Court Opinion

ID: 9840763
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-19 22:05:58.807499+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:10:38.852194
License: Public Domain

STATE OF LOUISIANA

                                COURT OF APPEAL

                                  FIRST CIRCUIT

                                   2022 CA 0976

      PEOPLE FOR THE ETHICAL TREATMENT OF ANIMALS

                                     VERSUS

 BOARD OF SUPERVISORS OF LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY
      AND THOMAS GALLIGAN, INDIVIDUALLY AND IN HIS
 CAPACITY OF PRESIDENT OF LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY

                               DATE OF JUDGMENT.         SEP 19 2023

    ON APPEAL FROM THE NINETEENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
          PARISH OF EAST BATON ROUGE, STATE OF LOUISIANA
                             NUMBER 702660, SECTION 25

                    HONORABLE WILSON E. FIELDS, JUDGE

Alysson L. Mills                            Counsel for Plaintiff A
                                                                  - ppellee
Kristen D. Amond                            People for the Ethical Treatment
New Orleans, Louisiana                      of Animals

Winston G. DeCuir, Jr.                      Counsel for Defendants -Appellants
Carlton " Trey" Jones, III                 Board of Supervisors of Louisiana
Johanna A. Posada                           State University and Thomas C.
Baton Rouge, Louisiana                      Galligan, Individually and in his
                                            Capacity as Former Interim President
Sheri M. Morris                             of Louisiana State University
Christina Berthelot Peck
Katelin Hughes Varnado
Evan P. Fontenot
Baton Rouge, Louisiana

                  BEFORE: THERIOT, CHUTZ, AND HESTER, JJ.

Disposition: REVERSED IN PART; AFFIRMED AS AMENDED IN PART. RELIEF REQUESTED
IN ANSWER DENIED.
CHUTZ, I

      Defendants -appellants, Board of Supervisors of Louisiana State University

and Thomas C. Galligan, individually and in his capacity as an interim president of

Louisiana State University ( collectively LSU), appeal the trial court' s judgment,

ordering LSU to produce to plaintiff -appellee, People for the Ethical Treatment of

Animals ( PETA), records related to the use of birds in research at LSU that PETA

requested pursuant to the Louisiana Public Records Law. We reverse in part and

affirm as amended in part. Additionally, we deny the relief requested in PETA' s

answer.

              FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

      On May 30, 2019, PETA made its first public records request ( PRR) of

LSU for veterinary care and disposition records for birds used in the lab of

Christine Lattin, an associate professor in the Department of Biological Sciences,

from September 1, 2018 ( veterinary care or animal use records). On June 7, 2019,

LSU responded but because the requested records had not been produced, PETA

made a second PRR of LSU, seeking the same information on August 5, 2019,

which included any records that had come into existence subsequent to May 30,

2019 ( veterinary care or animal use records). Assistant General Counsel Johanna

A. Posada responded by email that same day that it was " doubtful" anything had

changed, but she would contact Dr. Lattin and advise PETA. PETA did not receive

a follow-up response from LSU. PETA again requested the same veterinary care

and disposition records ( veterinary care or animal      use records),   along with

acquisition records, in a third PRR made to LSU on March 17, 2020. A fourth

PRR, dated April     15, 2020,    again sought veterinary and disposition records

gathered in Dr. Lattin' s lab,   expressly identifying those from January 1,   2020

onward (veterinary care or animal use records).

                                          2
       On May 5, 2020, PETA made a fifth PRR of LSU for correspondence from

September 1, 2018 onward, seeking correspondence between any LSU employees

and representatives of the City of Baton Rouge and the City' s Animal Control &

Rescue Center, as well as between LSU employees and Dr. Lattin, related to plans

by Dr. Lattin to trap or experiment on birds for her research ( trapping records). A

week later, on May 12, 2020, PETA made its sixth PRR, requesting videographic

records related to Dr. Lattin' s experiments funded by a specified grant as well as

inventories of photographic and videographic records produced and maintained by

LSU    depicting Dr. Lattin' s         use   of   animals    in   experiments      and   research

videographic records).      A seventh PRR, dated June 9, 2020, was directed to LSU

by PETA, eliciting records pertaining to the amendment of Section 14: 401 of the

Code of Ordinances of the City of Baton Rouge and Parish of East Baton Rouge

 Section   14: 401),   creating an exemption to the ban on trapping, shooting, or

molesting of wild birds in the City of B
                                       . aton Rouge ( records of the amendment to

the City' s ordinance).]

       On December 15, 2020, PETA filed a petition for a writ of mandamus,

declaratory judgment, and injunctive relief pursuant to the Public Records Law,

naming LSU as defendant and averring entitlement to relief, directing LSU to

immediately produce for inspection and copying all of the information identified in

the PRRs. According to PETA' s allegations, LSU failed to produce all records

responsive to its seven PRRs and, therefore, after a hearing, PETA was entitled to a

writ of mandamus or, alternatively, either a declaratory judgment or an injunction.

