Court Opinion

ID: 6215814
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-02-07 21:11:20.569983+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:57:06.007184
License: Public Domain

02/07/2022
        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT KNOXVILLE
                               October 27, 2021 Session

                    STATE OF TENNESSEE v. RICO COOK

                  Appeal from the Criminal Court for Knox County
                       No. 113239 Steven W. Sword, Judge
                     ___________________________________

                           No. E2020-01494-CCA-R3-CD
                       ___________________________________

A Knox County Criminal Court jury convicted the Defendant, Rico Cook, of two counts
of felony murder, two counts of second degree murder, one count of attempted second
degree murder, three counts of especially aggravated robbery, and one count of
employment of a firearm during the commission of a dangerous felony. Following a
sentencing hearing, the trial court imposed an effective sentence of life imprisonment plus
eighteen years. On appeal, the Defendant argues the trial court erred (1) in denying the
motion to suppress his statement to law enforcement, which he gave as a juvenile; and (2)
in denying the motion to suppress the eyewitness identification evidence. We affirm the
judgments of the trial court.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Circuit Court Affirmed

CAMILLE R. MCMULLEN, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which D. KELLY
THOMAS, JR., and JILL BARTEE AYERS, JJ., joined.

Joshua Hedrick, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the Defendant-Appellant, Rico Cook.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Katherine C. Redding, Assistant
Attorney General; Charme P. Allen, District Attorney General; and Kevin Allen and Hector
Sanchez, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the Appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                       OPINION

       The Defendant’s convictions stem from the fatal shootings of two men and the
wounding of a third man that occurred on June 22, 2017, in the Montgomery Village
community in South Knoxville. The three victims were selling marijuana out of their
vehicle, and the Defendant, who was a juvenile at the time, got into the backseat of the
victims’ car and then shot and killed the driver and the front seat passenger, shot and
wounded the backseat passenger, and stole the victims’ marijuana. Shortly thereafter, the
surviving victim identified the Defendant from a photographic lineup. The Defendant then
turned himself into the juvenile detention center, where he was interviewed by a police
investigator. During this interview, the Defendant confessed to shooting all three victims.
On June 12, 2018, the Defendant was indicted for two counts of first degree felony murder,
two counts of first degree premeditated murder, one count of attempted first degree
premeditated murder, three counts of especially aggravated robbery, and one count of
employment of a firearm during the commission of or attempt to commit a dangerous
felony.

        Hearing on Motion to Suppress Statement. Prior to trial, the Defendant filed a
motion to suppress his statement, arguing that the factors outlined in State v. Callahan, 979
S.W.2d 577, 583 (Tenn. 1998), weighed in favor of suppression. At the suppression
hearing on this motion, A.J. Loeffler, an investigator with the violent crimes unit of the
Knoxville Police Department, testified that he investigated the crimes in this case. He
stated that on June 25, 2017, at approximately 11:45 a.m., he interviewed the Defendant at
the Richard L. Bean Juvenile Detention Center in Knoxville. At the time, a juvenile arrest
petition had been taken for the Defendant charging him with two counts of first degree
murder. Investigator Loeffler said that the Defendant arrived at the juvenile detention
center so that he could turn himself into the authorities.

        Investigator Loeffler described the interview room as a basic conference room with
a metal table and stools. He noted that he was working on a different matter when he was
asked to talk to the Defendant about the instant crimes. As a result, Investigator Loeffler
said he was wearing his police uniform pants, boots, and a black T-shirt, rather than a coat,
shirt, and tie that he typically wears while working as an investigator. He noted that the
Defendant was wearing jail clothing when he was brought into the room. Investigator
Loffler said he recorded the entire interview, which lasted approximately forty-five
minutes, with a portable digital recorder. He explained that no parent, guardian, or
interested adult was present during this interview because the Defendant was already in
custody.

       Investigator Loeffler said that he read the Miranda1 warnings and the standard
written rights waiver to the Defendant. He stated that the Defendant appeared to
understand his rights; however, he acknowledged that he did not ask the Defendant to
explain the rights back to him or discuss the significance of these rights to ensure that the
Defendant understood the meaning of the words used. He acknowledged that while a
person might know what the word “lawyer” means, that person might not know how a
lawyer could be beneficial to him or her.

       1
           Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
                                                 -2-
        Investigator Loeffler said the recording of the interview reflected that he read the
Miranda rights to the Defendant and then asked the Defendant if he had any questions about
these rights. He also placed an identical form, which included the rights and the waiver, in
front of the Defendant so he could read along with him as he read the rights and waiver
aloud to the Defendant. Investigator Loeffler said that the Defendant placed his initials
beside each one of the rights to show that he understood them. The Statement of Rights
and Waiver of Rights, which was initialed, signed, and dated by the Defendant, was
admitted as an exhibit at the hearing. Investigator Loeffler asked the Defendant if he had
graduated from high school, and the Defendant responded, “No,” but indicated that he was
“working toward” a GED (Tests of General Educational Development). When Investigator
Loeffler asked the Defendant if he could read and write, the Defendant replied, “Yes.” He
acknowledged that he did not ask the Defendant the level at which he could read and write;
however, he asserted that the Defendant did not appear to have any issues reading or writing
during the interview. He said that the Defendant’s demeanor “seemed normal” and when
he told him why he was there, the Defendant asserted that he “was not involved in the
shooting” and that “his name was brought up because . . . he was known out there.”
Investigator Loeffler said the Defendant was responsive to his questions and that the
Defendant’s statements were clear and made sense. He noted that the Defendant spoke
English and did not appear to be under the influence of any intoxicating substances during
the interview. In addition, he asserted that the Defendant did not appear to have any mental
diseases, disorders, or any mental impairments during the interview.

        Investigator Loeffler said that he told the Defendant that he knew what happened in
the victims’ car. He agreed that the Defendant became very concerned about his own safety
and the safety of his family and became very emotional. He acknowledged that the
Defendant told him that his family had been threatened and assaulted because of these
crimes. He also acknowledged that the Defendant told him he wanted to go home and to
go to a happy place. Investigator Loeffler admitted that he offered to help the Defendant
if the Defendant was honest with him about what happened. He also admitted suggesting
to the Defendant that the crimes were an accident, which he acknowledged was an
interviewing technique in which the interviewer minimizes a defendant’s role in the
offenses. In addition, he suggested that the victims had a gun and that the Defendant
reacted because he was scared. Investigator Loeffler said that at the end of the interview,
the Defendant admitted that he shot the victims.

       Sharainey Cook, the Defendant’s mother, testified that she took the Defendant to
the juvenile detention center because she knew he was a suspect in the two murders in this

                                           -3-
case. Ms. Cook2 said that when they arrived at the juvenile detention center, she told the
staff, “[N]obody was allowed to talk to my son without me knowing or without me being
present . . . [be]cause he had a lawyer.” She said that the Defendant went into the back of
the detention center, and she went back to work.

        Prior to ruling on this motion, the trial court reviewed the audio recording from
Investigator Loeffler’s June 25, 2017 interview with the Defendant, which was admitted as
an exhibit to the hearing. The recording shows that Investigator Loeffler initially asked
the Defendant if he was okay, if he was hurt, and if he needed a doctor. Investigator
Loeffler informed the Defendant that his name had come up in connection with a shooting
and that one of the stories he had heard was that the Defendant had fired the shots and
another story was that the person who was with the Defendant did it all. The Defendant
initially stated that he “wasn’t there” and just “heard a shot.” He also said he was probably
identified as the shooter because he ran away and because the people in Montgomery
Village did not like him. Investigator Loeffler informed the Defendant that because he was
already in custody, he was required by law to read him his rights.

       Investigator Loeffler asked the Defendant how far he had gone in school, and he
replied that he was “on and off” in school. The Defendant confirmed that he could read
and write. He denied getting his GED but indicated that he was working on obtaining his
GED.

        Investigator Loeffler gave the Defendant the Statement of Rights and Waiver of
Rights form and told him that he was going to read each of these rights to him and ask him
to initial each one of his rights as he read them to him. Investigator Loeffler said that by
initialing, the Defendant was stating that he understood these rights. Investigator Loeffler
then reviewed each of the Defendant’s Miranda rights, and the Defendant initialed each of
these rights on the form. The Defendant confirmed that he did not have any questions
about his rights. Then the following exchange occurred:

        Investigator Loeffler:           Down here, this reads, I understand each of my
                                         rights, I’m willing to make a statement and
                                         answer questions without a lawyer present. No
                                         promises or threats have been made to me. If you
                                         want to talk to me about what’s going on I’m
                                         going to ask you to sign right there.

        2
          We have referred to Sharainey Cook as “Ms. Cook” to distinguish her from the Defendant, who
shares the same last name. For the sake of efficiency, we have referred to the other witnesses by their last
names only, and we intend no disrespect in doing so.
                                                   -4-
      Defendant:                  But can I still get a lawyer though?

      Investigator Loeffler:      If you want one. Do you want one now? Or do
                                  you want one, or do you want to talk to me first?

      Defendant:                  I’ll talk to you first, cause [sic] I need my mind
                                  cleared.

The Defendant said he did not shoot anyone because he did not want anyone to shoot him.
He also said he did not know who committed these crimes. The Defendant stated that he
was close to where the crimes occurred because he heard the shots. Investigator Loeffler
reiterated that they could talk about the incident if the Defendant signed the waiver form.
The Defendant then signed the form and stated that at the time of the shooting, he was
walking up the hill to go see his cousin, Daquan Emory. He said he was alone and walking
toward the dead end when he heard about eight shots fired and decided to run home to see
if his family was okay. The Defendant said that the next thing he knew, people were telling
him that his name had been mentioned in connection with the shooting. He claimed that
although there were people around when the shooting started, he did not know their names.

       The Defendant said that he knew Deon Nolbert because Nolbert was his sister’s
boyfriend. He claimed he first met Nolbert three weeks earlier, although he later asserted
that he and Nolbert had been involved in altercations on and off. He said that he knew his
own name had been mentioned in connection with the shooting but had not heard anyone
else’s name in connection with these crimes.

       Investigator Loeffler said he knew the Defendant was worried about a lot of things
and scared, which he understood because this was “big time stuff.” He then told the
Defendant, “If Deon has got you into something. And Deon did something. Now is the
time to worry about Rico [referring to the Defendant]. Now is the time to worry about
Rico’s family. Your mom. Your dad.” The Defendant insisted that he would not have
committed these crimes. Investigator Loeffler then said,

      Deon is telling me it’s you. I don’t think it’s you. I think Deon did something
      and pulled you into it and now is using you as a way out. Rico, now is the
      time to worry about Rico. Deon is not gonna be there for you. I promise you
      that. All your other friends, all those other people out there, they’re worried
      about themselves now, because this is serious. And you know it’s serious.
      Deon has pulled you into something.

                                           -5-
The Defendant said, “They told me if I would tell you they gonna [sic] kill me.” When
Investigator Loeffler asked who told him that, the Defendant responded, “Money. And
him.” He said he did not know Money’s real name and speculated that they may have said
that to him because he was the youngest. The Defendant then said, “I didn’t know they
was gonna kill nobody [sic].” Investigator Loeffler responded,

      I talked to Money. Money is telling me you did it. If something else
      happened out there, Rico, like I said . . . . Money or Chris, he ain’t gonna be
      there for you. Deon is not gonna be there for you. The only person there for
      you right now is Rico. Rico[,] you got to take care of yourself and your
      family.

