Court Opinion

ID: 9711072
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-26 04:24:01.960655+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:23:02.044205
License: Public Domain

HUNTER, Justice.
The defendant, Richard S. Cherry, was charged with rape, a class A felony, Ind. Code § 35-42-4-1 (Burns 1979 Repl.), criminal deviate conduct, a class A felony, Ind. Code § 35 -42-4-2 (Burns 1979 Repl.), and being an habitual offender, Ind.Code § 35-50-2-8 (Burns 1979 Repl.). He was found guilty by a jury on Counts I and II as class B felonies and guilty on Count III. He was sentenced to fifteen, fifteen, and thirty years, respectively, the sentences to be served consecutively. In his appeal he raises twelve issues, but due to our disposition of the case under issue one, we need only consider the following seven issues:
1. Whether the trial court erred, in allowing the state to refile two counts against defendant after once dismissing them;
2. Whether Indiana’s rape shield act is unconstitutional;
3. Whether members of the prosecutor’s staff may testify against a defendant;
4. Whether certain former recorded testimony of a witness was erroneously admitted;
5. Whether defendant was entitled to a discharge under Ind.R.Crim.P. 4(B);
6. Whether the court erred in giving certain instructions and refusing to give others; and
7. Whether the court erred in considering certain aggravating circumstances in determining the sentence.
A summary of the facts from the record most favorable to the state shows that on the evening of December 23, 1977, the victim and a girl-friend walked to a tavern in Evansville, Indiana. They sat at a table and had something to drink. The victim testified that defendant' came up to their *304table and asked her to dance. She stated that she danced with him several times and may have had more drinks. Her friend left the tavern sometime during the evening, but the victim stayed until approximately 3:00 a. m. -At this time, she asked defendant to drive her home and he agreed.
The victim testified that defendant stopped the car about a block from her home and told her to take her clothes off. She refused and tried to get out of the car, but the door wouldn’t open. Defendant then pushed her down, threatened to kill her and choked her, causing scratches on her neck. He forced her to have intercourse with him and then forced her to have oral sex with him. After this, the victim asked defendant to take her to the home of her former husband because she was afraid her present husband wouldn’t believe her. Defendant dropped her off at her former husband’s home around 4:00 a. m. She then called the police and the rape crisis line and went to the hospital.
I.
Defendant first alleges that it was error for the state to refile two counts against him after once dismissing them. Defendant was originally charged early in 1978, with three counts arising from the instant crime: Count I, rape, a class A felony; Count II, criminal deviate conduct, a class A felony; and Count III, habitual offender. In May, 1978, defendant moved to sever the counts and this motion was granted. The state indicated it would try defendant only on Counts II and III. A jury trial in June, 1978, resulted in a guilty verdict on Count II and a hung jury on Count III. The trial court found there were aggravating circumstances and sentenced defendant to forty years’ imprisonment on the criminal deviate conduct count. After the sentencing, the state made a motion to dismiss Counts I and III and this motion was granted.
Defendant filed a motion to correct errors and later a supplemental motion to correct errors. These motions were granted by the trial court in November, 1978, on the basis of prejudicial testimony admitted during the trial and defendant’s poor physical condition which had not been attended to for several months preceding and during the trial while he was held in jail. After defendant had been granted a new trial on December 11, 1978, the state refiled the other two counts against him on January 9, 1979, and January 29, 1979. A second jury trial was held in April, 1979, without the introduction of the improper and prejudicial testimony. This trial resulted in guilty verdicts on all three counts. However, the jury at this time found defendant guilty of both rape and criminal deviate conduct as class B felonies rather than class A felonies as charged. The trial court again found aggravating circumstances and sentenced defendant to serve fifteen, fifteen, and thirty year terms consecutively. Defendant is now serving a sixty year term of imprisonment rather than the forty year term he was given at his first trial.
Defendant argues that allowing the state to refile the two counts which they had dismissed after the sentencing at the original trial violated his double jeopardy and due process rights. It is clear that defendant’s double jeopardy argument must fail since there had been no trial on the rape charge as of the time of dismissal and the trial on the habitual offender count had ended in a hung jury. In both those situations double jeopardy does not bar further prosecution. Harlan v. State, (1921) 190 Ind. 322, 130 N.E. 413; Crim v. State, (1973) 156 Ind.App. 66, 294 N.E.2d 822.
However, the timing of the state’s actions in this case does raise a serious due process question. We must consider the issue of “prosecutorial vindictiveness” under the principles enunciated by the United States Supreme Court in Blackledge v. Perry, (1974) 417 U.S. 21, 94 S.Ct. 2098, 40 L.Ed.2d 628, and North Carolina v. Pearce, (1969) 395 U.S. 711, 89 S.Ct. 2072, 23 L.Ed.2d 656.
