Court Opinion

ID: 5129828
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-11-29 18:03:24.22498+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:23:14.105202
License: Public Domain

Filed 11/29/21 P. v. Valle CA4/1
                   NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
Calif ornia Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties f rom citing or relying on opinions not certif ied f or publication or
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purposes of rule 8.1115.

                  COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                        DIVISION ONE

                                               STATE OF CALIFORNIA

 THE PEOPLE,                                                                    D079077

            Plaintiff and Respondent,

            v.                                                                  (Super. Ct. No. F9882642)

 EDUARDO VALLE,

            Defendant and Appellant.

          APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Santa Clara County,
Jesus Valencia, Judge. Affirmed.
          Jonathan Grossman, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for
Defendant and Appellant.
          Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Matthew Rodriquez, Acting Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Jeffrey M.
Laurence, Assistant Attorney General, Eric D. Share and Alisha M. Carlile,
Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
      Eduardo Valle appeals from the trial court’s order denying his petition

under Penal Code section 1170.951 to vacate his second degree murder
conviction and to resentence him. Valle contends he made a prima facie case
that he is eligible for relief because he was convicted of implied malice
murder as an aider and abettor under the natural and probable consequences
doctrine. We conclude that Valle was not convicted under the natural and
probable consequences doctrine, and he is therefore ineligible for relief. We
accordingly affirm the order denying the petition.
                                       I.
              FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A.    Valle’s Conviction for Second Degree Murder
      As reflected in the Sixth District’s 2002 opinion in Valle’s direct appeal,
Valle’s criminal conviction arose from a stabbing incident that took place in
Gilroy in 1998, leading to the death of one victim and injuries to two others.
      “[O]n September 18, [1998,] [the three victims,] Molina, Walter, and
Arthur, among others, walked by [Valle’s co-defendant] Hernandez, hurled a
gang insult at him, and slashed the tires on Valle’s father’s truck. They
continued walking and ultimately congregated outside 8090 Springdale
Court. Valle, Hernandez, and a third person followed them to Springdale
Court. At least Valle and the third person were armed with knives. Within
moments of arriving, [Valle and Hernandez] and their confederate attacked
Molina, Walter, and Arthur, stabbing all three of them, and killing Walter.”
      Based on this incident, an amended information charged Valle and co-
defendant Ricardo Hernandez with certain crimes. Valle was charged with
first degree murder with the further allegation that he personally used a
dangerous and deadly weapon (a knife) (§§ 187, subd. (a), 12022, subd. (b)(1)),

1     All further statutory references are to the Penal Code.
                                       2
two counts of attempted murder (§§ 664, subd. (a), 187), and two counts of
assault with a deadly weapon (§ 245, subd. (a)(1)). For the attempted murder
and assault counts it was further alleged that Valle personally used a
dangerous and deadly weapon (§ 12022, subd. (b)(1)) and personally inflicted
great bodily injury (§ 12022.7, subd. (a)).
      In August 1999, a jury convicted Valle of the lesser offense of second
degree murder and two counts of assault with a deadly weapon. The jury
acquitted Valle of the two counts of attempted murder. For the second degree
murder conviction, the jury made a not-true finding on the allegation that
Valle personally used a dangerous and deadly weapon. For one of the assault
counts, the jury made a true finding that Valle personally used a dangerous
and deadly weapon and personally inflicted great bodily injury, and it made a
not-true finding as to those allegations for the second assault count. The trial
court sentenced Valle to a term of 22 years to life in prison.
B.    The 2002 Opinion Resulting From Valle’s Appeal of His Conviction
      The Sixth District affirmed Valle’s conviction on July 10, 2002. (People
v. Valle (July 10, 2002, H020638) [nonpub. opn.] (the 2002 Opinion).) The
2002 Opinion explained that the jury’s verdict that Valle was guilty of second
degree murder, along with its not-true finding on the personal weapon use,
established that Valle’s murder conviction was based on the theory that he
was a direct aider and abettor of Walter’s murder rather than the person who
inflicted the fatal stab wound. As the 2002 Opinion explained, substantial
evidence supported Valle’s conviction under a direct aiding and abetting
theory of liability: “[T]he jury could have reasonably found that Valle,
Hernandez, and their confederate intended to retaliate against Molina,
Arthur, and Walter by violently attacking them. The jury could further have
found that all of them knew before the attack, or at least once it commenced,

