Court Opinion

ID: 2733850
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-09-17 20:01:46.478605+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:03:24.814686
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                     No. 11-783C
                                Filed: August 21, 2014
                            Reissued: September 17, 20141

    * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *           *
    ERIC F. ADAMS,                          *
                                            *   Military Pay; Motion for Judgment
                   Plaintiff,               *   on the Administrative Record; 10
                                            *   U.S.C. § 1201; 10 U.S.C. § 1216a;
                      v.                    *   Department of Veterans Affairs
                                            *   Schedule for Rating Disabilities
    UNITED STATES,                          *   (VASRD); 38 C.F.R. Part 4; 38 C.F.R.
                                            *   § 4.124a.
                  Defendant.                *
                                            *
    * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

       Barton F. Stichman, National Veterans Legal Services Program, Washington,
D.C., for plaintiff. With him were Thomas A. Moore, National Veterans Legal Services
Program, Noelle J. Coates, Hunton & Williams LLP, Washington, D.C., and Shannon
E. Fyfe, Hunton & Williams LLP.

       Richard P. Schroeder, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil
Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for defendant. With
him were Stuart F. Delery, Assistant Attorney General, Civil Division, Robert E.
Kirschman, Jr., Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, and Scott D.
Austin, Deputy Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, Major Mary E.
Meek, Department of the Army, Litigation Division, Fort Belvoir, Virginia, of counsel.

                                     OPINION

HORN, J.

        Plaintiff, Eric F. Adams, filed suit in the United States Court of Federal Claims
claiming that he “has been denied the disability retirement pay and benefits to which he
is entitled under 10 U.S.C. § 1201 as a result of the Army's erroneous application of the
VASRD [Veterans Affairs Schedule for Rating Disabilities].” Plaintiff seeks to vacate the

1
  This opinion was issued under seal on August 21, 2014. The parties were given the
opportunity to propose possible redactions, but no redactions were proposed. The
original opinion is hereby unsealed and reissued without redaction.
2005 “decision of the Army to assign Plaintiff a disability rating of less than 30% for his
unfitting disability of migraine headaches,” and the 2011 “decision by the Secretary of
the Army to reject the PDBR [Physical Disability Board of Review] majority
recommendation” to raise plaintiff’s disability rating for his “Post-Concussive Migraine
Headaches” from ten percent to thirty percent. He seeks to vacate both decisions as
“unsupported by substantial evidence, arbitrary and capricious, and contrary to law.”
Plaintiff also seeks (1) money damages, (2) a correction to his records to reflect the
thirty percent rating for his migraine condition, (3) interest, costs, and attorneys’ fees,
and (4) other relief as the court deems just and proper.

                                  FINDINGS OF FACT

        According to the parties’ joint stipulation of facts, “Staff Sergeant Eric Adams
began his military service in the United States Army Reserves in November 1985,
serving at various times in both an active and reserve status until his honorable
discharge from the Reserves in December 1994.” The record indicates that during this
time plaintiff served one year, one month, and four days in active service in the role of
military police during the first Gulf War. Plaintiff reenlisted in the Army Reserves on May
1, 2001, for a three-year term. The parties jointly stipulated that on July 24, 2003, while
deployed in Kuwait, “Mr. Adams was injured in a motor vehicle accident during a dust
storm in which Mr. Adams reported his vehicle was hit from behind at a relatively high
speed.” The parties stipulated “that the collision tossed him into the ceiling of the
vehicle,” and the record further indicates that plaintiff hit his head on the ceiling of the
vehicle, although he did not lose consciousness. According to the parties’ joint
stipulation, “Mr. Adams reported that there were no seat belts in the vehicle.” The
parties also stipulated: “The line of duty investigation into the accident concluded that
Mr. Adams sustained a head and neck injury while in the line of duty when the van in
which he was a passenger was hit by a tractor trailer in Kuwait.”2

        The record before the court further indicates that after the accident, plaintiff was
taken for treatment to the 47th Combat Support Hospital in Camp Wolf, Kuwait, where
he complained of head and neck pain. Shortly thereafter, he was evacuated from
Kuwait and sent to Landstuhl Regional Medical Center in Germany for further evaluation
and treatment. Three days after the accident, on July 27, 2003, an “AEROMEDICAL
EVACUATON PATIENT RECORD” indicated that plaintiff complained of a headache
with the pain measuring a seven out of ten. (capitalization in original). On July 28, 2003,
when examined in Landstuhl, Germany, the handwritten medical records appear to
state plaintiff was diagnosed with a “Concussion,” along with “Head Muscle Strain.”
Plaintiff additionally reported at that time that he was suffering from migraine
headaches.

2
  Defendant has not contested whether plaintiff’s medical condition resulted from the
July 24, 2003 accident.

                                             2
        According to the parties, one day later, “[b]y orders dated July 29, 2003, Mr.
Adams was reassigned to Fort Stewart, Georgia, for continued medical care to recover
from his physical injuries.” The record indicates that on August 4, 2003, at Fort Stewart,
Colonel Josephine W. Session, a medical doctor, diagnosed plaintiff with “Post
traumatic Headache Syndrome.”3 The record further indicates that plaintiff was
examined by certified physician assistant Keith E. Williamson at Fort Gordon on August
7, 2003. Mr. Williamson listed “Head Injury” and “Persistent Asthma” under “Impression”
in his report. (emphasis in original). The parties also jointly stipulated that Colonel John
H. Brooks, a medical doctor, subsequently “conducted a medical examination of Mr.
Adams at Fort Stewart, Georgia on August 25, 2003 and diagnosed Mr. Adams with a
‘migraine headache’ due to ‘auto accident with concussion.’”

        On September 11, 2003, Jerry L. Vander Heyden, a doctor of chiropractic
medicine, working at the Winn Army Community Hospital in Fort Stewart, diagnosed
plaintiff with “OCCIPITAL NEURAGIA [sic],” “POST TRAUMATIC HEADACHES,” and
“ACUTE CERVICAL STRAIN/SPRAIN.” (capitalization in original). Plaintiff stated to Dr.
Vander Heyden that his headaches were “FREQUENT,” “THROBBING,” and that they
began “IN THE BASE OF THE SKULL AND RADIATE INTO THE RIGHT SIDE OF HIS
HEAD AND OVER THE EYES.” (capitalization in original). Plaintiff also stated to Dr.
Vander Heyden that bright lights affect his eyes, and that “he has had episodes of
dizziness and vomiting as well.” According to the report by Dr. Vander Heyden,
however, “HE HAS HAD A CTSCAN [computerized tomography scan] OF HIS HEAD
WHICH WAS REPORTED TO BE NORMAL.” (capitalization in original). On October 1,
2003, Major Umesh S. Marathe, a medical doctor, examined plaintiff at Fort Stewart’s
Ear, Nose, and Throat Clinic, and stated in his examination report that plaintiff
experienced headaches and a concussion resulting from trauma. Dr. Marathe assessed
plaintiff with “MiGraiNe.” (capitalization as in original). Plaintiff was prescribed medicine
to manage his migraine headaches during this period. The parties jointly stipulated that
while at Fort Stewart, on October 21, 2003, First Lieutenant Elizabeth VanHemel, a
certified physician assistant, assessed plaintiff, and “diagnosed Mr. Adams with
‘migraine headache’ and ‘post-concussive syndrome.’” According to the parties, First
Lieutenant VanHemel noted that plaintiff “‘fe[lt] like his migraine [was] about to start’ but
that he was not ‘photophobic’ and had no ‘vertigo.’” (modifications in original).

      A Department of the Army (DA) Form 3349, “PHYSICAL PROFILE” report,4
signed by Dr. Session, an Army physician, on November 4, 2003, indicated

3
  The phrase “Post traumatic Headache Syndrome” follows the letter “A” in the notes
taken by the physician, which appears to indicate “Assessment.”
4
 The DA Form 3349 is part of the Army’s physical profiling system, which is used to
determine whether a physical condition has temporarily or permanently affected a
soldier’s ability to perform his or her military duty. See Army Reg. 40-501, Ch. 7 (Apr.
12, 2004 Rev.); see also 5 C.F.R. § 339 (2005).

                                             3
“MIGRAINE” as plaintiff’s “MEDICAL CONDITION.” (capitalization in original). This
report recommended that plaintiff not be deployed because of his injury.5 On a
November 6, 2003 sick call for neck and shoulder pain at Fort Stewart, Eric Treaster,
the treating physician assistant, assessed plaintiff with migraines, and filed a medical
report indicating “Migraines” as one of plaintiff’s medical conditions, along with “DDD
Cy-C6,” which appears to refer to a spinal injury. According to the parties, on November
18, 2003 Major Jason Friedman, a neurologist, evaluated plaintiff at Fort Stewart’s
Eisenhower Medical Center and diagnosed him with “migraines.” The parties jointly
stipulated that “Dr. Freidman states in his report that Mr. Adams ‘[complained of]
migraines since accident 24 July 03’ starting in the frontal area with nausea, vomiting,
photophobia, phonophobia, and that these symptoms were relieved with ‘midrin and
rest, cold compress.’” (modification in original). The parties further jointly stipulated:
“The report also reflects that Mr. Adams reported to Dr. Friedman that he had migraines
‘at least once a [week]’ that ‘last until he goes [to sleep],’ with an intensity of 8-9 out of
10.” (modifications in original). The record also indicates that another physical profile
report was completed on November 24, 2003, this time by Dr. Brooks, which listed
“ASTHMA. MIGRAINE HEADACHE. HEARING LOSS. DEGENERATIVE DISK [sic]
DISEASE. LEFT PLANTAR FASCITIS [sic]” as plaintiff’s “MEDICAL CONDITION.”
(capitalization in original). When visiting Dr. Vander Heyden on December 8, 2003,
plaintiff again reported: “Migraine, 2 Headaches LAST weeks,” along with tinnitus, but
indicated that the migraines were controlled with medication. First Lieutenant Kim
Walker, another physician assistant, examined plaintiff on February 10, 2004 and
diagnosed him with “migraine HA’s [headaches] – controlled.” On April 19, 2004,
Colonel Lynn F. Abrams filed a physical profile report, which also listed migraines as
one of Mr. Adams’ medical conditions. Both parties stated in their briefs that at no point
did the evidence demonstrate that plaintiff suffered from memory loss or memory
impairment.

        Plaintiff was evaluated by Dr. Thomas R. Byrnes at the Winn Army Community
Hospital, Fort Stewart, Georgia, on April 22, 2004. The parties jointly stipulated
regarding the April 22, 2004 visit: “Dr. Thomas Byrnes examined Mr. Adams for the
Military Evaluation Board (‘MEB’) to evaluate his medical condition.” The parties further
stipulated that plaintiff told Dr. Byrnes that he suffered from “daily headaches . . . with
occasional exacerbations. . . [sic] for which he takes Percocet when [the pain] is
severe.” (modifications in original). The report by Dr. Byrnes gave the following
diagnosis: “Chronic neck pain with degenerative disc disease and a cervical herniated
nucleus pulposus, debilitating migraine headaches, plantar fasciitis, left plantar fasciitis.
Sensory neural hearing loss with tinnitus, medically acceptable, and asthma, medically

5
  Although only the physical profile report filed on November 4, 2003, specifically
recommended that plaintiff not be deployed, two later physical profile reports in the
record, dated November 24, 2003 and April 19, 2004, substantially limited plaintiff’s
duties within the Army, for example, by preventing plaintiff from “WEAPON[S] FIRING,”
and limiting his ability to lift heavy objects, perform strenuous activity, or be in areas with
loud noise. (capitalization in original).

                                              4
acceptable.” The parties jointly stipulated: “The doctor’s narrative summary states that
the migraines occur ‘weekly’ and require Mr. Adams ‘to leave his duty station, take
medication and rest in a darkened room.’” The report also indicated that Dr. Byrnes
recommended Mr. Adams be sent “to the Physical Evaluation Board for further
adjudication.”

        Additionally, the parties jointly stipulated that “[o]n May 3, 2004, the Medical
Evaluation Board convened to evaluate plaintiff’s medical condition.” The May 3, 2004
MEB, according to the parties, “determined that Mr. Adams fell below Army medical
fitness standards for retention for a number of reasons, including ‘debilitating migraine
headaches,’ and referred his case to a Physical Evaluation Board.” The parties also
jointly stipulated that, one day later, on May 4, 2004, “Mr. Adams concurred with the
Medical Evaluation Board’s findings and recommendations,” and the record indicates
that plaintiff signed a DA Form 3947 (Mar. 1983 Rev.), marking the box, “I agree with
the board’s findings and recommendation.”

        According to the parties’ joint stipulation, “[o]n May 5, 2004, an informal Physical
Evaluation Board (‘PEB’) reviewed Mr. Adams’s medical history.” As indicated jointly by
the parties, the 2004 informal PEB concluded that plaintiff’s “‘medical and physical
impairment prevent[ed] the reasonable performance of duties required by grade and
military specialty.’” (modification in original). The record indicates that the 2004 informal
PEB assigned plaintiff a disability rating of thirty percent, based on the following:

       (a) 20 percent for “LEFT C5-6 RADICULOPATHY WITH PAIN
           PARESTHESIAS AND SENSORY IMPAIRMENT” under the
           analogous Department of Veterans Affairs (“VA”) Schedule for Rating
           Disabilities (“VASRD”) Diagnostic Codes 8599, 8513 under the VASRD
           diagnostic codes (DCs) 8599-8513[6];

       (b) 10 percent for “C4-5 HERNIATED NUCLEUS PULPOSUS WITH
           COMBINED CERVICAL RANGE OF MOTION OF 305 DEGREES”
           under VASRD Diagnostic Code 5243 [“Intervertebral disc syndrome.”
           38 C.F.R. § 4.71a (2003)];

       (c) zero percent for “MIGRAINE HEADACHES, NOT REQUIRING
           PROPHYLACTIC THERAPY, NOT CONSIDERED PROSTRATING”

6
  DC 8599-8513 represents the pairing of two diagnostic codes in the VASRD, DC
8599, representing an unknown “DISEASE[] OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVES,” rated
analogously to DC 8513, representing “Mild” paralysis of “[a]ll radicular groups.” See
38 C.F.R. § 4.124a (2003) (capitalization and emphasis in original).

                                             5
           under VASRD Diagnostic Code 8910 [“Migraine.” 38 C.F.R. § 4.124a
           (2003).7]

(capitalization in original).

        The 2004 informal PEB determined that plaintiff’s injuries were “not sufficiently
stable for final adjudication,” and recommended that plaintiff be “[p]laced on temporary
disability retired list with reexamination during JUN, 2005.” According to the parties, a
PEB liaison officer, Robert E. King, explained the “findings and recommendations” of
the 2004 informal PEB review to plaintiff, and Mr. Adams’ “legal rights pertaining
thereto.” Thereafter, on May 11, 2004, “Mr. Adams concurred with” the 2004 informal
PEB’s “findings and recommendations and waived a formal hearing of his case,” and
the record indicates that plaintiff signed a DA Form 199 (Jun. 1997 Rev.) and marked, “I
CONCUR AND WAIVE A FORMAL HEARING OF MY CASE.” (capitalization in
original). The parties stipulated that “[i]n July 2004, Mr. Adams was released from active
service and placed on the TDRL [Temporary Disability Retired List].” The record
contains a “CERTIFICATE OF RELEASE OR DISCHARGE FROM ACTIVE DUTY,”
listing a “Separation Date This Period” of July 1, 2004, and listing the type of separation
as “RETIREMENT.” (capitalization in original).

        After plaintiff was placed on the TDRL, the parties stipulated that plaintiff applied
to the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) “for service-connected disability
compensation” on August 3, 2004.8 According to the parties’ joint stipulation, “[o]n
September 1, 2004, the VA issued its first rating decision addressing Mr. Adams’s
migraines,” and assigned plaintiff a fifty percent disability rating for migraines under DC
8100, “Migraine.” In their joint stipulation, the parties noted that the VA concluded that
plaintiff’s migraines were “‘very frequent, completely prostrating, and prolonged attacks
productive of severe economic inadaptability.’” The September 1, 2004 VA report

7
  In the actual May 5, 2004 informal PEB record, plaintiff’s migraines condition was
indicated as rated under DC “8910,” which represents “Epilepsy, grand mal.” 38 C.F.R.
§ 4.124a (2003). Both the later October 24, 2005 informal PEB and July 7, 2011 PDBR
concluded that this rating was an error. The October 24, 2005 informal PEB noted:
“Headaches incorrectly rated in May 2004.” The 2011 PDBR majority decision stated: “It
is clear that the 8910 (epilepsy) code entered on the PEB’s DA Form 199 for TDRL
[Temporary Disability Retired List] placement was erroneous, probably typographically
so. A 0% rating was conferred at that time with documentation on the DA Form 199 that
the headaches were ‘not considered prostrating;’ so, it may be assumed that the rating
criteria in mind were those attendant to code 8100 (migraine).”
8
 Previously, on August 26, 2003, according to the record, plaintiff signed a “PHYSICAL
EVALUATION BOARD (PEB) FACT SHEET,” stating that he understood the rules and
guidelines of disability ratings, including that, “[t]he Army is not bound by the VA ratings
nor is the VA bound by the Army’s ratings.” (capitalization in original).

                                             6
stated: “We have assigned an effective date of July 2, 2004, the first day following your
discharge from the military.”

      The parties have jointly stipulated that, “[a]s a service member who has been
placed on the TDRL, Mr. Adams was required to undergo a periodic medical
examination -at least every 18 months followed by a reevaluation by a PEB to
determine whether his impairments changed to any meaningful degree.” (citing 10
U.S.C. § 1210; Army Reg. 635-40, Ch. 7-4 (Aug. 15, 1990 Rev.)). While on the TDRL,
between his 2004 and later 2005 informal PEB reviews, plaintiff was evaluated on July
18, 2005 by Major Elizabeth L. Garcia, a neurologist, at the Dwight David Eisenhower
Army Medical Center at Fort Gordon, Georgia. According to the parties:

      Dr. Garcia stated, in her medical report, that Mr. Adams reported that he
      was experiencing “one to two” migraine headaches per week with a
      “duration of less than 24 hours”; that the headaches “interfere[d] with his
      quality of life and ability to work”; but that the headaches were “[l]ess
      intense than when he first had them.”

(modifications in original). According to the parties, “Mr. Adams reported to Dr. Garcia
that ‘he gets visual aura with the headaches’ and that the headaches caused
photophobia, visual scotomata, and nausea, but no vomiting.” The parties stipulated
that “Dr. Garcia diagnosed plaintiff with ‘CLASSICAL MIGRAINE (WITH AURA):
intractable with 1-2 prostrating headaches a week’ and found him ‘[n]ot fit for duty’
pursuant to Army Regulation 40-501, paragraph 3-30(g).” (capitalization in original). Dr.
Garcia also noted that plaintiff was not suffering from any mental disability, and was
working as a “‘VA police officer.’”

        In addition, as part of his TDRL review, plaintiff was examined on August 20,
2005 by Captain Tran, an orthopedic specialist, again at the Dwight David Eisenhower
Army Medical Center. Dr. Tran’s examination was not related to Mr. Adams’ migraine
complaints. Instead, Dr. Tran explored whether there was a relationship between
plaintiff’s “neck pain and decreased range-of-motion,” and his “herniated nucleus
pulposus,” for which he had been given a ten percent disability rating in his May 3, 2004
informal PEB review. Dr. Tran concluded that Mr. Adams’ “magnetic resonance imaging
scan findings of a herniated nucleus pulposus without any symptoms on physical
examination is highly unlikely for his cause of his neck pain and decreased range-of-
motion,” and that the patient was stable.

       Plaintiff was given an opportunity to agree or disagree with the TDRL evaluation,
conducted by Doctors Tran and Garcia, in a memorandum dated September 1, 2005.
According to the memorandum, plaintiff had the option to agree with the evaluation and
concur with the phrase: “I have read the TDRL evaluation and agree with the findings
and recommendations.” Alternatively, he could have disagreed with the findings and
filed an appeal by marking: “I have read the TDRL evaluation and I disagree with the
findings and recommendations. My written appeal is attached.” Plaintiff chose the

                                           7
second option and included a notation above his signature, which stated, “NEED
REASONABLE AMOUNT OF TIME TO REPLY, HAVE APPTS.” (capitalization in
original). There is no evidence in the record, however, that plaintiff ever provided further
information.

       On October 13, 2005, plaintiff was notified, in a memorandum from Colonel
Martin I. Reyes, president of the Army PEB, that plaintiff’s upcoming PEB proceedings
had been postponed due to a request for more information. The memorandum stated:

       Physical Evaluation Board proceedings pertaining to the above named
       Soldier are discontinued for the following reasons: Please provide the
       documentation that Soldier was receiving prophylaxis for his headaches
       as described in the 18 July 2005 Neurology Note. The medication profile
       shows that he received no medications from 18 November 2003 until 18
       July 2005, the date of his neurology evaluation. Please provide medication
       profiles supporting the TDRL evaluation.

The memorandum added that “[i]f the information or documentation is not provided to
the PEB within 60 days, the case will be terminated.” Documents in the record suggest
that plaintiff was prescribed and taking medication for his migraine headaches in
October and November of 2003, and was again prescribed medication for his migraine
headaches running from October of 2004 through December of 2005.

      According to the parties’ joint stipulation, a “second informal PEB convened on
October 24, 2005 to review Mr. Adams’s medical condition.” The 2005 informal PEB
rated plaintiff differently than the prior 2004 informal PEB had done, both in rating
percentage and with respect to the causes of plaintiff’s disabilities. The disability ratings
assigned by the 2005 informal PEB are summarized from the record as follows:

       (a) 10 percent for “CERVICAL DISC HERNIATION, WITHOUT NEUROLOGIC
           ABNORMALITY” under DC 5243, “Intervertebral disc syndrome.” 38 C.F.R.
           § 4.71a (2005);

       (b) 10 percent for “POSTCONCUSSIVE MIGRAINE HEADACHES” under DC
           8045-9304, which, as discussed more below, represents “Brain disease due
           to trauma” rated analogously to “Dementia due to head trauma.” See 38
           C.F.R. §§ 4.124a, 4.130 (2005).

The 2005 informal PEB did not assign plaintiff a disability rating for his “LEFT C5-6
RADICULOPATHY” or his “C4-5 HERNIATED NUCLEUS PULPOSUS,” as the 2004
informal PEB had done, nor did the 2005 informal PEB utilize VASRD DC 8100, titled
“Migraine,” to rate plaintiff’s post-concussive migraine headaches. (capitalization in
original). Instead, the 2005 informal PEB chose to rate plaintiff’s migraines under DC
8045-9304, “Brain disease due to trauma,” analogous to “Dementia due to head
trauma.” The 2005 informal PEB, referencing Dr. Garcia’s TDRL evaluation, stated:

                                             8
“NARSUM [narrative summary] indicated 24 July 2003 MVA [motor vehicle accident]
and subsequent diagnosis of postconcussive syndrome. Currently rated IAW [in
accordance with] VASRD note under DC 8045 [‘Brain disease due to trauma’].” As
indicated jointly by the parties, the total resulting disability rating granted by the 2005
informal PEB was twenty percent, which left plaintiff eligible to be medically separated
from the Army, but not retired on disability. As stipulated to by the parties, the 2005
informal PEB also decided that plaintiff’s condition was “‘sufficiently stable for final
adjudication.’”

        The parties jointly stipulated that “[t]he Army provided Mr. Adams with the PEB’s
findings and recommendations.” According to the record, and the parties’ joint
stipulation, “Mr. Adams did not submit an appeal or otherwise submit an election
regarding the 2005 informal PEB decision,” within the applicable time limits, and, as a
result, his case was forwarded to the Army Physical Disability Agency for final
determination on November 17, 2005.9 As indicated in the record, on November 21,
2005, the Army Physical Disability Agency approved the 2005 informal PEB’s
recommendation, removed plaintiff from the TDRL, and discharged him from the Army.
The parties stipulated that “Mr. Adams thereafter was provided a one-time lump sum
disability severance payment.” The Army issued the following order:

       You are removed from the Temporary Disability Retired List and
       discharged from the service on the date indicated because of permanent
       physical disability.

       Effective date: 21 Nov 05
       Percentage of disability: 20%
       Additional instructions: You are entitled to severance pay provided you
       have completed over 6 months of service.

       BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF THE ARMY:

9
  Included in the record is a November 17, 2005 memorandum from Colonel Reyes to
“CDR [Commander], U.S. Army Physical Disability Agency,” discussing plaintiff’s
“Failure to Elect.” The memorandum stated in full:

       1.     SSG [Staff Sergeant] Eric F. Adams, XXX-XX-XXXX has received
       the findings and recommendations of the informal board dated 24
       October 2005 on 27 October 2005, verified per attached FedEx proof of
       delivery, tracking number 792420905764.

       2.     Since the soldier has failed to make an election within the
       prescribed time limits, the case is forwarded in accordance with paragraph
       AR 635-40, para 7-20e for further processing.

(emphasis in original).

                                            9
(capitalization in original).

       Thereafter, plaintiff continued to receive benefits from the VA, based on the VA’s
earlier September 1, 2004 rating decision. Plaintiff “filed a claim for increased
evaluation, a re-opened claim, and a new claim that was received on December 20,
2006.” The VA came to a new disability rating decision on October 26, 2007. As part of
the VA’s October 26, 2007 rating decision, the VA “proposed decreasing its rating of Mr.
Adams’s migraine condition [previously awarded September 1, 2004] from 50 percent
disabling to 10 percent,” based on “a thorough review of your outpatient treatment
records which fail[ed] to confirm any treatment for completely prostrating and prolonged
headaches over the past year which caused severe economic inadaptability.” The
October 26, 2007 VA rating decision also stated:

       In November, 2005, you were routinely evaluated for headache treatment
       and were noted to be “in no acute distress.” Seen again in March, 2006,
       for migraine management you were again described as being in “no acute
       distress.” In July, 2006, you were found to be in a “functional status” and in
       “no acute distress.” You presently take medications to reduce the
       frequency and severity of migraine headaches. At your VA compensation
       and pension examination you reported that headaches had become worse
       and that they are more frequent. You described your headaches as
       occurring “weekly.” Physical examination was unremarkable.

