Court Opinion

ID: 4427965
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-08-20 18:58:46.268714+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:28:52.184421
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                                APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited . R. 1:36-3.

                                                         SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                         APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                         DOCKET NO. A-1663-17T1

MIGDALIA GONZALEZ-PACE,

          Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

MELISSA MALIK,

          Defendant-Respondent,

and

THERESA M. MALIK,

     Defendant.
_____________________________

                   Argued April 1, 2019 – Decided July 19, 2019

                   Before Judges Haas and Sumners.

                   On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                   Division, Camden County, Docket No. L-1170-15.

                   Mark J. Molz argued the cause for appellant.

                   Emma Kristine Bradley argued the cause for respondent
                   (Law Office of Debra Hart, attorneys; Emma Kristine
                   Bradley, of counsel and on the brief).
PER CURIAM

        In this verbal threshold case, plaintiff Migdalia Gonzalez-Pace appeals

from a November 3, 2017 order denying her motion for a new trial. Plaintiff

contends defense counsel's characterization of her counsel as "bullying"

defendant Melissa Malik1 on the witness stand was prejudicial and "tainted jury

deliberations." She also asserts the jury's verdict was against the weight of the

evidence because defendant essentially admitted liability for the car accident

and she proved that she sustained a permanent injury. For the reasons set forth

below, we affirm.

                                         I.

        The following testimony was adduced during a six-day jury trial in

September 2017, before Judge Michael J. Kassel. On the evening of December

11, 2012, plaintiff was travelling southbound on North King's Highway in

Cherry Hill. With no other cars insight, she saw defendant's car stopped at the

intersection of Crooked Lane and North King's Highway. While stopped at the

intersection stop sign, defendant saw plaintiff's car driving in the southbound

right lane on King's Highway, and determined she had enough time to turn left

– across the two northbound lanes and the median – onto the southbound side of

1
    Theresa Malik was dismissed on August 18, 2017, is not a party to this appeal.
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the highway. However, as defendant made her turn, she entered the right lane

and the two cars collided.      Plaintiff testified that despite initially seeing

defendant's car at the intersection, she did not see it again until just before the

collision. Police arrived at the scene, and plaintiff declined medical assistance

and drove home.

      Two hours later, however, plaintiff experienced some pain and her friend

drove her to the hospital emergency room. X-rays were taken and she was

prescribed muscle relaxants, anti-inflammatories, and analgesics.        She was

released the same day.

      According to plaintiff, she was active and held a full-time job prior to the

accident, however thereafter she had difficulty: driving, sleeping, swimming,

and accomplishing certain household tasks, such as taking out the trash,

shoveling snow, and completing yard work. Prior to the accident, plaintiff

suffered from plantar fasciitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, and arthritis in her hands

and feet.

      Nine days after the accident, plaintiff sought treatment from Dr. Marc

Kahn, M.D., an orthopedic surgeon, who performed various tests, including a

Spurling's test, to determine whether there was an injury to her cervical spine.

He noted there was no tenderness and full range of motion in plaintiff's neck,

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and she did not have muscle spasms. Likewise, the Spurling's test did not reveal

any injuries.    Dr. Kahn recommended physical therapy visits and plaintiff

attended approximately eight visits before discontinuing due to scheduling

issues.

        On February 27, 2013, plaintiff saw another orthopedic surgeon, Dr.

David Weisband, M.D., complaining of pain from her neck and lower back, and

numbness in her upper extremities. His de benne esse deposition was presented

to the jury. He also indicated she had a history of rheumatoid arthritis. After

reviewing her x-rays from the post-accident emergency room visit, Dr.

Weisband ordered an EMG and conducted a Spurling's test on plaintiff. He

determined, based on the positive Spurling's test and EMG results, that plaintiff

suffered a cervical radiculopathy with disk bulging and damage, lumbar

radiculopathy in the nerves in her leg from a herniated L4-5 disk, and aggravated

rheumatoid arthritis in her hands and feet secondary to the car accident. Thus,

he opined that, within a reasonable degree of medical certainty, plaintiff suffered

a permanent injury to her neck and back.

        In August, upon Dr. Weisband's recommendation, plaintiff consulted Dr.

Kalliny,2 a pain management physician. Dr. Kalliny administered an epidural

2
    His full name is not provided in the record.
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                                         4
injection in plaintiff's lower back to alleviate her pain. Unfortunately, plaintiff

suffered a "steroid flare-up," which worsened her back pain; forcing her to cease

further injections. Plaintiff had a follow-up appointment with Dr. Kahn in

October, and was not examined by another physician concerning the car accident

during the next three years. She filed her personal injury complaint against

defendant in October 2014, alleging permanent injuries from the car accident.

