Court Opinion

ID: 4548194
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-07-14 17:00:53.628147+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:56:05.268853
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                           JUL 13 2020
                     ORDERED PUBLISHED
                                                       SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK
                                                         U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
                                                         OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

        UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
                  OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

In re:                                    BAP No. CC-19-1245-LTaF
SHAWNE MERRIMAN,
            Debtor.                       Bk. No. 2:18-bk-23173-VZ
SHAWNE MERRIMAN,
            Appellant,
v.                                        OPINION
FERDINAND FATTORINI; DEANN
FATTORINI,
            Appellees.

           Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
                 for the Central District of California
        Honorable Vincent Zurzolo, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding

                             APPEARANCES:
Raymond H. Aver of Law Offices of Raymond H. Aver argued for
appellant; Torsten M. Bassell of LARI-JONI & BASSELL, LLP argued for
appellees.

Before: LAFFERTY, TAYLOR, and FARIS, Bankruptcy Judges.

LAFFERTY, Bankruptcy Judge:
                                INTRODUCTION

      Chapter 131 debtor Shawne Merriman appeals the bankruptcy court’s

order retroactively annulling the automatic stay to permit appellees

Ferdinand and Deann Fattorini to proceed with a state court wrongful

death action against him and others. Post-petition, and shortly before the

statute of limitations was set to run on the wrongful death claim, the

Fattorinis filed their state court complaint without knowledge of the

bankruptcy case. Upon being notified of the case, they promptly moved to

annul the stay to validate the filing of the state court complaint and to

liquidate their claim against Mr. Merriman. The bankruptcy court found

cause retroactively to lift the stay and granted the motion.

      We AFFIRM. We publish to address the impact, if any, of Roman

Catholic Archdiocese of San Juan, Puerto Rico v. Acevedo Feliciano, 140 S. Ct. 696

(2020) (per curiam), which was decided during the pendency of this appeal,

on the issues raised therein.

                          FACTUAL BACKGROUND

      Mr. Merriman filed a chapter 13 petition in November 2018. Notice of

the case was not served on the Fattorinis.

      In July 2019, several months after Mr. Merriman’s bankruptcy filing,

      1
       Unless specified otherwise, all chapter and section references are to the
Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, and “Rule” references are to the Federal Rules
of Bankruptcy Procedure.

                                           2
the Fattorinis filed a lawsuit against Mr. Merriman and others in Los

Angeles County Superior Court seeking damages under state law in

connection with the July 2017 death of their daughter Kimberly (“State

Court Action”). A few days later, after learning of Mr. Merriman’s

bankruptcy through his counsel, they filed a motion for relief from stay

(the “Stay Motion”).2 They asked the court to annul the stay to permit them

to continue litigating the State Court Action, which was set for trial in

January 2021. The motion was supported by the form declaration

prescribed by the Local Rules for the Central District of California and a

supplemental declaration of the Fattorinis’ counsel, to which was attached

a copy of the state court complaint and other documents. In the

supplemental declaration, counsel testified that he had researched

Mr. Merriman but did not discover that he had filed a bankruptcy petition.

Counsel also testified that the State Court Action was filed in July 2019

because the applicable limitations period was about to expire.

      Mr. Merriman filed an opposition, arguing that the Stay Motion was

not supported by sufficient evidence and did not demonstrate that “cause”

existed to lift the stay pursuant to § 362(d)(1) in light of the relevant factors.

He also argued that the request for retroactive annulment lacked factual or

legal grounds other than “suspicious and objectionable statements” in

counsel’s declaration regarding lack of notice of the bankruptcy filing.

      2
          The Fattorinis also filed a proof of claim on July 30, 2019.

                                                3
      In addition, Mr. Merriman objected to statements contained in

counsel’s supplemental declaration in support of the Stay Motion. Those

statements pertained to the circumstances of Kimberly’s death and

included information obtained through the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s

investigation and information about Mr. Merriman discovered through

internet searches. He argued that the declaration testimony lacked

foundation, was not based on personal knowledge, was hearsay, and

constituted improper opinion testimony.

