Court Opinion

ID: 7225719
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-25 04:09:51.857356+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:30:10.551703
License: Public Domain

OPINION and ORDER

EATON, Senior Judge:
This matter is before the court on plaintiff Xiping Opeck Food Co., Ltd.’s (“Xip-ing” or “plaintiff’) motion for judgment on the agency record pursuant to USCIT Rule 56.2. By its motion, Xiping, an exporter of freshwater crawfish tail meat from the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”), challenges the United States Department of Commerce’s (“Commerce” or the “Department”) Final Results in the 2009-2010 administrative review of the an-tidumping duty order on crawfish tail meat from the PRC. Freshwater Crawfish Tail Meat From the PRC, 77 Fed.Reg. 21,529, 21,529 (Dep’t of Commerce Apr. 10, 2012) (final results of antidumping duty administrative review and rescission of review in part), and accompanying Issues and Decision Memorandum (“Issues & Dec. Mem.”) (collectively, “Final Results”). In the Final Results, Commerce determined a rate of 70.12 percent for plaintiffs crawfish tail meat based on the application of adverse facts available (“AFA”). Issues & Dec. Mem. at 4.
Defendant United States (“defendant”) opposes plaintiffs motion and asks that Commerce’s Final Results be sustained. See Def.’s Resp. in Opp’n to Pl.’s Rule 56.2 Mot. for J. upon the Agency R. (ECF Dkt. No. 34) (“Def.’s Br.”). Defendant-interve-nor, the Crawfish Processors Alliance (“Crawfish Processors Alliance” or “defendant-intervenor”), a trade association composed of members that manufacture, produce, or sell freshwater crawfish tail meat in the United States, joins in opposition to plaintiffs motion. See Br. of Def.-int., the Crawfish Processors Alliance, in Opp’n to Pl.’s Rule 56.2 Mot. for J. upon the Agency R. (ECF Dkt. No. 37); Consent Mot. of the Crawfish Processors Alliance to Intervene as of Right as Def.-int. ¶ 6 (ECF Dkt. No. 14). For the reasons set forth below, Commerce’s Final Results are remanded.
BACKGROUND
On September 15, 1997, the Department issued an antidumping duty order on craw-fish tail meat from the PRC.1 Freshwater Crawfish Tail Meat From the PRC, 62 *1335Fed.Reg. 48,218 (Dep’t of Commerce, Sept. 15, 1997) (notice of amendment to final determination of sales at less than fair value and antidumping duty order) (the “Order”). On October 28, 2010, following the receipt of a petition filed by the Craw-fish Processors Alliance, the Department initiated an administrative review of the Order for the period of review (“POR”) of September 1, 2009 through August 31, 2010. See Initiation of Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Administrative Reviews, 75 Fed.Reg. 66,349, 66,350 (Dep’t of Commerce Oct. 28, 2010). After initially selecting Xiping and Yancheng Hi-King Agriculture Developing Co., Ltd. (“HiKing”) for individual examination, the Department rescinded the review with respect to Hi-King, leaving Xiping as the sole mandatory respondent.2 See Freshwater Crawfish Tail Meat From the PRC, 76 Fed.Reg. 10,879, 10,879-80 (Dep’t of Commerce Feb. 28, 2011) (rescission of antidumping duty administrative review in part).
During the course of the review, the Crawfish Processors Alliance submitted a letter to the Department alleging that Xip-ing was involved in middleman dumping3 during the POR. Letter from John C. Steinberger, Counsel for the Crawfish Processors Alliance, to The Honorable Gary Locke, Secretary of Commerce, U.S. Department of Commerce at 2, CD 27 (June 6, 2011), ECF-.Dkt. No. 21 (“Middleman Dumping Allegation Letter”). In support of its middleman dumping allegation, defendant-intervenor referred to evidence of Xiping’s sales to the importer of record, GB Imports & Exports, Inc. (“GBIE”), and of GBIE’s subsequent sales to its customer, Company A,4 a foreign entity.5 See Middleman Dumping Allegation Letter at 2, 3, 6. Defendant-intervenor claimed that the sales between Xiping and GBIE, and the sales between GBIE and Company A, were conducted at artificially inflated prices. See Middleman Dumping Allegation Letter at 6. Further, according to defendant-intervenor, Company A resold Xiping’s merchandise to U.S. wholesalers at prices below Company A’s artificially inflated acquisition cost. See Middleman Dumping Allegation Letter at 6. Thus, defendant-intervenor maintained that Company A sold Xiping’s merchandise to U.S. wholesalers at dumped prices.
Following the réceipt of comments concerning the middleman dumping allegation, Commerce determined that, although a middleman dumping analysis was not warranted, “an inquiry into [Company A’s] selling practices” was. Mem. from Laurie Parkhill, Office Director, for Christian Marsh, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Op*1336erations at 6, CD 12 (Sept. 30, 2011), ECF Dkt. No. 21 (“Transactions Mem.”). In reaching this conclusion, Commerce stated “that [Company A] plays a central, but as yet unexplained, role in the U.S. pricing associated with entries of crawfish tail meat subject to this review” and that Company A “appears to be an exporter that has made, or has participated in making, the first sales to unaffiliated U.S. purchasers.” 6 Transactions Mem. at 15-16.
On October 7, 2011, after “receiving] a complete response to the antidumping questionnaire from Xiping,” Commerce published its Preliminary Results, calculating a weighted-average dumping margin of zero percent for Xiping. Preliminary Re-suits Freshwater Crawfish Tail Meat From the PRC, 76 FecLReg. 62,349, 62,-349, 62,351, 62,355 (Dep’t of Commerce Oct. 7, 2011) (of antidumping duty administrative review and intent to rescind review in part) (“Preliminary Results”). Thus, Commerce preliminarily determined that Xiping’s sales had not been made below normal value,7 and therefore that its merchandise had not been dumped.
Nonetheless, based on the observations in its Transactions Memorandum, Commerce sent multiple nonmarket economy8 questionnaires to Xiping and its importer, GBIE, which both companies fully answered. In addition, the Department *1337twice sent Company A nonmarket economy questionnaires seeking to learn whether it was an “entity properly subject to a dumping inquiry as an exporter of subject merchandise and ultimately responsible for the pricing of entries of crawfish tail meat into the United States.” See Mem. from Susan H. Kuhbach, Office Director, for Paul Piquado, Assistant Secretary for Import Administration at 2, CD 20 (Feb. 13, 2012), ECF Dkt. No. 21 (“AFA Mem.”). Company A responded to both of Commerce’s requests with letters stating that it was not an exporter of crawfish tail meat because its purchases and sales were made after the merchandise had entered the United States and, as a result, Company A was not an “interested party” under the statute. AFA Mem. at 2. In other words, Company A insisted that, despite its status as a foreign company, its purchases and sales of the crawfish tail meat took place within the borders of the United States, and thus it neither produced nor exported Xiping’s product, and therefore was not required to respond to the Department’s nonmarket economy questionnaires.
Following the receipt of the questionnaire responses, the Department produced a Post-Preliminary Analysis Memorandum. See AFA Mem. In this memorandum, the Department found, based on Company A’s lack of cooperation, that “the limited information provided by Xiping ... c[ould not] serve as a reliable basis for reaching an accurate dumping determination with respect to Xiping.” AFA Mem. at 4 (citing 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(e)(3)). Furthermore, Commerce determined that Company A was an exporter and “interested party by virtue of its involvement in the relevant U.S. sales and pricing of the entries under review” and that Company A’s failure to cooperate with the review warranted use of an adverse inference9 with respect to the facts used to determine an antidumping margin for Xiping. See AFA Mem. at 5-6; 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b).
Importantly, in reaching its conclusion, Commerce found (1) that Xiping and GBIE fully cooperated with the review, (2) no affiliation among any of Xiping, GBIE, Company A, or the U.S. wholesalers, and (3) no collusion among any of the participants in the transactions. See AFA Mem. at 6; Transactions Mem. at 5-6,12.
In the Final Results, Commerce confirmed its findings and determined a rate of 70.12 percent to Xiping’s merchandise that had been calculated in the Post-Preliminary Analysis Memorandum using AFA. See Final Results, 77 Fed.Reg. at 21,531.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
“The court shall hold unlawful any determination, finding, or conclusion found ... to be unsupported by substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(l)(B)(i).
DISCUSSION
I. The Crawfish Processors Alliance’s Middleman Dumping Allegation
In its Middleman Dumping Allegation Letter, the Crawfish Processors Alliance described a chain of transactions from Xip-ing to the U.S. wholesalers, and asked Commerce to initiate a middleman dumping investigation of Xiping, GBIE, and *1338Company A. See Middleman Dumping Allegation Letter at 2. Defendant-intervenor claimed, in its submission, that Xiping’s U.S. sales were made consecutively through two middlemen: first to GBIE, which acted as the importer of record, and second, to Company A, which purchased Xiping’s product from GBIE. Middleman Dumping Allegation Letter at 6. Defendant-intervenor further alleged that Company A then resold Xiping’s merchandise to U.S. wholesalers, which then sold the crawfish tail meat to retailers in the United States. Middleman Dumping Allegation Letter at 6. To make its case, defendant-intervenor claimed that indirect U.S. pricing data and direct cost data demonstrated that a substantial portion of Company A’s sales of Xiping’s crawfish tail meat in the United States were made at prices substantially below Company A’s cost of acquisition. Middleman Dumping Allegation Letter at 13; Transactions Mem. at 3.
