Court Opinion

ID: 9908297
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-08 15:06:31.873322+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:49:05.229056
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: DECEMBER 1, 2023; 10:00 A.M.
                       NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

                Commonwealth of Kentucky
                         Court of Appeals

                            NO. 2023-CA-0254-MR

DONJUAN JOHNSON                                                   APPELLANT

               APPEAL FROM JEFFERSON CIRCUIT COURT
v.               HONORABLE SARAH E. CLAY, JUDGE
                      ACTION NO. 20-CR-001789

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                                            APPELLEE

                                   OPINION
                                  AFFIRMING

                                 ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: THOMPSON, CHIEF JUDGE; ECKERLE AND TAYLOR, JUDGES.

ECKERLE, JUDGE: This matter-of-right criminal appeal raises a sole issue

regarding an alleged racial motivation by the Commonwealth during its exercise of

one peremptory challenge. Finding no error, we affirm.
                                 BACKGROUND

             The facts underlying the conviction are not disputed. Donjuan

Johnson was indicted by a Jefferson County Grand Jury, which charged Johnson

with one count of First-Degree Wanton Endangerment and one count of Fourth-

Degree Assault for actions committed against the same victim, T.A.

             In short form, Johnson strangled and struck T.A. in the face during a

discussion about their breakup. They had dated for six months prior to T.A.

breaking up with Johnson. Following a phone call during which T.A. agreed to

talk with Johnson about the breakup, T.A. went to Johnson’s mother’s house. T.A.

stayed in her truck while talking with Johnson. T.A. believed Johnson had been

drinking, so she declined to get out of the vehicle per Johnson’s request, which led

to a verbal argument and eventually a physical altercation. Johnson somehow

reached into the truck and began to strangle T.A., who thought she was dying and

felt herself “leaving.”

             Johnson’s mother came out and, according to T.A., told Johnson to

get off of T.A. All three then went into the house at Johnson’s direction. T.A.

could not see well, so she did what Johnson said. T.A. stated that Johnson broke a

window and also threw a chair at T.A. Johnson was then screaming about things

that were bothering him in his life, none of which had to do with T.A., who tried to

calm Johnson down by cleaning up broken glass and being nice to Johnson. She

                                         -2-
was at the house for about nine hours before managing to escape to her truck. T.A.

went to her cousin’s house, and her cousin called the police. EMS took T.A. to the

hospital, where several photographs of her bloodied and bruised condition were

taken. She had broken blood vessels in her eyes, a busted lip, and strangulation

marks around her neck. The photographs of T.A.’s injuries were shown to the

jury. The prosecution introduced other testimony, including a nurse who testified

about common injuries caused by strangulation, including broken blood vessels.

             Johnson’s mother testified in his defense. She witnessed the fight

between Johnson and T.A. but saw neither strangulation nor the beginning of the

fight. She testified that T.A. was throwing punches at Johnson. She saw that T.A.

had glassy eyes and thought that meant T.A. had been drinking. She denied that

her son threw a chair and claimed that everyone was acting normally during the

time spent in the house.

             A jury found Johnson guilty of both charges and recommended a total

imprisonment sentence of four years. The Trial Court followed the jury’s

recommendation and sentenced Johnson to imprisonment for four years. Johnson

timely appealed. Additional facts pertinent to the sole issue on appeal are detailed

below.

                                         -3-
                                    ANALYSIS

             Johnson’s sole issue on appeal is a Batson challenge to the

Commonwealth’s use of a peremptory challenge on a Black prospective juror.

Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S. Ct. 1712, 90 L. Ed. 2d 69 (1986). We first

outline the proper legal standards for a Batson claim, and then discuss the facts and

analyze them in light of those legal standards.

   A. Legal standards for Batson challenges.

             Batson requires a three-step process for evaluating a claim that a

prosecutor’s peremptory challenge was used in a manner violating the Equal

Protection Clause of the United States Constitution. Commonwealth v. Snodgrass,

831 S.W.2d 176, 178 (Ky. 1992). First, the defendant must make a prima facie

showing that the prosecutor exercised the challenge on the basis of race. Id. If that

showing is made, the prosecution must articulate a race-neutral reason for the

strike. Id. Finally, the Trial Court must then determine whether the defendant has

met his burden of proving purposeful discrimination. Id. at 178. Appellate review

may be limited to the second and third prong. If the prosecutor offers a race-

neutral explanation, and the Trial Court rules on the ultimate issue of intentional

discrimination, then whether there was a prima facie showing becomes moot. Id.

at 179. See also Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 359, 111 S. Ct. 1859,

1866, 114 L. Ed. 2d 395 (1991) (“Once a prosecutor has offered a race-neutral

                                         -4-
explanation for the peremptory challenges, and the [T]rial [C]ourt has ruled on the

ultimate question of intentional discrimination, the preliminary issue of whether

the defendant had made a prima facie showing becomes moot.”).

