Court Opinion

ID: 4071138
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-30 01:45:59.349389+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:33:11.600278
License: Public Domain

PD-0526-15
                                                                                COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                                                                                                AUSTIN, TEXAS
October 26, 2015                                                              Transmitted 10/26/2015 4:11:12 PM
                                                                                Accepted 10/26/2015 4:19:43 PM
                                                                                                 ABEL ACOSTA
                                  No. PD-0526-15                                                         CLERK

                   IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                         OF THE STATE OF TEXAS

     THE STATE OF TEXAS,                                                 Appellant

     v.

     VICTOR MANUEL SCHUNIOR JR.,                                         Appellee

                           Appeal from Webb County

                              —————————
                              No. 04–14–00347–CR
                              In the Fourth Court of Appeals

                            No. 2013CRM000371 D1
                      In the 49th District Court of Webb County, Texas
                              —————————

                                      * * * * *

                     STATE’S BRIEF ON THE MERITS

                                      * * * * *

                             ISIDRO R. ALANIZ
                            DISTRICT ATTORNEY
                              49th Judicial District

                                    By:
                        DAVID L. REUTHINGER, JR.
                         Assistant District Attorney,
                          Bar I.D. No. 24053936
                                     TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS..............................................................................ii

INDEX OF AUTHORITIES ........................................................................ v

STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT .................................. 1

STATEMENT OF THE CASE .................................................................... 2

STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY .......................................... 2

STATEMENT OF THE ISSUES PRESENTED.......................................... 3

ARGUMENT AND AUTHORITIES........................................................... 4

  1) Is the limitations period for aggravated assault governed by Article
  12.01(7) rather than Article 12.03(d) of the Code of Criminal Procedure?
  ................................................................................................................... 5

     A. Plain-Language Analysis is Inconclusive and Inappropriate............ 5

        1. The Plain-Language Analysis Requires That Every Word in the
        Statutes Be Given Effect. ................................................................... 6

        2. The Fantich Court and the Court of Appeals Below Respectfully
        Erred By Not Attempting to Give Effect to Every Word of the
        Statutes................................................................................................ 9

        3. The Statutes Cannot Be Applied Literally Because This Would
        Give Rise to an Absurd Outcome. .................................................... 13

        4. The Fantich Court and the Court of Appeals Below Respectfully
        Erred In Holding that the Statutes Were Unambiguous and Therefore
        Misapplied Boykin. ........................................................................... 15

     B. The Colyandro/Marin Presumption of Legislative Ratification
     Applies and Provides For a Three-Year Result ................................... 19

                                                                                                                     ii
    1. The Legislature is Presumed to Consent to This Court’s
    Interpretations of Penal Statutes When The Statute is Re-Enacted
    Without Pertinent Change. ............................................................... 19

    2. The Colyandro/Marin Presumption Rule Applies to Statements
    Made by the Court in Dicta. ............................................................. 21

    3. The Presumption Rule Supports the Three-Year Construction of
    the Statutes........................................................................................ 25

    4. The Appellee’s Arguments are Foreclosed by the Presiding
    Judge’s Bennett Concurrence, by Garcia and by the
    Colyandro/Marin Line of Authority................................................. 27

  C. Conclusion: The Limitations Period for Aggravated Assault Was
  and Remains Three Years .................................................................... 29

2) If the limitations period for aggravated assault is governed by Article
12.03(d), does the lesser-included offense with the greater limitations
period control when the lesser-included offenses of the aggravated
assault include both misdemeanor assault and a felony? ........................ 30

  A. Any Statutory Construction That Yields Absurd Results Must be
  Disregarded Regardless of the Methodology Used to Reach It ........... 31

  B. A Two-Year Limitations Period for Aggravated Assaults That
  Include Felony Deadly Conduct As a Lesser-Included Offense is an
  Absurd Result the Legislature Could Not Have Intended ................... 33

    1. The Result Below Contradicts the Legislatively Intended Balance
    Between Societal And Individual Interest. ....................................... 35

    2. The Result Below Impedes Prosecution by Putting An
    Unjustifiable Burden on the State. ................................................... 39

  C. The Court of Appeals Respectfully Erred by Refusing to Consider
  the Effect of the Lesser-Included Offense ........................................... 41

                                                                                                         iii
     D. The Absurd Result Can Be Avoided By Construing Article
     12.03(d)’s Term “Primary Crime” To Refer to the Lesser-Included
     Offense With the Greater Limitations Period ...................................... 43

     E. Conclusion: If Article 12.03(d) Controls, Deadly Conduct Rather
     Than Aggravated Assault is the “Primary” Crime for the First Three
     Counts .................................................................................................. 46

PRAYER FOR RELIEF ............................................................................. 48

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE .......................................................... 49

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE ................................................................... 49

                                                                                                               iv
                           INDEX OF AUTHORITIES
Cases
Alejos v. State,
555 S.W.2d 444 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977) ............................................. 11, 14

Arnold v. State,
74 S.W.2d 997 (Tex. Crim. App. 1934) ..................................................... 22

Bell v. State,
693 S.W.2d 434 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) ................................................... 33

Boykin v. State,
818 S.W.2d 782 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) .................4, 6, 8, 9, 15, 18, 31, 47

Bryant v. State,
391 S.W.3d 86 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) ............................................... 15, 18

Burke v. State,
28 S.W.3d 545 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) ..................................................... 11

Campbell v. State,
49 S.W.3d 874 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) ..................................................... 32

Clinton v. State,
354 S.W.3d 795 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) ..................................................... 4

Davis v. State,
968 S.W.2d 368 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) ................................................... 12

Ex parte Blume,
618 S.W.2d 373 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981) ............................................. 24, 27

Ex parte Hale,
117 S.W.3d 866 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) ................................................... 32

Ex parte Kuester,
21 S.W.3d 264 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) ..................................................... 32

                                                                                            v
Ex parte Medellin,
223 S.W.3d 315 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) ..................................................... 8

Ex parte Salas,
724 S.W.2d 67 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987) ............................................... 20, 25

Fantich v. State,
420 S.W.3d 287 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2013, no pet.) ...................... 5, 6, 16, 18

Garcia v. State,
145 S.W.2d 180 (Tex. Crim. App. 1940) ...........................22, 23, 24, 27, 30

Garcia v. State,
829 S.W.2d 796 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992) (plurality opinion) ....................... 8

Grey v. State,
298 S.W.3d 644 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) ............................................ 39, 40

Griffith v. State,
116 S.W.3d 782 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) ................................. 31, 43, 46, 48

Guzman v. State,
188 S.W.3d 185 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) ................................................... 38

Hall v. State,
225 S.W.3d 524 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) ................................................... 42

Henson v. State,
No. 05-97-01894-CR, 2000 WL 1123509 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2000, pet.
 ref’d) (not designated for publication) .................................................... 44

Honeycutt v. State,
82 S.W.3d 545 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2002) ................................. 33, 38

Hunter v. State,
576 S.W.2d 395 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979) ............................................. 25, 26

Ibarra v. State,
11 S.W.3d 189 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) ..................................................... 35

                                                                                               vi
In re State ex rel. O’Connell,
908 S.W.2d 902 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1998) ............................................... 11

Irving v. State,
176 S.W.3d 842 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) ................................................... 41

Lafleur v. State,
106 S.W.3d 91 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) (Keller, P.J., concurring). ........... 20

Liverman v. State,
PD-1595-14, 2015 WL 5579418, at *4 (Tex. Crim. App. Sept. 23, 2015)
  ............................................................................................... 10, 12, 17, 18

Mahaffey v. State,
364 S.W.3d 908 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) ................................... 9, 13, 16, 18

Marin v. State,
891 S.W.2d 267 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994) ................................................... 21

Mead v. Property Owners' Ass'n of Terilingua Ranch, Inc.,
410 S.W.3d 434 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2013) ............................................. 34

Muniz v. State,
851 S.W.2d 238 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993) ...........................31, 32, 33, 39, 41

Shipp v. State,
331 S.W.3d 433 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) ..................................................... 9

Sibley v. State,
956 S.W.2d 832 (Tex .App.—Beaumont 1997) ......................................... 33

Slott v. State,
148 S.W.3d 624 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, pet. ref'd) ........ 35

State v. Bennett,
415 S.W.3d 867 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) 12, 16, 19, 25, 26, 34, 35, 37, 38,
  44, 45

State v. Colyandro,
233 S.W.3d 870 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) ...........................20, 21, 25, 27, 28

                                                                                                              vii
State v. Hardy,
963 S.W.2d 516 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) ............................................... 8, 17

State v. Medrano,
67 S.W.3d 892 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) ..................................................... 21

State v. Neesley,
239 S.W.3d 780 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) ............................................. 12, 16

State v. Oakley,
227 S.W.3d 58 (Tex. 2007)........................................................................ 14

