Court Opinion

ID: 3153374
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-11-10 14:05:18.422701+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:03:21.237778
License: Public Domain

IN THE MISSOURI COURT OF APPEALS
                       WESTERN DISTRICT

DELISE DIAZ,                                               )
                                                           )
                          Appellant-Respondent,            )
                                                           )    WD77861
v.                                                         )    (Consolidated with WD77867)
                                                           )
                                                           )    OPINION FILED:
AUTOZONERS, LLC, d/b/a AUTOZONE,                           )    November 10, 2015
et al.,                                                    )
                                                           )
                       Respondents-Appellants.             )

                   Appeal from the Circuit Court of Jackson County, Missouri
                            The Honorable James F. Kanatzar, Judge

                 Before Division Three: Karen King Mitchell, Presiding Judge, and
                      Lisa White Hardwick and Anthony Rex Gabbert, Judges

        Delise Diaz filed suit under the Missouri Human Rights Act (MHRA) against

AutoZoners, LLC, and AutoZone, Inc. (collectively “Defendants”),1 alleging that sexual

harassment engaged in by two customers of the AutoZone store where Diaz worked created a

hostile work environment and that Defendants retaliated against Diaz when she complained of

the harassing conduct. A jury found in favor of Diaz and against both Defendants on her hostile

        1
          Brent George (the manager of the store where Diaz worked), Charles “Chuck” Smith (the district
manager), and Shane Williams (the commercial sales manager of the store where Diaz worked) were also named
defendants in the suit, but none are parties on appeal. Diaz voluntarily dismissed her claims against George, Smith,
and Williams before trial.
work environment claim, but it found in favor of both Defendants on Diaz’s retaliation claim.

The jury awarded Diaz $75,000 in compensatory damages, $1,000,000 in punitive damages

against AutoZoners, LLC, and $1,500,000 in punitive damages against AutoZone, Inc. The trial

court awarded Diaz $243,826.25 in attorneys’ fees and assessed costs against Defendants in the

amount of $10,075.05.             Defendants appeal the denial of their motion for judgment

notwithstanding the verdict, or alternatively, their motions for new trial and remittitur. Diaz

cross-appeals the trial court’s denial of her post-trial request to amend the judgment for

additional attorneys’ fees and costs incurred in responding to Defendants’ post-trial motions.

                                                  Background2

        “AutoZone” is an auto parts retailer, and its corporate structure is as follows.3

AutoZoners, LLC, is a limited liability company licensed to do business in Missouri. It is wholly

owned by AutoZone Stores, Inc. (“Stores”), and is responsible for leasing employees to Stores.

Stores is a corporation, also licensed to do business in Missouri, and it is the sales agent to the

general public. Stores is wholly owned by AutoZone Parts, Inc. (“Parts”). Parts is also a

corporation, but it is not licensed to do business in Missouri. Parts is a wholesaler that provides

inventory to Stores. Parts is wholly owned by AutoZone, Inc. AutoZone, Inc., is a publicly

traded corporation, directly owned by shareholders and run by a board of directors. AutoZone,

Inc., is a holding company, holding the stock of its domestic and foreign subsidiaries.

“AutoZone, Inc.” is a copyrighted name, owned by Parts. All four entities are organized under

the laws of Nevada and share corporate headquarters in Memphis, Tennessee. In Missouri, all

        2
            The facts are viewed in the light most favorable to the verdicts. Host v. BNSF Ry. Co., 460 S.W.3d 87, 94
n.2 (Mo. App. W.D. 2015).
          3
            Because these three entities come together to perform various functions of the enterprise under the name
“AutoZone,” we will refer to the three entities collectively as “AutoZone.” When discussing particular entities, we
refer to them by their individual names (i.e., AutoZoners, LLC, Stores, or Parts).

                                                         2
employees of “AutoZone” are employed solely by AutoZoners, LLC. 4 Day-to-day operations of

AutoZone establishments are handled by the management team of AutoZoners, LLC; AutoZone,

Inc., has no control over AutoZoners, LLC.

        In a typical AutoZone establishment, the store is divided into two sections: the DIY

(do-it-yourself) section and the commercial sales section. Each store has a store manager, who

oversees the entire store; followed by Parts Sales Managers (PSM), who are responsible for the

DIY section of the store, and Commercial Sales Managers (CSM), who are responsible for the

commercial sales section of the store;5 and then there are the basic sales personnel—drivers,

customer service associates, and commercial specialists, who are the lowest level employees in

the store.

        AutoZone had a harassment and retaliation policy, which was described as a “zero

tolerance” policy. The policy was outlined in a store handbook and code of conduct, which

contains the mark, “copyright 2004-2011, AutoZone, Inc.” at the bottom, and which was

provided to every employee during orientation. The policy applied to employees, vendors,

customers, and anyone else within the work environment. Under the policy, if an employee

suffered harassment, he or she had the duty to timely report the harassment to the employee’s

immediate manager or supervisor, though there was some evidence that reporting to any member

of management would be sufficient. The policy directed:

        If you do not feel comfortable [reporting harassment to your supervisor], or feel
        your manager/supervisor is not handling the problem appropriately, go to higher
        levels of management and/or to the AutoZoner Relations department at the SSC.[6]

        4
           Diaz testified that her paycheck was issued by AutoZoners, LLC.
        5
           Some larger stores also have an assistant manager, who would be below the store manager but above both
the Parts Sales Managers and Commercial Sales Managers. The Truman Road store, where Diaz was employed
during the relevant time, did not have an assistant manager.
         6
           SSC stood for “Store Support Center.”

                                                       3
The policy also provided a 1-800 number to contact if the employee felt that management failed

to timely rectify the problem.

        Diaz, who was an employee of AutoZoners, LLC, began working at the Excelsior Springs

AutoZone store on May 12, 2008, as a commercial driver. The district manager at the time was

Chuck Smith. After about six months, Diaz was promoted to PSM with Smith’s approval. In

July of 2009, Diaz moved to the Noland Road AutoZone store, pursuant to her request for a

transfer.    While working at the Noland Road location, Diaz was placed in the

management-in-training program, which was an internal succession program that essentially

trained current employees to become managers. In January of 2010, Diaz was moved to the

Truman Road AutoZone store because of the need for a Truman Road PSM to change locations.

At the Truman Road store, Brent George was the store manager, and Shane Williams was a

CSM.

        Around March or April of 2010, after Diaz began working at the Truman Road store, she

began having problems with a commercial sales customer named Mark. Mark would tell Diaz

that she was pretty, and he would comment on the size of her breasts and rear end. Diaz advised

Mark that his comments were inappropriate and unwelcome. Sometime in April, Mark began to

get “touchy-feely” with Diaz, patting her on the back or touching her lower back. In late April or

early May of 2010, Diaz complained of Mark’s behavior and comments to Williams, the store’s

CSM. Williams laughed it off and told Diaz to “suck it up” and “do [her] job.” Mark’s conduct

continued.

        In November of 2010, Mark offered to sell Diaz some lingerie and asked her what size

undergarments she wore; when she advised him that it was none of his business, Mark began

guessing. Diaz reported the conduct to Williams again. Williams again responded by laughing

                                                4
and said “Oh, he’s just a pervert. And so am I.” Williams advised Diaz to “[g]o back, and do

[her] job.”

        On another occasion in either November or December of 2010, Diaz was bent over the

counter placing price tags on merchandise when Mark came up behind her, grabbed her rear end,

and said, “Give me some of that juicy fruit.” Diaz told Mark to keep his hands off of her, and

she reported the incident to both Williams and George (the store manager). Williams told Diaz

to go back to work and explained that Mark spends money in the store and Williams did not want

to lose a commercial account. George responded by saying that he would speak with Williams

about the incident and have Williams take care of it.7 Mark’s conduct continued.

        In January of 2011, Mark again grabbed Diaz from behind and remarked, “Oh, seems like

your butt is getting bigger”; he also asked to see her breasts. Diaz advised Mark to keep his

hands off of her and emphatically denied his request, noting that his conduct and remarks were

inappropriate. Diaz again complained to Williams, who told her to go back to work, but

indicated that he would discuss it with George.

        On another occasion, Mark entered the store while Diaz had her back turned and was bent

over the store’s safe. Mark grabbed Diaz’s crotch and rear end, remarking, “that’s a wet one.”

Diaz again reported Mark’s behavior to George and Williams, who again told Diaz they would

take care of it. But Mark’s conduct continued.

        In February of 2011, Mark approached Diaz while she was assisting other customers,

rubbed his arm against her breast, and said, “Hook me up, huera.”8 Mark also told her, in

Spanish, that she was pretty. Diaz reported this incident to Williams, who told her to “suck it

        7
           According to George and Karen Brown, the regional human resources manager, George immediately
reported this incident to Brown, and Brown advised George to go to Williams and have a talk with the commercial
accounts and put a stop to the harassment. Both George and Brown, however, claimed that they were unaware at
that time of the physical contact, and believed that Mark was simply being “rude” to Diaz.
         8
           Diaz testified that she understood “huera” to be Spanish for “white girl.”

                                                      5
up” and do her job; he was not going to lose a commercial account over her crying. She also

reported this incident to George, who told her he would talk to Williams about it. On another

occasion in February of 2011, Mark again rubbed against Diaz while she was helping other

customers, and Diaz told him that he was invading her space. When Mark tried to touch her

breasts, Diaz warned him, “If you touch me, I will call the police this time. I’m not going to

allow you to keep touching me.” Mark became angry and told Diaz that he had a commercial

account, and that nobody was going to do anything to him. Mark threatened to have Diaz fired.

He then called Williams and told Williams that Diaz was refusing him service. Williams then

called Diaz and told her to make Mark a priority.

       After this incident, Diaz again complained to George and Williams, but this time, they

indicated they would “have a talk” with the individuals. Though Diaz did not know if George

and Williams followed through, she assumed they did because Mark’s demeanor became more

aggressive towards her. Thereafter, he would blow her kisses, and on one occasion, he stood

outside the window and pointed his finger at her, imitating firing a gun. At some point during

this time, Diaz had requested a transfer to a different store to get away from Mark, but George

refused, telling her that they would not transfer her because she was a “problem child.”

