Court Opinion

ID: 9889280
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-10-08 07:10:45.903367+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:37:54.877897
License: Public Domain

Affirmed in Part and Reversed and Remanded in Part and Memorandum
Opinion filed October 5, 2023.

                                   In The

                   Fourteenth Court of Appeals

                            NO. 14-21-00636-CV

      KOMERICA POST, LLC AND DONGWOOK YANG, Appellants
                                     V.

           JAI SUNG BYUN AND AESUK KIM BYUN, Appellees

                  On Appeal from the 295th District Court
                          Harris County, Texas
                    Trial Court Cause No. 2016-12612

                        MEMORANDUM OPINION

      Appellees Jai Sung Byun and Aesuk Kim Byun (together, the “Byuns”) sued
Appellants Komerica Post, LLC and Dongwook Yang (together, “Komerica”) for
defamation. Following a jury trial, the trial court signed a final judgment in
accordance with the jury’s verdict in favor of the Byuns. Komerica appeals the
judgment raising numerous issues on appeal. We affirm in part and reverse and
remand in part.
                                   BACKGROUND

       Komerica Post, LLC is a Korean language newspaper and Yang is its
managing editor/editor-in-chief.    After Komerica published articles containing
statements regarding Jai Sung Byun’s (“Jai”) education and criminal history and
that his wife Aesuk Jai Sung Byun (“Aesuk”) had several children out of wedlock,
Jai sued Komerica for defamation in February 2016. On May 2, 2016, Komerica
filed its original answer and a motion to dismiss the defamation claim pursuant to
the Texas Citizens Participation Act (the “TCPA”). See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.
Code Ann. §§ 27.001-27.011. On May 13, 2016, Jai filed an amended petition to
add an allegation of defamation based on statements Komerica published regarding
adultery; Jai also filed his response to Komerica’s motion to dismiss.

      In June 2016, the trial court granted in part Komerica’s motion to dismiss
the defamation claim to the extent the claim was based on Komerica’s statements
regarding Jai’s criminal history and education and that Aesuk had children out of
wedlock. The trial court specifically stated that its ruling did not address Jai’s
defamation claim premised on Komerica’s statement that he committed adultery.
In July 2016, Komerica filed its Second Motion to Dismiss asserting it did not
publish a statement that Jai committed adultery.

      In September 2016, Jai filed a second amended petition adding a defamation
claim on behalf of Aesuk based on the statement published by Komerica that it
appears Aesuk had children out of wedlock. In response and almost two years
later, Komerica filed a first amended answer in June 2018. In the meantime, the
trial court denied Komerica’s Second Motion to Dismiss on October 4, 2016. The
motion addressed only Jai’s defamation claim premised on Komerica’s statements
that he committed adultery. Komerica never filed a motion to dismiss Aesuk’s
defamation claim based on Komerica’s statement that Aesuk had children out of

                                         2
wedlock.

      In December 2016, Komerica’s counsel Kristopher Ahn withdrew as counsel
but intervened in the case in February 2017 seeking to recover attorney’s fees from
Komerica for his representation. The trial court denied Intervenor’s Motion for
Attorney’s Fees in March 2019. Komerica was represented by new counsel after
Ahn’s withdrawal.       On June 7, 2019, Ahn filed a designation of attorney,
informing the court that he again is representing Komerica in the case.

      Shortly before trial was scheduled to commence, Komerica filed numerous
pleas including a (1) “Plea in Bar” as to Aesuk’s claim asserting, among other
things, that she did not properly serve Komerica with process; (2) special
appearance and plea to the jurisdiction asserting that, because Aesuk did not
properly serve Komerica with process, the trial court lacked jurisdiction over
Komerica with respect to her claim; (3) “First Amended Plea in Bar”; (4) “Second
Amended Plea in Bar”; (5) “First Supplemental Plea in Bar”; (6) verification in
support of its special appearance; and (7) second “First Supplemental Plea in Bar”.
Komerica also filed a trial brief on res judicata, arguing the Byuns’ claims were
barred by the trial court’s earlier rulings.

