Court Opinion

ID: 4333749
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-11-14 01:20:57.442248+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:47:15.053534
License: Public Domain

118 T.C. No. 16

                     UNITED STATES TAX COURT

ESTATE OF ALDO H. FONTANA, DECEASED, RICHARD A. FONTANA AND JOAN
            F. REBOTARRO, CO-EXECUTORS, Petitioner v.
          COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

    Docket No. 6635-00.                     Filed March 28, 2002.

     A and D, husband and wife, owned all of L’s stock as
community property. D predeceased A, leaving 44.069 percent of
L’s stock to a trust over which A had a testamentary general
power of appointment. A also owned 50 percent of L’s stock
outright.
     Held: For Federal estate tax valuation purposes, the stock
subject to A’s general power of appointment must be aggregated
with stock A owned outright.

     Owen G. Fiore, John F. Ramsbacher, and Erin M. Wilms, for

petitioner.

     G. Michelle Ferreira, for respondent.
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                               OPINION

     FOLEY, Judge:   By notice dated March 15, 2000, respondent

determined an $830,720 Federal estate tax deficiency.    The issue

for determination is whether, for valuation purposes, stock owned

outright by Aldo H. Fontana must be aggregated with stock over

which he possessed a general power of appointment (GPA),

exercisable only in his will (testamentary GPA).

                              Background

     Aldo and Doris F. Fontana, husband and wife, had two

children, Richard A. Fontana and Joan F. Rebotarro.    Prior to

Doris’s death on April 18, 1993, Aldo and Doris owned, as

community property, all of the outstanding voting and nonvoting

common shares of Fontana Ledyard Co., Inc. (Ledyard).    Pursuant

to Doris’s will, the residue of her estate was divided into two

trusts, Trust A and Trust B.    Aldo was trustee of both trusts.

Trust A and Trust B held 2,834 and 381 voting, and 18,090 and

2,435 nonvoting, shares of Ledyard, respectively.    During his

lifetime, Aldo received, from both trusts, all income and such

principal as was necessary for his proper support, care,

maintenance, and education.    During his lifetime, Aldo had no

power to control distribution of the trusts’ assets, other than

as a fiduciary.   Aldo had a testamentary GPA over the assets held

by Trust A, and as a result Doris’s estate received a marital
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deduction pursuant to section 2056(b)(5).1   The testamentary GPA

gave Aldo the authority to direct the disposition of Trust A’s

principal and any undistributed income to “one or more persons

and entities, including his own estate, * * * either outright or

in trust”.

     On January 11, 1996, Aldo died testate.    At his death, Aldo

owned outright 50 percent, and Trust A held 44.069 percent, of

Ledyard stock.    Pursuant to his testamentary GPA, Aldo divided

the assets of Trust A into two separate trusts created for the

benefit of Richard and Joan, respectively.    In addition, the

Trust B property was transferred, pursuant to Doris’s will, to

two separate trusts created for the benefit of Richard and Joan.

The residue of Aldo’s estate, which included the Ledyard stock he

owned outright, also passed to similar, separate trusts created

for the benefit of Richard and Joan.

     The estate filed a Form 706, United States Estate (and

Generation-Skipping Transfer) Tax Return, on April 1, 1997, and a

Supplemental Form 706 on May 20, 1997.    The estate reported that

the 50-percent block of Ledyard stock Aldo owned outright and the

44.069-percent block of stock held by Trust A were includable in

Aldo’s gross estate, pursuant to sections 2033 and 2041,

respectively.    The estate valued each block separately.

     1
        Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to
the Internal Revenue Code, and all Rule references are to the Tax
Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.
                                - 4 -

Respondent determined that the 50- and 44.069-percent blocks of

stock should be valued as a 94.069-percent block.   A 94.069-

percent block had a date-of-death value of $4,850,000.    If not

aggregated, however, the 50- and 44.069-percent blocks of Ledyard

stock had date-of-death values of $2,043,500 and $1,747,500,

respectively.

