Court Opinion

ID: 2655008
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-02-27 17:42:35.537168+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:59:02.382336
License: Public Domain

Cite as 2014 Ark. 89

                SUPREME COURT OF ARKANSAS
                                       No.   CV-12-75

MATTHEW L. EDMISTEN                              Opinion Delivered February   27, 2014
                                 APPELLEE
                                                 APPEAL FROM THE ARKANSAS
V.                                               WORKERS’ COMPENSATION
                                                 COMMISSION [NO. 711606]

BULL SHOALS LANDING AND AIG
DOMESTIC CLAIMS, INC.                            REVERSED AND REMANDED;
                      APPELLEES                  COURT OF APPEALS’ OPINION
                                                 VACATED.

                                JIM HANNAH, Chief Justice

       Appellant Matthew Edmisten appeals from an order of the Arkansas Workers’

Compensation Commission affirming and adopting the opinion of the administrative law

judge (ALJ) and denying his claim for benefits associated with an injury he received during

his employment with appellee Bull Shoals Landing.1 On November 1, 2007, Edmisten and

Greg Prock were injured at work while Edmisten was holding the lid of a fifty-five-gallon

drum as Prock opened the drum with an acetylene torch; the drum exploded, severely

burning both Edmisten and Prock. Edmisten and Prock were taken to the hospital, where

they both tested positive for marijuana. The Commission denied Edmisten’s claim for

benefits based on a finding that Edmisten tested positive for illegal drugs after the accident

and that he failed to rebut the statutory presumption that the accident was substantially

       1
       This appeal is a companion case to Prock v. Bull Shoals Boat Landing, 2014 Ark. 93,
___ S.W.3d ___, decided this same date.
                                     Cite as 2014 Ark. 89

occasioned by his drug use. Edmisten originally appealed the Commission’s decision to the

court of appeals, which affirmed. See Edmisten v. Bull Shoals Landing, 2012 Ark. App. 44, 388
S.W.3d 416. Edmisten then petitioned this court for review, which we granted. Upon

granting a petition for review, this court considers the appeal as though it had been originally

filed in this court. See, e.g., Pack v. Little Rock Convention Ctr. & Visitors Bureau, 2013 Ark.
186, at 2, ___ S.W.3d ___, ___. On appeal, Edmisten contends that the Commission’s

decision is not supported by substantial evidence. He also contends that the structure of the

Commission is unconstitutional because the “decisional independence” of the administrative

law judges and the Commission has been infringed upon by both the executive branch of

the State of Arkansas and private interests to the point of actual bias, as well as the appearance

of bias, thus violating the separation-of-powers doctrine and his procedural and substantive

due-process rights. We reverse and remand the Commission’s decision and vacate the court

of appeals’ opinion.

       On September 2, 2009, a hearing was held before the ALJ on Edmisten’s claim for

benefits. The parties stipulated that the testimony given by Edmisten, Prock, Roger Williams,

Mike Didway, Steve Eastwold, and Greg Aaron in Prock’s hearing should be admitted at

Edmisten’s hearing and accorded due weight. This testimony is set forth in Prock v. Bull

Shoals Boat Landing, 2014 Ark. 93, ___ S.W.3d ___. These witnesses offered additional

testimony at Edmisten’s hearing.

       Greg Prock, who worked as a welder at Bull Shoals, testified that on the morning of

November 1, 2007, he had coffee with Edmisten and Mike Didway at around 8:00 a.m. in

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an office by the main dock. Prock stated that, when he left the dock area, he encountered

his boss, Steve Eastwold, who asked him and Edmisten to get a couple of barrels and cut the

tops off them. Prock testified that he selected two barrels after tilting them to determine that

nothing was inside them and then threw the barrels to Edmisten. Prock used an acetylene

torch to cut the tops off the barrels, and Edmisten assisted him by holding the tops of the

barrels with channel locks. Prock testified that he cut the top off the first barrel without

incident, but when he began cutting the second barrel, it exploded and he and Edmisten

were engulfed in flames. Prock testified that he had used acetylene torches to open the barrels

at least fifteen to twenty times before the explosion and that neither Eastwold nor anyone

else had ever objected to his opening the barrels that way.

