Court Opinion

ID: 2974677
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 17:21:38.572292+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:43:52.507599
License: Public Domain

RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                    Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                            File Name: 07a0018p.06

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                        FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                          _________________

                                                           X
                                     Plaintiff-Appellant, -
 FERNANDO TATIS,
                                                            -
                                                            -
                                                            -
                                                                No. 06-3105
              v.
                                                            ,
                                                             >
 US BANCORP,                                                -
                                    Defendant-Appellee. -
                                                           N
                            Appeal from the United States District Court
                           for the Southern District of Ohio at Cincinnati.
                      No. 03-00378—Sandra S. Beckwith, Chief District Judge.
                                         Argued: October 31, 2006
                                  Decided and Filed: January 16, 2007
               Before: CLAY and SUTTON, Circuit Judges; SHARP, District Judge.*
                                            _________________
                                                 COUNSEL
ARGUED: Steven G. Schwartz, SCHWARTZ AND HORWITZ, Boca Raton, Florida, for
Appellant. Eric W. Richardson, VORYS, SATER, SEYMOUR & PEASE, Cincinnati, Ohio, for
Appellee. ON BRIEF: Steven G. Schwartz, SCHWARTZ AND HORWITZ, Boca Raton, Florida,
Kenneth G. Hawley, Cincinnati, Ohio, for Appellant. Eric W. Richardson, Nathaniel Lampley, Jr.,
VORYS, SATER, SEYMOUR & PEASE, Cincinnati, Ohio, for Appellee.
                                            _________________
                                                OPINION
                                            _________________
        SHARP, District Judge. Plaintiff-Appellant, Fernando Tatis (“Tatis”), appeals the district
court’s entry of summary judgment in favor of Defendant-Appellee US Bank in this diversity action
for breach of contract, negligence, and violation of Ohio law based on US Bank’s payment of forged
checks drawn on Tatis’s account. For the following reasons, we affirm the district court’s decision.
                        I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
      Tatis, a native of the Dominican Republic, was a professional baseball player with the
Montreal Expos. He opened several bank accounts with US Bank. US Bank is a federally regulated

        *
          The Honorable Allen Sharp, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Indiana, sitting by
designation.

                                                        1
No. 06-3105                      Tatis v. US Bancorp                                          Page 2

and licensed financial institution organized under the laws of the state of Ohio. It has a
“Professional Sports Division” within the bank that provides financial services to professional
athletes.
       On April 4, 2001, Tatis opened a personal checking account – No. 792822785 or “the
checking account” – and received a depositor agreement setting forth terms and conditions for that
account. Tatis requested that the checking account be linked to other accounts held by Tatis at US
Bank to provide overdraft protection. Tatis was the signatory listed on the checking account.
       According to Tatis, at the time he opened the checking account, he elected to have US Bank
keep his bank statements. He filled out a signature card and directed that his statements be kept at
US Bank’s Professional Sports Division. US Bank then sent the checks to Tatis’s residence in
Montreal, Canada. Juan Carlos Ortiz Paredes, an employee of Tatis, was present at Tatis’s residence
when the checks arrived. Paredes took the checks and, from August 2001 to November 2001, wrote
numerous, unauthorized checks to various merchants, to cash, and to himself.
        US Bank made transfers from Tatis’s other accounts into the checking account to cover
overdrafts resulting from the checks forged by Paredes. On two separate occasions between August
2001 and January 2002, Tatis did not have sufficient funds in either his checking or investment
account to cover the overdrafts caused by Paredes’s forged checks. US Bank contacted Tatis’s
agent, Impact Sports, regarding the need to deposit funds with US Bank to cover the overdrafts.
Impact Sports contacted Tatis regarding the overdrafts, and Tatis wired sufficient funds to cover the
overdrafts at US Bank.
        For each month the checking account was open, US Bank generated a monthly statement for
the account. Copies of those statements were kept by John Hayes of US Bank’s Professional Sports
Division as Tatis had requested. Tatis did not request to see his bank statements until December
2001. The checking account statement reflecting the first items allegedly forged – in August 2001
– was generated no later than September 2001.
        In January 2002, Tatis raised the issue of the alleged forgeries for the first time,
approximately five months after the first forgery in August 2001 and more than 120 days after the
August bank statements were generated in September 2001. After the initial forgery, Paredes forged
several more checks and, by December 2001, had spent the money, purchased merchandise with the
money, and transferred funds to third parties.
        On May 22, 2003, Tatis filed suit against US Bank, alleging violations of Ohio Revised Code
(“Ohio Rev. Code”) § 1304.35, breach of the depositor agreement, and negligence. On December 6,
2005, the district court granted the motion for summary judgment filed by US Bank. On December
16, 2005, Tatis moved for reconsideration of the district court’s December 6, 2005 grant of summary
judgment. The district court denied that motion, and this appeal followed.
                                  II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
        This court reviews the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Lautermilch v.
Findlay City Sch., 314 F.3d 271, 274 (6th Cir. 2003). “Summary judgment is appropriate if there
is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”
Id.; see FED. R. CIV. P. 5(c); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48 (1986). The
court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmovant and draw all reasonable
inferences in the nonmovant’s favor. See United States v. Diebold, Inc., 369 U.S. 654, 655 (1962);
Bender v. Southland Corp., 749 F.2d 1205, 1210-1211 (6th Cir. 1984).
No. 06-3105                      Tatis v. US Bancorp                                                Page 3

