Court Opinion

ID: 1046349
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-08 02:35:20.793055+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:51:30.584258
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT NASHVILLE
                               November 9, 2011 Session

                    STATE OF TENNESSEE v. TERRY NEAL

                   Appeal from the Putnam County Criminal Court
                     No. 09-0728     David A. Patterson, Judge

                 No. M2011-00824-CCA-R3-CD - Filed July 31, 2012

       After a trial by jury, the defendant was found guilty of four counts of rape, Class B
felonies, and three counts of sexual battery by an authority figure, Class C felonies. The
defendant was sentenced to a total effective sentence of twenty years. On appeal, the
defendant claims that the evidence is insufficient to support his convictions, that the
prosecution committed misconduct during closing argument, and that the trial court erred by
ordering him to serve his sentence on a single rape count consecutive to his remaining
concurrent sentences. After carefully reviewing the record and the arguments of the parties,
we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed

J OHN E VERETT W ILLIAMS, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which T HOMAS T.
W OODALL, and R OBERT W. W EDEMEYER, J.J., joined.

William A. Cameron, Cookeville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Terry Neal.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Brent C. Cherry, Assistant Attorney
General; Randall A. York, District Attorney General; and Beth Willis, Assistant District
Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                        OPINION

                       FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       The defendant was indicted on August 10, 2009, on six counts of rape, Class B
felonies, in violation of Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-13-503, and four counts of
sexual battery by an authority figure, Class C felonies, in violation of Tennessee Code
Annotated 39-13-527. At the defendant’s trial on August 9-10, 2010, the following evidence
was presented:

        The victim took the stand and testified that she was currently fifteen years old and that
she had been born on June 19, 1995. She testified that she had two younger half-sisters. She
testified the defendant was her mother’s ex-husband and that she had called him “dad” after
the two were married.

        The victim testified that at some point after they moved into a new house, the
defendant “doctored” her in her private area by rubbing her with a white medication. She
testified that she had not asked the defendant to do this and that she was upset by it. She
testified that the defendant touched her private for several minutes while he was “doctoring”
her. She testified that she did not have a rash when he did so.

       The victim testified that at some point after this incident occurred, while she was in
one of her sister’s bedrooms, the defendant lay down on the floor and stuck his tongue into
her vagina. She testified that he continued to do this for several minutes. She testified that
she did not want the defendant to stick his tongue inside her but that she did not tell her
mother about the incident.

        The victim testified that on another occasion, she was alone with the defendant in the
defendant’s bedroom while she was having her period. She testified that the defendant lay
down on his bed and made her touch his penis. She testified that after she did so he put his
penis inside her vagina. She testified that because she was bleeding, the defendant stopped
to get a towel and put it underneath her, so that her blood would not get on the bed. She
testified that after he finished he washed the covers to get the blood off. She testified that
the defendant had his penis inside her vagina for several minutes both before and after he
stopped to get the towel. She testified that she did not want him to put his penis inside her
but that she did not ask him to stop or scream for help. She testified that there was no one
else at home to respond even if she had screamed. She also testified that she was scared of
the defendant, and had always been scared of him.

       The victim testified that on another occasion, in her bedroom, she was on one side of
her bed and the defendant started touching her “as usual.” She testified that he made her
touch his penis, and afterward the defendant began masturbating. She testified that the
defendant came while he was masturbating and that some of his “white stuff” dripped out on
the floor. She testified that the defendant fetched a towel and wiped it up.

       She testified that on a different occasion in her bedroom, she was on the other side of
her bed and the defendant was again touching her vagina. On this occasion, she testified that
the defendant put his penis inside her vagina for a couple of minutes. She testified that she

                                               -2-
did not scream for help because her mother was gone.

       She testified that there was a third incident in her bedroom that occurred on another
occasion when she was at the base of her bed. She testified that on this occasion the
defendant touched her and also put his penis inside her vagina. She testified that he
ejaculated on this occasion. She testified that she did not tell anyone about these encounters
because she was scared of the defendant, who was a “big guy.” She testified that the
defendant was not her boyfriend, that she did not like him touching her, and that she wanted
for him to stop. She testified that he held her down on several occasions.

