Court Opinion

ID: 2676470
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-05-30 19:00:44.143238+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:31:01.152453
License: Public Domain

Case: 12-14203    Date Filed: 05/30/2014   Page: 1 of 41

                                                           [DO NOT PUBLISH]

            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

                                No. 12-14203
                            Non-Argument Calendar

                   D.C. Docket No. 1:10-cv-01022-MHS

KENNETH M. ROGERS,
                                                            Petitioner-Appellant,

                                   versus

HILTON HALL,
                                                                      Respondent,

WARDEN,
                                                          Respondent-Appellee.

                 Appeal from the United States District Court for
                        the Northern District of Georgia

                               (May 30, 2014)

Before HULL, WILSON and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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      Kenneth M. Rogers, a Georgia state prisoner proceeding pro se, is currently

serving three consecutive life sentences followed by a twenty-year sentence for his

state court convictions for rape, kidnaping, aggravated sodomy, and burglary.

      Rogers appeals the district court’s denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition for

a writ of habeas corpus. After review of the record and consideration of the

parties’ briefs, we affirm.

                               I. BACKGROUND

      In December 1998, Rogers, a registered sex offender, entered the home of a

young woman, raped her, forced her to perform oral sex on him, and stole from

her. Rogers’s DNA linked him to the crimes, and a Georgia jury convicted Rogers

of rape, kidnaping, aggravated sodomy, and burglary. The state trial judge

sentenced Rogers to three consecutive life sentences followed by a twenty-year

sentence.

      In 2005, Rogers’s convictions became final. Prior to bringing his present

§ 2254 federal habeas petition, Rogers filed a counseled motion for a new trial

(2002), a counseled direct appeal (2004), and a pro se petition for a writ of habeas

corpus in state court (2005). Rogers was unsuccessful in each of these efforts.

      Rogers then filed the instant pro se § 2254 petition for a federal writ of

habeas corpus, raising eleven claims. The district court denied his § 2254 petition.

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      We granted a certificate of appealability (“COA”) on these issues:

      (1)    Whether the district court erred in denying Rogers’s claim that his
             constitutional right to a speedy trial was violated;

      (2)    Whether the state court’s denial of Rogers’s claim, that he was
             entitled to a new trial based on the trial court’s gagging of him in the
             presence of the jury involved an unreasonable application of clearly
             established federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court; and

      (3)    Whether the district court erred in finding that Claim 2(c) in Rogers’s
             28 U.S.C. § 2254 habeas petition [i.e., Rogers’s claim that the state
             trial court erred in failing to declare a mistrial as a result of that
             gagging incident] was procedurally defaulted.

                          II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

      We review de novo the district court’s denial of habeas relief under 28

U.S.C. § 2254. Cave v. Sec’y for Dep’t of Corr., 638 F.3d 739, 743 (11th Cir.

2011). The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 prevents

federal courts from granting the writ on a § 2254 claim that was adjudicated on the

merits in state court unless the state court’s decision (1) “was contrary to, or

involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law” or

(2) “was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts.” 28 U.S.C.

§ 2254(d).

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                         III. SPEEDY TRIAL CLAIM

A.    Factual Background

      Rogers committed the crimes underlying his convictions in December 1998.

He was arrested in October 2000 and indicted in January 2001. The indictment

charged Rogers with rape, kidnaping, aggravated sodomy, and burglary.

      After his January 2001 indictment but before his November 2002 jury trial,

Rogers filed these motions: a motion for bond (March 2001); two motions to

acquit due to pre-indictment delay (March 2001 and April 2001); three motions for

discovery (March 2001 and twice in May 2002); a motion for reconsideration of

bond (October 2001); a motion for appeal of Rogers’s November 2001 bond

revocation (December 2001); a motion for extension of time to file an appeal

regarding Rogers’s November 2001 bond revocation (December 2001); a motion

for speedy trial (May 2002); a motion to disclose favorable evidence under Brady

and Giglio (May 2002); two motions to disqualify the trial judge (May 2002 and

November 2002); two motions to disqualify the district attorney (October 2002 and

November 2002); and a motion to remove his court-appointed public defender

(November 2002). Where appropriate, we discuss the facts and circumstances of

these motions below.

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      Rogers retained counsel, and on March 5, 2001, attorney Dwight Thomas

entered a notice of representation. On March 14, 2001, and again on April 2, 2001,

Rogers, through his retained counsel Thomas, moved for an acquittal due to the

delay between Rogers’s October 2000 arrest and January 2001 indictment. These

motions were denied.

      In April 2001, the state trial court granted Rogers’s motion for a surety bond,

and Rogers was released on July 26, 2001. However, on September 17, 2001,

Rogers was re-incarcerated for violating the terms of his surety bond. On October

3, 2001, through new retained counsel, Beverly Taylor, Rogers moved for a

reconsideration of his bond revocation. The state trial court held hearings on

Rogers’s motion in October 2001 and November 2001 and revoked Rogers’s bond

on November 16, 2001.

      On May 24, 2002, the state trial court held another hearing related to

Rogers’s criminal case. At all hearings prior to the May 24, 2002 hearing, Rogers

appeared with retained counsel; however, no counsel appeared for Rogers at the

May 24 hearing. The state trial court stated that it just learned that morning from

Rogers that Taylor no longer represented Rogers.

      Because Rogers no longer had funds to retain counsel, the state trial court

entertained at the May 24 hearing—and ultimately granted at that same hearing—

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Rogers’s first motion to proceed in forma pauperis. At the same time, the state

trial court also directed that a public defender represent Rogers in his criminal

case.

        At the same May 24 hearing, Rogers stated that—because his bond was

revoked—he needed to change his prior defense plan, which was to get out on

bond, hire attorneys, and work with witnesses “to defend [himself] properly.”

Because Rogers could not execute that defense plan as he originally intended,

Rogers asked to file a motion for speedy trial. Rather than wait for the

appointment of his public defender, Rogers asked to file a pro se written demand

for a speedy trial in open court. The state trial court allowed Rogers to file that

motion, too. In late May 2002, public defender Maryann Davidson was assigned

to Rogers’s case.

