Court Opinion

ID: 9960066
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-15 10:09:36.824266+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:19:07.770736
License: Public Domain

Opinion issued April 9, 2024

                                       In The

                               Court of Appeals
                                      For The

                           First District of Texas
                             ————————————
                               NO. 01-22-00623-CV
                            ———————————
            TOTAL DISTRIBUTION SERVICES, LLC, Appellant
                                         V.
    RSS RECOVERY SOLUTIONS, LLC AND FLASH FUNDING, LLC,
                         Appellees

             On Appeal from the County Civil Court at Law No. 3
                           Harris County, Texas
                       Trial Court Case No. 1155797

                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

      In this business dispute, Total Distribution Services, LLC (“TDS”) appeals

the trial court’s take-nothing judgment, entered after a jury trial, on its claims for

business disparagement and tortious interference with existing contracts and
prospective business relations against Flash Funding, LLC (“Flash”).1 TDS contends

that it established each element of its claims and the jury’s contrary findings are

against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. Because we conclude

legally and factually sufficient evidence supports the jury’s findings, we affirm.

                                    Background

      Luis Pineda founded TDS—a freight-brokerage company—in 2018 to serve

as an intermediary between shippers and motor carriers. When he founded TDS,

Pineda had worked in the trucking industry for several years but not as a broker.

Through Pineda’s industry experience and connections, TDS became one of only six

brokers used by pipe manufacturer Tenaris to ship its product. According to Pineda,

Tenaris was selective in choosing its brokers and renegotiated contract terms with

TDS every four months. Almost all of TDS’s business came from Tenaris.

      The carriers that TDS hired for Tenaris shipments invoiced TDS. Then, TDS

invoiced   Tenaris.    Carriers   wanting      to   expedite   payment     and    avoid

invoice-processing delays could ask TDS to “quick pay” for a three to five percent

reduction of the invoiced amount. Or they could sell their invoice to a third-party

factoring company. Factoring companies, like Flash here, buy invoices at a discount

1
      The trial court’s final judgment also ordered that TDS take nothing on its claims
      against another company affiliated with Flash—RSS Recovery Solutions, LLC—
      because those claims were abandoned by TDS and not submitted to the jury. TDS
      does not appeal that part of the judgment, so RSS is not before us in this appeal.
                                           2
and then present the invoices to the broker with a notice of assignment instructing

the broker to pay the factoring company instead of the carrier. According to Pineda,

about 60 to 70 percent of TDS’s carriers worked with factoring companies. TDS

knew Flash held assignments from some of its carriers and was owed payment on

those invoices.

      In 2020, after two years of operation, TDS experienced cash-flow issues.

Pineda blamed slow payments from Tenaris and theft of around $40,000 by two

unnamed individuals. TDS bounced checks and, in February 2020, forfeited its

corporate charter.2 By March 2020, TDS owed money to “a lot of people,” including

some carriers and Flash.

      On March 25, Henry Perez from Flash emailed Pineda to complain that TDS

was not paying Flash and instead was quick paying carriers, including some that had

sold their invoices to Flash. TDS owed Flash about $29,000 on past-due invoices.

Perez wrote:

2
      Pineda said that he later made a payment to the Texas Secretary of State to reinstate
      the charter.
                                            3
      I have had it.

      Luis,
      You are one character. You have no money to pay us as we continue to
      extend credit to you and wait way well past our agreed terms, but you
      sure have the money to pay carriers when they request QP. I told you
      not to pay carriers directly but you seem to operate by your own rules.

      You are about to learn a very expensive lesson.
      Good luck!

      Flash hired an attorney and demanded payment from TDS and Tenaris. On

March 30, Flash’s attorney emailed Michael Taft at Tenaris. The email accused TDS

of doing “some really bad stuff” and “a lot of illegal things.” It alleged that TDS was

“intentionally withholding money owed to factoring companies for cash flow” so

that it could quick pay other carriers and collect the quick pay fee. In Flash’s view,

this meant TDS was “profiting at the expense of the banks and factoring companies.”

