Court Opinion

ID: 3174890
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-02-05 09:53:17.687562+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:22:37.572457
License: Public Domain

Filed 2/2/16 In re Angel R. CA2/4
                        NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or
ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for
purposes of rule 8.1115.

                     IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                            SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                         DIVISION FOUR

In re ANGEL R., Jr. a Person Coming Under                                    B264250
the Juvenile Court Law.
                                                                             (Los Angeles County
                                                                             Super. Ct. No. DK08948)

LOS ANGELES COUNTY DEPARTMENT
OF CHILDREN AND FAMILY SERVICES,

          Plaintiff and Respondent,

          v.

ANGEL R.,

          Defendant and Appellant.

          APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Stephen C.
Marpet, Temporary Judge. (Pursuant to Cal. Const., art. VI, § 21.) Affirmed.
          Neale B. Gold, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.
          Mary C. Wickham, Interim County Counsel, Dawyn R. Harrison, Assistant
County Counsel, and William D. Thetford, Deputy County Counsel, for Plaintiff and
Respondent.
       Angel R., Sr. (father) appeals jurisdictional findings and dispositional orders
concerning his toddler son, Angel R., Jr. (Angel). He contends there is insufficient
evidence to support the court’s findings that his substance abuse and domestic violence
toward mother endangered Angel. He further contends that the court erred by ordering
him to attend classes for perpetrators of domestic violence and issuing a three-year
restraining order. We do not agree with these contentions, and affirm the order of the
juvenile court.
                    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL SUMMARY
       In December 2014, the Los Angeles County Department of Children and Family
Services (DCFS) filed a Welfare and Institutions Code section 300 petition1 on behalf of
Angel (born January 2014) after he fell out of his car seat and sustained bruising and an
abrasion to his head. DCFS alleged that father and Angel’s mother, Irma C. (mother),
failed to protect Angel and placed him in a detrimental and endangering situation by
improperly restraining him (b-1).2 (§ 300, subd. (b).) DCFS further alleged that father
struck mother on the legs during an altercation in March 2014, thereby endangering
Angel’s physical health and safety and placing him at risk of physical harm (a-1 and b-2).
(§ 300, subds. (a) & (b).)
       In her initial interview with DCFS, mother, Angel’s custodial parent, told DCFS
that “there were a couple of incidents at which the father appeared to be under the
influence” of marijuana when he came to visit Angel. Mother stated that she did not
release Angel to father on those occasions. Mother also told the investigator father had
physically abused her in the past, when the two had lived together. Mother was able to
recall specific details about only one incident, a time in March 2014 when father struck
her upper right leg. Mother told the investigator that correctional officers observed the
resulting bruises on her leg while booking her in connection with an arrest for shoplifting.

       1
         All further statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code unless
otherwise indicated.
       2
         The court ultimately struck the allegation pertaining to the car seat incident.
Accordingly we do not discuss it further. We likewise do not address the allegations and
findings concerning mother, who has not filed an appeal.
                                             2
       During a December 1, 2014 telephone interview and December 3, 2014 in-home
interview with DCFS, father stated he last smoked marijuana more than three years ago.
Father, who lived apart from mother and Angel in Hesperia, said he would “make his best
efforts” to participate in an on-demand drug test in Pomona on December 3. Father did
not appear for the test and later told a DCFS social worker that he did not have money for
gas. The social worker rescheduled father’s test for December 9, 2014, the same day as
the family’s team decision meeting. Father was unable to test that day, however, because
he did not have his state identification card with him, and could not obtain an official
letter from DCFS in time to make it to the testing center before the team decision
meeting. The social worker called father the next day and asked him to test in Pomona.
Father told the social worker he did not have money for gas to drive to the test site. He
later called the social worker back and said that he would have money on December 19.
It does not appear that father was asked to test any time on or around December 19.
       During the family’s team decision meeting, father reported that mother had been
hospitalized in 2013 after she cut herself with a razor. The social worker observed scars
consistent with this report on mother’s left arm. Mother characterized the incident as
“isolated”, though she later disclosed that she had been hospitalized twice in connection
with suicide attempts. Mother claimed all three incidents were precipitated by father’s
refusal to allow her contact with her relatives. Mother also claimed she was not
diagnosed with any mental health problems or prescribed any psychotropic medications,
and stated she did not believe she needed therapy. Mother and father agreed to accept
voluntary family maintenance services.
       DCFS detained Angel on December 26, 2014 and placed him in mother’s home.
At the detention hearing on December 31, 2014, the court ordered family maintenance
services and parenting counseling for mother and father. The court ordered father to
provide three consecutive clean drug tests. Father failed to appear for two tests in
January and provided a “diluted” sample on February 3, 2015.

