Court Opinion

ID: 3189443
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-03-29 16:01:27.465004+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:06:48.202784
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

JEREMY PINSON                                     :
                                                  :
       Plaintiff,                                 :
                                                  :       Civil Action No.:      12–1872 (RC)
       v.                                         :
                                                  :       Re Document No.:       137
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, et al.,               :
                                                  :
       Defendants.                                :

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

              GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART DEFENDANTS’ MOTION
                           FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT

                                      I. INTRODUCTION

       Pro se Plaintiff Jeremy Pinson is currently an inmate at ADX Florence, a federal prison

located in Colorado. While in prison, Mr. Pinson has filed multiple Freedom of Information Act

(“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552, requests with different components of the U.S. Department of Justice

(“DOJ”). On several occasions, the DOJ has asked Mr. Pinson to clarify his records requests,

told him that it could not find records that are responsive to his requests, or informed him that the

records he sought were exempt from disclosure by law. Mr. Pinson took issue with some of

these determinations, so he filed a complaint claiming that the DOJ improperly withheld

numerous records from him in violation of FOIA. In response, the DOJ filed several pre-answer

motions, each asking the Court to dismiss or grant summary judgment in its favor on different

portions of Mr. Pinson’s complaint.

       Now before the Court is the DOJ’s motion for partial summary judgment as to Mr.

Pinson’s numerous FOIA requests submitted to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”).
Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J., ECF No. 137. As to his FOIA requests, Mr. Pinson alleges that the FBI

responded improperly to twenty-three numbered requests that he submitted between 2010 and

2013, and that it unlawfully “refused to release” information on those requests. See Corr. 2d

Am. Compl. at 6–7, ECF No. 32. He further claims that the FBI failed to respond altogether to

twelve additional, unnumbered requests. 1 Id. at 7–8. DOJ’s motion for partial summary

judgment addresses all twenty-three numbered claims and all twelve unnumbered requests, and

argues: (1) as to seven of the unnumbered requests, that there is no record of Mr. Pinson having

properly submitted them; (2) as to seventeen of the numbered requests and three of the

unnumbered requests, that Mr. Pinson failed to exhaust his administrative remedies; and (3) as to

thirteen of the numbered requests, that the FBI responded in accordance with FOIA by

conducting an adequate search for responsive documents and releasing any non–exempt

information to Mr. Pinson. See generally Defs.’ Mem. Supp. Mot. Partial Summ. J., ECF No.

137 (hereinafter “Defs.’ Mem. Supp.”).

       For the reasons set forth below, the Court will grant in part and deny in part the DOJ’s

motion for partial summary judgment.

       1
         Mr. Pinson’s Second Amended Complaint in fact lists twenty-two numbered requests
and sixteen unnumbered requests. See Corr. 2d Am. Compl. at 6–8. As explained infra in note
3, however, the DOJ states that four of the unnumbered requests were submitted together and
assigned Request No. 1171229. Accordingly, throughout this opinion the Court refers to Mr.
Pinson’s claims relevant to the FBI as encompassing twenty-three numbered and twelve
unnumbered requests.

                                                2
                                II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

                                 A. Requests Without Appeals

       With respect to several requests that the FBI processed and to which it provided a

response, the DOJ claims that Mr. Pinson failed to file an appeal and, therefore, failed to exhaust

his administrative remedies.

                                     1. Request No. 1153107

       On August 17, 2010, Mr. Pinson submitted a request to the FBI seeking records from the

Alabama field office concerning a referral of a criminal matter for investigation at the Federal

Correctional Institution in Talladega, Alabama involving himself. See Corr. 2d Am. Compl. at 6;

Hardy Decl. ¶ 6 & Ex. A, ECF No. 137-3. By letter dated September 1, 2010, the FBI

acknowledged receipt of Mr. Pinson’s request and assigned the request number 1153107. Hardy

Decl. ¶ 7 & Ex. B. The FBI responded to Mr. Pinson’s request on November 18, 2010, releasing

two pages with redactions pursuant to Privacy Act Exemption (j)(2) and FOIA Exemptions 6 and

7(C). See Hardy Decl. ¶ 8 & Ex. C.

                                     2. Request No. 1178465

       On November 21, 2011, Mr. Pinson submitted a request to the FBI for records “produced

as a result of the visit by 2 FBI Agents on Nov. 1, 2011 to the U.S. Penitentiary Max in Florence,

Colorado who spoke to me and took notes of my answers to their questions.” Hardy Decl. ¶ 10

& Ex. D. The FBI acknowledged the request and assigned the request number 1178465 on

December 6, 2011. Id. ¶ 11 & Ex. E. By letter dated April 20, 2012, the FBI released three

pages with redactions pursuant to the Privacy Act Exemption (j)(2) and FOIA Exemptions 6 and

7(C). Id. ¶ 12 & Ex. F.

                                                 3
                                     3. Request No. 1186051

       On March 4, 2012, Mr. Pinson submitted a request to the FBI seeking access to records

relating to “[a]ll criminal matters referred for investigation by the Bureau of Prisons during

2010–2011 arising from the U.S. Penitentiary Administrative Maximum at Florence, CO” and

[a]ll . . . records produced in connection with a 12-2-2011 interview of [Mr. Pinson] by Special

Agent.” Hardy Decl. ¶ 14 & Ex. G. Mr. Pinson requested that “no more than 2 hours search

time and up to 500 pages of information be produced.” Id. After acknowledging Mr. Pinson’s

request on April 5, 2012, and assigning the request number 1186051, the FBI on September 28,

2012, released three pages with redactions pursuant to the Privacy Act Exemption (j)(2) and

FOIA Exemptions 6 and 7(C). See id. ¶¶ 15, 16 & Ex. H.

                                     4. Request No. 1192365

       On May 17, 2012, Mr. Pinson submitted a request to the FBI seeking access to records

from 2006–2010 relating to the “investigations of inmate on inmate assaults at the U.S.

Penitentiary in Atwater California involving inmate Edwin Ivan Guzman-Garcia and or inmate

on staff assaults,” as well as “any other information maintained by [the FBI] about Mr. Guzman

located in [the FBI’s] California, Los Angeles, or Gadsden, Alabama field/RA offices.” Hardy

Decl. ¶ 18 & Ex. I. Mr. Pinson requested “no more than 2 hours search time and 300 pages of

information.” Id. The FBI acknowledged the request and assigned the request number 1192365.

Id. ¶ 19 & Ex. J. In the acknowledgement, the FBI explained that express authorization and

consent of the third party, Mr. Guzman, whom the request implicated, was needed to release the

information, and the FBI accordingly attached a “Certification of Identity” form for Mr. Guzman

to complete. Id. Around June 21, 2012, Mr. Pinson returned the completed Certification of

Identity form to the FBI, and on July 9, 2012, the FBI acknowledged receipt. Id. ¶¶ 20–21 &

                                                 4
Exs. K, L. On November 16, 2012, the FBI advised Mr. Pinson that it had reviewed 263 pages

responsive to his request and that all pages were being withheld pursuant to FOIA Exemptions 6,

7(C), and 7(F). Id. ¶ 22 & Ex. M.

                                    5. Request No. 1194851

        On July 8, 2012, Mr. Pinson submitted a request to the FBI for records from the Houston

field office “regarding, referencing or containing the name Ismael Eduardo Guzman, including

investigative reports, transcripts, photographs, records, memorandums, electronic files or data,

emails, video or audio recordings, and any other available information.” Hardy Decl. ¶ 38 & Ex.

Z. Mr. Pinson included Mr. Guzman’s signed Certification of Identity form authorizing the FBI

to release the responsive records to Mr. Pinson. Id. The FBI acknowledged receipt and assigned

the request number 1194851 on July 19, 2012. Id. ¶ 39 & Ex. AA. By letter dated July 31,

2012, the FBI advised Mr. Pinson that it was unable to identify any main files responsive to his

request. Id. ¶ 40 & Ex. BB. When the letter was returned to the FBI as not deliverable around

August 25, 2012, the FBI resent the letter to Mr. Pinson’s proper address on February 13, 2013.

Id. ¶ 40 n.4.

                                    6. Request No. 1199194

        In August 2012, Mr. Pinson submitted a request to the FBI for records “regarding

investigations of the California Aryan Brotherhood.” See Corr. 2d Am. Compl. at 6; Hardy Decl.

¶ 28 & Ex. Q. The FBI acknowledged receipt of the request and assigned the request number

1199194 on September 27, 2012. Hardy Decl. ¶ 29 & Ex. R. By letter dated October 1, 2012,

the FBI informed Mr. Pinson that the information requested on the California Aryan Brotherhood

could be accessed free of charge online at the FBI’s Vault. Id. ¶ 30 & Ex. S.

                                                5
                                   7. Request No. 1199202

       In August 2012, Mr. Pinson submitted a request to the FBI for records “regarding

investigations of the California Mexican Mafia,” to which the FBI assigned the request number

1199202. See Corr. 2d Am. Compl. at 6; Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 24, 25 & Exs. N, O. By two separate

letters dated September 27, 2012, the FBI both acknowledged receipt of the request and advised

Mr. Pinson that the information requested on the California Mexican Mafia could be accessed

free of charge online at the FBI’s Vault, the FBI’s electronic reading room. Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 25,

26 & Exs. O, P.

                                   8. Request No. 1202477

       By letter dated October 14, 2012, Mr. Pinson submitted a request to the FBI seeking

records pertaining to “the death of an individual known as Imam Luqman Abdullah on or about

10–28–10.” Hardy Decl. Ex. NN. The FBI acknowledged the request and assigned the request

number 1202477. See id. ¶ 54 & Ex. OO. In the acknowledgement, the FBI explained that

express authorization and consent of the third party, Mr. Abdullah, whom the request implicates,

was needed to release the information, and the FBI accordingly attached a “Certification of

Identity” form for Mr. Abdullah to complete. Id.

                                   9. Request No. 1210449

       On February 27, 2013, Mr. Pinson submitted a request to the FBI seeking “production of

FBI File No. 90–DN–C50642.” See Corr. 2d Am. Compl. at 7; Hardy Decl. ¶ 69 & Ex. BBB.

By letter dated March 18, 2013, the FBI acknowledged receipt and assigned the request number

1210449. Hardy Decl. ¶ 70 & Ex. CCC. A few weeks later, by letter dated April 4, 2013, the

FBI advised Mr. Pinson that it had located pages responsive to his request and he would owe a

duplication fee for processing. Id. ¶ 71 & Ex. DDD. On April 9, 2013, Mr. Pinson agreed to pay

                                                6
the fees and also requested the release to be sent to “Attorney Edwin Aro” in Denver. Id. ¶ 72 &

Ex. EEE. The FBI on September 17, 2013, notified Mr. Pinson that the FBI had reviewed 748

pages and released 381 pages to him at the requested address. Id. ¶ 73 & Ex. FFF. The FBI

asserted FOIA Exemptions 6, 7(C), 7(D), and 7(E) to withhold certain information from these

records. Id.

                                   10. Request No. 1217894

       By letter dated June 19, 2013, the FBI opened request number 1217894 to address Mr.

Pinson’s June 1, 2013 request for records pertaining to James Martin. See Corr. 2d Am. Compl.

at 7; Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 75, 113, 114 & Exs. PPPP, QQQQ. On August 22, 2013, the FBI advised

Mr. Pinson that it had located pages responsive to his request and he would owe a duplication fee

for processing. Hardy Decl. ¶ 115 & Ex. RRRR. Subsequently on August 30, 2013, Mr. Pinson

agreed to pay and simultaneously requested the release to be sent to “Edwin Aro – Attorney” in

Denver. Id. ¶ 116 & Ex. SSSS. The FBI on September 17, 2014, notified Mr. Pinson that the

FBI had reviewed 29 pages responsive to his request and released 17 pages to him at the

requested address. Id. ¶ 117 & Ex. TTTT. The FBI asserted FOIA Exemptions 6 and 7(C) to

withhold certain information from these records. Id. There is no record of Mr. Pinson filing an

appeal of this decision by November 16, 2014, 60 days from the date of the September 17 letter.

Id.

                                   11. Request No. 1217895

       By letter dated June 19, 2013, the FBI opened request number 1217895 to address Mr.

Pinson’s June 1, 2013 request for records pertaining to Bryan Cook. See Corr. 2d Am. Compl. at

7; Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 75, 118, 119 & Exs. UUUU, VVVV. On October 4, 2013, the FBI advised

Mr. Pinson that it had located pages responsive to his request and he would owe a duplication fee

                                               7
for processing. Hardy Decl. ¶ 120 & Ex. WWWW. Mr. Pinson subsequently agreed to pay on

October 11, 2013, and also requested the release to be sent to “Edwin Aro – Attorney” in

Denver. Id. ¶ 121 & Ex. XXXX. By letter dated April 30, 2014, the FBI released 14 pages to

the requested address and withheld certain information pursuant to FOIA Exemptions 6 and

7(C). Id. ¶ 122 & Ex. YYYY.