1 It is undisputed that in 2019, the Code of Ordinances of the City of Baton Rouge and Parish of
East Baton Rouge provided in Section 14: 400: " The area within the corporate limits of the City
of Baton Rouge as they now exist or may hereafter be amended from time to time is hereby
designated as a bird sanctuary." According to the salient provisions of Section 14: 401, "[ w] ithin
the corporate limits of the city it shall be unlawful to trap, hunt, shoot or molest in any manner
any bird or wildfowl or to rob bird nests or wildfowl nests." The parties do not dispute the
amendment allowed an exception to the prohibition for research purposes.

                                                  3
Additionally, PETA sought damages, civil penalties, reasonable attorney fees, and

costs. LSU answered the lawsuit, generally denying PETA' s allegations. LSU also

asserted that some of the information that PETA requested was not required to be

produced since it was generated in accordance with federal law and, therefore,

outside the ambit of the Public Records Law or because it was expressly exempt

from production under the Public Records Law. LSU also claimed its production of

PRR responses and timeliness was appropriate considering the extraordinary

circumstances of the gubernatorially declared health emergency due to COV1D- 19,

        On May 12, 2021, PETA filed a supplemental petition, wherein it noted that

on April 9, 2021, subsequent to filing its lawsuit, it made an eighth PRR of LSU,

again seeking all photographs and videographic records of birds held or used by

Dr. Lattin from September 1,         2019, until the date LSU fulfilled the request

videographic records) as well as all veterinary care records for birds held or used

in Dr. Lattin' s lab. PETA noted that on April 26, 2021, LSU responded with an

assertion that the requested records were exempt from disclosure. For LSU' s

failure to provide all records responsive to PETA' s eighth PRR, PETA sought a

mandamus directing LSU to provide all responsive records as well as civil

penalties, reasonable attorney fees, and costs. LSU answered the supplemental

petition, denying the allegations.

        Cross motions for summary judgment asserted by PETA and LSU were

denied by the trial court. Thereafter, on December 14, 2021, the matter proceeded

to a hearing on PETA' s petition. After the receipt of documentary and testimonial

evidence, the trial court took the matter under advisement and, on January 11,

2022,   issued an oral ruling in favor of PETA, granting all the records PETA

requested in its PRRs. The issues of PETA' s entitlement to damages,           civil

                                            rd
penalties, reasonable attorney fees, and costs were reserved for a later date. From a

judgment issued in conformity with the trial court' s oral ruling, LSU appeals.'

                                 PUBLIC RECORDS LAW

        The right of access to public records is guaranteed by the Constitution and

the Public Records Law. La. Const. art. XII, § 3;           La. R.S. 44: 1- 67. 2. Any person

may obtain a copy of any public record, in accordance with the Public Records

Law, except as otherwise provided by that or other specific law. See La. R.S.

44: 31( B).   These constitutional and statutory rights of access to public records

should be construed liberally, and any doubt must be resolved in favor of the

public' s right to see. Brumfield v. Village of Tangipahoa, 2021- 0082 ( La. App.

1st Cir. 12/ 20121), 340 So. 3d 221, 228.

         Access can be denied only when a law specifically and unequivocally

provides to the contrary. McKay v State, .Div. ofAdmin., 2013- 1265 ( La. App. 1 st

Cir. 3/ 21/ 14), 143 So. 3d 510, 514. ' Whenever there is doubt as to whether the

public has the right of access to certain records, the doubt must be resolved in

favor of the public' s right to see. To allow otherwise would be an improper and

arbitrary restriction on the public' s constitutional rights. Shane v. Parish of

Jefferson, 2014- 2225 ( La. 1218/ 15), 209 So. 3d 726, 735. There was no intent on

the part of the legislature to qualify, in any way, the right of access. Stevens v St

a The trial court signed two judgments on February 3, 2022, purportedly in conformity with its
oral   rulings.   LSU appealed    both judgments.    On LSU' s motion, this    court ordered   the
consolidation of 2022 -CA -0977 with this appeal for oral argument and submission. See People
for the Ethical Treatment of Animals v Bd. of Supervisors of Louisiana State Univ., 2022-
 0976, 2022- 0977 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 12/ 02/ 22) ( unpublished order). Because neither judgment,
 without reference to the actual discovery requests themselves, was precise, definite, and certain,
 neither constituted an appealable judgment. The trial court subsequently signed a single
judgment on June 15, 2023, specifying the precise, definite, and certain records LSU is directed
to produce, in accordance with this court' s interim order. See People for the Ethical Treatment
ofAnimals v. Bd. ofSupervisors ofLouisiana State Univ., 2022- 0976, 2022- 0977 ( La. App, 1 st
Cir. 5/ 15/ 23) ( unpublished order). It is the June 15, 2023 judgment, designated as final by the
trial court, that we review in this appeal.

                                                 5
Tammany Parish Gov' t, 2017- 0959 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 7/ 18/ 18), 264 So.3d 456,

461, writ denied, 2018- 2062 ( La. 2/ 1. 8/ 19), 265 So. 3d 773.

