Court Opinion

ID: 6319763
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-03-03 17:02:12.473701+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:01:39.670665
License: Public Domain

Filed 3/2/22 Dolch v. MUFG Union Bank CA1/4

                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or
ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

          IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                      FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION FOUR

 DEBRA DOLCH, as Conservator,
 etc.
             Plaintiff and Appellant,                                   A162460

 v.                                                                     (San Mateo County
 MUFG UNION BANK, N.A., et al.,                                         Super. Ct. No. 16-PRO-00299)
 as Trustees, etc.,
             Defendants and Respondents.

         Appellant Debra Dolch is the conservator of the estate of Thea Bacon,1
who passed away in January 2021.2 Dolch is also the trustee of the Thea
Bacon Living Trust (Thea’s Personal Trust). Thea was a lifetime beneficiary
of a testamentary trust (Trust) established by Thea’s husband, Frank Rogers
Bacon, Jr. Dolch appeals from the denial of her petition to remove the
cotrustees (Prob. Code,3 § 15642) of the Trust, MUFG Union Bank, N.A.
(Union Bank), and Mark Brodka (collectively, Trustees), for failure to fund

       We refer to members of the Bacon family by their first names for
         1

purposes of clarity.
         2   Prior to Thea’s death, Dolch was also the conservator of Thea’s
person.
         3   All further undesignated statutory references are to the Probate Code.

                                                               1
litigation seeking to recover Thea’s sizeable personal assets from accused
elder abuser James Sykes. Dolch contends the trial court erred by ruling on
her petition without an evidentiary hearing, finding she lacked standing to
pursue the petition due to Thea’s death and determining the Trustees had
not abused their discretion in refusing to fund the ongoing litigation. We
affirm for lack of standing. Accordingly, we do not reach the merits of Dolch’s
petition.
                               BACKGROUND
A.    The Trust and Its Terms
      Frank died testate in 1984. In his will, Frank left his Hillsborough
home, all of his personal property, and $500,000 in cash for his wife, Thea.
Frank established the Trust under his will. The Trust was structured to take
advantage of the marital tax deduction and estate tax exemptions (Marital
Trust), with the residue of Frank’s estate held in a separate trust (Residuary
Trust). During her lifetime, Thea was the sole beneficiary of the Marital
Trust and the Residuary Trust.
      As to the administration of the Marital Trust, paragraph 2.B.i of the
Trust provides: “All net income shall be paid to THEA B. BACON, the
decedent’s wife, at monthly or other convenient intervals, but at least
annually.” Paragraph 2.B.ii provides: “From time to time and at any time, the
Trustee may pay to the decedent’s wife so much of the principal of the
Marital Trust as is necessary or advisable, in reasonable discretion, for her
support, health and maintenance, in accordance with her customary standard
of living.”4 Additionally, paragraph 2.B.iii provides: “Upon the death of

      4Trust distributions made for a beneficiary’s support, health, and
maintenance are colloquially known as the HEMS standard. (See Kelson, Get
HEMS Straight: Tailor the Right Distribution Standard (2015) 42 Estate
Planning 3, pp. 2–3.)