According to Diaz, both George and Williams called her a “crybaby” for making the complaints.

Karen Brown, the regional human resources manager, testified that George would frequently

complain to her that Diaz was a “problem child” and that she created a lot of drama in his store.

       Sometime after the February incident with Mark, Diaz had a problem with “Jimmy,”

another commercial sales customer. Jimmy commented on the size of her breasts and rear end,

and on one occasion, he grabbed her rear end while she was speaking with Williams. When Diaz

alerted Williams, Jimmy laughed and said to Williams, “Yeah, I just got a whole handful of her

butt.” Williams laughed and said, “Dang, dude. You got to grab her butt before I did.” Diaz

                                                6
also told George about this incident, and George spoke with Jimmy. 9 Shortly after that, Jimmy

apologized to Diaz, and she had no further problems with him. Nevertheless, Mark continued to

bother her until she transferred to a different location in late April 2011.

        Diaz, frustrated with the lack of response from either Williams or George, contacted

Karen Brown in February of 2011. The first time Diaz called, she was sent to voicemail, so she

left a message for Brown, advising her that two commercial customers had been grabbing her

and speaking sexually to her. But Brown did not call Diaz back. 10 Diaz waited a couple of

weeks before calling Brown again. This time she spoke with Brown and advised Brown of the

harassment, but Brown cut the conversation short because she had a meeting; she told Diaz she

would either call back or “pop in the store” soon to see her. Diaz did not hear from Brown again

until late April 2011. At that time, Brown opened an investigation after Diaz, in a third phone

call to Brown, reported that the harassment had been continuing.11 Brown was also interested in

investigating Williams for failing to report the harassment after Diaz had lodged repeated

complaints.

        During the investigation, Brown interviewed Diaz, Williams, George, and Virginia

Nunez (another store employee who had also been experiencing harassment from Mark and

Jimmy). Brown did not speak with either Mark or Jimmy because it “was not a practice of

AutoZone, for an HR manager to go and talk to customers.” Brown had been specifically

instructed by managing attorneys at AutoZone not to speak to customers; she was told “we don’t

interview customers.”

        9
            George testified that he spoke with both Mark and Jimmy and advised both men that their behavior had to
stop or they would not be allowed to return to the store.
          10
             Brown testified that she never received a message from Diaz.
          11
             Brown testified that per her earlier conversations with George, she believed that the harassment had
stopped in early 2011.

                                                        7
       As a result of the harassment, Diaz cried frequently, suffered very bad headaches, was

frequently sick, experienced a great deal of stress and anxiety, lost patches of hair, experienced

difficulty sleeping and eating, attempted to cut herself, and became very angry. Diaz visited a

doctor, who put her on a depression medication. She also became very timid around male

customers.

       Diaz was transferred out of the Truman Road store in late April 2011, but she continued

to work at different AutoZone locations throughout the time of trial, and she was very happy

with her job. Williams was terminated in August of 2011 for “failure to report a policy violation

to upper management,” regarding Diaz’s complaints. Brown was terminated in April of 2013 for

failing to investigate a complaint unrelated to Diaz.

       As a result of the harassment at the Truman Road store, Diaz filed a two-count petition

against AutoZoners, LLC, and AutoZone, Inc., alleging in Count I that, because of Mark and

Jimmy’s conduct and Defendants’ inadequate response, she was subjected to a hostile work

environment; in Count II, she alleged that Defendants retaliated against her when she complained

about Mark and Jimmy. Diaz sought both compensatory and punitive damages. AutoZone, Inc.,

argued that it was not a proper defendant in the action because it was not Diaz’s employer under

the MHRA. The trial court denied AutoZone, Inc.’s motion for directed verdict, and the jury

returned a verdict in favor of Diaz, against both Defendants, on her hostile work environment

claim, but it found in favor of both Defendants on Diaz’s retaliation claim. The jury awarded

Diaz $75,000 in compensatory damages, and it awarded $1,000,000 in punitive damages against

AutoZoners, LLC, and $1,500,000 in punitive damages against AutoZone, Inc.

       After trial, Diaz sought to amend the judgment to include both attorneys’ fees and costs.

The trial court granted the motion and awarded Diaz $243,826.25 in attorneys’ fees and assessed

costs against Defendants in the amount of $10,075.05. Defendants filed motions for judgment

                                                 8
notwithstanding the verdict, or alternatively for a new trial and remittitur. After the trial court

denied all of Defendants’ post-trial motions, Diaz filed a motion for a second amended judgment,

seeking an additional $32,097.50 in attorneys’ fees and $703.98 in costs associated with

responding to Defendants’ post-trial motions. The trial court denied the motion for a second

amended judgment, noting that the original award of attorneys’ fees and costs “took into account

and included anticipated fees and costs related to post[-]judgment pleadings.” Defendants appeal

the denial of their post-trial motions, and Diaz cross-appeals the denial of her motion for a

second amended judgment.

                                                      Analysis

       Defendants raise eleven points on appeal; Diaz raises one. For ease of analysis, we will

address the points out of order. The arguments made to this Court evidence some confusion

about the application of the law in third-party harassment claims. Accordingly, we begin with a

discussion of how third-party harassment claims are to be analyzed.

   A. Third-Party Harassment Claims

       Under the MHRA, “[i]t shall be an unlawful employment practice . . . [f]or an employer,

because of the . . . sex . . . of any individual . . . to discriminate against any individual with

respect to . . . terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual’s . . .

sex . . . .” § 213.055.1(1)(a).12 An “employer” is defined as “any person employing six or more

persons within the state, and any person directly acting in the interest of an employer.”

§ 213.010(7). “When reviewing cases under the MHRA, we are guided by both Missouri law

and any federal employment discrimination (i.e., Title VII) case law that is consistent with

Missouri law.” Tisch v. DST Sys., Inc., 368 S.W.3d 245, 252 n.4 (Mo. App. W.D. 2012).

       12
            All statutory references are to the Revised Statutes of Missouri 2000, unless otherwise noted.

                                                           9
       There are two different legal theories under which an employer may be held liable when

an employee is subjected to sexual harassment in the workplace. When the harasser is a

supervisor of the harassed employee, agency principles apply, and the employer is held

vicariously liable for the acts of the supervisor. Burlington Indus., Inc. v. Ellerth, 524 U.S. 742,

758 (1998). If the harassed employee suffers a tangible employment action resulting from

supervisory harassment, the “tangible employment action taken by the supervisor becomes for

Title VII purposes the act of the employer,” and the employer is liable for the discriminatory

conduct. Id. at 762. If, on the other hand, no tangible employment action occurs (for example,

when an employee is subjected to a hostile work environment), the employer is entitled to an

affirmative defense to liability. Id. at 765. “The defense comprises two necessary elements:

(a) that the employer exercised reasonable care to prevent and correct promptly any sexually

harassing behavior, and (b) that the plaintiff employee unreasonably failed to take advantage of

any preventive or corrective opportunities provided by the employer to avoid harm otherwise.”

Id.; see also 8 C.S.R. § 60-3.040(17)(D)1. This defense is not available, however, “when the

supervisor’s harassment culminates in a tangible employment action.” Burlington, 524 U.S. at

765; 8 C.S.R. § 60-3.040(17)(D)2.

       The second theory of employer liability is negligence in allowing a hostile work

environment (created by a non-supervisory employee or other third party) to exist and failing to

remedy it. “An employer in this kind of case may be liable at most for its own negligence in

allowing the conduct of its customers to turn its workplace into a hostile work environment . . . .”

Freeman v. Dal-Tile Corp., 750 F.3d 413, 426 (4th Cir. 2014) (Niemeyer, J., concurring in part

and dissenting in part). “[T]he analysis must focus on identifying when the employer knew or

should have known that its employee was being subjected to harassment based on the

employee’s ‘race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.’”            Id. (quoting 42 U.S.C.

                                                10
§ 2000e-2(a)(1)).    The analysis then turns to “evaluating the adequacy of the employer’s

response at that point.” Id. Indeed, the majority of federal circuits hold that “employers may be

liable for failing to remedy the harassment of employees by third parties who create a hostile

work environment.” Beckford v. Dep’t of Corr., 605 F.3d 951, 957, 958 (11th Cir. 2010)

(collecting cases from the 1st, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th Circuits); see also Freeman, 750 F.3d

at 423 (“[A]n employer is liable under Title VII for third parties creating a hostile work

environment if the employer knew or should have known of the harassment and failed ‘to take

prompt remedial action reasonably calculated to end the harassment.’” (quoting Amirmokri v.

Baltimore Gas & Elec. Co., 60 F.3d 1126, 1131 (4th Cir. 1995))). And “[b]ecause liability is

direct rather than derivative, it makes no difference whether the person whose acts are

complained of is an employee, an independent contractor, or for that matter a customer. Ability

to ‘control’ the actor plays no role.” Dunn v. Wash. Cty. Hosp., 429 F.3d 689, 691 (7th Cir.

2005).

         The Burlington affirmative defense available in vicarious liability cases is inapplicable in

the negligence context because the defense is already subsumed in the elements of the negligence

cause of action. An employer has a duty under both Title VII and the MHRA to maintain a work

environment free from discrimination based upon any of its employees’ protected classifications.

Meritor Sav. Bank, FSB v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 66-67 (1986); Mason v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.,

91 S.W.3d 738, 742 (Mo. App. W.D. 2002). When an employee suffers discrimination by a third

party who the employee comes into contact with because of the employment relationship, and

the harassment is sufficiently severe and pervasive to create a hostile work environment, the

employer breaches its duty if it knows or should have known of the discrimination and fails to

take prompt and effective remedial action. Mason, 91 S.W.3d at 742.

