Court Opinion

ID: 6609045
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-20 20:16:44.325217+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:58:16.564597
License: Public Domain

STEINBERG, Associate Judge,
concurring in part and dissenting in part:
I agree with the substance of the Court’s opinion, remanding the matter to the Board of Veterans’ Appeals (BVA) in order to *123correct numerous errors which the Court’s opinion very ably identifies. However, on the sealing issue, I respectfully dissent in part from the Court’s disposition. I would seal the entire record in this case and re-caption the case using an encoded identifier (such as “GH”).
This Court has, in Stam v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 317 (1991), articulated a standard for deciding sealing motions. That standard was based partly on an inapposite analogy between this Court’s “role” and that of a federal district court considering a motion for a protective order under Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(c) and partly on what seems to me to have been an incomplete analysis of the common law standard. Apparently recognizing that, the majority opinion here does not apply the Stam standard or embrace its reasoning. However, although the majority purports to be balancing “the conflicting demands regarding access to Court records” (ante, at 120; see also ante, at 120-21), the opinion provides no discern-able standard against which to balance the competing interests. The law under title 38, U.S.Code, is left in a state of flux, and the outcome of a particular sealing motion in the future is thus unpredictable. Although the law is seldom fully predictable, the continuation of uncertainty in the area of confidentiality of this Court’s records, particularly when sensitive medical treatment records are involved, has much potential for prejudice to claimants in future benefits proceedings or treatment processes, as discussed in detail below.
I. RULE 26(c) PRESUMPTION OF PUBLIC ACCESS TO DISCOVERY
The Court’s opinion in Stam analogized this Court’s role when an appellant seeks to seal the record before the Court to that of a federal district court when a party seeks a protective order under the “good cause” standard of Rule 26(c).1 The “good cause” standard was defined in Stam as requiring the articulation of “specific facts showing ‘clearly defined and serious injury’ ”. Id. at 320 (quoting Avirgan v. Hull, 118 F.R.D. 252, 253 (1987)).
However, this Court neither presides over civil discovery matters between private parties, nor operates under rules comparable to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Since Rule 26 applies only to the discovery process, the Rule 26(c) “good cause” standard required of parties before documents may be sealed by a district court has no application to matters coming before this Court. Moreover, the federal courts construing Rule 26(c) have held that it does not apply to the sealing of material obtained outside of the discovery process in the case in which the protective order is sought.2 Hence, I find no basis for Stam’s analogy to, let alone reliance on, Rule 26(c)’s “good cause” standard in determining the standard that appellants must meet when seeking to seal records in this Court.
Rather, guidance beyond the statutory provisions directly applicable to this Court should be drawn only from the common *124law standard applicable to the sealing of court papers and records. On this much, I believe the majority opinion and this opinion are in agreement. The majority opinion, for example, although not articulating a standard, does not purport to be applying the Siam “good cause” standard or the Avirgan v. Hull “clearly defined and serious injury” criterion.
II. THE COMMON LAW
Putting Siam’s reference to Rule 26(c) aside, its basic premise and that of the majority opinion here appear to be that the statutory mandate of this court with regard to public access to judicial records merely codifies the existing common law presumption. Stam, 1 Vet.App. at 319. However, neither the Court’s analysis in Slam nor the majority opinion here analyzes how the common law should be applied in a way that will be consistent with both the statutory mandate as to the records of this Court, specifically 38 U.S.C. § 7268(a) and (b) (formerly § 4068), and this Court’s underlying purpose, discussed in parts III and IV below.
As to the common law right of public access to judicial records, in its ruling in Nixon v. Warner Communications, 435 U.S. 589, 98 S.Ct. 1306, 55 L.Ed.2d 570 (1978), the Supreme Court left the sealing decision to the discretion of the trial court to be exercised in light of the relevant facts and circumstances.3 In the ensuing efforts to fill the vacuum left by the Nixon case, much tension has developed among the federal courts of appeals in fashioning standards by which to make sealing determinations. In the case relied upon by the Court in Stam for its statement of the standard under which the common law presumption of public access would give way, the Ninth Circuit discussed the disparate standards adopted by various circuits. Valley Broadcasting Co. v. United States District Court, 798 F.2d 1289, 1293-94 (9th Cir.1986).4 In so doing, the Ninth Circuit distilled an area of dispute in the law and referred to what it found to be extreme tests at either end of the spectrum “that contain built-in biases for or against disclosure.” Valley Broadcasting, 798 F.2d at 1293. The test biased for public access was represented by the Second Circuit’s position:
When physical evidence is in a form that permits inspection and copying without any significant risk of impairing the integrity. of the evidence or interfering with the orderly conduct of the trial, only the most compelling circumstances should prevent contemporaneous public access to it.
