Court Opinion

ID: 2044041
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-30 08:09:30.950037+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:04:50.029401
License: Public Domain

4 N.Y.3d 211 (2005)
825 N.E.2d 117
791 N.Y.S.2d 876
QUANTUM CORPORATE FUNDING, LTD., Respondent,
v.
WESTWAY INDUSTRIES, INC., Defendant, and
UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND GUARANTY COMPANY, Appellant.
Court of Appeals of the State of New York.
Argued January 11, 2005.
Decided February 17, 2005.
*212 Westermann Hamilton Sheehy Aydelott & Keenan, LLP, Garden City (David Westermann, Jr. of counsel), for appellant.
Hancock & Estabrook, LLP, Syracuse (Stewart F. Hancock, Jr. *213 and Alan J. Pierce of counsel), for respondent.
Wolff & Samson PC, New York City (Adam P. Friedman of counsel), for Surety Association of America, amicus curiae.
Goetz Fitzpatrick LLP, New York City (Bernard Kobroff of counsel), for Subcontractors Trade Association, Inc., amicus curiae.
Before: Chief Judge KAYE and Judges G.B. SMITH, CIPARICK, GRAFFEO, READ and R.S. SMITH concur.

*214 OPINION OF THE COURT
ROSENBLATT, J.
We hold today that State Finance Law § 137 allows subcontractors' assignees to recover payment from bond sureties. The statute requires general contractors on public works projects to purchase payment bonds, which work like insurance policies designed to guarantee payment to the general contractors' suppliers, employees and subcontractors. The statute is silent, however, on who may sue on the bond. In our view, section 137 should be read to allow suit by the subcontractor's assignee.

I.
Atlas Concrete Cutting LLC served as a subcontractor for Westway Industries, Inc., a general contractor hired to complete various public works projects in Westchester and Queens counties. After completing the work, Atlas sold its accounts receivable at a substantial discount to Quantum Corporate Funding, Ltd., for cash up front. Westway then failed to pay its debts and went out of business. To recover on Atlas's claims, Quantum pursued United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company (Guaranty), the surety for the section 137 payment bonds that Westway had purchased.[1]
After Guaranty refused to honor Quantum's demands for the payments due to Atlas, Quantum brought suit in Supreme Court *215 and obtained a default judgment against Westway, establishing that Atlas's invoices to Westway were proper and payable. Supreme Court, however, granted Guaranty's motion for summary judgment, dismissing Quantum's claims under section 137 against Guaranty in reliance on the Appellate Division, First Department's holding that the subcontractor's right to recover on payment bonds is nonassignable (see Quantum Corporate Funding v Fidelity & Deposit Co. of Md., 258 AD2d 376 [1st Dept 1999]).
On appeal, the Appellate Division, Second Department, reversed the dismissal, acknowledging that its holding conflicts with the First Department's decision in Fidelity. Quantum then won summary judgment in Supreme Court. To resolve the split between Appellate Division departments, we granted Guaranty's motion for leave to appeal directly to this Court (see CPLR 5602 [a] [1] [ii]). We now affirm.

