Court Opinion

ID: 4427054
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-08-20 18:05:52.834311+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:50:46.077356
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES ARMY COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                                       Before
                           MULLIGAN, FEBBO, and WOLFE
                              Appellate Military Judges

                          UNITED STATES, Appellee
                                       v.
                         Sergeant PRINCE J. BROWN
                         United States Army, Appellant

                                  ARMY 20160195

                Headquarters, 21st Theater Sustainment Command
                       David H. Robertson, Military Judge
                Colonel Paula I. Schasberger, Staff Judge Advocate

For Appellant: Captain Joshua B. Fix, JA (argued); 1 Lieutenant Colonel Christopher
D. Carrier, JA; Captain Michael A. Gold, JA; Captain Joshua B. Fix, JA (on brief);
Lieutenant Colonel Christopher D. Carrier, JA; Captain Bryan A. Osterhage, JA;
Captain Joshua B. Fix, JA (on reply brief); Lieutenant Colonel Christopher D.
Carrier, JA; Captain Bryan A. Osterhage, JA; Captain Joshua B. Fix, JA (on brief on
specified issues).

For Appellee: Captain K.J. Harris, JA (argued); Major Virginia Tinsley, JA; Captain
K.J. Harris, JA (on brief); Captain Austin Fenwick, JA; Captain K.J. Harris, JA (on
brief on specified issues).

                                  28 February 2018
                             ----------------------------------
                              OPINION OF THE COURT
                             ----------------------------------

WOLFE, Judge:

      On the evening of Christmas Day, 2016, several soldiers and locals happened
upon each other while drinking and playing pool at Blue’s Bar in Baumholder,
Germany. By the early hours of the next day, a local German woman, Ms. LS, had

1We heard oral argument in this case on 28 January 2018 at Loyola University
Chicago School of Law as a part of “Project Outreach,” a public awareness program
demonstrating the operation of the military justice system.
BROWN—ARMY 20160195

died moments after having been punched in the head. A thrown beer bottle broke
over the face of a second woman, Ms. LW, causing a broken nose and severe cuts.

       Appellant was charged with the murder of Ms. LS and the aggravated assault
of Ms. LW, in violation of Articles 118 and 128, Uniform Code of Military Justice,
10 U.S.C. §§ 918, 928 (2012) [UCMJ]. Acquitted of murder, appellant appeals his
conviction for aggravated assault. 2 Appellant assigns four errors, three of which we
discuss below. 3 We first find no error when the military judge denied the defense
motion to suppress a witness identification. Next we determine that the military
judge did not abuse his discretion when he denied the defense motion to compel
character witnesses. Finally, we find no error when the military judge admitted
notes taken within five minutes of the offense as a “present sense impression.”

                                  BACKGROUND

       The murder and assault charges both arose out of the same event, separated by
at most a few minutes. At trial, the two offenses were inextricably connected during
the presentation of both the parties’ cases. Accordingly, to provide context and

2
  At a general court-martial the panel of officer and enlisted members acquitted
appellant of murder but convicted him of the aggravated assault. The court-martial
sentenced appellant to a bad-conduct discharge, confinement for 180 days, and a
reduction to the grade of E-2.
3
  We do not discuss in depth appellant’s argument regarding improper judicial
notice. At trial, the government filed a motion for the court to take judicial notice
that appellant was the local undefeated combatives’ champion. See Military Rule of
Evidence 201. To prove this was a fact not “subject to reasonable dispute,” the
government provided the court with the base newspaper that contained a news article
describing the championship. Over defense objection, the military judge took
judicial notice. At trial, appellant never actually disputed that he was the
combatives champion. Rather, appellant contested whether a newspaper was
sufficient evidence to prove this fact and whether the evidence was more prejudicial
than probative. We do not directly address this issue because, even assuming the
military judge erred, any error was not prejudicial. Evidence that appellant was a
combatives champion was admitted and argued for the purpose of proving that
appellant’s single strike to Ms. LS’s head was with sufficient force to kill her. As
appellant was acquitted of this offense, we find any error was harmless.

                                          2
BROWN—ARMY 20160195

assist with our prejudice analysis below, we discuss the factual background of both
offenses notwithstanding that appellant was acquitted of murder. 4
       There were several people in the bar at the time of the assault. The witnesses’
testimony was inconsistent at times but, after reviewing the entire record, we find
the following facts:
       Appellant arrived at the bar with some friends. Appellant then introduced
himself as “Chris” to Ms. LS and Ms. LW and told them one of his friends was
“interested” in Ms. LS. The friend was Specialist (SPC) Faatau, who was
completely drunk. Appellant, unlike SPC Faatau, is large, fit, and very muscular.
       Appellant’s conversation with Ms. LW was initially cordial, with the two of
them comparing tattoos. Appellant has numerous tattoos, to include a “sleeve”
tattoo on one arm. However, in his drunken state, SPC Faatau began to annoy Ms.
LS. The two woman left the table and went to play pool.

4
  We briefly explain why the panel’s verdict was not inconsistent. The military
judge instructed the panel that appellant was charged with unpremeditated
intentional murder. See Article 118(2), UCMJ. This offense required proof that
appellant intended to kill or inflict grievous bodily harm on Ms. LS. Over the
objection of both parties, the military judge also instructed the panel on the lesser-
included offense of voluntary manslaughter. See Article 119, UCMJ. Voluntary
manslaughter also required proof beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant intended
to kill or cause grievous bodily harm to Ms. LS. Thus, the panel was instructed that,
to find appellant criminally responsible for the death of Ms. LS, they were required
to conclude appellant either intended to kill Ms. LS or intended to inflict grievous
bodily harm when he punched her in the head. Other than evidence of the punch
itself, which resulted in no obvious injury to Ms. LS’s head, there was little direct or
circumstantial evidence to support a conclusion that appellant intended to cause
death or grievous bodily harm.