The manner by which defendant-interve-nor constructed the acquisition costs and sales prices on which it based its middleman dumping allegation requires some explanation. First, defendant-intervenor sought to ascertain a cost for the crawfish tail meat bought by Company A. To establish this cost, the defendant-intervenor relied on invoices for eight sales of Xiping’s crawfish tail meat that GBIE sold to Company A during the POR. Middleman Dumping Allegation Letter at 7, 18. Using these invoices, defendant-intervenor then calculated a weighted-average acquisition cost of the merchandise for Company A.10 Middleman Dumping Allegation Letter at 7.
Second, defendant-intervenor constructed an export price (U.S. sales price) based on the prices offered by the U.S. wholesalers of the crawfish tail meat to their retailers. See Middleman Dumping Allegation Letter at 10. Because defendant-interve-nor was unable to determine Company A’s resale prices of the crawfish tail meat to the U.S. wholesalers directly, it “relied on prices offered by four different U.S. wholesalers ... of subject merchandise” 11 that appeared to be “produced by Xipingf,] ... as indirect evidence of the prices charged by” Company A, to calculate a wholesale market price.12 Transactions Mem. at 3; Middleman Dumping Allegation Letter at 10. That is, defendant-intervenor reasoned that the wholesalers would necessarily have paid Company A no more than the price at which they were offering to sell the merchandise to their retailers.
Having constructed the amount that the wholesalers were charging their retailers, for what it believed was Xiping’s crawfish tail meat, defendant-intervenor calculated 'a claimed dumping margin for Company *1339A.13 See Middleman Dumping Allegation Letter at 12-13. This calculation was made by subtracting the average of the U.S. wholesale price offers of the four wholesalers, from Company A’s weighted average acquisition cost of Xiping’s subject merchandise from GBIE. Middleman Dumping Allegation Letter 10, 12-13. Thus, defendant-intervenor used the claimed amount for which the U.S. wholesalers were offering to sell Xiping’s craw-fish tail meat to the U.S. retailers as Company A’s export price (U.S. price), and then subtracted that amount from Company A’s acquisition price, which was used as normal value. As a result, defendant-in-tervenor maintained that Company A, as a middleman, was dumping Xiping’s crawfish tail meat.
Although it could be asserted that the wholesalers’ acquisition price from Company A would logically be less than the price they offered to their retailers, defendant-intervenor used a simple average of the offered prices as the price that the wholesalers paid Company A for the craw-fish tail meat. Thus, using the wholesalers’ offering prices as the export price (U.S. price), and Company A’s acquisition costs from GBIE as normal value, the Crawfish Processors Alliance alleged that Company A was making a substantial portion of its sales of Xiping’s merchandise to U.S. wholesalers at prices significantly below its acquisition costs from GBIE.14 Notably, the Crawfish Processors Alliance relied on an affidavit from a competing U.S. wholesaler15 to identify the four U.S. wholesalers that it claimed bought Xip-ing’s crawfish tail meat from Company A.16 See Middleman Dumping Allegation Letter at 24. In other words, defendant-intervenor used an affidavit to demonstrate that Company A was selling Xip-ing’s crawfish tail meat to four named U.S. wholesalers.
II. Commerce’s Determinations
As an initial matter, it is clear that once it had the Middleman Dumping Allegation Letter, Commerce was reasonable in seeking more information about the chain of transactions by which Xiping’s crawfish tail meat was sold into the United States. Indeed, it is difficult to see these transactions as anything other than an attempt to make it appear that Xiping’s merchandise entered the country based on invoices that did not accurately reflect the true relation*1340ship between normal value and export price. Here, the question is largely whether the Department determined an antidumping duty rate for plaintiffs merchandise based on record evidence and based on the law.
Although the Department declined to initiate a middleman dumping inquiry, it nevertheless endeavored to determine “whether Company A and/or Xiping [was] the entity properly subject to a dumping inquiry as an exporter of subject merchandise and ultimately responsible for the pricing of entries of crawfish tail meat into the United States.” Issues & Dec. Mem. at 2 (citing Preliminary Results, 76 Fed. Reg. at 62,350). Commerce, thus, issued the nonmarket economy questionnaires that resulted in Company A’s assertion that it was not an “interested party” because its purchases and sales of crawfish tail meat were made within the territory of the United States. Issues & Dec. Mem. at 2-3:
Notwithstanding this position, Commerce determined that Company A was an interested party that had “significantly impeded the proceeding because it did not provide any of the information which [the Department] determined to be critical and necessary for the completion of an administrative review of the entries and sales made by Xiping.” Issues & Dec. Mem. at 3 (citing AFA Mem. at 3); 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(2)(C). Based on Company A’s impeding of the review by refusing to answer the questionnaires, Commerce determined that it lacked U.S.-sales and pricing information needed to calculate a margin for Xiping. AFA Mem. at 5. Thus, Commerce “found it necessary,” pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a),17 to use “facts otherwise available” to calculate the dumping margin for Xiping. Issues & Dec. Mem. at 3.
Moreover, Commerce determined that Company A, as an interested party, “failed to cooperate by not acting to the best of its ability to comply with a request for information by the Department.” AFA Mem. at 5 (“This failure to provide the U.S. sales and pricing information, which we determined to be relevant in the Preliminary Results in calculating a dumping margin for Xiping ... in this review, indicates a lack of cooperation on the part of [Company A] to comply with our requests for information.”). As a result of this failure to cooperate by Company A, the Department “found that an adverse inference [was] warranted in determining a dumping margin for Xiping.” Issues & Dec. Mem. at 3-4, 12-13 (citing AFA Mem. at 5-6) (“While it is Company A that has failed to cooperate by not acting to the best of its ability with the Department’s request for cooperation with respect to the appropriate U.S. sales price, the lack of cooperation reasonably results in the application of an adverse inference applicable to the calculation of the dumping margin for the sales and entries made by Xiping ... with Company A ... in this review.”); see 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b).
Even though Xiping itself had fully cooperated in the review, the Department determined that it was reasonable to apply AFA to the facts used to assign its “rate because the record evidence establishes that Xiping ... shipped all subject merchandise that Company A sold to the United States” during the POR and based on Xiping’s assumed knowledge of Company A’s dumping of the merchandise.18 Issues *1341& Dec. Mem. at 13. As to assumed knowledge, Commerce found that Xiping must have known of the below-acquisition-price sales of its merchandise because it was “reasonable to assume that a company whose market share was such that it ‘determined’ market prices would be well aware of the prices at which wholesalers were offering its subject merchandise [to retailers], and would thus be aware that wholesalers’ prices were significantly lower than the selling price [to GBIE that] it reported to the Department.” Issues & Dec. Mem. at 13 (citing Transactions Mem. at 8-9). Put another way, for Commerce, because Xiping (1) knew how much GBIE paid for the crawfish tail meat, (2) “would have had reason to know” that Company A was selling its merchandise, and (3) could be charged with knowledge that the sales price offers by the U.S. wholesalers were below its sales price to GBIE, AFA could be applied both to the U.S. sales price and to normal value when assigning a dumping margin to Xiping. See Issues & Dec. Mem. at 12-13. Although Commerce claims that Xiping had or should have had knowledge that its crawfish tail meat was being dumped in the United States by Company A, the Department does not explain the significance of this finding, or why this claimed knowledge, on the part of Xiping, was material to its determination.
In order to determine a dumping margin for Xiping, Commerce used much of the method employed by defendant-intervenor in its Middleman Dumping Allegation Letter to determine an export price using facts available.19 In addition, however, relying on the findings above, the Department applied AFA. Thus, it “reified] on record evidence for the lowest prices charged by [Company A] in-the Unite[d] States” to reach an export price. AFÁ Mem. at 7 (emphasis added); 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(e). To find this lowest price, the Department calculated a simple average for each size of crawfish tail meat, and then, as an adverse inference, selected the lowest average price. See Transactions Mem. at 8; AFA Mem. at 7.
