Court Opinion

ID: 3178453
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-02-18 16:06:31.822544+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:03:45.197458
License: Public Domain

RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                              Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                     File Name: 16a0042p.06

                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                   _________________

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                              ┐
                                  Plaintiff-Appellee,   │
                                                        │
                                                        │
        v.                                              │
                                                         >      No. 15-5284
                                                        │
 BRANDON THOMAS TESSIER,                                │
                               Defendant-Appellant.     │
                                                        ┘
                        Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Middle District of Tennessee at Nashville.
                 No. 3:13-cr-00077-1—Kevin H. Sharp, Chief District Judge.

                                 Argued: December 4, 2015

                            Decided and Filed: February 18, 2016

                  Before: SILER, GIBBONS, and ROGERS, Circuit Judges.

                                     _________________

                                         COUNSEL

ARGUED: R. David Baker, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Nashville,
Tennessee, for Appellant. Gwendolyn Stamper, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF
JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Appellee. ON BRIEF: R. David Baker, Andrew Brandon,
OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellant.
Gwendolyn Stamper, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for
Appellee.

      ROGERS, J., delivered the opinion of the court in which GIBBONS, J., joined, and
SILER, J., joined in the result. SILER, J. (pp. 6–7), delivered a separate concurring opinion.

                                               1
No. 15-5284                           United States. v. Tessier                               Page 2

                                            _________________

                                                  OPINION

                                            _________________

        ROGERS, Circuit Judge. This case involves an issue that was left open by the Supreme
Court in United States v. Knights, 534 U.S. 112, 120 n.6 (2001): Whether, under the Fourth
Amendment, a probationer whose probation order contains a search condition may be subjected
to a search in the absence of reasonable suspicion. Brandon Tessier pled guilty to a federal
child-pornography charge but reserved the right to challenge the denial of his motion to suppress
evidence of child pornography that was found during a search of his residence. The parties agree
that the search was without reasonable suspicion. At the time of the search, Tessier was on
probation for a 2011 Tennessee felony conviction for sexual exploitation of a minor. Tessier’s
probation order contained, among other requirements, the following “standard” search condition
that applies to all probationers in Tennessee: “I agree to a search, without a warrant, of my
person, vehicle, property, or place of residence by any Probation/Parole officer or law
enforcement officer, at any time.” The district court’s well-reasoned opinion correctly denied
Tessier’s motion to suppress under the Fourth Amendment totality-of-the-circumstances
reasonableness approach employed by the Supreme Court in Knights. United States v. Tessier,
No. 3:13–00077, 2014 WL 4851688 (M.D. Tenn. Sept. 29, 2014). We adopt the district court’s
reasoning, which fully supports upholding the search and which does not need to be repeated
here.

        Tessier’s arguments on appeal do not detract from the district court’s analysis. Tessier
incorrectly cites United States v. Henry, 429 F.3d 603 (6th Cir. 2005), for his contention that we
“[have] used reasonable suspicion as the appropriate touchstone for this analysis.” In Henry, we
addressed whether a search that was made pursuant to a Kentucky Department of Corrections
policy was constitutional by applying the two-step inquiry set out in Griffin v. Wisconsin,
483 U.S. 868 (1987)1: first, whether the state policy is reasonable under the Fourth Amendment,

        1
         Griffin governed our inquiry in Henry because the search was made pursuant to a state policy, but Knights
governs our inquiry here because the search was made pursuant to a condition of probation. Knights, 534 U.S. at
117–18.
No. 15-5284                      United States. v. Tessier                        Page 3

and, second, whether the search satisfied the requirements of the policy. Henry, 429 F.3d at 608
(citing United States v. Loney, 331 F.3d 516, 520 (6th Cir. 2003)). We upheld the Kentucky
policy, which permitted an officer to conduct a warrantless search only if the officer had
reasonable suspicion that the search may produce evidence of a violation of probation. Id. at
608–09. We then held that the search was unconstitutional because the officers did not have
reasonable suspicion and therefore did not satisfy the requirements of the Kentucky policy. Id. at
614. We also explained that the search could not be justified by the search condition contained
in the defendant’s probation order, because the purpose of the search was to verify the
defendant’s place of residence and the search condition only permitted searches when the
defendant’s probation officer had reason to believe that the defendant had “illegal drugs, alcohol,
volatile substance, or other contraband.” Id. at 615. Thus, Henry stands for the propositions that
a state policy that requires an officer to have reasonable suspicion in order to search a
probationer for violations of probation is reasonable under the Fourth Amendment and that a
search cannot be justified by a search condition in a probation order when the search falls outside
of the terms of the condition. Henry does not address the issue here, which is the propriety of a
suspicionless search made pursuant to a search condition in a probation order that permits
searches for any purpose.

