Court Opinion

ID: 9380022
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-16 21:03:47.309169+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:44.908231
License: Public Domain

Filed 3/16/23 P. v. Oliver CA1/1
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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          IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                      FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                   DIVISION ONE

 THE PEOPLE,
             Plaintiff and Respondent,                                  A161773

 v.                                                                     (San Mateo County Super. Ct.
 KEVIN LEROI OLIVER,                                                     No. SC026429B)
             Defendant and Appellant.

         Defendant Kevin Leroi Oliver appeals from the superior court’s denial
of his petition for resentencing under former Penal Code section 1170.95,1
now renumbered as section 1172.6. (Stats. 2022, ch. 58, § 10.) After the trial
court determined that Oliver had made a prima facie showing of eligibility for
resentencing, a hearing was ordered pursuant to subdivision (d)(3) of former
section 1170.95. Based upon the evidence presented at that hearing, the
court denied the resentencing petition. Specifically—after finding beyond a
reasonable doubt that Oliver was a major participant in enumerated
underlying crimes who acted with reckless indifference to human life—the
court concluded that he could still be convicted of first degree murder under

        All statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise
         1

specified.

                                                               1
current law and was therefore ineligible for resentencing. (See §§ 189, subds.
(a) & (e)(3), 1176.2, subd. (a)(3).) We affirm.

                              I. BACKGROUND
A.    The Murder Prosecution
      After a 1996 jury trial, Oliver was convicted of first degree murder for
participating in a 1990 robbery/burglary with Robert Adger and Edward
Bruce Grady during which Miguel Jimenez was killed.2 The underlying facts
with respect to this murder prosecution are detailed in our previous
unpublished opinion in this matter. (People v. Adger (Sept. 2, 1998, A076756)
(Adger II) [unpub. opn.].) Here, we focus on the evidence from the record of
conviction presented to the trial court on the single issue animating this
appeal: whether Oliver was a major participant in the underlying
robbery/burglary who acted with reckless indifference to human life and is
therefore ineligible for resentencing. As that record discloses, the plan was
for Grady to drive Adger and Oliver to Jimenez’s house for an unusually large
drug transaction involving three kilos of cocaine valued at approximately
$60,000. In the planning stages, Adger indicated he intended to kill Jimenez
if he was alone. Although his friend Alvis Chatman cautioned Oliver prior to

      2 This was the second trial of Adger and Oliver for Jimenez’s murder.
In their first trial, the jury convicted the two men of first degree murder,
robbery, burglary, arson, and conspiracy to commit robbery and burglary.
The jury also found true robbery and burglary special circumstances and
allegations that Adger had used a gun and that Oliver was armed.
Codefendant Grady was convicted of arson and of being an accessory to
murder, but was acquitted of murder, robbery, and burglary. After Adger
and Oliver appealed, Division 4 of this First District reversed, concluding
that the admission of the content of immunity agreements between the
prosecution and three key witnesses constituted reversible error. (See People
v. Adger (June 14, 1994, A059466 & A059532) (Adger I) [unpub. opn.].)

                                        2
the robbery to think about what he was getting himself into and consider his
baby, Oliver disregarded Chatman’s warning because he viewed it as “a
chance for everything.”
      i.    Evidence of Prior Drug Dealing by Adger & Oliver
      At the 1996 trial, Robert Contreras testified that Jimenez was his best
friend and that he participated in drug deals with him in 1990. Contreras
took part in drug deals involving Jimenez, Adger, Oliver, and Chatman
approximately four times during this timeframe. On each occasion, Adger
handled the money and Oliver accompanied him. He and Chatman were
middlemen. Adger, Oliver, and Chatman were the only African-Americans
with whom Jimenez dealt.
      Jose Anguicano—a longtime friend of Jimenez—also testified that he
witnessed a number of drug transactions involving Jimenez, Adger, Oliver,
and Chatman in the months preceding the murder. During two of the
transactions, Oliver went out to the car to get the money after he and Adger
viewed the proffered cocaine. The day after Jimenez was murdered, Orozco
(who was in the house at the time of the murder as discussed further below)
told Anguicano that the shooting occurred during a drug deal with “the
blacks” and that he got scared and jumped out the window.
      ii.   Testimony of Chatman & Kight
      At the time of the murder, Chatman was living in Newark with Adger,
Oliver, Kimberly Kight, and Kight and Chatman’s young twins.3 Chatman
had known Adger and Oliver for years, and Grady for all of his life. Adger
and Oliver were in a rap group called “Young Life 2 Snow.” Adger was
“Young Life,” and Oliver was “Snow,” but they did not make much money.

      3Chatman died after the first trial in this matter. Thus, his testimony
from the first trial was read to the jury during the second trial.

                                      3
Chatman made money by selling drugs and did business with Jimenez.
Adger and Oliver also sold drugs, and the three had participated in drug
transactions with Jimenez on numerous occasions, generally involving a kilo
or two of cocaine. Chatman was the middleman. Adger would ask him to
find someone willing to sell him drugs. Chatman would work with Jimenez
to obtain the drugs. If Chatman could get more than the base price per kilo,
he and Jimenez would split the extra money.
      On October 16, 1990, Chatman arrived at the Newark residence with a
girlfriend, where he found Adger and Oliver sitting on the couch. Adger was
talking with Jimenez on the phone. After the call, Adger asked the girlfriend
to excuse herself so he could talk to Chatman, and the three men (Adger,
Oliver, and Chatman) sat on the couch together. Adger then explained that
he had set up a three-kilo deal with Jimenez; that he was going to rob him;
and that, if Jimenez was there alone, he would “kill him, shoot him”—he
would “do what he had to do.” When Chatman asked Adger why he wanted
to rob Jimenez, Adger responded that Jimenez was “just a Mexican” and that
he was going broke.
      Adger asked Chatman to drive, but he refused. Adger then repeatedly
pressed Chatman to lend him his car. At one point, Adger stated he “might
not even do” what he said he was “going to do,” but if anything happened to
Chatman’s car, he would buy it from Chatman. Eventually, the two men
agreed to switch vehicles. Although Chatman liked Jimenez and Adger had
said he planned to rob and kill him, Chatman agreed to let Adger use his car
because he did not want it anymore and was going to sell it. Adger then
made a few calls and Grady arrived. The two men went into Adger’s room.
At that point, Chatman told Oliver that he “should think about what he
gonna do, what he’s doing.” He suggested Oliver think about his baby and