        Following the encounter at the base of her bed, the victim testified that the defendant
became concerned that she might be pregnant because her period was late. The victim
testified that the defendant gave her a pregnancy test. The defendant told her to tell her
mother that she had been outside of the house when someone had come up behind her and
raped her if the test revealed that she was pregnant. The victim testified that the defendant
made her urinate on the pregnancy test. She testified that she accidentally dropped the test
into the toilet when she finished, and the defendant responded by hitting her across the face.
She testified the defendant told her he was going to go get another test, and did so. She
testified that she also urinated on the second pregnancy test, and the test came back negative.

       She testified that after she finished the second test the defendant took her outside with
him, put the pregnancy test in the pan, and lit it on fire. Afterward, the victim testified that
the defendant took a shovel and buried the pregnancy test under the unfinished floor of a tack
room inside an out-building on the family’s premises. She testified that he did not explain
why he buried the pregnancy test.

        The victim testified that, sometime later, she told her mother that the defendant had
touched her. However, when she was left alone with the defendant a short time later, he told
her to tell her mother that she was not telling the truth. She testified that she recanted her
story. She testified that, a few months later, she again told her mother the truth. She testified
that after she reported the incidents the second time she underwent a rape examination at the
Child Advocacy Center.

       On cross-examination, the victim acknowledged that when her mother first met the
defendant she wanted for the defendant to adopt her. She also testified that the defendant
was a disciplinarian, whereas her mother was “pretty laid-back.” She testified that when the
family moved into their new house, the defendant had made a “deal” with the girls that if
they would help out doing some chores around the house, he and their mother would buy
them a swimming pool. She testified that she and her sisters kept their end of this “bargain,”
but after the defendant lost his job, she was informed that the family could no longer afford

                                               -3-
a swimming pool. She testified that she and her sisters were upset when they learned that
they were not going to get the pool.

        The victim testified that she had numerous opportunities to tell school counselors and
other individuals about the abuse but that she did not do so. The victim also testified that the
defendant woke up one morning and saw her and her boyfriend together on the sofa, and
accused them of doing something inappropriate. The victim testified that she was angry at
the defendant for trying to keep her from having a relationship with her boyfriend.

        The victim testified that she was unsure what had happened to the first pregnancy test
but that she thought that the defendant had thrown it away in the trash can. The victim
testified that the defendant never touched her again after the day on which she first told her
mother that the defendant had touched her. She also testified that even though her mother
did most of the laundry in the house, she did not believe that her mother would have noticed
if the sheets on one of their beds had been changed, washed, or cleaned up. She testified
after she initially reported the abuse, she never said, and she never heard any of her sisters
say, that they still loved the defendant.

        Prior to the victim’s testimony, the victim’s mother took the stand and testified that
she had been married to the defendant. She testified that she moved in with the defendant
– into his residence in Putnam County – during Thanksgiving of 2002. She testified that she
had three children, the oldest of which – the victim – was born in 1995. She testified that
after she moved in with the defendant, the defendant became like a father figure to the
victim, whose biological father was not in the picture. The victim’s mother testified that the
defendant cared for and disciplined the children and gave them advice. She testified that she
married the defendant in September of 2004, and they divorced in 2008. The defendant’s ex-
wife testified that during the time period at issue she worked at a linen service from 7 a.m.
to 3 p.m. and that the defendant watched the children during this time period.

        The defendant’s ex-wife testified that the defendant had identifying marks on his body
– and more specifically, he had stretch marks on his hips and belly from where he had gained
and then lost weight. The defendant’s ex-wife testified that the house where she had lived
with the defendant had an out-building on the property. This out-building had several stalls
meant to contain horses as well as a “tack room.” The defendant’s ex-wife testified that
when she first moved into the new house, the floor of the “tack room” was only partially
finished, and the defendant later finished it. The defendant’s ex-wife testified that in the new
house each of her children, including the victim, had their own bedroom at the opposite end
of their residence from the marital bedroom. The defendant’s ex-wife testified that she and
the defendant had sexual relations in the living room and in the marital bedroom, but they
never had sex in the victim’s bedroom.

