Court Opinion

ID: 3193914
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-04-13 22:03:30.811012+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:47:03.440635
License: Public Domain

2016 IL App (1st) 143858
                                           No. 1-14-3858
                                     Opinion filed April 13, 2016

                                                                                   THIRD Division

     ______________________________________________________________________________

                                                IN THE

                                 APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                          FIRST DISTRICT

     ______________________________________________________________________________

     RAKESH CHANDRA, M.D.,                     ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
                                               ) of Cook County.
           Plaintiff-Appellee/Cross-Appellant, )
                                               )
     v.                                        ) No. 13 CH 25015
                                               )
     LOKESH CHANDRA, M.D.,                     )
                                               ) The Honorable
           Defendant-Appellant/Cross-Appellee, ) Mary Lane Mikva,
                                               ) Judge Presiding.
           and                                 )
                                               )
     ROBIN B. POTTER and ASSOCIATES,           )
                                               )
           Defendant-Appellee/Cross-Appellant. )
     ______________________________________________________________________________

                  JUSTICE FITZGERALD SMITH delivered the judgment of the court, with
           opinion.
                  Presiding Justice Mason and Justice Lavin concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                                OPINION

¶1         Following recovery in a qui tam action, plaintiff-appellee/cross-appellant Rakesh

       Chandra, M.D. (Rakesh) filed a cause of action for declaratory judgment against defendant-
     1-14-3858

            appellant/cross-appellee Lokesh Chandra, M.D. (Lokesh) and defendant-appellee/cross-

            appellant Robin B. Potter and Associates (Potter), seeking to enforce a contract entered into

            by the parties. Potter filed a cause of action for declaratory judgment against Lokesh in the

            same vein, also seeking to enforce the contract. Lokesh, meanwhile, filed answers and

            defenses, as well as a counterclaim and crossclaim, seeking to have the contract declared

            unenforceable. Rakesh and Potter eventually filed motions for judgment on the pleadings

            and for prejudgment interest. After briefing and argument, the trial court granted their

            motions in part by finding the contract at issue to be enforceable, but denied their request for

            prejudgment interest.

¶2              Lokesh appeals, contending that the trial court erred in finding the contract enforceable.

            He asserts that there was no consideration from Rakesh in forming the contract and that the

            contract itself violated the Illinois Rules of Professional Conduct (Rules) (Ill. R. Prof.

            Conduct (2010) R. 1.1 et seq. (eff. Jan 1, 2010)). Lokesh asks that we reverse the trial court's

            grant of judgment on the pleadings, vacate this portion of its order and remand the matter for

            further proceedings or other just and necessary relief. Concurrently, both Rakesh and Potter

            appeal the trial court's denial of their requests for prejudgment interest. 1 They contend that

            the court erred in this portion of its determination because Lokesh's actions prevented the

            distribution of funds to which they were entitled under the contract, depriving them of the use

            and benefit of the proceeds. They ask that we reverse this portion of the trial court's order

            and award them the interest sought. For the following reasons, we affirm in part, and reverse

            in part and remand with directions.

     1
         Rakesh and Potter have each filed their own separate briefs in this appeal and each is represented by separate

     counsel.

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¶3                                             BACKGROUND

¶4         Rakesh and Lokesh are brothers and physicians licensed to practice in Illinois. Sushil

        Sheth, also a physician, covered several of Lokesh's patients. When he did so, Sheth billed

        Medicare, Medicaid and the private payor directly. Eventually, Lokesh began receiving

        complaints from his patients regarding bills they were receiving from Sheth. Around March

        2006, Lokesh grew suspicious that Sheth was committing medical billing fraud and spoke to

        Rakesh, who had experience with this and who is also an attorney, to determine if he

        (Lokesh) had any reporting obligations. Lokesh provided Rakesh with billing documentation

        and, upon his review and analysis, Rakesh recommended that Lokesh speak with an attorney.

        After discussing this, Lokesh agreed to allow Rakesh to find qualified counsel. Rakesh did

        so and found Potter. All the parties agreed to meet on March 11, 2006.

¶5          On that date, Rakesh went to Potter's office; he brought her materials and documents

        related to the fraud claims against Sheth, which he had reviewed, prepared and organized.

        Lokesh, meanwhile, attended the meeting via telephone. Potter told Rakesh and Lokesh that

        she needed some time to review and consider the documentation Rakesh had provided to

        determine whether there was a viable cause against Sheth and how best to proceed.

        Accordingly, the parties agreed to meet the next day.

¶6         On March 12, 2006, Rakesh, Lokesh and Potter all met in person at Potter's office. After

        considering the information and documents Rakesh had provided, Potter believed there was a

        viable cause of action for fraudulent billing against Sheth and she offered to provide

        representation. Potter explained to Rakesh and Lokesh that the cause could proceed as a qui

        tam action against Sheth under the federal False Claims Act (FCA) (31 U.S.C. §§ 3729-3733

        (2012)), where plaintiffs, or relators, would bring the cause, as filed under seal, in both their

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        own right and on behalf of the government to recover sums that the government paid in false

        claims, and the government would review the allegations and evidence to determine whether

        to intervene. Potter further advised that both brothers could be named as relators in the suit;

        however, after some discussion, the parties agreed that only Lokesh would be a named

        relator.

¶7          Accordingly, the parties formed and entered into a two-page document entitled "Contract

        for Legal Services." The contract named both Lokesh and Rakesh as Potter's "clients" and

        stated that they both retained and employed the firm to represent them in the qui tam action

        against Sheth. The contract further stated that while the parties "agree that only Lokesh"

        would be a "named" relator in the suit, they also "agree" that Lokesh and Rakesh "will

        equally share in the relators' share and relators' costs in this case." With respect to attorney

        fees and services, the contract described that Potter would assume all legal fees and costs,

        and that Lokesh and Rakesh agree to assign all sums recovered for legal fees, were the suit be

        successful, to her. The contract also noted that Lokesh and Rakesh agree to pay attorney fees

        for services, and that this would amount to 40% of any award obtained in the suit. Finally,

        the contract stated that Lokesh and Rakesh "will be responsible for payment from the final

        proceeds in this case" and granted "a lien on any recovery for the reimbursement of costs and

        the payment" of attorney fees. At the conclusion of the meeting, Lokesh, Rakesh and Potter

        all initialed the first page of the contract and all signed the second page.

¶8          Following the signing of the contract and Potter's retention as their counsel, Potter

        drafted a complaint in order to proceed with the qui tam action against Sheth pursuant to the

        FCA and named Lokesh as the plaintiff-relator, as per the parties' agreement in the contract.

        Rakesh alleges that he continued to work with Potter to provide her with information

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            regarding the suit when she asked for it; Potter corroborates Rakesh's statements, while

            Lokesh insists that Rakesh had no further involvement in the suit. Ultimately, Potter filed

            under seal the qui tam action in federal court under the FCA, the government found that it

            had merit and elected to intervene, and the cause resulted in a plea agreement and judgment

            in excess of $20 million against Sheth. The parties were notified that the relator's share of

            the settlement would be $1,335,569.86, and would be distributed by the government on

            September 19, 2013. However, on September 16, 2013, three days before this was to occur,

            Lokesh, who had now retained new counsel, sent a letter to Potter asserting that the contract

            signed by the parties was invalid, insisting that Rakesh should not get any of the proceeds

            from the suit, and demanding that she deposit the entire sum into his (Lokesh's) personal

            account.

¶9              The qui tam recovery was deposited into Potter's client trust account. After Potter

            notified Rakesh that she could not now distribute any of the funds due to Lokesh's demand

            letter, Rakesh filed a cause of action against Lokesh and Potter. 2 He sought a declaratory

            judgment that the contract was enforceable and, thus, that he was entitled to one-half of the

            proceeds recovered pursuant to it plus prejudgment interest, and he alleged that Lokesh had

            breached both a written and oral contract to share equally with him in the recovery of the qui

            tam action. Lokesh attempted to remove the cause to federal court, but that court declined to

            exercise supplemental jurisdiction and remanded the matter to the state trial court. Soon

            thereafter, Potter filed a counterclaim seeking a declaratory judgment, just as Rakesh, that the

            contract was enforceable and that she was entitled to attorney fees in accordance with its

     2
         By this time, both Rakesh and Potter had also obtained separate counsel, so neither party was represented by the

     other.

