Court Opinion

ID: 4651681
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-01-15 00:02:18.477316+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:01:41.129786
License: Public Domain

Filed 1/14/21 Villanueva v. Becerra CA5

                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

 DANNY VILLANUEVA et al.,
                                                                                             F078062
           Plaintiffs and Appellants,
                                                                             (Super. Ct. No. 17CECG03093)
                    v.

 XAVIER BECERRA, as Attorney General, etc.                                                OPINION
 et al.,

           Defendants and Respondents.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Fresno County. Mark W.
Snauffer, Judge.
         Michel & Associates, C.D. Michel, Anna M. Barvir, and Sean A. Brady, for
Plaintiffs and Appellants.
         Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Thomas S. Patterson, Senior Assistant Attorney
General, Paul Stein and P. Patty Li, Deputy Attorneys General, for Defendants and
Respondents.
                                                        -ooOoo-
       In 2016, the California Legislature closed a loophole in the Roberti-Roos Assault
Weapons Control Act (Pen. Code,1 §§ 30500, et seq., AWCA) by revising the statutory
definition of assault weapons to include a class of weapons that were previously outside
of AWCA’s coverage, commonly known as “bullet-button” assault weapons.2 (Sen. Bill
No. 880 (2015-2016 Reg. Sess.) (Senate Bill 880); Stats. 2016, ch. 48, § 1, amending
§§ 30515, 30900, adding 30680, eff. Jan. 1, 2017.)3 Under the revised law, those who
lawfully owned bullet-button assault weapons before the effective date of the statutory
revision (i.e., Jan. 1, 2017) could keep them, subject to a requirement that all such
weapons had to be registered by July 1, 2018.4 (§§ 30900, subd. (b); 30680.)
Additionally, and important to the present appeal, the California Department of Justice
(DOJ) was directed to adopt regulations to implement the new registration requirement,
and such regulations were expressly declared to be exempt from the Administrative
Procedure Act (Gov. Code, § 11340 et seq., APA). (§ 30900, subd. (b)(5).) For

1     The full title of the statutory scheme is the “Roberti-Roos Assault Weapons
Control Act of 1989 and the .50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004.” (Pen. Code,
§ 30500.) Unless otherwise indicated, all further statutory references are to the Penal
Code.
2      A “bullet-button” weapon is designed to require a tool such as a bullet to remove
the ammunition feeding device or magazine, usually by using the tool or bullet to depress
a recessed button or lever shielded by a magazine lock. (See Cal. Code Regs., tit. 11,
§ 5471.)
3      Additionally at Assembly Bill No. 1135 (2015-2016 Reg. Sess.) (Assembly Bill
1135.) (See Stats. 2016, ch. 40, § 3; see also Assem. Com. on Public Safety on Sen. Bill
No. 880 (2015-2016 Reg. Sess.) as amended May 17, 2016 [purpose of law’s revision is
to remove bullet-button loophole]; Sen. Com. on Public Safety on Sen. Bill No. 880
(2015-2016 Reg. Sess.) as amended March 28, 2016 [same].)
4      The registration deadline was originally January 1, 2018, but it was subsequently
changed to July 1, 2018. (Assem. Bill No. 103 (2016-2017 Reg. Sess.) (Assembly Bill
103); Stats. 2017, ch. 17, § 49.) If the registration requirements were met, an individual’s
lawfully owned bullet-button assault weapons would be grandfathered in and allowed.
(§ 30680.)

                                              2
convenience, we refer to the above described revisions to AWCA by its 2016 legislative
bill number -- Senate Bill 880.5
       The DOJ proceeded to adopt new registration regulations for registering bullet-
button assault weapons, as required by Senate Bill 880. (See Cal. Code Regs., tit. 11,
§§ 5469-5478.)6 Plaintiffs7 then filed the present action challenging the validity of the
new regulations on two main grounds: (1) the regulations allegedly exceeded the scope
of the statutory exemption from the APA and therefore had to comply with the APA, and
(2) certain of the regulations allegedly sought to impermissibly enlarge or vary the
statutory definition of assault weapons. The trial court rejected plaintiffs’ challenge in
toto, finding that the regulations adopted by DOJ were reasonably related to the purpose
of implementing the registration requirement and did not exceed the scope of DOJ’s
regulatory authority. Plaintiffs now appeal, raising substantially the same issues as were
presented in the trial court. We conclude the trial court correctly ruled. The subject
regulations came within DOJ’s statutory exemption from the APA and are reasonably
consistent with AWCA’s governing statutes. Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court
is affirmed.

5     We recognize there was a parallel bill in the State Assembly, i.e., Assembly Bill
1135, which provided the same statutory revisions as Senate Bill 880. For ease of
expression, we refer simply to Senate Bill 880 (rather than to both bills) in identifying the
new law.
6      We refer to the challenged regulations as the registration regulations, or simply the
regulations.
7      Plaintiffs are individual gun owners (Danny Villanueva, Niall Stallard, Ruben
Barrios, Charlie Cox, Mark Stroh, Anthony Mendoza) and an association (California
Rifle & Pistol Association, Incorporated) that are allegedly impacted by the new
registration regulations.

                                              3
                       FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Bullet-Button Assault Weapons
       Under the former version of AWCA applicable before Senate Bill 880 took effect,
the question of whether certain semi-automatic weapons were classified as assault
weapons depended on, among other things, whether the weapons had “the capacity to
accept a detachable magazine.” (See former § 30515, subd. (a)(1), (a)(4); Stats. 2016, ch.
48, § 3.) A “ ‘detachable magazine’ ” was defined as any ammunition feeding device that
could be removed readily from the firearm “with neither disassembly of the firearm
action nor use of a tool being required.” (See former Cal. Code Regs., tit. 11, § 5469,
subd. (a); cf. Cal. Code Regs., tit. 11, § 5471, subd. (m).) A bullet or cartridge was
considered a tool. (See former Cal. Code Regs., tit. 11, § 5469, subd. (a).) As a result of
these definitional standards, where a tool such as a bullet was needed to remove the
magazine, there was no detachable magazine and the weapon was technically not an
assault weapon under AWCA, even if in all other respects it could function as an assault
weapon. This created what was referred to in the legislative committee reports relating to
Senate Bill 880 as the “bullet button loophole.” (See, e.g., Sen. Com. on Public Safety on
Sen. Bill No. 880 (2015-2016 Reg. Sess.) as amended March 28, 2016, pp. 5-8; Assem.
Com. on Public Safety on Sen. Bill No. 880 (2015-2016 Reg. Sess.) as amended May 17,
2016, pp. 1-6.) The same legislative committee reports reflected a concern that weapons
which are otherwise functionally the same as illegal assault weapons should not be
excluded from coverage under AWCA merely because a small tool or bullet is used by
the gun owner to quickly eject and reload ammunition magazines. It was expressed by
the bill’s author that unless the bullet-button loophole is closed, “the assault weapon ban
is severely weakened, and these types of military-style firearms will continue to
proliferate on our streets and in our neighborhoods.” (Assem. Com. on Public Safety on
Sen. Bill No. 880 (2015-2016 Reg. Sess.) as amended May 17, 2016, p. 3.)