        On October 15, 2002, the state trial court dismissed, among other motions,

Rogers’s May 24 pro se speedy trial demand as void because (1) “at no time prior

to [Rogers’s] filing of [the May 24, 2002 pro se] motion[] has his attorney(s) of

record filed valid petitions to withdraw from his case” and (2) under Georgia rules,

a criminal defendant represented by counsel cannot file a pro se motion.1

        1
       Rogers has not directed this Court to any record filing where Taylor ever moved to
withdraw or actually withdrew as Rogers’s counsel. In July 2001, Thomas moved to withdraw

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       Shortly before his November 2002 trial, Rogers moved to remove his court-

appointed public defender Davidson. On November 6, 2002, the state trial court

held a final pre-trial conference, in which Rogers and his court-appointed public

defender Davidson appeared. 2 At that conference, the trial court heard argument

from counsel Davidson and Rogers regarding Rogers’s motion to remove counsel

Davidson as his attorney. At that same hearing, the trial court denied Rogers’s

motion.

       The following day—just before voir dire, Rogers’s counsel informed the

trial court that Rogers wished to proceed pro se. After conducting a Faretta 3

colloquy, the trial court accepted Rogers’s request to proceed pro se and asked his

appointed counsel Davidson to stay on as standby counsel.

as Rogers’s counsel, but Rogers also has not cited any record filing where Thomas’s motion was
granted.
       2
        Public defender Claudia Saari assisted Rogers’s counsel Davidson prior to trial and was
present at this final pre-trial conference. At Rogers’s request, prior to opening statements, Saari
was relieved of her duty to assist Rogers. The day after counsel Saari was relieved of her duties,
Rogers expressed an interest in having her assist him with the “DNA witnesses.” Although she
was excused by the state trial court, counsel Saari voluntarily returned to aid Rogers with those
DNA witnesses at trial.
       3
           Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 95 S. Ct. 2525 (1975).

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      Rogers, now pro se, participated in jury selection and continued to act as his

own counsel during the remainder of his five-day jury trial. Ultimately, the jury

found Rogers guilty on all counts in the indictment.

B.    Post-Trial Procedural History in State Court

      After his jury trial, Rogers, with the assistance of newly appointed counsel

Maurice Kenner, moved for a mistrial and appealed his convictions. In his motion

for a mistrial and on direct appeal, Rogers argued, inter alia, that the state trial

court should have dismissed the January 2001 indictment after the case was not

tried in a timely fashion. In these filings, Rogers based his speedy trial claim on

state law grounds only.

      After holding a hearing on Rogers’s motion for a new trial, the state trial

court denied Rogers’s motion because Rogers’s speedy trial demand was untimely

under Georgia law and the state trial court had never granted Rogers special

permission to file his untimely speedy trial demand.

      On direct appeal, the Georgia Court of Appeals examined the merits of

Rogers’s state law speedy trial claim and concluded that Rogers’s speedy trial

demand was untimely under Georgia law. Rogers v. State, 610 S.E.2d 679, 682

(Ga. Ct. App. 2005); see also O.C.G.A. § 17-7-170(a) (requiring a speedy trial to

be filed “at the court term at which the indictment . . . is filed or at the next

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succeeding regular court term thereafter”). The state appellate court also

concluded that the state trial court had not exercised its discretion to grant Rogers

special permission to file his otherwise untimely speedy trial demand. Rogers, 610
S.E.2d at 682; see also O.C.G.A. § 17-7-170(a) (permitting a state trial court to

allow a defendant to file an otherwise untimely speedy trial demand).

      Rogers renewed his speedy trial argument in his pro se state habeas petition.

In that petition, Rogers again argued that his right to a speedy trial under state law

was violated. He also argued, for the first time, that his federal constitutional right

to a speedy trial was violated.

      After holding a hearing on Rogers’s claims, the state habeas court denied

Rogers’s state law speedy trial claim because it had been “decided adversely to

[Rogers] on direct appeal and therefore [could] not be relitigated” in a state habeas

petition. The state habeas court did not reach the merits of Rogers’s federal

constitutional speedy trial claim.

C.    Federal Court Procedural History

      Now, Rogers reasserts—in his federal § 2254 habeas petition—that his

federal constitutional right to a speedy trial was violated. The district court found

that Rogers’s claim was procedurally defaulted because Rogers did not present his

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speedy trial claim “in terms of federal law” when he raised it on direct appeal.

Nevertheless, the district court reviewed the merits.

      The district court stated that Rogers’s only argument related to his Sixth

Amendment speedy trial claim was that the length of the delay between his January

2001 indictment and November 2002 trial was impermissible. After reviewing the

record, the district court concluded that the pre-trial delay was “due, at least in part,

to numerous pre-trial motions filed by [Rogers], some of which were filed by his

attorneys and others of which were filed pro se.”

      The district court also found that the state trial court appointed Rogers

counsel the same day that Rogers requested counsel and that Rogers was tried

within six months of his pro se speedy trial demand. Given these facts, the district

court concluded that Rogers “fail[ed] to state a claim of post-indictment delay in

violation of his Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial.”

D.    Legal Principles Under the Sixth Amendment

      The Sixth Amendment provides that “[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the

accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy . . . trial.” U.S. Const. amend. VI. “The

speedy-trial right is ‘amorphous,’ ‘slippery,’ and ‘necessarily relative.’ ” Vermont

v. Brillon, 556 U.S. 81, 89, 129 S. Ct. 1283, 1290 (2009) (quoting Barker v.

Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 522, 92 S. Ct. 2182, 2188 (1972)). “It is consistent with

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delays and dependent upon circumstances.” Id. (quotation marks omitted)

(alterations adopted).

      The U.S. Supreme Court has “refused to quantify the [Sixth Amendment

speedy trial] right into a specified number of days or months or to hinge the right

on a defendant’s explicit request for a speedy trial.” Id. at 89–90, 129 S. Ct. at

1290 (quotation marks omitted) (alterations adopted). Instead of adopting such

“inflexible approaches,” the Supreme Court “established a ‘balancing test, in

which the conduct of both the prosecution and the defendant are weighed.’ ” Id. at

90, 129 S. Ct. at 1290 (quoting Barker, 407 U.S. at 529, 530, 92 S. Ct. at 2191–92).

“Some of the factors that courts should weigh include [1] length of delay, [2] the

reason for the delay, [3] the defendant’s assertion of his right, and [4] prejudice to

the defendant” (the “Barker factors”). Id. (quotation marks omitted) (alterations

adopted).

