Court Opinion

ID: 4667383
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-12 20:03:28.834294+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:02:56.320846
License: Public Domain

Filed 3/12/21 P. v. Velazquez CA4/1
                 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION ONE

                                         STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THE PEOPLE,                                                          D078060

         Plaintiff and Respondent,

         v.                                                          (Super. Ct. No. RIF1701898)

GENESIS RAQUEL VELAZQUEZ,

         Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Riverside County,
John M. Davis, Judge. Affirmed.
         Ronda G. Norris, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for
Defendant and Appellant.
         Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant
Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Michael
Pulos and Teresa Torreblanca, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and
Respondent.
         Genesis Velazquez struck and killed a motorcyclist while she was
driving under the influence of alcohol and texting. She had previously been
convicted of driving under the influence and was on probation at the time of
the homicide. A jury convicted her of second degree murder, and the trial
court sentenced her to 15 years to life in prison.
      In People v. Watson (1981) 30 Cal.3d 290, 294 (Watson), the California
Supreme Court held that, when a defendant commits a homicide while
driving under the influence of alcohol, “if the facts surrounding the offense
support a finding of ‘implied malice,’ second degree murder may be charged.”
Velazquez urges the California Supreme Court to reconsider the Watson
implied malice murder doctrine—and suggests this court should reconsider it
as well. She also contends the trial court abused its discretion when it denied
probation and imposed imprisonment. We are bound by the Supreme Court’s
decision in Watson, we reject Velazquez’s contention the trial court abused its
discretion, and we affirm the judgment in full.
                                     FACTS
      A. Charges

      Velazquez was charged with murder (Pen. Code, § 187, subd. (a))1 and
gross vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated (id., § 191.5, subd. (a),
Veh. Code, §§ 23152, 23153).
      B. Trial
            1. Collision with Motorcyclists
      On May 29, 2017, at approximately 9:40 p.m., a witness observed
Velazquez driving around 70 miles per hour on the freeway, swerving
between lanes. At 9:44, she unexpectedly moved from the right lane into the
middle lane, cutting off another motorist, and continued without braking into
the fast lane, where she struck a motorcycle driven by Ava Halsey.
Witnesses observed sparks flying from the point of collision across the lanes
of the freeway. One witness observed the motorcycle “spinning off the

1     Unless otherwise indicated, statutory references are to the Penal Code.

                                        2
ground,” and another witness saw something flying above the car in front of
her, about eight to 10 feet in the air. A witness called 911 at 9:45 p.m.
        Ava’s husband testified that he and Ava were riding their motorcycles
in the fast lane. He was positioned toward the traffic side of the lane, in front
of Ava, who was behind him and positioned toward the median side of the

lane.2 They were driving approximately 80 miles per hour. His motorcycle’s
engine “died,” and he was unable to jumpstart it, so he began to coast toward
the left shoulder. As his speed slowed, he saw Ava’s motorcycle “go across the
freeway.” No one was on the motorcycle as it slid by him. He then saw a car
coming toward him. As he looked back, he could see a female driver, with her
head “down on the steering wheel.” He veered to avoid being hit but “ended
up getting tapped” and hit the block wall on the left side of the freeway.
        Ava’s body was in the middle of the freeway. Her husband ran to her
and tried to get her to talk to him, but she did not respond. There was blood
around her head and body, and she had one eye open and one eye closed. A
man approached, identified himself as a firefighter, and started CPR.
Paramedics responded and brought Ava to a nearby hospital, but she was
pronounced dead due to blunt impact injuries to her head.
        California Highway Patrol Officer Richard Becerra arrived at the scene
at approximately 9:48 p.m. Ava was lying on her back in the number two
lane; vehicles were stopped behind her blocking traffic in all lanes.
Velazquez’s car was in the center median with damage on the right front
side.

2     Ava’s husband testified Ava was wearing “all her [motorcycle] gear,”
including a helmet, jacket, pants, and boots.

                                       3
            2. Driving Under the Influence and Texting While Driving
      Officer Becerra had his first contact with Velazquez about 10 minutes
after he arrived on the scene. Velazquez told him that she was on her way
home, traveling in the number one lane going 70 to 75 miles per hour. She
said she had seen the motorcycles ahead of her, and she was texting her
mother that she was on her way home when she struck the motorcycles. She
said she “ran him over” and did not know if a male or female was lying in the
road. Officer Becerra stood three to four feet from Velazquez during this
initial contact and did not notice an odor of alcohol.
      Approximately 36 minutes later, Officer Becerra spoke with Velazquez
again. She said now she was not sure if she was in the number two lane or
the number one lane when the collision occurred. She was confused and “still
a little emotional.” Her eyes were red and watery, she had been crying, and
her speech varied between slow and regular cadence. Standing two to three
feet from her, he now detected the odor of an alcoholic beverage on her
breath.

