Court Opinion

ID: 4639936
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-07 08:15:25.154079+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:00:10.062248
License: Public Domain

Opinion issued December 3, 2020

                                     In The

                              Court of Appeals
                                    For The

                         First District of Texas
                            ————————————
                              NO. 01-19-00039-CV
                           ———————————
                  MMR CONSTRUCTORS, INC., Appellant
                                       V.
               THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY, Appellee

               On Appeal from the 412th Judicial District Court
                           Brazoria County, Texas
                      Trial Court Case No. 97962-CV

                         MEMORANDUM OPINION

      MMR Constructors, Inc. sued The Dow Chemical Company for breach of

contact, quantum meruit, and statutory prompt payment violations related to

construction services that MMR provided to Dow on a project. MMR claims that

Dow owes it an additional $17 million above the agreed fixed-contract price of $40
million because MMR incurred increased costs when it was directed by Dow to

accelerate its work after Dow’s other contractors caused the work schedule to be

delayed.

      The trial court granted Dow’s traditional motion for summary judgment,

which MMR now appeals. Based on the record, we hold that Dow proved, as a matter

of law, that (1) MMR released its breach-of-contract claim; (2) the express contract

between the parties precludes MMR’s quantum meruit claim; and (3) MMR’s

statutory prompt pay claim fails without a valid contract claim. Accordingly, we

affirm the trial court’s summary judgment.

                                   Background

      On February 4, 2016, Dow and MMR entered into a contract (“the Contract”)

for MMR to provide electrical and instrumentation construction work on Dow’s

Power, Utilities, and Infrastructure Project in Freeport, Texas. The Contract

specified that MMR would begin its work on March 1, 2016 and complete it by

March 3, 2017. The work to be provided by MMR was specified in the Contract.

Dow agreed to pay MMR the fixed price of $40,407,604 for the work. MMR

achieved mechanical completion of its work on March 10, 2017.

      The Contract contemplated that it could be modified if the scope or timing of

MMR’s work changed during the project. The Contract also contemplated that it

could be modified to provide MMR with additional compensation if changes

                                         2
affecting its work caused MMR to incur extra costs above the agreed fixed-contract

price. Parts III and IV of the Contract included provisions addressing when MMR

was entitled to additional compensation and set out the process by which MMR

could obtain additional compensation.

      Part III of the Contract contained “General Terms,” and Part IV of the

Contract contained “Special Terms.” The Contract stated that Part IV–Special Terms

“set[s] forth herein modifications to specific Terms and Conditions that are

contained in Part III–General Terms. Such modifications take precedence over Part

III–General Terms.” The modifications made in the “Special Terms” are italicized

in the Contract to denote the modifications. The Contract provisions cited by the

parties relevant to issues in this case are as follows:

                                TIMING OF WORK

      10.0 SCHEDULING, REPORTING AND COORDINATION

      ....

             10.2 During the performance of Work, Contractor [MMR] shall
             submit to Company [Dow] periodic progress reports on the
             actual progress and updated schedules as may be required by this
             Contract or requested by Company. In the event Contractor’s
             performance of the Work is not in compliance with the schedule
             established for such performance, Company may, in writing,
             require the Contractor to submit its plan for schedule recovery,
             or specify in writing the steps to be taken to achieve compliance
             with such schedule, and/or exercise any other remedies under this
             Contract. Contractor shall thereupon take such steps as may be
             directed by Company or otherwise necessary to improve its
             progress without additional cost to Company or Owner.
                                            3
       Notwithstanding the sentence above, if Contractor’s
       performance of Work is delayed by Company, Owner, or other
       contractors, vendors or suppliers for which Company is
       responsible, then Contractor shall be compensated for such steps
       directed by Company to recover the schedule.

....

                            WORK CHANGES

15.0 CHANGES

       15.1 The Scope of Work shall be subject to change by
            additions, deletions or revisions thereto by Company.
            Contractor will be notified of such changes by receipt of
            additional and/or revised drawings, specifications,
            exhibits or other written notification.

       15.2 If, upon receipt of any notification, Contractor considers
            that a change is involved that could affect its costs of
            performing the Work or upon the schedule for
            performance of the Work, Contractor is obligated to
            inform Company within five (5) working days of
            Contractor receiving the notification. Unless Contractor
            notifies Company in accordance with this Section,
            Contractor is obliged to perform the Work in accordance
            with the change and will have no entitlement to any
            additional compensation or to any change to the schedule.

       15.3 Contractor shall submit to Company within ten (10)
            working days after submission of the notification from
            Contractor required under Section 15.2, above, a detailed
            takeoff with supporting calculations and pricing for the
            change, together with any requested adjustments in the
            schedule. The pricing shall be itemized as required by
            Company and shall be in sufficient detail to permit an
            analysis of all labor, material and equipment and shall
            cover all work involved in the change, whether such work
            was deleted, added or modified. Amounts related to
            subcontracts shall be supported in similar detail. Any

                                   4
             adjustments to the schedule must be accompanied by a
             revised version of the detailed schedule, agreed in
             accordance with Section 10.1 demonstrating that any
             proposed changes to the schedule have been caused by the
             change and have affected a critical path on such previously
             agreed detailed schedule.

