Court Opinion

ID: 2978486
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 18:26:28.993244+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:44:12.784973
License: Public Domain

RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                            Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                   File Name: 09a0379p.06

               UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                 _________________

                                                X
                          Plaintiff-Appellee, -
 SECRETARY OF UNITED STATES AIR FORCE,
                                                 -
                                                 -
                                                 -
                                                     No. 08-4084
          v.
                                                 ,
                                                  >
                                                 -
                       Defendant-Appellant. -
 COMMEMORATIVE AIR FORCE,
                                                 -
                                                N
                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                  for the Southern District of Ohio at Dayton.
                No. 06-00122—Thomas M. Rose, District Judge.
                                Argued: October 14, 2009
                         Decided and Filed: November 2, 2009
                                                                                      *
       Before: KENNEDY and ROGERS, Circuit Judges; HOOD, District Judge.

                                   _________________

                                        COUNSEL
ARGUED: Garry L. Montanari, MICHEALIS, MONTANARI & JOHNSON, P.C.,
Westlake Village, California, for Appellant. Patrick D. Quinn, ASSISTANT UNITED
STATES ATTORNEY, Dayton, Ohio, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Garry L. Montanari,
MICHEALIS, MONTANARI & JOHNSON, P.C., Westlake Village, California, Jerry
Alan Eichenberger, EICHENBERGER & BUCKLEY, LPA, Dublin, Ohio, for
Appellant. Patrick D. Quinn, ASSISTANT UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Dayton,
Ohio, for Appellee.

        *
        The Honorable Joseph M. Hood, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of
Kentucky, sitting by designation.

                                              1
No. 08-4084        Secretary of United States Air Force v. Commemorative            Page 2
                   Air Force

                                  _________________

                                       OPINION
                                  _________________

       ROGERS, Circuit Judge. The Commemorative Air Force appeals the district
court’s order granting summary judgment for the Secretary of the United States Air
Force, denying the CAF’s motion for summary judgment, and terminating this action for
title to a historic fighter aircraft. The USAF filed suit in the district court below for
breach of contract, replevin, and a declaratory judgment that the CAF violated the terms
of a 1966 donation certificate concerning an F-82 aircraft. Because there is no genuine
issue of material fact that the CAF’s attempt to trade the F-82 violated the terms of the
1966 donation certificate, which called for title to revest in the USAF if the CAF no
longer desired to retain the aircraft, the district court properly granted summary
judgment to the USAF on all claims.

       The Commemorative Air Force, formerly known as the Confederate Air Force,
is an organization that seeks to honor the military by returning vintage aircraft to flying
condition. In 1966, the CAF entered into discussions with the USAF about acquiring an
F-82 for the CAF’s collection of combat aircraft. After several letters between the
parties, Air Force Logistics Command sent a letter to the CAF with two attachments: a
copy of a letter to the Commander of Lackland Air Force Base (where the F-82 was then
on static display) authorizing the conditional release of an F-82 aircraft, and “two copies
of a donation certificate for the F-82 under consideration” with a request that one copy
be returned as soon as possible. The donation certificate stated:

       In order to induce the United States Air Force (hereinafter referred to as
       the “Donor”) to donate a[n] F-82 aircraft, SN 44-65162 (hereinafter
       referred to as the “donated property”) to be used for display to
       Confederate Air Force Museum (hereinafter referred to as the “Donee”),
       the Donee represents and warrants that it is a nonprofit chartered
       museum and that the Donee accepts the donation of the donated property
       subject to the following terms and conditions, the due observance of
       which is essential to the validity and continuance of the donation:
        ....
No. 08-4084        Secretary of United States Air Force v. Commemorative              Page 3
                   Air Force

       2. If at any time the donated property is no longer used for the purpose
       and/or end use for which it is donated or retention of the property is no
       longer desired, title to the donated property shall, at the option of the
       Government, revest in the Air Force; provided however, that if the
       Government does not exercise said option within 60 days after receipt of
       written notice, it shall be deemed that the Government does not elect to
       exercise the option, however, the Donee agrees prior to disposing of the
       donated property, to demilitarize the property to the extent required by
       the Government policy in effect at the time of the disposal.
       ....
       4. Delivery of the donated property to the Donee, and the repossession
       of all or any part of the donated property by the Donor, shall be at no cost
       or expense to the Donor and the Donee shall pay all freight and
       transportation charges.

L.P. Nolen signed the Donation Certificate as President of the CAF on April 18th.

