Court Opinion

ID: 2779241
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-02-13 16:00:34.591808+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:12:51.543765
License: Public Domain

14-1652-bk
     In Re: The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co.

 1                                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
 2                                          FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
 3
 4                                                 SUMMARY ORDER
 5
 6   RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
 7   SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED
 8   BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
 9   WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY
10   MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE
11   NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY
12   OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
13
14           At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the
15   Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the
16   13th day of February, two thousand and fifteen.
17
18   PRESENT:          AMALYA L. KEARSE,
19                     DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON,
20                     SUSAN L. CARNEY,
21
22                           Circuit Judges.
23   ____________________________________________________
24
25
26   IN RE: THE GREAT ATLANTIC & PACIFIC TEA COMPANY, INC., ET AL.,
27
28                     Debtor.
29   --------------------------------
30
31   N. PROVIDENCE, LLC,
32
33                     Appellant,
34
35                              v.                                            No. 14-1652-bk
36
37   THE GREAT ATLANTIC & PACIFIC TEA COMPANY, INC.,
38
39               Appellee.
40   ____________________________________________________
41
42   FOR APPELLANT:                                JONATHAN CLEMENTE (Jessie Christine Basner, on the
43                                                 brief), Clemente Mueller, P.A., Morristown, NJ.
44

                                                            1
 1   FOR APPELLEE:                 NATHANIEL J. KRITZER (Andrew M. Genser and Nathaniel
 2                                 J. Kritzer, on the brief), Kirkland & Ellis LLP, New York,
 3                                 NY.
 4   _____________________________________________________
 5
 6          UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, it is hereby ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and

 7   DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

 8          Appellant N. Providence, LLC (“NP”) appeals from a judgment of the United States

 9   District Court for the Southern District of New York (Seibel, J.) affirming the orders of the

10   Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York (Drain, J.) granting the motion for

11   summary judgment of Appellee The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company, Inc. (“A&P”) and

12   denying NP‟s motion for summary judgment in an adversary proceeding commenced by NP

13   seeking a declaration regarding its and A&P‟s obligations under a lease agreement.1 We assume

14   the parties‟ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history, and the issues presented

15   for review.

16          This Court reviews a district court‟s grant of summary judgment de novo. Back v.

17   Hastings on Hudson Union Free Sch. Dist., 365 F.3d 107, 122 (2d Cir. 2004). Summary

18   judgment is appropriate when, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-

19   moving party, Nabisco, Inc. v. Warner-Lambert Co., 220 F.3d 43, 45 (2d Cir. 2000), “there is no

20   genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of

21   law,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “A dispute is not „genuine‟ unless „the evidence is such that a

22   reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.‟” Nabisco, 220 F.3d at 45

23   (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986)). In “a contract dispute, a

24   motion for summary judgment may be granted only where the agreement‟s language is

     1
      NP challenges the April 28, 2014 opinion and order of the district court, which affirmed orders
     of the bankruptcy court issued on September 26, 2011, March 8, 2012, and June 21, 2013.

                                                      2
 1   unambiguous and conveys a definite meaning.” Am. Home Assurance Co. v. Hapag Lloyd

 2   Container Linie, GmbH, 446 F.3d 313, 316 (2d Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks omitted).

 3   Under New Jersey law, which the parties agree governs the lease agreement in this case,

 4   contracts should be read “as a whole in a fair and common sense manner,” and “[i]f the language

 5   of a contract is plain and capable of legal construction, the language alone must determine the

 6   agreement‟s force and effect.” Manahawkin Convalescent v. O’Neil, 85 A.3d 947, 958, 959

 7   (N.J. 2014) (internal quotation marks omitted).

 8           NP and A&P entered into a 20-year lease agreement, dated as of June 26, 2007, and

 9   amended as of October 23, 2009 (the “Lease”), pertaining to a property located at 1260

10   Springfield Ave., New Providence, New Jersey (the “Premises”) and owned by NP. The Lease

11   requires A&P to pay rent, as well as “Charges,” which, under the terms of the Lease, include

12   payments for A&P‟s proportionate share of certain taxes. A&P constructed a new store on the

13   Premises, which obligated NP to pay a $1.9 million construction allowance (the “Construction

14   Allowance”) to A&P on or before the 90th day after A&P opened the store to the public. Section

15   7.G of the Lease (the “Abatement Clause”) provides that, in the event this Construction

16   Allowance is not paid on time, A&P‟s obligation to pay rent and Charges “shall abate . . . until

17   [A&P‟s] receipt of the Construction Allowance, together with interest on the unpaid balance

18   thereof at the Lease Interest Rate (as hereafter defined) from the due date until [A&P‟s] receipt

19   of same.” Jt. App‟x 47. While the Construction Allowance became due on December 23, 2010,

20   NP did not pay the Construction Allowance until September 29, 2011. A&P did not pay any rent

21   or Charges that would otherwise have been due under the Lease for the period during which NP

22   failed to pay.

