Court Opinion

ID: 4909192
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-09-08 16:30:44.123878+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:13:19.433517
License: Public Domain

Filed
                                                                                       Washington State
                                                                                       Court of Appeals
                                                                                        Division Two

                                                                                       September 8, 2021
      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                          DIVISION II
    ZAID WOLDEMICAEL,                                               No. 54220-0-II
                                                                   consolidated with
                          Appellant,

          v.

    STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT
    OF SOCIAL AND HEALTH SERVICES,

                          Respondent.

    ZAID WOLDEMICAEL,                                               No. 54230-7-II

                          Appellant,

          v.
                                                            PART PUBLISHED OPINION
    STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT
    OF SOCIAL AND HEALTH SERVICES,

                          Respondent.

         GLASGOW, A.C.J.––Debora,1 a vulnerable adult living in Win Adult Family Home, choked

while eating her dinner. Zaid Woldemicael, the adult family home care provider, was nearby

preparing dinner for other residents and had her back turned. When Woldemicael realized Debora

was in distress, she called 911 and followed the dispatcher’s instructions. Sadly, Debora could not

be revived.

1
    Because Debora was a vulnerable adult, we use only her first name.
Nos. 54220-0-II and 54230-7-II

         The Department of Social and Health Services investigated Woldemicael, found that she

neglected a vulnerable adult and violated multiple administrative regulations governing the

operation of adult family homes, and revoked her license. After a hearing, an administrative law

judge (ALJ) reversed. The Department’s Board of Appeals then reversed the ALJ’s decision and

reinstated the Department’s neglect and licensing findings as well as the license revocation. The

superior court affirmed the Board’s decision. Woldemicael appeals.

         In the published portion of this opinion, we hold that the appropriate standard for neglect

of a vulnerable adult is the statutory definition of “neglect” in RCW 74.34.020(16)(b), rather than

the definition of “child neglect” discussed in Brown v. Department of Social and Health Services.2

In the unpublished portion of this opinion, we reverse the Board’s neglect finding because although

Woldemicael’s mistakes had serious and tragic consequences, they did not rise to the level of

statutory neglect of a vulnerable adult. Because two of the Board’s licensing violation conclusions

depend on its erroneous neglect finding, we reverse those findings. We affirm a third challenged

licensing violation that did not depend on the neglect finding, and we remand for the Department

to determine appropriate licensing consequences based on the remaining licensing violations. We

reject Woldemicael’s procedural challenges and deny her request for attorney fees and costs.

                                              FACTS

         After Debora’s death, Adult Protective Services investigated the Win Home and found that

Woldemicael neglected Debora. Woldemicael contested the finding and requested an

administrative hearing.

2
    190 Wn. App. 572, 588-93, 360 P.3d 875 (2015).

                                                  2
Nos. 54220-0-II and 54230-7-II

       The ALJ concluded that Woldemicael did not neglect a vulnerable adult. The ALJ held that

the definition of “child neglect” in Brown also applied to neglect of a vulnerable adult. Under this

standard, the Department had to show that Woldemicael acted with reckless disregard, meaning

she breached her duty of care and “intentionally acted or failed to act” while “knowing or having

reason to know facts that would lead a reasonable person to realize that her conduct created an

unreasonable risk of bodily harm to Debora and that there was a high degree of probability that

substantial harm would result to her.” Administrative Record (AR)3 (APS) at 75. The ALJ

determined that Woldemicael did not neglect Debora because she did not “intentionally act in a

manner that she knew would create an unreasonable risk of bodily harm to Debora and that would

create a high degree of probability that [Debora] would be substantially harmed.” Id.

       The Department appealed, and the Board reversed the ALJ’s decision, rejecting the ALJ’s

conclusion that the child neglect standard in Brown applied to vulnerable adults. The Board

determined that the statutory language in RCW 74.34.020(16)(b) required the Department to prove

that Woldemicael “committed an act or omission” that “demonstrated a serious disregard of

consequences . . . of such a magnitude to constitute a clear and present danger” to Debora’s health

or safety. AR (APS) at 13. Applying that standard, the Board concluded that Woldemicael

neglected Debora.

       Woldemicael appealed to the superior court, arguing that the Board should have applied

the standard in Brown. The superior court affirmed, holding that Brown did not apply, that the

3
 There are two administrative records. The administrative record in the adult protective services
neglect case, Thurston County Superior Court cause no. 18-2-04218-34, is referred to as AR
(APS). The adult family home licensing case, Thurston County Superior Court cause no. 18-2-
04215-34, is referred to as AR (AFHL).

                                                 3
Nos. 54220-0-II and 54230-7-II

Board did not err when it found Woldemicael had neglected a vulnerable adult, and that

Woldemicael’s adult family home license should be revoked. Woldemicael appeals.

                                            ANALYSIS

       Woldemicael argues that the Board should have adopted the standard articulated in Brown.

We disagree. Brown does not apply to neglect of a vulnerable adult and the proper standard is the

statutory definition of “neglect” in RCW 74.34.020(16)(b).

       Under RCW 34.05.570(3)(d), we may grant relief from final agency action when “[t]he

agency has erroneously interpreted or applied the law.” We review such a contention de novo, but

we “give substantial weight to [the agency’s] interpretation of the law when subjects fall within

[the agency’s] area of expertise.” Pac. Coast Shredding, LLC v. Port of Vancouver, USA, 14 Wn.

App. 2d 484, 502, 471 P.3d 934 (2020).

       RCW 74.34.020(16)(b) defines “neglect of a vulnerable adult” in relevant part as “an act

or omission by a person . . . with a duty of care that demonstrates a serious disregard of

consequences of such a magnitude as to constitute a clear and present danger to the vulnerable

adult’s health, welfare, or safety.” The statute does not further define “serious disregard” or “clear

and present danger.”

       The statutory definition of “neglect of a child” is nearly identical. See RCW 26.44.020(18).

In Brown, when applying the definition of “neglect of a child,” Division Three held that a parent’s

neglectful conduct must rise above simple negligence. 190 Wn. App. at 593. Under Brown, the

Department must show not just that a parent failed to act reasonably, but that the parent had a

“higher degree of culpability” by taking an action that “involves a high degree of probability” that

                                                  4
Nos. 54220-0-II and 54230-7-II

the child would be substantially harmed. Id. at 590. The court emphasized the “fundamental liberty

interest” of a parent “in the care and custody of [their] children.” Id. at 593.

