Court Opinion

ID: 4358167
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-01-11 18:11:31.741756+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:19:36.803250
License: Public Domain

J-A15011-18

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    DERRELL OREA COLLYMORE                     :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 1627 MDA 2017

           Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence September 1, 2017
              In the Court of Common Pleas of Lancaster County
             Criminal Division at No(s): CP-36-CR-0001048-2017

BEFORE: PANELLA, J., MURRAY, J., and FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E.

MEMORANDUM BY PANELLA, J.                      FILED: JANUARY 11, 2019

        Appellant, Derrell Orea Collymore, appeals from the aggregate

judgment of sentence of ten to twenty years of confinement, which the court

imposed after his jury trial convictions for the manufacture, delivery or

possession with intent to manufacture or to deliver a controlled substance

(“PWID”) and possession of marijuana.1 We affirm.

        On February 3, 2017, during a traffic stop, Appellant was found in

possession of sixteen grams of cocaine and a small amount of marijuana.2 On

____________________________________________

1   35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(30) and (31), respectively.
2 In its opinions, the trial court set forth the relevant facts and procedural
history of this case. See Trial Court Opinion, filed Sept. 20, 2017, at 1-2; Trial
Court Opinion, filed Dec. 1, 2017, at 1-2.
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April 18, 2017, Appellant filed a pretrial motion alleging that the search of his

vehicle was illegal.3

       During the suppression hearing,4 Officer Todd Grager of the Lancaster

City Bureau of Police testified that, prior to the incident at issue, Detective

Adam Weber had told him that Appellant had an outstanding bench warrant

and “could be arrested on the bench warrant.” N.T. Trial at 5, 12-13.5 The

officer gave no reason for conducting the traffic stop, such as a traffic

violation, other than arresting Appellant on the outstanding warrant. See id.,

at 22. Officer Grager’s testimony continued:

       [A] [B]efore the vehicle actually even came to a stop, I called
       out to Lancaster Countywide Communications to run a warrant
       check on Derrell Collymore, because I knew after seeing him as
       the driver when I pulled up beside, I asked Countywide
       Communications to go ahead and run that information and confirm
       that warrant.

       Q     So Detective Weber had already told you that there was an
       active bench warrant, but you were just confirming that through
       Lancaster Countywide Communications, correct?

____________________________________________

3 As explained in greater detail below, the automobile that Appellant was
driving at the time of the incident was not registered in his name, and he
stated that he borrowed it from a friend. However, in order to avoid verbosity,
we will refer to it as “his” vehicle herein.
4 “In reviewing the denial of a suppression motion, . . . [o]ur scope of review
is limited to the evidence presented at the suppression hearing.”
Commonwealth v. Thran, 185 A.3d 1041, 1043 (Pa. Super. 2018) (citations
omitted).
5 The notes of testimony from the suppression hearing on June 14, 2017, and
the notes of testimony from the trial on June 14 and 15, 2017, were combined
into one consecutively numbered transcript. For simplicity, we will cite to this
transcript herein as “N.T. Trial.”

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      A       Yes.

      Q    Okay. And at that point, had you received a response from
      Countywide?

      A     No. At this point in time -- sometimes it can be lengthy
      depending on what’s going on in the city and there’s other
      incidents that are happening. You know, it can sometimes be five
      minutes before you get a response.

Id., at 18.

      Officer Grager stated that, when he activated his overhead lights and

sirens, “it appeared from [his] training and experience, that [Appellant] was

not going to stop initially[,]” but Appellant “did eventually stop.” Id., at 14.

      Officer Grager further testified that, while waiting for confirmation of

Appellant’s active warrant and for other officers to arrive, he “observed

[Appellant] moving in the passenger compartment and actually leaning over

in towards the center console of the vehicle. . . . [He] saw [Appellant]

reaching. [He did not] know exactly what [Appellant] was reaching for at that

time.” Id., at 15-16. Officer Grager “was concerned about [his own] safety,

because . . . [,] on numerous different occasions with vehicle stops, [he has]

had people that have moved weapons or other contraband as a result of being

stopped by the police.” Id., at 16.