                                              -4-
       The defendant’s ex-wife testified that after the victim started menstruating, the
defendant appeared to become overly concerned with her development. She testified that on
one occasion, when the victim was thirteen years old, the defendant applied medicine
(Desitin) to the victim’s vaginal area. The defendant’s ex-wife testified that she told the
defendant that applying medicine in that manner was a “mother thing to do,” and she stated
that he agreed.

       The defendant’s ex-wife testified that at one point she and the defendant promised the
children to install a swimming pool, but they later discovered they could not afford to do so.
The defendant’s ex-wife testified that the victim did not “go wild” or act out when she was
informed that they were no longer going to receive a pool.

        On cross-examination, the defendant’s ex-wife stated that the defendant lost his job
with FedEx because of a speeding ticket. He eventually started working for FedEx again at
some point in 2007. She testified that she would usually be home from work by the time the
girls returned home from school, but the defendant was alone with the children at various
points, such as when she went to the store.

       She testified that her children had been in her life every day and there had never been
a point during which she could not talk to them. She testified that the victim first reported
her sexual abuse at the hands of the defendant in April or May of 2008. She testified that
when she first learned of the abuse, she became extremely upset, but the victim later told her
that she had not been molested by the defendant. She testified that she believed the victim
when she recanted. She testified that the victim repeated her allegations on July 14, 2008,
at which point she got an order of protection against the defendant and he moved out of the
residence.

         The defendant’s ex-wife denied that she and the defendant had “christened” all of the
rooms of the new house when they had first moved in and denied that she had ever told
anyone otherwise. She testified that the defendant had told her that he had caught the victim
and a slightly older boy together on the family’s couch and that he had disciplined the victim
for it. She testified that, because of their separate work schedules, the defendant usually slept
on the family sofa. She testified that the house was small enough that she would have been
able to hear if anyone had called out at night.

        She testified that her middle daughter had some anger issues and that at one point she
and the defendant had discussed enrolling her in anger management classes. She testified
that none of her girls had ever told her that they loved the defendant or would miss him since
the incidents. She testified that she could not recall sending the defendant an email message
on New Year’s Eve of 2008, stating that she still had feelings for him, wishing him luck, and

                                               -5-
stating that she did not believe the allegations that had been made by her girls.

        On re-direct examination, the witness clarified that during the relevant time period
she worked from 7 a.m. to 3 p.m. and that the defendant was unemployed. She also testified
that she had to work on holidays and that the defendant was home alone with the girls all day
during those time periods. The witness clarified that, when the victim recounted her initial
story, she did so after she had just been left alone with the defendant for a period of two or
three minutes. She testified that she currently believed her daughter’s allegations and felt
horrible that she had doubted them initially.

       Following the victim’s testimony, one of the victim’s little sisters took the stand. The
victim’s sister testified that she was currently thirteen years old and that she had been born
in 1996. She testified that on one occasion, she heard a conversation between the defendant
and the victim concerning a pregnancy test. She testified that she heard the defendant ask
the victim “why did you drop that in the toilet.” She testified that she also heard the
defendant say that he was going to get a new pregnancy test from the store. She testified that
she heard the defendant say that if the victim did it again, he was going to hit her with a
paddle or belt. She testified that the defendant left shortly afterwards.

       On cross-examination, the victim’s sister testified that this incident occurred early in
the day, because her mother was at work. She testified that she and her sisters were at home
that day because they were off from school for either President’s Day or a teacher’s work
day. She testified that it was warm outside on the day that she overheard the conversation.

       The victim’s sister also testified that the defendant promised them that if they helped
him around the house, he would buy them a swimming pool. However, she testified that she
did not care that the promised swimming pool was never delivered. She also denied giving
a statement to police in which she told the officers that her sister did not refer to the incidents
that had occurred as rape. She agreed that she had previously stated in a tape-recorded
interview that she had once wanted for the defendant to adopt her.

