Court Opinion

ID: 4023842
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-08-12 15:01:01.119533+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:17:04.098959
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                          For the Eighth Circuit
                      ___________________________

                              No. 15-2865
                      ___________________________

                           United States of America

                     lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                        v.

                            Jeffrey Ray Pendleton

                    lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
                                    ____________

                  Appeal from United States District Court
               for the Western District of Missouri - St. Joseph
                               ____________

                           Submitted: June 17, 2016
                            Filed: August 12, 2016
                                ____________

Before SMITH, GRUENDER, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
                          ____________

GRUENDER, Circuit Judge.

     Jeffrey Ray Pendleton was indicted for conspiracy to distribute
methamphetamine and conspiracy to commit money laundering. A jury found him
guilty of both charges. Pendleton now appeals, raising several challenges to the
district court’s1 rulings. We affirm.

                                          I.

       In August 2012, a grand jury indicted Pendleton for conspiracy to distribute
500 grams or more of methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and
846, and conspiracy to commit money laundering, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 1956(a)(1)(A)(i), (h). An earlier-filed criminal complaint indicated that Pendleton,
in the course of this conspiracy, had assaulted one of his co-conspirators. Pendleton
moved in limine to prevent the Government from using evidence of the assault at trial,
but the district court denied his motion.

       Pendleton’s counsel moved to withdraw, per Pendleton’s request, citing lack
of communication and disagreement about trial strategy. At a hearing on this motion,
Pendleton expressed concern that his attorney was not investigating his case
adequately. The magistrate judge denied the motion and declined to appoint new
counsel. The court concluded that Pendleton’s attorney was fulfilling his professional
duties and that any lack of communication between Pendleton and his counsel
resulted solely from Pendleton’s refusal to discuss the case with his attorney.

       Immediately prior to trial, Pendleton’s attorney filed a motion under Brady v.
Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), in which he sought disclosure of Pendleton’s co-
conspirators’ presentence investigation reports (“PSRs”). After conducting a hearing
on the motion and an in camera review of the PSRs, the magistrate judge concluded
that the PSRs contained no exculpatory information and denied the motion.

      1
       The Honorable Gary A. Fenner, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Missouri.

                                         -2-
       During voir dire, the district court informed the venire panel that Pendleton was
charged with conspiracy to distribute methamphetime and conspiracy to commit
money laundering. The court asked if any members of the panel knew Pendleton or
anyone who might be related to him. Venireperson 43 informed the court that she
was a bail bondswoman and that she knew “Pendletons that had ties” to the St.
Joseph, Missouri area. When the court asked if her knowledge would impact her
judgment in the case, the venireperson said, “I’m very aware of the situation and, of
course, with the methamphetamines that were being distributed in the Pendleton
family.” The court cut her off, asking her simply to confirm that her judgment would
be impacted. Pendleton did not object, nor did he ask for any curative instruction.
However, at the conclusion of voir dire, he asked for a mistrial, arguing that the
venireperson’s comments had tainted the panel. The court excused the relevant
venireperson, but it denied the mistrial motion. The court explained that it had acted
quickly to limit the comment and that its questions and instructions to the venire
panel repeatedly emphasized the need for jurors to make a decision based only on the
evidence at trial.

       At trial, two officers testified that they had arrested Pendleton and found him
with drug paraphernalia and large amounts of cash. Other witnesses testified that
they bought drugs from or sold drugs to Pendleton or that they observed Pendleton
engage in high-value methamphetamine transactions. A few witnesses also testified
that they sold methamphetamine for Pendleton and gave him the profits. One of these
witnesses, R.D., testified that she had been assaulted by Pendleton and his associate
because Pendleton believed that R.D. had stolen drugs and money from him. R.D.
authenticated photographs depicting the injuries she sustained from this assault.

