Court Opinion

ID: 3216001
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-06-22 18:06:35.247621+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:39:14.032106
License: Public Domain

Filed 6/22/16 In re R.G. CA4/2

                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
 California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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                                     or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

           IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                   FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION TWO

 In re R.G., a Person Coming Under the
 Juvenile Court Law.

 RIVERSIDE COUNTY DEPARTMENT
 OF PUBLIC SOCIAL SERVICES,                                              E064181

          Plaintiff and Respondent,                                      (Super.Ct.No. INJ1500074)

 v.                                                                      OPINION

 E.H.,

          Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Susanne S. Cho, Judge.

Affirmed.

         Leslie A. Barry, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and

Appellant.

         Gregory P. Priamos, County Counsel, James E. Brown, Guy B. Pittman, and

Carole Nunes Fong, Deputy County Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

                                                             1
       Defendant and appellant E.H. (Mother) appeals from the juvenile court’s

jurisdictional and dispositional findings as to her 17-year-old son R.G. She contends that

(1) there was insufficient evidence to support the juvenile court’s jurisdictional findings

under Welfare and Institutions Code1 section 300, subdivisions (a) and (b)(1), and (2) the

court’s dispositional orders were not authorized by the statutory scheme rendering those

orders void or voidable. For the reasons explained below, we affirm.

                                                 I

                    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       The family came to the attention of the Riverside County Department of Public

Social Services (DPSS) on March 12, 2015, when a referral was received alleging general

neglect and physical abuse of then 16-year-old R.G. and his half sister, then 10-year-old

H.H.2 The referral alleged that R.G. was observed with a burn or abrasion to his right

hand, and when asked what happened, R.G. reported his mother had burned him with a

lighter. The reporting party stated that R.G. was participating in an activity at school

involving fire and R.G. became afraid when the lighter was lit to conduct the project.

R.G. asserted that he was afraid of fire because his mother burned him and repeated this

statement over and over.

       R.G. was interviewed by a social worker at his high school on March 18, 2015.

The social worker was informed that R.G. was diagnosed as autistic with mild intellectual

       1 All future statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code unless
otherwise stated.

       2   H.H. is not a party to this appeal.

                                                 2
ability. The social worker noted that although R.G. was 16 years old at the time, he

“presented as a child in a much younger development range.” The social worker assessed

R.G.’s ability to distinguish between the truth and a lie and he was able to articulate and

demonstrate his understanding. R.G. stated that he lived with his mother, stepfather

(W.H.), and his half sister H.H. R.G. reported seeing his mother hit W.H. He also said

that his mother kicked him in the groin area and that she had punched him with her fist.

When the social worker asked him about any marks, bruises or injury on his body, R.G.

held out his right hand and a small pinkish color circular mark was observed on the hand.

R.G. said that his mother was mad at him and burned him with her cigar. At the

conclusion of the interview, law enforcement was called.

       A joint assessment was thereafter conducted by the social worker and a police

officer. During the assessment, R.G. stated Mother had burned him with her yellow

“cigar lighter.” He also stated that he started crying, yelling and screaming after being

burned. R.G. denied receiving any medical care. He stated that he did not feel safe at his

home because of Mother and that he was afraid of Mother because she had burned him.

       Mother was called and interviewed at the school. She reported that she learned of

R.G.’s injury a week prior when the school nurse called her and that she did not know

how it occurred, but R.G. told her that he got the injury from falling off his scooter. She

also stated that by the time she saw the mark it was already healed and the scab had fallen

off. Mother further asserted that R.G. could have gotten the injury from anywhere as he

disappears from their home on a daily basis, leaving at 6:00 a.m. and returning all hours

of the night; that she was unable to stop R.G. from leaving as he becomes combative; and

                                             3
that she has no idea of his whereabouts until he returns. Mother initially denied smoking,

reporting she had quit a long time ago, and also denied owning a cigarette lighter. She

also said that no one in the house smoked. As the investigation continued, she recanted

her initial statements and admitted to occasionally smoking cigars. She, however,

remained firm that she did not burn R.G. with her cigar, claiming she never smoked

around her children. Mother did not know why R.G. would say she burned him and

reported that R.G. was a liar with a history of making things up. She further asserted that

R.G. was a very difficult child and that he physically beats her up, leaving marks and

bruises all over her body. She also stated R.G. beats up H.H. and that H.H. was afraid of

R.G.

