Court Opinion

ID: 3121011
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-16 14:01:00.729236+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:53:06.621744
License: Public Domain

Opinion issued October 18, 2012

                                  In The

                           Court of Appeals
                                  For The

                       First District of Texas
                         ————————————
                           NO. 01-10-00740-CV
                           NO. 01-10-01150-CV
                         ———————————
                     JAVIER ALVARADO, Appellant
                                    V.
            LEXINGTON INSURANCE COMPANY, Appellee

                  On Appeal from the 11th District Court
                          Harris County, Texas
                    Trial Court Case No. 2009-36711A

                       OPINION ON REHEARING

     Appellee, Lexington Insurance Company (“Lexington”), moved for

rehearing of our April 19, 2012 opinion. We grant the motion for rehearing,
withdraw our April 19, 2012 opinion and judgment, and issue this opinion and

judgment in their stead.      Our disposition remains the same.       We dismiss

Lexington’s May 21, 2012 motion for en banc reconsideration as moot.1

      Appellant, Javier Alvarado, sued Lexington for breach of contract, breach of

the duty of good faith and fair dealing, and violations of the Texas Insurance Code

and the Deceptive Trade Practices Act (“DTPA”) after Lexington rejected

Alvarado’s claim for property damage following Hurricane Ike. The trial court

rendered summary judgment in favor of Lexington.          In one issue, Alvarado

contends that the trial court erred in rendering summary judgment because

Lexington did not conclusively negate Alvarado’s status as a third-party

beneficiary under the “force-placed” insurance policy issued by Lexington to

Alvarado’s mortgage lender.

      We reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                  Background

      Before May 2008, Alvarado maintained homeowner’s insurance on his

property with Columbia Lloyds. Alvarado testified by affidavit that when he

refinanced his mortgage in May 2008 with Flagstar Bank (“Flagstar”), a Flagstar

representative informed him that he had to cancel his policy with Columbia Lloyds

and that Flagstar would obtain homeowner’s insurance on his behalf. Flagstar

1
      See Brookshire Bros., Inc. v. Smith, 176 S.W.3d 30, 40 & n.2 (Tex. App.—
      Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, pet. denied).
                                        2
obtained a “force-placed” insurance policy on Alvarado’s property with Lexington

(“the Policy”).2 Alvarado’s monthly payments to Flagstar included the principal

and interest on his mortgage, as well as taxes and the premiums on the Policy.

      In September 2008, Alvarado’s property sustained damage as a result of

Hurricane Ike. Flagstar made a claim on the Policy, and Lexington paid Flagstar

$4,410.49 in damages. According to Alvarado’s affidavit, Flagstar did not provide

any of these funds to Alvarado for the purpose of repairs, and it did not apply these

funds to the balance of his mortgage. The application of these funds is not part of

the record.

      After Lexington denied his claim for damages, Alvarado sued Lexington for

breach of contract, breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing, and various

violations of the Texas Insurance Code and the DTPA.3 Alvarado alleged that he

was the owner of the Policy and that Lexington had “sold the policy, insuring the

property to [Alvarado] or [Alvarado’s] predecessors in interest.” Among other

allegations, Alvarado argued that Lexington “failed to perform [its] contractual

2
      A “force-placed,” or “lender-placed,” mortgage protection insurance policy
      “insures the lender’s collateral when the borrower fails to maintain a specific type
      of insurance” and “allows the lender to protect its exposure on a property up to the
      amount of the mortgage on the date of issuance.” Williams v. Certain
      Underwriters at Lloyd’s of London, 398 Fed. App’x 44, 45 (5th Cir. 2010) (not
      designated for publication).
3
      Alvarado also sued Michael Bower, the insurance adjuster who handled
      Alvarado’s claim. Bower is not a party to this appeal.
                                           3
duty to adequately compensate [Alvarado] under the terms of the policy” and that

Lexington “misrepresented to [Alvarado] that the damage to the property was not

covered under the policy, even though the damage was caused by a covered

occurrence.”