Although Xiping had fully answered the Department’s questionnaires, and despite having calculated normal value based on its factors of production in the Preliminary Results, the Department applied AFA to reach normal value for Xiping’s merchandise. Therefore, for normal value, the Department used, as facts available, Company A’s acquisition costs as reported by GBIE. “The acquisition costs represent *1342GBIE’s sales prices of Xiping[’s] ... product to [Company A] throughout the POR.” AFA Mem. at 7. Again, the Department applied AFA. Rather than selecting a weighted average price paid by Company A for Xiping’s merchandise that it purchased from GBIE, the Department applied an adverse inference and “used [Company A’s] highest acquisition cost during the POR based on [the Department’s] examination of all the prices that GBIE invoiced for crawfish tail meat to” Company A. AFA Mem. at 7. After subtracting this claimed export price (U.S. price) from the claimed normal value, the Department derived a dumping rate of 70.12 percent for Xiping. AFA Mem. at 7.
III. Application of AFA to Xiping
Here, the primary question is whether Commerce is permitted, under 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b), to draw adverse inferences with respect to the facts used to determine the cost of the acquisition or production (normal value) and export price (U.S. sales price) of a cooperating party’s (i.e., Xiping) subject merchandise, based on the behavior of a non-cooperating, unaffiliated entity (i.e., Company A). In answering this question in the affirmative, the Department made a number of findings.
A. Company A as an “Interested Party”
First, Commerce found that Company A was an interested party under the anti-dumping laws. The statute, in relevant part, defines an “interested party” as “a foreign manufacturer, producer, or exporter, or the United States importer, of subject merchandise.”20 19 U.S.C. § 1677(9)(A) (emphasis added). The statute and Commerce’s regulations, however, are silent as to the definition of the term “exporter.” Because there is no relevant definition of the term “exporter,” the court must determine whether Commerce’s construction of the term is in accordance with law.
When reviewing Commerce’s construction of the trade statute, this Court is directed by the two-step framework set forth by Chevron. Fine Furniture (Shanghai) Ltd. v. United States, 748 F.3d 1365, 1369 (Fed.Cir.2014) (citing Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837,104 S.Ct. 2778, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984)). The first step requires a determination as to whether Congress’s intent under the statute is clear. Chevron, 467 U.S. at 842-43, 104 S.Ct. 2778. If clear, the court “must give effect to the unambiguously expressed intent of Congress. If, however, the court determines Congress has not directly addressed the precise question at issue,” i.e., “the statute is silent or ambiguous with respect to the specific issue, the question for the court is whether the agency’s answer is based on a permissible construction of the statute.” Id. (footnotes omitted). Further, under United States v. Mead, Commerce’s construction of a statute need not be found in a formal regulation adopted after notice-and-comment to receive deference. See United States v. Mead Corp., 533 U.S. 218, 230-31, 121 S.Ct. 2164, 150 L.Ed.2d 292 (2001). Thus, “administrative implementation of a particular statutory provision qualifies for Chevron deference when it appears that Congress delegated authority to the agency generally to make rules carrying the force of law, and that the agency interpretation claiming deference was promulgated in the *1343exercise of that authority.” Id. at 226-27, 121 S.Ct. 2164.
Although undefined by statute or regulation, to “export” is ordinarily thought of as “to transport (merchandise) from one country to another in the course of trade.” Black’s Law Dictionary 700 (10th ed. 2014). Indeed, it is this activity that has traditionally been the focus of entities that have been found to be exporters under the antidumping laws. See, e.g., Michaels Stores, Inc. v. United States, 766 F.3d 1388, 1390-91 (Fed.Cir.2014); Mueller Comercial de Mexico, S. de R.L. de C.V. v. United States, 753 F.3d 1227, 1229 (Fed.Cir.2014); Jacobi Carbons AB v. United States, 38 CIT -, - & n. 1, 992 F.Supp.2d 1360, 1362-63 & n. 1 (2014). Thus, under its ordinary meaning, an exporter is not thought of as a company that takes title to the merchandise after the goods have already entered the United States and cleared Customs.
The statute itself provides only that an “interested party” is, inter alia, “a foreign manufacturer, producer, or exporter, or the United States importer, of subject merchandise.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677(9)(A) (emphasis added). The statute provides no further explanation as to the type of entity that qualifies as an exporter. That is, it is unclear, based on the plain language of the statute, that it was the intent of Congress to find, as an exporter under the unfair trade laws, an entity that takes title to goods after importation into the United States. Therefore, it is the court’s task to determine, under Chevron’s second step, whether Commerce’s construction of the term to encompass Company A is reasonable. See Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843,104 S.Ct. 2778.
Here, Company A acquired title to Xiping’s merchandise after the goods had already entered the United States and cleared Customs by GBIE, the importer. Under Commerce’s construction of the statute, however, Company A is an exporter of the merchandise, despite the goods having already been exported to the United States by the producer, Xiping, and imported by GBIE. Commerce insists that Company A was an exporter because it was “a foreign entity acting as a price discriminator in selling to the U.S. market.” Issues & Dec. Mem. at 6. That is, for the Department, Company A was an exporter, and thus, an interested party under the statute, because it was “in a position to set the U.S. price [ (export price)] of subject merchandise that entered] into the United States.” Issues & Dec. Mem. at 5. Commerce based its determination on the unusual timing of the sales from Xiping to GBIE, and resales from GBIE to Company A,21 which made it “highly likely that [Company A] agreed to resell goods back to the United States prior to the time of importation.” Transactions Mem. at 14-15. Moreover, for Commerce, it was immaterial that the subject merchandise was in the United States when Company A bought it. See Issues & Dec. Mem. at 6 (“Whether the subject merchandise "is physically located in the United States when Company A makes the sale does not determine Company A’s status as an exporter for antidumping purposes.”).
By statute, each “determination by Commerce must include ‘an explanation of the basis for its determination.’ ” See NMB Sing. Ltd. v. United States, 557 F.3d 1316, 1320 (Fed.Cir.2009) (quoting 19 U.S.C. *13441677f(i)(3)(A)). Thus, “[w]here the Department has reached important conclusions that are not fully explained with reference to record evidence [and relevant statutes or regulations], remand is appropriate for Commerce to ‘explain its rationale ... such that a court may follow and review its line of analysis, its reasonable assumptions, and other relevant considerations.’ ” Since Hardware (Guangzhou) Co. v. United States, 37 CIT-, -, Slip Op. 13-71, at 15, 2013 WL 3116513 (2013) (alteration in original) (quoting Clearon Corp. v. United States, 35 CIT -,-, Slip Op. 11-142, at 27-28, 2011 WL 5909576 (2011) (internal quotation marks omitted)).
It does not appear that the Department has adequately explained how its interpretation of the term exporter is a permissible construction of the statute. See Am. Tobacco Co. v. Patterson, 456 U.S. 63, 68, 102 S.Ct. 1534, 71 L.Ed.2d 748 (1982) (“As in all cases involving -statutory, construction, [a court’s] starting point must be the language employed by Congress, and [the court] assume[s] that the legislative purpose is expressed by the ordinary meaning of the words used.” (citations omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted)). Here, the Department found that it was “faced with unique and complex facts surrounding the U.S. sales in this administrative review” because “the sequence of transactions at issue d[id] not follow the more typical, simple scenario of a single sale, accompanied by shipment, from a foreign producer/exporter to its unaffiliated U.S. customer.” Issues & Dec. Mem. at 8. Commerce further found that “the sales in this case ha[d] been structured as a series of back-to-back transactions between a foreign exporter/producer, a U.S. importer, a second foreign entity and, ultimately, a U.S. buyer.” Issues & Dec. Mem. at 9. While this explanation provides the reason the Department believes that the transactions deserve to be captured by the anti-dumping laws, it fails to say with specificity, just how it is that Company A can be said to be an exporter. That is, it has failed to explain how being a “price discriminator” alone makes an entity an exporter when the plain meaning of the word requires more, i.e., not just price setting, but movement of goods.