23           NP commenced an adversary proceeding against A&P on June 28, 2011, seeking a

24   declaration from the bankruptcy court that the Construction Allowance must be reduced by the
                                                       3
 1   amount of rent that A&P had refused to pay pursuant to Section 7.G. The bankruptcy court

 2   issued various orders regarding the adversary proceeding, eventually granting a motion for

 3   summary judgment filed by A&P on the grounds that, pursuant to Section 7.G, A&P was not

 4   obligated to pay rent or Charges incurred for the period for which the Construction Allowance

 5   was due and unpaid, that this clause was enforceable, and that certain tax payments constituting

 6   Charges under the Lease were incurred during this period and thus were not owed to NP. NP

 7   appealed the orders of the bankruptcy court, and the district court affirmed the judgment of the

 8   bankruptcy court in full.

 9          On appeal, A&P argues that the district court correctly concluded that Section 7.G,

10   properly construed, entirely eliminated A&P‟s obligation to pay rent and Charges for the period

11   beginning with the day after the Construction Allowance was due and ending with the day NP

12   paid the Construction Allowance. NP argues that this Section must be read together with Section

13   27.A of the Lease (the “Landlord‟s Default Clause”), and that when the two clauses are read

14   together the Lease did not eliminate A&P‟s obligation to pay rent and Charges during the

15   abatement period, but instead provides for such amounts to be withheld and then set off against

16   the Construction Allowance, with an adjustment to account for interest. The Landlord‟s Default

17   Clause states that in the event of a default by NP, A&P may deduct the amount by which NP is

18   in default plus interest “from fixed annual rent and/or Charges.” Jt. App‟x 69. The Landlord‟s

19   Default Clause limits the amount of any such “offset, recoupment, withholding or deduction”

20   that can be collected under certain circumstances, but specifies that this limit does not apply to

21   Article 7 of the Lease (which includes, among several sections, Section 7.G‟s Abatement

22   Clause). Jt. App‟x 70.

23          We agree with the district court that the Abatement Clause unambiguously eliminated

24   A&P‟s obligation to pay rent and Charges for the period during which NP failed to pay the
                                                     4
 1   Construction Allowance.      NP urges us to interpret an abatement under Section 7.G as

 2   constituting an “offset, recoupment, withholding or deduction” under the Landlord‟s Default

 3   Clause, but this is inconsistent with the ordinary meaning of “abatement,” which refers to “[t]he

 4   act of eliminating or nullifying.” Black‟s Law Dictionary 3 (9th ed. 2009). NP contends that

 5   because the Landlord‟s Default Clause excepts Article 7 of the Lease from its limit on

 6   deductions, the parties must have intended an abatement under Section 7.G to constitute such a

 7   deduction. By the plain terms of the Landlord Default Clause, however, the exception to its limit

 8   on deductions applies only where Article 7 provides for an offset, recoupment, withholding, or

 9   deduction—as Article 7 does, in provisions other than Section 7.G. See Jt. App‟x 42 (Section

10   7.A) (providing for recoupment), 48 (Section 7.H) (same). We agree with the district court that

11   the exception to the deduction limit in the Landlord‟s Default Clause should be understood “as

12   meaning no more than what it says, without implying that Section 7.G is in fact an offset

13   provision despite its plain language to the contrary.” In re The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co.,

14   510 B.R. 42, 50 (S.D.N.Y. 2014).

15          NP also argues that the terms of the Landlord‟s Default Clause must apply to a default

16   caused by NP‟s failure to pay the Construction Allowance, because the clause “states that it is to

17   be applied to „any default hereunder‟ with no qualifications.” Appellant‟s Br. at 25 (citing Jt.

18   App‟x 69). However, NP ignores the fact that the Landlord‟s Default Clause states that A&P

19   “may . . . deduct the amount [owed] plus interest on the outstanding balance.” Jt. App‟x 69

20   (emphasis added). Even assuming that the Landlord‟s Default Clause applies where NP fails to

21   pay the Construction Allowance when it is due, this permissive language affords A&P the option

22   of deducting the amounts owed, but it clearly does not require this potential remedy to be

23   invoked in all cases.