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          terms plus prejudgment interest. Lokesh filed answers and defenses, as well as a

          counterclaim and crossclaim, asserting that the contract was not enforceable for several

          reasons, including that it violated the Rules, that there was a lack of consideration in its

          formation, and that it was otherwise unreasonable and unconscionable.

¶ 10         Eventually, Rakesh and Potter each filed motions for judgment on the pleadings. Lokesh

          responded, asserting, in addition to his prior objections, that the contract amounted to

          impermissible fee sharing with respect to the qui tam action. Following a hearing, the trial

          court granted Rakesh's and Potter's motions, entering judgment on the pleadings in their

          favor and against Lokesh. Specifically, the court found that the "Contract for Legal

          Services," as signed by all the parties, was "valid and enforceable," that Potter was entitled to

          her contingency fee and costs from the underlying qui tam action, and that Rakesh and

          Lokesh "are to divide equally the remainder of the funds awarded in that suit." The court

          explained that it was "pretty undisputed that there was consideration" for Lokesh's promise to

          share the proceeds of the qui tam recovery with Rakesh, that the contract was not violative of

          the Rules, that there was no conflict of interest, and that the situation was not one amounting

          to fee sharing. However, in addressing Rakesh's and Potter's claims for prejudgment interest,

          the court denied their request, finding that, while it believed it was "Lokesh's objections" that

          had delayed the distribution of the funds, Lokesh had "not really [been] holding the money,"

          since it had been deposited in Potter's client trust account and she "had no choice" but to hold

          the funds there until the matter was resolved. Accordingly, following the trial court's

          decision, and with no motion to stay being filed, Potter distributed the $1,355,569.86 qui tam

          recovery pursuant to the terms of the contract.

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       1-14-3858

¶ 11                                             ANALYSIS

¶ 12          The instant cause presents both a direct and cross-appeal. On direct appeal, Lokesh

          challenges the trial court's decision to grant judgment on the pleadings against him and in

          favor of Rakesh and Potter. He contends that the trial court erred in finding that the contract

          at issue was supported by consideration from Rakesh and that it did not violate the Rules.

          Meanwhile, on cross-appeal, Rakesh and Potter challenge the trial court's decision to deny

          them prejudgment interest. They contend that Lokesh improperly deprived them of the use

          and benefit of their portions of recovery from the underlying qui tam action. We will

          consider the direct appeal first.

¶ 13                                      I. Lokesh's Direct Appeal

¶ 14          The parties agree that the instant direct appeal involves judgment on the pleadings and

          focuses on the construction and interpretation of the contract into which they entered. Under

          both circumstances, our review is to proceed, as the parties assent, via a de novo standard of

          review. See Gillen v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co., 215 Ill. 2d 381, 385

          (2005), and Pekin Insurance Co. v. Allstate Insurance Co., 329 Ill. App. 3d 46, 49 (2002) (on

          review from grant of judgment on the pleadings, reviewing court must ascertain de novo

          whether the trial court correctly determined that the pleadings presented no issue of material

          fact and whether it therefore correctly entered judgment); see also Wiczer v. Wojciak, 2015

          IL App (1st) 123753, ¶ 33, and Asset Recovery Contracting, LLC v. Walsh Construction Co.

          of Illinois, 2012 IL App (1st) 101226, ¶ 74 (the interpretation of contracts is subject to de

          novo standard of review, but with the factual findings involved therein given deference by

          the reviewing court).

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       1-14-3858

¶ 15         Lokesh's first contention of error is that the trial court, in granting judgment on the

          pleadings in favor of Rakesh and Potter and against him, improperly found that the contract

          at issue was valid and enforceable because it was supported by consideration from Rakesh.

          Lokesh asserts that there is a material question of fact as to whether Rakesh provided

          consideration to him in exchange for his promise to give Rakesh one-half of his recovery

          from the qui tam action. In support of this argument, Lokesh insists that there could have

          been no consideration between the brothers pursuant to the FCA, that any promise Rakesh

          made to his detriment was merely illusory, and that there was no evidence that Rakesh did

          anything to support enforcement of the contract. We disagree.

¶ 16         A valid and enforceable contract requires an offer, acceptance and consideration. See

          Hubble v. O'Connor, 291 Ill. App. 3d 974, 979 (1997). Consideration consists of a

          " 'bargained-for exchange of promises or performances, and may consist of a promise, an act

          or a forbearance' " (Carter v. SCC Odin Operating Co., 2012 IL 113204, ¶ 23 (quoting

          McInerney v. Charter Golf, Inc., 176 Ill. 2d 482, 487 (1997))), which is " 'of benefit to one

          party or disadvantage to the other' " (Carter, 2012 IL 113204, ¶ 23 (quoting Steinberg v.

          Chicago Medical School, 69 Ill. 2d 320, 330 (1977)). See In re Marriage of Tabassum, 377

          Ill. App. 3d 761, 770 (2007) ("[a]n act or promise that benefits one party or is a detriment to

          the other party is consideration sufficient to support a contract"). The values exchanged

          between the parties need not be equal, and courts generally will not inquire into the adequacy

          of the consideration provided to support a contract. See Carter, 2012 IL 113204, ¶ 24;

          accord Rohr Burg Motors, Inc. v. Kulbarsh, 2014 IL App (1st) 131664, ¶ 48 (it is not the

          function of the court to review the amount of consideration). Rather, as the adequacy of the

          consideration is within the exclusive domain of the parties to the contract, where a contract is

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          entered into freely and without fraud, courts will presume that the consideration was

          adequate. See McInnis v. OAG Motorcycle Ventures, Inc., 2015 IL App (1st) 142644, ¶ 27;

          accord Carter, 2012 IL 113204, ¶ 24. Courts will determine only whether consideration

          existed as a matter of law. See Marriage of Tabassum, 377 Ill. App. 3d at 770.

¶ 17         In addition, our state and its courts strongly favor the freedom of parties to contract and

          determine their own contractual obligations. See Saba Software, Inc. v. Deere & Co., 2014

          IL App (1st) 132381, ¶ 60 (parties should be unrestricted in making their own contracts).

          This allows parties to know beforehand what their rights and obligations are pursuant to the

          contract and to protect their expectations thereunder. See Hussein v. L.A. Fitness

          International, L.L.C., 2013 IL App (1st) 121426, ¶ 11. In response, the primary objective of

          a court is to ascertain and give effect to the parties intent as evidenced by the plain language

          of the contract, which is to be read as a whole and fairly and reasonably interpreted. See

          Buenz v. Frontline Transportation Co., 227 Ill. 2d 302, 308 (2008); Continental Casualty Co.

          v. Donald T. Bertucci, Ltd., 399 Ill. App. 3d 775, 780 (2010). Thus, when a contract's

          provisions are clear and unambiguous, a court must enforce them as written and without

          consideration of extrinsic aids. See Goodman v. Hanson, 408 Ill. App. 3d 285, 292 (2011).

          Ultimately, a court cannot rewrite a contract to provide a better bargain for one party or to

          give a party a better bargain than he himself contracted for originally. See Leak v. Board of

          Education of Rich Township High School District 227, 2015 IL App (1st) 143202, ¶ 14

          (citing Thompson v. Gordon, 241 Ill. 2d 428, 449 (2011)).

¶ 18         At the outset, we note that Lokesh's argument here is wholly misplaced. That is, the only

          contract at issue here, and the contract at all relevant in this cause as examined by the trial

          court, is the contract the parties signed entitled "Contract for Legal Services." This contract,

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          as admitted by all the parties herein, including Lokesh, was, as its title makes clear, a contract

          for legal services entered into between Lokesh and Rakesh, who were specifically named as

          "clients," and Potter as an attorney, wherein the brothers together hired Potter to pursue the

          qui tam action against Sheth. It was, at its core, an attorney retainer agreement. Thus,

          Lokesh and Rakesh were on the same side of the contract; they did not contract with each

          other. Rather, the contract defined their relationship with Potter, who would be performing

          legal services for their benefit under the contract in exchange for monetary compensation,

          namely, fees and costs, they agreed to pay. Accordingly, any question of consideration

          provided, and its adequacy, would be in reference to the counter-parties to the contract, i.e.,

          Lokesh and Rakesh on the one side as the clients, and Potter on the other as the attorney.

          Due to its very nature, the contract at issue does not require any consideration between

          Lokesh and Rakesh, as Lokesh now argues; again, they were on the same side of the contract,

          which defined an exchange between them as a unit, and Potter, who was hired to perform on

          their behalf and to her detriment. Undeniably, Potter provided sufficient consideration for

          the contract, as she brought the qui tam action, pursued it, and secured a recovery in favor of

          her clients. The contract at issue was, as the trial court found, supported by consideration

          and, therefore, clearly enforceable.

