Court Opinion

ID: 2776689
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-02-04 22:06:53.148974+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:26:38.209500
License: Public Domain

[Cite as In re A.W., 2015-Ohio-407.]

                            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                     LUCAS COUNTY

In re A.W.                                      Court of Appeals No. L-14-1205

                                                Trial Court No. 14240376

                                                DECISION AND JUDGMENT

                                                Decided: February 4, 2015

                                          *****

        Stephen D. Long, for appellant.

        Shelby J. Cully, for appellee.

                                          *****

        JENSEN, J.

        {¶ 1} This is an appeal from a judgment issued by the Lucas County Court of

Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, which terminated all parental rights and

responsibilities and awarded permanent custody of the child, A.W., to Lucas County

Children’s Services (“LCCS”). For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
          {¶ 2} This case began with the filing of a complaint in dependency, neglect, and

abuse by appellee, LCCS, on May 20, 2014. LCCS requested that the trial court

permanently terminate all parental rights as to the mother, J.L., and the father, E.W., and

to grant permanent custody of A.W. to the agency. At the time of filing, A.W. was just

six days old, having been born on May 14, 2014.

          {¶ 3} Following a two day trial, the lower court granted permanent custody of

A.W. to LCCS, and J.L. appealed. E.W. did not appeal. Accordingly, the issues

discussed herein are limited primarily to the evidence presented relative to J.L.’s parental

rights.

                                Facts and Procedural History

          {¶ 4} J.L. (hereinafter “appellant”) has a history of drug related convictions and

substance abuse problems. By way of relevant history, appellant was arrested on

February 17, 2012, for possession and trafficking in heroin, both fifth degree felonies. In

lieu of prison, appellant was incarcerated at the Lucas County Correctional Treatment

Facility (“CTF”) from December 17, 2012 until July 17, 2013. CTF provides substance

abuse treatment to non-violent felony offenders.

          {¶ 5} Once released from CTF, appellant was extradited to Michigan where she

served two and one-half weeks in jail for a drug-related offense. Upon her return to

Toledo, appellant was placed on “work release.” While on work release, J.L. became

pregnant with A.W. She also “relapsed” by taking Percocet and heroin. In August and

2.
September 2013, appellant failed several court-ordered drug tests. She also stopped

meeting with her probation officer, and a warrant was issued for her arrest.

       {¶ 6} On March 8, 2014, appellant was arrested for driving without a license and

for the active warrant. Subsequent drug testing revealed that appellant, now

approximately seven months pregnant, tested positive for benzodiazepine, opiates and

marijuana. Once again, she was sentenced to return to CTF. Two months later, on

May 14, 2014, appellant was taken to a hospital where she gave birth to A.W.

       {¶ 7} After his birth, A.W. exhibited some drug withdrawal symptoms, namely

tremors and crying outbursts. He did not, however, test positive for drugs at that time.

Still, A.W. is considered to have been exposed to drugs because appellant tested positive

twice during appellant’s pregnancy, in September of 2013 and in March of 2014.

Moreover, appellant admitted to taking drugs between those dates.

       {¶ 8} Six days after A.W.’s birth, LCCS filed a complaint in dependency and

sought permanent custody of A.W. for placement in an adoptive home. Prior to the filing

of this case, appellant lost permanent custody of a daughter, A.W.’s half sibling, in 2010

due to extreme domestic violence and substance abuse. In May of 2013, appellant lost

legal custody of a son, A.W.’s full sibling, due to substance abuse, mental health and

parenting issues.

       {¶ 9} Appellant was released from CTF on June 25, 2014. Days later, she was

arrested for failure to display a license while driving in Toledo. On July 7, 2014,

appellant tested positive for opiates. Appellant claimed that she took “Tylenol with

3.
codeine” for pain after a tooth extraction. Appellant explained that she “held off” as long

as she could but the pain was too severe.

       {¶ 10} On July 11, 2014, an adjudicatory hearing was held on the issue of A.W.’s

dependency. Appellant was represented by counsel and stipulated to an agreed statement

of facts and to a finding of dependency. The court found A.W. to be dependent and set

the matter for disposition.

       {¶ 11} Disposition hearings took place on August 18 and September 11, 2014.

