Court Opinion

ID: 4719587
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-08-12 02:35:20.920716+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:07:35.563580
License: Public Domain

Mitchell, J.
The history of the cause as to preceding litigation between these parties concerning the : subject-matter still in controversy will he found in Gordon v. Hillman, 91 Wash. 490, 158 Pac. 96; State ex rel. Gordon v. Smith, 98 Wash. 100, 167 Pac. 91, 169 Pac. 468; Gordon v. Hillman, 102 Wash. 411, 173 Pac. 22; and State ex rel. Hillman v. Superior Court, 103 Wash. 288, 174 Pac. 14.
The original decree, which was affirmed in Gordon v. Hillman, 91 Wash. 490, 158 Pac. 96, while it fixes the plan by which the rights of the parties in relation to matters with which we are now immediately con- ! cerned should he adjusted, was not in its practical effect a final decree. After the remittitur in that case , was filed in the lower court, that court attempted to finally determine those rights on January 5, 1918, and entered a judgment the validity of which is now di- ; rectly attacked. On April 26, 1918, in the case of Gordon v. Hillman, 102 Wash. 411, 173 Pac. 22, the Hillmans filed their petitions in this court to recall the remittiturs in the cases of Gordon v. Hillman, 91 Wash. 490, 158 Pac. 96, and State ex rel. Gordon v. Smith, supra, and for an order vacating the judgment *225in the original case, upon the ground that, after the entry of that judgment and the perfecting of the appeal therefrom, and prior to its affirmance by this court, Mrs. Gordon, one of the plaintiffs, had died. The petitions to recall the remittiturs were denied on May 11, 1918; but, because of a showing therein made, permission was granted Hillman and wife to proceed, as they might be advised, in any form of action in law or in equity for relief.
On the 27th day of May, 1918, the Hillmans filed a petition in the superior court to vacate and set aside the judgment of January 5, 1918. After personal service of the summons and petition, counsel for Gordon appeared specially and objected to the court’s hearing the petition for want of jurisdiction, because, as alleged, the petition was one to vacate what was in legal effect a judgment of the supreme court, without any permission therefrom to the superior court to entertain such petition. The trial court favored the contention made upon the special appearance and orally announced it would not entertain the petition. Thereupon an application was filed in this court by the Hillmans on June 24, 1918, for a writ of mandate to compel a hearing on the petition in the superior court. The application was granted on August 1, 1918, and the decision is reported in State ex rel. Hillman v. Superior Court, supra. In the application in that case the relators, in order to advise this court of their grievance presented in the superior court, set out in full the petition of the Hillmans filed in the trial court on May 27,1918, to vacate the judgment of January 5, 1918, which is the same petition involved in the present appeal.
In the decision of this court just referred to, important provisions of both the original and final judg*226ments are set out somewhat at length and need not be noticed here, other than to observe that the original decree provided for mutual conveyances and transfers of real and personal properties within thirty days from the judgment, or thirty days from the coming down of the remittitur in the event of an appeal to the supreme court, and further provided as against the Hillmans that, in the event they did not reconvey certain described real property, there should be money judgments against them for amounts specified which were declared to be the values of particular pieces of real property; while the final judgment of January 5, 1918, declared that, at that date, the Gordons had fully complied with all the terms of the original decree, including the tendering into court of a special warranty deed reconveying to the Hillmans, but that the Hillmans had not reconveyed; whereupon, among other things, a money judgment was entered against them in the sum of $45,000, as provided in the alternative contained in the original decree. That opinion holds that the judgment of January 5, 1918, was a judgment of the superior court, and not of this court, on the theory that the original judgment was not final in some respects, but only provided the basis for final judgment in those respects, including, among other things, the determination by the superior court of the sufficiency of the conveyances to be made by the respective parties in the final adjustment of their rights in compliance with the original decree. Thereafter, in the opinion, noticing that the petition to vacate the final judgment alleged fraud on the part of Gordon, in that the conveyances tendered by him in court on January 5, 1918, were insufficient, thus inducing the court to erroneously enter the judgment now sought to be set aside, we said:
*227“Manifestly, there eonld he and was presented upon that hearing the question of the sufficiency of such conveyances, which the court was called upon to decide, and as to which fraud could be practiced upon the court, inducing a wrong decision; furnishing relators cause for relief such as they in their petition and their application to this court are seeking.”