                                                 11
       There is also a distinction in liability for punitive damages. Both Title VII and the

MHRA authorize punitive damage awards. 42 U.S.C. § 1981a(a)(1); § 213.111.2. Under the

MHRA, “to recover punitive damages, plaintiffs [must] adduce ‘clear and convincing proof of a

culpable mental state, either from a wanton, willful, or outrageous act, or from reckless disregard

for an act’s consequences such that an evil motive may be inferred.’” Hill v. City of St. Louis,

371 S.W.3d 66, 71 (Mo. App. E.D. 2012) (quoting Alhalabi v. Mo. Dep’t of Nat. Res., 300
S.W.3d 518, 529 (Mo. App. E.D. 2009)).          When an employer’s liability is vicarious, the

employer may raise a “good faith” defense to punitive damages by proving that “the

discriminatory employment decisions of managerial agents . . . are contrary to the employer’s

‘good-faith efforts to comply with Title VII.’” Kolstad v. Am. Dental Ass’n, 527 U.S. 526, 545

(1999) (quoting Kolstad v. Am. Dental Ass’n, 139 F.3d 958, 974 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (Tatel, J.,

dissenting)). But, because “reasonableness rather than good faith is the standard by which

negligence is to be determined,” Hiett v. Dir. of Revenue, 899 S.W.2d 870, 873 (Mo. banc 1995),

the “good faith” defense to punitive damages is unavailable in third-party harassment actions

premised on negligence.

       In this case, Diaz has sued Defendants under a negligence theory, arguing that the

harassment by Mark and Jimmy created a hostile work environment, that Defendants knew or

should have known of the harassment, and that they failed to take prompt and effective remedial

action. Diaz further argued that she was entitled to punitive damages because the Defendants

acted with evil motive or in reckless disregard of Diaz’s rights. Because her action is based in

negligence, neither the Burlington affirmative defense nor the Kolstad “good faith” defense is

applicable. The sole questions pertaining to liability are whether the Defendants knew of the

harassment and, if so, whether they responded promptly and effectively; and if there is liability

                                                12
for compensatory damages, whether the heightened mental state is present to support an award of

punitive damages.

    B. AutoZone, Inc., was not Diaz’s employer (Defendants’ Points I, V, and VII).

         In their first point on appeal, Defendants argue that AutoZone, Inc., had no liability

whatsoever because it was not Diaz’s employer for purposes of the MHRA.13 We agree.

         The MHRA defines “employer” as “any person[14] employing six or more persons within

the state, and any person directly acting in the interest of an employer.” § 213.010(7). Though

we are guided by federal Title VII cases, we also recognize that “[t]he Missouri legislature chose

to employ language within the MHRA definition of ‘employer’ that is broader in scope than that

found in Title VII.” Cooper v. Albacore Holdings, Inc., 204 S.W.3d 238, 244 (Mo. App. E.D.

2006).

         Defendants argue that AutoZone, Inc., did not meet the definition of employer because it

has no employees, is not licensed to do business in Missouri, and does not directly act in the

interest of AutoZoners, LLC. Diaz counters that AutoZone, Inc., did directly act in the interest

of AutoZoners, LLC, and therefore was an employer under the MHRA. In support of her

argument, Diaz claims that AutoZone, Inc., engaged in certain acts that benefitted AutoZoners,

LLC, and she claims that AutoZone, Inc., and AutoZoners, LLC, were “joint employers,” such

that both are liable.

         To begin, the parties agree that AutoZoners, LLC, is an employer under the MHRA.

They also agree that AutoZone, Inc., does not meet the definition of “employer” insofar as it

does not employ six or more persons within the state. They disagree, however, as to whether

         13
            Because Defendants raise this point as a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we review the claim
de novo, accepting all facts and reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the verdicts. Blanks v. Fluor
Corp., 450 S.W.3d 308, 364-65 (Mo. App. E.D. 2014).
         14
            “Person” is defined as “one or more individuals, corporations, partnerships, associations, organizations,
labor organizations, legal representatives, mutual companies, joint stock companies, trusts, trustees, trustees in
bankruptcy, receivers, fiduciaries, or other organized groups of persons.” § 213.010(14).

                                                         13
AutoZone, Inc., can be considered a “person directly acting in the interest of an employer,” with

that employer being AutoZoners, LLC.

         “Person” for purposes of the “directly acting in the interest of an employer” provision of

the MHRA, is defined to include both individuals and corporations. § 213.010(14). Courts have

held that “the plain and unambiguous language under this definition of employer imposes

individual liability in the event of discriminatory conduct,” Reed v. McDonald’s Corp., 363
S.W.3d 134, 139 (Mo. App. E.D. 2012), but only “when the individuals directly oversaw or were

actively involved in the discriminatory conduct.” Id. We have found no Missouri cases applying

the “directly acting in the interest of” definition outside the context of a supervisory employee.

See, e.g., Hill v. Ford Motor Co., 277 S.W.3d 659, 669 (Mo. banc 2009); Reed, 363 S.W.3d at

139; Leeper v. Scorpio Supply IV, LLC, 351 S.W.3d 784, 792 (Mo. App. S.D. 2011). Here, Diaz

seeks to apply the definition to the parent corporation of her employer.15 In doing so, Diaz

argues that—contrary to our prior cases involving individuals—she need not prove that

AutoZone, Inc., directly oversaw or was actively involved in the discriminatory conduct.

Instead, she argues that a corporation can be deemed an employer for purposes of the MHRA if it

“act[ed] on behalf” of the employer-in-fact corporation in any way. We disagree.

         In her brief, Diaz presents what she deems alternative theories to support her argument

that AutoZone, Inc., directly acted in the interests of AutoZoners, LLC. She first argues that

AutoZone, Inc., took direct actions benefitting AutoZoners, LLC, and thereby became a statutory

employer. She then argues that, under federal employment law cases, AutoZone, Inc., could be

deemed to be acting in the interests of AutoZoners, LLC, because they were “joint employers.” 16

         15
            “[A] parent corporation is normally not liable for the acts of its subsidiary corporations.” Blanks, 450
S.W.3d at 375. “The mere existence of a parent-subsidiary relationship, without more, does not subject a parent
corporation to liability for the acts of the subsidiary.” Id.
         16
            The verdict-director provided to the jury regarding AutoZone, Inc.’s liability required the jury to find that
“AutoZone, Inc. was an employer of plaintiff in the actions alleged in paragraphs second through fifth.” It also

                                                          14
Though she presents these as alternative arguments, they are really one in the same because

Missouri uses only one multi-factor test when determining whether a particular work relationship

constitutes an employment one. And that test requires more than simply acting on behalf of the

employer-in-fact.17

         “In cases involving multiple alleged employers, Missouri courts have utilized several

factors to ascertain whether a particular work relationship qualifies as an employer-employee

relationship . . . .” Tolentino v. Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide, Inc., 437 S.W.3d 754,

758 (Mo. banc 2014) (analyzing whether the defendant constituted the plaintiff’s employer for

purposes of the Missouri Minimum Wage Law (MMWL)).18 This test is generally known as the

“economic realities” test. Much like the definition in the MHRA, under the MMWL, “[a]n

‘employer’ is ‘any person acting directly or indirectly in the interest of an employer in relation to

an employee.’”19 Id. at 757 (quoting § 290.500(4)). There are five factors courts generally look

to in the economic realities test:

         (1) who has the power to hire and fire the worker; (2) who supervises and controls
         the worker’s work schedule and conditions of work; (3) who determines the rate
         and method of payment of the worker; (4) who maintains work records; and (5)
         whether the alleged employers’ premises and equipment were used for the
         plaintiff’s work.

indicated that “[t]he phrase, ‘employer’ as used in this Instruction includes a corporation who directly acts in the
interest of an employer.” Neither the term, “joint employer,” nor any of the factors associated with the doctrine are
identified anywhere within the instructions.
          Under federal law, the joint employer doctrine is a means by which “an entity other than an employee’s
formal employer can be held liable . . . because the two entities ‘handle certain aspects of their employer-employee
relationship jointly.’” Shiflett v. Scores Holding Co., Inc., 601 Fed. Appx. 28, 30 (2d Cir. 2015) (quoting Arculeo v.
On-Site Sales & Mktg., LLC, 425 F.3d 193, 198 (2d Cir. 2005)). Under this doctrine, “a court may conclude that
‘the employee is . . . constructively employed by’ the defendant.” Id. (quoting Arculeo, 425 F.3d at 198).
          17
             The MHRA does not use the language, acting “on behalf” of; the language used is “directly acting in the
interests of.” § 213.010(7). To the extent Diaz is attempting to articulate a less stringent standard, that argument is
rejected.
          18
             In Tolentino, the Missouri Supreme Court was asked to apply the “joint employer” doctrine to the
MMWL claim. Tolentino v. Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide, Inc., 437 S.W.3d 754, 757 (Mo. banc 2014).
Though Diaz argues that the Supreme Court adopted the “joint employer” doctrine, the Court did not actually
address it other than to note that “[t]he MMWL does not use or define the term ‘joint employer.’” Id.
          19
             Arguably, the MMWL is broader, given that it also covers those acting indirectly in the interest of an
employer, while the MHRA covers only individuals acting directly in the interests of the employer. But this is a
question we need not answer.

                                                         15
Id. at 758.

        Though these factors are highly relevant to MMWL claims, they are less relevant to

MHRA claims, and they fail to account for the requirement that one “directly acting in the

interests of an employer” must either directly oversee or be actively involved in the

discriminatory conduct. See Hill, 277 S.W.3d at 669; Reed, 363 S.W.3d at 139; Leeper, 351
S.W.3d at 792-93. Accordingly, when applying the economic realities test in the context of the

MHRA, it must be modified to account for the statutory requirement that an entity that is not the

employer-in-fact “directly act[s] in the interest of” the employer-in-fact. § 213.010(7). Under

the modified version, the court should consider the following factors: (1) who was responsible

for establishing policies and training employees concerning harassment; (2) who was responsible

for receiving, investigating, and responding to harassment complaints; and (3) who had the

power to discipline employees who may have failed to comply with anti-harassment policies.