         All     records,      writings,    letters,   recordings,   or   any   other
                                                                                        documentary

materials, regardless of physical form or characteristics, having been used, being in

use,   or prepared, possessed,             or retained for use in the conduct, transaction, or

performance of any business, transaction, work, duty, or function which was

conducted, transacted, or performed by or under the authority of the constitution or

laws of this state are " public records," except as otherwise provided in the Public

Records Law or the Constitution of Louisiana. See La. R.S. 44: 1( A)(2)( a). The

term "   public body" includes any instrumentality of state government. La. R.S.

44: 1( A)( 1);    Brumfield, 340 So. 3d at 228. It is undisputed that LSU is a public

body.

         The Public Records Law is enforced through the procedure set forth in La.

R.S. 44: 35. Under this statute, "[ a] ny person who has been denied the right to

inspect, copy, reproduce, or obtain a copy or reproduction of a record under the

provisions of [the Public Records Law] either by a determination of the custodian

or by the passage of five days ... from the date of his in- person, written, or

electronic       request ...    may institute proceedings for the issuance of a writ of

mandamus, injunctive, or declaratory relief." La. R.S. 44: 35( A). In such a suit, " the

court has jurisdiction to ... issue a writ of mandamus ordering the production of any

records improperly withheld from the person seeking disclosure," and "[ t] he court

shall determine the matter de novo." La. R.S. 44: 35( B). " The burden of proving

that a public record is not subject to inspection, copying, or reproduction shall rest

with the custodian." La. R.S. 44: 31( B)( 3) &              44: 35( B); Talley v. Louisiana Dep' t

of Transp. & Dev., 2022- 0983 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 2124/ 23), 361 So. 3d 1041, 1050,

writ denied, 2023- 00557 ( La. 6/ 7123), 361 So. 3d 976.

                                                       Cl
        Generally, an appellate court reviews a trial court' s judgment seeking the

production of public records under an abuse of discretion standard. See Talley, 361

So. 3d at 1050.3 In addition, a trial court' s factual findings in such a proceeding are

subject to a manifest error standard of review. However, questions of law such as

the proper interpretation of a statute or the applicability of a particular exception,

exemption or limitation to the Public Records Law, are reviewed by appellate

courts under the de novo standard of review. Talley, 361 So.3d at 1050.

The Veterinary_Care/ Animal_Use Records.

        LSU maintains that the veterinary carelanimal use records are not " public

records"        under the Public Records Law. It is undisputed that the records PETA

sought in its first, second, third, fourth, and eighth PRRs, which the parties referred

to interchangeably as the veterinary care or animal use records, consisted of daily

observation        reports,   daily health check records, veterinarian' s records, adverse

event reports, medical care records, cage cards, and disposition records for birds

held in Dr. Lattin' s lab. Because this involves a question of interpretation of the

statute defining " public records" under La. R.S. 44: 1( A)(2)( a), we review the trial

court' s conclusion de novo. See Talley, 361 So. 3d at 1050.

         LSU qualifies as a " research facility" under the provisions of the Animal

Welfare Act (AWA). Under federal law, a research facility is required to establish

a committee to monitor compliance with federal regulations.4 The Institutional

Animal Care and Use Committee ( IACUC) was created pursuant to and exists

3 The specific relief before the Talley court was petitioner' s entitlement to a writ of mandamus.
In its prayer, the injunctive relief PETA alternatively sought was a mandatory injunction
requiring LSU to produce the requested records. In rendering its orders, the trial court did not
specify whether it was granting the writ of mandamus or a mandatory injunction. Regardless, the
standard of review is the same. See Terrebonne Par. Consol. Gov' t a Carter, 2019- 1390 ( La.
App. 1st Cir. 9118120), 313 So.3d 1016,          1020 ("   Whether to grant or deny a preliminary
injunction rests within the sound discretion of the trial court.").

4 See 7 U.S. C. §      2132( e).   See also Health Research Extension Act of 1985, 42 U. S. C. §
289d( b)( 1).

                                                   7
because of federal laws and regulations. IACUC is accountable only to the

National    Institutes    of Health ( NIH) and               the   United   States    Department       of

Agriculture. It is not accountable to LSU and its authority is not derived from the

LSU Board of Supervisors. If the IACUC determines that a proposed research

project involving animal use does not adhere to federal animal use regulations, the

project is not considered by the NIH or other governmental agencies for possible

federal funding. No LSU or other state official or body has authority to

countermand or reverse an adverse finding by the IACUC disapproving a research

proposal. If a researcher is turned down by the IACUC, he may appeal to federal

officials, but not to state officials. Thus, the IACUC at LSU was created by order

of the federal government, for the purpose of ensuring that federal requirements are

met and is accountable only to federal authorities. No state regulations govern the

conduct of IACUC activities. The fact that the entity monitored by the IACUC is a

state entity does not change the federal nature of the IACUC. Dorson v. ,Slate, 94-

1591 ( La. App. 4th       Cir. 6129195), 657 So. 2d 755, 756- 57, writ denied, 95- 1951

La. 11/ 13/ 95), 662 So. 2d 472.

