Court Opinion

ID: 4541411
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-06-15 18:02:17.40745+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:49:28.521649
License: Public Domain

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                                                 ADVANCE SHEET HEADNOTE
                                                               June 15, 2020

                                    2020 CO 54

No. 17SC564, Hoggard v. People—Constructive Amendments—Jury
Instructions—Instructional Error.

      In this case, the supreme court first considers whether a jury instruction on

the charge of attempt to influence a public servant constitutes plain error when the

instruction fails to apply an intent requirement to every element of that offense.

The supreme court then considers whether a charge of second-degree forgery is

constructively amended when the trial court instructs the jury on the elements of

felony forgery. The supreme court first holds that even if the instruction in this

case on the charge of attempt to influence a public servant was erroneous because

it did not apply an intent requirement to every element of the crime, any error was

not plain. The supreme court also holds that although the trial court erred in

including language from the felony forgery statute when instructing the jury on

the second-degree forgery charge, the instruction did not amount to a constructive
amendment and the error was not plain. Accordingly, the judgment of the court

of appeals is affirmed on different grounds.

                                        1
                The Supreme Court of the State of Colorado
                2 East 14th Avenue • Denver, Colorado 80203

                                  2020 CO 54

                     Supreme Court Case No. 17SC564
                   Certiorari to the Colorado Court of Appeals
                    Court of Appeals Case No. 14CA1393

                                  Petitioner:

                            Shawna Lee Hoggard,

                                       v.

                                 Respondent:

                     The People of the State of Colorado.

                             Judgment Affirmed
                                   en banc
                                June 15, 2020

Attorneys for Petitioner:
Megan A. Ring, Public Defender
Meghan M. Morris, Deputy Public Defender
      Denver, Colorado

Attorneys for Respondent:
Philip J. Weiser, Attorney General
Kevin E. McReynolds, Assistant Attorney General
      Denver, Colorado

JUSTICE BOATRIGHT delivered the Opinion of the Court.
JUSTICE MÁRQUEZ concurs in part and dissents in part.

                                       2
¶1    While Petitioner Shawna Lee Hoggard and her ex-husband, Javier,1 were in

the midst of a child custody dispute,2 she forwarded an email to their

court-appointed child and family investigator (“CFI”). Hoggard told the CFI that

the email, which contained concerning comments and an apparent threat, had

been sent to her from Javier. Javier subsequently claimed that while he had written

parts of the email, he had not written the concerning portions. He then contacted

law enforcement to report that Hoggard had falsified the email.

¶2    The People charged Hoggard with attempt to influence a public servant and

second-degree forgery. At trial, when the court instructed the jury on the charge

of attempt to influence a public servant, it did not inform the jury that the mens

rea of “with the intent” applied to all elements of the crime and not just a single

element.   Additionally, when the court instructed the jury on the charge of

second-degree forgery, a class 1 misdemeanor, it included language in one element

from the offense of felony forgery, a class 5 felony.3 Hoggard did not object to

1For convenience, we refer to the Petitioner as “Hoggard” and her ex-husband as
“Javier.”
2 Because both the parties and the appellate division utilize the term “custody,”
we will adopt that term for the purposes of this opinion to mean “parental
responsibilities” as it is defined under section 14-10-103(4), C.R.S. (2019).
3As distinct from second-degree forgery, we refer to the crime of “forgery” under
section 18-5-102, C.R.S. (2019), as “felony forgery” for the sake of clarity.

                                         3
either instruction. The jury found her guilty of both original charges. Hoggard

appealed, and a division of the court of appeals upheld her convictions. Hoggard

now argues again that the trial court’s instructions constitute reversible error.4 We

disagree.

¶3      First, we hold that even if the instruction on attempt to influence a public

servant was erroneous, any error was not plain. Second, we hold that, although

the trial court erred in including language from the felony forgery statute when

instructing the jury on the second-degree forgery charge, the instruction did not

amount to a constructive amendment and the error was not plain. Hence, we

affirm the court of appeals’ judgment on different grounds.

4   We granted certiorari to review the following issues:
        1. Whether a charge of second degree forgery is constructively
           amended when the trial court instructs the jury on the elements of
           felony forgery.
        2. Whether reversible error occurs when the defendant is charged
           with second degree forgery and the court instructs the jury on the
           elements of felony forgery.
        3. Whether an instruction on the charge of attempt to influence a
           public servant constituted plain error because it erroneously failed
           to apply an intent requirement to every element of that offense.
We address the charge of attempt to influence a public servant first, as it is the
more serious charge.

                                           4
                        I. Facts and Procedural History

¶4    At a temporary orders hearing, the court gave Javier full custody of his and

Hoggard’s sons; additionally, the court assigned a CFI to investigate and make

parenting recommendations regarding permanent orders.               During the CFI’s

investigation, Hoggard forwarded the CFI a chain of emails between her and

Javier.   These emails included several concerning comments, including an

apparent threat that Javier made against Hoggard. Specifically, the email that

Hoggard forwarded to the CFI stated:

      Let me know when and where you have scheduled a court order[ed]
      supervised visit and I will decide if they can go. I don’t like you and I’ll
      make sure with all my power to destroy you.

