Court Opinion

ID: 4705478
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-07-22 12:02:44.936382+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:06:23.808702
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                                No. 21-1354 C
                                       Filed Under Seal: June 28, 2021
                                           Reissued: July 21, 2021 *

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * **
                                        *
CW GOVERNMENT TRAVEL, INC.              *
A/K/A CWTSATOTRAVEL,                    *
                                        *
                  Plaintiff,            *
                                        *
       v.                               *
                                        *
THE UNITED STATES,                      *
                                        *
                  Defendant,            *
                                        *
and                                     *
                                        *
BCD TRAVEL USA, LLC,                    *
                                        *
                  Defendant-Intervenor. *
                                        *
 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ***

Lars E. Anderson, with whom were, Sally A. Hostetler, Charlotte R. Rosen, and James P. Miller,
Odin, Feldman & Pittleman, of Reston, VA, for plaintiff.

Robert C. Bigler, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, Department of
Justice, with whom were, Eric P. Bruskin, Assistant Director, Martin F. Hockey, Jr., Acting
Director, and Brian M. Boynton, Acting Assistant Attorney General, all of Washington, D.C., for
defendant, and Jeremiah M. Strack, Senior Assistant General Counsel, Office of General
Counsel, LPNA, U.S. General Services Administration, of Washington, D.C., of counsel.

Timothy A. Furin, Apple & Furin, LLP, of Austin, TX, for defendant-intervenor.

*
 Pursuant to the protective order entered in this case, this opinion was filed initially under seal. The parties
provided proposed redactions of confidential or proprietary information. The resulting redactions are shown by
asterisks enclosed by brackets. In addition, the Court made minor typographical and stylistic corrections.
                                           OPINION AND ORDER

SOMERS, Judge.

        On May 13, 2021, Plaintiff, CW Government Travel, Inc. (“CWT” or
“CWTSatoTravel”), filed a motion for a temporary restraining order and a preliminary injunction
seeking to enjoin further performance of a task order awarded to BCD Travel USA, LLC
(“BCD” or “BCD Travel”) by the General Services Administration (“GSA”) pursuant to Request
for Quotation No. 47QMCB20Q0010 (“RFQ”), for Department of Defense, U.S. Army CONUS,
Travel Management Company services (“Army travel contract”). Given that the Administrative
Record has been filed, no supplementation of the Administrative Record has been requested,
Plaintiff’s grounds for protest have been fully briefed and argued, and the parties have stated that
they have no objection, 1 pursuant to Rule 65(a)(2) of the Rules of the Court of Federal Claims
(“RCFC”), the Court is consolidating Plaintiff’s motion for a preliminary injunction with its
request for a permanent injunction and for judgment on the administrative record.

        For the reasons that follow, the Court has determined that GSA, in evaluating quotations
and determining to which travel management company to award the Army travel contract, failed
to follow a material requirement in the RFQ related to key personnel and did not conduct the
price realism and unbalanced pricing analyses it was required to perform. Therefore, the
agency’s evaluations of technical approach and price were not conducted in accordance with the
RFQ’s requirements. Moreover, these material failures to follow the terms of the RFQ
prejudiced Plaintiff. Accordingly, Plaintiff is entitled to judgment on the administrative record,
and Plaintiff’s request for a permanent injunction is granted.

                         BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

A. The Solicitation

        On May 13, 2020, the government, acting through GSA, on behalf of the Department of
Defense, issued an RFQ requesting quotes from companies to provide Travel Management
Company (“TMC”) services for the Army within the continental United States. AR Tab 2. In
order to compete for the award, a company was required to already be listed on the GSA
Multiple Award Schedule under Category L – Travel, Special Item Number (SIN) 561510 Travel
Agent Services. The RFQ stated that GSA would award the task order on a best value basis. AR
123. The following factors were to be used by GSA to evaluate quotes:

         Factor A – TMC Passenger Name Record (PNR) Validation
         Factor B – Technical Approach
         Factor C – Past Performance
         Factor D – Small Business Participation
         Factor E – Price

    1
       Plaintiff did note some objection at oral argument to consolidating the preliminary injunction with permanent
relief; however, Plaintiff’s objection was limited to one of its lines of argument and then only if the Court decided
that issue in the government’s favor. As is explained below, the Court sides with Plaintiff on the issue; therefore,
Plaintiff has made no relevant objection to consolidation.

                                                          2
AR 384.

        Factor A, TMC Passenger Name Record Validation, was evaluated on a Pass/Fail basis.
AR 124. Factor B, Technical Approach, was based on five criteria: (1) technical approach;
(2) corporate experience; (3) implementation and transition; (4) central billing account; (5) key
personnel plan; and (6) qualification of key personnel. AR 124-126. Technical Approach was
rated on an adjectival basis as Outstanding, Good, Acceptable, Marginal, or Unacceptable, as
described in the following chart:

                                        Technical Ratings

        Rating                                            Description
 Outstanding                Quote meets requirements and indicates an exceptional approach
                            and comprehensive understanding of the requirements. The quote
                            contains multiple strengths and no weaknesses or deficiencies. The
                            quote is considered to be very low to no risk to the Government.
 Good                       Quote meets requirements and indicates a thorough approach and
                            understanding of the requirements. Quote contains at least one
                            strength and no deficiencies. Weaknesses, if any, are more than
                            offset by strengths. The quote is considered to be a low risk to the
                            Government.
 Acceptable                 Quote meets requirements and indicates an adequate approach and
                            understanding of the requirements. Quote has no deficiencies.
                            Weaknesses, if any, are generally offset by strengths. The quote is
                            considered to be a moderate risk to the Government.
 Marginal                   Quote does not clearly meet requirements, and has not demonstrated
                            an adequate approach and understanding of the requirements. Quote
                            contains at least one deficiency and weaknesses are not offset by
                            strengths. The quote is considered to be a significant risk to the
                            Government.
 Unacceptable               Quote does not meet requirements and contains numerous
                            weaknesses and/or deficiencies and is unawardable.

AR 385. In addition, the definitions for the terms used in the technical ratings chart are as
follows:

                                                                  Standard Definition
 Strength                                            A strong attribute or quality of particular
                                                     worth or utility; an inherent asset.

                                                     Note: Simple adherence to the requirements
                                                     or ability to meet a requirement is compliance
                                                     but should not be listed as a strength
 Weaknesses                                          A flaw in the quote that increases the risk of
                                                     unsuccessful contract performance

                                                 3
 Deficiency                                         A material failure of a quote to meet a
                                                    Government requirement or a combination of
                                                    significant weaknesses in a quote that
                                                    increases the risk of unsuccessful contract
                                                    performance to an unacceptable level.

AR 124.

        Factor C, Past Performance, was evaluated based on: (1) success in providing TMC
services; (2) degree to which these evaluations of past performance reflect a history of customer
satisfaction and collaboration; and (3) extent to which applicable goals and other small business
performance objectives/requirements were met for any awarded contracts that required
submission of a Small Business Participation Plan, Subcontracting Plan, or other small business
participation/utilization document. AR 386. Past Performance was rated on an adjectival basis
as Outstanding, Good, Acceptable, Neutral, or Unacceptable, as described in the following chart:

 Outstanding             Present/past performance effort involved essentially the same scope
                         and magnitude of effort and complexities this solicitation requires.
                         Performance was rated exceptional in the majority of categories
                         reviewed.
 Good                    Present/past performance effort involved similar scope and magnitude
                         of effort and complexities this solicitation requires. Performance was
                         rated very good in the majority of categories reviewed.
 Acceptable              Present/past performance effort involved some of the scope and
                         magnitude of effort and complexities this solicitation requires.
                         Performance was rated satisfactory in the majority of categories
                         reviewed.
 Neutral                 The Contractor does not have a record of relevant past performance or
                         information on past performance is not available. No recent/relevant
                         performance record is available.
 Unacceptable            Present/past performance involved little or none of the scope and
                         magnitude of effort and complexities this solicitation requires and no
                         other information is available. Performance was rated marginal or
                         unsatisfactory in the majority of categories reviewed.

AR 127.

       Factor D, Small Business Participation, was evaluated on an Acceptable/Unacceptable
basis. Finally, Factor E, Price, required that offerors submit price quotes for both Point of Sale
(“POS”) and Management Service Fee (“MSF”) pricing, as GSA was to determine at the time of
award which of the two pricing models it was going to utilize.

        The RFQ also specified that “[t]he Government will take into consideration any
unbalanced pricing,” and any offeror’s “overall price that is excessively high or low (without
sufficient justification) may be considered unrealistic and unreasonable and may receive no

                                                4
further consideration.” AR 128. In addition, the RFQ provided that the Army travel contract
would be awarded on a best value basis as follows:

       Award of this task order will be made on a competitive basis, in accordance with
       FAR 8.405-2(d), using best value to the responsible Offeror which provides the
       most advantageous solution to the Government. The Government may elect to
       award to other than the lowest priced Offeror, or other than the highest technically
       rated Offeror. In either case, a trade-off determination will be conducted. The
       Government is more concerned with obtaining superior technical features than
       with making award at the lowest price to the Government. However, the
       Government will not make an award at a significantly higher overall price to the
       Government to achieve slightly superior technical features.

AR 123.

B. Award Decision and First GAO Protest

        Three offerors submitted quotes for the Army travel contract: Plaintiff, which is one of
the incumbent contractors, Omega Travel, which is the other incumbent contractor, and BCD
Travel. AR Tabs 12, 13, 46. After evaluations and discussions, on September 18, 2020, GSA
awarded the contract to BCD Travel. AR Tabs 24-26. BCD Travel quoted the government a
price of $46.8 million for POS pricing and $43.7 million for MSF pricing to fulfill the contract;
Plaintiff quoted the government prices of $53.6 million under the POS model and $53.7 million
under the MSF model. AR 1945. BCD Travel was rated “Outstanding” in both Past
Performance and Technical Approach; Plaintiff was rated “Outstanding” in Past Performance
and “Good” for Technical Approach. AR 1942. On September 25, 2020, Plaintiff challenged
the contract award by filing a bid protest with the Government Accountability Office (“GAO”).
AR Tab 28.

C. Agency Corrective Action, Partial Re-Evaluation, Re-Award, and Second GAO Protest

        On account of Plaintiff’s allegations in its original GAO bid protest, on November 13,
2020, GSA informed GAO and the offerors that it would re-evaluate BCD Travel’s quote and
make a new source selection decision. AR Tab 32. Thereafter, GSA re-convened its Technical
Evaluation Team (“TET”). AR Tab 35. In its revised evaluation, dated December 17, 2020,
GSA downgraded BCD Travel’s ratings for both technical approach and past performance from
“Outstanding” to “Good.” AR 2552-2553. BCD Travel, however, was still awarded the contract
due to its lower quoted price. AR Tab 37. On January 7, 2021, Plaintiff again filed a bid protest
at GAO challenging the award to BCD Travel after the re-evaluation. AR Tab 40. In this
protest, Plaintiff alleged, among other grounds, that BCD Travel’s key personnel do not possess
the mandatory minimum qualifications, BCD Travel’s price is unrealistic and unbalanced and
GSA failed to perform an adequate price evaluation, and GSA engaged in unfair and inequitable
discussions. AR 2567. On April 15, 2021, GAO denied Plaintiff’s second challenge. AR Tab
45. Accordingly, on May 13, 2021, Plaintiff filed the instant action and moved for a temporary
restraining order and preliminary injunction.

                                                5
D. The Current Protest

       In its protest in this Court, Plaintiff alleges that GSA committed four errors in evaluating
the quotations for the Army travel contract:

       1. Most of BCD Travel’s key personnel did not meet the professional experience
          required in the RFQ and thus GSA “violated the plain language” of its own
          solicitation in awarding the contract to BCD Travel.

