Court Opinion

ID: 1073309
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-09 19:57:39.783786+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:06:16.571794
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT NASHVILLE
                                 September 17, 2002 Session

         STATE OF TENNESSEE v. MATTHEW MELTON JACKSON

                 Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Robertson County
                    Nos. 01-0022 and 01-0086 Michael R. Jones, Judge

                   No. M2001-01999-CCA-R3-CD - Filed February 7, 2003

Defendant, Matthew Melton Jackson, appeals the sentence imposed upon him by the trial court
following his guilty plea to aggravated kidnapping, aggravated robbery, theft of property over
$500.00 and two counts of aggravated rape. We affirm the judgments of the trial court.

     Tenn. R. App. P. 3, Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Circuit Court Affirmed

THOMAS T. WOODA LL, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JAMES CURWOOD WITT, JR.,
and ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER , JJ., joined.

Roger Eric Nell, District Public Defender; Charles S. Bloodworth, Assistant District Public
Defender, Springfield, Tennessee, for the appellant, Matthew Melton Jackson.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; Christine M. Lapps, Assistant Attorney General;
John Wesley Carney, Jr., District Attorney General; and Dent Morriss, Assistant District Attorney
General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                             OPINION

       Defendant pleaded guilty to aggravated kidnapping, aggravated robbery, theft of property
over $500.00 and two counts of aggravated rape, all five offenses arising out of the same incident.
A sentencing hearing was scheduled to determine the length of Defendant’s sentences. At the
conclusion of the hearing, the trial court found several enhancement factors applicable to each of the
offenses.

         At the time of the sentencing hearing, there were twenty-two statutory enhancement factors
listed in Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-114. Subsequently, in Public Acts 2002, ch. 849,
§ c, the legislature added a twenty-third enhancement factor but listed it as enhancement factor (1)
and renumbered previous factors (1) through (22) as (2) through (23). See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-
114 (2001 Supp.). In this opinion, we will refer to the enhancement factors of Tennessee Code
Annotated section 40-35-114 as they existed at the time of the sentencing hearing.
         Based on its findings, the trial court sentenced Defendant as follows: For aggravated robbery,
the trial court applied factor (1), prior history of criminal convictions or behavior, and sentenced
Defendant to ten years. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(1).

       For theft of property over $500.00, the trial court applied factor (1), prior history of criminal
convictions or behavior, and factor (9), use of a deadly weapon during the commission of the
offense, and sentenced Defendant to two years. Id. §§ -114(1) and -114(9).

        For count one, aggravated rape, the trial court applied factor (1), prior history of criminal
convictions or behavior; factor (5), the victim was treated with exceptional cruelty; factor (6), the
personal injuries sustained by the victim were particularly great; factor (7), the offense was
committed to gratify Defendant’s desire for pleasure or excitement; factor (10), Defendant had no
hesitation about committing a crime when the risk to human life was high; and factor (16), the
offense was committed under circumstances under which the potential for bodily injury to a victim
was great. Id. §§ -114(1), -114(5), -114(6), -114(7), -114(10) and -114(16). The trial court
sentenced Defendant to twenty-five years for this offense.

        For count two, aggravated rape, the trial court applied factor (1), prior history of criminal
convictions or behavior; factor (5), the victim was treated with exceptional cruelty; and factor (6),
the personal injuries sustained by the victim were particularly great. Id. §§ -114(1), -114(5), and -
114(6). The trial court sentenced Defendant to twenty-five years for the second count of aggravated
rape.

       For aggravated kidnapping, the trial court applied factor (1), prior history of criminal
convictions or behavior; factor (5), the victim was treated with exceptional cruelty; factor (6), the
personal injuries sustained by the victim were particularly great; and factor (9), use of a deadly
weapon during the commission of the offense, and sentenced Defendant to twelve years. Id. §§ -
114(1), -114(5), -114(6), and -114(9).

