Court Opinion

ID: 4221153
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-11-16 20:17:36.332803+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:42:24.804826
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA

                    September 2017 Term

                                                      FILED
                                                 November 16, 2017
                                                      released at 3:00 p.m.
                        No. 16-0827               EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK

                                                  SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

                                                       OF WEST VIRGINIA

            TEXAS EASTERN TRANSMISSION, LP,
                 Petitioner Below, Petitioner,

                            V.

WEST VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION,

          DIVISION OF MINING AND RECLAMATION,

                             AND

          THE MARSHALL COUNTY COAL COMPANY

              F/K/A McELROY COAL COMPANY,

                Respondents Below, Respondents.

                           AND

                        No. 16-0877

         THE MARSHALL COUNTY COAL COMPANY,

             F/K/A McELROY COAL COMPANY,

                  Petitioner Below, Petitioner,

                            V.

             TEXAS EASTERN TRANSMISSION, LP,

                             AND

WEST VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION,

          DIVISION OF MINING AND RECLAMATION,

                Respondents Below, Respondents.

               Appeals from the Circuit Court of Marshall County

                     Honorable Jeffrey D. Cramer, Judge

                          Civil Action No. 09-CAP-1K

              AFFIRMED, IN PART, AND REVERSED, IN PART

                         Submitted: September 13, 2017

                           Filed: November 16, 2017

Kent George                            Douglas J. Feichtner, pro hac vice
W. Bradley Sorrells                    Dinsmore & Shohl LLP
Robinson & McElwee, PLLC               Cincinnati, Ohio
Charleston, West Virginia              Jacob A. Manning
Craig P. Wilson, pro hac vice          Dinsmore & Shohl LLP
Anthony R. Holtzman, pro hac vice      Wheeling, West Virginia
K&L Gates LLP                          William E. Robinson
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania               Dinsmore & Shohl LLP
Attorneys for                          Charleston, West Virginia
Texas Eastern Transmission, LP         Attorneys for
                                       The Marshall County Coal Company
Scott Driver
West Virginia Department of            Jonathan T. Storage
Environmental Protection               West Virginia Department of
Charleston, West Virginia              Transportation,
Attorney for                           Division of Highways
West Virginia Department of            Charleston, West Virginia
Environmental Protection               Attorney for Amicus Curiae,
                                       West Virginia Department of
                                       Transportation,
                                       Division of Highways

JUSTICE DAVIS delivered the Opinion of the Court.
                              SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

              1.      “When the language of a regulation promulgated pursuant to the West

Virginia Surface Mining and Reclamation Act, W. Va. Code, [22]-3-1 et seq., is clear and

unambiguous, the plain meaning of the regulation is to be accepted and followed without

resorting to the rules of interpretation or construction.” Syllabus point 1, State ex rel. Laurel

Mountain/Fellowsville Area Clean Watershed Association, Inc. v. Callaghan, 187 W. Va.
266, 418 S.E.2d 580 (1992).

              2.      W. Va. CSR § 38-2-14.17, read alone or in conjunction with W. Va.

CSR § 38-2-3.32.a., contains no requirement that compliance therewith be demonstrated in

a permit application tendered in accordance with W. Va. CSR § 38-2-3.

              3.      W. Va. CSR § 38-2-16.2.c.2 does not abrogate West Virginia common

law with respect to subjacent support waivers contained within coal severance deeds.

                                                i

Davis, Justice:

              These consolidated appeals require the Court to interpret various provisions of

the West Virginia Surface Coal Mining and Reclamation Rule (“WVSCMRR”), W. Va. CSR

§§ 38-2-1 et seq., to determine whether a coal company must, in its application for a

modification of its mining permit, describe how it will comply with the Utility Protection

Standard found at W. Va. CSR § 38-2-14.17. We also are asked to determine whether the

Subsidence Control Plan in the permit application under review adequately set out specific

steps that would be taken to protect interstate gas pipelines that cross above a proposed mine

site. Finally, we are asked to address whether the WVSCMRR abrogates the common law

with respect to a coal operator’s right to subside. We conclude that the circuit court correctly

found the WVSCMRR does not require a permit application to demonstrate compliance with

the Utility Protection Standard. Likewise, we find no error with the circuit court’s ruling that

the permit application sufficiently described how the coal operator would comply with the

Utility Protection Standard. Accordingly, those rulings are affirmed. However, we conclude

that the circuit court erred in finding that the WVSCMRR applied regardless of a coal

operator’s common law property rights. We, therefore, reverse that portion of the circuit

court’s rulings.

                                               1

                                               I.

                        FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

              The Marshall County Coal Company f/k/a McElroy Coal Company (“Marshall

Coal”) claims that it has ownership of certain underground coal reserves in Marshall County,

West Virginia, as well as extensive contractual common law rights to access and mine the

coal without liability for effects on the surface of lands overlying the reserve.1 Marshall Coal

further contends that, on February 10, 1983, the West Virginia Department of Environmental

Protection (“WVDEP”) issued to Marshall Coal a mine permit authorizing it to explore,

develop, and extract coal by longwall mining underneath the surface at the McElroy mine in

Marshall County.2 In December 2007, Marshall Coal submitted to WVDEP an application

for a revision to its permit for the McElroy mine (“Permit Revision Application 33”). The

purpose of the revision was to “add area to the subsidence control plan for developmental

and longwall mining for the McElroy Deep Mine.”3

              1
               According to Marshall Coal, its rights were severed by the original landowners
in the early 1900s and sold to Marshall Coal’s predecessors-in-interest. The nature of
Marshall Coal’s property rights do not appear to be a subject of dispute in this action, and
there appear to be no facts in the record pertaining to those rights.
              2
                  According to Marshall Coal, the permit identification number for this permit
is U003383.
              3
               Marshall Coal explains in its brief to this Court that “[t]he Permit Revision
Application specifically stated that [Marshall Coal] intended to use the longwall method of
mining to extract coal in the relevant panels.” Marshall Coal asserts that longwall mining
is a method of extracting coal that contemplates planned subsidence and that such method
is acceptable under both the federal and state regulatory schemes. Citing 30 C.F.R.
                                                                               (continued...)

                                                2

              Subsequent to Marshall Coal obtaining ownership of the coal reserves and the

right to subside the surface, Texas Eastern Transmission, LP (“Texas Eastern”) obtained

rights-of-way for a portion of the surface area above Marshall Coal’s reserves. These rights-

of-way allow Texas Eastern to operate four interstate gas transmission pipelines that cross

the revised permit area over a distance of approximately four miles. The pipelines are

operated pursuant to certificates of public convenience and necessity issued by the Federal

Energy Regulatory Commission.4 According to Texas Eastern, the pipelines transport over

two billion cubic feet of natural gas per day to consumers in the mid-Atlantic and

Northeastern United States. The pipelines, which are buried at a depth of approximately

three feet, range from thirty to thirty-six inches in diameter. The gas pressure in the pipelines

is said to vary between approximately 700 and 1,000 pounds per square inch. Texas Eastern

avers that the pipelines have limited tolerance for stress created by ground movement

associated with subsidence.