In re National Broadcasting Co., 635 F.2d 945, 952 (2d Cir.1980) (footnotes omitted) (emphasis added).
The bias against access was embodied in the approach of the Fifth Circuit in Belo Broadcasting Corp. v. Clark, 654 F.2d 423 (5th Cir.1981). There, the Fifth Circuit balanced the competing interests — the “non-constitutional right of physical access to courtroom exhibits and a defendant’s due process right to a fair trial”. 654 F.2d at 432. It then declared that it disagreed with the standards employed by the Second *125and D.C. Circuits5 in similar cases involving access in the context of an FBI operation:
Our fundamental difference with both these cases lies in their holdings that ‘only the most compelling circumstances’ should prevent access to these tapes and that the party opposing access must demonstrate that ‘justice so requires’.... In our judgment, the opinion in Nixon v. Warner Communications, offers no basis from which one can derive the overpowering presumption in favor of access discovered by the Second and District of Columbia Circuits. The Supreme Court there neither drafted explicit limits nor assigned specific weight to this common law right of access.... It did not find the existence of the right conclusive.... Rather, we read the Court’s pronouncements as recognizing that a number of factors may militate against public access. In erecting such stout barriers against those opposing access and in limiting the exercise of the trial court’s discretion, our fellow circuits have created standards more appropriate for protection of constitutional than of common law rights.
Belo Broadcasting, 654 F.2d at 433-434 (footnotes omitted).6
Despite the Ninth Circuit’s characterization in Valley Broadcasting, 798 F.2d at 1293, of the Fifth Circuit’s Belo balancing standard as rather extreme, both the Third and Fourth Circuits generally have seemed to endorse a balancing approach, similar to the Fifth Circuit’s, between competing interests.7
Between the two poles, as characterized in Valley Broadcasting, the Ninth Circuit chose “[t]he middle-ground stance”, under which a “ ‘strong presumption’ ” exists “in favor of access, to be overcome only ‘on the basis of articulated facts known to the court, not on the basis of unsupported hypothesis or conjecture.’ ” Valley Broadcasting, 798 F.2d at 1293 (quoting Nixon and United States v. Edwards (In re Video-Indiana, Inc.), 672 F.2d 1289 (7th Cir.1982). This seems to have been the standard adopted by the Court in Siam. But, several problems emerge from Stam’s reliance on Valley Broadcasting for the standard which supplied the basis of the Court’s holding.
First, in Stam, the Court cited Valley Broadcasting for the proposition that the moving party must demonstrate a “cognizable privacy interest, which has been described by the courts as being based on articulable facts rather than on unsupported hypothesis or conjecture” and which is of “sufficient significance to overcome the presumption of public access to judicial records.” Stam, 1 Vet.App. at 318, 320. However, nowhere did Valley Broadcasting require that “a cognizable privacy interest” be demonstrated. It required only that “articulable facts known to the court” serve as the basis for a request. Valley Broadcasting, 798 F.2d at 1293. That case had little to do with “privacy interests”. Rather, the sealing issue arose because of the district court’s fears of administrative inconvenience caused by access, problems in impaneling an unbiased jury, and difficulty in keeping a jury unbiased in the face *126of trial publicity. Valley Broadcasting, 798 F.2d at 1294-95.
Second, the Siam, opinion did not explain why it settled on a standard in which appellants must establish “a cognizable privacy interest of sufficient significance to overcome the presumption”. Id. at 318, 320. The Supreme Court in Nixon had declined to delineate such a precise standard,8 and the courts of appeals, as noted above, have adopted a wide variety of approaches to the issue.9
Although I believe the majority opinion here has correctly eschewed the standards espoused in Siam in reliance on Valley Broadcasting, the majority provides no explicit guidance for the resolution of future sealing motions. Rather, the appellant’s reasons here are found “sufficiently compelling” to warrant sealing or removing from the record almost all of the records he seeks to withhold from the public. Ante, at 120-21. Drawing instruction from a Tax Court decision, the majority seems to hold that the “presumptively paramount” “interests of the public” in access are outweighed by the appellant’s “showing that there are countervailing interests sufficient to outweigh the public interest in access.” Ibid. The only showing that the appellant has made, however, is “his allegation of embarrassment, humiliation, or hesitancy to pursue a claim” that the majority states is not enough “to properly balance the conflicting demands regarding access to court records.” Ante, at 120.
Applying the old adage to watch what the Court does, not what it says, I conclude that the majority and I are basically in agreement that in this Court an appellant’s facially reasonable allegation that embarrassment or humiliation are likely to result from public release of previously confidential medical records is a sufficient showing by an appellant to overcome the public’s interest in access to those judicial records. Cf. United States Department of State v. Ray, — U.S. —, 112 S.Ct. 541, 116 L.Ed.2d 526 (1991) (Haitian interviewees’ concern about embarrassment in their so*127cial and community relationships if State Department interviews were made public was found to be a sufficiently significant privacy interest to justify Government withholding identifying information, under exemption 6 of the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), from 17 of 25 documents produced pursuant to FOIA request). Where we seem to disagree, then, is on how we reach that conclusion and what should be the remedy. If I am wrong as to the meaning of the majority opinion, future appellants are left totally in the dark as to the justification they must marshal in seeking to restrict public access in their cases. In any event, this is an area that I believe requires a bright-line rule stated with clarity, see the discussion in part IV, below, and the Court’s opinion unfortunately falls far short in that regard.