       15.4 If Contractor does not provide the detailed take-off to
            Company, within the time allowed by Section 15.3,
            Contractor will have waived any right to additional
            compensation or to a change to the schedule, in respect of
            the change and will proceed with the work in accordance
            with the change notification issued pursuant to Section
            15.1, above.

       15.5 Contractor shall not perform changes in the Work in
            accordance with Section 15.1 until Company and Owner
            have approved in writing the pricing for the change and
            any adjustment in the schedule for performance of the
            Work, except as set forth in Sections 15.4 and 15.6. Upon
            receiving such written approval from Company and
            Owner, Contractor shall diligently perform the change in
            strict accordance with this Contract.

       15.6 Notwithstanding Section 15.5 Company may expressly
            authorize Contractor in writing to perform the change
            prior to such approval by Company and Owner. Contractor
            shall not suspend performance of this Contract during the
            review and negotiation of any change, except as may be
            directed by Company pursuant to Article 16.0, Suspension
            of Work. In the event Company, Owner and Contractor are
            unable to reach timely agreement regarding any change,
            Contractor shall then comply with Article 18.0, Claims.

....

18.0 CLAIMS

                                   5
            18.1 If, for any reason, Contractor considers that an event has
                 occurred pursuant to which it has a right to claim
                 compensation from Owner or an extension to the schedule,
                 Contractor shall notify Owner in writing of the existence
                 of such claim within five (5) working days of the Parties’
                 failure to reach a timely agreement pursuant to Section
                 15.6 for changes or from Contractor learning of the
                 occurrence of the event in question for other claims.
                 Within ten (10) days of giving such a notification, or at a
                 mutually agreed reasonable time, Contractor shall submit
                 to Company the proposed cost and schedule effect of the
                 change. In this respect, Contractor shall comply with the
                 provisions of Section 15.3. Contractor shall substantiate
                 its claim with payroll documents, paid invoices, receipts,
                 records of performance and other documents satisfactory
                 to Owner and subject to its verification. Neither Company
                 nor Owner shall be liable for, and Contractor hereby
                 waives, any claim or potential claim of Contractor which
                 was not reported by Contractor in accordance with the
                 provisions of this Article, regardless of the cause including
                 the negligence of Company and Owner.

            18.2 Owner will determine the extent, if any, to which the
                 Contract Price is to be changed by reason of the claim and
                 the extent to which the schedule is to be changed by reason
                 of the claim. Owner will advise Contractor of the result of
                 this determination and will issue a Contract modification
                 accordingly. If Contractor disputes Owner’s determination
                 and notifies Owner within five (5) working days of
                 receiving it, Contractor may seek to resolve the dispute in
                 accordance with Article 50.0 [agreeing to bench trial]. . . .

      The Contract also contained the following provisions regarding the

documentation of modifications to the Contract:

      8.0   CONTRACT MODIFICATIONS

            The Contract Modification is the only document by which the
            Contract may be changed or supplemented. It is therefore the

                                         6
            only authority for payment of changes, and changes may not be
            invoiced until the appropriate modification has been executed
            and issued.

            8.1    Company will prepare all Contract Modifications.

            8.2    Changes covered by a modification may include:

                   • Added or deleted Work
                   • Revised drawings or specifications
                   • Modified conditions for performance of [W]ork or
                     unforeseen field conditions
                   • Authorization of overtime
                   • Revised requirements for Company or Contractor
                     furnished materials, equipment or services.
                   • Schedule revisions
                   • Alteration or removal of completed Work

            8.3    Both     Company        and    Contractor’s    authorized
                   representatives shall execute all Contract Modifications.

      Between April 2016 and May 2017, the parties executed twelve Contract

Modifications, providing MMR with additional compensation over the fixed-contact

price. The additional compensation to MMR totaled over $2.75 million. Each

contract modification contained the following release:

      THIS CONTRACT MODIFICATION REPRESENTS FINAL
      ADJUSTMENT FOR ANY AND ALL AMOUNTS DUE OR TO
      BECOME DUE TO CONTRACTOR FOR CHANGES REFERRED
      TO HEREIN. CONTRACTOR FURTHER RELEASES ALL OTHER
      CLAIMS, IF ANY (EXCEPT THOSE CLAIMS PREVIOUSLY
      SUBMITTED IN WRITING IN STRICT ACCORDANCE WITH
      THE CONTRACT), FOR ADDITIONAL COMPENSATION
      UNDER    THIS   CONTRACT,   INCLUDING   WITHOUT
      LIMITATION ANY RIGHTS CONTRACTOR MAY HAVE FOR
      ADDITIONAL COMPENSATION ARISING OUT OF DELAYS OR
      DISRUPTION OF CONTRACTOR’S SCHEDULE AS MAY HAVE

                                         7
      ARISEN PRIOR TO THE DATE OF THIS CONTRACT
      MODIFICATION.   UNLESS    OTHERWISE   EXPRESSLY
      PROVIDED HEREIN, THE TIME OF COMPLETION AND ALL
      OTHER TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THE CONTRACT
      REMAIN UNCHANGED.

