Court Opinion

ID: 9943822
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-02-26 14:46:25.868128+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:45:28.890708
License: Public Domain

[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 1711
OPINION
Plaintiff Uri Rotman filed a complaint for damages for negligence and breach of an oral agreement. The trial court granted a motion for a nonsuit on the contract cause of action at the close of plaintiff's case-in-chief on grounds that there was no evidence to support the allegation that there was an oral contract to provide security services to plaintiff. The court granted a motion for a directed verdict on the negligence cause of action at the conclusion of defendant's case.
Plaintiff appeals, contending that he was owed a duty on both the contract and negligence causes of action. We affirm.
 FACTS
Plaintiff Rotman testified that he had, since 1980, conducted a jewelry business by leasing space in an open air market run by defendant Maclin *Page 1712 
Markets, Inc. The market premises consisted of eight to ten fenced acres. Approximately 300 vendors sell goods at the market 2 days a week. Defendant employed three security guards for the premises.
On December 31, 1985, Mr. Rotman arrived at the market. At that time, 7:45 a.m., the market was open to vendors, but not to the general public. Following his usual procedure, he parked his car next to his stand, unloaded his jewelry suitcase, and placed it under a display table. His assistant then left to park the car. A man then distracted him with some questions while a second man stole the suitcase.
Mr. Rotman immediately discovered the theft, started screaming and contacted a security guard in the parking lot. Mr. Rotman returned to his stand within 10 minutes. Mr. Rotman then reported the theft to the security guards and the police. He testified that the value of the jewelry was $122,872.
A witness testified that she saw a man with a jewelry case leave the premises within three to ten minutes of the theft. Mr. Brown, the head of security, had seen the man walking with the jewelry case about five minutes before Mr. Rotman reported the theft to him. Upon receiving the report, he broadcast the description and began looking for the man.
Two men were eventually arrested and prosecuted for the crime. However, they were acquitted and the jewelry was never recovered.
 STANDARD OF REVIEW (1) On reviewing the nonsuit on the contract theory, the following rule applies: "A defendant is entitled to a nonsuit if the trial court determines that, as a matter of law, the evidence presented by plaintiff is insufficient to permit a jury to find in his favor. . . . [T]he evidence most favorable to plaintiff must be accepted as true and conflicting evidence must be disregarded. . . . [¶] (2) In reviewing a grant of nonsuit, we are `guided by the same rule requiring evaluation of the evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.' [Citation.] We will not sustain the judgment `"unless interpreting the evidence most favorably to plaintiff's case and most strongly against the defendant and resolving all presumptions, inferences and doubts in favor of the plaintiff a judgment for the defendant is required as a matter of law."'" (Nally v. Grace CommunityChurch (1988) 47 Cal.3d 278, 291 [253 Cal.Rptr. 97,763 P.2d 948].)
(3) On reviewing the directed verdict on the negligence theory, the following rule applies: "On appeal from a judgment on a directed verdict, *Page 1713 
appellate courts view the evidence in the light most favorableto appellant. All conflicts must be resolved and inferences drawn in appellant's favor; and the judgment will be reversed if there was substantial evidence . . . tending to prove all elements of appellant's case." (Eisenberg, Cal. Practice Guide, Civil Appeals and Writs (The Rutter Group 1993) ¶ 8:138, p. 8-47, citing Estate of Fossa (1962) 210 Cal.App.2d 464, 466 [26 Cal.Rptr. 687].) We should therefore reverse the trial court if we find substantial evidence supporting plaintiff's contract or negligence theories.
 THE NONSUIT ON THE CONTRACT THEORY (4) In his opening brief, plaintiff states the basis for his contract claim as follows: "[A]t the time appellant leased the subject space from respondent in late 1979 or early 1980, appellant did so with reliance upon the respondent's conduct when respondent knew full well appellant was in the jewelry business, of showing appellant around the facilities, stating, among other things, to appellant `We have security guards which protect, you know, and make — make it more secure, and it's all fenced and everything.', and allowing appellant to view the security guards in the area, all knowing full well that appellant was concerned about security, and breached that oral lessee vendor agreement by not furnishing or supplying proper or competent security guards, but rather furnished and supplied illusory security procedures; and, as the result thereof, appellant suffered damages by the theft of his jewelry."1
Although the complaint alleges an oral agreement to provide adequate security at all times, Mr. Rotman, in his testimony, did not support the allegation. Instead, he testified to the statement quoted above. He also testified that the security guards had taken care of problems when he brought the problems to their attention.