E.    Application to Rogers’s Case

      Rogers argues that the district court erred in determining that his federal

constitutional right to a speedy trial was not violated. We examine Rogers’s

argument by considering each of the Barker factors.

      “The first factor, the length of delay, defines a threshold in the inquiry:

there must be a delay long enough to be presumptively prejudicial.” United States

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v. Loud Hawk, 474 U.S. 302, 314, 106 S. Ct. 648, 655 (1986) (quotation marks

omitted). Here, there was a delay of approximately two years between Rogers’s

October 2000 arrest and his November 2002 trial. A two-year delay in the trial of

these serious charges with these severe penalties is presumptively prejudicial and

triggers application of the other Barker factors. See id.; Doggett v. United States,

505 U.S. 647, 652 n.1, 112 S. Ct. 2686, 2691 n.1 (1992) (“[C]ourts have generally

found postaccusation delay ‘presumptively prejudicial’ ” when it approaches one

year and such delay is generally “unreasonable enough to trigger the Barker

enquiry”).

      The second factor, the reason for the delay, weighs heavily in the State’s

favor. Rogers claims that the state trial court caused the pre-trial delay

unnecessarily by failing to appoint Rogers new counsel in July 2001 (after his

retained counsel Thomas moved to withdraw). However, this ignores several facts,

including that (1) in the fall of 2001, Rogers retained counsel Taylor; (2) Taylor

appeared in the state court on Rogers’s behalf; (3) Rogers did not move for in

forma pauperis status or request appointed counsel until May 24, 2002; and (4) the

state trial court immediately granted Rogers’s request for court-appointed counsel

the same day that Rogers requested counsel. Moreover, Rogers was tried less than

six months after he filed his pro se request for a speedy trial in open court. And, as

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the district court noted, at least a portion of that six-month delay was attributable to

Rogers’s many pre-trial motions.

      The third factor, the extent to which Rogers asserted his speedy trial rights,

also weighs heavily in the State’s favor. Rogers’s retained counsel Thomas filed a

motion in April 2001 for acquittal based on the pre-indictment delay between

Rogers’s October 2000 arrest and his January 2001 indictment. Yet, Rogers never

moved for a speedy trial. Rogers then retained new counsel Taylor in the fall of

2001; but, Rogers still did not assert his speedy trial right. In fact, Rogers did not

assert his speedy trial right (or request court-appointed counsel) until May 24,

2002—some nineteen months after his arrest in October 2000. And, as the state

appellate courted noted on Rogers’s direct appeal, that nineteen-month delay

rendered Rogers’s May 24, 2002 pro se speedy trial request untimely under

Georgia law.

      The fourth factor, prejudice to Rogers, is a wash. It is possible that Rogers’s

right to a fair trial was impaired, as witnesses could have suffered loss of memory

from the delay. See Loud Hawk, 474 U.S. at 315, 106 S. Ct. at 656. However,

Rogers made no such argument before the district court or this Court. And, the

“possibility of prejudice is not sufficient to support [Rogers’s] position that [his]

speedy trial right[] [was] violated.” See id. Moreover, in this case, delay is a two-

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edged sword. The State bore the burden of proving its case beyond a reasonable

doubt. And, because its case depended on testimony from the victim, “[t]he

passage of time may [have made] it difficult or impossible for the [state] to carry

this burden.” See id.

      Moreover, when Rogers filed his pro se speedy trial motion on May 24,

2002, he noted that he was filing that request only because his bond had been

revoked. Rogers stated that, prior to the revocation of his bond, he had intended to

work with his retained lawyers and potential witnesses to prepare his defense,

which suggests that Rogers had intended to waive his right to a speedy trial until he

realized that he would not be re-released on bond.

      In the district court, Rogers’s only assertion of possible prejudice was that he

was incarcerated from the time of his November 2001 bond revocation until his

November 2002 trial. However, as noted above, (1) Rogers’s own statement of his

initial trial strategy reveals that he wanted at least some delay to prepare his

defense, (2) Rogers was tried within six months of his speedy trial demand, and

(3) at least some of that six-month delay was attributable to Rogers’s many pre-

trial motions. Therefore, to the extent that Rogers’s post-bond-revocation

incarceration was prejudicial, at least some of that prejudice resulted from

Rogers’s own trial strategies and tactics. Accord Brillon, 556 U.S. at 90, 129 S.

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Ct. at 1290 (“[D]elay caused by the defense weighs against the defendant: If delay

is attributable to the defendant, then his waiver may be given effect under standard

waiver doctrine.” (quotation marks omitted) (alterations adopted)).

       Our balancing of the relevant factors leads us to agree with the district court

that Rogers has not shown that he was denied his Sixth Amendment right to a

speedy trial. Our conclusion is bolstered by the fact that a defendant such as

Rogers “generally must show actual prejudice where the first three factors do not

weigh heavily against the [State].” See United States v. Villarreal, 613 F.3d 1344,

1357 (11th Cir. 2010). Rogers has not met this burden. Therefore, we cannot say

that the district court erred in denying Rogers’s Sixth Amendment speedy trial

claim. 4

                              IV. RESTRAINT CLAIMS

       After warning Rogers at least 31 times that it would not allow Rogers to

disrupt the trial, the state trial court had a bailiff cover Rogers’s mouth with tape

during the reading of one deposition. Because the facts preceding the taping of

Rogers’s mouth are important to our analysis, we review the factual background of

Rogers’s case in detail before applying those facts to the legal principles

       4
         We also agree with the district court that Rogers’s federal speedy trial claim is
procedurally defaulted. However, the State did not raise the procedural default argument on
appeal, so we do not discuss it further.

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disseminated by the U.S. Supreme Court in Illinois v. Allen, 397 U.S. 337, 90 S.

Ct. 1057 (1970).

A.    Factual Background

      The day before jury selection in Rogers’s trial began, the state trial court

held a pre-trial conference wherein Rogers was represented by court-appointed

counsel Davidson. In that conference, the trial court instructed Rogers to express

anything that he wanted to express to the court through his appointed counsel. The

trial court also told Rogers: “I will insist on strict protocol being observed in this

courtroom throughout the course of this trial. . . . I’m cautioning you, please do

not attempt to disrupt this case. I will not tolerate it. Do you understand that, sir?”

Instead of answering the court’s question, Rogers responded with complaints about

his court-appointed counsel. The trial court reiterated, “[I]f you attempt to disrupt

this case, we are going to have problems. All right?” (Warning #1).

