Court Opinion

ID: 5134861
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-14 20:03:14.224384+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:23:46.117287
License: Public Domain

Filed 12/14/21 P. v. Follings CA1/1
                 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or
ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

         IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                   DIVISION ONE

 THE PEOPLE,
             Plaintiff and Respondent,                                  A157571

 v.                                                                     (Alameda County
 BRANDON FOLLINGS,                                                      Super. Ct. No. 17-CR-023555A)
             Defendant and Appellant.

         A jury convicted appellant Brandon Follings of the first degree murder
of Daniel DelToro and of being a felon in possession of a firearm. In reaching
its verdict, the jury found true several enhancements and special allegations,
including that the crime was committed for the benefit of a criminal street
gang and that DelToro had been intentionally killed because he was a
witness to a crime. Appellant challenges his conviction on the following
grounds: (1) the trial court abused its discretion and violated his
constitutional rights to due process and a fair trial by refusing to sever his
case from that of his codefendant, Pablo Mendoza;1 (2) the trial court abused
its discretion and violated his constitutional right to confrontation by
admitting a rap video showing Mendoza making certain hand signs to

       We affirmed Mendoza’s related convictions earlier this year. (People
         1

v. Mendoza (Jan. 29, 2021, A157489) [nonpub. opn.].)

                                                                1
demonstrate an alliance between Mendoza’s gang and appellant’s gang; and
(3) the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction for first degree
murder and the imposition of the gang enhancement. Seeing no error, we
affirm.
           I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
      In December 2017, an information was filed by the Alameda County
District Attorney, charging appellant, Mendoza, and Valeria Rose Boden in
count one with DelToro’s murder. (Pen. Code,2 § 187, subd. (a).) With regard
to count one, the information alleged that both Mendoza and appellant
personally and intentionally discharged a firearm which proximately caused
great bodily injury and death (§§ 12022.5, subd. (a), 12022.53, subds. (b)–(d),
(e)(1) & (g)), doing so for the benefit of a criminal street gang (§ 186.22,
subd. (b)(5)), and that the charged murder was a serious felony (§ 1192.7,
subd. (c)(8)) and a violent felony (§ 667.5, subd. (c)). The information further
alleged a special circumstance that the murder was committed against a
witness to a crime. (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(10).) Counts two and three charged
appellant and Mendoza, respectively, with possession of a firearm by a felon.
(§ 29800, subd. (a)(1).) Appellant was alleged to have sustained two prior
felony convictions. Additional enhancements were alleged with respect to
Boden and Mendoza. Prior to trial, Boden’s matter was severed from that of
Mendoza and appellant.
      Jury trial with respect to Mendoza and appellant commenced on
April 17, 2019. The following evidence was adduced at trial.

      2All statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise
indicated.

                                         2
A.    Prosecution Evidence
      i.     Kennedy Park Shooting and Prosecution
      In 2008, four members of the Decoto XIV (Decoto) gang—Noel Cruz,
Raymond Romo, Damien Alaniz, and Joel Perry—attempted a robbery in
Kennedy Park, an area in Union City claimed as Decoto territory. When the
victims resisted, the gang members shot them both, killing one and injuring
the other.
      In 2011, DelToro, a member of the Decoto gang, was arrested for
committing an unrelated felony. In response to questioning by Union City
detectives, DelToro identified Cruz, Romo, Alaniz, and Perry as individuals
involved in the Kennedy Park incident. The surviving victim corroborated
this story by identifying one of the named gang members as one of his
assailants. DelToro dropped out of the Decoto gang and testified for the
prosecution at the preliminary hearing. Cruz, Alaniz, and Romo all pleaded
guilty and were sentenced to lengthy prison terms. Romo received an 11-year
sentence for his role in the shooting. Perry proceeded to trial and was
convicted as a result of DelToro’s testimony.
      Following the trial, detectives learned that DelToro had been identified
on a “bad news list,” a hit list of former gang members who had dropped out
or “snitched” and were no longer in good standing with the gang. Bad news
lists prescribe gang retribution, including beatings, stabbings, and murder.
In exchange for cooperating with the Kennedy Park prosecution, DelToro
received a reduced sentence of six years served in local jail to help protect
him from possible retaliation.
      ii.    Murder of DelToro
      On the afternoon of July 19, 2017, law enforcement officers responded
to a 911 call of gunshots in Union City. The officers found DelToro

                                        3
unresponsive and bleeding, with an overturned stroller nearby and a
neighbor watching DelToro’s infant son. The woman had run outside after
hearing the gunshots to check on the baby. DelToro suffered six entry
gunshot wounds to his chest, back, and thighs. He was pronounced dead at
the scene.
      The neighbor testified that she heard gunshots, saw DelToro on the
ground, and called 911. Her husband saw a car with a driver and at least two
passengers. Another individual wrote a partial license plate number on a
trash can nearby. Using surveillance footage and the partial license plate
number, sheriff’s deputies determined that a vehicle matching the description
belonged to Boden’s grandmother. Boden was arrested and eventually
cooperated with the investigation.
      Boden testified against Mendoza and appellant at trial pursuant to a
plea deal under which she received six years in prison in exchange for her
truthful testimony. Boden had been romantically involved with appellant in
2017. She owned an illegally purchased firearm, a nine-millimeter Llama,
that she gave to appellant about two weeks before the shooting. Appellant, a
member of the North Side Oakland gang, was friends with Mendoza.
      On July 19, 2017, Boden drove her grandmother’s Toyota Camry to
Mendoza’s house at appellant’s request. Appellant then asked Boden to drive
him and Mendoza to buy marijuana at a nearby house. On the way, Mendoza
saw DelToro walking down the street pushing his infant son in a stroller.
Mendoza was irritated and explained that DelToro was a snitch. Appellant
stated that he understood, as he had a friend who had been sentenced to 50
years in prison after someone snitched on him. Mendoza said he wanted to
“fire on” DelToro, which Boden understood to mean he wanted to fight
DelToro. Appellant stated he needed to “get on him.” Boden said she did not

                                      4
think they should fight him while he was with his baby, and Mendoza agreed.
She drove them back to Mendoza’s house.
      After Mendoza exited the car, appellant asked Boden to drive around
the block to see where DelToro was headed, stating: “ ‘You’re not supposed to
ever give a snitch a chance to tell again.’ ” Boden was afraid but did not
refuse because appellant was “not the type of person you say ‘no’ to.” After
noting DelToro’s location, Boden drove appellant back to Mendoza’s house.
Later that day, Mendoza got back into the vehicle carrying socks and a pair of
jeans. Appellant repeated that you should “never give[] a snitch a chance to
tell again.”
      According to Boden, as she drove past DelToro, Mendoza told her to
stop and began exiting the car. With socks on his hands, Mendoza pointed a
gun at DelToro. DelToro stopped pushing the stroller, put his hands in the
air, and screamed, “ ‘My son, my son.’ ” The gun did not fire, and DelToro
fought Mendoza for control of the weapon. Mendoza yelled to appellant,
“ ‘Kill him, kill him.’ ” Appellant exited the car armed with a gun and fired
multiple shots at DelToro. Boden drove appellant and Mendoza back to
Mendoza’s house. Mendoza was bleeding from his arm and accused appellant
of shooting him. Appellant apologized and said it was not intentional. Boden
left the two at Mendoza’s house and drove away.
      Boden was arrested the night of the murder. Sheriff’s deputies located
appellant and placed him under arrest on August 4, 2017. Mendoza was
arrested on August 17, 2017, when he reported to his probation officer. At
that time, he had an apparent gunshot wound to his arm. Mendoza’s mother
was interviewed that day by detectives and reported that Mendoza had told
her he and DelToro got into a fight when DelToro tried to take his gun so
appellant shot and killed DelToro. DNA from blood in Boden’s car and at the

