Court Opinion

ID: 4501760
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-01-27 18:02:39.247074+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:37:02.130529
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

GERMANINVESTMENTS AG, and               §
RICHARD HERRLING, individually          §
and on behalf of AHMR GmbH,             §
                                        §       No. 291, 2019
      Plaintiffs-Below,                 §
      Appellants,                       §
                                        §       Court Below:
      v.                                §       Court of Chancery
                                        §       of the State of Delaware
ALLOMET CORPORATION, and                §
YANCHEP, LLC,                           §
                                        §       C.A. No. 2018-0666-JRS
      Defendants-Below,                 §
      Appellees.                        §

                           Submitted:       December 11, 2019
                            Decided:         January 27, 2020

Before SEITZ, Chief Justice; VALIHURA and TRAYNOR, Justices.

Upon appeal from the Court of Chancery. AFFIRMED, in part, REVERSED, in part, and
REMANDED.

R. Craig Martin, Esquire, (argued) Kelly L. Freund, Esquire, DLA Piper LLP, Wilmington,
Delaware for Appellants.

John P. DiTomo, Esquire, (argued) Ryan D. Stottmann, Esquire, Coleen W. Hill, Esquire,
Morris, Nichols, Arsht & Tunnell LLP, Wilmington, Delaware for Appellees.
VALIHURA, Justice:

      In this case, we consider whether the Court of Chancery correctly determined that a

provision in a Restructuring and Loan Agreement between the parties (the “R&L

Agreement”) is a mandatory, as opposed to a permissive, forum selection clause. That clause

reads: “The agreement is subject to Austrian law. The place of jurisdiction is Vienna.” The

Court of Chancery held that Austrian law governs the analysis of the forum selection

provision, and determined that the provision is governed by Article 25 of the European

Regulation on Jurisdiction and Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and

Commercial Matters (the “Brussels Regulation”). Applying Article 25 of the Brussels

Regulation, it held that the forum selection clause was mandatory. Based upon these

conclusions, the court granted Defendants’ Rule 12(b)(3) motion to dismiss, without

prejudice, in favor of the Vienna, Austria forum.

      We hold that the Appellees, who raised Austrian law as a basis for their motion to

dismiss, had the burden of establishing the substance of Austrian law.1 We further hold that,

given the complexity of the foreign law issues raised and the absence of any focused and

orderly engagement by the parties on these issues, the Court of Chancery erred in determining

that Appellees had carried that burden. Accordingly, we hold that, given the Appellees’

failure of proof, the forum selection provision analysis should proceed exclusively under

1
   This basic proposition is not in dispute. See Oral Argument Video at 19:48–19:55,
https://livestream.com/DelawareSupremeCourt/events/8915746/videos/199787022:
      Justice Valihura: You agree that it is your burden to establish what the substance
      of the foreign law is?
      Counsel for Appellees: Oh absolutely, Your Honor.
                                               2
Delaware law. Applying Delaware law, the forum selection provision is merely permissive,

not mandatory. As such, the forum selection provision is no bar to the litigation proceeding

in Delaware. We affirm the Court of Chancery’s holding that 8 Del. C. § 168 was not the

proper mechanism for the relief Appellants seek. Therefore, this matter is AFFIRMED in

part, REVERSED in part, and REMANDED to the Court of Chancery for further

proceedings in accordance with this opinion.

                                    I.    BACKGROUND

         We take the facts, for the most part, from the Court of Chancery’s recitation of them,

which in turn, was drawn from the Complaint, documents incorporated by reference or

integral to the Complaint, and additional materials provided by the parties in connection with

Defendants’ motion to dismiss.

         A.     The Parties and Relevant Non-Parties

         Appellant,    Plaintiff-below,   Germaninvestments       Aktiengesellschaft     (AG)

    (“Germaninvestments”) is a Swiss holding company formed to manage assets for the

    Herrling family.2 Its equity is divided among their family members as follows: Richard

    Herrling holds 34 percent; Anja Herrling holds 17 percent; Philip Herrling holds 24.5

    percent; and Johannes Herrling holds 24.5 percent. Appellant, Plaintiff-below, Richard

    Herrling (“Herrling”), is a German citizen who resides in Switzerland. We refer to

    Germaninvestments and Herrling collectively as “Appellants” or “Plaintiffs.”

         Defendant-below, Allomet Corporation (“Allomet”), is a Delaware corporation

2
  Germaninvestments AG v. Allomet Corp., 2019 WL 2236844, at *2 (Del. Ch. May 23, 2019)
[hereinafter Opinion] (citing Verified Complaint (“Compl.”) ¶ 4).
                                               3
    founded in 1998 with its headquarters in North Huntingdon Township, Pennsylvania. It

    manufactures high-performance, tough-coated metal powders using a proprietary

    technology for coating industrial products. Non-party, Fobio Enterprises, Ltd. (“Fobio”), a

    Hong Kong limited company, initially owned 52,249 of Allomet’s 54,132 outstanding

    shares of common stock and all of its 1,304 shares of preferred stock. In April 2016, Fobio

    acquired the remaining 1,883 shares of Allomet’s common stock, previously held by the

    Estate of Richard E. Toth.3

         Defendant-below, Yanchep LLC (“Yanchep”), is a Delaware limited liability

    company with Mirta Hereth, the wife of Dr. Hannjörg Hereth (“Hereth”), as its sole

    member. Its only assets are the two parcels of real property in North Huntingdon where

    Allomet is headquartered and a lease, dated November 8, 2011, between Yanchep and

    Allomet.4 Together, we refer to Allomet and Yanchep as “Appellees.”

         Non-party, AHMR GmbH (“AHMR”), an Austrian limited company, was formed

    solely for the purpose of holding all of the equity interest in Allomet and Yanchep,

    Allomet’s intellectual property, and Yanchep’s assets. Non-party, Hereth, a citizen of

    Switzerland, owns 100% of Fobio through various entities. Hereth is also a director and the

    Chairman of the Board of Directors of Allomet.

3
 Id. at *2 (citing Compl. ¶¶ 50, 52). The R&L Agreement states that the Toth shares were “acquired
by [Dr. Hannjörg Hereth] or Fobio pursuant to a purchase contract dated 12 April 2016 —payment
of USD 250,000 still outstanding[.]” App. to Opening Br. at A54 (Compl. Ex. B (“Ex. B”) ¶ 4).
4
  Opinion, 2019 WL 2236844, at *2 (citing Compl. ¶¶ 7, 45, Compl. Ex. A (“Ex. A”), Compl. Ex. D
(“Ex. D”)).
                                                4
          B.      The Parties Negotiate A Potential Joint Venture To Keep Allomet Afloat

          Allomet struggled with declining performance as early as 2002. By the end of 2017,

Allomet had amassed net-operating-loss carryforwards of $25 million and $42.5 million in

debt owed to its controller, Fobio.5

          In mid-2016, Tanja Hausfelder, an insurance professional who apparently knew or

worked with both Herrling and Hereth, advised Herrling that Hereth was looking for a joint

venture partner to join Allomet. On October 5 and 6, 2016, Herrling and Hereth met in

Switzerland, where Hereth confirmed he was interested in forming a joint venture for the

purpose of raising capital for the struggling Allomet.

          After their meeting in Switzerland, Herrling and Hereth discussed a general structure

for their joint venture. Specifically, the plan contemplated the formation of an Austrian

holding company that would own (i) Allomet’s intellectual property rights, (ii) the

outstanding stock and membership interests in Allomet and Yanchep, and (iii) all of

Yanchep’s buildings, land, and rights. Because Fobio had been the principal source of

financing for Allomet since its founding,6 the parties discussed whether it would be

appropriate to assign or otherwise transfer Fobio’s claims against Allomet to the joint

venture.7

5
    Id. at *3 (citing Compl. ¶ 16).
6
    Id. (citing Compl. ¶ 29). Fobio had extended a total of $42,525,475.25 in loans to Allomet.
7
  Id. (citing Compl. ¶ 20, Ex. B ¶ 4). Appellants alleged that Herrling would obtain 50 percent
ownership of the holding company, and that all existing indebtedness of Allomet to Fobio would be
cancelled or contributed to the holding company. App. to Opening Br. at A22 (Compl. ¶ 20).
                                                   5
          As the parties negotiated the joint venture, it was clear that Allomet required additional

funding to continue its operations. Accordingly, beginning January 31, 2017, Herrling

extended a series of loans to Allomet to keep it afloat. Herrling initially loaned $500,000.

On March 3, 2017, Herrling loaned $150,000. On May 10, 2017, Herrling loaned another

$200,000.

          C.     The Parties Enter the R&L Agreement

          On May 29, 2017, a draft of what was to become the R&L Agreement was circulated

among the various parties.8 The express purpose of the R&L Agreement was “to regulate

the funding of the Allomet Corporation until the establishment, under Austrian law, of a

holding company in which [Herrling] and [Hereth] shall acquire a 50% stake and which shall

later hold all of the shares (100%) of the Allomet Corporation.”9 The R&L Agreement

memorialized the terms of the loans Herrling had extended to Allomet, the potential

framework for continued discussions concerning a potential Austrian-based joint venture,

and the funding each party was expected to contribute to the joint venture.10 It also detailed

a loan schedule reflecting that Herrling would make loans to the entity in four tranches

8
    Opinion, 2019 WL 2236844, at *3 (citing Compl. ¶ 22, Ex. B).
9
    Id. (quoting Compl. ¶ 23).
10
     Id. (citing Ex. B Pmbl., ¶¶ 1, 4). The R&L Agreement’s Preamble states:
          As the holding company has yet to be established, the initial payment shall be made
          by [Herrling], representatively, in the form of a loan to the Allomet Corporation.
          [Herrling] shall contribute a sum of EUR 10 million plus USD 250,000—Toth—
          over a period of 5 years. The payments shall be made in consultation with [Hereth],
          according to Allomet’s liquidity requirements and based on an evaluation of the
          market need.
App. to Opening Br. at A54.
                                                   6
totaling $950,000. The loans would accrue interest at 5.5% interest per annum without pre-

payment penalties or amortization.11

         As noted above, the R&L Agreement states: “The agreement is subject to Austrian

law. The place of jurisdiction is Vienna.”12 We refer to this provision as the “Forum Clause.”