State v. Schunior,
No. 04-14-00347-CR, ___ S.W.3d ___ (Tex. App.—San Antonio April 22,
  2015) ............................................................2, 7, 10, 13, 15, 16, 22, 33, 41

State v. Vasilas,
253 S.W.3d 268 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) ................................................... 10

State v. Weaver,
945 S.W.2d 334 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1997), aff'd, 982 S.W.2d
892 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) .................................................................... 36

Tita v. State,
267 S.W.3d 33 (Tex.Crim. App. 2008) ................................................ 42, 43

Yandell v. State,
46 S.W.3d 357 (Tex. App.—Austin 2001, pet. ref'd) ................................. 43

Statutes
Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. 740, § 2, 1997 Tex. Sess. Law Serv. Ch. 740
  (H.B. 921) ................................................................................................ 11

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 1.03(4) (West 2011) ............................. 40

Tex. Code Crim. Proc. ann. arts. 12.01, 12.02 (West 2011) ...................... 35

TEX. PENAL CODE § 22.05(b)(1)-(2),(e)...................................................... 33

                                                                                                              viii
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.04(a) (West 2011) .................................. 32, 36

TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.01(a)(1) .......................................................... 5

TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.05(e) (West 2011) ........................................ 34

Tex. Penal Code Ann. art. 31.09 (Vernon 1994) ........................................ 36

Treatises
82 C.J.S. Statutes § 326 (1953)................................................................... 33

53 Tex. Jur. 2d Statutes § 186 (1964) ......................................................... 10

DIX & SCHMOLESKY, 40 TEX. PRAC., CRIMINAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE
  § 2:33 (3d ed.)........................................................................ 19, 21, 24, 29

                                                                                                       ix
                            No. PD-0526-15

              IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS

                      OF THE STATE OF TEXAS

THE STATE OF TEXAS,                                    Appellant

v.

VICTOR MANUEL SCHUNIOR JR.,                            Appellee

                       Appeal from Webb County

                               * * * * *

                 STATE’S BRIEF ON THE MERITS

                               * * * * *

TO THE HONORABLE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS:

      Comes now the State of Texas, by and through her District Attorney,

ISIDRO R. ALANIZ, through his Assistant District Attorney, David L.

Reuthinger, Jr., and respectfully presents to this Court her brief on the

merits in the above named cause, pursuant to the rules of appellate

procedure.

         STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT
      Oral argument has been declined in this case.

                                                                       1
                      STATEMENT OF THE CASE
      The Appellee, Victor Manuel Schunior, Jr. was indicted for four

counts of aggravated assault. The offenses are alleged to have occurred on

February 19, 2011. The indictment was returned on April 17, 2013, two

years and two months after the shootings occurred. All but one of the

counts allege that Appellee discharged a firearm at persons as they were

exiting vehicles. Appellee moved for dismissal of all four counts, asserting

that per Article 12.03(d), Code of Criminal Procedure, the limitations

period for aggravated assault was two years and had run. The State

responded that the limitations period was instead three years under per

Article 12.01(7)’s catch-all provision for “all other felonies” not listed not

listed in Article 12.01.

               STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY
      Appellee’s motion to dismiss was granted by the trial court on April

15, 2014 and the State appealed the dismissal order on April 30, 2014. On

April 22, 2015, the court of appeals issued a published opinion affirming

the dismissal order in its entirety. State v. Schunior, No. 04-14-00347-CR,

___ S.W.3d ___ (Tex. App.—San Antonio April 22, 2015) (hereinafter the

“slip op.”).

                                                                            2
             STATEMENT OF THE ISSUES PRESENTED

1) Is the limitations period for aggravated assault governed by Article
12.01(7) rather than Article 12.03(d) of the Code of Criminal
Procedure?

2) If the limitations period for aggravated assault is governed by
Article 12.03(d), does the lesser-included offense with the greater
limitations period control when the lesser-included offenses of the
aggravated assault include both misdemeanor assault and a felony?

      The State respectfully submits that the plain text of the statutes does

not lead to a two-year conclusion, and that the statutes are ambiguous. As

such, the long-standing rule of presumed legislative intent, combined with

this Court’s consistent dicta stating that the limitations period would be

held to be three years under Article 12.01(7), together yield a three-year

result because there is nothing expressly to the contrary in the legislative

history. Moreover, even if the limitations period for aggravated assault is

controlled by Article 12.03(d)’s two-year rule, the first three counts of this

indictment would still have a three-year limitations period because, for

each count, the three-year felony offense of deadly conduct is a lesser-

included offense, and the Legislature could not have intended a two-year

result for the greater offense of aggravated assault for these counts.

                                                                            3
                  ARGUMENT AND AUTHORITIES
      Both issues here are fundamentally about the meaning of statutes.

When interpreting the meaning of a statute, the courts seek to effectuate

the collective intent of the legislators who enacted the legislation. Clinton

v. State, 354 S.W.3d 795, 800 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (citing Boykin v.

State, 818 S.W.2d 782, 785 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991)). To determine that

collective intent, the Court first looks to the literal text, as it generally

provides the best means to determine the fair, objective meaning of that

text at the time of its enactment. Clinton, 354 S.W.3d at 800. The Court

will therefore construe a statute according to its plain meaning, without

considering extratextual factors, unless the statutory language is

ambiguous or imposing the plain meaning would cause an absurd result.

Boykin, 818 S.W.2d at 785.

      The State’s first issue asserts that Articles 12.03(d) and 12.01(7) are

ambiguous as applied to the offense of aggravated assault, and that the

limitations period is three years under Article 12.01(7) according to the

collective intent of the Legislature, a conclusion which follows from the

presumption of approval which arose when this Court issued repeated dicta

so stating while the Legislature did nothing to ‘correct’ the Court. The

                                                                           4
State’s second issue asserts that even if the statutes are not ambiguous, or

if the ambiguous-statute analysis goes in Appellee’s favor, the result in the

specific situation presented by the first three counts in this indictment is

nevertheless absurd and therefore not an outcome that the Legislature

could have intended.

1) Is the limitations period for aggravated assault governed by Article
12.01(7) rather than Article 12.03(d) of the Code of Criminal
Procedure?
 A. PLAIN-LANGUAGE ANALYSIS IS INCONCLUSIVE AND INAPPROPRIATE
      The opinion of the court of appeals below is premised on the

reasoning of the Tyler Court of Appeals in Fantich v. State, 420 S.W.3d
287 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2013, no pet.). Fantich reasoned that Articles

12.01(7) and 12.03(d) unambiguously provided for a result of two years for

all aggravated assaults other than those in which the aggravated-assault

statute itself delineated the offense as a felony. Id. at 291 (citing TEX.

PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.01(a)(1)). The Fourth Court followed suit in this

case. Slip. op. at p. 14. Hence, the entirety of the reasoning of both courts

is built on a presupposition that the statutes are unambiguous.

      The analysis required in the case of unambiguous penal statutes is

totally different from the proper analysis for ambiguous statutes, and this

Court has often insisted that these methods are mutually exclusive.

                                                                           5
Extratextual sources, such as legislative history, may be a factor only if the

statutory text is ambiguous or if its application would lead to an absurd

result that the Legislature could not have intended. Boykin, 818 S.W.2d at

786. “This [bifurcated] method of statutory interpretation is of ancient

origin and is, in fact, the only method that does not unnecessarily invade

the lawmaking province of the Legislature.” Id. The first question is

whether the Fantich court, and perforce the court of appeals here, correctly

decided that the statutes were unambiguous in their first breaths.

1. The Plain-Language Analysis Requires That Every Word in the
Statutes Be Given Effect.
      The Fantich court limited the “except” clause in Article 12.01 to

those crimes specifically enumerated in that statute; it disregarded the

12.01(7) catch-all, and decided that, because “aggravated assault is not

enumerated in article 12.01, we [will] apply the language in article

12.03(d) to determine the limitation period for the offense alleged in this

case.” Fantich, 420 S.W.3d at 290.         Fantich cited only the statutes

themselves to support the disregarding of the 12.01(7) catch-all. Id. Hence,

there was no authority given to support Fantich’s conclusion that “Articles

12.01 and 12.03 of the code of criminal procedure are not ambiguous.” Id.

                                                                            6
      Both the Fantich court and the court of appeals below basically

stopped considering the meanings of the statutes when they thought they

had a two-year plain-language construction that worked. They did not

consider whether a three-year plain-language construction was possible,

nor did they consider how to discern the conflict that would then arise,

despite that conflict being readily apparent from the Bennett concurrences.

At the root of the conflict is that Article 12.01(7) is a catch-all provision

that states that felonies not otherwise explicitly provided for in that article,

or in Article 12.03 of the same code, have a three-year limitations period,

and aggravated assault is one such felony. Hence, the wrinkle is that

Article 12.01 opens with an “except” clause that refers to Article 12.03:

                                 Art. 12.01

      Except as provided in Article 12.03, felony indictments
      may be presented within these limits, and not afterward:
            ….
      (7) three years from the date of the commission of the
      offense: all other felonies.