The VA decision explained: “Prostrating attacks of headache are episodes of acute
signs and symptoms severe enough to cause extreme weakness and incapacitation
which require bed rest and treatment by a physician. The evidence of record fails to
establish a current history of migraine headaches which meet this criteria.” In the
October 26, 2007 rating decision, the VA also proposed to increase plaintiff’s disability
rating for “cervical disc disease, C4 to C6,” from ten percent to twenty percent, and
maintain plaintiff’s other disability ratings for his “chronic adjustment disorder,” “left C5-6
radiculopathy,” “labrynthitis,” “tinnitus,” and “asthma.” The record before the court is not
clear, however, it appears that plaintiff’s fifty percent disability rating related to his
migraine headaches, awarded on September 1, of 2004, was not actually reduced.

       The record before the court reflects that on November 15, 2007 plaintiff
requested a formal hearing to contest the reduction in migraine-related benefits
suggested earlier by the VA. On March 13, 2008 the VA received from plaintiff a
summary of leave requests, showing “many requests for sick leave due to headaches.”
According to the record, plaintiff filed another “claim for increased evaluation” with the
VA on June 19, 2008. The VA issued another rating decision on December 15, 2008, in
which the VA continued plaintiff’s disability ratings related to his shoulder and neck pain,
and vertigo, however, the VA did not address Mr. Adams’ disability rating for his

                                              10
migraine condition.10 On September 17, 2009, the VA issued another rating decision,
stating that “[s]ince our last review of your claim, we received additional evidence on
March 13, 2008,” related to Mr. Adams’ migraine condition. The September 17, 2009 VA
rating decision included the following determination: “Evaluation of migraines, which is
currently 50 percent disabling, is continued.” Plaintiff’s September 17, 2009 VA rating
decision also stated in its explanation:

         Rating decision of October 26, 2007, proposed to reduce your benefits.
         We sent you a letter on November 2, 2007, notifying you of the proposed
         reduction. You had 60 days to submit additional evidence or 30 days to
         request a hearing.

         On November 15, 2007, we received your request for a hearing prior to
         reduction in benefits.

         Summary of leave requests, received March 13, 2008, shows many
         requests for sick leave due to headaches.

         Review of VAMC [Veteran’s Administration Medical Center] records,
         James A. Haley Veteran's Administration Medical Center, Tampa, from
         April 25, 2008 through June 24, 2009, shows that you report headache
         frequency of once or twice per week on average. You have used
         propranolol, depakote, Imitrex, and Botox for headache prophylaxis with
         varied results. You report decreased headache frequency with Botox,
         however, results last less than a month. Records show that most of your
         headaches are prostrating and last up to 24 hours, causing you to miss
         many days of work.

10
     The parties have stipulated:

         Mr. Adams’s VA rating decision dated December 15, 2008, does not
         address Mr. Adams’ migraine condition, but the VA rating decision dated
         September 17, 2009 notes that the rating of 50 percent for migraines was
         continued. The VA lists as reasons supporting this decision the “summary
         of leave requests received March 13, 2008 show[ing] many requests for
         sick leave due to headaches; a review of VAMC [Veterans’ Administration
         Medical Center] records from April 24, 2008 through June 24, 2009
         showing that Mr. Adams “report[ed] headache frequency of once or twice
         per week on average; and the records showing that “most of [Mr.
         Adams’s] headaches are prostrating and last up to 24 hours, causing [him]
         to miss many days of work.”

(modifications in original).

                                            11
       An evaluation of 50 percent is assigned from July 2, 2004. An evaluation
       of 50 percent is granted if the record shows very frequent completely
       prostrating, and prolonged attacks productive of severe economic
       inadaptability.

       Since there is a likelihood of improvement, the assigned evaluation is not
       considered permanent and is subject to a future review examination.

       Finally, another VA rating decision contained in the record, dated February 2,
2010, stated: “We received a Notice of Disagreement from you on November 15, 2007
about one or more of our earlier decisions. Based on a review of the evidence listed
below, we have made the following decisions on your claim.” The February 2, 2010 VA
decision did not discuss plaintiff’s migraine headaches. In its February 2, 2010 rating
decision, the VA increased plaintiff’s “post traumatic stress disorder with depressed
mood (formerly rated as adjustment disorder),” to fifty percent from thirty percent, and
granted “[s]ervice connection for right knee patellofemoral syndrome” with “an
evaluation of 10 percent effective December 15, 2006.”

        As is discussed further below, on January 28, 2008, Congress passed the
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008, Pub. L. No. 110-181, 122 Stat
3 (Jan. 28, 2008). Title XVI of the Act, the “Wounded Warrior Act,” established the
Physical Disability Board of Review (PDBR). The PDBR was tasked with reviewing the
disability ratings of service members who were separated from the armed forces
between September 11, 2001 and December 31, 2009, if their separation was due to a
medical condition, they received a disability rating of twenty percent or less, and were
not otherwise eligible for retirement. See Wounded Warrior Act § 1643. On November
20, 2009, according to the parties’ joint stipulation, “Mr. Adams petitioned the Physical
Disability Board of Review (‘PDBR’), seeking review of the ‘original decision of the Army
dated [May 3, 2004] and post TDRL rating dated [October 24, 2005].’” (modifications in
original). In his application to the PDBR, Mr. Adams stated that he was “inappropriately
rated at 20% by the US Army PEB.” He asked for a review of the 2004 and 2005
informal PEB decisions, as contrasted with the higher VA ratings he had subsequently
received.11

11
   There is a dispute as to whether plaintiff’s application to the PDBR (Defense
Department Form 294 (Jan. 2009 Rev.)), was filed by Mr. Adams pro se or by an
attorney on plaintiff’s behalf. Plaintiff’s application stated that Mr. Adams was
represented by Jason J. Quintero, from the firm of “Carlton Fields Attorneys at Law.”
Thomas A. Moore, a staff attorney at the National Veterans Legal Services Program,
who is plaintiff’s attorney of record in the above captioned case, in a sworn affidavit filed
with the court, states that plaintiff was not represented by any counsel at the time he
prepared his November 20, 2009 PDBR application. According to Mr. Moore, plaintiff
included Mr. Quintero’s name on the PDBR application “in the hope that he would be
able to later obtain Mr. Quintero's agreement to extend his pro bono representation of
Mr. Adams before the VA to pro bono representation of Mr. Adams before the PDBR,”

                                             12
        As stipulated to by the parties, on July 7, 2011, a three-person PDBR panel
convened to review plaintiff’s claims. The evidence the panel considered included
plaintiff’s “DD [Defense Department] Form 294,” which was his application for review by
the Physical Disability Board of Review, as well as his “Service Treatment Record,” and
“Department of Veterans’ Affairs Treatment Record.” The parties stipulated that: “The
PDBR based its recommendations ‘on the severity [of his conditions] evidenced at the
time of his permanent separation,’” on November 21, 2005.12 (modification in original).

        A two-person majority of the three-person 2011 PDBR concluded that plaintiff’s
disability rating for his “Post-Concussive Migraine Headaches” condition should be
raised from twenty percent to thirty percent. In determining which evidence was most
probative as to plaintiff’s injuries, the 2011 PDBR majority determined that “[t]he most
influential evidence therefore is that obtained from the TDRL evaluation underpinning
the PEB determinations at the time of permanent separation.” The 2011 PDBR majority

despite the fact that Mr. Adams “had never discussed with Mr. Quintero the issue of
representation before the PDBR.” Additionally, Mr. Moore asserts that plaintiff was
denied the ability to be represented by counsel after his application was submitted to
the PDBR. Mr. Moore gives the following explanation: After plaintiff retained the
National Veterans Legal Services Program, plaintiff’s counsel wanted to supplement
plaintiff’s PDBR application. Providing as support a January 2011 e-mail chain attached
to Mr. Moore’s affidavit, Mr. Moore attests that the Chief of the Joint Central
Adjudication of the PDBR, Greg Johnson, stated to a National Veterans Legal Services
Program attorney: “‘since you have indicated that [Mr. Adams] wishes to submit
additional documentation, I will ensure that his case is not adjudicated until the
documentation is received and reviewed.’” (modification in original). Nonetheless,
according to Mr. Moore, the PDBR went ahead and adjudicated plaintiff’s case in July of
2011. Mr. Moore stated in his affidavit:

      Despite Mr. Johnson's representation to Mr. Sonenshine [another National
      Veterans Legal Services Program attorney], these decisions were
      rendered before any additional documentation or supplementation was
      submitted on behalf of Mr. Adams, as the Administrative Record reflects.
      Thus, the only submission to the PDBR by Mr. Adams was his DD 294
      application form, which was prepared pro se by Mr. Adams.
12
   The top of the first page of the 2011 PDBR record stated Mr. Adams’ “SEPARATION
DATE” as “20040701,” or July 1, 2004, the date plaintiff was discharged from active
duty after his 2004 informal PEB review. The record, as well as the parties’ filings,
however, indicate that plaintiff was separated from the Army due to his disabilities on
November 21, 2005, shortly after his October 24, 2005 informal PEB review. The text of
the 2011 PDBR majority decision also indicated that plaintiff was “medically separated”
in 2005, after the 2005 informal PEB determination, and that before then his status was
instead “temporary retirement.”

                                          13
decision acknowledged plaintiff’s “contention that his combined VA rating of 80%
[effective July 2, 2004] differs considerably from the 20% combined rating conferred by
the U.S Army Physical Disability Agency (USAPDA),” the agency under which plaintiff’s
2004 and 2005 informal PEBs operated. The parties stipulated: “The PDBR also noted
that the VA had rated Mr. Adams’s migraines under the disability rating criteria in
VASRD Diagnostic Code 8100 (Migraines), ever since the VA issued ‘its decision based
on service records at the time of TDRL placement.’”

       The 2011 PDBR majority decision found that since the VA findings were not
within twelve months of plaintiff’s separation from the Army, they were to be accorded
no special benefit:

       The VA’s initial rating evaluation was based on severity evidenced at the
       time of temporary retirement, which was 16 months prior to permanent
       separation; and, the first subsequent VA evaluation was performed 24
       months after permanent separation. DoDI 6040.44 [Department of
       Defense Instruction 6040.44], under which the Board operates, specifies a
       12-month interval for special consideration to VA findings. This does not
       mean that the VA clinical evidence at the time of temporary retirement and
       VA evaluations after permanent separation were disregarded; but, in
       matters germane to the severity of the Cl’s [claimant’s] conditions and
       disability at the time of his permanent separation, the information in the
       service record proximal to that date (20051024) was assigned
       proportionately more probative value as a basis for the Board’s rating
       recommendations.

       The 2011 PDBR majority included a comparison table in their decision:

(as in original).

                                          14
       The 2011 PDBR majority decision stated: “IAW [in accordance with] DoDI
6040.44 [June 2, 2009 Rev.], provisions of DoD or Military Department regulations or
guidelines relied upon by the PEB will not be considered by the Board to the extent they
were inconsistent with the VASRD in effect at the time of the adjudication.” The 2011
PDBR majority decision briefly summarized the background of plaintiff’s injury, stating in
relevant part:

      The Cl developed debilitating headaches after the 2003 MVA [motor
      vehicle accident]. . . . Posttraumatic headache is the most common
      symptom following mild head injury, although posttraumatic migraine
      headaches are less common. The evidence of record indicated that the Cl
      had no migraine headaches prior to the MVA. If present, the clinical
      features of posttraumatic migraine headaches are similar to those of
      typical migraine. . . . Outpatient Neurology notes and the narrative
      summary (NARSUM) at the onset of TDRL documented both ‘post-
      concussive’ and ‘migraine’ descriptors for the headaches. The NARSUM
      stated, “He continues to have weekly migraines requiring him to leave his
      duty station, take medication and rest in a darkened room.”

The PDBR majority decision commented, referring to Mr. Adams’ October 24, 2005
informal PEB determination: “The PEB at the time of permanent separation
characterized the condition as ‘post-concussive migraine headaches’ coded 8045-9304
(‘brain disease due to trauma’ analogous to ‘dementia due to head trauma’).” In
reaching a determination on which diagnostic code to use to rate plaintiff’s migraine
condition, the 2011 PDBR majority decision stated:

      Regarding the appropriate coding option, although 8045 [“Brain disease
      due to trauma”] code is technically more accurate for the diagnosis, Board
      members concluded that the 8100 [“Migraine”] rating criteria are more
      applicable and fair for rating purposes. It was debated therefore whether a
      divergence from the more clinically specific 8045 code was justified by
      VASRD §4.7 (higher of two evaluations) and §4.3 (reasonable doubt).
      Consensus was that the DoDI 60.40.44 mandate for arriving at a “fair and
      equitable” recommendation justified resolution of this question in favor of
      the Cl [claimant].

The 2011 PDBR majority decision coded “analogously to 8100 [Migraine],” however,
rating plaintiff under DC 8199-8100, “MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES” analogous to
“Migraine.”13 See 38 C.F.R. § 4.124a (2005) (capitalization in original). Using DC 8199-

13
  The 2011 PDBR majority decision did not provide an explanation for why the PDBR
majority rated plaintiff under DC 8199-8100, as opposed to DC 8100, “Migraine.” It
appears, however, that rating plaintiff under DC 8100, “Migraine,” as opposed to DC
8199-8100, would not have resulted in a substantially different rating outcome.
According to the VASRD in effect in 2005: “When an unlisted disease, injury, or residual

                                           15
8100, “MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES” analogous to “Migraine,” the PDBR majority
decision assigned plaintiff a disability rating of thirty percent for his “Post-Concussive
Migraine Headaches” “UNFITTING CONDITION.” (capitalization and emphasis in
original). The 2011 PDBR majority decision stated: “It was agreed that the episodes
documented above were equivocally characterized as prostrating since it was not
specified whether the headaches forced cessation of work activities, although
reasonable doubt allows the assumption that at least some of them were.” This resulted
in a final recommendation by the 2011 PDBR majority of a forty percent disability rating
for plaintiff, since the PDBR majority decision also continued plaintiff’s ten percent
disability rating for his “Cervical Disc Herniation” condition, pursuant to DC 5243,
“Intervertebral disc syndrome.” See 38 C.F.R. § 4.71a (2005).

       The single minority member of the 2011 PDBR filed a dissenting decision, which
consisted of two grounds for rejecting the majority recommendation. First, the minority
decision contended that DC 8045, “Brain disease due to trauma,” was “technically
accurate for the diagnosis.” The minority decision explained that, “Board members
debated whether a divergence from the more clinically specific code [DC 8045, ‘Brain
disease due to trauma’] was justified by VASRD §4.7 (higher of two evaluations) and
§4.3 (reasonable doubt).” The minority decision concluded:

       The evidence is clear that the Cl [claimant] did not have migraine
       headaches prior to the MVA [motor vehicle accident] and that the
       headaches started as a result of the head trauma resulting from it. It
       readily follows that the coding and the rating of the headache condition by
       the PEB at the end of the TDRL period was supported, and that the PEB’s
       interpretation of the VASRD guidelines for post-concussive headaches in
       effect at the time was correct. Unfortunately, the 8045 rating criteria in
       2005 did not apply what we know about traumatic brain injuries today and
       did not take into consideration the nature of the headaches or the severity
       of the subjective symptoms that resulted from the head trauma. DoDI

condition is encountered, requiring rating by analogy, the diagnostic code number will
be ‘built-up’ as follows: The first 2 digits will be selected from that part of the schedule
most closely identifying the part, or system, of the body involved; the last 2 digits will be
“99” for all unlisted conditions.” 38 C.F.R. § 4.27 (2005). Under the 2005 VASRD,
diagnostic code 8199 refers to “MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES,” which is the category
of diseases listed under the 81XX series of diagnostic codes. See 38 C.F.R. § 4.124a
(2005) (capitalization in original). A rating of DC 8199-8100 appears to represent to a
rating of “MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES,” analogous to “Migraine.” See id.
(capitalization in original); see also Price v. Shinseki, No. 08-3390, 2010 WL 4987330,
at *6 (Vet. App. Dec. 3, 2010) (referring to “‘8199-8100’” as “an analogous condition
under the DC for migraines” (internal citation omitted; emphasis in original)).
Regardless, as discussed further below, the actual disability rating chosen still would be
based on the diagnostic code following the hyphen, or DC 8100 in this case. See 38
C.F.R. § 4.27 (2005).

                                             16
      6040.44, however, is unequivocal in its stipulation that the VASRD criteria
      applied to Board recommendations are derived from the VASRD in effect
      at separation.

The 2011 PDBR minority decision also rejected the majority recommendation because,
even if Mr. Adams were to be rated under DC 8100, “Migraine,” plaintiff’s condition
would not warrant a thirty percent disability rating. The 2011 PDBR minority decision
stated:

      I furthermore believe that, even if the 8100 rating criteria were conceded, it
      would be overly speculative to characterize the episodes documented at
      separation as prostrating. It was documented that the Cl [claimant] was
      fully employed as a security guard by the VA at the time of permanent
      separation, and the record is devoid of evidence that the headaches
      forced cessation of work activities during the rating period (8100 specifies
      “last several months”). Board precedence, and the more typical VA
      practice, has been to define ‘prostrating’ by documented occurrences of
      the need to abandon work in order to treat the headache.

(emphasis in original). The 2011 PDBR minority decision, therefore, recommended that
plaintiff’s condition of “Post-Concussive Migraine Headaches” continue to be rated at
ten percent under DC 8045-9304, “Brain disease due to trauma,” analogous to
“Dementia due to head trauma.” The PDBR minority decision, as with the PDBR
majority decision, also chose to continue plaintiff’s ten percent disability rating for his
“Cervical Disc Herniation” condition, rated under DC 5243, “Intervertebral disc
syndrome.” See 38 C.F.R. § 4.71a (2005).

       On July 26, 2011, the Deputy Director of the PDBR, after reviewing the PDBR
application, “Record of Proceedings,” and majority and minority decisions,
recommended that the Director for Army Review Boards, acting on behalf of the
Secretary of the Army, accept Mr. Adams’ 2011 PDBR majority recommendation.
Nonetheless, on August 23, 2011, the Deputy Assistant Secretary for Army Review
Boards, acting for the Secretary of the Army, chose to reject the PDBR majority
recommendation. The Deputy Assistant Secretary’s brief rationale, in support of
selecting the PDBR minority decision, stated in full:

      I have reviewed the Board’s record of proceedings, majority
      recommendation, and minority opinion (copy enclosed). I regret to inform
      you that I reject the Board’s majority recommendation and accept the
      Board’s minority opinion as accurate that your final Physical Evaluation
      Board disability rating remains unchanged. There is insufficient
      justification to support the Board’s recommendation in accordance with
      Army and Department of Defense regulations.

                                            17
The Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army informed plaintiff that his recourse with the
Department of Defense was exhausted, but that he could “seek relief by filing suit in a
court of appropriate jurisdiction.”

       Plaintiff subsequently filed a complaint in the United States Court of Federal
Claims, and alleges he “has been denied the disability retirement pay and benefits to
which he is entitled under 10 U.S.C. § 1201 as a result of the Army’s erroneous
application of the VASRD.” Plaintiff, in his complaint, seeks to vacate two separate
determinations by the Secretary of the Army. Plaintiff seeks:

       (1) to vacate the 2005 “decision of the Army to assign Plaintiff a disability rating
           of less than 30% for his unfitting disability of migraine headaches and a
           combined disability rating of less than 40% for all of Plaintiff’s physical
           injuries,” because the decision is “unsupported by substantial evidence,
           arbitrary and capricious, and contrary to law;”

       (2) to vacate the 2011 “decision by the Secretary of the Army to reject the PDBR
           majority recommendation,” because the decision is “unsupported by
           substantial evidence, arbitrary and capricious, and contrary to law.”

Both of plaintiff’s claims relate to the Secretary of the Army’s interpretation of two
VASRD diagnostic codes, DC 8100, “Migraine,” and DC 8045-9304, “Brain disease due
to trauma,” analogous to “Dementia due to head trauma.” Plaintiff makes multiple
arguments why the choice to rate plaintiff’s “Post-Concussive Migraine Headaches”
under DC 8045-9304, “Brain disease due to trauma,” analogous to “Dementia due to
head trauma,” instead of DC 8100, “Migraine,” was impermissible. Plaintiff argues that
the Secretary of the Army’s interpretation of the VASRD diagnostic codes is contrary to
both their plain meaning and the controlling interpretation given to them by the United
States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims and the Board of Veterans Appeals.
Plaintiff also argues that the Secretary ignored VA regulations that required the
Secretary to resolve reasonable doubt in choosing between disability ratings in favor of
plaintiff. Furthermore, plaintiff argues that the Secretary ignored DoDI 6040.44, which
requires the PDBR to compare the VA’s and Army’s assigned disability ratings when
making its rating decision. In addition, plaintiff argues that the Secretary ignored DoDI
1332.39 and Army Regulation 635-40, both of which plaintiff alleges prohibit the
analogous rating of DC 8045, “Brain disease due to trauma,” with DC 9304, “Dementia
due to head trauma.” Plaintiff also alleges that the minority member’s determination that
plaintiff’s attacks were not “prostrating” was arbitrary, capricious, unsupported by
substantial evidence, and contrary to law. (emphasis in original).

       Plaintiff seeks (1) “money benefits that are formulaic in nature in an amount to be
determined at trial;” (2) an “Order that Plaintiff’s military records be corrected to reflect
that he was assigned a 30% disability rating for his unfitting migraine headaches on
November 21, 2005, the date Plaintiff was removed from the TDRL and separated from
the Army;” (3) interest, costs, and attorneys’ fees; and (4) such other relief as the Court

                                             18
deems just and proper. The parties filed and briefed cross-motions for judgment on the
administrative record.

                                      DISCUSSION

        Plaintiff’s case must be reviewed in the context of the Army’s disability evaluation
system in place at the times relevant to the events in plaintiff’s case, including May 3,
2004, the date of plaintiff’s MEB review, May 5, 2004 and October 24, 2005, the dates
of plaintiff’s two informal PEB reviews, his separation from the Army on November 21,
2005, and August 23, 2011, the date when plaintiff’s PDBR application was denied by
the Secretary of the Army. During the years at issue, Chapter 61 of Title 10 of the U.S.
Code established the standards and processes by which the Army determined whether
a service member should be retired or separated from service due to a medical
disability. See 10 U.S.C. §§ 1201 et seq. Under the Army’s disability evaluation system
in effect May 3, 2004, the date of plaintiff’s MEB review, service members whose
condition fell below the Army’s medical retention standards were first referred to a MEB,
pursuant to Army Regulation 40-501, Ch. 7-4 (Apr. 12, 2004 Rev). Army Regulation 40-
501, Chapter 3-30(g) listed “Migraine, tension, or cluster headaches, when manifested
by frequent incapacitating attacks” as one of the conditions that triggered a referral to a
MEB. Under Army regulations, the MEB collected and generated a complete record of
the service member’s medical condition. See Army Reg. 40-501, Ch. 3-4; see also DoDI
1332.28, Enclosure 3, Attachment 2 (Nov. 14, 1996 Rev.) (discussing the requirements
for the MEB evaluation and narrative summary). Under the regulations in effect May 3,
2004, the results of the MEB evaluation of plaintiff were then sent to a PEB, which made
“the determination of fitness or unfitness” to serve in the Army. Army Reg. 40-501, Ch.
3-4; see also Army Reg. 40-501, Ch. 3-3 (“Soldiers with conditions listed in [Army
Regulation 40-501, Chapter 3] who do not meet the required medical standards will be
evaluated by an MEB as defined in AR [Army Regulation] 40-400 and will be referred to
a PEB as defined in AR [Army Regulation] 635-40 . . . ,” listing certain exceptions not
applicable to plaintiff’s case).

        An informal PEB reviewed plaintiff’s condition on May 5, 2004, before placing
plaintiff on the TDRL, and again on October 24, 2005, before final separation. At the
time of both the 2004 and 2005 informal PEB reviews, the informal PEB was structured
in accordance with Army Regulation 635-40 (Aug. 15, 1990 Rev.),14 titled “Physical
Evaluation for Retention, Retirement, or Separation.” (emphasis in original).15 An

14
   Army Regulation 635-40 was updated on March 8, 2006, and again on March 20,
2012. The court, however, references the 1990 revision, which was in effect at the time
of plaintiff’s 2004 and 2005 informal PEB determinations. See Personnel Separations,
Physical Evaluation for Retention, Retirement, or Separation, U.S. Army,
http://www.apd.army.mil/jw2/xmldemo/r635_40/cover.asp (last visited August 20, 2014).
15
   DoDI 1332.39, “Application of the Veterans Administration Schedule for Rating
Disabilities,” (Nov. 14, 1996 Rev.) covered similar topics as Army Regulation 635-40,

                                            19
informal PEB was designed to be a “fact-finding board,” responsible for, among other
duties, “[i]nvestigating the nature, cause, degree of severity, and probable permanency
of the disability of soldiers whose cases are referred to the board,” “[p]roviding a full and
fair hearing for the soldier,” and “[m]aking findings and recommendations required by
law to establish the eligibility of a soldier to be separated or retired because of physical
disability.” Army Reg. 635-40, Ch. 4-17(a).

        At the time of plaintiff’s informal PEB reviews in 2004 and 2005, service
members had to appear first before an informal PEB to be reviewed, before choosing
whether to undergo a formal PEB. See Army Reg. 635-40, Ch. 4-20(a). An informal
PEB, like a formal PEB consisted of “at least three members (president, personnel
management officer, and a medical member). PEB members will be experienced
officers who are thoroughly familiar with board procedures.” Army Reg. 635-40, Ch. 4-
17(b). According to the regulations in place at the time of plaintiff’s 2004 and 2005
informal PEB reviews:

       The president and personnel management officers [of the PEB] will be
       field grade officers (other than Medical Corps) on active duty in the U.S.
       Army (other than active duty for training). The medical member will be
       either an officer of the U.S. Army Medical Corps or a Department of the
       Army civilian (DAC) physician with previous U.S. Army Medical Corps
       experience. The medical member must not have served in any capacity
       with the [MEB] that referred the soldier to the PEB.