                                                     5
 1          NP contends that A&P‟s interpretation reads the Landlord‟s Default Clause out of the

 2   Lease, since Section 7.G is the only provision that requires NP to pay money to A&P. We

 3   disagree. There are multiple provisions that provide for NP to make payments to A&P in certain

 4   circumstances. See Jt. App‟x 76 (Lease § 32 (requiring NP to pay A&P „any monies‟ expended

 5   by A&P to satisfy liens or encumbrances on NP‟s property)); Jt. App‟x 100 (Lease Exhibit G

 6   (requiring NP to pay a proportional share of any tax refund to A&P)).          Accordingly, this

 7   argument, like NP‟s other arguments, is not sufficient to overcome the plain meaning of the

 8   abatement provision.

 9          We further conclude that Section 7.G of the Lease is an enforceable forfeiture provision,

10   not an unenforceable liquidated damages penalty.       Forfeiture involves the loss of a right,

11   privilege or property. See Black‟s Law Dictionary 722 (9th ed. 2009) (defining forfeiture as

12   “[t]he divestiture of property without compensation,” or as “[t]he loss of a right, privilege, or

13   property because of a crime, breach of obligation, or neglect of duty”). By contrast, liquidated

14   damages provisions specify the measure of damages for a party‟s breach. See Wasserman’s Inc.

15   v. Twp. of Middletown, 645 A.2d 100, 105 (N.J. 1994) (“[C]ourts have scrutinized contractual

16   provisions that specify damages payable in the event of breach.”). While the Supreme Court of

17   New Jersey has stated that “when a choice exists, [an instrument] is to be construed against

18   rather than in favor of a forfeiture,” Lehigh Valley R.R. Co. v. Chapman, 171 A.2d 653, 660 (N.J.

19   1961), here, the Abatement Clause clearly provides for NP to lose its right to A&P‟s payments of

20   rent and Charges during such time as the Construction Allowance is due and owing, and does not

21   provide for NP to pay A&P a sum of money. It is therefore a forfeiture provision which, under

22   New Jersey law, is enforceable “in the absence of fraud, accident, surprise, or improper

23   practice.” Dunkin’ Donuts of America, Inc. v. Middletown Donut Corp., 495 A.2d 66, 74 (N.J.

                                                    6
 1   1985). Because none of those circumstances are present in this case, the Abatement Clause is

 2   enforceable.

 3          NP argues that even if the Abatement Clause is enforceable, the district court erred in

 4   concluding that because the Construction Allowance had not been paid, A&P was also not

 5   required to pay its proportionate share of real estate taxes for the third quarter of 2011 that

 6   constituted Charges under the Lease (“Q3 2011 Taxes”).          We disagree.     NP‟s Controller

 7   submitted an affidavit explaining that real estate taxes became due to the Borough of New

 8   Providence on August 1, 2011, with a 30-day grace period. NP initially billed A&P for 42.2% of

 9   the real estate taxes on August 24, 2011, and paid the taxes to the borough on August 29, 2011

10   (seeking to be reimbursed by A&P). However, A&P sought a revision in the tax bill that it had

11   been sent by NP, stating that it owed only 42.13% of the total amount of real estate taxes. NP

12   issued a revised invoice on October 13, 2011.         NP paid the Construction Allowance on

13   September 29, 2011, prior to issuing the revised invoice, but after A&P‟s payment for the initial

14   invoice was due.

15          NP contends that the Q3 2011 Taxes were incurred as a Charge under the Lease when it

16   sent the revised invoice, after the date that it paid the Construction Allowance. We disagree.

17   The Lease unambiguously provides that A&P‟s obligation to pay taxes arises, at the latest, 30

18   days after A&P receives a tax bill from NP. NP first billed A&P for Q3 2011 Taxes on August

19   24, 2011; thus A&P would have been obligated to pay its share of the real estate tax no later than

20   September 23, 2011, if NP had paid the Construction Allowance by that date, which it had not.

21

22

23

                                                     7
1          We have reviewed NP‟s remaining contentions and find them to be without merit. For

2   the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is therefore AFFIRMED.

3
4                                                             FOR THE COURT:
5                                                             Catherine O‟Hagan Wolfe, Clerk

                                                  8