      In response, the Byuns moved for sanctions against Komerica.             On
September 27, 2019, the trial court first held a hearing, among other things, on
Komerica’s pleas and the Byuns’ sanctions motion. The trial court signed two
orders with respect to Komerica’s pleas. In one order, the trial court stated that
Komerica’s special appearance was “a motion complaining of lack of service”;
concluding this argument was waived because Komerica made a general
appearance in the case, the trial court denied Komerica’s special appearance. In
the “Order on [Komerica’s] Pleas in Bar, Plea to the Jurisdiction, Alleged Special
Appearance and Request for Sanctions,” it (1) denied Komerica’s requested relief

                                               3
and concluded that Komerica’s “numerous pleas were filed for purposes of delay
and harassment”; and (2) assessed against Komerica and its attorney $1,500 in
sanctions.1

       The jury trial proceeded over the next few days. After hearing the evidence
presented at trial (including testimony from the Byuns and Yang), the jury returned
a verdict in favor of the Byuns on October 3, 2019. The jury found that Komerica
published defamatory statements relating to the Byuns and awarded them damages.

       On August 2, 2021, Komerica filed a motion for judgment notwithstanding
the verdict. That same day, the trial court signed a final judgment in accordance
with the jury’s verdict.2 In the judgment, the trial court also incorporated its prior
sanctions award and ordered Komerica to pay the Byuns “$1,500.00 as sanctions
and $950.00 in reasonable and necessary attorneys’ fees, resulting from this
Court’s Order on Defendants’ Pleas in Bar, Plea to the Jurisdiction, Alleged
Special Appearance and Request for Sanctions, signed on October 2, 2019.”

       On September 1, 2021, Komerica filed a motion for new trial to which the
Byuns filed a response. Komerica filed a second motion for new trial on October
11, 2021. The trial court denied the motion for new trial. Komerica filed a timely
notice of appeal.

       1
          Komerica filed an interlocutory appeal pursuant to section 51.014 of the Texas Civil
Practice and Remedies Code. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 51.014. This court
issued its opinion on May 6, 2021, in which we (1) dismissed for lack of jurisdiction Komerica’s
interlocutory appeal with respect to the trial court’s (a) “refusal to rule” on Komerica’s no-
evidence summary judgment motion, and (b) order assessing sanctions against Komerica and its
attorney; and (2) affirmed the trial court’s denial of Komerica’s special appearance. Komerica
Post, LLC v. Byun, No. 14-19-00764-CV, 2021 WL 1804512, at *2-3 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] May 6, 2021, no pet.) (mem. op.).
       2
         The trial proceedings had been stayed during the pendency of the interlocutory appeal in
this court.

                                               4
                                    ANALYSIS

      On appeal, Komerica presents the following six issues:

      1.    Whether Mrs. Byun’s claims are barred by one-year statute of
            limitation.
      2.    The jury verdict and final judgment are supported by
            insufficient evidence.
      3.    Whether Mr. And Mrs. Byun’s actions constitute a strategic
            lawsuit against public participation.
      4.    Whether “malice” is a required finding by the jury verdict.
      5.    Whether the trial court erred in awarding sanctions against
            Defendants for filing pleas and motions.
      6.    Whether the trial court should award attorney’s fees under
            TCPA.
We address each issue in turn.

I.    Statute of Limitations

      In its first issue, Komerica argues that Aesuk’s defamation claim is barred
by the one-year statute of limitations for defamation claims and should have been
dismissed because Aesuk failed to “request a citation to be issued and have it
served with a copy of the original petition on each of the Defendants to complete
the service of process” within one year of when Komerica published the alleged
defamatory statements. According to Komerica, Aesuk should have served a new
citation on Komerica no later than December 30, 2016, because the Byuns’ second
amended petition asserted that Komerica made the alleged defamatory statements
about Aesuk on that date. We disagree because Aesuk was not required to procure
citation and service when Komerica had appeared and filed an answer in the suit.