      At the hearing on the Stay Motion, the court sustained several of

Mr. Merriman’s evidentiary objections, but it nevertheless found that cause

existed to annul the stay. The court found that the Fattorinis did not have

notice of the bankruptcy case before they filed the State Court Action.

Additionally, it found that the issues in the State Court Action needed to be

litigated and that it made sense to have those issues tried in one place.

Accordingly, the court ruled that it would lift the stay retroactively to

permit the Fattorinis to liquidate their damages in state court and

potentially obtain findings and conclusions from the state court that could

be applied preclusively in a nondischargeability proceeding.

      The bankruptcy court’s order granted retroactive relief from stay and

provided that if the Fattorinis were to obtain a final judgment against

Mr. Merriman in the State Court Action, they would be stayed from

enforcing the judgment without a further order of the bankruptcy court.

                                       4
The court also ordered that if a final judgment were obtained in the State

Court Action, the Fattorinis could file it “as a liquidated claim in Debtor’s

bankruptcy action and commence an adversary proceeding to determine

whether any such judgment is enforceable or dischargeable.”

      Mr. Merriman timely appealed.

                                JURISDICTION

      The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334 and

157(b)(2)(G). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158.

                                     ISSUE

      Whether the bankruptcy court abused its discretion in retroactively

annulling the automatic stay.

                          STANDARD OF REVIEW

      A bankruptcy court’s decision retroactively to annul the automatic

stay is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Gasprom, Inc. v. Fateh (In re

Gasprom, Inc.), 500 B.R. 598, 604 (9th Cir. BAP 2013) (citing Nat’l Envtl.

Waste Corp. v. City of Riverside (In re Nat’l Envtl. Waste Corp.), 129 F.3d 1052,

1054 (9th Cir. 1997); additional citation omitted). A bankruptcy court

abuses its discretion if its decision is based on the wrong legal standard or

its findings of fact were illogical, implausible, or without support in the

record. TrafficSchool.com, Inc. v. Edriver Inc., 653 F.3d 820, 832 (9th Cir. 2011)

(citing United States v. Hinkson, 585 F.3d 1247, 1262 (9th Cir. 2009) (en

banc)).

                                        5
      We may affirm on any basis supported by the record. Caviata Attached

Homes, LLC v. U.S. Bank, Nat’l Ass’n (In re Caviata Attached Homes, LLC), 481
B.R. 34, 44 (9th Cir. BAP 2012).

                                 DISCUSSION

      Section 362(d)(1) provides that the bankruptcy court, on request of a

party in interest and after notice and a hearing, must grant relief from the

automatic stay, “such as by terminating, annulling, modifying, or

conditioning” the stay, upon a showing of “cause.”

      “What constitutes ‘cause’ for granting relief from the automatic stay

is decided on a case-by-case basis.” Kronemyer v. Am. Contractors Indem. Co.

(In re Kronemyer), 405 B.R. 915, 921 (9th Cir. BAP 2009) (citing Christensen v.

Tucson Estates, Inc. (In re Tucson Estates, Inc.), 912 F.2d 1162, 1166 (9th Cir.

1990); additional citation omitted). In assessing whether relief from stay

should be granted to allow state court proceedings to continue in that

forum, the bankruptcy court should consider judicial economy, the

expertise of the state court, prejudice to the parties, and whether

exclusively bankruptcy issues are involved. Id.

      In determining whether retroactive annulment of the stay is

appropriate, courts have focused on two main factors: “(1) whether the

creditor was aware of the bankruptcy petition; and (2) whether the debtor

engaged in unreasonable or inequitable conduct, or prejudice would result

to the creditor.” In re Nat’l Envtl. Waste Corp., 129 F.3d at 1055.

