Court Opinion

ID: 9385472
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-04-06 20:00:49.879335+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:02.124219
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                                FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

 MARGDA PIERRE-NOEL, on behalf of her
 minor child K.N.,

                        Plaintiff,

                        v.                            Case No. 1:23-cv-00070 (TNM)

 BRIDGES PUBLIC CHARTER SCHOOL,
 et al.,

                        Defendants.

                                     MEMORANDUM OPINION

       This case is about who must ensure that a disabled child reaches his school bus. Margda

Pierre-Noel sued Bridges Public Charter School and the District of Columbia under the

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (“IDEA”) for failing to provide a free and

appropriate public education and related services for her minor son, K.N. Pierre-Noel seeks

review of a hearing officer’s decision that she is responsible for getting K.N. to and from the

school bus. She also seeks an order that his school denied him a free and appropriate public

education under the IDEA for failing to provide in-person support while he learned from home

and for failing to provide an in-school nurse. The school agrees with certain aspects of the

hearing officer’s decision, but disagrees with others—including that it failed to provide an

appropriate education. The District agrees with the hearing officer’s decision that it need not

carry K.N. to the school bus.

       Before the Court are cross-motions for summary judgment from Pierre-Noel, the school,

and the District. The Court will grant the District summary judgment on the transportation claim

because it finds that the IDEA does not mandate the service Pierre-Noel seeks. But the Court
will grant Pierre-Noel summary judgment on her free and appropriate public education claim

because the school did not plan adequate support for K.N. to learn from home. Finally, the Court

will grant the school’s motion as to the issue of failing to have a nurse present in school because

K.N. was learning from home at the time. Also, Pierre-Noel has not shown injury or

redressability on this claim. In sum, the Court will grant the District’s motion in full, and it will

grant in part and deny in part the other two motions.

                                                   I.

                                                   A.

        The IDEA offers states and the District of Columbia federal funding to provide a “free

appropriate public education” (“FAPE”) to disabled children. 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(1)(A). A

FAPE includes both “special education and related services.” Id. § 1401(9). “Special education”

is “specially designed instruction . . . to meet the unique needs of a child with a disability,” and

“related services” are those “required to assist a child . . . to benefit from” that instruction. Id.

§ 1401(26), (29). The IDEA defines “related services” as

        transportation, and such developmental, corrective, and other supportive services
        (including speech-language pathology and audiology services, interpreting services,
        psychological services, physical and occupational therapy, recreation . . . [and]
        counseling services, including rehabilitation counseling, orientation and mobility services
        . . . as may be required to assist a child with a disability to benefit from special
        education[.]
Id. § 1401(26)(A).

        The meaning of “transportation” is key to this case. The Act’s implementing regulations

note that “transportation” “includes travel to and from school and between schools” and

“specialized equipment (such as special or adapted buses, lifts, and ramps), if required to provide

special transportation for a child with a disability.” 34 C.F.R. § 300.34(c)(16).

                                                   2
       To ensure that a child receives a FAPE, special education and related services must be

provided “in conformity with the [child’s] individualized education program,” or IEP. 20 U.S.C.

§ 1401(9)(D). An IEP is the “centerpiece of the statute’s education delivery system[.]” Honig v.

Doe, 484 U.S. 305, 311 (1988). “It is through the IEP that the free appropriate public education

required by the Act is tailored to the unique needs of a particular child.” Endrew F. ex rel.

Joseph F. v. Douglas Cnty. Sch. Dist. RE-1, 580 U.S. 386, 401 (2017) (cleaned up). The IEP

must be “reasonably calculated to enable a child to make progress appropriate in light of the

child’s circumstances.” Id. at 399. A team of interested individuals—including the child’s

parents and teachers—draft his IEP. See 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(4), 1414(d). Each IEP must

describe the “special education and related services . . . that will be provided” to help the child

“advance appropriately.” Id. § 1414(d)(1).

       The IDEA provides that “[t]o the maximum extent appropriate[,]” disabled children

should be “educated with children who are not disabled.” Id. § 1412(a)(5). This means that

removal from the “regular educational environment occurs only when the nature or severity of

the disability is such that education in regular classes with the use of supplementary aids and

services cannot be achieved satisfactorily.” Id. To further this statutory instruction, IEPs specify

a child’s “least restrictive environment”—the location and services a student should receive. Id.;

see also 34 C.F.R. §§ 300.114(a), 300.115–16.

                                                  3
                                                 B.

       K.N. is a first grader eligible for special education and related services under the IDEA.

See Administrative Record (“AR”) at 1537. 1 He is medically fragile, non-verbal, wheelchair

bound, and weighs about 40 pounds. See id. at 1444, 1533.

       During the COVID-19 pandemic, K.N. worked virtually with a special education teacher.

See id. at 738; see also Hr’g Tr. at 55. Pierre-Noel provided the at-home support he needed to

learn. See AR at 723, 1530. As the 2022 school year drew to a close, Pierre-Noel and school

staff convened in May to discuss his IEP. See id. at 722–37. All agreed that K.N. could return to

school in person in September 2022. See id. at 13, 332. At that time, he would “resume 22.5

hours of specialized instruction hours . . . outside of the general education setting with a

dedicated nurse aide” inside the school building. Id. at 738. The May IEP included a

contingency provision: “[i]f [K.N.] is required to remain home for an extended period due to

medical needs, [he] will receive homebound instruction and the team will develop a plan for

continuation of services.” Id. The IEP also states that no nurse aide will be provided if K.N.

attends virtually. See id.

       The transportation section of K.N.’s May IEP explains that he requires a single transport

bus and a nurse on the bus. See id. at 744. K.N.’s apartment building is not handicap-accessible,

so getting him to the bus involves traversing 14 to 20 steps. See id. at 1571; 1645. 2 Pierre-Noel

1
  The Administrative Record can be found at ECF Nos. 18–20. It is sealed to protect the
personal identifying information of K.N. The Court will cite all references to the Administrative
Record as “AR at [page],” except for the Hearing Officer’s Determination, which the Court will
cite as “HOD at [page],” and K.N.’s July IEP, which the Court will cite as “IEP at [page],” to
reflect their internal pagination. The hearing officer’s determination is available on the public
docket, see ECF No. 1-1, as is a redacted version of K.N.’s IEP, see ECF No. 4-3.

2
  There are two ways to reach Pierre-Noel’s apartment door. Entering through the front door
requires climbing 14 exterior steps and descending about six interior steps. See Hr’g Tr. at 40.

                                                  4
suffers from a medical condition that prevents her from carrying K.N. and his wheelchair down

the steps. See id. at 1645. While her husband sometimes carries K.N. out of the apartment, he is

only available on Thursdays and Fridays. See id. at 1573. So she asked for a dedicated aide to

assist K.N. from the threshold of the apartment to the bus and vice versa. See id. at 1115.

According to Pierre-Noel, the aide must place K.N.’s wheelchair at the bottom of a staircase,

hoist K.N. over a shoulder, and walk up and down the steps. See id. at 1573, 1645. In the past,

home care nurses had done this, but K.N. is now too heavy for them. See id. at 1533. 3

       The school contacted the District, which transports disabled students. 4 See id. at 1473.

Its Special Education Transportation Policy notes that the District “shall provide special

education transportation services to students with disabilities when transportation is

appropriately identified and documented on an IEP as a related service under the IDEA.” Id. at

1039. That policy specifies that District personnel “will utilize lifts, ramps, or other mechanized

equipment to assist students with wheelchairs.” Id. at 1045. But it explains that the District is

“not responsible for providing physical assistance to student passengers other than providing

occasional non-intrusive assistance that does not require lifting or carrying the student.” Id. If

the District determines that it cannot transport a child, the transportation policy instructs the

Entering through the back door requires climbing 14 interior steps. See id.; see also
https://tinyurl.com/yun8fee9 (video tour of Pierre-Noel’s building).
3
  Even in an emergency, home care nurses can “decline to lift and carry [K.N.] up and down the
stairs,” and instead place him in the “safest part of the apartment” before calling 911. Hr’g Tr. at
43. Typically, if Pierre-Noel needs to get K.N. out of the apartment herself, she plans around her
husband’s schedule. See AR at 1573.
4
  The District provides transportation through its Office of the State Superintendent of Education
(OSSE). For simplicity, the Court will refer to OSSE as the District. Similarly, under the IDEA
the District is the “State Educational Agency,” or SEA, and the school is the “Local Educational
Agency,” or LEA. In lieu of those acronyms, the Court simply uses “the District” to refer to the
District of Columbia and “the school” to refer to Bridges.

                                                  5
school to reconvene the IEP team. See id. In the meantime, the school is “responsible for

providing alternative instructional options.” Id.

       After the school reached out, a District investigator visited Pierre-Noel at her apartment

in July 2022. See id. at 1128. He inspected the building and stairs and told her that District

employees are not permitted to enter the apartment building or lift and carry K.N. See id.

       Undeterred, Pierre-Noel and the school amended K.N.’s IEP the next day to mandate

those precise services. See IEP at 24, ECF No. 4-3. K.N.’s July IEP thus states that he “requires

assistance to get from his apartment unit door to the bus and from the bus to his apartment unit

door. This assistance includes being carried up and down stairs inside the apartment building as

well as outside the apartment building.” Id. The school included this language in the IEP to

“test whether [the District’s] refusal to provide the support was legally sound.” Bridges Cross-

Mot. for Summ. J. and Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. (School MSJ) at 14, ECF No. 25; see

also AR P-2 at 24:00–24:16 (asking parent for information about transportation to see “what we

can do with the IEP to try to push [the District]”).

       K.N. was set to resume in-person class on September 20, 2022. See AR at 1507. And the

school retained a dedicated nurse for him to begin that same day. See id. at 1568–69; see also

Hr’g Tr. at 60. But the District maintained that it could not transport K.N. because of the

carrying and lifting required. See AR at 621. Rather, it “can only escort a student from/to the

outermost door of a house or building.” Id. It is undisputed that K.N. could not get to school on

September 20. See, e.g., id. at 1538. That same day, K.N.’s in-school nurse abruptly quit. See

id. at 1568–69; see also Hr’g Tr. at 60. So the school found another nurse by October 4. See AR

at 960, 1541; see also Hr’g Tr. at 60–61. But because K.N. still could not get to school, the

school did not keep that nurse. See AR at 1569–70.

                                                    6
         From July 2022 to the present, K.N.’s July IEP has remained in effect. It states that

“[t]he Dedicated Nurse Aide will be removed from this IEP as [K.N.] attends virtually. The

Dedicated Nurse Aide will be added back to the IEP upon [K.N.] resuming school in-person.”

IEP at 21. Because K.N. has yet to return to school in person, no nurse has been hired. See Hr’g

Tr. at 61.

         Recall that K.N.’s mother supported him during virtual learning last year. See AR at 723,

1530. During the July IEP meeting, she asked whether the school could provide an in-home aide

if K.N. had to learn virtually again that fall. See AR P-22 at 9:10–10:20. The school responded

that it was definitely something they could discuss if K.N. cannot get to school. See id. Pierre-

Noel renewed her request for an in-home aide a month later. See AR at 354. The school

responded similarly: that they “can certainly consider the need for an aide if [K.N.] is not able to

start the school year in person.” Id. After K.N.’s transportation fell through, Pierre-Noel again

requested a dedicated aide to assist with virtual learning. See id. at 361. Eventually, in October,

the IEP team reconvened to discuss K.N.’s virtual learning. At that point, the school provided at-

home support for him, including a one-to-one tutor and a vision specialist. See id. at 1604. But

the team did not amend his IEP to reflect those services. See Hr’g Tr. at 50–51; see also Pl. MSJ

at 42.

         By then, it was too late. Pierre-Noel had filed an administrative due process complaint.

See AR at 54–69. She argued that the District and the school denied K.N. a FAPE by failing to

implement the transportation accommodations in his July IEP. See id. at 67. And Pierre-Noel

claimed that the school denied K.N. a FAPE by failing to create an appropriate IEP in July 2022

providing an in-home aide if K.N. cannot return to school. See id. Lastly, Pierre-Noel argued

that the school failed to implement the nursing services K.N. required in school. See id.

                                                  7
        The hearing officer gave each party a partial victory. First, as to transportation, he

analyzed cases discussing the meaning of “transportation” as a “related service” under the IDEA.

Hr’g Officer Determination (HOD) at 15–17. Ultimately, he decided that “there is no caselaw

authorizing a hearing officer to order [District] personnel to lift and carry students inside their

homes or apartment buildings.” Id. at 19. Still, he ordered the District to “offer [K.N.] bus

transportation with a dedicated nurse and assistance to the front door of his apartment building.”

Id. at 22.

        Second, as to whether the July IEP was proper, the officer determined that Pierre-Noel

had shown inadequacy. See id. at 11. He reasoned that the school knew before it created the

July IEP that the District was not going to lift or carry K.N. to allow him to reach the bus. See

id. Thus, “[t]here was ample time [before] the beginning of the school year to reconvene the IEP

meeting and adopt the virtual learning plan that the parties finally agreed to” in October 2022,

which provided in-person support. Id.

        Third, as to the school’s alleged failure to provide in-school nursing services, the officer

found that the school has an obligation to provide nursing services. See id. at 12. But he found

that because the District was not providing transportation, “those services could not have been

provided.” Id. Therefore, he found that Pierre-Noel failed to meet her burden. See id.

        This lawsuit followed. Before the Court are Pierre-Noel’s motion for summary judgment

and cross-motions from the school and the District. See Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. (Pl. MSJ), ECF

No. 22; School MSJ; D.C. Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. and Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J.

(District MSJ), ECF No. 26. Instead of litigating a preliminary injunction, the parties agreed to

an expedited briefing schedule on the merits. The Court held a hearing during which it allowed

                                                  8
Pierre-Noel to present a witness from a private transportation company. All motions are ripe for

decision.

                                                 II.

       To prevail on a motion for summary judgment, a party must show that “there is no

genuine dispute as to any material fact.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); see also Anderson v. Liberty

Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247 (1986). A dispute is genuine “if the evidence is such that a

reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248.

And a disputed fact is material if it could alter the outcome of the suit. See id.

       The IDEA permits “any party aggrieved by the findings and decision” of an

administrative hearing officer to sue in federal court. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2). The reviewing

court “shall receive the records of the administrative proceedings, [] hear additional evidence at

the request of a party, and . . . grant such relief as the court determines is appropriate.” 20 U.S.C.

§ 1415(i)(2)(C). The Court gives “due weight” to the hearing officer’s determinations. Bd. of

Educ. of Hendrick Hudson Cent. Sch. Dist. v. Rowley, 458 U.S. 176, 206 (1982). But it affords

“less deference than is conventional in administrative proceedings.” Z.B. v. District of

Columbia, 888 F.3d 515, 523 (D.C. Cir. 2018). And a decision “without reasoned and specific

findings deserves little deference.” Id.

       This Court also has an independent duty to ensure that it has subject-matter jurisdiction.

See Kaplan v. Cent. Bank of Islamic Repub. of Iran, 896 F.3d 501, 509 (D.C. Cir. 2018). If a

plaintiff lacks standing to press a claim, the Court must dismiss it. See Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife,

504 U.S. 555, 561–62 (1992).

                                                  9
                                                  III.

        The Court first addresses Pierre-Noel’s transportation claim. Next, it turns to whether the

July IEP was appropriate. Finally, it assesses whether the school failed to implement K.N.’s IEP

when it did not have a nurse present in school while he was learning at home.

                                                   A.

        Pierre-Noel’s primary argument is that the hearing officer erred in holding that the

District need not lift or carry K.N. to the bus. See Pl. MSJ at 13–38. The District disagrees. See

District MSJ at 9–16.

        Recall that after the District inspected K.N.’s residence and told Pierre-Noel it could not

lift or carry him, K.N.’s IEP team included a condition that it must do just that. See AR at 1128;

see also School MSJ at 14. The hearing officer agreed with the District, finding that he lacked

authority to order such a service under the IDEA. See HOD at 19. But the officer also ordered

the District to “immediately offer [K.N.] bus transportation to the front door of [his] apartment

building.” Id. at 22. Based on the Court’s review of the video evidence, delivery of K.N. to the

front door of the building requires climbing 14 steps. See supra note 2; see also Hr’g Tr. at 40

(confirming this point). The officer’s holding thus cannot be squared with his remedy. See Hr’g

Tr. at 41 (Plaintiff agrees that this is a “contradictory” ruling because . . . “[t]here is no way to

avoid those external steps from the . . . front of the building to [the] curb.”); see also id. at 54

(school explaining that every party in the case was confused by the hearing officer’s rationales).

Perhaps the hearing officer meant to order the District to transport K.N. to the back door of the

apartment building, which would not involve traversing steps. But given the logical

                                                   10
inconsistency in the hearing officer’s decision, the Court will afford him less deference than

normal on this issue. See Z.B., 888 F.3d at 523. 5

                                                 1.

       Recall, too, that the IDEA guarantees disabled children certain “related services . . . as

may be required” for them to benefit from special education. 20 U.S.C. § 1401(26)(A). One

such service is “transportation.” Id. Pierre-Noel’s first claim turns on whether “transportation”

in the Act includes carrying a disabled child up and down the stairs of her apartment building. 6

       Because transportation is not defined in the statute, “we must give [it] its ordinary

meaning.” Petit v. U.S. Dep’t of Educ., 675 F.3d 769, 781 (D.C. Cir. 2012). Courts often look to

dictionaries to understand ordinary meaning. See, e.g., id. The Court’s review of dictionaries

around the time of the provision’s enactment revealed two possible meanings of transportation. 7

The first is broad: moving a person or thing from one place to another. The second is narrower:

moving a person or thing from one place to another using a means of conveyance, such as a

vehicle.

5
  Pierre-Noel criticizes the hearing officer for finding that he “did not have authority” to order
the District to carry K.N. up and down the stairs and contends that his decision could be reversed
on this basis alone. See Pl. MSJ at 14–15. The Court agrees with the general assertion that the
officer has broad equitable discretion over remedies, see, e.g., B.D. v. District of Columbia, 817
F.3d 792, 797–98 (D.C. Cir. 2016), but it disagrees that the officer can order something contrary
to federal law.
6
  Pierre-Noel has provided inconsistent evidence about the number of people it would take to
carry K.N. While Pierre-Noel thinks that one person could do it, see, e.g., Pl. MSJ at 16, her
witness—someone who transports disabled children—testified that it would take two people to
get him safely down the stairs, see Hr’g Tr. at 11, 19–20.
7
  Congress enacted the relevant text of the related services provision in the 1975 Education for
All Handicapped Children Act. See Pub. L. 94-142, 89 Stat. 775 (1975). In 1990, Congress
renamed the law the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, tweaked certain aspects of the
related services list, and left the transportation language unchanged. See Pub. L. 101-476, 104
Stat. 1103 (1990). So the Court focused on dictionaries from the years around 1975.

                                                11
       First, the broad definitions. One dictionary reports that “transportation” is “an act,

process, or instance of being transported” as in “arranging for the transportation of his luggage.”

Transportation, Webster’s New International Dictionary (3d ed. 1961). Another states that

“transportation” is “the act of transporting” and “to transport” is to “carry from one place to

another; convey.” Transportation and Transport, The American Heritage Dictionary of the

English Language (1976); Accord Transportation, Oxford English Dictionary (2d ed. 1989)

(“Transportation” is the “action or process of transporting; conveyance (of things or person)

from one place to another.”) Thus, one sense of transportation is the act of moving a person or

thing from one place to another.

       Second, the narrower definitions. One dictionary defines transportation as “the removal

of goods or persons from one place to another by a carrier.” Transportation, Black’s Law

Dictionary (4th ed. 1968). A “carrier” is “one undertaking to transport persons or property.”

Carrier, Black’s Law Dictionary (4th ed. 1968). “In common speech carriers means

transportation systems . . . [a] school bus acts as a carrier.” Id. (cleaned up). Another dictionary

defines transportation as a “means of conveyance or travel from one place to another.”

Transportation, Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary (7th ed. 1963). These definitions are

similar in that they speak of a “carrier” or a “means of conveyance”—a thing, such as a school

bus, that does the transporting.

       The service Pierre-Noel requests—humans lifting and carrying her child up and down

steps—may be encompassed by the first definition. But it flunks the second definition. So

dictionaries alone do not answer the question of whether lifting and carrying someone fits within

the ordinary meaning of transportation. Thus, the Court must look to other sources.

                                                 12
       The IDEA’s implementing regulations are helpful. They explain that transportation

“includes travel to and from school and between schools” and “specialized equipment (such as

special or adapted buses, lifts, and ramps), if required to provide special transportation for a child

with a disability.” 34 C.F.R. § 300.34(c)(16). Travel “to and from” school and “between”

schools is also capacious. But coupled with the “specialized equipment” portion of the

definition, the regulation evokes a mode of transport—such as a bus or car—that can be adapted

to meet a disabled child’s needs. The regulatory definition thus supports the narrower batch of

dictionary definitions that reference a carrier or means of conveyance.

       Things become even clearer when the Court looks to a related statute, the Americans

With Disabilities Act (ADA), 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq. Courts “normally presume[] that the

same language in related statutes carries a consistent meaning.” United States v. Davis, 139 S.

Ct. 2319, 2329 (2019); see also Antonin Scalia & Bryan Garner, Reading Law: The

Interpretation of Legal Texts 252 (2012) (“[L]aws dealing with the same subject . . . should if

possible be interpreted harmoniously.”). While the ADA protects a broader class of people—all

disabled Americans—it also applies to disabled schoolchildren. See Fry v. Napoleon Cmty.

Schs., 580 U.S. 154, 157, 161 (2017) (noting this fact). Indeed, the IDEA’s exhaustion provision

contemplates that a disabled student might sue under both laws seeking similar relief. See 20

U.S.C. § 1415(l) (requiring exhaustion of the IDEA’s procedures before a student sues under the

ADA “seeking relief that is also available” under the IDEA).

       The ADA is illuminating. In a section addressing public transportation, the Act defines

“public school transportation” as “transportation by school bus vehicles of schoolchildren,

personnel, and equipment to and from a public elementary or secondary school and school-

related activities.” 42 U.S.C. § 12141(5). Likewise, the ADA defines “designated public

                                                 13
transportation” as “transportation (other than public school transportation) by bus, rail, or any

other conveyance . . . that provides the general public with general or special service . . . on a

regular and continuing basis.” Id. § 12141(2). Both definitions contemplate transportation by a

vehicle or mode of transport such as a bus, rail, or other conveyance.

         Reading “transportation” in the IDEA similarly “yields sensibly congruent applications

across . . . [this] other statute[].” Davis, 139 S. Ct. at 2329. The ADA’s definition thus leads the

Court to privilege the second, narrower set of dictionary definitions just discussed. In other

words, “transportation” involves “a carrier” or a “means of conveyance”—such as a bus or

train—moving a person from place to place. See supra. This definition also gels with the

regulatory definition of transportation, which points to “special or adapted buses, lifts, and

ramps.” 34 C.F.R. § 300.34(c)(16). Buses to which lifts and ramps may be attached are

obviously a carrier or a mode of conveyance. But two people carrying someone is not. In short,

the Court is persuaded that the service Pierre-Noel requests—physical carrying and lifting of a

disabled child—is not encompassed within the plain meaning of transportation.

                                                  2.

       Another interpretative tool bolsters this reading. Although dictionaries, regulations, and

other statutes provide a useful starting point, “[b]ecause common words typically have more than

one meaning, [courts] must use the context in which a given word appears to determine its aptest,

most likely sense.” Scalia & Garner at 418. To better understand the ordinary meaning of

transportation, the Court also looks to how it has customarily been used.

       Courts may assess the customary usage of a phrase by searching relevant databases of

naturally occurring language. This method is known as corpus linguistics. “Corpus linguistics is

an empirical approach to the study of language that uses large, electronic databases” of language

                                                 14
gathered from primary sources. Thomas R. Lee & Stephen C. Mouritsen, Judging Ordinary

Meaning, 127 Yale L.J. 788, 828 (2018); see also Lawrence B. Solum, Triangulating Public

Meaning: Corpus Linguistics, Immersion, and the Constitutional Record, 2017 B.Y.U. L. Rev.

1621, 1643–49 (2017) (explaining how the method helps clarify linguistic meaning). Indeed,

corpus linguistics is especially valuable “in those difficult cases where . . . dictionaries diverge

[because it] can serve as a cross-check on established methods of interpretation (and vice

versa).” Wilson v. Safelite Grp., Inc., 930 F.3d 429, 440 (6th Cir. 2019) (Thapar, J., concurring

in part and concurring in the judgment). 8

       Many databases are available. See, e.g., https://www.english-corpora.org (listing some

spanning different time periods and genres). So courts must choose wisely. The best database

will contain texts from around the time of the Act’s enactment with which an ordinary English

speaker would regularly interact. Cf. United States v. Rice, 36 F.4th 578, 583 n.6 (4th Cir. 2022)

(choosing a corpus based on these criteria). To analyze customary usage of transportation, the

Court searched the Corpus of Historical American English (COHA), which collects sources

across genres, including fiction, magazines, newspapers, and academic articles between 1820

and 2019.

8
  Other courts have deployed corpus-based approaches to textual meaning. For example, Justice
Breyer, writing for the Court, adopted a corpus-based approach to illuminate the meaning of the
phrase “carries a firearm.” See Muscarello v. United States, 524 U.S. 125, 128–31 (1998)
(recounting the phrase in context from dictionaries, literature, and newspaper articles). Other
courts have conducted similar analyses using publicly available databases. See, e.g., United
States v. Rice, 36 F.4th 578, 583 n.6 (4th Cir. 2022); Health Freedom Def. Fund, Inc. v. Biden,
599 F. Supp. 3d 1144, 1160–61 (M.D. Fla. 2022); United States v. Seefried, No. 21-cr-287, 2022
WL 16528415, at *5–6 (D.D.C. Oct. 29, 2022).

                                                  15
        The Court queried the COHA for mentions of “transportation” between 1965 and 1975,

the decade before and including the year in which Congress enacted the related services

provision. Cf. Safelite, 930 F.3d at 444 (Thapar, J., concurring in part and concurring in the

judgment) (looking to a ten-year period to generate a sample of written text around the time

Congress passed the relevant language). This search returned 1135 hits, or “concordance lines.”

Given this large universe, the Court reviewed a random sample of 288 hits to see whether

“transportation” customarily referred to certain things. This sample size produces a 95%

confidence interval. A random sample can be generated through the database itself.

        The results are illuminating. The most common referent, with 30.6% of the hits, was

systems of transportation. See Attach. A. 9 These include highway systems, subway systems,

railroads, and mass transit generally. For example, a 1972 News Chicago article discusses

“transportation thru [sic] mass transit lines.” Id. at 7. And many others reference “mass

transportation” in general. See, e.g., id. at 7, 14, 15.

        The second most common referent, with 25% of hits, was vehicular travel. See generally

id. Vehicles mentioned include cars, buses, trains, boats, airplanes, and even a rocket. See, e.g.,

id. at 3, 10, 13, 17, 18. The next most common referent, with 20.4% of hits, is to what might be

called the “industry of transportation.” Examples include transportation companies, strikes

against them, railroad unions, or the movement of products in commerce. See, e.g., id. at 4, 7,

13. A category with a similar number of hits, clocking in at 21.2%, is references to an agency or

entity involved with transportation. See generally id. These include mentions of the Department

9
  The Court’s random sample and analysis of each concordance line is appended as Attachment
A. Because COHA pulls from primary sources, the reader may notice small typos or stray
characters in some entries. The Court reproduced the text as it appears in the database.