       H.H. stated that Mother smoked cigars every day. She believed R.G. received his

injury when he fell off his scooter but denied ever seeing him fall off his scooter. She

admitted to hearing R.G. crying, screaming, and yelling in his room but denied knowing

what happened. She had never seen Mother hurt R.G. but had seen R.G. hurt her mother.

She also claimed that R.G. hit her and Mother and that she was afraid of R.G. W.H. also

denied knowledge of any burns to R.G. He admitted that he smoked cigarettes and

Mother smoked cigars. He also reported ongoing problems with R.G., noting R.G. was

out of control and he leaves the house and returns after midnight. He also stated R.G.

was very combative and physically abused Mother and H.H. and that he was afraid for

them. W.H. showed the social worker several holes in the walls that W.H. claimed were

caused by R.G. and reported that when R.G. cannot have his way, he becomes violent and

punches things, throws things, or attacks.

                                             4
       Mother had a prior child welfare history involving general neglect, physical abuse,

and sibling at risk. In October 2005, it was reported that R.G. was observed with a bruise

on his left ear. The referral was, however, closed as unfounded. Another referral was

received in December 2006 alleging general neglect of the children after H.H. was

pushed into the swimming pool accidentally. The referral also stated that the home had

dog feces; that H.H. was seen running in the feces; and that the home was unsafe. This

referral was also closed as unfounded.

       At the conclusion of the investigation, a safety plan was developed. Mother

agreed to allow R.G. to be placed with his maternal aunt and to cooperate with DPSS

until a Child Abuse and Neglect Assessment (CAN) could be completed. DPSS allowed

H.H. to remain in her parent’s home.

       R.G. underwent the CAN examination on March 20, 2015 with Dr. Mark Massi.

Dr. Massi found the injury to R.G.’s hand was “consistent with that of a cigar burn.” The

results also indicated that R.G. suffered from physical abuse, not neglect, and that the

relationship between R.G. and his mother appeared unhealthy. R.G. was thereafter taken

into protective custody and formally placed with his maternal aunt.

       On March 24, 2015, DPSS filed a petition on behalf of the children pursuant to

section 300, subdivisions (a) (serious physical harm), (b) (failure to protect), (g) (no

provision for support against R.G.’s father),3 and (j) (abuse of sibling).

       3 At that time, the whereabouts of R.G.’s father, T.G. (father), were unknown. It
was later determined Father resided in New York. Father is not a party to this appeal.

                                              5
       The detention hearing was held on March 25, 2015. Mother appeared, and Father

appeared by telephone. The court formally detained R.G. as to Mother, and Mother was

provided with supervised visitation with R.G.

       When the social worker met with R.G. again on April 7, 2015, the injury to R.G.’s

hand had healed and the original injury was only “slightly visible.” R.G. reported that he

did not get the injury to his hand from a burn but from falling off his scooter. The social

worker then spoke with R.G. regarding his promise to tell her the truth and reassessed

R.G.’s understanding as to the difference between a truth and a lie. R.G. demonstrated

again that he knew the difference. The social worker then asked R.G. if he was telling

the truth or a lie about falling off his scooter. R.G. stated he was telling her “a lie” and

reported several times that his mother burned him with her cigar. When the social worker

asked R.G. if anyone had told him to tell the social worker he fell off his scooter, R.G.

responded “yes,” but would not tell the social worker who had asked him to lie. The

maternal aunt reported that R.G. was adjusting to her home. She also noted that R.G. was

not capable of distinguishing the difference between the truth and a lie, even though R.G.

had answered the social worker’s questions.

       W.H. was also interviewed again and said he was home but not in the room when

R.G. and Mother “got into it.” He reiterated that R.G. lies and noted that “no one knows

the truth.” He did not believe Mother burned R.G. He also reiterated that R.G. kicks,

punches, and beats his mother and that R.H. is violent and out of control and is afraid for

Mother and H.H. R.G.’s father also found it hard to believe Mother had burned R.G.,

noting he was “shocked” that Mother would burn R.G and that Mother had never been

                                              6
violent. Father also stated that Mother had prevented him from visiting with R.G.; that he

paid monthly child support for R.G.; and that he desired custody of his son and was

willing and able to take care of him.

       The social worker also spoke with Doug Christiansen, Consumer Service

Coordinator for Inland Regional Center (IRC). Christiansen said that R.G. frequently

lied and that he did not believe Mother had harmed R.G. When asked about the

frequency of his contact with the family, Christiansen said he primarily spoke with

Mother by telephone related to services or problems and visited with the family in-person

only once a year.