     The parties submitted this case fully stipulated pursuant to

Rule 122.   When the petition was filed, Richard was a resident of

Santa Cruz, California, and Joan was a resident of Millbrae,

California.   Aldo died a resident of Burlingame, California.

                            Discussion

     The value of property includable in a decedent’s gross

estate is generally the fair market value of such property on the

decedent’s date of death.   Sec. 2031(a); sec. 20.2031-1(b),

Estate Tax Regs.   For transfer tax purposes, the fair market

value is “the price at which the property would change hands

between a willing buyer and a willing seller, neither being under

any compulsion to buy or to sell and both having reasonable

knowledge of relevant facts.”   Sec. 20.2031-1(b), Estate Tax

Regs.

     Respondent contends that Aldo’s testamentary GPA is

essentially equivalent to outright ownership, and, as a result,

the Ledyard stock held by Trust A should be aggregated, for

valuation purposes, with the stock Aldo owned outright.    The
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estate contends that the blocks of stock should not be

aggregated.

1.   Estate of Mellinger

     The estate’s primary contention is that we should extend our

holding in Estate of Mellinger v. Commissioner, 112 T.C. 26

(1999), to prevent aggregation of stock owned outright by the

decedent with stock subject to a testamentary GPA.        In Estate of

Mellinger, Frederick Mellinger’s will created a qualified

terminable interest property (QTIP)2 trust for the benefit of his

wife, Harriett.    Id. at 27.   The QTIP trust contained Frederick’s

interest in Frederick’s of Hollywood stock that he and Harriett

had owned, as community property.        Id.   Upon Harriett’s death,

respondent sought to aggregate, for valuation purposes, the stock

she owned outright with the stock held by the QTIP trust.         Id.

We concluded that, for valuation purposes, stock held by a QTIP

trust would not be aggregated with stock owned outright by

Harriett.    Id. at 38; accord Estate of Bonner v. United States,

84 F.3d 196, 198 (5th Cir. 1996).

     a.     Qualified Terminable Interest Property

     The marital deduction is generally not allowed for a

property interest passing to a surviving spouse if on lapse of

time, or occurrence or failure of an event or contingency, such

     2
        QTIP is, pursuant to sec. 2056(b)(7)(B)(i), property “(I)
which passes from the decedent, (II) in which the surviving
spouse has a qualifying income interest for life, and (III) to
which an election under this paragraph applies.”
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interest will terminate or fail (terminable interest rule).    Sec.

2056(b)(1).   Section 2056(b)(7) provides an exception to this

general rule and allows a marital deduction for QTIP even though

the surviving spouse receives only an income interest and has no

control over the ultimate disposition of the property.

     The value of QTIP is included in a surviving spouse’s estate

pursuant to section 2044(a).   In the legislative history

accompanying the enactment of sections 2044 and 2056(b)(7), the

House Ways and Means Committee noted that prior to the enactment

of sections 2044 and 2056(b)(7) “the marital deduction [was]

available only with respect to property passing outright to the

spouse or in specified forms which [gave] the spouse control over

the transferred property”.   H. Rept. 97-201 at 159-160 (1981),

1981-2 C.B. 352, 377.   The House Ways and Means Committee

concluded that “a deduction should be permitted for certain

terminable interests”, but “property subject to terminable

interests qualifying for the marital deduction should be taxable

* * * upon the death of the second spouse”.   H. Rept. 97-201,

supra, 1981-2 C.B. at 378.   Thus, pursuant to section 2044(c),

property subject to a section 2056(b)(7) election “shall be

treated as property passing from the decedent” (emphasis added),

despite the fact that the surviving spouse does not control the

ultimate disposition of the property.
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     b.     General Power of Appointment Trusts

     Property in which a surviving spouse has a life interest may

also qualify for an exception to the terminable interest rule,

and, thus, for the marital deduction, if pursuant to section

2056(b)(5), the surviving spouse has a GPA relating to such

property.    Sec. 2056(b)(5).   Section 2041(a) generally requires

that the value of all property over which the decedent at death

possesses a GPA be included in a decedent’s estate.