                                             3
       DCFS filed an amended section 300 petition on February 19, 2015. DCFS
realleged the allegations from the initial petition (a-1, b-1, and b-2) and added allegations
that Angel was at substantial risk of serious, nonaccidental physical harm
(§ 300, subd. (a)) because mother threatened to cut herself with a knife during a violent
altercation with father on May 20, 2014 (a-3), and because father and mother continued
to have physical, telephone, and online contact, including approximately 20 phone calls
from father to mother on February 9, 2015 and a text from him directing her to “answer
my call you stupid bitch” when she did not respond (a-2). DCFS also added an allegation
that father “has an unresolved history of marijuana use” that placed Angel at risk of
physical harm (b-3) within the meaning of section 300, subdivision (b). DCFS further
alleged in connection with count b-3 that father did not appear for two random tests on
February 12 and 13; had a “diluted” drug test on February 3, 2015, which mother claimed
he attributed to an “elixir” that allowed him to test clean; and may have been under the
influence while caring for Angel in the past.
       In an addendum report accompanying the amended petition, DCFS reported that it
had arranged visitation for father and that, aside from meeting to exchange custody, the
parents “agreed to abstain from any contact with each other and only discuss issues
pertaining to Angel’s health and well being, including medical appointments, services
and overall development and health.” In the “Assessment/Evaluation” section of the
report, DCFS stated that mother and father continued “to engage in a relationship
(friendship, courtship or other) and in domestic violence, despite both parents explicitly
denying ongoing contact, domestic violence and stating that they do not want contact
with one another.” DCFS further stated that mother and father “have a severe and
unresolved history of domestic violence,” with at least one serious incident – the May
2014 altercation involving the knife – occurring in Angel’s presence. DCFS also asserted
that father had been dishonest about his lack of transportation and funds to drug test, as
mother reported that he visited her and Angel on weekdays, “despite his claims of lack of
monies and resources and despite the already arranged visitation plan” that provided for

                                                4
visits every other weekend. According to DCFS, father “has the resources, he chooses to
mismanage them.”
       DCFS also filed a jurisdiction/disposition report on February 19, 2015. In that
report, DCFS documented a January 29, 2015 interview with mother and February 3,
2015 interviews with father and paternal grandmother. Mother reported that father “is a
very violent and possessive person” who first violently mistreated her in 2012 or 2013
and “continues to demand sex from her and becomes extremely upset and at times violent
whenever she says no.” Mother stated that father insults her and yells at her, and
threatens to hit her and throw objects. In March 2014, he “hit her on her legs repeatedly”
before both parents were arrested at a Hesperia Wal-Mart; police officers noticed during
mother’s booking that her legs were bruised. Mother reported that father intentionally hit
her in the upper thighs so that the bruising would not be visible under shorts or pants.
She also reported that father “has a history of substance abuse” and “comes to the East
Los Angeles area in order to smoke and drink with his friends” “during the weekend and
on some weekdays.” Mother did not know specifically where father went on these
occasions, but reported that he “tends to sleep in his car.” Mother admitted to being
frustrated with father, “as he does not and has not assisted her in the care of child Angel,
whether financially or through obtaining hygienic supplies for Angel.”
       During his interview, father told DCFS that mother “is a very possessive and
jealous person, who tends to send him several messages and text[s] a day.” Father stated
that mother “tends to stalk him and gets upset if he talks to or associates with other
females.” He further stated that mother threw objects, insulted him, threatened him, and
threatened to cut herself with scissors during an argument the parents had in March 2014,
when they lived together in Hesperia. Father explained that he and mother were unable
to make their relationship work due to mother’s “overbearing behaviors, threats to hurt
herself, anger and violence,” but also stated that he and mother nonetheless “constantly
break up and get back together.” Despite admitting that he and mother still had “some
type of physical relationship,” father “was adamant that he is not and has not contacted
[mother] in any manner (such as Facebook, text or calls) and any confirmed contact is

