Court Opinion

ID: 9482423
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-05 08:49:41.40945+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:48:58.846381
License: Public Domain

Opinion for the Court filed by Circuit Judge WALD.
Dissenting opinion filed by Circuit Judge RANDOLPH.
WALD, Circuit Judge:
The United States Department of the Air Force (“Air Force”) petitions for review of a decision and order of the Federal Labor Relations Authority (“Authority” or “FLRA”) requiring the Air Force to engage in collective bargaining over a proposal advanced by the American Federation of Government Employees, Local 987 (“union”). The proposal calls for overtime compensation for the time employees are delayed in leaving the worksite because of security measures. The Authority has *448cross-petitioned for enforcement of its order. Because we disagree with the Authority’s interpretation of a government-wide regulation promulgated by the Office of Personnel Management (“OPM”), and further find that the proposal is inconsistent with that regulation, we hold that the proposal is nonnegotiable.
I. Background
A. Legal Framework
The Federal Service Labor-Management Relations Statute (“FSLMRS”), 5 U.S.C. §§ 7101-7135 (1988), imposes upon both the Air Force and the union a general obligation to negotiate in good faith over the conditions of employment of represented employees. 5 U.S.C. §§ 7114, 7117. The FSLMRS also limits the scope of that duty, however: a federal agency may not negotiate over proposed conditions of employment that are “inconsistent with any Federal law or any Government-wide rule or regulation.” 5 U.S.C. § 7117(a)(1).
The FSLMRS is a part of the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978, as amended, 5 U.S.C. §§ 1101-9101 (1988), in which Congress designated the OPM as the lead personnel agency for civilian employees in the executive branch. Congress charged the OPM with authority to issue government-wide regulations concerning federal employees under that Act. See 5 U.S.C. §§ 1103-04, 1301-02; S.Rep. No. 969, 95th Cong., 2d Sess. 5, reprinted in 1978 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 2723, 2727-28. The OPM has also been granted the broad authority to engage in substantive (or “legislative”) rulemaking concerning the application of the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”), 29 U.S.C. § 204(f), and the Federal Employees Pay Act (“FEPA”), 5 U.S.C. § 5548, to federal employees. See AFGE v. OPM, 821 F.2d 761 (D.C.Cir.1987). In general, the OPM regulations under the FLSA define the minimal entitlement of federal employees to premium or overtime pay while the FEPA sets absolute standards for computing their pay. One of the OPM regulations, 5 C.F.R. § 551.513, provides that if an employee is covered by both Acts, the employee will be paid the greater amount if the regulations under one of the Acts would provide a greater benefit than those under the other.1
In the Part 551 regulations promulgated under the FLSA, the OPM addressed among other things activities performed at the conclusion of the workday. The regulations provide in relevant part:
A ... concluding activity that is not closely related to the performance of [an employee’s] principal activities is considered a ... postliminary activity. Time spent in ... postliminary activities is excluded from hours of work and is not compensable, even if it occurs between periods of activity that are compensable as hours of work.
5 C.F.R. § 551.412(b)(2) (1990). The OPM simultaneously promulgated a rule with nearly identical language in its regulations implementing the FEPA. Those regulations provide in relevant part:
A ... postshift activity that is not closely related to the performance of [an employee’s] principal activities is considered a ... postliminary activity. Time spent in ... postliminary activities is excluded from hours of work and is not compensa-ble, even if it occurs between periods of activity that are compensable as hours of work.
5 C.F.R. § 550.112(b)(2) (1990).
B. Factual Background
In an effort to diminish the risk of terrorist acts at Robins Air Force Base, Georgia, the Air Force decided to build a security fence that restricts access to its flight-*449line. The security fence has a limited number of gates through which employees may exit the flightline, so that employees may on occasion be delayed in leaving their workstations at the end of their shifts because of malfunctioning gates or other obstructions. The union offered the following proposal for negotiation:
