Court Opinion

ID: 9388793
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-04-21 17:06:50.812756+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:22.720518
License: Public Domain

[Cite as Turner v. Turner, 2023-Ohio-1298.]

                            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                     WOOD COUNTY

Sarah L. Turner                                   Court of Appeals No. WD-22-025

        Appellee                                  Trial Court No. 2019-DR-0177

v.

Jeffrey A. Turner                                 DECISION AND JUDGMENT

        Appellant                                 Decided: April 21, 2023

                                              *****

        Martin J. Holmes, Sr., for appellee.

        Donna M. Engwert-Loyd, for appellant.

                                              *****

        DUHART, J.

        {¶ 1} This is an appeal by appellant, Jeffrey Turner, from the April 1, 2022

judgment of the Wood County Court of Common Pleas, Domestic Relations Division,

which awarded appellee, Sarah Turner, a brokerage account as her separate property. For

the reasons that follow, we affirm.
         {¶ 2} Jeffrey1 sets forth two assignments of error:

         1. The trial court erred in determining that a Brokerage Account acquired

             during the parties’ marriage which was originally in joint names and

             retitled at a point during the marriage to [Sarah], Transfer on Death to

             [Jeffrey], was determined to be a gift to [Sarah] and therefore a non-

             marital asset.

             2. The trial court erred in awarding [Sarah] Brokerage Account 5793 as

             [Sarah] did not sustain her burden of showing by clear and convincing

             evidence that [Jeffrey] made an inter vivos gift of the Brokerage

             Account to her as her separate property.

                                                Background

         {¶ 3} Sarah and Jeffrey married in 1993, and had six children. Throughout the

majority of their marriage, Jeffrey was a financial advisor, while Sarah was a stay-at-

home mother. Jeffrey is also a lawyer, but is on inactive status. Starting in 2001, Jeffrey

was employed at Fifth Third Bank as a financial advisor, and the family’s financial

accounts were located there. In 2001 or 2002, a joint brokerage account, account number

ending in 5488, was established and funds were deposited monthly into the account until

2015.

1
    For ease of discussion, we will refer to the parties by their first names.

2.
       {¶ 4} On May 5, 2015, Jeffrey resigned from Fifth Third and became an

independent financial advisor at Savage and Associates. He moved the family’s

accounts, including the joint brokerage account, to Savage. In late May of 2015, he was

sued by Fifth Third.

       {¶ 5} In August of 2015, the joint brokerage account was placed or re-titled into

Sarah’s name only, and a new account number ending in 5793, was established. This

brokerage account had a beneficiary designation which named Jeffrey as the beneficiary

upon Sarah’s death. In November of 2015, Fifth Third dismissed its lawsuit. The

brokerage account remained in Sarah’s name only.

       {¶ 6} On December 31, 2019, Sarah filed a complaint for divorce. In 2021, five

days of hearings were held before the magistrate. On December 27, 2021, the magistrate

issued his decision (“the Decision”) concluding, inter alia, the brokerage account is

Sarah’s separate property and not subject to division. Jeffrey filed objections.

       {¶ 7} On April 1, 2022, the trial court issued its order and judgment entry. The

trial court granted the parties a divorce, approved the Decision, adopted the findings with

respect to, inter alia, the gifting of the brokerage account from Jeffrey to Sarah, and

awarded 100% of the brokerage account to Sarah, as her separate property.

       {¶ 8} Jeffrey appealed.

3.
                                     The Decision

                                  Magistrate’s Findings

     {¶ 9} Relevant to Jeffrey’s appeal, the magistrate found:

            445. Sarah was asked about * * * her 2019 court schedule, * * *

     where separate property claims are to be listed. [She] did not list one.

     When asked at the hearing whether she received gifts during the marriage,

     she said she received gifts from her parents but nothing more than that. She

     also testified about the gift from Jeffrey in 2015 of the brokerage account;

     and jewelry.

            446. Referencing Joint Exhibit 1, and the $20,000 jewelry entry,

     Sarah noted these gifts:

            a. Wedding ring[.]

            b. Anniversary ring, received at Christmas time, given near her

     birthday.

            c. Earrings, no special occasion, a gift from Jeffrey.

            d. Mother’s ring[.]

            447. When asked how these items of jewelry were picked out, she

     said she and Jeffrey chose them together. She said it was clear [he] gifted

     these items to her, he put the rings on her fingers.

            448. Regarding the brokerage account, Sarah said this account was

     created with the parties’ incomes. She was not sure when the account was

4.
     originally opened. When asked how the account was retitled in her name,

     [she] noted the Fifth-Third lawsuit was filed [sic]. She said early on,

     referencing a couple months after the lawsuit was filed, Jeffrey transferred

     the account to her name only. He said he was giving it to her only. He was

     putting it in her name only. It was necessary for her to sign something.