      Officer Grager testified that, after other officers had arrived but before

he confirmed the existence of the warrant, he approached Appellant’s vehicle

and “asked [Appellant] to place his hands on top of his head and exit the

vehicle.” Id., at 17. Officer Grager further told the trial court:

      While I was waiting for the response, after I pulled [Appellant] out
      of the driver’s side of the vehicle, I patted him down for weapons

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      to ensure that he didn’t have any weapons on his person. And
      once I conducted that pat down, I had him sit on the curb to the
      rear of his vehicle with another officer.

Id., at 19. When asked if, once he placed Appellant on the curb, “was

[Appellant] free to go back inside his vehicle[,]” the officer answered: “He was

detained at that point. He had not been yet placed in handcuffs and arrested.

He was detained until confirmation of the Lancaster County bench warrant.”

Id., at 25.

      Officer Grager stated that he then conducted “a cursory search of the

area in [Appellant’s] wingspan” that “could potentially hold a weapon” “within

the vehicle to make sure that [Appellant] didn’t have any weapons that he

would be using against” the officers and discovered drugs. Id., at 19-20, 25.

      Officer Grager asserted that, after he completed the search, he received

confirmation from Countywide Communications “that [Appellant] did, in fact,

have a valid Lancaster County bench warrant.” Id., at 20. Officer Grager

ended by explaining that he arrested Appellant only after he received this

confirmation of the warrant. See id.

      At the conclusion of the hearing, the court denied the suppression

motion and proceeded directly to trial.

      During trial, Appellant testified that, at the time of the incident, his

vehicle was not working properly, could not be moved, and was “stuck outside

[his] house.” Id., at 225. He explained that he walked from his apartment on

Queen Street in Lancaster City to a friend’s home on Chestnut Street in

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Lancaster City to borrow her automobile, which he was driving when Officer

Grager stopped him. See id., at 225, 235. During cross-examination, the

following exchange occurred:

      Q     So when you were arrested, do you remember at the police
      station and then later when bail was being set on your case being
      asked questions, personal questions, your date of birth, your
      address, things like that?

      A     Yes, ma’am.

      Q     Do you remember that? Okay. And what address did you
      give them?

      A     I gave them, on my license, 241 Columbia Avenue.

      Q     Okay. In Columbia, Pennsylvania, correct?

      A     Yes, ma’am.

      Q      Okay. So how did you get from Columbia into Lancaster City
      to utilize your friend’s car that day?

      A     That was my mailing address in Columbia. It’s on my
      license. That’s the address on my license plate -- on my driver’s
      license.

      Q     When you’re at the police station and, again, when they’re
      setting bail, the purpose of bail is to make sure that you’re gonna
      show up for future court appearances. So when the judge is asking
      --

      [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Your Honor, that’s a little bit outside the
      scope.

      THE COURT:        Overruled.

Id., at 233-34. When the Commonwealth again asked Appellant what address

he gave to the judge who set bail, defense counsel objected, arguing that the

question had been asked and answered, and the trial court sustained the

objection. See id., at 234.

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      On June 15, 2017, a jury convicted Appellant of the aforementioned

crimes. Prior to    sentencing, the trial court ordered a pre-sentence

investigation (“PSI”) report.

      At Appellant’s sentencing hearing on September 1, 2017, the trial court

reviewed the sentencing guidelines, including finding and correcting an error

on the guidelines worksheet given to it by the Commonwealth, which adjusted

the worksheet in Appellant’s favor. The trial court also permitted Appellant

and his counsel additional time to review the sentencing guidelines worksheet,

in order to confirm that all information was now accurate. The trial court

further reviewed and explained the offense gravity score and prior record

score to Appellant, including where certain information was located on the

worksheet.

      Immediately prior to announcing the sentence, the trial court stated that

it considered: “all information that was contained in the [PSI] report”;

Appellant’s “family history,” “mental health history,” “treatment” history,

“age[,]” “character[,]” “work history[,]” “probation and parole violations[,]”

“level of education” -- including that he “can read, write and understand the

English language” – and “rehabilitative needs, including the fact that there is

nothing to indicate that [he] ha[d] made any attempt to change [his] lifestyle

or that [he] is amenable to rehabilitation”; “the penalties authorized by the

Pennsylvania Legislature”; “the crimes committed”; “the guidelines . . .

established by the Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing”; “the Sentencing

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Code”; “the nature and circumstances of the offense”; “the gravity of the

offense as it relates to the impact on th[e] community”; “protection of the

public”; and Appellant’s “extensive prior criminal record, which starts in 1995”

and “is not adequately reflected in the sentencing guideline worksheet,” which

allows for a “maximum” score of “five” “for purposes of calculating the

guidelines[,]” when Appellant had “a prior record score of ten.” N.T.,

Sentencing, 9/1/17, at 18-21, 23-24. The trial court also listed what it

considered to be aggravating circumstances:

      [T]he guidelines do not take into consideration those additional
      five points in [Appellant’s] prior record score, and as far as this
      [c]ourt is concerned, the sentencing guidelines are far too lenient
      for the circumstances of this case.