These factors are relevant to determining whether an entity may be properly considered an

“employer” for purposes of the MHRA, because it is only when these factors are present that an

entity can be deemed to be “directly acting in the interest of an employer,” as that phrase has

been interpreted in prior cases.

        To support her claim that AutoZone, Inc., was directly acting in the interest of

AutoZoners, LLC, Diaz asserts that there was sufficient evidence from which the jury could have

concluded that: (1) AutoZone, Inc., was the public face of the enterprise as a whole; (2)

AutoZone, Inc., provided AutoZoners, LLC, with the Store Handbook and Code of Conduct,

which was provided to every employee during orientation; (3) AutoZone, Inc., provided the

documents used for human resource and loss prevention investigations; (4) AutoZone, Inc.,

responded to Diaz’s charge of discrimination; and (5) AutoZone, Inc., was responsible for an

                                               16
unwritten rule of nonenforcement of the anti-harassment policy when the alleged harassers were

customers of the business. None of these allegations demonstrate that AutoZone, Inc., was

Diaz’s employer.

        First, simply being the public face of the enterprise, as a whole, does not demonstrate that

AutoZone, Inc., either directly oversaw or was actively involved in the discrimination insofar as

it does not show that AutoZone, Inc.: (1) was responsible for establishing policies or training

employees; (2) was responsible for the receipt, investigation, and response to harassment claims;

or (3) had the power to discipline noncompliant employees.                        Thus, the simple fact that

AutoZone, Inc., was the public face of the enterprise does not support Diaz’s argument that

AutoZone, Inc., was her employer.

        Likewise, the provision of either the Store Handbook and Code of Conduct, or the

various human resources and loss prevention documents, in and of itself, does not make

AutoZone, Inc., Diaz’s employer because—again—it does not establish that AutoZone, Inc.,

either directly oversaw or was actively involved in the discrimination. Though it may support a

determination that AutoZone, Inc., was responsible for establishing policies, it does not

demonstrate that AutoZone, Inc., was responsible for training employees; receiving,

investigating, and responding to complaints; or disciplining noncompliant employees. And the

simple provision of training manuals has been held insufficient to establish employer status. See,

e.g., Conrad v. Waffle House, Inc., 351 S.W.3d 813 (Mo. App. S.D. 2011) (rejecting, as

“misguided,” the argument that the provision of a training manual by a franchisor to a franchisee

rendered the franchisor an employer for purposes of the MMWL); 20 In re Enterprise Rent-A-Car

        20
             In Conrad v. Waffle House, Inc., 351 S.W.3d 813 (Mo. App. S.D. 2011), the Southern District, explained
its rationale, noting that:

        A franchisor does have a legitimate interest in retaining some degree of control in order to protect
        the integrity of its marks; however, the existence of those requirements does not necessarily mean

                                                        17
Wage & Hour Employment Practices Litigation, 683 F.3d 462, 466, 471 (3d Cir. 2012) (rejecting

claim that corporate holding company was the plaintiff’s employer under the Fair Labor

Standards Act, 29 U.S.C. § 207, merely because it provided guidelines and manuals to its

subsidiaries); Schlotzsky’s, Inc. v. Hyde, 538 S.E.2d 561, 562 (Ga. App. 2000) (rejecting

argument that the provision of an operations manual rendered franchisor liable for acts of

franchisee).

        Furthermore, the fact that AutoZone, Inc., responded to Diaz’s charge of

discrimination—after the harassment occurred and had been remedied—does not establish that

AutoZone, Inc., was Diaz’s employer at the time of the harassment or that it directly oversaw or

was actively involved in the discrimination, as outlined in the modified economic realities test

laid out above. See Eckert v. Schroeder, Joseph & Assoc., 364 F. Supp. 2d 326, 327-28 (W.D.

N.Y. 2005) (rejecting claim that attorneys retained to represent employer in litigation brought by

former employee under FMLA were “person[s] who act[], directly or indirectly, in the interest of

an employer”); Conrad, 351 S.W.3d at 821 (rejecting the argument that franchisor became the

plaintiff’s employer under the MMWL once it took over the franchisee’s operation a year and a

half after the plaintiff resigned because the ability to terminate a franchise agreement was in no

way related to whether the franchisor maintained control over the plaintiff’s schedule or

conditions of employment).

        a franchisor has a role in supervising and controlling an employee’s work schedule or conditions
        of employment to qualify the franchisor as a statutory employer. In fact, various courts
        considering the economic real[i]ties test have found that when a franchisor retains certain rights—
        such as the right to enforce standards, the right to terminate the agreement for failure to meet
        standards, the right to inspect the premises, the right to require that franchisees undergo certain
        training, or the mere making of suggestions and recommendations—along with actions taken to
        enforce those rights, did not amount to sufficient control to subject the franchisor to liability for
        franchisee’s actions.

Id. at 821-22. Here, though AutoZone is not a franchise establishment, the same rationale applies. AutoZone, Inc.,
is a copyrighted name that represents the public face of AutoZone establishments. Thus, it has an interest in
protecting the integrity of the AutoZone name and associated standards, as well as maintaining a consistency across
its various subsidiaries.

                                                        18
       Only one of Diaz’s assertions regarding the conduct of AutoZone, Inc., could be

characterized as having anything to do with oversight or involvement in the discrimination, and

that is the allegation that AutoZone, Inc., was responsible for an unwritten rule of

nonenforcement of the anti-harassment policy when the alleged harassers were customers of the

business. Though this allegation suggests that AutoZone, Inc., was responsible for policies and

training, as well as receipt, investigation, and responding to complaints, this assertion was not

supported by the evidence presented at trial. To the extent the evidence may have supported the

existence of an unwritten policy, there was no evidence presented connecting AutoZone, Inc., to

such a policy.

       Rather than attempt to apply the relevant factors identified above, Diaz identifies

different factors, which she claims are relevant for determining whether two separate entities

may be considered “joint employers.” She argues that the following four factors are relevant to

the determination: “(1) the degree of interrelation between the operations of the entities in

question; (2) the degree to which those entities share common management; (3) the degree of

centralized control of labor relations as between those entities; and (4) the degree of common

ownership or financial control of the entities.”

       The factors Diaz cites, however, are not relevant to the “joint employer” test. Rather,

they are factors used for the “single employer” test, where “‘superficially distinct entities may be

exposed to liability upon a finding they represent a single, integrated enterprise:        a single

employer.’” Schweitzer v. Advanced Telemarketing Corp., 104 F.3d 761, 763 (5th Cir. 1997)

(quoting Trevino v. Celanese Corp., 701 F.2d 397, 404 (5th Cir. 1983)). We have found no

Missouri case recognizing or applying the “single employer” doctrine. In fact, it appears that

Missouri recognizes only “two doctrines by which to hold a parent corporation liable for the acts

of a subsidiary: piercing the corporate veil and agency.” Blanks v. Fluor Corp., 450 S.W.3d
19
308, 374 (Mo. App. E.D. 2014). And neither doctrine can properly be characterized as the “joint

employer” test Diaz suggests we apply.21

        In Missouri, “two separate corporations are regarded as wholly distinct legal entities,

even if one partly or wholly owns the other.” Id. at 375. “[T]he parent-subsidiary separation

should be ‘ignored with caution and only when the circumstances clearly justify it.’” Id. at 376

(quoting Doe 1631 v. Quest Diagnostics, Inc., 395 S.W.3d 8, 18 (Mo. banc 2013)).22 Here, Diaz

has failed not only to apply the factors relevant to the employer analysis but also to cite any

factors relevant to either of the recognized Missouri doctrines used to hold a parent corporation

liable for the acts of its subsidiary. Thus, she has wholly failed to meet her burden of proving

that AutoZone, Inc., was an employer for purposes of the MHRA.

        21
             Furthermore, there was no instruction given to the jury laying out the factors Diaz now relies upon for
AutoZone, Inc.’s liability.
          22
             Numerous federal cases have refused to find mere holding companies, like AutoZone, Inc., liable as
employers under various federal employment laws. See, e.g., Sobelman v. Commerce Bancshares, Inc., 444 F.
Supp. 84, 85 (E.D. Mo. 1977) (ADEA; finding no significance to the fact that the plaintiff was covered in a benefit
plan in the name of the holding company); Williams v. Asbury Auto. Grp., Inc., 998 F. Supp. 2d 769, 783 (E.D. Ark.
2014) (ADEA); Dollman v. Mast Indus., Inc., 731 F. Supp. 2d 328, 341 (S.D. N.Y. 2010) (dismissed holding
company from Title VII and Pregnancy Discrimination Act case); Heinrich v. Serv. Corp. Int’l, 2009 WL 2177229,
*3-5 (W.D. Pa. July 22, 2009) (finding no personal jurisdiction over holding company in FMLA action; rejecting
arguments based upon use of a common trademark/logo, common employee handbook, and common human
resources management); Cooper v. Southern Co., 260 F. Supp. 2d 1258, 1262 n.1 (N.D. Ga. 2003) (finding existence
of company-wide human resources department “irrelevant” in Title VII and § 1981 case); Bass v. Lifecare Holdings,
Inc., 2000 WL 377815, *3-5 (E.D. La. April 12, 2000) (Title VII and Louisiana anti-discrimination law; “Common
management and ownership between a corporation and its subsidiaries ‘are ordinary aspects of a parent-subsidiary
relationship’ and are insufficient by themselves to establish single employer status.” (quoting Lusk v. FoxMeyer
Health Corp., 129 F.3d 773, 778 (5th Cir. 1997))); Mitchell v. Abercrombie & Fitch, Co., 428 F. Supp. 2d 725,
744-45 (S.D. Ohio 2006) (Fair Labor Standards Act); Rudy v. Walter Coke, Inc., 21 F. Supp. 3d 1228, 1235-36
(N.D. Ala. 2014) (finding holding company not to be employer under either FMLA or ERISA); In re Enterprise
Rent-A-Car Wage & Hour Employment Practices Litigation, 683 F.3d 462, 466, 471 (3d Cir. 2012) (rejecting claim
that corporate holding company was the plaintiff’s employer for purposes of FLSA merely because it provided
guidelines and manuals to its subsidiaries); but see Jones v. FMSC Leasehold, LLC, 2009 WL 1663967, *2-3 (W.D.
Tenn. June 12, 2009) (finding holding company liable under FLSA because holding company identified itself as
plaintiff’s employer on plaintiff’s W-2 tax form).