                                                   16
of Transportation, analogous state agencies, the Secretary of Transportation, and national boards

overseeing transportation. See, e.g., id. at 5, 11, 15, 31. 10

        The Court categorized a few hits (1.7%) as “ambiguous,” meaning that there was no clear

or implied referent to the term “transportation.” See id. at 1, 4, 15, 17, 23. And it found 3 hits

(1%) in which transportation has the broad meaning of moving something or someone from one

place to another. See id. at 13, 25, 28. While these entries accord with the broad dictionary

definitions of transportation, they appear to be outliers given the rest of the sample. Finally, and

most critically, the Court found no references to any form of pedestrian travel—transporting

something by walking with it or carrying it.

        This is not to say that because transportation most often referred to a system, type of

vehicle, agency, or the overall industry means that it takes on that meaning in all contexts.

Perhaps transportation could include some form of pedestrian transit, despite not appearing in the

sample. But this corpus analysis confirms that such usage would be highly anomalous. Put

simply, people did not use the term “transportation” the way Pierre-Noel suggests when the

IDEA was enacted. Transportation involves a means of conveyance—such as a vehicle, subway

system, or railroad—moving people or things from one place to another.

                                                   3.

        Yet another consideration militates against Pierre-Noel’s preferred interpretation of the

term “transportation.” In Arlington Central School District Board of Education v. Murphy, the

Supreme Court considered whether the IDEA’s attorneys’ fees provision allows prevailing

parents to recover fees for services rendered by experts. See 548 U.S. 291 (2006). The Court

10
   Many hits could be classified into two of these four categories. The Court calculated its
percentages based on the primary category it thought best described each source.

                                                   17
reasoned that its resolution of the case “is guided by the fact that Congress enacted the IDEA

pursuant to the Spending Clause.” Id. at 295. Such legislation is essentially a contract between

Congress (which provides funding) and the States (which choose to accept it in some cases). See

id. And because “recipients of federal funds must accept them voluntarily and knowingly,” any

conditions Congress attaches to a State’s acceptance of funds “must be set out unambiguously.”

Id. at 296; see also Pennhurst State Sch. & Hosp. v. Halderman, 451 U.S. 1, 17 (1981) (“[I]f

Congress intends to impose a condition on the grant of federal moneys, it must do so

unambiguously.”).

       Thus, this Court must “view the IDEA from the perspective of a state official who is

engaged in the process of deciding whether the State should accept IDEA funds and the

obligations that go with those funds.” Murphy, 548 U.S. at 296. In other words, this objective

test asks, “whether the IDEA furnishes clear notice regarding the liability at issue in this case.”

Id. Accord McAllister v. District of Columbia, 794 F.3d 15, 18–19 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (applying

this test to hold that parents could not recover fees for paralegal services under the IDEA’s

attorneys’ fees provision).

       Other courts have rejected interpretations of the IDEA for similar reasons. For example,

in Osseo Area Schools, Independent School District Number 279 v. M.N.B. ex rel. J.B., the

Eighth Circuit reasoned that no provision of the IDEA—including the transportation provision—

put States on notice that it must reimburse a parent for certain driving expenses. See 970 F.3d

917, 922 (8th Cir. 2020). In that case, a student’s IEP required that she be “transported

individually to and from school”—a service her mother provided and for which she received

reimbursement. Id. at 920. But after the mother transferred the student to another school, the

former school district refused to fully reimburse her for the extra mileage. See id. at 920. The

                                                 18
Eighth Circuit analyzed the IDEA through Murphy’s Spending Clause lens and concluded that it

does not provide notice regarding mileage reimbursement. See id. at 922.

       Though the facts here differ from those two cases, the same reasoning applies. The Court

must ask whether the IDEA’s mention of transportation puts a reasonable government official on

notice that lifting and carrying a student is required. It does not. Based on the Court’s textual

analysis, transportation is the act of conveying students to their schools using a carrier or a mode

of transport such as a bus.

       More, the regulations contemplate service to and from school, including specialized

equipment. See 34 C.F.R. § 300.34(c)(16). As the District noted, they say nothing about

“services in and around the home” or “special assistance getting to and from the school bus.”

Hr’g Tr. at 63. The Court sees nothing in the IDEA or its regulations providing clear notice to

the District that it must carry a student up and down stairs inside and outside an apartment

building to the bus.

       Pierre-Noel suggests that the District was on notice that the IDEA might require lifting

and carrying when it issued its transportation policy in 2013. See id. at 21–22. She notes that the

District explicitly disclaimed its obligation to lift or carry disabled students, citing health and

safety concerns. See AR at 1045. Pierre-Noel argues that this language shows that the District

knew it might have to provide these services, so it wanted to “preemptively get out in front of

that [and] put in the policy we are not going to do it.” Hr’g Tr. at 22.

       The Court disagrees. The Spending Clause analysis asks the Court to consider whether a

reasonable state official would think “transportation” includes lifting or carrying a student. And

in any event, the opposite inference from Pierre-Noel’s is equally plausible—the District did not

think that the IDEA required such a service, so it proactively informed parents about the services

                                                  19
it had to provide. Indeed, the fact that the District prohibited any carrying or lifting of students

while pledging to provide bus transportation, including lifts and other specialized equipment,

shows that it was closely tracking the IDEA’s meaning and implementing regulations. See, e.g.,

AR at 1040 (transportation policy cites 34 C.F.R. § 300.34(a) in explaining what it has to

provide); AR at 1115 (District explained that it would provide “a transport chair to transition

to/from the school bus . . . to ensure safe transition onto the bus[.]”).

                                                   4.

        Pierre-Noel raises a few additional arguments on the transportation issue. None is

persuasive. First, Pierre-Noel at times construes her transportation claim as a “failure to

implement” claim—which assess whether the school materially deviated from the IEP’s terms.

See, e.g., Pl. MSJ at 20–22; Hr’g Tr. at 45. The core of Pierre-Noel’s argument here is that

because the lifting and carrying service is enumerated in the IEP, the IDEA must require

someone to provide it. See, e.g., Pl. MSJ at 20–21. Not so. While IEPs help tailor special

education and related services to the unique needs of a disabled child, see, e.g., Endrew F., 580

U.S. at 391, their terms cannot override federal law. Thus, the question is not whether the school

failed to implement the IEP’s terms, but whether the terms of the IEP exceed the scope of the

District’s responsibilities under the IDEA.

        Second, Pierre-Noel argues that if the District does not have to carry K.N. to the bus, the

school does. See Pl. MSJ at 34–38. But this claim lacks a foundation in law. The Court’s

holding that the IDEA does not mandate carrying K.N. to the bus applies with equal force to the

school as a related-service provider. And in any event, the school appears to be relieved from all

transportation obligations (even assuming carrying a student to the bus were included). Under

the IDEA, a State

                                                  20
       shall use the payments that otherwise would have been available to a [school] . . . to
       provide special education and related services directly to children with disabilities . . . if
       the [State] determines that the . . . children . . . can best be served by a regional or State
       program or service delivery system designed to meet the needs of such children[.]”

20 U.S.C. § 1413(g)(1). In other words, the District may decide that it—rather than individual

schools—can best provide a related to service to the disabled children within its jurisdiction.

The District confirms that it has chosen this route. See District MSJ at 10–11; see also AR at

1473–74. It must therefore provide transportation “in such manner . . . as [it] considers

appropriate” in compliance with the IDEA. 20 U.S.C. § 1413(g)(2).

       The Court sees nothing in this language that preserves a role for the school once the State

has decided to provide a related service. See Pl. MSJ at 37 (making this argument). More, the

District’s transportation policy provides: “It is the expectation of [the District] that all [schools]

adhere to this Policy.” AR at 1039. In other words, the school would contravene District policy

even if it volunteered to transport K.N. for free. The best reading of § 1413(g) is that

reimbursement under the IDEA may be available to schools for related services, but if the State

decides it can deliver the service better, it assumes the responsibility (and receives the funding).

       Third, exhaustion. Pierre-Noel argues that the District cannot now challenge the

transportation condition in the IEP because it failed to exhaust this claim through the IDEA’s

processes. See Pl. Reply at 13. The District argues that it need not exhaust a defense that lifting

and carrying falls outside the meaning of the IDEA’s related services provision. See District

Reply at 3–4, ECF No. 30. The Court agrees.

       The IDEA provides: “[B]efore the filing of a civil action . . . the procedures under

subsections (f) . . . shall be exhausted.” 20 U.S.C. § 1415(l). Phrased in the passive voice, it

does not specify who must exhaust. Cf. Bartenwerfer v. Buckley, 143 S. Ct. 665, 672 (2023)

                                                  21
(“Passive voice pulls the actor off the stage.”). But subsection (f) clarifies. It states that “parents

or the [school] involved in [a due process] complaint shall have an opportunity for an impartial

due process hearing[.]” 20 U.S.C. § 1415(f)(1)(A). So the exhaustion provision most naturally

refers to parents or a school. Cf. Bartenwerfer, 143 S. Ct. at 672 (“[C]ontext can confine a

passive-voice sentence to a likely set of actors.”); accord Fry, 580 U.S. at 157–58 (noting that

the “plaintiff bringing suit . . . must first exhaust the IDEA’s administrative procedures.”).

        As the Sixth Circuit recently explained, the IDEA’s exhaustion requirement recognizes

that three laws allow disabled children to seek relief for difficulties encountered at school. See

Doe ex rel. K.M. v. Knox Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 56 F.4th 1076, 1080 (6th Cir. 2023). That history

matters because “the IDEA now allows parents to pursue overlapping claims under the ADA or

Rehabilitation Act, but they must complete the IDEA’s administrative process if they are

‘seeking relief that is also available under’ that law.” Id. (quoting 20 U.S.C. § 1415(l)). Thus,

cabining the IDEA’s exhaustion provision to parents and schools accords with the Act’s text and

structure. 11

                                              *   *    *

        No party (nor the hearing officer) has engaged in close textual analysis of the IDEA.

And the parties make only passing references to the interpretative gloss required for Spending

11
     Pierre-Noel gestured to subsection (b)(6) during the motions hearing, see Hr’g Tr. at 47,
which states that “any party [may] present a complaint . . . with respect to any matter relating to
. . . the provision of a free appropriate public education to such child; and “which sets forth an
alleged violation that occurred not more than 2 years before the date the parent or public agency
knew or should have known about the alleged action,” 20 U.S.C. § 1415(b)(6). “Any party” thus
refers to a “parent” or a “public agency.” While it is true that the District is a state educational
agency, and thus could be a public agency, that interpretation renders (b)(6) inconsistent with the
exhaustion provision itself. As discussed, the exhaustion subsection cites (f), which only
suggests that a parent or school could exhaust. The only role contemplated for the District in (f)
is that it may conduct due process hearings, as determined by State law. See id. § 1415(f)(1)(A).

                                                  22
Clause statutes. The District largely relies on its transportation policy, which states that it will

provide transportation using lifts, ramps, and other mechanized equipment for disabled students,

but that it will not lift or carry them. See District MSJ at 11–13. As discussed, the District’s

policy accords with the Court’s reading of transportation. 12 For her part, Pierre-Noel’s primary

arguments are rooted in cases interpreting the phrase “supportive service” in the “related

services” provision. See, e.g., Pl. MSJ at 18, 20–24. The Court addresses these arguments next.

                                                  B.

       Pierre-Noel argues that the lifting and carrying she seeks is a “supportive service.” Pl.

MSJ at 25–26; see also Hr’g Tr. at 24. “[S]upportive services” is further defined by a

parenthetical listing various types—“speech pathology and audiology services, interpreting

services, psychological services . . . [and] counseling services, including rehabilitation

counseling, orientation and mobility services[.]” 20 U.S.C. § 1401(26)(A). Nothing in the

enumerated list resembles lifting or carrying a student to a bus from his residence before the

school day begins. More, the IDEA’s implementing regulations also define these services, and

none relate to lifting or carrying students. See 34 C.F.R. § 300.34(c)(1–15).

       Recall that the phrase “supportive services” also falls at the end of a list: “transportation,

and such developmental, corrective, and other supportive services.” 20 U.S.C. § 1401(26)(A).

While “other supportive services” may be broad if read in isolation, see Pl. MSJ at 25, the

12
  The District does not ask the Court to defer to this policy as a reasonable interpretation of the
IDEA, and in any event it appears to be non-binding guidance. But the soundness of the
District’s policy as a safety measure is borne out in this case. Even Pierre-Noel testified below
that K.N. tends to “squirm” and “hyper extends his back,” so whoever is carrying him has to
“really hold him firmly” so that neither he nor they get hurt. AR at 1577. More, Pierre-Noel’s
witness offering to provide private transportation testified that he would not carry K.N. in the
way Pierre-Noel wanted—over the shoulder outside of his wheelchair—because of safety
concerns. See Hr’g Tr. at 11, 19–20.

                                                  23
preceding words cabin it. The canon ejusdem generis instructs that “[w]here general words

follow an enumeration of two or more things, they apply only to persons or things of the same

general kind or class specifically mentioned.” Scalia & Garner at 199; see also Circuit City

Stores, Inc. v. Adams, 532 U.S. 105, 114–15 (2001) (applying this canon to “seamen, railroad

employees, or any other class of workers engaged in foreign or interstate commerce”). Where

“other” precedes a general term at the end of a list, the canon “implies the addition of similar

after the word other.” Scalia & Garner at 199.

       So the class of “other supportive services” are those similar in kind to “developmental”

and “corrective” services provided to disabled students. These terms most naturally refer to

services provided to help disabled students develop (physically or mentally) and correct things

with which they may be struggling. See, e.g., Development, Webster’s New Collegiate

Dictionary (7th ed. 1963) (cross-referencing “developmental” and defining “development” as the

“act, process, or result of developing”); Corrective and Correct, The American Heritage

Dictionary of the English Language (1976) (defining corrective as “tending or intending to

correct,” and “correct” as “[t]o remove, remedy, or counteract”). Pierre-Noel does not show that

the lifting or carrying she requests is something that helps K.N. develop or that corrects

something with which he struggles.

       K.N.’s own IEP is good evidence of what “other supportive services” means. A section

entitled “motor skills/physical development,” for example, details the supports he needs during

the school day to progress. IEP at 16–17. 13 Similarly, a section entitled “Blind/Visually

13
   Plaintiff’s counsel also suggested during the motions hearing that lifting and carrying K.N.
falls with a “mobility service”—one of the enumerated “other supportive services.” Hr’g Tr. at
24; 20 U.S.C. § 1401(26)(A). The IDEA’s implementing regulations define “orientation and
mobility services” as “services provided to blind or visually impaired children by qualified
personnel to enable those students to attain systematic orientation to and safe movement within

                                                 24
Impaired” explains that K.N. requires “supports to assist [him] with using his eyes to visually

attend to objects and people.” Id. at 3; see also id. at 4 (explaining that K.N. requires access to

“services to support his communication, mobility[,] and positioning in the classroom and school

(e.g. stander and Rifton chair with wheels)”). The Court finds that lifting and carrying K.N. up

and down stairs to get him to the bus is not an “other supportive service” under the IDEA.

        Pierre-Noel does not argue that the District must lift and carry K.N. based on the text of

“other supportive services.” Instead, she points to various cases interpreting that statutory

language broadly to further the IDEA’s purpose. See, e.g., Pl. MSJ at 22–24; Pl. Reply at 4–6.

In Irving Independent School District v. Tatro, for example, the Supreme Court held that

changing a student’s catheter during the school day to drain her bladder ever three to four hours

qualified as a “supportive service . . . required to assist a handicapped child to benefit from

special education.” 468 U.S. 883, 890 (1984). The Court reached that result by deferring to a

Department of Education regulation explaining that catheterization is a related service. See id. at

890 n.7, 891. It also noted that its reading furthered the IDEA’s purpose to “make public

education available to handicapped children.” Id. The Court reasoned that, based on this

purpose, catheterization “permit[s] a child to remain at school during the day” and is “no less

related to the effort to educate than are services that enable the child to reach, enter, or exit the

school.” Id. Pierre-Noel seizes on the “reach, enter, or exit the school” dicta to argue that the

District must carry K.N. up and down stairs to the school bus. See, e.g., Pl. MSJ at 22.

their environments in school, home, and community.” 34 C.F.R. § 300.34(c)(7). It also
references teaching students to use a cane, service animal, or spatial or environmental awareness
to navigate. See id. No service involves lifting or carrying a student—indeed, most aim to help
the student move on his own—so this argument is unpersuasive.

                                                  25
       Similarly, in Cedar Rapids Community School District v. Garret F. ex rel. Charlene F.,

the Supreme Court held that providing continuous, one-on-one nursing services to a ventilator-

dependent student qualified as a “supportive service.” 526 U.S. 66, 73 (1999). The Court began

by noting the broad nature of the related services provision. See id. Then, relying on Tatro, the

Court reasoned that “[a]s a general matter, services that enable a disabled child to remain in

school during the day provide the student with the meaningful access to education that Congress

envisioned.” Id. One reading of this broad dicta, which Pierre-Noel favors, is that a State must

provide any supportive service if it enables a child to attend school. See Pl. MSJ at 22–23.

       Justice Thomas dissented in Cedar Rapids. He explained that Tatro “cannot be squared

with the text of [the] IDEA” and even assuming it could be, it “ignores the constitutionally

mandated rules of construction applicable” to Spending Clause statutes. Cedar Rapids, 526 U.S.

at 79 (Thomas, J., dissenting).

       This dissent was prescient. In Murphy, the Court confirmed that the IDEA should be

interpreted as a Spending Clause statute. See 548 U.S. at 295–96. That is, courts must look for

clear statements in the text before imposing requirements on states. See id. This the Tatro and

Cedar Rapids Courts did not do. More, neither opinion considered the meaning of

“transportation” as a related service, which is really what Pierre-Noel requests here. See, e.g., Pl.

MSJ at 16–22; IEP at 24, 27 (listing the lifting and carrying requirement in the transportation

section of the document). Finally, both cases involved “supportive services” provided during the

school day. See Tatro, 468 US. at 886; Cedar Rapids, 526 U.S. at 73. Pierre-Noel requests

services outside of school hours, in her private apartment building. Taken to its logical

conclusion, her reading of “supportive services” could encompass many other preconditions to a

child arriving at school, such as getting him out of bed. See Hr’g Tr. at 32–33 (Plaintiff’s

                                                 26
counsel conceding that such a service would be included within her interpretation of the statute).

The IDEA’s provision of related services that “may be required” for a child to receive a FAPE

cannot be stretched so far. For these reasons, the Court finds that Tatro and Cedar Rapids do not

control this case.

        Pierre-Noel also relies on Petit v. U.S. Department of Education, 675 F.3d 769 (D.C. Cir.

2012), to argue that “related services” in general should be interpreted “by reference to services

that must be provided in order to get students to, or keep students in, school.” Pl. MSJ at 22. In

Petit, the Circuit analyzed whether “audiology services” in the related services provision

required a school to help children optimize their surgically implanted hearing aids. 675 F.3d at

771. The Department of Education had issued regulations stating that such a service was not

required as a related service because the Act excludes assistance with “a medical device that is

surgically implanted.” Id. The court, deferring under Chevron step two, held that the regulations

permissibly construed “audiology services,” which it found was ambiguous. See id. at 780–87.

Petit, like Tatro and Cedar Rapids, does not interpret the meaning of transportation as a related

service, or even other supportive services—Pierre-Noel’s alternative argument. So it has little

bearing on the Court’s reasoning.

        Finally, Pierre-Noel argues that this Court should follow District of Columbia v. Ramirez.

See, e.g., Pl. MSJ at 17–22; Pl. Reply at 7–9, ECF No. 28. In Ramirez, Judge Bates held that the

District had to provide a disabled student transportation from his apartment door to the bus, no

matter the number of steps involved. See 377 F. Supp. 2d 63, 65 (D.D.C. 2005). Ramirez is

distinguishable for two reasons. First, the court’s reasoning largely turned on the language of a

prior District directive, which stated that disabled students “shall be picked up and dropped off

either at the door of their residence, or at the curbside of their residence.” Id. at 66. Given that

                                                 27
language, the court upheld the hearing officer’s finding that “it was not unreasonable for [the

District] to bear responsibility for transporting [the student] from the door of his family’s

apartment to the school bus.” Id. at 70; see also id. at 69 (deferring to the hearing officer’s

finding that the District “is not foreclosed from” carrying a student). That directive is no longer

valid, see District MSJ at 13, and as explained, this Court is not affording the hearing officer

similar deference as was appropriate in Ramirez.

        Second, because Ramirez was decided before the Supreme Court’s decision in Murphy,

the court did not consider the implication of Spending Clause interpretative principles. See

Ramirez, 377 F. Supp. 2d at 68–70. For the reasons already discussed, the Court believes

Murphy is key to the analysis here. The Court therefore rejects Pierre-Noel’s arguments

grounded in Ramirez.

                                             *    *   *

        The Court acknowledges the many challenges that both Pierre-Noel and K.N. face due to

his disability, compounded by Pierre-Noel’s disability. But as the D.C. Circuit explained in

Petit, “the Supreme Court has refused to interpret free appropriate public education to require the

furnishing of every special service necessary to maximize each handicapped child’s potential.”

675 F.3d at 783. Instead, the Court has “made clear that the Act guarantees a substantively

adequate program of education to all eligible children.” Endrew F., 580 U.S. at 394. If Pierre-

Noel decides that the homebound instruction the school provides in accordance with K.N.’s IEP

is inadequate, she has other options. She could arrange for private lifting services, seek

assistance from another public program, move to an ADA-compliant home, or arrange for her

husband to carry K.N. But the IDEA does not oblige the District to carry K.N. up and down

residential stairs to the bus.

                                                 28
                                                  C.

       Pierre-Noel next argues that the hearing officer rightly found that the July IEP was

inappropriate, but he erred by failing to order the school to fix it. See Pl. MSJ at 40–43. The

school claims that the officer erred when he found the July IEP inappropriate at the outset. See

School MSJ at 16–21. Pierre-Noel is correct.

       Recall that the hearing officer found the July IEP inappropriate because it did not include

in-person tutoring while K.N. would be learning at home. See HOD at 10–11. The officer found

that the school knew more than a month before the July IEP meeting that the District would

refuse to carry K.N. up and down stairs. See id. at 11. Thus, the officer reasoned that there was

time before K.N. was supposed to start in September to reconvene the IEP team and adopt the

learning plan that the parties agreed to in October. See id. That plan—which is still in place—

now provides an in-person tutor for K.N. three hours a day, five days a week, and a vision

specialist for one hour every Wednesday. See id. at 8.

       Though the Court ultimately agrees with the hearing officer’s bottom line, it again gives

his decision little deference. First, as Pierre-Noel points out, despite finding that the IEP was

inappropriate, the officer did not order the school to fix it. See id. at 11, 22; see also Pl. MSJ at

16, 44–47. Second, the decision contains an incorrect factual premise. It states: “It is

uncontroverted that [K.N.]’s least restrictive environment is a general education classroom with

10 hours of specialized instruction outside general education.” HOD at 11. Not so. K.N.’s IEP

provides that his least restrictive environment is “specialized instruction outside of the general

education setting with a dedicated nurse aide.” IEP at 22; see also School MSJ at 18 (“The

student’s IEP has never proposed placement in a general education classroom.”). Third, the

                                                  29
officer does not explain how Pierre-Noel met her initial burden of production in front of him.

See HOD at 10–11. 14

       Recall that “special education” under the IDEA is “specially designed instruction . . . to

meet the unique needs of a child with a disability.” 20 U.S.C. § 1401(29). To ensure that a child

receives that instruction, his IEP must describe the services provided that enable him to advance

and attain appropriate goals. See id. § 1414(d)(1)(A)(i)(IV). The “key inquiry regarding an

IEP’s substantive adequacy is whether, taking account of what the school knew or reasonably

should have known of a student’s needs at the time, the IEP it offered was reasonably calculated

to enable the specific student’s progress.” Z.B., 888 F.3d at 524. While this Court evaluates the

IEP when it was created, “evidence that post-dates the creation of an IEP” can be “relevant to . . .

whether the IEP was objectively reasonable at the time it was promulgated.” Id. (cleaned up).

       Pierre-Noel argues that without in-person support at home, K.N. cannot access his

curriculum or receive a meaningful education because of his complex medical needs. See Hr’g

Tr. at 50–51; see also Pl. MSJ at 40–42. And the school conceded that it knew this fact when it

drafted his IEP. See Hr’g Tr. at 54 (“There was never any dispute from Bridges that the student

required in-person support if he was going to be learning at home”). Indeed, in the

administrative proceedings, the school’s own witness testified that K.N. needs in-person support

when learning from home. See id.; see also AR at 1608 (school’s witness testifying that K.N.

needs to be moved into various positions for virtual learning). But the school maintains that the

14
   In due process hearings involving challenges to a child’s IEP, the party bringing the challenge
bear the initial burden of production to establish a prima facie case. See D.C. Code § 38-
2571.03(6)(A)(i). Here, that was Pierre-Noel. If she meets her burden, then the school “shall
hold the burden of persuasion on the appropriateness of the existing [IEP].” Id.; see also W.S. v.
District of Columbia, 502 F. Supp. 3d 102, 120–21 (D.D.C. 2020). Given the school’s
concessions at the motions hearing about an in-person aide, the Court will not delve into whether
the parties met these burdens before the hearing officer.

                                                30
broad language in the IEP—that the “team will develop a plan for continuation of services,” IEP

at 21—is appropriate because it afforded the school flexibility, see Hr’g Tr. at 56; see also

School MSJ at 20.

       The Court agrees with Pierre-Noel that the IEP should have included a provision for an

in-person aide given K.N.’s unique challenges when learning from home. While the IEP’s

language may have given the school flexibility, it did not adequately specify the special

education and related services that K.N. would require at home. Indeed, the record reflects that

Pierre-Noel first asked for an in-home aide at the July IEP meeting. See AR P-22 at 9:10–10:20.

And the school responded that they could discuss it if K.N. could not get to school in the fall.

See id. But the school knew that K.N. could not reach school because of the transportation issue

as early as July after the District’s inspector visited the apartment building.

       More, as all parties acknowledge, the school has been providing K.N. an in-person tutor

for three hours a day, five days a week, and a vision specialist every Wednesday for one hour

since mid-October. See HOD at 8; see also AR at 1603–04. The post-hoc provision of these

services suggests that the IEP was not reasonable at the time it was written. See Z.B., 888 F.3d at

524. Indeed, the school could have reconvened the IEP team much earlier to ensure that these

same backup services were in place by K.N.’s first day of school.

       For these reasons, the Court finds that the July IEP was inappropriate. It will grant

Pierre-Noel summary judgment on this claim and order the school to convene an IEP team to

amend the IEP’s language to include K.N.’s in-person services. Cf. Reid ex rel. Reid, 401 F.3d

516, 526 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (noting court may fashion an equitable remedy for denial of a FAPE);

see also Pl. MSJ at 42–43 (requesting this precise relief).

                                                  31
                                                 D.

       Pierre-Noel’s final argument is that the hearing officer should have found the school

liable for failing to provide a nurse in school as required by his IEP. The hearing officer’s

reasoning on this issue is terse. In sum, he found that the school did not have a nurse ready for

the first two weeks when K.N. was scheduled to return to school. See HOD at 12. But since

K.N. never reached school because of the transportation dispute, the officer found that he was

never denied a FAPE. See id.

