Court Opinion

ID: 4124659
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-02-09 15:02:20.790516+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:37:31.122718
License: Public Domain

NOTICE: NOT FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATION.
  UNDER ARIZONA RULE OF THE SUPREME COURT 111(c), THIS DECISION IS NOT PRECEDENTIAL
                  AND MAY BE CITED ONLY AS AUTHORIZED BY RULE.

                                     IN THE
              ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
                                 DIVISION ONE

                           PHYLLICIA C., Appellant,

                                         v.

            DEPARTMENT OF CHILD SAFETY, M.R., Appellees.

                              No. 1 CA-JV 16-0297
                               FILED 2-9-2017

            Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County
                              No. JD511089
                 The Honorable Timothy J. Ryan, Judge

                                   AFFIRMED

                                    COUNSEL

Law Office of David W. Bell, Mesa
By David W. Bell
Counsel for Appellant

Arizona Attorney General’s Office, Mesa
By Ashlee N. Hoffmann
Counsel for Appellee Department of Child Safety

                        MEMORANDUM DECISION

Judge Lawrence F. Winthrop delivered the decision of the Court, in which
Presiding Judge Randall M. Howe and Judge Jon W. Thompson joined.
                        PHYLLICIA C. v. DCS, M.R.
                          Decision of the Court

W I N T H R O P, Judge:

¶1           Phyllicia C. (“Mother”) appeals the juvenile court’s order
terminating her parental rights to M.R. (“the child”).1 Mother argues that
the court considered improper factors—specifically, employment and
housing—in terminating her rights. For the following reasons, we affirm.

                FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY2

¶2            Mother is the biological mother of the child, who was born in
2011. Mother has a long history of mental illness, depression,3 and
substance abuse—including alcohol, marijuana, and spice—that has
persistently and negatively affected her ability to parent the child. While
pregnant with the child, Mother moved often, residing in three different
homeless shelters.

¶3             In May 2013, the maternal grandmother filed a private
dependency petition, alleging that Mother smoked marijuana around the
child, solicited marijuana in the child’s presence, and neglected the child by
not properly feeding, bathing, or nurturing her, leaving her with unrelated
persons, and not providing her with proper medical care. Mother later
admitted using marijuana the same month the private dependency petition
was filed.

¶4             Shortly after the private dependency petition was filed,
Mother engaged in a physical altercation with the maternal grandmother in
front of the child and was evicted from the maternal grandmother’s home.
Mother and the child moved in with a co-worker—ostensibly, Mother’s
boyfriend—and his parents; however, approximately three weeks later,

1      The juvenile court also terminated the parental rights of the child’s
father (“Father”). Father is not a party to this appeal.

2       We view the facts and reasonable inferences therefrom in the light
most favorable to affirming the juvenile court’s order. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ.
Sec. v. Matthew L., 223 Ariz. 547, 549, ¶ 7, 225 P.3d 604, 606 (App. 2010).

3     Mother attempted suicide at age ten, when she tried to hang herself,
and admitted she had “lost count” of the number of times she had since
attempted suicide.

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                        PHYLLICIA C. v. DCS, M.R.
                          Decision of the Court

Mother was evicted from that home and had to move in with someone with
whom she had previously lived.

¶5           Meanwhile, on June 10, 2013, the private dependency petition
was dismissed after Mother agreed to participate in in-home services
provided by the Department of Child Safety (“DCS”).4 These services
included a Family Preservation Team, which was designed to prevent the
child’s removal from the home.

¶6             Mother did not fully engage in Family Preservation Services,
however, and continued to struggle to properly care for the child.5
Consequently, the Family Preservation Team expressed concerns that
Mother was depressed, her depression was preventing her from caring for
the child, she was inattentive to the child’s needs during visits, and she did
not understand how her mental health affected the child’s quality of life
and development. The Family Preservation Team also expressed a concern
that Mother’s income was not stable enough to meet the child’s needs.6

¶7           Mother was referred to Community Bridges for a
psychological consultation and individual counseling. Instead, Mother
informed DCS that she would prefer to receive counseling through the

4       References to DCS in this decision may encompass the Arizona
Department of Economic Security (“ADES”) and Child Protective Services,
a former division of ADES that was replaced by DCS, an entity outside of
ADES, in May 2014. See 2014 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 1, §§ 6, 20, 54 (2d Spec.
Sess.).