¶ 19         Even were this not the case, and even if, as Lokesh argues, the contract somehow

          required consideration between he and Rakesh separate and apart from anything to do with

          Potter to support their agreement that they would equally share in the recovery of the qui tam

          action, Lokesh's argument that there was a lack of consideration invalidating the contract

          would still fail. This is because, in direct contradiction, the evidence demonstrates that there

          was, indeed, consideration on the part of Rakesh to support this agreement. First, and most

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              telling, Lokesh himself admitted during this litigation that Rakesh provided such

              consideration. See Bonner v. Westbound Records, Inc., 76 Ill. App. 3d 736, 743-44 (1979)

              ("[w]here a contract is silent as to consideration, its existence may be established through

              parol evidence"). For example, in his judicial admissions, including his answer to the

              complaint in this cause, Lokesh stated that when he believed something was amiss in Sheth's

              billing of his patients, he went to Rakesh, showed Rakesh his discoveries and asked Rakesh

              whether he thought, upon his review, he (Lokesh) had any reporting obligations. Lokesh also

              admitted that, when Rakesh confirmed his suspicion of fraudulent billing, he (Lokesh) agreed

              to allow Rakesh to locate an attorney for further advice, which Rakesh did. And, Lokesh

              further admitted that, once Rakesh found Potter, Rakesh attended the initial meeting with her

              in person during which he brought her the materials related to the matter against Sheth.

              These admissions by Lokesh were in direct line with the claims made by Rakesh regarding

              his participation in this matter, and which were also corroborated by Potter. 3 As we noted

              earlier, the concept of legal consideration does not require the parties to an agreement to

              perform equal amounts of work or provide equal amounts of value. Clearly, and by Lokesh's

              own admissions, Rakesh's actions benefitted Lokesh and, thus, provided consideration for

              their agreement to split the proceeds of the qui tam action.

¶ 20              In addition to Lokesh's admissions, the contract itself clearly demonstrates that Rakesh

              provided consideration for the brothers' agreement here. The contract plainly states not only

              that both Lokesh and Rakesh are the clients and retain Potter to pursue the cause against

              Sheth, but also that, while agreeing only Lokesh would be the named relator, they would

       3
           Rakesh further alleged that he continued to participate in the suit by actively assisting Potter in the provision of

       more documents and information as she needed; while Lokesh denied this, Potter again corroborated Rakesh.

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          together "equally share in the relators' share and relators' costs in this case" (emphasis added)

          and that they would both be "responsible for payment from the final proceeds." At the outset

          of this agreement, then, Rakesh assumed a risk, to his own detriment, as he bound himself to

          pay Potter's costs of bringing the qui tam action if there was a recovery. See Palmetto

          Leasing Co. v. Chiles, 235 Ill. App. 3d 986, 989 (1992) ("a promise based upon consideration

          of a benefit to a third person constitutes sufficient consideration") (citing Finn v. Heritage

          Bank & Trust Co., 178 Ill. App. 3d 609, 612 (1989)); see also Carter, 2012 IL 113204, ¶ 23,

          and Marriage of Tabassum, 377 Ill. App. 3d at 770 (consideration is bargained-for exchange

          of promise or performance benefitting one party or causing detriment to the other).

¶ 21         Lokesh’s assertions that there was a lack of consideration on Rakesh’s part are meritless.

          For example, in an attempt to circumvent the principles of contract law, Lokesh claims that,

          because Rakesh was not a party to the qui tam action, he was “removed from the purview of

          the FCA” and had no claim against Sheth and, thus, there was “no consideration Rakesh

          would be providing to Lokesh.” While we struggle with this logic, it seems as if Lokesh

          insists that because Rakesh was not a named relator in the federal qui tam action, he could

          not ever bargain for a portion of a potential recovery in that suit. However, whatever the

          provisions of the FCA, they are irrelevant to the contract at issue. Indeed, the FCA states that

          “a person may bring a civil action for a violation of section 3729 for the person and for the

          United States Government” (31 U.S.C. § 3730(b)(1) (2012)), and prescribes the rights and

          obligations of the relators who bring that action (31 U.S.C. § 3730(c), (d) (2012)). The FCA

          further provides that if the government decides to intervene in the qui tam action, the relators

          shall receive “at least 15 percent but not more than 25 percent of the proceeds *** or

          settlement.” 31 U.S.C. § 3730(d) (2012). Yet, no provision of the FCA prohibits a named

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          relator from freely contracting (or assigning, or agreeing, or merely giving, for that matter) a

          portion of his recovery to someone else (to another named relator or even to a nonparty), just

          as anyone who receives proceeds from any suit may do. This is exactly what Lokesh and

          Rakesh did here.

¶ 22          Lokesh also asserts that Rakesh’s promise to pay half of his attorney fees and costs was

          “illusory because Rakesh did not actually promise to do anything,” again demonstrating a

          lack of consideration. As Lokesh explains, because the contract provided compensation to

          Potter on a contingent basis, and because these fees were to be paid from whatever sum was

          recovered in the qui tam action–a sum that belonged solely to him as the named relator,

          Rakesh had no “stand-alone right to recovery” and, thus, never had any obligation to pay the

          costs related to the suit. However, as we noted earlier, Rakesh’s actions dispute Lokesh’s

          assertions. That is, and again as Lokesh himself admitted, Rakesh performed to his detriment

          here by, at the very least, reviewing and discussing the matter with Lokesh, offering to find

          Lokesh an attorney, finding Potter, meeting with her and providing the documents and

          materials she need to initiate the qui tam action. While Lokesh refutes that Rakesh did

          anything more here, the fact remains that he has never denied that Rakesh was, at the very

          least, involved in this initial manner in the qui tam suit and, thus, provided consideration for

          their agreement to share the recovery from it. Furthermore, and again as we noted earlier,

          Rakesh’s promise to share equally in the costs of the qui tam action directly contradicts any

          claim by Lokesh that his promises under the contract were “illusory.” See, e.g., Palmetto

          Leasing, 235 Ill. App. 3d at 989 (consideration includes promise of benefit to third person)

          (citing Finn, 178 Ill. App. 3d at 612).

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¶ 23         Ultimately here, the provision of the contract at issue stating that Lokesh and Rakesh

          “will equally share in the relators’ share and relators’ costs” of the qui tam action was plain

          and unambiguous: the brothers intended, and agreed, to share equally in any obligation, and

          in any recovery, arising from that cause. Lokesh and Rakesh, both educated and

          sophisticated doctors, entered into this contract freely and without any contention of fraud or

          duress. They discussed it between themselves and then with Potter after twice meeting with

          her, signed the contract, and lived according to it throughout the entire qui tam litigation,

          which spanned almost eight years, until three days before the $1.3 million recovery was

          scheduled to be distributed. Rakesh aided Lokesh in initiating the qui tam action, and Potter

          succeeded in obtaining a recovery for her clients. Based on all this, we find, as the trial court

          did, that there was consideration to support both the legal services contract between the

          parties and the agreement between Lokesh and Rakesh to equally share in the recovery

          obtained and, thus, that these were legally valid and enforceable.

¶ 24         Lokesh’s second, and final, contention of error on direct appeal is that the trial court erred

          in entering judgment on the pleadings in favor of Rakesh and Potter and against him because

          it improperly concluded that the contract was not violative of the Rules. Lokesh asserts that

          there are “issue[s] of material fact” regarding both whether the contract was unenforceable

          because it constituted a referral or fee sharing agreement between a lawyer (Potter) and a

          nonlawyer (Rakesh), and whether the contract was unenforceable because it was the basis of

          a conflict of interest for Potter as she concurrently represented Lokesh and Rakesh pursuant

          to it. However, taking each assertion in turn, we, again, disagree.

¶ 25         As we noted earlier, whether a contract is unenforceable as violative of public policy is a

          question of law. See In re Marriage of Newton, 2011 IL App (1st) 090683, ¶ 39 (quoting

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          Holstein v. Grossman, 246 Ill. App. 3d 719, 726 (1993)). Courts will not enforce any

          agreement that violates public policy. See Newton, 2011 IL App (1st) 090683, ¶ 39.

          However, at the same time, and in light of the fact that courts strongly favor the freedom of

          parties to contract (see Saba Software, 2014 IL App (1st) 132381, ¶ 60), the test of whether

          public policy has been violated within a contract is a stringent one. See Holstein, 246 Ill.

