Court Opinion

ID: 4455483
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-11-13 20:48:55.949392+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:01:33.245496
License: Public Domain

J-S48027-19

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    MANNA MASSAQUOI                            :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 3183 EDA 2018

          Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered April 9, 2013
    In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
                       No(s): CP-51-CR-0003006-2010

BEFORE:      BOWES, J., SHOGAN, J., and STRASSBURGER, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY SHOGAN, J.:                          FILED NOVEMBER 132, 2019

        Appellant, Manna Massaquoi, appeals from the judgment of sentence

entered on April 9, 2013, following a jury trial and convictions for aggravated

assault, possession of an instrument of crime, terroristic threats, simple

assault, and recklessly endangering another person.1 After review, we affirm.

        The trial court set forth the following factual and procedural recitation:

        A.    FACTS

              On February 7, 2010, [Appellant] woke his girlfriend,
        Maleeka Clark, by viciously attacking her at an apartment located
        at 2145 Gould Street [in Philadelphia].       During the attack,
        [Appellant] kicked Ms. Clark in the face multiple times, hit her in
        the head with a beer bottle, and choked her until she lost
        consciousness. [Appellant] also attempted to hit Ms. Clark in the
        head with a two-by-four, but she was able to block him with her
____________________________________________

*   Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1   18 Pa.C.S. §§ 2702, 907, 2706, 2701, and 2705, respectively.
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     arm. [Appellant] also told Ms. Clark that he was “going to kill
     her.”     When Ms. Clark regained consciousness, she told
     [Appellant] “to leave, leave please.” [Appellant] then went
     downstairs, but stayed within the home. When Ms. Clark heard
     [Appellant] coming back up the stairs, she jumped out of a
     second-floor window. Once outside, Ms. Clark crawled to a
     friend’s house, located on the same block, for safety. After seeing
     the physical state that Ms. Clark was in, her friend called the
     police.

            Philadelphia [Police] Officers Amir Watson and his partner
     arrived at the house where Ms. Clark sought safety after the
     attack. Before entering the home, the officers saw blood all over
     the front door. Upon entering the home, the officers were able to
     get a description of [Appellant] from Ms. Clark, which they gave
     to other patrolling officers in the area.        Because of the
     identification given by Ms. Clark, Philadelphia Police Officers
     Owen Schaeffer and his partner apprehended [Appellant] at his
     brother’s home, where [Appellant] was hiding in a closet.

           Due to the attack, Ms. Clark had two fractured disks, a
     broken bone on her shoulder, cuts on her leg and elbows, and
     stitches on her head. She was in the hospital recovering for about
     [eight] days. She could not walk for about ten days.

     B.    PROCEDURAL HISTORY

            On July 16, 2012, [Appellant] was found guilty of first-
     degree Aggravated Assault, Possession of an Instrument of Crime,
     Terroristic Threats, Simple Assault, and Recklessly Endangering
     Another Person. On August 14, 2012, [Appellant] filed a Motion
     for a Direct Verdict pro se. On January 15, 2013, [Appellant] filed
     a second Post-Verdict Motion pro se. On January 24, 2013,
     [Appellant’s] counsel was permitted to withdraw and new counsel,
     Lawrence Bozzelli, was appointed.

           On April 9, 2013, this [c]ourt held a sentencing hearing and
     [Appellant] was sentenced to five to ten years [of] incarceration
     for the charge of Aggravated Assault, nine to eighteen months for
     the charge of Possession of an Instrument of Crime, and six to
     twelve months [of] incarceration on the Terroristic Threats
     Charge. No Sentences were imposed for the charges of Simple
     Assault or Recklessly Endangering Another Person. The sentences
     were ordered to run consecutively.

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            Counsel withdrew the two Motions filed pro se by [Appellant]
      at the sentencing hearing. On April 11, 2013, [Appellant’s]
      counsel, Lawrence Bozzelli, filed a Motion for Judgment of
      Acquittal and Motion for New Trial. On August 12, 2013, said
      Motion was denied by operation of law.

