Court Opinion

ID: 4696807
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-06-18 09:07:18.267529+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:05:42.558778
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                     UNPUBLISHED
                                                                     June 17, 2021
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                    No. 351900
                                                                     Ottawa Circuit Court
MICHAEL SCOTT MCNEAL,                                                LC No. 19-042741-FC

               Defendant-Appellant.

Before: BOONSTRA, P.J., and MARKEY and SERVITTO, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant appeals as of right his jury trial convictions of second-degree murder, MCL
750.317, and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (felony-firearm), MCL
750.227b. The trial court sentenced defendant to 540 to 900 months’ incarceration for the second-
degree-murder conviction and 24 months’ incarceration for the felony-firearm conviction. On
appeal, defendant raises issues concerning the verdict form and his sentences. For the reasons
stated below, we affirm.

                                             I. FACTS

        Defendant and the victim were husband and wife. They had been experiencing marital
difficulties and the victim, as a result, moved out of the marital home and into a trailer on the
marital property. At approximately 3:00 a.m. on July 24, 2018, defendant entered the trailer where
the victim was sleeping, armed with a rifle. Defendant fired the rifle five times, hitting the victim
three times, and ultimately killing her. Defendant was thereafter charged with first-degree murder
and felony-firearm.

        At trial, defendant conceded shooting and killing his wife, but contended that it was done
in the heat of passion, such that he was guilty of voluntary manslaughter rather than murder. The
jury found defendant guilty of second-degree murder and felony-firearm, as indicated above. This
appeal followed.

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                                       II. VERDICT FORM

       Defendant first argues that the trial court erred in its jury instructions and provided an
incorrect verdict form because they both had the effect of foreclosing the possibility of a general
not-guilty verdict on the murder charge, denying defendant of his right to a properly instructed
jury. We disagree.

        Defense counsel did not object to the jury instructions or to the verdict form at trial;
therefore, these claims are unpreserved. See People v Puroll, 195 Mich App 170, 171; 489 NW2d
159 (1992); People v Eisen, 296 Mich App 326, 330; 820 NW2d 229 (2012) (A verdict form is
essentially part of the package of jury instructions). This Court reviews unpreserved claims of
instructional error for plain error affecting substantial rights. People v Walker, 504 Mich 267, 276;
934 NW2d 727 (2019).

        A defendant is entitled to a properly instructed jury. People v Riddle, 467 Mich 116, 124;
649 NW2d 30 (2002). Correspondingly, a verdict form must provide the jury with the opportunity
to return a general verdict of not guilty. People v Wade, 283 Mich App 462, 467; 771 NW2d 447
(2009). Defendant relies heavily on the Wade decision in support of his argument concerning an
improperly instructed jury.

       In Wade, the jury was provided with the following verdict form:

       YOU MAY RETURN ONLY ONE VERDICT FOR EACH COUNT.

       COUNT 1-HOMICIDE-MURDER FIRST DEGREE-PREMEDITATED
       (EDWARD BROWDER, JR)
       __ NOT GUILTY
       __ GUILTY
       OR
       __ GUILTY OF THE LESSER OFFENSE OF-HOMICIDE-MURDER SECOND
       DEGREE (EDWARD BROWDER, JR.)
       OR
       __ GUILTY OF THE LESSER OFFENSE OF-INVOLUNTARY
       MANSLAUGHTER-FIREARM INTENTIONALLY AIMED (EDWARD
       BROWDER, JR.)
                                    ***
        [Id. at 465]

        This Court found that the verdict form was defective because “because it did not give the
jury the opportunity to return a general verdict of not guilty” of premeditated murder and the lesser
included offenses. Id. at 468. The Wade Court also noted that “the verdict form would not have
been defective if it had included a box through which the jury could have found defendant not
guilty of second-degree murder and not guilty of involuntary manslaughter.” Id. at 468.

        Unlike the verdict form in Wade, the verdict form in this matter did not present the not-
guilty option only with the most serious form of homicide. The verdict form used in this matter
provided:

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                You may return only one verdict on each charge. Mark only one box in each section
       of this sheet.

