Court Opinion

ID: 8899738
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-27 00:52:34.947901+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:07:45.219640
License: Public Domain

OPINION OF THE COURT
WEIS, Circuit Judge.
A rape victim’s statement that her assailant wore a blue knit cap was countered by the accused’s testimony that he never wore hats. The ease with which a person may don a cap led the state trial judge to disparage that phase of the defense in terms which the federal district court thought so prejudicial as to require habeas corpus relief, After our own review of the complete trial record, we disagree with the district court and vacate its order.
Petitioner was convicted in the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas of a savage rape which occurred after dark on the evening of March 8, 1969. The details of the occurrence were not seriously disputed and the critical issue in the case was one of identification.1
At the trial, the victim testified that she had been walking along the sidewalk of a lighted street when the defendant and his companion, walking in the opposite direction, touched her as they passed. She turned, looked back over her shoulder at them, and continued on her way. Several moments later, the two men approached from behind and seized her. They then dragged her into a dark alley and later onto a nearby porch where they repeatedly raped her. During the course of the events, she was able to see their faces and, at a later date, she positively identified the defend*404ant. She also noted that he had worn a dark blue knit hat.
.As the attack continued, a passerby named Carroll came upon the scene. He scuffled with the defendant who fell over the porch railing and onto the ground, a distance of about five feet, as photographs of the scene show. Carroll then heard the defendant cry that his leg was broken. Although at the trial he was able to describe the assailant as being similar in height, weight, complexion and age to the defendant, Carroll could not be certain in his identification during the courtroom confrontation. He too recalled that the assailant had worn a blue knit cap.
On March 21, 1969, two weeks after the rape, the police arrested the defendant at his home. The officers at trial testified that, at the time of the arrest, defendant was limping and one ankle was swollen so severely that he could not lace the shoe on that foot. A photograph taken on the night of the arrest confirms this fact. One of the officers asked defendant about the condition of his leg and he replied that he did not know how he had received his injury because he had been drunk at the time.
The defendant testified that he did not know which pair of shoes he had worn on the night of his arrest and denied either having injured his foot or having had any conversation with the police about it. In addition, defendant, his wife and his mother each testified briefly that he did not wear hats. In response to a question defendant said that he “never wore a hat, never in my life.”
During the course of his lengthy instructions to the jury, the trial judge said:
“Now, members of the jury, there was testimony that the defendant never wears a hat, or may, or may never wear a hat except when he is going out to rob a bank, or never wears a hat unless he is going ice skating, or never wears a hat unless he is going out to commit some crime, or whatever. So what significance that has, I don’t know.. You must say.” 2
At the conclusion of the charge, the court invited counsel to submit requests for additions or corrections, but the defense lawyer submitted neither exceptions nor requests for modification.3
After the jury returned its verdict of guilty, counsel for defendant filed motions for a new trial and in arrest of judgment on the ground that the verdict was against the evidence and the law, but no complaint about the charge was registered. When arguments on the motions were scheduled, the defendant requested permission to personally review the trial notes and the court granted a continuance of three weeks for that purpose. At the rescheduled hearing, counsel for defendant said, “I went over the notes again. I still cannot find any reason to argue the motion for a new trial.”
The defendant addressed the court, stating that he had gone through the notes, *405along with a few of his friends at the prison who were acquainted with the law, and he still wondered why he had been picked out. On this point, the Assistant District Attorney revealed that defendant had been implicated in the rape by his companion who was in custody of the police on another matter. Once again, after having ample opportunity, neither the defendant nor his lawyer commented about the court’s instructions to the jury.
After the imposition of sentence, an appeal was taken to the Pennsylvania Superi- or Court. A different member of the Public Defender’s staff examined the record, prepared the brief, and assigned as error the challenged comments to the jury. The Superior Court affirmed the conviction without an opinion, and the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania denied allocatur.
Defendant then filed his habeas corpus petition in the district court, alleging prejudicial comments in the trial court’s instructions to the jury. The district court appointed counsel and held a hearing at which time the parties stipulated that the defendant had not participated in his lawyer’s decision not to except to the charge. The court found that there had been no waiver or bypass of state remedies, and that the remarks of the trial judge during the charge were so prejudicial as to deny the defendant a fair trial. Accordingly, the writ was granted.
It is a cardinal rule that a charge must be viewed as a whole. A single questionable comment ripped from its context may not, alone, be accepted as reversible error. The impact of the charge on the jury must be considered within the framework of the entire trial in determining whether an instruction is so prejudicial as to violate due process. Petitioner challenges but one of the many instructions but glosses over the fact that the trial included other important components as well. In weighing the possible prejudicial effect of a single statement by a trial judge, the reviewing court must examine the complete trial without overlooking equally important matters such as the testimony of witnesses, the introduction of exhibits, and the arguments of counsel. In considering a challenge to a trial judge’s charge in a habeas corpus setting, the Supreme Court phrased the test to be “whether the ailing instruction by itself so infected the entire trial that the resulting conviction violates due process.” Cupp v. Naughten, 414 U.S. 141, 147, 94 S.Ct. 396, 400, 38 L.Ed.2d 368 (1973).
We agree with the district judge that the challenged comment was improper. Indeed, it would furnish strong argument for reversal were this a trial in a federal court in our circuit. But our function in a habeas corpus proceeding arising out of a state criminal trial is limited:
“Before a federal court may overturn a conviction resulting from a state trial in which this instruction was used, it must be established not merely that the instruction is undesirable, erroneous, or even ‘universally condemned,’ but that it violated some right which was guaranteed to the defendant by the Fourteenth Amendment.” Cupp v. Naughten, 414 U.S. at 146, 94 S.Ct. at 400.
Donnelly v. DeChristoforo, 416 U.S. 637, 647, 94 S.Ct. 1868, 1873, 40 L.Ed.2d 431 (1974), although factually distinguishable, describes the role of a reviewing court in passing upon allegations of improper prosecutorial argument:
“[A] court should not lightly infer that a prosecutor intends an ambiguous remark to have its most damaging meaning or that a jury, sitting through lengthy exhortation, will draw that meaning from the plethora of less damaging interpretations.”
It is apparent that the remarks of the trial judge were an unfortunate attempt at humor, reflecting the view that the defendant’s alleged practice of not wearing a hat was entitled to little weight in the circumstances of the case. Nevertheless, the jury was told straightforwardly that they were to determine the facts and do so in a calm and dispassionate manner. The fact that neither the defendant nor his lawyer made an objection at the trial or at *406the argument for a new trial is a strong indication that the comment had little, if any, impact on those in the courtroom.
The district judge also cited two other instances of what he considered the trial judge’s unfair characterization of Carroll’s testimony and of the defendant’s account of a conversation with the victim some time after the crime. In our view those statements of the trial judge were neither misleading nor unfair. In the charge he appropriately cautioned the jury on identification testimony and before beginning his review of the evidence, repeated his admonition that, if there was a conflict between his recollection and that of the jurors, theirs would control. There was no misstatement of a constitutional principle, see Mullaney v. Wilbur, 421 U.S. 684, 95 S.Ct. 1881, 44 L.Ed.2d 508 (1975); Cool v. United States, 409 U.S. 100, 93 S.Ct. 354, 34 L.Ed.2d 335 (1972), and when read as a whole, the charge fairly presented the issues to the jury.
We have painstakingly reviewed the entire trial transcript with a particular recognition of the hazard of error in identification by eyewitnesses under conditions of stress. We cannot accept the district court’s view that the challenged comment of the judge so permeated the trial process as to render the proceeding constitutionally unfair to the defendant. The Commonwealth’s case was a strong one. It is implausible that the questionable remark of the trial judge affected the outcome.
Having concluded that the comment did not constitute a due process violation, we need not reach the district court’s determination that there was no bypass or waiver by failure to object or request an ameliorating instruction following the charge.4
The order of the district court will be vacated.