The Supreme Court first addressed the situation where a judge imposed an increased penalty on a criminal defendant at a second trial after he had successfully appealed his first trial. The Court held that due process prohibits actual vindictiveness in resentencing and said that:
*305“... since the fear of such vindictiveness may unconstitutionally deter a defendant’s exercise of the right to appeal or collaterally attack his first conviction, due process also requires that a defendant be freed of apprehension of such a retaliatory motivation on the part of the sentencing judge.
“In order to assure the absence of such a motivation, we have concluded that whenever a judge imposes a more severe sentence upon a defendant after a new trial, the reasons for his doing so must affirmatively appear. Those reasons must be based upon objective information concerning identifiable conduct on the part of the defendant occurring after the time of the original sentencing proceeding.” [Footnotes omitted.] North Carolina v. Pearce, (1969) 395 U.S. 711, 725-726, 89 S.Ct. 2072, 2080-2081, 23 L.Ed.2d 656, 669-670.
The rationale of Pearce was extended to prosecutorial conduct in Blackledge v. Perry, supra. In Blackledge the defendant was convicted in state court on a misdemeanor assault charge. When he exercised a statutorily granted right to demand a trial de novo on appeal, the prosecutor obtained a felony assault indictment based upon the same conduct. Upon review before the Supreme Court it was held that the prosecution’s unexplained filing of an increased charge violated the defendant’s due process rights, even in the absence of any evidence that the prosecutor acted in bad faith or maliciously. The Court stated that:
“A person convicted of an offense is entitled to pursue his statutory right to a trial de novo, without apprehension that the State will retaliate by substituting a more serious charge for the original one, thus subjecting him to a significantly increased potential period of incarceration. [Citation omitted.]
“Due process of law requires that such a potential for vindictiveness must not enter into North Carolina’s two-tiered appellate process.” 417 U.S. 21, 28, 94 S.Ct. 2098, 2102-2103, 40 L.Ed.2d 628, 634-635.
Questions of prosecutorial vindictiveness are not easy to resolve because two antithetical interests are brought into conflict. One is the due process right of the defendant to be free of apprehension that he will be subjected to an increased punishment if he exercises his right to attack his conviction and the other is the substantial discretion traditionally accorded the prosecutor in controlling the decision to prosecute. Blackledge and its progeny show that there must be a balancing of the defendant’s interest against that of the state in order to protect both these interests. Blackledge, supra; United States v. Andrews, (6th Cir.1980) 612 F.2d 235; Miracle v. Estelle, (5th Cir.1979) 592 F.2d 1269; Jackson v. Walker, (5th Cir.1978) 585 F.2d 139; United States v. Groves, (9th Cir.1978) 571 F.2d 450; United States v. Alvarado-Sandoval, (9th Cir.1977) 557 F.2d 645; United States v. Jamison, (D.C.Cir.1974) 505 F.2d 407.
In analyzing Blackledge and Pearce, we find it is clear that when the prosecution has occasion to file more numerous or more severe charges for the same basic criminal conduct against an accused after the accused has successfully exercised his statutory or constitutional rights to an appeal, the prosecution bears a heavy burden of proving that any increase in the number or severity of the charges was not motivated by a vindictive purpose. There is no question in the instant case of the increased harshness of the penalty for defendant when the state refiled the two additional charges against him. The defendant’s interest here is a substantial one considering both the increased sentence which he received and the addition of two felony convictions to his record.
On the other hand, the state has offered no reason for refiling the two additional charges. We find no unusual circumstances here which could support the timing of the state’s actions such as the discovery of additional evidence, elements of the crime being completed which were not complete at the time of the first trial, or an honest mistake or oversight being made at the time of the *306original decision to prosecute. In fact, the timing of the state’s actions points solely to a vindictive motive. The state did not dismiss the original rape and habitual offender counts until after defendant had been sentenced to forty years on the original criminal deviate conduct charge. Then the state did not refile those two counts until after defendant had successfully appealed the criminal deviate conduct conviction and had been granted a new trial on that count.
We need not find that the prosecutor actually acted in bad faith or that he maliciously sought the refiling of the two charges. The underlying concern of the Blackledge and Pearce decisions is that it is the realistic apprehension of vindictiveness, rather than vindictiveness in fact, which controls. The factual situation of the crimes behind the charges is not dispositive on the question of vindictiveness; rather, it is to be regarded as only one of the factors bearing on the issue. United States v. Groves, supra; United States v. DeMarco, (9th Cir.1977) 550 F.2d 1224; Midgett v. McClelland, (4th Cir.1977) 547 F.2d 1194; Hayes v. Cowan, (6th Cir.1976) 547 F.2d 42; United States v. Johnson, (4th Cir.1976) 537 F.2d 1170. Some jurisdictions have attempted to limit Blackledge and Pearce strictly to fact situations in which there has been only the substitution of a more Serious charge and not the addition of charges. This approach ignores Blackledge’s underlying concern with the appearance of vindictiveness and its chilling effect on defendants and gives too much deference to prosecutorial discretion. Vindictiveness issues are only present after the state has had ample opportunity to exercise its discretion. The circumstances in this case show that the appearance of vindictiveness is very high and there was no other apparent reason for the timing of the state’s actions. Since this case involves only the prosecutor’s right to reopen a previously completed exercise of discretion involving the same basic criminal acts, the state has not met its burden of proving that the timing of the refiling of the two charges was not motivated by vindictiveness.