As to why Company A was the “price discriminator” and thus an exporter, the Department explained that “[t]he presumption built into the law and [Commerce’s] practice is that the locus of. dumping will be found in the first sale of subject merchandise to an unaffiliated party where the seller knows the merchandise is destined for the United States.” Issues & Dec. Mem. at 9. For Commerce, “[t]his idea underlies the definitions of export price and constructed export price in the statute.” Issues & Dec. Mem. at 9 (citing 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(a), (b)). This locus, however, appears to be the sale by Xiping to GBIE. Thus, when Commerce says that “the statute anticipates that the first entity — whether the producer or an exporter — who has knowledge that the sale is destined for the United States is the entity whose price setting behavior will control dumping,” the transaction described is that from Xiping to GBIE, not from Company A t9 the U.S. wholesalers. Issues & Dec. Mem. at 9 (citing USEC Inc. v. United States, 27 CIT 489, 497 n. 9, 259 F.Supp.2d 1310, 1318 n. 9 (2003); Parkdale Int’l v. United States, 30 CIT 551, 557, 429 F.Supp.2d 1324, 1330 (2006)). Again, this explanation falls short.
Apparently, in recognition of the problem presented by the sale from Xiping to GBIE, the Department seems to have found that the crawfish tail meat was ex*1345ported22 to the U.S. twice:
[Although the subject merchandise is shipped and enters the United States only once, there are two sales from two separate foreign entities attributable to each entry prior to the sale to an unaffiliated U.S. purchaser, with an intervening transaction with a U.S. importer (Xiping ... to GBIE and Company A to U.S. purchasers),' each of which is arguably a reviewable sale.
Issues & Dec. Mem. at 10 (footnote omitted). Although “[t]he statute and the regulations do not directly speak to this fact pattern,” because Commerce “ ‘has been vested with authority to administer the antidumping laws in accordance with the legislative intent’ and, thus, ‘has a certain amount of discretion [to act] ... with the purpose in mind of preventing the intentional evasion or circumvention of the anti-dumping duty law5 ” and “associate dumping with the party or parties responsible for it,” the Department determined that Company A’s sales to U.S. wholesalers were “the appropriate basis for U.S. price, in order to calculate an accurate dumping margin.” Issues & Dee. Mem. at 10 (alterations in original) (citations omitted) (quoting Tung Mung Dev. Co. v. United States, 26 CIT 969, 979, 219 F.Supp.2d 1333, 1343 (2002)). Therefore, Commerce concluded that Company A was an exporter and thus an interested party because it was the “price discriminator” for the second sale, i.e., the sale of the merchandise from Company A to the U.S. wholesalers.
While the Department has succeeded in explaining its purpose in finding the transactions to be violations (i.e., “preventing the intentional evasion or circumvention of the antidumping duty law”), it has failed to supply an adequate explanation for its finding that Company A is an exporter and thus, qualifies as an interested party under the statute. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677(9)(A). Although it may be that the “price discriminator” or “foreign entity ... in a position to set the U.S. price” at importation can be found to be an exporter, under the facts of this case, Commerce appears to have omitted several steps needed before Company A can be found to be an exporter of the subject merchandise. Issues & Dec. Mem. at 5.
First, the Department must explain how its view that there were “arguably” two reviewable sales complies with the law. See Issues & Dec. Mem. at 10. That is, if the sale from Xiping to GBIE could be reviewed as the sale of subject merchandise into the United States, it is unclear how the sale of the same merchandise from Company A to the U.S. wholesalers can also be reviewable. As part of its explanation, the Department must state clearly how Company A is the “price discriminator” when Xiping appears to be the “first entity” that “has knowledge that the sale [of its goods] is destined for the United States” and they are “the entity whose price setting behavior will control dumping.” See Issues & Dec. Mem. at 9.
Relatedly, the Department must explain its finding that, when determining that an entity is an exporter, “[w]hether the subject merchandise is physically located in the United States when Company A makes the sale does not determine Company A’s status as an exporter for anti-dumping purposes.” Issues & Dec. Mem. at 6. Entry of subject merchandise from a foreign country into the United States is the very subject of the antidumping statute. See 19 U.S.C. § 1673 (“If ... (1) the administering authority determines that a class or kind of foreign merchandise is *1346being, or is likely to be, sold in the United States at less than its fair value, and (2) the Commission determines that ... (A) an industry in the United States ... (i) is materially injured, or (ii) is threatened with material injury, or (B) the establishment of an industry in the United States is materially retarded, by reason of imports of that merchandise or by reason of sales (or the likelihood of sales) of that merchandise for importation, then there shall be imposed upon such merchandise an antidumping duty, in addition to any other duty imposed, in an amount equal to the amount by which the normal value exceeds the export price (or the constructed export price) for the merchandise.”). Accordingly, the Department must explain how Company A can be said to have “exported” merchandise that was in the United States when it took ownership. Thus, while it may be that finding Company A to be an exporter and thus an interested party, results from “a permissible construction of the statute,” the Department has yet to demonstrate that this is the case.
Finally, the Department has not supported with substantial evidence its factual finding that the sales from Company A to the U.S. wholesalers of Xiping’s product occurred prior to the date of importation of the merchandise or that such an agreement was in place prior to the importation of Xiping’s goods. This factual finding is important if Company A is to be found to be an interested party under Commerce’s construction of the antidumping laws. While Commerce states that, “[gjiven the ... [proximity] from the time of GBIE’s importation and entry of such goods into the United States and the timing of [Company A’s] taking title to goods, it is highly likely that [Company A] agreed to resell goods back to the United States prior to the time of importation,” it has failed to cite evidence on the record to support this assertion. See Transactions Mem. at 15. Here, the statute places an emphasis on the price determination being agreed upon prior to importation. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(a) (“The term ‘export price’ means the price at which the subject merchandise is first sold (or agreed to be sold) before the date of importation by the producer or exporter of the subject merchandise outside of the United States to an unaffiliated purchaser in the United States or to an unaffiliated purchaser for exportation to the United States .... ” (emphasis added)). The Department relies heavily on the notion that Company A was the “price discriminator.” Absent any real evidence that the price was agreed to prior to importation, it is hard to see how this could be the case.
The court is mindful that it is because of Company A’s noncompliance with Commerce’s nonmarket economy questionnaires that the Department lacks the necessary information to determine the timing that the agreements between Company A and its U.S. wholesale buyers were entered into. Nevertheless, this does not relieve the Department of its obligation to support with substantial evidence its decision to find Company A to be an exporter and thus an interested party. Nor does the suspicious nature of the transactions relieve Commerce of its responsibility to demonstrate that its finding, that Company A is an interested party, is in accordance with law.
B. Legal Framework for Applying AFA
Commerce is charged with the “overriding purpose of ... calculating] dumping margins as accurately as possible.” Parkdale Int’l v. United States, 475 F.3d 1375, 1380 (Fed.Cir.2007). Although “[t]he Department generally makes its an-tidumping determinations based on the information it solicits and receives from in*1347terested parties concerning the. normal value and export price of the subject merchandise,” it may, pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a), use “ ‘facts otherwise available ... to fill in the gaps when Commerce has received less than the full and complete facts needed to make a determination’ from the respondents.”23 Foshan Shunde Yongjian Housewares & Hardware Co. v. United States, 35 CIT-,-, Slip Op. 11-123, at 6-7, 2011 WL 4829947 (2011) (alteration in original) (quoting Gerber Food (Yunnan) Co. v. United States, 29 CIT 753, 767, 387 F.Supp.2d 1270, 1283 (2005)) (internal quotation marks omitted). Thus, “Commerce shall fill in the gaps with ‘facts otherwise available’ ” if any respondent significantly impedes the Department’s ability to conduct a proceeding. See Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 337 F.3d 1373, 1381 (Fed.Cir.2003); AMS Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 719 F.3d 1376, 1378, 1379-80 (Fed.Cir.2013).
