Court Opinion

ID: 2736830
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-09-25 15:00:42.365817+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:03:45.082558
License: Public Domain

13-749-ag
     Vanegas-Ramirez v. Holder
 1
 2
 3                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
 4
 5                        FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
 6
 7
 8                                August Term, 2013
 9
10   (Argued: May 27, 2014                          Decided: September 25, 2014)
11
12                               Docket No. 13-749-ag
13
14
15                   LUIS ESTUARDO VANEGAS-RAMIREZ,
16
17                                    Petitioner,
18
19                                      – v. –
20
21       ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., UNITED STATES ATTORNEY GENERAL,
22
23                                   Respondent.
24
25
26   Before: LIVINGSTON, DRONEY, Circuit Judges, CHEN, District Judge. *

27         Luis Estuardo Vanegas-Ramirez petitions for review of a February 4,

28   2013 decision by the Board of Immigration Appeals substantially affirming

     *      The Honorable Pamela K. Chen, of the United States District Court
     for the Eastern District of New York, sitting by designation.

                                          1
 1   the Immigration Judge’s decisions denying Vanegas-Ramirez’s motion to

 2   suppress evidence and terminate removal proceedings, and his application

 3   for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention

 4   Against Torture.      Because Vanegas-Ramirez voluntarily conceded his

 5   removability in a motion to change venue, the Board of Immigration

 6   Appeals did not err in denying the suppression motion, and, because

 7   Vanegas-Ramirez’s testimony was insufficient to establish a well-founded

 8   fear of persecution, the Board of Immigration Appeals also did not err in

 9   denying the asylum application.         Accordingly, we DENY Vanegas-

10   Ramirez’s petition.

11                                  BRUNO J. BEMBI, Law Office of Bruno J.
12                                  Bembi, Hempstead, New York, for
13                                  Petitioner.
14
15                                  JESSE M. BLESS, Trial Attorney, Office of
16                                  Immigration Litigation, Civil Division
17                                  (Stuart F. Delery and David V. Bernal, on
18                                  the brief), United States Department of
19                                  Justice, Washington, District of Columbia,
20                                  for Respondent.
21
22

                                         2
 1   CHEN, District Judge:

 2         Petitioner Luis Estuardo Vanegas-Ramirez was arrested and

 3   detained for removal from the United States during an early morning raid

 4   by federal agents, which uncovered evidence of Vanegas-Ramirez’s

 5   Guatemalan citizenship. After being transferred from New York, where he

 6   had been residing, Vanegas-Ramirez was scheduled to appear for removal

 7   proceedings in Texas. Vanegas-Ramirez moved to change the venue of the

 8   removal proceedings to New York.         In his motion, Vanegas-Ramirez

 9   voluntarily conceded his removability from the United States. 1

10         Vanegas-Ramirez’s venue change motion was granted, and the

11   removal proceedings against him were transferred to New York. During

12   these proceedings, Vanegas-Ramirez (i) moved to suppress all evidence of

13   his removability, including the concessions of removability that he had

14   made in his venue change motion, and to terminate these proceedings,

15   both on the basis that the raid by federal agents violated the Fourth and

     1       Ordinarily, in removal proceedings, the government bears the
     initial, but limited, burden of proving an individual’s removability by
     establishing his “identity and alienage,” whereupon the burden shifts to
     the individual to establish the “time, place, and manner of his entry.” INS
     v. Lopez-Mendoza, 468 U.S. 1032, 1039 (1984).

                                          3
 1   Fifth Amendments (the “suppression motion”); and (ii) applied for

 2   asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention

 3   Against Torture (“CAT”) (the “asylum application”). The Immigration

 4   Judge (the “IJ”) denied both Vanegas-Ramirez’s suppression motion and

 5   asylum application, and the Board of Immigration Appeals (the “BIA”)

 6   substantially affirmed. Vanegas-Ramirez now petitions us to review the

 7   BIA’s decision or, more accurately, the agency’s decision. 2

 8         In considering the petition, we revisit an important legal question: if

 9   the government initiates proceedings to remove an alien from the United

10   States following an egregious Fourth Amendment violation, do the alien’s

11   concessions of removability made during the removal proceedings

12   constitute independent, or sufficiently attenuated, evidence of removability

13   that is admissible in these proceedings, or do they constitute inadmissible

14   “fruit” of the illegal search and seizure?     In this case, we affirm the

     2      In this case, because the BIA’s decision both “affirms . . . in all
     respects but one” and “supplements” the IJ’s decisions, we review the IJ’s
     decisions, as modified and supplemented by the BIA’s decision. Chen v.
     BIA, 435 F.3d 141, 144 (2d Cir. 2006). The BIA and Immigration Courts
     belong to the Executive Office for Immigration Review, a separate agency
     within the Department of Justice. See About the Office, EOIR, http://www.
     justice.gov/eoir/orginfo.htm (last visited September 25, 2014).

