Court Opinion

ID: 3062086
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-14 08:19:04.654267+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:47:33.326261
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                       United States Court of Appeals
                                                               Tenth Circuit

                                                               July 16, 2012
                                        PUBLISH            Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                               Clerk of Court
                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                                      TENTH CIRCUIT

In re: STEVE ZIMMER PAIGE,

        Debtor.
-----------------------------------

SEARCH MARKET DIRECT, INC.;
MAGNET MEDIA, INC.,

        Appellants,
v.                                                    No. 10-4190
GARY E. JUBBER, Trustee of the
Bankruptcy Estate of Stephen Zimmer
Paige; CONSUMERINFO.COM, INC.,

        Appellees.

In re: STEVE ZIMMER PAIGE,

        Debtor.
-----------------------------------

SEARCH MARKET DIRECT, INC.,;
MAGNET MEDIA, INC.,

      Appellants,

v.                                                    No. 10-4220
GARY E. JUBBER, Trustee;
CONSUMERINFO.COM, INC.;
FABIAN & CLENDENIN,
      Appellees.

 GARY E. JUBBER, Liquidating Trustee
 under confirmed Chapter 11 Plan;
 CONSUMERINFO.COM, INC.,

      Plaintiffs-Appellees,
 v.                                                         No. 11-4034
 SEARCH MARKET DIRECT, INC., a
 California corporation,

       Defendant-Appellant.

          APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                       FOR THE DISTRICT OF UTAH
                AND THE BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 (D.C. No. 2:07-CV-00822-DB; BAP No. UT-08-062; D.C. No. 2:09-CV-00988-DB)

Adam S. Affleck, (Michael N. Zundel, James A. Boevers, and Erin M. Stone, with him on
the briefs), of Prince, Yeates & Geldzahler, Salt Lake City, Utah, for Appellants Search
Market Direct, Inc., Magnet Media, Inc., and Stephen S. May.

Peter W. Billings, (Gary E. Jubber and Douglas J. Payne, with him on the briefs), of
Fabian & Clendenin, Salt Lake City, Utah, for Appellee, Gary E. Jubber, Liquidating
Trustee.

Robert E. Richards, of SNR Denton US LLP, Chicago, Illinois, (Michael R. Johnson of
Ray Quinney & Nebeker, P.C., Salt Lake City, Utah, with him on the briefs), for
Appellee, ConsumerInfo.com, Inc.

Before BRISCOE, Chief Judge, HOLLOWAY and KELLY, Circuit Judges.

BRISCOE, Chief Judge.

                                           2
I. INTRODUCTION

      The three cases before us arise from bankruptcy proceedings initiated by debtor

Steve Zimmer Paige in 2005. The parties driving the litigation are Search Market Direct,

Inc. (SMDI) and ConsumerInfo.com (ConsumerInfo).1 Both seek control of the internet

domain name “freecreditscore.com” (the Domain Name),2 which once belonged to Paige.

      1
        The appellants in Case No. 10-4190 (the Confirmation Appeal) and Case No. 10-
4220 (the Fee Appeal) are Search Market Direct, Inc., and its wholly owned subsidiary,
Magnet Media, Inc. In Case No. 11-4034 (the Adversary Appeal), the appellants are
Search Market Direct, Inc., and its owner, Stephen S. May. Generally, throughout this
opinion, we refer to the appellants simply as “SMDI.”

       The appellees in the Confirmation Appeal and Adversary Appeal are Gary E.
Jubber (as trustee for the Chapter 11 estate and for the Liquidating Trust) and
ConsumerInfo. In the Fee Appeal, Jubber’s law firm, Fabian & Clendenin, is also an
appellee. Except where Jubber is discussed separately, the appellees are referred to
collectively as “ConsumerInfo.”

       Paige, the debtor in the underlying bankruptcy proceedings, sold his residual
ownership interest in the estate to SMDI in September 2006. Confirmation Appeal (Conf.
App.), Aplt. App’x at 142–47. He is, for all present purposes, out of the picture in these
appeals.
      2
       The bankruptcy court provided the following helpful definition of the term
“domain name”:

      A domain name is a name that identifies one or more Internet Protocol (IP)
      addresses. Domain names are used in the Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)
      to identify particular web pages. Because the Internet is based on IP
      addresses, not domain names, every web server requires a Domain Name
      System (DNS) server to translate domain names into IP addresses. When
      activated, a domain name directs the viewer to a web page owned and/or
      controlled by a provider of goods and services which may be viewed. In many
                                                                            (continued...)

                                            3
       SMDI purchased the Domain Name from a third party shortly after Paige filed for

bankruptcy. In May 2006, the estate’s trustee, Gary E. Jubber (the Trustee), instituted an

Adversary Proceeding (AP) to recover it. In December 2006, the bankruptcy court

entered a Sale Order approving an Asset Purchase Agreement (APA) under which, inter

alia, ConsumerInfo agreed to provide funds to repay the estate’s creditors and litigate the

AP in exchange for the estate’s promise to give ConsumerInfo the Domain Name if it was

recovered.

       In 2007, the parties proposed competing Chapter 11 plans for the estate. The

bankruptcy court denied confirmation of the plan SMDI proposed (the SMDI Plan), under

which the Adversary Proceeding would have been settled and SMDI would have kept the

Domain Name. The court instead confirmed a Joint Chapter 11 Plan (the Joint Plan)

supported by ConsumerInfo and the Trustee. Under the Joint Plan, the Adversary

Proceeding was transferred to a Liquidating Trust which continued to litigate it for the

estate and ConsumerInfo.

       The bankruptcy court resolved the Adversary Proceeding in the Liquidating

       2
        (...continued)
       cases, the viewer may make purchases by use of a credit card number. Some
       domain names are extraordinarily valuable while others are less valuable.
       Domain names may be valued according to how much traffic or how many
       “hits” they bring to the web page. Ones with catchy names that tie into the
       goods or services to be sold are generally the most valuable. In this case, the
       Domain Name appears to be a highly lucrative and sought-after asset.

Paige v. Search Market Direct, Inc. (In re Paige), 413 B.R. 882, 887 n.1 (Bankr. D.
Utah 2009).

                                             4
Trustee’s favor in 2009. The Liquidating Trustee transferred the Domain Name to

ConsumerInfo and the Joint Plan was otherwise substantially consummated. With the

exception of a few claims that ConsumerInfo voluntarily subordinated, all of Paige’s

creditors have been paid in full, with interest. Over objections from SMDI, the Trustee

and his law firm have received compensation for their work on behalf of the estate.

       We begin this opinion with a brief overview of the issues we resolve today. We

then summarize the factual and procedural history underlying SMDI’s three appeals.

Finally, we consider and reject SMDI’s arguments for reversing the bankruptcy court’s

confirmation of the Joint Plan, for depriving ConsumerInfo of the Domain Name, and for

denying the Trustee and his firm certain fees.

A. Confirmation Appeal

       In the Confirmation Appeal, we are concerned with the bankruptcy court’s

memorandum decision of November 13, 2007, in which it confirmed the Joint Plan and

refused to confirm SMDI’s competing plan. The Joint Plan was designed to ensure that

ConsumerInfo would receive the Domain Name if the estate’s claim triumphed in the

Adversary Proceeding, while SMDI’s competing plan would have settled the Adversary

Proceeding and allowed SMDI to keep the Domain Name. SMDI appealed the

bankruptcy court’s judgment to the district court, which dismissed SMDI’s appeal in

2008 on mootness grounds. We reversed that dismissal in 2009. See Search Market

Direct, Inc. v. Jubber (In re Paige), 584 F.3d 1327 (10th Cir. 2009). On remand, the

district court affirmed the confirmation of the Joint Plan. Because only one plan could be

                                             5
implemented, the court declined to address whether SMDI’s plan was also confirmable.

       SMDI appeals the district court’s decision. SMDI argues that the Joint Plan did

not meet the confirmation requirements of 11 U.S.C. § 11293 because it was not proposed

in good faith and was not fair and equitable. SMDI also argues that its own plan did

satisfy § 1129 and should have been confirmed.

B. Adversary Appeal

       In 2009, the bankruptcy court resolved the Adversary Proceeding in favor of the

Liquidating Trustee and against SMDI, ruling that the Domain Name remained at all

relevant times the property of the estate. Any post-petition transfers, the court held, were

void because they violated the automatic stay and also constituted conversion under Utah

state law. SMDI sought a stay of the bankruptcy court’s judgment pending appeal. When

no stay was granted, the Domain Name was transferred to the Liquidating Trust, which

then turned it over to ConsumerInfo. The district court affirmed the bankruptcy court’s

judgment on the merits. It also affirmed on the alternative basis that SMDI’s appeal was

moot because the sale of the Domain Name to ConsumerInfo could not be undone.

       In the Adversary Appeal, SMDI raises five issues. SMDI argues that the

bankruptcy court and district court erred in granting judgment for the estate for four

reasons: (1) because the Liquidating Trust and ConsumerInfo lacked standing to

prosecute the Adversary Proceeding; (2) because a domain name is not tangible property

       3
          Unless otherwise noted, all citations to a “section” or “§” in this opinion are to
title 11 of the United States Code.

                                               6
but rather a contract right, which could not be the subject of a conversion claim under

Utah law and which, in any event, expired prior to trial; (3) because turnover of the

Domain Name was not available as a remedy; and (4) because the estate and

ConsumerInfo’s conversion claim in the Adversary Proceeding was preempted by federal

bankruptcy law. Finally, SMDI argues (5) that the district court erred in concluding that

its appeal was moot.

C. Fee Appeal

       Under the court-approved APA, ConsumerInfo provided the estate with money to

pay the fees that the Trustee and his law firm incurred in prosecuting the Adversary

Proceeding. Although both SMDI and ConsumerInfo acquired minor claims against the

estate early in the bankruptcy proceedings so that they would have standing to propose

Chapter 11 plans, ConsumerInfo subsequently acquired much larger claims against the

estate in early 2007. SMDI has argued since that time that the Trustee had a conflict of

interest because he was evaluating ConsumerInfo’s disputed claims while ConsumerInfo

was paying his fees. Accordingly, SMDI has objected to payment of the Trustee and his

law firm for much of their work on behalf of the estate.

       The bankruptcy court entered an order granting the fees, which SMDI appealed.

The Bankruptcy Appellate Panel of the Tenth Circuit (BAP) dismissed the appeal for lack

of jurisdiction, concluding that SMDI “ha[d] no direct pecuniary interest in the reversal of

the Fee Order” and therefore did not have standing to challenge it. Search Market Direct,

Inc. v. Jubber (In re Paige), 438 B.R. 355, 2010 WL 3699747, at *1 (B.A.P. 10th Cir.

                                             7
Sept. 15, 2010) (unpublished). The BAP denied SMDI’s motion for rehearing. Search

Market Direct, Inc. v. Jubber (In re Paige), No. 08-62, slip op. at 8 (B.A.P. 10th Cir. Nov.

23, 2010). In the Fee Appeal, SMDI appeals the BAP’s decisions, arguing that it did have

standing to object to the fees of the Trustee and his firm.

D. Overview of Legal Conclusions

       We exercise jurisdiction over these cases under 28 U.S.C. § 158(d)(1) and affirm

the decisions of the district court and Bankruptcy Appellate Panel upholding the

bankruptcy court’s judgments and fee order. With regard to the Confirmation Appeal, we

hold that the Joint Plan was proposed in good faith, that the Trustee was disinterested, and

that the Joint Plan was fair and equitable. We also agree with the bankruptcy court that

SMDI’s plan could not have been confirmed because it was not feasible. We reverse the

district court’s ruling that the Adversary Appeal is moot, but we uphold its affirmance of

the bankruptcy court’s judgment on the grounds that the automatic stay was violated and

turnover of the Domain Name was an appropriate remedy. Accordingly, we decline to

address whether the bankruptcy court appropriately relied on a conversion theory under

Utah law. Because we conclude that the Trustee was disinterested, we see no reason to

deprive him or his firm of their fees. We do not reach the question of SMDI’s standing in

the Fee Appeal because, in light of our other conclusions, it is moot.

II. BACKGROUND

A. General Background

                                              8
       The factual background underlying these cases is lengthy and complicated. We

will summarize the history relevant to all three appeals here and discuss additional

background below as necessary.

       1. Pre-Bankruptcy History

       In 2000, Steve Zimmer Paige paid Network Solutions, Inc., $70 to register the

Domain Name for a three-year period. Paige, 413 B.R. at 889. He renewed this

registration in 2003 for $75. Id. at 890. In the two years that followed, Paige formed

several credit-repair businesses, including CCS, LLC, and CCS Financial, Inc., and

became involved in a joint venture with a credit-repair company called Citizens Credit

Bureau, Inc. (CCB). Id. at 889–90. Although Paige transferred registration of the

Domain Name to a third party in June 2005, he continued to personally own and control it

thereafter. Id. at 912.

       2. Paige Files for Bankruptcy

       In September 2005, after the failure of one of his credit-repair business endeavors,

Paige filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy. Id. at 891. Jubber was appointed trustee for the

estate. Initially, Paige did not list the Domain Name as an asset, and he had no other

assets of note. In December 2005, however, an anonymous tipster notified the Trustee

that Paige might have an interest in the Domain Name. Id. at 896.

       3. The Trustee Begins an Adversary Proceeding to Recover the Domain Name

       The Trustee determined that the Domain Name had been transferred several times

after Paige had declared bankruptcy. Ultimately, Stephen May had purchased the

                                             9
Domain Name in an online auction for $350,000. Id. at 898. He had then transferred the

registration to SMDI, which licensed its use to another company May owned, Magnet

Media, Inc. Id. at 899. Magnet Media quickly began to earn “significant daily revenues”

using the Domain Name. Id.

       The Trustee asserted that any post-petition transfers of the Domain Name were

void and demanded that May return it. When he refused, the Trustee began the

Adversary Proceeding on behalf of Paige’s estate. Id. May, SMDI, and Magnet Media

were among the defendants.