      Around 10:30 p.m., Officer Becerra conducted field sobriety tests.3 Her
performance on the tests indicated she had been drinking. He administered
two preliminary alcohol screening device tests. During the first test at
10:38 p.m., Velazquez had a blood alcohol level of .096 percent. At 10:40 p.m.
she had a blood alcohol level of .097 percent. After administering the tests,
Officer Becerra placed Velazquez under arrest because he believed she was
intoxicated and believed her impairment caused the collision.

3      Video of the administration of the field sobriety tests was shown to the
jury. Officer Becerra testified that Velazquez was “cooperative” throughout
their interaction.

                                        4
      Officers found two 12-ounce Modelo beer cans on the right front
floorboard of Velazquez’s car. In the trunk was a three-pack container of
24-ounce Coors Light cans and the empty packaging from a similar container.
      After her arrest, blood was drawn four times. The first two draws
occurred at 11:27 and 11:28 p.m. and showed a blood alcohol level of
.100 percent. The second two draws occurred at 12:06 and 12:07 a.m. and
showed a blood alcohol level of .091 percent.
      An expert for the prosecution testified that with a blood alcohol level
from .01 to .04 percent, some individuals are too mentally impaired to operate
a motor vehicle safely. With a blood alcohol level of .05 to .07 percent, most
individuals are too mentally impaired to operate a motor vehicle safely. With
a blood alcohol level of .08 percent and above, all individuals are too impaired
to operate a motor vehicle safely. The expert estimated (based on a “burn-off”
or elimination rate of .017 percent per hour) that at the time of the collision,
Velazquez’s blood alcohol level was .13 percent.
      After the last blood draw, Velazquez told Officer Becerra that she had
purchased three 16-ounce Modelo beers at a store that evening. She drank
one there and one while driving approximately 30 miles to a restaurant for
dinner. She drank the third beer at dinner in the restaurant. Video
surveillance from the restaurant shows Velazquez seated in the dining area
eating and drinking a “tall” can of Coors Light. She opened the beer at the
restaurant at about 8:53 p.m. and is last seen drinking the beer at 9:16 p.m.
The collision occurred approximately six miles from the restaurant.
      There were several outgoing text messages on Velazquez’s phone
immediately before the collision (which occurred at 9:44 p.m.) (including
several at 9:42 and one at 9:44). There was an outgoing phone call at 9:45,

                                        5
immediately after the collision. The text messages and the phone call were
all to the same number.
            3. Prior Conviction for Driving Under the Influence
      Velazquez was arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol in
2008 and pled guilty to the offense on September 12, 2011. She was granted
summary probation on the condition that she serve 15 days in custody, not
drive with any measurable amount of alcohol in her blood or within six hours
of consuming any alcohol or drugs, and that she attend and complete a first
offender DUI program and the hospital and morgue mentoring program.
      On the change-of-plea form, Velazquez initialed a paragraph which
read, “Being under the influence of alcohol, or drugs, or both impairs your
ability to safely operate a motor vehicle. Therefore, it is extremely dangerous
to human life to drive while under the influence of alcohol or drugs or both. If
I drive while under the influence of alcohol, or drugs, or both, and as a result
of that driving someone is killed, I can be charged with murder.”
      Velazquez completed the first offender program in 2012. That program
included 32.75 hours of alcohol and drug education and drinking and driving
education. In the classes, they discussed the consequences of drinking and
driving, including the meaning of a Watson murder charge advisement.
      Velazquez completed the hospital and morgue mentoring program in
January 2016. As part of the program, she attended a presentation at the
coroner’s office where participants were shown cadavers and discussed the
consequences of driving under the influence. Upon completing the program,
Velazquez wrote an essay about what she had learned. She wrote that she
was “out,” that she had not drunk alcohol “since New Year’s,” and she wished
to completely stop drinking. She said, “This is another reason for me to
completely stop, live, and be that one less out there that [is] making a bad

