Court Opinion

ID: 4216477
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-10-31 17:01:40.591101+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:15:15.085909
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 17a0594n.06

                                    Nos. 16-2396, 16-2397                            FILED
                                                                                Oct 31, 2017
                             UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                           DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                                  FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

KATHY JEAN GATZA (16-2396); PAMELA )
D. SUTHERLAND (16-2397),           )
                                   )
                                                          ON APPEAL FROM THE
      Plaintiffs-Appellants,       )
                                                          UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                   )
                                                          COURT FOR THE EASTERN
v.                                 )
                                                          DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
                                   )
DCC LITIGATION FACILITY,           )
INCORPORATED,                      )
                                                                   OPINION
                                   )
      Defendant-Appellee.          )
                                   )

Before: MERRITT, MOORE, and ROGERS, Circuit Judges.

       KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. Plaintiffs-Appellants Kathy Gatza and

Pamela Sutherland (together, “Plaintiffs”) appeal the district court’s denial of their motions to

amend the scheduling orders in their cases. Before the expert-disclosure deadlines passed,

Plaintiffs did not disclose Dr. Arthur Brawer as an expert witness. For the reasons discussed

below, we AFFIRM the district court’s denial of the motions to amend the scheduling orders.

Gatza also appeals the district court’s decision to grant Defendant-Appellee DCC Litigation

Facility, Inc.’s (“DCC”) motion for summary judgment because Wisconsin’s statute of

limitations bars her claims. We do not address Gatza’s argument in this regard because, without

an opportunity to amend the scheduling order, Gatza cannot prove causation, and so the

limitations issue is moot.
No. 16-2396/ 2397Gatza et al. v. DCC Litigation Facility, Inc.

                                      I. BACKGROUND

       Dow Corning Corporation (“Dow”) was the leading manufacturer of silicone-breast

implants. Lindsey v. O’Brien (In re Dow Corning Corp.), 86 F.3d 482, 485 (6th Cir. 1996).

Then, in the early 1990s, thousands of implant recipients began to file actions alleging that

Dow’s silicone-breast implants caused health problems. Sutherland v. DCC Litig. Facility, Inc.

(In re Dow Corning Corp.), 778 F.3d 545, 547 (6th Cir. 2015). Eventually, in the Northern

District of Alabama, a class-settlement agreement was reached. Id. at 547–48. Roughly 440,000

individuals agreed with this settlement, but thousands of individuals opted out. Lindsey, 86 F.3d

at 485–86.

       Because this was “one of the world’s largest mass tort litigations,” Dow filed for

reorganization under the Bankruptcy Code in the Eastern District of Michigan. Id. at 486.

Dow’s filing stayed all related actions. Id. Additionally, the Eastern District of Michigan

received all of the actions connected to the bankruptcy proceeding. Sutherland, 778 F.3d at 548.

       The bankruptcy court authorized an “Amended Joint Plan of Reorganization.” Ezra v.

DCC Litig. Facility, Inc., 667 F. App’x 538, 538–39 (6th Cir. 2016). Under this plan, a plaintiff

could litigate individual claims against DCC, Dow’s litigation corporation, or accept payments

under the plan. Id. at 539. Both Gatza and Sutherland chose to litigate their claims. No. I:05-

cv-30276-DPH R. 1 (Notice of Intent to Litigate) (Page ID #1) (Sutherland); No. I:05-cv-30496-

DPH R. 1 (Notice of Intent to Litigate) (Page ID #1) (Gatza).

       In Gatza’s action, the district court examined several relevant motions. First, the district

court denied Gatza’s request to extend the expert-disclosure deadline. No. I:5-cv-30496 DPH R.

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No. 16-2396/ 2397Gatza et al. v. DCC Litigation Facility, Inc.

167 (Order at 3–7) (Page ID #6829–33). Next, the district court granted DCC’s motion to

exclude the opinions of Dr. Pierre Blais, Dr. Jerry Bush, and Dr. Justus Fiechtner. Id. at 20

(Page ID #6846).     Lastly, the district court granted DCC’s renewed motion for summary

judgment because, without an expert, Gatza could not prove causation, and also because

Wisconsin’s statute of limitations bars Gatza’s claims. Id. at 24, 26 (Page ID #6850, 6852).

