Court Opinion

ID: 7936562
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-08 23:10:12.981272+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:33:33.779328
License: Public Domain

McGrath, J.
(dissenting). Plaintiff brought assumpsit against Wallace Dingman, and garnished the Iron Range & Huron Bay Railroad Company. The garnishee defendant answered, denying any indebtedness to the principal defendant, and setting up that on August 16, 1890, said Dingman entered into a written contract with the garnishee, by the terms of which Dingman agreed to construct a •certain railroad, and to complete the same on or before the 1st day of August, 1891; that, on the first day of each -month during the progress of the work, a monthly estimate should be made of work done during the preceding month; that on the 15th of each month said Dingman, his surviving partners, executors, or administrators, should be paid in current paper at I/Anse, Baraga county, or at Champion, Marquette county, 85 per cent, of such estimate; that on the completion of the work, Dingman, upon giving a release from all claims or demands whatsoever, should be paid the 15 per cent, which had been reserved; that in case of Dingman’s default the company should have the right to declare the contract forfeited, and retain the 15 per cent, as liquidated damages. And it was further expressly agreed that the company should at any time bave the right, without fault on the part of Dingman, and ifor any reason whatever that might appear sufficient to the said company, upon giving 30 days* notice thereof to ¡said Dingman, to suspend the execution of or annul the contract, in which event the said Dingman should be (entitled to the full amount of the estimate of the work •done by him up to the time of such suspension or annulment, without the deduction of the amount retained, as heretofore mentioned, but with the condition that all persons performing labor or furnishing material under said contract with said Dingman should first be paid, and whatever balance might be found due would be paid .to *41said Dingman; and such suspension or annulment should not give to said Dingman anything for damages against the company. The answer further sets forth:
“ That, some months before the service of the said writ of garnishment, said Dingman informed this deponent, as the agent and representative of said company, that he had .joined with himself one George Davis as a partner to prosecute the work with him, and to share with him the proceeds thereof under the terms of the said contract; that large sums of money were from time to time paid by the said company, in accordance with the terms and. provisions of the said contract, and in payment of the estimates made by the engineer, as provided in said contract, and that the only money held back by said company at the time of the service of the said writ was the 15 per cent, reserve, as provided in said contract; that at the time of the service of the said writ the said railroad was not completed in accordance with the provisions of the said contract, but that a very large portion of the work was, and is still, incomplete, and that since the service of the said writ said contractor became financially embarrassed and irresponsible, so that he could no longer continue in the proper prosecution of the work, and that said work had to be stopped; that the estimate of the.chief engineer, as provided for in the said contract, for July work, had not been received by said company at the time of the service of the said writ, but that it has since been received, and the entire amount thereof has been paid by the company in accordance with its duty under the statutes of said State, and in pursuance of the terms and provisions and intent of said contract, to those furnishing labor and material for the construction of said road to said contractor and his subcontractor; that over and above the amount of the July estimate, paid as aforesaid, a sum of money greatly exceeding in amount said 15 per cent, reserve, and entirely beyond any liability of said company under said contract, has been applied by said company since the service of said writ in payment of labor and material claims presented to said company for payment of labor and material furnished to said contractor •or his subcontractors in the construction of said road, and that many such claims are still outstanding and unpaid.”
A further examination was had under the statute, after *42which a trial was had before the court without a jury. The findings of fact and law are set forth in full in the opinion of Mr. Justice Grant.
The plaintiff excepts to the fifth finding of fact, insisting that there is no evidence upon which to support it. The contract was entered into with Dingman, and the accounts were kept with Dingman during the entire time. The vouchers were issued to Dingman, and the moneys paid on the contract were charged to him. The corres-" pondence was had with Dingman. The receipts to the company were signed by him. The construction blanks were headed: “Iron Range & Huron Bay R. R. Wallace Dingman, Contractor.” The time checks were so headed, were signed by the foreman of each camp, and were transferable when countersigned by Wallace Dingman. An order which had been received by the garnishee defendant, and to which reference will be made hereafter, was as follows:
“Arvon, Mich., May 15, 1891.

“Iron Range & Huron Bay R. R.:

“ Please pay to the Michigan Slate Co., the sum of $10,029.94, balance of amount due on account, and charge the same to me. Wallace Dingman,
“By order of George L. Davis.”
Indorsed: “Wallace Dingman. O. K.”
Why signed in this manner, or why “charge the same to me,” or why O. -K.’d by Dingman, if Davis was interested as a partner?
On July 8, 1891, Dingman sent to the company a list of creditors, with the amount due each. This list aggregated $49,636.23. Entered upon this list were partial payments, aggregating nearly $14,500, made by the company, at Ding-man's request, to the parties named. Plaintiff’s claim, stated at $5,500, would seem to be upon this list, and it was reduced by the payment thereon of $1,000; but, whether this was so or not, a further memorandum was received by the garnishee, which is as follows:
*43“Wallace Dingman.
“W. J. Dawson, Dr.
“Account to date, July 1.......................$6,266.74. ”
This memorandum Dingman presented to Pierce, the company’s accountant, who testifies in relation thereto as follows: “He [Dingman] said that was the amount he wanted to pay Dawson. He wanted to pay the others too. Dawson’s account came in just the same as the others.”
On July 28, 1891, Dingman, Milo Davis (who was the company’s engineer), and George L. Davis came to Detroit, and Dingman - gave to the garnishee defendant the following authorization:

