Court Opinion

ID: 8636910
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-24 19:46:44.859389+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:55:57.429053
License: Public Domain

BLATCHFORD, District Judge.
The rear-gument of this case as respects the Fifth avenue property, and the furniture therein and the proceeds thereof, has only served to confirm the conclusion at which I arrived on the first argument, that the plaintiff is not entitled to a decree, as prayed for, as respects such property, furniture and proceeds.
The plaintiff claims that the settlement made by James K. Place, on his wife, of the Fifth avenue property, should be set aside as fraudulent and void, because made with an intent to hinder, delay and defraud the creditors of James K. Place. The settlement was a voluntary one, made in consideration only of the marriage relation. The plaintiff, as assignee in bankruptcy of James K. Place, is vested, lij' virtue of the 14th section of the bankruptcy act [of 1867 (14 Stat. 522)], with all property conveyed by the bankrupt in fraud of his creditors.
It was decided by the supreme court of the United States, in 1823 (Sexton v. Wheaton, 8 Wheat. [21 U. S.] 229), that a voluntary settlement in favor of a wife cannot be impeached by subsequent creditors merely because it was voluntary.
In Hinde’s Lessee v. Longworth, 11 Wheat. [24 U. S.] 199, in 1826, the doctrine was laid down, that the mere fact that a grantor, who makes a deed to a child in consideration of affection, is in debt to a small amount, will not make such deed fraudulent as against creditors, if it be shown that the grantor was in prosperous circumstances and unembarrassed, that the gift to the child was a reasonable provision according to'his state and condition in life, and that enough was left for the payment' of the debts of the grantor. This doctrine was approved by the court of appeals of New York, in 1S51, in Carpenter v. Roe, 10 N. Y. 227, and, in 1862, in Babcock v. Eckler, 24 N. Y. 623. The case last cited also says, that subsequent indebtedness cannot be invoked to make that fraudulent which was honest and free from impeachment at the time.
In Van Wyck v. Seward, 6 Paige, 62, in 1836, Chancellor Walworth said: “I presume it cannot be seriously urged, that, where a parent makes an advancement to his child, honestly and fairly retaining in his own hands, at the same time, property sufficient to pay all his debts, such child will be bound to refund the advancement, for the benefit of creditors, if it afterwards happens that the parent, either by misfortune or frhud, does not actually pay all his debts which existed at the time of the advancement.”
In Bank of U. S. v. Housman, 6 Paige, 526, in 1837, the same judge said that it was the settled law of New York, that a voluntary conveyance was not per se fraudulent, even as against creditors to whom the grantor was indebted at the date of the deed.
In Frazer v. Western, 1 Barb. Ch. 220, in 1845, the same judge says; “The law sanctions a conveyance founded upon the consideration of blood or of marriage merely. The legal presumption, therefore, is, that such a conveyance is valid, and not a fraud upon the rights of any one.”
In Parish v. Murphree, 13 How. [54 U. S.] 92, in 1851, the result of the cases in regard to the statute of 13 Elizabeth, rendering void conveyances made with intent to delay, hinder or defraud creditors, is well summed up by the court in these words: “The various constructions which have been given to the statutes of frauds by the courts of England and of this countrj', would seem to have been influenced, to some extent, from an attempt to give a literal application of the words of the statute instead of its intent. No provision can be drawn so as to define minutely the circumstances under which fraud may be committed. If an individual, being in debt, shall make a voluntary eonveyánce of his entire property, it would be a clear case of fraud; but this rule would not applj- if such a conveyance be made by a person free from all embarrassments, and 33rithout reference to future responsibilities. But, between these extremes numberless cases arise, under facts and circumstances which must be minutely examined, to ascertain their true character. To hold that a settlement of a small amount, by an individual in independent circumstances, and which, if known to the public, would not affect his credit, is fraudulent, would be a perversion of the statute. It *989did not intend thus to disturb the ordinary and safe transactions in society, made in good faith, and which at the time subjected the creditors to no hazard. The statute designed to prohibit frauds, by protecting the rights of creditors. I f the facts and circumstances show clearly a fraudulent intent, the conveyance is void against all creditors, past or future. Where a voluntary conveyance is made by an individual free from debt, With a purpose of committing a fraud on future creditors, it is void, under the statute. And if a settlement be made without any fraudulent intent, yet if the amount thus conveyed impaired the means of the grantor so as to hinder or delay his creditors, it is, as to them, void.”