                                      4
about what he was getting himself into. Oliver responded that he had
thought about it but “it was a chance for everything.” Thereafter, Adger,
Oliver, and Grady drove off in Chatman’s car.
      Later that evening, Oliver contacted Chatman, repeatedly telling him
to come home. Chatman stated: “I hope you all didn’t do what I think you
did.” And Oliver responded: “Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Come home.” After
returning to the residence, Chatman agreed to go to the movies with Adger,
Oliver, and Grady at Adger’s request. Chatman rode with Oliver, who told
him that he and Adger had gone into the house and seen Jimenez and the
drugs. After they were shown the cocaine, Adger looked at Oliver and then
jumped up, pulled the gun out, and shot Jimenez in the chest. Jimenez
jumped up and started running, at which point Adger ran after him and shot
him again. According to Oliver, Grady got a half of a kilo for driving, he got a
kilo for going into the house with Adger, and Adger got a kilo and a half for
doing the shooting. After the movie, the four men returned to the house, and
someone said, “[l]et’s go do what we [have] to do” and get rid of the car.
Chatman refused to go along, so Adger drove off in his car, and Oliver and
Grady drove off in Chatman’s car. Chatman never saw his car again.
      Chatman didn’t really believe what had happened until he was at a 7-
Eleven with Oliver and Adger, and Adger read about the homicide in a
newspaper, which reported the death of Jimenez, a gardener and drug dealer.
Chatman was scared and didn’t know how to react. Adger looked at him and
stated: “Don’t look at us like we killers . . . . It’s something we did, we had to
do.” Shortly thereafter, Adger asked Chatman to bring a kilo to him at his
aunt’s house. Chatman did so, finding Adger at the house with Oliver and a
third person. Oliver cooked the powder into rock cocaine. Later that

                                         5
evening, Adger bought a car for one-half ounce of cocaine and gave it to
Chatman.
      During the week after the murder, Chatman drove Adger and Oliver to
a basketball game at Jordan, a school in Palo Alto. On the way, they stopped
at Oliver’s mother’s house. Oliver jumped the fence and came back out with
a brown bag, which he explained held the “gat,” meaning the gun. Chatman
dropped Oliver and Adger off with their gym bags and the bag with the gun.
When he picked them up several hours later, they no longer had the bag with
the gun.
      In November 1990, before he talked to the police for the first time,
Chatman discussed with Adger, Oliver, and Kight what he should say to
them. Oliver and Adger told Chatman he could tell the police anything, as
long as he did not disclose that they had his car. Chatman felt stuck and did
not know what to do. At that point, Oliver stated: “What you scared for, you
all didn’t do it, we did it, you all didn’t do it.” Later, Oliver clarified: “I just
don’t want you all to take me away from Justin [his son].” Adger was
repeatedly shaking his head and commented: “Damn. I should never have
fucked with that Mexican.” Chatman thought he was a suspect in the
murder, and he was trying to protect himself and his friends, so when he was
first interviewed by the police, he lied a lot. It was also dangerous to be a
snitch.
      After the police interview, Chatman went to Texas for a month with
Kim and their children because he was scared. Eventually, however, after
connecting by telephone with a detective from Redwood City, he came back
and spoke again to the police. In a December 1990 pretext call with Oliver,
Chatman complained: “Me and Kim ain’t did shit. How did we get into this
shit, man? I going down.” Oliver responded: “Kim ain’t in nothing. You

                                          6
ain’t in nothing neither.” Chatman ultimately testified at trial under a grant
of immunity from the prosecution.
      Kimberly Kight testified (also under a grant of immunity) that, in
October 1990, she lived with her two children, Chatman, Adger, and Oliver in
Newark. Chatman was the father of her children. Adger, Oliver, and
Chatman all earned their money by dealing drugs, with Adger generally
giving the instructions. On the night of October 16, 1990, Kight arrived home
around 8:00 p.m. and she and Chatman went to the mall to get food for
dinner. When they returned to the residence, Adger, Oliver, and Grady were
present. Kight received a call around 4:00 a.m. that Chatman’s car (which
was in her name) had been found burned. Chatman explained that Adger
“and them” did something in the car and it was not safe to drive, but Adger
had told him if the car was not returned, he would buy them a new one.
      When she was interviewed by the police in November 1990, Kight lied
for four or five hours before telling the police what Chatman had told her
about the car. When she met with Chatman, Oliver, and Adger after being
interviewed by the police, Adger stated that “he wished he would have never
fucked with that Mexican” and Oliver stated, “just don’t take me away from
Justin.” When she recounted to Adger and Oliver what she had told the
police, Oliver commented: “You guys don’t have anything to do with it, you
guys was nowhere around, and you all really don’t know what happened. The
only people know what happened is the people that was there.” Adger told
Chatman to tell the police he loaned the car to an individual named Pooh.
When Chatman spoke to Kight in private during his first police interview, he
told her he was scared and did not know what to do: “He wanted to know
what he should do, if he should tell the truth. He didn’t want to get his
friends in trouble.”

                                       7
      iii.   Testimony of Luis Orozco, the Cocaine Supplier
      The day of the murder, Jimenez called Orozco, a cocaine supplier, and
asked him for three kilos. Orozco had previously supplied Jimenez with
cocaine around 25 times. At that time, a kilo sold for $20,000.4 Orozco was
instructed to deliver the drugs and wait for the money. He had never before
supplied Jimenez with that much cocaine. Around 5:00 p.m., some people
arrived, and Orozco went into a nearby room because he did not want to be
seen. Out of curiosity, he took a quick peek out of the door and saw a man
wearing dark sunglasses and a black trench coat with curly, frizzy hair to the
shoulder. He could not hear any talking because the television was on, but
shortly thereafter he heard loud shots. Wanting to get out of there, he
pushed through a window screen and jumped out the window. As he was
leaving the area, Orozco saw a car with three men in it. He later identified
Adger in an in-person lineup as the man he had seen in the house and in the
front passenger seat of the car.
      iv.    Other Prosecution Evidence
      A police officer who responded to Jimenez’s house on the night of the
murder testified that he discovered Jimenez lying on his stomach in the
hallway. Another officer went through a closed bedroom door and found a
window open with the screen lying outside. The pathologist who performed
the autopsy on Jimenez identified one gunshot wound to the front of the
chest, one on the posterior shoulder, and one on the back of the head.
According to a criminalist involved in the case, the gunshot to Jimenez’s
chest came from no more than two feet away and bloodstains at the scene

      4 Orozco testified at the first trial pursuant to an immunity agreement.
He exercised his Fifth Amendment rights and refused to testify at the second
trial as he was under indictment in a federal matter. Thus, his testimony
from the first trial was read to the jury.

