Court Opinion

ID: 2727797
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-09-08 21:23:25.175876+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:45:00.825845
License: Public Domain

Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D), this
Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of
establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                           ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:

STEPHEN M. BRANDENBURG                            MATTHEW J. HAGENOW
Chicago, Illinois                                 Newby Lewis Kaminski & Jones, LLP
                                                  La Porte, Indiana

                               IN THE                                     Mar 15 2013, 9:05 am
                    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

MJB LAWN CARE,                                    )
                                                  )
       Appellant-Defendant/Cross-Defendant,       )
                                                  )
              vs.                                 )      No. 64A04-1207-CT-341
                                                  )
TOWER CLEANING SYSTEMS, INC.,                     )
                                                  )
       Appellee-Plaintiff/Cross-Plaintiff.        )

                    APPEAL FROM THE PORTER SUPERIOR COURT
                         The Honorable William E. Alexa, Judge
                            Cause No. 64D02-0701-CT-243

                                        March 15, 2013

               MEMORANDUM DECISION – NOT FOR PUBLICATION

RILEY, Judge
                             STATEMENT OF THE CASE

      Appellant-Defendant/Cross-Defendant, MJB Lawn Care (MJB), appeals the trial

court’s summary judgment in favor of Appellee-Plaintiff/Cross-Plaintiff, Tower Cleaning

Systems, Inc. d/b/a/ U.S. Maintenance (USM) on USM’s request for indemnification

pursuant to its the contract with MJB.

      We reverse and remand.

                                         ISSUE

      MJB raises three issues on appeal, which we consolidate and restate as the

following single issue: Whether the trial court properly determined that the terms of the

contract entered into between MJB and USM require MJB to defend and indemnify USM

for USM’s own negligence.

                       FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

      In March 2003, USM entered into a written service contract with Pilot Travel

Centers, LLC (Pilot) for landscaping and snow removal services at certain Pilot locations.

USM’s role under the contract was limited to hiring subcontractors to provide the

requested services. In 2005, USM subcontracted the snow removal services for Pilot’s

service station in Burns Harbor, Indiana to MJB.         Pursuant to the terms of the

subcontract, MJB was to “name [USM] and any specified designee or beneficiary as

additionally insured.” (Appellant’s App. p. 164). USM was not involved in the day-to-

day services of snow removal. Instead, MJB received its instructions directly from Pilot

as to what areas needed to be plowed.

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       On February 2, 2005, Ellen Stephens-Kahl (Ellen) and her husband, Brian Kahl,

(collectively, the Kahls) stopped at the Pilot service station in Burns Harbor before

travelling back to their home in Illinois. While at the service station, Ellen became

injured “when she fell in a hole in [the] grating near the fuel pumps at [Pilot][.]”

(Appellant’s App. p. 28).

       On January 30, 2007, the Kahls filed an amended complaint against Pilot, and

several other defendants, including USM and MJB. After receiving the complaint, USM

tendered its defense and indemnification of the claims to MJB.        However, Farmers

Insurance Group, MJB’s liability insurance carrier, refused the tender because USM and

Pilot “are not listed as additional insured’s on the policy provided to MJB.” (Appellant’s

App. p. 348). On February 27, 2007, USM filed a cross-claim against MJB seeking

indemnification against the Kahls’ claim of negligence. On March 1, 2007, Pilot brought

a cross-claim against USM seeking defense and indemnification for Kahls’ claims based

on its contract with USM. On November 1, 2010, USM filed a motion for summary

against MJB requesting indemnification for Kahls’ claims. MJB filed a response on

December 30, 2010. On March 25, 2011, the trial court conducted a hearing on USM’s

motion. On June 8, 2011, the trial court summarily granted USM’s motion requiring

MJB to “defend, indemnify and hold USM harmless from all of the claims against USM

in this cause.” (Appellant’s App. p. 14). The trial court also decreed in its order that

MJB “shall reimburse USM in full all amounts expended or incurred by USM in the

defense of the claims in this cause.” (Appellant’s App. p. 15).

       MJB now appeals. Additional facts will be provided as necessary.

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                              DISCUSSION AND DECISION

                                    I. Standard of Review

       Summary judgment is appropriate only when there are no genuine issues of

material fact and the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. Ind. Trial

Rule 56(C). A fact is material if its resolution would affect the outcome of the case, and

an issue is genuine if a trier of fact is required to resolve the parties’ differing accounts of

the truth . . ., or if the undisputed facts support conflicting reasonable inferences.