      This court has long recognized the rule in this state that a defendant who has
been served but has not answered must be notified of every amendment which sets
up a new cause of action or requires a more onerous judgment of him. Arce v.
                                         5
Burrow, 958 S.W.2d 239, 257 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1997), rev’d in
part on other grounds, 997 S.W.2d 229 (Tex. 1999). Additionally, we recognized
that if a defendant has pleaded to the action or otherwise entered an appearance,
“he is before the court for all purposes and is charged with notice of all
amendments thereafter filed, and new citation is not necessary.” Id.

      We stated that “even as long ago as 1883, Texas courts have held that a
defendant who is in court by reason of having filed an answer is not entitled to
service of new process after an amendment of the plaintiff’s petition even if the
amendment brings new parties into the case.” Id. We specifically found that if the
plaintiff amends his original petition to add the name of an additional plaintiff, it
does not constitute a new cause of action requiring additional service of process.
Id. at 257-58.

      We also note that the supreme court concluded that when a defendant
already appeared, an intervenor was not required to serve the defendant with
citation and, thus, the date on which the statute of limitations ceased to run was the
date the intervention was filed. See Baker v. Monsanto Co., 111 S.W.3d 158, 159-
60 (Tex. 2003) (per curiam).

      In this case, Komerica answered the original petition and, thus, was bound to
take notice of the pleading that added Aesuk as an additional plaintiff in September
2016. See Arce, 958 S.W.2d at 258. Aesuk was not required to procure citation
and service when Komerica had appeared and filed an answer in the suit. See id. at
257-58; see also Baker, 111 S.W.3d at 159-60. Further, the amended petition
adding Aesuk as a plaintiff in September 2016 was filed within one year of when
the defamatory statements were alleged to have been published in December 2015.
The statute of limitation had not run at the time Aesuk was added as plaintiff.
Accordingly, we overrule Komerica’s first issue.

                                          6
II.   Sufficiency of the Evidence

      In its second issue, Komerica contends the evidence is legally insufficient to
support the jury’s “yes” answers to Jury Question 1 because the defamatory
statement alleging Jai committed adultery was not published in an article on
December 30, 2015. Question 1 states as follows:

      Question 1
      Did Defendants publish the following on or about December 30,
      2015:
             “In addition, there are reports that when President Byun
             announced his candidacy for the President of KAAH, a woman
             came to the news media claiming that he was not fit to be the
             president of KAAH, disclosing her relationship with him in
             detail.”
      “Publish: means intentionally or negligently to communicate the
      matter to a person other than Jai Sung Byun who is capable of
      understanding its meaning.[”]
             Answer “Yes” or “No”
             Dongwook Yang                          ANSWER: Yes
             Komerica Post LLC                      ANSWER: Yes

Komerica contends because the defamatory statement was not published on
December 30, 2015, but was published in the newspaper on May 7, 2015, the
evidence is insufficient to support the jury’s “yes” answers.

      In conducting a legal sufficiency review, we must consider the evidence in
the light most favorable to the appealed judgment and indulge every reasonable
inference that supports it. City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 822 (Tex.
2005); Dessens v. Argeroplos, 658 S.W.3d 438, 445 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 2022, no pet.).    The evidence is legally sufficient if it would enable
reasonable and fair-minded people to reach the decision under review. City of
Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 827; Dessens, 658 S.W.3d at 445. This court must credit
                                          7
favorable evidence, if a reasonable trier of fact could, and disregard contrary
evidence unless a reasonable trier of fact could not. City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at
827; Dessens, 658 S.W.3d at 445. The trier of fact is the sole judge of the
witnesses’ credibility and the weight to be given their testimony. City of Keller,
168 S.W.3d at 819; Dessens, 658 S.W.3d at 445.

      This court may sustain a legal sufficiency challenge only if the record
reveals one of the following: (1) the complete absence of a vital fact; (2) the court
is barred by rules of law or of evidence from giving weight to the only evidence
offered to prove a vital fact; (3) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no
more than a scintilla; or (4) the evidence established conclusively the opposite of
the vital fact. City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 810; Dessens, 658 S.W.3d at 445-46.
When the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is so weak as to do no more than
create a mere surmise or suspicion of its existence, the evidence is less than a
scintilla and, in legal effect, is no evidence. See Ford Motor Co. v. Ridgway, 135
S.W.3d 598, 601 (Tex. 2004); Dessens, 658 S.W.3d at 446.