      The next day, prior to voir dire, the state trial court asked Rogers if he had a

notepad so that he could write down his notes and communicate with his counsel.

Rogers refused to answer the court’s question and, instead, made repeated remarks

about how he would not work with his appointed counsel and about how things

were “not going to work.” The trial court asked Rogers to “[b]e quiet.” The

following exchange then occurred:

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            Rogers: I have been quiet long enough, Your Honor.

            Court:   Did you get what I asked . . . yesterday?
                     Mr. Rogers, I’m telling you this for the last
                     time. You don’t have the right just to run your
                     mouth.

            Rogers: I’m not running my mouth. I’m talking. I have
                    a right to talk. I have a right to say something.

            Court:   You have a right to answer questions. Now, if
                     you choose not to communicate with your
                     counsel, that’s your choice. (Warning #2).

The trial court then took a recess. After the parties reconvened, the trial court

warned Rogers as follows:

            I want you to understand something. We have had
            repeated hearings over the last several days and weeks
            and throughout the course of that entire time you have
            not in my view kept your mouth shut when you were told
            to keep your mouth shut. Now, before I bring [the venire
            members] in here, I talked to you yesterday about
            appropriate protocol. I have looked at the law carefully
            in this particular area a number of times with other
            defendants and I have reviewed it again in your case. I
            am telling you right now you have got counsel. You can
            communicate through that counsel and you can
            communicate when you have permission or leave by this
            court to communicate. If you cannot control that, I am
            telling you right now that I will do one of two things. I
            will have you gagged in front of this jury or I will have
            you removed and those are the two options that will be
            available to you if you continue and persist in this
            disrespectful, inappropriate fashion. You are attempting
            to derail the efficient and orderly procedure which is in
            place and which I have taken an oath to make sure we go
            through appropriately. (Warning #3).
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      Rogers’s counsel then informed the trial court that Rogers wished to proceed

pro se. The state trial court then asked Rogers whether he did, in fact, wish to

proceed pro se. Rogers failed to answer the trial court’s question directly, so the

trial court asked its question again. Rogers snapped, “I’m not even going to

answer that question, Your Honor.” Based on Rogers’s unwillingness to answer

the trial court’s question, the court stated that it would not excuse Rogers’s court-

appointed counsel. This prompted Rogers to state that he did, in fact, want to

proceed pro se.

      The state trial court then conducted a Faretta inquiry. During that colloquy,

the trial court asked Rogers whether he understood that, if Rogers acted as his own

counsel, the court must treat Rogers the same as any other lawyer in court would

be treated. Instead of answering the trial court’s question, Rogers re-raised his

concern that his appointed counsel was inadequate. The trial court told Rogers that

it had “heard enough on that [topic].” The trial court then warned Rogers that “in

court you can’t just say what you want to say.” (Warning #4).

      Ultimately, the trial court allowed Rogers to proceed pro se but asked his

appointed counsel Davidson to stay on as standby counsel. Prior to jury selection,

the state trial court again asked Rogers if he need “any notepads or anything?”

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Instead of answering, Rogers quipped, “I’m not saying anything to anybody, if this

is the game [the trial court] wants to play, I’m going to play it.”

      After selecting the jury and ruling on various motions, the trial court

adjourned for the weekend.

      The next trial day, before the jury was brought in to hear opening statements,

the trial court informed the parties that it would excuse an empaneled juror whose

father died over the weekend. The state trial court then explained that excusing

that juror would leave one alternate and asked Rogers if he understood. Rogers

responded that he understood “to the best of [his] ability” but that he was

“incompetent.” The trial court corrected Rogers and explained that it had found

Rogers mentally and physically competent. The trial court then reminded Rogers

that he had chosen to represent himself at trial. Rogers stated that he was

proceeding pro se “involuntarily.” After an exchange with Rogers regarding his

pro se status, the trial court stated, “We’ve had these discussions.” Rogers said,

“Correct.” As the conversation continued, the trial judge warned Rogers not to

interrupt her. (Warning #5).

      Also before the jury was brought in to hear opening statements, the trial

court asked Rogers why he chose to remain in his prison clothes rather than change

into other clothing that was made available to him. Rogers responded by restating,

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once again, that he was dissatisfied that he could not have different counsel

appointed for his trial: “I’m not going to continue to play this circus that you’re

allowing to go on, this mock trial of me being not under the Sixth Amendment of

the United States Constitution to be fairly represented.” The following exchange

then occurred:

             Court:    All right. Stop right there. Stop right there. Sit
                       down and be quiet.

             Rogers: You keep cutting me off. I mean, I can’t speak.

             Bailiff: Be quiet and sit down.

             Court:    Sit down and be quiet.

             Rogers: You need to let me have an opportunity to
                     speak, your honor.

             Court:    No, sir, I don’t.

             Rogers: I see that.

             Court:    So we understand something right here and
                       right now, I’m not going to argue with you. . . .
                       You have been given an opportunity to have
                       counsel.

             Rogers: No, I haven’t.

             Court:    Sir?

             Rogers: I have not.

             Court:    Sir, let me tell you something. I told you this
                       last week. Inappropriate comments will result

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                       in one thing: that is you being gagged. I’ll be
                       happy to have that done if— (Warning #6).

             Rogers: You might as well make it a circus, it’s already
                     a circus.

             Court:    All right. Do you guys have a gag? I want it.
                       We’re not going to go through this. You’re not
                       going to disrupt this case. You will be allowed
                       the opportunity to talk and represent yourself in
                       an appropriate fashion. You will not be
                       allowed to argue with this court, or just say
                       anything you want to say. This is a courtroom.

                       Now, if you choose to continue in this manner,
                       I am telling you right now, you will be gagged
                       in the presence of this jury. That is your
                       choice. (Warning #7).

At the trial court’s instruction, Rogers’s standby counsel advised Rogers that the

court could, in fact, gag Rogers. Even after receiving the court’s warnings and

standby counsel’s advice, Rogers continued to argue with the trial court and

insisted that he was being denied his “rights” because he was not provided

“effective” counsel.

      The trial court then told Rogers that he would be allowed to make an

appropriate opening statement to the jury but warned, “The minute you attempt to

disrupt this process, you will be restrained and gagged, if need be.” (Warning #8).