                                             4
Senate Bill 880 Closes the Bullet-Button Loophole, Requires Registration
       As noted, in Senate Bill 880 the Legislature closed the bullet-button loophole as to
particular types of semi-automatic weapons, effective January 1, 2017. It did so by
modifying the definition of what would constitute an assault weapon under certain
provisions of section 30515. Under the former wording of subdivision (a)(1) and (a)(4)
of that section, either a semi-automatic centerfire rifle or a semi-automatic pistol that
possessed one or more other specified features or attributes would constitute an assault
weapon if the weapon also had the “capacity to accept a detachable magazine.” (See
former § 30515, subd. (a)(1), (a)(4); Stats. 2016, ch. 48, § 3.) As we have explained, this
created a loophole for certain weapons because a magazine was not considered
“detachable” if a simple tool such as a bullet had to be used to remove it. Under the
revised statutory definition created by Senate Bill 880, the phrase “the capacity to accept
a detachable magazine” was deleted from subdivision (a)(1) and (a)(4) of section 30515
and replaced with the words “does not have a fixed magazine.” (§ 30515, italics added;
Stats. 2016, ch. 48, § 3.) Moreover, the term “ ‘fixed magazine’ ” was expressly defined
to mean “an ammunition feeding device contained in, or permanently attached to, a
firearm in such a manner that the device cannot be removed without disassembly of the
firearm action.” (§ 30515, subd. (b).) As the latter definition reflects, the mere use of a
tool to quickly remove the magazine would no longer create an exception. In other
words, under Senate Bill 880, bullet-button weapons would no longer be automatically
excluded from the definition of assault weapons under section 30515, subdivision (a)(1)
and (a)(4), since a magazine that is easily removable with a bullet or other small tool
plainly “does not have a fixed magazine” as that term is defined under the new law.
       The second major part of Senate Bill 880 was to provide a mechanism to
grandfather the bullet-button assault weapons that were lawfully owned in California
prior to the new law. This was largely accomplished through a registration requirement
set forth in a newly added subdivision (b) to section 30900. (Stats. 2016, ch. 48, § 3.) As

                                              5
provided in section 30900, subdivision (b), the new registration requirement was as
follows:

       “(1) Any person who, from January 1, 2001, to December 31, 2016, inclusive,
       lawfully possessed an assault weapon that does not have a fixed magazine, as
       defined in Section 30515, including those weapons with an ammunition feeding
       device that can be readily removed from the firearm with the use of a tool, shall
       register the firearm before July 1, 2018, but not before the effective date of the
       regulations adopted pursuant to paragraph (5), with the department pursuant to
       those procedures that the department may establish by regulation pursuant to
       paragraph (5).

       “(2) Registrations shall be submitted electronically via the Internet utilizing a
       public-facing application made available by the department.

       “(3) The registration shall contain a description of the firearm that identifies it
       uniquely, including all identification marks, the date the firearm was acquired, the
       name and address of the individual from whom, or business from which, the
       firearm was acquired, as well as the registrant’s full name, address, telephone
       number, date of birth, sex, height, weight, eye color, hair color, and California
       driver’s license number or California identification card number.

       “(4) The department may charge a fee in an amount of up to fifteen dollars ($15)
       per person but not to exceed the reasonable processing costs of the department.
       The fee shall be paid by debit or credit card at the time that the electronic
       registration is submitted to the department. The fee shall be deposited in the
       Dealers’ Record of Sale Special Account to be used for purposes of this section.

       “(5) The department shall adopt regulations for the purpose of implementing this
       subdivision. These regulations are exempt from the Administrative Procedure Act
       (Chapter 3.5 (commencing with Section 11340) of Part 1 of Division 3 of Title 2
       of the Government Code).”
       As the foregoing statutory provisions make clear, persons who prior to January 1,
2017, had lawfully possessed an assault weapon that “does not have a fixed magazine,”
including weapons with a magazine that “can be readily removed from the firearm with
the use of a tool” – in other words, bullet-button assault weapons – had to register them
before July 1, 2018. (§ 30900, subd. (b)(1).) To implement this registration requirement,

                                              6
DOJ was directed in the statute to adopt regulations, and such regulations were declared
to be exempt from the APA. (§ 30900, subd. (b)(5).)
       Finally, under Senate Bill 880, section 30680 was enacted. This section created an
exemption from the application of section 30605 (the prohibition against the possession
of an assault weapon) for persons who lawfully possessed bullet-button assault weapons
prior to January 1, 2017, if they timely satisfied the registration requirements of section
30900 as set forth in section 30680. (§ 30680.)
DOJ Adopts Registration Regulations
       DOJ adopted new registration regulations for registering bullet-button assault
weapons, as required by Senate Bill 880, and the regulations were duly published by the
Office of Administrative Law. The new regulations became effective on July 31, 2017,
and are published at California Code of Regulations, title 11, sections 5469 through 5478.
Said regulations cover the following topics or subject matter: a description of the types
of weapons that must be registered and definitions of the statutory terms governing the
registration requirements (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 11, §§ 5470-5472); the process for
registering via DOJ’s website and the information required to be provided (Id. §§ 5473-
5474)8; joint registration requirements (Id. § 5474.1); serial number requirements for
registering homebuilt weapons (Id. § 5474.2); the required registration fee (Id. § 5475);
the deadlines for submitting registrations and complying with requests for additional
information or documentation (Id. § 5476); the prohibition on illegal modifications to
registered weapons (Id. § 5477); and the process for voluntary deregistration (Id. § 5478).
Plaintiffs Action Filed in Trial Court Challenging Regulations
       On September 7, 2017, plaintiffs filed their complaint in the trial court challenging
the registration regulations adopted by DOJ. The defendants named in the complaint

8      It appears that section 5473 of title 11, California Code of Regulations, was
repealed in 2019.

                                              7
were Xavier Becerra, in his official capacity as Attorney General for the State of
California, Stephen Lindley, in his official capacity as Chief of the DOJ Bureau of
Firearms, and DOJ (collectively DOJ or defendants). The complaint alleged causes of
action for declaratory and injunctive relief on the grounds that the regulations (1)
exceeded the scope of the limited APA exemption stated in section 30900, subdivision
(b)(5), by attempting to do more than implementing a registration program for bullet-
button assault weapons, and (2) sought to impermissibly expand the statutory terms in
AWCA. Among other things, the complaint asserted that the new regulations added
numerous definitions of terms (while deleting others) and imposed requirements
allegedly unrelated to the registration of bullet-button assault weapons. Allegedly, to the
extent such regulations went beyond the subject of implementing a registration program
for bullet-button assault weapons, the APA statutory exemption did not apply and DOJ
was required to follow the formal public comment process of the APA. Additionally, the
regulations also allegedly exceeded DOJ’s authority by including bullet-button shotguns
in the definition of assault weapons, even though Senate Bill 880 had only referred to
bullet-button rifles and pistols, not shotguns.
       DOJ filed a demurrer to the complaint, contending among other things that its
determination to proceed under the statutory exemption from the APA pursuant to section
30900, subdivision (b)(5), rather than going through the formalities of the APA process
in adopting the new regulations, was a discretionary administrative decision that can be
reviewed or challenged only through a writ of mandate, not declaratory relief. The trial
court sustained the demurrer on that ground, with leave to amend to allow plaintiffs to
“seek writ relief.” On March 21, 2018, plaintiffs filed an amended pleading – namely, a
first amended verified petition for writ of mandate and complaint for declaratory and
injunctive relief (the first amended complaint). While the underlying allegations were
essentially the same, the first amended complaint added distinct claims seeking review by
writ of mandate, including on the ground that DOJ abused its discretion by adopting the