                                       2
decedent’s wife, the undistributed net income of the Marital Trust . . . shall
be paid to her estate and the balance of assets in the Marital Trust shall be
added to and become part of the Residuary Trust . . . .”
      As to the administration of the Residuary Trust, paragraph 3.A of the
Trust provides: “During the lifetime of the decedent’s wife, the Trustee shall
pay to her all of the net income of the Residuary Trust. In addition, from time
to time and at any time, the Trustee may pay to or apply for the benefit of the
decedent’s wife so much of the principal of the Residuary Trust as the
Trustee, in reasonable discretion, deems necessary or advisable for her
support, health and maintenance, in accordance with her customary standard
of living.” Pursuant to paragraph 3.B., “[u]pon the death of the decedent’s
wife, the Residuary Trust shall be divided into as many equal shares . . . as
there are children of the decedent then living or then deceased with living
issue.”
      Paragraph 4.B. specifies: “Except as expressly otherwise provided
herein, whenever the right of any beneficiary to payments from net income
hereunder shall terminate, either by reason of death or otherwise, all such
payments accrued or undistributed by the Trustee on the date of such
termination shall be distributed to the beneficiary entitled to the next
successive interest hereunder.”
B.    The Elder Abuse Actions
      In May 2018, Dolch, as conservator of Thea’s person and estate,
petitioned for an elder abuse restraining order against James Sykes, which
the court granted on November 15, 2018. On August 30, 2018, Dolch, again as
conservator of Thea’s person and estate and as trustee of the Personal Trust,
filed an action against Sykes, alleging he had committed elder abuse and
misappropriated cash, as well as Thea’s Hillsborough home by, inter alia,

                                       3
unduly influencing Thea to sign a purported gift deed and corrected gift deed
with a retained life estate. (We refer hereafter to the restraining order action
and the elder abuse litigation, collectively, as the “elder abuse actions.”)
C.    Dolch’s Requests for Trust Distribution
      On May 28, 2020, Dolch sent a demand letter to the Trustees, seeking a
principal distribution from the Trust in the amount of $4,036,585.50. This
amount consisted of (1) attorney fees and costs of $1,483,000 incurred to that
point in the elder abuse actions, (2) previously incurred care costs from
May 7, 2018, through March 1, 2020, of $1,180,916.50, (3) care costs for the
rest of 2020, in the amount of $1,257,180, and (4) Dolch’s conservatorship fees
for the past 16 months, of $115,762.
      The Trustees made an initial distribution of $500,000 to Dolch. Then
after receiving supporting documentation from Dolch, the Trustees paid
Dolch $1,180,916 for care costs. The Trustees also paid all of Dolch’s fees as
conservator for Thea, which had increased to $146,565, as well as
$229,716.99, reflecting a reduced amount in care costs due to direct payments
to Thea’s care providers from January 1, 2020, through June 30, 2020, and,
pursuant to court order, $86,056.58 of the requested $1,483,000 in legal fees
for Thea’s court-appointed counsel. Beginning in March 2020, the Trustees
paid $55,000 per month directly to Thea’s caregivers and $22,000 per month
directly to Thea’s transportation provider. The Trustees also paid Dolch
$27,765 per month for Thea’s remaining care and living expenses.
      On July 17, 2020, Dolch sent another demand letter to the Trustees,
seeking reimbursement of $1,483,000 for Thea’s attorney fees already
incurred in the elder abuse actions and distribution of $500,000 from the
Trust to fund that same litigation.

                                        4
D.    Trustees’ Petition for Instructions
      On September 9, 2020, the Trustees filed a petition for instructions
regarding Dolch’s demand for reimbursement of attorney fees and costs from
the Trust principal. Dolch opposed the petition and increased her total
attorney fees request to $2.8 million for both elder abuse actions. At the
hearing on the petition for instructions, the court indicated that the petition
was premature as to the elder abuse litigation, and as such, the court
declined to make any attorney fee determination. The trial court did,
however, issue an order instructing the Trustees to reimburse Dolch
$91,830.52 for attorney fees incurred in securing the restraining order
against Sykes. Dolch did not challenge the order.
E.    Petition to Remove Trustees
      On December 11, 2020, Dolch filed a petition to remove Union Bank
and Brodka as Trustees of the Trust, asserting four grounds: (1) the Trustees’
refusal to authorize the payment of attorney fees incurred in the elder abuse
actions was inconsistent with their Trust obligation to provide for Thea’s
health, education, maintenance, and support; (2) the Trustees had favored
the remainder beneficiaries over Thea by not paying these attorney fees;
(3) the Trustees had favored themselves by bringing their petition for
instructions concerning attorney fees; and (4) Union Bank and Brodka had
treated a former, third trustee, Russ Marshall, with hostility, causing his
resignation and leaving the trust administration “in disarray.”
      Thea passed away on January 10, 2021. On January 29, 2021, the
Trustees filed a verified objection to the removal petition, arguing the trial
court should dismiss the petition because, due to Thea’s death, it was moot,
and Dolch lacked standing to bring it. The Trustees also argued that they
made their decision to deny reimbursement under the law and facts because,