                                                        20
         Because Diaz failed to prove that AutoZone, Inc., was her employer, Defendants’ Point I

is granted. The verdict and judgments rendered against AutoZone, Inc., are hereby reversed. In

light of this disposition, we need not reach Defendants’ Points V and VII.23

    C. Diaz made a submissible case for sexual harassment (Defendant’s Points II and III).

         Defendants challenge the trial court’s determination that Diaz made a submissible claim

for sexual harassment. A party alleging sexual harassment is

         tasked with establishing that: (1) she was a member of a protected class; (2) she
         was subjected to unwelcome sexual harassment; (3) the harassment was based on
         her sex; (4) this harassment affected a term, condition, or privilege of employment
         in a manner sufficiently severe to create an abusive work environment and (5)
         [the employer] knew or should have known of the harassment and failed to take
         proper remedial action.

Lynn v. TNT Logistics N. Am. Inc., 275 S.W.3d 304, 308 (Mo. App. W.D. 2008). Defendants

challenge only the fourth and fifth elements, arguing that Diaz did not prove that the harassment

was sufficient to affect a term, condition, or privilege of her employment (Point II), or that

AutoZoners, LLC, was aware of the harassment and failed to take prompt action when made

aware (Point III).24

              The harassment affected a term, condition, or privilege of Diaz’s employment.

         Defendants argue that Diaz failed to prove that any harassment that took place was

sufficient to affect a term, condition, or privilege of her employment, in that she continued to

successfully perform her job, did not require a leave of absence due to the conduct, and only

         23
              In Defendants’ Point V, they argue that the court erred in denying their motion for judgment
notwithstanding the verdict on the ground that there was insufficient evidence to support a punitive damage award
against AutoZone, Inc. In their Point VII, they argue that the court erred in denying their motion for new trial in that
the verdict forms failed to identify specific conduct warranting punitive damages attributable to AutoZone, Inc., that
differed from the conduct of AutoZoners, LLC. Because AutoZone, Inc., was not Diaz’s employer, it cannot be held
liable on Diaz’s claims for either compensatory or punitive damages.
          Further, in addressing other points, we will refer to arguments made by the “defendants” because the
arguments were made to this court by both AutoZoners, LLC, and AutoZone, Inc. However, the remainder of these
points are relevant only to AutoZoners, LLC, as AutoZone, Inc., is not subject to liability.
          24
             “We review the denial of a motion for directed verdict by reviewing the evidence and all permissible
inferences in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, and by disregarding contrary evidence and inferences.”
Poloski v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 68 S.W.3d 445, 448 (Mo. App. W.D. 2001).

                                                          21
sought medical treatment for symptoms arising from the harassment on a single occasion, and

then only after she was transferred to a different store.

       The primary flaw in Defendants’ argument is that it overstates Diaz’s burden to prove

that the harassment affected a term or condition of the employment. Defendants imply that,

absent a showing that Diaz’s work performance dropped precipitously, or that she missed

substantial work, she cannot show that harassment affected a term, condition, or privilege of her

employment. This is not the case. “Sexual harassment creates a hostile work environment when

sexual conduct either creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment or has the

purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with an individual’s work performance.” Lynn, 275
S.W.3d at 308 (emphasis added) (quoting Barekman v. City of Republic, 232 S.W.3d 675, 679

(Mo. App. S.D. 2007)); 8 C.S.R. § 60-3.040(17)(A)3 (“conduct of a sexual nature constitute[s]

sexual harassment when . . . [s]uch conduct has the . . . effect of substantially interfering with an

individual’s work performance or creating an intimidating, hostile or offensive working

environment”).

       In a hostile work environment case, the question is “whether a reasonable person would

objectively consider [the] behavior . . . severe enough to alter the conditions of her employment

and create an abusive working environment.” Cooper v. Albacore Holdings, Inc., 204 S.W.3d
238, 245 (Mo. App. E.D. 2006). In order to meet this standard, “[t]he conduct must be sufficient

to create a hostile work environment, both as it was subjectively viewed by the plaintiff and as it

would be objectively viewed by a reasonable person.” Id. at 244-45. “Once evidence of

‘improper conduct and subjective offense’ is introduced, it is largely up to the jury to determine

if the conduct rose to the level of being abusive.” Lynn, 275 S.W.3d at 308.

       It is clear that Diaz’s evidence as to AutoZoners, LLC, demonstrated both improper

conduct and subjective offense.       Diaz testified to conduct that went “beyond [] harmless

                                                  22
comments or boorish conduct.” Id. It included repeated harassment that bordered on sexual

assault, which the jury could have concluded was ignored when reported to AutoZoners, LLC.

See infra. Accordingly, the jury was entitled to conclude, as it did, that the conduct created an

intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment, meeting the standard for this element.

       Diaz also testified to the subjective effects that the conduct had on her. We are unaware

of any standard requiring, as Defendants propose, that the harassment must require multiple trips

to a doctor and repeatedly missing work. Nevertheless, Diaz did see a doctor, either while she

was at, or mere days after leaving, the Truman Road location.                 Her doctor prescribed

antidepressants due to the stress caused by the harassment. And Diaz testified that she “cried a

lot, had really bad headaches, . . . got sick from being stressed all the time,” that her “hair started

falling out by the handfuls,” and that Diaz’s daughter walked into Diaz’s room to find her cutting

herself. These subjective manifestations were certainly sufficient for the jury to conclude that

Diaz was negatively affected by the hostile workplace environment.

               AutoZoners, LLC, knew or should have known about the harassment
                                and did not take prompt action.

       Defendants next argue that Diaz failed to prove the fifth element of sexual harassment in

that AutoZoners, LLC, did not know about the harassment and, when it found out about the

harassment, it took prompt remedial action.

       “The plaintiff establishes a primary element of a cause for sexual harassment where she

can show that the employer knew, or should have known, of the harassment and failed to take

appropriate action.” Lynn, 275 S.W.3d at 308. “An employer [knew or should have known] of

sexual harassment if information about the harassment came ‘to the attention of someone who (a)

has under the terms of his employment, or (b) is reasonably believed to have . . . a duty to pass

on the information to someone within the company who has the power to do something about

                                                  23
it.’” Sims v. Health Midwest Physician Servs. Corp., 196 F.3d 915, 919 (8th Cir. 1999) (quoting

Young v. Bayer Corp., 123 F.3d 672, 674 (7th Cir. 1997)).

       There was sufficient evidence to support a finding that Diaz timely informed AutoZoners,

LLC, of the harassing conduct as it occurred. Diaz reported Mark’s harassment to Williams as

early as April of 2010, soon after the conduct began. And she continued to report every incident

of unwanted physical contact to Williams. Defendants argue that this was insufficient to put

AutoZoners, LLC, on notice because Williams was not Diaz’s direct supervisor, and they fault

Diaz for not going up the management chain when Williams’s response was insufficient. But

Brown, AutoZoners, LLC’s regional human resources manager at the time of the conduct,

testified that employees were told that they could report harassment to “anyone in management,”

which includes “commercial sales manager[s],” such as Williams.            “If the employer has

structured its organization such that a given individual has the authority to accept notice of a

harassment problem, then notice to that individual is sufficient to hold the employer liable.”

Weger v. City of Ladue, 500 F.3d 710, 732 (8th Cir. 2007) (quoting Williamson v. City of

Houston, Tex., 148 F.3d 462, 467 (5th Cir. 1998)).          Additionally, the record reflects that

Williams was eventually terminated for his failure to report this conduct to higher management,

reflecting that AutoZoners, LLC, believed Williams had a duty to report the conduct to higher

management. In short, there was ample evidence for the jury to conclude that Williams was an

employee who was authorized to receive complaints of harassment, thus providing notice to

AutoZoners, LLC.

       The record also supports the conclusion that, contrary to AutoZoners, LLC’s assertions,

Diaz did report the harassment to George, the store manager, immediately following the first

inappropriate physical touching, and following each event thereafter. And when she did report

                                              24
this harassment, George repeatedly told Diaz either that he would, or that Diaz should, “talk to

Shane [Williams],” because the issues were with commercial customers.

          There was also evidence sufficient to support a finding that AutoZoners, LLC, failed to

take proper remedial action. It is undisputed that Williams did nothing to help prevent the

unwanted harassment and, in fact, there was evidence that he occasionally encouraged it.

Additionally, George, despite knowing of physical harassment as early as November 2010, did

not report anything to Brown until January 2011. And even then, despite Diaz reporting conduct

that bordered on sexual assault, George told Brown only that some customers had made “rude”

comments, and then he inaccurately reported that the conduct had stopped a couple of weeks

later. It was not until several months after the conduct was first reported to him that George

made any effort to confront the customers responsible for the harassment. Moreover, when Diaz,

dissatisfied with the lack of response by management, took it upon herself to contact Brown, it

took multiple contacts, and months of time, before an investigation was initiated. By the time

AutoZoners, LLC, transferred Diaz to another store, finally providing an effective remedy for the

situation, it had been over a year since Diaz first reported unwanted harassment, and at least five

months since she had reported inappropriate physical touching to the store manager. From this,

the jury reasonably could have concluded that AutoZoners, LLC, did not take proper remedial

action.

          Defendants’ Points II and III are denied.

                                                  25
    D. The trial court did not err in failing to submit vicarious liability as an element in
       jury instructions 7 and 8 (Defendants’ Point VI).

         Defendants next argue that the trial court erred in submitting instructions 7 and 8 to the

jury without additional language offered by Defendants.25 Both instructions stated that the jury

must find, as an element of Diaz’s claim of sexual harassment, that Defendants “knew or should

have known of the harassment and failed to take appropriate action.” Defendants argue that

these instructions “failed to submit the controverted fact of vicarious liability to the jury,”

because the instructions failed to clarify that Defendants must have acted “through one or more

of [their] managerial employees who were acting within the scope and course of his or her

employment with” Defendants in order to subject Defendants to vicarious liability. Defendants

misunderstand the nature of Diaz’s claim.

