Court Opinion

ID: 6340591
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-05-13 15:05:13.507865+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:02:47.062920
License: Public Domain

NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

                                              No. 124,072

               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

                                             DANNY TRAN,
                                              Appellant,

                                                       v.

                                          STATE OF KANSAS,
                                              Appellee.

                                    MEMORANDUM OPINION

        Appeal from Sedgwick District Court; JEFFREY E. GOERING, judge. Opinion filed May 13, 2022.
Affirmed.

        Kristen B. Patty, of Wichita, for appellant.

        Julie A. Koon, assistant district attorney, Marc Bennett, district attorney, and Derek Schmidt,
attorney general, for appellee.

Before POWELL, P.J., GREEN, J., and RICHARD B. WALKER, S.J.

        PER CURIAM: Danny Tran appeals the summary denial of his K.S.A. 60-1507
motion, which raised several claims of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel related
to the handling of a previous appeal. Tran contends his appellate counsel provided
ineffective assistance by failing to include certain exhibits in the record on appeal that
supported his underlying ineffective assistance claims related to his trial counsel's
performance. After reviewing the issues presented, we affirm the trial court's summary
denial of Tran's K.S.A. 60-1507 motion.

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                                                FACTS

       In 2009, Tran—who was 17 years old—pleaded guilty to aggravated robbery,
kidnapping, two counts of aggravated battery, and aggravated burglary. The charges
stemmed from an incident involving Tran and several codefendants, and the factual basis
for Tran's plea was accurately summarized by this court in State v. Tran, No. 110,475,
2014 WL 6676105 (Kan. App. 2014) (unpublished opinion) (Tran II).

       "Tran accompanied the other participants of the crimes into an occupied home in
       Sedgwick County, Kansas. Tran stated, '[M]y main objective was to go get the bag and
       put stuff in it and leave.' The group took items from the home, including DVD, video
       games, and a television. This occurred while someone in the group was armed with a
       deadly weapon. During the burglary, Tran and others forced one of the occupants to go
       from room to room and assist in collecting the property. During these events, the
       occupant was struck in the head with a handgun, causing him to bleed. When the group
       went outside the house one of the members shot at and struck a neighbor in the leg." 2014
       WL 6676105, at *1.

       At sentencing in October 2010, the trial court followed the plea agreement by
granting a dispositional departure and sentencing Tran to 36 months' probation with an
underlying prison term of 228 months. About a year later, the court revoked Tran's
probation and ordered him to serve the underlying sentence. Tran appealed, and this court
affirmed the revocation of his probation in September 2011. State v. Tran, No. 105,235,
2011 WL 4357858 (Kan. App. 2011) (unpublished opinion) (Tran I).

       In March 2013, Tran filed a pro se motion to withdraw his guilty plea, alleging
that his trial counsel, Glen C. Robinson, provided ineffective assistance and that affected
his decision to enter the plea. Tran claimed Robinson coerced him into entering the plea
agreement by telling him there was no possibility his confession to the police could be
suppressed. In a supplemental filing, Tran argued that his failure to file within the one-

                                                   2
year time limit was justified by excusable neglect and, in the alternative, that the trial
court could construe his motion as a K.S.A. 60-1507 motion and find manifest injustice
excused the untimely filing as well.

       After considering the parties' arguments at a preliminary hearing, the trial court
determined Tran had failed to show excusable neglect or manifest injustice to excuse an
untimely filing under either construction of the motion. Tran appealed that decision. This
court, in Tran II, concluded that "[b]ecause Tran asserted a claim in his pro se motion
that, if true, could establish ineffective assistance of counsel, the district court erred when
it failed to take the issue into consideration under the totality of the circumstances in
evaluating Tran's claim of manifest injustice." 2014 WL 6676105, at *5. As a result, the
Tran II court reversed and remanded the case for an evidentiary hearing on the merits of
the motion. 2014 WL 6676105, at *5.

       On remand, the trial court held an evidentiary hearing over two days in June 2015,
during which Tran and Robinson testified and introduced several exhibits into evidence.
After considering the parties' arguments, the trial court took the matter under advisement
to review the testimony and the various exhibits.

       At a separate hearing about two weeks later, the trial court denied Tran's motion.
The majority of the court's findings related to its conclusion that Tran's testimony at the
hearing lacked credibility because the facts alleged in Tran's supporting affidavit were
"inconsistent with the record that was produced in his underlying case." As a result, the
court determined that Tran failed to show manifest injustice to excuse an untimely filing,
but also that Robinson was not ineffective for failing to pursue a suppression motion.
Tran timely appealed that decision.