                                       5
crime scene was matched to Mendoza’s DNA. The surveillance video
obtained by the police was played at trial. The video showed Mendoza with a
gun, his struggle with DelToro, and appellant shooting his gun at DelToro.
      iii.   Gang Expert Testimony
      Officer Gabriel Urquiza testified as a gang expert concerning the North
Side Oakland gang (also known as Ice City) and its subsets, including the
Bushrod gang. He opined that North Side Oakland/Bushrod was a criminal
street gang and detailed evidence supporting appellant’s membership in the
gang. Urquiza testified that a music video of appellant’s rap song “On My
Job”—in which appellant and Mendoza both appeared—announced a
connection between the Ice City and Decoto gangs by spelling out the words
“Ice City to Decoto.” In response to a hypothetical in which a North Side
Oakland gang member and a Decoto gang member saw a snitch on the street
and murdered that snitch, Officer Urquiza opined that the murder would be
for the benefit of both gangs because the reputations of both individuals and
both gangs would benefit from their willingness to commit a violent act
against the snitch. Urquiza testified as to certain predicate offenses
committed by the North Side Oakland/Bushrod gang.
      Detective Andrew Gannam testified as a gang expert concerning the
Decoto gang. He described characteristics of the Decoto gang and testified
that he had personally obtained DelToro’s statement incriminating Decoto
gang members in the Kennedy Park shooting. He opined that Mendoza was a
member of the Decoto gang. Detective Victor Ramirez testified as an expert
witness with respect to the investigation of gang-related crimes. He testified
that appellant was a North Side Oakland gang member. He also described
the composition, characteristics, and activities of the Decoto gang. Ramirez

                                       6
provided evidence of Mendoza’s membership in the Decoto gang and testified
regarding certain predicate offenses committed by the Decoto gang.
      Detective Ramirez testified that Mendoza was an aspiring rap artist
who had recorded a song called “ ‘100 Bars Part 2.’ ” After audio of the song
was played for the jury, Detective Ramirez was asked to explain the meaning
of certain lyrics from the song. According to the lyrics, Mendoza could not
wait until Raymond Romo, a Decoto gang member involved in the Kennedy
Park prosecution, was released from custody. The next several lines of the
song were a reference to DelToro: “ ‘We gonna find that fuckin’ nigga,’ . . .
[and] ‘We gonna air his ass out. Real killas put the barrel in your mouth.’ ”
Based on the “On My Job” music video, Detective Ramirez opined that
Mendoza and appellant had formed an alliance and that gang members
fortify such alliances by committing crimes. In response to a hypothetical
tracking the facts of the instant offense, Detective Ramirez opined that both
of the individuals who murdered the snitch, as well as their respective gangs,
would benefit from enhanced reputations for violence. On the other hand, if a
gang member stood by and failed to come to the aid of a fellow gang member
who needed help, both that gang member’s reputation and the reputation of
his gang would suffer.
B.    Defense Evidence
      Appellant testified in his own defense. In 2010, he was convicted of
robbery and sentenced to seven years eight months in prison. Following his
release, he experienced some success in his gangster rap career. He met
Mendoza through their shared interest in music. Part of his rap music
included claiming the neighborhood of Bushrod Park and playing a persona
rather than his real self. He denied ever belonging to a gang and stated he
had not known Mendoza to associate with Decoto gang members. Appellant

                                        7
had never heard of DelToro before the day of the shooting when Mendoza
identified him as a snitch. When they drove by DelToro again, Mendoza
pulled a gun. Appellant did not know that Mendoza was armed but assumed
DelToro was. Boden gave appellant the gun from her purse. He watched
Mendoza and DelToro struggle over Mendoza’s gun and heard Mendoza say,
“ ‘Help, B, help.’ ” He got out of the car, heard a shot go off, and repeatedly
shot DelToro because he “didn’t want to get shot.”
      Mendoza elected not to testify. During closing arguments, his defense
counsel stressed that Mendoza’s gun never fired. He argued that it was
reasonably possible from the evidence presented that Mendoza only
wanted to confront, frighten, and fight DelToro, not kill him.
C.    Conviction and Sentence
      On May 9, 2019, the jury found Mendoza and appellant guilty of first
degree murder and possession of a firearm by a felon and found true all
related special circumstances, enhancements, and special allegations. In a
bifurcated proceeding, the trial court found true appellant’s prior strike
conviction. The trial court sentenced appellant to prison for 75 years to life.
Appellant’s timely notice of appeal followed.
                              II. DISCUSSION
A. Motion to Sever
      i.    Additional Background
      Preliminary Hearing.3 At the December 2017 preliminary hearing,
Mendoza’s mother testified that DelToro and her son grew up together. On

      3 Because we review a trial court’s decision not to sever for abuse of
discretion based on the record when the motion is heard (People v. Elliot
(2012) 53 Cal.4th 535, 552 (Elliot)), we include here a brief summary of the
facts elicited at the preliminary hearing which preceded appellant’s pretrial
motion to sever.

                                        8
the day of DelToro’s murder, Mendoza and appellant were at her house a few
blocks from the crime scene. In a prior interview with police, she sensed that
something was going on that day. She told investigators there was a lot of
commotion back and forth, and appellant kept whispering something in her
backyard. She also acknowledged that the shooting occurred about 10 to 15
minutes after appellant and her son left the house. Shortly after the
shooting, appellant ran into the house to use the bathroom and then left.
Later, Mendoza told his mother that he had fought with DelToro, but
appellant shot him.
      Detective Paxton testified about his response to the crime scene and
the course of the ensuing investigation. He related DelToro’s history as a
former Decoto gang member who had testified against other Decoto gang
members; he described Mendoza’s rap song suggesting retribution against
Del Toro; and he narrated various surveillance videos which showed Boden’s
car travelling repeatedly (no less than six times) past DelToro before it
stopped and the murder unfolded. Detective Paxton also introduced and read
a letter Boden sent to a friend from jail in which Boden reported meeting
appellant a month before the murder, stated he had threatened Boden’s
daughter when she tried to pull back from him due to his criminality, and
described Mendoza wanting to “ ‘fire on’ ” DelToro because he was a snitch
and that appellant emptied “ ‘the whole clip’ ” into DelToro after Mendoza’s
gun jammed and he asked for help.
      Finally, Detective Ramirez testified as a gang expert regarding the
origin, tattoos, hand signs, colors, and prior crimes of the Decoto gang. After
describing Mendoza’s tattoos, use of hand signs, gang contacts, and behavior
in appellant’s rap video “On My Job,” Ramirez opined that Mendoza was a
Decoto gang member on the day of the DelToro murder. Ramirez also opined

                                       9
that appellant was a North Side Oakland/Ice City gang member on the day of
the murder. He described appellant’s tattoos, hand signs, and monikers, as
well as the Bushrod subset of North Side Oakland. He opined that the
murder of a snitch like DelToro would be for the benefit of the Decoto street
gang.
        Motion to Sever. In August 2018, while the joint trial of appellant,
Mendoza, and Boden was pending, appellant filed a motion to sever his case
from Mendoza’s. Appellant claimed he knew nothing about Mendoza’s plan
to shoot and kill DelToro, asserting that he only shot DelToro when it
appeared DelToro was about to kill Mendoza. During a July 2018 jail visit,
appellant reportedly told his defense attorney that Mendoza had reached out
to him and indicated that, if the two men were tried separately, Mendoza
would testify “that his actions were spontaneous, and that defendant Follings
was given no indication that he planned to assault and attempt to kill
[DelToro].” Mendoza, however, would not testify in a joint trial due to “gang
rules” and issues with self-incrimination. Arguing that Mendoza was the
only witness who could support his “defense-of-another theory” and that the
expected testimony “confirming the spontaneity of the crime would provide
critical evidence of [his] innocence,” appellant asked the trial court to exercise
its discretion to sever his trial from that of Mendoza.
        The prosecutor opposed the motion to sever, noting that appellant and
Mendoza were charged with the same offenses stemming from the same facts.
Although the trial court had the discretion to order separate trials in an
appropriate case, the prosecutor argued this was not such a case. He
asserted that the possibility of conflicting or antagonistic defenses did not
justify the requested severance and that the claim that Mendoza would offer
exonerating testimony in a separate trial was not adequately supported.