         Where, as here, the claim alleges a discriminatory hostile work environment, “an

employer’s liability . . . is not based on an application of respondeat superior.” Wright v.

Over-the-Rd. & City Transfer Drivers, Helpers, Dockmen & Warehousemen, Local Union

No. 41, Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen & Helpers of Am., 945 S.W.2d 481,

499 (Mo. App. W.D. 1997). Rather, liability is imposed when “the employer knew or should

have known of the harassment and failed to take prompt remedial action reasonably calculated to

end the harassment.” Id. In other words, liability is imposed where the employer has violated its

own, independent duty under the MHRA to maintain a work environment free from

discrimination based upon any of its employees’ protected classifications. Meritor, 477 U.S. at

66-67; Mason, 91 S.W.3d at 742. The employer’s liability arises from the knowledge imputed

from its supervisors because “the only way of communicating actual notice to a corporation,” a

         25
            “Whether a jury was instructed properly is a question of law this court reviews de novo.” Bowolak v.
Mercy E. Cmtys., 452 S.W.3d 688, 700 (Mo. App. E.D. 2014). “‘Review is conducted in the light most favorable to
the record,’” and “the party challenging the instruction [must] show that the offending instruction ‘misdirected,
misled, or confused the jury’ and resulted in prejudice to the party challenging the instruction.” Id. (quoting Hervey
v. Mo. Dep’t of Corr., 379 S.W.3d 156, 159 (Mo. banc 2012)).

                                                         26
legal fiction that lacks sentience, “is through its agents.” Scrivner v. Am. Car & Foundry Co., 50
S.W.2d 1001, 1014 (Mo. banc 1932); Green Tree Farm, Inc. v. Dir. of Revenue, 10 S.W.3d 220,

224 (Mo. App. W.D. 2000) (“a corporation obtains its knowledge only through its officers and

agent, thus information as to matters within the scope of the authority of its officers and agents is

imputed to it”). But that is in no way the same as being held vicariously liable for the actions of

the supervisors. Williamson, 148 F.3d at 465 (“employer liability for harassment by co-workers

is direct liability for negligently allowing harassment, not vicarious liability for the harassing

actions of employees”).

        Contrary to Defendants’ assertion, vicarious liability was not at issue in the case. Rather,

Defendants’ own actions, or failures to act, were at issue. Accordingly, the trial court did not err

in refusing to add Defendants’ proposed language to the instructions.

        Defendants’ Point VI is denied.

    E. The trial court did not err in refusing to reduce the award of compensatory damage
       (Defendants’ Point VIII).

        Defendants next claim that the trial court erred in denying their motion for remittitur,

arguing that the jury’s compensatory damage award should be reduced from $75,000 to $10,000

because it was not supported by substantial evidence. Defendants argue that Diaz “admitted that

she did not seek medical treatment until after she left the Truman Road store and there was

ample evidence that [Diaz]’s alleged emotional distress was not work-related.”26 Specifically,

Defendants argue that the evidence showed that other sources of stress in Diaz’s life, including

moving a number of times, a turbulent relationship with her boyfriend, incidents of domestic

        26
            Defendants also cite to a number of MHRA cases in which lower monetary awards have been awarded
for compensatory damages, arguing that the verdict in this case is inconsistent with those cases. But Defendants
never mentioned this theory in their point relied on, in which they point to only the purported lack of evidence
supporting the damage award. “[A]n appellant abandons any claim of error as to an issue not raised in its points
relied on in its appellant’s brief.” Kabir v. Mo. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 845 S.W.2d 102, 103 (Mo. App. W.D. 1993).

                                                       27
abuse, a bankruptcy, an abusive childhood, and an abusive marriage, were the real reasons for

any emotional distress.

       “Intangible damages, such as pain, suffering, embarrassment, emotional distress, and

humiliation do not lend themselves to precise calculation.” Van Den Berk v. Mo. Comm’n on

Human Rights, 26 S.W.3d 406, 413 (Mo. App. E.D. 2000). “Each case requires individualized

contemplation and consideration by the trier of fact.”          Id. at 414.    “Fair and reasonable

compensation is the ultimate goal in awarding damages.” Id. “We disregard all evidence and

inferences that conflict with the verdict, . . . [and] will reverse the jury’s verdict for insufficient

evidence only if there is a complete absence of probative facts to support the jury’s conclusion.”

Blanks, 450 S.W.3d at 365.

       Evidence of the extent of Diaz’s injuries, as set out supra, included: suffering very bad

headaches, constantly being sick, experiencing a great deal of stress and anxiety, losing patches

of hair, difficulty sleeping and eating, attempting to cut herself, becoming very angry, and having

a doctor place her on antidepressant medication. Diaz testified that she dreaded going to work,

and she attributed the problems listed above to the harassment that she was experiencing at work.

Her doctor agreed. Defendants attributed the problems to other factors and had the opportunity

to make that argument to the jury. Indeed, the jury may have accepted Defendants’ explanation,

at least in part, because Diaz argued that her damages were “$350,000 to $500,000,” but the jury

awarded only a relatively small fraction of that amount.

       There is evidence supporting Diaz’s claim that she was emotionally harmed, that the

harm manifested itself in a number of physical and non-physical forms, and that it was

attributable to the harassment that she endured at work. Viewing the evidence in the light most

favorable to the verdict, as our standard of review demands, we cannot say that the jury’s

compensatory damage award is unsupported by substantial evidence.

                                                  28
        Defendants’ Point VIII is denied.

    F. The evidence was sufficient to support the jury’s award of punitive damages against
       AutoZoners, LLC (Defendants’ Point IV).

        In their fourth point on appeal, Defendants argue that the evidence was insufficient to

support the jury’s award of punitive damages against AutoZoners, LLC, because the evidence

showed that AutoZoners, LLC, had a policy prohibiting sexual harassment, it provided training

to employees regarding how to handle sexual harassment, and it responded promptly and

successfully to Diaz’s complaints. Diaz argues that AutoZoners, LLC, is attempting to rely on

an inapplicable “good faith” defense.27

        “Punitive damages require clear and convincing proof of a culpable mental state, either

from a wanton, willful, or outrageous act, or from reckless disregard for an act’s consequences

such that an evil motive may be inferred.” Alhalabi, 300 S.W.3d at 529. “Whether there is

sufficient evidence to support an award of punitive damages is a question of law.” Id. at 528.

“[W]e view the evidence and all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to

submissibility and we disregard all evidence and inferences which are adverse thereto.” Id. at

528-29.

        Though we do not quarrel with AutoZoner, LLC’s claims that it had a policy precluding

discrimination, that it provided training to its employees on this topic, or that these facts might

support a “good faith” defense to punitive damages under Kolstad, these facts are ultimately

irrelevant to the question before us: whether Diaz presented a submissible case for punitive

damages here. As discussed above, Diaz brought her claim as a negligence action; in light of

this fact, the Kolstad “good faith” defense is inapplicable because “reasonableness rather than

        27
            We review challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence de novo, accepting all facts and reasonable
inferences in the light most favorable to the verdicts. Blanks, 450 S.W.3d at 364-65.

                                                      29
good faith is the standard by which negligence is to be determined.” Hiett v. Dir. of Revenue,

899 S.W.2d 870, 873 (Mo. banc 1995).

       Under the MHRA, “[a] submissible case [for punitive damages] is made if the evidence

and the inferences drawn therefrom are sufficient to permit a reasonable juror to conclude that

the plaintiff established with convincing clarity that the defendant’s conduct was outrageous

because of evil motive or reckless indifference.” Alhalabi, 300 S.W.3d at 529. “Reckless

disregard can be shown by evidence that an employer knew of the harassment and failed to

adequately remedy the situation, or by evidence of the failure to properly investigate complaints

of discrimination.” Hill, 371 S.W.3d at 71 (internal citations omitted).

       Here, Diaz argued that she was entitled to punitive damages not only because

AutoZoners, LLC, failed to promptly and effectively remedy the harassment but also because

AutoZoners, LLC, had an unwritten rule of nonenforcement of the anti-harassment policy when

the alleged harassers were customers of the business. Diaz suggested that AutoZoners, LLC,

valued profits over the safety and security of employees. To support her assertions, Diaz

presented evidence that she repeatedly complained to both Williams and George about the

harassment and that neither individual did anything to stop the harassment.         Further, she

presented evidence of discrepancies in the handling of investigations related to human resources

versus those related to loss prevention. Diaz also presented evidence of an incident occurring in

Wichita, Kansas, at another AutoZone store where AutoZoners, LLC, provided staff, wherein a

commercial sales customer’s employees assaulted a female AutoZone driver. That particular

store continued to do business with the commercial sales customer to avoid losing profits. And

as to the Truman Road location, Diaz presented evidence that Williams refused to respond to her

complaints precisely because he did not want to lose commercial sales customers and that Mark

believed nothing would be done to stop him from harassing her because he was a commercial

                                                30
account holder. Finally, Diaz presented evidence that both Williams and George viewed her as a

“problem child” and a “crybaby,” suggesting that they did not take her complaints seriously.

         “Recklessness and outrageousness may be inferred from evidence of . . . an employee’s

repeated complaints to supervisors fall[ing] on deaf ears.” Rowe v. Hussmann Corp., 381 F.3d
775, 784 (8th Cir. 2004). Where the employer knows of abusive conduct, repeatedly fails to take

effective action to stop the conduct, and defends or makes excuses for the conduct, the evidence

is sufficient to support submission of punitive damages. Id. Here, Diaz repeatedly complained

to both Williams and George and claimed that both individuals witnessed incidents of

harassment; Williams repeatedly brushed off Diaz’s complaints, excusing Mark’s conduct by

noting that Mark was “just a pervert” and encouraging Jimmy’s conduct by remarking that

Jimmy got to “grab her butt before [Williams] did.” Though George reported that Diaz was

having problems with some commercial accounts, he failed to report the nature of Diaz’s

complaints and told Brown that Diaz was the source of a lot of “drama” in his store. This

evidence was sufficient to submit the issue of punitive damages to the jury.