Investigator Loeffler then asked the Defendant to tell him what happened, and the
Defendant said, “I really don’t know [’]cause I walked away from the situation.” When
Investigator Loeffler asked him what happened before the shots were fired, the Defendant
said that Deon and a girl named Larissa were texting about these guys who were selling
marijuana. The Defendant said that neither he nor Deon knew these guys. When
Investigator Loeffler asked if he knew what Larissa and Deon were planning, the
Defendant said, “I guess to rob them[.]” The Defendant said that he had his own money,
so he planned to buy $40 worth of marijuana. However, he started feeling that something
was not right. He said the guys’ car pulled up, and Deon and Money were with him. He
noted that there were three or four white people inside the car, but he did not recognize
anyone. The Defendant said he walked up to the passenger side of the car and gave his
$40, got his marijuana, and walked off. The Defendant said that Money was on the porch
nearby and Deon was at the front of the guys’ car and that once he got his marijuana, he
began walking up Daylily. Then the Defendant said,

      That’s when I said, [it] sound[ed] like some shots were [fired] behind me.
      Didn’t know it was him. So they shoot, you know, [I start] running. [I s]ee
      my sister [and] hop in the car with her. Then after that we pick up Deon,
      he’s sweating. What’s he sweating for, what did he do? Did he do
      something.

The Defendant said that Deon did not have a weapon or any marijuana when they picked
him up. He offered that when they were initially walking up there to buy the marijuana,
Deon did not have a gun, but Money had a gun. The Defendant said that he did not know
that anything was going to happen. He said that when they picked up Deon, Deon said, “I
didn’t know he was gonna shoot them.” When the Defendant asked who shot them, Deon
acted like he knew but would not give him a name. The Defendant said that after that, they
dropped Deon off at drum camp.

                                           -6-
       The Defendant then asserted, “I’m still a little kid, you know. I’ve seen Money
shoot people. That’s why I’m, you know, I’m scared. I don’t know what’s going on, I
want to get out of here.” He also said, “If I do get out of here, you feel me, I think I’m
gonna [sic] die[.]” The Defendant claimed that he had seen Money shoot someone in the
head and then asked, “How am I supposed to . . . get through that as a little kid[?]”

        The Defendant claimed he was outside the car when he bought his marijuana, and
Investigator Loeffler confronted him with the fact that the victims had texted Deon saying
that they would not sell marijuana to anyone unless they got into their car. The Defendant
eventually admitted that he got into the backseat of the car right behind the passenger, that
Deon got into the backseat behind the driver, and that Damon Albert, who he referred to as
“the big guy” was sitting in the middle of the backseat. The Defendant said that he got his
marijuana, exited the car, and then ten or twenty seconds later, he heard the gunshots when
he was in the area behind the parking lot.

       When Investigator Loeffler asked why everyone pointed the finger at him, the
Defendant said that he guessed because he was in the car and because they saw him
running. The Defendant said that he was scared because “they” had told him that they were
going to kill him and shoot his family. He asserted that “they” had already beat up his
family, including his mother. Investigator Loeffler replied,

       Rico, tell me the truth about what happened in there and we can clear it—we
       can stop that. We—we can save everybody, we can protect everybody. But
       you’ve got to tell me the truth. Rico, if something happened in that car and
       you panicked. And you didn’t mean for it to happen. Because that fat chubby
       kid, as you call him. He lived. He’s talking to us. He told us what happened,
       Rico. It was an accident, it was a mistake. You got scared. What happened,
       Rico [?]

The Defendant said, “He started shooting,” but when Investigator Loeffler asked who
started shooting, the Defendant said, “I don’t know.” When Investigator Loeffler
suggested that one of the kids in the car pulled a gun on him, the Defendant said, “Yeah,
and Money pulled out the gun” and shot the guys in the car in order to protect him.
Investigator Loeffler replied that he believed the Defendant had saved himself. When he
asked the Defendant which one of the kids in the car pulled a gun on him, the Defendant
said, “Didn’t nobody pull a gun out . . . I don’t know. I’m trying to tell you.”

       The Defendant claimed that, after the guys sold him marijuana, Money got in the
car. Investigator Loeffler then said that he knew Money did not shoot the gun because they
had done a test on him, which established that Money had not shot the gun. He again asked
the Defendant what happened in the car. The Defendant replied that he was “scared,” that
                                            -7-
he wanted to “see [his] family,” and that he wanted to be “in happy places.” Then the
following exchange occurred:

       Investigator Loeffler:      And Rico I want you to be, but if you’re not
                                   honest with me . . . All I have is a mean kid. And
                                   you’re not a mean kid Rico. But Rico if you tell
                                   me this . . .

       The Defendant:              You can’t help me though.

       Investigator Loeffler:      Because it was an accident Rico. You—you got
                                   scared. You got scared, that’s all it was, and it
                                   was an accident.

       The Defendant:              That ain’t how they gonna [sic] look at it though.

        When Investigator Loeffler asked the Defendant one more time what happened that
night and who gave him the gun, the Defendant disclosed that Money had given him the
gun “for his safety” before he and Nolbert got to the car. The Defendant said he saw
someone inside the car pull out a gun, so he pulled his gun out first. The Defendant then
admitted, “I shot them, I shot them both.” When Investigator Loeffler asked him who he
shot first, the Defendant replied, “I don’t know.” He said that he “blacked out” because he
was “scared.” The Defendant stated that he “shot the whole clip,” gave the gun “back to
Money,” who was “on the porch,” and then “ran” to his house. The Defendant also said
he gave Money the marijuana. When Investigator Loeffler asked where this marijuana
came from and if the Defendant knew this was going to happen, the Defendant denied
knowing that this was going to happen and claimed that the marijuana he gave to Money
was the marijuana that he had just purchased from the victims. When Investigator Loeffler
asked if Money planned to rob the people in the car, the Defendant responded, “I don’t
know man. That’s what I don’t know.” When he was asked if Deon Nolbert planned on
robbing them, the Defendant said he later discovered that Deon had planned to rob the
victims, but he did not know it at the time.” The Defendant insisted that he just planned to
buy some marijuana when he approached the car.

        The Defendant explained that he got into the backseat of the car behind the driver
and that when the front seat passenger pulled out a gun, he grabbed his gun from his right
side and started shooting. He said he gave the gun and the marijuana to Money right after
firing the shots, and Money told him to run, so he ran the back way. He said he was scared
because he did not know the people in the car; he claimed he never planned to kill them
and only intended to buy marijuana from them. After making this disclosure, the
                                           -8-
Defendant, who had become emotional, said, “I want to go stay with my mama and my
daddy[.]” Initially, the Defendant said that he did not know what kind of gun the front seat
passenger had, and when Investigator Loeffler asked if it was a “cowboy gun,” the
Defendant said, “Something like that, yeah.” The Defendant asserted that the front seat
passenger gave him the marijuana before pulling a gun on him, stating, “So, I was counting
out $40.00. And [I] handed him the $40[, and] he gave me the weed, [and then he] pulled
out a gun.” He said that he did not take all the front seat passenger’s marijuana, just the
marijuana that he purchased, and insisted that he did not take the passenger’s gun or his
book bag. When Investigator Loeffler asked the Defendant if Money told him what to say,
the Defendant said that Money did not tell him anything and that he had not talked to
Money since the incident. The Defendant asserted that when he saw Deon Nolbert after
the shootings, Deon “seemed like he . . . knew what was going on.” The Defendant stated
that when he fired the gun, he did not know where Deon was standing, although he and
Deon ran away in different directions. The Defendant said he ran straight home, and then
he went with his sister to pick up Deon.

        After considering the evidence presented at the motion hearing and the recording of
the Defendant’s interview, the trial court entered an order on August 29, 2018, denying the
motion to suppress the Defendant’s statement. In this order, the trial court considered each
of the six factors outlined in Callahan, 979 S.W.2d at 583. Regarding the first factor of
age, experience, education, and intelligence, the trial court noted that the Defendant was
fifteen years old, that he had a demeanor consistent with his age, that he had no evidence
of any past involvement with the criminal or juvenile court systems. The court asserted
that the Defendant did not appear to suffer from any mental disability, although he was
deemed to need special education, and that school records showed that the Defendant read
on a third grade level and had an IQ (Intelligence Quotient) of 92. The court stated that
although the Defendant “was deemed to be in special education, he was taking classes with
his non-special education peers” and “was able to express goals and understanding
concerning his future endeavors through his education records.” The trial court held that
this first factor weighed “both in favor of the [D]efendant’s position and the State’s
position.”

       Regarding the second and third factors, which were the Defendant’s capacity to
understand the Miranda warnings and the consequences of the waiver as well as the
Defendant’s familiarity with the Miranda warnings and the ability to read and write in the
language used to give the warnings, the trial court acknowledged that the Defendant “had
difficulty understanding written passages and being able to analyze specific details and
themes in a text” and that “[t]here was no evidence that the defendant was familiar with
the Miranda warnings prior to this interview.” However, the court noted that the Defendant
“could read and write in English.” It found that the rights waiver was shown to the
Defendant in writing, that the investigator read over each of these rights with the
                                           -9-
Defendant, and that the Defendant initialed each right and did not ask for any clarification
of those rights. The court recognized that before speaking to the investigator, the
Defendant “asked a question about getting a lawyer,” which “demonstrated that the
defendant understood that he well might need an attorney and was concerned that he
maintain that right to counsel if he chose to speak with the investigator.” The court also
found that the investigator properly sought clarification about whether the Defendant
wanted an attorney at that moment or whether he wanted to speak with the investigator
first, and the Defendant confirmed that he wanted to talk to the investigator, stating that he
needed “[his] mind cleared.” The court also noted that the investigator properly had the
Defendant sign the waiver before they discussed the shootings. Specifically, the trial court
found that “[t]he language both the investigator and the [D]efendant used appeared to be
on a consistent level” and that it “saw no inability from the [D]efendant to understand the
questions being asked or the language the investigator used during the rights wa[iv]er
period or the interview.” Regarding these two factors, the trial court stated:

              Understanding the gravity of the situation is not the same thing as
       understanding the nature of his rights and [the] consequences of waiving
       those rights. However, one of the rights he indicated that he understood was
       that anything he said could be used against him in court. Based upon his
       question about a lawyer and his expression of a self-serving reason to speak
       to the investigator at that time, the court finds that the [D]efendant
       understood that he did not have to speak with the investigator and that he had
       an appreciation of the consequences of choosing to speak to him in that such
       a conversation may be detrimental to him.

       As to the fourth factor, the trial court acknowledged that there was “no proof that
the [D]efendant was intoxicated or impaired from any substance.”

      Regarding the fifth factor, the trial court asserted that there was “no proof that the
[D]efendant suffered from any mental disease or disorder” and that the proof showed the
Defendant “was not mentally retarded, although he had some educational deficiencies.”

       As for the last factor, the presence of a parent, guardian, or interested adult, the trial
court found not only that no parent, guardian, or interested adult was present but also that
the Defendant was never asked if he wanted to speak to someone in those categories before
making the important decision to waive his Miranda rights, which “weigh[ed] against a
finding that the defendant made a knowing waiver of his rights.” However, the court stated,

              On the other hand, it is obvious that the [D]efendant had very recent
       contact with his mother prior to speaking with the investigator. The
       investigator spoke to the [D]efendant approximately an hour after he had
                                             - 10 -
       been with his mother. She is the person who brought him to the juvenile
       detention center. Furthermore, she knew exactly why he was wanted in
       juvenile court. There is no proof that she spoke to the [D]efendant about his
       rights prior to taking him to the detention center. No one asked her that
       question during the hearing. However, she clearly understood her son’s
       rights and they had an opportunity to discuss those rights when she
       transported him [to the] detention [center].

