Court Opinion

ID: 2973331
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 17:01:08.578902+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:32:02.210729
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                              File Name: 06a0004n.06
                               Filed: January 3, 2006

                                   CASE NO. 04-5043

                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

HERBERT WILLIAMS,

       Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                                 ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v.                                               STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
                                                 WESTERN DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY

TYCO ELECTRIC CORPORATION,

       Defendant-Appellee.

       BEFORE: DAUGHTREY and GILMAN, Circuit Judges, and RICE, Senior District
Judge.*

       WALTER H. RICE, Senior District Judge. Plaintiff Herbert Williams, an African-

American formerly employed by Defendant Tyco Electric Corporation (“Tyco”), filed this

action, claiming his employer violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Age

Discrimination in Employment Act (“ADEA”) and the Kentucky Civil Rights Act when it

terminated him, when it failed to offer him training that would allow him to remain

employed, and again when it failed to recall him from his termination. The district court

       *
      The Honorable Walter H. Rice, Senior United States District Court Judge for the
Southern District of Ohio, sitting by designation.
granted summary judgment to the defendant, holding that Williams had failed to proffer

sufficient evidence to make out a prima facie case of either age or race discrimination,

or to demonstrate that Tyco's legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for terminating

Williams was pretextual. The court also concluded that Tyco had offered sufficient

evidence to show that Williams was not qualified for the position he sought, and that

Tyco had not adopted, from its predecessor, employment policies that would have

required it to “bump” employees with less service time or to rehire him. Williams

appealed, contending that the district court should have allowed his claims to continue

to trial. Though our reasoning herein differs somewhat from that of the district court, we

affirm.1

       The district court had subject matter jurisdiction based on 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331

(federal question jurisdiction) and 1367 (supplemental jurisdiction). Appellate jurisdiction

is based on 29 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 1294.

       Herbert Williams, the plaintiff-appellant, began working for the former owner of

       1
        As will be more fully discussed below, in determining that Williams failed to
introduce evidence sufficient to make out a prima facie case based on his argument that
he was replaced by others not in his protected class, the district court concluded that
those he compared himself to were hired to fill positions different from the position he
held at the time he was terminated. Consequently, they could not be considered his
replacements. Upon review, this Court concludes that the undisputed evidence
indicates that those to whom Williams compared himself were hired, after his
termination, to fill positions created by changed circumstances that did not exist at the
time he was terminated. Consequently, even were we to conclude, as Williams
suggests, that they were hired to fill positions similar to the one he held at the time he
was terminated, no reasonable jury could conclude that they were hired to replace him.

                                             2
Tyco's Franklin, Kentucky, stamping plant in 1965 and worked there until 1977. He was

rehired in 1983 and worked at the plant until 2000. During his second stint at the plant,

he operated stamping machines, which were used to press small electrical parts from

large rolls of metal. Sometimes, Williams worked on “high-speed” presses, but for the

most part his experience was on “low-speed” presses. During this time, he consistently

received favorable reviews from his supervisors.

       Tyco bought the plant where Williams worked from Siemens Electronics in late

1999. Shortly thereafter, Tyco decided to close a companion plant in Marion, Kentucky,

and move the presses used there to the Franklin plant. As a part of this planned

consolidation, Tyco also eliminated many positions at the Franklin plant, undertaking

what is generally known as a “reduction-in-force.”

       Joe Hall, the Fabrication and Support Manager at the Franklin plant, informed

Williams that his position was one of those that would be eliminated during the

consolidation. Williams told Hall that he did not wish to take part in a voluntary

severance plan. In response, Hall told Williams that he could remain with Tyco, if he

would agree to travel to the Marion plant to train on its low-speed presses, which would

eventually be moved to the Franklin plant.2

       Williams produced evidence indicating that both Hall and Robert Johnson,

       2
           The Marion presses were, in fact, never moved to the Franklin Plant.

                                              3
Williams' immediate supervisor, described the Marion low-speed presses as “junk.”

Williams also offered evidence that he believed those presses were unsafe, and that he

would not require extensive training on them, because they were the same sort he had

used when he first began work. However, he declined the offer, citing as reasons only

the long commute and his lack of desire to be away from home for an extended period

of time.