            449. Sarah’s attention was drawn to Exhibit M, * * * August 13,

     2015, Savage Account Statement. The statement lists balances and

     investment holdings in four accounts. One of the accounts ends in [5488,]

     this is the brokerage account about which the parties have a marital vs.

     separate property dispute.

            450. Sarah’s attention was drawn to Exhibit N, one page of the

     Savage Account Statement dated August 14, 2015, which does not list the

     [5488] account, but does list an account with the same holdings, in [her]

     name individually, account number [5793]. Jeffrey is not listed as a joint

     holder of this account. The account and assets in [5488] were retitled in

     [her] name, in account [5793].

            451. When asked about the discussions concerning the transfer

     process, Sarah testified that Jeffrey said he did not want to hold the asset,

     he did not want it to be taken from him. When asked how many times he

     discussed this, [she] said more than one time.

5.
            452. When asked how the assets in account[s] [5488] and [5793]

     were accumulated, Sarah said the parties put their money in an investment

     account and it grew.

            453. When asked about discussions between the parties concerning

     what the account assets should be used for, she did not recall such a

     discussion. She understood that the assets in the account included mutual

     funds and stocks. She did not know whether the funds had individual

     shares of stocks, as opposed to a fund. She agreed she received monthly or

     periodic statements. She put the statements in the filing cabinet in the

     basement.

            454. Sarah said once a year (on average) the parties would discuss

     their financial position.

            455. When asked whether she managed the brokerage account, as far

     as Sarah knew Royal Alliance did. When asked whether she had ever

     contacted Royal, [she] said not until last year. She considered Jeffrey to be

     the investor of the family. When asked whether he managed the brokerage

     account, [she] said Royal Alliance did. She said she received

     correspondence from Royal but not phone calls. She never asked Jeffrey to

     move the funds to another account. [He] was the financial planner. When

     asked whether she took an active part in managing the account, [she] said

     Royal managed the account.

6.
            456. When asked why the account was not specifically identified in

     her December 2019 court schedule, Sarah said she completed the schedule

     without any assistance. She noted that she also did not list her earrings.

     She said she did not have all the information she needed. She also noted

     that she did not know what a separate property claim was. She did review

     the stated definition of a separate property claim “This includes, but is not

     limited to, inheritances, property owned before marriage, and any pre-

     marital agreements.” [She] did not think those definitional phrases applied.

            457. Concerning * * * her Amended Affidavits of Income and

     Expenses, Sarah agreed that to the best of her knowledge, an amended

     property or asset schedule was not filed.

            458. When asked when she became aware that the brokerage account

     was in her name only, Sarah said she was aware of this when Jeffrey put it

     in her name. She had to sign documents.

            459. When asked how she controlled the brokerage account, Sarah

     said it manages itself, through Royal. As far as she knew, neither she nor

     Jeffrey made any trades in the account. Later she thought that there might

     have been one stock trade made. She said the company would have done

     that, if it was made. She was not sure if Jeffrey made a stock trade. She

     believes the management fees are deducted from the account. She is not

     sure of the amount; she thought it depended on the income earned.

7.
            460. Sarah said that since 2015 she was never asked to liquidate an

     account or move funds from one account to another. When asked what the

     current cash component of the account is, [she] said she would need to look

     at the statement. She has looked at it online, a couple of times; the first

     time was last year.

            461. Sarah believes that Jeffrey is the listed beneficiary on the

     brokerage account. When asked whether she has changed that, she said “not

     yet.” She has not contributed funds to the brokerage account.

            ***

            511. Concerning account [5488], the disputed brokerage account,

     Jeffrey said this was initially a joint account at Fifth-Third, opened in 2001

     or 2002. He deposited funds into the account monthly. When he resigned

     from Fifth-Third, he moved the account to Savage.

            512. Jeffrey resigned his position at Fifth-Third on May 5, 2015.

     The bank filed a lawsuit against him that month. The lawsuit was

     dismissed on November 1, 2015. No settlement was negotiated or reached.

            513. Jeffrey testified that when he took his new position at Savage,

     he initially had no clients. Subsequently, clients retained him and he began

     earning income. He brought clients in. [He] noted, in connection with the

     Fifth-Third complaint, that an injunction was in place for approximately

8.
     four months, preventing him from contacting clients from June to

     September 2015.

            514. The brokerage account [5488] was established as a joint

     account in 2001. The parties had three children at the time and a larger

     family planned. They wanted to start establishing funds for their education.