       The Court agrees with this conclusion. The school has never disputed its obligation to

provide K.N. a nurse when he returns to school. See, e.g., School MSJ at 15–16 (“Bridges stands

ready to staff and onboard a nurse as soon as there is an agreement on when [K.N.] will return to

school in person”); Hr’g Tr. at 61. In fact, the record reflects that the school identified a nurse

before K.N.’s September start date, and tried to set up a time for Pierre-Noel to meet with her to

discuss logistics. See AR at 1568–69. After that nurse abruptly quit, the school found another

nurse who was able to start in short order. See id. at 1569. But none of this mattered because

from July 2022 onward, K.N. never made it to the bus to get to school.

        More, recall that K.N.’s July IEP is still in effect. It states: “The Dedicated Nurse Aide

will be removed from this IEP as K.N. attends virtually. The Dedicated Nurse Aide will be

added back to the IEP upon resuming school in person.” IEP at 21. Recognizing this, the

hearing officer ordered the school to have a nurse available to K.N. when he resumes in-person

instruction. See HOD at 22. While Pierre-Noel argues that the school materially deviated from

K.N.’s IEP and thus failed to provide him a FAPE, see Pl. MSJ at 38, the school has followed the

IEP to the letter as to the dedicated nurse aide, see School MSJ at 15–16. Cf. Johnson v. District

of Columbia, 962 F. Supp. 2d 263 (D.D.C. 2013) (failure to provide special education teacher

                                                 32
was not failure to implement IEP because the school will be able to provide one by the time

student needs it). And suggesting that the Court should order the school to provide an in-school

nurse when it knows K.N. cannot get there is preposterous.

       In any event, Pierre-Noel lacks standing to press this claim now. To sue in federal court,

a plaintiff must show that she has suffered an injury traceable to the challenged action of the

defendant, and that it is likely to be redressed by a favorable decision. See Spokeo v. Robbins,

136 S. Ct. 1540, 1547 (2016). To prove injury, Pierre-Noel must show that K.N. suffered an

“invasion of a legally protected interest that is concrete and particularized and actual or

imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical.” Id. at 1548.

       Because K.N. has not been attending school in person, he has suffered no injury from the

school’s failure to retain a nurse. More, his mother cannot prove that the school violated the

provisions of his IEP because, as explained, his IEP stated that the dedicated nurse would not be

provided in school while he learns from home. See IEP at 21. And as to redressability, the

hearing officer has already ordered the school to provide him a nurse when he returns. See HOD

at 22; see also Hr’g Tr. at 61 (the school confirmed that an order from this Court would have no

impact because Bridges knows they must have a nurse in place for K.N.’s return). Thus, because

Pierre-Noel has not proven any cognizable injury to K.N. that is redressable, the Court lacks

subject matter jurisdiction over this claim. Cf. Emery v. Roanoke City Sch. Bd., 432 F.3d 294,

299–300 (4th Cir. 2005) (finding that a student lacked standing to sue in IDEA case when he

suffered no financial loss for the school district’s failure to reimburse his schooling expenses). 15

15
   If K.N. is arguing that the school will fail to have a nurse in person when he is ready to return,
see Pl. MSJ at 39, this claim is not ripe because it “depends on future events that may never
come to pass,” Devia v. Nuclear Regul. Comm’n, 492 F.3d 421, 425 (D.C. Cir. 2007).

                                                 33
                                                 IV.

       For these reasons, the Court will grant the District’s motion because it finds that the

IDEA does not require it to carry K.N. to the bus. The Court will also grant Pierre-Noel’s

motion as to the inappropriate IEP claim, but will deny it in all other respects. 16 Finally, the

Court will grant the school’s motion as to the in-school nurse, but will deny it in all other

respects. A separate order will issue today.

                                                                               2023.04.06
                                                                               14:57:02 -04'00'
Dated: April 6, 2023                                   TREVOR N. McFADDEN, U.S.D.J.

16
   Pierre-Noel also seeks attorneys’ fees under the IDEA, which provides that the Court “may
award reasonable attorneys’ fees . . . to a prevailing party who is the parent of a child with a
disability.” 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(3)(B)(i)(I). While Pierre-Noel did not receive all the relief she
requested, she did prevail on her inappropriate IEP claim against the school. So she may be
entitled to recover reasonable fees. The parties must meet and confer, and if they cannot agree
on fees, Pierre-Noel may file a motion for fees within 45 days from the date of this opinion.

                                                 34
Attachment A
        Source or                                                                                                                 Classification/Descripti
Year                                                     Excerpt of Concordance Line
       Source Type                                                                                                                           on
                   time. But this was about 10 million fewer than Bossman Moses had projected. There had been
                   plenty of grumbles. The price tags were higher, for exhibitors and fairgoers alike, than anyone
                   seemed to have counted on, the queues for the most popular shows were almost unbearably long,
                   the transportation system seemed to have been devised by a committee of leprechauns, the so-
                   called Amusement Area was notably unamusing, and everything snapped shut at 10 p.m. - hardly
     Time Magazine an inducement to New Yorkers who had to work during the day. # A Porpoise on the House. So
1965 (Magazine)    this season was ushered in                                                                                     Transportation system

                      goes beyond the problem of preserving economic health in the face of diminishing energy and
                      other resources; it also relates to long-range tax and budget policies to avoid inflation. There is a
                      need for integrated programs to ensure that critical national goals are met in such areas as housing
                      and urban development, transportation, health, education, protection of the environment and to
                      provide full employment for the nation's continuously expanding labor force. The day-by-day
     News/New York    operation of private markets can not deal with all those objectives; all of them involve the
1975 Times (News)     participation of government through taxation, public expenditures, regulation, subsidies,                   Ambiguous
                      was " just unbelievable, " " People just do n't understand how it can take a letter two or three days
                      to get across town,' he said. " They have to realize that it's in transport,, on the streets, a good part
                      of the time, because transportation is so slow in New York. '' He also observed that mail
                      processing in New York was not " very up to date. " What has worried some mail users the most is
     News/New York    the issue of increasing rates. Magazine publishers, to take only one example, will have to absorb           Vehicular Travel (that
1971 Times (News)     an                                                                                                          transports mail)
                      no wider than a mile. The city would stop immediately at its mile width, at which point the country
                      would commence. This would allow any citizen with the ability to use his or her legs to walk from
                      the midst of the city into the midst of the country. Unexcelled transportation systems would be
                      put into use for the traversing of the city's length. An underground system traveling at the speed of       Vehicular Travel (high
                      two hundred miles an hour. An overhead system traveling at the rate of four hundred miles per               speed); Transportation
1966 Fiction          hour. Two very wide belts, much like conveyor belts, would stretch                                          system
                      the effectiveness of that industry in providing goods or services. It is a fair assessment of the
                      organization of the transit industry to say that it is geared to produce a service but most certainly
                      not to sell it . If we review the various organizational charts presented in the book Principles of
                      Urban Transportation' to see the organizational forms typifying different segments of the
                      industry, the lack of a marketing function is most disturbing. Seven organizational charts arc
     Academic/Non-    shown in Principles, song more or less idealized // and others taken from those used by actual              Industry of
1974 Fiction          operating companies at the time the book was written.                                                       Transportation
                      ised at the time they helped settle the New Year's strike' threat of 1964, and he said he hoped this
                      committee would get going within " weeks. " The proposed committee would be required to study
                      all public, passenger transportation in the, city and its relationship to oth er transportation and
                      to neigh-1 boring areas, aiming at a long-, term solution. One study, fon in-' stance, might be how
     News/New York    suburbs of the Boston metropolitan dis-, triet help pay for transit lines;) the authority here has          Transportation system
1965 Times (News)     already studied such problems as zone fares. Fare Stable Since                                              (fares to travel on)
                      items as health, education, legal assistance? and even babysitting services? is part of a bundle of ac
                      tivities necessary to help break people out of the ghetto cycle. Another factor often neglected has
                      been the cost of poor public transportation to poor people. The erosion of traffic from mass
                      transportation modes, often as a result of the highway policy of the federal and other levels of
                      government, has usually resulted in a substantial decline in the quality of service and a rise in the
     Academic/Non-    fares charged by public transit companies. The service decline as much as the fare boost is a               Transportation system
1974 Fiction          substantial                                                                                                 (fares to travel on)
                      looking for work. In New York City, the jobs and the workers could be brought together by a 20-
                      cent subway or bus ride, or a worker could probably find housing near his job. On Long Island ,
                      however, restrictive zoning by the towns and the lack of convenient low-cost mass transportation
                      have left many plants isolated from areas in Nassau County that have a surplus of labor. New York
                      City officials often point to these problems as some of the unanticipated hazards of moving a
     News/New York    business from the city to the suburbs. The most common reason given for moving is the need for              Vehicular Travel
1967 Times (News)     space                                                                                                       (subway, bus)
                      if in fact it were nothing but a show put on by a showman. Though it is nonsense to speak of Mr.
                      Quill as " simply carrying out the will of his membership " he is not and should not be treated as
                      the whole show. There are serious problems involved in low-cost transportation in this city. Once
                      this strike Is settled, the really serious problems should have priority attention. They should not, as     Industry of
     Letter/New       in the past, be filed away until the next crisis, DANIEL ALLEN New York, Jan. 7, 1966 The                   Transportation (strike
1966 York Times       writer was formerly associated with the American. Federation                                                against)

                                                                          1
                   has a high private standard of living. Nevertheless, our public living standard is low? witness the
                   standards of health, education, housing, mental care, transportation, to name a few, when it is
                   public health, public education, public housing, public mental care, or public transportation. The
                   issue? and the contrast is sharpened when one relates the standards of public services to our vast
     Academic/Non- national wealth and finds disturbing extremes. It is further sharpened today because the majority of Transportation system
1974 Fiction       the nation's population sides in urban places. In such close quarters and such                       (as public service)

                       sleet of cosmic radiation harmed no buildings, no tools or machines, no books, little, indeed,
                       except what was alive. Gazing into a viewscreen, where clouds parted briefly to show high towers
                       by a lake, Trevelyan said: '' Populous, which means they had efficient agriculture and
                       transportation, at least in their most advanced regions. I can identify railway lines and the traces
                       of roads. Early industrial, I'd guess, combustion engines, possible limited use of electricity.... But   Transportation system
1975 Fiction           they had more aesthetic sense, or something, than most cultures at that technological level              (railway lines, roads)
                        mass transit has it all over private transportation when it comes to effective utilization of space.
                       The successful functioning of the nation's very large cities, such as New York, Chicago, Boston, or
                       Philadelphia , where considerable demands are placed on travel arteries, cries out for means of
                       transportation possessing substantial capacity; mass transportation fits these needs. Moreover,
                       these are the cities which could not survive without rail rapid transit and commuter railway             Transportation system
     Academic/Non-     service. Table 2? 2 shows data for some selected cities and indicates the number of persons              (rail transit, commuter
1974 Fiction           entering downtown areas during an average day, and the                                                   railway service)
                       alone is no reason why it should be considered less relevant for today's problems, the conflict over
                       the Trade Center raises the question of relevance. I with fourteen others was a prochict of the
                       authority's recruiting program in 1960. Involvement With Rails In the mind of many trainees, the
                       transportation problem in New York, of which the railroads were and are such an important part,
                       should have presented the authority with its greatest opportunity and challenge. But we discovered
     Letter/New        that the organization entertained an almost neurotic fear of becoming entangled with railroad            Transportation system
1967 York Times        problems. We asked questions, but we were ignored                                                        (railroads)
                        demonstrably beyond the private capital resources of the railroad companies. " The solution, the
                       business group went on, " will require a single public agency or cooperating state agencies that
                       will plan and carry out complete modernization and rationalization of the lines. '' '' With Federal
                       aid tinder the 1964 Mass Transportation Act, '' the committee said, '' this program would provide
                       the region with a more satisfactory standard of service at manageable cost, and both private and
     News/New York     public costs would be far lower than any alternative. " At City Hall Mayor Wagner staked out a           Transportation system
1965 Times (News)      claim for tying the city's subway                                                                        (railroads)
                       probably less than time losses that could be attributed to' hangover'. " The Government has
                       invoked the Taft-Hartley injunction seven times in the last five years, and has gone beyond its
                       normal mediation efforts in 20 cases, according to the Labor Department. Fourteen of these cases
                       have involved the transportation industry, the department says., Most labor experts agree that!
                       the multitude of craft unions inl that industry, heightened by; swift technological change,' poses a
     News/New York     severe test for free col-1 lective bargaining. They foresee continued Government intervention in
1965 Times (News)      the field. One reason the labor movement has not                                                         Industry of transportation
                       Japan use public funds to help finance elections. Now Congress is escalating the battle over
                       whether the United States should do likewise. Campaign costs are so huge that some wealthy
                       people are charged with the ability to " buy '' elections. Radio, television, periodical, and similar
                       advertising, plus transportation, cost so much in a national presidential election campaign that
                       President Johnson now proposes the government subsidize these main costs. " Most congressmen
     News/Christian    seem to like the subsidy concept, " reports today's dispatch from Washington? if it can be worked
1967 Science Monitor   out. But there are hurdles, several of which                                                             Vehicular Travel

                   unified concept of mass transit for the metropolitan area. It is bad enough that a portion of the
                   present toll revenue should be siphoned off to subsidize mass transit: it will be crassly inequitable
                   if the ability to commandeer motorists' funds should increase these tolls. Moreover, a coordinated,
                   viable transportation system depends on the best utilization of all major elements in accordance
                   with their special abilities to move people and goods. To improve one mode of transport by
     News/New York discouraging the other through punitive financial levies. can only result in a deteriorated system.   Vehicular Travel (car,
1970 Times (News) No one questions the indispensable role played by the subways                                          subway)

                   basing much of its thinking on the past trends toward increasing use of the streetcar, could not
                   envision how the city would ever get along without the electric trolley. " Looking at the trends, it
                   simply could not be imagined that in the future the automobile would become the dominant means
                   of transportation in most cities. Perhaps the single family home and increasingly dispersed living
                   are the inevitable and inescapable trend of the foreseeable future. However, the rapid rise in the   Vehicular Travel
     Academic/Non- number of apartments being constructed in both urban and suburban areas indicates that many          (automobile, streetcar,
1974 Fiction       Americans are willing to put up with considerably more density                                       trolley)

                                                                         2
                       report. So you are really German? You know, the moment you came in, I said to myself, that
                       American officer is a German agent. I could sense it. One hour? Gut. Yes, The Templehoff Hotel,
                       tonight at 9:00. Danke. I'll arrange transportation from here from Colonel Klinkle. Klink! K-L-I...
                       No, it was really quite simple. I, uh, cut the fuel lines, the plane lost power, and then I directed
1971 Movie             them to a field that I'd previously selected. (laughs) The-The fools even consider me a              Vehicular Travel

                     to stay here.' " They're motivated. " General Greene is willing to talk about the Marines " way out "
                     future too. Several months ago a panel of Marine Corps officers turned in a year-long study of
                     what the corps should plan for the coming 20 years. High-speed air transportation concerned
                     them. The possible use of rockets to carry marine battalions to Africa or Asia in 45 minutes or less
     News/Christian is being seriously planned for the late 1970's. General Greene reminds you that the Marine Corps Vehicular Travel (rocket,
1966 Science Monitor developed amphibious landing in the 1930's and the use of helicopters for troops after World          helicopter)

                   where Rome is looking for leadership. " 729068 txt Letters to the Editor Letters to the Editor The
                   Poor Need Railroads To the Editor: It seems the height of hypocrisy for U. S. Transportation
                   Secretary John A. Volpe to herald the rescue of passenger train service through the newly formed
                   Rail Passenger Corporation, while he allows such major commuter rail facilities as the Jersey
     Letter/New    Central to go down the drain of bankruptcy and dissolution. Editorial Dec. 6. Meanwhile national
1970 York Times    studies and statistics highlight the acute crisis                                                          Agency/Entity (railroads)
                    its management, " which is considered excellent. " Indeed, Rothschild asserted, Copperweld
                   would prosper under Imetal. # Imetal is a holding company formed last November to manage
                   about 70 subsidiaries engaged in mining (nickel , lead, iron ore, zinc), metal processing, real
                   estate, transportation and other ventures which the Rothschilds own or hold an interest in. Last
                   year the group collectively posted after-tax income of $32.5 million on sales of $1.1 billion. The
     Time Magazine new firm's interests reach from Europe to the South Pacific, Africa and South America.
1975 (Magazine)    Copperweld would give it a sturdy beachhead                                                                Industry of transportation

                     morning, Mr. Phelps. Albert Zenbra, the supreme boss of the syndicate's Mediterranean branch,
                     which processes one-fourth of the world's illegal supply of heroin, is dying of cancer. Zenbra will
                     soon designate a successor to whom he will transfer a secret list of the opium farms,
                     transportation routes, carriers, and corrupt officials through which he operates. Your mission,
                     Jim, should you decide to accept it, is to obtain that secret list and prevent Zenbra from               Transportation system
1970 Movie           perpetuating his empire. As always, should you or any of your I'm Force be caught or killed, the         (route)
                     was to get you a birthday present. It's not my birthday. Birthdays aren't on the calendar. It's in the
                     heart. Colonel... it seems to me if the men are looking forward to it... I'd love to, Dr. Svenson, but
                     there's no transportation. We'll go in your car. It's too crowded. I wouldn't care. Then it's settled.
                     I'll get packed. Good! Hold it! Halt! Take it easy, Schultz. I'm just getting a drink of water. Don't
1967 Movie           be so jumpy                                                                                              Vehicular Travel (car)
                     the largest peacetime armada ever to be assembled in world history? have been carrying nine
                     million tons of American grain to India this year. The United States has moved -- and India
                     received, unloaded, and stored -- more than a million tons of food imports a month without
                     dislocating the Indian transportation and distribution system. In the words of Washington's
                     Secretary of Agriculture Orville L. Freeman, recently here on an inspection tour, the armada is part
     News/Christian of history's greatest war? the war against hunger? in which he finds India today is playing an
1966 Science Monitor aggressive role. This war is far                                                                         Transportation system
                     mobility are an economic and social cost burden upon the urban public. Action that can lessen
                     these costs will not only benefit urban dwellers, but all citizens who utilize goods and services
                     produced in urban areas? goods and services whose ultimate costs must reflect the various costs of
                     urban life, including transportation. Much of what follows is a discussion of the transit industry.      Industry of transportation
                     This is usually construed to mean those mass transportation firms and agencies that operate bus,         (firms operating buses,
     Academic/Non- rapid transit, street railway, and trolley bus services. The transit industry, as such, does not include   rapid transit, railways,
1974 Fiction         taxicab companies nor operators of                                                                       and trolley bus services)

                   that the four men, all closely associated with Fifth Avenue Coach, had misappropriated more than
                   $4.8-million from the company. Fifth Avenue Coach operated New York City's bus system until
                   the city acquired the bus lines in March, 1962, following condemnation proceedings. The company
                   currently operates the Westchester Street Transportation Company, which runs bus lines in                  Industry of
                   Westchester County, and the V.T.P. Metered Transportation Corporation, a limousine service. Mr.            Transportation (firm
     News/New York Cohn, a partner in the Manhattan law firm of Saxe, Bacon Bolan, came into national attention in            operating bus lines and
1968 Times (News) the early nineteen-fifties as the chief counsel for the late Senator Joseph R.                              limousine services)

                                                                         3
                   to whether anyone had really won any thing worthwhile. Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka warned
                   that the big pay raises could set off a vicious wage-price spiral that would boomerang against
                   consumers and threaten Japan's competitiveness in world markets . The workers themselves, who
                   had gone so far as to stage a two-day transportation strike to press their demands, concede
                   gloomily that most of their gains have already been wiped out by Japan's virulent inflation. Living         Industry of
     Time Magazine costs so far this year are running 21% ahead of 1973. # Says a young accountant for a large cement          Transportation (strike
1974 (Magazine)    company: " The big pay raise does                                                                           against)
                   Jenny! The window's wide open. (HOOTING) (GROWLING) (GROWLING) (GROWLING)
                   (GROWLING) (ANIMALGRUNTING) When I screamed, she bolted the cage. - I'm sorry, Marsh.
                   - You're leaving tomorrow, just as soon as I can arrange transportation. - But Marsh -- - But
                   Marsh nothing! - You promised, no more stunts! - It was n't a stunt! Then what would you call it?
                   Oh, Marsh, please listen. Before my father wrote Death of a Matador, he went into the ring at
1968 Movie         Barcelona                                                                                                   Vehicular Travel
                   between the sum which will be made available by the action of the Controller and the actual
                   budget shortage, without affecting direct services for children. " There will be no cuts in the
                   following areas: " 1 . Employment of day-today substitutes for absent teachers. '' 2. Issuance of
                   pupil transportation passes. '' 3. Personnel in community school districts and their elementary and
                   junior high schools. " 4. Personnel in high schools. " 5. After-school activities. " 6. Evening
     News/New York Academic/Non-Fiction high schools and evening trade schools. " 7. Adult education programs. " 8.            Transportation system
1971 Times (News) School                                                                                                       (pupil passes)

                   of housing units but providing a suitable infrastructure for an integrated, comprehensively
                   designed human city. This includes environmental services -- that is, shelter, water, drainage,
                   sewerage, refuse collection, and utilities; and social services -- that is, education, welfare, health,
                   employment, and transportation. What I'm saying is that it's easy enough to recognize the
     News/New York problems qualitatively, but it takes a good deal of work to analyze them quantitatively. " " We         Transportation system
1970 Times (News) have to remember to set our sights on things we have some hope of achieving, " Kutty says. " Until (public service)
                   for his old boss. # Nearly two years later, Butterfield is still being hunted down by hard core
                   Nixonians. Now head of the Federal Aviation Administration, which is under attack for neglecting
                   safety standards, he has been hampered by the undercutting and sandbagging of Nixon allies in the
                   Department of Transportation, the parent body of FAA. What is more, Butterfield has been
                   getting midnight phone calls from old associates who have berated him for coming clean about the
     Time Magazine White House tapes. One call came from Rose Mary Woods, the former President's longtime
1975 (Magazine)    secretary, who angrily assailed Butterfield as a                                                        Agency/Entity (planes)

                     as perhaps the largest part of that February hike in meat prices. Beef margins slim In the beef
                     industry, as mentioned, only about one-third of each dollar of steak you eat goes to the middleman.
                     And at each step of the beef process, costs (including labor, feeding, transportation, slaughtering,
                     machinery, rent, and taxes) are rising, while profit margins are extremely slim. For the farmer who       Industry of
     News/Christian raises the cattle in the first place there just is n't much profit at all. Overall farm expenses by        Transportation (beef
1972 Science Monitor February 14, 1972, according to the U.S. Agriculture Department                                           transporting)
                     fiscal year that has not yet been formally appropriated. There was no indication tonight just how
                     much delay or how much additional cost the $210 - million appropriation would create later on.
                     The new figure was known, however, to have been supported by both the Boeing Company and
                     the Department of Transportation as enough to forestall breaking up the team of scientists,
                     engineers and subcontractors that has been working on development of the 1800-mile-an-hour
                     airliner. The $210-million, It was reported, would mean some postponement of hardware
     News/New York procurement but would keep design and research work going essentially as before. The Senate and
1970 Times (News) House                                                                                                        Agency/Entity (airplane)
                     headed away from the compound. He must've decided to follow the herds. Sure, that's it. Lake Setu
                     is only a few miles from here. That's never dry. Let's hurry up and fix this thing in case we miss
                     him. He'll have water and transportation home. I'll use some tapes from the kit to bind the hose.
                     That's a good idea. I wonder why Jack did n't do that. I do n't see any first aid kit here, do you? No.
1966 Movie           [ROARS] I'll let Clarence out and give him some                                                           Ambiguous

                    the surface and gave it a top rating for skid resistance. # Liquid Latex Pavement. At Texas A. M.,
                   Research Engineer Douglas Bynum, 35, is testing his theory that the rubber in discarded tires
                   might give asphalt added flexibility and more resistance to cracking. Working in the university's
                   Transportation Institute, Bynum prepared samples of asphalt combined with ground-up rubber
                   obtained from old tires . Test results showed that the powdered rubber-used as a binding material-
     Time Magazine increases asphalt's overall cohesiveness so that it does not split when roadbeds shift slightly or
1970 (Magazine)    sink. Bynum's findings seem to be a natural outgrowth of experiments                                Agency/Entity (car tires)

                                                                         4
                   Integrate whom with whom? The refugees are Palestinian Arabs. The local populations are
                   Palestinian Arabs. Perhaps Mr. Forster means the integration of the Gaza refugees with their
                   fellow refugees in Amman. This " integration " the Israelis encouraged from the first days after the
                   June war by providing free one-way transportation to the Jordan River. On the West Bank, in at
                   least the cases of the three villages of Immaus, Yalu and Beit Nuba, the Israeli Government
     News/New York encouraged " integration " by evicting the approximately 8,000 residents and leveling the houses.
1970 Times (News) The frontiers Mr. Forster claims are open are so for                                                  Vehicular Travel

                   mass transit: it will be crassly inequitable if the ability to commandeer motorists' funds should
                   increase these tolls. Moreover, a coordinated, viable transportation system depends on the best
                   utilization of all major elements in accordance with their special abilities to move people and
                   goods. To improve one mode of transportation by discouraging the other through punitive
                   financial levies. can only result in a deteriorated system. No one questions the indispensable role       Transportation system;
     News/New York played by the subways in New York, but they, literally can not begin to substitute for the motor          Vehicular Travel (car,
1970 Times (News) vehicle where lack of population density and land use pattern require the                                  subway)
                   system? Providing such service, regardless of whether it is through the entire system or by means
                   of special services, is likely to be highly expensive. This is evident in relation to the new rapid
                   transit system being constructed in the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area by the Washington
                   Metropolitan Area Transportation Authority (WMATA). Under the Highway Act, WMATA                          Transportation system
                   must provide access to all Washington Metro rapid transit stations for the handicapped and the            (rapid transit system);
     Academic/Non- aged. This means, for the most part, that elevators must be included in all rapid transit stations.       Agency/Entity
1974 Fiction       Under the provisions of the Highway Act,                                                                  (WMATA)