                                   12. Request No. 1217896

       By letter dated June 19, 2013, the FBI opened request number 1217896 to address Mr.

Pinson’s June 1, 2013 request for records pertaining to Clay Palmer. Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 86, 87 &

Exs. RRR, SSS. On December 16, 2013, the FBI advised Mr. Pinson that it had located pages

responsive to his request and he would owe a duplication fee for processing. Id. ¶ 88 & Ex.

TTT. Mr. Pinson subsequently agreed to pay on December 20, 2013 and also requested the

release to be sent to “Edwin Aro” in Denver. Id. ¶ 89 & Ex. UUU. By letter dated February 4,

2014, the FBI released 115 pages to the requested address and withheld certain information

pursuant to FOIA Exemptions 4, 6, 7(C), and 7(D). Id. ¶ 90 & Ex. VVV.

                                   13. Request No. 1217898

       By letter dated June 19, 2013, the FBI opened request number 1217898 to address Mr.

Pinson’s June 1, 2013 request for records pertaining to Gregory Joiner. Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 108, 109

& Exs. KKKK, LLLL. On August 22, 2013, the FBI advised Mr. Pinson that it had located

pages responsive to his request and he would owe a duplication fee for processing. Id. ¶ 110 &

Ex. MMMM. Subsequently on August 30, 2013, Mr. Pinson agreed to pay and also requested

the release to be sent to “Edwin Aro – Attorney” in Denver. Hardy Decl. ¶ 111 & Ex. NNNN.

The FBI on September 17, 2014, notified Mr. Pinson that the FBI had reviewed 85 pages

responsive to his request and released 59 pages to him at the requested address. Id. ¶ 112 & Ex.

                                                8
OOOO. The FBI asserted FOIA Exemptions 6 and 7(C) to withhold certain information from

these records. Id. There is no record of Mr. Pinson filing an appeal of this decision by

November 16, 2014, 60 days from the date of the September 17 letter. Id.

                                   14. Request No. 1217899

       By letter dated June 19, 2013, the FBI opened request number 1217899 to address Mr.

Pinson’s June 1, 2013 request for records pertaining to Mark Baker. Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 75, 76 &

Exs. GGG, HHH. On July 1, 2013, the FBI advised Mr. Pinson that the information was exempt

from disclosure pursuant to FOIA Exemption 7(A). Id. ¶ 77 & Ex. III. Subsequently, Mr.

Pinson filed appeals of the FBI’s actions to the Office of Information Policy (“OIP”) by letters

dated July 9 and August 10, 2013, of which the OIP acknowledged receipt and assigned the

appeal number 2013–05004. Id. ¶¶ 78, 79 & Exs. JJJ, KKK. The OIP affirmed the FBI’s

response on September 17, 2013. Id. ¶ 80 & Ex. LLL.

       Upon learning of this litigation, the FBI by letter June 30, 2014, reviewed and released

two pages to Mr. Pinson because the investigation referenced on the responsive records was no

longer pending. Id. ¶ 81 & Ex. MMM. As a result, the documents were no longer exempt from

disclosure in their entirety pursuant to Exemption 7(A). Instead, the FBI asserted FOIA

Exemptions 6, 7(C), and 7(E) to withhold certain information from these two pages. Id.

Because the Bureau of Prisons (“BOP”) returned the response to the FBI, 2 on September 8, 2014,

the FBI re-mailed the responsive records to James Ridgeway in Washington, D.C., a designee

and address he provided in an August 18, 2014 letter. Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 83–85 & Exs. OOO, PPP,

QQQ.

       2
         The BOP returned the letter in accordance with a policy on “Correspondence,” which
prohibits correspondence that contains documents with the name of an inmate that is not a co–
defendant of plaintiff’s. See Hardy Decl. ¶ 82 & Ex. NNN.

                                                9
                                   15. Request No. 1217900

       By letter dated June 19, 2013, the FBI opened request number 1217900 to address Mr.

Pinson’s June 1, 2013 request for records pertaining to Pablo Zuniga-Garcia. Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 92,

93 & Exs. WWW, XXX. In a separate letter on June 19, 2013, the FBI advised Mr. Pinson that

it had located pages responsive to his request and he would owe a duplication fee for processing.

Id. ¶ 94 & Ex. YYY. Subsequently on August 30, 2013, Mr. Pinson agreed to pay and also

requested the release to be sent to “Edwin Aro – Attorney” in Denver. Id. ¶ 95 & Ex. ZZZ. The

FBI on May 14, 2014, reviewed and released 20 pages responsive to his request at his previous

address in Florence. Id. ¶ 96 & Ex. AAAA. The FBI asserted FOIA Exemptions 6, 7(C), and

7(D) to withhold certain information from these records. Id.

                                   16. Request No. 1217901

       By letter dated June 19, 2013, the FBI opened request number 1217901 to address Mr.

Pinson’s June 1, 2013 request for records pertaining to Christopher Anderson. Hardy Decl. ¶¶

98, 99 & Exs. BBBB, CCCC. On October 2, 2013, the FBI advised Mr. Pinson that the

information requested was exempt from disclosure pursuant to FOIA Exemption 7(A). Id. ¶ 100

& Ex. DDDD.

                                   17. Request No. 1229060

       On September 11, 2013, Mr. Pinson submitted a request to the FBI for records “related to

a 9/10/13 FBI interview of [himself] at ADX Florence.” Hardy Decl. ¶ 124 & Ex. ZZZZ. After

acknowledging receipt of the request and assigning the request number 1229060, the FBI

released two pages to Mr. Pinson and withheld information pursuant to Privacy Act Exemption

(j)(2) and FOIA Exemptions 6, 7(A), 7(C), 7(D), and 7(F). Id. ¶¶ 125, 126 & Exs. AAAAA,

BBBBB.

                                               10
                              B. Purportedly Exhausted Requests

                                    1. Request No. 11712293

       On July 22, 2011, Mr. Pinson submitted a four-part request, which is referred to in the

amended complaint as “All records relating to myself from FCI Talladega,” “August 2010 Death

of Bobby Cowley,” 4 “All records relating to myself from USP Florence, USP Beaumont,” and

“All records relating to myself from USP Victorville.” Corr. 2d Am. Compl. at 7; see Hardy

Decl. ¶ 137 & Ex. DDDDD. The FBI acknowledged receipt of the request and assigned it

Request No. 1171229; however, the FBI notified Mr. Pinson that it was unable to identify any

responsive records on August 18, 2011. Hardy Decl. ¶ 138 & Ex. EEEEE. On September 20,

2011, Mr. Pinson filed an appeal, to which the OIP assigned appeal number AP–2011–03134.

Id. ¶¶ 139–40 & Ex. FFFFF, GGGGG. Finally, on December 21, 2011, the OIP affirmed, on

partly modified grounds, the FBI’s action on Mr. Pinson’s request, citing FOIA Exemption 7(E)

to the extent the records required confirming or denying an individual’s placement on a

government watch list. Id. ¶¶ 140–41 & Ex. GGGGG, HHHHH. The OIP further advised Mr.

       3
           Mr. Pinson in his Second Amended Complaint and the DOJ in its statement of facts
treat this request as four unnumbered requests, see Corr. 2d Am. Compl. at 7; Defs.’ Mem. Supp.
at 17–19, but the DOJ states that these requests were assigned Request No. 1171229 and
subsequently refers to these requests as a single request in its argument, see Defs.’ Mem. Supp.
at 17–19, 23–24. The Court will treat these four unnumbered requests as one single numbered
request.
       4
          The FBI claims it did not receive this request, even though the FBI believes this request
refers to one of the requests made on July 22, 2011, because the name of the request is not
specific enough. See Defs.’ Mem. Supp. at 18; Hardy Decl. ¶ 142 n.17. While “Bobby Cowley”
is not explicitly referenced in the July 22, 2011 request, the “August 2010 Death of Bobby
Cowley” request, to which Mr. Pinson refers in his complaint, is most likely the second of the
four-part request because not only do the dates in the request and name of the request align, but
Mr. Pinson in his complaint also groups this request with the other three requests. See Corr. 2d
Am. Compl. at 7. Furthermore, it would be peculiar if the FBI only received three requests out
of the four-part request. The Court will accordingly treat the “August 2010 Death of Bobby
Cowley” as part of Request No. 1171229.

                                                11
Pinson that the FBI did not process the first part of his request because Mr. Pinson had already

received such records in response to Request No. 1153107, and that the FBI had conducted an

adequate search. Id. ¶ 141 & Ex. HHHHH.

                                    2. Request No. 1199078

       On August 31, 2012, Mr. Pinson submitted a request to the FBI seeking records “relating

to any investigation of the March 16, 2000 shooting death of Fulton County, GA deputy sheriff

Ricky Kinchen.” Hardy Decl. ¶ 42 & Ex. CC. By letter dated September 26, 2012, the FBI

acknowledged the request and assigned the request number 1199078. Id. ¶ 43 & Ex. DD. The

FBI also advised Mr. Pinson that records responsive to his request were previously processed

and that 350 pages were available for release in hard copy at a cost of $25.00. Id.

       By letter dated November 9, 2012, the FBI acknowledged receipt of Mr. Pinson’s

October 2, 2012 $25.00 payment and simultaneously notified Mr. Pinson that the responsive

material needed to be reprocessed to make it appropriate for release to a third party. Id. ¶¶ 44, 45

& Exs. EE, FF. By letter dated May 9, 2013, the FBI released 350 out of 555 pages the FBI

reviewed responsive to his request and withheld certain information pursuant to FOIA

Exemptions 1, 3, 6, 7(C), 7(D), and 7(E). Id. ¶ 46 & Ex. GG.

       By letter dated June 14, 2013, the FBI instructed Mr. Pinson to provide an alternative

address to send the documents because the BOP had previously returned the FBI’s 350 page

release on May 21, 2013. 5 Id. ¶¶ 46–48 & Exs. GG, HH, II.

       The FBI re-mailed the documents on July 8, 2013, after Mr. Pinson provided an

alternative address on June 17, 2013. Id. ¶ 49 & Ex. JJ. Mr. Pinson subsequently filed an appeal

       5
         The BOP returned the letter in accordance with a policy on “Correspondence,” which
prohibits correspondence that contains FBI case documents on other inmates incarcerated at the
Administrative Maximum Security Institution. See Hardy Decl. ¶ 47 & Ex. HH.

                                                12
with the OIP around July 9, 2013, which the OIP acknowledged and assigned appeal number

2013–04349. Id. ¶¶ 50, 51 & Exs. KK, LL. By letter dated September 10, 2013, the OIP

notified plaintiff that his appeal was being closed due to this pending litigation. Id. ¶ 52 & Ex.

MM.

                                     3. Request No. 1199153

       In August 2012, Mr. Pinson submitted a request to the FBI for records regarding

“investigations of the Florencia 13 gang in Los Angeles, California.” See Corr. 2d Am. Compl.

at 6; Hardy Decl. ¶ 32 & Ex. T. The FBI acknowledged receipt of the request and assigned the

request number 1199153 by letter dated September 26, 2012. Hardy Decl. ¶ 33 & Ex. U. By

letter dated February 19, 2013, the FBI notified Mr. Pinson that it was releasing 100 pages with

some information redacted pursuant to FOIA Exemptions 6, 7(A), 7(C), 7(D), and 7(E). Id. ¶ 34

& Ex. V.

       Mr. Pinson appealed this decision to the OIP on February 28, 2013. Id. ¶ 35 & Ex. W.

On March 20, 2013, the OIP acknowledged receipt of the appeal and assigned it appeal number

2013–02370. Id. ¶ 36 & Ex. X. By letter dated March 28, 2013, the OIP notified Mr. Pinson

that it was closing the appeal due to this pending litigation. Id. ¶ 37 & Ex. Y.

                                     4. Request No. 1203873

       On November 5, 2012, Mr. Pinson submitted a request to the FBI seeking records

“produced on or after Jan. 1, 2000 that mentions or references Jamil Abdullah Al–Amin, Date of

Birth 10–4–1943.” See Corr. 2d Am. Compl. at 6; Hardy Decl. ¶ 56 & Ex. PP. By letter dated

December 3, 2012, the FBI acknowledged the request, assigned the request number 1203873,

and also attached a “Certification of Identity” form for Mr. Al–Amin to complete. Hardy Decl. ¶

57 & Ex. QQ. The FBI explained that express authorization and consent of the third party Mr.

                                                 13
Al–Amin was needed to release the information because without Mr. Al–Amin’s authorization

and consent, release of the information would result in an unwarranted invasion of Mr. Al–

Amin’s personal privacy. Id.

       Shortly thereafter, on December 11, 2012, Mr. Pinson filed an appeal, which by letter

dated January 9, 2013, the OIP acknowledged and assigned the appeal number 2013–01272. Id.