      The court below placed great importance on this “except” clause,

reasoning that its presence was sufficient to ensure the triumph of Article

12.03(d). (Slip op. at p. 13). But that article contains another “except”

clause that expressly limits its scope to those aggravated offenses for

                                                                              7
which no other statute within the same chapter of the Code (i.e., Article

12.01) provides a limitations period:

                                Art. 12.03

      (d) Except as otherwise provided by this chapter, any
      offense that bears the title “aggravated” shall carry the same
      limitation period as the primary crime.

      The issue, therefore, is how to resolve the two “except” clauses.

Both of these clauses must be given effect if this is reasonably possible.

State v. Hardy, 963 S.W.2d 516, 520 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). A court may

not read exceptions, exemptions, or limitations into a statute that are not

present in its text. Garcia v. State, 829 S.W.2d 796, 798-99 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1992) (plurality opinion). Conversely, where a statute does provide

an express exception, it must be applied: “established rules of statutory

construction generally require that, where an express exception appears in

a statute, the statute must apply in all cases not excepted.” Garcia, 829
S.W.2d at 798-99. As such, so long as the reviewing court is taking it as a

given that the statutes are unambiguous, then both of the “except” clauses

should be given literal effect. See id.; Boykin, 818 S.W.2d at 786.

                                                                         8
2. The Fantich Court and the Court of Appeals Below Respectfully
Erred By Not Attempting to Give Effect to Every Word of the
Statutes.
      The gist of the problem is that there is no way to apply both of the

“except” clauses to aggravated assault simultaneously. However, it is not a

valid solution to disable portions of the statutes in an effort to declare them

unambiguous so as to avoid following through with the alternative analysis

for ambiguous or absurd statues. See Boykin, 818 S.W.2d at 786. To wit,

both the Fantich court and the court of appeals below reached their

solutions by giving Article 12.01(7) no effect as concerns aggravated

assault, while also removing the the chapter reference in Article 12.03(d);

Article 12.03(d) refers to what is “otherwise provided” in this chapter,

which includes Article 12.01(7)’s catch-all. Cf. Mahaffey v. State, 364
S.W.3d 908, 913 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012).

      The most important rule of plain-text statutory construction is to

give effect to all of the words of a statute. Shipp v. State, 331 S.W.3d 433

(Tex. Crim. App. 2011). Hence, it is not a valid solution to remove clauses

from a statute, and no canon of statutory construction so permits. See id.

(“The rule of ejusdem generis … is best regarded as an aid to construction,

however, and not an end unto itself; it should never be invoked to trump …

the more important rule of construction that all words [in a statute] are to

                                                                             9
be given effect.”). Nor can the reviewing court add unwritten clauses to a

statute in order to shoehorn a construction through. Garcia, 829 S.W.2d at

798-99. Nevertheless, the Fantich court and the court of appeals here did

exactly that when they held that “that article 12.01(7)’s catch-all provision

is subject to the more specific provisions of article 12.03(d)[,]” which the

statutes nowhere so provide. Slip op. at p. 18.

      For the same reason, the overlap cannot be resolved by the in pari

materia (IPM) analysis cited by the court of appeals. The IPM analysis

requires that the statutes cover the same subject matter—here, the

limitations period for aggravated assault. State v. Vasilas, 253 S.W.3d 268,

272 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (citing 53 Tex. Jur. 2d Statutes § 186 (1964)).

The whole issue is whether they so cover or not—again, the statutes’ plain

text does not expressly go one way or another. Therefore, IPM does not

answer that question, because it is part of the next step of the analysis: how

to resolve the overlap, being first taken that there is an overlap to resolve.

And “even when statutes are construed to be in pari materia, ‘any conflict

between their provisions will be harmonized, if possible, and effect will be

given to all the provisions of each act if they can be made to stand together

and have concurrent efficacy.’” Liverman v. State, PD-1595-14, 2015 WL
5579418, at *4 (Tex. Crim. App. Sept. 23, 2015) (emphasis added). The

                                                                           10
IPM rule is thus not a license to add or remove clauses from a statute in

order to avoid consideration of extratextual sources.

       The IPM rule also does not favor the more specific article—here,

12.03(d)—when the Legislature enacts a subsequent amendment which

provides for the general act to control over the more specific one. Alejos v.

State, 555 S.W.2d 444, 450 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977). In such case, the

trophy goes to the general statute which wins the race by being the more

recent legislative act. Jones, 396 S.W.3d at 561. After both Article

12.01(7) and Article 12.03 were enacted, the “except as otherwise

provided” clause was added to Article 12.03(d) in 1997.1 Therefore,

Article 12.03(d)’s “[e]xcept as otherwise provided” clause, not the two-

year provision itself, is the later enactment. Burke v. State, 28 S.W.3d 545,

546 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).2 This 1997 amendment added a very general

exception to the previously-specific Article 12.03, the plain text of which

would give priority to the application of any other statute in Chapter 12

over Article 12.03(d)’s two-year provision. If the reviewing court is

looking to plain text alone, this provision should be given literal effect if

1
  Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. 740, § 2, 1997 Tex. Sess. Law Serv. Ch. 740 (H.B. 921).
2
  The rule is that the later enactment, amendment, or legislative act wins, not the later
statute. Burke, 28 S.W.3d at 546; In re State ex rel. O’Connell, 908 S.W.2d 902, 908
(Tex. App.—Dallas 1998) (stating that what makes a statute the “later enactment” is
whether it was amended later).

                                                                                      11
possible, despite its generality. Cf. Davis v. State, 968 S.W.2d 368, 372

(Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (stating that if Article 42.12 § 5(c)(1) and Article

37.07 § 3(a) conflicted, the plain language of art. 37.07, which was

broader, controlled because its plain text demonstrated that the Legislature

meant to expand admissible punishment evidence). The meaning of the

1997 amendment is likewise indiscernible from the plain text, necessitating

recourse to extratextual aids. See State v. Bennett, 415 S.W.3d 867, 870-72

(Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (Keller, P.J., concurring).

      In sum, the plain-text canons of construction cannot resolve the

meaning of Article 12.03(d)’s “except” clause. The meaning of the 1997

amendment, which added that clause to Article 12.03(d), is pivotal;

however, that meaning is not discernible without going beyond the plain

text. That is done by following the Boykin analysis, not by inserting or

removing statutory language as done by Fantich and the court of appeals.

See id.; cf. State v. Neesley, 239 S.W.3d 780, 783 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)

(holding that plain language of statute limiting involuntary blood draws to

a single sample controlled over State’s objection that Legislature intended

multiple draws, but consulting aids to determine definition of ambiguous

word “sample” as usable sample); Liverman at *4 (similarly consulting

civil case law to construe the word “execute.”).

                                                                         12
3. The Statutes Cannot Be Applied Literally Because This Would Give
Rise to an Absurd Outcome.
      The court of appeals noted that applying Article 12.01(7) literally—

that “all other felonies” not listed in Article 12.01 have a three-year

limitations   period—would       leave    “article   12.03(d)    completely

meaningless.” Slip op. at p. 13. The reasoning given by the court of

appeals was that the “legislature is presumed to have intended both statutes

to have effect and our interpretation is to be made in light of the statutory

scheme as a whole.” Id. (citing Mahaffey, 364 S.W.3d at 913). The court of

appeals respectfully made no attempt to explain how giving Article

12.01(7)’s catch-all provision no effect would cause “both statutes to have

effect.”

      Perhaps the court of appeals was appealing to the maxim that the

courts will “not presume that the Legislature did a useless or vain thing by

enacting language that was mere surplusage or that was not intended to be

effective.” Ex parte Tucker, 977 S.W.2d 713, 716-17 (Tex. App.—Fort

Worth 1998, pet. dism’d) (citing Childress v. State, 784 S.W.2d 361, 364

(Tex.Crim.App.1990)) (emphasis added). But the issue is not whether the

enactment in question—the 1997 amendment—was “language that was

mere surplusage or that was not intended to be effective.” The Appellee is

the one so arguing. The State’s question was whether the 1997 amendment
                                                                          13
was “intended to be effective”—and in particular, whether its effect was to

give priority to Article 12.01(7) despite it being the general statute. Cf.

Alejos, 555 S.W.2d at 450. The Legislature can enact new general

provisions that are intended, and held, to control over previous specific

provisions. See, e.g., Davis, 968 S.W.2d at 372 (later-enacted general

provision opening the door to all punishment evidence controlled over

specific statute); Crabtree, 389 S.W.3d at 826 (new general provision

concerning DPS controlled over arguable conflict with a more specific

statute). And to categorically limit catch-all provisions such as “other

commercial instrument” or “all other felonies” to exclude Wal-Mart

receipts or aggravated assaults simply because there are some other

felonies or instruments enumerated before the catch-all provision leads to a

result which threatens the fundamental principle that all words in a

criminal statute must be given effect. Shipp, 331 S.W.3d at 438-39.