                                         6
       The bankruptcy court’s findings are sparse, but the record supports

its ruling. The State Court Action involves exclusively state law claims, and

Mr. Merriman has pointed to no prejudice to him resulting from permitting

the State Court Action to proceed, other than that he lacks insurance that

could fund his defense, and Mr. Merriman would face the same problem if

the case were litigated in bankruptcy court. Mr. Merriman is one of six

defendants in the State Court Action so the case would have to be tried in

state court, with or without Mr. Merriman; judicial economy dictates that

the matter be tried in one forum.3 Of course, if the Fattorinis prevail in the

State Court Action, they will need to return to the bankruptcy court to

litigate nondischargeability, but such a proceeding would likely be

relatively simple if the state court makes findings that may be applied

preclusively.

       As for retroactive relief, the bankruptcy court found that the

Fattorinis lacked notice of the bankruptcy filing, and the record shows that

if they were not granted such relief, their wrongful death claim may be

time-barred.4

       3
        Although not raised by any party, personal injury tort and wrongful death
claims are non-core proceedings, see 28 U.S.C. §§ 157(b)(2)(B) and (O), and such claims
are to be tried in the district court in which the bankruptcy case is pending, see 28 U.S.C.
§ 157(b)(5).
       4
      We note, however, that California Code of Civil Procedure § 356 provides that
“[w]hen the commencement of an action is stayed by injunction or statutory
                                                                         (continued...)

                                             7
       Mr. Merriman contends that the bankruptcy court abused its

discretion in annulling the stay because: (1) the Stay Motion was not

supported by sufficient evidence; (2) the court did not apply correct

standards in determining that cause existed to lift the stay and that

retroactive annulment was appropriate; and (3) the facts weighed against

granting the requested relief. We disagree.

A.     The Stay Motion was supported by sufficient evidence.

       As noted, the bankruptcy court sustained many of Mr. Merriman’s

evidentiary objections to the supplemental declaration filed with the Stay

Motion. He contends that the remaining evidence was insufficient to

support a finding of cause under § 362(d)(1). He argues that the

“unverified complaint” attached to the declaration should be deemed

without evidentiary effect, citing Esteem v. City of Pasadena, No.

CV 04-662-GHK, 2007 WL 4270360, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Sept. 11, 2007) (citing

Moron v. Selig, 447 F.3d 748, 759 & n.16 (9th Cir. 2006)). Those cases

involved litigants attempting to use unverified complaints in summary

judgment proceedings to prove the matters asserted therein. Here, the

complaint was submitted only to describe the nature of the state court

litigation, not to prove the truth of its allegations. It was thus properly

       4
        (...continued)
prohibition, the time of the continuance of the injunction or prohibition is not part of the
time limited for the commencement of the action.” No party cited this statute or its
potential impact on the analysis of whether retroactive relief was warranted.

                                             8
considered by the court.

      Mr. Merriman also asserts that many of counsel’s statements in the

supplemental declaration were not based on personal knowledge. But the

bankruptcy court excluded much of the supplemental declaration, and Mr.

Merriman does not indicate which portions of the remainder he finds

objectionable. Thus he has not shown that the bankruptcy court relied on

any inadmissible evidence, and the non-excluded evidence attached to the

Stay Motion supports its findings (i.e., the fact that counsel did not learn of

the bankruptcy until after filing the State Court Action, and the procedural

posture and nature of the claims being asserted in that action).

B.    The bankruptcy court applied the correct legal standards.

      Mr. Merriman argues that the bankruptcy court erred in finding

cause for granting relief from stay by failing to make findings as to the

“Curtis factors,” which were cited by this Panel in Kronemyer. Those factors

were initially articulated in In re Curtis, 40 B.R. 795, 799-800 (Bankr. D. Utah

1984), and were adopted by the bankruptcy court in Truebro, Inc. v.

Plumberex Specialty Prods., Inc. (In re Plumberex Specialty Prods., Inc.), 311
B.R. 551, 559–60 (Bankr. C.D. Cal. 2004).5

      5
          Those factors are:

      (1) Whether the relief will result in a partial or complete resolution of the
      issues[;]

                                                                              (continued...)

