Court Opinion

ID: 6327535
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-03-28 22:05:57.521296+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:22:26.373902
License: Public Domain

Missouri Court of Appeals
                                               Southern District
                                                   Division Two

IN THE MATTER OF                                            )
GERALD E. WHISENAND,                                        )
RACHELLE D. FRANZESKOS,                                     )
                                                            )
                            Appellant,                      )
                                                            )
RUSSELL D. WHISENAND, 1                                     )
                                                            ) No. SD37110
                            Respondent,                     )
                                                            ) FILED: March 28, 2022
         vs.                                                )
                                                            )
REGGIE FATINO and                                           )
TRACY WHISENAND,                                            )
                                                            )
                            Respondents.                    )

                 APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF HICKORY COUNTY

                                      Honorable James A. Hackett, Judge

AFFIRMED

         Rachelle Franzeskos (“Appellant”) appeals the circuit court’s judgment on her petition,

which she filed along with Russell Whisenand (collectively “Petitioners”). The petition

contained a single fraud count claiming that Reggie Fatino and Tracy Whisenand (collectively

“Respondents”) were involved in the forgery of the grantor’s signature on a beneficiary deed,

1
  In her notice of appeal Appellant lists Russell Whisenand as an additional party but fails to indicate his position in
this appeal. Because he has not appealed the judgment, he is considered a respondent.

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thereby rendering the deed void under section 461.054. 2 The circuit court’s judgment concluded

that Petitioners failed to prove the grantor’s signature on the beneficiary deed was forged.

Appellant raises three points on appeal, all of which are premised on whether the grantor’s

acknowledgment of the beneficiary deed or the certificate of acknowledgment on the deed

conformed with certain statutory requirements. Because the challenges to the validity of the

beneficiary deed raised in Appellant’s points were not alleged in the petition or otherwise

presented to or decided by the trial court, they are not preserved for appellate review. We,

therefore, affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                     Factual and Procedural Background

           The petition contains a single count denominated, “Disqualification of beneficiary

designation due to fraud[.]” Petitioners’ allegations in support of this count generally claim that

the parties are siblings, either by blood or marriage, and are the children of Gerald Whisenand

(alternatively referred to as “Grantor” or “Decedent”); that the beneficiary deed, dated July 19,

2019, and recorded July 22, 2019, purports to convey to Respondents, upon Grantor’s death,

certain real property that was owned by Grantor; that Grantor was infirm and died on July 23,

2019, at the age of 77; that, based upon information and belief, Grantor’s signature on the

beneficiary deed was forged; and, consequently, the beneficiary deed is void under section

461.054.

           As relevant here, the petition contained no allegations related to Grantor’s

acknowledgment of the beneficiary deed and contained only a single allegation related to the

certificate of acknowledgement on the beneficiary deed. That allegation states, “[m]oreover, the

notary acknowledgment on the beneficiary deed recorded at Book 2019R- Page 1090BD does

2
    All statutory references are to RSMo (2016).

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not contain a date upon which Decedent allegedly personally appeared in front of the notary

public.”

       A bench trial on the petition followed. The evidence consisted of testimony and exhibits

from Sonia Kennedy (the notary public who filled out and made the certificate of

acknowledgment on the beneficiary deed), Petitioners, and Fatino.

       The only relevant evidence in this appeal concerns Kennedy’s certificate of

acknowledgment on the beneficiary deed. The evidence adduced regarding that issue gave rise

to and supports the following findings of fact made by the trial court in its judgment:

       12. On July 22nd, 2019, Tracy Whisenand contacted Ms. Fatino and told her that
           Gerald Whisenand was ready to sign the deed.

       13. During that conversation, Tracy Whisenand asked Ms. Fatino to find a notary
           for the deed.

       14. Later that same morning, Ms. Fatino contacted Sonya Kennedy, a notary
           public, and Ms. Kennedy agreed to notarize Gerald Whisenand’s signature.

       15. Later that same day, during a separate conversation, Ms. Kennedy spoke with
           Gerald Whisenand.

       16. Ms. Kennedy was familiar with Gerald Whisenand, having known him for
           twenty-eight years, and she knew him to have a distinct voice. Ms. Kennedy
           is certain she spoke with Gerald Whisenand on the phone that day.

       17. Gerald Whisenand told Ms. Kennedy he needed to notarize some papers
           relating to his farm.

       18. Gerald Whisenand further told her he appreciated that she was willing to
           notarize the document without his presence because he was in poor health and
           could not travel.