       Prock stated that he had never seen Edmisten come to work intoxicated and that

Edmisten did not appear intoxicated on the morning of the accident. Prock admitted that he

smoked pot three or four times per week after work, but he denied ever smoking it with

Edmisten. Prock also denied that he and Edmisten had left the dock that day before the

accident to smoke marijuana. Prock testified that Eastwold had never given him instructions

about how to remove the tops of the barrels and that he did not learn that Eastwold objected

to his using a torch until he was deposed for his case. He also testified that he was not aware

that an air chisel was available at Bull Shoals to use for cutting barrels until Eastwold brought

an air chisel to a hearing in his case. Prock admitted that he did not take the caps off the

barrels prior to cutting them because he did not hear any “sloshing” when he picked them

up and thought they were empty. He testified that he did not read the warning labels on the

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barrels before cutting them with the torch and that neither he nor Edmisten wore any safety

equipment while cutting the barrels. Prock testified that, in his current job at Guy King, he

had been asked to cut the tops off barrels with a cutting torch. Prock stated:

       And I told them what happened with me before, and that’s when I said, I ain’t doing
       that. And I talked to my father-in-law over the phone, and he said, if you’ll fill that
       thing full of water, all the way full of water—he’s been a boilermaker for 30 some
       years—if you’ll fill that barrel all the way up, he says, there ain’t no way that any
       fumes could ever be in there by the water pushing the fumes out of the barrel. And
       that’s how I ended up cutting them for, with a torch for Guy King.

       Mike Didway, a coworker of Edmisten’s and Prock’s, testified that, when he saw both

men on the morning of the accident, neither of them appeared to be intoxicated. On cross-

examination, Didway stated that, although he had seen the two around 7:00 a.m. that

morning, he did not see Edmisten again that day until after the explosion, and he had no idea

what Edmisten had done in the time before the explosion occurred around 9:30 a.m.

Didway stated that he and another employee were out on the water when the accident

occurred, and he saw that the explosion engulfed a houseboat nearby. Didway testified that

he had seen Prock open barrels with a cutting torch on two or three occasions. He also

testified that he had never heard Eastwold tell Prock or Edmisten how to open the barrels.

       Roger Williams, a mechanic at Bull Shoals, testified that he was on the lake with

Didway at the time of the explosion. Williams stated that he had not seen Edmisten or Prock

prior to the explosion and that he had no idea what Edmisten was doing between the time

he arrived at work and the time the explosion occurred. Williams testified that he did not

recall Edmisten ever coming to work intoxicated, and he testified that he had never seen

Prock open a barrel with a cutting torch. He also testified that he could not recall whether

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he had ever heard anyone tell Prock how to open barrels.

       Gail Hostad testified that she lived by Edmisten’s girlfriend and that Edmisten had not

appeared intoxicated during the evenings that he came to his girlfriend’s house. She also

testified that she had no idea what Edmisten did on the morning of the explosion.

       Edmisten testified that he was not intoxicated on the morning of the accident and that

he had not ingested any illegal drug that day. Edmisten testified that he had helped Prock cut

the tops out of barrels maybe ten or fifteen times before that day. Edmisten said that on the

morning of the accident, as he and Prock were leaving the dock office, they saw Eastwold,

who told them to cut some tops. Edmisten stated that when he loaded the barrels into the

truck, he did not feel or hear any sloshing. He said that they cut the top off the first barrel

without any problem and that they were seven to ten inches into the second barrel when it

exploded. Edmisten testified that Eastwold never told them how to cut open a barrel, that

he had never seen or heard anyone get reprimanded for cutting the top off a barrel, and that

he did not learn until his deposition that Eastwold disapproved of using a cutting torch on

a barrel.

       Edmisten testified that he was released to return to work on December 11, 2007, and

about a month later, he asked Eastwold if he could return to work. After passing a drug test,

Edmisten returned to work for Eastwold and worked for him about a month before leaving

to take another job setting up a hardware store. Edmisten testified that he worked at the

hardware store until the owner, Jeff Schlote, told him that he needed to take a drug test from

Walmart. Edmisten stated that he told Schlote he wanted to take a drug test at a doctor’s

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office, and when Schlote refused his request, he quit.