      Also, the boys have their own phones as you should know and they
      are responsible for answering their own phones. They know, because
      [my wife] and I have told them several times that they can speak with
      you whenever they want.

      It’s obvious that they don’t want to ever talk to you or your family again.
      Why don’t you just leave them alone and let them enjoy the family they’ve
      chose[n]. It’s mine.

(Emphases added.)

¶5    The CFI then forwarded the email chain to Javier to ascertain his intent in

writing the email. In response, Javier denied writing the concerning portions of

the email and forwarded to the CFI what he represented to be the unaltered email,

which did not include the above-emphasized language. Javier also contacted law

enforcement to report that Hoggard had falsified the email.

                                           5
¶6    Ultimately, the People charged Hoggard with one count of attempt to

influence a public servant, a class 4 felony, and one count of second-degree

forgery, a class 1 misdemeanor. At trial, Hoggard argued that she did not alter the

email, nor did she know how the alterations occurred.

¶7    After the close of evidence, the People tendered a proposed instruction for

attempt to influence a public servant that informed the jury that the mental state

of “with the intent” only applied to one element of the crime:

      The elements of the crime of Attempt to Influence a Public Servant
      are:

      1. That the defendant,

      2. in the State of Colorado, at or about the date and place charged,

      3. attempted to influence a public servant,

      4. by means of deceit

      5. with the intent to alter or affect the public servant’s decision, vote,
         opinion, or action concerning any matter,

      6. which was to be considered or performed by the public servant or
         the agency or body of which the public servant was a member.

(Emphasis added.) While this instruction largely tracked the text of the statute, it

did not require the jury to find that Hoggard acted intentionally with regard to all

elements of the crime. With no objection from Hoggard, the trial court provided

the People’s tendered instruction to the jury.

                                          6
¶8    The People also tendered the following elemental instruction for

second-degree forgery:

      The elements of the crime of Second Degree Forgery are:

      1. That the defendant,

      2. in the State of Colorado, at or about the date and place charged,

      3. with intent to defraud,

      4. falsely made, completed, altered, or uttered a written instrument,

      5. which was or purported to be, or which was calculated to become or
         represent if completed an instrument which does or may evidence, create,
         or otherwise affect a legal right, interest, obligation, or status: namely,
         an email.

(Emphasis added.) The first four elements tracked the second-degree forgery

statute; however, the fifth element derived some of its language from the felony

forgery statute. Again, Hoggard did not object, and the trial court provided the

jury with the People’s proposed instruction. The jury then found Hoggard guilty

of both attempt to influence a public servant and second-degree forgery.

¶9    Hoggard appealed, contending that the trial court reversibly erred in

instructing the jury that the mental state of “with the intent” of attempt to

influence a public servant applied to only one element. Additionally, Hoggard

argued that instructing the jury on the elements of felony forgery resulted in a

constructive amendment of the second-degree forgery charge and, therefore,

amounted to structural error.

                                            7
¶10   The court of appeals disagreed and affirmed Hoggard’s convictions.

People v. Hoggard, 2017 COA 88, ¶ 56, __ P.3d __. The court held that the trial

court’s instruction on the attempt to influence a public servant charge did not

constitute plain error because there was no reasonable probability that the error

contributed to Hoggard’s conviction. Id. at ¶ 55. The court also held that the

forgery instruction did not constitute a constructive amendment because the court

determined that second-degree forgery is a lesser included offense of felony

forgery. Id. at ¶¶ 27–33. Additionally, it concluded that the trial court did not

commit plain error when it instructed the jury on the forgery charge because the

error did not prejudice Hoggard. Id. at ¶ 35.

¶11   Hoggard petitioned this court for review of the court of appeals’ decision.

We granted certiorari and now affirm the court of appeals’ judgment on different

grounds.

                            II. Standard of Review

¶12   We review jury instructions de novo to determine whether they accurately

inform the jury of the governing law. People v. DeGreat, 2018 CO 83, ¶ 15, 428 P.3d

541, 544. Similarly, whether jury instructions constitute a constructive amendment

that subjects a defendant to the risk of conviction for an uncharged offense is a

question of law that we review de novo. See id.

                                        8
¶13   When a defendant fails to object to a trial court’s jury instructions, the

instructions are reviewed for plain error. People v. Garcia, 28 P.3d 340, 344 (Colo.

2001). For an error to be deemed plain, it must be both obvious and substantial.

People v. Miller, 113 P.3d 743, 750 (Colo. 2005). This means the error must “so

undermine the fundamental fairness of the trial itself as to cast serious doubt on

the reliability of the judgment of conviction.” People v. Weinreich, 119 P.3d 1073,

1078 (Colo. 2005).5     In the jury instruction context, “the defendant must

‘demonstrate not only that the instruction affected a substantial right, but also that

the record reveals a reasonable possibility that the error contributed to his

conviction.’” Miller, 113 P.3d at 750 (quoting Garcia, 28 P.3d at 344).

