Court Opinion

ID: 9572540
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-21 20:42:41.772991+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:33:26.961561
License: Public Domain

GARTZKE, P.J.
Michael Schauf is a teacher employed by the school district of Wisconsin Dells. He appeals from an order denying his petition to intervene in an action brought by Armada Broadcasting for a writ of mandamus directed to the district and Robert Stirn, the district administrator, under Wisconsin's Open Records Law, secs. 19.31-19.39, Stats. The issues are whether the appeal is moot and Schauf has a legally protected interest in the mandamus action. We conclude that the issues are not moot but Schauf lacks that interest. We therefore affirm.
Armada sought mandamus to compel the district and Stirn to permit Armada to inspect and copy a report to the district and Schaufs grievance against the district'. Armada alleged that the district hired attorney Ann Weiland to investigate complaints of sexual harassment at the Wisconsin Dells Senior High School. In July or August 1992, at a closed meeting of the school board, Weiland presented a final report of her investigation. In late September 1992, Armada made a request under sec. 19.35, Stats., to inspect and copy Weiland's report.1 Stirn, the custodian of the dis*275trict's records, denied access to the report. In October 1992, Armada requested that the district provide copies of the grievances Schauf and another employee had filed in connection with the investigation. Stirn denied that request. Armada asserts that because the district and Stirn have violated sec. 19.35 in various respects, Armada is entitled to mandamus of the records it seeks.2
Schauf moved to intervene as a defendant in Armada's mandamus action on grounds that he is a proper party and will be prejudiced if the matter proceeds to judgment without his participation. He claims an interest in the action and its outcome because disclosure of the Weiland report and his grievance violate his right to privacy in his personnel files and will prejudice his rights in his pending grievance against the district. He asserts that he has standing to intervene as a matter of right and no party before the court can fairly represent his interest. He also asserts that he is a member of the Wisconsin Education Association Council (WEAC) and relies on WEAC's reasons in its separate motion to intervene. WEAC claimed an interest because it represents an association of teachers employed by the district and the teachers have an interest in protecting disclosure of their personnel files. The trial court denied Schauf s motion, and by separate order, the court denied WEAC's motion. Schauf has appealed from the order denying his petition. WEAC has not appealed.
After Schauf appealed, the trial court ordered release of parts of the Weiland report. We stayed further proceedings in the trial court, pending disposition *276of Schauf s appeal. Our stay saves Schauf s appeal from mootness. If he prevails on appeal, he must be given an opportunity to be heard before the court may release the records to Armada. We therefore review the merits of his appeal from the order denying his motion to intervene.
Section 803.09(1), Stats., provides that
anyone shall be permitted to intervene in an action when the movant claims an interest relating to the property or transaction which is the subject of the action and the movant is so situated that the disposition of the action may as a practical matter impair or impede the movant's ability to protect that interest, unless the movant's interest is adequately represented by existing parties.
If the elements of sec. 803.09, Stats., are satisfied, and intervention will not unduly prejudice the adjudication of the original parties' rights, intervention must be permitted as of right. C.L. v. Edson, 140 Wis. 2d 168, 175, 409 N.W.2d 417, 419 (Ct. App. 1987). The person seeking to intervene must have a legally protected interest sufficiently related to the subject of the action to justify intervention as a matter of right. State ex rel. Bilder v. Township of Delavan, 112 Wis. 2d 539, 547, 334 N.W.2d 252, 257 (1983). Whether intervention must be permitted and the sufficiency of the movant's interest are questions of law which we decide de novo. Id. at 549, 334 N.W.2d at 258.
Schauf lacks a legally protected interest in closing the Weiland report and his grievance from public access. Unless the law otherwise provides, the custodian of a public record decides whether to grant or deny *277public access to it, subject, of course, to judicial review. Section 19.35(1), Stats." [I] t is the legal custodian of the record, not the citizen, who has the right to have the record closed if the custodian makes a specific demonstration that there is a need to restrict public access at the time the request to inspect is made." Bilder, 112 Wis. 2d at 558, 334 N.W.2d at 262. In Wisconsin State Journal v. University of Wisconsin-Platteville, 160 Wis. 2d 31, 465 N.W.2d 266 (Ct. App. 1990), a university dean and his wife desired to intervene in a mandamus action a newspaper brought to obtain the report of the university's investigation regarding alleged wrongdoing by the dean and his wife. When affirming the trial court's order denying their intervention, we relied on Bilder for our conclusion that the dean and his wife had "no legal interest" in the mandamus action. Wisconsin State Journal, 160 Wis. 2d at 43, 465 N.W.2d at 271. We also said, "By accepting appointment as dean of a department of a state university, [the dean] voluntarily took a position of public prominence. He has, for the most part, relinquished his right to keep confidential activities directly related to his employment." Id. at 41, 465 N.W.2d at 270.
Schauf claims that his position as a high school teacher is not one of public prominence and he has not waived his right to keep his personnel records confidential. Even if Schauf correctly characterizes his position, that does not confer on him a legally protected interest justifying his intervention as of right in the mandamus action.
Section 19.35(l)(a), Stats., provides that the right to inspect applies "[e]xcept as otherwise provided by law" and "[s]ubstantive common law principles construing the right to inspect. .. shall remain in effect." Schauf asserts that sec. 103.13(6), Stats., recognizes *278his right of privacy in his personnel records. We disagree. Section 103.13(6) provides:
The right of the employe or the employe's designated representative ... to inspect his or her personnel records does not apply to:
(e) Information of a personal nature about a person other than the employe if disclosure of the information would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of the other person's privacy.
