Court Opinion

ID: 3133525
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-21 17:02:52.209348+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:53:56.036433
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

MERION CAPITAL LP and MERION             )
CAPITAL II LP,                           )
                                         )
                  Petitioners,
                                         )
      v.                                 ) C.A. No. 8900-VCG
                                         )
BMC SOFTWARE, INC.,                      )
                                         )
                  Respondent.            )

                         MEMORANDUM OPINION

                         Date Submitted: July 20, 2015
                        Date Decided: October 21, 2015

Stephen E. Jenkins, Steven T. Margolin, Marie M. Degnan, and Phillip R. Sumpter,
of ASHBY & GEDDES, Wilmington, Delaware, Attorneys for Petitioners.

David E. Ross and S. Michael Sirkin, of ROSS ARONSTAM & MORITZ LLP,
Wilmington, Delaware; OF COUNSEL: Yosef J. Riemer, P.C., and Devora W.
Allon, of KIRKLAND & ELLIS LLP, New York, New York, Attorneys for
Respondent.

GLASSCOCK, Vice Chancellor
      This case presents what has become a common scenario in this Court: a

robust marketing effort for a corporate entity results in an arm‘s length sale where

the stockholders are cashed out, which sale is recommended by an independent

board of directors and adopted by a substantial majority of the stockholders

themselves. On the heels of the sale, dissenters (here, actually, arbitrageurs who

bought, not into an ongoing concern, but instead into this lawsuit) seek statutory

appraisal of their shares. A trial follows, at which the dissenters/petitioners present

expert testimony opining that the stock was wildly undervalued in the merger,

while the company/respondent presents an expert, just as distinguished and

learned, to tell me that the merger price substantially exceeds fair value. Because

of the peculiarities of the allocation of the burden of proof in appraisal actions—

essentially, residing with the judge—it becomes my task in such a case to consider

―all relevant factors‖ and determine the fair value of the petitioners‘ shares.

      Here, my focus is the fair value of shares of common stock in BMC

Software, Inc. (―BMC‖ or the ―Company‖) circa September 2013, when BMC was

taken private by a consortium of investment firms (the ―Merger‖), including Bain

Capital, LLC, Golden Gate Private Equity, Inc., and Insight Venture Management,

LLC (together, the ―Buyer Group‖).        Our Supreme Court has clarified that, in

appraisal actions, this Court must not begin its analysis with a presumption that a

particular valuation method is appropriate, but must instead examine all relevant

                                           1
methodologies and factors, consistent with the appraisal statute.1 Relevant to my

analysis here are the sales price generated by the market, and the (dismayingly

divergent) discounted cash flow valuations presented by the parties‘ experts (only

Respondent‘s expert conducted an analysis based on comparable companies, and

only as a ―check‖ on his DCF valuation). Upon consideration of these factors in

light of a record generated at trial, I find it appropriate to look to the price

generated by the market through a thorough and vigorous sales process as the best

indication of fair value under the specific facts presented here.                  My analysis

follows.

                               I. BACKGROUND FACTS2

       A. The Company

               1. The Business

       BMC is a software company—one of the largest in the world at the time of

the Merger—specializing in software for information technology (―IT‖)

management.3 Specifically, BMC sells and services a broad portfolio of software

products designed to ―simplif[y] and automate[] the management of IT processes,

mainframe, distributed, virtualized and cloud computing environments, as well as

1
  8 Del. C. § 262(h); see Global GT LP v. Golden Telecom, Inc., 11 A.3d 214, 217–18 (Del.
2010).
2
  The following are the facts as I find them by a preponderance of the evidence after trial. Facts
concerning the Company pertain to the period prior and leading up to the Merger. References in
footnote citations to specific page numbers indicate the exhibit‘s original pagination, unless
unavailable.
3
  JX 254 at 4.

                                                2
applications and databases.‖4 In addition, the Company provides professional

consulting services related to its products, including ―implementation, integration,

IT process, organizational design, process re-engineering and education services.‖5

From fiscal years 2011 to 2013,6 BMC‘s software sales, which it offers through

either perpetual or term licenses, accounted for approximately 40% of total

revenues, which share was steadily decreasing leading up to the Merger; BMC‘s

maintenance and support services, which it offers through term contracts,

accounted for approximately 50% of total revenues, which share was steadily

increasing leading up to the Merger; and BMC‘s consultation services accounted

for approximately 10% of total revenues, which share was also steadily increasing

leading up to the Merger.7

       The Company is organized into two primary business units: Mainframe

Service Management (―MSM‖) and Enterprise Service Management (―ESM‖).8 As

explained by BMC‘s CEO and Chairman Robert Beauchamp, MSM consists

primarily of two product categories: mainframe products, which are designed to

maintain and improve the efficiency and performance of IBM mainframe

computers; and workload automation products, which are designed to orchestrate

4
  Id.
5
  Id. at 7.
6
  The Company‘s fiscal year runs from April 1 to March 31 of the following calendar year and is
denoted by the calendar year in which it ends. Trial Tr. 11:10–15 (Solcher).
7
  See JX 254 at 7.
8
  Id. at 5.

                                              3
the multitude of back-end ―jobs‖—each a series of executions of specific computer

programs—that a computer system must perform to carry out a complex

computing process, such as a large corporation running its bi-weekly payroll.9

ESM, on the other hand, is concerned more with providing targeted software

solutions to a business‘s needs, and consists primarily of the Company‘s consulting

division as well as three product categories:              performance and availability

products, which are designed to alert BMC‘s customers in real time as to delays

and outages among their non-mainframe computer systems, and to diagnose and

fix the underlying problems; data center automation products, which are designed

to automate BMC customers‘ routine tasks concerning the design, construction,

and maintenance of data centers, both in local data centers and cloud data centers;

and IT service management products, which are designed to assist BMC‘s

customers troubleshoot their own customers‘ IT problems.10 In each of fiscal years

2011, 2012, and 2013, MSM and ESM accounted for approximately 38% and 62%

of BMC‘s total revenues, respectively.11

              2. Stunted but Stable Performance

       Beauchamp and BMC‘s CFO Stephen Solcher both testified that, at the time

of the Merger, BMC‘s business faced significant challenges to growth due to

9
  Trial Tr. 362:3–364:3 (Beauchamp); see also JX 254 at 6.
10
   Trial Tr. 367:8–370:10 (Beauchamp); see also JX 254 at 5–6.
11
   JX 254 at 85–86; see also Trial Tr. 364:4–8 (Beauchamp).

                                              4
shifting technologies. Foremost, MSM was in a state of stagnation, as hardly any

businesses were buying into the outdated, so-called ―legacy‖ technology at the

heart of MSM products and services—the IBM mainframe computer—and indeed

some of BMC‘s MSM customers were moving away from mainframe technology

altogether.12    Even though the market‘s migration away from the heavily

entrenched mainframe computer was expected to continue at only a crawl—in the

words of Beauchamp, a ―very slow, inexorable decline‖—the steadily falling price

of new mainframe computers meant that BMC still faced shrinking margins in

renewing MSM product licenses with customers that stayed with the technology. 13

BMC had managed to ease the downward pressure on its MSM business by

increasing the number of products it sold to each customer that remained with

MSM,14 but this side of the business remained flat, at best, in the years leading up

to the Merger.15

       As a result of the decline in mainframe computing, BMC had become

entirely dependent on its ESM business for growth.16                   Specifically, Solcher

identified ESM license bookings as the primary driver of growth for the

12
   See Trial Tr. 364:19–365:24 (Beauchamp); id. at 24:3–9 (Solcher).
13
   Id. at 364:22–23, 366:1–18 (Beauchamp).
14
   Id. at 366:19–367:7, 651:15–652:6 (Beauchamp).
15
   See e.g., id. at 24:5–7 (Solcher).
16
   See id. at 23:22–24:9 (Solcher).

                                              5
Company.17 However, the ESM side of BMC‘s business faced its own challenges,

principally high levels of competition—from a handful of the most established

software companies in the world to a sea of startups—brought on by the constant

innovation of ESM technologies, which competition in turn created significantly

lower margins on the ESM side of the business.18

       Notwithstanding these challenges to its growth, BMC‘s business remained

relatively stable leading up to the Merger, aided in part by BMC‘s role as an

industry leader in several categories of products, in part by the overall diversity

and ―stickiness‖ of its products, and in part by its multiyear, subscription-based

business model, which spreads its customer-retention risk over several years.19 In

fiscal years 2011, 2012, and 2013, BMC generated total revenues of $2.07 billion,

$2.17 billion, and $2.20 billion, respectively, and net earnings of $456.20 million,

$401.00 million, and $331.00 million, respectively.20 During this period, total

bookings remained essentially flat, while ESM license bookings fell 11.3% from

fiscal years 2011 to 2012 and another 1.2% from fiscal years 2012 to 2013.21

17
   Id. Bookings represent the contract value of transactions closed and recorded in any given
period of time. E.g., JX 254 at 24; Trial Tr. 23:11–13 (Solcher).
18
   Trial Tr. 370:11–372:8 (Beauchamp); see also id. at 309:24–310:24 (Solcher) (―On the MSM
side was where we had the larger margins. We‘re 60-plus percent. And on the ESM side, you‘re
probably looking somewhere in the mid-20s.‖).
19
   Id. at 383:10–384:5 (Beauchamp).
20
   JX 254 at 56.
21
   JX 254 at 24; JX 39 at 23.