       COUNT ONE: FIRST DEGREE PREMEDITATED MURDER.

                        Not Guilty.

                        Guilty of First-Degree Premediated Murder.

                        Guilty of the less serious crime of Second-Degree Murder.

                        Guilty of the lesser included offense of Voluntary Manslaughter.

As can be seen above, the not-guilty option for the homicide charge in this case provides exactly
what Wade demands, an option whereby this jury could have returned not guilty for the entire
homicide charge. Therefore, defendant presents no error requiring reversal.

        Defendant also argues that the trial court’s jury instructions obscured the availability of a
general not-guilty verdict on the murder charge. Defendant primarily points to an instruction in
which the trial court advised the jury, “[y]ou can go back to first-degree degree premeditated
murder or second-degree murder after discussing voluntary manslaughter if you want to.”
However, defendant ignores the trial court’s instructions immediately preceding that statement.
The trial court instructed, “[i]n this case, there are several different homicide crimes that you may
consider.” The trial court instructed that the jury consider the crime of first-degree murder first,
spending as much time as it wanted discussing that crime, and if it did not believe that defendant
was guilty of first-degree premeditated murder, it should next consider the less serious crime of
second-degree murder. The trial court instructed that the jury could “go back to first-degree
premeditated murder after discussing second-degree murder” if it wanted to. The trial court further
instructed that if the jury did not believe that defendant was guilty of second-degree murder, it
should then consider the lesser included offense of voluntary manslaughter, and that it “could go
back to first-degree degree premeditated murder or second-degree murder after discussing
voluntary manslaughter” if it wanted. Thus, the essence of the instructions was that the jury may
work its way through its factual determinations and return to potential outcomes as it saw fit. The
instruction does exactly what the law demands; it properly instructs the jury as to the law. See
Riddle, 467 Mich at 124. Taking the jury instructions and verdict form together, defendant has not
shown that the trial court plainly erred in instructing the jury.

                               III. OFFENSE VARIABLE (OV) 5

       Defendant next argues that the trial court erred at sentencing when it assessed 15 points
under OV 5 because there is nothing in the record to indicate that the victim’s family sustained
any psychological injury. We disagree.

       This Court reviews the trial court’s factual determinations at sentencing, which must be
supported by a preponderance of the evidence, for clear error. People v Hardy, 494 Mich 430,
438; 835 NW2d 340 (2013). “A decision is clearly erroneous if, although there is evidence to

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support it, the Court is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.”
People v Chambers, 195 Mich App 118, 121; 489 NW2d 168 (1992). “Whether the facts, as found,
are adequate to satisfy the scoring conditions prescribed by statute, i.e., the application of the facts
to the law, is a question of statutory interpretation, which an appellate court reviews de novo.”
Hardy, 494 Mich at 438.

         OV 5 addresses psychological injury to a member of a victim’s family. MCL 777.35(1).
The trial court here assessed 15 points for OV 5. An assessment of 15 points for OV 5 is proper
when “[s]erious psychological injury requiring professional treatment occurred to a victim’s
family.” In scoring OV 5, the trial court must consider the severity of the psychological injury
that is presented, including how the injury has manifested itself before sentencing and whether it
is likely to do so in the future—and whether a family member has already sought or received
professional treatment. People v Calloway, 500 Mich 180, 186; 895 NW2d 165 (2017). The fact
that psychological treatment has not yet been sought or received is not dispositive if the facts
indicate that a serious psychological injury occurred and that treatment may be sought in the future,
regardless of whether a family member presently intends to seek such treatment. Id. at 182. “A
sentencing court may consider all record evidence before it when calculating the guidelines,
including, but not limited to, the contents of a presentence investigation report, admissions made
by a defendant during a plea proceeding, or testimony taken at a preliminary examination or trial.”
People v Johnson, 298 Mich App 128, 131; 826 NW2d 170 (2012) (quotation marks and citation
omitted).