Appellant’s case manager from CTF, Dawn Leiss, testified that when appellant was

released from CTF on June 25, 2014, Leiss recommended that appellant’s “best option to

help her reunite with her children and give her more structure and more support” was to

attend the aftercare program at the Aurora House. The Aurora House serves women with

chronic drug and alcohol problems in addition to those with mental health issues.

Appellant was “adamant” that she did not want to go to the Aurora House. Instead,

against her case manager’s recommendation, appellant left CTF to resume living with

E.W., the father of A.W. The record indicates E.W.’s long history of drug abuse,

domestic violence, and failure to engage in services.

       {¶ 12} Appellant’s caseworker from LCCS, Susan Hickey, also testified. Hickey

testified that appellant has a long history of mental health issues including borderline

personality disorder, intermittent explosive disorder, bipolar disorder, opioid and alcohol

dependence, and panic disorder.

4.
       {¶ 13} Hickey testified that it was LCCS’s recommendation that permanent

custody of A.W. be awarded to the agency for placement in an adoptive home. Hickey

explained that the recommendation was based upon a “pattern of behavior” exhibited by

appellant, which included five years of substance abuse and, until very recently, her

failure to engage in services for mental health, substance abuse, and domestic violence.

       {¶ 14} Hickey testified that A.W. was placed with his maternal great aunt and

uncle who wished to adopt him. The guardian ad litem, Emily Richter (“GAL”),

concurred. The GAL described A.W. as “very much loved” and “very bonded” to his

relatives. The GAL opined that granting permanent custody to LCCS was in A.W.’s best

interests.

       {¶ 15} Appellant testified at great length about her efforts to turn her life around.

For example, as of the hearing date, she claimed that she was no longer residing with

E.W., had rented a single apartment, and had a self-supporting job at Tony Packo’s

Restaurant. Also, upon her release from CTF in June of 2014, she voluntarily sought

treatment with Alcoholic Anonymous and Heroin Anonymous. To assist her in the

recovery process, appellant obtained a sponsor with a long history of sobriety. On her

own initiative, appellant sought treatment in domestic violence and anger management

programs and attended a mental health consultation for purposes of resuming treatment.

Appellant called the directors of the domestic violence and anger management programs,

both of whom verified appellant’s active participation in her own recovery.

5.
       {¶ 16} Appellant denied that she suffers from intermittent explosive disorder or

personality disorder but agrees with the depression, anxiety and bipolar disorder

diagnoses. She estimated that she has struggled with sobriety for more than five years.

       {¶ 17} At the conclusion of the dispositional hearing, the court found, pursuant to

R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a), by clear and convincing evidence, that A.W. cannot be placed

with either of his parents within a reasonable time and should not be placed with either

parent. In reaching that conclusion, the trial court relied upon R.C. 2151.414(E)(2),

concluding that the parents’ chemical dependency and mental health were so severe that

it rendered them unable to provide an adequate permanent home for the child at present

and, as anticipated, within one year. The court also found, pursuant to R.C.

2151.414(E)(11), that appellant had her parental rights involuntarily terminated with

respect to A.W.’s sibling and that she had failed to show by clear and convincing

evidence that she could provide a legally secure placement for A.W. The court found

relevant that appellant “continues to struggle with sobriety, has not stabilized her mental

health, continues to be involved in offenses that could result in incarceration; and only

recently ended a relationship in which there was domestic violence.” Finally, the court

found, again by clear and convincing evidence, that it was in A.W.’s best interest to grant

permanent custody to LCCS. The court’s judgment entry was journalized on

September 24, 2014.

       {¶ 18} Appellant filed a pro se notice of appeal on September 30, 2014, and was

appointed appellate counsel. Appellant raises four assignments of error.

6.
                            Appellant’s Assignments of Error

              A. THE COURT FAILED TO ADEQUATELY INQUIRE AS TO THE

       VOLUNTARINESS OF MOTHER’S STIPULATION TO THE FACTS OF THE

       COMPLAINT FOR PERMANENT CUSTODY, THEREBY VIOLATING

       APPELLANT’S DUE PROCESS RIGHTS. [JUV.R. 29].

              B. THE TERMINATION OF APPELLANT’S PARENTAL RIGHTS

       WAS AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.