       R.G.’s Individual Education Plan (IEP) dated October 17, 2014, indicated that

R.G. was able to initiate conversation with peers and adults with good speech

intelligibility and adequate sentence structure. R.G. got along with his peers and staff

and was described as a very social person who enjoyed interacting with his friends and

staff. The IEP also noted R.G. was a very happy person at school and always tried to do

his best.

       On June 29, 2015, the court granted DPSS’s request to allow R.G. to visit with his

Father in New York from June 29, 2015 through July 12, 2015. This visit reportedly

went “extremely well.” During a home visit by a New York social worker, R.G. was

observed to be “happy” and reported “things were good.” The New York social worker

observed that an existing relationship and bond existed between R.G. and his Father. At

a hearing in April 2015, R.G. expressed enthusiasm in seeing his father and reported “it

was the best day.” R.G. had recognized his father upon contact, hugged him, and

                                             7
expressed that he loved him and was happy to see him. Father reported that he was ready

and willing to assume custody of R.G. Father had already made arrangements for mental

health services R.G. required and for R.G. to attend a school that serviced children with

autism and special needs if R.G. was placed in his care.

       The contested jurisdictional/dispositional hearing was held on July 13 and 30,

2015. At that time, several witnesses testified, including R.G. In relevant part, Dr. Massi

testified that he was “[r]easonably certain” R.G.’s injury was consistent with being

burned with a cigar, cigarette, or cigarillo. Dr. Massi also clarified that even if R.G. had

not disclosed his mother had burned him, he “would have still concluded that the

appearance of the lesion is most consistent with a burn” and that he “would still have

concern about how that occurred.”

       R.G. testified that his time with his father and stepmother in New York was

“good”; that he wanted to stay with his mother and visit his father; that he did not want to

live with his maternal aunt because she was “mean”; and that he had actually burned his

own hand with a cigar. Upon questioning by the court, R.G. stated that Mother smoked

cigars; that he loved his mother; that Mother had accidentally burned his hand; and that

sometimes Mother gets mad at him and kicks him. R.G. later stated that the injury was

caused by falling off his scooter. However, when questioned as to how long his mother’s

cigar touched his hand, R.G. stated “[a] lot” and that he cried out in pain. Following

R.G.’s testimony, the court noted that R.G. had consistently stated his mother’s cigar

caused the burn.

                                              8
       A speech pathologist, who had met R.G. on two occasions at the request of the

maternal aunt, also testified. In pertinent part, she believed that R.G. was 100 percent

unreliable because he gave inconsistent, irrelevant, and illogical responses, and that he

had difficulty distinguishing between fantasy and reality. R.G.’s respite care provider for

almost 10 years testified that she had never observed anything to suggest Mother was

abusing R.G.; that R.G. had never told her anyone was hurting him; that R.G. tends to tell

different stories; and that R.G. told her the injury to his hand occurred when he fell at

school. The social worker testified that she believed Mother posed a threat to R.G.’s

safety and well-being, not only due to the cigar burn but also due to Mother’s inability to

control R.G. and their unhealthy relationship. The social worker also stated that she was

recommending R.G. be placed with Father because he was a nonoffending parent and that

it was not uncommon to place a child with a nonoffending parent even if the child had

never lived with the nonoffending parent.

       Mother testified that she had cared for R.G. since his birth; that she had support

from respite care, IRC, and in-home services; that she did not have difficulty controlling

R.G.; and that neither she nor H.H. were afraid of R.G. She explained that R.G. did not

disappear from her home all day on a daily basis and that he often went to the homes of

his friends for a few hours.

       Following argument, the juvenile court found allegations a-1 and b-1 true and

allegations b-2, g-1, and j-1 not true. The petition as to H.H. was dismissed. The court

thereafter heard testimony from Father and his wife. Following argument as to

disposition, the court awarded sole physical and legal custody of R.G. to Father and

                                              9
visitation for Mother. The court also ordered the dependency case terminated with family

law orders and Father’s counsel to prepare the orders. This appeal followed.

                                              II

                                        DISCUSSION

       A.     Jurisdictional Findings

       Mother argues there is insufficient evidence to support the juvenile court’s

jurisdictional findings pursuant to section 300. We disagree.

       As to allegation a-1, the petition alleged: “The child has suffered non-accidental

harm and continues to be at risk of harm in that the child sustained a burn mark to his

right hand which was inflicted by his mother.” As to allegation b-1, the petition stated:

“The mother neglects the health, safety and well[-]being of the child, [R.G.] in that he

sustained a lighter burn to his right hand inflicted by his mother. In addition, the child

reports being scared of his mother as a result. Furthermore, the mother continues to deny

that she caused said injury, thus continuing to place the child[] at risk of harm.”4

       “ ‘ “A dependency proceeding under section 300 is essentially a bifurcated

proceeding.” [Citation.] First, the court must determine whether the minor is within any

of the descriptions set out in section 300 and therefore subject to its jurisdiction.’