And we concluded therein it was the duty of the superior court to entertain the petition and directed it to proceed to a final determination thereof. After-wards issues were made up, the cause was heard, and the trial court entered a judgment denying the petition to vacate the final judgment, and the Hillmans have appealed.
The trial on the petition to vacate occurred in April, 1919. It appears from the evidence that Mrs. Gordon, who was living with her husband when they acquired the property from the Hillmans, died on August 22, 3914, during the pendency of the appeal from the original judgment. She left surviving her two minor sons, Donald P. and Douglas G. Gordon, one of whom, Donald P., attained the age of majority on March 2, 3 918, while the other is yet a minor. Mr. Gordon was appointed and qualified as administrator of his wife’s estate on September 17, 1914, and there is no showing as to the distribution of property or the closing of the administration of the estate. On July 23, 3.913, prior and preparatory to the commencement of the original action, Gordon and wife executed and tendered to the Hillmans three several instruments and transfers, offering to reconvey all the real and personal property they had received in the trade, and demanded reconveyance from the Hillmans of property they had received. The tender was kept good by the filing of the instruments in court upon the commencement of the original suit a few days thereafter. Those three *228instruments remained in the registry of the court. The original judgment was entered on February 28, 1914, and the remittitur from this court, showing an affirmance of that judgment, was filed in the superior court on April 2, 1917.
On May 2, 1917, Gordon, as administrator of his wife’s estate, filed a petition in the probate department of the superior court for an order authorizing him as such administrator to make conveyances and transfers of real and personal property back to the Hillmans, and immediately, without any order to show cause or notice of any kind, and without any appearance or consent of the minors or either of them, the superior court made and entered an order purporting to grant authority as requested in the administrator’s petition. On the same day Gordon, individually and as administrator, executed a special warranty deed to the real property theretofore acquired from the Hillmans, designating therein Hillman and wife as grantees; and also Gordon, individually, executed a bill of sale of all the personal property theretofore received from the Hillmans, designating Hillman and wife as vendees; and on that day, with one of his attorneys, tendered the two instruments to one of the then attorneys for the Hillmans, claiming they were in compliance with the terms of the affirmed decree or decision in the cause between them. The instruments were initialed on the margin for identification by the Hillmans’ attorney, rejected and handed back to Gordon and his attorney, who on the same day deposited them with the clerk of the court, who, it seems, placed them in an envelope already containing the three deeds dated July 23, 1913.
On the other hand, on September 30, 1917, Hillman and wife, as grantors, executed two special warranty deeds covering the real property and a bill of sale of *229the personal property they had received from the Gordons, in each of which E. M. Gordon, individually and as administrator of his wife’s estate, is named as grantee, and on October 17, 1917, filed them and had them marked as filed by the clerk of the court in the original ease. At the present trial, the judge in whose department the cause had been pending, and who signed the final judgment of January 5, 1918, testified that, prior to the date of the final judgment, one of the attorneys for the Hillmans had informed him that the Hillmans had executed deeds in compliance with the original decree and that they were in the registry of the court. It appears that, on January 5, 1918, one of the attorneys for respondents, having in his possession the three instruments dated July 23, 1913, executed by Gordon and wife, and two other instruments, one executed by Gordon individually and as administrator, and the other by him individually on May 2, 1917, all running to Hillman and wife, appeared in court and stated he had deeds which complied with the order of the court and that he wanted the judgment he was entitled to against the Hillmans. The trial judge, without examining the deeds, assumed they were sufficient to protect appellants and signed and entered the judgment now in question. The five instruments were returned and filed in the clerk’s office. There is a dispute in the evidence as to whether or not appellants’ then attorneys actually saw and examined the deeds used in obtaining the final judgment for more than ninety days and until just a few days before they filed their petition to vacate the judgment, although they had ample opportunity to do so. However, the dispute is unimportant, as we view the case. It further appears-that, after the present petition to vacate the final judgment was filed, Gordon, as guardian of the person and estate of Douglas D. Gordon, *230a minor, made and filed in the probate department of the superior court his' petition for an order authorizing him to convey to the Hillmans by special warranty deed the lands theretofore conveyed by them to the Gordons, and that immediately, without any order to show cause or notice of any kind, the superior court made and entered an order purporting to grant such authority; and on July 22, 1918, such a deed was executed by Gordon, individually and as guardian of Douglas D. Gordon, to the Hillmans. This deed was also signed by Donald P. Gordon, of age at that time. The deed was not delivered, but was offered and received in evidence at the present trial.