       2. The overall price quoted by BCD Travel was unrealistic and BCD Travel’s quote
          contained unbalanced pricing, both for which GSA failed to conduct a rational price
          evaluation.

       3. BCD Travel’s past performance rating was higher than it should have been under the
          terms of the RFQ regarding the scope, magnitude, and complexity of past
          performance.

       4. GSA corrected incomplete information in BCD Travel’s proposal yet failed to extend
          the same “courtesy” to Plaintiff, thereby disparately treating the two offerors.

As a result of these alleged errors, Plaintiff claims GSA failed to evaluate proposals in
accordance with the RFQ and applicable law, and these alleged errors caused GSA to overlook
deficiencies in BCD Travel’s quote. Plaintiff further asserts that but for GSA’s errors it had a
substantial chance of being awarded the Army travel contract, and it will be irreparably harmed
if the Court does not enjoin further performance of the contract.

                                          DISCUSSION

A. Legal Standard

        The Tucker Act provides the Court of Federal Claims with “jurisdiction to render
judgment on an action by an interested party objecting to . . . the award of a contract or any
alleged violation of statute or regulation in connection with a procurement or a proposed
procurement.” 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1). In such actions, the Court “shall review the agency’s
decision pursuant to the standards set forth in section 706 of title 5.” 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(4).
Accordingly, the Court examines whether an agency’s action was “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse
of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law . . . .” 5 U.S.C. § 706.

        Under such review, an “award may be set aside if either: (1) the procurement official’s
decision lacked a rational basis; or (2) the procurement procedure involved a violation of
regulation or procedure.” Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United States, 238
F.3d 1324, 1332 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (citations omitted). On the first ground, “the courts have
recognized that contracting officers are ‘entitled to exercise discretion upon a broad range of
issues confronting them’ in the procurement process.” Id. (quoting Latecoere Int’l, Inc. v.
United States Dep’t of Navy, 19 F.3d 1342, 1356 (11th Cir. 1994)). Thus, the Court must
“determine whether the contracting agency provided a coherent and reasonable explanation of its

                                                 6
exercise of discretion, . . . and the disappointed bidder bears a heavy burden of showing that the
award decision had no rational basis.” Id. at 1332-33 (citations and quotes omitted). On the
second ground, “the disappointed bidder must show a clear and prejudicial violation of
applicable statutes or regulations.” Id. at 1333 (citation and quote omitted).

        In addition, “[t]o prevail in a bid protest, a protester must show a significant, prejudicial
error in the procurement process.” Alfa Laval Separation, Inc. v. United States, 175 F.3d 1365,
1367 (Fed. Cir. 1999). To establish prejudice, a plaintiff is “required to show that there was a
‘substantial chance’ it would have received the contract award but for the [agency’s] errors in the
bid process.” Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 404 F.3d 1346, 1358 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (citations
omitted).

B. Plaintiff Has Standing

         To sustain a bid protest action in this Court, a protestor must first establish that it has
standing. In bid protests, standing is framed by 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1), which “imposes more
stringent standing requirements than Article III.” Weeks Marine, Inc. v. United States, 575 F.3d
1352, 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2009). Bid protest standing “is limited to actual or prospective bidders or
offerors whose direct economic interest would be affected by the award of the contract or by the
failure to award the contract.” Am. Fed’n of Gov’t Employees v. United States, 258 F.3d 1294,
1302 (Fed. Cir. 2001). Accordingly, to proceed in a bid protest, a plaintiff “is required to
establish that it ‘(1) is an actual or prospective bidder and (2) possess[es] the requisite direct
economic interest.’” Weeks Marine, Inc., 575 F.3d at 1359 (quoting Rex Serv. Corp. v. United
States, 448 F.3d 1305, 1308 (Fed. Cir. 2006)). “To prove a direct economic interest as a putative
prospective bidder, [the bidder] is required to establish that it had a ‘substantial chance’ of
receiving the contract.” Rex Serv. Corp., 448 F.3d at 1308; see also Info. Tech. & Applications
Corp. v. United States, 316 F.3d 1312, 1319 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (“To establish prejudice, [plaintiff]
must show that there was a ‘substantial chance’ it would have received the contract award but for
the alleged error in the procurement process.”).

        Plaintiff has established that it has standing to bring the instant protest. First, it is
undisputed that Plaintiff is an actual bidder. See AR Tab 13. Second, Plaintiff clearly had a
“substantial chance” of receiving the award but for the alleged errors in the procurement process.
As is discussed in more detail below concerning prejudice, Plaintiff was at least next in line—
and in some respects first in line—for the award. In reviewing the three quotes received, GSA’s
Price Evaluation Team (“PET”) “recommend[ed] awarding to [Plaintiff] since there were no
deficiencies or risks identified” in its evaluation. AR 1666. Later, in the agency’s award re-
evaluation, the Contracting Officer makes clear that the decision came down to Plaintiff, which
was one of the incumbent contractors, and BCD Travel. See AR 2560 (“In reviewing the
evaluation of the quotes submitted by BCD Travel and [Plaintiff], the only differences in
evaluations between the two companies are [Plaintiff’s] higher rating in past performance and
BCD’s lower price in performance of this effort.”). This more than suffices to prove Plaintiff’s
direct economic interest. Accordingly, Plaintiff has standing to maintain this action.

                                                 7
C. Plaintiff Is Entitled to Judgment on the Administrative Record

        On the merits, Plaintiff makes four arguments as to why it was prejudiced by GSA
decisions that were arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance
with law and, therefore, is entitled to judgment on the administrative record. As is explained
below, given all the disputed and undisputed facts, the Court finds that Plaintiff has met its
burden on two of its four arguments, namely its arguments related to key personnel and
unrealistic and unbalanced pricing. For the Court, as it relates to these arguments, the issue is
whether GSA effectively disregarded material terms of the RFQ regarding the experience
required for key personnel and whether it failed to conduct the required analyses for the realism
of the overall prices and the reasonableness of the quoted line items. The Court acknowledges
that GSA may be correct that BCD Travel can acceptably perform the Army travel contract and
may even perform it well. That assessment by GSA, however, did not relieve it of its obligation
to follow the terms of its RFQ in determining which quote presented the best value to the
government.

        In other words, GSA could have made the choice to refrain from placing particular
experience requirements in the RFQ for key personnel and obligating itself to perform a price
realism analysis. However, once it placed those requirements in the RFQ, it was required to
either follow them or amend the RFQ to eliminate them. 48 C.F.R. § 15.206(a), (d) (requiring
the government to amend the solicitation when it “changes its requirements or terms and
conditions,” or “[i]f a proposal of interest to the Government involves a departure from the stated
requirements”); see also, e.g., Alfa Laval Separation, Inc., 175 F.3d at 1367-68 (“[R]egardless of
the panel’s view of the appropriateness of the standard set out in the RFP, the Navy is strictly
bound by its terms, and in waiving a portion of the standard . . . the Navy violated a clearly
applicable procurement statute and regulation.”) (internal quotation marks omitted). In addition,
the Federal Acquisition Regulations (“FAR”) and the RFQ required GSA to analyze the quotes
for unbalanced pricing. Instead, as is more fully explained below, it appears GSA, in awarding
the contract to BCD Travel, chose to ignore the FAR and a material requirement in the RFQ.
This it was not permitted to do.

   1. GSA Failed to Apply the RFQ’s Key Personnel Experience Requirement

         The RFQ contained specific requirements with regard to the professional experience of
the key personnel required under its terms. At issue in this protest, as it relates to key personnel,
is the requirement that most of the key personnel have “U.S. Government travel experience.”
AR 88. The RFQ required that the Program Manager have “[t]en years of commercial travel
experience, with five (5) years of U.S. Government travel experience,” the Operations Manager
have “[t]en years of commercial travel experience, with five (5) years of U.S. Government travel
experience,” the Quality Control Manager have “[f]ive (5) years of commercial travel
experience,” the Site Managers have “[f]ive (5) years of commercial travel experience, with two
(2) years U.S. Government travel experience,” and the Chief Information Systems Security
Officer have a “[m]inimum of five (5) years managing TMC system security compliance.” AR
88-89 (emphasis added).

                                                  8
        According to Plaintiff, the Program Manager, Operations Manager, and Site Managers
proposed by BCD Travel did not possess the requisite “U.S. Government travel experience.”
This is because, according to Plaintiff, the term “U.S. Government travel experience,” as used in
the RFQ, means experience managing and booking travel for U.S. Government personnel. ECF
No. 4 at 7-11 (“Pl.’s Mot. for TRO/PI”). Yet, Plaintiff argues, with the exception of one
individual, the key personnel BCD Travel included in its quote do not have experience managing
and booking travel for U.S. Government personnel. Conversely, GSA asserts that the term has a
broader meaning. Rather than being limited to experience managing and booking travel for U.S.
Government personnel, GSA argues that the term also includes experience booking travel for
aerospace and defense contractors traveling at the government’s expense. ECF No. 28 at 13-16
(“Gov.’s Resp.”); see also AR 2543. In short, as it relates to key personnel, Plaintiff’s argument
is a matter of contract interpretation.

       a. GSA’s interpretation of the term “U.S. Government travel experience” is
          unreasonable

        Interpretation of the terms in a solicitation is a question of law over which this Court
exercises de novo review without deference to an agency’s interpretation. NVT Techs., Inc. v.
United States, 370 F.3d 1153, 1159 (Fed. Cir. 2004). The Court’s interpretation of a
solicitation’s terms begins with the plain language of the document, see, e.g., Coast Fed. Bank,
FSB v. United States, 323 F.3d 1035, 1038 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (en banc), which “must be given that
meaning that would be derived from the [solicitation] by a reasonably intelligent person
acquainted with the contemporaneous circumstances,” Metric Constructors, Inc. v. NASA, 169
F.3d 747, 752 (Fed. Cir. 1999) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[A]ny subjective,
unexpressed intent of one of the parties is ineffective.” Sterling, Winchester & Long, L.L.C. v.
United States, 83 Fed. Cl. 179, 183 (2008). Moreover, the solicitation “must be considered as a
whole and interpreted so as to harmonize and give reasonable meaning to all of its parts.” NVT
Techs., 370 F.3d at 1159. Such an interpretation “is to be preferred over one that leaves a portion
of the contract useless, inexplicable, void, or superfluous.” Id. (citing Gould, Inc. v. United
States, 935 F.2d 1271, 1274 (Fed. Cir. 1991)).

         The question then is whether the term “U.S. Government travel experience” plainly
supports only one reasonable meaning or whether it supports more than one reasonable meaning
and is, therefore, ambiguous. “To show an ambiguity it is not enough that the parties differ in
their respective interpretations of a contract term. Rather, both interpretations must fall within a
‘zone of reasonableness.’” Metric Constructors, Inc., 169 F.3d at 751 (citations omitted). Both
Plaintiff and the government argue that there is no ambiguity because their respective
interpretation of the term is reasonable, while the other party’s interpretation is unreasonable.

        Based on a reading of the RFQ as a whole, the Court concludes that the plain language of
the RFQ does not support GSA’s interpretation of the term “U.S. Government travel
experience.” Instead, the Court believes that, rather than being reasonable, GSA’s interpretation
of the term, and the application of its interpretation with regard to the RFQ, is unreasonable as it
invites confusion and uncertainty into an otherwise straightforward RFQ requirement.

                                                 9
        On its face, the term “U.S. Government travel experience” seems plainly to mean
experience managing and booking travel for government personnel at government expense. This
seemingly straightforward interpretation is confirmed by the language and purpose of the RFQ as
a whole. First, the contract to be awarded is for travel by U.S. government personnel, namely
travel within the continental United States by uniformed and civilian personnel of the Army. It
does not contemplate the awardee supplying travel management services to Army contractors.
Because the RFQ is for travel management services for U.S. Government personnel travel, it is
obvious that experience managing and booking such travel is the very type of experience that
GSA desired key personnel servicing the contract possess. Although experience with travel
management generally, or government contractor travel specifically, may also have been
valuable experience to GSA, such travel experience is clearly covered by the more general
requirement that the proposed key personnel have “commercial travel experience.” AR 88.