                                              5
only to arrange a visit with Angel.” Father “acknowledged that he has not provided
[mother] with financial, moral or other assistance for Angel due to not working or having
money, but believes that despite her justified anger, Angel should not be denied his father
due to her vindictiveness towards him.” Father denied using marijuana and stated that he
visits East Los Angeles to see his brother, not to smoke and drink with friends.
       Paternal grandmother acknowledged during her interview that father “has not
provided Angel with sufficient clothes, food, money or attention and that [mother] has
been the primary caregiver for Angel.” Paternal grandmother “blamed herself for not
putting more responsibility on [father] or urging him to go to work or go to school.”
Paternal grandmother further stated that father is a “good person” who “is not aggressive
and has never hit or mistreated” mother. She corroborated father’s account of the March
2014 scissors incident, which occurred in her home, and added that mother hit herself and
threatened to tell the police father hit her. In a later interview, paternal grandmother
informed DCFS that mother “had at least four incidents where she had cut herself after
engaging in a fight with [father] during the time [mother] lived with [father] in Hesperia.”
There is no indication that DCFS ever asked paternal grandmother about father’s alleged
substance abuse or alleged visits with his brother.
       DCFS concluded its jurisdiction/disposition report by urging the court to sustain
the allegations in the amended petition. In DCFS’s assessment, mother and father “have
a long, severe and unaddressed history of domestic violence” which affects their “ability
to safely parent and care for Angel.” DCFS also observed that both parents “deny being
the aggressor” and concluded that “[b]oth parents continue to find ways to control each
other via threats and control over Angel, despite DCFS supervision.” As to father
specifically, DCFS noted that “he admitted to not being a present father for Angel and not
providing [mother] with any type of assistance, whether moral, financial or other.
Despite [father’s] claims that he wants to see his son and wants to comply with the
Department, but [sic] has made constant excuses ranging from lack of finances and
transportation and having an unreliable phone. Yet [father] has stated that he
occasionally comes to East Los Angeles to visit his brother. Despite his recent

                                              6
cooperation, [father] minimized his criminal history and has not been forthcoming about
his possible substance use as evident in his missed tests in January 2015 and recent
diluted test . . . [Father] continues to attempted to [sic] confront/contact [mother], despite
[father] stating that he wants nothing to do with [mother], other than have contact with
Angel.” DCFS recommended that father be ordered to attend weekly parenting classes
and counseling sessions, participate in domestic violence and anger management
programs, and submit to random weekly drug testing.
       At the February 19, 2015 hearing, the court made detention findings as to father
and released Angel to mother. The court ordered DCFS to provide father with
transportation funds to enable him to test at the drug test facility closest to his residence
and to help father with referrals and visits. The court also issued a temporary restraining
order barring father from contacting mother and Angel outside of his monitored visits.
The temporary restraining order, set to expire March 10, 2015, barred “[c]ontact, either
directly or indirectly in any way, including but not limited to, in person, by telephone, in
writing, by public or private mail, by interoffice mail, by e-mail, by text message, by fax,
or by other electronic means.” (Emphasis in original.)
       DCFS filed an interim review report on March 10, 2015, the date of the scheduled
jurisdiction and disposition hearing. DCFS reported that it had obtained auxiliary funds
for father but was unable to contact him by phone or mail to arrange visits or facilitate
services. DCFS further reported that father had not drug tested since his February 3
diluted test. Additionally, he contacted mother via text message on February 20, 2015.
       At the March 10 hearing, father requested a paternity test. The court continued the
hearing to April 21, 2015 to accommodate father’s request and extended the temporary
restraining order to that date as well. The court orally advised father that the restraining
order was extended and included “no social media contact, no e-mail, no texting, no
phone contact.”
       DCFS submitted an addendum report to the court on April 21, 2015. The report
indicated that DCFS had interviewed mother and father separately on April 6, 2015.
Father showed a social worker 52 Facebook messages mother had sent him on January 8,

