Court Opinion

ID: 2730324
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-09-08 21:58:17.163718+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:16:11.507714
License: Public Domain

Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this
 Memorandum Decision shall not be
 regarded as precedent or cited before any
 court except for the purpose of establishing
 the defense of res judicata, collateral
 estoppel, or the law of the case.
                                                                   FILED
                                                                 May 17 2012, 9:14 am

                                                                        CLERK
                                                                      of the supreme court,

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                                court of appeals and
                                                                             tax court

ALPLY ARCHITECTURAL BUILDING SYSTEMS LLC:

BRENT R. BORG
Church, Church, Hittle & Antrim
Fishers, Indiana

                               IN THE
                     COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

ALPLY ARCHITECTURAL BUILDING                        )
SYSTEMS LLC, ALPLY, INC., and                       )
JOHN PETERS,                                        )
                                                    )
       Appellants-Defendants,                       )
                                                    )
               vs.                                  )     No. 29A02-1111-CC-1032
                                                    )
CORRLINES LLC and DAVID J. SMITH,                   )
                                                    )
       Appellees-Plaintiffs.                        )

        INTERLOCUTORY APPEAL FROM THE HAMILTON SUPERIOR COURT
                     The Honorable Steven R. Nation, Judge
                    The Honorable Todd L. Ruetz, Magistrate
                        Cause No. 29D01-1012-CC-1559

                                           May 17, 2012

                MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION

CRONE, Judge
                                              Case Summary

        Corrlines LLC, an Indiana business, contacted Alply Architectural Building Systems

LLC (“Alply”), a Mississippi business, to offer its architectural drafting and drawing

services. Alply accepted. Alply then offered additional drafting projects to Corrlines, which

Corrlines accepted. The drafting services were performed in Corrlines’ Indiana offices.

Corrlines filed suit in Indiana against Alply for breach of contract. Alply moved to dismiss

the suit based on lack of personal jurisdiction, which the trial court denied. Alply brings this

interlocutory appeal, arguing that it has insufficient minimum contacts with Indiana for the

trial court to exercise personal jurisdiction over it. Finding no error in the trial court’s denial

of Alply’s motion to dismiss, we affirm.

                                     Facts and Procedural History

        The facts are derived from the jurisdictional allegations in Corrlines’ second amended

complaint, the exhibits attached thereto, and the affidavit of Alply’s manager and part owner,

John Peters. Corrlines is an Indiana corporation with its principal place of business in

Carmel. Corrlines produces computer-aided architectural designs. David Smith is the

principal shareholder and owner of Corrlines (collectively referred to as “Corrlines”).

        Alply is headquartered in DeKalb, Mississippi, and is engaged in the business of

manufacturing high-end custom metal architectural panel systems, principally for use in

hospitals, universities, and biomedical facilities.1 Alply maintains a website that is accessible

        1
          Alply avers that it is an Illinois corporation, while Corrlines alleged in its complaint that Alply is a
Mississippi corporation. The state in which Alply is incorporated is irrelevant to the issue before us.

                                                        2
via the World Wide Web. Alply principally conducts business in Mississippi, Washington,

California, Texas, North Carolina, South Carolina, New York, and Alabama. At any given

time, it has approximately thirty-five to sixty projects in various stages of development.

Alply does not have any offices or own any property in Indiana or deal with any Indiana-

based brokers.

       In September 2009, Smith sent an unsolicited voicemail and email to Alply offering

Corrlines’ services and products. Alply accepted the offer and entered into a contract with

Corrlines to draft a computer-aided design plan for one of its projects. Alply subsequently

solicited and entered into additional contracts with Corrlines for services and products for

other Alply projects. The contracts were set in writing in the form of written purchase orders

via email. None of the designs created by Corrlines involved a project located in Indiana.

None of Alply’s agents or employees travelled to Indiana to meet Smith. All business was

conducted through email, regular mail, and telephone.

       On December 6, 2010, Corrlines filed a breach of contract complaint in Hamilton

Superior Court against Alply, Alply, Inc. (collectively “Defendants”), and John Peters. The

complaint was amended twice, and the second amended complaint did not name Peters as a

defendant. The second amended complaint alleged that Defendants failed to pay Corrlines

for completed drafting services and cancelled the remaining open contracts and prayed for

damages in the amount of $17,238 plus statutory interest.

