Court Opinion

ID: 902094
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-06-13 01:11:01.80038+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:04:23.888069
License: Public Domain

#25756-DG

2011 S.D. 22

                           IN THE SUPREME COURT

                                   OF THE

                          STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA

                                   * * * *

                            IN THE MATTER OF THE

                       FORMAL INQUIRY CONCERNING

                              JUDGE A. P. FULLER

                                   * * * *

                            ORIGINAL PROCEEDING

                                   * * * *

MICHAEL J. SCHAFFER
Schaffer Law Office, Prof., LLC
Sioux Falls, South Dakota                     Attorneys for Judicial
                                              Qualifications Commission.

JACK H. HIEB
ZACHARY W. PETERSON of
Richardson, Wyly, Wise, Sauck
 & Hieb, LLP
Aberdeen, South Dakota

 and

THOMAS J. NICHOLSON of
Nicholson & Nicholson
Sioux Falls, South Dakota                     Attorneys for Petitioner
                                              Judge A. P. Fuller.

                                   * * * *

                                              ARGUED APRIL 28, 2011

                                              OPINION FILED 05/18/11
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GILBERTSON, Chief Justice

[¶1.]        The Judicial Qualifications Commission (Commission) has

unanimously recommended to this Court that Judge A. P. “Pete” Fuller be removed

or retired as a circuit court judge. Judge Fuller has petitioned for modification or

rejection of this recommendation. At oral argument, Judge Fuller’s counsel

recommended a public censure and reinstatement with conditions attached to it.

[¶2.]        Upon our independent inquiry, this Court has determined that the

evidence clearly and convincingly proves that Judge Fuller engaged in conduct that

merits this Court ordering his retirement. We stay this retirement if Judge Fuller

consents to numerous conditions including his suspension without pay for six

months.

                            HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

[¶3.]        In 1972, South Dakota electors approved the amendment of Article V

of the South Dakota Constitution, Judicial Department. The amendment

reorganized the article, established a unified judicial system, and made many

changes including “the establishment of a judicial qualifications commission.” S.D.

Const. art. V, Historical Note; S.D. Const. art. V, § 9.

[¶4.]        The South Dakota Constitution Article V, § 9 provides:

             The Legislature shall provide by law for the establishment of a
             judicial qualifications commission which have such powers as
             the Legislature may provide, including the power to investigate
             complaints against any justice or judge and to conduct
             confidential hearings concerning the removal or involuntary
             retirement of a justice or judge. The Supreme Court shall
             prescribe by rule the means to implement and enforce the
             powers of the commission. On recommendation of the judicial
             qualifications commission the Supreme Court, after hearing,
             may censure, remove or retire a justice or judge for action which

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             constitutes willful misconduct in office, willful and persistent
             failure to perform his duties, habitual intemperance, disability
             that seriously interferes with the performance of the duties or
             conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice which brings
             a judicial office into disrepute. No justice or judge shall sit in
             judgment in any hearing involving his own removal or
             retirement.

Pursuant to this provision, the Legislature in 1973 enacted H.B. 627, “An Act

creating a commission on judicial qualifications, prescribing its powers and duties,

providing means of implementing its recommendations.” 1973 S.D. Sess. Laws 136.

These provisions are codified in SDCL ch. 16-1A. 1 This Court prescribed rules to

implement and enforce the powers of the Commission which are found in the

appendix to SDCL ch. 16-1A.

[¶5.]        Prior to this case, only one case has been reviewed by this Court under

South Dakota Constitution Article V, § 9 and SDCL ch. 16-1A. Matter of

Heuermann, 90 S.D. 312, 240 N.W.2d 603 (1976). Two of the issues resolved in

Heuermann were the proper standard of proof in proceedings pursuant to SDCL ch.

16-1A and the proper standard of review of the Commission’s findings of fact and

recommendation. Id. at 315, 240 N.W.2d at 605.

[¶6.]        As to the appropriate standard of proof in proceedings under SDCL ch.

16-1A this Court held:

             We note that it would be inapposite to require proof “beyond a
             reasonable doubt” as this is not a criminal prosecution. Proof by

1.      SDCL 16-1A-9 provides:

             Based upon its findings the Commission on Judicial Qualifications
             shall make a recommendation either that no further action be taken or
             that the judge investigated be censured, suspended, removed, or
             retired.

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             a mere preponderance of the evidence is also inapposite because
             of the severity of the sanction which can be imposed. We
             conclude that the proper standard of proof is by “clear and
             convincing evidence.” Such a standard provides adequate
             protection for the party subject to charges, but at the same time
             does not demand so much evidence that the ability of the
             Commission and this court to effectively oversee the judiciary is
             impaired.

Id. at 317, 240 N.W.2d at 605.

[¶7.]        In considering the proper standard of review of the Commission’s

findings and recommendation, this Court recognized that it “had an obligation to

undertake ‘an independent evaluation of the evidence and the recommendation of

the Commission.’” Id. at 317, 240 N.W.2d at 606 (quoting In re Hanson, 532 P.2d

303, 308 (Alaska 1975)).