              3
               (...continued)
§ 817.121(c) (addressing repair of damage to surface lands and waters); 38 W. Va. CSR § 2­
16.2.a (allowing mining pursuant to technology that “provides for planned subsidence in a
predictable and controlled manner”).
              4
                 The record contains the affidavit of a Texas Eastern employee who stated that
“[t]he first of the four Texas Eastern Pipelines was placed in service in 1953”.

                                               3

              As part of its Permit Revision Application 33, Marshall Coal submitted a

subsidence control plan stating, in part, under the heading “Renewable Resource Lands and

Features”:

              Surface lands other than what is used for dwellings or
              businesses overlying the projected mining area are primarily
              pasturelands and non-commercial woodlands. These areas were
              identified using aerial photographs.

              Surface topography in this mining area is primarily comprised
              of steeply sloping hillsides with limited land uses. Primarily, the
              land uses are limited to the hilltops and ridgelines where the
              topography consists of more moderately sloping hillsides and
              fairly broad ridgetops suitable for pastures and hay/crops,
              respectively. There are no intensively managed commercial
              forests or public use lands within the projected mining area. . . .

              Due to the mining method (longwall) utilized in the mining of
              the areas proposed in this application, it is expected that there
              will be planned subsidence of the above-mentioned surface
              features and renewable resource lands. If subsidence does occur
              as a result of the longwall mining, that causes material damage
              or reduces the value or reasonable foreseeable use of the surface
              lands, [Marshall Coal] will restore the land or structure(s) or
              compensate the surface owner.[5]

(Footnote added). In addition, Permit Revision Application 33, under the heading “Gas

Lines,” states that “[m]ining beneath gas pipelines will be handled per common law practices

in accordance with West Virginia codes and regulations and severance deeds between the

pipeline owner and [Marshall Coal].”

              5
                  Texas Eastern possesses a right-of-way and is not the surface owner.

                                               4

              Texas Eastern and Columbia Gas Transmission Corp. (“Columbia Gas”),6 who

also has pipelines crossing Marshall Coal’s reserves, both objected to the WVDEP’s approval

of Marshall Coal’s Permit Revision Application 33. Accordingly, a public hearing was held

on October 23, 2008. Thereafter, WVDEP approved Marshall Coal’s Permit Revision

Application 33 on November 25, 2008, expressly finding that the revision was “accurate and

complete and all of the requirements of Article 3, Chapter 22, and the Regulations have been

complied with.” Texas Eastern then appealed the WVDEP’s approval of Permit Revision

Application 33 to the West Virginia Surface Mine Board (“SMB”), asserting, in relevant part,

that Marshall Coal’s Permit Revision Application 33 was deficient because it failed to: (1)

demonstrate that Marshall Coal would conduct its mining operation is a way that would

protect Texas Eastern’s pipelines and (2) specify in its subsidence control plan the measures

that would be taken to protect Texas Eastern’s pipelines from material damage. Columbia

Gas also appealed the WVDEP’s approval of Marshall Coal’s Permit Revision Application

33.7

              6
                  Columbia Gas Transmission Corp. (“Columbia Gas”) is not a party to the
instant appeal.
              7
                  See supra note 6.

                                             5

              Columbia Gas also had earlier appealed to the SMB a permit revision

application by Consolidation Coal Co. (“Consol Appeals”)8 that shared “common, dispositive

questions of law”9 with the appeals of Marshall Coal’s Permit Revision Application 33 at

issue in the case sub judice (“Marshall Coal Appeals”). Accordingly, in order to avoid

duplication of efforts by the SMB and the parties with respect to the Marshall Coal Appeals,

the parties to the Marshall Coal Appeals stipulated that the legal proceedings in the Consol

Appeals would govern the Marshall Coal Appeals.

              The SMB’s order dated February 18, 2009, in the Consol Appeals, addressed

cross summary judgment motions on two issues: (1) whether WVDEP erred in issuing

permits to Consolidation Coal Co. (“Consol”) without requiring Consol to specify the

measures it would take to protect Columbia Gas’ pipelines in advance of mining and (2)

whether Consol had an obligation to correct or repair material damage to Columbia Gas’

pipelines regardless of the parties’ common law property rights. As to the first issue, pre-

mining protection of gas pipelines, the SMB denied Columbia Gas’ motion for summary

              8
              Columbia Gas had appealed the approval of two separate applications filed
by Consolidation Coal Co. (“Consol”). The two Columbia Gas appeals had been
consolidated by the SMB.
              9
               According to the SMB, Columbia Gas, in its appeals to decisions involving
Consol, complained that “WVDEP’s permit actions did not require Consol to provide
sufficient protections to Columbia Gas’ pipelines from potential damages caused by
underground mining-induced surface subsidence. Columbia Gas argued that neither permit
required Consol to undertake pre-mining measures to prevent damage to Columbia Gas’
pipelines.”

                                             6

judgment and granted Consol’s summary judgment motion. The SMB based its decision

upon its finding that the WVDEP properly interpreted state regulations to require that

subsidence control plans contained in permit applications describe the measures to be taken

to either mitigate subsidence damages to pipelines prior to mining or to remedy subsidence

damage caused by mining, but do not require mine operators to describe both. As to post-

mining subsidence-induced damage to pipelines, the SMB granted Columbia Gas’ motion

for summary judgment and denied Consol’s summary judgment motion, ruling that state

regulations required Consol to either repair or compensate for such damages regardless of

its common law property rights. Consol had raised an additional argument asserting that, if

state regulations were interpreted as requiring it to either repair or compensate for damages

to commercial structures such as gas lines, then the state regulation was more stringent than

the parallel federal regulation. According to Consol, WVDEP was required to make specific

written findings of the need for a provision that is more stringent than the comparable federal

mining provision, and it had failed to do so. The SMB found that ruling upon this issue was

outside of its authority and concluded that such a determination should be left to a court of

competent jurisdiction.

              The SMB then issued a final order, dated March 26, 2009, in the Marshall Coal

Appeals. The order summarily stated that the appeals were granted in part and dismissed in

                                              7

part for the reasons that had been set out in its amended10 final order rendered in the Consol

Appeals. Texas Eastern, Columbia Gas, Consol, and Marshall Coal each filed a separate

appeal to the SMB’s order.11 On October 7, 2013, Columbia Gas and Consol voluntarily

dismissed their appeals, leaving only Texas Eastern and Marshall Coal as parties to the

appeal.