Id. Despite their status as “informal,” informal PEBs, nonetheless, were detailed,
evaluative processes. According to the Army Regulation:

       Informal procedures reduce the overall time required to process a case
       through the disability evaluation system. An informal board must ensure
       that each case considered is complete and correct. The rapid processing
       intended by the use of informal boards must not override the fundamental
       requirement for detailed and uniform evaluation of each case. All evidence
       in the case file must be closely examined and additional evidence
       obtained if required.

including guidance as to how military review boards were to use and interpret the
VASRD. See DoDI 1332.39 § 1; Army Reg. 635-40, App. B-1. Since it is the Secretary
of the Army’s decision at issue in plaintiff’s case, the court refers to the more
comprehensive Army Regulation. Defendant, in addition, noted that “we do not perceive
any inconsistency between the relevant Army regulations and the relevant Department
of Defense Instructions on any issue material to the outcome of this case.” Plaintiff
agreed, stating: “Plaintiff has reviewed the relevant DoDI [1332.39] and corresponding
Army regulations [635-40] and determined that . . . the relevant provisions are largely
similar and do not require this Court to ignore relevant Army regulations in favor of
contrary DoDI.”

                                             20
Army Reg. 635-40, Ch. 4-20(a). After receiving the findings of the informal PEB, service
members had to request a formal PEB hearing in order to be afforded one. See Army
Reg. 635-40, Ch. 4-21(a) (“A soldier is entitled to a formal hearing if requested after
informal consideration by a PEB.”). The service member, however, could waive the right
to appeal before a formal PEB by “concurring in the findings and recommendations of
the informal board.” Id.

       Both informal and formal PEBs reached their determinations pursuant to Army
Regulation 635-40, Chapter 4-19(a)–(q). The PEBs had the authority to determine by
majority vote:

       (1)    Whether the soldier is physically fit or unfit to perform the duties of
       the soldier’s office, grade, rank, or rating.
       (2)    Whether the disability is of a permanent nature.
       (3)    Whether the disability meets the criteria established by law for
       compensation.

Army Reg. 635-40, Ch. 4-19(a). In addition to determining fitness to serve, the PEB
determined the “severity” of the disability, and from that, “the eligibility of a soldier to be
separated or retired because of physical disability.” Army Reg. 635-40, Ch. 4-17(a); see
also Army Reg. 635-40, App. C-7(a) (“If the soldier is found unfit, the PEB will . . . (2)
Assign a percentage rating to the disability if the soldier otherwise qualifies.”). In 2005,
the year plaintiff separated from the Army, a service member given a disability rating of
thirty percent or more, and who otherwise met the other requirements of 10 U.S.C.
§ 1201, was eligible for medical “retirement.” Retirement from the Army in 2005 allowed
the service member to receive ongoing retirement payments, among other benefits. See
10 U.S.C. §§ 1201, 1401.16 In contrast, a service member who was given a disability
rating of “less than 30 percent” was only eligible for medical “separation.” See 10 U.S.C.
§ 1203. A service member medically “separated” from the Army received a lump sum
severance payment at separation. See 10 U.S.C. § 1212.

       Alternatively, at the time of plaintiff’s 2004 and 2005 informal PEB reviews, if the
informal or formal PEB determined that a service member’s “disability is not determined
to be of a permanent nature and stable” at the time of the PEB, the PEB could place
that service member on the Temporary Disability Retired List, or TDRL. See 10 U.S.C.
§ 1202; Army Reg. 635-40, Chs. 3-9(b), 4-19(h). A service member placed on the TDRL

16
   “Those with disabilities rated at 30 percent or higher are medically retired, entitling
them and their families to health care for life through the military’s TRICARE health care
program, a military pension, and access to commissary and post exchange benefits.”
Hearing to Receive Testimony on the Department of Defense and Veterans Affairs
Disability Rating Systems and the Transition of Servicemembers from the Department
of Defense to the Department of Veterans Affairs, 110th Cong. 2 (Apr. 12, 2007)
(Opening Statement of Senator Carl Levin, Chairman, Committee on Armed Services).

                                              21
would be reevaluated in eighteen months, see 10 U.S.C. § 1210(a); Army Reg. 635-40,
Ch. 4-19(h), but treated as medically “retired” for the interim period. See 10 U.S.C.
§ 1202. Plaintiff was placed on the TDRL after his 2004 informal PEB, and was
medically separated from the Army after his 2005 informal PEB.

         At the time of plaintiff’s 2004 and 2005 informal PEB reviews, the Army
determined disability ratings based on the “standard schedule of rating disabilities in use
by the Department of Veterans Affairs at the time of the determination.” See 10 U.S.C.
§ 1201(b)(3)(B). The VA Schedule of Rating Disabilities, or VASRD, is articulated in 38
C.F.R. Part 4. See generally 38 C.F.R. Pt. 4 (2005). Army regulations further required
that, “[i]f the soldier is entitled to disability benefits, the PEB decides the rating for each
compensable disability from the VASRD, as modified by appendix B.” Army Reg. 635-
40, Ch. 4-19(f)(5). The VASRD contains a comprehensive listing of four-digit diagnostic
codes and an associated menu of disability ratings. See, e.g., DC 8100, “Migraine,” 38
C.F.R. § 4.124a (2005). At the time of plaintiff’s 2004 and 2005 informal PEB reviews, a
PEB, whether formal or informal, would first choose the proper four-digit diagnostic code
to apply to the service member’s condition. Then, based on the diagnostic code
accompanying the rating scheme, the PEB would select a particular disability rating to
best reflect the severity of the service member’s condition. See, e.g., 38 C.F.R.
§ 4.124a (2005); see also Army Reg. 635-40, Ch. 4-19(i) (“Percentage ratings reflect
the severity of the soldier’s medical condition at time of rating.”); Army Reg. 635-40,
App. B-14.

       The VASRD at 38 C.F.R. § 4.124a (2005), at the time of plaintiff’s 2004 and 2005
informal PEB reviews, contained two of the diagnostic codes at issue in the above
captioned case, DC 8100, “Migraine,” and DC 8045, “Brain disease due to trauma.”
These two diagnostic codes were promulgated into the regulations in 1964, and
remained unchanged in any relevant manner by the time of defendant’s November 21,
2005 separation from the Army. See 29 Fed. Reg. 6718, 6750–51 (May 22, 1964); 41
Fed. Reg. 1129, 11301–02 (Mar. 18, 1976). The VASRD at 38 C.F.R. § 4.130 (2005)
contained the other diagnostic code at issue, DC 9304, “Dementia due to head trauma.”
This diagnostic code was promulgated in 1988 and also was not significantly changed
by the time of plaintiff’s 2005 separation from the Army. See 53 Fed. Reg. 21, 23 (Jan.
4, 1988). Under DC 8100, “Migraine,” the following disability rating options were
available at the time of plaintiff’s 2004 and 2005 informal PEB reviews:

       8100 Migraine:

       With very frequent completely prostrating and prolonged attacks
              productive of severe economic inadaptability ................ 50% [rating]
       With characteristic prostrating attacks occurring on an average once a
              month over last several months ..................................... 30% [rating]
       With characteristic prostrating attacks averaging one in 2 months over last
              several months .............................................................. 10% [rating]
       With less frequent attacks ......................................................... 0% [rating]

                                                     22
38 C.F.R. § 4.124a (2005). DC 8045, “Brain disease due to trauma,” did not directly
assign ratings, but was used in conjunction with another diagnostic code to result in a
combined rating for a particular disease or injury. The following language, in its entirety,
was found in DC 8045 at the time of plaintiff’s 2004 and 2005 PEB reviews:

       8045 Brain disease due to trauma:

       Purely neurological disabilities, such as hemiplegia, epileptiform seizures,
             facial nerve paralysis, etc., following trauma to the brain, will be
             rated under the diagnostic codes specifically dealing with such
             disabilities, with citation of a hyphenated diagnostic code (e.g.,
             8045-8207).

       Purely subjective complaints such as headache, dizziness, insomnia, etc.,
              recognized as symptomatic of brain trauma, will be rated 10
              percent and no more under diagnostic code 9304. This 10 percent
              rating will not be combined with any other rating for a disability due
              to brain trauma. Ratings in excess of 10 percent for brain disease
              due to trauma under diagnostic code 9304 are not assignable in the
              absence of a diagnosis of multi-infarct dementia associated with
              brain trauma.

38 C.F.R. § 4.124a (2005). DC 9304, referred to within the text of DC 8045, was defined
in the VASRD as “Dementia[17] due to brain trauma.” See 38 C.F.R. § 4.130 (2005). In
the 2005 regulation, all mental disorders (VASRD DCs 9201 to 9521), except eating
disorders (DCs 9520, 9521) were assigned disability ratings under a common rating
scale. See id. (the “General Rating Formula for Mental Disorders”). A disability rating of
ten percent could be awarded under DC 9304, “Dementia due to head trauma,” a
mental disorder, for “[o]ccupational and social impairment due to mild or transient
symptoms which decrease work efficiency and ability to perform occupational tasks only
during periods of significant stress, or; symptoms controlled by continuous medication.”
Id.

       Under the VASRD, at the time of plaintiff’s 2004 and 2005 informal PEB reviews,
a service member was only allowed to be rated under one VASRD diagnostic code for a
single disability or condition. See, e.g., 38 C.F.R. § 4.124a (2005) (stating that a ten
percent rating under DC 8045-9304, “Brain disease due to trauma,” analogous to

17
   Unlike other sections of the VASRD, the diagnostic codes in 38 C.F.R. § 4.130,
including DC 9304, “Dementia due to head trauma,” cited an outside source to explain
their meanings. See 38 C.F.R. § 4.130 (2005) (“The nomenclature employed in this
portion of the rating schedule [VASRD DCs 9201 to 9521] is based upon the Diagnostic
and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, of the American Psychiatric
Association (DSM–IV),” published in 1994.).

                                            23
“Dementia due to head trauma,” “will not be combined with any other rating for a
disability due to brain trauma”); see Cullen v. Shinseki, 24 Vet. App. 74, 83–84 (2010)
(stating that “a claimant is not entitled to more than one disability rating for a single
disability,” and explaining that while a single disability can be made up of multiple
symptoms, ratings based on individual symptoms instead of the whole disability picture
can result in duplicative and inappropriately cumulative disability ratings (emphasis in
original)). Subpart A of the VASRD, 38 C.F.R. §§ 4.1–4.31 (2005), also contained
guidance on how a review board should interpret the VASRD. The 2011 PDBR majority
decision in plaintiff’s case referenced 38 C.F.R. § 4.3, titled “Resolution of reasonable
doubt,” and 38 C.F.R. § 4.7, titled “Higher of two evaluations,” in its analysis.
(emphasis in original). The PDBR majority decision discussed “whether a divergence
from the more clinically specific 8045 code was justified by VASRD §4.7 (higher of two
evaluations) and §4.3 (reasonable doubt).” The regulation at 38 C.F.R § 4.3 stated:

       It is the defined and consistently applied policy of the Department of
       Veterans Affairs to administer the law under a broad interpretation,
       consistent, however, with the facts shown in every case. When after
       careful consideration of all procurable and assembled data, a reasonable
       doubt arises regarding the degree of disability such doubt will be resolved
       in favor of the claimant. See [38 C.F.R.] § 3.102 of this chapter.

38 C.F.R. § 4.3 (2005).18

18
    The language of 38. C.F.R. § 4.3 (2005) is similar to other statutory and regulatory
language not part of the VASRD, but which also directs the VA to give the benefit of the
doubt in rating decisions to the veteran. See 38 U.S.C. § 5107 (2012) (“(b) Benefit of
the doubt.— The Secretary shall consider all information and lay and medical evidence
of record in a case before the Secretary with respect to benefits under laws
administered by the Secretary. When there is an approximate balance of positive and
negative evidence regarding any issue material to the determination of a matter, the
Secretary shall give the benefit of the doubt to the claimant.” (emphasis in original)); 38
C.F.R. § 3.102 (2014) (“When, after careful consideration of all procurable and
assembled data, a reasonable doubt arises regarding service origin, the degree of
disability, or any other point, such doubt will be resolved in favor of the claimant. By
reasonable doubt is meant one which exists because of an approximate balance of
positive and negative evidence which does not satisfactorily prove or disprove the claim.
It is a substantial doubt and one within the range of probability as distinguished from
pure speculation or remote possibility. It is not a means of reconciling actual conflict or a
contradiction in the evidence.”). Moreover, the United States Court of Appeals for the
Federal Circuit has stated that “by statute and regulation,” the veteran is given the
“benefit of the doubt” “regarding any issue material” to the veteran's claim “‘when there
is an approximate balance of positive and negative evidence.’” See Fagan v. Shinseki,
573 F.3d 1282, 1287 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (quoting 38 U.S.C. § 5107(b)); see also Gilbert v.
Derwinski, 1 Vet. App. 49, 53–55 (1990) (“Therefore, a veteran need only demonstrate

                                             24
       Moreover, 38 C.F.R. § 4.7, titled “Higher of two evaluations,” (emphasis in
original) required all disability review boards to consider:

      Where there is a question as to which of two evaluations shall be applied,
      the higher evaluation will be assigned if the disability picture more nearly
      approximates the criteria required for that rating. Otherwise, the lower
      rating will be assigned.

38 C.F.R. § 4.7 (2005). In other words, 38 C.F.R § 4.7, “Higher of two evaluations,”
asked the reviewer to make a fact-driven decision, looking at the service members
individual “disability picture.” Id. (emphasis in original). The reviewer was supposed to
choose the higher rating option “if the disability picture more nearly approximates the
criteria required for that rating.” Id. Application of 38 C.F.R. §§ 4.3 and 4.7 had to be
specific to the facts in the record before the reviewing body.

         At the time of Mr. Adams’ 2004 and 2005 PEB reviews, and up until January 28,
2008, the date of enactment of the Wounded Warrior Act, the Army instructed PEBs to
utilize the actual VASRD schedules of diagnostic codes, but not the guidance on how to
use the schedule provided by the VA in Subpart A of the VASRD. According to the Army
Regulation: “The first 31 paragraphs of the VASRD [38 C.F.R. § 4 Subpart A], which
provide general policies, do not apply [to PEB reviews] and have been replaced by
section I and II of appendix B of this regulation [Army Regulation 635-40].” Army Reg.
635-40, Ch. 4-19(i). The Army created its own supplement to the VASRD, in the form of
Appendix B of Army Regulation 635-40, “Army Application of the Department of
Veterans Affairs Schedule for Rating Disabilities.” The Army appendix included
guidance on how to choose between multiple disability ratings. See Army Reg. 635-40,
App. B-4, B-8. The appendix also included guidance on how to rate disabilities not
covered by the VASRD, see Army Reg. 635-40, App. B-9, as well as guidance on how
to combine ratings for multiple separate disabilities.19 Section III of Army Regulation

that there is an ‘approximate balance of positive and negative evidence’ in order to
prevail.” (citation omitted)).
19
   Pursuant to the Army Regulation, “[w]hen a soldier has more than one compensable
disability, the percentages are combined rather than added (except when a ‘Note’ in the
VASRD indicates otherwise).” Army Reg. 635-40, App. B-12. “Thus, a person having a
60 percent disability is considered to have a remaining efficiency of 40 percent. if [sic]
he has a second disability rated at 20 percent, then he is considered to have lost 20
percent of that remaining 40 percent, thus reducing his remaining efficiency to 32
percent.” Id. In essence, this utilizes an inverse multiplication calculation, in which the
final disability rating = 1 - %Healthyfinal, where %Healthyfinal = (1 - %Disability1)*(1 -
%Disability2) . . . (1-%Disabilityn). The Army approach was similar to the VA approach.
See 38 C.F.R. § 4.25 (2005).

                                            25
635-40, Appendix B also contained the Army’s explanations of various VASRD codes.
See generally Army Reg. 635-40, App. B.

       Furthermore, at the time of plaintiff’s 2004 and 2005 informal PEB reviews, Army
Regulation 635-40, Appendix B included guidance on how to rate medical conditions not
diagnosable using a single VASRD diagnostic code. Injuries and diseases were to be
considered first in assigning diagnostic codes. See Army Reg. 635-40, App. B-14; see
also 38 C.F.R. § 4.27 (2005) (containing similar guidance). At that time, as well as
today, many diagnostic codes in the VASRD characterizing diseases or injuries did not
have complementary disability ratings,20 or, the ratings provided at times may have
inadequately described the severity of the service member’s actual medical condition. In
those cases, the Army Regulation instructed: “If the rating is determined on the basis of
residual conditions, the code appropriate to the residual condition will be added,
preceded by a hyphen.” Army Reg. 635-40, App. B-14. Army Regulation 635-40,
Appendix B stated that hyphenated codes “are used in the following circumstances:”

      a.     When the VASRD provides that a listed condition is to be rated as
      some other code, for example, myocardial infraction rated as
      arteriosclerotic heart disease (7006-7005) or nephrolithiasis rated as
      hydronephrosis (7508-7509).

      b.      When the VASRD provides a minimum rating and the unfitting
      disability is being rated on residuals, for example, multiple sclerosis rated
      with very diffuse residuals, rated by analogy (8018-8105).

      c.     When an unlisted condition is rated by analogy, for example,
      spondylolisthesis rated as lumbrosacral strain (5299-5295). When an
      unlisted disease, injury, or residual condition is encountered, requiring
      rating by analogy, the diagnostic code number will be “built-up” as follows.
      The first two digits will be selected from the part of the schedule most
      closely identifying the part, or system, of the body involved. The last two
      digits will be “99” for all unlisted conditions. This procedure will facilitate a
      close check of new and unlisted conditions rated by analogy.

Id. The Army Regulation Appendix B and VASRD also provided similar, but not
identical, guidance on when hyphenated, analogous ratings were not to be used.
According to Army Regulation 635-40, Appendix B:

20
   For example, relevant to the above captioned case, DC 8045 “Brain disease due to
trauma,” diagnoses the disease, but has no complementary disability rating, and,
therefore, has to be paired with another diagnostic code that accurately describes the
residual medical conditions the service member experience as a result of the disease.
See 38 C.F.R. § 124a (2005).

                                             26
      B–8. Analogous ratings
      When an unlisted condition is encountered, it is rated under a closely
      related disease or injury in which not only the functional, but the
      anatomical localization and symptomatology are closely analogous.
      Conjectural analogies, as well as the use of analogous ratings for
      conditions of doubtful diagnosis, or those not fully supported by clinical
      and laboratory findings, are to be avoided. The ratings for organic
      diseases and injuries are not to be assigned by analogy to conditions of
      psychological origin (VASRD Codes 9000-9511).[21]

Army Reg. 635-40, App. B-8. (emphasis in original). The 2005 informal PEB decision,
and 2011 PDBR minority decision, rated plaintiff’s migraines under DC 8045-9304,
“Brain disease due to trauma,” analogous to “Dementia due to head trauma.” See 38
C.F.R. §§ 124a, 4.130 (2005). The 2011 PDBR majority referred to DC 8045-9304 as
“‘brain disease due to trauma’ analogous to ‘dementia due to head trauma.’” The 2011
PDBR majority rated plaintiff under DC 8199-8100, “MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES”
analogous to “Migraine.” See 38 C.F.R. § 4.124a (2005) (capitalization in original).

21
   Plaintiff claims that the last sentence of Army Regulation 635-40, Appendix B-8,
“implies that the Army regulations recognize a sharp distinction between organic
diseases and psychological conditions. DC 8045-9304, [‘Brain disease due to trauma,’
analogous to ‘Dementia due to head trauma’] according to this logic, seems to be a
contradictory coding.” DC 8045-9304, “Brain disease due to trauma,” analogous to
“Dementia due to head trauma,” was the rating assigned by plaintiff’s 2005 informal
PEB and 2011 PDBR minority decision to Mr. Adams’ migraine headache condition. All
the diseases listed under DC 8000 to 8099 in the 2005 VASRD, including DC 8045,
“Brain disease due to trauma,” were under the title “ORGANIC DISEASES OF THE
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.” See 38 C.F.R. § 4.124a (2005) (capitalization in
original). The Army Regulation indicated that VASRD diagnostic codes 9000–9511,
including DC 9304, “Dementia due to head trauma,” are “conditions of psychological
origin.” See Army Reg. 635-40, App. B-8. At the time of plaintiff’s 2004 and 2005
informal PEB reviews, the note under DC 8045 stated, however: “Purely subjective
complaints such as headache, dizziness, insomnia, etc., recognized as symptomatic of
brain trauma, will be rated 10 percent and no more under diagnostic code 9304,” and
appears to have allowed a joint rating of DC 8045-9304, “Brain disease due to trauma,”
analogous to “Dementia due to head trauma.” Furthermore, the instruction under Army
Regulation 635-40, Appendix B-8 did not limit the language contained in the actual
VASRD schedules. See Army Reg. 635-40, Ch. 4-19(i). The court also notes that the
VASRD contained different guidance: “Nor will ratings assigned to organic diseases and
injuries be assigned by analogy to conditions of functional origin.” 38 C.F.R. § 4.20
(2005).” The VA’s regulation would not appear to have rendered a rating of DC 8045-
9304 improper, as DC 9304, “Dementia due to head trauma,” could be read as a
disease of psychological or cognitive origin, not functional origin. See 38 C.F.R. §§ 4.20,
4.130 (2005); Army Reg. 635-40, App. B-8.

                                            27
       On January 28, 2008, Congress passed the National Defense Authorization Act
for Fiscal Year 2008, Pub. L. No. 110-181, 122 Stat 3. Title 16 of the National Defense
Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008, encompassing sections 1601 to 1676, as noted
above, is known as the “Wounded Warrior Act.” See Nat’l Def. Authorization Act for
Fiscal Year 2008, tit. XVI, § 1601. The Wounded Warrior Act, in section 1642 (codified
at 10 U.S.C. § 1216a), limited the ability of the Department of Defense to diverge from
the rating system and approach established in the VASRD. According to the Wounded
Warrior Act section 1642:

      SEC. 1642. REQUIREMENTS AND LIMITATIONS ON DEPARTMENT
      OF DEFENSE DETERMINATIONS OF DISABILITY WITH RESPECT TO
      MEMBERS OF THE ARMED FORCES.
           (a) IN GENERAL.—Chapter 61 of title 10, United States Code, is
      amended by inserting after section 1216 the following new section:
      ‘‘§ 1216a. Determinations of disability: requirements and limitations
      on determinations
               ‘‘(a) UTILIZATION OF VA SCHEDULE FOR RATING
      DISABILITIES IN DETERMINATIONS OF DISABILITY.—(1) In making a
      determination of disability of a member of the armed forces for purposes
      of this chapter, the Secretary concerned—
                      “(A) shall, to the extent feasible, utilize the schedule for
               rating disabilities in use by the Department of Veterans Affairs,[22]
               including any applicable interpretation of the schedule by the United
               States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims; and
                      “(B) except as provided in paragraph (2), may not deviate
               from the schedule or any such interpretation of the schedule.
               “(2) In making a determination described in paragraph (1), the
      Secretary concerned may utilize in lieu of the schedule described in that
      paragraph such criteria as the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of
      Veterans Affairs may jointly prescribe for purposes of this subsection if the
      utilization of such criteria will result in a determination of a greater
      percentage of disability than would be otherwise determined through the
      utilization of the schedule.
               ‘‘(b) CONSIDERATION OF ALL MEDICAL CONDITIONS.—In
      making a determination of the rating of disability of a member of the armed

22
   The court notes that all of 38 C.F.R. Part 4 (2005) falls under the title “SCHEDULE
FOR RATING DISABILITIES.” (capitalization and emphasis in original). This includes
not just the list of diagnostic codes, but also the thirty one sections under Subpart A,
“General Policy in Rating.” (emphasis in original). These sections provide guidance as
to how the VASRD is to be used. As mentioned above, the Army previously did not
utilize 38 C.F.R. Part 4, Subpart A, and instructed its reviewers to use Army Regulation
635-40, Appendix B. See Army Reg. 635-40, App. B-2.

                                           28
      forces for purposes of this chapter, the Secretary concerned shall take into
      account all medical conditions, whether individually or collectively, that
      render the member unfit to perform the duties of the member’s office,
      grade, rank, or rating.’’.
             (b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of sections at the
      beginning of chapter 61 of such title is amended by inserting after the item
      relating to section 1216 the following new item:

      “1216a. Determinations of disability: requirements and limitations on
      determinations.’’.

Wounded Warrior Act § 1642 (all capitalization, emphasis, and quotations in original).

        The Wounded Warrior Act, in the next section, section 1643 (codified at 10
U.S.C. § 1554a), established the PDBR. The PDBR is tasked with reviewing the
disability ratings of service members who were separated from the armed forces
between September 11, 2001 and December 31, 2009, if their separation was due to a
medical condition, they received a disability rating of twenty percent or less, and were
not otherwise eligible for retirement. See Wounded Warrior Act § 1643. Like the PEB,
the PDBR is composed of three members. See id. Upon the request of a covered
individual, meeting the requirements of Wounded Warrior Act § 1643, the PDBR is
supposed to review the findings and decisions of the service member’s prior PEB,
“based on the records of the armed force concerned and such other evidence as may
be presented[,]” including witnesses. See id. The PDBR is authorized to recommend to
the secretary of the appropriate service branch:

              (1) No recharacterization of the separation of such individual or
      modification of the disability rating previously assigned such individual.
              (2) The recharacterization of the separation of such individual to
      retirement for disability.
              (3) The modification of the disability rating previously assigned such
      individual by the Physical Evaluation Board concerned, which modified
      disability rating may not be a reduction of the disability rating previously
      assigned such individual by that Physical Evaluation Board.
              (4) The issuance of a new disability rating for such individual.