       After the Government presented its case in chief, Pendleton moved for
judgment of acquittal. Regarding the money-laundering charge, Pendleton claimed
that the Government had failed to prove that he sought to conceal the use of funds
derived from drug proceeds. The court denied his motion and submitted the case to

                                          -3-
the jury, which found Pendleton guilty. The district court sentenced Pendleton to
concurrent sentences of 300 months’ imprisonment for the drug-distribution charge
and 240 months’ imprisonment for the money-laundering charge. Pendleton now
appeals.

                                           II.

       Pendleton advances several arguments on appeal. First, he challenges the
denial of his motion for disclosure of his co-conspirators’ PSRs. Second, he argues
that the district court improperly denied his motion for new counsel. Third, he
contends that the court abused its discretion when it refused to declare a mistrial after
venireperson 43 alluded to extrajudicial knowledge of criminal conduct in the
Pendleton family. Fourth, Pendleton argues that the court abused its discretion by
admitting evidence of Pendleton’s assault of R.D. Finally, Pendleton appeals from
the denial of his motion for judgment of acquittal on the money-laundering charge.

                                           A.

      We begin with Pendleton’s argument that the court improperly denied the
motion for disclosure of his co-conspirators’ PSRs. Pendleton contends that the PSRs
contained information that could have been used to impeach his co-conspirators, who
served as government witnesses during trial. We review the denial of this motion for
abuse of discretion. United States v. DeVore, 839 F.2d 1330, 1332 (8th Cir. 1988);
United States v. Willis, 89 F.3d 1371, 1381 n.6 (8th Cir. 1996).

      Under Brady v. Maryland, “suppression by the prosecution of evidence
favorable to an accused . . . violates due process where the evidence is material either
to guilt or to punishment, irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the
prosecution.” 373 U.S. at 87. The prosecution’s duty to disclose extends to evidence
that may be used to impeach government witnesses. Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S.

                                          -4-
150, 154 (1972). However, the Government has no duty to disclose evidence that is
neutral, speculative, or inculpatory, or evidence that is available to the defense from
other sources. United States v. Flores-Mireles, 112 F.3d 337, 340 (8th Cir. 1997).
To obtain relief for a Brady violation, a defendant must demonstrate prejudice by
showing that “‘there is a reasonable probability’ that the result of the proceeding
would have been different if the suppressed documents had been disclosed to the
defense.” Strickler v. Greene, 527 U.S. 263, 289 (1999). “The question is not
whether the defendant would more likely than not have received a different verdict
with the evidence, but whether in its absence he received a fair trial, understood as
a trial resulting in a verdict worthy of confidence.” Id. at 289-90 (quoting Kyles v.
Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 434 (1995)).

       Generally, a defendant is not entitled to production of PSRs of government
witnesses. United States v. Alvarez, 358 F.3d 1194, 1209 (9th Cir. 2004); see also
United States v. McKnight, 771 F.2d 388, 390 (8th Cir. 1985). PSRs are confidential
reports created by an arm of the court and designed for use by a judge in reaching a
fair sentence. United States v. Dingle, 546 F.2d 1378, 1381 (10th Cir. 1976). A court
may, in its discretion, make an in camera inspection of a PSR if a defendant alleges
that the PSR contains material to which he would be entitled under Brady. United
States v. Burke, 425 F.3d 400, 413-14 (7th Cir. 2005); United States v. Garcia, 562
F.3d 947, 953 (8th Cir. 2009) (holding that a court abuses its discretion by failing to
conduct an in camera review of a government witness’s PSR when “the defendant has
sought access to a coconspirator’s PSR, [and] the government has recognized the
possibility that the PSR contains Brady/Giglio information”). However, PSRs “are
not public and should not be disclosed to third persons absent a demonstration that
disclosure is required to meet the ends of justice.” McKnight, 771 F.2d at 390; see
also United States v. Shyres, 898 F.2d 647, 656 (8th Cir. 1990) (upholding the district
court’s decision denying disclosure of a witness’s PSR where the defendant presented
no compelling or substantial need for it).