[The Air Force] agrees to pay overtime if, at the end of an employees [sic] tour of duty the employee(s) can not exit through the gate because of mechanical malfunction or any other means of obstruction.
The Air Force declared the proposal nonnegotiable, under § 7117(a)(1) of the FSLMRS, contending that the proposal was inconsistent with government-wide OPM regulations governing postshift activities. See 5 C.F.R. § 551.412(b) and 5 C.F.R. § 550.112(b)(2). Pursuant to § 7105(a)(2)(E) of the FSLMRS, the union appealed the matter to the FLRA. The Authority ruled, with one member dissenting, that the proposal was not inconsistent with the OPM regulations cited and, thus, that the Air Force had a duty to bargain about it. AFGE, Local 987 and U.S. Dep’t of the Air Force, Robins Air Force Base, 37 F.L.R.A. (No. 13) 197 (1990).
C. The Authority’s Rationale
The Authority recognized that the represented employees are covered by both the FLSA and the FEPA, and that OPM government-wide regulations implementing the overtime provisions of these two statutes provide that compensation for such employees is governed by whichever statute would provide greater benefits. See 5 C.F.R. § 551.113. The Authority ultimately determined that the OPM regulation under the FEPA — 5 C.F.R. § 550.112(b)(2)— would not allow bargaining over the union’s proposal, but the nearly identical regulation under the FLSA — 5 C.F.R. § 551.-412(b) — would allow bargaining. The Authority’s interpretation of § 551.412(b) is therefore the central issue in this dispute.
The Authority acknowledged that the activity involved in the union’s proposal— waiting to leave the workplace after completing a shift — is a “postliminary activity” within the meaning of § 551.412(b), and that the regulation is “government-wide” within the meaning of § 7117(a)(1) of the FSLMRS. The Authority concluded, however, that despite the language in that regulation stating “postliminary activity] ... is not compensable,” the union’s proposal could nevertheless be negotiated because § 551.412(b) merely established a minimum floor of statutory “entitlements,” which an agency and union may supplement in their collective bargaining agreement. In the Authority’s view, the regulation did not lay down a mandatory rule for noncompensation of postliminary activities; it was designed only to clarify that federal employees did not have a statutory right under the FLSA to compensation for postliminary activities. Thus, agencies are not required to compensate employees for time spent in postliminary activities under the regulation, but they may do so if a collective bargaining agreement provides for it.
The Authority’s conclusion was driven by its concern that the Air Force’s interpretation of § 551.412(b) created a possible' conflict with § 4(b) of the Portal-to-Portal Act’s amendments to the FLSA. Although the general thrust of that Act was to eliminate employer liability for failure to compensate postliminary activities, § 254(b) contained an exception preserving employer liability in cases where a collective bargaining agreement expressly provided for postliminary compensation.2 In order to avoid a perceived conflict between the OPM regulation and § 254(b), the Authority interpreted § 551.412(b) as not barring nego*450tiated compensation for postliminary activity-
II. Discussion
We review the Authority’s decision based on the entire record before the Authority and we will set it aside only if it is “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A) (1988); AFGE, AFL-CIO, Local 2441 v. FLRA, 864 F.2d 178, 184 (D.C.Cir.1988). The central issue here involves the Authority’s interpretation of an OPM regulation, and although we defer to the Authority’s construction of its enabling statute (the FSLMRS), we do not defer to the FLRA’s interpretation of regulations promulgated by other agencies. National Treasury Employees Union v. FLRA, 848 F.2d 1273, 1275 (D.C.Cir.1988). Deference to the FLRA is especially inappropriate here because Congress specifically delegated to the OPM the authority “to administer” the FLSA’s provisions on payment of overtime for postshift activity. 29 U.S.C. § 204(f); see INS v. FLRA, 709 F.2d 724, 729 n. 21 (D.C.Cir.1983). The Authority’s interpretation of § 551.412(b) is therefore subject to de novo review. Merit Systems Protection Bd. v. FLRA, 913 F.2d 976, 979 (D.C.Cir.1990).
