Court Opinion

ID: 5123397
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-11-04 15:10:09.030913+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:22:33.661945
License: Public Domain

RECORD IMPOUNDED

                               NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                              APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
       This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
    internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                       SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                       APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                       DOCKET NO. A-0798-20

IN THE MATTER OF
D.F. 1
___________________

                  Argued September 30, 2021 – Decided November 4, 2021

                  Before Judges Alvarez and Mawla.

                  On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                  Division, Ocean County, Docket No. 1515-XTR-2019-
                  1.

                  Stephanie Palo argued the cause for appellant M.F.
                  (Buchan & Palo, LLC, attorneys; Stephanie Palo and
                  Kevin A. Buchan, of counsel and on the briefs).

                  Gregory S. Mullens argued the cause for respondent
                  D.F. (Calcagni & Kanefsky, LLP, attorneys; Gregory S.
                  Mullens, of counsel and on the brief; Kevin J.
                  Musiakiewicz, on the brief).

PER CURIAM

         Appellant M.F. appeals from an October 9, 2020 order denying entry of a

Final Extreme Risk Protective Order (FERPO) against respondent D.F., pursuant

1
    We utilize the parties' initials pursuant to Rule 1:38-3(a).
to the Extreme Risk Protective Order Act of 2018 (the Act), N.J.S.A. 2C:58-20

to -32. We affirm.

      The law framing our discussion is outlined at length in In re D.L.B., ___

N.J. Super. ___, ___ (App. Div. 2021) (slip op. at 2-12). There, we explained

the Act is modeled on the process for obtaining a domestic violence restraining

order. Id. at 4. The Act contains eight statutory factors under N.J.S.A. 2C:58-

23(f), and seven additional factors were promulgated in Administrative

Directive #19-19: Guidelines for Extreme Risk Protective Orders (August 12,

2019) (AOC Directive), which courts must consider before entering a FERPO.

Id. at 6-8. We also described the applicable evidentiary standards, including

that the Act provides "[t]he court shall issue the FERPO order if it finds 'by a

preponderance of the evidence at the hearing that the respondent poses a

significant danger of bodily injury to the respondent's self or others' by

possessing a firearm." Id. at 11 (quoting N.J.S.A. 2C:58-24(b)).

      The parties were married in 1995. Respondent worked as a police officer

for the eighteen years preceding the marriage.       He started a commercial

landscaping business with appellant in 1996 and subsequently retired from the

police force.

                                       2                                  A-0798-20
      In 2016, respondent admitted himself to a thirty-day inpatient program for

alcohol abuse. The treatment center intake records noted he had been diagnosed

with depression and anxiety for which he was prescribed medication. He was

also diagnosed with severe alcohol abuse disorder. He successfully completed

the inpatient program and has never required additional treatment.

      Approximately two years after respondent's treatment, the parties

divorced. The divorce was tumultuous, culminating in a twenty-four-day trial.

In a July 2019 oral decision, the matrimonial trial judge recounted the substantial

motion practice, the issuance of a domestic violence temporary restraining order

(TRO) and a criminal complaint against appellant, appellant's arrest and

incarceration, and her failed attempt to obtain a TRO against respondent. The

judge noted the appellant's motives in her efforts to obtain a TRO as follows:

                  Time and again in this litigation [appellant] has
            asked the [c]ourt to prohibit [respondent] from
            possessing the weapons, claiming she was fearful.
            There was no fear for many years.

                   [Respondent] was a police officer for almost
            [twenty] years, and has extensive firearms safety
            training. He keeps his weapons in safes. He's a
            competitive shooter[] and enjoys hunting and shooting.
            There was never any legitimate reason for the [c]ourt to
            seize his firearms.

                 [Appellant] knew how important those firearms
            were to [respondent], and there were numerous

                                        3                                    A-0798-20
             attempts to deprive him of those weapons . . . made in
             bad faith.

      The matrimonial judge ordered an equitable distribution of the business

and marital properties. He granted appellant the option of either purchasing

respondent's half of the business or selling the business and splitting the

proceeds.    Pending sale of the business, the judge ordered "[n]o personal

expenses shall be paid by [the business]; there will be no distributions to either

party; each party will receive a salary[;] . . . and . . . no assets of [the business]

other than goods sold in the normal course of business shall be sold or

transferred." Notably, respondent was not restrained from the business.

