Court Opinion

ID: 9965072
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-05-01 17:01:38.765534+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:24:41.403695
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        MAY 1 2024
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

JONATHAN ABED,                                  No.    23-55273

                Plaintiff-Appellee,             D.C. No. 8:21-cv-01012-JVS-JDE

 v.

VYAIRE MEDICAL, INC.,
                                                MEMORANDUM*

                Defendant-Appellant.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Central District of California
                    James V. Selna, District Judge, Presiding

                      Argued and Submitted March 26, 2024
                              Pasadena, California

Before: RAWLINSON, LEE, and BRESS, Circuit Judges.

      Jonathan Abed sued his former employer Vyaire Medical, Inc. for not paying

him a bonus that he claims he earned. Vyaire responds that Abed had to remain at

his position at the time the bonus was issued and that he did not do so. The district

court granted summary judgment for Abed at the eve of trial. We have jurisdiction

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and review summary judgments de novo. Desire, LLC v.

Manna Textiles, Inc., 986 F.3d 1253, 1259 (9th Cir. 2021). We affirm in part, reverse

in part, vacate the judgment, and remand for a recalculation of plaintiff’s recovery

consistent with this memorandum disposition.

         Abed was eligible for Vyaire’s “Management Incentive Plan” (MIP), a

compensation program that allowed employees to earn annual bonuses. His

employment agreement noted that the MIP was subject to a continued employment

provision under which Abed would receive his bonus only if he remained employed

by Vyaire on the date of payout.

         In June 2020, Vyaire replaced the MIP with two new incentive plans: the

annual “Vyaire Incentive Plan” (VIP), which spanned the fiscal year, and the “Bold

Vyaire Special Bonus Plan” (Bold Plan), a one-time COVID-19 incentive program

running from April to September 2020. As part of the plan rollouts, Vyaire sent

several documents to Abed about the VIP and Bold Plan, none of which referenced

a continued employment provision. Vyaire later disclosed the governing incentive

plan documents to employees in July 2020 (for VIP) and October 2020 (for the Bold

Plan).

         Abed left Vyaire in November 2020. After receiving neither his VIP nor Bold

Plan bonus, he sued.         Abed claims that Vyaire’s June 2020 actions and

communications created unilateral contracts without continued employment

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provisions, which Vyaire breached by not paying his bonuses. Vyaire disputes the

existence of these contracts. The parties also contest the unconscionability of the

VIP and Bold Plan’s purported continued employment provisions. On the first day

of trial, the district court sua sponte entered summary judgment for Abed,

determining that the unilateral contracts existed but that their continued employment

provisions were unenforceable as unconscionable.

      1. Abed is entitled to the bonuses under the unilateral contracts, which did

not include continued employment provisions. Under California law, a unilateral

contract is created when an “offer is accepted by rendering a performance.”

Sateriale v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 697 F.3d 777, 785 (9th Cir. 2012).

Employment policies—and bonus plans—adopted by employers can constitute

unilateral offers. See Asmus v. Pacific Bell, 23 Cal. 4th 1, 10 (2000). These offers

become binding unilateral contracts “when the employee begins performance,” often

in the form of continued employment. Lucian v. All States Trucking Co., 116 Cal.

App. 3d 972, 976 (1981).

      Vyaire’s actions to roll out its VIP and Bold Plan in June 2020—and Abed’s

later performance that same month—created unilateral contracts without continued

employment provisions. Vyaire argues that Abed should have understood the VIP

and Bold Plan to include continued employment provisions because Abed was on

actual notice of the MIP’s continued employment provision. But as the district court

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correctly concluded, the VIP and Bold Plan were new programs distinguishable from

the MIP. Vyaire also contends that the VIP and Bold Plan’s governing incentive

plan documents included continued employment provisions. But those documents

were not available when Vyaire introduced the programs and Abed commenced

performance, and thus are not part of the unilateral contracts. Lucian, 116 Cal. App.

3d at 976. We affirm the district court’s determination that the VIP and Bold Plan

bonuses are due to Abed under enforceable unilateral contracts that did not include

continued employment provisions.1

      2. Vyaire did not willfully fail to pay Abed’s wages. An employer that

“willfully fails to pay” wages upon an employee’s termination is liable for statutory

penalties. Cal. Lab. Code § 203(a). “Willful failure” includes instances where “an

employer intentionally fails to pay wages to an employee when those wages are

due”—but does not include instances where an employer maintains “a good faith

dispute that any wages are due.” 8 C.C.R. § 13520. A good-faith dispute includes

any “defense, based in law or fact which, if successful, would preclude any

recovery” by the employee, even if that defense is ultimately unsuccessful. Id. But

it does not include defenses that “are unsupported by any evidence, are unreasonable,

or are presented in bad faith.” Id.

      1
        Because the continued employment provisions were not incorporated into
the VIP and Bold Plan, we decline to address the parties’ arguments as to whether
those provisions are unconscionable had they formed part of the bonus plans.

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      Vyaire did not “willfully fail” to pay Abed’s VIP and Bold Plan bonuses

within the meaning of §203(a). It was reasonable for Vyaire to believe that the

MIP’s continued employment provision was incorporated into the VIP and Bold

Plan, and that Abed’s bonuses had thus failed to vest. Cf. Hill v. Walmart Inc., 32

F.4th 811, 820–21 (9th Cir. 2022). Nothing in the record suggests that Vyaire acted

in “bad faith.” Id. at 817. Because there is no genuine dispute that Vyaire had a

good-faith defense, we reverse the district court on the § 203(a) claim.       The

imposition of penalties under § 203(a) is unwarranted.

      We AFFIRM in part, REVERSE in part, VACATE the judgment, and

REMAND for the district court to recalculate damages, interest, and attorneys’ fees

in line with this memorandum disposition.

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