The last of these Contract Modifications was signed on May 3, 2017, nearly two

months after MMR achieved mechanical completion of its work.

      On May 27, 2017, MMR submitted a “Change Order Request” to Dow,

stating, “[p]ursuant to Article 15.0, Part III–General Terms of the above referenced

contract, MMR submits this notification of change due to changing site conditions.”

Based on the alleged change, MMR sought an additional $17.8 million from Dow.

On June 9, 2017, MMR amended the request, reducing the additional compensation

it sought from Dow to $16.9 million. On June 20, 2017, MMR sent correspondence

to Dow asserting that Article 15 was not applicable to its request for additional

compensation but that it had “merely submitted its request in Change Order form out

of an abundance of caution that it would later be determined that MMR should have

done so.” MMR also informed Dow that its request for additional compensation

included “damages due to others’ failure to properly supervise and/or schedule the

project, failure of other contractors for which MMR was not responsible to complete

the predecessor work in a reasonable and/or timely fashion, stacking of trades, owner

furnished material not available in a timely manner, negligence, etc.”

                                         8
      On July 30, 2018, MMR filed suit against Dow, pleading claims for breach of

contract, quantum meruit, and violation of the Prompt Payment to Contractors Act.1

In its petition, MMR asserted that “[the] dispute arises from MMR’s request for

additional compensation under the Contract and Dow’s refusal to modify the

Contract or to pay the additional compensation requested.”

      In support of its claims, MMR alleged that it had incurred increased costs

above the fixed-contract price because other contractors under Dow’s control had

been late in completing their work on the project. Because the scope of the other

contractors’ work involved “necessary predecessor activities for MMR to complete

its own work,” the delay in the other contractors’ completion of their work

“negatively impacted MMR’s own project schedule.” MMR alleged that Dow

“insisted that MMR increase its workforce to ‘recover’ or ‘accelerate’ the schedule”

caused by the work delays of the other contractors. MMR claimed that “Dow’s

insistence that MMR manage the Project in a certain manner by directing MMR to

accelerate its performance caused MMR to incur massive additional expenses.”

Specifically, MMR alleged that, at Dow’s direction, MMR incurred “acceleration

costs” above the fixed-contract price because it had to increase labor from 614,636

man-hours to 954,858 man-hours in order to recover the schedule that had been

delayed by Dow’s other contractors.

1
      TEX. PROP. CODE §§ 28.001–.010.
                                         9
      As a basis for its recovery, MMR pointed to Article 10.2, as modified by the

Special Terms in Part IV of the Contract. MMR claimed that “Article 10.2 of the

Contract provides MMR the right to additional compensation and a remedy in the

event that it is forced to recover its schedule due to no fault of its own.” MMR also

asserted that Article 10.2 in Part IV–Special Terms was “specifically negotiated and

modified” by the parties “to provide clarity on situations where MMR may receive

additional compensation for the actions or inactions of others.” MMR claimed that,

under modified Article 10.2, “[w]hen Dow and/or others over whom it was

responsible delayed MMR, then DOW became obligated to compensate MMR for

all costs incurred because of such delays.” MMR alleged that it had incurred

additional costs of $17,906,701.69 to recover the schedule at Dow’s direction and

claimed that Article 10.2, as modified in Part IV–Special Terms, entitled it to be

compensated by Dow for the additional costs.

      Dow answered the suit, generally denying the allegations and asserting

numerous affirmative defenses, including release and waiver. Dow also filed a

traditional motion for summary judgment. As summary-judgment grounds, Dow

asserted that (1) MMR had released its breach-of-contract claim against Dow

because “[e]ach Contract Modification expressly and unambiguously releases all

claims for additional compensation under the Contract”; (2) MMR waived its

breach-of-contract claim by failing to provide timely notice as required by Article

                                         10
18.0 in the Contract; (3) MMR’s quantum-meruit claim is precluded by law “because

there is an express contract governing the dispute between the parties, and there is

no exception that would allow a quantum meruit claim to apply in this situation”;

and (4) MMR’s claim under the Prompt Payment to Contractors Act failed because

MMR is not entitled to compensation under the Contract. To support its motion,

Dow relied on factual assertions in MMR’s petition and offered as summary-

judgment evidence (1) the Contract, (2) the Contract Modifications, and (3) MMR’s

correspondences sent to Dow in May and June 2017, requesting additional

compensation above the fixed-contract price.