      On November 26, 2019, appellant filed a domestic violence complaint and

a petition for a Temporary Extreme Risk Protective Order (TERPO). The

petition alleged respondent "pose[d] an immediate and present danger of causing

bodily injury to [appellant], [himself], or others by owning, possessing,

purchasing or receiving firearms and/or ammunition." The petition further

stated:

                    Respondent allegedly threatened [appellant] on
             Monday[,] November 18[,] 2019 that Friday would be
             "light[]s out" for her and that "she'll see" what he
             meant. Respondent was charge[d] with harassment and
             simple assault on [January 21, 2006]. Per a Union
             [Township] police officer's report dated [November 18,
             2019] dealing with respondent, he was argumentative

                                          4                                    A-0798-20
            towards them when they were questioning him during a
            dispute.

                  Respondent was admitted into a substance abuse
            rehab facility for alcohol and drug abuse. Respondent
            is currently prescribed Wellbutrin and Adderall for
            depression. [Appellant] reported that she had to call [9-
            1-1] when he overdosed on alcohol and prescription
            medication on June 15[,] 2015 [by] abusing it.

                Respondent recently acquired 2500[ pounds] of
            ammunition.

                  ....

                  [Appellant] has reported that she is in fear [for]
            her and her kids['] lives and that the respondent may
            snap and come after them. It is alleged that the
            respondent has become more upset and flies of[f] the
            handle on a regular basis.

      The municipal court judge's findings granting the TERPO noted they were

based on appellant's testimony that she

            was threatened visually in federal court on [Friday,
            November 22, 2019. 2]           [Respondent] was in
            [bankruptcy court] as he had a marital interest in her
            business. She had concerns that [respondent] was
            abusing drugs and alcohol and believed he could "snap"
            at any moment. Claims he was verbally abusive in the
            past and feared for her safety and that of her [fourteen]
            year old child.

2
  This is a reference to appellant's allegation that on November 18 respondent
threatened "Friday would be 'lights out[.]'"

                                          5                             A-0798-20
The TERPO barred respondent from owning, possessing, purchasing or

receiving firearms, ammunition, or a firearms purchaser identification card

(FPIC). Respondent surrendered these items to police.

      Appellant's domestic violence complaint alleged terroristic threats based

on the November 18 and 22 incidents, and a history of domestic violence. The

court granted the TRO. The domestic violence matter was tried first over the

course of two days.    Appellant testified and presented testimony from six

witnesses, including police personnel, the business's comptroller, its chief

financial and operating officer (company executive), and her bankruptcy

attorney.

      The comptroller testified part of his job duties was to manage surveillance

cameras on the business premises. He explained appellant asked him to extract

surveillance video from August 26, 2019, of respondent entering her office

because she "felt [respondent] went into her office and may have taken

something from there." The court described respondent's conduct in the video

as "rummaging around on [appellant's] desk. He picks up a couple of documents

and then he walks out."      The comptroller described another video, dated

September 26, 2019, showing a "confrontation between [respondent] and [the

company executive]." The comptroller testified he heard the confrontation and

                                       6                                   A-0798-20
explained respondent was upset because he was looking for a pallet of

ammunition which had been delivered the day before and felt the company

executive was lying to him about its whereabouts. The comptroller confirmed

respondent had "large shipment[s] of ammunition" delivered to the office in the

past.

        A third video, from November 18, 2019, showed a "confrontation between

[appellant] and [respondent,]" which the comptroller overheard. He described

"hear[ing] [respondent] yelling that . . . [appellant] pushed him . . . . She denied

it. And then as she walked away, [respondent] said, 'Friday it's lights out, it's

over for you.' . . . [H]e said that a few times."

        Appellant's bankruptcy counsel testified he represented the business in its

bankruptcy case and recounted an appearance in United States Bankruptcy Court

on Friday, November 22, 2019.         He explained respondent approached him

stating "there was no way he was ever going to settle the case and that he wanted

to be very clear to me." When bankruptcy counsel informed respondent he

would not interact with him because he was represented by counsel, respondent

"continued to approach" him and remained "[three or four] feet [away]."

Counsel explained he entered the courtroom and asked the judge to summon the

United States Marshals and respondent's counsel then ushered respondent away.

