Court Opinion

ID: 9452771
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-04 17:51:34.052097+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:33:21.119526
License: Public Domain

HAMLEY, Circuit Judge.
Richard E. Smiley, in California penal custody under three independent judgments and sentences, filed three applications for writs of habeas corpus attacking these judgments and sentences. The three applications were consolidated in one district court proceeding. An *146order to show cause was issued, the warden filed a return thereto, and Smiley, proceeding pro se, filed a traverse. Thereafter, and without holding an evidentiary hearing, the district court entered an order denying all three applications. This appeal followed.
Smiley’s first application for a writ of habeas corpus relates to his conviction, on May 16, 1951, in Case No. 143645. Smiley was convicted of first degree burglary under California Penal Code, sec. 459, after a plea of not guilty and a non-jury trial. He was sentenced to imprisonment for from five years to life. On October 29, 1951, probation was granted and he was released from custody. On May 11, 1956, after he had been convicted of two felonies in Case No. 156591, to be discussed below, probation in Case No. 143645 was revoked and it was ordered that his sentence therein run concurrently with those imposed in Case No. 156591.
Smiley’s second application for a writ of habeas corpus relates to his conviction on November 3, 1955, in Case No. 156591, of kidnápping under California Penal Code, sec. 207, and of child molesting, under California Penal Code, sec. 288. These convictions were obtained on a plea of guilty. He was sentenced to imprisonment for from one to twenty-five years on the kidnapping count, and from one year to life on the child molesting count, the sentences to run concurrently.
Smiley’s third application for a writ of habeas corpus relates to his conviction, on October 10, 1963, in Case No. 261469, of child molesting under California Penal Code, see. 288, after a plea of not guilty and a non-jury trial. He was sentenced to imprisonment for from one year to life, which term was ordered to run concurrently with “time owed.”
The district court considered the merits of only one of Smiley’s habeas petitions, Case No. 156591, in reaching its decision to deny all three habeas petitions. The court held that the convictions in Case No. 156591 were not invalidated on any of the grounds advanced by Smiley. The court concluded that since Smiley was legally committed pursuant to the convictions for the crimes charged in that case, it was unnecessary, in view of the doctrine of McNally v. Hill, 293 U.S. 131, 55 S.Ct. 24, 79 L.Ed. 238, to consider the validity of the other two convictions.1
The correctness of the district court’s action therefore depends upon the district court’s disposition of Case No. 156591. In his application directed to the convictions and sentences in that case, as supplemented by his traverse to the warden’s return, Smiley urged three basic grounds for relief. One ground pertained to an alleged unlawful search and seizure, another concerned an asserted failure to advise Smiley of the rights announced in Miranda v. State of Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694, and the third related to a plea of guilty which Smiley urged was involuntarily given.
Concerning the search and seizure ground, Smiley alleged in his application relating to the conviction in Case No. 156591 that the police had broken into his home without a warrant, arrested him and seized evidence from his car. However, his assertion that this allegedly illegal search and seizure invalidated his conviction in Case No. 156591 is without merit because the exclusionary rule of Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 81 S.Ct. 1684, 6 L.Ed.2d 1081, upon which Smiley necessarily relies, announced on June 19, 1961, is not to be applied retroactively. See Linkletter v. Walker, 381 U.S. 618, 85 S.Ct. 1731, 14 L.Ed.2d 601.
With regard to the asserted failure of the police to advise him of his *147rights, Smiley contended in his habeas petition in Case No. 156591 that while in police custody, he was not advised of his right to remain silent, nor was he informed that he was entitled to the assistance of counsel during police interrogation. Smiley contended, in effect, that this action by the police violated the principles laid down by the Supreme Court in Miranda v. State of Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 decided on June 13, 1966. This ground is also without merit, however, because the Miranda rule is not to be applied retroactively Johnson v. State of New Jersey, 384 U.S. 719, 721, 86 S.Ct. 1772, 16 L.Ed. 882.2
With respect to his third asserted ground for relief pertaining to a coerced plea of guilty, Smiley made the following allegations in his application in Case No. 156591:
“Petitioner was held in communicado [sic] for two weeks. He was physically and mentally coerced before he was charge [sic] with Kidnapping and Child Molesting, and taken to Municipal Court * * *. The petitioner was forced to sign a type written [sic] statement which was used in court.”
In support of his coercion charge, Smiley further alleged in his application that he had been interrogated by the South Gate city police for a period of two weeks. During that time, he asserted, the police asked questions while they physically beat him and gave him “all kinds of 3rd degree to get a confession.”
