Court Opinion

ID: 7798623
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-08-08 00:17:27.972484+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:28:50.538212
License: Public Domain

NUMBER 13-21-00390-CV

                           COURT OF APPEALS

                  THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                    CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG

ADRIANA GARCIA,                                                         Appellant,

                                            v.

BAZAN ENTERPRISES, INC.
D/B/A TACO OLE RESTAURANT,                                               Appellee.

              On appeal from the County Court at Law No. 6
                       of Hidalgo County, Texas.

                        MEMORANDUM OPINION

  Before Chief Justice Contreras and Justices Longoria and Tijerina
          Memorandum Opinion by Chief Justice Contreras

      By two issues, appellant Adriana Garcia appeals the trial court’s order granting

appellee Bazan Enterprises, Inc. d/b/a Taco Ole Restaurant (Taco Ole)’s motion for

summary judgment. We affirm.
                                          I.      BACKGROUND

       Garcia was a Taco Ole employee on June 27, 2017, when she allegedly suffered

injuries to her left hand and arm while operating “a machine . . . that was unsafe and unfit

for use by [Taco Ole’s] employees.” On June 13, 2019, Garcia sued “Taco Ole Restaurant

located at 2316 Conway Rd. Mission[,] Texas 78574,” alleging claims of premises liability

and negligence. Garcia hired a process server to serve one of Taco Ole’s registered

agents, Elias Bazan Jr. 1 On June 26, 2019, the process server effected service on Elias

Bazan III at a Taco Ole restaurant located at 2620 West Freddy Gonzalez Drive in

Edinburg, Texas.

       Garcia filed a motion for default judgment on February 21, 2020, noting that Taco

Ole had failed to file an answer. On May 20, 2020, Taco Ole filed a motion to quash

service of process, arguing that service upon Elias Bazan III was improper, as he “is not

the registered agent, president, vice president[,] nor any other officer of Bazan

Enterprises, Inc.” See TEX. BUS. ORGS. CODE ANN. § 5.255 (listing corporate agents for

service of process). Taco Ole presented documentation from the Secretary of State’s

office that, in fact, Elias Bazan III—Elias Bazan Jr.’s son—is the registered agent for a

separate business entity called Bazan Enterprises of Edinburg, Inc. d/b/a Taco Ole of

Edinburg (Taco Ole Edinburg). On June 18, 2020, the trial court granted Taco Ole’s

motion to quash service, and instead deemed that Taco Ole was served as of that date. 2

       1   The record reflects that Maria Delia Bazan is also listed as a registered agent of Taco Ole.
       2 On June 20, 2020, Garcia attempted service on Taco Ole again, even though the trial court

deemed that process had been served as of June 18. Once again, the process server executed service at
Taco Ole Edinburg and, although correctly named in the service return form, upon the wrong Elias Bazan.
We note, as the parties do, that service on Elias Bazan Jr. would have been impossible, as he died on

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       On June 23, 2020, Taco Ole filed its motion for summary judgment, arguing that

Garcia failed to effect service of process within the two-year statute of limitations for

personal injury cases. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 16.003. In her response,

Garcia argued that she diligently attempted to serve Taco Ole, so the date of service

should relate back to the date she filed suit. As evidence of her diligent efforts, Garcia

attached the two service return forms indicating service upon Elias Bazan III at Taco Ole

Edinburg.

       On October 7, 2020, the trial court signed a partial summary judgment order, ruling

that Garcia’s negligence and premises liability claims against Taco Ole were barred by

limitations. On September 23, 2020, Garcia filed her second amended original petition

adding claims for breach of contract and breach of warranties. Those claims, not at issue

in this appeal, were dismissed by the trial court’s second summary judgment order on

October 4, 2021. Garcia filed a motion for new trial on October 29, 2021, arguing that the

two-year limitations period should have been equitably tolled under the doctrines of

misnomer and misidentification. The trial court did not rule on the motion for new trial.

This appeal followed.

                                       II.    DISCUSSION

       By two issues, Garcia argues the trial court’s summary judgment should be

reversed because: (1) she sued Taco Ole under its assumed name and provided Taco

Ole with actual notice of her suit; and (2) she “worked diligently to obtain service” on Taco

Ole. We address the two issues in reverse order.

November 8, 2018—seven months before Garcia filed suit.

