Court Opinion

ID: 802757
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2012-06-20 20:15:41+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:00:05.381008
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                      No. 11-3692
                                      ___________

                                    IBRAHIMA LY,
                                                        Petitioner

                                            v.

                 ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES,
                                              Respondent
                    ____________________________________

                       On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                            Board of Immigration Appeals
                             (Agency No. A094-221-860)
                    Immigration Judge: Honorable Dorothy Harbeck
                      ____________________________________

                     Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                     June 18, 2012

              Before: SLOVITER, SMITH AND COWEN, Circuit Judges

                              (Opinion filed: June 20, 2012)
                                       _________

                                       OPINION
                                       _________

PER CURIAM

       The pro se petitioner, Ibrahima Ly, asks us to reverse an order of the Board of

Immigration Appeals (BIA) that rejected his application for asylum and derivative relief.

For the following reasons, we will deny his petition for review of the agency’s decision.

                                            1
      Ly is a native and citizen of the Republic of Guinea who arrived in the United

States in 2008; having overstayed his business visa, he was placed into removal

proceedings. Ly applied for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the

United Nations Convention Against Torture (CAT), arguing that he had been mistreated

in Guinea on account of his political activity, and specifically for his membership in the

Union for Progress and Renewal (UPR) political party.          According to his asylum

application, Ly had become convinced that “the military dominated government of

President Conte was a disaster for Guinea.” Believing that the UPR was a force for

positive change, Ly started helping the party “near the end of 2003 by importing T shirts

with photos of the party leader and party logo on them.” Administrative Record (A.R.)

252. Tragedy struck when his father, who was also a UPR member, was shot and killed

by a government soldier while striking in 2007. Id. Later, Ly participated in an anti-

government meeting that was raided by the military; he was eventually apprehended and

was imprisoned for around four months, during which period he was interrogated, beaten,

and otherwise abused. A.R. 253. After obtaining “unofficial” release from custody by

having his family bribe prison officials, Ly “made plans to save money and to get a visa

from the U.S. Embassy to come to the United States,” successfully doing so in 2008. Id.

Ly acknowledged that a recent coup in Guinea had affected the power structure that he

feared, but insisted that “the current military leaders are just as bad or worse than

President Conte,” reaffirming that his life would “be in danger” if he returned to Guinea.

Id. In support of his application, Ly submitted, among other materials, a letter from his

wife (A.R. 201) and a certification of his involvement with the UPR (A.R. 198).

                                            2
       Following the close of testimony, relief was denied by an Immigration Judge (IJ),

who found Ly to be lacking in credibility and his evidentiary proffer to be without

sufficient corroboration. Of particular significance to the IJ’s credibility decision was the

fact that neither Ly’s asylum application nor his wife’s letter related that soldiers were

still actively looking for him, whereas Ly had testified at his merits hearing that he was

still under active scrutiny for his anti-government activities and that his wife had been

harassed by the military. See A.R. 94–95; see also A.R. 140, 152 (testimony). On

appeal, the BIA upheld the adverse credibility and corroboration determinations, and

although it narrowed slightly the basis of the former, it echoed the IJ’s concern that Ly’s

written submissions “did not indicate that the military had continued to search for him”

after his departure. A.R. 3. The BIA also noted that Ly had waived his CAT claims by

failing to argue them on appeal. A.R. 5.

       Now proceeding without counsel, Ly timely petitions for review of the BIA’s

decision. The Government urges us to uphold the agency’s determination.

       Pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1), we have jurisdiction over final agency orders of

removal. Vera v. Att’y Gen., 672 F.3d 187, 192 (3d Cir. 2012); see also Gomez-Zuluaga

v. Att’y Gen., 527 F.3d 330, 340–46 (3d Cir. 2008) (discussing substantive asylum

standard). When, as here, “the BIA both adopts the findings of the IJ and discusses some

of the bases for the IJ’s decision, we have authority to review the decisions of both the IJ

and the BIA.”     Chen v. Ashcroft, 376 F.3d 215, 222 (3d Cir. 2004).           The factual

determinations of both opinions are evaluated under the same “substantial evidence”

standard, a deferential mode of review in which the agency’s findings of fact are

                                             3
conclusive unless a reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the

contrary. Yusupov v. Att’y Gen., 650 F.3d 968, 977 (3d Cir. 2011) (citing cases); see

also Tarrawally v. Ashcroft, 338 F.3d 180, 184 (3d Cir. 2003) (“Adverse credibility

determinations are factual findings subject to substantial evidence review.”). “Where the

record supports plausible but conflicting inferences in an immigration case, the . . . choice

between those inferences is, a fortiori, supported by substantial evidence.” De Hincapie

v. Gonzales, 494 F.3d 213, 219 (1st Cir. 2007).