¶¶ 58, 59 & Exs. RR, SS. In this appeal Mr. Pinson argued that he submitted a Certification of

Identity form from Mr. Al–Amin with the original request and that it was improper to request a

second one. Id. ¶ 58 & Ex. RR. By letter dated February 11, 2013, the OIP informed Mr. Pinson

that his appeal was being closed due to this pending litigation. Id. ¶ 60 & Ex. TT.

                                    5. Request No. 1210450

       On February 26, 2013, Mr. Pinson submitted a request to the FBI seeking “Los Angeles

Field Office File No. 166E–LA–219961–302,” and on March 18, 2013, the FBI acknowledged

receipt of the request and assigned the request number 1210450. Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 61, 62 & Exs.

UU, VV. By letter dated April 24, 2013, the FBI notified Mr. Pinson that it located

approximately 844 pages that were potentially responsive to his request and that Mr. Pinson

would owe the FBI $74.40 for a paper release, which Mr. Pinson agreed to pay on April 30,

2013. Id. ¶¶ 63, 64 & Exs. WW, XX. After reviewing 760 pages, the FBI released 135 pages

and withheld certain information pursuant to FOIA Exemptions 6, 7(C), 7(D), and 7(E). The

FBI did not collect payment at this time. Id. ¶ 65 & Ex. YY. By letter dated June 1, 2014, Mr.

Pinson filed an appeal with the OIP claiming that the FBI reviewed and produced irrelevant and

an insufficient amount of records and that the FOIA exemptions asserted by the FBI were used

too broadly. Id. ¶ 66 & Ex. ZZ. While the OIP acknowledged receipt of the appeal and assigned

                                                14
the appeal number 2014–03497, the matter has not yet been adjudicated. Id. ¶¶ 67, 68 & Ex.

AAA.

                                    6. Request No. 1217897

        By letter dated June 19, 2013, the FBI opened request number 1217897 to address Mr.

Pinson’s June 1, 2013 request for records pertaining to Manuel Torrez. Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 102, 103

& Exs. EEEE, FFFF. On July 1, 2013, the FBI advised Mr. Pinson that the information

requested was exempt from disclosure pursuant to FOIA Exemption 7(A). Id. ¶ 104 & Ex.

GGGG. By letters dated July 9 and August 10, 2013, Mr. Pinson appealed the FBI response,

which the OIP acknowledged and assigned the appeal number 2013–04612. Id. ¶¶ 105, 106 &

Exs. HHHH, IIII. The OIP affirmed the FBI’s actions on October 29, 2013. Id. ¶ 107 & Ex.

JJJJ.

                                   C. Unnumbered Requests

        In his complaint, Mr. Pinson lists twelve unnumbered requests submitted between April

28, 2011 and August 6, 2012, to which, he claims, the FBI failed to respond. See Corr. 2d Am.

Compl. at 7–8. The DOJ states that as to seven of these twelve unnumbered requests, it has

conducted a search of its records for documentation of these requests, but has no record of ever

receiving them. 6 See Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 132–36, 149, 152. In regards to the FOIA request labeled

“Investigations in 2007–08 of Assaults at USP Florence, Victorville,” the FBI claims it referred

the request to the Bureau of Prisons (“BOP”) because the BOP is most likely in possession of

such records. The other four FOIA requests are discussed below.

        6
         Mr. Pinson refers to these seven unnumbered requests as: (1) “Records on Jamil Al–
Amin,” (2) “All Criminal Matter Referrals from USP Victorville,” (3) “All Criminal Matter
Referrals from ADX Florence,” (4) “All Criminal Matter Referrals from USP Lewisburg,” (5)
“All Criminal Matter Referrals from FCI Talladega,” (6) “Letters to Wardens of FCI Talladega,”
and (7) “Documents Related to Lavallee Prosecution.” Corr. 2d Am. Compl. at 7–8.

                                               15
               1. Letters to Wardens of USP’s Victorville, Florence, Coleman

       One June 6, 2011, Mr. Pinson submitted a request seeking “production of all letters

written by [the FBI] in California, Colorado to the Wardens of the Federal Correctional Complex

or institutions in Florence, CO or/and Victorville, CA for any reason from 2008 to the present.”

Hardy Decl. ¶ 147 & Ex. IIIII. The FBI responded on July 5, 2011 that Mr. Pinson’s letter did

not contain enough information to permit a search of the FBI’s records. Id. ¶ 148 & Ex. JJJJJ.

    2. Investigations of CA AB & Mexican Mafia Since 2005 and All FD–302’s of USP
                             Victorville Homicide Investigations

       On June 5, 2011, Mr. Pinson submitted a request for all documents “concerning the

activities of the California Mexican Mafia and Aryan brotherhood gangs within federal prisons

generated since 2007.” Hardy Decl. ¶ 150 & Ex. KKKKK. In addition, on August 6, 2012, Mr.

Pinson submitted a request for “all information, specifically Form–302’s, produced during

investigations of inmate homicides at the U.S. Penitentiary in Victorville, California between

2004 and 2012.” Id. ¶129 & Ex. CCCCC; see Corr. 2d Am. Compl. at 7. The FBI responded to

these requests stating that the requests were too vague or not descriptive enough to permit a

search of its records on July 5, 2011, and September 25, 2012, respectively. Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 130,

151 & Ex. LLLLL.

                                3. Addresses of All FBI Offices

       On May 6, 2011, Mr. Pinson submitted a request seeking an “[a]ddress directory to all

agency departments or field offices.” Hardy Decl. ¶ 153 & Ex. MMMMM. The FBI responded

stating that his request did not contain enough information to conduct a search. Id. ¶ 154 & Ex.

NNNNN. Mr. Pinson subsequently filed an appeal, on June 8, 2011, to which the OIP assigned

number 2011–02269. Id. ¶¶ 155–56 & Exs. OOOOO, PPPPP. In its response on September 26,

2011, the OIP affirmed in part the FBI’s actions, and also provided Mr. Pinson with a nine page

                                                16
document, printed from the FBI’s website containing the contact information for all FBI field

offices by state. Id. ¶157 & Ex. QQQQQ.

                                    III. LEGAL STANDARD

          “FOIA cases typically and appropriately are decided on motions for summary judgment.”

Defs. of Wildlife v. U.S. Border Patrol, 623 F. Supp. 2d 83, 87 (D.D.C. 2009) (citing Bigwood v.

U.S. Agency for Int’l Dev., 484 F. Supp. 2d 68, 73 (D.D.C. 2007)). Summary judgment is

appropriate where “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and

the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A “material” fact

is one capable of affecting the substantive outcome of the litigation. See Anderson v. Liberty

Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). A dispute is “genuine” if there is enough evidence for a

reasonable jury to return a verdict for the non–movant. See Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380

(2007).

          The principal purpose of summary judgment is to streamline litigation by disposing of

factually unsupported claims or defenses and determining whether there is a genuine need for

trial. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323–24 (1986). The movant bears the initial

burden of identifying portions of the record that demonstrate the absence of any genuine issue of

material fact. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1); Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323. In response, the non–

movant must point to specific facts in the record that reveal a genuine issue that is suitable for

trial. See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324. In considering a motion for summary judgment, a court must

“eschew making credibility determinations or weighing the evidence,” Czekalski v. Peters, 475
F.3d 360, 363 (D.C. Cir. 2007), and all underlying facts and inferences must be analyzed in the

light most favorable to the non–movant, see Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255. Nevertheless,

                                                 17
conclusory assertions offered without any evidentiary support do not establish a genuine issue

for trial. See Greene v. Dalton, 164 F.3d 671, 675 (D.C. Cir. 1999).

       When assessing a summary judgment motion in a FOIA case, a court makes a de novo

assessment of whether the agency has properly withheld the requested documents. See 5 U.S.C.

§ 552(a)(4)(B); Judicial Watch, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 598 F. Supp. 2d 93, 95

(D.D.C. 2009). To prevail on a motion for summary judgment, “the defending agency must

prove that each document that falls within the class requested either has been produced, is

unidentifiable or is wholly exempt from the Act’s inspection requirements.” Weisberg v. U.S.

Dep’t of Justice, 627 F.2d 365, 368 (D.C. Cir. 1980) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting

Nat’l Cable Television Ass’n v. FCC, 479 F.2d 183, 186 (D.C. Cir. 1973)). To meet its burden, a

defendant may rely on declarations that are reasonably detailed and non–conclusory. See

Citizens for Responsibility & Ethics in Wash. v. Dep’t of Labor, 478 F. Supp. 2d 77, 80 (D.D.C.

2007) (“[T]he Court may award summary judgment solely on the basis of information provided

by the department or agency in declarations when the declarations describe ‘the documents and

the justifications for nondisclosure with reasonably specific detail, demonstrate that the

information withheld logically falls within the claimed exemption, and are not controverted by

either contrary evidence in the record nor by evidence of agency bad faith.’” (quoting Military

Audit Project v. Casey, 656 F.2d 724, 738 (D.C. Cir. 1981))). “Ultimately, an agency’s

justification for invoking a FOIA exemption is sufficient if it appears ‘logical’ or ‘plausible.’”

Wolf v. CIA, 473 F.3d 370, 374–75 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (quoting Gardels v. CIA, 689 F.2d 1100,

1105 (D.C. Cir. 1982)). Generally, a reviewing court should “respect the expertise of an agency”

and not “overstep the proper limits of the judicial role in FOIA review.” Hayden v. Nat’l Sec.

Agency/Cent. Sec. Serv., 608 F.2d 1381, 1388 (D.C. Cir. 1979).

                                                 18
                                         IV. ANALYSIS

                                 A. Requests Without Responses

       Mr. Pinson’s complaint lists twelve unnumbered FOIA requests that he submitted to the

FBI, for all of which he claims to have never received a response. See Corr. 2d Am. Compl. at

7–8. In the DOJ’s summary of facts and statement of material facts as to which there is no

genuine issue, the FBI contends that it has no record of having received seven of these twelve

requests,7 see Defs.’ Mem. Supp. at 16–20; Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 132–36, 149, 152, and also contends

that it referred one unnumbered request, “Investigations in 2007–08 of Assaults at USP Florence,

Victorville,” to the BOP, see Defs.’ Mem. Supp. at 21; Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 158–59.

       As “[f]ederal jurisdiction over a FOIA claim is dependent upon a showing that an agency

improperly withheld agency records,” if there is no “‘showing that the agency received the

request, the agency has no obligation to respond to it.’” See Banks v. Lappin, 539 F. Supp. 2d
228, 235 (D.D.C. 2008) (quoting Hutchins v. Dep’t of Justice, No. 00–2349, 2005 WL 1334941,

at *2 (D.D.C. June 6, 2005)); see also Trupei v. Bureau of Customs & Border Prot., No. 07–

0475, 2008 WL 249878, at *1 (D.D.C. Jan. 29, 2008) (“[A]n agency’s FOIA obligations are not

triggered until a request has been received.”). In order to create an issue of material fact, a

plaintiff must offer evidence that the requests were received by the agency, rather than merely

stating that the requests were placed in the mail. See Banks, 539 F. Supp. 2d at 235 (“The

mailing of a FOIA request to a federal government agency does not constitute its receipt by the

agency.”).

       7
         Mr. Pinson refers to these seven unnumbered requests as: (1) “Records on Jamil Al–
Amin,” (2) “All Criminal Matter Referrals from USP Victorville,” (3) “All Criminal Matter
Referrals from ADX Florence,” (4) “All Criminal Matter Referrals from USP Lewisburg,” (5)
“All Criminal Matter Referrals from FCI Talladega,” (6) “Letters to Wardens of FCI Talladega,”
and (7) “Documents Related to Lavallee Prosecution.” Corr. 2d Am. Compl. at 7–8.

                                                 19
       Here, not only has Mr. Pinson failed to provide any evidence that these requests were

received by the FBI, but Mr. Pinson’s opposition fails to mention these requests at all. “In this

district, when a party responds to some but not all arguments raised on a Motion for Summary

Judgment, a court may fairly view the unacknowledged arguments as conceded.” Sykes v.

Dudas, 573 F. Supp. 2d 191, 202 (D.D.C. 2008). Moreover, because Mr. Pinson has not

contested the FBI’s factual statement that it never received those requests, that fact is deemed

conceded. The Court therefore grants the FBI’s motion for summary judgment as to the seven

unnumbered requests.

       The FBI also contends that it referred one unnumbered request, “Investigations in 2007-

08 of Assaults at USP Florence, Victorville,” to the BOP because the FBI determined that the

BOP is the agency most likely in possession of the requested records. Hardy Decl. ¶ 159. The

referral of records does not automatically relieve the FBI of its disclosure responsibility.

“[A]gencies are ‘obligated to account for the responsive materials located in their records, even

if the decision to release or withhold information is left to the component where those records

originated.’” Lea v. Exec. Office for U.S. Attorneys, 85 F. Supp. 3d 85, 88 (D.D.C. 2015)

(quoting Fowlkes v. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms & Explosives, 67 F. Supp. 3d 290,

296 n.2 (D.D.C. 2014)). Mr. Hardy has not attested to what happened to the referral, and the

“referral of records could constitute an improper withholding if the net effect of the referral

procedure is significantly to impair the requester’s ability to obtain the records or significantly to

increase the amount of time he must wait to obtain them.” Id. at 88–89 (alterations and internal

quotations omitted). Because the Court has insufficient information to assess whether the

referral was proper and whether the referral was sufficiently accounted for, the Court denies

                                                 20
summary judgement as to the unnumbered request “Investigations in 2007-08 of Assaults at USP

Florence, Victorville.”