                                         -5-
        Pendleton argues that the court erred when it denied his request for the PSRs
of two co-conspirators, J.J. and B.B., who cooperated with the Government.
According to Pendleton, their PSRs indicate that J.J. and B.B. did not implicate him
during their initial statements to police, even though they later named Pendleton as
a key player in the drug conspiracy. This inconsistency, Pendleton claims, could be
used to impeach their credibility. We reject Pendleton’s contention that the district
court erred when it determined that such evidence does not fall under Brady. First,
even if J.J. and B.B. failed to name Pendleton in early statements to police, Pendleton
did not allege that these initial interviews included any specific questions about him
or his role in the conspiracy. Thus, he has not shown that the witnesses’ initial failure
to name him undermines their credibility. See Flores-Mireles, 112 F.3d at 340
(noting that neutral evidence does not fall under Brady). Second, Pendleton’s
knowledge of the inconsistent statements suggests that he had access to the
information from other sources, and Brady does not require disclosure in this
circumstance, id., particularly when the movant offers nothing more than speculation
to support his belief that a PSR contains the relevant information, see United States
v. Mitchell, 178 F.3d 904, 907-08 (7th Cir. 1999) (noting that mere speculation about
the contents of a PSR is insufficient to warrant disclosure under Brady).

       Pendleton also argues that he is entitled to a new trial under Brady because the
court, following its in camera review, did not require the Government to disclose that
the PSRs of T.A. and J.M., two other co-conspirators, contained inconsistent
statements about when they began cooperating with police and other details, such as
whether T.A. actually accompanied Pendleton to a certain location to sell drugs.
Pendleton argues that such inconsistencies could have been used to impeach these co-
conspirators. We reject his contention that nondisclosure entitles him to a new trial.

      The fatal flaw in Pendleton’s argument is his failure to demonstrate prejudice
from this nondisclosure. During trial, both T.A. and J.M. acknowledged that they had
cooperated with law enforcement in order to receive more favorable treatment in their

                                          -6-
own criminal proceedings. In this circumstance, their credibility had been shaken.
Cf. United States v. Shelton, 588 F.2d 1242, 1248 (9th Cir. 1978) (“Impeachment
evidence, even that which tends to further undermine the credibility of the key
Government witness whose credibility has already been shaken due to extensive
cross-examination, does not create a reasonable doubt that did not otherwise exist
where that evidence is cumulative or collateral.”). Moreover, the testimony of these
two witnesses was not essential to proving Pendleton’s guilt because the other
evidence of his guilt was overwhelming. See Giglio, 405 U.S. at 154 (noting that
evidence affecting credibility must be disclosed under Brady if the “reliability of a
given witness may well be determinative of guilt or innocence” (quoting Napue v.
Illinois, 360 U.S. 264, 269 (1959))); see Dye v. Stender, 208 F.3d 662, 666 (8th Cir.
2000) (concluding that letters from the prosecuting attorney, which tended to impeach
two government witnesses’ testimony, were not material when the court found
“overwhelming circumstantial evidence of [the defendant’s] guilt”).2 Several other
witnesses testified that they observed Pendleton carry out drug purchases and sales
involving drug quantities valued as high as $10,000. Accordingly, we conclude that
the district court did not abuse its discretion when it failed to order disclosure, and
we hold that Pendleton is not entitled to relief under Brady.

                                          B.

      Pendleton next argues that the court improperly denied his counsel’s motion
to withdraw and his request for new counsel. Pendleton contends that the court
should have granted this motion because a “complete breakdown in communication”

      2
       In his brief, Pendleton raises a one-sentence argument that the same
inconsistent statements constitute newly discovered evidence warranting a new trial.
We disagree. See United States v. Baker, 479 F.3d 574, 577 (8th Cir. 2007)
(discussing motions for a new trial and stating that “newly discovered evidence must
be ‘more than merely . . . impeaching’” (alteration in original) (quoting United States
v. Dogskin, 265 F.3d 682, 685 (8th Cir. 2001))).

                                         -7-
followed from his counsel’s failure to investigate the Brady material. See United
States v. Boone, 437 F.3d 829, 839 (8th Cir. 2006). “We review a district court’s
denial of counsel’s motion to withdraw for abuse of discretion.” Sanford v. Maid-
Rite Corp., 816 F.3d 546, 549 (8th Cir. 2016). We review the denial of a request for
new counsel using the same standard. Boone, 437 F.3d at 839.