       In addition to this testimony, the State presented the testimony of: Ms. Cindy Groll,
a school social worker for the Metro Nashville Public School System, who testified that she
met with the victim on July 24, 2008, at the Cookeville Child Advocacy Center, and that at
this meeting, the victim told her that the defendant had sex with her, kissed her private, and
made her undergo two pregnancy tests; Mr. James Patterson, a Criminal Investigator with the
Putnam County Sheriff’s Department, who testified that he investigated the case starting on
July 14, 2008, that he discovered a burned pregnancy test underneath the floor of the tack
room at the defendant’s residence as well as a pan in that same room, and that he had pulled
the carpet out of the victim’s bedroom and sent it to the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation

                                                -6-
Crime Lab in Nashville for DNA testing; Mr. Brad Everett, an analyst with the Tennessee
Bureau of Investigation in Nashville, who testified that he analyzed the carpet taken from the
victim’s bedroom and found sperm present in three separate locations, that the DNA found
in all three spots matched the defendant, and that the victim’s DNA was also found in one
of the spots; and Ms. Hollye Gallion, a nurse at a medical clinic specializing in sexual abuse
who was qualified as an expert in the area of child sexual abuse, who testified that she had
examined the victim following the reported abuse and that the victim’s hymen was not torn,
but that, contrary to popular belief, sexual activity and sexual abuse rarely causes tearing to
the victim’s hymen and that some women still possess a hymen even after childbirth.

       After presenting this testimony, the State rested. At the close of its case, the State
dropped two of the rape counts and one of the counts of sexual battery by an authority figure
on the grounds that they were not supported by the evidence, and proceeded on the remaining
counts.

        The defendant’s mother took the stand in his defense. She testified that the defendant
had a wonderful relationship with the victim, her mother, and her sisters. She also testified
that the victim’s mother told her during a phone conversation shortly before they moved in
to the new home that, while she and the defendant had been cleaning and preparing the new
home, they had “christened” each room of the new house except the bathroom. Mr. Mike
Kilgore, one of the defendant’s friends, also took the stand and testified that he attended a
cookout with the defendant shortly after the family moved into their new home and that the
defendant had told him at this cookout that he and the victim’s mother had “christened” each
room of their new house.

        Afterward, the defendant took the stand in his own defense. He testified that he fell
in love with the victim’s mother and that he had a good, “heartful” relationship with her
children. He testified that the victim’s mother asked him to discipline the children because
she felt he was better at it than she was. He testified that he had sex with the victim’s mother
in every room of their new home, including all four of the bedrooms, on multiple occasions.

       He testified that he once administered Desitin to the victim’s vaginal area at the
victim’s request after the victim had come to him complaining of a rash, and explained that
he did so because he was playing “Mr. Mom.” He said the victim approached him again
some time later and asked that he do so again, but he claimed that he declined, explaining to
her that “it doesn’t look good.”

       He testified that at one point the victim’s mother approached him and the victim while
they were outside near the barn, asked them to come inside, and confronted him about
touching the victim. He testified that he denied touching the victim to the victim’s mother.

                                              -7-
He testified that one of the victim’s sisters told the victim’s mother that the victim was
making it all up and that the victim’s mother kept asking the victim concerning the abuse
until she was satisfied that it had not occurred.

       He testified that some time after this incident, his relationship with the girls changed,
and they would no longer sit in his lap. He testified that a short time before the victim
repeated her allegations, he caught the victim on the sofa with a slightly older boy, with the
boy “laying on top” of the victim. He testified that he separated them, and the victim got
angry at him for doing so.

        The defendant testified that he had never touched the victim’s vagina with his tongue,
never asked her to stroke his penis, and never had sex with her. He testified that the victim’s
mother always did the laundry in the house and that the victim’s mother would have known
if he had ever messed up the sheets because he was not good at laundry. He testified that he
had never ejaculated in the victim’s bedroom without his wife being present.