                                           4
 1   principle that where, as here, an alien voluntarily, i.e., not under

 2   compulsion of law, concedes facts supporting his removability, such

 3   concessions constitute independently admissible removability evidence,

 4   notwithstanding the allegedly egregious and illegal search and seizure that

 5   led to the initiation of the removal proceedings. See Katris v. INS, 562 F.2d
6   866, 869 (2d Cir. 1977) (per curiam); Avila-Gallegos v. INS, 525 F.2d 666, 667

 7   (2d Cir. 1975); La Franca v. INS, 413 F.2d 686, 689 (2d Cir. 1969).

 8         For the reasons set forth below, we deny Vanegas-Ramirez’s petition

 9   to review the agency’s decision.

10                                 BACKGROUND 3

11   I.    The Government Raid & Filing of Removal Proceedings

12         On September 24, 2007, Vanegas-Ramirez was temporarily staying

13   with his relatives at a house in Levittown, New York. 4          According to

14   Vanegas-Ramirez, at approximately 6:00 AM, agents from the Federal

15   Bureau of Investigation and Immigration and Customs Enforcement

16   (“ICE”) 5 raided the house.

     3     “CAR” denotes the Certified Administrative Record.
     4     Vanegas-Ramirez’s actual residence was in Uniondale, New York.
     5     ICE is the main investigative arm of the Department of Homeland
     Security (“DHS”).
                                            5
 1           Vanegas-Ramirez testified that, upon entering the house, 6 the agents

 2   began searching the rooms. During the search, the agents barged through

 3   the closed door of Vanegas-Ramirez’s room, ordered Vanegas-Ramirez to

 4   freeze, and interrogated him for 15 minutes at gunpoint.         The agents

 5   brought Vanegas-Ramirez out to the living room, where they were

 6   questioning other occupants of the house.         An ICE agent informed

 7   Vanegas-Ramirez that he and two other occupants were being arrested for

 8   lack of documentation. Vanegas-Ramirez, at some point, presented and

 9   then surrendered to the agents his Guatemalan consular identification

10   card.

11           The   same   day,   ICE   agents   arrested   Vanegas-Ramirez    and

12   transported him to their field office in New York City for processing. At

13   that time, an agent, using a Spanish-language interpreter, read Vanegas-

14   Ramirez his Miranda rights and took his sworn statement, which

15   indicated, among other things, that Vanegas-Ramirez (i) was a “citizen of

     6      According to Vanegas-Ramirez, the agents gained entry to the house
     without a warrant by holding his cousin at gunpoint. The IJ, however,
     discredited these parts of Vanegas-Ramirez’s testimony as “pure
     speculation,” given that Vanegas-Ramirez did not have any relevant
     firsthand knowledge. CAR at 261-62.

                                           6
 1   Guatemala” and (ii) had “entered the United States [in] or about July 2002,

 2   near the Phoenix, AZ U.S.-Mexican border” illegally and without

 3   inspection. CAR at 219. Vanegas-Ramirez was eventually transported

 4   from New York to ICE detention centers in Texas.

 5         On October 18, 2007, DHS filed a notice for Vanegas-Ramirez to

 6   appear for removal proceedings before IJ Eleazar Tovar (“IJ Tovar”) in

 7   Texas. 7 In the notice, DHS alleged, among other things, that Vanegas-

 8   Ramirez was a “citizen of Guatemala” and not the United States, and that

 9   he had come to this country “at a time or place other than as designated by

10   the Attorney General.” Id. at 333. IJ Tovar thereafter arranged for a Master

11   hearing 8 to be held on December 6, 2007.

     7      “Jurisdiction vests, and proceedings before an Immigration Judge
     commence, when a charging document is filed with the Immigration Court
     by the Service.” 8 C.F.R. § 1003.14(a). “Venue shall lie at the Immigration
     Court where jurisdiction vests pursuant to § 1003.14.” Id. § 1003.20(a); see
     also Lovell v. INS, 52 F.3d 458, 461 (2d Cir. 1995) (explaining that a change
     of venue in immigration proceedings is neither a fundamental nor
     constitutional right).
     8      A Master hearing is typically the “first appearance before an
     Immigration Judge in removal proceedings” by an individual to be
     removed. Immigration Court Practice Manual § 4.15(a) (2013) (p. 67),
     available at   http://www.justice.gov/eoir/vll/OCIJPracManual/Practice_
     Manual_1-27-14.pdf; see also In re Cordova, 22 I. & N. Dec. 966, 968 (BIA
                                          7
 1         On October 30, 2007, however, DHS released Vanegas-Ramirez from

 2   detention on a $6,000 bond, whereupon he moved back to his residence in

 3   Uniondale, New York.

 4   II.   Venue Change Motion

 5         On November 26, 2007, Vanegas-Ramirez moved to change the

 6   venue of the removal proceedings from Texas to New York. As part of his

 7   motion, Vanegas-Ramirez attached a declaration, in which, among other

 8   things, he conceded his removability by acknowledging that he was a

 9   “native and citizen of Guatemala” and “not a citizen of the United States,”

10   and that he had not been “inspected or paroled by an Immigration Officer

11   at the time that [he] entered the United States.”     Id. at 252.   Indeed,

12   Vanegas-Ramirez explicitly conceded his removability:

13         I admit that I am removable from the United States under section
14         212(a)(6)(A)(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as amended,
15         in that I am an alien present in the United States without being
16         admitted or paroled, or who arrived in the United States at any time
17         or place other than as designated by the Attorney General.