      In April 2016, plaintiff sought the aid of Dr. Xerxes Oshidar, M.D., a

chiropractic physician, for headaches, ringing in her ears, memory issues,

irritability, radiating pain from her lower back travelling down to her legs, and

anxiety. Dr. Oshidar testified at trial that his examination of plaintiff disclosed:

a right leg limp; normal deep tendon reflexes; limited range of motion; pain and

spasms; and some weakness in the right bicep and tricep, wrist extensions, and

legs. He conducted cognitive tests, and noted she had diminished sensory output

and impaired balance. According to the doctor's prognosis, he wanted to "see

how treatment would turn out," but expected favorable results for plaintiff.

      Defendant retained Dr. Mark A. Sobel, M.D., as a medical expert. Based

upon his examination of plaintiff in March and undertaking a document review

of her medical records, including her Veterans Affairs Hospital records prior to

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and after the car accident, he opined within a reasonable degree of medical

certainty that as a result of the accident, plaintiff,

             sprained her lower back and possibly the lowest part of
             her thoracic spine. So the thoracic and lumbar
             sprains[.] . . . And . . . there is preexisting arthritis in
             these areas. So she was treated for sprains/arthritis with
             therapy and then usual things. And with some
             continued pain, even had an epidural injection. So low
             back and thoracic injuries.

      He further opined that plaintiff's lower back sprain was resolved, some of

it within only a few months. His opinion also reflected plaintiff's report of two

prior accidents she experienced. One in 1996, in which she suffered neck

injuries, pains in her feet and hands, numbness and tingling, and a

temporomandibular joint disorder that required surgery; and the second in 2004,

where she claimed she suffered no injuries. Thus, Dr. Sobel determined with a

reasonable degree of medical certainty that plaintiff did not suffer any

permanent injuries because of the car accident with defendant.

      Plaintiff called defendant to testify on plaintiff's case in chief. During her

re-direct, defendant acknowledged that nothing prevented her from observing

that plaintiff's vehicle was still approaching in the right lane, and divulged that

"100 percent if [she had] seen [plaintiff,] [she] could have hit the brakes," to

stop the car and avoid the accident. She further stated that when she evaluated

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her decision to turn left at the stop sign, she "did not feel it was necessary" to

look a second time.

      Plaintiff's counsel also focused on inconsistent statements between

defendant's interrogatories answered two years prior to trial and her testimony

on the bench, frequently referring to her as a "liar," but not allowing her the

opportunity to fully respond.      At one point, plaintiff's counsel opined to

defendant, a first-year law school student, that lying was a violation of the Rules

of Professional Responsibility, and defense counsel objected on grounds that the

line of questioning was inappropriate, and the judge agreed.

      During closing, defense counsel stated: "So what happened? We get a

young woman up on the stand. We bring her up here. We bully her. We don't

let her answer questions. We don't let her . . . explain herself." Plaintiff

objected, arguing it was an improper statement by defense counsel and requested

a mistrial. After a brief sidebar discussion, the judge gave a limiting instruction

to the jury, stating,

             please note that each attorney is doing their job when
             they[ are] either examining or cross-examining
             witnesses . . . . Sometimes to do your job properly it
             does require you to either directly confront the witness
             with an allegation that the witness is not being truthful
             or to intimate that, but none of that stuff should be taken
             personally.

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      At the conclusion of trial, the jury found that both defendant and plaintiff's

negligence were a proximate cause of the accident, and apportioned fifty-five

percent liability on defendant and forty-five percent liability on plaintiff. The

jury also found that plaintiff did not suffer any permanent injury as a proximate

cause of the accident, and thus, did not satisfy N.J.S.A. 39:6A-8(a) requirements

for non-economic losses.

      Plaintiff's counsel motioned for a new trial, arguing that defense counsel's

comment referring to her counsel as a "bully" unduly influenced the jury's

decision and constituted a manifest injustice warranting a new trial. Following

argument, Judge Kassel denied the motion, stating in his oral decision that while

defense counsel's comments were improper, they were "borderline" and "garden

variety," but not a reason to grant a new trial. He emphasized that the curative

charge sufficiently deterred any undue influence that could have resulted from

defense counsel's statement.

                                        II.