                                        3
that they had knives, intended to use them, and were using them to stab
their victims. Under the circumstances, therefore, the jury could reasonably
conclude that defendants and their confederate intended to attack Walter,
they knew their confederate was stabbing him in a way that was dangerous
to his life in conscious disregard for that danger, and they intended to
encourage or facilitate their confederate’s conduct. In other words, the jury
could reasonably convict defendants of aiding and abetting second degree
murder—a killing with implied malice.”
      The 2002 Opinion rejected Valle’s argument that his acquittal on the
attempted murder counts as to the other two victims indicated that “the jury
necessarily found that [Valle] did not intend to kill anyone.” As the court
explained, the argument was flawed because attempted murder required
express malice, whereas second degree murder could be based on either
express or implied malice. “The charges of attempted murder required the
jury to find a specific intent to kill. Thus, the acquittals reflect only that one
or more jurors had a reasonable doubt about whether [Valle] harbored the
specific intent to kill or express malice. The acquittals do not preclude a
finding that [Valle] encouraged or facilitated [his] confederate’s act of
stabbing Walter with conscious disregard for his life.”
      As specifically relevant to the issues presented here, the 2002 Opinion
also discussed an argument premised on the absence of a jury instruction on
the natural and probable consequences doctrine as a basis for the murder
conviction. The 2002 Opinion stated, “[Valle] next point[s] out that the trial
court did not give CALJIC No. 3.02, which sets forth the natural-and-
probable-consequences doctrine of aiding and abetting. The instruction
explains that an aider and abettor is liable not only for the offense he or she
intended to aid and abet but also for offenses that are natural and probable

                                         4
consequences of the originally intended offense. [Valle] argue[s] that since
this instruction was not given, the jury could not have relied on it. [Valle]
further argue[s] that since the jury did not rely on this doctrine, this court
cannot rely on it to uphold [his] conviction[ ], even if there is evidence to
support it.” (Fn. omitted.) The 2002 Opinion rejected this argument. “Here,
the jury was not asked whether [Valle] knowingly and intentionally
encouraged the target offense of assault with a knife and if so, whether
Walter’s murder was the natural and probable consequences of that specific
offense. Indeed, the prosecutor did not even argue this theory of
consequential vicarious liability. However, this theory was not the sine qua
non for finding [Valle] guilty of murder. Rather, the court’s instructions
provided a more direct theory: aiding and abetting second degree murder,
i.e., an unlawful killing with implied malice, and this was the theory argued
by the prosecutor.” As the 2002 Opinion pointed out, “Indeed, the implicit
findings of the jury go beyond what would have been required under the
natural-and-probable-consequences doctrine. Here, the jury did not just find
that the killing was the natural and probable consequences of an assault that
[Valle] encouraged or facilitated; the jury also found that [Valle] knowingly
and intentionally encouraged or facilitated a fatal stabbing with conscious
disregard for the life of the victim. Thus, the jury found [Valle] guilty under
instructional requirements more stringent than those set forth in CALJIC
No. 3.02.”
C.    Valle’s Petition for Relief Under Section 1170.95
      On January 18, 2019, Valle, in propria persona, filed a petition under
section 1170.95 in Santa Clara County Superior Court to vacate his murder
conviction and to be resentenced. In a form petition, Valle declared that a
complaint, information, or indictment was filed against him that allowed him