       To obtain new counsel, a defendant must show justifiable dissatisfaction with
appointed counsel that arises from difficulties such as “irreconcilable conflict, a
complete breakdown in communication, or any other factor interfering significantly
with an attorney’s ability to provide zealous representation.” Id. Justifiable
dissatisfaction is not established “merely by a defendant’s frustration with counsel’s
performance or disagreement with his tactical decisions.” Id. Here, we conclude that
the court properly determined that Pendleton’s complaints did not reveal justifiable
dissatisfaction.

       At a hearing on the motion, Pendleton stated that he stopped communicating
with his attorney because the attorney was not sufficiently investigating his case or
pursuing Brady material related to government witnesses. However, Pendleton
acknowledged that his attorney successfully had sought some Brady material. In
addition, immediately prior to trial, counsel filed a second motion for disclosure of
Brady material, one that specifically related to the PSRs Pendleton said that he
wanted at the hearing.

       Pendleton’s attorney informed the court that he was prepared to go to trial
despite his professional view that Pendleton should have accepted a plea deal. He
also stated that he had gone to see Pendleton more than thirty times in the course of
his representation and that he continued to try to speak with Pendleton, even though
Pendleton declined to talk to him. Based on this information, the court concluded
that Pendleton’s counsel performed adequately and that any lack of communication
between Pendleton and his counsel did not stem from a complete breakdown in

                                         -8-
communication or attorney ineffectiveness but rather from an unwillingness on
Pendleton’s part to communicate with his counsel. Under such circumstances, a court
does not abuse its discretion by refusing to appoint new counsel. See United States
v. Barrow, 287 F.3d 733, 738 (8th Cir. 2002) (affirming a district court’s denial of a
defendant’s motion for new counsel where “there was no total breakdown in
communication, only an unwillingness on [the defendant’s] part to communicate with
counsel”). Because Pendleton failed to show justifiable dissatisfaction, the court did
not abuse its discretion by denying his motion.3

                                          C.

       We next turn to Pendleton’s contention that the district court abused its
discretion when it failed to declare a mistrial after one venireperson said that she was
familiar with the Pendleton family and their distribution of methamphetamine.
Although the court excused venireperson 43 for cause, Pendleton argues that this
action was not sufficient to address the effect of her statement on the forty-six person
venire panel. He argues that the court violated his constitutional rights when it
allowed the trial to proceed with the empaneled members. See Irvin v. Dowd, 366
U.S. 717, 722 (1961).

       “Our review of whether the district judge conducted voir dire in a way that
protected [a defendant’s] Sixth Amendment right to a fair and impartial jury is limited
to an abuse of discretion.” United States v. Granados, 117 F.3d 1089, 1092 (8th Cir.
1997). This deferential standard of review reflects the fact that the district court is

      3
       In this direct appeal, we decline to consider Pendleton’s argument that he
received ineffective assistance of counsel under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.
668 (1984). Pendleton has not shown that his case is exceptional, and we therefore
conclude that this claim should be raised in a habeas corpus action. See United States
v. Golliher, 820 F.3d 979, 984 (8th Cir. 2016) (noting that we review Strickland
claims on direct appeal only in exceptional cases).

                                          -9-
in the best position to judge whether the dismissed venireperson’s statements are so
detrimental as to render the entire venire biased against a defendant. Arizona v.
Washington, 434 U.S. 497, 514 (1978). After all, the district court, unlike a court of
appeals, may “observe the demeanor and response of the prospective jurors and
evaluate any possible prejudice.” United States v. Doggett, 821 F.2d 1049, 1051 (5th
Cir. 1987). As we said in Goldstein v. United States, “It is impossible to gather from
the cold record . . . the atmosphere of the [proceedings], the manner in which the
words were spoken, or the probable effect, if any, which they had upon the merits of
the controversy.” 63 F.2d 609, 613 (8th Cir. 1933).