               This ameliorates the investigator’s failure to discuss this with the
       [D]efendant. Had the [D]efendant been arrested very soon after the shooting
       before he had a chance to speak to a parent and had his mother not brought
       him to [the] juvenile [detention center] on this very charge, the court’s ruling
       on this issue may very well have been to grant the [D]efendant’s motion. The
       police are strongly encouraged in the future to be sure a juvenile is given an
       opportunity to consult with an adult with no interests adverse to the juvenile’s
       as part of the process of obtaining a rights wa[iv]er.

Ultimately, the trial court denied the motion to suppress, concluding, “Despite some factors
weighing against the admissibility of the [D]efendant’s statement, the court finds after
examining the totality of the circumstances that the [D]efendant freely made a knowing
and voluntary waiver of his Miranda rights.”

        Hearing on the Motion to Suppress Eyewitness Identification Evidence. The
Defendant also filed a motion to suppress the eyewitness identification evidence, asserting
that certain factors impaired the reliability of Damon Albert’s identification of him, that
Albert’s identification was a cross-race identification, that the proper procedures were not
followed during the photographic lineup, and that Albert was aided and coached to
reconsider his identifications. The Defendant claimed that the identification procedure was
suggestive because the officers never obtained a description of the perpetrator from Albert
before administering the lineup; the officers knew the identity of the suspect prior to the
lineup, which allowed them to influence the identification; the officers failed to inform
Albert that the perpetrator might not be in the lineup; and the officers never requested a
confidence statement after Albert made his identification. The Defendant then argued that
under the totality of the circumstances, the identification procedure resulted in an unreliable
identification, which required suppression.

                                            - 11 -
        At the suppression hearing on this motion, Dr. Jeffrey Neuschatz testified3 that he
was a cognitive psychologist and a professor of psychology at the University of Alabama
and that his research was focused on eyewitness identification and jury decision-making.
Dr. Neuschatz stated that when a person witnesses a complex event, that person remembers
bits and pieces of the event and then fills in the gaps of memory with things that occur in
the real world, which can be accurate or inaccurate. He asserted that the variables that can
impact the accuracy of a person’s memory are how long the person has to study the
information, whether the person can rehearse the information, how much time elapses
between when the information is received and when the person rehearses the information,
whether the person is stressed, whether the person is distracted, and whether the person
collects information related to the event after the event. He explained that people who are
stressed tend to be less accurate in their identifications. He also said that when there is a
weapon present, an individual is less likely to make an accurate identification because the
individual is looking at the weapon rather than looking at the perpetrator’s face. He stated
that cross-race identifications are less accurate than when someone identifies a person of
the same race. In addition, Dr. Neuschatz asserted that when a witness is exposed to post-
identification information, that later information can replace what is in the witness’s
memory, unbeknownst to the witness, and then it becomes unclear whether the witness is
making the identification based on their own memory from the event or from the
information that they were exposed to at a later time.

       Dr. Neuschatz stated that he had reviewed the lineup identification procedure that
was done with Damon Albert, the photographic lineup itself, and the audio recording of
the officer talking to Albert during the lineup. He noted that if a lineup is not done
correctly, there is a risk that the person who is identified in the lineup did not commit the
crime and that the wrong person will go to jail based on this misidentification. Dr.
Neuschatz opined that all of the risk factors for a false identification were present with
Damon Albert—there was a stressful situation, there was a weapon present, there was a
cross-racial identification, and there was a very brief exposure time with the perpetrator.

       Dr. Neuschatz said that Albert’s familiarity with individuals in the lineup was also
problematic; he claimed that in that scenario, the witness may discount the individuals he
or she knows, which effectively reduces the number of people from which they are
choosing in the lineup. Dr. Neuschatz said that in order to have a fair lineup, you need to
have the following: (1) six to twelve innocent people in the lineup to reduce the chance of
guessing; (2) a double-blind administration of the lineup so that the officer conducting the
lineup does not know the suspect’s identity and the eyewitness is told that the officer

        3
           The record shows that at the June 17, 2019 suppression hearing, Dr. Neuschatz’s testimony, which
was under oath, took place via an audio connection after the video conference experienced technical
difficulties. The State did not object to Dr. Neuschatz’s testifying pursuant to an audio connection only.
                                                  - 12 -
conducting the lineup does not know the suspect’s identify; (3) the eyewitness should be
given an admonition that the perpetrator may or may not be in the lineup so that the
eyewitness does not feel compelled to identify someone in the lineup; and (4) the
eyewitness should provide a confidence statement, which indicates the eyewitness’s
confidence that the person they identified was the perpetrator of the offense. Dr. Neuschatz
said that in a case like this one, where Damon Albert was told to reconsider his
identification and to think more carefully about facial features and hair, the risk of a false
identification is increased because such statements suggest that the perpetrator is actually
in the lineup and that the witness should choose someone from the lineup. He said that it
was important that officers not suggest that a non-identification is a failure because
sometimes not identifying a person in the lineup is the right answer because the perpetrator
is not included. Dr. Neuschatz stressed that eyewitnesses should make identifications
based on their memory of what happened during the event, and if there is no one that
matches their memory of the perpetrator, then it should be acceptable for eyewitnesses to
say they are unable to identify anyone from the lineup. He added that it is important to
preserve a witness’s confidence statement at the time of the lineup so that if the witness’s
confidence in the identification changes over time, there is a record of what it was initially.
He noted that a confidence statement made at the time of the identification is more accurate
than a confidence statement made after the identification, even five minutes after.

       Dr. Neuschatz stated that in this case, Albert explained his confusion by stating he
thought “Money” and Deon Nolbert were the same person. He said this suggested that
Albert did not have a clear memory of the perpetrator, although he was unable to say
whether Albert’s identification was accurate.

       Dr. Neuschatz acknowledged the existence of literature that criticizes many of the
principles he used during his testimony regarding the accuracy of witness identifications.
He asserted that the presence of the factors he discussed leads to a reduced expectation that
the witness’s identification is reliable, not that the witness’s identification in this case is
inaccurate. He acknowledged that he had never spoken to Damon Albert and had never
asked Albert about the stress he was under at the time of the incident or about the factors
that could affect the reliability of his identification.

       Allen Cook, an investigator with the violent crimes unit of Knoxville Police
Department, testified that on June 22, 2017, the night of the offenses, he responded to the
crime scene. He later went to the hospital to show Damon Albert, the surviving victim,
three photographic lineups that included the Defendant, Kristopher Johnson, and Deon
Nolbert, respectively.

      Investigator Cook noted that because the Defendant was a juvenile, the Juvenile
Court prepared the Defendant’s photographic lineup. He acknowledged that the juvenile
                                            - 13 -
court had told him where the Defendant’s picture was located in the photographic lineup.
He said that at the time he responded to the hospital, he and Investigator Preston Whillock
were not absolutely sure of the identity of the shooter and only knew that the Defendant
and Deon Nolbert were present at the scene.

       Investigator Cook stated he arrived at the hospital at approximately 6:00 p.m. on
June 22, 2017, which was around four and a half hours after the crimes occurred. At the
time, he knew that Damon Albert, who had been sitting in the backseat of the vehicle, had
been shot twice in the face and that the other two victims, who were sitting in the front
seat, had not survived their gunshot wounds.

       Investigator Cook said he informed Albert that he was going to show him some
photographs and that Albert should let him know if he recognized anyone. When he
showed him the photographic lineup created by the juvenile court, Albert pointed at the
Defendant’s photograph with no hesitation and stated that the Defendant was the person
who shot him. Albert then told him that the Defendant had approached the small, four-
door sedan and asked if he could get in, and after Albert cleared off the seat, the Defendant
got into the backseat of the car behind the driver. Investigator Cook said that because
Albert had injuries to his face, he concluded that Albert had faced the Defendant at the time
the Defendant fired the shots at him. He said Albert told him that he and the Defendant
had spoken briefly about the money and the marijuana and that he believed that the
Defendant was reaching into his pocket for his money when the Defendant pulled out a
gun and began shooting. Investigator Cook said that although Investigator Whillock told
Albert that the perpetrator’s hairstyle and facial hair might be different when Albert was
looking at the second photographic lineup that included Kristopher Johnson, this discussion
had nothing to do with the first photographic lineup where Albert identified the Defendant.
He also said that while Albert never identified Johnson in the second photographic lineup,
Albert did identify Nolbert without hesitation in the third photographic lineup. Investigator
Cook stated that prior to the photographic lineups, Albert had provided no descriptions of
the perpetrators in this case. He noted that when the officers first encountered Albert at
the scene, Albert had been shot, and they were trying to get basic information from him
and asked him who did this, but they never got descriptions of the individuals who had
committed these crimes.

       The audio recording of these photographic lineups was admitted as an exhibit to the
hearing. During this recording, Investigator Cook informed Albert that he had been “out
there at the scene.” Thereafter, the following discussion occurred between Investigator
Cook and Albert:

                                           - 14 -
       Investigator Cook: I’m gonna show you some line ups, ok[ay]? And I want
                          you to tell me who you recognize. Fair enough?

                            See anybody in there? That’s the one? What did he do?

       Albert:              He shot me.

       Investigator Cook: That’s the one that shot you?

       Albert:              I know that one.

       Investigator Cook: ok, and what I need you to do—

       Albert:              I know that one, I know another person—

       Investigator Cook: Ok, I need you to circle that for me if you can. Can you
                          write your name right there? Is it possible for you to
                          write your name?

       Albert:              Yeah.

       Investigator Cook: Ok, he’s the one that shot you?

       Albert:              Yeah.

When the officer asked what happened, Albert said that he and the guys with him were
going to sell the Defendant some marijuana and that when they arrived, two people walked
toward them from a porch. Albert said the one of the guys asked if he could get in the car,
and he said “yeah” and moved some things out of the way in the backseat. Albert asserted
that “it happened so fast,” explaining that “[the Defendant] reached into his pocket, act[ed]
like he’s gonna [sic] get the money, and then Boom! Boom! boom boom boom.” Albert
said that his brother had the marijuana in his hand, and the Defendant “took the weed and
took off with it.”

       Investigator Cook then stated that he was going to show Albert a second
photographic lineup since Albert said “there were two guys.” Looking at two photographs,
Albert said it was “a cross between him or him” because of the hair. At that point,
Investigator Whillock said that the person might “look exactly the way he did” or might
look “different” and told Albert to not focus on the hair and instead focus on the things that
did not change like the eyes, nose, ears, mouth. Investigator Whillock also told Albert not

                                            - 15 -
to worry about what the people in the lineup were wearing. Albert ultimately did not
identify anyone from the second photographic lineup.

       Investigator Cook then stated that he was going to show Albert a third lineup and
said, “See if you recognize anybody.” Albert quickly identified Deon Nolbert as person
he was messaging about the marijuana and said that Nolbert was “the one that didn’t get
into the car.” He clarified that “[t]here were two guys in total” and the Defendant “got in
the car” and Nolbert “waited outside the car.”

       Close to the end of this recording, Albert complained that Investigator Cook had
cursed at him at the scene, and Investigator Cook replied that Albert had told him that he
did not know who fired the shots, even though he was sure he knew who was responsible.
Albert said, “Well I did, but it was like I couldn’t be sure.”