      In its response to Dow’s motion for summary judgment, MMR asserted that

the notice provisions found in Articles 15.0 and 18.0 of the Contract did not apply

to MMR’s claim for the costs that it had incurred to recover the schedule at Dow’s

direction. MMR claimed that the dispute was governed by Article 10.2 as modified

in Part IV–Special Terms of the Contract. Specifically, MMR pointed to the last

sentence of modified Article 10.2, which states, “[I]f Contractor’s performance of

Work is delayed by Company, Owner, or other contractors, vendors or suppliers for

which Company is responsible, then Contractor shall be compensated for such steps

directed by Company to recover the schedule.” MMR asserted that Article 10.2 was

“not conditioned” on the notice provisions in Articles 15.0 or 18.0. Instead, MMR

claimed that its compensation for its acceleration costs was mandatory, not

                                        11
discretionary, because the parties “specifically negotiated for the right to mandatory

compensation [under Article 10.2] if MMR was ordered by Dow to recover the

schedule (i.e., accelerate performance).”

      MMR also asserted that its breach-of-contract claim was not subject to the

release found in the Contract Modifications. MMR contended that the release

applied only to “claims” asserted under Article 18.0 for changes to the scope of the

work performed. MMR argued that, because its demand for acceleration costs was

not a claim related to a change in the scope of its work, its claim was not an Article

18.0 claim. MMR further asserted that the release did not apply because MMR had

not been able to determine the total amount of its costs at the time it signed the

Contract Modifications containing the release.

      In addition, MMR disputed Dow’s argument that summary judgment was

proper on MMR’s claim for quantum meruit because there was an express contract

between the parties covering the dispute. MMR asserted that, when a plaintiff has

partially performed a contract but is prevented by the defendant’s breach from

completing its performance, the plaintiff may still recover based on quantum meruit.

MMR claimed that was the circumstance here because Dow had breached the

Contract by failing to compensate MMR for its acceleration costs, which had

prevented MMR from completing the last steps of the Contract. Finally, MMR

asserted that its claim under the Prompt Payment to Contractors Act was valid

                                            12
because Dow had not shown that it was entitled to summary judgment on MMR’s

breach-of-contract claim.

      To support its response, MMR offered the affidavit of its project manager.

The project manager testified about MMR’s work on the project, the delay caused

by Dow’s other contractors, Dow’s instruction to MMR to “recover” or “accelerate”

the schedule, and the amount of acceleration costs incurred by MMR.

      The trial court granted Dow’s motion for summary judgment, stating in its

order that it had “considered the motion, the applicable law, the arguments of

counsel, if any, and all other supporting and opposing papers.” This appealed

followed.

                                Summary Judgment

      In four issues, MMR contends that the trial court erred in granting summary

judgment in Dow’s favor.

A.    Standard of Review

      We review de novo the trial court’s ruling on a motion for summary judgment.

Mann Frankfort Stein & Lipp Advisors, Inc. v. Fielding, 289 S.W.3d 844, 848 (Tex.

2009). A party moving for traditional summary judgment has the burden to prove

that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a

matter of law. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); SeaBright Ins. Co. v. Lopez, 465 S.W.3d 637,

641 (Tex. 2015). When a defendant moves for summary judgment, it must either (1)

                                          13
disprove at least one essential element of the plaintiff’s cause of action or (2) plead

and conclusively establish each essential element of its affirmative defense, thereby

defeating the plaintiff’s cause of action. Cathey v. Booth, 900 S.W.2d 339, 341 (Tex.

1995). An issue is conclusively established if reasonable minds could not differ

about the conclusion to be drawn from the facts in the record. Cmty. Health Sys.

Prof’l Servs. Corp. v. Hansen, 525 S.W.3d 671, 681 (Tex. 2017).

      If the movant meets its burden, the burden then shifts to the nonmovant to

raise a genuine issue of material fact precluding summary judgment. See Centeq

Realty, Inc. v. Siegler, 899 S.W.2d 195, 197 (Tex. 1995). To determine whether there

is a fact issue in a motion for summary judgment, we review the evidence in the light

most favorable to the nonmovant, crediting favorable evidence if reasonable jurors

could do so, and disregarding contrary evidence unless reasonable jurors could not.

See Fielding, 289 S.W.3d at 848 (citing see City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d

802, 827 (Tex. 2005)). The evidence raises a genuine issue of fact if reasonable and

fair-minded jurors could differ in their conclusions in light of all of the summary

judgment evidence. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v. Mayes, 236 S.W.3d 754, 755

(Tex. 2007). When, as here, the trial court’s order granting summary judgment does

not specify the grounds on which it was granted, it must be affirmed if any of the

grounds asserted are meritorious. W. Invs., Inc. v. Urena, 162 S.W.3d 547, 550 (Tex.

2005).

                                          14
B.    Release of MMR’s Breach-of-Contract Claim

      In its second issue, MMR asserts that the trial court erred in granting summary

judgment on its breach-of-contract claim because Dow did not conclusively establish

its affirmative defense of release.2 See TEX. R. CIV. P. 94 (providing that plea of

release is affirmative defense).

      1.     Applicable Law

      A release is a written agreement that discharges a duty or obligation owed to

one party to the release. Henry v. Masson, 333 S.W.3d 825, 843–44 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, no pet.); see Williams v. Glash, 789 S.W.2d 261, 264 (Tex.