. The defense was conducted by a member of the Philadelphia Public Defender’s office.

. Following these comments, the judge continued:
“Members of the jury, it is for you to say, and for you alone to say. You must do it intelligently. What are the facts? What happened? Just what are the facts, no more than that.
“It is not for you to pity. It is not for you to be sorry for [the victim] or the defendant, or to wish that it didn’t happen, or to suppose that if it did, there was a reason for it.
“Good, bad, blessed, or cursed, it is not for you to say. You are not to say to yourself: 'What will the penalties be?’ That is not your duty to be sorry, to pity, to hate, to revenge, to love, whatever.
“Just what are the

. The record indicates me following tooK place:
“THE COURT: I[t] cannot be but that there is something that I did not say, that I should have, or I should not have said that I did. If you will excuse us for a moment [to the jury], please, I will consult with counsel upon that question.
(Discussion in chambers as follows.)
“THE COURT: Anything else, gentlemen?
“[PROSECUTOR]: No, sir.
“[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: No, sir.
(Conclusion of discussion in chambers.)
(Open court.)
here being nothing further, the jurors may retire.”

. In its opinion, the district court relied upon the waiver standard set out in Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 58 S.Ct. 1019, 82 L.Ed. 1461 (1938), and Fay v. Noia, 372 U.S. 391, 83 S.Ct. 822, 9 L.Ed.2d 837 (1963). Those precedents were substantially limited by Estelie v. Williams, - U.S. -, 96 S.Ct. 1691, 48 L.Ed.2d 126 (1976), decided while this appeal was pending. The picture here is clouded by the former Pennsylvania practice of permitting appellate review of “basic and fundamental” error in a charge to which objection need not be made, see Commonwealth v. Williams, 432 Pa. 557, 248 A.2d 301 (1968). That doctrine was abrogated after petitioner’s case had been decided by the Pennsylvania courts. See Commonwealth v. Clair, 458 Pa. 418, 326 A.2d 272 (1974). See also Henry v. Mississippi, 379 U.S. 443, 85 S.Ct. 564, 13 L.Ed.2d 408 (1965); United States ex rel. Green v. Rundle, 452 F.2d 232, 237 (3d Cir. 1971); Gibbons, Waiver: The Quest for Functional Limitations on Habeas Corpus Jurisdiction, 2 Seton Hall L.Rev. 291 (1971).