                                      8
were consistent with Jimenez being shot in the chest while sitting on the
couch. Numbers retrieved from a pager on the couch indicated that Jimenez
received a mid-day page on the day of the murder from a telephone at the
Newark address listed in the name of Annette Adger. He returned the call
shortly thereafter from a public phone at a governmental office where he had
driven his aunt. A call was then made from the same public phone to a phone
number associated with Orozco’s sister. An inspector for the prosecution
testified that he had discovered an article in the Redwood City Times Tribune
dated October 17, 1990, which discussed Jimenez’s murder as possibly drug
related and mentioned he was a landscape gardener.
      A number of Jimenez’s neighbors also testified regarding the aftermath
of the murder. For example, Pamela S. heard gunshots, looked out the
window, and saw two black men leave the Jimenez residence and drive away.
When they left the house, the men “strutted” to the car as though they were
proud of themselves. Michael P. was sitting on his front porch when he saw
three black males drive by very slowly. They parked in front of Jimenez’s
residence. About five minutes later, the car drove by very fast, and all of the
people in the car were laughing. Hugh B., another neighbor, identified Grady
as the driver of the car at an in-person lineup.
      On October 19, 1990, a custodian at Jordan Junior High School in Palo
Alto found a very heavy brown shopping bag in a trash can from the boy’s
bathroom. The bag contained a gun, loose bullets, empty casings, and a box
of bullets. It had not been there the previous afternoon. The parties
stipulated that Adger and Oliver were in a basketball league that played at
the school on Thursday nights in October 1990. A criminalist opined that one
of the three bullets taken from Jimenez’s body came from the recovered gun.
The other two were most likely also fired from that gun. A forensic specialist

                                        9
testified regarding the burned car owned by Kight, stating that there was no
sign of forced entry into the car, there was a lighter fluid can on the car’s
front seat, and the lighter fluid was used to intentionally set the car on fire.
A latent fingerprint matching Oliver was found on the lighter fluid can.
      v.    Operative Information, Verdict & Sentencing
      The operative third amended information in this case, filed by the San
Mateo County District Attorney on June 28, 1996, just before the case was
argued, charged Oliver and Adger with the murder of Jimenez (§ 187, count
1), conspiracy to commit robbery and burglary (§§ 182, 211, 460, count 2),
robbery (§ 211, count 3), and residential burglary (§ 460.1, count 4). With
respect to both defendants, the amended information also alleged felony-
murder special circumstances. (See §§ 187, 190.2, subd. (a)(17)(A) [robbery
felony murder] & (a)(17)(G) [burglary felony murder].) And it alleged that,
during the commission of the robbery, burglary, and murder, Oliver was
armed with a firearm and Adger personally used a firearm. (§§ 12022, subd.
(a) & 12022.5, subd. (a).)
      On July 18, 1996, a jury convicted both Oliver and Adger of first degree
murder with the felony-murder special circumstances. Both men were also
convicted of robbery, burglary, and conspiracy to commit those crimes. In
addition, the jury found true the three enhancements for being armed with a
firearm with respect to Oliver. The jury found not true the three
enhancements alleging Adger’s personal use of a firearm.
      Oliver was sentenced on December 23, 1996, to life without the
possibility of parole, consecutive to a one-year determinate term for the
arming enhancement. All of his remaining convictions were stayed pursuant
to section 654. As stated above, in September 1998, we affirmed both Oliver’s
and Adger’s convictions. (Adger II, supra, A076756).)

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B.    Resentencing Petition
      On April 25, 2019, Oliver filed a petition to have his murder conviction
vacated and to be resentenced under former section 1170.95. On November
5, 2019, the court concluded Oliver had made a prima facie showing for relief
and set the matter for hearing. The prosecutor’s request for reconsideration
of this prima facie finding was denied on July 14, 2020.5
      After briefing and argument by the parties and review of the stipulated
record of conviction and additional trial exhibits, the trial court denied the
petition on December 31, 2020. Specifically, the trial court concluded that
Oliver was ineligible for resentencing because he was unable to establish one
of the necessary criterion for relief—that he could not now “be convicted of
murder or attempted murder because of changes to Section . . . 189 made
effective January 1, 2019.” (§ 1172.6, subd. (a)(3).) Pursuant to those
changes, a felony murder conviction is still allowable if the defendant “was a
major participant in the underlying felony and acted with reckless

      5 At the second trial in 1994, Oliver’s jury found true beyond a
reasonable doubt felony-murder special circumstances, apparently on the
basis that Oliver was a major participant who acted with reckless
indifference to human life while engaged in the commission of felonies which
resulted in the killing for which he was convicted. (See §§ 189, subd. (e),
190.2, subd. (a)(17)(A) & (G).) The prosecutor argued that these jury findings
should preclude establishment of a prima facie case for purposes of possible
resentencing. However, the verdict in Oliver’s case was rendered years
before our Supreme Court clarified the law of felony murder liability in
People v. Banks (2015) 61 Cal.4th 788 (Banks) and People v. Clark (2016) 63
Cal.4th 522 (Clark). Recently, in People v. Strong (2022) 13 Cal.5th 698
(Strong), the Supreme Court definitively resolved a split among appellate
courts, holding that “[f]indings issued by a jury before Banks and Clark do
not preclude a defendant from making out a prima facie case for relief under”
section 1172.6. (Strong, at p. 710.) Thus, the trial court correctly proceeded
to a hearing in this case.

                                       11
indifference to human life.” (§ 189, subd. (e)(3).) The trial court found
beyond a reasonable doubt that there was sufficient evidence in the record to
demonstrate that Oliver could still be convicted of felony murder on this
basis. This appeal followed.
                                   II. DISCUSSION
A.    Legal Framework
      Effective January 1, 2019, Senate Bill No. 1437 amended the felony-
murder rule to provide: “A participant in the perpetration or attempted
perpetration of a felony listed in subdivision (a) in which a death occurs is
liable for murder only if one of the following is proven: [¶] (1) The person was
the actual killer. [¶] (2) The person was not the actual killer, but, with the
intent to kill, aided, abetted, counseled, commanded, induced, solicited,
requested, or assisted the actual killer in the commission of murder in the
first degree. [¶] (3) The person was a major participant in the underlying
felony and acted with reckless indifference to human life, as described in
subdivision (d) of [s]ection 190.2 [the statute defining felony-murder special
circumstances].” (§ 189, subd. (e).) The new law was designed “to ensure
that murder liability is not imposed on a person who is not the actual killer,
did not act with the intent to kill, or was not a major participant in the
underlying felony who acted with reckless indifference to human life.” (Stats.
2018, ch. 1015, § 1, subd. (f).)
      The Legislature also added former section 1170.95 (now section
1172.6), which creates a procedure for offenders previously convicted under a
felony-murder theory to obtain the benefits of these changes retroactively.
Under the statute, individuals convicted of murder can petition for relief in
the court where they were sentenced if (1) the complaint or information filed
against them “allowed the prosecution to proceed under a theory of felony

