Court Opinion

ID: 9578892
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-21 21:49:31.77157+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:33:31.962966
License: Public Domain

SHARP, Chief Justice.
Patently, defendants’ motion to dismiss the charges against them and their contentions that because certain items of evidence were omitted from the summaries furnished them by the solicitor are without merit and require no discussion. Each defendant went upon the stand and voluntarily testified to facts which make him guilty of murder in the first degree. As counsel concede, the only significant difference in their testimony relates to who fired the shot which killed Mrs. Butler during the robbery of the E-Z Shop; and, since each admitted he was one of the four who conspired to rob the shop, legally it makes no difference whether Waxton or Tucker fired the shot.
“When a murder is ‘committed in the perpetration or attempt to perpetrate any . . . robbery, burglary or other felony,” G.S. 14-17 declares it murder in the first degree. In those instances the law presumes premeditation and deliberation, and the State is not put to further proof of either. . . . Furthermore, when a conspiracy is formed to commit a robbery or burglary, and a murder is committed by any one of the conspirators in the attempted perpetration of the crime, each and all of the conspirators are guilty of murder in the first degree.” (Citations omitted.) State v. Fox, 277 N.C. 1, 17, 175 S.E. 2d 561, 571 (1970).
Had the testimony of Tucker and Carroll been incompetent, the testimony of defendants themselves would stymie their contention that its admission constituted prejudicial error. However, the testimony of their co-conspirators was competent. “A co-conspirator is an accomplice, and is always a competent witness; assuming of course he is compos mentis.” State v. Goldberg, 261 N.C. 181, 202, 134 S.E. 2d 334, 348 (1964). “It is obvious . . . that in practically every case where an accomplice testifies as a witness for the prosecution, he is induced to do so by a promise, or at least by a hope and expectation, of immunity or leniency for himself, and that, the rule which makes an *591accomplice a competent witness would be of little benefit if he were made incompetent by the mere fact that he had received such a promise.
“In accordance with this view, the courts, both English and American, have held with substantial unanimity that a witness who is otherwise competent to testify is not rendered incompetent by the fact that he has a promise of immunity or lenience for himself.” Annot., 120 A.L.R. 742, 751 (1938) ; see State v. Watson, 283 N.C. 383, 196 S.E. 2d 212 (1973) ; annot., 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 442-443 (1910).
As Justice Barnhill (later Chief Justice) said in State v. Roberson, 215 N.C. 784, 787, 3 S.E. 2d 277, 279 (1939), “It bears against the credibility of a witness that he is an accomplice in the crime charged and testifies for the prosecution; and the pendency of an indictment against the witness indicates indirectly a similar possibility of his currying favor by testifying for the State; so, too, the existence of a promise or just expectation of pardon for his share as accomplice in the crime charged. 2 Wigmore on Evidence, 2d Ed., 350.” See 1 N.C. Evidence § 45 (Brandis Rev. 1973).
Judge McKinnon correctly held that Tucker and Carroll were competent witnesses and that their status as co-conspirators testifying for the State bore upon the weight and credibility of their testimony and not upon its competency.
G.S. 14-17, as rewritten on 8 April 1974 by the enactment of N. C. Sess. Laws, ch. 1201, § 1 provides that murder in the first degree “shall.be punished with death.” Defendants contend, however, that capital punishment “under the laws of North Carolina [would] violate U. S. Const. amend. VIII and amend. XIV, § 1, and N. C. Const, art. 1, §§ 19, 27.” In the last three years this Court has several times rejected these contentions. They have been thoroughly considered and further discussion would be merely repetitious. See State v. Waddell, 282 N.C. 431, 194 S.E. 2d 19 (1973) ; State v. Jarrette, 284 N.C. 625, 202 S.E. 2d 721 (1974) ; State v. Fowler, 285 N.C. 90, 203 S.E. 2d 803 (1974) ; State v. Crowder, 285 N.C. 42, 203 S.E. 2d 38 (1974) ; State v. Avery, 286 N.C. 459, 212 S.E. 2d 142 (1975).
Albeit three members of the Court dissented as to the death penalty in each of the foregoing cases and voted to remand for the imposition of a sentence of. life imprisonment; the dissents, were not based upon the premise that the death *592sentence constituted cruel and unusual punishment or that there were any constitutional infirmities in capital punishment- per se. On the contrary, the thesis of the dissents was (1) that the decision of the United States Supreme Court in Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238, 33 L.Ed. 2d 346, 92 S.Ct. 2726 (1972), decided 29 June 1972, had invalidated the death penalty provisions of G.S. 14-17 (and also G.S. 14-21, G.S. 14-52, and G.S. 14-58), enacted in 1949; and (2) that until the statutes which made death the punishment for first-degree murder, first-degree burglary, rape, and arson were rewritten or amended by the General Assembly, this Court could not reinstate capital punishment.