     1999) (describing a “master calendar hearing,” even though “[n]either [the
     Immigration and Nationality Act] nor the regulations define” the hearing).

                                         8
 1   Id. (emphasis added). 9   Vanegas-Ramirez signed and certified that the

 2   statements contained in his declaration were true.

 3          On December 4, 2007, IJ Tovar ordered the transfer of the removal

 4   proceedings against Vanegas-Ramirez to New York without a hearing.

 5   These proceedings ultimately came before IJ Philip Morace (“IJ Morace”)

 6   in New York.

 7   III.   Suppression Motion

 8          On July 3, 2008, Vanegas-Ramirez filed the suppression motion,

 9   alleging that the government raid was an egregious violation of the Fourth

10   and Fifth Amendments and, thus, required IJ Morace to exclude all

11   evidence of Vanegas-Ramirez’s removability and terminate his removal

12   proceedings. 10

     9     Vanegas-Ramirez’s declaration also contained statements relating to
     the requested venue change, e.g., that Vanegas-Ramirez (i) resided in New
     York; (ii) was originally detained in New York; (iii) retained counsel in
     New York; (iv) received support from his friends and relatives in New
     York; and (v) did not plan to call any government employees as witnesses
     during the removal proceedings.
     10     Notably, Vanegas-Ramirez did not move to suppress on the basis of
     “any egregious circumstances concerning the admissions in the documents
     submitted for the change of venue.” Pet’r Br. at 10; see also In re Velasquez,
     19 I. & N. Dec. 377, 382-83 (BIA 1986) (noting that an alien may challenge
     his attorney’s concessions of removability only in “egregious
     circumstances,” e.g., “unreasonable professional judgment”).
                                           9
 1         On May 4, 2010, a hearing on the suppression motion was held. At

 2   the hearing, counsel for Vanegas-Ramirez argued that “the evidence that

 3   was obtained concerning [Vanegas-Ramirez’s] status was basically a fruit

 4   of the poisonous tree,” 11 based on the government raid and the fact that

 5   “anything else that followed after that was the result of egregious

 6   circumstances.” Id. at 121.

 7         IJ Morace orally denied the suppression motion on two separate

 8   grounds: (i) the government raid was not such an egregious violation of,

 9   what he termed, “fundamental fairness”; and (ii) notwithstanding the

10   egregiousness issue, Vanegas-Ramirez’s declaration to his venue change

11   motion furnished evidence of removability that was independent from the

12   government raid. Id. at 255-58, 261-63.

13   IV.    Asylum Application

14         On July 8, 2010, Vanegas-Ramirez filed the application for asylum

15   and withholding of removal based on an alleged fear of persecution for his

     11    As a historical note, the “fruit of the poisonous tree” metaphor first
     appeared in Nardone v. United States, 308 U.S. 338, 341 (1939). The
     metaphor’s precise origin, however, is unclear, but one legal scholar has
     suggested a “biblical connection to the parable of the Garden of Eden.”
     Thomas Ross, Metaphor & Paradox, 23 Ga. L. Rev. 1053, 1054-55, 1068
     (1989).

                                         10
 1   membership in a particular social group, 12 i.e., the Vanegas family, and for

 2   CAT protection.

 3         According     to   Vanegas-Ramirez,     his   father,   Carlos   Vanegas

 4   (“Carlos”), was targeted by two groups in Guatemala: (i) a vengeful

 5   prisoner named “Manuel,” whom Carlos had put behind bars in Melchor

 6   de Mencos, and Manuel’s family; and (ii) covetous merchants in

 7   Guatemala City, whose businesses competed with Carlos’s.

 8         With respect to the prisoner, Manuel, and Manuel’s family,

 9   Vanegas-Ramirez alleged that:

10         • In 1987, there was a single incident in Melchor de Mencos, where
11           the “same man that my father arrested [i.e., Manuel],” following
12           his release, stabbed Carlos at a party, and another partygoer
13           killed Manuel;

     12    The asylum application also purported to seek asylum and
     withholding of removal based on Vanegas-Ramirez’s political opinion,
     but, as the BIA pointed out, he never asserted a claim on that basis to IJ
     Morace or the Board. Even on appeal, Vanegas-Ramirez frames his asylum
     request as entirely “based upon membership in a particular social group” and
     not political opinion. Pet’r Br. at 2 (emphasis added). We decline to
     consider political opinion as a basis now. See Zhong v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice,
     480 F.3d 104, 107 n.1 (2d Cir. 2007) (“[A] failure to exhaust an issue before
     the agency . . . is sufficient ground for the reviewing court to refuse to
     consider that issue.”); Zhang v. Gonzales, 426 F.3d 540, 545 n.7 (2d Cir. 2005)
     (deeming “abandoned” a claim of asylum based on “political activities,”
     where the petitioner “devotes only a single conclusory sentence” to it on
     appeal).