                   The principal unspoken reason for opposition was concern that organized transit labor would make
                   off with most of the subsidy by means of high wage demands. The second goal, the campaign for
                   which was launched in early 1972, was to split off some of the Highway Trust Fund money for
                   mass transportation purposes. The Nixon administration gave very strong support to this aim.
     Academic/Non- Both Secretary Volpe and, later, SecreThe // tary Brinegar spoke out on this issue at every               Transportation system
1974 Fiction       opportunity, as did the president.' 1' In the Congress the issue of the Trust Fund was a difficult one,   (rapid transit system)
                   PLACE: International Amphitheater, 42d and Halsted streets. ADMISSION: Adults, 31; children
                   12 and under, 50 cents. EXHIBITS: More than 450 individual cars and trucks, import models, and
                   experimental vehicles . Fifty displays devoted to accessories and allied equipment, plus special
                   institutional displays. TRANSPORTATION: The Amphitheater is minutes from Chicago's Loop
                   and easily accessible by car, bus, or taxi. Ample parking on west side of exhibition hall.
                   TELEVISION: An exclusive telecast of the auto show will be presented on WGN-TV Channel 9                  Vehicular Travel (car,
1967 News Chicago tomorrow from 5:30 to 7 p. m. BY JOHN                                                                      bus, taxi)
                    the period after the Second World War. Indeed, some observers noted that mass transit aid was the
                   fastest growing of all federal programs. The Highway Act of 1973 is certainly not a trumpet blast
                   announcing the arrival of the transit millenium, but it is an indication of strong support for mass
                   transportation improvement in the United States. Despite its deceptive title, it is not just a
                   highway act in the sense of providing passenger transportation by means of the private automobile;
     Academic/Non- it might better be dubbed a transportation act because of its broad nobility implications in both         Transportation system;
1974 Fiction       rural and urban areas. The act                                                                            Vehicular Travel (cars)
                   his mind, and the, vote was reversed today. Mr. Stafford said in an interview that he had initially
                   planned to vote against the pro Senator iZCZA;.: Zt: Wr, Vd posal but had decided to vote for it
                   after talking with John A. Volpe, the Secretary of Transportation. '' Overnight, on reflection, I
                   realized that my original view was right , " Mr. Stafford said, adding, " I come from a rural state,
     News/New York you know. " Mr. Volpe proposed last March opening up the trust fund and freeing some of the               Agency/Entity (mass
1972 Times (News) money for mass transit.                                                                                    transit)

                   have a strong suspicion that the railroad lobby is against such a common-sense safety measure for
                   fear of damaging the " image' of the safest form of travel. It's time that such nonsensical thinking is
                   put aside by government regulation. There is no valid reason to permit any form of public               Vehicular Travel
     News/New York transportation to continue operation without the use of safety belts. ARTHUR M. HORST                   (mandatory safety belts
1975 Times (News) Reading, Pa., Jan. 6, 1975 731716 txt Letters to the Editor pg. 188 Letters to' the Editor               on trains)

                   poverty or the ghettos; but mobility, along with such items as health, education, legal assistance?
                   and even babysitting services? is part of a bundle of ac tivities necessary to help break people out
                   of the ghetto cycle. Another factor often neglected has been the cost of poor public transportation
                   to poor people. The erosion of traffic from mass transportation modes, often as a result of the
     Academic/Non- highway policy of the federal and other levels of government, has usually resulted in a substantial Transportation system
1974 Fiction       decline in the quality of service and a rise in the fares charged by public transit companies. The   (rise in fares)

                                                                        5
                      Company, announced a stunning innovation. In an industry with adamantine resistance to change
                      and an aversion to punctuality, PIE proposed to guarantee on-time delivery in exchange for a 10
                      percent premium; if PIE was late, all freight charges would be refunded. Over the vigorous protest
                      of the Department of Transportation, the ICC ruled that this plan amounted to an offer of '' free ''
     Harpers          transportation and was illegal. Other agencies share the ICC's hostility to change. The FCC has Agency/Entity; Industry
     Magazine         stunted, perhaps irrevocably, the development of cable TV. The CAB labored long and mightily to of Transportation (freight
1975 (Magazine)       arrest the growth                                                                                    shipments)

                    Bill of Rights " to educate veterans were also enacted. At last, the nation is making the financial
                   investment in education that has so long been needed. Congress's excellent record is marred only
                   by its curious squabbling over funds for the modest Teacher Corps. Congress created a Cabinet-
                   level Department of Transportation, started a program of improved railroad passenger service in
                   the Boston-to-Washington corridor and expanded aid for mass transit. The. Maritime                   Agency/Entity;
     News/New York Administration was unwisely left out of the new department, no action was taken on the President's Transportation system
1966 Times (News) request for airway user charges, and much more needs to be done to                                    (railroad service)

                      One of the world's fastest passenger trains may be zipping thru the Illinois countryside within the
                      next two months, THE TRIBUNE learned yesterday . Officials from the Illinois Central railroad
                      said they are negotiating with the department of transportation to lease one of the super trains
                      which would be used on experimental runs between Chicago and Carbondale, a distance of 307
                      miles by rail. Paul H. Reistrup, vice president of passenger service for the I. C., said the railroad
1968 News Chicago     has been involved in discussions with the department of transportation for                               Agency/Entity (re: trains)
                      to history, provided a grace and satisfaction to kitchen utensils that is almost entirely lost in this
                      day of total massmanufacturing. | IRON AMENITIES, PLAIN AND FANCY From the beginning
                      of the Iron Age, man has depended on the blacksmith for his necessities of civilized life, his tools
                      and utensils and transportation. When life became a little easier because of iron, man turned to
                      his local smith for what may be termed the material amenities of living. These include the comfort
     Academic/Non-    and convenience of lighting appliances and the durable security of iron window grills, sturdy            Industry of transportation
1969 Fiction          gates, and unassailable fences. Working within                                                           (raw materials)
                       John Volpe, the Nixon administration has endorsed no-fault insurance in principle. But it has
                      urged Congress to leave it up to the states to choose whatever no-fault legislation they want -- if
                      any. Advocates of the coverage promptly accused the White House of burying the stronger support
                      of no-fault insurance that the Transportation Department once urged. These advocates contended
                      the administration is knuckling under to insurance industry demands that all insurance regulation
     News/Wall        remain fragmented among the 50 states. A month ago, Mr. Volpe expressed willingness to
     Street Journal   compromise and said he " would not object " to federal standards for state-level nofault programs
1971 (News)           provided they could                                                                                      Agency/Entity
                      can remove a part of the river's impact on the culture of the people living along its banks. The
                      introduction of air conditioning into tropical and subtropical regions allows for ways of life that
                      are not so heavily influenced by the local physical environment. The technological development
                      that makes possible rapid transportation exposes people to a variety of geographic environments.
                      For some favored persons, at least, the geographic setting may be altered to suit the mood: the
     Academic/Non-    Swiss Alps in the summer, the Riviera in the winter. The geographic environ ment of Miami,
1971 Fiction          Florida, or Boulder, Colorado,                                                                           Transportation System
                      red, yellow, rust -- or with large photo murals, in color or black and white, depicting scenes from
                      Mexico's past and present. So far, no litter, no ads, and no graffiti . A visit to the Metro is almost
                      mandatory for members of this city's Transportation Authority. They should see it and weep. And
                      imagine how astonished they'd he at the Metro's instant success as a place for Sunday family
                      outings -- an occurrence that even the Metro management was n't prepared for. It had gone in for         Agency/Entity;
1970 New Yorker       plenty of promotion, including free excursion rides                                                      Vehicular Travel (metro)
                      Republican Governor of Massachusetts, he was expected to pave over America when he became
                      Richard Nixon's Secretary of Transportation. Instead, Volpe has stopped highway projects that
                      would have thrust through park land and destroyed low-income housing and historic buildings.
                      Says he: '' We've got to provide a national transportation system with the least possible harm to
                      the environment. '' # This week, when Volpe presents the Highway Act of 1970 to the House
                      Public Works Committee, he plans to go even farther. He proposes to open the hitherto                    Agency/Entity;
     Time Magazine    untouchable-indeed, almost sacrosanct-Federal Highway Trust Fund to purposes other than                  Transportation system
1970 (Magazine)       building                                                                                                 (highways)
                      century clipper captain was charged a fee by the Navy for putting down Barbary pirates, " he said.
                      The man in direct charge of the nation's aviation-securitiy program, Benjamin 0. Davis Jr., offered
                      a cautious response to Mr. Browne's initiative. Mr. Davis, an Assistant Secretary of
                      Transportation. said he agreed with Mr. Browne's '' basic premise that the airline system is a           Agency/Entity (Assistant
     News/New York    national resource which we must preserve. " Noting that he had discussed the proposal with Mr.           Secretary of
1972 Times (News)     Browne, Mr. Davis said the ideas were " worth examining, " but added; " I do n't think                   Transportation)

                                                                        6
                       were told we would not have to bother with customs. Only diplomatic personnel are excepted. I've
                       never heard a thing so ridiculous... Wait. These gentlemen are to be passed immediately by order
                       of Minister of Information Massik. - Thank you. - Will you follow me, please? Your
                       transportation is outside. Come with us. The Marvellous Mr. Mechanico? Entertainers, Your
                       Excellency. Their names are Lambert and Lesser. According to their special-entry permits, they're
                       in the country on a theatrical tour. Special-entry permit? Who signed it? The minister of
1969 Movie             information himself, sir                                                                                    Vehicular Travel
                       of the last week, especially of the last 72 hours, have not allowed the President to focus on the
                       question of the conditional amnesty program, " John Hushen, deputy White House press secretary,
                       told reporters aboard Air Force One en route to Washington from a Ford speech before a?
                       transportation conference in Pittsburgh. '' He has not finished his considerations of just what he
                       plans to do. It is more complex than he thought initially and he wants to be personally involved in
                       the entire matter. "' THE ANNOUNCEMENT had been scheduled for Tuesday. A White House                        Industry of
1974 News Chicago      source said he                                                                                              Transportation
                       that is why you and you and you are riding with me! Am I right? Well? Whaddaya say? I say this:
                       I say, ladies and gentlemen, boys and girls, friends and enemies , - meet the future! - The future
                       what? The future mode of transportation for this western world. Now, I'm not gon na make a lot of
                       extravagant claims for this little machine. Sure, it'll change your whole life for the better, but that's
1969 Movie             all! What do you think you're doin'? You got the crowd together.                                            Vehicular Travel

                   whose tracks often parallel the Illinois Central's. # As the hiring of Boyd suggests, Johnson has not
                   hesitated to depart from the railroad's tradition of promoting from within. Boyd, the former
                   chairman of the Civil Aeronautics Board, was an able and dedicated administrator of the $6 billion-
                   a-year Transportation Department. But he was not too adept in dealing with Congress, and that
                   stymied his efforts to bring the Maritime Administration under the department's jurisdiction and to
     Time Magazine relieve overburdened airports. In Boyd, the Illinois Central may also be getting some trouble;
1969 (Magazine)    conflict-of-interest questions have been raised about the Department                                  Agency/Entity
                   it has a swimming pool. You wan na get wet with me? How can I can no to my boss? Passengers
                   on Flight 17 from New York City will arrive at Gate 35. Passengers arriving on TWA Flight
                   Number 11 may now claim their baggage in the street entrance. Round transportation from
                   downtown Los Angeles, Statler and Hilton Hotels is now boarding at TWA baggage-claim area.
                   I'm sorry. I'm always the last one out. They'll wait for us. Excuse me. Have you seen her? Have       Vehicular Travel
1972 Movie         you seen my new star? No, no, not                                                                     (airplane)

                   Only by cutting down on the number of seats could more comfortable seating be provided for the
                   passengers. It is possible that large articulated or doubledeck buses could maintain hitch seating
                   capacity yet offer greater comfort and room .'' // Admittedly, even at best a vehicle designed for the
                   mass transportation of many people must inevitably have a long way to go to match the aesthetic
     Academic/Non- desires of any one of them. If, on top of this, equipment is marred by its age, it is small wonder that
1974 Fiction       mass transport is viewed by much of the public as an inferior good.                                             Vehicular Travel (bus)
                   almost complete. Declining patronage and revenues in the face of rising costs meant that the
                   market for new buses was very small indeed after the spate of new equipment purchases for
                   renewal and replacement in the immediate postwar period . The transit holding companies began
                   to withdraw from the ownership and operation of mass transportation services and turn their
                   attention to greener pastures. One innovation that has grown increasingly popular in the transit
                   industry is the transit management company. Usually based on one of the former holding
     Academic/Non- companies, the management company will operate a transit property for a city at a fee. Often an                 Industry of
1974 Fiction       incentive clause                                                                                                Transportation
                   Colonel Min? " Colonel Min's gaze did not waver. Without a word, he nodded slightly. He sat up.
                   " Chaplain, I want you to see Lieutenant Cho before you leave. Would you go over your plans
                   once more with him? He will take care of your transportation. '' Chaplain Koh said, '' Yes. '' ''
                   Good luck in Seoul , Chaplain, " said Colonel Min. " We shall see each other again very soon. " He
1968 Fiction       stood up. I did not stir. He came toward me. I did not look up. He                                              Vehicular Travel

                       of the four unions involved in the dispute reached agreement on a new contract. Details of the
                       settlement were withheld pending ratification by locals' of -- the 180,000-member union, the
                       Brotherhood of Railway and - Airline Clerks . Two. smaller unions reached agreement Feb. 4. This
                       leaves only the United Transportation Union still without a settlement. UTU represents 90,000
                       workers. All-Night Session Today's settlement came about 5 a. Chicago time after an all-night
                       session with mediators from the Department of Labor. Labor Secretary James D. Hodgson made       Industry of
1971 News Chicago      this statement after the - settlement:, " The demonstrated ability to reach                      Transportation (strike)

                                                                           7
                     his face seemed to have lost some tightness, there was little' color in his face and not much sparkle
                     in his eyes. The other three members of the five-some were Murray W. " Dusty " Miller, executive'
                     secretary of the Teamsters Union: John W. Murphy, president of Gateway Transportation Co.,
                     who is a trustee of the Teamsters' pension funds; and Joseph ' rrertole, an international vice
                     president of the union. MOST OF the other players in the' three-day tournament, Nixon plannedto
                     play only Thursday are Teamster officials or persons who have close associations with its rich          Industry of
1975 News Chicago pension                                                                                                    Transportation (strike)
                     The idea was once advanced by James R. Hoffa of the Teamsters. Now it's being suggested again
                     in modified form by the Brotherhood of Railway Clerks (AFL-CIO). Its president, C. L. Dennis,
                     proposes a permanent conference of transportation unions? instead of one big union for all
                     transportation workers. He says other leaders '' share my enthusiasm for this. '' The initial plan is   Industry of
                     for regularly scheduled meetings to consider mutual problems in the sprawling, rolling                  Transportation (strike);
     News/Christian transportation industry. Trends... New increases in living costs have added to labor pressures for       Vehicular Travel
1967 Science Monitor higher wages. The government's Consumer Price                                                           (railway)

                       other transport operators to carry freight and passengers on a temporary basis. " The commission is
                       hopeful that a work stoppage will not develop, " ICC Chair man George M. Stafford said. " If,
                       however, it does occur then it must remain the role of the other modes of surface transportation
                       to fill the void as best they can. '' New, Additional Services The ICC issued an order under which
                       carriers such as trucking firms could establish " new or additional services to supplement             Vehicular Travel (surface
1970 News Chicago      temporarily the transportation facilities of the country. " Under the order, carriers would be given a transportation)

                     Forces beyond the control of even the most enlightened marketingoriented management have
                     brought on this decline in patronage. in all likelihood, the declines were deeper and came more
                     precipitously // because of the lack of true marketing effort. With a thorough marketing effort, one
                     would expect that demand for mass transportation should be increased as a result of consumer
                     needs being met by service that is useful and attractive. That is, transit becomes an increasingly
     Academic/Non- better alternative relative to other means of transport, or to staying home for those citizens having
1974 Fiction         no alternative means of mobility. Some Industry Background The present-day attitude                  Transportation system
                     budgetmaking time in Virginia, the Governor is expected to stand anxious watch until almost all
                     have been passed. Florida's tourist cup is spilling over. Tourists poured into the state in a record
                     flow in the winter season just ended. And the tide shows no sign now of ebbing.. All
                     transportation agencies serving the state say reservations for the summer ahead stand at record
                     highs. Some agencies are maintaining winter schedules or even adding to them. Motel construction
     News/Christian is booming. A Jacksonville firm recently announced plans to build 14 new motels and lease them
1966 Science Monitor to the StatlerHilton chain. The State Development Commission                                         Agency/Entity

                   had uncovered no evidence that Mr. Kugler had ever seen any of the pertinent memos or knew a
                   thing about an alleged bribe until a month before the indictments were handed up. The commission
                   established, however, that a copy of the memo written on Oct. 30, 1970, by Mr. Biederman to
                   Transportation Commissioner John C. Kohl, saying that Mr. Sherwin's interference '' could be
     News/New York considered as part of a conspiracy to violate bidding statutes, " was in a file in the office of Evan
1973 Times (News) W. Jahos, head of the Division of Criminal Justice and one of Mr. Kugler's top aides. Biederman Agency/Entity

                   in the Aleutians. And what did Lucy do? She went down to the corner and caught the crosstown
                   bus to school for her eight o'clock. Roy said he would drive her over if she wanted; now that she
                   was getting bigger he didn't like the idea of her taking public transportation, or walking around
                   on slippery streets. But she declined that first morning, and on those snowy mornings thereafter. It      Vehicular Travel (car,
                   was all right, she said, there was nothing to worry about, she preferred not to inconvenience him         bus); Transportation
1967 Fiction       by taking him away from his studying if that's what studying                                              system
                   beneficial effect on our standard of living. Americans now and in the future will have more " time
                   off " than any people have ever had since the advent of the Industrial Revolution. Labor-saving
                   devices, the shorter work week, the increased harnessing of productive energy, automation, better
                   and faster transportation, increased family purchasing power, more liberal working conditions,
                   longer vacations, and a higher standard of living among more people make the opportunity to
     Academic/Non- recreate a reality for most of us. One has only to remember that for many leisure time is "
1975 Fiction       consumption time. " It is during man                                                                      Transportation system
                   all unlikely in 1974.116 The authorizations under the 1973 Highway Act from which the various
                   sums for mass transportation as well as highway related purposes will be withdrawn are shown in
                   Table 1? 2:1 7 Table The new UMTA contract authority for fiscal years 1974 to 1976 is $3 billion.
                   The Department of Transportation appropriations bill for fiscal year 1974 included almost a
                   billion dollars for mass transportation. The breakdown is as follows: Capital Facilities grains, 8 8
                   Urban Mass Transportation $872,000,000; Technical Studies, $37,600,000; Research,
     Academic/Non- Development and Demonstrations, $68,950,000; Administrative Expense, $7,000,000; total,                   Transportation system;
1974 Fiction       $985,550,000.11 Just how                                                                                  Agency/Entity

                                                                         8
                     the weight of federal law behind certain offenses? such as possessing fire bombs or many common
                     components of home-made bombs, and making phony bombing threats. The differences arise in
                     approach. The Nixon administration's bills crack down hardest on violators. The maximum
                     penalties for false bomb threats and illegal interstate transportation of explosives -- now one year
                     in prison and/or a $1,000 fine -- would be increased by a factor of 5 for bomb threats and by a
     News/Christian factor of 10 for interstate transportation. If an explosion injured anyone, penalties could be               Industry of
1970 Science Monitor doubled. Most stringent of all, if a fatality resulted,                                                     Transportation
                     3 plan. He issued those instructions even tho public hearings already have been conducted on
                     Phase 3. Acknowledges the Need " I recognize the concept of an expressway to conveniently link
                     the North Side of Chicago and Cook County to the South Side has long been acknowledged as
                     necessary, both for expanded transportation thru mass transit Iines as well as for improved auto
                     and truck travel, '' Ogilvie said. " I also recognize that there is substantial federal funding available   Transportation System;
                     to us for this project, and that it will assist us in creating new jobs and further strengthening our       Vehicular Travel (car,
1972 News Chicago state's economic position in a                                                                                 truck)

                        am? This is a business deal. Not really, sergeant. Either you will tell us where the dynamite is or
                        we will kill you. I do n't care how many dynamite trucks have been stolen. You are to return to
                        headquarters at once! I will see that you have transportation back to your base. Yes, of course,
                        put him on. Yes , General Rashned. Oh, they're here. Gentlemen, one moment please. Yes, general.
1970 Movie              This is Major Marak. I agree, general, it is a direct affront to the government. Very               Vehicular Travel
                        nearby. Recent events raised some questions about this. Los Angeles went more than 40 miles
                        from its downtown center to select a 17,000-acre airport site in Palmdale, in dry, barren Antelope
                        Valley. The Sierra Club is now suing to invalidate F.A.A. approval of the site. New York's
                        Metropolitan Transportation Authority wants to' convert the, former Stewart Air Force Base,
                        more than 60 miles from Manhattan, Into a jetport. But community opposition has been stirred up,
                        rel suiting in the filing of a law, suit. Some conservationists in. Canada are opposing Montreal's
1971 News               proposed' new                                                                                       Agency/Entity (airport)

                   in United States milk and cream are seldom associated with foodborne illnesses under the present
                   conditions of milk production. The market milk produced in this country is, generally, of excellent
                   quality. This is due to elimination of disease from dairy herds, sanitary milk production,
                   pasteurization, and care in transportation and delivery to the consumer. The situation is not as
                   favorable in many other countries. CONTAMINANTS At the time milk leaves the udder of the                      Industry of
     Academic/Non- healthy cow it contains few bacteria; these stem from milk ducts and cistern. During the milking              Transportation (milk
1967 Fiction       process bacteria are usually added from various sources. In                                                   products)
                    were under way. At 120th Street, the police said, area residents went to the aid of riders emerging
                   from an emergency exit, offering them cold water, fruit and soft drinks. Many of the riders , after
                   reaching the street, expressed confusion over how to get home via surface transportation. Many
                   people crowded around policemen to ask directions, and at 96th Street a long line formed in front
                   of a Spanish-speaking patrolman. Pay telephones in bars, stores and shops along Lexington
     News/New York Avenue also drew lines of people eager to notify relatives of the delay. Others were eager to                 Vehicular Travel (surface
1969 Times (News) express,                                                                                                       transportation)
                   The " shifting " rationale is associated more with the quality of transit than anything else. In other
                   words, only transit service of quality approaching or surpassing the automobile would he effective
                   in at 90 // tracting patrons. The '' need '' argument is more closely related to provision of mass
                   transportation service for those without an alternative means of mobility. It is obvious that
                   bringing about any major improvements in miss transportation is a formidable task, given the
     Academic/Non- history of industry decline stretching back the better part of a half century. (() ne per ceptive
1974 Fiction       British writer summed up the United                                                                           Transportation system

                   may be its own reward. Nevertheless, it is indeed quite legitimate to question whether or not it is a
                   waste of time to attempt to resuscitate mass transport. The critic of the pro-mass transport position
                   can ask some sticky questions. Might time and resources be better spent on providing improved
                   private transportation through highway betterments or, perhaps, increasing the supply of parking in
                   downtown areas ? Perhaps the resources being allocated toward improving mass transportation                   Transportation System;
     Academic/Non- might be better spent on automotive safety programs, increasing expenditures for education,                   Vehicular Travel
1974 Fiction       improving mental health, aiding mentally retarded children, or a host of other worthy projects                (highways)
                   a petroleum emergency exists which threatens the broad security interests of the United States. " "
                   The Department of State, the Office of Emergency Planning and the Department of Defense
                   concur in this view, " he said . '' If the present shutdown continues for more than a few weeks a
                   critical transportation and supply problem will develop Which can not be solved by individual
                   efforts of oil companies. " Today's action is taken to prepare for that possibility. " He said that this
     News/New York would enable the United States to participate in joint programs with other governments, including
1967 Times (News) governments in the Organization of Economic                                                                    Transportation system

                                                                           9
                   court injunction and let them carpetbag south to Atlanta's new $18 million stadium, after next
                   month's All-Star Game. # The circumstances that lured all three groups toward Atlanta were, in a
                   way, the same that impelled Sherman. Atlanta is the hub of the South; it has fine transportation
                   (good roads, superb air service), and is an important center of population. Within a 200-mile radius
     Time Magazine live 10 million folks who yearn for major league sport. The closest baseball team of significance is      Vehicular Travel (roads,
1965 (Magazine)    the Cincinnati Reds, 450 miles away; the nearest pro football is in St. Louis                             airports)
                   money from the Highway Trust Fund earmarked for construction of Interstate Highway System
                   segments in large urban areas for an equal amount of general fund money for mass transit. In order
                   to accomplish this switch, the governor of a state and local government officials must make a joint
                   request to the secretary of transportation for approval of the deletion. The secretary can withdraw
                   his approval of a portion of the Interstate, if the segment is not to be replaced by a toll road in the   Agency/Entity;
     Academic/Non- same corridor or if the segment is not essential to the integrity of the over-all interstate system.      Vehicular Travel
1974 Fiction       Local officials may then                                                                                  (highway)
                   extent, there are more equal countervailing forces at work. As passage of the Highway Act of 1973
                   reveals, the situation has begun to change, though perhaps not as rapidly as one would like.
                   CHAPTER THREE Urban Mass Transportation: The Institutions The principal institutional actors
                   on the stage of mass transportation improvement are the mass transportation industry in the
                   United States and the Urban Mass Transportation Administration (UMTA) of the U.S. Department
                   of Transportation. A major role for the cities is the commitment to improvement of mass                   System of
     Academic/Non- transportation and the provision? in conjunction with UMTA and the local transit operating                Transportation;
1974 Fiction       agency?                                                                                                   Agency/Entity

                       their local battalions, where they will be taught African history and Swahili, and become judo
                       experts. Then they'll get their passports, and go to an independent African nation, and from there
                       into the resistance in places like Angola, South Rhodesia and South Africa. (He told me
                       transportation to Africa has been promised by a country he would not name.) The " army " also
     New Republic      will collect needed supplies for African resistance movements. It wants to register with Congress
1966 (Magazine)        as a lobby to push for a repatriation bill to give incentives to Negroes wanting to live in Africa. As Vehicular Travel

                   authority, in northern India. But Maharishi, once clear of the big hills, where he once projected that
                   it would take him two hundred years to bring TM to the entire world, has shown a lot of early foot
                   by moving the message to the West, thus profiting by modern transportation and communication.
                   Maharishi is swathed in robes, has the long hair and flowing beard of the traditional Indian Guru,
                   and seems to be most at home when sitting cross-legged on a throne of rose leaves or its
1975 Magazine      equivalent. But he is a crowd compeller, a veritable Billy Graham of the                                  System of Transportation
                   like a religious system are far less obvious. Second, the nonmaterial aspects of culture are likely to
                   be more fundamental to the people who adhere to that culture. The basic values of a culture are the
                   core around which other cultural elements are arranged. People can accept a new mode of
                   transportation without disturbing this central core, 30 but a competing system of values is much
                   more threatening to the total integration. Even with purely material technologies, however, people
     Academic/Non- tend to resist the adoption of new ways, and sociologists have been inter ested in some of the
1971 Fiction       factors that influence the rate                                                                           Vehicular Travel
                   455; TOOLONG " arguments? mass transportation does indeed have a place that can be justified
                   by cost analysis. The problem still remains whether or not people will use transit if it is provided.
                   Even more important than cost comparisons for the individual user of transport is whether or not
                   mass transportation is less costly than the private automobile to society as a whole in given
                   metropolitan areas. Objective measures are not available. Yet, in the larger urban areas at least,
     Academic/Non- there is a growing feeling that the automobile can not continue to be the dominant Vehicular              System of Transportation
1974 Fiction       Travel. Public officials not                                                                              (beyond cars)
                   Mr. Whitten voted against the conservationist position on several key issues in the last Congress.
                   He voted for funding the prototypes of the supersonic transport plane, for increasing logging in
                   national forests and against spending $1-billion extra to fight water pollution. Funding for the SST
                   will continue under the jurisdiction of the transportation subcommittee. A small group of liberals
                   on the Appropriations Committee contended that the '' logical " subcommittees to handle
                   environmental programs were the interior or public works panels. These liberals would not be
     News/New York quoted by name because they said they had been warned by Mr. Mahon and other senior                       Agency/Entity;
1971 Times (News) committee members, such                                                                                    Vehicular Travel (plane)
                   coal supplies are expected to hold out for about four hundred years. This means, first, that the
                   efficiency with which fuel is used, especially in transportation (which accounts for about 24
                   percent of our fuel consumption) will have to be improved. Secondly, it means that modes of
                   transportation dependent on petroleum products will need to be displaced by those that can use            Industry of
     Harpers       coal . On both scores it is obvious that railroads will need to recapture a large part of the freight     Transportation (fuel for);
     Magazine      and passenger traffic lost to trucks, automobiles, and airplanes. The advantages in fuel efficiency       Vehicular Travel
1973 (Magazine)    are considerable: as                                                                                      (railroad)

