Court Opinion

ID: 4125079
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-02-10 12:08:55.118049+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:10:56.574573
License: Public Domain

STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS

JERMAINE JORDAN,                                                    UNPUBLISHED
                                                                    February 9, 2017
               Plaintiff-Appellant/Cross Appellee,

v                                                                   No. 329305
                                                                    Genesee Circuit Court
STATE FARM FIRE AND CASUALTY,                                       LC No. 13-099691-CK

               Defendant-Appellee/Cross
               Appellant.

Before: WILDER, P.J., and CAVANAGH and K.F. KELLY, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       In this insurance fraud matter, plaintiff, Jermaine Jordan, appeals as of right an order of
no cause of action entered following the jury trial below. Defendant, State Farm Fire and
Casualty (State Farm), claims a cross-appeal from that same order. We affirm.

                                I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

        This case arises out of plaintiff’s insurance claim for fire loss resulting from an
intentionally set fire that destroyed a residential property (the subject property) that was owned
by plaintiff and insured under a State Farm homeowner’s insurance policy (the homeowner’s
policy). According to plaintiff, on the date of the fire he “was out of town and . . . received a
phone call from a friend” informing him of the fire. Plaintiff subsequently filed a claim for
benefits, which State Farm promptly denied. State Farm’s denial was based on its conclusions
that the fire was a result of arson that plaintiff either personally committed or arranged for, and
that plaintiff lied about the arson, made other material misrepresentations to State Farm about the
fire, and concealed evidence.

       In response to plaintiff’s complaint in this matter, State Farm asserted, along with its
answer, the following affirmative defense:

                                   SEVENTH DEFENSE
                               (Application of Policy Conditions)

       The policy in question contains the following language:

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               SECTION I – CONDITIONS

                                              * * *

                       13. Intentional Acts. If you or any person insured under
               this policy causes or procures a loss to property covered under this
               policy for the purpose of obtaining insurance benefits, then this
               policy is void and we will not pay you or any other insured for this
               loss.

               SECTION I AND SECTION II - CONDITIONS

                                              * * *

                       2. Concealment or Fraud. This policy is void as to you and
               any other insured, if you or any other insured under this policy has
               intentionally concealed or misrepresented any material fact or
               circumstance relating to this insurance, whether before or after a
               loss.

                                              * * *

               Contrary to the policy provisions precedent to recovery, the Plaintiff has
       failed to provide requested documentation, completely submit to an Examination
       Under Oath and fully/accurately respond to the questions and request for
       documents submitted at that time, failed to present a proper Sworn Statement in
       Proof of Loss, misrepresented and concealed material facts and circumstances
       relating to the loss, intentionally caused or procured the loss for purposes of
       obtaining insurance benefits, and/or otherwise committed fraud relating to the
       loss. Having violated these conditions precedent to recovery, Defendant is
       entitled to judgment in its favor as a matter of law.

                The policy also provides that no one may bring a legal action against the
       Defendant under this policy until such time as there has been full compliance with
       all of the terms and conditions of the policy. Plaintiff has also violated this policy
       condition and, therefore, Defendant is entitled to judgment in its favor as a matter
       of law for this reason as well.

Plaintiff neither moved to strike the above affirmative defense nor filed a motion seeking a more
definite statement of that defense.

        Following discovery, the matter proceeded to a jury trial, which spanned several days.
After the jury received its instructions and retired for deliberations, plaintiff’s counsel placed an
objection on the record “to the fraud or misrepresentation charge and [it] being one of the
instructions on the jury verdict,” but counsel did not explain the grounds for his objection,
instead noting that the matter had previously been discussed in chambers. Following its
deliberations, the jury returned a verdict indicating (1) that plaintiff did not “have a guilty
connection with the fire of March 26, 2012,” but (2) that plaintiff did “commit false swearing or

                                                -2-
misrepresent or conceal material facts . . . regarding [his] loss or any aspect of his for insurance
proceeds[.]” Accordingly, the trial court entered an order of no cause of action against plaintiff.

                                          II. ANALYSIS

        On appeal, plaintiff argues that State Farm asserted fraud as an affirmative defense but
failed to plead that defense with the specificity required under MCR 2.112(B)(1) (“In allegations
of fraud or mistake, the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake must be stated with
particularity.”). Thus, plaintiff contends, it was improper for the trial court “to submit the
putative issue of fraud to the jury.” We hold that plaintiff forfeited this unpreserved error by
failing to timely raise it.