                                            9
       In Kronemyer, the Panel articulated the factors to be considered in

       5
        (...continued)
       (2) The lack of any connection with or interference with the bankruptcy
       case[;]

       (3) Whether the foreign proceeding involves the debtor as a fiduciary[;]

       (4) Whether a specialized tribunal has been established to hear the
       particular cause of action and that tribunal has the expertise to hear such
       cases[;]

       (5) Whether the debtor’s insurance carrier has assumed full financial
       responsibility for defending the litigation[;]

       (6) Whether the action essentially involves third parties, and the debtor
       functions only as a bailee or conduit for the goods or proceeds in
       question[;]

       (7) Whether litigation in another forum would prejudice the interests of
       other creditors, the creditors' committee and other interested parties[;]

       (8) Whether the judgment claim arising from the foreign action is subject
       to equitable subordination under Section 510(c)[;]

       (9) Whether movant’s success in the foreign proceeding would result in a
       judicial lien avoidable by the debtor under Section 522(f)[;]

       (10) The interest of judicial economy and the expeditious and economical
       determination of litigation for the parties[;]

       (11) Whether the foreign proceedings have progressed to the point where
       the parties are prepared for trial[; and]

       (12) The impact of the stay on the parties and the “balance of hurt.”

In re Curtis, 40 B.R. at 799–800 (citations omitted).

                                              10
lifting the stay to permit state court litigation to proceed as set forth

above–judicial economy, the expertise of the state court, prejudice to the

parties, and whether exclusively bankruptcy issues are involved. 405 B.R.

at 921. The Panel noted that the bankruptcy court had appropriately

considered the Curtis factors in deciding to grant relief from stay to allow

pending litigation to continue in another forum. Id. But the Panel did not

hold that express consideration of each of the Curtis factors was required.

In fact, it based its affirmance of the bankruptcy court’s order primarily on

grounds that judicial economy weighed in favor of stay relief. See id. at 921-

22.

      In a similar vein, Mr. Merriman contends that the bankruptcy court

erred in not properly applying the factors in the balancing of the equities

test for retroactive annulment of the stay set forth in Fjeldsted v. Lien (In re

Fjeldsted), 293 B.R. 12, 24-25 (9th Cir. BAP 2003).6 In Fjeldsted, although the

      6
          Application of that test involves consideration of the following factors:

      1. Number of filings;

      2. Whether, in a repeat filing case, the circumstances indicate an intention
      to delay and hinder creditors;

      3. A weighing of the extent of prejudice to creditors or third parties if the
      stay relief is not made retroactive, including whether harm exists to a bona
      fide purchaser;

      4. The Debtor’s overall good faith (totality of circumstances test);
                                                                               (continued...)

                                              11
Panel held that the bankruptcy court must consider the equities in

determining whether retroactive relief is appropriate and articulated

factors that may be considered in that determination, it also noted that “a

mechanistic application of factors is inappropriate in making this

determination, [but] such factors may be considered as an aid to the court

in weighing the equities.” 293 B.R. at 24.

       In summary, the bankruptcy court was not required to make findings

       6
        (...continued)
       5. Whether creditors knew of stay but nonetheless took action, thus
       compounding the problem;

       6. Whether the debtor has complied, and is otherwise complying, with the
       Bankruptcy Code and Rules;

       7. The relative ease of restoring parties to the status quo ante;

       8. The costs of annulment to debtors and creditors;

       9. How quickly creditors moved for annulment, or how quickly debtors
       moved to set aside the sale or violative conduct;

       10. Whether, after learning of the bankruptcy, creditors proceeded to take
       steps in continued violation of the stay, or whether they moved
       expeditiously to gain relief;

       11. Whether annulment of the stay will cause irreparable injury to the
       debtor;

       12. Whether stay relief will promote judicial economy or other efficiencies.

In re Fjeldsted, 293 B.R. at 25 (citation omitted).

                                               12
as to each suggested factor when determining whether cause existed for

granting relief from stay or whether the equities weighed in favor of

retroactive annulment. Mr. Merriman has not shown that the bankruptcy

court failed to apply the correct legal standards for both findings as set

forth in Kronemyer and National Environmental Waste.