Instead, there was substantial evidence from both government and defense expert
witnesses that a previously unknown medical condition contributed to Ms. LS’s
death. The wall of Ms. LS’s aorta was exceptionally thin and had developed a tear,
which lead directly to her death. The cause of the tear was hotly contested, with the
government arguing the punch was the proximate cause of the tear and therefore her
death. But, critically, no one knew of Ms. LS’s condition, undermining the
government’s case that appellant punched her with the required intent. Although the
government requested an instruction on the lesser-included offense of involuntary
manslaughter, which would have required only proof of appellant’s culpable
negligence in causing Ms. LS’s death, the military judge never ruled on the
government’s request.

                                           3
BROWN—ARMY 20160195

       After a few minutes, appellant followed the two women to the pool table. Ms.
LS began to grow irritated when appellant and SPC Faatau continued to talk to them
while the women continued to reject their advances. Without finishing their pool
game, the two women decamped and moved to the bar area. Appellant and SPC
Faatau followed them. Specialist Faatau grew increasingly irritating as he was
slumped on the bar and repeatedly kept asking the women for their names.
      Accounts varied about what happened next. Ms. LW testified that SPC Faatau
accidentally knocked his beer onto her. Other witnesses described both appellant
and one of the women pouring beers on each other. At some point in the exchange,
Ms. LS told appellant, who is from Somoa, to “go back to your [] island.”
      There were several disinterested witnesses in the bar.
      The bartender testified that the larger of the two men threw a beer glass at the
two women, which missed and crashed against the back of the bar. 5 While ducking
behind the bar she heard, but did not see, the next throw which she presumed struck
Ms. LW in the face.
       Specialist Rine was also at the bar. Specialist Rine did not know appellant,
Ms. LS, or Ms. LW. He testified that as the verbal altercation escalated, a large man
with a build like an Ultimate Fighting Champion (UFC) fighter repeatedly threw
things. 6 First, the man twice threw some type of liquid (presumably beer) at the two
women. Then, SPC Rine saw him throw a cup or a bottle that hit a wall. Specialist
Rine then testified he saw the large man throw “a bottle, and it hit the lady that was
sitting next to [Ms. LS] at the bar.” He testified, “It kind of hit her in the face. She
had a cut on her face that started bleeding a lot.” A photo taken at the scene and
introduced at trial shows a pool of blood on the floor consistent with his testimony.
       Specialist Rine then retrieved some paper towels to assist with Ms. LW’s
facial injury. When he returned he saw the man who threw the bottle come back into

5
 The bartender’s video recorded deposition was admitted. She did not know
appellant and did not identify him during her deposition. She identified and labeled
appellant and his friends by their appearance. One soldier she labeled “Heineken”
because that was the beer he was ordering. A second soldier she called “bumblebee”
because he was wearing black and gold Pittsburgh Steelers paraphernalia. The third
person, and the person she identified as having thrown the first glass, she called
“Hefe” because of his large size. When considered in the context of the testimony
of the other witnesses, to include appellant’s relative size, it is clear that appellant
was “Hefe.”
6
 As with the bartender, SPC Rine did not identify appellant in court as the person
who threw the bottle. However, he described the attacker as having a build like a
“UFC” fighter.

                                           4
BROWN—ARMY 20160195

the bar. Specialist Rine then saw the man, the same person who threw the bottle,
punch Ms. LS in the face. He testified that Ms. LS took a few steps back, looked
stunned, and then “laid down on the ground and started making these gurgling,
almost like choking snoring noises.” While SPC Rine never identified appellant in
court, appellant was the only person described in the record who met SPC Rine’s
physical description of the assailant.
        Mr. Goohe was also a patron at the bar who knew neither appellant nor the
two women. He witnessed the altercation escalate from a verbal argument into a
physical confrontation. Although he could not identify appellant in court, he
testified that the larger of the two men (appellant) threw an ashtray and a beer at the
two women. He further testified that the same person then threw a bottle at the two
women. The bottle missed, broke against the wall, but hit and cut Ms. LW’s face as
it ricocheted off the wall. He then saw both men briefly leave the bar. He testified
that the larger man then reentered the bar while the smaller man tried to restrain
him. He then saw the larger man punch at Ms. LS, connecting with her head. After
Ms. LS was hit, he saw her walk back a few steps and, like she was fainting, fall on
the floor. He reiterated in his testimony that while he could not identify appellant,
the person who threw the bottle was the same person who hit Ms. LS.
       The testimony from Mr. Goohe and SPC Rine was strong circumstantial
evidence that appellant was the person who threw the bottle that struck Ms. LW in
the face. Both described the assailant as the bigger of the two men–consistent with
appellant being the attacker. Additionally, Ms. LS’s DNA was found on appellant’s
wedding ring. While neither SPC Rine nor Mr. Goohe could identify appellant in
court, they both testified that the person who threw the bottle at Ms. LW’s face was
the same person who punched Ms. LS in the head. Accordingly, when combined
with testimony, the DNA evidence connected appellant to the assault on Ms. LW.
       In court, Ms. LW identified appellant as being the person who threw the bottle
that hit her in the face. She testified that the bottle broke upon impact, leaving
green shards of glass in the wound. She suffered from a severe laceration and a
broken nose that had to be reset.
                                    DISCUSSION
  A. Should the military judge have suppressed Ms. LW’s in-court identification of
                                     appellant?
        While SPC Rine and Mr. Goohe identified appellant as the attacker by
inference, Ms. LW was the only witness who specifically identified appellant. At
trial and on appeal, appellant asserts that the military judge erred in not suppressing
Ms. LW’s identification. Specifically, he alleges that the procedures used by
German police for a photographic lineup were overly suggestive, which therefore
tainted the in-court identification.

