Court Opinion

ID: 4044583
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-28 23:38:16.270646+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:30:12.789559
License: Public Domain

In The
                             Court of Appeals
               Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana

                                      No. 06-14-00079-CR

                                 JUSTIN SANDERS, Appellant

                                               V.

                              THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

                            On Appeal from the 102nd District Court
                                    Bowie County, Texas
                                Trial Court No. 13F1051-102

                         Before Morriss, C.J., Moseley and Carter,* JJ.
                          Memorandum Opinion by Justice Moseley

_______________________________________
*Jack Carter, Justice, Retired, Sitting by Assignment
                                      MEMORANDUM OPINION
         Near midnight in the summer of 2013, a 9-1-1 operator received a telephone call reporting

a large disturbance at Grady T. Wallace Park (the Park) in Texarkana, Texas. The ensuing arrival

of Texarkana Police Officer William Jason Sprague at the Park with the lights on his patrol car

ablaze prompted a stampede of automobiles attempting to leave the Park. One of the fleeing cars

struck Sprague, who later died from the injuries he sustained. Justin Sanders was accused of

having driven the car that struck Sprague and was convicted of felony murder, receiving a sentence

of thirty years’ imprisonment and a fine of $5,000.00.

         On appeal, Sanders contends that the trial court erred (1) by denying his motion to quash

the indictment, (2) by submitting a jury charge that was fundamentally defective, (3) in admitting

extraneous-offense evidence, (4) overruling his motion to suppress evidence obtained from his cell

phone, (5) in denying his motion for mistrial when the State engaged in prosecutorial misconduct

in raising before the jury a claim that threats had been directed at witnesses, and (6) in denying his

motion for mistrial for prosecutorial misconduct in the wearing by prosecuting attorneys of “fallen

officer” wristbands during a part of the trial. Finally, Sanders maintains that the evidence against

him is not sufficient to support the verdict.1

I.       Brief Background Facts

         A Texarkana city ordinance prohibits people from using the Park after 10:00 p.m.

Nevertheless, reports to the 9-1-1 emergency line were made near midnight June 14, 2013, of a

1
 In his brief, Sanders also argued that the trial court erred by revoking his bond in the jury’s presence after he had
been convicted of the offense but before the penalty phase had begun. However, Sanders specifically announced
during oral argument that he abandoned this point of error.

                                                          2
large disturbance at the Park. Police were dispatched, and Officer Sprague (who was dressed in

his policeman’s uniform and was driving a prominently marked patrol car) was the first officer to

arrive, finding about 100 people in the Park. Only minutes after Spragues’ arrival, another call to

the 9-1-1 emergency operator was placed. This call was from an unidentified person who was at

the Park, and that person reported that a police officer had been struck by a vehicle. The caller did

not see the vehicle strike the officer, but thought the vehicle was a brown, four-door, Chevrolet

Sport Utility Vehicle (SUV).2

        Officer Chris Phelps, the next officer to arrive at the Park, testified that he saw numerous

vehicles driving out of and away from the Park. He also saw Sprague lying unconscious on the

ground with blood coming out of his ears and pieces from his uniform scattered around him.

Because he believed Sprague to be struggling to breath, he cut Sprague’s shirt, vest, and duty belt

off. Phelps and other officers interviewed several people still at the scene, and they got several

different versions of the event, but none of the interviewees admitted to having seen whose vehicle

had struck Sprague. Sprague was taken to Christus St. Michael Hospital where he later died from

his injuries.

        A.      Did the Trial Court Err by Denying Sanders’ Motion to Quash the
                Indictment?

        The indictment alleged that Sanders caused Sprague’s death by striking him with a motor

vehicle while committing or attempting to commit “a felony offense, to-wit: Evading Arrest or

Detention.” On March 17, about a week before the commencement of voir dire, the State made

2
We note that Chevrolets and GMCs are both manufactured by General Motors Corporation and that Chevrolet and
GMC SUVs are very similar in appearance.
                                                    3
an attempt to amend the indictment by adding the language “with a vehicle” after the word

“detention,” but Sanders refused to agree to the amendment.3 Rather, Sanders filed a motion to

quash the indictment. During a hearing on his motion, Sanders argued that the indictment failed

to provide notice of how the State intended to prove evading was a felony. The trial court denied

Sanders’ motion.

         In his first point of error on appeal, Sanders contends that the trial court erred by denying

his motion to quash the indictment because the indictment failed to allege an offense—that is, that

the indictment was insufficient to identify, with enough clarity and specificity, the penal statute

under which the State intended to prosecute—thereby depriving the trial court of subject-matter

jurisdiction.

         A trial court’s decision to grant or deny a motion to quash an indictment is reviewed

de novo. State v. Barbernell, 257 S.W.3d 248, 251–52 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); Tollett v. State,

219 S.W.3d 593, 596 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2007, pet. ref’d). An instrument which is not an

indictment under Article V, Section 12 of the Texas Constitution fails to vest the trial court with

jurisdiction; the issue of whether an instrument suffices as an indictment under the Texas

Constitution is a jurisdictional one that may be first raised on appeal. See Duron v. State, 956

S.W.2d 547, 551 n.3, 555 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (Womack, J., concurring); Cook v. State, 902

S.W.2d 471, 479–80 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). “[T]o comprise an indictment within the definition

provided by the constitution, an instrument must charge: (1) a person; (2) with the commission of

3
 Evading arrest or detention is a class A misdemeanor unless it is committed during the commission of certain other
acts. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 38.04(b) (West Supp. 2014). One of the acts that elevates the crime from a class A
misdemeanor to the level of a felony of the third degree is the use of a vehicle while the actor is in flight during the
commission of the evading arrest or detention. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 38.04(b)(2)(A).
                                                           4
an offense.” Cook, 902 S.W.2d at 477. “[A] written instrument is an indictment or information

under the Constitution if it accuses someone of a crime with enough clarity and specificity to

identify the penal statute under which the State intends to prosecute, even if the indictment is

otherwise defective.” Duron, 956 S.W.2d at 550–51.

        Here, the indictment specifically alleges that Sanders:

        did then and there intentionally or knowingly commit or attempt to commit a felony
        offense, to-wit: Aggravated Assault of a Public Servant, and while in the course of
        and in furtherance of the commission or attempt of said offense did then and there
        commit or attempt to commit an act clearly dangerous to human life, namely,
        striking Officer William Jason Sprague with a motor vehicle, which caused the
        death of Officer William Jason Sprague.

        Paragraph Two: and it is further presented in and to said Court that the said Justin
        Miles Sanders heretofore on or about June 14, 2013, did then and there,
        intentionally commit or attempt to commit a felony offense, to-wit: Evading Arrest
        or Detention, and while in the course of and in furtherance of the commission or
        attempt of said offense did then and there commit or attempt to commit an act
        clearly dangerous to human life, namely, striking Officer William Jason Sprague
        with a motor vehicle, which caused the death of Officer William Jason Sprague.

As mentioned previously, evading arrest or detention under Section 38.04 of the Texas Penal Code

is a class A misdemeanor unless the circumstances of the offense meet certain requirements under

Section 38.04(b). Sanders contends that as he is ostensibly charged with felony murder under

Section 19.02(b)(3),4 paragraph two of the indictment is fundamentally flawed and fails to state an

offense because it fails to allege facts sufficient to identify which subsection of 38.04(b) upon

which the State relies to elevate the predicate offense to a felony.

4
 Section 19.02(b)(3) of the Texas Penal Code defines this offense, in pertinent part, as occurring when the actor
“[C]ommits or attempts to commit a felony, other than manslaughter, and in the course of and in furtherance of the
commission or attempt . . . he commits or attempts to commit an act clearly dangerous to human life that causes the
death of an individual. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 19.02(b)(3) (West 2011).
                                                        5
       Interestingly, Sanders chooses to excise a portion of a sentence from the indictment

(“intentionally commit or attempt to commit a felony offense, to-wit: Evading Arrest or

Detention”) without looking at the rest of the indictment. Following that, one can see where he

gleans the belief that the indictment fails to show that the evading arrest portion is a felony.

