Court Opinion

ID: 4233159
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-12-28 19:00:40.540261+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:43:19.103683
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                               United States Court of Appeals
                UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS         Tenth Circuit

                       FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                     December 28, 2017
                       _________________________________
                                                                 Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                     Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

       Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                                    No. 17-3029
v.                                        (D.C. No. 6:13-CR-10193-JTM-1)
                                                      (D. Kan.)
JUAN VARGAS,

       Defendant-Appellant.
                     _________________________________

                        ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
                        _________________________________

Before HARTZ, BALDOCK, and BACHARACH, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

      This appeal grew out of a car search. The search yielded

methamphetamine concealed in a spare tire in Mr. Juan Vargas’s trunk. Mr.

Vargas moved to suppress evidence of the methamphetamine on the ground

that law enforcement officers had exceeded the scope of consent when

searching the contents of the spare tire. The district court denied the

motion, finding that the officers obtained probable cause to search the tire

during the part of the search conducted with Mr. Vargas’s consent. With

*
      This order and judgment does not constitute binding precedent except
under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel.
But the order and judgment may be cited for its persuasive value under
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1(a) and Tenth Cir. R. 32.1(A).
this finding, Mr. Vargas pleaded guilty to possession of methamphetamine

with intent to distribute. 1

      On appeal, Mr. Vargas argues that the evidence should have been

suppressed because his consent had not extended to the search of his trunk.

In addition, he faults the district court for failing to make further findings

on the scope of his consent. But in district court, Mr. Vargas did not

challenge the officers’ look inside the trunk. Thus, he forfeited his present

argument on the scope of his consent, and the district court had no need to

make findings on this issue. We affirm.

I.    The Search of the Trunk

      Mr. Vargas was stopped for speeding and asked if he had any drugs

in the car. He said “no.” The officer asked if he could “look real quick,”

and Mr. Vargas replied “sure.”

      After looking inside the car, two officers opened the trunk. One

officer noticed that the spare tire was not secured in the tire well, that the

tire’s tread had worn down, that there were tool marks on the rim, and that

the spare tire was a different brand than the rest of the tires. The officer

removed the spare tire, bounced it on the ground, and heard something

shift in the tire when it bounced. The sound led the officer to believe that

there were drugs in the tire, so he poked a hole in the tire and saw gray

1
     Mr. Vargas preserved his right to appeal the denial of his motion to
suppress.
                                       2
duct tape, plastic baggies, and white powder. The entire search took about

two minutes.

      Authorities eventually found five bundles of methamphetamine in the

tire. Mr. Vargas moved to suppress the evidence, arguing that the search

exceeded the scope of his consent when the officers searched and destroyed

the spare tire. The district court denied the motion to suppress, reasoning

that the officers obtained probable cause to search the tire during the part

of the search conducted with Mr. Vargas’s consent.

      On appeal, Mr. Vargas contends that (1) the search of the trunk

exceeded the scope of his consent and (2) the district court’s findings on

consent were insufficient. Mr. Vargas forfeited the first contention. With

this forfeiture, the district court had no reason to make further findings on

consent.

II.   Standard for Forfeiture of an Appellate Issue

      An appellate issue is forfeited when it is not timely asserted in

district court. See Hamer v. Neighborhood Hous. Servs. of Chi., ___ U.S.

___, 138 S. Ct. 13, 17 n.1 (2017) (“[F]orfeiture is the failure to make the

timely assertion of a right.” (quoting United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725,

733 (1993)) (alteration in original)). Thus, an argument for suppression of

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evidence is forfeited when presented for the first time on appeal. United

States v. Brooks, 438 F.3d 1231, 1240 (10th Cir. 2006). 2

       To preserve the issue, an appellant’s argument in district court must

go beyond “vague, all-encompassing statements that fail to alert the . . .

court to the issue eventually raised on appeal.” United States v.

Rodebaugh, 798 F.3d 1281, 1313 (10th Cir. 2015). Instead, the appellant

must “make ‘sufficiently definite, specific, detailed and nonconjectural

factual allegations supporting’” a claim. United States v. White, 584 F.3d

935, 949 (10th Cir. 2009) (quoting United States v. Gambino-Zavala, 539

F.3d 1221, 1227 n.2 (10th Cir. 2008)).

III.   Forfeiture of Mr. Vargas’s Argument Involving Consent to Look
       Inside the Trunk

       Mr. Vargas makes two contentions for preservation of his argument

that he didn’t consent to a search of the trunk:

       1.   He adequately raised the issue before the district court in his
            motion to suppress the evidence.

       2.   The question of consent to look inside the trunk is antecedent
            to the claim raised in district court.

Both contentions fail.

2
      The government characterizes the failure to present the current
argument in district court as a waiver (rather than forfeiture) based on
Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 12(c)(3). Because Mr. Vargas failed to
request plain-error review, we would decline to consider his argument
regardless of whether it had been forfeited or waived. See Richison v.
Ernest Grp., 634 F.3d 1123, 1131 (10th Cir. 2011). Thus, we assume
(without deciding) that the failure to preserve the current argument in
district court would result in a forfeiture rather than a waiver.
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      A.    Sufficiency of Mr. Vargas’s Presentation of His Current
            Argument in District Court

      According to Mr. Vargas, he argued in district court that he had not

consented to a search of the trunk. The motion to suppress summarized Mr.

Vargas’s arguments about the scope of his consent:

      One, no reasonable person would believe the consent given in
      this case would allow an officer to destroy the spare tire. And,
      two, Mr. Vargas’s consent to “take a look real quick” did not
      allow the officers to go into the trunk and cut open a mounted
      tire.

R. vol. 1, at 14. Mr. Vargas characterizes the two sentences as challenges

to the scope of his consent on

           the destruction of the tire and

           the look inside his trunk.