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A.     Standard of Review & Applicable Law

       We review a trial court’s order granting summary judgment de novo. Eagle Oil &

Gas Co. v. TRO-X, L.P., 619 S.W.3d 699, 705 (Tex. 2021). We take as true all evidence

favorable to the nonmovant and indulge every reasonable inference and resolve any

doubts in the nonmovant’s favor. Bush v. Lone Oak Club, LLC, 601 S.W.3d 639, 646

(Tex. 2020). To be entitled to traditional summary judgment, a movant must establish

there is no genuine issue of material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a

matter of law. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Painter v. Amerimex Drilling I, Ltd., 561 S.W.3d

125, 130 (Tex. 2018). A defendant who conclusively establishes an affirmative defense

is entitled to summary judgment on that claim. Eagle Oil & Gas Co., 619 S.W.3d at 705

(citing Frost Nat’l Bank v. Fernandez, 315 S.W.3d 494, 508 (Tex. 2010)).

       Personal injury claims are subject to a two-year limitations period. See TEX. CIV.

PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 16.003(a) (“[A] person must bring suit for . . . personal

injury . . . not later than two years after the day the cause of action accrues.”). To timely

“bring suit,” a plaintiff must not only file suit within the limitations period, but must also

work diligently to serve the defendant with process. See Gant v. DeLeon, 786 S.W.2d

259, 260 (Tex. 1990). When a suit is timely filed, but the defendant is not served until

after the limitations period expires, the date of service relates back to the date of filing

only if the plaintiff exercised diligence in effecting service. Proulx v. Wells, 235 S.W.3d

213, 215 (Tex. 2007) (per curiam). “In a summary judgment proceeding, once the

defendant proves that service occurred after limitations expired, the burden shifts to the

plaintiff to explain the delay and to raise a fact question regarding diligence of service.”

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Flanigan v. Nekkalapu, 613 S.W.3d 361, 364 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2020, no pet.).

       “In assessing diligence, the relevant inquiry is whether the plaintiff acted as an

ordinarily prudent person would have acted under the same or similar circumstances and

was diligent up until the time the defendant was served.” Proulx, 235 S.W.3d at 216.

Diligence in effecting service of process is generally a question of fact and determined

“by examining the time it took to secure citation, service, or both, and the type of effort or

lack of effort the plaintiff expended in procuring service.” Id. However, diligence may be

determined as a matter of law when “one or more lapses between service efforts are

unexplained or patently unreasonable.” Id.; see Roberts v. Padre Island Brewing Co., 28

S.W.3d 618, 621 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2000, pet. denied) (“[A] lack of

diligence exists as a matter of law because it is clear that appellant did not exhaust all of

the alternatives available to achieve proper service.”); Rodriguez v. Tinsman & Houser,

Inc., 13 S.W.3d 47, 49 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1999, pet. denied) (“A lack of diligence

will be found as a matter of law . . . if no valid excuse for lack of service is offered, or if

the lapse of time and the plaintiff’s acts, or inaction, conclusively negate diligence.”).

       “It is the responsibility of the one requesting service, not the process server, to see

that service is properly accomplished.” Primate Const., Inc. v. Silver, 884 S.W.2d 151,

153 (Tex. 1994); see Gonzalez v. Phoenix Frozen Foods, Inc., 884 S.W.2d 587, 590 (Tex.

App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 1994, no writ) (“Any deficiency in the server’s

performance is imputed to [the plaintiff].”); see also TEX. R. CIV. P. 99(a) (“The party

requesting citation shall be responsible for obtaining service of the citation and a copy of

the petition.”). Accordingly, “reliance on the process server does not constitute due

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diligence in attempting service of process.” Roberts, 28 S.W.3d at 621; see Flanigan, 613

S.W.3d at 365.

B.     Diligence

       By her second issue, Garcia argues that she “exercised diligence in attempting to

effectuate service upon [Taco Ole,]” so the date of service should relate back to the date

she filed suit.

       Taco Ole pleaded the affirmative defense of limitations, noting the following

sequence of events: (1) Garcia was allegedly injured on June 27, 2017; (2) Garcia timely

filed suit on June 13, 2019; (3) the two-year limitations period expired on June 27, 2019;

and (4) Taco Ole was not served with process until June 18, 2020. Taco Ole’s evidence

proved untimely service, and thus the burden shifted to Garcia to prove diligence in the

371 days between filing suit against and effecting service of process on Taco Ole. See

Eagle Oil & Gas Co., 619 S.W.3d at 705; Flanigan, 613 S.W.3d at 364. Garcia did not

meet her burden.