                                         12
murder . . . ,” (2) they were convicted of murder following a trial, and (3) they
could not now be convicted of murder “because of changes to [s]ection 188 or
189.” (Former § 1170.95, subd. (a); see now § 1172.6, subd. (a).) In most
cases where the petitioner makes a prima facie showing that he or she is
entitled to relief, the court must hold an evidentiary hearing at which the
prosecution bears the burden of proving, “beyond a reasonable doubt, that the
petitioner is guilty of murder or attempted murder” under state law as
amended by Senate Bill 1437. (§ 1172.6, subd. (d)(3).) “A finding that there
is substantial evidence to support a conviction for murder, attempted murder,
or manslaughter is insufficient to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the
petitioner is ineligible for resentencing.” (Ibid.)
      In 2015 and 2016, our high court “substantially clarified the law
governing findings under Penal Code section 190.2, subdivision (d)” in Banks,
supra, 61 Cal.4th 788 and Clark, supra, 63 Cal.4th 522. (Strong, supra, 13
Cal.5th at p. 706.) “Banks elucidated what it means to be a major participant
and, to a lesser extent, what it means to act with reckless indifference to
human life, while Clark further refined the reckless indifference inquiry.”
(Strong, at pp. 706–707.) Specifically, Banks considered “under what
circumstances an accomplice who lacks the intent to kill may qualify as a
major participant.” (Banks, at p. 794.) The court listed various factors that
should be considered in making that determination: “What role did the
defendant have in planning the criminal enterprise that led to one or more
deaths? What role did the defendant have in supplying or using lethal
weapons? What awareness did the defendant have of particular dangers
posed by the nature of the crime, weapons used, or past experience or conduct
of the other participants? Was the defendant present at the scene of the
killing, in a position to facilitate or prevent the actual murder, and did his or

                                         13
her own actions or inaction play a particular role in the death? What did the
defendant do after lethal force was used?” (Id. at p. 803, fn. omitted.)
However, whether a defendant acted as a major participant depends on the
totality of the circumstances. (Id. at p. 802.) Moreover, “[n]o one of these
considerations is necessary, nor is any one of them necessarily sufficient. All
may be weighed in determining the ultimate question, whether the
defendant’s participation ‘in criminal activities known to carry a grave risk of
death’ [citation] was sufficiently significant to be considered ‘major.’ ” (Id. at
p. 803.)
      Reckless indifference to human life is “ ‘implicit in knowingly engaging
in criminal activities known to carry a grave risk of death.’ ” (Clark, supra,
63 Cal.4th at p. 616.) It “encompasses a willingness to kill (or to assist
another in killing) to achieve a distinct aim, even if the defendant does not
specifically desire that death as the outcome of his actions.” (Id. at p. 617.)
Recklessness has both a subjective and an objective component. (Ibid.)
Subjectively, the defendant must consciously disregard risks known to him or
her. Objectively, recklessness is determined by “what ‘a law-abiding person
would observe in the actor’s situation,’ ” that is, whether defendant’s conduct
“ ‘involve[d] a gross deviation from the standard of conduct that a law-abiding
person would observe in the actor’s situation.’ ” (Ibid.) However, the mere
fact that a robbery involves a gun is insufficient on its own to establish
reckless indifference to human life. (Id. at pp. 617–618.)
      Clark listed factors to consider when determining whether reckless
indifference existed: “Did the defendant use or know that a gun would be
used during the felony? How many weapons were ultimately used? Was the
defendant physically present at the crime? Did he or she have the
opportunity to restrain the crime or aid the victim? What was the duration of

                                        14
the interaction between the perpetrators of the felony and the victims? What
was the defendant’s knowledge of his or her confederate’s propensity for
violence or likelihood of using lethal force? What efforts did the defendant
make to minimize the risks of violence during the felony?” (In re Scoggins
(2020) 9 Cal.5th 667, 677 [summarizing Clark factors].) As with a major
participant finding, “ ‘[n]o one of these considerations is necessary, nor is any
one of them necessarily sufficient.’ ” (Clark, supra, 63 Cal.4th at p. 618; see
also Scoggins, at p. 683 [“[d]etermining a defendant’s culpability under
[section 190.2, subdivision (d)] requires a fact-intensive individualized
inquiry”].)
B.    Standard of Review
      Relying on People v. Vivar (2021) 11 Cal.5th 510 (Vivar), Oliver
contends that, because the trial court’s inquiry in this case was limited to a
cold record, deference to the court’s factual findings on appeal is
inappropriate. We are not persuaded. In People v. Perez (2018) 4 Cal.5th
1055 (Perez), our Supreme Court considered and rejected an argument
similar to Oliver’s in the context of a Proposition 36 petition for recall of
sentence. The People argued that de novo review was “more appropriate
because trial courts do not have an advantage over appellate courts in
determining eligibility based on the record of conviction.” (Perez, at p. 1066.)
The Supreme Court disagreed, concluding that “even if the trial court is
bound by and relies solely on the record of conviction to determine eligibility,
[where] the question . . . remains a question of fact . . . we see no reason to
withhold the deference generally afforded to such factual findings.” (Ibid.)
      Vivar, supra, 11 Cal.5th 510, is distinguishable. There, our high court
endorsed an independent standard of review when evaluating a trial court’s
decision under section 1473.7 regarding whether to vacate a conviction due to

                                        15
negative immigration consequences. (Vivar, at pp. 524–527.) “A successful
section 1473.7 motion requires a showing, by a preponderance of the
evidence, of a prejudicial error that affected the defendant’s ability to
meaningfully understand the actual or potential immigration consequences of
a plea.” (Vivar, at p. 517, italics omitted.) In choosing independent review in
this context, the Supreme Court reasoned that analogous prejudice
determinations in ineffective assistance of counsel claims were reviewed
independently as predominantly legal questions; that the interests at stake
supported independent review where the determination was likely to be
made from a cold record; and that prior appellate decisions had reviewed
such prejudice determinations independently, but the Legislature, aware of
this standard, did not alter it when amending the statute. (Id. at pp. 524–
527.) The Supreme Court went on to emphasize that it’s holding was “a
product of multiple factors with special relevance” in that context (id. at p.
527) and reaffirmed the “familiar postulate” that “ ‘an appellate court should
defer to the factual determinations made by the trial court,’ ” regardless of
“ ‘whether the trial court’s ruling[s are based] on oral testimony or
declarations’ ” (id. at p. 528, fn. 7).
      We conclude that Perez, rather than Vivar, controls here. Whether
Oliver was a major participant in the underlying felonies who acted with
reckless indifference to human life is predominantly a factual question
reviewable for substantial evidence. Other courts considering the issue have
reached a similar conclusion. (See People v. Sifuentes (2022) 83 Cal.App.5th
217, 232–233 [Division Four of this First District rejecting Vivar and
concluding that whether the petitioner knew or reasonably should have
known that the victim was a police officer under the resentencing statute was
predominantly a factual question reviewable for substantial evidence]; People

