Court Opinion

ID: 9697248
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-25 19:09:26.885413+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:20:30.097989
License: Public Domain

The opinion of the Court was delivered by
COLEMAN, J.
The question common to these three appeals is whether a notice of cancellation of automobile insurance coverage due to the policyholder’s failure to pay premiums must post-date the premium due date, thereby allowing the policyholder a fifteen-day grace period before coverage expires. Plaintiffs failed to make payment and were consequently denied coverage by their respective carriers for accidents occurring after the putative cancellation dates.
The trial court found there was coverage for the accidents in two of the three cases. The Appellate Division held that all three plaintiffs were entitled to coverage under their policies. It reasoned that a notice of cancellation for failure to pay premiums is premature and hence invalid when it is issued before the point in time at which the payments become delinquent.
We granted certification, 142 N.J. 573, 667 A.2d 191 (1995), and now reverse. We hold that the plain language of the applicable statute and regulations do not require that notice of cancellation post-date the default in payment.
*380I
Plaintiff, Jose Munoz, purchased a one-year policy from defendant New Jersey Automobile Full Insurance Underwriting Association (JUA) effective from May 18, 1990, to May 19, 1991. The total annual premium was $1,234. Munoz paid $400 at the inception of the policy, leaving a balance of $834. He made no further payments. On September 14, 1990, Computer Sciences Corporation, the policy servicer, mailed Munoz a cancellation notice informing him that his policy would expire on October 3, 1990, if payment was not received by that date. No payment was received. On October 17, 1990, Munoz was involved in an automobile collision resulting in personal injuries and damage to his vehicle. Munoz made a claim for coverage, which was denied on grounds that his policy had been canceled.
Plaintiff, James Zimmerman, purchased a one-year policy from the JUA effective from September 24, 1990, to September 24, 1991. The annual premium was $1,466, payable in installments. Zimmerman made the initial payment of $445. According to Rule 16(a) of the JUA manual of Rules and Rates, the next premium was due sixty days from the effective date of the policy, November 23, 1990. Zimmerman contends that he was unaware of that due date. The record reveals no notice regarding payment of an installment until December 5,1990, when Electronic Data Systems Corporation, the policy servicer, mailed a notice of cancellation stating that the policy would expire on December 22, 1990, if payment was not received by that date. The perforated invoice portion of the notice showed an “Invoice Date” of December 2, 1990, and a “Due Date” of December 22, 1990. Zimmerman claims he did not receive that notice; he made no further payment. On March 26, 1991, Zimmerman was involved in an automobile accident and sought personal injury benefits. Defendant JUA denied the claim, stating that the policy had been canceled.
The facts concerning the third plaintiff, Patricia Napolitano, are more complicated. Napolitano was insured through defendant Allstate Insurance Company (Allstate). In September 1991, she *381received a notice from Allstate instructing her to renew her existing policy, which was due to expire September 23, 1991. Napolitano promptly renewed and requested a change in the policy that increased her premium. The adjusted premium for the new policy totalled $456.10 for coverage running from September 23, 1991, to March 23, 1992. Payment was to be made in four equal installments over that six-month period.
According to Napolitano, two weeks after the effective date of the policy she received two bills in close succession, the first one for approximately $230 and the second in the amount of $116.53. Because the combined total of the bills constituted nearly the entire premium for the six months, Napolitano assumed the $230 bill was either in error or merely advisory and therefore paid only the $116.53 bill. That check was dated October 15,1991.
According to Allstate, it mailed Napolitano a renewal bill on September 24, 1991, in the amount of $116.53. That amount reflected the next six-month premium divided by four, $114.02, plus a $2.50 installment payment plan fee. On October 3, 1991, not having received payment, Allstate sent a cancellation notice to Napolitano stating that her policy would be canceled October 22, 1991, if the $116.53 payment was not received by that date. On October 7, 1991, Allstate mailed two bills: The first was a bill for $230.55, reflecting both the first $116.53 payment, which had not yet been received, and the next premium payment of $114.02. The second bill was a reprint of the outstanding September 24 bill. On October 20, 1991, Allstate received Napolitano’s October 15 payment of $116.53. On October 30,1991, Allstate mailed a notice of cancellation indicating that Napolitano’s policy would expire as of November 18,1991, if payment of $116.52 was not made by that time. That amount reflected the $114.02 outstanding from the $230.55 invoice, after subtracting the $116.53 payment received on October 20, plus a second $2.50 installment payment fee. The notice instructed the insured to disregard the notice if payment had already been made, which Napolitano did, believing that her October 15 payment satisfied the outstanding amount. Napolitano *382never contacted Allstate or her insurance agent with respect to the notices.