     Jeffrey noted that the parties had little cash reserves, having committed

     substantial funds to retirement accounts. Accordingly, the brokerage

     account was a non-tax-qualified account for multiple purposes, including

     college, as opposed to creating 529 Plans. It was an account to pay for

     college tuition.

            515. Jeffrey was asked whether he and Sarah discussed the

     brokerage account prior to August 13, 2015. He said he and [she]

     discussed their financial position and some documents annually, perhaps at

     an anniversary outing.

            516. Jeffrey was asked whether he and Sarah discussed re-titling the

     brokerage account. He said they did. He said when Fifth-Third filed the

     lawsuit, he was concerned that they would not have any money to put their

     children through college.

            ***

            525. Concerning the disputed brokerage account about which the

     parties now contest marital v. separate property status, Jeffrey said the

9.
      account was developed for the parties’ children’s education and other

      expenses of the marriage.

             526. * * * Jeffrey described [the Fifth-Third] legal action as an

      intensive lawsuit. Concerning the joint brokerage account, in August 2015

      [he] arranged for the account [to] be retitled in Sarah’s name individually.

      He said his father referred him to an attorney to review what assets could be

      attached if Fifth-Third secured a judgment in its lawsuit.

             527. * * * Jeffrey said [t]he account now has a beneficiary

      designation, naming [him] as the beneficiary (to receive the assets upon

      Sarah’s death [Transfer On Death]). [He] said he retitled the account to

      prevent creditors from having access to the account, or attempting an

      execution of a judgment in the lawsuit.

             528. Jeffrey identified Exhibit N as an August 14, 2015 Savage

      account balance statement showing the brokerage account in Sarah’s name,

      Transfer on Death. This was the previous joint brokerage account.

             529. Jeffrey identified Exhibit R as a Savage balance statement of

      December 30, 2020, showing the brokerage account, which has remained in

      Sarah’s individual name since August 2015. When asked about his role in

      the brokerage account, [he] said he is the financial advisor. He testified that

      the account is not managed by Royal. [He] noted the account is a

      brokerage account, not a managed account, managed by [a] third party. He

10.
      said the only way assets could be sold or traded was at the direction of the

      account holder/client.

             530. Concerning 2015 through 2020, Jeffrey said he stopped funding

      the brokerage account monthly when he moved to the Savage group. He

      said he let the assets * * * “sit there.” The only modification he described

      was changing the mutual fund to pay cash instead of diverting earnings to

      reinvestment. He noted that 2015 was a tough year financially. He had left

      his salaried position at Fifth-Third Bank. He had to rebuild a practice.

      When asked by his attorney what his intent was when he had the brokerage

      account retitled, [he] said to make it tougher on Fifth-Third if it was

      successful in its lawsuit against him.

             531. Jeffrey testified that in the last five years Sarah has not engaged

      in any activity in the brokerage account. She has not asked for funds in the

      form of a withdrawal. She has not asked to move any of the assets. She

      has not taken control of the account. She did not ask him about the

      investments in the account.

             ***

             533. Jeffrey remains a beneficiary (TOD) on the brokerage account.

             ***

             548. Assets or funds held in the disputed brokerage account were

      not used for the parties’ children’s tuitions prior to May 14, 2015.

11.
             549. Jeffrey agreed that after the brokerage account was retitled in

      Sarah’s name individually, she had a right to withdraw money from the

      account. He noted that this was true when it was a joint account. [He]

      agreed that after the account was transferred into her name individually,

      [she] did not have to ask him for consent to withdraw funds from the

      account. He said [she] did not have to ask him before the 2015 transfer.

             ***

             553. * * * [F]rom 2015 through 2020[,] Jeffrey * * * paid tuition for

      the parties’ children (both high school and college). [He] noted that in

      2015 he used a “forgivable loan” from Savage, $100,000. From 2016

      through 2020 he paid the children’s tuition * * *.

             554. Jeffrey agreed that he paid the parties’ children’s tuition from

      his earnings.

             ***

             564. Jeffrey agreed the items of jewelry identified at the * * *

      hearing were gifts to Sarah and are her separate property. These matters are

      the subject of stipulations * * *.

                            Magistrate’s Conclusions of Law

      {¶ 10} The magistrate decided:

             633. During the course of the marriage, the parties established a joint

      brokerage account to hold non-tax qualified funds, perhaps for educational

12.
      purposes or simply for savings/investment. The account was first held at

      Fifth Third where Jeffrey worked.