                                             6
                 3. M&A Activity

          The primary way that BMC has historically dealt with the high rate of

innovation and competition in the IT management software industry is to lean

heavily on mergers and acquisitions (―M&A‖) to grow and compete.22 Along with

a corporate department devoted solely to M&A, the Company maintained a

standing M&A committee among its board of directors that met quarterly to

oversee the Company‘s M&A activity (the ―M&A Committee‖), which

Beauchamp explained was designed to spur the Company‘s management to

continuously and rapidly seek out and execute favorable transactions.23

Management played an active role in all M&A activity, but formal decision-

making authority was stratified across the board, the M&A Committee, and

management based on the size of potential transactions (as estimated by

management): deals over $50 million were evaluated and recommended by the

M&A Committee and had to be approved by the board as a whole; deals between

$20 million and $50 million were evaluated by the M&A Committee and could be

approved by that Committee without prior approval or consideration by the board;

and transactions under $20 million could be evaluated and approved by

management, without prior approval or consideration of the M&A Committee or

22
     See, e.g., Trial Tr. 385:13–386:19 (Beauchamp); id. at 73:24–74:4, 91:8–16 (Solcher).
23
     Id. at 393:3–394:5 (Beauchamp); see also id. at 78:10–21 (Solcher).

                                                  7
the board.24

       At trial, Beauchamp and Solcher both conceptually clustered the Company‘s

M&A activity into two general categories, what they referred to as ―strategic‖

transactions and ―tuck-in‖ transactions.25             As they described it, strategic

transactions are large ―move-the-needle type transactions,‖26 ones that would

change the Company in a fundamental way, such as acquiring a new business

unit.27 These types of transactions were relatively rare for the Company, it having

only engaged in one such acquisition in the five years leading up to the Merger—

the approximately $800 million acquisition of a company called ―BladeLogic‖ in

fiscal year 2009, through which BMC acquired its current data center automation

business.28 Tuck-in transactions, on the other hand, are everything else—smaller

transactions by which the Company would buy an individual product or technology

that it could ―tuck in‖ or ―bolt on‖ to an existing business unit.29

24
   See id. at 548:21–556:16 (Beauchamp).
25
   See, e.g., id. at 388:18–390:19 (Beauchamp); id. at 74:5–75:5 (Solcher).
26
   Id. at 86:19–24 (Solcher).
27
   E.g., id. at 388:18–389:3 (Beauchamp).
28
   JX 204 at 4; Trial Tr. 387:6–388:17 (Beauchamp); id. at 75:20–23 (Solcher); see also JX 254
at 5 (describing the BladeLogic suite of products).
29
   E.g., Trial Tr. 390:7–16 (Beauchamp); id. at 74:5–75:5 (Solcher). At trial, the Petitioners
stressed the fact that the M&A Committee in its meeting presentation materials had consistently
used a different, value-based categorization for M&A deals in describing BMC‘s M&A pipeline:
deals over $300 million were labeled as ―scale,‖ deals over $100 million were labeled as
―product,‖ and deals under $50 million were labeled as ―tuck-in.‖ See, e.g., id. at 163:13–173:5
(Solcher). However, as my analysis below illustrates, the Petitioners‘ focus on this semantic
difference misses the point. For the sake of this appraisal, I am concerned with how those who
prepared the projections that will be used in my valuation (i.e., management) conceptualized
BMC‘s M&A activity, in order to understand how M&A activity was forecasted in those

                                               8
       As explained by Beauchamp and Solcher, it was these latter, smaller

acquisitions that formed the basis of BMC‘s inorganic growth strategy.30 The

Company carried out over a dozen tuck-in transactions in the years leading up to

the Merger: three deals totaling $117 million in fiscal year 2008; one deal totaling

$6 million in fiscal year 2009, the same year of the $800 million acquisition of

BladeLogic; three deals totaling $97 million in fiscal year 2010; two deals totaling

$54 million in fiscal year 2011; six deals totaling $477 million in fiscal year 2012;

and one deal totaling $7 million in fiscal year 2013, the year in which BMC began

and ran much of the sales process for the Merger.31 Beauchamp and Solcher

explained that, had the Company remained public, it had every intention of

continuing its tuck-in M&A activity into the future,32 and indeed the M&A

projections and to what extent the forecasts are reasonable. Thus, in this Memorandum Opinion,
I adopt management‘s nomenclature in reference to BMC‘s M&A activity, referring to
transactions so significant that they change the Company‘s business in a fundamental way—
those valued at over $300 million and labeled ―scale‖ by the M&A Committee—as ―strategic‖
and to all other transactions as ―tuck-in.‖ See, e.g., id. at 86:7–87:18 (Solcher).
30
   See id. at 390:7–19 (Beauchamp) (―Q: . . . [W]hat do you think of when you‘re talking about
tuck-in? A: Well, tuck-in is . . . if you‘re the president or the general manager of one of these
units, you have a whole set of competitors and things are changing pretty quickly. And you also
have a lot of customers telling you, ‗We want this and we want that.‘ You have regular meetings
with your customers. You either have to build those features or you have to go buy those
features. And so tuck-ins, to me, is responding to the competitive pressures or the customer
demands by using build versus buy. And frequently we use buy.‖); id. at 74:22–75:5 (Solcher)
(―Q: . . . [W]hy was tuck-in important at BMC? A: Well, we had to fill out our portfolio, for
one. We had to acquire talent. This industry is rapidly evolving, and tech is something that
you‘ve got to constantly be thinking about the next move you‘re going to make. So we‘re
always looking for that next widget to go acquire, whether it be the individual or the actual
technology itself.‖).
31
   See JX 204 at 4.
32
   E.g., Trial Tr. 85:5–93:5 (Solcher); id. at 392:16–20 (Beauchamp).

                                               9
Committee‘s presentation materials throughout fiscal year 2013 and into fiscal year

2014, after BMC had agreed to the Merger, identified dozens of tuck-in merger

targets of varying sizes and stages of development in the Company‘s M&A

pipeline.33

              4. Stock-Based Compensation

       Like many technology companies, in order to attract and maintain talented

employees, BMC compensated a significant portion of their employees using

stock-based compensation (―SBC‖).34 The Company had two forms of SBC: (1)

time-based stock options that vested over a specific period of time, which the

Company valued using the price of BMC‘s stock on the date of the grant; 35 and (2)

performance-based stock options, reserved for select executives, that vested based

on the performance of BMC‘s stock compared to a broad index and were valued

using a Monte Carlo simulation which accounted for the likelihood that the

performance targets would be met.36 The Company expensed the fair value of the

stock options, less expected amount of forfeitures, on a straight-line basis over the

vesting period.37 SBC expense grew substantially each year and in 2013 was

33
   See JX 204 at 11; JX 312 at 10.
34
   Solcher testified that approximately 20% of BMC‘s employees were compensated, in part, by
SBC. Trial Tr. 42:3–16 (Solcher).
35
   Id. at 45:2–46:12 (Solcher); JX 254 at 78–79.
36
   Trial Tr. 45:5–46:6 (Solcher); JX 254 at 78–79.
37
   Trial Tr. 45:2–46:18 (Solcher); JX 254 at 78–79.

                                            10
approximately seven percent as a percentage of revenue.38

       Because the Company believed SBC was vital to maintaining the strength of

its employee base, management had no plans to stop issuing SBC had it remained a

public company.39

              5. Financial Statements

                      a. Regular Management Projections

       BMC in the ordinary course of business created financial projections—

which it called its ―annual plan‖40—for the upcoming fiscal year.41 Under the

oversight of Solcher,42 management began formulating its annual plan in October

using a bottom-up approach that involved multiple layers of management

representing each business unit.43 Preliminary projections were presented to the

board in the fourth quarter,44 who then used a top-down approach to provide input

before the annual plan was finalized.45

       The annual plan was limited to internal use and represented optimistic goals

38
   Trial Tr. 43:14–18 (Solcher).
39
   Id. at 42:12–43:7 (Solcher). Additionally, in order to avoid dilution of the Company‘s shares,
each time the Company issued stock pursuant to SBC it would also buy BMC stock in the open
market. Id. at 46:19–47:7 (Solcher).
40
   See, e.g., id. at 329:4–10 (Solcher).
41
   Id. at 11:16–18 (Solcher).
42
   Id. at 11:23–12:3 (Solcher).
43
   Id. at 12:4–13:9 (Solcher).
44
   Id. at 12:8–12 (Solcher).
45
   Id. at 16:19–17:4 (Solcher).