              C. THE SHIFTING OF BURDEN CONTAINED IN R.C.

       2151.414(E)(11) VIOLATES THE DUE PROCESS REQUIREMENTS SET

       FORTH IN THE 14TH AMENDMENT AND IN SANTOSKY II V. KRAMER,

       455 U.S. 745, 102 S.CT. 1388, 71 L.ED.2D 599 (1982), AND R.C.

       2151.414(E)(11) IS UNCONSTITUTIONAL ON ITS FACE AS APPLIED

       HEREIN.

              D. MOTHER WAS DENIED THE EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF

       COUNSEL WHERE HER TRIAL COUNSEL FAILED TO CONTEST THE

       CONSTITUTIONALITY OF R.C. 2151.414(E)(11).

                                     Law and Analysis

                      1. The Trial Court’s Finding of Dependency

       {¶ 19} In her first assignment of error, appellant argues that the trial court violated

Juv.R. 29 by failing to assure that her stipulation that A.W. was a “dependent child,” as

that term is defined by R.C. 2151.04, was voluntarily given.

7.
       {¶ 20} Juv.R. 29 governs adjudicatory hearings before a juvenile court. The rule

requires the court to perform certain duties at the beginning of a hearing. Juv.R. 29(D)

applies to admissions. It provides,

                The court may refuse to accept an admission and shall not accept an

       admission without addressing the party personally and determining both of

       the following:

                (1) The party is making the admission voluntarily with

       understanding of the nature of the allegations and the consequences of the

       admission;

                (2) The party understands that by entering an admission the party is

       waiving the right to challenge the witnesses and evidence against the party,

       to remain silent, and to introduce evidence at the adjudicatory hearing.

       {¶ 21} At the July 11, 2014 adjudicatory hearing, the following exchange

took place between the court and appellant:

                THE COURT: You both have good legal counsel, but I want to

       make sure for the record that you understand what you’re giving up today

       by agreeing to stipulations here that they just read into the record.

       Do you, first of all, understand that you do have a right to a hearing on the

       issue of adjudication? In other words, whether [A.W.] is a dependent

       child?

                ***

8.
            [Appellant]: Yes.

            THE COURT: And at that hearing [the prosecutor] would have to

     prove by clear and convincing evidence that that is the case; do you

     understand?

            [Appellant]: Yes

            ***

            THE COURT: Okay. By agreeing to this there won’t be an open

     issue with regard to whether [A.W.] is dependent. Instead, we’ll be going

     to trial on the issue of what should happen next with [A.W.] in his

     placement; do you understand that?

            [Appellant]: Yes.

            ***

            THE COURT: Okay. Are either of you right now under the

     influence of any medications, drugs or alcohol that would -- that would

     keep you from having a clear head as to what you’re doing today?

            [Appellant]: No, Your Honor.

            ***

            THE COURT: Has anyone promised you anything or pressured you

     or threatened you to do this today?

            ***

            [Appellant]: No.

9.
              ***

              THE COURT: All right. Well, based upon the stipulations read into

       the record and my discussion with both parties of the record, I do find that

       they are fully aware of the consequences and are competent to make the

       decision to waive their right to a hearing on the adjudication issue, and I do

       find [A.W.] to be a dependent child.

       {¶ 22} The trial court’s judgment entry, finding A.W. to be dependent, was filed,

journalized and served upon the parties on August 14, 2014.

       {¶ 23} The August 14, 2014 adjudication order was a final order. In re H.F., 120

Ohio St.3d 499, 2008-Ohio-6810, 300 N.E. 2d 607, ¶ 18 (“[A]n appeal of an adjudication

order of abuse, dependency, or neglect of a child and the award of temporary custody to a

children services agency pursuant to R.C. 2151.353(A)(2) must be filed within 30 days of

the judgment entry pursuant to App.R. 4(A).”). Pursuant to App.R. 4(A), appellant had

30 days, until September 13, 2014, to appeal the trial court’s judgment. Appellant’s

notice of appeal was not filed until September 30, 2014. Therefore, the notice of appeal

is untimely as to appellant’s first assignment of error.

       {¶ 24} In a factually similar case, the mother argued that the trial court failed to

adequately inquire as to whether her stipulation to a finding of dependency was

voluntary. In re T.H., 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-09-1096, 2009-Ohio-4409. As in this case,

the mother did not appeal the dependency finding until after the disposition phase of the

10.
case. We denied the mother’s challenge to the adjudicatory ruling on the basis that it was

filed “clearly beyond” the 30 day period set forth in App.R. 4(A). Id. at ¶ 36.