                                           5
BROWN—ARMY 20160195

                    1. Additional facts regarding the photo-lineup
      Prior to reviewing the photos, Ms. LW had described the person who had
introduced himself as “Chris” at the bar, the English translation was as follows:
             About 26-29 years old, muscular built, especially the
             arms, about 5’11” tall, black Mauri tattoos on both arms.
             The tattoos reached to the middle of the forearm, wearing
             a black T-Shirt, dark pants, and ugly looking leather
             shoes, Spanish looking, from some island, not black not
             white, southern looking, no glasses, no beard, hair style
             unknown because he wore a base [sic] cap, no further
             abnormalities.
       Ms. LW was also advised about how the lineup was to be conducted. She
would be shown sixteen pictures one-by-one and in no particular order. She was
advised that the person who committed the crime “may or may not” be included in
the lineup.
       To select the photos for the lineup, the police used a computer program. An
officer inputted the suspect’s age, nationality, and other characteristics such as
identifying marks, and whether the suspect wore glasses or had a beard. Based on
these inputs the program outputted photographs for use in the photo lineup.
        As noted above, appellant is Polynesian. The database used by the program
did not include photographs of persons whose ethnicity is Polynesian or Pacific
Islander. As such, the program output pictures of Black and Asian men. The officer
testified that “the system produced these persons that were close to the suspect.”
       Ms. LW was shown the photos one-by-one, and with each photo was given the
opportunity to say something. Upon reviewing the seventh photo she stated the
individual “looks like” the person from the bar. This was appellant’s photo. She
further stated, “[i]f I would see the arms, I could directly identify the tattoos.” She
then stated she could “exclude” the other photos. As we noted above, Ms. LW and
appellant had compared tattoos in the bar. The officer then showed Ms. LW two
additional photos.
       The first photo was of appellant clothed with his tattoos not visible. Ms. LW
said that “it could be” him, “[b]ut I’m not really sure.”

                                           6
BROWN—ARMY 20160195

       The police then showed Ms. LW a second photo of appellant without his shirt
and clearly displaying his tattoos. After seeing a photo that included appellant’s
tattoos Ms. LW said it was “definitely” the person at the bar. 7
                                2. Law and analysis
      Military Rule of Evidence [Mil. R. Evid.] 321 governs the admissibility of
witness identifications. The rule loosely tracks Supreme Court jurisprudence on the
admissibility of witness identifications (see infra). However, we need not identify
any discrepancies between the rule and constitutional jurisprudence because, by its
own terms, the identification procedures used in this case fall outside of the rule.
      An identification is inadmissible under the rule under two circumstances:
       First, an identification conducted by “United States or other domestic
authorities” is inadmissible if it is so “suggestive as to create a substantial
likelihood of misidentification” or, for in-person lineups, fails to comply with an
accused’s rights to counsel under both military and civilian law. Mil. R. Evid.
321(b)(1), (c). There is no evidence the German police conducted the photo lineup
at the behest or in coordination with U.S. military law enforcement. Accordingly,
this provision is inapplicable.
      Second, evidence of an identification must be excluded when “required by the
Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States
as applied to members of the Armed Forces.” Mil. R. Evid. 321(b)(2). This is the
provision that is applicable, and therefore the question before us is one of pure
Constitutional law unshackled by the drafting of the rule. 8

7
 There is one additional wrinkle that the defense raised both at trial and on appeal.
Ms. LW was the daughter of a German police official. The person conducting the
photo lineup with Ms. LW knew her and they lived about half a kilometer from each
other. The same officer also recognized appellant as they frequented the same gym.

Over government objection, the military judge allowed defense counsel to explore
this issue at the suppression motion. While the defense engaged in a reasonable line
of inquiry, they were unable to develop evidence of bias to demonstrate the photo
lineup was affected by the officer’s prior acquaintance with Ms. LW or appellant.
8
 In Neil v. Biggers, an identification is only inadmissible if the process used was
both unreliable and “unnecessary” under the circumstances. 409 U.S. 188, 199-200
(1972). For reasons that are not made clear by the Drafter’s analysis, Mil. R. Evid.
321 does not require the identification process be “unnecessary.” See Mil. R. Evid.
321 analysis at A22-37 to -38. Thus, for example, a strict reading of the rule would
not differentiate between showing a witness a single photo of a suspect when police

                                                                      (continued . . .)

                                          7
BROWN—ARMY 20160195

       We apply a two-prong test based upon Supreme Court case law for
determining admissibility of eyewitness identification. “First, was a pretrial
identification unnecessarily suggestive?” Rhodes, 42 M.J. at 290 (citing Stovall v.
Denno, 388 U.S. 293 (1967)). “Second, if the pretrial identification was
‘unnecessarily suggestive,’ was it conducive to a substantial likelihood of
misidentification?” Id. (citing Manson v. Brathwaite, 432 U.S. 98 (1977)).
       Finally, as we are an appellate court, we review the trial judge’s decision to
admit evidence for an abuse of discretion. Id. (citing United States v. Webb, 38 M.J.
62, 67 (C.M.A. 1993)). To find an abuse of discretion we would need to find an
“arbitrary, fanciful, clearly unreasonable, or clearly erroneous” action by the
military judge. United States v. White, 69 M.J. 236, 239 (C.A.A.F. 2010) (citation
omitted).
       As to the first prong, we do not find the identification procedure used by the
German police to be unnecessarily suggestive. Ms. LW was shown sixteen photos.
She identified the photo of appellant as “look[ing] like” the person at the bar. While
only two of the photos contained in the array depicted persons of Polynesian
ethnicity (appellant and SPC Faatau) our review of the photograph lineup (which
admittedly consists of black and white photocopies) does not reveal that this was
overly suggestive.
      Nor was it unnecessary. Our superior court has quoted favorably that even a
one person “show up” is not always unnecessarily suggestive:
             An immediate identification while the witness’ memory is
             still fresh and when there are no grounds for holding a
             suspect has been held not to be unnecessary under the Due
             Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. Johnson v.
             Dugger, 817 F.2d 726, 729 (11th Cir. 1987); State v.
             Perkins, 141 Ariz. 278, 686 P.2d 1248, 1259 (1984). It is

(. . . continued)
seek to identify an active shooter (likely necessary) and when showing the witness a
single photo in a police station hours after the danger has passed (likely
unnecessary). Notwithstanding the rule’s omission, our superior court has generally
interpreted Mil. R. Evid. 321 in a manner that reads into the rule current Supreme
Court case law. See e.g. United States v. Rhodes, 42 M.J. 287, 290-91 (C.A.A.F.
1995). The rule also provides that an identification subsequent to an unreliable
identification may be admissible only upon clear and convincing evidence that the
former is untainted by the later. See Mil. R. Evid. 321(d)(6)(B)(ii). While
applicable to Sixth Amendment violations, our research has been unable to find any
Supreme Court case applying that standard to Fifth Amendment issues as is the issue
here.