Once Commerce finds that the use of facts otherwise available is warranted under 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a), if it finds further “that an interested party has failed to cooperate by not acting to the best of its ability to comply with a request for information,” the Department “may use an inference that is adverse to the interests of that party in selecting from among the facts otherwise available.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b). Thus, although sometimes conflated by Courts, to use facts available and draw an adverse inference with respect to certain of those facts requires Commerce to make two separate decisions.
C. Application of AFA to a Cooperating Party
Xiping objects to Commerce’s use of AFA to calculate its dumping rate based on Company A’s failure to cooperate. It contends that, under the statute, AFA can only be applied against an uncooperative party, and, while Company A may not have cooperated, Xiping itself was found to have fully cooperated in the review.24 See Br. *1348in Supp. of PL’s Rule 56.2 Mot. for J. upon the Agency R. 10-11 (ECF Dkt. No. 26).
Even if Company A is an interested party for purposes of the unfair trade laws, the question remains as to whether the Department’s finding that Company A significantly impeded the proceeding, may result in the application of AFA to the facts relating to Xiping’s rate. That is, 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b) provides that the Department may apply AFA to the facts used to find an antidumping duty rate for an uncooperative, interested party. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b) (“If [Commerce] finds that an interested party has failed to cooperate by not acting to the best of its ability to comply with a request for information[, Commerce] ... may use an inference that is adverse to the interests of that party in selecting from among the facts otherwise available.” (emphasis added)). Thus, in most cases, AFA is applied to the facts relating to the dumping margin of a party that does not cooperate. Here, however, Commerce has found Xiping itself to be cooperative.
While not the usual case, recently, the Federal Circuit has found that, under certain circumstances, Commerce may apply adverse inferences in such a way that they extend to instances when doing so has “collateral effects” on a cooperating respondent. In Mueller Comercial de Mexico, S. de R.L. de C.V. v. United States, the Court held that Commerce is not prohibited “from drawing adverse inferences against a non-cooperating party that have collateral consequences for a cooperating party.” Mueller, 753 F.3d at- 1236. In Mueller, an exporter under review purchased its merchandise from two suppliers, one of which would not provide data requested by Commerce.25 Id. at 1230. As a consequence of this supplier’s failure to cooperate, cost of production data needed to calculate the normal value of the subject merchandise sold by the exporter was absent from the record. See id. Because the Department lacked necessary cost data, Commerce used facts otherwise available to calculate the exporter’s dumping margin. Id.
Further, despite the exporter having fully cooperated with Commerce’s review, the Department applied an adverse inference to the facts it used to calculate the uncooperative supplier’s costs of production. See id. Specifically, Commerce applied an adverse inference to the production costs of the goods that the exporter acquired from the uncooperative supplier. See id. This adverse inference resulted in a higher normal value for the cooperative respondent’s merchandise, and therefore, a higher dumping margin for that respondent. Id. at 1232.
In upholding the Department’s practice in that instance, the Federal Circuit explained that, if a cooperating party was in a position to induce a non-cooperating party to supply needed information and failed to do so, AFA could be used to determine the cooperating party’s rate. Id. at 1236. The Federal Circuit reasoned that, if a cooperating party is in a position where it “could and should ... induce[ another company’s] cooperation by refusing to do business with” it, AFA can be used “as part of a margin determination for a cooperating party[,] ... as long as the application of those policies is reasonable on the particular facts and the predominant interest in accuracy is properly taken into account as well.” Id. at 1233. The *1349Court cautioned, however, that, where “the cooperating entity has no control over the non-cooperating suppliers, a resulting adverse inference -is potentially unfair to the cooperating party.” Id. at 1235 (citing SKF USA Inc. v. United States, 630 F.3d 1365, 1375 (Fed.Cir.2011)). In other words, because a primary interest of the statute is to prevent the evasion of anti-dumping duties, the “theory of inducement” may supply the rationale for using AFA-derived facts to determine the margin for a cooperating respondent. As a result, where a cooperating respondent is in a position to induce a non-cooperating party to comply with Commerce’s requests for information during a review, and has failed to do so, the Department may be justified in applying an adverse inference to calculate the cooperating party’s anti-dumping duty rate.26
Moreover, even though, here, Commerce found that Company A was an exporter, it did not determine an antidumping duty rate for Company A because it found that “the record evidence established] that Xiping ... shipped all subject merchandise that Company A sold to the United States.” Issues & Dec. Mem. at 13. Also, the Department stated that, “because the identity of Company A [was] not apparent in any entry documentation, there [was] no practical reason to establish a rate that [was] associated with any entity other than Xiping.” Issues & Dec. Mem. at 13. Nonetheless, the Department found it appropriate to apply AFA to Xiping.
This use of AFA, however, runs afoul of the Federal Circuit’s reasoning in Changzhou Wujin Fine Chemical Factory Co. v. United States, where Commerce used AFA to determine a cooperating respondent’s rate based on the behavior of non-cooperating companies even though the parties were also found to be unrelated, unaffiliated companies. See Changzhou Wujin Fine Chem. Factory Co. v. United States, 701 F.3d 1367, 1375-76 (Fed.Cir.2012). The Federal Circuit, however, found that the use of AFA to construct a rate for a cooperating party was improper where the use of adverse inferences had no impact on the parties that had failed to cooperate. “Although the hypothetical AFA rate was not directly applied to a cooperating respondent, cooperating respondents were the only entities impacted by the recalculated rate.” Id. at 1378. In other words, for the Court, because the claimed use of AFA had no impact on the uncooperative parties, the Department was prohibited from drawing adverse inferences in assigning an AFA rate to companies found to have fully cooperated. See id. at 1379. “The hypothetical AFA rate Commerce generated on remand was an ‘AFA rate’ in name only: its sole purpose was to serve as a value in the recalculation of the separate rate. The hypothetical AFA rate was not assigned to any individ*1350ually investigated entity, and only affected cooperating respondents.” Id. at 1375-76. Here, as in Changzhou, the non-cooperating party, Company A, suffered no adverse consequences from its failure to cooperate, and as to Company A, AFA was applied in “name only.” In other words, the only entity impacted by the calculated rate was the cooperating respondent, Xiping.
D. The Department’s Determination to Apply AFA to Xiping Lacks Sufficient Explanation
In the present review, Commerce found that it lacked sufficient information to calculate a dumping margin for Xiping. The Department reached this conclusion after finding that there were two reviewable sales and that Company A’s refusal to answer the questionnaires prevented it from learning U.S. sales and pricing information for the second sale, i.e., the sale from Company A to the U.S. wholesalers. As a result, Commerce applied “facts otherwise available” under subsection (a) of the statute to find the export price (U.S. price) for Xiping’s merchandise. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a) (stating that “facts otherwise available” is used when “necessary information is not available on the record”).
As facts available, Commerce chose the price calculated by defendant-intervenor based on the offering prices by the wholesalers to the retailers. The Department determined further, however, that, as a result of Company A’s refusal to cooperate, an adverse inference was warranted under section 1677e(b), not to determine an antidumping rate for Company A, but to calculate Xiping’s dumping margin. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b). In doing so, the Department applied an adverse inference to calculate Xiping’s export price (U.S. price) by selecting the lowest price available on the record for the inferred amount charged by Company A to U.S. wholesalers for Xiping’s crawfish tail meat. See AFA Mem. at 7. In addition, the Department applied an adverse inference as part of its normal value calculation, relying on Company A’s highest acquisition cost, based on the GBIE invoices for Xiping’s crawfish tail meat sold to Company A. AFA Mem. at 7. Thus, .the Department used facts available and applied adverse facts available when determining both Xip-ing’s export price and normal value. The court finds Commerce’s explanation for its authority to apply an AFA rate to both to be insufficient.

