Court Opinion

ID: 9802729
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-31 14:49:02.556006+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:01:49.170440
License: Public Domain

Dooley, J.,
¶ 15. dissenting. I fully endorse the desirability of resolving litigation on the merits and of avoiding default judgments. But the discretion we grant to the trial court to give relief from a default judgment must have some limits and be governed by some standards; otherwise, we simply create injustice under the guise of preventing it. I cannot go along with the standardless, unlimited discretion the majority creates, and therefore dissent.
¶ 16. The defendant in this appeal is a bank, which is in the business of holding money for customers. In this business, it is routinely subject to attempts by creditors to find funds that can be used to pay a judgment of a bank customer. It is undisputed in this case that plaintiff, a creditor of a bank customer, properly invoked the trustee process statute, gave proper notice to the *555bank, and required the bank to disclose what funds it had belonging to the judgment debtor. The bank’s obligation was routine and should have been very familiar.
¶ 17. The governing statute, 12 V.S.A. § 3062, provides that the alleged trustee must disclose within the time limit this Court provides by rule or “he shall be defaulted, and adjudged a trustee.” (emphasis added); see also id. § 3063 (determining amount of judgment and execution). Vermont Rule of Civil Procedure 4.2(f) requires the bank to “serve a disclosure under oath within 30 days after the service of the trustee summons” but adds “unless the court otherwise directs” — language the majority relies upon to allow late disclosure here. In this case, the bank finally made its disclosure almost a month after the thirty-day time limit.
¶ 18. For three reasons, I conclude that the bank’s failure to either disclose or seek an extension of time in which to disclose within thirty days made it a trustee under § 3062. Section 3062 provides that the bank “shall be defaulted” unless it discloses during the time period established by rule, which is thirty days unless otherwise ordered. The thirty days expired with no order of a different time period. At that time, the mandatory consequence of § 3062 went into effect.
¶ 19. The majority’s construction of Rule 4.2(f), that the trial court can extend the time period at any time and for any duration retroactively, is not consistent with the statute. Under that theory, there is no time limit and no mandatory default because the trial court can always retroactively correct the default. In my judgment, the majority’s construction reads the “shall be defaulted” language out of the statute.
¶ 20. The second reason is that the majority’s theory gives standardless discretion to the trial judge where such blanket authority is unnecessary. In reaching its conclusion, the majority quotes and relies upon Ying Ji v. Heide, 2013 VT 81, 194 Vt. 546, 82 A.3d 1160, a decision I joined, which finds excusable neglect for the failure of plaintiff’s lawyer to attend a status conference and grants relief under Civil Rule 60(b). In this case, the bank provided no explanation for why it failed to make a disclosure within the deadline; therefore, we have no indication of whether it could meet the Rule 60(b) standard of “mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect,” or the directly controlling “good cause” standard applicable to setting aside default entries in Rule *55655(c). See Ying Ji, 2013 VT 81, ¶ 10. The trial court decision is based solely on the fact that the bank defaulted, putting it in the same position as any defendant who has defaulted and is required to pay a judgment it may not owe.
¶ 21. If we reverse the trial court’s decision in this case, the bank is put in a position comparable to that of the plaintiff in Ying Ji, 2013 VT 81. The bank can file a Rule 55(c) motion to set aside the default and seek discretionary relief based on the cause of the failure to make a timely disclosure. It is not a just result that some defendants have to show excusable neglect or comparable grounds while some defendants do not have to explain or justify their default in any way. Nor is it a just system where a trial judge has total decisionmaking power over whether to relieve an alleged trustee from any liability for any reason.
¶ 22. The decisions from the Maine courts under the identical regulatory standard demonstrate how the system should properly be implemented. Despite language in Maine Rule of Civil Procedure 4B(e) that was formerly identical to that in our statute, no Maine decision authorized the trial judge to retroactively change the disclosure deadline, as the majority endorses here. Instead, the Maine courts have held that a trustee seeking relief from an entry of default must meet the “good cause” standard contained in Maine Civil Rule 55(c). See Levine v. KeyBank Nat’l Ass’n, 2004 ME 131, ¶ 20, 861 A.2d 678.
¶ 23. Four Maine decisions apply this standard to a financial institution. In Levine, the facts were as follows:
KeyBank presented proof that it maintains a judgment processing system that has a low rate of error. The system is based in the bank’s Cleveland office and has eleven employee positions dedicated to processing attachments, including trustee summons, served on KeyBank throughout the United States. The office handles 300 to 1600 attachments per day. At the time of the bank’s receipt of the trustee summons in this case, there were eight employees processing attachments because the office had three vacant positions.
An officer at KeyBank’s Auburn office was served with Levine’s trustee summons on October 24, 2001. He signed the acknowledgment form and faxed the summons to the bank’s Cleveland processing facility. KeyBank’s *557phone log indicates that a fax was sent from Auburn to the Cleveland processing facility’s fax line on October 25, 2001. The officer also sent the original summons via KeyBank’s internal mail to the processing facility in Cleveland, where it was apparently lost. Michele Dauer, KeyBank’s supervisor of judgment processing, stated in her affidavit, “I do not know what happened with this particular Trustee Summons.”