      The [c]ourt also considers as an aggravating circumstance the
      number of prior felony drug offenses. This is now [Appellant’s]
      fifth conviction.

      The [c]ourt considers as an aggravating circumstance
      [Appellant’s] repeated probation or parole violations since 1996,
      including six violations in the past nine years.

      The [c]ourt considers as an aggravating circumstance the lack of
      any steady employment, other than apparently selling drugs.

      The [c]ourt considers [Appellant] ha[s] basically been a career
      criminal, having been to court on new crimes or violations 19
      times over the past 22 years.

Id., at 24. The trial court concluded its remarks:

      With your four prior felony drug convictions and with this new
      conviction, really, Mr. Collymore, you have made a mockery of the
      courts, of the criminal justice system and of the rule of law.

      All of these facts clearly demonstrate you are not capable of
      rehabilitation. They justify a sentence above the aggravated range
      of the sentencing guidelines. The intent of this sentence is to

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       prevent you from returning to the illegal sale of drugs for the
       longest period of time possible.

Id., at 25. For these reasons, the trial court sentenced Appellant to the

statutory maximum sentence.

       Following     sentencing,     Appellant   filed   a   post-sentence   motion

challenging the discretionary aspects of his sentence, which the trial court

later denied. This timely appeal followed.6

       Appellant presents the following issues for our review:

       I.    Did the trial court err in denying [Appellant]’s Motion to
       Suppress the cocaine and marijuana seized from his vehicle,
       where police did not have reasonable suspicion to justify an
       alleged protective sweep of the area of [Appellant]’s former
       wingspan within the vehicle, this sweep was not protective in that
       [Appellant] had no access to his vehicle, nor did they actually
       conduct a protective sweep of his former wingspan as claimed?

       II.   Did the trial court err in overruling defense counsel’s
       objection to the prosecutor’s cross-examination of [Appellant]
       regarding the address he gave to the authorities when bail was
____________________________________________

6 Appellant filed his statement of errors complained of on appeal on
November 13, 2017. The trial court entered its opinion pursuant to Pa.R.A.P.
1925(a) on December 1, 2017.

  The Commonwealth has elected not to file a brief with this Court. See Letter
from Jared L. Hinsey, Assistant District Attorney, to Jennifer Traxler, Deputy
Prothonotary (Apr. 26, 2018).

  “An appellee is required to file a brief that at minimum must contain ‘a
summary of argument and the complete argument for appellee.’”
Commonwealth v. Pappas, 845 A.2d 829, 835 (Pa. Super. 2004) (quoting
Pa.R.A.P. 2112). In Pappas, the panel referred to the Commonwealth’s failure
to file a proper appellee’s brief as “unacceptable.” Id. We echo that opinion.
And we remind Attorney Hinsey of his obligation to file an appellee’s brief on
the Commonwealth’s behalf in future appeals.

                                           -8-
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       set, as these questions were beyond the scope of direct
       examination, irrelevant, and prejudicial?

       III. Was the trial court’s imposition of the statutory maximum
       sentence for possession with intent to deliver cocaine manifestly
       excessive and an abuse of the court’s discretion under the
       circumstances, and did the aggravated circumstances cited by the
       court fail to justify the court’s sentence, which was significantly
       above the top of the aggravated range of the sentencing
       guidelines?

Appellant’s Brief, at 6 (trial court’s answers omitted).

