Court Opinion

ID: 8525721
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-23 10:55:48.666943+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:51:38.554253
License: Public Domain

Me. J ustice del Toko
delivered tlie opinion of the court.
This is an action for an injunction to recover the material possession of a certain parcel of land and is based on Act No. 43 of 1913.
In the complaint filed on September 1, 1915, it is alleged that the plaintiff is the owner of a certain rural property of eight cuerdas of land situated in Sabana Hoyos, Areeibo, which is described in the customary manner, and that on August 29 and 30, 1915, the defendants forcibly deprived the plaintiff of a strip of land of her said property, “about three meters in width along the entire southern extension of the land adjoining the defendants’ property, the said strip being bounded on the. south by the land of the said defendant succession and on the north by the rest of the property of the plaintiff and containing a large number of coco palms.” The complaint also contains the usual allegations. of actions of this kind.
The defendant succession demurred to the complaint and answered it in due form. Both parties introduced their evidence at the trial and on October 23, 1915, the court rendered judgment against the plaintiff who thereupon took the present appeal.
The judgment appealed from is based on various grounds, namely: (1) That the verification of the complaint is defective; (2) that the plaintiff has no cause of action because she failed to show that she was in actual possession of the land claimed-; (3) that the property was not described in accordance with the provisions of section 125 of the Code of Civil Procedure; (4) that the evidence was not sufficient to prove plaintiff’s title; (5) that the evidence was also insufficient to determine the exact piece of land claimed; and (6) that forcible entry by the defendant was not shown.
1. We have examined the verification of the complaint made by the attorney for the plaintiff and find that it does not in fact conform exactly to the requirements of section *165118. of tlie Code of Civil Procedure. However, as it does not appear that the said verification was objected to by the defendant and as the case went to trial and the plaintiff’s allegations were established by the testimony of duly sworn witnesses, as we shall see later, the existing defect could not and should not serve as a ground for dismissal of the complaint.
2. In its judgment the district court expressed itself as follows:
‘‘The object of the injunction provided for by section 1 of Act No. 43 of 1913 is to recover the material possession of real property when a party shows that he has been deprived of such possession, and in the present case we find, as may be deduced clearly from the evidence of the plaintiff, that she was not in the material possession of the property described in the complaint as belonging to her, but that such possession was held by José Santiago Román, who therefore would be the proper person to bring the action authorized by Act No. 43 of 1913; inasmuch as the action for an injunction-to recover possession may be brought only, by the person in the actual possession or tenancy of the property, whether the lawful owner or a mere deforciant.”
In our opinion tlie conclusion of the trial judge is untenable because incompatible with the spirit of Act No. 43 of 1913.
Section 1 of said act reads as follows:
“That an injunction to restore the material possession of real property shall be granted where a party shows to the court that he has been deprived of such material possesion by the forcible or fraudulent acts of another, unless such acts were done by virtue of legal process.”
Article 1649 of the former Laiv of Civil Procedure for Cuba and Porto Rico provides as follows:
“Summary proceedings to retain or recover possession shall lie when the person who is in possession or in the tenancy of a thing has been disturbed therein by acts that show the intention of molesting or dispossessing said party, or when said party has already been dis-seized of his possession or tenancy.”
*166Commenting on the above article Manresa says:
“It may be deduced from the foregoing that summary proceedings to recover possession may be brought not only by the owner and usufructuary, who are the persons having lawful possession, but also by the tenant, lessee, settler, trustee and pledgee, and even by a person holding forcibly, clandestinely, or by request, who are only in the tenancy of the thing. ’ ’ YI Manresa, Law of Civil Procedure, 139.
In our opinion the words “material possession,” employed in the statute now in force, embrace the ideas of possession and tenancy of the old law. By leasing his property the owner does not dispossess himself absolutely of the material possession, for it may be held that he continues in such possession through the agency of the lessee.
3. A perusal of the description of the strip of land which the complaint alleges the defendant seized is sufficient to produce the conclusion that the trial judge was right in holding that it did not meet the requirements of section 125 of the Code of Civil Procedure. The description given is confusing and it would be difficult to identify the strip' of land claimed by that description alone. Nevertheless, the defect pointed out was corrected by the evidence introduced at the trial, as we shall see later.
