Court Opinion

ID: 9370257
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-02-11 20:10:39.005828+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:20.737970
License: Public Domain

NUMBER 13-22-00420-CV

                               COURT OF APPEALS

                    THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                       CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG

THE CITY OF EDINBURG,                                                            Appellant,

                                                  v.

MARIBEL REYNA,                                                                    Appellee.

                     On appeal from the 92nd District Court
                          of Hidalgo County, Texas.

                            MEMORANDUM OPINION

    Before Chief Justice Contreras and Justices Longoria and Silva
           Memorandum Opinion by Chief Justice Contreras

       Appellee Maribel Reyna filed a premises liability suit against appellant the City of

Edinburg alleging that a dangerous condition on a public sidewalk caused her to trip, fall,

and injure herself. The City filed a plea to the jurisdiction, which the trial court denied. By

its sole issue, the City appeals the trial court’s denial of its plea, arguing that Reyna failed
to provide the necessary evidence to waive its immunity under the Texas Torts Claims

Act (TTCA). See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§ 51.014(a)(8), 101.021, 101.022,

101.025. We reverse and render judgment granting the plea and dismissing the case.

                                   I.     BACKGROUND

      The underlying alleged trip and fall incident occurred on May 2, 2017. According

to her deposition testimony, Reyna worked at the Hidalgo County Courthouse at the time

of the incident. On the morning of May 2, Reyna parked her vehicle on the street and

“was on [her] way to go into the courthouse.” Reyna stated that she “had crossed the

street from where [she] was parked” and was “walking into the courthouse” when she

“stepped in an uneven sidewalk, and . . . fell.” A map was admitted as an exhibit at

Reyna’s deposition indicating where she parked and where she tripped. The following

pictures of the sidewalk were also admitted:

      Reyna testified that she had previously walked on the same sidewalk and that, at

those times, it “was not in perfect condition” and was uneven. She stated that prior to her

fall, courthouse employees “would all just kind of comment to just everybody, like . . .

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other employees” about the condition of the sidewalks surrounding the courthouse, but

she never filed a complaint concerning the sidewalks.

       On April 26, 2019, Reyna filed suit. The City filed its answer on May 24, 2019. On

July 22, 2021, the City filed its “plea to the jurisdiction, or in the alternative, motion for

summary judgment.” In its plea, the City argued that: (1) Reyna failed to prove that it had

actual knowledge of the alleged dangerous condition of the sidewalk; (2) Reyna had

knowledge of the alleged dangerous condition of the sidewalk; and, therefore, (3) its

immunity was not waived under the TTCA. In her response to the City’s plea, Reyna

stated that she raised a genuine issue of material fact concerning both the dangerous

condition of the sidewalk and the City’s knowledge thereof, but she provided no additional

evidence of either.

       The trial court heard arguments on the City’s plea on December 16, 2021. On June

13, 2022, the trial court signed an order denying the City’s plea. The court signed an

amended order denying the City’s plea on September 7, 2022. On September 14, 2022,

the City filed its notice of accelerated appeal.

                             II.     PLEA TO THE JURISDICTION

A.     Standard of Review & Applicable Law

       Subject matter jurisdiction is essential to a court’s authority to decide a case. Teal

Trading & Dev., LP v. Champee Springs Ranches Prop. Owners Ass’n, 593 S.W.3d 324,

331 (Tex. 2020) (citing Bland Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Blue, 34 S.W.3d 547, 553–54 (Tex.

2000)). Whether a trial court has subject matter jurisdiction is a question of law that we

review de novo. Sw. Elec. Power Co. v. Lynch, 595 S.W.3d 678, 682 (Tex. 2020) (citing

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Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 226 (Tex. 2004)).

       Sovereign immunity protects the State and its agencies from lawsuits for money

damages and deprives a trial court of subject matter jurisdiction over the plaintiff’s claims.

Mission Consol. Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Garcia, 253 S.W.3d 653, 655 & n.2 (Tex. 2008).

Governmental immunity offers the same protections for political subdivisions of the State,

including municipalities. Id. “Governmental units are immune from suit unless immunity is

waived by state law.” City of San Antonio v. Maspero, 640 S.W.3d 523, 528 (Tex. 2022).