The email warned that Flash’s bank wanted “to proceed with collections against

Tenaris and all the shippers” but Flash had held the bank off for a few days. The

email concluded with a plea for Tenaris to help TDS meet its obligations:

      Anything you can do to help TDS to come current by Friday and to
      straighten up going forward will help. Flash has an end of month report
      to their bank coming up that needs to be clean for TDS; otherwise I
      don’t think Flash will be able to buy Tenaris any more time.
      The same day he received the email, Taft contacted Delia Espinoza in

Tenaris’s accounts payable department and asked for “any help” she could give

TDS. Espinoza responded:

                                          4
      The specific case of payments to TDS has been delayed because we
      haven’t received the correct backup to process their invoices, we had
      informed the vendor and the collections office about this each time they
      sent us an [sic] statement, if you have the list of invoices, Yair [another
      Tenaris employee] can share with them again the things that are missing
      in order to pay.

      Pineda acknowledged that Tenaris had told TDS before the March 30 email

from Flash’s attorney that it could not pay TDS because TDS was not correctly

submitting invoices. Some rejected invoices were more than 200 days old. Asked

whether TDS’s accounting “was a mess,” Pineda said, “Yes.” TDS worked with

Tenaris to resubmit invoices. But, according to Pineda, TDS’s income-flow from

Tenaris fell to zero after the email from Flash’s attorney. By mid-April 2020, TDS

was no longer receiving any business from Tenaris. Pineda estimated that this

resulted in losses of more than $229,000.

      Flash later sued TDS and Tenaris through its collections affiliate. After the

suit was filed, Tenaris paid the amounts due. But TDS counterclaimed against Flash

for business disparagement, tortious interference with an existing contract, and

tortious interference with prospective business relations. TDS alleged that Flash had

disparaged TDS’s business when Flash’s attorney emailed Tenaris and accused TDS

of breaking the law. Flash’s accusations, TDS asserted, had also tortiously interfered

with TDS’s existing and prospective relationship with Tenaris. Flash answered and

pleaded justification as an affirmative defense, asserting that it exercised its own

collections rights in good faith when its attorney emailed Tenaris.

                                            5
      TDS and Flash agreed to realign the parties, making TDS the plaintiff and

Flash the defendant. After a trial, the trial court submitted TDS’s three claims and

Flash’s affirmative defense to the jury. The trial court’s charge instructed the jury to

consider only certain statements from Flash’s attorney’s email to Tenaris in deciding

whether Flash had disparaged TDS’s business. Specifically, the statements that:

      • “TDS is doing some really bad stuff here.”

      • “TDS is doing a lot of illegal things.”

      • “TDS is intentionally slow paying factoring companies so that TDS can
        use money owed to factoring companies to pay motor carriers quickly.”

      • “Everyone knows why TDS is doing this – they are charging motor carriers
        a fee to pay them quickly.”

      • “So TDS is intentionally withholding money owed to factoring companies
        for cash flow so that TDS can pay other carriers in a few days for the
        purpose of collection a quick pay fee (a factoring fee).”

      • “The factoring companies and their banks are financing TDS’[s] quick pay
        program, and TDS is profiting at the expense of the banks and factoring
        companies.”
      The jury rejected each of TDS’s claims, finding that Flash had not disparaged

TDS’s business or interfered with TDS’s existing contract or prospective relations

with Tenaris. The jury also found that Flash had “a good faith belief that it was

exercising a right to collect the past due account receivables from TDS and/or

Tenaris.”

      The trial court entered a take-nothing judgment in accordance with the jury’s

verdict, and TDS appealed.

                                           6
                             Sufficiency of the Evidence

      In its third, fourth, and fifth issues, TDS challenges the legal and factual

sufficiency of the evidence to support the jury’s findings that Flash did not disparage

TDS’s business or interfere with TDS’s existing contract or prospective business

relations with Tenaris. We address these issues collectively, considering the

causation element of each claim.

A.    Standard of review

      When a party attacks the legal sufficiency of an adverse finding on which it

has the burden of proof, the party “must demonstrate on appeal that the evidence

establishes, as a matter of law, all vital facts in support of the issue.” Dow Chem.

Co. v. Francis, 46 S.W.3d 237, 241 (Tex. 2001) (per curiam). We consider all the

evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, and we indulge every reasonable

inference that would support it. City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 822 (Tex.