                                         5
to be prosecuted under a theory of felony murder or murder under the
natural and probable consequences doctrine; he was convicted of second
degree murder under one of those theories and could not now be convicted of
murder because of changes to sections 188 and 189, effective January 1, 2019;
and that he was requesting that counsel be appointed to represent him.
      After the trial court appointed the Public Defender to represent Valle,
the parties submitted briefing. The parties also submitted certain documents
from the record of conviction. Among other things, Valle submitted the
verdict forms from his criminal trial, and the People submitted the 2002
Opinion, along with an excerpt from the reporter’s transcript from Valle’s
trial, which contained the entirety of the jury instructions.
      On August 23, 2019, the trial court held a hearing, at which it
determined that Valle failed to make a prima facie case for relief, as he was
not convicted of felony murder or murder under the natural and probable
consequences doctrine.
      Valle appeals from the order denying his petition.
                                        II.
                                 DISCUSSION
A.    The Enactment of Senate Bill No. 1437
      Effective January 1, 2019, Senate Bill No. 1437 (2017-2018 Reg. Sess.)
(Stats. 2018, ch. 1015; (Senate Bill 1437)) “eliminated natural and probable
consequences liability for murder as it applies to aiding and abetting, and
limited the scope of the felony murder rule. (. . . §§ 188, subd. (a)(3), 189,
subd. (e), as amended by Senate Bill 1437.)” (People v. Lewis (2021) 11
Cal.5th 952, 957 (Lewis).)
      More specifically, the felony murder rule was narrowed by amendments
to section 189, which now provides that to be liable under a felony murder

                                         6
theory, a defendant must fall into one of the following categories of people:
(1) the actual killer; (2) although not the actual killer, a person who intended
to kill and assisted the actual killer in the commission of first degree murder;
or (3) a major participant in the underlying felony who acted with reckless
indifference to human life. (§ 189, subd. (e)(1)-(3).)
      The natural and probable consequences doctrine was eliminated as a
basis for murder by amending section 188, which now provides, “Except as
stated in subdivision (e) of Section 189 [governing felony murder], in order to
be convicted of murder, a principal in a crime shall act with malice
aforethought. Malice shall not be imputed to a person based solely on his or
her participation in a crime.” (§ 188, subd. (a)(3); see also People v.
Gentile (2020) 10 Cal.5th 830, 851 (Gentile) [holding that “section 188[,
subd. ](a)(3) bars conviction for second degree murder under a natural and
probable consequences theory”].)
      Further, Senate Bill 1437 enacted section 1170.95, under which “[a]
person convicted of felony murder or murder under a natural and probable
consequences theory may file a petition with the court that sentenced the
petitioner to have the petitioner’s murder conviction vacated and to be
resentenced on any remaining counts” if he or she could not have been
convicted of murder because of Senate Bill 1437’s changes to sections 188 and

189. (§ 1170.95, subd. (a).)2

2     The Legislature recently amended section 1170.95, effective January 1,
2022. (Sen. Bill No. 775 (2021-2022 Reg. Sess.); Stats. 2021, ch. 551, § 2.)
The amended statute provides that a petition may be filed by “[a] person
convicted of felony murder or murder under the natural and probable
consequences doctrine or other theory under which malice is imputed to a
person based solely on that person’s participation in a crime, attempted

                                        7
      When presented with a facially sufficient petition seeking relief under
section 1170.95, the trial court must first determine whether the petitioner
has made a prima facie case for relief. (§ 1170.95, subd. (c).) As our Supreme
Court has recently clarified, before a trial court makes that determination, it
must appoint counsel for the petitioner, if requested, and must allow the

parties to submit briefing. (Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at pp. 962-963.)3 As
long as the trial court has appointed counsel, “the parties can, and should,
use the record of conviction to aid the trial court in reliably assessing whether
a petitioner has made a prima facie case for relief under subdivision (c).”
(Lewis, at p. 972.) Prior appellate opinions “are generally considered to be
part of the record of conviction,” although “the probative value of an appellate
opinion is case-specific.” (Id. at p. 972.)
      When reviewing any part of the record to assess whether a petitioner
has made a prima facie case, “at this preliminary juncture, a trial court
should not engage in ‘factfinding involving the weighing of evidence or the
exercise of discretion.’ ” (Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 972.) However, “ ‘if
the record, including the court’s own documents, “contain[s] facts refuting the
allegations made in the petition,” then “the court is justified in making a
credibility determination adverse to the petitioner.” ’ ” (Id. at p. 971.) If the
court determines that the petitioner has established a prima facie case, it is

murder under the natural and probable consequences doctrine, or
manslaughter.” (Ibid.)

