Court Opinion

ID: 3208970
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-06-02 20:02:59.474764+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:17:02.530660
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                OFFICE OF SPECIAL MASTERS
                                          No. 14-318V
                                       Filed: June 2, 2016

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
EMILY CULLIGAN,                 *                    TO BE PUBLISHED
                                *
                Petitioner,     *                    Special Master Hamilton-Fieldman
v.                              *
                                *
SECRETARY OF HEALTH             *                    Gardasil; Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
AND HUMAN SERVICES,             *                    Vaccine; Statute of Limitations; First
                                *                    Symptom or Manifestation of Onset;
                                *                    Premature Ovarian Failure (POF);
                                *                    Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (POI);
                Respondent.     *                    Menstrual Cycle; Dismissal
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Mark Krueger, Krueger & Hernandez, SC, Baraboo, WI, for Petitioner.
Lara Englund, United States Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for Respondent.

                                          DECISION1

        This is an action by Emily Culligan (“Petitioner”) seeking an award under the National
Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (hereinafter “Program”).2 Respondent contends that the
petition was untimely filed, and as such should be dismissed. For the reasons set forth below, the
undersigned concludes that the petition was untimely filed, and it is therefore hereby dismissed.

    I.      FACTUAL BACKGROUND

          Petitioner was born on June 27, 1984. Pet’r’s Ex. 1, ECF No. 7-2. It is unclear when

1
  Because this decision contains a reasoned explanation for the undersigned’s action in this case,
the undersigned intends to post this decision on the website of the United States Court of Federal
Claims, in accordance with the purposes espoused in the E-Government Act of 2002. See 44
U.S.C. § 3501 (2012). Each party has 14 days to request redaction “of any information furnished
by that party: (1) that is a trade secret or commercial or financial in substance and is privileged
or confidential; or (2) that includes medical files or similar files, the disclosure of which would
constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of privacy.” Vaccine Rule 18(b).
2
  The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986, 42 U.S.C. §§ 300aa-1 to -34 (2012)
(hereinafter “Vaccine Act”), provides the statutory provisions governing the Program.

                                                1
    she experienced menarche,3 but from a reproductive system standpoint, her puberty and
    adolescence appear to have been uneventful. By the age of 22, she had settled into regular
    menstrual cycles of every 28 days, with moderate flow for two days followed by two days of
    light flow. Pet’r’s Ex. 6 at 7,4 ECF No. 7-7.

            Petitioner briefly used various forms of hormonal contraception, including the
    NuvaRing, but did not want to use hormones for any length of time “on general principals [sic].”
    Pet’r’s Ex. 5 at 1, ECF No. 7-6. She had a non-hormonal copper Paragard IUD implanted on
    November 15, 2006, Pet’r’s Ex. 6 at 5-6, ECF No. 7-7, which remained in place until she had it
    removed in February of 2013, Pet’r’s Ex. 2 at 8, ECF No. 7-3. She had a history of cystic acne,
    for which she was prescribed Spironolactone in early 2011, but no history of hirsutism. Id. at 17.

            On March 31, 2010, Petitioner saw Laila Sillay, M.D., her gynecologist, for a routine
    annual examination. Id. at 21-23. She reported menstrual cycles that occurred every 25 days
    and lasted for 5 days. Id. at 21. She received her first dose of the HPV vaccine. Id. at 22.
    She received the second dose of the vaccine on June 1, 2010. Id. at 20. On October 4, 2010,
    she was administered the third dose of the HPV vaccine, and she received a seasonal flu
    vaccine. Id. at 19.

           Petitioner returned to Dr. Sillay on May 10, 2011, again for a routine examination. Id.
    at 17-18. Her last reported menstrual period was almost three months prior, February 21,
    2011, and she reported a six-month history of less frequent, heavier, and longer (7-10 days)
    menstrual periods. Id. at 17. The assessment was oligomenorrhea5 “likely related to
    spironolactane, PCOS6 less likely,” and she was given a progestin challenge. Id. at 18. The

3
  Menarche is “the establishment or beginning of menstruation.” Menarche, Dorland’s
Illustrated Medical Dictionary (32nd ed. 2012) (hereinafter “Dorland’s”). Menstruation is “the
cyclic, physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the
nonpregnant uterus; it is under hormonal control and normally recurs, usually at approximately
four-week intervals, in the absence of pregnancy during the reproductive period (puberty through
menopause of the female of the human).” Menstruation, Dorland’s.
4
 Where, as here, case documents are internally paginated, the undersigned cites to that
pagination; where they are not, the undersigned cites to the pagination superimposed by
CM/ECF.
5
 Oligomenorrhea is “menstrual flow happening less often than normal, defined as at intervals of
35 days to 6 months, called also infrequent menstruation.” Oligomenorrhea, Dorland’s.
6
  Polycystic ovary syndrome, or PCOS, “is a common endocrine system disorder among women
of reproductive age” featuring “enlarged ovaries that contain small collections of fluid—called
follicles—located in each ovary as seen during an ultrasound exam.” Mayo Clinic Staff,
Polycystic ovary syndrome: Definition, http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-
                                                   2
    following week, on May 16, 2011, she returned complaining of pelvic pain. Id. at 16. It is not
    clear whether, at that time, she had started the progestin. See id. A pelvic ultrasound was
    ordered, id., and it showed cysts in both ovaries, id. at 14. The impression was “likely
    ruptured cyst, resolving.” Id. No bloodwork was done. See id.

            Petitioner next saw Dr. Sillay on January 15, 2013. Id. at 11-13. She reported that her
    last menstrual period was August 22, 2012, and that she had regular cycles until two years
    earlier when she developed oligomenorrhea. Id. at 11. She had been given Provera in May
    2011, which resulted in withdrawal bleeding. Id. The assessment was oligomenorrhea, mild
    acne, and questionable PCOS. Id. at 12. She was given another progestin challenge. Id.