        Second, the RFQ specifically limits which companies were permitted to submit
quotations for the Army travel contract. Only GSA contractors that are listed on the Multiple
Award Schedule for Category L – Travel were permitted to submit quotes. AR 23. This
limitation restricted bidding to at most four travel management companies out of the entire
universe of travel management companies. 2 Importantly, this GSA MAS category is for federal
government agencies to purchase travel agent and other travel services for government personnel
travel. It would seem illogical and, more importantly, render this limitation useless, inexplicable,
or superfluous, if GSA placed this limitation in the RFQ but then allowed the resulting contract
to be staffed with key personnel who had no experience managing and booking this sort of
travel. Stated differently, GSA by its own determination limited the submission of quotes to four
companies that already have indefinite delivery, indefinite quantity contracts with the federal
government to provide travel services to government personnel; therefore, reading the term “U.S.
Government travel experience” in light of this strict limitation, its plain meaning must only
include experience managing and booking travel for government personnel. Otherwise, the strict
MAS category limitation appears to be irrational.

       Third, the term “Government travel” is used as an adjective in multiple other places in the
RFQ to limit other terms in a manner that is consistent with this interpretation of “U.S.
Government travel experience.” The most important of these uses is with regard to
“Government travel policy,” which the RFQ clearly limits to travel pursuant to the Joint Travel
Regulation. AR 25. Notably, travel under the Joint Travel Regulation does not include
government contractor travel. 3 In other words, the term “Government travel policy” is consistent
with the interpretation of “U.S. Government travel experience” offered by Plaintiff but is wholly

    2
       GSA’s memorandum regarding its decision to consolidate the Army’s current travel management contracts
into the one contract that is the subject of this protest explained that there are only 22 vendors under the Multiple
Award Schedule (MAS), Category L – Travel of which 14 are small businesses. GSA went on to explain that small
businesses were not capable of handling the Army travel contract. AR 10 (“[U]ltimately [GSA] determined that
none had the capability to handle the large volume of transactions anticipated for the Army requirement.”). In total,
GSA concluded that four vendors were capable of handling the travel needs and complexity of the Army travel
contract. Id.
     3
       The Joint Travel Regulation does appear to cover travel by personal services contractors. However, personal
services contractors have an employer-employee relationship with the agency that contracts with them and in many
respects appear to be employees of that agency. In any event, the travel management experience at issue in this
protest with regard to government contractors does not involve contracts for personal services.

                                                         10
inconsistent with the interpretation urged by GSA, which includes contractor travel. Another
similar use of “Government travel” as an adjective occurs with the term “Government travel
programs.” Importantly, with regard to interpreting the meaning of the term “U.S. Government
travel experience,” all of the “Government travel programs” listed in the RFQ are limited to use
for government employees, not contractors—again making this term consistent with Plaintiff’s
interpretation and inconsistent with that of GSA. AR 25.

        Conversely, GSA’s purported interpretation of “U.S. Government travel experience” is
unreasonable. To begin with, if the Court were to find GSA’s interpretation reasonable, it would
make the experience requirement for key personnel ambiguous, whereas Plaintiff’s interpretation
leaves the requirement clear. This is because, under GSA’s interpretation of the term, it is
entirely unclear what type of government contractor experience counts as “U.S. Government
travel experience.” Is it only aerospace and defense contractor travel experience that counts?
What about non-defense contractor travel experience? Does the experience have to be with cost
reimbursable government travel or will any travel management experience with government
contractors suffice? What if the experience is with a defense contractor, but the travel services
provided were for private, non-government work or foreign or state government work? These
are just a sampling of the many questions raised by GSA’s proffered interpretation.

       The past performance references BCD Travel listed in its quote and GSA’s discussion of
them are especially illustrative of this point. BCD Travel submitted three government
contractors for its past performance evaluation: Raytheon, Federal Express, and Apple. Yet,
GSA’s explanation for why BCD Travel’s government contractor experience counts as “U.S.
Government travel experience” focuses solely on Raytheon, an “aerospace and defense”
contractor: “the years of experience the Offeror’s key personnel served in Aerospace & Defense
meet the Government’s requirements.” AR 2543. But what about Federal Express and Apple?
Both companies are also government contractors. Apparently, under GSA’s interpretation, only
some government contractor travel experience counts as “U.S. Government travel experience,”
while other government contractor travel experience does not. This sort of ambiguity makes
GSA’s interpretation unworkable and, therefore, unreasonable.

       Moreover, the rationale that GSA offered for why government contractor travel
experience counts as “U.S. Government travel experience” is factually incorrect. According to
GSA,

       Aerospace & Defense Contractors traveling at Government expense are required
       to follow many of the same rules that government DoD employees for
       transportation, lodging, meals and incidentals, which include but are not limited to
       the Fly America Act, adherence to preferred programs (e.g. lodging, rental car,
       airlines), per diem, MI&E, usage of economy class for air/rail, etc. Therefore, the
       years of experience the Offeror’s key personnel served in Aerospace & Defense
       meet the Government’s requirements in 1.18.2.

AR 2543. The problem with this rationale, as Plaintiff points out, is that it is incorrect. In its
reply brief Plaintiff asserts, and the government does not rebut, that,

                                                 11
       aerospace and defense contractors under Government cost reimbursable contracts
       are not required to follow the same rules that apply to official travel by
       Government personnel in regard to transportation, lodging, meals and incidentals,
       and such contractors cannot utilize or adhere to Government preferred programs
       for air/rail travel, lodging, and meals. Even the per diem requirements for
       contractor travel under cost reimbursable contracts differs significantly from the
       per diem requirements for Government travelers.

ECF No. 32 at 5-6 (“Pl.’s Reply”).

        GSA’s interpretation is unreasonable because, contrary to GSA’s tortured rationale, a
reasonably intelligent person acquainted with the RFQ would not think that “U.S. Government
travel experience” included government contractor travel experience. The term “U.S.
Government travel experience” would be rendered almost meaningless if government contractor
travel experience is interpreted to satisfy the requirement.

         In addition, the government’s attempt to make Plaintiff’s interpretation of “U.S.
Government travel experience” appear unreasonable is unavailing. To start with, GSA asserts
that Plaintiff’s interpretation would be “restrictive” and “anti-competitive” because very few
contractors, if any, other than Plaintiff, would qualify if Plaintiff’s interpretation were
reasonable. But it is not Plaintiff’s interpretation that makes the RFQ “restrictive” and “anti-
competitive.” Rather, GSA itself placed restrictive and arguably anti-competitive barriers in the
RFQ by limiting quotes to four companies on GSA’s Multiple Award Schedule for travel agent
services and including a requirement that key personnel have “U.S. Government travel
experience.” If GSA did not want to so restrict competition, its choice was to avoid placing
restrictive or anti-competitive requirements in the RFQ in the first place or to remove them
through amendment if it discovered the requirements were undesirably restricting competition.
Casually ignoring or unreasonably interpreting RFQ requirements, however, was not a
permissible option available to GSA.

        Finally, the government argues that Plaintiff’s interpretation of “U.S. Government travel
experience” conflates the term with another term that is defined in the RFQ: “official travel.”
Thus, the government argues that if the RFQ meant “official travel” experience, GSA would
have used that term instead of “U.S. Government travel experience.” The problem with the
government’s argument is that the RFQ does not use the term “official travel” consistently in
each instance that a term in the RFQ actually means “official travel.” Rather, the RFQ regularly
uses other terms in place of the defined term “official travel.” For example, a quick search
through the RFQ for the word “official” reveals the following terms other than “official travel”
being used to mean “official travel”: “official duty,” “official business,” “official transportation,”
“official DoD travel,” “official transportation services,” “official lodging and rental car
reservations,” “official Government travel,” “official DoD travelers,” and “official trips.” When
read in context, in each of these instances, if the government’s argument was correct, the term
“official travel” would have been used in place of all of these terms. Moreover, it is beyond
peradventure that if the Court re-read the entire solicitation looking just for this type of term
substitution, it would find more examples of other terms or phrases being used in place of
“official travel.”

                                                 12
        In sum, the Court does not find the term “U.S. Government travel experience”
ambiguous. The term, as used in the RFQ, means experience providing travel management
company services for U.S. government personnel. Furthermore, the Court finds GSA’s
interpretation of the term unreasonable.

        b. Plaintiff was prejudiced by GSA’s unreasonable interpretation

         It is not enough, however, that Plaintiff show that GSA misinterpreted the requirements
of the RFQ with regard to key personnel. Plaintiff must also demonstrate that the
misinterpretation prejudiced it. See, e.g., Info. Tech. & Applications Corp., 316 F.3d at 1319
(“To establish prejudice, [plaintiff] must show that there was a ‘substantial chance’ it would have
received the contract award but for the alleged error in the procurement process.”). Plaintiff
makes two arguments with regard to how it was prejudiced by GSA’s misinterpretation of the
key personnel requirement: (1) that the key personnel requirement was a mandatory minimum
requirement of the RFQ; that by using an unreasonable definition of “U.S. Government travel
experience,” GSA overlooked BCD Travel’s failure to meet this mandatory minimum; and that,
had GSA used the proper interpretation, BCD Travel’s quote would have been disregarded and
the contract awarded to Plaintiff; or (2) alternatively, that the key personnel requirement was a
criteria for the technical approach evaluation and by failing to meet the key personnel
requirement, the highest rating BCD Travel could have received on the technical approach
evaluation was “Marginal.” As to this second argument regarding BCD Travel’s technical
approach rating, Plaintiff further argues that, were BCD Travel rated as “Marginal,” it is
significantly unlikely BCD Travel would have been awarded the contract over Plaintiff.

        Plaintiff’s second argument is the stronger one. BCD Travel received a “Good” rating on
its technical approach evaluation. For this RFQ, a “Good” rating was described as: “Quote
meets requirements and indicates a thorough approach and understanding of the requirements.
Quote contains at least one strength and no deficiencies. Weaknesses, if any, are minor and are
more than offset by strengths.” AR 124. In the Court’s estimation, there are two problems with
BCD Travel being awarded a “Good” rating despite it proposing to use key personnel that lacked
“U.S. Government travel experience.” First, BCD Travel’s quote was required to “meet[]
requirements” of the RFQ to receive a rating of “Acceptable” or above on the technical approach
evaluation. Id. Second, if a quote contained “at least one deficiency,” the highest it could be
rated was “Marginal.” Id.

        Whether evaluated as “not clearly meet[ing] requirements” or “[a] material failure of a
quote to meet a Government requirement” and, therefore, a deficiency, by not including key
personnel in its quote who met the RFQ’s requirements, the highest rating BCD Travel could
have received on its technical approach evaluation was “Marginal.” 4 This was two ratings below
the “Good” rating that BCD Travel actually received. Because the quotes were rated on a best
value basis across four categories, this lower rating almost certainly would have precluded BCD
Travel from being awarded the Army travel contract. The first category—TMC PNR

    4
      “Quote does not clearly meet requirements, and has not demonstrated an adequate approach and understanding
of the requirements. Quote contains at least one deficiency and weaknesses are not offset by strengths. The quote is
considered to be a significant risk to the Government.” AR 385.

                                                        13
Validation—was rated on a Pass/Fail basis. The next two—Technical Approach and Past
Performance—were rated on an adjectival basis. And the final category was price. While BCD
Travel’s price would still be lower than Plaintiff’s, its rating on technical factors would drop at
least two spots below Plaintiff’s “Good” rating. Additionally, Plaintiff was rated one spot above
BCD Travel on Past Performance.