        Our Supreme Court has explained that points “may not be assessed [for OV 5] solely on
the basis of a trial court’s conclusion that a ‘serious psychological injury’ would normally occur
as a result of the crime perpetrated against the victim and . . . evidence of fear while a crime is
being committed, by itself, is insufficient to assess points.” People v White, 501 Mich 160, 162;
905 NW2d 228 (2017).1 A trial court “may not simply assume that someone . . . would have
suffered psychological harm . . . .” Id. at 163 (quotation marks and citation omitted). The statute
requires “that serious psychological injury occurred . . . , not that a reasonable person in that
situation would have suffered a serious psychological injury.” Id. (quotation marks and citation
omitted). However, “[t]he trial court may rely on reasonable inferences arising from the record
evidence to sustain the scoring of an offense variable.” People v Earl, 297 Mich App 104, 109;
822 NW2d 271 (2012). This Court has endorsed a trial court’s observation of a testifying witness’s
demeanor as being among the evidence supporting assessment of OV 5. People v Steanhouse, 313
Mich App 1, 39; 880 NW2d 297 (2015), rev’d in part on other grounds 500 Mich 453 (2017).

1
  White dealt specifically with OV 4, psychological injury to the victim, and not with OV 5.
However, these OVs involve parallel statutory language, and this Court has explained that “[t]here
is no reason to assume that OV 4 and OV 5 should be interpreted differently when they are two
branches stemming from the same tree, for why abandon our usual presumption that identical
words used in different parts of the same statute carry the same meaning.” People v Wellman, 320
Mich App 603, 610-611; 910 NW2d 304 (2017) (quotation marks and citation omitted); see MCL
777.34.

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         The victim (and defendant’s) son, KM (who was 17 years old at the time of the incident),
testified at trial in this matter. He testified that he was inside the marital home on July 24, 2018,
playing online video games when, around 2:00 a.m., he heard a loud “snap” coming from near the
trailer where his mom had been sleeping on the property. KM testified that he looked outside and
saw his father coming out of the trailer with a rifle. After his father disappeared from view, KM
went out to the trailer and found his mother dead, with bullet holes in her body. KM testified that
he immediately ran back to the house, locking every door in the house behind him because he was
afraid his father was going to come in the house and kill him. KM testified that he heard the police
arrive and went outside, at which point he was placed in handcuffs and dragged to the front of the
house. The handcuffs were eventually removed as the police were advised what had occurred.

       At sentencing, the trial court observed of KM’s testimony:

       I saw [his] demeanor when he testified. I heard [him] testify that—the last time he
       saw his mother alive. I heard [him] testify when he said he found his mother, whose
       head was literally blown off, he walked into that mess. To suggest that [he] will
       not have and does not have serious psychological harm as a result of losing his
       mother and for all practical effect losing his father, now knowing that he saw his
       mom alive just a few hours before her death and then to see her in that state and
       then to be absolutely terrified thinking he was going to be the next victim, I heard
       that testimony, the court will score 15 points for offense variable 5.

        We agree with the trial court’s reasoning for assessing 15 points for OV 5. OV 5 does not
require direct evidence that a victim’s family member is undergoing psychiatric treatment. At
sentencing, the trial court made clear that it had observed KM during his testimony and was
convinced by his demeanor that he had suffered serious psychological injury. It is patently obvious
that a 17-year-old who saw his mother’s body immediately after she had been murdered by his
father, feared that his father would then kill him, and was handcuffed and dragged by the police
before the police knew what had occurred would suffer serious psychological injury requiring
professional treatment. Defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

                                  IV. UPWARD DEPARTURE

       Defendant argues that the imposed sentence was an unwarranted, disproportionate upward
departure from the sentencing guidelines. We disagree.

        The sentencing guidelines are now advisory. Thus, a trial court is not bound to select a
minimum sentence that is within the range provided under the sentencing guidelines, and appellate
courts will review a decision to depart from those guidelines only for reasonableness. See People
v Lockridge, 498 Mich 358, 365; 870 NW2d 502 (2015). To be reasonable, a departure sentence
must be proportionate to the seriousness of the circumstances surrounding the offense and the
offender. People v Steanhouse, 500 Mich 453, 474; 902 NW2d 327 (2017). This Court reviews
whether a trial court properly imposed a sentence that was proportionate to the offender and
offense for an abuse of discretion. Id. at 471. Trial courts must “justify the sentence imposed in
order to facilitate appellate review.” Lockridge, 498 Mich at 392.