        Edmisten denied that Eastwold specifically told him and Prock to uncap the barrels

and check them before cutting them, and he denied that Eastwold told them that the proper

way to take a top out of a barrel is to use a pneumatic air chisel. When shown an air chisel

at the hearing, Edmisten testified that he had never seen that tool before. Edmisten denied

that he was in Prock’s vehicle on the morning of the accident. He testified that he might

have smoked marijuana “once or twice” around the time of the accident. Edmisten did not

recall stating in his deposition that he had smoked pot in high school about once a year, and

he admitted that it was not true that he smoked pot only once in his entire life. Edmisten

testified that he and Prock were friends, but he denied knowing that Prock smoked

marijuana. He also denied telling both Eastwold and Schlote that he could not pass a drug

test.

        Greg Aaron, another coworker at Bull Shoals, testified that he was present when

Eastwold showed Prock and Edmisten how to remove a barrel top with an air chisel. Aaron

stated that on a couple of occasions when Eastwold was not present, he had observed people

using a cutting torch to open barrels. He also stated that he had never heard Eastwold tell

Prock and Edmisten that it was acceptable for them to use an acetylene torch to cut a barrel.

        Jeff Schlote testified that Edmisten’s employment with him ended when Edmisten

refused to take a drug test. According to Schlote, when he asked Edmisten why he would

not take the test, Edmisten told him that he was “dirty.”

        Steve Eastwold testified that on November 1, 2007, Edmisten clocked in at

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approximately 6:30 a.m., Prock arrived at approximately 7:30 a.m., and the accident occurred

some time after 9:30 a.m. Eastwold said that when he first saw Edmisten and Prock that day,

they were coming down the hill in Prock’s vehicle, with Prock driving and Edmisten in the

passenger seat. Eastwold said that he asked “if they would go to the top of the hill, get a

couple of those barrels up there, bring them back down to the shop, take the bung holes out

of them, make sure they’re clean, and take the tops off.” Eastwold testified that, in the past,

he had specifically told Edmisten and Prock to use an air chisel to cut the tops. He also

testified that Prock had an air chisel in his toolbox. Eastwold denied that he had ever told

Edmisten and Prock to use an acetylene torch to cut the tops, and he stated that he had no

knowledge before the explosion that they had been using a torch for that purpose.

       Eastwold testified that when he stopped Prock’s vehicle that morning, Edmisten and

Prock would not look at him. He related that he did not get close enough to see the whites

of their eyes or to smell the inside of the vehicle. When asked if he thought Edmisten and

Prock were intoxicated on the day of the accident, Eastwold said that he did not know

because he “did not pay any attention to them.” Eastwold testified that if the two had

appeared intoxicated that day, he would not have allowed them to work.

       Eastwold said that when he visited Edmisten at the hospital following the accident,

Edmisten told him that he did not know how he was going to pay for his medical bills, that

he was not going to be able to pass the drug test, and that workers’ compensation probably

would not cover his bills. According to Eastwold, approximately thirty days after he had been

released from the hospital, Edmisten called him to ask about returning to work. Eastwold said

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that he told Edmisten he would have to pass a drug test before coming back to work and that

Edmisten told him he could not pass a drug test that day and would rather take it after the

first of the year when he was sure he could pass it.

       The ALJ concluded that Edmisten had failed to rebut the presumption by a

preponderance of the evidence that his accident was substantially occasioned by the use of

marijuana. The ALJ credited the testimony of Eastwold and Aaron that Edmisten and Prock

had been instructed to use an air chisel to cut the tops from the barrels. With respect to

Prock’s testimony that it was his habit to use cutting torches on barrels, the ALJ cited the

decision in Prock’s workers-compensation case, where the Commission stated:

       We are not persuaded by [Prock’s] testimony that he always used a torch to remove
       the tops off the barrels as evidence that his marijuana use did not contribute to his
       injury. On the contrary, this evidence supports the fact of [Prock’s] admitted long-
       term marijuana use and his lack of personal safety.

The ALJ stated:

       Similarly, as the majority of the Full Commission found [in Prock’s case], his
       testimony that they had used a torch for this purpose numerous times before, a clearly
       dangerous method, actually lends support to the position that they were operating
       under impaired judgment.