                                        5
among other things, the attorney fees did not fall within the HEMS standard
as the Trustees were already covering all of Thea’s care, medical, and living
expenses. Additionally, the Trustees asserted that (1) they had properly
fulfilled their fiduciary duties in exercising their discretion under the terms
of the Trust; (2) they had not favored the remainder (and now current) Trust
beneficiaries over Thea or (3) placed their own interests ahead of Thea’s
interests; and (4) there was no hostility among the three trustees, and
certainly none affecting the administration of the Trust after cotrustee
Marshall’s resignation.
         On March 2, 2021, the trial court denied Dolch’s petition to remove the
Trustees, finding the Trustees had lawfully exercised their duties under the
Trust. The trial court concluded: “There is no lawful basis articulated in the
moving papers to remove the [Trustees] at this time. Additionally, the death
of Thea Bacon renders the Petition effectively moot, and the petitioner lacks
standing as a result of that death to seek to remove the [Trustees] at this
time.”
                                  DISCUSSION
                             I. Standard of Review
         “ ‘The probate court has general power and duty to supervise the
administration of trusts.’ ” (Christie v. Kimball (2012) 202 Cal.App.4th 1407,
1413.) Although the probate court has “ ‘wide, express powers to “make any
orders and take any other action necessary or proper to dispose of the
matters presented” by [a] section 17200 petition.’ [Citations.] The probate
court . . . must exercise those powers ‘within the procedural framework laid
out in the governing statutes’ of the Probate Code.” (Babbitt v. Superior Court
(2016) 246 Cal.App.4th 1135, 1144.) Whether a party has standing under the
Probate Code is a threshold issue we review de novo. (San Luis Rey Racing,

                                         6
Inc. v. California Horse Racing Bd. (2017) 15 Cal.App.5th 67, 73 [“Both
standing and the interpretation of statutes are questions of law to which we
typically apply a de novo standard of review.”]; Neil S. v. Mary L. (2011)
199 Cal.App.4th 240, 249 [“standing is a question of law, particularly where,
as here, it depends on statutory provisions conferring standing”].)
                                 II. Standing
      The trial court denied Dolch’s petition to remove the Trustees on the
merits and for lack of standing. The Trustees contend that Dolch lacks
standing to petition for their removal because Thea’s death mooted the
removal request. Dolch responds that she has standing for three reasons.
First, as conservator of Thea’s estate and as trustee of Thea’s Personal Trust,
Dolch asserts her standing is conferred by statute. Second, Dolch contends
California case law “broadly” defines standing in probate cases. Third, Dolch
argues, without citing any applicable law,5 her “duty to protect Thea’s right to
bequest her estate supports Dolch’s standing.” (Original capitalization and
boldface omitted.)
      “A litigant’s standing to sue is a threshold issue to be resolved before
the matter can be reached on the merits. (Hernandez v. Atlantic Finance Co.
(1980) 105 Cal.App.3d 65, 71.) ‘If we were to conclude that plaintiff did not
have standing to maintain the action, not having been personally damaged by
the defendants’ conduct, then there would be no need to address the merits of
her cause. Equally wasteful of judicial resources would be a resolution on the
merits without reaching the standing issue.’ (Ibid.) We will not address the
merits of litigation when the plaintiff lacks standing, because ‘ “ California
courts have no power . . . to render advisory opinions or give declaratory
relief.” ’ (Municipal Court v. Superior Court (Gonzalez) (1993) 5 Cal.4th 1126,