                                              8
new regulations on a “ ‘file and print’ ” basis (i.e., under the APA exemption), rather than
doing so in accordance with the formal public comment process of the APA.
Hearing and Order Denying Relief
       On May 25, 2018, a hearing was held in the trial court on plaintiffs’ first amended
complaint to determine whether plaintiffs were entitled to a writ of mandate and/or other
relief under the first amended complaint. Following oral argument, the matter was taken
under submission. On May 30, 2018, the trial court issued its order denying the petition
for writ of mandate and other relief. In its order, the trial court held that DOJ did not
exceed its proper authority but acted within the parameters of its exemption from the
APA. According to the trial court, the regulations adopted by DOJ reasonably
implemented and properly filled in the details of the authorizing statute, thereby carrying
out the intent of the Legislature that DOJ create a registration program for bullet-button
assault weapons. Therefore, the trial court denied all relief and judgment was
subsequently entered in favor of defendants. Notice of entry of judgment was filed on
July 6, 2018. Plaintiffs timely filed their notice of appeal from the judgment.
                                       DISCUSSION
I. Standard of Review
       As noted, the trial court’s ruling denied all relief under the first amended
complaint, concluding the regulations did not exceed the scope of the APA exemption
and were a reasonable and proper implementation of SB 880’s directive that the DOJ
adopt registration regulations covering the bullet-button assault weapons. Plaintiffs’
appeal argues the trial court erred in these conclusions. As explained below, our review
is primarily de novo.
       We consider the proper standard for reviewing the action of a state agency in the
present context. “Where, as here, the petition seeks a writ of mandate under Code of
Civil Procedure section 1085, our review is limited to a determination of whether the
agency’s decision was arbitrary, capricious, entirely lacking in evidentiary support,

                                              9
unlawful, or procedurally unfair. [Citation.] Independent review is required, however,
where the issue involves statutory or regulatory construction, such as whether the
agency’s action was consistent with applicable law.” (California School Bds. Assn. v.
State Bd. of Education (2010) 186 Cal.App.4th 1298, 1313-1314.) Since the present
appeal involves statutory or regulatory review and/or the question of whether DOJ’s
action was consistent with applicable law, we apply independent or de novo review.
(Western States Petroleum Assn. v. Board of Equalization (2013) 57 Cal.4th 401, 415.)
“[W]hen an implementing regulation is challenged on the ground that it is ‘in conflict
with the statute’ [citation] or does not ‘lay within the lawmaking authority delegated by
the Legislature’ [citation], the issue of statutory construction is a question of law on
which a court exercises independent judgment.” (Ibid.) To the extent DOJ’s application
or interpretation of law within its agency expertise is at issue, we exercise our
independent judgment, but we also consider whether any deference to the determination
of said agency is appropriate to the circumstances of the agency action. (Yamaha Corp.
v. America v. State Board of Equalization (1998) 19 Cal.4th 1, 7-8.)
       If the APA is applicable to an agency’s adoption of regulations, any regulations
that substantially fail to comply with the APA’s procedural requirements may be
judicially declared invalid. (California School Bds. Assn. v. State Bd. of Education,
supra, 186 Cal.App.4th at p. 1328.) Such APA questions of law are reviewed by this
court de novo without deferring to the agency. (Sims v. Department of Corrections &
Rehabilitation (2013) 216 Cal.App.4th 1059, 1071; California Advocates for Nursing
Home Reform v. Bonta (2003) 106 Cal.App.4th 498, 506.)
       Plaintiffs also challenge the trial court’s demurrer ruling that required plaintiff to
plead writ of mandate, rather than declaratory relief, for alleged failure to comply with
the APA. The standard of review on appeal from an order sustaining a demurrer is de
novo. (California School Bds. Assn. v. State Bd. of Education, supra, 186 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1313; Blank v. Kirwan (1985) 39 Cal.3d 311, 318.)

                                              10
II.    The Inclusion of Shotguns in the New Regulations – Issue Rendered Moot by
       Subsequent Statutory Amendment
       One of plaintiffs’ main contentions in the instant appeal is that the DOJ
overstepped its authority when it included bullet-button shotguns in the registration
regulations and required that such shotguns be registered as assault weapons by the July
1, 2018 deadline. (See Cal. Code Regs., tit. 11, § 5470, subd. (d) [requiring registration
of semi-automatic shotguns that have a bullet button].) The legal principle behind
plaintiffs’ argument is that “agencies do not have discretion to promulgate regulations
that are inconsistent with the governing statute, or that alter or amend the statute or
enlarge its scope.” (Slocum v. State Bd. of Equalization (2005) 134 Cal.App.4th 969,
974; Ontario Community Foundations, Inc. v. State Bd. of Equalization (1984) 35 Cal.3d
811, 816-817; accord, Marshall v. McMahon (1993) 17 Cal.App.4th 1841, 1848.) In
essence, plaintiffs are contending that DOJ’s inclusion of bullet-button semi-automatic
shotguns impermissibly sought to expand or enlarge the scope of the governing statute’s
definition(s) of assault weapons.
       In support of this argument, plaintiffs point out that Senate Bill 880 only revised
the definition of assault weapons set forth in section 30515, subdivision (a)(1) and (a)(4)
relating to certain semi-automatic rifles and pistols in order to close the bullet-button
loophole as to those weapons; however, Senate Bill 880 did not make the same revision
as to semi-automatic shotguns. (See Stats. 2016, ch. 48, § 1.) Thus, according to
plaintiffs, the prior definitional standard for whether a semi-automatic shotgun
constituted an assault weapon remained in effect, which was set forth in subdivision
(a)(7) of section 30515 as follows: “A semiautomatic shotgun that has the ability to
accept a detachable magazine.” (Former § 30515, subd. (a)(7); see Cal. Code Regs., tit.
11, former § 5469, subd. (a), now § 5471, subd. (m) [defining “ ‘[d]etachable
magazine’ ” as excluding a magazine removable with a bullet or other tool].) In a
nutshell, plaintiffs maintain that because semi-automatic shotguns with a bullet button

                                             11
were not redefined by Senate Bill 880 as assault weapons, DOJ went beyond the scope of
the governing statute and exceeded its authority when it included them among the list of
weapons that had to be registered as assault weapons under section 30900, subdivision
(b).
       In response, DOJ asserts that the inclusion of bullet-button semi-automatic
shotguns in the regulations implementing Senate Bill 880’s registration requirement was
consistent with the overriding purpose of Senate Bill 880 to protect the public from
dangerous bullet-button weapons, and in any event such inclusion was arguably
permissible under the terms of section 30900, subdivision (b)(1), which describes the
assault weapons to be registered as including “those weapons with an ammunition
feeding device that can be readily removed from the firearm with the use of a tool.”
Furthermore, DOJ argues that the inclusion of such shotguns in the registration
regulations was within the bounds of its broad discretion to fill in the gaps of the
legislation.
       Having framed the nature of this issue, we conclude that we need not reach it
because the issue has been rendered moot by subsequent legislative amendment.
Specifically, section 30515, subdivision (a)(7) was recently amended by the Legislature,
effective August 6, 2020. Under that amendment, the statutory definition of an “assault
weapon” was revised regarding shotguns by providing that an assault weapon shall
include “[a] semiautomatic shotgun that does not have a fixed magazine.” (§ 30515,
subd. (a)(7); Stats. 2020, ch. 29, § 38 (SB 118).) By replacing the words “has the ability
to accept a detachable magazine” with “does not have a fixed magazine,” the 2020
amendment conformed the wording of subdivision (a)(7) to that of subdivisions (a)(1)
and (a)(4) -- the same wording used by the Legislature in Senate Bill 880 to close the
bullet-button loophole in those provisions. Thus, the 2020 amendment to subdivision
(a)(7) of section 30515 clearly added semi-automatic bullet-button shotguns to the
statutory categories of weapons that would constitute assault weapons.