2005). In determining whether legally sufficient evidence supports the finding under

review, we consider evidence favorable to the finding, if a reasonable factfinder

could consider it, and disregard evidence contrary to the finding, unless a reasonable

factfinder could not disregard it. Id. at 827.

      When a party attacks the factual sufficiency of an adverse finding on an issue

on which it has the burden of proof, the party “must demonstrate on appeal that the

adverse finding is against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence.”

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Francis, 46 S.W.3d at 242. In reviewing a factual sufficiency challenge, we consider

all the evidence and set aside a verdict only if the evidence is so weak that the finding

is clearly wrong and unjust. Id.

      The jury is the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight of

their testimony. City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 819. The jury may believe one witness

and disbelieve another as it resolves inconsistencies in the testimony. Id. at 819–20.

B.    Causation

      TDS sued for business disparagement and interference with current and

prospective contractual or business relations. Causation is an element of each cause

of action. See In re Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d 579, 592 (Tex. 2015) (orig. proceeding) (to

prevail on claim for business disparagement, plaintiff must show defendant’s actions

resulted in special damages to plaintiff); Coinmach Corp. v. Aspenwood Apartment

Corp., 417 S.W.3d 909, 923 (Tex. 2013) (to prevail on claim for tortious interference

with prospective business relations, plaintiff must show defendant’s interference

proximately caused plaintiff’s injury); Butnaru v. Ford Motor Co., 84 S.W.3d 198,

207 (Tex. 2002) (to prevail on claim for tortious interference with existing contract,

plaintiff must show defendant’s interference proximately caused plaintiff’s injury).

      TDS’s causal theory was that Tenaris stopped sending TDS business because

Flash’s attorney accused TDS of doing “bad” or “illegal things,” including quick

paying carriers to increase its cash flow while failing to pay factoring companies.

                                           8
According to TDS, the conclusive or overwhelming evidence that these accusations

influenced Tenaris’s decision to stop working with TDS is the timing—Flash’s

attorney emailed Tenaris at the end of March 2020 and then Tenaris stopped giving

TDS work in mid-April 2020. While this timing may be some evidence of a causal

link between Flash’s accusations and the loss of Tenaris’s business, the jury did not

have to credit it over evidence that TDS’s losses had other causes. City of Keller,

168 S.W.3d at 819 (jury is sole judge of weight and credibility of evidence).

      For instance, Flash elicited testimony that, the day after its attorney emailed

Tenaris, Tenaris started a new contract term with TDS. The email resulted in

immediate efforts by Tenaris to get TDS paid, not terminated. Pineda admitted that

TDS was in financial distress before Flash’s attorney emailed Tenaris. TDS was not

paying carriers and factoring companies for Tenaris shipments. Flash also presented

evidence that TDS’s poor accounting practices prevented it from keeping up with

the paperwork requirements to get paid by Tenaris. Tenaris rejected hundreds of

TDS invoices because they were not submitted with proper documentation, were for

loads not assigned to TDS, or had already been paid. From this evidence and

Pineda’s own testimony that Tenaris was selective about brokers, implying its

standards were high, the jury could reasonably infer that TDS lost business because

of its own failures.

                                         9
      Considering the conflicting evidence, a reasonable jury could have

disregarded TDS’s theory for why Tenaris stopped doing business with TDS and

accepted Flash’s theory that TDS’s own business practices caused its business loss.

TDS thus did not conclusively establish its business disparagement or tortious

interference claims as a matter of law, and we hold the jury’s findings are supported

by legally sufficient evidence. See City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 827; Francis, 46

S.W.3d at 241. Likewise, the evidence supporting the jury’s findings is not weak

enough to make the findings clearly wrong or unjust. See Francis, 46 S.W.3d at 242.

Because TDS did not show that the jury’s findings of no business disparagement or

tortious interference are against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence,

we hold the jury’s findings are factually sufficient. See id.

      We overrule TDS’s third, fourth, and fifth issues. Because our disposition of

these issues resolves each liability theory, we need not reach TDS’s first or second

issues addressing other elements of its claims or Flash’s affirmative defense. See

TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.

                                     Conclusion

      We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                               Sarah Beth Landau
                                               Justice

Panel consists of Chief Justice Adams and Justices Landau and Rivas-Molloy.

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