Court Opinion

ID: 4507116
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-02-13 15:06:38.837792+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:46:06.010061
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                         SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                         APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                         DOCKET NO. A-4749-18T3

JANET STAMATO,

          Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

MORGAN STANLEY SMITH
BARNEY, LLC,

          Defendant-Respondent,

and

JOHN CAMPBELL, MAURICE
DAVIS, KATHERINE S. FESTA,
and JOSEPH VACCARO,

     Defendants.
_____________________________

                    Argued January 14, 2020 – Decided February 13, 2020

                    Before Judges Hoffman and Currier.

                    On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                    Division, Essex County, Docket No. L-8890-18.
              Laura Marie Lo Giudice argued the cause for appellant
              (Green Savits LLC, attorneys; Laura Marie Lo Giudice,
              of counsel and on the briefs).

              Tracy L. Gerber (Greenberg Traurig LLP) of the
              Florida bar, admitted pro hac vice, argued the cause for
              respondent (Greenberg Traurig LLP, attorneys;
              Kristine J. Feher, on the brief).

PER CURIAM

        In this action asserting employment-related claims based on alleged

violations of the New Jersey Law Against Discrimination (LAD), 1 plaintiff

appeals from the Law Division order granting defendants' motion to stay the

action and compel arbitration. We affirm.

                                         I.

        We derive the following facts from the record. Plaintiff has worked in the

financial industry for more than thirty years. She began her employment with

Morgan Stanley Smith Barney, LLC (Morgan Stanley) as a senior vice president

and financial advisor in March of 2009.

        A. March 2009 Employment Agreement

1
    N.J.S.A. 10:5-1 to -49.
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                                         2
      On March 19, 2009, plaintiff executed a document titled "Financial

Advisor Employment Agreement" (the Employment Agreement), which

contained the following provision relating to arbitration:

             7.1 Any controversy or claim arising out of or relating
                 to (i) your employment by Morgan Stanley
                 (excluding statutory employment claims and other
                 claims covered by Paragraph 7.2), or (ii) this
                 Agreement (or its breach), will be settled by
                 arbitration before either the National Association
                 of Securities Dealers, Inc. ("NASD") or the New
                 York Stock Exchange, Inc. ("NYSE") in
                 accordance with their respective rules….

      Paragraph 7.1 specifically excluded statutory employment claims, which

it stated are covered in paragraph 7.2. That paragraph, set forth below, does not

mention arbitration or a waiver of the right to litigate claims in court with a jury;

instead, it references only Morgan Stanley's internal alternative dispute

program:

             7.2 Notwithstanding the arbitration requirement of
                 paragraph 7.1 above, you agree that certain other
                 claims (including, but not limited to, statutory
                 discrimination and other statutory employment
                 claims) must be submitted to Morgan Stanley's
                 Alternate    Dispute     Resolution     Program,
                 "Convenient Access to Resolutions for
                 Employees" ("CARE"). Claims required to be
                 submitted to CARE are recited in the CARE
                 Guidebook maintained by the CARE Program
                 Administrator's Office and in the CARE Program
                 explanatory brochure.

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                                         3
      According to plaintiff, she never received the CARE Guidebook or

explanatory brochure, either before or after she executed the Employment

Agreement. The CARE Guidebook in effect in 2009 did not require plaintiff to

waive her right to litigate her employment claims in court, but merely provided

arbitration as an option, if Morgan Stanley agreed. The CARE Guidebook also

stated,

            CARE creates more options for resolving your
            employment-related issues, but it does not create a
            contract with you or establish any of the terms of your
            employment. . . .

            Upon notice, the terms of CARE may change or be
            discontinued. Any material changes made to CARE
            will be announced in advance of their effective dates
            and will then become equally binding upon you and the
            Firm.

      In 2015, Morgan Stanley announced its expansion of the CARE program

to compel mandatory arbitration for all covered claims. Employees received an

email announcing the change – the email included links to the CARE Arbitration

Agreement, an updated CARE guidebook describing the expanded arbitration

program, and a "CARE Arbitration Program Opt-Out Form."               The record

indicates plaintiff received the email titled "Expansion of CARE Arbitration

Program," containing the announcement and document links, on September 2,

2015. Plaintiff certified "hav[ing] no recollection of receiving" this email or

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                                      4
"follow[ing] any of the links to open either the Arbitration Agreement or [the]

Opt-Out form."