On cross-examination, Mr. Rotman was specifically asked if Mr. Larsen, the representative of defendant, had ever told him "that part of your agreement with him was that he would provide security guards who would safeguard and protect your jewelry?" Mr. Rotman replied: "Again, I don't *Page 1714 
remember him using specifically the word `agreement,' but in the presentation of him to me explaining about what comes along with being a permanent member of the auction is the facilities, the security, the comfort, so on and so forth, and the amount of people which coming in."
When the motion was made, plaintiff's attorney was unable to point to any specific evidence of an oral agreement. He said: "[T]he only basis upon which there could be an assertion would be a breach of an implied contract by virtue of the conduct of Maclin Market, to wit, exposing the proposed vendors, members of the general public, for that matter, to the existence of the security guards without publishing a disclaimer of some type or kind. . . . [¶] I would say that [the statement that the security guards are there for your protection] might constitute an oral contract conceivably, not just an implied contract, but at the very least it would be conduct upon which they have a right to rely. . . ."
When the court pointed out there was no evidence of an offer and acceptance, plaintiff's attorney stated: "Well, I have no other evidence, your Honor, other than the fact of the representations made by Mr. Brad Larsen to Mr. Rotman and Mrs. Rotman when they leased the premises."
Plaintiff now argues that "it may reasonably be inferred from the words and conduct of Brad Larsen that one of the provisions of the subject oral lease agreement was that the lessor was to furnish and supply average reputable security guards to protect its vendors and their property. . . ."
We would characterize plaintiff's desired "inference" as more of a hope or desire of plaintiff's rather than evidence of an agreement to provide guards to protect a vendor's personal property in his stall.2 As respondent states, "There was no bargaining for such a security agreement, even giving Mr. ROTMAN'S vague testimony the fullest inference. There was no consideration exchanged, there were no signs of mutual consent or a mutual meeting of the minds regarding such a separate contract, which by its very nature would negate the specific written contract which indicated no agreement by MACLIN MARKETS, INC. to secure or defend vendor ROTMAN'S personal property."
The trial court found no evidentiary basis for an oral agreement, and we think that the trial court was correct. The granting of the motion for a nonsuit on the contract cause of action was therefore proper. *Page 1715
 THE DIRECTED VERDICT ON THE NEGLIGENCE THEORY (5) Plaintiff's original basis for the negligence claim was that the defendant was negligent in failing to provide adequate security for vendors on the premises. Subsequently, he argued that, once the security guards were notified of the theft, they performed their duties in a negligent manner.
The trial court granted the motion for a directed verdict on grounds that the landlord does not have a legal duty to provide security for the tenant under Royal Neckware Co. v. CenturyCity, Inc. (1988) 205 Cal.App.3d 1146 [252 Cal.Rptr. 810].
In Royal Neckware, the tenant of a shopping center sued the landlord for damages resulting from burglary losses. The tenant's lease obligated the mall's tenants to pay for common area costs, including security costs, but the shopping center decided what level of security services to provide.
The tenant argued that the trial court erred in refusing to give an instruction that a commercial landlord has a duty to protect its tenants from reasonably foreseeable criminal conduct. (Royal Neckware Co. v. Century City, Inc., supra,205 Cal.App.3d 1146, 1150.) The court held that the landlord had no such duty to protect the tenant's property. (Id., at p. 1151.) It said: "We cannot find such a duty exists because it is the tenant that is in the best position to take steps to protect the safety of its own property; there is no moral blame to be ascribed to a failure to prevent another's property from being stolen; it would place an onerous financial burden on a landlord — which eventually would be passed on to all of its tenants — to hold it responsible for the loss of its tenants' property; and a tenant can easily obtain insurance to cover any such loss." (Id., at p. 1152.)