            On February 28, 2013, petitioner saw Dr. Sillay for IUD removal and evaluation of
    amenorrhea. Id. at 8-9. She related a recent history of oligomenorrhea, with cycles every two
    to three months, and amenorrhea since her wedding in August 2012. Id. at 8. She had not
    responded to the Provera. See id. Her IUD was removed, and labs were drawn. Id. at 8. A
    note dated March 4, 2013, indicates that the labs showed elevated FSH and low E2 and
    progesterone. Id. at 7. She was to repeat the labs; if her FSH was still elevated, she would be
    referred to a reproductive endocrinologist for Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (“POI”). Id.

          Petitioner returned to Dr. Sillay on March 14, 2013 for the repeat labs. Id. at 6. On
    March 18, 2013, Dr. Sillay made a note that repeat labs had shown “persistently elevated”
    FSH and low E2, consistent with POI. Id. at 5.

           On March 24, 2013, Petitioner consulted with Brandon J. Bankowski, M.D., at Oregon
    Reproductive Medicine. Pet’r’s Ex. 8 at 1-4, ECF No. 17-1. He concurred with Dr. Sillay’s
    POI diagnosis. 7 Id. at 3. Petitioner and Dr. Bankowski discussed additional testing, including

conditions/pcos/basics/definition/con-20028841 (last visited May 9, 2016); see Pet’r’s Ex. 13,
Tab 37 at 2, ECF No. 51-3 (Mohd Ashraf Ganie et al., High prevalence of polycystic ovary
syndrome characteristics in girls with euthyroid chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis: a case-control
study, 162 Eur. J. Endocrinology 1117, 1118 (2010)).
7
 Although Dr. Bankowski technically diagnosed Petitioner with Premature Ovarian Failure
(“POF”)—a term that the parties and the undersigned initially used to define Petitioner’s
injury— it became clear from the literature filed by the experts that POI “is the preferred term
for the condition that was previously referred to as [POF]. . . . The condition is considered to be
present when a woman who is less than 40 years old has had amenorrhea for 4 months or more,
with two serum FSH levels (obtained at least 1 month apart) in the menopausal range.” See
Pet’r’s Ex. 15, Tab 1 at 1, ECF No. 53-2 (Lawrence Nelson, Primary Ovarian Insufficiency, 360
New Eng. J. Med. 606, 606 (2009)) (hereinafter “Nelson” with pincites to Petitioner’s
pagination); see also Resp’t’s Ex. A.29, ECF No. 67-1 (also providing Nelson). Therefore, the
undersigned will refer to the condition as POI.
                                                   3
 genetic testing, as well as testing for antiovarian, thyroid, and adrenal antibodies. Id. They
 also discussed pregnancy alternatives, including egg donation and gonadotropin IUI. Id.
 Genetic testing showed a normal female karyotype (46, xx), and was negative for fragile X
 syndrome. Id. at 5-10. An ovarian antibody screen was also negative. Pet’r’s Ex. 3 at 8, ECF
 No. 7-4.

         Petitioner underwent a pelvic ultrasound on April 19, 2013, which showed a cyst on
 her right ovary, and a trilaminal endometrium. Id. at 5. A repeat pelvic ultrasound on May 15,
 2013, showed a homogenous endometrium. Id. at 3. A third pelvic ultrasound performed on
 June 6, 2013, showed a likely intraovarian cyst in the right ovary, but was otherwise normal.
 Pet’r’s Ex. 4 at 2, ECF No. 7-5.

   II.     PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

         On April 18, 2014, Petitioner filed the present action alleging that the Human
Papillomavirus vaccinations (“Gardasil” or “HPV” vaccines) administered to her on March 31,
2010, June 1, 2010, and October 4, 2010 caused her to suffer from POI. Pet., ECF No. 1.
Petitioner was, and continues to be, represented by Mark Krueger of Krueger & Hernandez, S.C.
Pet. at 2. The case was initially assigned to Special Master Christian Moran. Notice of
Assignment, ECF No. 2.

       Petitioner filed eight medical record exhibits between May 20 and July 21, 2014, see
Docket Report; in the interim, the case, along with several others filed by petitioners who had
alleged similar injuries caused by Gardasil, was reassigned to the undersigned. See Order
Reassigning Case, ECF No. 14. Petitioner filed a statement of completion on July 30, 2014.
Statement of Completion, ECF No. 19.

        On August 14, 2014, Respondent filed a Rule 4(c) Report and Motion to Dismiss
(“Respondent’s Report”), in which she contended that Petitioner was not entitled to a Program
award. Resp’t’s Report at 3-5, ECF No. 20. Respondent argued that the first symptom of
Petitioner’s POI was oligomenorrhea, which Petitioner experienced in “late 2010”; accordingly,
Petitioner’s claim was untimely under the Vaccine Act’s statute of limitations. Id. at 4 (citing
42 U.S.C. § 300aa-16(a)(2) (2012) (requiring that vaccine-related injury petitions be filed prior
to “expiration of 36 months after the date of the occurrence of the first symptom or manifestation
of onset . . . of such injury”)). Respondent also argued that, even if Petitioner’s claim was not
time-barred, Petitioner had failed to prove causation under Althen v. Sec’y of HHS, 418 F.3d
1274, 1278 (Fed. Cir. 2005). Id. at 4-5.