       Tessier also inaccurately states that a majority of other circuits hold that the Fourth
Amendment requires at least reasonable suspicion for probationer home searches. In fact, none
of the cases cited for the proposition so holds. Instead, the cases mostly either uphold home
searches where there was reasonable suspicion, United States v. Graham, 553 F.3d 6, 18 (1st Cir.
2009), United States v. Carter, 566 F.3d 970, 970–75 (11th Cir. 2009), United States v. Tucker,
305 F.3d 1193, 1201 (10th Cir. 2002), or uphold less invasive “home visits” where there was no
reasonable suspicion, United States v. LeBlanc, 490 F.3d 361, 370 (5th Cir. 2007), United States
v. Reyes, 283 F.3d 446, 462 (2d Cir. 2002). Cases upholding searches may imply by negative
inference that the searches might not have been upheld in different circumstances, but such
inferences are inherently dicta. See, e.g., Graham, 553 F.3d at 18 n.7 (recognizing that its
decision did not address whether a suspicionless search would have violated the Fourth
Amendment). The Third Circuit case of United States v. Baker, 221 F.3d 438 (3d Cir. 2000), is
also consistent with our holding because its analysis was limited to Pennsylvania law. In that
No. 15-5284                      United States. v. Tessier                        Page 4

case the Third Circuit considered whether, as a matter of Pennsylvania law, the Pennsylvania
standard consent-to-search form signed by all parolees requires police officers to have reasonable
suspicion before they may search a parolee. Id. at 440. The court held that the Pennsylvania
Supreme Court would construe the form as implicitly requiring searches to be based on
reasonable suspicion, and that the suspicionless search of the defendant’s trunk was therefore
outside the scope of the consent form. Id. at 448–49. Baker, which was decided without the
benefit of Knights and Samson, does little to further Tessier’s arguments. It was decided on the
basis of a consent theory, which Tessier argues should not apply (and which we do not address
because the search was reasonable under the general Fourth Amendment totality-of-the-
circumstances approach). Additionally, the Tennessee Supreme Court has indicated that it views
the Tennessee standard search condition as permitting suspicionless searches, see State v.
Turner, 297 S.W.3d 155, 167 n.12 (Tenn. 2009); therefore, Baker’s approach of construing
search conditions in state probation orders in line with the state high court’s interpretation of
their meaning is unfavorable to Tessier.

       Additionally, in a supplemental citation made pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate
Procedure 28(j), Tessier cites State v. Carman-Thacker, No. M2014-01859-CCA-R3-CD, 2015
WL 5240209 (Tenn. Crim. App. Sept. 8, 2015). In reversing the trial court’s denial of a
probationer’s motion to suppress because the search was not supported by reasonable suspicion,
the Carman-Thacker court cited Knights for the proposition that “[w]hen a person has signed a
probation agreement providing written consent for a warrantless search of the person’s residence,
such a search may be conducted if reasonable suspicion for the search exists.” Id. at *5.
However, Knights stood for no such thing; Knights held that reasonable suspicion is sufficient to
uphold a search of a probationer who is subject to a search condition but left open the question of
whether reasonable suspicion is required to search a probationer who is subject to a search
condition. 534 U.S. at 120 n.6.         The Carman-Thacker court’s reasoning is therefore
unpersuasive.

       Finally, as in Knights, 534 U.S. at 116–18, it cannot be argued that the suspicionless
search in this case did not serve legitimate law enforcement and/or probationary purposes. We
do not address the question of whether a search of a probationer’s home that has no legitimate
No. 15-5284                      United States. v. Tessier                   Page 5

law enforcement or probationary purpose—such as a search with no purpose other than to harass
the probationer—would be reasonable under the Fourth Amendment.

       The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
No. 15-5284                       United States. v. Tessier                         Page 6

                                       _________________

                                        CONCURRENCE

                                       _________________

       SILER, Circuit Judge, concurring. I commend the majority in concluding that the search
in this case can be upheld on a totality-of-the-circumstances reasonableness approach from the
decision in United States v. Knights, 534 U.S. 112, 116-18 (2001). As the majority correctly
concludes, Knights held that reasonable suspicion is sufficient to uphold a search of a
probationer who is subject to a search condition. However, Knights left open the issue of “the
constitutionality of a suspicionless search because the search in th[at] case was supported by
reasonable suspicion.” Id. at 120 n.6. In this case, there was no reasonable suspicion. The
officers, as part of a general sweep called “Operation Sonic Boom,” searched all residences of
known sex offenders in the county. When they entered Tessier’s residence, one of the officers
raised a mattress from the bedroom floor and found the laptop computer containing the
pornographic material seized. I cannot find other circumstances which take this beyond a
general sweep of the county, unless one infers that such a sweep can be conducted against all
prior sex offenders.

       Instead, I would uphold the search on the grounds that, pursuant to the standard search
condition that applies to all probationers in the state, Tessier agreed to a warrantless search of his
property and residence “by any . . . law enforcement officer, at any time.” The circumstances in
this case are not much different from those found in Samson v. California, 547 U.S. 843 (2006),
except that the petitioner there was a parolee rather than a probationer, but he was subject to
similar circumstances in that he submitted “to suspicionless searches by a parole officer or other
peace officer ‘at any time.’” Id. at 852 (citation omitted). The Court went on to conclude “that
petitioner did not have an expectation of privacy that society would recognize as legitimate.” Id.

       As mentioned, Tessier signed the search permit as a condition of his probation. Just
above his signature, the language provides: “I have read or have had read to me, the conditions
of my Probation. I fully understand them and agree to comply with them.” He also signed a
specialized conditions form below other language that stated: “I understand that if I do not agree
No. 15-5284                      United States. v. Tessier                        Page 7

with any condition, I have a right to petition the Sentencing Court for a modification. Any
release from these instructions will be provided to me in writing.” Therefore, I would find this
consent valid and the search was not unconstitutional. I concur in affirming the district court.