        According to federal law, IACUC shall maintain minutes of IACUC

meetings;      records    of   proposed       activities     involving      animals    and    proposed

significant changes in activities involving animals, and whether IACUC approval

was    given     or   withheld;     and    records      of    semiannual      IACUC       reports    and

recommendations.'        Thus, because these IACUC records were created pursuant to

federal mandate, they are not " public records" subject to the Public Records Law

5 See 9 C. F.R. § 2. 35. See also 9 C. F. R. § 2. 31( c)( 1) & ( 2) " With respect to activities involving
animals, the IACUC, as an agent of the research facility, shall ... [ r] eview, at least once every six
months, the research facility' s program for humane care and use of animals...; [ and] [ i] nspect, at
least once every six months, all of the research facility' s animal facilities."

                                                    E
but rather records subject to the Freedom of Information Act of the federal

government.'     See Dorson, 657 So. 2d at 757.

       In this appeal, LSU asks that the holding in Dorson be extended to exclude

from the definition of "public records" those records maintained as part of LSD' s

animal care and use program. Therefore, according to LSU, it was not required to

produce the veterinary care records requested by PETA.

       Dr. Rhett Stout is an LSU employee who serves as, among other things, the

alternating veterinarian of 1: ACUC. He testified that in his capacity as the

alternating veterinarian of IACUC, he is required to oversee research. animals. He

stated that the animal care and use program is part of the federal guidelines. Dr.

Stout described that the animal care and use program included daily care of

animals: feeding, watering, walking, brushing, grooming, and trimming toenails. It

also   encompassed the veterinarian care and          environmental   conditions       such as

housing, temperature, humidity levels, and size of the cage. Dr. Stout explained

that JACUC assumes animals are being fed and watered daily but has an obligation

to inspect labs with animals twice a year at which time it maybut does not

necessarily— look at the lab' s animal care and use program records. Dr. Stout

admitted that IACUC does not generate or " possess" the records, inasmuch as they

are not transmitted from the researcher' s lab to IACUC. But he testified the data

collected in the animal care and use program are requirements of federal law to

which LSU, as a research facility, is subjected.

        LSU maintains that it has demonstrated that the veterinary care records

PETA     seeks    were     used,   prepared,   possessed,   and retained   for   use    in the

performance of its research solely under authority of federal law rather than

 See 5 U.S. C. A. § 552.

                                                X
pursuant to state law. As such, LSU asserts that they are not public records under

the Public Records Law, irrespective of whether they are IACUC records.

        Congress enacted the AWA, set forth in 7 U.S. C. A. § 2131- 2160, in order

to, among other things, ensure that animals intended for use in research facilities

are provided humane care and treatment, expressly finding it is essential to regulate

the care, handling, and treatment of animals by persons or organizations engaged

in using them for research or experimental purposes. See 7 U.S. C. A. § 2131. Under

the AWA, an " animal" means any live or dead warm-blooded animal being used,

or intended for use, for research. See 7 U.S. C.A. § 2132; 9 C. F. R. § I. I. Thus,

birds fall within the scope of the AWA.'                  The Secretary of Agriculture of the

United States ( the Secretary) is authorized to promulgate rules, regulations, and

orders he deems necessary in order to effectuate the purposes of the AWA. See 7

U.S. C. A_ §2151.$

        Although the Secretary has duly promulgated regulations setting forth

minimum standards that a research facility must maintain,' unlike the IACUC

records at issue in Dorson, 657 So.2d at 756- 57, which must be maintained by

federal mandate, LSU has not pointed to, and we have not found, any federal law

or regulation mandating that a research facility like LSU actually maintain records

of its implementation of the AVIA standards, i.e., the veterinary care or animal use

records. Therefore, while the AWA requires research facilities to comply with

 Although the definitions of "animal" provided in 7 U. S. C. A. § 2132 and 9 C. F. R. § 1. 1 exclude
birds bred for use in research, because Dr, Lattin caught wild birds for use in her research, that
exclusion is inapplicable under the facts of this case.

8 The Secretary shall promulgate standards to govern the humane handling, care, and treatment
of animals by research facilities. These standards include minimum requirements for the
handling, housing, feeding, watering, sanitation, ventilation, shelter from extremes of weather
and temperatures, adequate veterinary care, and separation by species. In addition, with respect
to animals in research facilities, the standards shall include requirements for animal care,
treatment, and practices in experimental procedures to ensure that animal pain and distress are
minimized, including adequate veterinary care. See 7 U. S. C. A. § 2) 43( a)( 1), (   2)( A), & ( 3)( A).

 See 9CYR.§ 2. 33.

                                                    10
minimum standards, nothing in the AWA mandates that LSU maintain the records

it keeps.