         D.      Formation of AHMR

         The parties formed the Austrian holding company contemplated by the R&L

Agreement, AHMR, on July 3, 2017. AHMR was registered with the commercial register of

the commercial court in Vienna, Austria the following month. Its initial stockholders were

Hereth, Herrling, Hausfelder, and Hereth’s son-in-law, Valentin Biedermann. On December

14, 2017, Herrling allegedly transferred his share of AHMR to Germaninvestments, the

holding company for his family’s investment assets.13

         AHMR is a “manager-managed” entity with two groups of managing directors: Group

A consists of Biedermann, Hereth, and his wife, Mirta Hereth by proxy; Group B consists of

11
  Opinion, 2019 WL 2236844, at *3 (citing Ex. B ¶¶ 3, 5). The loans were extended “until” July
31, 2017, with a one-time option of a 6-month extension “agreed mutually between [Hereth] and
[Herrling].” App. to Opening Br. at A54. During that time, “unless the parties decide[d] otherwise,
an Austrian holding company [was] to be established in which the following assets of Allomet and
Yanchep shall be incorporated:” (1) Allomet’s outstanding stock; (2) all of Allomet’s IP rights
registered as of July 31, 2017; and (3) Yanchep’s real property owned as of July 31, 2017. Id. at
A54–A55. The R&L Agreement recognized that “[i]f the aforementioned steps have not been
implemented by 31/07/2017, the loan shall become due for repayment immediately or the one-time
extension may be agreed mutually between [Hereth] and [Herrling].” Id.
12
     Opinion, 2019 WL 2236844, at *4 (quoting Ex. B ¶ 9).
13
   Id. (citing Compl. ¶¶ 4, 33).       AHMR’s resulting stockholders are Hereth (49%),
Germaninvestments (49%), Biedermann (1%) and Hausfelder (1%). App. to Opening Br. at A19,
A25. Hausfelder allegedly assigned her litigation rights to Germaninvestments. Id. at A25–A26
(Compl. ¶ 34).
                                                 7
Herrling, Hausfelder by proxy, and Anja Herrling by proxy.14 Both groups’ managing

directors must agree on AHMR’s major decisions as stated in AHMR’s governance

documents and as provided by Austrian law.15

          E.     Other Related Agreements

          In their Opening Brief on appeal, Appellants focus on AHMR’s “Stock Purchase

Agreement with Fobio and a related assignment agreement under which it purchased 100%

of the stock of Allomet.”16 In their Complaint, they alleged that the parties entered into five

separate agreements, all executed on the same day, to carry out the remaining terms of the

R&L Agreement, namely: (1) the Stock Purchase Agreement (“SPA”), (2) a Membership

Interest Purchase Agreement (“MIPA”), (3) an Assignment and Assumption Agreement, (4)

a Debt Cancellation Agreement, and (5) a Supplementary Agreement.17

          Appellants alleged that, “[a]s agreed in the Restructuring Agreement, Fobio, AHMR,

and Dr. Hereth entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement (“SPA”) dated January 24, 2018,

under which AHMR obtained all of the outstanding shares of Allomet from Fobio.”18

14
     Opinion, 2019 WL 2236844, at *4 (citing Compl. ¶ 35).
15
   Id. The Vice Chancellor commented that, “[a]lthough not important to the outcome here, I note
that the Group A and Group B managing directors have not agreed that this litigation should be
initiated on behalf of AHMR.” Id. at n.38 (citing Compl. ¶¶ 35, 82).
16
     Opening Br. at 9–10.
17
     App. to Opening Br. at A27–A28 (Compl. ¶ 39).
18
     Id. at A29 (Compl. ¶ 42). They allege, more specifically, that:
          Under Section 3.2 of the Stock Purchase Agreement, and consistent with the terms
          of the Restructuring Agreement, “[a]t the closing of this transaction SELLER
          [Fobio] shall deliver or cause to be delivered to PURCHASER [AHMR] all
          certificates (if any) representing the Seller Shares and, if requested by
                                                    8
Appellants further allege that “Mrs. Hausfelder and Mr. Biedermann took possession of

Allomet’s outstanding stock certificates, though they still reflected the names of their

previous owners, and placed them in AHMR’s safe-deposit box in Vienna, Austria.”19

According to Appellants, “[s]ince that time no member of Dr. Hereth’s Group A has been

willing to agree with any member of Mr. Herrling’s Group B to enable the shares to be

released from the safe-deposit box and tendered to Allomet to enable it to issue certificates

to AHMR.”20

           F.     Herrling “Walks” From the Negotiations

           From May 2017 through January 2018, while the parties continued to negotiate their

joint venture, Herrling visited Allomet numerous times and received detailed information on

Allomet’s operations and finances.21 He also extended additional loans to Allomet, either

individually or through Germaninvestments, bringing Allomet’s total obligation to Herrling

to $3,665,000.22        While he “book[ed]” these loans under “the terms of the [R&L]

Agreement,”23 the R&L Agreement only references $950,000 in loans.24 It is alleged that the

           PURCHASER [AHMR] at any time, execute and deliver lost stock affidavits for
           lost certificates.”
Id. (quoting Compl. Ex. C).
19
     Id. at A27 (Compl. ¶ 38).
20
     Id.
21
     Opinion, 2019 WL 2236844, at *4 (citing Compl. ¶ 35).
22
     Id. (citing Compl. ¶ 36).
23
     Id. (quoting Compl. ¶ 37).
24
     Id. (citing Compl. ¶¶ 24, 26, Compl. Ex. G (“Ex. G”)).
                                                   9
parties discussed, but never finalized, a loan agreement among Herrling and Allomet to

address the loans outside the R&L Agreement.25

           On January 29, 2018, the day before the R&L Agreement was to expire, AHMR’s

shareholders entered into the Supplementary Agreement, referred to above, the purpose of

which was to allow time for the parties to secure additional tax advice regarding the structure

of the joint venture.26

           Under the Supplementary Agreement, the parties were to “regard the already signed

[Transaction        Agreements]     as   definitive”   and    agreed    they   would     “then   be

Executed/Implemented as such.”27 The Supplementary Agreement provided, however, that

the documents referenced therein are not legally binding and did not execute the joint venture.

Specifically, the Supplementary Agreement stated the documents referenced had not yet

“been legally signed,” had not yet “become legally binding,” and did not represent the “full

legal implementation” of the joint venture.28 It also deferred the parties’ funding obligations

25
     Id.
26
     Id. (citing Ex. G).
27
     Id. (quoting Compl. ¶ 62).
28
     Id. (quoting Ex. G). Paragraph 4 of the Supplementary Agreement states:
           It is agreed between the Parties that [Herrling] or Germaninvestments AG shall not
           make further payments until all the contracts referred to here (see above), this
           Supplementary Agreement and also the Loan Agreement between
           Germaninvestments AG and the Allomet Corporation have been legally signed.
           This is also a prerequisite for Allomet’s ongoing operating costs. The further
           payments, especially the two referred to below, shall be made within one month
           following full legal implementation or after all the contracts mentioned in this
           Agreement have become legally binding and been executed as well as after all the
           Allomet shares have been transferred to Vienna and once this “Supplementary
           Agreement” has fully expired.
App. to Opening Br. at A92 (Ex. G ¶ 4).
                                                  10
and recognized that the potential joint venture still had to be negotiated.29 By its terms, the

Supplementary Agreement expired in March 2018.30

           By mid-April 2018, the parties had reached an impasse.31 Herrling had not received

the “transparency” he expected and believed “important business decisions were negotiated

without [him].”32 On May 30, 2018, the parties stopped all joint venture discussions.33 With

hope for an agreement now lost, Herrling offered to “walk away from the [R&L] Agreement

with Dr. Hereth, provided, of course, that Allomet return all funds to Herrling and

Germaninvestments, plus costs.”34 For his part, Hereth made clear that neither Herrling nor

Germaninvestments possessed any interest in Allomet.35 Hereth then offered to return only

“a fraction” of the money Herrling had either loaned to (Hereth’s view) or invested in

(Herrling’s view) Allomet.36

           G.     The Proceedings in the Court of Chancery

           Appellants filed their Verified Complaint on September 7, 2018, alleging three counts.

Count I seeks to enforce the R&L Agreement and related agreements invoking

8 Del. C. § 168 to require Allomet to “reissue” its stock certificates in AHMR’s name as

29
     Opinion, 2019 WL 2236844, at *4 (citing Ex. G ¶¶ 3, 4).
30
     Id. (citing Ex. G).
31
     Id. at *5 (citing Compl. ¶ 71, Compl. Ex. H).
32
     Id. (quoting Compl. ¶65).
33
     Id. (citing Compl. Ex. I).
34
     Id. (quoting Compl. ¶ 75).
35
     Id. (citing Compl. ¶ 76).
36
     Id.
                                                     11
contemplated by the R&L Agreement and SPA.37 Count II alleges breach of the R&L

Agreement and related agreements and seeks specific performance of those agreements.

Count III alleges unjust enrichment as a result of Appellees’ failure to transfer all of

Allomet’s outstanding stock, Allomet’s intellectual property, and Yanchep’s membership

units and real property to AHMR as agreed in the R&L Agreement.

          Appellees moved to dismiss the action on December 16, 2018, primarily arguing that

the court should grant the motion so that the parties may litigate these claims in Vienna,

Austria. Appellees provided scant information to the Court of Chancery on Austrian law in

their opening brief in support of their motion to dismiss. They cited to and attached Article

25 of the Brussels Regulation,38 but cited no cases in support of their 12(b)(3) motion on the

substance of Austrian law.39 Nor did they cite any secondary sources of information or

proffer any expert testimony.

