Court Opinion

ID: 9953673
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-03-22 16:13:21.559003+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:00:14.777138
License: Public Domain

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

  IN THE INTEREST OF: T.W., A                  :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
  MINOR                                        :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                                               :
  APPEAL OF: J.W., FATHER                      :
                                               :
                                               :
                                               :
                                               :   No. 1615 MDA 2023

              Appeal from the Order Entered October 25, 2023
  In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Juvenile Division at No(s):
                         CP-67-DP-0000187-2023

BEFORE:      LAZARUS, P.J., KUNSELMAN, J., and COLINS, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY LAZARUS, P.J.:                   FILED: MARCH 22, 2024

       J.W. (Father) appeals from the order, entered in the Court of Common

Pleas of York County, adjudicating his child, T.W. (Child) (born 1/2023),

dependent, finding that Child was the victim of abuse, and concluding that

Father and Child’s caregiver, B.S., were perpetrators of the abuse. See 42

Pa.C.S.A. § 6302; 23 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 6303, 6381(d). After careful review, we

affirm.

       Father and Child’s mother, K.P. (Mother), are separated; they share

physical custody of Child. B.S. is Father’s former next-door neighbor, who

Father had known for four to five years at the time of the alleged incident.

____________________________________________

* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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Father hired B.S. to watch Child and Father’s other children, G.S. and K.W.,1

when he was at work. On August 11, 2023, York County Children, Youth &

Families (CYF) received a Child Protective Services (CPS) referral regarding

Child, G.S. and K.W. The referral alleged that on August 10, 2023, Mother

took Child to UPMC Hanover Hospital for medical treatment after Mother

“observed [Child] to have a large bruise to the right cheek and an abrasion

with bruising on the right side of the neck.” Shelter Care Application, 8/11/23,

at 3. Mother told hospital personnel that Child had been with Father for the

past week, that Child “obtained the bruises and marks on her neck and cheek

while in his custody,” and that Mother did not know how Child sustained the

injuries. Id.

       Doctor Ashwini Sardana, the Hanover Hospital emergency room

physician who examined Child on August 10th, described Child’s injuries as a

“[c]ontusion of other part of head [and an a]brasion of unspecified part of

neck.”    UPMC Hanover Hospital Medical Report, 8/10/23, at 1.        Although

Doctor Sardana discharged Child as “stable” that evening, he told Mother that

he was obligated to contact CYF to investigate the matter further. See N.T.

Adjudication/Abuse Hearing, 10/25/23, at 27.       Hanover Hospital’s medical

____________________________________________

1 Father has two other minor children, K.W. (born 10/2021), Child’s sister,
and G.S. (born 1/2020), Child’s half-sibling. There is no allegation that either
G.S. or K.W. suffered child abuse. When asked if G.S. or K.W. could have
caused Child’s injuries, Dr. Lind testified that the injuries Child sustained
“would require more force that a 2[-] or 3-year[-]old” could inflict. N.T.
Adjudicatory/Abuse Hearing, 10/25/23, at 18-19.

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records demonstrate that Dr. Sardana recommended Mother not return Child

to Father’s care that night.        See UPMC Hanover Hospital Medical Report,

8/10/23, at 11.       Mother, however, did return Child to Father’s care that

evening.     See Hershey Medical Center Child Protection Team Inpatient

Consultation Report, 8/11/23, at 3.

       Following the filing of a Childline report on August 11, 2023, a CYF

caseworker met with Father who told him that her supervisor had advised that

Father take Child to Hershey Medical Center (HMC), as a result of which Father

became “extremely upset[,] . . . took the [C]hild outside to his motor

vehicle[,] and left the residence.”            Id.; N.T. Adjudicatory/Abuse Hearing,

10/25/23, at 34, 41-43. Despite repeated requests from CYF, Father refused

to take Child to the hospital or allow the caseworker to observe Child’s sibling

and half-sibling. See Hershey Medical Center Child Protection Team Inpatient

Consultation Report, 8/11/23, at 4.               The CYF caseworker testified that

although Father ultimately apologized to her for overreacting and told her that

he would take Child to HMC, Father explicitly said he did not want the

caseworker to follow him to HMC and, after leaving for the hospital, Father

decided not to take Child to HMC.              See N.T. Adjudication/Abuse Hearing,

10/25/23, at 42-43.2
____________________________________________

2 Father testified, however, that after speaking to the CYF caseworker, he
talked to a police officer and permitted the officer to see Child, G.S., and K.W.,
after which children were returned to Father’s custody.                 See N.T.
Adjudicatory/Abuse Hearing, 10/25/23, at 103-04.