       The ALJ considered Didway’s testimony, finding that his

       testimony corroborates that of Prock and Edmisten to the extent that he confirmed
       that the three drank coffee together at the start of the work day on November 1,
       2007. . . I find that even if Edmisten did not appear to be impaired at that point in the
       day, it is irrelevant. Prock and Edmisten admitted that they did no work prior to
       going to retrieve the barrels. According to Eastwold and Didway, the explosion
       occurred at around 9:30 a.m. What accounts for the gap in time from when the
       coffee-drinking ended and the explosion occurred? Certainly the entire barrel-
       retrieving and cutting process, per the evidence before me, did not take 90 minutes.
       The answer is found in the credited testimony of Eastwold that he encountered Prock
       and Edmisten in Prock’s vehicle, coming from the main road off the premises, at

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       which point he asked them to cut the barrels. His testimony was that neither
       Edmisten or Prock would look him in the eye. He was not close enough to assess
       whether they appeared to be under the influence of marijuana. Didway confirmed
       that Prock had cut barrels open with a cutting torch previously. However, he stated
       that he would not have used this method. He did not see Eastwold on the dock at the
       point in time in which, according to Prock and Edmisten, he was supposed to be
       asking them to cut barrels. This further undercuts the testimony of Edmisten and
       Prock.

       Finally, the ALJ found that Eastwold was more credible than Edmisten and Prock

concerning what had transpired the morning of the explosion, that there was a direct causal

link between Edmisten’s marijuana use and the explosion, and that Edmisten had failed to

rebut the presumption that the accident was not substantially occasioned by his use of

marijuana. The Commission approved and adopted the findings of the ALJ in a 2-1 opinion.

The dissenting Commissioner would have found that Edmisten’s injury was compensable,

stating:

       The only evidence of intoxication in this claim is the positive drug test. Prock testified
       that Edmisten was not intoxicated. Edmisten testified that Prock was not intoxicated.
       But as they are the two people being accused of being high, their denials really carry
       very little weight. . . . However, Didway testified that he saw Edmisten and Prock
       that morning and they did not appear intoxicated. Their boss, Eastwold, also an
       interested party, while insinuating that Edmisten had been off smoking pot in Prock’s
       Cherokee, admitted that if he had thought they were intoxicated when he instructed
       them to cut the barrels he would not have let them work. Therefore, the evidence
       of record preponderates in favor of a finding that Edmisten was not intoxicated.

       The evidence of record shows that Prock cut open oil barrels with an acetylene torch
       all the time. Prock testified that is how he always did it. Didway testified that he had
       seen Prock do it that way before. Aaron testified that he had seen Prock cut open oil
       barrels with an acetylene torch before. So even if Edmisten and Prock were
       intoxicated, a finding I specifically do not make, it cannot be said that the incident
       was substantially occasioned by the use of marijuana. The accident was substantially
       caused by Prock’s habit of cutting open oil barrels with an acetylene torch. . . .
       Although the testimony of Didway and Eastwold establishes that Edmisten and Prock
       were not intoxicated at the time of the incident, this is really beside the point, as the

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       incident was not substantially occasioned by the use of marijuana. It was substantially
       occasioned by Prock’s stupid habit of cutting open oil barrels with an acetylene torch.
       As such, the bar presented by Ark. Code Ann. § 11-9-102(B)(iv) does not apply to
       this claim.

(Emphasis in original.)

       Edmisten contends on appeal that the Commission’s decision is not supported by

substantial evidence. He states that the Commission erroneously rested its decision on

“complete speculation” that the accident was substantially occasioned by his use of marijuana

because there was no testimony from any witness that he was intoxicated or impaired before

the explosion.