1990). “[A release] operates to extinguish the claim or cause of action as effectively

as would a prior judgment between the parties and is an absolute bar to any right of

action on the released matter.” Dresser Indus., Inc. v. Page Petroleum, Inc., 853

S.W.2d 505, 508 (Tex. 1993). Like any other agreement, a release is a contract

subject to the rules of contract construction. Henry, 333 S.W.3d at 844. When

construing a contract, the court must give effect to the true intentions of the parties

as expressed in the written instrument. Id. (citing Lenape Res. Corp. v. Tenn. Gas

Pipeline Co., 925 S.W.2d 565, 574 (Tex. 1996)).

2
      We begin with MMR’s second issue because its first issue, as stated in the “Issues
      Presented” portion of MMR’s brief, is a global assertion that “[t]he trial court
      reversibly erred in granting Dow’s Traditional Motion for Summary Judgment.”
                                          15
      The contract must be read as whole, not by isolating a certain phrase, sentence,

or section of the agreement. State Farm Life Ins. Co. v. Beaston, 907 S.W.2d 430,

433 (Tex. 1995); Henry, 333 S.W.3d at 844. The court must examine the entire

contract to harmonize and give effect to all its provisions so that none are rendered

meaningless and no single provision controls. Henry, 333 S.W.3d at 844 (citing Doe

v. Tex. Ass’n of Sch. Bds., Inc., 283 S.W.3d 451, 458 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2009,

pet. denied)). We give the release’s language its plain grammatical meaning unless

doing so would defeat the intent of the parties. Id. (citing Baty v. ProTech Ins.

Agency, 63 S.W.3d 841, 848 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, pet. denied)).

A contract is unambiguous if it can be given a definite legal meaning. Id. (citing

Doe, 283 S.W.3d at 458).

      General categorical release clauses are narrowly construed. Victoria Bank &

Trust Co. v. Brady, 811 S.W.2d 931, 938 (Tex. 1991). To effectively release a claim,

the releasing instrument must “mention” the claim to be released. Id. In construing

a contract, the court may not rewrite it or add to its language. Am. Mfrs. Mut. Ins.

Co. v. Schaefer, 124 S.W.3d 154, 162 (Tex. 2003); Henry, 333 S.W.3d at 844.

Claims that are not clearly within the subject matter of the release are not discharged,

even if they exist when the release is executed. Henry, 333 S.W.3d at 844 (citing

Brady, 811 S.W.2d at 938; Baty, 63 S.W.3d at 848). It is not necessary, however,

that the parties anticipate and identify every potential cause of action relating to the

                                          16
subject matter of the release. Keck, Mahin & Cate v. Nat’l Fire Ins. Co., 20 S.W.3d

692, 698 (Tex. 2000). Although releases generally contemplate claims existing at

the time of execution, a valid release may also encompass unknown claims and

future damages. Id.

      2.    Analysis

      Here, each of the twelve Contract Modifications signed by the parties from

April 2016 to May 2017 contained the following release:

      THIS CONTRACT MODIFICATION REPRESENTS FINAL
      ADJUSTMENT FOR ANY AND ALL AMOUNTS DUE OR TO
      BECOME DUE TO CONTRACTOR FOR CHANGES REFERRED
      TO HEREIN. CONTRACTOR FURTHER RELEASES ALL OTHER
      CLAIMS, IF ANY (EXCEPT THOSE CLAIMS PREVIOUSLY
      SUBMITTED IN WRITING IN STRICT ACCORDANCE WITH
      THE CONTRACT), FOR ADDITIONAL COMPENSATION
      UNDER    THIS   CONTRACT,   INCLUDING   WITHOUT
      LIMITATION ANY RIGHTS CONTRACTOR MAY HAVE FOR
      ADDITIONAL COMPENSATION ARISING OUT OF DELAYS OR
      DISRUPTION OF CONTRACTOR’S SCHEDULE AS MAY HAVE
      ARISEN PRIOR TO THE DATE OF THIS CONTRACT
      MODIFICATION.    UNLESS   OTHERWISE    EXPRESSLY
      PROVIDED HEREIN, THE TIME OF COMPLETION AND ALL
      OTHER TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THE CONTRACT
      REMAIN UNCHANGED.

      In the trial court, Dow asserted that the release language contained in the

Contract Modifications entitled it to summary judgment on MMR’s breach-of-

contract claim. Along with the Contract, Dow offered the Contract Modifications as

summary-judgment evidence and underscored that MMR signed the last Contract

                                        17
Modification on May 3, 2017, nearly two months after MMR completed its work

under the Contract on March 10, 2017.

      We agree with Dow that the May 3 release alone extinguished MMR’s right

to bring its breach-of-contract claim. See Page Petroleum, 853 S.W.2d at 508. The

release made clear that it applied not only to “all amounts due” to MMR for

“changes” made in the respective Contract Modification but also applied to “all other

claims . . . for additional compensation under this contract, including without

limitation any rights contractor may have for additional compensation arising out of

delays or disruption of contractor’s schedule as may have arisen prior to the date of

this contract modification.” (Capitalization omitted.) MMR’s claim for additional

compensation for its costs arising out of delays to its schedule, allegedly caused by

the dilatory conduct of Dow’s other contractors, falls squarely within the subject

matter of the release as indicated in its plain language. See Brady, 811 S.W.2d at 938

(“In order to effectively release a claim in Texas, the releasing instrument must

‘mention’ the claim to be released,” meaning that claim must fall “within the subject

matter of the release.”).