                                        6
choice for me and everyone around.” She wrote that she saw “horrible,
traumatic, real life cases” she would never forget, and she was particularly
moved by seeing bodies at the coroner’s office, including a baby’s body. She
wrote, “I feel I’ve been given a last chance at my stupid decisions. The next
[time] it won’t be pretty.” “In conclusion,” she wrote, “I got to this program
for being stupid reckless, being a careless party animal, stupid, very stupid
decisions. I’m lucky I am still alive and haven’t killed anyone or myself.”
            4. Prior Conviction for Public Intoxication
      On March 24, 2016, members of Cal Fire requested assistance from the
Riverside County Sheriff’s Department because they were attempting to
render aid to an individual who was combative. When deputies arrived, they
found Velazquez standing on the roadside, swaying back and forth and
dropping items she was trying to carry. Deputies smelled the odor of
alcoholic beverage emitting from her person. She was irate, argumentative,
and shouting. Deputies determined she was so intoxicated she could not
provide for her own safety and arrested her. She subsequently pled guilty to
public intoxication in violation of section 647, subdivision (f).
            5. Defense Case
      An expert for the defense opined that, at the time of the collision,
Velazquez’s blood alcohol level was only around .04 to .06 percent, based on
his opinion that there was not enough time for full absorption between her
drinking at the restaurant and the time of the collision. He believed her
blood alcohol level did not peak until after the collision, around the time she
took the preliminary alcohol screening and blood tests. The defense expert
criticized the prosecution’s retrograde extrapolation of Velazquez’s blood
alcohol level because it assumed full alcohol absorption at the time of driving.

                                         7
            6. Jury Instruction as to Implied Malice Murder
      The jury was instructed that for the crime of murder (§ 187), the
prosecutor was required to prove that the defendant committed an act that
caused the death of another, and when defendant acted, “she had a state of
mind called malice aforethought.” The jury was instructed there are two
kinds of malice aforethought, express and implied. A defendant acted with
express malice if she unlawfully intended to kill. A defendant acted with
implied malice if (1) she intentionally committed an act, (2) the natural and
probable consequences of the act were dangerous to human life, (3) at the
time she acted she knew her act was dangerous to human life, and (4) she
deliberately acted with conscious disregard for human life.
            7. Verdict
      The jury convicted Velazquez of second degree murder (§ 187, subd. (a);
count 1) and gross vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated (§ 191.5,
subd. (a); count 2).
      C. Sentencing
      The trial court denied probation and sentenced Velazquez to an
indeterminate term of 15 years to life in prison for murder. The court
imposed and stayed an additional 10-year sentence for gross vehicular
manslaughter while intoxicated. (§ 654.)
                                DISCUSSION
                                      I.
                       Implied Malice Murder Conviction
      “Murder is the unlawful killing of a human being . . . with malice
aforethought.” (§ 187, subd. (a).) Malice aforethought may be express or
implied. (§ 188, subd. (a).) “Malice is implied when an unlawful killing
results from a willful act, the natural and probable consequences of which are

                                       8
dangerous to human life, performed with conscious disregard for that
danger.” (People v. Elmore (2014) 59 Cal.4th 121, 133, see § 188, subd. (a)(2).)
      Malice may be implied when a person willfully drives under the
influence of alcohol. (Watson, supra, 30 Cal.3d at p. 294.) In Watson, after
drinking at a bar, the defendant drove with a blood alcohol level of
.23 percent. The defendant struck another vehicle while driving
approximately 70 miles per hour, killing its driver and a passenger. (Id. at
pp. 293-294.) The prosecution charged the defendant with two counts of
second degree murder. (Id. at p. 294.) Prior to trial, the trial court granted
defendant’s motion to dismiss the murder counts (§ 995), and the People
appealed (§ 1238, subd. (a)(1)). (Watson, at p. 294.) On appeal, the defendant
argued that in homicide cases involving vehicles, the prosecution can only
charge a person with vehicular manslaughter and not murder. (Id. at p. 294.)
The Supreme Court disagreed and held “if the facts surrounding the offense
support a finding of ‘implied malice,’ second degree murder may be
charged[.]” (Ibid.; see § 192, subd. (e) [statute subsequently amended to
provide that “ ‘[g]ross negligence,’ as used in this section, does not prohibit or
preclude a charge of murder under Section 188 upon facts exhibiting
wantonness and a conscious disregard for life to support a finding of implied
malice, or upon facts showing malice, consistent with the holding of the
California Supreme Court in [Watson, supra,] 30 Cal.3d 290”].) To support a
conviction of second degree murder based on implied malice, the prosecution
must prove the defendant was subjectively aware of the risk of death created
by driving while intoxicated. (Watson, at pp. 296-297.)
      Since Watson, numerous appellate courts have upheld murder
convictions in cases where defendants have committed homicides while
driving under the influence of alcohol. (People v. Wolfe (2018) 20 Cal.App.5th