          Appellants opposed the motion, arguing that the Forum Clause is neither mandatory

nor enforceable with respect to their claim under Section 168. They contended that the

European law on which Appellees relied does not apply to non-European Union members,

and that even if it did, it would not compel dismissal of their action. They further argued

37
  App. to Opening Br. at A38–A40 (Compl. ¶¶ 80–85); see id. at A29 (Compl. ¶ 40) (“As agreed in
the [R&L] Agreement, Fobio, AHMR, and Dr. Hereth entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement
(‘SPA’), dated January 24, 2018, under which AHMR obtained all of the outstanding shares of
Allomet from Fobio.”).
38
     Id. at A139 (Defs.’ Opening Br. at 18–19), A159 (Defs.’ Opening Br. Ex. 1).
39
  See id. at A141–A142. Appellees did cite in a footnote several cases in support of its argument
that the Complaint failed to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6). See id. at A141 n.7.
                                                  12
that, under Austrian law, an Austrian court would not find that the Forum Clause would

confer mandatory jurisdiction on Vienna courts.

       In their answering brief, Appellants objected to the application of foreign law and

argued that the Forum Clause should be interpreted in accordance with Delaware law. They

contended that Appellees had provided only conclusory statements on Austrian law and,

consequently, had failed to meet their burden of proof. As a result of that failure, they argued

that the Forum Clause was permissive under either Delaware or Austrian law. Moreover,

Appellants argued that the Brussels Regulation only applied to Member States of the

European Union, and that AHMR, who was not a signatory to the R&L Agreement, was not

bound by it. Thus, they argued that the Forum Clause does not apply to the Section 168 claim

(which was brought on behalf of AHMR) or to the unjust enrichment claim.

       Appellants raised other arguments based on several other provisions of the Brussels

Regulation, including Articles 8, 24, 26, 27, 31, and several of its “Whereas” recitals. For

example, they argued that the objective of Article 24 “is to ensure that proceedings regarding

the internal affairs of a corporate entity should be dealt with by the courts of the state where

that entity is incorporated, since these courts will be familiar with the applicable corporate

law.”40   They also asserted that, “Article 8 of the Brussels Regulation provides that

defendants can be sued where they are domiciled and a Delaware corporation, like Allomet,

40
   Id. Brussels Regulation Article 27 provides that, “[w]here a court of a Member State is seized of
a claim which is principally concerned with a matter over which the courts of another Member State
have exclusive jurisdiction by virtue of Article 24, it shall declare of its own motion that it has no
jurisdiction.” Id. at A170.
                                                 13
is domiciled in Delaware.”41 Appellants supported their arguments with citations to Austrian

cases and provided translations of certain excerpts of those cases.42 As to Article 25,

Appellants argued that by its plain terms, it does not apply if the parties “have agreed

otherwise.” They further cited Section 914 of the Austrian Civil Code for the proposition

that the mutual intent of the parties controls.

          In their reply brief, Appellees argued that Article 25 of the Brussels Regulation is clear

and unambiguous. They supplied a transmittal affidavit of their Delaware counsel attaching

various secondary sources, consisting mostly of articles.43            Appellees then challenged

Appellants’ assertion that Austrian law, and not the Brussels Regulation, applied. They

asserted that Article 25 of the Brussels Regulation was “exclusive,” that Austria had

supplanted its local law through ratification of the Brussels Regulation, and that Appellants

were relying on superseded authorities. They also responded to Appellants’ assertions based

upon Articles 8 and 24 of the Brussels Regulation, among others. As to Article 24, Appellees

countered that, “this action does not implicate an internal affairs question, nor could it until

41
     Id. at A349.
42
   Id. at A341. Appellants also rely on Whereas Clause 6 and 13. Id. at A345. Clause 6 provides:
“In order to attain the objective of free circulation of judgments in civil and commercial matters, it
is necessary and appropriate that the rules governing jurisdiction and the recognition and
enforcement of judgments be governed by a legal instrument of the Union which is binding and
directly applicable.” Id. at A161 (Brussels Reg.). Clause 13 provides: “There must be a connection
between proceedings to which this Regulation applies and the territory of the Member States.
Accordingly, common rules of jurisdiction should, in principle, apply when the defendant is
domiciled in a Member State.” Id. at A162. Appellees counter that these clauses are merely recitals,
and lack the force of Articles.
43
 See id. at A512–A515 (Coleen W. Hill Aff. in Supp. of Defs.’ Reply Br. in Further Supp. of their
Mot. to Dismiss), A516–A682 (Exs. A–L.).
                                                  14
the dispute concerning the R&L Agreement is resolved.”44 Article 8, they asserted, applies

to a “person domiciled in a member state,” which neither Allomet nor Yanchep are. Broadly,

Appellees claimed that Articles 8, 24, 26, and 31 all apply to member states, and that

Delaware is not a member state. They said that, therefore, those provisions of the Brussels

Regulation are not relevant.

          Further, Appellees countered that the question of enforcement is not whether

Delaware is bound by the Brussels Regulation, but rather, whether the court should honor the

parties’ contractual choices. They argued that it should, since enforcement of the Forum

Clause is a matter of contract, not comity.45 As to Section 914 of the Austrian Civil Code,

they argued that it only addresses the interpretation of agreements in cases where the wording

of the agreement is wrong by reason of mistake and does not reflect the intention of the

parties. Thus, they argued that it is not implicated here. We note that one of the authors

Appellees cited for the proposition that the Brussels Regulation applies later submitted an

affidavit for the Appellants contradicting that assertion, arguing instead that the Austrian

Jurisdictional Act applies.

          During the oral argument on Appellees’ motion to dismiss, the Vice Chancellor

expressed some obvious discomfort with the state of the record on the foreign law issues.

For example, the Court commented as follows:

                THE COURT: All right. So a couple things, just to give you by way
          of some seventh-inning analysis.

44
     Id. at A485.
45
  See Nat’l Indus. Grp. (Hldg.) v. Carlyle Inv. Mgmt. L.L.C., 67 A.3d 373, 387 (Del. 2013) (“The
enforcement of an international forum selection clause is not an issue of comity. It is a matter of
contract enforcement and giving effect to substantive rights that the parties have agreed upon.”).
                                                15
        I’m going to take the matter under advisement, but I do want to give
you some advance warning that it is possible that - - I’m not saying likely - -
it’s possible we’ve got to wrestle through several issues that would get us to
a point where we would go down this road. But it is possible that you would
hear from me saying I need more information on Austrian law/EU law as
relates to the Brussels treaty, whatever we’re calling it, various articles and
how they relate to one another.

       I think to get there, we would have to decide several issues in a
particular way. I think we would have to decide that the forum selection
provision should be interpreted under Austrian law as opposed to Delaware
law. If it was to be interpreted under Delaware law, as I understand it, the
outcome would be that it’s not mandatory and, therefore, not strictly
enforceable to require litigation of the dispute in Vienna.

       We’d also have to decide that Section 115 of the DGCL would not
nullify the provision as a matter of law.

        We’d also, I suppose, have to decide in that regard potentially that the
claim in Count I under 168 is premature in that there are contract disputes
that first have to be litigated and resolved.

        And finally, we would have to grapple with the question of what the
presence of the unjust enrichment claim here does to the analysis on choice
of forum, understanding that there’s an argument that it doesn’t state a claim
as a matter of law. But assuming it does, does its presence in the complaint
somehow nullify the choice of forum with respect to the contract claim,
understanding that if the Court enforced that provision, there would be a
split of claims and litigation?

       So those are several issues that we’ve got to wrestle with before we
get there.

        The last thing we’d have to wrestle with is, looking at the materials
that have been supplied, is the law of Austria clear, in my mind, one way or
the other, or are there questions or nuances? If I decide that there are, then
there are two approaches that can be taken under Rule 44.1 and Rule 202(e),
I think, of the Delaware Rules of Evidence. One is that the Court employs its
own expert, with input from the parties, having given notice to the parties of
that. And there’s a process, obviously, that flows from that that comports
with due process and gives the parties an opportunity to weigh in not only on
the selection of the expert but then to challenge the conclusions of that expert.
                                        16
         Often that is done by the parties engaging their own experts. And that, at
         least, suggests to me some potential inefficiency in that approach.

                The other is that the parties, in fact, do just that, engage their own
         experts. We decide how those opinions should be supplied to the Court,
         tested by the parties, and then the Court draws from that additional evidence
         its conclusions regarding the state of Austrian law and how it should apply
         to these circumstances. Also not a model of efficiency, but it is, I think,
         recognized in our law as at times necessary to assist the Court in wrestling
         with foreign law and having ultimately a declaration of what that law is, just
         as we would declare what our law is prior to applying it, in this case to the
         dispositive motions.

                On the one hand, the Saudi case that I mentioned before, affirmed by
         the Supreme Court, I think, reflects - - or is illustrative of the approach where
         the Court engages its own expert. And I think there was another case, the
         Pallano case, I believe also presided over by President Judge Jurden - - I was
         involved in that case as a Master - - and I recall it having involved some
         foreign law issues there. That was on one hand. And then the other is the
         Parlin case where the Court just said “Look, these are nuanced questions. I
         have some reservation based on the written materials that have been
         submitted about making a formal declaration that this is, in fact, what the
         law is,” and asked to hear more directly from experts on foreign law, and
         then made credibility determinations and ultimately made a decision.