In his traverse to the warden’s return, Smiley added allegations which indicated that his contention that the guilty plea was involuntary is predicated on the above averments concerning the obtaining of the confession. In effect, he alleged that the plea of guilty was primarily motivated by the coerced confession which was obtained from him.3
In his return, the warden did not deny Smiley’s allegations that the confession was coerced. In the warden’s return, which was directed to all three applications, it was pointed out that “ * * * petitioner does not assert that any objection was made to the allegedly involuntary confessions introduced in the court trials.” It may be that this is an accurate statement with regard to the other two applications, each involving a trial after a plea of not guilty. However, it is not responsive to the coerced plea issue in Case No. 156591, now under discussion, because in that case Smiley pled guilty and there was no trial at which a confession could have been introduced in evidence.
The warden further asserted in his return and argues here, however, that Smiley’s guilty plea in Case No. 156591, foreclosed consideration of any constitutional issues arising out of the allegedly coerced confession obtained in that ease.
As indicated above, however, Smiley alleged that his plea of guilty had been motivated by the giving of a coerced confession or incriminating statement. Although the existence of a coerced confession does not necessarily invalidate a conviction based upon a subsequent plea of guilty, the existence of such a confession is to be considered in determin*148ing the voluntariness of the plea if it is alleged that the confession motivated the plea. This being the case, the plea of guilty in Case No. 156591 does not preclude Smiley from raising the coercion argument in his habeas petition as a basis for the averment that the plea of guilty was involuntary. See Com. of Pa. ex rel. Herman v. Claudy, 350 U.S. 116, 118, 76 S.Ct. 223, 100 L.Ed. 126; Doran v. Wilson, 9 Cir., 369 F.2d 505, decided on December 5, 1966; Gladden v. Holland, 9 Cir., 366 F.2d 580, 583; Bell v. State of Alabama, 5 Cir., 367 F.2d 243, 246.4
The district court did not reject the coercion argument pertaining to Case No. 156591 on the ground relied upon by the warden. Instead, it rejected the coercion contention on the following line of reasoning: (1) Smiley’s reasons for asserting that he had ineffective counsel are patently absurd; (2) it must therefore be assumed that he had competent counsel who made an independent examination of the facts and law and offered petitioner his informed opinion as to what plea he should enter; and (3) therefore, applicant has not demonstrated that he did not enter a voluntary plea of guilty upon advice of counsel.
In our opinion, neither an assumption nor a finding upon evidence that a defendant had competent counsel, warrants rejection, without a hearing, of an-issue based upon an adequate factual allegation that a plea of guilty was primarily motivated by a confession obtained by physical or mental coercion. The adequacy of counsel and the voluntariness of a plea are not sufficiently interrelated so that the proof of the first establishes, as a matter of law, proof of the second.
It was therefore error to reject, on the basis of the pleadings, the coerced confession — coerced plea contention made in connection with Case No. 156591.
The district court, as noted above, held that since Smiley was validly confined under Case No. 156591, it need not consider the validity of the other two convictions under the doctrine of Mc-Nally v. Hill, 293 U.S. 181, 55 S.Ct. 24, 79 L.Ed. 238. However, since we must now remand Case No. 156591 for an evidentiary hearing on the merits, it is possible that Smiley’s conviction in this case will be invalidated. If this should prove to be the case, the district court will then be called upon to consider one or both of the other two applications.
It might also be necessary for the court to consider an exception which has been carved out of the McNally doctrine referred to in note 1 above. Under that exception, where parole or probation from an otherwise valid earlier convic*149tion has been revoked solely because of a subsequent conviction, a state prisoner may be discharged on a writ of habeas corpus challenging the second conviction without attacking the validity of the first conviction. See Ex Parte Hull, 312 U.S. 546, 549-550, 61 S.Ct. 640, 85 L.Ed. 1034; Arketa v. Wilson, 9 Cir., 373 F.2d 582, decided February 20, 1967; and Wilson v. Gray, 9 Cir., 345 F.2d 282, 284.5 In order to gain the benefit of this exception, however, Smiley would have to show in the district court that revocation of his probation entered in Case No. 143645 was due solely to the convictions in Case No. 156591. See Wilson v. Gray, supra, at 284-286.
The consolidated applications must therefore be remanded for further proceedings. If, as a result thereof, and subject to the exceptions to McNally stated above, any one of the judgments is found to be sustainable as against these habeas challenges, then release from custody should be denied in all these proceedings. Otherwise relief should be granted.
So ordered.