                                                                        10
                   the war in Vietnam, " the President said. He continued: " The evidence has been quite clear, we
                   think, that the strikes! were made against major military staging areas. And that the lines of
                   communication where the enemy has been concentrating his supplies and troops, and the
                   transportation routes and bridge, -; over which those troops have been moved against our men,
     News/New York have been hit. " We think that these targets are directly related to the enemy's capacity to move ma- Vehicular Travel (route
1967 Times (News) terial into South Vietnam to kill American boys. " President Johnson was asked today why,              and bridge)

                   to prove a pet conclusion, hecause they are so difficult to grapple with.' Perhaps the most intensive
                   and complete attempt to determine the comparative cost per passenger (not the fare paid by the
                   passenger, but the cost per passenger of providing the service) of the various modes of urban
                   transportation is the analysis undertaken by Meyer, Kain, and Wohl.3f (To sum up the results of
     Academic/Non- their work in a paragraph or two is an unavoidable injustice; the book should be carefully read by
1974 Fiction       persons interested in urban transport.) For the line-haul portion of the trip, calculated on a        Vehicular Travel (urban)
                   Island are almost as densely populated as New York City. With 501,000 licensed motorists among
                   its 770,000 inhabitants, the island is rapidly becoming a little Los Angeles-complete with
                   photochemical smog. In an effort to stop the increasing pollution, Governor John A. Burns has
                   signed into law a bill that creates a transportation control commission empowered to recommend
                   limits on the number of cars in the state. # The law is expected to be challenged in the courts. But
     Time Magazine State Senator Nadao Yoshinaga, who drafted the bill, argues: " I am banking on the principle that Entity/Agency (oversight
1972 (Magazine)    the state has the right to use                                                                        over cars)

                       he reached into the pile of money, methodically counting out five hundred dollars twice, and
                       pushed it to them. " Here, it's off the top. You can call it expense money, I don't care what, just so
                       long as you use it to set up your transportation and have enough left over to pay any tabs, like
                       hotels, or anybody holding chits on you. No sense in tryin' to skip out, still owin' somebody, where
1970 Fiction           they're goin' to remember and talk about you. Pay your bills tomorrow so when you get your             Vehicular Travel

                   and Philadelphia and more than one-third of all the passenger trains in the U.S., offers no hope of
                   improvement without Government help. " To reverse the deterioration of passenger service, " he
                   says, " we must have substantial assistance. '' # Real Estate Riches. Last week the Department of
                   Transportation proposed a Comsat-type public corporation called Railpax, which would take
                   over commuter and other passenger trains. But there is considerable doubt whether the
     Time Magazine Administration will endorse the Government subsidies that Railpax needs. # Penn Central
1970 (Magazine)    executives contend that their line lost $73 million on passengers in the first nine months of 1969       Entity/Agency (trains)

                   the rest for establishing bus transit, fringe parking, automated roadways, and the like. That kind of
                   money can only come from the U.S. Government? and justifiably so, since an efficient
                   transportation system is vital to an efficient economy. But to quote the nation's first Secretary of     Transportation System;
                   Transportation Alan Boyd again: '' Congress appropriated only $175 million for mass transit for          Vehicular Travel (buses,
     Academic/Non- 50 states. At best one city, after a couple of years of haggling, might get $900,000. Now what the       mass transit);
1974 Fiction       hell good is that going to do against $1 billion available for highway projects? " 62 For                Agency/Entity

                   over private transportation when it comes to effective utilization of space. The successful
                   functioning of the nation's very large cities, such as New York, Chicago, Boston, or Philadelphia,
                   where considerable demands are placed on travel arteries, cries out for means of transportation
                   possessing substantial capacity; mass transportation fits these needs. Moreover, these are the
                   cities which could not survive without rail rapid transit and commuter railway service. Table 2? 2       Transportation System;
     Academic/Non- shows data for some selected cities and indicates the number of persons entering downtown areas          Vehicular Travel (rapid
1974 Fiction       during an average day, and the type of transport mode for peak-hour                                      rail, commuter railway)

                   $70 million for the subsequent three years. STAFFORD. a member of the USRA board as well as
                   ICC chairman, urged the board to reconsider the earlier rejection. He said the loan would be far
                   less expensive to the federal treasury than if the ICC were forced -- as the Department of
                   Transportation advocates -- to require other railroads to take over Rock Island service, using the
                   road's track, equipment, andmanpower. MITROS said in Chicago the Rock Island " obviously
1975 News Chicago expected to get the loan. " It's kind of futile to talk about it, but in my - view nur                Agency/Entity (railroads)
                   cut off Independence Hall and other histoHe treasures from the river and a planned Penn's Landing
                   for historic and cruise ships. They won. The plan now is to put the superhighway underground past
                   Society Hill, at a cost of $60-million a mile. Prof. Anthony R. Tomazinis, director of the
                   transportation studies center at the University of Pennsylvania, said in an interview that '' one of
                   the major improvements in the field of transportation in the last 10 years " was the requirement of
     News/New York the 1968 Highway Act that more attention be paid to social and environmental considerations in
1970 Times (News) planning expressways. " This is                                                                       Agency/Entity

                                                                        11
                   features a national survey on the cost of 50 leading prescription drugs, revealing manufacturers'
                   markups and wide price variations from place to place. A story on working wives concludes that
                   most of the additional earned family income is actually eaten up by such new expenses as child
                   care, extra clothes, transportation and lunches out. '' How the Chairman of Merrill Lynch Invests
                   '' shows that he got rich, but not by following the advice that Merrill Lynch gives its odd-lot
     Time Magazine clients. # Other articles deal with real estate syndicates, borrowing power and car insurance.
1972 (Magazine)    Regular features include " One Family's                                                            Vehicular Travel
                    intelligent. Telepath's suit lost considerable pressure. We reached the ship in time to save him.
                   Good. We will need him later. - What is this? - Perhaps a personal rocket motor. One could place
                   one's foot on the pedals and balance. It appears to be transportation, not a weapon. - Nice try. -
                   I'm slowing down. I used to run the 100 in record time. - How long was I out? Did I miss much? - Vehicular Travel
1973 Movie         Not much. A lot of good they'll get out of that rocket setting. We                                 (personal rocket motor)

                    with 90,000 employes, will rank fourth in size among the 12 Cabinet-level departments. With the
                   authority to spend about $5.5-billion a year, it will rank fifth in annual expenditures. President
                   Johnson had proposed that the Maritime Administration's functions, now in the Department of
                   Commerce, be transferred to the Transportation Department. However, he was defeated on this in
                   the House under the pressure of shippers and the shipping unions. Meany Opposes Transfer One of
     News/New York the principal. opponents of the transfer of the Maritime Administration to the new department was
1966 Times (News) George Meany, president of the American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial                  Agency/Entity (ships)

                   been through the mill and knows the kind of people we're fighting. But we do n't send men like
                   Chip and Tommy to places like Puerto Santos. " " Well, let's hope for the best . I sometimes think
                   that is what I get paid for doing. You got transportation, Worth? '' '' They called me a White
                   House car. I've got to get this stuff off to Pethwick. Some of my boys are standing by. " " You ca
1968 Fiction       n't telephone Flores? " " Lord, no. Martinez has all the overseas lines passing through the            Vehicular Travel (car)
                   of the private automobile are beginning to outweigh its benefits. Much of the thinking at the Urban
                   Mass Transportation Administration reflects this posilio, n. "' // The Case Against Mass Transit A
                   fairly strong case against mass transit can be made on a number of grounds. Many persons contend
                   that mass transportation is unattractive, inflexible, too expensive, and utterly incapable of handling
                   the kind of spread-out population that is now common in United States urban areas. One of the
     Academic/Non- best summaries of the skeptical position on mass transportation is found in a paper by James M.        Agency/Entity (private
1974 Fiction       Hunnicutt, Jr., the Chief of                                                                           automobile)

                       best solution. In fact, at one point an Interior task force concluded that, even if only oil production
                       were involved, the Mackenzie River route through Canada was environmentally safer than the
                       Valdez project since it would have fewer of the seismic problems of the Alaskan route and would
                       involve no marine transportation. The final Interior statement carried no such recommendation;
     Harpers           according to Richard Nehring's testimony before the Proxmire committee, it had been deleted by
     Magazine          the Department. Interior Secretary Rogers C. B. Morton testified that the Department had been             Vehicular Travel
1972 (Magazine)        forced to amend the draft report because the staff analysis of the Canadian alternative                   (marine)
                        I think, one that the Democratic left? and the Democratic party? Must ponder well. The clear
                       policy implication is that the nation must begin to move in the direction of socializing some crucial
                       investment decisions? for instance, taking over the entire rail system within the framework of a
                       national transportation plan and creating a TVA-type corporation to develop new energy
                       technologies for public use, rather than private profit. Afew important points should be clear, First:
     New Republic      America did riot " throw money " at problems in the' 60s. Chiefly, it purchased an increment in           Transportation System
1975 (Magazine)        decency? not enough,                                                                                      (rail system)

                   power over the country's economy. Jackson's election in 1828 was in fact one of the turning points
                   of the century, for it represented the coming of age of government by all the people. America was
                   coming of age in other areas too, and one of the most important was transportation. The first
                   American steam locomotive began a regular run in South Carolina in 183o , and in 339 // 1838 the              Vehicular Travel (steam
     Academic/Non- first steamship from England to America arrived in New York. From about 1833 to 1858 the                      locomotive, steamship,
1972 Fiction       clipper ships, those beautiful vessels that seemed to fly across the water, were an                           clipper ship)
                   The Highway Act of 1973 is certainly not a trumpet blast announcing the arrival of the transit
                   millenium, but it is an indication of strong support for mass transportation improvement in the
                   United States. Despite its deceptive title, it is not just a highway act in the sense of providing
                   passenger transportation by means of the private automobile; it might better be dubbed a
                   transportation act because of its broad nobility implications in both rural and urban areas. The act
     Academic/Non- also gives the local levels of government much more of a say to determining what sort of
1974 Fiction       transportation system they really wish // to have                                                             Transportation System

                                                                         12
                    tems, because the financial difficulties of mass transit can not be solved by piecemeal improvising
                    or other than broadly, based public financing. Doubling Triborough and Port Authority Bridge
                    tolls and tolling the East River and Harlem River bridges to discourage automobile use is not a
                    way out of the city's transportation difficulties. Such an approach can only defeat the objective of
                    improved transportation for all citizens. GILBERT B. PHILLIPS President, Automobile Club of
     Letter/New     New York New York, May 15, 1970? Welfare Plan Scored To the Editor: Taxes are going to                   Transportation System
1970 York Times     skyrocket unless something is done quickly. The Nixon                                                    (financing for)
                    country are not trying to help themselves or the nation. Our current problems stem from
                    Government controls starting in 1954, The Fed vs. the City To the Editor: Federal Reserve
                    Chairman Arthur Burns has determined that finances of the nation's largest city are not as
                    important as the nation's largest transportation company (Penn Central) or a medium-sized bank
                    that was a member of the Federal Reserve (Franklin National Bank). The Federal Reserve will not
     Letter/New     (1) provide funds by buying city or Big Mac bonds; (2) pressure private banks to purchase such           Industry of
1975 York Times     securities or guarantee the city                                                                         Transportation
                    but inevitably at an inflationary cost. Within 24 hours after the wage settlement was announced,
                    most of the big steel producers posted a price hike. After 18 disruptive days, the nationwide rail
                    strike was brought to an end. Though many featherbedding work rules were finally eliminated, the
                    United Transportation Union extracted a 42% pay increase spread out over 42 months. # The
                    President brought joy to Burbank, Calif., home of Lockheed Aircraft Corp., when the Senate by a          Industry of
     Time Magazine vote of 49-48 approved an Administration-backed $250 million federal loan to the ailing company.          Transportation (strike
1971 (Magazine)     That saved an estimated 60,000 jobs in                                                                   against rail company)
                    Collis' rendezvous plan. He'll find out Hansen blew it and send that pack down before I get Chung
                    out to sea. Listen carefully. Tomorrow morning, get over to Suisun Bay where the Mothball Fleet
                    is anchored. Line G, Queen Victory. And wait. I'll have transportation for you around 12 noon.
                    All right. 12 o'clock. And Mike? Yeah? I want you to know I'll get Collis, and when I've nailed
                    him, his job is yours. District supervisor. How does that sound? What have you got there? An
1975 Movie          upper                                                                                                    Vehicular Travel (boat)
                    , " the fleet manager confesses. " It's pretty hard to convince people they should hold the line on
                    wages and make more effort to cut down production costs when every supervisor, foreman and
                    messenger is driving a car that looks a lot bigger and nicer than what he needs for basic
     News/Wall      transportation. '' 725058 txt The dramatis personae of two major 1966 American political
     Street Journal productions are already beginning to gather? in California and Texas. Washington is watching
1965 (News)         both. In California, former San                                                                          Vehicular Travel (car)

                   is the provision for and by the workers of wholesome leisure interests linked in one way or another
                   to their place of employment. The term does not apply only to large industries or manufacturing
                   plants. It applies equally to nonindustrial firms such as banks, insurance companies, department
                   stores, utilities, transportation lines, service firms, and other business organizations. Many of
                   these firms have well-organized recreation programs, sponsor camps, have teams in sports leagues,
     Academic/Non- stage dramatic productions, promote bands and choruses, and serve other recreation interests of     Industry of
1975 Fiction       employees. Technology has brought with it many problems that call for                               Transportation

                   latest boost in 1970. Will Aid Finances Spokesmen for the three roads said the grants will provide
                   emergency financial assistance to aid in the payment of principal and interest on their long-term
                   debts incurred in buying mass transportation eoulnment and facilities. Ogilvie said the grants win
                   be made from a $200 million mass transportation bond issue approved by the state legislature last         Industry of
                   year with bipartisan support. Ogilvie said the grants will " not only help to stabilize fares and avert   Transportation;
                   future increases, but will assist in improving what is generally considered to be the world's finest      Transportation System
1972 News Chicago commuter system. " The service these railroads provide is                                                  (roads)
                   For Ducasse, language is an intentional, external expression of an inner psychic state. Art, like the
                   language of feeling, is essentially expression.49 Here, Ducasse cited | Abercrombie's remark that "
                   the essence of artistic activity is communication '' and juxtaposed the following quotation in
                   rebuttal: '' That transportation of certain acids can be effected only in stoneware carboys is a fact;
                   that stoneware is very convenient for this purpose is possible; but it is nonetheless true that           Broad meaning -
     Academic/Non- stoneware is not thus defined. " J0 Ducasse found that both Veron and Tolstoi used the term "             movement of thing
1973 Fiction       expression " ambiguously. Tolstoi                                                                         through another
                   To be sure, Nixon did not rule out all busing. About 40% of U.S. schoolchildren would continue
                   riding the ubiquitous yellow machines, most for reasons of distance, not race. Thus a city like
                   Boston, which sends 85% of its students to high school by bus or public transportation and
                   maintains de facto school segregation (TIME, April 3), probably could integrate with no increase
                   in busing-not that it wants to. Small towns where all children walk to school could balance schools
     Time Magazine racially by following the example of Westfield, N.J., which integrated its schools simply by
1972 (Magazine)    reassigning blacks                                                                                        Vehicular Travel (bus)

                                                                        13
                     For the retailer only about 495 pounds of edible beef are left after trimming, which means about 79
                     cents a pound wholesale cost for the retailer. Between the wholesale price and the sale price --
                     running around $1.15 a pound for beef for February, 1972? there are soaring labor,
                     transportation, and marketing costs. William Mitchell, president of Safeway Stores, Inc., argues
                     that supermarkets operate on a " hairline margin " between profit and loss and that the industry has Industry of
     News/Christian an average net profit of about 0.9 percent on sales. U.S. action awaited For its part the Price       Transportation (shipping
1972 Science Monitor Commission?                                                                                          beef)

                   from the Red Army's main political directorate. And from the Soviet Union's arsenals, munitions
                   and equipment were delivered in quantities sufficient for a major offensive. In accordance with the
                   needs of grand strategy, not only were the people's democracies' military machines put in motion
                   but also their transportation, communications, industrial and agricultural systems were ''
                   mobilized. '' And, of course, the-mills of psychological warfare had been grinding ever since Tito's
     News/New York expulsion from the Corninform in 1948. The scope of these preparations were so immense that,
1970 Times (News) Dedijer's beliefs to the contrary, they could not                                                     Transportation System

                   and they certainly had not accomplished it. All they had to show for their efforts was a dead female
                   fellow conspirator, accidentally killed by her own hand grenade at the start of the skyjacking and
                   an obliterated $29 million airplane. '' It was the most hopelessly baffling case, '' said Japanese
                   Transportation Minister Torasaburo Shintani, who was ready to offer as much as $5,000,000 in
     Time Magazine ransom . " From start to finish we never knew what they wanted. Money we were prepared to pay
1973 (Magazine)    and political asylum too. We're still in the dark. " # The 22-member crew and the 118 passengers Agency/Entity (airplane)

                        covered for damage caused by explosions, earthquake, windstorm, hail, and falling objects.
                        Comprehensive also protects you if your car is stolen. Your company will pay you $10 a day, for
                        30 days, for loss of your auto's use. You have to provide the company with transportation
                        receipts to collect this, though. If your car is damaged while it is stolen, the damages will be paid
                        by your comprehensive coverage. Suppose your car is stolen in Boston and is found abandoned in
1968 Magazine           Los Angeles. Your company will pay your way out to Continued AUGUST 1968 103 |                        Vehicular Travel (car)

                     the Windward Channel to cruise the Inagnas, Grand Bank and the Silver Shoals, all really virgin
                     territory. It would Inn? the biggest charter thing on this island. Bonham would put in his two small
                     boats , all his gear, his building, his Ihig compressors (the purchase and transportation of which
                     was his biggest single investment, worth almost as much as the cutter ), and last but not least his
                     knowhow, the good will he had accrued here, and his already growing business. hrankie Orloffski
1967   Fiction       would put in his Bermuda cutter, and a minimum of $ti, 000                                              Vehicular Travel (boat)
                     the Editor: You are to be commended for your strong stand -- your Nov. 18 editorial? on the
                     church-state issue regarding public and parochial schools, When are people of this nation going to
                     wake up? It was 1949 when Cardinal Spellman said that all the Roman Catholic Church wanted
                     was bus transportation and auxiliary services such as health and lunch benefits. According to
                     Section 3 of the recent Vatican's Declaration on Christian Education, and Sections 5 and 6 of
       Letter/New    Declaration on Religious Freedom, the Roman Catholic Church wants full aid for its parochial
1966   York Times    school system and special benefits and special favor given to                                           Vehicular Travel (bus)
                     present proposal submitted by the Railroad Association, service to the public is subordinate to the
                     primary objective of creating a profitable system in private hands. This is a major distortion of the
                     proper governmental function and will, if carried out, result in a massive outlay of public treasure
                     without securing sound transportation service in the region. Presently unprofitable service to
                     areas of the Northeast must? be main, tained, if at all, by various state and local agencies. It is
       News/New York unjust to the taxpayer that he must now assume the burden of operating unprofitable lines without       Transportation System
1975   Times (News) being able to offset at least                                                                            (railroads)
                     I ca n't stop to talk now, Schultz-- I'm busy. I have to take the prisoner to Stalag 18 right away.
                     What's the rush? I'll tell you what's the rush. Commandant Klink thinks he's already there. What
                     are you planning on using for transportation, Schultz? The truck isn't working. Yeah, but the
                     motorcycle is . Motorcycle? Sorry, Colonel. I'm glad. First, I have to see that he has no matches.      Vehicular Travel (truck,
1966   Movie         It's terrible to be so suspicious, Schultz. What difference does an hour make?                          motorcycle)
                     cost involved, but how much is it and how can it be assessed? Diesel-powered buses and trucks do
                     not emit the same poisonous vapors, but they do produce considerable smoke and a harmless but
                     unpleasant stench; how is the cost of smoke and smell to be figured? Public means of
                     transportation are considerably safer? in terms of accidents, injuries, and fatalities? than is the
                     private automobile, but most comparative calculations ignore a cost factor that hinges on the
       Academic/Non- dubious calculus of placing a monetary evaluation on life itself. New highways are often partially      Vehicular Travel (car,
1974   Fiction       justified on the basis of the improvements                                                              bus, truck)

                                                                         14
                   on the railroad's request fur a temporary injunction this morning. I. C. Makes Offer In meetings
                   yesterday morning and last night, the railroad offered to settle the dispute over the size of train
                   crews by " adding to present train crews close to half of the extra men demanded by the United
                   Transportation union, '' according to Earl Oliver. I. C. vice I president for personnel . There was     Industry of
                   no public response from the union, but it was learned from sources at the meetings that new offers      Transportation (strike
1969 News Chicago were made by both sides. The UTU is demanding extra 1 1 helpers for work in yard                         against railraod)
                   s Daniel Evans, one of the most dynamic of the young Republican Governors, observed, in a mid-
                   term address to the legislature, that his state now faces the explosive growth that California has
                   experienced. He asked for more and better state and local planning as well as for a department of
                   transportation and an environmental quality commission to make sure that the state does not
                   suffer from sprawl and smog. Love proposed similar action for Colorado, gloomily noting that the
     Time Magazine present " evidence is that we are in the process of destroying much of our natural environment,
1967 (Magazine)    busily engaged in building cities that are                                                              Agency/Entity
                   the composite effects of modern civilization. The state is busily engaged in promoting the public
                   well-being. The promotion of education, the protection of health, the acceptance of responsibilities
                   for the socially pathologic through modern social work techniques, the improvement of living and
                   working conditions, the expansion of communication and transportation are a concern of the
                   modern state. The states are beginning to accept their responsibility with regard to recreation as a
                   major and basic service. Under our early philosophy of government, responsibility for education
     Academic/Non- and health was left largely to the individual and to voluntary philanthropic organizations. Today,
1975 Fiction       government at                                                                                           Transportation system
                   town.' " But I call it home. " It's one town that wo n't let you down. It's my kind of town, Chicago
                   is. " He should have written " One more time '' at the end of it. You should have read his essay on
                   transportation. It started with, '' I'll be down to get ya in a taxi, honey. " Honey, Bob, would you
                   read this one? " What Chicago Means to Me' by Richard Lewis. " Chicago, a Midwestern
1974 Movie         megalopolis... " where urban and agrarian lifestyles co-mingle                                          Vehicular Travel (taxi)
                   the National Transportation safety Board investigate air disasters. " One laboratory doesn't like to
                   be; critical of another, but one way to avoid such confusion in the future is to make sure that blood
                   and tissue sam; pies arc sent to two laboratories, '' he said. The National Transportation Safety',
                   Board now is completing its investigation of the Midway crash, which occurred on a foggy
                   afternoon when the? ilane's pilot apparently was attempting So abort a landing approach to
                   Midway' because another plane was in front of iim.: Board investigators have determined.. s6 far
1973 News Chicago that                                                                                                     Agency/Entity (plane)
                   certainly not private vehicles as far as their patrons are concerned, but not being entirely public
                   either, have apparently been consigned to a kind of yellow-hued limbo. Taxis are excluded from
                   the aid provided by the Urban Mass Transportation Administration and, as noted above, are
                   pretty much ignored in urban transportation planning and in the hearts and minds of those involved
                   in other segments of the mass transportation industry. For the sake of this work, the taxi will be
     Academic/Non- included in the discussion of the transportation modes that deliver a service to the public. An         Agency/Entity;
1974 Fiction       Overview of the Transit Industry Chapter 1 gave                                                         Vehicular Travel (taxis)
                   to Washington, D. C., and flying at 19,000 feet at the time. " They came up from our right rear and
                   it was like -- zap -- and we hit their wake turbulence, " said the governor's pilot. Ralph Monaghan,
                   a former Navy flyer who is in the transportation section of the state Department of Aeronautics. ''
                   I called up the Indianapolis center which was controling our instrument flight and asked if we still
                   were under radar observation. " Monaghan said. " They said we were. I asked if they had noted the
1971 News Chicago converging tracks of our turbo-prop plane and                                                            Agency/Entity (planes)

                   multitude out here. But no matter, William. Come along. Let us tread the friendly paths of Earth
                   and see what we can see. All right. But I think you two better stay within range of the ship. Both of
                   you. Well, we don't have any transportation, Mom. And you know how Dr. Smith is about                   Ambiguous -- seems to
                   walking. Fiddle-dee-fie , William. Come along. Well, shall we go see for ourselves? I can see a         say transportation
1967 Movie         sort of gate over there and a shack. Maybe there's someone there. All right. Let's go                   excludes walking
                   and guide out those wandering in the tunnels.? Mayor. Lindsay spent about 90 minutes
                   conferringwith police and fire officials at various points along the line and observing the anger and
                   frustration of the emerging riders. Later ? he sent a letter to Dr. William J. Ronan, chairman of the
                   Metropolitan Transportation Authority, asking for a full report on the breakdown. '' I am
                   particularly interested in knowing what, if any, information through loudspeakers or otherwise          Agency/Entity;
     News/New York Transit Authority personnel gave to riders throughout the ordeal, " the Mayor said in his message.      Vehicular Travel
1969 Times (News) One rider, John G. Lynch, of 3288                                                                        (breakdown of)