These were the generally accepted doctrines in regard to voluntary settlements until the decision of Lord Chancellor Westbury, in 1864, in the case of Spirett v. Willows, 3 De Gex, J. & S. 293, 11 Jur. (N. S.) pt. 1, p. 70. In that case it is said: “The plaintiff sues, as a creditor, to set aside a voluntary settlement or deed of gift made by the defendant, his debtor. The plaintiff’s debt was contracted before the time of making the settlement. He has since recovered judgment at law, and the debtor has become bankrupt. The plaintiff complains, in the words of the statute of Elizabeth, that his judgment and execution are hindered, delayed and defrauded by the conveyance of the goods and chattels of his debt- or, made by this voluntary settlement. The defence is, that, at the time of. making the settlement, the debtor reserved and had property enough to pay the plaintiff and all his other creditors in full, and that the settlement, therefore, is not fraudulent, because the debt- or remained solvent after he had made it. There is some inconsistency in the decided cases on the subject of conveyances in fraud of creditors, but I think the following conclusions are well founded: If the debt of the creditor by whom the voluntary settlement is impeached, existed at the date of the settlement. and it is shown that the remedy of the creditor is defeated or delayed by the existence of the settlement, it is immaterial whether the debtor was or was not solvent after making the settlement. But, if a voluntary settlement or deed of gift be impeached by subsequent creditors, whose debts had not been contracted at the date of the settlement, then it is necessary to show either that the settlor made the settlement with express intent to delay, hinder or defraud creditors, or that, after the settlement, the settlor had no sufficient means or reasonable- expectation of being able to pay his then existing debts, that is to say, was reduced to a state of insolvency, in which case the law infers that the settlement was made with intent to delay, hinder or defraud creditors, and is, therefore, fraudulent and void. It is obvious, that the fact of a voluntary settlor retaining money enough to pay the debts which he owes at the time of making the settlement, but not actually paying them, cannot give a different character to the settlement, or take it out of the statute. It still remains a voluntary alienation, or deed of gift, whereby, in the event, the remedies of creditors are delayed, hindered or defrauded. I am, therefore, of opinion, that this settlement is void, as against the plaintiff.” This ease of Spirett v. Willows came under consideration in the case of' Freeman v. Pope, L. R. 9 Eq. 206, in 1869.. In that case, a subsequent creditor of the set-tlor’s brought the suit, to set aside, as fraudulent and void, under the statute of 13 Elizabeth, as against the creditors of the settlor, a settlement of a policy of life insurance made by the settlor upon his goddaughter, in consideration of affection. Vice-Chancellor James says: “Were this case absolutely free from authority, I should have thought that the question I had to put to myself under the statute, was, in the words of the statute, whether there was actually any intention, by this settlement, on the part of the settlor, to defeat, hinder or delay his creditors. If I were a special juryman to whom such a question were put to me by the judge, I should, upon the facts of this case, come to the conclusion, that this gentleman had no such intention whatever. I am satisfied that he had not any idea whatever of defrauding or cheating his creditors by making that settlement, in favor of his goddaughter, of the policy of assurance.” He then says that he considers himself bound by the decision of Lord West-bury in Spirett v. Willows, though he cannot follow the reasoning. He then quotes the-material parts of the judgment of Lord West-bury, as above cited, and comments upon them thus: “That is to say, it is immaterial whether the debtor had any intention whatever of defeating his creditors; but if, in the-result, from some accident, a small debt remained unpaid for some years, and, by reason of a voluntary settlement and subsequent insolvency of the debtor, the creditor was delayed in the payment of his debt, then, however honest the settlement was, however solvent the settlor was at the time, if at the time he had £100,000 and put £100 in the settlement, and a creditor for say £10 happened to be unpaid in consequence of the settlor losing his money in the interval, that would be quite sufficient to set aside the voluntary settlement. That is the decision of Lord Westbury. 1 am bound by that decision, and, therefore, although bound to express my extrajudicial opinion, that this gentleman, having regard to his income and his means, had no intention whatever to cheat his creditors at that time, I must judicially declare this settlement to be fraudulent and void as against his creditors.” This case of Freeman v. Pope was appealed, and was heard on appeal before Lord Chancellor Hatherley and Lord Justice Giffard, in 1870. 