       This court concluded on appeal that substantial competent evidence supported the
trial court's conclusions that Robinson was not ineffective and Tran would not have

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insisted on going to trial even if he had been fully informed about the suppression issue.
State v. Tran, No. 115,813, 2017 WL 3202966, at *7 (Kan. App. 2017) (unpublished
opinion) (Tran III). Nevertheless, in reaching that conclusion, the Tran III court noted
several times in the opinion that Tran's failure to include the exhibits offered at the
hearing in the record on appeal required it to presume that the trial court made proper
findings that the exhibits did not support Tran's ineffective assistance claim. 2017 WL
3202966, at *6-7.

       Tran filed the current pro se K.S.A. 60-1507 motion in March 2020.

       Tran's pro se motion argued that Carol Longenecker Schmidt—who handled the
appeal of his most recent postconviction motion in Tran III—provided ineffective
assistance for several reasons, but mainly because of her failure to include the relevant
exhibits in the record on appeal. Tran also argued Schmidt failed to raise additional
ineffective assistance of trial counsel claims, as well as several other trial errors.

       The trial court held a preliminary hearing on the motion in September 2020, which
Tran attended in person and was also represented by Mark Sevart—his court-appointed
counsel. After hearing arguments from the parties, the trial court announced that it was
summarily denying Tran's motion. The court explained from the bench that it perceived
the primary question before it as whether Schmidt rendered ineffective assistance in her
handling of the appeal, mainly by omitting the exhibits mentioned by the Tran III court.
Thus, the court believed that the failure to include the exhibits "only matter[s] if they are
inconsistent with the trial court's findings. And in this case, there really is no allegation
that they were."

       Although the trial court discussed each missing exhibit separately, it reached the
same conclusion for all of them: that since Tran had alleged no inconsistencies between
the omitted exhibits and the court's previous findings, Tran's ineffective assistance of

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appellate counsel claims were conclusory. For example, like the Tran III court, the trial
court found based on the e-mails that "it was reasonable to believe that the State was
making the similar offer to others." See Tran III, 2017 WL 3202966, at *7. As a result,
the trial court concluded that Tran failed to show sufficient evidence to find Schmidt's
performance was deficient because he had failed to allege any inconsistencies between
the missing e-mails and the trial court's previous findings.

       Before the trial court concluded the hearing, Sevart asked the court to reconsider,
at a minimum, whether to conduct an evidentiary hearing on why Schmidt had not
included the omitted exhibits. The court responded that Tran needed to make more than a
"blanket" assertion that the Tran III court would have reached a different conclusion and
suggested that it would entertain a motion for reconsideration of the summary denial if
Sevart attached the omitted exhibits and supplied references to the record to support
Tran's claims. Following the hearing, the court issued a motion minutes order summarily
denying the motion but staying the deadline for appeal pending a ruling on the motion to
reconsider.

       Sevart then filed a written motion to reconsider in October 2020, focusing mainly
on the underlying merits of the suppression issue. Attached to the motion were several
exhibits, including: (1) a copy of a Miranda waiver form Tran signed before his
interrogation, which showed Tran had checked the box stating he wished to remain silent;
(2) a copy of the police report in which the officer stated that Tran initially signed the
Miranda form that he wished to remain silent, but later changed his mind after the officer
explained Tran could be charged with attempted murder; and (3) a transcript of the
recorded interview.

       The State filed a response in November 2020, arguing that Tran had not shown he
was entitled to relief on his ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim made in his
K.S.A. 60-1507 motion. In this case, the State observed that the issues of Robinson's

                                              5
alleged ineffectiveness and the underlying suppression issue had been litigated in the
previous appeal, so the only issue presently before the trial court was Schmidt's alleged
ineffectiveness. On that point, the State contended that Tran again made only conclusory
statements about Schmidt's alleged ineffectiveness and made no showing to establish
prejudice.

       On December 9, 2020, the trial court entered a written journal entry summarily
denying Tran's motion for reconsideration. The court ruled that after reviewing the
Miranda form and the attached transcript of Tran's interview, Tran had not convinced the
court that Schmidt was ineffective for failing to include either exhibit in the record on
appeal or that the outcome would have been different if the documents had been
included.

       Tran timely appeals.