       {¶ 25} Notwithstanding the untimeliness of the appeal, we also find that the trial

court substantially complied with the procedural safeguards set forth in Juv.R. 29(D).

“The trial court must substantially comply with Juv.R. 29(D), although strict compliance

is preferred.” In re R.H., 6th Dist. Lucas Nos. L-11-1204, L-11-1205, L-11-1206, 2012-

Ohio-3510, ¶ 9 citing In re C.S., 115 Ohio St.3d 267, 2007-Ohio-4919, 874 N.E.2d 1177,

¶ 113. “[S]ubstantial compliance means that in the totality of the circumstances, the

juvenile subjectively understood the implications of his plea.” Id. at ¶ 113.

       {¶ 26} Here, the trial judge specifically asked appellant whether she understood

what she was “giving up” by stipulating to A.W.’s dependency. That is, the trial judge

confirmed that appellant understood that she was waiving her right to a hearing, at which

LCCS would have to prove A.W.’s dependency with clear and convincing evidence. The

judge elaborated and confirmed with appellant that if she admitted to dependency, then

the matter would proceed to “what should happen next” with A.W.’s placement. Finally,

the trial court confirmed that appellant’s stipulation was willingly made, free from

coercion, threats, promises and not while under the influence of medication, drugs, or

alcohol.

       {¶ 27} “The issue is not whether the judge strictly complied with rote, but whether

the parties adequately understood their rights and the effect of their admissions.” In re

Clark, 141 Ohio App. 3d 55, 59-60, 749 N.E.2d 833 (8th Dist. 2001). The record

11.
indicates that appellant was aware of the consequences of the stipulation, namely that

A.W. would be adjudged dependent without any further hearing. We find that the trial

court substantially complied with Juv.R. 29(D).

       {¶ 28} For these reasons, appellant’s first assignment of error is not well-taken.

                        2. The Manifest Weight of the Evidence

       {¶ 29} A parent’s right to raise her children is a fundamental right. Troxel v.

Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 66, 120 S.Ct. 2054, 147 L.Ed.2d 49 (2000); In re C.F., 113 Ohio

St.3d 73, 2007-Ohio-1104, 862 N.E.2d 816, ¶ 28. The interest in the care, custody, and

control of one’s children is “one of the oldest of the fundamental liberty interests

recognized in American law.” In re K.H., 119 Ohio St.3d 538, 2008-Ohio-4825, 895

N.E.2d 809, ¶ 39, citing Troxel, 530 U.S. at 65. Terminating the right to raise one’s

children strikes at the core of the parent-child relationship. Therefore, parents “must be

afforded every procedural and substantive protection the law allows.” In re Hayes, 79

Ohio St.3d 46, 48, 679 N.E.2d 680 (1997).

       {¶ 30} A juvenile court may award permanent custody of a child to a public

children services agency where the court finds, by clear and convincing evidence, the

existence of one of the four factors listed in R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a) through (d) and that

it is in the best interest of the child to grant permanent custody to the agency. In re C.J.,

6th Dist. Lucas No. L-13-1037, 2013-Ohio-3056, ¶ 12; R.C. 2151.414(B)(1).

12.
       {¶ 31} Here, the trial court relied upon R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a) which requires a

finding that the child cannot be placed with either parent within a reasonable time or

should not be placed with the child’s parents.

       {¶ 32} R.C. 2151.414(E) directs a court to “enter a finding that the child cannot be

placed with either parent within a reasonable time or should not be placed with either

parent” where it finds by clear and convincing evidence that “one or more” of the factors

listed under R.C. 2151.414(E) exist.

       {¶ 33} As discussed, the trial court relied R.C. 2151.414(E)(2) and (11) in

reaching its conclusion. Finally, the court also found, by clear and convincing evidence,

that it is in A.W.’s best interest to grant permanent custody to LCCS.

       {¶ 34} In her second assignment of error, appellant argues that the termination of

her parental rights was against the manifest weight of the evidence. Where a trial court’s

judgment is supported by competent, credible evidence going to all the essential elements

of the case, the judgment will not be reversed on appeal on the ground that it is against

the weight of the evidence. C.E. Morris Co. v. Foley Const. Co., 54 Ohio St.2d 279, 376

N.E.2d 578 (1978), syllabus.