       On February 25, 2011, Defendants filed a motion to dismiss for lack of personal

jurisdiction. Following a hearing, the trial court issued an order granting the motion to

                                              3
dismiss with respect to Alply, Inc., finding that Alply, Inc., was dissolved in December 2007

prior to the dealings between Corrlines and Alply. The trial court found that with respect to

Peters, Defendants’ motion to dismiss was moot because Peters was not named as a

defendant in the second amended complaint. However, with respect to Alply, the trial court

denied the motion to dismiss. In relevant part, the trial court found that it had personal

jurisdiction over Alply based on the following:

              5.      …. Over the following 14 months Alply and Corrlines entered
       into multiple contracts through which Alply purchased computer aided
       architectural draftings and designs from Corrlines. In turn, Alply used the
       draftings and designs to bid for contracts and install custom metal panels in
       construction projects outside the State of Indiana. Although Corrlines initially
       offered its services and products to Alply, subsequently, Alply solicited and
       obtained the services and products of Corrlines over a sustained period of time.

              6.      By purchasing Corrlines’ services and products rendered,
       designed, manufactured, located and sold in Indiana, Alply has purposely
       availed itself of the privilege of conducting activities with this State thereby
       invoking the benefits and protections of its laws.

Id. at 9. Alply filed a motion to certify order for interlocutory appeal, which the trial court

granted. This Court accepted the appeal.

                                  Discussion and Decision

       Initially, we note that Corrlines has not filed an appellee’s brief.

       When the appellee has failed to submit an answer brief we need not undertake
       the burden of developing an argument on the appellee’s behalf. Rather, we
       will reverse the trial court’s judgment if the appellant’s brief presents a case of
       prima facie error. Prima facie error in this context is defined as, at first sight,
       on first appearance, or on the face of it. Where an appellant is unable to meet
       this burden, we will affirm.

                                               4
Fifth Third Bank v. PNC Bank, 885 N.E.2d 52, 54 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008) (citations and

quotation marks omitted).

        Alply contends that the trial court erred as a matter of law in finding that it had

personal jurisdiction over it. Personal jurisdiction is the “court’s power to bring an

individual to its adjudicative process” and to enforce a judgment against that individual. Am.

Econ. Ins. Co. v. Felts, 759 N.E.2d 649, 653 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001) (quoting BLACK’S LAW

DICTIONARY 857 (7th ed. 1999)). The person attacking the court’s jurisdiction “bears the

burden of proof upon that issue by a preponderance of the evidence, unless the lack of

jurisdiction is apparent upon the face of the complaint.” Attaway v. Omega, 903 N.E.2d 73,

76 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009). Our review of the trial court’s determination on the issue of

personal jurisdiction is de novo. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. v. Desert Palace, Inc., 882

N.E.2d 743, 747 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008), trans. denied. However, to the extent that the trial

court found facts to support jurisdiction, we review those factual findings for clear error. Id.

        Indiana Trial Rule 4.4(A), Indiana’s long-arm provision, provides that “a court of this

state may exercise jurisdiction on any basis not inconsistent with the Constitutions of this

state or the United States,” and thus is coextensive with the requirements of the Federal Due

Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. LinkAmerica Corp. v. Albert, 857 N.E.2d

961, 965 (Ind. 2006).2 The exercise of personal jurisdiction over a non-resident defendant

        2
           “Rule 4.4(A) serves as a handy checklist of activities that usually support personal jurisdiction but
does not serve as a limitation on the exercise of personal jurisdiction by a court of this state.” LinkAmerica,
857 N.E.2d at 967. In LinkAmerica, our supreme court held that the catchall language, in essence, “reduce[s]
analysis of personal jurisdiction to the issue of whether the exercise of personal jurisdiction is consistent with
the Federal Due Process Clause.” Id. at 967.

                                                        5
comports with the Due Process Clause when the defendant has “certain minimum contacts

with [the forum state] such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend ‘traditional

notions of fair play and substantial justice.’” Int’l Shoe Co. v. Wash., 326 U.S. 310, 316

(1945) (quoting Milliken v. Meyer, 311 U.S. 457, 463 (1940)). Thus, due process requires

that (1) there be sufficient minimum contacts and (2) that the exercise of personal jurisdiction

over the defendant comports with fair play and substantial justice.3 Burger King Corp. v.

Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 476 (1985).

            The “minimum contacts” required to satisfy due process fall into two categories,

general and specific.

                If the defendant’s contacts with the state are so “continuous and
        systematic” that the defendant should reasonably anticipate being haled into
        the courts of that state for any matter, then the defendant is subject to general
        jurisdiction, even in causes of action unrelated to the defendant’s contacts with
        the forum state.

