Court Opinion

ID: 9885255
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-10-06 05:07:24.556258+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:40:00.032461
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

MARK A. HACKEL,                                                      UNPUBLISHED
                                                                     October 5, 2023
               Plaintiff/Counterdefendant-Appellee,

v                                                                    No. 362775
                                                                     Macomb Circuit Court
MACOMB COUNTY BOARD OF                                               LC No. 2018-001252-CZ
COMMISSIONERS,

               Defendant/Counterplaintiff-Appellant.

Before: REDFORD, P.J., and O’BRIEN and FEENEY, JJ.

FEENEY, J. (dissenting).

       While affirming the majority’s recitation of the facts in this case and appreciating the
approach it pursued, I respectfully dissent.

         Much of the parties’ arguments, as well as the trial court’s opinion, focuses on plaintiff’s
authority pursuant to the charter to “control” the operations of the county departments under his
supervision in contrast to defendant’s authority to enact ordinances and its right to receive
information from plaintiff in the budgeting process. But I find a more fundamental question posed
in this case.

        As defendant observes in its brief, plaintiff had the authority under §3.9 of the Macomb
County Charter to veto the ordinance but chose not to do so. Rather, plaintiff merely chose to not
comply with the ordinance’s requirement to provide defendant with real-time, read-only access to
the financial software. This is not the first time that plaintiff has chosen to ignore the Macomb
County Board of Commissioners’ actions rather than use his veto authority. In Macomb County
Prosecutor v Macomb Co Executive, 341 Mich App 289; 989 NW2d 864 (2022), the plaintiff
prosecutor submitted to the Macomb County Executive (our plaintiff in the current case) a budget
request for additional staffing in the prosecutor’s office. The Executive rejected the request in
part, submitting a proposed budget to the Board of Commissioners that did provide for some
additional staffing but not as many positions as the prosecutor had requested. Id. at 295. The
prosecutor then went directly to the Board and requested an additional six positions beyond that

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requested in the Executive’s proposed budget. The budget the Board adopted included an
appropriation for four of the six additional positions plaintiff requested. Id. at 295-296.1

       The Executive did not use his line-item veto power to reject the appropriation. Rather, he
informed the Board that it lacked the authority to approve any budget not recommended by him
and that he as the Executive would not disburse the funds for the additional positions. Id. at 297.
The prosecutor brought an original action for declaratory judgment and mandamus in this Court.
This Court concluded that a county Board of Commissioners has the authority to appropriate
money not recommended by the County Executive. Specifically, the Court noted that the
defendant has the power of a line-item veto over the budget:

               We conclude that these provisions of the county charter allow the Board to
       appropriate more funds for a line item than the amount reflected in the
       recommended budget itself. Specifically, § 3.9 gives the authority to the Executive
       to veto “a line item of an ordinance appropriating money. . . .” If the board were
       not permitted to appropriate more funds for a line item than the amount specified
       in the recommended budget itself, then the authority to exercise a line-item veto
       would be completely redundant. A line-item veto never would be exercised
       because the Board would never be able to appropriate the undesired funds, from the
       perspective of the Executive, because it would be solely within the Executive’s
       discretion as to the exact amount of funds allocated. Id. at 307-308.[2]

 Ultimately, this Court concluded that the Executive (our plaintiff) must either disburse the funds
for the additional positions or seek the Board’s amendment to the appropriations ordinance, and it
granted the prosecutor’s request for declaratory relief and issued a writ of mandamus. Id. at 318.

        In his brief on appeal, plaintiff explains in a footnote his decision not to exercise his veto
power. He explains that, because this provision was not an appropriation, he could not exercise a
line-item veto and would have been required to veto the entire ordinance including the entire
annual budget for the county.3 While this may have presented a difficult decision for plaintiff to

1
 The approved budget included a line-item appropriation for the prosecutor’s office personnel that
was $299,300 more than the executive’s proposed budget amount, with the additional
appropriation funding the additional personnel. Id. at 295-296.
2
  This Court went on to explore the Executive’s authority to submit “a proposed annual budget”
that is “recommended” to the Commission. Id. “The use of such tentative language as “proposed”
and “recommended” indicates that the Executive does not have unilateral power to impose a final
budget. Simply put, the County Charter creates a scheme whereby the budgetary process is
initiated by the Executive through issuance of a recommended budget, and then the Board has the
final authority to appropriate funds—subject, of course, to the veto power of the Executive.” Id.
at 308. Indeed, the Board of Commissioners “bears primary responsibility for the final budget.”
Id. at 307.
3
 It is not entirely clear from the wording of the charter whether the line-item veto is limited to
only those line items which appropriate funds or could include substantive provisions. But my

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make, it is hardly unique in politics that the legislative branch may include a provision unpalatable
to the executive in a large or important bill that the executive might find difficult to veto. But that
does not justify the decision to ignore the disagreeable provision rather than veto the entire
enactment. Such executive acquiescence occurred in this case, and it should not be encouraged or
enforced.