       An injury is not compensable if the injury or accident was substantially occasioned by

the use of illegal drugs. See Ark. Code Ann. § 11-9-102(4)(B)(iv)(a) (Repl. 2012); see also

ERC Contractor Yard & Sales v. Robertson, 335 Ark. 63, 71, 977 S.W.2d 212, 216 (1998)

(explaining that “substantially occasioned” means that there must be a direct causal link

between the use of alcohol [or illegal drugs] and the injury or accident). The presence of

illegal drugs shall create a rebuttable presumption that the injury or accident was substantially

occasioned by the use of illegal drugs. See id. § 11-9-102(4)(B)(iv)(b). An employee shall not

be entitled to compensation unless it is proved by a preponderance of the evidence that the

illegal drugs did not substantially occasion the injury or accident. See id. § 11-9-

102(4)(B)(iv)(d). The question of whether an employee has overcome the presumption is a

question of fact for the Commission. E.g., Ester v. Nat’l Home Ctrs., Inc., 335 Ark. 356, 364,

981 S.W.2d 91, 95 (1998). When the Commission denies coverage because the claimant

failed to meet his burden of proof, the substantial-evidence standard of review requires that

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we affirm the Commission’s decision if its opinion displays a substantial basis for denial of

relief. E.g., Hickman v. Kellogg, Brown & Root, 372 Ark. 501, 506, 277 S.W.3d 591, 596

(2008). Substantial evidence exists only if reasonable minds could have reached the same

conclusion without resort to speculation or conjecture. See, e.g., Pickens-Bond Constr. Co. v.

Case, 266 Ark. 323, 330, 584 S.W.2d 21, 25 (1979). This court will not reverse the

Commission’s decision unless we are convinced that fair-minded persons with the same facts

before them could not have reached the conclusions arrived at by the Commission. E.g.,

Hudak-Lee v. Baxter Cnty. Reg’l Hosp., 2011 Ark. 31, at 5, 378 S.W.3d 77, 80. Generally, the

appellate court reviews only the decision of the Commission; however, when the

Commission affirms and adopts the ALJ’s findings, as it did in this case, we considers both

the ALJ’s decision and the Commission’s decision. E.g., Ozark Natural Food v. Pierson, 2012
Ark. App. 133, at 9, 389 S.W.3d 105, 110.

       In this case, medical testing established the presence of marijuana metabolites, which

triggered the statutory presumption that the injury or accident was substantially occasioned

by the use of illegal drugs. See Ark. Code Ann. § 11-9-102(4)(B)(iv)(b).2 This shifted the

burden of proof to Edmisten to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the injury or

accident was not substantially occasioned by his use of illegal drugs. Ark. Code Ann. § 11-9-

102(4)(B)(iv)(d).

       2
        Edmisten also tested positive for morphine, but the ALJ found that no presumption
applied to that drug because medical records showed that Edmisten was given morphine for
his pain upon admission to Baxter Regional Hospital after the explosion but prior to the
administration of the drug test.

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       In finding that Edmisten failed to rebut the presumption that the explosion and

resulting injury were substantially occasioned by his use of marijuana, the ALJ focused on the

credibility of Edmisten’s and Prock’s testimony that they did not use marijuana that day and

their inconsistent testimony regarding the frequency of their marijuana use. The ALJ

specifically stated that it found Eastwold to be more credible than Edmisten and Prock

concerning what had transpired the morning of the explosion. But Eastwold testified that he

did not know whether Edmisten and Prock were intoxicated that morning because he “did

not pay any attention to them” when he told them to cut the barrels. Moreover, Didway

testified that he had never seen Edmisten intoxicated at work. That Edmisten might have

been dishonest about his drug use does not answer the question of causation. Even assuming

that Edmisten used marijuana on the morning of the accident, it does not automatically follow

that, but for his drug use, the accident would not have occurred. Indeed, Bull Shoals is

entitled to the presumption that the accident was caused by drug use, but that presumption is

rebuttable. In this case, the question before the Commission was whether Edmisten proved,

by a preponderance of the evidence, that there was not a direct causal link between his

marijuana use and the accident or injury.

       Preponderance of the evidence means evidence of greater convincing force and

implies an overbalancing in weight. Titan Oil & Gas, Inc. v. Shipley, 257 Ark. 278, 298, 517
S.W.2d 210, 222–23 (1974)(citing Smith v. Magnet Cove Barium Corp., 212 Ark. 491, 206
S.W.2d 442 (1947)). A preponderance of the evidence is “not necessarily established by the

greater number of witnesses testifying to a fact but by evidence that has the most convincing

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force; superior evidentiary weight that, though not sufficient to free the mind wholly from

all reasonable doubt, is still sufficient to incline a fair and impartial mind to one side of the

issue rather than the other.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1301 (9th ed. 2009).