      What the court of appeals meant to say was that construing a statute

so as to render Article 12.03(d) inapplicable to any situation is an absurd

result which should be avoided if at all possible. In the civil world,

statutory constructions can be rejected on the spot for that reason. See, e.g.,

State v. Oakley, 227 S.W.3d 58, 63 (Tex. 2007). But in the Boykin-

governed criminal world, the next step in that thought is to consult

                                                                            14
extratextual aids in order to affirm or reject the construction. Boykin, 818
S.W.2d at 785-86. Instead, the court of appeals, like the Fantich court, held

that the statutes were “unambiguous” and held “that article 12.01(7)’s

catch-all provision is subject to the more specific provisions of article

12.03(d)” and therefore that Article 12.01(7) shall henceforth have no

effect as to aggravated assault. (Slip op. at p. 43). The court of appeals also

did not consider the absurd result that accrues under the particular facts of

this case. See discussion infra Issue No. 2. For those two reasons, the

court below respectfully misapplied the Boykin analysis by not consulting

extratextual resources to resolve the absurd outcomes arising from its

construction of the 1997 amendment.

4. The Fantich Court and the Court of Appeals Below Respectfully
Erred In Holding that the Statutes Were Unambiguous and Therefore
Misapplied Boykin.
      The need to consult extratextual sources to discern the legislative

intention of the 1997 amendment also suggests that the statutes are

ambiguous. Ambiguity exists when a statute may be understood by

reasonably well-informed persons in two or more different senses;

conversely, a statute is unambiguous where it reasonably permits no more

than one understanding. Bryant v. State, 391 S.W.3d 86, 92 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2012); Mahaffey v. State, 364 S.W.3d 908, 913 (Tex. Crim. App.
                                                                            15
2012) (citing State v. Neesley, 239 S.W.3d 780, 783 (Tex. Crim. App.

2007)). The last time these statutes were before this Court, the only thing

that the Court could agree on was that the correct interpretation of the

statutes was unsettled, the true limitations period was likewise unsettled,

and that a defense attorney who did not file a motion to dismiss was,

accordingly, not ineffective on account of that omission. Bennett, 415
S.W.3d at 867-68. It further follows from the Court’s disagreement in

Bennett that the statutes are understandable in two or more different senses,

and hence, ambiguous. See Mahaffey, 364 S.W.3d at 913.

      The Fantich court, and the court of appeals below, held that the

statutes were not ambiguous; they favored Article 12.03(d)’s “except”

clause over the other one in Article 12.01(7), thus forcing their conclusion.

Slip op. at p. 13; Fantich, 420 S.W.3d at 292-93. Both courts reasoned

that permitting Article 12.01(7)’s “except” clause to prevail over Article

12.03(d)’s competing clause would turn Article 12.03(d) into a complete

nullity. So, instead of applying Boykin to effectuate and discern the

intention of the “except” clauses, both courts essentially employed Brother

Ockham’s razor—that among many solutions, the simplest is the best—to

lop off Article 12.01’s “except” clause. In the Liverman case, this Court

recently corrected the methodology of a court of appeals that also had erred

                                                                          16
in oversimplifying the Boykin methodology. As with the Fantich court and

the court below, the court of appeals in Liverman had discounted the

possibility that the statutes at issue there were overlapping:

      The court of appeals accurately observed that [Penal Code] §
      32.46(a)(1) contains the terms “sign” and “execute” while §
      32.46(a)(2) contains the different terms “file” and “record,” but we
      agree with the State that the use of different terms in these different
      subsections does not mean that the terms cannot overlap. And as the
      State explains, the legislature might have thought that the types of
      documents at issue in § 32.46(a)(2), being from fake or legally
      unrecognized courts, were—or at least might be—incapable of being
      executed. That does not mean that an act of “filing” or “recording”
      could not, in an appropriate case, also be an act of “executing.”

      Liverman at *3. Because the statutes were potentially overlapping,

the Court looked to extratextual sources—namely, a Texas Supreme Court

opinion—to resolve the meaning of the term “execute.” This was proper

because the Court was seeking to give effect to “each word, phrase, clause,

and sentence [in a statute] should be given effect if reasonably possible.”

Hardy, 963 S.W.2d at 52; Liverman at *3.

      On the other hand, the Fantich court respectfully erred because it did

not attempt to discern the intent of the 12.01 “except” clause before

determining that it was not reasonably possible to apply it to aggravated

                                                                          17
assault.3 The Fantich court’s conclusion that rendering 12.01(7)

inapplicable to aggravated assault “gives full effect to articles 12.01 and

12.03” was unsupported by the Boykin methodology. See Fantich, 420
S.W.3d at 293. As illustrated by Liverman, Boykin required the courts to

attempt to give effect to both “except” clauses, and to resort to extratextual

methods if the result was ambiguous. Boykin, 818 S.W.2d at 786;

Liverman at *3. By not doing so, both the Fantich court and the court

below arrived at an incorrect construction of the statutes. See id.; Bryant,
391 S.W.3d at 92; Mahaffey, 364 S.W.3d at 913. Rather, the correct course

of action was to attempt to resolve the overlapping “except” clauses using

the Boykin analysis for ambiguous statutes.

3
  The court’s logic seemed to be: if giving literal effect to both “except” clauses, then
one must prevail over the other. And if Article 12.01(7) is chosen, then we would have
to Article 12.03(d) must be nullified; the Presiding Judge’s concurrence had already
pointed out the absurdity of such an approach. Cf. Bennett, 451 S.W.3d at 876 (Keller,
P.J., concurring) (if 12.01(7) prevails, “Article 12.03(d) would have zero application.”).
Again, the court of appeals overlooked that the Presiding Judge was not necessarily
using the “literal text” approach that is appropriate only for unambiguous statutes.
Boykin, 818 S.W.2d at 785. And as demonstrated by the Presiding Judge’s concurrence,
the underlined thought is not a given because construing the literal text alone is but one
way to interpret the statutes, and not necessarily one that is reasonable.

                                                                                      18
     B. THE COLYANDRO/MARIN PRESUMPTION OF LEGISLATIVE
  RATIFICATION APPLIES AND PROVIDES FOR A THREE-YEAR RESULT
      The Presiding Judge’s Bennett concurrence consulted legislative

history to resolve the meaning of the 1997 amendment; while the

concurrence could also have considered the extant judicial interpretations

of the section, it declined to do so because “all of [the Court’s] prior

caselaw is dicta, [so] we are essentially operating on a clean slate.”

Bennett, 415 S.W.3d at 872 (Keller, P.J., concurring). However, the State

respectfully submits that the Presiding Judge should have hesitated before

concluding that the slate was clean. Rather, Article 12.01(7) should control

aggravated assault because that result is presumed from the combination of

this Court’s seriata dicta so stating, and the Legislature’s repeated

reenactment of the statutes without pertinent change.

1. The Legislature is Presumed to Consent to This Court’s
Interpretations of Penal Statutes When The Statute is Re-Enacted
Without Pertinent Change.
      “A construction of a statute, made or suggested by the courts, has

been treated as approved or affirmed by the legislature if, after the

construction, the legislature met and failed to change the statute.” DIX &

SCHMOLESKY, 40 TEX. PRAC., CRIMINAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 2:33

(3d ed.). Therefore, when the Court is “faced with a challenge to a prior

                                                                         19
judicial construction of a statute, [the Court has] long recognized that

prolonged legislative silence or inaction following a judicial interpretation

implies that the Legislature has approved of the interpretation.… In

recognition of this, we have, on occasion, when reaffirming a prior judicial

construction of a statute, stated that the prior interpretation was correct

when, over the course of many years, it had not been legislatively

overruled.” State v. Colyandro, 233 S.W.3d 870, 877-78 (Tex. Crim. App.

2007). The strength of the presumption is stronger when the Legislature

has also taken affirmative action such as amendment of the statute or

reenactment without change of the pertinent provisions—as happened here,

with the 1997 amendment. See id.; Lafleur v. State, 106 S.W.3d 91, 100

(Tex. Crim. App. 2003) (Keller, P.J., concurring).

      The Appellee challenges the prior construction of the two articles

here, whence the Court, albeit in dicta, had once said that the “statute of

limitations for aggravated assault has long been three years.” Ex parte

Salas, 724 S.W.2d 67, 68 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987) (dicta). These articles

have been re-enacted several times, including the particular reenactment in

1997 which added the “except” clause to Article 12.03(d), but without

expressly addressing aggravated assault. Why did the Legislature remain

silent about that offense? Perhaps it is because “where a statute has been

                                                                          20
reenacted by the Legislature with knowledge of the judicial construction

thereof[,] a court would not be justified in overruling such decision.”

Colyandro, 233 S.W.3d at 878; State v. Medrano, 67 S.W.3d 892, 896, 901

n.22 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (citing Marin v. State, 891 S.W.2d 267, 271-

72 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994)). So, the question is simply whether the three-

year dicta of the Court fall within the scope of this rule, despite being dicta.