Gatza now appeals two aspects of the district court’s order: its decision (1) to deny Gatza’s

request to extend the expert-disclosure deadline and (2) to grant DCC’s summary-judgment

motion on the ground that Wisconsin’s statute of limitations bars Gatza’s claims. No. 16-2396

Appellant’s Br. at 19–21.

       The district court examined similar motions in Sutherland’s action. I:5-cv-30276-DPH

R. 119 (Order) (Page ID #6264). First, Sutherland requested to amend the expert-disclosure

deadline, which the district court denied. Id. at 8 (Page ID #6271). Next, the district court

granted DCC’s motion to exclude the testimony of Sutherland’s three causation experts, Blais,

Bush, and Fiechtner. Id. at 21 (Page ID #6284). Lastly, the district court granted DCC’s motion

for summary judgment because (1) Sutherland could not receive punitive damages and (2) she

could not prove causation without expert testimony. Id. at 24, 26 (Page ID #6287, 6289).

Sutherland appeals only the district court’s decision not to amend the expert-disclosure deadline.

No. 16-2397 Appellant’s Br. at 16.

                                       II. DISCUSSION

       Plaintiffs raise two arguments on appeal. First, Plaintiffs assert that they have shown

“good cause” to amend the scheduling orders under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 16(b)(4).

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Second, they argue that failing to disclose Brawer by the expert-disclosure deadlines is

“harmless” under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37(c)(1).          We consider each of these

arguments in turn.

A. Standard of Review

         We examine a district court’s decision to amend a scheduling order for abuse of

discretion. Andretti v. Borla Performance Indus., Inc., 426 F.3d 824, 830 (6th Cir. 2005). The

same standard applies to reviewing a district court’s decision to issue sanctions for failing to

disclose a witness. See Baker Hughes Inc. v. S&S Chem., LLC, 836 F.3d 554, 560 (6th Cir.

2016).

B. Rule 16(b)(4)

         A party must disclose his or her expert witnesses by the scheduling-order deadline. Fed.

R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(D). If the party cannot meet that deadline, he or she can move to amend the

scheduling order. Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(b)(4). When considering a motion to amend, a district court

will examine (1) whether the moving party has shown “good cause,” id., and (2) whether the

modification will cause the opposing party to experience possible prejudice, Inge v. Rock Fin.

Corp., 281 F.3d 613, 625 (6th Cir. 2002).

         To show good cause, a moving party can demonstrate that he or she diligently attempted

to meet the original deadline. Leary v. Daeschner, 349 F.3d 888, 906 (6th Cir. 2003). For this

issue, there are five factors to consider: “(1) when the moving party learned of the issue that is

the subject of discovery; (2) how the discovery would affect the ruling below; (3) the length of

the discovery period; (4) whether the moving party was dilatory; and (5) whether the adverse

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party was responsive to . . . discovery requests.” Bentkowski v. Scene Magazine, 637 F.3d 689,

696 (6th Cir. 2011) (omission in original) (quoting Dowling v. Cleveland Clinic Found.,

593 F.3d 472, 478 (6th Cir. 2010)). The central question among these factors is whether a party

acted diligently. Dowling, 593 F.3d at 478.

              In Gatza’s action, the district court did not abuse its discretion by finding that she had not

proven “good cause.” When examining the facts, the district court focused on Gatza’s ability to

comply with the expert-disclosure deadline:

                      Gatza admits on remand that her former counsel was able to meet the
              original deadline by timely designating her experts. Gatza therefore cannot meet
              the Leary standard because her counsel was able to meet the original deadline. As
              to Gatza’s citations of articles published after the discovery deadline of 2012,
              Gatza has not shown that her proposed expert relied on these articles for his
              conclusion. Gatza has failed to show that Dr. Brawer was not available or
              identifiable prior to the expert deadline issued by the Court. Gatza has not shown
              that Dr. Brawer was not a known expert at the time the Court issued its expert
              deadline.