5       Although the Family Preservation Team scheduled appointments in
advance and at various times of day, upon their arrival they would often
find Mother sleeping, and the child was always alone in her crib. Celice
Korsten, Psy.D., who conducted a psychological evaluation of Mother on
February 7, 2014, later testified that “it sounded like [the child] was being
left in the crib for most of the day while [Mother] was sleeping.” The
maternal grandmother also reported that when Mother stayed with her, she
would routinely return home to find Mother sleeping and not supervising
the child, and in one instance, when she arrived home, she found the child,
wholly unsupervised, eating her own feces from her diaper while Mother
slept.

6      Mother had admitted having been homeless and going without food
in order to feed the child.

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                       PHYLLICIA C. v. DCS, M.R.
                         Decision of the Court

University of Phoenix, despite the fact that the University of Phoenix had
informed Mother, in writing, that its services were insufficient to treat her
significant mental health concerns. Consequently, Mother never followed
up with Community Bridges for assessment or counseling, and the referral
closed out unsuccessfully due to Mother’s refusal to participate. Mother
continued to fail to fully engage in the services offered by her Family
Preservation Team, and the Family Preservation Services eventually closed
out unsuccessfully, even after a thirty-day extension, “based on the failure
to progress as an in-home dependency.”

¶8            In December 2013, DCS filed a dependency petition, alleging
that Mother neglected the child and was unable to parent due to mental
health issues.7 The child was placed in the physical custody of the maternal
grandmother, with whom she remained throughout the subsequent
proceedings. Mother denied the allegations in the dependency petition, but
submitted the issue of dependency to the court.

¶9            In February 2014, the juvenile court found the child
dependent as to Mother. To assist in the case plan of family reunification,
DCS offered Mother case management services, case plan staffing, family
counseling, a psychological evaluation, individual counseling, a psychiatric
evaluation, substance abuse assessment and treatment, substance abuse
testing, supervised visitation, parent-aide services, and transportation.

¶10            Mother completed a psychological evaluation with Dr.
Korsten, who diagnosed Mother with bipolar disorder, post-traumatic
stress disorder, cannabis-use disorder, trichotillomania,8 neglect of child,
homelessness, partner abuse, and antisocial and borderline personality
disorder traits. During the evaluation, Mother appeared depressed, with a
“flat affect and tired looking demeanor,” and chose to lie on the couch with

7      In the petition, DCS alleged, “Mother’s depression is a barrier to her
providing appropriate care for herself and the child,” and “Mother lacks
understanding how her mental state affects her ability to properly parent.”
DCS also noted that Mother was “not interacting with the child,” and the
child was “constantly in her playpen or crib.” When the child came into
DCS’s care, she had recurring ear and other infections, had night tremors
that would cause her to “shake quite a bit,” and was so severely neglected
that she was initially assessed to be developmentally disabled.

8      Trichotillomania is an impulse control disorder characterized by “a
morbid impulse to pull out one’s own hair.” Dorland’s Illustrated Medical
Dictionary 1641 (25th ed. 1974).

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                        PHYLLICIA C. v. DCS, M.R.
                          Decision of the Court

her scarf as a blanket. Dr. Korsten opined that Mother “exhibited poor
insight and judgment” and “minimized” the issues that had resulted in
DCS’s involvement. Mother also “had excuses for the reasons she did not
follow through with counseling services in the past and minimized how her
financial restrictions may interfere with her capacity to care for a child.”
Further, Mother exhibited “a reckless disregard for herself and others,
including her daughter,” “did not appear to see the problem with leaving
her child unattended for the majority of the day while she slept,” and
“lacked remorse related to the treatment of her daughter as indicated by
reacting indifferently to how [the child] may [have] been affected by her
failure to be actively involved in her care and not being emotionally attuned
to her needs.”