                                          8
BROWN—ARMY 20160195

             important to have a one-on-one confrontation take place
             immediately after a crime while memories are fresh
             so innocent individuals may be released. Id. An
             immediate confrontation permits investigative activities to
             be refocused if there is no identification. State v. Collette,
             199 Conn. 308, 310-11, 507 A.2d 99, 101 (1986).
Rhodes, 42 M.J. at 290-91. If a “one-person show-up” is not unnecessarily
suggestive in such cases, it was not unnecessarily suggestive to proceed with the
photo-lineup shortly after the offense without first finding and including additional
images of Polynesians.
       For similar reasons, we do not find it to be unnecessarily suggestive that the
German police showed Ms. LW a single photo of appellant shirtless. Ms. LW had
already picked out appellant’s photo from the array of sixteen photos as “look[ing]
like” the person at the bar. She effectively stated that she could positively identify
appellant if she could see his tattoos.
       However, assuming there was an “unnecessarily suggestive” photo lineup, we
will examine the second prong to determine whether the identification at trial was
reliable.
             The following factors support a reliable identification:
             “opportunity to view” the actual perpetrator of the
             offense, Manson v. Brathwaite, 432 U.S. at 114; Neil v.
             Biggers, 409 U.S. at 199; “the witness’ degree of
             attention,” 409 U.S. at 199; a short “length of time
             between the crime and the confrontation,” 409 U.S. at
             199-200; see 432 U.S. at 115; no discrepancy between
             offender’s description and appellant, 432 U.S. at 115; and
             little likelihood of other individuals in the area at the time
             of the offense matching the description given by the
             victim.
Rhodes, 42 M.J. at 291.

      Ms. LW spent substantial time with appellant at the bar and had ample
opportunity to observe him. Her description of appellant, which was made before
the photo lineup was conducted, was detailed. The police conducted the photo

                                           9
BROWN—ARMY 20160195

lineup on the same day as the assault. 9 There was not a substantive likelihood of
misidentification at trial.
       Accordingly, we find no error when the military judge allowed Ms. LW to
identify appellant in court.
     B. Did the military judge abuse his discretion in denying appellant’s motion to
                 compel the production of certain character witnesses?
       Prior to trial the defense requested the government obtain the production of
twenty-six witnesses. The government denied the production of nine witnesses. Of
those, the defense filed a motion to compel the production of eight. The military
judge denied the motion. On appeal, appellant asserts the military judge erred as to
six of the witnesses. While we discuss all six, only three witnesses merit detailed
discussion. 10
      Of the six witnesses, Major (MAJ) Tumpap and Mr. Sokugawa were to
provide character evidence during findings. First Lieutenant (1LT) Flores and Mrs.
Swaford were to testify only in sentencing. Captain Snyder and MAJ Pattumma
were to testify as to appellant’s character during findings as well as provide
sentencing evidence. The proffered character evidence included opinions as to
appellant’s peacefulness, law-abidingness, truthfulness, and good military character.
       This appeal requires us to address two substantive issues. First, given recent
amendments to the rule, when is evidence of good military character admissible in a
case of aggravated assault? Second, when are character witnesses who knew an
accused at various points of his life cumulative?

9
  For this issue, we limit our review to the evidence that was introduced and
considered by the military judge in deciding the suppression motion. Having lost
the suppression motion, the defense case focused on whether he or SPC Faatau threw
the bottle that hit Ms. LW, and, with respect to the murder charge, issues of
causation and self-defense. Accordingly, in reviewing whether the military judge
abused his discretion by allowing Ms. LW’s in-court identification of appellant, we
do not rely on the substantial evidence introduced at trial that appellant threw the
bottle that hit Ms. LW.
10
  We do not discuss in depth the production of Captain (CPT) Snyder or the two
witnesses who were to be produced only for sentencing. The defense only requested
the telephonic production of CPT Snyder. The military judge denied the request.
However, any error was not prejudicial as CPT Snyder testified telephonically for
the defense. The production of sentencing witnesses is governed by the strict
standards of Rule for Court-Martial 1001(e)(2).

                                           10
BROWN—ARMY 20160195

                           1. The “Good Soldier Defense.”
       We first address whether evidence of appellant’s good military character was
admissible at trial. If it was not admissible, then the military judge did not err in
refusing to grant appellant’s motion to compel the production of witnesses who
would testify to appellant’s military character.
      In his motion to compel production, appellant requested the presence of MAJ
Pattumma, appellant’s former company commander. The motion summarized the
content and relevance of MAJ Pattumma’s testimony as follows:
             SGT Brown is an outstanding Soldier and good NCO who
             always followed the rules and acted as you would expect a
             good soldier to act. [Sergeant] Brown’s good military
             character is pertinent in this case because a good soldier
             would not harass and attack two women in a bar. A good
             Soldier follows the rules 24-7, and lives by the Army
             values.
       The admissibility of evidence of good military character, offered to prove that
the accused did not commit the offense, was sharply curtailed by legislative
directive in 2015. See Carl Levin and Howard P. “Buck” McKeon National Defense
Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2015 [2015 NDAA], Pub. L. No. 113-291, § 536,
128 Stat. 3292, 3368 (2014) (Modification of Military Rules of Evidence Relating to
Admissibility of General Military Character Toward Probability of Innocence);
Exec. Order No. 13,696, 80 Fed. Reg. 35,781, 35,818 (June 17, 2015) (amending
Mil. R. Evid. 404(a) to its current form). 11 As amended, evidence of an accused’s
general military character is prohibited outright for numerous offenses. See Mil. R.
Evid. 404(a)(2)(A)(i)-(iii) (prohibiting general military character evidence for
offenses alleged under Articles 120-120a; 125-127; 129-132). For all other offenses,
evidence of an accused’s general military character is prohibited when the character
evidence “is not relevant to any element of an offense for which the accused has
been charged.” Mil. R. Evid. 404(a)(2)(A)(iv).
       The amendment to the rule called into question decades of case law assessing
when evidence of good military character is admissible at a court-martial. For
example, in United States v. McNeill, 17 M.J. 451 (C.M.A. 1984), our superior court
reversed the accused’s conviction under Article 125, UCMJ, because the military
judge improperly excluded evidence of the accused’s good military character. In
United States v. Benedict, the court set aside a sexual molestation conviction
because evidence of the accused’s “awards, decorations, and officer effectiveness