I:05-cv-30496-DPH R. 167 (Order at 6–7) (Page ID #6832–33). Based on these facts, the district

court found that Gatza had not been diligent, id., and Gatza does not argue that these facts are

inaccurate, 16-2396 Appellant’s Br. at 35–37. Therefore, the district court did not abuse its

discretion.1

              For similar reasons, the district court did not abuse its discretion when it found that

Sutherland had not shown “good cause.” When applying the law, the district court examined

whether Sutherland could have disclosed Brawer as an expert before the deadline:

                                                            
              1
         A few days prior to oral argument, Plaintiffs moved that we take judicial notice regarding an article that
Brawer published in an October 2017 medical journal. We deny this request because the district court did not have
an opportunity to review this article.

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               Sutherland admits on remand that her former counsel was able to meet the
       original deadline by timely designating her experts. Sutherland cannot meet the
       Leary standard because her former counsel was able to comply with the original
       deadline. As to Sutherland’s citations of articles published after the discovery
       deadline of 2012, Sutherland has not shown that her proposed expert relied on
       these articles for his conclusion. Sutherland’s proposed expert, Dr. Brawer, has
       admitted that the case reports as shown in these articles, are not accepted as proof
       of a cause and effect relationship between exposure to a substance and disease.
       (Doc. No. 111, Ex. 7, Brown v. Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Case No. 93-10917)
       Sutherland has also failed to show that Dr. Brawer was not available or
       identifiable prior to the original expert deadline issued by the Court. The
       Litigation Facility’s exhibit to its response shows that Dr. Brawer was designated
       as an expert at prior breast implant cases as early as 1993. Id.; see also, Tyson v.
       Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Co., Case No. 55915-2 T.D. (TN Cir. Ct.,
       Shelby Ct., Oct. 18, 1996) Any proposed expert testimony by Dr. Brawer will not
       be different than his prior testimony in other breast implant cases. Sutherland has
       not shown that Dr. Brawer was not a known expert at the time the Court issued its
       original expert deadline.

I:05-cv-30276-DPH R. 119 (Order at 6–7) (Page ID #6269–70). This reasoning demonstrates

that the district court did not rely on clearly erroneous findings of fact. Therefore, the district

court did not abuse its discretion when it found that Sutherland had not been diligent.

       In summary, for both actions, the district court did not abuse its discretion in finding that

Plaintiffs did not demonstrate good cause to amend the scheduling order, so we do not need to

examine whether an amended scheduling order would prejudice DCC.

C. Rule 37(c)(1)

       We have stated “that an argument not raised before the district court is waived on appeal

to this Court,” and we “rarely” stray from that rule. Scottsdale Ins. Co. v. Flowers, 513 F.3d 546,

552 (6th Cir. 2008). However, if a case is exceptional or if the application of the rule would

create a “plain miscarriage of justice,” we might depart from this general rule. Id. (quoting

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Foster v. Barilow, 6 F.3d 405, 407 (6th Cir. 1993)). Because Plaintiffs raised their argument

regarding Rule 37(c)(1) for the first time on appeal and the issue is not novel, we decline to

address it. No. I:05-cv-30276-DPH R. 97 (Mot. at 7–12) (Page ID #4801–06) (discussing “good

cause” and “prejudice,” but not “harmless” or Rule 37(c)(1)); No. I:05-cv-30276-DPH R. 102

(Suppl. Br. at 5–11) (Page ID #4832–38) (same); No. I:05-cv-30496-DHP R. 149 (Mot. at 9–13)

(Page ID #6073–77) (same); No. I:05-cv-30496-DHP R. 157 (Reply at 5–10) (Page ID #6480–

85) (same).

                                      III. CONCLUSION

       We AFFIRM the district court’s judgments based on its denial of Plaintiffs’ motions to

amend the scheduling orders because (1) the district court did not abuse its discretion by finding

that Plaintiffs have not demonstrated good cause and (2) Plaintiffs forfeited their argument

regarding Rule 37(c)(1).

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