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      Later that day, CYF caseworkers returned to Father’s home with the

police and placed Child, G.S., and K.W. into protective custody, see 23

Pa.C.S.A. § 6315, awarded temporary legal and physical custody of Child to

CYF, and transported Child to HMC’s Pediatric Emergency Room. See N.T.

Adjudicatory/Abuse Hearing, 10/25/23, at 104 (Father testifying that later in

the day on August 11th, the officer came back to Father’s home and removed

the children from Father’s custody as per court order). At HMC, Child was

examined by Dr. Marita E. Lind. See Hershey Medical Center Child Protection

Team Inpatient Consultation Report, 8/11/23, at 4. There, medical personnel

ruled out any underlying causes or conditions that would account for the

bruising by conducting a skeletal survey and blood tests. Ultimately, Dr. Lind

determined that Child had sustained unexplained “non-accidental trauma [in

the form of] extensive facial bruising and bruising on her right anterior neck.”

HMC Child Protection Team Inpatient Consultation Report, 8/11/23, at 3.

      “[P]arents [] reported the possibility that the dog or the seatbelt could

have caused the injuries [to Child].” Id. However, HMC’s medical staff did

not find Mother’s and Father’s explanations consistent with Child’s injuries.

Rather, Dr. Lind opined that the injuries would have caused pain to Child when

they were inflicted where they were caused by a “blow to the tissue . . . or

multiple blows to the child’s side of the face that would have been caused by

something that was able to wrap around the child’s curvature of [her] cheek

and face.” N.T. Adjudicatory/Abuse Hearing, 10/25/23, at 15, 17. Ultimately,

Dr. Lind diagnosed Child’s injuries as “physical abuse” and indicated a

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“concern of failure to thrive.” Id. See In the Interest of A.C., 237 A.3d

553, 564 (Pa. Super. 2020) (clear and convincing evidence of child abuse

where medial testimony revealed Child’s injuries likely result of non-accidental

trauma and injuries proven to be inconsistent with parent’s explanation).

       Following her discharge from HMC, on August 12, 2023, Child was

placed in foster care along with G.S. and K.W. On August 14, 2023, CYF filed

an emergency application requesting that Child remain in foster care “due to

allegations and injuries suffered by [C]hild while in the custody of parents.”

Id. at 5. The court issued an emergency order of protective custody stating

that Child was to remain in shelter care3 because it was not in Child’s best

interest to remain with Mother or Father.        See 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6332.    On

August 15, 2023, CYF filed a dependency petition alleging Child was the victim

of child abuse. See 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 6303.

       On October 25, 2023, the court held a dependency/abuse hearing,4 at

which Dr. Lind, an expert in pediatrics and child abuse, Dr. Sardana, an expert

in emergency medicine, Sarah White, a CYF caseworker, Valerie Acito, a PA

Child visitation supervisor, and Father testified.    At the conclusion of the

hearing, the court adjudicated Child dependent for lack of proper parental care

or control. See N.T. Dependency/Abuse Hearing, 10/25/23, at 128. The court
____________________________________________

3 On August 25, 2023, the court granted CYF’s petition to modify Child’s

placement and placed Child with Child’s paternal aunt, a kinship resource.

4 At the time of the hearing, Child and her sibling and half-sibling were living

with maternal grandmother. N.T. Adjudicatory/Abuse Hearing, 10/25/23, at
49.