              On August 5, 2016, the Circuit Court of Marshall County issued its order

affirming the SMB. On September 6, 2016, Texas Eastern filed an appeal of the Circuit

Court’s order in this Court, where it was designated as Appeal Number 16-0827. Thereafter,

on September 16, 2016, Marshall Coal filed in this Court a separate appeal of the same order,

which was designated as Appeal Number 16-0877.12 By order entered December 5, 2016,

              10
               In its summary order rendered in the Marshall Coal Appeals, the SMB refers
to its “amended final order” in the Consol Appeals. The SMB fails to provide a date for the
“amended” order. The only SMB order rendered in the Consol Appeals that is contained in
the record submitted on appeal simply bears the title “Order,” with no indication that it is an
amended version of a prior order. Thus, it is unclear from the record in this case whether the
SMB issued a separate, amended, final order in the Consol Appeals, or whether its reference
to an “amended” final order is, perhaps, a typographical error.
              11
                Texas Eastern and Columbia Gas filed separate appeals of the March 26,
2009, order of the SMB in the Circuit Court of Kanawha County. Marshall Coal filed its
appeal of the order in the Circuit Court of Marshall County. The Circuit Court of Kanawha
County transferred the Texas Eastern and Columbia Gas appeals to the Circuit Court of
Marshall County, where they were consolidated with Marshall Coal’s appeal.
              12
               We recognize the participation of amicus curiae, the West Virginia
Department of Transportation, Division of Highways (“Highways”), who filed a brief in
support of the respondent, the West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection
                                                                       (continued...)

                                              8

this Court granted a joint motion to consolidate the two appeals for purposes of filing a joint

appendix and for consideration of the merits.

                                              II.

                                STANDARD OF REVIEW

              This Court has recognized that, pursuant to W. Va. Code § 22B-1-9 (1994)

(Repl. Vol. 2010), a “decision of the Surface Mine Board is reviewed by the circuit court

pursuant to the provisions of W. Va. Code § 29A-5-4 [(1998) (Repl. Vol. 2010)] of the State

Administrative Procedures Act.” Tennant v. Callaghan, 200 W. Va. 756, 760, 490 S.E.2d
845, 849 (1997). We further have recognized that,

              [i]f the circuit court’s order is appealed to this Court, we review
              the circuit court’s order de novo, and thus, [we likewise] review
              the Surface Mine Board’s decision “pursuant to the standard of
              review articulated in W. Va. Code, 29A-5-4(g) [(1998) (Repl.
              Vol. 2010)] . . . and syllabus point 1 of [HCCRA v. Boone
              Memorial Hospital, 196 W. Va. 326, 472 S.E.2d 411 (1996).]”

Tennant, 200 W. Va. at 761, 490 S.E.2d at 850. Accord West Virginia Div. of Envtl. Prot.

v. Kingwood Coal Co., 200 W. Va. 734, 747, 490 S.E.2d 823, 835 (1997). Thus, insofar as

our review is governed by the same standards that apply to the circuit court, we recognize

that,

              12
              (...continued)
(“WVDEP”), in relation to Appeal Number 16-0877. We appreciate the contribution of the
amicus and will consider its brief in conjunction with the parties’ arguments.

                                               9

                     “‘[u]pon judicial review of a contested case under the
              West Virginia Administrative Procedure[s] Act, Chapter 29A,
              Article 5, Section 4(g), the circuit court may affirm the order or
              decision of the agency or remand the case for further
              proceedings. The circuit court shall reverse, vacate or modify
              the order or decision of the agency if the substantial rights of the
              petitioner or petitioners have been prejudiced because the
              administrative findings, inferences, conclusions, decisions or
              order are “(1) In violation of constitutional or statutory
              provisions; or (2) In excess of the statutory authority or
              jurisdiction of the agency; or (3) Made upon unlawful
              procedures; or (4) Affected by other error of law; or (5) Clearly
              wrong in view of the reliable, probative and substantial evidence
              on the whole record; or (6) Arbitrary or capricious or
              characterized by abuse of discretion or clearly unwarranted
              exercise of discretion.”’ Syl. Pt. 2, Shepherdstown Volunteer
              Fire Department v. Human Rights Commission, 172 W. Va.
627, 309 S.E.2d 342 (1983).” Syllabus Point 1, St. Mary’s
              Hospital v. State Health Planning and Development Agency,
              178 W. Va. 792, 364 S.E.2d 805 (1987).

Syl. pt. 1, West Virginia Health Care Cost Review Auth. v. Boone Mem’l Hosp., 196 W. Va.
326, 472 S.E.2d 411 (1996).

              To the extent that our resolution of the instant appeal also requires this Court

to interpret statutory provisions and state rules, we further recognize that “[i]nterpreting a

statute or an administrative rule or regulation presents a purely legal question subject to de

novo review.” Syl. pt. 1, Appalachian Power Co. v. State Tax Dep’t of W. Va., 195 W. Va.
573, 466 S.E.2d 424 (1995).

                                              10

              With regard for the foregoing standards, we address the assignments of error

raised by the parties in these consolidated appeals.

                                            III.

                     DISCUSSION - APPEAL NUMBER 16-0827

              Texas Eastern, petitioner in Appeal Number 16-0827, argues that the circuit

court erred in affirming the SMB’s determination that, under the West Virginia Code of State

Rules, an applicant for a longwall mine permit need not demonstrate in its application how

harm to natural gas pipelines will be minimized or reduced. Texas Eastern relies on three

grounds to support its assertion of error. We will address two of these grounds in turn.13

                      A. West Virginia Utility Protection Standard

              Texas Eastern first argues that Marshall Coal was required, but failed, to

demonstrate in its Permit Revision Application 33 that it would comply with the West

Virginia Utility Protection Standard (“Utility Protection Standard”), found at W. Va. CSR

§ 38-2-14.17.14 Marshall Coal, a respondent in Appeal No. 16-0827, responds that the Utility

              13
                Texas Eastern’s third ground asserts that the circuit court’s conclusion is
inconsistent with key objectives of the West Virginia Surface Coal Mining and Reclamation
Act, W. Va. Code § 22-3-1 et seq. Because our decision in these consolidated appeals is
based upon our interpretation of the law, we need not address this issue.
              14
              Although the SMB’s order in the Consol Appeals, which was adopted by the
SMB in the Marshall Coal Appeals, acknowledges that W. Va. CSR § 38-2-14.17 was raised
                                                                         (continued...)

                                             11

Protection Standard is a performance standard, and, as such, it should not be confused with

the application requirements for pre-mining permits and permit revisions. We agree with

Marshall Coal. The WVDEP, a respondent in Appeal No. 16-0827, did not address this

specific issue.