[Citation.] ‘ “The petitioner in a dependency proceeding must prove by a preponderance

of the evidence that the child who is the subject of a petition comes under the juvenile

court’s jurisdiction.” ’ [Citation.] ‘The basic question under section 300 is whether

       4  At the jurisdictional hearing, DPSS amended allegation b-1 to omit “lighter” and
to state “burn.”

                                              10
circumstances at the time of the hearing subject the minor to the defined risk of harm.’ ”

(In re A.S. (2011) 202 Cal.App.4th 237, 243-244.)

       When the sufficiency of the evidence to support a finding or order is challenged on

appeal, the reviewing court must determine if there is any substantial evidence, that is,

evidence which is reasonable, credible, and of solid value to support the conclusion of the

trier of fact. (In re J.N. (2010) 181 Cal.App.4th 1010, 1022.) We review the entire

record to determine whether substantial evidence supports the juvenile court’s findings,

resolving all conflicts and drawing all reasonable inferences in support of the findings.

(Ibid.) Those inferences “must be reasonable and logical; ‘inferences that are the result

of mere speculation or conjecture cannot support a finding.’ ” (In re B.T. (2011) 193

Cal.App.4th 685, 691.) “We do not reweigh the evidence, evaluate the credibility of

witnesses or resolve evidentiary conflicts. The appellant has the burden to demonstrate

there is no evidence of a sufficiently substantial nature to support the findings or orders.”

(In re Jordan R. (2012) 205 Cal.App.4th 111, 135-136.)

       The juvenile court asserts jurisdiction over the children, not the parents. If

sufficient evidence supported jurisdiction based on one parent’s conduct, it was proper

for the court to assert jurisdiction, irrespective of the other parent’s conduct. (§ 302,

subd. (a); In re James C. (2002) 104 Cal.App.4th 470, 482.) Similarly, if substantial

evidence supports findings related to any of the asserted bases for jurisdiction, we will

affirm the juvenile court’s jurisdictional order. (In re Alexis E. (2009) 171 Cal.App.4th

438, 451.)

                                              11
       A child is within the jurisdiction of the juvenile court under subdivision (a) of

section 300 when “[t]he child has suffered, or there is a substantial risk that the child will

suffer, serious physical harm inflicted nonaccidentally upon the child by the child’s

parent or guardian.” (§ 300, subd. (a).) “[A] court may find there is a substantial risk of

serious future injury based on the manner in which a less serious injury was inflicted, a

history of repeated inflictions of injuries on the child or the child’s siblings, or a

combination of these and other actions by the parent or guardian that indicate the child is

at risk of serious physical harm.” (Ibid.) This “permissive language” “merely sets forth

scenarios in which the statute may apply.” (In re Marquis H. (2013) 212 Cal.App.4th

718, 725.)

       For purposes of subdivision (a) of section 300, “ ‘serious physical harm’ does not

include reasonable and age-appropriate spanking to the buttocks if there is no evidence of

serious physical injury.” (§ 300, subd. (a).) “[P]arents of common intelligence can

discern what injuries fall within” the scope of that subdivision. (In re Mariah T. (2008)

159 Cal.App.4th 428, 438.)

       Correspondingly, a child is within the jurisdiction of the juvenile court under

subdivision (b) of section 300 when “[t]he child has suffered, or there is a substantial risk

that the child will suffer, serious physical harm or illness, as a result of the failure or

inability of his or her parent or guardian to adequately supervise or protect the child, . . .”

(§ 300, subd. (b).) “The child shall continue to be a dependent child pursuant to

[subdivision (b) of section 300] only so long as is necessary to protect the child from risk

of suffering serious physical harm or illness.” (§ 300, subd. (b)(1).)

                                               12
       As the California Supreme Court has observed, “section 300 does not require that

a child actually be abused or neglected before the juvenile court can assume jurisdiction.”

(In re I.J. (2013) 56 Cal.4th 766, 773.) Subdivisions (a) and (b) of section 300 also

encompass circumstances creating a “substantial risk” of specified harm. “ ‘The court

need not wait until a child is seriously abused or injured to assume jurisdiction and take

the steps necessary to protect the child.’ [Citation.]” (In re I.J., at p. 773; see § 300.2

[the purpose of dependency law].) The focus of section 300 is to avert harm to the child.