The purpose of the original action was the rescission of mutual conveyances of real and personal property. The plaintiffs therein prevailed over the defendants and obtained a judgment directing restoration, each to the other, of the property theretofore conveyed, and to preserve certain equities in favor of the respective parties. Conscious of the. rule that a deed procured by fraud vests title in the grantee, the judgment properly imposed upon the parties the reciprocal and concurrent obligations of reconveyances within a specified time; in the alternative, however, in part as to the defendants, carrying the possibility of a future money judgment against them. The property acquired by the Gordons became community property, and upon the death of Mrs. Gordon, intestate, ,on August 22, 1914, the title to one-half of the real property vested immediately in her two minor sons. Rem. Code, §§ 1342, 1366. The three deeds of reconveyance of Mr. and Mrs. Gordon, tendered to the Hillmans prior to the original suit, became wholly ineffectual, upon her death, as to one-half of the community real property, because they had been tendered, and the tender kept good by deposit in court in connection with *231their suit, upon condition that the Hillmans reconvey or be compelled to do so, and because she died while the Hillmans, under the specific terms of the original decree and their right of appeal and supersedeas, were still protesting against the enforcement of the condition upon which the tender was made, during all of which time the Gordons were entitled to abandon the controversy and recall the deeds. The deed executed by Gordon, individually and as administrator of his wife’s estate, to the Hillmans, and tendered on May 2, 1917, which was rejected by the Hillmans’ attorney, was insufficient as to the title to one-half of the real property. Such must be the case, whether it be considered an attempt on. the part of the administrator to make a public or private sale, since there was no show cause order made upon the administrator’s petition to sell, and consequently no notice of a hearing published or personally served on the parties interested in the estate, including the minor heirs, nor any appointment of or appearance by a guardian ad litem for the minor heirs, as required by §§ 1498,1499,1502 and 1692, Eem. Code.
With these deeds in his possession, but without advising the court that such were the deeds referred to, counsel for Gordon represented to the court that he had sufficient deeds to comply with the original decree on Gordon’s behalf and he wanted his alternative judgment against the Hillmans. The court relied on the representation and entered a judgment, erroneously finding that the Gordons had complied with the original judgment and that the Hillmans had not, and entered a money judgment against the Hillmans for about $45,000, subject to immediate execution. The matter of actual or positive fraud is not involved. There is not a vestige of proof to show that counsel, or any of them, were actuated by dishonest motives. *232They still contend, erroneously we say, with perfect candor, as they did then: (a) that the obligations imposed by the original judgment on the Gordons, even if left undone, would in no way relieve the Hillmans from a strict compliance on their part to convey or suffer a money judgment; (b) that no interest in the real property descended to the minor heirs upon the death of Mrs. Gordon, because of the original judgment prior to her death; (c) that the Gordon deeds of July 23, 1913, were delivered, because tendered and brought into court; and (d) that those deeds, together with the one of May 2, 1917, by Gordon, individually and as administrator, were all that was necessary to convey title. Nor do we think the so-called guardian’s deed of July 22, 1918, in any way relieved the situation, it being ineffective to convey any interest or estate.
Further, this proceeding is also a direct attack upon the final judgment of January 5, 1918, and the first direct attack ever made, and the only one ever made in the superior court. As already noticed, and as was stated in State ex rel. Hillman v. Superior Court, supra, the original judgment was not in its practical effect a final judgment. It imposed reciprocal obligations to be performed in the future, for the accomplishment of which Mrs. Gordon was a necessary party. She died more than a year prior to the final judgment, and neither her representative nor successors in interest have ever been substituted to continue the action. At common law, all actions pending abated upon the death of a necessary party. If the cause of action was one that did not survive, death finally ended the action; but if a cause of action was one that did survive, a new action by or against the personal representative of the deceased party was necessary to prose*233cute the remedy. Touching the latter class of actions, our statute, Rem. Code, § 193, provides as follows:
“No action shall abate by the death, marriage, or other disability of the party, or by the transfer of any interest therein, if the cause of action survive or continue; but the court may at any time within one year thereafter, on motion, allow, the action to be continued by or against his representatives or successors in interest. ’ ’
Which, of course, means if there is no substitution within one year the action does abate.