          App. 3d at 726. Under this test, courts will declare a contract unenforceable as violative of

          public policy only when it expressly contravenes the law or a known public policy of our

          state. See Newton, 2011 IL App (1st) 090683, ¶ 39 (citing Holstein, 246 Ill. App. 3d at 726).

          This would include a contravention of our rules of professional conduct. See Newton, 2011

          IL App (1st) 090683, ¶ 39; Holstein, 246 Ill. App. 3d at 726 (our “public policy” lies in our

          constitution, judicial decisions and statutes, which includes our rules of conduct, as they have

          the force of law).

¶ 26         Lokesh is correct that, under Illinois law, agreements to split fees between a lawyer and a

          nonlawyer are generally against public policy. See In re Marriage of Steinberg, 302 Ill. App.

          3d 845, 857 (1998). This is embodied in Rule 5.4, which states that a lawyer “shall not share

          legal fees with a nonlawyer,” nor shall she “permit a person who recommends, employs, or

          pays [her] to render legal services for another to direct or regulate [her] professional

          judgment in rendering such legal services.” Ill. R. Prof. Conduct (2010) R. 5.4(a), (c) (eff.

          Jan. 1, 2010). The purpose for this policy, and for Rule 5.4, is to prevent an attorney from

          being tempted to devote less time and attention to those clients whose fees she must share, as

          well as to prevent a layperson who might have an ulterior motive from recommending a

          certain attorney based on that layperson’s own financial interest rather than the attorney’s

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          skill and credentials. See Steinberg, 302 Ill. App. 3d at 857 (citing O’Hara v. Ahlgren,

          Blumenfeld & Kempster, 127 Ill. 2d 333, 343 (1989)).

¶ 27         Contrary to Lokesh’s insistence, however, those concerns, and Rule 5.4, are completely

          inapplicable to the instant cause. This is because, as the trial court found, there is no question

          that the division of monies contemplated and executed between the parties here in no way

          involved the “sharing” of Potter’s fee.

¶ 28         The contract at issue in this cause plainly stated that Lokesh and Rakesh agree to pay

          Potter her attorney fee for her services in bringing the qui tam action. The contract explicitly

          described that her fee, which was to amount to 40% of any award obtained in that suit, would

          be paid first from the final proceeds, and that the remainder of the award would then be

          divided between the brothers. Nowhere does the contract state that any portion of Potter’s

          fee would somehow pass to Rakesh for either his recommendation that Lokesh hire her nor

          for any “work” he did in relation to the qui tam action. Rather, the contract made clear that

          Potter’s fee was to be entirely separate and apart from any agreement Lokesh and Rakesh

          made with respect to how they would divide the remainder of the qui tam recovery.

          However they chose to do so, their shares of the recovery would come from the remainder

          and not from the Potter’s 40% fee. Potter was to be compensated first, off the top and

          independent from whatever was left over, and she did not agree to share her fee with anyone.

          Instead, the final division between the brothers was agreed to by them, as would any two

          clients who agree to share a recovery after they have paid their attorney her fee. This is the

          only reasonable, practicable and rational way to read the contract at issue. There is no

          question of material fact raised here that even remotely hints at fee sharing between Potter

          and Rakesh and, without more, we cannot find, as Lokesh would have us, that this occurred.

                                                       16
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¶ 29          In addition to the maligned financial motivation Lokesh attributes to Rakesh in

          recommending Potter, which we have just demonstrated via the very facts of this cause is a

          red herring, Lokesh further insists that the contract also violated Rule 5.5 in that it sanctioned

          the unauthorized practice of law. See Ill. R. Prof. Conduct (2010) R. 5.5 (eff. Jan. 1, 2010) (a

          lawyer shall not practice in a jurisdiction in violation of its rules and will not "assist another

          in doing so"). In an about-face, Lokesh, who throughout this litigation has essentially refuted

          anything more than the mere initial involvement by Rakesh in assisting him to find an

          attorney, now argues that Potter improperly assisted Rakesh, a nonlawyer in this instance, in

          “practicing law.” He cites Rakesh’s investigation and research into the underlying matter,

          his provision to Potter of the legal conclusion that Sheth committed billing fraud, and his

          continued assistance to, and influence over, Potter throughout the entire qui tam action. This,

          however, is a mischaracterization of the record before us. Rakesh stated in his complaint,

          and Potter corroborated, that all Rakesh did in relation to the qui tam action was, first, review

          and analyze the billing documentation Lokesh gave him when Lokesh approached him

          initially to obtain his opinion; second, recommend to Lokesh that he speak to an attorney;

          third, upon Lokesh’s agreement, seek out qualified counsel; and fourth, provide Potter’s

          name to Lokesh. Then, and only after Lokesh agreed, Rakesh prepared and organized the

          documentation, brought it to Potter’s office (as Lokesh could not be present), and the three

          had an initial meeting together (with Lokesh on the telephone). That meeting ended not with

          Rakesh spearheading a lawsuit but, rather, with Potter telling the brothers that she needed

          some time to examine the documentation on her own to determine whether a viable cause of

          action could stand and whether she would choose to pursue it as their counsel. In fact, it was

          not until the parties meet in person for a second time that Potter decided to take the case.

                                                        17
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          And, as Rakesh and Potter explain, Rakesh’s assistance following Potter’s decision extended

          only to his provision of additional information and materials she needed to proceed with the

          case. Accordingly, not only did the bulk of Rakesh’s work on the qui tam action take place

          before Potter took the case, but Potter also clearly decided to take, and pursued, that action

          independent of Rakesh.

¶ 30         Lokesh cites several legal sources in support of his claims that the contract at issue

          resulted in fee sharing and the unauthorized practice of law. Briefly, these include New York

          State Bar Association Committee on Professional Ethics Formal Op. 698 (Jan. 23, 1998),

          Polo v. Gotchel, 542 A.2d 947 (N.J. Super. Ct. Law Div. 1987), Dupree v. Malpractice

          Research, Inc., 445 N.W.2d 498 (Mich. Ct. App. 1989), and In re Quintana, 724 P.2d 220

          (N.M. 1986), which address fee sharing; and First National Bank of Springfield v.

          Malpractice Research, Inc., 179 Ill. 2d 353 (1997), In re Discipio, 163 Ill. 2d 515 (1994),

          Infante v. Gottesman, 558 A.2d 1338 (N.J. App. 1989), and Illinois State Bar Association Op.

          94-8 (Sept. 1994), 92-20 (Mar. 26, 1993), which address the unauthorized practice of law.

          However, the great majority of these foreign opinions provide merely advisory, and

          nonbinding, commentaries that have nothing to do with Illinois law. And, more significantly,

          the situations presented in the cases cited by Lokesh are wholly distinguishable from the

          instant cause. That is, those dealing with fee sharing all present situations where there is an

          express agreement or contractual relationship between licensed, practicing attorneys and

          nonlawyers, such as paralegals, disbarred attorneys, consulting service organizations and

          investigative companies, to specifically share fees the attorneys obtained from their clients’

          judgments. See, e.g., Dupree, 445 N.W.2d 498 (improper contract between attorney and

          organization which agreed to provide expert testimony and trial advice in exchange for

                                                       18
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          contingency fee); Infante, 558 A.2d 1338 (improper partnership agreement between attorney

          and claims investigator); Quintana, 724 P.2d 220 (improper agreement between attorney and

          investigator); Polo, 542 A.2d 947 (improper agreement between attorney and medical-legal

          consulting service for percent of contingent fee). And, those dealing with the unauthorized

          practice of law all present situations where a nonlawyer actively, and improperly,

          participated in the preparation or prosecution of a cause of action as would a licensed

          attorney. See, e.g., First National Bank, 179 Ill. 2d 353 (nonlawyer procured and prepared

          witnesses for cause); Dupree, 445 N.W.2d 498 (same); Polo, 542 A.2d 947 (attorney sent

          nonlawyer records to review and evaluate with respect to merits of lawsuit); Discipio, 163 Ill.

          2d 515 (disbarred attorney prepared documents requiring degree of legal skill and knowledge

          on behalf of attorney in exchange for half of the fees paid); Infante, 558 A.2d 1338 (same, as

          between attorney and nonlawyer claims investigator). As there was neither any sort of

          agreement, express or implied, in the attorney-client contract at issue between attorney Potter

          and nonlawyer-client Rakesh, nor any active participation by nonlawyer-client Rakesh in

          attorney Potter’s preparation and prosecution of the qui tam action, these materials cited by

          Lokesh discussing inappropriate fee sharing and the unauthorized practice of law are entirely

          irrelevant to the instant cause.