“Because governmental immunity is jurisdictional, it is properly raised through a plea to

the jurisdiction . . . .” Id.; see Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 228.

       The party suing a governmental unit bears the burden of affirmatively showing a

waiver of immunity. Univ. of Tex. M.D. Anderson Cancer Ctr. v. McKenzie, 578 S.W.3d

506, 512 (Tex. 2019). “To determine whether the party has met this burden, we may

consider the facts alleged by the plaintiff and the evidence submitted by the parties.” Id.

(citing Tex. Nat. Res. & Conservation Comm’n v. White, 46 S.W.3d 864, 868 (Tex. 2001)).

       To prevail on a claim of immunity, the governmental defendant “may challenge the

pleadings, the existence of jurisdictional facts, or both.” Alamo Heights Indep. Sch. Dist.

v. Clark, 544 S.W.3d 755, 770 (Tex. 2018). “When a plea to the jurisdiction challenges

the pleadings, we determine if the pleader has alleged facts that affirmatively demonstrate

the court’s jurisdiction to hear the cause.” Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226. We will liberally

construe the pleadings and look to the pleader’s intent. Id. “If the pleadings do not contain

sufficient facts to affirmatively demonstrate the trial court’s jurisdiction but do not

affirmatively demonstrate incurable defects in jurisdiction,” the plaintiff should be afforded

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the opportunity to amend. Id. If the pleadings affirmatively negate jurisdiction, then the

plea may be granted without affording the plaintiff this opportunity. Id. at 227.

       When a plea to the jurisdiction challenges jurisdictional facts, our review mirrors

that of a traditional summary judgment motion. Maspero, 640 S.W.3d at 528 (citing

Mission Consol. Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Garcia, 372 S.W.3d 629, 635 (Tex. 2012)). To that

end, “all the evidence is reviewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff to determine

whether a genuine issue of material fact exists.” Town of Shady Shores v. Swanson, 590

S.W.3d 544, 550 (Tex. 2019); see Maspero, 640 S.W.3d at 528–29 (“[W]e take as true

all evidence favorable to the nonmovant and indulge every reasonable inference and

resolve any doubts in the nonmovant’s favor.”). “A genuine issue exists if ‘the evidence is

such that a reasonable jury could find that fact in favor of the non-moving party.’” Smith

v. Mosbacker, 94 S.W.3d 292, 294 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2002, no pet.)

(quoting Moore v. K Mart Corp., 981 S.W.2d 266, 269 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1998,

pet. denied)). “Material facts are those facts which ‘affect the outcome of the suit under

the governing law.’” Id. (quoting Moore, 981 S.W.2d at 269). If “the pleadings and

evidence generate a ‘fact question on jurisdiction,’ dismissal on a plea to the jurisdiction

is improper,” and the fact issue will be resolved at trial by the factfinder. Maspero, 640

S.W.3d at 529 (citing Univ. of Tex. at Austin v. Hayes, 327 S.W.3d 113, 116 (Tex. 2010)

(per curiam)). “However, ‘if the evidence is undisputed or fails to raise a fact question,’

the plea must be granted.” Id. (quoting Hayes, 327 S.W.3d at 116).

       The TTCA waives governmental immunity for, among other things, “personal

injury . . . caused by a condition . . . of . . . real property if the governmental unit would,

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were it a private person, be liable to the claimant according to Texas law.” TEX. CIV. PRAC.

& REM. CODE ANN. § 101.021. Generally, for such conditions, a governmental unit owes

only the duty that a private person owes to a licensee on private property. Id.

§ 101.022(a). That duty requires that “a landowner not injure a licensee by willful, wanton

or grossly negligent conduct, and that the owner use ordinary care either to warn a

licensee of, or to make reasonably safe, a dangerous condition of which the owner is

aware and the licensee is not.” Sampson v. Univ. of Tex. at Austin, 500 S.W.3d 380, 385

(Tex. 2016) (quoting State Dep’t of Highways & Pub. Transp. v. Payne, 838 S.W.2d 235,

237 (Tex. 1992)). “Actual knowledge, rather than constructive knowledge of the

dangerous condition is required.” Id. at 392 (quoting State v. Tennison, 509 S.W.2d 560,

562 (Tex. 1974)). “Although there is no one test for determining actual knowledge that a

condition presents an unreasonable risk of harm, courts generally consider whether the

premises owner has received reports of prior injuries or reports of the potential danger

presented by the condition.” Univ. of Tex.-Pan Am. v. Aguilar, 251 S.W.3d 511, 513 (Tex.