                                        9
673, 682 (Wolfe) [affirming Watson implied malice murder conviction and
listing cases].) “Generally, these opinions ‘have relied on some or all of the
following factors’ that were present in Watson: ‘(1) blood-alcohol level above
the .08 percent legal limit; (2) a predrinking intent to drive; (3) knowledge of
the hazards of driving while intoxicated; and (4) highly dangerous driving.’
[Citation.] However, ‘nowhere does the opinion in Watson state that all of the
factors present in that case are necessary to a finding of second degree
murder.’ ” (Id. at pp. 682-683.)
      Velazquez contends “[i]t is time to reconsider the Watson murder
doctrine and the legal fictions on which it rests.” But, as Velazquez
acknowledges, Watson is binding law which this court is required to follow.
(Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450, 455.)
      Velazquez offers no other cogent argument for reversing her conviction.
To the extent she challenges the evidence supporting her conviction, we
conclude there is ample support for her implied malice murder conviction.
Velazquez was previously convicted for driving under the influence, and in
her plea agreement she acknowledged the dangers of driving while
intoxicated and the possibility she may be charged for murder should her
impaired driving cause a homicide. She completed the first offender program,
where she discussed the consequences of drinking and driving, including the
meaning of a Watson murder charge advisement. She completed the hospital
and morgue mentoring program, where she discussed the consequences of
driving under the influence and visited a coroner’s office, and afterward
acknowledged in writing that her impaired driving was “stupid reckless” and
she was “lucky [to be] alive and [to] have [not] killed anyone or [her]self.”
She purchased alcohol at a store, drank there, then proceeded to a restaurant
where she consumed more alcohol; she also drank while actually driving. She

                                       10
admitted to drinking several beers before getting on the freeway to drive
home, and expert testimony established that her blood alcohol level exceeded
the legal limit. In addition, she dangerously cut off other motorists and
texted while driving under the influence, causing her to strike and kill a
motorcyclist. She was also on probation at the time of the instant offense.
The totality of the evidence supports the jury’s finding of implied malice and
supports Velazquez’s conviction for second degree murder. (Watson, supra,
30 Cal.3d at p. 294; Wolfe, supra, 20 Cal.App.5th at pp. 682-683.)
                                       II.
                                  Sentencing
      Velazquez contends the trial court abused its discretion when it
imposed a prison term rather than granting her probation. We disagree.
      A. Additional Factual Background
      A probation officer’s report was prepared in anticipation of sentencing.
The probation officer indicated that Velazquez was eligible for probation and
listed factors relating to the crime that supported a grant of probation,
including that the defendant was not armed with a weapon when committing
the crime, and the manner in which the crime was carried out did not
demonstrate criminal sophistication. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 4.414(a)(2),
(8).) Additional factors relating to the defendant that supported a grant of
probation included that the defendant was willing and able to comply with
reasonable conditions of probation, the likely effect of imprisonment was
considered to be serious, the adverse collateral consequences on defendant’s
life resulting from the felony conviction could be serious, and the defendant
stated she was remorseful. (Id., rule 4.414(b)(3)-(7).) The probation officer
also listed factors relating to the crime that supported the denial of
probation, including that the nature and circumstances of the crime are