        We agree with Woldemicael that serious disregard requires more than simple negligence,

but we reject Woldemicael’s contention that the Board erred by failing to employ the Brown

standard because Brown is specific to child neglect cases. The relationship between a parent and a

minor child implicates the fundamental right to parent where the relationship between a caregiver

and a vulnerable adult does not. Moreover, the Board here never suggested that ordinary

negligence supported its neglect finding. Rather, the Board quoted the statutory language and held

that Woldemicael’s actions constituted a serious disregard of consequences of such a magnitude

that it created a clear and present danger. The Board applied the correct statutory standard.

        Woldemicael asserts that Raven v. Department of Social and Health Services, 177 Wn.2d

804, 822-831, 306 P.3d 920 (2013), extends Brown to the vulnerable adult context. We disagree.

        Raven implicated a different prong of the neglect provision under former RCW

74.34.020(12)(a) (2012), which applies when a person with a duty of care engages in “‘a pattern

of conduct’” that fails to provide the vulnerable adult with “‘the goods and services that maintain

physical or mental health . . . or that . . . fails to avoid or prevent physical or mental harm or pain.’”

Id. at 829 (quoting former RCW 74.34.020(12)(a)). This portion of the statute does not contain the

“serious disregard of consequences” or “clear and present danger” language central to the

definition of “neglect” applicable in this case. Id; compare RCW 74.34.020(16)(a), with (b). Raven

is further distinguishable because the appellant in Raven was a guardian, not a caregiver, and the

court emphasized that the guardian’s good faith consideration of the ward’s preferences

significantly weighed against a neglect finding. See id. at 820-21.

                                                    5
Nos. 54220-0-II and 54230-7-II

       Woldemicael also relies on Crosswhite v. Department of Social and Health Services, 197

Wn. App. 539, 389 P.3d 731 (2017), but that case is also distinguishable because it dealt with

abuse of a vulnerable adult under RCW 74.34.020(2), not neglect under RCW 74.34.020(16).

Unlike the neglect provision, the abuse provision specifies that the Department must show the

perpetrator engaged in “‘willful action or inaction.’” Id. at 550 (quoting RCW 74.34.020(2)).

       In sum, the Board did not err by declining to apply Brown and instead applying the plain

language of the statutory definition of “neglect of a vulnerable adult.” The Board properly

concluded that, under the statute, the Department needed to establish three elements by a

preponderance of the evidence to prove that Woldemicael neglected a vulnerable adult. These

elements were: “(1) [Woldemicael] committed an act or omission; (2) the act or omission

demonstrated a serious disregard of consequences; and (3) the disregard was of such a magnitude

to constitute a clear and present danger to the vulnerable adult’s health, welfare, or safety.” AR

(APS) at 13.

       As discussed in the unpublished portion of this opinion, we conclude that even though the

Board applied the correct interpretation of neglect under RCW 74.34.020(16)(b) and substantial

evidence supported the Board’s findings of fact, the Board erroneously applied the law to the facts

when it concluded that Woldemicael’s conduct rose to the level of neglect. We reverse the Board’s

neglect finding, reverse the licensing violations that depend on the neglect finding, and remand for

further proceedings consistent with the opinion.

       A majority of the panel having determined that only the foregoing portion of this opinion

will be printed in the Washington Appellate Reports and that the remainder shall be filed for public

record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040, it is so ordered.

                                                   6
Nos. 54220-0-II and 54230-7-II

                                      Unpublished Text Follows

                                       ADDITIONAL FACTS

A.     Woldemicael’s Adult Family Homes

       Woldemicael, a certified nursing assistant, began operating Samuel’s Adult Family Home

in 2005. In 2008, Woldemicael purchased a second home, received a second license, and opened

a second adult family home named Win Adult Family Home. Between 2008 and 2012, the

Department issued seven statements of licensing deficiencies against Woldemicael based on

various licensing violations at Samuel’s Adult Family Home.

       In 2012, the Department brought an action against Woldemicael’s license for Samuel’s

Adult Family Home, alleging that while Woldemicael was out of town and other staff were caring

for the residents, one resident was repeatedly physically and verbally abusive to other residents

and staff failed to prevent the abuse. The Department alleged other lesser violations including

failure to maintain adequate records and failure to ensure adequate staff training, background

checks, and tuberculosis screening.

       These allegations resulted in a settlement agreement. Woldemicael agreed to relinquish her

license for Samuel’s Adult Family Home in lieu of revocation, provided that she would retain a

valid license for the Win home. However, the terms of the settlement included that the Department

would not enter into contracts with Woldemicael for state-funded clients at the Win home. Even

so, between 2013 and 2017, the Department continued to contract with Woldemicael for state-

funded clients. It is unclear why the Department did not enforce the settlement agreement.

       At the Win home, Woldemicael cared for six disabled adults with varying needs.

Woldemicael, her husband, nine-year-old daughter, and infant son also lived at the home.

                                                 7
Nos. 54220-0-II and 54230-7-II

Woldemicael’s husband, Michael Kibrom, worked outside the home six days a week from 5:00

a.m. to 3:00 p.m., and he sometimes helped care for the residents after work. Woldemicael

employed one additional caregiver who worked nights three or four times per week. During the

other nights, Woldemicael set alarms to wake up and assist residents with toileting and other

overnight needs.

B.     Debora

       Debora was admitted to the Win home in March 2014. She was 63 years old and her

diagnoses included seizure disorders and senile psychosis. Kristina Sherriff was Debora’s

caseworker in 2016. Sherriff conducted an annual assessment of Debora’s needs and preferences

in November 2016. Sherriff observed Debora and interviewed Woldemicael and Debora’s

guardian.

       Based on that assessment, Sherriff entered responses to about 300 questions about Debora’s

medical and behavioral needs, ability to complete daily living activities, and the degree of

assistance she needed for each activity. Sherriff then created an individual support plan for Debora.

In addition to selecting applicable drop-down menu choices, Sherriff wrote custom notes about

Debora’s needs and instructions for her caregivers.

       Debora’s individual support plan stated she needed constant monitoring because of her

seizures and mobility issues. Her caregiver was required to remain within “[l]ine of sight/[e]arshot

(close observation) . . . at all times during awake hours.” AR (APS) at 236. Debora could not

communicate meaningfully in any way or summon help if in distress.

       The individual support plan stated that Debora needed “[e]xtensive assistance” with eating.

AR (APS) at 249. Debora could not cut food herself and the plan noted that she had “[p]oor hand

                                                 8
Nos. 54220-0-II and 54230-7-II

to mouth coordination.” Id. Debora preferred “small portions” and “like[d] finger food.” Id.