                          B. Failure to Exhaust Administrative Remedies

       The DOJ seeks summary judgment as to twenty of the FOIA requests at issue 8 claiming

that Mr. Pinson failed to exhaust administrative appeal remedies before seeking judicial redress

in this Court. See Defs.’ Mem. Supp. at 31–33. Specifically, the DOJ contends that Mr. Pinson

failed to exhaust his administrative remedies because, for each of these requests, he did not file

an appeal of the agency’s decision. Id. Mr. Pinson disputes the DOJ’s exhaustion argument as it

pertains to these requests stating that he did not receive responses and never had a chance to

appeal. See Pl.’s Resp. at 1–3, ECF No. 241; Pinson Decl. ¶¶ 1–2, ECF No. 241.

       In general, a FOIA requester must exhaust his administrative remedies before filing suit

in federal court. See Wilbur v. CIA, 355 F.3d 675, 677 (D.C. Cir. 2004). This means that the

requester must appeal an adverse determination of his FOIA request to the head of the agency

before suing that agency in federal court. See Smith v. Fed. Bureau of Prisons, 517 F. Supp. 2d
451, 453 (D.D.C. 2007). If the requester fails to exhaust administrative remedies before filing

suit, a court can dismiss the complaint or grant summary judgment for the agency. See Wilbur,
355 F.3d at 676–77.

       8
          The twenty requests at issue include Request Nos. 1153107, 1178465, 1186051,
1192365, 1194851, 1199194, 1199202, 1202477, 1210449, 1217894, 1217895, 1217896,
1217898, 1217899, 1217900, 1217901, and 1229060, as well as unnumbered requests
“Investigations of the CA AB and Mexican Mafia,” “FD–302s of USP Victorville Homicide
Investigations,” and “Addresses of All FBI Offices. See Defs.’ Mem. Supp. at 31–33. The Court
will also discuss exhaustion with respect to the request for “Letters to Wardens of USP’s
Victorville, Florence, Coleman,” which Mr. Pinson refers to in his opposition. See Pl.’s Resp. at
1; infra Part IV.B.5.

                                                21
       But FOIA’s exhaustion requirement is a prudential consideration, rather than a

jurisdictional prerequisite. See id. at 677. A court therefore may waive the exhaustion

requirement under certain circumstances, such as if an agency failed to respond to the FOIA

request within a certain number of days. See Citizens for Responsibility & Ethics in Wash. v.

Fed. Election Comm’n, 711 F.3d 180, 184 (D.C. Cir. 2013) (citing 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(6)(C)(i)).

Further, if there is a genuine dispute of material fact on the exhaustion issue, a court may refuse

to grant summary judgment for the agency. See Jones v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 576 F. Supp. 2d
64, 67 (D.D.C. 2008). A court may, for example, deny summary judgment to an agency that

claims to have notified a plaintiff of its response to a FOIA request if the plaintiff attests that he

never received the agency’s response and if the agency fails to offer evidence to the contrary.

See id. at 67 (“If Jones did not receive a response to his FOIA request, then the agency did not

comply with its duty to make a determination within 20 days after receiving Jones’ request and

‘immediately notify the person making such request’ of its determination.” (quoting 5 U.S.C. §

552(a)(6)(A)(i))).

   1. Request Nos. 1210449, 1217894, 1217895, 1217896, 1217898, 1217899, and 1217900

       The DOJ first contends that it is entitled to summary judgment as to Request Nos.

1210449, 1217896, 1217894, 1217895, 1217898, 1217899, and 1217900 9 because Mr. Pinson

failed to exhaust his administrative remedies. See Defs.’ Mem. Supp. at 31. More specifically,

       9
         In fact, the DOJ’s memorandum argues that the FBI delivered the records for Request
No. 1217901 (not 1217900) to an alternate address designated by Mr. Pinson. See Defs.’ Mem.
Supp. at 31. But the documents in the record indicate that it was with respect to Request No.
1217900 that Mr. Pinson requested the responsive records be delivered to an alternate address.
See Hardy Decl. Ex. ZZZ. The Court believes the DOJ has confused Request Nos. 1217901 and
1217900, and the Court will alter the numbers throughout this opinion accordingly. In any event,
as explained below, the Court denies the DOJ’s motion for summary judgment with respect to
both requests.

                                                  22
the DOJ argues that Mr. Pinson “was notified that his mail from the FBI was not delivered and

the FBI delivered the records to alternate addresses designated by [Mr. Pinson].” Id. Mr. Pinson

argues that he never received these responses because the BOP rejected his mail, and thus he was

unable “to see and evaluate the FOIA responses . . . and perfect an appeal to the Office of

Information Policy.” Pinson Decl. ¶¶ 1–2; see Pl.’s Resp. at 2–3.

       At the outset, the Court notes that the FBI only provides evidence to demonstrate that the

FBI requested an alternate address to send the material when it was returned by the BOP as to

Request No. 1217899. See Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 82–84. As to Request Nos. 1210449, 1217894,

1217895, 1217896, 1217898, and 1217900, the DOJ fails to provide evidence to demonstrate

that the mail was returned by the BOP or the FBI requested an alternate address. However, the

evidence provided does show that Mr. Pinson voluntarily provided an alternative address in his

correspondence with the FBI and the FBI delivered responsive records to these alternate

addresses for all requests except Request No. 1217900.

       For Request Nos. 1210449, 1217894, 1217895, 1217896, and 1217898, Mr. Pinson, after

receiving notification from the FBI that he would need to pay a processing fee, wrote to the FBI

agreeing to pay the fees and requested the responsive materials to be sent to an alternative

address. In all five instances, Mr. Pinson requested the materials be sent to “Edwin Aro” at

Arnold & Porter, LLP’s Denver Office. 10 See Hardy Decl. Exs. EEE, SSSS, XXXX, UUU,

NNNN, ZZZ; See also Denver, Arnold & Porter, http://www.arnoldporter.com/en/about/

offices/denver (last visited Mar. 28, 2016) (displaying the Denver office’s address).

       10
         It is unclear why Mr. Pinson requested these materials to be sent to this address and
whether he had expected to be notified when Mr. Aro received the FBI’s responses.

                                                23
       For Request No. 1217899, Mr. Pinson provided an alternate address when the FBI

notified Mr. Pinson that his mail was not deliverable due to the BOP’s regulations. Per Mr.

Pinson’s request, the FBI sent the materials to James Ridgeway, Director and Editor of Solitary

Watch, a non–profit organization. 11 See Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 82–85 & Ex. PPP; see also About,

Solitary Watch, http://solitarywatch.com/about/ (last visited Mar. 28, 2016). For the following

reasons, Mr. Pinson fails to create a material issue of fact regarding Request Nos. 1210449,

1217894, 1217895, 1217896, 1217898, and 1217899.

       Mr. Pinson does not provide any evidence that Mr. Aro or Mr. Ridgeway, the persons to

whom he requested the responses be sent, never received the responses. Mr. Pinson only claims

that he himself never received the material, which would only be natural because the material,

upon his request, was sent to Mr. Aro and Mr. Ridgeway, not Mr. Pinson.

       The Supreme Court has emphasized that in FOIA cases, courts generally accord

government records and official conduct a presumption of legitimacy. See U.S. Dep’t of State v.

Ray, 502 U.S. 164, 179 (1991); see also Schoenman v. FBI, No. CIV.A.04–2202(CKK), 2006
WL 1582253, at *10 (D.D.C. June 5, 2006). Here, the DOJ has provided a detailed declaration

from Mr. Hardy and provided documents, which include Mr. Pinson’s requests and

correspondence, as well as the FBI’s dated responses to Mr. Pinson’s letters. Mr. Pinson, in

contrast, has not only failed to address the government’s argument, but also failed to provide

counter evidence that either Mr. Aro or Mr. Ridgeway did not receive these responses. Thus,

Mr. Pinson has not rebutted the good faith presumption accorded government action.

       11
         It is unclear why Mr. Pinson requested these materials to be sent to this address and
whether he had expected to be notified when Mr. Ridgeway received the FBI’s responses.

                                                24
       Because Mr. Pinson does not address the fact that these responses were requested and

actually sent to an alternative address and not to his prison, the Court finds that Mr. Pinson has

failed to raise a material issue of fact and the DOJ is entitled to summary judgment as to request

numbers 1210449, 1217894, 1217895, 1217896, 1217898, and 1217899.

       As to Request No. 1217900, however, Mr. Pinson requested the materials to be sent to an

alternate address, specifically to Edwin Aro at Arnold & Porter. See Hardy Decl. Ex. ZZZ.

Despite this request, the FBI sent the responsive materials to the ADX Florence facility.

Compare Hardy Decl. Ex. AAAA with Hardy Decl. Ex. ZZZ. This erroneous mailing of the

document cannot be attributed to Mr. Pinson’s action or inaction. Accordingly, summary

judgment will be denied as to request No. 1217900, and the FBI will be ordered to re-mail the

responsive documents to the address Mr. Pinson provided.

                                     2. Request No. 1203873

       In its summary of facts and statement of material facts as to which there is no genuine

issue, the FBI contends that the OIP closed Mr. Pinson’s appeal of Request No. 1203873 due to

the pending litigation. 12 Defs.’ Mem. Supp. at 9; Hardy Decl. ¶ 60 & Ex. TT. The Court notes

that the DOJ does not explicitly raise an argument or move for summary judgment as to Request

No. 1203873. The OIP acknowledged Mr. Pinson’s December 11, 2012 appeal on January 9,

2013, but failed to make a determination before closing the appeal on February 11, 2013. Hardy

Decl. ¶¶ 58–60 & Exs. RR, SS, TT. If Mr. Pinson filed his complaint after his appeal went

unanswered for more than twenty days, he would be deemed to have constructively exhausted

his administrative remedies. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(6)(C)(i) (providing that if an agency “fails to

       12
        The Court notes that the DOJ does not explicitly raise an argument or move for
summary judgment as to Request No. 1203873.

                                                 25
comply with the applicable time limit provisions,” any person making a request “shall be deemed

to have exhausted his administrative remedies with respect to such request”). Here, the OIP

failed to make a determination within twenty days and instead closed the appeal on February 11,

2013, by which time 62 days had lapsed since the appeal was filed on December 11, 2012.13

Because the OIP failed to make a timely determination and Mr. Pinson included this request

number in his verified Second Amended Complaint filed on October 23, 2013, after OIP’s close

of the appeal, Mr. Pinson is deemed to have constructively exhausted his administrative

remedies.

       In his administrative appeal, Mr. Pinson claimed that he had “submitted a properly

executed Certificate of Identity from Mr. Al–Amin with [his] original request,” Hardy Decl. Ex.

RR; the FBI, on the other hand, states that it has no record of receiving a Certificate of Identity.

Because Mr. Pinson fails to provide any evidence to the contrary and his opposition to the DOJ’s

motion makes no mention of this request at all, the Court deems Mr. Pinson to have conceded

this claim. As a result, with a declaration from the FBI stating it has properly withheld the

records and because Mr. Pinson concedes these facts, the Court has no statutory duty to perform,

see Cole v. Dep’t of Justice, 905 F. Supp. 2d 293, 296 (D.D.C. 2012), and finds that there is no

genuine issue of material fact. The Court will accordingly grant summary judgment to the DOJ

for Request No. 1203873.

             3. Request Nos. 1153107, 1186051, 1192365, 1194851, and 1202477

       The DOJ seeks summary judgment as to Request Nos. 1153107, 1186051, 1192365,

1194851, and 1202477, arguing that Mr. Pinson failed to exhaust his administrative remedies.

       13
            The Court also notes that Mr. Pinson did not originally enumerate this request in his
original or second amended complaint; however, since then this request has been incorporated
into this litigation.

                                                 26
See Defs.’ Mem. Supp. at 32–33. Mr. Pinson argues that summary judgment should not be

granted because he never received these documents and thus was unable to “see and evaluate the

FOIA responses . . . and perfect an appeal” to the OIP. Pl.’s Resp. at 2–3; Pinson Decl. ¶¶ 1–2.

       Because Mr. Pinson’s verified Second Amended Complaint directly contradicts the

assertions he makes in his more recent declaration, the Court finds that Mr. Pinson has failed to

raise a material issue of fact and the DOJ is entitled to summary judgment as to these requests.