      The five-paragraph email explained that, effective October 2, 2015,

arbitration under the new "CARE Arbitration Program" would be "mandatory

for all employees" unless an employee individually chose to opt out:

            Morgan Stanley is announcing the expansion of
            CARE . . . to extend arbitration obligation for all US
            employees-registered and non-registered. Effective
            October 2, 2015, arbitration under the CARE
            Arbitration Program will be mandatory for all
            employees . . . and all covered claims between the firm
            and employees will be resolved through final and
            binding arbitration on a non-class, non-collective and
            nonrepresentative action basis as more fully described
            in the Arbitration Agreement and CARE Guidebook.

The email advised employees to review the CARE Arbitration Agreement and

the CARE guidebook.

      Under the heading "Next Steps," the email stated,

            By continuing your employment with Morgan Stanley,
            you accept and agree to, and will be covered and bound
            by the terms of the Arbitration Agreement and the
            Arbitration Provisions in the CARE Guidebook, unless
            you opt out of the Care Arbitration Program by
            completing, signing and returning an effective CARE
            Arbitration Opt-Out Form by October 2, 2015. . . . If
            you remain employed and do not timely complete, sign
            and submit an effective CARE Arbitration Program
            Opt-Out Form, . . . you have consented and agreed to

                                                                       A-4749-18T3
                                      5
             the terms of the Arbitration Agreement and the
             arbitration provisions of the CARE Guidebook.

      Plaintiff did not opt-out of the CARE Arbitration Agreement during the

opt-out window. Regarding her lack of recollection of receiving the September

2, 2015 email, plaintiff explained she received "multiple emails every day from

different departments providing information concerning different programs or

opportunities," and that she paid little attention to them "because they simply

did not impact [her] job responsibilities."

      B. March 2015 Growth Bonus Award

      Throughout the course of her employment at Morgan Stanley, plaintiff

was eligible for various bonuses and awards based on her performance. To

receive these bonuses and awards, Morgan Stanley required plaintiff to execute

agreements setting forth the terms for her receipt of the bonuses and the terms

that would apply to her upon acceptance. The Bonus Agreement obligated

Morgan Stanley to make the bonus payment to plaintiff "within fifteen business

days following March 15, 2016" (with subsequent bonuses to be paid annually

until 2020), provided that plaintiff remained an employee in good standing at

Morgan Stanley on the payment dates, and subject to the terms of the Bonus

Agreement.     Pursuant to the Bonus Agreement, plaintiff received bonus

                                                                       A-4749-18T3
                                        6
payments of nearly $32,000: $10,786.97 in March 2016; $10,639.26 in March

2017; and $10,491.54 in March 2018.

      The Bonus Agreement included a detailed arbitration provision setting

forth the terms of mandatory arbitration, and the venue and the types of claims

subject to arbitration, expressly including statutory discrimination claims. The

arbitration provision stood out because it had its own heading: "Arbitration

Agreement," at the top of page four of the Bonus Agreement; significantly, no

other paragraphs contained headings.          The arbitration provision stated, in

relevant part,

            Any controversy or claim . . . based on, arising out of,
            or which arose out of or in any way relate to
            [e]mployee's employment, compensation, and terms
            and conditions of employment with Morgan Stanley…
            including, but not limited to . . . statutory
            discrimination, harassment and retaliation claims, and
            claims under, based on, or relating to any federal, state
            or local . . . statute . . . and any other . . . discrimination
            or employment law . . . will be resolved by final and
            binding arbitration . . . .

Plaintiff executed the Bonus Agreement on March 31, 2015. Plaintiff implied

she signed the agreement without reading it, as she "assumed . . . the document

related only to the bonus [she] was receiving, [as she] had no reason to even

suspect [it] contained agreements related to [her] entire employment relationship

with Morgan Stanley."

                                                                              A-4749-18T3
                                          7
      In 2018, plaintiff voluntarily resigned from Morgan Stanley.            On

December 17, 2018, plaintiff filed a four-count complaint against defendants,

Morgan Stanley and four of its executives, asserting LAD claims of age and

gender discrimination, hostile work environment based on age and gender

discrimination, aiding and abetting discrimination, and constructive discharge.

On March 18, 2019, defendants filed a motion "to stay the action . . . and to

compel arbitration of [p]laintiff's claims."