Copies of the bills were not produced at trial, and the parties are unable to provide the due dates of the premium payments. A representative of Allstate indicated, however, that the payments were probably due twenty-eight days from the date of the bills. On December 21, 1991, Napolitano was injured in an automobile accident and her subsequent claim for personal injury benefits was denied by Allstate on grounds that the policy had been canceled.
• All three plaintiffs instituted proceedings in the Law Division to obtain coverage under their canceled policies. In the Munoz case, the trial court concluded, based on Christian v. Ormsby, 267 N.J.Super. 237, 266-67, 681 A.2d 158 (Law Div.1992), that the applicable statutory provisions, read together, require that the fifteen-day notice of cancellation for failure to pay premiums be issued after the date of default in payment in order to provide a window of opportunity for the insured to pay the amount past due. Munoz v. Quinn, 284 N.J.Super. 61, 63, 663 A.2d 139 (Law Div.1994). It therefore ordered reinstatement of the policy. The Appellate Division affirmed in a published opinion, holding that requiring the notice of cancellation to post-date the premium due date would not result in a windfall of fifteen days of free coverage to the insured because the insurer is free to fix the premium due date at fifteen days before coverage is due to expire. Munoz v. New Jersey Auto. Full Ins. Underwriting Ass’n, 284 N.J.Super. 1, 3, 663 A.2d 108 (App.Div.1995).
In the Zimmerman case, the issue of premature notice was not raised in the trial court. Zimmerman brought an action against the JUA asserting that he had not received the cancellation notice of December 2, 1990. The trial court rejected Zimmerman’s claim, finding that the JUA had sufficiently demonstrated proper mailing of the cancellation notice. On appeal, Zimmerman raised the issue of premature notice as plain error. The Appellate Division revered in an unpublished opinion, finding there was *383coverage notwithstanding proper mailing. It relied on the prior decisions in Munoz and Christian.
In the Napolitano case, plaintiff argued that cancellation was improper because the notice was prematurely sent and because she reasonably relied on the language of the notice instructing her to disregard same if payment had been made. At the close of plaintiff’s evidence, the trial court directed a verdict in favor of the insurer, concluding that it was not bound by the Law Division opinions in Munoz and Christian. Munoz had not been decided by the Appellate Division at that time. The trial court found it unlikely that the Legislature intended to extend coverage past an insured’s default in payment simply because the required cancellation notice was mailed early. The court rejected plaintiffs reasonable expectations argument. In an unpublished opinion, the Appellate Division reversed on the premature notice issue, citing the Munoz and Christian decisions. Plaintiff did not file a cross-petition for certification on the issue of her reasonable expectations, and thus we need address only the issue of premature notice.
II
In the present appeals, the insurance companies assert that the decisions of the Appellate Division contradict the plain meaning of the notice of cancellation statute. They argue that the statute nowhere states that a cancellation notice must post-date' default in payment and that such a requirement obligates the insurance companies to provide a grace period not intended by the Legislature. The insureds rely on the Appellate Division decisions and the reasoning in Christian and assert that the applicable statutes and regulations, read collectively, require that a cancellation notice post-date the default in payment.
-A-
The issue with which we are presented is one of first impression for this Court. Because its resolution requires us to interpret *384legislation, we begin with a close examination of the relevant statutory language. Chase Manhattan Bank v. Josephson, 135 N.J. 209, 225, 638 A.2d 1301 (1994); Brenner v. Berkowitz, 134 N.J. 488, 504, 634 A.2d 1019 (1993); Lammers v. Board of Educ., 134 N.J. 264, 267, 633 A.2d 526 (1993).
Cancellation of automobile insurance is governed by N.J.S.A 17:29C-6 to -13. Section 7 concerns grounds for cancellation and provides:
(A) A notice of cancellation of a policy shall be effective only if it is based on one or more of the following reasons:
(a) Nonpayment of premium____
[N.J.SJL 17:29C-7J
“Nonpayment of premium” is defined as “failure of the named insured to discharge when due any of his [or her] obligations in connection with the payment of premiums on a policy, or any installment of such premium____” N.J.S.A 17:29C-6(F) (emphasis added).
Section 8, the specific provision at issue in these appeals, addresses the proper timing of notice of cancellation and provides:
No notice of cancellation of a policy ... shall be effective unless mailed or delivered by the insurer to the insured at least 20 days prior to the effective date of cancellation; provided, however, that where cancellation is for nonpayment of premium at least 15 days’ notice of cancellation accompanied by the reason therefor shall be given.
[N.J.S.A. 17:29C-8 (emphasis added).]