       After accepting the F-82, the CAF began taking steps to restore the aircraft to
flying condition and to secure permission for flight. In June of 1966, the Commander
of Lackland Air Force Base acknowledged receipt of a letter from the CAF regarding a
request for permission to fly the F-82 and advised the CAF to contact USAF
Headquarters. The CAF then requested permission from USAF Headquarters to fly the
F-82. The USAF responded that the Air Force General Counsel had determined in June
of 1967 that all donations of surplus aircraft pursuant to 10 U.S.C. § 2572 must contain
“no-fly” clauses, but because the F-82 was donated before the clause was required,
USAF Headquarters was referring the matter to the General Counsel’s Office. The CAF
then received a letter from the Deputy General Counsel of the Air Force, stating that
because the F-82 was donated prior to the no-fly clause requirement, the appropriate Air
Force element could grant the CAF permission to fly the aircraft. Several months later,
CAF President Nolen wrote to the Chief of the Research Division of the Air Force
Museum at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, informing the USAF that “[t]he F-82 has
been repaired and we now have permission to fly it.” A few days after that, General
Gerrity informed the CAF by letter that because “the donation certificate executed with
No. 08-4084            Secretary of United States Air Force v. Commemorative                      Page 4
                       Air Force

respect to the P-821 did not contain a ‘no-fly’ clause, the CAF was under no Air Force
Restriction on flying the aircraft.”

         Having secured permission from the USAF to fly the plane, the CAF next went
about obtaining the necessary certifications from the FAA. The CAF received a letter
from Air Force Logistics Command in January of 1968, stating, “Attached is a transfer
certificate which you requested to establish title to the subject aircraft for purpose of
obtaining FAA certification and license for the operation of this aircraft.” The transfer
certificate was addressed to “Whom it May Concern,” and stated:

         This will certify that F-82B aircraft Air Force serial number 44-65162
         has been officially donated by the Air Force to the Confederate Air
         Force, Mercedes, Texas, under the provisions of 10 USC 2572. The
         donee has further been authorized to move this aircraft from Kelly, AFB,
         Texas, to Mercedes, Texas by flight under the provisions of appropriate
         civil flight regulations.
The CAF was able to register the aircraft with the FAA, and the CAF flew the F-82 in
numerous air shows until the plane crash landed in 1987.

         After the crash landing, the CAF began trying to raise money to restore the F-82.
The search for sponsors led the CAF to NPA Holdings, which offered to exchange a
refurbished P-38 aircraft and the wreckage of another P-38 for the damaged F-82. The
parties entered into an exchange agreement in September of 2002, and after a title search
revealed no clouds of title on any of the aircraft involved, the parties moved forward
with the exchange.

         General Metcalf, director of the National Museum of the United States Air Force,
learned of the trade in November of 2002 by reading an article in Air Classics magazine.
In December, Metcalf sent CAF executive director Bob Rice a letter stating that the
USAF considered the Air Classics article written notice that the CAF no longer desired
to retain the aircraft and that the letter was formal notification that the USAF was

         1
            F-82s were previously known as P-82s. The “P” designation stands for pursuit, while “F” stands
for fighter.
No. 08-4084         Secretary of United States Air Force v. Commemorative             Page 5
                    Air Force

exercising its option to retain title according to the terms of the donation certificate. The
CAF disagreed that the USAF had a right to reclaim the aircraft, but contacted NPA and
agreed not to go forward with the transaction. Although NPA had filed a bill of sale
with the FAA, CAF directors met with NPA and requested that NPA transfer title to the
F-82 back to the CAF. The CAF retained title to the aircraft until this lawsuit.

        Discussions between the USAF and the CAF over the F-82 broke down, and on
April 3, 2006, the CAF filed an action for declaratory judgment in the United States
District Court for the Central District of California. On April 26, the USAF filed this
action in the Southern District of Ohio. The Ohio district court stayed this action
pending resolution of the California action, but lifted the stay once the CAF agreed to
a voluntary dismissal of the California action. The parties filed competing motions for
summary judgment, and the district court entered an order granting summary judgment
for the USAF, denying the CAF’s motion for summary judgment, and terminating the
case. The district court concluded that the transfer of the F-82 was a donation subject
to the terms and conditions of the 1966 donation certificate. The court found that there
was no genuine issue of material fact that the CAF had breached those terms and
conditions, and rejected the CAF’s defenses to the application of the donation certificate.
The CAF filed this timely appeal.