             The rationale for requiring an independent evaluation of the
             evidence and recommendation is that the Act puts the burden of
             imposing the sanction squarely on the Supreme Court; the
             Commission has power only to recommend. With the power to
             impose a punishment comes the concomitant obligation to
             conduct an independent inquiry into the evidence to determine
             whether that evidence merits imposition of the sanction
             recommended.

             Thus, in every case brought to this court on a recommendation
             from the Commission, we must determine whether the evidence
             clearly and convincingly proves that the petitioner engaged in
             conduct which, upon our independent inquiry, merits the
             imposition of the sanction recommended.

Id. (footnote omitted).

[¶8.]        This Court’s decision in Heuermann did not address the weight or

deference given to Commission credibility determinations. We agree with the

Supreme Court of Washington that when conducting our independent inquiry to

determine whether the evidence clearly and convincingly merits the imposition of

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the recommended sanction, “[a]lthough we give considerable weight to the

credibility determinations of the Commission and serious consideration to the

Commission’s recommended sanctions, the ultimate decisions of whether and how

to discipline an errant judge falls to the Supreme Court.” In re Disciplinary

Proceeding Against Eiler, 236 P.3d 873, 876 (Wash. 2010).

[¶9.]          With these principles in mind we turn to the case before us.

                                         FACTS

                                            I.

[¶10.]         In May 2010, Glen Brenner, the Pennington County State’s Attorney,

Steve Allender, the Rapid City Chief of Police, and Don Holloway, the Pennington

County Sheriff, filed a complaint with the Commission alleging that Judge Fuller

referred to Rapid City police officers as a “bunch of racists” during a police officer’s

testimony at an April 28, 2010, juvenile proceeding. The complaint alleged 2 that

Judge Fuller’s comment was inappropriate and violated Canons 1, 2, and 3 of the

South Dakota Code of Judicial Conduct. SDCL app. 16-2.

2.       A complaint in a judicial disciplinary proceeding must allege facts which
         would demonstrate:
               1) a violation of the Judicial Code,
               2) willful misconduct in office,
               3) habitual intemperance,
               4) disability that seriously interferes with the performance of the
                    judge’s duties, or
               5) violation of any constitutional provisions or statutes or conduct
                    that is prejudicial to the administration of justice and brings a
                    judicial office into disrepute.
         Rule III(2)(b), Rules of Procedure of the Judicial Qualifications Commission,
         SDCL app. 16-1A.

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[¶11.]       The Commission forwarded the complaint to Judge Fuller and

requested a detailed response. By letter dated June 28, 2010, Judge Fuller simply

responded, “[t]he allegation is correct.”

[¶12.]       The Commission elected to investigate the complaint filed against

Judge Fuller and issues concerning Judge Fuller’s demeanor. Attorney Dave

Nelson, then counsel for the Commission, was directed to conduct the investigation.

Nelson interviewed a number of individuals including lawyers and court personnel.

After Nelson submitted his investigatory report, the Commission voted to institute

formal proceedings to “inquire into the charges against the judge.” Rule III(6),

Rules of Procedure of the Judicial Qualifications Commission, SDCL app. 16-1A. A

formal complaint, incorporating by reference Nelson’s report, was served upon

Judge Fuller on September 9, 2010.

[¶13.]       On September 30, 2010, the Commission held a hearing on its order to

show cause why Judge Fuller should not be suspended with compensation, as

mandated by the rules of the Judicial Qualifications Commission, during the

pendency of these proceedings. Rule III(11), Rules of Procedure of the Judicial

Qualifications Commission, SDCL app. 16-1A. Judge Fuller was present and

proceeded without counsel although he understood that he had a right to have

counsel present. Following the show-cause hearing the Commission voted

unanimously to recommend to this Court that Judge Fuller be suspended with

compensation. Ultimately this Court entered an order suspending Judge Fuller

with compensation during the pendency of these proceedings.

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[¶14.]        The formal hearing was held December 13, 2010. Prior to the hearing,

Commission counsel and Judge Fuller’s counsel stipulated that the testimony and

exhibits received at the show-cause hearing would be received into evidence at the

formal hearing and it would not be necessary to recall those witnesses.

[¶15.]        Following the hearing, the Commission entered 90 detailed findings of

fact and ten conclusions. It unanimously recommended to this Court that “Judge

Fuller be removed or retired as a circuit judge” based upon Judge Fuller’s “pattern

of improper activity and the effect that that improper activity has had on others,

including court personnel, attorneys, litigants, and on the judicial system itself.”

                                          II.

[¶16.]        Judge Fuller was born on February 17, 1943. He received a J.D. from

the University of South Dakota School of Law in 1968. Judge Fuller practiced law

in Chamberlain, South Dakota for three years. He moved to Lead, South Dakota in

1971 where he practiced law for 32 years. As a lawyer he served on the Commission

and was its Chair. He was appointed to the Seventh Circuit bench in March 2003.