C.    The bankruptcy court did not err in finding cause for relief from
      stay.

      Mr. Merriman contends that the Fattorinis failed to demonstrate

cause to grant relief from stay. He reaches this conclusion based on his

analysis of the Curtis factors, which he submits weigh against a finding of

cause. Specifically, he argues that (1) the State Court Action had only

recently been filed, (2) he has no insurance policy that could fund his

defense of the State Court Action and he is financially unable to defend it,

(3) the Fattorinis presented no evidence regarding their chances of success

in the State Court Action, (4) he would be prejudiced by the continuance of

the State Court Action, and (5) the deadline for filing a complaint to

determine nondischargeability has expired.

      As discussed, the bankruptcy court was not required expressly to

analyze each of the Curtis factors in reaching its conclusions. In any event,

there is no requirement that the moving party show it would be likely to

prevail in the state court litigation. And Mr. Merriman is wrong that the

Fattorinis are time-barred from filing a nondischargeability complaint. The

                                      13
deadline for filing a nondischargeability complaint under § 523(a)(2), (4), or

(6) expired on February 11, 2019, but that deadline does not apply to the

Fattorinis because they lacked notice of the bankruptcy filing in time to file

a timely complaint. See 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(3)(B) (a debt is not discharged if it

is not listed or scheduled in time for the creditor to file a timely proof of

claim and request for determination of nondischargeability under

§ 523(a)(2), (4), or (6), unless the creditor had notice or actual knowledge);

Rule 4007(b) (“A complaint other than under § 523(c) may be filed at any

time.”). And the bankruptcy court’s order explicitly provides that if the

Fattorinis prevail in state court, they may return to the bankruptcy court

for a determination of nondischargeability.7

       As discussed, the relevant factors–judicial economy, expertise of the

state court, prejudice to the parties, and whether exclusively bankruptcy

issues are involved–weighed in favor of finding cause to grant relief from

the stay. The first, second, and fourth considerations weigh in favor of

relief because the State Court Action involves exclusively state law claims

against multiple defendants. And the only evidence of prejudice before the

bankruptcy court was Mr. Merriman’s declaration testimony that he has no

insurance coverage to defend against the State Court Action. Although one

       7
        Although laches may be asserted as a defense to a complaint under
§ 523(a)(3)(B), see Beaty v. Selinger (In re Beaty), 306 F.3d 914, 926 (9th Cir. 2002), the
language of the court’s order permitting the Fattorinis to return to the bankruptcy court
for a determination of nondischargeability would foreclose this defense.

                                            14
of the Curtis factors is “[w]hether the debtor’s insurance carrier has

assumed full financial responsibility for defending the litigation,“ 40 B.R. at

800, Mr. Merriman has not cited any authority that this factor alone would

have warranted denial of the Stay Motion in light of all the relevant

circumstances, particularly where he would probably face the same

problem no matter which court adjudicated the claims.

D.    The bankruptcy court did not err in finding that retroactive relief
      was appropriate.

      Finally, Mr. Merriman argues that the bankruptcy court abused its

discretion in annulling the stay retroactively because it made no finding of

cause for retroactive relief. He notes that when he objected to the form of

order submitted by the Fattorinis, the bankruptcy court added language to

the order that retroactive relief was appropriate because the Fattorinis did

not have notice of the bankruptcy filing, but he still contends that the

bankruptcy court abused its discretion by not applying the Fjeldsted

“balancing of the equities” factors.

      As noted, the bankruptcy court was not required to analyze each and

every factor articulated in Fjeldsted, but it was required to balance the

equities by considering whether the Fattorinis were aware of the

bankruptcy petition and whether prejudice would result to them by not

granting retroactive relief. See In re Nat’l Envtl. Waste Corp., 129 F.3d at 1055.