Section 551.412(b) is found within a subpart of the OPM regulations promulgated under the FLSA, which define the hours of work for which minimal compensation is due to federal employees. Within that subpart, § 551.411 defines time that is compensable as part of the normal workday,3 and § 551.412 describes the treatment of “concluding activities.” If a concluding activity is closely related and indispensable to the employee’s principal activities, and consumes more than 10 minutes per workday, that time “shall be credited” as hours of work, and is therefore compensable. 5 C.F.R. § 551.412(a)(1) & (2). On the other hand, if the concluding activity is not closely related to the employee’s principal activities, it is considered a “postliminary activity,” and “time spent in ... postliminary activities is excluded from hours of work and is not compensable, even if it occurs between periods of activity that are com-pensable as hours of work.” 5 C.F.R. § 551.412(b).
The categorical language “shall be credited” and “is not compensable” used throughout § 551.412 supports the Air Force’s position that these regulations are intended as a mandatory bar to compensating the activity in the union’s proposal. See Exportal Ltda. v. United States, 902 F.2d 45, 49-50 (D.C.Cir.1990) (regulations speaking in “categorical terms,” using words such as “shall,” are generally interpreted to be “mandatory or imperative, not merely precatory”). Nothing in the text of § 551.412 indicates even remotely that the OPM intended to establish minimum standards for government employees, capable of supplementation through collective bargaining or otherwise. On the contrary, by specifically proscribing what might be thought to be the most compelling case— time sandwiched between periods of com-pensable activity — the OPM gave the strongest of signals that it intended the rule to be an absolute limitation on what kind of peripheral activity could be compen-sable under the regulation.
In the rulemaking preceding the issuance of § 551.412(b), the OPM provided a further indication of the general prescriptive nature of its regulations limiting compensa-ble time. Responding to the concern of one union that its proposed rule stating that “postshift activities would be compensable only if the total time spent in those activities totaled more than ten minutes per daily tour of duty” conflicted with the requirement of § 551.521(b) that “every minute of regularly scheduled overtime” was due compensation, the OPM responded simply *451that postshift activities “cannot be regularly scheduled overtime work, even if they are performed on a regular basis.” 48 Fed.Reg. 36,804 (1983) (emphasis added).
Even more to the point, one agency and four trade associations raised concerns about the rule’s potential for “crediting, as hours of work, time spent in nonwork activities” following compensable activities. The OPM flatly responded, “the final regulations specify that only time actually spent performing compensable ... post-shift activities is creditable as hours of work and that in no case is credit allowed for a nonwork activity performed ... after an employee’s principal activities.” 48 Fed. Reg. 36,803-04 (1983) (emphasis added).
The Authority justified its interpretation of the regulation as not outlawing bargaining over postliminary compensation on language in the introductory provisions of Part 551, which described the FLSA as providing for “minimum standards for ... overtime entitlement," and stated that the OPM regulations “must be read in conjunction with [the Act].” 5 C.F.R. § 551.101(b) & (c).
We do not find either of the justifications for ignoring the plain words of the regulation at all convincing. Of course, these regulations are “minimum standards” because the FLSA itself purports to set out for private and public employees alike only their minimal entitlements to premium pay. In the case of the private employer, § 4(b) of the Portal-to-Portal Act’s amendments does indeed leave open the possibility that a provision in a collective bargaining contract may provide for more. The government employee, however, is in an altogether different situation. A separate statute, the FSLMRS, governs collective bargaining between federal employees and government agencies, and § 7117 of that Act specifically bars negotiation over proposals that are inconsistent with government-wide regulations. The OPM has been ceded the authority to make government-wide regulations under the FSLMRS as well as the FLSA and the FEPA. And it has issued such regulations barring compensation for postliminary activity under both the