                                               11
that set a high bar for future performance.46 Although management intended the

projections to be a ―stretch‖ and the Company often did, in fact, fail to meet its

goals, management maintained that meeting the projections included in its annual

plan was always attainable.47

       Also in October of each year, BMC would begin to prepare high-level three-

year projections that were not as detailed as the one-year annual plan.48

Additionally, as part of a separate process, the finance group prepared detailed

three-year projections that Solcher presented to ratings agencies, usually on an

annual basis.49 Although the projections presented to the ratings agencies were

prepared in the ordinary course of business, they were prepared under the direction

of Solcher and were not subject to the same top-down scrutiny as the high-level

three-year projections.50

                       b. Reliability of Projected Revenue from Multiyear Contracts

       Although       management‘s         projections     required     many      forecasts     and

assumptions, BMC benefited from the predictability of their subscription-based

46
   Id. at 13:24–14:13 (Solcher).
47
   Id. at 13:24–16:15 (Solcher).
48
   See, e.g., id. at 264:11–268:22 (Solcher) (―Q: In the regular course of its business, did BMC
management prepare statements of cash flows that projected out three years? A: We projected
out captions within a statement of cash flow . . . Q: So what you did internally was . . . a six-line
cash flow statement, not a 20-line cash flow statement. A: Right.‖) (emphasis added); see also,
e.g., id. at 276:8–16 (Solcher) (―I just would characterize it that the board and the rest of the
management team did [three-year projections] at a very high level in the October time frame.‖).
49
   Id. at 270:21–273:20 (Solcher).
50
   See id. at 276:12–277:19 (Solcher).

                                                12
business model. A significant amount of the Company‘s revenue derived from

multiyear contracts that typically spanned a period of five to seven years.51

Depending on the nature of the contract, the Company did not immediately

recognize revenue for the entire contract price in the year of sale.52 Instead,

general accounting principles dictated that the sales price be proportionately

recognized over the life of the contract.53 Therefore, upon the signing of certain

multiyear contracts—such as an ESM or MSM software license54—the Company

recorded deferred revenue as an asset on the balance sheet and then, in each year

for the life of the contract, recognized revenue for a portion of the contract.55 As a

result, management was able to reliably predict a significant portion of revenue

from multiyear contracts many years into the future.

                     c. Management Projections Leading Up to the Merger

       BMC created multiple sets of financial projections leading up to the Merger.

In July 2012, BMC began preparing detailed multiyear projections as the Company

began exploring various strategic alternatives, including a potential sale of the

Company.56 Building off of the 2013 annual plan, management created three-year

51
   Id. at 23:22–25:1 (Solcher).
52
   Id. at 24:13–25:1 (Solcher); id. at 384:6–24 (Beauchamp).
53
   Id. at 384:6–20 (Beauchamp); JX 254 at 27–28.
54
   According to the Company‘s 2013 Form 10-K, of the software license transactions recorded in
fiscal years 2011, 2012, and 2013, only 51%, 54%, and 54% of the transactions were recognized
as license revenue upfront in each of those years, respectively. JX 254 at 27.
55
   Trial Tr. 384:6–20 (Beauchamp); id. at 24:13–25:1 (Solcher); JX 254 at 27–28.
56
   Trial Tr. 32:8–19 (Solcher).

                                             13
financial projections using a similar top-down and bottom-up approach that was

historically employed to create the Company‘s internal annual plan.57 Consistent

with their regular approach, management used optimistic forecasts in their detailed

multiyear projections.58 In October 2012, management finalized their first set of

projections (the ―October Projections‖) that were included in a data pack used by

the financial advisors to shop the Company.59

       As discussed in more detail below, the Company quickly abandoned their

initial efforts to sell the company. In January 2013, however, following poor

financial results in the third quarter, BMC again decided to explore strategic

alternatives, requiring management to update the October Projections.60                       In

February, using the same approach, the Company revised the multiyear projections

(the ―February Projections‖), resulting in lower projected results that were

provided to the financial advisors to create a second data pack.61 Finally, in April,

management provided the financial advisors a slight update to their projections (the

―April Projections‖), on which the financial advisors ultimately based their fairness

opinion and used to create a final data pack.62                The financial advisors also

57
   Id. at 34:2–16 (Solcher). Solcher testified at trial that, although both approaches were used,
projections for years two and three were generated using mainly a top-down approach. Id. at
34:15–6 (Solcher).
58
   Id. at 34:17–35:8 (Solcher).
59
   Id. at 33:6–34:1 (Solcher); see also JX 88.
60
   Trial Tr. 36:12–37:6 (Solcher).
61
   Id. at 36:12–38:12 (Solcher); see also JX 146.
62
   Trial Tr. 38:13–39:11 (Solcher); see also JX 210.

                                               14
extrapolated the April Projections to extend the forecast period an additional two

years, creating a total of five years of projections that were provided to potential

buyers.63

                      d. SBC in Management Projections

       As I have described above, SBC was an integral part of BMC‘s business

before the Merger and management had no reason to believe that SBC would

decrease if the Company had remained public. Additionally, because BMC had a

regular practice of buying shares to offset dilution, management believed SBC was

a true cost and, therefore, included SBC expense in their detailed projections.64

With the help of human resources and third-party compensation consultants,

management projected SBC expenses of $162 million for both fiscal years 2014

and 2015, and $156 million for fiscal year 2016.65

                      e. M&A in Management Projections

       Management believed tuck-in M&A was integral to the Company‘s revenue

growth and, therefore, its projected revenues took into account continued growth

63
   See Trial Tr. 40:21–24 (Solcher).
64
   See id. at 47:15–49:20 (Solcher) (―We had a historical practice of offsetting that dilution.
So . . . it‘s cash out the door.‖).
65
   Id. at 47:15–49:20 (Solcher); JX 225 at 32. Although management and the financial advisors
believed that the inclusion of SBC was the most accurate way to present BMC‘s financial
projections, most of the presentations, as well as the proxy, also included financial projections
that were ―unburdened‖ by SBC. Trial Tr. 48:20–52:3 (Solcher). According to the proxy
statement, the board requested that the financial advisors perform for ―reference and
informational purposes only‖ discounted cash flow analysis that included, among other changes,
financial projections unburdened by SBC. Id. at 51:10–52:3 (Solcher) (emphasis added); JX 284
at 59.

                                               15
from tuck-in M&A transactions.66 Furthermore, management believed that BMC

would continue investing in tuck-in M&A if it had remained a public company.67

Since growth from tuck-in M&A was built into their revenue projections,

management also included projected tuck-in M&A expenditures.68 Larger strategic

deals, however, were too difficult to predict and were, therefore, excluded from

management‘s projections.69 Based on the first three quarters of M&A activity in

fiscal year 2014, management projected $200 million in total tuck-in M&A

expense for fiscal year 2014 and, based on the Company‘s historical average tuck-

in M&A activity, management projected $150 million in M&A expenditures for

both fiscal years 2015 and 2016.70

       B. The Sales Process

              1. Pressure from Activist Stockholder

       In May 2012, in response to ―sluggish growth‖ and ―underperformance,‖

66
   Trial Tr. 91:13–92:1 (Solcher) (describing M&A as part of the Company‘s ―core fabric‖).
67
   Id. at 92:24–93:5 (Solcher). BMC did reduce actual M&A activity in January 2013. This was
not a permanent shift in the Company‘s strategy, but was instead an intentional and temporary
reduction in spending in order to conserve cash in anticipation of closing the Merger. See id. at
88:16–89:13 (Solcher); id. at 392:21–393:21 (Beauchamp).
68
   See, e.g., id. at 81:15–82:9, 85:16–86:1 (Solcher). Despite management‘s repeated testimony
that tuck-in M&A was necessary to the Company‘s revenue projections, Petitioners argue that
certain presentations made to potential buyers and lenders described M&A as ―upside‖ to
management‘s base projections and were, therefore, not already included. See Pet‘r‘s Opening
Post-Trial Br. at 17–19. Management, however, included a separate line item for M&A
expenditures in its projections which informed each of the three data packs used during the sales
process. See JX 88 at 6 (October Projections); JX 146 at 7 (February Projections); JX 210 at 6
(April Projections).
69
   Trial Tr. 77:21–23 (Solcher).
70
   Id. at 80:14–81:24 (Solcher); JX 146 at 7.

                                               16
activist investors Elliott Associates, L.P. and Elliott International, L.P. (together,

―Elliot‖) disclosed that Elliot had increased its equity stake in BMC to 5.5% with

the intent to urge the Company to pursue a sale.71 To accelerate a sales process,

Elliott commenced a proxy contest and proposed a slate of four directors to be

elected to BMC‘s board.72          According to Beauchamp, BMC‘s CEO, Elliot‘s

engagement had a negative impact on the Company‘s business operations: BMC‘s

competitors used customer concerns as a tool to steal business; it hurt BMC‘s

ability to recruit and retain sales employees; and it generally damaged BMC‘s

reputation in the marketplace.73

       On July 2, 2012, after discussions with other large stockholders, BMC

agreed to a settlement with Elliott that ended its proxy contest.74         Under the

settlement, the Company agreed to increase the size of the board from ten to twelve

directors and to nominate John Dillion and Jim Schaper—two members of Elliott‘s

proposed slate—as directors at the upcoming annual meeting.75 In return, Elliott

agreed to immediately terminate its proxy contest and agreed to a standstill

agreement that restricted Elliott‘s ability to initiate similar significant stockholder

engagement moving forward.76

71
   See JX 43.
72
   See id.
73
   Trial Tr. 526:9–527:20 (Beauchamp).
74
   See id. at 396:1–399:7 (Beauchamp); JX 57.
75
   See JX 57.
76
   See id.