                                             12
       In light of this substantial change in the law, plaintiffs’ argument that DOJ’s
registration regulations are improper to the extent the governing statute (i.e., § 30515)
does not expressly define bullet-button semi-automatic shotguns as assault weapons is
rendered moot or academic. That is, by virtue of the 2020 amendment revising
subdivision (a)(7) of section 30515, AWCA now includes bullet-button semi-automatic
shotguns in the definition of assault weapons. The former statutory deficiency, if any, or
the former discrepancy between the governing statute and the regulations, if any, has
been cured by the subsequent amendment. It is well established that an intervening
change in the law may result in mootness. (See, e.g., Association of Irritated Residents v.
Department of Conservation (2017) 11 Cal.App.5th 1202, 1222; Callie v. Board of
Supervisors (1969) 1 Cal.App.3d 13, 18; County of San Diego v. Brown (1993) 19
Cal.App.4th 1054, 1089-1090; Bravo Vending v. City of Rancho Mirage (1993) 16
Cal.App.4th 383, 393 [in finding mootness, the version of law in force at present was
applied on appeal].) This rule of mootness applies to cases pending on appeal. “‘Repeal
or modification of a statute [or ordinance] under attack, or subsequent legislation, may
render moot the issues in a pending appeal.’” (Callie v. Board of Supervisors, supra, 1
Cal.App.3d at pp. 18-19.) That is manifestly the case here. Accordingly, due to
mootness we decline to reach plaintiffs’ challenge to the regulations premised on the
“shotgun” issue. (See Consumer Cause, Inc. v. Johnson & Johnson (2005) 132
Cal.App.4th 1175, 1183 [courts do not consider moot questions or abstract propositions].)
III.   The Entire Appeal Will Not Be Dismissed as Moot
       DOJ argues that because the deadline for registration of bullet-button assault
weapons has expired, the regulations governing the registration process are obsolete, and
thus plaintiffs’ challenge to those regulations in the present appeal is rendered moot or
academic. Accordingly, DOJ asks that we dismiss the entire appeal on the ground of
mootness. We decline to do so, for two reasons. First, if plaintiffs’ claim in this appeal
that the registration regulations are invalid is determined to be correct, it is unclear

                                              13
whether that determination may potentially affect whether any of the purportedly
registered bullet-button assault weapons have in fact been properly or lawfully
registered.9 Proceeding with this appeal may thus prevent there being a cloud on the
registrations that have occurred. Accordingly, the case is arguably not rendered moot by
the mere passage of the registration deadline. Second, the APA serves an important
public purpose of establishing procedures that provide security against bureaucratic
tyranny. (See Morning Star Co. v. State Bd. of Equalization (2006) 38 Cal.4th 324, 333
(Morning Star)). Due to the APA’s public importance, we think an alleged failure to
comply therewith may, in a proper case, be considered on appeal even though a short
administrative deadline arguably rendered the challenged regulations obsolete. (See, e.g.,
Santa Monica Baykeeper v. City of Malibu (2011) 193 Cal.App.4th 1538, 1548
[discretionary exceptions to mootness recognized, including where issue is one of public
interest which may recur].) For these reasons, although we have applied mootness to a
discrete issue or issues in this appeal due to a subsequent statutory amendment (see, e.g.,
“shotgun” issue above), we decline to dismiss the entirety of plaintiffs’ appeal on the
basis of mootness allegedly arising from the expiration of the registration deadline.

IV.    The Regulations Were Reasonably Within DOJ’s Authority to Implement
       Bullet-Button Assault Weapon Registration, and Thus Were Exempt from the
       APA
       DOJ adopted regulations that implemented a registration process for the
registration by July 1, 2018, of the newly defined bullet-button assault weapons under

9       We note it is also not clear that all of the applications to register bullet-button
assault weapons have been fully processed and determined by DOJ. We grant plaintiffs’
request for judicial notice of DOJ’s response to a Public Records Act (Gov. Code, § 6250
et seq.) request stating that, as of July 11, 2018, over 50,000 applications to register
bullet-button assault weapons were still being processed. Plaintiffs also sought judicial
notice of a pleading filed in a different case. That part of the request for judicial notice is
denied, as the pleading is not relevant to any material issues in this appeal. (People ex
rel. Lockyer v. Shamrock Foods Co. (2000) 24 Cal.4th 415, 422, fn. 2.)

                                              14
Senate Bill 880. (See Cal. Code Regs., tit. 11, §§ 5469-5478.) Plaintiffs’ attack on the
validity of these regulations is largely based upon plaintiffs’ contention that the subject
registration regulations went beyond the scope of the APA exemption that was expressly
provided in section 30900, subdivision (b)(5). Based on that assumption, plaintiffs
further contend the adoption of the registration regulations necessarily had to comply
with the APA’s procedural requirements, and DOJ’s failure to do so invalidates the
regulations. As a preface to our consideration of plaintiffs’ argument, we briefly outline
the following background principles of law: (1) the procedural requirements of the APA,
and (2) the scope of DOJ’s reasonable discretion in adopting regulations.
       A. The APA’s Procedural Requirements
       The APA subjects proposed agency regulations to certain procedural requirements
that must be met for the regulations to become effective. (Morning Star, supra, 38
Cal.4th at p. 332; see Gov. Code, §§ 11340 et seq.) “‘If a rule constitutes a ‘regulation’
within the meaning of the APA … it may not be adopted, amended, or repealed except in
conformity with “basic minimum procedural requirements” (citation) that are exacting.”
(Morning Star, supra, 38 Cal.4th at p. 333.) Any regulation or order of repeal that
substantially fails to comply with these requirements may be judicially declared invalid.
(Gov. Code, § 11350; Morning Star, supra, 38 Cal.4th at p. 333; accord, Morales v.
California Dept. of Corrections & Rehabilitation (2008) 168 Cal.App.4th 729, 735-736
(Morales).)
       Under the APA’s procedural requirements, if a proposed rule constitutes a
regulation within the meaning of the APA, the following procedural steps must take
place: “ ‘The agency must give the public notice of its proposed regulatory action
[citations]; issue a complete text of the proposed regulation with a statement of the
reasons for it [citations]; give interested parties an opportunity to comment on the
proposed regulation [citation]; respond in writing to public comments [citations]; and
forward a file of all materials on which the agency relied in the regulatory process to the

                                             15
Office of Administrative Law (citation), which reviews the regulation for consistency
with the law, clarity, and necessity.’ ” (Morning Star, supra, 38 Cal.4th at p. 333.)
       Unless expressly exempted, all administrative regulations must comply with the
APA. (State Water Resources Control Bd. v. Office of Admin. Law (1993) 12
Cal.App.4th 697, 704; see Gov. Code, § 11346; see Pacific Legal Foundation v.
California Coastal Com. (1982) 33 Cal.3d 158, 169, fn. 4 [noting “because the
Legislature specifically exempted the guidelines from the provisions of [the APA],” no
review under APA declaratory relief statute was available].) When the Legislature seeks
to exempt regulations from the APA, it does so by clear, unequivocal language. (United
Systems of Arkansas, Inc. v. Stamison (1998) 63 Cal.App.4th 1001, 1010.) Doubts as to
the applicability of the APA’s requirements should be resolved in favor of the APA.
(Morales, supra, 168 Cal.App.4th at p. 736.)
       Here, as noted, an explicit exemption from the APA was provided by the
Legislature in section 30900, subdivision (b)(5). In section 30900, subdivision (b)(1)
through (b)(4), which is the portion of the subdivision preceding the exemption language,
the requirement is stated for bullet-button assault weapons to be registered by a certain
date, including an electronic or internet “public-facing” registration format, and among
other things it is specified that such registration process shall include the provision of
information to uniquely describe and identify the firearm, the registrant’s identity, and
shall include the payment of a fee. After these core registration contents are stated, the
APA exemption states as follows: “The department shall adopt regulations for the
purpose of implementing this subdivision. These regulations are exempt from the
Administrate Procedure Act.” (Italics added.) Thus, it is clear the Legislature, in
enacting Senate Bill 880, intended that regulations adopted by DOJ to reasonably
implement the registration requirement would be exempt from the APA.