                                        10
      After a hearing on September 7, 2018, the trial court denied the
motion. In doing so, the court indicated to defense counsel: “[W]e’ve got what
Mr. Mendoza reportedly said to your client . . . that your client has
communicated to you, that you communicated to us. But that’s all we’ve got
. . . as the basis for this motion.” When the court asked the “obvious
question” why further inquiry had not been made about the matter through
Mendoza’s defense counsel, appellant’s attorney stated that he had made
inquiries without success.4 The court expressed concern about the amount of
time appellant’s trial would have to wait until Mendoza was tried and his
appellate rights exhausted. The trial court then ruled: “We’d have to make a
lot of leaps of faith and a lot of speculation, and for that reason, I’m going to
deny the motion to sever. I just am not satisfied that there is—there’s a true,
reasonable expectation that should I grant the severance motion that what is
being sought, the purpose of it, would actually ever occur.” The court also
stated a concern that the two defendants might have gotten together and
“concoct[ed] a reason to try to get a severance.”
      ii.   Relevant Law
      “Our Legislature has expressed a strong preference for joint trials.”
(People v. Souza (2012) 54 Cal.4th 90, 109 (Souza).) “Joinder is ordinarily
favored because it avoids the increased expenditures of funds and judicial
resources that may result from separate trials” and, therefore, “ ‘is the course
of action preferred by the law.’ ” (People v. Simon (2016) 1 Cal.5th 98, 122
(Simon).) Indeed, the California Constitution expressly provides that it
“shall not be construed by the courts to prohibit the joining of criminal cases

      4Only appellant and his counsel were present at the motion hearing
because neither Mendoza nor Boden had joined in the severance request.

                                        11
as prescribed by the Legislature or by the people through the initiative
process.” (Cal. Const., art. I, § 30, subd. (a).)
      We review a trial court’s decision not to sever for abuse of discretion
based on the record when the motion is heard. (Elliot, supra, 53 Cal.4th at
p. 552.)5 Whether a trial court abused its discretion in denying severance
depends on the particular circumstances of each case. (Simon, supra,
1 Cal.5th at p. 123.) “Where, as here, the statutory requirements for joinder
are met, a defendant must make a ‘clear showing of prejudice’ to establish
that the trial court abused its discretion in denying the motion.” (Id. at
pp. 122–123.) Finally, “even if the trial court’s ruling was proper as a matter
of state law, we will reverse the judgment if the defendant shows that joinder
of the charges actually resulted in ‘ “ ‘gross unfairness’ ” ’ amounting to a
denial of due process.” (Id. at p. 123; Ervin, supra, 22 Cal.4th at p. 69 [“a
reviewing court may reverse a conviction when, because of consolidation,
‘ “gross unfairness” ’ has deprived the defendant of a fair trial”].)
      Section 1098 provides in pertinent part: “When two or more defendants
are jointly charged with any public offense, whether felony or misdemeanor,
they must be tried jointly, unless the court order[s] separate trials.” (Italics
added.) The court’s discretion to order severance of defendants is guided by
certain nonexclusive factors, “ ‘such that severance may be appropriate “in
the face of an incriminating confession, prejudicial association with
codefendants, likely confusion resulting from evidence on multiple counts,
conflicting defenses, or the possibility that at a separate trial a codefendant
would give exonerating testimony.” ’ ” (Souza, supra, 54 Cal.4th at p. 110.) A

      5
        If further developments occur during trial that a defendant believes
justify severance, he or she must renew the motion to sever. (People v. Ervin
(2000) 22 Cal.4th 48, 68 (Ervin).) Appellant does not argue that he did so in
this case, and we have found no evidence of a renewed motion.

                                         12
court considering a motion to sever based on the possibility that a
codefendant might then offer exonerating testimony should consider the
following factors: (1) whether the moving defendant desires the testimony of
the codefendant; (2) whether the testimony will be exculpatory; (3) whether
the testimony is significant; (4) whether the court is satisfied that the
testimony itself is bona fide; (5) how strong the likelihood is, based on the
showing at the time of the motion, that the codefendant will testify as
anticipated if severance is granted; and (6) the effect of granting severance on
judicial administration and economy. (People v. Isenor (1971) 17 Cal.App.3d
324, 332 (Isenor).)
      Typically, when defendants are “ ‘charged with the same crimes arising
from the same events’ ” the court is presented with a “classic case for a joint
trial.” (People v. Bryant, Smith and Wheeler (2014) 60 Cal.4th 335, 379
(Wheeler).) Moreover, “[s]imply because the prosecution’s case will be
stronger if defendants are tried together, or that one defense undermines
another, does not render a joint trial unfair.” (Ibid.) “Indeed, important
concerns of public policy are served if a single jury is given a full and fair
overview of the defendants’ joint conduct and the assertions they make to
defend against ensuing charges.” (Ibid.)
      iii. Joinder of Trial Was Not An Abuse of Discretion
      On appeal, appellant argues that the trial court’s refusal to sever
Mendoza’s trial from his was an abuse of discretion because it denied him the
opportunity to present the exculpatory testimony Mendoza would offer. He
also contends that even if the trial court’s ruling was proper when made, the
result of the ruling was “ ‘ “gross unfairness” ’ ” amounting to a denial of his
constitutional rights to due process and a fair trial. We reject both claims.

                                        13
      Although appellant acknowledges that Isenor is often cited in cases
involving a severance motion based on an offer of exculpatory testimony, he
spends considerable time criticizing the legal framework Isenor announces
and attempting to distinguish the case on its facts. We find the factual
differences identified by appellant immaterial to our analysis and the factors
adopted by the Isenor court instructive. Indeed, this District has previously
followed Isenor under similar circumstances. (People v. Conerly (2009)
176 Cal.App.4th 240, 250–253 (Conerly).) We see no reason to do otherwise.
      Considering the first three Isenor factors, it is clear that appellant
desired Mendoza’s testimony and that, had Mendoza testified in the manner
suggested by appellant, such testimony would have been exculpatory and of
some significance to his defense. (Isenor, supra, 17 Cal.App.3d at p. 332.)
However, the latter three Isenor factors persuade us that the trial court’s
denial of severance was not an abuse of discretion.
      First, the trial court was justifiably skeptical that the testimony from
Mendoza was bona fide. The Isenor court “recognized that in cases in which
an appellate court has held that severance should have been granted, the
codefendant exculpated the defendant in an affidavit, in open court or in
statements to the police, or there was an otherwise reliable indication the
codefendant would testify in a way that actually exonerates the defendant.”
(Conerly, supra, 176 Cal.App.4th at p. 251.) Here, no affidavit or statement
by Mendoza was offered to support the claim that he would testify as
appellant had suggested. The only indication that Mendoza was willing to
offer exculpatory testimony was a secondhand report of what Mendoza
reportedly said to appellant, that appellant communicated to his attorney,
and that his attorney then communicated to the court. Without any evidence
to corroborate counsel’s assertion, the trial court had very little basis to

                                        14
accept the assertion as true. “It is not error to deny a motion to sever based
solely on defendant’s bald assertion that someone has made an exonerating
statement in his behalf.” (Isenor, supra, 17 Cal.App.3d at p. 333.) In
addition, the silence from Mendoza’s defense counsel—both in failing to
respond to inquiries from appellant’s counsel and in declining to join in the
motion to sever—was telling and raises serious questions whether Mendoza
would testify on appellant’s behalf.
      Moreover, as the prosecution pointed out, if Mendoza were tried and
convicted of murder, his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-
incrimination would extend through any appeal, and therefore severance
would require delaying the trial against appellant until after Mendoza’s
judgment became final. The trial court determined it was unwilling to
substantially delay appellant’s trial on the basis of “leaps of faith” and
“speculation” that Mendoza would give exculpatory testimony at some point
in the future. We see no cause to question this decision. “The absence of
substantial proof that a codefendant would be willing to testify for the
defendant at a later date is, in itself, grounds for denying a motion for
severance.” (Isenor, supra, 17 Cal.App.3d at p. 334.)
      Considerations of judicial administration and economy also weighed
against severance. This was a lengthy criminal trial with numerous
witnesses in which the evidence against both Mendoza and appellant was
largely the same. It was clearly more efficient to conduct a single trial than
to present similar evidence in two trials before separate jury panels. “While
the concern for judicial efficiency, by itself, does not outweigh a defendant’s
right to a fundamentally fair trial, it is nonetheless a proper factor for a court
to consider in weighing the severance decision.” (Conerly, supra,
176 Cal.App.4th at p. 252.)