       First, Appellant contends that the trial court erred by denying his motion

to suppress the cocaine and marijuana found during Officer Grager’s search

of his vehicle. Appellant’s challenge can be divided into two parts: (1) whether

Officer Grager’s suspicion that a weapon may be present in Appellant’s vehicle

was reasonable; and (2) whether the search was necessary for the officer’s

protection.7

       The standard of review for an order denying a suppression motion
       is as follows:

          In reviewing the denial of a suppression motion, our role is
          to determine:

               whether the suppression court’s factual findings are
               supported by the record and whether the legal
____________________________________________

7 In his statement of questions involved pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 2116 and in the
first header in his argument section of his brief pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a),
Appellant asserts that police did not “actually conduct a protective sweep of
his former wingspan as claimed.” Appellant’s Brief, at 6, 21. However,
nowhere else in his brief, including in any part of his argument section besides
the first header, does Appellant aver that police searched inside his vehicle
beyond his wingspan. See id., at 21-29. As Appellant does not develop any
argument, we find this claim waived, and will not consider it. See, e.g.,
Commonwealth v. Spotz, 18 A.3d 244, 281 n.21 (Pa. 2011) (finding “one
sentence does not constitute a developed, reasoned, supported, or even
intelligible argument”; “matter is waived for lack of development”).

                                           -9-
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              conclusions drawn from those facts are correct.
              Because the Commonwealth prevailed before the
              suppression court, we may consider only the evidence
              of the Commonwealth and so much of the evidence
              for the defense as remains uncontradicted when read
              in the context of the record as a whole. Where the
              suppression court’s factual findings are supported by
              the record, we are bound by these findings and may
              reverse only if the court’s legal conclusions are
              erroneous. Where, as here, the appeal of the
              determination of the suppression court turns on
              allegations of legal error, the suppression court’s legal
              conclusions are not binding on an appellate court,
              whose duty it is to determine if the suppression court
              properly applied the law to the facts. Thus, the
              conclusions of law of the courts below are subject to
              our plenary review.

         Commonwealth v. Jones, 988 A.2d 649, 654 (Pa. 2010)
         (internal quotations and citations omitted). Our scope of
         review is limited to the evidence presented at the
         suppression hearing. In re L.J., 622 Pa. 126, 79 A.3d 1073,
         1080 (2013).

      Commonwealth v. Mackey, 177 A.3d 221, 226 (Pa. Super.
      2017).

Commonwealth v. Thran, 185 A.3d 1041, 1043 (Pa. Super. 2018).

      Initially, we address Appellant’s assertion that Officer Grager “did not

have a reasonable suspicion” that a weapon was inside the vehicle.

Appellant’s Brief, at 24. Appellant contends that, without such a suspicion,

Officer Granger’s warrantless vehicle search was improper, and the trial court

should have granted his suppression motion.

      In Commonwealth v. Simmons, 17 A.3d 399 (Pa. Super. 2011), this

Court held:

      [An officer]’s observation of furtive movements, within the scope
      of a lawful stop, led him to reasonably be concerned for his safety

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       and therefore justified the Terry[8] protective frisk. Indeed, on
       multiple occasions we have held that similar furtive movements,
       when witnessed within the scope of a lawful traffic stop, provided
       a reasonable basis for a protective frisk. See e.g.
       Commonwealth v. Morris, 537 Pa. 417, 644 A.2d 721, 723
       (1994); In re O.J., 958 A.2d [561,] 566[ (Pa. Super. 2008) (en
       banc)]; Commonwealth v. Mack, 953 A.2d 587, 591 (Pa.
       Super.2008); Commonwealth v. Parker, 957 A.2d 311, 316
       (Pa. Super.2008); Commonwealth v. Wilson, 927 A.2d 279,
       284–285 (Pa. Super.2007).

Id., at 404. See also In re O.J., 958 A.2d 561, 566 (Pa. Super. 2008) (en

banc) (finding defendant’s “rapid and furtive hand movements over the

console indicated that he may have been hiding a weapon in that location”;

“the police officer was permitted to engage in a search of that compartment

for his own protection”; “constitutional safeguards do not require an officer to

gamble with his life”). Nevertheless, this Court clarified:

       [P]re-stop furtive movements, by themselves, may not be used to
       justify an investigative detention and search commenced after the
       conclusion of a valid traffic stop where the totality of
       circumstances has established that the furtive movements did not
       raise immediate concern for the safety of the officer who
       undertook the initial vehicle detention.