                                                17
              2. The Company on the Market

                     a. The First Auction

       In July 2012, in conjunction with its settlement with Elliott, BMC‘s board

formed a committee (the ―Strategic Review Committee‖) to explore all potential

strategic options that could create shareholder value, including a sale.77 BMC

retained Bank of America Merrill Lynch to help explore strategic options and to

alleviate any concerns that Morgan Stanley, the Company‘s longstanding financial

advisor, was too close to management.78

       On August 28, 2012, the board instructed Beauchamp to begin contacting

potential strategic buyers and instructed the team of financial advisors to begin

contacting potential financial buyers to gage their interest in an acquisition.79 Even

though all potential strategic buyers ultimately declined to submit an initial

indication of interest, BMC received two non-binding indications of interest from

potential financial buyers: one from Bain Capital, LLC (―Bain‖) for $45-47 per

share and one for $48 per share from a team of financial sponsors (the ―Alternate

Sponsor Group‖).80

       The Strategic Review Committee evaluated the indications of interest and,

encouraged by BMC‘s improved financial results in the second quarter of fiscal

77
   Trial Tr. 395:10–24, 399:23–400:14 (Beauchamp).
78
   Id. at 401:17–403:4 (Beauchamp).
79
   Id. at 403:17–408:23 (Beauchamp); JX 68 at 2.
80
   Trial Tr. 409:19–410:6 (Beauchamp); JX 284 at 27.

                                             18
year 2013,81 unanimously recommended that the board reject the offers.82 On

October 29, 2012, the board unanimously rejected a sale of the Company and,

instead, approved a $1 billion accelerated share repurchase plan that was publicly

announced two days later.83

                     b. The Second Auction

       Despite the Company‘s renewed confidence following improved quarterly

results, in December 2012 Elliott sent a letter to the board that expressed continued

skepticism of management‘s plans and reiterated its belief that additional drastic

measures, like a sale, were required to maximize stockholder value.84 Shortly

thereafter, BMC reported sluggish third quarter financial results which revealed

that management‘s previous financial projections—specifically ESM license

bookings—had been overly optimistic.85

       The board called a special meeting on January 14, 2013 to reevaluate their

options, which included three strategic opportunities: (1) a strategic acquisition of

Company A, another large software company; (2) a modified execution plan that

included less implied growth and deep budget cuts; and (3) a renewed sales process

targeted at the previously interested financial buyers.86 The board decided to

81
   See Trial Tr. 412:8–24 (Beauchamp); JX 104.
82
   Trial Tr. 410:7–411:13 (Beauchamp).
83
   Id. at 411:14–413:7 (Beauchamp); JX 105.
84
   Trial Tr. 417:6–20 (Beauchamp); JX 112.
85
   Trial Tr. 417:21–418:19 (Beauchamp).
86
   Id. at 420:1–421:20 (Beauchamp); JX 116.

                                             19
pursue all three strategies. In late January, building on previous consulting work

provided by BMC‘s management consultants, the Company began implementing

Project Stanley Cup, which mainly focused on reducing costs to increase BMC‘s

margins and earnings per share.87 In addition, the Company reached out to

Company A regarding a potential acquisition of Company A by BMC. Although

their initial meetings led to preliminary interest, the diligence efforts moved slowly

and finally, following Company A‘s poor financial performance, BMC abandoned

their pursuit of an acquisition.88

       In March 2013, after contacting potential financial buyers,89 the Company

received expressions of interest from three buyers: one from a new financial

sponsor (―Financial Sponsor A‖) for $42-44 per share, one from the Alternate

Sponsor Group for $48 per share, and one from Bain, who had received permission

to partner with Golden Gate to form the Buyer Group, for $46-47 per share.90

Despite encouragement from BMC‘s financial advisors, Financial Sponsor A

declined to increase its bid and was, therefore, not invited to proceed with due

87
   See JX 120.
88
   Negotiations with Company A ended in April 2013. See Trial Tr. 429:16–430:6 (Beauchamp);
JX 284 at 31–33.
89
   See Trial Tr. 423:21–424:5. BMC did not reach out to potential strategic buyers in the second
auction because it did not receive any indications of interest in the first auction and, considering
it had just released negative financial results, BMC believed that a strategic buyer would only
show interest if it could obtain an extremely low price. Id. at 425:4–20 (Beauchamp).
90
   Id. at 426:19–427:11 (Beauchamp); JX 225 at 3.

                                                20
diligence.91 In early April, the Alternate Sponsor Group told the Company‘s

financial advisors that it could not make the April 22 deadline the Company had

established and needed more time to complete due diligence.92 The board decided

that it was important to keep the Alternate Sponsor Group engaged and thus

continue negotiations.93 On April 18, one of the financial sponsors dropped out of

the process leaving its former partner to consider proceeding with a valuation that

was closer to the then current trading price of $43.75 and requesting an extension

of one month to submit a bid.94

       On April 24, 2013, the Buyer Group submitted a bid of $45.25.95 Over the

next two days, the board met with the financial advisors to consider the

developments and voted to create an ad hoc planning committee to review

alternative options in the event a transaction was not approved or failed to close.96

On April 26, the financial advisors requested that the Buyer Group increase their

price to at least $48 and that their bid also include a 30-day go-shop period.97 On

that same day, the Buyer Group responded with a counteroffer of $45.75 that

included a 30-day go-shop period.98 Following further pushback from BMC‘s

91
   Trial Tr. 431:1–9 (Beauchamp); JX 284 at 31.
92
   JX 196 at 2.
93
   Id.
94
   Trial Tr. 431:1–13 (Beauchamp); JX 465 at 1.
95
   Trial Tr. 431:14–17 (Beauchamp).
96
   Id. at 433:10–434:8 (Beauchamp); JX 464 at 1–5.
97
   See Trial Tr. 431:14–432:12 (Beauchamp); JX 284 at 34–35.
98
   See Trial Tr. 432:13–433:1 (Beauchamp); JX 284 at 35.

                                            21
financial advisors, on April 27, the Buyer Group responded with their final offer of

$46.25.99

              3. The Company Accepts the Buyer Group‘s Offer

       Starting on April 27, 2013 and continuing over the next few days, the board

met with the financial advisors to discuss the details of the Buyer Group‘s final

offer, which included: a 30-day go-shop period that started upon signing the

Merger agreement; a two-tiered termination fee of a 2% and 3%; and a 6% reverse

termination fee.100     On May 3, the financial advisors presented their fairness

opinion to the board, opining that the transaction was fair from a financial

standpoint.101 On that same day, the board approved the signing of the Merger

agreement and recommended that BMC‘s stockholders approve the Merger, which

was formerly announced on May 6.102

       The go-shop period lasted from May 6, 2013 through June 5, 2013.103

During this period, the financial advisors contacted both financial and strategic

entities—many of whom were contacted during the first and second sales

processes104—and, in addition, the board waived any provisions pursuant to

standstill agreements that would have prohibited a potential bidder from

99
   Trial Tr. 432:13–433:9 (Beauchamp); JX 284 at 35.
100
    JX 284 at 35.
101
    Trial Tr. 436:5–15 (Beauchamp); JX 229 at 1.
102
    Trial Tr. 441:6–11 (Beauchamp); JX-229 at 3–9.
103
    JX 284 at 37.
104
    Trial Tr. 442:19–444:13 (Beauchamp).

                                             22
reengaging with the Company.105 Despite these efforts, only two parties entered

into confidentiality agreements and, ultimately, no alternative proposals were

submitted.106

      On May 10, 2013, a group of stockholders brought a breach of fiduciary

duty action to challenge the sales process.107 On June 25, BMC filed its definitive

proxy statement that urged stockholders to vote in favor of the Merger.108 The

stockholders approved the transaction on July 24 with 67% of the outstanding

shares voting in favor.109 On September 10, the Merger closed. On April 28, 2014

this Court approved a settlement between stockholders and the Company and

described the sales process as fair and the Revlon claims as weak.110

      C. The Expert Opinions

      The Petitioners‘ expert witness, Borris J. Steffen, exclusively relied on the

discounted cash flow (―DCF‖) method and determined that the fair value of BMC

was $67.08 per share; 111 that is, 145% of the Merger price and 148% of the pre-

105
    Id. at 444:21–445:3 (Beauchamp).
106
    JX 284 at 37.
107
    The cases were consolidated as In re BMC Software, Inc. S’holder Litig., 8544-VCG (Del.
Ch. June 6, 2013).
108
    See JX 284.
109
    See JX 316.
110
     See In re BMC Software, Inc. S’holder Litig., 8544-VCG (Del. Ch. Apr. 28, 2014)
(TRANSCRIPT).
111
    Trial Tr. 831:11–832:9 (Steffen); JX 386 ¶ 109.