If so, then the reason for the silence is that the Legislature affirmed the

Court’s dicta, and had nothing further to add; then, with all due respect, the

ruling below could “not be justified….” Colyandro, 233 S.W.3d at 878.

2. The Colyandro/Marin Presumption Rule Applies to Statements
Made by the Court in Dicta.
      As stated by Professors Dix and Schmolesky, the presumption rule

applies to constructions that are either “made or suggested” by the courts.

40 TEX. PRAC., CRIMINAL PRACTICE         AND   PROCEDURE § 2:33 (emphasis

added). The professors at least suggest that mere suggestions—dicta—can

be sufficient to trigger the rule if the Legislature reenacts the statute

construed by the dicta without pertinent contrary change. On the other

hand, the court of appeals below seems to have reasoned that the

                                                                             21
Hunter/Salas line did not trigger the presumption precisely because those

opinions were dicta. Slip. op. at pp. 7, 12.

      Contrary to the position of the courts below, the case law confirms

that all that is required to trigger the presumption is a “strong intimation,

sufficient to call the attention of the Legislature to the view which this

court would take.” Garcia v. State, 145 S.W.2d 180, 182 (Tex. Crim. App.

1940). The Garcia opinion applied a statutory construction based upon

dictum originating from Arnold v. State, 74 S.W.2d 997, 999 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1934). At issue in both Garcia and Arnold was the term “felony” in

the three-strikes rule of that era, which provided that a third felony

conviction carried an automatic life sentence. In Garcia, this Court had to

determine whether a non-Texas felony not also proscribed in Texas would

count as a “felony” strike. Garcia, 145 S.W.2d at 181. Arnold’s holding

did not, and could not, extend to out-of-state felonies because Arnold was

not accused of committing such. However, that did not stop the Arnold

court from stating that the rule was limited to “offense[s] [which are also]

denounced by the statutes of the state [i.e., Texas].” Arnold, 74 S.W.2d at

999. This statement is dicta because, again, Arnold was not accused of a

“prior offense [ ] committed in a state other than” Texas.

                                                                          22
      But the defendant in Garcia was so accused: did his out-of-state

offense count as a strike if it was not also considered a felony in Texas?

Because this question was not raised in Arnold, but was answered only in

dicta, the Court would have disregarded that dicta if the court of appeals

below and the Appellant in this case are correct. But the Court did the

opposite; in adopting Arnold’s dictum as its holding, the Court

acknowledged that while Arnold had laid “down no rule on the subject, it

[was] a strong intimation that” this Court would construe the applicable

statute to exclude out-of-state felonies which were not also denounced by

Texas law; the Arnold dicta was therefore sufficient to put the Legislature

on notice that action would be required to forestall that construction.

Garcia, 145 S.W.2d at 181. The Legislature having nevertheless remained

silent, the Court adopted the Arnold dicta, held that Garcia’s third strike

did not count because there was no analogous Texas offense, and

accordingly reversed and remanded Garcia’s life sentence:

      “if the Legislature had intended to define a felony as including any
      offenses which the statutes of Texas do not include, it might have
      said so…. The Legislature has met many times since and has taken
      no action to change the law. Three regular sessions of the
      Legislature have been held since Judge Morrow wrote the opinion in
      the Arnold case. While he did not lay down a rule, he did give a
      strong intimation, sufficient to call the attention of the Legislature to
      the view which this court would take. In these three regular sessions
      the Legislature has not acted, and we can only construe their failure

                                                                            23
      to act as an indorsement of the construction of our statute which
      these cases give to it.

Garcia, 145 S.W.2d at 182. Arnold’s dicta thus became, and remained, the

law in Texas until the Legislature said otherwise—in the enactment of the

current Penal Code. Ex parte Blume, 618 S.W.2d 373, 375 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1981).

      Indeed, Arnold was dicta, but what mattered was the strength of its

intimation, not whether the intimation was part of the holding or not.

Therefore, as suggested by the professors and held by Garcia, a strongly

intimated statutory construction that is not part of the holding of an opinion

may nevertheless be sufficient to trigger the presumption that the

Legislature consented to the construction, so long as the Legislature has

reenacted the statute without contrary change. See id.; Garcia, 145 S.W.2d

at 182; 40 TEX. PRAC., CRIMINAL PRACTICE          AND   PROCEDURE § 2:33.

Garcia’s holding makes sense, given the eminence of this Court; further, it

seems unreasonable to think that the legislators would put the Court’s

statements through a colander to see which were holdings and which were

dicta before drafting legislation.

                                                                           24
3. The Presumption Rule Supports the Three-Year Construction of the
Statutes.
      Now consider the following dicta: the “statute of limitations for the

offense of aggravated assault [is] a period of three years.” Hunter v. State,

576 S.W.2d 395, 399 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979) (dicta). “The statute of

limitations for aggravated assault has long been three years.” Ex parte

Salas, 724 S.W.2d at 68. These are intimations of similar or greater

strength to the Arnold/Garcia dicta. And those opinions show that the fact

that they are dicta is irrelevant to the question of whether the Legislature

was on notice of the Court’s intimations.

      Hence, given that the Legislature has amended the statute since the

pertinent dicta issued, “a court would not be justified in overruling” the

three-year rule absent an unambiguous manifestation of legislative intent to

change that interpretation in the amendment. Colyandro, 233 S.W.3d at

878. Presiding Judge Keller’s Bennett concurrence thoroughly dissected

that history. From the key events noted by the Presiding Judge, the

following timeline arises:

    “The reshaping of Chapter 12 [of the Code of Criminal Procedure]
     and the enactment of the 1974 Penal Code occurred at the same time
     in the same legislation.” Bennett, 415 S.W.3d at 873 (Keller, P.J.,
     concurring). Hence, the first enactment of the relevant statutes took
     place just before Hunter was handed down in 1979. The Legislature
     thus learned soon after the enactment of the Code that the “statute of

                                                                          25
      limitations for the offense of aggravated assault [remained] a period
      of three years.” Hunter, 576 S.W.2d at 399.

    “Most of the relevant statutory scheme was in place before 1997, but
     the ‘[e]xcept as otherwise provided’ clause found in Article 12.03(d)
     was the result of a 1997 amendment.” Bennett, 415 S.W.3d at 872
     (Keller, P.J., concurring). Hence, there was a 1997 amendment,
     House Bill 921, which was enacted both well after Hunter and also
     ten years after the “long been three years” intimation in Salas.

    “The express purpose of [HB 921] adding the ‘except’ phrase to
     Article 12.03(d) was to give effect to the explicit ten-years-from-
     eighteenth-birthday limitation period for aggravated sexual assault
     of a child in Article 12.01.” Id. at 875. In other words, the 1997
     amendment did not directly bear on aggravated assault, one way or
     the other—despite the Court’s intimations that the limitation period
     for aggravated assault was and remained three years.

The Presiding Judge’s ultimate conclusion was that, by not specifically

dealing with aggravated assault in the 1997 amendment, “the legislature

[was] doing precisely the opposite” of what it needed to do to maintain the

limitations period for aggravated assault at three years. Id. at 878.

      But this conclusion respectfully follows only if the Legislature had a

burden to say something about aggravated assault in the first place. The

State submits that it did not: given the Garcia holding that the

Colyandro/Medrano/Marin presumption applies to dicta, the Legislature

had no such burden. Hence, the proper conclusion to be drawn from the

1997 amendment is that its silence on the subject of aggravated assault

confirms the continuous approval of the Salas/Hunter construction, an

                                                                         26
approval which has been valid since the enactment of the Penal Code itself,

and which should remain valid until the Legislature acts to the contrary.

See Ex parte Blume, 618 S.W.2d at 375.

4. The Appellee’s Arguments are Foreclosed by the Presiding Judge’s
Bennett Concurrence, by Garcia and by the Colyandro/Marin Line of
Authority.
      The Appellee is asking the Court to scrap the “long recognized [rule]

that prolonged legislative silence or inaction following a judicial

interpretation implies that the Legislature has approved of the

interpretation.” Colyandro, 233 S.W.3d at 878. And he prays the Court to

overrule Garcia’s tenet that even when an “opinion lays down no rule on

the subject, [if] it is a strong intimation” of how a statute is to be

constructed, and the Legislature opts not to change it, the Court should be

trusted to have gotten it right. Garcia, 145 S.W.2d at 181. The Appellee

has thus far made no actual argument against either rule, but that is what he

must do if he wants to set aside Hunter and Salas.

      The Appellee’s response will necessarily rely on the construction

and reasoning used by the court of appeals and the Fantich court, but it has

already been demonstrated that both courts respectfully violated Boykin’s

strict separation of construction methods for un/ambiguous statutes;

further, the courts also respectfully failed to attempt to give effect to every
                                                                            27
word in the statutes by not attempting to discern the meaning of the

“except” clauses before declaring by fiat, rather than precedent, that the

statues were unambiguous—over and against this Court’s determination

that the law was unsettled. Cf. Bennett, 415 S.W.3d at 869.