Mr. Pinson’s complaint was signed under penalty of perjury on October 10, 2013. See Corr. 2d

Am. Compl. at 17. 14 “Courts have long held that a party may not create a material issue of fact

simply by contradicting its prior sworn testimony.” Pyramid Sec. Ltd. v. IB Resolution, Inc., 924
F.2d 1114, 1123 (D.C. Cir. 1991). “Virtually every circuit has adopted a form of the so-called

‘sham affidavit rule,’ which precludes a party from creating an issue of material fact by

contradicting prior sworn testimony unless the ‘shifting party can offer persuasive reasons for

believing the supposed correction’ is more accurate than the prior testimony.” Galvin v. Eli Lilly

& Co., 488 F.3d 1026, 1030 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (quoting Pyramid Sec. Ltd., 924 F.2d at 1123).

       Unlike in previous filings where Mr. Pinson clarified the import of the dates listed in his

complaints as the dates when he received acknowledgement letters from certain agencies, see,

e.g., Pl.’s Part. Resp. to Bureau of Prisons Mot. Summ. J., Exhibit 1 at 2–4, ECF No. 180, Mr.

Pinson in his most recent declaration outright denies receiving responses from the FBI, see

Pinson Decl. ¶ 1. For example, Mr. Pinson’s declaration claims that he “never received from the

FBI [a] response[] to FOIA Req. No[]. . . . 1153107.” Pinson Decl. ¶ 1. In his complaint,

       14
          The Court notes that Mr. Pinson’s complaint is “verified” and thereby must be treated
as the equivalent of an affidavit since Mr. Pinson affixed his signature to the document under
penalty of perjury pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1746. See Neal v. Kelly, 963 F.2d 453, 457 (D.C. Cir.
1992).

                                                27
however, Mr. Pinson lists receiving a response to that request on November 22, 2010, see Corr.

2d Am. Compl. at 6, only a few days after the FBI sent him a response on November 18, 2010,

see Hardy Decl. ¶ 8 & Ex. C. 15

       Because Mr. Pinson has not clarified the import of the dates listed in his complaint, he

has failed to provide the Court with any reason whatsoever, “for believing the supposed

correction is more accurate than the prior testimony.” United States v. Project on Gov’t

Oversight, 839 F. Supp. 2d 330, 347 (D.D.C. 2012) (internal quotation mark omitted) (quoting

Galvin, 488 F.3d at 1030). In light of the direct contradiction between Mr. Pinson’s sworn

statements, and in the absence of any reason to believe that the outright denial of receipt in Mr.

Pinson’s declaration for Request Nos. 1153107, 1186051, 1192365, 1194851 and 1202477 is

more accurate than his prior statement that he received a response to the request, the Court finds

that Mr. Pinson’s prior sworn statement is controlling. See Pyramid Sec. Ltd., 924 F.2d at 1123.

Accordingly, the Court finds that Mr. Pinson has not exhausted his administrative remedies and

       15
          The example of Request No. 1153107 is illustrative. With respect to Request No.
1186051, Mr. Pinson declares he did not receive a response from the FBI, but his complaint lists
having received a response on October 2, 2012, see Corr. 2d Am. Compl. at 6, a few days after
the FBI sent him a response on September 28, 2012, see Hardy Decl. ¶ 16 & Ex. H.
        Similarly, with respect to Request No. 1192365, Mr. Pinson declares he did not receive a
response from the FBI, see Pinson Decl. ¶ 1, but his complaint lists having received a response
on December 6, 2012, see Corr. 2d Am. Compl. at 6, twenty days after the FBI sent him a letter
on November 16, 2012, see Hardy Decl. ¶ 22 & Ex. M.
        With respect to Request No. 1194851, Mr. Pinson declares he did not receive a response
from the FBI, see Pinson Decl. ¶ 1, but his complaint lists having received a response for the
request on February 26, 2013, see Corr. 2d Am. Compl. at 6, only thirteen days after the FBI
resent the response on February 13, 2013, see Hardy Decl. ¶ 40 n.4.
        With respect to Request No. 1202477, Mr. Pinson declares he did not receive a response
from the FBI, see Pinson Decl. ¶ 1, but his complaint lists having received a response for the
request on December 13, 2012, see Corr. 2d Am. Compl. at 6, sixteen days after the FBI sent him
the only letter regarding this request on November 27, 2012, see Hardy Decl. ¶ 54 & Ex. OO.

                                                28
thus grants summary judgment in favor of the DOJ as to Request Nos. 1153107, 1186051,

1192365, 1194851, and 1202477.

             4. Request Nos. 1178465, 1199194, 1199202, 1217901, and 1229060

       The DOJ seeks summary judgment as to Request Nos. 1178465, 1199194, 1199202,

1217901, and 1229060 arguing that Mr. Pinson failed to appeal the FBI’s redacted release and,

therefore, did not exhaust his administrative remedies. Defs.’ Mem. Supp. at 31–33. For these

requests, the DOJ has provided the Court with copies of the FBI’s final response letters and with

the declaration of David M. Hardy who asserts that the FBI sent Mr. Pinson the letters in

question. See Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 10–13, 24–26, 28–30, 98–100, 124–26 & Exs. E, F, O, P, R, S,

BBBB, CCCC, DDDD, AAAAA, BBBBB. The mere existence of these final response letters,

however, does not conclusively “establish that the letter[s] [were] actually . . . received by” Mr.

Pinson, which may leave open a genuine issue of material fact. See Jones, 576 F. Supp. 2d at 67.

       As discussed above in Part IV.B.3, it appears that Mr. Pinson’s declaration and verified

amended complaint directly contradict each other because Mr. Pinson outright denies receiving

responses in his declaration, but generally lists the date he received a response for each request in

his complaint. See Pinson Decl. ¶ 1; Corr. 2d Am. Compl. at 6–7. Although the inclusion of

those dates in Mr. Pinson’s complaint appears to acknowledge that he did receive a response

from the FBI with respect to each request, in the past this Court has “credited statements in Mr.

Pinson’s declarations asserting that he had not received response letters from various DOJ

components—despite the existence of contrary assertions in his verified complaint—where Mr.

Pinson explained that he had received acknowledgement letters rather than final response

letters.” Pinson v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 61 F. Supp. 3d 164, 176 (D.D.C. 2015). Despite Mr.

                                                 29
Pinson’s failure to articulate that he did not receive the final response in either his declaration or

verified complaint, the Court faces similar circumstances here.

       For example, with respect to Request No. 1178465, Mr. Pinson’s complaint states that he

received a response from the FBI on December 2, 2011, Corr. 2d Am. Compl. at 6, around the

time the FBI sent its initial acknowledgment letter on December 6, 2011, Hardy Decl. ¶ 11 & Ex.

E. It was not until April 20, 2012, that the FBI sent Mr. Pinson a response with the documents

he requested. Hardy Decl. ¶ 12 & Ex. F. Despite the imprecision of the dates, there remains a

question as to whether Mr. Pinson did indeed receive the April 20, 2012 FBI response. 16

       In the case of Request Nos. 1199194 and 1199202, Mr. Pinson’s complaint states that he

received a response to both requests from the FBI on February 26, 2013, Corr. 2d Am. Compl. at

6, approximately five months after the mailing of either the acknowledgment and final response

letters on September 27, 2012 and October 1, 2012, see Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 25, 26, 29, 30. Because

there is such a large gap between when the letters were sent and when Mr. Pinson claims he

received them, coupled with a history of Mr. Pinson failing to receive mail, see, e.g., Pinson v.

U.S. Dep’t of Justice, No. CV 12–1872 (RC), 2016 WL 29245, at *12-13 (D.D.C. Jan. 4, 2016),

ECF No. 259, there remains a question as to which letters he did and did not receive.

       16
          The claims for Request Nos. 1217901 and 1229060 follow similar lines. For Request
No. 1217901, Mr. Pinson’s Second Amended Complaint lists a response date of July 8, 2013, see
Corr. 2d Am. Compl. at 7, around the time the FBI sent its initial acknowledgment letter on June
19, 2013, Hardy Decl. ¶ 99 & Ex. CCCC. It was not until October 2, 2013, the FBI sent Mr.
Pinson a response with the documents he requested. Hardy Decl. ¶ 100 & Ex. DDDD. For
Request No. 1229060, Mr. Pinson’s Second Amended Complaint lists a response date of
September 30, 2013, see Corr. 2d Am. Compl. at 7, around the time the FBI sent its initial
acknowledgment letter on September 25, 2013, Hardy Decl. ¶ 125 & Ex. AAAAA. It was not
until January 15, 2014, the FBI sent Mr. Pinson a response with the documents he requested.
Hardy Decl. ¶ 126 & Ex. BBBBB.

                                                  30
       Because at summary judgment the Court must view facts in the light most favorable to

the non–movant, see Scott, 550 U.S. at 380 (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)), and cannot make

credibility determinations, see Fed. Ins. Co. v. Olawuni, 539 F. Supp. 2d 63, 66 (D.D.C. 2008)

(“On a motion for summary judgment, the Court must ‘eschew making credibility determinations

or weighing the evidence.’” (quoting Czekalski, 475 F.3d at 363)), the Court must accept as true

Mr. Pinson’s declaration that he did not receive a response and the December 2, 2011 response

referenced in Mr. Pinson’s complaint is more likely an acknowledgement letter. And if it turns

out that Mr. Pinson did not receive the FBI’s final response letter, he cannot be penalized for

having failed to exhaust his administrative remedies because he was denied the opportunity to

reformulate his request or appeal the determination that the request was improper.

       Therefore, because Mr. Pinson’s declaration made under penalty of perjury raises a

genuine dispute of material fact regarding his initial receipt of the documents, the Court denies

the DOJ’s motion for summary judgment as to Request Nos. 1178465, 1199194, 1199202,

1217901, and 1229060. In addition, assuming Mr. Pinson’s description of events is accurate and

he did not receive the responses or records purportedly sent to him, the Court orders the DOJ to

resend those documents to Mr. Pinson so that he can review them and determine the DOJ’s

compliance with FOIA.

 5. Requests Concerning Investigations of the CA AB and Mexican Mafia Since 2005, All
    FD–302s of USP Victorville Homicide Investigations, and Letters to Wardens of USP’s
                             Victorville, Florence, Coleman 17

       The DOJ seeks summary judgment as to unnumbered requests for “Investigations of the

CA AB and Mexican Mafia Since 2005” and for all “FD–302s of USP Victorville Homicide

       17
          Mr. Pinson claims that he did not receive responses to four unnumbered requests, see
Pinson Decl. ¶ 1. Of the twelve unnumbered requests, seven were not received by the DOJ, one
was referred to the BOP, and “Addresses of All FBI Offices” is addressed below. This leaves

                                                31
Investigations” because Mr. Pinson failed to exhaust his administrative remedies. Defs.’ Mot.

Supp. at 32. The DOJ also seeks summary judgment as to unnumbered request for “Letters to

Wardens of USP’s Victorville, Florence, Coleman” because there is no genuine issue of material

fact. See Defs.’ Reply at 1–2; Defs.’ Mem. Supp. Ex. 1 ¶¶ 126–27. For these requests, the DOJ

has provided the Court with copies of the FBI’s final response letters and with the declaration of

David M. Hardy who asserts that the FBI sent Mr. Pinson the letters in question. See Hardy

Decl. ¶¶ 129–30, 147–48, 150–51 & Exs. CCCCC, IIIII, JJJJJ, KKKKK, LLLLL. The mere

existence of these final response letters, however, does not conclusively “establish that the

letter[s] [were] actually . . . received by” Mr. Pinson, which may leave open a genuine issue of

material fact. See Jones, 576 F. Supp. 2d at 67.

       Both Mr. Pinson’s declaration and verified amended complaint deny receiving responses

to these requests. See Pinson Decl. ¶ 1; Corr. 2d Am. Compl. at 7–8. Because at summary

judgment the Court must view facts in the light most favorable to the non–movant, see Scott, 550
U.S. at 380 (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)), and cannot make credibility determinations, see

Olawuni, 539 F. Supp. 2d at 66 (“On a motion for summary judgment, the Court must ‘eschew

making credibility determinations or weighing the evidence.’” (quoting Czekalski, 475 F.3d at

363)), the Court must accept as true Mr. Pinson’s declaration and second amended complaint that

he did not receive responses to these requests, and cannot be penalized for having failed to

three unnumbered requests, two of which Mr. Pinson explicitly lists in his response as
“Investigation of the CA AB and Mexican Mafia since 2005” and all “FD-302s of USP
Victorville Homicide Investigations.” See Pl.’s Resp. at 1. The Court assumes that the fourth
unnumbered request to which Mr. Pinson refers is the unnumbered request “Letters to Wardens
of USP’s Victorville, Florence, Coleman,” and will address it here. See Pinson Decl. ¶ 1; Corr.
2d. Am. Compl. at 8.

                                                32
exhaust his administrative remedies because he was denied the opportunity to reformulate his

request or appeal the determination that the request was improper.