       This point was discussed in Rappaport, The Unconstitutionality of “Signing and Not-
Enforcing,” 16 William & Mary Bill of Rights J 113 (2007). The primary thesis of Professor
Rappaport’s article is that, in most instances, it is unconstitutional for a President to sign a bill
passed by Congress, rather than vetoing it, when the President believes that a portion of the bill is
unconstitutional and the President intends to not enforce that portion. He discusses the point about
whether a President should veto a bill in this scenario:

                 Perhaps the strongest argument for allowing the President to sign a bill he
         does not intend to enforce arises when there is a single unconstitutional provision
         in an otherwise constitutional bill. Does the President really have to veto a sizeable
         bill because one small provision in it is unconstitutional? Does he even have to
         veto a large spending bill that is necessary to fund the government?

                In a word, yes.       The President cannot avoid his constitutional
         responsibilities simply because the Constitution obligates him to exercise a
         burdensome veto. Like all constitutional actors, the President's powers are limited,
         and he cannot expand them out of convenience. The power of presidential review
         arises because the President claims that the Constitution precludes him from
         enforcing an unconstitutional provision. The President cannot make that claim
         while at the same time arguing that he can sign such a provision into law because
         it would be burdensome to veto it. The President must accept the bitter and the
         sweet of his powers.

                  There is, moreover, nothing peculiar about the President having to incur this
         burden, because it is uncontroversial that he must bear similar burdens in other
         situations. Suppose Congress presents a large bill to the President that contains a
         single provision that the President strongly opposes on policy grounds. It is
         absolutely clear that the President cannot item-veto the provision he dislikes simply
         because vetoing the bill would be burdensome. It is recognized that the President
         must either accept or veto the entire bill because the nature of his veto requires it.
         [Id. at 121-122; footnote omitted.]

       It is certainly true that there is a difference in the separation of powers issues between a
President under the Constitution and a county executive under a county charter. 4 But the basic

reasoning applies in either case, so I accept, without deciding, that plaintiff’s only option would
have been to veto the entire ordinance.
4
    See Hackel v Macomb Co Commission, 298 Mich App 311, 327; 826 NW2d 753 (2012).

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principle remains the same: plaintiff’s objection to the ordinance provision, whether grounded in
a belief that it is bad policy or in a belief that it exceeds defendant’s authority under the county
charter or otherwise invades plaintiff’s authority under the charter, does not justify ignoring that
provision instead of vetoing the ordinance.5

        This Court has discussed the obligation of each branch of government to exercise its
powers and duties consistent with the Constitution. For example, in Michigan Alliance for Retired
Americans v Secretary of State, 334 Mich App 238, 250-251; 964 NW2d 816 (2020), we concluded
that the Legislature has standing to intervene in a lawsuit in order to defend a statute that the
executive branch refuses to defend because the executive disfavors the law:

       [T]he Legislature sought to intervene after defendants, constitutional officers
       within the Executive Branch, declined to appeal the Court of Claims decision. The
       Legislature, as a body made up of the elected representatives of the citizens of
       Michigan, is essentially taking the place of defendants in this case. Indeed, the
       Court of Claims initially denied the Legislature's motion to intervene and only
       permitted intervention after the Executive Branch abdicated its role in this
       litigation. As noted by this Court in League of Women Voters of Mich v Secretary
       ofState, 333 Mich App 1, 11; 959 NW2d 1 (2020) (League II) (opinion by SAWYER,
       P.J.),

           just as a legislative body cannot legitimately enact a statute that is
           repugnant to the Constitution, nor can an executive-branch official
           effectively declare a properly enacted law to be void by simply
           conceding the point in litigation. To vest that power in an official would
           effectively grant that official the power to amend the Constitution itself.

Or, as Judge BOONSTRA put it more bluntly in his concurrence in Retired Americans, 334 Mich
App at 265, “After all, it would be much easier if a benevolent dictator could simply rule by decree
without having to endure the inconvenience of others’ input.” But plaintiff must deal with the
inconvenience of defendant’s enactments, with plaintiff choosing to either veto the enacted
ordinance or following it.6 Or, to put it more succinctly, the executive, be it governor or county

5
  Indeed, plaintiff’s position is not consistent with being respectful of the separation of powers.
Plaintiff’s approach-- declaring a provision of a properly enacted ordinance to be a violation of the
charter and, therefore, he may ignore it--invades the authority of the judicial branch. Just as
plaintiff must guard the authority vested in the executive, we must guard the authority vested in
the judiciary. And, under the separation of powers principle, it is the judiciary that is empowered
to ultimately determine whether a legislative enactment exceeds the legislative branch’s authority
to enact.
6
 I take note that, according to the minutes of the November 9, 2017 Board of Commissioners
meeting posted on the county’s website, Ordinance 2017-04 passed unanimously, 12-0.
Presumably, had plaintiff vetoed the ordinance, that veto would have been overridden. See Charter
§4.4(f) (a veto may be overridden by a 2/3 vote of the commissioners).