                                         7                                    A-0798-20
      The company executive testified that on September 25, 2019, a staff

member alerted him a pallet of shotgun shells were delivered to the company.

He stated respondent then appeared and angrily demanded the paperwork for the

delivery and the whereabouts of the pallet.

      A Union Police Department officer testified he responded to the business

on the day of the incident. The officer described respondent as "[v]ery agitated,"

"condescending,"     "refus[ing]     to       cooperate,"   "disrespectful,"     and

"argumentative[.]"    However, after speaking with the officer's supervisor,

respondent voluntarily agreed to leave the property. The officer's written report

concluded "[t]his was not an act of domestic violence."

      Appellant testified respondent abused alcohol and received treatment in

2016 for alcohol and narcotics abuse. She testified she called 9-1-1 at 1:00 a.m.

on June 15, 2015, because respondent overdosed. She claimed respondent

would "go into rages" a "few times a week." She testified respondent took

Xanax, opioids, anti-anxiety medication, and Adderall. She claimed he stopped

drinking in February 2016 but resumed in August 2018.

      Appellant testified respondent obtained a license to carry a firearm in

2015, but let it expire and obtained another license in 2016. She claimed

respondent owned at least forty firearms, which he kept in two gun safes in the

                                          8                                    A-0798-20
basement of the home, "in his shoe," "under his side of the mattress," in a locker

at a gun club, and at a friend's home. She also recounted he carried firearms "on

his person in public without [her] knowledge" which scared her.

      Appellant described the August 26 incident as follows:

            I was in my comptroller's office and I saw [respondent]
            walk by. . . . So I ran to my office and closed my door.
            And then I went and checked the cameras and I saw
            him. That he had come into my office. He had taken
            my mail. And I realized it was my credit card
            statement. And he was taking pictures of passwords
            that I had on stickies up on my screen. And he was
            taking pictures around my office. . . .

      Regarding the September 25 incident involving the ammunition delivery,

appellant explained when she learned about the delivery she asked her attorney

to contact respondent's counsel to remove it. She testified respondent removed

the ammunition over the course of two days.

      Appellant described the November 18 incident in a similar manner as the

comptroller. She explained she dialed 9-1-1 because respondent was in the

building and being disruptive, which made her employees "very nervous."

Appellant testified respondent was

            yelling you're going to get it, you're going to get it;
            you'll see, you're going to get it Friday. And then he
            would say lights out, you're going to get it. I knew we
            had a court date Friday, but it could be a double
            message. I don't know. . . . I've lost two of those

                                        9                                   A-0798-20
             employees that were sitting in those cubicles shortly
             after that. It . . . just kept destroying this company. . . .
             I'm frightened when he gets aggressive like that. . . .

      When appellant's counsel asked her how respondent's conduct made her

feel, she said:

             I felt like he was violating my space. He was harassing
             me. The last time he took my mail his attorney scanned
             the mail that was sealed shut in my name[], scanned it[,]
             and sent it to my attorneys. It was a copy of my credit
             card statement, the business credit card statement. So
             it was definitely proof that he had grabbed the mail that
             was sealed shut from my desk.

      Appellant's description of the incident in bankruptcy court mirrored her

attorney's. She testified the incident scared her.

      On cross-examination, appellant acknowledged the August 26 incident

occurred when each party still owned half of the business. She explained there

were "disputes ongoing between [her] and [respondent] regarding the spending

at [the business]." She conceded respondent was still a part of the company,

was collecting a paycheck, and was not barred from the premises. Appellant

also testified respondent "ha[d] done some hunting" throughout the marriage and

in 2015 started sport shooting.

      The Family Part judge found appellant failed to establish a predicate act

of domestic violence. The judge found the August 26 incident was part of an

                                         10                                  A-0798-20
ongoing dispute regarding whether appellant was paying personal bills from the

business account. He concluded the September 25 delivery of the ammunition

to the business was not intended to intimidate appellant, reasoning as follows:

                    Say it was covered with plastic and as far as she
             knows it was a pallet full of cement. She's the one who
             felt that shotgun shells somehow should be scary and
             the fact that he's got lots of weapons. They're legal.

                   . . . He belonged to an exclusive club. I guess if
             they're skeet shooting there, you blow through boxes of
             shot gun shells very quickly.