Otherwise, he says the two sentences would involve duplicative challenges

to the destruction of the tire. Mr. Vargas is incorrect for two reasons.

      First, even if Mr. Vargas presented two different arguments on the

scope of his consent, it does not necessarily follow that one of these

arguments addressed the search of his trunk. It is undisputed that the first

sentence objected to the destruction of the tire. But the second sentence

can be read as an objection confined to the removal and cutting of his tire.

The reference to the trunk arguably indicated only where the spare tire was

located.

                                         5
      But let’s assume that Mr. Vargas is right about the stated difference

in his two points. It wouldn’t matter: We are not parsing his words as we

might when interpreting a contract; we are reviewing his words to

determine whether Mr. Vargas adequately presented his current argument

in district court. The district court should not have to dig into possible

differences between the two sentences to figure out that Mr. Vargas was

disputing consent to look in the trunk.

      His perfunctory objection to the search of the trunk did not provide

the district court with a fair opportunity to rule on the issue, for Mr.

Vargas made no arguments for why his consent was limited to the interior

of the car and cited no case law supporting such an argument. 3 Thus, Mr.

Vargas’s “‘arguable reference[ ] to [the] point in district court proceedings

[does] not . . . preserve the issue on appeal.’” Lyons v. Jefferson Bank &

Tr., 994 F.2d 716, 721 (10th Cir. 1993) (quoting Monarch Life Ins. Co. v.

Elam, 918 F.2d 201, 203 (D.C. Cir. 1990)) (omission in original).

3
      Mr. Vargas contends that he cited United States v. Ledesma, 447 F.3d
1307 (10th Cir. 2006), as support for his argument that the consent had not
extended to a search of the trunk. His parenthetical citation explains that
this case “rel[ied] on probable cause, not consent, to support a search
behind the interior panels of a van when the initial consent was for ‘bags
and stuff.’” R. vol. 1, at 19. The Ledesma court’s statements about interior
panels and hidden compartments relate to the search of a mounted spare
tire containing hidden contraband, not an obvious, unconcealed trunk.
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      Even if Mr. Vargas argued to the district court that his consent did

not extend to a search of the trunk, the argument was undeveloped,

unsupported, and insufficient to avoid forfeiture.

      B.     Preservation of an Antecedent Question

      Mr. Vargas also argues that his objection was preserved because the

search of the trunk is a question antecedent to the claim raised in district

court (that the consent did not cover the search and destruction of the tire).

Mr. Vargas is incorrect.

      He relies on Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp., 513 U.S.

374 (1995). There the Supreme Court held that if an issue is not properly

raised in a certiorari petition, the Court can still consider that issue if it is

“both prior to the clearly presented question and dependent upon many of

the same factual inquiries” as the clearly presented question. Lebron, 513

U.S. at 382. We have applied Lebron only once in a precedential opinion,

holding that we can consider an entity theory on appeal when antecedent to

an agency theory raised in district court. United States v. Ackerman, 831

F.3d 1292, 1298-99 (10th Cir. 2016). Mr. Vargas’s reliance on Lebron is

misguided.

      Lebron provides that to preserve an antecedent question not raised in

district court, the question must involve the same factual inquiry as the

clearly presented issue. Lebron, 513 U.S. at 382. Here, however, different

factors would bear on consent to (1) look inside the trunk and (2) cut open

                                        7
the tire. Indeed, in his motion to suppress, Mr. Vargas cited cases

addressing only whether the scope of consent extends to the removal and

destruction of property. These cases were directly related to the search and

destruction of the tire but only tangentially related to the search of the

trunk. Thus, Lebron does not preclude forfeiture of Mr. Vargas’s appellate

argument.

IV.   Sufficiency of the Findings on Consent

      Mr. Vargas also challenges the sufficiency of the district court’s

findings on consent to look inside the trunk. The court stated that the

officers’ search was lawful only if “the ‘officers obtained probable cause

to search the tire during the portion of the search to which the defendant

did consent.’” R. vol. 1, at 39 (quoting United States v. Carbajal-Iriarte,

586 F.3d 795, 802-03 (10th Cir. 2009)). We reject Mr. Vargas’s challenge

to the sufficiency of the finding.

      When a motion raises a factual issue, the district court “must state its

essential findings on the record.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 12(d). This requirement

is satisfied “as long as the essential basis of the court’s decision is

apparent.” United States v. Toro-Pelaez, 107 F.3d 819, 824 (10th Cir.

1997).

      In our view, the requirement was satisfied. In district court, Mr.

Vargas did not question consent to look inside the trunk. Instead, he

argued that consent to take “a real quick look did not include taking a

                                       8
knife to a mounted spare tire that was in the trunk.” R. vol. 1, at 19. In

response, the government argued that Mr. Vargas’s consent had “extended

to the entire vehicle.” Id. at 27. Mr. Vargas did not argue to the contrary.

      The district court focused on consent to cut the tire because that was

what Mr. Vargas had disputed. The district court did not make findings on

consent to look inside the trunk because that was not at issue. Thus, the

district court did not err in declining to make express findings on consent

to look inside the trunk.

V.    Conclusion

      Mr. Vargas forfeited his argument that the scope of his consent had

not extended to a search of the trunk. First, in his motion to suppress in

district court, Mr. Vargas objected only to the search and destruction of the

tire, not to the search of the trunk. Second, Mr. Vargas did not preserve the

argument by raising an antecedent issue. Thus, Mr. Vargas forfeited his

appellate argument involving consent to look inside the trunk. Because Mr.

Vargas forfeited this argument, the district court had no reason to make

further findings on consent. Thus, we affirm.

                                       Entered for the Court

                                       Robert E Bacharach
                                       Circuit Judge

                                      9