¶ 31          Turning to Lokesh’s next claim that an “issue of material fact” exists as to whether

          Potter’s concurrent representation of the brothers created a conflict of interest between the

          parties so as to render the contract unenforceable, we again find no merit. Lokesh asserts that

          the structure of Potter’s representation under the contract of both him and Rakesh violated

          Rule 1.7 regarding an attorney’s loyalty to her client and her independent judgment in

          pursuing an action on her client’s behalf. See Ill. R. Prof. Conduct (2010) R. 1.7 (eff. Jan. 1,

                                                       19
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          2010). Again turning to the FCA, he insists that, since he was the only named relator, only

          he had a right to recovery in the qui tam action; Potter had a duty to safeguard his right as his

          attorney; and, but for her dual representation of him and Rakesh, he would have had an

          undivided right to the full settlement amount. However, based on the evidence before us, we

          find that there was no conflict of interest here.

¶ 32         As we noted earlier, courts favor the right of private parties to form and enter into a

          contract of their own free will and volition, to contemplate its terms, and to negotiate and

          bargain for its execution. See Saba Software, 2014 IL App (1st) 132381, ¶ 60; Hussein, 2013

          IL App (1st) 121426, ¶ 11. Courts will uphold such a contract and will only declare it void

          and unenforceable if it violates public policy or is manifestly injurious to the public welfare.

          See Mohanty v. St. John Heart Clinic, S.C., 225 Ill. 2d 52, 65 (2006). Demonstrating this is a

          difficult burden on a party seeking to challenge a contract’s validity, and courts are reluctant

          to find a contract unenforceable because of it. See Mohanty, 225 Ill. 2d at 64-65; accord

          Saba Software, 2014 IL App (1st) 132381, ¶ 60 (citing Progressive Universal Insurance Co.

          of Illinois v. Liberty Mutual Fire Insurance Co., 215 Ill. 2d 121, 129 (2005)).

¶ 33         No conflict of interest arose between Potter’s concurrent representation of Lokesh and

          Rakesh and the division of the recovery from the qui tam action, for several reasons. First,

          the contract between the parties did not retain Potter to advise the brothers with respect to

          dividing or distributing the remainder, after payment of her fee, of the qui tam recovery.

          Rather, the clear and explicit purpose of the contract, as we have discussed at length, was an

          attorney-client retainer agreement: Lokesh and Rakesh, the named clients, hired Potter, an

          attorney, to represent both of them in the qui tam action. As the contract states, the brothers

          retained and employed Potter to represent them “in the matter of claims against Sushil

                                                        20
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          Sheth.” And, the contract stated that Potter was to be compensated for this work, if it would

          result in a recovery, from the qui tam litigation. The contract did not call for Potter to

          represent either Lokesh or Rakesh, or both of them, in deciding how, or if, to divide their

          portion of the recovery between each other, and the contract did not agree to compensate

          Potter for such advice or work or from the brothers' portions of the qui tam recovery. From

          this, there can be no conflict of interest between Potter and the brothers regarding an

          agreement they formed irrespective of her representation of them in the qui tam action.

¶ 34         Moreover, Lokesh’s citation to Rule 1.7 does not support the inference that there was a

          question of a conflict of interest from the brother’s retention of Potter to bring the qui

          tam action. Rule 1.7 states that an attorney is not to represent a client “if the representation

          involves a concurrent conflict of interest,” which exists when “the representation of one

          client will be directly adverse to another client” or when “there is a significant risk that the

          representation” of more than one client “will be materially limited” by the lawyer’s

          responsibilities to another client, to a former client, to a third person or to her own personal

          interests. Ill. R. Prof. Conduct (2010) R. 1.7 (eff. Jan. 1, 2010). There must be a substantial

          basis for believing that an actual conflict of interest exists in order to disqualify the attorney

          from her representation of multiple clients, not merely a potential or speculated one. See In

          re Possession & Control of the Commissioner of Banks& Real Estate, 327 Ill. App. 3d 441,

          478 (2001). Critically, Rule 1.7, and its concerns regarding conflict of interest, apply when

          an attorney is representing one client in a lawsuit against another individual who is also a

          client of that attorney, thereby resulting in the same attorney being on both sides of the

          lawsuit. See In re Commissioner, 327 Ill. App. 3d at 478.

                                                        21
       1-14-3858

¶ 35         In the instant cause, there was no conflict of interest in Potter’s concurrent representation

          of both Lokesh and Rakesh. This is because, as we have already pointed out, Lokesh and

          Rakesh were on the same side of the qui tam action and of the contract. Potter was not

          representing parties on different sides of the same lawsuit. To the contrary, and as the

          contract itself makes clear, she was representing both Lokesh and Rakesh, who were both on

          the same side of the same lawsuit–the qui tam action. Although the parties thought it best

          that only Lokesh be a named relator in that suit, the parties agreed to pursue the cause

          together. Lokesh and Rakesh, both of whom the contract specifically named as Potter’s

          clients, agreed to hire her to represent them together in the qui tam action; as a separate

          agreement, the brothers agreed they would divide their portion of the recovery in half. Thus,

          as for Potter’s role, she entered into the contract to represent both the brothers as against

          Sheth in the qui tam action, nothing more.

¶ 36         It is clear, then, that there could be no conflict of interest in Potter’s representation of

          Lokesh and Rakesh in the qui tam action because the aim and scope of that representation

          was the same for all the parties involved: to obtain the maximum recovery possible in the

          claim against Sheth. For the duration of Potter’s representation, Lokesh and Rakesh, and

          Potter too, shared the same interest. That Potter represented both brothers, rather than solely

          one or the other, did not change her strategy, interest or responsibility to either of them in the

          qui tam action. Rather, a conflict of interest arose only when Lokesh reneged on his

          agreement to share the remainder of the recovery with Rakesh, which occurred almost eight

          years after the formation of the contract at issue and only three days before the settlement

          was scheduled to be released to the parties–all because Lokesh no longer wanted to honor the

                                                        22
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              contract. It was at this point that the parties involved each obtained their own separate

              counsel.

¶ 37              Just as the materials Lokesh cited in his argument regarding his assertions of fee sharing

              and the unauthorized practice of law, those he points to here are not only nonbinding, but

              also wholly distinguishable. For example, Swift v. Choe, 674 N.Y.S.2d 17 (N.Y. App. Div.

              1998), and In re Estate of Watson, 557 N.W.2d 38 (Neb. Ct. App. 1996), are from foreign

              jurisdictions and detail that conflicts of interest were found because the attorneys therein

              represented clients on opposite sides of real estate transactions. Newton, 2011 IL App (1st)

              090683, and King v. King, 52 Ill. App. 3d 749 (1977), though from our state, both involve

              divorce cases where the attorneys, at one point, represented or at least consulted with both

              the husbands and the wives on different sides of their causes, thereby creating conflicts of

              interest. And, Frederick v. Zeigler Coal Co., 56 Ill. App. 3d 888 (1978), which Lokesh

              discusses at length, also fails to support his argument. Frederick involved two attorneys and

              their agreement to divide fees in a decedent’s claim under the Workmen’s Compensation Act

              and the Structural Work Act; however, one attorney represented the decedent’s widow and

              her son but then filed a complaint purporting to also represent the decedent’s children by

              another marriage, while the other attorney was hired to represent the decedent’s children by

              his first marriage. Accordingly, the Frederick court found a potential, and perhaps very real,

              conflict between the decedent’s widow and various children in relation to the recovery at

              issue. See Frederick, 56 Ill. App. 3d at 892-93. The instant cause is nothing like Frederick’s

              shuffling of clients, and we find no conflict of interest. 4

       4
           Interestingly, Lokesh also discusses the foreign cause of In re Guardianship of Lauderdale, 549 P.2d 42 (Wash. Ct.

       App. 1976), which actually supports a finding of no conflict here. That is, the court in Lauderdale found no conflict

                                                                 23
       1-14-3858

¶ 38            Even were we to accept Lokesh’s argument that a conflict of interest existed, which we

           do not, such a finding still would not necessarily invalidate the contract at issue. Rule 1.7, in

           addition to describing what a conflict is, further states:

                         “Notwithstanding the existence of a concurrent conflict of interest ***, a lawyer

                may represent a client if:

                                  (1) the lawyer reasonably believes that the lawyer will be able to provide

                         competent and diligent representation to each affected client;

                                  (2) the representation is not prohibited by law;

                                  (3) the representation does not involve the assertion of a claim by one

                         client against another client represented by the lawyer in the same litigation or

                         other proceeding ***; and

                                  (4) each affected client gives informed consent.” Ill. R. Prof. Conduct

                (2010) R. 1.7(b) (eff. Jan. 1, 2010).