                  III. Attempt to Influence a Public Servant

¶14   We first determine whether the trial court plainly erred when it instructed

the jury on the attempt to influence a public servant charge. Assuming without

deciding that an error occurred here, we consider whether that error was plain.

Because we determine that any error was neither obvious nor substantial, we

5Some cases treat obviousness, substantiality, and fundamental fairness as three
distinct requirements that must be satisfied in order for an error to be plain. See
Lehnert v. People, 244 P.3d 1180, 1185 (Colo. 2010). Regardless of the test used,
however, we conclude that the instructional errors here were not plain. Thus, we
need not clarify that standard today.

                                          9
conclude that any infirmity in the trial court’s instruction on the attempt to

influence a public servant charge did not rise to the level of plain error.

                                      A. Law

¶15   The General Assembly is vested with the authority both to establish the legal

components of criminal liability and to define criminal conduct. Copeland v. People,

2 P.3d 1283, 1286 (Colo. 2000). Except in those statutes enumerating strict liability

crimes, a defendant cannot face criminal sanctions “unless the prosecution

establishes that, in addition to committing a proscribed act, the person acted with

the culpable mental state required for the particular crime.” Id. Moreover, section

18-1-503(4), C.R.S. (2019), provides that “[w]hen a statute defining an offense

prescribes as an element thereof a specified culpable mental state, that mental state

is deemed to apply to every element of the offense unless an intent to limit its

application clearly appears.”

                                  B. Application
¶16   Hoggard contends that the instruction on attempt to influence a public

servant was plainly erroneous because it failed to apply the intent requirement to

all elements of the offense, thereby contravening section 18-1-503(4). Assuming

without deciding that an error occurred, we must determine whether that error

was plain.

                                         10
¶17   To begin, we must consider whether any error was obvious. Miller, 113 P.3d

at 750. Turning first to the statute, section 18-8-306, C.R.S. (2019), prohibits a

person from attempting to influence a public servant by means of deceit with the

intent to affect the public servant’s decision, opinion, or action:

      Any person who attempts to influence any public servant by means
      of deceit or by threat of violence or economic reprisal against any
      person or property, with the intent thereby to alter or affect the public
      servant’s decision, vote, opinion, or action concerning any matter which is
      to be considered or performed by him or the agency or body of which he is a
      member, commits a class 4 felony.

(Emphasis added.)      The trial court’s instruction on this charge substantially

tracked the language of the statute:

      The elements of the crime of Attempt to Influence a Public Servant
      are:

      1. That the defendant,

      2. in the State of Colorado, at or about the date and place charged,

      3. attempted to influence a public servant,

      4. by means of deceit

      5. with the intent to alter or affect the public servant’s decision, vote,
         opinion, or action concerning any matter,

      6. which was to be considered or performed by the public servant or
         the agency or body of which the public servant was a member.

(Emphasis added.) This instruction included the requisite mental state—“with the

intent”—as it is stated in section 18-8-306. See Weinreich, 119 P.3d at 1076 (noting

that jury instructions should substantially track the statutory language describing

                                          11
the crime). Furthermore, although the instruction did not apply the mental state

to all subsequent elements, it did track the model instruction that existed at the

time of Hoggard’s trial:

      The elements of the crime of attempt to influence a public servant are:

      1. That the defendant,

      2. in the State of Colorado, at or about the date and place charged,

      3. attempted to influence a public servant,

      4. [by means of deceit] [by threat of [violence] [economic reprisal]
         against any person or property],

      5. with the intent to alter or affect the public servant’s [decision] [vote]
         [opinion] [action] concerning any matter,

      6. which was to be considered or performed by [him] [the agency or
         body of which he was a member].

CJI-Crim. 1st 19:13 (1983) (emphasis added). And while simply following model

instructions does not provide “safe harbor that insulates instructional error from

reversal,” Garcia v. People, 2019 CO 64, ¶ 22, 445 P.3d 1065, 1069, it certainly makes

any error that occurred here less obvious.

¶18   Moreover, the trial court’s instruction adhered to our decision in People v.

Norman, 703 P.2d 1261 (Colo. 1985). In Norman, we analyzed section 18-8-306 for

a sufficiency of the evidence claim. Id. at 1269. We explained that the critical

elements of attempt to influence a public servant are “(1) an attempt to influence

a public servant (2) by means of deceit or by threat of violence or economic reprisal

                                          12
(3) with the intent to alter or affect the public servant’s decision or action.” Id. (emphasis

added); see also People v. Janousek, 871 P.2d 1189, 1194 (Colo. 1994) (providing the

same “critical elements” of attempt to influence a public servant). The trial court’s

instruction here conformed with our recitation of the critical elements of the crime

in Norman. Thus, because the instruction here comported with the language of the

statute, the model instruction as it existed at the time of Hoggard’s trial, and our

precedent, we conclude that any error was not obvious.