2008) (per curiam). “Awareness of a potential problem is not actual knowledge of an

existing danger.” Reyes v. City of Laredo, 335 S.W.3d 605, 609 (Tex. 2010) (per curiam).

       If, however, the plaintiff pays for the use of the relevant premises, or if the

dangerous condition constitutes a “special defect,” the governmental unit owes a

heightened duty owed to an invitee. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.022(a),

(b); City of Dallas v. Davenport, 418 S.W.3d 844, 847 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, no pet.).

While a licensee must prove a landowner’s actual knowledge of the dangerous condition

to succeed on a premises liability claim, an invitee must prove only that the landowner

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“knew or should have known about the condition.” Davenport, 418 S.W.3d at 847

(emphasis added). Additionally, while a licensee must prove she lacked knowledge of the

dangerous condition to establish liability, an invitee need not prove as much. Payne, 838

S.W.2d at 237.

B.      Analysis

        As an initial matter, we note that Reyna approaches the City’s arguments on

appeal as a challenge to the sufficiency of her pleadings. See Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at

226. She argues that she “may rely solely on her pleading allegations to prevail in a

challenge to the jurisdiction of the trial court and she is not required to come forward with

admissible evidence to establish [a] premises defect.” And were this Court to nonetheless

hold in the City’s favor, Reyna argues she should be given the opportunity to amend her

pleadings to cure any jurisdictional defect.

        While the City’s brief does state in a footnote that Reyna failed to explicitly plead

that the sidewalk at issue constituted a special defect, the City’s primary contention

concerns the jurisdictional fact of its actual knowledge—or lack thereof—of the alleged

dangerous condition. 1 And, as here, when “a plea to the jurisdiction challenges the

existence of jurisdictional facts, we consider relevant evidence submitted by the parties

when necessary to resolve the jurisdictional issues raised, as the trial court is required to

do.” Id. at 227. In this case, that requires a determination of whether the City would be

        1 The City focuses its arguments on its lack of actual knowledge of the purported dangerous
condition of the sidewalk but does not contend that the sidewalk was not a dangerous condition. See State
Dep’t of Highways & Pub. Transp. v. Payne, 838 S.W.2d 235, 237 (Tex. 1992) (noting a landowner must
“use ordinary care either to warn a licensee of, or to make reasonably safe, a dangerous condition of which
the owner is aware and the licensee is not”) (emphasis added). Because it is otherwise dispositive, we
focus our analysis where the City does.
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liable for premises defect “were it a private person.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.

§ 101.021. We now undertake that analysis.

       1.     The City Did Not Owe Reyna the Duty Owed to An Invitee

       Reyna contends on appeal that the City owed her the heightened duty of an invitee

because (i) the relevant sidewalk condition constituted a special defect, and (ii) the trial

court could have taken judicial notice that she paid for the use of the sidewalk by paying

to park on the street, as the parking meter was adjacent to the sidewalk. Accordingly, she

argues that she must prove only that the City should have known of the purported

dangerous sidewalk condition to maintain her suit. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.

§ 101.022(a); Davenport, 418 S.W.3d at 847. We disagree.

              i.     The Sidewalk’s Condition Is Not a Special Defect

       The sidewalk’s condition in this case is not a special defect. While not defined in

the statute, the TTCA likens special defects to “excavations or obstructions on highways,

roads, or streets.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.022(b); see Denton County v.

Beynon, 283 S.W.3d 329, 331 (Tex. 2009); Tex. Dep’t of Transp. v. Ramirez, 566 S.W.3d

18, 23 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2018, pet. denied). “A condition must therefore be in the

same class as an excavation or obstruction on a roadway to constitute a special defect.”