       LSU,     the premier flagship university for the state,   operates   under the

supervision and management of the Board of Supervisors of LSU ( the Board of

Supervisors).    See La. R.S.   17: 3215( 1).   Among the duties of the Board of

Supervisors is to actively seek and accept forms of financial assistance for

educational purposes from any public or private person or agency and to comply

with rules and regulations governing funding from the federal government or any

other person or agency which are not in contravention of the constitution and laws.

See La. R.S. 17: 3351( A)(2).

       Mindful that access to veterinary care and animal use records maintained by

a public body Iike LSU in the performance of its work, duties, or functions can be

denied only when a law specifically and unequivocally provides otherwise, we find

that LSU has failed to identify any law denying the public such access. Moreover,

LSU, through the Board of Supervisors, is required to ensure that recipients of

private and federal funding comply with the rules and regulations governing that

funding, which would necessarily include the minimum standards requirements of

the AWA for the humane care and treatment of animals at research facilities.

Therefore, the veterinary care records for birds held in Dr. Lattin' s lab are not

generated solely according to federal law. As such, they are subject to production

under the Public Records Law. See and compare Citizens for Alternatives to

Animal Labs, Inc. v. Brl of Trustees ofState Univ. of New York, 92 N.Y.2d 357,

360; 703 N.E.2d 1218, 1220 ( 1998) ( research facility was subject to New York' s

public records law because it was fulfilling the university' s mission to provide

educational services to the people of the state by " facilitat[ ing] basic and applied

research for the purpose of the creation and dissemination of knowledge vital for
continued human [ and]     scientific ...   advancement,"   citing Education Law §

35[ c]. j. Accordingly, the trial court correctly ordered LSU to produce the animal

care records requested by PETA in its first, second, third, fourth, and eighth PRR.s.

The Videographic Records:

      LSU next challenges the trial court' s order to produce video recordings

made by Dr. Lattin or others under her supervision. Insofar as the order of

production of the videographic records related to experiments carried out by Dr.

Lattin and funded by the grant " The Neurobiology of Resilience to Environmental

Challenges"   as well as any inventories, indexes, or catalogs of photographic and

videographic records produced and maintained by LSU related to and/ or depicting

Dr. Lattin' s use of animals in experiments or research set forth in PETA' s sixth

PRR dated May 12, 2024, LSU points out that the evidence established LSU has

responded to the request. Dr. Lattin testified that in responding to the sixth PRR,

she advised she had no videographic records related to the Board of Regents grant,

because it did not start until late summer/ early fall of 2020. Therefore, she had no

video recordings responsive to PETA' s May 12, 2020 PRR. Dr. Lattin also stated

that she did not keep inventories of videographic records in her lab and, thus, there

were no such records responsive to the sixth PRR.

      This evidence was unrefuted and, on appeal, PETA does not suggest LSD' s

response to the sixth PRR was incomplete or inaccurate. Because the record lacks

any evidence ofany additional public records responsive to the sixth PRR so as to

support the trial court' s order directing LSU to produce videographic records

funded by the " The Neurobiology of Resilience to Environmental Challenges"

grant or inventories, indexes, or catalogs of videographic records produced and

maintained by LSU related to and/or depicting Dr. Lattin' s use of animals in

                                            12
experiments    or   research,
                                 the trial court abused its discretion in so ordering.

Accordingly, that portion of the trial court' s order is reversed. {°

      LSU next contends that the trial court erred in ordering the production of all

photographs and videographic records of birds held and/ or used by Dr. Lattin or

any other person under her supervision from September 1,                   2019, apparently

through the date of the PRR is fulfilled, as set forth in the eighth PRR dated April

9, 2021. The gist of LSU' s contention is that these records are exempt from

production under the Public Records Law. As such, our review of the trial court' s

conclusion that the exclusion is inapplicable to all of Dr. Lattin' s video recordings

is under a de novo standard. See Talley, 361 So.3d at 1050.

      According to La. R.S. 44: 4( 16)( b), the Public Records Law does not apply

to:

              Data, records, or information produced or collected by or for
       faculty or staff of state institutions of higher learning in the conduct of
       or as a result of, study or research on commercial,                scientific   or

      technical      subjects of a patentable or licensable         nature,    whether

       sponsored   by the institution alone or in conjunction with a
       governmental body or private concern, until such data, records, or
       information have been publicly released, published, or patented.

LSU asserts the videographic records FETA seeks in its eighth PRP. are data,

records, or information collected as a result of research on technical subjects of a

patentable    or    licensable   nature,   which   are   exempt   until   publicly     released,

published, or patented.

       Nothing in the Public Records Law defines " patentable or licensable nature."

Thus, we turn to the ordinarily understood meaning of these words. See Capital

City Press, L.L.0 v Louisiana State Univ. Sys. Bd. of Sup' rs, 2013- 2001 ( La.