3      The amendments to section 1170.95, effective January 1, 2022,
effectively codify our Supreme Court’s holding in Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th
952, that the trial court must appoint counsel (if requested) and allow the
parties to submit briefing before determining whether a petitioner has made
a prima facie case for relief. (Stats. 2021, ch. 551, § 2.)
                                         8
required to issue an order to show cause and hold a hearing to determine
whether to vacate the murder conviction. (§ 1170.95, subds. (c), (d)(1).)
      Here, it is undisputed that the trial court followed the appropriate
procedures in determining whether Valle made a prima facie case for relief.
Specifically, it appointed counsel for Valle, afforded the parties the
opportunity to submit briefing, and it looked to the record of conviction—
including the 2002 Opinion, the verdict forms, and the jury instructions—in

conducting its analysis.4
B.    Valle Is Ineligible for Relief Because He Was Not Convicted of Felony
      Murder or Murder Under a Natural and Probable Consequences
      Theory
      We turn now to Valle’s contention that he is eligible for relief under
section 1170.95.
      An individual is eligible to seek relief under section 1170.95 only if he
or she is “[a] person convicted of felony murder or murder under a natural
and probable consequences theory.” (§ 1170.95, subd. (a).) Valle does not

contend that he was convicted of felony murder.5 He also concedes that he
was not convicted of murder under the theory that he refers to as “the

4     Although Valle argued in his initial appellate briefing that the trial
court erred in considering the record of conviction, that argument is
foreclosed by our Supreme Court’s recent opinion in Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th
952. After Lewis was issued, the parties submitted supplemental letter
briefs, in which Valle acknowledged that our Supreme Court has now
established that a court may consider the record of conviction in determining
whether a petitioner has stated a prima facie case for relief under section
1170.95.

5     Although Valle’s initial briefing in the trial court argued that he was
convicted of felony murder, the People submitted jury instructions that
refuted any such claim, and Valle no longer advances that contention on
appeal.
                                        9
natural and probable consequence theory of aiding and abetting.”
Specifically, Valle acknowledges that the trial court did not instruct the jury
that it could return a guilty verdict on the murder count if it found that Valle
aided and abetted a different offense, such as assault, the natural and
probable consequence of which was murder.
      However, Valle contends that his case falls into a third category of
murder convictions that give rise to eligibility for relief under section
1170.95. Valle calls this theory “the natural and probable consequence
theory of implied malice murder.” According to Valle, “[t]he trial court . . .
instructed the jury on natural and probable consequences in defining implied
malice,” and therefore because “the natural and probable consequence
theory” was “used to convict [Valle] of murder . . . he has satisfied . . . section
1170.95.”
      1.    Legal Principles
            a.     Aiding and Abetting
      To evaluate Valle’s contention, we must first review the basic rules
governing the criminal culpability of an aider and abettor. “[A]n aider and
abettor’s liability for criminal conduct is of two kinds. First, an aider and
abettor with the necessary mental state is guilty of the intended crime.”
(People v. McCoy (2001) 25 Cal.4th 1111, 1117 (McCoy).) This type of liability
is often referred to as “direct aiding and abetting liability.” (Gentile, supra,
10 Cal.5th at p. 844, italics added.) “Second, under the natural and probable
consequences doctrine, an aider and abettor is guilty not only of the intended
crime, but also ‘for any other offense that was a “natural and probable
consequence” of the crime aided and abetted.’ ” (McCoy, at p. 1117.) Thus,
for example, under the natural and probable consequences doctrine prior to
the enactment of Senate Bill 1437, “if a person aid[ed] and abet[ted] only an

                                        10
intended assault, but a murder result[ed], that person may be guilty of that
murder, even if unintended, if it [was] a natural and probable consequence of
the intended assault.” (McCoy, at p. 1117.) “Unlike direct aiding and
abetting liability, culpability under the natural and probable consequences
theory does not require an accomplice to share the direct perpetrator’s intent.
Instead, ‘[a]ider and abettor culpability under the natural and probable
consequences doctrine is vicarious in nature’ and ‘ “is not premised upon the
intention of the aider and abettor to commit the nontarget offense because
the nontarget offense” ’ may not be intended at all.” (Gentile, supra, 10
Cal.5th at p. 844.)
            b.    Malice Aforethought
      The concept of malice aforethought in the context of murder is also
relevant to our analysis. As our Supreme Court has explained, “the crime of
murder, as defined in section 187, includes, as an element, malice. . . . It may
be either express or implied. It is express ‘when there is manifested a
deliberate intention unlawfully to take away the life of a fellow creature.’
(§ 188.) It is implied ‘when no considerable provocation appears, or when the
circumstances attending the killing show an abandoned and malignant
heart.’ (Ibid.) This definition of implied malice is quite vague. . . . We have
interpreted implied malice as having ‘both a physical and a mental
component. The physical component is satisfied by the performance of “an
act, the natural consequences of which are dangerous to life.” [Citation.] The
mental component is the requirement that the defendant “knows that his
conduct endangers the life of another and . . . acts with a conscious disregard
for life.” ’ ” (People v. Chun (2009) 45 Cal.4th 1172, 1181 (Chun).)