____________________________________________

8 A “Terry stop” is “[a]n investigative detention [that] occurs when a police
officer temporarily detains an individual by means of physical force or a show
of authority for investigative purposes.” Commonwealth v. Barber, 889
A.2d 587, 592 (Pa. Super. 2005) (citation omitted). “Such a detention
constitutes a seizure of a person and thus activates the protections of the
Fourth Amendment and the requirements of Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1
(1968).” Id., at 592. It must be supported by “reasonable suspicion that the
person seized is then engaged in unlawful activity.” Id., at 593 (citation
omitted).

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Simmons, 17 A.3d at 405. See also Commonwealth v. Moyer, 954 A.2d
659, 670 (Pa. Super. 2008) (en banc) (finding “[f]urtive movements and

nervousness, standing alone, do not support the existence of reasonable

suspicion”).

      In other words, while furtive movements by a suspect are required,

additional factors are also needed to give rise to reasonable suspicion in order

to perform a protective weapons search. See Commonwealth v. Buchert,

68 A.3d 911, 916-917 (Pa. Super. 2013); Simmons, 17 A.3d at 404-405;

Moyer, 954 A.2d at 670.

      Here, Officer Grager testified that he knew there was an active warrant

for Appellant’s arrest, that Appellant did not initially stop his vehicle, and that

Appellant made furtive movements over the center of the vehicle’s console.

See N.T. Trial at 12-16. This combination of factors provided a reasonable

basis for Officer Grager to suspect that a weapon may be present inside the

vehicle. See, e.g., O.J., 958 A.2d at 566.

      We now turn to Appellant’s allegation that the search of the vehicle was

not “protective,” because he was in police control, had no access to the vehicle

at the time the search occurred, was going to be arrested, and thus would not

be returning to his automobile after the search. Appellant’s Brief at 21, 23.

He maintains that Officer Grager consequently was not authorized to perform

a protective weapons search of his car.

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      In Commonwealth v. Morris, 644 A.2d 721, 723 (Pa. 1994), the

Supreme Court of Pennsylvania adopted the standard for assessing the

constitutionality of a protective search of the interior of a car for weapons set

forth by the United States Supreme Court in Michigan v. Long, 463 U.S.
1032 (1983):

      [T]he search of the passenger compartment of an automobile,
      limited to those areas in which a weapon may be placed or hidden,
      is permissible if the police officer possesses a reasonable belief
      based on specific and articulable facts which, taken together with
      the rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant the
      officer in believing that the suspect is dangerous and the suspect
      may gain immediate control of weapons. The issue is whether a
      reasonably prudent man would be warranted in the belief that his
      safety or that of others was in danger.

Id., at 1049-1050 (emphasis added) (internal brackets, citations, and

quotation marks omitted).

      In Long, during a vehicle stop, the defendant, David Long, exited his

automobile of his own accord, then attempted to reenter it, apparently to

obtain its registration. Police officers “observed that there was a large knife in

the interior of the car[.]” Id., at 1050. The officers then stopped Long and

conducted a protective search of the passenger compartment of Long’s

vehicle, which yielded marijuana. “The Michigan Supreme Court appeared to

believe that it was not reasonable for the officers to fear that Long could injure

them, because he was effectively under their control during the investigative

stop and could not get access to any weapons that might have been located

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in the automobile.” Id., at 1051. The United States Supreme Court found this

analysis “mistaken in several respects.” Id.

       During any investigative detention, the suspect is “in the control”
       of the officers in the sense that he “may be briefly detained
       against his will ....” Terry, [392 U.S. at 34 (White, J.,
       concurring)]. Just as a Terry suspect on the street may, despite
       being under the brief control of a police officer, reach into his
       clothing and retrieve a weapon, so might a Terry suspect in Long’s
       position break away from police control and retrieve a weapon
       from his automobile.

Id. (emphasis added). The Court held that “[t]he circumstances of [Long’s]

case clearly justified [the police officers] in their reasonable belief that Long

posed a danger if he were permitted to reenter his vehicle.” Id., at 1050.

       This Court revisited the issue of protective vehicle searches in

Commonwealth v. Rosa, 734 A.2d 412 (Pa. Super. 1999).9 There, the

____________________________________________

9Albeit that Rosa is almost two decades old, we find no more recent case law
overruling or otherwise contradicting it.