Williams v. Tharp, 914 N.E.2d 756, 761 (Ind. 2009). In reviewing a trial court’s ruling

on summary judgment, this court stands in the shoes of the trial court, applying the same

standards in deciding whether to affirm or reverse summary judgment. First Farmers

Bank & Trust Co. v. Whorley, 891 N.E.2d 604, 607 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008), trans. denied.

       Thus, on appeal, we must determine whether there is a genuine issue of material

fact and whether the trial court has correctly applied the law. Id. at 607-08. In doing so,

we consider all of the designated evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving

party. Id. at 608. The party appealing the grant of summary judgment has the burden of

persuading this court that the trial court’s ruling was improper. Id. When the defendant

is the moving party, the defendant must show that the undisputed facts negate at least one

element of the plaintiff’s cause of action or that the defendant has a factually

unchallenged affirmative defense that bars the plaintiff’s claim. Id. Accordingly, the

grant of summary judgment must be reversed if the record discloses an incorrect

application of the law to the facts. Id.

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       We observe that in the present case, the trial court did not enter findings of fact

and conclusions of law in support of its judgment. Special findings are not required in

summary judgment proceedings and are not binding on appeal. Id. However, such

findings offer this court valuable insight into the trial court’s rationale for its decision and

facilitate appellate review. Id.

                                     II. Indemnification

       MJB contends that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of

USM and concluding that MJB was required to “defend, indemnify and hold USM

harmless from all of the claims against USM in this cause.” (Appellant’s App. p. 14).

Specifically, MJB asserts that the trial court’s decision results in an obligation by MJB to

indemnify USM not only for MJB’s own negligence but also for any negligent acts

committed by USM or Pilot. MJB maintains that this is improper as it is unsupported by

the contractual language. In essence, MJB claims that pursuant to the indemnification

provision of the contract, MJB’s indemnification only extends to negligence arising out

of MJB’s actions.

       Initially, we review the relevant rules of contract interpretation. When reviewing

the trial court’s interpretation of a contract, we view the contract in the same manner as

the trial court. Exide Corp. v. Millwright Riggers, Inc., 727 N.E.2d 473, 478 (Ind. Ct.

App. 2000), trans. denied. The court should attempt to determine the intent of the parties

at the time the contract was made by examining the language used to express their rights

and duties. Id. Words used in a contract are to be given their usual and common

meaning unless, from the contract and the subject matter thereof, it is clear that some

                                               5
other meaning was intended. Id. Words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs, and sections of

a contract cannot be read alone. Id. The entire contract must be read together and given

meaning, if possible. Id.

       An indemnity agreement involves “a promise by one party (the indemnitor) to

reimburse another party (the indemnitee) for the indemnitee’s loss, damage, or liability.”

Henthorne v. Legacy Healthcare, Inc., 764 N.E.2d 751, 756 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002). The

basic purpose of an indemnitee clause is to “shift the financial responsibility to pay

damages from the indemnitee to the indemnitor.” Ozinga Transportation Systems, Inc. v.

Michigan Ash Sales, Inc., 676 N.E.2d 379, 386 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997), trans. denied. We

construe an indemnity agreement to cover all losses and damages to which it reasonably

appears the parties intended it to apply.       Zebrowski & Associates, Inc. v. City of

Indianapolis, 457 N.E.2d 259, 261 (Ind. Ct. App. 1983).

       The indemnification provision at issue in the contract between MJB and USM

reads as follows:

       B. Indemnification. To the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, you
       shall defend and hold harmless us and our customer and our and customer’s
       respective officers, directors, employees, agents, shareholders, partners,
       joint venturers, affiliates, successors and assigns (“Indemnified Parties”)
       from and against any and all liabilities, obligations, claims, demands,
       causes of action, losses, expenses, damages, fires, judgments, settlement,
       and penalties, including without limitation, costs, expenses and attorneys’
       fees incident thereto, arising out of, based upon, occasioned by or in
       connection with:

              (1) your performance of (or failure to perform) your duties under this
              Agreement;

              (2) A violation of any law or any negligence, gross negligence or
              willful misconduct by you or your affiliates, subcontractors, agents

                                            6
              or employees during either your performance of your duties under
              this Agreement or otherwise while you are on the property of one of
              our customers; or

              (3) any violation of this agreement by you or your affiliates,
              subcontractors, agents or employees

       This indemnification obligation specified above includes all legal, defense
       and investigation costs, as well as other costs, expenses, and liabilities
       incurred by the Indemnified Parties, from and after the time when any
       Indemnified Party receives notification (whether verbal or written) that a
       claim or demand has been or will be made.