      Lexington moved for traditional summary judgment.                  It argued that

Alvarado could not recover on any of his claims because Lexington never entered

into a contract with Alvarado; Alvarado was neither a named insured nor an

additional insured on the Policy; Flagstar obtained the Policy “to protect its interest

in the residence for which Flagstar was the mortgagee”; the Policy provided that all

payments for damages were to be made solely to Flagstar; and the Policy

“expressed no intent to benefit [Alvarado] in any way.” Lexington contended that

Alvarado did not qualify as a third-party beneficiary of the Policy and that, as a

result, no legal relationship existed between it and Alvarado and Alvarado lacked

standing to bring his claims.4

      As summary judgment evidence, Lexington attached a copy of the Policy as

Exhibit A. Lexington pointed out that the “Common Policy Declarations” in the

Policy provide that “Flagstar Bank, FSB” is the “named insured” and that the

4
      After Lexington moved for summary judgment, Alvarado amended his petition to
      add claims against Flagstar and Proctor Financial, Inc., the insurance agent
      responsible for procuring the Policy. Alvarado subsequently non-suited his claims
      against Flagstar with prejudice. Neither Flagstar nor Proctor Financial is a party to
      this appeal.
                                            4
“Mortgage Guard Property Policy” section further defines “named insured” as “the

Lending Institution named on the Declaration Page” and “you” as “the Named

Insured shown in the Declarations.” It further pointed out that the Policy states,

“In consideration of the premium to be charged we will (as shown on the

Declaration Page) insure . . . the Lending Institution (you, as shown on the

Declaration Page) against direct physical loss resulting from destruction of or

damage to your property . . . .” It also pointed to language in the Policy stating that

the Policy provides coverage for the dwelling, other structures on the property,

personal property, and loss of use “in which the insured has a mortgage and/or

owner interest.” Lexington argued that, although the Policy covers personal

property, that coverage is limited to the extent to which Flagstar, as the named

insured, has a mortgage or ownership interest in the property.

      The Policy also includes the following “Mortgage Clause”:

      Loss, if any, under this policy will be payable to the mortgagee (or
      trustee) as its interests may appear under all present or future
      mortgages upon the Covered Property described on the reporting
      forms in which mortgagee may have an interest as mortgagee (or
      trustee) in order of precedence of said mortgages.

Lexington pointed out that the “Loss Payable” clause provides, “Loss will be

adjusted with and made payable to you unless another payee is specifically

named.” It observed that this clause does not provide that Alvarado, the borrower,

is entitled to proceeds in excess of Flagstar’s insurable interest in the property, nor

                                          5
does it allow Alvarado to participate in the claim adjustment process.            It

emphasized that neither Alvarado nor his property is specifically mentioned in the

Policy.

      In response to Lexington’s summary judgment motion, Alvarado argued that

Endorsement #12 to the Policy, entitled “Special Broad Form Homeowners

Coverage,” expressly provides homeowners’ coverage for homeowners of

properties specified on reporting forms referenced by the Policy. He argued that

this endorsement directly benefits him and supports his third-party beneficiary

status. Alvarado pointed to language in Endorsement #12 defining “insured” as

“[y]ou and residents of your household” and defining “insured location” as the

“residence premises,” which is further defined as “[t]he one family dwelling where

you reside.” He contended that this language refers to him and not to Flagstar, the

mortgage company. Alvarado also pointed out that Endorsement #12 provides

coverage for direct physical loss to property, additional living expenses, personal

property damage, personal liability for suits brought against the insured for bodily

injury or property damage, and medical payments to others. He contended that this

coverage could only apply to him and not to Flagstar.         He also argued that

Endorsement #12 confers a benefit upon him because the endorsement’s

“Mortgage Clause” provides, “If a mortgagee is named in this policy, any loss

payable under Coverage A or B will be paid to the mortgagee and you, as interests

                                         6
appear.” According to Alvarado, “This clearly shows that the word ‘you’ in the

Endorsement refers to [Alvarado] . . . but it does not necessarily refer to the

mortgagee which would be Flagstar Bank.”            Therefore, Alvarado contended,

because Endorsement #12 “was intended to confer a direct benefit” on him, he

qualifies as a third-party beneficiary of the Policy.

      Lexington replied and argued that Endorsement #12 “only provides

homeowners coverage for property and damages in which Flagstar has a mortgage

and/or an ownership interest.” (Emphasis in original.) Lexington contended that

the

      Supplemental Declaration Page [to the Policy] qualifies every
      statement made about homeowner’s insurance in the Policy, leaving
      no doubt that all homeowner’s coverage statements and inclusions are
      meant solely and exclusively to pertain to the insured, Flagstar Bank’s,
      interest. Any references [Alvarado] makes to the Homeowners
      Coverage Form are limited by the Supplemental Declaration Page.