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also found that CYF met its burden of proving that Child was the victim of child

abuse where she had suffered serious injuries and pain, id. at 128-29; CYF

had not been able to prove, by clear and convincing evidence, who perpetrated

the abuse, id. at 129; under section 6381(d), Father and B.S. were presumed

to be the perpetrators of the abuse, id. at 129-30; and Father did not rebut

the section 6381(d) presumption where he “failed to establish that he had no

reason to know that the party to whom he entrusted the care of [C]hild was

a[] risk to [C]hild and that [Child] was not unsupervised during any period

during which [C]hild suffered the injury in question.” Id. at 130.

      Father filed a timely appeal and court-ordered Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise

statement of errors complained of on appeal. On appeal, Father raises the

following issue: “Did the trial court err as a matter of law and/or abuse[] its

discretion in entering a finding of abuse against Father as outlined in 23

P[a].C.S.[A. §] 6303[,] as the prima facie presumption was rebutted as

permitted under section 6381?” Appellant’s Brief, at 4 (italics added).

      We review this appeal for an abuse of discretion. In the Interest of

L.Z., 111 A.3d 1164, 1174 (Pa. 2015). “The standard of review in dependency

cases ‘requires an appellate court to accept the findings of fact and credibility

determinations of the trial court if they are supported by the record, but does

not require the appellate court to accept the lower court’s inferences or

conclusions of law.’” Id. (citation and quotation marks omitted).

      “[Although] dependency proceedings are governed by the Juvenile Act

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(Act), . . . the C[hild] P[rotective] S[ervices] L[aw] [(CPSL)] . . . controls

determinations regarding findings of child abuse, which the juvenile courts

must find by clear and convincing evidence.” In re L.V., 209 A.3d 399, 417

(Pa. Super. 2019) (citations omitted); see also In the Interest of X.P., 248

A.3d 1274, 1276 (Pa. Super. 2021) (same). The CPSL “does not provide for

legal determinations of abuse; it is mainly a vehicle for reporting abuse and

bringing quickly into play those services (including court hearings) available

through county protective service facilities for the care of the child.” In the

Interest of J.R.W., 631 A.2d 1019, 1022 (Pa. Super. 1993). “[T]he Act and

the [CPSL] must be applied together in the resolution of child abuse

complaints under the [CPSL and] reference must be made to the definition

sections of both the [Act] and the [CPSL] to determine how that finding [of

child abuse] is interrelated.” Id. at 1023.

      “‘As part of [a] dependency adjudication, a court may find a parent [or

caregiver] to be the perpetrator of child abuse[]’ as defined by the . . . CPSL.”

In re S.L., 202 A.3d 723, 728 (Pa. Super. 2019) (citation and quotations

omitted). Section 6381(d) of the CPSL “provides for an ‘attenuated’ standard

of evidence in making a legal determination as to the abuser in child abuse

cases [where] a child has suffered serious physical injury . . . as would

ordinarily not be sustained or exist except by reason of the acts or omissions

of the parent or other person responsible for the welfare of the child.” J.R.W.,

supra, at 1023; 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 6381(d). See L.Z., supra at 1184 (inclusion

of word “omission” in section 6318(d) “encompasses situations where the

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parent . . . is not present at the time of the injury[,] but is[,] nonetheless[,]

responsible due to his or her failure to provide protection for the child”).

       Recently, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court reiterated the appropriate

standard of proof for a finding of child abuse:

       The requisite standard of proof for a finding of child abuse
       pursuant to [s]ection 6303(b.1) of the CPSL is clear and
       convincing evidence. [A] petitioning party must demonstrate the
       existence of child abuse by the clear and convincing evidence
       standard applicable to most dependency determinations[.] 42
       Pa.C.S.[A.] § 6341(c)[].       Clear and convincing evidence is
       “evidence that is so clear, direct, weighty, and convincing as to
       enable the trier of fact to come to a clear conviction, without
       hesitancy, of the truth of the precise facts in issue.” [] [H]owever,
       in certain situations, the identity of the abuser need only be
       established through prima facie evidence. As an appellate court,
       we are required to accept the findings of fact and credibility
       determinations of the trial court, if they are supported by the
       record; however, [this C]ourt is] not bound by the lower court’s
       inferences or conclusions of law.