Id. According to Wounded Warrior Act § 1643, the Secretary of the Army “may correct
the military records of a covered individual in accordance with a recommendation made
by the [Physical Disability Board of Review].” Id. Changes can relate back to the
effective date of the action taken by a prior PEB. See id. The Wounded Warrior Act also
states: “The Secretary of Defense shall establish the board of review required by
section 1554a of title 10, United States Code (as added by subsection (a)), and
prescribe the regulations required by such section . . . .” Wounded Warrior Act §
1643(b).

                                           29
       When implementing the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008,
and its title XVI, the Wounded Warrior Act, the military issued DoDI 6040.44, “Lead DoD
Component for the Physical Disability Board of Review (PDBR),” on June 27, 2008, and
then amended the instruction on June 2, 2009.23 The instruction, DoDI 6040.44,
emphasizes the DoD policy regarding the PDBR: “The purpose of the PDBR shall be to
reassess the accuracy and fairness of the combined disability ratings assigned Service
members who were discharged . . . with a combined disability rating of 20 percent or
less and were not found to be eligible for retirement.” See DoDI 6040.44 § 4(a). The
instruction reiterated the broad scope of allowable evidence that could be considered by
a PDBR, permitting not only all of the evidence considered by the PEB, but also ratings
issued by the VA and any newly discovered evidence. See DoDI 6040.44, Enclosure 3
§ 5(a). According to DoDI 6040.44, the PDBR also is to compare the applicant’s VA
ratings with the ratings given by the military at the time of separation:

         Once obtained, the PDBR should compare any DVA disability rating for
         the specifically military unfitting condition(s) with the PEB combined
         disability rating and consider any variance in its deliberations and any
         impact on the final PEB combined disability rating, particularly if the DVA
         rating was awarded within 12 months of the Service member’s separation.

DoDI 6040.44, Enclosure 3 § 5(a)(4).24 According to DoDI 6040.44, the PDBR is
instructed to “establish a recommendation based on a vote of a simple majority of the

23
     The court references the amended instruction.
24
   Plaintiff maintains that “nowhere in the analysis of the PDBR minority member or the
Deputy Assistant Secretary is there an indication that they ‘compare[d]’ the VA rating
with the PEB rating or that they ‘consider[ed]’ the variance, as the DODI requires.”
(modifications in original). Defendant responds that “the record is clear that the PDBR
was well-aware of the VA’s actions,” and appropriately considered plaintiff’s VA ratings
in their determination. The 2011 PDBR majority decision indicates that there was
discussion by the members of the 2011 PDBR at the outset of its review about how to
consider the VA record, and the 2011 PDBR majority decision included a comparison
table. The 2011 PDBR majority decided to give weight to other of plaintiff’s medical
examinations that were closer in time to plaintiff’s November 21, 2005 separation,
noting that as the VA rating evaluations were more than twelve months apart from the
date of plaintiff’s permanent separation, thus, pursuant to DoDI 6040.44, they were not
to be accorded special consideration. The 2011 PDBR majority decision concluded:

         This does not mean that the VA clinical evidence at the time of temporary
         retirement and VA evaluations after permanent separation were
         disregarded; but, in matters germane to the severity of the Cl’s conditions
         and disability at the time of his permanent separation, the information in
         the service record proximal to that date (20051024) was assigned
         proportionately more probative value.

                                             30
board members.” DoDI 6040.44, Enclosure 3 § 5(f). The Secretary of the Army must
“accept or reject recommendations of the PDBR,” although there was no mention in
DoDI 6040.44 whether or not the Secretary of the Army must explain his or her
decision. See DoDI 6040.44, Enclosure 3 § 5(h)(3).

       DoDI 6040.44 also discusses how the PDBR should use the VASRD, given
Congress’ new instructions in section 1642 of the Wounded Warrior Act. According to
the instruction, the PDBR is to conduct reviews “in accordance with the VASRD in effect
at the time of separation.” DoDI 6040.44, Enclosure 3 § 5(e). DoDI 6040.44, Enclosure
3 § 4(d) also instructs the PDBR to “[u]se the VASRD in arriving at its
recommendations, along with all applicable statutes, and any directives in effect at the
time of the contested separation (to the extent they do not conflict with the VASRD in
effect at the time of the contested separation).” Additionally, the instruction at Enclosure
3 § 5(e)(1) states:

       If the case was adjudicated by the final Military Department PEB and the
       covered individual was separated from military service prior to January 28,
       2008, the PDBR shall also review the disability rating(s) of the covered
       individual, in accordance with the VASRD in effect at the time of
       separation for the covered individual. Provisions of DoD or Military
       Department regulations or guidelines relied upon by the PEB will not be
       considered by the PDBR to the extent they were inconsistent with the
       VASRD in effect at the time of the adjudication. If the covered individual
       was separated from military service on or after January 28, 2008, the
       PDBR shall use the VASRD without application of Reference (m),[25] along
       with any applicable interpretation of the VASRD by the United States
       Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims.

DoDI 6040.44, Enclosure 3 § 5(e)(1).

Recently, a Judge of this court issued Hatmaker v. United States, No. 13-719C, 2014
WL 3767049, at *8 (Fed. Cl. July 31, 2014), and found that the PDBR gave sufficient
consideration of the plaintiff’s VA ratings because the PDBR “compared the PEB and
DVA disability ratings in a side-by-side table,” “described the various medical
examination reports created during the DVA-arranged visits between January and
February 2008,” and discussed inconsistencies. See id.
25
   Reference (m) refers to “DoD Instruction 1332.39, ‘Application of the Veterans
Administration Schedule for Rating Disabilities, November 14, 1996.’” DoDI 6040.44,
Enclosure 1. As mentioned above, DoDI 1332.39 covers the use of the VASRD by
military review boards, and contains similar content to that in Army Regulation 635-40.

                                            31
       The PDBR may review an updated, broader record than was available to a PEB,
including “all the information necessary for competent review and recommendation,”
and can consider VA determinations made after plaintiff’s separation from the military
and witness testimony. See DoDI 6040.44, Enclosure 3 § 5(a), (d); see also Wounded
Warrior Act § 1643 (The PDBR review shall be “based on the records of the armed
force concerned and such other evidence as may be presented to the Physical
Disability Board of Review. A witness may present evidence to the Board by affidavit or
by any other means considered acceptable by the Secretary of Defense.”). In Pearl v.
United States, a Judge of the United States Court of Federal Claims noted that the
PDBR made its decision based on an even larger administrative record than was
available to the PEB — such as the records from the MEB, PEB, VA, and the U.S. Army
Physical Disability Agency. See Pearl v. United States, 111 Fed. Cl. 301, 307 (2013)
(“The Board of Review uses the complete case record as well as any new evidence the
parties present to review the soldier's disability rating.”).

        Applicants to a PDBR review not only can make the same arguments brought
forward to a service member’s prior PEB, but may make additional arguments as well.
According to DoDI 6040.44, upon request, the PDBR can review conditions “identified
but not determined to be unfitting”26 by a service member’s prior PEB. See DoDI
6040.44 § 4(a), Enclosure 3 § 5(e)(2)(b). The PDBR also is not limited to the arguments
made by the service member in his or her PDBR application. For example, the form
plaintiff filled out in his application to the PDBR stated under “Burden of Proof:”
“Member need not allege anything, review accomplished upon request.” See DD Form
294, OMB No. 0704-0453 (Jan. 2009); see also Silbaugh v. United States, 107 Fed. Cl.
143, 150 (2012). Furthermore, the Wounded Warrior Act enables the Secretary of
Defense not only to modify a service member’s previously granted disability rating, but
also to “issu[e] a new disability rating” upon a recommendation by the PDBR. See
Wounded Warrior Act § 1643.

       In Silbaugh v. United States, a Judge of the United States Court of Federal
Claims determined that PDBRs conduct “de novo” reviews. See Silbaugh v. United
States, 107 Fed. Cl. at 150. The court stated:

      The PDBR reviewed plaintiff's case de novo. See DODI 6040.44 ¶ 4.b.
      (instructing the PDBR to “impartially readjudicate cases upon which review
      is requested or undertaken on its own motion”). DODI 6040.44 requires
      the PDBR to issue recommendations based on the complete case record
      that was before the PEB and, to the extent feasible, "all the information
      necessary for competent review and recommendation.” Id., Encl. 3., ¶ 5.d.
      Accordingly, the PDBR reviewed both plaintiff's military and DVA
      [Department of Veterans Affairs] medical records to determine the

26
  An “unfitting” condition is a condition that makes a service member unfit to continue to
serve in the armed forces. See Army Reg. 40-501, Ch. 3-4.

                                           32
      "accuracy and fairness" of plaintiff's disability rating. see DODI 6040.44 ¶
      4.a.

Id. (internal citation removed). Similarly, in Hatmaker v. United States, another Judge of
the United States Court of Federal Claims held that the PDBR conducts “de novo”
reviews, noting that under DoDI 6040.44 § 4(b), “‘[t]he PDBR shall . . . impartially
readjudicate cases upon which review is requested or undertaken on its own motion.’”
Hatmaker v. United States, 2014 WL 3767049, at *8. Moreover, PDBR review panels in
at least four separate decisions have stated that they had the authority to conduct, or
conducted, de novo evaluations of the record. See, e.g., PDBR Case No. PD0900676,
at 3 (Feb. 16, 2011) (“[T]he Board considered the appropriate deduction for non-
compliance de novo.”); PDBR Case No. PD0900054, at 12 (Jan. 05, 2010) (“[T]he
Board considered the shoulder conditions de novo for an unfitness determination.”);
PDBR Case No. PD0900260, at 6 (Nov. 17, 2009) (“Using a de novo evaluation of the
evidence, the Board determined that LBP [low back pain] should be changed to an
unfitting condition . . . .”); PDBR Case No. PD0900275, at 3 (Aug. 25, 2009) (“De-novo
rating of the VA exam would also rate at 30%.”). The court also notes that, by statute, a
PDBR decision, if in plaintiff’s favor, can be made retroactive to the applicant’s initial
date of medical separation. See Wounded Warrior Act § 1643 (“Any such correction
may be made effective as of the effective date of the action taken on the report of the
Physical Evaluation Board to which such recommendation relates.”).

        According to the Department of Defense in its instruction, DoDI 6040.44, “Lead
DoD Component for the Physical Disability Board of Review (PDBR),” a PDBR “shall
impartially readjudicate cases upon which review is requested or undertaken on its own
motion.” DoDI 6040.44, Enclosure 3 § 4(b). The instruction further states that “[t]he
purpose of the PDBR shall be to reassess the accuracy and fairness of the combined
disability ratings assigned Service members who were discharged as unfit . . . with a
combined disability rating of 20 percent or less and were not found to be eligible for
retirement.” DoDI 6040.44 § 4(a). A review of the record indicates that Mr. Adams’ 2011
PDBR conducted a de novo review of the 2005 informal PEB decision using the
complete record in front of the 2005 informal PEB as well as additional evidence.

       The parties’ numerous briefs focus on the merits of Mr. Adams’ 2011 PDBR
decision, with far less attention paid to Mr. Adams’ 2005 informal PEB rating. Plaintiff
argues that DC 8100, “Migraine,” is a better choice for his disability, and that he should
have been rated under DC 8100, “Migraine” as opposed to DC 8045-9304, “Brain
disease due to trauma,” analogous to “Dementia due to head trauma,” referring
primarily to the record pertaining to Mr. Adams’ 2011 PDBR review. 27 The court notes

27
   Defendant argues that plaintiff knowingly and intelligently waived his right to review
the Army’s 2005 informal PEB decision, because plaintiff made no attempt to seek
review of the 2005 informal PEB decision. The record does not indicate that plaintiff
consented to the informal PEB decision by signing a DA Form 199 and marking that he
concurred with the 2005 informal PEB decision, as he had done with the 2004 informal

                                           33
defendant’s comment in its motion for judgment on the administrative record: “Because
the minority PDBR decision did not change the rating awarded by the 2005 PEB, Mr.
Adams's brief does not appear to raise stand-alone challenges to the 2005 PEB
decision.” Defendant also comments that “[i]n any event, any distinction between the
2005 and 2011 proceedings is one without a difference in this case. Mr. Adams has
essentially treated the two decisions, which reached the same result, as one and the
same.” Therefore, considering that plaintiff’s 2011 PDBR review addressed the entire
record before his 2005 informal PEB and more, and considering that plaintiff has
declined to make any arguments specific to Mr. Adams’ 2005 PEB review, the court
proceeds to focus its review on Mr. Adams’ 2011 PDBR determination.

      Defendant also argued, initially, that plaintiff had waived certain arguments which
Mr. Adams did not raise in front of the 2011 PDBR, but now has raised before this court.
Defendant stated in its motion for judgment on the administrative record:

      Mr. Adams failed to assert many of the arguments he is making before this
      Court to the PDBR. Mr. Adams relies almost entirely upon his argument
      that the Army erred in its selection of Diagnostic Code 8045, rather than
      8100. Mr. Adams claims, for the first time, that “the plain language of the
      VASRD indicates that [the] VA intentionally and purposely excluded
      migraines from the scope of [Diagnostic Code 8045, among others] . . .
      and intended migraines be evaluated instead under . . . [Diagnostic Code]
      8100.” Similarly, Mr. Adams only now claims that, “even if there were any
      ambiguity in the VASRD . . . the Supreme Court has counseled strongly
      that 'interpretative doubt is to resolved in the veteran's favor” [sic] and that,
      “[i]n rejecting use of DC 8100, neither the PDBR minority nor the
      Secretary cited or discussed these reasonable doubt rules, apparently
      preferring instead to cast a veil of silence over the difficulties these rules
      present.” Finally, for the first time before this Court, Mr. Adams makes his
      argument that the Army was required to follow Board of Veterans' Appeals
      case law that allegedly required the Army to rely upon Diagnostic Code
      8100 rather than Diagnostic Code 8045-9304.

            Despite being represented by counsel, Mr. Adams did not raise
      those arguments before the PDBR, and, thus, the PDBR did not have an
      opportunity to consider them.

PEB decision, nor does the record indicate that he submitted an appeal “within the
prescribed time limits” after he received notice of the 2005 informal PEB decision. See
Army Reg. 635-40, Ch. 4-21(a). The record further indicates that since receipt of the
October 17, 2005 notice of the decision, and the later Army memorandum, dated
November 17, 2005, informing Mr. Adams that his case had moved on “for further
processing,” plaintiff did not challenge the PEB decision until he applied to the PDBR in
2009. The 2011 PDBR majority decision also stated that “[t]he Cl [claimant] made no
appeals” after his 2005 informal PEB review.

                                             34
(modifications in original; internal citations omitted). Defendant initially asserted in its
motion for judgment on the administrative record that plaintiff’s failure to make all his
legal arguments within the earlier, PDBR application, “prevented the [Army] from itself
having an opportunity to entertain any claim or objection and to develop a full record
that this court now could review.” (quotation omitted; modification in original). Defendant
later withdrew this argument, however, citing the decision issued by a Judge of this
court in Silbaugh v. United States, 107 Fed. Cl. 143. In Silbaugh, the United States
Court of Federal Claims confronted a similar issue, and concluded:

       [T]he PDBR is not equivalent to a board for correction of military records.
       In fact, the instruction sheet accompanying the application for PDBR
       review explicitly states that, unlike a servicemember seeking review by a
       correction board, a servicemember seeking PDBR review “need not allege
       anything, [sic] review accomplished upon request.” Because plaintiff was
       not required to raise her VASRD § 4.129 argument before the PDBR,
       plaintiff's failure to raise the issue could not have resulted in a waiver of
       her VASRD § 4.129 claim.

Silbaugh v. United States, 107 Fed. Cl. at 150–51 (internal citations omitted); see also
Pearl v. United States, 111 Fed. Cl. at 310 (In a case involving the Physical Disability
Board of Review, the court dismissed defendant’s waiver argument, stating, “this rule
does not apply when the administrative body whose decision is being challenged
addressed an issue sua sponte. The mere fact that the issue before the administrative
body was not raised by the parties does not put the issue beyond this court's review.”).

        In general, the court reviews the decision of the Secretary of the Army in
plaintiff’s case “to determine whether it is arbitrary, capricious, unsupported by
substantial evidence, or contrary to law.” Lewis v. United States, 458 F.3d 1372, 1376
(Fed. Cir.) (citing Martinez v. United States, 333 F.3d 1295, 1305, 1314 (Fed. Cir.
2003), cert. denied, 540 U.S. 1177 (2004)), reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2006), cert.
denied, 552 U.S. 810 (2007); see also Chappell v. Wallace, 462 U.S. 296, 303 (1983)
(“Board decisions are subject to judicial review and can be set aside if they are arbitrary,
capricious, or not based on substantial evidence.”); Burnick v. United States, 541 F.3d
1372, 1377 (Fed. Cir. 2010); Barnes v. United States, 473 F.3d 1356, 1361 (Fed. Cir.
2007) (“We apply the same standard of review as the United States Court of Federal
Claims, which means ‘we will not disturb the decision of the corrections board unless it
is arbitrary, capricious, contrary to law, or unsupported by substantial evidence.’”
(quoting Chambers v. United States, 417 F.3d 1218, 1227 (Fed. Cir. 2005)); Metz v.
United States, 466 F.3d 991, 998 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2006);
Porter v. United States, 163 F.3d 1304, 1312 (Fed. Cir. 1998), reh'g denied, en banc
suggestion declined (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 809 (1999); Heisig v. United
States, 719 F.2d 1153, 1156 (Fed. Cir. 1983); Skinner v. United States, 219 Ct. Cl. 322,
331, 594 F.2d 824, 830 (1979); Spellissy v. United States, 103 Fed. Cl. 274, 283 (2012)
(“[W]hen a service member chooses to seek relief from a military corrections board, the

                                            35
court ‘will not disturb the decision of [a] corrections board unless it is arbitrary,
capricious, contrary to law, or unsupported by substantial evidence.’” (quoting
Chambers v. United States, 417 F.3d at 1227) (second modification in original)). In
Riser v. United States, the United States Court of Federal Claims noted that plaintiff
must show that the decision by the Army Board for Correction of Military Records was
arbitrary and capricious, contrary to law, or unsupported by substantial evidence, and
that, in accordance with this deferential standard of review, the court does not reweigh
the evidence, “but rather considers whether the conclusion being reviewed is supported
by substantial evidence. So long as the Board considered the relevant evidence and
came to a reasonable conclusion, this court will not disturb the Board's decision.” Riser
v. United States, 97 Fed. Cl. 679, 683–84 (2011) (quoting Heisig v. United States, 719
F.2d at 1157) (emphasis in original; other citations omitted); see also Holmes v. United
States, 98 Fed. Cl. 767, 780–81 (2011) (“‘The Board’s decision will comply with the
substantial evidence standard so long as a ‘reasonable mind might accept” [the]
particular evidentiary record as “adequate to support [the contested] conclusion.”’”
(quoting Dickinson v. Zurko, 527 U.S. 150, 162 (1999) (quoting Consol. Edison Co. of
N.Y. v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938))) (modifications in original)).

       This standard of review is narrow. The court does not sit as “a super correction
board.” Skinner v. United States, 219 Ct. Cl. at 331, 594 F.2d at 830; see also Voge v.
United States, 844 F.2d 776, 782 (Fed. Cir. 1988) (The “court does not function as ‘a
sort of super Correction Board.’” (quoting Reale v. United States, 208 Ct. Cl. 1010,
1013, 529 F.2d 533 (1976))). Moreover, “military administrators are presumed to act
lawfully and in good faith like other public officers, and the military is entitled to
substantial deference in the governance of its affairs.” Dodson v. United States, 988
F.2d 1199, 1204 (Fed. Cir.), reh'g denied (Fed. Cir. 1993). “‘[J]udges are not given the
task of running the Army.’” Antonellis v. United States, 723 F.3d 1328, 1332 (Fed. Cir.
2013) (quoting Orloff v. Willoughby, 345 U.S. 83, 93 (1953)). The United States
Supreme Court, however, has also stated:

      Normally, an agency rule would be arbitrary and capricious if the agency
      has relied on factors which Congress has not intended it to consider,
      entirely failed to consider an important aspect of the problem, offered an
      explanation for its decision that runs counter to the evidence before the
      agency, or is so implausible that it could not be ascribed to a difference in
      view or the product of agency expertise. The reviewing court should not
      attempt itself to make up for such deficiencies; we may not supply a
      reasoned basis for the agency's action that the agency itself has not given.
      SEC v. Chenery Corp., 332 U.S. 194, 196 (1947) [reh’g denied and reh’g
      denied sub nom. SEC v. Fed. Water & Gas Corp. (1947)]. We will,
      however, “uphold a decision of less than ideal clarity if the agency's path
      may reasonably be discerned.” Bowman Transp., Inc. v. Arkansas–Best
      Freight System, Inc., 419 U.S. [281,] 286, 95 S. Ct. 438, 42 L. Ed. 2d 447
      [(1974)]. See also Camp v. Pitts, 411 U.S. 138, 142–143, 93 S. Ct. 1241,
      36 L. Ed. 2d 106 (1973) (per curiam).

                                           36
Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass'n of U.S., Inc. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29,
43–44 (1983) (other citations omitted); see also SKF USA Inc. v. United States, 630
F.3d 1365, 1373 n.3 (Fed. Cir. 2011)). In sum, as a Judge of the United States Court of
Federal Claims explained in Verbeck v. United States:

      The court's review in these matters is thus limited in scope and deferential
      in nature. Ms. Verbeck must show that the Board's decision was arbitrary
      and capricious, contrary to law, or unsupported by substantial evidence.
      See Chambers v. United States, 417 F.3d 1218, 1227 (Fed. Cir. 2005)
      [cert. denied, 546 U.S. 1066 (2005)]; Godwin v. United States, 338 F.3d
      1374, 1378 (Fed. Cir. 2003); Heisig [v. United States], 719 F.2d [1153,
      1156 (Fed. Cir. 1983)]. . . . The Board's decision will comply with the
      substantial evidence standard so long as a “‘reasonable mind might
      accept’ [the] particular evidentiary record as ‘adequate to support [the
      contested] conclusion.’” Dickinson v. Zurko, 527 U.S. 150, 162, 119 S. Ct.
      1816, 144 L. Ed. 2d 143 (1999) (quoting Consolidated Edison Co. of N.Y.
      v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229, 59 S. Ct. 206, 83 L. Ed. 126 (1938)).
      Similarly, the arbitrary and capricious standard “requires a reviewing court
      to sustain an action evincing rational reasoning and consideration of
      relevant factors.” Advanced Data Concepts, Inc. v. United States, 216
      F.3d 1054, 1058 (Fed. Cir.[), reh’g denied (Fed. Cir. 2000)].

      In sum, the court must satisfy itself that the Board considered all of the
      relevant evidence and provided a reasoned opinion that reflects a
      contemplation of the facts and circumstances pertinent to the case before
      it. See Heisig, 719 F.2d at 1157 (“Under the substantial evidence rule, all
      of the competent evidence must be considered, whether original or
      supplemental, and whether or not it supports the challenged conclusion.”);
      Van Cleave v. United States, 70 Fed. Cl. 674, 678–79 (2006) (While the
      court does not “serve as a ‘super correction board[,]’ Skinner v. United
      States, [219 Ct. Cl. at 331] . . . correction boards must examine relevant
      data and articulate satisfactory explanations for their decisions.”) (citations
      omitted). If the Board “entirely failed to consider an important aspect of the
      problem, offered an explanation for its decision that runs counter to the
      evidence before the [Board], or is so implausible that it could not be
      ascribed to a difference in view or the product of agency expertise[,]” its
      decision runs afoul of even this lenient standard of review. Motor Vehicle
      Mfrs. Ass'n of U.S., Inc. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29,
      43, 103 S. Ct. 2856, 77 L. Ed. 2d 443 (1983).

Verbeck v. United States, 97 Fed. Cl. 443, 451 (2011) (second omission in original); see
also PAI Corp. v. United States, 614 F.3d 1347, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (citing Advanced
Data Concepts, Inc. v. United States, 216 F.3d at 1058).

                                            37
        In Mr. Adams’ case, the Deputy Assistant Secretary for Army Review Boards,
acting for the Secretary of the Army, and despite the Deputy Director of the PDBR
recommendation in favor of the 2011 PDBR majority decision, gave no reason for
rejecting the 2011 PDBR majority recommendation, and endorsed the minority decision
without comment. The Deputy Assistant Secretary stated, in full:

      I have reviewed the Board’s record of proceedings, majority
      recommendation, and minority opinion (copy enclosed). I regret to inform
      you that I reject the Board’s majority recommendation and accept the
      Board’s minority opinion as accurate that your final Physical Evaluation
      Board disability rating remains unchanged. There is insufficient
      justification to support the Board’s recommendation in accordance with
      Army and Department of Defense regulations.

       The 2011 PDBR majority decision in Mr. Adams’ case found that, although DC
8045, “Brain disease due to trauma” was “technically accurate for the diagnosis” and
more “clinically specific,” DC 8100, “Migraine,” was “more applicable and fair for rating
purposes,” and assigned Mr. Adams a thirty percent disability rating under DC 8199-
8100, “MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES” analogous to “Migraine.” (capitalization in
original). See 38 C.F.R. § 4.124a (2005); see also Price v. Shinseki, 2010 WL 4987330,
at *6 (referring to DC 8199-8100 as “an analogous condition under the DC for
migraines” (emphasis in original)). The 2011 PDBR majority decision stated:
“Consensus was that DoDI 6040.44 mandate for arriving at a ‘fair and equitable’
recommendation justified resolution of this question in favor of the Cl [claimant].” The
2011 PDBR majority decision also stated: “It was agreed that the episodes documented
above were equivocally characterized as prostrating since it was not specified whether
the headaches forced cessation of work activities, although reasonable doubt allows the
assumption that at least some of them were.” This led to a final, combined
recommendation for a forty percent disability rating for plaintiff, because plaintiff was
also given a ten percent disability rating for “Cervical Disc Herniation.”