                                       11
serious compared to other instances of the same crime, the victim was
vulnerable, the defendant inflicted physical or emotional injury, and the
defendant was an active participant in the commission of the crime. (Id.,
rule 4.414(a)(1), (3)-(4), & (6).) Finally, the probation officer listed factors
relating to the defendant that supported the denial of probation including the
defendant’s prior record of criminal conduct indicated a pattern of regular or
increasingly serious criminal conduct, defendant’s prior performance on
probation was not satisfactory, the defendant was presently on probation,
and it was likely that if released, the defendant would be a danger to others.
(Id., rule 4.414(b)(1)-(2), (8).)
      Using the Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative
Sanctions risk and needs assessment, the probation officer determined
Velazquez’s violent recidivism risk to be medium and general recidivism risk
to be low.
      The probation officer reported that Velazquez stated she “does not
believe she needs additional drug treatment but would like mental health
treatment in order to talk to a counselor about her past.” She told the officer,
“ ‘Relapsing, that’s not even a question. It’s not going to happen.’ ” The
probation officer opined that Velazquez made statements contradicting a true
desire for rehabilitation, as she initially stated she believed she did not need
any additional substance abuse treatment, but she also indicated she wanted
to participate in the Delancey Street Foundation program and saw the
benefits of rehabilitation and having a plan to reintegrate into the

community.4 The probation officer acknowledged that Velazquez previously

4    The Delancey Street Foundation is a residential educational
organization for former alcoholics, drug addicts, and convicts and requires a
two-year commitment.

                                         12
had the chance at rehabilitation in the community through her prior grant of
summary probation and was on probation when the offense occurred. The
probation officer recommended that Velazquez be denied probation and that
the court sentence her to 15 years to life in prison.
      At sentencing, Velazquez addressed the trial court, stating that she
was “sorry and very remorseful” and asking for forgiveness. Ava’s husband
addressed the court and said that, as his wife was dying in his arms,
Velazquez showed no remorse, and stated she “[c]ould have at least tried to
call 911.” Velazquez’s counsel argued circumstances justified a grant of
probation and provided a letter confirming Velazquez’s tentative acceptance
into the Delancey Street Foundation. The People argued that, although
Velazquez was not ineligible for probation, she was not suitable for probation
because she was on probation at the time of the offense, she was given an
opportunity to change her behavior after her prior conviction, and yet she
thereafter committed a new violation involving alcohol (§ 647, subd. (f)) and
then struck and killed a motorcyclist while driving under the influence.
      The trial court stated:
         “And so the jury heard the case. And they found her guilty
         of second degree murder. . . . The defendant had, as
         Counsel stated, many prior contacts, convictions, and so
         forth that leads the [c]ourt to award a finding that
         probation would be inappropriate. She was . . . also texting
         while this happened. She was under the influence. She did
         not do very well on the [field sobriety tests] that were
         administered at the scene. She was argumentative and
         uncooperative.

         “ . . . [A]ll those count against her. She was informed
         previously on at least one occasion, but probably more than
         one occasion, that if she drank and drove and killed
         somebody that she could be facing murder, which
         unfortunately has happened. And that was in 2011. And
         our case occurred in 2017.
                                       13
“And then I also think—I’m not sure how much weight to
give this, but according to the probation officer’s
report, . . . the defendant does not believe that she needs
additional drug treatment, but would like mental health
treatment in order to talk to a counselor about her past.
She said relapsing, that’s not even a question. It’s not
going to happen. The defendant believes she may have
PTSD and so forth, and wants to engage in counseling
about her prior life.

“I also acknowledge that she states that if she was granted
probation, she would go along with all the terms of that
probation. That’s her statement.

“[¶] . . . [¶]

“The fact of the defendant being remorseful is important to
the court in that at the time there was no showing that she
was remorseful. She may be later, may be now. And so
that weighs on the [c]ourt’s decision. The risk and needs
assessment report showed two things, that the defendant’s
violent recidivism risk was determined to be medium. [¶]
And additionally, the defendant’s general recidivism risk
was determined to be low. And I did consider that.

“And the aggravating factors just outweigh the mitigating
factors by a great amount. The mitigating factors are just
way below the level in my view of the aggravating factors
and so on. It’s just so tragic but so made more awful by the
fact that she had a DUI. She was also on probation for—at
the time this happened for I believe an alcohol-related
offense.

“[¶] . . . [¶]

“. . . I understand that . . . the defendant, even though she’s
only had misdemeanor offenses in the past, going to prison
would have—may have serious effects on her, but the
serious nature of this case outweighs that. And the
defendant already had chances at rehabilitation in the
community when we gave her summary probation before.”