FEPA and the FLSA. Nothing in § 4(b) expressly grants federal employees the affirmative right to bargain over postliminary activities; the section simply recognizes that the Act does not apply where a bargained-for right exists at the time of the activity. The OPM appears in this instance to have exercised its broad authority under all three Acts mentioned to rule out such bargaining; if so, the absolute language prohibiting compensation in § 551.412(b) is in no disharmony with the FLSA. If the OPM had meant for postlimi-nary activity to be compensable through negotiation under the FLSA, it would have had to affirmatively grant that right in these or other regulations in order not to run afoul of § 7117 of the FSLMRS and its designation as nonnegotiable any proposal inconsistent with government-wide regulations such as the provisions under the FEPA or the FLSA barring such compensation. Indeed at oral argument government counsel advised us that its appeal from the FLRA ruling had been taken after consultation with the OPM, a further circumstance which weakens the FLRA’s position that the OPM did not intend to rule out bargaining over postliminary activities.
In sum, we find the Authority’s interpretation of the regulation in this case cannot be upheld. It is clear from the language of the rule, the published implementing instructions, and the agency’s responses to comments in the rulemaking itself, that the OPM intended its regulations in Part 551 to be mandatory.4 The Authority’s position *452that the rule does not prohibit but merely fails to provide for compensation of post-liminary activity finds no support in its language or the OPM’s conduct in issuing the same bar under the FEPA which would make it nonnegotiable under FSLMRS, in any case.5 In our view, § 551.412(b) means what it unambiguously says: federal employees governed by this rule cannot be compensated for time they spend performing postliminary activities. The union proposes compensating employees at Robins Air Force Base for time spent in such activities. That proposal is inconsistent with § 551.412(b), a government-wide regulation, and therefore the Air Force is prevented by statute from bargaining over it.
We express no opinion on whether the OPM regulation is in conflict with § 4(b) of the Portal-to-Portal Act’s amendments to the FLSA, the main concern which drove the Authority to its unwarranted conclusion. The FLRA does not argue that § 551.412 actually conflicts with the FLSA; on the contrary, the Authority concedes that it has no power to adjudicate the validity of the OPM regulation. AFGE, Local 987, 37 F.L.R.A. (No. 13) at 211. The purpose of the FLSA, according to the Authority, is to establish minimum levels of benefits for workers and not to preclude collective bargaining over greater benefits. If § 551.412 is ambiguous, the FLRA argues, then we should accept its interpretation of the regulation, which is— unlike the interpretation suggested by the Air Force — in harmony with the goals of the underlying statute. Apart from whether the Authority’s interpretation of § 254(b) is in fact a valid one, the FLRA’s argument fails because its premise is incorrect. The regulation is not ambiguous; the plain language of the regulation precludes compensation for postliminary activities.6
As the FLSA recognized, the FLRA has authority only to address the question of negotiability of the union proposal. Its role is limited to determining whether a proposal is inconsistent with “any Federal law or any Government-wide rule or regulation.” 5 U.S.C. § 7117(a)(1) (emphasis *453added). See AFGE v. FLRA, 794 F.2d 1013, 1015 (5th Cir.1986). Whether the OPM regulation, properly interpreted, would be invalid because of a conflict with § 254(b) is irrelevant to the negotiability question the Authority faced. The OPM has not been a party to any stage of this proceeding and the validity of its regulation is not at issue in this dispute. Any challenge to the legality of the OPM regulation under § 4(b) of the Portal-to-Portal Act must be brought in an appropriate forum.
III. Conclusion
The government-wide regulations promulgated by the OPM under the FLSA do not allow compensation for time spent in concluding activities that are not closely related to principal work activities. We conclude that the Authority improperly determined that the union’s proposal to bargain over such compensation was not inconsistent with these OPM regulations, and we set aside its decision on negotiability as contrary to law.