                                                                      15
                     said. He made the ruling in a suit brought by Jack Hoogasian, state's attorney f or Lake County.
                     ATTORNEYS FOR the RTA said they would appeal Judge Cakiwell's decision directly to the
                     Illinois Supreme Court . The March 19 referendum ballot asked voters to decide, '' Should a
                     Regional Transportation Authority be created for Cook, Du Page, Kane, Lake,, and Will
                     Counties, Illinois? " Voters in the six counties said yes to the proposition by a 12,979-vote margin.
                     Attorneys for the RTA had argued that the Regional Transportation Authority Act specified the
1974   News Chicago wording to be used on                                                                                      Agency/Entity
                     was n't even such a thing as the Calcutta Metropolitan District. And the Water and Sanitation
                     Authority, formed this year by the West Bengal government, is the first body to have jurisdiction
                     over the entire District. Our hope is that the formation of similar metropolitan authorities for
                     education, housing, transportation, and so on will gradually achieve a kind of defacto
                     consolidation of municipalities. The greatest need at the moment is for a planning authority,
                     because you ca n't just produce a plan and go away and leave it. " " To give you a coActete
1970   New Yorker    example of the kinds of problems                                                                          Agency/Entity
                     who looked up from the paper- and tape-strewn desk at which he sat. Joe Mauser had seen the face
                     before on Telly though never so tired as this and never with the element of defeat to be read in the
                     expression. Bullet-headed, barrel-figured Baron Malcolm Haer of Vacuum Tube Transport.
                     Category Transportation, Mid-Upper, and strong candidate for Upper-Upper upon retirement.
                     However, there would be few who expected retirement in the immediate future. Hardly. Malcolm
                     Haer found too obvious a lusty enjoyment in the competition between Vacuum Tube Transport                 Vehicular Travel
1968   Fiction       and its stronger rivals. * * * Joe came to attention                                                      (vacuum tube-futuristic)
                     could use such a measure for harassment even when there was no indication that a driver had been
                     drinking, be said. 19710125_4 txt Shipyard workers in Szczecin went on strike Friday and public           Industry of
                     transportation workers yesterday stopped work, preventing street cars and buses from running, an          Transportation (strike
                     official of the city's Municipal Council said today. The city, largest Polish port on the Baltic Coast,   against); Vehicular
                     was the scene of bloody clashes last month over food price increases. The council member said in          Travel (street cars and
1971   News Chicago a telephone                                                                                                buses)
                     did his war concern these people. The morning following Bauer's nocturnal visit, his tragic story
                     began to take form. Wetzel never felt as justified, as sure, in anything else he had ever begun.
                     Using the regulation method, he changed Bauer's record to show that the Ground Transportation
                     Officer had orders releasing him from the hospital company and transferring him to a small
                     infantry unit a few hundred miles north of Saigon, where daily confrontations with the enemy
                     produced a high rate of casualties. Now it was simply a matter of how and when it would happen.
1969   Fiction       Would Bauer be                                                                                            Agency/Entity
                     welcome back the nation's largest union. The stagnation in membership reflects slack organizing
                     efforts by many unions, but is chiefly the result of significant changes in the work force that labor
                     so far has not been able to cope with. Mechanization is chewing up employment in the mines,
                     factories and transportation lines. where unions are strong. At (the same time they have been
                     unable to make important gains in the supervisory, technical and clerical fields where jobs are
       News/New York soaring. The blue collar work force grew by 763,000 to 25,534,000 from 1955 through 1964, while           Industry of
1965   Times (News) white collar employment rose by 6,540                                                                      Transportation

                     on a press plane. He said he'd declare them and pay any customs duty due. Knowing him, I
                     believed he would. I'd be astounded if some of his journalistic brethren and some of the official
                     freeloaders were as honest. On the flight from Peking to Jakarta White House transportation
                     director Ray Zook begged his friends in the press corps not to dump any more stuff upon him for           Agency/Entity;
     New Republic free and uninspected transport home. He said the cargo holds of two pres planes were already                 Vehicular Travel
1975 (Magazine)      crammed to the doors. A third jet was chartered by NBC, CBS and ABC to transport heavy                    (planes/jets)
                     large stocks in other world areas are starting to be whittled down. Some analysts predict a record
                     buildup of 173,625 tons in London warehouses will start to fall soon. X APPLE PICKING on a do-
                     it-yourself basis appeals to more orchards. They find it reduces costs for hard-to-find labor,
                     eliminates storage and transportation problems. Drew Farms, Westford, Mass., nets 50 cents
     News/Wall       more a bushel from customers who do their own picking. Its do-it-yourself business has increased
     Street Journal  30% annually since it was started four years ago. Brookfield Orchards in North Brookfield, Mass.,         Industry of
1972 (News)          claims a 100% gain in its " pick your                                                                     Transportation
                     the federal budget for everything -- including defense. It wo n't be far under half this year. Those
                     de luxe high-speed trains promised for the Northeast corridor are feeling the pinch of the Vietnam
                     war. Passenger demonstrations on the Boston-New York leg were set to begin July 1. Now
                     Department of Transportation officials speak hopefully of a Sept. 1 boarding date. DOT officials
                     attribute most of the delay to " the Far East crisis. " It held up United Aircraft, chief supplier for    Agency/Entity; Industry
     News/Christian the Boston-New York line, some 56 days when the Air Force took over Alcoa's aluminum press.                of Transportation (strike
1967 Science Monitor Technical problems                                                                                        against)

                                                                         16
                     rained, when it was impossible for him to maneuver his motor scooter through the shell-pocked
                     streets from the hospital compound to Saigon, would he have to spend a night; and then it would
                     be a night completely alone, for Wetzel was the only man not to qualify for Bauer's emergency
                     transportation to the city. The last bus would leave Wetzel in the barracks among millions of
                     cubic feet of space. 83 Appropriations for the maintenance and upkeep of the barracks, Wetzel
                     found out one day reading Colonel Schooner's memo to First Army Command, was over $800,000
1969 Fiction         a year. This included                                                                                    Vehicular Travel (bus)
                     turbulence, with one big railroad bankrupt and three others threatened with labor shutdown.
                     pressure increases on President Nixon to play a stronger role in the economy and in union-
                     management relations. He signed an emergency order creating a three-man board to consider the
                     dispute between the nation's biggest railroads and the United Transportation Union. But this is
                     only one of Mr. Nixon's industrial problems. Last week half a million members of the International
                     Brotherhood of Teamsters won resounding pay increases averaging 13 percent annually,                     Industry of
     News/Christian compounded over three years, after a serious strike. Democrats are zeroing in on this situation with      Transportation (strike
1970 Science Monitor the argument                                                                                             against)
                     up to 1000 cars. In the' 30s also, chain and department stores, both vital to the future centers,
                     began to adapt their businesses to the increasingly affluent suburbs and the ever mobile
                     automobile. Until then, retail location in large American cities had been generally a function of
                     existing transportation lines. But as automobile usage spread, downtown location be-came more
                     problematic. '' The automobile emancipated the consumer but not the merchant,' " the Architectnral
     New Republic Forum noted in 10.19, and well before then firms like Macy's and Sears Roebuck had begun                    Transportation System
1975 (Magazine)      building in the suburbs or on t he                                                                       (lines)

                       The Carluccis would turn in their graves. - I was n't thinking of Bruno. - No? You were thinking of
                       somebody else? Maybe... two somebody elses? - My ancestors, they will be honoured . - Well,
                       we're not there yet. - We'll need some transportation. - No sweat. I will call the Trotta brothers.
                       Hey. You 've got a plate of scrambled eggs in the bathtub. - I do? - And half a herring. Now you
1972 Movie             understand why I want that job with Sheraton. OK, kid. Here is the game                             Ambiguous

                   various sums for mass transportation as well as highway related purposes will be withdrawn are
                   shown in Table 1? 2:1 7 Table The new UMTA contract authority for fiscal years 1974 to 1976 is
                   $3 billion. The Department of Transportation appropriations bill for fiscal year 1974 included
                   almost a billion dollars for mass transportation. The breakdown is as follows: Capital Facilities
                   grains, 8 8 Urban Mass Transportation $872,000,000; Technical Studies, $37,600,000; Research,              Agency/Entity;
     Academic/Non- Development and Demonstrations, $68,950,000; Administrative Expense, $7,000,000; total,                    Transportation system
1974 Fiction       $985,550,000.11 Just how much the Highway Act of 1973 will do to affect the fortunes of mass               (highways)
                    critical of municipal labor relations policies in which they felt the city too often acted as both
                   employer and arbitrator or judge in disputes. In discussing the city's transportation problems at his
                   news conference yesterday, Mr, Lindsay said that state legislation creating a central authority to
                   oversee the city's entire transportation system would be ready by early or mid-February. He
                   foresaw no trouble in getting it passed in Albany. Meanwhile, he said. he plans to go ahead with
     News/New York setting up an interim Transportation Council to begin making plans for an integrated transportation
1966 Times (News) system. He said that Robert Moses, chairman of                                                              Transportation System

                        I was too late. An officer was just entering the bunkroom door and plenty of soldiers were milling
                       about. guiding hungover officers to a waiting truck. One of the officers was sitting on the ground,
                       holding his head and ignoring the soldiers who were trying to entice him into the waiting
                       transportation. Another was flipping his cookies against the wall of the building. Think quickly ,
                       diGriz, time is running out. I bounced the last smoke grenade in my palm, then flipped the actuator
1972 Fiction           with my thumb. If I could join the drunk team I would be safe; it would                             Vehicular Travel (truck)

                     and not necessarily step-by-step, villainous jumps at all. 730081 txt Gov. Ogilvie today curbed
                     quick construction of Chicago's controversial Crosstown ExnrrssiknV In a letter, Ogilvie ordered
                     William Cellini, state transportation director, to suspend final state action on the proposed $1
                     billion expressway until: ? Full public hearings are conducted on the first and second phases which
                     run from the Stevenson Expressway north to the junction of the Edens and Kennedy expressways.?           Transportation System
1972 News Chicago Alternative alignments arc considered and public hearings are held for                                      (expressway)
                     of iron-ore handlers. If it is settled fairly soon, seaway officials look forward to record traffic of
                     perhaps 50 million tons in the Montreal-Lake Ontario section and 60 million in the Welland Canal
                     section. It's doubtful , though, that even this amount of traffic will solve the financial problem.
                     Transportation policymakers are thinking seriously about proposing a new law that would allow
                     various modes of transportation to own other modes. A railroad, for example, could own a freight         Industry of
     News/Christian forwarder. A trucking company could own a railroad. A barge line could own a trucking company.            Transportation (trucking
1969 Science Monitor Currently, federal law prohibits                                                                         company owns railroad)

                                                                        17
                    more concerned about the future than the past. " # In other words, they wanted to know what
                   Japan would give them. Before anybody could say " Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, " the
                   Japanese were dangling goodies. Premier Eisaku Sato and his colleagues promised to expand their
                   aid for transportation and communications, ports and harbors. Specifically, the Japanese said
                   they would increase what they loosely call economic aid-including war reparations, long-term    Industry of
     Time Magazine credits, private investments and government grants-from $350 million in fiscal 1965 to $870     Transportation (aid to
1966 (Magazine)    million in fiscal 1968, mostly for Southeast Asia. Naturally, Japan hopes that such             prots and harbors)

                     recommendations that both sides organize a standing committee led by a neutral party to
                     recommend long-range solutions to the industry's historically-nettled labor-management relations.
                     Dennis' union is the largest involved in the dispute. The others are the Brotherhood of Railway
                     Clerks, the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employes, the United Transportation Union and
                     the Hotel and Restaurant Employes Union. In all, they represent 80 per cent of the nation's rail        Industry of
1970   News Chicago work force. 729062 txt Behind the daring United States raids on North                                    Transportation (union)
                     What is the greatest threat to the survival of young Americans? The war in Viet Nam? Drugs?
                     VD? Malnutrition? The correct answer, says Psychologist Leon Goldstein of the National
                     Transportation Safety Board, is riding in an automobile. A Safety Board study reveals that youths
                     are especially likely to have fatal car accidents between the ages of 16 and 19 and while driving at
       Time Magazine night, when driving conditions are most hazardous. Goldstein said he also was " astonished " to
1971   (Magazine)    discover that                                                                                           Agency/Entity (car)
                     an aversion to punctuality, PIE proposed to guarantee on-time delivery in exchange for a 10
                     percent premium; if PIE was late, all freight charges would be refunded. Over the vigorous protest
                     of the Department of Transportation , the ICC ruled that this plan amounted to an offer of '' free ''
                     transportation and was illegal. Other agencies share the ICC's hostility to change. The FCC has -
       Harpers       tunted, perhaps irrevocably, the development of cable TV. The CAB labored long and mightily to
       Magazine      arrest the growth of charter carriers offering low-cost transportation. The Forest Service has
1975   (Magazine)    resisted multiple-use management and wilderness                                                         Agency/Entity
                     issues; it will be remembered that the goal of preservation of economic and social values is about
                     as close as we come at present to some stated objectives of national mass transport policy. There is
                     apparently little real doubt the preservation of economic and social values can be aided by
                     improvements in mass transportation; at the very least, such values will not be impaired by
                     transit improvements . For example, downtown property values are relatively high because the
       Academic/Non- center city is at the focal point of the whole urban transport system, regardless of mode, and          Transportation System
1974   Fiction       usually enjoys a high degree of access. In                                                              (urban)

                        the pocketbooks of Chicagoans. They were: I. The Chicago Teachers union asked for a 10 per cent
                        wage increase for 1970. A spokesman for the board of education said the demands were " out of
                        the question . '' 2. Officials of the Chicago transit authority said the city's public transportation
                        system faced a '' public crisis, '' and hinted that fare increases or a new form of government subsidy
                        might be necessary. 3. A city council committee unanimously approved a proposed 12 per cent            Transportation System
1969 News Chicago       increase in Chicago taxi fares. The proposal was sent to the city council, where it might              (fare increase)

                   of shipment of material, in smaller manufacturing operations the function of traffic management is
                   included in the purchasing operation. However, in larger companies traffic departments are
                   charged with traffic responsibilities. Traffic functions include: 1. The planning of routes for
                   incoming material, including the selection of the method of transportation. 2. Preparation of rate
                   charts for delivery of material. 3. Tracing of shipments to insure prompt delivery. 4. Auditing and
     Academic/Non- approval of incoming freight and other transportation bills. // 5. Coordinating the receipt of large      Transportation System
1966 Fiction       shipments to avoid demurrage charges. 6. Handling the adjustment of                                       (planning routes)
                   highways and highway-related activities and supply of equipment, not as an intrinsically had thing.
                   But the opposition generally pulls out the stops to make the strongest case possible against mass
                   transit; they arc aided and abetted by many federal, state, and local officials who can not conMass
                   // ceive of transportation other than highway transport. Moreover, the highway lobby is
                   awesomely bankrolled. Thus the reasonable arguments for and against mass transportation, and
     Academic/Non- the facts which can make it clear that improved mass transport of one form or another is, indeed, a       Transportation System
1974 Fiction       wise policy in a given place, may be                                                                      (highways, mass transit)

                   improvement in the quality of urban life, which means the life of most Americans, is the desired
                   end result of federally fostered transit improvement. Over the years since 1961 there is no doubt
                   that the vocal positions of various administrations in power in Washington have been for a strong
                   commitment to mass transportation. Under Presidents Kennedy and Johnson this commitment
                   was not matched with the necessary money to do the job at hand. While the Nixon administration
     Academic/Non- has not always followed through on its positions on transit, the over-all thrust of the administration
1974 Fiction       has been for increasingly larger expenditures for mass transportation.' Gone                           Transportation System

                                                                         18
                   who had years of experience in the surface transportation industry. But frankly, those old boys
                   did n't throw a thing onto the table that was much newer than the Iron Horse. i saw it was going to
                   be up to me to dream up a sophisticated system of inputs that would bring ground transportation
                   into the space age. '' Mr. Waller felt that citizen dissatisfaction stemmed from the fact that daily
                   interstate passenger trains had dwindled from 20,000 in the late 1920's to 884. He blamed the
                   downward trend on " skyrocketing " labor demands in the wage and featherbedding area. " Let's                   Industry of
1973 Magazine      face                                                                                                            Transportation
                   government exerts a power over the economy that would have been inconceivable only a few
                   decades ago. Decentralization is another remodelling of the federal sy stem, and to achieve it will
                   require a. patient pragmatism. The state may he the logical unit for dealing with river pollution, the
                   metropolitan area for transportation programs, the neighborhood for schools and even post
                   offices. The general guide should be to transfer power to the smallest unit consistent with the scale
                   of the problem. Many conservatives have welcomed the idea of decentralization, hearing in it
1969 New Yorker    comforting echoes of old battle cries about states' rights. They                                                System of Transportation
                   Guy, although she has never said so or asked me a single thing about it. I said, " No, Darcy, do n't
                   be silly. We're giving him a little peace and quiet, is all. '' Then I said, '' Mr. O'Donnell is just
                   providing the transportation. '' Which I might not have needed to add, but I couldn't be sure. You
                   never can tell what is going through that head of hers. At nine o'clock Brian was supposed to be                Vehicular Travel
1974 Fiction       picking us up. (There was a city bus, but it did n't go                                                         (car/bus)
                   that might be made in behalf of mass transit. It is no news that a well-organized interest group
                   plays a far more important role in policy formulation and action on the part of all levels of
                   government than the best interests of the public. The small sums traditionally spent by government
                   for nonhighway transportation are enlightening evidence. Not so many years ago a national
                   magazine stated: According to Department of Transportation experts, it would take a minimum of                  Transportation System
     Academic/Non- $37 billion over the next five years to make even a start on cleaning up the nation's transportation            (non-highway, corridor
1974 Fiction       mess: $5 billion for corridor trains? Boston                                                                    trains)

                       1971. He estimated that the 10-cent increase would provide $170-million. a year in: additional
                       revenue. He added that he was " no cqstal-ball gazer " and did not' knout about inflation in the
                       future. But he said that both he and his colleagues believed that a subsidy of mass transportation
                       was necessary in urban areas if fares were to be kept down. There' was immediate criticism of the
     News/New York     fare increase by political figures. The city's Controller, Abraham D. Beame, said at his first news         Transportation System
1970 Times (News)      conference since resuming his former. post that he would seek legis lative approval to                      (mass transit, fares)
                       the suburbs, I have come to see a gross injustice to the city, particularly in times of crisis and
                       breakdown. New York City accepts and struggles with responsibilities which no other place in the
                       world will recognize . Whether it be an issue of education, welfare, housing or even inexpensive
                       transportation, New York struggles against almost insurmountable odds to do the responsible
                       thing. For this dedication it should be very proud. Who among the critics and detractors of the city
     News/New York     would ever make the incredible commitment to any and all people that so characterizes New
1966 Times (News)      York? If this generosity did not exist                                                                      Transportation System
                       decision on a California case. The court said those who issue and control liquor licenses have the
                       power to regulate conduct " contrary to public welfare or morals. " The decision was based on the
                       21st Amendment of 1933, which repealed Prohibition and has usually been used in cases dealing
                       with the transportation and taxing of liquor. Boston Licensing Board members and city attorneys,
                       who had been closely watching the California case since 1968, moved quicky to establish
     News/Christian    regulations regarding " attire and conduct of employees, entertainers, and other persons "? that is,        Industry of
1973 Science Monitor   sex shows, nude dancing, and other                                                                          Transportation
                       cope with tanker spillage and with the threat of disasters such as the one that overtook the Torrey
                       Canyon off the British Isles? a threat that grows with every increase in the size of tankers. Having
                       made a start on cleaning up its refineries, oil faces a new challenge in production and
                       transportation. Big utility, steel, and oil companies such as we have been considering will for the
                       most part continue to treat their own effluents. But food-processing companies, and thousands of            Industry of
     Academic/Non-     small miscellaneous manufacturing firms, are already making large use of municipal water-treating           Transportation (moving
1971 Fiction           plants. In 1968 about 15 percent of                                                                         oil)
                       obsessed by the doctrine of free enterprise, is forever advising the poor countries to adopt policies
                       that will attract private capital. Many countries do so, but private capital is interested in quick, high
                       profits in the private sector and will seldom invest in schools, roads, hospitals, public
                       transportation systems, the infra-structure so essential to a nation seeking economic viability. So
                       in economics as in politics the poor nations at the UN feel themselves the victims of hypocrisy.
                       THE NATioN/October 27, 1969 Although the bulk of the UN's major problems, are caused by the
1969 Magazine          policies of its member                                                                                      Transportation System

                                                                          19
                       asked voters to decide, " Should a Regional Transportation Authority be created for Cook, Du
                       Page, Kane, Lake,, and Will Counties, Illinois? " Voters in the six counties said yes to the
                       proposition by a 12,979-vote margin. Attorneys for the RTA had argued that the Regional
                       Transportation Authority Act specified the wording to be used on the referendum ballot, and that
                       nothing further was required, according to James Munson, one of the attorneys. JUDGE
                       CALDWELL said yesterday that he believed " the average voter did n't know what the RTA was.
1974 News Chicago      In my opinion the ballot was                                                                         Agency/Entity

                       could undoubtedly speed the prosecution of numerous smuggling offenses as misdemeanors.
                       Formal deportation following the second illegal entry within two years, the power to assess
                       administrative fines in lieu of prosecution (thereby attaching a portion of the wages earned), and
                       even the right to confiscate the vehicle used in the transportation of illegal aliens. as is done in
                       narcotics smuggling, would also discourage the border hoppers. Important remedial legislation is
                       before House and Senate. A bill to prohibit the intentional employment of a person illegally in the Vehicular Travel
1969 Magazine          United States was introduced on March 26. 1969 by Sen. Edward Kennedy and Rep. Michael               (vehicle)

                    have signed a letter urging the Justice Department to act with " dispatch " on a special House
                    committee report charging wrongdoing by Adam Clayton Powell. The letter said the committee
                    found that Mr. Powell " did in five separate instances wrongfully and willfully appropriate public
                    funds for his own use, falsely certify transportation vouchers from public funds and make false
                    reports on expenditures of foreign exchange currency. " The move by the 150 members of the              Industry of
     News/New York House was apparently designed to encourage the Justice Department to act before a special                Transportation (vouchers
1967 Times (News) election is held in New York on April' 11 to fill Mr. Powell's seat,                                      for)
                    fuselages for the Boeing 747 to developing the P530 tactical fighter. The company also has moved
                    heavily into the overseas market, selling its low-cost ($800,000) F5 " Freedom Fighter " to 15
                    countries. Rohr Corp . of Chula Vista, now heavily in aerospace, is diversifying into the ground
                    transportation business. Rohr won a $66.7 million contract to build 250 rail cars for the San
     News/Wall      Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. While the aerospace industry struggles to diversify, the
     Street Journal out-of-work aerospace engineers see themselves as the victims of a shift in national priorities. Not    Industry of
1970 (News)         all are bitter. Jose Jiminez,                                                                           Transportation
                    political issue. It is a problem that affects a the people, and the need for bonds is apparent if
                    Chicago is to move ahead. " I'm sure the people, realize that if we intend to maintain good
                    neighborhoods we need capital improvements, such as new. sewers and new transportation
                    facilities. And if slum and blight are to' be removed we need resources to obtain federal grants. " I
                    wish to emphasize that there will be no increase in taxes. We are retiring 19 to 21 million dollars a
1966 News Chicago year in bonds now. These new bonds will be issued only                                                    Transportation System

                    with the Bell Helicopter Company.. Tanks and Jets Acquired The Chinese has also recently
                    acquired several squadrons of F-5 fighters and several hundred tanks. They received the tanks
                    through a program General Ciccolella devised to provide the Chinese with excess or salvage
                    military equipment from Vietnam. The Chinese pay only the transportation costs. In addition,            Industry of
                    American aid programs have enabled the Chinese to become almost selfsufficient in their ordinary        Transportation
     News/New York military needs. They now have factories that can produce M-14 rifles, machine guns, trucks and           (purchasing military
1969 Times (News) field radios. " It has reached the point, " General Ciccolella said, " where the                          equipment)
                    Trustee Anderson first questioned the cost of barging the waste material Downstate in a
                    memorandum to Lynam on March 15, 1973. At Lynam's direction, Raymond R. Rim1ms, acting
                    chief of maintenance operations for the district, prepared a report listing monthly tonnage, service
                    charges, and cost of transportation. The Tribune subsequently talked to a contractor who had
                    submitted a lower bid to ship the waste Downstate by rail and was turned down in favor of a barge
                    operation. LYNAM SAID Ingram was the only barge company to respond to a nation wide notice
1975 News Chicago of contract. He said the barge method                                                                     Vehicular Travel (barge)
                    they were n't suspected. " SHALGOS SAID his findings are " clear cut. " Capt. Whitehouse
                    suffered a heart attack, possibly before the crash, but most likely after the crash when he was
                    trapped in the cabin and tried to escape, Shalgos said. William Lamb, the National Transportation
                    Safety Board investigator in charge of the Midway crash, said his investigators were suspicious of
                    the cor-, oner's report. Lamb, said further information obtained by the board from the Mayo Clinic
                    physician who developed the heart test has revealed that the test should not be used as a diagnostic
1973 News Chicago technique                                                                                                 Agency/Entity
                    run and Catholic neighborhoods on the mend. A very large test of direct British rule of Northern
                    Ireland lies just ahead. 19720525_1 txt EXTRA LONG WEEKENDS give a boost to some in the
                    transportation industry. Industry executives had some doubts about the impact of federal'
     News/Wall      legislation which insured that such holidays as Washington's Birthday, Veterans' Day and
     Street Journal Columbus Day would fall on a Monday. Some feared that many people would simply stay at home             Industry of
1972 (News)         during the extra long weekends. But that has                                                            Transportation

                                                                       20
                       Thank you very much. Maybe we can talk again some other time. I hope you do n't mind, sir... but
                       I'm due on guard inspection. Just follow this path till you come to Sheridan Hall. Take a right, and
                       then a left in front of the transportation office... and the mess hall will be just in back of it. Thank
                       you very much. Yes, sir. Excuse me, fellas, can you tell me where the mess hall is? The mess hall? Industry of
1974 Movie             Can you tell me... Is the mess hall this way? I                                                          Transportation

                   Goes Further The Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970? which will provide up to $280-
                   million, annually in Federal aid for airport construction -- goes even further. It requires developers
                   of airports to hold public hearings to explore in detail the environmental impact of their projects. It
                   prohibits the Secretary of Transportation from authorizing projects if there would be adverse
                   effect on natural resources or other aspects of the quality of life in a community unless he declares
     News/New York in writing there is no feasible or prudent alternative. Residents Oppose. Jets " Before, they could
1971 Times (News) hold us up in court with delaying tactics, "                                                             Agency/Entity
                   In delivering the last sentence, Mr. Rockefeller said " surrendering " instead of " surrounding, " but
                   corrected himself while lawmakers snickered. " The restructured city government must have a part
                   in a larger regional council that will effectively relate to and guide the state's regional activities,
                   such as transportation, health and community development, '' Mr. Rockefeller said. Stating that
                   the '' causes of our problems run deeper and are national in scope, " Mr. Rockefeller said that this
     News/New York was attributable to " the fact that our Federal system of shared responsibility at the national, state
1972 Times (News) and local levels of                                                                                      Transportation System

                     serving communities with populations of over 5,000. Using a Burroughs 5500 computer, LEAPS
                     will provide these agencies with instantaneouns response? to police inquiries. Information
                     regarding everything from stolen. automobiles to missing persons? to narcotics will be available
                     within seconds. To office? on time! The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) is
                     finding that commuters will switch to rapid transit which is as fast and about as comfortable as an
     News/Christian automobile. The MBTA currently has 23 buses providing express service for commuters from west
1970 Science Monitor of Boston. The most " used of five runs carries a daily average of 3,000 passengers                 Agency/Entity (buses)

                   were three V main ways to leave. One of them was the Union Bus Station. one of them was U.S. 1,
                   and the third was the train station. The bus station is almost completely black now , except for the
                   drivers and the others who make their living by the uncomfortable transportation of people of
     Harpers       moderate means. There were only two or three whites when I walked in, and they were soldiers.
     Magazine      Otherwise the station had changed not at all. Outside, there were Trailways and Greyhound buses
1970 (Magazine)    labeled " Miami " and " New York City " and " St. Petersburg Express                                     Vehicular Travel (bus)
                   all of them similarly formulated to keep participants alive and well and living in the revolution.
                   Often with no visible means of support, today's young radicals remain sufficiently if not well-fed,
                   adequately if erratically clothed, and able to catch the first wind of protest and the nearest available
                   means of transportation in time to show up in the front lines from Berkeley to Birmingham, from
                   Chicago to Kent State. Celebrities like Jerry Rubin and Abbie Hoffman can stay close to the action
     Time Magazine without exactly pinching pennies: Rubin's book Do It! has already earned him $45,000; Hoffman's
1970 (Magazine)    Revolution for the                                                                                       Vehicular Travel

                       THE CORONER'S laboratory-test reWoks from the Midway crash are not iitsefol, said Dr. Paul
                       Smith, a toxicolo: gist for the Civil Aeromedical Institute sin Oklahoma City. The institute, an,...
                       ism of the Federal Aviation Adnainisration, is one of the federal agencies that helps the National
                       Transportation Safety Board investigate air disasters. '' One laboratory doesn't like to be; critical
                       of another, but one way to avoid such confusion in the future is to make sure that blood and tissue
1973 News Chicago      sam; pies arc sent to two laboratories, " he said. The National Transportation Safety'                Agency/Entity
                       their 111-day strike. National does not have scheduled flights in Chicago. 732310 txt THE
                       CHICAGO North Western Transportation Co., rebuffed in its hopes to sell its commuter rail fleet
                       to the Regional Transportation Authority, is preparing to lease and sell part of the fleet to two
                       Canadian agencies. Railroad officials confirmed Wednesday that they have reached an agreement
                       to lease 10 " surplus " commuter coaches to the Toronto Area Transit Operating Authority for four Industry of
1975 News Chicago      months. The railroad hopes to ship the coaches to Canada                                              Transportation

                   leaders representing unions with an asserted tote, membership of 300,000. Samuels supporters
                   have contended that be has more labor support than any other candidate. 19740615_1 txt THE
                   REFERENDUM that approved the Regional Transportation Authority was held unconstitutional
                   yesterday by a Circuit Court judge in Waukegan. Judge Henry Caldwell ruled that the words on
     News/New York the RTA ballot " were not sufficiently informativelo let voters know what they were voting on. "
1974 Times (News) His ruling has the effect of preventing the RTA from spending any money or taking other           Agency/Entity