         After hearing this proof, the trial court entered an order on June 19, 2019, denying
the motion to suppress the eyewitness identification evidence. In this order, the trial court
found that when presented with the first photographic lineup, Damon Albert “within a
matter of seconds identified the [D]efendant as the person who shot him.” The trial court
emphasized the fact that Albert had a conversation with the Defendant in the car “before a
gun was ever displayed” and that “[t]here were no indications that the event was stressful
until the gun was produced [by the Defendant]” The court also noted that although two
more photographic lineups were presented to Albert, the investigator’s comments
regarding, for example, changes in hairstyles, “were not made during the identification of
the [D]efendant” and “were only made after Mr. Albert picked the [D]efendant out of the
first lineup.” In addition, the court recognized that Albert was able to “quickly identify”
Deon Nolbert in the third lineup as the person he had been messaging regarding the drug
transaction. The court found that Albert’s identifications of both the Defendant and Deon
Nolbert “appeared to have been made with confidence[.]” The trial court noted that
although Dr. Neuschatz testified to the presence of factors which contributed to concerns
about the reliability of the identification, Dr. Neuschatz “did not express an opinion that
the identification of the [D]efendant was, in fact, unreliable” and Dr. Neuschatz’s written
report appeared “mostly concerned with the second photo line-up presentation[,] which
occurred after the [D]efendant had already been identified.” When determining whether
the lineup procedure was unduly suggestive, the trial court stated:

       Although there may be some concerns with statements made by the
       investigators during the second photographic line-up presentation, this only
       occurred after Mr. Albert clearly identified the [D]efendant as the shooter
       through the first line-up. The investigators made no suggestive statements
       to the witness about the line-up. The photographic array[] itself does not
       appear to be suggestive. All six individuals look very similar. Although the
                                           - 16 -
       witness may have known one or two of the other individuals in the array,
       there is no indication that this was anything other than chance. There is no
       proof that the preparer of the line-up did anything other than generate a photo
       line-up with five other people who looked significantly similar to the
       [D]efendant. Thus, the court finds that there is no evidence to indicate that
       the procedure used by the investigators was unduly or unnecessarily
       suggestive.

        Although the trial court found that “[l]egally, that [wa]s the end of [t]he inquiry,” it
nevertheless examined the factors outlined in Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188 (1972), to
determine whether the identification was admissible or was so suggestive that admitting it
would violate due process. Applying these factors, the court held that Albert “had a
sufficient opportunity to view the suspect in order to later identify him,” that Albert paid
“significant attention to the person who ended up shooting him,” that Albert gave “no prior
description” of the suspect, that Albert “indicated a strong level of certainty regarding his
identification of the defendant,” and that Albert’s “identification of the [D]efendant
occurred less than five hours after the shooting[,]” which “weigh[ed] in favor of the
reliability of the identification.” Ultimately, the trial court denied the motion to suppress,
concluding that “the identification procedure and the photographic array itself were not
unduly or unnecessarily suggestive” and that under the Biggers factors, the “identification
was reliable.”

       Trial. We have summarized only the evidence presented at trial that is closely
related to the two issues raised on appeal. At trial, Damon Albert testified that before June
22, 2017, he did not know Deon Nolbert or Rico Cook, the Defendant. Although Albert
had heard of someone named Kristopher Johnson, who went by the nickname “Money,”
he had never met him. Albert said that at the time of this incident, Sergio Rivera was
driving a four-door Chevy Malibu, Albert’s half-brother Jaloen Morris was sitting in the
front passenger seat of this car, and Albert was sitting directly behind Morris in the
backseat. Albert said that the Defendant and Nolbert approached their car. The Defendant
asked if this was where he got in. Albert moved a backpack to make room, and the
Defendant got into the backseat of the car and sat directly behind Rivera. Albert was
smoking a cigar at the time, and he observed Deon Nolbert, who was still standing outside
the car, joking around with Morris, who was still in the front passenger seat of the car.
Albert saw the Defendant reach for his pocket, presumably to get out his money. Albert
looked out the car window, “ashed” his cigar, and then heard a loud sound as a bullet passed
through his head. He asked the Defendant if he shot him, and then he saw the Defendant’s
gun and observed the Defendant shooting him a second time. Albert said he blacked out
and regained consciousness a few times. He then saw the Defendant shooting Morris at
point-blank range, although he could not hear anything because his ears were ringing.
When the Defendant fired these shots, Morris was struggling with the Defendant over the
                                             - 17 -
marijuana. After the Defendant shot Morris, Albert saw blood pouring out of Morris’s
head, and it was obvious Morris was dead. Albert did not see what happened to Rivera,
although he saw Rivera bleeding following the shooting. Albert said he got out of the car,
started asking people who shot him and for them to call the police, and then attempted to
call 9-1-1 on his phone. He also tried to follow the Defendant and Nolbert but was unable
to see which way they went because his vison was blurry after being shot.

        Albert said that he initially told police at the scene that Deon Nolbert was
responsible for the incident because that was “the only name [he] knew.” Albert said that
a short time later he identified the Defendant as the shooter in a photographic lineup just
after he got to the hospital for his injuries. He said that he did not know the Defendant’s
name at the time but identified him as the shooter. He noted that he did not identify anyone
in the second photographic lineup but did identify Deon Nolbert in the third photographic
lineup. Albert said that the reason he had trouble with the second photographic lineup was
because he believed that Deon Nolbert and “Money” were the same person. Albert
identified the Defendant at trial as the person who shot him and who shot and killed Morris
and Rivera. Albert reiterated that Deon Nolbert was outside the car when the Defendant
started shooting and that Nolbert “looked surprised” and “flabbergasted” when he first
heard the gunshots.

       Courtney Walker testified that in June 2017 she lived in an apartment in the
Montgomery Village community with her two young daughters and her friend Amanda
Pride. At the time, she knew who the Defendant was, although she had no personal
interaction with him. She also knew Kristopher Johnson but only knew him as “Money.”
Walker said that Kristopher Johnson had been inside her apartment because he was talking
to Amanda Pride and that whenever she saw Johnson there she would ask him to leave
because he was in a gang and had a bad reputation. On June 22, 2017, Walker was washing
dishes in her apartment when she heard some gunshots, which alarmed her because there
were kids outside. She immediately ran outside to parking lot C and saw one of the victims,
whose face was covered in blood, jump out of the car and pass out on the ground and then
she saw Johnson run inside her apartment. At the same time, she saw Iquan Harris, who
went by the name “Jersey,” on the porch of one of the apartments. Walker also observed
the Defendant, who was alone, running behind the apartments. She recalled seeing Deon
Nolbert in parking lot C but said Nolbert was not running and was not near the victims’
car. Walker returned to her apartment and told Johnson he needed to leave. She noticed
that Johnson was “sweaty and very anxious.” She said Johnson pointed a gun at her and
Amanda Pride and told them “to shut up and sit down.” Then Johnson got a chair and went
up into the ceiling, and she and Pride ran outside and encountered a detective. Walker gave
the detective permission to search her apartment, and she later learned that the police had
found a gun in her attic. Walker said that she did not own a gun and did not store any guns
in the attic and that when she exited her apartment, she believed that Johnson was
                                           - 18 -
attempting to hide his gun in her attic. She said that around midnight, Johnson tried to
come back inside her apartment to “get something.” When she refused to let him inside,
Johnson told her he needed to get something out of her apartment, and if she refused to let
him get it, he would call the police and claim that there were drugs inside her home. Walker
later realized that Johnson had put on Amanda Pride’s pants while at her apartment and
had left his sweatpants, which had marijuana in the pocket, behind. Walker identified the
Defendant at trial as the person she saw running away from the scene where the gunshots
were fired.

       Alfred Courtney testified that he saw the shooting at the Montgomery Village
apartments. He saw the Defendant and another African-American man walking down the
road, heard one of them say to turn into parking lot C, and then two minutes later, observed
a car pulling into that lot. Courtney said there were two African-American men in the front
seat and one Caucasian man in the back of the car. Courtney asserted that the Defendant
and the man with him walked up to the driver’s side of the car and then he heard six or
eight gunshots and saw both of the men running in different directions. He said he never
saw the Defendant or the man with him get into the car. He eventually saw the guy in the
backseat get out and ask for help after the shooting. He acknowledged that he never saw
who fired the shots. Courtney identified the Defendant at trial as one of the men who
approached the victims’ car. He also identified Deon Nolbert as the other man who
approached the car. Courtney acknowledged that when he heard the gunshots, everyone in
the area started running, and a few kids and adults actually ran into his home to try to get
to safety.

      Darrell Sexton, a patrol officer with the Knoxville Police Department, testified that
when he initially encountered Damon Albert, who had been shot in the face, Albert told
him that that he did not know who had shot him.

       Deon Nolbert testified that he did not know Damon Albert, but he began contacting
Albert over the social media platform Facebook after Laurissa Brockwell told him that
Albert was selling marijuana. Nolbert asked the Defendant if he wanted to buy some
marijuana, and the Defendant said he did not have any money, although he had “some fake
hundred-dollar bills.” Nolbert said he and the Defendant took photographs of the fake
money and sent the photographs to Albert to make it look as though they had money to buy
the marijuana. Nolbert said that he made Brockwell ask how many people would be with
Albert because he and the Defendant intended to give Albert and the men with him the fake
money as payment for the marijuana.

       Nolbert said that before he encountered Albert, he and the Defendant saw Kristopher
Johnson on the sidewalk, and the Defendant told Johnson that they had “a lick,” meaning
a robbery. He said that as the Defendant and Johnson continued talking, Nolbert walked
                                           - 19 -
over to a nearby porch, and then the Defendant and Johnson joined him on the porch a few
moments later. When they saw Albert’s car appear, Johnson handed the Defendant a gun.
Although Nolbert did not recognize the driver and the person in the passenger seat, he
recognized Albert from his Facebook photographs. Nolbert said that he knew the
Defendant had a gun, so he was aware that the gun was going to be used during the robbery.
Nolbert also said that even though he had an opportunity to back out of the plan, he did not
do so because he was scared.

        Nolbert stated that the Defendant left the porch first and then he left the porch, and
they both approached Albert’s car while Johnson stayed on the porch. He asserted that the
Defendant walked over to the backseat behind the driver and that he walked to the front
seat passenger side of the car, where he stood and joked with Jaloen Morris, although he
did not know his name at the time. Nolbert said the Defendant got into the car with the
fake money, and he thought the Defendant “was going to do the transaction.” When Morris
handed back the marijuana, the Defendant started shooting and said, “B[---]h” each time
he pulled the trigger. The Defendant exited the car and then ran back to Johnson and
handed him the gun and the marijuana, and Johnson “shooed” the Defendant away. At that
point, Nolbert ran around the building. He said he was surprised when the Defendant
started shooting because he “just thought [they] were going to give [Albert and the people
in the car] the [fake] money.” Nolbert ran toward a tree line that led to the train tracks and
back to a parking lot. He then jumped into his girlfriend’s car, where the Defendant’s sister
was a passenger, and a moment later, the Defendant jumped into the car. Nolbert told the
Defendant, “What the f[--]k was that?,” and the Defendant replied, “I shot ‘em . . . He tried
to grab me. I shot his a[-]s again.” The Defendant also said that he was “about to be
Cripped.” Nolbert acknowledged that the Crips were a gang.

       Nolbert stated that he never called the police about these crimes because he was
“scared” and “shocked” and “didn’t know what to do.” He said his girlfriend took him to
the drum camp where he was supposed to work that day, and he changed his clothes
because he did not want to be seen wearing the same clothes he was wearing at the scene.
Nolbert said that he was arrested later that night and that he told Investigator Loeffler what
happened. Although he initially informed Investigator Loeffler that the Defendant set up
the deal regarding the marijuana, he later told him that he actually set up the drug deal. He
disclosed that he would be pleading guilty to facilitation of these crimes. Nolbert identified
the Defendant as the person who fired the shots, killed Morris and Rivera, and stole the
marijuana.