                If the defendant’s contacts with the forum state are not “continuous and
        systematic,” specific jurisdiction may be asserted if the controversy is related
        to or arises out of the defendant’s contacts with the forum state. Specific
        jurisdiction requires that the defendant purposefully availed itself of the
        privilege of conducting activities within the forum state so that the defendant
        reasonably anticipates being haled into court there. A single contact with the
        forum state may be sufficient to establish specific jurisdiction over a
        defendant, if it creates a “substantial connection” with the forum state and the
        suit is related to that connection. But a defendant cannot be haled into a
        jurisdiction solely as a result of random, fortuitous, or attenuated contacts or of
        the unilateral activity of another party or a third person.

LinkAmerica, 857 N.E.2d at 967 (citations and quotation marks omitted).

        Alply’s argument is limited solely to the minimum contacts requirement. See Appellant’s Br. at 8 n
        3

2. Accordingly, we need not address the fair play and substantial justice requirement.

                                                    6
        Because the facts found by the trial court are restricted to the Indiana contacts that

Alply had with Corrlines, it appears that the trial court’s ruling is based on specific

jurisdiction.4 Whether sufficient minimum contacts exist to give rise to specific jurisdiction

is a fact-specific inquiry and is assessed on a case-by-case basis. Keesling v. Winstead, 858

N.E.2d 996, 1003 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006).

        Factors to consider when evaluating the defendant’s contacts with the forum
        state are: (1) whether the claim arises from the defendant’s forum contacts; (2)
        the overall contacts of the defendant or its agent with the forum state; (3) the
        foreseeability of being haled into court in that state; (4) who initiated the
        contacts; and (5) whether the defendant expected or encouraged contacts with
        the state.

Id. (quoting Brockman v. Kravic, 779 N.E.2d 1250, 1257 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002)).

        Alply argues that none of the above factors weigh in favor of specific jurisdiction.

While not all the factors support the exercise of specific jurisdiction, a sufficient number do.

As to the first factor, Alply argues that its two prior Indiana projects and an annual trip to

meet with an Indiana customer have nothing to do with Corrlines’ breach of contract claim.

That much is true, but Alply’s contention completely ignores Alply’s multiple contracts with

        4
            The trial court’s order does not mention the following Indiana contacts set forth in Peters’ affidavit:

                8.     Alply LLC has undertaken two projects in Indiana, one for Getrag Corporate
        Group in Tipton, and another for Columbus East High School in Columbus. The Getrag
        project was the result of an unsolicited referral from a customer in Michigan, and the
        Columbus East project was the result of an unsolicited referral from an independent broker in
        Ohio. ….

                9.       [Peters] travel[s] to Indianapolis once a year to meet a customer, ProClad,
        Inc., which is headquartered in Noblesville, though the only work Alply LLC has performed
        with ProClad concerned a project located in Louisville, Kentucky.

Appellant’s App. at 24. Whether these contacts are sufficient to find general jurisdiction is not a question that
we need to address.

                                                         7
Corrlines for architectural designs for multiple projects. Alply’s business dealings with

Corrlines, an Indiana business performing its services for Alply in Indiana, are contacts with

Indiana, and clearly Corrlines’ breach of contract claim is based on its contracts with Alply.

Turning to the fourth factor, the trial court found, and Alply does not dispute, that

“[a]lthough Corrlines initially offered its services and products to Alply, Alply subsequently

solicited and obtained the services and products of Corrlines over a sustained period of time.”

Appellant’s App. at 9. Alply thus pursued an ongoing relationship with Corrlines. This

ongoing relationship between Alply and Corrlines is also relevant to the third factor, as we

think that by engaging in multiple contracts for Corrlines’ services, services that were

performed in Indiana, it is foreseeable that Alply could be haled into Indiana courts.5

Accordingly, we find no error in the trial court’s denial of Alply’s motion to dismiss.

        Affirmed.

VAIDIK, J., and BRADFORD, J., concur.

        5
          Alply’s argument to the contrary is unavailing because all the cases it relies on are distinguishable. In
Hotmix & Bituminous Equipment, Inc. v. Hardrock Equipment Corp., 719 N.E.2d 824, 830 (Ind. Ct. App.
1999), the services that the Indiana company provided for the New York company were performed in Ohio. In
Dura-Line Corp. v. Sloan, 487 N.E.2d 469, 471 (Ind. Ct. App. 1986), the services that the Indiana resident
performed for the Kentucky business consisted of calling someone in Minnesota to sell equipment located in
Kentucky. Finally, in Harold Howard Farms v. Hoffman, 585 N.E.2d 18, 22 (Ind. Ct. 1992), the Indiana
resident took his mare to the Michigan resident’s farm in Michigan for breeding with the Michigan resident’s
stud.

                                                        8