(In re Jamie M. (1982) 134 Cal.App.3d 530, 535-536.) The purpose of section 300 is “to

limit court intervention to situations in which children are threatened with serious

physical or emotional harm” as a result of their parent’s conduct. (In re Marilyn H.

(1993) 5 Cal.4th 295, 303.)

       In regard to determination of jurisdiction under subdivision (a) of section 300,

Mother argues there is no evidence the injury R.G. sustained was inflicted

nonaccidentally, noting that although R.G. stated his mother burned him, he never said

Mother did so intentionally or deliberately. We find Mother’s claim unpersuasive. R.G.

consistently stated Mother burned him with a cigar. He told the reporting party, the

social worker, law enforcement, Dr. Massi, and the court that Mother had burned him.

He also stated that Mother burned him because she was angry at him and that he was

afraid of Mother because she had burned him. He also told the court the cigar touched

his hand “a lot” and that he cried out in pain. He also reported that he started crying,

yelling, and screaming after being burned and his stepfather pulled his mother into the

hallway. H.H. corroborated this statement, reporting that she heard R.G. screaming and

                                              13
yelling in his room. The CAN examination concluded R.G.’s injury was the result of

physical abuse and not neglect. Mother initially denied smoking or owning a lighter.

She later changed her response and said she occasionally smoked cigars but not near her

children. H.H., however, reported that Mother smoked daily. W.H. also reported that

Mother smoked cigars and that he had a gold lighter. Mother was adamant that she did

not burn R.G. with a cigar and never claimed she may have accidentally.

       Based on R.G.’s statements, the fact Mother smoked cigars and tried to initially

conceal it, the CAN examination, and Dr. Massi’s testimony, the juvenile court could

reasonably infer that Mother nonaccidentally burned R.G. on his hand with a cigar.

Evidence of a single incident of serious physical harm to a child may be sufficient for the

juvenile court to assume jurisdiction under section 300, subdivision (a). (See In re J.K.

(2009) 174 Cal.App.4th 1426, 1439; In re Mariah T., supra, 159 Cal.App.4th at p. 438.)

The evidence is sufficient to show that Mother burned R.G. on his hand long enough to

leave a burn mark and did so “nonaccidentally.” (§ 300, subd. (a).) The court impliedly

rejected Mother’s explanations of R.G.’s injury and we cannot reweigh the evidence.

       Mother also argues there is no evidence R.G.’s injury constituted serious physical

harm. Section 300, subdivision (a), does not define “ ‘serious physical harm.’ ” (In re

Isabella F. (2014) 226 Cal.App.4th 128, 138.) It only provides, “For purposes of this

subdivision, ‘serious physical harm’ does not include reasonable and age-appropriate

spanking to the buttocks if there is no evidence of serious physical injury.” (§ 300,

subd. (a).) “Although there may be an ‘I know it when I see it’ component to this factual

determination [of what constitutes serious physical harm] . . . parents of common

                                            14
intelligence can discern what injuries fall within its reach.” (In re Mariah T., supra, 159

Cal.App.4th at p. 438.)

       Case law suggests that serious physical harm may be found where physical

discipline causes more than temporary redness, for example, where it causes substantial

bruising or laceration. In In re Mariah T., supra, 159 Cal.App.4th at page 438, the court

did not resolve whether striking an eight-year-old on the back and leaving a red mark

constituted serious physical harm, but did determine serious physical harm occurred

where the parent struck a three-year-old child with a belt on the stomach and forearms,

leaving deep purple bruises. In In re David H. (2008) 165 Cal.App.4th 1626, 1645, the

court found serious physical harm where a seven-year-old child was struck with a belt or

a cord leaving welts, bruises, and broken skin. In In re Benjamin D. (1991) 227

Cal.App.3d 1464, 1472, pinching a child in anger, causing bruising that lasted four to 11

days and pain to the child, supported a finding the child was at risk of serious physical

harm. Here, R.G.’s burn resulted in a burn mark lasting about a month. The referral was

received on March 12, 2015, after the reporting party observed a burn or abrasion on

R.G.’s hand. When the social worker met R.G. on March 18, 2015, she saw a small

pinkish color circular mark on R.G.’s hand. The injury was “slightly visible” when the

social worker met with R.G. on April 7, 2015.