                                       11
      2.    In Precluding a Conviction for Murder Under the Natural and
            Probable Consequences Doctrine, Senate Bill 1437 Did Not
            Preclude a Conviction for Implied Malice Murder by a Direct
            Aider and Abettor
      Based on the jury instructions and verdict forms, Valle was almost
certainly convicted of second degree murder as a direct aider and abettor

based on implied malice, rather than express malice.6 Valle therefore relies
upon the jury instruction for implied malice to support his contention that he
was convicted under the natural and probable consequences doctrine.
Specifically, the jury was instructed regarding implied malice as follows:
“Murder of the second degree also is the unlawful killing of a human being
when, one, the killing resulted from an intentional act; two, the natural
consequences of the act are dangerous to human life; and three, the act was
deliberately performed with knowledge of the danger to and with conscious

disregard for human life.” (Italics added.)7

6     We infer that Valle was almost certainly convicted of implied malice
murder, rather than express malice murder, based on the not-guilty verdicts
on the two counts of attempted murder and the guilty verdicts for assaults on
those same victims. Because attempted murder requires express malice
(People v. Smith (2005) 37 Cal.4th 733, 739), by making a not-guilty finding
on the attempted murder counts, the jury indicated that the People did not
prove that Valle had the mental state of express malice during the crimes.

7     Instead of directly quoting the relevant jury instruction from his trial,
Valle quotes from the 2002 Opinion’s inexact paraphrase of the jury
instruction, which erroneously uses the phrase “natural and probable
consequences” rather than “natural consequences.” Specifically, as the 2002
Opinion described, “The [trial] court stated [during jury instructions] that
implied malice does not involve a specific intent to kill. Rather, implied
malice exists when the killing is the result of an intentional act, the natural
and probable consequences of that act are dangerous to human life, and the
act was deliberately performed with knowledge of but conscious disregard for
such danger.” Although the difference in wording is ultimately of no

                                      12
      Valle contends that because the instruction for implied malice murder
states that the natural consequences of the act must be dangerous to human
life, if someone is convicted of implied malice murder as a direct aider and
abettor, the murder conviction is necessarily based on a natural and probable
consequences doctrine. According to Valle, “there is no practical difference
between the natural and probable consequence theory for implied malice of a
‘direct’ aider and abettor who lacks the intent to kill and the natural and
probable consequence theory for aiding and abetting.” As we will explain, we
reject the argument.
      A conviction for implied malice murder under a direct aiding and
abetting theory differs significantly from a conviction for murder under the
natural and probable consequences doctrine. Therefore, although the jury
instruction directed the jury to consider whether “the natural consequences of
the act are dangerous to human life” as part of the implied malice inquiry,
Valle was not convicted of murder under the natural and probable
consequences doctrine. (See People v. Soto (2020) 51 Cal.App.5th 1043, 1056,
review granted Sept. 23, 2020, S263939 (Soto) [“Although the instructions
related to implied malice and the natural and probable consequences doctrine
of aiding and abetting include similar language regarding a ‘natural
consequence,’ they are distinctly different concepts.”].) Under the natural
and probable consequences doctrine “ ‘liability “ ‘is measured by whether a
reasonable person in the defendant’s position would have or should have
known that the charged offense was a reasonably foreseeable consequence of
the act aided and abetted.’ ” ’ ” (Gentile, supra, 10 Cal.5th at pp. 843-844.)
Thus, when the natural and probable consequences doctrine is used to obtain