Caregivers needed to “[b]ring food to [Debora]” and “[c]ue [Debora] to feed [her]self, [c]ut food

into small pieces, [e]ncourage liquids, [k]eep liquids available, [m]onitor for choking, [p]rovide

calm environment, [c]ue throughout meal, [w]ipe mouth as needed.” Id. Sherriff emphasized, “All

foods must be cut into small pieces.” Id.

        In addition to the individual support plan created by the Department, an adult family home

must use the Department’s assessment “to develop a written negotiated care plan.” WAC 388-76-

10355. The Department defines a “negotiated care plan” as “the most recent written plan of care

describing services to be provided to the [c]lient” based on negotiations between the adult family

home provider and the client or client’s representative. AR (AFHL) at 448. It must include “[a]

list of the care and services to be provided,” identify “who will provide the care and services,” and

specify “[w]hen and how the care and services will be provided.” WAC 388-76-10355(1)-(3). It

must also include, if needed, “a plan to . . . [f]ollow in case of a foreseeable crisis due to a resident’s

assessed needs.” WAC 388-76-10355(7)(a). “The adult family home must implement each

resident’s negotiated care plan.” WAC 388-76-10365.

        Based on Sherriff’s assessment and the individual support plan, Woldemicael developed a

negotiated care plan for Debora. The negotiated care plan stated that Debora “needs assistance

with eating” and the caregiver would “cut her food into small [pieces] and sometimes help her

[with] feeding if [Debora] lets caregiver help her.” AR (APS) at 630. The negotiated care plan did

not include all the details in the individual support plan, including that a caregiver had to cue

Debora to eat, encourage liquids, monitor her for choking, and wipe her mouth throughout the

meal.

                                                    9
Nos. 54220-0-II and 54230-7-II

       Because Debora was aggressive to other residents during meals, she ate dinner before the

other residents. Woldemicael often prepared the other residents’ meals in the kitchen while Debora

ate her dinner at the dining room table.

       Photographs in the record show that the kitchen and dining room were adjacent to each

other, separated by an open doorway. AR (AFHL) at 224-230. The dining room table was directly

in front of the kitchen doorway and a person could easily see the dining room table from the

kitchen. Id. The photographs also show that a person standing at the kitchen counter was at most

a few feet from the dining room table. Id.

       Woldemicael testified that she did not believe Debora actually needed extensive assistance

with eating. According to Woldemicael, Debora only needed a caregiver to prepare the food, cut

it up, make sure the table was clean and clear, and let Debora feed herself. Woldemicael did not

think it was necessary for “somebody . . . to sit with her and feed her.” 1 Verbatim Report of

Proceedings (VRP) at 123. Woldemicael also testified that Debora would not eat food that was cut

to bite size. Woldemicael further explained that she served foods such as sandwiches cut into

quarters because a “[m]anageable” size for Debora was something she could “hold . . . [and] take

. . . one bite, or two, or three bites.” 1 VRP at 125. Woldemicael testified she had given Debora

the same kind of chicken patty sandwich cut into quarters once a week since Debora moved in

three years earlier and Debora had never had problems with that meal before.

C.     February 2017 Incident

       On February 12, 2017, Woldemicael served Debora dinner at about 4:00 p.m. The meal

was a breaded chicken sandwich cut into quarters, chips, and grape juice. Debora sat alone at the

dining room table, facing the kitchen. While Debora ate, Woldemicael was in the kitchen doing

                                               10
Nos. 54220-0-II and 54230-7-II

dishes and preparing dinner for the other residents. Kibrom was in a different room visiting with

guests.

          Woldemicael was facing away from Debora for some amount of time. The Board found

she may have left Debora unattended for as long as five minutes, but Woldemicael disputes this

finding. Woldemicael testified that when she “turned around” Debora’s face looked different. 1

VRP at 142.

          Woldemicael shouted Debora’s name and tapped her shoulder, but Debora was

unresponsive. Debora’s face was white, her eyes were closed, she had grape juice colored drool

coming out of her mouth, and there was some spilled food on her pants. Some of her food was

gone. Woldemicael checked her pulse, but found none. The Board found Woldemicael did not

look in Debora’s mouth or check her airway, but Woldemicael disputes this finding.

          Woldemicael called 911 and reported that Debora “‘had a . . . seizure where she was eating,

and she stopped breathing.’” AR (APS) at 6 (quoting 911 transcript). The record contains a

transcript of the 911 call. The 911 operator instructed Woldemicael to place Debora flat on her

back and begin CPR immediately. Woldemicael was worried about getting Debora out of the chair

alone because of Debora’s size. Woldemicael shouted for her husband to come help. After about

a minute, Kibrom and his friend moved Debora to the floor.

          The 911 operator did not instruct Woldemicael to look in Debora’s mouth or to check her

airway. The operator instructed Woldemicael to place her hands on Debora’s chest to begin CPR

compressions. Woldemicael began compressions and continued until emergency responders

arrived and took over CPR. Because emergency responders verified Debora had a “Do Not

Resuscitate Order,” they stopped CPR. AR (APS) at 7.

                                                  11
Nos. 54220-0-II and 54230-7-II

       When they stopped CPR, the emergency responders saw food in Debora’s mouth. Police

officer Alec Dyngen interviewed Woldemicael and Kibrom at the scene. Dyngen wrote in his

police report and testified at the hearing that Woldemicael told him she had been in the kitchen for

five minutes before turning around and noticing that Debora’s face looked strange. Woldemicael

and Kibrom also gave written statements to Dyngen.

       An autopsy report revealed that Debora choked on food, which blocked her airway, causing

death by asphyxiation. The medical examiner found a food bolus consistent with breaded chicken

lodged in her throat at the laryngeal inlet. Testimony at the hearing later established that the bolus

blocked both the esophagus and the trachea. The bolus measured one and three quarters inch by

one and one quarter inch in size. Aspirated food particles were also found in Debora’s lungs,

suggesting she was coughing shortly before she became unresponsive.

D.     Investigation

       Jennifer Witman, a registered nurse complaint investigator for Residential Care Services,

began investigating the Win home in February 2017. She entered a statement of deficiencies in

March 2017, followed by an order prohibiting admissions to the Win home and summarily

suspending and permanently revoking the adult family home license. Adult Protective Services

investigator Michelle Rosell investigated whether Woldemicael neglected a vulnerable adult under

RCW 74.34.020(16)(b), and then made a finding that neglect was substantiated under the statute.

Woldemicael contested both decisions and requested an administrative hearing.