      MMR disagrees that its breach-of-contract claim falls within the scope of the

release. MMR does not suggest that the release is ambiguous; rather, it asserts that

its breach-of-contract claim, seeking additional compensation for the costs it

incurred to recover the delayed schedule caused by Dow’s other contractors, is not

                                         18
a claim that falls within the subject matter of the release. MMR contends that only

qualifying “claims” under Articles 15.0 and 18.0 of the Contract are “claims” subject

to the release.

      MMR points out that “Articles 15.0 and 18.0 establish a process for MMR to

submit ‘Claims,’ including deadlines by which written notice must be provided to

Dow.” MMR asserts that the Contract Modifications containing the release are a

product of the claims process under Article 18.0. MMR contends that, in contrast,

Article 10.2, on which MMR filed suit, does not include a process for submitting

claims. MMR emphasizes that, while the release “covers claims for additional

compensation under the Contract,” it excludes claims that were “previously

submitted in writing in strict accordance with the Contract.” MMR asserts, “The

exclusionary language is key; it confirms the release covers only ‘Claims’ under

Articles 15.0 and 18.0 of the Contract—claims for ‘changes’ and ‘other claims’—

not MMR’s request for compensation of its acceleration costs under [Article] 10.2

of the Special Terms.” We disagree.

      “A contract’s plain language controls, not what one side or the other alleges

they intended to say but did not.” Pathfinder Oil & Gas, Inc. v. Great W. Drilling,

Ltd., 574 S.W.3d 882, 888 (Tex. 2019) (internal quotation marks omitted); see Union

Pacific R.R. v. Novus Int’l, Inc., 113 S.W.3d 418, 421 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2003, pet. denied) (“We glean intent from what the parties said in their

                                         19
contract, not what they allegedly meant.”). Contrary to MMR’s construction, the

plain language of the release does not state that the claims released by MMR are

limited to claims under Articles 15.0 and 18.0. And we cannot add language to a

contract under the guise of interpretation. LG Ins. Mgmt. Servs., L.P. v. Leick, 378

S.W.3d 632, 638 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, pet. denied); see Schaefer, 124 S.W.3d

at 162 (“[W]e may neither rewrite the parties’ contract nor add to its language.”).

      We also must give effect to all the terms in the release so that none are

rendered meaningless, see New Hampshire Ins. Co. v. Mora, 500 S.W.3d 132, 137

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, pet. denied), including those that indicate the

scope and breadth of the release, see Keck, 20 S.W.3d at 698 (recognizing broad-

form releases are permissible if subject matter of release is identified). Here, the

plain language of the release states that in addition to claims related to the subject

matter of the Contract Modification, MMR agreed to release “all other claims” under

the Contract for additional compensation, which included “without limitation any

rights contractor may have for additional compensation arising out of delays or

disruption of [MMR’s] schedule as may have arisen prior to the date of this contract

modification.” (Emphasis added.)

      The only claims exempted from the release were those that MMR had

“previously submitted in writing in strict accordance with the Contract.” In this

regard, the release allowed MMR to preserve its claims for additional compensation

                                         20
under the Contract that MMR had already taken steps to pursue while providing Dow

with assurance that there were no other outstanding claims for which it needed to

account. See Geheb v. TransCanada Keystone Pipeline, LP, No. 09-17-00107-CV,

2018 WL 4779040, at *3 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Oct. 4, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.)

(“[W]e have harmonized any conflicts between the various sentences in the release

so that none are rendered meaningless.”).

      Construing the term “claims” in the release to be defined and limited by the

type of claims exempted from the release, as advocated by MMR, is not a reasonable

construction of the provision. The plain language of the release controls. See

Pathfinder Oil & Gas, Inc., 574 S.W.3d at 888. And, under its plain language,

MMR’s breach-of-contract claim, which seeks additional compensation under the

Contract arising out of delays or disruption of MMR’s schedule caused by Dow’s

other contractors, falls within the express scope of the release. See Mem’l Med. Ctr.

of E. Tex. v. Keszler, 943 S.W.2d 433, 434–35 (Tex. 1997) (holding that, because

parties agreed to release all claims related to corrective action taken by hospital

against physician “and any other matter relating to [physician’s] relationship with

[hospital],” all claims relating to physician’s relationship with hospital were

released).