                                               7
2015, and additional messages and phone calls she sent him between that date and
February 9, 2015. Father “was adamant that he has not called, texted, or used social
media to contact mother” since the temporary restraining order was renewed on March
10, 2015. Father also “was adamant that he last used marijuana when he was released
from Juvenile Hall at around the age of 18.” He denied using any methods to dilute his
urine for the February 3 test; he claimed “he drinks a lot of water.” Father confirmed that
he had received auxiliary funds from DCFS “but has not used it for any case related
issues, with the exception of his test on 04/03/2015.” That test was positive for
cannabinoids.
       During her interview, mother informed the social worker that father had been
calling her. She showed the social worker her cell phone call log, which showed 28 calls
from father’s number between March 25, 2015 and April 5, 2015. Mother reported she
last spoke to father on April 3, 2015. According to mother, father “informed her that he
had tested for the Department and is going to make changes to his lifestyle. [Mother]
stated that [father] promised to get a job and is planning on obtaining a home in Texas for
him, [mother] and child Angel.” Mother also stated that she does not know if father uses
any drugs and claimed, contrary to her previous statements, that father never spoke to her
about using marijuana or drug testing.
       DCFS concluded that “there are more serious concerns than originally thought.
Despite strict orders from the Court, admonishment of both parents by Commissioner
Marpet and an ongoing restraining order, [father] and [mother] continue to break the
restraining order and have ongoing contact.” DCFS opined that both parents continued to
engage in “immature and irrational behaviors” and failed to comply with court orders,
thereby demonstrating “their disdain for rules, expectations and child safety” and placing
Angel at risk of ongoing harm. As to father, DCFS concluded from his “obsessive
calling behaviors” and “fantasy of living in Texas” that he was “fixated” on mother and
“unable to abstain from contact with her.” DCFS recommended that the court detain
Angel from both parents and issue a general suitable placement order for him and family
reunification services for the parents.

                                             8
       At the April 21, 2015 jurisdiction and disposition hearing, the court admitted into
evidence all of the reports discussed above. DCFS submitted on the paper record, and
neither parent testified or presented any witnesses. Father asked the court to dismiss the
allegations pertaining to the March 2014 leg-bruising incident because “there was never
any evidence to follow up that claim” and he “was not booked for domestic violence.”
He acknowledged that he contacted mother in violation of the restraining order but
claimed “that is the extent of contact” and that it was “largely to find out what’s going on
with the son.” Father also denied “engaging in a relationship or a trying [sic] to mend a
relationship” with mother. Regarding the substance abuse allegation, father argued that
his single positive drug test reflected “low levels” and occurred when Angel was not in
his care. He further contended “there’s nothing to show that father’s use of marijuana, at
this point, has interfered with his ability to parent and/or hold a stable job or has resulted
in any other interactions with law enforcement.”
       The court dismissed the section 300, subdivision (b) allegation pertaining to the
car seat incident (b-1). It amended the allegations pertaining to the March 2014 leg-
bruising incident (a-1 and b-2) to reflect a date of May rather than March and sustained
those allegations as amended. The court also amended the section 300, subdivision (a)
allegation concerning mother and father’s continued contact (a-2) to an allegation under
section 300, subdivision (b) (b-4) and sustained that allegation as amended. The court
sustained allegation a-3, regarding the knife incident, and allegation b-3, the substance
abuse allegation, as pleaded. The court detained Angel from father after finding “by clear
and convincing evidence there is a substantial danger to the minor’s physical and mental
well-being.” Over DCFS objection, the court declined to detain Angel from mother and
placed him in her home on the condition that she have no contact with father. The court
also issued a three-year restraining order against father, which does not appear in the
record. The court orally explained that the order restrained father from “every kind of
contact” with mother, including “no social media contact, no phone contact, no tweeting,
no form of e-mail.” The court also ordered father “to do weekly random drug and
alcohol testing, with no missed or dirty tests, parenting, and individual counseling to