      The elements of a defamation claim are (1) the publication of a false
statement of fact to a third party, (2) that was defamatory concerning the plaintiff,
(3) with the requisite degree of fault, and (4) damages, in some cases. In re Lipsky,
460 S.W.3d 579, 593 (Tex. 2015) (orig. proceeding); Steinhaus v. Beachside Env’t,
LLC, 590 S.W.3d 672, 676-77 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2019, pet.
denied).

      The date of publication of a defamatory statement is not an element of the
cause of action. The date might have been material if statute of limitations had
been an issue with regard to Jai’s defamation claim, but it was not. Thus, the
December date is an irrelevant term in the jury question. Question 1 asked the jury
to determine the publication element, i.e., to determine whether Komerica

                                         8
published the alleged defamatory statement.        Because there is no statute of
limitations issue with regard to Jai’s defamation claim, the “on or about December
30, 2017” language is unimportant to the jury’s finding of the element of
publication in Question 1. Therefore, any lack of evidence that the publication did
not occur on or about December 30, 2015 does not render the evidence insufficient
to support the jury’s finding of publication in Question 1.

       Additionally, Jai testified at trial that Komerica published the statement in
Question 1 on April 30, 2015. Komerica then published a “correction” on May 7,
2015, but only with regard to the time when the alleged relationship with the
woman occurred; there was no retraction of the statement that Jai had the
relationship with the woman. Jai confirmed that Komerica “published a correction
to say the story about the woman who said she had had an improper relationship
with [Jai] didn’t happen when [he] w[as] candidate for president, it happened two
or three years ago.” Jai also testified that Komerica published a substantially
similar statement as the one contained in Question 1 on December 17, 2015. In
that article, Komerica stated that the woman disclosed her relationship with Jai in
detail and claimed that “because of the relationship, Mr. Byun should not be the
head of organization.”

       Because (1) the evidence shows Komerica published a substantially similar
defamatory statement on December 17, 2015, and (2) that is a date close to “on or
about December 30, 2015”, there is sufficient evidence to support the jury’s “yes”
answers. Accordingly, we overrule Komerica’s second issue.

III.   Motion to Dismiss

       In its third issue, Komerica asserts the trial court erroneously denied its
second motion to dismiss pursuant to the TCPA because (1) the statements
Komerica published are not defamatory; (2) Komerica exercised ordinary care in
                                          9
publishing the complained-of statements; (3) Jai failed to prove that the
complained-of statements were false; and (4) Komerica is shielded by a
proceedings privilege.

      The TCPA protects citizens from retaliatory lawsuits that aim to hinder the
exercise of First Amendment freedoms. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §
27.002; In re Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d at 586. To further this end, the TCPA establishes
a mechanism for the dismissal of legal actions that impede a party’s exercise of the
right of free speech, the right to petition, or the right of association. See Tex. Civ.
Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.002; Creative Oil & Gas, LLC v. Lona Hills Ranch,
LLC, 591 S.W.3d 127, 131-32 (Tex. 2019).

      The TCPA prescribes a three-step process.          First, the burden is on the
movant to show by a preponderance of the evidence that the challenged claim “is
based on, relates to, or is in response to the [movant’s] exercise of: (1) the right of
free speech; (2) the right to petition; or (3) the right of association.” Tex. Civ.
Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.005(b). If the movant meets this burden, the
claimant may avoid dismissal by establishing “by clear and specific evidence a
prima facie case for each essential element of the claim in question.” See id. §
27.005(c). But even if this showing is made, the court nonetheless must dismiss a
legal action if the movant establishes an affirmative defense that entitles it to
judgment as a matter of law. See id. § 27.005(d). The trial court’s application of
this process is subject to a de novo review. Hart v. Manriquez Holdings, LLC, 661
S.W.3d 432, 437 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2023, no pet.).

      A.     Defamatory Statements

      Komerica contends that Aesuk erroneously interpreted the published
statement “[i]t appears that Byun has no dependent family members while his wife
Mrs. Byun has 3-4 children, which seems strange” to be defamatory because the
                                          10
plain reading of the statement does not accuse Aesuk of adultery. Komerica claims
the statement is not reasonably capable of a defamatory meaning and was not
directed at her.

