether there is a reasonable possibility that defect can be cured by amendment: if it can

be, the trial court has abused its discretion and we reverse; if not, there has been no abuse

of discretion and we affirm.” (Blank v. Kirwan (1985) 39 Cal.3d 311, 318.) “The burden

of proving such reasonable possibility is squarely on the plaintiff.” (Ibid.) “[U]nless

failure to grant leave to amend was an abuse of discretion, the appellate court must affirm

the judgment if it is correct on any theory.” (Hendy v. Losse (1991) 54 Cal.3d 723, 742.)

B. Analysis

       The parties dispute whether “res judicata” bars the claims Vargas asserted in the

state complaint, referring to the “primary aspect of the res judicata doctrine” that is

known as claim preclusion. (DKN Holdings LLC v. Faerber (2015) 61 Cal.4th 813, 823-

824 (DKN Holdings).) Claim preclusion “acts to bar claims that were, or should have

been, advanced in a previous suit involving the same parties.” (Id. at p. 824.)

       Before addressing that dispute, however, we must first decide whether to apply

California or federal law of claim preclusion. (See Guerrero v. California Department of

Corrections & Rehabilitation (2018) 28 Cal.App.5th 1091, 1099, 1102 (Guerrero) [“The

basic principles of claim preclusion are roughly the same under California and federal

law,” and it “often does not matter whether federal or state law applies,” but nevertheless

there are some “key differences”].) Vargas does not address the choice of law issue in

                                              6
his appellate briefing, making arguments predicated solely on California law.

Respondents, too, do not directly address the choice of law question, primarily making

arguments based on California law but suggesting that the result would be the same under

the “[f]ederal courts’ treatment of res judicata,” which they characterize as “not overly

dissimilar to California law.” As discussed below, however, federal claim preclusion law
           2
applies.

       “The preclusive effect of a federal-court judgment is determined by federal

common law.” (Taylor v. Sturgell (2008) 553 U.S. 880, 891 (Taylor); see Guerrero,

supra, 28 Cal.App.5th 1091, 1100.) Where the federal court exercised only diversity

jurisdiction, federal common law incorporates the claim preclusion law of the state in

which the federal court sits. (Semtek Internat., Inc. v. Lockheed Martin Corp. (2001) 531

U.S. 497, 507-508; see Guerrero, supra, at p. 1100.) Where the earlier federal judgment

was in a federal question case, however, federal common law requires application of
                                                         3
“‘uniform federal rule[s]’ of res judicata,” not state law. (Taylor, supra, 553 U.S. at p.

891; see Guerrero, supra, 28 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1101-1102.) Vargas’s earlier federal

       2
         We need not and do not decide whether this is a case where the differences
between California and federal claim preclusion law would make a difference, and
therefore do not discuss the parties’ arguments applying California law in any detail.
       3
          As noted in Guerrero, some California appellate courts have relied on California
claim preclusion law to determine whether the prior federal court judgment bars claims
subsequently brought in state court. (Guerrero, supra, 28 Cal.App.5th at p. 1101, & fn.
8; see, e.g., Franceschi v. Franchise Tax Bd. (2016) 1 Cal.App.5th 247, 259.) We agree
with Guerrero that such cases “fail to capture the [United States Supreme Court’s] latest
guidance.” (Guerrero, 28 Cal.App.5th at p. 1102.)

                                             7
lawsuit was a federal question case, asserting claims under federal laws and invoking the

federal court’s supplemental jurisdiction over pendant state law claims; there was no

diversity of the parties. We therefore must apply federal law’s rules of res judicata to

determine whether Vargas’s state complaint is barred by the claim preclusive effect of the

judgment in his federal lawsuit.

       Under federal law, claim preclusion generally applies when there is “(1) an

identity of claims, (2) a final judgment on the merits, and (3) identity or privity between

parties.” (Western Radio Servs. Co. v. Glickman (9th Cir. 1997) 123 F.3d 1189, 1192.)