                Appellate review gives “great deference” to the Trial Court’s analysis

because that analysis is “based upon issues ‘peculiarly within the trial judge’s

province,’ such as the ‘demeanor and credibility of the prosecutor.’” Ross v.

Commonwealth, 455 S.W.3d 899, 906 (Ky. 2015) (footnotes and citations

omitted). “A trial court’s denial of a Batson challenge is reviewed for clear error.”

Abukar v. Commonwealth, 530 S.W.3d 915, 917 (Ky. App. 2017) (citing

Washington v. Commonwealth, 34 S.W.3d 376, 380 (Ky. 2000)).

      B. Facts surrounding the Batson challenge.

                The venire persons in the instant case were comprised of people from

different races and genders. During voir dire, some of the venire persons were

initially seated in certain places and later shuffled to others. Though the video and

audio quality make for a challenging review of the record, the parties’ briefs have

done yeomans’ jobs in providing ample detail about the locations of various jurors,

including where they initially sat and where they finally sat. We would be remiss

to not acknowledge both parties for providing ample citations to the record in

conformity with our briefing rules. See RAP1 32(A)(3)-(4) (“ample references to

1
    Kentucky Rules of Appellate Procedure.

                                             -5-
the specific location in the record”); RAP 32(B)(3)-(4). The details provided in the

briefs coupled with our review of the record show that, indeed, there was some

shuffling of seats amongst the venire persons. Though not dispositive of the

Batson challenge, this shuffling could have caused some confusion about which

venire person was sitting in which seat.

             Following voir dire and the Commonwealth’s exercise of a

peremptory strike on Juror 28, Johnson presented a Batson challenge. The Trial

Court then asked the Commonwealth for its race-neutral reason for the strike. The

Commonwealth initially offered that the juror was a white female whom the

prosecution tried to engage a few times, but the juror seemed disinterested. The

Commonwealth noted that it was striking the juror because the juror was not

engaged – the juror did not speak, did not address anything, did not ask any

questions, and did not ask to approach the bench. Johnson initially argued they

were not talking about the same juror, as Juror 28 was a Black male. The lead

prosecutor then explained she may have erred when the jurors were being shuffled

around in the back row, but she maintained that the juror was non-communicative,

and that was the reason for the strike.

             The Trial Court stated that according to her notes, Juror 28 was a male

who did not say anything. The Trial Court could not recall if the person was

Black, but she did note that the venire person did not say anything at all. The

                                           -6-
parties then discussed that the jurors had been shuffled around in some seats at the

beginning of voir dire, which may be the source of the confusion. The Trial Court

then asked whether Juror 28 said anything at all, because the Trial Court had not

written down that Juror 28 had said anything, and “that’s a race-neutral reason to

strike the individual.” The Trial Court further noted the possibility that the

Commonwealth was attempting to strike the wrong person.

             The Commonwealth then responded that it was not trying to strike the

wrong person. The Commonwealth noted that it tried to keep track of race as a

reminder “if we ever need to have another reason to strike somebody for other

reasons that were race neutral, but this is an individual I thought was a white

woman.” The lead prosecutor disclaimed any intention to use race as a reason to

strike any of the venire persons. Furthermore, the lead prosecutor noted Juror 28

did not say anything and would not engage or make eye contact with the

Commonwealth. The Trial Court then had the prospective jurors re-enter the

courtroom and sit in their seats to figure out who Juror 28 was.

             After the prospective jurors re-entered and sat in their seats, Juror 28

was, indeed, a Black male. Following this clarification, the Trial Court asked the

Commonwealth if it still intended on striking Juror 28, and if so, to offer the race-

neutral reason. The Commonwealth continued with its peremptory challenge of

Juror 28 and stated:

                                         -7-
             Judge, for 28, my race-neutral reason was I had it written
             down as somebody that was, of course, the wrong skin
             color and gender, so I was not striking anyone I thought
             was a Black male. A white woman who I thought was
             sitting there. They weren’t saying anything. They never
             made eye contact, and I had it written down as would not
             make eye contact with me, and, uh, didn’t say anything.
             I have a blank that I remember not having anything on
             there. Counsel had nothing on there. I had the wrong
             gender written down, so obviously I did not choose a race
             motivated reason to strike 28. We were just going
             through, and people who didn’t say anything were getting
             struck because they didn’t say anything.