Judge Fuller was elected to an eight-year term following a contested election in

2006. Until this proceeding Judge Fuller has never been the subject of formal

judicial discipline.

[¶17.]        The evidence in this case reveals a pattern of misconduct that began

when Judge Fuller assumed the bench and continued throughout his entire tenure

on the bench. While Judge Fuller disputes some of the allegations that led to this

proceeding, our focus is on the numerous allegations that he admitted occurred.

They are also the most serious.

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                                          A.

[¶18.]       In 2004, Judge Fuller was assigned to the Fall River County judicial

rotation. Two female deputy clerk of courts, one of whom had over 40 years of

experience as a clerk, refused to go into Judge Fuller’s courtroom because of his

degrading comments, swearing, anger, and disrespect. Clerk of Courts Carol Foster

assumed courtroom duties. Virtually every time she was in open court, Judge

Fuller, from the bench and with the public present, would swear using terms such

as “the goddamn clerk,” “the goddamn schedule,” and “the goddamn calendar.”

While Judge Fuller would laugh and joke about the comments, Foster found them

belittling, not humorous. Foster also observed Judge Fuller swear at an attorney

and tell another female attorney during the course of a public hearing “to shut the

damn statutes, he had already made his decision and he didn’t need to be told what

the law was.” Foster also heard Judge Fuller, who was in his chambers, screaming

and using the “F” word. While Judge Fuller denied using profanity, he admitted

that he treated Foster and her staff rudely and disrespectfully.

                                          B.

[¶19.]       In May 2007, Judge Fuller was conducting a jury trial in Custer

County. Judge Fuller told the clerk of courts that he did not need her services in

the courtroom. When she told Judge Fuller it was necessary for “appeal purposes,

exhibit marking, for his benefit,” “that set him off.” Later, when the clerk was

explaining the practical logistics of feeding the jury in Custer before the beginning

of tourist season, Judge Fuller turned around, pointed his finger at her, became red

faced, raised his voice, and told her “you will do as you are told.” The clerk had

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“never felt as belittled as I did [that] day.” The clerk told the court administrator

and presiding judge that she preferred not to work with Judge Fuller, but would do

so due to the rotation and her job requirements. Judge Fuller, however, was never

put back into the regular rotation for either Custer or Fall River counties.

                                            C.

[¶20.]         Attorney Barton Banks practiced in Rapid City for 19 years and had a

cordial relationship with Judge Fuller when Judge Fuller was an attorney. In

Banks’ first case in front of Judge Fuller in October 2007, Judge Fuller, in

chambers, commented that Banks was “an asshole.” Banks assumed the comment

was in jest. Later, in response to a comment Banks made in the courtroom, Judge

Fuller during the course of a court proceeding and from the bench “gave [Banks] the

bird.” 3 Banks’ client seated next to Banks at counsel table saw the gesture and was

greatly concerned.

[¶21.]         Banks lost the case and appealed to the Supreme Court where he

received a favorable ruling. On remand, Judge Fuller believed the Supreme Court

3.       Giving the “bird” or “finger” is an obscene or vulgar gesture. In re S.J.N-K.,
         2002 S.D. 70, ¶ 14, 647 N.W.2d 707, 712; Spruance v. Comm’ on Judicial
         Qualifications, 532 P.2d 1209, 1222 (Cal. 1975).

               The extended middle finger or digitus impudicus is a phallic
               symbol. Its use as a semiotic insult is of ancient origin.
               Diogenes is reported to have insulted Demosthenes with it.
               Bauml and Bauml, Dictionary of Gestures, Scarecrow Press
               (1975) p.71.

         People of City of Oak Park v. Smith, 262 N.W.2d 900, 902 n.1 (Mich. 1977).

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was wrong and did not follow this Court’s directive. Banks “found myself in a very

awkward position with my client who I just convinced to try this case to the court.”

Banks appealed, “on my own dime,” and the case was settled before briefing. Banks

no longer practices before Judge Fuller; he submits affidavits to recuse Judge Fuller

because of the lack of predictability in Judge Fuller’s court.

[¶22.]       Other attorneys in civil cases expressed concern over Judge Fuller’s

lack of courtesy and respect. One described how Judge Fuller became so irritated

with opposing counsel in March 2008, that, “in front of the jury,” he expressed his

displeasure. When the jury was not present, Judge Fuller told opposing counsel “a

number of times that when he [Judge Fuller] practiced law, he considered the judge

an enemy, and so, don’t let me push you guys around.”

[¶23.]       Another attorney described a motion hearing before Judge Fuller.

Judge Fuller’s tone and demeanor were “impatient, it was abrupt, it was

condescending, it was rude.” While the attorney found Judge Fuller’s demeanor,

“not in keeping with the finest standards of judicial decorum,” he also found his

behavior “an aberration, from my perspective, based upon my experience with

Judge Fuller.” His clients, however, believed that they had not and would not be

treated fairly by Judge Fuller and were very upset.