                              14
      As previously indicated, the trial court imposed a sentence of 15 years
to life in prison on count 1 (§ 190, subd. (a)) and imposed but stayed the
upper term of 10 years on count 2 (§§ 191.5, subd. (c), 654).
      B. Analysis
      We review a sentencing decision for abuse of discretion. (People v.
Sandoval (2007) 41 Cal.4th 825, 847; see People v. Superior Court (Alvarez)
(1997) 14 Cal.4th 968, 977-978.) “ ‘The burden is on the party attacking the
sentence to clearly show that the sentencing decision was irrational or
arbitrary. [Citation.] In the absence of such a showing, the trial court is
presumed to have acted to achieve legitimate sentencing objectives, and its
discretionary determination to impose a particular sentence will not be set
aside on review.’ [Citation.] Concomitantly, ‘[a] decision will not be reversed
merely because reasonable people might disagree. “An appellate tribunal is
neither authorized nor warranted in substituting its judgment for the
judgment of the trial judge.” ’ ” (Alvarez, at pp. 977-978.)
      As previously noted, the probation report detailed numerous mitigating
factors and numerous aggravating factors. The trial court expressly
acknowledged it had the discretion to grant probation, but after carefully
weighing the factors, determined the factors in aggravation outweighed the
mitigating factors “by a great amount.” The trial court emphasized that
Velazquez had multiple prior alcohol-related convictions, she was warned
that drinking and driving could lead to a murder charge against her, and she
was on probation at the time of the crime.
      Velazquez contends the circumstances supporting a grant of probation
“far outweighed” the circumstances against it, and the trial court therefore
erred when it denied probation. Velazquez disagrees with the finding that
the motorcyclist was an especially vulnerable victim, but she also

                                       15
acknowledges that motorcyclists on the freeway lack the protections
generally afforded to other drivers (who are typically enclosed in vehicles
equipped with restraints and air bags). She contends the motorcyclists
“abruptly slowed down in the fast lane,” contributing to the accident.
However, as motorcyclists traveling together and experiencing unexpected
engine trouble, the victim (and her husband) were in a vulnerable position
and reliant on other drivers to exercise due caution. Rather than exercising
caution, Velazquez engaged in dangerous driving—veering across lanes,
cutting off motorists, and texting—all while intoxicated. She has not shown
that the victim’s vulnerability was an improper factor for the trial court to
consider under the circumstances of this case. Velazquez further contends
her blood alcohol level was “barely over the legal limit.” But the prosecution’s
expert opined that, at the time of the collision, Velazquez’s blood alcohol level
was .13 percent, far higher than the legal limit of .08 percent. (Veh. Code,
§ 23152, subd. (b).) Velazquez willfully ingested alcohol knowing she would
be driving—indeed, she drank at the store where she purchased some of the
alcohol, at a restaurant, and even while driving. Her judgment and physical
ability to drive were impaired, she exacerbated the risks by texting while
driving under the influence, and she exhibited a conscious disregard of the
danger she posed to others. (See Watson, supra, 30 Cal.3d at pp. 300-301.).
      While minimizing these aggravating factors, Velazquez focuses on
circumstances in mitigation, including that Velazquez was employed at the
time of the crime, that she was a single mother responsible for her child, that
she had the support of her mother, and that she was offered conditional
acceptance into the Delancey Street Foundation program. Velazquez has not
met her burden to show the court’s sentencing decision was irrational or
arbitrary. We reject Velazquez’s claim that the trial court “failed to consider

                                       16
many factors in mitigation.” It is clear from the record that the trial court
read and considered the probation report (which discussed aggravating and
mitigating factors), considered the parties’ competing sentencing memoranda,
heard argument of counsel, heard testimony from several of the victim’s
family members and witnesses in favor of Velazquez, and heard from
Velazquez herself; it clearly considered relevant sentencing criteria under
California Rules of Court, rule 4.414 before exercising its discretion to deny
probation. Moreover, “[t]he trial court’s mere failure to mention expressly all
evidence presented in mitigation . . . does not mean the trial court ignored or
overlooked such evidence, but simply indicates that the court did not consider
such evidence to have appreciable mitigating weight.” (People v. Samayoa
(1997) 15 Cal.4th 795, 860; see People v. Abilez (2007) 41 Cal.4th 472, 530
[the fact that the trial court “did not find defendant’s proffered mitigating
evidence as persuasive as he would have liked does not undermine” the
conclusion that the court weighed the aggravating and mitigating evidence];
People v. Tully (2012) 54 Cal.4th 952, 1064 [absent indication trial court
ignored or overlooked evidence on sentencing, reviewing court will not find
error].) The record indicates the trial court was aware of its discretionary
authority, it carefully weighed all relevant factors, and it exercised its
discretion to impose a prison sentence rather than granting probation.
(People v. Kelley (1997) 52 Cal.App.4th 568, 582 [“The court is presumed to
have considered all relevant factors unless the record affirmatively shows the
contrary.”].) As the reviewing court, we do not substitute our judgment for
the trial court’s. (Alvarez, supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 978; People v. Jordan
(1986) 42 Cal.3d 308, 317 [“The Court of Appeal . . . erred when it reweighed
the circumstances in mitigation rather than limiting its review to whether
the sentencing court abused its statutory discretion.”].)

