Court Opinion

ID: 9962094
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-22 19:01:03.048977+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:19:54.234911
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                File Name: 24a0177n.06

                                         Case No. 23-5381

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                     FILED
                                                                                   Apr 22, 2024
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                            )                     KELLY L. STEPHENS, Clerk
                                                     )
       Plaintiff-Appellee,                           )
                                                     )      ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v.                                                   )      STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
                                                     )      THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF
ESTEBAN AGUILAR-MEDINA,                              )      KENTUCKY
       Defendant-Appellant.                          )
                                                     )                                  OPINION
                                                     )

Before: SUTTON, Chief Judge; WHITE and THAPAR, Circuit Judges.

       THAPAR, Circuit Judge. After Esteban Aguilar-Medina pled guilty to drug and gun

charges, the district court imposed a within-Guidelines sentence. Aguilar-Medina objects to that

sentence. Finding no error, we affirm.

                                                I.

       During the summer of 2022, Lexington police identified Esteban Aguilar-Medina as a

suspect in their narcotics investigation. In May, as part of that investigation, police intercepted

two shipments of concealed cash from a Lexington, Kentucky address. Those packages listed

either one of Aguilar-Medina’s known aliases or a generic sender with a first name and last initial

“A,” and each was destined for California.
No. 23-5381, United States v. Aguilar-Medina

       In June, several packages arrived at a Georgetown, Kentucky residence Aguilar-Medina

was renting. The June packages were “similar to other packages” police intercepted around that

time in many ways, including the state of origin—California. R. 66, Pg. ID 259.

       Later, in July, officers intercepted another package bound for Aguilar-Medina. That

package—also sent from California to his Georgetown address—listed generic names similar to

the earlier packages and included one of his aliases. A narcotics dog alerted on the package, and

officers searched it. Inside the box, pink, unicorn wrapping paper concealed roughly six pounds

of a methamphetamine mixture. Officers attempted a controlled delivery with this package but

were unsuccessful.

       Finally, in early September, police learned that another package from California was

headed to Aguilar-Medina’s new address in Lexington. Officers intercepted the package and

searched it. It contained over ten pounds of methamphetamine. Hoping to arrest Aguilar-Medina,

police attempted another controlled delivery.

       This time, they succeeded. When Aguilar-Medina retrieved the package, officers arrested

him and searched his house. Inside, they found Aguilar-Medina’s girlfriend, four children, and a

large collection of drug-trafficking gear: two high-caliber rifles with high-capacity magazines,

three handguns, ammunition, drug ledgers, plastic wrap, a vacuum sealer, and other distribution

tools. Among the packaging equipment was the same pink, unicorn wrapping paper from the July

shipment.

       Using that evidence, the United States charged Aguilar-Medina with several drug and

weapons crimes.      Aguilar-Medina agreed to plead guilty to two of them:            possessing

methamphetamine with the intent to distribute and possessing a firearm in furtherance of drug

trafficking. See 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1); 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). While the United States ultimately

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No. 23-5381, United States v. Aguilar-Medina

dismissed the charges for the July shipment, the presentence report (PSR) recommended including

the six pounds of methamphetamine mixture from that shipment in Aguilar-Medina’s total drug

quantity calculation.

       The district court agreed.     After hearing corroborating testimony from a Lexington

detective, the court adopted the PSR and concluded the July shipment was relevant conduct under

the Sentencing Guidelines. So, over Aguilar-Medina’s objection, it included those drugs in his

total drug quantity. That inclusion increased his total offense level from 36 to 38. After giving

Aguilar-Medina credit for acceptance of responsibility, the court sentenced him to a within-

Guidelines 250 months’ imprisonment. Aguilar-Medina now appeals the court’s drug-quantity

determination and his sentence’s substantive reasonableness.

                                                II.

       Aguilar-Medina raises two challenges to the July shipment’s inclusion. First, he attacks

the district court’s factual finding that he was responsible for those drugs. Second, he argues the

district court erred in concluding that the July shipment was sufficiently connected to his

conviction conduct—the September shipment.

                                                A.

       First, the responsibility finding. Before a sentencing court may consider uncharged drugs

as “relevant conduct,” the government must show the defendant is “more likely than not actually

responsible” for those drugs. United States v. Mosley, 53 F.4th 947, 962 (6th Cir. 2022) (quoting

United States v. Johnson, 732 F.3d 577, 581 (6th Cir. 2013)); see U.S.S.G. §§ 1B1.3(a)(2),

3D1.2(d). The district court here found that the government had made that showing. We won’t

disturb that finding unless we are firmly convinced it was erroneous. United States v. Benton, 957

F.3d 696, 700, 702 (6th Cir. 2020).

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No. 23-5381, United States v. Aguilar-Medina

       It wasn’t. Ample evidence supported the district court’s finding that Aguilar-Medina was

responsible for the July shipment to Georgetown. The Georgetown property was rented in Aguilar-

Medina’s name, and the utilities were registered to his girlfriend. Cf. United States v. Rodriguez,

211 F. App’x 467, 468 (6th Cir. 2006) (per curiam). Additionally, the June packages had been

shipped to the same Georgetown address. Finally, police found the same “very unusual children’s

paper” that wrapped the July shipment to Georgetown when they searched Aguilar-Medina’s

Lexington address in September. R. 66, Pg. ID 276. That unique identifier connects Aguilar-

Medina to the July shipment even though, as Aguilar-Medina notes, that shipment’s packaging

differed in other respects from the September shipment. In short, the district court properly held

Aguilar-Medina responsible for the July shipment.