1. Export Price

Commerce determined that, as a result of Company A’s failure to cooperate, “an adverse inference [was] warranted in determining a dumping margin for Xiping.” Issues & Dec. Mem. at 3-4. Given Commerce’s express finding, however, that Xiping was a fully cooperative party in this review, the Department’s basis for calculating a dumping margin for Xiping exclusively based on AFA is unclear to the court.
Commerce concluded that none of Xip-ing, GBIE, or Company A were related companies. Nor was there a finding that Xiping was in a position to induce Company A’s cooperation. In addition, Commerce did not use AFA to calculate a rate for Company A. Although the Federal Circuit has made clear that, under section 1677e(b), Commerce may “draw [an] adverse inference[] against a non-cooperating party that ha[s] collateral consequences for a cooperating party,” when the cooperating party is in a position to induce the non-cooperating party to supply information, Commerce has cited to no record evidence indicating that Xiping could have induced Company A to cooperate. See Mueller, 753 F.3d at 1236; 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b). Also, Commerce did not apply *1351AFA to non-cooperating Company A, but only to cooperating Xiping. Commerce, however, has thus not provided an explanation for its actions that takes current case law into account.
Rather, Commerce’s entire explanation is that, because of Xiping’s “admitted presence and knowledge of the market, it would have had reason to know that its shipments of subject merchandise were ultimately being sold at less than GBIE’s buyer’s acquisition cost to unaffiliated U.S. purchasers,” and that Xiping would have been “aware that wholesalers’ prices were significantly lower than the selling price it reported to the Department.” Issues & Dec. Mem. at 13 (citing Transactions Mem. at 8-9). According to Commerce, this is so “because the record evidence established] that Xiping ... shipped all subject merchandise that Company A sold to the United States.” Issues & Dec. Mem. at 13. Thus, Commerce concludes that, “because [Company A ] did not cooperate by acting to the best of its availability, ... an adverse inference [was] warranted in determining a dumping margin for Xiping AFA Mem. at 6 (emphasis added).
Commerce, however, cites no statute, regulation, or case law permitting the application of AFA based on imputed knowledge. Nor does it give a complete explanation for why such knowledge, even if lawfully imputed, would result in the application of AFA. The Department is, of course, correct that the purpose of the antidumping laws is to stop dumping. The statute itself, however, must be used as the means to do so and the statute relies both on the policy cited by Commerce and on the methods it authorizes. If, on remand, the Department continues to employ the imputation of knowledge to justify the use of AFA to calculate Xiping’s export price, it must complete its thought and explain why knowledge of the marketplace is sufficient for the application of AFA to the facts.
In addition, in light of the Federal Circuit’s decision in Mueller, the Department is to fully explain, what, if any, relevance Mueller has to the calculation of Xiping’s dumping margin. That is, Commerce is to explain the relevance of Mueller’s “inducement/evasion considerations,” which might permit the application of AFA to a cooperating party in the context of the facts of this case. See Mueller, 753 F.3d at 1236. Finally, the Department must address the reasoning in Changzhou, and why it is permitted, here, to determine a rate for a cooperating party (Xiping), using AFA, that has no impact on the party that failed to cooperate in the review (Company A). See Changzhou, 701 F.3d at 1378.
Thus, on remand, the Department must clarify its legal basis for calculating an AFA rate for Xiping, a party it found to have cooperated fully with Commerce’s investigation. See GPX Int’l Tire Corp. v. United States, 37 CIT -, -, 942 F.Supp.2d 1343, 1359 (2013) (“Typically, Commerce cannot rely on an unaffiliated party’s failure to cooperate to justify the application of an AFA rate unless the exporter under investigation also is found responsible for the behavior in some way.” (citations omitted)).

2. Normal Value

The application of AFA to the facts used to determine the normal value of Xiping’s merchandise requires even more explanation. In the Preliminary Results, Commerce used its factors of production methodology27 to calculate Xiping’s nor*1352mal value. Preliminary Results, 76 Fed. Reg. at 62,353. In doing so, the Department relied on the factors of production data reported by Xiping for the POR and then priced these factors using publicly available data from India, Spain, and Indonesia.28 See Preliminary Results, 76 Fed.Reg. at 62,351. This is, of course, the method authorized by Congress. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(a).
In the Final Results, however, having previously determined in its Post-Preliminary Analysis Memorandum that the record demonstrated that Xiping’s sales to GBIE were not based on normal commercial considerations, the Department declined to use Xiping’s factors of production information to calculate normal value. Issues & Dec. Mem. at 12 (“We also disagree with Xiping ... that we should use its information in our final results.... [T]he record evidence demonstrates that the sales from Xiping ... to GBIE are not based on normal commercial considerations.” (citations omitted)). Specifically, the Department determined that Xiping’s sales of crawfish tail meat to GBIE were “not based on normal commercial considerations” for the following reasons: (1) Xip-ing had failed to “provide a reasonable explanation for the factors accounting for the drastic increases in its U.S. prices and quantities in relation to the last POR and in relation to its competitors”; (2) Xiping had failed to “explain the wide gap between its U.S. prices and the average prevailing U.S. market prices at the wholesale level”; (3) Xiping and GBIE had failed to “identify the specific sources of information that both parties considered in their negotiations in gauging the prevailing U.S. market prices involving large quantities of subject merchandise”; “(4) [t]he exclusivity of the commercial relationship between Xiping ... and GBIE and between GBIE and Company A”; “(5) GBIE did not demonstrate any reason for its incorporation beyond acting as an importer of record for Xiping[’s] ... shipments or how GBIE’s activities amounted to a meaningful or active commercial role in the U.S. market”; “(6) Xiping[’s] ... U.S. sales did not enter the stream of commerce in the United States because GBIE’s purchases from Xiping ... were back-to-back with its resales to Company A, GBIE resold crawfish tail meat to' a third-country entity, and GBIE transferred title of the subject merchandise to Company A only days after importation”; and “(7) [t]he high likelihood that Company A agreed to resell subject merchandise back to the United States prior to importation, given Company A’s *1353agreement to purchase subject merchandise from GBIE well prior to the date of importation into the United States.” Issues & Dec. Mem. at 11-12 (citing Transactions Mem. at 6, 8, 13, 14, 15; AFA Mem. at 3-4). Thus, having “evaluated] the nature of the transactions under review,” the Department “concluded that it was appropriate to initiate an inquiry of Company A because it ‘appealed] to be an exporter that ha[d] made, or ha[d] participated in making, the first sales to unaffiliated U.S. purchasers.’ ” Issues & Dec. Mem. at 12 (quoting Transactions Mem. at 15-16).
Having established the questionable nature of the transactions, the Department then decided to construct a normal value for Xiping’s crawfish tail meat. Thus, rather than rely on Xiping’s factors of production information to calculate normal value, the Department relied on Company A’s acquisition costs of subject merchandise from GBIE. See AFA Mem. at 7. These costs were derived from GBIE’s answers to the Department’s questionnaires. See AFA Mem. at 7 (“With respect to normal value, we relied on [Company A’s] acquisition costs. The acquisition costs represent GBIE’s sales prices of Xiping[’s] ... product to [Company A] throughout the POR.”). The Department then applied AFA to these costs. See AFA Mem. at 7 (“Specifically, as AFA, we used [Company A’s] highest acquisition cost during the POR based on our examination of all the prices that GBIE invoiced for crawfish tail meat to [Company A]. Record evidence contains 34 sample invoices that we requested and obtained from GBIE.” (citations omitted)).
The Department thus took the sales prices to GBIE that would usually be used to establish the export price (U.S. price) and instead used these costs rather than Xiping’s production costs as the basis for finding normal value. It then used AFA to justify using the highest of these costs as Xiping’s normal value. The Department’s decision to apply AFA to the determination of Xiping’s normal value is completely unexplained.
Because nonmarket economy countries do “not operate on market principles of cost or pricing structures, so that sales of merchandise in such countries] do not reflect the fair value of the merchandise,” where, as here, merchandise is exported from a nonmarket economy country, the Department is directed by statute to “determine the normal value of the subject merchandise on the basis of the value of the factors of production utilized in producing the merchandise.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677(18)(A); 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(e)(l). Xiping asks the court to direct Commerce to use the factors of production methodology that it employed in the Preliminary Results to calculate Xiping’s normal value. See Pl.’s Rule 56.2 Mot. for J. upon the Agency R. 1 (ECF Dkt. No. 26) (“Plaintiff ... respectfully moves for judgment upon the agency record and for an order remanding to [Commerce the Final Results], with instructions to calculate an antidump-ing duty rate for [p]laintiff based upon the reported sales and factors of production data rather than through the application of any adverse facts available.”).
The court finds that Commerce has not provided a sufficient explanation (or indeed any explanation at all) for not determining Xiping’s normal value based on its factors of production. Indeed, even if it is ultimately found that AFA can be properly applied to the facts of Company A’s U.S. pricing, a complete explanation for using anything other, than the factors of production to determine Xiping’s normal value is needed. In supplying its explanation, the Department must keep in mind that, even if Company A is found to be an *1354interested party, no one withheld information as to the costs of production and no interested party failed to cooperate with a request for information relating to the costs of production. Thus, Commerce has failed to explain the use of facts available, let alone AFA. This Court has repeatedly held that, absent a specific finding that reported information by a respondent is inaccurate or deficient, Commerce’s decision to ignore that information as part of its determination renders its conclusion unsupported by substantial evidence. See, e.g., Yantai Xinke Steel Structure Co. v. United States, 36 CIT-,-, Slip Op. 12-95, at 27, 2012 WL 2930182 (2012); Since Hardware (Guangzhou) Co. v. United States, 34 CIT-,-, Slip Op. 10-108, at 15-16, 2010 WL 3982277 (2010).
Because of the odd structure of the transaction, the Department’s suspicions about the bona fides of the behavior of the entities involved are fully justified. There appears to be no other explanation for these gyrations than to avoid a finding of dumping. Indeed, the defendant-interve-nor seems to have made out a good ease that the transaction amounted to middleman dumping. Thus, on remand, if the Department wishes, it may pursue a middleman dumping investigation as part of its determination to capture the dumping of Xiping’s merchandise in the United States. In any event, Commerce must clearly explain how the transactions violated the statute and how the remedy it seeks to use is grounded in the law and the facts.
CONCLUSION and ORDER
Based on the foregoing, it is hereby
ORDERED that the Department’s Final Results are REMANDED; it is further
- ORDERED that, on remand, Commerce issue a redetermination that complies in all respects with this Opinion and Order, is based on determinations that are supported by substantial record evidence, and is in all respects in accordance with law; it is further
ORDERED that the Department explain how its construction of the word exporter as a “price discriminator” is a proper construction of the statute; it is further
ORDERED that the Department explain clearly how Company A is the “price discriminator” of Xiping’s merchandise when it is Xiping that appears to be the “first entity” that “has knowledge that the sale [of its goods] is destined for the United States” and “is the entity whose price setting behavior will control dumping”; it is further
ORDERED that Commerce fully explain its determination that there were two renewable sales (i.e., from Xiping to GBIE and from Company A to U.S. wholesalers), and how this complies with the law; it is further
ORDERED that, should the Department continue to proceed as though Company A is an exporter for purposes of 19 U.S.C. § 1677(9)(A), it must fully explain how this determination complies with the láw, given that Company A took ownership to the merchandise and subsequently sold it to U.S. wholesalers after the goods had already entered the United States and cleared Customs; it is further
ORDERED that Commerce support its determination, that “it is highly likely that [Company A] agreed to resell goods back to the United States prior to the time of importation,” with substantial evidence; it is further
ORDERED that the Department fully explain the relevance of its findings that, given Xiping’s “admitted presence and knowledge of the market, it would have had reason to know that its shipments of subject merchandise were ultimately being sold at less than GBIE’s buyer’s acquisi*1355tion cost to unaffiliated U.S. purchasers,” and that Xiping would have been “aware that wholesalers’ prices were significantly lower than the selling price it reported to the Department,” and why Xiping’s knowledge of the marketplace is sufficient for the application of AFA; it is further
ORDERED that Commerce explain the relevance, if any, of the Federal Circuit’s “inducemenVevasion considerations” to its determination to assign an AFA rate to Xiping, a party found to have fully cooperated in this review; it is further
ORDERED that the Department address the Federal Circuit’s reasoning that a rate may not be determined for a cooperating party using AFA where the calculated rate has no impact on the entity that failed to cooperate; it is further
ORDERED that the Department fully explain its determination to assign an AFA rate to Xiping, a party it found to have fully cooperated in this review, based on Company A’s noncompliance; it is further
ORDERED that Commerce fully explain why it is permitted by law and the facts of this case to treat Company A’s sales price to U.S. wholesalers as the export price (U.S. price); it is further
ORDERED that Commerce fully explain its determination to use Company A’s acquisition costs (or GBIE’s sales price of Xiping’s product) rather than base Xip-ing’s normal value on the value of its factors of production as used in the Preliminary Results, and why it is permitted by law to ignore Xiping’s reported factors of production information; it is further
ORDERED that, if the Department wishes, it may pursue a middleman dumping investigation as part of its determination; it is further
ORDERED that Commerce may reopen the record to solicit any information it determines to be necessary to make its determination; and it is further
ORDERED that the remand results shall be due on March 11, 2015; comments to the remand results shall be due thirty (30) days following filing of the remand results; and replies to such comments shall be due fifteen (15) days following filing of fhe comments.