        At a status conference held on September 23, 2014, the undersigned discussed with the
parties the necessity of establishing when the statute of limitations began to run in the instant

                                                 4
case–and in the other cases in which Mr. Krueger had alleged that petitioners’ POI had been
caused by Gardasil vaccinations–in order to assess timeliness. See Scheduling Order (Sept. 25,
2014), ECF No. 22. The undersigned directed Petitioner to begin the process of identifying all of
the POI petitioners so that an assessment of timeliness could take place in all of those cases. Id.

        On October 1, 2014, Petitioner filed a status report in which she identified eight POI
cases to be included in the undersigned’s assessment of timeliness. See Pet’r’s Status Report
     8

(Oct. 1, 2014). Petitioner subsequently named the instant case as the “test case” for timeliness.
See Pet’r’s Status Report (Nov. 5, 2014) at 1, ECF No. 25.

        A third status conference was held on November 20, 2014, during which the parties
agreed that “in all pending [POI] cases . . . an expert hearing [would] be held to address the
question of what constitutes ‘the first symptom or manifestation of [POI] onset recognized as
such by the medical profession at large.’” Scheduling Order (Nov. 24, 2014) at 1, ECF No. 26
(citing Cloer v. Sec’y of HHS, 654 F.3d 1322, 1340 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (en banc)). The undersigned
explained that a timeliness determination would be made on the basis of the evidence presented
at the Culligan hearing; similar hearings would not be conducted in the other POI cases, all of
which would trail Culligan for purposes of timeliness determinations. Id. The undersigned also
added four additional POI cases9 to the list of cases set to trail Culligan. Id. The undersigned
also ordered that all parties seeking to be joined in the omnibus proceeding consent to share their
medical records, see Scheduling Order (Nov. 24, 2014) at 2, Culligan, ECF No. 26, and all
parties later obliged.

        The parties and the undersigned proceeded to identify questions for the experts (to be
researched and answered before the hearing) regarding the nature and timing of the first
symptom or manifestation of onset of POI in the aforementioned cases. See, e.g., Order (Feb.
18, 2015) at 1, ECF No. 37; Scheduling Order (Jan. 30, 2015) at 1, ECF No. 36; Pet’r’s Status
Report (Dec. 29, 2014) at 1, ECF No. 31; Scheduling Order (Nov. 24, 2014) at 2; Resp’t’s Status
Report (Oct. 28, 2014) at 1, ECF No. 24. The parties and their experts ultimately agreed that,
except in Culligan, in which the entire medical record would be considered by the experts, the
experts would “offer opinions regarding the onset issues in the trailing cases by considering the
facts of those cases as hypotheticals.” Joint Status Report (Jan. 20, 2015) at 1, ECF No. 33. To

8
 Other than the instant case, Petitioner identified Alexander v. Sec’y of HHS, 14-868V; Tilley v.
Sec’y of HHS, 14-818V; Fishkis v. Sec’y of HHS, 14-527V; Lee v. Sec’y of HHS, 14-258V; Lydia
McSherry v. Sec’y of HHS, 14-154V; Meghan McSherry v. Sec’y of HHS, 14-153V; and
Laughlin v. Sec’y of HHS, 13-289V. Pet’r’s Status Report (Oct. 1, 2014) at 1, ECF No. 23.
9
  The four added cases were Chenowith v. Sec’y of HHS, 14-996V; Bello v. Sec’y of HHS, 13-
349V; Olivia Meylor v. Sec’y of HHS, 10-771V; Madelyne Meylor v. Sec’y of HHS, 10-770V.
Id. The petitioners in these cases are all represented by Mr. Krueger.

                                                 5
facilitate this process, Petitioner filed summaries of the facts of all twelve POI cases. See Pet’r’s
Ex. 9, ECF No. 34-2.10 Except in Culligan, the experts were to rely on the factual summaries, in
lieu of the medical records themselves, to articulate their opinions regarding timeliness. See
Joint Status Report (Jan. 20, 2015) at 1.

        At a status conference held on January 28, 2015, the undersigned set deadlines for the
parties’ expert reports regarding timeliness. See Order (Jan. 30, 2015) at 2. The experts were
directed to address all of the identified timeliness questions separately, “on a question-by-
question basis.” Id. at 1.

       On February 19 and March 3, 2015, three additional cases,11 all filed by Mr. Krueger,
were added to the list of POI trailing cases. See Scheduling Order (Mar. 3, 2015) at 1, ECF No.
45; Scheduling Order (Feb. 19, 2015) at 1, ECF No. 38. Mr. Krueger subsequently filed factual
summaries of the three new cases. See Pet’r’s Exs. 10, 11, 12, ECF Nos. 40-2, 41-2, 44-2.

        On March 12, March 13, and April 29, 2015, Petitioner filed expert reports and
supporting medical literature, all of which were purportedly limited to the issue of timeliness.
See Pet’r’s Ex. 13, ECF Nos. 47-2 to 51-6; Pet’r’s Ex. 15, ECF Nos. 53-1 to 54-3; Pet’r’s Ex.
17.12 The expert reports were authored by Dr. Felice Gersh and Dr. Orit Pinhas-Hamiel. See
Pet’r’s Ex. 13, Tab 1; Pet’r’s Ex. 15, Tab 1. The reports filed by Dr. Gersh and Dr. Hamiel
reflected that they had reviewed the medical records underlying all of the POI cases. See Pet’r’s
Ex. 13, Tab 1 at 12-13; Pet’r’s Ex. 15, Tab 1 at 17.