      On appeal, plaintiff raises the same arguments she raised before the trial

judge, with the additional assertion that the jury's verdict was against the weight

of the evidence because defendant admitted she was entirely liable for the

accident and damages were proven.

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      We begin with the principles that govern our review of a trial court

decision on a motion for a new trial. Rule 4:49-1(a) provides that a trial judge

shall grant a new trial if, "having given due regard to the opportunity of the jury

to pass upon the credibility of the witnesses, it clearly and convincingly appears

that there was a miscarriage of justice under the law." We review decisions on

motions for a new trial employing the same standard as governs the trial court,

"whether there was a miscarriage of justice under the law." Risko v. Thompson

Muller Automotive Group, Inc., 206 N.J. 506, 522 (2011). We must "give 'due

deference' to the trial court's 'feel of the case.'" Id. (quoting Jastram v. Kruse,

197 N.J. 216, 230 (2008)).      Accordingly, trial courts should exercise their

discretion to grant a mistrial "with great reluctance, and only in cases of clear

injustice. . . . Neither trial nor appellate courts may grant a new trial unless it

clearly appears there was a miscarriage of justice." Boryszewski v. Burke, 380
N.J. Super. 361, 391 (App. Div. 2005). Thus, absent an abuse of discretion by

the court, we defer to its decision not to declare a mistrial. Boryszewski, 380
N.J. Super. at 391.

                                        A.

      In her first brief point, plaintiff contends her right to a fair trial was

jeopardized when defense counsel stated during summation, "[s]o what

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                                        9
happened? We get a young woman up on the stand. We bring her up here. We

bully her. We don't let her answer questions. We don't let her . . . explain

herself." She maintains the comment was a disparaging personal attack on her

counsel, which exposed the jury "to influence having a clear capacity to infect

the verdict with prejudice, partiality or passion" and tainted the verdict. See

Henker v. Preybylowski, 216 N.J. Super. 513, 520 (App. Div. 1987). We find

no merit in plaintiff's contentions.

      A reviewing court evaluates challenged remarks not in isolation but in the

context of summation as a whole. State v. Atwater, 400 N.J. Super. 319, 335

(App. Div. 2008) (citing State v. Carter, 91 N.J. 86, 105 (1982)). Also, the

challenged remarks are to be "viewed in the context of the entire record[.]" State

v. Bey, 129 N.J. 557, 622 (1992). Furthermore, comments in summation do not

warrant a new trial unless they "are so prejudicial that 'it clearly and

convincingly appears that there was a miscarriage of justice under the law.'"

Bender v. Adelson, 187 N.J. 411, 431 (2006) (quoting R. 4:49-1(a)).

      It is well-established that "[f]leeting comments, even if improper, may not

warrant a new trial, particularly when the verdict is fair." Jackowitz v. Lang,

408 N.J. Super. 495, 505 (App. Div. 2009). However, our courts strongly

discourage "derisive statements about parties, their counsel, or their witnesses."

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Sczecina v. PV Holding Corp., 414 N.J. Super. 173, 178 (App. Div. 2010). This

is particularly the case where the comments are "unduly harsh" and constitute

"an attack on defendant's character and [their] witness's integrity." Rodd v.

Raritan Radiologic Assocs., 373 N.J. Super. 154, 171 (App. Div. 2004).

      We discern no abuse of discretion in Judge Kassel's decision to deny

plaintiff's motion for a new trial because of defense counsel's "bullying"

comments. Not only were the comments fleeting, but they were not so improper

as to cause a miscarriage of justice by allowing the jury's verdict to stand. They

were not unduly harsh nor an attack on the character of plaintiff's counsel.

Defense counsel was merely commenting on the aggressive manner, without any

gratuitous ill will, in which his client was being cross-examined regarding the

cause of the accident. Further, any taint that the comments could have caused

to the jury's deliberative process was corrected by the judge's curative

instruction.

                                       B.

      Turning to plaintiff's remaining brief points, she urges that we reverse the

jury's verdict and remand for a new trial because (1) defendant admitted to

complete liability for the car accident during her trial testimony, and (2) the

jury's findings were against the weight of the evidence because she proved

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liability and damages by a preponderance of the evidence. In so arguing,

plaintiff points to defendant's re-direct testimony:

            Q: Now based on this exhibit and your two markings,
            can you and I agree that nothing prevented you from
            looking back to your right to see that [plaintiff]'s
            vehicle was still coming along in the right-hand lane?

            A: I would agree with that statement, correct.