       Tyco offered David Mayhew, a white employee, 52 at the time the decisions were

made, the same choice it gave Williams. However, when Mayhew declined the offer to

train on the low-speed presses in Marion, Tyco allowed him to begin training and

working on the high-speed presses in Franklin. Hall, when questioned about the

disparity in treatment between Mayhew and Williams, explained that Mayhew was

allowed this opportunity because he had had prior experience with high-speed presses.

Hall Dep. at 91-92, J.A. at 312-13.

       Williams testified that Hall told him that no other jobs, other than the one that

involved training in Marion, were available to him. He admitted that he saw other job

postings for which he might have applied, but did not, because he did not want to go

through further training. On April 7, 2000, Williams was terminated. He had no further

contact with Tyco nor did he indicate to them that he was interested in applying for jobs

that might come open. At the time of his termination, Williams was 59 years old.

       A little over a month after Williams' termination, Tyco began hiring people for jobs

                                             4
similar to those that Williams had left, “heavy set-up” positions operating high-speed

presses. Tyco hired five new employees. Two of those employees had prior experience

with high-speed presses and were recalled from a layoff. The other three hired to man

the high-speed presses were already employed at the Franklin plant, and transferred to

the high-speed stamping department, even though they had no prior experience on

those machines. All five of these employees were younger than Williams and white,

though two were also members of the same protected age group.

       On June 21, 2001, Williams filed suit in U.S. District Court for the Western District

of Kentucky, alleging that Tyco had selected him for termination on the basis of his age

and race. The Complaint was filed under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the

Age Discrimination in Employment Act and the Kentucky Civil Rights Act. On

September 25, 2003, upon motion of the Defendant, the district court entered summary

judgment against him. Williams moved in timely fashion to vacate the summary

judgment, pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e). By order entered on December 17, 2003,

the district court denied the Motion to Vacate. This appeal followed.

       District court rulings on summary judgment are reviewed de novo, and the

standard is the same as that employed by the district court. See Henderson v. Ardco,

Inc., 247 F.3d 645, 649 (6th Cir. 2001). Summary judgment must be entered “against a

party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element

essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at

trial.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). Of course, the moving party

                                             5
       always bears the initial responsibility of informing the district court of the
       basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of “the pleadings,
       depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together
       with the affidavits, if any,” which it believes demonstrate the absence of a
       genuine issue of material fact.

Id. at 323. The burden then shifts to the nonmoving party who “must set forth specific

facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,

477 U.S. 242, 250 (1986) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)).

       Once the burden of production has so shifted, the party opposing summary

judgment cannot rest on its pleadings or merely reassert its previous allegations. It is

not sufficient to “simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material

facts.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986); see

also Michigan Protection and Advocacy Serv., Inc. v. Babin, 18 F.3d 337, 341 (6th Cir.

1994) (“The plaintiff must present more than a scintilla of evidence in support of his

position; the evidence must be such that a jury could reasonably find for the plaintiff.”).

       Summary judgment “shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, depositions,

answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any,

show there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is

entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). Summary judgment shall

be denied “[i]f there are ... ‘genuine factual issues that properly can be resolved only by

a finder of fact because they may reasonably be resolved in favor of either party.’”

Hancock v. Dodson, 958 F.2d 1367, 1374 (6th Cir. 1992) (citation omitted). In

determining whether a genuine issue of material fact exists, a court must assume as

                                              6
true the evidence of the nonmoving party and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of

that party. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255.

       Williams claims that he was terminated because of his age and race in violation

of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

and the Kentucky Civil Rights Act. Williams may prove his claims through either direct

evidence of discrimination, or through the McDonnell Douglas burden shifting analysis.

Tallery v. Bravo Pitino Restaurant, Ltd., 61 F.3d 1241, 1248-49 (6th Cir. 1995).3 Direct

evidence is evidence that proves the existence of a fact without any inferences. Rowan

v. Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc., 360 F.3d 544, 548 (6th Cir. 2004).

       In lieu of direct evidence of discrimination, the McDonnell Douglas framework

employs a burden shifting analysis. The plaintiff is required to establish a prima facie

case of discrimination at the outset. McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792,

802, 93 S. Ct. 1817 (1973). “The burden then must shift to the employer to articulate

some legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason” for the alleged discriminatory action. Id. “If

the employer carries this burden, the plaintiff must then prove by a preponderance of

the evidence that the reasons offered by the employer were a pretext for discrimination.

The ultimate burden of persuasion remains at all times with the plaintiff.” Newman v.