        According to the RFQ, “Technical and Non-Technical Factors, when combined, are
significantly more important than price. However[,] as technical and non-price related factors
become more equal, price becomes more important and may become the determining factor for
award.” AR 123. Moreover, the RFQ provided that “[t]he Government is more concerned with
obtaining superior technical features than with making award at the lowest price to the
Government. However, the Government will not make an award at a significantly higher overall
price to the Government to achieve slightly superior technical features.” Id.

        Reviewing the revised award determination, it is clear to the Court that equivalent or
nearly equivalent ratings in non-price factors turned the Contracting Officer’s decision towards
price as the ultimate determining factor. See AR 2560 (“In reviewing the evaluation of the
quotes submitted by BCD Travel and [Plaintiff], the only differences in evaluations between the
two companies are [Plaintiff’s] higher rating in past performance and BCD’s lower price in
performance of this effort.”). Thus, but for GSA’s errors in its non-price factor evaluations, it is
likely the Contracting Officer’s decision would have been less swayed by a price differential and
more focused on the RFQ’s concern “with obtaining superior technical features . . . .” AR 123.
In that universe, Plaintiff would be substantially more likely to receive the award. Accordingly,
Plaintiff was prejudiced by GSA’s errors.

   2. Price Evaluation

         Plaintiff takes substantial issue with GSA’s evaluation (or alleged insufficiency thereof)
of BCD Travel’s pricing. In particular, Plaintiff points to BCD Travel’s overall price, as well as
its intention to support travel transactions via [***] at no cost to the government. Plaintiff
weaves these objections into somewhat overlapping allegations of unrealistic and unbalanced
pricing. The Court has carefully examined the allegations and the portions of the Administrative
Record related to them and addresses unrealistic and unbalanced pricing in turn.

       a. GSA Failed to Conduct a Price Realism Analysis

          With regard to unrealistic pricing, this Court has “noted that an agency may use a price
realism analysis ‘to measure an offeror’s understanding of the solicitation requirements, or to
avoid the risk of poor performance from a contractor who is forced to provide goods or services
at little or no profit.’” KWR Constr., Inc. v. United States, 124 Fed. Cl. 345, 356 (2015) (quoting
Am. Safety Council, Inc v. United States, 122 Fed. Cl. 426, 438 (2015)). “Generally, a price
realism analysis ‘examines the performance risk of proposals in a fixed-price contract
procurement, with particular attention to the risk of low-priced proposals . . . .’” Id. (quoting
DMS All–Star Joint Venture v. United States, 90 Fed. Cl. 653, 663 (2010)). Plaintiff alleges, and
for the reasons discussed below the Court concurs, that GSA failed to perform an overall price
realism analysis as required by the RFQ.

                                                 14
          i.   The terms of the RFQ and Plaintiff’s allegations

        In addressing Plaintiff’s price realism allegations, the Court begins with the pertinent
clause of the RFQ, which provides:

       The Government will take into consideration any unbalanced pricing. An overall
       price that is excessively high or low (without sufficient justification) may be
       considered unrealistic and unreasonable and may receive no further consideration.

AR 128. Plaintiff argues that GSA “failed to perform any rational price realism analysis” and
that its failure to do so “was arbitrary, capricious, and contrary to the RFQ’s evaluation criteria.”
Pl.’s Mot. for TRO/PI at 14. According to Plaintiff, “BCD’s pricing is unrealistically low when
compared to the incumbent CWT, the IGCE and, upon information and belief, the other
incumbent, Omega World Services (‘Omega’).” Id. Because GSA allegedly “failed to evaluate
whether BCD understood the RFQ requirements to service [***] transactions or the potential
adverse impact on BCD performance,” Plaintiff asserts that GSA’s price evaluation was
arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law, and that
Plaintiff was prejudiced by GSA’s actions. Id. at 15-16.

       In response, the government unequivocally states that “GSA conducted a price realism
analysis by following the terms in the RFQ, which focused solely on overall price.” Gov.’s
Resp. at 23-24. In support of its statement, the government cites a clause in the revised award
determination in which the Contracting Officer avers that “all pricing [proposed], as indicated
below, was considered complete, reasonable, and realistic.” Id. (quoting AR 2559).
Accordingly, the government contends that Plaintiff “is unlikely to succeed to [sic] in any
challenge to the agency’s price realism analysis.” Id. at 24.

        In its reply, Plaintiff reiterates that BCD Travel’s “proposal to perform [***] of the work
under the Task Order for free (i.e., by offering a $0.00 fee [***]) certainly undermines the
realism of its overall price, [but] is not the only fact that shows BCD’s overall price is
unrealistic.” Pl.’s Reply at 13. According to Plaintiff, it is also “unrealistic to conclude that
BCD could compensate [***] FTEs who are highly-qualified and fully-trained to serve as travel
consultants and also perform all of the remaining Task Order requirements at an average annual
price of about $[***] million.” Id. Plaintiff argues that these aspects of BCD Travel’s quote
“should have led the Agency to conclude BCD either misunderstood the material requirements of
the RFQ, posed a risk of poor performance, or both,” because BCD Travel’s “average annual
price for POS transactions, as evaluated, . . . would leave little to nothing to cover the rest of
BCD’s costs for key personnel, CBA reconciliation processing, equipment, overhead, and profit
or payments to small business subcontractors.” Id. at 15-16.

                                                 15
           ii.    The RFQ requires GSA to conduct a price realism analysis

        Although the FAR itself does not mandate that an agency conduct a price realism
analysis, “this Court has held that when the RFP provides that unrealistically low offers may be
considered unacceptable and rejected on that basis, a price realism analysis has been
contemplated and must be conducted.” ViON Corp. v. United States, 122 Fed. Cl. 559, 573
(2015) (internal quotations omitted) (emphasis added). In ViON Corp., the RFQ “expressly
provide[d] that ‘[t]he Government may reject any proposal that is . . . unreasonably high or low
in price when compared to Government estimates, such that the proposal is deemed to reflect an
inherent lack of competence or failure to comprehend the complexity and risks of the program.’”
Id. Such language “commits the agency to conducting a price realism analysis.” Id.; see also
Rotech Healthcare, Inc. v. United States, 121 Fed. Cl. 387, 404 (2015) (“[T]he only reason any
consideration of realism is necessary is the language in the RFP stating that unrealistically low
offers may be eliminated.”) (emphasis added); FCN, Inc. v. United States, 115 Fed. Cl. 335, 376
(2014) (“Because a price realism analysis was contemplated by the Solicitation, one had to be
conducted, as the Solicitation stated that unrealistically low offers ‘may be considered
unacceptable and rejected on that basis.’”). In short, as indicated by previous cases before this
Court, when an agency provides notice in a solicitation that it is going to conduct a price realism
analysis, it must conduct a price realism analysis—even if the FAR does not require it.

       In its initial Agency Report to GAO following Plaintiff’s first protest, GSA
unequivocally stated that it “was not required to conduct a price realism analysis,” AR 2384,
“BCD’s lower price did not merit an exercise of that discretion,” AR 2385, and “GSA
reasonably exercised its discretion in not conducting a price realism analysis,” AR 2399
(emphases added). Moreover, it claimed,

         GSA did reserve the right to conduct a price realism analysis if an offeror’s price
         was excessively low without justification. However, GSA also retained its
         discretion to reasonably determine that a price realism analysis was not required.
         CWT is simply incorrect that GSA was required to conduct a price realism
         analysis by the solicitation language.

AR 2398 (emphasis added). However, the case law in this Court—as well as, it seems, at
GAO 5—demonstrates that in fact GSA is “simply incorrect.”

        Here, the RFQ provides that “[a]n overall price that is excessively high or low (without
sufficient justification) may be considered unrealistic and unreasonable and may receive no

    5
       See, e.g., Esegur-Empresa de Segurança, SA, B-407947, B-407947.2 at 4 (Comp. Gen. Apr. 26, 2013) (“To
the extent the Air Force believes that the evaluation of prices for realism was optional because the solicitation
indicates that unrealistically low price proposals ‘may’ be found unacceptable . . . the Air Force’s belief is based on
an unreasonable reading of the solicitation.”); Logistics 2020, Inc., B-408543, B-408543.3 at 8 (Comp. Gen. Nov. 6,
2013) (holding that agency “committed itself to a review of price realism” because “the RFP . . . informed offerors
that the agency ‘may reject any proposal that is evaluated to be . . . unrealistically high or low cost when compared
to the Government estimates . . . .’”).

                                                          16
further consideration.” AR 128. Just as in, inter alia, ViON Corp., FCN Inc., and Rotech
Healthcare, Inc., the language in the instant solicitation commits GSA to conduct a price realism
analysis. At best, GSA’s choice of wording grants it discretion as to how and what to do with its
price realism analysis—not the discretion of whether to conduct one in the first place.

        Because the RFQ clearly mandates a price realism analysis, in some respects it is
fortunate for GSA that the government now, in this forum, asserts without hesitation that “GSA
conducted a price realism analysis by following the terms in the RFQ, which focused solely on
overall price.” Gov.’s Resp. at 23-24. Leaving aside the entirely conflicting factual
representations by government attorneys in two forums (one of whom was an attorney in both
forums) against the same Plaintiff, regarding the same solicitation, and the same grounds for
protest, the Court proceeds to weigh the accuracy of the position the government now takes in
this Court. 6

          iii.   The Administrative Record does not indicate that GSA conducted a price realism
                 analysis as required by the terms of the RFQ

       Because the RFQ clearly requires a price realism analysis, the question becomes: what
did GSA need to do to satisfy that requirement? And, more importantly, did GSA do so—
notwithstanding its agency counsel’s contrary representations to GAO?

        To answer these questions, “the court looks at whether the agency’s price realism
analysis was consistent with the requirements of the RFP.” KWR Constr., Inc., 124 Fed. Cl. at
357. “The FAR does not mandate any particular method of proceeding, and ‘the nature and
extent of a price realism analysis, as well as an assessment of potential risk associated with a
proposed price, are generally within the sound exercise of the agency’s discretion.’” Afghan Am.
Army Servs. Corp. v. United States, 90 Fed. Cl. 341, 357 (2009) (quoting Pemco Aeroplex, Inc.,
B–310372.3, 2008 CPD ¶ 126, 2008 WL 2684841, at *5 (Comp. Gen. June 13, 2008)).
Likewise, the Federal Circuit has compelled this Court to determine “whether the agency’s price-
realism analysis was consistent with the evaluation criteria set forth in the RFP . . . not to
introduce new requirements outside the scope of the RFP.” Alabama Aircraft Indus., Inc.-
Birmingham v. United States, 586 F.3d 1372, 1375–76 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (citation omitted).
Moreover, “[t]he agency’s discretion is even more pronounced when the Solicitation is silent
regarding the methodology to be used in conducting a ‘price realism analysis’ . . . .” Afghan Am.
Army Servs. Corp., 90 Fed. Cl. at 358 (quotation omitted).

        While “analyzing whether an offeror’s fixed price is so low that it reflects a lack of
understanding of solicitation requirements is the crux of a price realism evaluation,” Flight
Safety Servs. Corp., B–403831, 2010 CPD ¶ 294, 2010 WL 5241433, at *4 (Comp. Gen. Dec. 9,

    6
      The Court notes that, at the very least, these diametrically opposed statements of fact made by the government
before GAO and this Court, as to whether a price realism analysis was conducted, should have been directly
addressed in this Court when the government chose to change its position regarding this material fact. See RCFC
11(b).