However, the balance of the indictment includes the charge that Sanders was guilty of “striking

Officer William Jason Sprague with a motor vehicle, which caused the death of Officer William

Jason Sprague.” If Sprague was struck with a motor vehicle, surely Sanders would not believe

that the State had alleged that Sanders had hefted an automobile in the air and struck Sprague with

it. Following Sanders’ reasoning would require the reader to render the entire indictment

nonsensical. Conversely, read in its entirety, the indictment clearly makes sense and clearly

describes the offense with which Sanders was charged.

       The State, however, is not required to allege the constituent elements of the underlying

felony in an indictment for felony murder under Section 19.02(b)(3) of the Texas Penal Code, even

if the accused files a motion to quash. See Barnes v. State, 876 S.W.2d 316, 323 (Tex. Crim. App.

1994); Hammett v. State, 578 S.W.2d 699, 707–08 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979). “Under the . . . Penal

Code, an indictment charging one offense during the commission of another crime need not allege

the elements of the latter offense,” Hammett, 578 S.W.2d at 708, and the failure to allege an

element of an offense no longer renders the indictment fundamentally defective. See Studer v.

State, 799 S.W.2d 263, 272 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990).         We find that the indictment alleged an

offense sufficient to vest the trial court with jurisdiction and, therefore, the trial court properly

overruled Sanders motion to quash.

                                                 6
       There was a time in Texas jurisprudence that it was required that “an indictment should be

so certain and definite in charging the offense that it leaves nothing to be supplied by intendment

or inference.” Northern v. State, 203 S.W.2d 206 (Tex. Crim. App. 1947). This requirement was

carried to the extreme and then abandoned. Vaughn v. State, 607 S.W.2d 914, 916 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1980). When one looks at the entire indictment (and not the sole phrase emphasized by

Sanders), it is plain to see that it was alleged that Sanders used “a vehicle while the actor [was] in

flight” during the commission of the act of evading arrest or detention. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.

§ 38.04(b)(2)(A).

       We overrule this point of error.

II.    Did the Jury Charge Allow the Jury to Convict Sanders for an Unindicted Offense?

       In his second point of error, Sanders contends that the jury charge was fundamentally

defective because it omitted the factual allegations necessary to elevate evading arrest or detention

to a felony and that, therefore, the charge authorized the jury to convict him for an offense not

alleged in the indictment.

       The pertinent portion of the charge reads:

       If you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that on or about June 14,
       2013, the defendant did then and there intentionally commit or attempt to commit
       a felony offense, to-wit: Evading Arrest or Detention, and while in the course of
       or in furtherance of the commission or attempt of said offense did then and there
       commit an act clearly dangerous to human life, namely, striking Officer William
       Jason Sprague with a motor vehicle, which caused the death of Officer William
       Jason Sprague you will find the defendant guilty of Felony Murder as charged in
       the indictment.

                                                  7
       Sanders lodged no objection to this part of the jury charge. Therefore, if the jury charge

was made in error, reversal is not required unless the error was so egregious and created such harm

that Sanders was denied a fair trial. See Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App.

1984), overruled on other grounds by Rodriguez v. State, 758 S.W.2d 787 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988).

In looking at this complaint, we must first determine whether the jury charge was erroneous. Hutch

v. State, 922 S.W.2d 166, 170 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996), overruled on other grounds by Gelinas v.

State, 398 S.W.3d 703 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). If there was error in it, we must then determine

whether the error in the charge resulted in egregious harm to Sanders. Hutch, 922 S.W.2d at 170–

71.

       Although we do not find the jury charge as submitted to be a paragon for all to follow, we

also determine that its submission was not error. The indictment alleges that Sanders, in the course

of felony evading arrest or detention, struck Sprague with a motor vehicle. Although the

instruction could be read in such a way that Sanders somehow struck Sprague with a motor vehicle

but not while he was driving it, logic says that would be impossible. As mentioned above, the only

realistic way Sanders could have struck the officer with a vehicle is for Sanders to have been

driving the vehicle. That, coupled with his action of doing so while evading arrest or detention, is

the offense with which Sanders has been charged.

       Even if the charge was defective, any such error is harmless because the record fails to

establish that Sanders suffered egregious harm as a result. In examining the record for egregious

harm, we consider the entire jury charge, the state of the evidence, the final arguments of the

parties, and any other relevant information revealed by the record of the trial as a whole. Olivas

                                                 8
v. State, 202 S.W.3d 137, 144 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). “Jury charge error is egregiously harmful

if it affects the very basis of the case, deprives the defendant of a valuable right, or vitally affects

a defensive theory.” Stuhler v. State, 218 S.W.3d 706, 719 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).

        A.      The Entire Jury Charge

        The abstract portion of the jury charge correctly set forth the charged and available offenses

and their elements. The charge also included the statutory definitions of “public servant,”

“felony,” “serious bodily injury,” and “deadly weapon.” It explained the offenses of felony

murder, assault, aggravated assault, criminally negligent homicide, and evading arrest or detention.

The charge also succinctly stated the applicable circumstances under which evading arrest or

detention morphs from a misdemeanor to a felony offense:

        The offense of Evading Arrest or Detention is a felony if the actor uses a vehicle
        while in flight or another person suffers serious bodily injury as a direct result of
        an attempt by the officer from whom the actor is fleeing to apprehend the actor
        while the actor is in flight.

Thus, if there were error in the jury charge, that error lay only in the omission of a single phrase,

“in a motor vehicle,” immediately after “Evading Arrest or Detention” in the application

paragraph. The abstract portion of the jury instruction correctly and completely set forth the

charged offense, the statutory elements, and the relevant definitions.

        B.      The State of the Evidence

        The evidence established that Sprague responded to a 9-1-1 call regarding an after-hours

disturbance at a public park in Texarkana. Sprague parked his patrol car next to a curb and got out

of the car as the cars at the Park were trying to leave. Sanders was at the Park that night, driving

a silver GMC Acadia. The audio recording reveals that Sprague yelled “Stop” (supposedly at the
                                                   9
driver of the vehicle that struck him). Witness testimony said that while leaving the Park, the silver

Acadia jumped a curb and struck Sprague, with one witness testifying that it ran over Sprague.

The medical evidence established that Sprague died of his injuries, those fatal injuries being

consistent with being struck or run over by a vehicle.

       C.      The Parties’ Arguments

       The State argued, as stated in the indictment, that Sanders struck the officer with his SUV,

either in an attempt to commit aggravated assault on a public servant, or while Sanders was trying

to evade arrest or detention. Sanders neither testified nor called any witness on his behalf. Rather,

his defense consisted of illuminating and concentrating on the many inconsistencies in the State’s

witnesses’ testimony, attacking the credibility of the State’s witnesses, questioning the witnesses’

motives for testifying, and referring to deficiencies in the investigation. Sanders also argued in

closing that the State changed its theory of the case and had attempted to mislead the jury by

mischaracterizing and or exaggerating the evidence. Sanders argued that there was no evidence

of his motive to evade the police that night and that there was “no credible evidence” indicating

either that Sprague was trying to detain Sanders or that Sanders either knew or should have known

that Sprague was trying to detain or arrest him.

       In support of his argument, Sanders cites Trejo v. State, 313 S.W.3d 870, 873 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, pet. ref’d), where the defendant was charged with aggravated sexual

assault. In that case, Trejo argued that the trial court erred in its submission of a charge of

aggravated assault as a lesser-included offense of aggravated sexual assault. Id. at 871. Because

aggravated assault was not a lesser-included offense of aggravated sexual assault, the court of

                                                   10
appeals held not only that the trial court erred in submitting the charge to the jury, but also found

that Trejo suffered egregious harm because the jury was allowed to convict the defendant based

on an uncharged offense. Id. at 872, 874. Trejo is not on point. Here, the language of the

indictment faithfully tracks the language of the charge’s application paragraph, and further,

Sanders is not arguing that the trial court erroneously submitted a lesser-included offense to the

jury. The facts of this case are distinguishable from those of Trejo.

           Even if, arguendo, there was an error in the jury charge, the record does not reflect that

Sanders suffered egregious harm as a result. Accordingly, we overrule this point of error.

III.       Did the State Violate Sanders’ Right to a Fair Trial by Wearing “Fallen Officer”
           Wristbands During Trial?