Plaintiffs urge us to read this section, in conjunction with the definition of nonpayment and the statutory grounds for issuing notice of cancellation, as requiring that a notice of cancellation for nonpayment of premium be mailed after the premium due date.
It is well settled that statutes should be interpreted in accordance with their plain meaning. Fisch v. Bellshot, 135 N.J. 374, 383, 640 A.2d 801 (1994); Phillips v. Curiale, 128 N.J. 608, 617-18, 608 A.2d 895 (1992); State Dep’t of Law & Pub. Safety v. Bigham, 119 N.J. 646, 651, 575 A.2d 868 (1990). Where a statute is clear and unambiguous, a court may not impose an interpretation other than the statute’s ordinary meaning. Ocean Pines, Ltd. *385v. Borough of Point Pleasant, 112 N.J. 1, 7, 547 A.2d 691 (1988); State v. Butler, 89 N.J. 220, 226, 445 A.2d 399 (1982); In re Jamesburg High School, 83 N.J. 540, 547, 416 A.2d 896 (1980).
It is apparent that the cited provisions concerning cancellation for nonpayment of premium do not by their terms require that notice post-date the payment due date. In order for notice of cancellation for nonpayment of premium to be effective, it need only state the reason for the cancellation and be mailed or delivered at least fifteen days prior to the date of cancellation. Although the definition provision indicates that the nonpayment does not occur until the policyholder fails to pay the premium “when due,” N.J.S.A 17:29C-6(F), nothing in the statutes can be read as precluding insurers from mailing notice in advance of that date.
Nor do the applicable administrative regulations concerning cancellation for nonpayment of premium so provide. Section 11:3— 7.6 of the automobile insurance regulations provides two additional timing requirements with respect to mailing notice of cancellation:
(b) The effective date of the cancellation of a policy for nonpayment of premium shall not be earlier than 10 days prior to the last full day of which premium received by the company prior to the date of preparation of the cancellation notice, would pay for coverage on a pro rata basis____
(d) No cancellation notice shall be mailed prior to 30 days in advance of its effective date.
[N.J.A.G 11.-3-7.6J
Again, there is an absence of any requirement that the cancellation notice post-date the default in payment.
This is not a situation in which the Court is called on to interpret an ambiguous word or phrase. Cf. State v. Valentin, 105 N.J. 14, 19-20, 519 A.2d 322 (1987) (finding that word “volunteer,” with respect to offense of volunteering false- information to police officer, was subject to more than one interpretation); Lukas v. State Dep’t of Human Servs., 103 N.J. 126, 131, 510 A.2d 1123 (1986) (observing that portion of State Facilities Education Act relating to acquisition of teachers’ rights could admit alternative *386interpretations when read in isolation). There is simply no provision, either in the statute or regulations, that on its face imposes the requirement that notice post-date default. With respect to timing, the plain language of the statute and regulations requires only that notice of cancellation for nonpayment of premium be mailed or delivered at least fifteen days, and not more than thirty days, in advance of the effective date of cancellation, which must be no more than ten days prior to the last day for which coverage has been paid by the prior premium. As such, the language admits the conclusion that notice may be mailed prior to default in payment, as long as those conditions are met.
-B-
Plaintiffs assert, however, that legislative intent supports the interpretation that notice must be mailed after default. While a court may not veer from the plain meaning of a statute that is clear and unambiguous, such meaning is to be given effect “absent any specific indication of legislative intent to the contrary.” Town of Morristown v. Woman’s Club, 124 N.J. 605, 610, 592 A.2d 216 (1991); accord Chase Manhattan Bank v. Josephson, supra, 135 N.J. at 225, 638 A.2d 1301; Merin v. Maglaki, 126 N.J. 430, 434, 599 A.2d 1256 (1992). Where the Legislature did not consider a specific situation, a court should determine the Legislature’s probable intent as if it had addressed the issue. Amerada Hess Corp. v. Director, Div. of Taxation, 107 N.J. 307, 318-19, 526 A.2d 1029 (1987), aff'd, 490 U.S. 66, 109 S.Ct. 1617, 104 L.Ed.2d 58 (1989); In re Mutual Benefit Life Ins. Co., 258 N.J.Super. 356, 375, 609 A.2d 768 (App.Div.1992).
In Christian v. Ormsby, supra, 267 N.J.Super. at 266, 631 A.2d 158, the only published decision on this issue prior to the Appellate Division’s consideration of the cases currently before us, the Law Division determined that the statutory provisions, read together, evince a legislative intent to “provide policyholders with a fifteen-day grace period after default in the payment of a premium under an automobile insurance policy before the insurer can *387effectively cancel the policy.” Ibid. In so finding, the Law Division relied on the statutes themselves and cited no legislative history supporting its conclusion.