       Both Adult Protective Services and Residential Care Services enforcement actions can

result in restrictions on adult family home licenses, including permanent license revocation. RCW

70.128.160(2). The consequences of a neglect finding are more severe, however, because under

                                                 12
Nos. 54220-0-II and 54230-7-II

RCW 74.39A.056(2)-(3), a person found to have neglected a vulnerable adult under chapter 74.34

RCW will be placed on a permanent registry and will not be permitted unsupervised access to

vulnerable adults or children in any Department-administered programs and will not be granted a

new adult family home license. See also WAC 388-76-10120(3)(d)(iii) and [Department of Social

and Health Services (DSHS)] Secretary’s List of Crimes and Negative Actions for Use by All

Programs Administered by DSHS (Jan. 2020), https://www.dshs.wa.gov/sites/default/files/

bccu/documents/Secretary%E2%80%99sCrimesListforALLPrograms.pdf. It is unclear from this

record whether a finding that a person neglected a vulnerable adult is available to and relied upon

by entities like school districts and childcare programs when they conduct background checks on

potential employees or volunteers, for example.

       On July 28, 2017, two days before the hearing was scheduled to begin, Residential Care

Services amended the March 2017 statement of deficiencies, adding additional violations,

including that Woldemicael failed to comply with the 2013 settlement agreement because she

contracted with the Department for state-funded residents in the Win home from 2013 to 2017.

The Department reiterated the summary suspension, stop placement, and license revocation order.

E.     ALJ and Board Decisions

       On the first day of the administrative hearing, Woldemicael’s attorney objected to the

recently amended statement of deficiencies and enforcement notice because the Department issued

them after discovery had closed. Woldemicael’s counsel suggested that the violation stemming

from Woldemicael’s alleged failure to follow the 2013 settlement agreement should be dismissed.

       The ALJ ruled that the amended statement of deficiencies and enforcement notice were

proper because administrative procedure rules allow an agency to amend its notice of charges at

                                                13
Nos. 54220-0-II and 54230-7-II

any time before or during a hearing, so long as the licensee can continue the hearing if needed.

Woldemicael’s attorney declined a continuance, asking instead that the Department provide

additional discovery on the settlement violation issue. Due to the hearing schedule, there was a

two-week gap after the first two days of testimony, and Woldemicael’s counsel assured the ALJ

that would be enough time for him to address the amended charges. The ALJ reopened discovery

as requested.

       Testimony at the hearing was consistent with the facts recited above. The ALJ reversed the

vulnerable adult neglect finding and the license revocation. As explained above, the ALJ applied

the Brown standard and determined that Woldemicael did not neglect Debora. The ALJ’s

determination relied substantially on the testimony of Sherriff, the case manager who conducted

Debora’s 2016 assessment and created her individual support plan. Because Woldemicael did not

“intentionally act in a manner that she knew would create an unreasonable risk of bodily harm to

Debora and that would create a high degree of probability that [Debora] would be substantially

harmed,” the ALJ ruled that Woldemicael did not neglect a vulnerable adult. AR (APS) at 75.

       The ALJ also reversed three of the Department’s licensing violations (failure to prevent

neglect, develop an adequate negotiated care plan, and follow the negotiated care plan) because

these licensing violations relied on the neglect finding. The ALJ found Woldemicael did not violate

the 2013 settlement agreement because the Department was responsible for offering Woldemicael

the contracts. The ALJ concluded that license revocation was inappropriate and remanded for the

Department to impose appropriate penalties for the only remaining licensing violations, which

were about background checks and continuing education requirements.

                                                14
Nos. 54220-0-II and 54230-7-II

       The Department appealed, and the Board reversed the ALJ’s decision. The Board found

Woldemicael neglected Debora by failing to assist her while she ate in violation of her care plans

and by failing to check Debora’s mouth when Woldemicael found her unresponsive during a meal,

which was inconsistent with her training.

       The Board also reinstated the Department’s licensing violations and license revocation

order. The Board found the 2013 settlement agreement was unambiguous and Woldemicael’s

alleged misunderstanding was not credible, but the Board did not conclude that the violation of the

settlement agreement was a separate licensing violation. The Board also found that two former

Win home residents, another resident’s guardian, and two Department employees thought

Woldemicael’s quality of care was excellent and did not want the home to be closed. But the Board

concluded the Department did not abuse its discretion by revoking her license.

       The superior court affirmed the Board’s orders. Woldemicael appeals.

                                            ANALYSIS

       The Administrative Procedure Act, chapter 34.05 RCW, governs judicial review of final

agency actions. Under RCW 34.05.570(1)(a), “The burden of demonstrating the invalidity of

agency action is on the party asserting invalidity.” And “[t]he challenging party must show that

[they have] been substantially prejudiced by the agency action.” Beatty v. Fish & Wildlife Comm’n,

185 Wn. App. 426, 443, 341 P.3d 291 (2015); RCW 34.05.570(1)(d). There are nine grounds for

invalidating an agency action. RCW 34.05.570(3). Woldemicael argues that certain findings of

fact were not supported by substantial evidence in the record, that the Board erroneously

interpreted or applied the law, that the Department failed to follow prescribed procedures, and that

some of the Department’s actions were arbitrary and capricious. RCW 34.05.570(3)(c)-(e), (i).

                                                15
Nos. 54220-0-II and 54230-7-II

                                    I. SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE

A.     Standard of Review and Burden to Show Invalidity of Agency Action

       Under RCW 34.05.570(3)(e), we review the Board’s factual findings for substantial

evidence in light of the whole record. To assess whether substantial evidence supports a challenged

factual finding, we ask “whether the record contains evidence sufficient to convince a rational,

fair-minded person that the finding is true.” Pac. Coast Shredding, 14 Wn. App. 2d at 501. “We

do not reweigh evidence or judge witness credibility, but instead, defer to the agency’s broad

discretion in weighing the evidence.” Whidbey Envtl. Action Network v. Growth Mgmt. Hr’gs Bd.,

14 Wn. App. 2d 514, 526, 471 P.3d 960 (2020). If evidence is disputed, it will nonetheless be

substantial if sufficient to persuade a reasonable person of its truth. See McCleary v. State, 173

Wn.2d 477, 514, 269 P.3d 227 (2012). Because we generally review only the final agency action,

the superior court’s findings of fact or conclusions of law are “surplusage.” Morawek v. City of

Bonney Lake, 184 Wn. App. 487, 491, 337 P.3d 1097 (2014).