                                               9
address all of the issues of the case, including anger management and domestic violence
counseling” for domestic violence perpetrators.
       Father timely appealed.
                                       DISCUSSION
I.     Justiciability
       We first consider whether father’s appeal is properly before us. Angel will remain
under the court’s jurisdiction regardless of the outcome of his appeal because mother has
not challenged the court’s orders. “[A] jurisdictional finding good against one parent is
good against both” because dependency jurisdiction attaches to the child, not the parents.
(In re Alysha S. (1996) 51 Cal.App.4th 393, 397.) Thus, the general rule is that a single
jurisdictional finding supported by substantial evidence is sufficient to support
jurisdiction and render moot a challenge to the other findings. (In re M.W. (2015) 238
Cal.App.4th 1444, 1452; In re Alexis E. (2009) 171 Cal.App.4th 438, 451.)
       We nonetheless retain discretion to consider the merits of a parent’s appeal (In re
I.A. (2011) 201 Cal.App.4th 1484, 1493), and often do so when the finding “(1) serves as
the basis for dispositional orders that are also challenged on appeal [citation]; (2) could
be prejudicial to the appellant or could potentially impact the current or future
dependency proceedings [citations]; or (3) ‘could have other consequences for [the
appellant], beyond jurisdiction’ [Citation].” (In re Drake M. (2012) 211 Cal.App.4th 754,
762-763; see also In re D.C. (2011) 195 Cal.App.4th 1010, 1015; In re Anthony G.
(2011) 194 Cal.App.4th 1060, 1064-1065.) Here, the jurisdictional findings related to the
domestic violence allegations serve as the basis for the dispositional orders father
challenges here – the restraining order and the order that he attend domestic violence
classes. We accordingly exercise our discretion in favor of considering father’s claims on
the merits.

                                             10
II.    Analysis
       A.     The substance abuse jurisdictional findings were supported by
substantial evidence.
       Father challenges the court’s findings that his substance abuse placed Angel at risk
of physical harm. He contends that DCFS failed to prove that he used, let alone abused,
marijuana, and that any alleged use of marijuana had a negative effect on Angel or
impaired father’s ability to care for him. We are not persuaded.
       DCFS had the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that Angel
was a dependent of the court under section 300. (In re I.J. (2013) 56 Cal.4th 766, 773;
§ 355, subd. (a); § 342.) We review the court’s conclusion that DCFS met this burden for
substantial evidence. (In re I.J., supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 773.) Under the substantial
evidence standard, a finding “will be upheld if it is supported by substantial evidence,”
which is “reasonable in nature, credible, and of solid value.” (In re Dakota H. (2005) 132
Cal.App.4th 212, 228.) We do not resolve conflicts in the evidence, make credibility
determinations, or reweigh the evidence. (In re I.J., supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 773; In re
Casey D. (1999) 70 Cal.App.4th 38, 52.) Instead, we view the entire record in the light
most favorable to the court’s determination, draw all reasonable inferences in support of
the findings, and affirm the order even if some evidence in the record may support a
contrary finding. (In re I.J., supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 773.)
       Father first disputes that he uses marijuana. There is substantial evidence to the
contrary in the record. Father provided a positive drug test just weeks before the
jurisdiction and disposition hearing, and we infer from his numerous missed tests.
(Jennifer A. v. Superior Court (2004) 117 Cal.App.4th 1322, 1343.) Mother also told
DCFS investigators that father showed up to visit Angel while exhibiting signs of
marijuana use, and claimed that father frequently got high with friends in East Los
Angeles. Father argues mother’s statements should be disregarded because she had “very
serious mental health issues” and “repeatedly changed her story about things.” He also
points to his own statements to DCFS, in which he denied using marijuana and diluting

                                              11
his test sample. These arguments amount to an invitation for us to reweigh the evidence
before the juvenile court, which we may not do.
       Father is correct, however, that the mere use of marijuana is not sufficient to
sustain a finding of jurisdiction under section 300, subdivision (b). “[W]ithout more, the
mere usage of drugs by a parent is not a sufficient basis on which dependency jurisdiction
can be found.” (In re Drake M., supra, 211 Cal.App.4th at p. 764; In re Destiny S. (2012)
210 Cal.App.4th 999, 1003; see also In re Alexis E., supra, 171 Cal.App.4th at p. 453)
Section 300, subdivision (b) by its terms makes clear that a finding of substance abuse is
necessary; it states that jurisdiction may lie where there is “a substantial risk that the child
will suffer, serious physical harm or illness, as a result of . . . the inability of the parent or
guardian to provide regular care for the child due to the parent’s . . . substance abuse.”
“[A] finding of substance abuse for purposes of section 300, subdivision (b), must be
based on evidence sufficient to (1) show that the parent or guardian at issue had been
diagnosed as having a current substance abuse problem by a medical professional, or (2)
establish that the parent or guardian at issue has a current substance abuse problem as
defined in the DSM-IV-TR.” (In re Drake M., supra, 211 Cal.App.4th at p. 766.) In
other words, there must be some “evidence of life-impacting effects of drug use.” (In re
Rebecca C. (2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 720, 726.) Thus, the father in In re Drake M., who
had a steady job, provided for Drake’s basic needs, remained sober in Drake’s presence,
and had no significant legal, social, or personal problems caused by his drug use, was
improperly found to be a substance abuser. (See In re Drake M., supra, 211 Cal.App.4th
at pp. 767-768.)
       The same cannot be said here. Unlike the father in In re Drake M., who used
medical marijuana to treat arthritis he developed during his many years of working as a
concrete mason and continued to fulfill his duties at work (In re Drake M., supra, 211
Cal.App.4th at p. 760), father used marijuana without a prescription and did so at the
expense of maintaining gainful employment or continuing his education. Father also
failed to provide Angel with “clothes, food, money or attention” and occasionally showed
up for visits while under the influence. (Contra In re Drake M., supra, 211 Cal.App.4th