[¶24.]       In another civil proceeding, Judge Fuller initiated ex parte contact

with one of the attorneys on more than one occasion to inform the attorney of a case

adverse to his position. The attorney felt that he had been placed in an awkward

position. The information that Judge Fuller provided was later given to the other

attorneys involved in the case.

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                                           D.

[¶25.]         Judge Fuller presided over a recent juvenile rape adjudication. The

juvenile defendant was 14 years old while the victim was 11 years old. The case

came down to a “he said--she said” case. Judge Fuller directed the alleged

defendant and victim to submit to polygraphs. When the lawyers refused to

facilitate the polygraphs, Judge Fuller became angry and told them it was unfair for

him to make a decision based on the testimony he heard in court.4 Judge Fuller

denies actually entering an order on the polygraph, but admits his conduct was

improper.

                                           E.

[¶26.]         In 2010, court services officers (CSOs) became increasingly concerned

over Judge Fuller’s offhand comments and demeanor in the courtroom, failure to

respond to safety issues in his crowded courtroom, and handling the docket too

quickly. Judge Fuller, according to CSO Tonia Fischer, changed in March 2010, and

became disrespectful, demeaning, and rude. Judge Fuller’s comments to Fischer

were so harsh that a juvenile and his parents apologized to her for Judge Fuller’s

actions. When safety concerns were expressed over having 100 people in his

courtroom during juvenile proceedings, Judge Fuller dismissed them “until

something happens.”

4.       This Court has repeatedly held that polygraph tests are not admissible in the
         courts of this state. Sabag v. Cont’ South Dakota, 374 N.W.2d 349, 353 (S.D.
         1985); State v. Waff, 373 N.W.2d 18 (S.D. 1985); State v. Muetze, 368 N.W.2d
         575, 588 (S.D. 1985); State v. Watson, 248 N.W.2d 398, 399 (S.D. 1976); State
         v. O’Connor, 86 S.D. 294, 301, 194 N.W.2d 246, 250 (1972).

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[¶27.]       In addition, Judge Fuller admits that in the hallway going into the

courtroom for juvenile proceedings, he has told state’s attorneys and CSOs that

“[i]t’s time for me to see my little peckerheads.” While Judge Fuller assumed the

comment would be taken as a joke, a mother overheard it and questioned if her

child could get a “fair shake” from Judge Fuller.

                                          F.

[¶28.]       In addition to referring to juveniles as “peckerheads,” Judge Fuller

admits that he made disparaging remarks about women in the legal profession,

Native Americans, and law enforcement. This proceeding began after he referred to

law enforcement as a “bunch of racists” during a legal proceeding in April 2010.

[¶29.]       During a break in a legal proceeding, Judge Fuller commented to a

legal intern that the legal profession was better off before women belonged and the

profession should go back to the way it was in 1916 or 1918. While the intern

believed Judge Fuller was joking, she found the comments offensive.

[¶30.]       The walls in Judge Fuller’s courtroom are lined with photographs and

artwork. In order to accommodate the audio-visual system, if needed in his

courtroom, Judge Fuller would remove three pieces depicting Native Americans.

When the trial was over, Judge Fuller would hang the artwork back on the wall.

When doing so he admits “saying, again in a smart aleck deal, this is where I hang

my Indians.” Judge Fuller admits that the remark was completely inappropriate

and claims that he apologized. He testified that the pictures of Native Americans in

his courtroom were to demonstrate to Native American juveniles respect for their

leaders.

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                                          G.

[¶31.]        Glen Brenner, the Pennington County State’s Attorney, filed the initial

complaint in this case. While Brenner had a good relationship with Judge Fuller,

Judge Fuller in the hallway once expressed “a philosophical belief” that “why must

the wind always be at the back of the state and in the face of the defendant.”

During regular staff meetings in Brenner’s office, deputy state’s attorneys expressed

their frustration with Judge Fuller and their belief that they were not treated with

respect in his courtroom because of their position within government. By the time

of the initial show-cause hearing, Judge Fuller admitted that the deputy state’s

attorneys systematically filed affidavits to recuse him and Judge Fuller was taken

off all criminal cases.

                                   DUE PROCESS

[¶32.]        In his brief, Judge Fuller contends that he was not afforded due

process during the Commission’s proceedings because he did not receive sufficient

notice of the specific charges or allegations against him. Although he did not

pursue the matter at oral argument, we nevertheless address it because the

complaint is the basis for all proceedings against him and the issue may arise in the

future.

[¶33.]        On September 9, 2010, Judge Fuller was served with the original

complaint in this matter which alleged that he violated Canons 1A, 2A, 3B(4),

3B(5), and 3B(7) of the Code of Judicial Conduct. SDCL app. 16-2. Attached to the

complaint and incorporated into it by reference was the Nelson investigative report

that detailed witnesses and their allegations. Judge Fuller contends, however, that

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any allegation or evidence not specifically set forth in the body of the complaint

could not be used by the Commission.