       Mother contends that In re Isabella F., supra, 226 Cal.App.4th 128, requires us to

find that R.G.’s injuries were not serious enough to warrant jurisdiction under section

300, subdivision (a). We reject this argument because the court’s conclusion in

Isabella F. was based on distinguishable facts. In that case, the mother had struggled

                                             15
with her daughter when she would not get ready for school, inflicting small scratches on

the child’s face. (Isabella F., at pp. 131-132.) The mother admitted to spanking the

child, but denied hitting her face and claimed that any scratches would have been

accidental. (Id. at p. 132.) Photographs of the child’s injuries showed a “gouge mark” on

her earlobe and a “small cut” on her cheekbone, both of which were “consistent with a

fingernail injury.” (Ibid.) At the jurisdiction hearing, the mother’s counsel argued that

the child’s injuries did not constitute serious physical harm, but counsel “stopped short of

asking the juvenile court to dismiss the petition, apparently based on mother’s desire to

receive services.” (Id. at p. 135.) The appellate court found that the fingernail scratches

on the child’s face were not serious injuries for purposes of section 300, subdivision (a)

jurisdiction. (Isabella F., at pp. 138-139.) The court also found that the child was not at

risk of suffering serious physical harm in the future because the child had reported that

the altercation with her mother was an “isolated incident.” (Id. at p. 139.)

       The holding of In re Isabella F. is inapplicable here because R.G.’s injury was

more serious and extensive than fingernail scratches. Moreover, Mother never accepted

culpability for the injury and continued to deny that she burned R.G., either intentionally

or accidentally. Furthermore, while the cigar burn was the most serious incident of

abuse, R.G. also reported that Mother had kicked him in the groin area and punched him

in the past.

       We find R.G.’s burn injury qualifies as “serious physical harm.” This is an injury

that any parent of common intelligence would recognize as serious physical harm. (See

In re Mariah T., supra, 159 Cal.App.4th at p. 438.) It went beyond the “reasonable and

                                             16
age-appropriate spanking to the buttocks” not resulting in serious physical harm excluded

from the scope of the subdivision. (§ 300, subd. (a).) Mother is essentially asking us to

reweigh the evidence, which is beyond our authority. Because the substantial evidence

standard of review requires that we “ ‘accept the evidence most favorable to the order as

true and discard the unfavorable evidence as not having sufficient verity to be accepted

by the trier of fact,’ ” (In re A.S., supra, 202 Cal.App.4th at p. 244) we conclude that the

evidence is sufficient to sustain the juvenile court’s findings as to allegation a-1.

       Having found substantial evidence to support a finding of jurisdiction based on

section 300, subdivision (a), we need not address Mother’s contention that there is

insufficient evidence to support a finding of jurisdiction based on section 300,

subdivision (b). (In re I.J., supra, 56 Cal.4th 766, 773 [“ ‘When a dependency petition

alleges multiple grounds for its assertion that a minor comes within the dependency

court’s jurisdiction, a reviewing court can affirm the juvenile court’s finding of

jurisdiction over the minor if any one of the statutory bases for jurisdiction that are

enumerated in the petition is supported by substantial evidence. In such a case, the

reviewing court need not consider whether any or all of the other alleged statutory

grounds for jurisdiction are supported by the evidence.’ ”]; see also In re I.A. (2011) 201

Cal.App.4th 1484, 1492; D.M. v. Superior Court (2009) 173 Cal.App.4th 1117, 1127; In

re Alexis E. (2009) 171 Cal.App.4th 438, 451; Randi R. v. Superior Court (1998) 64

Cal.App.4th 67, 72; In re Jonathan B. (1992) 5 Cal.App.4th 873, 875.) Accordingly, we

conclude substantial evidence supports the juvenile court’s jurisdictional findings.

                                              17
       B.     Dispositional Orders

       Mother also argues that reversal of the juvenile court’s “purported” dispositional

orders is required because the court’s orders were not authorized by the statutory scheme

thereby rendering those orders void or voidable.

       Here, the juvenile court did not expressly declare R.G. a dependent of the court

pursuant to section 360, subdivision (d). The court also failed to make removal findings

under section 361 prior to placing R.G. with his father pursuant to section 361.2.

Although the better practice is to express each and every finding and to explain the

grounds for such findings on the record, we conclude the lack of explicit findings does

not compel reversal.

       Section 360 provides the juvenile court with several options once it has

determined that a child is a person described under section 300. Section 360,

subdivision (d), provides that the juvenile court may “order and adjudge the child to be a

dependent child of the court,” if it finds that the child is a person described by section

300. Here, the court found R.G. to be a child described by section 300, and sufficient

evidence as set forth in section II.A., ante, supports such a finding. As such, the court

impliedly adjudged R.G. a dependent of the court. Indeed, Mother acknowledges that an

order declaring the child a dependent of the court can be implied here.