“Iron Range & Huron Bay R. R. .Co.:

“I hereby authorize you to pay the balance due on the June estimate, of twenty-four thousand two hundred sixty-six dollars and seventy-one one-hundredths ($24,266.71), and this is my receipt for the same.
“Wallace Dingman.”
On that day $15,734.53 was paid out by the garnishee defendant through Pierce. Pierce’s testimony is conflicting as to whom the currency portion of this money was paid. He says:
“Part of the balance was paid Geo. Davis. Milo Davis came down here, and I paid him $8,000, and I afterwards sent up a check for the balance, — all that was due. That left a balance of $24,266.71, and he instructed us to pay that, and Geo. L. Davis went up to the bank, and we sent by him checks for the balance. I gave him $8,000 in cash, and checks for the balance. I gave him $8,000 in cash, and checks for $7,734.53, amounting in all to $15,734.53. This was on the 28th day of July.”
Again he says:
“That $8,000 was paid to George and'Milo Davis at the Detroit- National Bank.
“ Q. On the same day checks were issued amounting in the aggregate to $7,734.53. Whom were the checks payable to?
“ A. Well, they were paid upon the request of Mr. *44Dingman and Mr. Davis, to settle the debts of the contractors.”
On August 8, 1891, the day after the service of the writ of garnishment, Pierce wrote to Dingman as follows:
“Dear Sir: Voucher No. 689, to W. Dingman, as corrected, was for $84,543.04.