           In his third point of error, Sanders contends that the State violated his right to a fair trial by

wearing “fallen officer” wrist bands. The wristbands were black and blue and said, “Jason Sprague

E.O.W. 6-15-13.”5

           On the fourth day of the trial, Sanders’ counsel noticed that both of the attorneys for the

State were wearing the black and blue “fallen officer” wristbands described above. At the bench,

Sanders argued that the wristbands were “highly improper and prejudicial.” After the jury was

excused, the following colloquy occurred:

                  [THE STATE, KELLEY CRISP]: Judge, prior to trial, Mrs. Sprague gave
           Samantha and I these tiny little bands that have been on our arms since Sunday.
           It’s Thursday. Nobody has seen anything, and I’ve been sitting right there, and
           Sam has been sitting right there by him. Obviously, nobody has seen it.

                   [THE STATE, SAMANTHA OGLESBY]: Your Honor, for the record,
           they are black and dark blue. They have black writing. There is no way that any

5
    E.O.W. means “End of Watch,” and “6-15-13” was the date of Sprague’s death.
                                                        11
of those jurors can read what is on our bands. It is just a plastic band on our arm,
no more, no less.

       THE COURT: [Defense Counsel], let me hear from you.

         [Defense Counsel]: Your Honor, that’d be [defense counsel] wearing shirts
that said innocent or anything. This is highly improper. They’re wearing
propaganda pieces that are the same as the fallen officer marking. I’m not worried
about the words. It’s the blue and black that’s everywhere. There’s stickers on cars
with it. I mean, today was the first time I saw it, and I haven’t been looking. You
know I’ve been quite busy over here, but if they’ve been wearing this the whole
trial, that’s highly improper and prejudicial.

        THE COURT: [Defense Counsel], I’ve been sitting up here the whole time,
and I’ll be quite honest with you, I’ve watched I know Samantha and Kelley both
pull rubber bands off their wrist to put around photographs back and forth, and I’ll
be quite honest with you, I hadn’t -- I thought they were rubber bands. And you
can’t tell what they are. You can’t see any of the writing. I mean, they’ve been
right here two feet in front of me numerous times since Sunday and Monday. I
didn’t notice them. I tell you what, ladies, --

       [THE STATE, KELLEY CRISP]: I took it off.

         THE COURT: -- out of an overabundance of caution, just take them off
while we’re in the courtroom. If the officer has one on, he can slip his off and just
put it in his pocket right there. So, [Defense Counsel], you weren’t accusing the
witness of having one?

        [Defense Counsel]: No, the district attorney’s office. So that objection was
sustained, Your Honor?

         THE COURT: I understand. As the defense, you have to watch everything.
But I’m just telling you, I’ve been sitting here for four days now, and they look like
rubber bands to me. I still think they look like rubber bands. You can’t tell anything
that’s on them, but, again, out of an overabundance of caution, if that’s a motion,
I’ll grant it for you. If it’s just a request, you know --

       [Defense Counsel]: It is an objection and a motion, and then our follow-up
would be we would request a mistrial on that, as well, which if I can get a ruling on
the mistrial.

       THE COURT: Your objection?
                                         12
                    [Defense Counsel]: No. My understanding is you sustained the objection,
            but as far as to the mistrial?

                     THE COURT: It’s denied.[6]

            On appeal, Sanders has raised this point as a claim for denial of due process. Assuming,

arguendo, that Sanders’ objection raised such a due process complaint, even constitutional due

process claims must be preserved for appeal by timely objection or motion. TEX. R. APP.

P. 33.1(a); Shipp v. State, 292 S.W.3d 251, 261 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2009, no pet.). Three

steps are necessary to preserve error regarding either prosecutorial misconduct or other improper

evidence or remarks placed before the jury: (1) a specific and timely objection, (2) a request for

an instruction to disregard if the objection is sustained, and, (3) if the requested instruction is given,

a motion for mistrial. See Fuller v. State, 827 S.W.2d 919, 926 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992); see Penry

v. State, 903 S.W.2d 715, 764 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995), abrogated on other grounds by Wall v.

State, 184 S.W.3d 730 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). To preserve error, counsel must obtain an adverse

ruling at one of those steps required for preservation: the objection, the request that the jury be

instructed to disregard, or the motion for mistrial. Fuller, 827 S.W.2d at 926. The sequence of

those steps is not so critical as is the fact that the movant persisted in seeking all available relief

from the trial court, until the trial court effectively denies relief to which the movant is entitled.

Id.; see Coe v. State, 683 S.W.2d 431, 436 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984) (counsel preserved error for

not granting mistrial when overruled motion for mistrial was followed by request for instruction

to disregard). Unless a complained-of event is so highly inflammatory that an instruction to

6
    Though the record does not specify, it appears that both of the prosecuting attorneys removed their wristbands.
                                                            13
disregard could plainly not cure its prejudicial effect, the failure to seek the instruction waives the

error. McGinn v. State, 961 S.W.2d 161, 165 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (requesting an instruction

to disregard required for preservation unless error is incurable); see Kemp v. State, 846 S.W.2d

289, 308 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992); Sawyers v. State, 724 S.W.2d 24, 38 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986)

(en banc), overruled on other grounds by Watson v. State, 762 S.W.2d 591 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988).

         Here, while his objection was apparently sustained and the wristbands were removed,

Sanders failed to ask the court to instruct the jury to disregard the wristbands. An instruction to

disregard is presumed to cure the harm from almost any improper question, remark, or argument.

See Wesbrook v. State, 29 S.W.3d 103, 115 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); see Ladd v. State, 3 S.W.3d

547, 567 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). It is presumed that the jury will follow a court’s instruction to

disregard a comment. Wesbrook, 29 S.W.3d at 116. It is apparent from the record that the

wristbands were rather inconspicuous in nature as State’s counsel had been wearing the wristbands

for the previous three days of trial and voir dire before Sanders finally noticed them and objected.

By its own admission, the trial court failed to notice them until Sanders pointed them out.7 Based

on the record, we find that an instruction to disregard the wristbands would have been sufficient

to cure any harm or prejudice they caused. Accordingly, Sanders’ failure to request an instruction

caused a failure to preserve this issue for our review.

7
 The State’s counsel wore the wristband during oral argument and attempted to demonstrate to this Court whether it
was noticeable. It is axiomatic that in making our decision, we can only consider the evidence in the record before
us. See Parker v. State, 545 S.W.2d 151, 155 n.6 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977) (appellate court may only consider record
presented); Stevenson v. State, 456 S.W.2d 60, 62 (Tex. Crim. App. 1970) (appellate court will only consider evidence
in appellate record). Accordingly, we give no weight or consideration to the State’s improper attempt to present and
interject new, demonstrative evidence regarding the wristbands.
                                                         14
IV.         Did the Trial Court Err in Admitting Extraneous-Offense Evidence?

            During its case-in-chief, the State introduced text messages, forensically recovered from

Sanders’ cell phone, that indicated Sanders possessed and sold marihuana on the day in question

(albeit ten to twelve hours before the events at issue). In his fourth point of error, Sanders contends

that the trial court erred in admitting the texts because they are evidence of extraneous offenses.

            The trial court admitted the following text messages8 over Sanders’ objections:

            6/13/13 1:03 p.m. From “Taylor”: lol pretty much bout to go run at Grady t now
            6/13/13 1:04 p.m. From Sanders to Taylor: Imma come see you
            6/13/13 1:35 p.m. From Sanders to Taylor: It start at 2
            6/13/13 1:35 p.m. From Taylor to Sanders: Ok well I’m at the park now
            6/13/13 1:52 p.m. From Sanders to Taylor: Lmao, I’ll have you a lil something! &
            I’ve never seen you buzzed
            6/13/13 1:55 p.m. From Sanders to Taylor: You gone smoke?
            6/13/13 1:58 p.m. From Sanders to Taylor: Oh okay, cause I sho wanna get you
            high as shit!
            6/13/13 6:01 p.m. From Rollins to Sanders: What time and where do you want me
            to meet you? Is a half 30$?
            6/13/13 6:02 p.m. From Sanders to Rollins: That’s Reggie, I got some GOOD stuff
            in. I can get you 2G’s for 30
            6/13/13 6:09 p.m. From Sanders to Rollins: Okay, I’m at work . . . I get off at 9
            6/13/13 6:12 p.m. From Rollins to Sanders: Dang I was wanting to burn one now
            but that’s cool just text me when you get off
            6/13/13 6:22 p.m. From Sanders to Rollins: You can come up here to my job if you
            want
            6/13/13 6:27 p.m. From Sanders to Rollins: I got it up here
            6/13/13 6:27 p.m. From Rollins to Sanders: Where do you work at?
            6/13/13 6:28 p.m. From Sanders to Rollins: At the liquor store by Arkansas side
            Tamollys
            6/13/13 9:44 p.m. From Unknown to Sanders: Come to Grady t
            6/13/13 9:46 p.m. From Sanders to Unknown: Ight

8
    This exchange is repeated here verbatim without notation for correct English.
                                                           15
       The admission of extraneous-offense evidence is reviewed under an abuse of discretion

standard. Moses v. State, 105 S.W.3d 622, 627 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). If the trial court properly

admits the evidence in light of the factors enunciated in Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372

(Tex. Crim. App. 1990), and the court’s decision to admit the evidence is within the zone of

reasonable disagreement, the trial court’s decision will be upheld. Moses, 105 S.W.3d at 627.