       Investigator Loeffler provided testimony at trial that was similar to the testimony he
gave at the suppression hearing. He also testified that he responded to the crime scene but
noted that the Defendant was not present there during his investigation. Investigator
Loeffler said that the first person who was developed as a suspect in the offenses was
                                            - 20 -
Kristopher Johnson and that the Defendant was not developed as a suspect until certain
individuals were interviewed a few hours later.

       Investigator Loeffler said that on June 25, 2017, while he was working another job
and outfitted in his patrol uniform, the district attorney informed him that a family member
had brought the Defendant to the juvenile detention center in Knoxville. He stated that the
Defendant’s family was not present at the center when he arrived. Investigator Loeffler
said he had removed his gun, Taser, and duty belt and was wearing a black T-shirt, patrol
pants, and patrol boots when he entered the detention center. He asserted that he had
already obtained the petition, which is the arresting instrument, for the Defendant on June
22, 2017, and that when the Defendant turned himself in, he was immediately taken into
custody, which meant that the Defendant was already in custody by the time Investigator
Loeffler interviewed him. Investigator Loeffler explained that because there were no
interview rooms with cameras in the juvenile detention center, he recorded his interview
with the Defendant on a digital recorder. The audio recording of Investigator Loeffler’s
interview with the Defendant was played for the jury.

       Investigator Loeffler stated that, at the crime scene, Damon Albert informed him
that Deon Nolbert was the one who shot him. He also said Albert showed him a Facebook
photograph of Nolbert on his phone and said he had messages between the two of them.
Investigator Loeffler said he later discovered that Kristopher Johnson had taken the murder
weapon to Courtney Walker’s home, where it was later recovered. He acknowledged that
Investigator Cook and Investigator Whillock left the scene and showed Albert
photographic lineups at the hospital.

       Investigator Loeffler said that when he interviewed the Defendant at the juvenile
detention center, he asked if the Defendant was hurt. He also told him that he could help
him, but he had to tell the truth. He said the Defendant seemed worried and scared and
claimed that Kristopher Johnson and “them” were going to kill him if he talked because
they had already beat up his mother.

       Investigator Loeffler said that the Defendant initially denied having anything to do
with these offenses. He then suggested to the Defendant that it was an accident so he would
admit that he was involved. Investigator Loeffler also suggested that someone in the car
had pulled out a gun and that the Defendant had fired in response, which indicated that the
Defendant acted in self-defense, even though Investigator Loeffler did not believe this was
what happened. He admitted that after he made these suggestions, the Defendant confessed
that he had shot the victims.

     Investigator Loeffler acknowledged that he employed the technique of
minimalization, which minimizes the suspect’s part in the offenses and provides a
                                           - 21 -
justification of why the offenses may have happened. He also acknowledged that it was a
well-accepted technique to deceive suspects in interviews. He said his primary goal in an
interview was to keep the suspect talking, regardless of whether the suspect was an adult
or a juvenile.

        Anthony Fletcher, a correctional officer at the Richard L. Bean Juvenile Detention
Center, testified that the detention center was essentially a jail for juveniles. He stated that
on July 19, 2017, an incident occurred at the juvenile detention center in which the
Defendant “threaten[ed] to kill someone” when he got out if he saw that person on the
street. He said the Defendant yelled that “he had killed people to get in there,” that “he
wasn’t afraid to kill the officers that had locked him up,” and that he “would kill the next
person that open[ed] his door . . . just like the fools that he had . . . shot before.”

       Dr. Brian Cutler, a professor of psychology at Ontario Tech University, was
accepted as an expert in the field of forensic psychology. Dr. Cutler testified that one
interrogation technique is called direct positive confrontation, where the interviewer
confronts the suspect with his guilt from the very start, rather than entertaining the idea that
the suspect is innocent. He stated that this technique is very effective because the
interviewer takes the suspect’s “denials and . . . the expressions of innocence off the table
by convincing the suspect that [the interviewer] know[s] the suspect is guilty.” Dr. Cutler
also said that interviewers rely on real or fabricated evidence “to put further pressure on a
suspect to confess” because the suspect has “no way of establishing [his or her] innocence.”
In addition, he stated that interviewers use the technique of “minimalization[,]” where the
interviewer suggests “excuses or rationales for . . . commit[ing] the crime that make it
appear that it’s not as bad as it sound[s].” He said an interviewer may suggest that the crime
was “an accident” or “a spur of the moment thing” or an “impulsive act” or that the suspect
was acting in “self-defense.” Moreover, he explained that interviewers often used the
technique of offering help, although this is not an advisable tactic because it can make the
suspect “think that if he confesses he will be treated more leniently than if he maintains his
innocence.” He said that interviewers “know they can’t promise leniency in exchange for
a confession” but they can “use tactics that make suspects conclude that on their o[w]n.”

        Dr. Cutler said that the three factors that make suspects particularly susceptible to a
false confession are youth, developmental disabilities, and mental illness. He stated that
youth was a factor because younger individuals “focus on short-term rather than long-term
consequences” and have “poorer judgment than adults.” Dr. Cutler said that innocent
people confess when they “become[] so stressed, . . . so depleted that they just want to get
out of there . . . [and b]elieving that they have no chance of convincing this interrogator of
their innocence, . . . they confess.” He added that sometimes an innocent person can include
details of the crime in their confession because the interrogator “actually educate[s] the
suspect on how the crime occurred” so that “when the suspect confesses, [he or she] gives,
                                             - 22 -
basically, a detailed story” of the crime. Dr. Cutler also described the technique of guilty
knowledge, wherein the interviewer not only gets an admission from the suspect but also
gets the suspect to produce details that only a guilty person would know, and then the police
“go out and corroborate those details[.]”

        Dr. Cutler said that after reviewing the recording of the Defendant’s interview, he
identified the interviewer’s use of evidence ploys, minimization, and clear offers of help,
which increased the risk of a false confession. He stated that “the more pressure you put
on . . . an innocent suspect, the . . . greater the likelihood that an innocent suspect w[ill]
falsely confess.” He also agreed that the interviewer’s pressure can be friendly and that
the interviewer does not have to be aggressive to apply pressure to a suspect.

       Dr. Cutler acknowledged that he was being compensated for his time and that
although he was a professor, he made additional income testifying about false confessions
in cases around the country. He said that he had been both rejected and accepted as an
expert in various cases.

        Dr. Jeffrey Neuschatz was accepted at trial as an expert in the field of cognitive
psychology and provided testimony similar to the testimony he gave at the suppression
hearing. Dr. Neuschatz also stated that when a person is stressed, that person’s memory
for facial recognition and identification is not as strong because stress causes the person to
focus on fewer things. He also said it is more difficult to identify a person of a different
race than a person of the same race. He explained that when individuals encounter a person
of a different race, they process the person’s “face as a whole” and fail to pick out specific
characteristics.

       Dr. Neuschatz asserted that after reviewing the lineup procedures the police used
with Albert, he observed that the officers conducting the lineup were not “double-blind”
because they knew that the suspect had been included in the lineup. He said this could be
a problem because someone who is not “double-blind” can influence the witness, whether
intentionally or inadvertently, and can give off cues as to who is the suspect in the lineup
He also said that the officers conducting this lineup never said that the perpetrator might
or might not be in this lineup; instead, they just asked Albert if he recognized anyone in
the lineup. In addition, Dr. Neuschatz said that Albert declared that he knew two other
people in the lineup, which reduced the number of photographs that he was considering
from six to four. Finally, he stated that the officers never asked Albert to provide a
confidence statement for the person he identified, so there was no way to evaluate the
confidence Albert had in identifying that individual.

                                            - 23 -
      Dr. Neuschatz acknowledged that he had been compensated to testify at trial. He
confirmed that he had never talked to Damon Albert. He acknowledged that he was not
making a judgment on the accuracy of Albert’s identification of the Defendant.

        Dr. Kimberly Brown, who was accepted as an expert in the field of forensic
psychology, testified that she was the director of the forensic evaluation team that provides
all of the court-ordered forensic evaluations for Davidson County and that she had been
hired by the defense to evaluate the Defendant in March 2018 and in January 2019 and to
review some documents and materials related to the Defendant. She stated that when she
first evaluated the Defendant, he was fifteen years old.

       Dr. Brown asserted that a male’s brain continued to develop until he reached his
early to mid-twenties. She also noted that fifteen-year-olds are “much more impulsive,”
“much more likely to take risks without appreciating the long-term consequences,” and are
“much more likely to be influenced by peers.” Dr. Brown also determined that the
Defendant had attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a disorder that can affect
a person’s “impulse control” and can make a person “hyperactive” and “even less likely to
think through the consequences of [his] actions.”

        Dr. Brown said that, from kindergarten, the Defendant had problems learning,
especially with reading. She stated that the Defendant received special education services,
had an individualized education program, and was diagnosed with a learning disability in
reading. She noted that in standardized testing the Defendant did poorly in all subjects and
that the Defendant’s GPA was a .25. When she administered an IQ test in March 2018, the
Defendant scored in the seventh percentile. She acknowledged that the Defendant’s school
gave him a partial IQ test and that the Defendant scored “significantly higher” on that test
than the one she gave him. However, she accounted for this discrepancy by stating that the
Defendant’s school had not administered a full IQ test, merely portions of a test.

        Dr. Brown said that someone with an IQ as low as the Defendant’s would not
process things the same way most other people do, would be unable to understand the intent
of the interviewer, and would be unable to reason through their choices as well as someone
with an average IQ. She asserted that people with a lower IQ are “more likely to be
suggestible, easily led, easily influenced by others, willing to please authority.” When she
conducted a memory test with the Defendant, her findings were “very remarkable” because
the Defendant “would change his answers pretty quickly” and would “introduce wrong
facts about the story.” She said that a person with findings like that on that test would be
“more suggestible,” “more influenced by . . . promises that the detective might make,”
“more influenced by pressure to say something,” and would be more likely to “say[] what
they think the person wants to hear.”

                                           - 24 -
       Dr. Brown acknowledged that regular use of marijuana during adolescence can
degrade intelligence and that the Defendant had admitted to using marijuana and Xanax
since the age of twelve. She acknowledged that the degradation of the Defendant’s IQ
could have been attributable to his voluntary ingestion of marijuana over the years,
although she believed that the Defendant’s history of struggling academically was more
consistent with the IQ score that she obtained.

       Dr. Brown acknowledged that she had diagnosed the Defendant with a conduct
disorder, which considers an person’s “patterns of rule violations, breaking rules, breaking
laws, hurting other people, stealing, robbery . . . .” She also acknowledged that during her
evaluation, the Defendant told her that he was at the scene of the crimes, that he had gotten
into the vehicle with the victims to buy marijuana, that Kristopher Johnson had
surreptitiously walked around the car and shot the victims with a .45 caliber gun, that the
Defendant had exited the victim’s car, that Johnson had run out of bullets, and that the
Defendant had exited the car and returned fire, and that the Defendant had not left any
shells behind because he had a shell catcher on his gun. Dr. Brown agreed that the
discovery in this case showed that nine nine-millimeter shell casings were found inside the
vehicle, which was at odds with what the Defendant had told her about what happened.
She stated that during her testing, the Defendant “didn’t recall facts very well, and then he
made up facts that weren’t true.” She recognized that “if [the Defendant] has the tendency
to do that,” then there would be a concern that he would do that “in other situations as well
where he’s asked to recall a story.”