Here, the court found that the Fattorinis did not have notice of the

                                       15
bankruptcy case; Mr. Merriman does not dispute that finding. Moreover,

the record supports retroactive relief: the Fattorinis moved for relief from

stay only a few days after learning of the bankruptcy case, and if

retroactive relief were not granted so as to validate the filing of the state

court complaint, they might be time-barred from pursuing their wrongful

death claim.8

E.    The Supreme Court’s Acevedo opinion does not preclude
      retroactive relief from stay.

      During the pendency of this appeal, the Supreme Court decided

Acevedo, 140 S. Ct. 696, in which it held that a United States District Court’s

nunc pro tunc order remanding a removed lawsuit to state court was not

effective to retroactively confer jurisdiction so as to validate the state

court’s orders entered before remand. See id. at 699-701.9 At least one

bankruptcy court has interpreted Acevedo as prohibiting a grant of

retroactive or nunc pro tunc relief from stay. In re Telles, No. 8-20-70325-reg,

2020 WL 2121254 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. Apr. 30, 2020).

      We do not believe that the ruling in Acevedo prohibits a bankruptcy

court’s exercise of the power to grant retroactive relief from stay. But this

      8
          See footnote 4, supra.
      9
       Acevedo was published during briefing for this appeal, albeit after the parties
had already submitted their opening briefs. Neither party filed a notice of supplemental
authority and, when asked at oral argument whether they intended to discuss it, they
declined.

                                           16
court should always carefully consider the scope and reach of Supreme

Court opinions; and in light of our disagreement with Telles–that Acevedo is

directly relevant to requests to terminate or annul the stay retroactively–we

consider the issue here and at some length.

      In Acevedo, employees of Roman Catholic academies in the

Archdiocese of San Juan, Puerto Rico, sued the Archdiocese and other

entities in the Puerto Rico Court of First Instance for alleged termination of

pension benefits. Id. at 697. During the litigation, the Archdiocese filed a

chapter 11 case and removed the lawsuit to the United States District Court

for the District of Puerto Rico. Id. at 699-700. Roughly a month later, the

bankruptcy court dismissed the chapter 11 case, but the lawsuit was not

immediately remanded to the Court of First Instance. Id. at 700.

Nevertheless, shortly after the bankruptcy case was dismissed, the Court of

First Instance issued orders against various defendants requiring payments

and ordering seizure of assets. Id. Approximately five months later, the

District Court entered an order remanding the lawsuit to the Court of First

Instance; the order provided that the remand was effective as of the date of

dismissal of the bankruptcy case. Id.

      The defendants appealed the payment and seizure orders to the

Puerto Rico Court of Appeals, which reversed. Id. at 698. The Puerto Rico

Supreme Court reversed the court of appeals. Id. The Supreme Court then

granted the Archdiocese’s writ of certiorari. Id. at 701. But the Supreme

                                        17
Court did not reach the merits of the appeal. The Court held that the Court

of First Instance lacked jurisdiction to issue the payment and seizure orders

at the time it did so because the District Court still had jurisdiction over the

lawsuit, despite the fact that its remand order purported to be effective

retroactively:

      Once a notice of removal is filed, “the State court shall proceed
      no further unless and until the case is remanded.” 28 U.S. C. §
      1446(d). The state court loses all jurisdiction over the case, and,
      being without jurisdiction, its subsequent proceedings and
      judgment are not . . . simply erroneous, but absolutely void . . . .

      The Court of First Instance issued its payment and seizure
      orders after the proceeding was removed to federal district
      court, but before the federal court remanded the proceeding
      back to the Puerto Rico court. At that time, the Court of First
      Instance had no jurisdiction over the proceeding. The orders are
      therefore void.
Id. at 700 (citations, quotation marks, and alterations omitted).

      The Court held that nunc pro tunc orders could not be used

retroactively to confer jurisdiction where none existed:

            Federal courts may issue nunc pro tunc orders . . . to
      reflect the reality of what has already occurred. Such a decree
      presupposes a decree allowed, or ordered, but not entered,
      through inadvertence of the court.