        The undersigned convened a status conference on April 1, 2015, after having reviewed
Petitioner’s expert reports. See Scheduling Order (Apr. 2, 2015) at 1, ECF No. 55. The
undersigned noted that, “notwithstanding the fact that Petitioner’s onset experts have now
reviewed the medical records associated with every [POI] case, Respondent’s onset expert(s)
will review only the cases’ factual summaries, the Culligan record, and Respondent’s list of
hypothetical questions.” Id. Also, having expressed some concern about the extent to which

10
  A factual summary for another trailing POF case–Smith, 14-1107V–was also filed in Culligan.
See Order Appendix (Feb. 23, 2015) at 2-3, ECF No. 39-1; see also Order (Jan. 30, 2015) at 1-2,
ECF No. 36; Order (Jan. 26, 2015), ECF No. 35. The petitioner in Smith was represented by
different counsel.
11
  The cases were Brayboy v. Sec’y of HHS, 15-183V; Garner v. Sec’y of HHS, 15-143V; and
Vakalis v. Sec’y of HHS, 15-134V.
12
  Petitioner filed Exhibit 17 via compact disc. See Notice of Intent to File on Compact Disc
(Apr. 29, 2015), ECF No. 56.

                                                  6
Petitioner’s expert reports reflected an understanding of the relevant question regarding
timeliness, the undersigned reiterated the following:

        [T]he relevant date, for purposes of assessing onset under Cloer, is not the first
        point in time at which a definitive diagnosis could have been made; rather, it is
        the time at which the first symptom or manifestation of the allegedly vaccine-
        caused injury occurred. The onset experts must make this assessment with the
        benefit of hindsight, rather than placing themselves in the shoes of the treating,
        diagnosing physicians. The parties are directed to address this issue as
        specifically as possible in their pre-hearing briefs.

Id. (full citation omitted).

         Respondent then filed an expert report regarding timeliness, as well as relevant medical
literature, on May 8, May 28, and June 1, 2015. Resp’t’s Ex. A to A.32, ECF Nos. 57-1 to 59-6,
63-1 to 63-3, 66-1 to 67-4. Respondent’s expert report was authored by Dr. David Frankfurter.
Resp’t’s Ex. A at 6.

        At a status conference held on May 14, 2015, Respondent confirmed that, in preparing
his expert report, Dr. Frankfurter had reviewed only the factual summaries submitted by
Petitioner (and the medical record from Culligan). See Order (May 15, 2015) at 1, ECF No. 61.
Mr. Krueger agreed that, notwithstanding the fact that his experts had reviewed all of the medical
records in all of the POI cases, “his experts would be referring to the factual summaries rather
than to the medical records themselves” at the timeliness hearing. Id.

       The parties filed their pre-hearing briefs simultaneously on June 1, 2015, see Pet’r’s
Prehearing Submissions, ECF No. 65; Resp’t’s Prehearing Submissions, ECF No. 69; and the
hearing took place on June 16 and 17, 2015, see Minute Entry (June 18, 2015). Petitioner’s
experts, Dr. Gersh and Dr. Hamiel, and Respondent’s expert, Dr. Frankfurter, testified. Tr. at 4,
255, ECF Nos. 81, 83.

      On July 1, 2015, the undersigned issued an order identifying nine POI cases13 “as
presumptively precluded under the applicable statute of limitations.” Order (July 1, 2015) at 1,
ECF No. 79. Culligan was included among the presumptively precluded cases. Id. The

13
 Culligan, Chenowith, Fishkis, Garner, Lee, Lydia McSherry, Meghan McSherry, Madelyne
Meylor, and Stone. Order (July 1, 2015) at 1.

                                                  7
undersigned also identified six cases14 that appeared to have been timely filed. Id. Having
apprised the parties of these preliminary conclusions, the undersigned granted them additional
time to file status reports identifying the cases in which they intended to contest this
determination, and explaining what they had identified as the first symptom or manifestation of
onset in each of those cases. Id. at 2.

        On August 28, 2015, Respondent filed a status report in which she stated that she did not
intend to contest the undersigned’s preliminary findings in any of the presumptively timely cases
filed by Mr. Krueger. Resp’t’s Status Report (Aug. 28, 2015) at 1, ECF No. 84. In status reports
filed on September 2 and 30, 2015, Petitioner argued that all of the preliminarily precluded cases
were, in fact, timely. See Pet’r’s Status Report (Sept. 2, 2015) at 2-7, ECF No. 85 (addressing
Culligan, Chenowith, Garner, Lee, Lydia McSherry, and Madelyne Meylor); Pet’r’s Status
Report (Sept. 30, 2015) at 1-2, ECF No. 87 (addressing Fishkis, Meghan McSherry, Stone).

         At a status conference held on October 13, 2015, the undersigned “informed the parties
that, for purposes of an onset determination, the [POI] cases [would] be divided [into] two
groups: petitioners who never menstruated . . . and the rest of the [POI] petitioners.” See
Scheduling Order (Oct. 14, 2015) at 1, ECF No. 88.

        Relevant post-hearing briefing15 concluded on January 20, 2016. See Pet’r’s Post Hr’g
Br., ECF No. 91; Resp’t’s Post Hr’g Br., ECF No. 94; Pet’r’s Post Hr’g Reply Br., ECF No. 95.
Petitioner’s claim is now ready for a determination of the first symptom or manifestation of onset
of the alleged vaccine-related injury; and, relatedly, whether the Vaccine Act’s statute of
limitations bars the claim.

     III.      ANALYSIS

            A. Applicable Legal Standard

            Section 300aa-16(a)(2) of the Vaccine Act provides that, regarding

            a vaccine set forth in the Vaccine Injury Table which is administered after
            [October 1, 1998], if a vaccine-related injury occurred as a result of the
            administration of such vaccine, no petition may be filed for compensation under

14
  Alexander; Bello, Brayboy, Olivia Meylor, and Vakalis. Id. The undersigned also identified as
timely Smith, a trailing POF case that had been filed by a different attorney. Id. In Tilley, the
undersigned directed the parties to file additional briefs regarding timeliness. Id.
15
  Briefing addressing Petitioner’s request for interim attorneys’ fees is not relevant to the
timeliness issue and is therefore not included in this discussion.
                                                    8
       the Program for such injury after the expiration of 36 months after the date of the
       occurrence of the first symptom or manifestation of onset . . . of such injury.