                                           11
 1          • Manuel’s family blamed Carlos for the death of Manuel, and set
 2            out to find, but never actually attempted to take revenge against,
 3            the Vanegas family;

 4          • In 1990, the Vanegas family moved to Jutiapa to get away from
 5            Manuel’s family and, after several years of hiding, Carlos started
 6            his own business in Guatemala City;

 7          • Later, in 2002, “several individuals,” who Carlos “believes” were
 8            members of Manuel’s family, beat Carlos at a bus station,
 9            poisoned him, and put him in a month-long coma; and

10          • Friends of the Vanegas family told them that Manuel’s family is
11            “still inquiring about our whereabouts” back in Melchor de
12            Mencos.

13   Id. at 160-61.

14          With respect to the other merchants, Vanegas-Ramirez alleged that:

15          • The other merchants “became jealous” of Carlos’s business in
16            Guatemala City; and

17          • In the beginning of 2002, Carlos was robbed and nearly killed by
18            “two individuals” at his business, “[w]hen his problems with the
19            other merchants began.”

20   Id. at 160.

21          At the May 9, 2011 hearing on the asylum application, Vanegas-

22   Ramirez further alleged that the same groups that had targeted Carlos

23   would likely try to kill him, “if they come looking for me.” Id. at 144

24   (emphasis added).    At the conclusion of the hearing, IJ Morace orally

25   denied Vanegas-Ramirez’s requests for asylum and withholding of

                                         12
 1   removal, stating that Vanegas-Ramirez’s testimony, while credible, lacked

 2   sufficient “details and specifics” about his alleged persecutors to establish

 3   a well-founded fear of being persecuted for membership in the Vanegas

 4   family, and that the “documentary evidence” that Vanegas-Ramirez

 5   submitted in support of his testimony was “very sparse.” Id. at 70-71, 73-

 6   75. IJ Morace also denied Vanegas-Ramirez’s request for CAT protection.

 7   V.    The BIA’s Decision

 8         On February 4, 2013, the BIA affirmed IJ Morace’s May 4, 2010

 9   decision denying the suppression motion, on the ground that Vanegas-

10   Ramirez’s   declaration   in   support    of   his   venue   change   motion

11   independently established his removability. The BIA accordingly declined

12   to reach the issue of whether the government raid was egregious.

13         The BIA also affirmed IJ Morace’s May 9, 2011 decision to deny the

14   asylum application on both grounds relied upon by the IJ, i.e., that

15   Vanegas-Ramirez had not testified in sufficient factual detail to prove his

16   entitlement to such relief, and that he failed to provide enough

17   documentary evidence to support his requests for relief.

                                          13
 1                                   DISCUSSION

 2   I.    Standard of Review

 3         “It is well-settled that we review the factual findings of [the agency]

 4   for substantial evidence. It is equally well-settled that, on appeal, issues of

 5   law are reviewed de novo.” Almeida-Amaral v. Gonzales, 461 F.3d 231, 233-34

 6   (2d Cir. 2006) (citations omitted). While this Court has eschewed precise

 7   formulations of the substantial evidence standard for reviewing the

 8   agency’s factual findings, it has suggested that this standard is equal to, or

 9   stricter than, the clear error standard for reviewing a district court’s factual

10   findings. Mei Chai Ye v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 489 F.3d 517, 523 n.4 (2d Cir.

11   2007); see also 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B) (“[T]he administrative findings of

12   fact are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled

13   to conclude to the contrary[.]”).

14   II.   Denial of the Suppression Motion

15         The main issue on appeal is the agency’s denial of the suppression

16   motion based on the admissibility of Vanegas-Ramirez’s concessions of

17   removability in his venue change motion as independent evidence.13

     13     Because the BIA declined to affirm the IJ’s decision on the basis of
     his finding that the government raid was not an egregious violation of the
     Constitution, we assume, in deciding the independent evidence issue, that
                                           14
 1   Vanegas-Ramirez contends now, as he did before the agency, that his

 2   concessions of removability were inadmissible as “fruit” of an illegal

 3   search and seizure by the government. We need not reach the issue of

 4   whether    Vanegas-Ramirez      has    established   an   egregious    Fourth

 5   Amendment violation, because, even assuming so for the sake of

 6   argument, his argument must be rejected based on this Court’s clear

 7   precedent and the facts before us.