When this Court has considered the issue of protective vehicle searches more
recently, we relied upon the fact that, in those cases, the defendants were not
going to be arrested, were going to return to their vehicles unless contraband
was found during the search, and, thus, could have had access to a weapon
to use against an officer when they returned to their automobiles.

See, e.g., Buchert, 68 A.3d at 911-13, 916-917 (appeal by the
Commonwealth from an order suppressing evidence seized during a lawful
traffic stop for a broken tail light; appellee made furtive movements; officer
instructed occupants to exit the vehicle; relying upon Long, held that a
suspect who is not placed under arrest will be free to leave and to reenter his
automobile and will then have access to any weapons inside; reversed);
Commonwealth v. Boyd, 17 A.3d 1274, 1275, 1277, 1279 (Pa. Super. 2011)
(appeal by the Commonwealth from an order granting a suppression motion;
“officers pulled over the vehicle for impeding traffic[,]” “asked Appellee and

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defendants were stopped late at night for a violation of the Motor Vehicle

Code. After a police officer observed knives and arrows inside the vehicle, he

directed the driver and his two passengers to step out of the car and

performed a search of the vehicle. See id., at 413. The defendants “were

under the control of backup officers at the rear of the vehicle at the time of

the search[.]” Id., at 416. The trial court had concluded that no protective

search was warranted, because “the officers in this case should not reasonably

have been in fear of [the defendants].” Id.

       This Court disagreed, relying upon the language from Long that “a

Terry suspect in Long’s position [might] break away from police control and

retrieve a weapon from his automobile.” Id., at 416 (quoting Long, 463 U.S.

____________________________________________

his passenger to exit the vehicle[,]” and “told Appellee to stand behind the
car”; Appellee was not handcuffed at the time the officer searched the center
console for weapons and was not taken into custody until after crack cocaine
was found; “there is no indication that Appellee would be arrested for the
traffic violation, and thus, he would be able to return to his vehicle and access
any possible weapons secreted in the console”; reversed); O.J., 958 A.2d at
563, 566 (Commonwealth appealed from an order suppressing drugs seized
from a motor vehicle pursuant to a protective search for weapons conducted
after a lawful traffic stop for speeding; at the time police conducted the search,
the driver and passenger had been removed from the vehicle and placed in
patrol car; officer “was not planning to arrest Appellee and his passenger for
the traffic violations and . . . would have permitted them to return to their
car”; thus, the officer “was justified in making sure that there were no
weapons in the console that could be utilized against him” when occupants
returned to their vehicle; reversed).

However, none of these cases stated that an expectation that the occupants
would return to the vehicle was necessary in order to justify a protective
search of the vehicle for weapons.

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at 1051). As this Court summarized: “The entire thrust of the Long analysis,

and its enduring legacy, is the authorization of a protective Terry search of a

vehicle before, or regardless of whether, the occupants are arrested.” Id.

at 419 (bolded emphasis added; italicized emphasis in original). This Court

held that “[t]here can be little question that the protective search at issue in

this case was authorized under the Long analysis.” Id., at 416.

      Thus, contrary to Appellant’s contention, see Appellant’s Brief at 21, 24,

the fact that he had no access to the vehicle at the time the search occurred,

see N.T. Trial at 17, 19, 25, and that Officer Grager believed that Appellant

would not be returning to his automobile after the search due to Appellant’s

outstanding bench warrant, see id., at 12-13, 22, are non-dispositive of

whether Officer Grager’s protective search of Appellant’s car was legal. See

Rosa, 734 A.2d at 416. Despite these facts, Appellant, who was not

handcuffed nor locked inside a patrol car, see N.T. Trial at 19, 25, still could

have broken away from police control and retrieved a weapon from his vehicle.

See Rosa, 734 A.2d at 416.

      Accordingly, due to Appellant’s outstanding warrant, delay in pulling

over, and furtive movements before exiting his car, see N.T. Trial at 12-16,

Officer Grager was reasonably concerned about his safety, see id., at 16, and

the cursory search for weapons in the area inside the vehicle formerly within

Appellant’s wingspan, see id., at 19, was reasonably prudent for his safety

and the safety of any other officers at the scene in the event that Appellant

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broke away from police control and retrieved a weapon from the automobile.