(Emphasis in original.)        Lexington argued that, under the supplemental

declarations, any coverage provided pursuant to the Policy is limited to property or

damages in which the named insured, which is defined in the Common Policy

Declarations solely as Flagstar, has a mortgage or ownership interest. Lexington

also argued that the Policy language clearly defines “you” as the “Named Insured

shown in the Declarations” and that Alvarado is not named as an insured,

additional insured, or third-party beneficiary in any part of the Policy, including

Endorsement #12.
                                           7
      Neither Lexington nor Alvarado submitted any summary judgment evidence

demonstrating whether or not Alvarado’s property is specified on the reporting

forms submitted by Flagstar to Lexington showing properties covered by

Endorsement #12. Nor is there any evidence as to what Flagstar’s and Alvarado’s

interests in the property are. However, there is some evidence, in the form of

Alvarado’s affidavit, that Flagstar submitted a claim under the Policy to Lexington

for damage to Alvarado’s property and that Flagstar did not repair the damage, did

not distribute the funds to Alvarado to repair the damage, and did not apply the

funds to the balance of Alvarado’s mortgage.

      On August 19, 2010, the trial court granted Lexington’s motion for summary

judgment.   Because Alvarado’s claims against Bower, Flagstar, and Proctor

Financial remained pending, this was an interlocutory order that was not yet final

and appealable. Alvarado, however, prematurely filed a notice of appeal, and the

appeal was assigned to this Court and given appellate cause number 01-10-00740-

CV. Alvarado filed a motion to sever his claims against Lexington, which the trial

court granted, and the trial court then rendered judgment in favor of Lexington on

November 19, 2010. After the trial court rendered this final judgment, Alvarado

filed a second notice of appeal, which resulted in appellate cause number 01-10-

                                        8
01150-CV. We decide the first-filed appeal, appellate cause number 01-10-00740-

CV, and dismiss appellate cause number 01-10-01150-CV.5

                                 Standard of Review

      We review de novo the trial court’s ruling on a summary judgment motion.

Mann Frankfort Stein & Lipp Advisors, Inc. v. Fielding, 289 S.W.3d 844, 848

(Tex. 2009). To prevail on a traditional summary judgment motion, the movant

must establish that no genuine issues of material fact exist and that it is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Little v. Tex. Dep’t of

Criminal Justice, 148 S.W.3d 374, 381 (Tex. 2004). When a defendant moves for

summary judgment, it must either: (1) disprove at least one essential element of

5
      Pursuant to Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 27.1, Alvarado’s first prematurely
      filed notice of appeal was effective and was deemed filed on the day of, but after,
      the event that began the period for perfecting the appeal: November 19, 2010, the
      day the trial court granted Alvarado’s motion to sever and rendered a final
      judgment in favor of Lexington. See TEX. R. APP. P. 27.1(a); Ganesan v. Reeves,
      236 S.W.3d 816, 817 (Tex. App.—Waco 2007, pet. denied) (“[Rule 27.1] is
      designed to make it clear that a notice of appeal filed before the final appealable
      judgment is rendered is nevertheless effective to invoke our appellate jurisdiction
      of such a judgment.”); Espalin v. Children’s Med. Ctr. of Dallas, 27 S.W.3d 675,
      681 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2000, no pet.) (“[A] document filed in an attempt to
      appeal an interlocutory order that later becomes final serves to appeal the final
      judgment.”). In a factually similar scenario, the El Paso Court of Appeals noted
      that the second notice of appeal, filed after the trial court rendered a final
      judgment, “was unnecessary to perfect appeal.” Lerma v. Forbes, 144 S.W.3d 18,
      20 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2004, no pet.). The El Paso court dismissed the later
      cause number on its own motion and consolidated the record with the first cause
      number. Id. We follow the El Paso Court of Appeals’ decision in Lerma and hold
      that Alvarado’s first notice of appeal invoked our appellate jurisdiction, and, thus,
      the second notice of appeal was unnecessary to perfect his appeal and is now
      moot. We therefore dismiss appellate cause number 01-10-01150-CV, which
      resulted from his second notice of appeal.
                                            9
the plaintiff’s cause of action, or (2) plead and conclusively establish each essential

element of its affirmative defense, thereby defeating the plaintiff’s cause of action.

Cathey v. Booth, 900 S.W.2d 339, 341 (Tex. 1995).

