Court Opinion

ID: 6511935
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-19 18:23:10.679999+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:54:54.492676
License: Public Domain

STONE, C. J.
-Defendant, with another, was indicted under section 4189 of the Code of 1876. That section makes it a felony for any white person and a negro, or descendant of a negro to the third generation inclusive, to intermarry, or live in adultery or fornication with each other. The indictment charged, “ that "Washington Bryant, a negro man, or the descendant of a negro within the third generation, and Jemima Hardeman, a white woman, did live together in a state of adultery or fornication.” The verdict of the jury was, “ We, the jury, fail to find Wash. Bryant to be a negro, but find the defendants guilty of living together in fornication;” and they assessed fines against each, under section 4184 of the Code, upon which judgments were rendered against them. The section last named constitutes adultery or fornication between a man and woman of the same race a misdemeanor, punishable with a money fine. This conviction and sentence of the lesser offense was in accordance with the ruling of the trial court, to which defendant Bryant reserved an exception ; and he brings the case to this court for review, on his exception thus reserved.
It is here contended, that under an indictment for this statutory felony, there can not be a conviction for the lesser offense, although every ingredient of the misdemeanor is necessarily *34embraced in the statutory felony. We hold this position untenable, for the following reasons: Section 4904 of the Code declares, that “ When. the indictment charges an offense of which there are different degrees, the jury may find the defendant not guilty of the degree charged, and guilty of any degree inferior thereto, or of an attempt to commit the offense charged ; and the defendant may be also found guilty of any offense which is -necessarily included in that with which he is charged, whether it be a felony or misdemeanor.” The offenses of simple fornication and simple adultery are necessarily included in the crime charged in the indictment in this cause.
In Sanders v. The State, 55 Ala. 42, the defendant had been tried and convicted of maltreatment of a convict sentenced to hard labor for the county, by chaining him to a plow. — Code, § 4320. lie was a second time indicted for assaulting the same convict with a chain. He pleaded the former conviction in bar. This court said : “The maltreatment charged in the former indictment necessarily involved an assault and battery— the infliction of unlawful violence on the person of the convict. . . Applying the test which generally determines the sufficiency of the plea of antrefois convict, or antrefois acquit —whether the facts alleged in the second indictment, if proved, would have warranted a conviction on the first indictment— the evidence sustained the plea, and the court erred in overruling it.” We held the plea good, and. allowed the defense. Applying the principles of that case to this, if there had been an acquittal under the indictment found, the defendants could not have been again indicted for a simple living together in fornication, between persons of the same race.
' Under a statute of Massachusetts, the offense of assault and battery, if committed on an officer of the law, in hindering and opposing him in the due and lawful execution of the duties of his office, was constituted a special misdemeanor. In Com. v. Kirby, 2 Cush. 577, the defendant was indicted for assaulting one “ Sanderson, being a constable, . . legally authorized and duly qualified to discharge the duties of said office, and being then and there in the due and legal exercise and performance of said duties of said office, and him then and there, while he, the said Sanderson, was in the due and lawful execution of his said office, unlawfully, knowingly and designedly, did hinder and oppose,” &c. The defendant was convicted, but a question was raised whether Sanderson was an officer. Tiie court ruled, that if all the averments of the indictment, charging that Sanderson was an officer, were rejected, “ there would still remain a full and technical charge of an assault upon the person of Joseph Sanderson; and upon this charge it would be competent to render judgment on this in*35dictment, for the offense of a simple assault. The only doubt, then, is, whether upon this indictment a judgment is to be entered and sentence 'awarded for a simple assault, or for an assault with the aggravation that it was made upon a constable while in the discharge of the duties of his office, and with the design of hindering and opposing him in the due execution of such official duty.”
Assault with intent to murder, maim, rob, or ravish, is a statutory felony; yet it can not he questioned, that under such indictment, the defendant may be acquitted of the felonious intent, and convicted of a simple assault. — Mooney v. The State, 33 Ala. 419; Richardson v. The State, 54 Ala. 158; Green v. The State, 68 Ala. 539; Moore v. The State, 71 Ala. 307; Wilcox v. The State, 40 Amer. Rep. 53. See, also, State v. Stephens, 15 Ala. 554; Henry v. The State, 33 Ala. 389.
The question in this case is not one of needless particularity in the description of the offense, which, when resorted to, imposes the necessity of particular proof, commensurate with the particular charge. That rule does not, and can not apply, when, as in this case, the higher offense charged, necessarily includes and contains all the elements of a lesser offense. If it did, section 4904 of the Code would have no field of operation.
In Skains v. The State, 21 Ala. 218, the defendant had been convicted of a higher offense, on an indictment charging a minor offense, which was included in the offense of which the conviction was had. This court rightly reversed the ruling. The major includes the minor, but’ the minor does not include the major. Barbour County v. Brunson, 36 Ala. 362, and Walker v. The State, 73 Ala. 17, exert no influence- on the questions raised by this record.
Affirmed.