                                                12
at p. 767.) Additionally, he failed to appear for numerous drug tests despite having been
provided with financial assistance to do so, and provided diluted and positive samples
when he did appear, while maintaining that he had not used marijuana in several years.
This further distinguishes him from the father in In re Drake M., who “stated he was
willing to do whatever was necessary to prevent Drake’s removal from his custody” (In
re Drake M., supra, 211 Cal.App.4th at p. 759), and renders him more like the father in
In re Natalie A. (2015) 243 Cal.App.4th 178, 186 who provided a single diluted urine
sample and failed to appear for the rest of his tests, leading the court to conclude that “a
reasonable inference could be drawn that father’s marijuana use was more frequent than
the one admitted instance . . . .”
         The juvenile court reasonably could conclude based on all of this evidence that
father abused marijuana. (See In re Natalie A., supra, 243 Cal.App.4th at p. 186.)
Because of Angel’s very young age, “the finding of substance abuse is prima facie
evidence of the inability of a parent or guardian to provide regular care resulting in a
substantial risk of physical harm.” (In re Drake M., supra, 211 Cal.App.4th at p. 767.)
We accordingly affirm the juvenile court’s jurisdictional findings relating to substance
abuse.
         B.     The domestic violence jurisdictional findings were supported by
substantial evidence.
         Father next contends that “the record did not support a finding of serious physical
harm pursuant to section 300, subdivision (a) based on anything the father did in relation
to the mother” or Angel. He further contends that “the evidence did not justify true
findings pursuant to section 300, subdivision (b),” because DCFS “failed to introduce or
corroborate evidence showing Father caused or would cause his son any physical harm
based on his interaction with the mother.” We do not find these contentions persuasive.
         A child is within the jurisdiction of the juvenile court under subdivisions (a) and
(b) if he or she “has suffered, or there is a substantial risk that [he or she] will suffer,
serious physical harm,” harm that is either “inflicted nonaccidentally upon the child by
the child's parent or guardian” (§ 300, subd. (a)) or results from “the failure or inability of

                                               13
his or her parent or guardian to adequately supervise or protect the child . . . .” (§ 300,
subd. (b).) Numerous courts have found that domestic violence regularly inflicted on one
parent by another exposes children to the risk of serious physical harm for purposes of
one or both subdivisions. (In re Giovanni F. (2010) 184 Cal.App.4th 594, 598-600; In re
E.B. (2010) 184 Cal.App.4th 568, 576; In re S.O. (2002) 103 Cal.App.4th 453, 460-462;
In re Sylvia R. (1997) 55 Cal.App.4th 559, 562; In re Heather A. (1996) 52 Cal.App.4th
183, 194; see In re Benjamin D. (1991) 227 Cal.App.3d 1464, 1470, fn. 5 [“Both
common sense and expert opinion indicate spousal abuse is detrimental to children”].)
“[S]ection 300 does not require that a child actually be abused or neglected before the
juvenile court can assume jurisdiction.” (In re I.J., supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 773.)
       Here, there is ample evidence that mother and father continually engaged in
repeated incidents of domestic violence throughout Angel’s short life. In May 2014,
father hit mother in the legs, intentionally placing the bruising where it would not be
readily visible. In a separate May 2014 incident, mother and father fought and mother
brandished a knife while Angel was present. Paternal grandmother reported at least four
other similar incidents occurred while the parents were living together, and mother
reported that the incidents continued at least through February 2015, with father
becoming upset and violent when she refused his demands for sex and threatening to hit
her and throw objects at her. Father urges us to discount mother’s claims of abuse as
“unsupported” and uncorroborated, and contends that “if anything, the mother was the
aggressor.” It is not our role to make credibility judgments on appeal, however, and the
testimony of a single witness is sufficient to uphold a judgment. (In re Sheila B. (1993)
19 Cal.App.4th 187, 200.)
       Father also argues this case is distinguishable from In re Giovanni F., supra, 184
Cal.App.4th 594, which sustained allegations under section 300, subdivision (a) primarily
on the basis of the child’s exposure to domestic violence. In that case, father Joel drove
the family car with one hand while using his other hand to hit and choke his son’s
mother, R.F., to the point of unconsciousness. (In re Giovanni, supra, 184 Cal.App.4th at
pp. 600-601.) His infant son Giovanni was in the car. When the car stopped, Joel