 8         In Lopez-Mendoza, the Supreme Court held that the exclusionary

 9   rule, applied in criminal proceedings, does not apply in civil removal

10   proceedings. 468 U.S. at 1034, 1050.      The Court, however, in dicta,

11   suggested that removability evidence is subject to exclusion if it stems

12   from “egregious violations of Fourth Amendment or other liberties.” Id. at

13   1050-51 (emphasis added). 14 At the same time, the Court also suggested

     the raid was, in fact, egregious. See Pretzantzin v. Holder, 736 F.3d 641, 646,
     651 (2d Cir. 2013) (noting that “the BIA did not reach the question of
     whether there was an egregious violation of the Fourth Amendment,” and
     considering the independent evidence issue, on the assumption that the
     petitioners “established a prima facie case for suppression”); cf. Chen, 435
F.3d at 144 (“When the BIA affirms the IJ’s decision in all respects but one,
     we review the IJ’s decision as modified by the BIA decision[.]”).
     14    In Almeida-Amaral, this Court interpreted Lopez-Mendoza’s reference
     to “egregious violations” as encompassing (i) violations that are “gross or
                                           15
 1   that, “regardless of how the arrest is effected,” the removal of an

 2   individual could still be supported by otherwise admissible “evidence not

 3   derived directly from,” but rather “gathered independently of, or sufficiently

 4   attenuated from,” the arrest. Id. at 1043 (emphases added).

 5         Recently, this Court, in Pretzantzin, addressed the issue of

 6   independent, or sufficiently attenuated, evidence in removal proceedings.

 7 736 F.3d at 651-52. The removability evidence at issue in Pretzantzin was

 8   birth certificates and arrest records for the petitioners, which the

 9   government had acquired from the United States Embassy and municipal

10   transit police department, after raiding the petitioners’ home. Id. at 644-45,

11   651-52. This Court held that, if the “nighttime, warrantless raid” of a home

12   were an egregious Fourth Amendment violation, evidence “come at by

13   exploitation of that illegality” would have to be excluded. Id. at 646, 651-52

14   (quoting Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 488 (1963)) (internal

15   quotation marks omitted). Such evidence would include not only evidence

16   obtained during the violation itself, but evidence obtained based on other

     unreasonable in addition to being without a plausible legal ground,” and
     (ii) violations “based on race.” Almeida-Amaral, 461 F.3d at 236-37. As
     stated above, however, the egregiousness of the government raid in this
     case is not an issue on appeal.

                                          16
 1   information obtained during the violation. Id. at 651-52. 15 Accordingly,

 2   this Court found that the BIA erred by admitting the petitioners’ birth

 3   certificates and arrest records as independent evidence, absent proof that

 4   the government had procured the evidence “using only their names” and

 5   nothing else from the raid. Id.

 6         Pretzantzin, however, is distinguishable from this case. Vanegas-

 7   Ramirez’s concessions of removability did not derive from the

 8   “exploitation” of the presumptively illegal government raid, Pretzantzin,

 9 736 F.3d at 651, but, rather, from the “mere fact” that the raid had

10   occurred, Lopez-Mendoza, 468 U.S. at 1040. Vanegas-Ramirez’s concessions

11   of removability, while obtained during removal proceedings commenced

12   after the unlawful raid, were not obtained using other information obtained

13   during the raid. 16 Instead, the concessions were the product of a tactical

     15     Cf. Segura v. United States, 468 U.S. 796, 804 (1984) (“[T]he
     exclusionary rule reaches not only primary evidence obtained as a direct result
     of an illegal search or seizure, but also evidence later discovered and found to
     be derivative of an illegality or ‘fruit of the poisonous tree.’”) (emphases
     added; citations omitted) (quoting Nardone, 308 U.S. at 341).
     16    To categorically exclude all removability evidence that arises during
     the course of removal proceedings, which are precipitated by illegal
     searches and seizures, would contravene the basic principle that “an
     individual cannot escape a tribunal’s power over his ‘body’ despite being
                                           17
 1   decision by Vanegas-Ramirez to avoid a hearing on his venue change

 2   motion.

 3         In making his venue change motion, Vanegas-Ramirez was only

 4   required to (i) establish “good cause” for granting the motion, and

 5   (ii) identify his “fixed street address, including city, state and ZIP code,

 6   where [he] may be reached for further hearing notification.” 8 C.F.R.

 7   § 1003.20(b), (c). To establish “good cause,” Vanegas-Ramirez could have

 8   cited any number of the following discretionary factors: “administrative

 9   convenience, [his] residence, the location of witnesses, evidence and

10   counsel, expeditious treatment of the case, and the cost of transporting

11   witnesses and evidence to a new location.”         Lovell, 52 F.3d at 460.

12   Removability was not one of these factors.

13         As Vanegas-Ramirez’s counsel acknowledged to us at oral

14   argument, Vanegas-Ramirez was not legally required to concede

15   removability as part of his venue change motion, but did so believing it

     subject to an illegal seizure en route to the courthouse,” in this case, for
     removal proceedings. Pretzantzin, 736 F.3d at 650; see also Lopez-Mendoza,
468 U.S. at 1039 (“The ‘body’ or identity of a defendant or respondent in a
     criminal or civil proceeding is never itself suppressible as a fruit of an
     unlawful arrest, even if it is conceded that an unlawful arrest, search, or
     interrogation occurred.”).