         As a mitigating factor, the trial court considered the fact that Defendant confessed to the
crimes and pleaded guilty. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-113(13). In view of the fact that Defendant
was apprehended within minutes of committing the offenses, however, the trial court afforded little,
if any, weight to this mitigating factor. The trial court also rejected Defendant’s request that the trial
court consider the fact that he did not cause the victims serious bodily injury as a mitigation factor.
Id. § -113(1). The trial court found that Defendant’s actions certainly threatened serious bodily injury
to the victims.

       As required by the terms of Defendant’s plea agreement, the sentences were ordered to run
concurrently. This resulted in an effective sentence of twenty-five years.

        Defendant now appeals the length of his sentence, alleging that (1) the trial court erroneously
applied enhancement factors (10) and (16) to his sentence for count one aggravated rape, and (2) the
trial court erred in failing to consider the fact that Defendant’s actions did not cause serious bodily

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injury as a mitigating factor. Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-35-114(10) and -114(16); Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 40-35-113(1). We note that Defendant questions the trial court’s application of enhancement
factor (16) to his sentence for the second count of aggravated rape. The record before us, however,
shows that the trial court only applied factors (1), (5), and (6) to enhance Defendant’s sentence for
this offense, and this issue is therefore moot.

        Defendant’s brief also contains a general request that this Court review all issues relevant to
the imposition of Defendant’s sentences. However, Defendant presents no argument, authority or
citations to the record related to these unspecified allegations. We thus conclude that these concerns
have been waived pursuant to Rule 10 (b) of the Court of Criminal Appeals of Tennessee.

        When a defendant challenges the length of his sentence, this Court conducts a de novo review
based upon, inter alia, “the evidence received at trial and the nature and characteristics of the
criminal conduct.” State v. Keen, 996 S.W.2d 842, 843 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999), perm. to appeal
denied (Tenn. 1999); Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-35-210(b)(1) and (b)(4). When a defendant pleads
guilty, as in this case, the guilty plea hearing substitutes for the trial “in that it allows the State the
opportunity to present the facts underlying the offense.” Keen, 996 S.W.2d at 843. Consequently,
a transcript of the guilty plea hearing is necessary to conduct a proper review of Defendant’s
sentence. Id. at 844.

        In this instance, Defendant did not provide a transcript of his guilty plea hearing. The facts
and circumstances of Defendant’s offenses are reflected only in the brief agency statement contained
in the pre-sentence report. Yet, as reflected in its findings, the trial court specifically considered the
evidence presented at the guilty plea hearing in determining Defendant’s sentence, including the
application of enhancement and mitigating factors. Because the transcript of the guilty plea hearing
is omitted from the record, therefore, we must presume that the evidence not included in the record
on appeal would have supported the imposition of Defendant’s sentences had it been provided to this
Court. Keen, 996 S.W.2d at 844. As a result, we must presume that the trial court’s sentencing
determinations are correct. See State v. Smith, 891 S.W.2d 922 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994), perm. to
appeal denied (Tenn. 1994); State v. Oody, 823 S.W.2d 554, 559 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991), perm.
to appeal denied (Tenn. 1991).

        The brief facts of this case as gleaned from the agency statement in the pre-sentence report
are as follows. The victims, D.H. and S.H., were leaving work at a Blockbuster Video Store when
the Defendant, dressed in black and wearing a "black hood," approached the women and pointed a
chrome Lorcin .380 semi-automatic pistol at them. (The victims will be referred to by their initials.)
The pistol was unloaded, although the victims were not aware of this until their ordeal was over.
Defendant ordered the women to open the safe, and Defendant put some money into a bag. He then
motioned both women into the ladies’ restroom but changed his mind and ordered S.H. to
accompany him. Defendant warned D.H. to stay in the restroom. Defendant took S.H. to the
southeast side of the store where he made her undress at gunpoint.