       The question of evidentiary admissibility rests on the bedrock notion of relevancy.

Evidence is “relevant” if it has “any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of

consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be

without the evidence.” TEX. R. EVID. 401. “All relevant evidence is admissible, except as

otherwise provided by . . . these rules. . . . Evidence which is not relevant is inadmissible.” TEX.

R. EVID. 402.

       A.       Rule 404(b)

       The relevancy issue sometimes appears to run afoul of Rule 404, which provides,

“Evidence of other crimes, wrongs or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in

order to show action in conformity therewith.” TEX. R. EVID. 404(b). Here, some of the text

messages that were introduced clearly constitute evidence of other crimes or bad acts. If they were

offered for the purpose of showing Sanders’ character or his actions in conformity with that

character, they would be inadmissable. See id. However, evidence of “other crimes, wrongs or

acts” may be admissible if that evidence has relevance apart from its tendency “to prove the

character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith.” TEX. R. EVID. 404(b).

“Rule 404(b) sets out an illustrative, not exhaustive, list of exceptions to the prohibition against

                                                16
admitting evidence of extraneous offenses including ‘proof of motive, opportunity, intent,

preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.’” Daggett v. State, 187

S.W.3d 444, 451 n.13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (quoting TEX. R. EVID. 404(b)). Here, the State

contends that the text messages were admissible to prove Sanders’ intentions and his motive to

“evade detention (and certain arrest) and/or run over the officer to avoid the confrontation” on the

night in question.9

        Although the existence of a motive is not essential to a conviction, the presence or absence

of a motive for a crime is a factor related to the question of a defendant’s guilt or innocence;

therefore, proof of any existing motive for the offense is generally admissible. Knox v. State, 934

S.W.2d 678, 682 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). Rule 404(b) permits admission of evidence of

extraneous offenses to show the existence of a motive to assault an officer and evade arrest or

detention. Powell v. State, 189 S.W.3d 285, 287–89 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (evidence of

defendant’s parole admissible under Rule 404(b) to show motive to evade detention and admission

did not violate Rule 403); DeLeon v. State, 937 S.W.2d 129, 135–36 (Tex. App.—Waco 1996, pet.

ref’d) (appellant’s prior theft of automobile admissible as it created inference that his motive for

beating police officer at subsequent traffic stop was to escape); Peterson v. State, 836 S.W.2d 760,

762 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1992, pet. ref’d) (evidence that defendant possessed marihuana, a pistol,

and ammunition admissible to show motive for assaulting officer and attempting to flee).

In its brief, the State argued that the text messages were properly admitted to prove “identity, intent, motive and
9

Appellant’s state of mind at the time of the offense.” However, at trial, the State argued only intent and motive.
                                                        17
       Here, although the text messages were exchanged some six to ten hours earlier in the day

that Sprague was killed, the text messages indicated that Sanders was selling marihuana, that he

would get people high, that he had the marihuana with him at work, that he got off work at 9:00

p.m., and that as of 9:46 p.m., he intended to go to the Park. Sprague arrived at the Park at about

12:30 a.m. and was struck and killed shortly thereafter. Having, selling, or distributing marihuana

at the Park when Sprague arrived provided Sanders with a logical motivation to assault the officer

and/or evade arrest or detention. See id.; see Knox, 934 S.W.2d at 682–83.

       It is not outside the zone of reasonable disagreement to find that the evidence was

admissible for the legitimate purposes stated by the trial court. The court properly provided an

instruction to the jury limiting the jury’s consideration of the evidence to legitimate grounds.

Therefore, we find that the trial court was within its discretion to overrule Sanders’ Rule 404(b)

objection regarding the extraneous-offense evidence.

       B.      Rule 403

       At trial, Sanders argued that even if the text messages were admissible under Rule 404,

they were inadmissible under Rule 403 because their probative value was substantially outweighed

by their prejudicial effect. TEX. R. EVID. 403, 404. After a hearing and lengthy arguments, the

trial court found the evidence admissible under Rules 403 and 404. On appeal, Sanders contends

that the trial court erred in finding that their admission into evidence did not violate Rule 403 of

the Texas Rules of Evidence.

       If the trial court determines the evidence is relevant beyond character conformity, further

objection based on Rule 403 imposes a duty on the court to balance the probative value of the

                                                18
evidence against the danger of unfair prejudice and to admit the evidence unless its probative value

is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 387.

Our analysis is guided by the following factors, known as the Montgomery factors: (1) how

compellingly the extraneous-offense evidence serves to make a fact of consequence more or less

probable; (2) the potential the other-offense evidence has to impress the jury “in some irrational

but nevertheless indelible way”; (3) the time the proponent needed to use in developing the

evidence (during which, the jury will be distracted from consideration of the indicted offense); and

(4) the force of the proponent’s need for this evidence to prove a fact of consequence (that is, does

the proponent have other probative evidence available to him to help establish this fact, and is this

fact related to an issue in dispute?). Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 389–90; see Wheeler v. State, 67

S.W.3d 879, 888 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); Hartsfield v. State, 305 S.W.3d 859, 873 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 2010, pet. ref’d).

        We review a trial court’s Rule 403 determination for abuse of discretion. 10 Montgomery,

810 S.W.2d at 391. In determining whether the trial court abused its discretion in making its Rule

403 determination, the appellate court must not only determine that the trial court did in fact

conduct the required balancing test and did not simply rule arbitrarily or capriciously, but must

also measure the trial court’s ruling against the relevant criteria by which a Rule 403 decision is to

be made. Id. at 392. Where this review leads to the conclusion that the danger of unfair prejudice

10
  As noted by the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, “Rule 403’s use of the word ‘may’ reflects the draftsman’s intent
that the trial judge be given very substantial discretion in ‘balancing’ the probative value on the one hand and the
unfair prejudice on the other, and that he should not be reversed simply because an appellate court believes that it
would have decided the matter differently.” Powell, 189 S.W.3d at 288–89.
                                                        19
substantially outweighs the probative value of the evidence, the court should find that the trial

court erred in failing to exclude the evidence. Id.

       The first factor weighs in favor of admission of the text messages. The text messages

implied that Sanders was a drug dealer and that he had marihuana with him while at the Park.

Therefore, the evidence is relevant to Sanders’ motive to evade detention or arrest when Sprague

arrived at the Park. Sanders contends that the text messages did not make it any more probable

that his motive to evade detention was “superior” to that of others at the Park; however, he fails to

cite authority in support of such a standard and we are aware of none.

       The second factor weighs in favor of admission of the text messages. There was other

evidence before the jury that indicated Sanders was involved in drugs. In Sanders’ statement to

Detective Matt Cashatt, he admitted to smoking marihuana on the day in question. Police Officer

Troy Daniels testified that in his opinion, Sanders was high on marihuana the night Sprague was

killed, and he also testified that it could be smelled “in the air once you got out there.” A crime

scene technician and Detective Brad Thacker both smelled marihuana when they examined

Sanders’ vehicle the day after the murder. Further, although the trial court admitted the texts into

evidence, at Sanders’ urging, the court gave a contemporaneous instruction to the jury:

       You are instructed that if there is any testimony before you in the case regarding
       the defendant’s having committed offenses other than the offenses alleged against
       him in the indictment in this case, you cannot consider said testimony for any
       purposes unless you find and believe beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant
       committed such other offenses, if any, were committed, and, even then, you can
       only consider the same in determining the motive or intent of the defendant, if any,
       in connection with the offense, if any, alleged against him in the indictment of this
       case and for no other purposes.