      The Appellee will also re-invoke the Presiding Judge’s Bennett

concurrence and its analysis of the legislative history, perhaps to argue that

Salas and Hunter were wrongly decided in the first place. Such an

argument would ignore Garcia. The Court rejected a similar argument in

Colyandro, where the State asked the Court to set aside its prior precedent

construing section 1.03(b) of the Penal Code as limiting the felonies which

could be predicates for a charge of criminal conspiracy to those felonies

contained in the Penal Code itself, on the basis that the previous cases had

been wrongly decided. Colyandro, 233 S.W.3d at 876. The State there

argued that the Court had failed to “take into consideration the criminal

conspiracy statute, Section 15.02, Penal Code, and the definition of

‘felony’ in Section 1.07(a)(23) of the Penal Code in [the precedent case

construing the statute.]” While the Court did acknowledge that—like

Hunter and Salas—the previous cases did not “invoke Boykin’s rules for

statutory construction[,]” and that there was some doubt about whether the

Court had reached the correct result, that doubt was resolved by the

                                                                           28
Legislature’s ratification of the Court’s precedent. Id. at 877-78. Hence, the

Colyandro/Marin ratification doctrine trumps, or at least counsels against,

such post-hoc attempts to argue that the Court misconstrued the statutes in

the first place. See 40 TEX. PRAC., CRIMINAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE §

2:33 (“If [this] rule is taken seriously, judicial construction of a statute

‘approved’ by legislative inaction would seem logically to take the judicial

construction beyond the courts' power to change. [But] the rule seems not

to have been given this [more drastic] effect.”)

C. CONCLUSION: THE LIMITATIONS PERIOD FOR AGGRAVATED ASSAULT
                WAS AND REMAINS THREE YEARS
      While the Presiding Judge’s Bennett concurrence was correct that

the 1997 amendment did not intend to deal with aggravated assault at all, it

does not follow from the amendment’s silence that this Court has been

wrong for more than thirty years about the limitations period for

aggravated assault. A better solution is to combine the Presiding Judge’s

reasoning, which appealed to legislative history, with the Garcia holding

that the Colyandro/Marin line’s rule of presumed legislative assent applies

to dicta, and add to the mix the three-year dicta in Hunter and Salas. Then,

the limitations period for aggravated assault is three years for a very

sensible reason: this Court is worthy to be trusted when it construes

                                                                           29
statutes, whether in holdings or dicta. Garcia, 145 S.W.2d at 181. To hold

otherwise would be to undercut the function of the Court as the principal

interpreter of penal statutes in this state, while also imposing on the

Legislature an unprecedented duty to scrutinize the Court’s words to

ensure that they are not dicta before trusting that the Court has adequately

carried out its function as such. That is a bridge too far.

2) If the limitations period for aggravated assault is governed by
Article 12.03(d), does the lesser-included offense with the greater
limitations period control when the lesser-included offenses of the
aggravated assault include both misdemeanor assault and a felony?

      Suppose that the bridge-too-far is crossed: then, Article 12.03(d)

does control the limitation period for all aggravated assaults, as held by the

Fantich court and the court of appeals below. Article 12.03(d) provides

that the limitations period for aggravated assault will be the “same

limitation period as the primary crime.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art.

12.03(d) (West) (emphasis added). But when multiple offenses underlie the

aggravated assault, which offense is the “primary crime” for purposes of

that article, and why does it matter?

                                                                           30
  A. ANY STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION THAT YIELDS ABSURD RESULTS
 MUST BE DISREGARDED REGARDLESS OF THE METHODOLOGY USED TO
                         REACH IT
      Whether a reviewing court is using the plain-meaning rules, a

legislative history review, or any other method of statutory interpretation,

the Prime Directive is the avoidance of an absurd result:

      We will not … give effect to a statute's plain meaning when such an
      interpretation produces absurd results. … The rationale underlying
      this exception to the “plain meaning” rule is our refusal to attribute
      to the Legislature a desire to reach absurd results. … If a statute may
      reasonably be interpreted in two different ways, a court may
      consider the consequences of differing interpretations in deciding
      which interpretation to adopt. … Moreover, if one reasonable
      interpretation of a statute yields absurd results and another
      interpretation yields no such absurdities, the latter interpretation
      should be preferred.

      Muniz v. State, 851 S.W.2d 238, 244 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). A

statutory construction that yields an absurd result must be disregarded if

another reasonable construction of the statute avoids the absurd outcome.

Griffith v. State, 116 S.W.3d 782, 785 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). Thus, even

if a particular construction of the statutes is compelled by plain meaning,

by the in pari materia rule, by a legislative history analysis, or by any

other method, that construction must yield to another reasonable

construction if the other construction avoids absurd outcomes. Id.; Boykin,
818 S.W.2d at 785; Muniz, 851 S.W.2d at 244.

                                                                          31
      An absurd result is simply one that the legislature could not have

possibly intended. The Court will not construe a statute in such a way that

thwarts the goal that the Legislature was trying to accomplish, even if that

construction is compelled by the plain text of the statute. Ex parte Kuester,

21 S.W.3d 264, 267 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000), overruled on other grounds

by Ex parte Hale, 117 S.W.3d 866 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) (disapproving

statutory construction where an “inmate would never be punished at all by

the second sentence, as he would never even begin serving it.”) If the

legislature has expressed such a goal, the Court will not construe the

statute in contravention thereof. Campbell v. State, 49 S.W.3d 874, 877

(Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (“A holding that the legislature intended to impose

on a state jail felony offender, solely because of the prior sequential

commission of the lesser offenses [rather than their seriousness] …

produces an absurd result that the legislature could not possibly have

intended.”) (citing TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.04(a) (West 2011) (stating

a goal that felonies “are [to be] classified according to the relative

seriousness of the offense....”)).

      To avoid absurd results, the Court may consider the consequences of

differing interpretations in deciding which interpretation to adopt, so long

as those interpretations are reasonable. Muniz, 851 S.W.2d at 244 (citing

                                                                          32
82 C.J.S. Statutes § 326 (1953)). If the consequences of the interpretation

thwart the legislative goal, the interpretation must be disregarded. See

Muniz, 851 S.W.2d at 244.

 B. A TWO-YEAR LIMITATIONS PERIOD FOR AGGRAVATED ASSAULTS
  THAT INCLUDE FELONY DEADLY CONDUCT AS A LESSER-INCLUDED
 OFFENSE IS AN ABSURD RESULT THE LEGISLATURE COULD NOT HAVE
                          INTENDED
      In this case, Appellee Victor Manuel Schunior Jr. was charged with

discharging a firearm in the direction of three individuals who were in

vehicles, and with brandishing     the same firearm at a fourth person,

striking the victim. (Indictment, 1 CR 1). He could thus be charged with

felony deadly conduct for the three shootings. TEX. PENAL CODE §

22.05(b)(1)-(2). It is well established that deadly conduct is a lesser-

included offense of aggravated assault when the assault is committed by

discharging a firearm at a person. Slip op. at p. 17 (citing Honeycutt v.

State, 82 S.W.3d 545 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2002)); Sibley v. State,

956 S.W.2d 832 (Tex .App.—Beaumont 1997); see also Bell v. State, 693
S.W.2d 434 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (referring to deadly conduct’s

previous name of “reckless conduct,” before the adoption of the felony

version of the offense).

                                                                        33
       Felony deadly conduct is a third degree felony. TEX. PENAL CODE

ANN. § 22.05(e) (West 2011). There is no question that the limitations

period for felony deadly conduct is three years under the catch-all

provision of Article 12.01(7).4 Given that limitations for aggravated assault

is only two years under Article 12.03(d), a defendant commits an

aggravated assault using a firearm, and the true bill is not handed down

before year three begins, the Appellee gets a free reduction from a first- or

second-degree aggravated assault to a third-degree deadly conduct charge.

       Judge Johnson’s Bennett concurrence sensed that a blanket two-year

result for all aggravated ‘non-felony’ assaults will lead to absurd results—

and that concern is vindicated here. Bennett, 415 S.W.3d at 878 (Johnson,

J., concurring). And notwithstanding its two-year result, the Presiding

Judge’s concurrence thought that it “seems unlikely (to say the least) that

the legislature would have intended the limitation period for robbery to be

longer than that for aggravated robbery.” Bennett, 415 S.W.3d at 876

(Keller, P.J., concurring). It seems equally unlikely that the Legislature

intended for a lesser-included offense, being of a lesser degree,

4
  Mead v. Property Owners' Ass'n of Terilingua Ranch, Inc., 410 S.W.3d 434, 436 n.1
(Tex. App.—El Paso 2013) (a malicious-prosecution suit in which the limitations
period for the charged offense of felony deadly conduct was at issue).