Tex. Dep’t of Transp. v. Perches, 388 S.W.3d 652, 655 (Tex. 2012) (per curiam) (citing

Beynon, 283 S.W.3d at 331–32). Sidewalk defects may be in that class because

sidewalks are “sufficiently related to the street.” City of Austin v. Rangel, 184 S.W.3d 377,

383 (Tex. App.—Austin 2006, no pet.); see also City of Austin v. Furtado, No. 03-21-

00083-CV, 2021 WL 6194365, at *3 (Tex. App.—Austin Dec. 31, 2021, pet. denied)

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(“Defects on a sidewalk may be within the class because a sidewalk is sufficiently related

to a roadway.”) (cleaned up). But “the class of special defects contemplated by the statute

is narrow.” Perches, 388 S.W.3d at 655 (quoting Hayes, 327 S.W.3d at 116). “[C]onditions

can be special defects ‘only if they pose a threat to the ordinary users of a particular

roadway.’” Hayes, 327 S.W.3d at 116 (quoting Beynon, 283 S.W.3d at 331). Texas’

“special-defect jurisprudence turns on the objective expectations of an ‘ordinary user’ who

follows the ‘normal course of travel.’” Id. (quoting Beynon, 283 S.W.3d at 332). “Whether

a condition is a special defect is a question of law.” Id.

       The supreme court and other Texas courts have held in multiple cases that uneven

sidewalks and street surfaces of the type displayed in this case, or worse, do not

constitute special defects under the TTCA. See, e.g., City of Denton v. Paper, 376 S.W.3d

762, 765 (Tex. 2012) (per curiam) (concluding that sunken area in street, which “varied

from two inches to a few inches more at its deepest point,” was not a special defect); City

of Dallas v. Reed, 258 S.W.3d 620, 621 (Tex. 2008) (per curiam) (“[W]e conclude that a

two-inch variance in elevation between traffic lanes is not a special defect.”); City of El

Paso v. Bernal, 986 S.W.2d 610, 611 (Tex. 1999) (per curiam) (concluding that a “‘worn

or depressed area [of a sidewalk] . . . approximately 3 feet by 6 feet in size with a depth

of 3 inches, at its lowest point[]’” was not a special defect); City of Grapevine v. Roberts,

946 S.W.2d 841, 843 (Tex. 1997) (per curiam) (“Construing a partially cracked and

crumbled sidewalk step to be an excavation or obstruction grossly strains the definitions

of those conditions. As a matter of law, a partially cracked and crumbled sidewalk step is

not a defect of the same kind or class as the excavations or obstructions the [TTCA]

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contemplates.”); City of Richardson v. Justus, 329 S.W.3d 662, 664 (Tex. App.—Dallas

2010, no pet.) (holding that “a vertical separation in the sidewalk of at least three inches”

was not a special defect); see also City of Dallas v. Monroy, No. 05-22-00012-CV, 2022

WL 4363836, at *4 (Tex. App.—Dallas Sept. 21, 2022, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding that

sunken portion of sidewalk “appearing to measure from a few inches to possibly 5 to 6

inches in height or depth” and adjacent hole in sidewalk were not special defects).

       Here, the sunken portion of the sidewalk that Reyna complains of appears to

measure about 1/4 to 2 inches in depth. 2 While she argues on appeal that the defect was

a “hole” in the sidewalk, the only evidence of the defect is Reyna’s testimony that the

sidewalk was uneven with “a gap between the . . . two pieces of cement where they come

together” and the above pictures of the sidewalk. Based on Reyna’s testimony and the

sidewalk pictures, we conclude the sidewalk is neither in the same class as an excavation

or obstruction, nor an unusual danger to sidewalk users. See Justus, 329 S.W.3d at 666;

Hayes, 327 S.W.3d at 116; Bernal, 986 S.W.2d at 611 (noting in part that photographs of

the sidewalk’s condition “establish that the area where the accident occurred was merely

an eroded place in the flat surface of the sidewalk, certainly no more unexpected and

unusual a danger than was the eroded step in Roberts[, 946 S.W.2d at 841]” and

concluding “[a]s a matter of law[ that] the sidewalk’s condition was not a special defect”).

Indeed, Reyna testified that it was generally known among her colleagues that the

sidewalks surrounding the courthouse were not in perfect condition. An ordinary user of

a sidewalk known to be uneven at points would expect certain parts of the sidewalk to be

       2  Besides the photos, the parties neither presented evidence nor stipulated to the depth of the
sidewalk’s uneven portion.
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uneven and, in the normal course of travel, would take the attendant precautions. See

Hayes, 327 S.W.3d at 116. Consequently, Reyna has not presented a viable special

defect claim to classify her as an invitee.

              ii.    Reyna Did Not Pay to Use the Sidewalk

       Similarly, we reject Reyna’s argument that the trial court could have taken judicial

notice that she paid to use the sidewalk. See TEX. R. EVID. 201(c); TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.