                                         ANALYSIS

Did the trial court err when it summarily denied Tran's K.S.A. 60-1507 motion?

       Tran argues the trial court erred in summarily denying his pro se K.S.A. 60-1507
motion, but he only brings forward some of his claims made in his motion on appeal.
Tran argues only that he was entitled to an evidentiary hearing on his claim that Schmidt
provided ineffective assistance by failing to include exhibits in the record on appeal in
Tran III that he contends would have supported the suppression of his confession and
changed his decision to enter a guilty plea. As a result, Tran seems to have abandoned
any other arguments made in his K.S.A. 60-1507 motion by not briefing them. See In re
Marriage of Williams, 307 Kan. 960, 977, 417 P.3d 1033 (2018); see also State v.
Lowery, 308 Kan. 1183, 1231, 427 P.3d 865 (2018) (a point raised only incidentally in a
brief and not argued in it is also deemed abandoned).

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       Standard of review

       A trial court has three options when presented with a K.S.A. 60-1507 motion—it
can summarily deny the motion, grant a preliminary hearing on the motion, or grant a full
hearing on the motion. White v. State, 308 Kan. 491, 504, 421 P.3d 718 (2018). The
standard of review differs depending on which of these options a trial court used to
decide the motion. State v. Adams, 311 Kan. 569, 578, 465 P.3d 176 (2020).

       Generally, when the trial court holds a preliminary hearing where it admits limited
evidence and considers arguments of counsel, this court must defer to any factual
findings made by the trial court and apply a findings of fact and conclusions of law
standard of review to determine whether the findings are supported by substantial
competent evidence and whether those findings are sufficient to support its conclusions
of law. Bellamy v. State, 285 Kan. 346, 354, 172 P.3d 10 (2007). This court has unlimited
review over the trial court's conclusions of law and its decision to grant or deny the
K.S.A. 60-1507 motion. Adams, 311 Kan. at 578. Both parties recite this framework as
the applicable standard of review for this appeal.

       Nevertheless, based on the trial court's summary ruling, a de novo standard of
review seems more appropriate in this case. Although the trial court held a preliminary
hearing and considered arguments from the parties, there was no evidence presented at
that hearing related to Tran's ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim. Likewise,
the only exhibits attached to Tran's motion for reconsideration were already available in
the record. Finally, a careful examination of the trial court's initial summary ruling on the
motion and the later denial of the motion for reconsideration reveals no specific factual
findings for us to review.

       For these reasons, we are in just as good a position as the trial court because the
trial court denied Tran's K.S.A. 60-1507 motion based only on the motions, files, and

                                              7
records of the case. Thus, our standard of review is de novo. Grossman v. State, 300 Kan.
1058, 1061, 337 P.3d 687 (2014); see also Moncla v. State, 285 Kan. 826, 830, 176 P.3d
954 (2008) (trial court may summarily deny a K.S.A. 60-1507 motion without holding an
evidentiary hearing if the movant fails to show they are entitled to relief). Tran bears the
burden of showing he is entitled to an evidentiary hearing by making more than
conclusory contentions, and he must set forth an evidentiary basis to support those
contentions or the basis must be evident from the record. See Thuko v. State, 310 Kan.
74, 80, 444 P.3d 927 (2019).

       To be entitled to relief under K.S.A. 60-1507(b), Tran must establish by a
preponderance of the evidence that either: (1) the judgment was rendered without
jurisdiction; (2) the sentence imposed was not authorized by law or is otherwise open to
collateral attack; or (3) there has been such a denial or infringement of the constitutional
rights of the prisoner as to render the judgment vulnerable to collateral attack. See
Supreme Court Rule 183(g) (2022 Kan. S. Ct. R. at 242).

       A defendant may not use a K.S.A. 60-1507 motion as a substitute for a direct or
second appeal. "Mere trial errors must be corrected by direct appeal, but trial errors
affecting constitutional rights may be raised even though the error could have been raised
on appeal, provided exceptional circumstances excuse the failure to appeal." Supreme
Court Rule 183(c)(3) (2022 Kan. S. Ct. R. at 243). Ineffective assistance of counsel can
qualify as an exceptional circumstance that justifies failing to raise an issue on direct
appeal. Rowland v. State, 289 Kan. 1076, 1087, 219 P.3d 1212 (2009).