           Thus, even if a conflict of interest in concurrent representation is found, it does not

           automatically invalidate that representation. See Premier Networks, Inc. v. Stadheim &

           Grear, Ltd., 395 Ill. App. 3d 629, 634 (2009) (“[i]ndeed, even when it is established that a

           fee agreement violates rules of professional conduct, that fact alone does not invalidate the

       of interest arose in an attorney’s representation of multiple minors involved in a wrongful death action. It was only

       when the minors’ guardian ad litem disagreed, not with the settlement amount secured by the attorney, but with the

       proposed apportionment of the resulting award to each different child, that the court found a conflict arose. See

       Lauderdale, 549 P.2d at 45-46. Just as in Lauderdale, there was no conflict of interest in Potter’s representation of

       both brothers under the contract and in securing the settlement pursuant to it, until Lokesh disputed the settlement’s

       apportionment, at which point Potter and Rakesh retained separate counsel.

                                                                 24
       1-14-3858

          agreement”) (citing American Home Assurance Co. v. Golomb, 239 Ill. App. 3d 37, 42

          (1992)).

¶ 39          Contrary to Lokesh’s insistence, that would certainly be the case here, were a conflict of

          interest assumed. Potter evaluated the brothers’ claim of billing fraud against Sheth and

          believed she could competently and diligently pursue for both of them a qui tam action. The

          parties formed a contract for this representation which named both brothers as clients and

          Potter as the attorney of record. This representation was not prohibited by any law. As we

          have discussed, the FCA did not prohibit Lokesh from assigning or promising to give his

          portion of the recovery from the qui tam to Rakesh or anyone else. In fact, the FCA allows

          for multiple relators in a single cause; here, the parties discussed and agreed, for whatever

          reason, that, for the particular cause against Sheth, it was best that the qui tam action proceed

          with only one named relator, Lokesh. Yet, this did not prevent Lokesh, and he does not point

          to anything that would have prevented him, from agreeing to share his recovery, if any, with

          Rakesh, regardless of his status as a relator or nonrelator. Lokesh unquestionably gave his

          consent to this contractual, representative relationship. As Lokesh admitted, he went to

          Rakesh initially, revealing to him his claims of Sheth’s billing fraud and showing him the

          relevant documentation, even before retaining Potter. And, undeniably, Lokesh signed the

          contract creating the relationship between him and Rakesh as clients and Potter as their

          attorney, lived under it for almost eight years, and reaped the benefits of its execution in his

          favor to the tune of hundreds of thousands of dollars in settlement money paid to him. Based

          on these circumstances, even if a conflict of interest were found to have existed in Potter’s

          concurrent representation of both Lokesh and Rakesh in the qui tam action, the contract

          between these parties for this representation, as formed and executed, would still be valid.

                                                       25
       1-14-3858

          See Premier Networks, 395 Ill. App. 3d at 634-35; Partee v. Compton, 273 Ill. App. 3d 721,

          724 (1995) (even though trial court found that contract for representation between lawyer and

          two clients violated professional rules of conduct, reviewing court found that contract was

          nonetheless enforceable because clients entered into it knowingly, their case settled with a

          sum distributed in their favor, and the contract was executed; to invalidate the contract

          “would permit [the] defendants to receive the benefits of the contract and endorse their

          refusal to pay their attorney his fee”).

¶ 40          In sum, we find that the trial court did not err in its determination that the contract at

          issue here is valid and enforceable. Its plain and unambiguous language makes clear that the

          parties intended that Lokesh and Rakesh, as clients, hire Potter, as their attorney, to represent

          them in a qui tam action against Sheth in exchange for her fee of 40% of any recovery

          obtained, and the remainder of the recovery would be split equally between the brothers.

          Potter provided consideration for the contract in the form of her services and the recovery she

          obtained. Rakesh, who was not required to provide any consideration under these

          circumstances, nonetheless exchanged his services of obtaining Potter and preparing and

          organizing documents given to him by Lokesh for his bargained-for promise under the

          contract. This was not an instance of fee sharing or the unauthorized practice of law, nor did

          this relationship amount to a conflict of interest. All the parties to this contract, each a

          sophisticated, educated and licensed professional, no less, entered into it freely, worked

          under it to achieve the same goal of maximum recovery in the qui tam action, and lived

          pursuant to its terms throughout that litigation and to the contract’s execution. Lokesh has

          failed to provide us with any merited basis, and we find none, upon which to declare this

                                                        26
       1-14-3858

          contract invalid. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the trial court on direct appeal

          finding the contract at issue to be valid and enforceable.

¶ 41                                  II. Rakesh's and Potter's Cross-Appeals

¶ 42         The second part of this cause involves Rakesh's and Potter's cross-appeals. While they

          both argue the matter in their own separate briefs, their arguments are identical. They

          contend that the trial court erred in denying their respective requests for an award of

          prejudgment interest, asserting that such an award was statutorily mandated pursuant to the

          Illinois Interest Act (Interest Act) (815 ILCS 205/2 (West 2014)), because the contract at

          issue was an instrument of writing with easily calculable interest and, alternatively, because

          Lokesh displayed unreasonable and vexatious conduct that delayed payment. Rakesh and

          Potter ask that we reverse the trial court's denial and award prejudgment interest in their

          favor, with Potter seeking interest on her 40% fee from the total $1,355,569.86 qui tam

          recovery and with Rakesh seeking interest on his one-half of the remainder as paid out to him

          pursuant to the contract. We agree.

¶ 43         Before we turn to the arguments presented by the parties, we revisit the record with

          respect to this portion of the cause. As noted earlier, upon Rakesh's and Potter's motions for

          judgment on the pleadings, which included requests for prejudgment interest (as had their

          respective pleadings), the trial court held a hearing. Though the majority of this hearing

          focused on the validity and enforceability of the contract at issue, the court, after resolving

          that issue in Rakesh's and Potter's favors, also addressed, albeit briefly, their requests for

          prejudgment interest. After hearing the parties' arguments on this and reading aloud a

          portion of the Interest Act, the court commented that while it agreed with Rakesh and Potter

          and "believe[d] that Lokesh's objections were what held up the distribution" of the qui tam

                                                        27
       1-14-3858

          recovery, it did not believe awarding prejudgment interest was altogether proper because it

          was not as if Lokesh had been "holding onto" the money; rather, it had been sitting in Potter's

          client trust account. And, although the court acknowledged Potter "had no choice but to"

          leave the money in that account untouchable and undistributable, it felt this was "not a

          typical pre[]judgment interest case" on which to issue such an award.

¶ 44         The parties raise two threshold matters of concern. First, Lokesh insists that Rakesh and

          Potter have waived or forfeited any issue pertaining to prejudgment interest on review

          because they never sufficiently raised it below and/or failed to argue it and the bases they

          now raise of statutory mandates and vexatious conduct, for the trial court's full consideration.

          However, this is a complete mischaracterization of the record. As we have just demonstrated

          by our review of its colloquy, the trial court clearly and fully addressed the matter of

          prejudgment interest on both bases raised by Rakesh and Potter. Moreover, waiver and

          forfeiture are further belied by the record in this cause. As the pleadings make clear, Rakesh

          and Potter sought prejudgment interest based on the statutory requirements of the Interest Act

          and Lokesh's conduct from the inception of their lawsuits. Rakesh raised the issue in his

          initial complaint, his answer to Potter's counterclaim, his motion for default, his motion for

          judgment on the pleadings and his reply in support of his motion for judgment on the

          pleadings. Similarly, Potter raised the issue in her answer and counterclaim (her pleading),

          her motion for judgment on the pleadings and her reply in support of her motion for

          judgment on the pleadings. Clearly, this record is in direct contradiction to Lokesh's claim

          that Rakesh and Potter only raised the issue of prejudgment interest for the first time in their

          replies to their motions for judgment on the pleadings. Therefore, we wholly fail to find any

          merit in Lokesh's attempt at a waiver/forfeiture argument here.

                                                       28
       1-14-3858

¶ 45         The second threshold matter we wish to address is the applicable standard of review.