App. 1st Cir. 12/ 30114), 168 So. 3d 727, 739, writ denied, 2015- 0209 ( La. 4/ 17/ 15),

10 In reversing this order, we make no determination of whether LSU acted unreasonably or
arbitrarily in responding to PETA' s sixth PRR. See La. R.S. 44: 35( E)( 1).

                                              13
158 So. 3d 401 ("    In interpreting statutes, the court must give the wards of a taw

their generally prevailing meaning.").

        Patentable" is defined as "[ c] apable of being patented." A " patent' is "[ t] he

governmental grant of a right, privilege, or authority" or "[ t] he official document

so granting."    Black' s Law Dictionary ( 11th ed. 2013). It is also " a government

authority to an individual or organization conferring a right or title, [ especially] the

sale right to make, use, or sell some invention." New Oxford American Dictionary

1283 ( 3d Ed. 2010). Given the definition of "patentable,"      it logically follows that

 licensable"    means capable of being licensed. A " license" is defined as " a permit

from an authority to own or use something [ or] do a particular thing," or " formal or

official permission to do something" New Oxford American Dictionary, at 1007.

Finally, " nature" is recognized as " the basic or inherent features of something,

especially]     when seen as a characteristic      of it." Id., at   1168.   From these

definitions, we distill that the meaning of "patentable or licensable nature" in La.

R.S. 44: 4( 16)( b) refers to data, records, or information of the kind or class having

basic or inherent features capable of the grant of the governmental right, privilege,

or authority to receive a patent or capable of being given a permit or official

permission to own, use, or do something. With these definitions in mind, we turn

to the evidence admitted at trial.

      In her testimony, Dr. Lattin explained the goal of her research is to better

understand how stress response helps animals to successfully cope with different

kinds of challenges they may encounter and how that response can go from being

helpful to something that causes problems for them. She testified that her research
involved neophobia wherein she used a video camera to record a bird in a cage

eating or not eating food. Dr. Lattin stated that as of April 23, 2021, she had 647
hours of total videos. Some of those videos had been analyzed for various types of

                                            14
behavior and that behavior data had been published. As such, she acknowledged

that some of the videos had been published. According to Dr. Lattin, if she had to

release all the videos, it would have a devastating impact on her research because

other researchers could be able to use that released data and produce publications

she was planning to produce. She also believed that her opportunities for licensing

and commercial agreements could be limited by the release of her videos. Dr.

Lattin stated that to patent or commercialize her data, she would have to consult

with the Office of Research and Economic Development at LSU which she plans

to do later but has not yet because she is still in the earlier stages of her research.

      During cross- examination., Dr.      Lattin admitted that she had an article

published on neophobia work utilizing 180 hours of videos recorded for LSU

research.   Dr. Lattin also acknowledged having made presentations in January,

March, and December 2020, as well as in January and February 2021, utilizing 204

hours of videos recorded for LSU. She also utilized 263 hours of videos recorded

for LSU at two seminars in January 2021. From Dr. Lattin' s perspective, she had

not shared a lot of her research because the presentations were at conferences

where she usually showed a graph or two from a project. Nothing in Dr. Lattin' s

testimony or the record established whether the sets of 180 hours, 204 hours, and.

263 hours were replicated or distinct video recordings.

       Based on Dr. Lattin' s testimony, we find that LSU has established that her

research may lead to patentable or licensable data, records, or information. We

disagree with the trial court' s finding that to demonstrate data, records, or

information is of "a patentable or licensable nature" Dr. Lattin must have already

contacted the Office of Research and Economic Development or present a witness

other than herself to so establish. In light of the broad language utilized by the

legislature in fashioning the exemption set forth in La. R.S. 44: 4( 16)( b), it is

                                            15
evident the purpose of the exemption is to afford the broadest protections to those

engaged in research.

       Allowing broad protection as established by the legislature' s language in

providing for the exemption does not end our inquiry. The legislature recognized

that once data, information, and records have been publicly released, published, or

patented, the protection from the Public Records Law is no longer necessary.

Because Dr. Lattin acknowledged she has published 180 hours in conjunction with

the article, " No,   you go first: phenotype and social context affect house sparrow

neophobia";   204 hours of videos with multiple presentations between January 2020

and February 2021; and 263 hours in two presentations in January 2021, these

video recordings are not exempt from production under La. R. S. 44: 4( 16)( b)

because they have been publicly released or published.

       Although on appeal, LSU maintains that Dr. Lattin testified the videos could

not be edited to produce only the published data, we do not agree. Dr. Lattin stated

that the raw data consisted of instances where a bird would feed from a food dish

quickly and other instances where a bird would not such that the entire video had

to be watched to determine whether the bird ate in the presence of a novel object.

Thus, she stated, " there is really no way to edit out that particular behavior." But

Dr. Lattin did not explicitly state that the published hours of video recordings

could not be segregated from the entire 647+ hours of video recordings of her

experiments using birds. Therefore, we agree with that portion of the trial court' s

order, which directed LSU to produce to PETA the publicly released hours of

video recordings. But we amend the trial court' s order to exclude from production

the video recordings that have not been released or published.