                                                -5-
        Defendant contends that the trial court placed undue emphasis on his prior 1992 conviction
of felonious assault when considering a departure sentence. He asserts that the trial court should
not have considered the prior conviction, given that even the sentencing guidelines do not allow
the assessment of Prior Record Variable (PRV) points for “any conviction or juvenile adjudication
that precedes a period of 10 or more years between the discharge date from a conviction or juvenile
adjudication and the defendant’s commission of the next offense resulting in a conviction or
juvenile adjudication.” MCL 777.50(1); see also People v Butler, 315 Mich App 546, 551-552;
892 NW2d 6 (2016). However, the trial court assessed defendant’s PRV score at zero, thereby
complying with MCL 777.50. And the 10-year rule applies only to assessing PRVs in calculating
the advisory, minimum sentencing guidelines; it does not apply directly to imposition of the
ultimate sentence. Moreover, this conduct is appropriately considered when determining whether
a sentence is reasonable—that is, whether it was proportionate to the offense and to defendant.
Steanhouse, 500 Mich at 474

        In reviewing a departure sentence, “an appellate court’s first inquiry should be whether the
case involves circumstances that are not adequately embodied within the variables used to score
the guidelines.” People v Milbourn, 435 Mich 630, 659-660; 461 NW2d 1 (1990). Here, the trial
court reasoned that defendant’s 1992 conviction, which was factually similar to the instant case,
related to the seriousness of the circumstances of the crime and of defendant’s conduct in this case,
although those prior circumstances were not embodied within the minimum sentencing guidelines
because of the 10-year gap rule. Defendant appears not to challenge that connection, and in any
event, has not shown that connection to be unreasonable. Defendant’s 1992 conviction concerned
his brutal beating of his first wife after it appeared the marriage would end. The trial court noted
that his second marriage had lasted much longer, but defendant did not outgrow his propensity for
control and violence over the women in his life.

       Defendant also argues that the trial court failed to consider defendant’s remorse and
potential for rehabilitation. However, the trial court did consider those factors, although it
considered defendant’s statements of remorse “skeptically” and defendant beyond rehabilitation.
Defendant, through his arguments on appeal, appears to disagree with those findings. But mere
disagreement does not show that the trial court clearly erred in those findings. The trial court
appropriately considered facts that were not taken into account in the sentencing guidelines.

       Lastly, defendant argues that the sheer extent of the upward departure from the minimum
sentencing guidelines range suggests that his sentence was unreasonable. We disagree.

        The minimum sentencing guidelines exist as an aid to trial courts as to what sentence might
be reasonable in particular circumstances. People v Houston, 261 Mich App 463, 474; 683 NW2d
192 (2004). On review, this Court is to determine whether the sentence imposed by a trial court
is reasonable, as explained by the trial court and supported by factual findings. Lockridge, 498
Mich at 365. In this case, the trial court made specific factual findings and precisely explained its
reasoning for arriving at the sentence it imposed.

        Again, the trial court considered that defendant’s behavior that was not embodied within
the minimum sentencing guidelines and considered the specific facts concerning the circumstances
of the offense, including the 1992 offense, that defendant shot his wife several times at point blank
range “literally bl[owing]” her head off, and that defendant knew his teenage son was at home and

                                                -6-
would discover his mother’s dead body. The trial court correctly acknowledged that there is no
strict formula to follow when imposing a sentence outside of the guidelines range and indicated
the factors that it considered in fashioning an appropriate sentence. Thus, defendant has not shown
that his imposed sentence is unreasonable or disproportionate.

       Affirmed.

                                                            /s/ Mark T. Boonstra
                                                            /s/ Jane E. Markey
                                                            /s/ Deborah A. Servitto

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