       Here, the record shows that the court carefully considered whether the panel
had been tainted by venireperson 43’s statement about the Pendleton family. When
Pendleton’s attorney moved for a mistrial following the conclusion of voir dire, the
court explained that it had acted quickly to interrupt venireperson 43 and that it “felt
that given the point that [it] cut her off that not only was it clear that [the court] didn’t
want to hear what her opinions were but it negated any impact that what she was
saying or attempting to say might otherwise have.” See United States v. Cantwell, 41
F. App’x 263, 269 (10th Cir. 2002) (unpublished) (finding no abuse of discretion and
noting that the “prospective jurors’ remarks were brief and quickly terminated by the
district court”). In addition, the court referenced the configuration of the courtroom
and the fact that those panel members nearest venireperson 43—presumably, those
most likely to have heard her statements—were seated in a row separate from the
other prospective jurors and that none of the venire members in venireperson 43’s
row were ultimately selected as members of the jury. As a result, the court concluded
that proper instructions could suffice to eliminate any taint. The court also noted that
it had “asked time and time again whether people could decide the case based on the
evidence that’s presented here and the law as I instructed them and will instruct them”
throughout the trial.

                                            -10-
       The record confirms that the court took these precautions. Following
venireperson 43’s comment, the court asked the panel whether anyone could not
accept the presumption of innocence. The court also inquired as to whether the
venire members felt that any other factors would affect their ability to be fair and
impartial. Neither question elicited a positive response. In addition, the court
instructed the selected jurors at the outset of trial that Pendleton must be presumed
innocent and that all conclusions had to be drawn from evidence—that is, “the
testimony of witnesses, documents, and other things received as exhibits, any facts
that have been stipulated.” The court repeated these instructions after the trial, also
telling the jurors that they must not carry out independent investigation or research
in order to avoid being influenced by “inaccurate, incomplete, or misleading
information that has not been tested by the trial process.”

       We presume that juries follow a court’s instructions. Conley v. Very, 450 F.3d
786, 788 (8th Cir. 2006). This presumption applies even when a potential juror refers
to having some extrajudicial knowledge of a defendant’s criminal conduct. For
example, our court upheld the denial of a mistrial motion after a potential juror, when
asked if he knew any of the defendants, said that one of the defendants had “shot [his]
son.” United States v. Wade, 467 F.2d 1226, 1228 (8th Cir. 1972). Our court
determined that the statement did not irreparably damage the fairness of the trial in
large part because the court instructed the jury to disregard the statement and because
“[t]he court did all that could be done to obtain all information possible to aid it in its
determination of whether the juror’s statement would deprive defendants of a fair and
impartial trial.” Id.; see also Butler v. United States, 351 F.2d 14, 17, 19-20 (8th Cir.
1965) (rejecting a defendant’s contention that the court denied his right to a fair trial
when it retained the venire panel and instructed the jury to disregard a prospective
juror’s statement that she worked with victims who suffered “a lot of trouble” because
of the defendant’s actions).

                                           -11-
       Our sister circuits similarly have relied on the curative effect of proper
instructions in cases involving errant venireperson statements. For example, in
United States v. Ortiz-Martinez, the Ninth Circuit upheld a district court’s decision
to retain a panel after one venireperson said that she had seen news stories related to
charges of bribery against Customs and Border Protection officers, that the stories
might have been about the defendant, and that she consequently suspected the
defendant was guilty. 593 F. App’x 649, 650 (9th Cir.) (unpublished), cert. denied,
576 U.S. ---, 135 S. Ct. 2912 (2015). The Ninth Circuit explained that these
statements were not irreparably damaging and thus found it sufficient that the district
court had “emphasized several times that jurors were required to decide the case
solely on the basis of the evidence presented in the courtroom, and [the district court]
gave several strong admonitions regarding the presumption of innocence and the
requirement of proof beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id.; cf. Mach v. Stewart, 137 F.3d
630 (9th Cir. 1997) (concluding that the court, at minimum, should have conducted
further voir dire to determine whether the panel had been infected after a prospective
juror employed as a social worker made several expert-like statements suggesting that
child victims do not lie in sexual assault cases like the one at hand).