                                         18
 1   would increase the likelihood of his motion being granted without a

 2   hearing.    Cf. In re Velasquez, 19 I. & N. Dec. at 382-83 (noting that

 3   “admissions of fact and concession of deportability in the motion for

 4   change of venue” are a “tactical decision,” and conceding removability

 5   could “heighten the chance that [the government] would not oppose a

 6   change of venue”); Gawel v. INS, No. 93-3622, 1994 WL 405763, at *2

 7   (7th Cir. Aug. 3, 1994) (unpublished) (suggesting that concessions of

 8   removability in a venue change motion might indirectly show the IJ that

 9   removal proceedings would be “expeditious” and not impose a

10   burdensome “cost of transporting evidence and witnesses” to otherwise

11   prove removability).      In short, there was no legal requirement, only a

12   strategic choice, for Vanegas-Ramirez to concede his removability.

13   Consequently, the concern in Pretzantzin about the admission of evidence

14   directly derived from an egregious Fourth Amendment violation is not

15   present here. 17

     17     Vanegas-Ramirez was not under oath at the time he conceded
     removability in his venue change motion. Shortly after Vanegas-Ramirez
     made his venue change motion, the Department of Justice instituted a new
     policy with respect to such motions, indicating that they “should
     contain . . . an admission or denial of the factual allegations and charge(s) in the
     Notice to Appear,” which includes allegations of removability. Immigration
                                             19
 1         In contrast to Pretzantzin, three decisions from this Court—Katris,

 2   Avila-Gallegos, and La Franca—are on all fours with this case. 18 In that trio

 3   of cases, this Court held that an alien’s voluntary concessions of

 4   removability   during    his   removal    proceedings   are   admissible   as

 5   independent evidence, notwithstanding the fact that these proceedings

 6   resulted from unlawful arrests. See Katris, 562 F.2d at 867-69 (rejecting the

 7   petitioner’s argument that “evidence . . . obtained [following his unlawful

 8   arrest], including his statements at the deportation hearing, should be

 9   suppressed as ‘fruit of the poisonous tree,’” because the illegality “d[id]

10   not void a subsequent deportation order based on the alien’s admission of

     Court Practice Manual § 5.10(c) (p. 101) (emphasis added); see Operating
     Policies and Procedures Memorandum 08-03 (Amended): Application of
     the Immigration Court Practice Manual to Pending Cases 2 & n.2 (June 20,
     2008), available at http://www.justice.gov/eoir/vll/OCIJPracManual/08-
     03.pdf (citing an effective date of July 1, 2008). The manual does not
     indicate whether the admissions or denials of removability in venue
     change motions must be made under penalty of perjury. Because the
     manual was not in effect when Vanegas-Ramirez filed his venue change
     motion, we need not address the effect of the manual, if any, on
     proceedings subject to its provisions.
     18    These decisions, which pre-date Lopez-Mendoza, remain good law
     because Lopez-Mendoza, as interpreted by Almeida-Amaral, merely defined
     the egregiousness standard for exclusion in removal proceedings, and did
     not otherwise re-define the independent evidence standard. Almeida-
     Amaral, 461 F.3d at 236-37.

                                          20
 1   his status at the hearing”) (emphasis added); 19 Avila-Gallegos, 525 F.2d at

 2   666-67 (holding that, “[r]egardless of the legality of [the petitioner’s]

 3   arrest,” his “deportation hearing testimony” about the “illegal manner of

 4   his entry” was admissible and, indeed, proved his deportability); La

 5   Franca, 413 F.2d at 688-89 (finding that the agency properly refused to

 6   reopen the petitioner’s deportation hearing, based, in part, on the fact that,

 7   even assuming the unlawfulness of his arrest, it relied upon the concession

 8   of deportability by his counsel at the hearing and not “any statements

 9   taken or evidence seized at the time of his arrest”). 20 That is because these

10   concessions are not “fruit” of the illegality, but of an intervening “act of

11   free will,” i.e., an alien’s own choice to concede his removability. Katris,

12 562 F.2d at 867, 868 n.4 (internal quotation marks omitted).        It is this

13   intervening act that “purge[s] the primary taint.” Id. (internal quotation

     19     The terms, “deportation hearing” and “removal proceeding,” are
     synonymous. See Fernandez-Vargas v. Gonzales, 548 U.S. 30, 33 n.1 (2006)
     (stating that “[w]hat was formerly known as ‘deportation’ is now called
     ‘removal’” following the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant
     Responsibility Act of 1996).
     20    Accord In re Velasquez, 19 I. & N. Dec. at 380 (“Since [the venue
     change motion conceding removability] was filed well after the
     respondent’s arrest, this motion is not tainted by any violations of the
     fourth or fifth amendments that may have occurred at the time of the
     respondent’s arrest.”).

                                          21
1   marks omitted). The same reasoning applies here, and dictates that the

2   agency’s decision should be affirmed. 21

3          Accordingly, we conclude that the agency did not err by denying the

4   suppression motion on the basis that Vanegas-Ramirez’s concessions of

5   removability constituted independently admissible evidence.