                                                                                34
to have longer limitations than the greater “aggravated” offense. This result

is patently absurd for at least two reasons:

1. The Result Below Contradicts the Legislatively Intended Balance
Between Societal And Individual Interest.
      The purpose of a statute of limitations in the criminal context is to

protect the accused from having to defend against stale criminal charges

and to prevent punishment for acts committed in the remote past. Slott v.

State, 148 S.W.3d 624, 629 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, pet.

ref'd) (citing Ibarra v. State, 11 S.W.3d 189, 193 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999)).

The Legislature has generally sought to tie limitations to the severity of the

crime, such that more severe offenses will carry longer limitations,

reflecting a trade-off between the individual’s liberty interest in not being

brought up on old charges and stale evidence versus society’s interest in

being protected from offenders who commit more serious crimes. That is

the unspoken reason why it “seems unlikely (to say the least) that the

legislature would have intended the limitation period for [regular] robbery

to be longer than that for aggravated robbery.” Bennett, 415 S.W.3d at 876

(Keller, P.J., concurring).

      Hence, misdemeanors have a shorter limitation period than felonies.

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC.         ANN.   arts. 12.01, 12.02 (West 2011). Among

                                                                           35
felonies, there is a further classification for sentencing purposes that is

based upon the severity of the crime. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.04(a)

(West 2011). A different classification is used for determining the

limitations period for particular felonies, but it generally follows the same

principle: murder, for example, has an infinite limitations period, while

theft’s limitations period varies between ten and five years depending on

whether the victim is an estate, the government, or neither. Compare id.

art. 12.01(1)(A) with art. 12.01(1)(A)-(B) and art. 12.01(4)(A).

      Reflecting the two competing interests of recency and availability of

evidence versus societal protection, some of the distinctions in Article

12.01 are based on the availability of evidence—by definition, murderers

make unavailable the best eyewitness to the offense, so they deserve no

limitations defense—but other distinctions are based solely upon the

severity of the offense. Theft is a prime example: since the

felony/misdemeanor status and degree vary depending on the amount

stolen, so does limitations. And many small thefts can be aggregated to

increase the “grade of the offense.” State v. Weaver, 945 S.W.2d 334, 335

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1997), aff'd, 982 S.W.2d 892 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1998) (citing TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.09 (Vernon 1994)). This

has the effect of extending limitations as well, for no other reason than the

                                                                          36
fact that the defendant stole more stuff. See id. This reflects a legislative

judgment that severity and limitations are two sides of the same coin; is

“not the ‘aggregation’ of misdemeanor thefts into a single felony offense

logically the same as the ‘aggravation’ of a misdemeanor assault into the

felony offense?” Bennett, 415 S.W.3d at 884 (Cochran, J., concurring).

And the further distinction within felony theft between estate/government

theft and ordinary theft is also purely about severity, not about evidence

going stale. If anything, it would be easier to catch a thief who steals from

well-secured government offices or from an estate that is subject to both an

administrator’s watch and to judicial oversight and auditing, versus

catching thieves in general. The Legislature has chosen to extend

limitations for thieves who victimize governments and estates only because

their offenses are more serious, in its judgment, than those of other thieves.

Ditto for the first three counts in this indictment, for “the legislature did

not intend that a serious, violent felony would have the same statute-of-

limitations term as a misdemeanor that may involve merely causing

physical contact that another person will regard as offensive or

provocative.” Bennett, 415 S.W.3d at 879 (Johnson, J., concurring).

      The Appellee’s first three counts are for a violent felony that

involves the use of a gun, and which the Legislature has punished as both

                                                                           37
aggravated assault and felony deadly conduct. The only real distinction

between these two offenses is the severity of the mental state. Knowing or

intentional aggravated assault is thus the more grave offense, and is one or

two grades higher than the third-degree reckless deadly conduct offense,

reflecting a legislative judgment that society deserves more protection

from the Appellee if he committed the conduct with a more-than-reckless

disregard for human life. But the elements otherwise overlap, and the

evidence used to prove the two offenses is the same. See Guzman v. State,

188 S.W.3d 185, 194 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); Honeycutt, 82 S.W.3d at

547.

       Hence, the free drop-down that the court of appeals gave to the

Appellee makes no sense in terms of the legislatively-crafted balance

between individual freedom from stale allegations versus societal

protection. It is merely a result of the title of the greater offense, and in the

context of the first three counts, the drop-down is arbitrary and contradicts

the relative severity of the two offenses. To paraphrase Judge Cochran: “I

cannot think of any persuasive rationale for why the Legislature would

declare that … aggravated assault [has a two year limitations period] ….

simply because of the title….” Bennett, 415 S.W.3d at 884 (Cochran, J.,

concurring). As concerns the first three counts, there is no such rationale; it

                                                                              38
is an absurd result the Legislature did not intend. See Muniz, 851 S.W.2d at

244.

2. The Result Below Impedes Prosecution by Putting An Unjustifiable
Burden on the State.
       Both this case and Grey v. State, 298 S.W.3d 644, 646 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2009), concern the situation of the decisions a prosecutor seeking a

conviction for aggravated assault must make during that process. In Grey

(and the Arevalo case it overruled), the prosecutor’s dilemma was whether

to include an instruction on simple assault in the jury charge. The Arevalo

rule was that the whole case could be reversed if a simple-assault or

deadly-conduct instruction was given, and an appellate court later found

there was insufficient evidence to prove the appellant was guilty only of

that lesser offense. The State argued that the Arevalo rule’s inherent risk to

the State was unjustifiable, pointless and unwarranted; there was simply no

reason to have it as a part of our jurisprudence. With that showing, the

State had met the burden required to overcome stare decisis, and Arevalo

was overruled. Grey, 298 S.W.3d at 650.

       Here, the prosecutor’s dilemma is whether the State can take an

extra year to work the case before indicting it. This Appellee insisted,

without authority, that there is “nothing absurd about the result that would

                                                                           39
give aggravated assault the same statute of limitations of two years

generally, since this is a sufficient period of time for the state to prepare a

case for indictment.” (Ape. COA Brief at p. 47, PDF p. 55). But the

Appellee’s rule would cause an Arevalo-type prosecutorial dilemma when

one of the lesser-included offenses of the aggravated assault is also a

felony: a race to the grand jury room.

       This is exactly the kind of prosecutorial capitulation which this

Court found to be an “obvious flaw” in Grey. It is unacceptable to force the

State to drop a greater charge on such a technicality. Grey, 298 S.W.3d at

650 (stating that such a forced drop down to the lesser offense “would

reflect not caution but capitulation.”). Even if statutes of limitation are to

be construed liberally in favor of the defendant, that indulgence does not

require the “the prosecutor [to] be faced with a situation in which any

decision he makes carries a high risk of error.” Grey, 298 S.W.3d at 650.

Since statutes of limitation reflect a balance in which graver offenses are

recognized as a greater threat to society, there is no jurisprudential or

policy reason to require the prosecutor to present a weaker case more

quickly in order to charge a greater offense. Cf. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC.

ANN. art. 1.03(4) (West 2011) (on the contrary, the Legislature’s objectives

include “bring[ing] to the investigation of each offense on the trial all the

                                                                            40
evidence tending to produce conviction or acquittal….”). The Appellee’s

argument contradicts express legislative intent, meaning that the result

reached below is absurd. See Muniz, 851 S.W.2d at 244.

  C. THE COURT OF APPEALS RESPECTFULLY ERRED BY REFUSING TO
      CONSIDER THE EFFECT OF THE LESSER-INCLUDED OFFENSE
      A court checking a statute for absurd results has a general license to

consider the outcomes and consequences of statutory constructions. Muniz,
851 S.W.2d at 244. Despite this, the court of appeals rejected the State’s

second issue here by stating that the “determination of the limitations

period for aggravated assault under article 12.03(d) cannot depend on

potential lesser-included offenses whose submission in the jury charge

might be warranted by the facts developed through a trial.” Slip op. at

pp. 17-18 (citing Irving v. State, 176 S.W.3d 842, 845 (Tex. Crim. App.

2005)) (emphasis added). The court of appeals thus reasoned that the

lesser-included offense does not concretely exist until the evidence comes

out supporting it.

      However, the existence of lesser-included offenses is actually a two-

part test in which the “facts developed through a trial” are but the second

part. The first part of the test is “the pleadings approach[, which] is the sole

test for determining in the first step whether a party may be entitled to a

                                                                             41
lesser-included-offense instruction. The availability of a lesser-included

instruction in a given case still would depend on the second step, whether

there is some evidence adduced at trial to support such an instruction.”

Hall v. State, 225 S.W.3d 524, 535 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).

      Because the facts supporting a lesser-included offense must be pled

in the indictment, a defendant can know what lesser-included offenses may

be raised at the time of the indictment. While the court of appeals thought

the lesser-included offense analysis could not be performed until trial, it

“may be, and to provide notice to the defendant must be, capable of being

performed before trial by comparing the elements of the offense as they are

alleged in the indictment or information with the elements of the potential

lesser-included offense.” Id. at 537-37.