        The USAF is entitled to summary judgment because there is no genuine issue of
material fact that the CAF violated the terms of the donation certificate, which called for
title to revest in the USAF if the CAF no longer wished to retain the F-82. The CAF
took possession of the F-82 subject to the terms and conditions of the donation
certificate. As the donation certificate states, “[i]n order to induce the United States Air
Force . . . to donate a[n] F-82 aircraft . . . the Donee accepts the donation of the donated
property subject to the following terms and conditions, the due observance of which is
essential to the validity and continuance of the donation.” One of those terms and
conditions is that if “retention of the property is no longer desired, title to the donated
property shall, at the option of the Government, revest in the Air Force . . . .” Neither
party contests that the CAF’s actions in transferring the plane to NPA violated the terms
No. 08-4084         Secretary of United States Air Force v. Commemorative             Page 6
                    Air Force

of the donation certificate, and although the USAF argues that the article in Air Classics
magazine was written notice that the CAF no longer wished to retain the aircraft, written
notice is irrelevant. The CAF was required to provide notice to the USAF that it no
longer wished to retain the aircraft, but the CAF’s failure to do so has no effect on the
USAF’s ability to reclaim title because the CAF’s transfer of the F-82 indicated it no
longer wished to retain the aircraft. Because the CAF violated the terms and conditions
of the donation certificate by attempting to transfer the aircraft to NPA, the USAF is
entitled to reclaim the F-82 as provided by the donation certificate, at the expense of the
CAF.

        The CAF does not argue that its actions were consistent with the donation
certificate. Rather, the CAF asserts various defenses to the application of the donation
certificate.   The CAF’s primary arguments are that the 1968 transfer certificate
superseded the donation certificate and, alternatively, that the USAF gave the CAF a
right of disposal of the F-82 under the terms of the donation certificate by failing to elect
to reclaim title to the F-82 when the CAF changed its use of the aircraft from “display”
to “flight.” Because nothing in the 1968 transfer certificate indicates any intent to
supersede the 1966 donation certificate, because flight of the aircraft did not give the
CAF a right of disposal, and because the CAF’s remaining arguments are without merit,
the USAF was entitled to summary judgment.

        The CAF first argues that the 1968 transfer certificate superseded the 1966
donation certificate, but nothing in the 1968 transfer certificate indicated the intent of
the USAF to relinquish its rights under the donation certificate. The transfer certificate
states only that the aircraft “has been officially donated,” and that the CAF has
permission to fly the aircraft from Kelly Air Force Base to Mercedes, Texas, “under the
provisions of appropriate civil flight regulations.” Although the CAF claims that the
USAF’s granting of title was a separate act relinquishing all rights to the F-82, 49 U.S.C.
§ 44103(c) shows that between two parties claiming title to an aircraft, FAA registration
is meaningless. The statutory provision states: “A certificate of registration issued under
this section is . . . not evidence of ownership of an aircraft in a proceeding in which
No. 08-4084         Secretary of United States Air Force v. Commemorative             Page 7
                    Air Force

ownership is or may be in issue.”         Id.   Moreover, the transfer certificate itself
acknowledges the USAF’s continuing interest in the aircraft by stating that the CAF “has
further been authorized to move this aircraft from Kelly AFB Texas, to Mercedes,
Texas, by flight under the provisions of appropriate civil flight regulations.” (emphasis
added). If the USAF had relinquished its interest in the aircraft by unconditionally
donating the F-82, the CAF would need no further authorization to fly the F-82 beyond
the appropriate civil flight regulations. Additionally, the limited purpose for which the
USAF provided the transfer certificate also shows that the USAF did not intend the
transfer certificate to supersede the donation certificate. The USAF mailed the document
“to establish title to the subject aircraft for purpose of obtaining FAA certification and
license for the operation of this aircraft” (emphasis added).

        According to the CAF, the Ohio law elements of an inter vivos gift and the
district court’s classification of the original transfer as a donation together indicate that
the 1968 transfer certificate shows a new donative intent superseding the donation
certificate. But the Ohio law of inter vivos gifts is not applicable to the transfer of an F-
82 to a civilian entity.

        Federal law, not the law of Ohio, controls the rights and obligations of the parties
under the terms of the donation certificate. A government contract is governed by
federal law when the contract was “entered into pursuant to authority conferred by
federal statute, and, ultimately, by the Constitution.” United States v. Seckinger, 397
U.S. 203, 209-10 (1970). In donating the F-82 to the CAF, the USAF was acting
pursuant to Congress’s grant of authority in 10 U.S.C. § 2572(a)(3), which states, “[t]he
Secretary concerned may lend or give items described in subsection (c) that are not
needed by the military department concerned . . . to any of the following . . . (3) a
nonprofit military aviation heritage foundation or association incorporated in a State.”

        Under federal law, although the district court labeled the transfer of the aircraft
a donation, the court properly concluded that the donation was subject to certain
conditions that must be followed. Wynne v. Commemorative Air Force, No. 3:06-cv-122,
No. 08-4084         Secretary of United States Air Force v. Commemorative            Page 8
                    Air Force

2008 WL 2622987, at *9 (S.D. Ohio July 1, 2008). The CAF’s acceptance of those
conditions created a government contract by meeting the four required elements of a
government contract: (1) mutuality of intent to contract, (2) consideration, (3) lack of
ambiguity in offer and acceptance, and (4) actual authority of the government
representative to bind the government. See D & N Bank v. United States, 331 F.3d 1374,
1378 (Fed. Cir. 2003).