       A reviewing officer in an administrative appeal typically has the same decision-making

power as the presiding officer in the initial hearing, but “[i]n reviewing findings of fact by

presiding officers, the reviewing officers shall give due regard to the presiding officer’s

opportunity to observe the witnesses.” RCW 34.05.464(4); see also WAC XXX-XX-XXXX(1). “[W]e

do not accord the deference to the ALJ that we would accord to the trier of fact in a

nonadministrative matter.” Crosswhite, 197 Wn. App. at 548.

       Where the reviewing officer’s findings contradict the ALJ’s, we apply a more searching

review to determine whether the deviation was supported by substantial evidence and whether the

reviewing judge gave due regard to the ALJ’s opportunity to observe the witnesses. Id. at 560.

                                                16
Nos. 54220-0-II and 54230-7-II

This is especially true where the reviewing officer’s findings rest on credibility determinations,

which must be specifically identified. RCW 34.05.461(3); see also Kabbae v. Dep’t of Soc. &

Health Servs., 144 Wn. App. 432, 440-41, 192 P.3d 903 (2008).

       Searching review of contradictory factual findings is especially important “where a

reviewing officer has rejected ‘primary’ rather than ‘secondary’ inferences.” Crosswhite, 197 Wn.

App. at 561. This is because “‘[a] primary inference involves a determination of whether a witness’

testimony as to an allegedly observed fact is true’” while “‘[a] secondary inference involves

application of judgment, discretion, or expertise to testimony.’” Id. (quoting 2 RICHARD J. PIERCE,

JR., ADMINISTRATIVE LAW TREATISE § 11.2, at 979 (5th ed. 2010)). By contrast, an ALJ’s factual

findings about secondary inferences “‘should carry little, if any, weight.’” Id. (quoting 2 PIERCE,

supra, at 992).

B.     Neglect Findings in Adult Protective Services Order

       1.         Finding 14

       The Board found Woldemicael “had not cut Debora’s food into small pieces.” AR (APS)

at 5-6. The Board also found that Woldemicael did “not encourag[e] Debora to drink liquids while

eating,” cue Debora to eat, or “wip[e] Debora’s mouth as needed.” Id. The Board found

Woldemicael failed to comply with Debora’s individual support plan by not physically assisting

Debora during the meal. Additionally, Woldemicael did not “monitor[] Debora for choking”

throughout the meal. AR (APS) at 6. The Board’s findings regarding these issues were more

detailed than the ALJ’s, but to the extent they diverge, they do so with regard to secondary

inferences. See Crosswhite, 197 Wn. App. at 561.

                                                17
Nos. 54220-0-II and 54230-7-II

       Woldemicael argues these findings were not supported by substantial evidence because

some testimony contradicted or undermined them. We disagree.

               a.      Size of sandwich pieces

       Substantial evidence supported the Board’s finding that Woldemicael did not cut Debora’s

food into small pieces. Sherriff, Witman, and Rosell agreed that “small pieces” meant “bite-sized”

pieces. See 2 VRP at 77-78; 3 VRP at 189. Woldemicael testified that she served Debora a chicken

patty sandwich on a hamburger bun cut into quarters. Woldemicael also said it would have taken

Debora one to three bites to finish each quarter. The autopsy report stated, “A pale yellow firm flat

‘tongue-shaped’     food   bolus   measuring     1.75   x   1.0   x    0.25   [inches]   completely

occlude[d]/obstruct[ed] the airway at the [i]nlet of the larynx (above the vocal cords).” AR (AFHL)

at 592. Photos of a representative sandwich and the food bolus were also admitted. Rosell and

Witman both testified that quartered pieces of a sandwich were not bite-sized pieces.

       On the other hand, Sherriff, who conducted the assessment and wrote Debora’s individual

support plan, testified that in her opinion, a sandwich cut into quarters was “pretty adequate.” 2

VRP at 78. Woldemicael testified that Debora had eaten a chicken patty sandwich cut into quarters

about once a week for almost three years without choking.

       The parties offered contradictory evidence about whether quartered pieces of a sandwich

were “bite-sized” pieces small enough to meet Debora’s needs, but the evidence was sufficient for

a rational fact finder to find that the sandwich was not cut into small pieces. Evidence need not be

undisputed to be substantial. Pac. Coast Shredding, 14 Wn. App. 2d at 501-02; McCleary, 173

Wn.2d at 514. A reasonable fact finder could conclude based on the totality of the evidence that

Woldemicael did not cut the sandwich into small pieces.

                                                 18
Nos. 54220-0-II and 54230-7-II

               b.      Physical assistance and monitoring

       The Board’s finding that Woldemicael did not physically assist Debora while she ate was

supported by substantial evidence. There is no evidence in the record that Woldemicael actively

encouraged Debora to drink liquids, cued Debora to eat, or wiped her mouth at any point during

the meal. Woldemicael and the other witnesses at the house that day agreed that Woldemicael had

been in the kitchen preparing meals and doing dishes while Debora ate in the adjacent dining room.

Ample evidence supported a rational finding that Woldemicael did not physically assist Debora

throughout the meal.

       Substantial evidence also supported the Board’s finding that Woldemicael did not

adequately monitor Debora for choking during the meal. Sherriff testified that a person in the

kitchen could see and hear a resident sitting at the dining room table, but Woldemicael spent at

least some time turned away from Debora, because she testified that she noticed the strange look

on Debora’s face “when [she] turned around.” 1 VRP at 142. And according to Officer Dyngen’s

police report and testimony, Woldemicael told him she had been in the kitchen for five minutes

before she turned and looked at Debora’s face. Evidence at the hearing also established that

Woldemicael would have seen Debora’s face turning color from red to blue or heard her coughing

or vomiting if she had kept Debora in sight or earshot while she ate.

       Woldemicael testified she never told Dyngen that she was in the kitchen for five minutes

and she said instead that she watched Debora the whole time.

       Although there was conflicting testimony, we may not reweigh the Board’s conclusions

about witness credibility or the weight of evidence, even if we might have reached a different

conclusion. Pac. Coast Shredding, 14 Wn. App. 2d at 501-02. There is enough evidence in the

                                                19
Nos. 54220-0-II and 54230-7-II

record as a whole “to convince a rational, fair-minded person” that Woldemicael failed to either

watch or listen to Debora for at least some portion of the meal, long enough for her to choke,

cough, and lose consciousness before being noticed. Id. at 501. The evidence was sufficient to

support a rational finding that Woldemicael did not monitor Debora for choking throughout the

meal. We hold that substantial evidence supported the entirety of finding 14.