             634. On or about May 5, 2015, Jeffrey voluntarily resigned from

      Fifth Third Bank and immediately established an association with Savage

      & Associates. He moved his accounts from Fifth Third to Savage,

      including the brokerage account. A dispute arose over [his] contact with

      the bank’s customers/clients. Fifth Third filed a legal action against [him]

      and secured some form of injunctive relief. * * *

             635. Jeffrey testified in clear language that in 2015 he was

      concerned about the potential that Fifth Third might secure a judgment, or

      some other legal right against him, and that the brokerage account (the

      parties most valuable non-tax qualified asset, other than the marital home)

      would be vulnerable. He discussed with family members the possibility of

      retaining personal counsel on the question of how to protect the brokerage

      account from Fifth Third.

             636. On August 13 or 14, 2015, Jeffrey had the brokerage account

      placed in Sarah’s name only ([he] used the term re-titled). [She] signed the

      necessary documents, no doubt effectuating the transaction. The account

      was placed in [her] name. A new account number was established.

      Exhibits M and N. The new account has “transfer on death status[,]” and

      [Jeffrey] was named the beneficiary. [Sarah] testified that [Jeffrey] told her

13.
      he was doing this because he was worried that the account could be

      susceptible to the Fifth Third lawsuit. [Jeffrey] is a licensed attorney (albeit

      inactive) and has the capacity and education to consider such legal issues.

             637. The disputed account is identified as Sarah’s holding in Exhibit

      R, a December 30, 2020 Savage “Holdings by Investor” statement:

      “Account Name: Sarah L. Turner TOD DTD 08/12/2015 * * *[.”]

             ***

             640. Exhibit M is a Savage “Holdings by Investor” statement, as of

      8/13/2015. The former brokerage account is listed as a joint asset:

             “Account Name: Jeffrey A. Turner Sarah L. Turner JT TEN * * *[.”]

             641. Exhibit N is a portion of a Savage “Holdings by Investor”

      statement, as of 8/14/2015. The current brokerage account is listed there as

      Sarah’s asset (TOD DTD 8/12/2015) and described in this manner:

             “Account Name: Sarah L. Turner TOD DTD 08/12/2015 * * *[.”]

             642. Sarah contends that because the account was placed in her

      name only on August 14, 2015, and remained in her name only thereafter,

      and because Jeffrey initiated and effected this change to avoid exposure of

      the account to a potential judgment in the Fifth Third litigation, the account

      was gifted to her. She claims it is now her separate property. R.C.

      3105.171(A)(6)(a)(vii).

14.
             643. Jeffrey contends that since he retained some management

      control over the account after the August 14, 2015 transaction, the account

      remains marital.

             644. “In divorce proceedings, the domestic relations court must first

      determine what constitutes marital property and what constitutes separate

      property. R.C. 3105.171(B).” Dayal v. Lakshmipathy, 6th Dist. No. WD-

      19-049, 2020-Ohio-5441, 163 N.E.3d 683, ¶ 26 * * *.

             645. “Property acquired during a marriage is presumed to be marital

      property unless it can be shown to be separate.” Johnson v. Mills, 8th Dist.

      Cuyahoga No. 102241, 2015-Ohio-4273, 2015 WL 6024247, ¶ 18. The

      burden of proof regarding the classification of certain property as “separate

      property” lies with the party seeking such a classification. Tincher v.

      Tincher, 5th Dist. Fairfield No. 2019 CA 00028, 2020-Ohio-3352, 2020

      WL 3263863, ¶ 64, citing Passyalia v. Moneir, 5th Dist. Stark, 2017-Ohio-

      7033, 95 N.E.3d 723, ¶ 18 * * *.

             646. In Dayal, husband funded an irrevocable trust with marital

      assets, and named wife the beneficiary. He completely divested himself of

      the trust assets.

             ***

             648. The Dayal court reviewed the elements of an inter vivos gift: *

      **

15.
             649. When considering the question of donative intent, the Dayal

      court considered the facts of the transaction * * * and the purpose of the

      trust * * *. The court looked at its prior decision in Soley v. Soley, 2017-

      Ohio-2817, 82 N.E.3d 43 (6th Dist.) * * *.

             ***

             652. Here, it is understood that Jeffrey wanted to ensure that the

      parties’ non-tax qualified savings, which he planned to use for his family’s,

      and his, benefit, was shielded from Fifth Third’s legal action. [He]

      advances no other reason for the placement of the brokerage asset solely in

      Sarah’s name in August 2015, not: general estate planning, cash flow

      issues, specific educational uses, tax savings or planning, or any other

      stated reason.

             653. Clearly Jeffrey wanted the account to be out of his name in case

      the Fifth Third lawsuit was successful.