consequence to our analysis, we rely on the actual wording of the jury
instruction rather than on the inaccurate paraphrase in the 2002 Opinion.
                                       13
a murder conviction, “[s]o long as the direct perpetrator possessed malice,
and the killing was a natural and probable consequence of the crime the
defendant aided and abetted, it [does] not matter whether the defendant
intended to kill or acted with conscious disregard for human life.” (Id. at
p. 845, italics added.) “[A]n aider and abettor need not personally possess
malice, express or implied, to be convicted of second degree murder under a
natural and probable consequences theory.” (Id. at p. 847.)
      In contrast, when a person directly aids and abets murder under an
implied malice theory, the aider and abettor must be found to “ ‘ “know[ ] that
his conduct endangers the life of another and . . . act[ ] with a conscious
disregard for life.” ’ ” (Chun, supra, 45 Cal.4th at p. 1181.) This is because
“outside of the natural and probable consequences doctrine, an aider and
abettor’s mental state must be at least that required of the direct
perpetrator” (McCoy, supra, 25 Cal.4th at p. 1118), and a direct perpetrator of
second degree murder must act with malice aforethought (§ 188).
      Indeed, the 2002 Opinion expressly highlighted the additional findings
of conscious disregard for human life that are needed for a conviction under a
direct aiding and abetting theory of murder, as contrasted with a conviction
under the natural and probable consequences theory. As the 2002 Opinion
explained, “the implicit findings of the jury go beyond what would have been
required under the natural-and-probable-consequences doctrine. Here, the
jury did not just find that the killing was the natural and probable
consequences of an assault that [Valle] encouraged or facilitated; the jury
also found that [Valle] knowingly and intentionally encouraged or facilitated
a fatal stabbing with conscious disregard for the life of the victim.” (Italics
added.)

                                        14
      In a discussion that rejects the position advanced by Valle in this
appeal, our Supreme Court recently emphasized that “Senate Bill 1437 does
not eliminate direct aiding and abetting liability for murder because a direct
aider and abettor to murder must possess malice aforethought.” (Gentile,
supra, 10 Cal.5th at p. 848, italics added.) Thus, “notwithstanding Senate
Bill 1437’s elimination of natural and probable consequences liability for
second degree murder, an aider and abettor who does not expressly intend to
aid a killing can still be convicted of second degree murder if the person
knows that his or her conduct endangers the life of another and acts with
conscious disregard for life.” (Gentile, at p. 850; see also People v. Offley
(2020) 48 Cal.App.5th 588, 596 [because a direct aider and abettor must have
the mens rea for murder, “[o]ne who directly aids and abets another who
commits murder is thus liable for murder under the new law just as he or she
was liable under the old law”].)
      The continued viability of direct aiding and abetting as a basis for an
implied malice murder conviction follows plainly from the amendments to
section 188 that were enacted by Senate Bill 1437. Section 188 was amended
to state that (except for certain situations involving felony murder) “in order
to be convicted of murder, a principal in a crime shall act with malice
aforethought. Malice shall not be imputed to a person based solely on his or
her participation in a crime.” (§ 188, subd. (a)(3).) In amending section 188
in this manner, “the Legislature intended to restrict culpability for murder
outside the felony murder rule to persons who personally possess malice
aforethought.” (Gentile, supra, 10 Cal.5th at p. 847.) As we have explained, a
jury cannot convict a defendant of murder as a direct aider and abettor unless
it makes a finding that the defendant possessed the mental state of malice
aforethought. (McCoy, supra, 25 Cal.4th at p. 1118.) Therefore, someone