                                          16
v. Mitchell (2022) 81 Cal.App.5th 575, 590–591 (Mitchell) [Second District
rejecting Vivar and concluding that “substantial evidence support[ed] the
finding, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Mitchell was a major participant in
a felony who acted with reckless indifference to human life”]; People v.
Clements (2022) 75 Cal.App.5th 276, 283, 302 [Fourth District rejecting
Vivar; concluding that “the trial judge sits as a fact finder at a hearing under
section 1170.95, subdivision (d) [now section 1172.6, subd. (d)] and that
substantial evidence support[ed] the trial judge’s finding beyond a reasonable
doubt that Clements committed implied malice second degree murder”]
(Clements).)
      In reviewing the trial court’s findings for substantial evidence, we
apply well settled principles. “We “ ‘ “examine the entire record in the light
most favorable to the judgment to determine whether it contains substantial
evidence—that is, evidence that is reasonable, credible, and of solid value
that would support a rational trier of fact in finding [the necessary fact]
beyond a reasonable doubt.” ’ ” [Citation.] Our job on review is different from
the trial judge’s job in deciding the petition. While the trial judge must
review all the relevant evidence, evaluate and resolve contradictions, and
make determinations as to credibility, all under the reasonable doubt
standard, our job is to determine whether there is any substantial evidence,
contradicted or uncontradicted, to support a rational fact finder’s findings
beyond a reasonable doubt.” (Clements, supra, 75 Cal.App.5th at p. 298;
accord, Clark, supra, 63 Cal.4th at p. 610.)
C.    Resentencing Hearing
      As mentioned above, the trial court held the resentencing hearing on
December 31, 2020. By stipulation of the parties, the court had reviewed a
thumb drive containing relevant portions of the record of conviction in the

                                       17
case, which was admitted into evidence. At the request of the parties, a
number of additional exhibits were considered and admitted at the hearing.
The prosecutor then discussed relevant evidence and argued there was
clearly evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that Oliver “engaged in a planned
murder with at least a shared intent to kill” or, at the very least, “was a
major participant who acted with reckless indifference to human life.”
Oliver’s counsel disagreed, stressing that Chatman, who supplied much of the
relevant evidence in this context, was a co-conspirator and known liar.
      After argument, the trial court issued its detailed ruling, noting
preliminarily that the prosecution bore the burden at the hearing of “proving
beyond a reasonable doubt each element of first- or second-degree murder
under the current law to establish ineligibility for resentencing.”6 The court
found insufficient evidence in the record to prove beyond a reasonable doubt
that Oliver was the actual killer or that he harbored the actual intent to kill

      6 Oliver’s argument on appeal that the trial court improperly applied a
substantial evidence standard in making its findings is not well taken. He
bases this claim on the trial court’s comments that there was “sufficient
evidence” to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that Oliver was guilty of
first-degree murder under current law. However, the court started and
ended the hearing by indicating the burden was on the prosecution to “prove
ineligibility beyond a reasonable doubt.” The prosecutor repeatedly stated he
had marshalled proof beyond a reasonable doubt during the hearing, and
defense counsel noted the prosecution’s concession that the reasonable doubt
standard applied. And, if that wasn’t enough, the court explicitly rejected a
case suggesting a substantial evidence standard of review (People v. Duke
(2020) 55 Cal.App.5th 113, 123, vacated Nov. 23, 2021, S265309) and adopted
a case “requiring the prosecutor to prove beyond a reasonable doubt each
element of first- or second-degree murder under current law in order to
establish ineligibility” (People v. Lopez (2020) 56 Cal.App.5th 936, 949,
vacated Dec. 22, 2021, S265974) as the “more persuasive.” Under such
circumstances, the court’s passing reference to “sufficient evidence” could
only mean that there was “enough evidence” to prove the required facts
beyond a reasonable doubt. We see no error.

                                       18
Jimenez. Thus, to avoid resentencing, the prosecution had to prove beyond a
reasonable doubt that Oliver acted with reckless indifference to human life as
a major participant in the felonies that caused Jimenez’s death.7
      With respect to reckless indifference—i.e., “knowingly engaging in
criminal activity that the participant knows involves a grave risk of death”—
the court found the record sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that
Oliver knew Adger was armed with a lethal weapon that he intended to carry
with him during the robbery/burglary; Oliver knew a single lethal weapon
was involved, was likely to be used, and was used during the crimes; Oliver
had the opportunity to either stop the killing or assist Jimenez and did
nothing to minimize the possibility of violence; and Oliver was aware that
Adger had stated he intended to kill Jimenez if he was alone. Based on these
findings, the court concluded beyond a reasonable doubt that Oliver acted
with reckless indifference to human life.
      In considering whether Oliver was a major participant in the
underlying felonies, the court concluded that Oliver did not play a substantial
role in planning the crime and did not supply or use the lethal weapon.
However, the court concluded the “most significant factor” in defining Oliver’s
role as a major participant was the fact that he was aware before he got in
the car that Adger intended to kill Jimenez if he was alone. The court
concluded this went beyond merely knowing that a gun was present at the
scene of the robbery. And the court found, beyond a reasonable doubt, that

      7The trial court concluded that the other necessary elements of the
crime had been established by the 1996 jury verdicts finding Oliver guilty of
conspiracy to commit robbery and burglary, first-degree robbery, and first-
degree residential burglary, as well as the trial testimony that Jimenez was
shot three times during the robbery and burglary and that one of the bullets
pierced his heart and caused his death.

                                      19
Oliver’s actions in accompanying Adger and acting as a backup during the
transaction, as well as his inaction in failing to prevent the continued firing
on the victim, played a role in Jimenez’s death. Finally, after the murder,
Oliver assisted in taking the cocaine from the residence; accepted his portion
of the cocaine; assisted in cooking the cocaine for distribution; secreted the
gun in his mother’s home; and assisted in disposing of the gun. On this basis,
the court concluded, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Oliver was a major
participant in the robbery and burglary that led to the killing of Jimenez.
Given its factual findings, the court denied the resentencing petition.
D.    Substantial Evidence Supports the Trial Court’s Findings
      On appeal, Oliver argues that the prosecution’s evidence was
insufficient to carry its burden establishing him as a major participant who
acted with reckless indifference to human life during the 1990 robbery and
burglary. Specifically, he asserts that the findings rest overwhelmingly on
Chatman’s testimony. But, he argues, Chatman was a copious liar;
repeatedly gave different versions of crucial statements reportedly made by
Adger; was “wildly self-interested” as he had been viewed as a prime suspect
in the crimes; was not cross-examined on crucial statements during the
original trial in 1992; and never confirmed that Oliver actually heard Adger’s
plan to kill Jimenez. However, we have already rejected Oliver’s suggestion
that we should review the resentencing record independently and without
deference to the trial court’s factual findings. Under our substantial evidence
standard of review, we defer to the trial court’s implicit credibility findings
and accept all reasonable inferences from the evidence. Thus, Oliver’s
arguments necessarily fail.
      First, with respect to the major participant finding, it is true that there
was no evidence that Oliver planned the crime, supplied a weapon, or carried