       2.      Finding 6

       The Board found that Woldemicael was trained to follow a specific set of steps if she found

a resident unresponsive while eating, which included checking the resident’s mouth and airway

for a food blockage. Woldemicael argues this finding lacked substantial supporting evidence

because it ignored contradictory testimony. We disagree.

       The ALJ made no finding about Woldemicael’s training regarding residents who became

unresponsive while eating, so the Board’s finding on this issue was implicitly contradictory to the

ALJ’s. Applying “searching” review, we nonetheless conclude that substantial evidence supported

this finding. See Crosswhite, 197 Wn. App. at 560.

       Priscilla Bunch Baker, who taught CPR/First Aid to caregivers at adult family homes,

taught Woldemicael in 2015. Bunch Baker taught caregivers that if a resident became unresponsive

while eating, the caregiver should look in the resident’s mouth to check for a food blockage and

then call 911 and follow the operator’s directions. Bunch Baker testified she also taught caregivers

how to dislodge food if a resident choked. Bunch Baker said she would have instructed caregivers

to take these steps regardless of whether the choking person had a do not resuscitate order because

choking can be remedied by removing the blockage. Although Bunch Baker confirmed that a

caregiver should immediately call 911 where a resident is unconscious and follow the operator’s

                                                20
Nos. 54220-0-II and 54230-7-II

instructions, her testimony as a whole was sufficient to support the Board’s finding that

Woldemicael had been taught to take specific steps if she found a resident unresponsive while

eating. We hold that substantial evidence supported finding 6.

       3.      Finding 15

       The Board found that “[i]n violation of her training, [Woldemicael] did not look into

Debora’s mouth, check Debora’s airway, or check to see if Debora was breathing.” AR (APS) at

6. The ALJ, likewise, found that Woldemicael “did not look in [Debora’s] mouth or listen to her

chest.” AR (APS) at 69. Woldemicael argues this finding was not supported by substantial

evidence because she says she did check to see if Debora was breathing and the finding ignored

testimony of Woldemicael and Bunch Baker that Woldemicael was trained not to put her fingers

into Debora’s mouth in such a situation because she might have been having a seizure.

       Woldemicael testified, however, that she did not look in Debora’s mouth when she found

her nonresponsive and acknowledged that she did not specifically listen for breathing. Although

Bunch Baker testified that she discouraged her students from inserting anything into the mouth of

a seizing person, she never testified that a caregiver who suspected a resident might be choking

should refrain from looking inside that person’s mouth, regardless of whether they could also be

having a seizure. Based on the totality of the evidence, the facts support a finding that Woldemicael

did not look in Debora’s mouth, check her airway, or check whether she was still breathing. We

hold that substantial evidence supported finding 15.

       4.      Finding 24

       According to this finding, Dyngen testified that Woldemicael “told him she served Debora

a meal . . . went to the kitchen, . . . and returned five . . . minutes later and found Debora

                                                 21
Nos. 54220-0-II and 54230-7-II

unresponsive, with an unusual look on her face.” AR (APS) at 7-8. The Board also found that

Woldemicael “told . . . Witman that she may have been in the kitchen for five minutes.” AR (APS)

at 8. The ALJ made these same findings. Woldemicael contends substantial evidence did not

support this finding because she “specifically denied making this statement to anyone” and

“Witman admittedly derived this information from the police report,” not from Woldemicael

herself. Appellant’s Opening Br. at 35 (emphasis omitted). We agree that substantial evidence did

not support part of this finding, but this error was harmless.

       When asked what he learned when he interviewed Woldemicael, Dyngen responded, “That

she had served . . . Debora a chicken sandwich and . . . then . . . left to go to the kitchen, and

returned about five minutes later and saw that . . . Debora had an unusual look on her face.” 2 VRP

at 18. There is no doubt this finding was supported by substantial evidence because this finding

simply reflected the fact that Dyngen made this statement, consistent with his police report.

       By contrast, the portion of the Board’s finding relating to what Woldemicael allegedly told

Witman is not supported by substantial evidence. Witman testified the police report was her only

reason for concluding that Woldemicael was in the kitchen for five minutes. There is no evidence

that Woldemicael told Witman she was in the kitchen for five minutes.

       However, this erroneous portion of this finding was harmless. See State ex rel. Hunter v.

Lowery, 15 Wn. App. 2d 129, 142, 475 P.3d 505 (2020), review denied, 197 Wn.2d 1002 (2021).

Dyngen testified to the same information, and his report was arguably more reliable because it was

based on the statement Woldemicael allegedly made just minutes after Debora’s death. See WAC

478-121-253(1).

                                                 22
Nos. 54220-0-II and 54230-7-II

       We hold that all of the challenged findings except finding 24 were supported by substantial

evidence in the record. To the extent finding 24 was partially unsupported, the error was harmless.

The remaining unchallenged findings are verities on appeal. Robel v. Roundup Corp., 148 Wn.2d

35, 42, 59 P.3d 611 (2002).

C.     Licensing Violation Findings in Residential Care Services Order

       1.      Findings 4, 15, 22, and 27

       In these findings, the Board adopted the findings and conclusions in the neglect order.

Because we conclude that the findings in the neglect order were supported by substantial evidence

except for the partial invalidity regarding Witman’s testimony, we adopt the same conclusion with

regard to these findings in the licensing order.

       2.      Finding 26

       The Board found that Woldemicael said she thought the 2013 settlement agreement

“applied only to Samuel’s Adult Family Home and did not apply to Win [Adult Family Home].”

AR (AFHL) at 7 (emphasis omitted). The Board then found Woldemicael’s asserted belief

“contrary to the plain language of the agreement and . . . not credible.” Id. This finding, including

the credibility determination, is identical to the ALJ’s finding on the same issue. Woldemicael

claims this finding was not supported by substantial evidence because “[t]he Board erroneously

interpreted the settlement agreement and implicitly concluded that it was unambiguous.”

Appellant’s Opening Br. at 39. We disagree.

       “We interpret settlement agreements in the same way we interpret other contracts.” Mut.

of Enumclaw Ins. Co. v. USF Ins. Co., 164 Wn.2d 411, 424 n.9, 191 P.3d 866 (2008). “A contract

provision is ambiguous when its terms are uncertain or when its terms are capable of being

                                                   23
Nos. 54220-0-II and 54230-7-II

understood as having more than one meaning.” Mayer v. Pierce County Med. Bureau, Inc., 80 Wn.

App. 416, 421, 909 P.2d 1323 (1995).