                                        15
      Given these considerations, we see no abuse of discretion in the trial
court’s decision to deny severance. Rather, we view the matter as one in
which “concerns of public policy [have been] served [by] a single jury [being]
given a full and fair overview of the defendants’ joint conduct and the
assertions they [made] to defend against ensuing charges.” (Wheeler, supra,
60 Cal.4th at p. 379.)6
      iv.   No “Gross Unfairness” in the Trial Court’s Decision
      For similar reasons, we see no evidence that joinder of the charges
actually resulted in “ ‘ “ ‘gross unfairness’ ” ’ amounting to a denial of due
process.” (Simon, supra, 1 Cal.5th at p. 123; Ervin, supra, 22 Cal.4th at
p. 69.) “In determining whether joinder resulted in gross unfairness, we have
observed that a judgment will be reversed on this ground only if it is
reasonably probable that the jury was influenced by the joinder in its verdict
of guilt.” (Simon, at pp. 129–130.) The evidence offered to prove appellant’s
guilt with respect to DelToro’s murder was distinct from the evidence
implicating Mendoza in the crime charged, making juror confusion unlikely.
Moreover, as discussed above, the evidence against appellant was strong and
included video surveillance of the crime, eyewitness testimony by a
coresponsible, and gang evidence regarding the context and motive of his
participation in these events, all of which was subject to vigorous cross-

      6 We also reject appellant’s suggestion that the trial court erred by
failing to give defense counsel more time to obtain stronger evidence of
Mendoza’s willingness to testify. It was appellant’s own motion and his
obligation to renew it if stronger evidence became available. (See Ervin,
supra, 22 Cal.4th at p. 68.) As appellant himself notes, over six months
elapsed between the motion to sever and the trial. If anything, that the
severance motion was not renewed suggests that Mendoza’s willingness to
give exculpatory testimony never rose above the level of speculation.

                                        16
examination. In addition, appellant testified directly as to his own, less
culpable, version of events.
         Appellant argues that, at the time the severance motion was heard, the
court and parties were unaware that Boden would make a deal and testify for
the prosecution. He asserts that this made Mendoza’s exculpatory testimony
even more crucial because it would have acted as a “counterweight” to
Boden’s testimony. He also contends that the joint trial was grossly unfair
because the trial court admitted Mendoza’s rap song promising to get revenge
on DelToro. Finally, the joint trial precluded Mendoza from testifying about
the “On My Job” rap video and whether his hand signs in the video in fact
signaled an alliance between the Ice City and Decoto street gangs. We are
not persuaded that these circumstances resulted in a constitutionally infirm
trial.
         Appellant was not precluded from presenting a defense that he had no
knowledge of Mendoza’s plan to kill DelToro. Appellant testified that he had
never heard of DelToro prior to the day of the shooting, he did not know that
Mendoza was armed until he exited the car to shoot DelToro, and that he got
out of the car after watching Mendoza struggle with DelToro over Mendoza’s
gun and hearing Mendoza call out “ ‘Help, B, help.’ ” Video surveillance
footage of these events was played for the jury. In addition, Boden testified
that she heard nothing about a plan to assault DelToro while driving around
in the car with appellant. Thus, the jury was presented with evidence that
appellant had acted spontaneously in defense of a friend, not out of a
premeditated plan to kill DelToro for having been a gang snitch.
         We are also unpersuaded that joinder of trial was grossly unfair
because of the rap video and appellant’s inability to call Mendoza to testify
about it. As we explain below, there is no merit to appellant’s contention that

                                        17
admission of this evidence was an abuse of discretion or resulted in a
confrontation clause violation. But even if the video evidence raised the
unwarranted suggestion that a gang alliance had been formed, appellant
rebutted that suggestion through his own testimony. Appellant testified that
the hand signs made by Mendoza simply reflected two rap artists teaming up
and acknowledging where they came from, not announcing an alliance
between two street gangs. The jury was free to determine which
interpretation of the rap video it believed.
      Finally, there was voluminous evidence presented about the Kennedy
Park shooting, how DelToro’s cooperation with the police had put him in
danger, and appellant’s knowledge that DelToro was a snitch. Thus, even if
appellant were correct that severance would have precluded any evidence in
his trial about Mendoza’s rap song “100 Bars Part 2,” appellant does not
contend that this other evidence demonstrating why DelToro had been
targeted for attack would have also been excluded. A joint trial is not
rendered unfair “[s]imply because the prosecution’s case will be stronger if
defendants are tried together.” (Wheeler, supra, 60 Cal.4th at p. 379.) In
sum, joinder of the two codefendants did not result in gross unfairness
amounting to a due process violation.
B.    Admission of Gang Signs in “On My Job” Video
      i.    Additional Background
      On April 17, 2019, the trial court held a hearing pursuant to Evidence
Code section 402 to determine the admissibility of gang-related evidence with
respect to appellant in the upcoming trial. Appellant’s attorney argued that
the murder of DelToro was committed for the benefit of the Decoto gang and
appellant’s gang membership and activities were therefore irrelevant. The
prosecution responded that the crime benefited both Decoto and North Side

                                        18
Oakland and so evidence regarding appellant’s affiliation with the North Side
Oakland gang was relevant. After hearing testimony from gang expert
Officer Urquiza, the court concluded that the evidence was relevant and
admissible under the theory presented by the prosecution, and was not
unduly prejudicial under the circumstances of the case.
      Appellant’s defense counsel then specifically objected to a portion of
appellant’s rap video “On My Job” on Sixth Amendment confrontation clause
grounds. He explained: “[M]y objection is to the admission of the portion of
the video, the rap video that shows Mr. Mendoza signing I believe it is Decoto
Ice City. I can’t cross-examine Mr. Mendoza on what he meant by that. It
may have been— he might answer the question that, you know, I signed
these letters because there was an alliance between [North Side Oakland]
and Decoto. [¶] But he also might say that there was no such alliance. That
was merely my acknowledging where my friend was from. The music rap
world is replete with artists teaming up and acknowledging—acknowledging
where the other person—where the artist lives within the rap song.” Defense
counsel also objected to the evidence under Evidence Code section 352. The
prosecution countered that the evidence was “highly relevant” in this gang
case and that, since appellant authored, produced, and posted the video,
Mendoza’s hand signs within the video were an adoptive admission.
      The trial court concluded that Mendoza’s hand signs were not
testimonial. It found them “very relevant” to the “gang aspect or the gang
allegations in the case.” Although the court conceded the evidence “may be
prejudicial in the eyes of some,” it determined it was not “unduly prejudicial
. . . in the sense that the law characterizes that phrase.” The video was
admitted into evidence.