          Potter acknowledges that while, generally, an abuse of discretion or manifest weight of the

          evidence standard applies to the review of a trial court's ruling on a request for prejudgment

          interest, thereby giving deference to that court's decision, a de novo standard should apply to

          the instant cause, for several reasons. First, Potter notes that the Interest Act mandates

          prejudgment interest as a matter of right when a creditor seeks payment of a fixed sum on an

          instrument of writing. See 815 ILCS 205/2 (West 2014). She then cites Milligan v. Gorman,

          348 Ill. App. 3d 411, 415-16 (2004), wherein the reviewing court used a de novo standard in

          a prejudgment interest case involving an instrument of writing under the Interest Act, and

          Andrews v. Kowa Printing Corp., 351 Ill. App. 3d 668, 672 (2004), wherein the reviewing

          court used a de novo standard in a prejudgment interest case based on unreasonable and

          vexatious delay in payment. Potter further explains that when an instrument of writing is

          involved and there are no factual disputes to be determined but only matters of law, the right

          to prejudgment interest becomes a matter of law and, thus, the applicable standard is de novo.

          See Kruse v. Kuntz, 288 Ill. App. 3d 431, 437 (1996); see also Raintree Homes, Inc. v.

          Village of Long Grove, 389 Ill. App. 3d 836, 871-72 (2009). And, Potter reminds this court

          that the trial court's ruling denying prejudgment interest was, just as its ruling regarding the

          validity and enforceability of the contract, based on motions for judgment on the pleadings

          which, as we discussed earlier, are reviewed de novo. See Gillen, 215 Ill. 2d at 385; Pekin

          Insurance, 329 Ill. App. 3d at 49. For their part, Lokesh and Rakesh do not tackle the

          question of the applicable standard of review in this cross-appeal; Lokesh, of course, only

          briefly restates the abuse of discretion standard generally used in prejudgment interest

          claims, and Rakesh simply mentions that generalized standard in presenting his arguments.

                                                       29
       1-14-3858

¶ 46         We believe, however, that Potter raises several interesting points here meriting de novo,

          rather than the general abuse of discretion, review. As we will discuss in more detail below,

          the cases she cites, including Andrews and Kruse, are directly on point, and Milligan,

          particularly, speaks clearly on this dilemma. There, our court acknowledged that we

          generally accord deference to a trial court's decision on a request for interest on a judgment.

          See Milligan, 348 Ill. App. 3d at 415. However, we also examined the Interest Act and noted

          that statute mandates prejudgment interest as a matter of right in certain situations, such as

          when a fixed sum and an instrument of writing are involved. See Milligan, 348 Ill. App. 3d

          at 416. In such an instance, that is, when the facts show that there is no dispute as to the

          existence of a fixed debt based on a written instrument, reviewing courts will not defer to a

          trial court's denial of interest but will, instead, employ de novo review since only issues of

          law are involved. See Milligan, 348 Ill. App. 3d at 416; accord Sheth v. SAB Tool Supply

          Co., 2013 IL App (1st) 110156, ¶ 98 (the Interest Act mandates prejudgment interest as a

          matter of right in certain situations and, thus, de novo review is required in those). In

          addition, Potter is absolutely correct that the trial court here decided the issue of prejudgment

          interest upon her and Rakesh's motions for judgment on the pleadings–a decision pursuant to

          which we are to employ de novo review. See Gillen, 215 Ill. 2d at 385; Pekin Insurance, 329

          Ill. App. 3d at 49. Based on all this, we agree with Potter.

¶ 47         Accordingly, we review the trial court's denial of Potter's and Rakesh's requests for

          prejudgment interest on the sums owed them from the qui tam recovery as per the valid and

          enforceable contract entered into by the parties de novo. However, even if the abuse of

          discretion standard was applicable here, our determination of error on the part of the trial

          court in denying prejudgment interest, as discussed below, would still stand.

                                                       30
       1-14-3858

¶ 48         Prejudgment interest focuses on the principle of fairness and the concept of fully

          compensating an injured party for a monetary loss. See Milligan, 348 Ill. App. 3d at 416.

          " 'If a creditor is denied payment of a sum rightfully his, he loses not only that sum but the

          right to use it. In our society the use of money is worth money.' " Milligan, 348 Ill. App. 3d

          at 416 (quoting Haas v. Cravatta, 71 Ill. App. 3d 325, 332 (1979)); see also In re Estate of

          Wernick, 127 Ill. 2d 61, 87 (1989) (prejudgment interest compensates for wrongful

          withholding of money owed and loss of ability to use it). Prejudgment interest can be

          awarded pursuant to statute, as agreed to by the parties or otherwise warranted by equitable

          considerations. See Progressive Land Developers, Inc. v. Exchange National Bank of

          Chicago, 266 Ill. App. 3d 934, 945 (1994) (citing In re Estate of Wernick, 127 Ill. 2d 61, 86-

          87 (1989)).

¶ 49         Statutorily, the Interest Act states that "[c]reditors shall be allowed to receive" 5% per

          annum as prejudgment interest on money due and owing to them in any one of several

          different situations. 815 ILCS 205/2 (West 2014). Relevant to the instant cause, this would

          include "for all moneys after they become due on any bond, bill, promissory note, or other

          instrument of writing," and "on money withheld by an unreasonable and vexatious delay of

          payment." 815 ILCS 205/2 (West 2014). Potter and Rakesh petitioned the trial court for

          prejudgment interest pursuant to both of these avenues for recovery of prejudgment interest

          under the Interest Act and have argued both before us on appeal. We therefore will examine

          each contention.

¶ 50         With respect to the first ground, again, the Interest Act specifies that creditors can receive

          prejudgment interest on moneys due based on an "instrument of writing." 815 ILCS 205/2

          (West 2014). This includes, specifically, contingency fee agreements such as the contract at

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          issue in this cause as signed by the parties. See New Hampshire Insurance Co. v. Hanover

          Insurance Co., 296 Ill. App. 3d 701, 708 (1998) (citing Krantz v. Chessick, 282 Ill. App. 3d

          322, 327-28 (1996)). When an instrument of writing establishes an amount due and the time

          for payment, the creditor has a right to interest and, as long as the amount due pursuant to

          that instrument of writing was liquidated or is easily computed, prejudgment interest is to be

          awarded. See Milligan, 348 Ill. App. 3d at 416; New Hampshire, 296 Ill. App. 3d at 709.

          And, if the amount is determinable, "interest can be awarded on money payable even when

          the claimed right and the amount due require legal ascertainment" and the parties disagree as

          to their liability. New Hampshire, 296 Ill. App. 3d at 709. Accordingly, not even a good-

          faith dispute as to which party is responsible for payment, were one adequately raised, would

          preclude the recovery of prejudgment interest on money due under an instrument of writing.

          See New Hampshire, 296 Ill. App. 3d at 709. Under the Interest Act, if these qualifications

          are met, prejudgment interest is statutorily mandated. See 815 ILCS 205/2 (West 2014);

          accord Milligan, 348 Ill. App. 3d at 416; New Hampshire, 296 Ill. App. 3d at 709.

¶ 51         In the instant cause, it is undeniable that there is an instrument of writing that qualifies

          under the Interest Act's requirements for prejudgment interest based on written instruments

          and that directly governs the creditor-debtor relationship between the parties, namely, the

          contingency fee agreement entitled "Contract for Legal Services" as signed by Potter, Rakesh

          and Lokesh. Pursuant to that contract, which the trial court found to be valid and

          enforceable, the parties agreed that Potter would bring the qui tam action and, if a recovery

          were had, she would receive 40% of that recovery as her fee and the brothers would equally

          split the remainder. In September 2013, when the federal government announced the

          settlement in the qui tam action, its $1,355,569.86 amount, and that it would be disbursed on

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          September 19, 2013, the parties' rights to that money accrued; all conditions of the contract

          had been met, the contingency had been fulfilled, and the only thing left to do was to pay out

          the fixed sum to each party as calculated pursuant to the terms of the contract they had signed

          long ago. Accordingly, the amounts due to Potter, Rakesh and Lokesh had been established

          by the contract, they were easily computed the moment the federal government revealed the

          amount of the settlement in the qui tam action ($1,355,569.86, with 40% to Potter, then the

          remaining 60% to be equally split between Rakesh and Lokesh), and the time for payment

          had come as that cause had been completely resolved and the disbursement date was

          announced (September 19, 2013). Clearly, all the statutory requirements of the Interest Act

          have been met for an award of prejudgment interest based on this instrument in writing.