       19. Gerald Whisenand assured Ms. Kennedy he would sign the document before
           he sent it to her.

       20. Ms. Kennedy testified, being familiar with Gerald Whisenand, that he
           sounded normal, coherent and did not sound confused.

       21. Ms. Kennedy further testified, in her deposition, that Gerald Whisenand said
           nothing out of the ordinary and was able to communicate verbally. Ms.

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            Kennedy did not have trouble understanding Gerald Whisenand and Mr.
            Whisenand did not appear to have any trouble understanding her.

        22. On July 22, 2019, within an hour of their conversation, Tracy Whisenand,
            Gerald’s son, brought the signed beneficiary deed and a copy of Gerald’s
            driver’s license.

        23. Ms. Kennedy compared a signature on Gerald’s driver’s license with the
            signature on the deed, found them to be sufficiently similar, and notarized the
            deed.

        Following these and other findings of fact that are not relevant here, the circuit court

identified and made conclusions of law addressing only two legal issues—(1) whether there was

fraud due to the forgery of Decedent’s signature on the beneficiary deed and (2) whether

Decedent lacked contractual capacity to sign the beneficiary deed. The court observed that while

only the first issue was raised in the petition, the latter issue was raised in post-trial briefs. The

court entered judgment in favor of Respondents, concluding that “Petitioners failed to prove the

signature was forged” and “Gerald Whisenand had contractual capacity.” Appellant filed no

post-judgment motions.

        Appellant timely appeals, raising three points. For ease of analysis, we review

Appellant’s points together.

                                              Discussion

        In her third point, Appellant contends that “[t]he trial court erred in finding and

concluding that the beneficiary deed in question as recorded was valid and binding under the

circumstances of this case . . . .” The legal reason asserted in support of this claim of reversible

error, however, has nothing to do with the beneficiary deed being fraudulent, as was alleged in

the petition. Appellant, rather, focuses on claimed statutory deficiencies in the acknowledgment

of and certificate of acknowledgment on the beneficiary deed as invalidating the deed by

specifically arguing that

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       the trial court’s findings regarding the sufficiency of the acknowledgment and
       recording of the beneficiary deed prior to the Grantor’s death erroneously applied
       the law, in that the testimony of the notary of the deed herself established clearly
       and convincingly that the statutory acknowledgment requirements of Chapters
       442 and 486 RSMo. were not substantially complied with; and in that the
       defective acknowledgement on the beneficiary deed made the recording of the
       deed a nullity as a matter of law; and in that a beneficiary deed not properly
       recorded prior to the death of the Grantor is a nullity as a matter of law pursuant
       to § 461.025 RSMo.

(Emphasis added.)

       Appellant then proceeds to explain that her third point builds upon and presumes that

either her first or second point has merit. Turning to those points, the trial court ruling or action

challenged in both is “[t]he trial court erred in finding and concluding that the acknowledgement

accompanying the beneficiary deed in question was not defective . . . .” Although the provided

legal reasons vary by point, both points allege the same statutory defects in Kennedy’s certificate

of acknowledgment—(1) “the notary’s failure to require the physical presence of the deed’s

Grantor contemporaneously with the acknowledgement”; (2) “the notary’s failure to administer

any oath to the Grantor contemporaneously with the acknowledgement”; and (3) “the notary’s

failure to determine whether the beneficiary deed was in fact the free act and deed of the

Grantor.”

       Accordingly, whether either Grantor’s acknowledgment of the beneficiary deed or the

certificate of acknowledgment on the deed was statutorily deficient, as argued in Appellant’s first

and second points, is a penultimate and foundational issue necessary for the circuit court to have

committed reversible error, as argued in her third point, in failing to invalidate the beneficiary

deed on that basis. The circuit court, however, did not reach or address Appellant’s

interconnected legal theory set out and culminating in her third point. As Appellant correctly

concedes, “the theory raised in [her third point] was not expressly contained in the Petition filed

by the Petitioners.” (Emphasis added.)
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       “Parties are bound by the position they took in the trial court and will not be heard on a

different theory on appeal.” Loutzenhiser v. Best, 565 S.W.3d 723, 730 (Mo.App. 2018)

(internal quotation marks omitted). “An issue that was never presented to or decided by the trial

court is not preserved for appellate review.” Holmes v. Union Pacific Railroad Co., 617 S.W.3d

853, 858 (Mo. banc 2021) (internal quotation marks omitted). “A party seeking the correction of

error must stand or fall on the record made in the trial court; thus it follows that only those

objections or grounds of objection which were urged in the trial court, without change and

without addition, will be considered on appeal.” Id. at 858-59 (internal quotation marks

omitted). “It has long been stated that this Court will not, on review, convict a lower court of

error on an issue which was not put before it to decide.” Id. at 859 (internal quotation marks

omitted).