                                            23
announcement market price.112          Steffen considered using other methodologies,

such as the comparable company method and the comparable transaction method,

but ultimately decided that those methodologies were not appropriate given the

specific facts in this case.113

       The Respondent‘s expert witness, Richard S. Ruback, similarly relied on the

DCF method to conclude that the fair value of BMC was $37.88 per share,114 16%

below the pre-announcement market price and little more than half the fair value as

determined by Steffen. In addition, Ruback performed two ―reality checks‖ to test

his DCF valuation for reasonableness: first, he performed a DCF analysis using

projections derived from a collection of Wall Street analysts that regularly

followed the Company, which he called the ―street case‖; second, he performed a

comparable companies analysis using trading multiples from selected publicly-

traded software companies.115

       Although the difference between the experts‘ estimates is large, the

contrasting prices are the result of a few different assumptions, which I now

describe below.116

112
    The Company‘s common stock closed at $45.42 on May 3, 2013, the last day trading day
before the merger was announced. JX 284 at 105.
113
    Trial Tr. 832:15–834:4 (Steffen); JX 386 ¶ 16–21.
114
    JX 383 at ¶ 68.
115
    Trial Tr. 1028:11–1030:12 (Ruback); JX 383 at ¶¶ 68–69.
116
    In addition to the diverging key assumptions described in detail here, Steffen included an
adjustment for additional cost savings that neither management nor Ruback included. Steffen
believed—based on his interpretation of a chart presented to potential buyers—that certain cost

                                              24
               1. Financial Projections

       Steffen based his calculation of free cash flow on management‘s projections

for 2014 through 2018 that BMC reported in its proxy statement dated June 25,

2013.117 He concluded the use of management‘s projections was reasonable based

on his analysis of other contemporaneous projections prepared by management;

BMC‘s historical operating results; and the economic outlook for the software

industry.118

       Ruback, however, concluded that management‘s projections were biased by

―overoptimism‖ and, therefore, reduced management‘s revenue projections used in

his calculation of free cash flow by 5%.119               He believed this reduction was

appropriate because, although management thought their projections were

savings were misidentified by management as ―public-to-private‖ savings and thus improperly
excluded from management‘s projections. Id. at 866:18–867:19 (Steffen); JX 386 ¶ 110–113.
But at trial, Solcher testified that management had already implemented and included in its
projections all cost saving strategies that it believed were available to BMC as a public company.
Trial Tr. 58:12–59:11 (Solcher); see also id. 64:3–68:9 (Solcher) (specifically referring to those
cost savings identified by Steffen). Without more evidence that management misclassified these
expenses, Steffen‘s decision to include additional cost savings appears to be overly speculative
and, therefore, my DCF analysis does not include a similar adjustment.
117
    Trial Tr. 837:5–11 (Steffen).
118
    Id. at 844:18–845:10 (Steffen). Steffen did not form an opinion as to whether BMC was more
likely or not to meet its projections, but instead relied on management‘s assertion that they were
reasonable. Id. at 846:16–22 (Steffen).
119
    Id. at 1031:18–24 (Ruback). Ruback calculated the average amount by which the Company
failed to meet their projections; he first recognized management‘s alleged bias after BMC‘s
financial performance for the quarter following the announcement of the Merger fell short of
management‘s projections and also after hearing Solcher‘s deposition where he characterized
management‘s forecasts as a ―stretch.‖ Id. at 1032:1–1034:24 (Ruback).

                                               25
―reasonable,‖ a DCF model requires projections that are expected.120 Ruback‘s

adjustment decreased his valuation by approximately $2.82 per share.121

               2. Discount Rate

       Steffen used a discount rate of 10.5% while Ruback used a discount rate of

11.1%.     The difference in discount rates is almost entirely explained by the

experts‘ contrasting views of the equity risk premium (―ERP‖). Steffen calculated

his discount rate using a supply-side ERP of 6.11%, which he believed was

preferable since valuation calculations are forward-looking.122 Ruback calculated

his discount rate using the long-run historical ERP of 6.7%.123 Ruback used the

long-run historical ERP because he believed it is the most generally accepted ERP

and that any model that attempts to estimate future ERP is subject to intolerable

estimation errors.124

               3. Terminal Growth Rate

       Steffen selected a long-term growth rate of 3.75%.125                To determine this

number, Steffen first created a range of rates between expected long-run inflation

of 2% and nominal GDP rate of 4.5%.126 Steffen ultimately concluded that BMC‘s

120
    Id. at 1036:3–19 (Ruback).
121
    Id. at 1050:4–17 (Ruback).
122
    Id. at 969:15–970:7 (Steffen); JX 386 at ¶ 94. Steffen also cited his belief that Delaware law
dictated the use of a supply-side ERP in Golden Telecom. See Trial Tr. 969:15–970:7 (Steffen).
123
    Id. at 1056:18–1057:14 (Ruback).
124
    Id. at 1061:10–1063:7 (Ruback).
125
    JX 386 ¶ 87.
126
    Trial Tr. 848:14–849:17 (Steffen).

                                               26
long-term growth rate would be 50 basis points greater than the midpoint between

this range.127 Ruback used a rate of inflation of 2.3% as his long-term growth rate

because he believed that the real cash flows of the business would stay constant in

the long run;128 he viewed BMC as a ―mature software business‖ in a ―mature part

of the software industry.‖129

              4. Excess Cash

       Steffen used an excess cash value of $1.42 billion, which he calculated by

reducing cash and cash equivalents as of September 10, 2013 by the minimum cash

required for BMC to operate of $350 million.130 Steffen did not account for

repatriation of foreign cash because he believed that it was the Company‘s

policy—as publicly disclosed in its 10-K filings—to maintain its cash balance

overseas indefinitely.131

       Ruback started with cash and cash equivalents as of June 30, 2013132 and, in

addition to the same $350 million deduction for required operating expenses,

further reduced excess cash by $213 million to account for the tax consequences of

127
    See id. at 849:13–17 (Steffen).
128
    Id. at 1050:19–1051:20 (Ruback). Ruback tested the reasonableness of his growth rate by
comparing it to other growth rates that he implied from exit multiples used by the financial
advisors and the multiples used in his comparable company analysis. Id. at 1051:21–1056:17
(Ruback). Ultimately, Ruback noted that both experts in this case used a growth rate that was
greater than those he implied in his reasonableness analysis. Id.
129
    JX 383 ¶ 37.
130
    Trial Tr. 858:3–8 (Steffen).
131
    Id. at 858:9–21 (Steffen).
132
    Id. at 1156:8–13 (Ruback).

                                             27
repatriating the cash held in foreign jurisdictions that the Company would be

forced to pay tax in order to access it in the United States.133

               5. Stock-Based Compensation

       Steffen‘s analysis did not account for SBC in his free cash flow

projections.134 Instead, Steffen calculated shares outstanding using the treasury

stock method, which increases the number of shares outstanding to account for the

dilutive economic effect of share-based compensation that has already been

awarded.135

       Conversely, Ruback included SBC as a cash expense that directly reduced

his free cash flow projections.136 Ruback used management‘s estimates of future

SBC expense—an accounting value—to directly reduce free cash flow.137 The

difference between the two approaches is that Steffen‘s analysis accounts for SBC

that had been awarded as of the date of his report, whereas Ruback‘s analysis also

accounts for SBC that is expected to be issued in the future.

133
    Id. at 1065:12–21, 1163:8–19 (Ruback).
134
    Id. at 998:21–1000:3 (Steffen).
135
     Id. at 859:3–7 (Steffen) The treasury stock method assumes that all stock options are
exercised immediately—thus resulting in the issuances of new shares—and the cash proceeds
received from the exercise are used to repurchase shares, the net of effect of which increases the
number of shares outstanding and, in turn, decreases the value per share. See id. at 859:8–20.
136
     Id. at 1015:13–1016:10 (Ruback). Ruback illustrated his belief that SBC expense is a
reduction in the value of the Company by showing that a hypothetical company would
supposedly lose the same amount of value if it compensated its employees in cash or in stock.
See id. at 1017:9–1023:12 (Ruback).
137
    Id. at 1152:23–1153:14 (Ruback).

                                               28
              6. M&A Expenses

       Steffen did not deduct M&A expenditures from free cash flow. He believed

that management‘s projections were not dependent on M&A activity since he did

not find that management deducted M&A expenditures in their own analysis.138

Ruback, on the other hand, did include management‘s projections of M&A

expenditures in his valuation.        Ruback believed that management‘s revenue

projections included the impact of tuck-in M&A and that the Company planned to

continue tuck-in M&A activity if it remained a public company.139 Moreover,

although the financial advisors did not include M&A expenditures for years 2017

and 2018—these being the years the financial advisors extrapolated from

management‘s projections—Ruback used the same $150 million in M&A

expenditures projected for 2016 in his projections for year 2017, 2018, and the

terminal period.140

       D. Procedural History

       On September 13, 2013, Petitioners Merion Capital LP and Merion Capital

II LP commenced this action by filing a Verified Petition for Appraisal of Stock

pursuant to 8 Del. C. § 262. Immediately prior to the Merger, Petitioners owned

7,629,100 shares of BMC common stock. On July 28 2014, Respondent BMC

138
    Id. at 870:15–871:12 (Steffen).
139
    Id. at 1025:10–21 (Ruback).
140
    Id. at 1026:10–1027:2 (Ruback).

                                          29
filed a Motion for Summary Judgment, arguing that Petitioners lacked standing to

pursue appraisal because they could not show that each of their shares was not

voted in favor of the Merger. I denied the Motion in a Memorandum Opinion

dated January 5, 2015.141

          I presided over a four-day trial in this matter from March 16 to March 19,

2015. The parties submitted post-trial briefing and I heard post-trial oral argument

on June 23, 2015. Finally, in July the parties submitted supplemental post-trial

briefing regarding the treatment of synergies. This is my Post-Trial Opinion.