                                                        17
2010), summary conclusions regarding price realism have been held to be insufficient, as have
instances in which an agency did not meaningfully conduct the price realism analysis to which it
had committed. See, e.g., Afghan Am. Army Servs. Corp., 90 Fed. Cl. at 358 (finding price
realism analysis insufficient even though the agency “compared the prices received with each
other and with an IGE based on acquisition of previous similar items, and reviewed the proposals
for compliance with the terms of the solicitation.”). As this Court explained in Mortgage
Contracting Services, LLC v. United States,

       [t]he agency’s simple statement that the [awardee’s] prices are in line with the
       CPR alone does not merit a finding that the price realism analysis is sufficient.
       Although the evaluations included various charts, the charts are not given any
       context by the agency. . . . Regarding price, the agency has failed to explain why
       it found [the awardee’s] price was realistic, why it chose the various metrics to
       evaluate price realism, and which metric the agency applied to determine price
       realism. Despite the documentation provided by the agency quoted above, there
       remains insufficient explanation of why the agency found [the awardee’s] price
       realistic for the requirements of the Solicitation.

153 Fed. Cl. 89, 138, 140 (2021).

         In the instant case, GSA arguably had it easy. The RFQ states that “[a]n overall price
that is excessively high or low (without sufficient justification) may be considered unrealistic
and unreasonable and may receive no further consideration.” AR 128 (emphasis added). The
RFQ, “therefore, required a price realism analysis, but did not specify how the agency was to
evaluate price realism, or mandate any specific approach.” Mortgage Contracting Servs., 153
Fed. Cl. at 136. Thus, in some respects, all the record must demonstrate is that GSA conducted
an overall price realism analysis.

               PET Report, Pre-Negotiation Memorandum, Clarifications, and Initial
               Award Decision

        Searching for any evidence in the Administrative Record of a price realism analysis, the
Court first reviews GSA’s Price Evaluation Consensus Report (“PET Report”), dated August 10,
2020. AR 1664-67. In relevant part, the PET Report states with regard to BCD Travel’s quote:

   •   Reasonableness/Realism
       o Although reasonable, Unit Prices for all CLINs related to [***] such as [***] are
          noted as FTE hourly rates and may not be realistic if BCD Travel omitted any other
          potential relocation costs
       o Unit Price for CLIN 015 (Site Requested Staffed Office(s)) already seems
          unreasonable since it’s more than [***] compared to the IGCE and because BCD
          Travel noted it as a lone FTE hourly rate, it may not be realistic since they didn’t note
          any potential equipment costs as listed in the RFQ

                                                18
        o The offeror did not include a cost for [***] which based on historical data is [***]
           transactions. It doesn’t seem reasonable to support over [***] of the business
           requirements for free
    •   Risks
        o Unit Prices for all CLINs related to [***] such as [***] are noted as a lone FTE
           hourly rate and may pose a risk if BCD Travel omitted any potential costs for setup,
           equipment, travel, etc. as listed in the RFQ
        o Based on the vendor’s low pricing strategy, the government will be accepting a
           significant risk regarding whether this company really understands the requirements
           to manage government travel

AR 1665 (emphasis added).

         Giving GSA the benefit of the doubt, the most that can be said here is that the PET
flagged for the Contracting Officer a potential price realism issue with regard to certain
individual contract line items in BCD Travel’s quote (i.e., the [***] and [***]). 7 Id. The Court
finds no analysis here, nor any evidence that one was “meaningfully conduct[ed]” behind the
scenes. Afghan Am. Army Servs. Corp., 90 Fed. Cl. at 359. Even had the PET Report concluded
that the referenced CLINs are realistic (or are un-realistic), such a “simple statement” would
find little shelter in this Court. Mortg. Contracting Servs., LLC, 153 Fed. Cl. at 138. The more
pressing problem for GSA, however, is that the terms of its RFQ command a price realism
analysis that, as the government now insists, “focus[] solely on overall price.” Gov.’s Resp. at
31. Thus, the Court’s search of the Administrative Record for evidence of such an analysis
continues.

         The Court next examines GSA’s “Pre-Negotiation Memorandum.” AR Tab 20. The
“Pricing Analysis” portion of the memorandum states that analysis was “conducted to determine
if pricing is fair and reasonable”—but what about realistic? AR 1744. The memorandum
eventually restates the RFQ’s price evaluation criteria and concludes:

        After reviewing the quotes submitted by all three offerors, the appearance of
        unbalanced pricing was discovered in two of the offeror’s quotes. BCD Travel
        provided a 100% discount (i.e. $0.00 proposed unit price) for [***] which is
        based on historical data of [***] transactions. It does not appear to be reasonable
        that BCD Travel would be able to support over [***] of the Government’s
        requirements for free. As for BCD Travel’s proposed prices for the [***],
        although the proposed pricing is considered reasonable, there is a question of
        whether the FTE hourly rates proposed are realistic if BCD Travel omitted any
        other [***]. Additionally, BCD Travel’s proposed pricing for the [***] appears
        unreasonable since it is more than [***] higher than the IGCE and may not be
        realistic since BCD Travel identified the FTE hourly rate but made no reference
        to any potential equipment costs. Based on the vendor’s low pricing strategy, the
        government may be accepting a significant risk regarding whether the company

    7
      Notably, the PET Report concludes with “[w]e recommend awarding to CWTSatoTravel since there were no
deficiencies or risks identified” in its price evaluation. AR 1666.

                                                    19
       really understands the requirements to manage government travel. The CO will
       seek clarifications to BCD’s price quote in order to determine whether the prices
       are in fact unreasonable and unrealistic.

AR 1748-49 (emphasis added).

        The Court particularly notes the memorandum’s clear recognition of a difference between
reasonable and realistic. While BCD’s [***] CLINs were found “reasonable,” there remained—
as of the date of the Pre-Negotiation Memorandum—“a question of whether the [***] proposed
are realistic” and a warning that BCD Travel’s [***] CLIN “may not be realistic” either. AR
1748-49. As for BCD Travel’s [***] pricing, there is no reference to realism but, rather, a
caution that it “does not appear to be reasonable . . . .” AR 1748. Given these unknowns, the
Contracting Officer elected to address the following via “clarifications” from BCD Travel:

       2. Request the contractor confirm its intent to process [***] transactions at no
       cost to the Government. The CO will also confirm that the contractor understands
       that under the firm-fixed priced contract type, the contractor will not be subject to
       any adjustment on the basis of the contractor’s cost experience in performing the
       contract. This contract type places upon the contractor maximum risk and full
       responsibility for all costs and resulting profit or loss.

       3. BCD stated in its quote that the proposed price of [***] for [***] was [***].
       However, this is contrary to the Government’s requirement and specifically its
       definition for how [***] transactions are to be charged. Per Section 1.4.2
       Definitions, under the definition for Transaction Fee, [***] transactions are
       defined as “one fee is charged per charter arrangement, which may include
       multiple busses for multiple travelers.” CO to request that BCD confirm its
       proposed price of [***] is per charter arrangement, not per traveler.

       4. CO to request that BCD confirm its proposed price for all [***] CLINs include
       not only the proposed FTE hourly rate but also any other potential [***] costs that
       may be needed to perform the relocation.

       5. CO to request that BCD confirm its proposed price(s) for the [***] includes
       any potential equipment costs.

       6. CO to request that BCD confirm its proposed price(s) for all [***] CLINs
       include any potential costs for setup, equipment, travel, etc.

AR 1749-50. Just like the PET Report that preceded it, the Pre-Negotiation Memorandum—at
best—flags individual CLIN prices in BCD Travel’s offer as potentially unrealistic, while noting
BCD Travel’s “low pricing strategy” as potentially “a significant risk regarding whether the
company really understands the requirements to manage government travel.” AR 1749.
Accordingly, the Court’s search continues for any evidence of an overall price realism analysis
as required by the RFQ.

                                                20
         On September 3, 2020, GSA emailed BCD Travel “to conduct written discussions . . . on
[its] price quotation” and requested BCD Travel’s response to the questions raised in the Pre-
Negotiation Memorandum. AR 1831. BCD Travel replied on September 8, 2020, providing its
response to GSA’s clarification questions. AR 1831-32. In part, BCD Travel confirmed that,

         we are not charging a transaction fee for [***] transactions. We understand that
         this is a firm-fixed priced contract and not subject to any adjustment on the basis
         of BCD’s cost experience in performing the contract. We know that we assume
         all risk and full responsibility for all costs and the resulting profit or loss.

AR 1836. BCD Travel’s response then goes on to provide four justifications for its [***] pricing
model and “confirms” its proposed price for all [***], [***] CLIN, and all [***] CLINs. AR
1836.

        While the government’s brief in this Court failed to address Plaintiff’s overall price
realism allegations, 8 GSA did attempt to address these allegations before GAO, relying heavily
on the “discussions” GSA had with BCD Travel as evidence of a fulsome price realism analysis.
At GAO, GSA represented that “[a]lthough a price realism analysis was not required of BCD’s
offer, GSA’s follow-up discussions with BCD confirmed that their low prices were justified
consistent with the Army RFQ and relevant procurement law.” AR 2398 (emphasis added). In
Plaintiff’s second bid protest at GAO, GSA argued that “[t]he PET did take note of BCD’s low
prices. However, GSA sought, and received, sufficient justifications for BCD’s low-price
strategy. This satisfied the requirements of the Army RFQ, as set out in its plain language.” AR
3094 (emphasis added). Similarly, “GSA sought, and received, a thorough response from BCD
justifying its $0 [***] fees . . . .” AR 3097 (emphasis added).

        However, the Court observes—as BCD Travel itself helpfully points out by reference—
that BCD Travel’s four “justifications” are pulled verbatim from its own quote, all under the
heading “[***] Travel Arrangements.” Compare AR 615 with AR 1836 and 1863. In other
words, at least with respect to [***], the Contracting Officer had BCD Travel’s justifications in
hand and clearly identified well before the decision was made in the Pre-Negotiation
Memorandum to “seek clarifications to BCD’s price quote in order to determine whether the
prices are in fact unreasonable and unrealistic.” AR 1749. The Court respectfully declines to
weigh-in at this time on whether mere discussions with an offeror can ever suffice for a
mandated price realism analysis. But it would seem the very definition of arbitrary and
capricious for an agency to conclude that the reasoning an offeror has already provided to an
agency and is clearly within an agency’s possession before it sought clarifications can somehow

    8
      Plaintiff raises legitimate questions about BCD Travel’s overall price and its potential impact on BCD
Travel’s ability to hire and retain staff to carry out the contract. “If BCD merely compensated the hundreds of
promised travel consultants at Service Contract Act wages it would lose millions of dollars over the course of the
contract, in addition to the losses resulting from providing [***] services for free.” Pl.’s Mot. for TRO/PI at 19.
The government’s response fails to address this specific allegation. While a defendant need not respond to every
line of argument, Plaintiff’s allegations at the very least add credence to the argument that an overall price realism
analysis—and determining whether the offeror’s price reflects a lack of understanding of the solicitation
requirements—was not conducted. The government’s silence on this point is noted. Oral argument provided
additional explanations for BCD Travel’s ability to retain staff, but GSA was required by the RFQ to conduct such
an analysis as part of its evaluation (not leave it to the Court to conduct the analysis during oral argument).

                                                          21
suffice for a “meaningful” price realism analysis when that same reasoning is repeated verbatim
to the agency in a later communication.