11
  Appellant’s was arraigned at his court-martial after the amendment to Mil. R.
Evid. 404(a) became effective.

                                          11
BROWN—ARMY 20160195

reports as evidence of the specific character trait of ‘good conduct as an officer’”
had been excluded. 27 M.J. 253, 262 (C.M.A. 1988). However, as Congress now
specifically prohibited admitting good military character for violations of Articles
120 and 125, UCMJ, it seems certain that McNeill and Benedict are no longer good
law as applied to those specific articles.
       Appellant, however, was convicted of aggravated assault under Article 128,
UCMJ. This offense is not one of the offenses specifically excluded by the amended
rule. Accordingly, we must determine whether evidence of good military character
is “relevant to any element” of the offense of aggravated assault under Mil. R. Evid.
404(a)(2)(A)(iv).
       As an initial matter, we first consider what the amendment to Mil. R. Evid.
404(a) did not do. The rule change did not change an accused’s ability to admit
evidence of his character as a law-abiding person. See e.g. United States v.
Clemons, 16 M.J. 44, 46-47 (C.M.A. 1983). Nor does the amendment prevent
appellant from admitting his character for peaceableness. See e.g. United States v.
True, 41 M.J. 424, 426 (C.A.A.F. 1995) (citing United States v. Credit, 8 M.J. 190
(C.M.A. 1980)) (recognizing evidence of an accused’s peaceableness may be
admissible in a rape case). As these two character traits (among others) 12 remain
entirely viable, we are only concerned with the restrictions on “good soldier”
evidence to the extent that it allows for inferences based on something other than
one’s law-abidingness, peacefulness, and other character traits that remain entirely
permissible.
      We find that evidence of appellant’s good military character was not
admissible for two independent reasons.
        First, evidence of an accused’s good military character is now only admissible
if the evidence is a “pertinent trait” and “relevant” to “any element” of the offense.
Mil. R. Evid. 404(a)(2)(A)(iv). We think it incorrect to read this exception so
broadly as to swallow the rule. As the defense claimed in their trial motion, it can
be argued that good soldiers do not commit crimes and therefore, evidence that one
is a good soldier is always a pertinent character trait and is relevant to every element

12
  Our superior court has recognized many other character traits proffered by an
accused as pertinent under the facts of a particular case under Mil. R. Evid. 404(a).
See e.g. United States v. Elliot, 23 M.J. 1, 5-6 (C.M.A. 1986) (character evidence
concerning an accused’s “trusting nature” admissible and pertinent to larceny
charges); United States v. Pearce, 27 M.J. 121, 123-24 (C.M.A. 1988) (character for
honesty may be offered to disprove allegation of larceny); United States v. Brown,
41 M.J. 1, 4 (C.M.A. 1994) (in drug use case, military judge erred in barring
evidence of accused’s strong opposition to the use of drugs and alcohol as a matter
of religious principle).

                                          12
BROWN—ARMY 20160195

of every offense. “Under the Federal Rules of Evidence, a generally good character
as a person is no longer a fact relevant for the above purpose.” United States v.
Piatt, 17 M.J. 442, 445 (C.A.A.F. 1984). “Instead, only a particular trait of such a
character is admissible for this purpose and then only when this character trait is
pertinent to a particular issue in the case.” Id. See also Federal Rule of Evidence
404(a)(1); cf. Michelson v. United States, 335 U.S. 469 (1948).

       Prior to the adoption of the military rules of evidence, evidence of “general
military character” was permissible. See Stephen A. Saltzburg, Lee D. Schinasi,
David A. Schlueter, Military Rules of Evidence Manual [SALTZBURG] 4-82 (6th
ed. 2006). Although the adoption of the Military Rules of Evidence in 1980 would
have appeared to prohibit general character evidence, some confusion remained:

             Although the military version of 404(a)(1) is identical
             with its federal counterpart in prohibiting general
             character evidence, the Drafters’ Analysis suggests that
             the defense will still be able to introduce general good
             military character if the accused is charged with a
             uniquely military offense.

Id. As further explained, “military courts have expanded the use of this evidence to
virtually any offense a service member is charged with.” Id. at 4-82 n.14. Thus,
according to SALTZBURG, military courts were, arguably contrary to the rule,
permitting general character evidence without requiring pertinence. 13

       Congress’s amendment to the rule prohibited general military character
evidence unless it is relevant to a specific element of an offense. Thus, in one sense,
the amendment did little as general character evidence was already prohibited. Our
superior court usually allowed military character evidence under the rubric of it
being a specific trait. “[A] person's military character is properly considered a
particular trait of his general character and a fact which may be relevant at a court-
martial depending upon the issue for which it is offered.” Piatt, 17 M.J. at 446
(citation omitted).

       However, to the extent that military courts had effectively read out of the rule
a requirement for pertinence when considering the admissibility of military character
evidence, the recent amendment reinserted that requirement.

13
  Consider that in Benedict, our superior court reversed the conviction because
specific instances of character (i.e. not reputation or opinion) were not admitted. 27
M.J. at 262. This was a view of military character evidence that maintained fidelity
with the use of military character evidence permitted in the 1969 Manual.

                                          13
BROWN—ARMY 20160195

       Thus, in a sense, the amended rule may be returning us to a state similar to
that when the rule was first enacted. “In order to find an accused’s good military
character admissible during the findings portion of a trial, we believe there must be
some direct connection between that specific character trait and the offense
charged.” United States v. Cooper, 11 M.J. 815, 816 (A.F.C.M.R. 1981)
(interpreting Mil. R. Evid. 404(a)(1) shortly after its enactment).