See Long, 463 U.S. at 1049-50; Morris, 644 A.2d at 723; Rosa, 734 A.2d

at 416. See also Buchert, 68 A.3d at 916-917; Simmons, 17 A.3d at 404-

405; O.J., 958 A.2d at 566; Moyer, 954 A.2d at 670. Consequently, the trial

court’s factual findings were supported by the record, and its legal conclusions

drawn from those facts were correct. We thus conclude that Appellant’s first

issue, in its entirety, merits no relief.

      Next, Appellant argues that the trial court erred in overruling his

objection to the Commonwealth’s cross-examination of Appellant about his

address. In particular, Appellant contends that, in cross-examining him, the

Commonwealth exceeded the scope of direct examination and that the

questions were “irrelevant” and “prejudicial.” Appellant’s Brief at 30.

      “The admission of evidence is solely within the discretion of the trial

court, and a trial court’s evidentiary rulings will be reversed on appeal only

upon an abuse of that discretion.” Commonwealth v. Manivannan, 186
A.3d 472, 479 (Pa. Super. 2018) (citation omitted).

      Preliminarily, we note that cross-examination is the primary
      method for testing the believability of a witness and the truth of
      his testimony. Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 611(b) addresses
      the scope of cross-examination, providing that “[c]ross-
      examination of a witness other than a party in a civil case should
      be limited to the subject matter of the direct examination and
      matters affecting credibility; however, the court may, in the
      exercise of discretion, permit inquiry into additional matters as if
      on direct examination.” Pa.R.E. 611(b). Cross-examination may
      be employed to test a witness’ story, to impeach credibility, and
      to establish a witness’s motive for testifying. The scope of cross-

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      examination is a matter within the discretion of the trial court and
      will not be reversed absent an abuse of that discretion.

Commonwealth v. Radecki, 180 A.3d 441, 465 (Pa. Super. 2018) (some

internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

      The trial court opinion dated December 1, 2017, comprehensively

discusses and properly disposes of this issue:

      While Appellant claims the questions were irrelevant and went
      beyond the scope of direct examination, this assertion is directly
      contradicted by the record. Appellant testified that on the day of
      this incident his vehicle could not be moved so he traveled from
      his residence to that of his friend to borrow her [automobile]. In
      an effort to refute that testimony and call into question his
      credibility, the Commonwealth attempted to show that Appellant’s
      residence was not in close proximity to that of his friend and he
      likely did not walk to her residence that day to pick up the car.
      Furthermore, while Appellant claims the questions were
      prejudicial, the only prejudice offered by Appellant at trial was that
      it was “a little bit outside the scope.”

Trial Court Opinion, filed Dec. 1, 2017, at 11.

      Consequently,    the   challenged   cross-examination     questions      were

permissibly employed to test Appellant’s story and to impeach his credibility.

See Radecki, 180 A.3d at 465. We thus find no abuse of discretion, see

Manivannan, 186 A.3d at 479, and Appellant’s second issue likewise merits

no relief.

      Finally, Appellant challenges the discretionary aspects of his sentence

for PWID, maintaining that it was “manifestly excessive and an abuse of the

court’s discretion under the circumstances.” Appellant’s Brief, at 38.

      Challenges to the discretionary aspects of sentencing do not
      entitle an appellant to an appeal as of right. Prior to reaching the
      merits of a discretionary sentencing issue[, w]e conduct a four-

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      part analysis to determine: (1) whether appellant has filed a
      timely notice of appeal, see Pa.R.A.P. 902 and 903; (2) whether
      the issue was properly preserved at sentencing or in a motion to
      reconsider and modify sentence, see Pa.R.Crim.P. 720;
      (3) whether appellant’s brief has a fatal defect, Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f);
      and (4) whether there is a substantial question that the sentence
      appealed from is not appropriate under the Sentencing Code, 42
      Pa.C.S.A. § 9781(b).

Manivannan, 186 A.3d at 489 (quotation marks and some citations omitted).

      Here, Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal, properly preserved this

issue in his post-sentence motion, and included a concise statement of the

reasons relied upon for allowance of appeal with respect to the discretionary

aspects of his sentence in a separate section of his brief to this Court pursuant

to Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f). We therefore turn to the final requirement: whether the

question raised by Appellant is a substantial question meriting our

discretionary review.