       The evidence presented by Edmisten to rebut the presumption of a direct causal link

between his drug use and the accident is as follows. Edmisten testified that he was not

intoxicated on the day of the accident and that he had helped Prock cut the tops out of

barrels maybe ten or fifteen times before the accident. He also testified that he had never

been told how to cut open a barrel. Prock testified that he had never seen Edmisten come

to work intoxicated and that Edmisten did not appear intoxicated on the morning of the

accident. He also testified that Eastwold had never given him instructions about how to

remove the barrel tops and that he had used acetylene torches to open the barrels at least

fifteen to twenty times before the explosion, without incident. Prock also testified that, after

the accident, he learned from his father-in-law, a boilermaker, to fill barrels with water

before cutting them. Didway testified that he saw Edmisten and Prock on the morning of

the accident and that neither man appeared to be intoxicated. He also testified that he had

seen Prock open barrels with a cutting torch on two or three occasions and that he had never

heard Eastwold tell Prock or Edmisten how to open barrels. Williams testified that he did not

recall ever seeing Edmisten intoxicated at work, and Aaron testified that, when Eastwold was

not present, he had observed workers using cutting torches to open barrels. In sum, Edmisten

presented evidence that no one saw him impaired as a result of drug intoxication on the day

of the accident and that it was Prock’s habit, as a welder for Bull Shoals, to open barrels with

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a cutting torch. Aside from the positive drug test—from which Bull Shoals had already

received the benefit of the presumption—the only other “evidence” of impairment that day

was Eastwold’s testimony that Edmisten and Prock were in Prock’s vehicle when he told

them to cut the barrels and that the two would not look at him.

       It is true that appellate courts defer to the Commission on issues involving the weight

of evidence and the credibility of witnesses. E.g., Freeman v. Con-Agra Frozen Foods, 344 Ark.
296, 305, 40 S.W.3d 760, 767 (2001). However, while the Commission may be insulated to

a certain degree, it is not so insulated as to render appellate review meaningless. Id., 40

S.W.3d at 767. The Commission may not arbitrarily disregard the testimony of any witness

and, likewise, the Commission may not arbitrarily disregard other evidence submitted in

support of a claim. Id., 40 S.W.3d at 767.

       In this case, the Commission arbitrarily disregarded testimony submitted in support

of Edmisten’s claim. The Commission apparently found credible Prock’s testimony that on

numerous occasions prior to the accident, he had used a cutting torch to open a barrel. But

the Commission rejected this “habit” testimony as evidence that the accident was not

substantially occasioned by drug use, essentially concluding that Prock’s testimony instead

supported the proposition that Prock has a longtime history of “operating under impaired

judgment.” The Commission made this finding despite the fact that no witness testified that

Edmisten or Prock had ever been intoxicated at work.

       In addition, we are troubled by the ALJ’s mischaracterization of Didway’s testimony.

The ALJ found that

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       Didway confirmed that Prock had cut barrels open with a cutting torch previously.
       However, he stated that he would not have used that method. He did not see
       Eastwold on the dock at the point in time which, according to Prock and Edmisten,
       he was supposed to be asking them to cut barrels. This further undercuts the
       testimony of Edmisten and Prock.

       These findings are disingenuous. Didway stated that he would not have used a torch,

and the implication is that he would have refrained from doing so for safety reasons. But

Didway testified that he would not use an acetylene torch to open a barrel because he did not

know how to operate one. As for Didway’s testimony regarding whether he saw Eastwold

speaking to Edmisten and Prock on the dock, Didway could not recall whether he saw

Eastwold, stating, “I do not remember if I saw him.” In no way did Didway’s actual

testimony undercut the testimony of Edmisten and Prock.

       We conclude that the Commission’s decision that Edmisten failed to rebut the

presumption that his accident was not substantially occasioned by the use of illegal drugs is

not supported by substantial evidence. We are convinced that fair-minded persons with the

same facts before them could not have reached the conclusions arrived at by the

Commission. Accordingly, we reverse the decision of the Commission and remand for a

determination of benefits.