      Following oral argument, the court granted defendants' motion,

concluding that plaintiff entered into a binding agreement which required her to

arbitrate her claims against Morgan Stanley. The court considered plaintiff a

"sophisticated party" who "is in [the] financial transactions business that deals

with due diligence involving different types of commercial agreements . . . ."

The court concluded the CARE Arbitration Agreement clearly expressed the

rights of the parties.

      Regarding plaintiff's contention that the 2015 opt-out agreement failed to

provide adequate consideration and that it lacked her affirmative assent, the

motion court concluded that Jaworski v. Ernst and Young U.S. LLP, 441 N.J.

Super. 446 (App. Div. 2015) was dispositive of the arguments presented, finding

the facts and issues analogous. The court found plaintiff, like the employees in

                                                                         A-4749-18T3
                                         8
Jaworski, manifested her assent to be bound to the arbitration agreement by

continuing her employment upon receipt of the revised agreement and failing to

opt-out.

      The motion court also found that the Bonus Agreement was "clear and

explicit as to the arbitration" provision and "it's clear that they entered into an

agreement by acceptance of that bonus award that they also accept to be bound

by the terms and agreement of that award contract. . . . "The court therefore

concluded that both the revised CARE Arbitration Agreement and Bonus Award

Agreement required the arbitration of plaintiff's claims against defendants.

      On June 17, 2019, the motion court issued an order compelling arbitration

and staying the action pending resolution of any subsequent arbitration. Plaintiff

now appeals, arguing the motion court erroneously concluded the mandatory

arbitration provisions of the CARE Arbitration Agreement and the Bonus Award

Agreement are enforceable against her.

                                            II.

      We apply a de novo standard of review when reviewing a motion judge's

determination of the enforceability of a contract. Goffe v. Foulke Mgmt. Corp.,

238 N.J. 191, 207, 208 (2019). When reviewing arbitration clauses within

contracts, "the enforceability of arbitration provisions is a question of law;

                                                                           A-4749-18T3
                                        9
therefore, it is one to which we need not give deference to the analysis by the

trial court." Ibid.

      We begin by recognizing the Federal and New Jersey Arbitration Acts

express a general policy favoring arbitration. Atalese v. U.S. Legal Services

Group, L.P., 219 N.J. 430, 440 (2014); see also 9 U.S.C. §§ 1 to 16; N.J.S.A.

2A:23B-1 to -32. "The public policy of this State favors arbitration as a means

of settling disputes that otherwise would be litigated in a court." Badiali v. N.J.

Mfrs. Ins. Grp., 220 N.J. 544, 556 (2015). Although enforcement is generally

favored, it "does not mean that every arbitration clause, however phrased, will

be enforceable." Atalese, 219 N.J. at 441.

      A valid arbitration clause "must state its purpose clearly and

unambiguously." Id. at 435. Further, an arbitration agreement "must be the

product of mutual assent," which "requires that the parties have an

understanding of the terms to which they have agreed." Id. at 442 (quoting

NAACP of Camden Cty. E. v. Foulke Mgmt., 421 N.J. Super. 404, 424 (App.

Div. 2011)). Our Supreme Court clearly set forth that a party "cannot be

required to arbitrate when it cannot fairly be ascertained from the contract 's

language that [he or] she knowingly assented to the provision's terms or knew

that arbitration was the exclusive forum for dispute resolution." Kernahan v.

                                                                           A-4749-18T3
                                       10
Home Warranty Adm'r of Fla., Inc., 236 N.J. 301, 322 (2019). The "critical

inquiry" is whether an employee "surrendered [his or her] statutory rights

knowingly and voluntarily." Leodori v. Cigna Corp., 175 N.J. 293, 305 (2003).

      In her brief, plaintiff's primary contention is that the motion court

mistakenly relied on Jaworski in reaching its conclusion to compel arbitration.

Instead, plaintiff urges us to follow Skuse v. Pfizer, Inc., 457 N.J. Super. 539,

550 (App. Div.) cert. granted 238 N.J. 374 (2019), which recognized, in the

"important context of an employer soliciting a waiver of an employee's statutory

rights," the critical importance that such communications substantiate "an

employee's 'explicit, affirmative agreement that unmistakably reflects the

employee's assent' to a binding arbitration policy."     (emphasis in original)

(quoting Leodori, 175 N.J. 293, 303 (2003)).