                                                                         21
                   modern life in the United States. By improving the quality and quantity of mass transit, the public
                   can enjoy the advantages of added mobility through increased choice between transport means of
                   relatively more comparable quality. Clearly, all our urban and domestic problems are not going to
                   be solved by improving mass transportation any more than Prohibition solved domestic problems
                   in that hectic decade of experiment in the 1920's. It is also clear that many of the shortcomings of
     Academic/Non- mass transit may be overcome. It can be made more attractive than it is, and as subsequent
1974 Fiction       chapters will point out, it probably can                                                             Transportation System

                       for s ears by NASA in a Learjet, a Convair 990, and a Lockheed C-141. Results convinced NASA
                       that much could be gained, and much money saved, if the " lifestyle " of these irplane operations
                       could be moved into space. Our new reusable Shuttle could provide the needed transportation.
                       But still missing was an equally reusable and versatile multipurpose laboratory that would fit into
                       the Shuttle Orbiter's cavernous cargo bay? 18.3 meters (60 feet) long and 4.6 meters (15 feet) in   Vehicular Travel
1975 Magazine          diameter. How Spacelab came about The year 1972 found NASA in the predicament that it               (shuttle)

                   transportation system Df the city, and possibly even beyond that. 9He said he would announce
                   early next week the make-up' nd functions of an interim City Transportation Council, which
                   would make the initial plans tration staff work is being for integration of the city's done on the
                   same matter does transportation facilities. not in any sense downgrade Administration sources
                   have confirmed that Arthur E. Palmer Jr., a lawyer and investment banker, will be chairman of the
     News/New York council. Following the Mayor's news Mayor Lindsay, in discussing conference yesterday, Victor Agency/Entity;
1966 Times (News) his approach to the city's labor Gotbaum, executive director                                        Transportation System

                       that I can only suppose that he wrote and mailed his letter before reading the last word in the title
                       of my article. His first error relates to the difference between a proportionate and an absolute
                       change. My plan would result in expanding the output of public goods? environmental care, mass
                       transportation, and the like? not only as a proportion of the nation's production , but as a net
     New Republic      addition to the total. The new public goods would be provided by the efforts of formerly idle
1971 (Magazine)        resources: the unemployed who would be given jobs in government. The output of private goods            Transportation System

                   And a deserter, too. Hard to believe a field marshal's nephew could sink so low. I suppose you're
                   going to have him shot, sir? KLINK: No. We have something much better in store for the young
                   lieutenant. Guard! Take this man to the transportation officer in town and give him this order.
                   You are being sent to the Russian front. No, Colonel, not that! Yes, that's the place for him - - the       Industry of
1967 Movie         Russian front. Take him away. Russian front? That's what I call justice. Even better                        Transportation
                   why? Oh, a telegram it was phoned in for Senor Schuyler. - Well, I'll take it to him. - Oh. Would
                   you take care of this? " Senor Barber, " si. I will call the doctor for you. Could you arrange for
                   some transportation to the border? Oh, Jaime Salazar will drive you. Maybe 300 pesos . That's
                   fine. He has been called out to a small village. They do not know when he will return. I have Left a
1967 Movie         message for him to call here, but even then it will                                                         Vehicular Travel (car)
                   will need improved mass transportation by means other than rail. To state the argument only in
                   tems // of rail versus highway is therefore to narrow it unduly and obscure the broad issue of
                   enhancing mobility in urban areas by a variety of means.' Perhaps the best question to ask
                   regarding mass transportation is whether or not, given some encouragement and substantial
                   improve ment in service, it will be possible to increase the mobility of the population (or at least
     Academic/Non- keep present standards of mobility from declining) and to perform this chore, in league with the            Transportation System
1974 Fiction       private automobile, at a reasonable cost                                                                    (rail)
                   will be available at any time to the negotiating teams and that he will do anything he can to bring
                   about a settlement. Major taxicab companies said they had one or two days' fuel supplies
                   remaining, but this might be used up more quickly if stranded CTA passengers turn to cabs for
                   transportation. The strike call was announced by the 11 teamsters locals at 2 a. m. yesterday,
                   when the all-day collective bargaining talks collapsed. The unions represent more than 3,500
                   drivers from Waukegan on the north to Aurora and Joliet on the west, Kankakee on the south, and
1967 News Chicago northwest Indiana on the                                                                                     Vehicular Travel (cab)
                   This is how the interstate highway system, begun under the Eisenhower Administration, is
                   financed. A percentage of the gasoline tax goes into the trust fund. Would not this also work in
                   building mass transit systems for the cities? Mr. Volpe was asked. '' This could work in urban mass
                   transportation, '' he treplied. '' The way to raise the money is the big job, and this is one of the
     News/New York things that we are starting to review very, very quickly and will have to face up to in order to start
1969 Times (News) tot meet these needs. " Mr. Romney said that                                                                 Transportation System

                                                                         22
                       Conferees said they had a difficult time persuading the House members to drop below, the $250-
                       million figure, which,, they said was the point where any further cutting would create delays in the
                       completion of two prototypes and add to the over-all cost of the program. The Department of
                       Transportation had projected, on the basis of a $290-million appropriation this year, that the
                       prototypes would finish their test flights early in 1973 after a total government investment of about
     News/New York     $1.3-billion. Roughly $800-million has already been spent, including a little over $100-million in
1970 Times (News)      the current fiscal year that has not yet been                                                            Agency/Entity
                       people did not become rich. Of course there was individual wealth, but the general economy
                       remained stagnant. The single basic flaw in the European economy was that distribution was
                       unable to keep pace with production. The resources, ingenuity and the techniques were available,
                       but primitive methods of communications and transportation frustrated expansion and
                       development. New products often could not reach markets, and new mass markets could not be
                       established. Beginning in the fourteenth century, economic difficulties lead to complaints against
     Academic/Non-     the government? we can now begin to think about the interraction of economics and social politics.       Industry of
1967 Fiction           Since the twelfth                                                                                        Transportation
                       Would you like an autograph? - No, thanks. - How about a torn shirt? - No, thanks. - I would like
                       you to perform at a dance. - Where? In a place so beautiful, it is out of this world. - And I provide
                       the transportation. - How much does it pay? Nothing. In my circle, money is n't important. In my
                       circle, it is. The understatement of the century. Okay, Mr Treasurer. You just name a price, and I'll
1970 Movie             print it. I mean, I'll pay                                                                               Ambiguous
                       Voters were treated to the sight of the Dynamic Duo riding up to subway stations in their
                       chauffeured limousines for a little mixing with the masses on. behalf of the bond issue. One
                       politician suggested that the election-eve photograph of the Duo plus William J. Ronan, chairman
                       of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, straphanging amidst the photographers, probably
                       cost the bond issue thousands of votes . " It was so patently phony, " he said -- more in anger than
     News/New York     in sorrow. Whatever the reasons, the bond issue went down like the Titanic. And it left state and
1971 Times (News)      city officials with                                                                                      Agency/Entity
                       largely re-presented in The Urban Transportation Problem, drew a sharp reaction and a serious
                       questioning of the veracity of the authors.;' Even more cutting was the commentary of a critic who
                       fumed: Not only does this study fail to deal with matters of primary human significance in the
                       domain of urban transportation; it exhibits a partiality toward the bus-automobile mode, as
                       opposed to that of rail mass-transit, so evident and consistent that the reader is slightly
     Academic/Non-     embarrassed to note that this very long, one can not say substantial work, was financed by the Ford      Transportation System
1974 Fiction           Foundation. One would have been happier had                                                              (urban)

                       such occasions as President Ho Chi Minh's birthday, in which workers have been spurred to
                       greater effort. Earlier this year the party theoretical journal Hoc Tap quoted Premier Pham Van
                       Dong. Warning that North Vietnam faced '' extremely crucial tasks '' in 1968 the Premier said: ''
                       The communications and transportation branch has made unique innovations concerning
                       technical equipment and technical improvements, proving that despite the war this work can be
     News/Christian    carried out. Why are the other branches not working like the communications and transportation           Industry of
1968 Science Monitor   branch? Why are heavy industry, light industry, construction, forestry, marine products, and so          Transportation
                       were taken care of in the Highway Act of 1973 as it wore its way to a final compromise. Rural
                       areas and intercity transportation needs were not ignored; $12 billion was assured in the act in
                       the 1974 ? 1976 period for the Interstate System and rural primary and secondary roads. Bicycle
                       transportation was given some significant aid. Up to $40 million per year may be utilized from
                       highway funds to aid in the construction of bicycle paths in con junction with highway projects.
     Academic/Non-     These pathways need not be constructed in the highway right-of-way. Pedestrian walkways may              Transportation System
1974 Fiction           also he constructed; the funds for both                                                                  (interstate system)
                        that the variation. can not possibly be explained on the grounds of differing labor or other costs. "
                       Copying charges range from 10 cents or less in agencies such as 0E0 and the Securities and
                       Exchange Commission to 40 cents a page in the State Department and 50 cents in the Department
                       of Transportation. The fee most often charged is 25 cents a page. The Equal Employment
                       Opportunity Commission, the Atomic Energy Commission, and several other agencies charge a
     New Republic      special fee of up to one dollar for the first page copies. Although the Freedom of Information Act
1971 (Magazine)        allows agencies to charge a " reasonable                                                                 Agency/Entity
                       and goals, and relocation housing is being provided. At a recent meeting of Philadelphia's
                       Committee on the Crosstown Expressway, Benjamin Loewenstein, president of a health and
                       welfare organization, expressed a theme now receiving greater priority across the country than
                       ever before: '' When we consider the problem of transportation the expressway hopes to solve,
     News/New York     we must also consider the human equation. What happens to the oecmle living in that area? "              Transportation System
1970 Times (News)      728408 txt President Gamal Abdel Nasser of the United Arab                                               (expressway)

                                                                         23
                   termed the distorted use of the nation's resources. He cited the war in southeast Asia and said that,
                   for- too long, the nation's security has been pursued all over the globe and neglected at home .
                   What of the livability of American cities and suburbs, pollution, crime, transportation, rail roads,
                   drug addiction, power shortages, racial tensions, and education, Mansfield asked. Mansfield took
                   credit for a 6.4-billion-dollar cut in government spending for the Democratic Congress, saying
                   most of it was in defense spending. The Democratic leader insisted that Congress is moving on           Industry of
1970 News Chicago worthwhile Nixon                                                                                         Transportation
                   is free and would result. in considerable saving to the city. DANIEL J. EGAN. Newfoundland,
                   N.J., Aug. 28, 1975? To the Editor Now that the 50-cent fare has be-f come a reality in the City of
                   New, York, immediate steps should be taken to pass a transportation tax to lower, the fares
                   below the pre-existing 35: cent fare, which was too high at that. In our inflationary times, it is' a
     News/New York devastating blow to industry, and a great deal of economically pinched people living and working        Transportation System
1975 Times (News) in the city will be further burdened by the                                                              (tax to support)
                   While serving in high transportation posts during Rockefeller's 14-year governorship, Ronan
                   borrowed heavily from his boss. Neither Rockefeller nor Ronan would detail the purposes of the
                   loans and gifts further than vaguely citing real estate purchases and financial responsibilities.
                   Ronan in 1968 became the $75,000-a-year chairman of New York's Metropolitan Transportation
                   Authority, which owns and operates the New York City area public transit system. He quit last
                   May when Rocky was no longer Governor. Apparently in the few days before Ronan was
     Time Magazine appointed by the Governors of New York and New Jersey as the unsalaried head of the Port
1974 (Magazine)    Authority of those two                                                                                  Agency/Entity

                   transit rather than highways. They had their counterparts upstate who did n't take kindly to voting
                   for a bond issue to save the subway fare at 30 cents when they often pay up to 50 cents for bus fare
                   . Other politicians and the City Club spoke of a '' credibility gap '' on transportation stemming
                   from many unfulfilled promises made in behalf of earlier bond issues in 1951 and 1967. The
     News/New York Second Avenue subway, for example, was first pledged 20 years ago. It still is n't even a hole in    Transportation System
1971 Times (News) the ground. The style of the " Vote Yes " campaign, some observers                                    (subway)

                       of New York A. FAIRFIELD DANA President Henry Street Settlement MARY S. BRYANT
                       President Vocational Advisory Service New York, March 8. 1967 Litter in Park To the Editor:
                       Following a recent matinee at the Metropolitan Opera House taxis were unprocurable, and my wife
                       and I tried to go home via the public transportation? recommended, by Lincoln Center. But no
                       crosstown bus was in sight, and we walked, home through the Central Park 65th Street transverse.
     Letter/New        What a mistake! Have the sidewalks along the transverse never been cleaned? At present they are
1967 York Times        several inches deep with hard-packed. dirt and autumn leaves                                     Vehicular Travel (bus)

                   two areas. The first is a drive to enlist businessmen to pledge jobs to the hard-core jobless. The
                   other is a contract program in which businesses are reimbursed by the Department of Labor for the
                   cost of training and other expenses for handling problems associated with the unemployed, such as
                   counseling and transportation. So far the Government has paid out $300-million in
                   reimbursements. While more and more companies elect to participate in the contract program,
     News/New York most still prefer to do their own recruiting and skip the Government subsidy. Officials reported   Industry of
1969 Times (News) that of 70,000 companies in the total one-fourth make use of the contracts.                         Transportation

                   the added cost of such efforts. This means it would basically be a vast expansion of a $40-million
                   pilot project just getting under way in five cities, which uses the same approach. Most of the
                   Federal money is spent to pay for training, but it can also be used for transportation, day care and
                   related expenses.' The Administration officials said the new program would seek to create 100,000
     News/New York to 150, - 000 new jobs in urban areas by June 30,' 1969. Existing Federal Iprograms concentrating
1968 Times (News) on hard-core urban unemployment should create another 150,000 jobs by that time,                         Vehicular Travel
                   On the other hand, transit costs must include a large burden of operatives' wages paid when no
                   actual work is performed because of labor agreements calling for a full day's pay when much less
                   than a full eight-hour day is worked. The peaked nature of the demand for urban mass
                   transportation makes such labor cost burdens almost inescapable in mass transportation.2 '' The
                   average cost to the patron of public transportation can differ widely, depending upon the distance
     Academic/Non- involved and whether charges are assessed on a flat-fare, zone, or mileage basis. Traveling a long      Transportation System
1974 Fiction       distance under a flat-fare system produces a low                                                        (public)
                   or whether they should build another airport over in East St. Louis in Illinois. First John
                   Ehrlichman had it, and he said he would make a decision. You know what happened to him. They
                   told us the decision was in the hands of Egil Krogh, the new Under Secretary of Transportation.
                   You know what happened to him too. Now there is a new man , I ca n't even remember his name. "
     Time Magazine # " We do n't know where to go for direction, " sighed a White House staff assistant. " We've got
1973 (Magazine)    the President's daughter being contradicted                                                             Agency/Entity

                                                                       24
                    of low-ranking military personnel. Last March, for example, the Army transferred Pfc. Hosier from
                    Fort Wayne in Detroit, to Fort Sheridan. As an enlisted man with less than four years service, he
                    was allowed no compensation for moving his household. The Army paid only for his own
                    transportation? $16 worth. Housing allowances are criticized, too. Though the military provides
     News/Wall      some family quarters at or near its installations, there is n't enough space to house everyone and
     Street Journal many personnel must live in private quarters off the post. Pfc. Henry Richardson and his family         Vehicular Travel
1965 (News)         live in the cheapest                                                                                    (reimbursement of)
                    Making real progress will depend to a great extent upon the vigor and dedication of local
                    government armed with the will to make mass transportation a useful servant of the community.
                    CHAPTER TWO Mass Transportation: Pro and Con Introduction The previous chapter has
                    outlined the growth of federal policy toward urban mass transportation. Before examining the
                    institutions involved and reviewing the effects of the federal mass transportation programs, it
                    appears wise to devote some attention to a basic question: Will people use mass transportation? In
     Academic/Non- other words, the federal approach, albeit limited until recently by microscopic budgets (from 1961       Transportation System
1974 Fiction        through 1970                                                                                            (mass, use of)
                    bundles. A flitter, perhaps double the size of our own, had grounded, was being loaded with the
                    smaller pieces. The three jacks we had seen via snooper were studying the Throne. It was plain to
                    see that that was not going to fit into the flyer, and its transportation must present a problem.
                    Save for those three there appeared to be no one else below. Sharvan had disappeared. But at the        Broad meaning (moving
                    moment my own concern was for Maelen. If she had come here, was she hiding somewhere among              the "Throne" from one
1971 Fiction        these rocks, spying as we were? Dared I try                                                             place to another)

                   preserve a spirit of community, a factor critical in what Lawrence Haworth calls " the Good City. "
                   The interactive life is the one that can support the spirit and make life worth living through
                   enhancement of the spirit of community; however, the institutional structure of a community,
                   including the transportation system, may be such that real interaction or community is difficult or
                   impossible. " Improved transportation of all types can help maintain the value of interaction and
     Academic/Non- community, and the availability of mass transportation as a good travel alternative for those            Transportation System
1974 Fiction       without automobiles will help reverse the process of social fracture that                                (mass)
                   Justice Department yarns, may be stepped up. 725848 txt WASHINGTON, Oct. 14 - - Joseph A.
                   Califano Jr. is expected by industry sources to be named the nations first Secretary of
                   Transportation. The President may announce Mr. Califano's appointment tomorrow, these
                   sources said, when he signs legislation creating a new Cabinet-level Department of Transportation
     News/New York to deal with air, rail and highway travel. Mr. Califano, 35 years old, has been a special assistant to
1966 Times (News) the President since July, 1965                                                                            Agency/Entity
                   is to secure the best possible living and working conditions for several thousand families in a
                   particular location. Obviously, this purpose can be served better if diversified manufacturing
                   employment is provided for members of what was a purely agricultural community. Economic
                   planners in Peking pursue systematic policies of decentralization. The long-distance
                   transportation needs of that vast country have put severe strains on the well-run, but greatly
                   overloaded, railroads; these are assisted to some extent by coastal and internal waterways. (The
     Atlantic      Great Canal connecting the southern provinces with Peking is being restored after many years of          Transportation System
1973 Magazine      neglect.) Although the Chinese automobile                                                                (railroads)

                   planned route should be followed only if all the alternates prove unfeasible. Mr. Moses first
                   conceived -- the' Richmond roadway 25 years ago' and has insisted that the plan not be changed.
                   City Hall sources said the Lindsay request for a six-month delay was made Tuesday in a phone call
                   from Transportation Administrator Arthur E. Palmer Jr. to the offite of J. Burch, head of the city's Agency/Entity;
     News/New York Public Works Department. In Mr.'s absence the call was taken by his deputy, E. Burton Hughes.        Transportation System
1966 Times (News) The call was followed up with a detailed letter to Mr. and an engineering report on the               (roadway)

                   would be far lower than any alternative. " At City Hall Mayor Wagner staked out a claim for tying
                   the city's subway and bus lines into any such plan. In a news conference he noted that the Transit
                   Authority was already taking part with the Long Island Rail Road in a mass transportation
                   demonstration program in Queens and Nassau Counties under a $3,185,000 Federal grant. '' I am
                   absolutely sure that the Transit Authority would have to be actively involved in any regional
     News/New York authority, " the Mayor declared. The businessmen's statement reinforced a movement that has         Transportation System
1965 Times (News) already seen Governor Rockefeller propose a Metropolitan Commuter                                    (subway and bus lines)
                   think you could take it. Oh, well, suppose we find out? Andy, let me, uh, level with you. I want to
                   go on a field trip but I ca n't go alone . So if you and Bart will go with me the study center will
                   provide transportation and supplies, gratis. Hey, I'll skip my fees. Hey, I ca n't let you guys do
                   this. I'm supposed to be a paying customer, not a freeloader. Well, Mike can use your help, and I'm
1968 Movie         sure he's grateful that you're                                                                      Vehicular Travel

                                                                       25
                    that would coast for months, " Mr. Rabenhorst rays. He hopes to be able to build a demonstration
                    plant by the end of the decade. Before then, experimental flywheels will be used to power
                    municipal buses in San Francisco, and will be installed in trains, under a Department of
     News/Wall      Transportation program. 731432 txt The Federal Trade Commission announced today it is
     Street Journal beginning an industrywide investigation of condominium housing. The commission said it wants
1974 (News)         to find out whether the firms which manage the condominiums                                                  Agency/Entity (buses)
                    just as did recreation personnel some forty years ago. Texas A&M and the University of
                    Massachusetts have been leaders in the development of programs of professional preparation of
                    tourist specialists. The tourist industry involves a wide range of services, specialists, and
                    governmental approaches. There are those who provide transportation, accommodations,
                    entertainment, souvenirs and gifts, and, above all, manage the tourist attractions. Nearly every
                    industrial country in the world has a national tourist office; more than a hundred of them are
     Academic/Non- members of the International Union of Official Travel Organizations. In some nations tourism                  Industry of
1975 Fiction        ranks                                                                                                        Transportation

                       failure to comply with these rules means that a transit agency will not be eligible for future //
                       federal funds. This regulation does not apply if a transit agency has been operating charter or
                       school services in the twelve months prior to the passage of the 1973 Act. A new requirement for
                       mass transportation under the 1973 Act may cause transit operating agencies some grief. If
                       federal assistance is requested for mass transit, the secretary of transportation must be assured
     Academic/Non-     that transit projects receiving federal financial aid can be effectively used by elderly and              Transportation System
1974 Fiction           handicapped persons. No one quite knows what this provision really means.                                 (mass); Agency/Entity
                       The Lindsay bills need the leaders' blessing even to get to the floor of both houses for a vote.
                       Under the original Lindsay plan, the Mayor would have had the power to replace all the members
                       of the present three member Triborough and Transit Authority boards with his own appointees. A
                       transportation administrator, appointed by the Mayor to serve at his pleasure, would have been
                       the chairman of both authorities and would have been in charge of all the city's transportation
     News/New York     activities. The Mayor would have had a veto power over the entire operation. The changes Mr.
1966 Times (News)      Lindsay has made in his                                                                                   Agency/Entity
                       n't know and I do n't care! Being there, perhaps she can help him. She loves him, that's all that's
                       important. From here on you'll probably run into PRF roadblocks. Then I'll have no trouble finding
                       my way into the village. None. Your transportation will be a car that Luis Cabal was driving
                       when he was arrested. Dana ... be careful. Jorge Cabal is an old revolutionary, he has some
                       scruples but all Siomney wants is a confrontation. He'll kill Paris and he'll kill you if it serves his
1970 Movie             purpose. I'll                                                                                             Vehicular Travel (car)
                       out differences. The House bill would require the Secretary of Transportation to set standards for
                       front and rear bumpers which automakers would have to meet. The standards would have to
                       require that cars could survive low-speed crashes front and rear with greatly reduced damage. How
                       much damage, is left to the Transportation Secretary's discretion. It also would be up to him
                       determine the speed of the crashes that the cars must survive; from legislative history it is expected
     News/Christian    to be 5 m.p.h., no less. Legislation similar The bill is similar to present law, which soon will          Agency/Entity (car
1972 Science Monitor   require that cars be able                                                                                 bumpers)

                   face cuts in remuneration. George Shultz says that he will be making a " very substantial sacrifice
                   " when he resigns as Dean of the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business to become
                   Secretary of Labor. He will also have to give up income from directorships of Borg-Warner, the
                   General American Transportation Co., and the Stein, Roe and Farnham funds. To become
     Time Magazine Secretary of Agriculture, Clifford Hardin will receive the same base pay of $35,000 that he has               Industry of
1969 (Magazine)    been drawing as Chancellor of the University of Nebraska, but he loses his free residence.                    Transportation

                       hundreds of my mechanical men? That would be very foolish. - Tell me why you want the Jupiter
                       2. - My subjects are going... to repair it for flight, and I will use it to get back to the planet
                       Industro. - Isn't there any other means of transportation? - The spaceships... of the mechanical
                       men are too small to carry their leader. You ought a be ashamed of yourself. You were our friend. Vehicular Travel
1967 Movie             My dear boy, I have the highest regard for all of you. As a matter of fact, I've been instrumental in (spaceships)

                       Li' 1 Ruby, the twittering maid of the airwaves, who had won America's heart with her ridiculous
                       crying jags, and who arrived at the ball park riding sidesaddle on her great Dane, a strapping
                       eighteen-year-old lad imported from Copenhagen, said to be something more than a means of
                       transportation for the actress; '' Now ain't that a surprise! '' the fans would exclaim, when they
                       saw the diamonds roped around her wrists and her ankles, " I thought she was a little bitty thing! " Vehicular Travel
1973 Fiction           Yet another Boll Weevil fan was the man rumored to be Aunt Jemima                                    (horse/dog)

                                                                         26
                       this month), and prices continue to rise. The on-again, off-again threat to three railroads by a
                       walkout of the United Transportation Union members is met by a court injunction July 7. While
                       the dispute stems back to a 12-year-old issue over featherbedding? restoring firemen's jobs in an
                       automated transportation age -- the immediate trouble is wages, hours, and inflation. Many fear the
                       big victory by the teamsters last week will set off a new round. It is noted that the automobile          Industry of
     News/Christian    workers are about to enter negotiations for a new contract under their new president. The                 Transportation (railroad
1970 Science Monitor   Teamsters Union $1.85                                                                                     union)
                       Sugungur where there is a large cooperative farm, city sight-seeing, and a two-day trip to the South
                       Gobi (desert). Why is it so expensive? Because it is extremely costly for Mongolia to provide
                       Western tourists with the bare essentials necessary for reasonable comfort, guides, food, and
                       transportation. The tourist office here, organized only three years ago, does not encourage
                       individuals or even couples to come. It can do much better with groups for it does not have the
     News/Christian    English-speaking guides to take care of many separate parties. Also, group travel is less expensive.
1965 Science Monitor   As the                                                                                                    Vehicular Travel
                       Treasury of $6 billion a year. Brookings Institution economist Pechman believes that the $30
                       billion in extra oil levies will end up in much higher prices on a wide range of goods to consumers
                       as the extra cost is passed along. Self-defeating possibilities Already officials, of public utilities,
                       airlines, other transportation companies, and heating-oil dealers have warned that their higher
                       costs will be passed through to consumers. John D. Wilson, senior vice-president and chief
     News/Christian    economist of the Chase Manhattan Bank, warns of a different danger from the projected oil levies.         Industry of
1975 Science Monitor   " We must be careful, " he said " that                                                                    Transportation