                 Again, I’m not sure that I’m there, but I wanted to preview, if I get
         there, why I’m there so that I don’t have to undertake that explanation again;
         you know, that if you hear from me in that regard, that’s what I’ve decided,
         that I need that additional information. And then we can either, through a
         meet and confer that you-all have or I would be happy to participate in that,
         decide what the next steps are.46

         Without soliciting any further information from the parties, the Court of Chancery

dismissed all counts of the Complaint for lack of jurisdiction based upon its reading of the

Brussels Regulation. It ruled that the Forum Clause was governed by Article 25, and

therefore jurisdiction vested in a member state “shall be exclusive unless the parties have

46
     App. to Opening Br. at A773–A777 (emphasis added).
                                                 17
agreed otherwise.”47 Accordingly, it held that, “when parties designate a single ‘jurisdiction’

as the ‘place’ where they will resolve their disputes, that contractual designation will be

enforced as a mandatory forum selection clause.”48 Thus, the court concluded that the Forum

Clause was mandatory, not permissive. This is in contrast to Delaware law where “if the

forum selection provision does not state that it is exclusive in crystalline terms, our courts

will construe the provision as permissive.”49

           In a footnote, the Court of Chancery observed that, “[w]hile the Court could convene

a hearing to take testimony regarding the parties’ competing views of the governing foreign

law, there is no need to put the parties or the Court through that added burden because the

law is, in my view, clear.”50 The Vice Chancellor added that, “[a]lthough I am satisfied that

the law is clear, as might be gleaned from the analysis that follows, the process by which I

have reached this conclusion was by no means ‘simple.’”51

           After the motion to dismiss was granted, the Appellants moved for reargument and

submitted an affidavit of an Austrian law expert, Professor Dietmar Czernich.52 This was

the only expert submission in the case on the subject of foreign law. The Czernich affidavit

reaches two main conclusions:

47
  Opinion, 2019 WL 2236844, at *8 (quoting Brussels Reg. Art. 25(1)) (internal quotation marks
omitted).
48
     Id.
49
     Id.
50
     Id. at *6 n.73.
51
     Id.
52
     See App. to Opening Br. at A796–A812 (Aff. of Prof. Dietmar Czernich, LLM (NYU)).
                                                18
          (1) With regard to prayers for relief A., B. and C. (ii) in the first part, relating
          to corporate matters and claims in rem, the choice of forum agreement in
          clause 9 of the R&L Agreement is invalid because under the Brussels
          Regulation and Austrian domestic law choice of forum agreements in
          corporate matters or in in rem actions are not admissible and invalid.

          (2) For all other prayers for relief, the choice of forum agreement is valid.
          It is subject to Austrian law. Under Austrian domestic law, this choice of
          forum agreement is permissive and does not mandate the exclusive
          jurisdiction of the designated courts in Vienna (Austria). Under applicable
          Austrian law, actions under the R&L Agreement may also be brought before
          any other court of competent jurisdiction.53

          Appellants, through Professor Czernich, argued further that under Articles 4 through

6 of the Brussels Regulation, the Brussels Regulation applies (a) if the defendant is domiciled

in a Member State of the European Union, (b) if there is a choice of forum agreement in

favor of a court which has its seat in a member state of the European Union and the action is

brought before any court which has its seat in the European Union, or (c) if there is a certain

contract which mandates exclusive jurisdiction under Article 24. Aside from other possible

minimal grounds that he deemed irrelevant, he concluded that the Brussels Regulation does

not apply here. If the Brussels Regulation does not apply, he asserted, the jurisdiction of the

courts in Austria is governed by domestic national law—the Austrian Jurisdictional Act. He

relied on Article 6 of the Brussels Regulation in support of this proposition: “If the defendant

is not domiciled in a Member State, the jurisdiction of the courts of each Member State shall,

subject to Article 18(1), Article 21(2) and Articles 24 and 25, be determined by the law of

that Member State.”54

53
     Id. at A812.
54
     Brussels Reg. Art. 6.
                                                   19
       Appellants further contended that the plain language of Article 25 makes clear that

jurisdiction shall be exclusive “unless the parties have agreed otherwise,”55 which the Court

of Chancery did not determine.56 They further argued, via the affidavit, that Austrian law

should govern resolution of that question and that regardless of which law applies, the

Delaware choice of law provisions in the other agreements evidence an intent to “agree

otherwise.” Czernich averred that the issue is not whether the Brussels Regulation overrides

Austrian domestic law, but rather, what the parties meant—did they mean the Brussels

Regulation or domestic Austrian law?

55
   Appellants also asserted that “the parties didn’t intend to have that exclusively governed in
Vienna,” as evidenced by other agreements containing Delaware law and forum provisions, and thus
Article 25 cannot be binding on them because they have “agreed otherwise” as to exclusive
jurisdiction in Vienna. App. to Opening Br. at A736. Section 8.2(a) of the SPA requires the parties
to mediate disputes “between the parties as to the interpretation or application of this Agreement,”
and that the mediation “shall be held in Wilmington, Delaware or any other venue upon which the
parties shall agree.” Id. at A62. Section 8.2(b) of the SPA requires any arbitration between the
parties to be conducted pursuant to the Delaware Rapid Arbitration Act and that the arbitration “shall
be conducted in Wilmington, Delaware or such other location as the parties and the arbitrator may
agree . . . .” Id. at A62–A63. The MIPA contains parallel provisions. See id. at A72. Both
agreements select Delaware as the governing law without giving effect to choice of law or conflicting
provisions or rules that would cause the laws of another jurisdiction to be applied. The Assignment
and Assumption Agreement also contains a similar Delaware choice of law provision.
56
   In their motion for reargument, Appellants asserted that the Court of Chancery erred in ignoring
the arbitration clause in the SPA. In its order denying the motion for reargument, the court
commented that, “Plaintiffs apparent rediscovery of the SPA’s arbitration clause (not invoked before
now) is puzzling given that one of their showcase arguments in opposition to the motion to dismiss
was that the Court should sidestep the SPA by applying 8 Del. C. § 168.” Germaninvestments AG
v. Allomet Corp., 2019 WL 2644045, at *6 n.14 (Del. Ch. June 27, 2019) [hereinafter Order].
Although in their answering brief below the Appellants argued that, “[t]he relevant stock purchase
agreements for the purchase of Delaware equity and membership units are governed by Delaware
law,” App. to Opening Br. at A337, they do not refer expressly to that agreement’s Rapid Arbitration
provision to rebut an assertion by Appellees that Fobio was a necessary party, except in a footnote.
Id. at A358 (Pls. Ans. Br. at 58 n.21). They did refer to the Delaware Rapid Arbitration provision
during oral argument below. See id. at A723. We agree with the Vice Chancellor that the SPA was
not a focus in those proceedings and Appellants’ theories have seemed to evolve over time.
                                                 20
         In response to Appellants’ motion for reargument, Appellees offered several points in

rebuttal to the affidavit, including challenging Professor Czernich’s reliance on Article 24 of

the Brussels Regulation. They asserted that the affidavit is based upon the erroneous premise

that this dispute concerns the internal affairs of Allomet and is an action in rem with respect

the Yanchep’s real property in Pennsylvania. They say neither is accurate.

         The Court of Chancery denied the motion and refused to consider the affidavit, stating

that it was “new evidence” and should have been submitted earlier.

         H.      Issues on Appeal

         Appellants raise two main issues on appeal, as well as a host of sub-issues. First, they

contend that the Court of Chancery erred when it determined that it could not adjudicate

ownership of a Delaware corporation under 8 Del. C. § 168. They assert that the Court of

Chancery’s decision in Castro v. ITT Corp.57 provides compelling support for the proposition

that Section 168 of the DGCL is a proper basis for the relief they seek. As part of this

argument, they contend that the court erred when it rejected their argument that the public

policy underlying 8 Del. C. § 115 prohibits a corporation from eliminating Delaware as a

forum to hear internal governance claims. That, of course, raises the question of whether this

case presents internal governance claims, or as the Vice Chancellor found, a contractual

dispute.

         Second, they contend that, even if the Forum Clause were enforceable in this action,

it is permissive, not mandatory. They argue that the Appellees failed to meet their burden of

57
     598 A.2d 674 (Del. Ch. 1991).
                                                21
establishing the substance of Austrian law, and that by granting the motion to dismiss without

the parties properly joining the issues, the Court improperly placed the burden on Appellants

and departed from the established practice in Delaware for ascertaining the substance of

foreign law. They also contend that the Court of Chancery erred in refusing to consider their

affidavit on foreign law submitted in connection with their motion for reargument.

                                  II.   STANDARD OF REVIEW

          We review de novo the Court of Chancery’s ruling on the questions of Austrian and

European law.58 Our review of the Court of Chancery’s interpretation of contractual terms

is de novo.59 Our interpretation of a statute is a question of law, which we review de novo.60

                                         III.   ANALYSIS

          We begin by considering the foreign law issues. Appellants broadly contend that the

court erred in its initial determination that Austrian law should apply in analyzing the Forum

Clause, and they raise four sub-issues. First, they contend that questions of ownership of a

Delaware entity should be decided under Delaware law and that Austria has no material

relationship to the transactions at issue. Second, they assert that foreign law cannot be used

to interpret a contract in a manner repugnant to Delaware policy. In this regard, they say that

58
  Deuley v. DynCorp Int’l, Inc. 8 A.3d 1156, 1160 (Del. 2010) (“A judge’s ruling on foreign law is
a question of law we review de novo.”); see Saudi Basic Indus. v. Mobil Yanbu Petrochemical Co.,
866 A.2d 1, 30 (Del. 2005) (stating that, “[t]o the extent SABIC contends that the Superior Court
made incorrect determinations of Saudi law or instructed the jury incorrectly on issues governed by
Saudi law, such determinations and jury instructions are treated as rulings on a question of law and
are subject to de novo review,” and that where “the trial court’s determination of foreign law rests
on the credibility of foreign law experts, the trial court’s predicate credibility findings will be
accorded appropriate deference”).
59
     BLGH Hldgs. LLC v. enXco LFG Hldg. LLC, 41 A.3d 410, 414 (Del. 2012).
60
     First Health Settlement Class v. Chartis Specialty Ins. Co., 111 A.3d 993, 998 (Del. 2015).
                                                   22
the court failed to consider the Delaware law provisions in the SPA and MIPA. Third, they

argue that, if this Court agrees with the Vice Chancellor that Austria does bear a material

relationship to the transactions, then we should first consider their argument that the court

erred in determining that Appellees had satisfied their burden of proof. Finally, they argue

that, if we find no error as to the burden of proof, then we should determine whether the court

erred in its interpretation of Austrian law.

       As more fully explained below, we affirm the Vice Chancellor’s decision to apply

Austrian law in its analysis of the Forum Clause because Austrian law bears a material

relationship to the transactions at issue. But the court erred in determining that Appellees

satisfied their burden of proof in establishing foreign law. As a result of Appellees’ failure

to carry their burden, we hold that the Court of Chancery should apply the law of the forum

(Delaware law) in analyzing the Forum Clause.61 Applying Delaware law to the Forum

Clause, the provision is clearly permissive, not mandatory. Accordingly, we hold that the

Forum Clause is no bar to the matter proceeding in Delaware.