       4. The Trustee Seeks to Sell the Estate’s Interest in the Domain Name

       Paige’s estate lacked resources to fund litigation of the AP. To raise money for

this purpose and to pay the estate’s creditors, the Trustee sought to sell an interest in the

AP and any rights to the Domain Name that the estate might acquire. See In re Paige, No.

05-34474, slip op. at 2 (Bankr. D. Utah Dec. 8, 2006).

       An auction was held in September 2006, at which the only bidders were SMDI and

one of its competitors in the credit services industry, ConsumerInfo. ConsumerInfo

prevailed with a bid of $1.5 million, but the parties apparently continued to submit bids

after the auction closed. Id. at 2. While bidding and negotiations continued over the

following months, several important developments took place.

       5. Conversion to Chapter 11

       First, the bankruptcy court granted a motion by Paige to convert the Chapter 7 case

                                              10
to one under Chapter 11. Id. at 3. The Trustee filed a motion to reconvert the case, which

the court denied. The court instead appointed the former Chapter 7 trustee, Gary Jubber,

as trustee for the estate under Chapter 11. Id.

       6. Communications Between ConsumerInfo and the Debtor

       Second, Paige engaged in various communications with ConsumerInfo’s counsel

without the knowledge of Paige’s own attorney, Noel Hyde. In re Paige, 2007 WL

4143212, at *3–4 (Bankr. D. Utah Nov. 13, 2007). Paige had led SMDI to believe that he

would propose a joint Chapter 11 plan with SMDI. Nonetheless, against Hyde’s advice

and without his knowledge, Paige repeatedly contacted ConsumerInfo’s attorneys,

apparently seeking money or some sort of consulting job with ConsumerInfo. Id. at *11.

He also told ConsumerInfo that he was not represented, and ultimately convinced

ConsumerInfo to pay $20,000 to obtain new counsel for him. Id. at *3. Meanwhile, he

stopped communicating with Hyde or with SMDI. In early December 2006, Hyde

withdrew as Paige’s counsel and a new attorney, paid by ConsumerInfo, took his place.

Id.

       7. ConsumerInfo and SMDI Acquire Claims Against the Estate

       Third, both SMDI and ConsumerInfo purchased claims against the estate in order

to gain standing to propose Chapter 11 plans. Id. at *2, 4. SMDI also acquired Paige’s

“residual interest in his bankruptcy estate consisting of any money or property that is

returned, distributed, or abandoned to him through the administration of the case.” Conf.

App., Aplt. App’x at 146.

                                             11
       8. The Trustee Moves for Court Approval of a Sale to ConsumerInfo

       On November 14, 2006, the bankruptcy court held a hearing on the Trustee’s

motion to sell ConsumerInfo the estate’s rights to the Domain Name and a co-interest in

the AP for $1.9 million. Paige, No. 05-34474, slip op. at 4. Although SMDI had counter-

offered to settle the AP with the estate for $1.9 million, the Trustee stated that he

preferred ConsumerInfo’s offer because ConsumerInfo was able to pay the full sum

immediately. Id. SMDI, by contrast, could only pay $1.2 million up front and wished to

pay the remaining $700,000 over several months. Id. The Trustee expressed uncertainty

that SMDI would be able to make these payments. Id. The APA that ConsumerInfo

proposed included the following key terms:

              a. Purchase Price

       ConsumerInfo agreed to contribute two sums of money to the estate. First, it

would immediately pay $1.9 million into the estate (the Funds). APA § 1.4. Second, it

would contribute up to $200,000 “on an as incurred basis” toward the Trustee’s

“reasonable costs and expenses” in litigating the AP. APA § 1.6.

              b. The Adversary Proceeding

       In exchange, ConsumerInfo received “a co-interest in the Pending Adversary.”

APA § 1.1. The estate agreed that the Trustee would “prosecute the Pending Adversary

in good faith.” APA § 1.5; see also APA § 1.6 (stating that Trustee agreed to “diligently

prosecute the Pending Adversary . . . where he believes he has a good faith basis for

doing so”). The Trustee further agreed that he would “reasonably consult with

                                              12
[ConsumerInfo] regarding prosecution of the Pending Adversary.” APA § 1.5. The APA

allowed that the “Trustee in his reasonable business discretion can settle or otherwise

compromise the Pending Adversary,” but before settling, the Trustee had to (1) consult

with ConsumerInfo; (2) obtain bankruptcy court approval for any settlement; and (3) give

ConsumerInfo the opportunity to object to or overbid any settlement. APA § 1.5. If the

Trustee did settle, he agreed that the estate would immediately refund $1,825,000 of the

$1.9 million to ConsumerInfo. The estate would keep the remaining $75,000. APA §

1.5.

              c. The Domain Name

       The estate agreed to sell ConsumerInfo “all of [the estate’s] right, title and interest,

if any, in and to, and relating in any way to, the Domain Name, whether now owned or

acquired at any [later] time.” APA § 1.1. In addition, the estate agreed that if it

recovered money damages in the Adversary Proceeding or any action relating to the

Domain Name, it would pay 25% of those recoveries to ConsumerInfo. APA § 1.1(d).

              d. Closings

       The APA contemplated two closings. At an “Initial Closing,” ConsumerInfo

would deliver the $1.9 million to the estate and would receive a co-interest in the

Adversary Proceeding and a 25% interest in the monetary recoveries. APA § 8.2(a). At a

“Subsequent Closing,” the estate was to transfer the Domain Name to ConsumerInfo for

no further consideration. APA § 8.2(b). The Subsequent Closing was to occur within ten

business days following a “final and nonappealable order” determining that the estate

                                              13
owned the Domain Name. The APA allowed ConsumerInfo to waive this provision and

accelerate the closing “so long as there is no stay pending appeal in effect at the time.”

APA § 8.1.

              e. Chapter 11 Plans

       Finally, the Trustee agreed in the APA to file a liquidating Chapter 11 plan

consistent with the APA and to oppose any plan inconsistent with the APA if he could do

so in good faith. APA § 1.7.

       9. Following a Hearing, the Bankruptcy Court Approves the APA in the Sale
       Order

       Over SMDI’s objection, the bankruptcy court entered a Sale Order approving the

APA. Paige, No. 05-34474, slip op. at 5. With regard to the Trustee’s preference for

ConsumerInfo’s offer over SMDI’s, the court noted that it gave “significant deference” to

the Trustee and his “business judgment discretion.” Id. at 11. It specifically stated

“SMDI has presented no evidence to suggest that the Trustee’s business judgment in this

case is tainted or in any way conflicted.” Id. The court, however, expressed “grave

concerns” with ConsumerInfo’s contacts with Paige and its payment of Paige’s attorney’s

retainer. Id. at 5 n.3. Nonetheless, it concluded that the evidence presented on the issue

was vague and did not preclude approval of the APA. Id. SMDI did not appeal the

court’s Sale Order.

       10. ConsumerInfo Acquires the CCB Claims

       As noted above, both SMDI and ConsumerInfo purchased nominal claims against

                                             14
the estate during the early stages of Paige’s bankruptcy in order to gain standing as

creditors of the estate to propose Chapter 11 plans. In January 2007, ConsumerInfo

acquired significantly larger claims from CCB, which was a creditor of Paige’s estate (the

CCB Claims).

       From 2003 to 2005, Paige was a director, officer, and co-owner of CCB. Fee

Appeal (Fee App.), Supp. Aplee. App’x at 97–107. The company utilized the Domain

Name and developed a website which allowed users to estimate their credit score. Id. at

98. In October 2006, CCB filed a proof of claim against the estate for substantial

expenses it had incurred in the development of the Domain Name. CCB amended the

amount of this unsecured claim, Claim 27-2, to $131,180.00 in January 2007. See Fee

App., Aplt. App’x at 204–06.

       Shortly thereafter, ConsumerInfo bought Claim 27-2 from CCB. ConsumerInfo

also purchased any and all other interests in the Domain Name that CCB might have.

Paige, 2007 WL 4143212, at *4. On January 31, 2007, ConsumerInfo filed Claim 42-1,

in which it asserted a secured claim in the amount of $2.1 million, as well as a

constructive trust and beneficial ownership of the Domain Name, based on the rights

ConsumerInfo had acquired from CCB. Fee App., Aplt. App’x at 207–08.

       Claim 42-1 was based on several different theories. ConsumerInfo alleged

conversion—that Paige had unlawfully taken CCB’s interest in the Domain Name. Fee

App., Aplee. Supp. App’x at 101. It also alleged that Paige had breached his fiduciary

duty to CCB when he sold the Domain Name for his own gain without offering his

                                            15
corporation the opportunity to purchase it. Id. at 104. Finally, like Claim 27-2, Claim 42-

1 asserted unjust enrichment based on the money CCB had expended on the Domain

Name’s development. Id. at 106.

       With those claims, ConsumerInfo became simultaneously (1) the largest creditor

of the estate; (2) the source of funding for the estate, the Trustee, and the Trustee’s law

firm in the AP; and (3) the holder of a claim to ownership of the Domain Name that

conflicted with the estate’s claim to it in the AP. This was, the district court aptly noted,

an “awkward development in the case.” Search Market Direct, Inc. v. Jubber (In re

Paige), 439 B.R. 786, 794 (D. Utah 2010).

       Several other odd developments followed. First, SMDI sought ConsumerInfo’s

joinder as a necessary party in the AP, arguing that Claim 42-1 was directly adverse to the

estate’s claim to the Domain Name. SMDI also asked the Trustee to object to

ConsumerInfo’s claims, and then itself sought to object when he refused. Conf. App.,

Aplt. Br. at 13, 16. The bankruptcy court ruled that SMDI lacked standing to do so

because the Trustee was responsible for handling claims, and he had not unreasonably

declined to object. Id. at 17. The court did, however, order ConsumerInfo’s joinder as a

defendant in the AP. Id. at 16.

       At this point, ConsumerInfo abandoned Claim 42-1’s assertion of ownership of the

Domain Name (though it still asserted an unsecured claim for $2.1 million). Paige, 2007

WL 4143212, at *4. The Trustee then sought to join ConsumerInfo as a plaintiff, rather

than as a defendant, which the bankruptcy court allowed. Conf. App., Aplt. Br. at 19. At

                                              16
SMDI’s insistence, the bankruptcy court held a hearing to estimate the value of Claim 42-

1, though it specified that the estimate was only binding for purposes of plan

confirmation. Id. at 10. The court estimated that Claim 42-1 was likely to succeed based

on a theory of breach of fiduciary duty or unjust enrichment (but not conversion), and

estimated its value at $225,000. Id.

B. Confirmation of the Joint Plan

       1. SMDI and ConsumerInfo Propose Chapter 11 Plans

       SMDI filed its plan for reorganization of Paige’s estate in June 2007. Paige, 2007

WL 4143212, at *5. Thereafter, ConsumerInfo and the Trustee together proposed the

Joint Plan. Id. Both plans proposed to pay unsecured creditors in full with 10% interest.

Id. at *6. And both plans envisioned the liquidation, in effect, of the estate’s only

valuable asset—the Domain Name. Under the SMDI Plan, the estate would be required

to drop the AP and let SMDI keep the Domain Name. Under the Joint Plan, the AP

would continue until it was resolved; if it was resolved in the estate’s favor,

ConsumerInfo would receive the Domain Name as required under the APA.

       Under SMDI’s plan, SMDI would pay $2.6 million into the estate in order to pay

all claims in full (except the CCB Claims). Id. A new trustee would be appointed, and

that trustee would be required to dismiss the AP and transfer any interests the estate had

in the Domain Name to SMDI. Id. The trustee would then refund $1,825,000 to

ConsumerInfo—the price, under the APA, for the estate settling the AP without

ConsumerInfo’s consent. Id.

                                             17
       Under the Joint Plan, by contrast, the AP would continue (with funding from

ConsumerInfo), and the Trustee would turn the Domain Name over to ConsumerInfo if

the estate won. ConsumerInfo would contribute up to an additional $300,000 to ensure

the full repayment of creditors, and it would subordinate the CCB Claims so that they

would only be paid if money remained after paying all other claims. SMDI’s residual

interest, however, would not receive any money until the subordinated claims had been

paid in full. The estate would become a Liquidating Trust; Jubber would cease to be the

Chapter 11 Trustee and become the Liquidating Trustee, and the United States Trustee

would be the only party with standing to object to his fees.

       The Joint Plan provided that SMDI could object to the CCB Claims if it wished to

do so, but only when the AP had concluded—and only then if money was left over in the

estate that could go toward paying those claims. Id. In addition, the Joint Plan stated

explicitly that if the Liquidating Trust won the AP, the Trustee would not voluntarily

accept the monetary value of the Domain Name in lieu of the Domain Name itself. Conf.

App., Aplt. App’x at 2074.

       Both plans, the bankruptcy court noted, were proposed with the same goal in mind:

       Throughout this process, it has been the Court’s observation that the
       proponents’ true intentions throughout this case ha[ve] been to acquire the
       right to own and use the Domain Name . . . . Payment in full to the creditors
       is important but secondary to them in that the parties are primarily concerned
       with acquiring the Domain Name or the rights to it.

Paige, 2007 WL 4143212, at *7.

       2. The Bankruptcy Court Confirms the Joint Plan and Denies Confirmation

                                            18
       of the SMDI Plan

       Following seven days of hearings, the bankruptcy court confirmed the Joint Plan

and denied confirmation of the SMDI Plan. We discussed the bankruptcy court’s

conclusions regarding SMDI’s plan in Paige, 584 F.3d at 1333.