                                              14
physically struggled with R.F. over Giovanni’s car seat while Giovanni was in it, causing
the car seat to crash into and crack a window. (Id. at p. 600.) On a separate occasion,
Joel physically attacked his own mother, twisting her hand and shoving her while she was
holding Giovanni. (Id. at p. 599.) The court held that these incidents of domestic
violence, coupled with Joel’s long history of violent attacks, denials of violence, and
violation of a restraining order, plainly endangered Giovanni and placed him at perilous
risk of nonaccidental harm. (Id. at pp. 600-601.) We agree with father that the incidents
of violence in this case are not as severe as those perpetrated by Joel. Yet, as in In re
Giovanni F., father downplays and denies his role in his altercations with mother and
continues to have contact with mother in violation of a restraining order. The incidents
were not isolated but rather occurred with regularity throughout the couple’s tumultuous
on-again, off-again relationship.
       Father also contends that “there was no evidence the minor was affected by the
parents’ interaction much less at risk of physical harm.” However, a jurisdictional
finding based on domestic violence between parents does not require that the child be
present or that the violence be directly perceived by him or her. As explained in In re
Heather A., supra, 52 Cal.App.4th at p. 194, even children who were not present when
incidents occur are “[o]bviously . . . put in a position of physical danger” from regularly
occurring domestic violence in their home because they could “wander into the room
where it was occurring and be accidentally hit” or injured. Due to Angel’s tender age, he
is likely to be close to his parents when they engage in domestic battles, and the court
could reasonably find he would be at physical risk from acts of violence for the reasons
set forth in In re Heather A. Even if mother were the aggressor, as father claims, father
continued to engage in “some type of physical relationship” with her, continued to
contact her, and generally exhibited minimal regard for Angel’s needs and wellbeing,
placing both mother and Angel at a substantial and ongoing risk of physical harm.

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       C.     The court did not abuse its discretion by ordering father to take
domestic violence classes.
       Father contends it was an abuse of discretion and a waste of government resources
for the court to order him to participate in classes for domestic violence perpetrators,
because “the evidence indicated the mother was at least equally a perpetrator of domestic
violence if not the instigator” and he and mother agreed to limit their ongoing contact
with each other. We do not agree.
       In this portion of his appeal, father is challenging the court’s ordering of family
maintenance services. Section 362, which governs the provision of services where the
child is declared a dependent but is retained in parental custody in the dispositional order
(In re A.L. (2010) 188 Cal.App.4th 138, 143), by its terms vests the court with discretion
to order whatever family maintenance services it deems “necessary and proper,”
including counseling and education programs. (§ 362, subd. (d).) This language affords
the juvenile court broad discretion to determine what would best serve and protect the
child’s interests and to fashion its dispositional order accordingly. (See In re A.E. (2008)
168 Cal.App.4th 1, 4; In re A.L., supra, 188 Cal.App.4th at p. 145; In re Natalie A.,
supra, 243 Cal.App.4th at pp. 186-187.) In reviewing an order for abuse of this broad
discretion, we view all the evidence and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the
court’s ruling. (In re Natalie A., supra, 243 Cal.App.4th at pp. 186-187.) We affirm the
order unless no rational trier of fact could conclude that the juvenile court’s order
advanced the best interests of the child. (Ibid.)
       We cannot draw that conclusion here. As discussed above, substantial evidence
supported the court’s findings that the parents engaged in domestic violence and placed
Angel at risk of physical harm by doing so. Mother reported that father violently
mistreated her since at least 2013, struck her in the legs in 2014, and continues to yell,
threaten, and throw objects at her – despite their agreement to limit contact and a court
order mandating them to refrain from contact. The court reasonably could have
concluded from mother’s reports and both parents’ refusal to refrain from contacting one
another that father – and, more importantly, Angel – could benefit from his parents taking