       In her response to Taco Ole’s motion for summary judgment, Garcia argued that

she “presented evidence showing diligence on [her] part in effecting service on [Taco

Ole].” Such evidence consisted only of the return of service forms indicating that her

process server effected service on Elias Bazan III at Taco Ole Edinburg. Garcia seems

to have been under the continued misunderstanding that she served the correct party

with process. Indeed, on appeal, Garcia again states that she “did not mistake who [she]

was supposed to serve.” But as noted, Taco Ole submitted documentation from the

Secretary of State’s office showing that Taco Ole and Taco Ole Edinburg are two separate

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business entities with different registered agents. Elias Bazan Jr. was a registered agent

of Taco Ole, but Elias Bazan III is not.

       Evidently, Garcia believed that her process server properly effected service on

Taco Ole on the final day of the limitations period, and she then waited over eight months

and filed a motion for default judgment when Taco Ole failed to respond to her suit. In

fact, the process server failed to serve any corporate representative or registered agent

of Taco Ole. This Court has held that reliance on a process server to effect proper service

does not, as a matter of law, constitute diligence, as the deficiency in a process server’s

performance is imputed to the plaintiff. Roberts, 28 S.W.3d at 621; Gonzalez, 884 S.W.2d

at 590; see also Flanigan, 613 S.W.3d at 365. Here, the return of service forms clearly

indicated that only Elias Bazan III was served, not Elias Bazan Jr. Accordingly, Garcia’s

summary judgment evidence does not establish that she exercised due diligence. See

Roberts, 28 S.W.3d at 621; Rodriguez, 13 S.W.3d at 49.

       While Taco Ole and Taco Ole Edinburg have similar trade names and have

registered agents with nearly identical personal names, the relevant return service form

clearly indicates that process was served at Taco Ole Edinburg, not Taco Ole, and on an

individual with a different name suffix. An “ordinarily prudent person” in this case should

have recognized the error—if not immediately, at the very least when the purportedly

served Taco Ole had not responded for over eight months by the time Garcia filed her

motion for default judgment, which was seven months since its response was due. See

Gonzalez, 884 S.W.2d at 590 (“Had [appellants and their attorney] been diligent, [t]he[y]

would have noticed that appellees had not filed an answer for over fourteen months after

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[t]he[y] filed the amended petition.”).

       Since Garcia cannot rely on her process server’s error to demonstrate diligence,

she must otherwise explain a delay of over one year between filing suit and effecting

service on Taco Ole. Garcia claims that Taco Ole’s “fail[ure] to abide by applicable Texas

Law governing corporations maintaining registered agents, and seeming gamesmanship

in having Elias Bazan[] III accept service” on Taco Ole’s behalf led her to “labor[] under

the belief that the correct person had been served until [she] received [Taco Ole]’s Motion

to Quash Service.” In the first place, these arguments were never raised in the trial court,

so they are waived on appeal. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1; TEX. R. CIV. P. 99(a). In any case,

there is no evidence in the record, and Garcia has not cited legal authority, to support

these claims. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1. Even so, while Elias Bazan Jr. passed away

before Garcia filed suit, Taco Ole’s other registered agent on file with the Secretary of

State’s office was Maria Delia Bazan, whom Garcia could have found and served by

exercising due diligence. See Roberts, 28 S.W.3d at 621–22 (holding that appellant failed

to exercise diligence because, inter alia, “appellee is an incorporated entity whose agent

for service of process is registered with the Secretary of State’s office[, and thus,

a]ppellant could have obtained the name of appellee’s registered agent by contacting the

Secretary of State’s office and effected service upon appellee’s registered agent”). We

thus find no merit to Garcia’s contentions. See Proulx, 235 S.W.3d at 216.

       Garcia untimely served Taco Ole with process and was, therefore, required to

prove diligence in effecting service. As a matter of law, Garcia has failed to meet that

burden. See id.; Flanigan, 613 S.W.3d at 365; Roberts, 28 S.W.3d at 621. We overrule

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Garcia’s second issue.

C.    Equitable Doctrines

      By her first issue, Garcia argues that her suit was timely as “she sued Taco Ole

under its assumed name and provided Taco Ole with actual notice of her suit.” We

construe this as an argument raising the equitable doctrines of misnomer and

misidentification. While explicitly raised only on appeal and in her motion for new trial,

Garcia interspersed in her various pleadings and responses arguments and authorities

related to the two doctrines, so we address them here. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c).