4. While it is true that the plaintiff introduced no public or private document to prove her ownership of the property in question, her right of ownership was established so clearly by the testimony of many witnesses that we cannot understand how the judge of the district court could assign the failure of the plaintiff to prove her title as one of the grounds of his judgment, especially in an action in which the fact of possession was at issue. Even the defendants acknowledged the title of the plaintiff in negotiating with her as the real owner of the land adjoining their property on the north for the purpose of undertaking to make a survey with her consent, as we shall see later.
5. We have said that the error committed by the plaintiff *167in failing to describe properly in the complaint the strip of land, claimed was rectified at the trial.
Plaintiff Gregoria Serrano testified as follows:
That the defendant took possession of a strip of her land on the southern boundary of her property “two yards wide and running to nothing.” Questioned by the court she said “The strip is two yards wide below and has very little width above; that starting from her property the Borrero people have taken a strip of land two yards wide going up. They made an angle only where the coconut grove is.” Questioned by her attorney, she said: “That the coconut grove belongs to her; that they took two meters of land and formed an elbow, taking the grove and cutting towards the lower part, the strip being narrow above and wide below, like a. strip, an angle, an elbow, or a curve.” Questioned by the attorney for the defendants, she said: “That she had said that the strip of land is two yards wide and runs to nothing, like a curve; in some places it is two yards wide and in others nothing.”
Witness José Santiago, who occupied the property of the Serrano woman at the time of the seizure of the strip of land claimed, testified that the Succession of Santos had taken a part of the property of eight cuerdas about two or three yards wide and running to nothing from south to north, taking it from east to west of the property of Gregoria Serrano; that the wire fence on the boundary line is now outside of the wire fence put up by the Borreros.
Francisco Moreda, son of the former owner of the plaintiff’s property, testified that the defendants themselves conducted him to the property and added, among other things, “that when he went to see the southern boundary of the said property he noticed that a line which had been run by order of the Borrero people extended into the property of Gre-goria Serrano along the whole length of it, including a strip two or three yards wide, taking in a coconut grove in which guinea grass was being grown; * * * that he knows that *168the coconut grove belonged to onr property, which, is now-owned by G-regoria Serrano, and that nobody questioned that fact until now, as it has always been a part of said property. ’ ’
Nicolás Moreda said that he knew the plaintiff’s property “which contained coco palms on the southern boundary; * * * that the part containing the palms belonged to the property' of eight cuerdas.”
Martín Soto testified that he had lived on the defendants’ property; that the wire fence which now separates the said property from that of the plaintiff is on the latter’s property; “that on the south side of the property of eight cuer-das there is a coconut grove planted with guinea grass”; that that part belongs to the property of Gregoria Serrano.
This witness was delegated to deliver the property to the defendants when they purchased • it, and he testified that when he pointed out the boundary marks “the strip of land in question belonged to Manuel Moreda and now belongs to Gregoria Serrano.” In answer to questions put by the court he testified “that during all the time he was on the Borrero property (now owned by the defendants) there was nothing to separate it from the Moreda property (now owned by the plaintiff); that there was no dividing line then; that the coconut grove marked the dividing line between the properties; that he believed that the coconut grove belonged to the Moreda property and not to the Borrero property, for he had known it previously; that the properties were separated by the coconut grove situated on the 'property of Gre-goria Serrano; that he based his assertion on the fact that it had been so regarded for many years; that he knew that it had been so considered for at least forty years; that he delivered possession three or four years ago; that he -was in charge of the property for six or seven months and before he took charge of it he lived on the property.”
Vicente Rodriguez testified that he had known the property of eight cuerdas for about forty years; “that prior to the *169said month, of August the strip containing the coconut grove formed part of the property of eight cuerdas belonging to Gregoria Serrano; that for more than fifteen years he knew this to be true.”
And, finally, Leandro Rodriguez testified “that the said property of the Santos Succession belonged to his grandfather and therefore he was familiar with the southern boundary; that from the time he first knew of the strip containing the coconut grove and guinea grass it formed part of the property which belonged to the Moreda Succession and is now owned by Gregoria Serrano, and that his grandfather and the children and grandchildren always regarded it as such; that for more, than fifteen years Gregoria Serrano had disposed of the coconuts and guinea grass growing on that strip.”