        Of course, this entire line of argument appears a distraction from the real problem with
the government’s argument. To refresh, as the government has repeatedly pointed out, the RFQ
warns of the potential consequences of “[a]n overall price that is excessively high or low . . . .”
AR 128 (emphasis added). While the record indeed reflects that GSA engaged in discussions
with BCD Travel regarding specific CLIN prices, it is entirely devoid of anything claiming to be
a realism analysis of BCD Travel’s overall price. And neither the government here, nor GSA at
GAO, has directed the Court’s attention to anything in the Administrative Record that could be
construed as one. The government cleverly tries with its statement that because “BCD’s overall
price was approximately 13 percent lower than CWT’s overall price [this] demonstrates that
BCD’s price was not unrealistically low.” Gov.’s Resp. at 31 (emphasis added). To which the
Court asks, what is the government’s point? It is not the Court’s job to determine whether BCD
Travel’s overall price is (or is not) realistic. That task alone was for GSA to determine by
conducting a price realism analysis. The single inquiry here is whether GSA followed through
with what it committed to do in its own RFQ. Thus far, no such evidence appears in the record.

                 GSA Re-Evaluation Memorandum and second GAO protest

        Following Plaintiff’s initial protest at GAO, GSA took corrective action and re-convened
its TET—not, however, its PET—to re-evaluate BCD Travel’s quote. AR 2552. The
Contracting Officer’s re-evaluation memorandum concludes that for “all three offerors,” all
pricing “was considered complete, reasonable, and realistic.” AR 2559 (emphasis added). Of
course, there is no indication in the record that an overall price realism analysis had suddenly
occurred. At best, the addition of “realistic” in the re-evaluation memorandum strikes the Court
as simply a post-hoc justification, as GSA was by then on full notice of Plaintiff’s price realism
allegations.

        Even if, however, the Court were to grant some credence to GSA’s statement, the
memorandum makes clear that it is based on GSA’s identification of “four separate CLIN’s in its
evaluation [of BCD Travel] . . . as potentially unrealistic” but “[t]hrough discussion with BCD,
the Government requested and received sufficient justification for each . . . .” AR 2558. As the
Court has already determined, these particular discussions were an insufficient replacement for a
price realism analysis and, moreover, concerned individual CLINs—not BCD Travel’s overall
price.

         What is more, another oddity arising out of GSA’s price realism defense before GAO
suggests to the Court that a bona fide price realism analysis could not have been conducted in the
first place—even on an individual CLIN basis. In responding to Plaintiff’s allegations regarding
the Independent Government Cost Estimate (“IGCE”) and an insufficient realism analysis,
GSA’s agency counsel describes Plaintiff’s argument as circular “because the IGCE was based
on the prices that [Plaintiff], the incumbent, is currently charging. As such the [***] fee in the
IGCE is not evidence of what a realistic [***] fee is. It is evidence of what [Plaintiff’s] prices
have been over time.” AR 3098 (citation omitted). If GSA admits that its own independent
price estimate “is not evidence of what a realistic” price point is, how could GSA have

                                                22
conducted a price realism analysis that is anything other than arbitrary and capricious? See
Afghan Am. Army Servs. Corp., 90 Fed. Cl. at 358 (“The more serious objection to the realism
analysis is that the [Independent Government Estimate] itself was fundamentally flawed. An
agency’s price-realism analysis lacks a rational basis if the contracting agency made ‘irrational
assumptions or critical miscalculations.’”) (quoting OMV Med., Inc. v. United States, 219 F.3d
1337, 1344 (Fed. Cir. 2000)). 9

        In sum, the Court poured over the Administrative Record in search of anything appearing
to be an overall price realism analysis. The task proved futile. Instead, the Court is left with a
strange mess of the government’s own making. To the extent the agency conducted a price
realism analysis, which GSA itself asserted it did not, that analysis resulted in a recommendation
against BCD Travel because of its potentially unrealistic pricing and risk of unsatisfactory
performance. Truth be told, Plaintiff’s allegation that GSA failed to perform a “rational” price
realism analysis appears to give GSA too much credit. No such analysis appears to have
occurred. Instead, if GSA did conduct an overall price realism analysis, “the agency’s own
evaluations do not reflect why the [agency] found [the awardee’s] prices were realistic.” Mortg.
Contracting Servs., LLC, 153 Fed. Cl. at 138. This mess is not for the Court to resolve, but for
GSA to correct in accordance with the terms of its own RFQ. For all these reasons, Plaintiff
succeeds on its allegation that GSA failed to conduct an overall price realism analysis as required
by the RFQ.

         b. GSA Failed to Analyze BCD Travel’s Quote for Unbalanced Pricing

         Plaintiff next asserts that GSA “did not analyze the unbalanced [***] and [***] because
they were below cost and GSA was only concerned if there were an overcharge to the
Government.” Pl.’s Mot. for TRO/PI at 20. While not a model of clarity, the Court interprets
this as a general “process” objection to the sufficiency of GSA’s unbalanced pricing analysis.
Plaintiff also highlights BCD Travel’s quote as evidence itself of unbalanced pricing, alleging
that “[t]he fact that BCD was offering to provide [***] of the Army travel transactions for free
also indicates unbalanced pricing under FAR 15.404-1(g)(2).” Id. (emphasis added).
Furthermore, Plaintiff argues that:

         Even though BCD indicated in its proposal that it was increasing the price for
         agent assisted transactions since the [***] transactions were free, GSA dismissed
         this unbalanced pricing because BCD’s Agent assisted transaction CLIN pricing
         was still lower than CWT and the IGCE. The fact that BCD’s pricing was
         unrealistically low and unbalanced indicates that BCD did not understand the
         RFQ requirements.

    9
      For good measure, the Court also submits that the [***] discount off the government’s own overall estimate
might have counseled at least a cursory analysis and explanation by the agency for price realism. To be sure, this
Court has upheld an agency’s evaluation of rather sizeable discounts in a bidder’s pricing, and it is indeed possible
that BCD Travel’s nearly [***] discount is entirely realistic. See, e.g., Cohen Fin. Servs., Inc. v. United States, 110
Fed. Cl. 267, 288 (2013) (“Although MMC cites to CTA for the proposition that a bid more than forty percent below
the Government’s estimate can still be realistic, the CTA court reached that determination only after quoting a
detailed price realism analysis in the Administrative Record, an analysis that is missing in this case.”) (emphasis
added). Unlike such instances, however, there is no indication in the record here that GSA conducted an overall
price realism analysis—much less a ‘detailed’ one—of a nearly [***] discount off the government’s price estimate.

                                                          23
Id.

        In response, the government asserts that Plaintiff’s allegations lack merit because, at least
with respect to the “process” allegation, “GSA did in fact review BCD’s price quote for
unbalanced pricing . . . .” Gov.’s Resp. at 32 (emphasis added). While Plaintiff points to the
substance of the PET’s concerns about certain BCD Travel CLINs, see Pl.’s Mot. for TRO/PI at
19, the government interprets this as Plaintiff thereby “conced[ing] that GSA conducted an
unbalanced pricing analysis,” Gov.’s Resp. at 32. As to Plaintiff’s price-specific allegations, the
government argues that “[b]ecause BCD’s pricing for [***] transactions and agent assisted
transactions were both less than CWT’s price for comparable transactions, there is nothing
unbalanced with BCD’s pricing and there is certainly no risk that the Government will pay high
prices to BCD given that CWT’s prices are higher.” Gov.’s Resp. at 33.

       In assessing Plaintiff’s unbalanced pricing allegations, the Court again starts with the
language of the RFQ, which provides that “[t]he Government will take into consideration any
unbalanced pricing.” AR 128. This acknowledges the obvious: GSA is required by law to
analyze bids in fixed-price contracts for unbalanced pricing. 48 C.F.R. § 15.404-1(g); see also
Green Tech. Grp., LLC v. United States, 147 Fed. Cl. 231, 240 (2020) (“As part of a fair-and-
reasonable-pricing determination, an agency must determine whether offerors’ prices are
balanced.”). Per the pertinent part of the applicable section of the FAR,

              (2) All offers with separately priced line items or subline items shall be
       analyzed to determine if the prices are unbalanced. If cost or price analysis
       techniques indicate that an offer is unbalanced, the contracting officer shall—

                      (i) Consider the risks to the Government associated with the
               unbalanced pricing in determining the competitive range and in making
               the source selection decision; and

                      (ii) Consider whether award of the contract will result in paying
               unreasonably high prices for contract performance.

               (3) An offer may be rejected if the contracting officer determines that the
       lack of balance poses an unacceptable risk to the Government.

48 C.F.R. § 15.404-1(g) (emphasis added). In short, if the review of a quote indicates
unbalanced pricing, an agency must proceed to a two-part analysis to consider the risk of paying
unreasonably high prices and the risk of unsuccessful performance. While there is no bright-line
test to evaluate when an overstated or understated line-item price is of such significance that it
poses risks of unsuccessful performance or unreasonably high prices, Green Tech. Grp., LLC,
147 Fed. Cl. at 240, “a significant disparity in only one CLIN price may justify the rejection of a
proposal as unbalanced,” Al Ghanim Combined Grp. Co. Gen. Trad. & Cont. W.L.L. v. United
States, 56 Fed. Cl. 502, 515 n.17 (2003).

                                                 24
        Reviewing the record, the Court looks again to the PET Report. For BCD Travel’s quote,
the PET observed that “[***] already seems unreasonable,” and, with regard to [***]
transactions, “[i]t doesn’t seem reasonable to support over [***] percent of the business
requirements for free . . . .” AR 1665. Moreover, the PET concluded that “[b]ased on [BCD
Travel’s] low pricing strategy, the government will be accepting a significant risk regarding
whether this company really understands the requirements to manage government travel . . . .”
Id. While the terms “balanced” or “unbalanced” (or some variation thereof) do not appear in the
PET Report per se, the PET implicitly flagged the appearance of unbalanced pricing in BCD
Travel’s quote, including the “significant risk” it posed to the government. Removing any doubt,
the Contracting Officer’s Pre-Negotiation Memorandum goes the additional step and calls it by
its name:

       After reviewing the quotes submitted by all three offerors, the appearance of
       unbalanced pricing was discovered in two of the offeror’s quotes. BCD Travel
       provided a 100% discount (i.e. $0.00 proposed unit price) for [***] transactions
       which is based on historical data of [***] transactions. It does not appear to be
       reasonable that BCD Travel would be able to support over [***] of the
       Government’s requirements for free. . . . Additionally, BCD Travel’s proposed
       pricing for the [***] CLIN appears unreasonable since it is more than [***]
       higher than the IGCE and may not be realistic since BCD Travel identified the
       FTE hourly rate but made no reference to any potential equipment costs. Based
       on the vendor’s low pricing strategy, the government may be accepting a
       significant risk regarding whether the company really understands the
       requirements to manage government travel. The CO will seek clarifications to
       BCD’s price quote in order to determine whether the prices are in fact
       unreasonable and unrealistic.

AR 1748 (emphasis added).

        In light of both the PET Report and Pre-Negotiation Memorandum, it is reasonable to
conclude that “price analysis techniques indicate[d] that an offer is unbalanced . . . .” 48 C.F.R.
§ 15.404-1(g); see also Green Tech. Grp., LLC, 147 Fed. Cl. at 240-41 (“In the course of its
pricing evaluation, the Agency implicitly determined that LinTech’s pricing was materially
unbalanced”). Accordingly, the FAR mandates that GSA proceed to the two-part unbalanced
pricing analysis, whereby it must consider both the risk of paying unreasonably high prices and
the risk of unsuccessful performance.

        Reviewing the record for evidence of the mandated two-part analysis, the Court first
gives credit where it is due. GSA indeed scrutinized at least some individual CLINs to the point
of identifying a potentially “significant risk regarding whether [BCD Travel] really understands
the requirements to manage government travel.” AR 1665. This is more than can be said about
overall price, which as the Court concluded above, was not the subject of a price realism
analysis—much less a meaningful one. Credit to GSA rapidly fades, however. Between the Pre-
Negotiation Memorandum, which flagged “the appearance of unbalanced pricing,” AR 1748, and
the Price Negotiation Memorandum of September 17, 2020, “recommend[ing] that a task order

                                                 25
be awarded to BCD Travel,” AR 1943, there is no mention or documentation whatsoever of the
required unbalanced pricing analysis.