Fed. Ex. Corp., 266 F.3d 401, 405 (6th Cir. 2001) (citations and internal quotation marks

omitted).

       3
        Williams' state law claims are analyzed in the same manner as his federal
claims. See Kentucky Center for the Arts v. Handley, 827 S.W.2d 699 (Ky. App. 1991).

                                             7
       To establish a prima facie case of discrimination, a plaintiff must show that he (1)

is a member of a protected class, (2) was qualified for his position, (3) suffered an

adverse employment decision, and (4) was treated differently than similarly situated,

non-protected employees. See id.; see also McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802. If the

plaintiff is able to make a prima facie showing of discrimination, he “in effect creates a

presumption that the employer unlawfully discriminated against the employee." St.

Mary’s Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 506 (1993)(citation omitted). In that case, the

burden of producing evidence of a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the adverse

decision falls on the defendant employer. See id. at 506-07. This is merely a production

burden, not a persuasion burden. See id. at 507.

       If, however, the defendant proffers such a justification, while an inference of

discrimination may still be drawn from the plaintiff’s prima facie evidence, the mandatory

presumption of discrimination drops from the case. See Texas Dept. of Community

Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 255, n.10 (1981). It then falls on the plaintiff to rebut

the defendant’s proffered justification. To raise a genuine issue of material fact about

the credibility of his employer’s explanation, the plaintiff is required to produce evidence

from which a reasonable jury could infer that the defendant’s legitimate, non-

discriminatory reason is pretextual. See, Manzer v. Diamond Shamrock Chemicals Co.,

29 F.3d 1078, 1084 (6th Cir. 1994).

       Manzer discussed the methods by which a plaintiff can establish pretext:

       To make a submissible case on the credibility of his employer's explanation, the
       plaintiff is "required to show by a preponderance of the evidence either (1) that
       the proffered reasons had no basis in fact, (2) that the proffered reasons did not

                                              8
       actually motivate his discharge, or (3) that they were insufficient to motivate
       discharge." McNabola v. Chicago Transit Authority, 10 F.3d 501, 513 (7th Cir.
       1993) (emphasis added and quotation marks omitted). The first type of showing
       is easily recognizable and consists of evidence that the proffered bases for the
       plaintiff's discharge never happened, i.e., that they are "factually false."
       [Anderson v.] Baxter Healthcare, 13 F.3d [1120, 1123-24 (7th Cir. 1994)]. The
       third showing is also easily recognizable and, ordinarily, consists of evidence that
       other employees, particularly employees not in the protected class, were not fired
       even though they engaged in substantially identical conduct to that which the
       employer contends motivated its discharge of the plaintiff. These two types of
       rebuttals are direct attacks on the credibility of the employer's proffered
       motivation for firing plaintiff and, if shown, provide an evidentiary basis for what
       the Supreme Court has termed "a suspicion of mendacity." Hicks, 509 U.S. at
       [511], 113 S. Ct. at 2749. As Hicks teaches, such a showing permits, but does not
       require, the factfinder to infer illegal discrimination from the plaintiff's prima facie
       case.

       The second showing, however, is of an entirely different ilk. There, the plaintiff
       admits the factual basis underlying the employer's proffered explanation and
       further admits that such conduct could motivate dismissal. The plaintiff's attack
       on the credibility of the proffered explanation is, instead, an indirect one. In such
       cases, the plaintiff attempts to indict the credibility of his employer's explanation
       by showing circumstances which tend to prove that an illegal motivation was
       more likely than that offered by the defendant. In other words, the plaintiff argues
       that the sheer weight of the circumstantial evidence of discrimination makes it
       "more likely than not" that the employer's explanation is a pretext or coverup.

Id. at 1084 (emphasis in the original).

       The first method of rebuttal is a garden variety contesting of the defendant’s

facts. See id. The second method of rebuttal is based on a showing of pretext. There,

the plaintiff, while conceding the truth of defendant’s facts and even admitting that such

facts otherwise allow for the adverse action, argues that the proffered reason was not

the motivating factor in the defendant’s decision. See id. In the third method of rebuttal,

as with the second method, the plaintiff may concede the truth of the defendant’s facts,

but here the plaintiff offers evidence that such a fact, even if true, could not justify taking

the action. This might be shown by evidence that other similarly situated employees

                                               9
engaged in the same action, but suffered no adverse action. It could also be shown, for

example, by the existence of clear language in an employee handbook stating that such

conduct is perfectly acceptable in the workplace.4 In any of these events, if the plaintiff

is successful in producing sufficient evidence from which a reasonable jury could infer

that the defendant’s legitimate, non-discriminatory reason is pretextual, a genuine issue

of material fact is presented for the trier of fact on the discrimination claim or claims.