       The court found that SMDI’s plan did not comply with 11 U.S.C. § 1129(a)(1)
       because it placed ConsumerInfo into a separate class than other similarly
       situated creditors. The court acknowledged, however, “that this might make
       little difference here because SMDI’s plan purports to pay all creditors . . . .”
        Further, the bankruptcy court ruled that SMDI’s plan violated 11 U.S.C. §
       1129(a)(3), which requires that a plan be proposed in “good faith.”
       Specifically, the court found that SMDI’s plan inappropriately compelled the
       settlement of the AP. The court determined that the compelled settlement was
       inappropriate because the trustee, not the creditors, must move for approval of
       a settlement, that even if SMDI could propose a settlement, SMDI had failed
       to show the court that a settlement should be approved, and that this compelled
       settlement “could easily be construed as a breach of Trustee’s duties” to
       ConsumerInfo under the APA. The court further held that SMDI had failed
       properly to appeal the approval of the APA and, even if its challenge to the
       confirmation of the Joint Plan could be construed as a challenge to the sale
       under the APA, SMDI had failed to prove “that the sale was approved by
       mistake or inadvertence, or that the Sale Order lacked adequate evidentiary
       basis.”

Id. (citations omitted).

       The bankruptcy court also concluded that the SMDI Plan could not be confirmed

because it was not feasible, as required under § 1129(a)(11). The court reasoned that

settlement of the AP would breach the estate’s duties under the APA, exposing the estate

to an administrative claim for damages by ConsumerInfo. Paige, 2007 WL 4143212, at

*20. Whether or not the claim would ultimately succeed, the bankruptcy court

“estimate[d] that the cost of objecting alone would be very substantial.” Id. The court

                                              19
determined that SMDI’s plan provided insufficient resources for contesting this claim,

much less for satisfying a potential judgment. Id. A successful administrative claim on

ConsumerInfo’s part, the court feared, could require the plan trustee to seek disgorgement

from creditors who had already been paid. Id. The SMDI Plan, as a result, was not

feasible. Id.

       The Joint Plan, the bankruptcy court concluded, satisfied the requirements of §

1129(a). The bankruptcy court rejected SMDI’s arguments that a lack of good faith under

§ 1129(a)(3) was demonstrated by ConsumerInfo’s contacts with Paige or by a conflict of

interest on the part of the Trustee arising from his duties to ConsumerInfo under the APA.

Id. at *9, 14. The bankruptcy court also rejected the contention that the Joint Plan was

not “fair and equitable” as required by § 1129(b)(1). Id. at *19.

       3. SMDI Appeals and the District Court Dismisses the Appeal as Moot

       SMDI appealed the bankruptcy court’s confirmation decisions to the district court.

       On the merits, SMDI argued that the bankruptcy court’s reasons for finding
       fault with SMDI’s plan were in error; that ConsumerInfo had engaged in
       unethical communications with the debtor, which led to its paying the debtor
       $20,000 and convincing him to abandon his support for SMDI’s plan; that the
       trustee was not “disinterested” in his dealings with ConsumerInfo; that the
       trustee’s interest in the disposition of the estate’s assets inappropriately
       influenced his dealings in this case; that the Joint Plan should not have been
       confirmed because it wrongly denied payment to SMDI on SMDI’s claims
       against the estate; and that certain aspects of the Joint Plan were not “fair and
       equitable” to SMDI. While that appeal was pending, however, some
       significant post-confirmation events took place which substantially changed
       the posture of SMDI’s appeal.

               Under the Joint Plan, the Plan was to become effective only after, inter
       alia, any pending appeals were resolved. However, the Joint Plan also enabled

                                              20
      Mr. Jubber and ConsumerInfo to waive those requirements. They in fact
      waived those requirements in October 2007, thus paving the way for the Plan
      to be substantially consummated despite SMDI’s pending appeal. And, once
      the Joint Plan became effective, the trustee took substantial steps to pay
      creditors, object to creditors’ claims, and prosecute the AP. In turn,
      ConsumerInfo made significant payments to the trustee to cover the estate’s
      administrative costs and creditors’ claims.

Paige, 584 F.3d at 1333–34 (footnote and citations omitted).

      SMDI sought a stay in bankruptcy court to prevent the parties from implementing

the Joint Plan while its appeal was pending. The bankruptcy court denied the stay

request. SMDI’s request for a stay in district court was denied as well. SMDI did not

appeal those denials to this court. When SMDI appealed the bankruptcy court’s decision

confirming the Joint Plan and denying confirmation of SMDI’s plan, the district court

concluded that the case was constitutionally and equitably moot because the steps the

Trustee had taken to carry out the Joint Plan could not be undone.

      4. We Reverse the District Court’s Mootness Ruling

      SMDI appealed, and we reversed the district court’s mootness ruling and

remanded for the district court to consider SMDI’s appeal on the merits. See Paige, 584

F.3d at 1348–49. We acknowledged that we had not “thoroughly or even adequately

evaluated the merits of SMDI’s claims,” but we noted that “a quick look at th[e] appeal

suggests the claims may have some merit.” Id. at 1348. We observed that SMDI

“allege[d] serious conflicts of interest” and raised “questions about whether SMDI’s

competing proposal ha[d] received an adequate and balanced appraisal.” Id. “In many

ways,” we concluded, “the claims raised go to the very integrity of the bankruptcy

                                            21
process in this case.” Id.

       5. On Remand, the District Court Affirms Confirmation of the Joint Plan

       On remand, the district court affirmed the bankruptcy court’s confirmation of the

Joint Plan on the merits. Paige, 439 B.R. at 788. The district court declined, however, to

decide whether the bankruptcy court had properly denied confirmation of the SMDI Plan.

Because, under § 1129(c), only one plan could be confirmed, the district court concluded

that “whether or not the bankruptcy court erred in refusing to confirm the SMDI Plan is

merely academic.” Id. at 800–01. Before us now is SMDI’s appeal from the district

court’s order, in which SMDI contends that its plan—under which the Adversary

Proceeding was to be settled—should have been confirmed in 2007 in lieu of the Joint

Plan. While the parties battled over their competing Chapter 11 plans, however, the

Adversary Proceeding moved forward.

C. The Adversary Proceeding

       1. The Bankruptcy Court Resolves the AP in Favor of the Liquidating Trustee

       In 2007, pursuant to the Joint Plan, the AP was transferred from the estate to a

Liquidating Trust for which Jubber continued to serve as trustee. The AP trial began in

November 2008 and spanned nineteen days over the course of eight months. On

September 18, 2009, shortly before we issued our opinion reversing the district court’s

mootness determination, see Paige, 584 F.3d at 1327, the bankruptcy court entered

judgment in the Adversary Proceeding. In a lengthy and thorough opinion, the

bankruptcy court made the following key determinations:

                                            22
          First, the bankruptcy court held that ConsumerInfo and the Trustee had standing to

pursue the AP. It rejected the argument advanced by SMDI that both parties lacked

standing to recover the Domain Name under the relevant Code provisions because doing

so would bring no further benefit to the estate. Paige, 413 B.R. at 907. Next, the court

determined as a matter of fact that the Domain Name remained the property of Paige and

his estate at all relevant times both before and after he filed for bankruptcy. Id. at 909.

The court ruled, therefore, that all transfers of the Domain Name post-dating the petition

for bankruptcy were void ab initio because they were in violation of the automatic stay.

Id. at 915. “From the law’s point of view,” the court explained, “they simply did not

happen.” Id. Thus, the bankruptcy court concluded, the Domain Name belonged to the

estate.

          “As an alternative basis for the foregoing conclusion,” the bankruptcy court ruled

that SMDI and the parties from whom it obtained the Domain Name had committed

conversion. Id. at 916. In reaching this conclusion, the court rejected SMDI’s arguments

that a claim for conversion under Utah state law was preempted by the Bankruptcy Code,

id., and that a domain name, under Utah law, was a service contract rather than tangible

property capable of being converted, id. at 918. To the contrary, the court held that “like

web pages and software, the Domain Name at issue is a type of tangible property that is

capable of conversion.” Id. The court held that title was deemed to be in the Trustee’s or

the estate’s name and ordered turnover of the Domain Name to the Liquidating Trust

under § 542(a) of the Bankruptcy Code. Id. at 920–21. The court did not award any

                                               23
damages for SMDI’s use of the Domain Name. Id. at 920.

       SMDI appealed the bankruptcy court’s judgment to district court, but it was unable

to obtain a stay of the order from either court. It did not appeal the denial of a stay to this

court. ConsumerInfo stipulated, however, that it would not transfer the Domain Name to

any third party while SMDI’s appeals were pending. Adversary Appeal (Adv. App.),

Aplt. App’x at 836.

       2. The Liquidating Trust Gives ConsumerInfo the Domain Name

       ConsumerInfo chose to waive the provision of the APA that would have delayed

the Subsequent Closing until issuance of a “final and nonappealable order” giving the

estate ownership of the Domain Name. See APA § 8.1. Instead, ConsumerInfo elected to

receive the Domain Name from the Liquidating Trust immediately. ConsumerInfo

represents that it owns and controls the Domain Name now. Adv. App., Aplee. Br. at 3.

       3. The District Court Affirms

       The district court affirmed the bankruptcy court’s resolution of the AP on two

alternative grounds. First, it affirmed on the merits, agreeing with the bankruptcy court

that ConsumerInfo and the Trustee each had standing to pursue the AP, Search Market

Direct, Inc. v. Jubber (In re Paige), 443 B.R. 878, 895–96 (D. Utah 2011); that the

Domain Name was tangible property under Utah law, and not a service contract, id. at

902; and that turnover was an appropriate remedy because, contrary to SMDI’s

arguments, the APA and Joint Plan did not make the Domain Name “of inconsequential

value to the estate,” id. at 903. Because it had affirmed the bankruptcy court’s judgment

                                              24
on other grounds, the district court declined to address whether a state law claim for

conversion was preempted by the Bankruptcy Code. Id.

       Second, as an alternative basis for affirming the bankruptcy court’s judgment, the

district court held that SMDI’s appeal was moot under § 363(m) of the Code. Id. at 908.

Section 363(m) provides that if a party purchased property from a bankruptcy estate in

good faith pursuant to a sale order (whether or not the party knew that an appeal of the

order was pending) and the court did not grant a stay, the validity of the sale is not

affected even if the order authorizing it is reversed on appeal. SMDI had not obtained a

stay of the Sale Order or of the bankruptcy court’s judgment in the Adversary Proceeding.

The district court determined that ConsumerInfo had purchased the Domain Name in

good faith because the Sale Order (which SMDI never appealed) said so: in Paragraph 8

of the order, the bankruptcy court had written that “[t]he transactions contemplated in the

[APA] have been negotiated in good faith and at arms length. The Purchaser

[ConsumerInfo] is entitled to all of the protections of Section 363(m) of the Bankruptcy

Code.” Id. at 908. Because § 363(m) shielded ConsumerInfo from having to give up the

Domain Name, the court concluded it could not provide the relief SMDI sought—return

of the Domain Name. Thus, it declared the appeal moot. Id.

       On appeal to this court, SMDI argues that the Liquidating Trust should not have

been able to obtain the Domain Name under its statutory claims or its state law cause of

action. SMDI also insists that its appeal is not moot. Adv. App., Aplt. Br. at 1–2. At this

juncture, however, we note that SMDI does not challenge the bankruptcy court’s essential

                                             25
findings with regard to “the complex twists and turns of the underlying facts” in this case.

Adv. App., Aplee. Br. at 1. In other words, if the Trustee or ConsumerInfo had standing

and the right to obtain turnover of the Domain Name—or if the Domain Name was

tangible property and a conversion action was not preempted—then SMDI does not

dispute that the Domain Name did belong to the estate and now properly belongs to

ConsumerInfo.

D. The Trustee’s Fees

       Throughout all of the proceedings outlined above, the Trustee has employed

himself and his law firm, Fabian & Clendenin, as legal counsel for the estate and for the

Liquidating Trust. This employment was approved by the bankruptcy court. Paige, 2010

WL 3699747, at *7. ConsumerInfo was, at all times, represented by separate counsel. Id.

at *7 n.69.

       1. SMDI Objects to the Trustee’s Fees

       The Trustee filed several interim applications for attorney fees and costs, which

the bankruptcy court substantially granted. Id. at *7 & n.70. After ConsumerInfo

acquired the CCB Claims in January 2007, SMDI began to object to this compensation on

the grounds, among others, that the Trustee and his firm were not disinterested and held

or represented interests adverse to the estate. Fee App., Aplt. Br. at 5 (citing Fee App.,

Aplt. App’x at 810–15, 1245–60). In all, SMDI says it objected to about $375,000 in fees

and costs on the basis that the Trustee and his firm lacked disinterestedness. Fee App.,

Aplt. Br. at 6; Aplt. Reply Br. at 11 n.15.

                                              26
       2. The Bankruptcy Court Overrules SMDI’s Objections

       In each instance, the bankruptcy court overruled SMDI’s objections. Id. The

bankruptcy court entered an order on June 16, 2008, approving the Final Fee Applications

of the Trustee and his Firm for their work on behalf of the estate up until its assets were

transferred to the Liquidating Trust under the Joint Plan. Fee App., Aplt. App’x at

1347–52. SMDI appealed this Final Fee Order to the BAP.4

       3. The BAP Affirms the Bankruptcy Court

       The BAP did not reach the merits of SMDI’s argument that the Trustee and his law

firm were not disinterested and therefore were not entitled to fees. Instead, it dismissed

the case on the basis that SMDI lacked standing to object to the Trustee’s fees. The BAP

concluded that SMDI was not “directly, adversely and pecuniarily” affected by the Final

Fee Order and therefore was not a “person aggrieved” with standing to challenge it.

Paige, 2010 WL 3699747, at *10.

       The BAP reasoned that even if the Trustee were required to disgorge his fees to the

estate or the Liquidating Trust, SMDI could not receive any of this money by virtue of its

claims against the estate; those claims had already been paid in full, with interest. Id. at

*10. Moreover, the BAP concluded that Paige’s residual interest—held by SMDI—could

not receive any disgorged fees. The only funds that could be disgorged had come from

ConsumerInfo, in the form of its $1.9 million and $200,000 contributions. But § 1.4 of

       4
        The Joint Plan did not require Jubber to obtain court approval for his fees as
Liquidating Trustee post-confirmation.

                                             27
the court-approved APA specified that “[n]one of the amounts provided by

[ConsumerInfo] shall benefit [the Debtor] or his purported assignees as residual interest

holders.” Id. (quoting APA § 1.4) (emphasis and internal quotation marks omitted).