       Salient to our decision is the operation of the REAL ID Act, Pub. L. No. 109-13,

119 Stat. 231, 302 (2005), which applies because Ly first filed his asylum application

after the Act’s effective date of May 11, 2005. See Dong v. Att’y Gen., 638 F.3d 223,

229 n.3 (3d Cir. 2011). The Act affected the processes of determining credibility and

requesting corroboration. See Guta-Tolossa v. Holder, 674 F.3d 57, 62 (1st Cir. 2012)

(citing 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(ii)). In assessing credibility, the agency must evaluate

(among other factors) the alien’s “demeanor, candor, or responsiveness,” the “inherent

plausibility” of his account, the “consistency between [his] written and oral statements”

(accounting for “the circumstances under which the statements were made”), and the

internal consistency of his statements and their relationship to other evidence in the

record, “without regard to whether an inconsistency, inaccuracy, or falsehood goes to the

heart of [his] claim.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii) (emphasis added). The presence of a

single identified ground can suffice to support an adverse credibility determination. Rizk

v. Holder, 629 F.3d 1083, 1087 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting Wang v. INS, 352 F.3d 1250,

1259 (9th Cir. 2003)).

                                             4
       Having conducted a thorough review of the administrative record, we agree with

the Government that the omission from Ly’s written submissions of the Guinean

military’s continued interest in pursuing him, as well as his failure to address the

military’s active harassment of his wife, constitutes “substantial evidence” in support of

the adverse credibility determination. This gap went to the heart of his claim; ongoing

military scrutiny would be extraordinarily relevant to the discussion and analysis of the

likelihood of future persecution, as it would serve to reinforce his otherwise-generalized

fear of remaining in Guinea (and his associated “certain[ty] that [his] life w[ould] be in

danger if [he] return[ed] to Guinea”, A.R. 253). 1 His wife, meanwhile, couched her fear

of remaining in the familial home in a conditional tense. She did not relate that she had

been actually harassed by soldiers, or that the military was looking for Ly, but rather that

she was concerned about the possibility of becoming “a victim of sexual or physical

harassment” if she remained in the familial home. A.R. 201.

       As the Government observes, such an omission need not doom Ly’s credibility or

his asylum application as a whole, and it was not emphasized as a potential and

problematic discontinuity during his main merits hearing. See Kin v. Holder, 595 F.3d
1050, 1056–57 (9th Cir. 2010) (observing that “[o]missions [from asylum applications]

are not given much significance because applicants usually do not speak English and are

not represented by counsel”; in addition, aliens should be “afforded the opportunity to

1
  The Administrative Record reveals that the other persons who submitted affidavits on Ly’s
behalf also discussed his fear of returning to Guinea in speculative terms. See, e.g., A.R. 198
(affirming that Ly “will face further persecution from the New Military Junta . . . because of his
opposition to a military government”).

                                                5
explain inconsistencies within their own personal testimony because the true story may

get lost in translation”); but see id. at 1057 (“When inconsistencies exist between the

testimony of multiple witnesses and documentary evidence, however, it is not a matter of

a communication problem requiring clarification, but of determining how the evidence

fits together.”). Yet while Ly has attacked several of the other findings used to support

the adverse credibility determination, he has not satisfactorily addressed this particular

inconsistency in either his agency appellate documents or in his brief before this Court.

See, e.g., A.R. 64–65 (discussing “escape” ambiguity, wife’s concern for her safety, and

general fear of returning to Guinea); A.R. 13 (counsel: “While I cannot say for certain, I

would imagine that his wife was afraid of the soldiers who were coming to her home,

since prior to the departure of her husband she did not express any fear of remaining in

her home.”) (emphasis added). See generally Pet’r’s Br. Accordingly, this omission was

sufficient to support an adverse credibility determination, which (in turn) did justify the

denial of asylum and derivative relief. 2

       Thus, for the foregoing reasons, Ly’s petition for review will be denied.

2
  Because we so hold, we need not address the “intuitively related, [but] distinct” concept of
corroboration. Toure v. Att’y Gen., 443 F.3d 310, 323 (3d Cir. 2006). While the IJ’s
corroboration and credibility inquiries were somewhat intertwined, she did not find that Ly was
incredible because of his failure to corroborate, but rather because the material he used to
corroborate his application further exacerbated an important omission.
                                              6