¶11           Dr. Korsten opined that Mother’s MMPI-29 results “suggested
she had a tendency to underreport psychological problems in an attempt to
appear better adjusted than she may be in reality.” Mother blamed the
majority of her problems on the maternal grandmother “and failed to take
accountability for her role in the situation.” She also exhibited “consistent
irresponsibility and appear[ed] to have a disregard for herself as well as her
child.” Dr. Korsten noted the presence of several “stress factors” that made
parenting particularly difficult for Mother and caused the child to be at risk,
including Mother’s “active symptoms of mental illness,” Mother’s lack of
financial stability and difficulty maintaining long-term employment,
Mother’s lack of stable housing, and Mother’s history of being involved in
relationships involving domestic violence. Dr. Korsten opined that,
“[g]iven [Mother’s] history of poor judgment, it is likely that she will
engage in similar behaviors that will interfere with her ability to parent in
the future.”

¶12           Further, given the numerous ways in which Mother’s mental
health issues negatively affected her parenting ability, and the problems
commonly developed by children exposed to such issues, Dr. Korsten
concluded that “[t]here is a poor prognosis that [Mother] will be able to
demonstrate minimally adequate parenting until she successfully
completes the recommend[ed services],” including substance abuse
treatment, individual therapy, psychiatric treatment, and parenting classes,
and she “cease future involvement in domestically violent relationships,
and maintain stable housing/employment.” Dr. Korsten further opined

9     The MMPI-2, or Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-
Second Edition, is a commonly administered psychological evaluation test.

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                        PHYLLICIA C. v. DCS, M.R.
                          Decision of the Court

that “it is likely [Mother]’s condition will continue for a prolonged period
of time.”

¶13           Despite Dr. Korsten’s recommendations, Mother’s
participation in reunification services remained lackluster and unreliable.
DCS referred Mother for substance abuse testing through TASC and
Physician Services, Inc., but she was only minimally compliant. She often
missed tests and, over the course of the underlying dependency, tested
positive for opiates, amphetamines, and marijuana. In April 2015, she
tested positive for marijuana and thereafter was required to test more
regularly—but she missed six subsequent drug tests. Between April and
June 2015, Mother tested positive for marijuana at least four times. She
missed at least fourteen required tests in 2015 and another ten required tests
in 2016. In many instances, she failed to call in for testing. Her
noncompliance continued late into the dependency. In April and May
2016—only two months before the severance hearing—Mother tested
positive for amphetamines six times and opiates once.

¶14           Mother also failed to consistently and meaningfully
participate in substance abuse treatment. She was referred to TERROS
Families FIRST (“TERROS”) in February 2014, but the referral closed due to
her lack of participation and because she initially denied abusing illegal
substances. When Mother tested positive for marijuana in April 2015,
however, DCS again referred her for substance abuse treatment and testing,
but her participation was sporadic and “not fully compliant.”

¶15           Mother was also referred to Cradles to Crayons for an
assessment for child-parent psychotherapy and family-time visit coaching
to address appropriate parenting, bonding, and safety skills—as
recommended by Dr. Korsten—but the referral closed unsuccessfully
because Mother did not attend scheduled appointments or participate in
the service. Mother also failed to complete psychological services or
counseling, despite referrals to four separate agencies—TERROS, Buwalda
Psychological Services (“Buwalda”), Community Bridges, and Jewish
Family and Children’s Services (“JFCS”). Mother’s referrals to Buwalda
and Community Bridges closed unsuccessfully due to her lack of
participation. Mother missed three intake appointments with JFCS, and
even after completing the intake process, her participation was described
as “sporadic.” In three years of DCS involvement in her case, Mother could
never provide DCS with proof of completing or successful discharge from
counseling services.

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                        PHYLLICIA C. v. DCS, M.R.
                          Decision of the Court

¶16           Mother similarly struggled with maintaining stable
employment and independent housing, despite their importance since the
beginning of the case. Mother never provided DCS with proof of a stable
source of income, and acknowledged at the hearing on the motion for
termination that her employment history was unstable. She moved from
job to job, admitting “they had to let me go most times,” and at the time of
the hearing, was still unemployed. Additionally, Mother had lived with
multiple persons throughout the three years of DCS involvement and had
no control over who else lived with her and the child. When the DCS case
manager attempted to complete background checks on the other adults
living in the residence to ensure the child’s safety, some of the adults
refused to provide the necessary information. At the time of the severance
hearing, Mother was still dependent on others for housing and had been
unable to pay rent for twelve of the previous eighteen months. Mother’s
complete reliance on others for housing concerned Dr. Korsten, who opined
that stress—including stress caused by a lack of housing or unstable
employment—could serve as a trigger for Mother’s bipolar symptoms.