       The 2011 PDBR minority decision, which, as stated above, the Secretary of the
Army adopted, objected to the decision by the PDBR majority members on two grounds.
The minority decision first contended that the choice to rate plaintiff’s “Post-Concussive
Migraine Headaches” condition under DC 8045-9304, “Brain disease due to trauma,”
analogous to “Dementia due to head trauma,” was “technically accurate,” and preferable
to a rating under DC 8100, “Migraine.” The minority member’s decision’s entire, brief,
explanation in this regard was:

      The evidence is clear that the Cl did not have migraine headaches prior to
      the MVA [motor vehicle accident] and that the headaches started as a
      result of the head trauma resulting from it. It readily follows that the coding
      and the rating of the headache condition by the PEB at the end of the
      TDRL period was supported, and that the PEB’s interpretation of the
      VASRD guidelines for post-concussive headaches in effect at the time

                                            38
      was correct. Unfortunately, the 8045 [‘Brain disease due to trauma’] rating
      criteria in 2005 did not apply what we know about traumatic brain injuries
      today and did not take into consideration the nature of the headaches or
      the severity of the subjective symptoms that resulted from the head
      trauma. DoDI 6040.44, however, is unequivocal in its stipulation that the
      VASRD criteria applied to Board recommendations are derived from the
      VASRD in effect at separation.

Plaintiff contends that the accurate selection of VASRD diagnostic codes is “critical” in
this case, because plaintiff cannot succeed if rated under DC 8045-9304, “Brain disease
due to trauma,” analogous to “Dementia due to head trauma.” According to plaintiff,
“[t]his issue is critical because, as defendant repeatedly and correctly emphasizes, the
maximum rating that plaintiff’s migraines could receive using DC 8045 [‘Brain disease
due to trauma] is 10%.” (internal citation omitted). Defendant similarly notes that “[t]he
central issue in this case is whether the Army reasonably chose to apply Diagnostic
Code 8045 [‘Brain disease due to trauma’].” Defendant, however, challenges plaintiff’s
arguments as trying to disguise an issue of fact as an issue of law, stating: “Mr. Adams
ignores the fact that the Army's rating decision required more than regulatory
construction.” Defendant further states:

      Even assuming for the sake of argument that the Army could have
      selected Diagnostic Code 8100 [“Migraine”], rather than Diagnostic Code
      8045 [“Brain disease due to trauma”], Mr. Adams’s challenge is, in
      essence, an inappropriate attempt to second-guess the Army's reasonable
      judgment call to evaluate his condition based upon the latter code.

(citing Grieg v. United States, 226 Ct. Cl. 258, 269, 640 F.2d 1261, 1268 (1981), cert.
denied, 455 U.S. 907 (1982)) (emphasis in original). In support, defendant also cites to
the case of Butts v. Brown, 5 Vet. App. 532 (1993) (en banc), which states in part:

      The selection of the proper DC [diagnostic code] is not a question of law
      because it is a determination that is completely dependent upon the facts
      of a particular case. It involves the application of the law—in this case a
      regulation—to a specific set of facts—in this case a particular condition
      affecting a claimant . . . .

      We now hold that the Court may set aside the BVA’s [Board of Veterans
      Appeals’] selection of a DC [Diagnostic Code] in a particular case only if
      such selection is “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or
      otherwise not in accordance with law.”

Id. at 538–39 (citations omitted). Plaintiff responds that whether the minority decision
gave the terms “migraine” and “headache” their correct meanings under the VASRD is a
question of law that can be evaluated without deference to the 2011 PDBR minority
member or the Secretary of the Army. Plaintiff states:

                                           39
       The interpretation of a statute or, as here, a regulation, is a question of
       law. See, e.g., Jensen v. Brown, 19 F.3d 1413, 1415 (Fed. Cir. 1994). The
       Court’s scope of review of this question of law is de novo. See, e.g., Lane
       v. Principi, 339 F.3d 1331, 1339 (Fed. Cir. 2003).

        Generally, as discussed above, the Secretary of the Army’s application of a
military disability rating to a service member’s condition is entitled to deference and is a
fact-specific examination, judged as to whether it is “arbitrary, capricious, unsupported
by substantial evidence, or contrary to law.” See Lewis v. United States, 458 F.3d at
1376; see also Skinner v. United States, 219 Ct. Cl. at 331; Spellissy v. United States,
103 Fed. Cl. at 283; Verbeck v. United States, 97 Fed. Cl. at 451 (citing Heisig v. United
States, 719 F.2d at 1156). In plaintiff’s case, the Secretary of the Army’s rating
determination relied on the 2011 PDBR minority decision’s interpretation of the meaning
and application of two diagnostic codes within the VASRD, DC 8100, “Migraine,” and
DC 8045, “Brain disease due to trauma.” 38 C.F.R. § 4.124a (2005). The court reviews
an agency’s interpretation of a regulation as a question of law, and awards deference to
the agency’s interpretation only if it is a valid interpretation. See 5 U.S.C. § 706 (“[T]he
reviewing court shall decide all relevant questions of law, interpret constitutional and
statutory provisions, and determine the meaning or applicability of the terms of an
agency action.”); Haas v. Peake, 525 F.3d 1168, 1186 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (“An agency's
interpretation of its regulations is entitled to ‘substantial deference,’ requiring a court to
defer to the agency's interpretation ‘unless an alternative reading is compelled by the
regulation's plain language or by other indications of the [agency's] intent at the time of
the regulation's promulgation.’” (quoting Thomas Jefferson Univ. v. Shalala, 512 U.S.
504, 512 (1994)), cert. denied, 555 U.S. 1149 (2009) (modification in original)); Towne
v. United States, 106 Fed. Cl. 704, 712 (2012) (“The DoD's interpretation is only entitled
to deference if it is within the range of acceptable meanings of ‘combat-related
operations,’ as those words can be understood using ordinary rules of statutory
construction.” (citing Cuomo v. Clearing House, 557 U.S. 519, 525 (2009) (citing
Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984)))); Miss.
Dep't of Rehab. Servs. v. United States, 61 Fed. Cl. 20, 24 (2004) (“As the reviewing
Court, we ‘decide all relevant questions of law, interpret constitutional and statutory
provisions, and determine the meaning or applicability of the terms of an agency
action.’” (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 706 (2000)). The dispute in plaintiff’s case turns on the
meaning of the VASRD diagnostic codes, and whether the 2011 PDBR minority
member’s interpretation of the VASRD diagnostic codes at issue was permissible, given
the language of the VASRD, and the case law from the United States Court of Appeals
for Veterans Claims. In addition, plaintiff argues that the case law from the Board of
Veterans Appeals also applies. A decision by the Secretary of the Army that relied on
an improper reading of a statute, regulation, or relevant, binding case law would be
arbitrary, capricious and contrary to law. See 5 U.S.C. § 706; Chambers v. United
States, 417 F.3d at 1224; Towne v. United States, 106 Fed. Cl. at 712.

                                             40
      As noted above, the VASRD diagnostic codes at issue in the above captioned
case are:

      8045 Brain Disease Due to Trauma:

      Purely neurological disabilities, such as hemiplegia, epileptiform seizures,
            facial nerve paralysis, etc., following trauma to the brain, will be
            rated under the diagnostic codes specifically dealing with such
            disabilities, with citation of a hyphenated diagnostic code (e.g.,
            8045-8207).

      Purely subjective complaints such as headache, dizziness, insomnia, etc.,
             recognized as symptomatic of brain trauma, will be rated 10
             percent and no more under diagnostic code 9304. This 10 percent
             rating will not be combined with any other rating for a disability due
             to brain trauma. Ratings in excess of 10 percent for brain disease
             due to trauma under diagnostic code 9304 are not assignable in the
             absence of a diagnosis of multi-infarct dementia associated with
             brain trauma.

                                                    ...

      8100 Migraine:

      With very frequent completely prostrating and prolonged attacks
             productive of severe economic inadaptability ................ 50% [rating]
      With characteristic prostrating attacks occurring on an average once a
             month over last several months ..................................... 30% [rating]
      With characteristic prostrating attacks averaging one in 2 months over last
             several months .............................................................. 10% [rating]
      With less frequent attacks ......................................................... 0% [rating]

38 C.F.R. § 4.124a (2005).

       A third diagnostic code, also relevant to the dispute before the court, DC 9304,
“Dementia due to head trauma,” has no description accompanying the diagnostic code.
See 38 C.F.R. § 4.130 (2005). Instead, at the time of plaintiff’s 2004 and 2005 PEB
reviews, all mental disorders (VASRD DCs 9201 to 9521), except eating disorders (DCs
9520, 9521), were assigned disability ratings under a common rating scale. See id. (the
“General Rating Formula for Mental Disorders”). A rating of ten percent can be awarded
under this code for “[o]ccupational and social impairment due to mild or transient
symptoms which decrease work efficiency and ability to perform occupational tasks only
during periods of significant stress, or; symptoms controlled by continuous medication.”
Id.

                                                    41
        Plaintiff argues that the Secretary of the Army’s choice in 2011 to rate plaintiff’s
migraine condition under DC 8045-9304, “Brain disease due to trauma,” analogous to
“Dementia due to head trauma,” instead of DC 8100, “Migraine,” was incorrect. Plaintiff
first argues that the 2011 PDBR minority decision’s interpretation of the VASRD
diagnostic codes at issue, which the Secretary of the Army adopted, “violates the plain
language of the VASRD,” and also is contrary to the controlling interpretations of the
VASRD issued by the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims, as well as
those issued by the Board of Veterans Appeals. Plaintiff contends that the minority
decision conflated two key terms in the VASRD that should not have been
interchanged: migraines and headaches. Plaintiff alleges that the minority decision
incorrectly concluded that under the VASRD migraines could be rated the same as
headaches for rating purposes. Plaintiff states that the evidence “demonstrates that the
medical personnel evaluating and treating SSG Adams consistently diagnosed him with
migraines,” listing as examples Mr. Adams’ evaluations by Dr. Brooks, First Lieutenant
VanHemel, Dr. Byrnes, and Dr. Garcia. Plaintiff adds that the diagnoses of many
medical doctors that plaintiff suffered from migraines is not challenged by the
government: “The Government has not and cannot appeal the Government’s own
finding. Accordingly, the Court and the parties to this lawsuit are bound by the 2005
PEB’s conclusion that Adams suffered from ‘postconcussive migraine headaches’ that
rendered him unfit for continued service.” (internal citation omitted). Plaintiff contends
that the 2011 PDBR minority decision, adopted by the Secretary of the Army, improperly
confused and failed to distinguish plaintiff’s “Post-Concussive Migraine Headaches”
condition, which was listed as the “UNFITTING CONDITION” in the PDBR minority
decision, from the separate disability of “post-concussive headaches,” which the PDBR
minority member also used to describe plaintiff’s disability within the text of the minority
decision. (capitalization and emphasis in original). Plaintiff states: “[T]he proper
interpretation of the VASRD is that all migraine headaches, whether post-concussive or
not, be rated using the disability rating criteria in DC 8100, [‘Migraine’] and that post-
concussive headaches other than migraine headaches be rated using the disability
rating criteria in DC 8045 [‘Brain disease due to trauma’].” (emphasis in original).
Plaintiff argues that the plain meaning of the VASRD mandates that plaintiff’s migraine
condition be rated under DC 8100, “Migraine,” as opposed DC 8045-9304, “Brain
disease due to trauma,” analogous to “Dementia due to head trauma.” Plaintiff also
argues, in the alternative, that if the meanings of the diagnostic codes are ambiguous,
under section 1642 of the Wounded Warrior Act, the interpretations of the VASRD by
the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims and Board of Veterans Appeals were binding
on the Secretary of the Army and the 2011 PDBR. Plaintiff adds that both the Court of
Appeals for Veterans Claims and Board of Veterans Appeals interpret the terms
“migraine” and “headache” materially different from each other for rating purposes, and
prohibit the rating of a migraine condition under a diagnostic code other than DC 8100,
“Migraine.”

      Defendant states that “the plain language of the VASRD clearly supports the
Army's decision that Diagnostic Code 8045-9304 [‘Brain disease due to trauma,’
analogous to ‘Dementia due to head trauma,’] is accurate for Mr. Adams's diagnosis.”

                                            42
According to defendant, “[m]oreover, the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims has
affirmed the use of Diagnostic Code 8045 [‘Brain disease due to trauma’] for headaches
resulting from trauma.” Defendant contends, in contrast to plaintiff’s argument, that the
interpretations of the VASRD by the Board of Veterans Appeals do not bind the
Secretary of the Army, and states that “any requirement to follow the interpretations of
the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims (Veterans Court) simply does not constitute a
requirement to follow interpretations of the BVA [Board of Veterans Appeals].”
Additionally, defendant presents policy arguments advocating independence for the
Secretary of the Army to choose between different disability rating options.

       The court first addresses whether the plain language of the VASRD allows for, or
precludes, the 2011 PDBR minority member’s choice to rate plaintiff’s migraines under
DC 8045-9304, “Brain disease due to trauma,” analogous to “Dementia due to head
trauma.” Plaintiff argues that the plain language of the VASRD indicates that DC 8100,
“Migraine,” refers to a unique and distinct disease condition from either DC 8045, “Brain
disease due to trauma,” or DC 9304, “Dementia due to head trauma.” Plaintiff quotes
Russello v. United States: “‘“[W]here Congress includes particular language in one
section of a statute but omits it in another section of the same Act, it is generally
presumed that Congress acts intentionally and purposefully in the disparate inclusion or
exclusion.”’” (quoting Russello v. United States, 464 U.S. 16, 23 (1983) (quoting United
States v. Wong Kim Bo, 472 F.2d 720, 722 (5th Cir. 1972))). Plaintiff claims that the
cannon described by the United States Supreme Court in Russello applies to
interpretation of the VASRD as much as to interpretation of statutes, and quotes from
Smith v. Brown, 35 F.3d 1516, 1523 (Fed. Cir. 1994), which states “canons of
construction of course apply equally to any legal text and not merely to statutes.” See
also id. (“‘Regulations, like statutes, are interpreted according to the canons of
construction.’” (quoting Black & Decker Corp. v. Comm’r, 986 F.2d 60, 65 (4th
Cir.1993))). Plaintiff notes that in the VASRD, the term “Migraine” is mentioned only
once, in the title of DC 8100. See 38 CFR Pt. 4 (2005). Plaintiff further points out,
however, that many diagnostic codes discuss the term “headache” in their rating
scheme or notes, including DC 5025 (“Fibromyalgia”), DC 6314 (“Beriberi”), DC 8046
(“Cerebral arteriosclerosis”), and DC 8045 (“Brain disease due to trauma”). 38 C.F.R.
§§ 4.71a, 4.88b, 4.124a (2005).28 Plaintiff argues, therefore, that under the canon of
construction in Russello v. United States, a migraine condition can only be rated under
DC 8100, “Migraine.”

       In contrast, defendant argues that instead of “headache” or “Migraine,” the key
term to examine is “trauma,” and like plaintiff applies the same canon of construction
discussed by plaintiff with reference to Russello, stating: “The same argument could be
made with respect to the presence of words ‘brain disease due to trauma’ in Diagnostic
Code 8045 and the absence of a reference to trauma in Diagnostic Code 8100 . . . .”

28
   The court notes that there are other references to “headache” in the VASRD in effect
in 2004 and 2005, such as DC 6514 (“Sinitus”) and DC 7700 (“Anemia”), which discuss
headaches in their rating schemes or notes. See 38 C.F.R. §§ 4.97, 4.117 (2005).

                                           43
Defendant acknowledges that it is undisputed that plaintiff suffered an injury due to
trauma during the car accident while he was deployed. Defendant points out that DC
8100, “Migraine,” does not discuss trauma, but that DC 8045, “Brain disease due to
trauma,” and DC 9304, “Dementia due to head trauma,” both mention the term “trauma.”
Defendant argues, therefore, that under Russello, plaintiff’s condition should be rated
only under a diagnostic code that includes the term “trauma.” Plaintiff responds that the
canon discussed in Russello does not apply to defendant’s example, since the term
“trauma” appears in many places within the VASRD, such as in DC 5010 (“Arthritis due
to trauma”) and DC 6520 (“Larynx, stenosis of, including residuals of laryngeal trauma”).
38 C.F.R. §§ 4.71a, 4.97 (2005). Plaintiff responds that focusing on the term that
identifies the cause of the injury, in this case “trauma,” is a mistake, and that, instead,
the terms of greater importance for determining the meaning of the diagnostic code are
the terms representing the disease or injury. According to plaintiff:

       [T]he diagnostic codes in the VASRD are used to categorize disabilities.
       See 38 C.F.R. § 4.1 (“This rating schedule is primarily a guide in the
       evaluation of disability resulting from all types of diseases and injuries
       encountered as a result of or incident to military service”). “Trauma” is not
       a disability. “Trauma” is an event; an event that may or may not cause a
       disability. “Migraines” and “Brain Disease” are disabilities.

Defendant responds that this distinction is without legal significance, and emphasizes
that “Mr. Adams’s headaches (Mr. Adams's ‘brain disease’) were due to trauma.”
(emphasis in original).

        United States Supreme Court cases subsequent to Russello have applied the
canon of statutory construction described in that case to infer congressional intent when
one section of an Act is lacking specific language contained in a different section of the
same Act. See, e.g., Barnhart v. Sigmon Coal Co., 534 U.S. 438, 452–53 (2012)
(“Where Congress wanted to provide for successor liability in the Coal Act, it did so
explicitly, as demonstrated by [26 U.S.C.] §§ 9706(b)(2) and 9711(g)(1). If Congress
had meant to make a preenactment successor in interest like Jericol liable, it could have
done so clearly and explicitly.” (citing as example Russello v. United States, 464 U.S. at
23)); United States v. Gonzales, 520 U.S. 1, 5 (1997) (“Given that Congress expressly
limited the phrase ‘any crime’ to only federal crimes, we find it significant that no similar
restriction modifies the phrase ‘any other term of imprisonment,’ which appears only two
sentences later and is at issue in this case.” (quoting 18 U.S.C.A. § 924(c) (1991));
Fedorenko v. United States, 449 U.S. 490, 512 (1981) (“That Congress was perfectly
capable of adopting a ‘voluntariness’ limitation where it felt that one was necessary is
plain from comparing § 2(a) with § 2(b) [of the Displaced Persons Act of 1948, 62 Stat.
1009], which excludes only those individuals who ‘voluntarily assisted the enemy forces
. . . in their operations . . . .’ Under traditional principles of statutory construction, the
deliberate omission of the word ‘voluntary’ from § 2(a) compels the conclusion that the
statute made all those who assisted in the persecution of civilians ineligible for visas.”
(modifications and emphasis in original)). The United States Supreme Court, however,

                                             44
also has indicated that the Russello cannon has to be considered in the overall light of
congressional intent, and that reviewing courts should “‘“look not only to the particular
statutory language, but to the design of the statute as a whole and to its object and
policy.”’” Negusie v. Holder, 555 U.S. 511, 519 (2009) (quoting Dada v. Mukasey, 554
U.S. 1, 16 (2008) (quoting Gozlon–Peretz v. United States, 498 U.S. 395, 407 (1991))).
The United States Supreme Court has also cautioned against the use of the Russello
canon where there are an increasing number of differences between the provisions
being compared. See City of Columbus v. Ours Garage and Wrecker Serv., Inc., 536
U.S. 424, 425 (2002) (“The Russello presumption—that the presence of a phrase in one
provision and its absence in another reveals Congress' design—grows weaker with
each difference in the formulation of the provisions under inspection.”). The Russello
canon of statutory construction has been followed by the United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit. See, e.g., Burden v. Shinseki, 727 F.3d 1161, 1171 (Fed. Cir.)
(The Federal Circuit cited Russello v. United States and held that since 38 U.S.C.
§ 103(a) granted the VA authority determine, by “evidence satisfactory to the
Secretary,” what is a “marriage,” the lack of that same language in a later provision,
section 103(c), meant that the VA had to defer to state law and could not set its own
evidentiary standards for what is a marriage.), reh’g and reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir.
2013), cert. denied, 134 S. Ct. 2134 (2014); Sioux Honey Ass'n v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co.,
672 F.3d 1041, 1052 (Fed. Cir.) (The Federal Circuit cited Russello in noting
“Congress's use of the term ‘jurisdiction’ in [28 U.S.C.] §§ 1581–1584 but not in § 1585
suggests that it did not intend” for “the concept of supplemental jurisdiction” to apply to
28 U.S.C. § 1585.), cert. denied, 133 S. Ct. 126 (2012).

       Under the VASRD, terms representing the resulting disease or injury effect, in
this case “Migraine” or “Brain disease,” are more relevant for determining the application
of a diagnostic code than the term that identifies the cause, in this case, “trauma.” VA
regulations specify that VASRD diagnostic codes are to be chosen based on how well
they represent a disease or injury condition, not the cause of the injury, such as
“trauma.” See 38 C.F.R. § 4.1 (2005) (“The percentage ratings represent as far as can
practicably be determined the average impairment in earning capacity resulting from
such diseases and injuries and their residual conditions in civil occupations.”); 38 C.F.R.
§ 4.27 (2005) (“With diseases, preference is to be given to the number assigned to the
disease itself; if the rating is determined on the basis of residual conditions, the number
appropriate to the residual condition will be added, preceded by a hyphen.”). Even
though, as defendant notes, the term “headache” appears multiple times in the VASRD,
the Federal Circuit has applied the Russello canon of construction even when a term
has been applied more than once in other areas of a body of law. See, e.g., Sioux
Honey Ass'n v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 672 F.3d at 1052 (“Further, that 28 U.S.C. § 1585
does not contain a ‘jurisdiction’ term is telling, especially because the Customs Courts
Act does refer to ‘jurisdiction’ numerous times in neighboring provisions (i.e., §§ 1581–
1584).” (emphasis in original)).

      The term “Migraine” only appears once in the VASRD, whereas the term
“headache” appears multiple times in separate locations within the VASRD. See

                                            45
generally 38 C.F.R Pt. 4 (2005). Given that the term “Migraine” is only found in DC
8100, and in no other part of the VASRD, the regulatory intent behind the VASRD would
appear to be for those service members with a diagnosis of “Migraine” to be rated under
DC 8100, “Migraine.” That plaintiff was diagnosed with a migraine condition is not in
dispute. Both the PDBR majority and minority decisions listed Mr. Adams’ “UNFITTING
CONDITION” as “Post-Concussive Migraine Headaches.” (capitalization and emphasis
in original). The vast majority of the medical professionals who examined plaintiff,
including those relevant examinations of Mr. Adams closest in time to his October 24,
2005 informal PEB and November 21, 2005 separation from the Army, concluded that
plaintiff was suffering from “migraines,” or “migraine headaches.”29

        There are multiple, different terms, “Migraine,” “Brain disease,” and “headache,”
in the various diagnostics codes at issue. When there is different language in two
sections of a regulatory scheme, as opposed to when there is language in one section
of a regulatory scheme that does not exist in the other section, the Russello canon is
less helpful to resolve the issue. See Russello v. United States, 464 U.S. at 23 (The
United States Supreme Court stated that when there is different language between two
sections of a legal text, “[w]e refrain from concluding here that the differing language in
the two subsections has the same meaning in each.”). Furthermore, none of the key
terms at issue in this case, “Migraine,” “Brain disease,” or “headache,” are defined
within the VASRD and, therefore, are open to interpretation. See 38 C.F.R. §§ 4.124a,
4.130 (2005). The medical literature does not provide helpful definitions of the terms
“Migraine,” “Brain disease,” or “headache,” either, and even contains overlapping
definitions. For example, the term “Migraine” is defined in Dorland’s Illustrated Medical
Dictionary (30th ed. 2003) as a type of headache, “an often familial symptom complex of
periodic attacks of vascular headache, usually temporal and unilateral in onset,
commonly associated with irritability, nausea, vomiting, constipation or diarrhea, and
often photophobia.” Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary 1158. The term “Brain
disease” is not generally defined in traditional medical dictionaries such as Dorland’s
Illustrated Medical Dictionary, however, the language included under DC 8045, “Brain
disease due to trauma,” implies, that headaches can be rated under DC 8045, through a
combined rating of DC 8045-9304, “Brain disease due to trauma,” analogous to
“Dementia due to head trauma.” The note under DC 8045, “Brain disease due to
trauma,” states: “Purely subjective complaints such as headache, dizziness, insomnia,
etc., recognized as symptomatic of brain trauma, will be rated 10 percent and no more
under diagnostic code 9304.” 38 C.F.R. § 4.124a (2005). Moreover, the term

29
   For example, the parties stipulated that on July 18, 2005 “Dr. Garcia diagnosed
plaintiff with ‘CLASSICAL MIGRAINE (WITH AURA): intractable with 1-2 prostrating
headaches a week,’” during Mr. Adams’ TDRL evaluation. (capitalization in original). In
addition, Dr. Brooks, Dr. Marathe, First Lieutenant VanHemel, Dr. Friedman, Dr. Byrnes,
as well as Mr. Adams’ VA evaluators diagnosed plaintiff with migraines or migraine
headaches. Although Dr. Tran also evaluated plaintiff on August 20, 2005, close in time
to his October 24, 2005 informal PEB, this evaluation did not concern his migraine
headaches.

                                            46
“headache” is simply defined in Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary as “pain in the
head.” Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary 817.