      MMR also asserts that Dow was not entitled to summary judgment based on

its affirmative defense of release because “it is untenable to conclude that the parties

                                          21
intended at the time of each Contract Modification for the release to apply to MMR’s

acceleration costs, which were still ongoing and incapable of calculation until the

Project was complete.” However, it is well-settled under Texas law that, although

releases generally contemplate claims existing at the time of execution, a valid

release may also encompass unknown claims and future damages. Keck, 20 S.W.3d

at 698; Baty, 63 S.W.3d at 848. Moreover, MMR stated in its petition and in its

summary-judgment response that it achieved mechanical completion of its work on

March 10, 2017. The summary-judgment record shows that, nearly two months after

completing its work, MMR signed the last Contract Modification containing the

release on May 3, 2017. Thus, it is not “untenable” to conclude that MMR released

its breach-of-contract claim when it signed the Contract Modification on May 3,

2017.

        Finally, MMR argues that Dow did not conclusively establish that the release

applied to MMR’s claim for additional compensation because Dow did not offer

sufficient evidence to show that the exception to the release did not apply. As

mentioned, the release provided that “THOSE CLAIMS PREVIOUSLY

SUBMITTED IN WRITING IN STRICT ACCORDANCE WITH THE

CONTRACT” were excepted from the release. MMR contends that Dow failed to

offer evidence to conclusively establish that “MMR had not previously submitted its

request [for additional compensation] in writing in strict accordance with the

                                         22
Contract” before it signed the Contract Modifications, including the May 3, 2017

modification.

      In its petition, MMR asserted that it completed its work on Dow’s project on

March 10, 2017. MMR also asserted that it submitted its “Initial Notification” to

Dow, seeking an additional $17.8 million in compensation, on May 27, 2017. Dow

relied on these statements in its motion for summary judgment as proof of these

dates. As summary-judgment evidence, along with the Contract and Contract

Modifications, Dow offered the “Initial Notification,” dated May 27, 2017, and

MMR’s two follow-up correspondences from June 2017.

      In its summary-judgment response, under the heading “undisputed facts,”

MMR again indicated that it completed its work on March 10, 2017 and that it had

submitted its initial notification of its demand for additional compensation on May

27, 2017. MMR’s response was supported by the affidavit of its project manager,

who testified that MMR sent “Initial Notification” to Dow on May 27, 2017.

      MMR asserts that Dow could not rely on MMR’s statements in its petition

regarding the dates MMR had completed its work and first sent notice to Dow

seeking additional compensation. Dow counters that the statements in the petition

were judicial admissions on which it was entitled to rely to establish that the

exception in the release did not apply. Dow contends that the judicial admissions,

along with its summary-judgment evidence, show that the exception in the release

                                        23
did not apply because MMR did not send notice of its claim to Dow until after its

work was complete and it had signed the last Contract Modification containing the

release. We agree with Dow.

      The Supreme Court of Texas has defined a judicial admission as “[a]ssertions

of fact, not plead in the alternative, in the live pleadings of a party.” Holy Cross

Church of God in Christ v. Wolf, 44 S.W.3d 562, 568 (Tex. 2001) (citing Houston

First Am. Sav. v. Musick, 650 S.W.2d 764, 767 (Tex. 1983)). “A judicial admission

that is clear and unequivocal has conclusive effect and bars the admitting party from

later disputing the admitted fact.” Id.; In re Spooner, 333 S.W.3d 759, 764 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, orig. proceeding) (“A judicially admitted fact is

established as a matter of law, and the admitting party may not dispute it or introduce

evidence contrary to it.”). In Wolf, the supreme court determined that the assertions

of fact in Wolf’s summary-judgment response and counter-motion for summary

judgment, together with his affirmative agreement in his appellate brief to the

admitted fact, constituted a binding judicial admission for summary-judgment

purposes. See Wolf, 44 S.W.3d at 568 (holding, in mortgage-foreclosure case, that

Wolf judicially admitted note’s acceleration date); see also Univ. of Tex. Health Sci.

Ctr. at Hous. v. Rios, 542 S.W.3d 530, 534 (Tex. 2017) (holding, for purposes of

determining state agency’s sovereign immunity, that plaintiff judicially admitted in

                                          24
his petition that doctors were agency’s employees because he alleged that agency

acted “through” its doctors).

      Here, MMR judicially admitted the dates on which certain events occurred. In

its petition, MMR stated that it completed its work on March 10, 2017 and that it

sent its “Initial Notification” of its claim to Dow on May 27, 2017. MMR repeated

these same factual assertions in its summary-judgment response, characterizing them

as “undisputed facts.” And, to support its response, MMR offered the affidavit of its

project manager who testified that “Initial Notification” of MMR’s claim for

additional compensation was submitted to Dow on May 27, 2017. Given MMR’s

judicial admissions and the summary-judgment evidence, Dow conclusively

established that the exception to the release did not apply because MMR did not send

notice of its claim for additional compensation until after the release was signed. See

Hansen, 525 S.W.3d at 681 (explaining that issue is conclusively established if

reasonable minds could not differ about conclusion to be drawn from the facts in

record.)

      We conclude that Dow met its summary-judgment burden to conclusively

prove its affirmative defense of release, thereby extinguishing MMR’s breach-of-

contract claim. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court properly granted summary

judgment on that cause of action.