              Notably, W. Va. CSR § 38-2-14,15 the section of the W. Va. CSR in which the

Utility Protection Standard is found, bears the title “Performance Standards” and is separate

and apart from W. Va. CSR § 38-2-3, which is the portion of the rules expressly addressing

permit application requirements and contents. The introductory sentence of W. Va. CSR

§ 38-2-14 is clear in stating that the performance standards apply to mining operations: “[i]n

addition to the requirements of the Act, the following performance standards shall be

applicable to both surface and underground mining operations.” (Emphasis added). No

reference to application requirements is made in this introductory sentence. Contained

within the performance standards is the specific provision referred to by Texas Eastern as the

“Utility Protection Standard,” which reads as follows:

              14
                 (...continued)
as a ground for imposing the requirements advocated by Texas Eastern into the permit
process, the SMB did not expressly address this Rule, instead basing its ruling on other
grounds that we will address below. However, because the SMB ruled against Texas
Eastern, it is clear that the SMB rejected this argument even though it was not expressly
addressed. Accordingly, we will address the issue.
              15
                W. Va. CSR § 38-2 has been amended four times since Marshall Coal
submitted its Permit Revision Application 33; however, the language of W. Va. CSR § 38-2­
14 discussed herein has not been changed.

                                             12

              14.17. Utility Installations. All surface mining operations[16]
              shall be conducted in a manner which minimizes damage,
              destruction, or disruption of services provided by oil, gas, and
              water wells; oil, gas and coal-slurry pipelines; railroads; electric
              and telephone lines; and water and sewage lines which pass
              over, under, or through the permit area, unless otherwise
              approved by the owner of those facilities and the Secretary.

W. Va. CSR § 38-2-14.17 (footnote and emphasis added). This Court has recognized that

“[w]hen the language of a regulation promulgated pursuant to the West Virginia Surface

[Coal] Mining and Reclamation Act, W. Va. Code, [22]-3-1 et seq., is clear and

unambiguous, the plain meaning of the regulation is to be accepted and followed without

resorting to the rules of interpretation or construction.” Syl. pt. 1, State ex rel. Laurel

Mountain/Fellowsville Area Clean Watershed Ass’n, Inc. v. Callaghan, 187 W. Va. 266, 418
S.E.2d 580 (1992). Accord Syl. pt. 2, Curnutte v. Callaghan, 188 W. Va. 494, 425 S.E.2d
170 (1992). The foregoing language plainly pertains to how mining operations should be

conducted vis-à-vis utility installations. W. Va. CSR § 38-2-14.17 simply makes no

reference to any permit application requirements.

              16
                 Although Marshall Coal’s mine is an underground mine, we note that,
pursuant to W. Va. Code § 22-3-3(u)(1) (2000) (Repl. Vol. 2014), “‘surface mining
operations’” includes, “subject to the requirements of section fourteen [§ 22-3-14] of this
article, surface operations and surface impacts incident to an underground coal mine. . . .”
(Emphasis added). See also Syl. pt. 4, Antco, Inc. v. Dodge Fuel Corp., 209 W. Va. 644,
646, 550 S.E.2d 622, 624 (2001) (“The definitions of ‘surface mine,’ ‘surface mining,’ or
‘surface-mining operations’ contained within the West Virginia Surface Coal Mining and
Reclamation Act, W. Va. Code § 22-3-1, et seq., include ‘surface impacts incident to an
underground coal mine,’ and areas ‘where such activities disturb the natural land surface.’”).

                                              13

              Texas Eastern reasons, however, that W. Va. CSR § 38-2-3.32.a,17 which is

included in the rules that set out the requirements for permit applications and their contents,

compelled Marshall Coal to demonstrate in its application that it would comply with the

Utility Protection Standard.18

              Pursuant to W. Va. CSR § 38-2-3.32.a:

              3.32. Findings – Permit Issuance.

              3.32.a. The Secretary shall review an application for a permit,
              a permit revision, or a permit renewal, written comments and
              objections submitted relative to the application, records of any
              informal conference or hearing held relative to the application,
              and issue a written decision either granting, requiring
              modification of, or denying the application. If an informal
              conference is held, the decision shall be made within thirty (30)

              17
                Although W. Va. CSR § 38-2 has been amended four times since Marshall
Coal submitted its Permit Revision Application 33, the language of W. Va. CSR § 38-2­
3.32.a has not been changed.
              18
                Neither the order of the SMB nor the circuit court’s order discusses W. Va.
CSR § 38-2-3.32.a. However, insofar as the Rule has been briefed by both parties, and
Marshall Coal has not objected to this issue, we will assume the Rule was raised below and
will exercise our discretion to consider the same. Cf. Falls v. Union Drilling Inc., 223
W. Va. 68, 71 n.8, 672 S.E.2d 204, 207 n.8 (2008) (per curiam) (“Although this interlocutory
matter is not, as a matter of procedure, technically proper before us as an appeal, because
Appellees have not raised this issue, and have addressed the issues presented herein on their
merits, we will, in our discretion, address this matter as an appeal that is properly before us.
In other contexts, we have, in our discretion, proceeded to address matters not technically
appropriate for review when the parties involved do not object. See Syl. Pt. 3, State v.
Salmons, 203 W. Va. 561, 509 S.E.2d 842 (1998) (when a defendant assigns an error in a
criminal case for the first time on direct appeal, the state does not object to the assignment
of error and actually briefs the matter, and the record is adequately developed on the issue,
the Court may, in its discretion, review the merits of the assignment of error).”).

                                              14

              days of the close of the conference, unless a later time is
              necessary to provide an opportunity for an appeal. The
              applicant for a permit or revision of a permit shall have the
              burden of establishing that his application is in compliance with
              all the requirements of the Act and this rule.

(Emphasis added). Texas Eastern focuses on the last sentence of the foregoing provision

and, interpreting the language broadly, argues that it requires an application to expressly

demonstrate compliance with all rules included in the WVSCMRR, including the

performance standards. Marshall Coal, on the other hand, emphasizes that the quoted portion

of W. Va. CSR § 38-2-3.32.a. references the “burden of establishing that his application is

in compliance with all the requirements of the Act and this rule.” (Emphasis added).

Marshall Coal thereby implies that the provision merely calls for an applicant to demonstrate

compliance only with rules pertaining to an application for a permit or permit revision.

Marshall Coal reasons that compliance with Texas Eastern’s interpretation of W. Va. CSR

§ 38-2-3.32.a. would be impossible insofar as it would require every operator to explain in

every permit application how they will comply with every individual performance standard

years in advance of active mining.