Thus, the timing of events in this case, when considered with the likelihood that the two dismissed charges would never have been refiled if there had been no appeal or reversal of conviction, leads to the inescapable conclusion that the refiling of the two previously dismissed charges had the effect of punishing the defendant for pursuing an appeal of his conviction, a constitutional and statutory right he clearly has. Therefore, the convictions on Counts I and III must be reversed.
II.
Defendant next contends that the Indiana rape shield statute Ind.Code § 35-1 32.5 1 (Burns 1979 Repl.) violates the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment because it discriminates against rape defendants. This issue has been decided adversely to defendant in Finney v. State, (1979) Ind.App., 385 N.E.2d 477, where the Court held that since rape defendants are not a suspect classification, the equal protection clause requires only that there be a rational and reasonable basis for the classification and that it bear a fair relationship to the purpose of the statute. In light of the legitimate state policies which the statute is designed to promote, it cannot be said that the disparate treatment of rape defendants is without a reasonable basis. Roberts v. State, (1978) 268 Ind. 127, 373 N.E.2d 1103.
III.
At the trial, defense counsel cross-examined the victim concerning the description she gave police of her assailant as a thin man with either brown or reddish brown hair. This description did not fit the defendant at the time of trial since he was not thin and had dark brown or black hair.
The state then called two witnesses to rebut this misidentification testimony. The witnesses, Robert Carithers and Scott Bowers, were deputy prosecutors who had seen defendant at the time of his first trial. They testified that the appearance of defendant had changed substantially from his appearance at the first trial and that he had *307gained a good deal of weight after hospital treatment for severe thyroid and heart conditions. Bowers further testified that defendant formerly had reddish hair.
Defendant argues that it was reversible error to allow the two deputy prosecutors to testify about a material matter. It is clear that the dual role of lawyer-witness should be avoided out of consideration of several rules of professional responsibility, but a lawyer in a case is not thereby rendered incompetent as a witness. A prosecuting attorney is a sworn officer of the court and is entitled, in the sound discretion of the trial judge, to be heard as a rebuttal witness. Worthington v. State, (1980) Ind., 405 N.E.2d 913; Hodge v. State, (1976) 264 Ind. 377, 344 N.E.2d 293; Butler v. State, (1951) 229 Ind. 241, 97 N.E.2d 492. In this case, the deputy prosecutors were responding to a challenge to the integrity of a state’s witness and there were apparently no other witnesses available to testify as to defendant’s appearance at the time of the prior trial. Under these circumstances, we find no abuse of discretion on the part of the trial judge in permitting the testimony of the deputy prosecutors.
IV.
The victim was examined after the incident at the hospital emergency room by Dr. Carmen Haynes. Dr. Haynes testified at defendant’s first trial, but was working in Huntsville, Alabama, at the time of the second trial. Her recorded testimony from the first trial was admitted as evidence over defendant’s objection. He now contends that the admission of this evidence was erroneous because it was hearsay and did not fall within the prior testimony exception. We disagree.
The admission or exclusion of prior testimony of an unavailable witness is subject to the discretion of the trial court when certain requirements are met. Pollard v. State, (1979) Ind., 388 N.E.2d 496. Here, it is clear that the objected to testimony was given at a former judicial proceeding, was given under oath, and was subject to cross examination by the defendant. Defendant argues that there was not sufficient evidence of the unavailability of the witness since there was nothing to indicate the state had contacted her to ask her if she would appear. There was testimony, however, that Dr. Haynes was working at the time of the trial in Huntsville, Alabama, and that Alabama had not enacted the Uniform Act to Secure the Attendance of Witnesses from Without a State. Therefore, there was no reciprocal duty emanating from the law of Alabama to insure' the attendance of a witness working in that state. Under these circumstances, we find that the unavailability of the witness was sufficiently established and there was no abuse of discretion in allowing the admission of the prior recorded testimony.
V.