In the Interest of N.B.-A., 224 A.3d 661, 668 (Pa. 2020) (citations omitted).

       Section 6381(d) of the CPSL establishes a rebuttable evidentiary

presumption when a child sustains abuse not ordinarily suffered absent acts

or omissions of a parent or other responsible party.                 Under such

circumstances, “the fact of abuse suffices to establish prima facie evidence of

abuse by the parent or person responsible.” L.Z., supra at 1167.5 See id.
____________________________________________

5 Section 6381(d) provides:

       (d) Prima facie evidence of abuse. — Evidence that a child has
       suffered child abuse of such a nature as would ordinarily not be
       sustained or exist except by reason of the acts or omissions of the
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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at 1184 (“The Legislature [] carved out a very limited exception to these more

stringent evidentiary standards, allowing for the possibility of identifying the

perpetrator of abuse based on prima facie evidence in cases where the abuse

is “̀̀̀̀̀̀̀̀ ̀̀̀̀of such a nature as would ordinarily not be sustained or exist except by

reason of the acts or omissions of the parent[.]’”) (citation omitted).

       Under section 6381(d), a parent or other responsible caregiver may

rebut the prima facie presumption with evidence:

       [d]emonstrating that the parent or responsible person did not
       inflict the abuse, potentially by testifying that they gave
       responsibility for the child to another person about whom they had
       no reason to fear or perhaps that the injuries were accidental
       rather than abusive.        The evaluation of the validity of the
       presumption would then rest with the trial court evaluating the
       credibility of the prima facie evidence presented by . . . [DHS]
       . . . and the rebuttal of the parent or responsible person.

Id. at 1185. See id. at 1176 n.15 (section 6381(d) presumption may be

rebutted with evidence that parent or responsible person was absent at time

of injury and not otherwise responsible for injury by failing to secure proper

care for child); see also In re S.L., 202 A.3d 723, 728 (Pa. Super. 2019)

(section 6381(d) presumption “can be rebutted, like other statutory

presumptions,      with    countervailing      competent,    substantial    evidence”)

(citations omitted).
____________________________________________

       parent or other person responsible for the welfare of the child shall
       be prima facie evidence of child abuse by the parent or other
       person responsible for the welfare of the child.

23 Pa.C.S.A. § 6381(d).

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      Instantly, Father contends that the trial court erred finding that he failed

to rebut section 6381(d)’s presumption that he was a perpetrator of abuse

where “at no point was [he] alone with [C]hild . . . throughout the entirety of

the time involved.” Appellant’s Brief, at 15. Rather, Father asserts that the

evidence showed that “the injury was probably caused by a baby[]sitter that

Father had no reason to know would do such a thing.” Id. (emphasis added).

      In order to rebut the section 6381(d) prima facie presumption, a parent

or caregiver must provide evidence “[d]emonstrating that [he] did not inflict

the abuse . . . [by] testifying that [he] gave responsibility for [C]hild to

[another person] . . . about whom [he] had no reason to fear” or that the

injuries were accidental rather than abusive. L.Z., supra at 1185. See In

re S.L., 202 A.3d 723 (Pa. Super. 2019) (finding of prima facie evidence

against parent pursuant to section 6831(d) “does not end the analysis;” due

process dictates parent entitled to present rebuttal evidence).

      Here the trial court concluded that, based upon medical evidence, the

injuries Child sustained were not accidental and occurred while “in the care of

several people during [F]ather’s exercise of his physical custody of [C]hild.”

N.T. Adjudicatory/Abuse Hearing, 10/25/23, at 130; id. at 12 (Doctor Lind

testifying she conducted physical examination of Child on August 11, 2023,

and discovered “extensive bruising to the right side of her face from lateral to

her mouth extending to just before her ear, [and also] had some small

abrasions in her ear [and a] linear irregular bruise on the right side of her

neck”).   Moreover, the court did not find that Father rebutted the section

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6381(d) presumption where Father’s testimony confirmed that, at all relevant

times during the period when Child suffered her injuries, Child was supervised

by an adult and Father had concerns regarding B.S.’s childcare abilities. See

N.T. Abuse Hearing, /23, at 130-31; see also Trial Court Order, 10/25/23, at

5.   It is well-established that once a parent or caregiver presents rebuttal

evidence, “[t]he evaluation of the validity of the presumption would then rest

with the trial court evaluating the credibility of the prima facie evidence

presented by CY[F] and the rebuttal of the parent or responsible person.”