Appellant, and the dissenting opinion, attempt to avoid the effect of Royal Neckware by arguing that it is inapplicable to the situation in which a person voluntarily assumes a duty to provide a service. Specifically, they argue that there was substantial evidence that defendant Maclin voluntarily assumed a duty to protect Rotman's property from theft, and to apprehend the perpetrator of any theft which it was unable to prevent.
We disagree. "We are, however, unaware of any case in which a judgment against the property owner has been affirmed solely on the basis of a failure to provide an adequate deterrence to criminal conduct in general." (Noble v. Los Angeles Dodgers,Inc. (1985) 168 Cal.App.3d 912, 916 [214 Cal.Rptr. 395].) Even if we assume that the voluntary assumption of a duty to guard *Page 1716 
Mr. Rotman's jewelry would avoid the effect of Royal Neckwear,
there was no substantial evidence of such an assumption here.3
The evidence cited includes the testimony of defendant's chief of security, Jeffrey Brown, the testimony of Mr. Larsen, and the testimony of the Rotmans.
Mr. Brown testified that his duties were "to care for Maclin Markets' property and to protect life and limb, as provided by the laws under a security officer's duties and to observe and report any instances that may occur that would need to be reported to the proper authorities."
Mr. Brown emphasized his opinion of the distinction between a security officer and a police officer: He thought that both can arrest for crimes committed in their presence, but that the security officer cannot arrest for crimes not committed in his presence. Since a security officer did not observe the theft of Mr. Rotman's property, Mr. Brown's understanding of his authority was that he could only detain a suspect in order for Mr. Rotman to make a citizen's arrest.
Obviously, as Mr. Brown testified, the presence of the officers acted as a visual deterrent to theft and other crimes and the security officers would take action if they saw a crime being committed. If, as here, an unobserved theft was committed, Mr. Brown testified that he would attempt to apprehend the suspect and would report the crime to the proper authorities.4 As the defense expert testified, the primary job of a security guard is to protect the property of his employer, to provide a visible deterrent, and to observe and report crimes. A security guard is not, and should not be expected to be, a police officer.
We find nothing in Mr. Brown's testimony to support the conclusion that he or defendant agreed to guard Mr. Rotman's jewelry. It is one thing to say that a security officer will act when he sees a crime being committed. It is a completely different thing to say that a security officer agreed to guard the property of one specific vendor, out of over 300 vendors on the premises.
Mr. Larsen testified that the market, as the landlord, has never considered itself responsible for the safekeeping of the vendor's merchandise. The *Page 1717 
vendors were, of course, free to hire their own security guards if they desired. The guards hired by defendant were intended to provide traffic and crowd control, to render first aid and to call for medical assistance, to prevent vandalism in the bathrooms, and to protect the funds collected from the vendors and the public. He would also expect the officers to provide a visual deterrence to crime, and to act if they saw a crime being committed, within their citizen's arrest powers. If they did not see a crime being committed, they would nevertheless attempt to assist the victim in arresting the suspect, and they would report the crime to the authorities.
The market manager, Diane Bowman, testified that "it was pretty well known that security was for Maclin Markets . . . protection of the funds that we collect, crowd control and traffic control." She also mentioned the protection against vandalism and enforcement of the vendor rules and regulations as part of the duties of the security officers.
In our view, nothing in the testimony of Mr. Larsen or Ms. Bowman provides a basis for an inference that the defendant agreed to protect Mr. Rotman's jewelry, or the property of any other vendor, from theft. As Mr. Larsen stated: "All these shops — there's hundreds of shops out there — are individual operators, and we don't have hundreds of security guards that we would provide to them. That's not a service we provide. . . ."