                                                -4-
executive, has an obligation to veto a bill that the executive believes violates the constitution, or
in this case the county charter.

        I would also note that allowing plaintiff to simply ignore or acquiesce to portions of an
ordinance that the Executive chooses not to veto would effectively create a line-item veto where
none is authorized under the charter. That is, as plaintiff acknowledges, his line-item veto authority
only extends to appropriations; otherwise, the entire ordinance must be vetoed. But by allowing
plaintiff to simply ignore that portion of an ordinance that he disfavors effectively creates a line-
item veto, contrary to the express provisions of the county charter, over that disfavored provision.
Plaintiff’s argument is internally inconsistent—while arguing that he explicitly lacks the authority
to exercise a line-item veto over a substantive provision in an ordinance, he is essentially arguing
that he has the implicit authority to do so by simply ignoring provisions within an ordinance that
he disagrees with and presumably would have exercised a line-item veto over had he possessed
that authority.

        Furthermore, the conclusion that plaintiff must comply with the ordinance because he is
not permitted to ignore it would be the same even if I were to agree with plaintiff’s basic argument
that the county charter gives the Executive the authority to control access to the financial software.
To summarize plaintiff’s argument, the charter gives the Executive control “over all County
departments except for departments headed by Countywide Elected Officials other than the
Executive, facilities, operations, and services except as otherwise provided by this Charter or law.”
Charter, §3.5(a). And, control over the operations and services of the finance and IT departments
gives plaintiff control over access to the software used by those departments (i.e., the finance
software). But, even if the charter gives plaintiff control over who has access to the software, it
necessarily follows that plaintiff gave access to the defendant when plaintiff chose not to veto
Ordinance 2017-04.

         In sum, by leaving his veto pen in the desk drawer rather than using it, plaintiff gave his
imprimatur to the ordinance. By doing so, he committed himself to following the ordinance. Once
again, he was presented with a binary choice: (1) allow the ordinance to take effect without a veto
and comply with the ordinance, or (2) veto the ordinance.7 Ignoring the ordinance without vetoing
it is not one of the available options.

7
  Lest there be confusion, I am not suggesting that there is no scenario in which the Executive
cannot challenge an ordinance enacted by the Board. For example, this opinion should not be read
as limiting the Executive’s ability to challenge in court an ordinance enacted over the Executive’s
veto (and the veto is overridden) where the Executive believes that the ordinance improperly
invades the authority granted to the Executive under the charter. This scenario would not present
a case where the veto is issued merely over a disagreement in the wisdom of a particular policy.
Nor is it a case where the Executive acquiesced to the ordinance by failing to veto it. Rather, it
presents a true case where the Executive is aggrieved by the actions of the Board, attempted to
stop the ordinance by issuing a veto, and must now turn to the courts to preserve the Executive’s
authority under the county charter.

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        For these reasons, I conclude that defendant was entitled to both declaratory relief and
mandamus. See Macomb Co Prosecutor, 341 Mich App at 315-316, 318. As for declaratory relief,
for the reasons discussed, plaintiff is bound by the ordinance that he failed to veto.8 It is therefore
binding and enforceable against plaintiff. As for mandamus, the ordinance establishes defendant’s
right to being provided access to the software and plaintiff’s duty to provide that access.9 And,
while the general question whether a particular person should be granted access is discretionary in
nature, because the ordinance specifically compels that access be granted, that act has become
ministerial rather than discretionary. And there is no other remedy than compliance with the
ordinance.

         In short, this case is less about the substance of the ordinance and the county charter and
more about process. Specifically, this case raises important issues regarding the process the
Executive should pursue to both respect the principle of the separation of powers and protect the
authority vested in his office. The process is not to “sign and not enforce” as Professor Rappaport
would describe it. Rather, it is to exercise the executive’s veto power and, if that veto is overridden,
to turn to the courts for a determination whether the legislative branch crossed the line and invaded
the jurisdiction of the executive.

       For these reasons, I conclude that the trial court erred in failing to grant defendant’s
requested relief. I would reverse.

                                                               /s/ Kathleen A. Feeney

8
  And to be clear, I am not concluding that defendant had the authority to enact that provision over
plaintiff’s veto. I do not address that ultimate question. Rather, I conclude that the ordinance is
enforceable because plaintiff did not exercise his veto authority and cannot now complain that it
invades the power of the executive; at a minimum, the Executive granted access to the software
by failing to exercise his veto authority. Had plaintiff exercised his veto power and defendant then
overrode that veto, and plaintiff then turned to the courts to protect what he perceived was the
power of the executive branch, that may have called for a different result.
9
 Macomb Co Prosecutor, 341 Mich App at 316, citing Berry v Garrett, 316 Mich App 37, 41;
890 NW2d 882 (2016).

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