We are unconvinced that the language of the statutes conveys any intent other than the obvious: to ensure that each policyholder receive fifteen days of notice before his or her policy is canceled and to require the insurance company to identify the reason for cancellation. No legislative committee statement accompanied the enactment of the 1968 notice provision. We observe, however, that the 1967 Senate Committee hearing on motor vehicle insurance, which addressed a range of insurance problems, suggests the Legislature’s concern that insurance companies were canceling policies capriciously and not providing policyholders with sufficient time to find alternative coverage. Public Hearing on Motor Vehicle Liability Insurance Before the Senate Comm. on Banking and Insurance, 91-95 (Aug. 15, 1967); see also Romanny v. Stanley Baldino Constr. Co., 142 N.J. 576, 582, 667 A.2d 349 (1995) (indicating that minimum notice periods exist to prevent lapses in coverage) (relying on Lopez v. New Jersey Auto. Full Ins. Underwriting Ass’n, 239 N.J.Super. 13, 19-20, 570 A.2d 994 (App.Div.), certif. denied, 122 N.J. 131, 584 A.2d 206 (1990)); Barbara Corp. v. Bob Maneely Ins. Agency, 197 N.J.Super. 339, 344, 484 A.2d 1292 (App.Div.1984) (same). Nothing in that hearing or in relevant press articles from that period suggests that the Legislature intended to provide the type of grace period urged by plaintiffs.
On the contrary, in 1980, the Legislature amended N.J.S.A 17:29C-8 and -10 in response to this Court’s decision in Weathers v. Hartford Ins. Group, 77 N.J. 228, 390 A.2d 548 (1978), which concerned the sufficiency of proof for demonstrating proper mailing of a notice of cancellation. Id. at 232-33, 390 A.2d 548. The amendments set forth particular proof of mailing requirements and changed the minimum period of notice of cancellation for nonpayment of premium from ten days to the current fifteen days. The amendment as introduced also included language that would *388have amended N.J.SA 17:29C-7 to include a five-day grace period similar to that sought by plaintiffs. The amended section would have provided:
(A) A notice of cancellation of a policy shall be effective only if it is based on one or more of the following reasons:
(a) Nonpayment of premium; provided that a notice of cancellation for nonpayment of premium shall not be effective if payment of the amount due is received by the insurer witkin 5 business days of the effective dote of such notice [.]
[Assembly Bill No. 1418 (Apr. 14,1980) (second reprint) (emphasis added).]
That language was deleted by the Assembly Committee prior to the amendment’s adoption.
Although the reason for the Legislature’s failure to adopt that provision is unknown, it is clear that the Legislature at one point considered enacting a grace period but determined not to do so. Thus, plaintiffs urge us to adopt an interpretation of a statute that was expressly rejected by the Legislature. Cf. Amerada Hess Corp. v. Director, Div. of Taxation, supra, 107 N.J. at 312-13, 526 A.2d 1029 (applying doctrine of probable intent to determine whether statute preventing corporations from excluding certain federal taxes from the state corporate tax base applied to a particular tax not in existence at time of the statute’s enactment).
Moreover, any deviation from the plain meaning of a statute is permitted only where there is “ ‘specific’ ” legislative intent requiring an alternative reading. Chase Manhattan Bank v. Josephson, supra, 135 N.J. at 225, 638 A.2d 1301 (quoting Town of Morristown v. Woman’s Club, supra, 124 N.J. at 610, 592 A.2d 216) (emphasis omitted); see also N.J.S.A 1:1-1 (declaring that statutes should be given their generally accepted meaning “unless inconsistent with the manifest intent of the legislature”) (emphasis added). None of the available indications of legislative intent suggests a “specific” intent to create a grace period. Compare Township of Holmdel v. Director, Div. of Taxation, 130 N.J. 522, 528-29, 617 A.2d 656 (1992) (Stein, J., concurring) (doubting that Legislature intended or considered that statute requiring State to compensate municipalities for loss of tax revenue formerly paid by local insurance companies in the event that company leaves munic*389ipality would require such payments where company relocates to different state, but finding insufficient legislative history to overcome plain meaning allowing that result) with Young v. Schering Corp., 141 N.J. 16, 25, 660 A.2d 1153 (1995) (using probable intent to overcome literal meaning of Conscientious Employee Protection Act (CEPA) provision that stated that institution of CEPA action waives all common law rights where Court was “thoroughly convinced [that] the Legislature did not intend to penalize former employees by forcing them to choose between a CEPA claim and other legitimate claims”) (emphasis added).