III. INTERACTION BETWEEN THE COMMON LAW AND THE STATUTORY SCHEME
In the Veterans’ Judicial Review Act (VJRA), Congress provided this Court with broad authority to “prevent the disclosure of confidential information” in its judicial records. 38 U.S.C. § 7268(b)(1) (formerly § 4068); VJRA, Pub.L. No. 100-687, § 301(a),- 102 Stat. 4105, 4117 (1988). In doing so, Congress did not specify any special standard or require any special showing regarding the sealing of a record. Section 7268 seems to conform to the common law in so far as setting out a presumption for public access. Ante, at 119; See Stam, 1 Vet.App. at 319. But I question the applicability to our statutory scheme of any further common law analysis.
As have the district and circuit courts which have sought to refine the contours of the access right, Congress in the VJRA enacted 38 U.S.C. § 7268 to provide for situations where a claimant's interest in confidentiality may overcome the presumption:
(a) Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, all decisions of the Court of Veterans Appeals and all briefs, motions, documents, and exhibits received by the Court (including a transcript of the hearings) shall be public records open to the inspection of the public.
(b)(1) The Court may make any provision which is necessary to prevent the disclosure of confidential information, including a provision that any such document or information be placed under seal to be opened only as directed by the Court.
(Emphasis added.)
In Stam, the Court made only passing reference to this Court’s statutory mandate with regard to accessibility of Court records. Id. at 319. The majority here remedies that omission by recognizing the Court’s broad statutory discretion to “make any provision which is necessary to prevent the disclosure of confidential information”. 38 U.S.C. § 7268(b) (emphasis added); Ante, at 119.
Although I agree that this Court must, as do the district courts, engage in a balancing process, the nature of this Court as an Article I court must inevitably shape the standards we develop to articulate the competing factors. We should be guided by the special statutory mandate defining the Court’s role, and by the nature of litigation here in which an appellant reaches the first judicial step only after having followed a long progression of statutorily mandated confidential processes which exist to protect veterans seeking benefits from the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). And we should be most cautious about adapting to our processes common law standards developed in the context of contested sealing motions involving documents relating to issues of significant public interest.10
In analyzing section 7268, the first question that arises is, what did Congress mean by “confidential information”? At the time Congress used these words in November of 1988 in the VJRA, section 3301 (since re-designated 5701) of title 38, U.S.Code, already provided clear direction as to protecting confidential records. Subsection (a) of *128that section provided and currently provides:
(a) All files, records, reports, and other papers and documents pertaining to any claim under any of the laws administered by the [VA] and the names and addresses of present or former members of the Armed Forces, and their dependents, in the possession of the [VA] shall be confidential and privileged, and no disclosure thereof shall be made except as provided in this section.
(Emphasis added.)11
Thus, Congress was not utilizing the term “confidential information” in a vacuum when it enacted section 4068 (now section 7268) in the VJRA. The use in that section of the same term, “confidential”, as was then contained in section 3301 suggests that the Court would be well within the proper exercise of its authority if it adopted a standard for ruling on sealing motions that generally maintained the confidentiality of much or at least some of the information VA holds confidential in its benefits files. In adopting such a standard, the Court would be acting in a manner consistent with the nature of the particular judicial responsibilities and functions we are exercising and, very importantly, the legitimate expectations of the parties. These expectations are of great importance in these cases. Cf. United States Department of State v. Ray, — U.S. at —, 112 S.Ct. at 548-50 (Haitian interviewees’ expectation of confidentiality also a significant privacy interest bearing on Court’s decision to allow Government to redact identifying information from interview summaries requested under FOIA).
In Stam, this Court quite properly pointed out that “a claimant filing a claim with VA has the expectation that the records will be kept confidential.” Id. at 319. That expectation derives not only from the specific statutory protections in what is now section 5701 quoted above, but from the generally nonadversarial and informal nature of the VA adjudication process. See Littke v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 90, 91 (1990); 38 C.F.R. § 3.103(a) (1991).