      If the movant meets its burden, the burden then shifts to the nonmovant to

raise a genuine issue of material fact precluding summary judgment. See Centeq

Realty, Inc. v. Siegler, 899 S.W.2d 195, 197 (Tex. 1995). The evidence raises a

fact issue if reasonable and fair-minded jurors could differ in their conclusions in

light of all of the summary judgment evidence. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v.

Mayes, 236 S.W.3d 754, 755 (Tex. 2007) (per curiam). To determine if the

nonmovant has raised a fact issue, we view the evidence in the light most favorable

to the nonmovant, crediting favorable evidence if reasonable jurors could do so,

and disregarding contrary evidence unless reasonable jurors could not.             See

Fielding, 289 S.W.3d at 848 (citing City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 827

(Tex. 2005)). We indulge every reasonable inference and resolve any doubts in the

nonmovant’s favor. See Sw. Elec. Power Co. v. Grant, 73 S.W.3d 211, 215 (Tex.

2002) (citing Sci. Spectrum, Inc. v. Martinez, 941 S.W.2d 910, 911 (Tex. 1997)).

                          Third-Party Beneficiary Status

      In his sole issue, Alvarado contends that the trial court erred in rendering

summary judgment in favor of Lexington because Lexington failed to conclusively

negate his status as a third-party beneficiary of the Policy. Lexington responds that

                                          10
this Court should overrule Alvarado’s sole issue and affirm the summary judgment

because Alvarado failed to plead his third-party-beneficiary status.         It further

argues that we should affirm the summary judgment because Alvarado failed to

raise a genuine issue of material fact with respect to his third-party-beneficiary

status.

          1. Alvarado’s Right to Argue His Third-Party-Beneficiary Status

          Before we address the merits of Alvarado’s sole issue, we address

Lexington’s contention that Alvarado was required to plead third-party beneficiary

status, and that, because he did not, we should affirm the trial court’s summary

judgment on that basis alone.

          Lexington’s contention is without merit. Lexington itself raised the issue of

Alvarado’s third-party-beneficiary status by arguing in its summary judgment

motion that Alvarado did not qualify as a third-party beneficiary to the Policy and

therefore lacked standing. Standing is a jurisdictional issue that cannot be waived

and may be raised at any time. See Tex. Ass’n of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control Bd., 852
S.W.2d 440, 445 (Tex. 1993). Here, it was raised by Lexington as grounds for

granting it summary judgment against Alvarado.

          Rule 166a provides that a defendant against whom a claim is asserted “may,

at any time, move with or without supporting affidavits for summary judgment in

his favor as to all or any part thereof.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(b). The Rule further

                                            11
provides that summary judgment shall be granted if the motion and the summary

judgment evidence “show that, except as to the amount of damages, there is no

genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment

as a matter of law on the issues expressly set out in the motion or in an answer or

other response.” Id. 166a(c). Lexington moved for summary judgment on all of

Alvarado’s claims on the ground that he lacked standing to pursue them because he

was neither a party to the insurance contract between Lexington and Flagstar nor a

third-party beneficiary of the contract. Alvarado responded to this issue in his

summary judgment response.       The issue of Alvarado’s third-party-beneficiary

status was thus squarely before the trial court in Lexington’s motion and

Alvarado’s response.    Lexington’s contention that Alvarado may not seek to

overturn a summary judgment on the very issue it presented to the trial court in its

own motion as the basis for granting summary judgment is directly contrary to the

express language of Rule 166a and is without merit.

      We now turn to the merits of Alvarado’s sole issue.

      2. Third-Party-Beneficiary Status Under Force-Placed Insurance Policies

      Insurance contracts are subject to the same rules of construction as ordinary

contracts. Archon Invs., Inc. v. Great Am. Lloyds Ins. Co., 174 S.W.3d 334, 338

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. denied) (citing Trinity Universal Ins.

Co. v. Cowan, 945 S.W.2d 819, 823 (Tex. 1997)). When a policy permits only one

                                        12
reasonable interpretation, we construe it as a matter of law and enforce it as

written. Id. (citing Upshaw v. Trinity Cos., 842 S.W.2d 631, 633 (Tex. 1992)).

When construing an insurance policy, “[w]e must strive to effectuate the policy as

the written expression of the parties’ intent.” Id. (citing State Farm Life Ins. Co. v.