       The 2013 settlement agreement was not ambiguous. The agreement stated, “The Appellant

agrees that the Department will not enter into any new contracts for the purposes of providing care

to vulnerable adults or children with Zaid Woldemicael for a period of twenty years following the

date of this agreement.” AR (APS) at 817. The plain language of the settlement agreement, which

was adopted by the ALJ as an order in that case, established that Woldemicael should not have

served as the provider in any contracts with the Department for 20 years. This prohibition included

residents at the Win home.

       Woldemicael argues that because the Department contracted with her despite the settlement

agreement, the Department “implicitly” conceded that the agreement was ambiguous. Appellant’s

Opening Br. at 41. She also testified that at the time she signed the settlement agreement, she

believed it only applied to Samuel’s Adult Family Home and left her free to operate the Win home

with no restrictions.

       The record shows that Woldemicael’s attorney at the time specifically asked if the

settlement agreement affected the Win home, and the Department clearly answered that it

prohibited Woldemicael from contracting with the Department for any state-funded residents.

These communications should have cleared up any confusion about whether Woldemicael could

contract with the Department for residents at the Win home. A rational fact finder could conclude

that the contract provision in the 2013 settlement agreement was not ambiguous. We hold that

substantial evidence supported finding 26.

                                                24
Nos. 54220-0-II and 54230-7-II

       In sum, the challenged factual findings in the licensing order were supported by substantial

evidence in the record except for the minor harmless error regarding Witman’s testimony, and the

remaining unchallenged findings are verities on appeal. Robel, 148 Wn.2d at 42.

                       II. INTERPRETATION AND APPLICATION OF THE LAW

A.     Neglect Finding

       Woldemicael contends the Board erred by concluding that she neglected Debora based on

what she claims were unsupported findings of fact and an erroneous interpretation and application

of the statutory definition of “neglect.” Woldemicael also argues the Board failed to recognize that

a bad outcome alone cannot establish neglect and by ignoring that Debora had eaten sandwiches

prepared the same way for the previous three years without incident.

       This presents a close question. We conclude that even though the Board applied the correct

interpretation of neglect under RCW 74.34.020(16)(b) and substantial evidence supported the

Board’s findings of fact, the Board erroneously applied the law to the facts when it concluded that

Woldemicael’s conduct rose to the level of neglect.

       Under RCW 74.34.020(16)(b), the Department is required to establish that a person with a

duty of care to the vulnerable adult committed “an act or omission . . . that demonstrates a serious

disregard of consequences of such a magnitude as to constitute a clear and present danger to the

vulnerable adult’s health, welfare, or safety.” There is no dispute that Woldemicael owed Debora

a duty of care. There is also no question that Woldemicael failed to meet Debora’s need for

assistance during eating as described in the individual support plan and negotiated care plan.

Cutting the sandwich into quarters, rather than smaller pieces, and leaving Debora unattended for

                                                25
Nos. 54220-0-II and 54230-7-II

five minutes—or at least long enough for Debora to cough, choke, and lose consciousness—were

deeply troubling mistakes.

       But we must not view the question of whether Woldemicael neglected Debora through the

clarity of hindsight. Brown, 190 Wn. App. at 596. And a tragic outcome cannot mandate a neglect

finding. See Crosswhite, 197 Wn. App. at 556. Although Woldemicael should have cut the

sandwich into smaller pieces, Debora had handled similarly sized finger food for three years

without incident. And photographs of the inside of the home show that the kitchen was only a few

steps away from the dining room table. AR (AFHL) at 225-232. Similarly, Sherriff, who visited

the home to conduct the assessment, testified that when Woldemicael was in the kitchen, she could

have seen and heard a resident sitting at the dining room table. There was no testimony or other

evidence at the hearing that Woldemicael was farther away than in the kitchen while Debora ate.

       Adina Angle, who worked for the Developmental Disabilities Administration, testified that

while Debora’s death was truly unfortunate, it is not uncommon for a vulnerable adult to choke

while eating, and such an event could occur in all kinds of settings. Multiple people, including

other residents, guardians, and Department employees testified more generally at the hearing that

Woldemicael was an attentive and effective caregiver.

        We also must avoid applying the clarity of hindsight to Woldemicael’s failure to check

Debora’s airway. Substantial evidence supports the Board’s finding that Woldemicael was taught

to check the airway of a resident found unresponsive while eating, but it is understandable that a

person with limited training might forget some first aid protocols in the middle of an emergency

without that lapse constituting “a serious disregard of consequences,” RCW 74.34.020(16)(b).

Woldemicael immediately called 911, and the 911 operator never instructed Woldemicael to check

                                               26
Nos. 54220-0-II and 54230-7-II

Debora’s airway, even though Woldemicael said she thought Debora had a seizure while eating

and had stopped breathing.

        The Board’s findings of fact are supported by substantial evidence, but under the

circumstances of this case as a whole, the Board erroneously applied the statutory neglect standard

when it concluded that Woldemicael’s omissions rose to a level of “serious disregard of

consequences” in light of Debora’s long history of successfully handling similarly sized sandwich

pieces and Woldemicael’s physical proximity. RCW 74.34.020(16)(b). Simple negligence is not

enough. Standing with her back turned close by in the kitchen for a few minutes while preparing

a meal for the other residents does not show serious disregard of consequences.4

B.      Licensing Violations

        Woldemicael asks us to reverse the Board’s conclusions that she violated WAC 388-76-

10670 (failure to prevent abuse and neglect), WAC 388-76-10020 (lack of understanding or ability

to provide care and services to vulnerable adults), and WAC 388-76-10400(1) (failure to provide

care and services identified in the negotiated care plan). We reverse the first two violations and

affirm the third.

4
  Woldemicael also asserts that the Board erred by referring to the 2012 version of the vulnerable
adult neglect statute when the effective version at the time of the hearing was the 2015 version.
But to prevail in a challenge to a final agency action, the challenging party must show substantial
prejudice. RCW 34.05.570(1)(d). Here, the relevant portions of the 2012 and 2015 versions of
RCW 74.34.020 are identical except that the 2015 statute added that the act or omission giving
rise to neglect must have been committed by “a person or entity with a duty of care” to the
vulnerable adult. Former RCW 74.34.020(15)(b) (2015). No party asserted at any stage below that
Woldemicael did not have a duty of care to Debora, and the Board made unchallenged factual
findings that Woldemicael was the provider at the Win home and Debora was a resident and a
vulnerable adult, which established a duty of care under former WAC XXX-XX-XXXX (2016),
repealed by Wash. St. Reg. 21-11-108, and recodified as WAC 388-103-0001(13) (effective July
1, 2021). Any error stemming from the Board’s reference to an outdated version of the vulnerable
adult neglect statute was therefore harmless. See RCW 34.05.570(1)(d).