                                           Ira
Other Records:

       LSU asserts the trial court erred in ordering it to produce a copy of all

records of the amendment to the City' s ordinance as set forth in PETA' s seventh

PRR. In the seventh PRR, PETA expressly stated, " Please note that the response

should include, but is not limited to, communications on personal devices of LSU

employees as well as communication platforms such as Slack." LSU maintains the

trial court erred to the extent that " records relating to Dr. Lattin' s hiring of private

counsel" were included within the order.

       The definition of a " public record" includes an email, if that email is used in

the performance of any work, duty, or function of a public body,                      under the

authority of state or local law. Brumfield v. tillage of Tangipahoa, 2021- 0082

 La.   App.   1st Cir. 12/ 20/ 21),    340 So. 3d 221,      230 ( citing   Shane v Par. of

Jefferson, 2014- 2225 ( La. 12/ 8/ 15),      209 So. 3d 726, 735- 37).'       Thus, this court

held that a text message was included as " public record" subject to production by a

PRR if that text message was used in the performance of any work, duty, or

function of a public body, under the authority of state or local law. Otherwise, a

public official could evade the law simply by communicating about sensitive

public matters through a personal device and routinely escaping public scrutiny.

See Brumfield, 340 So.3d at 230. Accord City of San Jose v Superior Court, 2

Cal. 5th 608, 625, 214 Cal. Rptr.3d 274, 389 P. 3d 848, 858 ( 2417) ( under California

law, concluding a city employee' s communications related to the conduct of public

business do not cease to be public records just because they were sent or received

using a personal account), Toensing v Attorney General, 206 Vt. 1,                13, 178 A.3d

11 We note, however, as the court did in Brumfield, 340 So.3d at 230 n.7, the Louisiana Attorney
General has opined that " e- mails of a purely personal nature received or transmitted by a public
employee which have no relation to any function of a public office are not ` public records' as
described by the Public Records tLaw]." Shane, 209 So. 3d at 746 ( Johnson, U.,concurring,
and citing to La. Att' y Gen. Op. No. 2010- 0272 ( April 13, 2011)).

                                               17
1000, 1007 ( 2017) ( concluding Vermont' s public records law' s definition of public

record does not exclude otherwise qualifying records on the basis that they are

located in state employee' s private account); Nissen v.             Pierce County,     183

Wash. 2d 863, 881, 357 P. 3d 45, 55- 56 ( 2015) ( concluding Washington' s public

records law reached records " prepared,        owned,   used,   or   retain[ ed]"   by state

employees in the course of their jobs,        including the work product of public

employees found on their personal cell phones, such as text messages), as noted

by the Brumfield court.

         By including Dr. Lattin' s " hiring of private counsel" within the scope of its

order directing LSU to produce communications on its employees'                     personal

devices as well as communication platforms, the trial court implicitly found that

her hiring of private counsel was used in the performance of LSU' s work, duty, or

function. An amendment allowing an exception to the bird sanctuary ordinance

that then permitted Dr. Lattin to trap birds within the geographic location of the

city where her employer, laboratory, and the enclosure housing the birds with

which she experiments is located relates to the work, duty, or function of LSU.

Thus, applying a manifest error standard to the trial court' s implicit factual finding

that records pertaining to Dr. Lattin' s hiring of private counsel related to the

performance of the work, duty, or function of LSU, we cannot say the trial court

was clearly wrong in its order directing LSU to produce the records of the

amendment to the City' s ordinance.

         LSU also complains that the trial court erred in failing to conclude that the

requests PETA made in its fifth PRR, seeking the trapping records, as well as its

seventh PRR, seeking the records of the amendment to the City' s ordinance, were

unduly burdensome. LSU urges these orders constituted reversible error by the trial

court.

                                            M.
       Under the Public Records Law, the custodian shall present any public record

to any person of the age of majority who so requests. La. R.S. 44: 32. The mere fact

that the public records requested may contain nonpublic material is not a valid

reason for restricting access to that record. A claim of undue burden is not enough

to   overcome       the   public' s   right   of access       to   public    records.   Although      the

examination        of   public   records      or   requests    for   reproduction       cannot   be    so

burdensome as to interfere with the operation of the custodian' s constitutional and

legal duties,     any restriction or limitation imposed by the custodian places the

burden     on     the   custodian     to justify the restriction            or   limitation.   La.   R.S.

44: 31( B)( 3);   Krielow a Louisiana State Univ. Bd. ofSupervisors, 2019- 0176 ( La.

App. 1 st Cir. 11 f 15 /1 S), 290 So.3d 1194, 1242.

        Carlton " Trey" Jones,         who serves as Deputy General Counsel for LSU,

testified that his office handles all legal matters for the LSU System, including

responses to PRRs. He stated that as to the trapping records and the records of the

amendment to the City' s ordinance, LSU does not dispute they are subject to

production under the Public Records Law. He detailed how his office had worked

with PETA to narrow the terms so as to yield an amount of data that his office

could review. Jones explained the most recent search, conducted the day before the

trial, yielded 27 pages of results for one suggested term and 638 for the other.