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a domestic violence course. Indeed, section 362, subdivision (d) requires the juvenile
court to order services “designed to eliminate those conditions that led to the court’s
finding that the child is a person described by Section 300.” The juvenile court did not
abuse its discretion by concluding that domestic violence classes for father could
eliminate some of the conditions that placed Angel at risk of future harm.
       D.     The restraining order was supported by substantial evidence.
       Father’s final argument is that the permanent restraining order–which is not in the
record–“was not warranted under the factual circumstances of this case and should be
reversed.” He again contends that “the risk was posed by the mother and her erratic
behavior and mental health issues,” and that in any event he was no longer in a
relationship with mother and “had no intent of contacting the mother other than to discuss
their son.” Therefore, he asserts, his “factual circumstances are significantly different
than the two leading cases on juvenile court restraining orders” and did not support
issuance of a restraining order. Although we agree that father’s behavior was less
egregious than that in In re Cassandra B. (2004) 125 Cal.App.4th 199 and In re Brittany
K. (2005) 127 Cal.App.4th 1497, we conclude that issuance of a restraining order was
supported by substantial evidence.
       Juvenile courts are authorized to issue ex parte orders “enjoining any person from
molesting, attacking, striking, stalking, threatening, sexually assaulting, battering,
harassing, telephoning, . . . destroying the personal property, contacting, either directly or
indirectly, by mail or otherwise, coming within a specified distance of, or disturbing the
peace” of a child or the child’s parent, legal guardian, or caretaker. (§ 213.5, subd. (a).)
Where domestic violence is at issue, the court may issue a restraining order “in the
manner provided by Section 6300 of the Family Code” (§ 213.5, subd. (a)), which
authorizes restraining orders based on “reasonable proof of a past act or acts of abuse,”
“based solely on the affidavit or testimony of the person requesting the restraining order”
(Fam. Code, § 6300). Such acts of abuse include physical abuse or injury, as well as acts
that “destroy[] the mental or emotional calm of the other party.” (In re Marriage of
Nadkarni (2009) 173 Cal.App.4th 1483, 1497.) “If there is substantial evidence

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supporting the order, the court’s issuance of the restraining order may not be disturbed.”
(In re Cassandra B., supra, 125 Cal.App.4th at pp. 210-211.)
        Although the restraining order itself is not in the record, the court’s minute order
indicates that “the 3 year restraining order means no physical contact, no phone contact,
no social media contact, no texting, no e-mail, etc.” Its comments during the hearing
reflect the same restrictions. These restrictions are supported by substantial evidence in
the record. Mother reported that father hit her, threatened her, and yelled at her. Despite
a previous restraining order, father contacted mother at least 28 times by phone,
continued to engage in a “some type of physical relationship” with her, and planned to
move to Texas with her. These interactions, which according to mother turned violent if
she refused father’s demands, placed Angel at risk of harm and provided the court with a
basis from which to reasonably conclude a restraining order was necessary.
        We also do not agree with father’s suggestion that In re Cassandra B. and In re
Brittany K. set a floor for the type of behavior that warrants the issuance of a restraining
order. Unwanted contact need not rise to the level of “relentless and unceasing” attempts
to regain custody of one’s child detailed in In re Brittany K., supra, 127 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1512, or the repeated threats to kidnap one’s child in In re Cassandra B., supra, 125
Cal.App.4th at p. 206. Acts of isolation, control, and threats can be sufficient to
demonstrate destruction of a victim’s “mental and emotional calm” warranting a
restraining order (Rodriguez v. Menjivar (2015) 243 Cal.App.4th 816, 822, and no
showing that future physical abuse is likely is required (id. at p. 823). Past violence and
unwanted contact can be sufficient, and the record here contains substantial evidence of
both.

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                                    DISPOSITION
      The order of the juvenile court is affirmed.
                 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

                                      COLLINS, J.

We concur:

EPSTEIN, P. J.

MANELLA, J.

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