[¶34.]       We find our analysis in In re Discipline of Russell, 2011 S.D. 17, __

N.W.2d __, dispositive. The disciplinary charge must “adequately inform” the

respondent of the nature of the charge against him and “is sufficient if it enables a

person of common understanding to know what is intended from the language

contained and if it apprises a [respondent] with reasonable certainty of the

accusation against him so that he may prepare his defense.” Id. ¶ 35 (quoting In re

Kunkle, 88 S.D. 269, 274-75, 218 N.W.2d 521, 524 (1974)).

             [M]ost courts usually have not allowed errors in prescribed
             notice procedures to nullify the validity of investigations and
             hearings conducted by disciplinary organizations. The majority
             view holds that virtually no notice is required by the due process
             clause in investigatory proceedings. This view does not extend
             to adjudicative proceedings. Even there, though, due process
             demands only the amount of notice necessary to give a judge a
             general idea of the charges against him.

Jeffrey M. Shaman, et al., Judicial Conduct and Ethics § 13.10B (4th ed. 2007).

                            APPROPRIATE SANCTION

[¶35.]       The Commission concluded that Judge Fuller violated the following

Canons of the South Dakota Code of Judicial Conduct:

             Canon 1A:

                An independent and honorable judiciary is indispensable to
             justice in our society. A judge should participate in establishing,
             maintaining and enforcing high standards of conduct, and shall
             personally observe those standards so that the integrity,
             impartiality and independence of the judiciary will be preserved.
             The provisions of this Code are to be construed and applied to
             further that objective.

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           Canon 2A:

              A judge shall respect and comply with the law and shall act
           at all times in a manner that promotes public confidence in the
           integrity and impartiality of the judiciary.

           Canon 3B:

                  (4) A judge shall be patient, dignified and courteous to
                  litigants, jurors, witnesses, lawyers and others with whom
                  the judge deals in an official capacity, and shall require
                  similar conduct of lawyers, and of staff, court officials and
                  others subject to the judge’s direction and control.

                  (5) A judge shall perform judicial duties without bias or
                  prejudice. A judge shall not, in the performance of
                  judicial duties, by words or conduct manifest bias or
                  prejudice, including but not limited to bias or prejudice
                  based upon race, sex, religion, national origin, disability
                  or age, and shall not permit staff, court officials and
                  others subject to the judge’s direction and control to do so.

                                              ***

                  (7) A judge shall accord to every person who has a legal
                  interest in a proceeding, or that person’s lawyer, the right
                  to be heard according to Law. A judge shall not initiate,
                  permit, or consider ex parte communications, or consider
                  other communications made to the judge outside the
                  presence of the parties concerning a pending or impending
                  proceeding[.]

           Canon 4A:

              A judge shall conduct all of the judge’s extra-judicial activities
           so that they do not:

                  (1) cast reasonable doubt on the judge’s capacity to act
                  impartially as a judge;

                  (2) demean the judicial office, or

                  (3) interfere with the proper performance of judicial
                  duties.

SDCL app. 16-2.
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[¶36.]         These Canons govern judicial conduct in South Dakota. However, for

this Court to consider censure, suspension, 5 retirement or removal, those actions

are governed by the South Dakota Constitution. The South Dakota Constitution

Article V, § 9 states, in part:

               On recommendation of the judicial qualifications commission the
               Supreme Court, after hearing, may censure, remove or retire a
               justice or judge for action which constitutes willful misconduct
               in office, willful and persistent failure to perform his duties,
               habitual intemperance, disability that seriously interferes with
               the performance of the duties or conduct prejudicial to the
               administration of justice which brings a judicial office into
               disrepute.

(Emphasis added.)

[¶37.]         Judge Fuller’s acts can be analyzed under either the prohibition

against “willful misconduct” or “conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice

which brings a judicial office into disrepute.” In construing a nearly identical

constitutional clause, the Supreme Court of California held that for a judge to

commit willful misconduct, the acts must be committed in “bad faith.” Kloepfer v.

Comm’n on Judicial Performance, 782 P.2d 239, 241 (Cal. 1989) (citing McCullough

v. Comm’n on Judicial Performance, 776 P.2d 259 (Cal. 1989)). Black’s Law

Dictionary 139 (6th ed. 1990) defines “bad faith” as:

               The opposite of “good faith,” generally implying or involving
               actual or constructive fraud, or a design to mislead or deceive
               another, or a neglect or refusal to fulfill some duty or some

5.       While suspension is not specifically mentioned in South Dakota Constitution
         Article V, § 9, it is included by implication since suspension is a lesser
         sanction to the sanctions of retirement or removal, both of which are
         permanent in nature. See SDCL 16-1A-9 (Commission can recommend
         censure, suspension, removal or retirement).

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             contractual obligation, not prompted by an honest mistake as to
             one’s rights or duties, but by some interested or sinister motive.