       Edmisten raises an additional point on appeal in which he alleges that the structure of

the Commission is unconstitutional because the “decisional independence” of the ALJs and

the Commission has been infringed upon by both the executive branch of the State of

Arkansas and private interests to the point of actual bias, as well as the appearance of bias,

thus violating the separation-of-powers doctrine and his procedural and substantive due-

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process rights. Because we reverse and remand on Edmisten’s first point on appeal, we do not

reach the second point. This court has made clear that it will not address a constitutional

question if it can resolve the case without doing so. E.g., Dotson v. City of Lowell, 375 Ark.
89, 95, 289 S.W.3d 55, 60 (2008).

       Reversed and remanded; court of appeals’ opinion vacated.

       Special Justices JUDSON KIDD and TJUANA BYRD join in this opinion.

       BAKER and GOODSON, JJ., dissent.

       HART and HOOFMAN, JJ., not participating.

       KAREN R. BAKER, Justice, dissenting. I dissent from the majority opinion for the

same reasons stated in my dissent in Prock v. Bull Shoals Boat Landing, 2014 Ark. 89, ___

S.W.3d ___ (Baker, J., dissenting).

       GOODSON, J., joins.

       COURTNEY HUDSON GOODSON, Justice, dissenting. I dissent in this case for

much the same reasons that I dissent in the companion case of Prock v. Bull Shoals Landing,

2014 Ark. 89, ___ S.W.3d ___ (Goodson, J., dissenting). As in Prock, the majority disregards

the standard of review and, specifically in this case, misconstrues the statutory presumption.

       By statute, it is presumed that the accident was substantially occasioned by the use of

marijuana, given Edmisten’s positive test for that substance. Ark. Code Ann. § 11-9-

102(4)(B)(iv)(b) (Repl. 2012). Therefore, it was not necessary for there to be proof that

anyone saw Edmisten in an intoxicated state on the day of the accident. Instead, the burden

was squarely on Edmisten to rebut the presumption by proving by a preponderance of the

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evidence that the accident was not substantially occasioned by the use of marijuana. Ark.

Code Ann. 11-9-102(4)(B)(iv)(d).        On appeal, this court is not concerned with the

preponderance-of-the-evidence standard of proof that Edmisten shouldered below. Whether

the rebuttable presumption is overcome by the evidence is a question of fact for the

Commission to determine. ERC Contractor Yard & Sales v. Robertson, 335 Ark. 63, 977
S.W.2d 212 (1998). Therefore, the only question on appeal is whether there is substantial

evidence to support the Commission’s decision that Edmisten failed in his burden of rebutting

the presumption. See Ester v. Nat’l Home Ctrs., Inc., 335 Ark. 356, 981 S.W.2d 91 (1998).

       The testimony in this case was conflicting at every turn, and the Commission resolved

those conflicts against Edmisten, finding in particular that his testimony denying marijuana use

on the day of the accident was not worthy of belief. It is most certainly not an arbitrary

disregard of testimony for the Commission to discount the testimony of co-workers that

Edmisten was not known to be under the influence of marijuana at work. The critical issue

was whether Edmisten was so affected on the date and at the time of the accident. No co-

worker observed Edmisten just before the accident occurred, other than Prock, who also

tested positive for marijuana and whose testimony the Commission refused to believe. As

such, the Commission was not required to give weight to the co-workers’ testimony.

       The Commission in this case weighed the testimony offered by Edmisten to establish

that he was not under the influence of marijuana and the testimony that Prock routinely used

an acetylene torch to open barrels against the test result showing the presence of marijuana

in Edmisten’s body. The Commission also gave credence to Steve Eastwold’s testimony that

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Edmisten and Prock were riding in Prock’s personal vehicle and coming from an area where

no work activities took place approximately one hour before the explosion. Based on the

evidence, the Commission could find that using an acetylene torch to open a barrel, without

sufficiently checking its contents and without venting the barrel, was evidence of carelessness

and thus impairment. Consequently, the Commission’s finding that Edmisten failed to rebut

the statutory presumption is supported by substantial evidence. Under the law, this court

should affirm the Commission’s decision.

       BAKER, J., joins.

       Spencer Law Firm, by: Frederick S. “Rick” Spencer, for appellant.

       Worley, Wood & Parrish, P.A., by: Jarrod S. Parrish, for appellees.

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