It is so ordered.

. Prior to 1974, federal employees’ right to receive overtime compensation was governed solely by the FEPA. See 5 U.S.C. § 5542. In 1974 the FLSA became applicable to federal employees (with some exceptions inapplicable here), see 29 U.S.C. § 203(e)(2). Section 207(a)(1) of the FLSA provides a separate basis for overtime compensation.
The OPM is responsible for administering overtime provisions for federal employees under both the FLSA and the FEPA. See 29 U.S.C. § 204(f) and 5 U.S.C. § 5548. The OPM regulations implementing the two statutes apply generally to civilian employees of the federal government. See 5 C.F.R. § 551.102(d) and 5 C.F.R. § 550.101(a).

. Section 4 of the Portal-to-Portal Act provides in relevant part:
(b) Notwithstanding the provisions ... of this section which relieve an employer from liability and punishment with respect to any [post-liminary] activity, the employer shall not be so relieved if such [postliminary] activity is compensable by ... (1) an express provision of a written or nonwritten contract in effect, at the time of such activity, between such employee, his agent, or collective-bargaining representative and his employer....
29 U.S.C. § 254(b) (1988).

. The regulations provide:
For the purposes of this part, "workday” means the period between the commencement of the principal activities that an employee is engaged to perform on a given day, and the cessation of the principal activities for that day. All time spent by an employee In the performance of such activities is hours of work. The workday is not limited to a calendar day or any other 24-hour period.
5 C.F.R. § 551.411(a) (1990).

. Thus the Authority’s interpretation of the OPM regulation is compromised by its concession that the nearly identical rule promulgated under the FEPA, see 5 C.F.R. § 550.112(b)(2), would prevent bargaining over the union’s proposal. AFGE, Local 987 and U.S. Dep't of the Air Force, Robins Air Force Base, 37 F.L.R.A. (No. 13) 197, 211-12 (1990). It seems highly unlikely that an agency would use the exact same language to accomplish contradictory results under two statutes. Moreover, it is clear from the history of the two rules that the OPM intended the same result under both regulations. In simultaneously publishing § 551.412(b) and § 550.112(b)(2), the OPM remarked "they are intended to meet the unique needs of the Federal workplace and *452to accomplish the integration of applicable provisions of civil service laws [FEPA] with those of the FLSA." 48 Fed.Reg. 36,803 (1983). Part of that integration was the uniformity of regulations regarding the compensability of preshift and postshift activities. Id. at 36,803-04. FPM Supplement 990-2, Book 550, App. I.

. Previous Authority cases interpreting Part 551 contradict the Authority and the dissent's position in this case. In National Association of Government Employees and Veterans Administration Medical Center, 32 F.L.R.A. (No. 35) 206 (1988), a union proposal for negotiation called for a 30-minute break period for the federal employees involved. An OPM regulation authorized breaks for time periods of only 20 minutes. See 5 C.F.R. § 551.411(b). The Authority concluded, “this regulation ... applies mandatory policy ... [that] limits any single break or rest period within an employee’s workday to 20 minutes. By seeking to provide for a 30-minute break period, the proposal is inconsistent with this limitation." 32 F.L.R.A. (No. 35) at 210-11 (emphasis added). Similarly, in American Federation of Government Employees and Department of Health and Human Services, 31 F.L.R.A. (No. 31) 355 (1988), a union proposal asked that the agency grant compensation for additional commuting time required by assignments of employees to special details away from their regular duty station. The Authority concluded that such compensation would be inconsistent with an OPM regulation that sets out compensa-ble “hours of work." See 5 C.F.R. § 551.422(b). Clearly, in both cases the Authority construed Part 551 to be a ceiling not merely a floor upon compensable activity.

. Our dissenting colleague argues that because the Secretary would, in his view, be exceeding her authority if she issued a regulation forbidding compensation for postliminary activity, then we cannot assume that she did so. That rule, paralleling the canon that statutes should whenever possible be construed so as to avoid constitutional questions, works only when the import of a regulation is ambiguous. When a rule (or a statute) is clear, a court cannot distort its meaning to avoid constitutional or statutory conflict. Cf. Commodity Futures Trading Comm’n. v. Schor, 478 U.S. 833, 841, 106 S.Ct. 3245, 3251, 92 L.Ed.2d 675 (1986) (noting that court does not have “prerogative to ignore the legislative will ... so as to save [a statute] against constitutional attack, it must not and will not carry this [canon of construction] to the point of perverting the purpose of a statute or judicially rewriting it") (quoting Aptheker v. Secretary of State, 378 U.S. 500, 515, 84 S.Ct. 1659, 1668, 12 L.Ed.2d 992 (1964)). In the end, it is the executive, not the judiciary, which wields rulemaking power under our constitutional regime and must be held accountable for it. Courts cannot rewrite regulations at will to avoid conflicts with underlying statutes.