       Similarly, in United States v. Moutry, the Seventh Circuit rejected a
defendant’s contention that the district court plainly erred when it proceeded with the
panel even after one venireperson—a pharmacist—“advised the court that he thought
he recognized [one of the defendants on trial for drug crimes] as someone who might
have attempted to pass a fraudulent prescription in one of the pharmacies where he
worked.” 46 F.3d 598, 602 (7th Cir. 1995). Although the venireperson suggested
that the defendant might be someone who he knew “use[d] drugs,” the Seventh
Circuit rejected the defendant’s contention that the court plainly erred by not striking
the venire panel, in part because each juror had agreed that he or she could consider
the case fairly and impartially after hearing this comment. Id. at 603. The court also
noted that the defendant presented “nothing to indicate that any one of the jurors was
less than truthful about his or her ability to be fair and impartial, or that any of the

                                         -12-
jurors otherwise harbored a prejudice against the defendant.” Id. Relying on the
jury’s promise to remain impartial and commenting on the strength of the evidence
at trial, the Seventh Circuit upheld the court’s decision to proceed with the panel. Id.

       Finally, in United States v. Carson, the Seventh Circuit determined that the
court did not abuse its discretion when it retained the venire panel after a potential
juror said that one of the defendants on trial for possession of a firearm as a felon had
held a pistol near the venireperson’s face several years before. 9 F.3d 576, 588, 590
(7th Cir. 1993), superceded by statute on other grounds as recognized in Unites
States v. Fones, 51 F.3d 663 (7th Cir. 1995). The Seventh Circuit noted that the court
“did an able job of minimizing the prejudicial effect of [the] unfortunate remarks
without drawing undue attention to them.” Id. at 589. The court explained that the
district court had given the panel members the opportunity to state whether they could
be impartial, and it advised the panel to decide the case based only on the evidence.
Id. In rejecting the defendant’s appeal contending that the court abused its discretion,
the Seventh Circuit explained that it did not wish to adopt a standard that would
burden the courts with starting over any time a prospective juror revealed
extrajudicial knowledge that would affect his or her view of a defendant’s guilt. Id.

       These cases reveal that there is no bright-line rule that a court must dismiss the
entire venire panel whenever a venireperson alludes to having outside knowledge of
a defendant’s criminal activity. As the Fifth Circuit stated in Doggett, statements
from a prospective juror indicating actual or media-based knowledge of the
underlying events are “grist for the mill of any voir dire inquiry in any criminal
charge which involves someone at least minimally well known in the community.”
821 F.2d at 1051. Requiring the court inflexibly to start over again with a new venire
panel every time—regardless of the nature, credibility, brevity, or volume of the
statement—is a “burden [that] cannot be placed upon the criminal processes and the
selection of a jury.” Id. We think this is particularly true when, as here, the

                                          -13-
defendant’s counsel failed to request that the panel be stricken until the end of voir
dire.

      Here, the court, having heard the statement and sitting in the best position to
observe the panel, concluded that the damage was not irreparable and that the court’s
questions and instructions would suffice to protect Pendleton’s constitutional rights.
Pendleton did not ask for any additional curative instruction, either at the time of the
comment or at the conclusion of voir dire. And when the court offered to explore the
impact of the statement at the conclusion of voir dire, Pendleton’s counsel asked that
the court not do so, stating that he did not want the court to draw attention to the
comment. See United States v. Lussier, 423 F.3d 838, 842 (8th Cir. 2005) (finding
no abuse of discretion in the court’s decision to retain the panel where the court
offered curative measures, which the defendant rejected as “cures worse than the
disease”). Pendleton’s attorney ultimately informed the court that, while he was “not
giving up” his objection, he was “confident with the Court’s instruction going
forward that we can constitute the jury as [the court] ha[d] seen it given the strikes”
the court could use to dismiss potential jurors. Under these facts and the deferential
standard of review, we cannot conclude that the district court abused its discretion
when it proceeded with the venire panel.