L.Z., 111 A.3d at 1185.

      The fact that there were other individuals caring for Child during the

period when she sustained her injuries or that Father may not have been alone

with Child during that time period does not relieve Father of his parental

responsibility while Child is in his custody. See In the Interest of C.B., 264

A.3d 761, 777 (Pa. Super. 2021) (en banc); see also L.Z., supra at 1185

(“When a child is in the care of multiple parents or other persons responsible

for care, those individuals are accountable for the care and protection of the

child whether they actually inflicted the injury or failed in their duty to protect

the child.”). See also N.T. Dependency/Abuse Hearing, 10/25/23, at 113

(Father testifying child sustained injury while in his care, but “nobody has any

information or has provided [Father with information] about how she got the

[facial] bruising”). As our Supreme Court recognized in N.B.-A., supra, at

668, when a child sustains abuse not ordinarily suffered absent acts or

omissions of a parent or other responsible party, the identity of the abuser

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need only be established through prima facie evidence. See also L.Z., supra

at 1167 (under such circumstances, “the fact of abuse suffices to establish

prima facie evidence of abuse by the parent or person responsible”).

       Father, himself, testified that he had an altercation with B.S. after B.S.

failed to change Child’s dirty diaper on Wednesday, August 9th, causing Child

to suffer a diaper rash.6 See N.T. Dependency/Abuse Hearing, 10/25/23, at

93, 95. Father used “vulgar language [and] intimidate[d]” B.S. during the

incident. See also id. (Father testifying, day before bruising to Child’s right

cheek appeared, “[he] was in [B.S.’s] face” upon finding Child and Father’s

other children had full diapers); id. at 94 (Father testifying his girlfriend told

Father “he needed to calm down” before he went back downstairs to talk to

B.S.). Father also testified that the situation “just d[idn’t] make sense” when

B.S. kept telling Father that “he [had] just changed [Child’s diaper] 10 or 15

minutes before [Father] came home.”                Id. at 95.   However, Father still

permitted B.S. to come to his house to care for Child on Thursday, August

10th, and that “[B.S.] might have . . . c[o]me to the house [on Friday, August

11th] on his own to help with the children because [Father’s girlfriend] is

pregnant.” See id. at 107, 109. Father also testified that he had known B.S.,

a former neighbor, for four to five years, that B.S. was “not some random

dude he picked up off the street,” and that he “trusted him because he thought

he knew him.” Id. at 108. See also id. at 109-10 (Father testifying after he
____________________________________________

6 Father’s other children also suffered from dirty diapers when Father returned

home from work on August 9th.

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angrily confronted B.S. on August 9th, he “gave [B.S.] the benefit of the doubt

[because] people ma[ke] mistakes”).

       Father testified that throughout the night of August 9th, he was up

multiple times with Child due to her being “more fussy than she normally is.”

Id. at 96. When Father left for work around 5:00 AM on the morning of August

10th, he did not see any injuries on Child.7 Id. at 98. However, when Father’s

girlfriend awoke that later morning, she noticed bruises on the right side of

Child’s face, id. at 99,8 and immediately called Father at work. Id. Father’s

girlfriend “describe[ed Child’s] bruises [to him],” but denied that Child was

fussy, crying, or appeared to be in pain. Id. Father told his girlfriend to “wait

until [he] came home and [then he would] check on [Child] and see what [his]

parental opinion [is.]” Id. When Father arrived home from work on August

10th, he “freaked out” when he saw Child’s face, id. at 100, prompting him to

“immediately tr[y to] call [Mother] . . . because she has the insurance

information.” Id. Mother and Maternal Grandmother then took Child to the

hospital and, after she was seen by medical staff and discharged, returned

Child to Father’s residence. Id. at 99-100.