Shortly thereafter, the bailiff responded to a question from the trial court and noted

that Rogers was “act[ing] a fool . . . here.”

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      The trial court then disposed of various administrative issues and motions.

During this process, Rogers continued to argue after the trial court denied one of

his motions. So, the trial court warned Rogers, “Once I make a ruling, either you

or the State is shut off at that point, all right?” (Warning #9).

      Rogers then began to argue two other motions—one was similar to Rogers’s

earlier motion to disqualify the district attorney; the other was a motion to

disqualify the district attorney for other grounds. The trial court told Rogers:

“[A]t this point, I believe what’s happening is you’re filing motions because it

delays. I’m telling you right now that any further motions that I deem to be

inappropriate and untimely will not be considered by this court. . . . [W]hat I see

developing is a pattern of delay.” The trial court warned Rogers that it would not

allow him “to continue to delay and obstruct th[e] trial.” (Warning #10). After

hearing the merits of Rogers’s motions to disqualify the district attorney, the state

trial court denied both motions.

      The trial court then summoned the jury and gave the jury its preliminary

instructions. The parties then made their opening statements. Rogers began his

statement by stating that he was being “forced” to represent himself. The trial

court warned Rogers to comply with the court’s earlier instruction to only make

appropriate remarks in his opening statement. Rogers replied, “I just wanted to

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             Case: 12-14203     Date Filed: 05/30/2014   Page: 23 of 41

jury to know—,” but before Rogers could complete his statement, the state trial

court interrupted Rogers and excused the jury. The trial court then reminded

Rogers that he was not being forced to represent himself and re-stated its earlier

instruction that Rogers could not make such inappropriate statements to the jury.

(Warning #11).

      The trial court then asked Rogers if he understood that he could not tell the

jury that he was being forced to represent himself. Rogers tried to interject that he

needed to make such statement, which prompted the trial court to re-iterate that

such comments were inappropriate and would result in Rogers forfeiting his right

to make an appropriate opening statement. The following exchange then occurred

             Court:    If you say it again, you will be told to sit
                       down—

             Rogers: Duct taped.

             Court:    —be quiet. That’s an option, all right? So stick
                       with appropriate opening statements. (Warning
                       #12).

             Rogers: I mean, but I’m saying I should be entitled—I
                     have a strategy.

             ...

             Court:    The law provides that you are allowed to
                       present appropriate opening statements.

             Rogers: That’s what I’m getting ready to do.

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             Case: 12-14203     Date Filed: 05/30/2014   Page: 24 of 41

             Court:    The word is appropriate. . . . You’ve been
                       instructed. Don’t make that statement again to
                       the jury.

      The jury then returned to the courtroom, and Rogers gave his opening

statement. After the parties made their opening statements, the court excused the

jury for the day.

      After excusing the jury, the trial court took up administrative matters with

the parties. During one exchange with Rogers, the trial court had to tell Rogers

four times “that’s enough” when Rogers continued to speak. After the trial court’s

fourth warning, Rogers blurted out, “This is ridiculous.” Once again, the trial court

said, “That’s enough.” The trial court had to make the same warning two other

times before adjourning for the day. (Warning #13).

      The next day, before the jury was brought in to hear the first witness’s

testimony, the trial court told Rogers that he was “entitled to ask questions of

witnesses” but warned, “The instant you stop asking questions and you just start

jawing to the jury, I’m going to cut you off. If you don’t respond to me cutting

you off, I will have you gagged.” The trial court also told Rogers that he could ask

questions and raise objections but warned that he could not “say anything any time

[he] want[ed] to.” The court noted, “I’ve warned you about this several times, so

I’m—this is the last warning you get, all right?” (Warning #14).

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              Case: 12-14203     Date Filed: 05/30/2014     Page: 25 of 41

        Instead of answering the trial court’s question, Rogers attempted to argue the

precise time that he arrived at the law library the prior day (i.e., at 2:15 p.m., as the

jail staff indicated, or 2:30 p.m., as Rogers indicated). The trial court admonished

Rogers, as it had the day before, “[Q]uit wasting my time in this trial.” (Warning

#15).

        Rogers then attempted to argue several motions, some of which the trial

court had previously denied. So, the trial court cautioned, “Don’t continue to

restate motions that this court has ruled on. . . . I told you yesterday that I am not

going to continue to allow you to just raise motions over and over and over again.

You are attempting to obstruct the trial of this case and interfere with my

administration of this trial. It’s untimely, inappropriate. Move on.” (Warning

#16).

        When Rogers persisted in his attempt to present motions and issues to the

trial court, the court repeatedly instructed Rogers to sit down. When Rogers

refused to quit speaking or sit, the court said, “[S]it down or be strapped down.”

(Warning #17). As Rogers continued to talk, the court said to the bailiff, “One

more word out of his mouth, and gag him.” (Warning #18). Rogers continued to

speak, so the court instructed the bailiff to gag Rogers. But, before the bailiff

                                           25
             Case: 12-14203      Date Filed: 05/30/2014   Page: 26 of 41

could gag Rogers, the court changed course and took a short recess. Before that

recess could begin, Rogers again called the proceeding “a circus.”

      After the recess, the trial court stated:

             Now, Mr. Rogers, I’ve taken a break and I’m just telling
             you. This is the last time I’m telling you. You will quit
             interfering with this process. If you continue just to
             jabber on—I want the gag here, now, present, where I
             can see it, where he sees it. I am not going to tolerate
             him running his mouth in front of this jury. It’s
             inappropriate and it’s quite clear to me what he is trying
             to do.

             Now, I’m not going to waste this court’s time or the
             taxpayers’ time, or this jury’s time with you running your
             mouth. This is your last warning. You can ask questions
             of witnesses. You can raise appropriate objections.
             Other than that, you sit there and keep your mouth shut.

             If you need an opportunity to address an issue that has
             not been raised, you will have that opportunity at
             regularly scheduled breaks. But here, once again, I find
             that we’ve wasted time. We are not going to waste more
             time in this case.

             Now, I don’t know how to make it any clearer than that.

             (Warning #19).

The trial court then disposed of the remaining motions. Before witness testimony

began, the trial court reminded Rogers that he was not allowed to approach any

witness without the court’s permission. As the trial court did so, Rogers

                                           26
             Case: 12-14203     Date Filed: 05/30/2014    Page: 27 of 41

interrupted to again say that he was not functioning as an attorney. Exasperated,

the trial judge warned Rogers not to argue with the court. (Warning #20).