Id. ¶¶ 17-18. The Maine Supreme Judicial Court upheld the trial court’s decision that KeyBank had not established good cause to set aside the default:
An efficient judgment processing system, without more, does not amount to a good excuse. The foundation of a good excuse is a reasonable explanation, which KeyBank failed to provide. For example, the bank offered no explanation for its failure to fill the vacancies in its judgment processing department; nor did it offer an explanation for the disappearance of the summons. Moreover, the bank failed to explain why its Auburn office could not simply answer the trustee process rather than send it to Ohio. The affidavits of the bank’s employees offer no explanation whatsoever for KeyBank’s failure to respond to the notice of default. The officer in the Auburn office merely stated, “KeyBank has no other information of receiving anything else from the Court or plaintiff regarding this matter between October 24, 2001 and the entry of the order of default on January 2, 2002.” In other words, KeyBank offers no reasonable explanation for the lost fax, the lost internal mail, or any other failures of the judgment processing system.
Id. ¶21 (footnote omitted); see also Butler v. D/Wave Seafood, 2002 ME 41, ¶ 18, 791 A.2d 928 (affirming trial court conclusion that KeyBank had not shown good cause to reopen trustee default on grounds that KeyBank gave no reasonable explanation for cause of default, failed to timely respond to two summons, and failed to appear at default hearing despite personal notice from clerk).
¶24. A similar fact situation arose in R.C. Moore, Inc. v. Les-Care Kitchens, Inc., 2007 ME 138, 931 A.2d 1081, in which the trial court also found no good cause for providing relief from the *558default. The institution involved was also a large national bank, and its position was that it had a good system in place to respond to trustee summons. Relying on Levine, the court held that the system alone was not enough. Id. ¶¶ 28-29. The court went on to hold:
The record supports the court’s finding that Wachovia failed to offer a reasonable excuse as to why the Wachovia Bank summons was mislaid. A system requiring a trustee summons to pass through four offices in four states over several days before it can be effective to attach an account provides many opportunities for an item to be lost or mislaid. Consequently, the court did not abuse its discretion in denying Wachovia’s motion to set aside entry of default.
Id. ¶ 29.
¶ 25. On the other hand, a Maine trial court exercised its discretion to set aside a default trustee judgment where it found more grounds than present in Levine and Butler. Spruce v. Jackson, No. CV-01-128, 2004 WL 844180 (Me. Super. Ct. Mar. 22, 2004). It relied in part on KeyBank’s high rate of compliance:
KeyBank’s processing system successfully processed the vast majority of the 149,910 documents received in 2001, 12,259 of which were received in July, 2001, the month the trustee summons was apparently served on KeyBank. The error rate of KeyBank’s system in 2001 was .006%.
Id. at *2. The court noted that the plaintiff had not moved for default against KeyBank for over two years and, by that time, KeyBank was unable to determine why it had failed to file its disclosure in time. Id. Under these circumstances, the court granted relief.
¶ 26. The majority responds that the Maine cases arise in situations that are “procedurally different” and, therefore, irrelevant to this case. Ante, ¶ 13. This is a quibble. As I state above, I agree that this case should be decided under circumstances similar to those in Ying Ji, 2013 VT 81, the main case relied upon by the majority. Ying Ji involved a motion to reopen an involuntary dismissal, a form of default judgment, under the standard in Vermont Civil Rule 60(b)(1). The Maine cases arise in the com*559parable situation, where the clerk has entered a default and the trustee seeks 'to reopen it under Maine Civil Rule 55(c). The difference is particularly a quibble because the presiding judge in this case could have directed the clerk to enter a default judgment pursuant to Vermont Civil Rule 55(b)(2), as apparently the trial judges did in Maine, requiring the trustee to move to set aside the default. Nothing in the majority decision suggests that if there had been a clerk entry of default as authorized by the rule, the judge would have lost the discretionary power to retroactively declare that the trustee’s response was timely. Indeed, such a limitation would be inconsistent with the “at any time and for any reason” rationale of the majority decision.
¶27. Nor is my position affected by the fact that the Maine legislature changed the Maine statute so it is no longer the same as the Vermont statute. To the extent the statutory modification is relevant, it shows the right way for financial institutions to get relief from a collection procedure they find inconvenient to their operations
¶28. My point is that I agree that the bank should have the opportunity to seek relief from the default trustee judgment, but the opportunity should occur through a motion to set aside the judgment under Rule 55(c), and the bank should have to demonstrate good cause or compliance with Rule 60.
¶29. My third and final reason is related to the second. This decision sends out exactly the wrong message to financial institutions. Trustee process will work only if banks and other financial institutions adopt systems to respond promptly, accurately, and transparently to trustee process summons. By letting this bank off with no demonstrated showing that it has a system to respond in the future, we are sending the signal that compliance is unimportant. The amount the bank might have to pay, $24,000, is small compared to the savings to creditors that results from compliance. In my judgment, it is the missed opportunity to induce compliance, and not the possibility of one relatively small sanction, that creates inequity.
¶ 30. I am authorized to state that Justice Skoglund joins this dissent.