Court Opinion

ID: 4318376
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-10-04 20:00:33.182303+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:45:26.026823
License: Public Domain

FILED
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                            OCT 04 2018
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

DANIEL ZANG,                                     No.    17-55358

              Plaintiff-Appellant,               D.C. No.
                                                 3:15-cv-00475-AJB-DHB
 v.

UMAMI SUSTAINABLE SEAFOOD,                       MEMORANDUM*
INC.,

              Defendant-Appellee.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Southern District of California
                   Anthony J. Battaglia, District Judge, Presiding

                             Submitted June 6, 2018**
                               Pasadena, California

Before: WARDLAW and CHRISTEN, Circuit Judges, and MOLLOY,*** District
Judge.

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      ***
              The Honorable Donald W. Molloy, United States District Judge for
the District of Montana, sitting by designation.
      Plaintiff-Appellant Daniel Zang appeals a district court order entering

summary judgment in favor of Defendant-Appellee Umami Sustainable Seafood.

We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review de novo and may affirm

for any reason supported by the record. Travelers Prop. Cas. Co. of Am. v.

ConocoPhillips Co., 546 F.3d 1142, 1145 (9th Cir. 2008). We apply New York

law, which the parties agree governs.

      1.     We affirm summary judgment on Zang’s contract claim. On its face,

the Employment Agreement unambiguously requires “any group of persons acting

in concert” to function collectively, rather than in parallel. See Riverside S.

Planning Corp. v. CRP/Extell Riverside, L.P., 920 N.E.2d 359, 363 (N.Y. 2009)

(“Whether an agreement is ambiguous is a question of law . . . determined by

looking within the four corners of the document, not to outside sources.” (quoting

Kass v. Kass, 696 N.E.2d 174, 180 (N.Y. 1998))). Paragraph 4(c)(iii)(x) of the

Employment Agreement recognizes a Non-Negotiated Change in Control only

when such a group “becomes the beneficial owner . . . of securities of the Company

possessing more than fifty percent . . . of the voting power for the election of

directors of the company.” The plain meaning of the word “the” in this sentence,

combined with the singular term “owner” rather than “owners,” unambiguously

refers to a single beneficial owner. A group acting in concert can function as a

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single beneficial owner only if it acts collectively. See Ellington v. EMI Music,

Inc., 21 N.E.3d 1000, 1003 (N.Y. 2014) (“The words and phrases used by the

parties must . . . be given their plain meaning.” (quoting Brooke Group Ltd. v. JCH

Syndicate 488, 663 N.E.2d 635, 638 (N.Y. 1996))).

      Here, Zang has not created a genuine dispute about whether a group acting

in concert collectively became “the beneficial owner . . . of securities of the

Company possessing more than fifty percent . . . of the voting power for the

election of directors of the company.” Any such group must have included Daito

Gyorui Co., Ltd. to reach the “fifty percent” threshold. But Zang points to no

evidence permitting a reasonable inference that Daito was part of a group acting

collectively. In fact, Daito expressly disclaimed membership in a group when

Daito filed its Schedule 13D with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and

Zang’s hunches and speculation about the creditors’ arrangements amount to no

more than a “scintilla of evidence in support of [his] position.” Anderson v.

Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252 (1986). The Gault email chain does not

create a genuine dispute of material fact to the contrary. At best, the emails are

evidence that Daito was coordinating with Atlantis insiders on its own behalf; the

emails do not support an inference that Daito was acting in concert with Atlantis

creditors, nor with Atlantis creditors in a group.

                                           3
         Even if Zang could show that Atlantis’s non-Daito creditors, individually or

collectively, obtained enough Umami shares to trigger requirements under the

federal securities laws, see, e.g., 15 U.S.C. § 78p(a), any group of those creditors

that did not count Daito as a member would still fall short of the Employment

Agreement’s contractual “fifty percent” threshold. Accordingly, summary

judgment was proper on this claim.

         2.    We also affirm summary judgment on Zang’s claim for breach of the

implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. On this record, no reasonable trier

of fact could conclude that Umami induced Zang to resign. To the contrary,

Umami consistently advised Zang that it did not believe he was entitled to the

benefits he seeks.