42 U.S.C. § 300aa-16(a)(2).

         This statute of limitations is not triggered by the administration of the vaccine, but
 “begins to run on the date of occurrence of the first symptom or manifestation of onset of the
 vaccine-related injury for which compensation is sought.” Cloer, 654 F.3d at 1335. “[E]ither a
 ‘symptom’ or a ‘manifestation of onset’ can trigger the running of the statute [of limitations],
 whichever is first.” Markovich v. Sec’y of HHS, 477 F.3d 1353, 1357 (Fed. Cir. 2007).

         “[I]t is the first symptom or manifestation of an alleged vaccine injury, not first date
 when diagnosis would be possible, that triggers the statute of limitations.” Carson ex rel.
 Carson v. Sec’y of HHS, 727 F.3d 1365, 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2013), reh’g & reh’g en banc denied,
 2013 WL 4528833 at *1. “A symptom may be indicative of a variety of conditions or
 ailments, and it may be difficult for lay persons to appreciate the medical significance of a
 symptom with regard to a particular injury.” Markovich, 477 F.3d at 1357. While the
 symptom of an injury must be recognized as such “by the medical profession at large,” Cloer,
 654 F.3d at 1335, even subtle symptoms that a petitioner would recognize “‘only with the
 benefit of hindsight, after a doctor makes a definitive diagnosis of injury,’” trigger the running
 of the statute of limitations, whether or not the petitioner or even multiple medical providers
 understood their significance at the time. Carson, 727 F.3d at 1369-70 (quoting Markovich,
 477 F.3d at 1358).16

         There is no explicit or implied discovery rule under the Vaccine Act. Cloer, 654 F.3d
 at 1337. The date of the occurrence of the first symptom or manifestation of onset of the
 alleged vaccine-related injury “does not depend on when a petitioner knew or reasonably
 should have known anything adverse about her condition.” Id. at 1339. Nor does it depend
 on when a petitioner knew or should have known of a potential connection between an injury
 and a vaccine. Id. at 1338 (“Congress made the deliberate choice to trigger the Vaccine Act
 statute of limitations from the date of occurrence of the first symptom or manifestation of the
 injury for which relief is sought, an event that does not depend on the knowledge of a

16
  Petitioner argues that “POI is a latent injury” and that “the first symptom of onset, in terms of
the applications [sic] of the statute of limitations, can be subtle and can precede manifestation of
onset by months or even years.” Pet’r’s Post Hr’g. Br. at 9. This argument has been made
before: the Court of Federal Claims, in Setnes v. United States, 57 Fed. Cl. 175 (2003), “was
concerned with the very subtle symptoms attributed with autism that can be easily confused with
typical child behavior, and it distinguished the terms ‘symptom’ and ‘manifestation.’”
Markovitch, 477 F.3d at 1357-58. The Setnes court’s interpretation of the “first symptom or
manifestation of onset” language of the statute was rejected by Markovich, a ruling that has since
been reaffirmed by the Federal Circuit en banc in Cloer. 654 F.3d at 1334-1335.
                                                  9
 petitioner as to the cause of an injury.”); see Markovich, 477 F.3d at 1358 (“Congress
 intended the limitation period to commence to run prior to the time a petitioner has actual
 knowledge that the vaccine recipient suffered from an injury that could result in a viable cause
 of action under the Vaccine Act.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

       B. Symptoms of POI Onset, Including Criteria for Distinguishing “Symptom” from
          “Normal”

         Primary ovarian insufficiency can begin abruptly, see Tr. at 69; see also Nelson at 2-3;
but it may also develop over several years, see Tr. at 70, 198-99, 398; see also Nelson at 2-3;
Pet’r’s Ex. 17, Tab 50 at 2 (Paolo Beck-Peccaz & Luca Persam, Premature Ovarian Failure, 1
Orphanet J. Rare Diseases, at 2 (Apr. 2006) (hereinafter “Beck-Peccaz”)). Thus, a woman could
have symptoms of POI for several years before actually ceasing menstruation or being diagnosed
with POI. See Tr. at 70, 198-99, 398; see also Tr. at 319; Nelson at 2-3; Beck-Peccaz at 2. The
experts agreed that the symptoms of POI include menstrual irregularities, including primary and
secondary amenorrhea,17 cycle and frequency irregularity, and excessive or prolonged bleeding;
delayed menarche; lack of breast development and poor growth velocity; night sweats; hot
flashes; sleep disturbances; mood changes; recurring ovarian cysts; arrested puberty; and marked
hirsutism. Tr. at 38, 57, 68-69, 116-17, 319, 366. Most of these symptoms are not “normal” for
a woman under the age of 40. Petitioner therefore does not dispute that they can constitute the
“first symptom or manifestation of onset” of POI for purposes of the Act’s statute of limitations,
and there was little discussion of the symptoms beyond their inclusion on the list of symptoms.
As to menstrual irregularities and delayed menarche, however, Petitioner and Petitioner’s experts
dispute that these two conditions should be considered symptoms at all, because many young
women experience these conditions at the beginning of their reproductive lives, such that these
conditions are considered “normal.” See, e.g., Pet’r’s Post Hr’g Br. at 2, 4-8; Tr. at 32, 58, 61,
72-73, 170-71; see also Tr. at 380 (Respondent’s expert, Dr. Frankfurter, explaining that it is
normal for a teenager to have irregularity, albeit within a range). As a result, Petitioner and her
experts claim, menstrual irregularity only constitutes a symptom or manifestation of onset of POI
when that irregularity is effectively considered secondary amenorrhea. Pet’r’s Post Hr’g Br. at
4-5; Pet’r’s Post Hr’g Rep. Br. at 3.

