Court Opinion

ID: 9573518
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-21 20:56:20.941231+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:41:31.724770
License: Public Domain

Sognier, Chief Judge,
dissenting.
I must respectfully dissent because I believe appellant was entitled to have the requested charge given.
Appellant’s sole defense was misidentification, and on cross-examination he elicited several inconsistent statements from the victims: one victim testified in a conflicting matter about whether the gunman was wearing a hat, saying at various times during cross-examination both that appellant was not wearing a hat and that he may have been wearing a hat; the other testified on direct examination that he had never seen appellant prior to the robbery, but admitted on cross-examination that at the preliminary hearing he testified that *370he had seen appellant on two occasions prior to the robbery. There were other minor inconsistencies in the victims’ testimony as well.
Although the trial judge defined circumstantial evidence in her charge, she refused to give appellant’s requested charge. In my view (as in the trial court’s), it was a jury question whether the victims had been impeached, and their testimony provided the only direct evidence in the case. Consequently, the failure to charge on circumstantial evidence was reversible error under the authority of Horne v. State, 93 Ga. App. 345, 346 (4) (91 SE2d 824) (1956). See also Green v. State, 167 Ga. App. 548, 549 (1) (306 SE2d 354) (1983); Gibson v. State, 150 Ga. App. 718, 719 (6) (258 SE2d 537) (1979). “These cases express a policy to avoid permitting the jury to determine a defendant’s guilt or innocence entirely from circumstantial evidence [where the witnesses providing the direct evidence have been impeached] without any instruction on the law of circumstantial evidence.” Green, supra.
The question of whether, under the standard set forth in Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U. S. 307 (99 SC 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979), a conviction was authorized upon the circumstantial evidence presented in this case is not at issue here. The issue is rather whether the jury actually based its verdict of guilty on that evidence. I believe that it is possible they did, because the cumulative effect of all the circumstantial evidence could have resulted, by itself, in a conviction, whether authorized or not.
The circumstantial evidence that appellant owned a bright red Hawks jacket identical to the one the victims identified as the one worn by the robber was stressed to the jury in closing argument. The State also relied heavily on the fact that when appellant was arrested he removed the jacket before facing the victims. In addition, there was circumstantial evidence indicating that appellant was at home on the day of the robbery, and although appellant claimed he was recuperating from a back injury incurred when he was robbed, he had not reported that robbery to the police or seen a doctor for the injury. In my view, collectively, this circumstantial evidence may well have persuaded the jury to convict appellant even if it believed the victims had been impeached and did not believe the direct identification evidence. Thus, the fact that a reversal on the general grounds might be indicated leads inexorably to the conclusion that failure to give the requested charge was, indeed, harmful and reversible error. I must point out also that the fact that circumstantial evidence was presented distinguishes this case from Mayfield v. State, 153 Ga. App. 459, 460-461 (265 SE2d 366) (1980) relied on by the majority. I would reverse this conviction and order a new trial.
I am authorized to state that Presiding Judge Birdsong and Judge Cooper join in this dissent.
*371Decided March 15, 1991
Rehearing denied March 28, 1991
Kenneth D. Kondritzer, for appellant.
Lewis R. Slaton, District Attorney, Joseph J. Drolet, Assistant District Attorney, for appellee.