According to Siam, “[t]here is, however, an entirely different set of considerations with respect to the confidentiality of records filed with this Court because of the presumption that the public is entitled to access to judicial records.” Id. at 319. I am not in agreement with this statement for two reasons. First, as stated above, I believe this Court has been given wide discretion to fashion a rule under section 7268. Second, unless a VA claimant is informed specifically that the nature of the process is going to change when and if he or she files an appeal to this Court, it is completely unfair to change the rules in midstream when the claimant has been lead repeatedly by VA throughout the adjudication process to believe that that process is a special protective one where the records are privileged. Although the majority opinion, ante, at 119, discusses section 7268, it does not deal with the strong expectation of privacy and privilege that is encouraged on the part of VA claimants. For example, even the decisions of the rating board or the BVA may not generally be made public unless appropriately redacted. See 38 C.F.R. § 1.554(a) (1991) (release of “public” information by VA “after deletion of the portions which are exempt”). This expectation of privacy extends particularly to records, such as medical records, that are traditionally considered to be confidential and are generally extended special protection by VA regulations. See 38 C.F.R. *129§§ 1.513, 1.513(a), 1.514, 1.514a, 1.554, 1.554(a)(6), (7) (1991).12 During the Department adjudication process, moreover, VA has an affirmative obligation to inform veterans about all benefits to which they might be entitled, see 38 U.S.C. § 241(2) (1988), and to “assist ... claimants] in developing the facts pertinent to the claim.” 38 U.S.C. § 5107(a) (formerly § 3007); 38 C.F.R. §§ 3.103(a), 3.159 (1991); see Littke, 1 Vet.App. at 91-92; Murphy v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 78, 80 (1990); Moore v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 401, 405 (1991); Godwin v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 419, 425, 427 (1991). This duty extends by regulation to requiring a VA hearing officer to “explain fully the issues and suggest the submission of evidence which the claimant may have overlooked and which would be of advantage to the claimant’s position”. 38 C.F.R. § 3.103(c)(2) (1991). See Douglas v. Derwinski, 2 Vet.App. 103, 110 (1992). How ironic that these protective and paternalistic obligations imposed on VA to benefit its claimants has much potential to cause embarrassment and humiliation to those claimants if they exercise their right to judicial review.
Furthermore, from a larger perspective, I believe there is no general public interest to be served in publicly disclosing available medical information about a VA claimant. This contrasts with many of the seminal cases in the area of public access where there was a significant public interest being asserted actively by an adverse party seeking access to court records.13 In this respect, I see little difference between information derived from private medical records and information derived from VA medical records. However, there is an even greater obligation, I suggest, to maintain the confidentiality of VA’s own treatment records (or medical records of private providers functioning under contract with VA). Otherwise, there is substantial danger that entitlements to VA treatment will be compromised. If veteran patients, fearful that their medical records might later be made public or that information from them might be published in a Court opinion, feel constrained in their communications with their treating VA physicians and, therefore, fail to communicate openly and fully with them, the efficacy of their treatment by VA could well be impaired. This, in turn, could lead to an aggravation of their disabilities or at best a continuation of them without improvement.
This concern is extremely important in certain sensitive areas, such as information relating to mental health (the issue in the instant case), sexual dysfunction, and possible criminal activity, as well as the areas specifically protected from disclosure in 38 U.S.C. § 7332 (formerly section 4132)— drug abuse, alcoholism or alcohol abuse, infection with the human immunodeficiency virus, or sickle cell anemia, which are required to be presumptively sealed under Rule 48(b) of the Court’s Rules of Practice and Procedure, quoted below. Hence, I would be inclined to seal the entire record in any case in which the appellant moved for such sealing on the basis of potential embarrassment or humiliation from making public any of the three types of sensitive VA or private medical records I have listed that are not already presumptively protected by section 7332.
*130IV. IMPLICATIONS OF SEALING A RECORD
The process established for the sealing of a record on appeal to this Court is set forth in this Court’s Rules of Practice and Procedure. Rule 11(c)(2) provides:
(2) Confidential Information. On its own initiative or on motion of a party, the Court may take appropriate action to prevent disclosure of confidential information. See also Rule 48.
U.S.Vet.App. R. 11(c)(2). The Court’s Rule 48(b) provides a procedure by which sealing under Rule 11(c)(2) may be carried out:
The procedures described in this rule [48] may, in the Court’s discretion, be applied to cases that the Court orders sealed but which do not contain records protected by 38 U.S.C. § [7332].
U.S.Vet.App. R. 48(b). Subsection (a) of Rule 48 provides:
(a) If, during the time periods set out in Rule 10 or at any other time during a proceeding before the Court, the parties identify records protected by 38 U.S.C. § [7332] and at least one of the parties believes that disclosure of such records is required in such proceeding and, further, the parties cannot agree with respect to the disclosure of such records, the party requesting disclosure shall make immediate application therefor, pursuant to 38 U.S.C. § [7332](b)(2)(D), caption the case “In re Sealed Case No. [insert Court of Veterans Appeals case number]” (not disclosing the identity of any individual), and serve on the protected patient or subject or successor in interest a copy of the application. Such application must include a statement specifying those steps taken by the parties to reach agreement before application was made to the Court. Upon receipt of such application, the Clerk, unless otherwise ordered by the Court, shall enter the case as “withdrawn” on the docket, assign a new case number and recaption the case using an encoded identifier, and seal the record on appeal and the file of the Court. Thereafter, any party or representative of a party, unless otherwise ordered by the Court, shall refer any subsequent filing only to the new case number and caption assigned by the Clerk.
U.S.Vet.App. R. 48(a) (emphasis added).
Under these Court rules, the sealing of an entire Court record entails giving the case an alphabetized name, such as was done in EF v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 324, 325 (1991), and removing the records from public access. In addition, sealing the entire record entails protecting an appellant from the Court’s disclosure of medical treatment information in its opinion. Although I am sure that the majority opinion has attempted to avoid such disclosures in the instant case, it nevertheless refers at least eight times to the appellant’s “schizophrenia” or “chronic paranoid schizophrenia” and twice to “hyper” or “marked” “religiosity” and to his having been “delusional”. It is true that the appellant did not request a sealing of the entire record, but the concerns he expressed in his February 22,1991, motion to the Court, quoted in part V, below, fairly read, extend as well to these types of disclosures about his mental health. Given his precarious mental situation, we cannot expect him, proceeding pro se, to understand fine distinctions between the implications of a partial sealing and a full sealing of the record.
In actuality, sealing a record involving such sensitive personal information may result in the writing of a more readily understood opinion, since the Court might feel at greater liberty to disclose certain sensitive background information pertinent to the disposition of the case. In contrast, where the record is not sealed, there might be some reluctance to disclose some of those details in the Court’s opinion.
V. CONCLUSION
In sum, I find it difficult to divine the interest of the public in gaining access to a veteran’s hitherto confidential medical records or information from them.14 (Here, no party is seeking that access, and the Government does not oppose sealing). Consequently, I believe this Court should *131adopt a standard which is best suited to carrying out the purposes of the authorizing law establishing this Court and providing for its jurisdiction — that is, to provide an opportunity for independent and objective review of VA benefits claims. 134 Cong.Rec. S16642, S16643 (daily ed. Oct. 18, 1988) (statement of Sen. Cranston) (“[o]ne of the principal reasons judicial review is needed is to help ensure fairness to individual claimants before the VA”); 134 Cong.Rec. H10342 (daily ed. Oct. 19, 1988) (statement of Rep. Montgomery). Otherwise, there is a real risk that the uncertainty engendered by Stam and the majority opinion here in terms of future guidance will serve the opposite result. Not knowing whether they will be able to obtain a sealed record in this Court, potential VA claimants with certain kinds of medical problems may well choose to refrain from (1) seeking VA treatment, (2) disclosing information to their treating VA physicians, or (3) bringing their cases to this Court on appeal after receiving an adverse BVA determination. They would make such unfortunate choices in order to avoid having the previously confidential information in their VA or other medical files made public in this Court’s opinions or made available to the public in this Court’s records.
Hence, in determining sealing motions, I would start with a scale basically in balance, as the Fifth, Third, and Fourth Circuits have suggested (in Belo Broadcasting, Bank of America, Littlejohn, and Stone15), and in each case, as the result reached by the majority suggests it may have done here, place on the scale the interests in public access on one side and the interests militating against access on the other side. By and large, I believe that the interest in public access will generally be a theoretical one in the sealing motions likely to come before this Court.
Turning to the facts of this case, in his statement filed on February 22, 1991, asking that 93 of the 157 pages of the record on appeal be sealed, the appellant, proceeding pro se, stated:
I would never have filed my case if I had believed that the record would not be sealed. Much of the material I submitted to the VA is very personal and private and I would be very upset to know that anyone could look at it or have copies made. There are hospital reports and doctor statements on my psychiatric condition and pages of statements made by myself talking about my problems since the illness first occurred in the service in Feb-Mar of ’68. I told the VA things that I had never told anyone— things I am only starting to tell my doctor. They are personal and private things that I feel the public has no right to see.
Statement of Appellant at 1. For the reasons stated above, I would seal the entire record and assign an encoded caption to the case because of the sensitive information in the record derived from confidential VA medical records.
I respectfully dissent from the Court’s piecemeal approach which may result in a comparable degree of humiliation or embarrassment for the appellant as a result of the information set forth in the Court’s opinion. I find no good reason to occasion that risk here in order to vindicate a theoretical presumption of public access to judicial records that has very little to do with the reality of this case.