        By instead finding that “normal” menstrual irregularity is a symptom for purposes of the
Act’s statute of limitations, Petitioner argues, the undersigned will somehow increase
Petitioner’s burden of proof. See Pet’r’s Post Hr’g Reply Br. at 1-2. The undersigned does not

17
  Amenorrhea is “absence or abnormal stoppage of the menses.” Amenorrhea, Dorland’s.
Primary amenorrhea is “failure of menstruation to occur at puberty.” Primary Amenorrhea,
Dorland’s. Secondary amenorrhea is “cessation of menstruation after it has once been
established at puberty.” Secondary Amenorrhea, Dorland’s.

                                                10
agree. The undersigned does agree, however, that to qualify as the first symptom or
manifestation of onset under the Act, a condition must be a symptom of something amiss,
however subtle; it cannot be “normal”: a symptom is “[a]ny morbid phenomenon or departure
from the normal in structure, function, or sensation, experienced by the patient and indicative of
disease.” Symptom, Stedman’s Medical Dictionary (28th Ed. 2013) (hereinafter “Stedman’s”)
(emphasis added); accord Markovich, 477 F.3d at 1360 (observing that eye blinking episodes
constituting first symptom of child’s seizure disorder “were not normal child behavior”). In
order to determine the date of the first symptom or manifestation of onset of the vaccine-related
injury, therefore, a method for separating “normal” menstrual irregularities from abnormal
symptoms of POI is necessary.18

        Fortunately, medical literature provided by the parties provides a solution, both simple
and elegant. See Resp’t’s Ex. A.2, ECF No. 57-4 (Comm. on Adolescent Health Care, Am. Coll.
of Obstetricians & Gynecologists, Menstruation in Girls and Adolescents: Using the Menstrual
Cycle as a Vital Sign, Comm. Op. No. 349 (Nov. 2006)) (hereinafter “ACOG Opinion” or
“ACOG Op.”); see also Pet’r’s Ex. 15, Tab 4. In Cloer and Markovich, the Federal Circuit
directed that “the symptom or manifestation of onset must be recognized as such by the medical
profession at large.” Cloer, 654 F.3d at 1335; Markovich, 477 F.3d at 1360. The ACOG
Opinion is an opinion from the Committee on Adolescent Healthcare at the American College of
Obstetricians and Gynecologists, together with the American Academy of Pediatrics, entitled
“Menstruation in Girls and Adolescents: Using the Menstrual Cycle as a Vital Sign.” See ACOG
Op. It was issued in November 2006, and “Reaffirmed” in 2009. ACOG Op. at 1. The abstract
of the ACOG Opinion provides:

       It is . . . important for clinicians to have an understanding of bleeding patterns in
       girls and adolescents, the ability to differentiate between normal and abnormal
       menstruation, and the skill to know how to evaluate young patients’ conditions
       appropriately. Using the menstrual cycle as an additional vital sign adds a

18
  Petitioner also argues that irregular menstruation should not be considered the first symptom
of POI because it “can be explained by other causes.” Pet’r’s Post Hr’g Reply Br. at 2-3. This
argument has been repeatedly rejected by the Federal Circuit, and is equally as unpersuasive
here. A symptom need not be exclusive to the particular injury alleged in order to be “the first
symptom” of that injury for purposes of the Act. See Markovich, 477 F.3d at 1357 (“A symptom
may be indicative of a variety of conditions or ailments, and it may be difficult for lay persons to
appreciate the significance of a symptom with regard to a particular injury.”); see also Carson,
727 F.3d at 1370 (holding that even where “[t]here is no question that speech delay can be
indicative of several conditions, and in some circumstances may even be normal . . . it was not
arbitrary and capricious for the Chief Special Master to find that the severe speech delay . . . was
the first objectively recognizable symptom of autism, the alleged vaccine injury.”)

                                                 11
          powerful tool to the assessment of normal development and the exclusion of
          serious pathologic conditions.

Id. The article goes on to discuss a number of articles and robust epidemiological studies
concerning what constitutes “normal menstrual cycles in young females,” including age at
menarche, and “cycle length and ovulation,” id. at 2-3; “abnormal menstrual cycles,” including
“prolonged interval[s],” id. at 3-4; and “excessive menstrual flow,” id. at 4. The article
concludes with a chart, reproduced below, that together with one difference applicable to women
older than 18, provides comprehensive guidance to the “medical profession at large” about when
menstrual irregularities have exceeded “normal” variation to become symptoms of a potential
problem. Id. at 4-5. The chart is as follows:

                      Menstrual Conditions That May Require Evaluation

          Menstrual periods that:
           Have not started within 3 years of thelarche[19]
           Have not started by 13 years of age with no signs of pubertal development[20]
           Have not started by 14 years of age with signs of hirsutism[21]
           Have not started by 14 years of age with a history or examination suggestive of
            excessive exercise or eating disorder
           Have not started by 14 years of age with concerns about genital outflow tract
            obstruction or anomaly
           Have not started by 15 years of age[22]