That statute pertains to the right of an employee or the employee's representative to inspect the employee's own personnel record. It has nothing to do with a third party's inspection of the employee's personnel record.
Schauf finds a right to privacy in another statute, sec. 230.13, Stats., which, he says, provides that personnel records of state employees are "closed records." Section 230.13 does not provide that personnel records are "closed." It provides that the secretary and administrator of the department of employment relations "may keep records of the following personnel matters closed to the public . . .." (Emphasis added.) The decision is left to the discretion of the secretary and the administrator, not the employee.
Schauf asserts that Village of Butler v. Cohen, 163 Wis. 2d 819, 472 N.W.2d 579 (Ct. App. 1991), "strongly suggests" that the person who has not relinquished his privacy right may assert it to prevent disclosure of personnel records. We disagree. We said in Butler that although public policy favors liberal access to public records, the record custodian must balance the public's right of inspection against the public interest in nondisclosure. Id. at 825, 472 N.W.2d at 581. We described sec. 103.13, Stats., as "indicative of our state's public policy of protecting an individual's privacy and reputa-*279tional interests even to the extent that certain employee matters may be closed to inspection to the employee himself or herself." Id. at 831, 472 N.W.2d at 584. We cited ch. 230, Stats., governing state employment relations, as providing another example of legislative recognition of the need for confidentiality in certain personnel matters, id. at 830, 472 N.W.2d at 583.
We concluded "that the statutory provisions cited above indicate a legislative recognition of a public policy interest in generally denying access to the personnel files of police officers." Id. at 831, 472 N.W.2d at 584. We declared ourselves satisfied that the record custodians in Butler had "specifically established a public interest against disclosure which is of sufficient weight to override the presumption that the records should be released." Id. at 831-32, 472 N.W.2d at 584.
Nowhere in Butler did we suggest that either sec. 103.13 or sec. 230.13, Stats., is an exception "provided by law" to which the right of inspection does not apply by virtue of sec. 19.35(l)(a), Stats. Neither sec. 103.13 nor sec. 230.13 closes personnel records or gives an employee the right to demand closure. Each statute is an indication of a public policy favoring non-disclosure but that is a policy for the record custodian to weigh against the public policy favoring disclosure.3
*280If common law prevents or limits disclosure, the custodian must comply with that law. That is the import of sec. 19.35(l)(a), Stats., which provides that substantive common law principles construing the right to inspect remain in effect. State ex rel. Richards v. Foust, 165 Wis. 2d 429, 433-34, 477 N.W.2d 608, 609-10 (1991). Schauf cites no common law rule closing personnel files or limiting their disclosure, and we are aware of none.
Schauf asserts that an individual's fundamental right to privacy includes "the individual interest in avoiding disclosure of personal matters." Whalen v. Roe, 429 U.S. 589, 599 (1977). However, assuming that Schauf has a right of privacy in the material Armada proposes to examine, his right to privacy is not absolute. In Whalen, the Court said in dicta that while a threat to privacy is implicit in the vast amounts of information the government accumulates, disclosure of which can be potentially embarrassing or harmful to individuals, the scheme before the court evidenced "a proper concern with, and protection of, the individual's interest in privacy." 429 U.S. at 605. So here. The Wisconsin case law and statutes regarding public records contain safeguards for individuals, in the sense that *281the custodian must balance the policy favoring disclosure against the policy of confidentiality in personnel records we described in Butler. Whether the custodian undertook the required balancing is subject to judicial review. What the Bilder court said of court records applies here: even if "there is a legal guarantee of present enjoyment of reputation or a general legislative policy to protect a citizen's general interest in his or her reputation," that does not as a matter of law overcome the public policy regarding open records. Bilder, 112 Wis. 2d at 557, 334 N.W.2d at 261.
Schauf claims that disclosure will affect his right to due process in the arbitration hearing on his grievance. He asserts that potential witnesses at the hearing and the arbitrator will be prejudiced by disclosed reports. While he has an interest in a fair arbitration hearing, that interest is not "sufficiently related to the transaction which is the subject of [this] action." Id. at 547, 334 N.W.2d at 257. Speculating that prejudice may occur in a separate action does not create a legally protected interest justifying intervention as of right in the present action.
Because Schauf has made no showing that he possesses a statutory or common law privilege to keep confidential any part of the Weiland report or his grievance, the trial court properly held that he lacks a protected interest in the mandamus action and therefore properly denied his petition to intervene.
By the Court. — Order affirmed.

 Section 19.35(1), Stats., provides in substance that any requester has a right to inspect and to make or receive a copy of any public record.

 Section 19.37(l)(a), Stats., provides that if the custodian of a public record withholds it, the requester may bring an action for mandamus to obtain its release.

 We held in George v. Record Custodian, 169 Wis. 2d 573, 582, 485 N.W.2d 460, 464 (Ct. App. 1992), another public records case, that the attorney general could not disclose to a requester a record consisting of privileged communications made to it by its client. The reason for our holding was that an attorney may not disclose such communications without the client's consent. Id. Section 905.03(2), Stats., provides that the "client has a privilege to refuse to disclose and to prevent any other person from disclosing confidential communications made *280for the purpose of facilitating the rendition of professional legal services to the client." (Emphasis added.) The attorney/client privilege described in sec. 905.03(2) is no mere evidentiary rule. It restricts professional conduct. It binds all lawyers, including the attorney general. Supreme Court Rule 20:1.6(a) (West 1992) provides, "A lawyer shall not reveal information relating to representation of a client unless the client consents after consultation, [with exceptions]." Schauf refers us to no common law or statutory privilege clothing him against disclosure of personnel records.