                                              16
       B. The Agency’s Broad Discretion
       For purposes of our review of plaintiffs’ challenge to the validity of the
registration regulations adopted by DOJ, it is necessary to consider the nature of DOJ’s
agency discretion, our standard of review thereof, and the degree of deference, if any, that
should be shown.
       The California Supreme Court recently summarized the guiding principles for
review of cases such as this, as follows: “‘Deference to administrative interpretations
always is “situational” and depends on “a complex of factors” [citation], but where the
agency had special expertise and its decision is carefully considered by senior agency
officials, that decision is entitled to correspondingly greater weight.’ [Citation.] Where
an agency’s action is ‘quasi-legislative’ or ‘the substantive product of a delegated
legislative power conferred on the agency,’ the scope of our review is ‘limited to
determining whether the regulation (1) is “within the scope of the authority conferred”
[citation] and (2) is “reasonably necessary to effectuate the purpose of the statute”
[citation.]’ [Citation.] By contrast, where an agency’s action is interpretive or merely
‘represents the agency’s view of the statute’s legal meaning and effect,’ the agency’s
‘interpretation of the meaning and legal effect of a statute is entitled to consideration and
respect,’ ‘but commands a commensurably lesser degree of judicial deference.’
[Citation.] [¶ ] Although the classification of an agency’s action as quasi-legislative or
interpretive often guides our analysis, we have observed that ‘some rules defy easy
categorization.’ [Citation.] … [I]n certain circumstances, a regulation may have both
quasi-legislative and interpretive characteristics – “as when an administrative agency
exercises a legislatively delegated power to interpret key statutory terms.” ’ ”
(Christensen v. Lightbourne (2019) 7 Cal.5th 761, 771-772.)
       Here, DOJ was directed to implement a registration program within the purposes
of section 30900, subdivision (b)(1) to (b)(4). Such a directive clearly gave to DOJ a
quasi-legislative authority to accomplish that purpose. Thus, the scope of our review is

                                             17
limited to determining whether the challenged regulations are (1) within the scope of the
authority conferred and (2) is reasonably necessary to effectuate the purpose of the
statute. (Christensen v. Lightbourne, supra, 7 Cal.5th at p. 771.) Where the Legislature
has, as here, delegated to an agency the responsibility to implement a statutory scheme
through regulations, a reviewing court will not interfere unless “the agency has clearly
overstepped its statutory authority or violated a constitutional mandate.” (Ford Dealers
Assn. v. Department of Motor Vehicles (1982) 32 Cal.3d 347, 355-356, italics added.)
“ ‘ “ ‘The scope of our review of an administrative agency’s regulations is limited: we
consider whether the challenged provisions are consistent and not in conflict with the
enabling statute and reasonably necessary to effectuate its purpose.’ ” ’ ” (Masonite
Corp. v. County of Mendocino Air Quality Management Dist. (1996) 42 Cal.App.4th 436,
447, italics added.)
       In undertaking this review, we also keep in mind that the regulations under
consideration need not simply mirror the statutory language, but may fill in details to
further the purpose of the governing legislation: “ ‘ “ ‘In enacting such rules and
regulations, the Board is empowered to fill up the details of the enabling legislation.
[Citation.] The court’s role is to decide whether in enacting the specific rule the [agency]
reasonably interpreted the legislative mandate.’ ” ’ ” (Masonite Corp. v. County of
Mendocino Air Quality Management Dist., supra, 42 Cal.App.4th at p. 447.) ‘“An
administrative agency is not limited to the exact provisions of a statute in adopting
regulations to enforce its mandate. “[The] absence of any specific [statutory] provisions
regarding the regulation of [an issue] does not mean that such a regulation exceeds
statutory authority .…’ [Citations.] The [administrative agency] is authorized to “ ‘fill
up the details’ ” of the statutory scheme.’ ” (PaintCare v. Mortensen (2015) 233
Cal.App.4th 1292, 1307; accord, Batt v. City and County of San Francisco (2010) 184
Cal.App.4th 163, 171.) Similarly, the agency’s authority also includes the power to
elaborate the meaning of statutory terms. (GMRI, Inc. v. California Dept. of Tax & Fee

                                             18
Administration (2018) 21 Cal.App.5th 111, 125.) It is also a well-settled principle of
administrative law that in the absence of an express statutory directive to the contrary, an
agency may exercise its discretion in selecting the methodology by which it will
implement the authority granted to it. (Community Water Coalition v. Santa Cruz County
Local Agency Formation Com. (2011) 200 Cal.App.4th 1317, 1328.)
         In determining whether an agency has incorrectly interpreted the statute it purports
to implement, a court generally gives weight to the agency’s construction. (Western
States Petroleum Assn. v. Board of Equalization (2013) 57 Cal.4th 401, 415.)
“ ‘Nevertheless, the proper interpretation of a statute is ultimately the court’s
responsibility.’ ” (Id. at pp. 415-416.) “‘When a regulation is challenged on the ground
that it is not “reasonably necessary to effectuate the purpose of the statute,” our inquiry is
confined to whether the rule is arbitrary, capricious, or without rational basis [citation]
and whether substantial evidence supports the agency’s determination that the rule is
reasonably necessary [citation].’ [Citation.] The question of ‘reasonable necessity’
generally implicates the agency’s expertise; therefore it receives a much more deferential
standard of review.” (Delta Stewardship Council Cases (2020) 48 Cal.App.5th 1014,
1048.)
         The party challenging a regulation has the burden to show its invalidity. (Delta
Stewardship Council Cases, supra, 48 Cal.App.5th at p. 1049.)

         C. The Regulations Were Reasonably Necessary to Accomplish Statutory
            Mandate
         The trial court concluded the regulations were reasonably necessary to the
accomplishment of the statutory purpose of creating an effective registration process for
bullet-button assault weapons, and the regulations were also reasonably within DOJ’s
authority to fill in the details of the legislation. Accordingly, the trial court concluded
that plaintiffs had failed to show DOJ exceeded the scope of the APA exemption. As the
trial court expressed in its order: “DOJ is authorized to ‘adopt regulations for the purpose

                                              19
of implementing’ the authorizing statute. [Citation.] The regulations at issue here each
appear to do just that, such that the APA exemption would apply. The challenged
regulations ensure that eligible weapons are registered, by eligible applicants, through an
understandable registration process.”
       Based on our independent review, we conclude the trial court was correct. As we
have noted hereinabove, section 30900, subdivision (b)(5), delegated quasi-legislative
power to DOJ to create a registration program for bullet-button assault weapons. In
doing so, DOJ was not limited by the specific language of section 30900, subdivision (b),
but could appropriately fill in the details of what was reasonably needed to accomplish an
effective registration program. As more fully discussed below, that appears to be
precisely what DOJ did in adopting the regulations at issue in this appeal. Further,
plaintiffs have failed to meet their burden of demonstrating the invalidity of any of the
regulations.
       Below, we consider plaintiffs’ main arguments raised as to specific aspects of the
registration regulations.
               1. The Breadth of the Regulations
       Plaintiffs generally object that the registration regulations “concern themselves not
[merely] with how to register ‘bullet-button assault weapons,’ but instead with what may
be registered, who may register, or the conditions for registration.” But plaintiffs, whose
burden it is to affirmatively demonstrate the regulations’ invalidity (Delta Stewardship
Council Cases, supra, 48 Cal.App.5th at p. 1049), offer no adequate explanation why
regulations implementing an effective registration process should not address these key
topics. Moreover, as DOJ has cogently explained, implementing an effective bullet-
button assault weapon registration program reasonably required addressing several
interrelated matters: “To administer the registration process, DOJ found it necessary to
promulgate regulations that make it possible to: determine the types of firearms that can
be registered (registration definitions); register weapons that the Legislature has required