¶19    Although the determination that any error was not obvious resolves the

issue of whether any infirmity in the instruction was plain, we consider the

question of the impact of any error on the verdict. Specifically, we consider

whether there is a reasonable possibility that any instructional error contributed

to Hoggard’s conviction for attempt to influence a public servant. See Miller,

113 P.3d at 750. Hoggard’s defense on this charge pertained to identity. During

closing argument, Hoggard’s counsel stated that “Shawna Hoggard is not the only

person that could have altered [the email].” Significantly, Hoggard’s defense

focused on who altered the email and not why the email was altered. In other

words, Hoggard did not argue about intent. Thus, we conclude that no reasonable

possibility exists that any instructional error on this charge contributed to

Hoggard’s conviction.

                                             13
¶20   In sum, because we conclude that any error was neither obvious nor

substantial, we hold that even if the instruction on attempt to influence a public

servant was erroneous, any error was not plain.6

                         IV. Second-Degree Forgery
¶21   We now turn to whether the trial court’s forgery instruction constituted a

constructive amendment of Hoggard’s original second-degree forgery charge.

Because we conclude that no constructive amendment occurred but that the

instruction was nevertheless erroneous, we next determine whether the error

requires reversal. We ultimately conclude that it does not because the error did

not prejudice Hoggard and thus was not plain.

                                     A. Law

¶22   The U.S. and Colorado Constitutions guarantee defendants the right to be

notified of the charges against them. U.S. Const. amend. VI; Colo. Const. art. II,

§ 16. “Because the notice requirement lies at the foundation of the due process of

law,” the prosecution cannot require a defendant “to answer a charge not

6Because we conclude that any alleged error in the trial court’s instruction on the
attempt to influence a public servant charge was not plain, we decline to address
whether the General Assembly intended to limit the application of the mental state
of “with the intent” to only certain elements of the crime.

                                        14
contained in the information.” People v. Madden, 111 P.3d 452, 455 (Colo. 2005)

(citing Schmuck v. United States, 489 U.S. 705, 717 (1989)).

¶23    In Colorado, the prosecution provides a defendant with notice through the

filing of a complaint, indictment, or information. § 16-5-101(1), C.R.S. (2019). An

information is constitutionally adequate when “it advises the defendant of the

charges he is facing so that he can adequately defend himself and be protected

from further prosecution for the same offense.” Cervantes v. People, 715 P.2d 783,

785 (Colo. 1986) (quoting People v. Albo, 575 P.2d 427, 429 (Colo. 1978)). This notice

requirement ensures that the defendant “is not taken by surprise by the evidence

offered at trial.” Id.

¶24    A jury instruction that alters the charging instrument is constitutionally

inadequate when it constructively amends the original charge. And a constructive

amendment occurs when the instruction “changes an essential element of the

charged offense and thereby alters the substance of the charging instrument.”

People v. Rodriguez, 914 P.2d 230, 257 (Colo. 1996). A difference between the

charging instrument and a jury verdict contravenes a defendant’s constitutional

rights when it “effectively subject[s] [the] defendant to the risk of conviction for

an offense that was not originally charged.” Id. (quoting United States v. Mosely,

965 F.2d 906, 915 (10th Cir. 1992)).

                                          15
¶25   With this framework in mind, we now consider whether the trial court’s

forgery instruction here amounted to a constructive amendment of Hoggard’s

second-degree forgery charge.

                                  B. Application
¶26   As relevant here, the General Assembly defined felony forgery under

section 18-5-102(1), C.R.S. (2019), to apply to specific types of written instruments,

including instruments that affect a legal right:

      (1) A person commits forgery, if, with intent to defraud, such person
      falsely makes, completes, alters, or utters a written instrument which
      is or purports to be, or which is calculated to become or to represent if
      completed:

      ...

      (c) A deed, will, codicil, contract, assignment, commercial instrument,
      promissory note, check, or other instrument which does or may evidence,
      create, transfer, terminate, or otherwise affect a legal right, interest,
      obligation, or status . . . .

(Emphases added.)       The General Assembly defined second-degree forgery

similarly, but provided that it covers those types of documents not contained

within the felony forgery statute:

      A person commits second degree forgery if, with intent to defraud,
      such person falsely makes, completes, alters, or utters a written
      instrument of a kind not described in section 18-5-102 . . . .

§ 18-5-104(1), C.R.S. (2019) (emphasis added).

                                         16
¶27   The trial court in this case provided the jury with the following forgery

instruction, which included in element 5 the “legal right” language found in the

felony forgery statute:

      The elements of the crime of Second Degree Forgery are:

      1. That the defendant,

      2. in the State of Colorado, at or about the date and place charged,

      3. with intent to defraud,

      4. falsely made, completed, altered, or uttered a written instrument,

      5. which was or purported to be, or which was calculated to become or
         represent if completed an instrument which does or may evidence, create,
         or otherwise affect a legal right, interest, obligation, or status: namely,
         an email.

(Emphasis added.) Clearly, the trial court added language that is not contained in

the second-degree forgery statute. We have previously noted that “[a] trial court

has a duty to instruct the jury correctly on the law applicable to the case.”