       Appellant, nonetheless, maintains that the issue of the invalidity of the beneficiary deed

due to either a defective acknowledgment or defective certificate of acknowledgment is

preserved for appellate review. According to Appellant:

       However, the Petition in the instant case does purport to attack the beneficiary
       deed in question partly on grounds that the acknowledgment of the deed was
       defective. More specifically, the Petitioners allege in paragraph 18 of their
       Petition that: “Moreover, the notary acknowledgment on the beneficiary deed
       recorded at Book 2019R-Page 1090BD does not contain a date upon which
       Decedent allegedly personally appeared in front of the notary public.” Further,
       the evidence (particularly the testimony of the notary, Sonia Kennedy) regarding
       the sufficiency of the notary certificate of acknowledgment on the beneficiary
       deed in this case was freely and extensively entered into by Appellants and
       Respondents at trial, and without objection. Therefore, the effect that the
       allegedly defective certificate of acknowledgment had on the validity of the
       beneficiary deed in question was squarely put at issue in the trial, and the Petition
       should be considered as amended to conform with the evidence at trial to include
       the attack on the beneficiary deed’s validity on grounds that the acknowledgment
       (and thus the deed itself) was defective. Ribando v. Sullivan, 588 S.W.2d 120,
       123–24 (Mo. App. W.D. 1979); Reidle v. Scott, 296 S.W. 262, 263 (Mo. App.
       1927).

(Record citation omitted.)
                                                  6
       Simply stated, Appellant’s argument is that the invalidity of the beneficiary deed due to

statutory deficiencies in the deed’s acknowledgment and certificate of acknowledgment, though

not explicitly challenged in the petition, was ultimately tried by the parties by implied consent.

“The doctrine of trial by implied consent provides that issues not raised by the pleadings may be

determined by the trial court when evidence is offered, without objection by any other party,

bearing solely on that issue.” Smith v. City of St. Louis, 395 S.W.3d 20, 25 (Mo. banc 2013).

However, “[t]he evidence offered must relate only to the proposed new issue, without bearing

upon other issues in the case.” Id. (emphasis added). “In other words, if evidence that raises

issues beyond the scope of the pleadings is relevant to another issue already before the trial

court, then the implied consent rule is not applicable.” Parkway Construction Services, Inc. v.

Blackline LLC, 573 S.W.3d 652, 664 (Mo.App. 2019) (emphasis added).

       Here, the record reveals that Petitioners attempted to use alleged deficiencies in the

deed’s acknowledgment and Kennedy’s certificate of acknowledgment as a basis for calling into

question the authenticity of Decedent’s signature on the beneficiary deed. Petitioners’ post-trial

brief, in particular, explicitly contains this argument—“the beneficiary deed itself and the

testimony of witness Sonia Kennedy support the assertion that decedent Gerald E. Whisenand

did not sign the beneficiary deed” (emphasis added)—and immediately goes on to list each

alleged deficiency regarding the acknowledgment and the certificate of acknowledgment.

Appellant is bound by this argument on appeal. See Loutzenhiser, 565 S.W.3d at 730. As such,

Appellant cannot claim, as is necessary for the doctrine of trial by implied consent to apply in the

manner advocated by Appellant, that such alleged deficiencies do not bear on the authenticity of

Decedent’s signature but, instead, bear solely on the issue of whether Decedent’s

acknowledgment of the deed or Kennedy’s certificate of acknowledgment ran afoul of statutory

                                                 7
requirements and thereby on that basis alone invalidate the deed. See Smith, 395 S.W.3d at 25;

Parkway Construction Services, Inc., 573 S.W.3d at 664.

       In sum, because the issue of whether the beneficiary deed was invalid due to a defective

acknowledgment or due to any deficiency in Kennedy’s certificate of acknowledgment on the

deed—the ultimate issue of each of Appellant’s three points—was not presented to or decided by

the trial court, Appellant’s points are not preserved for appellate review. See Holmes, 617

S.W.3d at 858-59. Accordingly, Appellant’s points are denied.

                                            Decision

       The circuit court’s judgment is affirmed.

GARY W. LYNCH, C.J. – OPINION AUTHOR

DON E. BURRELL, J. – CONCURS

MARY W. SHEFFIELD, P.J. – CONCURS

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