       Father testified that, on Friday, August 11th, he went to work around

5:00 AM and left Child in the care of his girlfriend, B.S., and B.S.’s girlfriend.
____________________________________________

7 However, on cross-examination, Father testified that “it was dark [at] 4:30

or 5:00 in the morning.” Id. at 110.

8 On direct examination, CYF caseworker Sarah White testified that B.S. told

her he first noticed the bruise on Child’s face and told Father’s girlfriend, who
then called Father. See N.T. Adjudicatory/Abuse Hearing, 10/25/23, at 39.

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Id. at 101. Father further testified that after he returned home from work

that day around 4:00 PM, id., a CYF caseworker visited him and told him he

should take Child to HMC. Id. Father did not take Child to HMC, but testified

that after he talked to the CYF caseworker, he talked to a police officer who

came to Father’s residence, looked at Child, and returned Child to Father’s

care. Id. at 102-03. Finally, Father testified that he was never alone with

Child during the time that she sustained the non-accidental injuries. Id. at

105 (Father stating he was never alone with Child from Wednesday, August

9, 2023 through Friday, August 11, 2023).

      Applying section 6381(d) to the instant case, we affirm the trial court’s

determination that Father was a perpetrator of abuse to Child.        First, the

medical evidence presented by Dr. Lind demonstrated that Child’s injuries

were neither accidental nor self-inflicted. Second, at the time she sustained

her injuries, Child was being cared for by Father, Father’s girlfriend, and B.S.

Third, Child’s injuries were shown to be “of such a nature as would ordinarily

not be sustained or exist except by reason of the acts or omissions of the

parent or other person responsible for the welfare of [C]hild.” 23 Pa.C.S.A. §

6381(d).     Therefore, either Father, Father’s girlfriend, B.S., or any

combination of the three inflicted the abuse or failed to protect Child from the

other’s abuse.

      Child’s guardian ad litem (GAL), Kristina E. Forrey, Esquire, has taken

the position on appeal that the trial court “inadvertently made an error and

incorrectly determined that the presumption was not rebutted under [section]

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6381(d).” Brief of Guardian Ad Litem, at 6. Specifically, the GAL contends

that “specific statements the [t]rial [c]ourt made at the time of trial which do

not appear to align with the facts presented, and statements presented by

witnesses for the Agency[,] weakened the Agency’s case.” Brief of Guardian

Ad Litem, at 20.

      The GAL takes issue with the fact that the trial court afforded Father’s

girlfriend leniency in the matter because “she was cooperative with the

investigation.”    Id. at 33.   Although Father may have been somewhat

cooperative, the fact remains that Child was Father’s legal responsibility, as

her parent, during the time she was in his custodial care. In addition, Father

first overreacted to and then outright defied a CYF caseworker who told Father

that he should take Child to HMC to be evaluated after her CYF supervisor saw

photographs of Child’s injuries.     See N.T. Adjudicatory/Abuse Hearing,

10/25/23, at 34, 41-43.

      The GAL also directly attacks the trial court’s credibility determination

regarding Father’s rebuttal evidence. Specifically, she contends that where

Father “presented uncontroverted testimony that he had known [B.S.] for five

years and had never had any indication that [B.S.] was capable of harming

any child,” Brief of Guardian Ad Litem, at 29, “Father had no cause for concern

regarding [B.S.’s] care of the children until August 9, 2023[.]” Id. (emphasis

added). Thus, she asserts that CYF presented no evidence that “Father knew

or should have known that [B.S.] would harm a child.” Id.

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      As we have previously stated, a trial court is tasked with the

responsibility of evaluating not only the credibility of the prima facie evidence

presented by the agency, but also any rebuttal evidence presented by a parent

or caretaker. See L.Z., 111 A.3d at 1185. Here, as the GAL acknowledges,

Father did have cause for concern regarding B.S.’s care of Child on August 9th.

In fact, Father was livid when he noticed that Child, who had been in B.S.’s

care, had a diaper that was so full that it had caused a rash.          See N.T.