                                        20
a weapon. However, as our high court has counseled, “[n]o one” of the factors
it has identified as relevant in this context “is necessary.” (Banks, at p. 803.)
Oliver was present during the planning of the crime. And he downplays the
importance of his physical presence as backup throughout the crimes, a
status which was confirmed by his receipt of the second largest portion of the
stolen cocaine. It was established at trial that Oliver is six feet, four inches
tall and, at the time of the crimes, weighed 225 pounds. Thus, his presence
no doubt helped facilitate the completion of the planned robbery/burglary.
      Moreover, Oliver knew it was likely Adger would use lethal force
during the underlying crimes and there is no evidence he ever took any action
to dissuade Adger from committing murder or warn Jimenez, either before or
during the crimes. Indeed, Adger reportedly looked at Oliver immediately
before pulling out his gun and shooting Jimenez. A reasonable inference
from this fact is that Adger was looking for confirmation that Oliver was on
board with the plan and ready to back him up. Yet Oliver took no action at
this crucial time, and this inaction clearly played a role in Jimenez’s death.
Finally, after the shooting, Oliver did not act surprised or upset. Instead, he
and Adger simply removed the cocaine from the residence and drove away.
Later, Oliver assisted in cooking a portion of the cocaine; secreted the gun in
his mother’s home; and assisted in disposing of the car and the gun. In sum,
substantial evidence supports the trial court’s conclusion that Oliver’s
participation in the underlying crimes was sufficiently significant to be
considered “major.”
      As for the reckless indifference finding, we agree, as stated above, that
knowing participation in an armed robbery is not sufficient, on its own, to
demonstrate reckless indifference. Here, the evidence supports the inference
that Oliver was aware Adger likely intended to use a firearm during the

                                        21
robbery/burglary to kill Jimenez and did nothing to minimize this grave risk
of death. (Compare Clark, supra, 63 Cal.4th at p. 621 [“A defendant’s
willingness to engage in an armed robbery with individuals known to him to
use lethal force may give rise to the inference that the defendant disregarded
a ‘grave risk of death.’ ”].) Again, Oliver’s status as Adger’s second in
command cannot be ignored. Oliver had multiple opportunities to object to
the planned murder, but he did not do so. After the shooting, he did not go to
the aid of the victim. Instead, he was seen by one witness “strutting” back to
the car. And another witness saw all three of the vehicle’s passengers
laughing as they drove away. Nor does it seem that, after the event, Oliver
expressed any outrage. Rather he helped process the cocaine and cover up
the crimes. A reasonable inference from his behavior is that he simply did
not care whether Jimenez ended up dead because the crime was his “chance
for everything.” Substantial evidence thus supports the trial court’s
conclusion that Oliver acted with reckless indifference to human life.
      At bottom, Oliver is really arguing that Chatman’s testimony was
simply too unreliable to be trusted as the basis for the court’s major-
participant and reckless-indifference findings, made beyond a reasonable
doubt. Or, as Oliver puts it: “Chatman’s testimony is far too slender and
sickly a reed to bear this weight.” We disagree. As stated above, the trial
court impliedly found the relevant portions of Chatman’s testimony credible,
and we cannot second-guess that conclusion. Moreover, “ ‘ ‘[t]he
uncorroborated testimony of a single witness is sufficient to sustain a
conviction, unless the testimony is physically impossible or inherently
improbable.’’ ” (People v. Panah (2005) 35 Cal.4th 395, 489.) While
admittedly a liar with his own interests at stake, we do not find Chatman’s

                                       22
testimony impossible or improbable, largely because so many aspects of it
were corroborated by other evidence.
      Indeed, as we recognized in our prior opinion in this matter, the
prosecutor conceded that Chatman had a motive to lie to the police and did in
fact lie and conceal information from them. He urged the jury to believe
Chatman’s trial testimony despite those lies because it was corroborated by
other evidence. (Adger II, supra, A076756).) While considering an unrelated
appellate issue, we listed some of this corroborating evidence, including: the
testimony of Contreras and Anguiano regarding Jimenez’s drug dealing with
Adger and Oliver; the records detailing telephone calls to and from Jimenez
on the day he was killed; Orozco’s testimony about what he saw just before
Jimenez was shot; the discovery of Oliver’s fingerprint on the lighter fluid can
in Chatman’s burned car; the discovery of the gun in a garbage can at the
school where Adger and Oliver played basketball; and Kight’s testimony
Adger told her to lie to the police about the car. (Ibid.) To this corroborating
evidence we add: police officers’ observations of the crime scene; the
pathologist’s testimony regarding the location of the gunshot wounds; the
criminologist’s bloodstain testimony; the newspaper article discovered by the
prosecutor’s investigator; Kight’s corroboration of statements made by Adger
and Oliver when she and Chatman met with them after her interview with
the police; Kight’s testimony regarding Oliver and Adger’s drug dealing;
Orozco’s identification of Adger at the crime scene; and a neighbor’s
identification of Grady as the driver of the car. In short, Chatman’s
testimony was consistent with much of the other evidence presented by the
prosecution at trial and gained credibility on that basis.
      Finally, we reject Oliver’s assertion that there is no evidence in the
record that he was actually present and/or heard and understood Adger when

                                       23
Adger stated he was going to kill Jimenez if he was alone during the
robbery/burglary. Chatman testified that he, Adger, and Oliver were all
sitting together on the couch when Adger disclosed his plans to rob and
possibly kill Jimenez. It is a reasonable inference from this evidence that
Oliver heard what Adger said. Moreover, Oliver was Adger’s confederate for
all of their drug dealings and the two shared an extremely close personal
relationship, living together, playing basketball together, and fronting a rap
group together. Indeed, Oliver clearly knew key details regarding the plan.
For instance, he knew there was an unusually large payoff involved in
contrast to their usual, less lucrative transactions. It was, he told Chatman
shortly afterwards, “a chance for everything.” It’s implausible to suggest that
Oliver was aware of the plan to rob Jimenez but failed to hear Adger’s
statement about killing the drug dealer, especially given Chatman’s warning
to Oliver to consider what he was getting himself into and Oliver’s apparent
lack of surprise when Adger pulled out his gun and shot Jimenez a few
minutes after they arrived for the drug transaction.
E.    Consideration of Oliver’s Youth
      Oliver was 23 years old at the time of the Jimenez murder. After
briefing in this case was complete, we granted Oliver’s request to file a
supplemental brief challenging, for the first time, the trial court’s denial of
his resentencing petition on grounds that the court failed to consider his
youthful age when making its reckless-indifference and major-participant
findings. Specifically, relying on a recent opinion from our colleagues in
Division Five of this District—People v. Jones (2022) 86 Cal.App.5th 1076
(Jones)—Oliver contends that this matter must be reversed and remanded so
that the trial court can expressly consider his youth as part of the totality of
circumstances relevant to whether he was a major participant who acted with