Video Record (VR) 11/30/22, 12:11:46.

             The Trial Court accepted these reasons as race neutral. The Trial

Court held that both the misbelief that Juror 28 was a white woman and the fact

that the juror said nothing at all were both race-neutral reasons for exercising a

peremptory strike on Juror 28.

   C. Did the Trial Court err by overruling the Batson challenge?

             Johnson claims the Trial Court erred by finding the Commonwealth’s

reasons were race neutral. Johnson argues that a racially-motivated reason for the

strike is shown because the Commonwealth initially wanted to strike what it

believed was a white female who was nonresponsive but ultimately proceeded to

strike a Black male. Johnson claims that the Commonwealth had an opportunity to

refrain from striking Juror 28 and could have changed its strike to a white female

                                         -8-
who was sitting near Juror 28, as she was likely the juror the Commonwealth

mistook as Juror 28 when the shifting of jurors occurred during voir dire.

             The Commonwealth in response argues that once the parties realized

the error, the trial prosecutor never really requested that Juror 28 be struck.

Instead, the Commonwealth notes that the trial prosecutor had no reason to request

that her strike move to the white female juror, as Johnson had already exercised

one of his peremptory challenges on that juror. Instead, the Commonwealth

maintained that its race-neutral reason for the strike was a mistaken belief that it

was not striking a Black male. The Commonwealth claims that it was the Trial

Court that “essentially shifted the peremptory strike to [the Black male], even

though the prosecutor did not ask [the Trial Court] to do that.” Appellee’s Brief at

15.

             We do not agree with the Commonwealth’s novel interpretation of the

facts. The Trial Court asked the Commonwealth if it intended on striking Juror 28,

and, if so, what was the race-neutral reason for striking Juror 28. The

Commonwealth then proceeded to give its race-neutral reasons for striking Juror

28: (1) mistakenly writing down that Juror 28 was a white female; and (2) striking

all jurors who were non-responsive. Clearly, the Commonwealth intended on

striking Juror 28 after the clarification that Juror 28 was a Black man.

                                          -9-
             The Trial Court accepted the Commonwealth’s reasons as race-

neutral, thus we do not review whether Johnson made a prima facie showing.

Snodgrass, supra, and Hernandez, supra. Instead, we review the second and third

steps in Batson where the Trial Court must evaluate the reasons given and

determine if the challenger has met his burden of proving purposeful

discrimination. Abukar v. Commonwealth, 530 S.W.3d at 918. While conducting

our appellate review, we are cognizant that the Trial Court’s findings are

“‘peculiarly within a trial judge’s province’” and will “not be disturbed unless

clearly erroneous.” Washington, 34 S.W.3d at 379-80 (quoting Snodgrass, 831

S.W.2d at 179). The Trial Court is assessing the credibility and demeanor of the

attorneys before it and evaluating the attorneys’ states of mind. Abukar, 530

S.W.3d at 918 (citations omitted). In light of these standards and the evidence

adduced at the trial, we find no clear error with the Trial Court’s ruling that the

Commonwealth’s race-neutral reasons are valid and not pre-textual.

             First, the Trial Court accepted as a race-neutral reason that the

Commonwealth mistakenly believed that Juror 28 was a white woman. This

finding is supported by substantial evidence in the record. There was a mix-up

with the seating of the venire persons during voir dire. One of Johnson’s defense

counsel even proffered that two of the venire persons “were switched, like,

                                         -10-
accidentally” and admitted, “I guess, Judge, there’s some confusion, I guess, as to

who was sitting in seat 28.” VR 11/30/22, 12:03:05.

             Having reviewed the record, there is substantial evidence to support

that the Commonwealth erred when writing down the race and gender of Juror 28.

Notably, other jurisdictions hold that honest mistakes are not evidence of racial

bias. See, e.g., Aleman v. Uribe, 723 F.3d 976, 982 (9th Cir. 2013) (“[I]f a

prosecutor makes a mistake in good faith, such as an innocent transposition of

juror information, then that mistake does not support the conclusion that the

prosecutor’s explanation is clearly not credible.”); United States v. Watford, 468

F.3d 891, 912 (6th Cir. 2006) (prosecutor mistakenly listed the juror as white);

United States v. Burrus, 375 F. App’x 323, 324 (4th Cir. 2010) (prosecutor

mistakenly struck Black juror while intending to strike juror who was asleep

during jury selection); State v. Gonzalez-Sandoval, 431 P.3d 850, 859 (Kan. 2018)

(collecting cases). The Trial Court found the prosecutor’s reason to be credible,

and we afford great deference on appeal to that factual finding. Roe v.