                                        II. ANALYSIS

          The appraisal statute, 8 Del. C. § 262, is deceptively simple; it provides

stockholders who choose not to participate in certain merger transactions an

opportunity to seek appraisal in this Court. When a stockholder has chosen to

pursue its appraisal rights, Section 262 provides that:

          [T]he Court shall determine the fair value of the shares exclusive of
          any element of value arising from the accomplishment or expectation
          of the merger or consolidation, together with interest, if any, to be
          paid upon the amount determined to be the fair value. In determining
          such fair value, the Court shall take into account all relevant
          factors.142

          Section 262 vests the Court with significant discretion to consider the data

and use the valuation methodologies it deems appropriate. For example, this Court

141
      See Merion Capital LP v. BMC Software, Inc., 2015 WL 67586 (Del. Ch. Jan. 5, 2015).
142
      8 Del. C. § 262(h) (emphasis added).

                                               30
has the latitude to select one of the parties' valuation models as its general

framework, or fashion its own, to determine fair value. The principal constraint on

my analysis is that I must limit my valuation to the firm's value as a going

concern and exclude ―the speculative elements of value that may arise from the

accomplishment or expectation of the merger.‖143

          Ultimately, both parties bear the burden of establishing fair value by a

preponderance of the evidence. In assessing the evidence presented at trial, I may

consider proof of value by any techniques or methods which are generally

considered acceptable in the financial community and otherwise admissible in

court. Among the techniques that Delaware courts have relied on to determine the

fair value of shares are the discounted cash flow approach, the comparable

transactions approach, and comparable companies approach. This Court has also

relied on the merger price itself as evidence of fair value, so long as the process

leading to the transaction is a reliable indicator of value and any merger-specific

value in that price is excluded.

          Here, the experts offered by both parties agreed that the DCF approach, and

not the comparable transactions or comparable companies approach, is the

appropriate method by which to determine the fair value of BMC. Thus, I will

start my analysis there.

143
      Weinberger v. UOP, Inc., 457 A.2d 701, 713 (Del. 1983) (quotations omitted).

                                                31
      A. DCF Analysis

      In post-trial briefing and at closing argument, the parties helpfully laid out

the limited areas of disagreement between their two experts as to DCF inputs. I

will briefly explain my findings with respect to those areas in contention, but I note

at the outset that, while I have some disagreements with the Respondent‘s expert,

Ruback, I generally found him better able to explain—and defend—his positions

than the Petitioners‘ expert, Steffen. Since I generally find Ruback more credible,

I start with his analysis as a framework, departing from it as noted below.

             1. Financial Projections

      The parties‘ experts both relied on the same management projections.

Ruback, however, made a 5% reduction to projected revenue based on his analysis

that the Company had historically fallen short of its projected revenues. Although

it is apparent to me that the management projections, while reasonable, harbored

something of a bias towards optimism, I ultimately find Ruback‘s approach too

speculative to accurately account for that bias. Thus, in conducting my own DCF

valuation of the Company, I use the management projections as is, without a 5%

deduction.

             2. Discount Rate

      The parties contend that the key difference in their experts‘ respective

discount rates is that the Petitioners‘ expert used a supply side ERP, while the

                                         32
Respondent‘s expert used a historical ERP. This calculation is forward-looking,

and this Court has recently tended to employ the supply side ERP approach. In

then-Chancellor Strine's decision in Global GT LP v. Golden Telecom, Inc.,144 this

Court noted that using the supply side ERP as opposed to the historical ERP is a

decision "not free from doubt," but it nevertheless adopted it over a historical ERP

as a more sound approach.145 The Chancellor followed that approach again in In re

Orchard Enterprises,146 where he noted that the respondent there had ―not

provided [him] with a persuasive reason to revisit‖ the debate.147 In other cases,

this Court has explicitly adopted a supply side ERP.

       While it may well be the case that there is an argument in favor of using the

historical ERP, nothing in Ruback‘s testimony convinces me to depart from this

Court‘s practice of the recent past. I note, however, that the testimony at trial

showed this to be a vigorously debated topic, not just between these two experts,

but in the financial community at large; scholarship may dictate other approaches

in the future. Here, though, I ultimately find the most appropriate discount rate,

using the supply side ERP, to be 10.5%.148

144
    993 A.2d 497 (Del. Ch.), aff'd, 11 A.3d 214 (Del. 2010).
145
    Id. at 516.
146
    2012 WL 2923305 (Del. Ch. July 18, 2012).
147
    Id. at *19.
148
    I find it of some relevance to note, however, that had I used a discount rate of 10.8%—which
is the midpoint between the experts‘ diverging discount rates—my DCF analysis would have
resulted in a per share price for BMC of $46.44, closely consistent with the $46.25 Merger price.

                                               33
               3. Terminal Growth Rate

        The Respondent‘s expert adopted the inflation rate as the Company‘s growth

rate, but I did not find sufficient evidence in the record to support the application

of a growth rate limited to inflation. In Golden Telecom, and again in Towerview

LLC v. Cox Radio, Inc.,149 this Court noted that inflation is generally the ―floor‖ for

a terminal value.150 Testimony and documentary evidence are inconclusive on the

Company‘s prospects for growth as of the time of the Merger. Ultimately, I find it

most appropriate to follow this Court‘s approach in Golden Telecom and apply a

terminal growth rate that is at the midpoint of inflation and GDP.

        The Petitioners‘ expert purported to use this methodology, but arbitrarily

opted to add 50 basis points to the midpoint of inflation and GDP, an approach I do

not find supported in the record. Therefore, though I find the midpoint approach to

be sound, I reject Steffen‘s addition of 50 basis points and use 3.25% as my growth

rate.

        I note that the Respondent‘s expert did an analysis of implied EBITDA

growth rates for comparable companies, which he found to be an average of -1.7%.

149
   2013 WL 3316186 (Del. Ch. June 28, 2013).
150
    Id. at *27 (―As noted, the rate of inflation generally is the ―floor for a terminal value.
Generally, once an industry has matured, a company will grow at a steady rate that is roughly
equal to the rate of nominal GDP growth.‖); Global GT LP v. Golden Telecom, Inc., 993 A.2d
497, 511 (Del. Ch.) (―A viable company should grow at least at the rate of inflation and, as
Golden's expert Sherman admits,85 the rate of inflation is the floor for a terminal value estimate
for a solidly profitable company that does not have an identifiable risk of insolvency.‖), aff'd, 11
A.3d 214 (Del. 2010).

                                                34
I do not find there to be sufficient evidence of the true comparability of those

companies such that the approach I am adopting, just discussed, is unreasonable.

              4. Excess Cash

       The Petitioners‘ expert used an excess cash figure as of the Merger date,

while the Respondent‘s expert used a figure from the last quarterly report prior to

the Merger.      I found credible the testimony at trial that the Company was

preserving its cash balance in contemplation of closing the Merger and that, but for

the transaction, the Company would not have conserved an extra $127 million in

cash.151

       The Respondent‘s expert also made an adjustment to excess cash for the

expense associated with repatriating cash held abroad. The Petitioners argued that

this was inappropriate because the Company‘s 10-K stated its intent to maintain

cash balances overseas indefinitely. These funds, however, represent opportunity

for the Company either in terms of investment or in repatriating those funds for use

in the United States, which would likely trigger a taxable event. Accordingly, I

find it appropriate to include a reasonable offset for the tax associated with

repatriating those funds.

151
    See Trial Tr. 114:11–115:1 (Solcher); see also id. 952:7–953:15 (Steffen) (noting that he was
not aware of the Company‘s merger-driven conservation of cash before trial and did not account
for it); Gearreald v. Just Care, Inc., 2012 WL 1569818, at *8 (Del. Ch. Apr. 30, 2012) (―This
Court previously has rejected the proposition that changes to a company's capital structure in
relation to a merger should be included in an appraisal.‖).

                                               35
             5. Stock-Based Compensation

      It is abundantly clear to me that, as a technology company, BMC‘s practice

of paying stock-based compensation is an important consideration in this DCF

valuation. Both experts accounted for stock-based compensation, but only the

Respondent‘s expert did so in a way that accounted for future stock-based

compensation, which I find to be the reasonable approach. His approach was to

treat estimated stock-based compensation as an expense, which I find reasonable in

light of the Company‘s history of buying back stock awarded to employees to

prevent dilution; in that sense, it is clearly in line with a cash expense. The

Petitioners have argued strenuously that this overstates the cost, but they presented

only the methodology of Steffen—which fails to account for future SBC—as an

alternative. Accordingly, I adopt Ruback‘s calculation as it relates to stock-based

compensation.

             6. M&A Expense

      The parties also disagreed as to whether so-called ―tuck-in‖ M&A expenses

should be deducted in calculating free cash flows. I find that the projections

prepared by management and used throughout the sales process, including those

projections that formed the basis for the fairness opinion, incorporated the

Company‘s reliance on tuck-in M&A activity in their estimation of future growth

and revenues. Those projections expressly provided a line-item explaining the

                                         36
Company‘s expected tuck-in M&A expenses in each year of the projections, and

the Company‘s CFO, Solcher, credibly testified that, because the Company

planned to continue with its inorganic growth strategy had it remained a public

company, he prepared the management projections with growth from tuck-in M&A

in mind.152 Thus, those projections are inflated if M&A, and its accompanying

expense, is not taken into account in the valuation.                     Although it is not

determinative of my analysis, I also note that the multiple potential buyers through

the course of the Company‘s sales process must have similarly determined that

tuck-in M&A was embedded in the Company‘s growth projections, or else those

buyers would have been forgoing up to $1.89 billion in value by not topping the

Buyer Group‘s winning bid.            In any event, because I find that management‘s

projections incorporated M&A in their forecast of future performance, the

expenses of that M&A must be deducted from income to calculate free cash flow.