                                        24
reckless indifference to human life. In response, the Attorney General argues
variously that Oliver has forfeited this issue by failing to raise his youth in
the trial court; that his argument fails on the merits; and that any error that
may have occurred was harmless. We conclude that, if there was any error, it
was harmless on these facts.
      1.    Development of the Law Regarding Youthful Offenders
      In Miller v. Alabama (2012) 567 U.S. 460 (Miller) the United States
Supreme Court concluded that mandatory life-without-parole sentences for
juveniles violate the Eighth Amendment. (Id. at p. 470.) In doing so, it
reiterated that “ ‘developments in psychology and brain science continue to
show fundamental differences between juvenile and adult minds,’ ” and that
“those findings—of transient rashness, proclivity for risk, and inability to
assess consequences—both lessened a child’s ‘moral culpability’ and enhanced
the prospect that, as the years go by and neurological development occurs,
[their] ‘ “deficiencies will be reformed.” ’ ” (Id. at p. 471–472, quoting Graham
v. Florida (2010) 560 U.S. 48, 68 (Graham).)
      California has increasingly legislated with these psychological and
neurological differences in mind. For example, “[e]ffective January 2018,
section 3051 was amended . . . to require youth offender parole hearings for
offenders who committed their crimes when they were 25 years of age or
younger. (Stats. 2017, ch. 675, § 1.) According to the author of the
amendment, ‘ “AB 1308 would align public policy with scientific research. . . .
Scientific evidence on adolescence and young adult development and
neuroscience shows that certain areas of the brain, particularly those
affecting judgement and decision-making, do not develop until the early-to-
mid-20s. Research has shown that the prefrontal cortex doesn’t have nearly
the functional capacity at age 18 as it does at 25. The prefrontal cortex is

                                        25
responsible for a variety of important functions of the brain including:
attention, complex planning, decision making, impulse control, logical
thinking, organized thinking, personality development, risk management,
and short-term memory. These functions are highly relevant to criminal
behavior and culpability.” ’ ” (In re Jones (2019) 42 Cal.App.5th 477, 485
(conc. opn. of Pollack, P.J.), quoting Assem. Com. on Public Safety, Analysis
of Assem. Bill No. 1308 (2017–2018 Reg. Sess.) as amended March 30, 2017,
pp. 2–3.)
      In a related vein, section 4801 was amended to provide: “When a
prisoner committed his or her controlling offense . . . when he or she was 25
years of age or younger, the board, in reviewing a prisoner’s suitability for
parole . . . , shall give great weight to the diminished culpability of youth as
compared to adults, the hallmark features of youth, and any subsequent
growth and increased maturity of the prisoner in accordance with relevant
case law.” (§ 4801, subd. (c).) And, effective January 1, 2022, prosecutors
must now consider a defendant’s youthful age as a mitigating factor during
plea negotiations. (§ 1016.7, subd. (a)(2); see Stats. 2021, ch. 695, § 4.) For
purposes of this provision, a youth “includes any person under 26 years of age
on the date the offense was committed.” (§ 1016.7, subd. (b).)
      Recently, several appellate courts have addressed the relevance of a
defendant’s youth when conducting an analysis of major-participant and
reckless-indifference findings under Banks, supra, 61 Cal.4th 788 and Clark,
supra, 63 Cal.4th 522. The appellate court in People v. Harris (2021) 60
Cal.App.5th 939, abrogated on other grounds by People v. Lewis (2021) 11
Cal.5th 952, remanded the matter for a resentencing hearing under
subdivision (d) of former section 1175.95 because the record of conviction did
not establish as a matter of law that Harris, 17 years old at the time of his

                                        26
arrest, was ineligible. (Id. at pp. 944, 959–961.) In its discussion of the
major participation requirement, the court cited Miller and Graham and
commented: “[G]iven Harris’s youth at the time of the crime, particularly in
light of subsequent case law’s recognition of the science relating to adolescent
brain development [citations], it is far from clear that Harris was actually
aware ‘of particular dangers posed by the nature of the crime, weapons used,
or past experience or conduct of the other participants.’ ” (Id. at p. 960.)
      Next, in In re Moore (2021) 68 Cal.App.5th 434 (Moore), our colleagues
in Division Three of this District found insufficient evidence that Moore acted
with reckless disregard to human life “upon consideration of the factors
identified in Clark together with Moore’s youth at the time of his offenses.”
(Moore, at p. 451.) First, many of the Clark factors suggested that Moore “did
not act with the requisite reckless indifference to human life.” (Moore, at p.
452.) Second, citing Harris and Miller, the court concluded that, even if the
evidence supported “a finding of reckless indifference for an adult, it is not
sufficient to establish that Moore, who was 16 at the time of the shooting, had
the requisite mental state.” (Moore, at pp. 453–454.) Rather, concluding that
“the ‘hallmark features’ of youth—‘among them, immaturity, impetuosity,
and failure to appreciate risks and consequences’—are arguably more
germane to a juvenile’s mental state than to his or her conduct” (id. at p.
454), the appellate court held that “a defendant’s youth is a relevant factor in
determining whether the defendant acted with reckless indifference to
human life” (ibid., italics added). When the court viewed the evidence
through “the lens of Moore’s youth,” it could not “conclude beyond a
reasonable doubt that Moore was subjectively aware that his actions
created a graver risk of death than any other armed robbery.” (Ibid.)

                                        27
      Finally, in Jones, supra, 86 Cal.App.5th 1076, defense counsel argued
at resentencing that Jones was only 20 at the time of the crime and
“ ‘immature.’ ” (Id. at p. 1091.) Citing Miller and Graham, counsel asked the
court to consider Jones’s youth on the basis that “ ‘recklessness is a hallmark
of youth, but it does not alone demonstrate a reckless disregard for the value
of human life.” (Jones, at p. 1091.) In addition, a defense sentencing report
contained in the record of conviction asserted that Jones had a “traumatic
and violent” upbringing as well as under-diagnosed mental health and
substance abuse issues, and “appeared to be impulsive rather than criminally
sophisticated.” (Ibid.) When denying resentencing, however, the trial court
failed to discuss Jones’s youthful age or maturity level. (Ibid.)
      The Jones court determined that, given the recentness of Harris and
Moore, it could not assume that the trial court had followed the law and
considered Jones’s youth in its Banks/Clark analysis. (Jones, supra, 86
Cal.App.5th at p. 1092.) It held that “in addition to the Banks and Clark
factors, a defendant’s youthful age must be considered.” (Jones, at p. 1088,
fn. 7, italics added; see also id. at p. 1091 [“The Banks and Clark factors are
not exclusive. . . . [T]he totality of the circumstances necessarily includes the
defendant’s youthful age.”].) Although the court recognized that Jones was
20, it concluded “in the interest of justice” that it was “best for the trial court
to have a meaningful opportunity to consider Jones’s youth as part of the
totality of the circumstances germane to determining whether he was a major
participant who acted with reckless indifference to human life.” (Id. at p.
1093.)
      2.    The Failure to Consider Youth was Harmless
      Oliver concedes that defense counsel did not highlight his age or rely on
youth as a factor weighing against his culpability for Jimenez’s murder before