                                             20
to be registered (registration of bullet-button [assault weapons]); obtain information
necessary to uniquely identify each registered weapon (serial number and digital photo
requirements) or confirm an applicant’s eligibility to register a firearm (registration
information requirements); prevent abuse of the joint registration option (‘family
member’ definition and proof-of-address requirements); establish parameters for the
electronic registration process required by law (terms of use); and prohibit subsequent
modification of registered weapons into weapons that first became prohibited almost
twenty years ago, and have been unlawful to acquire since then (modification
prohibition).… [T]hese regulations ensure that only eligible weapons are registered, only
by eligible applicants, through a transparent, reliable process.”
       We find DOJ’s explanation to be persuasive. The topics covered by the
regulations may be broad, but they are interrelated and reasonably impact whether the
registration system implemented by DOJ will be understandable, reliable and effective.
Further, DOJ is within its discretion to fill in such details to accomplish the legislative
purpose. (See PaintCare v. Mortensen, supra, 233 Cal.App.4th at p. 1307.) We
conclude the registration regulations at issue herein were within the scope of the authority
conferred and reasonably necessary to effectuate the statutory purpose. (See Christensen
v. Lightbourne, supra, 7 Cal.5th at p. 771.) Additionally, we note “the question of
‘reasonable necessity’ generally implicates the agency’s expertise; therefore it receives a
much more deferential standard of review.” (Delta Stewardship Council Cases, supra,
48 Cal.App.5th at p. 1048.) For all these reasons, we reject plaintiffs’ argument that the
breadth of the topics covered in the regulations means they were outside the bounds of
the APA exception set forth in section 30900, subdivision (b)(5).
              2. Inclusion of Bullet-Button Shotguns
       We have already addressed in this opinion, plaintiffs’ contention that the
regulations impermissibly included the registration of bullet-button shotguns because, as
was noted by plaintiffs, Senate Bill 880 only amended the definition of assault weapons

                                              21
to include bullet-button rifles and pistols. As we concluded hereinabove, the question has
been rendered moot by subsequent statutory amendment. That is, under a 2020
amendment revising subdivision (a)(7) of section 30515, AWCA now includes bullet-
button semi-automatic shotguns in the definition of assault weapons. (§ 30515, subd.
(a)(7) [an assault weapon includes “a semiautomatic shotgun that does not have a fixed
magazine”]; Stats. 2020, ch. 29, § 38.) As previously explained, due to this issue
becoming moot, we decline to reach it.

              3. Consolidation of Definitions Related to Bullet-Button Registration
                 Process
       Plaintiffs challenge the validity of the definitional provisions contained in the
registration regulations (see Cal. Code Regs., tit. 11, § 5471) as going beyond the scope
of the APA exemption. Plaintiffs’ argue that DOJ, in adopting the subject regulations,
repealed five valid definitions in former section 5469 of the California Code of
Regulation that had been applicable to the identification of assault weapons – which
repeal would have required APA compliance. However, as correctly pointed out by DOJ,
plaintiffs’ argument fails because the subject definitional provisions were not repealed,
but simply consolidated to a new location. (See former Cal. Code Regs., tit. 11, § 5469
[former site of five definitions for purposes of § 30515]; cf. Cal. Code Regs., tit. 11,
§§ 5469, 5471 [new location of definitional provisions].) Two of the subject definitions
(i.e., “forward pistol grip” and “thumbhole stock”) were moved to section 5471 of the
regulations without change. (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 11, § 5471, subds. (t), (qq).) The
remaining three (i.e., “ ‘detachable magazine,’ ” “ ‘flash suppressor,’ ” and “ ‘pistol grip
that protrudes conspicuously beneath the action of the weapon’ ”) were moved to
California Code of Regulations section 5471 of the regulations without substantial
change, with specific qualifying examples added. (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 11, § 5471,
subds. (m), (r), (z).) Certainly, it would be within DOJ’s reasonable discretion in
establishing an effective registration program to have definitions consolidated in one

                                             22
place – i.e., a single section of the regulations containing the registration definitions -- to
reduce confusion during the registration process. In any event, no actual repeal or
deletion has been shown. Based on the foregoing, we reject plaintiffs’ contention that
certain definitions were improperly repealed or deleted under the registration regulations.
       Plaintiffs’ second argument challenging the definitional provisions of the
registration regulations (see Cal. Code Regs., tit. 11, § 5471) is that some of the terms
defined therein are not specifically related to the registration of bullet-button assault
weapons. Based on that premise, plaintiffs argue the definitional provisions exceeded the
APA exemption, and thus APA procedures had to be followed. We disagree. As DOJ
persuasively maintains, the subject definitions are relevant to the registration process by
helping clarify and summarize much of the technical statutory terminology referred to in
section 30515 for purposes of implementing the registration requirement of section
30900, subdivision (b). Among other things, setting forth such definitions would appear
to be reasonably necessary for the public to readily understand what types of weapons
would constitute a bullet-button assault weapon, and what types of weapons would not,
under the various technical terms.10
       As the trial court correctly observed, “[t]he APA exemption granted by the
Legislature would appear to include the power to define terms to enable the public to
understand and comply with the registration process.” Additionally, DOJ’s assessment of

10      We note the majority of the definitions provided in section 5471 of the California
Code of Regulations are clearly relevant to the registration process by either (1)
summarizing and clarifying various basic or technical terminology used to define and
differentiate types of assault weapons, and/or by (2) specifically defining essential terms
for whether a particular weapon has the features or attributes that would make it a bullet-
button assault weapon for purposes of the registration requirement. (See, e.g., Cal. Code
Regs., tit. 11, §§ 5471, subds. (a), (b), (c), (e), (f), (j), (m), (n), (p), (q), (r), (t), (v), (y),
(z), (ee), (gg), (hh), (ll), (nn), (pp), (qq), (rr); compare, 30515, subd. (a)(1), (a)(4) &
(a)(7).) Other definitional provisions appear to be indirectly relevant to the process of
registration, such as by identifying unique features that may need to be reported when
registering (e.g., Cal. Code Regs., tit. 11, § 5471, subds. (d) & (x) [re: barrel length]).