.
The merchandise subject to the anti-dumping duty order is described as freshwater crawfish tail meat, in all its forms (whether washed or with fat on, whether purged or un-purged), grades, and sizes; whether frozen, fresh, or chilled; and regardless of how it is packed, preserved, or prepared. Excluded from the scope of the order are live crawfish and other whole crawfish, whether boiled, frozen, fresh, or chilled. Also excluded are saltwater craw-fish of any type, and parts thereof.
Final Results, 77 Fed.Reg. at 21,529-30.

. The review of Hi-King was rescinded by Commerce pursuant to 19 C.F.R. § 351.213(d)(1), after the Crawfish Processors Alliance sent the Department a notice of withdrawal of its request for a review of the company. Freshwater Crawfish Tail Meat From the PRC, 76 Fed.Reg. 10,879, 10,880 (Dep’t of Commerce Feb. 28, 2011) (rescission of anti-dumping duty administrative review in part).

. Middleman dumping, in a nonmarket economy context, is normally thought of as below-cost sales into the United States by a reseller of a respondent producer’s merchandise, rather than by the respondent producer itself. See S.Rep. No. 96-249, at 94 (1979), reprinted in 1979 U.S.C.C.A.N. 381, 480. As shall be seen, although the Department used information from defendant-intervenor’s Middleman Dumping Allegation Letter, it did not pursue a middleman dumping investigation.

. [[Confidential Data Deleted ]] identity is being withheld because Xiping's customer, GBIE, claimed business-proprietary treatment for this information. Issues & Dec. Mem. at 2 n. 2. All references to this company hereinafter will be to "Company A.”

. Company A is a [[Confidential Data Deleted ]] entity.

. The Department made this finding based on the following observations: (1) "GBIE's purchases from Xiping ... were simultaneous with its re-sales to” Company A; (2) “GBIE resold crawfish tail meat to a third country (i.e., [[Confidential Data Deleted ]])”; (3) "GBIE transferred the title to goods only days after importation”; and (4) "GBIE admits ... that [Company A] agreed to purchase craw-fish tail meat from GBIE prior to the date of importation into the United States.” Transactions Mem. at 14-15. Based on the foregoing, Commerce reasoned that, "[g]iven the [[Confidential Data Deleted ]] from the time of GBIE’s importation and entry of such goods into the United States and the timing of [Company A’s] taking title to goods, it [was] highly likely that [Company A] agreed to resell goods back to the United States prior to the time of importation.” Transactions Mem. at 15. The Department explained further that "the totality of circumstances surrounding (Xiping’s] U.S. sales to GBIE and GBIE’s re-sales to [Company A] in [[Confidential Data Deleted ]] callfed] into question the commercial viability associated with the transactions between Xip-ing ... and GBIE in the context of a dumping analysis.” Transactions Mem. at 15.

. "A dumping margin is the difference between the normal value ... of merchandise and the price for sale in the United States.” Qingdao Taifa Grp. Co. v. United States, 35 CIT-,-n. 1, 780 F.Supp.2d 1342, 1345 n. 1 (2011) (citing 19 U.S.C. §§ 1673e(a)(l), 1677(35)). In nonmarket economy "reviews, Commerce determines normal value by using the 'best available information' from the surrogate country to value the factors of production.” DuPont Teijin Films v. United States, 37 CIT-,-, 896 F.Supp.2d 1302, 1310 • (2013) (quoting 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(l)). The "export price or constructed export price is the price that the merchandise is sold for in the United States.” Qingdao, 35 CIT at-n. 1, 780 F.Supp.2d at 1345 n. 1 (citing 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(a)-(b)).

.A nonmarket economy country is "any foreign country that [Commerce] determines does not operate on market principles of cost or pricing structures, so that sales of merchandise in such country do not reflect the fair value of the merchandise.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677(18)(A). Because the Department considers the PRC “to be a nonmarket economy country, Commerce generally considers information on sales in [the PRC] and financial information obtained from Chinese producers to be unreliable for determining ... the normal value of the subject merchandise.” Shanghai Foreign Trade Enters. Co. v. United States, 28 CIT 480, 481, 318 F.Supp.2d 1339, 1341 (2004). Thus, where, as here, the subject merchandise is exported from the PRC, the Department is instructed by the statute to "determine the normal value of the subject merchandise on the basis of the value of the factors of production utilized in producing the merchandise ... in a market economy country or countries.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(l).

. As will be discussed in greater detail below, as an adverse inference, the Department calculated Xiping's dumping margin using, as the export price, the lowest assumed price charged by Company A to its U.S. customers for the subject merchandise during the POR, and, as normal value, Company A's highest acquisition cost during the POR of the subject merchandise obtained from GBIE. AFA Mem. at 7; Issues & Dec. Mem. at 4.

. The Crawfish Processors Alliance calculated a weighted-average acquisition cost of [[Confidential Data Deleted ]] per kilogram during the POR. Middleman Dumping Allegation Letter at 7.