       {¶ 35} Proof of the existence of a factor enumerated in R.C. 2151.414(B)(1) and

proof that an award of permanent custody is in the child’s best interest must be made by

clear and convincing evidence. R.C. 2151.414(B)(1) and (E). The standard of clear and

convincing evidence requires proof that “will produce in the mind of the trier of facts a

13.
firm belief or conviction as to the facts sought to be established.” Cross v. Ledford, 161

Ohio St. 469, 120 N.E.2d 118 (1954), paragraph three of the syllabus.

       {¶ 36} We first consider the trial court’s decision with regard to appellant’s

chronic mental illness and chemical dependency. R.C. 2151.414(E)(2) provides,

               (2) Chronic mental illness, chronic emotional illness, mental

       retardation, physical disability, or chemical dependency of the parent that is

       so severe that it makes the parent unable to provide an adequate permanent

       home for the child at the present time and, as anticipated, within one year

       after the court holds the hearing pursuant to division (A) of this section or

       for the purposes of division (A)(4) of section 2151.353 of the Revised

       Code.

       {¶ 37} Appellant complains that LCCS failed to call any mental health providers

to testify. Though true, the medical records admitted into evidence demonstrate

appellant’s long-standing mental health problems. We specifically note a February 29,

2012 report from Barbara J. Laforest, M.D., who diagnosed appellant with depression,

bipolar disorder, and alcohol abuse. Moreover, the trial court found it relevant that in

2013 appellant stopped attending her mental health treatment sessions and unilaterally

stopped taking her medication. The trial court also relied upon appellant’s very recent

return to a mental health provider as evidence of her inability, at present, and as

anticipated within one year, to provide an adequate permanent home for A.W.

14.
      {¶ 38} With regard to her substance abuse, the trial court made specific findings:

             [A]ppellant was diagnosed with Opioid, Cannabis and Alcohol

      Dependence. [Appellant] testified that she had been struggling with

      substance abuse for approximately five years. [Appellant] was referred to

      substance abuse treatment in 2010, but at that time would not acknowledge

      she had a substance abuse problem. She began substance abuse treatment

      in December, 2012 after she was placed in [CTF] * * *. Still, after

      substance abuse treatment at CTF in June, 2013 she continued to test

      positive for opiates. [Appellant] testified that she relapsed on heroin in

      September, 2013. [Appellant] further testified that she tested positive for

      heroin and marijuana in March of 2014 when she was again arrested.

             [Appellant] was sent back to substance abuse treatment at CTF in

      March, 2014 and remained in treatment until June, 2014. In July of 2014,

      shortly after she was released from CTF, [appellant] again tested positive

      for opiates. [Appellant] testified that she took an opiate that was prescribed

      to her for a dental procedure. [The CTF case manager] testified that taking

      the prescribed opiate was against treatment recommendations.

             [Appellant] is again linked with substance abuse treatment.

      [Appellant] testified that she obtained a sponsor and established a narcotics’

      anonymous home group. [Appellant], however, has only been sober for

      approximately three months since being released from CTF. [Appellant]

15.
       testified that her longest period of sobriety was approximately one year.

       Further, [appellant] chose to put her sobriety at risk by taking an opiate

       based medication.

              The Court finds that [appellant’s] sobriety is new and that

       [appellant] is not stable in her substance abuse treatment or mental health

       treatment to a degree that she could care for this child now or as anticipated

       within one year.

       {¶ 39} To her credit, appellant is now actively engaged in the recovery process.

Unfortunately, her failure to do so sooner prevented the trial court from determining

whether she would again relapse as she has done in the past. We conclude that there is

competent, credible evidence in the record supporting a firm conviction or belief that

appellant suffers from chronic mental health and chemical dependency that is so severe

that it makes her unable to provide an adequate permanent home for A.W. at the time of

judgment and, as anticipated, within one year after the hearing on the motion for

permanent custody.

       {¶ 40} Under R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a), the applicability of even one R.C.

2151.414(E) factor establishes a finding that the child cannot be placed with his parents

within a reasonable time or should not be placed with his parents. Therefore, we do not

address whether such a finding is equally available under R.C. 2151.414(E)(11) as the

issue is rendered moot. See App.R. 12(A)(1)(c). Under R.C. 2151.414(E), the existence

of “any one” of the factors listed in the statute is sufficient to support a finding that the

16.
child cannot be placed with his parents within a reasonable time or should not be placed

with his parents. See In re C.J., 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-13-1037, 2013-Ohio-3056, ¶ 28.