       Except as otherwise provided by law, the Indemnified Parties’ right to
       indemnification under this paragraph shall not be impaired or diminished
       by any act, omission, conduct, misconduct, negligence or default (other
       than gross negligence or willful misconduct) of the Indemnified Parties.

(Appellant’s App. p. 165).

       MJB contends that this clause only requires MJB to indemnify USM for claims

arising from MJB’s own negligence, and not for claims originating from USM’s or

Pilot’s negligence. Absent prohibitive legislation, no public policy prevents parties from

contracting as they desire. Hagerman Contr. Co. v. Long Elec. Co., 741 N.E.2d 390, 392

(Ind. Ct. App. 2000), trans. denied. For instance, in Indiana, a party may contract to

indemnify another for the other’s own negligence. Id. However, this may only be done

if the party knowingly and willingly agrees to such indemnification. Id. Such provisions

are strictly construed and will not be held to provide indemnification unless it is so stated

in clear and unequivocal terms. Id. We disfavor indemnification clauses because we are

mindful that to obligate one party for the negligence of another is a harsh burden that a

party would not lightly accept. Id.

                                             7
       This court has followed a two-step analysis to determine whether a party has

knowingly and willingly accepted this burden. Exide, 727 N.E.2d at 480. First, the

indemnification clause must expressly state in clear and unequivocal terms that

negligence is an area of application where the indemnitor (in this case, MJB) has agreed

to indemnify the indemnitee (in this case, USM). See Hagerman, 741 N.E.2d at 392.

The second step determines to whom the indemnification clause applies. Id. Again, in

clear and unequivocal terms, the clause must state that it applies to indemnification of the

indemnitee by the indemnitor for the indemnitee’s own negligence. Id.

                        A. Negligence as an Area of Application

       The first step of the analysis is to determine if the indemnification clause clearly

and unequivocally states that negligence is an area of application.              Here, the

indemnification provision speaks of liabilities, obligations, claims, demands, losses, and

expenses arising out of, based upon, occasioned by or in connection with a violation of

any law or any negligence. These words, taken in this context, clearly and unequivocally

demonstrate that the indemnification clause applies to negligence.

                               B. USM’s Own Negligence

       When applying the second step, we must determine whether the indemnification

clause clearly and unequivocally indemnifies USM and Pilot for their own negligence. In

support of its argument that indemnification is only available for MJB’s negligent acts

and not for USM’s or Pilot’s, MJB refers us to Hagerman v. Const. Corp. v. Long Elec.

Co., 741 N.E.2d 390, 392 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000). In Hagerman, an injured employee of a

subcontractor (Long) brought action against the general contractor (Hagerman) and the

                                             8
general contractor brought a third-party indemnification claim against the subcontractor.

Id. The indemnification clause in Hagerman provided:

      To the fullest extent permitted by law, the Subcontractor shall indemnify
      and hold harmless the Owner, Contractor, Architect, Architect’s
      consultants, and agents and employees of any of them from and against
      claims, damages, losses and expenses, including but not limited to
      attorney’s fees, arising out of or resulting from performance of the
      Subcontractor’s Work under this Subcontract, provided that such claim,
      damages, loss or expense is attributable to bodily injury, sickness, disease
      or death, or to injury to or destruction of tangible property (other than the
      Work itself) including loss of use resulting therefrom, but only to the extent
      caused in whole or in part by negligence acts or omissions of the
      Subcontractor, the Subcontractor’s Subcontractors, anyone directly or
      indirectly employed by them or anyone for whose acts they may be liable,
      regardless or whether or not such claim, damage, loss or expense is caused
      in part by a party indemnified hereunder. Such obligation shall not be
      construed to negate, abridge, or otherwise reduce other rights or obligations
      of indemnity which would otherwise exist as to a party or person described
      in [this paragraph].