                                                 23
what definitional provisions would be reasonably necessary to facilitate the statutory
purpose of implementing an effective registration program under section 30900,
subdivision (b), as well as to reasonably fill-in the details thereof, were matters within its
considerable agency expertise to which deference is appropriate. (See Yamaha Corp. of
America v. State Bd. of Equalization, supra, 19 Cal.4th at pp. 11-12.) For all the
foregoing reasons, we conclude that the definitional provisions adopted by DOJ in the
registration regulations (i.e., Cal. Code of Regs., tit. 11, § 5471) were within the scope of
the statutory authority conferred upon DOJ by section 30900, subdivision (b)(5) and were
reasonably necessary to effectuate the purpose of the statute. Accordingly, the definitions
did not exceed the scope of the APA exemption.
       We note further that, according to DOJ, plaintiffs’ argument the requirements of
the APA had to be followed as to the definitional provisions has arguably been rendered
moot because of subsequent regulatory action. That is, in January 2019, a separate
regulation promulgated by DOJ under the APA’s procedural requirements became
effective, which regulation incorporates by reference each of the definitions set out in
section 5471 of the registration regulations. This separate regulation, codified as section
5460 of title 11, California Code of Regulations, provides as follows: “The definitions of
terms in section 5471 of this chapter shall apply to the identification of assault weapons
pursuant to Penal Code section 30515.” (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 11, § 5460.) By and
through the adoption of this separate regulation which incorporates by reference the
definitions at issue, the subject definitional provisions have apparently been vetted
through the APA procedures, which arguably renders plaintiffs’ challenge thereof moot.
DOJ argues we should so hold. However, we do not rely on mootness in rejecting
plaintiffs’ APA-based challenge of the definitional provisions, primarily because APA
compliance as to the separate regulation (i.e., Cal. Code Regs., tit. 11, § 5460) has not
been adequately developed by citation to the record or judicially noticeable facts.

                                              24
              4. The Serial Number Requirement
       Plaintiffs challenge the requirement of serial numbers in connection with the
registration of bullet-button assault weapons manufactured by an unlicensed subject (also
referred to as FMBUS or home-built firearms), which serial number would be assigned
by DOJ prior to the home-built weapon’s registration. (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 11, §§ 5472,
subds. (f) & (g); 5474.2.) Plaintiffs contend this requirement goes beyond the scope of
the governing statute and exceeds DOJ’s regulatory discretion. We disagree. Section
30900, subdivision (b)(3) expressly requires that the registration of an assault weapon
include descriptive information necessary to identify it uniquely. In carrying out that
mandate, it was within DOJ’s reasonable authority to require such home-built assault
weapons have an assigned serial number. As explained by DOJ: “DOJ-issued serial
numbers for registered homebuilt weapons will allow law enforcement to positively
identify such weapons if they are encountered in the field, are used in a crime, or need to
be confiscated from persons prohibited from possessing firearms. Owner-selected serial
numbers (e.g., the initials of the person who built the weapon and the date it was built)
would not ensure a unique identifier, because unlike serial numbers applied by federally
licensed manufacturers, another owner may assign another weapon the same identifier.”
These concerns specifically relating to the need for more adequate and stable
identification of home-built weapons reflects that the challenged regulations were
reasonably necessary.
       We conclude plaintiffs’ challenge of the serial-number requirement for home-built
assault weapons fails. Moreover, because the subject regulations were proper when
adopted, which is a sufficient basis to reject plaintiffs’ challenge, we need not consider
whether subsequent legislation (i.e., § 29180, subd. (b) [serial number requirement])
taking effect after the registration deadline may have potentially supplanted these
particular regulations.

                                             25
              5. The Non-Liability Clause
       Plaintiffs challenge former regulation section 5473, which had included a
provision limiting DOJ’s liability with respect to posting of information electronically.
The subject regulation has subsequently been repealed (former Cal. Code Regs., tit. 11,
§ 5473). Therefore, any challenge thereof has been rendered moot and we do not address
plaintiffs’ contention.
              6. Required Registration Information
       Plaintiffs argue that some of the personal information required for registration by
California Code of Regulations, title 11, section 5474, subdivision (a), was improper
because it went beyond the core information stated by section 30900, subdivision (b)(3).
Section 30900, subdivision (b)(3), provides that registrants must provide among other
information their “full name, address, telephone number, date of birth, sex, height,
weight, eye color, hair color, and California driver’s license number or California
identification card number.” The challenged regulation requires further information such
as military identification number (if applicable), place of birth, country of citizenship,
and alien registration number or I-94, if applicable. (Cal. Code Regs, tit. 11, § 5474.)
We reject plaintiffs’ argument because there is no merit to the assumption that the
regulations must only repeat the authorizing statute. (PaintCare v. Mortensen, supra, 233
Cal.App.4th at p. 1307; accord, Batt v. City and County of San Francisco, supra, 184
Cal.App.4th at p. 171.) Rather, as we have noted, an administrative agency is authorized
to fill up the details of the statutory scheme, in order to accomplish the statutory purpose.
(PaintCare v. Mortensen, supra, p. 1307.) Integral to an effective registration process,
DOJ must be able to confirm that applicants are not prohibited by state or federal law
from possessing a firearm, prior to registration. (§ 30950.) The additional information
requested in the regulation was clearly relevant to that purpose. (See 18 U.S.C. § 922,
subd. (g).)

                                             26
       Plaintiffs also challenge the requirement for “clear digital photos” (Cal. Code
Regs., tit. 11, § 5474, subd. (c)) based on the statute’s reference to providing a
“description” rather than a literal “depiction” of the firearm (see § 30900, subd. (b)(3)).
But, as we have emphasized, “ ‘[a]n administrative agency is not limited to the exact
provisions of a statute in adopting regulations to enforce its mandate.” (Paintcare v.
Mortensen, supra, 233 Cal.App.4th at p. 1307.) Clear digital photographs would
reasonably assist in uniquely identifying the weapon, as required by statute, and would
also allow DOJ to confirm that the weapon was accurately described in the application
and is eligible for registration (e.g., whether it has a bullet button).
       We conclude the informational requirements set forth in this regulation were
consistent with the statutory purpose and reasonably necessary to implement an effective
registration process.
               7. Joint Registration Requirements
       One of the registration regulations adopted by DOJ addressed the qualifications
for a joint registration by family members in the same household. (Cal. Code Regs., tit.
11, § 5474.1, subd. (b).) The regulation stated that joint registrants must have one of the
following family relationships: “(1) Spouses [¶ ] (2) Parent to Child [¶ ] (3) Child to
Parent [¶ ] (4) Grandparent to Grandchild [¶ ] (5) Grandchild to Grandparent [¶ ] (6)
Domestic Partners [¶ ] (7) Siblings.” (Id.) In challenging this regulation, plaintiffs argue
that another statute, i.e., section 30955, provides for joint registration of assault weapons
“owned by family members residing in the same household.” According to plaintiffs,
since section 30955 does not limit the nature of the family relationships that may qualify,
it was improper for DOJ to do so here, or at least it could not do so within the scope of
the APA exemption -- i.e., APA procedures had to be followed. DOJ responds that its
regulation specifying the family relationships that qualify for joint registration of bullet-
button assault weapons was within its quasi-legislative authority to implement the

                                               27
registration process concerning such weapons, as a means of preventing the joint
registration option from being misused.
       We agree with DOJ that the adoption of regulations to implement an effective
registration process for bullet-button assault weapons may reasonably include the
adoption of measures to prevent abuses of that process. Furthermore, section 30955,
subdivision (a), states in full: “The department’s registration procedures shall provide
the option of joint registration for any assault weapon… owned by family members
residing in the same household.” (Italics added.) Since DOJ was mandated under the
terms of section 30900, subdivision (b)(5), to implement registration procedures for
bullet-button assault weapons, the issue of joint registration was appropriately
considered. It was also within DOJ’s agency expertise to have recognized that aspects of
joint registration may be subject to misuse. On balance, we conclude that the regulation
supplying a reasonable interpretation of “family members” for purposes of determining
how to administer the joint registration of bullet-button assault weapons was properly
within the purview of DOJ’s quasi-legislative authority conferred in this case, and came
within the APA exemption. (See, e.g., Association of California Ins. Companies v. Jones
(2017) 2 Cal.5th 376, 399 [the Legislature may grant an administrative agency broad
authority to apply its expertise in determining whether and how to address a matter
requiring regulation].)
              8. Prohibition on Modification of the Registered Weapons
       California Code of Regulations, title 11, section 5477 states that “[t]he release
mechanism for an ammunition feeding device on an assault weapon registered pursuant
to Penal Code section 30900, subdivision (b)(1) shall not be changed after the assault
weapon is registered.” In short, this regulation prevents a bullet-button assault weapon
from being converted into a weapon that was prohibited and could not have been lawfully
registered under Senate Bill 880, such as by the removal of the bullet-button mechanism
to create a quick-release assault weapon. We reject plaintiffs’ challenge of this