       To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must
establish (1) that the performance of counsel was deficient under the totality of the
circumstances and (2) that the deficient performance prejudiced the defendant. Sola-
Morales v. State, 300 Kan. 875, 882, 335 P.3d 1162 (2014) (relying on Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 [1984]). In

                                              8
considering deficiency, "there is a strong presumption counsel 'rendered adequate
assistance and made all significant decisions in the exercise of reasonable professional
judgment.'" State v. Kelly, 298 Kan. 965, 970, 318 P.3d 987 (2014). "'To show prejudice,
the defendant must show a reasonable probability that but for counsel's unprofessional
errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.'" State v. Sprague, 303
Kan. 418, 426, 362 P.3d 828 (2015). In this regard, a reasonable probability means a
probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome. 303 Kan. at 426.

       With that foundation in mind, we can turn to Tran's claim of ineffective assistance
of appellate counsel.

       Failure to include exhibits in the record on appeal

       Tran contends Schmidt was ineffective for not including exhibits in the record on
appeal in Tran III, specifically those introduced at an evidentiary hearing on a claim of
ineffective assistance of trial counsel made in Tran's March 2013 motion to withdraw his
plea. Although the arguments made in the proceedings below focused heavily on the
merits of the underlying suppression issue and ineffective assistance of trial counsel
claim, his appellate brief takes a different approach. On appeal, Tran argues solely that an
evidentiary hearing is necessary to determine whether Schmidt "made a strategic and
tactical decision to not add the exhibits to the record on appeal." Without such a hearing,
Tran contends it would not be possible for the trial court to conclude that he is not
entitled to relief on his K.S.A. 60-1507 motion. Tran's argument is unpersuasive for
several reasons.

       To start, it bears mentioning that while Tran correctly pointed out in his K.S.A.
60-1507 motion that the Tran III court referred multiple times to the omission of certain
exhibits, not all of those exhibits appear to be available for review. In particular, the
Tran III court observed that the trial court reviewed "various exhibits" that were not

                                               9
added to the record which included "a transcript and audio recording of Tran's
interrogation, transcripts of Tran's testimony at the preliminary hearings of his
codefendants, a transcript of Tran's testimony at the trial of another codefendant, and
email correspondence between Robinson and the State." 2017 WL 3202966, at *4.

       According to Tran, Schmidt also erroneously omitted copies of his Miranda
waiver form and the detective's narrative report, but neither of these documents were
mentioned by the Tran III court. Even so, this court can reasonably assume that the
Miranda waiver form was not made available to the Tran III court because that document
was part of Movant's Exhibit 1, which also contained the interview transcript. Likewise,
even though the Tran III court did not explicitly mention the detective's narrative report,
the record shows that document was part of Movant's Exhibit 2. Finally, as Tran correctly
notes in his brief, the remaining omitted exhibits were as follows:

       • Movant's Exhibit 3, the audio recording of Tran's interview;
       • State's Exhibit D, the e-mail correspondence between Robinson and the two
          prosecutors; and
       • State's Exhibits E and F, transcripts of Tran's testimony at the preliminary
          hearing and trial of his codefendants.

       Curiously, the record shows that Tran's appointed counsel at the preliminary
hearing on his current motion seems to have gone into that hearing without having
reviewed any of the relevant exhibits. Thus, after explaining that it was summarily
denying the motion for being conclusory, the trial court invited Tran to move for
reconsideration with references to the record and the relevant exhibits attached, which
would also benefit his appeal by allowing appellate counsel "to effectively argue error on
[the trial court's] part." Yet, even when given that opportunity, Tran's counsel attached
only three documents to his motion for reconsideration: (1) Tran's Miranda waiver form,
(2) a portion of the detective's report, and (3) a portion of Tran's interview transcript. By

                                              10
Tran's own admission in his brief, these were "possibly some of the same pages in [the
omitted exhibits], but not so marked."

       Just as in the previous appeal, Tran has failed to designate a record sufficient to
support his claims of error because most of the exhibits mentioned in the Tran III
decision are likewise missing from the current record. The party claiming an error
occurred has the burden of designating a record that affirmatively shows prejudicial error.
Without such a record, an appellate court presumes the trial court's action was proper.
State v. Meggerson, 312 Kan. 238, 249, 474 P.3d 761 (2020). Because the audio
recording of his interview, the e-mails between Robinson and the State, and the
transcripts of his testimony during hearings for his codefendants are missing from the
current record, we must yet again presume the trial court made the proper findings related
to those exhibits. In other words, Tran fails to provide a sufficient evidentiary basis to
support his claim that Schmidt was ineffective for omitting most of the exhibits from the
appellate record in Tran III.