      However, Komerica’s second motion to dismiss, filed in July 2016, did not
address the above statement which the Byuns alleged in September 2016 in their
second amended petition was defamatory. The second motion to dismiss only
asked the trial court to dismiss Jai’s defamation claim because he pleaded that
Komerica falsely reported he committed adultery when “[n]o such allegation was
published.” Komerica did not file a motion to dismiss Aesuk’s defamation claim.
Because Komerica never moved to dismiss Aesuk’s defamation claim with regard
to the above statement, Komerica cannot now complain that the trial court
committed error denying the second motion to dismiss. See Tex. R. App. P.
33.1(a) (to preserve a complaint for appellate review, there must be a timely
request, objection, or motion with sufficient specificity to make a trial court aware
of the complaint); Scott v. Scott, No. 14-21-00077-CV, 2022 WL 4553336, at *12
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Sept. 29, 2022, no pet.) (mem. op.). Komerica’s
complaint is without merit.

      Although it is unclear why, Komerica also mentions statements it published
regarding Jai’s criminal history and education and that Aesuk had children out of
wedlock. To the extent Komerica points to these statements to complain that the
trial court erred in denying its second motion to dismiss, such complaint is moot
because the trial court already granted Komerica’s first motion to dismiss Jai’s
defamation claim based on these statements.

      B.     Ordinary Care

      Komerica next argues there is insufficient evidence to support the jury’s
finding that it failed to exercise ordinary care before it “published the disputed
                                         11
article” because it sent Jai an email “giving him an opportunity to respond to the
allegations,” but he refused. Komerica seemingly conflates a sufficiency challenge
to the jury’s verdict with a challenge to the trial court’s denial of its pretrial second
motion to dismiss. Even so, Komerica waived its complaint because it failed to
properly brief it. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i). The Rules of Appellate Procedure
require that an appellant’s brief “contain a clear and concise argument for the
contentions made, with appropriate citations to authorities and to the record.” See
id.   Komerica has provided neither citations to the record nor appropriate
authorities to support its contentions.

      C.     Falsity

       Komerica also asserts that because it is a media defendant, Jai had the
burden to “prove the defamatory statements were false when the statements were
made by a media defendant over a public concern.” Komerica asserts Jai “was
unable [to] prove and did not prove that the alleged statements were false” stating,
“[i]n fact, Mr. Byun has failed to provide any evidence to show that the alleged
defamatory statement appeared in the December 31, 2015, article. As such, the
verdict and the judgment is not supported by evidence.”

      Although Komerica states that its third issue constitutes a challenge of the
trial court’s denial of the second motion to dismiss, its argument regarding falsity
seems to actually be a legal sufficiency challenge of the jury’s verdict. In any
event, Komerica’s complaint is unavailing.

      First, we note that Komerica does not specify which “alleged statements” Jai
was unable to prove were false. However, since Komerica in its third issue only
mentions the published statements relating to Jai’s criminal history and education
and that Aesuk had children out of wedlock, we assume those are the “alleged
statements” Komerica asserts Jai failed to prove were false. Yet, the trial court
                                           12
already dismissed Jai’s defamation claim with respect to these statements and any
sufficiency argument relating to these statements is irrelevant because Komerica
already received the relief it requested.

      Second, to the extent Komerica is referring to the statement that Jai
committed adultery, Jai testified that he never committed adultery. Thus, there is
legally sufficient evidence from which the jury could have concluded that Jai
proved the statement he committed adultery is false. See City of Keller, 168
S.W.3d at 819, 822 (in conducting a legal sufficiency review, we must consider the
evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and the trier of fact is the sole
judge of the witnesses’ credibility and the weight to be given their testimony).

      Third, with regard to Komerica’s assertion that Jai “did not prove that the
alleged statements were false” because he “failed to provide any evidence to show
that the alleged defamatory statement appeared in the December 31, 2015, article”,
we already rejected that assertion in issue two.

