Court Opinion

ID: 618506
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2011-12-08 00:24:00+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:50:45.000998
License: Public Domain

FILED
                            NOT FOR PUBLICATION                               DEC 07 2011

                                                                         MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        U .S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS

                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA                          No. 10-10064

              Plaintiff-Appellee,                 D.C. No. 4:08-cr-00773-PJH-1

  v.

CYNTHIA P. CURRAN                                 MEMORANDUM *

              Defendant-Appellant.

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Northern District of California
                    Phyllis J. Hamilton, District Judge, Presiding

                     Argued and Submitted September 13, 2011
                             San Francisco, California

Before: THOMAS and N.R. SMITH, Circuit Judges, and OLIVER, Chief District
Judge.**

       Cynthia P. Curran appeals the sentence imposed by the district court, following

her guilty plea to two counts of theft from an employee retirement plan, in violation

of 18 U.S.C. § 664, and two counts of filing two false forms, in violation of Title I of

        *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
        **
             The Honorable Solomon Oliver, Jr., Chief District Judge for the U.S.
District Court for the Northern District of Ohio, Cleveland, sitting by designation.
the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”), 18 U.S.C. § 1027. She

maintains that the district court erred in finding that she had stolen money from her

employees’ pension plan accounts during the six years preceding and the two years

following the year that encompassed the charged criminal conduct; that the loss

amount for those years should be included as relevant conduct; and that the total loss

amount for which she was responsible was $241,207.54. She argues that the district

court also erred by failing to provide to her, prior to sentencing, the summary of losses

contained in the Probation Officer’s report as required by the Mandatory Victims

Restitution Act of 1996 (“MVRA”), 18 U.S.C. § 3664(b), and by failing to consider

her financial condition when imposing restitution.

      We review the district court’s factual findings for clear error and the district

court’s application of the law to the facts for abuse of discretion. See United States

v. Stoterau, 524 F.3d 988, 997 (9th Cir. 2008).         We affirm the district court’s

sentencing and restitution order.

                                           I.

      The district court did not commit clear error in finding by clear and convincing

evidence that Curran had stolen money from her employees’ pension plan accounts

during the six years preceding and two years following the years that encompassed the

charged criminal conduct. See United States v. Lambert, 498 F.3d 963, 966 (9th Cir.

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2007); United States v. Treadwell, 593 F.3d 990, 1000 (9th Cir. 2010). Further, the

district court did not abuse its discretion when it determined that the loss amount was

properly includable as relevant conduct in the case. See Lambert, 498 F.3d at 966;

United States v. Brock-Davis, 504 F.3d 991, 996 (9th Cir. 2007). The district court

did not commit clear error in finding that the loss amount was $241,207.54. See

Lambert, 498 F.3d at 966.

                                            II.

       Because Curran did not object, we apply the plain error standard in determining

whether the judgment of the district court regarding the restitution amount should be

reversed. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b); United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 730-36

(1993).   The district court did not commit plain error by failing to follow the

procedures set forth in § 3664(b). Under the plain error standard, relief is only

warranted if there was an (1) error, (2) that was plain, (3) that “affected substantial

rights,” and (4) “seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of [the]

judicial proceedings.” United States v. Davenport, 519 F.3d 940, 943 (9th Cir. 2008).

We find that the district court erred in not providing the defense with the summary of

losses, prior to sentencing, in violation of § 3664(b) of the MVRA. However, Curran

has not shown that this error has prejudiced her by affecting her substantial rights with

respect to the restitution order. See Olano, 507 U.S. at 734 (to show plain error, “the

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defendant rather than the Government . . . bears the burden of persuasion with respect

to prejudice”). The Probation Officer’s summary of losses merely tabulated the loss

amounts, which in light of the prolonged nature of the litigation was not a surprise to

anyone. Further, the restitution amount was based largely on the Government’s

proffered loss amount stated within its Sentencing Memorandum. As a result, Curran

was aware or should have been aware of the nature, extent, and amount of possible

losses the district court would be considering.

      The district court did not abuse its discretion by failing to consider Curran’s

financial condition in determining the proper amount of restitution. The Victim and

Witness Protection Act of 1982 (“VWPA”), 18 U.S.C. § 3663, gives courts the

authority to grant restitution to victims of a convicted defendant for certain crimes.

In 1996, Congress supplemented the VWPA by enacting the MVRA, 18 U.S.C. §

3663A, which requires the imposition of full restitution, without consideration of the

defendant’s economic condition, for crimes of violence and property offenses,

including any offense committed by fraud or deceit. United States v. De La Fuente,

353 F.3d 766, 769 (9th Cir. 2003); see also 18 U.S.C. § 3664(f)(1)(A). The crimes

committed by Curran were indisputably committed by fraud or deceit and thus, the

MVRA applies to the determination of her restitution.

      Although the court could not consider Curran’s financial condition in imposing

restitution, it must do so when fashioning a payment schedule for it. 18 U.S.C. §

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3664(f)(2). However, the district court was not required to make any explicit findings

as to Curran’s financial condition. In the case of nominal payments, this court has

approved similar payment schedules without regard to the defendant’s financial

condition. See, e.g., United States v. Van Alstyne, 584 F.3d 803, 820-21 (9th Cir.

2009) (finding that a payment of $25 per quarter was nominal). Thus, given the fairly

nominal nature of the restitution payments of $25 per month while incarcerated and

$50 per month while on supervised release, the payment schedule the court ordered

was not an abuse of discretion.

      AFFIRMED.

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