       A.     The Court of Chancery Incorrectly Determined That Appellees Met Their
              Burden of Establishing Austrian Law

              1. Which Law Governs the Forum Clause Analysis?

       As a threshold matter, we must determine what law governs the analysis of the Forum

Clause. We agree with the Court of Chancery that Austrian law applies here.

61
  Accordingly, we do not consider the other claims of error as to whether Delaware public policy is
violated by having this matter proceed in Austria.
                                                23
          “When a contract contains a forum selection clause, this court will interpret the forum

selection clause in accordance with the law chosen to govern the contract.”62 Choice of law

provisions control so long as the jurisdiction selected bears some material relationship to the

transaction.63 This Court has stated that a material relationship exists where a party’s

principal place of business is located within a foreign jurisdiction, a majority of the activity

underlying the action occurred within the foreign jurisdiction, and where parties to a contract

performed most of their services in the foreign state.64 However, a foreign jurisdiction’s laws

may not be used to interpret a contractual provision “in a manner repugnant to the public

policy of Delaware.”65

          The facts alleged here involve connections to several jurisdictions. Allomet is a

Delaware corporation with headquarters in Pennsylvania. Yanchep is a Delaware LLC with

assets in Pennsylvania.        The stock at issue is located in Delaware by operation of

8 Del. C. § 169. Germaninvestments is a Swiss company, with headquarters in Switzerland.

Herrling is domiciled in Switzerland. Hereth is a citizen of Switzerland. Fobio is a Hong

Kong limited company. The parties executed the R&L Agreement in Switzerland, and

62
  Bonanno v. VTB Hldgs., Inc., 2016 WL 614412, at *5 (Del. Ch. Feb. 8, 2016) (quoting Ashall
Homes Ltd. v. ROK Entm’t Grp., Inc., 992 A.2d 1239, 1245 (Del. Ch. 2010)) (internal quotation
marks omitted).
63
   Deuley, 8 A.3d at 1161; Annan v. Wilmington Trust Co., 559 A.2d 1289, 1293 (Del. 1989); see
also Ingres Corp. v. CA, Inc., 8 A.3d 1143, 1146 (Del. 2010) (“Forum selection [ ] clauses are
‘presumptively valid’ and should be ‘specifically’ enforced unless the resisting party ‘[ ] clearly
show[s] that enforcement would be unreasonable and unjust, or that the clause [is] invalid for such
reasons as fraud and overreaching.’” (citation omitted)).
64
     Deuley, 8 A.3d at 1161.
65
   Id. (quoting J.S. Alberici Const. Co. v. Mid-West Conveyor Co., 750 A.2d 518, 520 (Del. 2000))
(internal quotation marks omitted).
                                                24
Plaintiffs allege that all negotiations occurred in Switzerland, other parts of Europe, or

Pennsylvania. The R&L Agreement, a focal point of Plaintiffs’ Complaint, contains the

Forum Clause and selects Austrian law as the governing law. The SPA and MIPA, which

relate to the purchase of Delaware equity, are governed by Delaware law. Non-party AHMR

was formed in Austria.          The safe-deposit box containing the Delaware certificates is

physically located in Austria.

           The Court of Chancery ruled that, “[t]here can be no doubt . . . that Austria ‘bears [a]

material relationship to the transaction.’”66 It reasoned that Austrian law applied to the R&L

Agreement that contemplated the formation of an Austrian joint venture. The court further

determined that “this action is undeniably about Plaintiffs’ claims to enforce the Austrian

law-governed R&L Agreement.”67 Moreover, the court observed that each count for relief

relates directly to the R&L Agreement. Thus, the court held that, “Austrian law will govern

the construction of Section 9 of the R&L Agreement.”68 As explained below, given our

holding that Section 168 does not apply, the focus of the Complaint is on the R&L Agreement

in Count II (as opposed to the SPA), as well as on the unjust enrichment claim.69 Therefore,

66
     Opinion, 2019 WL 2236844, at *6 (citing J.S. Alberici Const. Co., 750 A.2d at 520).
67
     Id.
68
     Id.
69
   Appellants also argued that because Delaware and Austrian law would both deem the Forum
Clause to be permissive, and not mandatory, there was a “false conflict” and that a choice of law
analysis is unnecessary. See, e.g., Deuley, 8 A.3d at 1161 (citing Berg Chilling Sys., Inc. v. Hull
Corp., 435 F.3d 455, 462 (3d Cir. 2006) (“According to conflicts of law principles, where the laws
of two jurisdictions would produce the same result on the particular issue presented, there is a ‘false
conflict,’ and the Court should avoid the choice-of-law-question.”)). But here, the threshold question
is whether under Austrian law, the Forum Clause is governed by the Brussels Regulation, which all
parties agree reverses the presumption that forum clauses are not mandatory unless they are in
“crystalline” terms. In other words, it is not disputed that Austrian domestic and Delaware law would
                                                  25
we agree with the Court of Chancery’s determination that the connection to Austria is

sufficiently material so as to require the analysis of the Forum Clause to be examined under

Austrian law.70

               2. Appellees Failed to Meet Their Burden of Establishing the Substance of the
                  Foreign Law at Issue

       We next address Appellants’ contention that the Appellees failed to meet their burden

of establishing the substance of the foreign law, and that the Court of Chancery, in effect,

improperly shifted the burden of proof to them and allowed Appellees to hold back all of

their proof until their reply brief. Appellants also complain that the Court of Chancery did

not consider their expert affidavit, the only expert affidavit submitted in this action (which

was submitted in connection with their motion for reargument).

       Court of Chancery Rule 44.1 makes clear that Appellees were required to provide

notice in their pleadings or other reasonable written notice of their intention to rely upon

both deem the Forum Clause permissive. But the question is whether Article 25 trumps Austrian
domestic law (as Appellees contend), or whether the parties intended for Austrian domestic law (not
the Brussels Regulation) to control (as Appellants contend). Here the foreign law dispute centers on
the interplay between the Brussels Regulation and European law on the one hand, and domestic
Austrian law on the other. Our holding that Appellees failed to carry their burden of establishing the
foreign law on these issues leads us inevitably back to Delaware in any event.
70
  On appeal, Appellants have, undoubtedly, sharpened their focus and emphasis on the SPA and its
Delaware forum and choice of law provision. They assert that the Vice Chancellor erred in holding
that Appellants had waived their arguments based on these provisions in the SPA. See Order, 2016
WL 2644045, at *6 n.14. Appellants did refer to the SPA in their Complaint, see, e.g., App. to
Opening Br. at A38–A39 (Compl. ¶¶ 80, 82, 83), and in the proceedings below. See, e.g., App. to
Opening Br. at A337, A723, A727, A730, A736. But their arguments regarding the SPA were not
squarely presented in their briefing. See id. at A735–A736. In any event, we have reviewed all of
the relevant agreements, and our decision affirming the determination that the connections to Austria
were sufficiently material is not dependent upon the Vice Chancellor’s finding of waiver.
                                                 26
foreign law.71 Compliance with proper notice under Rule 44.1 is not at issue here. What is

contested is whether Appellees met their burden. To the extent our prior cases have not

explicitly held, we hold that the party seeking the application of foreign law has the burden

not only of raising the issue of the applicability of foreign law, but also, of establishing the

substance of the foreign law to be applied.72 Appellants contend that the Court of Chancery

effectively put the burden on them to rebut Appellees’ assertion and thereby departed from

the “established practice” for establishing the substance of foreign law. That assertion raises

the question of whether there is an “established practice” and if so, what it is.

         We sympathize with the trial judge as there are very few decisions from this Court

that can serve as a reference in this area. Generally, the process by which foreign law is

determined is necessarily context-specific, and trial judges have wide latitude in determining

71
     Court of Chancery Rule 44.1 provides:
         A party who intends to raise an issue concerning the law of a foreign country shall
         give notice in his pleadings or other reasonable written notice. The Court, in
         determining foreign law, may consider any relevant material or source, including
         testimony, whether or not submitted by a party or admissible under Rule 43. The
         Court’s determination shall be treated as a ruling on a question of law.
72
   This holding is consistent with decisions of the Court of Chancery and the Superior Court. See,
e.g., Vichi v. Koninklijke Philips Elecs., N.V., 85 A.3d 725, 765 (Del. Ch. 2014) (“In cases where
foreign law may be applicable, the party seeking the application of foreign law has the burden of not
only raising the issue that foreign law applies, but also the burden of adequately proving the substance
of foreign law.” (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)); see also Rep. of Pan. v. Am.
Tobacco Co., 2006 WL 1933740, at *4 (Del. Super. June 23, 2006), aff’d sub nom. State of São Paulo
of Federative Rep. of Braz. v. Am. Tobacco Co., 919 A.2d 1116 (Del. 2007) (“In order for the Court
to consider the application of foreign law, the party seeking the application of foreign law has the
burden of not only raising the issue that foreign law applies, but also the burden of adequately proving
the substance of foreign law.”); 9 JAMES WM. MOORE ET AL., MOORE’S FEDERAL PRACTICE
§ 44.1.04[1] (3d ed. 2006) (“The party that wishes to rely on foreign law has the responsibility of
demonstrating its content.”); Jeffrey F. Ghent, Annotation, Pleading and Proof of Law of Foreign
Country, 75 A.L.R. 3d 177, § I.2[a] (1977) (“the courts appear to be in agreement on the general rule
that the burden of proving the law of a foreign country is on the party relying on it”).
                                                  27
what evidence to consider and in what form. Even so, that latitude is not unbounded. We

highlight a few decisions to discern some general guideposts.