       {¶ 41} Next, we evaluate the second prong, whether an award of permanent

custody is in the best interests of the child. R.C. 2151.414(D)(1) provides:

              (D)(1) In determining the best interest of a child at a hearing held

       pursuant to division (A) of this section or for the purposes of division

       (A)(4) or (5) of section 2151.353 or division (C) of section 2151.415 of the

       Revised Code, the court shall consider all relevant factors, including, but

       not limited to, the following:

              (a) The interaction and interrelationship of the child with the child’s

       parents, siblings, relatives, foster caregivers and out-of-home providers, and

       any other person who may significantly affect the child;

              (b) The wishes of the child, as expressed directly by the child or

       through the child’s guardian ad litem, with due regard for the maturity of

       the child;

              (c) The custodial history of the child, including whether the child has

       been in the temporary custody of one or more public children services

       agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve or more months of a

       consecutive twenty-two-month period, or the child has been in the

       temporary custody of one or more public children services agencies or

       private child placing agencies for twelve or more months of a consecutive

17.
       twenty-two-month period and, as described in division (D)(1) of section

       2151.413 of the Revised Code, the child was previously in the temporary

       custody of an equivalent agency in another state;

              (d) The child’s need for a legally secure permanent placement and

       whether that type of placement can be achieved without a grant of

       permanent custody to the agency;

              (e) Whether any of the factors in divisions (E)(7) to (11) of this

       section apply in relation to the parents and child.

       {¶ 42} In its judgment entry, the trial court relied upon the following factors in

finding, by clear and convincing evidence, that it was in A.W.’s best interest to grant

permanent custody to LCCS: (1) that A.W. was placed at a relative’s home within days

of his birth who are willing to adopt him; (2) that due to A.W.’s exposure to drugs, he

could develop special needs at some point in the future; (3) that A.W. is in need of a

legally secure placement that can only be achieved with an award of permanent custody

to LCCS; and (4) that the GAL conducted an independent investigation and concurs with

the recommendation that permanent custody is in A.W.’s best interest.

       {¶ 43} Indeed, the GAL testified, “I commend mom, really, for putting forth this

effort to try to better herself. I think she’s really on the right path. I just don’t believe

there is enough time for her to turn her life around * * * that it won’t affect [A.W.]

negatively. I think he needs a secure placement now.”

18.
         {¶ 44} We have reviewed the record and find competent, credible evidence exists

to support the trial court’s findings under R.C. 2151.414(D)(1) to establish a firm belief

or conviction that an award of permanent custody to LCCS is in the best interest of the

child.

         {¶ 45} Accordingly we conclude that the trial court’s determination to award

permanent custody of A.W. to LCCS is not against the manifest weight of the evidence.

Appellant’s second assignment of error is not well-taken.

                      3. The Constitutionality of R.C. 2151.414(E)(11)

         {¶ 46} In her third assignment of error, appellant argues that R.C. 2151.414(E)(11)

is unconstitutional. Appellant argues,

                R.C. 2151.414(E)(11) clearly shifts the burden of proof, relieving the

         Agency of any responsibility to show anything where the Agency had

         previously succeeded in terminating the parental rights of the parent in a

         prior action. This is fundamentally unfair on its face. The [sic] is no res

         judicata with regard to a person’s parenting ability over time, which is

         essentially what this statute tries to establish.

         {¶ 47} In the alternative, appellant argues that requiring a parent to rebut the

presumption of unfitness with clear and convincing evidence is overly burdensome and

that the lesser standard, preponderance of the evidence, should apply.

19.
       {¶ 48} We begin with the proposition that “[a] regularly enacted statute of Ohio is

presumed to be constitutional and is therefore entitled to the benefit of every presumption

in favor of its constitutionality. This court has held enactments of the General Assembly

to be constitutional unless such enactments are clearly unconstitutional beyond a

reasonable doubt.” State ex rel. Dickman v. Defenbacher, 164 Ohio St. 142, 147, 128

N.E.2d 59 (1955).