       The BAP also considered SMDI’s argument that it had standing as a proponent of

the SMDI Plan. Id. at *11. If confirmation of the Joint Plan were reversed and the SMDI

Plan were confirmed, SMDI argued that it would become the party responsible for paying

the estate’s administrative expenses. A reduction in those expenses from disallowing the

Trustee’s fees would ultimately redound to the benefit of SMDI under its plan.

       The BAP rejected these arguments for two reasons. First, it concluded that any

benefit to SMDI as a plan proponent would be merely indirect, and therefore insufficient

to support standing to object to the Trustee’s fees. Id. Second, the BAP noted that

SMDI’s plan (which turned on the estate settling the AP and allowing SMDI to keep the

Domain Name) could not be put into action unless SMDI could get the Domain Name

back. Id. A year before the BAP issued its opinion, SMDI had lost the AP and failed to

obtain a stay. The Domain Name had been transferred to the Liquidating Trust and then

to ConsumerInfo.

       The BAP concluded that the likelihood was “too remote and speculative” that

SMDI would not only overturn the Joint Plan and obtain confirmation of its own plan, but

also prevail in the Adversary Appeal and get the Domain Name back. Id. Additionally,

the BAP observed that if SMDI did prevail in the Adversary Appeal, it would gain the

Domain Name as a result. With the Domain Name in hand and its claims against the

                                            28
estate paid off with interest, SMDI would have no reason to propose a plan and become

responsible for the estate’s administrative fees. Id. at *11 n.101. Thus, even prevailing in

the Adversary Appeal would not give SMDI standing to object to the Trustee’s fees. Id.

       4. The BAP Denies SMDI’s Motion for Rehearing

       The BAP denied SMDI’s motion for rehearing. Paige, No. 08-62, slip op. at 8. In

the process, it commented that even if it were to reach the merits of SMDI’s challenge, it

would consider the Trustee to have been disinterested. It detected no lack of disclosure

on the part of the Trustee or the Firm regarding possible conflicts. Id. at 6–7. Moreover,

it emphasized that any conflict that did exist was not personal to the Trustee, but rather

the inescapable result of the Trustee’s court-approved duties under the APA.

       SMDI appealed the BAP’s decision to this court.

III. ANALYSIS

A. Confirmation Appeal

       1. Introduction

       In the Confirmation Appeal, we must determine whether the bankruptcy court

erred in confirming the Joint Plan and denying confirmation of the SMDI Plan. To be

confirmable, a plan must comply with all applicable provisions of 11 U.S.C. § 1129. The

proponent of a plan must demonstrate compliance by a preponderance of the evidence.

See Heartland Fed. Savs. & Loan Ass’n v. Briscoe Enters., Ltd., II (In re Briscoe Enters.,

Ltd., II), 994 F.2d 1160, 1165 (5th Cir. 1993).

       On appeal, SMDI argues first that the Joint Plan should not have been confirmed

                                             29
because it was not proposed in good faith, as required by § 1129(a)(3). SMDI also argues

that the Joint Plan was not fair and equitable, as it had to be under § 1129(b) since

SMDI’s impaired residual interest did not accept the plan. Specifically, SMDI contends

that the Joint Plan was not proposed in good faith for two reasons: (1) because the Trustee

who supported the Joint Plan was not disinterested, and (2) because ConsumerInfo

engaged in bad faith, unethical communications with the debtor. The first argument

focuses on the Trustee and his duties to the estate and ConsumerInfo under the APA, and

it is concerned only with the Trustee’s disinterestedness after January 2007; this is when

ConsumerInfo acquired the CCB Claims, and when the Trustee, according to SMDI,

became conflicted. SMDI’s second good faith argument, by contrast, focuses on

ConsumerInfo and its interactions with the debtor. All of the conduct SMDI complains of

in this regard took place before the bankruptcy court entered the Sale Order approving the

APA. SMDI argues that the bankruptcy court, in rejecting both arguments, applied an

overly narrow “good faith” standard.

       SMDI also argues that three provisions of the Joint Plan were not fair and

equitable. First, as part of the Joint Plan, the estate agreed that the Liquidating Trustee

would “not . . . voluntarily accept or elect money in lieu of recovery of the Domain Name

Assets if he prevails in the Adversary Proceeding.” Liquidating Trust Agreement § 1.1

(Conf. App., Aplt. App’x at 2074). SMDI argues that the Trustee retained the option of

accepting a monetary recovery in lieu of the Domain Name under the APA, and that

electing a money remedy would have been advantageous to the estate. The estate, SMDI

                                              30
argues, received inadequate consideration under the Joint Plan for waiving this right.

Conf. App., Aplt. Br. at 48. Second, the Joint Plan authorized SMDI to object to the CCB

Claims, but provided that such an objection could not be made until after the AP was

concluded. SMDI argues that this term was unfair because it was inserted only to

prejudice SMDI, which was the sole party that stood to benefit from objecting to the CCB

Claims. Id. at 50. Finally, the Joint Plan only permitted the United States Trustee to

object to the Liquidating Trustee’s fees. SMDI contends that this provision, too, was

unfair because it was meant to prejudice SMDI. Id.

       2. Standard of Review

       We review the bankruptcy court’s legal conclusions de novo and its underlying

factual findings for clear error. Paul v. Inglhart (In re Paul), 534 F.3d 1303, 1310 (10th

Cir. 2008). Good faith for purposes of § 1129(a)(3) is ordinarily a finding of fact that we

review for clear error. See In re 203 N. LaSalle St. P’ship, 126 F.3d 955, 969 (7th Cir.

1997) (“[T]he bankruptcy court’s finding that the plan was proposed in good faith is a

finding of fact to which we owe deference.”) rev’d on other grounds by Bank of Am.

Nat’l Trust & Sav. Ass’n v. 203 N. LaSalle St. P’ship, 526 U.S. 434 (1999). Likewise,

whether a plan is fair and equitable is generally a question of fact. See Citibank, N.A. v.

Baer, 651 F.2d 1341, 1346 (10th Cir. 1980). SMDI, however, argues that the bankruptcy

court adopted overly narrow definitions of “good faith” and “fair and equitable.” We

review de novo the bankruptcy court’s construction of these terms. See Osborn v. Durant

Bank & Trust Co. (In re Osborn), 24 F.3d 1199, 1203 (10th Cir. 1994) abrogated in part

                                             31
on other grounds by Eastman v. Union Pac. R.R., 493 F.3d 1151, 1156 (10th Cir. 2007)

(“[W]hen a lower court’s factual findings are premised on improper legal standards or on

proper ones improperly applied, they are not entitled to the protection of the clearly

erroneous standard, but are subject to de novo review.”); Neiberger v. Fed Ex Ground

Package Sys., Inc., 566 F.3d 1184, 1189 (10th Cir. 2009) (applying de novo review to

determine whether the proper legal standard was applied). Although we may look to the

district court’s intermediate appellate analysis to inform our review, we owe no deference

to that court’s decision. Paul, 534 F.3d at 1310.

       3. Confirmation of the Joint Plan

              a. Good Faith

                     i. The Definition of Good Faith

       Section 1129(a)(3) provides that a Chapter 11 plan can only be confirmed if it was

“proposed in good faith and not by any means forbidden by law.” The Code does not

explain what “good faith” means in this context. See 6 Norton Bankr. L. & Prac. §

112:10 (3d ed. 2012). “Case law under the Code, however, has tended to define the

good-faith requirement as requiring only that there is a reasonable likelihood that the plan

will achieve a result consistent with the standards prescribed under the Code.” Id. In

Travelers Ins. Co. v. Pikes Peak Water Co. (In re Pikes Peak Water Co.), 779 F.2d 1456

(10th Cir. 1985), we quoted the bankruptcy court’s articulation of the standard:

       The test of good faith is met if there is a reasonable likelihood that the plan
       will achieve its intended results which are consistent with the purposes of the
       Bankruptcy Code, that is, is the plan feasible, practical, and would it enable the

                                          32
       company to continue its business and pay its debts in accordance with the plan
       provisions.

Id. at 1459. We noted that “[i]n finding a lack of good faith, courts have looked to

whether the debtor intended to abuse the judicial process and the purposes of the

reorganization provisions.” Id. at 1460. “Not confirming the plan for lack of good faith

is appropriate particularly when there is no realistic possibility of an effective

reorganization and it is evident that the debtor seeks merely to delay or frustrate the

legitimate efforts of secured creditors to enforce their rights.” Id.

       We reaffirm today that the test of good faith under § 1129(a)(3) focuses on

whether a plan is likely to achieve its goals and whether those goals are consistent with

the Code’s purposes. ConsumerInfo argues, and we agree, that a plan proponent’s self-

interested motive does not necessarily indicate a lack of good faith. But SMDI does not

take issue with ConsumerInfo’s motivations in proposing the Joint Plan. Indeed, it is

surely beyond dispute that both parties proposed their plans in pursuit of their own self-

interested goal. Rather, we understand SMDI’s arguments to be that the Joint Plan was

not proposed in good faith because ConsumerInfo’s co-proponent, the Trustee, was

corrupted by a conflict of interest of ConsumerInfo’s creation, and because ConsumerInfo

had taken unethical steps to prevent SMDI from jointly proposing a competing plan with

the debtor. Applying Pikes Peak, the bankruptcy court concluded that the Joint Plan was

proposed in good faith because it was both feasible and workable and sought to achieve

results consistent with the purposes of the Bankruptcy Code. Paige, 2007 WL 4143212,

                                              33
at *14. The bankruptcy court did not err.

       A plan may, in light of its proponent’s actions or relationships, be incapable of

achieving goals consistent with the Code. The bankruptcy court in In re Fiesta Homes of

Ga., Inc., 125 B.R. 321, 325 (Bankr. S.D. Ga. 1990), for instance, recognized that the

proponent’s conflicts of interest made diligent pursuit of certain preference actions

unlikely and made an appearance of impropriety inevitable. Accordingly, the proposed

plan was not likely to achieve a result consistent with the Code—namely, “maximum

recovery by and fair distribution to creditors.” Id.; see also In re Coram Healthcare Corp.,

271 B.R. 228, 240 (Bankr. D. Del. 2001) (“We easily conclude from the totality of

circumstances . . . that a continuous conflict of interest by the CEO of the Debtor

precludes the Debtors from proposing a plan in good faith under 1129(a)(3).”). In In re

Unichem Corp., 72 B.R. 95, 100 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 1987), the court concluded that the plan

at issue was designed to reward its proponent, an individual whose “inequitable conduct

was the cause of [the debtor’s] financial distress.” Such a result was inherently “in

conflict with the objectives and purposes of the Bankruptcy Code.” Id. Thus, we do not

rule out the possibility that a plan could be unconfirmable under § 1129(a)(3) because of

the proponent’s conflicts of interest or improper conduct. Nonetheless, we affirm the

bankruptcy court’s decision because no conflict of interest or unethical action on the part

of ConsumerInfo or the Trustee demonstrated a lack of good faith in this case.

                     ii. The Trustee Was Disinterested

                                             34
       SMDI argues that conflicts of interest prevented Jubber from proposing a plan as a

disinterested trustee. This argument turns on the Bankruptcy Code’s requirement that

trustees be “disinterested.” § 1104(b), (d). In relevant part, the Code defines a

disinterested person as someone who “does not have an interest materially adverse to the

interest of the estate or of any class of creditors or equity security holders, by reason of

any direct or indirect relationship to, connection with, or interest in, the debtor, or for any

other reason.” § 101(14)(C).5 SMDI relies on the “for any other reason” portion of this

definition. It contends, in essence, that ConsumerInfo’s payment to the estate of the

Trustee’s litigation expenses under the APA—and its promise to continue to pay his fees

as Trustee for the Liquidating Trust—created a disabling conflict. According to SMDI,

the resulting “lack of disinterestedness tainted his administration of the case, the Joint

Plan, and the plan confirmation process.” Conf. App., Aplt. Br. at 32.

       “These are serious matters that . . . go to the very integrity of the bankruptcy

process in this case.” Paige, 584 F.3d at 1348. We hold bankruptcy trustees and the

professionals they employ to a high standard where conflicts of interest are concerned;

the “catch-all clause” upon which SMDI relies “is broad enough to exclude [a trustee]

with some interest or relationship that ‘would even faintly color the independence and

impartial attitude required by the Code and Bankruptcy Rules.’” Winship v. Cook (In re

       5
        The Trustee’s law firm was also subject to the disinterestedness requirement.
Professionals employed by a trustee to administer the estate must be disinterested, and
also cannot “hold or represent an interest adverse to the estate.” § 327(a).

                                              35
Cook), 223 B.R. 782, 789 (B.A.P. 10th Cir. 1998) (quoting In re BH&P, Inc., 949 F.2d

1300, 1309 (3d Cir. 1991)). We are satisfied, however, that no such interest or

relationship was present here.

       We emphasize, first, that although ConsumerInfo provided the funds which paid

the Trustee’s fees, ConsumerInfo was not paying the fees directly. Rather, the estate

itself paid the Trustee (upon his application for and receipt of the court’s approval), with

money the estate received from ConsumerInfo pursuant to the court-approved APA. As

the district court noted, “SMDI has failed to cite . . . a single case where a trustee’s court

approved and non-personal relationships resulted in the denial of . . . confirmation [of a]

plan because the trustee was not disinterested.” Paige, 439 B.R. at 793. We agree with

the view the BAP expressed in the Fee Appeal that the bankruptcy court’s Sale

Order—and not the Trustee or ConsumerInfo—was the source of any potential conflict or

appearance of impropriety. Paige, 2010 WL 3699747, at *7 n.74; Paige, No. 08-62, slip

op. at 7–8. SMDI never appealed or challenged that order. See Paige, 2007 WL

4143212, at *9. We recognize, as a general proposition, that “[a]n attorney representing a

debtor should not receive payment, either directly or indirectly, from any of the

creditors.” In re Huntmar Beaumeade 1 Ltd. P’ship, 127 B.R. 363, 365 (Bankr. E.D. Va.