¶17           Mother also struggled to appropriately participate in
visitation with the child, often cancelling or being unprepared for visits, or
using the phone during the visit. In April 2015 (when Mother tested
positive for marijuana) she appeared lethargic and exhausted, and even
appeared to be falling asleep during visitation with the child. Mother also
acted child-like around the child, who would at times have to vie for
Mother’s attention while Mother texted during visits. Mother also admitted
having difficulty managing the child’s behavior during visits, being
overwhelmed, and needing to call the maternal grandmother for help with
the child.

¶18            At a June 2, 2015 report and review hearing, the juvenile court
ordered the case plan changed to severance and adoption. On June 17, 2015,
DCS moved to terminate Mother’s parental rights to the child on nine-
month and fifteen-month out-of-home placement grounds. See Ariz. Rev.
Stat. (“A.R.S.”) § 8-533(B)(8)(a), (c) (Supp. 2016).10 In part, DCS alleged that
Mother had been closed out of the Family Preservation Team and Cradles
to Crayons unsuccessfully, missed multiple scheduled urinalysis tests
through TASC, tested positive for THC, failed to successfully participate in
individual counseling, cancelled or was late to multiple visits with the

10    We cite the current version of the statute because no changes
material to our analysis have occurred since the date of severance.

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                         PHYLLICIA C. v. DCS, M.R.
                           Decision of the Court

child, missed three scheduled psychiatric evaluations before completing a
fourth intake, and had been inconsistent with services throughout the case.

¶19            On July 26, 2016, the juvenile court held a contested hearing
on the motion for termination. By this time, the child had been in DCS’s
legal care for approximately thirty-one months.

¶20            After taking the matter under advisement, the juvenile court
issued a detailed nine-page order terminating Mother’s parental rights to
the child on the nine-month and fifteen-month out-of-home placement
grounds. In part, the court found that Mother had substantially
neglected—and been unable—to remedy the circumstances that led to the
out-of-home placement, and “[t]here is a substantial likelihood that
[Mother] will not be capable of exercising proper and effective parental
control in the near future.” The court noted that Mother “continues to be
sporadic in her involvement in services,” “has never demonstrated a
consistent pattern of sustained sobriety,” and “has not followed through on
the specific recommendations” made in the psychological evaluation to
address her “substantive mental health concerns.” The court further noted
that Mother “has never maintained consistent employment” and “[h]er
current housing is not something she could sustain independently, per her
own admission.” The court also found that DCS had made diligent efforts
to provide reunification services for Mother, and termination was in the
child’s best interest.

¶21          Mother filed a timely notice of appeal. We have jurisdiction
pursuant to A.R.S. § 8-235(A) (2014) and Rule 103(A) of the Arizona Rules
of Procedure for the Juvenile Court.

                                  ANALYSIS

       I.     Standard of Review

¶22            A parent possesses a fundamental liberty interest in the care,
custody, and management of her child. Kent K. v. Bobby M., 210 Ariz. 279,
284, ¶ 24, 110 P.3d 1013, 1018 (2005) (citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745,
753 (1982); Michael J. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec., 196 Ariz. 246, 248, ¶ 11, 995
P.2d 682, 684 (2000)). Even fundamental rights are not absolute, however.
Id. (citing Michael J., 196 Ariz. at 248, ¶ 12, 995 P.2d at 684). A court may
sever those rights if it finds clear and convincing evidence of one of the
statutory grounds for severance, and finds by a preponderance of the
evidence that severance is in the child’s best interest. See A.R.S. §§ 8-533(B),
-537(B) (2014); Kent K., 210 Ariz. at 281–82, 288, ¶¶ 7, 41, 110 P.3d at 1015–
16, 1022.