On 8 April 1974 the General Assembly rewrote G.S. 14-17 and G.S. 14-21 to provide the death sentence for first-degree murder and first-degree rape. At the same time it rewrote G.S. 14-52 and G.S. 14-58 to provide life imprisonment for burglarly in the first degree and arson. As to first-degree murders and first-degree rapes committed after 8 April 1974, by its rewrite of G.S. 14-17 and G.S. 14-21, the General Assembly eliminated the grounds upon which three members of the Court had dissented to the imposition of the death sentence for such crimes committed prior to that date. The felony-murder for which Waxton and Woodson have been convicted was committed on 3 June 1974 — 56 days after the legislature redeclared the public policy of this State with reference to capital punishment. Until changed by the General Assembly, or invalidated by the Supreme Court of the United States, that policy must stand.
Counsel for defendants, although aware of the Waddell and Jarrette decisions, as well as the subsequent ones based on them, have understandably felt constrained to repeat the constitutional challenge to the death penalty.
Defendants next contend that since Waxton, Woodson, Carroll, and Tucker, the four conspirators, are equally guilty of first-degree murder it would be “fundamentally unfair” to permit two of them to plead guilty to offenses less than capital in exchange for their testimony against the others. Defendant Waxton, who tendered at the close of the evidence the same plea which Tucker tendered prior to the trial, contends that the solicitor’s refusal to accept his plea was an arbitrary exercise of power which denied him due process and the equal protection of the laws. Defendant Woodson, who tendered no plea and contended throughout that he was not guilty, argues *593that “due process and equal protection” require that he receive no greater punishment than his accomplices could have been given under their pleas.
“From the earliest times, it has been found necessary, for the detection and punishment of crime, for the state to resort to the criminals themselves for testimony with which to convict their confederates in crime. While such a course offers a premium to treachery, and sometimes permits the more guilty to escape, it tends to prevent and break up combinations, by making criminals suspicious of each other, and it often leads to the punishment of guilty persons who would otherwise escape. Therefore, on the ground of public policy, it has been uniformly held that a state may contract with a criminal for his exemption from prosecution if he shall honestly and fairly make a full disclosure of the crime, whether the party testified against is convicted or not. (Citations omitted.)” Ingram v. Prescott, 111 Fla. 320, 321-322, 149 So. 369 (1933) ; Henderson v. State, 135 Fla. 548, 185 So. 625, 120 A.L.R. 742 (1938). For the history of the “ancient modes of practice” when accomplices “turned State’s evidence,” see United States v. Ford, 99 U.S. 599, 25 L.Ed. 399 (1879) ; 1 Wharton’s Criminal Law and Procedure § 165 (1957) ; 22 C.J.S., Criminal Law § 46(1) (1961) ; 8 R.C.L., Criminal Law § 101 (1915) ; Notes: 18 Am. & Eng. Ann. Cas. 747 (1911) ; 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 439 et seq. (1910).
In many states the prosecuting attorney has no authority, without the court’s consent, to make a binding agreement with one charged with a crime that if he will testify against others, he himself shall be exempt from criminal liability or be allowed to plead guilty to a lesser offense. “In states in which a prosecuting attorney may enter a nolle prosequi without the consent of the court, he may grant a witness immunity from prosecution by contract without approval of the court.” 21 Am. Jur. 2d, Criminal Law § 153, see also §§ 514-518 (1965) ; 24 L.R.A. (N.S.) 442-443 (1910) ; 18 Am. & Eng. Ann. Cas. 748-749 (1911) ; annot., 85 A.L.R. 1177 (1933). The courts treat such promises as pledges of the public faith and, when made by the public prosecutor, the court will see that the public faith which has been pledged by him is kept. Camron v. State, 32 Tex. Crim. 180, 22 S.W. 682, 40 Am. St. R. 763 (1893) ; see State v. Hingle, 242 La. 844, 139 So. 2d 205 (1962) ; State v. Ward, 112 W.Va. 552, 165 S.E. 803, 85 A.L.R. 1175 (1932); State v. Graham, 12 Vroom, 15, 32 Am. Rep. 174 (N.J. 1879); United States v. *594Lee, Case No. 15,588, 26 F. Cas. 910 (1846) ; United States v. Woody, 2 F. 2d 262 (D. Mont. 1924) ; United States v. Brokaw, 60 Fed. Supp. 100 (S.D. Ill. 1945) ; Annot., 43 A.L.R. 3d 281 et seq. (1972).
In North Carolina “[t]he Solicitor is a constitutional officer authorized and empowered to represent the State.” His announcement prior to the trial that the State would not seek a verdict of guilty of first-degree murder but would ask for a verdict of second-degree murder or manslaughter-is tantamount to taking a nolle prosequi or an acquittal on the charge of first-degree murder. State v. Miller, 272 N.C. 243, 245, 158 S.E. 2d 47, 49 (1967); State v. Rogers, 273 N.C. 330, 159 S.E. 2d 900 (1968).
As pointed out in State v. Lyon, 81 N.C. 600, 603 (1879), the shortest and best mode of carrying out a promise of immunity is for the solicitor to exercise the right vested in him “when,, in his judgment, the case calls for it, to enter a nolle prosequi and allow the prisoner’s discharge, which practically accomplishes the same ends as [a] pardon.” The solicitor had full authority to make the agreement which he made with Tucker and Carroll, and we hold that it violated neither the Fourteenth Amendment rights of defendants Waxton and Wood-son nor their rights under N. C. Const., art. 1 §§ 19, 27.