1991) (quoting In re WPMK, 42 B.R. 157, 163 (Bankr. D. Haw. 1984)) (internal

quotation marks omitted). But under the circumstances of this case, we are unwilling to

take this principle so far as to bar the estate from paying the Trustee and his firm with

                                              36
funds the estate received under a court-approved asset sale.6

       A contrary conclusion, we believe, would have placed the estate in an untenable

position. SMDI asks us to hold that the Trustee lost his disinterested status after the APA

had already been approved, when ConsumerInfo acquired the CCB Claims. Conf. App.,

Aplt. Br. at 32. But as the BAP noted in the Fee Appeal, any other trustee stepping into

Jubber’s shoes at that point would have been subject to the same obligations to

ConsumerInfo under the APA, and any such trustee would have been paid by the estate

with money from ConsumerInfo.7 Thus, if the Trustee was not disinterested, we fail to

       6
         We note that nothing in the record suggests that ConsumerInfo deliberately
delayed asserting the CCB Claims so that it could first obtain court approval of the APA
and then create a conflict. CCB filed its proof of claim in October 2006 for expenditures
it made on development of the Domain Name. Fee App., Aplee. Br. at 10. In December,
the court entered the Sale Order. CCB amended its claim in January 2007, and
ConsumerInfo bought CCB’s rights and interests in the Domain Name that same month.
As the Trustee points out in his Fee Appeal response brief, ConsumerInfo’s actions look
less like a deliberate attempt to manufacture a court-endorsed conflict of interest, and
more like an effort to “hedg[e] its bets” once it discovered that a new party might have a
claim to the Domain Name. Id. at 32.
       7
           The BAP reasoned as follows:

               We observe, as a factual matter, that even if the Trustee and Counsel
       resigned from representing the estate when ConsumerInfo purchased the CCB
       conversion claim (as SMDI contends should have occurred), any successor
       trustee and its counsel would have inherited exactly the same alleged
       “adversity” or “conflict” that SMDI imputes to the Trustee and Counsel. The
       APA and Sale Order imposed obligations on the estate, the breach of which
       could have exposed the estate to litigation for specific performance and/or the
       assertion of an administrative claim by ConsumerInfo. SMDI contends that
       those very duties required the Trustee to favor ConsumerInfo’s interests over
       the interests of the estate’s other creditors, and created a conflict between the
       Trustee and the estate. This argument was rejected by the bankruptcy court in
                                                                                  (continued...)

                                              37
see how any substitute trustee could have been disinterested either. SMDI suggests that

special counsel or an examiner could have been appointed for the purpose of evaluating

the CCB Claims. Conf. App., Aplt. Br. at 36 n.191. But since all of the money in the

estate came from ConsumerInfo, any such professional still would have been receiving

payment from ConsumerInfo via the estate, just as the Trustee and his firm did. SMDI

also argues that it should have been allowed to object to the CCB Claims. Id. The

bankruptcy court, however, told SMDI that it could contest ConsumerInfo’s claims by

      7
       (...continued)
      the unappealed Sale Order when it overruled “on [its] merits with prejudice”
      SMDI’s objection that the APA required the Trustee to “surrender [his]
      business judgment and independence to ConsumerInfo.”

             Under SMDI’s interpretation of Sections 327(a) and 101(14), no one
      could have qualified to be employed to represent the estate or to carry out the
      estate’s duties under the APA and Sale Order because every successor trustee
      would be faced with the same circumstances and thus the same alleged
      conflict. The alleged conflict was inherent in the position of trustee as a
      representative of the estate; it is not personal to this Trustee or Counsel.

Paige, 2010 WL 3699747, at *7 n.74. The BAP stood by this analysis in its denial of
SMDI’s motion for rehearing, stating:

              The alleged “conflict” between the Trustee’s duty to perform the APA
      and the Trustee’s duty to address the CCB-Related Claims was . . . situational
      and inherent in the posture of the case. . . . [I]f these two overlapping events
      disqualified the Trustee and Counsel from representing the estate, anyone else
      seeking to be employed to represent the estate would be confronted with the
      same conflict. Retaining special “independent counsel,” as suggested by
      SMDI, would not have altered the status quo because special counsel would
      still be employed and directed by the Trustee.

Paige, No. 08-62, slip op. at 7–8. We find the BAP’s reasoning persuasive.

                                            38
filing counterclaims within the Adversary Proceeding, and it chose not to do so. Paige,

2007 WL 4143212, at *8. Finally, SMDI suggests that “[t]he APA could have been

modified.” Conf. App., Aplt. Br. at 36 n.191. It does not explain how. Simply put, we

see no effective solution the bankruptcy court could have implemented, short of barring

ConsumerInfo outright from pursuing the CCB Claims or else taking over the role of the

Trustee. SMDI offers no authority for either approach, and we are aware of none.

                     iii. ConsumerInfo’s Pre-Sale Order Conduct Does Not
                     Demonstrate Bad Faith

       SMDI also argues that ConsumerInfo’s pre-APA conduct demonstrates that the

Joint Plan was not proposed in good faith. According to SMDI, ConsumerInfo acted in

bad faith to prevent Paige from filing a joint plan with SMDI. Then, SMDI argues,

ConsumerInfo was able to obtain court approval of the APA because no plan had been

proposed. According to SMDI, the APA, in turn, prevented SMDI from gaining

confirmation of its own plan. Thus, SMDI argues that the bankruptcy court should have

refused to confirm the Joint Plan on the basis that it was not proposed in good faith.

Conf. App., Aplt. Br. at 45–46. We disagree.

       The bankruptcy court made specific factual findings, in its memorandum decision

confirming the Joint Plan, regarding the conduct of Paige and ConsumerInfo. The

bankruptcy court “f[ound] any allegations of attempted bribery of Mr. Paige or

subversion of a purported joint plan by the Debtor and SMDI unsubstantiated.” Paige,

2007 WL 4143212, at *13. The court also acknowledged that it had been troubled by

                                             39
ConsumerInfo’s conduct, but said that “any concerns of the Court . . . have been

addressed and allayed by the Joint Plan proponents in the evidence presented.” Id. The

court concluded that “Mr. Paige ignored the advice of his own attorney and kept his

attorney in the dark regarding his contacts with ConsumerInfo.” Id. Although the court

thought “ConsumerInfo’s attorneys should have known that . . . Mr. Paige was being

represented by counsel, . . . engaging in these communications, albeit possibly improper

under ethical rules, does not translate into filing of a plan by ‘means forbidden by law’

and not in ‘good faith’ eight months later.” Id. In the court’s view, the passage of eight

months from the sale hearing to when the Joint Plan was filed “erodes and waters down

much of the argument that SMDI has made.” Id. at *14.

       The bankruptcy court also determined that SMDI was not prejudiced by

ConsumerInfo’s conduct. Rather, SMDI’s failure to file a plan prior to the sale hearing

resulted primarily from SMDI’s “mistaken belief that the Debtor had the exclusive right

to file a plan after conversion of the case to one under Chapter 11. SMDI . . . was waiting

on the Debtor to file a joint plan. SMDI has since acknowledged that this interpretation

was incorrect.” Id. at *12. Furthermore, “if SMDI was prejudiced between October 13

and December 7,” the court determined that “it was because of Mr. Paige’s conduct and

not because of any wrongdoing by ConsumerInfo or its counsel.” Id. These factual

findings are not clearly erroneous.8

       8
           SMDI argues that the bankruptcy court only arrived at these conclusions because
                                                                              (continued...)

                                              40
       The district court concluded that even if the bankruptcy court’s interpretation of

good faith under Pikes Peak was overly narrow, “SMDI’s allegations of improper

interference by ConsumerInfo are unpersuasive.” Paige, 439 B.R. at 796. We agree.

Even if ConsumerInfo’s attorneys acted improperly in the period preceding the Sale

Order, these actions did not prevent the SMDI Plan from receiving “an adequate and

balanced appraisal.” Paige, 584 F.3d at 1348. Considering the bankruptcy court’s

findings of fact, “the bankruptcy court did not err in finding that ConsumerInfo’s conduct

was not in bad faith.”9 Paige, 439 B.R. at 796.

       8
         (...continued)
it refused to consider some of SMDI’s evidence. In particular, SMDI objects to the
bankruptcy court’s failure to consider transcriptions of voicemails Paige left for
ConsumerInfo’s attorneys and its refusal to allow SMDI to call ConsumerInfo’s attorneys
as witnesses. Conf. App., Aplt. Reply Br. at 15–16 (citing Conf. App., Aplt. App. at
2685–97). As we read them, however, the transcribed voicemails do not contradict the
bankruptcy court’s findings. We do not think the bankruptcy court abused its discretion
in declining to make ConsumerInfo’s attorneys testify about them, see Paige, 439 B.R. at
797 (“The excluded voice mails did not show any evidence of bribery and it is unclear
what testimony from ConsumerInfo’s counsel would have added.”), or in excluding any
of the other evidence to which SMDI points, Rinehart v. Sharp (In re Sharp), 361 B.R.
559, 565 (Bankr. W.D. Okla. 2007) (“When a trial court excludes evidence upon which
the offering party properly objects, we will reverse only if the exclusion is an abuse of
discretion that results in manifest injustice to the parties.” (quotation omitted)).
       9
         We do not reach ConsumerInfo’s contention that SMDI’s good faith arguments
are barred because SMDI did not appeal the bankruptcy court’s Sale Order.
ConsumerInfo suggests somewhat vaguely that the Sale Order constitutes the law of the
case, that the Sale Order “was res judicata on the parties and the court,” and that SMDI’s
good faith arguments are an impermissible collateral attack on the Sale Order. Conf.
App., Aplt. Br. at 40–41. Because we affirm the bankruptcy court’s determination that
the Joint Plan was proposed in good faith, we need not rule on these arguments.

                                            41
              b. Fair and Equitable

       In addition to disputing whether the Joint Plan was proposed in good faith, SMDI

raises substantive challenges to the Joint Plan’s terms. The Joint Plan, SMDI argues,

should not have been confirmed because it was not fair and equitable.

       Section 1129(a)(8) requires that a plan be accepted by any class of claims or

interests that is impaired. In § 1129(b), however, the Code provides an exception: if an

impaired class does not accept the plan, the court “shall confirm the plan notwithstanding

[§ 1129(a)(8)] if the plan does not discriminate unfairly, and is fair and equitable, with

respect to each class . . . that is impaired under, and has not accepted, the plan.” §

1129(b)(1). The Code explains that “the condition that a plan be fair and equitable with

respect to a class includes” the requirement that “[w]ith respect to a class of interests . . .

the holder of any interest that is junior to the interests of such class will not receive or

retain under the plan on account of such junior interest any property.” §§ 1129(b)(2),

1129(b)(2)(C)(ii). This requirement, known as the absolute priority rule, “requires that

certain classes of claimants be paid in full before any member of a subordinate class is

paid.” See Allen v. Geneva Steel Co. (In re Geneva Steel Co.), 281 F.3d 1173, 1180 n.4

(10th Cir. 2002). In this case, SMDI held the residual interest; there was no junior class

of interests that could have received property. SMDI, therefore, does not dispute that the

rule was satisfied. Conf. App., Aplt. Br. at 47. SMDI argues, however, that compliance

with the absolute priority rule does not necessarily end the “fair and equitable” analysis.

       The bankruptcy court concluded that the Joint Plan complied with § 1129(b)

                                               42
because it “d[id] not discriminate unfairly in that all similar claims [we]re treated the

same” and because the absolute priority rule was satisfied. Paige, 2007 WL 4143212, at

*19. The district court concurred. Although it acknowledged that “some courts have

found that the absolute priority rule does not end the ‘fair and equitable’ inquiry,” it

reasoned that “the Tenth Circuit has indicated that a plan can be ‘fair and equitable’ once

the absolute priority rule is satisfied.” Paige, 439 B.R. at 800 (citing Unruh v. Rushville

State Bank, 987 F.2d 1506, 1507–08 (10th Cir. 1993)).

       SMDI contends that the district court read Unruh and the statutory language too

narrowly. Conf. App., Aplt. Br. at 47. There is some authority for SMDI’s open-ended

view of the fair and equitable requirement,10 but we need not decide here whether to

endorse it. Even if we did, none of the Joint Plan provisions SMDI points to would have

precluded the plan’s confirmation.

                     i. Waiver of Election of Remedies

       SMDI first argues that the Joint Plan was unfair because it included a provision

expressly preventing the Liquidating Trustee from voluntarily accepting a monetary

       10
          See, e.g., Bank of N.Y. Trust Co. v. Official Unsecured Creditors Comm. (In re
Pacific Lumber), 584 F.3d 229, 245–46 (5th Cir. 2009) (“Even a plan compliant with
the[] alternative minimum standards [of § 1129(b)(2)] is not necessarily fair and
equitable.”); In re Grandfather Mountain Ltd. P’ship, 207 B.R. 475, 487 (Bankr.
M.D.N.C. 1996) (“[T]he plan must literally be fair and equitable. The determination . . .
must be made on a case-by-case basis and depends upon the specific facts and
circumstances of each case.” (citation omitted)); 7-1129 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶
1129.03[4][b][ii] (16th ed. 2012) (“[S]ome courts have incorrectly read the interplay of
section 1129(b)(1) and section 1129(b)(2) to be an exhaustive delineation of the fair and
equitable rule . . . .”).

                                              43
recovery in lieu of the Domain Name if he prevailed in the AP. According to SMDI, the

estate had the right, under the APA, to take the value of the Domain Name instead of

recovering the name itself. This right, SMDI argues, was worth millions of dollars.11

Conf. App., Aplt. Br. at 48–49. In consideration for the estate abandoning this right,

ConsumerInfo promised in the Joint Plan to fund the Adversary Proceeding, subordinate

the CCB Claims, and pay up to $300,000 to resolve claims (other than the CCB Claims)

against the estate. Id. at 49. SMDI argues that the consideration the estate received was

inadequate.