      The judge found respondent had no intent to harass appellant during the

November 18 incident because the exchange was mostly with the police officer.

The judge stated: "Maybe he was there to show that look, I still have a say in

this place and if I want my stuff delivered here, I'm going to have it delivered

here. . . . As far as I can tell, he had every right to go there."

      The judge concluded the November 22 incident was not domestic

violence, but instead respondent expressing his dislike for and appellant's

bankruptcy counsel "in the middle of a contentious divorce."            The judge

dismissed the domestic violence complaint.

      FERPO Hearing

      After entry of the TERPO, the Ocean County Prosecutor requested to

substitute Lavallette Police Sergeant Frank White, who assisted appellant in

                                         11                                 A-0798-20
filing the petition, as the petitioner. The law division judge heard the matter.

The prosecutor presented testimony from White and one of the officers who

testified in the domestic violence proceeding. Appellant's counsel did not enter

an appearance and appellant did not testify. Also pending at the time was

complaint against respondent alleging falsification of a FPIC application.

      White explained how he assisted appellant with the TERPO application.

He explained the evidence produced by appellant, including: respondent's

mental health records and substance abuse issues and treatment; appellant's

allegations of the history of domestic violence, including the incidents between

the parties noted in the domestic violence complaint; the divorce and the

ongoing dispute over the marital assets; police reports; and statements.

      White testified respondent was not the "subject of or in violation of a

temporary, final sexual survivor protective order"; he did not have "prior arrests,

pending charges, convictions for violent indictable crime, or [disorderly

persons] offense, stalking or [domestic violence] offense"; and was unaware of

"reckless[] use[], display[] or brandish[ing] [of] firearms" by respondent.

Further, he explained the seizure of respondent's weapons, and that following

the seizure respondent contacted the police department identifying more

ammunition for them to seize.

                                       12                                    A-0798-20
      Regarding the pending charges related to the FPIC application, White

explained he was the officer who processed respondent's change of address

application for the firearm permit "a couple of months prior." When appellant

brought the application to White's attention during the Extreme Risk Protective

Order (ERPO) petition, he noted none of the issues flagged in the petition were

disclosed in the permit application, including respondent's prescription drug use

and mental health history.

      The trial judge rendered a comprehensive oral decision. He found both

officers 3 credible. The judge applied the statutory and guideline factors.

      The judge noted the factors enumerated in N.J.S.A. 2C:58-23(f)(1)-(3),

namely, the "history of threats or acts of violence directed towards []self or

others;" "history of use, attempted or threatened use of physical force against

another [person];" and "whether the respondent has been the subject of or

violated a domestic violence temporary restraining order or final restraining

order [FRO]," "all deal with allegations in [appellant's] domestic violence

complaint." The judge found appellant presented "no new conduct alleged" to

3
  Aside from White, the other officer's testimony recounted the weapons seizure
process and mirrored his testimony in the domestic violence matter.

                                       13                                     A-0798-20
support these factors, and after reviewing the findings from the domestic

violence case, applied collateral estoppel.

      Notwithstanding     the    collateral   estoppel,    the   judge      noted   he

"independently reviewed the lengthy transcripts[] . . . of the domestic violence

trial" and made the following findings:

                   I have independently reviewed [the alleged
            incident relating to respondent's appearance at the
            business and removing mail]. . . . I, too, conclude it's
            not an act of domestic violence, nor is it a threat, act of
            violence directed towards another, nor is it a threat or
            threatened use of physical force directed towards
            another. In fact, it's typical in those types of actions
            that the parties are fighting over money. With a closely
            held business, it's also typical that the parties are
            alleging one or the other is paying personal expenses
            from the business and that the party paying those
            expenses on his or her own behalf is receiving [an]
            advantage while the other party is to a disadvantage.

                    The second allegation is that [respondent] had a
            pallet of ammunition delivered to the business
            consisting of shotgun shells. At first blush, this sounds
            like it could perhaps be a threat. . . . . According to the
            domestic violence transcript, this pallet of ammunition
            came delivered by some delivery service, apparently
            was offloaded by some type of equipment, it was
            wrapped in plastic. . . . It was not intended to be a
            threat.