               7. Conclusion

       Taking all of these inputs and assumptions together, I conducted a DCF

analysis that resulted in a per share price for BMC of $48.00.153

152
    See Trial Tr. 92:12–23 (Solcher) (―Q: And when you prepared those projections, were you
assuming there would be revenue through companies bought through tuck-in M&A? A: We did.
Q: If you had not assumed that there would be such tuck-in M&A, would the revenues you were
showing have been higher or lower? A: Lower.‖); id. at 119:7–120:15 (Solcher).
153
    Because I ultimately rely on deal price here, I will not attempt to set out my DCF analysis in
further detail.

                                               37
          B. The Merger Price

          Having found a DCF valuation of $48.00, I turn to other ―relevant factors‖ I

must consider in determining the value of BMC. Neither expert presents a value

based on comparables, although Ruback did such an analysis as a check on his

DCF. Thus, I turn to consideration of the merger price as indication of fair value.

As our Supreme Court recently affirmed in Huff Fund Investment Partnership v.

CKx, Inc.,154 where the sales process is thorough, effective, and free from any

spectre of self-interest or disloyalty, the deal price is a relevant measure of fair

value.      Even where such a pristine sales process was present, however, the

appraisal statute requires that the Court exclude any synergies present in the deal

price—that is, value arising solely from the deal.

                 1. The Sales Process Supports the Merger Price as Fair Value

          The record here demonstrates that the Company conducted a robust, arm‘s-

length sales process, during which the Company conducted two auctions over a

period of several months. In the first sales process, the Company engaged at least

five financial sponsors and eight strategic entities in discussing a transaction from

late August 2012 through October 2012. As a result, the Company received non-

binding indications of interest from two groups of financial sponsors: one for $48

per share and another, from a group led by Bain, for $45-$47 per share. Ultimately

154
      2015 WL 631586 (Del. Feb. 12, 2015), aff’g 2013 WL 5878807 (Del. Ch. Nov. 1, 2013).

                                               38
the Company decided at the end of October to discontinue the sales process based

on management‘s confidence in the Company‘s stand-alone business plan, which

was temporarily bolstered by positive second quarter financial results.

      However, when the Company returned to underperforming in the third

quarter, it decided to reinitiate the sales process. In the second sales process,

which was covered in the media, the Company reengaged potential suitors that had

shown interest in acquiring the Company in the previous sales process, from late

January 2013 through March 2013. As a result, the Company received non-

binding indications of interest from three different groups of financial sponsors in

mid-March, one for $42-$44 per share, one from the Buyer Group, led by Bain, for

$46-47 per share, and one from the Alternate Sponsor Group for $48 per share.

Negotiations with the low bidder quickly ended after it refused to raise its bid. The

Company, therefore, proceeded with due diligence with the two high bidders

through April 2013, distributing a draft merger agreement to them, and setting the

deadline for the auction process at April 22, 2013.

      On April 18, 2013, just days before the impending deadline, one of the

sponsors in the Alternate Sponsor Group backed out of the auction and the

remaining financial sponsor explained that it could no longer support its prior

indication of interest but was considering how to proceed in the auction at a

valuation closer to the stock‘s then-current trading price of $43.75. The Company

                                         39
agreed to extend the auction deadline at the request of the Alternate Sponsor Group

in an attempt to maintain multiple bidders.        On April 24, the Buyer Group

submitted an offer of $45.25 per share. The remaining financial sponsor told the

Company that it was still interested in the auction, but that it would need an

additional month to finalize a bid and reiterated that if it did ultimately make a bid,

it would be below the initial indication of interest from the Alternative Sponsor

Group. On April 26, the Company successfully negotiated with the Buyer Group

to raise its offer to $45.75 per share, and then to raise its offer again, on April 27,

to $46.25 per share.

      On May 6, 2013 the Company announced the Merger agreement, which

included a bargained-for 30-day market check or ―Go Shop,‖ running through June

5. As part of the Go Shop process, the Company contacted sixteen potential

bidders—seven financial sponsors and nine strategic entities—but received no

alternative offers.

      The sales process was subsequently challenged, reviewed, and found free of

fiduciary and process irregularities in a class action litigation for breach of

fiduciary duty. At the settlement hearing, plaintiffs‘ counsel noted that the activist

investor, Elliot, had pressured the Company for a sale, but agreed that the auction

itself was ―a fair process.‖

      I note that the Petitioners, in their post-trial briefing, attempt to impugn the

                                          40
effectiveness of the Company‘s sales process on three grounds.             First, the

Petitioners argue that Elliot pressured the Company into a rushed and ineffective

sales process that ultimately undervalued the Company. However, the record

reflects that, while Elliot was clearly agitating for a sale, that agitation did not

compromise the effectiveness of the sales process. The Company conducted two

auctions over roughly the course of a year, actively marketed itself for several

months in each, as well as vigorously marketed itself in the 30-day Go Shop

period. The record does not show that the pre-agreement marketing period or the

Go Shop period, if these time periods can be said to be abbreviated, had any

adverse effect on the number or substance of offers received by the Company. In

fact, the record demonstrates that the Company was able to and did engage

multiple potential buyers during these periods and pursue all indications of interest

to a reasonable conclusion. The Petitioners‘ argument that Elliot could force the

Company to carry out an undervalued sale is further undermined by the fact that

the Company chose not to pursue the offers it received in the first sales process,

despite similar agitations from Elliot, because management was then confident in

the Company‘s recovery. In sum, no credible evidence in the record refutes the

testimony offered by the Company‘s chairman and CEO, which testimony I find to

be credible, that the Company ultimately sold itself because it was

underperforming, not because of pressure from Elliot. The pressure from Elliot,

                                         41
while real, does not make the sales price unreliable as an indication of value.

          Second, the Petitioners argue that the Company‘s financial advisors were

leaking confidential information about the sales process to the Buyer Group,

allowing it to minimize its offer price. For this contention the Petitioners rely

solely on a series of emails and handwritten notes prepared by individuals within

the Buyer Group, which purport to show that the Buyer Group was getting

information about the Alternate Sponsor Group from a source inside Bank of

America, one of the Company‘s financial advisors.155 As a preliminary matter, I

don‘t find sufficient evidence to conclude that the Company‘s financial advisors

were actually leaking material information to the Buyer Group. But even if that

could be sustained by the emails and handwritten notes presented by the

Petitioners, nothing in those documents or elsewhere in the record shows that the

Buyer Group had any knowledge as to the Alternate Sponsor Group‘s effective

withdrawal from the sales process leading up to the bid deadline. To the contrary,

the argument that the Buyer Group did have such information is directly

contradicted by the actual actions of the Buyer Group, which increased its bid for

the Company twice after its initial submission despite being (unbeknownst to the

Buyer Group) the lone bidder in the auction. At trial, Abrahamson, the Bain

principal leading the BMC deal, credibly testified that the Buyer Group raised its

155
      See Trial Tr. 489:20–526:1; JX 497.

                                            42
bid multiple times because it believed the auction was still competitive and that the

Buyer Group did not learn it was the only party to submit a final bid until it viewed

the draft proxy after executing the Merger agreement. And in fact, the emails and

notes relied upon by the Petitioners actually indicate that at the time the Buyer

Group submitted its bid, it had no idea where the Alternate Sponsor Group stood

and was seeking out that information.156 Even as far along as April 29, 2013, two

days after the Buyer Group had raised its bid for the second and final time, emails

within the Buyer Group show that it believed the Alternate Sponsor Group was still

vying for the Company.157 Therefore, I do not find that the sales process was

compromised by any type of ―insider back-channeling.‖

          Finally, the Petitioners argue that the same set of emails and notes from

within the Buyer Group show that the Company made a secret ―handshake

agreement‖ or ―gentleman‘s agreement‖ with the Buyer Group after receiving its

final offer of $46.25 per share that the Company would not pursue any other

potential bidders, including the Alternate Sponsor Group. The Petitioners allege

that this handshake agreement prevented the Company from further extending the

auction deadline to accommodate the additional month requested by the Alternate

Sponsor Group and thus precluded a second bidder that would have maximized

value in the sales process. Again, I note as a preliminary matter that I do not find

156
      See JX 497.
157
      See id. at Tab F; Trial Tr. 665:21–667:3.

                                                  43
that the Petitioners have sufficiently proven the existence of such a so-called

handshake agreement. But in any case, even if the Company had made such an

agreement, the record shows that by the time such an agreement would have been

made the Alternate Sponsor Group had already notified the Company that one of

its members had dropped out, that it could no longer support the figure in its prior

indication of interest, and that if it was going to make a bid, that bid would come in

closer to $43.75. I also note that by this time the Company had already extended

its initial auction deadline by several days to accommodate the Alternate Sponsor

Group. Finally, the Alternate Sponsor Group could have pursued a bid during the

ensuing go-shop period, but did not do so. In light of these facts, the Company‘s

decision not to wait the additional month requested by the Alternate Sponsor

Group before moving forward with the only binding offer it had received was

reasonable and does not to me indicate a flawed sales process.