                                      19
      ii.   No Sixth Amendment Violation
      While appellant’s opening brief mentions in passing that the admission
of the rap video violated his Sixth Amendment confrontation rights, the brief
contains no reasoned analysis of the issue. On this basis alone, we could
decline to consider the matter. (Levin v. Ligon (2006) 140 Cal.App.4th 1456,
1486 [“It is elementary that points raised for the first time in a reply brief are
not considered by the court.”].) However, because the Attorney General
addresses the confrontation issue in his briefing and appellant folds his
inability to cross-examine Mendoza into other arguments, we briefly address
and reject the constitutional claim.
      “[A]dmission of testimonial hearsay against a criminal defendant
violates the confrontation clause unless (1) the declarant is unavailable to
testify and (2) the defendant had a previous opportunity to cross-examine the
witness or forfeited the right by his own wrongdoing.” (People v. Sanchez
(2016) 63 Cal.4th 665, 680, citing Crawford v. Washington (2004) 541 U.S. 36,
62, 68.) “[T]he term ‘testimonial’ ‘applies at a minimum to prior testimony at
a preliminary hearing, before a grand jury, or at a former trial; and to police
interrogations.’ ” (Sanchez, at p. 687.) As the concept has been refined over
time, “[t]estimonial statements are those made primarily to memorialize facts
relating to past criminal activity, which could be used like trial testimony.
Nontestimonial statements are those whose primary purpose is to deal with
an ongoing emergency or some other purpose unrelated to preserving facts for
later use at trial.” (Id. at p. 689.) Mendoza’s hand signs denoting “Ice City to
Decoto” could constitute a statement. (See Evid. Code. § 225 [“statement”
includes “nonverbal conduct of a person intended by [him or her] as a
substitute for oral or written verbal expression”].) But we agree with the
trial court that these hand signs did not constitute a testimonial statement

                                        20
for Sixth Amendment purposes because their primary purpose was not to
preserve facts for a later trial. Rather, the statement was made in an
informal setting as a means of artistic expression.
      We also agree with the Attorney General that the hand signs constitute
an adoptive admission by appellant. “The law pertaining to adoptive
admissions is well settled. ‘Evidence of a statement offered against a party is
not made inadmissible by the hearsay rule if the statement is one of which
the party, with knowledge of the content thereof, has by words or other
conduct manifested his adoption or his belief in its truth.’ (Evid. Code,
§ 1221.)” (People v. Jennings (2010) 50 Cal.4th 616, 661 (Jennings).) “ ‘When
a person makes a statement in the presence of a party to an action under
circumstances that would normally call for a response if the statement were
untrue, the statement is admissible for the limited purpose of showing the
party’s reaction to it. [Citations.] His silence, evasion, or equivocation may
be considered as a tacit admission of the statements made in his presence.’ ”
(People v. Riel (2000) 22 Cal.4th 1153, 1189.) As our high court has
explained, “when a defendant has adopted a statement as his own, ‘the
defendant himself is, in effect, the declarant. The ‘witness’ against the
defendant is the defendant himself, not the actual declarant; there is no
violation of the defendant’s right to confront the declarant because the
defendant only has the right to confront “the witnesses against him.” ’ ”
(Jennings, at p. 662.)
      The rap video entitled “On My Job” was created by appellant.
Appellant testified that the song was his (performed in his persona Bushrod
Beezy) and included appearances by a number of his cousins in addition to
himself and Mendoza. He uploaded it to YouTube through his username
Bushrod_Beezy. The video shows Mendoza displaying hand gestures or signs

                                       21
that signify “Ice City to Decoto.”7 It is reasonable to assume that if appellant
did not agree with the “statement” made by Mendoza in the video, he could
have edited out Mendoza’s involvement before publishing the rap song under
his name. We agree with the trial court that this was sufficient to qualify the
hand signs as an adoptive admission and its finding that the rap video was
admissible on that basis and not subject to Sixth Amendment constraints.
      iii.   No Abuse of Discretion Under State Law
      Even if the rap video was admissible, appellant argues it should have
been excluded under Evidence Code section 352 as more prejudicial than
probative. Only relevant evidence is admissible at trial. (Evid. Code, § 350.)
Evidence Code section 210 defines relevant evidence as evidence “having any
tendency in reason to prove or disprove any disputed fact that is of
consequence to the determination of the action.” Under Evidence Code
section 352, a trial court has “broad discretion . . . to exclude even relevant
evidence if it determines that the probative value of the evidence is
substantially outweighed by its possible prejudicial effects.” (People v.
Merriman (2014) 60 Cal.4th 1, 74; Evid. Code, § 352.) We review a trial
court’s rulings under Evidence Code section 352 for abuse of discretion.
(People v. Coneal (2019) 41 Cal.App.5th 951, 964 (Coneal); People v. Minifie
(1996) 13 Cal.4th 1055, 1070.)
      Gang evidence “ ‘is admissible if it is logically relevant to some material
issue in the case other than character evidence, is not more prejudicial than
probative, and is not cumulative. [Citations.] . . . [¶] However, gang evidence

      7 As discussed above, several gang experts opined that Mendoza’s gang
signs in the video announced an alliance between the North Side Oakland
and Decoto gangs. Appellant claimed that the hand signs made by Mendoza
simply acknowledged where the two rappers came from, rather than
announcing an alliance. The matter thus presented a factual dispute for
resolution by the jury.

                                        22
is inadmissible if introduced only to “show a defendant’s criminal disposition
or bad character as a means of creating an inference the defendant
committed the charged offense. [Citations.]” [Citations.] . . . Even if gang
evidence is relevant, it may have a highly inflammatory impact on the jury.
Thus, “trial courts should carefully scrutinize such evidence before admitting
it.” ’ ” (Coneal, supra, 41 Cal.App.5th at p. 964.) The fact that the evidence
tends to establish elements of the prosecution’s case does not render it
prejudicial for purposes of Evidence Code section 352. (People v. Tran (2011)
51 Cal.4th 1040, 1050.)
      Although appellant challenges the prejudicial effect of admitting the
hand signs, he appears to take issue with the gang experts’ interpretation of
those hand gestures rather than the admission of the rap video itself.
Specifically, appellant contends that the “meaning of Mendoza throwing hand
signs for both Decoto and Ice City was ambiguous at best” and at worst, “was
prejudicially misleading because it transformed a friendship between two
aspiring rappers into a gang alliance for which there was no evidence.” We
disagree. “Since at least 1980, our courts have recognized that evidence of
gang sociology and psychology is beyond common experience and thus a
proper subject for expert testimony.” (People v. Gonzalez (2005)
126 Cal.App.4th 1539, 1550.) The gang experts’ opinion that Mendoza was
flashing gang signs in the rap video that announced an alliance between
Mendoza and appellant and their respective gangs was the proper subject of
gang expert testimony. The video was clearly relevant to the gang
allegations charged against both defendants and whether their actions were
committed for the benefit of and in association with a criminal street gang.
      Moreover, the probative value of this evidence was not substantially
outweighed by the probability that its admission would unduly prejudice or

                                       23
confuse the jury. Prejudice in this context “ ‘is not synonymous with
“damaging,” but refers instead to evidence that “ ‘uniquely tends to evoke an
emotional bias against [a] defendant’ without regard to its relevance on
material issues.” ’ ” (People v. Zepeda (2008) 167 Cal.App.4th 25, 35.)
Appellant’s assertion that the experts’ suggestion of a gang alliance was
damaging to his case is not the type of prejudice contemplated by Evidence
Code section 352.
      Nor was the gang video evidence likely to evoke an emotional response
against the defendants. The jury was shown surveillance video evidence of
the killing of DelToro by Mendoza and appellant while DelToro’s infant son
was present. It also heard substantial evidence about the Kennedy Park
shooting and other criminal offenses committed by gang members. The
music video displayed no violence and was mild in comparison. And, as
stated above, appellant offered a benign interpretation of the hand signs for
the jury to consider. Under the circumstances, we see no abuse of discretion
in the trial court’s admission of the portion of appellant’s rap video in which
Mendoza signed “Ice City to Decoto.”
C.    Substantial Evidence Supports the Murder Conviction
      i.    Relevant Law
      “Murder is the unlawful killing of a human being . . . with malice
aforethought.” (§ 187, subd. (a).) Malice may be express or implied. (§ 188,
subd. (a).) Express malice means “a deliberate intention to unlawfully take
away the life of a fellow creature.” (Id., subd. (a)(1).) Malice is implied “when
no considerable provocation appears, or when the circumstances attending
the killing show an abandoned and malignant heart.” (Id., subd. (a)(2).) “A
killing with express malice formed willfully, deliberately, and with
premeditation constitutes first degree murder. [Citation.] ‘Second degree

