Court Opinion

ID: 7046687
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-24 06:55:50.211515+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:11:33.748781
License: Public Domain

Elliott, J.
The contention of the appellant is that he is entitled to recover for repairs placed upon property demised to him by Oran Huntington, since deceased, whose estate is now represented by the appellee as trustee. The position of appellant rests upon the assumption that the lease executed to him was preceded by a written proposition, submitted by his assignees and accepted by the lessor, wherein the lessor bound himself to make repairs. The validity of this assumption is contested by the appellee, who contends that the lease is a complete contract, merging all preliminary propositions and contracts, and, as to the terms of the letting, fully exhibiting the agreement and controlling the rights of the parties. In our opinion the appellee is right.
Where a lease o'r deed is preceded by preliminary negotia*591tions, either written or oral, and is full and complete in itself,, it must be deemed the expression of the contract of the parties,, and must be held to measure and determine their respective rights. A lease is, in itself, a contract prescribing the rights, duties and liabilities of the lessor and lessee, and when made-pursuant to precedent negotiations is, in legal contemplation;, the consummation of all preliminary propositions and agreements. It takes up all preceding negotiations and gives expression to the contract of the parties as finally consummated,, and, in the absence of fraud or mistake, furnishes controlling; evidence of the terms and conditions upon which the property is demised; it is the ultimate and final evidence of their contract, and governs courts and parties. Wharton says; “ No-matter how complex and deliberate may have been the negotiations preliminary to a written contract, these negotiations-, are regarded as all merged in the contract.” Whart. Cont., section 684. This question has often arisen in agreements, providing for the execution of deeds, and it has been uniformly held that the preliminary agreement is merged in the deed. In the old case of Twyford v. Wareup, Finch, 310, it was said of such a case: “ The articles were only a security- and preparatory to the conveyance, and the defendant having afterwards taken a conveyance, shall not resort to the articles, or to any particular, or to any averment or communication afterwards; for such things shall never be admitted against the deed.” It was said in another case: “Where the articles of agreement have been carried into effect, by a conveyance from the vendor, and bond for the purchase-money from the vendee, without a survey, there, in general, the contract is considered as closed. And it is fair, and very much for the public good, that it should be so considered, otherwise, there would be no end to controversy.” Bailey v. Snyder, 13 Serg. & Rawle, 160. Among the cases declaring this general principle are the following: Williams v. Morgan, 15 Q. B. 782; Frederick v. Campbell, 13 Serg. & R. 136; Crotzer v. *592Russell, 9 Serg. & Rawle, 78; Smith v. Evans, 6 Binney, 102; Stebbens v. Eddy, 4 Mason C. C. 414; Houghtaling v. Lewis, 10 Johns. 297; Haggerty v. Fagan, 2 Penrose & W. 533. Our own case of Turner v. Cool, 23 Ind. 56, is as strong upon this point as any of the cases cited, for it quotes with approval this statement of the rule: “ ‘By the execution of the deed, the preliminary contract is executed, and any inconsistencies between its original terms and those of the deed are to be explained and settled by the latter solely, into which the former is merged, and by which the parties are thereafter to be bound/ Rawle on Cov. 612.” It is true that the case cited has been overruled in part, not, however, because the general rule is not correctly stated, but because it was improperly applied. Heavilon v. Heavilon, 29 Ind. 509; Harvey v. Million, 67 Ind. 90.
In Ruse v. Mutual Benefit L. Ins. Co., 23 N. Y. 516, the court said: “ Nothing is better settled than that, where two parties have entered into a written contract, all previous negotiations, and propositions in relation to such contract, whether parol or written, are to be regarded as merged in the final agrément.” This doctrine has received full approval from this court. King v. Enterprise Ins. Co., 45 Ind. 43. Unless it be held that a contract executed pursuant to a preliminary agreement is the ultimate expression of the intention of the contracting parties, there would be no standard by which to measure and adjust their rights, for to hold otherwise would be to leave open for controversy the question as to what constitutes the contract. Controversy can only be ended by holding that the final contract, when full and complete, free from fraud or mistake, and clear of doubt and ambiguity, constitutes the controlling evidence of the agreement of the parties.
A preliminary contract providing for the execution of a lease, and also containing stipulations relating to distinct and independent matters, may still remain in force as to those matters, although a lease is executed; but, as to the contract *593•of letting and all matters directly involved in it, the lease, when executed, expresses the ultimate agreement of the parties. In the present instance, the preliminary agreement contained stipulations respecting the purchase of personal property as well as an agreement for a lease, and is, no doubt, effective so far as concerns the personal property, but the agreement for a lease was supplanted by the execution of the lease accepted by the assignors of the appellant.
Filed Jan. 22, 1884.
There is no doubt that a written contract may be modified or annulled by a subsequent parol agreement. Rhodes v. Thomas, 2 Ind. 638; Ward v. Walton, 4 Ind. 75; Billingsley v. Stratton, 11 Ind. 396; Sorin v. Olinger, 12 Ind. 29; Rigsbee v. Bowler, 17 Ind. 167.
It is insisted by appellant that the complaint brings his case within the rule and shows a subsequent verbal contract modifying the terms of the written lease. We think otherwise. The complaint does not set forth any parol contract; it simply states a general conclusion, and this is not sufficient. Where a parol contract is relied on, its terms must be fully stated, the consideration upon which it rests must be shown, and the things agreed to be done must be alleged as issuable and traversable facts.
A written contract can not be varied by parol evidence. It is as much a violation of this familiar rule to prove by parol the intention of the contracting parties as it is to prove their language.
Judgment affirmed.