Weinreich, 119 P.3d at 1076. By including language from the felony forgery statute,

the trial court erred. But that does not necessarily mean that the error constituted

a constructive amendment.

¶28   In arguing that the trial court’s forgery instruction amounted to a

constructive amendment, Hoggard contends that second-degree forgery and

felony forgery are mutually exclusive crimes because they apply to mutually

exclusive sets of documents. Thus, in her view, the jury found that she committed

                                           17
felony forgery, meaning it simultaneously acquitted her of the charged offense of

second-degree forgery.

¶29   In making this argument, Hoggard contends that our decision in People v.

Shields, 822 P.2d 15 (Colo. 1991), is dispositive. In Shields, we considered whether

the first- and second-degree sexual assault statutes in effect at the time created

mutually exclusive crimes.      Id. at 18.        Both offenses required proof that the

defendant caused the victim’s submission to sexual penetration or intrusion. Id.

at 19. The difference between the two crimes was the means by which that

submission was caused: The second-degree sexual assault statute required that the

defendant do so by means “other than those set forth in [the first-degree sexual

assault statute].” Id.; see also § 18-4-403(1), C.R.S. (1986). We concluded that the

crimes were mutually exclusive, reasoning that a defendant who caused the

victim’s submission under the first-degree sexual assault statute could not

simultaneously cause submission through means proscribed by the second-degree

sexual assault statute. Shields, 822 P.2d at 19.

¶30   But this case differs from Shields. Under the statutes at issue in Shields, a

defendant could only engage in either conduct proscribed by the first-degree

sexual assault statute or conduct proscribed by the second-degree sexual assault

statute. But in this case, the trial court’s forgery instruction required that the jury

find that Hoggard forged an email and not a specific written instrument included

                                             18
in the felony forgery statute, such as a deed, will, codicil, contract, assignment,

commercial instrument, promissory note, or check. The forgery instruction simply

placed an additional burden on the prosecution to prove more about that email.

In other words, the forgery instruction required the prosecution to prove not only

that the document was an email, but also that the email had some sort of legal

impact. In this way, the effect of the additional language in the forgery instruction

was that it elevated the import of the email that was forged; it did not require the

prosecution to prove that the email was an entirely different type of document.

Thus, we are not persuaded by Hoggard’s contention that Shields controls. But we

must still consider whether the trial court’s erroneous instruction nevertheless

amounted to a constructive amendment.

¶31   As discussed above, a constructive amendment occurs when the court

“changes an essential element of the charged offense and thereby alters the

substance of the charging instrument.” Rodriguez, 914 P.2d at 257. Thus, to

determine whether a constructive amendment occurred here, we must compare

element 5 of the trial court’s forgery instruction to the initial notice that Hoggard

received.

¶32   The information originally charged Hoggard with second-degree forgery

under section 18-5-104, but it did not state what document was allegedly forged.

Prior to trial, however, the court granted the People’s motion to amend the

                                         19
information to specify that Hoggard was accused of forging an email. As a result,

Hoggard was on notice that the prosecution had to prove that she, with the intent

to defraud, falsely made, completed, altered, or uttered a document, which in this

case was an email. See § 18-5-104(1). At trial, the instruction required the jury to

find that Hoggard committed all of these acts. Indeed, the first four elements of

felony forgery and second-degree forgery are the same. Element 5, the erroneous

portion of the trial court’s forgery instruction, stated that the document forged

either “was or purported to be, or . . . was calculated to become or represent if

completed[,] an instrument which does or may evidence, create, or otherwise

affect a legal right, interest, obligation, or status: namely, an email.” To be sure,

some of this language was derived from the felony forgery statute—that the

document “affect[ed] a legal right, interest, obligation, or status.” But ultimately,

the jury was asked if Hoggard forged an email, and an email is not one of the

written instruments specifically identified in the felony forgery statute. In effect,

the erroneous language imported from the felony forgery statute merely required

the prosecution to prove more about the email; it did not require proof that the

document was different from an email.

¶33   In simple terms, Hoggard was accused of forging an email, and she was

found guilty of forging an email. Therefore, she received sufficient notice of the

charge that she was convicted of, and she could adequately prepare to defend

                                         20
against it. Accordingly, we hold that, although the trial court erred in including

language from the felony forgery statute when instructing the jury on the

second-degree forgery charge, the instruction did not amount to a constructive

amendment.7 Thus, we now consider whether the trial court’s error nevertheless

requires reversal.8

                                  C. Plain Error

¶34   Hoggard contends that even if no constructive amendment occurred, the

trial court’s instruction nevertheless amounted to plain error. For an error to be

deemed plain, it must be both obvious and substantial. Miller, 113 P.3d at 750. To

begin then, we must first determine whether the error found in the trial court’s

forgery instruction was obvious. Unlike the second-degree forgery statute, the

felony forgery statute prohibits a person from forging a written instrument that

affects a legal right.   See § 18-5-102(1)(c).   And the trial court imported that

7 We need not address the court of appeals’ conclusion that second-degree forgery
is a lesser included offense of felony forgery under section 18-1-408(5)(c), C.R.S.
(2019), because we ultimately conclude that no constructive amendment occurred
on separate grounds.
8Because we conclude that no constructive amendment occurred here, we need
not consider whether such an amendment constitutes structural error. Cf. People v.
Rediger, 2018 CO 32, ¶ 47 n.4, 416 P.3d 893, 903 n.4 (declining to consider the same
question because a constructive amendment clearly took place, and the error was
plain).