        The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit decision in Deckers
Outdoor Corp. v. United States, provides some guidance when the Russello canon may
not resolve individual term construction issues, when multiple, perhaps related, terms
are in dispute, such as “migraine,” “brain trauma,” and “headache.” See Deckers
Outdoor Corp. v. United States, 14 F.3d 1363, 1365–67 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g and reh’g en
banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2013), cert. denied, 134 S. Ct. 2288 (2014). In Deckers, the
definitions of the terms “footwear,” “shoes,” and “boots” under the Harmonized Tariff
Schedule of the United States (HTSUS) were at issue. See id. at 1367. The Federal
Circuit, citing Russello, concluded that “footwear” could not have the same meaning as
“shoes” or “boots,” since the latter terms were used in other sections of the HTSUS,
while, instead, “footwear” was used in the section at issue in the case. See id.
Nonetheless, the Court of Appeals of the Federal Circuit still needed to define what
exactly “footwear” meant, using explanatory notes contained within the HTSUS. See id.
at 1367 n.1. The Deckers court concluded that “footwear” was not completely distinct
from “shoes” or “boots,” but instead encompassed both terms. See id. at 1367. The
Federal Circuit stated:

      As Deckers acknowledges, the term “footwear” plainly encompasses both
      shoes and boots. See Br. of Appellant 8 (acknowledging that the Classic
      Crochet boots are “footwear with outer soles of rubber or plastic”). Certain
      HTSUS [Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States] provisions refer
      specifically to shoes. See HTSUS 6404.11 (referring to “tennis shoes,”
      “basketball shoes,” and “gym shoes”); id. 6403.19.30 (referring to “golf
      shoes”). Other HTSUS provisions refer specifically to “boots.”).

Id.

       In the above captioned case, defendant similarly argues that the terms
“headache” and “Brain trauma” in the VASRD can be broadly defined, such that
“migraine” conditions can fall within the definition of headaches, just as “shoes” and
“boots” fell under the definition of “footwear” in Deckers. Defendant states: “Since the
regulations include headaches as a type of ‘brain disease due to trauma’ for purposes
of Diagnostic Code 8045, it defies reason for Mr. Adams to claim his headaches are not
brain disease within the meaning of that diagnostic code.”30 Plaintiff, however, argues
that migraines are a unique disease within the VASRD that should be rated under DC
8100, “Migraine,” and that migraines are distinct from other types of “headaches” or
“Brain disease.” According to plaintiff, “the word ‘migraines’ is a disability, and it was
exclusively used by VA in promulgating the VASRD in the title to DC 8100 and was

30
   Defendant frequently refers to plaintiff’s condition as “post-concussive headaches,”
although the 2011 PDBR majority and minority decisions both referred to plaintiff’s
condition as “Post-Concussive Migraine Headaches.”

                                           47
used nowhere else in the VASRD.” Given the lack of direct definitions provided in the
VASRD, it is not apparent from reading the words of the VASRD whether the disabilities
covered by DC 8045, “Brain disease due to trauma,” or DC 9304, “Dementia due to
head trauma,” cover migraine conditions. See 38 C.F.R. §§ 4.124a, 4.130 (2005).

        Plaintiff argues that another term in the VASRD, “Dementia,” is of relevance to
plaintiff’s disability determination. The term “Dementia” is found in the title of DC 8045-
9304, “Brain disease due to trauma,” analogous to “Dementia due to head trauma.”
Unlike other terms in the VASRD, the term “Dementia” is defined within the VASRD.
The start of 38 C.F.R. § 4.130 (2005) states: “The nomenclature employed in this
portion of the rating schedule is based upon the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM–IV).”
The DSM-IV defines “Dementia” (emphasis in original), in relevant part, as follows:

       The essential feature of a dementia is the development of multiple
       cognitive deficits that include memory impairment and at least one of the
       following cognitive disturbances . . . .

              Memory impairment is required to make the diagnosis of a
       dementia and is a prominent early symptom (Criterion A1). Individuals with
       dementia become impaired in their ability to learn new material, or they
       forget previously learned material. Most individuals with dementia have
       both forms of memory impairment . . . .

DSM-IV at 134; see also 61 Fed. Reg. 52695, 52695–96 (Oct. 6, 1996) (discussing the
use of DSM-IV, as well as the VA’s interpretation of other diagnostic codes that also use
the word “dementia”). The DSM-IV further defines “Dementia Due to Head Trauma”
(emphasis in original), in relevant part, as follows:

       The essential feature of Dementia Due to Head Trauma is the presence of
       a dementia that is judged to be the direct pathophysiological consequence
       of head trauma. . . . Posttraumatic amnesia is frequently present, along
       with persisting memory impairment.

DSM-IV at 148 (emphasis in original).

       As part of its consideration of plaintiff’s case, this court issued an Order asking
the parties to clarify “whether the record indicates that plaintiff suffered from memory
impairment as a result of head trauma, and, if not, whether DC 8045, ‘Brain disease due
to trauma,’ was properly applied to plaintiff’s condition . . . .” The court asked the parties
to discuss whether, “[i]n order for DC 8045, ‘Brain disease due to trauma,’ to have been
applicable to plaintiff’s condition at the time of the 2005 PEB decision, therefore, there
may have been a requirement to have diagnosed plaintiff with memory impairment as a
result of trauma.” Both parties confirmed that at no point in the record is there evidence
that plaintiff suffered from memory loss or memory impairment. Defendant indicated:

                                             48
“Our review of the record did not disclose evidence that Mr. Adams suffered from
memory loss.” Similarly, plaintiff stated: “The administrative record contains no evidence
that the plaintiff suffered from memory impairment as a result of trauma.”

        Plaintiff argues that because plaintiff did not show any signs of memory loss,
plaintiff did not suffer from dementia, and therefore, the plain language of DC 9304,
“Dementia due to head trauma,” prevented plaintiff’s condition from being rated
analogously under DC 8045-9304, “Brain disease due to trauma,” analogous to
“Dementia due to head trauma.” Defendant responds that, pursuant to the descriptive
language under DC 8045, “Brain disease due to trauma,” a rating under DC 8045-9304,
“Brain disease due to trauma,” analogous to “Dementia due to the head trauma,” only
requires the presence of a purely subjective complaint, such as headaches or dizziness.
According to defendant:

       Although the code cross-references DC 9304, Dementia Due to Head
       Trauma (38 C.F.R. § 4.130) for purposes of designating the applicable
       disability percentage, it does not mandate further evaluation of the
       condition through DC 9304 for purposes of receiving a 10 percent rating.
       Because Mr. Adams suffered from a “purely subjective” headache
       condition, DC 8045 does not require satisfaction of two diagnostic codes:
       DC 8045 [“Brain disease due to trauma,”] and DC 9304 [“Dementia due to
       head trauma”]; rather, DC 8045 [“Brain disease due to trauma,”] only
       requires the presence of headaches.

Defendant also maintains that, regardless, to qualify for a disability rating of ten percent
under DC 9304, “Dementia due to head trauma,” alone, no showing of memory loss is
required. Defendant notes that under the “General Rating Formula for Mental
Disorders,” which provides the disability rating scheme for DC 9304, “Dementia due to
head trauma,” a disability rating of ten percent only requires: “Occupational and social
impairment due to mild or transient symptoms which decrease work efficiency and
ability to perform occupational tasks only during periods of significant stress, or;
symptoms controlled by continuous medication.” 38 C.F.R. § 4.130 (2005). Defendant
notes, on the other hand, the next highest rating under DC 9304, “Dementia due to
head trauma,” of thirty percent, specifically looks for “mild memory loss (such as
forgetting names, directions, recent events)” as a rating requirement. See id.

      Under the DSM-IV’s definition of “Dementia Due to Head Trauma” “memory
impairment” is “frequently present,” but does not have to be present in every instance.
See DSM-IV at 148 (emphasis in original). Moreover, according to the note under DC
8045, “Brain disease due to trauma,” as written at the time of plaintiff’s separation in
2005: “Purely subjective complaints such as headache, dizziness, insomnia, etc.,
recognized as symptomatic of brain trauma, will be rated 10 percent and no more under
diagnostic code 9304.” 38 C.F.R. § 4.124a (2005). It appears, therefore, from a review
of the plain language of the VASRD that “[p]urely subjective complaints such as
headache, dizziness, insomnia,” are among the diagnoses which potentially can

                                            49
generate a rating under DC 8045-9304, “Brain disease due to trauma,” analogous to
“Dementia due to head trauma.” See 38 C.F.R. §§ 4.124a, 4.130 (2005).

        Defendant also correctly notes that under the “General Rating Formula for Mental
Disorders,” which provides the disability ratings for DC 9304, “Dementia due to head
trauma,” a disability rating of ten percent under DC 9304 does not require memory
impairment. See 38 C.F.R. § 4.130 (2005). Only for ratings of thirty percent or higher
under DC 9304, “Dementia due to head trauma,” does the 2005 VASRD “General
Rating Formula for Mental Disorder” mention or require memory impairment as a
symptom. See id. The court also points out that the United States Court of Appeals for
Veterans Claims has upheld ratings for headache conditions under DC 8045-9304,
“Brain disease due to trauma,” analogous to “Dementia due to head trauma,” despite a
lack of a showing of memory loss. See, e.g., Ashmore v. Derwinski, 1 Vet. App. 580,
583–84 (1991) (in which the court recommended the Board of Veterans Appeals rate
plaintiff’s symptoms of headache, dizziness, and insomnia as ten percent disabling
under DC 8045-9304, despite no mention of the service member suffering memory
loss).

       According to plaintiff, even if the plain language of the VASRD does not clarify
whether or not plaintiff’s migraine condition should have been rated under DC 8100,
“Migraine,” or DC 8045-9304, “Brain disease due to trauma,” analogous to “Dementia
due to head trauma,” the Secretary of the Army’s decision is contrary to the controlling
interpretations of the VASRD issued by the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans
Claims and the Board of Veterans Appeals. Plaintiff contends that these interpretations
were not considered during Mr. Adams’ 2011 PDBR review. Plaintiff points to section
1642 of the Wounded Warrior Act (codified at 10 U.S.C. § 1216a). According to section
1642 of the Wounded Warrior Act, in relevant part:

      ‘‘(a) UTILIZATION OF VA SCHEDULE FOR RATING DISABILITIES IN
      DETERMINATIONS OF DISABILITY.—“(1) In making a determination of
      disability of a member of the armed forces for purposes of this chapter, the
      Secretary concerned
              “(A) shall, to the extent feasible, utilize the schedule for rating
              disabilities in use by the Department of Veterans Affairs [38 C.F.R.
              Part 4] , including any applicable interpretation of the schedule by
              the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims; and
              “(B) except as provided in paragraph (2), may not deviate from
              the schedule or any such interpretation of the schedule.

Wounded Warrior Act § 1642 (capitalization and quotations in original). Plaintiff,
therefore, argues that: “In the 2008 NDAA [National Defense Authorization Act, of which
the Wounded Warrior Act is a part], Congress expanded on the principle that PEBs are
required to follow the VASRD by providing that both the PEBs and the newly created
PDBR are generally bound to follow VA interpretations of its own VASRD.”

                                          50
       The Wounded Warrior Act was enacted on January 28, 2008, after plaintiff’s
2005 informal PEB review, but before his 2011 PDBR review. Defendant does not
disagree that section 1642 of the Wounded Warrior Act applies to plaintiff’s PDBR. DoDI
6040.44, “Lead DoD Component for the Physical Disability Board of Review (PDBR),”
offers different approaches for the PDBR to follow depending on whether a claimant
was separated before or after January 28, 2008:

      If the case was adjudicated by the final Military Department PEB and the
      covered individual was separated from military service prior to January 28,
      2008 [the date of enactment of the Wounded Warrior Act], the PDBR shall
      also review the disability rating(s) of the covered individual, in accordance
      with the VASRD in effect at the time of separation for the covered
      individual. Provisions of DoD or Military Department regulations or
      guidelines relied upon by the PEB will not be considered by the PDBR to
      the extent they were inconsistent with the VASRD in effect at the time of
      the adjudication. If the covered individual was separated from military
      service on or after January 28, 2008, the PDBR shall use the VASRD
      without application of Reference (m), along with any applicable
      interpretation of the VASRD by the United States Court of Appeals for
      Veterans Claims.

DoDI 6040.44, Enclosure 3 § 5(e)(1).31 According to the military’s instruction, when the
PDBR evaluated claimants who happened to have separated from the Army before
January 28, 2008, the date of enactment of the Wounded Warrior Act, the PDBR was
not required to rate the claimants in the same manner as VA and was not required to

31
   As mentioned above, this court refers to DoDI 6040.44, as amended June 2, 2009, in
effect at the time of plaintiff’s 2011 PDBR review. Before DoDI 6040.44 was amended
on June 2, 2009, the instruction at Enclosure 3 § 5(e)(1) stated:

      If the case was adjudicated by the final Military Department PEB and the
      covered individual was separated from military service prior to January 28,
      2008, the PDBR shall also review the disability rating(s) of the covered
      individual, in accordance with the DoD application of the VASRD under
      DoDI 1332.39 (Reference (m)) and applicable Service regulations, if any,
      in effect at the time of separation for the covered individual. If the covered
      individual was separated from military service on or after January 28,
      2008, the PDBR shall use the VASRD without application of Reference
      (m), along with any applicable interpretation of the VASRD by the United
      States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims.

DoDI 6040.44, Enclosure 3 § 5(e)(1) (June 27, 2008 Rev.). When DoDI 6040.44 was
amended June 2, 2009, no reason was given in the revised instruction for the change in
language.

                                           51
refer to interpretations of the VASRD by the United States Court of Appeals for
Veterans Claims. See id. For those service members who separated after January 28,
2008, however, the PDBR was required under DoDI 6040.44 to rate the claimants in a
manner that followed the VA rating scheme, including any relevant interpretations of the
VASRD issued by the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims.32 See id.

       A review of the record indicates that since plaintiff separated from the Army on
November 21, 2005, plaintiff’s 2011 PDBR followed the guidelines set forth in DoDI
6040.44 applicable to claimants who separated from the Army prior to January 28,
2008. The PDBR majority stated: “IAW [in accordance with] DoDI 6040.44, provisions of
DoD or Military Department regulations or guidelines relied upon by the PEB will not be
considered by the Board to the extent they were inconsistent with the VASRD in effect
at the time of the adjudication.” A review of the record further indicates that plaintiff’s
2011 PDBR majority and minority decisions did not refer to any decisions of the United
States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims or Board of Veterans Appeals, when
determining how to interpret the competing terms of the VASRD at issue, DC 8100,
“Migraine,” and DC 8045-9304, “Brain disease due to trauma,” analogous to “Dementia
due to head trauma.”

        In contrast to the Army’s instruction in DoDI 6040.44, Enclosure 3 § 5(e)(1),
however, the language in section 1642 of the Wounded Warrior Act indicates that the
Secretary, in making a determination of a disability of a member of the armed forces, “to
the extent feasible,” shall utilize the schedule for rating disabilities in use by the
Department of Veterans Affairs, 38 C.F.R. Part 4, including any applicable interpretation
of the schedule by the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims, and should
not deviate except in specific circumstances not applicable here. See Wounded Warrior
Act § 1642. The long-standing presumption is that when a public law is enacted, it is in
effect immediately, unless otherwise indicated. See Lapeyre v. United States, 84 U.S.
191, 198 (1872) (stating that “it is settled that where no other time is prescribed,” acts of
Congress “take effect from their date”). Because Wounded Warrior Act § 1643, which
established the PDBR, enabled the Secretary of the Army to make “de novo”
determinations regarding the disability rating of a service member, those determinations
are subject to the requirements of Wounded Warrior Act § 1642. See Hatmaker v.
United States, 2014 WL 3767049, at *8; Silbaugh v. United States, 107 Fed. Cl. at 150;
see also Wounded Warrior Act § 1643 (stating that the military secretary concerned will
“correct the military records of a covered individual”); DoDI 6040.44 § 4(a), Enclosure 3
§ 4(b) (stating that the PDBR shall “reassess” and “impartially readjudicate cases upon
which review is requested”).

      The court notes that the legislative history behind the Wounded Warrior Act
supports a conclusion that the requirements of section 1642 of the Wounded Warrior

32
   The military’s instruction to Mr. Adams’ PDBR, to refer to the VASRD in effect at the
time of his separation from the Army, which in Mr. Adams’ case would be the VASRD in
effect on November 21, 2005, is not challenged by plaintiff.

                                             52
Act applies to all PDBR reviews, not just to those reviews for service members who
were separated from the military after January 28, 2008, the date the Wounded Warrior
Act was enacted. The legislative history indicates that the PDBR was created to be “an
independent board to review,” and “correct unjustifiably low Department of Defense
disability ratings awarded since 2001.” See 153 Cong. Rec. S. 9857, 9858 (July 25,
2007) (statement of Senator Carl Levin). The legislative history further indicates that
Congress believed the military’s ratings were “unjustifiably low” specifically because the
military’s disability rating system was flawed, and, therefore, enactment of section 1642
of the Wounded Warrior Act was to encourage the military to adopt the VA’s rating
approach for all disability determinations. See id.

       Plaintiff states that “[t]he provisions of the 2008 NDAA creating the PDBR had
their genesis in the joint hearing conducted the previous year [2007] by the Senate
Committees on Armed Services and Veterans Affairs,” citing to the joint Senate hearing,
Hearing to Receive Testimony on the Department of Defense and Veterans Affairs
Disability Rating Systems and the Transition of Servicemembers from the Department
of Defense to the Department of Veterans Affairs, S. Hrg. 110-212 (Apr. 12, 2007). The
April 2007 Senate Hearing focused on disparities between VA and DoD disability
ratings. See generally id. Senator Carl Levin, Chairman of the Senate Committee on
Armed Services, stated at the start of the hearing that, “[d]isability ratings by the military
services are inconsistent with disability ratings by the VA,” noting that there appeared to
be significant disparities in support received by those with disability ratings thirty percent
or above and those with disability ratings below thirty percent. See id. at 2. A “study,”
prepared by the Center for Naval Analysis upon request from the Veteran’s Disability
Benefits Commission, was discussed at the hearing, and indicated that the military,
across all branches, consistently rated service members significantly lower than the
VA.33 See id. at 97–104. In particular, migraine was one of the disabilities identified as
consistently rated lower by the military than by the VA. See id. at 103–04 (finding that
when the DoD rated a migraine condition as 0–20% disabling, the VA rated the same
migraine condition as between 30–50% disabling 73% of the time). General James
Terry Scott, Chairman of the Veterans’ Disability Benefits Commission, presented the
results of the study as part of his prepared statement. General Scott further testified: “It
is also apparent that DoD has strong incentive to assign ratings less than 30% so that
only separation pay is required and continuing family health care is not provided.” Id. at
104. General Scott’s final recommendations included having the VA directly rate service
members. Id. at 105 (“If a servicemember is found unfit, the servicemember’s case
should be referred to VA before discharge. . . . VA would rate and assign the
percentage of disability of all service-connected disabilities found on exam.”). Senator
Levin described the lower military ratings, especially when they meant the service
member was not able to seek “medically retired” status, as “just unfair.” See id. at 2,

33
  At the hearing, it was stated by General Scott that the purpose of the Commission
was to study “the benefits available for disabilities and deaths related to military service,
more specifically the appropriateness of the level of the benefits, and how a decision is
made whether to compensate a veteran.” S. Hrg. 110-212, at 96.

                                             53
126. The issue of how to improve consistency between the different ratings was
discussed at length. See generally id. at 126–70.

       In the same hearing, there was discussion about what would eventually become
the creation of the PDBR. Senator John McCain, at the time Ranking Member of the
Senate Committee on Armed Services, discussed legislation to “provide independent
review on request from any service member who has received less than a 30 percent
rating, in response to accusations that junior enlisted have been systematically low-
balled in the disability ratings they have been offered and been denied the benefits of a
medical retirement.” Id. at 6. Senator McCain also remarked: “There appears to be
consensus, for example, that the current decentralized disability evaluation systems for
the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marines have received very little oversight from DOD
and have produced questionable outcomes for many severely wounded soldiers.” Id.

      Appended to the April 2007 Senate Hearing transcript was a statement prepared
by Brian Lawrence, Assistant National Legislative Director, Disabled Americans
Veterans. See id. at 171. The statement alleged that “PEB’s do not adhere to the VA
Schedule for Rating Disabilities (VASRD) as required by chapter 61 of title 10 United
States Code because some in DOD assert that the law is ambiguous.” Id. The report
sought legislation to “make unmistakably clear that there is only one rating schedule,
the one adopted by the Department of Veterans Affair [sic], that the DOD does not have
the authority to modify that schedule, and that decisions of the Court of Appeals for
Veterans Claims interpreting the rating schedule must be followed by the DOD.” Id. at
172.

       A few months after the April 2007 joint Senate Hearing, on October 17, 2007, the
Senate Committee on Veterans’ Affairs held another hearing, titled Hearing On VA and
DoD Collaboration: Report of The President's Commission on Care for America's
Returning Wounded Warriors; Report of the Veterans Disability Benefits Commission;
and Other Related Reports. S. Hrg. 110-374, 74–81 (Oct. 17, 2007). At this this hearing,
Togo D. West, Jr., “Co-Chair of the Department of Defense’s Independent Review
Group on Rehabilitative Care and Administrative Processes at Walter Reed Army
Medical Center and National Naval Medical Center,” and a prior Secretary of the
Department of Veterans Affairs, issued a prepared statement discussing a range of
topics, including “cooperation between the DOD and VA.” See id. at 43, 78. The
prepared statement by Mr. West including a statement that: “The current Medical
Evaluation Board/Physical Evaluation Board process is extremely cumbersome,
inconsistent, and confusing to providers, patients, and families.” See id. at 80. The
prepared statement also mentioned that: “Not all the general policy provisions set forth
in the rating schedule apply to the military. Consequently, disability ratings consistently
vary between the Department of Defense and Department of Veterans Affairs.” Id. The
Independent Review Group recommended, in response, both implementing a PDBR-
type system and unifying the rating process between the VA and military in conjunction:

                                            54
      The Under Secretary of Defense (Personnel & Readiness) should conduct
      a quality assurance review all [sic] (Army, Navy/Marine Corps, and Air
      Force) Disability Evaluation System decisions of 0, 10, or 20 percent
      disability and Existed Prior to Service (EPTS) cases since 2001 to ensure
      consistency, fairness, and compliance with applicable regulations.

                                            ...

      The Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Veterans Affairs should
      establish one solution. Develop and utilize one disability rating guideline
      that remains flexible to evolve and be updated as the trends in injuries and
      supporting medical documentation/treatment necessitate.

Id.

        Also of relevance to the issues before the court is a December 6, 2007, House of
Representatives conference committee report, which appears to concur with the
statements made at the April and October 2007 Senate Hearings. See H.R. Rep. No.
110-477, at 1164–65 (Dec. 6, 2007) (Conf. Rep.) (stating that the House of
Representatives, in conference, “recedes” to the Senate’s proposed language of
Wounded Warrior Act §§ 1642 and 1643, although with minor amendments related to
notification requirements). The December 6, 2007 conference committee report, when
discussing section 1643 of the Wounded Warrior Act, specifically mentioned and
endorsed an October 2007, Veterans’ Disability Benefits Commission report, which
presented results in line with the prepared statements by General Scott, Chairman of
the Veterans’ Disability Benefits Commission, which were presented to the Senate
Committees on Armed Services and Veterans Affairs on April 12, 2007. The conference
committee report stated:

      The conferees believe that the recommendation of the Veterans’ Disability
      Benefits Commission in its report of October 3, 2007, to reassess the
      ratings of service members who were discharged as unfit but given low
      ratings should be implemented. The Commission’s analysis of service
      disability ratings from 2000 to 2006 set forth in chapter V [titled “Policies
      for Determining Eligibility for Benefits”] of its report reflected disturbing and
      ‘‘counterintuitive’’ differences between the Army and Marine Corps and the
      Navy and Air Force that must be addressed. The conferees expect the
      Secretary of Defense to ensure that cases before the Physical Disability
      Board of Review receive equitable ratings as recommended by the
      Commission.

Id. at 1164–65.

     The October 2007 Veterans’ Disability Benefits Commission report, titled
“Honoring the Call to Duty: Veterans’ Disability Benefits in the 21st Century,” Vet.

                                             55
Disability Benefits Comm’n (Oct. 2007), covered the same topic as the April 2007 study
presented by General Scott: the military’s separate approach from the VA to rating
veterans. The report stated:

       DoD and VA need to assess the differences in the application of the
       Rating Schedule. The Congressional Commission [on Servicemembers
       and Veterans Transition Assistance Report, January 24, 1999]
       documented that “the two systems apply different standards because they
       make determinations for different purposes.” The [Congressional
       Commission] report recommended that, “a combined DoD/VA Disability
       Evaluation Rating Board would avoid redundancy.” This coordination of
       efforts could make sure that both military service members and veterans
       are receiving a consistent disability rating and compensation.

Id. at 259 (footnotes omitted). The report also stated:

       As illustrated . . . the combined disability ratings made by VA are higher,
       on average, than the combined ratings made by the services at almost all
       rating levels. Individuals who received ratings of less than 30 percent and
       who had fewer than 20 years of service received severance pay only.
       Individuals assigned a zero percent rating by the services received, on
       average, a 30 percent rating from VA. Individuals rated 30 percent by the
       services were rated an average of 56 percent by VA. The difference
       between VA and DoD ratings is even more pronounced for those
       individuals rated less than 30 percent by DoD but eligible for retirement
       with 20 or more years of service . . . .

Id. at 266. According to the report, “there appears to be some incentive on the part of
the services to assign ratings less than 30 percent so that only separation pay is
required and continuing family health care and other retirement benefits are not
provided.” Id. at 267. The Veterans’ Disability Benefits Commission concluded, after
studying the issue:

       The Commission believes that the responsibility for assigning a disability
       rating should be turned over to VA and that the MEB/PEB structure should
       be streamlined. These changes would give each service member a single,
       objective rating that would apply to military disability retirement pay or
       severance pay as well as VA disability compensation.

Id. at 268. The Commission included as part of its “Short-Term Recommendations:”

       Recommendation 7.10

       VA and DoD should adopt a consistent and uniform policy for rating
       disabilities, using the VA Schedule for Rating Disabilities.

                                            56
       Recommendation 7.11

       DoD should reassess the ratings of service members who were
       discharged as unfit but rated 0 to 30 percent disabled to determine if
       those ratings were equitable. (Note: Commission data only went
       back to 2000.)