                                                 20
Therefore, we find that there was only a small likelihood that the text messages would improperly

impress the jury in an irrational way.

        After voir dire on Monday, the State’s case-in-chief lasted from Tuesday through Friday

and involved about two dozen witnesses. Sanders rested without calling a single witness. Sanders

contends that this third factor weighs against admission because the fifth day of the trial “consisted

exclusively of the State presenting testimony from two witnesses [Jeff Shaffer and Clay McClure]

centering on the extraneous offense evidence” and because the State left them as the last witnesses

before a weekend. The State argues that the time consumed by the primary witness, Shaffer, was

“almost entirely attributed to [Sanders’] trial counsel.” Shaffer and McClure testified for about

seventy pages of the reporter’s record; however, McClure’s testimony was very short and much of

the time involved in Shaffer’s testimony was attributable to the arguments of counsel and times

during which the witness was taken on voir dire. This factor is neutral.

        The remaining factor (the proponent’s need for the extraneous-offense evidence) weighs

slightly in favor of admission. The text messages were admitted for the purpose of showing motive

and intent. While motive is relevant, it is not a required element for the charged offense.

        Based on the foregoing, we find that the factors weigh in favor of admitting the text

messages for the purpose of showing the motive of the accused. Therefore, we overrule this point

of error.

V.      Did the Trial Court Err by Overruling Sanders’ Motion to Suppress?

        At trial, Sanders moved to suppress the evidence obtained from his cell phone, arguing that

the telephone and the information within it were improperly seized without a valid warrant. After

                                                 21
a hearing, the trial court overruled Sanders’ motion. Sanders renewed his objection at trial and

was granted a running objection.

       We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress under a bifurcated standard of

review, giving almost total deference to the trial court’s determination of historical facts that turn

on credibility and demeanor while reviewing de novo other application-of-law-to-fact issues. See

Johnson v. State, 68 S.W.3d 644, 652–53 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); Carmouche v. State, 10 S.W.3d

323, 327 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). Appellate courts should also afford nearly total deference to

trial court rulings on application-of-law-to-fact questions, also known as mixed questions of law

and fact, if the resolution of those ultimate questions turns on an evaluation of credibility and

demeanor. Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). Appellate courts may

review mixed questions of law and fact not falling within this category on a de novo basis. Id. We

must affirm the decision if it is correct on any theory of law that finds support in the record.

Osbourn v. State, 92 S.W.3d 531, 538 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).

       The Fourth Amendment provides individuals “[t]he right . . . to be secure in their persons,

houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures[.]” U.S. CONST. amend.

IV.

       Here, we note that the evidence taken from the cell phone was obtained only after a search

warrant had been obtained, after which an expert retrieved various text and email messages. There

is no evidence that the expert used the cell phone’s pass code in retrieving the data from the phone.

There was only paltry information obtained from Sanders’ cell phone after it was seized and before

a search warrant was obtained. That information was limited to the make and identification

                                                 22
number of the cell phone itself; that information was used by the police to describe the telephone

when they obtained a search warrant to glean the information contained within it. Antecedent to

that search, however, the police obtained Sanders’ cell phone, and it was only because the police

had possession of it that they were able to describe the object of the search in the affidavit

supporting the request for a search warrant.

       Accordingly, in order to examine whether the content of the cell phone was properly

permitted as evidence, we must first determine if Sander’s cell phone was seized or whether it was

voluntarily turned over to the police. If it was seized, we must determine if the initial seizure of

Sanders’ cell phone was proper. It is undisputed that the police did not obtain possession of the

telephone through a validly issued search warrant. When an item has been seized or a search has

been conducted without a warrant, such a seizure or search would be per se unreasonable unless

the State proved that the search or seizure fell within one of the exceptions to the warrant

requirement. See Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 219 (1973); see Amores v. State, 816

S.W.2d 407, 413 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991).

       Voluntary consent to a seizure or a search is a well-established and “long approved”

exception to the warrant requirement, and the State contends that Sanders turned over the cell

phone to Texarkana Police Detective Billy Giddens voluntarily. See Florida v. Jimeno, 500 U.S.

248, 250 (1991); State v. Weaver, 349 S.W.3d 521, 525–26 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). Here, after

conducting a suppression hearing, the trial court found that Sanders “voluntarily gave his cellular

phone to Detective Giddens.” However, the record does not support that finding. During the

suppression hearing, Giddens was asked by Sanders, “[S]o you didn’t ask him for it: You told him

                                                23
to give it to you, correct?” Giddens responded, “Told him to give me the cell phone.” Later,

Giddens clarified that he considered the direction for Sanders to hand over the cell phone an order.

Sanders complied with the officer’s order.11

        Second, the State contends that the phone was seized incident to a lawful arrest. See Riley

v. California, 134 S.Ct. 2473, 2486 (2014) (search incident to lawful arrest is reasonable intrusion

upon Fourth Amendment rights). The record and audio/video recorded interview establish that

Giddens took possession of Sanders’ cell phone more than half an hour before an arrest was

effected. Giddens admitted that at the time Sanders handed over his cell phone, Sanders had not

yet been arrested, but had been merely “detained.” Cashatt testified that at the time Giddens seized

the phone, “probable cause had not been established, . . . and [they] had not gotten a warrant to

seize the phone.” Therefore, the seizure of the cell phone did not occur incident to a lawful arrest

because the arrest did not attend the seizure.

        The State maintains that the lawfulness of the seizure of Sanders’ cell phone is not a

pertinent question, on the basis that “[A]ny and all property on [Sanders’] person would have been

lawfully seized” at the time of his arrest. The rationale here is what is known as the “inevitable

11
  Sanders also argues that in handing over his cell phone, he was merely acquiescing to authority, which is not
sufficient to show consent. For that proposition, Sanders relies on the United States Supreme Court’s decision in
Bumper v. North Carolina, 391 U.S. 543, 548–49 (1968), where the defendant’s mother told the police to “go ahead”
and search her house when one of four officers who appeared at her front door announced that he had a search warrant
to search the house (even though he did not have a warrant). The Supreme Court held that a search cannot be justified
as lawful on the basis of consent when that consent has “been given only after the official conducting the search has
asserted that he possesses a warrant.” Id. at 548. In so holding, the Supreme Court stated: “When a law enforcement
officer claims authority to search a home under a warrant, he announces in effect that the occupant has no right to
resist the search. The situation is instinct with coercion—albeit colorably lawful coercion. Where there is coercion
there cannot be consent.” Id. at 550. This case is clearly distinguishable from Bumper and its progeny because, in
Bumper, one of the four present officers asserted that they had legal authority to conduct the search and seizure,
whereas, here, Giddens made no such claim of lawful authority.
                                                        24
discovery” rule. This argument fails because Article 38.23(a) of the Texas Code of Criminal

Procedure specifically bars the introduction of “evidence obtained by an officer or other person in

violation of” the State or Federal Constitution or the laws of either in a trial of any criminal case.

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.23(a) (West 2005). The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals

has specifically determined that the “‘inevitable discovery’ doctrine is inapplicable in Texas based

on that doctrine’s inconsistency with the plain language of the statutory exclusionary rule.”

Wehrenberg v. State, 416 S.W.3d 458, 471 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (citing State v. Daugherty, 931

S.W.2d 268, 269–73 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996); Garcia v. State, 829 S.W.2d 796, 798–800 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1992)).

       Third, the State argues that Sanders’ phone was seized to prevent the destruction of

evidence. The need to prevent the imminent destruction of evidence has long been recognized as

a sufficient justification for a warrantless search. Kentucky v. King, 131 S.Ct. 1849, 1856 (2011).

This argument falls within the purview of what is usually called the “exigent circumstances”

doctrine. However, “the mere possibility that evidence may be destroyed does not rise to a finding

of exigent circumstances.” Turrubiate v. State, 399 S.W.3d 147, 153 n.4 (citing United States v.