             654. * * * [T]he account was changed from a marital joint holding to

      an account only in Sarah’s name; marital status to separate property.

      Without doubt, Jeffrey was not satisfied that the account was safeguarded

      from Fifth Third as a marital joint account. He sought a conversion of the

      former joint account to [her] sole, individual property.

             655. After the Fifth Third lawsuit against Jeffrey was dismissed the

      account remained in Sarah’s name only. Both parties seemed to agree that

16.
      the assets in the accounts were not sold or transferred. [He] testified that he

      was the “advisor” on the account. He said the account was not managed by

      Royal Alliance, or another third party. He noted that the only way assets

      could be sold was by consent of the client. However, he also said the assets

      “sat” there, or words to that effect.

             656. In his proposed conclusions of law, Jeffrey notes that he was

      named the TOD beneficiary of the current account (a designation that was

      probably unnecessary when it was a joint account, Exhibit M). He asserts

      that he “continued to manage the account and maintained control over the

      account. The asset continued to be managed by [him].” Little or no

      evidence was presented as examples of [his] management of the account

      after mid-August 2015, or his control of the asset. It is not clear that [he] is

      contending that he can control the account, or take action in it, alone. There

      was no direct evidence that he tried. Logically, one might conclude that

      Sarah, as the sole owner, could take such action. In any event, neither party

      cited much action in the account after August 15, 2015, except perhaps to

      re-designate the use of dividends as [he] described. It was not made clear

      how that was accomplished administratively.

             657. There is little question that had Fifth Third been successful in

      its legal action and attempted to execute a judgment against Jeffrey on the

      brokerage account, he would have taken the position that it was Sarah’s

17.
       asset and beyond the scope of any such judgement or execution. He felt the

       prior joint status left the account vulnerable.

               658. The brokerage account is not the only example of gifting during

       the marriage. Jeffrey gave Sarah gifts of jewelry over the years. The gifts

       were purchased with marital funds, no doubt. However, [he] did not

       oppose [her] retention of these items of jewelry. Donative intent to gift

       these items also rests in the circumstances of the conveyance.

               659. Based on all of the evidence, and the above authority, the court

       concludes that the disputed brokerage account is Sarah’s separate property

       and is not subject to division. R.C. 3109.171(A)(6)(a)(vii).

                        Trial Court’s Order and Judgment Entry

       {¶ 11} The trial court, in approving the Decision and adopting the magistrate’s

findings, set forth, in relevant part:

               B. Gifting of the Brokerage Account

               [Jeffrey] objects to the Decision insofar as * * * it determines the

       brokerage account to be separate property, acquired by [Sarah] through

       inter vivos gift from [Jeffrey]. * * *

               The Court FINDS that the Decision thoroughly reviewed the

       circumstances leading to the creation of the brokerage account, the

       testimony offered by the parties related to the account, and admitted

       Exhibits M, N, and R. * * *

18.
              The Court further FINDS that the Decision properly concludes that

       the brokerage account is separate property under R.C. 3105.071(B), and

       that [Jeffrey] acted with donative intent when he transferred the property to

       [Sarah] in order to avoid a creditor.

              ***

              IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED THAT:

              ***

              45. Sarah shall retain her jewelry, f[r]ee and clear of any interest of

       Jeffrey.

              ***

              50. * * * Sarah L. Turner is awarded, as her separate property, free

       and clear of any interest of * * * Jeffrey A. Turner, 100% of the brokerage

       account identified in Exhibit R * * * currently held in her name. She may

       modify the current transfer on death designation at any time, in any manner.

                                  Assignments of Error

       {¶ 12} Jeffrey’s assignments are interrelated, so we will address them together.

                                 First Assignment of Error

       {¶ 13} In his first assignment of error, Jeffrey argues the trial court misapplied the

law that governs what is marital property versus what is separate property when title of

property is transferred between spouses during a marriage. He acknowledges the parties

entered into an agreement to transfer title of the brokerage account from their joint names

19.
to Sarah’s name, but he contends the stated purpose for the transfer was that he was being

sued by Fifth Third and “there was an argument that he had been advised to transfer the

property to protect it from a potential judgment.” He asserts the lawsuit was dismissed

with no judgment entered for Fifth Third, and the account was maintained by both parties

thereafter.

       {¶ 14} Jeffrey further argues the case law which addresses inter vivos gifts

between spouses should not be applied for several reasons: he maintained control of the

account as the financial advisor; he remained a 100% beneficiary of the account after it

was retitled, and retained a legal interest to have it transferred to him on death; the

account increased in value because of his position as financial advisor; Sarah never

exercised control over the asset; and the financial disclosure forms Sarah filed with the

divorce complaint indicated she believed the brokerage account was a marital asset.