19
     Thelarche is “the beginning of development of breasts in the female.” Thelarche, Stedman’s.
20
  Pubertal development is measured by assessing an individual’s stages of puberty using the
Tanner growth chart, which is “based on pubic hair growth, development of genitalia in boys,
and breast development in girls.” Tanner stage, Stedman’s. For purposes of the ACOG criteria,
the undersigned considers Tanner stages I (child) and II (prepubertal) as showing “no signs of
pubertal development,” and Tanner stages III (early pubescent) and IV (late pubescent) as
showing such signs. Dr. Frankfurter testified that a young woman who has never menstruated
and who has no signs of secondary sexual development by age 13 should be evaluated. Tr. at
377.
21
  Hirsutism is the “presence of excessive bodily and facial hair, usually in a male pattern,
especially in women.” Hirsutism, Stedman’s.
22
  At the hearing, Doctors Hamiel and Gersh opined that an adolescent who has not reached
menarche by age 16 should be evaluated for primary amenorrhea. Tr. at 92, 238. Dr.
Frankfurter opined that the age of evaluation should be 15 years. Tr. at 365. Both the ACOG
Opinion and Dr. Hillard, author of medical literature introduced by Petitioner, acknowledge that
the traditional definition of primary amenorrhea has been no menarche by age 16. ACOG Op. at
                                                 12
           Are regular, occurring monthly, and then become markedly irregular[23]
           Occur more frequently than every 21 days or less frequently than every 45 days[24]
           Occur 90 days apart even for one cycle[25]
           Last more than 7 days
           Require frequent pad or tampon changes (soaking more than one every 1-2 hours)
Id. at 5.

        Hillard reproduces this chart, accompanied with this caution:

        Failure to evaluate teens who meet the criteria cited in the [ACOG] Opinion can
        be a significant disservice to young women, leading to unnecessary discomfort,
        embarrassment, poorer quality of life, adverse self esteem, and current or future
        health risks such as anemia and low bone mineral density, as well as potential
        metabolic and cardiovascular risks. . . . [J]ust as with other vital signs like pulse
        and respiration, [menstrual cycle] values outside of statistically derived normal
        parameters may signal disease or derangements in normal health.

Hillard at 8 (emphasis added). The ACOG criteria and chart were also translated into lay
person’s terms and posted for public access on the Womenshealth.gov website. See
Pet’r’s Ex. 20.

2; Pet’r’s Ex. 15, Tab 4, at 5, ECF No. 53-5 (Hillard, Paula, Menstruation in Adolescents: What
Do We Know? and What Do We Do with the Information?, 27 J. Pediatric Adolescent
Gynecology 309 (2014)) (hereinafter “Hillard” with pincites to Petitioner’s pagination).
However, both articles note that 95-98% of females will have experienced menarche by age 15,
and that delays in evaluating these young women can result in delays in detection and treatment
of significant disorders, including POI. ACOG Op. at 2; Hillard at 6.
23
   At the hearing, Dr. Hamiel testified that she would recommend further evaluation of a non-
adolescent woman whose cycle had been regular (21-35 days) and then became irregular (less
frequent than every 35 days). Tr. at 67.
24
   For women over the age of 18, this criterion is more frequently than every 21 days or less
frequently than every 35 days. See ACOG Op. at 3; see also Tr. at 39 (documenting Dr.
Hamiel’s testimony normal menstrual frequency for a woman in her twenties is 21-35 days);
Pet’r’s Ex. 20 at 5, ECF No. 64-3. The undersigned interprets this criterion to apply to frequency
over two or more cycles.
25
  At the hearing, Dr. Hamiel testified that no menstruation for 90 days is not “normal.” Tr. at
79.

                                                  13
         There cannot be a better vehicle for the undersigned to use to sort out “normal” from
“symptom” than one designed for that purpose by members of the medical profession
themselves. Thus, the undersigned finds that for petitioners who were eighteen years old or
younger at the time the condition arose, if the condition qualifies for evaluation on the ACOG
chart, it constitutes a symptom for purposes of the Vaccine Act. For petitioners who were over
eighteen years old at the time the condition arose, the chart also applies, except that periods that
should be evaluated include those that occur more frequently than every 21 days or less
frequently than every 35 days. See ACOG Op. at 3.26

        Finally, as to contraceptives’ impact on this analysis, Hillard specifically limited her
discussion “only to bleeding on young women who are not taking any hormonal therapy such as
birth control.” Hillard at 6. All of the experts at the hearing agreed that hormonal therapy would
mask POI symptoms. Tr. at 115, 161, 387-88. The ACOG Opinion recommends blood
collection for screening before hormonal treatment is begun, ACOG Op. at 4, as did Doctors
Hamiel, Tr. at 95-97, and Frankfurter, Tr. at 377, at the hearing; although, both experts
acknowledged that such testing is often not performed before hormonal treatment is started. Tr.
at 95-97, 112-13, 387-92.

       Based on that information, the undersigned makes the following findings regarding how
contraceptive use will inform the undersigned’s findings concerning the first symptom of POI for
purposes of the statute of limitations:27

     1. If the form of contraceptive used was non-hormonal, i.e., a copper IUD without
        hormones,28 condom/diaphragm, spermicide, the ACOG criteria apply as discussed
        above, without changes;