        With respect to the price risk prong, the government’s brief asserts that “there is no risk
with respect to unbalanced pricing here based on the risk of the Government paying high prices
for agent assisted transactions because BCD’s pricing for both [***] transactions and agent
assisted transactions are less expensive than CWT’s prices.” Gov.’s Resp. at 33. That may
indeed be so. However, the government’s brief made no attempt to point the Court to anything
in the 4,000 plus page record demonstrating that this was GSA’s pre-award analysis and
justification.

        With respect to the performance risk prong, the government’s brief asserts that “GSA
considered possible unbalanced pricing, raised the issue with BCD during discussions, reviewed
BCD’s response and determined that, based upon all the information provided, there was no risk
to the Government of alleged unbalanced pricing.” Id. at 33-34. To the extent GSA’s
discussions with BCD may be perceived as a pre-award analysis, the Court declines—for the
same reasons articulated for price realism—to give it any credence. 10 The government next
asserts that “given the contracting officer’s broad discretion and that CWT has not demonstrated
‘unacceptable risk’ to the Government, CWT is unlikely to succeed on its claim that BCD’s
pricing is unbalanced.” Id. at 34 (emphasis added). Here, the government articulates a curious
line of argument, as the FAR requires the contracting officer to “[c]onsider the risks to the
Government associated with the unbalanced pricing . . . .” 48 C.F.R. § 15.404-1(g)(2)(i). The
burden is not on Plaintiff to “demonstrate unacceptable risk,” and the government cannot
cleverly pass Plaintiff the burden just because the Administrative Record is bereft of any
apparent evidence to overcome the burden on its own.

        In sum, the closest thing the Court can find in the Administrative Record to an
unbalanced pricing analysis comes from post-award justifications to GAO and this Court. But
GSA’s “post hoc arguments are unavailing and not an acceptable substitute for the pre-award
analysis required by the FAR.” Green Tech. Grp., LLC, 147 Fed. Cl. at 242. No pre-award
unbalanced pricing analysis is apparent here, let alone one consistent with the FAR.
Accordingly, Plaintiff also succeeds on its allegation that GSA failed to conduct an unbalanced
pricing analysis.

         c. Plaintiff was prejudiced by GSA’s failure to conduct adequate price analyses

        As discussed above with regard to Plaintiff’s key personnel argument, Plaintiff must not
only demonstrate that GSA misapplied the RFQ’s price analysis requirements, it must also show
that these misapplied requirements prejudiced it. See, e.g., Afghan Am. Army Servs. Corp., 90
Fed. Cl. at 366 (“Despite the existence of errors in a procurement, the plaintiff is not entitled to
relief unless it can show prejudice . . . .”). Plaintiff argues that GSA “committed prejudicial error
when it failed to perform a proper price realism analysis of BCD’s quote, as [Plaintiff] was next

    10
        Again, it would seem the very definition of arbitrary and capricious for an agency to conclude that the
reasoning an offeror has already provided to an agency and is clearly within an agency’s possession before it sought
clarifications can somehow suffice for an unbalanced pricing analysis when that same reasoning is repeated
verbatim to the agency in a later communication.

                                                        26
in line for the award.” Pl.’s Reply at 20. As to unbalanced pricing, Plaintiff asserts “a protester
need not show prejudice if the agency simply failed to do an unbalancing analysis,” Pl.’s Mot.
for TRO/PI at 20, and that GSA “committed prejudicial error when it failed to perform an
unbalanced pricing analysis of BCD’s quote, as [Plaintiff] was next in line for the award as the
second lowest-priced offeror,” Pl.’s Reply at 22. The Court finds Plaintiff’s arguments
convincing.

        First, this Court has repeatedly held that an agency’s failure to conduct a required price
analysis is prejudicial in and of itself, constituting a “significant . . . error in the procurement
process.” Al Ghanim, 56 Fed. Cl. at 516 (citing Alfa Laval Separation, Inc., 175 F.3d at 1367);
Active Network, LLC v. United States, 130 Fed. Cl. 421, 429 (2017) (“Without a price realism
analysis in the record, the Court has nothing to review and no way of determining whether
Active was prejudiced. This conclusion alone is sufficient to warrant remand to conduct a proper
price realism analysis.”); IAP World Servs., Inc. v. United States, 152 Fed. Cl. 384, 409 (2021)
(“Therefore, this Court agrees with the Al Ghanim and Green Tech. line of cases and concludes
that Plaintiff has adequately shown prejudice from the Navy’s failure to perform an unbalanced
pricing analysis.”).

        Second, the Federal Circuit has held that if an agency were obligated to rebid a contract
following protest, and the successful protestor “could compete for the contract once again,” then
the protestor has satisfied the “substantial chance” standard. Impresa Construzioni Geom.
Domenico Garufi, 238 F.3d at 1334 (citing Alfa Laval Separation, Inc., 175 F.3d at 1367).
Clearly, Plaintiff could re-compete for the contract. Plaintiff had a higher past performance
rating than BCD Travel, an equal technical approach evaluation rating (which would actually
have been higher than BCD Travel’s had the technical approach been evaluated properly
regarding key personnel, as the Court explained above), and price was the determining factor
according to GSA. Although the Court does not know what the outcome of proper price
analyses would be, certainly there is a chance that the price differential that resulted in BCD
Travel being awarded the contract over Plaintiff could change if proper price analyses are
conducted. Therefore, it is a reasonable assumption that Plaintiff, one of the incumbent
contractors, could quite capably re-compete for the contract following this protest.

        Moreover, the government’s argument against finding that Plaintiff was prejudiced is one
that has regularly been rejected by this Court. The government alleges that Plaintiff cannot show
prejudice “because [Plaintiff’s] overall price and its prices for both [***] transactions and agent
assisted transactions are greater than BCD’s pricing.” Gov.’s Resp. at 34 (emphasis added).
But this argument glosses over the fact that properly conducted price realism and/or unbalanced
pricing analyses might have either increased BCD Travel’s quoted prices or simply resulted in its
quote receiving no further consideration by GSA. See, e.g., Al Ghanim, 56 Fed. Cl. at 515 (“The
general rule is that, even if an offeror’s total price is lower than those proposed by other offerors,
a protest still may be sustained if the low price indicates the offeror’s lack of understanding of
the solicitation’s requirements or constitutes an excessive risk.”) (quotation omitted); Afghan
Am. Army Servs. Corp., 90 Fed. Cl. at 366 (“But once again, a proper price realism analysis,
best-value tradeoff, and past experience evaluation could have changed that result.”). Regardless
of whether properly conducted price analyses would have resulted in increases in BCD Travel’s
quoted prices or its quote being removed from consideration, there was a substantial chance that

                                                 27
Plaintiff would have received the Army travel contract but for GSA’s failures to follow the price
evaluation requirements.

        In sum, whether the Court looks for evidence of prejudice, or simply finds prejudice per
se due to GSA’s failure to properly conduct its price evaluation, Plaintiff easily succeeds in
proving prejudice.

   3. GSA’s Past Performance Evaluation was Rational

        Plaintiff has not met its burden with regard to its argument that GSA over-rated BCD
Travel’s past performance by rating BCD Travel “Good” instead of assigning it the lower
“Acceptable” or “Neutral” ratings. It is well-established that this Court must afford an agency
substantial deference in evaluating an offeror’s past performance. See, e.g., Am. Auto Logistics,
LP v. United States, 117 Fed. Cl. 137, 186 (2014), aff’d, 599 F. App’x 958 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (“A
protestor must overcome a ‘triple whammy of deference by demonstrating by a preponderance of
the evidence that the SSA lacked any rational basis’ to assign a given past performance rating.”);
Tech. Innovation All. LLC v. United States, 149 Fed. Cl. 105, 138 (2020) (“The agency’s subject-
matter experts are best suited to determine whether and to what extent the experience reflected in
a past performance example instills confidence that the offeror will successfully perform and
meet the needs of the agency on the contract at issue.”); FirstLine Transp. Sec., Inc. v. United
States, 100 Fed. Cl. 359, 396 (2011) (quoting Univ. Research Co. v. United States, 65 Fed. Cl.
500, 505 (2005)) (“When the Court considers a bid protest challenge to a past performance
evaluation conducted in the course of a negotiated procurement, ‘the greatest deference possible
is given to the agency.’”). Plaintiff has not shown that the substantial deference GSA is entitled
to was abused with regard to past performance.

       Under the RFQ, GSA examined BCD Travel’s past performance of commercial travel
management services for three companies: Federal Express, Raytheon, and Apple. During the
re-evaluation of the solicitation, and after re-considering BCD Travel’s past performance with
those companies, GSA downgraded BCD Travel’s past performance to “Good.” In other words,
GSA determined that BCD Travel’s past performance was best characterized as “effort [that]
involved similar scope and magnitude of effort and complexities this solicitation requires.
Performance was very good in the majority of categories reviewed.” AR 127.

        Plaintiff claims that GSA’s decision to rate BCD Travel’s past performance as “Good” is
irrational, arguing that BCD Travel should have received no higher than an “Acceptable” rating.
Pl.’s Reply at 24-26. According to Plaintiff, BCD Travel’s past work for Federal Express,
Raytheon, and Apple demonstrates that BCD Travel only meets at best “some” of the “scope and
magnitude of effort” and “complexities” required by the RFQ—rather than the “similar” scope
and magnitude of effort required to receive a “Good” rating. Id. at 25. Thus, Plaintiff is
essentially asking the Court to supplant GSA’s review of BCD Travel’s past performance with
Plaintiff’s own assessment. But this Court cannot substitute its own judgment of whether BCD
Travel’s past performance was similar in scope and magnitude for GSA’s on this question. See
Todd Const., L.P. v. United States, 88 Fed. Cl. 235, 247 (2009) (“In the bid protest context, the
assignment of a past performance rating is reviewed only to ensure that it was reasonable and

                                               28
consistent with the stated evaluation criteria and applicable statutes and regulations, since
determining the relative merits of the offerors’ past performance is primarily a matter within the
contracting agency’s discretion.”) (internal quotations omitted).

       Unlike GSA’s key personnel and price evaluations discussed above, it is clear that GSA
did evaluate BCD Travel’s past performance in terms of scope, magnitude, and complexity as
required by the terms of the RFQ. In fact, among other things, GSA determined that BCD
Travel’s:

       past performance history is impressive and demonstrates successful past
       performance history that is both relevant and recent. The Offerors past
       performance included comprehensive details regarding its performing travel
       services similar in scope, magnitude, and complexities and clearly demonstrated
       the Offeror’s history of professional behavior and overall business-like concern
       for the interests of the customer, including timely completion of requirements and
       customer satisfaction. . . . Additionally, the Offeror provided a comprehensive
       matrix for Raytheon and Fedex containing narratives, which described how the
       services provided by the Offeror align with the requirements in scope and
       complexity of the Army PWS and PRS to include size/scope; 24/7/365 services
       on-site, and via call centers and virtual agents; trip authorizations; [***] transition
       and adoption; compliance of government travel regulations; expense systems;
       usage of preferred supplier programs; adherence to per diems . . . .

AR 2544-46. According to GSA’s evaluation, the contract values of the three contracts included
in BCD Travel’s past performance also favorably compared to the value of the Army travel
contract. AR 2547, 2556-57.

        Accordingly, the Court finds that GSA’s past performance evaluation was rational, and
Plaintiff is not entitled to judgment on the administrative record on this argument.