       He testified that he saw the victim’s mother on several occasions after she obtained
a protective order in the wake of the victim’s second allegation. He testified that during mid-
October following the allegations, he spent the night with the victim’s mother at a motel and
had sex with her. He testified that on the following New Year’s Eve, he received an e-mail
from the victim’s mother wishing him a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year.

        On cross-examination, the defendant testified that he was alone with the girls on
occasion, and that there were occasions when he was alone with the victim for “an hour or
two.” He testified that he never asked his wife any questions about the victim’s period, and
that any and all discussion of the victim’s menstrual cycle was started by his wife. He
testified that he had the ability to throw sheets in the washer and wash them before his wife
got home. He testified that when they were first moving into the new house, he and his wife
had sex in six different rooms in a single day, that he ejaculated all six times, and that they
spent three to five hours engaged in this activity. He testified that they had sex in the
victim’s bedroom two or three times over various days.

       He testified that he was not angry at the victim and her boyfriend for lying together
on the sofa because he was jealous of the victim’s boyfriend. He testified that he put down
the new floor in the tack room before he caught the victim with her new boyfriend, and he
agreed that whoever buried the pregnancy test there would have had to have done so before
he laid down the new floor.

       Following the defendant’s testimony, the defense rested, the jury was charged, and the
parties made closing arguments. The jury retired to deliberate at 2:31 p.m. on August 10,

                                              -8-
2010, and returned at 3:44 p.m. that same day with a verdict finding the defendant guilty of
all remaining counts – four counts of rape and three counts of sexual battery by an authority
figure.

        On October 26, 2010, the trial court sentenced the defendant to ten years on each of
the four rape convictions and to three years on each of the counts of sexual battery by an
authority figure. The judge ordered all of these sentences to be served concurrently, except
for the second rape conviction, which he ordered to be served consecutively to the remaining
counts, thereby giving the defendant an effective sentence of twenty years. The defendant
filed a timely motion for new trial, which was denied by the trial court.

       The defendant filed a timely notice of appeal on January 28, 2011. We have reviewed
the record and the arguments of the parties. Our decision follows.

                                        ANALYSIS

       The defendant claims that the evidence is insufficient to support his convictions, that
the prosecution committed misconduct in its closing argument, and that the trial court erred
by ordering him to serve his sentence on one of his rape counts consecutive to the remaining
concurrent sentences, resulting in an effective sentence of twenty years. For the reasons that
follow, we reject each of these claims.

                                              I.

       The defendant claims that the evidence is insufficient to support his convictions. The
relevant standards and governing laws concerning challenges to the sufficiency of the
evidence were recently and succinctly summarized by our supreme court in State v. Cross,
362 S.W.3d 512, 523 (Tenn. 2012):
       When evaluating a challenge to a conviction based upon the sufficiency of the
       evidence, “we must determine whether ‘any rational trier of fact could have
       found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” State
       v. Parker, 350 S.W.3d 883, 903 (Tenn. 2011) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia,
       443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979)); see also Tenn. R.
       App. P. 13(e); State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011). A
       verdict of guilty removes the presumption of innocence to which a defendant
       had formerly been entitled replacing it with a presumption of guilt;
       accordingly, the defendant bears the burden of demonstrating the insufficiency
       of the evidence to sustain a guilty verdict. State v. Sisk, 343 S.W.3d 60, 65
       (Tenn. 2011); State v. Banks, 271 S.W.3d 90, 137-38 (Tenn. 2008). In
       conducting this analysis, “we must afford the State the strongest legitimate

                                             -9-
       view of the evidence and any reasonable inferences that may be drawn from
       it.” State v. James, 315 S.W.3d 440, 455 (Tenn. 2010); see also State v.
       Casper, 297 S.W.3d 676, 683 (Tenn. 2009).

With these standards in mind, we turn to this defendant’s particular claim.