          Saudi Basic Indus. Corp. v. Mobil Yanbu Petrochemical Co.,73 a case mentioned by

the Vice Chancellor, is one such case where this Court approved the process by which the

trial judge ascertained the substance of the foreign law at issue. There, this Court considered

whether the Superior Court had engaged in a proper methodology and analytical process to

determine Saudi Arabian law. Appellant, Saudi Basic Industries Corporation (“SABIC”)

argued that the trial court, although purporting to employ the methodology that a Saudi judge

would follow to determine the applicable Saudi law, ijtihad, in fact invoked ijtihad merely

as an after-the-fact rationalization for foreign law rulings that were essentially arbitrary and

unprincipled.74

          This Court rejected those contentions because the record clearly established that the

trial judge “went to extraordinary lengths to understand the applicable Saudi law and to make

rulings that were consistent with the numerous Saudi law sources presented to her.”75 We

found that the trial judge was keenly mindful of key distinctive features of Saudi law and the

problems that it created for defining the elements of, and remedies for, ghasb (usurpation)

and how to instruct the jury on these issues. As an example of such distinctive features,

Islamic law does not embrace the common law system of binding precedent and stare decisis.

In Saudi Arabia, judicial decisions are not in themselves a source of law, and with minor

73
     866 A.2d 1 (Del. 2005).
74
     Id. at 29. The parties agreed that Saudi law applied to the resolution of the dispute.
75
     Id. at 30.
                                                    28
exceptions, court decisions in Saudi Arabia are not published or even open to public

inspection. Instead of relying upon statutes or decisional precedent to discern the applicable

law, Saudi judges use scholarly treatises as guides to identify a spectrum of possibilities on

a given question, as opposed to a single correct answer. Thus, the critical inquiry was

whether the proper analytical procedures (or ijtihad) were followed in reaching the results.

       We found that the trial judge properly recognized the proper analytical procedures in

reaching the result. 76 The trial judge made “exceptional efforts to ensure that she was fully

informed of the Hanbali teachings upon which to ground her legal rulings.”77 Before trial,

the parties presented the trial judge with seven reports from four Saudi law experts (two from

each side), as well as each expert’s lengthy deposition. Perceiving a conflict in the experts’

opinions, the trial judge retained an independent expert and obtained his advice on the critical

issues. This expert prepared an initial report, a supplemental report, and was deposed for a

full day. After reviewing nine reports and over one thousand pages of deposition testimony,

the trial judge held a day-long pre-trial hearing to permit the parties to present live testimony

of the independent expert, among others. The court considered two additional reports post-

trial. On that record, this Court concluded that there was no basis for SABIC to contend that

the trial court’s analytical process was arbitrary, unprincipled, or lawless.

76
   For example, the trial judge stated that “[w]hen faced with the daunting task of determining the
elements of ghasb and the damages available for this tort, the Court, weighing the credibility of each
Saudi law expert, exercised, as best it could under the circumstances, ijtihad, to reach the ‘right’
result.” Id. at 31.
77
  Id. at 31. The Hanbali is an Islamic law guild or school of thought. “In Saudi Arabia, the judges
are instructed to rule exclusively in accordance with the teaching of the Hanbali guild.” Id. at 30.
                                                 29
          The Superior Court’s decision in Republic of Panama v. American Tobacco Co.78 is

also instructive. It illustrates a situation where the burden of proof was not satisfied. In

Republic of Panama, two foreign governments, the Republic of Panama and the State of São

Paulo, Brazil (the “Foreign Governments”), brought an action against a domestic tobacco

company to recover medical expenses incurred while treating foreign citizens for health

issues associated with tobacco products.79 Among other claims, the Foreign Governments

specifically sought recovery for negligence, breach of voluntary undertaking, unjust

enrichment, fraud, and civil conspiracy under Delaware law. The company filed a motion to

dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. The court held that

Delaware law would apply because the Foreign Governments did not meet their burden of

establishing the substantive applicable law of Panama and Brazil.

          The Superior Court stated that the party seeking the application “has the burden of not

only raising the issue that foreign law applies, but also the burden of adequately proving the

substance of the foreign law.”80 Though the Foreign Governments provided affidavits on

Panamanian and Brazilian law, the court concluded that they were insufficient because the

affiants did not have any formal legal training. Specifically, the court found that:

          [b]oth affiants head their respective governments’ health agencies and, of
          course, it is inevitable that in that capacity they will gain some understanding
          of their countries’ laws. Their governments are each a party to this action,
          and their governments are seeking to recover the medical expenses incurred
          by the very same agencies the affiants head. However, neither of these two

78
     2006 WL 1933740 (Del. Super. June 23, 2006).
79
     Id. at *1.
80
     Id. at *4.
                                                 30
           affiants have proffered that they have an expertise in law of their
           jurisdictions. The affiants are not attorneys, law professors, or judges.81

Even acknowledging that courts have “wide latitude” in determining what evidence to

consider and in what form, it stated that given the far-reaching relief sought by the Foreign

Governments, they should have at least submitted affidavits from legal experts. Accordingly,

it held that “Delaware law will control all claims made by the Foreign Governments.”82

           Delaware courts have frequently relied on experts to ascertain the substance of foreign

law. In Pallano v. AES Corp., for example, the Delaware Superior Court, before rendering

its decision on a motion to dismiss, hired its own Dominican law expert.83 The court relied

upon the expert in deciding that motion, commenting that, “[t]he court felt it necessary to

appoint its own Dominican law expert when it became apparent that the plaintiffs’ and

defendants’ experts disagreed on the proper interpretation of Dominican law.”84 In Parlin v.

Dyncorp Int’l, Inc.,85 the Superior Court considered expert declarations concerning United

Arab Emirates and Dubai law but held that the decision did not turn on foreign law because

the result was the same under both Delaware and Dubai law.86 Finally, in Kostolany v.

Davis,87 the parties submitted expert affidavits on Dutch and French law.88 The Court of

81
     Id. at *5.
82
     Id.
83
     2012 WL 1664228, at *1 n.2 (Del. Super. May 11, 2012).
84
     Id; see Deuley, 8 A.3d at 1161.
85
     2009 WL 3636756 (Del. Super. Sept. 30, 2009).
86
     Id. at *2.
87
     1995 WL 662683 (Del. Ch. Nov. 7, 1995).
88
     Id. at *2–3.
                                                 31
Chancery deemed the affidavits sufficient and found no need for expert depositions or live

expert testimony.

          The procedural rules followed by our trial courts reflect their considerable latitude in

determining what evidence to consider in determining issues of foreign law. For example,

the text of Court of Chancery Rule 44.1 provides, in relevant part, that, “[t]he Court, in

determining foreign law, may consider any relevant material or source, including testimony,

whether or not submitted by a party or admissible under Rule 43.”89 “Typically, the movant

will submit enough ‘relevant material’ to the Court to sufficiently establish the content of

foreign law.”90 But that did not happen here. Appellees, as movants, supplied only the text

of Article 25 of the Brussels Regulation. They cited no cases, commentaries, or other

authorities, and proffered no expert testimony. They offered academic support in the form

of secondary sources, but only in their reply papers after Appellants had responded to their

motion. Thus, Appellants had no real or meaningful opportunity to respond to these

authorities prior to the court’s ruling.

          Although the trial court states in its Opinion that, “the parties have provided extensive

foreign authority and affidavits interpreting that authority,”91 the only affidavit we see that

was considered by the Court was the transmittal affidavit by an associate at Appellees’ local

Delaware firm attaching various secondary sources. Even as to these sources, the expertise

89
     Ct. Ch. R. 44.1.
90
   Rep. of Pan., 2006 WL 1933740, at *5 (citing Kostolany, 1995 WL 662683, at *1 (noting that
issues of foreign law were fully developed by expert witnesses)).
91
     Opinion, 2019 WL 2236844, at *6 n.73.
                                                 32
of the authors was not established. New arguments and one expert affidavit surfaced after

the ruling, and the court refused to consider the expert’s affidavit. Our review of the record

compels us to conclude that Defendants’ insufficient initial submission led to the parties’

failure to properly join the issues in an orderly way.92

         The trial judge obviously struggled with the issues and questioned the sufficiency of

the record before him prior to ruling. We believe that early input from experts would have

been helpful in identifying and explaining the issues based upon the facts and nuances in the

case. The failure to identify, early on, and properly join the issues, coupled with the lack of

any expert input on the numerous nuances of Austrian and European law that were ultimately

raised, leads us to conclude that the Court of Chancery erred in determining that Appellees

had satisfied their burden of proof.93

         We are not today establishing a per se rule that expert testimony must be utilized in

all instances to establish the substance of foreign law. Admittedly, the issues presented in

Saudi Basic were unusually complicated given the foreign law at issue and the general lack

of familiarity and experience of Delaware courts in applying Saudi Arabian law. But even

so, there are instances, such as in Ashall Homes Ltd. v. ROK Entm’t Grp., Inc., 94 where the

Court of Chancery, when faced with questions of English law (where we do share a common

92
  See Rep. of Pan., 2006 WL 1933740, at *5 (holding that the movant articulating the substance of
foreign law “should have submitted affidavits from legal experts” in order to satisfy “their threshold
requirement of establishing the substance of [foreign law]”).
93
   Both sides agreed that our standard of review of foreign law issues is de novo. Arguably, the
question of determining whether a movant has met its burden of proof involves some exercise of
discretion. Even if our review is mixed, and includes some discretionary elements, it does not alter
our holdings.
94
     992 A.2d 1239, 1246 (Del Ch. 2010).
                                                 33
law heritage), found that the parties failed to adequately establish its substance. There, the

court concluded that the parties provided in their agreements that their relationship would be

governed by English law.95 But because the court concluded that “neither party has cited to

English law—the law for which they bargained—in its briefing on this motion to any material

degree,”96 the court ruled that the analysis “will proceed exclusively under Delaware law.”97

At a minimum, the cases suggest that the movant’s initial submission should be fulsome

enough to address the foreign law in the context of the specific circumstances at issue, and

that the parties and the court should carefully evaluate the need for expert input, particularly

if the parties disagree as to the substance of the foreign law. Based upon the foregoing, the

court below erred in determining that the Appellees satisfied their burden of proof.

                 3. What is the Effect of Appellees’ Failure of Proof?

           We next address the resulting effect of Appellees’ failure to meet the burden of

establishing the substance of foreign law. Appellants contend that the court should decline

to apply foreign law, and apply Delaware law instead. Alternatively, this Court could remand

to allow the Court of Chancery to consider further evidence on the foreign law issues.