To establish “prejudicial conduct” however, does not require the presence of bad

faith. “It occurs when a judge, though acting in good faith, engages in conduct

which adversely affects public opinion of the judiciary.” Kloepfer, 782 P.2d at 241.

The Commission’s findings do not declare Judge Fuller guilty of bad faith. We

focus, therefore, on the “conduct prejudicial” clause of South Dakota Constitution

Article V, § 9. Several legal principles set forth below are appropriate to our

examination of this case.

[¶38.]       “The power which the people of this state have entrusted to a circuit

court judge affects the people’s lives, welfare and property to no small extent.”

Cummings v. Mickelson, 495 N.W.2d 493, 496 (S.D. 1993). As such:

             Our duty, imposed by the state legislature and by the state
             constitution, is to maintain a judiciary which is both respected
             and trusted. We must be vigorous in uncovering the actions of
             an errant judge, but we must at the same time be careful not to
             find error or impose punishment merely to appease a public and
             a bar which are now demanding more of their judiciary than
             ever before.

Heuermann, 90 S.D. at 321, 240 N.W.2d at 608.

[¶39.]       The preamble to the South Dakota Code of Judicial Conduct eloquently

states:

             Our legal system is based on the principle that an independent,
             impartial, fair and competent judiciary will interpret and apply
             the laws that govern us. The role of the judiciary is central to
             American concepts of justice and the rule of law. Intrinsic to all
             sections of this Code are the precepts that judges, individually
             and collectively, must respect and honor the judicial office as a
             public trust and strive to enhance and maintain confidence in
             our legal system. The judge is an arbiter of facts and law for the

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             resolution of disputes and a highly visible symbol of government
             under the rule of law.

SDCL app. 16-2.

[¶40.]       South Dakota’s judicial system cannot function properly unless judges

maintain the highest standards. See Rule II(3), Rules of Procedure of the Judicial

Qualifications Commission, SDCL app. 16-1A. As we noted in an attorney

discipline case:

             The citizens of this state and those non-residents who seek
             relief in our Courts have a right to expect that as far as
             humanly possible, the fact finders, be they a jury or a judge will
             attempt to find the true facts and correctly apply the law.
             Witnesses take oaths to tell the truth. Jurors take oaths to do
             their duty. Judges take an oath consistent with their calling.
             All of this crumbles should an attorney [or a judge] violate his
             oath[.]

In re Discipline of Ortner, 2005 S.D. 83, ¶ 40, 699 N.W.2d 865, 877.

[¶41.]       To strive for judicial integrity is the work of a lifetime. That should
             not dissuade the profession. The difficulty of the undertaking does not
             mean we should refrain from the attempt. Explicit standards of
             judicial conduct provide essential guidance for judges in the proper
             discharge of their duties and the honorable conduct of their office.

Republican Party of Minn. v. White, 536 U.S. 765, 794, 122 S. Ct. 2528, 2545, 153 L.

Ed. 2d 694 (2002) (Kennedy, J., concurring). Our legal system can function “only so

long as the public, having confidence in the integrity of its judges, accepts and

abides by judicial decisions.” In re Winton, 350 N.W.2d 337, 340 (Minn. 1984).

             A judge has a position of power and prestige in a democratic
             society espousing justice for all persons under law. The role of a
             judge in the administration of justice requires adherence to the
             highest standard of personal and official conduct. Of those to
             whom much is committed, much is demanded. A judge,
             therefore, has the responsibility of conforming to a higher
             standard of conduct than is expected of lawyers or other persons
             in society.

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Id. To paraphrase our decision in an attorney discipline case, “[e]ach day of a

[judge’s] life demands that these requirements be met anew.” See In re Discipline of

Eicher, 2003 S.D. 40, ¶ 25, 661 N.W.2d 354, 363.

[¶42.]       “The single overriding rationale behind our system of judicial

discipline is the preservation of public confidence in the integrity and the

independence of the judiciary.” In re Mathesius, 910 A.2d 594, 608 (N.J. 2006).

             Discipline is not imposed to punish the individual judge.
             Rather, the purpose of judicial discipline, like the purpose of the
             Code of Judicial Conduct, is to protect our court system and the
             public from misconduct. Discipline is designed to restore and
             maintain the dignity, honor, and impartiality of the judicial
             office.

In re Disciplinary Proceedings Against Ziegler, 750 N.W.2d 710, 721 (Wis. 2008).