      In Skuse, Pfizer, the employer, disseminated a mandatory arbitration

policy and class waiver agreement to its employees through an email, as a

training module presenting the company's policy. Id. at 545. The email linked

the employees to the company's computer-based training portal, the same portal

employees used for all their assigned trainings. Id. at 546. The training module

consisted of four slides that presented an overview of the company's new

arbitration policy; however, the arbitration agreement was included in a separate

                                                                         A-4749-18T3
                                      11
link and not displayed in the module. Id. at 546-47. One of the slides informed

employees the agreement was a mandatory condition of their employment and

that they would be deemed to have assented to the policy by continuing to work

for sixty days after being presented the agreement, despite failing to click

"acknowledge."    Ibid.   Employees agreed to the arbitration agreement by

checking a box which read "CLICK HERE to acknowledge." Id. at 548.

      The trial court in Skuse relied on Jaworski and concluded the employee's

claims were subject to arbitration because the sixty-day waiver was legally

sufficient to manifest the employee's assent. Id. at 561-62. However, a different

panel of this court decided Skuse and declined to follow Jaworski; instead the

court reversed, holding that Pfizer's unilateral action of binding its employees

to arbitrate all claims, by acknowledging or ignoring a brief presentation

summarizing the agreement, did not constitute the "explicit, affirmative

agreement that unmistakably reflects [an] employee's assent" to arbitration. Id.

at 563 (quoting Leodori, 175 N.J. at 303).

      In ruling that Morgan Stanley's revised Care Arbitration Agreement and

accompanying emails became enforceable against plaintiff based upon her

continued employment with Morgan Stanley and her failure to opt-out, the

motion court

                                                                         A-4749-18T3
                                      12
focused only on Jaworski, without consideration of Skuse. In addition, the court

did not address the paragraph of the Employment Agreement that stated, "This

Agreement may be amended only by a writing signed by both [plaintiff] and

Morgan Stanley." While the motion court's analysis did not convince us that the

facts and circumstances warranted the application of Jaworski to impose the

terms of the revised CARE Arbitration Agreement upon plaintiff, we conclude

the motion court correctly ruled that plaintiff is subject to the terms of the Bonus

Award Agreement she signed.

      We reject plaintiff's argument that the motion court should have allowed

her to avoid the clearly worded mandatory arbitration provision contained in the

Bonus Award Agreement based upon her incorrect assumption that "the

document related only to the bonus [she] was receiving." The Bonus Award

Agreement consisted of eleven pages containing sixteen numbered paragraphs,

with only numbered paragraph 7 set apart with a separate heading, as follows:

                          7. Arbitration Agreement

That same paragraph included eight sub-paragraphs and was the only paragraph

that contained sub-paragraphs. Most significantly, the Bonus Award Agreement

required a signature from plaintiff.

                                                                            A-4749-18T3
                                        13
      We conclude this signature requirement – at the end of an agreement

containing a clearly worded mandatory arbitration provision – satisfies the

mandate "for an 'explicit, affirmative agreement that unmistakably reflects [an]

employee's assent' to arbitration, and 'concrete proof' of a waiver of an

employee's rights to a jury trial and to litigate discrimination claims in court."

Skuse, 457 N.J. Super. at 563 (quoting Leodori, 175 N.J. at 303 and 307).

      We therefore affirm the Law Division order under review based upon the

Bonus Award Agreement signed by plaintiff. Because plaintiff's agreement to

the terms of the Bonus Award Agreement provides adequate support for the

entry of the order granting a stay and compelling arbitration, we decline to

address the alternative basis reached by the motion court, based on the

September 2, 2015 email and Morgan Stanley's amended CARE Guidebook. 2

      Any arguments asserted by plaintiff that we have not expressly addressed

lack sufficient merit to warrant discussion in a written opinion.         R. 2:11-

3(e)(1)(E).

      Affirmed.

2
  Because our analysis diverges, in part, from the motion court, we note that
"we review orders and not, strictly speaking, reasons that support them. . . . [A]
correct result, even if predicated on an erroneous basis in fact or in law, will not
be overturned on appeal." El-Sioufi v. St. Peter's Univ. Hosp., 382 N.J. Super.
145, 169 (App. Div. 2005).
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                                        14