6 Ch. App. 538. The lord chancellor, in his judgment, after holding, that, if the necessary effect of an instrument is to defeat, hinder or delay creditors, that necessary effect must be considered as *990evidencing the intention to do so, whatever view may he taken as to what was actually passing in the mind of the maker of the instrument, says, that, in the case of Spirett v. Willows, there was direct and positive evidence of an intention to defraud, independently of the consequences which followed, or which might have been expected to follow, from the act. He adds: “But, it is established by the authorities, that, in the absence of any such direct proof of intention, if a person owing debts makes a settlement which subtracts, from the property which is the proper fund for the payment of those debts, an amount without which the debts cannot be paid, then, since it is the necessary consequence of the settlement (supposing it effectual), that some creditors must remain unpaid, it would be the duty of the judge to direct ¡ the jury that they mast infer the intent of i the settlor to have been to defeat or delay j his creditors, and that the case is within the statute.” He then refers to what he speaks of as the dicta of Lord Westbury in the case of Spirett v. Willows, and especially points out the following remark of Lord Westbury’s as a dictum: “If the debt of the creditor by ! whom the voluntary settlement is impeached existed at the date of the settlement, and it is shown that the remedy of the creditor is defeated or delayed by the existence of the settlement, it is immaterial whether the debt- or was or was not solvent after making the settlement.” In regard to this dictum he says: “This expression of opinion on the part of the lord chancellor was by no means necessary for the decision of the case before him, where the settlor was guilty of a plain and manifest fraud. It is expressed in very large terms, probably too large; but.it is unnecessary to resort to it in the present case.” He then holds that the decree of Vice-Chan- ! ■cellor James was right, on the ground that, j irrespective of the question whether there was | an actual intention to delay creditors, the facts were such as to show that the necessary consequence of what was done was to delay them. In the same case, Lord Justice Gif-fard says, that the propositions laid down in Spirett v. Willows, taken as abstract propositions, go too far and beyond what the law is. In respect to voluntary settlements, he says that an intent to defeat creditors may be inferred in a variety of ways. “For instance, if, after deducting the property which is the subject of the voluntary settlement, sufficient available assets are not left for the payment of the settlor’s debts, then the law infers intent, and it would be the duty of a judge, in leaving the case to the jury, to tell the jury that they must presume that that was the intent. Again, if, at the date of the settlement, the person making the settlement was not in a position actually to pay his creditors, the law would infer that he intended, by making the voluntary settlement, to defeat and delay them.” !
It is, therefore, quite clear, that nothing in ¡ the case of Spirett v. Willows changes the settled view held in England and the United States prior to that case, as to the proper construction of the statute of 13 Elizabeth.
The statute of New-York (2 Rev. St. p. 137, § 1), declaring conveyances of, and charges upon, property, made with the intent to hinder, delay or defraud creditors, to be void as against the persons so hindered, delayed or defrauded, is, in substance, the same, in its provisions, as the first section of the statute of 13 Eliz. c. 5. The statute of New York also contains the provision (2 Rev. St. p. 137, § 4), that the question of such fraudulent intent shall, in all cases, be deemed a question of fact, and not of law, and that no conveyance or charge shall be adjudged fraudulent as against creditors or purchasers, solely on the ground that it was not founded on a valuable consideration.
James K. Place, the settlor, was, for several years prior to December 1st, 1865, in a prosperous business, in the city of New York, as a member of the mercantile house of J. IC. & E. B. Place, in which he and Ephraim B. Place were the only, general partners, and James D. Sparkman was the sole special partner. The copartnership had, by its terms, on the 30th of November, 1865, some time yet to run. In the summer of 1865, James IC. Place, being at the time prosperous in business and free from embarrassment, and abundantly solvent, determined to make a settlement on his wife, of a house for a residence. In pursuance of that purpose, he' purchased, for the sum of ?5,000, a ground-rent lease of a lot of land on the northwesterly corner of Forty-Seventh street and the Fifth avenue, in the city of New York, in size twenty-five feet by one hundred feet. He paid $500 of the purchase money on the 13th of July, 1865, and the remainder on the 18th of September, 1865. The holder of the lease assigned «it to James IC. Place, by an instrument dated June 21st. 1865, and recorded September 19th, 1865. Place immediately commenced the erection of a house on the lot, making, for the purpose, prior to the 2d of November, 18G5, written contracts with various persons to do various parts of the work and furnish the materials therefor, payments for the work and materials to be made by instalments, as the work progressed to defined points. The house was completed about September, 1866. The affixing of materials and of the results of labor to the premises, in the shape of the house, kept ahead of the payments made therefor by James 1C. Place, the accretion to the land being at the rate of from $7,000 to $8,000 a month during the year from September, 1865, to September, 1866.