Adjudicatory/Abuse Hearing, 10/25/23, at 93-94 (Father’s girlfriend telling

Father he had “to calm down” and Father having to talk to girlfriend for five

to ten minutes in order to calm down enough to be able to go downstairs and

talk to B.S. civilly). Based on this evidence, we find it was not an abuse of

discretion for the trial court to conclude that Father was not credible when he

testified that he had no reason to fear giving B.S. the responsibility of caring

for Child. See In re S.G., 922 A.2d 943, 947 (Pa. Super. 2007) (trial court,

not appellate court, is charged with responsibilities of evaluating credibility of

witnesses and resolving any conflicts in testimony; when trial court’s findings

are supported by competent evidence of record, we will affirm even if record

could also support opposite result); see also L.Z., supra at 1176 n.15. (“the

presumption of [s]ection 6381(d) may be rebutted with evidence that the

parent or responsible person was absent at the time of the injury and not

otherwise responsible for the injury by failing to secure proper care for

the child”) (emphasis added).

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       On a related note, the GAL argues that the trial court “misunderstood

the timeline” and that “Child was most likely injured on August 9, 2023,”

before Father had the argument with B.S. about Child’s dirty diaper. Brief of

Guardian Ad Litem, at 32. While the record bears out that Mother told medical

providers at Hanover Hospital, on August 10th, that Father’s girlfriend noticed

Child had a small red mark on her cheek9 on August 9th,10 the non-accidental

injuries determined to be indicative of child abuse consisted of extensive facial

bruising and bruising on Child’s right anterior neck, which were diagnosed on

August 11, 2023, by HMC staff, and determined to have occurred sometime

on August 10th—after Father’s altercation with B.S.

       Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court’s factual findings and

credibility determinations are supported by the record. L.Z., supra.11 Prima

____________________________________________

9 CYF caseworker Sarah White testified that B.S. told her that on the 9th he

noticed Child had a red mark on her cheek when she woke up from her nap.
N.T. Adjudication/Abuse Hearing, 10/25/23, at 38.

10 Notably, the medical providers at Hanover Hospital did not conclude child’s

injuries were the result of abuse. See L.Z., supra at 1185 (“child abuse cases
often involve a child presenting to a hospital with significant injuries that are
entirely consistent with common types of child abuse and entirely inconsistent
with the implausible explanations concocted by the parents and responsible
persons to avoid allegations of child abuse”). Rather, the hospital’s patient
care report indicates the following: Abuse Indicators – Screening – Safe in
Home: Other (Comment) – CYS to follow up on suspicious injury report
made.” UPMC Hanover Hospital Medical Report, 8/10/23, at 25.

11 As noted, the trial court, not the GAL, makes credibility determinations in

the instant matter as the trier-of-fact. Therefore, while we have addressed
the GAL’s concerns as denoted in her Appellee’s Brief, because the trial court’s
determinations are supported by the record, we affirm its conclusion that
Father did not rebut the section 6381(d) presumption.

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J-S07001-24

facie evidence exists to apply section 6381(d)’s presumption that Father was

a perpetrator of Child’s abuse where Child was in Father’s custody when she

sustained her non-accidental injuries that would not normally have been

sustained without either actions or omissions of a parent or childcare provider.

See 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 6381(d). Moreover, we find that Father failed to rebut the

presumption, with substantial countervailing evidence, L.Z., supra, where

Child’s injuries were medically determined to be non-accidental and not self-

inflicted, Father had custody of Child at the time she was injured, and Father

had reason to question his decision to leave Child in B.S.’s care. Id. at 1186.12

       Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Benjamin D. Kohler, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 3/22/2024

____________________________________________

12  Moreover, one cannot discount the possibility that Child was injured
sometime during the early morning hours of August 10th before Father left for
work. As discussed supra at n.7, on cross-examination, Father testified that
“it was dark [at] 4:30 or 5:00 in the morning [on August 10 th].” N.T.
Adjudicatory/Abuse Hearing, 10/25/23, at 110. Therefore, Father’s testimony
on direct examination, that he did not see any injuries on Child when he left
for work on August 10th, is somewhat contradicted by his testimony on cross-
examination.

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