       A.     AGE DISCRIMINATION

       Williams offers, as direct evidence of age discrimination, two statements made by

Hall, one statement made in an e-mail dated May 11, 2000, and one statement made

during Hall's deposition. Brief for Appellant at 12-13. In the

e-mail, Hall wrote:

       Please find attached a memo summarizing the staffing situation with the
       operators in the plastics and stamping departments who have requested
       severance packages. Even though allowing all employees who have
       requested the severance will require us to back-fill some positions, I feel
       this is the best approach. We will be allowing a high percentage of low
       performers to leave while loosing [sic] only a few good performers, whose
       average age is about 60. May I proceed with the plan to allow these
       people to receive their severance and begin soliciting replacements.

J.A. at 141. When questioned about this memo in his deposition, Hall admitted that he

felt it would be better to let the older, good performers go because they would be retiring

       4
        In Manzer, the Sixth Circuit suggested that the third method of rebuttal is usually
best demonstrated by evidence of the comparative treatment of similarly situated
employees. 29 F.3d at 1084. A plaintiff is not required to make that showing though, and
the court offers its second hypothetical to help focus on the critical distinction between
the second and third rebuttal methods. In both, the plaintiff concedes the facts, for if he
did not, the rebuttal would come within the first method. The difference between
methods two and three is that in the second such, the plaintiff further admits that the
facts could ordinarily provide sufficient grounds for the adverse action, while in the third,
he argues that they could not.

                                              10
soon anyway. J.A. at 303.5 Williams contends that these statements represent Tyco's

“goal of eliminating older workers.” Brief of Appellant at 13. Statements of this type do

not constitute direct evidence of age-based bias. Rowan v. Lockheed Martin Energy

Sys., 360 F.3d 544, 549 (6th Cir. 2004) (finding that statement made referencing the

average age of workers was made in the context of a legitimate concern about

approaching retirements and, consequently, did not constitute direct evidence of

discrimination).

       The ADEA “was prompted by concern that older workers were being deprived of

employment on the basis of inaccurate and stigmatizing stereotypes.” Hazen Paper Co.

V. Biggins, 507 U.S. 604, 610, 113 S. Ct. 1701, 123 L. Ed. 2d 338 (1993). As in Rowan,

Hall's statements only acknowledge the truth that workers near the age of 60 are nearer

to retirement (Hall Dep., J.A. at 303) and are not evidence of “inaccurate and

stigmatizing stereotypes.” Rowan, 360 F.3d at 548.

       Williams offers no other direct evidence of discrimination and, therefore, must

prove his case by using the McDonnell Douglas burden shifting analysis. That Williams

is a member of the class protected by the ADEA is not disputed. He contends that three

acts by Tyco constitute an adverse employment action: his termination, his employer’s

refusal to offer him the same opportunity to train as a high speed stamper as another

employee, and its failure to recall him when it recalled younger, white employees.

       a. Termination

       5
           In his Brief, Williams cites to a page (304) that is not part of the Joint Appendix.

                                                11
       Tyco does not argue that Williams cannot satisfy the four prongs of the

McDonnell Douglas analysis in support of his claim that he was terminated because of

his age. Rather, it claims that he was terminated as part of a “reduction-in-force” (“RIF”).

If an employee is terminated as part of a RIF, in addition to the regular McDonnell

Douglas analysis, the employee must produce “additional direct, circumstantial or

statistical evidence that age [or race] was a factor in his termination.” LaGrant v. Gulf

Western Mfg. Co., 748 F.2d 1087, 1091 (6th Cir. 1984). A RIF occurs when “business

considerations cause an employer to eliminate one or more positions within the

company.” Brocklehurst v. PPG Industries, Inc., 123 F.3d 890, 895 (6th Cir. 1997). Tyco

maintains that Williams was terminated as part of a RIF that saw the elimination of all

low-speed presses at the Franklin Plant, whereas Williams contends that he worked as

a Heavy Set-Up, and that Tyco replaced him with other workers in the Heavy Set-Up

position, after he was terminated, through a process called back-filling. The distinction is

an important one. “An employee is not eliminated as a part of a work force reduction

when he or she is replaced after his or her discharge.” Brocklehurst, 123 F.3d at 895.