                                       24
murder is the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought
but without the additional elements, such as willfulness, premeditation, and
deliberation, that would support a conviction of first degree murder.’ ”
(People v. Beltran (2013) 56 Cal.4th 935, 942; see § 189, subds. (a) & (b).)
      “To prove the killing was ‘deliberate and premeditated,’ it is not
necessary to prove the defendant maturely and meaningfully reflected upon
the gravity of [his or her] act.” (§ 189, subd. (d).) “ ‘An intentional killing is
premeditated and deliberate if it occurred as the result of preexisting thought
and reflection rather than unconsidered or rash impulse.’ [Citation.] In this
context, ‘ “premeditated” means “considered beforehand,” and “deliberate”
means “formed or arrived at or determined upon as a result of careful
thought and weighing of considerations for and against the proposed course
of action.” ’ ” (Jennings, supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 645.) “The extent of the
reflection is key, not its duration; thoughts may rapidly follow each other and
a cold and calculated judgment to kill may be arrived at very quickly.”
(People v. Pettigrew (2021) 62 Cal.App.5th 477, 491 (Pettigrew) [citing
cases].)
      Our high court has identified three categories of evidence to consider
when determining whether a murder was deliberate and premeditated:
planning activity, motive, and the manner of the killing. (People v. Anderson
(1968) 70 Cal.2d 15, 26–27 (Anderson).) When the record contains evidence
in all three categories, the verdict is generally affirmed. (People v. Stitely
(2005) 35 Cal.4th 514, 543.) “ ‘However, these factors are not exclusive, nor
are they invariably determinative. ” (People v. Streeter (2012) 54 Cal.4th
205, 242 (Streeter).) “[T]hey are merely intended to guide a reviewing court’s
assessment of whether the evidence supports a reasonable inference that the
killing was the result of the defendant’s preexisting reflection and not the

                                         25
result of an unconsidered or rash impulse.” (Pettigrew, supra, 62 Cal.App.5th
at p. 492.) “A first degree murder conviction will be upheld when there is
extremely strong evidence of planning, or when there is evidence of motive
with evidence of either planning or manner.” (People v. Romero (2008)
44 Cal.4th 386, 401, citing Anderson, at p. 27.)
      “In reviewing a criminal conviction challenged as lacking evidentiary
support, ‘ “the court must review the whole record in the light most favorable
to the judgment below to determine whether it discloses substantial
evidence—that is, evidence which is reasonable, credible, and of solid value—
such that a reasonable trier of fact could find the defendant guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt.” ’ ” (Streeter, supra, 54 Cal.4th at p. 241.) When
undertaking such an analysis, we do not reevaluate witness credibility or
resolve conflicts in the evidence, because “[r]esolution of conflicts and
inconsistencies in the testimony is the exclusive province of the trier of fact.”
(People v. Young (2005) 34 Cal.4th 1149, 1181 (Young).) In addition, we
“ ‘must accept logical inferences that the jury might have drawn from the
evidence even if [we] would have concluded otherwise.’ ” (Streeter, at p. 241.)
      “[U]nless the testimony is physically impossible or inherently
improbable, testimony of a single witness is sufficient to support a
conviction.” (Young, supra, 34 Cal.4th at p. 1181.) Moreover, “[i]f the
circumstances reasonably justify the trier of fact’s findings, reversal of the
judgment is not warranted simply because the circumstances might also
reasonably be reconciled with a contrary finding.” (People v. Lindberg (2008)
45 Cal.4th 1, 27.) In sum, the relevant question before us is “whether, after
viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any
rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt.” (Jackson v. Virginia (1979) 443 U.S. 307, 319.)

                                        26
      ii.   Substantial Evidence of Premeditation and Deliberation
      Appellant argues there was insufficient evidence to support the jury’s
verdict of first degree murder. Specifically, he asserts that if there was any
plan to kill DelToro, it was for Mendoza to do the shooting while appellant
sat in the car. Since it was only after Mendoza called for help that appellant
got out of the car and “in a panic” shot DelToro, he contends that there was
insufficient evidence of premeditation and deliberation. We disagree.
      With respect to planning, appellant concedes there was evidence of a
plan to shoot DelToro but argues there was no evidence the plan included
him doing the shooting. This, however, is beside the point. “Aiders and
abettors may still be convicted of first degree premeditated murder based on
direct aiding and abetting principles. [Citation.] Under those principles, the
prosecution must show that the defendant aided or encouraged the
commission of the murder with knowledge of the unlawful purpose of the
perpetrator and with the intent or purpose of committing, encouraging, or
facilitating its commission.” (People v. Chiu (2014) 59 Cal.4th 155, 166–167,
superseded by statute on other grounds as stated in People v. Gentile (2020)
10 Cal.5th 830, 848–849.) Thus, “[a]n aider and abettor who knowingly and
intentionally assists a confederate to kill someone could be found to have
acted willfully, deliberately, and with premeditation, having formed his own
culpable intent.” (Chiu, at p. 167; see also People v. McCoy (2001) 25 Cal.4th
1111, 1117–1118.)
      There is substantial evidence that appellant and Mendoza together
planned to kill DelToro, and that appellant encouraged and facilitated the
commission of the murder, ultimately by pulling the trigger himself. When
Mendoza first saw DelToro pushing the baby stroller and stated he wanted to
“fire on” him because he was a snitch, appellant responded that he needed to

                                       27
“ ‘get on him.’ ” After Boden commented that she did not think they should
do anything with the baby present, Mendoza agreed and the three returned
to Mendoza’s house. After leaving Mendoza at the house, appellant
instructed Boden to drive him back down the block to see where DelToro was
going because “You’re not supposed to ever give a snitch a chance to tell
again.” After they passed DelToro going the opposite direction, appellant told
Boden to turn around because he wanted to find out where DelToro was
headed. Boden became frightened because she thought appellant was going
to hurt DelToro, but she did what appellant directed because he was “not the
type of person you say ‘no’ to.” Boden circled the block until appellant told
her to go back to Mendoza’s house. Boden testified that the nine-millimeter
firearm she had given appellant several weeks earlier was hidden beneath
his seat in her car.
      About 15 to 20 minutes before the shooting, Mendoza’s mother
overheard appellant and Mendoza in the backyard whispering, “Fuck that,
fuck that.” According to Boden, when Mendoza got back into her car, he was
carrying some clothing. She drove down the street and spotted DelToro, still
with the baby stroller. She knew at that point that something was going to
happen. Once she passed DelToro, Boden made a U-turn and headed back
towards him. As she drove past DelToro, Mendoza told her to stop and
jumped out of the car. He approached DelToro with a white shirt wrapped
around his face and pointed a gun at him, but the gun did not go off, and
DelToro and Mendoza started fighting. When Boden asked appellant what
was going on, he told her to “just calm down” and to “be cool.” When
Mendoza yelled to appellant to assist him,8 appellant sighed deeply, retrieved

      8 Boden reported that Mendoza yelled to appellant, “ ‘Kill him, kill
him,’ ” while appellant testified Mendoza cried, “ ‘Help, B, help.’ ”

                                       28
Boden’s gun from under the seat, got out of the car, and shot DelToro
multiple times. Boden also testified that it was appellant who “decided to
hunt down” DelToro.
      Thus, the evidence established that prior to DelToro’s murder,
appellant “was engaged in activity directed toward, and explicable as
intended to result in, the killing—what may be characterized as ‘planning’
activity.” (Anderson, supra, 70 Cal.2d at pp. 26–27.) While the plan may
have called for Mendoza to pull the trigger given his previous gang ties with
DelToro, a jury could reasonably infer from appellant’s final actions that,
when things did not go according to plan, he took a final moment to
deliberate and then decided to step in and commit the murder himself. As
our high court opined in Anderson, a verdict of first degree murder is proper
where a defendant “ ‘killed “as a result of careful thought and weighing of
considerations; as a deliberate judgment or plan; carried on cool[l]y and
steadily, [especially] according to a preconceived design.” ’ ” (Id. at p. 27.)
      In addition to the evidence of planning, the jury heard substantial
evidence of appellant’s motive to kill. When Mendoza initially identified
DelToro on the street as someone who had snitched, appellant stated that he
understood why Mendoza was upset because he had a friend who had been
snitched on who was serving a 50-year sentence in prison. Shortly before the
murder, appellant commented several times that “ ‘[y]ou’re not supposed to
ever give a snitch a chance to tell again.’ ” According to Officer Urquiza, if a
gang member is labeled as a snitch, “he’s a snitch across all gangs and is not
to be trusted by other gang members.” The record indicates that appellant
had a personal grudge against gang snitches and supports the reasonable
inference that participating in the murder of DelToro aligned with his view