           Put colorfully, nunc pro tunc orders are not some
      Orwellian vehicle for revisionist history—creating facts that
      never occurred in fact. Put plainly, the court cannot make the

                                       18
      record what it is not.
Id. at 700–01 (citations, quotations, and alterations omitted).

      This holding–that nunc pro tunc orders may not create jurisdiction

where none exists–is consistent with other Supreme Court opinions

holding that jurisdiction in the federal courts must emanate from the

United States Constitution or a statute and cannot be created by the actions

of a court. See, e.g., Hamer v. Neighborhood Hous. Servs. of Chicago, 138 S. Ct.
13, 17 (2017) (only Congress may determine a lower federal court’s

jurisdiction; court-made rules may not create or withdraw federal

jurisdiction).

      We do not interpret Acevedo as pertaining to the bankruptcy court’s

power to annul the automatic stay under § 362(d). The language of the

removal statute explicitly prohibits the state court from exercising

jurisdiction over the removed action. Acevedo, 149 S. Ct. at 700; see also

Resolution Tr. Corp. v. Bayside Developers, 43 F.3d 1230, 1238 (9th Cir. 1994)

(“the clear language of the general removal statute provides that the state

court loses jurisdiction upon the filing of the petition for removal.”

(Citations omitted)).

      In contrast, § 362(d) does not purport to deprive the bankruptcy court

of jurisdiction; rather, it explicitly grants the court the power to modify the

stay to permit another court or entity to exercise control over an asset or

claim. To the extent that jurisdiction describes a statutory grant of authority

                                        19
to adjudicate a matter or exercise a power, it is absolutely clear that

Congress expressly gave such power, including the power retroactively to

grant relief, to bankruptcy courts. “On request of a party in interest and

after notice and a hearing, the court shall grant relief from the stay

provided under subsection (a) of this section, such as by terminating,

annulling, modifying, or conditioning such stay . . . .” 11 U.S.C. § 362(d)

(emphasis added). Congress’ decision to deploy four verbs to describe the

various ways in which a bankruptcy court might grant relief from stay

indicates an express decision to grant bankruptcy courts the broadest

possible range of options in respect of the stay, including annulling it,

which has the effect of treating it as if it had never existed.

      In Telles, the bankruptcy court ruled that, under Acevedo, it lacked

authority to grant retroactive relief from stay to validate a post-petition

foreclosure sale because after the bankruptcy case was filed, the state court

lost jurisdiction over estate property, and jurisdiction could not be

retroactively restored. 2020 WL 2121254 at *4-5. The bankruptcy court’s

holding in Telles rests on the premise that Acevedo’s prohibition of using

nunc pro tunc orders to create jurisdiction in a state court pertained to the

bankruptcy court’s ability to annul the stay. As a result, despite the fact

that Congress, in enacting § 362(d), explicitly empowered bankruptcy

courts to annul the stay, the Telles court concluded that it lacked an

effective method to do so.

                                       20
      The bankruptcy court’s reasoning in Telles implicitly depends on the

fact that when a bankruptcy case is filed, two things happen: (1) an estate is

created, comprised of all property interests of the debtor, “wherever

located and by whomever held,” § 541(a), and the district court obtains

exclusive jurisdiction over those property interests, 28 U.S.C. § 1334(e); and

(2) the automatic stay under § 362(a) goes into effect, which prohibits most

acts to exercise control over property of the estate or to pursue pre-petition

claims against the estate.

      But the conclusion that Acevedo prohibits the annulment of the stay

based on jurisdiction and property of the estate concerns reads too much

into the Supreme Court’s opinion. As previously demonstrated, Congress

drafted the language of § 362(d) to give bankruptcy courts broad authority

to modify the stay to maximize its value as a flexible and useful tool in the

bankruptcy process and to preserve and balance the rights of the parties.

      Although the bankruptcy court obtains jurisdiction over estate assets

once a bankruptcy petition is filed, see § 541(a), the stay does not transfer

jurisdiction from one court to another, and granting relief from stay does

not remove an asset from the bankruptcy estate. See Catalano v. Comm’r of

Internal Revenue, 279 F.3d 682, 686-87 (9th Cir. 2002). It merely eliminates, to

a greater or lesser degree, an impediment to the pursuit or enforcement of

claims or the pursuit of assets.