                                          25
         We overrule MMR’s second issue.3

C.       Prompt Payment to Contractors Act

         In its third issue, MMR asserts that the trial court erred by granting summary

judgment on MMR’s claim that Dow violated the Prompt Payment to Contractors

Act. See TEX. PROP. CODE §§ 28.001–.010. The Act requires an owner to make a

payment in response to a written payment request from a contractor “for an amount

that is allowed to the contractor under the contract.” Id. § 28.002(a). In its petition,

MMR asserted that it was entitled to payment under the Act because Dow “received

a written payment request from MMR that is allowed under the Contract for properly

performed work.” See id. On appeal, MMR argues that, because the trial court erred

in granting summary judgment on its breach-of-contract claim, the trial court

likewise erred in granting summary judgment on its statutory prompt-payment

claim.

         We have held that the trial court properly granted summary judgment on

MMR’s breach-of-contract claim. Because Dow does not owe MMR payment under

3
         In its second issue, MMR also asserts that Dow did not conclusively prove that its
         affirmative defense of waiver barred MMR’s breach-of-contract claim. Because we
         hold that summary judgment was proper for that claim based on the affirmative
         defense of release, we need not discuss the sub-point regarding waiver. See TEX. R.
         APP. P. 47.1 (requiring appellate court opinions to address only issues raised and
         necessary to final disposition of appeal).
                                             26
the Contract, the trial court properly granted summary judgment on MMR’s Prompt

Payment to Contractors Act claim as well. See id.

      We overrule MMR’s third issue.

D.    Quantum Meruit

      In its fourth issue, MMR contends that the trial court erred in granting

summary judgment on its claim for quantum meruit.

      Quantum meruit implies a contract in circumstances where the parties

neglected to form one, but equity nonetheless requires payment for beneficial

services rendered and knowingly accepted. In re Kellogg Brown & Root, Inc., 166

S.W.3d 732, 740 (Tex. 2005). As a result, “[a] party generally cannot recover under

quantum meruit where there is a valid contract covering the services or materials

furnished.” Id. “The rationale behind this rule [known as the express-contract rule]

is that parties should be bound by their express agreements, and recovery under an

equitable theory is generally inconsistent with an express agreement which already

addresses the matter.” Dardas v. Fleming, Hovenkamp & Grayson, P.C., 194 S.W.3d

603, 620–21 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, pet. denied). Here, MMR does

not dispute that there was an express contract covering the services it provided to

Dow but instead asserts that Dow did not sufficiently show that exceptions to the

express-contract rule did not apply.

                                        27
      The Supreme Court of Texas has recognized only three exceptions to the

general rule that an express contract bars recovery under quantum meruit. First,

recovery may be permitted “when a plaintiff has partially performed an express

contract but, because of the defendant’s breach, the plaintiff is prevented from

completing the contract.” Truly v. Austin, 744 S.W.2d 934, 936 (Tex. 1988)

(emphasis in original). Second, “[r]ecovery in quantum meruit is sometimes

permitted when a plaintiff partially performs an express contract that is unilateral in

nature.” Id. at 937. And finally, a breaching plaintiff in a construction contract can

recover the reasonable value of services less any damages suffered by the defendant

if the defendant accepts and retains the benefits arising as a direct result of the

plaintiff’s partial performance. Id. Each of these exceptions allows for recovery in

quantum meruit only in situations in which the plaintiff partially, rather than fully,

performed its obligations under the contract. See id. at 936–37.

      In its motion for summary judgment, Dow asserted that none of the exceptions

applied to the express-contract rule because MMR had fully performed under the

Contract, pointing to MMR’s judicial admission that it had completed its work under

the Contract. MMR responded—and now asserts on appeal—that completing its

work under the Contract is not the same as fully performing under the Contract.

MMR contended in its summary-judgment response, and continues to assert here,

that Dow did not offer evidence of MMR’s full performance. MMR asserts that the

                                          28
Contract also required MMR to complete other post-work tasks, including

submitting a final invoice, issuing a notice of completion, and a providing a final

payment release.

      In its reply to MMR’s response, Dow again pointed to MMR’s petition, citing

MMR’s factual assertion that it had performed its obligations under the Contract.

The factual assertion was clear and unequivocal, barring MMR from later disputing

the fact. See Wolf, 44 S.W.3d at 568. MMR did not plead any factual alternative that

it had not fully performed its contractual obligations. MMR’s judicial admission that

it had performed its obligations under the Contract, coupled with its judicial

admission that it fully completed its work, which was the subject matter of the

Contract and the task for which MMR seeks compensation, was sufficient to

conclusively establish that the exceptions to the express-contract rule did not apply

and that MMR was precluded as a matter of law from recovering under quantum

meruit. See Truly, 744 S.W.2d at 936. We hold that the trial court properly granted

summary judgment on MMR’s quantum-meruit claim.

      We overrule MMR’s fourth issue. We also overrule MMR’s first issue, which

globally asserts that the trial court erred when it granted Dow’s motion for summary

judgment.

                                         29
                                   Conclusion

      We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                             Richard Hightower
                                             Justice

Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Hightower and Adams.

                                        30