       Therefore, because Mr. Pinson’s declaration made under penalty of perjury raises a

genuine dispute of material fact regarding his initial receipt of the documents, the Court denies

the DOJ’s motion for summary judgment as to the unnumbered requests for “Investigations of

the CA AB and Mexican Mafia Since 2005,” “All FD–302s of USP Victorville Homicide

Investigations,” and “Letters to Wardens of USP’s Victorville, Florence, Coleman.” Assuming

Mr. Pinson’s description of events is accurate and he did not receive responses or records

purportedly sent to him, the Court orders the DOJ to resend those documents to Mr. Pinson so

that he can review the documents and determine the DOJ’s compliance with FOIA.

                          6. Request for Addresses of All FBI Offices

       The DOJ seeks summary judgment as to a request for the Addresses of All FBI Offices

arguing that Mr. Pinson did not file an administrative appeal of the responses. Defs.’ Mot. Supp.

at 32. Yet, Mr. Hardy’s Declaration and the exhibits the DOJ attaches both plainly demonstrate

that Mr. Pinson filed an appeal of this response, and the OIP provided materials that may have

been responsive to plaintiff’s request. See Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 155–57 & Exs. OOOOO, PPPPP,

QQQQQ. This request was clearly exhausted.

       Despite the exhaustion of this request, Mr. Pinson argues that he has not received the

response to this request in both his declaration and verified amended complaint. See Pinson

Decl. ¶ 1; Corr. 2d Am. Compl. at 6. Because at summary judgment the Court must view facts

in the light most favorable to the non–movant, see Scott, 550 U.S. at 380 (citing Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(c)), and cannot make credibility determinations, see Olawuni, 539 F. Supp. 2d at 66 (“On a

motion for summary judgment, the Court must ‘eschew making credibility determinations or

                                                33
weighing the evidence.’” (quoting Czekalski, 475 F.3d at 363)), the Court must accept as true

Mr. Pinson’s declaration and second amended complaint that he did not receive a response to this

request, and cannot be penalized for having failed to exhaust his administrative remedies because

he was denied the opportunity to reformulate his request or appeal the determination that the

request was improper. Thus, the Court denies the DOJ’s motion for summary judgment as to the

unnumbered request for “Addresses of All FBI Offices.” Assuming Mr. Pinson’s description of

events is accurate and he did not receive the document sent to him, the Court orders the DOJ to

re-mail the responsive document to Mr. Pinson, so that Mr. Pinson can review it and determine

whether his request has been satisfied.

                               C. Adequacy of the FBI’s Search

       The DOJ seeks summary judgment on the ground that its search for responsive records

was reasonable and adequate with respect to five requests that Mr. Pinson either fully appealed

or (for reasons not stated in the record, and despite no evidence of an appeal by Mr. Pinson)

which the DOJ does not claim remain unexhausted. These include Request Nos. 1171229,

1199153, 1199078, 1210450, and 1217897. See Defs.’ Mem. Supp. at 33–34; see also Hardy

Decl. ¶¶ 170, 173–75, 177.18

       18
          Although the DOJ also seeks summary judgment with respect to Request Nos.
1153107, 1186051, 1217894, 1217898, and 1217899 on adequate search grounds, see Hardy
Decl. ¶¶ 169, 172, 176, 178–79, this Court has already granted summary judgment to the DOJ
with respect to these requests because Mr. Pinson failed to exhaust his administrative remedies.
Conversely, the DOJ seeks summary judgment with respect to Request No. 1217900, see id. ¶
180, but this Court has denied summary judgment as to that request, and ordered the DOJ to re-
mail the responsive materials to the alternate address Mr. Pinson supplied. Similarly, the DOJ
seeks summary judgment as to Request Nos. 1178465 and 1229060, see id. ¶¶ 171, 181, but this
Court has already concluded that there is a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether Mr.
Pinson received the FBI’s final response letter for those requests, and that the documents must be
resent to Mr. Pinson. Therefore, the Court does not reach the adequate search issue with respect
to any of these requests.

                                                34
       Under FOIA, an adequate search is one that is “reasonably calculated to uncover all

relevant documents.” Morley v. CIA, 508 F.3d 1108, 1114 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (internal quotation

mark omitted) (quoting Weisberg v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 705 F.2d 1344, 1351 (D.C. Cir.

1983)). The agency does not have to search “every record system” for the requested documents,

but it “must conduct a good faith, reasonable search of those systems of records likely to possess

the requested records.” Marino v. Dep’t of Justice, 993 F. Supp. 2d 1, 9 (D.D.C. 2013) (citing

Oglesby v. Dep’t of Army, 920 F.2d 57, 68 (D.C. Cir. 1990)). When an agency seeks summary

judgment on the basis that it conducted an adequate search, it must provide a “reasonably

detailed” affidavit describing the scope of that search. Iturralde v. Comptroller of Currency, 315
F.3d 311, 313–14 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (quoting Oglesby, 920 F.2d at 68). It is not enough, however,

for the affidavit to state in conclusory fashion that the agency “conducted a review of [the files]

which would contain information that [the plaintiff] has requested” and did not find anything

responsive to the request. Weisberg v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 627 F.2d 365, 370 (D.C. Cir. 1980).

On the other hand, once the agency has provided a “reasonably detailed” affidavit describing its

search, the burden shifts to the FOIA requester to produce “countervailing evidence” suggesting

that a genuine dispute of material fact exists as to the adequacy of the search. Morley, 508 F.3d

at 1116.

       Here, the DOJ has provided a declaration from Mr. Hardy, which provides an overview

of the Central Records System (“CRS”) and explains in varying detail the searches for the

requests at issue. See Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 160–65, 168–81. In general, the FBI conducted a search of

the automated indices to the CRS using various search terms to yield responsive results.

       For all of these requests, the declaration’s descriptions suffice to provide a “reasonably

detailed” account of the scope of the FBI’s search for each request. Mr. Hardy’s declaration

                                                 35
describes how the Central Records System stores information and how that information is

searchable and identifies the search terms used to locate documents with respect to each of Mr.

Pinson’s requests. See, e.g., Hardy Decl. ¶ 173. For example, with respect to Request No.

1217897, the FBI conducted a search “utilizing a phonetic breakdown of the name ‘Manuel

Torrez.’ The search results included any variation of first and last name that sounds similar or

are spelled differently than the name searched.” Id. ¶ 177.

       Neither Mr. Pinson’s responses nor declarations address the DOJ’s “adequacy of the

search” argument. As this Court has explained, “when a party responds to some but not all

arguments raised on a Motion for Summary Judgment, a court may fairly view the

unacknowledged arguments as conceded.” Sykes, 573 F. Supp. 2d at 202. Accordingly, the

Court deems conceded the DOJ’s motion for summary judgment with respect to the adequacy of

the FBI’s search for Request Nos. 1171229, 1199153, 1199078, 1210450, and 1217897.

Regardless, the Court concludes that the information provided in the Hardy Declaration is

sufficiently detailed to grant summary judgment in the FBI’s favor on this issue.

                                     D. FOIA Exemptions

       The DOJ next argues that the FBI properly withheld records, in whole or in part,

responsive to Request Nos. 1171229, 1199153, 1199078, 1210450, and 1217897 pursuant to

FOIA Exemptions 3, 6, 7(A), 7(C), 7(D), and 7(E). See Defs.’ Mem. Supp. at 34–44. Although

Mr. Pinson does not respond to the DOJ’s argument as a whole, he does contend that the FBI

improperly withheld “Employee Names/Titles” in certain requests and challenges the FBI’s use

of FOIA Exemptions 6 and 7(C). 19 See Pl.’s Resp. at 4–6.

       19
         Mr. Pinson also challenges the use of FOIA Exemption 7(F), see Pl.’s Resp. at 6;
however, the FBI only invokes Exemption 7(F) in withholding information in Request Nos.
1192365 and 1229060, see Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 22, 126, 182–83. The Court has already granted

                                                36
       “[D]isclosure, not secrecy, is the dominant objective of [FOIA].” Dep’t of the Air Force

v. Rose, 425 U.S. 352, 361 (1976). “Consistent with this purpose, agencies may withhold only

those documents or portions thereof that fall under one of nine delineated statutory exemptions.”

Elliott v. USDA, 596 F.3d 842, 845 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (citing 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)). “[T]he

exemptions are ‘explicitly exclusive.’” U.S. Dep’t of Justice v. Tax Analysts, 492 U.S. 136, 151

(1989) (quoting FAA Adm’r v. Robertson, 422 U.S. 255, 262 (1975)). And it is the agency’s

burden to show that withheld material falls within one of these exemptions. See 5 U.S.C. §

552(a)(4)(B); Elliott, 596 F.3d at 845.

                                          1. Exemption 3

       The FBI invoked Exemption 3 to withhold information responsive to Request No.

1199078. See Hardy Decl. Ex. GG. The withheld information concerned the identities of the

individuals targeted for interception through wiretap, and information obtained through the

wiretap pursuant to Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, 18.

U.S.C. §§ 2510–2520 (“Title III”). See Defs.’ Mem. Supp. at 34–35. Exemption 3 permits the

withholding of information “specifically exempted from disclosure by [other] statute[s].” 5

U.S.C. § 552(b)(3). Withholding information is proper when the statute either “leave[s] no

discretion” or “establishes particular criteria for withholding or refers to particular types of

matters to be withheld.” Id. §§ 552(b)(3)(A)(i)–(ii). “Title III falls squarely within the scope of

[Exemption 3], as a statute referring to ‘particular types of matters to be withheld.’” Lam Lek

Chong v. U.S. Dep’t of Drug Enf’t Admin., 929 F.2d 729, 733 (D.C. Cir. 1991). Title III, as a

summary judgment as to Request No. 1192365 for failure to appeal and declined to grant
summary judgment as to Request No. 1229060 because there is a genuine issue of material fact
regarding whether Mr. Pinson received the FBI’s final response letter for this request. Therefore,
the Court will not address those requests further.

                                                  37
result, “exempts from disclosure any kind of information that is electronically intercepted . . .

solely by virtue of the means by which it is obtained.” Id.

       The DOJ argues that the FBI properly invoked Exemption 3 because the withheld

information “consists of the identities of the individuals targeted for interception through

wiretap, and information obtained via the Title III wiretap.” Defs.’ Mem. Supp. at 35; see, e.g.,

Miller v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 872 F. Supp. 2d 12, 23 (D.D.C. 2012) (withholding identities of

individuals targeted for interception and contents of the intercepted conversations). Mr. Pinson

has not contested this argument. Regardless, the FBI has met its burden under FOIA and is

entitled to summary judgment.

                                          2. Exemption 6

       The DOJ argues that the FBI properly invoked Exemption 6 in response to records

requested in Request Nos. 1199153, 1199078, and 1210450. Under Exemption 6, an agency

may withhold “personnel and medical files and similar files” when the disclosure of such

information “would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” 5 U.S.C. §

552(b)(6). The Supreme Court has interpreted the term “similar files” broadly so as “to cover

detailed Government records on an individual which can be identified as applying to that

individual.” U.S. Dep’t of State v. Wash. Post Co., 456 U.S. 595, 602 (1982) (internal quotation

mark omitted) (quoting H.R. Rep. No. 1497, at 11 (1966)). Therefore, not only does the

exemption protect files, “but also bits of personal information, such as names and addresses, the

release of which would ‘create a palpable threat to privacy.’” Prison Legal News v. Samuels,

787 F.3d 1142, 1147 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (brackets and internal quotation mark omitted) (quoting

Judicial Watch, Inc. v. Food & Drug Admin., 449 F.3d 141, 152 (D.C. Cir. 2006)). “The

information in the file ‘need not be intimate’ for the file to satisfy the standard, and the threshold

                                                  38
for determining whether information applies to a particular individual is minimal.” Milton v.

U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 783 F. Supp. 2d 55, 58 (D.D.C. 2011) (quoting N.Y. Times Co. v. Nat’l

Aeronautics & Space Admin., 920 F.2d 1002, 1006 (D.C. Cir. 1990)).

       Once this threshold determination is met, a court must next ask whether disclosure would

compromise a “substantial” privacy interest, since FOIA requires the release of information “[i]f

no significant privacy interest is implicated.” Multi Ag Media LLC v. Dep’t of Agric., 515 F.3d
1224, 1229 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (alteration in original) (internal quotation mark omitted) (quoting

Nat’l Ass’n of Retired Fed. Emps. v. Horner, 879 F.2d 873, 874 (D.C. Cir. 1989)). This

standard, however, “means less than it might seem,” as a substantial privacy interest is “anything

greater than a de minimis privacy interest.” Id. at 1229–30. If a substantial privacy interest

exists, a court next tests whether release of such information would constitute a “clearly

unwarranted invasion of personal privacy,” Wash. Post Co. v. U.S. Dep’t of Health & Human

Servs., 690 F.2d 252, 260 (D.C. Cir. 1982) (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6)), by balancing “the

privacy interest that would be compromised by disclosure against any public interest in the

requested information,” Multi Ag Media, 515 F.3d at 1228. “[T]he only relevant public interest

in the FOIA balancing analysis [is] the extent to which disclosure of the information sought

would ‘she[d] light on an agency’s performance of its statutory duties’ or otherwise let citizens

know ‘what their government is up to.’” Lepelletier v. FDIC, 164 F.3d 37, 46 (D.C. Cir. 1999)

(alterations in original) (quoting U.S. Dep’t of Def. v. Fed. Labor Relations Auth., 510 U.S. 487,

497 (1994)). “Information that ‘reveals little or nothing about an agency’s own conduct’ does

not further the statutory purpose.” Beck v. Dep’t of Justice, 997 F.2d 1489, 1493 (D.C. Cir.