       {¶ 49} Second, appellant raises these constitutional challenges for the first time on

appeal. When a constitutional challenge is not raised before the trial court, it ordinarily

will not be addressed for the first time on appeal. State v. Childs, 14 Ohio St.2d 56, 236

N.E.2d 545 (1968), paragraph three of the syllabus. The “failure to raise at the trial court

level the issue of the constitutionality of a statute or its application, which issue is

apparent at the time of trial, constitutes a waiver of such issue and a deviation from this

state’s orderly procedure, and therefore need not be heard for the first time on appeal.”

State v. Awan, 22 Ohio St.3d 120, 489 N.E.2d 277 (1986), syllabus. Because appellant

did not raise the constitutional challenge below, we need not consider it now.

       {¶ 50} Appellant’s third assignment of error is not well-taken.

                 4. The Alleged Ineffective Assistance of Trial Counsel

       {¶ 51} In her final assignment of error, appellant argues that her trial counsel’s

failure to challenge the constitutionality of R.C. 2151.414(E)(11) amounts to ineffective

assistance of counsel. Such a claim is evaluated under the deficiency standard set forth in

20.
State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 538 N.E.2d 373 (1989), paragraphs two and three of

the syllabus:

                2. Counsel’s performance will not be deemed ineffective unless and

       until counsel’s performance is proved to have fallen below an objective

       standard of reasonable representation and, in addition, prejudice arises from

       counsel’s performance. (State v. Lytle, 48 Ohio St.2d 391, 358 N.E.2d 623

       (1976); Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80

       L.Ed.2d 674 (1984), followed.)

                3. To show that a defendant has been prejudiced by counsel’s

       deficient performance, the defendant must prove that there exists a

       reasonable probability that, were it not for counsel’s errors, the result of the

       trial would have been different.

       {¶ 52} Ohio law presumes the competence of a properly licensed attorney. State

v. Robinson, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-10-1369, 2012-Ohio-6068, ¶ 72. There is thus “a

strong presumption that counsel’s performance falls within the wide range of reasonable

professional performance.” Bradley at 142. Even if counsel’s performance fell below an

objective standard of reasonable representation, the level of prejudice must be such that,

but for counsel’s deficiencies and errors there is a reasonable probability that the trial’s

outcome would have been different. Id. Trial strategies and tactical choices do not

constitute ineffective assistance merely because in hindsight they appear questionable or

ineffective. State v. Clayton, 62 Ohio St.2d 45, 49, 402 N.E.2d 1189 (1980).

21.
       {¶ 53} Appellant concedes the absence of any controlling authority to support her

constitutional arguments, and we specifically declined to find that R.C. 2151.414(E)(11)

is unconstitutional. Therefore, we would be hard-pressed to find that appellant was

prejudiced by her trial counsel’s failure to raise an argument rejected by this court today.

       {¶ 54} In sum, appellant has failed to show, to a reasonable probability, that if her

trial counsel had argued the constitutionality of R.C. 2151.414(E)(11), that the result of

this case would have been different. As a matter of law therefore, appellant’s trial

counsel cannot be said to have been ineffective for her failure to raise the issue. In re

Brooks, 10th Dist. Franklin Nos. 04AP-164, 04AP-165, 04AP-201, 04AP-202, 2004-

Ohio-3887, ¶ 32 (failure to challenge constitutionality of permanent custody statute did

not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel). Appellant’s fourth assignment of error is

found not well-taken.

       {¶ 55} On due consideration, we find clear and convincing evidence supports the

judgment terminating appellant’s parental rights and awarding permanent custody to

LCCS. Appellant’s four assignments of error are found not well-taken. The judgment of

the Lucas County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, is affirmed. Appellant is

ordered to pay the costs of this appeal pursuant to App.R. 24.

                                                                         Judgment affirmed.

22.
                                                                      In re A.W.
                                                                      C.A. No. L-14-1205

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27.
See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4.

Thomas J. Osowik, J.                           _______________________________
                                                           JUDGE
Stephen A. Yarbrough, P.J.
                                               _______________________________
James D. Jensen, J.                                        JUDGE
CONCUR.
                                               _______________________________
                                                           JUDGE

           This decision is subject to further editing by the Supreme Court of
      Ohio’s Reporter of Decisions. Parties interested in viewing the final reported
           version are advised to visit the Ohio Supreme Court’s web site at:
                 http://www.sconet.state.oh.us/rod/newpdf/?source=6.

23.