      D.     Proceedings Privilege

      Komerica further claims the trial court should have granted its second
motion to dismiss because Komerica is shielded from liability by the public
meeting proceedings privilege.

      Texas grants a qualified privilege to media defendants publishing
defamatory statements first raised in proceedings of a public meeting, provided the
statements are “fair, true, and impartial.” See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §
73.002(a), (b)(1)(D); see also Klentzman v. Brady, 456 S.W.3d 239, 252 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014), aff’d, 515 S.W.3d 878 (Tex. 2017); Tex.
Monthly, Inc. v. Transamerican Nat. Gas Corp., 7 S.W.3d 801, 805 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, no pet.). Civil Practice and Remedies Code section

                                            13
73.002(a), (b)(1)(D) provides:

      (a) The publication by a newspaper or other periodical of a matter
      covered by this section is privileged and is not a ground for a libel
      action. This privilege does not extend to the republication of a matter
      if it is proved that the matter was republished with actual malice after
      it had ceased to be of public concern.
      (b) This section applies to:
             (1) a fair, true, and impartial account of:
                   (D) the proceedings of a public meeting dealing with a
                   public purpose, including statements and discussion at
                   the meeting or other matters of public concern occurring
                   at the meeting.
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 73.002(a), (b)(1)(D).

      Here, Komerica did not publish “an account . . . of the proceedings of a
public meeting dealing with a public purpose, including statements and discussion
at the meeting or other matters of public concern occurring at the meeting.”
Therefore, the qualified privilege in section 73.002 did not shield Komerica from
liability, and the trial court did not err in denying Komerica’s second motion to
dismiss. Accordingly, we overrule Komerica’s third issue.

IV.   Malice

      In its fourth issue, Komerica contends the jury failed to find Komerica acted
with actual malice because the jury charge did not contain a proper question on the
requisite degree of fault. Komerica contends the jury was required to find by clear
and convincing evidence that Komerica acted with actual malice when it published
the alleged defamatory statement because Jai admitted he is a public figure
requiring a jury finding of malice.

      Contrary to Komerica’s assertion, the jury charge did contain a question and
instructions on the requisite degree of fault Jai was required to prove as a public

                                          14
figure. Question 3 had substantially similar wording for the actual malice degree
of fault as provided in the Texas Pattern Jury Charge. See State Bar of Tex., Texas
Pattern Jury Charges: Business, Consumer, Insurance & Employment PJC 110.6
(2018). And by answering “yes”, the jury found that Jai proved by clear and
convincing evidence that Komerica acted with actual malice when it published the
alleged defamatory statement about him.

       Accordingly, we overrule Komerica’s fourth issue.

V.     Sanctions Award

       In its fifth issue, Komerica argues the trial court abused its discretion in
awarding sanctions pursuant to Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 13 against Komerica
for filing pleas.

       The decision to impose a sanction is left to the discretion of the trial court
and will be set aside only upon a showing of abuse of discretion.            K. Griff
Investigations, Inc. v. Cronin, 633 S.W.3d 81, 96 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 2021, no pet.). The trial court is given the broadest discretion in imposing
such sanctions and in choosing the appropriate sanctions. Clark v. Bres, 217
S.W.3d 501, 512 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, pet. denied). The test
for abuse of discretion is whether the trial court acted without reference to any
guiding rules or principles, or whether under the circumstances of the case, the trial
court’s action was arbitrary or unreasonable. Id. at 512-13; see also Cronin, 633
S.W.3d at 96.

       In deciding whether an award of sanctions constitutes an abuse of discretion,
we examine the entire record, reviewing the conflicting evidence in the light most
favorable to the trial court’s ruling and drawing all reasonable inferences in favor
of the court’s judgment. See Cronin, 633 S.W.3d at 96. We will not find an abuse

                                         15
of discretion in awarding sanctions if some evidence supports the trial court’s
decision. Roach v. Ingram, 557 S.W.3d 203, 229 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 2018, pet. denied).