However, we do not believe the latter approach is efficient or equitable. Appellees never

95
  Id. at 1245; see Rep. of Pan., 2006 WL 1933740, at *5. There, the Superior Court concluded that
“the Foreign Governments have not satisfied their threshold requirement of establishing the
substance of the foreign law,” and, therefore, the court did not reach the issue of, assuming that the
substance of Panamanian and Brazilian law was properly established, whether the foreign law would
apply. Instead, it held that, “Delaware law will control all claims made by the Foreign
Governments.” Id.
96
     Ashall Homes, 992 A.2d at 1246.
97
     Id.
                                                 34
disputed that they had the burden of proof, and they had an opportunity to put on their proof

relating to the operation of Austrian law to these facts.

         We utilize, instead, the approach adopted by the Court of Chancery in its decision in

Ashall Homes, and following this broadly accepted approach,98 we apply Delaware law to

analyze the Forum Clause. As the Court of Chancery correctly observed, “under Delaware

law, if the forum selection provision does not state that it is exclusive in crystalline terms,

our courts will construe the provision as permissive.”99 Thus, under Delaware law, the Forum

Clause is merely permissive, not mandatory.100 Accordingly, we hold that the Forum Clause

presents no bar to the litigation proceeding in Delaware.101

98
   See, e.g., In re Avantel, S.A., 343 F.3d 311, 322 (5th Cir. 2003) (affirming lower court’s application
of the “well-settled principle” that when the parties fail to conclusively establish foreign law, a court
is entitled to look to its own forum’s law).
99
     Opinion, 2019 WL 2236844, at *8.
100
   See In re Bay Hills Emerging P’rs I, L.P., 2018 WL 3217650, at *5 (Del. Ch. July 2, 2018) (noting
that under Delaware law, a forum clause will be deemed mandatory only if it “contain[s] clear
language indicating that litigation will proceed exclusively in the designated forum” (citation
omitted)); RWI Acq. LLC v. Todd, 2012 WL 1955279, at *6 (Del. Ch. May 30, 2012); Troy Corp. v.
Schoon, 2007 WL 949441, at *2 (Del. Ch. Mar. 26, 2007) (“If the contractual language is not
crystalline, a court will not interpret a forum selection clause to indicate the parties intended to make
jurisdiction exclusive.” (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)); Prestancia Mgmt. Grp., Inc.
v. Va. Heritage Found., II LLC, 2005 WL 1364616, at *7 (Del. Ch. May 27, 2005) (“‘[A]bsent clear
language, a court will not interpret a forum selection clause to indicate the parties intended to make
the jurisdiction exclusive.’” (quoting Eisenbud v. Omnitech, 1996 WL 162245, at *1 (Del. Ch. Mar.
21, 1996)).
101
    Our review of the record convinces us that the substance of the foreign law at issue has not been
established adequately. Because the record is insufficient for us to determine whether the court erred
in interpreting Austrian law, we do not address Appellants’ specific issues in that regard. See, e.g.,
Rep. of Pan., 2006 WL 1933740, at *4 (“The Court need not reach the substantive issues regarding
the possible application of foreign law because the Foreign Governments have failed to meet their
threshold procedural burden in establishing the substantive applicable law of Panama and Brazil.”).
                                                   35
            B.    The Remaining Issues on Appeal

            To be as helpful to the Court of Chancery regarding further proceedings on remand,

we address the remaining issues on appeal.

                  1. The Court of Chancery Correctly Held That Section 168 Is Not the Proper
                     Mechanism to Address the Competing Ownership Claims

            Count I of Appellants’ Complaint seeks issuance of new stock certificates pursuant to

8 Del. C. § 168. Appellants allege that they “are entitled to an order requiring Allomet to

issue new uncertified shares or a new certificate of stock in the name of AHMR in place of

the certificates effectively lost, stolen or destroyed.”102 They argue that the Court of

Chancery can, and has, heard Section 168 cases where there was a question of ownership

with respect to the shares and where the location of the certificates is known, but where they

are inaccessible.

            The Court of Chancery rejected, on two grounds, Appellants’ Section 168 argument

that denying them a Delaware forum would violate positive law or Delaware’s public policy.

First, it held that Section 168(a) “does not fit here.”103 It reasoned that Section 168, which

provides for the replacement of a lost, stolen, or destroyed stock certificate for the beneficial

owner of the stock, “is not and never was intended to address disputes regarding stock

ownership, the resolution of which would require the issuance of new stock, not replacement

stock,”104 and that, here, “[n]o stock has been lost, stolen or destroyed.”105 Second, the court

102
      App. to Opening Br. at A40 (Compl. ¶ 85).
103
      Opinion, 2019 WL 2236844, at *9.
104
      Id.
105
      Id.
                                                  36
ruled that, “the aspect of the parties’ dispute where Plaintiffs seek to invoke Section 168(a)

involves a disagreement regarding the ownership and transfer of shares under an agreement

(i.e., the dispute among AHMR and Fobio under either the R&L Agreement or the SPA

contemplated by the R&L Agreement).”106 The court found that, “[t]hat is a dispute

grounded in contract, not the DGCL.”107

            On appeal, Appellants contend that the Court of Chancery erred in ruling that Section

168 was the wrong mechanism for them to vindicate their equitable rights to Allomet as

owners of AHMR. They point primarily to the holding in Castro v. ITT Corp.,108 where

Chancellor Allen allowed an action to proceed under Section 168. Appellants also rely upon

Chancellor Allen’s statement in a footnote, which they contend allows for the exercise of

subject matter jurisdiction based upon equitable principles, even where Section 168 does not

“fit” precisely.109 Appellants argue that the court “should decide a dispute as a matter of

equity under Section 168 or otherwise when a Delaware corporation’s board chairman and

106
      Id.
107
      Id.
108
      598 A.2d 674 (Del. Ch. 1991).
109
      There Chancellor Allen noted:

            In all events, petitioners seek mandatory injunctive relief, and in no event may
            their action be characterized as simply a dispute about legal title. The essence of
            petitioners’ claim is that they do not have legal title but can establish equitable title
            that in the circumstances is sufficient to qualify them as “owners” or “lawful
            owners” under Section 168. This classically is a matter for a court of equity.

Id. at 677 n.4.
                                                        37
chief executive officer sells stock and delivers stock certificates to the purchaser but then

interferes with the purchasers’ ability to exchange those certificates.”110

          Appellees, on the other hand, contend that a claim arising under Section 168 requires

that two predicate facts be alleged: (1) the stock in dispute was owned and issued to the

plaintiff previously; and (2) the stock certificate representing the shares owned were “lost,

destroyed or stolen.” They claim neither is satisfied.

          We agree with the Court of Chancery that the question of ownership is, and has been,

disputed all along. Among other issues, the parties disagree as to the legal effect of the

Supplementary Agreement. Appellants allege that, “[t]he purpose of the Supplementary

Agreement was to acknowledge that the AHMR shareholders were considering with their

advisors the tax implications of the transfer of Allomet’s and Yanchep’s equity to

AHMR.”111 Yet they maintain that the Supplementary Agreement was clear that any

amendments to the transaction agreements would occur by March 31, 2018, at which time

the Supplementary Agreement would expire, and the parties were to “‘regard the already

110
   Opening Br. at 20. Appellants also criticize the Vice Chancellor for not addressing Castro in his
written decision. But we note that Castro was discussed by the parties and commented on by the
court during oral argument. For example, the Vice Chancellor observed during oral argument on the
motion to dismiss:
          [T]he Castro case was a case where there were undisputed members of an entity
          that was being held hostage by the Cuban government. And the Court, invoking
          equity, said it’s dissolved. There was no dispute then what was going to happen as
          a result of the dissolution. The members’ ownership in the entity, not disputed.
          Right? Here, what your friends on the other side are saying is “No, no. They are
          not 50 percent owners here. They have no equity interest in this. They didn’t get
          there.”
App. to Opening Br. at A730–A731.
111
      App. to Opening Br. at A33 (Compl. ¶ 61).
                                                  38
signed [Transaction Agreements] as definitive’ and should ‘then be Executed/Implemented

as such.’”112 Appellants allege that in breach of the R&L Agreement and SPA, Allomet has

not reissued its stock in AHMR’s name. Instead, “the stock certificates previously owned

by Fobio remain in Fobio’s name and “[t]he stock certificates previously owned by Toth

remain in Toth’s name.”113 Accordingly, they allege that, “Allomet’s stock certificates, have

been effectively lost, stolen, or destroyed because they are locked in a safe-deposit box in

Vienna that cannot be accessed without Dr. Hereth.”114

            Appellees, on the other hand, point to other language in the Supplementary

Agreement that refers to agreements referenced therein as having not yet “been legally

signed.”115      Paragraph 4 of the Supplementary Agreement refers to certain “further

payments” which “shall be made within one month following full legal implementation or

after all the contracts mentioned in this Agreement have become legally binding and been

executed as well as after all the Allomet shares have been transferred to Vienna and once

this ‘Supplementary Agreement’ has fully expired.”116 Moreover, they maintain that the

Supplementary Agreement contemplated another “Supplementary Agreement” that was

never drafted or executed. Thus, the parties clearly disagree as to their ownership interests

in AHMR.

112
      Id. (Compl. ¶ 62) (quoting Supplementary Agreement).
113
      Id. at A39 (Compl. ¶ 83).
114
      Id. (Compl. ¶ 84) (emphasis added).
115
      Id. at A92 (Ex. G ¶ 4).
116
      Id.
                                                39
          We believe Castro is distinguishable, principally because in Castro, there was no

question as to the petitioners’ ownership interests in the partnership prior to the seizure of

the partnership by the Cuban government. Moreover, the decision in Castro focused heavily

on the legal effect of the Cuban government’s seizure of the partnership and the application

of the principle that “U.S. domestic law ought not to facilitate indirectly the seizure by a

foreign government without just compensation of property located in the U.S. . . .”117 In

view of the parties’ heavy focus on Castro, we address it here.

          The petitioners in Castro, general partners and heirs of partners in a Cuban

partnership, claimed to be the equitable owners of the original shares of stock in ITT

Corporation (a Delaware corporation) which were registered in the name of the partnership.