Jeffrey submits the trial court relied on several cases, but those cases are distinguishable

on the facts.

                                Second Assignment of Error

       {¶ 15} In his second assignment of error, Jeffrey asserts the trial court erred in

awarding the brokerage account to Sarah as she did not sustain her burden of showing, by

clear and convincing evidence, that he made an inter vivos gift of the account to her, as

her separate property. He submits he did not relinquish any title or interest he had in the

property, and he maintained control over it during the entire period from retitling to the

day of trial. He also argues Sarah exercised absolutely no control over this asset, as she

20.
trusted him to handle it as he handled all of their accounts - wisely and in both parties’

best interest.

                                                Law

       {¶ 16} “In divorce proceedings, the domestic relations court must determine what

constitutes marital property and what constitutes separate property. R.C. 3105.171(B).”

Galloway v. Galloway, 6th Dist. Erie No. E-21-043, 2023-Ohio-29, ¶ 21.

       {¶ 17} R.C. 3105.171 provides in relevant part:

                 (A) As used in this section:

                 ***

                 (3)(a) “Marital property” means, subject to division (A)(3)(b) of this

       section, all of the following:

                 (i) All * * * personal property that currently is owned by either or

       both of the spouses, including, but not limited to, the retirement benefits of

       the spouses, and that was acquired by either or both of the spouses during

       the marriage;

                 (ii) All interest that either or both of the spouses currently has in any

       * * * personal property, including, but not limited to, the retirement

       benefits of the spouses, and that was acquired by either or both of the

       spouses during the marriage;

                 (iii) Except as otherwise provided in this section, all income and

       appreciation on separate property, due to the labor, monetary, or in-kind

21.
      contribution of either or both of the spouses that occurred during the

      marriage;

             ***

             (6)(a) “Separate property” means all real and personal property and

      any interest in real or personal property that is found by the court to be any

      of the following:

             ***

             (vii) Any gift of any real or personal property or of an interest in real

      or personal property that is made after the date of the marriage and that is

      proven by clear and convincing evidence to have been given to only one

      spouse.

             ***

             (B) In divorce proceedings, the court shall * * * determine what

      constitutes marital property and what constitutes separate property. * * *

      [U]pon making such a determination, the court shall divide the marital and

      separate property equitably between the spouses, in accordance with this

      section. For purposes of this section, the court has jurisdiction over all

      property, excluding the social security benefits of a spouse other than as set

      forth in division (F)(9) of this section, in which one or both spouses have an

      interest.

             ***

22.
              (H) Except as otherwise provided in this section, the holding of title

       to property by one spouse individually or by both spouses in a form of co-

       ownership does not determine whether the property is marital property or

       separate property.

                                        Standard of Review

       {¶ 18} The determination of what constitutes marital property and what constitutes

separate property involves mixed questions of law and fact, and is not a discretionary

matter. Galloway at ¶ 21, citing Dayal, 2020-Ohio-5441, 163 N.E.3d 683, at ¶ 26. “‘We

review the domestic relations court’s characterization of property under the manifest

weight of the evidence standard.’” Id., quoting Dayal at ¶ 26. “We will not reverse a

judgment as against the manifest weight of the evidence if it is supported by some

competent, credible evidence.” (Citations omitted.) Id. Manifest weight of the evidence

pertains to the burden of persuasion. Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 2012-

Ohio-2179, 972 N.E.2d 517, ¶ 19. “In weighing the evidence, the court of appeals must

always be mindful of the presumption in favor of the finder of fact.” Id. at ¶ 21.

                                               Gifting

       {¶ 19} With respect to gifting between spouses, a method for effecting the change

of marital property to separate property is through an inter vivos gift of the property from

the donor spouse to the donee spouse. Soley, 2017-Ohio-2817, 82 N.E.3d 43, at ¶ 19.

“The essentials of a valid gift inter vivos are (1) an intention on the part of the donor to

transfer the title and right of possession of the particular property to the donee then and

23.
there, and (2) in pursuance of such intention, a delivery by the donor to the donee of the

subject-matter of the gift to the extent practicable or possible, considering its nature, with

relinquishment of ownership, dominion, and control over it.” Bolles v. Toledo Trust Co.,

132 Ohio St. 21, 4 N.E.2d 917 (1936), paragraph one of the syllabus. See also Soley at ¶

20.