      It is well-established that the facts as pled in the indictment also

control   limitations.   Tita   v.   State,   267 S.W.3d 33,   38   (Tex.

Crim. App. 2008) (tolling facts must be pled in the indictment). There is no

reason to treat the allegation of lesser-included deadly conduct differently

from any other type of limitations-modifiying jurisdictional fact. See id.

(mere “innuendo allegations” are sufficient grounds for tolling of

limitations). The facts required to prove deadly conduct are the same as

those proving aggravated assault, and the latter were pled here. (1 CR 1).

                                                                          42
The indictment does not allege the lesser mental state of recklessness, but

lesser-included mental states do not need to be pled in the indictment. See

Yandell v. State, 46 S.W.3d 357, 362 (Tex. App.—Austin 2001, pet. ref'd)

(“the allegation that appellant committed the dangerous act intentionally

and knowingly also constituted an allegation that appellant knowingly

discharged the firearm at the vehicle.”). As such, this indictment did allege

felony deadly conduct as to the first three counts, and the court of appeals

should have considered the resulting impact upon limitations accordingly.

See Tita, 267 S.W.3d at 38.

  D. THE ABSURD RESULT CAN BE AVOIDED BY CONSTRUING ARTICLE
    12.03(D)’S TERM “PRIMARY CRIME” TO REFER TO THE LESSER-
     INCLUDED OFFENSE WITH THE GREATER LIMITATIONS PERIOD
      If there was a reasonable way to resolve the conflict that avoids the

absurd result in this case, the court of appeals should have adopted it.

Griffith, 116 S.W.3d at 785. Here is one. Article 12.03(d) states that

limitations for an “aggravated” offense is that of its “primary crime,” but it

does not define “primary crime.” What was the ‘primary’ offense

committed by this Appellee, who fired a gun at three people? When the

only lesser-included offense in an aggravated assault is an assault, that is

easy enough. But in a case in which there are multiple lesser-included

                                                                           43
offenses, there is a question about what usage of the term “primary” was

intended by the Legislature.5

       Recourse to the dictionary to determine which use of the term was

intended       is      therefore       justified      whether        or      not      the

statute as a whole is ambiguous—and even whether or not Articles

12.03(d) and 12.01(7) even overlap or conflict at all. See Ramos v. State,

303 S.W.3d 302, 307 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). ‘Primary,’ as in ‘primary

crime,’ could mean “most important[,] most basic or essential[, or]

happening or coming first[.]” Primary, MERRIAM-WEBSTER COLLEGIATE

DICTIONARY (11th ed.).6

       Of these three definitions, “primary” as in “most basic or essential”

simply begs the question of what is more essential to or basically

representative of legislative intent—the use of a gun, or the assaultive

5
   “Primary crime” cannot simply refer to whatever offense matches the title of the
instant offense minus the word “aggravated,” not only because the statute nowhere so
states, but also because there exists at least one “aggravated” offense with no such
primary crime— aggravated promotion of prostitution. “Though titled ‘aggravated’ in
conformity with the requirements of Article 12.03(d), the aggravated promotion of
prostitution does not explicitly incorporate the crime of promotion of prostitution by its
Penal Code section.” Bennett, 415 S.W.3d at 873 n.42 (Keller, P.J., concurring). Thus,
it is uncertain what “primary crime” means as to that offense. Id. Since there are zero
primary crimes, that offense is not controlled by Article 12.03(d). Henson v. State, No.
05-97-01894-CR, 2000 WL 1123509, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2000, pet. ref’d) (not
designated for publication).
6
  Available at http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/primary (last accessed May
2, 2015).

                                                                                       44
nature of the offense? “Primary” as in “happening or coming first” also

begs the question. Both deadly conduct and aggravated assault have been

committed as soon as the Appellee pulls the trigger; the offenses are

manifest at the same time. Hence, of these definitions of “primary,” the

word can only mean “most important” in the context of Chapter 12 of the

Code of Criminal Procedure.

       In that context, importance and severity are synonymous—and on

that point, the Bennett concurrences are united. There, the Presiding Judge

recognized that the Legislature designates offenses as “aggravated”

precisely because of the severity of the offenses. Again, that is why the

Presiding Judge thought it was quite unlikely that the “legislature would

have    intended    the   limitation   period    for   robbery     to   be

longer than that for aggravated robbery.” Bennett, 415 S.W.3d at 876

(Keller, P.J., concurring). And between “merely causing physical contact

that another person will regard as offensive or provocative” and felony

deadly conduct, the most important underlying crime in a gunfire

aggravated assault is rather obvious. Bennett, 415 S.W.3d at 878 (Johnson,

J., concurring).

                                                                        45
      On the other hand, the Appellee’s Brief below did not address the

concerns of the Presiding Judge or of Judge Johnson. Instead, the Appellee

misconstrued the State’s argument as suggesting that all offenses can have

their limitations period lengthened if there is a lesser-included offense that

with a longer limitations period. (Ape. COA Brief at pp. 39-40, PDF pp.

47-48). As stated in the title of the ground for review, the argument posited

here relates only to aggravated offenses subject to Article 12.03(d) which

have lesser-included offenses that are both misdemeanors and felonies, or

perhaps to a hypothetical situation in which the lesser offenses include

competing felonies with different limitations periods. The State’s position

is that, in this narrow situation, the statutory scheme malfunctions and

produces an absurd result. Fixing the resulting malfunction is well within

the competence of the Court. Griffith, 116 S.W.3d at 785.

 E. CONCLUSION: IF ARTICLE 12.03(D) CONTROLS, DEADLY CONDUCT
 RATHER THAN AGGRAVATED ASSAULT IS THE “PRIMARY” CRIME FOR
                    THE FIRST THREE COUNTS

      The Presiding Judge, Judge Johnson, and Judge Cochran were all

correct that the legislative intent is that graver offenses should have longer

limitations. Therefore, the State’s compromise—to view Appellee’s lesser-

included felony deadly conduct as the underlying offense for limitations

purposes—presents a chance to unite the Court. Appellee’s conduct in

                                                                           46
Counts 1, 2, and 3 is certainly more serious than a simple assault, and it

would be absurd and unprecedented for him to be unable to be prosecuted

for the “greater” offense of aggravated assault yet still be liable for

prosecution for the “lesser”-included offense of felony deadly conduct. Yet

that was the result below.

       To avoid absurdity, the three-year result must hold, and it can be

reached without surplusage or ambiguity simply by holding that Article

12.03(d)’s general reference to the limitations period of whatever primary

crime is at hand simply means any underlying offense, which in this case is

both simple assault and felony deadly conduct; and that the resulting

overlap is resolved using one of the ordinary definitions of “primary” to

select the most important crime.

      Therefore, if Article 12.03(d) controls, the outcome under the facts

of this case is a three-year limitations period for the first three counts. This

result effectuates the Legislature’s intent as described by the Bennett

concurrences, and accomplishes justice. That is the whole point of the

statutory-construction analysis. Boykin, 818 S.W.2d at 785. Because this

result is reasonable, gives effect to both articles, does not render any

statutory language superfluous or void, and avoids the absurd result, the

                                                                             47
court of appeals should have adopted it, and this Court should respectfully

do so. Griffith, 116 S.W.3d at 785.

                        PRAYER FOR RELIEF

      WHEREFORE, the State of Texas prays that the Court of Criminal

Appeals will reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals.

                                Respectfully submitted,

                                ISIDRO R. ALANIZ
                                DISTRICT ATTORNEY
                                49TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT

                                BY:__/s/___________________
                                David L. Reuthinger, Jr.
                                Assistant District Attorney for
                                THE STATE OF TEXAS
                                Webb and Zapata Counties,
                                49th Judicial District
                                1110 Victoria St., Suite 401
                                Laredo, Texas 78040
                                (956) 523-4900 / (956) 523-5070 (Fax)
                                Bar No. 24053936
                                ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT

                                                                        48
                 CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE

      The undersigned hereby certifies that the total word count of this
document, less exempt sections, is 10,383 and that the said document
otherwise complies with the 2012 amendments to Rule 9.4, Texas Rules of
Appellate Procedure.

                                      ___/s/_________________
                                      David L. Reuthinger, Jr.
                                      Attorney for Appellee

                       CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

      The undersigned hereby certifies that on this the 23rd day of October,
2015, the following have been completed:
      (1) The foregoing document has been electronically filed with the
         Clerk of the Court of Criminal Appeals in accordance with Tex.
         R. App. P. 68.3 as adopted by the Court of Criminal Appeals and
         hard copies will be filed accordingly.
      (2) A legible copy of said document has been e-served to: Roberto
         Balli, Attorney for Appellee, at robertoballi@sbcglobal.net.
      (3) A copy has been tendered to the State Prosecuting Attorney.

                                      __/s/___________________
                                      David L. Reuthinger, Jr.
                                      Attorney for Appellee

                                                                         49