      The jury returned to the courtroom, and witness testimony began. While

cross-examining the victim, Rogers made several comments, including that the

victim “wasn’t sure” about how she was undressed during the rape and that her

statements were “very contradictory.” The trial court repeatedly told Rogers to ask

questions but not argue, testify, or comment.

      Shortly thereafter, while Rogers was still while cross-examining the victim,

Rogers made an off-hand comment in open court that the victim had made “two

different statements.” The trial court immediately stopped the witness

examination, sent the jury to the jury room, and asked the victim to exit the

courtroom. The court then told Rogers to stop making inappropriate commentary

while questioning the witness and admonished, “The next time I hear something

out of your mouth that is a comment about this witness’s testimony or statements

or anything else, you will forfeit your right to ask any further questions of this

witness.” The trial court then warned, “Now, I have given you as much latitude as

I possibly can. I have explained it to you over and over and over again. . . . You

will not continue to attempt to testify instead of asking questions.” (Warning #21).

Rogers responded by again saying that it was the trial court’s fault that Rogers did

                                          27
             Case: 12-14203     Date Filed: 05/30/2014   Page: 28 of 41

not have counsel and was proceeding pro se. Frustrated, the trial court said,

“That’s enough,” and called a brief recess. Rogers blurted out, “You’re abusing

your discretion.”

      After the recess, the witness and jury returned to the courtroom, and the trial

continued. During the cross examination of a nurse, Rogers made an off-hand

remark about possible tampering with the seals on the rape kit by commenting that

the seals must have “some kind of magic trick.” The trial court again told Rogers

not to comment or testify while questioning witnesses. But, Rogers, almost

immediately, made another comment about the rape kit packaging having a hole in

it. This prompted the trial court to instruct the jury to disregard commentary from

any attorney, including Rogers. After instructing the jury, the trial court again

warned Rogers to not add commentary to his questioning. (Warning #22).

      When Rogers objected to the admission of the rape kit, he added his belief

that the rape kit was “tampered with” because it had “been opened, sealed and now

resealed.” Once again, the trial court told Rogers not to testify. (Warning #23).

      During the remainder of Rogers’s cross-examination of the nurse, the trial

court repeatedly warned that Rogers not to testify or argue while questioning the

witness. (Warning #24).

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             Case: 12-14203     Date Filed: 05/30/2014   Page: 29 of 41

      During the direct examination of Rogers’s prior rape victim, Rogers objected

to the use of documents to refresh the witness’s recollection by stating that the

prosecutor was “playing unfair, dirty.” Once again, the trial court warned Rogers

not to testify while witnesses were under examination. (Warning #25). Rogers

reiterated his objection to the refreshing documents and added: “[The prosecutor]

said he didn’t have a statement to Your Honor earlier, now he’s giving a statement.

I guess they mysteriously appear like everything else.” Prompted by Rogers’s

continued impermissible testimony, the trial court asked the jury to step into the

jury room. Before the jury could leave the courtroom, Rogers’s blurted out,

“Playing a game.” The trial court then excused the witness.

      After discussing the merits of Rogers’s motion with the parties and counsel,

the trial court overruled Rogers’s objection. Then, the trial court, Rogers, and the

bailiff had the following exchange:

             Court:    Now, I have warned you repeatedly about these
                       offhand comments about how this is a game,
                       this is a circus, just the comments you’re
                       making in the presence of this jury.

                       You continue to do so, and this is the last,
                       really, really, the last time, I’m going to have
                       you seated, I’m going to have you gagged, and
                       you just won’t get to open your mouth until you
                       have an opportunity to do cross-examination.
                       And then I’ll let you cross-examine until you

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Case: 12-14203    Date Filed: 05/30/2014   Page: 30 of 41

         start testifying, until you start making these
         inappropriate statements.

         You are not going to be allowed to do that.
         Now, if you want to sit there with some duct
         tape on your mouth, I’ll do it. I don’t have a
         problem with it. (Warning #26).

Rogers: Well, once again you’ve threatened me, your
        honor.

Court:   That’s right. Sit down.

Rogers: And I’m just doing the best I can.

Court:   Sit down.

Rogers: If I had a lawyer I wouldn’t have to go through
        all this here.

Bailiff: Sir, have a seat.

Rogers: All you have to do is give me a chance—

Bailiff: Sit down—down.

Rogers: I heard you. You ain’t got to yell at me.

         ...

Court:   Mr. Rogers, so you understand, if you continue
         to disrupt this case, I will have you removed
         and we’ll proceed on this trial without you
         present. Now, if you force that issue, I will
         take that step. I don’t want to do that, but if
         you continue this, you’re going to force me to.
         (Warning #27).

                             30
             Case: 12-14203      Date Filed: 05/30/2014    Page: 31 of 41

      Before the jury could be brought back in, Rogers again objected to the

State’s use of the refreshing documents. The trial court replied, “I don’t want to

hear any more arguments about the [documents]. Have a seat.” Rogers retorted,

“This is a joke here,” to which the court scolded, “Sir, one more. One more.”

(Warning #28).

      The next day, while discussing trial-related matters outside of the jury’s

presence, the trial court had to tell Rogers multiple times not to interrupt and to

“hold on” when Rogers spoke out of turn. (Warning #29). The trial court

observed that Rogers had “refused to close [his] mouth upon instruction after

instruction after instruction outside of the presence of the jury.” The court noted

that, in such instances, the bailiffs had to move nearer to Rogers “to attempt to get

[Rogers] to get . . . control of [him]self, sit down, and be quiet.”

      Rogers again argued that he was being “forced” to represent himself, and the

trial court told Rogers twice more to move on because that issue had already been

decided.

      The jury then entered the courtroom, and witness examination continued.

      The trial court then excused the jury and took up administrative matters.

One such matter related to Rogers’s assertion earlier that day that an officer made

Rogers take his socks off and then threw his socks in the mud. In attempting to

                                           31
             Case: 12-14203     Date Filed: 05/30/2014   Page: 32 of 41

confirm Rogers’s story, the trial court learned from the guards in the holding cell

that Rogers had stuffed his socks down the toilet. The court then asked Rogers’s

standby counsel Davidson to give Rogers a new pair of socks.