        The defendant does not challenge the fact that the victim testified at trial in a manner
that supports the jury’s findings with respect to each of the elements of his offenses. Rather,
the defendant merely challenges the victim’s credibility. The defendant urges that because
the victim: (1) temporarily recanted her initial allegations (made to her mother) of rape and
assault at the hands of the defendant before the defendant’s arrest, (2) did not tell her mother
that she had been touched by the defendant on numerous occasions despite having the
opportunity to do so, and (3) did not characterize these incidents as “rape” when she
described them to her sister, “she is less credible and therefore, less weight should be given
her testimony.” However, this court does not re-weigh evidence on appeal. “Questions
concerning the credibility of the witnesses, the weight to be given the evidence, and factual
issues raised by the evidence are resolved by the trier of fact.” State v. Parker, 350 S.W.3d
883, 903 (Tenn. 2011). Merely alleging that a key witness’s testimony is not credible or was
accorded too much weight by the trier of fact does not suffice to raise a challenge to the
sufficiency of the evidence and affords this court no basis for granting relief.

                                               II.

        The defendant claims that the prosecution committed misconduct in closing arguments
by deliberately making inflammatory remarks. The remarks at issue were made in the
context discussing one particular piece of evidence, the burnt pregnancy test. The victim
testified that the defendant made her take the pregnancy test after he became scared that she
might be pregnant, and then burned and buried the pregnancy test afterward while she
watched. The defendant urges that the prosecutor committed misconduct by arguing that the
defendant did so in order to send a message to the victim that he could burn and bury her in
the same way, claiming that there was no evidence concerning the defendant’s intent or
pertaining to why the pregnancy test was burned. The transcript of the prosecutor’s argument
reads, in pertinent part:

       A thirteen year old child, having to sit on the toilet in front of her stepdad, with
       her legs spread out, peeing on a pregnancy test to see if she’s pregnant.

       Can you imagine what’s going through that child’s brain at that particular point
       in time?

                                              -10-
       I mean she herself thinking, am I pregnant, am I about to be a mother and have
       to take care of a baby when I’m a baby myself? With him who had just raped
       her standing over her?

       She drops it, he smacks her across the face and says here, I’m going to get
       another one and you’re going to take another one. Puts her through that same
       embarrassment, through that same process and then takes her out to the
       tackroom, burns it in front of her and then buries it. I submit to you he’s
       telling her, hey, this is what I did to this pregnancy test, you remember that, I
       buried this pregnancy test, I can bury you just as well if you tell about it.

The defendant did not make any contemporaneous objection to this argument. Consequently,
as the defendant acknowledges, his claim of prosecutorial misconduct has been waived. See
Tenn. R. App. P. 36(a) (“Nothing in this rule shall be construed as requiring relief be granted
to a party responsible for an error or who failed to take whatever action was reasonably
available to prevent or nullify the harmful effect of an error.”).

        Nonetheless, the defendant argues that he should be granted relief on the grounds that
the prosecutorial conduct at issue constituted plain error. This court is empowered by rules
of evidence and procedure to take notice of any “plain error” committed in the court below,
notwithstanding a party’s failure to object. See, e.g., State v. Smith, 24 S.W.3d 274, 282
(Tenn. 2000) (“Rule of Appellate Procedure 36(b), Rule of Evidence 103(d), and Rule of
Criminal Procedure 52(b) allow this Court to take notice of ‘plain errors’ that were not raised
in the proceedings below.”). To be entitled to relief under a plain error standard, five factors
must be established: “(a) the record must clearly establish what occurred in the trial court;
(b) a clear and unequivocal rule of law must have been breached; (c) a substantial right of
the accused must have been adversely affected; (d) the accused did not waive the issue for
tactical reasons; and (e) consideration of the error is necessary to do substantial justice.” Id.
(internal quotations omitted). This court need not consider all of the factors when it is clear
from the record that one of the factors cannot be established. See id. “In addition, the plain
error must have been of such a great magnitude that it probably changed the outcome of the
trial.” Id. (internal quotations omitted).