        While we need not examine every punitive article, an accused’s general
military character would be most likely relevant when an accused is charged with an
offense such as conduct unbecoming an officer under Article 133, UCMJ. For that
offense, the accused’s military character is directly relevant to one of the elements. 14
By contrast, however, except in the broadest of terms, we do not see the relevance of
an accused’s good military character to any element of aggravated assault.

       Second, looking to the facts of the case, this is not an instance where military
character was relevant. This offense was committed off base and the key players
involved were civilians. Our superior court’s jurisprudence on military character
evidence has always focused on the connection to military discipline and readiness.
See, e.g., United States v. Vandelinder, 20 M.J. 41, 45 (C.M.A. 1985) (“[A] person
of ‘good military character’ is less likely to commit offenses which strike at the
heart of military discipline and readiness.”); United States v. Wilson, 28 M.J. 48, 50
(C.M.A. 1989) (“[S]tatus of victims did not bear sufficient nexus with appellant’s
performance of military duty to warrant extension of the ‘good military character’
instruction” to charges of sodomy, adultery, and indecent language).

      Accordingly, we do not find any error when the military judge denied
appellant’s motion to compel the production of witnesses who were to testify to
appellant’s good military character.

                     2. When is a character witness cumulative?

       In addition to being improper evidence of military good character, the
government denied the remaining character witnesses as being cumulative with
witnesses that the government had agreed to produce. Appellant cites to United
States v. Williams, 3 M.J. 239 (C.M.A. 1977), for the proposition that character

14
  Conduct prohibited by this article is any action or behavior “in an official capacity
which, in dishonoring or disgracing the person as an officer, seriously compromises
the officer’s character as a gentleman” or “in an unofficial or private capacity
which, in dishonoring or disgracing the officer personally, seriously compromises
the person’s standing as an officer.” Manual for Courts-Martial, United States
(2016 ed.), pt. IV, ¶ 59.c.(2).

                                           14
BROWN—ARMY 20160195

witnesses who knew appellant at different times in his life are never cumulative. In
Williams, Judge Perry wrote:
             Patently, when the appellant’s entire defense rested on
             convincing the factfinders that he has always been a
             conscientious, honorable, truth-telling serviceperson,
             testimony of witnesses who knew him at different and
             succeeding periods of time in the military and whose
             testimony was limited to their observations and opinions
             formulated during those different periods of time is not
             cumulative in any sense.

Id. at 243. We do not share appellant’s view that Williams is persuasive in this case.

        First, while Judge Perry was writing for the Court, it is not clear to us that
either of the two other judges joined him in his reasoning. Judge Cook dissented.
Id. at 244 (Cook, J. dissenting). Chief Judge Fletcher, concurring in the opinion,
explicitly stated his standard for determining when witnesses must be produced:

             I now articulate the concept as to the procurement of
             witnesses that I will use in this case and future cases to
             resolve the problem of when witnesses are necessary. If
             the testimony of a witness is material in any respect to the
             exclusion of all other witnesses’ testimony, then his
             presence is mandated. Exhibits do not in my thinking
             equate to live witnesses. Using this standard, I must
             concur with the opinion of Judge Perry.
Id. (Fletcher, C.J., concurring). By focusing on the necessity and materiality of a
prospective witness’s testimony, it is far from clear that Chief Judge Fletcher joined
Judge Perry’s dictum regarding when a witness is cumulative.
       Second, Williams was decided prior to the promulgation of the Military Rules
of Evidence. 15 The operational rule at the time, Manual for Courts-Martial, United
States (1969 ed.) [MCM], ch. XXVII, ¶ 138(f), is substantially different than Mil. R.
Evid. 404(a). The 1969 Manual read as follows:

                   To show the probability of his innocence, the
             accused may introduce evidence of his own good

15
  The Military Rules of Evidence were first added to the MCM on 1 January 1981
pursuant to Executive Order 12,233 (Sept. 1, 1980) and incorporated into Change 4
of the MCM (1969 Rev. ed.).

                                           15
BROWN—ARMY 20160195

             character, including evidence of his military record and
             standing as shown by authenticated copies of efficiency or
             fitness reports or otherwise and evidence of his general
             character as a moral, well-conducted person and law-
             abiding citizen.
MCM, 1969, ch. XXVII, ¶ 138(f)(2). That is, the applicable rule at the time
Williams was decided provided an accused greater rights to admit character evidence
than the current rule allows. While the current rule limits character evidence to
opinion and reputation evidence, see Mil. R. Evid. 405, at the time Williams was
decided an accused could admit efficiency reports–and the specific acts contained
therein–to prove his innocence. While the 1969 Manual did limit evidence of a
specific character trait (e.g., evidence of peacefulness was inadmissible in the case
of a non-violent theft), there was no requirement that general character evidence be
pertinent to the offense charged.
      Third, Williams is a case in which the accused’s entire defense hinged on his
good character. Indeed, the sentence relied on by appellant is conditioned upon a
case “when the appellant’s entire defense rested on convincing the factfinders that
he has always been a conscientious, honorable, truth-telling serviceperson.”
Williams, 3 M.J. at 243. This condition is not met here, as the defense case focused
on causation, identity, and self-defense.
       Fourth, to read Williams, as appellant requests, ignores the purpose of
character evidence as we see it. Like all evidence, character evidence is only
relevant when it tends to make some fact of consequence more or less likely. Mil.
R. Evid. 401. A character trait of the accused at the time of the offense may be
probative of whether appellant committed the offense. Truthful persons tend not to
lie. Peaceful persons do not attack others without adequate provocation.
       Certainly, witnesses who knew the accused at different points in his life may
offer pertinent character evidence that may assist the trier of fact. But all the
evidence seeks to answer the same question: did the accused commit the offense.
The probative value of character evidence therefore depends on its tendency to
establish the accused’s character at the time of the offense. 16

16
  This borders on the tautological. For example, imagine a witness who would
testify that the accused was an honest person from 1990-2000 but who no longer
held that opinion after he viewed the accused as having fallen in with the wrong
crowd. The witness’s positive opinion regarding the accused’s earlier honesty
would not be relevant in determining whether the accused committed perjury in
2005.