      Although Komerica claims that the trial court imposed sanctions pursuant to
Rule 13, the trial court’s judgment does not reference any rule or statute pursuant
to which it imposed sanctions. In its October 2, 2019 sanctions order, the court
stated it “grants Plaintiffs’ Request for Sanctions in the amount of $1,500 against
Counsel for Defendants and Defendants jointly and severally. The Court finds that
Defendants’ numerous pleas were filed for purposes of delay and harassment.” In
its final judgment, the trial court stated:

      Prior Sanctions Awarded: The Court further orders Defendants
      Komerica Post, LLC and Dongwook Yang, jointly and severally, to
      pay to Plaintiffs Jai Sung Byun and Kim Aesuk Byun $1,500.00 as
      sanctions and $950.00 in reasonable and necessary attorneys’ fees,
      resulting from this Court’s Order on Defendants’ Pleas in Bar, Plea to
      the Jurisdiction, Alleged Special Appearance and Request for
      Sanctions, signed on October 2, 2019.
Nonetheless, Komerica solely relies on Rule 13 to challenge the court’s sanctions
award. In that regard, Komerica fails to provide appropriate citations to the record
and a clear and concise argument as required by Texas Rule of Appellate
Procedure 38.1(i) (“The brief must contain a clear and concise argument for the
contentions made, with appropriate citations to authorities and to the record.”). See
Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i). Even assuming the trial court imposed sanctions pursuant
to Rule 13 and Komerica did not waive its sanctions challenge, Komerica’s
challenge is without merit.

      To impose sanctions under Rule 13, the proponent must establish that the
challenged pleading, motion, or other paper was groundless and brought (1) in bad
faith or (2) for purposes of harassment. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 13. A pleading,

                                              16
motion, or other paper is groundless when it has no basis in law or in fact. Cronin,
633 S.W.3d at 95; see Tex. R. Civ. P. 13. “‘Groundless’ for purposes of this rule
means no basis in law or fact and not warranted by good faith argument for the
extension, modification, or reversal of existing law.” Tex. R. Civ. P. 13.

       Here, Komerica filed Defendants’ Plea in Bar on the eve of trial on
September 25, 2019, making several conclusory pronouncements that were
generally not supported by authorities.3 On that same day, Komerica filed
Defendants’ Special Appearance and subject thereto, Plea to Jurisdiction in which
it reproduced the statements it already had made in its plea in bar, only adding the
heading: “Want of In Personam Jurisdiction. Defendants claim this Honorable
Court lacks the personal jurisdiction to determine the controversy related to
Plaintiff Ae Suk Byun, because said Plaintiff has failed to serve the Defendant with
process.” On September 26, 2019, Komerica filed a First Amended Plea in Bar,
which was identical to its Plea in Bar except that it added: “Res Judicata. The
second statement alleged by the Plaintiff to be defamatory was dismissed by this
Court by its order on June 21, 2016. As such, Plaintiffs may not claim damages on
a claim that was previously dismissed.”

       3
          In the Defendants’ Plea in Bar, (1) under the “Special Appearance” heading, Komerica
stated that “Komerica . . . has entered [a] special appearance to file this Plea in Bar as to Ae Suk
Byun’s claims”; (2) under the “Absence of Evidence” heading, Komerica stated there is no
evidence that the alleged defamatory statements were published on December 30, 2015; (3)
under the “Statute of Limitations” heading, Komerica stated that “[i]n the event that Paragraph 9
of the second Plaintiffs First Amended Original Petition that was filed refers to a previously
published article, Plaintiffs claims are subject to one year statute of limitation”; (4) under the
“No Service of Process” heading, Komerica stated that when Aesuk was added to the suit, “she
requested no citation and none were issued. No process was served upon any Defendant and
statute of limitation has now tolled”; (5) under the “Due Process” heading, Komerica stated that
“[a]s a matter of due process, before a court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a defendant,
the procedural requirement of service of summons must be satisfied”; and (6) under the “No
Waiver” heading, Komerica stated that “[n]one of the Defendants’ pleadings have accepted or
otherwise waived service of process as to Plaintiff Ae Suk Byun.”