      In his Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f) statement, Appellant insists that “his sentence

is inappropriate under the Sentencing Code[,]” because “the trial court’s

statutory maximum sentence of ten to twenty years [of] incarceration was

unreasonable[] and so manifestly excessive as to constitute an abuse of

discretion.” Appellant continues that the trial court “imposed a sentence above

the aggravated range without stating sufficient reasons or appropriate reasons

for doing so.”

      “[A] claim the trial court failed to state its reasons for deviating from

the guidelines presents a substantial question for review.” Commonwealth

v. Garcia-Rivera, 983 A.2d 777, 780 (Pa. Super. 2009). Accordingly, we find

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that Appellant has raised a substantial question. By raising a substantial

question, along with fulfilling the other requirements of our four-part analysis,

Appellant   consequently    has   merited     our   discretionary   review.   See

Manivannan, 186 A.3d at 489.

      Our standard of review for a challenge to the discretionary aspects of

sentencing is as follows:

      Sentencing is a matter vested in the sound discretion of the
      sentencing judge, and a sentence will not be disturbed on appeal
      absent a manifest abuse of discretion. In this context, an abuse
      of discretion is not shown merely by an error in judgment. Rather,
      the appellant must establish, by reference to the record, that the
      sentencing court ignored or misapplied the law, exercised its
      judgment for reasons of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill will, or
      arrived at a manifestly unreasonable decision.

Commonwealth v. Conte, ___ A.3d ___, ___, 2018 WL 5666923, *5 (Pa.

Super., filed Nov. 1, 2018) (citation omitted).

      “A sentencing court need not undertake a lengthy discourse for its

reasons for imposing a sentence or specifically reference the statute in

question, but the record as a whole must reflect the sentencing court’s

consideration of the facts of the crime and character of the offender.”

Commonwealth v. Schutzues, 54 A.3d 86, 99 (Pa. Super. 2012).

      In addition:

      Where pre-sentence reports exist, we shall continue to presume
      that the sentencing judge was aware of relevant information
      regarding the defendant’s character and weighed those
      considerations along with mitigating statutory factors. A
      presentence report constitutes the record and speaks for itself. In
      order to dispel any lingering doubt as to our intention of engaging
      in an effort of legal purification, we state clearly that sentencers
      are under no compulsion to employ checklists or any extended or

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      systematic definitions of their punishment procedure. Having been
      fully informed by the pre-sentence report, the sentencing court’s
      discretion should not be disturbed.

      Accordingly, where the sentencing judge had the benefit of a pre-
      sentence report, it will be presumed that he was aware of relevant
      information regarding appellant’s character and weighed those
      considerations along with the mitigating statutory factors.

Conte, ___ A.3d at ___, 2018 WL 5666923 at *5 (internal brackets, citations,

and quotation marks omitted) (some formatting).

      Here, Appellant contends that the trial court abused its discretion by not

providing sufficient reasons on the record for his sentence, only considering

the crime, and placing disproportionate emphasis on certain aspects of

Appellant’s criminal history while ignoring its chronology, including that

Appellant has not received a state sentence since 1997; thus, Appellant argues

that the trial court failed to individualize his sentence. See Appellant’s Brief at

38, 41-45.

      Appellant’s argument is defied by the record. During Appellant’s

sentencing hearing, the trial court clearly provided its reasons for imposing

his sentence on the record. See N.T. Sentencing at 18-21, 23-24. Although

the trial court did consider “the crimes committed” and “the nature and

circumstances of the offense[,]” id., at 19-20, it also considered a plethora of

information about Appellant, including his family history, mental health

history, failed treatment history, age, character, work history, probation and

parole violations, level of education, English-language literacy, rehabilitative

needs, and extensive prior criminal record, which was not adequately reflected

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in the sentencing guidelines. See id., at 18-21, 23-24. See also id., at 2-6

(trial court’s detailed review of the sentencing guidelines, including correcting

and confirming Appellant’s criminal history). The trial court also noted that,

with this conviction, Appellant now has five separate convictions just for felony

drug offenses. See id., at 24-25.

      Additionally, the trial court stated at sentencing that it considered all of

the content in the PSI, see id., at 18, and thus we presume that the trial court

“was aware of relevant information regarding the defendant’s character and

weighed those considerations[.]” Conte, ___ A.3d at ___, 2018 WL 5666923

at *5.   Appellant’s sentence hence was individualized, and his final issue

merits no relief. Accordingly, we affirm.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 01/11/2019

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