1993) (quoting U.S. Dep’t of Justice v. Reporters Comm. for Freedom of the Press, 489 U.S.
749, 773 (1989)).

                                                39
        The DOJ argues that, with respect to these requests, “the FBI protected the strong privacy

interest of government personnel in avoiding disclosure of their personal information.” Defs.’

Mem. Supp. at 36. Mr. Hardy’s Declaration delves into further detail about the various

categories of individuals whose privacy interests are implicated and balances those interests

against the public’s interest in disclosure. 20

        In response to the DOJ’s position, Mr. Pinson raises two arguments. 21 First, Mr. Pinson

generically argues that the FBI improperly withheld employee names and titles because the DOJ

conceded that agency employee names and titles were not exempt under FOIA in Pinson v.

Lappin, 806 F. Supp. 2d 230, 233 (D.D.C. 2011). Pl.’s Resp. at 4. As discussed in a previous

opinion issued in this case regarding the BOP, the BOP’s decision in Lappin was specific to the

documents requested in that case. See Pinson v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, No. CV 12–1872 (RC),

2016 WL 29245, at *20–21 (D.D.C. Jan. 4, 2016), ECF No. 259. Furthermore, as discussed in

the prior opinion, employee names may be properly withheld if there is no genuine public

interest in such information or if the information’s release will endanger a staff member’s safety.

See id; see also Cuban v. Sec. Exch. Comm’n, 744 F. Supp. 2d 60, 74 (D.D.C. 2010) (“[S]taff

names and contact information may fall within [FOIA] Exemptions . . . and thus are shielded

from disclosure” when “‘the material relates to . . . matters of no genuine public interest.’”

(emphasis added) (quoting Schwaner v. Dep’t of the Air Force, 898 F.2d 793, 794 (D.C. Cir.

1990))); Judicial Watch, Inc. v. Food & Drug Admin., 449 F.3d at 152 (holding that agency

properly invoked Exemption 6 in refusing to release the names of certain agency personnel).

        20
        The FBI provides balancing for various categories of people simultaneously under
Exemptions 6 and 7(C). Hardy Decl. at ¶ 202 n.27.
        21
          The Court will also address the public interests Mr. Pinson identifies in his response to
the FBI’s use of Exemption 7(C) in conjunction with Exemption 6 infra Part IV.D.3.c.

                                                  40
While Lappin does not bar the FBI’s use of Exemption 6 to withhold employee names or titles,

the Court must balance the privacy interest of employees against the public interest in disclosure

of the information.

       The FBI argues that its employees have significant privacy interests, the disclosure of

which “may seriously prejudice their effectiveness in conducting other investigations,” “could

trigger hostility toward him/her,” and could make them “targets of harassing inquiries for

unauthorized access to investigations.” Hardy Decl. ¶ 204. According to the FBI, there is no

discernible public interest in disclosure because this information “would not shed light on the

operations and activities of the FBI.” Id. Where the plaintiff has not asserted a significant public

interest in the release of the information, the concern that agency employees would be harassed if

their names were disclosed “tilts the scales.” See Judicial Watch Inc. v. Food & Drug Admin.,
449 F.3d at 153. Here, although Mr. Pinson has identified a public interest in the general topics

at issue in the various documents, he has not identified any public interest in the release of the

specific names. Thus, the Court finds that the privacy interest of the employees outweighs the

public interest in disclosure.

       Second, Mr. Pinson claims the FBI “simply categorically excluded 3rd party

information,” which was prohibited in Prison Legal News v. Samuels, 787 F.3d 1142 (D.C. Cir.

2015). Pl.’s Resp. at 4. In Prison Legal News, the BOP categorically redacted identifying

information without regard to an individual’s or groups of individuals’ varying degrees of

privacy interests or public interests in disclosure. See 787 F.3d at 1149–52. The court did not

foreclose the use of a categorical approach; instead, it suggested that an agency may formulate a

different rationale for distinct groups such as one rationale for victims and another for

perpetrators. Id. at 1151–52. Here, the FBI does not provide a blanket rationale for all third

                                                 41
parties. The FBI categorizes certain classes of individuals and balances the privacy interests of

that group with the public interest in disclosure. 22 Defs.’ Mem. Supp. at 38; see Hardy Decl. ¶¶

204–10. In total, the FBI identifies seven distinct groups and weighs their privacy interest

against the public’s interest in disclosure. Id. The agency identifies “Special Agents and support

personnel, 3rd Parties of Investigative Interest, Information of City, Local, and State Government

Employees, 3rd Parties Merely Mentioned, Foreign Government Representatives, 3rd Party

Crime Victims, and 3rd Parties Who Provide Information to the FBI.” Defs.’ Mem. Supp. at 38.

       With respect to the records and classifications at issue in this case, Mr. Pinson has failed

to identify any particular release or particular classification with which he takes issue. It is not

this Court’s role to search through the record to determine which releases and classifications Mr.

Pinson contests. See Gordon v. Leeke, 574 F.2d 1147, 1151 (4th Cir. 1978) (explaining that

district courts are not expected to assume the role of advocate for pro se plaintiffs); Sun v.

District of Columbia Gov’t, No. 12–cv–1919, 2015 WL 5726471, at *9 n.6 (D.D.C. Sept. 30,

2015) (“[I]t is not the Court’s job to canvass the record for documents supporting a pro se party’s

position.”); see also Davis v. Kelly, 160 F.3d 917, 922 (2d Cir. 1998) (“[A] court need not act as

an advocate for pro se litigants . . . .”). Moreover, the FBI has provided justifications for

nondisclosure for the various categories of individuals. See Schoenman v. FBI, 576 F. Supp. 2d
3, 7 (D.D.C. 2008) (“Summary judgment may be granted on the basis of accompanying agency

affidavits or declarations if they describe ‘the justifications for nondisclosure with reasonably

specific detail, demonstrate that the information withheld logically falls within the claimed

exemption, and are not controverted by either contrary evidence in the record nor evidence of

       22
        The FBI provides balancing for various categories of people simultaneously under
Exemptions 6 and 7(C). Hardy Decl. ¶ 202 n.27.

                                                  42
agency bad faith.’” (quoting Military Audit Project v. Casey, 656 F.2d 724, 738 (D.C.Cir.1981)).

Because Mr. Pinson has not controverted the FBI’s detailed declaration with contrary evidence,

the Court finds that the DOJ’s arguments with respect to Exemption 6 withstands Mr. Pinson’s

challenge and grants summary judgment in the FBI’s favor.

                                         3. Exemption 7

                                       a. Threshold Inquiry

       The DOJ argues that it properly invoked Exemption 7 in response to documents

requested in Request Nos. 1171229, 1199153, 1199078, and 1210450. Exemption 7 protects

from disclosure “records or information compiled for law enforcement purposes,” but only to the

extent that disclosure would cause an enumerated harm. 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7); see FBI v.

Abramson, 456 U.S. 615, 622 (1982). “In order to withhold documents under Exemption 7, the

agency must, as a preliminary matter” make a “threshold” showing and demonstrate “that the

records were compiled for a law enforcement purpose.” Kay v. FCC, 976 F. Supp. 23, 37

(D.D.C. 1997). “To show that . . . documents were ‘compiled for law enforcement purposes,’ the

[agency] need only ‘establish a rational nexus between the investigation and one of the agency’s

law enforcement duties and a connection between an individual or incident and a possible

security risk or violation of federal law.’” Blackwell v. FBI, 646 F.3d 37, 40 (D.C. Cir. 2011)

(quoting Campbell v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 164 F.3d 20, 32 (D.C. Cir. 1998)).

       The FBI is the primary investigative agency of the federal government. The plain

language of Mr. Pinson’s FOIA requests, all of which pertain to investigations “into various

potential violations of the federal law concerning activities ranging from gang activity to

homicide in a Federal Bureau of Prison’s facility,” Hardy Decl. ¶ 190, evidence a law

enforcement purpose. See, e.g., Hardy Decl. ¶ 6 & Ex. A. Accordingly, the FBI adequately

                                                43
establishes—and Mr. Pinson has not disputed—that the responsive records at issue in this case

were compiled for law enforcement purposes within the scope of Exemption 7.

                                        b. Exemption 7(A)

       The DOJ argues that it properly invoked Exemption 7(A) in response to Request No.

1217897. 23 Under Exemption 7(A), an agency is exempt from producing “records or

information compiled for law enforcement purposes . . . to the extent that the production of such

law enforcement records or information . . . could reasonably be expected to interfere with

enforcement proceedings.” 5 U.S.C. § 552 (b)(7)(A). To invoke this exemption, “the DOJ must

. . . demonstrate that ‘disclosure (1) could reasonably be expected to interfere with (2)

enforcement proceedings that are (3) pending or reasonably anticipated.’” Citizens for

Responsibility & Ethics in Wash. v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 746 F.3d 1082, 1096 (D.C. Cir. 2014)

(quoting Mapother v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 3 F.3d 1533, 1540 (D.C.Cir.1993)). Furthermore, a

document–by–document review is unnecessary: “an agency may satisfy its burden of proof ‘by

grouping documents in categories and offering generic reasons for withholding the documents in

each category.’” Id. at 1098 (quoting Maydak v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 218 F.3d 760, 765 (D.C.

Cir. 2000). The DOJ provides a declaration detailing the pending law enforcement proceeding,

categories of exempt documents, and reasons explaining why release of these documents would

interfere with the proceedings. Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 192–99. Because the FBI has met its burden

       23
          In its description of the facts, the DOJ also claims that the FBI invoked Exemption
7(A) to withhold certain information responsive to Request No. 1199153; however, neither the
DOJ nor the FBI mention using Exemption 7(A) to withhold information responsive to Request
No. 1199153. Compare Hardy Decl. ¶ 34 with Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 192–99. Because the DOJ does
not adequately detail why Exemption 7(A) was invoked, the Court will deny summary judgment
with respect to this request and order the DOJ to justify the withholding of the redacted
information pursuant to Exemption 7(A) in the records responsive to Request No. 1199153.

                                                 44
under FOIA and Mr. Pinson has not contested the withholding justification, the Court grants the

FBI summary judgment as to Request No. 1217897.

                                         c. Exemption 7(C)

          The DOJ argues that it properly invoked Exemption 7(C) in response to Request Nos.

1199153, 1199078, 1210450, and 1217897. Under Exemption 7(C), an agency is exempt from

producing “records or information compiled for law enforcement purposes . . . to the extent that

the production of such law enforcement records or information . . . could reasonably be expected

to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(C). In

determining whether this exemption applies to particular information, a court must balance the

privacy interests of individuals mentioned in the records against the public interest in disclosure.

See ACLU v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 655 F.3d 1, 6 (D.C. Cir. 2011). The privacy interest at stake

belongs to the individual, not the government agency, see Reporters Comm., 489 U.S. at 763–65,

and “individuals have a strong interest in not being associated unwarrantedly with alleged

criminal activity,” Stern v. FBI, 737 F.2d 84, 91–92 (D.C. Cir. 1984). When balancing an

individual’s privacy interest against the public interest, “the only public interest relevant for

purposes of Exemption 7(C) is one that focuses on ‘the citizens’ right to be informed about what

their government is up to.’” Davis v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 968 F.2d 1276, 1282 (D.C. Cir.

1992) (quoting Reporters Comm., 489 U.S. at 773). It is a FOIA requester’s obligation to

articulate a public interest sufficient to outweigh an individual’s privacy interest, and the public

interest must be significant. See Nat’l Archives & Records Admin. v. Favish, 541 U.S. 157, 172

(2004).

          The DOJ argues that the FBI properly invoked Exemption 7(C) to withhold identifying

information of seven classes of individuals because such information could subject [employees]

                                                  45
to embarrassment and harassment and other implicated individuals “have a strong interest in not

being unfairly associated publicly with alleged criminal activity” while the release of such

information “would not add to the public’s understanding on how the FBI works or how well it

performs its duties.” Defs.’ Mem. Supp. at 39.

       Mr. Pinson responds that the withholding of such information was improper and the

FBI’s argument “is simply remarkable for its willful blindness to the obvious.” Pl’s Resp. at 5.

To demonstrate, Mr. Pinson posits several public interests that may overcome the individuals’

privacy interests. He argues that the documents sought to “shed light on the BOP and the DOJ’s

statutory duty to ‘provide for the safekeeping’ of inmates,” the documents highlight “DOJ’s

actions (or lack thereof) to combat” crimes within prisons, or the documents may show “that a

foreign government assisted in the capture inside the United States of [an] alleged killer.” Id. at

5–6.