       This argument is flawed. We think the consideration ConsumerInfo provided was

worth more and the right the estate waived was worth less than SMDI recognizes. While

SMDI says ConsumerInfo failed to prove the value of subordination of the CCB Claims,

the bankruptcy court estimated Claim 42-1 at $225,000, and nothing in the record

suggests that Claim 27-2 was not worth its face value of over $130,000. SMDI also

asserts that ConsumerInfo’s promise to fund the AP “provided no value to the estate”

simply because the Trustee agreed not to elect a monetary remedy in lieu of the Domain

Name. Conf. App., Aplt. Br. at 49. To the contrary, even if the estate planned to turn

       11
           SMDI reasons as follows: If the estate chose to accept the Domain Name, it had
to turn it over to ConsumerInfo for no additional consideration. If, on the other hand, it
accepted monetary compensation for SMDI’s conversion of the name, it would keep 75%
of that recovery under § 1.1(d) of the APA. See APA § 1.1(d) (providing that
ConsumerInfo would “receive 25% of the Net Proceeds from Monetary Recoveries”).
Thus, if the Domain Name was worth $5,000,000, the estate waived the right to elect a
$3,750,000 recovery. Conf. App., Aplt. Br. at 48–49.

                                            44
over to ConsumerInfo the primary fruit of the AP—the Domain Name—it also hoped to

recover monetary damages (of which it would retain 75%). Thus, it still stood to gain

from ConsumerInfo funding the AP.

       More critically, however, SMDI overlooks the fact that the election of remedies

waiver was worth very little if, as the bankruptcy court and district court both believed,

the APA already required the estate to do its best to recover the Domain Name. In

confirming the Joint Plan, the bankruptcy court concluded that the APA did not give the

estate the option of accepting money instead of the Domain Name in the first place.

Paige, 2007 WL 4143212, at *9 (“The court further finds that there is a reasonable basis

for the Trustee to convey the Domain Name to ConsumerInfo, if recovered, because the

Trustee is obligated to do so under the APA.”). The bankruptcy court restated the same

conclusion more explicitly two years later in its Adversary Proceeding decision. There, it

concluded that the “APA required that . . . if the Trustee was successful in proving that

the Domain Name was the property of the estate, or otherwise recovered the Domain

Name, he would be required to deliver the Domain Name to ConsumerInfo. The . . . APA

did not contemplate the delivery of value of the Domain Name in lieu of the Domain

Name itself.” Paige, 413 B.R. at 901. The district court agreed that the 75%-25%

provision existed to allocate damages recovered in addition to the Domain Name. Paige,

443 B.R. at 891. To the extent it could do so in good faith, the Trustee had a duty to

recover the Domain Name and turn it over to ConsumerInfo. If these courts were correct,

then ConsumerInfo was not, as SMDI claims, buying a right worth $3,750,000. Rather,

                                             45
ConsumerInfo was buying only peace of mind by gaining the estate’s express

abandonment of a right it probably did not even possess.

       We need not decide whether the bankruptcy court and district court were right on

this point or not. We only have to determine whether the chances of SMDI’s

interpretation prevailing were sufficiently doubtful that the estate’s acceptance of less

than 75% of the Domain Name’s value was fair. We think that even if the courts’

interpretation of the APA was not the only possible reading of that document, it was at

least a reasonable one. Thus, the Joint Plan only deprived the estate of a right to elect

remedies that likely did not exist. Even if an unfair compromise of claims could have

made the Joint Plan unfair to SMDI’s interest under § 1129(b), we reject SMDI’s

argument that the consideration the estate received was inadequate.

                     ii. Deferment of Objections to CCB Claims

       SMDI’s second argument has to do with the Joint Plan’s provision that objections

to the CCB Claims “shall be deferred until there are Monetary Recoveries or other funds

to pay them.” Conf. App., Joint Plan ¶ 3.3. Such funds would become available, if at all,

only after the conclusion of the AP.12 SMDI, however, wished to object to the CCB

Claims before the AP terminated. If, while the AP was pending, SMDI had been able to

eliminate the CCB Claims or significantly lower their estimated value, SMDI argues that

       12
         Such monetary recoveries, of course, would have been paid by SMDI.
Ultimately, the bankruptcy court did not award any damages to the Liquidating Trust.
The Trustee appealed the issue to the district court, which affirmed, and he did not appeal
further.

                                             46
it would have had sufficient funds to settle the AP by paying all claims against the estate.

Conf. App., Aplt. Br. at 12–13, 15. Once the AP was over, a successful objection to the

CCB Claims could no longer permit SMDI to settle the AP and keep the Domain Name.

SMDI argues, therefore, that deferment of objections to the CCB Claims was an

inequitable term designed to inflict “special prejudice” on SMDI. Conf. App., Aplt. Br. at

50 (quoting Grandfather Mountain Ltd. P’ship, 207 B.R. at 487).

       Like the bankruptcy court, we are not blind to the parties’ intentions in this

litigation. We have no doubt that the objection-delaying provision was of strategic value

in ConsumerInfo’s effort to see the AP litigated to its conclusion. But SMDI simply does

not provide any authority for the proposition that this provision inflicted the kind of

“special prejudice” that could require denial of the Joint Plan’s confirmation. Any

legitimate claims or interests SMDI had in this case were protected under the Joint Plan.

SMDI’s claims, like those of other creditors, were paid in full, with interest. Moreover,

the Joint Plan specified that if the Liquidating Trust were to recover funds that could

benefit SMDI’s interest, SMDI would have its chance to object to the CCB Claims

(which would otherwise be paid first). In its capacity as an interest-holder, SMDI had

nothing to gain from objecting to the CCB Claims unless and until there was a monetary

recovery in the AP.

       To the extent that SMDI was prejudiced by the Joint Plan, the prejudice had

nothing to do with its status as a creditor or interest-holder in the estate. Of course, SMDI

wanted a plan that would ensure settlement of the AP, while ConsumerInfo wanted a plan

                                             47
that would make settlement less likely. But to the extent that SMDI had a right to try to

maneuver the confirmation process toward a settlement that would let it keep property it

obtained in violation of the automatic stay, this simply was not a right the Joint Plan was

obligated to protect.

                        iii. Bar on SMDI Objecting to Post-Confirmation Fees

         Finally, the Joint Plan barred SMDI from objecting to the Liquidating Trustee’s

fees and provided that only the U.S. Trustee had standing to do so. SMDI argues that this

restriction on fee objections was also a term of “special prejudice.” Conf. App., Aplt. Br.

at 50.

         We cannot agree. ConsumerInfo and the Trustee had a legitimate reason for

including this term. If they had not included it, SMDI could have continued to challenge

the Liquidating Trustee’s fees in order to impede his ability to litigate the AP against

SMDI. We do not see how SMDI was unfairly prejudiced by its inability to do so.

         4. Denial of Confirmation of the SMDI Plan

         The bankruptcy court determined that the SMDI Plan was not confirmable because

it was not feasible as required by § 1129(a)(11); it was not proposed in good faith under §

1129(a)(3); and it improperly classified ConsumerInfo’s interests. The district court, after

deciding to affirm the bankruptcy court’s confirmation of the Joint Plan, declined to

inquire into whether the SMDI Plan was also confirmable. Paige, 439 B.R. at 800.

SMDI argues that both courts erred, and that we must determine whether its plan could

                                             48
have been confirmed even if we agree that the Joint Plan was confirmable.13 Under §

1129(c), SMDI correctly notes, if more than one plan is confirmable, the bankruptcy court

must “consider the preferences of creditors and equity security holders in determining

which plan to confirm.” Conf. App., Aplt. Reply Br. at 21 n.57. SMDI makes no effort

to explain why, if both plans were confirmable, a proper analysis under § 1129(c) would

have resulted in the SMDI Plan’s confirmation. But we need not speculate about whether

the bankruptcy court could have reached a different result if SMDI’s plan was capable of

confirmation. The bankruptcy court correctly concluded that it was not confirmable for

lack of feasibility.

       A Chapter 11 plan cannot be confirmed unless it is feasible. See § 1129(a)(11);

Pikes Peak, 779 F.2d at 1459 (noting that a plan must be feasible and practical to be

proposed in good faith). “[T]he bankruptcy court has an obligation to scrutinize [a] plan

carefully to determine whether it offers a reasonable prospect of success and is

workable.” Pikes Peak, 779 F.2d at 1460. “The test is whether the things which are to be

done after confirmation can be done as a practical matter under the facts” of the case.

       13
         ConsumerInfo contends that the confirmability of SMDI’s plan is moot because
ConsumerInfo has acquired the Domain Name as a good faith purchaser pursuant to a sale
order. Under § 363(m), ConsumerInfo argues, we could not now deprive it of the
Domain Name, which is what implementation of the SMDI Plan would require.
According to ConsumerInfo, “even if this Court concludes that SMDI’s plan trustee could
have conveyed the estate’s interest in the Domain Name back in 2007, that is impossible
today, and thus there is no way the SMDI Plan could presently be confirmed.” Conf.
App., Aplee. Br. at 49. For the reasons we explain below, § 363(m) does not render this
issue moot. See infra Part III.B.2.

                                            49
Clarkson v. Cooke Sales & Serv. Co. (In re Clarkson), 767 F.2d 417, 420 (8th Cir. 1985)

(quotation omitted). The bankruptcy court determined that the SMDI Plan was not

feasible, and we review this finding of fact for clear error. Sherman v. Harbin (In re

Harbin), 486 F.3d 510, 517 (9th Cir. 2007). We conclude that the bankruptcy court did

not clearly err.

       The SMDI Plan would have required the estate to settle the AP with SMDI and

allow SMDI to keep the Domain Name. But in the bankruptcy court’s view, the APA

bound the Trustee to litigate the AP in good faith and, if possible, recover the Domain

Name.14 Paige, 2007 WL 4143212, at *20. Thus, the bankruptcy court concluded the

SMDI Plan would cause the estate to breach its obligations to ConsumerInfo under the

APA. The bankruptcy court determined that the SMDI Plan did not provide sufficient

funds to resolve the claim ConsumerInfo threatened to bring for breach of contract.

Moreover, if ConsumerInfo were to succeed in its claim against the estate, the bankruptcy

court feared that the plan trustee would need to seek disgorgement from creditors who

had already been paid. For all of these reasons, the court concluded that the SMDI Plan

was not feasible. Id.

       Not surprisingly, SMDI and ConsumerInfo have disagreed throughout this

litigation about what the APA allowed. The APA, SMDI emphasizes, contemplated the

       14
         The bankruptcy court’s view that the SMDI Plan would have caused the Trustee
to breach the APA was also the basis for the court’s conclusion that the SMDI Plan was
not proposed in good faith. See Paige, 2007 WL 4143212, at *14–17.

                                            50
possibility of a settlement—it provided that the Trustee would reimburse ConsumerInfo

with $1,825,000 of the $1.9 million purchase price in the event that the Trustee settled

with SMDI. Conf. App., Aplt. Reply Br. at 24 (citing APA § 1.5). SMDI also notes that

in approving the APA, the bankruptcy court itself said that the Trustee enjoyed the right

“to determine strategy throughout the litigation,” as well as “sole discretion to settle the

adversary proceeding.” Conf. App., Aplt. Br. at 9, 52 (quoting Paige, No. 05-34474, slip

op. at 15). Therefore, SMDI reasons, the Trustee had the right at any time to drop the

litigation and return the bulk of ConsumerInfo’s money. The SMDI Plan proposed to do

exactly that.

       But the matter is not so simple. Numerous provisions of the APA limited the

Trustee’s power to settle, and the bankruptcy court read these provisions as requiring

cause before he could do so. Specifically, the court cited:

       (1) paragraph 4.2 requiring the Trustee to take all steps necessary to proceed
       diligently and in good faith to satisfy each condition of the APA, (2) the
       portion in paragraph 1.5 requiring the Trustee to prosecute the AP in good
       faith, (3) paragraph 11.10 requiring each party to use reasonable, good faith
       efforts to do all things necessary to see that the conditions of the APA are
       satisfied, (4) paragraph 8.2(b) requiring the Trustee to transfer the Domain
       Name to ConsumerInfo at a subsequent closing without additional
       consideration, and (5) paragraph 8.4 requiring specific performance . . . .

Paige, 2007 WL 4143212, at *16. Moreover, the APA did not give the Trustee unfettered

discretion to settle the AP, but rather conveyed the right to do so “in his reasonable

business discretion.” APA § 1.5.

       The bankruptcy court reasoned, in light of these provisions, that “a dismissal by

                                              51
the Trustee without showing any cause or excuse is not what was bargained for or

allowed by the APA.” Paige, 2007 WL 4143212, at *16. The Trustee had not determined

that cause existed to settle—that “further pursuit of the claims in the AP [was] meritless

or [that] the costs of proceeding [were] so excessive that the recovery would not justify

the costs.” Id. Thus, the court considered “dismissal under the SMDI Plan [to be]

inconsistent with the APA.” Id.

       If the SMDI Plan were confirmed, then, the bankruptcy court believed

ConsumerInfo would have a substantial claim for breach of contract against the estate.

Id. at *20. Regardless of how this claim was resolved, the court thought that the cost of

litigating it alone would be “very substantial.” Id. The SMDI Plan allocated only

$20,000 for the trustee’s post-confirmation administration of the estate, an amount the

bankruptcy court thought “would most likely be insufficient to contest [ConsumerInfo’s]

administrative claim.” Id.

       SMDI insists that the confirmability of its plan turns exclusively on “whether the

settlement of the Adversary Proceeding, as proposed in the SMDI Plan, violated the

APA.” Conf. App., Aplt. Reply Br. at 22. If it did not, SMDI contends, “then there is no

basis for any of the adverse findings on good faith, feasibility, or misclassification.” Id.