. The price offers were from Propax (Int'l) Inc., Fishline Seafoods Inc., Corrigan Trading Corp., and Ocean Harvest Wholesale, Inc. Middleman Dumping Allegation Letter at 10, 24.

. Using a simple average of the price offers from the four U.S. wholesalers to prospective retailers, the Crawfish Processors Alliance calculated a U.S. wholesale market price of $11.28 per kilogram during the POR. See Middleman Dumping Allegation Letter at 12, 22. In its answers to Commerce’s questionnaires, GBIE provided thirty-four invoices for sales of crawfish tail meat to Company A that demonstrated that it sold the merchandise to Company A at prices between [[Confidential Data Deleted]] per kilogram and [[Confidential Data Deleted ]] per kilogram. See AFA Mem. at 7, 10.

. The Crawfish Processors Alliance calculated an average dumping margin for Company A of [[Confidential Data Deleted]] percent. Middleman Dumping Allegation Letter at 12.

. The Crawfish Processors Alliance alleged that Company A was selling Xiping’s crawfish tail meat, on average, [[Confidential Data Deleted ]] percent below its acquisition cost from GBIE. See Middleman Dumping Allegation Letter at 12.

. The affidavit was from [[Confidential Data Deleted]], which sold subject merchandise supplied by [[Confidential Data Deleted]]. Middleman Dumping Allegation Letter at 24. U.S. Customs and Border Protection data demonstrated that during the POR [[Confidential Data Deleted ]] percent of entries of subject merchandise into the United States were from two exporters, Xiping and [[Confidential Data Deleted ]]. Transactions Mem. at 6. Thus, if the product did not belong to [[Confidential Data Deleted]], the Crawfish Processors Alliance reasoned that it must have been Xiping’s crawfish tail meat. [[Confidential Data Deleted]].

.[[Confidential Data Deleted]] of Xiping’s U.S. sales during the POR were made to GBIE, and [[Confidential Data Deleted]] of GBIE’s sales during the POR were made to Company A. Middleman Dumping Allegation Letter at 11. Thus, the Crawfish Processors Alliance claimed that, because “all of these U.S. resellers were handling Xiping[’s] ... merchandise, and since [[Confidential Data Deleted]]. Middleman Dumping Allegation Letter at 11.

. The Department is directed to "use the facts otherwise available in reaching the applicable determination" where "an interested party or any other person ... significantly impedes a proceeding.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(2)(C).

. The Department reasoned that, because of piping’s "admitted presence and knowledge *1341of the market, it would have had reason to know that its shipments of subject merchandise were ultimately being sold at less than GBIE’s buyer's acquisition cost to unaffiliated U.S. purchasers.” Issues & Dec. Mem. at 13. For instance, Xiping "claim[ed] that its sales prices determine what the market prices are and that its dominance means that it in effect sets the prevailing prices of the market.” Issues & Dec. Mem. at 13 (citation omitted)(internal quotation marks omitted). Indeed, Customs data indicated that [[Confidential Data Deleted ]] percent of all entries of subject merchandise during the POR were from two exporters, Xiping and [[Confidential Data Deleted]]. Transactions Mem. at 6. Commerce also found that Xiping's "prices increased drastically from the last POR and [[Confidential Data Deleted ]]," and "at the same time, Xiping's sales quantity also increased drastically from the last POR.” Transactions Mem. at 6. Specifically, "Xiping's prices increased by [[Confidential Data Deleted ]] percent from the last POR and increased by [[Confidential Data Deleted ]] percent more than an increase in its competitors' prices.” Transactions Mem. at 6. In addition, “Xiping's sales quantity increased by [[Confidential Data Deleted ]] percent from [the] last POR and increased by [[Confidential Data Deleted ]] percent more than an increase in its' competitors’ sales quantity.” Transactions Mem. at 6.

. As noted, defendant-intervenor used the offering prices of the U.S. wholesalers to U.S. retailers to find an assumed amount that Company A charged the wholesalers.

. “Subject merchandise” is defined as "the class or kind of merchandise that is within the scope of an investigation, a review, a suspension agreement, an order[,] ... or a finding.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677(25).

. Specifically, the Department found that “GBIE's purchases from Xiping ... were simultaneous with its re-sales to” Company A, that "GBIE resold crawfish tail meat to a third country (i.e., [[Confidential Data Deleted]]), and” that "GBIE transferred the title to goods only days after importation.” Transactions Mem. 14-15.

. It is, of course, the case that the Department reviews sales made into the United States, not domestic sales. See 19 U.S.C. §§ 1673, 1677a, 1677b.

. The statute, which authorizes Commerce to use facts otherwise available, reads as follows:
If—
(1) necessary information is not available on the record, or
(2) an interested party or any other person—
(A) withholds information that has been requested by the [Department] under this subtitle,
(B) fails to provide such information by the deadlines for submission of the information or in the form and manner requested, subject to subsections (c)(1) and (e) of section 1677m of this title,
(C) significantly impedes a proceeding under this subtitle, or
(D) provides such information but the information cannot be verified as provided in section 1677m(i) of this title,
the [Department] shall, subject to section 1677m(d) of this title, use the facts otherwise available in reaching the applicable determination under this subtitle.
19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a) (emphasis added).

. In the Preliminary Results, Commerce determined that it “received a complete response to the antidumping questionnaire from' Xiping.” Preliminary Results, 76 Fed.Reg. at 62,351. Thus, Commerce preliminarily relied on the factors of production data submitted by Xiping to calculate normal value. Preliminary Results, 76 Fed.Reg. at 62,353. In its Final Results, the Department continued to maintain that Xiping fully cooperated in the review. See Issues & Dec. Mem. at 12-13 (“While it is Company A that has failed to cooperate by not acting to the best of its ability with the Department’s request for cooperation with respect to the appropriate U.S. sales price, the lack of cooperation reasonably results in the application of an adverse inference applicable to the calculation of the dumping margin for the sales and entries made by Xiping ... with Coriipany A, in this review.").

. The uncooperative supplier was reviewed by the Department, but “opted not to participate in its own margin calculation.” Mueller, 753 F.3d at 1229. As a consequence, Commerce applied an adverse inference to determine the uncooperative supplier’s dumping margin. Id.

. The Federal Circuit’s opinion in Fine Furniture (Shanghai) Ltd. v. United States is not inapposite to the court’s conclusions. See Fine Furniture (Shanghai) Ltd. v. United States, 748 F.3d 1365 (Fed.Cir.2014). Fine Furniture was a countervailing duty case, not a dumping case. Thus, Commerce's purpose was to determine if the company’s product was being subsidized. The PRC government refused to answer questionnaires relating to the cost of electricity that it supplied. The Federal Circuit confirmed the use of AFA to encourage the PRC government to cooperate in future investigations and because the plaintiff could be presumed to have taken advantage of the subsidized electricity from the PRC government. See Fine Furniture, 748 F.3d at 1373 ("In the present case, Fine Furniture is a company within the country of China, benefit-ting directly from subsidies the government of China may be providing, even if not intending to use such subsidy for anticompetitive purposes. Therefore, a remedy that collaterally reaches Fine Furniture has the potential to encourage the government of China to cooperate so as not to hurt its overall industry.”).

. As noted, because the Department considers the PRC to be a nonmarket economy country, sales and financial information obtained from Chinese producers are generally found by Commerce to be unreliable for determining the normal value of the subject *1352merchandise. Shanghai Foreign Trade, 28 CIT at 481, 318 F.Supp.2d at 1341. Thus, Commerce employs its factors of production methodology
to determine the normal value of exported merchandise by pricing the factors of production used to produce the merchandise. Commerce does so by using surrogate data from "one or more market economy countries that are — (A) at a level of economic development comparable to that of the [exporter's] country, and (B) significant producers of comparable merchandise” and then "add[ing] an amount for general expenses and profit plus the cost of containers, coverings, and other expenses.”
Xinjiamei Furniture (Zhangzhou) Co. v. United States, 37 CIT-,-n. 2, Slip Op. 13-30, at 3 n. 2, 2013 WL 920276 (2013) (alterations in original) (quoting 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(l), (4)(A)-(B)).

. Although, in the Preliminary Results, India was selected as the primary surrogate country, the Department lacked Indian data to value whole crawfish and the crawfish shell by-product. Preliminary Results, 76 Fed.Reg, at 62,351. Commerce therefore used Spain and Indonesia to value these inputs because they were found to be the only two countries with available information ón the record to value whole crawfish and the crawfish shell by-product. See Preliminary Results, 76 Fed. Reg. at 62,351.