       The potentially substantial public interests Mr. Pinson articulates under Exemption 7(C),

also affect the public interests implicated under Exemption 6. As a result, , the Court will

balance the privacy interests of the different classes of individuals with the public interests at

stake to determine whether the FBI properly withheld this information under the lens of both

Exemption 6 and 7(C). 24

       24
          Both Exemption 6 and 7(C) require the Court to consider and balance privacy interests
and the public interest. Beck, 997 F.2d at 1491. Although both require a similar balancing test,
“Exemption 7(C)’s privacy language is broader than the comparable language in Exemption 6.”
Reporters Comm., 489 U.S. at 756. Exemption 6 requires that the invasion of privacy be “clearly
unwarranted” and that disclosure “would constitute” an invasion of privacy; on the other hand,
Exemption 7(C) only requires that the invasion be “unwarranted” and that disclosure “could
reasonably be expected to constitute” an invasion of privacy. Compare 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6)
with 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(C); see also Reporters Comm., 489 U.S. at 756.

                                                  46
  i. Special Agents and Support Personnel and City, Local, and State Government Employees

       As noted above in Part IV.D.2, the FBI argues that its employees as well as city, local,

and state government employees have significant privacy interests, the disclosure of which “may

seriously prejudice their effectiveness in conducting other investigations,” “could trigger

hostility toward him/her,” and could make them “targets of harassing inquiries for unauthorized

access to investigations.” See Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 204, 206. According to the FBI, there is no

discernible public interest in disclosure because this information “would not shed light on the

operations and activities of the FBI.” Id. Indeed, there may be a general public interest in the

BOP’s failure to safeguard inmates and the FBI’s failure to investigate. It is unlikely, however,

that the disclosure of individual names and titles of government employees would provide any

insight into either the BOP’s or the FBI’s actions or inactions on these issues. An employee’s

name, especially one with a tangential or passing relationship to the request, would merely

subject the employee to scrutiny while failing to show how the employee contributed to either of

the BOP’s or the FBI’s failure of their duties. See, e.g., Lesar v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 636 F.2d
472, 487–88 (D.C. Cir. 1980).

                             ii. Foreign Government Representatives

       The FBI withheld “identifying information of foreign government representatives who

assisted the FBI in its investigation into the murder of a Sheriff’s Department Deputy.” 25 Hardy

Decl. ¶ 208. The FBI argues that there is no public interest served by disclosure because the

identifying information would not demonstrate how the FBI performed its statutory mission. Id.

In contrast, the foreign government representatives, the FBI argues, have a great privacy interest

       25
            The FBI also asserts Exemption 7(D) to withhold this information. See Hardy Decl. ¶
215.

                                                47
because disclosure would “seriously impair their effectiveness in assisting or participating in

future FBI investigations” and “trigger hostility towards them.” Id.

       Mr. Pinson argues that there is a great public interest in learning about the participation of

foreign government representatives in an FBI investigation. Documents demonstrating that a

foreign government’s involvement helped resolve a domestic issue would shed light on how the

FBI gathers and coordinates information. Indeed, the FBI has already disclosed this information

to Mr. Pinson, effectuating the purpose of FOIA. However, the public interest is in the

disclosure of the foreign government’s participation, not of the identifying information of each

individual foreign official. As a result, while the public interest in disclosure of foreign

government participation may be substantial, the public interest in the identifying information of

law enforcement officials is minimal, see, e.g., Voinche v. FBI, 412 F. Supp. 2d 60, 68 (D.D.C

2006), and thus fails to override the privacy interests of the foreign officials’ identifying

information. Thus, when balancing the public interest with the privacy interests of these

government representatives, who play a similar role to government employees, the privacy

interests are greater. See e.g., Lesar, 636 F.2d at 487–88; cf. Graff v. F.B.I., 822 F. Supp. 2d 23,

34 (D.D.C. 2011) (“[F]oreign nationals are entitled to the privacy protections embodied in

FOIA.” (citing Judicial Watch, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 514 F. Supp. 2d 7, 10 n.4

(D.D.C. 2007)).

         iii. Third Parties of Investigative Interest and Third Parties Merely Mentioned

       The FBI withheld the addresses, dates of birth, social security numbers, and other

identifying information of individuals of investigative interest as well as the names and

identifying information of third parties merely mentioned in investigations. The agency argues

that “[b]eing linked with any law enforcement investigation carries a strong negative connotation

                                                  48
and a stigma,” and release of identifying information “could subject them to harassment or

embarrassment, as well as undue public attention.” See Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 205, 207. The FBI

argues that the public interest in this information is minimal because it does not enlighten the

public on how the FBI conducts its internal operations and investigations. See id.

       Indeed, the stigma of being associated with any law enforcement investigation is a well-

established and substantial privacy interest. See, e.g., Reporters Comm., 489 U.S. at 773–75.

The disclosure of the names and other identifying information of private individuals would only

serve a sufficient public interest “where ‘there is compelling evidence that the agency denying

the FOIA request is engaged in illegal activity,’ and that the information sought ‘is necessary in

order to confirm or refute that evidence.’” Concepcion v. FBI, 606 F. Supp. 2d 14, 40 (D.D.C

2009) (quoting Davis, 968 F.2d at 1282). Mr. Pinson suggests in conclusory fashion that

revelation of this material would assist in revealing the DOJ’s failure to investigate. This

rationale fails to rise to the level of uncovering illegal activity in either the DOJ or FBI. Mr.

Pinson fails to indicate how the names and other identifying information of individuals of

investigative interest, or others merely mentioned, would illuminate one way or the other the

effort, or lack thereof, of the DOJ’s investigation.

       Because Mr. Pinson fails to demonstrate a sufficient public interest with respect to the

third parties above, the Court finds that the FBI properly withheld the identifying information of

individuals with an investigative interest and individuals merely mentioned.

                          iv. Third Party Crime Victims and Informants

       The FBI did not disclose identifying information of individuals who were victims of

violent crimes because disclosure “would cause unsolicited and unnecessary attention to be

focused on these victims, further traumatizing [] these individuals and their family members.”

                                                 49
Hardy Decl. ¶ 209. The FBI further argues that there is no legitimate public interest to be served

because such information would not shed light on the operations and activities of the FBI. Id.

       The FBI withheld the identifying information of an individual who provided information

to the FBI during the course of the investigation because disclosure may cause the individual to

“be harassed, intimidated, or threatened with legal or economic reprisal, or possible physical

harm.” Id. ¶ 210. The FBI could not identify any public interest because such information

would not shed light on the operations and activities of the FBI. Id.

       Mr. Pinson has not asserted a public interest in the disclosure of identifying information

of either crime victims or informants; therefore, where there is no identifiable public interest, the

privacy interest is paramount because “something . . . outweighs nothing every time.” Odland v.

Fed. Energy Regulatory Comm'n, 34 F. Supp. 3d 3, 21 (D.D.C. 2014) (quoting Nat’l Ass’n of

Retired Fed. Emps. v. Horner, 879 F.2d 873, 879 (D.C. Cir. 1989), cert. denied sub nom. Nat’l

Ass’n of Retired Fed. Emps. v. Newman, 494 U.S. 1078 (1990)).

                                          *       *       *

       After balancing the privacy interests of the identifying information of these different

categories of individuals against the public interest in disclosure, the Court determines that the

FBI properly withheld identifying information under Exemption 7(C).

                                        d. Exemption 7(D)

       The DOJ contends that the FBI properly invoked Exemption 7(D) when it withheld

information responsive to Request Nos. 1199153, 1199078, and 1210450. Exemption 7(D)

protects law enforcement information that “could reasonably be expected to disclose the identity

of a confidential source . . . which furnished information on a confidential basis.” 5 U.S.C. §

552(b)(7)(D). The exemption also “protects the ability of law enforcement agencies to obtain

                                                 50
relevant information from such sources” and “once an informant’s confidentiality has been

established, almost nothing can eviscerate Exemption 7(D) protection.” Sellers v. U.S. Dep’t of

Justice, 684 F. Supp. 2d 149, 161 (D.D.C. 2010) (internal quotations and citations omitted).

       The DOJ argues that the FBI properly withheld names, identifying information about, and

information provided to the FBI by individuals and a foreign law enforcement authority under

“express” and “implied” assurances of confidentiality, as well as source file numbers and source

symbol numbers. Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 214–25. Because the DOJ has sufficiently supported its claim

of informant confidentiality and Mr. Pinson has not controverted this evidence, the Court enters

summary judgment in the FBI’s favor as to the information withheld pursuant to Exemption 7(D)

in response to Request Nos. 1199153, 1199078, and 1210450.

                                        e. Exemption 7(E)

       The DOJ also contends that the FBI properly invoked Exemption 7(E) when it withheld

information in response to Request Nos. 1171229, 1199153, 1199078, and 1210450. Exemption

7(E) protects law enforcement information that “would disclose techniques and procedures for

law enforcement investigations or prosecutions, or would disclose guidelines for law

enforcement investigations or prosecutions if such disclosure could reasonably be expected to

risk circumvention of the law.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(E). The exemption permits the

withholding of information “not just for circumvention of the law, but for a risk of

circumvention; not just for an actual or certain risk of circumvention, but for an expected risk;

not just for an undeniably or universally expected risk, but for a reasonably expected risk; and

not just for certitude of a reasonably expected risk, but for the chance of a reasonably expected

risk.” Mayer Brown LLP v. IRS, 562 F.3d 1190, 1193 (D.C. Cir. 2009). “[A]n agency may seek

to block the disclosure of internal agency materials relating to guidelines, techniques, sources,

                                                 51
and procedures for law enforcement investigations and prosecutions, even when the materials

have not been compiled in the course of a specific investigation.” Tax Analysts v. IRS, 294 F.3d
71, 79 (D.C. Cir. 2002).

       The DOJ argues that the FBI properly withheld information to protect: the application of

techniques and procedures used in conducting specific criminal investigations because revelation

of this information would enable the targets of these techniques to avoid detection or develop

countermeasures, Hardy Decl. ¶ 228, operational plans because the FBI will use similar

techniques in future investigations, id. ¶ 229, and, FBI internal web addresses because revelation

would provide criminals with potential targets for cyber-attacks, id. ¶ 230; see, e.g., Labow v.

U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 66 F. Supp. 3d 104, 126-28 (D.D.C. 2014) (withholding investigative

strategies and techniques); Abdeljabbar v. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, 74 F.

Supp. 3d 159, 182-83 (D.D.C. 2014) (withholding operational plans); Shapiro v. U.S. Dep’t of

Justice, 78 F. Supp. 3d 508, 520 (D.D.C. 2015) (withholding internal web addresses). Because

the FBI has met its burden under FOIA and Mr. Pinson has not presented any contrary evidence,

the Court grants summary judgment in the FBI’s favor with regard to the withholding of

information pursuant to Exemption 7(E) in response to Request Nos. 1171229, 1199153,

1199078, and 1210450.

                                         4. Segregability

       FOIA requires that when a document contains some information that is exempt from

disclosure, any reasonably segregable information not exempt from disclosure be released after

deleting the exempt portions, unless the non–exempt portions are inextricably intertwined with

exempt portions. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(b); see also Johnson v. Exec. Office for U.S. Attorneys, 310
F.3d 771, 776 (D.C. Cir. 2002). “Agencies are entitled to a presumption that they complied with

                                                52
the obligation to disclose reasonably segregable material,” Sussman v. U.S. Marshals Serv., 494
F.3d 1106, 1117 (D.C. Cir. 2007), and the declaration the DOJ has supplied here attests that

“each responsive page was individually examined to identify non–exempt information that could

be reasonably segregated from exempt information for release.” Hardy Decl. ¶ 233. Because

Mr. Pinson has failed to provide any evidence either to overcome the presumption or to contest

the DOJ’s representations, summary judgment is appropriate in the FBI’s favor regarding

segregability.

       Mr. Pinson requests that the court exercise its authority to conduct in camera review of

the documents to determine the propriety of the withholdings, or order counsel to do so. Pl.’s

Resp. at 6. FOIA authorizes the court to examine the contents of withheld agency records “in

camera to determine whether such records or any part thereof shall be withheld. 5 U.S.C. § 552

(a)(4)(B). “In camera inspection may be appropriate in two circumstances: when agency

affidavits are insufficiently detailed to permit meaningful review of exemption claims, and when

evidence of agency bad faith is before the court.” Lam Lek Chong, 929 F.2d at 735. Neither

situation is presented in this case. The FBI has also adequately described the segregability

analysis undertaken and there are no allegations or evidence in the record to suggest bad faith.

Therefore, the Court declines to order an in camera review.

                                       V. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the DOJ’s motion for summary judgment is GRANTED IN

PART AND DENIED IN PART. An order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is

separately and contemporaneously issued.

Dated: March 29, 2016                                             RUDOLPH CONTRERAS
                                                                  United States District Judge

                                                53