                                          21
language from the felony forgery statute in its instruction. Thus, we conclude that

the error here was obvious.

¶35   Next, we must consider whether the error was substantial. For an error to

be deemed substantial, the defendant must demonstrate that the error caused her

prejudice. Miller, 113 P.3d at 750. Hoggard argues that the error prejudiced her

because it deprived her of the use of a potential defense at trial: “that she did not

forge a document within the scope of the second-degree forgery statute.” We

disagree because the forgery instruction did not list specific types of written

instruments that fall within the scope of the felony forgery statute, such as a deed

or will; instead, it stated that the document was an email. The error in the forgery

instruction simply required the prosecution to further prove that the email affected

some type of legal right. Moreover, Hoggard knew well ahead of trial that the

document at issue was an email. And Hoggard never disputed the type of

document forged; instead, her defense pertained to identity. At trial, Hoggard’s

counsel argued that Hoggard did not alter the email purportedly written by Javier,

telling the jury during her closing argument that “Shawna Hoggard is not the only

person that could have altered [the email].” See People v. Fichtner, 869 P.2d 539, 543

(Colo. 1994) (When a trial court gives an erroneous instruction on a single element

of an offense, it does “not rise to the level of plain error if that element was not at

issue in the case.”). Thus, we conclude that the instructional error was not

                                          22
substantial because it did not cause Hoggard prejudice; hence, the error was not

plain.

                                 V. Conclusion

¶36      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the court of appeals’ judgment on

different grounds.

JUSTICE MÁRQUEZ concurs in part and dissents in part.

                                        23
JUSTICE MÁRQUEZ, concurring in part and dissenting in part.

¶37   Shawna Hoggard was charged with misdemeanor second degree forgery.

But the jury was instead instructed on the elements of felony forgery. The majority

acknowledges that this was an obvious error. Maj. op. ¶ 34. Yet it concludes that

the error did not prejudice Hoggard because there was no dispute that the forged

document at issue was an email, and the error in the instruction “simply required

the prosecution to further prove that the email affected some type of legal right.”

Id. at ¶ 35. I disagree.

¶38   Second degree forgery and felony forgery apply to mutually exclusive sets of

written instruments. Specifically, a person commits second degree forgery only if

she forges a “written instrument of a kind not described” in the felony forgery

statute.   § 18-5-104(1), C.R.S. (2019) (emphasis added).      Here, the jury was

expressly instructed that the document must be of a kind that is described in the

felony forgery statute, namely, a document that “affect[ed] a legal right, interest,

obligation, or status.” § 18-5-102(1)(c), C.R.S. (2019). Thus, by returning a verdict

of guilty in this case, the jury necessarily found beyond a reasonable doubt that

the email at issue was a document that affected a legal right or interest. But to

properly convict someone of second degree forgery, the jury was instead required

to find, beyond a reasonable doubt, just the opposite. The erroneous instruction

here amounted to a constructive amendment because it altered an essential

                                         1
element of the charge of second degree forgery and allowed the jury to convict

Hoggard of an uncharged crime. The instructional error here also means that the

judgment of conviction that the trial court entered for second degree forgery is

unsupported by the jury’s verdict and must be reversed.              Accordingly, I

respectfully dissent in part.1

             I. Second Degree Forgery and Felony Forgery Are
                       Mutually Exclusive Offenses.

¶39   The plain language of the forgery statutes reveals that second degree forgery

and felony forgery are mutually exclusive offenses because they apply to mutually

exclusive categories of forged documents.

¶40   Hoggard was charged with second degree forgery under section 18-5-104.

Under that provision, “[a] person commits second degree forgery if, with intent to

defraud, such person falsely makes, completes, alters, or utters a written

instrument of a kind not described in section 18-5-102 [felony forgery] or 18-5-104.5

[forgery of an academic record].” § 18-5-104(1) (emphasis added).

¶41   Section 18-5-102, the felony forgery statute, applies to specific types of

forged documents, including money, § 18-5-102(1)(a); stocks and bonds, -102(1)(b);

public   records,    -102(1)(d);   government    documents,     -102(1)(e);   lottery

1 I agree with the majority that the trial court’s instruction on the attempt to
influence a public servant charge was not plain error. See maj. op. ¶¶ 14–20.

                                         2
tickets, -102(1)(g); and false identification documents, -102(1)(h). Relevant here,

the felony provision also prohibits the forgery of “[a] deed, will, codicil, contract,

assignment, commercial instrument, promissory note, check, or other instrument

which does or may evidence, create, transfer, terminate, or otherwise affect a legal right,

interest, obligation, or status.” § 18-5-102(1)(c) (emphasis added).