. Fed.R.Civ.P. 26, entitled "General Provisions Governing Discovery”, provides in pertinent part in subsection (c) entitled "Protective Orders”:
Upon motion by a party or by the person from whom discovery is sought and for good cause shown, the court in which the action is pending ... may make any order which justice requires to protect a party or person from annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or expense, including ... (8) that the parties simultaneously file specified documents or information enclosed in sealed envelopes to be opened as directed by the court.
Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(c) (emphasis added).

. See, e.g., Bridge C.A.T. Scan Associates v. Technical Corp., 710 F.2d 940, 945 (2d Cir.1983) (Rule 26(c) does not authorize disclosure of materials not obtained through discovery process); Kirshner v. Uniden Corp. of America, 842 F.2d 1074, 1080 (9th Cir.1988) (citing Bridge); Mary Kay Ash v. Commissioner, 96 T.C. 459 (1991) ("cases construing Rule 26(c) uniformly hold that [it] provides no authority for the issuance of Protective Orders to regulate the use of information or documents obtained through means other than discovery in the proceedings before the Court”); 4 J. Moore, J. Lucas, and G. Grotheer, Jr., Moore's Federal Practice ¶ 26.78 at 26-503, 26-504 ("provision for protective orders in Rule 26(c) is plainly limited in its application to protection from abuses flowing from the employment of the discovery rules”).