      For the reasons stated above, I find that the sales process was sufficiently

structured to develop fair value of the Company, and thus, under Huff, the Merger

price is a relevant factor I may consider in appraising the Company.

             2. The Record Does Not Demonstrate that the Merger Price Must be
             Reduced to Account for Synergies in Calculating Fair Value

      The appraisal statute specifically directs me to determine fair value

―exclusive of any element of value arising from the accomplishment or expectation

                                         44
of the merger . . . .‖158 The Court in Union Illinois 1995 Investment LP v. Union

Financial Group, Ltd.159 thoughtfully observed that this statutory language does

not itself require deduction of synergies resulting from the transaction at issue,

where the synergies are simply those that typically accrue to a seller, because

―such an approach would not award the petitioners value from the particular

merger giving rise to the appraisal‖ but instead would ―simply give weight to the

actual price at which the subject company could have been sold, including therein

the portion of synergies that a synergistic buyer would leave with the subject

company shareholders as a price for winning the deal.‖160 Instead, the mandate to

remove all such synergies arises not from the statute, but from the common-law

interpretation of the statute to value the company as a ―going concern.‖161 Mindful

that this interpretation is binding on me here, to the extent I rely on the merger

price for fair value, I must deduct from the merger price any amount which cannot

158
    8 Del. C. § 262(h) (emphasis added).
159
    847 A.2d 340 (Del. Ch. 2003).
160
    Id. at 356.
161
    Id. The well-known standard that requires a corporation to be valued as a going concern was
established over 65 years ago in Tri-Continental Corp v. Battye, where the Supreme Court
declared that the appraisal statute entitles a dissenting stockholder ―to be paid for that which has
been taken from him, viz., his proportionate interest in a going concern.‖ 74 A.2d 71, 72 (Del.
1950); see, e.g., Montgomery Cellular Holding Co. v. Dobler, 880 A.2d 206, 220 (Del. 2005)
(citing Cede & Co. v. Technicolor, Inc., 684 A.2d 289, 298 (Del. 1996)). However, the Court in
Tri-Continental also described what the stockholder is entitled to receive as the ―intrinsic value‖
of his stock, which, I note, may not be equal to the going-concern value of the corporation. See
74 A.2d at 72.

                                                45
be attributed to the corporation as an independent going concern,162 albeit one

which employs its assets at their highest value in that structure.163 Understanding

that such synergies may have been captured by the sellers in the case of a strategic

acquirer is easily comprehended: if company B, holding a patent on the bow, finds

it advantageous to acquire company A, a manufacturer of arrows, synergies could

result from the combination that would not have composed a part of the going-

concern or the market value of company A, pre-merger (and excluding merger-

specific synergies). In other words, company B‘s patent on the bow might make it

value company A more highly than the market at large, but that patent forms no

part of the property held by the stockholders of company A, pre-merger.

Assuming that the record showed that the acquisition price paid by company B

included a portion of this synergistic value, this Court, if relying on deal price to

establish statutory fair value, would be required to deduct that portion from the

appraisal award.

       Here, the acquisition of BMC by the Buyer Group is not strategic, but

financial. Nonetheless, the Respondent alleges that synergistic value resulted from

the acquisition, and that if the Court relies on the purchase price to determine fair

value, those synergies must be deducted. They point to tax savings and other cost

162
    See Union Illinois, 847 A.2d at 356 (stating the Court is bound to employ ―going concern‖
valuation).
163
    See ONTI v. Integra Bank, 751 A.2d 904, 910–11 (Del. Ch. 1999) (stating that valuation using
assets at highest use is consistent with case law interpreting appraisal statute).

                                              46
savings that the acquirer professed it would realize once BMC is a private entity.

If I assume that inherent in a public company is value, achievable via tax savings

or otherwise, that can be realized by an acquirer—any acquirer—taking the

company private, such a savings is logically a component of the intrinsic value

owned by the stockholder that exists regardless of the merger. Therefore, to the

extent some portion of that value flows to the sellers, it is not value ―arising

from . . . the merger,‖ and thus excludable under the explicit terms of the statute;

but is likely properly excluded from the going-concern value, which our case law

has explained is part of the definition of fair value as I must apply it here.164

However, as discussed below, to the extent value has been generated here by

taking BMC private, the record is insufficient to show what, if any, portion of that

value was included in the price-per-share the Buyer Group paid for BMC.

       During trial and in post-trial briefing, Respondent offered the testimony of a

Bain principal to show that the Buyer Group would have been unwilling to pay the

Merger price had they not intended to receive the tax benefits and cost reductions

associated with taking the Company private. In fact, had these savings not existed,

164
    See In re Sunbelt Beverage S’holder Litig., 2010 WL 26539 (Del. Ch. Feb. 15, 2010) (holding
increased value inherent in taking company from a C corp. to an S corp. not recoverable as ―fair
value‖). It is interesting to compare Sunbelt with ONTI, 750 A.2d at 910-11, and to note that
non-speculative increases in value that could be realized by a company as a going concern—even
though management may have eschewed them—are part of fair value; but non-speculative
increases in value requiring a change in corporate form are excluded from fair value: this is an
artifact of the policy decision to engraft ―going concern‖ valuation onto the explicit language of
the appraisal statute itself. See Union Illinois, 847 A.2d at 356.

                                               47
the Buyer Group would have been willing to pay only $36 per share, an amount

that resembles the going-concern value posited by Respondent‘s expert. However,

demonstrating the acquirer‘s internal valuation is insufficient to demonstrate that

such savings formed a part of the purchase price. Here, the Respondent‘s expert

did not opine on the fair value of the Company using a deal-price-less-synergies

approach. Instead, the Respondent offered only the testimony of the buyer and its

internal documents to show that the purported synergies were included in their

analysis. While it may be true that the Buyer Group considered the synergies in

determining their offer price, it is also true that they required a 23% internal rate of

return in their business model to justify the acquisition,165 raising the question of

whether the synergies present in a going-private sale represent a true premium to

the alternatives of selling to a public company or remaining independent. In other

words, it is unclear whether the purported going-private savings outweighed the

Buyer Group‘s rate of return that was required to justify the leverage presumably

used to generate those savings.

          When considering deal price as a factor—in part or in toto—for computing

fair value, this Court must determine that the price was generated by a process that

likely provided market value, and thus is a useful factor to consider in arriving at

fair value. Once the Court has made such a determination, the burden is on any

165
      Trial Tr. 719:4–720:5 (Abrahamson).

                                            48
party suggesting a deviation from that price to point to evidence in the record

showing that the price must be adjusted from market value to ―fair‖ value. 166 A

two-step analysis is required: first, were synergies167 realized from the deal; and if

so, were they captured by sellers in the deal price? Neither party has pointed to

evidence, nor can I locate any in the record, sufficient to show what quantum of

value should be ascribed to the acquisition, in addition to going-concern value; and

if such value was available to the Buyer Group, what portion, if any, was shared

with the stockholders. I find, therefore, that the Merger price does not require

reduction for synergies to represent fair value.

          C. Fair Value of the Company

          I undertook my own DCF analysis that resulted in a valuation of BMC at

$48.00 per share. This is compared to, on the one end, a value of $37.88 per share

offered by the Respondent, and on the other, a value of $67.08 per share offered by

the Petitioners.         Although I believe my DCF analysis to rely on the most

appropriate inputs, and thus to provide the best DCF valuation based on the

information available to me, I nevertheless am reluctant to defer to that valuation

in this appraisal.         My DCF valuation is a product of a set of management

projections, projections that in one sense may be particularly reliable due to

BMC‘s subscription-based business.                  Nevertheless, the Respondent‘s expert,

166
      Merlin P’ship v. AutoInfo, Inc. 2015 WL 2069417 (Del. Ch. Apr. 30 2015).
167
      Of course, the Petitioner may point to market distortions imposed on the sellers as well.

                                                  49
pertinently, demonstrated that the projections were historically problematic, in a

way that could distort value. The record does not suggest a reliable method to

adjust these projections. I am also concerned about the discount rate in light of a

meaningful debate on the issue of using a supply side versus historical equity risk

premium.168 Further, I do not have complete confidence in the reliability of taking

the midpoint between inflation and GDP as the Company‘s expected growth rate.

        Taking these uncertainties in the DCF analysis—in light of the wildly-

divergent DCF valuation of the experts—together with my review of the record as

it pertains to the sales process that generated the Merger, I find the Merger price of

$46.25 per share to be the best indicator of fair value of BMC as of the Merger

date.

                                 III. CONCLUSION

        As is the case in any appraisal action, I am charged with considering all

relevant factors bearing on fair value. A merger price that is the result of an arm‘s-

length transaction negotiated over multiple rounds of bidding among interested

buyers is one such factor. A DCF valuation model built upon management‘s

projections and expert analysis is another such factor. In this case, for the reasons

above, I find the merger price to be the most persuasive indication of fair value

168
   Had I used a discount rate equal to the median of the rates suggested by the parties‘ experts,
but kept my other inputs the same, my DCF value would be remarkably close to the deal price.
See supra note 148.

                                               50
available. The parties should confer and submit an appropriate form of order

consistent with this opinion.

                                    51