      5   An absence that was acknowledged at oral argument.

                                        7
1132.) Standing ‘ “goes to the existence of a cause of action.” [Citation.]’
(5 Witkin, Cal. Procedure (4th ed. 1997) Pleading, § 862, p. 320.)” (Blumhorst
v. Jewish Family Services of Los Angeles (2005) 126 Cal.App.4th 993, 1000.)
      The Probate Code specifies those who have standing to petition for the
removal of a trustee. “A trustee may be removed in accordance with the trust
instrument, by the court on its own motion, or on petition of a settlor,
cotrustee, or beneficiary under Section 17200.” (§ 15642, subd. (a).) Dolch is
not the Trust’s settlor; Frank was. Although Dolch is the trustee of Thea’s
Personal Trust, she is not the trustee of the Trust established under Frank’s
will; Union Bank and Brodka are the Trustees. Thus, Dolch must either be or
be representing a beneficiary of the Trust to have standing to pursue the
petition to remove the Trustees.
      Pursuant to section 24, “ ‘Beneficiary’ means a person to whom a
donative transfer of property is made or that person’s successor in interest,
and: [¶] . . . [¶] (c) As it relates to a trust, means a person who has any
present or future interest, vested or contingent.” (Italics added.) The general
rules of survivability apply to proceedings under the Probate Code.6 (Dunlap
v. Mayer (2021) 63 Cal.App.5th 419, 425 (Dunlap).) Dolch, as conservator of
Thea’s estate and as trustee of Thea’s Personal Trust, is a successor in
interest to Thea’s interest in the Trust. (See § 2467, subd. (a) [conservator
“continues to have duty of custody and conservation of the estate after the

      6  Section 1000, subdivision (a) states: “Except to the extent that [the
Probate Code] provides applicable rules, the rules of practice applicable to
civil actions . . . apply to, and constitute the rules of practice in, proceedings
under this code.” Code of Civil Procedure section 377.30 provides as relevant:
“A cause of action that survives the death of the person entitled to commence
an action or proceeding passes to the decedent’s successor in interest, . . . and
an action may be commenced by the decedent’s personal representative or, if
none, by the decedent’ s successor in interest.”

                                        8
death of the . . . conservatee”]; § 16249 [trustee “has the power to prosecute or
defend actions . . . for the protection of trust property”].)
      But, in order to be a beneficiary, a person must have an “interest,” and
for Dolch to be a successor in interest, that interest must continue to exist.
      Thea’s interest in the Trust was that of a lifetime beneficiary, who was
entitled to regular income payments, as well as discretionary distributions
“for her support, health and maintenance, in accordance with her customary
standard of living.” (See Trust, at §§ 2.B.i-ii, 3.A.) This lifetime beneficiary
interest in income and support was necessarily terminated on Thea’s death.
(See Salvation Army v. Price (1995) 36 Cal.App.4th 1619, 1624 [death of
beneficiary terminated trust designed to provide income to beneficiary during
his lifetime]; Estate of Baird (1955) 135 Cal.App.2d 333, 341–342 [interest of
life beneficiary extinguished upon her death]; see also Ball v. Mann (1948)
88 Cal.App.2d. 695, 699 [trust established for minor should be terminated
upon minor reaching majority].] As a matter of common sense, a beneficiary
who has already died has no right to continuing maintenance. (See, e.g. Scott
& Ascher on Trusts (5th ed. 2006) § 12.1.3, p. 701 [“A person who has already
died cannot be a trust beneficiary.”].)
      While standing may be broadly interpreted in California, Dolch’s
standing to remove the Trustees cannot be broader than Thea’s, which was
unquestionably terminated by her death. The cases cited by Dolch are
distinguishable, as none involve a deceased beneficiary’s estate seeking to
remove a trustee. (See Barefoot v. Jennings (2020) 8 Cal.5th 822, 825
[disinherited individuals have standing to challenge trust amendments
eliminating their beneficiary status]; Dunlap, supra, 63 Cal.App.5th at p. 425
[beneficiary’s estate had standing to petition for accounting]; Elliott v.