                                       17
      Velazquez also challenges some of the trial court’s findings at
sentencing—asserting that the court relied on “completely incorrect facts” or
facts that were not “supported by the record.” More specifically, Velazquez
contends the trial court improperly found that she was “argumentative and
uncooperative” at the scene, that, “at the time [of the incident,] there was no
showing that she was remorseful,” and that she had “many prior contacts,
convictions, and so forth.” Velazquez’s counsel did not object to these findings
at the sentencing hearing. Generally, “complaints about the manner in
which the trial court exercises its sentencing discretion and articulates its
supporting reasons cannot be raised for the first time on appeal.” (People v.
Scott (1994) 9 Cal.4th 331, 356 (Scott).) “Such errors are essentially factual”
and are “forfeited if not raised at the sentencing hearing.” (People v.
Trujillo (2015) 60 Cal.4th 850, 856-857.) Because Velazquez’s counsel did not
object at the sentencing hearing, she has forfeited these contentions.
      Even if the issue were properly before us, we would reject it. “A trial
court abuses its discretion when the factual findings critical to its decision
find no support in the evidence.” (People v. Cluff (2001) 87 Cal.App.4th 991,
998 (Cluff).) “When th[e trial] court errs in identifying or articulating its
sentencing choices, the reviewing court has no choice but to remand the
matter for resentencing unless it finds the error nonprejudicial, i.e., it is ‘not
reasonably probable that a more favorable sentence would have been imposed
in the absence of the error.’ ” (Scott, supra, 9 Cal.4th at p. 355.)
      The record indicates Velazquez had at least two prior misdemeanor
convictions involving alcohol, which supports the trial court’s finding
regarding prior convictions. Moreover, Velazquez did not call 911 or
otherwise attempt to render aid to the victim or the victim’s husband at the

                                        18
scene.5 These facts support the trial court’s findings regarding lack of
remorse at the time of the crime.
      In contrast, the trial court’s finding that Velazquez was “argumentative
and uncooperative” is contradicted by evidence offered by Officer Becerra that

Velazquez was “cooperative” at the scene.6 However, even if the court’s
finding regarding Velazquez’s behavior at the scene was erroneous, we
conclude any error was not prejudicial. (Scott, supra, 9 Cal.4th at p. 355.)
Despite the court’s statement that Velazquez was “argumentative and
uncooperative” at the scene of the crime, it is clear this fact was not “critical
to its decision.” (Cluff, supra, 87 Cal.App.4th at p. 998.) Rather, the court
emphasized that the factors it found material were Velazquez’s prior alcohol-
related misdemeanor convictions—in particular her prior DUI—and the fact
that she was on probation for her prior offense when this crime occurred.
Thus, it is “ ‘not reasonably probable that a more favorable sentence would
have been imposed’ ” if the trial court had acknowledged Velazquez was
cooperative with police at the crime scene. (Scott, at p. 355.)

5      The trial court also had the opportunity to watch and listen to
Velazquez’s statements at sentencing. The court concluded that, at the time
of the crime, “there was no showing that she was remorseful. She may be
later, may be now.”

6     Because Velazquez failed to object to the trial court’s finding at the
time of sentencing, the trial court was not afforded an opportunity to explain
the basis for its finding regarding Velazquez’s behavior. Velazquez’s behavior
at the time of her prior arrest for public intoxication was described by a
witness as “irate” and “argumentative.”

                                        19
                            DISPOSITION
    The judgment is affirmed.

                                          GUERRERO, J.

WE CONCUR:

McCONNELL, P. J.

BENKE, J.

                                20