        “Generally, an issue is not properly preserved if it is not raised before, and addressed and
decided by, the trial court.” Hines v Volkswagen of America, Inc, 265 Mich. App. 432, 443; 695
NW2d 84 (2005). More specifically, however, MCR 2.512(C) provides, “A party may assign as
error the giving of or the failure to give an instruction only if the party objects on the record
before the jury retires to consider the verdict . . . stating specifically the matter to which the
party objects and the grounds for the objection.” (Emphasis added.) Although plaintiff objected
on the record, he did so only after the jury had already retired for deliberations. Moreover,
plaintiff failed to state the grounds supporting his objection, instead merely stating that the
parties had previously “discussed” the matter “in chambers.” Thus, this issue is unpreserved and
is reviewed for plain error affecting plaintiff’s substantial rights. See McNeel v Farm Bureau
Gen Ins Co of Mich, 289 Mich. App. 76, 89; 795 NW2d 205 (2010).

        As an initial matter, we note that plaintiff has failed to cite any precedent indicating that
the pleading requirement set forth by MCR 2.112(B)(1) is applicable to affirmative defenses in
the first instance. Generally, that rule “applies only to the original pleadings opening a case,”
Williams v Williams, 214 Mich. App. 391, 395; 542 NW2d 892 (1995) (emphasis added), and
affirmative defenses do not qualify as “pleadings” under our court rules, MCR 2.110(A);
McCracken v City of Detroit, 291 Mich. App. 522, 527; 806 NW2d 337 (2011).1

        In any event, we need not decide the issue because, even assuming, arguendo, that MCR
2.112(B)(1) does apply to affirmative defenses, plaintiff is nevertheless unentitled to appellate
relief. “[A] failure to timely assert a right constitutes a forfeiture.” Nexteer Auto Corp v Mando
America Corp, 314 Mich. App. 391, 395; 886 NW2d 906 (2016). Despite the fact that State Farm
filed its affirmative defenses in March 2013, plaintiff failed to pose any objection to those
defenses before the jury trial, which began more than two years later. Indeed, plaintiff waited

1
  But see P R Post Corp v Maryland Cas Co, 403 Mich. 543, 553; 271 NW2d 521 (1978) (“We
note that our court rules require that the facts constituting the affirmative defense of fraud be
stated with particularity. GCR 1963, 111.7 and 112.2.”). See also Andres, ex rel Phillips v State
Farm Mut Auto Ins Co, 485 Mich. 903, 905 (2009) (KELLY, C.J., dissenting) (“[E]ven if the
paragraph were intended to plead fraud as an affirmative defense, the pleading unquestionably
fails to state with particularity the circumstances of the fraud. Thus, defendant’s affirmative
defense of fraud, if any, is hopelessly deficient under MCR 2.112(B).”) (emphasis added).

                                                -3-
until the end of the trial—after the jury had already been instructed and had begun
deliberations—to place an objection on the record regarding State Farm’s fraud defense. And
even then, plaintiff failed to state the grounds for his objection. Allowing plaintiff to proceed
with his instant claim of error would contravene the well-established rule that parties must not be
permitted to harbor error as an appellate parachute. See, e.g., Loutts v Loutts, 298 Mich. App. 21,
36; 826 NW2d 152 (2012) (“It is unfair to harbor error and use it as an appellate parachute.”).
We refuse to countenance such gamesmanship in litigation.

        Furthermore, even if we were to decide that State Farm’s fraud defense was not stated
with sufficient particularity to satisfy MCR 2.112(B)(1), plaintiff has failed to demonstrate that
he was prejudiced by that error. “To avoid forfeiture under the plain error rule, three
requirements must be met: 1) the error must have occurred, 2) the error was plain, i.e., clear or
obvious, 3) and the plain error affected substantial rights.” Demski v Petlick, 309 Mich. App. 404,
427; 873 NW2d 596 (2015) (quotation marks and citations omitted). Had plaintiff timely
objected, State Farm most likely would have been permitted to amend its affirmative defenses to
elaborate on the factual basis underlying its fraud defense. See Southeast Mich Surgical Hosp,
LLC v Allstate Ins Co, ___ Mich App ___, ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2016) (Docket No. 323425);
slip op at 3 (noting that, while “affirmative defenses are not pleadings, the court rules
unambiguously permit them to be amended in the same manner as pleadings,” and motions to
amend such defenses “should be granted as a matter of course so long as doing so would not
prejudice the plaintiff.”) (quotation marks, citations, and italicized emphasis omitted). Plaintiff
has failed to explain how he was allegedly harmed by the purported error, how a more
thoroughly explained affirmative defense would have impacted his trial strategy, and how the
lack of such an explanation was outcome determinative here. Thus, plaintiff has failed to carry
the requisite burden of proof to avoid forfeiture under plain error review.

       We need not address the evidentiary issues raised in State Farm’s cross-appeal, which are
rendered moot by our conclusion that plaintiff has failed to state a ground entitling him to
reversal. See Madson v Jaso, ___ Mich App ___, ___ n 9; ___ NW2d ___ (2016); slip op at 8 n
9 (“An issue is moot and generally will not be reviewed if this Court can no longer fashion a
remedy for the alleged error.”).

       Affirmed.

                                                            /s/ Kurtis T. Wilder
                                                            /s/ Mark J. Cavanagh
                                                            /s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly

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