CODE ANN. § 101.022(a). Reyna never raised this theory with the trial court, and she has

provided no evidence or testimony that she did, in fact, pay to park on the morning of May

2, 2017. In any event, under the TTCA, “invitee status requires payment of a specific fee

for entry onto and use of public premises.” Davenport, 418 S.W.3d at 847 (brackets

omitted). A fee that merely relates to the premises is not sufficient under the TTCA to

constitute payment for use of the premises. Id. at 848. As applied here, even assuming

Reyna paid to park on the street, her payment was not made for the use of the sidewalk

on which she tripped—which, per her testimony and the map of the surrounding area

admitted at her deposition, was located across the street and down the block from her

vehicle. And Reyna has provided no argument or authority providing how the sidewalk

could have otherwise been considered paid-for. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i). We thus

conclude that Reyna was not an invitee on a theory of payment for use of the sidewalk.

See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.022(a).

       Given our conclusions, the City owed Reyna only the duty owed to licensees. Thus,

Reyna was required to present evidence that the City had actual knowledge of the alleged

dangerous condition of the sidewalk. See id.; Sampson, 500 S.W.3d at 385.

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       2.     Reyna Provided No Evidence of the City’s Actual Knowledge of the
              Sidewalk’s Condition

       As noted, the duty owed to a licensee requires that “a landowner not injure a

licensee by willful, wanton or grossly negligent conduct, and that the owner use ordinary

care either to warn a licensee of, or to make reasonably safe, a dangerous condition of

which the owner is aware and the licensee is not.” Sampson, 500 S.W.3d at 385 (quoting

Payne, 838 S.W.2d at 237). Actual knowledge of the alleged dangerous condition is

required. Id. at 392. And in determining whether a landowner has actual knowledge that

a condition presents an unreasonable risk of harm, “courts generally consider whether

the premises owner has received reports of prior injuries or reports of the potential danger

presented by the condition.” Aguilar, 251 S.W.3d at 513. In this case, Reyna bears the

burden to present evidence raising a fact issue on the jurisdictional facts in question. See

Swanson, 590 S.W.3d at 552; McKenzie, 578 S.W.3d at 512.

       The record contains no evidence that the City had actual knowledge of the

condition of the sidewalk. While Reyna testified that certain employees would discuss the

condition of the sidewalks surrounding the courthouse, she stated that she never made a

formal complaint and presented no evidence of a complaint made by anybody else. See

Aguilar, 251 S.W.3d at 513. Reyna has not met her burden of presenting evidence raising

a fact issue that the City had actual knowledge of the sidewalk’s condition in this case.

       As the City highlights, Reyna also testified that she knew of the sidewalk’s

condition before her trip and fall accident. And a landowner only owes a duty to warn a

licensee of “a dangerous condition of which the owner is aware and the licensee is not.”

See Sampson, 500 S.W.3d at 385 (emphasis added).

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       For the reasons stated above, Reyna has failed to present evidence supporting a

case of premises liability and creating a fact issue on jurisdiction, and the City’s immunity

was, therefore, not waived. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.021; Sampson,

500 S.W.3d at 385. Consequently, the trial court erred by denying the City’s plea to the

jurisdiction. See Bernal, 986 S.W.2d at 611. We sustain the City’s sole issue on appeal.

       The City’s lack of knowledge of the sidewalk’s condition, and Reyna’s knowledge

of the same, are jurisdictional facts negating jurisdiction, and these defects are incurable

by amendments to Reyna’s pleadings. Accordingly, Reyna is not entitled to an opportunity

to amend her pleadings. See Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226–27.

                                    III.   CONCLUSION

       We reverse the trial court’s judgment and render judgment granting the City’s plea

to the jurisdiction and dismissing Reyna’s suit.

                                                                DORI CONTRERAS
                                                                Chief Justice

Delivered and filed on the
9th day of February, 2023.

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