        Dr. Brown acknowledged that on the test “designed to assess someone’s
understanding of their Miranda warnings,” the Defendant “seem[ed] to understand what
the Miranda warnings are and what they meant[,]” and the Defendant “score[d] consistently
or even a little bit higher than other juveniles his age.” She also acknowledged that on the
suggestibility test, the Defendant “didn’t have a significant tendency . . . to change his
answer once he said something, even if it was wrong.” However, she said that the pressure
that she exerted on the Defendant during the suggestibility test, namely that of an authority
figure being forceful and telling him he did not do a good job and would have to answer
the questions again, was different from the pressure that occurred during the Defendant’s
interview, which was the “pressure to protect himself and . . . his family with someone who
was, he perceived, offering him some help.” She also asserted that the ability to understand
the Miranda warnings was different than the ability to resist psychological pressure and the
ability to understand long-term consequences.

        The Defendant, Rico Cook, testified that although he was seventeen now, he was
fifteen years old at the time of this incident. He recalled speaking to Investigator Loeffler
at the juvenile detention center shortly after he turned himself in there. He said Investigator
Loeffler immediately asked him if he was alright, which made him think that he was
                                            - 25 -
concerned about him. He acknowledged that some of the things he told Investigator
Loeffler were true and that some were not true. He said that although Investigator Loeffler
read him his Miranda rights, he did not understand what they meant. He claimed he signed
a form stating that he understood his rights because he felt like that was something he had
to do. The Defendant then told Investigator Loeffler that he needed his name cleared
because did not shoot anyone, which he asserted was the truth. He said he was going to
see his cousin, Daquan Emory, that day and heard eight shots and started running. When
Investigator Loeffler asked him who Deon Nolbert was, the Defendant felt like Nolbert
had mentioned his name because they had been involved in altercations in the past. The
Defendant said Investigator Loeffler also encouraged him to worry about himself and his
family if Nolbert had pulled him into something criminal, which made him feel like they
were on the same page. The Defendant said he told Investigator Loeffler that Kristopher
Johnson and Deon Nolbert threatened to kill him if he talked about the incident and that
Nolbert and a girl, Laurissa, were texting about buying some marijuana from the victims
prior to the shootings. When Investigator Loeffler asked him if he knew what Nolbert and
Laurissa were planning, the Defendant said he thought they were going to rob the victims
because Nolbert was asking for Kristopher Johnson, who was involved in some seriously
criminal acts.

        The Defendant said he was planning to buy forty dollars’ worth of marijuana but he
felt like something was not right because Johnson was nearby. He also told Investigator
Loeffler that when the victims’ car pulled up, he gave one of the victims forty dollars and
received the equivalent of five blunts of marijuana because he wanted to exclude himself
from the situation. The Defendant said that the truth was that after he left, he heard what
sounded like shots fired, although he did not know who was responsible, and then he ran
off. The Defendant told Investigator Loeffler that Kristopher Johnson had a semiautomatic
gun, which was also the truth. He also said that after this incident, he took Deon Nolbert
to drum camp. The Defendant told Investigator Loeffler that he had seen Johnson shoot
people and that he was worried that Johnson would hurt his family and him, if he ever got
released. He also said that he was more worried about Johnson and the other people on the
streets than Investigator Loeffler.

         The Defendant said that he said he got into the backseat of the victims’ car because
he believed that was what Investigator Loeffler wanted to hear. He insisted that people
from the streets were going to kill his family and that they had already beat up his family
members, including his mother, which was true. The Defendant asserted that after
disclosing this information, Investigator Loeffler told him that if the Defendant told him
the truth, he could protect everybody. When Investigator Loeffler suggested to him that
the shootings might have been an accident, the Defendant said that he felt like he needed
to tell Investigator Loeffler what he wanted to hear. The Defendant stated that Investigator
Loeffler did not believe his claim that Kristopher Johnson shot the victims and then
                                           - 26 -
Investigator Loeffler suggested that the victims had pulled a gun on the Defendant and that
the Defendant then shot them to protect himself. The Defendant said that even though he
told Investigator Loeffler that none of the victims pulled out a gun while he was there,
Investigator Loeffler was not satisfied with his response. When Investigator Loeffler
informed him that he knew that Kristopher Johnson had not gotten into the victim’s car,
the Defendant said he was scared, and Investigator Loeffler told him that it was time to tell
him what he wanted to hear. The Defendant said he wanted to see his family and be in
happy places, and Investigator Loeffler again suggested that the Defendant shot the victims
because he got scared and that it was an accident. The Defendant said he replied that “that
ain’t how they’re gonna look at it” and started to cry because he felt helpless, even though
Investigator Loeffler had reassured him. The Defendant explained that although he told
Investigator Loeffler that Kristopher Johnson gave him the gun, this was not the truth and
that he only said it because it was what Investigator Loeffler wanted to hear. The
Defendant then said he shot both of the victims and when Investigator Loeffler asked him
which one he shot first, he did not know because this version of the events was not the
truth. The Defendant also said that he got into the car behind the driver and that the
passenger pulled a gun on him because Investigator Loeffler suggested that he fired the
gun to protect himself. The Defendant asserted that he was unable to tell Investigator
Loeffler what happened after he fired the shots because he had made up the story he was
telling him and did not know the details. He claimed he agreed that the passenger had a
revolver only because Investigator Loeffler had suggested this to him; he said he had no
idea what kind of gun the passenger had because he was not in the car when the incident
occurred.

      The Defendant stated that what really happened was he and his girlfriend were
walking, and Deon Nolbert came up and said he wanted to rip someone off with some fake
hundred dollar bills, and he showed them the fake bills. The Defendant told Nolbert that
he was not going to get away with that, and his girlfriend agreed. He said that as they were
walking toward the parking lot C, he saw Kristopher Johnson and told him that what
Nolbert was planning was a bad idea. The Defendant said that after that he and his cousin,
Daquan Emory, started walking up the hill. When they heard shots ring out, they ran.

        The Defendant admitted that he was holding the two fake hundred dollar bills and
that his girlfriend’s foot was in the photograph that was sent to Albert over Facebook. He
also admitted knowing that the purpose of the photograph with the fake bills was to ensure
that Albert would bring the marijuana. The Defendant said that he went into parking lot C
because his cousin wanted to talk to Nolbert, and he was okay with that because he and
Nolbert were “cool,” even though they had been involved in some altercations in the past.
The Defendant said he walked to parking lot C with Nolbert because they were “creating a
plan to get the weed” using the fake money and that they encountered Kristopher Johnson,
who was well known in the area. The Defendant denied telling Nolbert, “After this, . . .
                                           - 27 -
I’m gonna be a Crip.” He said that once he encountered Kristopher Johnson, he felt like
something bad was going to happen, so he turned around, left Nolbert with Johnson, and
started walking to his cousin’s home. He acknowledged seeing a car pull into the parking
lot as he and his cousin were leaving, although he did not know it was the victims’ car. As
he and his cousin were walking toward his cousin’s house, they heard gunshots behind
them. They stopped and looked and then took off running toward his cousin’s house and
then followed the train tracks behind parking lot C to the Defendant’s house. The
Defendant confirmed that it was his testimony that he did not know anything about the
people who were killed and that he did not see anything. However, the Defendant
acknowledged that he lied to Investigator Loeffler and admitted that he never told
Investigator Loeffler the version of events to which he had testified at trial. He also
admitted that he lied to Dr. Brown about being involved in a shootout with Kristopher
Johnson, although he claimed he lied to protect his family. The Defendant insisted that
Damon Albert and the two other victims who were killed never saw his face. He claimed
that the only reason he told Investigator Loeffler that he shot the victims was to protect his
family from Kristopher Johnson.

       At the conclusion of trial, the jury convicted the Defendant of two counts of felony
murder, two counts of the lesser included offense of second degree murder, one count of
the lesser included offense of attempted second degree murder, three counts of especially
aggravated robbery, and one count of employment of a firearm during the commission of
a dangerous felony. The trial court merged the second degree murder convictions with the
felony murder convictions and then imposed an effective sentence of life imprisonment
plus eighteen years. Thereafter, the Defendant timely filed a motion for new trial, asserting
in pertinent part that it was error to deny the motion to suppress his statement and that it
was error to deny the motion to suppress the eyewitness identification evidence. Following
a hearing, the trial court entered a written order denying the motion for new trial.
Thereafter, the Defendant timely filed a notice of appeal.

                                          ANALYSIS

        I. Motion to Suppress Statement. The Defendant argues that the trial court erred
in denying the motion to suppress his statement to police, which he made as a juvenile. He
acknowledges that the trial court properly relied on the Callahan4 factors but argues that
“the trial court erred in its findings and conclusion that the confession in this case was
voluntary.” In particular, the Defendant claims that his age, his lack of education and
mental ability, his reduced capacity to understand the Miranda warnings, and the absence
of a parent or interested adult all weighed against the admission of his statement. Because
the Defendant provides a thorough analysis of the Callahan factors in his brief, it appears

       4
           Callahan, 979 S.W.2d at 583.
                                            - 28 -
that he intended to challenge whether he knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently waived
his rights under Miranda rather than whether his statement was voluntary. See State v.
Davidson, 509 S.W.3d 156, 189 (Tenn. 2016) (emphasizing that “[t]he due process
voluntariness test is distinct from Miranda” and that while “[t]he issue under Miranda is
whether a suspect received certain warnings and knowingly and voluntarily waived certain
rights[,] . . . the essential inquiry under the voluntariness test is whether a suspect’s will
was overborne so as to render the confession a product of coercion” (citations omitted)).
Because the trial court never made any ruling regarding the voluntariness of the
Defendant’s statement and because the Defendant has failed to argue or provide any
caselaw in support of the claim that his statement was not voluntary, we conclude that this
issue is waived. See Tenn. R. App. P. 36(a) (“Nothing in this rule shall be construed as
requiring relief be granted to a party responsible for an error or who failed to take whatever
action was reasonably available to prevent or nullify the harmful effect of an error.”); Tenn.
Ct. Crim. App. R. 10(b) (“Issues which are not supported by argument, citation to
authorities, or appropriate references to the record will be treated as waived in this court.”);
Tenn. R. App. P. 27(a)(7) (A brief shall contain “[a]n argument . . . setting forth the
contentions of the appellant with respect to the issues presented, and the reasons therefor,
including the reasons why the contentions require appellate relief, with citations to the
authorities and appropriate references to the record . . . relied on.”). Waiver
notwithstanding, the record does not support the claim that the Defendant’s statement was
coerced, and therefore, not voluntary. See Davidson, 509 S.W.3d at 189 (“Whether a
confession was made voluntarily must be determined by a totality of the circumstances,
including characteristics of the accused and the details of the interrogation” and relevant
factors to be considered in determining whether a statement was made voluntarily include
“the age, education, and intelligence of the accused; the extent of previous experience with
law enforcement; whether questioning was repetitive and prolonged; the length of the
detention prior to giving a statement; the lack of any advice to the accused of his
constitutional rights; whether the accused was injured, intoxicated, drugged, or in ill health;
deprivation of food, sleep, or medical attention; and physical abuse or threats of abuse.”).