                   . . . I also conclude it is not a threat, particularly
            in light of the fact that the [respondent's] position in this
            gun club, that he's a skilled shooter, I believe a
            competitive shooter . . . . This is not an issue of

                                        14                                      A-0798-20
someone pulling out ammunition and say rolling it
across the kitchen table at a spouse, making a threat.
It's not an act of domestic violence in the domestic
violence case and it's not an act of threats or violence
towards another in this ERPO case.

       It was also testified that [respondent] did that in
the past, had these type of things delivered to the
business, this ammunition was not necessarily for
himself, it was . . . for I believe various other members
of the gun club or to be delivered to the gun club.

      The third allegation was also at the office of the
business owned by the [parties]. . . . [T]he respondent's
conduct in that case was not directed towards
[appellant], it was not a threat of violence towards
anyone. It was not an attempt to use physical force
against anyone. It was the police responding to the
parties to a divorce arguing over money, not an unusual
event, not a threat of any violence. At no time during
any of these incidences [is it] alleged that the
respondent ever used any firearm, possessed any
firearm, had any firearm or mishandled any firearm
other than a reference to the ammunition being
delivered in bulk like I previously described. . . .

      The final incident . . . discussed in the domestic
violence . . . proceedings, was that the respondent had
a verbal confrontation with the attorney . . . in
bankruptcy court. . . .

       Nothing whatsoever about that incident qualifies
as a threat of violence or the attempted use of physical
force against another. Again[,] it was not directed
towards [appellant], it was directed towards an
attorney. Respondent evidently had this argument over
issues involving money associated with the bankruptcy

                           15                                A-0798-20
            and the business. That's not at all unusual in a
            matrimonial proceeding.[4]

The judge concluded "there's nothing in any of those allegations of domestic

violence by [appellant] to establish any of the grounds for [N.J.S.A. 2C:58-

23(f)(1)-(3)]."

      The judge gave little weight to N.J.S.A. 2C:58-23(f)(5), which requires

the court to consider whether a respondent "has prior arrests, pending charges,

or convictions for a violent indictable crime or disorderly persons offense,

stalking offense pursuant to [N.J.S.A. 2C:12-10], or domestic violence offense

enumerated in [N.J.S.A. 2C:25-19]." He found "White specifically testified

there was no evidence as to any of those factors. The [c]ourt agrees with that.

The respondent's CCH [computerized criminal history] does not contain any

criminal record, at least according to the testimony."     Petitioner's counsel

alleged there were charges against respondent in 2006 for simple assault and

harassment, which were dismissed. However, the judge noted "[n]o further

information was presented regarding those charges. . . . They don't appear on

his CCH. . . . So[,] without any information about these charges and the fact

that there's no proof respondent was actually arrested for those offenses, it's

4
  The judge noted he reviewed a transcript of respondent's deposition from the
divorce in which he expressed a similar dislike for appellant's counsel.

                                     16                                  A-0798-20
difficult to determine how they arose."          The judge gave no weight to the

allegations.

      The judge addressed N.J.S.A. 2C:58-23(f)(7), whether a respondent "has

any history of drug or alcohol abuse and recovery from this abuse." He reviewed

records from the treatment center where respondent was voluntarily admitted for

alcohol treatment and a physician's report "supporting his admission." The

judge listed the medications taken by respondent including anti-anxiety and anti-

depression prescriptions. He also reviewed respondent's psychiatric records and

a psychosocial assessment, which showed the reason for his admission was

alcohol treatment. The judge stated:

               There's one record . . . that has been submitted by the
               [appellant] . . . where there's some type of assessment.
               . . . There's a question, history of suicidal thoughts . . .
               [a]nd there's an answer, a one-word answer, "yes."
               There's no explanation provided for that which I found
               odd. There's no further delineation of when, where,
               how recent, and then that's followed by a reference to
               no attempts at suicide. I have reviewed the entirety of
               those records and that is the only reference to suicidal
               thoughts, in contrast to multiple references, I think at
               least a dozen, of no suicidal thoughts, no suicidal
               ideations.