        The CAF next argues that flight of the aircraft was a non-conforming use of the
donated property that violated the terms of the donation certificate, and the failure of the
USAF to reclaim title removed any restriction on the CAF’s disposition of the F-82. As
the CAF sees it, the donation certificate contains two conditions subsequent but does not
specify whether the USAF’s failure to exercise its option to reclaim title upon the
occurrence of one condition subsequent releases the CAF from the other condition. The
CAF argues that it does on the theory that the certificate is ambiguous and should be
construed against the USAF as the drafter of the document. This argument fails because
the donation certificate is not ambiguous and the CAF’s flight of the aircraft did not
render the donation certificate inapplicable.

        A contract is ambiguous when it is susceptible to two or more reasonable
interpretations, each of which is consistent with the contract language. Cmty. Heating
& Plumbing Co. v. Kelso, 987 F.2d 1575, 1579 (Fed. Cir. 1993).                 The CAF’s
interpretation of the donation certificate does not create an ambiguity because such an
interpretation is not consistent with the contract language. The donation certificate calls
for title to revest at the option of the USAF upon the occurrence of one of two conditions
subsequent. The CAF urges this court to read an additional term into the donation
certificate, that if the USAF fails to exercise its option to reclaim title upon written
notice of a change in use from display to flight, the USAF then is no longer able to
reclaim title if the CAF transfers the aircraft. But nothing in the donation certificate
compels this conclusion. It is a well-established principle of contract interpretation that
a court should not read an ambiguity into a contract where none exists. See, e.g.,
Babinski v. Am. Family Ins. Group, 569 F.3d 349, 352 (8th Cir. 2009).
No. 08-4084         Secretary of United States Air Force v. Commemorative             Page 9
                    Air Force

        Even if the contract had called for the occurrence of one condition subsequent
to allow the CAF to dispose of the aircraft freely, the donation certificate would still be
applicable because flight of the aircraft did not allow the USAF to reclaim title. In
response to the CAF’s request for permission to fly the F-82, the parties modified the
agreement to permit flight. A government contract may be modified “by a later
agreement that satisfies the law of contracts and applicable government requirements.”
Rumsfeld v. Freedom NY, Inc., 329 F.3d 1320, 1328 n.1 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (citing Arthur
L. Corbin, Corbin on Contracts, § 574 (Interim ed. 2002)). In requesting permission to
fly the aircraft, the CAF stated that the “aircraft will be restored to its original condition
and made available for display and flight with other aircraft of the CAF fleet.” The
CAF also stated that its primary mission is to “restore and maintain in flying condition
a complete collection of WWII combat aircraft.” (emphasis in original). The USAF
referred the matter to its General Counsel’s office, which determined that because the
aircraft was donated prior to a determination that “no-fly” clauses were required in all
conditional donations, permission to fly the aircraft could be granted. General Gerrity
provided that permission by informing the CAF that it was under no USAF restriction
in flying the F-82 and by providing the necessary documentation for the CAF to register
the aircraft for civilian flight. A contract may be established by multiple documents, as
long as those documents establish the necessary elements of a government contract.
D & N Bank, 331 F.3d at 1378. Although the CAF also contends that any purported
modification to the contract would still trigger the reversionary clause because the
modification changed the purpose of the donation from “display” to only “flight,” the
facts show the modification was not limited to flight only. The CAF, in its request for
permission to fly the aircraft, stated that the F-82 would be “made available for display
and flight with the other aircraft of the CAF fleet.”

        The CAF’s remaining arguments are without merit. The CAF argues that by
“undoing” the transaction with NPA and reclaiming title to the F-82, the CAF rendered
this action moot; that allowing the USAF to reclaim title to the F-82 after over 40 years
of ownership by the CAF would work an inequitable forfeiture; and that the USAF’s
No. 08-4084        Secretary of United States Air Force v. Commemorative         Page 10
                   Air Force

action for replevin was improper because the USAF did not have title to the F-82.
However, a live case or controversy exists as to whether the USAF is entitled to reclaim
title of the F-82, allowing the USAF to reclaim title to the aircraft would not work an
inequitable forfeiture because the terms of the donation certificate clearly created a
condition subsequent rather than a covenant between the parties, and the USAF’s rights
under the donation certificate entitle it to possession of the F-82, therefore giving the
USAF a right to an action for replevin. Because the CAF violated the terms and
conditions of the 1966 donation certificate calling for title to revest in the USAF, and
because the CAF has failed to establish that it should not have to return the F-82 to the
USAF, the USAF is entitled to summary judgment.

       For the foregoing reasons the order of the district court granting summary
judgment to the Secretary of the United States Air Force and denying the
Commemorative Air Force’s motion for summary judgment is AFFIRMED.