Court Opinion

ID: 9364948
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-20 19:00:36.957433+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:41.520985
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        JAN 20 2023
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                       No.    22-10047

                Plaintiff-Appellee,             D.C. No.
                                                3:20-cr-00061-WHO-1
 v.

JERMAINE FULGHAM,                               MEMORANDUM*

                Defendant-Appellant.

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Northern District of California
                 William Horsley Orrick, District Judge, Presiding

                     Argued and Submitted December 6, 2022
                            San Francisco, California

Before: NGUYEN and KOH, Circuit Judges, and BATAILLON, ** Senior District
Judge.

      Jermaine Fulgham appeals the sentence imposed by the district court, arguing

it improperly employed the modified categorical approach to enhance his sentence

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
              The Honorable Joseph F. Bataillon, Senior United States District Judge
for the District of Nebraska, sitting by designation.
based on a prior state conviction under Cal. Health & Safety Code § 11352(a). We

have jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3742 and 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Because the parties

are familiar with the facts, we recite them only as necessary to the result. We affirm.

      “[W]e review the district court’s determination of whether [a] prior conviction

was a controlled substance offense de novo.” United States v. Brown, 879 F.3d 1043,

1047 (9th Cir. 2018). For a prior conviction to qualify for a sentencing enhancement,

“[t]he government bears the burden to establish clearly and unequivocally that the

conviction was based on all of the elements of a qualifying predicate offense.”

United States v. Lee, 704 F.3d 785, 789 (9th Cir. 2012) (quoting United States v.

Kovac, 367 F.3d 1116, 1119 (9th Cir. 2004)) (internal quotation marks omitted).

      To determine whether a prior state conviction is a controlled substance offense

for purposes of the Sentencing Guidelines, federal courts employ the categorical

approach set forth in Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575 (1990). First, we ask

whether the state law is a categorical match with a federal controlled substance

offense. See Taylor, 495 U.S. at 599–600. This Court has already held that section

11352(a) criminalizes a greater variety of controlled substances than does federal

law, and therefore is not a categorical match for the federal offense. See Mielewczyk

v. Holder, 575 F.3d 992, 995 (9th Cir. 2009). We must proceed to the so-called

modified categorical approach.

                                          2                                    22-10047
      Fulgham argues that the crime to which he pleaded guilty is not a match with

the federal offense because the factual basis to which his attorney stipulated merely

established that Fulgham sold a controlled substance without identifying which one.

Under the modified categorical approach, the Court must first determine if the

overbroad state statute is divisible. This Court has previously determined that

section 11352 is divisible with respect to its controlled substance requirement. See

United States v. Martinez-Lopez, 864 F.3d 1034, 1041 (9th Cir. 2017).

      Moreover, we have previously held that the identity of a controlled substance

is an element of the crime under section 11352. See id. (“Because the California

Supreme Court recognizes multiple section 11352 convictions for a single act as it

relates to multiple controlled substances, it has implicitly held that the controlled

substance requirement is an element.” (citation omitted)). Thus, the identity of the

controlled substance is not a fact extraneous to the conviction. See id.

      Fulgham relies on United States v. Marcia-Acosta, which held that a factual

basis statement was insufficient to narrow a state conviction because it provided

details that were extraneous to the conviction. See 780 F.3d 1244, 1247 (9th Cir.

2015). Marcia-Acosta is inapposite because the identity of the specific controlled

substance that Fulgham sold is an element of Fulgham’s crime of conviction and not

an extraneous fact.

                                          3                                   22-10047
      Fulgham also argues that the district court should not have considered a 2003

police report—which Fulgham’s attorney stipulated served as the factual basis for

Fulgham’s guilty plea—because Fulgham did not personally assent to the factual

basis or its accuracy. In determining which statutory phrase was the basis for the

conviction under the modified categorical approach, the court “is generally limited

to examining the statutory definition, charging document, written plea agreement,

transcript of plea colloquy, and any explicit factual finding by the trial judge to which

the defendant assented.” Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 16 (2005). We have

repeatedly found that, under the modified categorical approach, the defendant’s

counsel’s stipulation to a police report may constitute the factual basis for the

underlying crime. See, e.g., United States v. Almazan-Becerra, 537 F.3d 1094, 1099

(9th Cir. 2008); see also United States v. Espinoza-Cano, 456 F.3d 1126, 1132 (9th

Cir. 2006). We have further held that it is appropriate to consider the stipulated

police report to determine whether the defendant has pleaded guilty to a specific

element of an offense. Id.

      Fulgham relies on United States v. Sahagun-Gallegos, 782 F.3d 1094 (9th Cir.

2015), to argue that his personal assent to the factual basis should have been

required. Sahagun-Gallegos is distinguishable because in that case, the district court

relied on the attorney’s recitation of facts rather than counsel’s stipulation, as in

Fulgham’s case. Moreover, Sahagun-Gallegos examined facts extraneous to the

                                           4                                     22-10047
conviction whereas the identity of the controlled substance in Fulgham’s case was

an element of the crime of conviction.

      AFFIRMED.

                                         5                                22-10047