      The judge noted the records reflected no reference to suicidality in

respondent's work history. He also referenced a progress note reflecting an

interview with appellant in January 2016, in which she reported respondent had

                                          17                                  A-0798-20
no history of harm to himself and others. He noted the admitting professional

found "no current or past suicidal or homicidal thoughts. No current suicidal

ideations." A safety risk assessment also concluded "there was no risk of

suicidal ideations or homicidal ideations, and that finding was specifically made

that [respondent] was low risk, no personal safety plan needed to be

implemented. He was exhibiting 'minor' anxiety problems only, there was a

finding of no psychotic disorder, no personality disorder." The judge concluded:

"So in that regard, I discount this one unexplained, unexplored reference to

suicidal thoughts when there's multiple references to no suicidal thoughts, no

suicidal attempts, no suicidal ideations, low safety risk, no concern, minor

anxiety."

      The judge also reviewed a psychological summary showing respondent

was diagnosed with depression in 2004. He noted "[t]he final diagnosis was

substance abuse disorder classified as . . . alcohol use disorder only, severe, no

other substances. And additionally there was a mental health diagnosis of . . .

major depressive disorder designated or delineated as mild and anxiety

[dis]order as unspecified."    The judge found no evidence of drug abuse.

However, he concluded "there's sufficient evidence that [appellant] has proven

                                       18                                   A-0798-20
by a preponderance of the evidence that the respondent has a history of alcohol

abuse and recovery from that abuse under factor [seven]."

      The judge found no evidence to support N.J.S.A. 2C:58-23(f)(8), whether

a respondent "has recently acquired a firearm, ammunition, or other deadly

weapon." He found the factor inapplicable because respondent "owned many

firearms throughout his adult lifetime[,]" is "an avid marksman, . . . long-

standing member" of a gun club, and "a former police officer who also possessed

a retired police officer's permit to carry a firearm. . . . So the [c]ourt finds no

evidence of recently acquiring a firearm or any improper purpose or

manifestation of intent in acquiring a firearm."          There was no evidence

respondent "tried to obstruct or prevent the officers from seizing the firearms

that he tried to obtain or retain any of the firearms."

      Because the judge found N.J.S.A. 2C:58-23(f)(7) applied, he addressed

the remaining factors in the AOC Directive, factors twelve through fifteen.

These factors require the court to assess whether a respondent has been subject

to an involuntary commitment, and the respondent's mental health diagnosis,

treatment, and compliance with treatment. See AOC Directive at 4-5.

      The judge reviewed a psychologist's report who conducted four

evaluations of respondent in December 2019 and found "nothing to indicate any

                                        19                                   A-0798-20
psychiatric disability . . . or that he was a danger in carrying weapons." He noted

respondent scored "relatively normal [on psychological tests], there's no clinical

evidence of antisocial traits, psychopathy or sociopathy in the overall

organization and functioning of his personality." Further, the doctor reviewed

respondent's employment record which showed he "[n]ever incurred any

disciplinary problem, never used his firearm, never discharged his firearm in the

course of his duties, in fact, never even had to remove it, never had his firearm

forfeited, had a variety of assignments and a variety of commendations."

      The doctor also conducted a substance abuse assessment. Recounting his

review of the assessment, the judge noted respondent voluntarily entered alcohol

treatment and successfully completed it.        The judge also noted the doctor

interviewed three of the adult children who were aware of respondent's alcohol

treatment and "never saw him act aggressively . . . [or] act in a manner trying to

harm anyone including himself, had absolutely no concerns about any drug use.

After [respondent's] participation in treatment, [they] never saw him having any

problem with drinking or with alcohol to the point of intoxication." The children

confirmed respondent shoots competitively and "[t]hey've never seen him act in

any way irresponsibl[y] . . . with firearms."

                                       20                                    A-0798-20
      The doctor also interviewed respondent's psychiatrist who reported

respondent was compliant with treatment and his medications and reported "no

history of any suicidal, homicidal or impulse control difficulties, that there's

never been expressed, displayed or reported any suicidal ideation, self-injurious

behavior or homicidal ideations." The doctor concluded respondent was not a

danger to himself or others "by having custody or control of, owning,

possessing, purchasing[,] or receiving firearms, or that there was anything that

would interfere with or handicap his handling of firearms, and he does not have

any concerns with regard to that." He also concluded respondent had "resumed

appropriate alcohol use," which the judge found corroborated by the testimony

of the police officers who stated they "never . . . saw any evidence of alcohol

consumption, never saw any issues of [respondent] being under the influence

and certainly never saw the respondent using any firearm, sober or intoxicated."