6   III.   Denial of the Asylum Application

7          The other issue on appeal is whether the agency properly denied

8   Vanegas-Ramirez’s requests for asylum and withholding of removal,

9   based on its finding that his testimony did not show a well-founded fear of

    21     While the exclusionary rule does not apply to removal proceedings,
    supra, the Supreme Court’s opinions on “independent source,” or
    “sufficiently attenuated,” evidence, in the context of that rule, are also
    instructive. E.g., New York v. Harris, 495 U.S. 14, 19 (1990) (considering
    “whether the ‘taint’ of the Fourth Amendment violation was sufficiently
    attenuated to permit the introduction of the evidence”) (quoting United
    States v. Crews, 445 U.S. 463, 471 (1980)); Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United
    States, 251 U.S. 385, 392 (1920) (“If knowledge of [facts] is gained from an
    independent source they may be proved like any others, but the
    knowledge gained by the Government’s own wrong cannot be used by it
    in the way proposed.”). In Harris, the warrantless arrest of the defendant
    at home was deemed unlawful. 495 U.S. at 17. Nonetheless, the Supreme
    Court held that the defendant’s subsequent “written statement made at the
    station house,” without any “coercion,” was not an “exploitation of the
    illegal entry into [his] home.” Id. at 16, 19-20. The statement, therefore,
    sidestepped the exclusionary rule. Id. at 21. If a voluntary, post-arrest
    statement at the station house avoids exclusion in criminal proceedings, a
    similar statement before an IJ, like Vanegas-Ramirez’s, should avoid
    exclusion in removal proceedings.

                                         22
 1   persecution and, alternatively, that he provided insufficient documentary

 2   evidence to support his testimony. 22

 3         Asylum and withholding of removal are “two alternative forms of

 4   relief” available to an alien claiming that he will be persecuted, if removed

 5   back to his native country. Melgar de Torres v. Reno, 191 F.3d 307, 311 (2d

 6   Cir. 1999). The former is discretionary, and the latter is not. Compare 8

 7   U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(A) (“may grant asylum”), with id. § 1231(b)(3)(A) (“may

 8   not remove”). See also Yang v. Gonzales, 478 F.3d 133, 141 (2d Cir. 2007)

 9   (“Once the [requisite] showing is made, withholding of removal is

10   mandatory, whereas asylum may be refused to an eligible petitioner in the

11   discretion of the Attorney General.”).

12         To be eligible for asylum, the alien must show that he is a

13   “refugee”—that is, someone who is “unable or unwilling” to return to his

14   native country “because of [past] persecution or a well-founded fear of [future]

15   persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a

     22    Because Vanegas-Ramirez does not challenge the agency’s denial of
     CAT protection, we do not review it. See Zhang, 426 F.3d at 545 n.7
     (considering claims with respect to an asylum application to be waived
     where they are not adequately briefed).

                                             23
 1   particular social group, or political opinion.” 23   8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)

 2   (emphasis added); see also id. § 1158(b)(1)(A); Diallo v. INS, 232 F.3d 279,

 3   284 (2d Cir. 2000). The alien’s membership in his family may, in fact,

 4   constitute a “social-group basis of persecution” against him.       Vumi v.

 5   Gonzales, 502 F.3d 150, 155 (2d Cir. 2007).

 6         Eligibility for withholding of removal, however, requires a “clear

 7   probability of persecution,” i.e., “it is more likely than not that the alien

 8   would be subject to persecution.” INS v. Stevic, 467 U.S. 407, 413, 424

 9   (1984). The “clear probability” standard is higher than the “well-founded

10   fear” standard. Paul v. Gonzales, 444 F.3d 148, 155 (2d Cir. 2006) (“It is

11   well-settled that the burden of proof for a withholding of removal claim is

12   higher than the burden of proof for an asylum claim.”). As a result, “an

     23    This case does not involve “past persecution,” because Vanegas-
     Ramirez never alleged that he personally suffered persecution, but rather
     only that his father, Carlos, was injured on several discrete occasions. See
     Melgar de Torres, 191 F.3d at 313 n.2 (“Although persecution of close family
     members may support a well-founded fear of future persecution, it does
     not form the basis for a finding of past persecution of [the petitioner].”).
     Compare also Jiang v. Gonzales, 500 F.3d 137, 139, 141-42 (2d Cir. 2007)
     (forced sterilization of the petitioner’s mother, three months after he was
     born, did not constitute past persecution of the petitioner), with Jorge-Tzoc
     v. Gonzales, 435 F.3d 146, 150 (2d Cir. 2006) (per curiam) (“pervasive”
     massacres of Mayans where the petitioner lived when he was a child could
     evidence his past persecution).

                                           24
 1   applicant who fails to establish [his] eligibility for asylum necessarily fails

 2   to establish eligibility for withholding of removal.”      Yan Juan Chen v.

 3   Holder, 658 F.3d 246, 254 (2d Cir. 2011) (per curiam) (internal quotation

 4   marks omitted).