      Relief from stay usually permits another (frequently state law based)

                                       21
process to go forward, and notions of bankruptcy court jurisdiction are no

impediment to that result. Viewed another way, stay relief is premised

upon the pursuit of the correct economic or equitable result, in light of the

purposes of a bankruptcy filing. For example, stay relief is appropriate

when an asset to be pursued in state court is of no economic use to the

estate, i.e., the asset has no equity, or when a debtor has acted in bad faith,

i.e., by filing multiple bankruptcy cases affecting the property. Such

concerns are baked into every stay relief determination that involves a

request to pursue an asset, whether prospective (terminating the stay), or

retroactive (annulling it). The Telles decision, taken to its logical end, would

essentially prohibit relief from stay in all circumstances, including granting

prospective relief, where the movant seeks to exercise control over an

estate asset. Such a conclusion would render § 362(d) meaningless.

      Where the stay enjoins pursuit of litigation of a claim, such as the

case before us, granting relief from stay raises even fewer jurisdictional

concerns. Although district courts have original and exclusive jurisdiction

over bankruptcy cases, 28 U.S.C. § 1334(a), they have original but not

exclusive jurisdiction over all civil proceedings airing in or arising under or

related to a bankruptcy case, 28 U.S.C. § 1334(b). Further, Congress clearly

contemplated that in certain circumstances, other courts would hear and

determine proceedings arising in or related to a bankruptcy case (subject to

limits on enforcement), i.e., abstention, 28 U.S.C. § 1334(c), and removal

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and remand, 28 U.S.C. § 1452.

      Congress left to the judgment of bankruptcy courts (via the reference)

the decision about where a claim or action should be litigated by leaving

the concept of “cause” to terminate, annul, modify, or condition the stay

purposefully undefined and flexible. It has long been acknowledged that

the decision to grant relief from stay to permit litigation to continue in

another forum is related to decisions regarding abstention and is one best

determined via reference to a multi-part test that seeks to balance concerns

re judicial economy, harm to the estate, and prejudice to third parties. See

In re Tucson Estates, Inc., 912 F.2d at 1167 (reciting factors to be considered

in determining whether permissive abstention is appropriate); In re Curtis,
40 B.R. at 799-800 (reciting factors to be considered when determining to

grant stay relief to litigate claims in another court). These concerns are part

of every competent determination to grant or deny relief from stay to

pursue a claim in another forum, whether prospective or retroactive.

Additional considerations are appropriate when determining whether

retroactive relief is warranted. See In re Nat’l Envtl. Waste Corp., 129 F.3d at

1055; In re Fjeldsted, 293 B.R. at 24-25.

      This result is perfectly consistent with the requirement that, in the

performance of its “traffic cop” role, bankruptcy courts must have broad

authority to determine the appropriate forum for dispute resolution, taking

into account and giving full respect to the panoply of interests to be

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weighed and protected in these matters, as well as to the dignity and

power of other judicial processes. The statutory language, and

longstanding and sound experience, make clear that the effective use of

these remedies must occasionally include the option of granting retroactive

relief.

                                   CONCLUSION

          Mr. Merriman has not shown that the bankruptcy court abused its

discretion in granting retroactive annulment of the stay to permit the State

Court Action to be litigated.10 Acevedo does not dictate otherwise.

          Accordingly, we AFFIRM.

          10
        In both their Stay Motion and their responsive brief in this appeal, the Fattorinis
argued that the allegations of the state court complaint constitute domestic violence and
thus the State Court Action falls into the exception to the automatic stay for civil
proceedings regarding domestic violence under § 362(b)(2)(A)(v). The bankruptcy court
did not make any findings on this issue, and Mr. Merriman did not raise it in his
opening brief. Because this issue is not necessary to our disposition of this appeal, we
express no opinion on it.

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