       The district court noted that the argument ultimately depends on how Williams'

job is defined and concluded that he was not replaced because the new hires he

compared himself to were not hired to perform the same job he was performing at the

time he was terminated. However, to resolve the question of whether Williams was

terminated as part of a RIF, the court need look no further than the issue of whether he

was replaced at all. Even if those he claims were hired to replace him did in fact fill jobs

similar to the one he held before his termination, the undisputed evidence suggests that

they were hired, not to fill a position vacated by him, but in response to positions that

opened after Williams had been terminated, created by changed circumstances that did

                                             12
not exist at the time he was terminated.

       Williams contends that the people hired to “back-fill” the Heavy Set-Up positions

replaced him. As evidence to support this contention, Williams points to Hall’s e-mail of

May 11th, a communication sent more than one month after Williams' termination.

According to the undisputed evidence, Williams was terminated April 7, 2000. On April

24, Joe Hall received an e-mail detailing a change in circumstances that would require

the Franklin Plant to do more high-speed stamping than had been originally anticipated.

On May 11, he composed an e-mail that discussed the need to back-fill some high-

speed stamping positions in the event everyone who had requested the severance

offered as part of the RIF were allowed to leave the company. From this evidence, the

only reasonable inference that can be drawn is that the back-filling mentioned by Hall

referred to positions created, not by Williams’ termination, but by a change in

circumstances that arose after Williams was terminated. Because Williams does not

offer any evidence to contradict this, no genuine issue of material fact has been raised

regarding Tyco's contention that Williams was not replaced, but was in fact terminated

as part of a RIF.

       Because Williams was terminated as part of a RIF, he is required to present

“additional direct, circumstantial or statistical evidence that age [or race] was a factor in

his termination.” LaGrant, 748 F.2d at 1091. For additional direct evidence, Williams

relies on Joe Hall’s May 11th e-mail and his deposition testimony. As discussed earlier,

this does not constitute direct evidence of discrimination.

       Williams has also compiled statistical evidence that indicates that the majority of

                                             13
those who left the Franklin Plant were part of the protected age group, statistics that he

contends represent evidence that Tyco was systematically eliminating older workers.

However, most of those who left as part of the RIF did so voluntarily. This fact reduces

the value of his statistical evidence. Simpson v. Midland-Ross Co., 823 F.2d 937, 943

(6th Cir. 1987) (finding that, where plaintiff relied on a small sample that might have

included employees who left the workforce after accepting an early retirement incentive

or who might have accepted employment elsewhere, and failed to place statistics in a

relevant context, statistical evidence was not probative of discrimination). Further, his

sample includes a department of only 20 employees, and only five employees who left

the company, voluntarily or otherwise, as part of the RIF. Reliance on such a small

sample is suspect and can undermine the probative value of the statistical evidence. Id.

        Because Williams' statistical evidence does not distinguish between employees

who left the company voluntarily and those, like him, who were terminated, and because

of the small sample size used, the evidence is not probative of discrimination. Because

he has failed to offer any additional evidence that age played a factor in his termination,

he has failed to make out his prima facie case of age based discrimination under the

ADEA.

        b. Training

        Williams next contends that Tyco discriminated against him on the basis of age

when it offered training on the high-speed presses to Mayhew that it did not offer to him.

The final element of the McDonnel Douglas framework requires that a plaintiff present

evidence sufficient to allow a reasonable jury to conclude that a similarly situated, non-

protected employee was treated differently. At the time of his termination Williams was

                                             14
59 and Mayhew was 52. Both were members of the protected class. In Grosjean v. First

Energy Corp., the Sixth Circuit explored the question of when an age difference

between two members of the protected class becomes significant enough to satisfy the

final element of the McDonnell Douglas prima facie case. 349 F.3d 332, 336-40 (6th Cir.

2003). In Grosjean, this Court established a bright line rule, holding that an age

difference of six years or less was not significant, absent additional evidence of

discrimination. Id. at 340. Therefore, according to the rule adopted in Grosjean, the

seven year difference in age might be sufficient to satisfy the fourth element of the

McDonnell Douglas analysis. Despite this, he cannot make out a prima facie case of

age discrimination because when an adverse employment action is taken in the context

of a RIF, Williams must go beyond the four prongs of the McDonnell Douglas analysis

and introduce additional evidence, whether direct, circumstantial or statistical, that

would lead to an inference of impermissible, age-based discrimination. See Barnes v.