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        Defendant inserted the barrel of the pistol into S.H.’s vagina and raped her with the gun. He
then went to the front of the store and retrieved a small plastic bag usually provided customers when
they rented video tapes. After he constructed a make-shift condom, Defendant began to rape S.H.
a second time. During this assault, Sergeant Ricky Morris of the Springfield Police Department
drove into the store's parking lot on a routine inspection of the storefront. The Defendant saw the
police car and fled the store through a back door.

       The police officers, accompanied by a K-9 unit, searched the immediate area and
apprehended Defendant when he ran from his hiding spot behind the video store. At the time of his
capture, the police officers discovered a pistol, ski mask, prescription glasses and $746.26 in cash.

        Both victims testified at Defendant’s sentencing hearing. D.H. testified that she was
overwhelmed with guilt because she could not prevent S.H.’s rape. She said that she had
experienced difficulties working, and her emotional distress had affected both her husband and her
children. At the time of the hearing, D.H. was still in counseling and on medication. S.H. testified
that she, too, was on medication and seeing a therapist as a result of the incident. She has been
unable to work and is suffering from depression.

       Defendant did not testify at the sentencing hearing but did issue a statement that included an
apology to the victims.

        Defendant pleaded guilty to two Class A felonies, two Class B felonies and one Class E
felony. As a Range I offender, Defendant is subject to a sentence of not less than one nor more than
two years for the commission of a Class E felony, a sentence of not less than eight years nor more
than twelve years for a Class B felony, and a sentence of not less than fifteen nor more than twenty-
five years for a Class A felony. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-112(a).

        The presumptive sentence for Class B and Class E felonies is the minimum sentence if there
are no mitigating or enhancing factors applicable. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(c). If both
enhancing and mitigating factors are present, the trial court must start at the minimum sentence in
the range, enhance the sentence within the range as appropriate for the enhancement factors, and then
reduce the sentence within the range as appropriate for the mitigating factors. Tenn. Code Ann. §
40-35-210(e).

        The presumptive sentence for a Class A felony is the midpoint of the range if there are no
enhancement or mitigating factors. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(c). If both enhancing and
mitigating factors are present, the trial court must start at the midpoint of the range, enhance the
sentence within the range as appropriate for the enhancing factors, and then reduce the sentence as
appropriate for the mitigating factors. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(e).

       The weight placed on one factor by the trial court may vary from that assigned to another,
and the legislature has specifically declined to assign a numerical value to mitigating and
enhancement factors. Sentencing Commission Comments, Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210; State v.

                                                -4-
Boggs, 932 S.W.2d 467, 475 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996), perm. to appeal denied (Tenn. 1996). Even
if the Defendant feels that the trial court improperly weighed the enhancement factors more heavily
than the mitigating factor, the trial court’s discretion will not be disturbed as long as the sentencing
principles are adhered to and its findings are adequately supported by the record. Id. at 476; State
v. Hayes, 899 S.W.2d 175, 185 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995), perm. to appeal denied (Tenn. 1995).

        Defendant contends that the trial court erroneously considered factor (10) in determining the
length of his sentence for count one aggravated rape. Factor (10) requires a showing that Defendant
had no hesitation about committing the rape when the risk to human life was high. Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 40-35-114(10). Defendant argues that his actions in no way created a risk to human life because
his gun was unloaded.

        As charged against Defendant, aggravated rape is defined as the unlawful penetration of a
victim by the defendant wherein the defendant uses force or coercion in the accomplishment of the
rape, “and the defendant is armed with a weapon or any article used or fashioned in a manner to lead
the victim reasonably to believe it to be a weapon.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-502(a)(1). Under this
definition, the statute does not require that a defendant actually use the weapon during the rape, only
that he possess it. Manning v. State, 883 S.W.2d 635, 640 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994). Factor (10)
may be used to enhance a sentence for aggravated rape if the use of the weapon during the crime
involves a greater risk of harm than is contemplated by the aggravated offense’s definition. Id. See
also State v. Crossman, No. 01C01-9311-CR-00394, 1994 WL 548712 (Tenn. Crim. App.1994,
Nashville, October 6, 1994) perm. to appeal denied (Tenn. January 3, 1995). The trial court found
that the manner in which Defendant used the gun to rape S.H. was over and above what was
necessary to establish the offense with which Defendant was charged, and impliedly found that the
use of the gun during the rape created a higher risk of injury to the victim. Nonetheless, the record
is too incomplete to ascertain whether the facts and circumstances surrounding the first count of
aggravated rape did not warrant application of factor (10). Even were we to find that the trial court
improperly used factor (10) to enhance Defendant’s sentence, however, the remaining enhancement
factors justify the imposition of the maximum sentence for count one aggravated rape.