         Defendants’ Point IV is denied.

    G. The punitive damage award against AutoZoners, LLC, did not violate due process
       (Defendants’ Point IX).

         In its ninth point on appeal, AutoZoners, LLC, argues that the trial court erred in denying

its motion for remittitur of the punitive damage award. AutoZoners, LLC, claims that the

$1,000,000 award is unconstitutionally large in violation of its right to due process.28 We

disagree.

         28
            “Remittitur and a constitutionally reduced verdict, though potentially achieving the same result, are in
theory different.” Blanks, 450 S.W.3d at 412 n.71. “A remittitur is a substitution of the court’s judgment for that of
the jury regarding the appropriate award of damages.” Id. “The court orders a remittitur when it finds that the jury’s
award is excessive and unreasonable on the facts.” Id. (citing § 537.068). “In other words, the court may order
remittitur relief when the jury awards a verdict that is simply ‘too bounteous’ under the evidence.” Id. (quoting
Moore v. Missouri-Nebraska Exp., Inc., 892 S.W.2d 696, 714 (Mo. App. W.D. 1994)). “A constitutional reduction,

                                                         31
         “The rationale for permitting punitive damages is the furthering of society’s interests of

punishing unlawful conduct and deterring its repetition, and punitive damages are

constitutionally permissible.” Peters v. Gen. Motors Corp., 200 S.W.3d 1, 25 (Mo. App. W.D.

2006). “The imposition of a punitive award implicates Fourteenth Amendment due process

concerns,” which “are both procedural and substantive.”29 Id. “Only when an award can fairly

be categorized as ‘grossly excessive’ in relation to these interests does it enter the zone of

arbitrariness that violates the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.” BMW of N.

Am., Inc. v. Gore, 517 U.S. 559, 568 (1996). In determining whether an award is “grossly

excessive,” we generally consider the following factors: (1) the degree of reprehensibility of the

conduct at issue; (2) the ratio of actual harm to punitive damages; and (3) the difference between

the punitive damage award and the civil penalties authorized or imposed in comparable cases.

Id. at 575. “The factor of comparative penalties is inconsequential,” however, “in an MHRA

case.” Brady v. Curators of Univ. of Mo., 213 S.W.3d 101, 111 (Mo. App. E.D. 2006). Thus,

we will examine solely the first two factors.

                                           Degree of Reprehensibility

         “Perhaps the most important indicium of the reasonableness of a punitive damages award

is the degree of reprehensibility of the defendant’s conduct.” BMW, 517 U.S. at 575. To

determine reprehensibility, we consider whether:

         “the harm caused was physical as opposed to economic; the tortious conduct
         evinced an indifference to or a reckless disregard of the health or safety of others;

on the other hand, is a determination that the law does not permit the award.” Id. “Unlike a remittitur, which is
discretionary with the court, a court has a mandatory duty to correct an unconstitutionally excessive verdict so that it
conforms to the requirements of the due-process clause.” Id.
         The distinction, though a fine one, affects our standard of review. The denial of a motion for remittitur is
reviewed for an abuse of discretion, Call v. Heard, 925 S.W.2d 840, 849 (Mo. banc 1996), while “a constitutional
challenge to a punitive damages award [is reviewed] de novo.” The Fireworks Restoration Co., LLC v. Hosto, 371
S.W.3d 83, 91 (Mo. App. E.D. 2012). Here, the basis for Defendants’ motion at trial and the substance of their
argument on appeal involves a purely constitutional challenge; thus, we will review this claim de novo.
         29
            AutoZoners, LLC’s challenge relates solely to the substantive aspect.

                                                          32
        the target of the conduct had financial vulnerability; the conduct involved
        repeated actions or was an insolated incident; and the harm was the result of
        intentional malice, trickery, or deceit, or mere accident.”

Estate of Overbey v. Chad Franklin Nat’l Auto Sales N., LLC, 361 S.W.3d 364, 373 (Mo. banc

2012) (quoting State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Campbell, 538 U.S. 408, 419 (2003)).

        AutoZoners, LLC, argues that its conduct was not sufficiently reprehensible to justify the

large punitive damage award. It argues that Diaz’s harm was neither physical nor economic, that

George and Brown credited Diaz’s complaints and responded promptly and in good faith, and

that there was no evidence of deceit by AutoZoners, LLC. Though it is true that Diaz’s harm

was neither physical nor economic, it was certainly emotional and psychological. And, contrary

to AutoZoners, LLC’s claim, the evidence supported a determination that neither George nor

Brown acted promptly in response to Diaz’s complaints. And, during this delayed response,

Mark’s conduct escalated, progressing from mere verbal comments to physical contact,

potentially constituting sexual assault. Furthermore, while there was no evidence of deceit on

behalf of AutoZoners, LLC, it overlooks the second factor of the reprehensibility analysis:

whether its conduct evinced indifference or a reckless disregard to Diaz’s health and safety.

Mark’s behavior became increasingly aggressive and had the potential to become dangerous to

Diaz’s health and safety. And as noted supra, there was sufficient evidence from which the jury

could have found that AutoZoners, LLC, acted with reckless disregard for its employees’

well-being by failing to remedy a hostile work environment, of which it was aware, in favor of

maintaining commercial sales accounts (potentially a pattern of AutoZoners, LLC, as

demonstrated from the Wichita incident),30 or by not taking Diaz’s complaints seriously, given

        30
          Though due process does not allow an award of punitive damages based upon other parties’ hypothetical
claims against a defendant as part of the reprehensibility analysis, “due process does permit considering the
wrongfulness of the conduct and whether it is part of a pattern and practice of misconduct.” Estate of Overbey v.
Chad Franklin Nat’l Auto Sales N., LLC, 361 S.W.3d 364, 373 (Mo. banc 2012).

                                                       33
the fact that she was labeled a “problem child” and a “crybaby.” Thus, there was a sufficient

degree of reprehensibility on the part of AutoZoners, LLC, to justify a sizeable award.

                                               Ratio

        “The second and perhaps most commonly cited indicium of an unreasonable or excessive

punitive damages award is its ratio to the actual harm inflicted on the plaintiff.” BMW, 517 U.S.

at 580. The Supreme Court has “consistently rejected the notion that the constitutional line is

marked by a simple mathematical formula, even one that compares actual and potential damages

to the punitive award.” Id. at 582. “[L]ow awards of compensatory damages may properly

support a higher ratio than high compensatory awards, if, for example, . . . the injury is hard to

detect or the monetary value of noneconomic harm might have been difficult to determine.” Id.

“In most cases, the ratio will be within a constitutionally acceptable range, and remittitur will not

be justified on this basis.” Id. at 583.

        The ratio here of punitive to compensatory damages is roughly 13:1. AutoZoners, LLC,

argues that ratios exceeding single digits are generally unconstitutional and urges us to remit the

award to a 1:1 ratio. “While ‘few awards exceeding a single digit ratio between punitive

damages and compensatory damages . . . will satisfy due process,’ greater ratios may ‘comport

with due process where a particularly egregious act has resulted in only a small amount of

economic damages.’” Lewellen v. Franklin, 441 S.W.3d 136, 147 (Mo. banc 2014) (quoting

State Farm, 538 U.S. at 425). Additionally, where the defendant’s conduct was economically

motivated and the defendant is a large corporation, or where the defendant is particularly

recalcitrant, it very well may be that a large award is the only means by which to sufficiently

ensure that its illegal conduct will be deterred. See Barnett v. La Societe Anonyme Turbomeca

France, 963 S.W.2d 639, 666 (Mo. App. W.D. 1997) (defendant motivated purely by economic

considerations), overruled on other grounds by Badahman v. Catering St. Louis, 395 S.W.3d 29,

                                                 34
40 (Mo. banc 2013); Brady, 213 S.W.3d at 111 (plaintiff had prevailed in three separate age

discrimination suits against the defendant, and each time, the defendant’s retaliation escalated);

Blanks, 450 S.W.3d at 411 (“High-ratio punitive-damage awards are sometimes necessary in

order to have a sufficient deterrent effect.”).

        Here, though the ratio exceeds single digits and Diaz’s compensatory award was not as

small as other awards justifying a higher ratio, we find AutoZoners, LLC’s argument that Diaz

was entitled to, at most, a 1:1 ratio unavailing. First, this argument ignores the Supreme Court’s

admonition that “the most important indicium of the reasonableness of a punitive damages award

is the degree of reprehensibility of the defendant’s conduct.” BMW, 517 U.S. at 575. To accept

AutoZoners, LLC’s argument is to elevate the ratio analysis above the reprehensibility factor.

Though a punitive damage award must be related to the harm caused, as noted above, the jury

could have found, at best, that AutoZoners, LLC, was dismissive of Diaz’s complaints because it

viewed her as a “problem child,” and, at worst, that Diaz’s case was merely part of AutoZoners,

LLC’s pattern of valuing profits over the health and safety of its employees, as evidenced by the

Wichita case.

        Second, the jury could have determined that AutoZoners, LLC’s conduct was motivated

by purely economic concerns. And the evidence demonstrated that AutoZoners, LLC, was a

large and financially well-off company. Thus, it very well may have felt that a large award was

necessary in order to deter what it found to be AutoZoners, LLC’s illegal conduct. In light of

these factors, we cannot say that the punitive damage award against AutoZoners, LLC, was

arbitrary so as to violate AutoZoners, LLC’s right to due process.

        Defendants’ Point IX is denied.

                                                  35
   H. The punitive damage award did not exceed the statutory cap provided by § 510.265
      (Defendants’ Point X).

       In the tenth point on appeal, Defendants claim that the trial court erred in denying their

motion for remittitur of the punitive damage awards because the awards exceeded the statutory

cap imposed by § 510.265.31 We disagree.