We therefore reject the lower courts’ reasoning in Munoz and Christian. We discern no cognizable legislative intent to create a grace period after the effective date of cancellation from either the statute’s history or the language itself. In the absence of such intent, it is the plain meaning of the statute that governs. We are persuaded that the language of the statute does not provide for a grace period. It is not the role of a court to supply what the Legislature has omitted, and we decline to do so here. Witt v. Gloucester County Bd. of Chosen Freeholders, 94 N.J. 422, 434, 466 A.2d 574 (1983) (citing Craster v. Board of Comm’rs, 9 N.J. 225, 230, 87 A.2d 721 (1952)); Remedial Educ. & Diagnostic Servs., Inc. v. Essex County Educ. Servs. Comm’n, 191 N.J.Super. 524, 528, 468 A.2d 253 (App.Div.1983), certif. denied, 97 N.J. 601, 483 A.2d 139 (1984).
Ill
Defendants assert that requiring the notice of cancellation to post-date the default in payment will effectively provide delinquent policyholders with fifteen days of free insurance following default. Plaintiffs insist that no windfall will result as insurers are free to set the premium due date in advance of the insured’s “carry date,” that is, the last full day of coverage paid for under the previous premium payment. Defendants resist this solution, arguing that the carry date commonly fluctuates due to changes made in coverage during the course of a policy and that they are *390constrained by N.J.A.C. ll:3-7.6(b), which prevents insurers from canceling a policy more than ten days prior to the carry date.
We agree with plaintiffs and the Appellate Division that the problem of free insurance where a notice post-dates default can be minimized by proper scheduling on the part of insurance companies. If a policyholder’s initial premium payment, pro rated on a per diem basis, provides coverage through May 30, for instance, an insurer can choose to set the second premium due date at May 15. In such a situation, the policyholder has already paid for the fifteen days that comprise the statutory notice period in the event that he or she defaults. If during the course of the policy the insured’s carry date moves forward to May 15 due to a change in coverage, we see no reason why the insurer cannot at that point adjust the premium due date to May 1 or require an additional premium payment at the time of the change in coverage that will carry the policyholder to the same date as under the previous policy. The proposed solution remedies the free insurance problem. Indeed, we were informed at oral argument that the insurance industry has taken corrective action to adopt procedures such as those urged by plaintiffs. We recommend nonetheless that the Commissioner of Insurance consider adopting regulations that would require all insurance companies to do so.
While this issue is of obvious significance to insurance companies and to the plaintiffs, it contributes little to plaintiffs’ statutory argument. The relevant inquiry in these matters is whether the Legislature intended to provide a grace period in which defaulting policyholders can satisfy their overdue payment obligations and avoid cancellation. The interpretation advanced by plaintiffs allows an insured to reinstate coverage without penalty after the date on which the policy could properly be canceled for nonpayment of premium. As noted before, nothing in the applicable statutory provisions supports that result. Consequently, the insurers’ ability to avoid free coverage during that period does not inform our resolution of these appeals.
*391IV
In addition to the argument that notice of cancellation was prematurely sent, plaintiff Zimmerman asserts that in his case the JUA terminated coverage more than ten days before the carry date in contravention of applicable regulations. That argument was not raised in the lower court proceedings.
As previously noted, N.J.A.C. ll:3-7.6(b) provides that the effective date of cancellation of a policy for nonpayment of premium may not be earlier than ten days prior to the last full day of coverage under the last premium payment received. Zimmerman contends that the premium installment he paid at the inception of his policy, calculated on a per diem basis, would have provided coverage through January 11, 1991. The notice of cancellation provided by the JUA indicated an effective date of December 22, 1990.
Where a notice of cancellation does not comport with the appropriate timing and mailing requirements, it is deemed ineffective. N.J.S.A 17:29C-7, -8, -10; Lopez v. New Jersey Auto. Full Ins. Underwriting Ass’n, supra, 239 N.J.Super. at 20, 570 A.2d 994; see also Romanny v. Stanley Baldino Constr. Co., supra, 142 N.J. at 584, 667 A.2d 349 (noting that “insurance companies must comply strictly with all statutory and regulatory requirements relating to cancellation”). Thus, Zimmerman may have an alternative basis for seeking reinstatement despite our conclusion that the notice was not premature for failure to post-date the default in payment. A remand is required for a determination of that issue.
V
In sum, we hold that the plain language of the applicable statutory and regulatory provisions permits insurers to send the requisite notice of cancellation in advance of the premium due date. There is no indication of contrary legislative intent that persuades us otherwise. We therefore reverse the judgment of *392the Appellate Division in all three cases. We remand the Zimmerman case to the Law Division for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.