        The trial court also applied factor (16) to enhance Defendant’s sentence for count one
aggravated rape which requires a finding that the crime was committed under circumstances in which
the potential for bodily injury to the victim was great. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(16). Defendant
contends that the gun was not a risk to human life because it was unloaded. Furthermore, Defendant
argues, the gun barrel was not sharp or long enough to cause tissue damage or other bodily injury
to the victim.

        Factor (16) may be available to enhance a sentence for aggravated rape if supported by the
record. See e.g. State v. Kissinger, 922 S.W.2d 482 (Tenn. 1996)(anal penetration can create the
potential for bodily injury if supported by the record). Factor (16) has been applied “when the
evidence shows harmful or physically threatened conduct which is ‘clearly beyond what is necessary
to prove the underlying offense.’” State v. Williams, 920 S.W.2d 247, 260 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995),
perm. to appeal denied (Tenn. 1996)(quoting Crossman, slip op. at 16).

                                                  -5-
        Defendant was charged with intentional and unlawful sexual penetration, with force or
coercion, by inserting the barrel of a handgun into the victim’s vagina. “Sexual penetration,” as
relevant to this conviction, means an intrusion, however slight, of any object into the victim’s genital
opening. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-501(7). Only the slightest penetration is needed to sustain a
conviction. McDonald v. State, 512 S.W.2d 636 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1974), cert. denied (Tenn.
1974). See also State v. Gibson, 973 S.W.2d 231, 239 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997), perm. to appeal
denied (Tenn. 1998). It is clear from the sentencing hearing transcript and pre-sentence report that
Defendant inserted the barrel of a .368 Lorcin semi-automatic pistol at least two inches into S.H.’s
vagina. Based on the evidence presented at the sentencing hearing and guilty plea hearing, the trial
court apparently found sufficient evidence of conduct beyond the slight penetration necessary to
sustain Defendant’s conduct to justify consideration of factor (16). The trial court found that
Defendant’s use of the gun during the rape presented a great potential for bodily injury to the victim.
Based on the record before us, we cannot conclude that the trial court improperly used factor (16)
to enhance Defendant’s sentence for count one aggravated rape.

       Defendant argues that the trial court erred in not considering the fact that his conduct neither
caused nor threatened serious bodily injury as a mitigating factor. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-113(1).
Based on our review of the record, it is not clear whether application of this mitigating factor is
warranted. However, even if we agree that this mitigating factor, to some degree, is applicable, we
would accord it little weight and believe that Defendant’s sentence is still appropriate.

        The omitted transcript of the guilty plea hearing particularly hinders this Court’s review of
the enhancement and mitigating factors applied by the trial court in its sentencing determinations.
Whether an enhancement factor is applicable is determined on a case by case basis and depends on
the particular circumstances surrounding the case. State v. Jones, 883 S.W.2d 597, 601 (Tenn.
1994). With the limited record available on appeal, we cannot conclude that Defendant has carried
his burden of proving the trial court’s sentencing determinations improper.

                                          CONCLUSION

        For the reasons discussed above, we find that Defendant has not overcome the presumption
of correctness that attaches to the review of the trial court’s sentencing determinations. Accordingly,
we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

                                                        ___________________________________
                                                        THOMAS T. WOODALL, JUDGE

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