              At the outset, we observe that both W. Va. CSR § 38-2-14 and W. Va. CSR

§ 38-2-3 are legislative rules promulgated by the WVDEP, Division of Mining and

Reclamation, that bear the force and effect of law. See Syl. pt. 5, Smith v. West Virginia

Human Rights Comm’n, 216 W. Va. 2, 602 S.E.2d 445 (2004) (“A regulation that is proposed

                                             15

by an agency and approved by the Legislature is a ‘legislative rule’ as defined by the State

Administrative Procedures Act, W. Va. Code, 29A-1-2(d) [1982], and such a legislative rule

has the force and effect of law.”). Furthermore, “[i]t is generally accepted that statutes and

administrative regulations are governed by the same rules of construction.” West Virginia

Racing Comm’n v. Reynolds, 236 W. Va. 398, 402, 780 S.E.2d 664, 668 (2015) (quotations

and citations omitted). Accord West Virginia Dep’t of Transp. v. King, 238 W. Va. 369, 374,

795 S.E.2d 524, 529 (2016); Vance v. West Virginia Bureau of Emp’t Programs/Elkins Job

Serv., 217 W. Va. 620, 623, 619 S.E.2d 133, 136 (2005) (per curiam).

               Upon examination of W. Va. CSR § 38-2-3.32.a., we reject Texas Eastern’s

broad interpretation of the last sentence it has pulled from the Rule. It is well established

that,

                      “[i]n the construction of a legislative enactment, the
               intention of the legislature is to be determined, not from any
               single part, provision, section, sentence, phrase or word, but
               rather from a general consideration of the act or statute in its
               entirety.” Syllabus Point 1, Parkins v. Londeree, 146 W. Va.
1051, 124 S.E.2d 471 (1962).

Syl. pt. 5, Miller v. Wood, 229 W. Va. 545, 729 S.E.2d 867 (2012). Reading the provision

in context, it is clear that a permit applicant is required to establish that the application is in

compliance with all the requirements of the Act and the Rule as they pertain to the

application for a permit, permit revision, or permit renewal. Indeed, the larger Rule of which

W. Va. CSR § 38-2-3.32.a. is a part, i.e., the entirety of W. Va. CSR § 38-2-3, expressly

                                                16

pertains to “Permit Application Requirements and Contents.”19 Moreover, W. Va. CSR § 38­

2-3.32.a., itself, is part of a section relating to the Secretary’s20 review of an application and

the issuance of the sought-after permit, permit revision, or permit renewal, including any

comments, objections, informal conference, or hearing relative to the application. Thus, it

is plainly apparent that an applicant’s burden of establishing compliance with “all the

requirements of the Act and this rule” pertains to the Secretary’s review of the same and is

limited to showing compliance only with rules and requirements of the Act that relate to the

application.

               We find additional support for our conclusion in the fact that there is at least

one provision contained within the performance standards that expressly mandates that

certain information be included in the application.            In this regard, W. Va. CSR

§ 38-2-14.15.a.2 expressly provides that:

                      [a]ll permit applications shall incorporate into the
               required mining and reclamation plan a detailed site specific
               description of the timing, sequence, and areal extent of each
               progressive phase of the mining and reclamation operation
               which reflects how the mining operations and the reclamation
               operations will be coordinated so as to minimize the amount of
               disturbed, unreclaimed area, minimize surface water runoff,
               comply with the storm water runoff plan and to quickly establish

               19
                In fact, W. Va. CSR § 38-2-3 consists of thirty-one subsections that give
detailed specifications for the information that must be included in a permit application.
               20
                “Secretary means the Secretary of the Department of Environmental
Protection or his authorized agent.” W. Va. CSR § 38-2-2.109.

                                               17

              and maintain a specified ratio of disturbed versus reclaimed area
              throughout the life of the operation.

Thus, if the WVDEP intended to include within the Utility Protection Standard a requirement

for any information to be included in a permit application, the rule would certainly have so

stated.

              It is not for this Court arbitrarily to read into [a statute or
              legislative rule] that which it does not say. Just as courts are not
              to eliminate through judicial interpretation words that were
              purposely included, we are obliged not to add to statutes [or
              legislative rules] something the Legislature purposely omitted.

Banker v. Banker, 196 W. Va. 535, 546-47, 474 S.E.2d 465, 476-77 (1996). Accord West

Virginia Reg’l Jail & Corr. Facility Auth. v. Marcum, ___ W. Va. ___, 799 S.E.2d 540, 543

(2017).

              Accordingly, we hold that W. Va. CSR § 38-2-14.17, read alone or in

conjunction with W. Va. CSR § 38-2-3.32.a., contains no requirement that compliance

therewith be demonstrated in a permit application tendered in accordance with W. Va. CSR

§ 38-2-3. Because Marshall Coal had no obligation to demonstrate in its permit application

that it would comply with the Utility Protection Standard found at W. Va. CSR § 38-2-14.17,

we find no grounds for reversal on this issue.

                                              18

                                  B. Subsidence Control Plan

              We next address the circuit court’s finding as to the sufficiency of the

Subsidence Control Plan included in Marshall Coal’s Permit Revision Application 33.

Pursuant to W. Va. CSR § 38-2-3.12.a, “[e]ach application for an underground coal mining

permit shall contain a subsidence control plan . . . .” In addition, under W. Va. CSR § 38-2­

3.12.a.1, the subsidence control plan must contain a survey that identifies, among other

things, structures (such as gas pipelines), and “a narrative indicating whether or not

subsidence could cause material damage or diminution of value or use of such structures.”21

W. Va. CSR § 38-2-3.12 also contains numerous subsections that set out specific information

              21
                   W. Va. CSR § 38-2-3.12.a.1 (2016) states, in relevant part:

                      3.12.a. Each application for an underground coal mining
              permit shall contain a subsidence control plan which includes
              the following:

                     3.12.a.1. A survey that identifies, on a topographic map
              of a scale of 1# = 1,000# more, structures, perennial and
              intermittent streams, or renewable resource lands and a
              narrative indicating whether or not subsidence could cause
              material damage or diminution of value or use of such
              structures, or renewable resource lands both on the permit area
              and adjacent areas within an angle of draw of at least 30° unless
              a greater area is specified by the Secretary. . . .

(Emphasis added). The earlier version of W. Va. CSR § 38-2-3.12.a.1 that was in effect at
the time Marshall Coal submitted its Permit Revision Application 33, required “a narrative
indicating whether or not subsidence could contaminate, diminish or interrupt water supplies
both on the permit area and adjacent areas . . . .” W. Va. CSR § 38-2-3.12.a.1 (2006).

                                               19

that may be required as part of the subsidence control plan if the requisite circumstances are

present. In this regard, W. Va. CSR § 38-2-3.12.d.2 states:

              3.12.d. Where longwall mining or room and pillar mining with
              80% recovery or greater is proposed, the following information
              shall be made a part of the plan:

              ....