But this argument misses the point. The issue here is much like the “fair and equitable”

analysis above. There, the question was not simply whether the estate had a right to elect

remedies; even if a court might have eventually agreed that it did, the cause was

sufficiently doubtful to justify the Trustee’s course of action. Just so, the feasibility issue

                                              52
is not—as SMDI contends—solely about whether the APA permitted a plan-imposed

settlement of the AP. Rather, the question is whether the matter was murky enough that

ConsumerInfo would have sued for breach of contract and quite possibly won.15

       “To be feasible for purposes of section 1129(a)(11), a plan must take into account

the possibility that a potential creditor may, following confirmation, recover a large

judgment against the debtor.” In re Harbin, 486 F.3d 510, 517 (9th Cir. 2007). The

bankruptcy court recognized that a suit for breach was more or less inevitable, and it

expected that ConsumerInfo would win. The court found that SMDI’s plan did not

“provide[] sufficient funding . . . for defense costs or to satisfy the monetary judgment

that could result from the allowance of an administrative claim by ConsumerInfo.” Paige,

2007 WL 4143212, at *20. We hold that these findings were not clearly erroneous. See

Kane v. Johns-Manville Corp., 843 F.2d 636, 650 (2d Cir. 1988) (applying a clear error

standard of review to the bankruptcy court’s feasibility determination); Prudential Ins.

Co. of Am. v. Monnier (In re Monnier Bros.), 755 F.2d 1336, 1341 (8th Cir. 1985)

(same). Accordingly, we need not address the bankruptcy court’s conclusions regarding

       15
         In Paige, 584 F.3d at 1345–46, we said we were “unsure . . . that SMDI’s plan
would necessarily run afoul of the APA” and were therefore “not convinced that
[ConsumerInfo] would necessarily have a viable breach-of-contract claim if SMDI’s plan
was ultimately confirmed.” Of course, we also acknowledged that we had not fully
evaluated the merits of the case at that juncture. Id. at 1348. But in any event, we need
not be convinced even now that ConsumerInfo would win a suit for breach to recognize
that SMDI provided insufficient funds to defend against it. Moreover, we note that while
ConsumerInfo and the Trustee had the burden of proving SMDI’s appeal was moot, id. at
1331, SMDI had the burden of proving compliance with the applicable provisions of §
1129.

                                             53
good faith or proper classification of claims in the SMDI Plan.

       5. Conclusion

       In sum, we conclude that the Joint Plan was properly confirmed because it was

proposed in good faith and was fair and equitable. We also hold that the bankruptcy court

did not err in denying confirmation of the SMDI Plan for lack of feasibility.

B. Adversary Appeal

       1. Introduction

       We turn now to the Adversary Appeal, in which SMDI argues that the bankruptcy

court should not have made it give the Domain Name to the Liquidating Trust. The

bankruptcy court carefully worked its way through the complicated history of the Domain

Name’s ownership and control and determined, as a factual matter, that “Paige personally

owned and controlled [the Domain Name] prior to, as of, and through the Petition Date.”

Id. at 49. Accordingly, the Domain Name became property of the estate when Paige filed

for bankruptcy. Paige’s filing triggered an automatic stay under § 362 of the Bankruptcy

Code, which prohibited “any act to obtain possession of property of the estate or of

property from the estate or to exercise control over property of the estate,” absent court

approval. § 362(a)(3). “Any action taken in violation of the stay is void and without

effect.” Franklin Sav. & Loan Ass’n v. Office of Thrift Supervision, 31 F.3d 1020, 1022

(10th Cir. 1994). The bankruptcy court therefore concluded that “all post-petition

                                             54
transfers of the estate’s rights in the Domain Name were void.”16 Id. The bankruptcy

court also held, in the alternative, that May had committed conversion under Utah law

when he obtained the Domain Name. The bankruptcy court ordered SMDI to turn the

Domain Name over to the Liquidating Trustee pursuant to § 542(a), which requires

entities in possession of estate property that the trustee can sell to deliver it to the trustee.

       In this appeal, SMDI does not challenge the bankruptcy court’s factual

determination that the estate owned the Domain Name after Paige filed for bankruptcy.

Instead, SMDI makes two arguments that have to do with the Liquidating Trustee’s

ability to recover the Domain Name under the Code, and two that are about the

applicability of a state law conversion claim in this case. Under the Code, SMDI argues

first that neither the Liquidating Trustee nor ConsumerInfo had standing, as a

representative of the estate under § 1123(b)(3)(B), to enforce the bankruptcy estate’s

claims for violation of the automatic stay or turnover of the Domain Name. According to

SMDI, the Liquidating Trustee and ConsumerInfo could not serve as representatives of

the estate because a successful recovery on these claims benefitted only

ConsumerInfo—not the estate or its unsecured creditors, which had already been paid

pursuant to the APA and Joint Plan. Second, SMDI contends that it could not be made to

turn the Domain Name over to the Liquidating Trust under § 542(a) in any event, because

       16
          The court also determined that § 549, which deals with unauthorized post-
petition transfers that were voluntarily initiated by the debtor, was inapplicable because
Paige “neither authorized nor willingly transferred the Domain Name.” Id. at 53.

                                               55
that provision does not allow a trustee to regain property “of inconsequential value or

benefit to the estate.” Again, SMDI argues that once the estate received all of the funds it

was due under the APA and Joint Plan, the Domain Name could provide it with no further

value or benefit.

       SMDI’s first argument under state law has to do with the nature of the Domain

Name. SMDI argues that Utah law would not recognize a claim for conversion of

intangible personal property. The bankruptcy court decided that the Domain Name was

tangible property under Utah law, and SMDI challenges this determination. SMDI’s

second argument relating to conversion is that the cause of action is preempted by the

Bankruptcy Code.

       The district court rejected SMDI’s Code-based arguments on the merits, but also

concluded in the alternative that the case was moot. Before we can address SMDI’s other

arguments, we must explain why we disagree with the district court on this issue.

Golfland Entm’t Ctrs., Inc. v. Peak Inv., Inc. (In re BCD Corp.), 119 F.3d 852, 856 (10th

Cir. 1997) (“We address the issue of mootness as a threshold question because in the

absence of a live case or controversy, we have no subject-matter jurisdiction over an

appeal.”).

       2. Mootness

       Our mootness analysis centers on § 363(m) of the Code. That section provides

that “[t]he reversal or modification on appeal of an authorization . . . of a sale . . . of

property does not affect the validity of a sale . . . under such authorization to an entity that

                                               56
purchased . . . such property in good faith . . . .” § 363(m). An entity may purchase

property in good faith even if it knew an appeal of the sale authorization was pending. Id.

Section 363(m) provides an exception only where “such authorization and such sale . . .

were stayed pending appeal.” Id. SMDI sought a stay of the AP judgment, but did not

receive one. ConsumerInfo argues that, as a result, we can order no effective relief and

SMDI’s appeal is moot. We are prevented from granting the relief SMDI seeks,

according to ConsumerInfo, because stripping ConsumerInfo of the Domain Name would

affect the validity of the underlying asset sale, which § 363(m) does not allow.

         We are not convinced. The Sale Order authorized the sale of the Domain Name

Assets “free and clear of claims, liens, interests and encumbrances” and provided that

ConsumerInfo would be “entitled to all of the protections of Section 363(m) of the

Bankruptcy Code.” Adv. App., Bankr. Ct. Sale Order of Dec. 12, 2006 at 3 ¶ 8. But the

Sale Order provided a caveat: ConsumerInfo took the Domain Name Assets subject to

SMDI’s defenses, “pending a ruling on such defenses in the Pending Adversary.” Id. at 2

¶ 6.17

         17
              The Sale Order provided:

         The Domain Name Assets are authorized to be sold, free and clear of claims,
         liens, interests and encumbrances pursuant to Sections 363(f) and 105 of the
         Bankruptcy Code, effective as of the date of the Subsequent Closing and
         pursuant to the Agreement. The defendants in the Pending Adversary shall
         retain their defenses pending a ruling on such defenses in the Pending
         Adversary.

                                                                              (continued...)

                                             57
       ConsumerInfo argues that SMDI lost the right to assert these defenses once the

bankruptcy court ruled on them in its opinion of September 18, 2009. We disagree. The

Sale Order authorized the sale of the Domain Name “as of the date of the Subsequent

Closing and pursuant to the [APA].” Id. The APA specified that the Subsequent Closing

was not to occur until after “a final and nonappealable order . . . determining that . . . the

Estate owns the Domain Name and can transfer [it] to [ConsumerInfo] free and clear of

all Interests.” APA § 8.1. We conclude that this final and nonappealable order was the

“ruling on such defenses” to which the Sale Order referred.

       The APA did provide that ConsumerInfo could elect to accelerate the Subsequent

Closing “so long as there is no stay pending appeal in effect at the time,” id., and this is

what ConsumerInfo did. But in choosing to move forward with the Subsequent Closing

without the benefit of a final and nonappealable order, we believe that ConsumerInfo

accepted the risk that SMDI could still prevail on the defenses it retained under the Sale

Order. Section 363(m) does not strip SMDI of those defenses now. Although we

ultimately reject SMDI’s arguments on the merits, this case is not moot because § 363(m)

would not bar us from providing the relief SMDI requests.

       3. Standing to Prosecute the Adversary Proceeding

       SMDI’s first argument on the merits is that the Code did not permit the

       17
       (...continued)
Adv. App., Bankr. Ct. Sale Order of Dec. 12, 2006 at 2 ¶ 6.

                                              58
Liquidating Trustee or ConsumerInfo to enforce the estate’s statutory claims to the

Domain Name. SMDI asks us to conclude, in essence, that the estate forfeited its ability

to recover the Domain Name when it vested the Adversary Proceeding in a Liquidating

Trust. The critical issue in this regard is whether the Liquidating Trustee was empowered

to enforce the estate’s § 542 turnover claim.

       Section 542 provides a mechanism for a trustee to recover property belonging to

the estate. The section provides, in relevant part, that “an entity . . . in possession,

custody, or control . . . of property that the trustee may use, sell, or lease . . . shall deliver

to the trustee, and account for, such property . . . unless such property is of

inconsequential value or benefit to the estate.” § 542(a). By its terms, § 542 requires

turnover only to the trustee. Cf. In re Ice Cream Liquidation, Inc., 319 B.R. 324, 333

Bankr. D. Conn. 2005) (“[O]n its face, Section 542(b) inures to the benefit only of the

‘trustee.’”). A separate provision, however, permits the enforcement of claims

“belonging to the debtor or to the estate . . . by a representative of the estate appointed for

such purpose” in a confirmed Chapter 11 plan. § 1123(b)(3)(A)–(B). We determine

whether a party has standing to enforce estate claims under § 1123(b)(3)(B) using the

two-part test laid out in Citicorp Acceptance Co. v. Robison (In re Sweetwater), 884 F.2d

1323, 1326 (10th Cir. 1989). First, we ask whether a confirmed plan expressly appointed

the party to enforce the claims. Id. Second, we ask whether the appointed party qualifies

as a representative of the estate. Id.

       “The first element requires that the appointed party be approved by the court,

                                                59
which can be accomplished simply by approval of [a] plan” that expressly authorizes the

party to prosecute claims post confirmation. Retail Mktg. Co. v. King (In re Mako), 985

F.2d 1052, 1054 (10th Cir. 1993). SMDI does not dispute that the Liquidating Trustee

was properly appointed by the Joint Plan to litigate the estate’s claims in the AP. See

Paige, 413 B.R. at 904–05.18

       In evaluating the second element—whether a party represents the estate—our

“primary concern is whether a successful recovery by the appointed representative would

benefit the debtor’s estate and particularly, the debtor’s unsecured creditors.”

Sweetwater, 884 F.2d at 1327 (quotation omitted). Benefit to the unsecured creditors

need not be direct, and we interpret the requirement broadly. See, e.g., id. (“[T]o the

extent these avoidance actions have been used to satisfy the administrative claimants,

who have priority over other unsecured creditors, the estate has more funds available to

pay other unsecured creditors.”); Churchfield Mgmt., 122 B.R. at 82 (“Courts have

broadly interpreted the requirement of benefit under § 1123(b)(3)(B).”); cf. Gonzalez v.

Conagra Grocery Prods. Co (In re Furr’s Supermkts., Inc.), 373 B.R. 691, 699 (B.A.P.

10th Cir. 2007) (citing Sweetwater for the proposition that “benefit of the estate” under §

550(a) is interpreted broadly). SMDI’s contention is that the Liquidating Trustee was not

       18
         SMDI does argue that ConsumerInfo lacked separate standing to litigate the AP
because it was never appointed to do so. Id. at 905. The bankruptcy court concluded that
ConsumerInfo had standing to litigate the AP independent of § 1123(b)(3)(B), because of
the co-interest it had purchased in the APA. Id. We do not reach this issue because we
hold that the Liquidating Trustee, at least, had standing.

                                             60
the estate’s representative because the Joint Plan required him to turn over the fruits of a

successful § 542 recovery—the Domain Name—to ConsumerInfo alone. Thus, SMDI

argues, the recovery of the Domain Name offered no potential benefit to the estate’s

unsecured creditors in general. Although we acknowledge that the issue is a close one,

we conclude that SMDI’s view relies on an unduly narrow reading of § 1123(b)(3)(B) and

our opinions interpreting that provision.

       As an initial matter, we note that the Liquidating Trustee clearly had standing to

maintain the estate’s claim for violation of the automatic stay under § 362. The

Liquidating Trustee sought actual and punitive damages under § 362(k), see Paige, 413

B.R. at 920, and as the bankruptcy court observed, “to the extent there were any monetary

recoveries from the Adversary Proceeding, these would be shared between the parties

with 25% going to ConsumerInfo and the balance going to the estate to pay existing and

future estate obligations,” id. at 906. This 75% share would have benefitted the estate had

the bankruptcy court awarded damages, Sweetwater, 884 F.2d at 1327, and it is irrelevant

that the bankruptcy court ultimately did not do so. As the district court noted,

“[b]ankruptcy law cannot be that post-confirmation standing is conditioned upon the

success of the claims being litigated.” Paige, 443 B.R. at 895.