According to Jones, his office was in the process of reviewing those records for

responsiveness so as to remove privileged and protected data. He was hopeful that

what LSU offered to PETA would fulfill the requests of the fifth and seventh

PRRs, but if not, LSU was " absolutely"               committed to producing the records and

would continue to work with PETA to narrow down the search terms until a

responsive result was provided.

                                                    19
        Based on the evidence in this record, we cannot say the trial court erred in

failing to find PETA' s fifth and seventh PRRs unduly burdensome so as to warrant

the nonproduction of the requested records."              LSU offered no evidence showing

that the requests for production were so burdensome as to interfere with the

operation of LSU' s constitutional and legal duties. Accordingly, we find the trial

court correctly ordered LSU to produce records responsive to PETA' s fifth and

seventh PRR. 3

                                            DEGREE

         For these reasons, those portions of the judgment ordering LSU to produce

veterinary care records, consisting of daily observation reports, daily health check

records, v'eterinarian' s records, adverse event reports, medical care records, cage

cards, and disposition records for birds held in Dr. Lattin' s lab, from September 1,

2018 through August 5, 2019 ( second PRR); from September 1,                         2018 onward

third PRR); from January 1,          2020 onward ( including those of Keegan Stansberry,

Melanie Kimble, and Dr. Lattin) ( fourth PRR); and from April 15, 2020 onward

 eighth PRR), are affirmed. That portion of the judgment ordering LSU to produce

videographic records related to experiments carried out by Dr. Lattin funded by the

grant "   The Neurobiology of Resilience to Environmental Challenges"                      and any

12 Because the trial court bifurcated the liability portion of this matter from PETA' s right to other
statutory relief under La. R.S. 44: 35, we make no determination regarding the reasonableness or
arbitrariness of LSU' s responses to the trapping records and the records of the amendment to the
City' s ordinance.

13 LSU suggests that the trial court erred in adopting PETA' s post -trial memorandum as written
reasons for judgment as well as in issuing the additional reasons for judgment drafted by FETA.
LSU requests this court disregard both items and consider only the trial court' s transcribed oral
reasons for judgment. See King v. Allen Court Apartments II, 2015- 0858 ( La. App. 1 st Cir.
12/ 23/ 15),   185 So. 3d 835, 838- 39, writ denied, 2016-0148 ( La. 3114/ 16),     189 So. 3d   1069
declining to rule on whether such an adoption of reasons by the trial court complies with the
mandate of La. C. C. P. art. 1917( A), observing that the lack of a penalty in
                                                                             Article 1917 for
failure to comply with the mandate, but recognizing the better course is for a trial judge to author
any reasons for judgment thereby giving the reviewing court the benefits of his or her thoughts
and insights). Having resolved the issues raised in this appeal without reliance on either the
adopted post -trial memorandum or the separate written reasons for judgment drafted by PETA,
we find it unnecessary to address this issue and pretermit such a discussion.

                                                 20
inventories, indexes, or catalogs of photographic or videographic records produced

at and maintained by LSU related to and/ or depicting Dr. Lattin' s use of animals in

experiments or research, including videos produced by LSU' s faculty and staff is

reversed. That portion of the judgment ordering LSU to produce to PETA all

videographic records of birds held and/ or used by Dr. Lattin or any other person

under her supervision from September 1, 2019 onward is amended to state:

        LSU shall produce to PETA for the period from September 1, 2019
        onward all photographic and videographic records of birds held and/ or
        used by Dr. Lattin or any person under her supervision which have
        previously been published, which include 180 hours in conjunction
        with the article, " No, you go first: phenotype and social context affect
        house     sparrow    neophobia";      204 hours      of videos with        multiple
        presentations between January 2020 and February 2021;                      and 263
        hours in two presentations in January 2021.

In all other respects, the trial court' s judgment is affirmed."             Appeal costs in the

total amount of $7, 466. 00      are assessed one- half to defendant -appellant, Board of

Supervisors of Louisiana State University and Thomas C. Galligan, individually

and in his capacity as an interim president of Louisiana State University, and one-

half to plaintiff -appellee, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.

        AMENDED             AND,     AS      AMENDED,            AFFIRMED            IN     PART;
REVERSED IN PART. RELIEF REQUESTED IN ANSWER DENIED.

14 PETA answered the lawsuit seeking attorney fees for defending the appeal. According to La.
R.S. 44: 35( D)(]):

        If a person seeking the right to inspect, copy, or reproduce a record or to receive
        or obtain a copy or reproduction of a public record prevails in such suit, he shall
        be awarded reasonable attorney fees and other costs of litigation. If such person
        prevails in part, the court may in its discretion award him reasonable attorney fees
        or an appropriate portion thereof.

In light of our disposition, reversing in part and amending in part the trial court' s determinations,
we decline to make an award in this appeal.

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