Commonwealth, 493 S.W.3d 814, 827 (Ky. 2015). Accordingly, the Trial Court’s

acceptance of this reason was not clearly erroneous.

             Second, the Trial Court accepted as race neutral the Commonwealth’s

stated reason that it intended on striking the non-responsive jurors. Johnson argues

that the Trial Court erred in finding a juror’s failure to speak or engage is a race-

                                         -11-
neutral reason to exercise a peremptory challenge. Johnson cites Miller-El v.

Dretke, 545 U.S. 231, 125 S. Ct. 2317, 162 L. Ed. 2d 196 (2005), Foster v.

Chatman, 578 U.S. 488, 136 S. Ct. 1737, 195 L. Ed. 2d 1 (2016), and Ross, 455

S.W.3d 899. These cases are all distinguishable as they all involved substantial

evidence of the prosecution’s discriminatory purposes.

               Miller-El was a death-penalty case where prosecutors effectively

removed 91% of Black potential jurors, including using peremptory strikes on 10

of the 11 eligible Black venire persons. The prosecutors employed various

racially-motivated tactics, including shuffling jurors and using more graphic

questioning on Black jurors. And the Court could discern little difference between

answers from Black and non-Black venire persons, leading the Court to conclude,

“[i]f a prosecutor’s proffered reason for striking a black panelist applies just as

well to an otherwise-similar nonblack [panelist] who is permitted to serve, that is

evidence tending to prove purposeful discrimination[.]” 545 U.S. at 241, 125 S.

Ct. at 2325.

               Foster was also a death-penalty case where prosecutors effectively

removed 100% of the Black potential jurors, including using peremptory strikes on

all four of the eligible Black venire persons. The prosecution’s research into the

potential jurors included highlighting all Black venire persons and circulating the

list amongst the prosecution’s office for input on whether the potential jurors

                                         -12-
should be stricken. The evidence also included numerous other documents where

the Black potential jurors were identified, including a list of “definite NO’s”

identifying six names, five of which were qualified Black prospective jurors. And

the evidence included the notes of an investigator for the prosecution where he

opined, “If it comes down to having to pick one of the black jurors, [this one]

might be okay.” Foster, 578 U.S. at 494, 136 S. Ct. at 1744.

             Finally, Ross concerned a Batson challenge where the prosecutor

initially explained his reason for striking a Black female was: “In all honesty, I

was striking women.” 455 S.W.3d at 905. This “silver platter by the

Commonwealth” made the prima facie showing of gender discrimination. Id. at

907. The prosecutor also made additional and substantial statements regarding

gender differences during voir dire, including opining that his “[c]at used to be

male but is no longer, so he might as well be female.” Id. The Kentucky Supreme

Court found the Commonwealth failed to provide gender-neutral justifications for

striking two potential jurors when the prosecutor offered that he “picked the jurors

that I thought were the jurors that I liked,” which the Court deemed essentially a

“gut feeling” or “prosecutor’s instinct” justification. Id. at 908. Notably, however,

the Court was expressly not deciding whether the Commonwealth’s justifications

for other prospective jurors were gender-neutral, including justifications that the

jurors were, “looking ‘amazed,’ ‘waffling,’ and not paying attention . . . .” Id.

                                         -13-
(emphasis added). In summary, Miller-El, Foster, and Ross involved substantial

evidence of improper discriminatory intent underlying the peremptory challenges.

             The instant case is not so infused with such evidence. The

Commonwealth’s rationale – striking jurors who were not paying attention and not

responsive – was a race-neutral reason. Thomas v. Commonwealth, 153 S.W.3d

772, 778 (Ky. 2004) (“As demeanor is a race-neutral explanation, the

Commonwealth met its burden of proof, shifting the burden back to Appellant.”).

It was also a reason that was factually supported by substantial evidence, including

the Trial Court’s own notes about Juror 28. Thus, the Trial Court’s ruling on the

Batson challenge is not clearly erroneous.

                                 CONCLUSION

             Based on the record before us, the Trial Court’s findings on Johnson’s

Batson challenge are supported by substantial evidence, and Johnson has not met

his burden of proof. The Trial Court did not err, and we AFFIRM the judgment

and sentence.

             ALL CONCUR.

                                        -14-
BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:     BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:

Michael C. Lemke          Daniel Cameron
Louisville, Kentucky      Attorney General of Kentucky

                          Jason Rothrock
                          Assistant Attorney General
                          Frankfort, Kentucky

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