              On August 9, 2014, [Appellant] filed a pro se PCRA
      [Petition], claiming ineffective assistance of counsel and
      imposition of a sentence greater than the lawful maximum. On
      May 4, 2017, counsel for [Appellant], Sandjai Weaver, filed an
      amended PCRA Petition. This amended petition set forth a claim
      for ineffective assistance of counsel based on trial counsel’s failure
      to file a direct appeal and based on trial counsel’s failure to review
      the trial notes before filing a post-sentence Motion.

            On September 28, 2018, this [c]ourt reinstated
      [Appellant’s] appellate rights nunc pro tunc. On October 26,
      2018, Counsel, David Michael Simon, filed a Notice of Appeal to
      the Superior Court. On November 15, 2018, this [c]ourt ordered
      [Appellant] to submit a 1925(b) statement within twenty-one
      days. On December 4, 2018, Defendant filed a Statement of
      Matters Complained on Appeal… .

Trial Court Opinion, 1/31/19 at 1–4 (internal citations and footnotes omitted).

      Appellant presents the following questions for our review:

      A. Was the evidence insufficient to prove aggravated assault,
         graded as a felony of the first degree, where the evidence
         merely proved that [A]ppellant attempted to cause bodily
         injury with a potentially deadly weapon?

      B. Were the verdicts against the weight of the evidence where
         Ms. [Clark’s] testimony was so inherently unreliable it could not
         be trusted?

Appellant’s Brief at 4.

Our standard for review of a sufficiency of the evidence claim is as follows:
      When presented with a claim that the evidence was insufficient to
      sustain a conviction, an appellate court, viewing all of the evidence
      and reasonable inferences therefrom in the light most favorable
      to the Commonwealth as the verdict winner, must determine

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      whether the evidence was sufficient to enable the fact-finder to
      find that all elements of the offense were established beyond a
      reasonable doubt.
Commonwealth v. Woody, 939 A.2d 359, 361 (Pa. Super. 2007) (citation

omitted). “Furthermore, ‘[t]he Commonwealth may sustain its burden by

proving the crime’s elements with evidence which is entirely circumstantial

and the trier of fact, who determines credibility of witnesses and the weight

to give the evidence produced, is free to believe all, part, or none of the

evidence.’” Id. at 361–362 (quoting Commonwealth v. Brown, 701 A.2d

252, 254 (Pa. Super. 1997)).      “As an appellate court, we do not assess

credibility nor do we assign weight to any of the testimony of record.”

Commonwealth v. Vogelsong, 90 A.3d 717, 719 (Pa. Super. 2014).

Moreover, “circumstantial evidence is reviewed by the same standard as direct

evidence—a decision by the trial court will be affirmed so long as the

combination of the evidence links the accused to the crime beyond a

reasonable doubt.” Commonwealth v. Bricker, 882 A.2d 1008, 1014 (Pa.

Super. 2005) (quotation omitted). “Additionally[,] we may not reweigh the

evidence or substitute our own judgment for that of the factfinder.”

Commonwealth v. Walker, 139 A.3d 225, 229 (Pa. Super. 2016).

      In support of his appeal, Appellant argues that the evidence was

insufficient to sustain his conviction for aggravated assault as a felony of the

first degree.   Appellant’s Brief at 10.    Specifically, Appellant avers that

pursuant to 18 Pa.C.S. § 2702(a)(1), the subsection under which he was

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convicted, “the Commonwealth must prove that ‘he attempt[ed] to cause

serious bodily injury to another or cause[d] such injury intentionally,

knowingly or recklessly under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference

to the value of human life.”          Appellant’s Brief at 10 (quoting 18 Pa.C.S.

§ 2702(a)(1)). He further posits that bodily injury, as defined by 18 Pa.C.S.