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                         PHYLLICIA C. v. DCS, M.R.
                           Decision of the Court

¶23             The juvenile court retains great discretion in weighing and
balancing the interests of the child, parent, and state. Cochise Cty. Juv. Action
No. 5666-J, 133 Ariz. 157, 160, 650 P.2d 459, 462 (1982). As the trier of fact in
a termination proceeding, the juvenile court “is in the best position to weigh
the evidence, observe the parties, judge the credibility of witnesses, and
resolve disputed facts.” Jordan C. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec., 223 Ariz. 86, 93,
¶ 18, 219 P.3d 296, 303 (App. 2009) (quoting Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec. v. Oscar
O., 209 Ariz. 332, 334, ¶ 4, 100 P.3d 943, 945 (App. 2004)). Thus, the
resolution of conflicts in the evidence is uniquely the province of the
juvenile court, and we will not reweigh the evidence in our review. Jesus
M. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec., 203 Ariz. 278, 282, ¶ 12, 53 P.3d 203, 207 (App.
2002); see also Pima Cty. Adoption of B-6355, 118 Ariz. 111, 115, 575 P.2d 310,
314 (1978) (“In considering the evidence it is well settled that an appellate
court will not substitute its own opinion for that of the trial court.” (citation
omitted)).

¶24             We will not disturb the juvenile court’s order absent an abuse
of discretion or unless no reasonable evidence supports its factual findings.
Matthew L., 223 Ariz. at 549, ¶ 7, 225 P.3d at 606; Mary Lou C. v. Ariz. Dep’t
of Econ. Sec., 207 Ariz. 43, 47, ¶ 8, 83 P.3d 43, 47 (App. 2004). In reviewing
the juvenile court’s decision to terminate parental rights, we review de novo
the court’s legal determinations. See Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec. v. Ciana H., 191
Ariz. 339, 341-42, 955 P.2d 977, 979-80 (App. 1998).

¶25           For severance to occur under § 8-533(B)(8)(a), evidence must
show “[t]he child has been in an out-of-home placement for a cumulative
total period of nine months or longer pursuant to court order . . . and the
parent has substantially neglected or wilfully refused to remedy the
circumstances that cause the child to be in an out-of-home placement.”
Under subsection (c), evidence must show “[t]he child has been in an out-
of-home placement for a cumulative total period of fifteen months or longer
pursuant to court order . . . the parent has been unable to remedy the
circumstances that cause the child to be in an out-of-home placement and
there is a substantial likelihood that the parent will not be capable of
exercising proper and effective parental care and control in the near future.”

       II.    Mother’s Challenge to the Court’s Findings

¶26           In this case, reasonable evidence supports the juvenile court’s
factual findings, and the court’s severance order is supported by clear and
convincing evidence under both of the statutory grounds asserted by
DCS—the nine-month out-of-home placement ground under A.R.S. § 8-

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                        PHYLLICIA C. v. DCS, M.R.
                          Decision of the Court

533(B)(8)(a) and the fifteen-month out-of-home placement ground under
A.R.S. § 8-533(B)(8)(c).11

¶27           Mother nonetheless argues that the juvenile court erred by
considering her inability to independently pay for her housing and her lack
of steady employment as factors that supported termination of her parental
rights. Mother notes “[i]t was acknowledged that Mother had a friend that
regularly paid her bills and housing expenses,” and she maintains “[t]here
was no evidence to suggest that she would be forced out of that home in
the near future.” She further maintains her lack of employment should not
be held against her because she might be able to qualify for public assistance
to help her feed and care for the child.

¶28           However, Mother’s extremely unstable employment and
dependency on others for housing were concerns from the beginning of the
case. Mother admitted going without food to feed the child and moving
continuously from job to job. The juvenile court found her explanations for
the constant terminations of her employment were implausible, and
Mother acknowledged “they had to let me go most times.” Although
Mother claims the court committed legal error in finding she did not have
steady, continuous employment, Mother provides no legal authority for her
assertion, and her inability to provide for the child’s basic needs, combined
with the fact that stress—including stress from unstable employment—
could trigger Mother’s bipolar symptoms, supports the court’s finding on
this ground.