                                        15
convicted of implied malice murder as a direct aider and abettor falls within
the scope of the persons who can be convicted of murder under section 188,
subdivision (a)(3) as enacted by Senate Bill 1437. (See Soto, supra, 51
Cal.App.5th at p. 1057, review granted [rejecting the contention that a
defendant convicted of implied malice murder as a direct aider and abettor
can no longer be convicted of murder, as “Senate Bill No. 1437 changed the
circumstances under which a person could be convicted of murder without a
showing of malice, but it did not exclude from liability persons convicted of
murder for acting with implied malice.”].)
      3.    Controlling Case Law Establishes That Implied Malice Murder
            Under an Aiding and Abetting Theory Is a Valid Theory of
            Criminal Liability
      Not only does Valle contend that the enactment of Senate Bill 1437
precluded a conviction for implied malice murder under an aiding and
abetting theory, he also contends that even before Senate Bill 1437, a
conviction under that theory was not permitted. As we understand Valle’s
argument, if a conviction for implied malice murder under a direct aiding and
abetting theory was precluded at the time of his conviction, then he must
have been convicted of implied malice murder under the natural and
probable consequences doctrine, making him eligible for relief under section
1170.95. In making this argument, Valle asserts that “a person cannot be
guilty of directly aiding and abetting an implied malice murder.” Further,
Valle’s opening appellate brief, filed in April 2020, states that “[c]ounsel is
not aware of a case that holds that one could be convicted of direct aiding and
abetting in a second degree murder without the intent to kill,” namely, under
an implied malice theory.

                                        16
      We need not engage in an analysis of the case law that existed at the

time of Valle’s April 2020 brief,8 and we need not delve further into the basis
for Valle’s contention that a direct aider and abettor cannot be convicted of
implied malice murder. In December 2020 our Supreme Court removed any
doubt regarding the viability of a conviction for implied malice murder under
a direct aiding and abetting theory when it issued Gentile. (Gentile, supra, 10
Cal.5th at p. 850.) As Gentile explained, “an aider and abettor who does not
expressly intend to aid a killing can still be convicted of second degree
murder if the person knows that his or her conduct endangers the life of
another and acts with conscious disregard for life.” (Ibid.; see also Powell,
supra, 63 Cal.App.5th at p. 714 [relying on Gentile to “reject [appellant’s]
contention that direct aiding and abetting implied malice murder is an
invalid legal theory”].) Valle’s supplemental briefing, filed after Gentile was
issued, acknowledges this statement but argues that it is dictum and should
not be followed. We disagree. Our Supreme Court’s statement was an
integral part of its legal interpretation of the impact of Senate Bill 1437 on
the scope of accomplice liability for murder. (Gentile, at p. 849 [explaining
that a defendant could still be convicted of implied malice murder under a
direct aiding and abetting theory in the course of rejecting the so-called

8      As one court recently observed, “[t]he reason why there is a dearth of
decisional law on aiding and abetting implied malice murder may be the
heretofore availability of the natural and probable consequences doctrine for
second degree murder, which was easier to prove. . . . [B]ecause [under the
natural and probable consequences doctrine] it was unnecessary to prove the
aider and abettor intended to aid the perpetrator’s commission of a life
endangering act and that he or she was aware of the risk to human life, it
was much easier to prove that murder was the natural and probable
consequences of an intended assault than to prove direct aider and abettor
liability for an implied malice murder.” (People v. Powell (2021) 63
Cal.App.5th 689, 711, fn. 26 (Powell).)
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“hybrid” approach proposed by amicus curiae, under which Senate Bill 1437
would have been interpreted “only to modify the natural and probable
consequences doctrine for murder rather than to eliminate it”].)
      In sum, because we find no basis on which to conclude that Valle was
convicted of murder under the natural and probable consequences doctrine
rather than as a direct aider and abettor of second degree murder, Valle does
not fall within the class of persons eligible to seek relief under section

1170.95.9 The trial court properly denied his petition.

9      As we have noted, under the version of section 1170.95 that goes into
effect on January 1, 2022, a person may also seek relief if that person’s
murder conviction is based on any other “theory under which malice is
imputed to a person based solely on that person’s participation in a crime.”
(Stats. 2021, ch. 551, § 2.) A person convicted of murder under a direct aiding
and abetting theory is not convicted based on any “theory under which malice
is imputed to a person based solely on that person’s participation in a crime”
(ibid.) because such a conviction requires a finding that the defendant
personally possessed the mental state of malice aforethought. (McCoy, supra,
25 Cal.4th at p. 1118.)
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                              DISPOSITION
     The order denying Valle’s petition under section 1170.95 is affirmed.

                                                                   IRION, J.

WE CONCUR:

HUFFMAN, Acting P. J.

AARON, J.

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