       Turning to the removal findings, some provisions of dependency law expressly

require the juvenile court to set forth the facts supporting its decision. One such

provision is section 361, which concerns removal from parental custody. (§ 361,

subd. (d) [“court shall state the facts on which the decision to remove the minor is

                                              18
based”]; see, e.g., In re Jason L. (1990) 222 Cal.App.3d 1206, 1218.) Another is section

361.2, which governs placement with a noncustodial parent. (§ 361.2, subd. (c) [“court

shall make a finding either in writing or on the record of the basis for its determination”];

see, e.g., In re V.F. (2007) 157 Cal.App.4th 962, 973, superseded by statute on other

grounds as stated in In re Adrianna P. (2008) 166 Cal.App.4th 44, 58.)

       “Failure to make the required findings [is] error.” (In re Jason L., supra, 222

Cal.App.3d at p. 1218.) But reversal is not warranted if the error is harmless. (See id. at

p. 1219.) The error is harmless if “it is not reasonably probable such findings, if made,

would have” resulted in the outcome sought by the appellant. (In re Diamond H. (2000)

82 Cal.App.4th 1127, 1137, overruled on other grounds in Renee J. v. Superior Court

(2001) 26 Cal.4th 735, 748, fn. 6.) In other words, Mother must demonstrate a

reasonable probability that, in the absence of error, the lower court would have reached a

decision more favorable to her. Otherwise, any error by the court is harmless. (See, e.g.,

In re D’Anthony D. (2014) 230 Cal.App.4th 292, 303 [failure to make detriment finding

was harmless].)

       Moreover, as case law recognizes, the requisite findings may be implied in a

proper case. (In re Corienna G. (1989) 213 Cal.App.3d 73, 83 [permanency planning

order; former § 366.25, subd. (d)]; In re Andrea G. (1990) 221 Cal.App.3d 547, 554

[same]; In re Daniel C. H. (1990) 220 Cal.App.3d 814, 838 [termination of visitation;

former § 361, subd. (a)].) Conversely, there are circumstances in which appellate courts

decline to imply required findings. (See, e.g., In re V.F., supra, 157 Cal.App.4th at

p. 973 [observing that “the better practice is to remand” for a detriment determination

                                             19
under § 361.2, subd. (a)]; In re Marquis D. (1995) 38 Cal.App.4th 1813, 1830

[remanding for a detriment determination under § 361.2, subd. (a)]; In re Kevin N. (2007)

148 Cal.App.4th 1339, 1344-1345 [remanding for a detriment determination under

§ 361.5, subd. (e)(1)].)

       “By its terms, section 361 applies to a custodial parent, while placement with a

noncustodial parent is to be assessed under section 361.2.” (In re D’Anthony D., supra,

230 Cal.App.4th at p. 303.) Section 361, subdivision (c), provides in relevant part: “A

dependent child shall not be taken from the physical custody of his or her parents or

guardian or guardians with whom the child resides at the time the petition was initiated,

unless the juvenile court finds clear and convincing evidence of . . . . [¶] (1) . . . a

substantial danger to the physical health, safety, protection, or physical or emotional

well-being of the minor if the minor were returned home, . . .” Section 361.2,

subdivision (a), provides: “When a court orders removal of a child pursuant to Section

361, the court shall first determine whether there is a parent of the child, with whom the

child was not residing at the time that the events or conditions arose that brought the child

within the provisions of Section 300, who desires to assume custody of the child. If that

parent requests custody, the court shall place the child with the parent unless it finds that

placement with that parent would be detrimental to the safety, protection, or physical or

emotional well-being of the child.”

       In this case, the court’s error was in failing to make express findings under section

361, subdivision (a), before proceeding to the section 361.2 findings. Rather than first

finding clear and convincing evidence of a “substantial danger” to the child’s physical

                                              20
health, safety, protection, or physical or emotional well-being of the child under section

361, subdivision (c)(1), it found clear and convincing evidence that placement with

Father would not be detrimental to R.G. under section 361.2.