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      The morning of trial on September 27, 2019, Komerica filed a Second
Amended Plea in Bar, which was identical to its First Amended Plea in Bar except
that it deleted the statements regarding res judicata. Before commencing trial that
day, the court heard the Byuns’ sanctions motion, and the parties presented their
respective arguments. Later in the day, Komerica filed a First Supplemental Plea
in Bar, in which it for the first time claimed that (1) Aesuk “had to ‘bring suit’
within one year limitations period” which “requires the plaintiff to not only file suit
within the applicable limitations period, but must also use diligence to have the
defendant served with process”; and (2) because Aesuk “never requested that a
citation be issued,” her claim is barred by the statute of limitations. None of the
authorities Komerica cited supported its assertion.        On September 30, 2019,
Komerica filed a trial brief on res judicata. It also filed another First Supplemental
Plea in Bar, which was identical to the one it had filed earlier.

      In its appellate brief, Komerica states “[t]he pleas were filed because Ae Suk
Byun never properly served Defendants with process and, if the service of process
was deemed waived, the statute of limitation warranted the cause to be dismissed.”
This statement appears to be Komerica’s argument that the numerous pleas it filed
were not groundless and filed for the purpose of harassment and the trial court,
therefore, should not have awarded sanctions against Komerica.

      However, Komerica did not argue until its first supplemental plea in bar
after it already had filed three pleas in bar and a plea to the jurisdiction that
Aesuk’s defamation claim is barred by a one-year statute of limitations because she
did not serve a new citation on Komerica. Further, Komerica does not explain why
it did not make this argument in any of its earlier pleas. Additionally, Komerica
does not explain how its supplemental plea was based in law or fact as required by
Rule 13 when it cited no applicable authority in support of its contentions therein.

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      Moreover, Komerica does not articulate in its brief how the several other
pleas it filed (and the arguments therein) were based in law or fact and not made
for purposes of harassment. Komerica does not address, let alone demonstrate that
the numerous contentions in its other filed pleas were not groundless when it cited
no applicable authority to support them. Nor does Komerica demonstrate that the
six pleas it filed one after another in a matter of days shortly before trial was to
commence were not filed for purposes of harassment. Komerica provides no
reason for why it could not have presented the arguments contained in its six pleas
earlier, like for example at the time it filed its summary judgment motion in June
2019, but waited until the eve of trial.

      After examining the record in the light most favorable to the trial court’s
ruling, we cannot conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in awarding
sanctions against Komerica. Accordingly, we overrule Komerica’s fifth issue.

VI.   Attorney’s Fees

      In its sixth issue, Komerica complains the trial court erroneously denied it an
attorney’s fees award because the TCPA mandates the court to award attorney’s
fees to the moving party when granting the moving party’s motion to dismiss.

      If a court orders dismissal of an action under the TCPA, it must award to the
movant court costs and reasonable attorney’s fees incurred in defending against the
legal action. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.009(a)(1); Sanchez v.
Striever, 614 S.W.3d 233, 247-48 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2020, no pet.).
Because the trial court granted Komerica’s first motion to dismiss the defamation
claim based on Komerica’s statements regarding Jai’s criminal history and
education and that Aesuk had children out of wedlock, the court was required to
award Komerica attorney’s fees.        See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §
27.009(a)(1); Sanchez, 614 S.W.3d at 247-48.
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         Komerica claims “the trial court denied the award of attorney’s fees without
giving any reason for the denial.”        The trial court signed a final judgment
“adjudicating all claims of all parties” and, thus, denied Komerica reasonable
attorney’s fees it was entitled to under section 27.009(a)(1) for defending against
the defamation claim that was dismissed pursuant to the TCPA. Because the trial
court failed to award Komerica the mandated attorney’s fees, we sustain its sixth
issue.

                                     CONCLUSION

         We reverse the trial court’s final judgment awarding no attorney’s fees to
Komerica incurred in defending against the dismissed defamation claim and
remand this cause for a determination of reasonable attorney’s fees to which
Komerica is entitled under section 27.009 of the TCPA. We affirm the trial court’s
final judgment in all other respects.

                                               /s/ Meagan Hassan
                                               Justice

Panel consists of Justices Jewell, Zimmerer, and Hassan.

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