       {¶ 20} Under R.C. 3105.171(H), courts in Ohio use “‘a flexible totality-of-the-

circumstances test to determine whether transmutation of the * * * property has

occurred.’” (Citation omitted). Soley at ¶ 22. Hence, “‘the form of title is relevant to,

but not conclusive of, the classification of property as being either marital or separate.’”

(Citation omitted.) Id.

       {¶ 21} The donee has the burden of showing, by clear and convincing evidence,

that the donor made the inter vivos gift. Id. at ¶ 20. See also Bolles at paragraph two of

the syllabus. Clear and convincing evidence is “[t]he measure or degree of proof that will

produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the allegations

sought to be established. It is intermediate, being more than a mere preponderance, but

not to the extent of such certainty as required beyond a reasonable doubt as in criminal

cases. It does not mean clear and unequivocal.” In re Estate of Haynes, 25 Ohio St.3d

101, 104, 495 N.E.2d 23 (1986).

                                          Analysis

       {¶ 22} Jeffrey takes issue with the trial court’s application of the law regarding

inter vivos gifts. We note that the trial court relied on, inter alia, Soley and Dayal, in

24.
reaching the conclusions that the brokerage account is Sarah’s separate property, and that

Jeffrey acted with donative intent when he transferred the brokerage account to Sarah to

avoid a creditor.

       {¶ 23} Jeffrey also challenges the trial court’s award of the brokerage account to

Sarah, as he claims she did not show, by clear and convincing evidence, that he made an

inter vivos gift of the account to her, as her separate property.

                                                Soley

       {¶ 24} Husband acquired real estate prior to his marriage. Soley, 2017-Ohio-2817,

82 N.E.3d 43, at ¶ 21. During the marriage, he deeded his real estate to his wife, in order

to avoid his creditors. Id. at ¶ 2. Thereafter, a divorce action was filed. Id. The

magistrate found husband’s transfer of property to his wife did not constitute a gift and

did not convert the separate property into marital property, because husband did not

possess the requisite donative intent when he executed the quitclaim deed in order to

avoid his creditors. Id. at ¶ 4. Wife filed objections to the magistrate’s decision, which

the trial court overruled. Id. at ¶ 5. The trial court adopted the magistrate’s decision. Id.

Wife appealed. Id. at ¶ 6.

       {¶ 25} On appeal, this court noted the record showed husband deeded the property

to his wife “for the sole purpose of placing the property beyond the reach of his

creditors.” Id. at ¶ 26. We concurred with other Ohio courts in holding that a person acts

with donative intent when transferring property for the purpose of evading creditors. Id.

We found the trial court’s determination, that husband lacked donative intent when he

25.
transferred the property to his wife, was against the manifest weight of the evidence. Id.

We also found the trial court’s classification of the property as husband’s separate

property was against the manifest weight of the evidence since husband gifted the

property to his wife during the marriage, making the property marital. Id.

                                           Dayal

       {¶ 26} In 2012, during his marriage, husband created an irrevocable trust. Dayal,

2020-Ohio-5441, 163 N.E.3d 683, at ¶ 5. Since the trust was irrevocable, the property

held by the trust no longer belonged to husband, and was excluded from his estate and

not subject to estate taxation if he untimely died. Id. at ¶ 9. Wife filed for divorce in

2016. Id. at ¶ 14. The parties did not agree as to whether the trust assets were marital

assets subject to equitable division, or wife’s separate property not subject to division; the

issue was submitted to the court. Id. at ¶ 17.

       {¶ 27} Wife testified she did not know the details surrounding the formation of the

trust at the time of her execution of the trust agreement, and during her deposition, she

stated she had no discussion with husband regarding the trust prior to its formation, and

that she first became aware of the extent of the assets held by the trust during the divorce

proceedings. Id. at ¶ 13.

       {¶ 28} The magistrate determined, inter alia, the trust was marital property subject

to equitable division. Id. at ¶ 18. Wife filed objections to the magistrate’s decision,

which the trial court overruled. Id. at ¶ 19, 20. The trial court approved of and adopted

the magistrate’s decision. Id. at ¶ 20. Wife appealed. Id. at ¶ 22.

26.
       {¶ 29} On appeal, this court noted the record showed the irrevocable trust was

funded with assets acquired during the parties’ marriage, which constituted marital

property. Id. at ¶ 29. Wife argued the trust assets became her separate property when

husband created the irrevocable trust naming her the beneficiary, and completely divested

himself of the trust assets. Id.