[¶43.]       The Supreme Court of Nebraska has recognized the purpose of

sanctions in cases of judicial discipline:

             The purpose of sanctions in cases of judicial discipline is to
             preserve the integrity and independence of the judiciary and to
             restore and reaffirm public confidence in the administration of
             justice. The discipline we impose must be designed to announce
             publicly our recognition that there has been misconduct; it must
             be sufficient to deter respondent from again engaging in such
             conduct; and it must discourage others from engaging in similar
             conduct in the future. Thus, we discipline a judge not for
             purposes of vengeance or retribution, but to instruct the public
             and all judges, ourselves included, of the importance of the
             function performed by judges in a free society. We discipline a
             judge to reassure the public that judicial misconduct is neither
             permitted nor condoned. We discipline a judge to reassure the
             citizens of Nebraska that the judiciary of their state is dedicated
             to the principle that ours is a government of laws and not of
             men. See Disciplinary Proceeding Against Buchanan, 100 Wash.
             2d 396, 669 P.2d 1248 (1983); Matter of Ross, 428 A.2d 858 (Me.
             1981).

In re Kneifl, 351 N.W.2d 693, 700 (Neb. 1984).

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[¶44.]       This Court is charged by the South Dakota Constitution with the

responsibility for judicial discipline. In so doing we keep in mind the guidance from

the cases cited above. Judge Fuller in his presentation to this Court pointed out

that he has already suffered considerable public notoriety and humiliation as a

result of these proceedings. While that may be the case we have consistently

refused to recognize such claims as a basis for leniency from this Court. The

Constitution charges this Court and not the media, public comment, or any third

party with fashioning an appropriate sanction. In re Discipline of Wilka, 2001 S.D.

148, ¶ 17, 638 N.W.2d 245, 249-50 (citing In re Discipline of Dorothy, 2000 S.D. 23 ¶

40, 605 N.W.2d 493, 505; In re Discipline of Hopewell, 507 N.W.2d 911, 917 (S.D.

1993)).

[¶45.]       Many letters of support for Judge Fuller from attorneys make the point

that he is no worse than some other judges who the authors have appeared in front

of. We addressed such an argument in Eicher, 2003 S.D. 40, ¶ 51, 661 N.W.2d at

370:

             arguments that [the judge] is no worse than the supposed
             bottom of the barrel that have been [elected or appointed to a
             judgeship] all fail to pass muster.

The Judicial Canons recognize no “lowest common denominator” standard of

judicial conduct or defense.

[¶46.]       All judges are human and are capable of making a misstatement or

mistake especially in the heat of a court proceeding. Such is not the case here.

Judge Fuller’s misconduct was continual throughout his tenure on the bench. We

have made a strong distinction in attorney disciplinary cases between misconduct

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which was isolated and committed in the heat of a trial versus intentional

misconduct which was continual and not provoked. See Eicher, 2003 S.D. 40, ¶ 29,

661 N.W.2d at 364; Hopewell, 507 N.W.2d at 917.

[¶47.]        It took significant courage for counsel who appeared in front of Judge

Fuller, and could possibly again, to come forward and testify before the Commission

about his conduct. The same is true for law enforcement. Likewise, UJS employees

who were verbally abused and bullied by Judge Fuller also confronted him at the

Commission’s hearings to tell what they had endured. The distinguished panel of

judges, attorneys, and lay people who make up the Commission and serve without

pay, in the course of their lengthy constitutional obligations, weighed the evidence

and arrived at the difficult recommendation to retire or remove a sitting judge for

the first time in this State’s history.

[¶48.]        We conclude that the actions of Judge Fuller by clear and convincing

evidence violate Canons 1A, 2A, 3B(4), 3B(5), 3B(7) and 4A. He concedes as much.

We further conclude the actions of Judge Fuller by clear and convincing evidence

violate South Dakota Constitution Article V, § 9 in that they constitute “conduct

prejudicial to the administration of justice which brings a judicial office into

disrepute.”

[¶49.]        This misconduct has demeaned Judge Fuller and the judicial position

he holds. Judge Fuller now asks for a second chance from this Court. He asks to

resume his judicial duties with an emphasis on correcting his past misconduct and

mistakes. We have no reason not to believe Judge Fuller is sincere in his apology

for his past misconduct and his intention to try to rectify the situation. Judge

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Fuller has presented to this Court testimony and letters of recommendation

attesting to his fine attributes. We respect those opinions from eminent members of

the bar. However, Judge Fuller has maligned the reputation of South Dakota’s

judiciary, has insulted individual lawyers, has uttered insensitive racial and sexist

jokes, has conducted himself on the bench with unconscionable arrogance, has used

abusive language, has rudely mistreated employees of the UJS, and has flippantly

from the bench referred to law enforcement as a “bunch of racists” with no

evidentiary basis to do so.

[¶50.]         Judge Fuller has not only damaged his judicial office but those of every

judge in this state. Each judge’s decisions, judgments, and decrees are not enforced

by armies or by force. They are chiefly enforced by the voluntary compliance of our

citizens through their respect for the rule of law. Judge Fuller’s misconduct makes

it more difficult for every judge in this state to maintain that respect for our courts

and thus our ability to effectively resolve society’s legal disputes.

               Courts, in our system, elaborate principles of law in the course
               of resolving disputes. The power and the prerogative of a court
               to perform this function rest, in the end, upon the respect
               accorded to its judgments. The citizen’s respect for judgments
               depends in turn upon the issuing court’s absolute probity.
               Judicial integrity is, in consequence, a state interest of the
               highest order.