II.
The bonding requirement in State Finance Law § 137 first passed in 1938 to protect laborers and material suppliers from defaulting employers.[2] An additional purpose was to reduce the cost of state projects by encouraging lower-cost bids from contractors (see Governor's Counsel's Mem to Governor, Bill Jacket, L 1938, ch 707, at 3 ["Those (contractors) who do (undertake state work) materially raise their bids in order to allow for outside financing pending the receipt of the state moneys."]).
*216 The bond requirement guarantees that subcontractors will receive payment for their work once they complete the project. That assurance is not always enough. Some subcontractors, often smaller or newer companies, may have difficulty financing their work even before the job is done. For example, a gravel company working on a six-month project might run out of gravel after three months. If it lacked the means to obtain more gravel, the company would be unable to complete its contract obligations. Subcontractors in that position seek to trade their certain right to future payment in exchange for present financing.
Similarly, small subcontractors who have completed projects and await payment may be ill equipped to pursue their payment claims, preferring not to spend limited company resources on the extra paperwork and potential litigation costs connected with such claims. Such companies, like Atlas here, have therefore sold their accounts receivable to factors, companies that specialize in financing and collecting these payments (see Black's Law Dictionary 630 [8th ed 2004]; see also James J. White, A Symposium on the Code After 25 Years: 1978-2003, Death and Resurrection of Secured Credit, 12 Am Bankr Inst L Rev 139, 153-154 [2004]).
Whether parties may sell an enforceable right to receive payments under bonds required by section 137 is an open question before this Court. In construing the statute, we bear in mind the background principle that claims typically remain transferrable (see General Obligations Law § 13-101 ["Any claim or demand can be transferred . . . ."]; see also Restatement [Second] of Contracts § 317 [2] [setting transferability of rights as the default and outlining narrow exceptions]). As a second guiding principle, we note that the original section 137 and every subsequent amendment were designed to protect workers, material suppliers and subcontractors from the hardship that accompanied the previous instability in the financing of public works (see e.g. Spanos Painting Contrs., Inc. v Union Bldg. & Constr. Corp., 334 F2d 457, 459 [2d Cir 1964] ["The primary purpose of § 137 . . . is to provide subcontractors a remedy by which they may recover sums due them where they would have failed under the old, more stringent lien law."]).[3]
*217 Guaranty argues that, despite the law generally favoring transferability, an exception applies in this case. Guaranty asserts that a subcontractor's right under Lien Law article 2 (to place a lien on the general contractor's proceeds) is not assignable, and argues that the same restriction should apply to bonds under section 137. We are not persuaded. As Guaranty and amicus Surety Association of America acknowledge, section 137 is aimed at providing greater protection to laborers, suppliers and subcontractors than the Lien Law. To adopt Guaranty's analogy would set the statutory beneficiaries back to the financial inflexibility and risk they endured before section 137's passage.
Guaranty also argues that by explicitly granting labor trustees the right to stand in place of the actual workers, suppliers and subcontractors under section 137 (5) (b),[4] the Legislature intended to make that grant exclusive. The better interpretation is that the clause is the Legislature's way of allowing parties not directly connected to the project to sue on behalf of the named statutory beneficiaries. If the Legislature wanted to exclude those with merely a financial interest in the work performed from collecting on behalf of the statutory beneficiaries, it would not have expressly allowed labor representatives to sue. The text itself points to this interpretation: by defining what claims are recoverable with the phrase "payable to or on behalf of" the workers, section 137 (5) (b) explicitly authorizes that some payments will go to parties acting "on behalf of" the direct statutory beneficiaries.
Guaranty argues that affirmance would not be consistent with the legislative goal of reducing the cost of state projects, because sureties would have to raise the premiums charged for *218 bonds to cover the increased risk. Subcontractors and Quantum counter that sureties set the price of the bond before the general contractor begins work on the project, because having the bond is a prerequisite to hiring the subcontractors. In determining the risk that the bond will be paid out (i.e., that the general contractor will fail to make all necessary payments), the surety evaluates solely the risk posed by the general contractor, not the financial health of the laborers, suppliers and subcontractors. Therefore, the subcontractors assert, whether the eventual claimant turns out to be either Atlas or Quantum makes no difference to the price the surety establishes at the start of the project.
The sureties argue, in effect, that by having to pay out money rightfully due to those who earned itand who are entitled to it by statutethe sureties will have to raise rates because they are no longer able to keep that money. Given the Legislature's avowed interest in protecting suppliers, workers and subcontractors, we will not construe the statute in the manner suggested by Guaranty.
Nor do we find merit in Guaranty's related contention that making sureties liable to factors like Quantum would generally expand the class of claimants, and thereby increase the sureties' risk of payment on the bonds. For the purpose of making a claim on the bond, the factor stands in the shoes of the subcontractor. Here, Quantum submitted for payment the very same invoices created by Atlas, on Atlas letterhead and authorized by Atlas officials, with the only indication of Quantum's role being a stamped statement that Atlas had assigned the accounts to Quantum. Quantum seeks no more money than Atlas would have been entitled to, nor could it. Any defenses that Guaranty might have had against Atlas were good against Quantum.
In sum, the only apparent reason Quantum might pose a greater threat to Guaranty than Atlas is that Quantum is more efficient at collecting bill payments than Atlas would have been. The statute does not allow sureties to resist payment merely because some of section 137's beneficiaries are too economically weak to recover on their deserving and lawful claims against the bonds.[5]
*219 Accordingly, the judgment of Supreme Court appealed from and the order of the Appellate Division brought up for review should be affirmed, with costs.
Judgment appealed from and order of the Appellate Division brought up for review affirmed, with costs.
NOTES
[1]  This is a suit by a factor against a surety, with the subcontractor and general contractor uninvolved. At least one writer has commented on the nature of this party lineup in the context of structured annuities:

"The attack [on factoring] has not come from the consumer lobby, though criticism of factoring is often (and sometimes deservedly) clothed in the language of consumer protection. Nor has it come primarily from disgruntled sellers, though many have claimed to stand in their shoes. Instead, the attack has come primarily from the insurance industry . . . . One might reasonably ask why these entities would care, given that their payment obligations would presumably be unaffected by any transfer thereof to a factoring company." (Adam F. Scales, Against Settlement Factoring? The Market in Tort Claims Has Arrived, 2002 Wis L Rev 859, 900-901.)
[2]  In relevant part, section 137 provides the following:

"1. [The Comptroller or other appropriate public official may] nevertheless require prior to the approval of any [public works] contract a bond guaranteeing prompt payment of moneys due to all persons furnishing labor or materials to the contractor or his subcontractors in the prosecution of the work provided for in such contract. . . .
"3. Every person who has furnished labor or material, to the contractor or to a subcontractor of the contractor, in the prosecution of the work provided for in the contract and who has not been paid in full therefor before the expiration of a period of ninety days after the day on which the last of the labor was performed or material was furnished by him for which the claim is made, shall have the right to sue on such payment bond in his own name for the amount, or the balance thereof, unpaid at the time of commencement of the action . . . ."
[3]  In arguing against the transferability of payment rights, Guaranty attempts to identify its position with increased protection of the statutory beneficiaries. We do not understand, however, how offering subcontractors like Atlas both the substantive benefit and the right to sell that benefit is less protective of them than denying one of those rights. Indeed, the Subcontractors Trade Association, Inc., has argued as amicus that the protected parties would obviously prefer both rights over just one. Guaranty has not shown us that the subcontractors do not know what is best for themselves. Of course, this issue is only one component of our analysis.
[4]  The statute reads,

"The expression `moneys due to persons furnishing labor to the contractor or his subcontractors' includes all sums payable to or on behalf of persons furnishing labor to the contractor or his subcontractors, . . . payment of which is required . . . by the contract in connection with which the bond is furnished. . . . A trustee or other person authorized to collect such payments shall have the right to sue on the payment bond in his own name and subject to the same conditions as if he were the person performing the labor upon which such sums are computed."
[5]  We are comforted in this conclusion by the continued successful functioning of public works and the surety market in those jurisdictions that have maintained long-standing rules allowing for assignments. For example, the federal analogue to our section 137, 40 USC § 270a et seq. (now 40 USC § 3131 et seq.), allows for assignment of subcontractors' claims (see United States for Benefit of Sherman v Carter, 353 U.S. 210 [1957]), as do the statutory analogues of our sister states (see e.g., Shoshoni Lbr. Co v Fidelity & Deposit Co. of Md., 46 Wyo 241, 24 P2d 690 [1933]; Finch v Enke, 54 SD 164, 222 N.W. 657 [1929]).