Id. at 269 (emphasis in original).

       Other statements on the floor of Congress are in line with the congressional
indications of intent discussed above. In March, 2007, on the floor of the United States
House of Representatives, Representative Robert Andrews, a member of the House
Armed Services Committee, speaking on the Wounded Warriors Act, stated that “this
bill deals with the outrageous inconsistency that so many people have experienced in
the disability system . . . .” 153 Cong. Rec. H. 3206, 3209 (Mar. 28, 2007).
Representative Ike Skelton, Chairman of the House Armed Services Committee, and a
sponsor of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008, added: “[A]s the
gentleman from New Jersey (Mr. Andrews) stated about the disparity between the
treatment regarding the disability ratings made by the Department of Defense on the
one hand, and the Veterans Administration on the other, we hope that disparity will be
done away with by the legislation that we pass today.” Id.; see also id. at 3218
(Representative Terry Everett stated: “Having spent years on the House Armed
Services Committee and the Committee on Veterans' Affairs, I have seen first hand the
need for improved lines of communication between the Department of Defense and the
Department of Veterans Affairs,” and added: “Another great concern of mine comes
from the inconsistencies between the two departments' disability ratings systems. When
given a different rating of disability as a member of the military than as a civilian,
disparities are bound to arise in what benefits can be expected. Creating a single,
standardized rating system will help ensure that both our military personnel and our
veterans receive the best care that our government can provide.”).

      In July of 2007, on the Senate floor, Senator Levin made the following
comments, referencing both what would become both the PDBR and section 1642 of
the Wounded Warrior Act, as well as other efforts to align the VA and Army rating
systems:

       This bill addresses the issue of inconsistent disability ratings by requiring
       that the military departments use VA standards for rating disabilities
       unless the Department of Defense rating is higher. The bill adopts a more
       favorable statutory presumption for determining whether a disability is
       incident to military service by adopting the more favorable VA
       presumption. The bill requires two pilot programs to test the viability of
       involving the Veterans' Administration in the assignment of disability
       ratings for the Department of Defense. The bill also establishes an

                                            57
      independent board to review and, where appropriate, correct unjustifiably
      low Department of Defense disability ratings awarded since 2001.

153 Cong. Rec. S. 9857, 9858 (July 25, 2007). Senator McCain also stated on the
Senate floor that the National Defense Authorization Act of Fiscal Year 2008 “bridges
the gap in health care coverage for the severely wounded,” and, speaking about the
future PDBR, “empowers a special board to review disability ratings of 20 percent or
less, and to restore to wounded soldiers, if appropriate, a higher disability rating or
retired status.” See id. Finally, shortly before the National Defense Authorization Act for
Fiscal Year 2008 was enacted, Senator Levin made another statement about the
legislation in January of 2008:

      To improve the disability evaluation system, the bill will require the military
      departments to use VA standards when making disability determinations,
      authorizing deviation from these standards only when it will result in a
      higher disability rating for the service member, and will require the
      services to take into account all medical conditions that render a member
      unfit for duty.

154 Cong. Rec. S. 53 (Jan. 22, 2008).

        In fact, the Department of Defense admitted before the passage of the Wounded
Warrior Act that the military’s rating system was flawed. At the April 12, 2007 Senate
Hearing discussed above, Deputy Secretary of Defense Gordon England, accompanied
by David Chu, Under Secretary for Personnel and Readiness, stated that “it is evident
that some of our valued servicemen and women, and particularly those with war
injuries, are not receiving the benefits they deserve.” S. Hrg. 110-212, at 11. In
response to questions by Senator Hillary Clinton, Under Secretary Chu, the person who
eventually would issue and sign DoDI 6040.44, stated: “DOD needs authority to
revolutionize DES [the disability evaluation system] rather than a new set of compliance
standards that only serve to reinforce the present, failed system.” Id. at 42; see also
DoDI 6040.44 § 8, Under Secretary Chu also argued for increased cooperation between
the VA and military. See id. at 42.

       According to DoDI 6040.44, when reviewing separations that occurred before
January 28, 2008, such as in plaintiff’s case, the PDBR was instructed to rely on DoD or
Amy regulations used by the PEB unless “they were inconsistent with the VASRD in
effect at the time of the adjudication.” See DoDI 6040.44, Enclosure 3 § 5(e)(1). The
instruction contained no requirement to refer or rely on interpretations of the VASRD by
the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims, in regards to reviews of service members
who separated from the military before January 28, 2008, such as Mr. Adams. The
instruction did not lay out the Army’s reasoning as to why this different approach was
chosen. In this instruction, therefore, the Army did not demonstrate the necessary
“‘thoroughness evident in its consideration.’” See Warner-Lambert Co. v. United States,
425 F.3d 1381, 1384 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (quoting Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134,

                                            58
140 (1944)). Furthermore, Mr. Adams’ 2011 PDBR did not add address the issue or add
additional supporting rationale for its decision, merely quoting the requirement from the
instruction: “IAW [in accordance with] DoDI 6040.44, provisions of DoD or Military
Department regulations or guidelines relied upon by the PEB will not be considered by
the Board to the extent they were inconsistent with the VASRD in effect at the time of
the adjudication.” The instruction’s approach generally contradicts the spirit and intent of
Congress. See S. Hrg. 110-212, at 6, 105, 172 (indicating that the Wounded Warrior
Act’s purpose was to rectify prior, “unjustifiably low” ratings given by military reviewers,
by affirmatively adopting the VA rating scheme). There is significant legislative evidence
that Congress wanted to have the PDBR rely on the more generous VA approach for
rating disabilities. The Veterans’ Disability Benefits Commission report, specifically
endorsed by Congress in its December 6, 2007 conference report section discussing
Wounded Warrior Act § 1643, stated: “VA and DoD should adopt a consistent and
uniform policy for rating disabilities, using the VA Schedule for Rating
Disabilities” right before it recommended creating the PDBR. See Honoring the Call to
Duty: Veterans’ Disability Benefits in the 21st Century, Vet. Disability Benefits Comm’n,
at 269 (emphasis in original); see also H.R. Rep. No. 110-477, at 1164–65.

      In addition, Mr. West, “Co-Chair of the Department of Defense Independent
Review Group on Rehabilitative Care and Administrative Processes at Walter Reed
Army Medical Center and National Naval Medical Center,” stated in his report to the
United States Senate on October 17, 2007:

       The Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Veterans Affairs should
       establish one solution. Develop and utilize one disability rating guideline
       that remains flexible to evolve and be updated as the trends in injuries and
       supporting medical documentation/treatment necessitate.

S. Hrg. 110-374, at 74–81. When the military promulgated DoDI 6040.44, however, the
instruction did not do this, but allowed for more limited review for soldiers whose
separation occurred before January 28, 2008, by allowing the PDBR to use military
regulations as long as they were not “inconsistent with the VASRD in effect at the time
of the adjudication,” with no mention of the PDBR having to refer to decisions by the
United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims or Board of Veterans Appeals. See
DoDI 6040.44, Enclosure 3 § 5(e)(1). Considering that the PDBR only is empowered to
review cases of service members who are separated from the military between
September 11, 2001, and December 31, 2009, this January 28, 2008 cutoff means a
significant number of PDBR applicants would not receive the intended benefits
presumably afforded to them under section 1642 of the Wounded Warrior Act, including
the benefit of favorable interpretations of the VASRD by the United States Court of
Appeals for Veterans Claims or Board of Veterans Appeals. See Wounded Warrior Act
§§ 1642, 1643.

                                            59
       The government has not argued to this court that Wounded Warrior Act § 1642
does not apply to plaintiff’s case. With regards to implementation of a statute, the United
States Supreme Court has stated:

      In our view the agency's policy statements, embodied in its compliance
      manual and internal directives, interpret not only the regulations but also
      the statute itself. Assuming these interpretive statements are not entitled
      to full Chevron deference,[34] they do reflect “‘a body of experience and
      informed judgment to which courts and litigants may properly resort for
      guidance.’” Bragdon v. Abbott, 524 U.S. 624, 642, 118 S. Ct. 2196, 141
      L.Ed.2d 540 (1998) (quoting Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134, 139–
      140, 65 S. Ct. 161, 89 L. Ed. 124 (1944)). As such, they are entitled to a
      “measure of respect” under the less deferential Skidmore standard.

Fed. Express Corp. v. Holowecki, 552 U.S. 389, 399 (2008). Skidmore deference can
be warranted for an administrative action depending on the “‘thoroughness evident in its
consideration, the validity of its reasoning, its consistency with earlier and later
pronouncements, and all those factors which give it power to persuade, if lacking power
to control.’” Warner-Lambert Co. v. United States, 425 F.3d at 1384 (quoting Skidmore
v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. at 140); see also Vance v. Ball State Univ., 133 S. Ct. 2434,
2461 (2013) (giving the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission’s guidance
document “respect proportional to its ‘power to persuade.’” (citation omitted)); United
States v. Mead Corp., 533 U.S. 218, 228 (2001) (“The fair measure of deference to an
agency administering its own statute has been understood to vary with circumstances,
and courts have looked to the degree of the agency's care, its consistency, formality,
and relative expertness, and to the persuasiveness of the agency's position.” (footnotes
omitted)). After a careful review, the instruction in DoDI 6040.44, Enclosure 3 § 5(e)(1),
separating PDBR applicants into two groups, and only giving one group the full benefit
of Wounded Warrior Act § 1642’s guidance and requirements, appears to have been
arrived at without the careful consideration required, and is inconsistent with the
military’s own prior statements before Congress. Thus, DoDI 6040.44 should not be due
agency deference as the court considers plaintiff’s case.

34
   The government did not raise a Chevron deference argument before this court.
Nonetheless, Chevron deference does not appear to be appropriate for DoDI 6040.44,
as the intention of section 1642 of the Wounded Warrior Act to apply to all PDBR
determinations is clear from a plain reading of the statute. “‘[I]f a court, employing
traditional tools of statutory construction, ascertains that Congress had an intention on
the precise question at issue, that intention is the law and must be given effect.’” United
States v. Home Concrete & Supply, LLC, 132 S. Ct. 1836, 1844 (2012) (quoting
Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. at 843 n.9) (emphasis
in original). In addition, the court notes that DoDI 6040.44 was not promulgated through
notice and comment proceedings, as is generally required for an agency’s regulations
or instructions to be given Chevron deference.

                                            60
        The court also notes that “interpretive doubt” regarding the reading of a statute
pertaining to veterans “is to be resolved in the veteran’s favor.” See Brown v. Gardner,
513 U.S. 115, 118 (1994) (citing King v. St. Vincent's Hosp., 502 U.S. 215, 220–21 n.9
(1991) (“[P]rovisions for benefits to members of the Armed Services are to be construed
in the beneficiaries' favor.” (citing Fishgold v. Sullivan Drydock & Repair Corp., 328 U.S.
275, 285 (1946)))); Viegas v. Shinseki, 705 F.3d 1374, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (“[Brown
v.] Gardner makes clear that if there is any ambiguity regarding the prerequisites for
compensation under [38 U.S.C.] section 1151, ‘interpretive doubt [must be] resolved in
the veteran's favor.’” (second modification in original)); Sursely v. Peake, 551 F.3d
1351, 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (“In veterans benefits cases, ‘interpretive doubt is to be
resolved in the veteran's favor.’” (quoting Brown v. Gardner, 513 U.S. at 118)).
“[M]odifying the traditional Chevron analysis is the doctrine governing the interpretation
of ambiguities in veterans' benefit statutes—that “interpretative doubt is to be resolved
in the veteran's favor . . . .” Disabled Am. Vets. Gober, 234 F.3d 682, 692 (Fed. Cir.
2000) (quoting Brown v. Gardner, 513 U.S. at 118); see also Nat’l Org. of Veterans'
Advocates, Inc. v. Sec’y of Veterans Affairs, 260 F.3d 1365, 1378 (Fed. Cir. 2001)
(applying the Chevron doctrine after considering whether, under Brown v. Gardner,
“‘interpretive doubt is to be resolved in the veteran's favor,’” but finding no resolution
(quoting Brown v. Gardner, 513 U.S. at 118)). But see Spicer v. Shinseki, 752 F.3d
1367, 1371 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (quoting Nielson v. Shinseki, 607 F.3d 802, 808 (Fed. Cir.
2010) for the proposition that “‘[t]he mere fact that the particular words of the statute
standing alone might be ambiguous does not compel us to resort to the Brown [v.
Gardner] canon’”); Sursely v. Peake, 551 F.3d at 1355 (resorting to the Brown v.
Gardner only after deciding that both then Chevron and Skidmore doctrines do not
apply); Haas v. Peake, 544 F.3d at 1308 (“Thus, although Mr. Haas argues that the
Brown [v. Gardner] doctrine effectively means that the DVA is not entitled to deference if
its rulemaking resolves a statutory ambiguity, this court's precedent is to the contrary.”);
Sears v. Principi, 349 F.3d 1326, 1331 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (indicating that the Chevron
doctrine trumps the Gardner canon, stating: “Indeed, even assuming a DVA regulation
sometimes operated inconsistently with the pro-claimant policy underlying the statute,
the appellant has not cited, nor have we found, a single case in which this court has
invalidated a regulation that would otherwise be entitled to Chevron deference on this
ground”), cert. denied, 541 U.S. 960 (2004). The United States Court of Appeals for the
Federal Circuit has also cautioned that,

       “a veteran ‘cannot rely upon the generous spirit that suffuses the law
       generally to override the clear meaning of a particular provision.’” Id.
       [Disabled Am. Vets. Gober, 234 F.3d at 692] (citations omitted). Even
       where the meaning of a statutory provision is ambiguous, we must take
       care not to invalidate otherwise reasonable agency regulations simply
       because they do not provide for a pro-claimant outcome in every
       imaginable case.

                                            61
Sears v. Principi, 349 F.3d at 1331; DeBeaord v. Principi, 18 Vet. App. 357, 364 (2004).
Nonetheless, as discussed above, the Department of Defense’s instruction does not
warrant deference.

        Relevant United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims cases clarify the
meaning and application of the VASRD diagnostics codes at issue in plaintiff’s case
regarding his “Post-Concussive Migraine Headaches” condition: DC 8100, “Migraine,”
and DC 8045-9304, “Brain disease due to trauma,” analogous to “Dementia due to head
trauma.” Plaintiff asserts that numerous Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims decisions
“demonstrate that the proper interpretation of the VASRD is that post-concussive
migraine headaches should be rated under DC 8100, [‘Migraine,’] not DC 8045 [‘Brain
disease due to trauma],” and contends that the Secretary of the Army’s adoption of the
2011 PDBR minority decision was arbitrary and capricious by failing to consider and
address these decisions. Defendant responds that the Court of Appeals for Veterans
Claims’ interpretation of “Migraine” and “headache” align with the 2011 Secretary of the
Army’s conclusion and 2011 PDBR minority decision. According to defendant,
“[c]ontrary to Mr. Adams's repeated assertions that his condition can only be rated
under Diagnostic Code 8100, the Veterans Court has affirmed the BVA's [Board of
Veterans Appeals’] alternative consideration of a claimant's condition under either
Diagnostic Code 8045 or 8100.”

        Plaintiff cites to six unpublished decisions issued by the Court of Appeals for
Veterans Claims affirming Board of Veterans Appeals decisions to rate a veteran’s
migraines, caused by trauma, under DC 8100, “Migraine,” which plaintiff asserts
supports his view that post-concussive migraine headaches should be rated under DC
8100, “Migraine.” See Garcia v. Shinseki, No. 11-3074, 2013 WL 388989, at *2, *6 (Vet.
App. Feb. 1, 2013) (unpublished) (finding that the Board of Veterans Appeals “did not
err in applying DC 8100 [“Migraine” (2010 rev.)] to the appellant's case,” when the
veteran was diagnosed with “migraine headache disorder”); Johnson v. Shinseki, No.
11-2261, 2012 WL 3089715, at *2, *6 (Vet. App. July 31, 2012) (unpublished) (affirming
the Board of Veterans Appeals’ decision to rate the veteran’s migraines under DC 8100,
“Migraine” (2012 rev.), which developed after a head injury); Kaiser v. Shinseki, No. 08-
4039, 2010 WL 675259, at *2 (Vet. App. Feb. 23, 2010) (unpublished) (affirming the
Board of Veterans Appeals’ rating of thirty percent under DC 8100, “Migraine” (2009
rev.), for the veteran’s “migraine headaches, which he believes derive from the 1956
automobile accident”); Ivory v. Shinseki, No. 07-0924, 2009 WL 490003, at *2 (Vet. App.
Feb. 27, 2009) (unpublished) (affirming a judgment for post-traumatic headaches under
DC 8100, “Migraine” (2008 rev.)); Camper v. Mansfield, 26 Vet. App. 66, 2007 WL
4487777, at *3 (Nov. 29, 2007) (unpublished) (remanding a 2005 Board of Veterans
Appeals decision as the board “failed to adequately address the appellant's daily
headaches in the context of the criteria for a higher disability rating under DC 8100
[‘Migraine’]”); Lyden v. Nicholson, 21 Vet. App. 81, 2006 WL 2101337, at *4 (May 2,
2006) (unpublished) (affirming a 2004 Board of Veterans Appeals decision to rate the
veteran’s post-traumatic migraine headaches as ten percent disabling under DC 8100,
“Migraine” (2004 rev.), but remanding to consider further evidence that may increase

                                           62
the rating). In opposition, defendant cites two unpublished cases, which applied DC
8045, “Brain disease due to trauma,” to headaches, but not to migraines. See
Schroeder v. Shineski, No. 09-3187, 2011 WL 1534527, at *2 (Vet. App. Apr. 25, 2011)
(unpublished) (affirming a Board of Veterans Appeals decision assigning a veteran a ten
percent rating under DC 8045, “Brain disease due to trauma” (2007 rev.), for “his purely
subjective complaints of headaches and dizziness”); Suber v. Shineski, No 07-3564,
2009 WL 1784072, at *1–3 (Vet. App. June 24, 2009) (unpublished) (affirming a 2007
Board of Veterans Appeals decision assigning a veteran ten percent rating under DC
8045, “Brain disease due to trauma,” for post-traumatic headaches).

      Although the cases the parties cite are instructive, the court recognizes that
according to Rule 30(a) of the current Rules of the United States Court of Appeals for
Veterans Claims:

      A party, intervenor, or amicus curiae may not cite as precedent any action
      designated as nonprecedential by the Court [of Appeals for Veterans
      Claims] or any other court, or that was withdrawn after having been
      published in a reporter, except when the cited action has binding or
      preclusive effect in the case on appeal (such as via the application of the
      law-of-the-case doctrine). A copy of any unpublished action referred to
      shall be attached to the document containing the reference.

Rules Ct. App. Vet. Claims 30(a) (Sep. 15, 2011). Moreover, on the first page of each of
the decisions cited by both plaintiff and defendant is the phrase “Pursuant to U.S. Vet.
App. R. 30(a), this action may not be cited as precedent.” (emphasis in original). The
language of section 1642 of the Wounded Warrior Act may have altered the general
approach for not using unpublished decisions when it mandated the Secretary of the
military branch involved to refer to “any applicable interpretation of such schedule
[VASRD] by the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims” in making
disability determinations. Although unconventional, the phrase “any applicable
interpretation” in section 1642 may have implied a broad requirement by military review
boards to examine cases by the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims, including the
many unpublished decisions. Published decisions, however, are given more weight by
this court.

       Moreover, with the exception of Camper v. Mansfield and Lyden v. Nicholson, the
other cases presented by plaintiff and defendant discuss more recent versions of 38
C.F.R. § 4.124a that came into effect after plaintiff’s separation. The VASRD was
amended on December 20, 2005, shortly after plaintiff’s separation from the Army on
November 21, 2005. While the VA kept the language of DC 8100, “Migraine,” the same,
the VA altered the text of DC 8045, “Brain disease due to trauma.” The note under DC
8045, “Brain disease due to trauma” remained the same as written above. See 38
C.F.R. § 4.124a (2006). A second alternative diagnosis and note was added under DC
8045, namely: “Residuals of traumatic brain injury (TBI),” with many paragraphs of
descriptive text following. See id. The court, therefore, is hesitant to apply the VASRD

                                          63
after it was amended on December 20, 2005, to the extent the decisions reference DC
8045’s alternate classification under “Residuals of traumatic brain injury (TBI).” The VA
again altered DC 8045, on October 23, 2008, this time more extensively. See DC 8045,
“Residuals of traumatic brain injury (TBI),” 38 C.F.R. § 4.124a (2009). Therefore, cases
that discuss the VASRD in effect after October 23, 2008 are not helpful.

          The court has identified a number of pre-2005 published Court of Appeals for
Veterans Claims cases encouraging the application of DC 8100, “Migraine” to veterans
who present migraine conditions. In Fenderson v. West, the Court of Appeals for
Veterans Claims reviewed a Board of Veterans Appeals determination related to the
veteran’s “service-connected migraine headaches.” See Fenderson v. West, 12 Vet.
App. 119, 126 (1999). The court noted, as in Mr. Adams’ case, that “[b]ased on the
evidence of record from the time of the veteran's application,” “there is ample evidence
of frequent migraines.” Id. at 127. The Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims made clear
that “[t]he determination of the level of disability due to service-connected migraine
headaches is made under 38 C.F.R. § 4.124a, Diagnostic Code (DC) 8100 (1998)
. . . ,” although the court in Fenderson did not discuss the application of DC 8045, “Brain
disease due to trauma,” to plaintiff’s condition. See id. at 126; see also Pierce v.
Principi, 18 Vet. App. at 442 (discussing a rating of a veteran’s migraines under DC
8100, “Migraine”); Barnes v. Derwinski, 1 Vet. App. 288, 289 (1991) (Although the case
was remanded to determine a rating, the court noted that “Diagnostic Code 8100 details
the disability rating assigned migraine headaches.”). This court also identified other
unpublished cases from before 2005 that similarly instruct that migraines are to be rated
under DC 8100, “Migraine,” including Bullard v. Brown, 15 Vet. App. 391, 1997 WL
364047, at *3 (June 27, 1997) (unpublished) (stating that “[m]igraine headaches are
rated pursuant to 38 C.F.R. § 4.124a, DC 8100”); Pierce v. Brown, 14 Vet. App. 338,
1995 WL 27305, at *5 (Jan. 24, 1995) (unpublished) (differentiating between
“headaches” and “migraines,” and noting that “headaches may be service connected
only if they are migraines. See 38 C.F.R. § 4.124a, Diagnostic Code 8100 (1994)”).

       This court, however, found no Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims cases,
published or unpublished, in which a veteran whose headaches reached the level of
being classified a “migraine” was then rated under DC 8045, “Brain disease due to
trauma,” or DC 9304, “Dementia due to head trauma,” in a manner that negatively
affected the veteran.35 For example, in a published decision, Ashmore v. Derwinski,

35
  In another unpublished case, Fulford v. Shinseki, No. 11-1457, 2013 WL 753492 (Vet.
App. Feb. 28, 2013) (unpublished), the veteran was diagnosed with migraines by a
medical professional, but rated under DC 8045, “Brain disease due to trauma” by the
Board of Veterans Appeals. See id. at *2. Fulford, however, is distinguishable from
plaintiff’s case because it appears the VA and the Board of Veterans Appeals, after a
review of the evidence, chose not to classify plaintiff’s condition as a migraine condition,
but instead as “[s]ervice connection for headaches.” See id. at *2–4 (Although the
veteran “filed a claim for VA benefits based on service connection for migraine
headaches,” the VA examinations and ratings determinations generally indicated he had

                                            64
plaintiff’s headaches were rated under DC 8045, “Brain disease due to trauma,”
although plaintiff’s headaches were never classified as a “migraine:”

      Ashmore also stated at his oral hearing that he was suffering from tension
      headaches, dizziness, and insomnia, all of which he attributed to the
      concussion he received in the 1954 accident. Unless these statements are
      inaccurate, or the BVA [Board of Veterans Appeals] finds that these
      complaints are not symptomatic of Ashmore's 1954 brain trauma
      (providing reasons or bases, therefor), it would appear that Ashmore is
      entitled to a 10–percent disability rating under diagnostic code 8045.

Ashmore v. Derwinski, 1 Vet. App. at 583–84 (internal citation removed).

        The Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims, in multiple decisions, albeit
unpublished, has distinguished migraines from headaches as two separate diseases. In
Bullard v. Brown, 1997 WL 364047 (unpublished), the court noted that, in the record,
“[t]he headaches were characterized mainly as tension or muscle tension headaches,
although probable cluster headaches and migraines were also noted.” Id. at *1. The
Bullard court concluded that, although “[m]igraine headaches are rated pursuant to 38
C.F.R. § 4.124a, DC 8100,” the veteran’s “most recent VA examination diagnosed the
frequent headaches of which he was then complaining not as migraine headaches, but
tension headaches,” and therefore rated plaintiff under DC 8045-9304, “Brain disease
due to trauma,” analogous to “Dementia due to head trauma.”36 See Bullard v. Brown,
1997 WL 364047, at *3. In Pierce v. Brown, the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claim
reviewed the veteran’s record and concluded: “[T]he headaches are secondary to the

“headaches,” not “migraines,” and he was diagnosed with “Headaches” in his latest,
2009 VA examination.). On the other hand, in the above captioned case, the 2011
PDBR minority and majority decisions both labeled Mr. Adams’ unfitting condition
specifically as “Post-Concussive Migraine Headaches.” In addition, in Fulford, the Court
of Appeals for Veterans Claims determined the specific issue was not before the court,
see id. at *11, but anyway remanded the case on different grounds to the Board of
Veterans Appeals and instructed the Board to rate the veteran under the newer, 2008
version of DC 8045, “Residuals of traumatic brain injury (TBI),” a revised version of the
VASRD diagnostic code not applicable to Mr. Adams’ case. See id. at *7–8.
36
    In Bullard, the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims appeared also to refer to a
“migraine” condition as a “vascular” headache. See Bullard v. Brown, 1997 WL 364047,
at *3. The court stated: “Migraine headaches are rated pursuant to 38 C.F.R. § 4.124a,
DC 8100. The Board denied the veteran's claim for a compensable rating for his
headaches because the clinical findings did not indicate that the veteran had vascular
headaches.” Id. As mentioned above, the term “Migraine” is defined in Dorland’s
Illustrated Medical Dictionary (30th ed. 2003) to cover “vascular headache,” under the
definition, “an often familial symptom complex of periodic attacks of vascular headache
. . . .” See Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary 1158.