Menchaca–Castruita, 587 F.3d 283, 295–96 (5th Cir. 2009)). In determining whether exigent

circumstances exist, the court considers whether there is proof that the officer reasonably believed

removal or destruction of evidence was imminent. Id.

       Here, after Cashatt had left the interview room, Giddens said that he observed Sanders

being “busy” on his cell phone. Giddens testified that he deduced that Sanders “might have been

destroying evidence.” The recording reveals that Giddens then entered the room and told Sanders,

                                                 25
“I need . . . your phone[]”12 and that Sanders responded by handing over his cell phone. Giddens

explained, “[W]hen we have people in the interview rooms, and they’re sitting there texting stuff,

and there’s a chance they could clear stuff off their phones, we’re going to take their phone from

them.” About half an hour into his interview (before Sanders turned the cell phone over to

Giddens), Sanders received two calls and two text messages on his cell phone. Sanders neither

viewed the messages nor answered the calls at that time. According to the time of day listed on

the recorded interview, Cashatt left the interview room where Sanders was sitting at about 9:05

and it is clear from the recording that Sanders was indeed “busy” on his cell phone from about that

time until about 9:08, when he put his phone down on the table. However, Giddens did not enter

the room and obtain the cell phone until 10:04, almost an hour later. There is no evidence that

Sanders was using his cell phone, let alone deleting information therefrom, in the intervening time.

This contradicts the State’s position that there is sufficient proof that Giddens reasonably believed

that the seizure of the cell phone was prompted by a belief that removal or destruction of evidence

was imminent. (However, the error in Giddens’ reasoning here did not prevent Giddens from truly

believing that he had the right to seize the cell phone, an impression which would possibly have

been strengthened by Sanders’ subsequent delivery of the phone’s pass code.)

        We must conclude that the initial seizure of the cell phone by the police did not fall within

a recognized exception to the need for a warrant. However, after the warrantless seizure, Sanders

consented to having his phone searched. Sanders contends that the illegal seizure of his phone

 The audio/video recording reveals that Giddens actually said, “I need both your phones,” apparently then erroneously
12

believing that Sanders had two cell phones on his person.
                                                         26
taints his subsequent consent to search the phone and renders the evidence found through the

search fruit of the poisonous tree. The primary purpose of determining whether consent is tainted

is to ensure that evidence that is the fruit of an unreasonable search or seizure by police is not

admissible in court. Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 488 (1963).13 However, consent

may be sufficiently attenuated from the taint of a prior illegal search or seizure to allow the

admission of the evidence. See Brick v. State, 738 S.W.2d 676 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987). Before it

can be determined whether evidence derived from a warrantless (but consensual) search following

an illegal search or seizure, is admissible, the State must first prove, by clear and convincing

evidence, that the consent was voluntarily rendered and that the taint otherwise inherent in the

illegality had dissipated. See id. at 680–81 (taint of illegal arrest must be attenuated from voluntary

consent before evidence discovered pursuant to consent is admissible). The Brick factors by which

attenuation of the taint is measured are: (1) the proximity of the consent to the illegality;

(2) whether the seizure was brought about by police observation of the particular object for which

they sought consent to search; (3) whether the illegal seizure was the result of flagrant police

misconduct; (4) whether the consent was volunteered rather than requested by the detaining

officers; (5) whether the defendant was made fully aware of the fact she could decline to consent

and thus prevent an immediate search; and (6) whether the police purpose underlying the illegality

was to obtain the consent.

13
  When evidence results from illegal actions of police, the issue is “whether, granting establishment of the primary
illegality, the evidence to which instant objection is made has been come at by exploitation of that illegality or instead
by means sufficiently distinguishable to be purged of the primary taint.” Wong Sun, 371 U.S. at 488.
                                                           27
       Here, Giddens seized the phone about thirty minutes before he asked Sanders for his

consent to search it. Consent given “soon after” the rise of the illegality weighs in favor of

suppression. State v. Bagby, 119 S.W.3d 446, 453 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2003, no pet.). When the

time between the illegality and the consent is only a few minutes, this weighs in favor of

suppression. See Stone v. State, 279 S.W.3d 688 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2006, no pet.); Beaver v.

State, 106 S.W.3d 243, 250 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, pet. ref’d). However, in this

case, about thirty minutes intervened between the time that Giddens obtained the cell phone from

Sanders and the request he made for its pass code. The expiration of this time weighs slightly in

favor of admission.

       The seizure of Sanders’ cell phone alone did nothing to allow the police to examine its

contents. Even after being supplied with the pass code, Giddens testified that even though he

“went through” the phone’s text messages, he failed to find anything pertinent. Therefore, even

though the police had possession of the cell phone, it did not provide any real fruit. The second

factor weighs in favor of admission.

       Here, Giddens testified that he believed that Sanders might be destroying evidence, and

while we previously concluded that based on that belief, the seizure of the phone was not

reasonable, it indicates that Giddens believed, albeit mistakenly, that he was justified in seizing

the phone. See Self v. State, 709 S.W.2d 662, 667–68 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986) (conduct not in

accord with state law does not necessarily rise to level of flagrant conduct); see Stone, 279 S.W.3d

at 693–94. Even though Giddens’ seizure of the phone was in violation of the Fourth Amendment,

it was not shown to have been calculated by him to cause fear, surprise, or confusion, or to have

                                                28
been done to see if “something might turn up.” Brown v. Illinois, 422 U.S. 590, 605 (1975); see

Bagby, 119 S.W.3d at 453 (citing Renfro v. State, 958 S.W.2d 880, 886 (Tex. App.—Texarkana

1997, pet. ref’d)). Therefore, the police misconduct in this case was not flagrant, and the third

factor weighs in favor of admission.

            The fourth factor regards whether the consent was volunteered or whether the consent came

after a request from law enforcement. It is undisputed that Sanders only gave consent after that

consent was requested by Giddens. This factor weighs in favor of suppression of the evidence.

            Sanders was told of his Miranda14 rights, both orally and in writing. Accordingly, he was

made fully aware that he could terminate the interview at any time. Even though the Miranda

warnings involve the right to terminate an interview, it would seem that they also would imply that

Sanders did not need to subjugate himself to each demand by the police, including the right to

refuse to consent. This appears to be a neutral factor.

            The sixth factor considers the rationale or purpose of the police in performing the

warrantless action. As discussed above, Giddens testified that he believed he was obtaining

possession of the cell phone for the purpose of preventing the destruction of evidence, and the

record does not indicate that his actions were calculated to obtain consent from Sanders. This

factor weighs in favor of admission.

            Having examined the Brick factors and viewing the record in the light most favorable to

the trial court’s ruling, we find that Sanders’ consent was sufficiently attenuated from the illegal

seizure to permit the admission of the evidence from his cell phone. See Bagby, 119 S.W.3d at

14
     See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
                                                    29
454. Even though the trial court denied the motion to suppress on other grounds, we must affirm

the trial court’s ruling if it is correct on any theory of law supported by the record. See Osbourn,

92 S.W.3d at 538.

       Having found Sanders’ consent to the search was sufficiently attenuated from the illegal

seizure, we overrule this point of error.

VI.    Did the Trial Court Err in Denying Sanders’ Motion for Mistrial?

       In his sixth point of error, Sanders contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion

for a mistrial because the State engaged in prosecutorial misconduct by implying that Sanders had

threatened a witness.

       At a pretrial hearing, the State made the statement that “some of the State’s witnesses are

being threatened” and went on to add that one of the witnesses had been assaulted. It did put a

boundary on its assertion of witness tampering by saying that although “there are people saying

they are doing it on [Sanders’] behalf,” the State had “received no information that these threats

or assaults were done at the request of Mr. Sanders or his friends and family.” During the trial,

the State called Earnest Terrell Young, who testified that when Sprague arrived at the Park on the

night of his death, he (Young) saw a silver SUV that looked like Sanders’ vehicle jump a curb

while attempting to exit the Park. Young stated that although he did not see the silver SUV strike

Sprague, when the SUV jumped the curb, he “saw a flashlight go up in the air.” He stated that the

police officer was the only one Young saw who had a flashlight and that the silver SUV continued

on its way out of the Park after the flashlight soared. On cross-examination, Sanders attacked

Young’s credibility and his motivation for testifying, indicating that Young had a very limited

                                                30
view of the impact site, that several different lights (headlights, overhead lights, flashing lights)

were in his face, that his testimony of when and why he left the Park did not match the recording

of the 9-1-1 call he had made to report Sprague having been injured, and that at the time of trial,

he was on “probation” for burglary after having been arrested for burglarizing a church.