                                         III. DISCUSSION
       Under Ohio Rev. Code § 1304.35, a customer must notify the bank of any unauthorized
checks within thirty days from the date statements were made available to him. Specifically, Ohio
Rev. Code § 1304.35 states:
       (C)     If a bank sends or makes available a statement of account or items pursuant
               to division (A) of this section, the customer must exercise reasonable
               promptness in examining the statement or the items to determine whether any
               payment was not authorized . . . because a purported signature by or on
               behalf of the customer was not authorized. If, based on the statement or
               items provided, the customer should reasonably have discovered the
               unauthorized payment, the customer must promptly notify the bank of the
               relevant facts.
(emphasis added).
        If a customer fails to notify the bank of the unauthorized checks within the thirty-day time
period, he is precluded from asserting recovery of his losses from the bank. Specifically, Ohio Rev.
Code § 1304.35 states:
       (D)     If the bank proves that the customer failed with respect to an item to comply
               with the duties imposed on the customer by division (C) of this section, the
               customer is precluded from asserting either of the following against the
               bank:
               (1)     The customer’s unauthorized signature or any alteration on the item
                       if the bank also proves that it suffered a loss by reason of that failure;
               (2)     The customer’s unauthorized signature or alteration by the same
                       wrongdoer on any other item paid in good faith by the bank if the
                       payment was made before the bank received notice from the customer
                       of the unauthorized signature or alteration after the customer had
                       been afforded a reasonable period of time, not exceeding thirty days,
                       in which to examine the item or statement of account and notify the
                       bank.
(emphasis added). In light of the requirements set forth in the provisions outlined above, Tatis
cannot recover for the losses caused by the forgeries as long as the statements were “made
available.”
        Tatis argues that the statements were not “made available” and that there are questions of
fact regarding that issue. He argues that the district court relied on conflicting facts in making its
determination. But the record reveals that Tatis knew that monthly statements were being generated
and he elected to have those monthly statements kept by US Bank at its Professional Sports
Division. There is also no evidence that the bank would not provide the statements upon his request
or otherwise make the statements available. Under these circumstances, we find that the statements
were “made available” under Ohio Rev. Code § 1304.35.
        Additionally, the depositor agreement between Tatis and US Bank required Tatis to review
his statements and report forgeries no later than thirty days after those statements were made
available for review. The agreement provides:
       STATEMENTS - You must examine your statement of account with “reasonable
       promptness.” If you discover (or reasonably should have discovered) any
       unauthorized signatures or alterations, you must promptly notify us of the relevant
No. 06-3105                      Tatis v. US Bancorp                                             Page 4

       facts. As between you and us, if you fail to do either of these duties, you will have
       to share the loss with us, or bear the loss entirely yourself (depending on whether we
       used ordinary care and, if not, whether we substantially contributed to the loss). The
       loss could be not only with respect to items on the statement but other items with
       unauthorized signatures or alterations by the same wrongdoer.
       You agree that the time you have to examine your statement and report to us will
       depend on the circumstances, but will not, in any circumstances, exceed a total of 30
       days from when the statement is first sent or made available to you.
       You further agree that if you fail to report any unauthorized signatures, alterations,
       forgeries, or any other errors in your account within 60 days from when we first send
       or make the statement available, you cannot assert a claim against us on any items
       in that statement, and as between you and us the loss will be entirely yours. This 60
       day-limitation is without regard to whether we use ordinary care. The limitation in
       this paragraph is in addition to that contained in the first paragraph of this section.
Ohio courts have upheld contractual limitations of the time in which a depositor must notify the
bank of a forgery. See, e.g., Crescent Women’s Med. Group, Inc. v. KeyCorp, 806 N.E.2d 201, 203-
204 (2003). Tatis failed to report the forgeries within the prescribed thirty day time period. Thus,
pursuant to the depositor agreement, Tatis is precluded from asserting a claim against US Bank for
those forged items.
        Tatis is also precluded from recovering for the forgeries that occurred within the thirty days
prior to his giving notice because of his earlier failures to review his statements and report the
forgeries. Ohio Rev. Code § 1304.35(D)(2) states:
               D)      If the bank proves that the customer failed with respect to an item to
                       comply with the duties imposed on the customer by division (C) of
                       this section, the customer is precluded from asserting either of the
                       following against the bank: . .
                       (2)     The customer’s unauthorized signature or alteration by the
                               same wrongdoer on any other item paid in good faith by the
                               bank if the payment was made before the bank received
                               notice from the customer of the unauthorized signature or
                               alteration after the customer had been afforded a reasonable
                               period of time, not exceeding thirty days, in which to examine
                               the item or statement of account and notify the bank.
(emphasis added). “The underlying justification for this provision is simple: one of the most serious
consequences of the failure of a customer to timely examine its statement is that it gives the
wrongdoer the opportunity to repeat his misdeeds.” Spacemakers of Am. v. SunTrust Bank, 609
S.E.2d 683, 687 (Ga. App. 2005). Tatis had a duty to promptly examine his monthly statements and
report to US Bank any unauthorized transactions. Because Tatis failed to report the first forged item
within thirty days, he is not only precluded from recovering for that transaction but also for any
additional items forged by the same wrongdoer.
       Finally, because Tatis’s claims are barred under Uniform Commercial Code (“U.C.C.”)
provisions, his common law claims are also barred. Generally, parties may not rely on a common
law action to avoid the clear mandates of the U.C.C. The district court correctly held that Tatis
could not recover on an alternate, common-law theory of liability.
       For these reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s decision.