                                                27
Nos. 54220-0-II and 54230-7-II

       WAC 388-76-10670(2) provides that adult family homes must “[e]nsure each resident’s

right to be free from . . . neglect,” and the administrative rule relies on RCW 74.34.020(16)(b)’s

definition of “neglect.” See WAC XXX-XX-XXXX. The Board indicated that its conclusion about

Woldemicael’s abilities and understanding rested entirely on its decision that Woldemicael

neglected Debora. Consequently, we reverse these violations.

       On the other hand, we affirm the Board’s conclusion that Woldemicael failed to comply

with Debora’s negotiated care plan. See WAC 388-76-10400(1). In the neglect order, the Board

properly found that Woldemicael did not cut Debora’s sandwich into small pieces or assist her

with eating on the day of her death, even though the negotiated care plan required her to do so. We

therefore affirm the Board’s conclusion that Woldemicael failed to provide the services identified

in Debora’s negotiated care plan.

       Moreover, the negotiated care plan omitted many details that were in the individual support

plan, which stated that Debora needed “extensive assistance” with eating and specified precisely

what eating assistance caregivers were to provide. AR (APS) at 236. Because of these omissions,

the negotiated care plan was inadequate to meet Debora’s specific needs for eating assistance, such

as cuing Debora to eat, monitoring her for choking, and wiping her mouth.

       Woldemicael’s failure to honor and meet the care needs for eating identified in the plans

may not have risen to the level of statutory neglect of a vulnerable adult, but the facts amply

demonstrate that Woldemicael committed serious violations of the licensing regulations. We

affirm the Board’s finding that Woldemicael violated WAC 388-76-10400(1)-(2), which requires

caregivers in adult family homes to ensure that residents receive “‘[t]he care and services identified

in the negotiated care plan’” and “‘[t]he necessary care and services to help the resident reach the

                                                 28
Nos. 54220-0-II and 54230-7-II

highest level of physical, mental, and psychosocial well-being.’” AR (AFHL) at 13. Woldemicael

failed to meet these requirements and the Board did not err in applying the law to the facts in

drawing these conclusions.

        We remand for the Department to determine whether the remaining licensing violations

require or support the revocation of Woldemicael’s license or any other licensing actions.5

                                 III. ALLEGED PROCEDURAL ERRORS

        We reject Woldemicael’s contention that the Department committed reversible error

because neither Adult Protective Services nor the Board determined whether Woldemicael’s

actions or omissions were a proximate cause of Debora’s death. Woldemicael had every

opportunity to contest causation at the hearing where her counsel participated fully. And the ALJ

and the Board both determined that Woldemicael’s actions were a proximate cause of Debora’s

death after this full hearing.

        Nor is Woldemicael entitled to relief because Adult Protective Services violated its policies

by not interviewing Woldemicael during the investigation. Witman and Dyngen both interviewed

Woldemicael during the investigation, and Woldemicael testified at the hearing. Woldemicael had

ample opportunity to share her side of the story, and she has not shown that the hearing would

have been different if Rosell had interviewed her. See RCW 34.05.570(1)(d).

        Woldemicael claims Rosell improperly asked the Lynnwood Police Department to reopen

a criminal investigation against her. Woldemicael is not entitled to relief on the basis of this claim

5
  Because we reverse the neglect and licensing orders for the reasons above, we need not reach
Woldemicael’s argument that the orders were reversible because the Department’s actions were
arbitrary and capricious.

                                                 29
Nos. 54220-0-II and 54230-7-II

because she presented no evidence that Rosell’s communication with the police department

prejudiced her in any way. See RCW 34.05.570(1)(d).

       Finally, we reject Woldemicael’s argument that the Department violated due process by

introducing an amended statement of deficiencies and enforcement notice shortly before the

hearing. The amendments added the allegation that Woldemicael violated the 2013 settlement

agreement by continuing to contract with the Department for state-funded residents. The

Department complied with WAC XXX-XX-XXXX, which permits an agency to amend its notice of

action at any time before or during the hearing, so long as the Department provides written notice

and the ALJ permits the parties to postpone the hearing. The Department and the ALJ followed

this procedure, and Woldemicael’s attorney assured the ALJ he did not need a continuance.

                                  IV. ATTORNEY FEES AND COSTS

       Woldemicael requests attorney fees and costs under the Equal Access to Justice Act

(EAJA), RCW 4.84.350. Woldemicael asserts that because the neglect and licensing orders were

based on investigations by separate branches of the Department, prevailing on either would make

her a substantially prevailing party.

       Under the EAJA, “a court shall award a qualified party that prevails in a judicial review of

an agency action fees and other expenses, including reasonable attorneys’ fees, unless the court

finds that the agency action was substantially justified or that circumstances make an award

unjust.” RCW 4.84.350(1). A “substantially justified” action is one that would satisfy a reasonable

person and that had a reasonable basis in law and in fact. Silverstreak, Inc. v. Dep’t of Labor &

Indus., 159 Wn.2d 868, 892, 154 P.3d 891 (2007). “[I]t need not be correct, only reasonable.”

Raven, 177 Wn.2d at 832.

                                                30
Nos. 54220-0-II and 54230-7-II

       The EAJA contemplates that an agency action may be substantially justified even when the

agency’s action is ultimately determined to be unfounded. We are wary of awarding fees where

there is no determination that the Department’s actions were arbitrary, willful, or capricious. For

example, in Raven, our Supreme Court reversed the superior court’s award of attorney fees to the

prevailing party where the agency reasonably pursued its enforcement actions. Id. at 833. Here,

the Department’s actions do not appear arbitrary, willful, or capricious, nor was the Department

unreasonable in pursuing a finding of neglect or license revocation under the circumstances. We

reverse the neglect finding, but conclude that the Department’s neglect and licensing actions were

substantially justified. We deny Woldemicael’s request for attorney fees and costs.

                                         CONCLUSION

       We reverse the Board’s neglect finding and the two licensing violations that depend on the

neglect finding, but we affirm the third licensing violation. We remand for the Department to

determine appropriate consequences for the remaining licensing violations. We deny

Woldemicael’s request for attorney fees and costs.

                                                     Glasgow, A.C.J.
 We concur:

Sutton, J.

Veljacic, J.

                                                31