       We do, however, agree with SMDI that standing to establish a violation of the

automatic stay under § 362 does not necessarily equate to standing to press a separate

claim to recover property under § 542. See Adv. App., Aplt. Reply Br. at 17–18.

Nonetheless, we conclude that the Liquidating Trustee had standing to obtain turnover of

                                             61
the Domain Name because his prosecution of the turnover claim was ultimately for the

benefit of the estate’s unsecured creditors.

       “The key question here . . . is whether the benefit envisioned by § 1123(b)(3)(B)

encompasses the past benefits to the estate which were achieved through the [APA and

Joint Plan].” Winston & Strawn v. Kelly (In re Churchfield Mgmt. & Inv. Corp.), 122

B.R. 76, 82 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 1990). The bankruptcy court answered this question in the

affirmative. “In arguing that the prosecution of the Adversary Proceeding provides no

benefit to the estate,” the court reasoned, “SMDI . . . ignore[s] the substantial

consideration that the estate received from ConsumerInfo under the Sale Order and the

Joint Plan.” Paige, 413 B.R. at 906.

              ConsumerInfo has already paid the estate well over $2 million and
       subordinated its CCB related claims so that all other creditors of the estate
       could be paid in full with interest, including SMDI . . . . It gave this in
       consideration for the legally binding commitments made to it under the
       ConsumerInfo APA and the Joint Plan, which required the prosecution of this
       Adversary Proceeding and the conveyance of the Domain Name to
       ConsumerInfo if the Trustee prevailed at trial . . . . Without ConsumerInfo’s
       infusion of cash, the creditors of the Paige estate would have received little if
       anything on account of their claims.

                These transactions clearly benefitted the estate because they allowed the
       Trustee to pay all of the creditors (except for certain disputed claims) in full
       . . . . The Court believes that in determining post-confirmation standing, it is
       appropriate to consider not only future benefits but also past benefits to the
       estate and the creditors.

Id. at 906–07.

       We agree with the bankruptcy court. SMDI’s counsel acknowledged at oral

argument that it would have been “entirely appropriate” if the Trustee had litigated the

                                               62
Adversary Proceeding to completion, obtained the Domain Name, and then auctioned it

off to the highest bidder and distributed the proceeds to unsecured creditors.19 Adv. App.,

Oral Argument at 8:27–8:51. The Trustee’s ability to do so, however, was jeopardized by

the costliness and complexity of the litigation and the estate’s lack of resources. Early on,

the Trustee recognized that he could best serve the estate’s creditors by selling the estate’s

interests in the Domain Name; he then did so with the bankruptcy court’s approval. The

prospect of a successful recovery on the estate’s § 542(a) claim thus translated into a

direct and immediate benefit for the unsecured creditors. To ignore this benefit would be

to elevate form over substance. We do not think Congress intended to punish a party in

ConsumerInfo’s position with a forfeiture for having provided consideration in a manner

that made it more likely that “the plan w[ould] achieve its intended results which are

consistent with the purposes of the Bankruptcy Code.” Pikes Peak, 779 F.2d at 1459; see

Gonzales v. Nabisco Div. of Kraft Foods, Inc. (In re Furrs), 294 B.R. 763, 781 (Bankr.

D.N.M. 2003) (“[I]t should not make a difference whether the assignee pays the

consideration before or after the collections; indeed, from the estate’s point of view, it is

even more beneficial for the assignee to make the payments beforehand (and presumably

earlier) rather than afterward, and for the payments to be mandatory rather than

contingent.”). Rather, we are convinced by the approach adopted by the Seventh Circuit

       19
         Similarly, if the Joint Plan had conditioned a portion of ConsumerInfo’s
obligation to pay on its actual receipt of the Domain Name, SMDI could hardly have
questioned that a turnover order would lead to a benefit for the estate.

                                              63
with regard to the analogous search for benefit to the estate under § 550(a).19 In Mellon

Bank, N.A. v. Dick Corp., 351 F.3d 290 (7th Cir. 2003), the court reasoned as follows:

       Having put the prospect of preference recoveries to work for the benefit of all
       creditors (including the unsecured creditors) ex ante . . . —in the process
       facilitating a swift sale that was beneficial all around—the bankruptcy judge
       did not need to use them ex post a second time, for still another benefit to the
       estate; there was no further benefit to be had.

Id. at 292; see also Official Comm. of Unsecured Creditors of Maxwell Newspapers, Inc.

v. MacMillan, Inc. (In re Maxwell Newspapers, Inc.), 189 B.R. 282, 287 (Bankr.

S.D.N.Y. 1995) (“This is not to say that unsecured creditors must benefit from a favorable

result in the avoidance action; the benefit may come from the transfer of the claim itself

through, for example, settlement yielding a benefit to the unsecured creditors.”).

       SMDI argues, however, that this result is foreclosed by our decision in Mako.

Adv. App., Aplt. Br. at 26–27. In that case, the bankruptcy court confirmed a Chapter 11

plan under which Retail Marketing Company (RMC) purchased the debtor corporation’s

assets. Mako, 985 F.2d at 1054. After confirmation, RMC commenced new litigation in

an effort to enforce avoidance claims of the estate. Id. at 1054. The confirmed plan

appointed RMC to assume the debtor’s rights in pending adversary proceedings, but we

concluded that “the provision of the plan purporting to confer authority on RMC to

initiate avoidance actions after confirmation of the plan [was] vague.” Id. at 1055.

       19
         Section 550(a) provides that when a transfer is avoided under §§ 544, 545, 547,
548, 549, 553(b), or 724(a), “the trustee may recover, for the benefit of the estate, the
property transferred, or . . . the value of such property.”

                                             64
Indeed, we noted, a separate Litigation Trustee had actually been appointed under the

plan to “act on behalf of all unsecured creditors.” Id. Accordingly, we held that RMC

had not been appointed to exercise the avoidance powers at issue, as required by the first

prong of the Sweetwater test. Id.

       We also noted that a “presumption against reservation of avoidance powers

without clear evidence is consistent with the second element of the Sweetwater test—that

the party appointed under § 1123 represent the estate.” Id. at 1056. We explained:

       The fundamental principle underlying this [second] requirement is that
       “post-petition avoidance actions should be pursued in a manner that will
       satisfy the basic bankruptcy purpose of treating all similarly situated creditors
       alike; one or more similarly situated creditors should not be able to pursue an
       avoidance action for their exclusive benefit.” The requirement that retention
       of the avoidance powers be clear serves to protect the unsecured creditors and
       to ensure that post-confirmation avoidance proceedings are for their benefit.

Id. (citation omitted). We noted that RMC was not obligated to distribute any part of a

recovery from its avoidance actions to the unsecured creditors of the estate, and that “[a]

successful recovery . . . [would] work only to the benefit of RMC.” Id. Under these

circumstances, RMC lacked authority to initiate new avoidance actions.

       We conclude that Mako is distinguishable from the present case for a number of

reasons. First, while RMC paid for whatever rights it received under the confirmed plan

in Mako, we concluded that the right to initiate avoidance actions was not one that it

purchased. Mako, 985 F.2d at 1055. This means that RMC never provided even a past

benefit to the estate in exchange for the powers it sought to assert. Here, by contrast, the

benefits the estate received in exchange for the Domain Name are undeniable. As we

                                              65
have explained, the pre-confirmation Trustee could have litigated the estate’s claims

under §§ 362 and 542, obtained the Domain Name, and sold it for the benefit of the

estate. But instead, the Trustee used the claims to obtain a benefit for the estate sooner.

       This case is further distinguishable from Mako in that the Liquidating Trustee here

was pressing multiple interrelated claims, at least one of which—the claim for violation

of the automatic stay—sought a prospective monetary benefit to the estate. Cf. id. at

1056 (“[T]he uncontested finding of the bankruptcy court was that under the plan RMC is

not obligated in any way to distribute any proceeds realized from the successful

prosecution of this avoidance action to the unsecured creditors of the estate.” (quotation

omitted)). SMDI itself points out that “§ 362 is not remedially separate from the turnover

claim under § 542.” Adv. App., Aplt. Reply Br. at 13. The bankruptcy court concluded

that any post-petition transfers violated the automatic stay and were thus void ab initio.

The Domain Name was, as a result, the property of the estate at all relevant times. The

bankruptcy court properly recognized that it was property that was of consequential value

to the estate, Paige, 413 B.R. at 919, and it was also plainly property that the trustee could

sell, as evidenced by the Sale Order, see Sale Order ¶ 6 (“The Domain Name Assets are

authorized to be sold . . . pursuant to Sections 363(f) and 105 of the Bankruptcy Code . . .

.”). Accordingly, it was subject to turnover. See § 542(a) (requiring turnover of property

of consequential value to the estate that the trustee may sell under § 363).

       As we explained above, a successful recovery under § 362 could have led to a

further distribution of funds to the estate’s unsecured creditors. But ConsumerInfo, of

                                             66
course, was only willing to finance the post-confirmation prosecution of the § 362 claim

because the Liquidating Trustee also sought recovery of the Domain Name under § 542.

Thus, an anticipated successful recovery under § 542 not only benefitted the unsecured

creditors who were paid in full under the Joint Plan, it was also an integral part of an

Adversary Proceeding which was intended to obtain additional, prospective recoveries for

the benefit of the estate.

       Finally, and fundamentally, in both Sweetwater and Mako we were guided by the

principle that “‘one or more similarly situated creditors should not be able to pursue an

avoidance action for their exclusive benefit.’” Mako, 985 F.2d at 1056 (quoting

Sweetwater, 884 F.2d at 1328). Section 1123(b)(3)(B), we held, does not allow a plan to

assign estate claims to parties who “merely represent [their] own interests.” Sweetwater,

884 F.2d at 1327. In this case, unlike in Mako, the Adversary Proceeding was initiated by

a Chapter 11 Trustee for the benefit of the estate’s unsecured creditors. The Liquidating

Trustee appointed to exercise the “rights and powers of the Chapter 11 Trustee,” Joint

Plan § 5.2, did not “merely represent his own interests,” Sweetwater, 884 F.2d at 1327.

Rather, he was a representative tasked with carrying out the terms of a confirmed Chapter

11 plan which had made possible the prompt payment of unsecured creditors’ claims.

Although ConsumerInfo ultimately received the Domain Name, the avoidance action was

not for ConsumerInfo’s exclusive benefit; the money gained through the action inured to

the benefit of the unsecured creditors, who were paid back with interest. In sum, we

conclude that the vesting of the Adversary Proceeding in the Liquidating Trust did not

                                             67
excuse SMDI from its duty to turn over the Domain Name. The bankruptcy court

properly ordered turnover.

       Having concluded that turnover was appropriate, we also reject SMDI’s argument

that it could only be required to turn over the value of the Domain Name at the time of

Paige’s bankruptcy, and not the actual Domain Name. SMDI’s contention is that Paige

never owned the Domain Name itself, but instead possessed only a contractual right to

use the Domain Name for a specified period. Adv. App., Aplt. Br. at 34. Paige’s Service

Agreement with Network Solutions was to last only from May 2003 until May 2006. If

“Paige’s (and the estate’s) rights to use the Domain Name expired eight months after

Paige filed bankruptcy in September 2005,” SMDI argues that it could not be made to

turn over the Domain Name itself. Id. Rather, SMDI says, “the only remedy for turnover

. . . the bankruptcy court could have properly ordered . . . was the value of the estate’s

contractual rights as they existed at the time of bankruptcy.” Id. Even if we assume

SMDI is right about the nature of Paige’s property rights in the Domain Name, SMDI

cannot dispute that the Domain Name was, in fact, still registered with a domain name

registrar when the bankruptcy court entered its judgment in the AP. See, e.g., Conf. App.,

Aplt. Br. at 54 (asking this court to “require ConsumerInfo to transfer the registration of

the Domain Name back to SMDI”); Adv. App., Aplee. Br. at 5 n.3 (representing that

“[a]fter the Judgment was entered, the Domain Name registrar recognized the Trustee’s

title and honored his instruction to change registration of the Domain Name to

ConsumerInfo”). Someone, apparently, renewed the Service Agreement. If that person

                                              68
was not Paige or the Trustee, it was only because SMDI was exercising control over the

Domain Name in violation of the automatic stay. SMDI asks this court to reward it with

the Domain Name for having done so. We decline this invitation.

       After it had concluded that the estate was entitled to the Domain Name under §§

362 and 542, the bankruptcy court ruled, in the alternative, that SMDI had converted the

Domain Name. Paige, 413 B.R. at 920. Because we uphold the bankruptcy court’s

judgment for the reasons set forth above, we see no reason to address the parties’

arguments regarding this alternative rationale.

       4. Conclusion

       In conclusion, we hold that the issues SMDI raises in the Adversary Appeal are not

moot. Nonetheless, we reject SMDI’s argument that the Trustee lacked standing to

prosecute the AP and obtain turnover of the Domain Name. Accordingly, we do not

reach SMDI’s arguments as to whether a conversion theory was viable in this case.

C. Fee Appeal

       In the Fee Appeal, we are asked to review the BAP’s ruling that SMDI lacks

standing to object to the Trustee’s fees because SMDI would be unlikely to benefit if the

Trustee were required to disgorge fees. Because we have determined that the Trustee was

disinterested, there is no longer any basis for SMDI’s fee challenge. SMDI’s appeal of

the BAP’s ruling that SMDI lacked standing to bring the challenge is therefore moot. See

Alabama v. North Carolina, 130 S. Ct. 2295, 2307 (2010); Boucher v. Shaw, 572 F.3d

1087, 1090 (9th Cir. 2009) (issue of a party’s standing became moot after its claim was

                                            69
resolved against it on the merits); Minn. Pub. Interest Research Grp. v. Selective Serv.

Sys., 747 F.2d 1204, 1205 (8th Cir. 1984) (per curiam).

IV. CONCLUSION

       Although we REVERSE the district court’s mootness ruling in the Adversary

Appeal, in all other regards we AFFIRM the district court’s decisions upholding the

bankruptcy court’s judgments in the Confirmation Appeal and Adversary Appeal. We

DISMISS the Fee Appeal as moot.

                                            70