¶29           As to the juvenile court’s consideration of Mother’s inability
to independently pay for her housing, we also find no error. Mother
admitted being evicted multiple times—at least once after a physical
confrontation—and living in a series of residences. At the time of the
hearing on the motion for termination, Mother was still dependent on
others for housing; in fact, she had been unable to pay her portion of the
rent for twelve of the previous eighteen months. Moreover, because she
was reliant on others for housing, Mother had no control over who else
resided in the home, and DCS was unable to complete background checks
on the other adults living in the home to ensure the child’s safety because

11      If clear and convincing evidence supports either statutory ground on
which the juvenile court ordered severance, we need not address claims
pertaining to the other ground. Jesus M., 203 Ariz. at 280, ¶ 3, 53 P.3d at 205
(citations omitted); see also A.R.S. § 8-533(B) (requiring that evidence
sufficient to justify the termination of the parent-child relationship include
“any one” of the enumerated termination grounds).

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                        PHYLLICIA C. v. DCS, M.R.
                          Decision of the Court

some of the adults refused to provide DCS with the necessary information.
Although Mother suggests the court committed legal error in considering
her lack of independent, stable housing, Mother’s inability to ensure safe
housing for the child—combined with the fact that stress caused by a lack
of housing can serve as a trigger for Mother’s serious bipolar symptoms—
supports the court’s findings. Further, despite Mother’s suggestion to the
contrary, we will not reweigh the evidence in her favor. See Jesus M., 203
Ariz. at 282, ¶ 12, 53 P.3d at 207; Pima Cty. Adoption of B-6355, 118 Ariz. at
115, 575 P.2d at 314.

¶30            Although not clearly raised as an issue, Mother also argues
“the evidence presented did not reasonably suggest that Mother had any
sort of ongoing substance abuse issues that would interfere with her
parenting abilities.” However, Mother’s mental health issues and
interrelated substance abuse problems led to the child’s dependency and
were concerns from the beginning of the case. To reunify Mother with the
child, DCS referred Mother for numerous services, including a Family
Preservation Team, case management services, case plan staffing, family
counseling, a psychological evaluation, individual counseling, a psychiatric
evaluation, substance abuse assessment and treatment, substance abuse
testing, supervised visitation, parent-aide services, and transportation.
Nonetheless, despite approximately three years of services, Mother’s
substantial mental health and substance abuse issues remained unresolved,
largely due to Mother’s lack of meaningful participation in those services.
Despite Mother’s claim to the contrary, her substance abuse testing record
constitutes reasonable evidence of her sporadic, aborted attempts to
remedy her addiction, and the juvenile court properly considered this
evidence, including the fact that, in April and May 2016—only two months
before the severance hearing—Mother tested positive for amphetamines
numerous times and opiates once. Reasonable evidence also supports the
juvenile court’s finding that Mother’s participation in substance abuse
treatment was sporadic and that, even after Mother’s participation in some
services, she continued to substantially neglect or wilfully refuse to remedy
her substance abuse and substantive mental health concerns. Mother’s
emphasis on excusing her missed tests and nonparticipation in substance
abuse treatment is unavailing because the weight and resolution of factual
conflicts within the evidence was solely the province of the juvenile court.
See Jordan C., 223 Ariz. at 93, ¶ 18, 219 P.3d at 303.

       III.   Best Interest

¶31         Mother does not challenge the juvenile court’s finding that
severance was in the child’s best interest; however, we note that the record

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                         PHYLLICIA C. v. DCS, M.R.
                           Decision of the Court

supports the finding. The record demonstrates the affirmative benefits of
permanency and stability available to the child from severance, and the
court found the child’s placement, the maternal grandmother, is currently
meeting the child’s needs and is willing to adopt the child. See Maricopa
Cty. Juv. Action No. JS–500274, 167 Ariz. 1, 6–7, 804 P.2d 730, 735–36 (1990);
Oscar O., 209 Ariz. at 334, ¶ 6, 100 P.3d at 945; Audra T. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ.
Sec., 194 Ariz. 376, 377, ¶ 5, 982 P.2d 1290, 1291 (App. 1998).

                                CONCLUSION

¶32            The juvenile court’s order terminating Mother’s parental
rights to the child is affirmed.

                            AMY M. WOOD • Clerk of the Court
                            FILED: AA

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