In the case of Overlock v. Shinn, 28 Wash. 205, 68 Pac. 436, this court considered a situation wherein a party commenced an action of the kind that survives, and during the pendency of the action the plaintiff died. Nothing further was done in the case for more than a year, when a new action was started on the same cause by the administrator of the deceased person, whereupon the defendant affirmatively pleaded in bar the commencement of the former suit, the service of summons and the answer of defendant therein, and the death of the plaintiff in the first suit, that no representative or successor in interest of the deceased person continued that action, and that such former action was still pending and undetermined. It was decided that a demurrer to the special plea was properly sustained. In the opinion, upon noticing the contentions that the first clause of the statute was mandatory and provided against abatement in the case of death of one of the parties if the cause of action survived; that the latter clause, permitting the action to be continued by the representative, is permissive only, and whether it is so continued or not, it is still an action pending, and therefore a bar to another action on the same cause until the former action is disposed of, it was held otherwise, this court saying:
*234“The statute conferring the right must, therefore, be read as a whole, and effect he given, if possible, to all of its provisions. In the statute before us, while it states in the first clause, as the appellant says, that ho action shall abate by the death of a party, it is plain that the second clause is a limitation upon the first. By this second clause the right of the representative to'continue the action is limited to one year. ” 1
And further in the same case said:
“It was intended to be remedial; to promote justice, not to operate as a denial thereof; and a proper construction of its provisions authorizes the conclusion that an action after the death of a party abates if no application is made to continue it within one year after the death of such party.”
That the rule concerning the abatement of actions is applicable to final judgments made after interlocutory judgments, is supported by the authorities collected in note V-g, Kager v. Vickery, 49 L. R. A. 166.
To avail themselves of the right to have set aside the final judgment entered after the death of Mrs. Gordon, appellants have proceeded directly in the ’ cause and court where the error occurred, according to subdivision 6 of § 464, Rem. Code, which provides for vacating a judgment: “For the death of one of : the parties before the judgment in the action; . . .” Such a judgment, whether it be considered void or voidable, is, according to general authority also, subject to direct attack. 15 R. C. L., p; 703, § 155; Claflin v. Dunne, 129 Ill. 241, 21 N. E. 834, 16 Am. St. 263; Seeley v. Johnson, 61 Kan. 337, 59 Pac. 631, 78 Am. St. 314; Cochrane v. Parker, 12 Colo. App. 169, 54 Pac. 1027; Alvis v. Saunders, 113 Va. 208, 74 S. E. 153.
On the contrary, it is contended by respondents that the judgment complained of is “valid in every way,” because this court, in the case of Gordon v. Hillman, *235102 Wash. 411, said: “the further proceedings in this court thereafter were not void nor voidable, and were not even erroneous,” and because, in the case of State ex rel. Hillman v. Superior Court, supra, this court, in effect, said the original judgment was not in its practical effect a final decree, and that the subsequent proceedings were only carrying out the decree already existent. But we do not so understand. In the first place, both of these were original cases in this court, and the statute, § 464, Rem. Code, provides that proceedings to vacate a judgment must be commenced in the superior court where the judgment was rendered. And, besides, what was decided in this regard in the case of Gordon v. Hillman, 102 Wash. 411, was that the original appeal to this court did not abate by the death of Mrs. Gordon, and we refused to - recall the remittitur;' while in the other case it was held that the trial court was authorized to proceed to judgment. But it was not said that the trial court could proceed to a proper judgment in the absence of the representative or successors in interest of Mrs. Gordon.
It may be further noticed that, in Gordon v. Hillman, 102 Wash. 411, it was held that the death of Mrs. Gordon, after appeal taken in the original suit, did not affect the appeal, because of the statute allowing either party to suggest the death and to have the substitution of a representative at any time during the appeal. Not so, however, at the date of the final judgment, January 5, 1918; for at that time—indeed, prior-to the going down of the remittitur in the Hillmans ’ appeal in the original action—Mrs. Gordon had been dead more than a year, and hence the right of any of the surviving parties to the action to suggest the substitution of her representative or successors in interest had expired according to the terms of the second clause of § 193, Rem. Code.
*236Respondents contend there have been certain ratifications by appellants of the judgment. All of the evidence relied on has been examined and we are satisfied the claim is without merit. It involves matters of fact a detail of which can serve no useful purpose.
Reversed, with directions to the trial court to set aside the judgment of January 5, 1918.
Holcomb, C. J., Parker, Mackintosh, and Main, JJ., concur.