. See infra note 7.

. Although Valley Broadcasting arose in the context of a criminal trial, it is no less applicable to civil matters. The court there did not distinguish between access to civil and criminal documents. Moreover, although Nixon involved public access to evidence admitted in a criminal trial, it is uniformly cited in civil cases addressing the common law right of public access to judicial records. See, e.g., Bank of America Nat. Trust v. Hotel Rittenhouse Assocs., 800 F.2d 339, 343 (3d Cir.1986) ("common law presumption of access encompasses as well all ‘civil trials and records’ ”); Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp. v. FTC, 710 F.2d 1165, 1178 (6th Cir.1983) (same), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1100, 104 S.Ct. 1595, 80 L.Ed.2d 127 (1984); Publicker Industries, Inc. v. Cohen, 733 F.2d 1059, 1066 (3d Cir.1984) ("[The] common law right of access to judicial proceedings and records usually has been considered by the Supreme Court in connection with criminal trials and proceed-ings_ However, an examination of the authority on which the Supreme Court relied in these cases reveals that the public’s right of access to civil trials and records is as well established as that of criminal proceedings and records.’’).

. The D.C. Circuit case was In re Application of Nat'l Broadcasting Co. (United States v. Jenrette), 653 F.2d 609 (D.C.Cir.1981).

. The reference in Belo Broadcasting above to protection of constitutional rights is significant, since neither Nixon nor any other case has established an absolute constitutional right of access to court materials. In addition, in Seattle Times Co. v. Rhinehart, 467 U.S. 20, 36, 104 S.Ct. 2199, 2209, 81 L.Ed.2d 17 (1984), the Supreme Court held, in addressing Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(c), which relates only to civil discovery, that its provision for protective orders as to material produced in discovery does not require “heightened First Amendment scrutiny".

. See Bank of America Nat. Trust v. Hotel Rittenhouse Assocs., 800 F.2d 339, 344 (3d Cir.1986) ("strong common law presumption of access must be balanced against the factors militating against access”); Littlejohn v. BIC Corp., 851 F.2d 673, 678 (3d Cir.1988) (quoting Bank of America) (“ 'the strong common law presumption of access must be balanced against the factors militating against access”’); Stone v. Univ. of Md. Medical System Corp., 855 F.2d 178, 180 (4th Cir.1988) ("common law presumption of access [to judicial records] may be overcome if competing interests outweigh the interest in access").

. Nixon stated: "It is uncontested ... that the right to inspect and copy judicial records is not absolute". In cases in which a common law right of public access has been recognized, however, the courts have "recognized ... that the decision as to access is one best left to the sound discretion of the trial court ... to be exercised in light of the relevant facts and circumstances of the particular case.” Nixon, 435 U.S. at 599, 98 S.Ct. at 1312-13.