Mr. Rotman testified that Mr. Larsen told him that the market provided security guards to make the market more secure and to take care of any problems that arose in the market. He testified that he had had specific problems with other vendors and suspicious persons and that the security guards had taken care of those problems. For example, he testified that, when suspicious persons were nearby, Mr. Brown told him not to worry, saying "We'll take care of you. Don't worry. We're all under control." He also testified that Mr. Brown gave him similar assurances when Mr. Brown became head of security.
Mrs. Rotman also testified that Mr. Larsen introduced the security persons by stating that they would "take care of any problems that happen in the swap meets."
Mr. Rotman's assistant testified that similar assurances were given to her, and that she was led to believe that the security officers were there to protect her.
As noted above, our standard of review requires us to view the evidence in the light most favorable to appellant and to determine whether there was *Page 1718 
substantial evidence to support the negligence theory. Applying this standard to the testimony, we find that the testimony does not support the conclusion that defendant or its security guards ever voluntarily assumed the responsibility of safeguarding Mr. Rotman's jewelry from theft.5 Indeed, all of the evidence indicates that the security officers were there to provide parking and crowd control, to safeguard defendant's property, to provide a deterrent to theft and other misbehavior in the market, and to enforce defendant's rules and regulations against the vendors. The security officers, having only the power of citizen's arrest, would act if crimes were committed in their presence. However, if crimes were not committed in their presence, they could only assist the victim in making a citizen's arrest, and they would report the crime to law enforcement.
In particular, the testimony presented by plaintiff, including that of Mr. Rotman, does not provide substantial evidence that defendant or its security guards ever agreed to assume the responsibility of guarding his jewelry from theft whenever he was on the premises.
The dissent relies on Williams v. Saga Enterprises, Inc.
(1990) 225 Cal.App.3d 142 [274 Cal.Rptr. 901], a summary judgment case. The court there concluded that evidence that a bartender had an agreement to hold the patron's car keys, and not to release them if the patron was under the influence of alcohol at the end of the evening, created a triable issue of fact. In that case, there was substantial evidence of such an agreement. Here there was none. Without such evidence, there is simply no conflict for the jury to resolve.
In the absence of any evidence that defendant voluntarily assumed a duty to protect plaintiff's jewelry, the plaintiff cannot prevail, even if there was evidence from which the jury could find that the security officers did not act as reasonably prudent security officers once they were notified of the theft. In other words, the substantial factual conflicts on breach of duty, causation and damages did not need to be submitted to the jury in the absence of evidence of a voluntarily assumed duty. (Cf. 7735 Hollywood Blvd. Venture v. Superior Court (1981)116 Cal.App.3d 901 [172 Cal.Rptr. 528].)
Accordingly, we find that the trial court properly granted the motion for a directed verdict on the negligence cause of action. *Page 1719
 DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
Dabney, Acting P.J., concurred.
1 In response, defendant produced a vendor terms and conditions, signed by plaintiff Rotman, which states: "Vendors will maintain their spaces and conduct their business in a safe and orderly manner. Vendors hereby exonorate [sic] [and] hold harmless the sales company and its employees from any liabilities arising out of injury to persons or property resulting from vendor using these facilities." The document does not otherwise mention security as a service which is provided or not provided by the lessor. Mr. Rotman acknowledged that he signed the document. Defendant apparently intended to argue that this provision of the written contract governed security and risk of loss and that evidence of the alleged oral agreement would therefore violate the parol evidence rule. (Code Civ. Proc., §1856)
2 If defendant agreed to protect the property of each vendor on the premises, he would practically need a security officer assigned to each vendor to determine if the persons moving the property were authorized to do so. This would require at least 300 officers, rather than the 3 officers used here.
3 The landlord in Royal Neckware provided mall security but there was no contention there that it thereby assumed an obligation to protect each individual tenant's personal property from burglary.
4 Plaintiff's security expert faulted the security officers for not having a contingency plan and in not observing the perimeter of the market before searching the interior for the thief. Mr. Brown testified to the contrary and the defense expert, a former San Bernardino police chief, had no criticism of the actions of the security officers.
5 To find a voluntary assumption we would have to find that this commercial landlord agreed to act as an insurer of each tenant's personal property. There was no evidence of such an agreement here.