                                        29
that snitches should not be given another chance to harm gang members
again.
      Finally, appellant testified that, once he got out of the car, he “shot
until the gun wouldn’t shoot any more.” Six entry wounds were identified on
DelToro’s body and one bullet struck Mendoza in the arm. That appellant—
after telling Boden to calm down, sighing deeply, and exiting the car with a
gun—emptied the clip into DelToro rather than taking some lesser action to
protect Mendoza and himself, also supports a finding of premeditation and
deliberation. (See People v. Villegas (2001) 92 Cal.App.4th 1217, 1223–1225
[manner of attempted killing supported finding of premeditation and
deliberation where six shots were fired from approximately 25 feet away].)
      Given the strong evidence of planning and motive in the case, along
with the manner in which the killing took place, we reject appellant’s
substantial evidence challenge to the jury’s finding of premeditation and
deliberation.
D.    Substantial Evidence Supports the Gang Enhancement
      In his initial briefing, appellant asserted—citing People v. Prunty
(2015) 62 Cal.4th 59 (Prunty)—that to sustain his gang enhancement there
must be evidence that both he and Mendoza were members of the same
criminal street gang subset or that there was a connection between their
subsets. He argued that the only evidence of an alliance between the Decoto
and North Side Oakland gangs at trial was Mendoza’s hand gesture—“ ‘Ice
City to Decoto’ ”—in appellant’s rap video. According to appellant, the gang
experts’ testimony about the existence of an alliance based on those hand
signals was “conclusory” and “factually unsupported,” making imposition of
the gang enhancement improper.

                                       30
      On the day set for oral argument in this matter, appellant asked for
leave to file supplemental briefing regarding the impact of newly enacted
Assembly Bill No. 333 (2021–2022 Reg. Sess.) (Assembly Bill 333) on this
case. (See Stats. 2021, ch. 699, §§ 1–5.) Assembly Bill 333 amends
sections 186.22 and 1109 to require proof of additional elements to establish a
gang enhancement. (Assem. Bill 333, § 3, revised § 186.22, effective Jan. 1,
2022.) We deferred submission of the matter, granted appellant’s request,
and received briefing from both parties.
      Appellant asserts that Assembly Bill 333 should be applied
retroactively to his case and that, under the new law, there is insufficient
evidence to support imposition of his gang enhancement. He asks us to strike
the true finding on the gang allegation and remand the matter so the
prosecutor can either elect to retry the allegation or the trial court can
resentence. Appellant also suggests that we reassess the prejudice—both
individual and cumulative—of any trial errors in light of the changes to
section 186.22 and the effects of the evidence presented in the case.
      The Attorney General concedes that appellant is likely entitled to the
ameliorative effects of Assembly Bill 333’s amendments to section 186.22
because appellant’s judgment will not be final when the new legislation takes
effect. He argues, however, that substantial evidence supports appellant’s
gang enhancement, even under the amended statute, and thus remand for
consideration under the new legislation would be an idle act. Assuming
without deciding that the amendments to section 186.22 apply retroactively
here, we see no merit to appellant’s supplemental claims and agree no
remand is necessary.9

      9The Attorney General additionally argues that section 1109—also
enacted by Assembly Bill 333 and related to the bifurcation of gang
enhancements at trial—is a procedural statute that should only apply

                                       31
      i.     Statutory Framework and Impact of Assembly Bill 333
      Section 186.22 provides for enhanced punishment when a person is
convicted of an enumerated felony committed “for the benefit of, at the
direction of, or in association with any criminal street gang, with the specific
intent to promote, further, or assist in any criminal conduct by gang
members” (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1), (4).) A “ ‘criminal street gang’ ” is defined
under current law as “any ongoing organization, association, or group of three
or more persons, whether formal or informal, having as one of its primary
activities the commission of one or more [enumerated criminal acts], having a
common name or common identifying sign or symbol, and whose members
individually or collectively engage in, or have engaged in, a pattern of
criminal gang activity.” (Id., subd. (f), italics added.) Effective January 1,
2022, Assembly Bill 333 narrows the definition of “ ‘criminal street gang’ ” to
“an ongoing, organized association or group of three or more persons, whether
formal or informal, having as one of its primary activities the commission of
one or more [enumerated criminal acts], having a common name or common
identifying sign or symbol, and whose members collectively engage in, or have
engaged in, a pattern of criminal gang activity.” (Assem. Bill 333, § 3, revised
§ 186.22, subd. (f), italics added.)
      Assembly Bill 333 also altered the requirements for proving the
“ ‘pattern of criminal gang activity’ ” necessary to establish the existence of a
criminal street gang. Currently, a “pattern of criminal gang activity” means
“the commission of, attempted commission of, conspiracy to commit, or
solicitation of, sustained juvenile petition for, or conviction of two or more of
[enumerated] offenses, provided at least one of these offenses occurred after

prospectively. (See People v. Cervantes (2020) 55 Cal.App.5th 927, 939–940;
People v. Sandee (2017) 15 Cal.App.5th 294, 305, fn. 7.) Since appellant did
not raise this issue, we need not decide it here.

                                        32
the effective date of this chapter and the last of those offenses occurred
within three years after a prior offense, and the offenses were committed on
separate occasions, or by two or more persons.” (§ 186.22, subd. (e).) As of
the effective date, Assembly Bill 333 redefines “ ‘pattern of criminal gang
activity’ ” to require that the last of the predicate offenses “occurred within
three years of the prior offense and within three years of the date the current
offense is alleged to have been committed,” and that the predicate offenses
“were committed on separate occasions or by two or more members, the
offenses commonly benefited a criminal street gang, and the common benefit
from the offenses is more than reputational.” (Assem. Bill 333, § 3, revised
§ 186.22, subd. (e)(1), italics added.) In addition, the charged offense cannot
be used as a predicate offense under the amendments. (Id., subd. (e)(2).)
      Thus, pursuant to the new legislation, imposition of a gang
enhancement requires proof of the following additional requirements with
respect to predicate offenses: (1) the offenses must have “commonly benefited
a criminal street gang” where the “common benefit is more than
reputational”; (2) the last predicate offense must have occurred within three
years of the date of the currently charged offense; (3) the predicate offenses
must be committed on separate occasions or by two or more gang members,
as opposed to persons; and (4) the charged offense cannot be used as a
predicate offense. (Assem. Bill 333, § 3, revised § 186.22, subd. (e)(1)–(2).)
With respect to common benefit, the new legislation explains: “[T]o benefit,
promote, further, or assist means to provide a common benefit to members of
a gang where the common benefit is more than reputational. Examples of a
common benefit that are more than reputational may include, but are not
limited to, financial gain or motivation, retaliation, targeting a perceived or
actual gang rival, or intimidation or silencing of a potential current or

                                        33
previous witness or informant.” (Assem. Bill 333, § 3, revised § 186.22,
subd. (g).)10 We review the imposition of a gang enhancement for substantial
evidence. (See Prunty, supra, 62 Cal.4th at pp. 71, 81; People v. Ewing (2016)
244 Cal.App.4th 359, 379.)
      ii.   Substantial Evidence Supports the Gang Enhancement
      Appellant first contends that to sustain his gang enhancement, there
must be evidence that both he and Mendoza were members of the same
criminal street gang subset or there was a connection between their subsets,
citing Prunty, supra, 62 Cal.4th 59. Appellant misapprehends Prunty. In
that case, the Supreme Court considered “the type of evidence required to
support the prosecution’s theory that various alleged gang subsets constitute
a single ‘criminal street gang’ ” for purposes of proving a gang enhancement.
(Id. at p. 70.) Our high court concluded that where the prosecution’s proof
with respect to a gang enhancement turns on the existence of a single
“ ‘criminal street gang’ ” and is based on the existence and conduct of one or
more gang subsets, then the prosecution must show some associational or
organizational connection uniting those subsets. (Id. at p. 71.) “This
‘sameness’ requirement means that the prosecution must show that the
group the defendant acted to benefit, the group that committed the predicate
offenses, and the group whose primary activities are introduced, is one and
the same.” (Id. at p. 81.)
      Prunty is inapposite because the prosecution here did not posit that the
North Side Oakland and Decoto gangs were subsets of the same “criminal
street gang.” Rather, to prove a gang enhancement in this case, the

      10Assembly Bill 333 also narrows the list of permissible predicate
offenses by removing looting, felony vandalism, and specified personal
identity fraud violations from the list. (See § 186.22, subd. (e)(13), (20) &
(26)–(30); Assem. Bill 333, § 3, revised § 186.22, subd. (e)(1).)