                                             28
regulation. As persuasively argued by DOJ: “It cannot be that the Legislature intended
to allow the bullet-button assault weapon registration process to be used as a means of
manufacturing previously prohibited assault weapons. DOJ’s authority to implement the
registration process necessarily includes authority for regulations securing the registration
process against this type of abuse, which would undermine assault weapons restrictions
that have been on the books for decades. The regulation is thus related to and reasonably
necessary for the registration process.” We agree with DOJ’s argument and conclude this
regulation was within DOJ’s statutory authority and reasonably necessary to effectuate
the purpose of the law.
V.     Any Error in Demurrer Ruling Was Not Prejudicial
       Plaintiffs argue the trial court erred by sustaining DOJ’s demurrer on the ground
that plaintiffs could only proceed by traditional mandamus, rather than declaratory relief.
On this question, we note that it does appear our courts have allowed questions of APA
compliance, including issues of whether exemptions or exceptions to the APA were
applicable, to be addressed by claims for declaratory relief. (See, e.g., California School
Bds. Assn. v. State Bd. of Education, supra, 186 Cal.App.4th at p. 1335 [APA questions
raised in causes of action that included declaratory relief]; California Advocates for
Nursing Home Reform v. Bonta (2003) 106 Cal.App.4th 498, 504 [APA questions
presented by a complaint seeking declaratory and injunctive relief along with writ of
mandate under Code Civ. Proc., § 1085]; see also, Morales v. California Dept. of
Corrections & Rehabilitation, supra, 168 Cal.App.4th at p. 735 [holding APA applied to
certain prison regulations, rejecting applicability of exception, and declaring regulations
invalid for failure to comply with APA procedures].) Further, this would appear to be
consistent with the general principle that where the nature of the action being challenged
is quasi-legislative in character, such as an agency’s adoption of regulations, it is
reviewable by traditional writ of mandate or by declaratory relief under section 1060 of
the Code of Civil Procedure. (See, e.g., Pacific Legal Foundation v. California Coastal

                                              29
Com., supra, 33 Cal.3d at pp. 168-169; Simi Valley Adventist Hosp. v. Bonita (2000) 81
Cal.App.4th 346, 354; see also, Gov. Code, § 11350, subd. (a) [expressly authorizing
declaratory relief under APA].)11
       But even assuming the trial court erred in its demurrer ruling, we would conclude
there was no prejudice. Our explanation of lack of prejudice requires some further
elaboration of the procedural background, which we set forth below.
       As previously outlined hereinabove, plaintiffs’ original complaint included causes
of action for declaratory relief seeking a judicial determination that the registration
regulations, or provisions thereof, were invalid because, among other things, DOJ failed
to comply with the APA’s procedural requirements. The complaint acknowledged the
statutory exemption from the APA under section 30900, subdivision (b)(5), but alleged
the exemption did not apply because the subject matter of the regulations exceeded the
scope of the APA exemption and even impermissibly sought to alter or expand the terms
of the governing statute. DOJ demurred to the complaint on the ground that the only
proper vehicle for plaintiffs’ challenge was a petition for writ of mandate, rather than an
action for declaratory relief. (See Tejon Real Estate, LLC v. City of Los Angeles (2014)
223 Cal.App.4th 149, 155 [demurrer may be sustained where the complaint attempts to
obtain review of an agency’s administrative decision via declaratory relief rather than
mandamus].) In support of this ground for demurrer, DOJ argued plaintiffs were

11     Government Code section 11350 of the APA specifically provides that “Any
interested person may obtain a judicial declaration as to the validity of any regulation …
by bringing an action for declaratory relief in the superior court in accordance with the
Code of Civil Procedure.” (Gov. Code, § 11350, subd. (a).) However, section 11350 is
not available where the regulations were within a statutory exemption to the APA.
(Pacific Legal Foundation v. California Coastal Com., supra, 33 Cal.3d 158 at p. 169, fn.
4.) But here, the crux of the matter was the legal question of whether the regulations
were within the scope of the APA exemption. In any event, we note plaintiffs did not
rely exclusively on Government Code section 11350, but also sought declaratory relief
under Code of Civil Procedure section 1060.

                                             30
essentially challenging DOJ’s discretionary administrative decision that adopting the
registration regulations did not require APA compliance but could be done through the
expedited “file and print” process because the regulations came within the scope of the
statutory exemption.
       Plaintiffs opposed the demurrer, arguing they were not seeking review of any
administrative decision by DOJ, but were instead challenging the validity of the
regulations themselves based on DOJ’s failure to comply with the APA and also based on
allegations the regulations were inconsistent with or sought to alter or expand the
AWCA.
       The trial court agreed with DOJ’s characterization of the challenged action as an
administrative decision and, accordingly, sustained DOJ’s demurrer to the complaint with
leave to amend. Plaintiffs filed a first amended complaint. In substance, the first
amended complaint appears to have retained the declaratory relief causes of action intact,
while adding separate claims for relief by writ of mandate.12 After the first amended
complaint was filed, plaintiffs notified the parties of a hearing date to determine the
merits of their claims for writ of mandate and declaratory relief. Following that hearing,
the trial court issued its order denying all relief under the first amended complaint.
Although the trial court’s order analyzed plaintiffs’ claims within the framework of writ
of mandate, the trial court nonetheless addressed plaintiffs’ various legal challenges to
the regulations and reached the following disposition: “[T]he petition [for] writ of
mandate, and declaratory and injunctive relief, is denied.”
       Based on the above procedural history and our assessment of the trial court’s order
denying all relief under the first amended complaint, we conclude that regardless of how
the causes of action were formally denominated in the pleading, the substance of the

12      Since plaintiffs did not amend the declaratory relief claims, it does not appear that
plaintiffs waived the right to challenge the demurrer ruling as to those claims.

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dispositive legal questions in this case were declared and decided, including the questions
of whether DOJ failed to comply with the APA and whether the regulations came within
the scope of the statutory exemption. We have likewise addressed those same legal
questions in the present appeal. Here, as the trial court did, we have concluded that
plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate the invalidity of the regulations, either under the
APA or an alleged conflict with the AWCA. In summary, even assuming the trial court’s
ruling on demurrer was incorrect, it has made no material difference to the outcome or
resolution of the dispositive legal questions. For these reasons, we conclude that even if
the trial court’s demurrer ruling was erroneous, any such error was not prejudicial and is
not ground for reversal.13
                                      DISPOSITION
       The judgment of the trial court is affirmed. Defendants are entitled to an award of
costs on appeal.

                                                                                   SMITH, J.
WE CONCUR:

HILL, P.J.

DE SANTOS, J.

13     Also, inasmuch as we have upheld the validity of the regulations, there is no actual
or present controversy. (See Canova v. Trustees of Imperial Irrigation Dist. Employee
Pension Plan (2007) 150 Cal.App.4th 1487, 1497 [declaratory relief is appropriate only
for actual present controversy, not to redress past wrongs].)

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