      And, defendant further responded:

            Q: And you could have avoided the accident with
            absolute certainty had you looked and hit your brakes,
            100 percent, right?

            A: Yes.

            Q: Okay. But that was your intent. You intended to
            cross four lanes without looking, right?

            A: I did.

Plaintiff argues that through this testimony, defendant admitted complete

liability for the accident, which the jury should not have ignored and thus should

not have found her comparatively negligent.

      As to her damages, plaintiff points out that Dr. Weisband's testimony

clearly established, by a preponderance of the evidence and to a reasonable

degree of medical certainty, that plaintiff was permanently injured. He opined

that plaintiff has "a cervical radiculopathy with disk bulging, disk damage

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                                       12
. . . ," a herniated L4-5 disk, and "aggravation of pre-existing rheumatoid

arthritis" in both her hands and feet "secondary [to] the motor vehicle

accident[.]" Again, we conclude there is no merit to plaintiff's contentions.

      "A jury's verdict, including an award for damages, is cloaked with a

'presumption of correctness.'" Cuevas v. Wentworth Group, 226 N.J. 480, 501

(2016) (quoting Baxter v. Fairmont Food Co., 74 N.J. 588, 598 (1977)). In terms

of its assessment of the relative strength of the proofs, a jury verdict is

"impregnable unless so distorted and wrong, in the objective and articulated

view of a judge, as to manifest with utmost certainty a plain miscarriage of

justice." Doe v. Arts, 360 N.J. Super. 492, 502-03 (App. Div. 2003) (quoting

Carrino v. Novotny, 78 N.J. 355, 360 (1979)).

      Thus, an appellate or trial judge may not "substitute [their] judgment for

that of the jury" simply because they would have reached a different conclusion.

Dolson v. Anastasia, 55 N.J. 2, 6 (1969). Rather, a verdict must instill a sense

of "wrongness" to justify setting aside a jury verdict, such as a "'lack of

inherently credible evidence to support a finding, obvious overlooking or

undervaluation of crucial evidence, [or] a clearly unjust result . . . .'"

Lindenmuth v. Holden, 296 N.J. Super. 42, 48 (App. Div. 1996) (alterations in

original) (quoting Baxter, 74 N.J. at 599).

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      Defendant acknowledged that nothing stopped her from looking back to

her right, as she was turning, to see if plaintiff "was still coming along" in the

right lane and, if she had seen plaintiff, she would have applied the brakes,

avoiding the accident. However, she stated during re-direct that she did not look

to see if plaintiff was closer because she "did not believe [it was] necessary to

do after [she] had made the decision and evaluated the decision at the stop sign

to continue onward[.]" Thus, she believed it was safe to make a left turn to cross

the highway.

      Consequently, it appears the jury found some degree of credibility in

defendant's testimony, in order to find her fifty-five percent liable for the

accident. And the jury could point to plaintiff's testimony that she did see

defendant's car at the stop sign and saw the car again, in her peripheral vision,

"about maybe two or three car lengths behind," which gave her time to "brake

and brace[,]" as a reason to find her forty-five percent liable. Plaintiff testified

further that she had a clear view of the highway without any trees or medians

obstructing her view. It is not our role to second-guess the jury's verdict where,

as here, there was some evidence that supports its verdict. Dolson, 55 N.J. at 6.

      Moreover, there is a stronger basis to deny plaintiff's request for a new

trial. As Judge Kassel noted, this is a verbal threshold case and because the jury

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                                        14
determined plaintiff did not establish she suffered permanent injuries, she is not

entitled to damages. Simply put, liability is a non-issue given that plaintiff failed

to satisfy the verbal threshold.

       Plaintiff's action for damages was subject to the limitation on lawsuit

threshold – commonly known as the "verbal threshold" – as set forth in N.J.S.A.

39:6A-8(a), which restricts an accident victim from suing a defendant for

noneconomic damages unless she suffers, among other things, "a bodily injury

which results in . . . a permanent injury within a reasonable degree of medical

probability . . . ."

       Based upon our review of the record, we thus discern no legal basis to

disturb the judge's decision not to grant a new trial based on the jury's verdict

that plaintiff did not vault the verbal threshold. The defense expert, Dr. Sobel,

opposed plaintiff's claims of permanent injuries related to this accident based

upon the lack of verifiable objective medical evidence. The jury was authorized

to find the testimony of plaintiff and her experts that she sustained permanent

injuries from the car accident was not credible.

       Affirmed.

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