§ 2301, requires “bodily injury which creates a substantial risk of death or

which causes serious, permanent disfigurement, or protracted loss or

impairment of the function of any bodily member or organ.” Appellant’s Brief

at 11. Appellant cites to a single case, Commonwealth v. Bullock, 170 A.3d

1109 (Pa. Super. 2017), in support of his appeal. Although Appellant cites to

Bullock for its discussion of intent and the manner in which intent can be

proven, he provides no discussion of the case and fails to apply that holding

to the instant case. Appellant’s Brief at 11.

       Instead, Appellant conflates his challenge to the sufficiency of the

evidence, which contests the quantity of evidence presented, with a challenge

to the weight of the evidence, which contests the quality of the evidence

presented.2 Indeed, Appellant attacks the credibility of Ms. Clark, arguing that

because she has been diagnosed with several mental illnesses, had not taken

her medication the day of the attack, and told medical personnel that she

jumped out of the window to escape Appellant because God told her to do so,

____________________________________________

2 As discussed infra, Appellant has waived any challenge to the weight of the
evidence because he failed to raise the issue in a post-sentence motion.

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she did not have an accurate memory of the attack. Id. at 12. Appellant then

argues that the only evidence of his intent was Ms. Clark’s untrustworthy

testimony; therefore, the Commonwealth failed to prove Appellant’s state of

mind and intent and, therefore failed to prove he committed first-degree-

felony, aggravated assault. Id. Appellant’s attacks upon the credibility of

Ms. Clark challenge the weight of the evidence and not the sufficiency.

Indeed, to the extent that Appellant is arguing that Ms. Clark’s testimony

made clear that she did not have an accurate memory of the incident, that

argument relates to the credibility of Ms. Clark’s testimony, which is not

appropriate for a sufficiency-of-the-evidence claim.        Commonwealth v.

Sullivan,   864   A.2d   1246,    1250    (Pa.   Super.   2004).     See    also

Commonwealth v. Bowen, 55 A.3d 1254, 1262 (Pa. Super. 2012) (noting

that a credibility determinations go to the weight of the evidence, not the

sufficiency); Commonwealth v. W.H.M, Jr., 932 A.3d 155 (Pa. Super. 2007)

(finding that where appellant avers the finder of fact erred in crediting the

victim’s version of events over the appellant’s version of events, that challenge

goes to the weight of the evidence, not the sufficiency).

      To the extent Appellant is arguing that the evidence was insufficient to

establish the requisite intent, that argument is without merit. As our Supreme

Court held in Commonwealth v. Fortune, 68 A.3d 980, 984 (Pa. 2013), this

Court should apply a totality-of-the-circumstances test to determine whether

a defendant acted with the requisite intent. The Court further referred to a

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list of factors set forth in Commonwealth v. Alexander, 383 A.2d 887 (Pa.

1978), that may be considered when determining whether the intent to inflict

serious bodily injury was present.       Specifically, the Court looked to the

following, albeit incomplete, list of factors that could be indicative of intent:

      evidence of a significant difference in size or strength between the
      defendant and the victim, any restraint on the defendant
      preventing him from escalating the attack, the defendant’s use of
      a weapon or other implement to aid his attack, and his statements
      before, during, or after the attack which might indicate his intent
      to inflict injury.

Fortune, 68 A.3d at 984 (citing Alexander, 83 A.2d at 889). As the trial

court aptly noted,

      The evidence introduced at trial clearly demonstrated that
      [Appellant] brutally attacked Maleeka Clark with his feet, fists, a
      beer bottle, and a two-by-four, while the victim was pleading for
      [Appellant] to stop. Ms. Clark required medical treatment at
      Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania for over a week. She
      was unable to walk for ten days after the attack. The ferocious
      and suddenness of the attack, waking up Ms. Clark, confirmed
      [Appellant’s] requisite malicious intent to seriously injure Maleeka
      Clark.

Trial Court Opinion, 1/31/19, at 6. Appellant’s first allegation of error merits

no relief.

      Appellant next argues that the verdicts were against the weight of the

evidence because Ms. Clark’s testimony was inherently unreliable. Appellant’s

Brief at 12. Preliminarily, we note that Appellant failed to preserve his weight

of the evidence claim because he failed to include that claim in his post-

sentence motion. Commonwealth v. Barnhart, 933 A.2d 1061, 1066 (Pa.