¶ 52         The trial court here, however, believed prejudgment interest was not mandated under the

          statute. Instead, in its brief treatment of the prejudgment interest issue, it read outloud a

          portion of the Interest Act but rejected Potter's and Rakesh's arguments based on the

          instrument in writing concept, stating that while it understood what happened and that Potter

          and Rakesh had been denied the use of their rightful portions of the qui tam recovery under

          the contract, it did not want to punish Lokesh because "[h]e was not holding onto" the

          money. This reasoning was incorrect. With respect to money due and owning based on an

          instrument in writing, as this situation clearly presents, the Interest Act does not take into

          consideration whether the debtor is in physical possession of that money. Instead, it looks

          only to, as we have noted, whether it has been established that an instrument in writing

          exists, that instrument establishes an amount due and the time for payment, and that amount

          due was liquidated or is easily computed. And, any dispute, even one based on good-faith,

          raised by Lokesh would be irrelevant. Lokesh's conduct in objecting to the distribution days

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          before it was scheduled to be made had the same detrimental effect on Rakesh and Potter as

          if he had obtained physical possession of the settlement funds and refused to remit them

          pursuant to the parties' contract. Thus, the trial court used improper reasoning as the basis

          for its denial of prejudgment interest in contradiction of the applicable statute. As per the

          mandates of the Interest Act, Potter and Rakesh were statutorily entitled to prejudgment

          interest on their portions of the qui tam recovery from September 19, 2013 (the date of

          distribution of the money by the federal government) to November 19, 2014 (the date of the

          trial court's decision) pursuant to the instrument in writing here.

¶ 53         Alternatively, were anyone to disagree with our evaluation, there is another basis for the

          reversal of the trial court's denial of prejudgment interest in this cause. This involves, as

          raised and argued by Potter and Rakesh throughout this litigation, Lokesh's conduct. In

          addition to mandating prejudgment interest on an instrument in writing as detailed above, the

          Interest Act also permits an award of prejudgment interest on money "withheld by an

          unreasonable and vexatious delay of payment." 815 ILCS 205/2 (West 2014). To prove

          such a delay, it must be demonstrated that the debtor " 'had thrown obstacles in the way of

          collection or by some circumvention or management of his own had induced the collector to

          delay taking proceedings to collect the debt longer than he would have otherwise done.' " In

          re Estate of Feinberg, 2014 IL App (1st) 112219, ¶ 120 (quoting Hamilton v. American Gage

          & Machine Corp., 35 Ill. App. 3d 845, 853 (1976)).

¶ 54         In the instant cause, when the trial court explicitly stated that it "believe[d] that Lokesh's

          objections were what held up the distribution," it certifiably admitted that it was Lokesh who

          created obstacles to prevent Potter and Rakesh from collecting the money rightfully due and

          owing to them under the contract. And, as the record demonstrates, this is true. The parties,

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          all educated and sophisticated professionals, freely, knowingly and voluntarily entered into

          the contract on March 12, 2006. They decided to pursue the qui tam action against Sheth and

          agreed how, if it were to result in intervention by the federal government and in recovery, to

          divide that recovery. The parties operated under this contract for the next 7½ years. During

          that time, the federal government did find merit in their cause and a recovery was had, one

          that was quite substantial. After the recovery was announced, and with the contract firmly in

          place, there was nothing left for the parties to argue or even contemplate; no more

          contingencies existed and everyone knew exactly to what they were entitled; they even knew

          when the distribution was to take place. However, after all that time, and less than three days

          before the scheduled distribution, having never objected to or questioned any provision of the

          contract, Lokesh obtained new counsel and sent a demand letter to Potter disputing the

          contract's agreed-to distribution. As even the trial court acknowledged, this forced Potter to

          place the entire qui tam recovery into her client trust account, thereby freezing the money and

          preventing her and Rakesh's access to it–access they rightfully had pursuant to the contract.

          Clearly, Lokesh, by his own design, created an obstacle in the way of Potter and Rakesh's

          collection of their due and owing monies.

¶ 55         In addition to this, the next 14 months saw a multitude of unnecessary filings on Lokesh's

          part that continued to unreasonably delay the resolution of this matter. Once Rakesh brought

          his contract action to state court, and well after the qui tam action had terminated, Lokesh

          filed a "Motion to Disperse [sic] Relator Recovery and for Adjudication of Attorney's Fees"

          in federal court as part of the qui tam cause. When this was rejected, Lokesh attempted to

          remove the entire cause to federal court, thereby causing more delay. Following the federal

          court's order officially remanding the cause to state court, Lokesh pursued extensive

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          discovery even though this cause essentially revolved around only questions of law–to the

          point that Potter filed a motion to curtail Lokesh's discovery requests, which the trial court

          granted. Again, Lokesh's actions, this time in attempting to circumvent the proper

          prosecution of this cause, forced Potter and Rakesh to delay in taking the proceeds of their

          rightful recovery under the contract.

¶ 56         As its brief colloquy demonstrates, the trial court's reasoning in supporting its denial of

          prejudgment interest was skewed. The court acknowledged that the purpose of an award of

          prejudgment interest was to compensate Potter and Rakesh, but it stated that such an award

          "is also to make sure that the person who has held onto money that now the Court said

          belongs to [Potter and Rakesh] didn't benefit from holding onto that money." The court's

          reasoning shows that the basis it used for denying Potter's and Rakesh's requests for

          prejudgment interest was that Lokesh "didn't hold onto any of that money;" since he "didn't

          have the benefit of that money," the court did not feel this was "an appropriate case for an

          award of pre[]judgment interest" and, thus, was not comfortable in issuing an award. This,

          however, was an improper basis for the trial court's decision. It is irrelevant whether Lokesh

          actually or physically held onto the money in order to prevent Potter and Rakesh from

          accessing or using their rightful share, or whether Lokesh himself did or did not have the

          benefit of the money while Potter and Rakesh were denied its access and use. As we have

          discussed, the only concerns relevant in determining whether prejudgment interest should be

          awarded under the Interest Act are whether the debtor created obstacles to the money's

          collection or circumvented or, by his own accord, induced the collectors to delay in

          collecting their rightful proceeds longer than they would have done otherwise. See Estate of

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          Feinberg, 2014 IL App (1st) 112219, ¶ 120; Hamilton, 35 Ill. App. 3d at 853. By the trial

          court's own admission, Lokesh did so.

¶ 57         Unlike the previous ground discussed above dealing with written instruments, under this

          ground of unreasonable and vexatious delay, the argument of a good faith dispute could be

          considered in determining whether prejudgment interest should be awarded. See Krantz, 282

          Ill. App. 3d at 327. Yet, the only such dispute raised by Lokesh was that "he never withheld

          money" personally and that Potter "could have distributed the money" when it was deposited

          by the federal government and pursued a cause of action accordingly. Not only did the trial

          court "disagree" with Lokesh's recommendation on what Potter should have done, but

          Lokesh's argument, in great irony, advocates that Potter should have violated the same Rules

          he has so fervently argued she should have followed in creating the contract at issue in this

          cause. See Ill. R. Prof. Conduct (2010) R. 1.15(e) (eff. Jan. 1, 2010) (if a lawyer "is in

          possession of property in which two or more persons (one of whom may be the lawyer) claim

          interests, the property shall be kept separate by the lawyer until the dispute is resolved").

¶ 58         Ultimately, and based on the all the circumstances present in the record, we find that

          Potter and Rakesh were entitled to an award of prejudgment interest under the Interest Act

          based on the existence of an instrument in writing and, alternatively, based on Lokesh's

          unreasonable and vexatious delay of payment on the contract. Therefore, we remand this

          portion of the cause to the trial court with directions to enter such award based on the amount

          of the qui tam recovery and the division agreed to by the parties in the valid and enforceable

          contract.

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¶ 59                                              CONCLUSION

¶ 60           For all the foregoing reasons, we affirm that portion of the trial court's judgment finding

          that the contract at issue in this cause was valid and enforceable; we reverse that portion of

          its judgment denying Potter's and Rakesh's requests for prejudgment interest; and we remand

          this latter portion of the cause with directions that the trial court calculate and enter an award

          for prejudgment interest in accordance with the Interest Act and based on the amount

          recovered from the qui tam action and the division of that recovery as agreed to by the parties

          in the contract.

¶ 61          Affirmed in part; reversed in part; remanded with directions.

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