         Zang cites no authority for the proposition that, under New York law,

Umami owed him a substantive explanation of its position. Dalton v. Educational

Testing Service is not to the contrary, because Zang’s Employment Agreement did

not “contemplate[] the exercise of discretion.” Dalton, 663 N.E.2d 289, 291 (N.Y.

1995). If Zang resigned following a Non-Negotiated Change in Control, Umami

had no choice but to pay. Since Zang has not shown that New York law imposes

the obligation Umami allegedly breached, summary judgment was proper on this

claim.

                                            4
AFFIRMED.

            5
                                                                             FILED
Zang v. Umami Sustainable Seafood, Inc., No. 17-55358
                                                                              OCT 04 2018
WARDLAW, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part:        MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                           U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

      I respectfully dissent as to whether Zang has adduced sufficient evidence to

create a genuine dispute of material fact regarding whether the Atlantis Group

(“Atlantis”) creditors, including Daito, acted in concert collectively to become the

beneficial owners.1 Following a major shakeup at Umami, Zang resigned, citing a

“Non-Negotiated Change in Control” clause in his Employment Agreement, which

entitled him to certain benefits for having good cause to resign. The Employment

Agreement defines a Non-Negotiated Change in Control as when “any group of

persons acting in concert becomes the beneficial owner . . . of securities of the

Company possessing more than fifty percent . . . of the voting power for the

election of 17 directors of the company.” The majority affirms the grant of

summary judgment because it construes this language to mean that to constitute a

“group” there must be a “single beneficial owner,” and says no more than a

scintilla of evidence exists to create a material dispute because Daito was not part

of the group acting collectively. I disagree.

      1
         Although I agree with the majority that Umami did not breach the implied
covenant of good faith and fair dealing because Umami did not induce Zang to
resign, I would reverse the district court’s grant of summary judgment on his
contract claim.
      Umami’s employees created a complex plan to oust then Chief Executive

Officer and Chairman of the Board, Steindorsson from his position as CEO,

Chairman of the Board, and majority stockholder because he had misappropriated

eighteen million dollars in assets from Umami. One part of this complex plan

involved the secured creditors of Atlantis, which was Umami’s largest shareholder

and which was owned by Steindorsson. Atlantis had pledged its majority interest,

and therefore, Steidersson’s majority interest, in Umami stock to its secured

creditors as collateral in various credit agreements.

      Atlantis defaulted on the credit agreements of its secured creditors, but

Umami convinced the Atlantis creditors to collectively forebear on foreclosure

until Umami was able to oust Steindorsson, i.e., to act “collectively or in concert.”2

The collective action of the Atlantis creditors resulted in them becoming

“beneficial owners” under the Non-Negotiated Change in Control clause because,

as a result of their collective action, they possessed “more than fifty percent . . . of

the voting power for the election of 17 directors of the company.”

      2
        As alleged in Zang’s First Amended Complaint (“FAC”), these actions
resulted in an increase in ownership of Umami stock as follows: Daito 21.8%;
Robert Gudfinnsson, 11.7 %; Jones Gable, 13.4%; Kali Tuna d.o.o and, Baja Aqua
Farms, S.A. de C.V 15.1%. Collectively, these parties became the beneficial
owners of Umami under 17 C.F.R. 250.13d-3.
      The majority bases its finding that the Atlantis creditors did not act as a

group on the actions of one creditor, Daito, concluding that Daito was not part of

the plan because “Daito expressly disclaimed membership in a group when Daito

filed its Schedule 13D with the Securities and Exchange Commission.” However,

in making that finding, the majority disregarded an e-mail chain between an

Umami employee, Mike Gault, and Daito. In one e-mail, Gault informs Daito that

Daito was at serious risk of losing all of its investment and getting involved in a

“scandal that would destroy the reputation of both companies and many people” if

it did not comply with Umami’s plan. In a separate e-mail, Gault also references at

least one payment he forwarded to Daito on behalf of the Atlantis creditors. Thus,

viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Zang, as we are required to do

on a motion for summary judgment, Leisek v. Brightwood Corp., 278 F.3d 895,

898 (9th Cir. 2002), these e-mails create at least a genuine dispute as to whether

Daito acted in a group with the Atlantis creditors.

      For this reason, there is at least a material dispute as to whether the Atlantis

creditors acted as a group, and I would reverse the district court in part on that

ground.

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