   4. GSA Did Not Treat Plaintiff Disparately

         Similarly, Plaintiff has failed to show that GSA treated offerors disparately. Under the
FAR, “[a]ll contractors and prospective contractors shall be treated fairly and impartially but
need not be treated the same.” 48 C.F.R. § 1.102-2(c)(3). Moreover, a “contracting agency must
treat all offerors equally, evaluating proposals evenhandedly against common requirements and
evaluation criteria.” Banknote Corp. of Am. v. United States, 56 Fed. Cl. 377, 383 (2003), aff’d,
365 F.3d 1345 (Fed. Cir. 2004). In order to prevail on a disparate treatment claim, the Federal
Circuit requires that “a protestor must show that the agency unreasonably downgraded its
proposal for deficiencies that were ‘substantively indistinguishable’ or nearly identical from
those contained in other proposals.” Off. Design Grp. v. United States, 951 F.3d 1366, 1372
(Fed. Cir. 2020). In addition, the protestor must demonstrate that the specific unevenness
prejudiced it from being awarded the contract. Id. at 1373–74 (“To establish prejudicial error, a
protestor must show that but for that error, the protestor had a substantial chance of receiving a
contract award.”).

                                                 29
        The first issue with Plaintiff’s disparate treatment claim is that it relates to two different
evaluation factors: technical approach and past performance. Plaintiff essentially argues that
because GSA corrected an issue for BCD Travel on its past performance evaluation, GSA was
then obligated to reach out directly to Plaintiff to correct completely different issues with
Plaintiff’s technical approach evaluation and, that by failing to do so, GSA treated Plaintiff
disparately. There are several problems with this argument.

        To begin with, Plaintiff is taking issue with how GSA treated two entirely different
evaluation factors. To succeed on a disparate treatment claim, Plaintiff must at least demonstrate
that GSA unevenly treated it by giving it a lower rating for having the similar deficiency on the
same rating factor as BCD Travel. See Fluor Intercontinental, Inc. v. United States, 147 Fed. Cl.
309, 330 (2020), appeal dismissed, No. 2020-1615, 2020 WL 8995478 (Fed. Cir. Apr. 24, 2020)
(“[T]he offerors’ ‘systemic issues’ were of two inherently different breeds.”); Hamilton
Sundstrand Power Sys. v. United States, 75 Fed. Cl. 512, 516 (2007) (holding that the plaintiff
had not proved disparate treatment because it could not show that “the record reflects that the Air
Force unreasonably downgraded [the plaintiff’s] technical proposal for deficiencies that are
substantively indistinguishable from those found in the proposals of the other offerors who
remained in the competitive range.”); cf. Constellation W., Inc. v. United States, 125 Fed. Cl.
505, 553 (2015) (“An agency action is arbitrary when the agency offered insufficient reasons for
treating similar situations differently.”). Plaintiff has not made such a showing, and, in fact,
GSA even rated Plaintiff higher on past performance than BCD Travel. AR Tab 37.

       Furthermore, Plaintiff’s argument is based on the fact that GSA contacted one of BCD
Travel’s past performance references to fill in information because a non-disclosure agreement
precluded BCD Travel from including certain information in its quote. AR 2550. The RFQ
expressly permitted GSA to contact offerors’ references regarding past performance. AR 127,
381. Rather than being improper, GSA’s outreach to one of BCD Travel’s references to obtain
missing past performance information was expressly permitted by the terms of the RFQ. AR 381
(“The Government reserves the right to include its own past experience with the Offeror, in
addition to provided references, as well as other sources of past performance information
available to the Government.”).

       The second shortcoming with Plaintiff’s disparate treatment allegation is that even if
there was disparate treatment, which amounted to a “correction” of BCD Travel’s past
performance evaluation, the “correction” apparently did not result in BCD Travel’s past
performance rating increasing. It appears from the Administrative Record that BCD Travel
would have received a “Good” rating with or without GSA reaching out to a reference regarding
BCD Travel’s past performance. This is because another bidder also received a “Good” past
performance rating, yet it too was missing past performance evaluation material from two past
performance references. AR 2557. If that bidder could receive a “Good” rating with no material
whatsoever from two references, then certainly BCD Travel would have at least received a
“Good” rating with partial material missing from one reference.

       In sum, Plaintiff fails to show that GSA’s contact with one of BCD Travel’s references
amounted to disparate treatment, and, even if it did, Plaintiff has not demonstrated that it was
prejudiced as a result.

                                                  30
D. Injunctive Relief

       As the Court has determined that GSA’s award of the Army travel contract to BCD
Travel was arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law,
and that Plaintiff was prejudiced by GSA’s actions, the Court now turns to the question of
whether Plaintiff is entitled to injunctive relief. The Federal Circuit has articulated the test for a
permanent injunction as follows:

       To determine if a permanent injunction is warranted, the court must consider
       whether (1) the plaintiff has succeeded on the merits of the case; (2) the plaintiff
       will suffer irreparable harm if the court withholds injunctive relief; (3) the balance
       of hardships to the respective parties favors the grant of injunctive relief; and (4)
       the public interest is served by a grant of injunctive relief.

Centech Group, Inc. v. United States, 554 F.3d 1029, 1037 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (citing PGBA, LLC
v. United States, 389 F.3d 1219, 1228–29 (Fed. Cir. 2004)). Because Plaintiff has succeeded on
the merits of its protest, the Court turns to the remaining injunctive relief factors.

   1. Irreparable Harm

         With respect to irreparable harm, the pertinent question is “whether plaintiff has an
adequate remedy in the absence of an injunction.” Magellan Corp. v. United States, 27 Fed. Cl.
446, 447 (1993); see also Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37, 43-44 (1971) (noting that “the basic
doctrine of equity jurisprudence [is] that courts of equity should not act . . . when the moving
party has an adequate remedy at law and will not suffer irreparable injury if denied equitable
relief”). Plaintiff asserts that it will be harmed absent the issuance of an injunction because the
only other available relief—recoupment of bid preparation costs—would not remedy its loss of
profits, key employees, benefits of incumbency, and the opportunity to participate in a fair
procurement process for the Army travel contract. Pl.’s Reply at 26-28.

        “This court has recognized that a lost opportunity to compete for a contract—and the
attendant inability to obtain the profits expected from the contract—can constitute irreparable
injury.” Bluewater Management Group, LLC v. United States, 150 Fed. Cl. 588, 619 (2020)
(citing Akal Sec., Inc. v. United States, 87 Fed. Cl. 311, 319 (2009); Hosp. Klean of Tex., Inc. v.
United States, 65 Fed. Cl. 618, 624 (2005)); see also CW Gov’t Travel, Inc. v. United States, 110
Fed. Cl. 462, 494 (2013) (“The Court of Federal Claims has repeatedly held that a protester
suffers irreparable harm if it is deprived of the opportunity to compete fairly for a contract.”);
Serco Inc. v. United States, 81 Fed. Cl. 463, 501-02 (2008) (noting that because “the only other
available relief—the potential for recovery of bid preparation costs—would not compensate [the
protestors] for the loss of valuable business . . . loss, deriving from a lost opportunity to compete
on a level playing field for a contract, has been found sufficient to prove irreparable harm”).
Accordingly, Plaintiff has adequately demonstrated that it will suffer irreparable harm if
injunctive relief is not provided.

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   2. Balance of Hardships

        In addition to considering whether a protestor would suffer an irreparable injury absent
injunctive relief, the Court must determine whether the balance of hardships to the government
and Defendant-Intervenor in issuing an injunction outweigh the harms to Plaintiff. PGBA, LLC,
389 F.3d at 1229. Here Plaintiff has established irreparable harm, as explained above. The
government asserts it will be harmed by the additional costs of extending the bridge contract to
Plaintiff to maintain the Army’s current travel management services contract until the award of
the travel contract at issue here is resolved. Gov.’s Resp. at 38. Defendant-Intervenor claims it
has incurred costs as a result of the delays related to this bid protest and will continue to incur
greater costs if an injunction is issued. BCD Travel’s Response at 16-17. However, neither the
harm asserted by the government nor Defendant-Intervenor outweighs the harm to Plaintiff. The
government’s failure to properly evaluate the quotes was detrimental to Plaintiff’s ability to
meaningfully compete for the contract. The government cannot now contend that costs
stemming from GSA’s own failures to follow the requirements of the RFQ and the FAR should
prevent the issuance of an injunction. As another judge of this Court recently observed:
       Requiring the government to continue purchasing the services from the incumbent
       for the interim does not outweigh the irreparable harm to an offeror arising from
       an agency’s own failure to comply with the law in awarding the contract. Further,
       the resources needed to conduct a proper procurement are only those that should
       have been employed originally by the Agency. Having to employ these resources
       again is not a hardship, but an obligation.

Green Tech. Grp., LLC, 147 Fed. Cl. at 246 (citation omitted); see also Caddell Constr. Co. v.
United States, 111 Fed. Cl. 49, 116–17 (2013) (“[A]ny harm caused to the [agency] by granting a
permanent injunction regarding [awardee’s] performance of the [] contract is the result of
defendant’s conduct during the procurement.”); Sheridan Corp. v. United States, 94 Fed. Cl. 663,
670 (2010) (“From the Court’s view, these alleged harms are of the agency’s own making.”).
Similarly, the harm claimed by Defendant-Intervenor is actually due to the government’s refusal
to stay further performance on the Army travel contract while this protest was pending and, of
course, GSA’s failure to conduct its evaluation according to the RFQ and the FAR. In other
words, the alleged harm suffered by Defendant-Intervenor is due to GSA’s improper evaluation,
not the Court’s issuance of an injunction.

   3. Public Interest

        Turning to the final factor, the Court finds issuing a permanent injunction will serve the
public interest. The Supreme Court has instructed that before a court “employ[s] the
extraordinary remedy of injunction,” it “should pay particular regard for the public
consequences” of so doing. Weinberger v. Romero-Barcelo, 456 U.S. 305, 312 (1982). It is
beyond dispute that “[t]here is an overriding public interest in preserving the integrity of the
procurement process by requiring the government to follow its procurement regulations.”
Turner Constr. Co. v. United States, 94 Fed. Cl. 561, 586 (2010) (citation and internal quotation
marks omitted), aff’d, 645 F.3d 1377 (Fed. Cir. 2011). Moreover, “the public interest in honest,
open, and fair competition in the procurement process is compromised whenever an agency
abuses its discretion in evaluating a contractor’s bid.” PGBA, LLC, 57 Fed. Cl. at 663. It is

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paramount that GSA—as with any agency—abide by the terms of its RFQ and the FAR in order
to maintain public confidence in the procurement process. Accordingly, this factor likewise
weighs in Plaintiff’s favor.

    4. Weighing of the Factors

        In addition to prevailing on the merits of its protest, Plaintiff has established that it will
suffer irreparable harm if the Court does not provide injunctive relief, that the balance of harms
turns in its favor, and that awarding injunctive relief is clearly in the public interest.
Accordingly, the issuance of a permanent injunction is warranted.

                                           CONCLUSION

       For the reasons set forth above, the Court GRANTS Plaintiff judgment on the
administrative record and further orders that:

    1. The United States, by and through the General Services Administration, its officers,
       agents, and employees, is hereby PERMANENTLY RESTRAINED AND ENJOINED
       from continuing to obtain performance from BCD Travel on the contract awarded to
       BCD Travel pursuant to the RFQ at issue in this protest;

    2. Any re-evaluation of quotes received under the RFQ at issue in this protest shall be
       performed in a manner that is consistent with this opinion;

    3. The parties shall confer to determine agreed-to proposed redactions to this opinion. On
       or before July 16, 2021, the parties shall file a joint status report indicating their
       agreement on proposed redactions, attaching a copy of those pages of the Court’s opinion
       that contain proposed redactions, with all proposed redactions clearly indicated; and

    4. The Clerk shall ENTER final judgement accordingly.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                        s/ Zachary N. Somers
                                                        ZACHARY N. SOMERS
                                                        Judge

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