       Section 510.265.1 provides that “[n]o award of punitive damages against any defendant

shall exceed the greater of: (1) Five hundred thousand dollars; or (2) Five times the net amount

of the judgment awarded to the plaintiff against the defendant.”                       The “net amount of the

judgment” is not limited to the amount of compensatory damages but instead includes all

monetary awards to the plaintiff provided for in the judgment, such as attorneys’ fees. Hervey v.

Mo. Dep’t of Corr., 379 S.W.3d 156, 165 (Mo. banc 2012).

       Here, in the judgment, Diaz was awarded $75,000 in compensatory damages,

$243,826.25 in attorneys’ fees, and $10,075.05 in costs, for a total award of $328,901.30. Five

times this amount is well over the $1,000,000 punitive damage award Diaz received against

AutoZoners, LLC. Thus, the punitive damage award against AutoZoners, LLC, did not exceed

the statutory cap. Because we have already determined that AutoZone, Inc., was not a proper

party to this action, we need not address Defendants’ assertion that all punitive damage awards

should be considered cumulatively for purposes of determining whether the statutory cap has

been exceeded.

       Defendants’ Point X is denied.

   I. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in its award of attorneys’ fees
      (Defendants’ Point XI and Diaz’s Point I).

       After trial, the court granted Diaz’s initial motion for attorneys’ fees, awarding her

$243,826.25 in fees and assessing costs against Defendants in the amount of $10,075.05 (both

       31
            The denial of a motion for remittitur is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Call, 925 S.W.2d at 849.

                                                          36
sums representing the entire amount that Diaz requested in her initial motion). Following the

denial of all of Defendants’ post-trial motions, in a supplemental motion, Diaz sought an

additional $32,097.50 in attorneys’ fees and $703.98 in costs associated with responding to

Defendants’ post-trial motions. The trial court denied the supplemental motion, noting that its

initial award of attorneys’ fees and costs “took into account and included anticipated fees and

costs related to post[-]judgment pleadings.” Diaz, in her sole point on appeal, claims that the

trial court erred in denying her supplemental motion for attorneys’ fees. Defendants, in their

final point, argue that the trial court erred in awarding $243,826.25 in attorneys’ fees. Because

these points present interrelated issues, they will be addressed together.

       Defendants argue that the award of $243,826.25 was unreasonably high because both the

hourly rate and the number of hours underlying the award were unreasonable. Defendants point

to evidence they presented that they claim shows the reasonable market rates for similarly

experienced civil rights attorneys in comparable cases range from $270 to $375 per hour; far less

than the $400 to $475 per hour that was the basis for Diaz’s fee request. Defendants also argue

that the hours Diaz’s attorneys submitted were unreasonable because Diaz voluntarily dismissed

her claims against Smith, George, and Williams on the day of trial, and the jury returned verdicts

against Diaz on her counts of retaliation. Accordingly, Defendants argue, because Diaz did not

prevail either on the majority of her claims, or against most of the original defendants, the hours

submitted should be reduced by at least 50%. In response to Defendants’ arguments, Diaz points

to affidavits she presented that she argues prove that the hourly rates her attorneys charged were

reasonable. She also argues that the claims against Smith, George, and Williams, as well as the

claims for retaliation, all “involved a common nucleus of facts which were inextricably related to

one another.” Thus, Diaz argues that there was no reason to award less than the fees requested.

                                                 37
         In her single point on appeal, Diaz focuses on the trial court’s alleged denial of fees for

time spent responding to post-trial motions. Diaz argues that the trial court actually awarded her

the full amount on her initial motion for fees and then refused to award any fees at all for the

work performed post-trial. But that is inconsistent with what the trial court stated. In refusing to

award Diaz any additional fees in response to her supplemental motion, the trial court noted that

it had included in its initial attorneys’ fee award some amount in anticipation of Diaz’s counsel

expending some time in responding to post-trial motions.32 We take the trial court at its word,

and therefore do not accept Diaz’s mischaracterization of the trial court’s award.33 In evaluating

the parties’ claims, we will combine the two requests for fees, and compare the total amount

requested to the amount awarded. Diaz requested a total of $275,923.75 in attorneys’ fees. The

trial court’s award of $243,826.25 (a reduction of approximately eleven percent) was intended to

fully compensate her for the cost of bringing suit, including responding to post-trial motions.

The question for this court is whether the trial court abused its discretion in entering this award.

         The MHRA “allows a court to award ‘court costs and reasonable attorney fees to the

prevailing party, other than a state agency.’” Alhalabi, 300 S.W.3d at 530 (quoting § 213.111.2).

“The reasons are twofold: ‘(1) to fully make the plaintiff whole by compensating him or her for

the costs of bringing suit and (2) to deflect that discrimination may result in nominal or small

monetary damages.’” DeWalt v. Davidson Surface Air, 449 S.W.3d 401, 404 (Mo. App. E.D.

2014) (quoting Coyle v. City of St. Louis, 408 S.W.3d 281, 291 (Mo. App. E.D. 2013)). Courts

have set forth a number of factors to be used in determining the appropriate amount of fees to

award:

         32
            We do not know the exact hourly rate or the number of hours awarded because the trial court did not
make findings in support of the attorneys’ fee award. While such findings would have been helpful to our review,
neither party requested findings.
         33
            This is not to say that such an anticipatory award is to be encouraged. Nevertheless, neither party has
challenged the method as error.

                                                        38
       (1) the rates customarily charged by the attorneys involved in the case and by
       other attorneys in the community for similar services; (2) the number of hours
       reasonably expended on the litigation; (3) the nature and character of the services
       rendered; (4) the degree of professional ability required; (5) the nature and
       importance of the subject matter; (6) the amount involved or the result obtained;
       and (7) the vigor of the opposition.

Id.

       “‘The determination of reasonable attorneys’ fees is in the sound discretion of the trial

court and shall not be reversed unless the amount awarded is arbitrarily arrived at or is so

unreasonable as to indicate indifference and a lack of proper judicial consideration.’” Tate v.

AutoZoners, L.L.C., 363 S.W.3d 179, 182 (Mo. App. S.D. 2012) (quoting Brady, 213 S.W.3d at

114). “When dealing with an award of attorneys’ fees, the trial court is considered an expert and

may make an award at its discretion.” Id. “Where there is no contrary showing, the trial court is

presumed to know the character of the services rendered in duration, zeal, and ability.” Alhalabi,
300 S.W.3d at 530.

       “If the plaintiff’s claims for relief are based on different legal theories and facts and

counsel’s work on one claim is unrelated to his work on another claim, the unrelated claims must

be treated as if they had been raised in separate lawsuits, and, therefore, no fee may be awarded

for services on the unsuccessful and unrelated claims.” Id. “On the other hand, if the claims for

relief have a common core of facts and are based on related legal theories and much of counsel’s

time is devoted generally to the litigation as a whole making it difficult to divide the hours

expended on a claim-by-claim basis, such a lawsuit cannot be viewed as a series of distinct

claims.” Id. at 530-31. “[W]here a plaintiff’s claims are related and [she] has obtained excellent

results overall, [her] counsel should recover a fully compensatory fee that should not be reduced

simply because [she] has not prevailed on every litigated claim.” Id. at 531.

                                                39
       Here, the trial court reduced Diaz’s total requested fee award by approximately eleven

percent.   Neither party has convinced us that the trial court did not properly take into

consideration the necessary factors or that it abused its discretion in making the award that it did.

The trial court acted within its discretion in making a modest reduction, to the hourly rate, Hill,
371 S.W.3d at 81-82 (trial court was within its discretion in awarding hourly rates ranging from

$100 to $350 per hour, when counsel requested fees of $250 to $450 per hour), the number of

hours billed, Alhalabi, 300 S.W.3d at 530-31 (trial court did not abuse its discretion in reducing

number of hours billed by fifteen percent where plaintiff was successful on discrimination claim

but not retaliation), or a combination thereof. Tate, 363 S.W.3d at 182 (“A trial court may

attempt to identify specific hours that should be eliminated or may simply reduce the award to

account for a prevailing party’s limited success.”). “While the trial court did not award the exact

amount suggested by either party, there is no evidence that it abused its discretion by submitting

an unreasonable or illogical award.” Id. “The abuse of discretion standard gives us little room to

second guess, even if we were so inclined, which we are not.” Grau Contracting, Inc. v. Captiva

Lake Invs., LLC, 429 S.W.3d 472, 477 (Mo. App. S.D. 2014).

       However, on appeal we reversed the judgment against AutoZone, Inc. Because this

represents a significant percentage of the initial judgment, we remand the issue of attorneys’ fees

to the trial court for further consideration in light of this opinion. This remand is not intended to

suggest that this court has determined that the award of fees was excessive in light of the reversal

of the judgment against AutoZone, Inc. Rather, we simply acknowledge that there has been a

significant change to the amount of the judgment, which may have affected the trial court’s fee

award, and that the trial court is in a better position to evaluate whether this change should affect

the award of fees. Claus v. Intrigue Hotels, LLC, 328 S.W.3d 777, 789 (Mo. App. W.D. 2010)

(“trial courts are generally in a better position to take evidence and hear argument relating to

                                                 40
attorney fees”). Additionally, Diaz has filed a request for fees incurred on appeal, which the trial

court shall determine on remand.

       Defendants’ Point XI and Diaz’s Point I are denied. The issue of the proper award of

attorneys’ fees is remanded to the trial court for further consideration in light of this opinion.

                                             Conclusion

       Because Diaz failed to prove that AutoZone, Inc., was her employer, we grant

Defendants’ Points I, V, and VII. Defendants’ remaining points are denied, as is Diaz’s single

point. The entire judgment as to AutoZone, Inc., is reversed, the awards of both compensatory

and punitive damages against AutoZoners, LLC, are affirmed, and the case is remanded to the

trial court for further proceedings as to attorneys’ fees, consistent with this opinion.

                                               Karen King Mitchell, Presiding Judge

Lisa White Hardwick and Anthony Rex Gabbert, Judges, concur.

                                                  41