There are, naturally, subtleties and exceptions that sometimes complicate the analysis.

(See, e.g., Guerrero, supra, 28 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1103-1108 [discussing “jurisdictional

competency exception”]; see also Rest.2d Judgments, § 26 [“Exceptions to the General

Rule Concerning Splitting”].) The application of these elements to our case, however, is

straightforward.

       Regarding identity of claims, “[t]he central criterion” is “‘whether the two suits

arise out of the same transactional nucleus of facts.’” (Frank v. United Airlines, Inc. (9th

Cir. 2000) 216 F.3d 845, 851.) “‘Whether two suits arise out of the same transactional

nucleus depends upon whether they are related to the same set of facts and whether they

could conveniently be tried together.’” (Turtle Island Restoration Network v. U.S. Dep’t

of State (9th Cir. 2012) 673 F.3d 914, 918.) “[W]here claims arise from the same factual

circumstances, a plaintiff must bring all related claims together or forfeit the opportunity

to bring any omitted claim in a subsequent proceeding.” (Ibid.)

                                              8
       There is no reasonable question about whether Vargas’s two lawsuits arise out of

the same transactional nucleus of facts. As the trial court correctly observed, the state

complaint provided “additional details,” but the federal complaint and the state complaint

both are grounded in the same underlying events, namely, the incident of alleged

excessive force on May 28, 2017 and its aftermath. Vargas effectively concedes as much

by arguing in his briefing that the facts only included in the state complaint cure his

pleadings so as to state viable causes of action, and not arguing that the state complaint

involves a separate series of events from the federal complaint.

       Further, federal law treats dismissal for failure to plead facts sufficient to state a

claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) as a judgment on the merits.

(Federated Dep’t Stores v. Moitie (1981) 452 U.S. 394, 399, fn. 3, abrogated on other

grounds by Rivet v. Regions Bank of La. (1998) 522 U.S. 470; Stewart v. United States

Bancorp (9th Cir. 2002) 297 F.3d 953, 957.) Thus, the judgment in Vargas’s federal

lawsuit was on the merits for purposes of our analysis here, applying federal claim
                  4
preclusion law.

       4
          Analogous California claim preclusion law, as it would apply here, is not as
straightforward as federal claim preclusion law: “[I]t is generally held that a demurrer
which is sustained for failure of the facts alleged to establish a cause of action, is a
judgment on the merits. However, this is true only if the same facts are pleaded in the
second action [citation], or if, although different facts are pleaded, the new complaint
contains the same defects as the former.” (Boyd v. Freeman (2017) 18 Cal.App.5th 847,
855; see Keidatz v. Albany (1952) 39 Cal.2d 826, 828 [judgment after a sustained
demurrer is “on the merits to the extent that it adjudicates that the facts alleged do not
constitute a cause of action, and will, accordingly, be a bar to a subsequent action
alleging the same facts,” but if “new or additional facts are alleged that cure the defects in
the original pleading, it is settled that the former judgment is not a bar to the subsequent
                                                                    [footnote continued on next page]

                                               9
       Finally, there is no dispute that the parties in this case and Vargas’s federal case

are the same.

       Thus, all three parts of the federal claim preclusion analysis are satisfied. The

claims asserted in Vargas’s state complaint are therefore barred by the claim preclusive

effect of the judgment in his earlier federal lawsuit, and the trial court correctly sustained

the demurrer to the state complaint without leave to amend.

                                     III. DISPOSITION

       The judgment is affirmed. Respondents are awarded their costs on appeal.

       NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

                                                                 RAPHAEL
                                                                                              J.

We concur:

MILLER
                Acting P. J.

MENETREZ
                           J.

action . . . .”]) Because California law of claim preclusion does not apply here, however,
we need not address Vargas’s arguments that the state complaint cures the defects of his
federal pleading.

                                              10