       Aguilar-Medina resists this conclusion on four bases: an insufficient connection between

himself and the Georgetown address, packaging differences between the July and September

shipments, the weight difference between those two shipments, and other trafficking investigations

occurring concurrently with Aguilar-Medina’s. For the reasons just stated, the first two are

unavailing. The second two fare no better.

       First, Aguilar-Medina argues that the shipments’ size difference severs their connection.

But it’s hard to see why the packages’ weights matter. Each package contained several pounds of

the same drug mixture, shipped to the same individual, for the same purpose—distribution. The

packages’ weights are immaterial to the many other factors linking the two shipments.

       Second, Aguilar-Medina notes that police were investigating other drug dealers while they

were investigating him. That’s both true and irrelevant. The July shipment was sent to Aguilar-

Medina’s residence, contained one of his aliases, and used the same wrapping paper that he stored

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No. 23-5381, United States v. Aguilar-Medina

at his Lexington address. The existence of separate investigations into similar drug trafficking

does not overcome these facts connecting the July shipment to Aguilar-Medina.

       In sum, the district court didn’t err in determining that Aguilar-Medina was likely

responsible for the drugs shipped to his Georgetown address in July.

                                                B.

       Next, the relevant-conduct determination. After the district court found Aguilar-Medina

responsible for the July drugs, it concluded that those drugs met the Guidelines’ relevant-conduct

standard.

       The government can prove relevant conduct in two ways. First, it may show that the

uncharged quantity was part of the same “common scheme or plan” as the charged offense.

U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(2); Benton, 957 F.3d at 701. That means the charged and uncharged drugs

must be “substantially connected to each other by at least one common factor,” such as a “common

purpose, or similar modus operandi.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3, application note 5(B)(i); Benton, 957

F.3d at 701. Alternatively, the government may show the drugs were part of “the same course of

conduct,” as demonstrated by the “similarity of the offenses,” the “regularity (repetitions) of the

offenses, and the time interval between the offenses.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(2); U.S.S.G § 1B1.3,

application note 5(B)(ii); United States v. Amerson, 886 F.3d 568, 574 (6th Cir. 2018).

       Under either route, the government met its burden. The July shipment to Georgetown

qualifies as relevant conduct.

       Start with the “common scheme or plan.” The government showed that the July and

September shipments shared a common purpose:           each distribution-level delivery furthered

Aguilar-Medina’s drug-trafficking operation. As the district court found, Aguilar-Medina was

“engaging in large scale trafficking activities.” R. 66, Pg. ID 283. It’s easy to see why; Aguilar-

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No. 23-5381, United States v. Aguilar-Medina

Medina possessed several pounds of methamphetamine, firearms, cash, and drug-processing

equipment—all suggestive of a major operation. See United States v. Ham, 628 F.3d 801, 808 (6th

Cir. 2011). Indeed, Aguilar-Medina’s strategic delivery decisions underscore that purpose: when

police intercepted the July shipment to his Georgetown address, Aguilar-Medina switched his base

of operations to Lexington and received another distribution-level shipment there. Thus, each

shipment furthered his purpose of large-scale drug trafficking.

       Additionally, the two incidents reflect Aguilar-Medina’s modus operandi. The July

shipment used the same pink wrapping paper officers found when they searched Aguilar-Medina’s

Lexington residence in September. That paper indicates a specific trafficking method: disguising

the drug shipments as gifts. Moreover, the July shipment, like every suspicious package the police

tracked, connected to California. And the May and July shipments used either the same generic

names or Aguilar-Medina’s aliases. Thus, both shipments displayed Aguilar-Medina’s modus

operandi.

       Next, for related reasons, the government has shown that the two drug shipments arose out

of the same course of conduct. First, the offenses were similar. U.S.S.G § 1B1.3, application note

5(B)(ii). The unique wrapping paper police found at Aguilar-Medina’s Lexington home adorned

the July shipment sent to his Georgetown address. And both shipments contained distribution-

level quantities of the same drug mixture. Next, the government showed repetition. Id. Several

shipments to and from Aguilar-Medina—including the July and September shipments—bore

indicia of narcotics trafficking. Finally, the time interval was short. Id. The total time between

the charged and uncharged drug shipments was about a month and a half. That’s less than half the

duration we’ve previously said “cuts in favor of a course-of-conduct finding.” Amerson, 886 F.3d

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No. 23-5381, United States v. Aguilar-Medina

at 574 (three-and-a-half months). Thus, the July shipment was part of Aguilar-Medina’s course of

conduct in narcotics trafficking.

       In sum, the district court didn’t err when it included the July shipment as relevant conduct.

                                                III.

       Aguilar-Medina also argues his sentence was substantively unreasonable. To overcome

the presumption of reasonableness accompanying his within-Guidelines sentence, he must show

that the district court abused its discretion in applying the § 3553(a) factors. United States v.

Johnson, 95 F.4th 404, 418 (6th Cir. 2024).

       He can’t. Aguilar-Medina argues that the district court failed to properly consider his

minimal criminal history and “positive work history.” Appellant Br. 16. The court, however,

acknowledged both. It noted that the Guidelines already account for his limited criminal history

by assigning him a score of zero, and the court recognized his capacity to obtain lawful

employment. But it also highlighted Aguilar-Medina’s deliberate choice to both reside in the

United States illegally and forgo legitimate employment in favor of trafficking narcotics. More

generally, the district court methodically weighed the § 3553(a) factors and imposed a within-

Guidelines sentence. We decline Aguilar-Medina’s invitation to reweigh those factors now. See

United States v. Pyles, 904 F.3d 422, 426 (6th Cir. 2018).

                                         *       *      *

       We affirm.

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