       Nonetheless, the court’s error is harmless because substantial evidence supports

removal of R.G. from Mother’s custody under section 361, subdivision (c). In deciding

whether there is a reasonable probability of the lower court reaching a result more

favorable to Mother than it did when it expressly found clear and convincing evidence to

support removal under section 361.2, “we can neither ignore the similarity between these

statutes’ mandatory findings, nor disregard the evidence supporting the court’s” lack of

detriment finding concerning placement with Father. (In re D’Anthony D., supra, 230

Cal.App.4th at p. 303; see, e.g., In re Nickolas T. (2013) 217 Cal.App.4th 1492, 1507-

1508 [Applying the best interests standard and placing child in long-term foster care

without considering detriment under section 361.2 was harmless error where the record

contained substantial evidence to support a detriment finding.].)

       “Before the court may order a minor physically removed from his or her parent, it

must find, by clear and convincing evidence, the minor would be at substantial risk of

harm if returned home and there are no reasonable means by which the minor can be

protected without removal. (§ 361, subd. (c)(1).) A removal order is proper if it is based

on proof of parental inability to provide proper care for the minor and proof of a potential

detriment to the minor if he or she remains with the parent.” (In re Diamond H., supra,

82 Cal.App.4th 1127, 1136.) Although the standard for removal under section 361 is

clear and convincing evidence in juvenile court, the appellate court reviews the juvenile

                                            21
court’s findings for sufficiency of evidence. (In re Jasmine C. (1999) 70 Cal.App.4th 71,

75.) Furthermore, it is the duty of the juvenile court to determine the credibility of the

witnesses. (In re Marco S. (1977) 73 Cal.App.3d 768, 781.)

       In this case, R.G. repeatedly stated his mother burned him because she was angry.

R.G. also stated he was afraid of Mother. He further asserted that Mother had previously

kicked and punched him and that he also hit Mother. Mother, W.H., and H.H.

corroborated R.G.’s statements in regard to hitting Mother. H.H. also stated that she was

afraid of R.G. W.H. further reported that R.G. was out of control; that he was combative

when he did not get his way; and that W.H. was afraid for Mother and H.H. due to R.G.’s

uncontrollable behavior. Indeed, W.H. appeared to be very frustrated with R.G. and the

situation, and Dr. Massi described R.G.’s relationship with his mother as unhealthy.

Mother had also reported to the social worker that she could not control R.G.; that R.G.

left the home at all hours; and that he was combative.

       Despite Mother’s initial statements and statements made by R.G., W.H., and H.H.,

at the time of the jurisdictional/dispositional hearing, Mother denied that she could not

control R.G. or that R.G. hit her and H.H. or that she burned R.G. The record shows that

Mother’s relationship with R.G. was unhealthy; that the home environment was unstable

for R.G.; and that physical abuse would likely reoccur given R.G.’s volatility in the

home. Moreover, Mother failed to acknowledge any culpability. Clear and convincing

evidence shows that R.G. would be at a substantial risk of harm if returned to Mother’s

custody and there was no reasonable means to protect R.G. without removal. Although

W.H. and H.H. appeared to be present in the home when the burn incident occurred, they

                                             22
were unable to stop Mother from burning R.G. with a cigar because she was angry at

R.G.

       Mother’s testimony also supports a concern that abuse of R.G. would likely

reoccur if R.G. was not removed from her care. Mother denied burning R.G., either

accidentally or intentionally, and claimed the burn incident never occurred or the injury

to R.G.’s hand was caused by some other means, despite overwhelming evidence to the

contrary. She also minimized R.G.’s combative behavior in the home, or that he hit her

and H.H., or that H.H. was afraid of R.G. While we acknowledge the burn incident

appears to be a one-time occurrence and that Mother had taken care of R.G.’s special

needs, the record shows Mother could no longer control R.G. or her reactions to R.G.’s

uncontrollable behavior. We conclude that there was sufficient evidence to support

removal of R.G. from Mother’s care. Accordingly, any error was harmless.

       Although “the better practice would have been for the trial court to have made a

required determination on the record, we perceive no practical purpose which would be

achieved by” remanding for such findings. (In re Corienna G., supra, 213 Cal.App.3d at

p. 83; see In re Andrea G., supra, 221 Cal.App.3d at p. 554.) This is especially true here

as R.G. has turned 18. Moreover, Mother was “not prejudiced by the lack of an express

determination.” (In re Corienna G., at pp. 84-85; see In re Andrea G., at p. 555.) Mother

“knew that the purpose of the hearing was to” consider removal of the child and Father’s

custody request and dismissal of the dependency. (In re Andrea G., at p. 555.)

                                            III

                                     DISPOSITION

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     The judgment is affirmed.

     NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

                                               RAMIREZ
                                                         P. J.

We concur:

HOLLENHORST
                       J.

McKINSTER
                       J.

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