“ Balance unpaid on voucher No. 689, $8,532.18.
“The $1,537 pd. Houghton Nat. Bank was paid out of the currency, making, with the $3,500 check, the sum of $5,037 paid H. N. B.”
It will be seen by this letter that the $8,000 in currency was paid to Milo Davis, and the inference is plain that out of that currency Milo Davis paid $1,537 to the Houghton National Bank.
The only evidence that George L. Davis worked upon the job is what might be inferred from the testimony already referred to, and the question put to Pierce relative to the time checks. He was asked if some of these checks were not signed by Dingman, some by George L. Davis, some by the foreman, and some by the subcontractor, and Pierce answered:
“Yes; the time checks issued by each camp were signed by the foreman of that camp. This man Rook [who signed the check referred to] was foreman of that camp, I suppose.”
There was no testimony as to the capacity in which Davis worked upon the job. Even though it be conceded that he received the $8,000, there is no testimony tending to show that he received it as a partner. Neither the receipt of this money, which was paid out upon the job, *45nor the fact that he worked upon the job, tended to show that he was a partner.
The circuit judge seems to have laid stress upon the statement made in the disclosure that Dingman had said that Davis was a partner. In proceedings before a justice of the peace the disclosure is conclusive as to the liability of the garnishee, and the same is true of a disclosure made in the circuit, unless issue is taken thereon; and this is so although the statements made in the disclosure are upon information and belief. But no such force or effect is given to a disclosure where an issue is raised and a trial had. Fearey v. Cummings, 41 Mich. 376. As is said by Cooley, J., in Allen v. Hazen, 26 Mich. 142, “the disclosure does not stand upon the same footing as the testimony of a witness. It is the answer of a party. * * * * It is somewhat analogous in its function to an answer in chancery. Whatever is admitted by it the plaintiff may treat as established.” Page v. Smith, 25 Me. 256; Moor v. Towle, 38 Id. 133. The issue is raised by the affidavit for the writ and the disclosure. . So far as any statement made in the answer is hearsay, it must be treated as a pleading, rather than as evidence. The proceeding upon the trial has ceased to be a mere summary proceeding, entitling the garnishee to invoke even rumors for his own protection. It has become a trial, subject to trial rules. The garnishee occupies a relation to the proceeding similar in most respects to what he would if sued by his creditor, and if the facts proven would warrant a judgment against the garnishee in a suit by the principal defendant it will be sufficient to charge him. 8 Amer. & Eng. Enc. Law, 1212,'1232. If the proofs disclose an indebtedness to the principal defendant, and the garnishee seeks to discharge himself by pleading some special matter in avoidance of such liability, the burden is upon him to relieve himself. Id. 1208-1227.
*46In the present case the plaintiff had clearly, shown that the contract was entered into with Dingman; that all the dealings had been with Dingman; that the vouchers were made out to Dingman; that the receipts were signed by Dingman; that the accountings- were had with Dingman; that the job was conducted and carried on in Dingman’s name; that the garnishee defendant had nowhere recognized Davis as having authority; that plaintiff’s claim, upon which Dingman alone was liable, was presented to the garnishee defendant by Dingman as one of the claims to be paid out of the proceeds of the job, and that only a month before the writ of garnishment was served. The liability under the contract was thus clearly established. The principal defendant was sworn, but no attempt was made by the garnishee defendant to show that any partnership existed. Under this state of facts, the naked statement in the disclosure does not rise to the dignity of evidence, and the garnishee will not be allowed to invoke it as a defense.
The ninth finding of fact is without support in the record. The only lists or memoranda sent to the company by Dingman were those already referred to. It is not claimed that the balance on hand, or any part of it, was paid to persons named in said lists. No bills of particulars had been received relating to any of the claims listed. Pierce testifies that no bills of items or time checks were received until after the garnishment; that “ we had nothing to do with Dingman’s pay-roll, — we simply had the figures;” that the first pay-roll that he saw was that upon which Russell, the company’s agent, had, after August 9, paid out the money, and he did not see that until after the money had been paid upon it, and that roll was received by Russell from Dingman’s bookkeeper as a voucher for money paid out. Pierce further testifies that “ upon hearing how much money was needed in currency each month *47"by Dingman to pay the men, and how much in checks to pay other parties, we sent it up, and telegraphed to our engineer to see that the' money went to the men.”. This was the only course pursued until after the writ of garnishment was served. The authorization signed by Dingman on July 28 does not appear to have been accompanied with any express instructions as to whom the money should be paid, except that on that day the company paid out at Dingman’s suggestion nearly $16,000, and - the .amount so paid out was the only amount accounted for to Dingman in the company’s letter of August 8, and it was not until after the writ of garnishment was served that the company undertook or claimed the right to pay out any portion of the balance. The only fair inference that can be drawn from the transaction is that that money was to be paid out in pursuance of instructions from Dingman, .and at least until those instructions were given the balance was subject to garnishment by plaintiff.
The order referred to in the tenth finding of fact was not accepted by the company. The testimony of the accountant relative thereto is as follows:
“Q. Now, Mr. Pierce. I have in my hand an order •dated May 15, 1891. When did you receive that order for filing?
“A. On the 25th of May.
“Q. It was not paid by the railroad company?
“A. It was not; no, sir.
•‘Q. But it was received and filed?
“A. I said I would put it on file, but would not pay it.
“Q. You refused to pay it at that time because you did not have the money?
“A. I refused because we did not owe Mr. Dingman .anything.
“Q. But it was left here with the understanding that if it could be protected some time subsequently it would be?
“A. I told Mr. Turner he could leave it here, and after me had settled with Dingman, if there was anything coming to Dingman, I would help him out. I did not make -any promises beyond that.
*48“Q. Do you. mean by that, if there was anything due Dingman after paying labor and material claims?
“A. I told him we had nothing but the reserve dueDingman, which we retained until the road was completed, according to the contract. If, after that, there was anything coming to Mr. Dingman, I would do what I could for him. Over and above the 15 per cent, we did not owe him anything. We did not owe him that until the road was completed. That was why I would not accept this.”
It cannot be contended that this transaction gave that order a preference, and clearly not as to the fund sought to be reached by plaintiff.
The fourth conclusion of law cannot be sustained. The section of the statute referred to was fully considered and construed in Dudley v. Railway Co., 65 Mich. 655, 659. Champlin, J., there says:
“ The statute imposes a new duty upon the railroad company, not that it shall pay the claims of laborers and material-men on the failure or neglect' of the contractors to do so, but the duty imposed is to retain in its custody the amount due from it to its contractors, not exceeding the amount of the claims furnished, until such contractors or subcontractors pay such claims. It is, in effect, a garnishment or stop-order of the amount due to the con-, tractor. No provision is made for voluntary payment by the company to the laborer or material-man, but they are permitted to collect pay for the claim by action against, the railroad company.”
The proviso which concludes the section applies to all that precedes it. No bills of items of labor and material had been furnished to the railroad company before the service of the writ of garnishment. Had no process been served, the company would have been safe, as against any such claims, in paying to Dingman on that date the balance-of the June estimate. The statute does not leave the payment of the labor or material claims optional with the-railroad company, nor entitle it to retain moneys due by the terms of its contract, unless the provisions of the act have-*49been complied with. The right to retain the money depends upon the company’s liability to the labor and material men. The intention of the statute is to make moneys in the hands of the company subject to the payment of claims for labor and materials until after pay-day, and, so long as other rights have not intervened, up-- to the time of actual payment to the contractor. The garnishee is liable to the garnishing creditor to the extent of his claim -from the time of the service of the process. Such service effects an appropriation, by operation of law, of the fund to the satisfaction of the demand of the garnishing creditor. It is, as to the third persons who have not acquired a lien, equivalent to a payment to the principal defendant.
The judgment should be reversed.
Hooker, O. J., did not sit.