       In this case, the defendant has not established that a clear and unequivocal rule of law
has been breached. The trial court found that the prosecutor’s argument concerning the
pregnancy test was “reasonable and supported by the evidence.” The trial court reasoned that
there was considerable evidence that the defendant was upset while he forced the victim to
take the pregnancy test, and there was considerable testimony that the victim was afraid of
the defendant. While there was no direct evidence concerning the defendant’s intent with

                                              -11-
respect to burning and burying the test, the trial court ultimately agreed with the State that
the argument that the defendant burned and buried the test in order to threaten and send a
message to the victim was a reasonable inference that could be drawn from the evidence. We
do not disagree with this assessment, and consequently we hold that no plain error was
committed by the prosecutor during closing argument.

                                              III.

       Finally, the defendant claims that the trial court erred by ordering him to serve his
sentence on a single rape count consecutive to his remaining concurrent sentences. A
defendant challenging his sentence bears the burden of demonstrating that the sentence is
erroneous. See State v. Carter, 254 S.W.3d 335, 344 (Tenn. 2008). This court reviews issues
concerning the length and manner of a defendant’s sentence de novo, with a presumption that
any factual determinations made by the trial court are correct. Id. This presumption “‘is
conditioned upon the affirmative showing in the record that the trial court considered the
sentencing principles and all relevant facts and circumstances.’” Id. at 344-45 (quoting State
v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 1991)). “If, however, the trial court applies
inappropriate mitigating and/or enhancement factors or otherwise fails to follow the
Sentencing Act, the presumption of correctness fails” and we review the defendant’s
sentence under a plain de novo standard. Id. at 345.

        The decision of whether to impose consecutive sentences “is a matter addressed to the
sound discretion of the trial court.” State v. Hayes, 337 S.W.3d 235, 266 (Tenn. Crim. App.
2010). A court may order consecutive sentences if it finds by a preponderance of evidence
that, inter alia, “[t]he defendant is convicted of two (2) or more statutory offenses involving
sexual abuse of a minor with consideration of the aggravating circumstances arising from the
relationship between the defendant and victim or victims, the time span of defendant’s
undetected sexual activity, the nature and scope of the sexual acts and the extent of the
residual, physical and mental damage to the victim or victims.” T. C. A. § 40-35-115(5)
(2009). However, consecutive sentencing is subject to the general sentencing principles that
the defendant’s overall sentence not be “greater than that deserved for the offense
committed” and be “justly deserved in relation to the seriousness of the offense.” T.C.A. §§
40-35-102(1), -103(2); see also State v. Imfeld, 70 S.W.3d 698, 708 (Tenn. 2002).

       The defendant asserts that “the sentence of 20 years is not justified by the proof in the
case.” The defendant urges that his presentence report showed that he had no prior
convictions and that he was in the low risk range concerning re-offense and violence. He
argues that his overall sentence is not necessary to protect the public from further harm.
However, we conclude that the trial court did not err by imposing consecutive sentences.
The defendant was found guilty of multiple counts of rape and sexual battery that occurred

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on multiple occasions. The defendant stood in a position of presumptive trust with respect
to the victim. The defendant’s sexual crimes included penetration of the victim’s vagina with
his penis. There is evidence in the record that the victim was afraid of the defendant. These
facts suffice to support the judge’s imposition of consecutive sentences pursuant to section
40-35-115(5); that factor does not require any showing that the defendant is likely to re-
offend or poses a continuing danger to the public.

        We agree with the trial court that a twenty year effective sentence is justly deserved
in light of the seriousness of the defendant’s offenses. Evidence in the record reflects that
the victim required mental health treatment as a result of the defendant’s crimes. The
victim’s mother testified that the family had been forced to move repeatedly as a result of the
incident and that the victim’s personality had become withdrawn since the abuse. These
considerations suffice to support the sentence imposed. The defendant’s claim that the trial
court erred by imposing consecutive sentences, on this record, is denied.

                                      CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the judgments of the trial court are affirmed.

                                                    _________________________________
                                                    JOHN EVERETT WILLIAMS, JUDGE

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