                                         16
BROWN—ARMY 20160195

       Thus, when assessing whether a witness who will testify to the accused’s
character is cumulative, the timeframe that is ultimately critical is the time of the
offense. Of course, witnesses who knew the accused in the past may offer
admissible character evidence because it is a reasonable inference that an accused’s
character has not changed between the time the witness knew the accused and the
time of the offense. Indeed, establishing that an accused’s character has remained
constant over a long period of time may assist the trier of fact in determining the
strength of that inference. But, in the end, evidence of an accused’s character trait
is useful to the factfinder only to the extent that it assists the court-martial in
determining whether the accused acted in conformity with that character at the time
of the offense.
      With that framework, we now turn to the question of whether the military
judge erred when he denied the defense motion to compel the production of
character witnesses.
      Of the six witnesses identified in appellant’s brief as having been improperly
denied, only two were to provide admissible character evidence during findings.
Major Tumpap is related to appellant’s wife and had known appellant for ten years.
Mr. Sokugawa had known appellant since 1995 and appellant claimed the witness
“knew him better than anyone else.” Both were to testify as to appellant’s character
of peacefulness and truthfulness.
      The government denied the two witnesses as being cumulative with two other
character witnesses that the government had already agreed to produce: 1LT Provost
and Staff Sergeant Turgeon. These two witnesses were local, while the disputed
witnesses would have to be flown in to testify.
        First Lieutenant Provost testified to appellant’s character at trial. By the time
of trial, 1LT Provost had known appellant for about eleven months and had been
appellant’s acting company commander. Staff Sergeant Turgeon also testified to
appellant’s character. He had known appellant for about two and a half years and
“hangs out” with appellant “every other day.”
       Although we find appellant’s reliance on Williams mistaken, we share some
concern with finding the witnesses cumulative. First Lieutenant Provost’s opinion
regarding appellant was based entirely on her post-offense interactions with accused.
Staff Sergeant Turgeon knew appellant at the time of the offense, but not nearly as
long as the two witnesses that the government had denied. Thus, while we see no
per se right to call character witnesses from different points in appellant’s life, it is
arguable that, of the four character witnesses in question, the government, by

                                           17
BROWN—ARMY 20160195

agreeing to produce the two local witnesses, provided the two witnesses who had a
weaker foundation for their opinion. 17
        However, we must weigh our concerns against the backdrop of the standard of
review. We review a military judge’s ruling on a request for a witness for an abuse
of discretion. United States v. McElhaney, 54 M.J. 120, 126 (C.A.A.F. 2000) (citing
United States v. Rockwood, 52 M.J. 98, 104 (C.A.A.F. 1999)). “The decision on a
request for a witness should only be reversed if, ‘on the whole,’ denial of the
witness was improper.” Id. (citing United States v. Ruth, 46 M.J. 1, 3 (C.A.A.F.
1997)). This court “will not set aside a judicial denial of a witness request ‘unless
[we have] a definite and firm conviction that the [trial court] committed a clear error
of judgement in the conclusion it reached upon a weighing of the relevant factors.’”
Id. (citing United States v. Houser, 36 M.J. 392, 397 (C.M.A. 1993)) (alterations in
original).
       The military judge did not explain his ruling denying the defense motion, and
therefore receives less deference than he might otherwise have. However, while we
note our concerns above, we lack a “definite and firm conviction that the trial court
committed a clear error of judgment.” We therefore do not find an abuse of
discretion.
       However, even if we were to find an abuse of discretion, we would not find
the error to be prejudicial. Both MAJ Tumpap and Mr. Sokugawa testified for the
defense, albeit telephonically. Major Tumpap laid a deep foundation for how he
knew appellant and then said that in his opinion appellant was peaceful and that
appellant “is a guy who will follow any laws around him wherever he’s at.” Mr.
Sokugawa laid an even deeper foundation for his opinion and testified that appellant
is peaceful and that appellant is law-abiding and “always follows the rules.” Of
course, that a witness testified telephonically does not always make the lack of in-
person testimony harmless. Even more certainly, our finding of harmlessness should
not be confused with sanctioning any error.
     C. Are Specialist Rine’s notes regarding the assault a present sense impression?
      After Ms. LS collapsed and died, SPC Rine began taking notes on his phone
recounting what had just transpired. He then continued to take notes as the police,
coroner and other persons responded to the scene. The government offered SPC

17
  The government argues in their brief to this court that the panel heard “countless
witnesses discuss appellant’s character.” The defense counters that the number of
witnesses who testified in person, (which is the issue presented in the motion to
compel production), is not “countless.” Appellant responds that he “has no
difficulty counting the number of witnesses who testified as to [appellant’s]
character in person. The number is two.”

                                           18
BROWN—ARMY 20160195

Rine’s notes as a present sense impression during redirect testimony following
defense counsel’s cross examination of SPC Rine.
       An exception to the rule prohibiting hearsay, a present sense impression is a
“statement describing or explaining an event or condition, made while or
immediately after the declarant perceived it.” Mil. R. Evid. 803(1). The crux of the
issue here is whether SPC Rine’s notes were taken “immediately after” the events he
was describing.
     Following defense counsel’s cross examination, SPC Rine testified on redirect
examination to the timing of the notes as follows:
             Q. Let me ask you: Did you document the things you saw?
             A. Yes, Sir.
             Q. Can you describe to the panel how you did that?
             A. Approximately 5 minutes after they were happening,
             after everything happened, I started taking notes on
             everything. And from there on out I took notes along with
             times and names of what had occurred and what was
             happening that moment.
             Q. So, you’re contemporaneously taking notes in your cell
             phone?
             A. Yes, sir.
             Q. And that’s roughly the same time as these events are
             happening?
             A. Yes, sir.
             Q. And did the things you write in that phone relate
             directly to the events that you were personally perceiving?
             A. Yes, sir.
During an Article 39(a) session the military judge then confirmed that SPC Rine
took the notes “less than 5 minutes” after having observed what happened.
       The question we must decide is whether “less than 5 minutes” is “immediately
after” the events that were perceived for purposes of Mil. R. Evid. 803(1).
      In United States v. Brown we noted that “[n]o military appellate court has
defined ‘immediately thereafter’ beyond S ALTZBURG ’ S suggested definition,[] ‘as
soon as the opportunity to speak arises.’” 48 M.J. 578, 583-84 (Army Ct. Crim.
App. 1998) (citing S ALTZBURG at 942 (4 th ed. 1996)). While we noted that “periods
of twelve hours up to two-and-a-half weeks have been rejected as untimely” we