Id. at 392-93. Upon appeal, we held that this indemnification clause did not clearly and

unequivocally state that Long was to indemnify Hagerman for Hagerman’s own negligent

acts. Id. at 393. Specifically, the court noted that the phrase “but only to the extent”

clearly limited Long’s obligation to indemnify Hagerman only to the extent that Long, its

sub-subcontractors, employees, and anyone for whom it may be liable, were negligent.

Id. at 393-94. Otherwise, the court continued, “the clause contained no clear statement

that would give the contractors notice of the harsh burden that complete indemnification

would impose.” Id. at 394.

      On the other hand, USM directs us to GKN Co. v. Starnes Trucking, Inc., 798

N.E.2d 548 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003) as precedent that MJB must indemnify USM for USM’s

own negligence. In GKN, we considered an indemnification clause worded as follows:

                                            9
      [Starnes] shall indemnify and hold harmless the Owner, the Architect
      Engineer, and [GKN] and their agents and employees from an against all
      claims, damages, causes of action, losses and expenses, including
      attorney’s fees, arising out of or resulting from the performance of the
      work, provided that such claim, damages, loss or expense (1) is attributable
      to bodily injury, sickness, disease or death, or to injury to or destruction of
      tangible property (other than the work itself) including the loss of use
      resulting therefrom; and (2) is caused in whole or in part by any negligence
      act or omission of [Starnes] or any of his subcontractor’s [sic], anyone
      directly or indirectly employed by any of them or for anyone for whose acts
      any of them may be liable, regardless of whether it is caused in part by a
      party indemnified hereunder.

Id. at 550. Noting that the indemnity provision included the language “regardless of

whether it is caused in part by a party indemnified hereunder,” we held that although

Starnes could not be required to indemnify GKN for an injury that was the fault of GKN

alone, it was required to indemnify GKN for GKN’s own negligence if Starnes was at

least partially at fault for the injury.   Id. at 554.   We noted “it is clear that the

indemnification clause states that Starnes’ liability for indemnification to GKN will not

be negated merely because GKN is partly at fault.” Id. at 553.

      As in Hagerman, we hold that the indemnification clause before us fails to clearly

and unequivocally state that MJB is to indemnify USM for its own negligent acts.

Rather, the clause explicitly indemnifies USM and “our customer” (here, Pilot) for all

liabilities and costs, arising out of MJB’s “violation of . . . any negligence . . . during

[MJB’s] performance” or MJB’s violation of the agreement. (Appellant’s App. p. 165).

The clause does not explicitly state that MJB must indemnify USM and Pilot for their

own negligent acts.

                                            10
       USM points to the language included in its contract that “the right to

indemnification” shall not be impaired or diminished by any negligence committed by

USM and Pilot and compares it to GKN’s phrasing “regardless of whether it is caused in

part by a party indemnified hereunder.”             We disagree that the language is similar.

Whereas the phrasing in the GKN’s indemnification clause clearly concerns the scope or

extent, i.e., the cause, of the indemnification obligations; here, the language deals with

the right to indemnification by USM and Pilot. In this light, the contested language is

closer to the Hagerman’s provision that “[s]uch obligation shall not be construed to

negate, abridge, or otherwise reduce other rights or obligations of indemnity.”                     See

Hagerman, 741 N.E.2d at 393 (emphasis added). Simply put, based upon this phrase,

MJB may not disregard its duty to indemnify USM and Pilot for USM’s negligence

merely because USM and Pilot may also be negligent under the circumstances.

However, the clause does require MJB to indemnify USM and Pilot for MJB’s

negligence. Therefore, the trial improperly granted summary judgment to USM. We

reverse the trial court’s order.1

                                          CONCLUSION

       Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the trial court improperly determined

that the terms of the contract entered into between MJB and USM required MJB to

defend and indemnify USM against all claims.                 Rather, pursuant to the contractual

1
 In its brief, USM also argues that MJB breached the contract by failing to have USM included as an
additional insured on its insurance policy. MJB concedes this breach. However, this admission does not
change our result. MJB’s admitted breach of contract only relates to USM additional insured’s status, it
does not expand the indemnification provision beyond that explicitly contracted for and found by this
court.

                                                  11
indemnification terms, MJB is only required to indemnify USM and Pilot for MJB’s

negligent acts.

       Reversed and remanded for further proceedings.

BAKER, J. and BARNES, J. concur

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