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prosecution had to prove that appellant was “convicted of a felony committed
for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association with any criminal street
gang, with the specific intent to promote, further, or assist in criminal conduct
by gang members.” (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1), italics added.) Here, substantial
evidence supports the conclusion that appellant murdered DelToro “in
association with” both North Side Oakland and Decoto, with the specific
intent to promote, further, or assist in criminal conduct by Mendoza, a Decoto
gang member.
      “[T]he Legislature included the requirement that the crime to be
enhanced be committed for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association
with a criminal street gang to make it ‘clear that a criminal offense is subject
to increased punishment under the [gang enhancement statute and related
legislation] only if the crime is “gang related.” ’ [Citation.] Not every crime
committed by gang members is related to a gang.” (People v. Albillar (2010)
51 Cal.4th 47, 60.) Thus, “ ‘it is conceivable that several gang members could
commit a crime together, yet be on a frolic and detour unrelated to the
gang.’ ” (Id. at p. 62.) However, if two gang members come together “as gang
members” to commit a crime, they do so “in association with the gang.”
(Ibid.; see also People v. Garcia (2016) 244 Cal.App.4th 1349, 1367
[“Committing a crime in concert with known gang members can be
substantial evidence that the crime was committed in ‘association’ with a
gang.”]; People v. Leon (2016) 243 Cal.App.4th 1003, 1021 [same].])
      The evidence overwhelmingly pointed to a gang-related motive for
the murder of DelToro—retaliation for his testimony against fellow Decoto
gang members. As detailed above, DelToro was targeted by Mendoza and
appellant because he testified against Decoto gang members in the
Kennedy Park shooting. DelToro had been identified on a “bad news list”—a

                                        35
hit list of former gang members who had dropped out or “snitched”—which
announced that the Decoto gang was seeking retribution against him.
      Substantial evidence also established that appellant, a North Side
Oakland gang member, and Mendoza, a Decoto gang member, committed the
murder in “association” with each other as gang members and to benefit the
Decoto gang. As discussed above, appellant expressed his own personal
motives for assisting Mendoza in the murder, but he also opined that a snitch
should never be given the chance to tell again. As Officer Urquiza testified, if
a gang member is labeled as a snitch, “he’s a snitch across all gangs and is
not to be trusted by other gang members.” Furthermore, “the act of attacking
a snitch benefits the gang, benefits the gang member as he’s showing his
willingness to assault someone who hurt the gang.” Detective Ramirez
similarly testified that retaliating against a snitch benefits the Decoto gang
because it reinforces the rule that gang members should not testify against
one another. Thus, in attacking and murdering a snitch, Mendoza and
appellant committed the offense as gang members and for gang-related
purposes.
      Finally, substantial evidence supports the conclusion that appellant
acted “with the specific intent to promote, further, or assist in any criminal
conduct by gang members”—i.e., Mendoza acting as a member of the Decoto
criminal street gang. (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1).) The evidence supports the
conclusion that, when appellant came to Mendoza’s aid and shot DelToro, he
did so to assist Mendoza in his mission to kill a Decoto snitch.11

      11 As stated above, section 186.22, as amended by Assembly Bill 333,
provides as follows: “[T]o benefit, promote, further, or assist means to
provide a common benefit to members of a gang where the common benefit is
more than reputational.” (Assem. Bill 333, § 3, revised § 186.22, subd. (g).)
There was a clear, nonreputational benefit in committing the murder: the
“silencing of a . . . previous witness or informant.” (Ibid.)

                                       36
      Appellant argues that, under the amendments to section 186.22
enacted by Assembly Bill 333, North Side Oakland cannot be considered a
“criminal street gang” because the predicate offenses introduced by the
prosecution at trial with respect to North Side Oakland all happened more
than three years before the charged offense. We agree. DelToro was
murdered in July 2017 and the North Side Oakland predicate offenses offered
by the prosecution occurred in 2009 and 2010.
      This fact, however, does not undermine the gang enhancement
conviction. As discussed above, appellant’s actions in this case were also
taken “in association with” the Decoto gang and with the specific intent to
further or assist in criminal conduct by a Decoto gang member. Appellant
does not dispute that the Decoto gang is a “criminal street gang” for purposes
of the gang enhancement statute or that any other prerequisites for
imposition of the gang enhancement on this basis are lacking. Nor could he.
      Evidence of the following predicate offenses concerning the Decoto gang
was admitted at trial: The 2008 Kennedy Park shooting by Decoto gang
members Cruz, Romo, Alaniz, and Perry, which involved charges of murder,
attempted murder, and attempted robbery; Noel Cruz’s conviction for
attempted murder in 2013, which occurred while he was incarcerated with
respect to the Kennedy Park shootings; Mendoza’s 2014 convictions for drug
possession and illegal possession of a firearm; and the pending homicide
charges for two other Decoto gang members, Gabriel Martinez and Norberto
Daniel Villareal, with respect to the May 2016 murder of a Hog gang
member.
      Thus, evidence was presented of two or more predicate offenses which
were committed on separate occasions or by two or more gang members, with
the last offense occurring within three years of the prior offense and within

                                      37
three years of the charged offense. (Assem. Bill 333, § 3, revised § 186.22,
subd. (e)(1).) In addition, substantial evidence supports the conclusion that
these predicate offenses provided a common benefit to the Decoto street gang
that is more than reputational. (Ibid.) The 2008 Kennedy Park shooting
involved acts of violence in pursuit of financial gain, and the May 2016
murder of a Hog gang member involved a murder “targeting a perceived or
actual gang rival.” (Id., revised § 186.22, subd. (g).) Cruz’s conviction for
attempted murder in 2013, in which he and another gang member slashed a
victim’s throat, solidified the gang’s presence in the jail. (Ibid.) Mendoza’s
2014 conviction for illegal possession of a firearm provided the Decoto gang
with an armed member on the streets, ready to intimidate or engage in gang-
related violence. (Ibid.) All told, they represent an almost decade-long array
of serious and violent gang-related crimes that the gang enhancement statute
was enacted to reach. (Assem. Bill 333, § 2, subd. (d)(5).) The subsequent
murder of DelToro fits into the same pattern of criminality by this street
gang. Accordingly, we conclude that the imposition of appellant’s gang
enhancement in this case was supported by substantial evidence in the
record, whether the evidence is considered under the current version of
section 186.22 or the version enacted by Assembly Bill 333. 12

      12 Appellant has also joined in the arguments made on appeal by his
codefendant Mendoza that the prosecutor engaged in prejudicial misconduct
in this case. We concluded in our prior opinion involving Mendoza that those
claims had been forfeited, and we find no basis to revisit that determination
here. (See People v. Mendoza, supra, A157489.) We also reject appellant’s
claim of cumulative prejudice. Since we have identified no errors in the
proceedings below, there is nothing here to cumulate. (See People v.
Griffin (2004) 33 Cal.4th 536, 600, disapproved on another ground as stated
in People v. Riccardi (2012) 54 Cal.4th 758, 824, fn. 32.) Our conclusion with
respect to appellant’s gang enhancement under newly enacted Assembly
Bill 333 does not change this determination.

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                     III. DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.

                            39
                          SANCHEZ, J.

WE CONCUR:

HUMES, P. J.

BANKE, J.

A157571
People v. Follings

                     40