                                          9
Superior Court (1968) 265 Cal.App.2d 825, 834–836 [beneficiary’s estate had
standing to enforce rights that vested during beneficiary’s lifetime].)
      “The purpose of removing a trustee is not to inflict a penalty for past
action, but to preserve the trust assets. [Citation.] ‘The question in each case
is whether the circumstances are such that the continuance of the trustee in
office would be detrimental to the trust.’ ” (Getty v. Getty (1988)
205 Cal.App.3d 134, 139–140.) As explained, with Thea’s passing, her estate
has no continuing right to maintenance and support under the defined terms
of the Trust. Thus, Dolch no longer has standing to remove the Trustees.7
      Finally, contrary to Dolch’s contention, Thea’s right to bequest her
estate to the charitable organizations of her choice does not support Dolch’s
standing to remove the Trustees. Again we look to the purpose of the Trust,
which was to provide income to Thea during her lifetime, as well as to
support her lifestyle. Even assuming that giving to charitable organizations
was an important aspect of Thea’s lifestyle, nothing in the Trust purports to
extend maintenance payments to Thea’s estate.
      In sum, although Dolch had been able to stand in Thea’s shoes to
preserve her interests under the Trust, the specific terms of this lifetime
estate mean that with Thea’s passing, she no longer does. Accordingly, we
conclude the trial court properly denied Dolch’s petition to remove the
Trustees for lack of standing.8

      7We express no opinion regarding the ability of Dolch, Thea’s estate, or
Thea’s Personal Trust to seek reimbursement for maintenance payments that
may have accrued during Thea’s lifetime, potentially including attorney fees
incurred to preserve Thea’s assets consistent with the terms of the Trust.
      By reason of this holding, we do not reach the merits of the petition.
      8

We similarly deny the Trustees’ request for judicial notice.

                                        10
               III. Failure to Hold an Evidentiary Hearing
      Normally, a lack of standing would end our discussion. Nevertheless,
we briefly address Dolch’s claim that the trial court erred by failing to hold
an evidentiary hearing when it denied her removal petition.
      A probate court must grant a request for an evidentiary hearing on
contested factual matters. (Estate of Lensch (2009) 177 Cal.App.4th 667, 676
(Lensch); Estate of Bennett (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 1303, 1308–1310.) But no
request was made here, and no contested factual matters were presented.
      We conclude Dolch forfeited the right to an evidentiary hearing on the
petition seeking removal of the Trustees. (See Evangelho v. Presoto (1998)
67 Cal.App.4th 615, 620 [“ ‘where the parties do not object to the use of
affidavits in evidence, and where both parties adopt that means of supporting
their positions, the parties cannot question the propriety of the procedure on
appeal’ ”].) Lensch, supra, 177 Cal.App.4th 667 and Dunlap, supra,
63 Cal.App.5th 419, cited by Dolch, do not compel a contrary conclusion. In
Lensch, unlike here, the appealing party had asked for an evidentiary
hearing, but the trial court denied the request. (Lensch, at pp. 672–673.) And
in Dunlap, the court, on its own motion, dismissed the petition at a case
management conference, despite outstanding discovery and without giving
the petitioner notice that the conference could result in dismissal. (Dunlap, at
pp. 425–426.) Here, the trial court held a hearing and considered the written
and verbal arguments of counsel before it rendered its decision denying the
petition.
                                DISPOSITION
      The judgment is affirmed.

                                       11
                                                _________________________
                                                Desautels, J.*

WE CONCUR:

_________________________
Pollak, P.J.

_________________________
Streeter, J.

A162460 Dolch v. MFUG Union Bank, N.A. et al.

      *Judge of the Alameda County Superior Court, assigned by the Chief
Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.

                                        12