                                         19
BROWN—ARMY 20160195

could not find any case describing the other end of the permissible timeframe where
a present sense impression could be used. Id. at 583-84 (citations omitted).
Ultimately we did not answer the question in Brown because we found the
government’s foundation allowed for the statement to have been made
“instantaneously or as much as four to eight hours after the perceived event.” Id. at
584.
     Today we attempt to provide some clarity on the question that went
unanswered in Brown.
      In Taylor v. Erna, Judge Woodlock summarized the law as to when a
statement is contemporaneous with an event:
             There is no bright-line rule indicating what will constitute
             contemporaneity and courts have treated varying intervals
             of time alternatively admissible and inadmissible.
             Compare United States v. Blakey, 607 F.2d 779, 786 (7th
             Cir. 1979) (holding that 23 minutes between the event and
             the statement is within the scope of the “substantially
             contemporaneous” standard); Miller v. Crown
             Amusements, Inc., 821 F. Supp. 703 (S.D. Ga. 1993)
             (holding that 10 minutes between a traffic accident and
             declarant's explanation of the event in a phone call to the
             police is within the permissible scope of the
             contemporaneity standard) with Hilyer v. Howat Concrete
             Co., Inc., 578 F.2d 422, 426 n. 7, 188 U.S. App. D.C. 180
             (D.C. Cir. 1978) (holding that 15 to 45 minutes after an
             accident was not within the scope of [t]he “substantially
             contemporaneous” standard and fell outside the present
             sense impression exception). The admissibility of
             statements depends on the facts of each case. Blakey, 607
             F.2d at 785.

No. 08-10534-DPW, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 61612, at *14-15 (D. Mass. July 14,
2009). As Judge Woodlock further noted:
             The present sense impression exception “recognizes that
             in many, if not most, instances precise contemporaneity is
             not possible, and hence a slight lapse is allowable.” Fed.
             R. Evid. 803(1) Advisory Committee’s Note. The rationale
             is that the “substantial contemporaneity of the statement
             and the event described or explained offsets the likelihood
             of deliberate or conscious misrepresentation.” [United
             States v. Ferber, 966 F. Supp. 90, 97 (D. Mass 1997)].

                                          20
BROWN—ARMY 20160195

             The passage of a short interval of time should not preclude
             statements otherwise admissible under the exception.
             Blakey, 607 F.2d at 785.
Id. at *15. In Taylor, the evidence revealed that the statement was made between
five and twenty minutes after the event in question. Judge Woodlock concluded that
“[w]hile fewer than five minutes seems clearly within the purview of the exception,
twenty minutes is at the outer limit.” Id.
       We agree with Judge Woodlock’s reasoning. While a proper determination
will always turn on the facts of each individual case, we hold as a general matter,
that five minutes will usually be within the present sense impression exception and
twenty minutes is at the outer edge of the exception.
       Our holding appears to be consistent with the vast majority of federal courts
that have addressed the issue. See United States v. Green, 556 F.3d 151, 157 (3d
Cir. 2009) (fifty minutes is too long for a present sense impression); United States v.
Mitchell, 145 F.3d 572 (3d Cir. 1998) (forty minute time span “probably too long for
applicability of the present sense impression”); United States v. Tutt, No. 13-cr-
20396, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 163290, at *9 (E.D. Mich. Nov. 15, 2013) (statement
“made within minutes” acceptable); First State Bank of Denton v. Maryland
Casualty Co, 918 F.2d 38, 42 (5th Cir 1990) (statements made “on the heels” of the
event was properly admitted); United States v. Peacock, 654 F.2d 339, 350 (5th Cir.
1981) (statements of deceased declarant when made with “substantial
contemporaneity” with the event); United States v. Davis, 577 F.3d 660, 669 (6th
Cir. 2009) (admitting 911 call where caller reported seeing defendant with a gun as
present sense impression and stating it did not matter whether were made thirty
seconds or five minutes after witnessing event); United States v. Parker, 936 F.2d
950, 954 (7th Cir. 1991) (present sense impression admissible when time period
between event and declarant’s statement was occupied by walking a short distance,
being asked four or five questions, and then walking approximately 100 feet); United
States v. Mejia-Velez, 855 F. Supp. 607, 623 (E.D.N.Y. 1994) (tapes of two 911
calls, one two to three minutes after shooting, the other approximately sixteen
minutes after shooting, sufficiently contemporaneous with event and therefore
admissible as present sense impression); Torres v. City of Santa Clara, No. 5:13-cv-
01475-PSG, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 116195, at *9 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 20, 2014) (an
hour too long for a present sense impression); Miller, 821 F. Supp. at 707 (ten
minutes not too long for a present sense impression); Burrows v. General Motors
Corp., No. 92-5771 1993 U.S. App. LEXIS 17673, at *12 (6th Cir. 1993) (unpub.)
(general discussion of present sense impression exception; statements held
inadmissible because time of event could not be determined);
      Given that the evidence presented to the military judge was that SPC Rine’s
notes were taken less than five minutes after the perceived events, that between
observing the events and recording them SPC Rine was fully engaged in attempting

                                          21
BROWN—ARMY 20160195

to care for one woman who was severely injured and another who was dying, we find
that the military judge did not abuse his discretion in admitting the notes.
       Accordingly, we do not address whether the notes were separately admissible
as a prior recollection recorded or as a prior consistent statement.
                                 CONCLUSION
      The findings of guilty and sentence are AFFIRMED.

      Senior Judge MULLIGAN and Judge FEBBO concur.

                                       FOR THE COURT:

                                       JOHN P. TAITT
                                      JOHN
                                       Chief P. TAITT
                                             Deputy Clerk of Court
                                      Chief Deputy Clerk of Court

                                        22