Defendant, pro se, filed a motion for early trial on January 23, 1979. Trial was commenced on April 9, 1979, at which time defendant filed a motion to dismiss pursuant to Ind.R.Crim.P. 4(B), arguing that seventy six days had elapsed since the filing of his pro se motion. There is no merit to this argument since the trial date of April 9, 1979, had been set before defendant’s pro se motion was filed and this April 9, 1979, date was reaffirmed on February 9, 1979. Defendant did not object to the trial date at that time and so has waived any error. It is well settled that a defendant has an obligation to object at the earliest opportunity when his trial date is set beyond the seventy day limit set by Ind.R. Crim.P. 4(B), or he waives his right to discharge under that rule. Heflin v. State, (1977) 267 Ind. 427, 370 N.E.2d 895; Cheeks v. State, (1977) 266 Ind. 190, 361 N.E.2d 906. There was no error here.
VI.
Defendant next contends that the trial court erred in refusing to give three of his tendered instructions. His tendered instruction No. 1 read: “You have no right to find the defendant guilty only for the purpose of deterring others from committing *308crime.” The substance of this instruction was adequately covered by the court’s preliminary instructions No. 1 and No. 4 which instructed the jury not to consider matters outside the evidence before them and advised the jury of defendant’s presumption of innocence and the state’s burden of proving guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. A trial court commits no error when it refuses to give a tendered instruction which is adequately covered by other instructions. Richmond v. State, (1979) Ind., 387 N.E.2d 1312; Toliver v. State, (1978) 267 Ind. 575, 372 N.E.2d 452.
Also, defendant’s tendered instruction No. 2 which was refused dealt with the jury’s duty in resolving conflicting evidence. The substance of this instruction was covered by defendant’s instruction No. 3 which was given and also dealt with resolving conflicts in the evidence. There was no error in refusing this instruction.
Defendant’s tendered instruction No. 6, which was refused, instructed the jury as to the elements of battery as a lesser included offense of rape and criminal deviate conduct. The test for determining whether it was error to refuse instructions on lesser included offenses is whether there was evidence adduced at trial to which the included offense instruction was applicable. Rowley v. State, (1979) Ind., 394 N.E.2d 928; Pruitt v. State, (1978) Ind., 382 N.E.2d 150. Here, the testimony of the victim concerning the actual criminal acts was uncontroverted since defendant did not take the stand. There was no testimony which could support a lesser included offense, and it was not error to refuse this instruction.
Defendant also argues that the trial court erred in giving the state’s instruction No. 5 which instructed the jury that the evidence was to be considered as a whole and that all incidental or subsidiary facts did not have to be proved beyond a reasonable doubt. This instruction has been approved in Ringham v. State, (1974) 261 Ind. 628, 308 N.E.2d 863. Furthermore, although defendant argues this was an incomplete instruction, he does not allege that he tendered a more complete instruction. He has therefore waived any error on this issue. Miller v. State, (1978) 267 Ind. 635, 372 N.E.2d 1168; Brown v. State, (1976) 264 Ind. 484, 346 N.E.2d 559; Woods v. State, (1979) Ind.App., 391 N.E.2d 858.
VII.
Finally, defendant argues that the trial court erred in considering certain factors as aggravating circumstances in determining the sentence. He first argues that it is unconstitutional for the trial court to consider the same prior crimes that are the basis for the habitual offender count as also part of the aggravating circumstances. This issue is moot due to our reversal of the habitual offender conviction under issue I, above.
Defendant further argues that it was erroneous for the trial court to consider his previous convictions, an alleged unrelated sexual assault by defendant, and his juvenile record. The trial judge stated that he found the aggravating circumstances outweighed the mitigating circumstances and listed the aggravating circumstances in the following words:
“This Court now states into the record that defendant’s prior record, juvenile record and the presentence report demonstrate the likelihood that defendant will do further crimes of a like nature, demonstrate a total lack on defendant’s part and disregard for the life and well being of other persons. This Court believes imprisonment to be necessary, and defendant has demonstrated obvious criminal sexual tendencies and he constitutes a danger to society.”
It is clear that it was proper for the trial court to consider the defendant’s presentence report, his past criminal history and the risk that he would commit another crime in finding aggravating circumstances. West’s Ann.Ind.Code § 35 -4.1 -4 -7 (1978); Williams v. State, (1979) Ind., 393 N.E.2d 149; McNew v. State, (1979) Ind., 391 N.E.2d 607. There is no evidence that the judge improperly considered any prior charges which had resulted in an acquittal. *309We find that the trial judge did consider proper factors and did make an adequate statement of reasons to support the addition of five years to the basic ten years for a class B felony on the criminal deviate conduct count.
For all the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the trial court should be affirmed as to the conviction on Count II and reversed as to the convictions on Counts I and III.
Judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part.
DeBRULER and PRENTICE, JJ., concur.
PIVARNIK, J., dissents with opinion in which GIVAN, C. J., concurs.