¡ On the 30th of November, 1865, the firm of J. IC. & E. B. Place was dissolved, by the ! mutual consent of its general and special partners. E. B. Place retired from business, and .Tames IC. Place anil James D. Sparkman formed, as general partners, on the 1st of *991December, 1865, a copartnership under the firm name of J. K. Place & Co., for the purpose of continuing the business of J. Iv. & E. B. Place. The firm of J. K. & E. B. Place had been prosperous. At its dissolution, November 30th, 1865, its accounts were adjusted after being stated, and the balance of its assets, after allowing for the payment of its debts, was divided among the members of ■ the firm, by carrying to the credit of •each member his proper share. Such share of James Iv. Place was, on that day, $227,-30162, and such share of James D. Spark-man was $262,719 45. These sums, in the shape in which they were so credited, being in the shape of assets of J. K. & E. B. Place, were put by James Iv. Place and James D. Sparkman,- as capital, into the new firm of J. Iv. Place & Co., and amounted to more than $490,000. J. K. Place & Co. took, as purchasers, the stock of goods which J. Iv. & E. B. Place, had on hand, and continued the same description of business at the saíne store. J. Iv. Place & Co. collected the receivables of J. K. & E. B. Place, and with the proceeds liquidated .the debts, due by J. K. & E. B. Place. Such debts amounted to over $3,800,000. All of them, except debts to the amount of some thirty to thirty-five thousand dollars, were paid within from sixty to ninety days after the 30th of November, 1805, J. K. Place & Co. having collected about ninety-eight per cent, of the debts due to J.Iv. & E. B. Place. There is no evidence that, at the time of forming the new firm of J. K: Place & Co., December 1st, 1865, James K.. Place had any .intention of doing anything ■else in respect to his own future business, or the. business of such new firm, except to continue the prosperous business which the old firm of J. Iv. & E. B. Place enjoyed, or to embark in any hazardous enterprises or-speculations, and there is no evidence to Show that he had any reason to suppose that the new firm would not be as successful as the old firm had proved itself to be.
On the 18th of April, 1866, two instruments •of assignment of the lease so assigned to James K. Place, were acknowledged and recorded in the proper recording office. One was an assignment of such lease by James Iv. Place to Alexander H. Wallis, and was dated November 30th, 1865. Mr. Wallis was the legal adviser of James K. Place. The other instrument was an assignment of such lease by Mr. Wallis to Susan A. Place, the wife of James Iv. Place, and was dated December 1st, 1865.
On the making, on the 13th of July, 1865, of the first payment, $500, on account of the assignment of the lease, an account was opened, in a book kept by J. Iv. & E. B. Place, as a book of that firm, which account was headed: “Fifth avenue, cor. 47th St., J. Iv. Place.” This account was continued as the same account, under the same heading, in such book, so long as the firm of J. Iv. & E. B. Place continued, and. after that, the same book being kept by J. K. Place & Co., as a book of that firm, the account was continued as the same account, in the same book, under the same heading. To this account were debited all payments made on account of the purchase of the lease and the building of the house. The first item debited in such account was the $500 paid on account of the lease, July 13th, 1865, and it was entered as of that date. The amount of the items debited in such account to and including November 30th, 1865, were $10,028 35; ro and including December 31st, 1805, $11,774 44; to and including December 31st, I860, $11,027 00; to and including April 30th, 1807, $82,547 08; and to and including November 20th, 1867, $95,533 04. The amount of the items so debited during the year 1865 was $11,774 44; during the year 1866, $49,S52 56; during the time in the year 1867 which preceded the 1st of May, 1867, $20,92008; and during the time in the year 1867 which succeeded the 30th of April, 1867, and preceded the 21st of November, 1867, $12,985 90. By the 1st of December, 1865, $25,000 had been expended on account of the property, although only $10,-028 35 had been debited to the account
In regard to the furniture in the Fifth avenue house, some of it belonged to Mrs. Place, having been given to her by her father a number of years before I860. The rest of i it was procured during I860, the order for I the making of a large part of it having been j given in June, 1866. It was paid for by Mr. i. Place as a part of the settlement on his wife, j. having been ordered and purchased by Mrs. ¡ Place, in her own name.