              3.12.d.2. For all areas identified by the survey, indicate what
              measures will be taken to minimize material damage or
              reduction in value or reasonably foreseeable use. Indicate those
              areas in which measures are to be taken. Such measures may
              include, but not be limited to, relocating panels, mining without
              interruption, exposing gas lines, supporting foundations of
              structures,[22] and insuring that any damage is repaired.

(Emphasis & footnote added).23

              22
             Pursuant to the definitions portion of the W. Va. Surface Coal Mining and
Reclamation Rule, found at W. Va. CSR § 38-2-2.119,

              [s]tructure means, except as used in the context of subsection
              3.8 of this rule, any man-made structures within or outside the
              permit areas which includes, but is not limited to: dwellings,
              outbuildings, commercial buildings, public buildings,
              community buildings, institutional buildings, gas lines, water
              lines, towers, airports, underground mines, tunnels and dams.
              The term does not include structures built and/or utilized for the
              purpose of carrying out the surface mining operation.

(Emphasis added).
              23
                Texas Eastern correctly observes that W. Va. CSR § 38-2-3.12.d applies only
to certain mining operations specifically described therein, i.e., “[w]here longwall mining or
room and pillar mining with 80% recovery or greater is proposed.”

                                             20

              The SMB’s February 18, 2009, order rendered in the Consol Appeals, the

proceeding to which the parties to the instant matter agreed to be bound, discussed W. Va.

CSR § 38-2-3-12.d.2 and indicated that the SMB unanimously affirmed the WVDEP’s

position that the provision refers to certain types of mitigation measures that may be

undertaken, but does not require any particular mitigation action.24 Likewise, the circuit

court concluded that W. Va. CSR § 38-2-3.12.d.2 “refers to certain types of mitigation

measures which may be undertaken but does not require any particular mitigation action.”

              Texas Eastern argues that Marshall Coal failed to comply with W. Va. CSR

§ 38-2-3.12.d.2 by failing to include, in the portion of its application setting out its

subsidence control plan, a narrative indicating whether or not subsidence could cause

material damage to, or the reduction in value of, or the reasonably foreseeable use of, Texas

Eastern’s pipelines, and a description of the measures Marshall Coal would take to minimize

              24
                 In addition, the SMB read W. Va. CSR § 38-2-3-12.d.2 along with W. Va.
CSR § 38-2-3.12.a.6 and ruled that “WVDEP properly interprets the provisions at WV CSR
38-2-3.12.a.6 and 38-2-3-12.d.2 to require that subsidence control plans in permits describe
the measures to be taken to either mitigate subsidence damages to pipelines prior to mining
or to remedy subsidence damage, but do not require mine operators to describe both.” The
circuit court affirmed the SMB on this point. Texas Eastern contends that the circuit court
erred by reading the two provisions together and concluding that a mine permit applicant may
choose between protecting structures in advance or, alternatively, repairing or paying
compensation for damage to them after the fact. The manner in which we resolve this appeal
forecloses the need for us to address this specific issue.

                                             21

material damage to, or the reduction in value of, or the reasonably foreseeable use of, Texas

Eastern’s pipelines.

              Marshall Coal responds that no West Virginia statute or subsidence control

regulation requires it to specify in its application how it will, itself, minimize or reduce

subsidence damage to pipelines. Additionally, Marshall Coal contends that reading the

language in its permit application demonstrates that it complied with W. Va. CSR § 38-2­

3.12.d.2. Marshall Coal further avers that it notified Texas Eastern that its pipelines could

be damaged by subsidence.25

              25
                Marshall Coal explains that underground mine operators intending to extract
coal beneath surface and structures must notify surface and structure owners of this intent.
W. Va. CSR § 38-2-16.1. The notice must indicate, among other things, the type of mining
method to be used, whether planned subsidence will occur, and identify the specific area that
will be mined and the relationship of those areas to surface property and structures. See id.
& W. Va. CSR § 38-2-3.12 (requiring subsidence control plan). In addition, the notice must
indicate the timing of mining activities beneath the property and information abut the
subsidence control plan and mine progress maps that the surface owner may review. See id.
Marshall Coal contends that it did all of these things, which are sufficient to provide Texas
Eastern with necessary details about the mining operation and potential subsidence damage
to pipelines. Moreover, Marshall Coal explains that the narrative in its application makes
clear that between the pipeline owner and Marshall Coal, the party responsible for protecting
those lines would be determined by common law practices and severance deeds, which,
Marshall Coal believes, would place the burden of protecting the lines on Texas Eastern.

                                             22

              WVDEP argues that the circuit court’s ruling correctly found that Marshall

Coal’s subsidence control plan satisfied the requirements of the applicable provisions.

Therefore, the circuit court should be affirmed.

              W. Va. CSR § 38-2-3.12.d.2 is clear in mandating that the required subsidence

control plan include an indication of what measures will be taken “to minimize material

damage or reduction in value or reasonably foreseeable use.” See Syl. pt. 1, State ex rel.

Laurel Mountain/Fellowsville Area Clean Watershed Ass’n, Inc. v. Callaghan, 187 W. Va.
266, 418 S.E.2d 580 (“When the language of a regulation promulgated pursuant to the West

Virginia Surface [Coal] Mining and Reclamation Act, W. Va. Code, [22]-3-1 et seq., is clear

and unambiguous, the plain meaning of the regulation is to be accepted and followed without

resorting to the rules of interpretation or construction.”). The provision goes on to list some

of these measures, introducing them with the phrase “may include, but not be limited to . . . .”

(Emphasis added).      This Court has long recognized that, “[u]nder settled rules of

construction, . . . the word ‘may’ generally should be read as conferring both permission and

power.” Manchin v. Browning, 170 W. Va. 779, 785, 296 S.E.2d 909, 915 (1982), overruled

on other grounds by State ex rel. Discover Fin. Servs., Inc. v. Nibert, 231 W. Va. 227, 744
S.E.2d 625 (2013). See also State ex rel. Trent v. Sims, 138 W. Va. 244, 272, 77 S.E.2d 122,

139 (1953) (“In constitutional provisions the word ‘may’ generally should be read as both

                                              23

permission and power.”); State v. Stepp, 63 W. Va. 254, 258, 59 S.E. 1068, 1070 (1907)

(“The statute does use the word ‘may,’ which is usually only permissive or discretionary.”).

              In introducing the list of acceptable measures, W. Va. CSR § 38-2-3.12.d.2

additionally utilizes the phrase “include, but not be limited to.” This language indicates that

the examples given are demonstrative, not exclusive. See, e.g., Postlewait v. City of

Wheeling, 231 W. Va. 1, 4, 743 S.E.2d 309, 312 (2012) (observing “Black’s Law Dictionary

(9th Ed. 2009) defines the term ‘include’ as ‘to contain as a part of something,’ and says that

the term ‘typically indicates a partial list . . . . But some drafters use phrases such as

including without limitation and including but not limited to—which mean the same thing.’