GenCorp. Inc., 869 F.2d 1457, 1466 (6th Cir. 1990) (reasoning that a plaintiff could

produce additional evidence of discrimination by showing that he possessed superior

qualifications to a younger, retained coworker). As noted earlier, Williams has failed to

produce any such evidence, and consequently his prima facie case fails.

                                             15
       c. Recall

       In his final claim of age discrimination, Williams contends that Tyco discriminated

against him on the basis of his age when it recalled two younger workers, and promoted

three younger such from within to work the high-speed presses. Because Williams

never informed Tyco that he would like to be considered for other positions at the plant

should they open up, its decision to hire other, younger, employees to man the high-

speed presses is only cognizable as a claim of age discrimination if Tyco had a duty to

inform him of the position, and to recall him if he wanted it.

       Williams contends that Tyco had such a duty to him. To support his contention,

he argues that Tyco had adopted the employee handbook of the Franklin Plant's

previous owner, and that one of the policies in the handbook required that employees

recalled from layoff be recalled in order of seniority.6 Tyco denies having adopted the

handbook in question, and denies having any recall policy that would require it to recall

Williams in the manner that he suggests.

       As evidence of Tyco's adoption of the earlier handbook, Williams cites a letter

from Tyco's attorneys in response to an EEOC “request for information.” The letter

states in relevant part:

             I am transmitting the bulky items identified in your Request for
       Information as follows:

       6
        The portion of the employee handbook relied upon by Williams refers to a recall
policy for employees who are laid off. The evidence here indicates that Williams was
terminated as part of a RIF. However, because there is insufficient evidence to allow the
conclusion that the handbook in question was adopted by Tyco, the difference, if any,
between the referenced layoffs and his termination is immaterial.

                                             16
              No. 8 - Enclosed is a copy of the applicable employee handbook.

J.A. at 243. Williams' contention that this letter and the attached handbook is evidence

of Tyco's adoption of the handbook is flawed. There is nothing in the record to suggest

what “Request for Information... No. 8" sought to have produced. Absent such evidence,

it is impossible to tell to what the employee handbook is “applicable.” To conclude that

the letter to the EEOC constitutes evidence of Tyco's adoption of the employee

handbook requires a logical leap too broad to create a genuine issue of material fact.

Because Williams has introduced no evidence that would allow a reasonable jury to

conclude that Tyco had a duty to inform him of new vacancies, and to give him priority

in hiring to fill those vacancies, he has failed to create a genuine issue of material fact.

"Where an employer reduces his workforce for economic reasons, it incurs no duty to

transfer an employee to another position within the company. A fortiori, an employer has

no duty to recall laid-off employees when a new position opens up.” Almond v. ABB

Industrial Systems, Inc., 56 Fed.Appx. 672 (6th Cir. 2003) (unpublished decision)

(internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

       Williams has failed to introduce sufficient evidence to make out a prima facie

case of age discrimination. It is therefore not necessary to explore whether, as he

contends, Tyco failed to introduce evidence to support its legitimate,

non-discriminatory reason for terminating him or whether that reason was a pretext for

illegal discrimination.

       B.     RACE-BASED DISCRIMINATION

       Williams offers no direct evidence of race-based discrimination, instead

attempting to prove his claim using the McDonnell Douglas burden shifting analysis. His

                                             17
claims of discrimination based on race mirror almost exactly his claims of discrimination

based on age, with one notable exception. As statistical evidence of Tyco's race-based

animus, Williams offers evidence that all of the African-American heavy set-up

operators in the stamping department were eliminated in the RIF. While true, this fact is

misleading. The evidence indicates that Williams was the only African-American heavy

set-up operator in the stamping department prior to the RIF. As noted earlier, such a

small statistical sample is not probative. For the same reasons Williams failed to make

out a prima facie case of age discrimination, he has failed to make out a prima facie

case of discrimination on the basis of race. Having failed to make out a prima facie case

under Title VII or the ADEA, Williams claims made pursuant to the Kentucky Civil Rights

Act also fail. See Kentucky Center for the Arts v. Handley, 827 S.W.2d 699 (Ky. App.

1991).

         For the reasons discussed above, Williams has failed to make out a prima facie

case of either age or race discrimination and the judgment of the district court is

AFFIRMED.

                                            18