      The judge next addressed the pending charges against respondent for

falsifying the FPIC application. On the application, respondent answered "no"

to the following questions: "(23) Are you an alcoholic[?]"; "(24) Have you ever

been confined or committed to a mental institution or hospital . . . for treatment

or observation of a mental or psychiatric condition on a temporary, interim[,] or

permanent basis[?]"; and "(26) Have you ever attended, treated or observed by

                                       21                                   A-0798-20
any doctor or psychiatrist or at any hospital or mental institution on an inpatient

or outpatient basis for any mental or psychiatric condition[?]"

      The judge gave no weight to respondent's answer to question twenty-three,

finding "a reasonable person would . . . understand that to mean at the time of

the application for the change of address." Regarding question twenty-four, the

judge noted respondent admitted to treatment for alcohol, not a mental or

psychiatric condition. The judge found respondent's answer "less than candid

and honest" since respondent had been seeing a psychiatrist prior to and at the

time of his application.

      The judge concluded factor twelve was not met because appellant did not

prove respondent was involuntarily committed for "psychiatric disabilities." He

found factor thirteen applicable because respondent was receiving mental health

treatment. Under factor fourteen, he found respondent was compliant with his

mental health treatment. He found factor fifteen applicable because respondent

was diagnosed with "mild depression and anxiety."

      The judge concluded appellant did not prove by a preponderance of the

evidence that respondent "currently poses or will pose in the future a 'significant

danger of bodily injury to himself or others' by having firearms." He stated: "I

don't think . . . someone who sought treatment, complies with treatment, is a

                                       22                                    A-0798-20
law-abiding citizen, and has gone through an emotional roller coaster of a

divorce case, a domestic violence case, and other legal proceedings including

bankruptcy court . . . automatically qualifies for an ERPO." The judge vacated

the TERPO and dismissed appellant's petition.

      Appellant raises the following points on appeal:

            POINT I.    ALTHOUGH THE TRIAL COURT
            CORRECTLY FOUND THAT FACTOR[S SEVEN],
            [THIRTEEN], [FOURTEEN], AND [FIFTEEN]
            APPLIED, IT ERRED BY NOT IMPLEMENTING A
            FERPO BECAUSE THERE WAS SUFFICIENT
            EVIDENCE PRESENTED THAT [RESPONDENT]
            POSED A SIGNIFICANT DANGER OF BODILY
            INJURY TO HIMSELF OR OTHERS BY HAVING
            FIREARMS.

            POINT II.  THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY
            FINDING IT WAS COLLATERALLY ESTOPPED
            FROM FINDING FACTORS [ONE], [TWO] OR
            [THREE] BECAUSE THE TRIAL COURT IN A
            PARALLEL DOMESTIC VIOLENCE PROCEEDING
            FOUND THAT THE ALLEGED ACTS OF
            DOMESTIC     VIOLENCE    WERE     NOT
            SUBSTANTIATED.

            POINT III. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY NOT
            FINDING THAT FACTOR [ONE] (HISTORY OF
            THREATS OR ACTS OF VIOLENCE) AND FACTOR
            [TWO] (HISTORY OF THREATS OR USE OF
            PHYSICAL FORCE) DID NOT APPLY.

            POINT IV. FACTOR [FIVE] (PRIOR ARRESTS,
            PENDING CHARGES, []OR CONVICTIONS)
            SHOULD HAVE BEEN FOUND TO APPLY BY THE

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            TRIAL COURT BECAUSE RESPONDENT HAD A
            PENDING     CHARGE       RELATING     TO
            FALSIFICATION OF A FIREARMS APPLICATION.

            POINT V.      FACTOR [EIGHT] (RECENT
            ACQUISITION OF FIREARMS, AMMUNITION, OR
            DEADLY WEAPON) SHOULD HAVE BEEN
            FOUND TO APPLY BY THE TRIAL COURT
            BECAUSE     THE     RESPONDENT     HAD
            INDISPUTABLY RECENTLY ACQUIRED 2500
            POUNDS OF AMMUNITION AND HAD SAME
            DELIVERED TO [APPELLANT'S] PLACE OF
            BUSINESS.

                                        I.