Super. 2007); Pa.R.Crim.P. 607.         Indeed, in his post-sentence motion,

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Appellant argued that the evidence was insufficient to sustain the verdict and

“that the [c]ourt should overturn the conviction and grant him a new trial in

the interests of justice. The testimony presented [to] the jury was lacking in

credibility and clearly insufficient ....” Motion for Judgment of Acquittal and

Motion for a New Trial, 4/11/13, at 1. Moreover, Appellant has failed to point

to a portion of the record which indicates he moved for new trial on weight of

the evidence grounds and our examination of the record reveals no such

motions. Thus, we find Appellant waived his weight of the evidence claim.

      Even if we were to reach the merits of Appellant’s claim, he would be

due no relief. Our scope and standard of review in a weight of the evidence

claim is well established.

      Appellate review of a weight claim is a review of the exercise of
      discretion, not of the underlying question of whether the verdict
      is against the weight of the evidence. Because the trial judge has
      had the opportunity to hear and see the evidence presented, an
      appellate court will give the gravest consideration to the findings
      and reasons advanced by the trial judge when reviewing a trial
      court’s determination that the verdict is against the weight of the
      evidence. One of the least assailable reasons for granting or
      denying a new trial is the lower court’s conviction that the verdict
      was or was not against the weight of the evidence and that a new
      trial should be granted in the interest of justice.

Commonwealth v. Leatherby, 116 A.3d 73, 82 (Pa. Super. 2015) (quoting

Commonwealth v Brown, 23 A.3d 544, 558 (Pa. Super. 2011)). “A motion

for new trial on the grounds that the verdict is contrary to the weight of the

evidence concedes that there is sufficient evidence to sustain the verdict.

Thus, the trial court is under no obligation to view the evidence in the light

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most favorable to the verdict winner.” Commonwealth v.Rossetti, 863 A.2d

1185, 1191–1192 (Pa. Super. 2004).          Moreover, “[q]uestions concerning

inconsistent testimony ... go to the credibility of witnesses.” Commonwealth

v. DeJesus, 860 A.2d 102, 107 (Pa. 2004). “This Court cannot substitute its

judgment for that of the jury on issues of credibility.” Id. Indeed,

      When the challenge to the weight of the evidence is predicated on
      the credibility of trial testimony, our review of the trial court’s
      decision is extremely limited. Generally, unless the evidence is so
      unreliable and/or contradictory as to make any verdict based
      thereon pure conjecture, these types of claims are not cognizable
      on appellate review.

Commonwealth v. Fortson, 165 A.3d 10, 16 (Pa. Super. 2017) (quotation

omitted).

      In support of this issue, Appellant avers that Ms. Clark’s testimony was

unreliable and incoherent.    Appellant’s Brief at 13.   Specifically, Appellant

argues that because Ms. Clark has received several mental health diagnoses

for which she did not regularly take her medication, drank past the “point of

casual intoxication,” admitted she forgets things and that God told her to jump

out of the window of the apartment, her testimony was so “untrustworthy as

to make it unworthy of supporting the weight of Appellant’s convictions.” Id.

      Given that the entirety of Appellant’s argument regarding the weight of

the evidence relates to the reliability and credibility of Ms. Clark’s testimony,

Appellant’s claim fails.   A conflict in testimony does not render a verdict

against the weight of the evidence.     Commonwealth v. Tharp, 830 A.2d

519, 528 (Pa. 2003).       As the trial court correctly noted, “Here the jury

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determined to believe Maleeka Clark, even though she could not remember

exactly how many times she was kicked or hit by [Appellant]. The jury, as

trier of fact, was free to believe all, some, or none of Ms. Clark’s testimony.”

Trial Court Opinion, 1/31/19, at 6–7 (internal citation omitted). Thus, even if

the issue had not been waived, Appellant would be due no relief.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 11/13/19

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