The foregoing is the evidence of the plaintiff. We will now quote a certain part of the testimony of the first witness for the defendant which strengthens and completes the evidence of the plaintiff. The said witness was the surveyor whom the defendants employed to make the survey, to which we shall refer later, and he testified that in order to determine the northern boundary, or the southern boundary of the property of eight cuerdas, he notified the owner of the latter and Santiago, the husband of Gregoria Serrano, came and said to him that “the points marlring the boundary lines were •clear,” that they were an ortegón tree at the foot of a clump of rose-apple trees and an ortegón stump on the other corner. That Santiago admitted that the boundary line would include two or three palms. That Santiago left; “that when he went to run the line he saw at a glance that it would include not the two or three palms, as he said, but all of them; and thereupon he said: ‘Let us determine and mark the boundary and I will then notify Gregoria Serrano and José Santiago that all the palms are included.’ ”
Although from the testimony of the witnesses it is impossible to form an exact figure of the strip of land claimed, *170they have- identified it in such a manner that the officer charged with the execution of the judgment which may be rendered would have no difficulty in doing so. The two extremes of the southern boundary of the plaintiff’s property and the northern boundary of the defendant’s property are clear. On one corner there is an ortegón tree at the foot of a clump of rose-apple trees and on the other another ortegón tree. The difficulty arose when an attempt was made to run a straight line between these two points. This line did not really mark the boundary, but it was marked by the last-palms on the south of the grove described by the witnesses and situated on the property of eight cuerdas.
6. Finally, the trial court holds that as it was not shown that the defendants used force, an injunction could not be granted and also that the evidence tended to show that the boundaries were definitely fixed by the survey which was made by virtue of a perfectly legal proceeding and after the adjoining owners had been summoned.
As to the survey, we will say that the evidence really shows that the defendants employed a surveyor to survey their property and that the plaintiff was cited to be present* but it also shows that the plaintiff never expressed her conformity with the boundary line as determined by the surveyor employed by the defendant succession. This being so* the survey is of no effect. When one of the adjoining owners failed to agree the other had no right to fix the boundary line himself, for no one may take the law in his own hands but must seek his remedy in the courts, “inasmuch as the courts are established so that men may obtain justice through them and not by their own acts.” Law XIV, Title X, Par-tida VII.
As to the employment of force, we will say tliat, as already held by this court, Act No. 43 of 1913 does not require the employment of physical force or fraud, it being sufficient that the dispossession be accomplished against the will of *171the possessor or without his consent. Mattei v. Badillo, 21 P. R. R. 159.
7. It only remains to consider the following question which the appellees raised in their brief:
“Moreover, the statement of the case does not contain all of the evidence, for we have searched it in vain for a letter admitted in evidence; therefore, the doctrine is applicable that in ease of failure to include in the record all the evidence introduced in the trial court the judgment should be affirmed.”
After examining the statement of the case we find that it is true that when Benigno Martínez Badia, one of the defendant’s witnesses, was testifying he was shown a letter written by him to surveyor Puig regarding the survey. The witness identified the letter and it was admitted in evidence, but it does not appear to have been included in the statement of the case. In view, however, of the attendant circumstances, the omission of the letter from the record cannot serve as a ground for the affirmance of the judgment appealed from.
It seems that the letter in question tended to prove that the said witness, who acted.for the plaintiff at the survey,, had expressed his conformity with the boundary line 'run by surveyor Puig. Conceding that this is true, such conformity could not definitely conclude the rights of the plaintiff,, for it is not shown that she had authorized the witness to-consent thereto. On the contrary, the witness wlio, as we have said, was called by the defendants, testified under oath “that G-reg’oria Serrano did not authorize him to cede the strip of land included within the said boundary line; that G-regoria Serrano never consented to this.”
Therefore, it is obvious that the letter would not have the effect of changing the opinion which we have formed of the case, and in such circumstances we repeat that the failure-to include the same in the transcript of the record is no> ground for the affirmance of the judgment appealed from.
In short, we will say that an examination of this case *172.reveals errors and omissions on the part of the plaintiff-appellant from the filing of the complaint to the submission of the appeal to this court. However, as we have seen, such errors and omissions are not of such a character as to deprive her of the justice and relief prayed for. There is no doubt in our minds that the plaintiff was in possession of the strip of land claimed, and that the defendant succession took possession of it against her will. If the defendant succession believes that it has a better right to the ownership of the .said strip of land it may assert that right before the proper court in the proper manner, but it cannot be permitted to take justice in its own hands.
In view of the foregoing, the judgment appealed from is reversed and another rendered re-establishing the status quo •existing prior to the survey made by order of the defendants.

Reversed.

Chief Justice Hernández and Justices Wolf, Aldrey and Hutchison concurred.