¶42    Similarly, section 18-5-104.5, C.R.S. (2019), specifically bars the use of a

forged academic record (i.e., “a transcript, diploma, grade report, or similar

document”) to seek employment, admission to an institution of higher education,

or a scholarship or similar financial assistance. § 18-5-104.5(1)–(2)(a).

¶43    Thus, on their face, these provisions apply to mutually exclusive categories

of documents. Of critical importance here, and contrary to the majority’s assertion,

maj. op. ¶¶ 30, 32, to convict a person of second degree forgery, the prosecution

must affirmatively prove that the forged document is “of a kind not described in

section 18-5-102 or 18-5-104.5.”          § 18-5-104(1) (emphasis added); see also

COLJI-Crim. 5-1:10 (2019). Thus, second degree forgery and felony forgery are

mutually exclusive offenses. Cf. People v. Shields, 822 P.2d 15, 19 (Colo. 1991)

(concluding that first and second degree sexual assault are mutually exclusive

offenses).

                                            3
         II. The Jury Instruction on the Elements of Felony Forgery
         Changed an Essential Element of the Charged Offense and
                             Requires Reversal.

¶44     “Trial courts have a duty to instruct the jury on all matters of law applicable

to the case.” Roberts v. People, 2017 CO 76, ¶ 18, 399 P.3d 702, 704–05; see also

People v. Weinreich, 119 P.3d 1073, 1076 (Colo. 2005). “We review jury instructions

de novo to determine whether the instructions accurately informed the jury of the

governing law.” People v. DeGreat, 2018 CO 83, ¶ 15, 428 P.3d 541, 544.

¶45     A constructive amendment occurs when a variance between the charging

instrument and the charge for which a defendant is convicted “changes an

essential element of the charged offense.” People v. Rediger, 2018 CO 32, ¶ 48,

416 P.3d 893, 903 (quoting People v. Rodriguez, 914 P.2d 230, 257 (Colo. 1996)).

Constructive amendments are constitutionally prohibited because they effectively

subject a defendant to the risk of conviction for an offense not originally charged

in the information. See Rodriguez, 914 P.2d at 257.

¶46     Moreover, “[a] jury instruction should substantially track the language of

the statute describing the crime; a material deviation from the statute can result in

reversible plain error, depending on the facts of the case.” Weinreich, 119 P.3d at

1076.

¶47     Here, the People charged Hoggard with second degree forgery under

section 18-5-104. As discussed above, that statute applies to forgery of a document

                                           4
“of a kind not described in section 18-5-102.” § 18-5-104. But instead of being

instructed on the elements of second degree forgery, the court erroneously

instructed the jury on the elements of felony forgery:

      1. That the defendant,

      2. in the State of Colorado, at or about the date and place charged,

      3. with intent to defraud,

      4. falsely made, completed, altered, or uttered a written instrument,

      5. which was or purported to be, or which was calculated to become or
         represent if completed an instrument which does or may evidence, create,
         or otherwise affect a legal right, interest, obligation, or status: namely,
         an email.

(Emphasis added.) Although the majority suggests that only the fifth element of

this instruction “was derived from the felony forgery statute,” maj. op. ¶ 32, in

fact, the instruction as a whole sets out every element of felony forgery, see

§ 18-5-102(1), (1)(c). In short, the court instructed the jury on felony forgery, not

second degree forgery. The following chart illustrates that the instruction given

here changed an essential element of the charged offense:

                                            5
 Second Degree Forgery             Felony Forgery
                                                              Hoggard’s Instruction
 COLJI-Crim. 5-1:10 (2019)    COLJI-Crim. 5-1:03 (2019)
 That the defendant,          That the defendant,            That the defendant,
 in the State of Colorado,    in the State of Colorado,      in the State of Colorado,
 at or about the date and     at or about the date and       at or about the date and
 place charged,               place charged,                 place charged,
 with intent,                 with intent,
                                                             with intent to defraud,
 to defraud,                  to defraud,
 falsely made, completed,     falsely made, completed,       falsely made, completed,
 altered, or uttered a        altered, or uttered a          altered, or uttered a
 written instrument,          written instrument,            written instrument,
                              which was, or which            which was or purported to
                              purported to be,               be,
 that was not a [list those
                              or which was calculated to     or which was calculated to
 items enumerated in
                              become or to represent if      become or represent if
 sections 18-5-102 and
                              completed,                     completed[,]
 18-5-104.5 that bear a
                              a[n]… instrument which         an instrument which does
 resemblance to the
                              did or might evidence,         or may evidence, create, or
 written instrument
                              create, transfer, terminate,   otherwise affect a legal
 forming the basis for the
                              or otherwise affect a legal    right, interest, obligation,
 charge].                     right, interest, obligation,   or status: namely, an
                              or status.                     email.

(Emphases added.)