       On redirect examination, Young stated that he was testifying because he was under

subpoena and that he understood he would be arrested when he arrived at the courthouse due to

the outstanding warrant for his arrest. After this admission, the State began a question of Young:

“[H]ave you, in fact, also been threatened because people knew you were --.” At that juncture, the

State’s question was interrupted by Sanders’ objection.        The trial court sustained Sanders’

objection and removed the jury from the courtroom. Then, with the jury outside the courtroom,

the trial court conducted a short hearing regarding the propriety of the question. During the

hearing, Sanders moved for a mistrial, arguing that because the State admittedly had no evidence

of Sanders’ involvement with the alleged threats, its proposed question was “so outrageous and so

inflammatory” that its taint rendered it impossible for the jury to render a fair decision. The State

responded that its question was meant to rebut Sanders’ attempts to impeach Young’s credibility

and Sanders’ attempt to question Young’s motives in testifying. Although the trial court sustained

Sanders’ objection to the line of questioning, it denied his motion for mistrial.

       We review a trial court’s denial of a motion for mistrial under an abuse of discretion

standard. Trevino v. State, 991 S.W.2d 849, 851 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). “‘Only in extreme

circumstances, where the prejudice is incurable, will a mistrial be required.”’ Archie v. State, 221

S.W.3d 695, 699 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (quoting Hawkins v. State, 135 S.W.3d 72, 77 (Tex.

                                                 31
Crim. App. 2004)). As stated above, in order to preserve error regarding prosecutorial misconduct

or other improper evidence or remarks placed before the jury, three things are required: (1) a

specific and timely objection, (2) a request for an instruction to disregard if the objection is

sustained, and, (3) if the instruction is given, a motion for mistrial. See Fuller, 827 S.W.2d at 926;

see Penry, 903 S.W.2d at 764.

       Although Sanders’ objection was sustained, he failed to request the intermediate remedy

of providing an instruction for the jury to disregard the objectionable matter, moving directly to a

request that the trial court grant a mistrial. By failing to request an instruction to disregard, the

trial court was deprived of the ability to take that intermediate step. See Penry v. State, 691 S.W.2d

636, 649–50 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985); Bryant v. State, 25 S.W.3d 924, 926 (Tex. App.—Austin

2000, pet. ref’d). Mistrial is appropriate only when the objectionable event is so inflammatory or

pervasive that a curative instruction is not likely to prevent the jury from being unfairly prejudiced

against the defendant. See Bauder v. State, 921 S.W.2d 696, 698 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996),

overruled on other grounds by Ex parte Lewis, 219 S.W.3d 335 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).

       Sanders cited Rogers v. State, 725 S.W.2d 350 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1987, no

pet.), for the proposition that a request for an instruction to disregard is not necessary in order to

preserve error. In Rogers, the court of appeals held that error was preserved and a mistrial was

required due to the State’s unobjected-to (albeit pervasive) misconduct which “could serve no

purpose other than to inflame and prejudice the minds of the jurors.” Id. at 358–61. In Rogers,

while cross-examining the defendant and defense witnesses, the State made numerous side-bar

comments regarding the witnesses and the evidence and suggested inflammatory facts that lacked

                                                 32
any evidentiary support in the record. In contrast with the situation in Rogers, the State’s conduct

here does not rise to the outrageous and pervasive levels seen in that case. Id. Therefore, the facts

of Rogers are distinguishable from those we observe here.

       Sanders also argues that the facts of this case are similar to those of Anderson v. State, 635

S.W.2d 722, 723 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982) (en banc). In Anderson, the State asked the complaining

witness if he was scared and nervous to be in the courtroom, and he responded affirmatively. Id.

The State then asked, “In fact, did your wife receive a threatening phone call?” Id. The defendant

objected, and his motion for mistrial was granted. Id. The appeal resulted from a subsequent

guilty plea by Anderson. However, Anderson is inapplicable to this case because it did not

examine the merits of the granted mistrial; rather, the only role that the objectionable line of

questioning bore to the case on appeal was that Anderson claimed that the State engineered the

mistrial through improper questioning. Anderson, therefore, claimed that he had been subjected

to double jeopardy. Id.

       The isolated act of asking an improper question will rarely require a mistrial because, in

most cases, any resulting harm can be cured by an instruction to disregard—an instruction which

the jury is presumed to follow. Ladd, 3 S.W.3d at 567; Sharper v. State, 22 S.W.3d 557, 558–59

(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2000, no pet.). Here, the State’s improper question was not so very

inflammatory or its effect so pervasive that an instruction for the jury to disregard it would fail to

cure any resulting harm. Accordingly, we find that Sanders failed to preserve this issue for our

review. See Fuller, 827 S.W.2d at 926; see Penry, 903 S.W.2d at 764.

                                                 33
VII.   Was There Sufficient Evidence to Support the Verdict?

       In his final point of error, Sanders contends that the evidence was insufficient to support

his conviction.

       In evaluating legal sufficiency of the evidence, we review all evidence in the light most

favorable to the verdict to determine whether any rational fact-finder could have found guilt

beyond a reasonable doubt. Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (citing

Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)); Brown v. State, 333 S.W.3d 606, 608 (Tex. App.—

Dallas 2009, no pet.). We examine legal sufficiency under the direction of the Brooks opinion,

while giving deference to the responsibility of the jury “to fairly resolve conflicts in testimony, to

weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Hooper

v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (citing Jackson, 443 U.S. at 318–19).

       Legal sufficiency of the evidence is measured by the elements of the offense as defined by

a hypothetically correct jury charge. Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).

The hypothetically correct jury charge “sets out the law, is authorized by the indictment, does not

unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict the State’s theories of

liability, and adequately describes the particular offense for which the defendant was tried.” Id.

       Sanders was charged under Section 19.02(b)(3) of the Texas Penal Code, which states that

a person commits the offense of murder if he

       commits or attempts to commit a felony, other than manslaughter, and in the course
       of and in furtherance of the commission or attempt, or in immediate flight from the
       commission or attempt, he commits or attempts to commit an act clearly dangerous
       to human life that causes the death of an individual.

                                                 34
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 19.02(b)(3). The indictment alleged two alternative predicate felonies,

aggravated assault of a public servant and evading arrest or detention while using a motor vehicle.

The offense of aggravated assault of a public servant is defined as follows:

        (a)    A person commits an offense if the person commits assault as defined in
        § 22.01 and the person:

               (1)        causes serious bodily injury to another, including the person’s
        spouse; or

                   (2)    uses or exhibits a deadly weapon during the commission of the
        assault.

        (b)     An offense under this section is a felony of the second degree, except that
        the offense is a felony of the first degree if:

                   ....

                (2)     regardless of whether the offense is committed under Subsection
        (a)(1) or (a)(2), the offense is committed:

                   ....

                           (B)    against a person the actor knows is a public servant while the
                   public servant is lawfully discharging an official duty.

TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.02(a), (b)(2)(B) (West 2011).15 A person commits the offense of

evading arrest or detention if “he intentionally flees from a person he knows is a peace officer . . .

attempting lawfully to arrest or detain him.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 38.04(a) (West Supp.

2014). Evading arrest or detention is a felony if the actor uses a vehicle while the actor is in flight.

TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 38.04(b)(1)(B), (2)(A). Here, although the dashboard camera (dash

15
  The actor is presumed to have known the person assaulted was a public servant or a security officer if the person
was wearing a distinctive uniform or badge indicating the person’s employment as a public servant or status as a
security officer. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.02(c) (West 2011).
                                                        35
cam) audio/video recording from Sprague’s patrol car did not show Sprague being struck by a

vehicle, it did show only a few cars passing in front of the patrol car, one of them being a silver

SUV which was apparently trying to exit the Park through the exit near Sprague’s parked patrol

car. A “BOLO” (Be On the Look Out for) message was transmitted to all officers of the Texarkana

Police Department, alerting them to watch for the silver SUV. Although the video recording

captured the image of several cars leaving the Park, it does not show Sprague trying to detain any

of them. The reason that it does not show Sprague’s attempts to detain automobiles is because he

exited the range of the images recorded by the dash cam as he walked behind the patrol car into

the parking lot. Although the video portion of the recording did not capture Sprague’s image, the

audio portion continued to record the occurrences around him because the audio was being

transmitted from a microphone on Sprague’s person. That audio portion of the recording revealed

that Sprague yelled, “Hey, stop,” but neither the video nor the audio recording indicate the identity

of the person Sprague was directing his command to or the kind of car driven by that person. It is

impossible to determine from the recording the identity of the person to whom Sprague’s comment

was directed.

       John McGee testified that Sanders was present at the Park that night and that he was driving

a silver SUV, but he did not believe Sanders ever got out of the vehicle. As McGee was leaving,

he saw the SUV attempting to exit the parking lot. Although McGee said that he observed the

SUV jump the curb and then saw the officer on the ground, he candidly admitted that he did not

see the silver SUV strike Sprague. McGee testified that he stopped his vehicle and stayed with the

injured Sprague while he and others called the 9-1-1 operator to report the injury. On cross-

                                                 36
examination, McGee admitted that at the time the officer was struck, he (McGee) was in the

process of backing his car up when he saw the SUV jump the curb.

       As discussed above, Sanders was interviewed at the Texarkana police station by Cashatt.

Sanders admitted that he was at the Park that night and that he was the sole occupant and driver of

a silver 2010 GMC Acadia (an SUV) that night. Although he saw Sprague arrive at the Park before

the commotion began and saw Sprague activate the overhead lights on his patrol car, he denied

hitting anything with his SUV as he drove out of the Park. Although Sanders initially maintained

that he rolled through the Park and did not stop, he later changed his story somewhat to indicate

that he did stop there to see his cousin. After the interview, Cashatt obtained a warrant for Sanders’

arrest, charging him with responsibility for Sprague’s death. At trial, Cashatt admitted that at an

earlier writ hearing, he testified that whomever hit Sprague had not done so intentionally and that

he believed it to have been an accident. At the time of the previous hearing, it was his opinion that

Sanders had not seen Sprague when Sprague was run down.

       Kechelle Dansby testified that she was at the Park at the time Sprague was run over by a

car. Dansby testified that she saw Sprague get out of his patrol car and stand under the brightest

part of the street light. She also saw a silver SUV back into a parking space before driving toward

one of the Park exits, then jump the curb and bounce over that curb as Sprague was waiving his

hands in a fruitless attempt to stop the SUV. Dansby testified that she then saw the silver SUV

run over Sprague and saw his body go underneath it. Although she saw Sanders driving a silver

SUV that night, she did not testify as to the identity of the vehicle’s driver at the time it struck the

officer. When she spoke with the police on the night in question, she falsely identified herself by

                                                  37
her sister’s name because she had outstanding warrants for her arrest at the time. She did not

reveal to the police what she had seen that night until after she had been arrested on an outstanding

warrant.

       Earnest Young was also present at the Park at the time of the events in question. He saw

Sanders standing next to a silver SUV, but never saw him get into it or drive it. At trial, he testified

that the car that struck Sprague “looked sorta like [the] one” Sanders had been standing near. He

testified that he did see the SUV jump the curb, and he saw the officer’s flashlight go up in the air,

but he did not see which car actually struck Sprague. From what he saw, it did not appear to him

that the SUV’s driver saw the officer before the vehicle struck him.

       Troy Daniels was also at the Park when Sprague was run over. He testified that he thought

he saw Sanders sitting on the driver’s side of a silver SUV before the police officer arrived at the

Park and believed Sanders was high on marihuana at that time because you could smell it in the

area. He said that although he saw the silver SUV drive toward the exit from the Park, the officer

waved his flashlight at traffic, and then that SUV jumped the curb, but he did not see it drive

towards the officer. He testified that he then believed that the SUV was about to get pulled over

and, if so, that circumstance would allow the other cars to escape. After he saw the SUV jump the

curb, he observed it hesitate before leaving the area, and it was at that time that Daniels saw the

officer and his flashlight on the ground. He indicated that there were many cars attempting to

leave the Park after Sprague arrived. Because he was trying to leave the Park himself, he wasn’t

“paying attention to details.”

                                                  38
       A silver GMC Acadia, owned by Sanders’ mother, was searched and subjected to tests by

the police. Officer Spencer Price testified that when he entered the vehicle, he smelled the faint

odor of marihuana. After examining the SUV and removing its right front tire, Price placed a

different tire on the vehicle so that the car could be released back to its owner. Tests revealed that

although there were no scratches or dents on the car, the plastic brush guard of the vehicle had

been pushed out about a quarter of an inch. Although a search was made by police investigators

for them, none of Sprague’s DNA, fingerprints, fluids, or personal effects were found on the car.

A search warrant was obtained for the electronic “black box” from the SUV, but it contained no

data indicating that the vehicle had been in an accident.

       The medical examiner who autopsied Sprague opined that the cause of death was the

injuries sustained by Sprague, those injuries being consistent with being struck by a vehicle. He

further testified that the abrasions on Sprague’s body were consistent with being dragged over

either asphalt or a rocky surface and that the cause of death was blunt force injuries.

       Crime Scene Investigator Price noted a reddish-brown mark and tears on the officer’s duty

shirt that he believed were transfers of dirt caused by a vehicle. There were small marks on the

back of the officer’s shirt that appeared to be caused from the uniform catching on a rocky surface

or asphalt. Sprague’s duty gear, including his badge, radio, radio clip, handcuffs, and his handgun

were also damaged in a manner consistent with being dragged on a rough surface.

       Officer Marc Sullivan, a crime scene technician, stated that he examined the undercarriage

of Sander’s mother’s SUV and that it appeared some dirt had been removed on the passenger side

of the car and the passenger side wheel well, though it could have been caused by something as

                                                 39
simple as a tire rub. He also noticed that the bumper was pushed out about one quarter of an inch

and retention clips were broken, but he indicated that there was no way to tell when the retention

clips had been broken or what happened that caused them to break. Due to the presence of water

spotting, Sullivan deduced that the car appeared to have been wiped down; while there were a few

marks on the tires, those marks did not come from anything worn by Sprague. Shawna Yonts,

another crime scene technician, testified that she saw a disturbance in the dust on the hood of the

SUV and the presence of partial fingerprint impressions in the dust, but she acknowledged that

there was no way of telling when the disturbance in the dust or the fingerprints occurred.

       Given the state of chaos that apparently erupted when Sprague suddenly appeared on the

scene at the Park that night and the scarcity of witnesses who would be sympathetic to the cause

of law enforcement at that time and place and under the circumstances that were described, an

absence of more credible eye witness evidence is somewhat understandable. Even though physical

evidence was minimal, Sanders’ vehicle was largely undamaged, and key eyewitness testimony

could be considered questionable, there is, nevertheless, sufficient evidence to support a rational

jury’s determination that all of the elements of the offense had been proven beyond a reasonable

doubt. “It is axiomatic that, in gauging the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support a particular

criminal conviction, reviewing courts are obliged to view all of the evidence in the light most

favorable to the jury’s verdict, in deference to the jury’s institutional prerogative to resolve all

contested issues of fact and credibility.” Delay v. State, 443 S.W.3d 909, 912 (Tex. Crim. App.

2014). Following this rule, we find that there was legally sufficient evidence from which the jury

in this case, acting reasonably, could have found Sanders guilty of striking Sprague (who died as

                                                 40
a result of the injuries that were thus caused) with a vehicle in the course of evading arrest or

detention in a vehicle.16 Accordingly, we overrule this point of error.

         We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                      Bailey C. Moseley
                                                      Justice

Date Submitted:            June 3, 2015
Date Decided:              August 12, 2015

Do Not Publish

 The jury found Sanders guilty “as charged in the indictment” without specifying which of the two alternative
16

predicate felonies under which they found him guilty. Because we find the evidence was sufficient to support Sanders’
conviction based upon felony evading arrest, we need not address whether the evidence was sufficient to support a
possible conviction based upon aggravated assault of a public servant.
                                                         41