26
   To the extent Petitioner argues that this interpretation of the Vaccine Act’s statute of
limitations violates the Fifth Amendment on Equal Protection and Due Process Grounds, see
Pet’r’s Post Hr’g Br. at 11-13, the undersigned concurs with the reasoning articulated in
numerous decisions to the contrary, all of which hold that the Act’s statute of limitations does
not violate the Constitution merely because it bars certain petitioners from bringing a claim
before they knew, or even could have known, that their injuries were vaccine-related. See, e.g.,
Cloer v. Sec’y of HHS, 85 Fed. Cl. 141, 150-51 (2008), rev’d on other grounds, 603 F.3d 1341,
aff’d en banc, 654 F.3d 1322 (Fed. Cir. 2011); Leuz v. Sec’y of HHS, 63 Fed. Cl. 602, 607-12
(2005); Wax v. Sec’y of HHS, No. 03-2830V, 2012 WL 3867161, at *6-8 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr.
Aug. 7, 2012); Blackmon v. Am. Home Prods. Corp., 328 F. Supp. 2d 647, 655-57 (S.D. Tex.
2004); Reilly ex rel. Reilly v. Wyeth, 876 N.E.2d 740, 753-54 (Ill. App. Ct. 2007).
27
  This decision expresses no opinion concerning the effect, if any, of contraceptive use on the
question of causation in a POI case.
28
  Dr. Frankfurther indicated that non-hormonal copper IUDs may affect the volume of flow but
do not influence the cycle length or frequency. Tr. at 422.
                                                 14
   2. By definition, a contraceptive is “an agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents
      conception.” Contraceptive, Dorland’s. Therefore, if the medical records show that a
      hormonal contraceptive was prescribed for its primary purpose, that is, for contraception,
      rather than as treatment for menstrual irregularities; or if the medical records are silent as
      to the purpose of the prescription and the contraceptive use spanned the date on which the
      statute of limitations would have begun to run; the statute of limitations will not preclude
      the claim;
   3. If the medical records indicate that the hormonal contraceptive was prescribed to treat
      menstrual irregularities, or if menstrual irregularities were a reason for the medical visit
      that resulted in the prescription of the contraceptive, then the undersigned will find that
      the menstrual irregularities were not “normal,” but resulted in treatment, and therefore
      constituted a symptom for purposes of the statute of limitations.

       C. Application of the Onset Symptom Criteria to the Present Case

        Petitioner filed her petition on April 18, 2014, see Pet.; her petition is therefore time-
barred if “the first symptom or manifestation of onset” of her alleged vaccine injury, POI,
occurred before April 18, 2011, see 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-16(a)(2). Petitioner asserts that the
statute began to run on August of 2012, when she ceased menstruating. Pet’r’s Post Hr’g Br. at
2. Respondent asserts that the statute was triggered in March 2010, when Petitioner’s menstrual
cycle shortened from 28-29 to 25 days. Resp’t’s Post Hr’g Br. at 3. Alternatively, Respondent
asserts that the limitations period dates from late 2010, based on Petitioner’s report to her
doctor, on May 10, 2011, of six months of less frequent, heavier, and longer menstrual periods,
Pet’r’s Ex. 2 at 17-18, corroborated by her report, on January 15, 2013, that her oligomenorrhea
had begun two years earlier, Pet’r’s Ex. 2 at 11-12. Resp’t’s Post Hr’g Br. at 3.

        Petitioner was 26 years old on April 18, 2011. The latest date on which she could have
filed her petition without it being barred by the statute of limitations. In 2005 and 2006, her
menstrual cycle was regularly 28-29 days. Pet’r’s Ex. 6 at 5-7. At that time, she was using a
non-hormonal form of contraception, a Paragard (copper) IUD. See Pet’r’s Ex. 2 at 8-10; Pet’r’s
Ex. 6 at 5-6.

        The undersigned agrees with Petitioner that the apparent shortening of Petitioner’s
menstrual cycle to 25 days as of March 31, 2010, see Pet’r’s Ex. 2 at 21, did not constitute the
first symptom or manifestation of onset of POI, because the 25 day cycle was still within the
“normal” parameters for a woman of 25 years—a 21-35 day cycle. However, as of late 2010,
Petitioner’s menstrual cycle vital sign was not normal pursuant to at least two and possibly as
many as four of the ACOG Opinion’s criteria:

                                                15
           1) Her periods were regular, occurring monthly, as of 2005 and 2006, see Pet’r’s Ex. 6
              at 5-7, and then became markedly irregular in November or December 2010, as
              illustrated by the fact that her last menstrual period as of May 10, 2011, was almost
              three months earlier, February 21, 2011, and by her report to her gynecologist at the
              May 10, 2011, visit that her periods had become less frequent, heavier, and longer.
              Pet’r’s Ex. 2 at 17-18.
           2) Beginning in November or December 2010, her periods occurred less frequently than
              every 35 days, as illustrated by the fact that her last menstrual period as of May 10,
              2011, was almost three months earlier, February 21, 2011, and by her report to her
              gynecologist at the May 10, 2011, visit that her periods had become less frequent,
              heavier, and longer. Id.
           3) (and (4)) She reported heavier and longer periods beginning in November or
              December 2010, which may have lasted more than seven days and may have required
              frequent pad or tampon changes. Id.

        Thus, as of November or December 2010, Petitioner’s menstrual pattern was no longer
“normal,” but had become symptomatic of potential “disease or derangements in normal health.”
See Hillard at 8; see also Tr. at 67-68 (documenting Dr. Hamiel’s testimony that that she would
probably do a work-up on a woman who had regular periods (21-35 days) and then became more
irregular (more than every 35 days)). The undersigned finds that this development of menstrual
irregularity constituted the first symptom of Petitioner’s alleged vaccine-caused injury, POI.

     IV.      CONCLUSION

        Based on the foregoing analysis, the undersigned finds that the first symptom of
Petitioner’s injury was November or December 2010. Because that date precedes the statute of
limitations deadline by five to six months, the undersigned concludes that Petitioner’s claim is
time-barred. Her petition therefore must be, and is hereby, DISMISSED.

       In the absence of a motion for review filed pursuant to RCFC Appendix B, the clerk of
the court is directed to enter judgment herewith.29

                                                               /s/ Lisa D. Hamilton-Fieldman
                                                               Lisa D. Hamilton-Fieldman
                                                               Special Master

29
  Pursuant to Vaccine Rule 11(a), the parties can expedite entry of judgment by filing a notice
renouncing the right to seek review by a United States Court of Federal Claims judge.

                                                  16