Court Opinion

ID: 4512582
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-03-04 17:00:20.732528+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:56:31.852674
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 19-1291
                         ___________________________

                             United States of America

                                       Plaintiff - Appellee

                                         v.

                                  Dion Clayborn

                                    Defendant - Appellant
                                  ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                 for the Northern District of Iowa - Cedar Rapids
                                  ____________

                           Submitted: January 17, 2020
                               Filed: March 4, 2020
                                 ____________

Before SMITH, Chief Judge, LOKEN and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.
                              ____________

GRUENDER, Circuit Judge.

       Dion Clayborn pleaded guilty to possession with intent to distribute a
controlled substance. See 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(2)(c), 860. The presentence
investigation report recommended classifying Clayborn as a career offender under
U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1 based on a controlled substance conviction in Illinois, see 720 Ill.
Comp. Stat. 570/407(b)(2), and a controlled substance conviction in Iowa, see Iowa
Code § 124.401(1)(d).
      Clayborn objected to the classification, but the district court 1 overruled his
objection, adopting an advisory sentencing guidelines range of 188 to 235 months.
The district court varied downward and sentenced Clayborn to 144 months’
imprisonment. Clayborn appeals, arguing that he should not have been classified as
a career offender.

        “We review classification as a career offender de novo.” United States v.
Boose, 739 F.3d 1185, 1186 (8th Cir. 2014). A conviction qualifies as a “controlled
substance offense” for purposes of the career-offender enhancement if it is an
offense “punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year, that prohibits
the manufacture, import, export, distribution, or dispensing of a controlled substance
. . . or the possession of a controlled substance . . . with intent to manufacture,
import, export, distribute, or dispense.” § 4B1.2(b).

       The Illinois and Iowa statutes under which Clayborn was convicted
criminalize delivery of a controlled substance. See 720 Ill. Comp. Stat.
570/407(b)(2); Iowa Code § 124.401(1)(d). Clayborn first argues the statutes are
“categorically not career offender predicates” because delivery does not “involve
some commercial aspect.” As a result, it does not fall within the guidelines’
definition of a controlled substance offense. According to Clayborn, the definition
of controlled substance offense in § 4B1.2(b) applies only to commercial drug
trafficking crimes. He highlights the fact that the guidelines use the word
“distribution” rather than “deliver,” and he thus argues that his Illinois and Iowa
convictions are not career-offender predicates.

      Under the categorical approach, we ask whether the state statutes fit within
the federal definition of a controlled substance offense. See United States v.
Maldonado, 864 F.3d 893, 897 (8th Cir. 2017). “We interpret the Sentencing
Guidelines using the ordinary tools of statutory interpretation.” United States v.

      1
        The Honorable Leonard T. Strand, Chief Judge, United States District Court
for the Northern District of Iowa.

                                         -2-
Martinez, 870 F.3d 1163, 1166 (9th Cir. 2017). Our inquiry “will most often begin
and end with the text and structure of the Guidelines.” Id. “The language of the
Sentencing Guidelines, like the language of a statute, must be given its plain and
ordinary meaning.” United States v. Fulford, 662 F.3d 1174, 1177 (11th Cir. 2011).

       Black’s Law Dictionary defines distribute as, “[t]o apportion; to divide among
several,” “[t]o arrange by class or order,” “[t]o deliver,” and “[t]o spread out; to
disperse.” Distribute, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). Nothing in this
ordinary definition requires a “commercial aspect.” Indeed, the definition of
distribute includes “deliver.” We are similarly unpersuaded by Clayborn’s argument
that the words surrounding distribute require a commercial aspect. Import, for
example, is defined as “[t]he process or activity of bringing foreign goods into a
country.” Import, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019); see also United States
v. Gilmore, 631 F. App’x 711, 713 (11th Cir. 2015) (per curiam) (“But, the plain
language of the ‘controlled substance offense’ definition in the guidelines when Mr.
Gilmore was sentenced, which includes ‘possession of a controlled substance . . .
with intent to . . . distribute[] or dispense,’ illustrates that remuneration is not
required.” (alteration in original)).