       The State, apparently also concluding that only a Miranda argument was raised,
contends that the totality of the circumstances supports the trial court’s conclusion that the
Defendant knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently waived his Miranda rights. The State
specifically asserts that at the time of the interview, the Defendant was fifteen years old;
was in the ninth grade; was able to read and write; was not laboring under the influence of
intoxicants or a mental disease, defect, or impairment; and was capable of understanding
the waiver of his Miranda rights. The State acknowledges that the Defendant had some
educational deficiencies and did not have an interested adult present during his interview;
however, it contends that these facts do not preclude the trial court from concluding that
the Defendant properly waived his rights. Although this case undoubtedly presents a close
question, we agree with the State that the totality of the circumstances supports the trial
                                             - 29 -
court’s conclusion that the Defendant knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently waived his
Miranda rights. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not err in denying the
motion to suppress the Defendant’s statement.

        When this court reviews suppression issues, the prevailing party in the trial court
“‘is entitled to the strongest legitimate view of the evidence adduced at the suppression
hearing as well as all reasonable and legitimate inferences that may be drawn from that
evidence.’” State v. Talley, 307 S.W.3d 723, 729 (Tenn. 2010) (quoting State v. Odom,
928 S.W.2d 18, 23 (Tenn. 1996)). “‘Questions of credibility of the witnesses, the weight
and value of the evidence, and resolution of conflicts in the evidence are matters entrusted
to the trial judge as the trier of fact.’” State v. Hawkins, 519 S.W.3d 1, 32 (Tenn. 2017)
(quoting Odom, 928 S.W.2d at 23). A trial court’s findings of fact in a suppression hearing
will be upheld, unless the evidence preponderates against them. Id. (citing State v. Bell,
429 S.W.3d 524, 528 (Tenn. 2014)). However, this court reviews the trial court’s
application of the law to the facts de novo with no presumption of correctness. Id. at 32-
33 (citing State v. Walton, 41 S.W.3d 75, 81 (Tenn. 2001)). When evaluating the
correctness of a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, this court may consider the
entire record, including not only the proof offered at the suppression hearing but also the
evidence presented at trial. State v. Echols, 382 S.W.3d 266, 277 (Tenn. 2012); State v.
Williamson, 368 S.W.3d 468, 473 (Tenn. 2012).

        The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, applicable to the states
through the Fourteenth Amendment, states that “[n]o person . . . shall be compelled in any
criminal case to be a witness against himself[.]” U.S. Const. amend. V; see U.S. Const.
amend. XIV, § 1. Similarly, the Tennessee Constitution provides “that in all criminal
prosecutions, the accused . . . shall not be compelled to give evidence against himself.”
Tenn. Const. art. I, § 9. Both the Fifth Amendment and article I, section 9 provide the
criminally accused the right against compelled self-incrimination. Callahan, 979 S.W.2d
at 581.

       In Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 444 (1966), the United States Supreme Court
created procedural safeguards to protect against compulsory self-incrimination. Miranda
compels law enforcement to warn an individual prior to a custodial interrogation:

       that he has the right to remain silent, that anything he says can be used against
       him in a court of law, that he has the right to the presence of an attorney, and
       that if he cannot afford an attorney one will be appointed for him prior to any
       questioning if he so desires.

Id. at 479. The opportunity to exercise the aforementioned rights must be afforded to the
individual throughout the interrogation. Id. After these warnings are given and an
                                            - 30 -
opportunity to exercise these rights is afforded, the person being questioned may
“voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently” waive his right to counsel and waive his right
against self-incrimination. Id. at 444, 479; Echols, 382 S.W.3d at 280; State v. Mann, 959
S.W.2d 503, 529 (Tenn. 1997).

       This court must examine the totality of the circumstances in determining whether a
juvenile has made a knowing, intelligent, and voluntary waiver of his or her Miranda rights.
Fare v. Michael C., 442 U.S. 707, 725 (1979); Callahan, 979 S.W.2d at 581. With juvenile
waivers, the totality-of-the-circumstances test requires consideration of the following
factors:

       (1) consideration of all circumstances surrounding the interrogation
       including the juvenile’s age, experience, education, and intelligence;
       (2) the juvenile’s capacity to understand the Miranda warnings and the
       consequences of the waiver;
       (3) the juvenile’s familiarity with Miranda warnings or the ability to read and
       write in the language used to give the warnings;
       (4) any intoxication;
       (5) any mental disease, disorder, or retardation; and
       (6) the presence of a parent, guardian, or interested adult.

Callahan, 979 S.W.2d at 583; State v. Carroll, 36 S.W.3d 854, 864 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1999). “These factors are sufficiently capacious to encompass coercive tactics such as
threatening a juvenile with adult prosecution or promising leniency.” Callahan, 979
S.W.2d at 583. While this court should “exercise special care in scrutinizing purported
waivers by juvenile suspects, no single factor such as mental condition or education should
by itself render a confession unconstitutional absent coercive police activity.” Id. (citing
Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157, 167 (1986)). Likewise, the absence of a parent at the
interrogation does not render a confession inadmissible. Carroll, 36 S.W.3d at 864 (citing
State v. Steven D. King, No. 02C01-9509-CR-00280, 1997 WL 41256, at *3-4 (Tenn.
Crim. App., at Jackson, Feb. 4, 1997)).

        Regarding the first factor, the circumstances surrounding the interrogation including
the juvenile’s age, experience, education, and intelligence, the record shows that at the time
of his interview, the Defendant was fifteen years old and was no longer enrolled in high
school, although he claimed he was pursuing his GED. Although the Defendant repeatedly
stated that he was “just a kid” in the interview, we agree with the trial court’s finding that
the Defendant did this as a defensive or deflective tactic. His school records, which were
attached to his motion to suppress, showed that while he was enrolled in the ninth grade,
the Defendant had an Individual Education Program (IEP), was reading on a third grade
level, and was receiving instruction from both regular education staff and special education
                                            - 31 -
staff. The Defendant’s seventh grade school records showed that the Defendant had a
learning disability that affected his reading comprehension. Finally, the Defendant’s fifth
grade school records showed that when he was given three subtests (Vocabulary, Matrix
Reasoning, and Arithmetic) from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth
Edition, the Defendant’s estimated IQ score was determined to be a 92, which “falls in the
average range.” The school then concluded, based upon the Defendant’s IQ score, that
“[i]ntellectual [d]isability c[ould] be ruled out as contributing to his educational
difficulties.” As to the circumstances surrounding the interview, the record establishes that
the Defendant was interviewed after being in custody for a few hours. The audio recording
from this interview shows that Investigator Loeffler was polite, friendly, non-
confrontational, and concerned about the Defendant’s health; it also shows that Investigator
Loeffler used language appropriate for a fifteen-year-old and never threatened or
intimidated the Defendant. Although the Defendant makes a general claim, without
specific references to the record, that Investigator Loeffler made the Defendant promises
of leniency, our review of the interview shows that while Investigator Loeffler offered to
keep the Defendant and his family safe, he never made any promises of leniency regarding
the Defendant’s charges or sentencing. The Defendant’s interview lasted approximately
forty-five minutes, and the overall atmosphere of the interview was calm. The Defendant
was alert, was able to easily answer all of Investigator Loeffler’s questions, and was able
to provide detailed facts regarding his actions at the time of the crimes. The Defendant
initially denied all involvement in the crimes and then provided at least two alternate
versions before finally admitting that he was the shooter. When the Defendant ultimately
admitted his involvement in the offenses, he provided information that showed he had acted
in self-defense. Although the Defendant became emotional and expressed concern about
being incarcerated when he finally admitted that he was the shooter at the end of the
interview, the Defendant’s demeanor throughout the interview was cooperative and, at the
end, resigned.

        Regarding the second factor, the Defendant’s capacity to understand the Miranda
warnings and the consequences of the waiver, the audio recording of the interview shows
Investigator Loeffler presented the Defendant with the Miranda form and then read to him
all of the rights outlined in Miranda. As Investigator Loeffler read these rights, the
Defendant was able to follow along on the Miranda form. The Defendant initialed that he
understood each of his rights and stated that he had no questions about his rights.
Significantly, before speaking with Investigator Loeffler, the Defendant verified that he
could still get a lawyer, even if he signed the waiver form, and then the Defendant provided
a self-serving reason for why he wanted to provide a statement, thus demonstrating that (1)
the Defendant knew he would likely need an attorney and wanted to retain the right to
counsel if he decided to speak with the investigator, (2) the Defendant understood that he
did not have to talk to the investigator, and (3) the Defendant had an appreciation of the
consequences of speaking with the investigator, namely that his statements could be used
                                           - 32 -
against him, but decided to talk to him because he thought it would help his case.
Immediately thereafter, the Defendant signed the Miranda form. While the Defendant
claims that his significant mental limitations, which caused him to operate on a third-grade
level, prevented him from fully understanding the meaning of the Miranda warnings, his
school records show that the Defendant had an IQ of 92, which was in the average range.
Even more importantly, Dr. Brown acknowledged that when she gave the Defendant the
test “designed to assess someone’s understanding of their Miranda warnings,” the
Defendant “seem[ed] to understand what the Miranda warnings are and what they meant,”
and the Defendant “score[d] consistently or even a little bit higher than other juveniles his
age.”

        Regarding the third factor, the Defendant’s familiarity with the Miranda warnings
and the ability to read and write in the language used to give the warnings, the record shows
that the Defendant was able to read and write in English, the language used to inform him
of his Miranda rights. As we have previously recognized, the record shows that the
Defendant was thoroughly advised of his rights, and his knowledge of and waiver of these
rights was shown by his initialing each of his rights and his signature on the written waiver.
Despite the Defendant’s claims that he had no prior experience with the court system and
no familiarity with the Miranda warnings, the presentence investigation report shows that
the Defendant had violated the law several times prior to his interview, thus demonstrating
that the Defendant had involvement with law enforcement and the criminal justice system.
In May 2017, the Defendant was charged with disorderly conduct and was transferred to
adult court, where he was convicted as charged and given probation. In October 2015, the
Defendant was charged with casual exchange of a drug, although the juvenile court
dismissed this charge. Also in October 2015, the Defendant was charged with criminal
trespass, and he was convicted of this offense and the juvenile court sentenced him first to
judicial diversion and then to probation. Additionally, a search of the Knox County
Juvenile Records revealed that on May 14, 2017, the Defendant was charged with assault,
robbery, and theft of property up to $1000 and that on June 9, 2017, the Defendant was
charged with violation of the state registration law, violation of the financial responsibility
law, and driving without a license, and all of these charges were transferred to adult court.

        Regarding the fourth factor, intoxication, the audio recording shows that the
Defendant was not under the influence of any intoxicants at the time of his interview. The
Defendant concedes that intoxication was not a factor and that the trial court properly gave
this factor no weight.

       Regarding the fifth factor, characterized as “any mental disease, disorder, or
retardation,” the Defendant admits in his brief that he does not suffer from any mental
disease or disorder. The recording of the interview shows that the Defendant did not
display, or report, any mental issues. The Defendant provided clear, responsive answers
                                            - 33 -
to all of Investigator Loeffler’s questions and gave at least two alternate versions of his
involvement before providing a detailed explanation of his crimes. Although the
Defendant admits that he does not suffer from a mental disease or disorder, he nevertheless
claims that his significant mental limitations “create profound impairments in his ability to
understand and appreciate what he is being told.” We acknowledge that Dr. Brown
concluded, through her own testing, that the Defendant’s IQ was in the seventh percentile;
however, the Defendant’s school records showed the Defendant had an estimated IQ of 92,
which placed him in the average range.