. In many of the cases cited in this opinion (text and footnotes) where courts have decided in favor of the public's right of access to judicial records, parties challenged the sealing orders for the purpose of gaining access to the records to disseminate the information to the public in light of the significant public interest surrounding the underlying issue. See, e.g., Nixon v. Warner Communications, 435 U.S. at 602, 98 S.Ct. at 1314 (common law right of access not decisive, because issue of access to Nixon tapes regulated by Presidential Recordings Act, but if access were decided according to the common law, "the incremental gain in public understanding of an immensely important historical occurrence” would weigh in the balance, as would the risk that courts could become partners in using judicial records to gratify private spite or promote public scandal); Publicker Industries, Inc. v. Cohen, 733 F.2d at 1074 ("presumption of openness plus the policy interest in protecting unsuspecting people from investing in Publicker in light of its bad business practices are not overcome”) Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp. v. FTC, 710 F.2d at 1180 (Public Citizen Health Research Group urged court to lift or modify seal placed by district court on administrative record and all other documents filed by FTC and court did so, stating, “common sense tells us that the greater the motivation a corporation has to shield its operations, the greater the public’s need to know_ [The information] potentially involves the health of citizens who have an interest in knowing the accurate 'tar' and nicotine content of the various brands of cigarettes on the market”); In re Application of Nat'l Broadcasting Co., 635 F.2d at 952 (regarding right of television station to copy and televise videotapes entered into evidence in first "Abscam” case, "there remains a legitimate and important interest in affording members of the public their own opportunity to see and hear evidence that records the activities of a member of Congress and local elected officials, as well as agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation”). In the instant case, no individual, member of the media, or public interest organization — or the Department of Veterans Affairs for that matter — has challenged the motion to seal; nor does an issue of significant public interest reside in the documents at issue. Challenges to motions to seal and underlying issues of significant public interest are not likely to arise generally in veterans benefits appeals. This factor alone suggests caution in adopting common law standards crafted in cases where there was a contest over the sealing question.

. See supra note 8.

. Subsection (b) of section 3301 then listed six specific situations in which such documents are not confidential and privileged. Paragraphs (2) and (5) provided as exceptional circumstances exempt from confidentiality the following:
(2) When required by process of a United States court to be produced in a suit or proceeding therein pending....
(5) In any suit or other judicial proceeding when in the judgment of the [Secretary] such disclosure is deemed necessary and proper.
Accordingly, the Secretary of Veterans Affairs was authorized to make disclosure of documents deemed confidential under subsection (a) of section 3301 when required by process of a United States court, including this Court, or in connection with any judicial proceeding when the Secretary deems disclosure "necessary and proper". Neither of these exceptions much illuminate the issue before us in this case, however.

. A VA claimant’s expectation of confidentiality in his relationship with VA derives from an elaborate regulatory structure in 38 C.F.R. § 1.500 through § 1.527 and § 1.576 that is based on the premise that “[f]iles, records, reports and other papers and documents pertaining to any claim” filed with VA “will be deemed confidential ... except in the circumstances ... set forth in” the regulations. 38 C.F.R. § 1.500(a) (1991). Information in medical records is afforded special protection. See 38 C.F.R. §§ 1.513, 1.513a, 1.514, 1.514a, 1.554(a)(6)(7) (1991). Such VA medical record information is not to be disclosed even to the veteran when that "would prove injurious to his or her physical or mental health.” 38 C.F.R. §§ 1.513(b)(ix) (1991); see also 38 C.F.R. §§ 1.522, 1.577(d). Claim file information may not be disclosed even to a designated recognized service organization unless "the power of attorney ... contains an authorization permitting such disclosure.” 38 C.F.R. § 1.525(e) (1991).

. See supra note 8 regarding the absence of an underlying issue of significant public interest in the instant case or other cases likely to be appealed here.

. See supra note 8.

. See supra note 6.