                   , and the only man to handle the situation is the man who designed the field... Arthur Norris. Very
                   well, get me headquarters at the capital. Yes, sir. Strom here, get me headquarters . Yes? Very
                   well. I'm to report to the helipad immediately for transportation to the island. Emergency. Good
                   luck. How is he? Fine. Sleeping like a baby. I'm Arthur Norris. Your " K " clearance. You will not            Vehicular Travel
1971 Movie         leave the command post. You will wear this identification at all times while you are on the base. is          (helicopter)
                   important steps that can be taken toward cleaning up the crime in the grain industry. " # The
                   settlement does not affect the cases of 13 Bunge employees, eight of whom have pleaded guilty to
                   theft or related charges. Bunge still faces possible civil suits from the Government, its customers
                   and transportation companies. Meantime, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Internal
                   Revenue Service, the Department of Agriculture, several congressional committees and the
     Time Magazine General Accounting Office continue to probe into the scandal. Their investigations are expected to            Industry of
1975 (Magazine)    lead to more corporate indictments.                                                                           Transportation
                   proves to Commoner is a failure of scientists and technicians, who are concerned only with
                   whether their product will work and whether it will sell. The result is a dangerous new world. #
                   Commoner does not oppose all technology. Indeed, he recognizes the need to develop
                   nonpolluting systems of land transportation, for example, and ways of returning garbage directly
                   to the soil. But he urges a return wherever possible to products that are kind to the environment,
     Time Magazine and suggests the use of natural rubber instead of synthetic material, and soap instead of detergents.         System of Transportation
1971 (Magazine)    That approach would mean the closing down                                                                     (land)

                       attacking? (breaks_screeching) It looks like one is attacking, Herr Kommandant. One? Who is it?
                       It is... It was the Gestapo captain. What? Why should the Gestapo captain want to attack us? We'll
                       get you out of Germany. We have sort of a transportation corps. You will come, too? After the
                       war. After the war . I do not like war. No. You, uh, heard what happened last night, Colonel
1966 Movie             Hogan? Something happened? I slept like a baby. Last night, not five miles from here,              Agency/Entity

                    in critical disputes. Study Now Under Way Ole reiterated his belief that. he 15-cent fare could be
                   re-ained on the city's subway and' xis lines. If there has to be any adjustment, he said , it should'
                   3e.made in connection with the unification and integration of the whole transportation system Df
                   the city, and possibly even beyond that. 9He said he would announce early next week the make-up'
     News/New York nd functions of an interim City Transportation Council, which would make the initial plans tration System of Transportation
1966 Times (News) staff work is being for integration of the city's done on the same matter does transportation          (subway fares)
                   a guy with a small laundry truck who did n't seem to give a damn what anyone was driving. This
                   code violation was a mystery to Bauer, who, without ever considering what it meant, thought that
                   fair was only fair. Because of his specialized background, Bauer was made Ground
                   Transportation Officer in the company, a job that involved trucks and similar vehicles. Since the
                   hospital was a permanent Army hospital near Saigon, the only real ground transportation that
                   Bauer was called on to regulate was an eight-times daily bus to the city and an occasional
1969 Fiction       ambulance to pick up American survivors who                                                           Vehicular Travel (bus)

                                                                         27
                        certain it was a step away from the previous direction. He did n't mention Mr. Dubin and his
                        questionable pay-roll system. Debbie said she would leave on Friday, after work, and spend the
                        week end with a girl friend whose family had a summer place near Ellenville. Solomon inquired
                        about transportation, and Debbie told him that transportation would be provided. A car. She
                        expected to be home late Sunday night, but if it seemed advisable -- traffic, weather, the
                        convenience of others -- she might stay an extra night and leave very early Monday morning. In
1967 Fiction            that case,                                                                                               Vehicular Travel (car)
                        letter he wrote Walker. Subway had told the governor that he was " shocked and amazed " over
                        Walker's request for his views on the Crosstown. " Any obstruction which w- ould prevent the
                        building of the Crosstown corridor, '' Subway wrote Walker, '' would result in massive harm-to the
                        transportation system serving Chicago and the suburbs. '' IT IS essential to remember that the
                        plan for, building the Crosstown is the result of the vote of Congress. It was the Congress which
                        appropriated the funds and earmarked them for construction of the Crosstown to serve the people
1975 News Chicago       of Illinois. Moreover,                                                                                   Transportation system
                        generate the energy we need, The nuclear power plants of the future will generate the electrical
                        power required to electrolyze water -- probably sea water -- on a scale vast enough to produce
                        hydrogen in sufficient quantities to make it a cheap fuel. I don't think we can expect the petroleum
                        and transportation industries to shut themselves down voluntarily, nor can we expect Congress to
                        put them out of business. Too many of our jobs, too much of our way of life depends upon these
                        industries. But I think it is entirely reasonable to expect and even insist that these industries do     Industry of
1972 Magazine           shift to the                                                                                             Transportation

                     to produce a rational rail policy for the nation. An ICC staff estimate predicts that the industry's
                     first-quarter loss will be " worse than has ever before occurred, even during the Great Depression
                     of the 1930s. '' No fewer than eight Northeast roads are in bankruptcy. And the Department of
       Time Magazine Transportation's new Secretary, William Coleman Jr., cautions: '' It would be foolish simply to
1975   (Magazine)    subsidize the rails. I think 20% of the nation's rail trackage ought to be abandoned. "                     Agency/Entity
                     I'm not sure of your definition of vested interests,' but I assume you mean well-financed.' Okay? "
                     " Okay. " " Heavy financing has brought about a lot of decent things. Medical research, I'd put
                     first; then advanced technology in agriculture, construction, transportation. The results of these
                     heavily financed projects help everyone. Health, food, shelter; vested interests can make enormous          Industry of
                     contributions. Is n't that valid? " " Of course. When making contributions has something to do with         Transportation
1973   Fiction       it. And not just a by-product of making money. " "                                                          (investment in)
                     natural kind. For example, a large basic supplier like General Mills sells vitamin E (the current fad
                     vitamin) to packagers for 50 to 78 cents for 100 tablets or capsules of 100 International Units.
                     Assuming a cost of 78 cents per 100, the packager adds on 12 cents for transportation, overhead,
                     and profit, and another 20 cents for bottling. He then sells the bottle of 100 vitamin E tablets to a       Broad meaning -
       Academic/Non- jobber for $1.10. The jobber may take as much as 25 percent of the suggested retail price. If, for          movement of thing
1973   Fiction       example, the suggested retail price is $3                                                                   (bottles)
                     at all levels of instruction; a " complete freeze " on the employment of substitute teachers; " severe
                     reductions " in headquarters and district office personnel; discontinuation of all after-school
                     activities, including instructional ones; indefinite postponement of school repairs and maintenance,
                     and more stringent regulations on the use of transportation passes by students to get to school.
                     Consequences of Action '' This is one of the blackest days that I can recall, " Mr. Bergtraum said, "
       News/New York and my recollection goes back to the days of Fiorello La Guardia. " He said the quality of                  Transportation System
1971   Times (News) education " is going to suffer                                                                               (passes for)

                        government is trying to push communities in this direction, through subsidies to support planning,
                        by special grants for the acquisition of open space as part of a regional master plan, and by
                        denying Bureau of Public Roads support to urban-area highway projects which are not based on a ''
                        continuing, comprehensive transportation planning process carried on cooperatively by the state
     Harpers            and locality. '' Another desirable step would be a review of local zoning decisions by a
     Magazine           metropolitan or state agency. Such a system has been functioning successfully in Marion County,          Transportation System
1966 (Magazine)         Indiana, adjacent to Indianapolis, and in the Canadian province of Ontario.                              (highway)
                        s get to work. - I ca n't. I'm late for a meeting. - But you'll be back. - Not soon enough. I'm afraid
                        you'll have to meet me in Chicago . - Chicago? - Our home offices are there. I'll arrange your
                        transportation. We'll have dinner and get to work. - Tonight? - Never argue with a million-dollar
                        account. I have great plans for us. - He'll be there. - Good. Let's go, Charlie. We're in, my boy.
1965 Movie              Margaret Marshall's signature could                                                                      Vehicular Travel
                        The Tribune subsequently talked to a contractor who had submitted a lower bid to ship the waste
                        Downstate by rail and was turned down in favor of a barge operation. LYNAM SAID Ingram was
                        the only barge company to respond to a nation wide notice of contract. He said the barge method
                        of transportation was selected because one barge could haul as much material as 110 rail cars.
                        Besides the contract to have the material barged down river from its Stickney plant, the sanitary
                        district paid $2,850 million for unloading facilities, pumping station, and other equipment. The
1975 News Chicago       original agreement was extended in January,                                                              Vehicular Travel (barge)

                                                                          28
                      the poorest of Western or Communist Europe. No one died of starvation in Europe. Some still do
                     in the United States: The world's richest country ranks a surprisingly high 18th in the infant-
                     mortality rate. There is? no absolute or precise measurement of standards of living. Quality of
                     public transportation and' wealth of museums are part of it,, just as much as wage' levels. The
     News/Christian United States still has the highest wage. levels. But public health is far ahead. in all the European     Transportation System
1970 Science Monitor countries? again, East or West. Taking everything into account, the                                      (public)

                       rail, truck, or air companies, but " intermodal companies operating by all means. " Congress will
                       likely move slowly if it makes the change. But there's a growing feeling on Capitol Hill, as well as
                       in the Nixon administration,' that there are too many restrictions on transportation mergers.
                       Trends... The American-style shopping center is going abroad. - A new company, recently formed Industry of
     News/Christian    in Ulster, plans to pump? 3 million ($7.2 million) into Northern Ireland over the next two years.        Transportation (mergers
1969 Science Monitor   There it will build five 20-unit modern shopping centers, complete with stores,                          in)
                       is generally known about the taxicab industry. All of which returns to the question of what is
                       properly included in the mass transportation industry. Perhaps the best way to define an industry
                       is to include within it all erodes whose services are still substitutes for one another. Speaking of the
                       urban transportation industry in the broadest sense, one would have to include the private               Industry of
                       automobile, transit, commuter rail, and taxicab operations, since they are all substitutes for one       Transportation (taxicab
     Academic/Non-     another. A narrower view of the mass transportation industry would separate the for-hire, common industry, commuter rail,
1974 Fiction           carrier segment from the private automobile. What                                                        cars)
                       a fair number of people now attracted only to the automobile. Mass transport can certainly improve
                       on its service to those people who have no alternatives. But public mass transportation is not
                       going to meet everyone's needs ; no one should expect it to do so. The opposition to improved
                       mass transportation generally views it as a threat to continued expansion of highways and highway-
                       related activities and supply of equipment, not as an intrinsically had thing. But the opposition
     Academic/Non-     generally pulls out the stops to make the strongest case possible against mass transit; they arc         Transportation System
1974 Fiction           aided and abetted by many federal, state,                                                                (highways, mass transit)
                       has value beyond mitigating urban traffic jams. Special emphasis has been given in recent years to
                       the needs of elderly and handicapped persons who often can not use an automobile even if it is
                       available. Studies have pointed up the serious lack of mobility suffered by these unfortunate
                       citizens. The Urban Mass Transportation Administration has adopted a policy of providing funds
                       for demonstrations of special services and equipment for the old and the handicapped. Moreover,
                       the federally aided transit technical study projects require that consideration be given to these
     Academic/Non-     groups, and equipment development projects have been funded to provide transit hardware to meet Agency/Entity (aid to the
1974 Fiction           the needs                                                                                                handicapped)

                       The present policy is to allow the illegal entrant to leave voluntarily within three days of
                       apprehension. Often he is permitted to get to the border on his own. Or he may be taken to a
                       detention center in El Paso. Tex., or El Centro, Calif., to await bus transportation to the interior
                       of Mexico at U.S. Government expense. Not only does the wetback get a free trip home but back
                       wages are collected for him by Border Patrolmen. Voluntary return is likened by an INS
1969 Magazine          administrator to a " game warden who discovers a hunter without a license and helps him carry          Vehicular Travel (bus)

                   monies earmarked for the Interstate, Urban System, and Urban Extension funds to be used in the
                   construction of transit support facilities. Under the 1970 Act such items as exclusive or preferential
                   bus lanes, traffic control devices , bus passenger loading areas and facilities, shelters, fringe area
                   parking, and transportation corridor parking facilities could be built to serve bus and other public
                   transportation passengers. However, the value of this provision was limited in that the funds              Vehicular Travel (bus);
     Academic/Non- expended for mass transportation purposes could not exceed those that would have been spent in             Transportation System
1974 Fiction       conventionally providing highway capacity. Under the 1973 Act this restriction no                          (mass)
                   and in both political parties, at last came to realize the importance of aid to mass transportation in
                   the urban twentieth-century United States. Interests usually considered as competing with transit,
                   such as the highway lobby, came to realize that their bread, too, was buttered in part with the mass
                   transportation issue and that they had to lend their support or lose the vital backing of powerful,
                   big-city politicians? and even small-city politicians? in getting the highway trust fund renewed in
     Academic/Non- 1972. After almost ten years, the mass transportation programs of the United States government             Transportation System
1974 Fiction       finally received a start toward the                                                                        (mass)
                   if I need a thing, you'll get it as a favor to Rod, not to me. I'm for that. Have you any influence with
                   the airline people? " " Some. Not as much as the studio transportation department. Why? '' '' I
                   know about the studio transportation people. Rod told me. But if I could go to New York next
                   week without having to ask the studio's help, I'd be ever so. " " I might be able to fix it, " said
1966 Fiction       James Francis. " And no questions asked? " " Would                                                         Agency/Entity

                                                                         29
                   transit. The. Maritime Administration was unwisely left out of the new department, no action was
                   taken on the President's request for airway user charges, and much more needs to be done to
                   achieve a coherent transportation policy; but, after years of stalemate, these modest advances in
                   the transportation field are encouraging. The cities and their suburbs, where three out of four
                   Americans live, finally succeeded in capturing the serious attention of Congress. The Cabinet-level
     News/New York Department of Housing and Urban Development was established, a promising " demonstration             Industry of
1966 Times (News) cities " program started and rent supplements authorized. Similarly, environmental                    Transportation
                   , " the reporter said to him, " when you first heard of Martin Luther King? " " Sure, " Frank
                   Haralson said. " In' Fifty-live, when he started the bus boycott. I workin' there in Montgomery in a
                   chair factory at the time. I had transportation, and I picked up many people on the streets. The
                   people practical give up, but they hold out. " So Frank Haralson stood under one of those pine
                   trees and waited for the first row of marchers to reach him. When they did, he walked right out
1965 Magazine      with that                                                                                            Vehicular Travel (car)

                       . This here's Limpy. Hi man. This is Duke. Speed. Dirty Denny. Fellas. This is Captain Jackson,
                       my brother Link, Sergeant Winston, he's going to be your bodyguard while you're here. All right,
                       knock it off. Sergeant, secure the transportation. Yes, sir. Come on, I got to show you something.
                       Duke. Hey Denny, you dig on that Captain Midnight, man? He's so uptight he squeaks. Objectives
1970 Movie             here, Dang Huk, it's two miles into Cambodia, it's a small village,                                Vehicular Travel

                     surprise to students of such matters. Among them:? As both the white middle class and industry
                     have left the central cities, metropolitan areas are paying a double penalty -- unemployment in the
                     inner city and labor shortages in the suburbs.? Exclusionary housing practices in the suburbs and
                     inadequate regional transportation keep people and jobs apart. Filtered-down housing or ''
                     Filtered-down '' housing, the historical process by which upward-mobile groups take over better
     News/Christian housing left by others who have climbed up the economic ladder, no longer works for inner-city       Transportation System
1970 Science Monitor blacks. Residents in the white suburbs tend to stick to their present                               (inadequacy of)

                        is the largest and most efficient this country has ever boasted at any time in its history. Of its
                       2,000 ships, totaling 32 million tons deadweight, one-third are less than five years old. (1) Two
                       transport plans Much interest has been expressed here in the idea of free public transportation in
                       cities? to be paid for out of taxes. Much interest but not much support. For the proposal has
     News/Christian    drawbacks. The Greater London Council estimates the program would cost so much it would add             Transportation System
1970 Science Monitor   20 percent to everyone's local property taxes. And even that would not provide for future               (free in cities)
                       both the Lincoln Square area and, as to sound principles of design, the entire city. The experience
                       of other developers, as well as massive evidence already presented to the board, have firmly
                       established that no technical grounds exist for justifying a special claim of. From the point of view
                       of the transportation customer, nationalization is more likely to be able to continue or improve
                       service where it is needed. In a nationalized system public need should be the primary
     News/New York     consideration when continued or improved service is proposed. In the private' system the ability of     Transportation System
1975 Times (News)      the proposed service to be self-sup, porting is                                                         (nationalization of)
                       passengers a fast and comfortable ride, but also appeals to them visually. Equipment of equally
                       high standards is slated for Washington. The problem is, of course, that there is still so much
                       decrepit or poorly designed or overage equipment in use today that it blemishes the image of all
                       mass transportation undertakings. Another, related, factor is that many white Americans do not
                       wish to ride in the same vehicle with minority groups? particularly Blacks and Puerto Ricans. The
     Academic/Non-     reverse may be true as well. Solid, middle-class citizens may also fear to use public transportation    Transportation System
1974 Fiction           at night because of robberies                                                                           (mass, segregation on)

                   military competence in technical management. Strengthen the military-industrial base. Provide a
                   means for arms control. Commercial Develop and test commercial applications. Strengthen the
                   national industrial base. Provide access to extraterrestrial resources. Provide a rapid global
                   transportation system. Provide an unmanned space transportation system. Provide a manned
                   space transportation system. Scientific-technical Gain knowledge about the universe and life in
                   general. Gain knowledge about the earth's atmosphere. Gain knowledge about the earth's magnetic
     Academic/Non- and radiation environment. Strengthen national educational facilities. It is difficult to establish
1967 Fiction       priorities for the above single objectives. All are important, and                                          Transportation System
                   were formed and began to expand in order to exploit the national thirst for electric power. Transit
                   firms were usually gathered up as a part of the package. The success and continued growth of the
                   electrical generating side of the combined transit-electrical utility made possible, in many cases,
                   cross-subsidization of mass transportation services by the parent company. This cross-subsidy
                   included not only a money subsidy from the power side to the transit side for capital                       Industry of
     Academic/Non- improvements, but also a subsidy in the form of management talent. As the big utility firms grew            Transportation (transit
1974 Fiction       larger, they could hid for the best executive talent, and                                                   firms)

                                                                        30
                   City once more may be proud of City Hall's aspirations, actions and, even at this early stage, its
                   achievements. MELVIN C. HARTMAN New York, Jan, 13, 1966? Free Transportation To the
                   Editor: Perhaps if the suggestion that the City of New York operate a free transportation system
                   were seriously considered and adopted, the traffic congestion problem could be resolved overnight
     Letter/New    . Is the price really too high for a solution to a problem that threatens soon to strangle the very life   Transportation System
1966 York Times    of the city? JOHN T. SHEEN AN Middlesex, N. J., Der. 29, 1965?                                             (free)
                   to only $120 million in fiscal 1972, or about 2% of its total. But if the program is approved by
                   Congress, which appears likely, some environmentalists hope for more far-reaching changes. For
                   one, the fund conceivably could finance development of new, cheaper, faster and pollution-free
                   means of transportation. By cracking the trust fund, the Nixon Administration may be taking its
     Time Magazine biggest step to improve the U.S. environment. 282194 Widely used to control pest-borne diseases,           Transportation System
1970 (Magazine)    DDT is now everywhere-the land                                                                             (pollution-free, cheaper)
                   in a holding pattern for a scheduled landing at Juneau Airport when the crash occurred shortly
                   after noon. Officials said the crash site was about eight minutes from the runway approach. The
                   Alaska Highway Patrol said troopers at the scene reported no survivors. William Moore, the
                   Alaska chief of the National Transportation Safety Board, said the aircraft was '' fairly well
                   broken up, '' but it did not burn. Revise Passenger List Airline officials first reported that there
                   were 100 passengers and a crew of seven aboard. But they later revised the list to include 104             Agency/Entity (re:
1971 News Chicago passengers. The crash site was near                                                                         airplane)

                   3, 1967 The writer, Professor of History at Princeton University, is editor and co-author of "
                   Communism and Revolution. "? Transportation Woes To the Editor: Commissioner Henry Barnes'
                   announcement of an increase in parking meter rates lamentably omitted mention of any
                   corresponding proposal to improve the city-owned public transportation facilities. No one will
                   deny the desirability of fewer private automobiles in New York (excepting one's own, naturally) --
     News/New York the less traffic the better. But unfortunately the only other option for traveling people is either a      Transportation System
1967 Times (News) bus that takes forever or a subway that makes Calcutta seem utopian.                                        (buses, subway system)
                   A happy exception to the usual omission of the taxicab is found in the book Economic
                   Characteristics of the Urban Public Transportation Industry.' Despite this contribution,
                   remarkably little is generally known about the taxicab industry. All of which returns to the
                   question of what is properly included in the mass transportation industry. Perhaps the best way to
                   define an industry is to include within it all erodes whose services are still substitutes for one         Industry of
     Academic/Non- another. Speaking of the urban transportation industry in the broadest sense, one would have to            Transportation (what it
1974 Fiction       include the private automobile, transit, commuter rail, and taxicab operations                             includes)

                       Pentagon -- you can't get too much of it. The automobile of course requires the freeway, and more
                       automobiles require still more freeway mileage. As Winn remarks, " Surely, the path to heaven
                       from Los Angeles must be made of concrete, twelve lanes wide. '' i Public transportation like          Transportation System
                       those old Pacific Electric trolley cars -- only now something on the order of San''' Francisco's       (freeway); Vehicular
                       BART system would be needed -- would mean fewer car sales agencies, lower consumption of               Travel (electric trolley
1971 Nation            gasoline and oil through service stations, fewer highway contracts, etc. In 1970 a proposal got        cars)

                   chance to duel the German ace of aces, Ernst Kessler. Barnstorming in an aerial circus during the
                   mid-' 20s, he senses that the tide has once more turned against him. The aviation establishment is
                   now interested in proving to the public that flying is a safe and reliable means of transportation,
                   rather than in determining who will be the first nut to do an outside loop. Again, Smiling Waldo is
     Time Magazine too late with too much of the wrong kind of skill and spirit. # One must not think of Waldo (Robert        Vehicular Travel
1975 (Magazine)    Redford) as merely a daredevil, idly tempting fate                                                         (airplane)
                   comes from the highway lobby, which is not so much opposed to aid for transit as it was to the use
                   of highway Trust Fund money for nonhighway purposes. Even though the battle of general
                   attitudes toward transit seems won in Washington for the present, there are still arguments against
                   mass transportation or against certain forms of transit. For the sake of completeness, both sides of
                   the matter should be discussed. Therefore, some of the arguments both for and against mass
     Academic/Non- transport will be held up for inspection. Heat, Light, and the Mass Transit Issue At first blush there     System of Transportation
1974 Fiction       is                                                                                                         (mass)

                     one of Chicago's new luxury hotels next to O'Hare International Airport. " There's no way these
                     people could get here on their own, " he says. There's no public transportation. They could n't
                     take these jobs unless they know for sure that I will provide them with transportation, '' he says.      System of Transportation
                     After two years, demand has risen so rapidly that the enterprising young Puerto Rican has bought a       (getting to airport);
     News/Christian second van and recently a school bus. Now his transportation business outstrips the salary he earns       Vehicular Travel (bus,
1973 Science Monitor as an assistant in the hotel's housekeeping department. Public transportation? buses,                    van, school bus)

                                                                        31
                       the Secretary of State and the Secretary of Defense. Drought threatened the wheat crop. An
                       unidentified flyingobject had been seen in Ohio. A hairdresser in Linden, New Jersey, had shot his
                       wife, his four children, his poodle and himself. A three-day smog in Chicago had paralyzed most
                       transportation and closed many businesses. Nailles felt uncheerful and tried the naive
                       expedientof bolstering his spirits by assessing his good fortune. Had he been indicted for grand
                       larceny? No. Had he been murdered in a park? No. Had he been trapped in a burning building, lost      System of Transportation
1969 Fiction           on a glacier                                                                                          (impacted by weather)
                       Wild Bill Hickok and Calamity Jane -- side by side -- and Preacher Smith and Potato Creek
                       Johnny are nearby. The flag at the cemetery flies day and night; Deadwood is one of eight places
                       in the United States permitted to fly the flag twenty-four hours a day. Rapid City is the
                       transportation center for the Black Hills. Three airlines serve the area, and rental cars are
                       available at the airport and downtown. Several tour companies operate tours throughout the Black
                       Hills area. Amtrak does not serve South Dakota, however. WYOMING The very name Cody,                  Vehicular Travel
1974 Magazine          Wyoming, conjures visions of William                                                                  (airplane, cards, Amtrak)

                   But no one saves us any steps to the store. Suburban Americans must mobilize all the 250
                   horsepower of their automobiles to get that loaf of bread or have a beer in the anonymous
                   conviviality of a tavern. As city planner Constantinos A. Doxiadis has pointed out, the faster our
     Harpers       means of transportation, the longer it takes us to get around within the urban environment. In the
     Magazine      eighteenth century it took man ten minutes to get from the outskirts to the center of his city. In the
1965 (Magazine)    nineteenth century it took twenty minutes. Now, on the average, it takes more than forty                  Vehicular Travel (car)
                   plays a far more important role in policy formulation and action on the part of all levels of
                   government than the best interests of the public. The small sums traditionally spent by government
                   for nonhighway transportation are enlightening evidence . Not so many years ago a national
                   magazine stated: According to Department of Transportation experts, it would take a minimum of
                   $37 billion over the next five years to make even a start on cleaning up the nation's transportation      Agency/Entity; System
     Academic/Non- mess: $5 billion for corridor trains? Boston to Washington to New York; Chicago to Milwaukee              of Transportation
1974 Fiction       and Detroit; San Francisco to Los Angeles $4 billion                                                      (corridor trains)
                    secretary investigate alternate sources of funding for transit on all levels of government may serve
                   to solve this need, which arises at present because of local jurisdictional and revenue problems.''
                   The heyday of the private automobile is far from over, but the notion of the desirability of
                   improvement of mass transportation in the cities is now firmly entrenched in the United States.
                   The idea of publicly owned and subsidized mass transport is no longer foreign. By all signs the
     Academic/Non- nation is on the brink of major transit activity. Making real progress will depend to a great extent      System of Transportation
1974 Fiction       upon the vigor and dedication                                                                             (mass vs. cars)

                   yard 35 miles south of Hanoi yesterday. The spokesman said that smoke and debris from bombs of
                   250 to 1,000 pounds prevented a detailed assessment of the damage, but that at least two spans of
                   the 232-foot bridge had been collapsed. The raids were another in a series of concentrated attacks
                   on transportation facilities by the Navy, the spokesman said. The bridge is on the main rail line
     News/New York leading to Hanoi. An F-4B Phantom pilot assigned to protect the pilots attacking the bridge against       System of Transportation
1966 Times (News) enemy jets said he picked up " some type of jet aircraft " on his radar set, gave chase and                (attacks on)
                   Mass Transit Issue At first blush there is, to be sure, a certain challenge in being promass transport.
                   As a mass transit advocate, one has the somewhat masochistic pleasure of supporting what has
                   been for many years the underdog. In some circles it has even become fashionable to downgrade
                   private transportation by means of the automobile and see almost incredible virtue in the stoic
                   rider of mass transportation. Considering the quality of mass transportation in most United States
     Academic/Non- cities, virtue may be its own reward. Nevertheless, it is indeed quite legitimate to question whether     Vehicular Travel (car vs.
1974 Fiction       or not it is a waste of time                                                                              mass transit)

                   people to manage a highly technological and demanding society. The problem of meeting the food
                   and nutrition needs of the American people is not a production problem. We do not live, as people
                   of many other nations do, on the edge of genuine scarcity. Nor is it a problem of transportation,
                   as in China. Nor is it a problem of profiteering in times of scarcity as in some Asian countries. Our Industry of
     Academic/Non- problem is one of distribution alone, how to see that the necessary food, containing, either          Transportation (shipping
1971 Fiction       naturally or by supplementation, the necessary nutrients, reaches all of the American                 food)

                                                                       32