Accordingly, by using the word ‘includes’ in Rule 6(a), this Court was setting forth only a

partial list of legal holidays.”); Davis Mem’l Hosp. v. West Virginia State Tax Comm’r, 222
W. Va. 677, 684, 671 S.E.2d 682, 689 (2008) (recognizing that “[t]he term ‘includ[es]’ in a

statute is to be dealt with as a word of enlargement and this is especially so where . . . such

word is followed by ‘but not limited to’ the illustrations given.” (quotations and citations

omitted)); State Human Rights Comm’n v. Pauley, 158 W. Va. 495, 501, 212 S.E.2d 77, 80

(1975) (same). Accordingly, we agree with the conclusions of both the SMB and the circuit

court that W. Va. CSR § 38-2-3-12.d.2 refers to certain types of mitigation measures that may

be undertaken, but it does not require any particular mitigation action.

                                              24

              With respect to the gas pipelines, Marshall Coal’s permit application includes

the following narrative in its subsidence control plan:

              Gas Lines

              Mining beneath gas pipelines will be handled per common law
              practices in accordance with West Virginia codes and
              regulations and severance deeds between the pipeline owner and
              [Marshall Coal].

Thus, Marshall Coal’s subsidence control plan set out an action that it would take to mitigate

damage to Texas Eastern’s pipelines, i.e., that it would handle mining under the pipelines “in

accordance with West Virginia codes and regulations and severance deeds between the

pipeline owner and [itself].” Insofar as Marshall Coal was not required to identify a specific

type of mitigation action with respect to the gas pipelines, it was for the Secretary of the

WVDEP to determine whether Marshall Coal’s proposed action was sufficient.26 By granting

Marshall Coal the requested permit, the Secretary found the foregoing description to be

adequate. The SMB affirmed that decision, as did the circuit court. We find no grounds to

reverse.

              26
                  See W. Va. CSR § 38-2-3.32.a. (“The Secretary shall review an application
for a permit, a permit revision, or a permit renewal, written comments and objections
submitted relative to the application, records of any informal conference or hearing held
relative to the application, and issue a written decision either granting, requiring modification
of, or denying the application.”); W. Va. CSR § 38-2-2.109 (“Secretary means the Secretary
of the Department of Environmental Protection or his authorized agent.”).

                                               25

                                            IV.

                     DISCUSSION - APPEAL NUMBER 16-0877

              The SMB, in the Consol Appeals, found that, “[a]s to post-mining subsidence-

induced damage to pipelines, the Board rules that WV CSR § 38-2-16.2.c.2 requires Consol

to either repair or compensate for such damages regardless of its common law property

rights.” The circuit court affirmed this ruling, concluding that

              23.	   WV CSR §§ 38-2-16.2.c.2 et seq. does not contain any
                     provisions that absolve the permittee from liability in
                     cases where the permittee holds common law deed
                     waivers.

              24.	   Thus, [Marshall Coal] is required to comply with the
                     provisions set forth in WV CSR §§ 38-2-16.2.c.2 by
                     correcting material damage resulting from subsidence as
                     directed by the applicable code provisions, even in
                     instances where [Marshall Coal] holds common law deed
                     waivers.

              Marshall Coal, the petitioner in Appeal Number 16-0877, argues that the circuit

court erred in ruling that W. Va. CSR § 38-2-16.2.c.2 required Marshall Coal to repair or

compensate for material damage to Texas Eastern’s pipelines resulting from subsidence,

regardless of Marshall Coal’s superior, contractual common law property rights. Marshall

Coal submits that it or its predecessors-in-interest bargained for and purchased the right to

recover coal and the express right to subside the surface without incurring liability in the

proposed permit revision area.

                                             26

              Texas Eastern responds that, under W. Va. CSR § 38-2-16.2.c.2, a mine

operator must repair or pay compensation for mine subsidence damage that it causes to

pipelines, regardless of common law rights. WVDEP and Highways,27 as amicus curiae,

support the circuit court’s conclusion that W. Va. CSR § 38-2-16.2.c.2 abrogates the

common law.

              W. Va. CSR § 38-2-16.2 is within a larger rule pertaining to Subsidence

Control and is titled “Surface Owner Protection.” W. Va. CSR § 38-2-16.2.c.2 states:

                      16.2.c. Material Damage. Material damage in the context
              of this section and 3.12 of this rule [W. Va. CSR § 38-2-3.12]
              means: any functional impairment of surface lands, features,
              structures or facilities; any physical change that has a significant
              adverse impact on the affected land’s capability to support
              current or reasonably foreseeable uses or causes significant loss
              in production or income; or any significant change in the
              condition, appearance or utility of any structure from its
              pre-subsidence condition. The operator shall:

              ....

                    16.2.c.2. Either correct material damage resulting from
              subsidence caused to any structures or facilities by repairing the
              damage or compensate the owner of such structures or facilities

              27
                Amicus curiae, Highways, in arguing that W. Va. CSR § 38-2-16.2.c.2
abrogates the common law, cites cases involving private property owners’ rights (as opposed
to those of corporations) where a deed shielded the coal operator from liability for
subsidence. The courts in those cases ruled in the property owners’ favor. See Rose v.
Oneida Coal Co., Inc., 180 W. Va. 182, 375 S.E.2d 814 (1988); Rose v. Oneida Coal Co.,
Inc., 195 W. Va. 726, 466 S.E.2d 794 (1995). Because the cases relied upon by Highways
involve private property owners, we find them unpersuasive.

                                              27

              in the full amount of the diminution in value resulting from the
              subsidence.      Repair of damage includes rehabilitation,
              restoration, or replacement of damaged structures or facilities.
              Compensation may be accomplished by the purchase prior to
              mining of a non-cancelable premium-prepaid insurance policy.
              The requirements of this paragraph only apply to subsidence
              related damage caused by underground mining activities
              conducted after October 24, 1992 . . .

              Noticeably absent from the foregoing language is any indication of the impact

a coal operator’s superior property rights has on its obligation to repair or compensate for

subsidence damage where the coal operator has bargained for and obtained an express right

to subside the surface without incurring liability. Due to this absence, we must look

elsewhere for guidance.