! After the completion of the house and the procuring of the furniture, Mr. and Mrs. Place moved into the house and occupied it with their family.
The business of the firm of J. K. Place & Co. was, at first, very profitable. During the j year 1866, and after April or May in that ' year, it sustained some losses, but its losses | were not ascertained until December 31st, i 1866, when they amounted, up to that time. | to about $175,000. By that time the labor i and materials which went into the house had 1 been, all of them, substantially put into it as I between the settlor and the settlee, and the i furniture had been procured. The business of the firm went on, however, and it did not fail until November 20th, 1867, although by May, 1867, there was reason to think it would become insolvent.
I cannot regard the investment in the house and lease, and in the furniture, as an investment of the funds of the partnership for account of the partnership. The expenditures were, in effect, charged to James Iv. Place, with the assent of his partner, and the money was, in effect, drawn by him from the firm and applied to such expenditures, as between him and his partner, and with such partner’s assent. The transaction of the purchase of the lease and the building of the house was an open and not a secret one, *992and all the moneys applied to the purpose and to purchasing the furniture were debited on the books of the firm in an account headed with the designation of the property, and with the name of James K. Place. This was, to all intents and purposes, an individual account of Place's, kept in that shape for the sake of convenience. All of his private accounts, with few exceptions, were kept in the same way, in the books of the firm.
[The decision in this case was reversed by the circuit court, upon appeal by complainants. Case No. 12,621.]
Within the principles settled in the cases before referred to, James K. Place was solvent and pecuniarily in a condition to make the settlement he made. It was not unreasonable in amount, and, after he made it, he still had abundant property left to pay the debts which he owed. Whether the assignment of the lease to Mrs. Place be regarded as having been made December 1st, 1865, or April ISth, I860, is of no consequence. On all the evidence, the settlement was a competent one, whether either of those dates be taken as the date of the execution and delivery of the assignment to Mrs. Place. I see no evidence of any intent on the part of Mr. Place to defraud his then existing'■creditors, or to divest himself of his property and embark in a new and hazardous business, and defraud subsequent creditors. The case is not at all like the cases of Savage v. Murphy, 34 N. Y. 508, and Case v. Phelps, 39 N. Y. 164, so strongly relied on by the plaintiff. In the former case, the court found that the settlor stripped himself of the title to all his property, by transfer to his wife and children, without any visible change of possession, and with the intent to contract and continue a future indebtedness in his business, on the credit of his apparent ownership of the property transferred. In Case v. Phelps the deed of conveyance was not put on record, there was no apparent change of ownership, and the creditor trusted him on the belief that he still owned the premises.
The' evidence in the present case is very voluminous. The discussions of the case have been thorough and exhaustive, both orally and on paper. I have bestowed upon its consideration much care and time. I consented to a reargument of the case as respected the Fifth avenue property and the furniture, because of the large amount involved, of the importance of the principles and questions raised and debated, and of the apparent apprehension on the part of the plaintiff’s counsel that he had not, on the first hearing, presented the ease to the court in the light in which it ought to have been and might have been presented. I have considered fully all the views presented by the plaintiff’s counsel in all his briefs, and, if I have confined what I have hereinbefore said to the salient and prominent features of the case, it is not because I have failed to pass upon every view urged on the part of the plaintiff, but because there are certain controlling features which, under the law as I understand it, must govern the disposition of the case, and because a detailed discussion of every point of law and fact urged on the part of the plaintiff would swell this opinion to an undesirable length. The result I have arrived at is one which I am thoroughly satisfied is correct, but I have the satisfaction of knowing, that, if I have committed an error, it can be corrected by an appellate tribunal.