       For those documents available to us, Tran similarly fails to show that these
documents entitled him to an evidentiary hearing on his claim that omitting the
documents amounted to ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. As he acknowledges
in his brief, the trial court denied relief on this claim because it was conclusory since
Tran never alleged that the omitted exhibits contradicted the trial court's previous
findings related to Robinson's alleged ineffectiveness. Even when invited to file a motion
for reconsideration, Tran's current counsel focused heavily on the suppression issue and
Robinson's alleged ineffectiveness. Like at the preliminary hearing, the motion only
mentioned as an aside that Schmidt's omission of the exhibits "compounded" the previous
errors and that the Tran III court "would have realized how significant the error was" if
the exhibits had not been omitted.

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       Because the exhibits were not made part of the record, the Tran III court had to
presume the trial court made proper findings that the exhibits introduced at the hearing
were inconsistent with Tran's allegations in his previous motion and his supporting
testimony at the evidentiary hearing on remand, and thus his statements lacked
credibility. Tran III, 2017 WL 3202966, at *6-7. But more to the point, the Tran III court
determined that Robinson was not ineffective because he made a strategic choice to
pursue a "very favorable plea agreement that would accomplish Tran's goal of avoiding
prison" instead of fully investigating a "potentially unsuccessful motion to suppress."
2017 WL 3202966, at *7. The Tran III court also concluded that it was unlikely that Tran
would have insisted on going to trial even if he had been fully informed about the
suppression issue before taking his plea because it was reasonable to believe the State
was making similar offers to his codefendants. 2017 WL 3202966, at *7.

       Although Tran cites several authorities from other jurisdictions to support his
claim on appeal, the authorities do not show he is entitled to the relief requested. For
example, Bransford v. Brown, 806 F.2d 83 (6th Cir. 1986), dealt with whether a
defendant's due process rights were violated because the transcripts of the jury
instructions were missing from the record in his direct appeal. Nevertheless, the
ineffective assistance claim in that case concerned whether appellate counsel was aware
of the missing transcripts but failed to even attempt locating them or otherwise raise the
issue on appeal, not whether they were ineffective simply because counsel did not add the
documents to the record. Although the court agreed that appellate counsel provided
deficient performance, the court then determined that the petitioner showed no prejudice
despite the missing transcripts because there was "not even a modicum of evidence that
the transcripts would have revealed reversible error." 806 F.2d at 87. Tran does not allege
that the documents were misplaced or otherwise destroyed, or that Schmidt somehow
neglected to review them, so Bransford fails to support Tran's contention that Schmidt
provided deficient performance in this case. Also, he fails to bring forth any evidence that
suggests the prejudice prong.

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       The remaining cases all support the same general proposition, which is that an
incomplete appellate record can constitute ineffective assistance where the missing
portions were critical components of the issues being raised on appeal. See People v.
Barton, 21 Cal. 3d 513, 146 Cal. Rptr. 727, 579 P.2d 1043 (1978) (omission of transcripts
from evidentiary hearing on motion to suppress, which precluded full consideration of the
suppression issue on appeal); Harris v. State, 861 N.E.2d 1182 (Ind. 2007) (omission of
entire trial transcript, which was only source of evidence that the defendant committed
crimes during a single episode to justify revising consecutive sentences); Ezell v. State,
345 S.C. 312, 548 S.E.2d 852 (2001) (omission of confidential informant's audio tape
identifying defendant during a drug transaction, which if included would have allowed
appellate court to find the audio tape should have been excluded as hearsay and order
reversal of defendant's convictions).

       These cases are distinguishable from the present case, however, because Tran fails
to show that the exhibits missing from the Tran III appellate record were so critical that a
reviewing court would have determined Robinson was ineffective. The decision on Tran's
previous motion primarily stemmed from the lack of credibility in Tran's allegations and
testimony because they contradicted the contents of the missing exhibits. As the trial
court later recognized when ruling on the current motion, Tran needed to come forth with
some evidence to refute that determination to show that Schmidt's alleged ineffectiveness
altered the outcome of his appeal. Because he failed to do so, his contentions of
ineffective assistance of appellate counsel were merely conclusory and it was proper for
the trial court to deny his K.S.A. 60-1507 motion without holding an evidentiary hearing.

       Affirmed.

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