      The doctrines of misnomer and misidentification are distinct. See In re Greater

Hous. Orthopaedic Specialists, Inc., 295 S.W.3d 323, 325 (Tex. 2009) (per curiam) (citing

Enserch Corp. v. Parker, 794 S.W.2d 2, 4 (Tex. 1990)). Misnomer occurs when a plaintiff

serves the correct defendant but misnames it. Id. A petition reflecting a misnomer is

nonetheless effective, for limitations purposes, when filed. Id. “Courts are flexible in

[misnomer] cases because the party intended to be sued has been served and put on

notice that it is the intended defendant.” Id. This case is not a misnomer case, as Garcia

named the correct party in her petition but served the incorrect party with process. Thus,

the limitations period could not have been tolled on a theory of misnomer. See id.

      A misidentification occurs “when two separate legal entities exist and a plaintiff

mistakenly sues an entity with a name similar to that of the correct entity.” Id. (citing

Chilkewitz v. Hyson, 22 S.W.3d 825, 828 (Tex. 1999)). The consequences of a

misidentification “are generally harsh”—the limitations period will not be tolled. Exxon

Mobil Corp. v. Rincones, 520 S.W.3d 572, 594 (Tex. 2017) (quoting In re Greater Hous.

                                            9
Orthopaedic Specialists, Inc., 295 S.W.3d at 325)). There is one exception under which

limitations may be tolled in a misidentification case. See Flour Bluff Indep. Sch. Dist. v.

Bass, 133 S.W.3d 272, 274 (Tex. 2004). “The statute of limitations will be tolled in mis-

identification cases if there are two separate, but related, entities that use a similar trade

name and the correct entity had notice of the suit and was not misled or disadvantaged

by the mistake.” Id. (citing Chilkewitz, 22 S.W.3d at 830). For the exception to apply, “the

defendants must be shown to have had notice of the suit within the limitations period.”

Cooper v. D & D G.C. of Gilmer, Inc., 187 S.W.3d 717, 720 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2006, no

pet.) (citing Cont’l S. Lines, Inc. v. Hilland, 528 S.W.2d 828, 831 (Tex. 1975)). It is Garcia’s

burden to prove the required elements to toll the limitations period under a theory of

misidentification. See id. (citing Diamond v. Eighth Ave. 92, L.C., 105 S.W.3d 691, 695

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, no pet.)).

       In this case, Taco Ole and Taco Ole Edinburg use similar trade names. But Garcia

has failed to provide any evidence that Taco Ole: (1) had notice of the suit within the

limitations period; (2) was an entity “related to” Taco Ole Edinburg; and (3) was not

disadvantaged by her failure to timely effect service of process. See Bass, 133 S.W.3d at

274; Chilkewitz, 22 S.W.3d at 830. Indeed, Garcia only attempts to provide evidence as

to the notice element, and she does so on two grounds. First, Garcia states that Taco Ole

must have had actual notice of her suit because it filed a motion to quash service of

process. Even assuming that fact constituted sufficient evidence of notice, it would only

prove that Taco Ole had notice as of the filing of its motion on May 20, 2020—almost

eleven months after the limitations period expired. See Cooper, 187 S.W.3d at 720.

                                              10
       Second, Garcia cites Rule 28 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, which notes

in relevant part that a “partnership, unincorporated association, private corporation, or

individual doing business under an assumed name may sue or be sued in its partnership,

assumed or common name for the purpose of enforcing for or against it a substantive

right.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 28. Garcia argues that Taco Ole “was ‘served’ when it received

actual notice of the suit by way of formal service on Elias Bazan[] III prior to the expiration

of the applicable two-year statute of limitations.” However, nothing in the statute allows

for suit against an entity in its assumed name by simply serving the registered agent for

a separate, but similarly named, entity. And, once again, Garcia has provided no evidence

that service upon Elias Bazan III at Taco Ole Edinburg provided actual notice to Taco

Ole.

       Accordingly, because Garcia has provided no evidence that Taco Ole had actual

notice of her lawsuit within the limitations period, she has not met her burden to

successfully toll the limitations period under the misidentification doctrine. See Bass, 133

S.W.3d at 274; Chilkewitz, 22 S.W.3d at 830; Hilland, 528 S.W.2d at 831; Cooper, 187

S.W.3d at 720.

       We thus overrule Garcia’s first issue.

                                     III.   CONCLUSION

       We affirm the trial court’s order.

                                                                 DORI CONTRERAS
                                                                 Chief Justice

Delivered and filed on the
4th day of August, 2022.

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