      "The scope of appellate review of a trial court's fact-finding function is

limited. The general rule is that findings by the trial court are binding on appeal

when supported by adequate, substantial, credible evidence." Cesare v. Cesare,

154 N.J. 394, 411-12 (1998) (citing Rova Farms Resort, Inc. v. Invs. Ins. Co.,

65 N.J. 474, 484 (1974)). We do "not disturb the 'factual findings and legal

conclusions of the trial judge unless [we are] convinced that they are so

manifestly unsupported by or inconsistent with the competent, relevant and

reasonably credible evidence as to offend the interests of justice." Id. at 412.

                                        II.

      Points I, III, and IV attack the trial judge's application of the facts to the

statutory and guidelines factors. Having considered these arguments in light of

                                       24                                    A-0798-20
the law and our thorough review of the record, we are convinced they lack

sufficient merit to warrant discussion in a written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(2). The

judge's findings are amply supported by the substantial credible evidence in the

record. We discern no abuse of discretion and affirm for the reasons expressed

by the trial judge.

                                      III.

      In Point V appellant argues it is "beyond dispute" respondent had recently

acquired a pallet of ammunition. She asserts the judge erred by not applying

N.J.S.A. 2C:58-23(f)(8).

      N.J.S.A. 2C:58-21 contains the following definitions:

             "Ammunition" means ammunition or cartridge cases,
             primers, bullets, or propellant powder designed for use
             in any firearm, but does not include any shotgun shot
             or pellet not designed for use as the single, complete
             projectile load for one shotgun hull or casing or any
             unloaded, non-metallic shotgun hull or casing not
             having a primer.

                      ....

             "Recent" means within six months prior to the date the
             petition was filed.

      Respondent's pallet of ammunition met these statutory definitions because

it was delivered on September 25, two months before the ERPO was filed.

However, the judge applied N.J.S.A. 2C:58-23(f)(7) and addressed the

                                      25                                   A-0798-20
remaining statutory and guideline factors. In other words, the failure to find

N.J.S.A. 2C:58-23(f)(8) was harmless error because it did not impede the court's

consideration of the remainder of the evidence and the law. "An error is

harmless unless, in light of the record as a whole, there is a 'possibility that it

led to an unjust verdict' [—] that is, a possibility 'sufficient to raise a reasonable

doubt' that 'the error led the [fact finder] to a result it otherwise might not have

reached.'" State v. J.L.G., 234 N.J. 265, 306 (2018) (quoting State v. Macon, 57

N.J. 325, 335-36 (1971)).

      Moreover, the record supports the judge's finding that, under the totality

of the circumstances, the delivery was consistent with past practice and the

ammunition was intended for sport. We are unconvinced that the ammunition

delivery was evidence of respondent's dangerousness.

                                         IV.

      Finally, in Point II, appellant argues the trial judge erred by applying

collateral estoppel and utilizing the findings in domestic violence case to assess

N.J.S.A. 2C:58-23(f)(1), (2) and (3).

      Collateral estoppel means "simply that when an issue of ultimate fact has

once been determined by a valid and final judgment, that issue cannot again be

litigated between the same parties in any future lawsuit." Ashe v. Swenson, 397

                                         26                                    A-0798-20
U.S. 436, 443 (1970). "Domestic violence is a term of art which describes a

pattern of abusive and controlling behavior which injures its victim." Corrente

v. Corrente, 281 N.J. Super. 243, 246 (App. Div. 1995).

      N.J.S.A. 2C:58-23(f)(1) and (2) do not employ the term "domestic

violence." Rather, N.J.S.A. 2C:58-23(f)(1) speaks to "threats or acts of violence

by the respondent" and N.J.S.A. 2C:58-23(f)(2) addresses the "threatened use of

physical force by the respondent against another person[.]" For these reasons,

collateral estoppel could only be employed regarding N.J.S.A. 2C:58-23(f)(3),

which requires the court to consider whether the respondent is the subject of a

TRO or a FRO. 5 Regardless, the trial judge did not rely exclusively on collateral

estoppel and made independent findings under N.J.S.A. 2C:58-23(f)(1), (2), and

(3), which were supported by the substantial credible evidence in the record.

      Affirmed.

5
  We add that, all things being equal, collateral estoppel is appropriate where
the petitioner is a victim of domestic violence and does not testify in the ERPO
proceeding. The application of collateral estoppel in such a case protects a
victim from having to testify about domestic violence in the ERPO proceeding
and re-traumatization.

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