     Historically, a GPA has been equated with outright ownership

of the property because the powerholder (i.e., the decedent) can

appoint the property to his estate and, thus, dispose of it as

his or her own property.    Graves v. Schmidlapp, 315 U.S. 657, 659

(1942) (stating “For purposes of estate * * * taxation the power

to dispose of property at death is the equivalent of ownership”);

Peterson Marital Trust v. Commissioner, 78 F.3d 795 (2d Cir.

1996) (stating “For tax purposes, a general power of appointment

has for many, many years been viewed as essentially identical to

outright ownership of the property”), affg. 102 T.C. 790 (1994).

In fact, the legislative history to section 402(e) of the Revenue

Act of 1918, ch. 18, 40 Stat. 1097, the predecessor to section

2041, states:

     A person having a general power of appointment is, with
     respect to disposition of the property at his death, in
     a position not unlike that of its owner. The possessor
     of the power has full authority to dispose of the
     property at his death, and there seems to be no reason
     why the privilege which he exercises should not be
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     taxed in the same degree as other property over which
     he exercises the same authority. * * * [H. Rept. 767,
     65th Cong. 2d Sess. 41-42 (1918), 1939-1 C.B. (Part 2)
     86, 101.]

     In Estate of Mellinger v. Commissioner, supra at 35-36, we

reasoned that although section 2044 required that property held

by the QTIP trust be included in Harriett’s (i.e., the surviving

spouse’s) gross estate, the property “[did] not actually pass to

or from” her, and that she “at no time” possessed “control” or

had “any power of disposition over” the property.   Unlike

Harriett, who could not control the ultimate disposition of the

property held by the QTIP trust, Aldo possessed a testamentary

GPA, which allowed him to control the ultimate disposition of the

stock.   Thus, pursuant to the GPA, Aldo, at the moment of death

(i.e., the critical moment for estate tax valuation purposes),

had control and power of disposition over the property.

Accordingly, the Ledyard stock subject to Aldo’s testamentary GPA

must be aggregated with Ledyard stock Aldo owned outright.

2.   Family Attribution Rules

     The estate further contends that aggregation is

inappropriate because the Ledyard stock held by Trust A should

not be attributed to Aldo.   The estate, relying primarily on

Propstra v. United States, 680 F.2d 1248 (9th Cir. 1982), Estate

of Bright v. United States, 658 F.2d 999 (5th Cir. 1981), and

Estate of Bonner v. United States, supra, and sections 267, 318,
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and 544, contends that “unity of ownership” principles should not

be applied without a clear directive from Congress.

     The estate’s reliance on those cases and statutes is

misplaced because they address situations in which property owned

by one person, or entity, is to be attributed to another.     In

contrast, Aldo, at the moment of death, had the power to appoint

the stock held by Trust A, just as he had the power to determine

who would receive the stock he owned outright.     In Propstra, Mr.

Propstra’s estate included an undivided 1/2 interest in real

estate parcels owned, as community property, by Mr. Propstra and

his wife.   Propstra v. United States, supra at 1250.    The court

concluded that it was not reasonable to assume Mr. Propstra’s

estate and Mr. Propstra’s spouse would sell their respective

community property interests together to maximize their

respective economic returns.   Id. at 1251-1252.    Under such

circumstances, the courts, absent statutory authority, have

consistently rejected respondent’s attempts to aggregate stock

interests held by family members.      Id. at 1252; see also Estate

of Bright v. United States, supra.     We, however, are not

confronted with two individuals acting independently and having

potentially different interests and motivations.     Aldo alone

controlled the ultimate disposition of both blocks of stock.

Thus, attribution rules simply are not relevant.     We sustain

respondent’s determination.
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     Contentions we have not addressed are irrelevant, moot, or

meritless.

     To reflect the foregoing,

                                        Decision will be entered

                                   under Rule 155.