       Regarding the sixth factor, the presence of a parent, guardian, or interested adult,
the record clearly shows that neither the Defendant’s parents, nor any other interested adult,
was present during the Defendant’s interview. Defense counsel asserts that the trial court
was properly concerned that the Defendant, who had the abilities of a nine-year-old, was
interrogated without a parent, guardian, or interested adult, especially given that his mother
had just delivered him to the juvenile detention center with the single request that he not
be interrogated in her absence. Although the Defendant acknowledges that the center’s
authorities were not required to honor his mother’s wishes, he asserts that “it would have
been very simple . . . to telephone [his mother] and ask her to come back for [his]
interview.” Instead, he claims that “[l]aw enforcement simply chose not to include her.”
Defense counsel insists that “if [the Defendant] were of above-average intelligence and
well-familiar with Miranda, the lack of a parent [during the interview] would matter less.
However, because of [the Defendant’s] limitations, the lack of a parent matters more.”
Regarding this factor, we agree with the trial court that Investigator Loeffler should have
attempted to contact the Defendant’s parents before conducting the interview; nevertheless,
the law is clear that the absence of a parent at the interrogation does not render a confession
inadmissible. Carroll, 36 S.W.3d at 864.

        The record shows that at the time of the interview, the Defendant was fifteen years
old, had attended at least some of ninth grade, was able to read and write, was not under
the influence of intoxicants, did not have a mental disease or disorder and was not
intellectually disabled, had previous involvement with law enforcement and the criminal
justice system, and was capable of understanding the Miranda warnings and the
consequences of his waiver. While the record also shows that the Defendant did not have
a parent or interested adult present during the interview and that the Defendant had a
learning disability related to reading, the absence of a parent does not render a defendant’s
statement inadmissible, and the interview recording establishes that Investigator Loeffler
read the Defendant each of his Miranda rights, asked the Defendant if he understood his
rights, and then asked the Defendant to initial each right if he understood it, which certainly
ameliorated any issue that the Defendant had with reading. Although this case admittedly
presents a close question, we agree with the State that the totality of the circumstances
supports the trial court’s conclusion that the Defendant knowingly, voluntarily, and
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intelligently waived his Miranda rights. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court
properly denied the motion to suppress the Defendant’s statement. In reaching this
conclusion, we recognize that even if the Defendant’s statement somehow should not have
been admitted, the record contained considerable evidence of the Defendant’s guilt, most
significantly in Damon Albert’s eyewitness identification of the Defendant as the shooter
in this case, in Courtney Walker’s identification of the Defendant fleeing the scene, and in
the proof showing the Defendant’s clear involvement in the scheme to rob the victims. For
all of these reasons, the Defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

        II. Motion to Suppress Eyewitness Identification Evidence. The Defendant also
argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress the eyewitness
identification evidence. Referencing the factors in Neil v. Biggers,5 the Defendant claims
that Damon Albert had a limited opportunity to view the perpetrator at the time of the
offenses, that Albert’s attention was diverted by a number of factors when he was initially
exposed to the perpetrator, that Albert initially stated that he did not know who shot him
prior to identifying the Defendant in the photographic lineup, and that Albert was never
asked to state the confidence of his identification at the time of the photographic lineup.
He asserts that because the balance of these factors demonstrates a substantial risk of
misidentification, the evidence clearly preponderates against the findings of the trial court.
In response, the State contends that the Defendant has failed to argue, much less show, that
the identification procedure in this case was suggestive and that even if it was suggestive,
the identification of the Defendant was reliable based on the totality of the circumstances.
We conclude that although the identification procedure in this case was suggestive, the
indicia of reliability are strong enough to outweigh the corrupting effect of the suggestive
identification procedure. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court properly admitted
Albert’s identifications of the Defendant, during both the photographic lineup and at trial.

        The United States Supreme Court identified “a due process check on the admission
of eyewitness identification, applicable when the police have arranged suggestive
circumstances leading the witness to identify a particular person as the perpetrator of a
crime.” Perry v. New Hampshire, 565 U.S. 228, 232 (2012). “[D]ue process concerns
arise only when law enforcement officers use an identification procedure that is both
suggestive and unnecessary[,]” and “[e]ven when the police use such a procedure, . . .
suppression of the resulting identification is not the inevitable consequence.” Id. at 238-
39 (2012) (citing Manson v. Brathwaite, 432 U.S. 98, 112-13 (1977); Biggers, 409 U.S. at
198-99). Instead, the Due Process Clause requires courts to determine, on a case-by-case
basis, whether improper police conduct during the identification procedure created a
“substantial likelihood of misidentification.” Id. at 239 (quoting Biggers, 409 U.S. at 201)
(citing Brathwaite, 432 U.S. at 116). If the conduct did create a substantial likelihood of

       5
           409 U.S. at 199-200 (1972).
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misidentification, the trial court “must disallow presentation of the evidence at trial.” Id.
at 232. However, “if the indicia of reliability are strong enough to outweigh the corrupting
effect of the police-arranged suggestive circumstances, the identification evidence
ordinarily will be admitted, and the jury will ultimately determine its worth.” Id.

        In Neil v. Biggers, the Court effectively established a two-part analysis for
determining whether evidence of an identification from a lineup is admissible under the
due process clause. Specifically, the court must determine (1) whether the identification
procedure was unnecessarily suggestive and (2) if the identification procedure was
unnecessarily suggestive, then it must then determine whether, under the totality of the
circumstances, the identification was nevertheless reliable. Biggers, 409 U.S. at 198-99;
see Brathwaite, 432 U.S. at 106 (“The admission of testimony concerning a suggestive and
unnecessary identification procedure does not violate due process so long as the
identification possesses sufficient aspects of reliability.” (footnote omitted)). In
determining whether an identification is reliable, the following factors should be
considered:

       the opportunity of the witness to view the criminal at the time of the crime,
       the witness’ degree of attention, the accuracy of the witness’ prior description
       of the criminal, the level of certainty demonstrated by the witness at the
       confrontation, and the length of time between the crime and the
       confrontation.

Biggers, 409 U.S. at 199-200.

        The first step in the two-part analysis requires the trial court to determine whether
the identification procedure was unnecessarily suggestive. Id. at 198-99. After hearing the
evidence presented at the suppression hearing, the trial court concluded that the
identification procedure in this case was not unnecessarily suggestive. However, after
carefully evaluating the record in this case, we respectfully disagree with this conclusion.

        The record in this case clearly shows that Investigator Cook not only knew that the
Defendant’s photograph had been included in the photographic lineup but also knew its
precise location within the lineup. Such deviations from proper procedure can cause an
officer, whether purposefully or inadvertently, to influence the eyewitness, which can then
result in a false identification. Even more problematic is Investigator Cook’s failure to
properly inform Albert that the perpetrator might or might not be included in the
photographic lineup; instead he bluntly stated, “I’m gonna show you some line ups, ok[ay]?
And I want you to tell me who you recognize.” An officer’s failure to give the simple
admonition that the perpetrator may or may not be in the lineup can result in an eyewitness
feeling pressure to choose one of the individuals in the lineup, even if none of the included
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individuals match the eyewitness’s memory of the perpetrator. Lastly, Investigator Cook
neglected to obtain a confidence statement from Albert after he identified the Defendant.
A confidence statement provides a clear measurement of the certainty of the eyewitness’s
identification, which is significant in and of itself and proves useful if the eyewitness’s
degree of certainty regarding the identification changes over time. In light of all of these
issues, which were easily avoidable, we conclude that the identification procedure in this
case was unnecessarily suggestive. Accordingly, we must next consider the Biggers factors
to determine whether, under the totality of the circumstances, there was sufficient indicia
of reliability to outweigh the corrupting effect of these suggestive circumstances.

        First, regarding the opportunity of the witness to view the criminal at the time of the
crime, the record shows that Albert was within a foot or two of the perpetrator and that
Albert’s interaction with the perpetrator was during a purported drug deal inside a car in
the early afternoon at a time when there was abundant natural night. Albert was able to
thoroughly observe the perpetrator, without stress or fear, inside the car for several
moments before the perpetrator pulled out his gun and began shooting. Although the
Defendant claims that Albert had only a brief period of time in which to observe the
perpetrator and that Albert was not keeping the perpetrator in his gaze that entire time,” we
conclude that the record clearly establishes that Albert had more than sufficient opportunity
to view the perpetrator. This factor weighs in favor of the reliability of Albert’s
identification.

        Second, regarding the witness’s degree of attention, the record shows that Albert
was able to observe the perpetrator, in broad daylight, as the perpetrator walked over to the
car, got into the backseat beside him, and then seemed to participate in the drug transaction
before pulling out his gun and firing the shots. The Defendant, referencing Dr. Neuschatz’s
testimony, argues that the presence of the gun would have diverted Albert’s attention away
from perpetrator and that Albert’s attention was distracted by a number of factors at the
time of the exposure to the perpetrator, including that Albert looked out the window of the
car, smoked a cigar, focused on what the other occupants of the car were doing, and listened
to the conversation between Jaloen Morris and Deon Nolbert. Despite these claims, we
conclude, based on the record, that Albert’s attention was sufficiently focused on the
perpetrator in order to correctly identify him. Accordingly, this factor also weighs in favor
of the reliability of Albert’s identification.

        Third, regarding the accuracy of the witness’s prior descriptions of the criminal, the
record shows that Albert provided no physical description of the perpetrator prior to his
identification of the Defendant in the photographic identification. The Defendant argues
that because Albert initially told officers at the scene that he could not be sure who shot
him, there was a substantial risk of misidentification during the lineup. Because Albert
provided no description that could be compared to the photograph of the Defendant in the
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lineup, there is no basis to evaluate this factor, and it neither weights in favor of or against
the reliability of Albert’s identification.

        Fourth, regarding the level of certainty demonstrated by the witness at the time of
the confrontation, the audio recording of the photographic identification shows that Albert
immediately and without hesitation identified the Defendant from the photospread. The
Defendant, referencing Dr. Neuschatz’s testimony, contends that because Albert was not
asked to state the confidence of his identification at the time of the photographic lineup,
the trial court was unable to evaluate the level of certainty of Albert’s identification of the
Defendant. The Defendant also asserts that although Albert expressed confidence in his
identification of the Defendant as the perpetrator at trial, the trial followed both Albert’s
exposure to the suggestive photographic lineup and Albert’s observation of the Defendant
at an earlier hearing. After listening to the audio recording of the photographic lineup, we
conclude that Albert’s response was immediate, assured, and unwavering. We also
conclude that Albert’s tone, which is evident from the recording, indicated a very high level
of certainty in his identification. Therefore, this factor also weighs in favor of the reliability
of Albert’s identification.

       Fifth, regarding the length of time between the crime and the confrontation, the
record demonstrates that only a few hours passed between commission of these crimes and
the presentation of the photographic lineup, and the Defendant concedes that this factor
supports the reliability of Albert’s out-of-court identification. Because the time between
these crimes and the confrontation was exceedingly brief, this final factor also weighs in
favor of the reliability of the identification.

        After weighing the Biggers factors, we conclude that the indicia of reliability of the
identification are strong enough to outweigh the corrupting effect of the suggestive
identification procedure. Accordingly, we conclude that Albert’s identifications of the
Defendant, both during the photographic lineup and at trial, were properly admitted. The
Defendant is not entitled to relief.

                                       CONCLUSION

      Because the trial court properly denied both the motion to suppress the Defendant’s
statement and the motion to suppress the eyewitness identification evidence, we affirm the
judgments of the trial court.

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         ________________________________
         CAMILLE R. MCMULLEN, JUDGE

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