Republican Party of Minn., 536 U.S. at 793, 122 S. Ct. at 2544 (Kennedy, J.,

concurring).

[¶51.]         During oral argument, Judge Fuller candidly admitted his wrongdoing.

This implies he is capable of rehabilitation and overcoming his personality traits

that got him into this trouble in the first place. Judge Fuller has no prior judicial

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disciplinary complaints and at one point actually served as the Chair of the Judicial

Qualifications Commission. Prior to becoming a judge, he had a lengthy and

honorable career as an attorney. We keep in mind our admonition of the

consequences of a proceeding such as this on a person who is entrusted with special

authority to engage in their profession:

                [T]he seriousness of the outcome of the hearing on the [judge’s]
                right to continue to practice his profession is obvious: “It has
                been repeatedly held in this state that the revocation of a license
                of a professional man carries with it dire consequences. It not
                only involves necessarily disgrace and humiliation, but it means
                the end of his professional career.”

In re Schram, 414 N.W.2d 31, 35 (S.D. 1987) (quoting Smith v. Dept. of Registration,

106 N.E.2d 722, 728 (Ill. 1952)).

[¶52.]          Our judicial oath and South Dakota Constitution Article V, § 9, place

the duty squarely upon this Court to determine what is appropriate discipline in

this matter. Judge Fuller’s conduct is prejudicial to the administration of justice

which has brought his judicial office into disrepute in violation of South Dakota

Constitution Article V, § 9. Our research, along with that of counsel for both sides,

has identified dozens of cases from other states that deal with this type of

misconduct. The results are very mixed. Some states opt for a public censure,

others for a suspension, and a few for removal. However, all are fact specific and

thus none completely fall within the factual setting of this case. Thus, while

mindful of these cases, in the end it falls upon us to fashion an appropriate sanction

in this case.

[¶53.]          The Nebraska Supreme Court recognized:

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             In the final analysis, however, any effort to design the
             appropriate discipline in this matter by comparing it with that
             imposed in any case by any other jurisdiction is of limited value.
             Although analyzing what other jurisdictions have done is
             instructive, the responsibility of defining and enforcing proper
             conduct for Nebraska judges falls upon this tribunal. Neb. Const.
             art. V, § 30(2), and § 24-723. See, also, Neb. Const. art. V, § 1,
             vesting in this court general administrative authority over all
             courts.

Kneifl, 351 N.W.2d at 700.

[¶54.]       In keeping with our constitutional duty and after a full and

independent review of the record, it is:

             ORDERED: That for his misconduct Circuit Judge A. P. Fuller is
             involuntarily retired effective 30 days from the date this opinion is
             filed. It is further,

             ORDERED: That if Circuit Judge A. P. Fuller consents in writing to
             the following conditions within 30 days the above order requiring
             involuntary retirement will be stayed:

             1. Indefinite probation, under such supervision and conditions as may
                be set from time to time by the Supreme Court;

             2. Six months additional suspension from judicial office without pay;

             3. During the suspension period, Judge Fuller will:

                a. Successfully complete, at his own expense, an accredited course
                   on judicial ethics, approved in advance by the Supreme Court;

                b. Resume his behavioral therapy until it is successfully completed,
                   as verified by his therapist;

             4. As a condition to reinstatement after this suspension, Judge Fuller
                must reimburse the Unified Judicial System for all expenses
                (including attorney’s fees) the Judicial Qualifications Commission
                incurred in connection with this matter in an amount to be
                determined by the Supreme Court;

             5. During the probationary period, any violation of the Code of
                Judicial Conduct or failure to timely complete any of the above
                conditions, as determined by the Supreme Court, will constitute a

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                 violation of probation, and the stay will be lifted and Judge Fuller
                 will be involuntarily retired.

             ORDERED: Upon completion of these conditions and Circuit Judge
             A. P. Fuller’s return to the bench, the Supreme Court shall randomly
             poll judges, attorneys, court personnel, and others to ascertain their
             opinion of how Judge Fuller is conducting himself.

[¶55.]       In our sanction of today we determine that Judge Fuller is capable of

rehabilitation. “History is replete with those who have overcome a weakness or

character flaw and risen to what Attorney at Law Abraham Lincoln declared to be

the ‘better angels of our nature.’” In re Discipline of Laprath, 2003 S.D. 114 ¶ 87,

670 N.W.2d 41, 66 (citing Eicher 2003 S.D. 40, ¶ 29, 661 N.W.2d at 371).

[¶56.]       This is the first time in its 121 year history that this Court has been

called upon to render judicial discipline of this severity upon one of the judges of

this State. We hope this Court’s words do not go unheeded and will result in a

judicial future free of this type of misconduct.

[¶57.]       KONENKAMP, ZINTER, MEIERHENRY, and SEVERSON, Justices,

concur.

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