 5         A “well-founded fear” means that “a reasonable person in [the

 6   alien’s] circumstances would fear persecution if [he] were to be returned to

 7   [his] native country.” Carcamo-Flores v. INS, 805 F.2d 60, 68 (2d Cir. 1986)

 8   (internal quotation marks omitted). “The term ‘well-founded fear’ implies

 9   both a subjective and an objective element. [The alien] must first establish

10   the subjective element,” i.e., that he has a fear of persecution. Id. at 64

11   (emphasis added). “To make that fear well-founded and thereby qualify

12   for asylum, however, the alien must also demonstrate that there are

13   objective facts supporting that fear.” Id. (emphasis added).

14         Once    the   alien   has   established   that he    subjectively   fears

15   persecution, 24 he may establish the objective facts to support his fear

16   through “affidavits, journalistic accounts of other examples of persecution

     24    In this case, neither the IJ, nor the BIA, disputed that Vanegas-
     Ramirez had established the subjective element of a well-founded fear of
     persecution.

                                           25
 1   in the involved country, or testimony,” among other things. Id. “In the

 2   absence of documentary proof, [the alien’s] testimony will be enough if it is

 3   credible, persuasive, and refers to specific facts[.]” Melendez v. U.S. Dep’t of

 4   Justice, 926 F.2d 211, 215 (2d Cir. 1991) (emphasis added; internal quotation

 5   marks omitted). Even if the testimony is “credible and detailed” enough, it

 6   is not always “automatically sufficient,” such that other documentary

 7   evidence “can never be required.” Diallo, 232 F.3d at 286; see also 8 U.S.C.

 8   § 1158(b)(1)(B)(ii) (providing that “evidence that corroborates otherwise

 9   credible testimony” may also be required, “unless the applicant does not

10   have the evidence and cannot reasonably obtain the evidence”).

11         Here, the only evidence that Vanegas-Ramirez offered at his

12   removal proceedings in support of the asylum application was his own

13   testimony. Vanegas-Ramirez testified that, in 1987, his father, Carlos, was

14   attacked by the now-deceased prisoner, Manuel, who, along with his

15   surviving family, had a vendetta against Carlos. Vanegas-Ramirez also

16   testified that, in 2002, Carlos was attacked by unnamed individuals, whom

17   Carlos believed were members of Manuel’s family. However, Vanegas-

                                           26
 1   Ramirez offered no evidence beyond his father’s belief that this attack had

 2   any connection to Manuel’s family. 25

 3         Vanegas-Ramirez’s testimony is insufficient, at a minimum, to

 4   establish the objective element of a well-founded fear of persecution. See

 5   Carcamo-Flores, 805 F.2d at 64. Even accepting the truth of the testimony, it

 6   only identifies a single, decades-old attack on Carlos by Vanegas-

 7   Ramirez’s   would-be     persecutors,     i.e.,   Manuel’s   family,   and   an

 8   unsubstantiated belief that a 2002 attack was also perpetrated by Manuel’s

 9   family. These incidents hardly support a well-founded fear that Manuel’s

10   family will persecute Vanegas-Ramirez in the future. 26          See Melgar de

11   Torres, 191 F.3d at 313 (holding that the death of the petitioner’s uncle for

12   assisting an El Salvadorian guerrilla group did not establish a “well-

13   founded fear of persecution on account of her uncle’s actions,” where no

14   other “members of her uncle’s family” were persecuted thereafter).

     25    Vanegas-Ramirez also testified that his father was the victim of
     another attack in 2002 at a time when Carlos allegedly was having
     “problems with the other merchants.” CAR at 160. However, Vanegas-
     Ramirez offered no testimony or other evidence that this attack was
     perpetrated or caused by the other merchants.
     26     The minimal threat posed by Manuel’s family is further suggested
     by Vanegas-Ramirez’s own testimony that these individuals would try to
     kill him, “if they come looking for me.” CAR at 144 (emphasis added).

                                          27
 1         No “reasonable person” in Vanegas-Ramirez’s “circumstances”

 2   would fear persecution if he were returned to Guatemala. Carcamo-Flores,

 3 805 F.2d at 68 (internal quotation marks omitted). The agency’s finding,

 4   therefore, that the testimony of Vanegas-Ramirez was not factually

 5   “specific” enough to establish a well-founded fear of persecution was

 6   amply supported by the record. Melendez, 926 F.2d at 215 (“In the absence

 7   of documentary proof, [the alien’s] testimony will be enough if it is credible,

 8   persuasive, and refers to specific facts[.]”) (emphasis added; internal quotation

 9   marks omitted); see also 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B) (“[T]he administrative

10   findings of fact are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would be

11   compelled to conclude to the contrary[.]”); Almeida-Amaral, 461 F.3d at 233

12   (holding that the agency’s factual findings are reviewed for substantial

13   evidence).

14         Accordingly, we conclude that the agency did not err by denying the

15   asylum application based on the failure of Vanegas-Ramirez’s testimony to

16   establish a “well-founded” fear and, by extension, a “clear probability” of

17   persecution.

                                            28
1                             CONCLUSION

2         Therefore, we affirm the agency’s decision and deny Vanegas-

3   Ramirez’s petition.

                                    29