        Clayborn also points to the statute that directed the creation of the guidelines’
career-offender provisions. See 28 U.S.C. § 994(h). He argues this statute “was
very clearly aimed” at drug trafficking offenses. But this statute explicitly refers to
the substance offenses described in § 401 of the Controlled Substances Act, 21
U.S.C. § 841, which we have said does not require an actual sale of drugs, see United
States v. Hernandez, 986 F.2d 234, 238 (8th Cir. 1993) (“[N]either possession nor
an actual sale by a defendant need be proved by the government on a charge of
distributing or aiding and abetting the distribution of drugs [under § 841].”). In other
words, § 841 does not require a commercial activity. We thus decline to find that
the Illinois and Iowa statutes are categorically not career-offender predicates because
they include the word “deliver,” which may not involve a commercial activity.

                                          -3-
       Next, Clayborn argues that his Illinois and Iowa convictions are overbroad
because they encompass inchoate offenses. Application Note 1 to § 4B1.2 provides
that “controlled substance offense” includes “aiding and abetting, conspiring, and
attempting to commit such offenses.” Clayborn argues that Note 1 is “inconsistent
with” or “a plainly erroneous reading” of § 4B1.2. See Stinson v. United States, 508
U.S. 36, 38 (1993) (“[C]ommentary in the Guidelines Manual that interprets or
explains a guideline is authoritative unless it violates the Constitution or a federal
statute, or is inconsistent with, or a plainly erroneous reading of, that guideline.”).
But Clayborn concedes that we have previously held that Note 1 “is a reasonable
interpretation of the career offender guidelines.” United States v. Mendoza-
Figueroa, 65 F.3d 691, 694 (8th Cir. 1995); see also United States v. Garcia, 946
F.3d 413, 417 (8th Cir. 2019). Clayborn therefore argues that the Illinois and Iowa
statutes are overbroad even if we consider Note 1 because “the Commentary does
not reference attempted transfers or constructive transfers, as does Iowa law” in its
definition of deliver, or “soliciting or mere agreeing, as does Illinois law.”

       Both of these arguments fail. As to Clayborn’s argument about the Iowa
statute, we held in United States v. Maldonado, 864 F.3d at 899-901, that a charge
for possession with intent to deliver under Iowa Code section 124.401 was
categorically a controlled substance offense. Further, “[t]he actual or constructive
transfer of a controlled substance is rationally understood to be distribution, which
is specifically included in the definition of a controlled substance offense set forth
in § 4B1.2.” United States v. Roberts, 255 F. App’x 849, 851 (5th Cir. 2007) (per
curiam); see also United States v. Glass, 904 F.3d 319, 323 (3d Cir. 2018); United
States v. Redden, 875 F.3d 374, 375 (7th Cir. 2017) (“Any conduct meeting the
state’s definition of ‘delivery’ comes within § 4B1.2(b) because ‘transfer’ is just
another word for distribute or dispense.”). As to Clayborn’s argument about the
Illinois statute, it is true that an individual can be charged in Illinois for aiding and
abetting or solicitation. 720 Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/5-2(c). But Clayborn was not
convicted under that statute—he was convicted under 720 Ill. Comp. Stat.
570/407(b)(2), so the solicitation statute is not relevant to whether Clayborn could
be classified a career offender.

                                          -4-
       Finally, Clayborn argues that his Illinois conviction is too old to qualify as a
career-offender predicate. Section 4A1.2(e) of the Guidelines provides the
applicable time periods for computing criminal history. As relevant here,
§ 4A1.2(e)(1) imposes a time period that includes any prior sentence imposed within
fifteen years of “commencement of the instant offense” if the sentence exceeded one
year and one month. Application Note 8 explains that the term “commencement of
the instant offense” includes “any relevant conduct.” U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2 n.8. Based
on this Note, the district court found that Clayborn’s “relevant conduct” dated back
to 2014, and Clayborn does not challenge this finding on appeal. Accordingly, the
district court determined that Clayborn’s Illinois conviction, the sentence for which
was imposed in January 2000, was a career-offender predicate.

       Clayborn argues that Note 8 is inconsistent with or a plainly erroneous reading
of the guidelines. But in United States v. Rosenkrans, 236 F.3d 976, 977-78 (8th
Cir. 2001), we considered whether Note 8 was contrary to the plain meaning of
§ 4A1.2(e)(2). We concluded that the “commentary is not plainly erroneous or
inconsistent with the guideline it interprets,” and we follow that holding here. Thus,
the district court did not err in concluding that Clayborn’s Illinois conviction
qualified as a career-offender predicate offense.

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.
                      ______________________________

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