. The doctrine announced in McNally v. Hill, 293 U.S. 131, 55 S.Ct. 24, 79 L.Ed. 238 precludes the issuance of a writ when release from confinement would not result because the applicant is held on a sepa-. rate and valid conviction.

. Although Smiley relied upon Escobedo v. State of Illinois, 378 U.S. 478, 84 S.Ct. 1758, 12 L.Ed.2d 977, the constitutional rights to which he refers above are specifically announced in Miranda v. State of Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694. In any event, any rights which Smiley could assert under the Escobedo decision would not aid his attempt to invalidate his 1955 conviction in Case No. 156591, because Escobedo, decided on June 22, 1964, may not be retroactively applied. See Johnson v. State of New Jersey, supra; Davis v. State of North Carolina, 384 U.S. 737, 86 S.Ct. 1761, 16 L.Ed.2d 895.

. The district court indicated that it so understood the application and traverse, read together. In the court order under review, after summarizing Smiley’s allegations concerning the coerced confession, the court added: “As a result of the aforesaid, petitioner contends he was coerced into pleading guilty.”

. In support of his position that Smiley’s guilty plea in Case No. 156591 foreclosed him from raising the issue of an involuntary confession, the warden quotes from our decision in Thomas v. United States, 9 Cir., 290 F.2d 696, 697, in which we said :
“The conviction and sentence which follow a plea of guilty are based solely and entirely upon said plea and not upon any evidence which may have been improperly acquired by the prosecuting authorities.”
However, this statement in Thomas has been recently clarified by our decision in Doran v. Wilson, 9 Cir., 369 F.2d 505, •decided December 5, 1966, in which this court said:
“The [Thomas] rule has been repeatedly followed by this court.2 But there is a another side to this legal coin. We have several times held that a guilty plea, ‘induced’ by a coerced confession, or in some other respect not truly voluntary, cannot stand.3 The basis for these decisions is that a guilty plea must not be a product of violation of fundamental constitutional rights. The distinction is that if such a violation is not claimed to be, or, if so claimed, is not what induced the plea, then reliance upon the violation in habeas corpus by the one who pleaded guilty is not justified because it is the plea, not the deprivation of constitutional right, that brought about the conviction, while the plea can be upset if it was induced by the violation.” (Footnotes omitted.)

. In Arketa v. Wilson, 9 Cir., 373 F.2d 582, decided February 20, 1967, this court noted that although this exception to McNally could free a prisoner from prison custody under the first conviction, he would still be in “custody” on parole under the prior conviction.

. State concisely and in the same order the facts which support each of the grounds set out in (10):
(a) “The Signal Hill City police entered petitioners home about 8:00 P.M., on June 29, 1962, they searched his home. The petitioner asked them if they had a warrant. They said No! Them they arrested him. They questioned the petitioner from 8:00 P.M. at his home untill 12 midnight at the police station before he was booked and charged with 288 P.C., which the petitioner kept dening, because he was too tired and sleepy to argue or kndw exactly what he was saying or doing. The alleged victam (Age 4) testified despite the protest of the petitioner, while the parents stood by the stand, leading the witness.
(b) “The petitioner was forced by fear and trickery to sign a type written statement at 12:00 midnight. This was after 6 hours of intensive questioning. Having other problems and being emotionally near a breakdown, this did’t help the petitioners mind. It would be easy to be taken advantage of any person under these circumstances, confusion and fustration, mixed up.
(e) “The accused must be inform of his Constitutional Rights. The police did not imform the petitioner of his Constitutional Rights. See Massiah -Vs- U.S. 374 U.S. 805. Spano -Vs- N.Y. 360 U.S. 315. Pointer -Vs-Texas U.S. 577 Oct. Term. 1964.”