              This Court has

              in the past found existing waivers of the right of subjacent or
              lateral support to be valid, provided that the language of the
              deed and the circumstances surrounding the conveyance show
              a clear intention by the surface owner to waive such support:

                             Under the West Virginia common law of
                     property, the well recognized and firmly
                     established rule is that when a landowner has
                     conveyed the minerals underlying the surface of
                     his land, he retains the right to the support of the
                     surface in its natural state, but the owner of land
                     may release or waive his property right of
                     subjacent support by the use of language that
                     clearly shows that he intends to do so; however,
                     this law has been modified to some extent by the

                                             28

                      enactment of the West Virginia Surface Coal
                      Mining and Reclamation Act, W. Va. Code,
                      [22-3-1], et seq. and the extent of such
                      modification will be ruled upon when properly
                      presented.

              Syllabus, Rose v. Oneida Coal, Co. Inc., 180 W. Va. 182, 375
S.E.2d 814 (1988)[.]

Antco, Inc. v. Dodge Fuel Corp., 209 W. Va. 644, 651-52, 550 S.E.2d 622, 629-30 (2001).

See also Schultz v. Consolidation Coal Co., 197 W. Va. 375, 384, 475 S.E.2d 467, 476

(1996) (observing that “[i]t is undisputed that West Virginia common law permits surface

owners to waive the right to subjacent support,” and “[c]ourts in this jurisdiction that have

examined the validity of subjacent support waivers within severance deeds have consistently

upheld the validity of these waivers under this state’s common law”). The parties to this

appeal do not dispute that Marshall Coal possesses the right to subside the surface and that

its right is superior to Texas Eastern’s right-of-way.

              It is well established that “[t]he common law is not to be construed as altered

or changed by statute, unless legislative intent to do so be plainly manifested.” State v. Louk,

237 W. Va. 200, 217, 786 S.E.2d 219, 236 (2016) (quotations and citations omitted). Accord

Syl. pt. 4, State ex rel. Van Nguyen v. Berger, 199 W. Va. 71, 483 S.E.2d 71 (1996); Syl. pt.

4, Seagraves v. Legg, 147 W. Va. 331, 127 S.E.2d 605 (1962); Shifflette v. Lilly, 130 W. Va.
297, 43 S.E.2d 289 (1947). See also Fruehauf Corp. v. Huntington Moving & Storage Co.,

159 W. Va. 14, 20, 217 S.E.2d 907, 911 (1975) (observing “[t]he common law is not to be

                                              29

deemed altered or abrogated by statute unless the Legislature’s intent to do so be plainly

manifested” (citations omitted)). Because W. Va. CSR § 38-2-16.2.c.2 is silent on this issue,

it simply cannot be interpreted to abrogate our common law as to subjacent support waivers.

              We also recognize that the WVSCMRR may not be interpreted to be less

stringent that than its federal counterpart:

                      In 1977, Congress enacted the Surface Mining Control
              and Reclamation Act to “establish a nationwide program to
              protect society and the environment from the adverse effects of
              surface coal mining operations[.]” 30 U.S.C. § 1202(a) [1977].
              The federal Act encourages “cooperative federalism” by
              allowing a State to adopt its own comparable program for the
              regulation of mining. See 30 U.S.C. § 1253 [1977]. The State’s
              “program need not be identical to the federal program, as long
              as its provisions are at least as stringent as those provided for
              in the federal act.” Canestraro v. Faerber, 179 W. Va. 793,
              794, 374 S.E.2d 319, 320 (1988). West Virginia adopted a
              comparable mining regulation program, the West Virginia
              Surface Coal Mining and Reclamation Act, which took effect in
              1981. See 1980 Acts of the Legislature, ch. 87.

Huffman v. Goals Coal Co., 223 W. Va. 724, 726, 679 S.E.2d 323, 325 (2009) (emphasis

added). Notably, however, the relevant federal regulations have deferred to state law with

regard to the protection of certain structures that are not expressly protected. See National

Wildlife Fed’n v. Lujan, 928 F.2d 453, 459 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (upholding subsidence control

regulations promulgated by Secretary of the Interior under federal Surface Mining Control

and Reclamation Act of 1977 and recognizing approvingly that “the Surface Mining Act does

not require operators to repair subsidence-caused material damage to structures irrespective

                                               30

of state law” (quotations and citations omitted) (second emphasis added)). See also 30

C.F.R. § 817.121(e) (“To the extent required under applicable provisions of state law, you

must correct material damage resulting from subsidence caused to any structures or facilities

not protected by paragraph (d) of this section . . . .” (emphasis added)). The structures or

facilities specifically protected by federal law are “non-commercial buildings, occupied

residential dwellings and related structures.” 30 C.F.R. § 817.121(d). Texas Eastern’s

pipelines do not fall within this classification of structures. Therefore, the federal Surface

Mining Control and Reclamation Act (“SMCRA”) is no impediment to the application of our

common law on the issue of subjacent support waivers as to structures or facilities not

expressly protected thereby. Indeed, the United States District Court for the Northern

District of West Virginia has expressly concluded that the “SMCRA and WVSCMRA have

not rendered invalid the common law of West Virginia on waivers of the right to subjacent

support.” Smerdell v. Consolidation Coal Co., 806 F. Supp. 1278, 1284 (N.D. W. Va.

1992).28

              28
                   This Court previously has held that

                    [a] waiver of damages provision contained in a broad
              form coal severance deed is not the type of explicit waiver
              contemplated by and required by [W. Va. Code
              § 22-3-22(d)(4)], before mining operations can be lawfully
              conducted within three hundred feet of an occupied dwelling.

Syl. pt. 4, Cogar v. Sommerville, 180 W. Va. 714, 379 S.E.2d 764 (1989). However, because

Cogar pertained only to occupied dwellings, the case is not applicable to the instant matter.

                                               31

              We further acknowledge, however, that a subjacent support waiver does not

mean that a coal operator has no obligation whatsoever with respect the gas pipelines

crossing the surface above a mining area. For example, the Utility Protection Standard

discussed supra in Section III of this opinion expressly requires that

              [a]ll surface mining operations shall be conducted in a manner
              which minimizes damage, destruction, or disruption of services
              provided by oil, gas, and water wells; oil, gas, and coal-slurry
              pipelines; railroads; electric and telephone lines; and water and
              sewage lines which pass over, under, or through the permit area,
              unless otherwise approved by the owner of those facilities and
              the Secretary.

W. Va. CSR § 38-2-14.17.

              Accordingly, based upon the forgoing analysis, we now expressly hold that

W. Va. CSR § 38-2-16.2.c.2 does not abrogate West Virginia common law with respect to

subjacent support waivers contained within coal severance deeds.

              Because the circuit court’s ruling is contrary to this holding, we find the court

erred, and we reverse that portion of the circuit court’s ruling.

                                              32

                                            V.

                                     CONCLUSION

              Based upon the foregoing analysis, the August 5, 2016, order of the Circuit

Court of Marshall County is affirmed, in part, and reversed, in part.

                                                   Affirmed, in part, and Reversed, in part.

                                             33