                                          D.

       Pendleton also argues that the court abused its discretion by admitting evidence
that Pendleton was involved in the assault of a co-conspirator, R.D. He contends that
the evidence was both irrelevant to his charges and unduly prejudicial. See Fed. R.
Evid. 401, 403. “We review a district court’s evidentiary rulings for abuse of
discretion.” United States v. Never Misses A Shot, 781 F.3d 1017, 1027 (8th Cir.
2015).

                                         -14-
       The evidence at issue consists of testimony from a co-conspirator, R.D., that
Pendleton ordered and participated in her assault after another co-conspirator accused
her of taking methamphetamine, money, and a DVD player. R.D. explained that she
had been involved in selling methamphetamine that she obtained from Pendleton.
She said that another member of the conspiracy accused R.D. of taking the drugs and
money owed to Pendleton, a theft that compromised Pendleton’s ability to buy
additional methamphetamine. R.D. also explained that Pendleton ordered her into the
basement at a party, hit her, told another co-conspirator to hit her, and then forced her
to insert a hypodermic needle into her arm. Finally, R.D. testified that someone took
photographs of her injuries following this beating, and she authenticated the pictures
presented by the Government and offered into evidence.

       In reviewing Pendleton’s claim that the assault evidence was irrelevant, we
note that the facts of this case are close to those at issue in United States v. Gasim Al-
Dabbi, 388 F.3d 1145 (8th Cir. 2004), cert. granted, judgment vacated on other
grounds sub nom. Adil Gasim Al-Dabbi v. United States, 546 U.S. 973 (2005). There,
a defendant convicted of conspiracy to distribute cocaine argued that a district court
plainly erred by admitting evidence that the defendant violently assaulted his co-
conspirator. Id. at 1148. We rejected this contention, noting that such evidence “was
relevant to proving the conspiracy charge—specifically, to showing [the defendant’s]
attempts to control the conspiracy through the mechanisms of violence and fear.” Id.
The same logic applies here. Pendleton’s defense at trial was that the evidence
established only that he was a mere user of methamphetamine and that every witness
who implicated him in a larger conspiracy to sell drugs lied to the jury. The evidence
of R.D.’s assault refuted this theory because Pendleton’s orchestration of and
participation in the assault as reprisal for R.D.’s alleged thefts of drugs and money
showed that he was involved, and indeed a key figure, in the drug-distribution
scheme. See Fed. R. Evid. 401; United States v. Mora, 81 F.3d 781, 783 (8th Cir.
1996) (“Relevance of evidence ‘is established by any showing, however slight, that
the evidence makes it more or less likely that the defendant committed the crime in

                                          -15-
question.’” (quoting United States v. Casares–Cardenas, 14 F.3d 1283, 1287 (8th
Cir. 1994))); cf. United States v. Donnell, 596 F.3d 913, 920 (8th Cir. 2010) (finding
no abuse of discretion when the district court admitted audio recordings in which the
defendant referred to his violent conduct because the statements showed his role
within the drug conspiracy was that of an enforcer). In addition, the photographs
were relevant because they supported R.D.’s credibility on the issue of whether she
actually had been assaulted, and they showed the extent of the injuries she sustained.
See United States v. One Feather, 702 F.2d 736, 739 (8th Cir. 1983) (upholding
admission of photographs of an injury in part because they assisted the jury in
evaluating the witness’s credibility).