      Rogers then tried to interject with an explanation as to how he lost is socks.

The trial court again had to tell Rogers to sit down multiple times. (Warning #30).

Rogers retorted, “We’re going to have problems,” and remained standing and

continued to argue with the trial court despite repeated orders for him to sit down.

Rogers also scolded the trial court and said, “You can’t say that kind of stuff,”

referring to the court’s statement that Rogers stuffed his socks down the toilet.

Exasperated and frustrated, the trial court warned, “Close your mouth or you will

be gagged.” (Warning #31). Rogers snapped, “Well, you might as well—you’re

doing everything else you want to do.” The trial court then asked the bailiff to

place duct tape over Rogers’s mouth. Before the tape was applied, Rogers blurted

out, “This is ridiculous, your honor.”

      After Rogers’s mouth was covered by tape, the trial court addressed Rogers:

“You have been gagged because you have just continually disrupted this court and

been disrespectful. And I’ve told you. I’ve warned you and warned you and

warned you.” The court then stated that the next testimony would be in the form

of a deposition read to the jury. The court told Rogers that he could object by

                                          32
             Case: 12-14203      Date Filed: 05/30/2014    Page: 33 of 41

raising his hand and said that the court would also be reading along with the

deposition to make sure that “each and every word” in the deposition is read as

indicated. The court also told Rogers that it would remove the tape after the

deposition was read and that the tape would remain removed if Rogers would agree

“to abide by [the] court’s instructions and behave [him]self.”

      The jury then returned to the courtroom, and the deposition was read to the

jury. After the deposition was read, the jury was excused, and the trial court

allowed Rogers to remove the tape from his mouth. Because Rogers had raised his

hand after the reading of the deposition, the court asked Rogers to state his

objection. Rogers stated that he should not have been gagged. Because Rogers did

not object to the anything related to the reading of the deposition itself, the court

proceeded to the next witness.

      The trial court also stated that it would allow Rogers to proceed without the

gag if he agreed “to abide by [the court’s] instructions and not make inappropriate

comments in front of th[e] jury.” When asked if he could follow those

instructions, Rogers responded, “I’m doing the best I can. I don’t see what I did

inappropriate.” The trial court allowed Rogers to remain un-gagged but warned,

“The first time you make an inappropriate comment and I tell you to be quiet and

sit down, if you don’t comply with that instruction, you will be gagged again.”

                                           33
             Case: 12-14203      Date Filed: 05/30/2014    Page: 34 of 41

      Rogers then requested that a curative jury instruction regarding the prior use

of the gag. After allowing Rogers to consult with his standby counsel as to what

instruction should be given, Rogers proposed this curative instruction: “The

defendant was duct taped based on the Judge’s decision regarding the defendant

trying to assert himself on an issue not relative [sic] to courtroom proceedings, and

don’t let what you saw affect your opinion of this defendant.” Rogers emphasized

that he wanted it “noted that what [he] was duct taped for didn’t have anything to

do with the court.”

      After considering Rogers’s proposed instruction and his reasons for the

instruction, the trial court said that it did not agree with Rogers’s characterization

of the reasons for the court’s decision to tape Rogers’s mouth. The trial court said,

“The reason I made the decision to duct tape you was directly because of your

continuing and ongoing conduct.” The court made clear that its reason for taping

Rogers’s mouth was directly related to the trial.

      Ultimately, the state trial court instructed the jury as follows: “When you

were out here before, the defendant had duct tape across his mouth. It was my

decision to gag the defendant in that fashion. That was my decision. No inference

harmful to the defendant or his case should be made by you based on that decision

I made.”

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             Case: 12-14203     Date Filed: 05/30/2014     Page: 35 of 41

      Before the jury returned to the courtroom and received the curative

instruction, Rogers moved for a mistrial because, he argued, the gag was

“extremely prejudicial” and “unwarranted.” The trial court denied Rogers’s

motion based on “everything that proceeded before this.”

      The next day, the prosecution finished presenting its case. However, before

the prosecution rested, Rogers renewed, and the trial court denied, his motion for a

mistrial based on his being gagged in front of the jury.

      Ultimately, the jury convicted Rogers of all counts in the indictment.

B.    Procedural History

      After his conviction, Rogers, with the assistance of newly appointed counsel

Kenner, again moved for a mistrial. In that motion, Rogers argued, inter alia, that

the state trial court should have used less restrictive means before ordering him

gagged and that the gagging violated his right to be tried by an impartial jury, as

guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment and the Georgia Constitution. Rogers

renewed these arguments in his counseled direct appeal and his pro se state habeas

petition. And, in his pro se state habeas petition, Rogers argued that the trial court

erred in failing to declare a mistrial after the jury saw him with tape over his

mouth. None of these challenges succeeded.

      Rogers now brings the same arguments in his federal § 2254 habeas petition.

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             Case: 12-14203     Date Filed: 05/30/2014   Page: 36 of 41

C.    Constitutionality of the Restraint

      Rogers argues that the Georgia courts unreasonably applied clearly

established federal law when they upheld the state trial court’s decision to briefly

gag Rogers during his trial.

      Rogers’s claim is governed by the legal principles announced in Illinois v.

Allen, 397 U.S. 337, 90 S. Ct. 1057 (1970), and must be viewed through the

“highly deferential” standard of AEDPA. See Lee v. Comm’r, Alabama Dep’t of

Corr., 726 F.3d 1172, 1192 (11th Cir. 2013) cert. denied, No. 13-775, 2014 WL
1124864 (U.S. Mar. 24, 2014) (“AEDPA imposes a highly deferential standard for

evaluating state-court rulings and demands that state-court decisions be given the

benefit of the doubt.” (quotation marks omitted)).

      In Allen, the U.S. Supreme Court concluded that “flagrant disregard in the

courtroom of elementary standards of proper conduct should not and cannot be

tolerated.” 397 U.S. at 343, 90 S. Ct. at 1061. Because “[n]o one formula for

maintaining the appropriate courtroom atmosphere will be best in all situations,”

the Allen Court held that “trial judges confronted with disruptive, contumacious,

stubbornly defiant defendants must be given sufficient discretion to meet the

circumstances of each case.” Id. at 343, 90 S. Ct. at 1059–62 (upholding the trial

court’s decision to remove the defendant from the courtroom where that defendant

                                          36
             Case: 12-14203      Date Filed: 05/30/2014    Page: 37 of 41

argued with the judge in disrespectful manner and continued to “talk back” to the

judge even after the judge warned the defendant that his next “outbreak” would

result in his removal from the courtroom).