In 1962, the Cuban government forcibly seized the partnership, allegedly, without paying

any compensation. The following year, the U.S. government froze all assets of Cuban

nationals or entities located in the United States. Thereafter, in 1968, ITT declared a two-

for-one stock dividend. Because of the government’s blocking order, ITT never delivered

the stock dividend or later cash dividends on the original shares to the partnership. In 1989

and 1990, the U.S. Treasury issued unblocking licenses authorizing ITT to unblock the

disputed shares and all accumulated dividends.

          Cross motions for summary judgment were filed when petitioners sought to compel

ITT, pursuant to Section 168, to issue stock certificates and pay cash dividends and to transfer

the shares and accumulated dividends that were being accumulated and held by ITT for the

117
      Castro, 598 A.2d at 680.
                                              40
owner of the shares. ITT declined to transfer the shares as authorized by the Treasury licenses

and insisted that petitioners furnish it with a surety bond that would fully protect it in the

event a later owner appeared. At the time the petition was filed, it was alleged that, over the

years, no claims or communications had been made to ITT with respect to these shares by

anyone other than petitioners.118 Petitioners argued that if their claim to beneficial ownership

were provable, failure to recognize it would accord an illicit seizure the dignity of a valid act

of state—something courts in similar cases have refused to do.

          ITT asserted that because the petitioners were not registered owners of its stock, it did

not have an obligation to recognize their equitable ownership claims. It also argued that the

court did not have jurisdiction over this matter because it was essentially one to determine

legal title to property. Lastly, it argued that the case must be dismissed because the Republic

of Cuba was an indispensable party.

          Chancellor Allen rejected all three assertions and denied both motions for summary

judgment. He first considered the question of whether the petitioners were precluded from

relief because the shares were registered to the partnership entity rather than the petitioners.

Examining the language in 8 Del. C. § 168, he concluded that, “[t]he language of that section

makes it apparent that the ‘owners’ that have rights under that section are not limited to

‘registered owners.’”119 He reasoned that, “[t]here are commonly occurring situations in

which, by reason of death, dissolution, or merger of the registered owner or transfer by it, a

118
   The court noted, however, that since that time, an individual had come forward with possession
of certificates for 400 shares registered in the name of the partnership and claimed to have
information regarding other certificates. Id. at 676 n.3.
119
      Id. at 677.
                                                 41
person other than the registered owner will, upon appropriate proof, be recognized as the

owner of lost certificates under Section 168.”120 “Thus, for purposes of Section 168,

registration on the issuer’s stock ledger as the owner is not critical; the substance of

petitioners’ claim to be the ‘lawful owner’ of lost, stolen or destroyed certificates is.”121

            The court then addressed ITT’s assertions regarding whether petitioners were “lawful

owners” and their claim that the resolution of that question was governed by Cuban law since

the partnership was a Cuban entity. In this regard, ITT argued that “the Partnership continues

to exist and its present owner—presumably the Republic of Cuba pursuant to its sovereign

act of seizure—and not petitioners have rights to the property at issue.”122 Thus, ITT claimed

that under Cuban law, the petitioners were not the “lawful owners.” The court noted the

existence of a number of factual and legal questions, including whether any compensation

had been paid. If compensation had not been paid, then “our federal Constitution would

appear to dictate that the act of seizure be accorded no effect by courts of this country.”123

            The court then observed that, “[t]o support the assertion that under our law the Cuban

government’s seizure of the Partnership could not affect the equitable ownership of the

original shares, two propositions must be established,”124 namely, (1) that the acts of a

foreign government are not immune from judicial review to the extent that those acts purport

120
      Id. at 678.
121
      Id.
122
      Id.
123
    Id. If an exchange existed, then the Act of State Doctrine may require the court to regard the
seizure as valid for purposes of determining who owned the property. However, if there was not an
exchange, then the federal Constitution would hold the seizure as ineffective in the United States.
124
      Id. (emphasis added).
                                                  42
to affect property outside of the foreign sovereign; and (2) that the courts in the United States

will not respect the act of confiscation without compensation of a foreign government. The

court’s discussion then focused on the effect of the Cuban government’s seizure of the

partnership.

          The court found that the first proposition was well established—that the courts in the

United States will not give “extraterritorial effect” to a confiscatory decree of a foreign

government even when it is directed at its own nationals. As to the second proposition—that

courts in this country will not respect the act of a foreign government that amounts to a

confiscation—the Court was guided by Zwack v. Kraus Bros. & Co.,125 a decision of the

Second Circuit Court of Appeals. As Chancellor Allen concluded, the Zwack court reflected

the tendency of courts “to put technicalities to the side when dealing with the domestic

consequences of foreign seizures without just compensation.”126 He then found that the

principle that United States domestic law ought not to facilitate indirectly the seizure by a

foreign government without compensation of property within the United States applied to the

125
      237 F.2d 255 (2d Cir. 1956).
126
    Castro, 598 A.2d at 680. In Zwack, the Hungarian government seized a Hungarian company and
the petitioners were the partners of the company prior to seizure. The respondent was a New York
corporation that held a license for the company and owed it royalties accumulated pursuant to a
freeze order during years of war. The petitioners sued to collect the royalties, for an accounting, and
for cancellation of the license. Among its defenses, the company claimed that the petitioners had no
standing under Hungarian law. The court disagreed and found that where assets within the state are
concerned, technical consideration as to the manner in which the foreign state seeks to appropriate
them are not controlling. It found that prior to the confiscation, the assets in New York and those in
Hungary were equitably owned by the petitioners; therefore, the Hungarian government could not
directly seize those assets which had a situs in the state of the forum. It held that, “[t]o allow it to do
so indirectly through confiscation of firm ownership [would] be to give its decree extraterritorial
effect and thereby emasculate the public policy of the forum against confiscation.” Zwack, 237 F.2d
at 258.
                                                    43
facts alleged in Castro. Accordingly, the Court of Chancery concluded that petitioners in

Castro did have standing to bring the action under Section 168. Thus, he held that, “putting

aside for the moment questions of bond, of notice to others, and the validity of other claims—

that if petitioners prove the allegations they make, they will be entitled to relief under Section

168.”127

          Further, the court commented that it had jurisdiction over the matter even if Section

168 did not apply. It recognized that the petitioners sought mandatory injunctive relief and

that their action was not simply a dispute about legal title. Rather, the essence of petitioners’

claim was that they could “establish equitable title that in the circumstances is sufficient to

qualify them as ‘owners’ or ‘lawful owners’ under Section 168,” and that, “[t]his classically

is a matter for a court of equity.”128

          We conclude that in order to pursue a claim under Section 168, a claimant should be

able to assert that she was the registered or beneficial owner of the shares before the shares

were lost, stolen or destroyed. Differently stated, for Section 168 purposes, one cannot lose

a share, or have it be stolen or destroyed, if she did not somehow own the share to begin

with. When ownership is the issue at hand, as it is here, other mechanisms provide the

claimant a remedy. Castro is not inconsistent with that proposition. The petitioners there

were not seeking to litigate a dispute about whether they were partners in the entity that

127
   Castro, 598 A.2d at 680. The Chancellor rejected ITT’s assertion that the Republic of Cuba was
an indispensable party but ordered that a mechanism, including publication of notice in Havana and
Miami, be devised so that third persons claiming any rights to the original shares might be given
notice and an opportunity to be heard.
128
      Id. at 677 n.4.
                                               44
owned the ITT shares. That was undisputed. Rather, Chancellor Allen saw that there was a

question of whether the partnership should be deemed dissolved as a result of the seizure and

that, by operation of law, the petitioners were the owners of the partnership’s assets (e.g., the

ITT stock).

       Moreover, it is evident that the Court of Chancery in Castro was also taking into

account the broader public policy concerns regarding the seizure by a foreign government of

U.S. assets without compensation. Appellants here, by contrast, are seeking to establish,

through this litigation, their initial ownership interests in AHMR under a series of

agreements—the legal effect of which is hotly disputed. Then, purporting to act on behalf

of AHMR, they seek an order declaring AHMR to be the rightful owner of all outstanding

shares of Allomet stock and to have Allomet cancel all outstanding stock and reissue stock

in the name of AHMR. The stock is clearly not lost, stolen or destroyed. Rather, it is in a

vault in Austria pending resolution of the underlying ownership issues arising from this

failed joint venture and the various web of agreements. Accordingly, we affirm the Court of

Chancery’s dismissal of Appellants’ Section 168 claim.

              2. The Section 115 Issue is Moot

       Appellants contend that the Court of Chancery overlooked the public policy

embedded in Section 115. The Court of Chancery held that “Section 115 places limitations

on the scope of forum selection provisions that Delaware corporations may place in their

governing documents; it does not reach other contracts between the corporation’s

                                               45
constituents.”129 Further, it held that, “[s]tockholders can expressly waive Delaware venue

in a contract between stockholders and the corporation,” and that is “precisely what the

parties did.”130 Appellants assert that if the Court of Chancery’s holding on Section 115 is

allowed to stand, the intent of the General Assembly would be frustrated. That is because,

according to Appellants, Delaware corporations could simply eliminate Delaware as a choice

of forum with mandatory forum selection clauses to allow courts in states outside of

Delaware to resolve disputes over stock issuance, fiduciary duty claims against Delaware

officers and directors, and other statutorily defined “internal corporate claims.”

            We hold that Appellants’ arguments pertaining to the potential impact of

8 Del. C. § 115 are now moot. If the Forum Clause were mandatory, we would need to

resolve Appellants’ contention that the provision in this instance would undermine the policy

underlying Section 115. But because we rule that the Forum Clause is permissive, we need

not address these arguments and decline to render an opinion that would be purely

advisory.131

                                    IV.    CONCLUSION

            For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM in part, REVERSE in part, and REMAND

this matter to the Court of Chancery for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

129
      Opinion, 2019 WL 2236844, at *10.
130
      Id.
131
   See Stroud v. Milliken Enters., Inc., 552 A.2d 476, 480 (Del. 1989) (“The law is well settled that
our courts will not lend themselves ‘to decide cases which have become moot, or to render advisory
opinions.’” (citation omitted)).
                                                 46