       Although Pendleton contends that the prejudicial effect of the evidence
substantially outweighed its probative value, see Fed. R. Evid. 403, we see no abuse
of discretion on this basis. “[A] district court is granted broad discretion in
determining whether the admission of contested evidence could result in the
possibility of unfair prejudice.” Never Misses A Shot, 781 F.3d at 1027. We afford
great deference to the court’s balance of the prejudicial and probative impact of
evidence. Id. Here, the photographs were not unduly gruesome; they depicted the co-
conspirator’s bruises and a cut lip. See, e.g., United States v. Davidson, 122 F.3d 531,
538 (8th Cir. 1997) (“[A] trial court has discretion to admit a relevant photograph
unless it is ‘so gruesome or inflammatory that its prejudicial impact substantially
outweigh[s] its probative value.’” (quoting United States v. Petary, 857 F.2d 458, 463
(8th Cir. 1988))); United States v. Kime, 99 F.3d 870, 878 (8th Cir. 1996)
(determining that photographs depicting a gunshot wound and head injuries were not
“particularly prejudicial as unduly gruesome or confusing”). Finally, we note that the
court instructed the jury that Pendleton was on trial “only for the crimes charged, not
for anything else.” Because we assume that the jury follows instructions, we
conclude that the instruction mitigated the danger that the jury would convict
Pendleton of the charged crimes solely based on his assault of R.D. See United States

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v. Ali, 799 F.3d 1008, 1028 (8th Cir. 2015) (noting that a court may diminish the
danger of unfair prejudice through jury instructions).

                                           E.

       Finally, Pendleton argues that the district court improperly denied his motion
for judgment of acquittal on the money-laundering charge because the evidence was
insufficient to support his conviction. “We review the sufficiency of the evidence de
novo, viewing evidence in the light most favorable to the government, resolving
conflicts in the government’s favor, and accepting all reasonable inferences that
support the verdict.” United States v. Lockett, 601 F.3d 837, 840 (8th Cir. 2010)
(quoting United States v. Washington, 318 F.3d 845, 852 (8th Cir. 2003)). We will
affirm the verdict “if any rational jury could have found the defendant guilty beyond
a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Ojeda-Estrada, 577 F.3d 871, 874 (8th Cir.
2009).

       Conviction for money laundering under § 1956(a)(1)(A) requires the
Government to prove that the defendant, “knowing that the property involved in a
financial transaction represents the proceeds of some form of unlawful activity,
conducts or attempts to conduct such a financial transaction which in fact involves
the proceeds of specified unlawful activity . . . with the intent to promote the carrying
on of specified unlawful activity.” 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1)(A)(i); see United States
v. Cruz, 993 F.2d 164, 167 (8th Cir. 1993). On appeal, Pendleton contends that the
evidence presented by the Government did not show that he engaged in financial
transactions in order to promote the carrying on of specified unlawful activity.4

      4
       The ground Pendleton raises on appeal regarding the sufficiency of the
evidence differs from the ground raised in his motion for judgment of acquittal during
trial. During trial, Pendleton argued that the Government had not shown that he
attempted to conceal his use of funds derived from the drug operation. The
Government responded, and the court correctly found, that this argument goes only

                                          -17-
However, this argument is directly rebutted by the evidence presented at trial.
Several witnesses, including R.D. and J.C., another co-conspirator, explained that
Pendleton had used his methamphetamine-sale profits to purchase additional
methamphetamine. Accordingly, there was sufficient evidence for a jury to find that
Pendleton engaged in financial transactions in order to promote the carrying on of
specified unlawful activity. See United States v. King, 169 F.3d 1035, 1039 (6th Cir.
1999) (collecting cases showing that payment for drugs may constitute promotion for
the purposes of the money laundering statute when such payment encourages further
drug transactions). The court properly denied Pendleton’s motion for judgment of
acquittal.

                                        III.

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.
                      ______________________________

to one method of proving money laundering, a method that the Government did not
pursue. Compare 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1)(A) (not requiring proof of attempted
concealment) with § 1956(a)(1)(B)(I) (requiring proof of attempted concealment).
Normally, our court would conclude that Pendleton forfeited the argument he now
raises on appeal regarding sufficiency. See United States v. Calhoun, 721 F.3d 596,
600 (8th Cir. 2013). However, the Government does not assert forfeiture and instead
argues for de novo review on the merits. Thus, we choose to apply the usual standard
for evaluating the sufficiency-of-the-evidence claim. See United States v. Kelly, 625
F.3d 516, 518 (8th Cir. 2010).

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