¶48   The majority acknowledges that the instruction given to the jury “required

the prosecution to prove . . . that the email had some sort of legal impact.” Maj.

op. ¶ 30. I agree. But that means that if the prosecution proved—and the jury

found—that the forged email affected a legal right, then the jury found Hoggard

committed the elements of felony forgery, not second degree forgery as charged.

¶49   Put simply, the erroneous instruction here changed an essential element of

the charged offense and allowed the jury to convict Hoggard of an uncharged

                                           6
crime. A different division of the court of appeals reached the identical conclusion

in People v. Riley, 2015 COA 152, ¶¶ 9–17, 380 P.3d 157, 160–62, a case that, though

not binding on this court, is both squarely on point and persuasive. Just as in this

case, the defendant in Riley was charged with second degree forgery, but the jury

was instructed on the elements of felony forgery. Id. at ¶ 12, 380 P.3d at 161. The

Riley division concluded that the erroneous instruction “constituted a constructive

amendment of the information because it changed an essential element of the

charged offense and allowed the jury to convict [the] defendant of an uncharged

crime.”   Id. at ¶ 15, 380 P.3d at 161.       Reasoning that it is constitutionally

impermissible to convict a defendant of a charge not contained in the information,

the division reversed the defendant’s conviction for second degree forgery. Id.

¶50   The majority correctly acknowledges that the error here was obvious. Maj.

op. ¶ 34. I fully agree. But the majority goes on to conclude that the instructional

error caused no harm because “the erroneous language imported from the felony

forgery statute merely required the prosecution to prove more about the email; it

did not require proof that the document was different from an email.” Maj. op.

¶ 32; see also id. at ¶ 35 (“The error in the forgery instruction simply required the

prosecution to further prove that the email affected some type of legal right.”

(emphasis added)). In other words, the majority concludes that there was no

                                          7
prejudice here because the erroneous instruction merely required the prosecution

to show more than it had to.

¶51   Although the majority carefully avoids framing its reasoning as the lesser-

included-offense analysis used by the division below, People v. Hoggard, 2017 COA

88, ¶¶ 27–33, __ P.3d __, the logic it employs is indistinguishable. What the

majority plainly implies is that proof of the elements of felony forgery necessarily

established the elements of second degree forgery. But because the elements of

the two offenses are mutually exclusive, the majority’s logic fails.

¶52   In Riley, the People made essentially the same argument, namely, that

reversal was not required because, by finding the elements of felony forgery, the

jury necessarily found that the defendant committed the elements of second

degree forgery. ¶ 16, 380 P.3d at 161–62. The division expressly rejected this logic.

To the contrary, it reasoned, “[t]he jury’s finding that the elements of felony

forgery were met precludes a finding that the elements of second degree forgery

were met.” Id. (emphasis added). This is because “if the written instrument at

issue was the kind described in section 18-5-102 (felony forgery), it necessarily

could not also be ‘of a kind not described in section 18-5-102.’”       Id. (quoting

§ 18-5-104(1)).

¶53   The instructional error here was not only obvious, it was substantial, and

therefore constitutes reversible plain error. See Rediger, ¶ 48, 416 P.3d at 903. The

                                          8
error was substantial because the instruction “deviated materially from

the . . . statute.” Weinreich, 119 P.3d at 1078–79. Moreover, the error cast serious

doubt on the reliability of Hoggard’s conviction because the jury’s guilty verdict

on the elements of felony forgery logically dictates that the jury did not find all the

elements of second degree forgery.

¶54   The majority also reasons that Hoggard was not prejudiced because her

defense at trial centered on her identity, not the nature of the document. Maj. op.

¶ 35. But instructing the jury on the elements of a different offense than the one

charged cannot be considered insubstantial where the two offenses are mutually

exclusive. Moreover, “[a]s a matter of constitutional limitation, a criminal verdict

may not be directed for the State nor a criminal conviction entered for an offense

not authorized by the jury’s verdict, no matter how overwhelming the evidence.”

Halaseh v. People, 2020 CO 35M, ¶ 6, __ P.3d __; see also Medina v. People, 163 P.3d

1136, 1140 (Colo. 2007) (“[C]ourts [are prohibited] from entering a conviction for

an offense other than that authorized by a jury’s guilty verdict. No matter how

overwhelming the evidence, a sentencing court may not direct a verdict for the

State.” (citations omitted)).

                                  III. Conclusion

¶55   The erroneous instruction here altered an essential element of the charge of

second degree forgery and allowed the jury to convict Hoggard of an uncharged

                                          9
crime. Moreover, the instructional error here also means the jury’s verdict simply

does not support the judgment of conviction for second degree forgery. Hoggard’s

conviction for second degree forgery must be reversed because the error here was

plain, Rediger, ¶ 54, 416 P.3d at 904, and resulted in entry of a judgment of

conviction for an offense not supported by the jury’s verdict, Sanchez v. People,

2014 CO 29, ¶ 19, 325 P.3d 553, 560 (“[T]he entry of a judgment of conviction for a

crime not supported by a unanimous verdict beyond a reasonable doubt rises to

the level of structural error, requiring reversal regardless of a sufficiently specific

objection.”). Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.

                                          10