                                           65
occipital neuralgia, and the Court notes that headaches may be service connected only
if they are migraines,” indicating that migraines are a unique condition, separate from
general headaches. Pierce v. Brown, 1995 WL 27305, at *5 (citing DC 8100, “Migraine,”
38 C.F.R. § 4.124a (1994)). In Wiley v. Peake, No. 06-0014, 2008 WL 706613 (Vet.
App. Feb. 29, 2008) (unpublished), the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims noted that
“[t]he Board [of Veterans Appeals] also acknowledged that ‘the record shows persistent
complaints of headaches,’ but determined that those reports ‘fail to suggest migraines
or equivalent prostrating attacks of headaches.’” Id. at *2 (referring to a decision by the
Board of Veterans Appeals in 2004) (internal citation omitted). The Wiley court
remanded to the Board of Veterans Appeals to consider new evidence that challenged
the Board’s determination that “complaints of worsening symptoms did not rise to the
level of migraines or prostrating headache attacks . . . .” Id. at 2–3.

       In Johnson v. Peake, a 2008, again unpublished, case, that appears to be
somewhat factually similar to plaintiff’s situation, the veteran appealed a 2004 Board of
Veterans Appeals decision, which diagnosed him with “migraine headaches” after a
motor vehicle accident, but then proceeded to rate him “under DC 8045 (‘Brain disease
due to trauma’) and DC 9304 [‘Dementia due to head trauma’].” See Johnson v. Peake,
No. 04-1056, 2008 WL 711884, at *3 (Vet. App. Mar. 12, 2008) (unpublished).
According to the court’s opinion, “Mr. Johnson argues that the Board erred when it
applied 38 C.F.R. § 4.130, Diagnostic Code (DC) 9304 (pertaining to ‘[d]ementia due to
head trauma’ and allowing a maximum rating of 10%), rather than analyzing his
condition under 38 C.F.R. § 4.124a, DC 8100 (pertaining to ‘[m]igraine’).” Id. The Court
of Appeals for Veterans Claims agreed with plaintiff, and stated:

        The Secretary concedes that it is unclear how the Board determined that
        Mr. Johnson's complaints were “purely subjective” and why the diagnosis
        of “migraine headaches” fails to warrant a rating under DC 8100, which
        pertains to migraine headaches. . . . Again, for the reasons articulated by
        the parties, the Court agrees that the Board's reasons and bases are
        inadequate for its denial of an initial rating in excess of 10% for migraine
        headaches, and that claim will also be remanded.

Id. at *3.37

37
   The court notes that Board of Veterans Appeals decisions are in line with those from
the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims. For example, in BVA No. 92-05 290, 1995
WL 17177429 (Jan. 1, 1995), the Board explored rating a veteran under DC 8045-9304,
“Brain disease due to trauma,” analogous to “Dementia due to head trauma,” as well as
under DC 8100, “Migraine.” See id. at *4. The Board stated that, “in light of the July
1993 rating decision which found that the veteran suffered from migraine headaches
due to his post-concussion syndrome, the Board must also consider whether the
veteran is entitled to a higher rating under Diagnostic Code 8100 which governs ratings
for migraine headaches.” Id. The Board awarded the veteran a thirty percent rating
under DC 8100, “Migraine.” See id. at *5; see also BVA No. 02-04 580, 2003 WL

                                            66
       Reviewing the 2011 PDBR evaluation of Mr. Adams, the minority member in its
decision never challenged the medical finding that plaintiff suffered from “migraines,”
and, in fact, stated in his recommendation that plaintiff suffered from the “UNFITTING
CONDITION” of “Post-Concussive Migraine Headaches.” (capitalization and emphasis
in original). Nonetheless, the minority decision treated plaintiff’s migraines as if they

23630511, at *6–7 (July 30, 2003) (“Certainly, if the veteran had been diagnosed with
migraines, and those migraines had been attributed to his in-service injury, the Board
believes that it would be appropriate to consider whether an increased evaluation is
available under the criteria of DC 8100.”); BVA No. 98-03 729, 1999 WL 33871852, at
*4 (Sept. 7, 1999) (The Board rated plaintiff under the less-often-seen combination DC
8045-8100, “Brain disease due to trauma,” analogous to “Migraine,” and then awarded
the veteran a fifty percent rating under the rating scheme for DC 8100, “Migraine.” The
Board stated: “As indicated above, Code 8045 [‘Brain disease due to trauma’] provides
that purely neurological disabilities (determined by the RO [VA regional office] to include
migraine headaches) following brain trauma, will be rated under the diagnostic codes
specifically dealing with such disabilities, in this case Code 8100, migraine.”).

       A number of Board of Veterans Appeals decisions have declined to grant a
veteran a rating under DC 8100, “Migraine,” when the condition did not rise from
headaches to the level of “migraine headaches.” In BVA No. 98-00 064A, 1999 WL
33859462 (June 7, 1999), the Board chose to assess plaintiff’s condition under DC
8045-9304, “Brain disease due to trauma,” analogous to “Dementia due to head
trauma,” and refused to characterize plaintiff’s “nagging headache[s]” as migraines,
stating:

      The Board notes that in the most current VA examination, the examiner
      diagnosed constant muscle contraction type, low grade headaches, which
      did not have the characteristics of migraine or vascular headaches. . . .
      While the current noncompensable rating is based on DC 8100, migraine
      headaches, it is clear that the headaches should instead be rated under
      DCs 8045-9304, and a 10 percent rating assigned.

Id. at *4; see also BVA No. 02-16 367, 2005 WL 3919199, at *4 (Nov. 1, 2005)
(“However, after a review of the evidence, the Board finds that the veteran's disability is
most appropriately rated under Diagnostic Code 8045 for brain disease due to trauma
as the veteran has not been diagnosed with migraine headaches . . . .”); BVA No. 96-49
971, 2005 WL 3972541, at *4 (Oct. 5, 2005) (“The evidence of record relevant to this
period does not indicate the appellant's headaches had migraine characteristics . . . .”);
BVA No. 99-13 870A, 2002 WL 32551243, at *4 (Sept. 19, 2002) (The veteran’s
headache condition was rated under DC 8045-9304, “Brain disease due to trauma,”
analogous to “Dementia due to head trauma,” as opposed to DC 8100, “Migraine,”
because the veteran did “not show that the veteran manifests migraine headaches as a
residual from her motor vehicle accident.”).

                                            67
were just like any other headache for rating purposes. The minority member, and the
Secretary of the Army, when accepting the minority member’s decision without further
analysis or comment, both failed to address whether the VASRD, as interpreted by the
Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims, treats migraines as distinct from headaches. In
fact, the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims has drawn a distinction between the two
disease types, which should have been addressed as part of the decision by the
Secretary of the Army or the decision of the 2011 PDBR minority member. In addition,
the record indicates that neither the Secretary of the Army nor the PDBR majority or
minority members at any point considered “any applicable interpretation of such
schedule [VASRD] by the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims,” when
reaching their decisions, in contradiction to the requirements of the Wounded Warrior
Act. See Wounded Warrior Act § 1642. The record indicates that the government,
therefore, “failed to consider an important aspect of the problem,” see Motor Vehicle
Mfrs. Ass'n of U.S., Inc. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. at 43, for
“‘consideration of relevant factors.’” See PAI Corp. v. United States, 614 F.3d at 1351
(quoting Advanced Data Concepts, Inc. v. United States, 216 F.3d at 1058). The Army’s
brief analysis, consisting primarily of the PDBR minority member’s less than one page
decision, and the one paragraph decision on behalf of the Secretary of the Army, failed
to demonstrate the requisite expertise or analysis of important factors contained in the
record and in the case law, and the Secretary’s decision, therefore, cannot be
sustained. See Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass'n of U.S., Inc. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.,
463 U.S. at 43.

        The 2011 PDBR minority decision’s second ground for disagreeing with the
majority commendation was: “[E]ven if the 8100 [‘Migraine’] rating criteria were
conceded, it would be overly speculative to characterize the episodes documented as
prostrating.” (emphasis in original). Under the VASRD definition for DC 8100,
“Migraine,” to achieve a rating of either ten percent or thirty percent, the migraines must
evidence “characteristic prostrating attacks.” 38 C.F.R. § 4.124a (2005). For a rating of
thirty percent under DC 8100, “Migraine,” which is the rating plaintiff sought, and the
2011 PDBR majority recommended, the diagnostic code requires: “characteristic
prostrating attacks occurring on an average once a month over last several months.” 38
C.F.R. § 4.124a (2005). The minority decision tried to justify its conclusion, that
plaintiff’s migraines were not prostrating, with the following brief statement:

       It was documented that the Cl [claimant] was fully employed as a security
       guard by the VA at the time of permanent separation, and the record is
       devoid of evidence that the headaches forced cessation of work activities
       during the rating period (8100 specifies “last several months”). Board
       precedence, and the more typical VA practice, has been to define
       ‘prostrating’ by documented occurrences of the need to abandon work in
       order to treat the headache.

(emphasis in original).

                                            68
        Plaintiff argues that the record of plaintiff’s medical evaluations before the 2011
PDBR did not support the minority member’s determination that plaintiff’s migraines
were not prostrating. Plaintiff points out, for example, that Dr. Garcia, during her TDRL
medical review, classified plaintiff’s headaches as “CLASSICAL MIGRAINE (WITH
AURA): intractable with 1-2 prostrating headachse [sic] a week.” (capitalization and
emphasis in original). According to plaintiff, for the PDBR minority decision to ignore this
relevant information, as well as other medical reports from before and after plaintiff’s
November 21, 2005 separation from the Army, and instead reflect that the record is
“devoid of evidence” of plaintiff’s difficulties working, was incorrect. Plaintiff also argues
that the minority member created a faulty test for “prostrating.” Plaintiff maintains that for
a thirty percent disability rating under DC 8100, “Migraine,” “prostrating” attacks only
have to occur on average once a month over the last several months, and such attacks
“do not need to ‘force cessation of work activities’ or require an individual to ‘abandon
work’ in the first place.”

       Defendant in response urges the correctness of the 2011 PDBR minority
decision’s test for prostration, and states that the PDBR minority member and Secretary
of the Army “found it more probative that Mr. Adams was fully employed at the time he
was permanently separated and concluded that the record was devoid of evidence that
his headaches prevented him from working during the rating period.” Defendant
suggests that “Mr. Adams’s disagreement with how the PDBR minority and the
Secretary’s Designee weighed the facts does not provide a basis for this Court to
engage in its own fact-finding concerning the extent of disability.” Defendant, however,
in a later filing, appears to argue instead that the PDBR minority member was only
speaking hypothetically on the issue of whether plaintiff’s migraines were “prostrating,”
and that a remand to the agency could be appropriate:

       [T]he discussion of the severity of Mr. Adams’s headaches under
       Diagnostic Code 8100, [“Migraine”] in effect, addressed a hypothetical
       scenario because the PDBR minority member did not rate Mr. Adams
       under that code. Further, even if Mr. Adams could show that the minority
       member's conclusion – that the evidence was insufficient to establish
       prostrating headaches at the time of separation – was not adequately
       supported, this does not prove that the headaches satisfied Diagnostic
       Code 8100's requirements for a 30 percent rating. Therefore, even if the
       Court were to overturn the decision to rely upon Diagnostic Code 8045,
       the appropriate remedy would be to remand the matter for additional
       analysis.

       The court, in military pay cases such as plaintiff’s, does not conduct its own fact-
finding. See O'Neil v. United States, 6 Cl. Ct. 317, 322 (1984). A review of the record,
however, highlights a number of medical reports indicating that plaintiff suffered from
“prostrating” migraine attacks near the time of his separation from the Army on
November 21, 2005, which interfered with his ability to work, and casts doubt over the
agency decision in plaintiff’s case. The parties stipulated that after plaintiff was placed

                                             69
on the TDRL in July of 2004, the VA, on September 1, 2004, characterized plaintiff’s
condition as including “‘frequent, completely prostrating, and prolonged attacks
productive of severe economic inadaptability.’” According to the parties, the VA also
noted that at that time, plaintiff was “‘having migraines at least once a week since your
accident in July 2003. Your headaches are relieved with Midrin, rest, and cold
compress; and last until you go to sleep.’” The parties further stipulated that Dr. Garcia,
during plaintiff’s TDRL review on July 18, 2005, just months before plaintiff’s October
24, 2005 informal PEB review, diagnosed plaintiff with “‘CLASSICAL MIGRAINE (WITH
AURA): intractable with 1-2 prostrating headaches a week.’” (capitalization in original).
The parties further stipulated that Dr. Garcia also recorded that plaintiff’s migraines
“‘interfere[d] with his quality of life and ability to work,’” and occurred one to two times
per week. The record indicates that Dr. Garcia’s July 18, 2005, TDRL review
examination was the closest medical review in time to plaintiff’s October 24, 2005
informal PEB review, which specifically addressed his migraine headache condition.
The 2011 PDBR majority decision, although rejected by the Secretary’s representative,
appeared to give Dr. Garcia’s review a higher value than other reviews, and the majority
decision stated that “[t]he most influential evidence therefore is that obtained from the
TDRL evaluation underpinning the PEB determinations at the time of permanent
separation.” The record also indicates that the “prostrating” nature of plaintiff’s injury
appears to have continued after his TDRL review. The parties stipulated that the VA, in
plaintiff’s September 17, 2009 VA rating decision, took notice of a “‘summary of leave
requests received March 13, 2008 show[ing] many requests for sick leave due to
headaches,’” and also “records showing that ‘most of [Mr. Adams’s] headaches are
prostrating and last up to 24 hours, causing [him] to miss many days of work.’”
(modifications in original).

        The record further indicates that plaintiff’s migraine attacks were severe and
required him to cease his activity, including duties within the military. For example, when
Dr. Friedman evaluated Mr. Adams on November 18, 2003, a few months after his July
24, 2003 accident, the parties jointly stipulated that “Mr. Adams reported to Dr.
Friedman that he had migraines ‘at least once a [week]’ that ‘last until he goes [to
sleep],’ with an intensity of 8-9 out of 10.” (modifications in original). According to the
parties’ joint stipulation, Dr. Byrnes evaluated plaintiff on April 22, 2004, shortly
preceding Mr. Adams’ May 5, 2004 informal PEB hearing, and diagnosed him with
“debilitating migraine headaches,” and indicated in his narrative summary “that the
migraines occur ‘weekly’ and require Mr. Adams ‘to leave his duty station, take
medication and rest in a darkened room.’” For the 2011 PDBR minority decision to
instead state “the record is devoid of evidence that the headaches forced cessation of
work activities during the rating period (8100 specifies ‘last several months’),” “runs
counter to the evidence before the agency.” Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass'n of U.S., Inc. v.
State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. at 43–44; SKF USA Inc. v. United States, 630
F.3d at 1373 n.3; Verbeck v. United States, 97 Fed. Cl. at 451.

      Moreover, the 2011 PDBR minority decision’s statement that “Board precedence,
and the more typical VA practice, has been to define ‘prostrating’ by documented

                                            70
occurrences of the need to abandon work in order to treat the headache,” is
unsupported in the minority decision. The VA defined “prostrating” in its October 26,
2007 rating decision, which was the first VA rating decision for plaintiff since his
separation from the Army on November 21, 2005. The VA stated: “Prostrating attacks of
headache are episodes of acute signs and symptoms severe enough to cause extreme
weakness and incapacitation which require bed rest and treatment by a physician.” The
VA definition does not require a need to “abandon work.” Moreover, pursuant to the
2005 VASRD, while a fifty percent disability rating under DC 8100, “Migraine,” required
“very frequent completely prostrating and prolonged attacks productive of severe
economic inadaptability,” a rating of thirty percent only required “characteristic
prostrating attacks occurring on an average once a month over last several months,”
with no requirement that the migraines resulted in “economic inadaptability.” 38 C.F.R.
§ 4.124a (2005). The inclusion of the phrase “economic inadaptability” in the fifty
percent rating, but the lack of the phrase in the thirty percent rating, evidences an intent
by the VA that under DC 8100, “Migraine,” economic or employment concerns were not
to be a prerequisite for a thirty percent disability rating. See Russello v. United States,
464 U.S. at 23. Even if it is assumed that the 2011 PDBR minority decision reflected
prior PDBR precedence, a statement for which defendant provided no support, that
precedence would still have been improper if the minority decision’s approach
contradicted the VASRD, or any interpretation of the VASRD by the Court of Appeals for
Veterans Claims. See Wounded Warrior Act § 1642. The VASRD states, “[i]n the
citation of disabilities on rating sheets, the diagnostic terminology will be that of the
medical examiner, with no attempt to translate the terms into schedule nomenclature.”
38 C.F.R. § 4.27 (2005); see also DoDI 6040.44, Enclosure 3 §§ 4(d), 5(e)(1)
(discouraging the use of military guidance to the extent they “conflict with the VASRD in
effect at the time of the contested separation”).

       Although discussing Board of Veterans Appeals cases, the United States Court
of Appeals for Veterans Claims has indicated: “[T]he Board [of Veterans Appeals] may
not rely on its own unsubstantiated medical conclusions to reject expert medical
evidence in the record; rather, the Board may reject a claimant's medical evidence only
on the basis of other independent medical evidence.” Flash v. Brown, 8 Vet. App. 332,
339 (1995). The Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims further has instructed that a
review board “must support its findings about medical questions with independent
medical evidence and may not refute expert medical conclusions based on its own
unsubstantiated opinion.” Felden v. West, 11 Vet. App. 427, 431 (1998) (citing Colvin v.
Derwinski, 1 Vet. App. 171, 174 (1991), rev’d on other grounds, Hodge v. West, 155
F.3d 1356 (Fed. Cir. 1998)); see also Fenderson v. West, 12 Vet. App. at 127 (finding
that the veteran had prostrating headaches based on VA medical reports, not on
findings that the veteran had to leave work). The Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims
has indicated its disapproval of attempts to define key medical terms with self-created
Board or personal definitions:

       Lest we be misunderstood, we are not saying that the BVA [Board of
       Veterans Appeals] was compelled to accept the opinions of Drs. Cohen

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       and Kassirer. We merely state that having reached a contrary conclusion,
       it was necessary for the panel to state its reasons for doing so and, more
       importantly, point to a medical basis other than the panel's own
       unsubstantiated opinion which supported the decision.

Colvin v. Derwinski, 1 Vet. App. at 175; see also Flash v. Brown, 8 Vet. App. at 339. In
plaintiff’s case, numerous medical reports contained in the record, including the report
by Dr. Garcia on July 18, 2005, the closest report in time to plaintiff’s October 24, 2005
informal PEB evaluating his migraine condition, stated that plaintiff’s migraine condition
was “prostrating.” The 2011 PDBR minority member’s attempt, instead, “to define
‘prostrating’ by documented occurrences of the need to abandon work in order to treat
the headache,” runs counter to VA practice and guidance from the VASRD, see 38
C.F.R. § 4.27 (2005), and evidences a lack of consideration of the issue in favor of a
quick, narrow test that inappropriately minimized the role plaintiff’s actual medical record
should have played in determining whether plaintiff’s migraine condition was
“prostrating.” See PAI Corp. v. United States, 614 F.3d at 1351 (quoting Advanced Data
Concepts, Inc. v. United States, 216 F.3d at 1058). The Secretary of the Army’s
decision to adopt the 2011 PDBR minority decision, without any additional analysis,
highlights the cursory nature of the government’s review of Mr. Adams’ PDBR
application. The Secretary of the Army, in adopting the 2011 PDBR minority decision to
rate plaintiff, Mr. Adams, under DC 8045-9304, “Brain disease due to trauma,”
analogous to “Dementia due to head trauma,” for his “Post-Concussive Migraine
Headaches” condition, therefore, made an arbitrary and capricious determination.

        Plaintiff argues that because the Secretary of the Army made an arbitrary and
capricious determination, and issued the decision without undertaking the requisite
analysis or support, the court should vacate Mr. Adams’ 2011 PDBR’s decision and
instruct the Army to set plaintiff’s disability rating for his migraines at thirty percent.
Plaintiff asserts that this is a permissible action by the court as the record is fully
developed and, therefore, “in applying DC 8100 [‘Migraine’] to the facts in this case,
there is only one permissible view of the evidence of record.” (citing Pullman-Standard
v. Swint, 456 U.S. 273, 292 (1982) (Reversal, rather than remand, can be appropriate
where “the record permits only one resolution of the factual issue.”)). Plaintiff also points
to a United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit decision which suggests that
the court should adjudicate a disability rating “where the record has been fully
developed and where further administrative proceedings would serve no useful
purpose,” citing Smolen v. Chater, 80 F.3d 1273, 1292 (9th Cir. 1996). Plaintiff also
points to Byron v. Shinseki for the proposition that the general presumption to remand
does not apply to “‘a case where the agency analyzed the issue in the first instance,’”
quoting Byron v. Shinseki 670 F.3d 1203, 1206 (Fed. Cir), reh’g en banc denied (Fed.
Cir. 2012), cert. denied, 133 S. Ct. 843 (2013). Plaintiff also reminds the court that
occasionally, in the past, Judges of this court’s predecessor have made direct ratings
decisions, citing Ferrell v. United States, 23 Cl. Ct. 562, 572 (1991), Wolf v. United
States, 168 Ct. Cl. 24, 32 (1964), and Hordechuck v. United States, 144 Ct. Cl. 492, 499
(1959).

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        Plaintiff incorrectly points to Byron v. Shinseki in arguing that the general
presumption to remand does not apply to “‘a case where the agency analyzed the issue
in the first instance.’” (quoting Byron v. Shinseki, 670 F.3d at 1206). The Federal Circuit
in Byron affirmed a Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims decision to remand a case for
further proceedings back to the Board of Veterans Appeals, stating:

       It is not enough that only a few factual findings remain or that the applicant
       may have a strong case on the merits. None of the rare circumstances
       found in the cases cited by Ms. Byron from other circuits is present in the
       current case.
                                             ...

       It is not enough for Ms. Byron to claim that all of the evidence of record
       supports her position. The Board must still make an initial determination of
       whether Ms. Byron has sufficiently supported a claim for an earlier
       effective date. It may well be that the Board concludes that Ms. Byron has
       established these facts. That, however, is precisely what needs to be done
       by the fact-finding agency in the first instance, not by a court of appeals.

Byron v. Shinseki, 670 F.3d at 1206.

       In addition, defendant, quoting from O'Neil v. United States, 6 Cl. Ct. at 322,
correctly maintains that this court “‘does not sit as a finder of fact, but rather has a very
limited scope of review with respect to decisions of the’” necessary board. Defendant,
quoting Towne v. United States, 106 Fed. Cl. at 707, also emphasizes that in cases in
which the agency has been less than clear in their explanations, “‘the courts have
remanded the matter to the agency for additional explanation or investigation.’” This
court is not a “‘super correction board’” even if it feels a correction is appropriate. See
Van Cleave v. United States, 70 Fed. Cl. at 678 (quoting Skinner v. United States, 219
Ct. Cl. at 330). Although the PDBR minority member’s decision is unsupported by the
record, a new PDBR should be given a proper opportunity to carefully review Mr.
Adams’ factual medical record, in order to consider, based on the medical facts,
whether plaintiff’s migraine condition “satisfied Diagnostic Code 8100's requirements for
a 30 percent rating.” “[T]he court will not guess what the agency had in mind,
particularly, where review of the evaluation process reveals multiple errors in the
agency's decisional path.” CRAssociates, Inc. v. United States, 95 Fed. Cl. 357, 384
(2010).38

38
   Although in an earlier status conference with the parties, defendant indicated that
remand of Mr. Adams’ case was not warranted, defendant indicated in later filings with
this court that it now might be amenable to a remand of the case for another review by
the PDBR and the Secretary of the Army.

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                                     CONCLUSION

        The Secretary of the Army, in adopting the 2011 PDBR minority decision to rate
Mr. Adams’ “Post-Concussive Migraine Headaches” condition under DC 8045-9304,
“Brain disease due to trauma,” analogous to “Dementia due to head trauma,” made an
arbitrary and capricious determination, and issued the decision without undertaking
adequate analysis or support. Under section 1642 of the Wounded Warrior Act, the
Secretary of the Army also should have considered “any applicable interpretation of
such schedule [VASRD] by the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims,” to
determine whether plaintiff’s migraine condition should have been rated under DC 8045-
9304, “Brain disease due to trauma,” analogous to “Dementia due to head trauma,” or
DC 8100, “Migraine.” A review of United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims
case law suggests that migraine is a distinct medical condition from headache, and,
therefore, a service member with a migraine condition should be rated under DC 8100,
“Migraine.” Moreover, the determination by the Secretary of the Army, adopting the
2011 PDBR minority decision that plaintiff’s migraines were not “prostrating,” was also
incorrect. In coming to this determination, the minority decision did not take into account
plaintiff’s medical reports, and, additionally, created a separate test for whether a
headache is or is not prostrating, without any evidence that this test was appropriate
under the VASRD. The Secretary of the Army, in adopting the minority decision without
any further explanation, acted arbitrarily, capriciously, without substantial evidence, and
contrary to law. For the foregoing reasons, plaintiff’s motion for judgment on the
administrative record is GRANTED IN PART, and defendant’s cross-motion for
judgment on the administrative record is DENIED. The case is REMANDED to the
Secretary of the Army to act in accordance with this opinion, and to have plaintiff’s case
expeditiously reviewed by a PDBR.

      IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                       s/Marian Blank Horn
                                                       MARIAN BLANK HORN
                                                                Judge

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