As Mr. Justice White said in delivering the opinion of the Court in Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 25 L.Ed. 2d 747, 90 S.Ct. 1463 (1970), “[W]e cannot hold that it is unconstitutional for the State to extend a benefit to a defendant who in turn extends a substantial benefit to the State. . . .” Id. at 753, 25 L.Ed. 2d at 759, 90 S.Ct. at 1471. In Lisenba v. California, 314 U.S. 219, 227, 86 L.Ed. 166, 175, 62 S.Ct. 280, 285 (1941), Mr. Justice Roberts noted that “the practice of taking into consideration, in sentencing an accomplice, his aid to the State in turning state’s evidence can be no denial of due process to a convicted confederate.”
In Newman v. United States, 382 F. 2d 479 (D.C. Cir. 1967) the sole question presented was whether it was a denial of the appellant’s constitutional rights for the United States Attorney to accept a guilty plea tendered by appellant’s co-defendant for a lesser offense under the indictment, while refusing to accept the same plea from the appellant. Both weré indicted for housebreaking and petty' larceny. The co-defendant was allowed to *595plead guilty to the misdemeanors of petty larceny and attempted housebreaking; the appellant was tried and convicted of the crimes charged. He contended that the United States Attorney’s conduct had denied him due process and equal protection in that both “were equally guilty . . . and to permit one party an avenue of escape with relatively minor punishment while refusing the same procedure to Appellant violates the standard of fairness demanded by the law by the Constitution. . . .” Id. at 480.
In rejecting the appellant’s contentions Burger, Circuit Judge (now Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court), pointed out that the United States Attorney is charged with the faithful execution of the laws and prosecution of offenses against the United States, and, as such, he must have broad discretion. “To say that the United States Attorney must literally treat every offense and every offender alike is to delegate him an impossible task; of course, this concept would negate discretion. Myriad factors can enter into the prosecutor’s decision. Two persons may have committed what is precisely the same legal offense but the prosecutor is not compelled by law, duty or tradition to treat them the same as to charges. On the contrary, he is expected to exercise discretion and common sense to the end that if, for example, one is a young first offender and the other older, with a criminal record, or. one played a lesser and the other a dominant role, one the instigator and the other a follower, the prosecutor can and should take such factors into account; no court has any jurisdiction to inquire into or review his decision.” Id. at 481-482.
“Mere selectivity in prosecution creates no constitutional problems. Oyler v. Boles, 368 U.S. 448, 456, 82 S.Ct. 501, 7 L.Ed. 2d 446 (1962). To invoke the defense [denial of equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment] one must prove that the selection was deliberately based on an unjustifiable standard, such as race, religion, or other arbitrary classification.” United States v. Steele, 461 F. 2d 1148, 1151 (9th Cir. 1972). See Comment, The Right to Nondiscriminatory Enforcement of State Penal Laws, 61 Col. L. Rev. 1103, 1119-1120 (1961).
In this case we perceive no possible constitutional infirmity in the solicitor’s selection, no abuse of discretion, and no arbitrary classification. All four of the defendants are black and their religious views are undisclosed. The evidence that Waxton planned and directed the robbery and that he fired the shots *596which killed Mrs. Butler and wounded Mr. Stancil is overwhelming. No extenuating circumstances gave the solicitor any incentive to accept the plea he tendered at the close of the State’s evidence.
Woodson at no time tendered to the State a plea of any kind. Throughout the trial he contended that he was innocent because he had acted under duress from Waxton. It is not surprising that the jury rejected this defense in view of his testimony that on the night of the robbery he knew what he was doing; that he got into the car of his own free will after having known all day that “there was going to be a robbery”; that he he had not seen Waxton during the day and “he could have gone anywhere if he had desired to do so”; that his staying in the car with the rifle outside the E-Z Shop and Carroll’s driving the ear “was just as much a part of the plan as was Waxton’s and Tucker’s going into the store.” See 21 Am. Jur. 2d, Criminal Law § 100 (1965).
We note, however, the learned and painstaking trial judge fully instructed the jury on coercion as an excuse for crime and gave Woodson the full benefit of his contention that he went with the group to rob the E-Z Shop under compulsion from Waxton. The jury were instructed that if Woodson went along and did what he did only because of a well-founded fear of immediate death or great bodily harm at the hands of Waxton he would not be guilty of any crime.
Finally, we note that Waxton and Woodson were adults, aged 24 and 23 respectively; Tucker and Carroll were still in their teens, aged 18 and 19 respectively. Carroll was obviously impressed by Waxton, his older brother who, after an absence of eight years, had returned from New Jersey with a knowledge of karate and much other information he was no doubt willing to impart to a younger brother willing to learn. We find no evidence that the solicitor’s selection was deliberately based on an unjustifiable standard.
We have considered the entire record in this case, as well as each defendant’s assignments of error, with care commensurate with the gravity of the sentences from which, defendants appeal, and in the trial below we find
No error.