       {¶ 30} This court determined there was no question that husband delivered the

property to wife, as beneficiary, when he deposited funds into the irrevocable trust in

2012, and that wife accepted the assets, as evidenced by her execution of the trust

agreement naming her beneficiary of the irrevocable trust. Id. at ¶ 32. We further

determined, based on the language of the trust agreement, husband’s trial testimony and

his filing of a 2012 gift tax return, that he possessed the requisite donative intent to make

an inter vivos gift to wife. Id. at ¶ 35. We also stated:

              Now, eight years later, [husband] advances an argument that is

       inconsistent with his actions in 2012 and in contravention to his

       characterization of the transfer of funds into the [irrevocable] Trust that he

       took in filing his 2012 gift tax return. In essence, [he] seeks to reclassify

       his transfer of funds into the [irrevocable] Trust because the couple’s

       relationship has now deteriorated. However, the developments that have

       transpired over the intervening years since the [irrevocable] Trust was

       created do not vitiate the donative intent that husband possessed at the time

       of the transfer of funds in 2012.

27.
Id. at ¶ 36.
                                            Current Case

       {¶ 31} We have reviewed the entire trial court record consisting of, inter alia: the

parties’ testimony in the deposition transcripts; the testimony set forth in the hearing

transcripts; the exhibits; the magistrate’s extensive findings of fact and comprehensive

conclusions of law in the Decision; and the trial court’s order and judgment entry

adopting and approving the Decision. We have also examined the applicable law,

including our Sixth District Court of Appeals decisions, Soley and Dayal.

       {¶ 32} There is no question the brokerage account was opened during the parties’

marriage, was funded with marital assets, was initially a joint account titled in both

parties’ names, and was, therefore, marital property. The parties’ dispute centers on

whether the brokerage account remained marital property or became Sarah’s separate

property after the account was placed in Sarah’s name only.

       {¶ 33} The evidence in the record, including testimony and exhibits, shows the

parties’ joint brokerage account was transferred into Sarah’s name only, and a new

account number was established. This transaction was accomplished by Jeffrey, who

testified at the hearing, “I retitled the account into * * * my wife’s name * * * as a way to

prevent possible creditors or a lawsuit judgment from being attached. * * * The intent

was to basically keep it -- make it a little tougher if Fifth Third was successful in the

lawsuit.” Sarah testified at the hearing the reason Jeffrey put the account in her name

was “[he] was being sued by Fifth Third and he wanted to give that money to me to put it

28.
into my name only so that * * * if he lost the lawsuit or whatever happened, he could -- I

guess he’d, say, hide it from creditors and it would be mine alone.”

       {¶ 34} We find the evidence demonstrates that Jeffrey transferred the joint

brokerage account, which was marital property, to Sarah, alone, in order to protect or

safeguard the property from Fifth Third, a potential creditor. We find Jeffrey intended to

transfer the brokerage account to Sarah, he effectuated that transfer by ensuring the

brokerage account was placed in Sarah’s name only, and he thereby relinquished his

ownership, dominion, and control over the brokerage account. While Jeffrey testified he

was the financial advisor on the brokerage account, he acknowledged the brokerage

account was not a managed account. Moreover, Jeffrey testified the only way assets

could be sold or traded was at the direction of the account holder/client; Sarah is the

account holder/client of the brokerage account. We further find Jeffrey’s transfer of the

marital property, with the purpose of avoiding a creditor, constitutes clear and convincing

evidence of donative intent to convert the marital property into Sarah’s separate property.

See Soley at ¶ 26; Dayal at ¶ 44.

       {¶ 35} We therefore conclude the trial court did not err in awarding Sarah the

entire brokerage account, as Sarah sustained her burden of showing by clear and

convincing evidence that Jeffrey made an inter vivos gift to her. We further conclude

that the trial court’s determination that Jeffrey gifted the parties’ joint brokerage account

to Sarah, alone, as her separate property, was not against the manifest weight of the

29.
evidence. Accordingly, we find Jeffrey’s first and second assignments of error not well-

taken.

                                             Conclusion

         {¶ 36} The April 1, 2022 judgment of the Wood County Court of Common Pleas,

Domestic Relations Division, is affirmed. Appellant, Jeffrey Turner, is ordered to pay

the costs of this appeal pursuant to App.R. 24.

                                                                         Judgment affirmed.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27.
See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4.

Thomas J. Osowik, J.                              _______________________________
                                                              JUDGE
Gene A. Zmuda, J.
                                                  _______________________________
Myron C. Duhart, P.J.                                         JUDGE
CONCUR.
                                                  _______________________________
                                                              JUDGE

              This decision is subject to further editing by the Supreme Court of
         Ohio’s Reporter of Decisions. Parties interested in viewing the final reported
              version are advised to visit the Ohio Supreme Court’s web site at:
                       http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/ROD/docs/.

30.