                                         28
the trial court. The Attorney General therefore preliminarily argues Oliver
has forfeited this issue on appeal. However, we decline to find forfeiture on
these facts.
      As stated above, Oliver’s resentencing petition was filed in April 2019
and denied in December 2020. Harris was issued in February 2021, and
Moore—the first case expressly holding that a defendant’s youth is a relevant
factor in a Banks/Clark analysis—was issued in August 2021. Finally, Jones
did not conclude until January 2023 that, “[i]n addition to the Banks and
Clark factors, a defendant’s youthful age must be considered” when
determining whether a defendant “was a major participant and acted with
reckless indifference to human life based on the totality of the
circumstances.” (Jones, supra, 86 Cal.App.5th at p. 1091; see also id. at p.
1088, fn. 7.) Under these circumstances, we agree with the court in Jones
that “it is unlikely in this particular instance that the trial court [or the
parties] could have known to consider [Oliver’s] age and maturity level,
particularly to the extent now required by cases issued after [the
resentencing] hearing.” (Jones, supra, 86 Cal.App.5th at p. 1092.)
      Turning to the merits, we acknowledge the trajectory of the legislation
and case law recognizing the psychological and neurological differences
between youthful and adult offenders, which both lessen the culpability of the
young and increase the likelihood of their rehabilitation. However, we leave
for another day the task of establishing the parameters of our colleagues’
holding in Jones. Thus, for example, we need not articulate the appropriate
definition of “youthful” in this context. Nor do we determine whether it is
incumbent upon a trial court to expressly consider youth as part of its
Banks/Clark analysis even when age is not raised by the defense. Rather, we
conclude that, even if the trial court was required to expressly consider

                                        29
Oliver’s youth, any such error in this regard is harmless under the specific
circumstances of this case.8
      We note first that Oliver was 23 at the time of the crime. Presumably,
the presumption of immaturity weakens as a defendant approaches 26. More
importantly, however, the case law discussing the differences in brain
development among youthful offenders (in contrast to their adult
counterparts) stress two areas of divergence: (1) their relative impulsivity;
and (2) their vulnerability to peer pressure. (See, e.g., Miller, supra, 567 U.S.
at p. 461.) There is no evidence in this case that Oliver’s criminal behavior
was motivated by either of these two factors.
      First, we are not here presented with a situation where a youthful
offender was swept up in circumstances beyond his or her control that led to
an unintended death. Rather, the evidence discloses that Oliver was fully
aware that Adger intended to kill Jimenez if the opportunity arose and
decided—after full consideration of the situation—that the risk was worth
the reward. Thus, he knew the incident involved a “ ‘grave risk of death.’ ”
(Clark, supra, 63 Cal.4th at p. 616.) Indeed, it is clear that Oliver was
“subjectively aware that his actions created a graver risk of death than any
other armed robbery.” (Moore, supra, 68 Cal.App.5th at p. 454.)
Nevertheless, he actively participated. (Compare In re Harper (2022) 76

      8 We agree with the Attorney General that the state law standard
applies here—whether it is “reasonably probable that a result more favorable
to [Oliver] would have been reached in the absence of the error.” (People v.
Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836; see People v. Epps (2001) 25 Cal.4th 19, 29
[“the Watson test for harmless error applies” to the denial of a right that “is
purely a creature of state statutory law”]; People v. Myles (2021) 69
Cal.App.5th 688, 706 [applying the Watson standard to the erroneous
admission of evidence in a section 1172.6 hearing].) However, our conclusion
would be the same under any standard.

                                       30
Cal.App.5th 450, 467–472 [habeas corpus petition denied where defendant’s
youth, even if a factor, did not change his culpability because the evidence
showed he knew the plan was to kill the victim]; see also Mitchell, supra, 81
Cal.App.5th at p. 595 [“[E]very 18 year old understands bullet wounds
require attention. The fact of youth cannot overwhelm all other factors.”].)9
      As for peer pressure, there is no evidence that Oliver felt compelled to
assist in Jimenez’s murder. Rather, the record discloses that he and Adger
had been engaging in drug transactions as partners for a number of years.
And there is no indication that Oliver could not have declined to participate
in the murder, as Chatman did, had he chosen to. (Compare People v.
Ramirez (2021) 71 Cal.App.5th 970, 991 [evidence to support a finding that
Ramirez was influenced by peer pressure, including fear of death if he did not
participate in the carjacking]; see also Jones, supra, 86 Cal.App.5th at p.
1093 [“In Harris and Moore, the concern was that a juvenile was vulnerable
to the influence of others and could fail to appreciate the dangers of his
activities and his cohort’s actions.”].)
      Finally, Oliver has failed to present on appeal or in the court below any
specific support for the proposition that his level of maturity somehow
lessened his culpability for this murder. Jones, in contrast, presented
evidence of his ”traumatic and violent” upbringing as well as under-
diagnosed mental health and substance abuse issues, and “appeared to be
impulsive rather than criminally sophisticated.” (Jones, supra, 86
Cal.App.5th at p. 1091.) To the contrary, although it appears that Oliver’s

      9 Moreover, as discussed above, we do not find Chatman’s testimony
inherently incredible, both because it was corroborated in many respects and
because he offered credible explanations as to why he initially lied to the
police.

                                           31
presentence report was not reviewed by the trial court, it is part of our record
on appeal and our review discloses what his single mother described as a
“normal childhood” during which he participated in typical childhood sports,
school, and church activities. In addition, although Oliver had a negligible
criminal history, he admitted that at the time of the murder he had been
involved in illegal drug sales for approximately two years, criminal activity
which he identified as “an easy way to make good money.”
      At oral argument in this matter, the Attorney General commented that,
at bottom, age is just a proxy for maturity, and we agree. As we have
discussed, Oliver’s actions during this crime did not show “a transient
rashness” or “inability to assess consequences.” (Miller, supra, 567 U.S. at
pp. 471–472.) Nor do we perceive any “ ‘impetuosity’ ” or “ ‘failure to
appreciate risks and consequences.’ ” (Moore, supra, 68 Cal.App.5th at p.
454.) Rather, Oliver, well aware of “ ‘the particular dangers posed by the
nature of the crime [and] the weapon[] [to be] used’ ” (Harris, supra, 60
Cal.App.5th at p, 960), made an intentional and volitional choice to take a
calculated risk. That risk failed to turn out as he had hoped, not because
Jimenez ended up dead, but because he and his cohorts were caught. Under
such circumstances, we see no reasonable likelihood that the trial court
would have reached a different conclusion had it focused specifically on
Oliver’s age.10
                              III. DISPOSITION
      The trial court’s order denying Oliver’s petition for resentencing under
section 1172.6 is affirmed.

      10Because we conclude that any error in failing to argue that Oliver’s
youth lessened his culpability was harmless, we need not reach Oliver’s
argument that his counsel rendered ineffective assistance for failing to raise
the issue in the trial court.

                                       32
                                               DEVINE, J.

WE CONCUR:

MARGULIES, ACTING P.J.

BANKE, J.

A161773N


 Judge of the Contra Costa County Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice
pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.

                                          33