      Consistent with its holding, the Allen Court concluded that there were “at

least three constitutionally permissible ways for a trial judge to handle an

obstreperous defendant . . . : (1) bind and gag him, thereby keeping him present;

(2) cite him for contempt; (3) take him out of the courtroom until he promises to

conduct himself properly.” Id. at 343–44, 90 S. Ct. at 1061. The Allen Court

noted that, if any rights are lost (such as the right to confront witnesses), those

rights can “be reclaimed as soon as the defendant is willing to conduct himself

consistently with the decorum and respect inherent in the concept of courts and

judicial proceedings.” Id. at 343, 90 S. Ct. at 1061.

      Here, the record establishes that Rogers repeatedly and without apology

continuously interrupted courtroom proceedings despite his receipt of at least 31

warnings and admonitions over several days before and during trial. And, the U.S.

Supreme Court’s instruction in Allen gave the state trial court guidance as to how

it could handle a “disruptive, contumacious, stubbornly defiant defendant[]” like

Rogers. First, the trial court must warn the defendant of the potential

consequences of continuing his disruptive behavior. See id. at 343, 90 S. Ct. at

                                           37
             Case: 12-14203     Date Filed: 05/30/2014   Page: 38 of 41

1060–61. Second, the trial court may act consistently with its warning and in a

manner that is appropriate given the circumstances of the trial and the nature of the

conduct occurring in the courtroom. See id.

      Here, the state trial court repeatedly warned Rogers that it would gag him if

he continued to disrupt and delay the trial. In fact, the trial court warned Rogers

during a pre-trial conference, the day of jury selection, the day of opening

statements, the first day of witness examination, and the second day of witness

examination. And, in case that was not enough, the state trial court reiterated its

warning several times—to no avail—in the moments before Rogers was actually

gagged. Only when Rogers failed to cease his disruptive and inappropriate

behavior did the trial court follow through with its repeated warnings that it would

have Rogers’s mouth covered with tape.

      After Rogers’s frequent, unceasing interruptions took place, “the arsenal of

authority described in Allen [became] available to the trial judge to keep order in

the courtroom.” See Mayberry v. Pennsylvania, 400 U.S. 455, 463, 91 S. Ct. 499,

504 (1971). And, the trial court’s chosen action—to briefly gag Rogers during the

reading of one deposition—falls within the U.S. Supreme Court’s instruction in

Allen. Thus, we cannot say that the Georgia courts unreasonably applied clearly

established federal law—Allen and its progeny—when they upheld the state trial

                                          38
             Case: 12-14203     Date Filed: 05/30/2014    Page: 39 of 41

court’s decision to briefly gag Rogers during his trial given the particular facts and

circumstances surrounding Rogers’s behavior at trial. See Lee, 726 F.3d at 1192

(“A state court’s application of clearly established federal law or its determination

of the facts is unreasonable only if no fairminded jurist could agree with the state

court’s determination or conclusion.” (quotation marks omitted)).

      In fact, given the circumstances of Rogers’s case, gagging Rogers for the

limited time done here was, perhaps, the most appropriate remedy. See Allen, 397
U.S. at 344–45, 90 S. Ct. at 1061–62 (listing binding and gagging, removal from

the courtroom, or criminal contempt sanctions as possible remedies). For instance,

Rogers proceeded pro se at trial; therefore, removing him from the courtroom

could have limited his ability to conduct his defense. Removing Rogers from the

courtroom would also have limited his ability to confront witnesses against him.

And, Rogers faced several life sentences, so criminal contempt sanctions would

likely have had a limited, if any, deterrent effect. By contrast, the action taken

here—covering Rogers’s mouth with tape while allowing him to remain in the

courtroom, hear testimony, and raise his hand to alert the court that he had

objections—achieved the state trial court’s dual goals of restoring “dignity, order,

and decorum” to the proceedings and allowing Rogers to continue to represent

himself. Id. at 343, 90 S. Ct. at 1061.

                                          39
             Case: 12-14203      Date Filed: 05/30/2014    Page: 40 of 41

      In short, the Georgia courts did not unreasonably apply clearly established

federal law when they determined that the courses which Allen lays open to trial

judges for coping with courtroom tactics of the sort engaged in by Rogers enabled

the state trial court to deal with Rogers in the way that it did. See Lee, 726 F.3d at

1192 (“To be entitled to federal habeas relief under § 2254, a petitioner must show

that the state court’s ruling was ‘so lacking in justification that there was an error

well understood and comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility for

fairminded disagreement.’ ” (quoting Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. –––, ––––,

131 S. Ct. 770, 786–87 (2011)). And, under AEDPA, this Court cannot grant §

2254 habeas relief based on any argument from Rogers that the Georgia courts

failed to extend Allen to make that otherwise clearly established law fit the facts of

Rogers’s case. Accord White v. Woodall, 572 U.S. –––, ––––, slip op. at 11 (U.S.

Apr. 23, 2014).

      Because Rogers has not shown that the Georgia courts unreasonably applied

clearly established federal law when they upheld the trial court’s decision to briefly

gag Rogers during his trial, we affirm the district court’s denial of relief based on

the in-trial gagging incident.

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              Case: 12-14203     Date Filed: 05/30/2014     Page: 41 of 41

D.    Mistrial Resulting from the Restraint

      In his final claim for which we granted a COA, Rogers argues that his claim

that the state trial court erred when it did not declare a mistrial as a result of the

brief taping of Rogers’s mouth is not procedurally defaulted.

      The merits of this “mistrial” issue are intertwined with the merits of the

substantive “restraint” issue—that is, because the Georgia courts did not

unreasonably apply clearly established federal law when they upheld the trial

court’s decision to gag Rogers given the particular facts and circumstances

surrounding Rogers’s behavior at trial, the state courts did not err in declining to

grant a mistrial because of the brief gagging incident.

      Because Rogers’s mistrial claim fails under our mandated deferential

AEDPA review, we need not determine whether Rogers’s mistrial claim was

procedurally defaulted.

                                  V. CONCLUSION

      For the reasons stated above, we affirm the district court’s denial of Rogers’s

§ 2254 habeas petition.

      AFFIRMED.

                                            41