Beaston, 907 S.W.2d 430, 433 (Tex. 1995)). To discern the intent of the parties to

a contract, the court examines and considers the entire writing to harmonize and

give effect to all the provisions of the contract so that none will be rendered

meaningless, no single provision taken alone will be given controlling effect, and

all the provisions will be considered with reference to the whole instrument. In re

Serv. Corp. Int’l, 355 S.W.3d 655, 661 (Tex. 2011). If the term to be construed is

unambiguous and susceptible of only one construction, we “give the words in the

policy their plain meaning.” Archon, 174 S.W.3d at 338 (citing Devoe v. Great

Am. Ins., 50 S.W.3d 567, 571 (Tex. App.—Austin 2001, no pet.)).

      In determining whether a third party can enforce a contract, we look only to

the intention of the contracting parties.      Basic Capital Mgmt., Inc. v. Dynex

Commercial, Inc., 348 S.W.3d 894, 900 (Tex. 2011); MCI Telecomms. Corp. v.

Tex. Utils. Elec. Co., 995 S.W.2d 647, 651 (Tex. 1999); Union Pac. R.R. Co. v.

Novus Int’l, Inc., 113 S.W.3d 418, 421 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, pet.

denied). The fact that a person might receive an incidental benefit from a contract

to which he is not a party does not give that person a right to enforce the contract.

                                          13
Basic Capital Mgmt., 348 S.W.3d at 899–900; MCI Telecomms., 995 S.W.2d at

651; Union Pac., 113 S.W.3d at 421.

      A third party may recover on a contract made between other parties only if

the contracting parties intended to secure a benefit to the third party and only if the

contracting parties entered into the contract directly for the third party’s benefit.

Basic Capital Mgmt., 348 S.W.3d at 900; MCI Telecomms., 995 S.W.2d at 651;

Union Pac., 113 S.W.3d at 421. The third party must show that he is either a

donee or a creditor beneficiary of the contract, and not one who is only incidentally

benefitted by its performance. MCI Telecomms., 995 S.W.2d at 651; Union Pac.,
113 S.W.3d at 421. A party is a donee beneficiary if the promised performance

will, when rendered, come to him as pure donation. MCI Telecomms., 995 S.W.2d

at 651; Union Pac., 113 S.W.3d at 421. If that performance will come to him in

satisfaction of a legal duty owed to him by the promisee, such as an “indebtedness,

contractual obligation or other legally enforceable commitment,” he is a creditor

beneficiary. MCI Telecomms., 995 S.W.2d at 651; Union Pac., 113 S.W.3d at 421.

      “We glean intent from what the parties said in their contract, not what they

allegedly meant.” Union Pac., 113 S.W.3d at 421. We will not create a third-party

beneficiary contract by implication. Basic Capital Mgmt., 348 S.W.2d at 900; MCI

Telecomms., 995 S.W.2d at 651; Union Pac., 113 S.W.3d at 422; see also Tawes v.

Barnes, 340 S.W.3d 419, 425 (Tex. 2011) (“[I]n the absence of a clear and

                                          14
unequivocal expression of the contracting parties’ intent to directly benefit a third

party, courts will not confer third-party beneficiary status by implication.”). As the

Texas Supreme Court held in MCI Telcommunications,

      The intention to contract or confer a direct benefit to a third party
      must be clearly and fully spelled out or enforcement by the third party
      must be denied. Consequently, a presumption exists that parties
      contracted for themselves unless it “clearly appears” that they
      intended a third party to benefit from the contract.
995 S.W.2d at 651; see also Basic Capital Mgmt., 348 S.W.3d at 900 (quoting

same).

      Due to the presumption against finding third-party beneficiaries to contracts,

courts will generally deny third-party-beneficiary claims unless: (1) the obligation

of the bargain-giver is fully spelled out, (2) it is unmistakable that a benefit to the

third party was within the contemplation of the contracting parties, and (3) the

contracting parties contemplated that the third party would be vested with the right

to sue for enforcement of the contract. Union Pac., 113 S.W.3d at 422. We

resolve all doubts against conferring third-party-beneficiary status. Tawes, 340
S.W.3d at 425; see also First Union Nat’l Bank v. Richmont Capital Partners I,

L.P., 168 S.W.3d 917, 929 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2005, no pet.) (“If there is any

reasonable doubt as to the intent of the contracting parties to confer a direct benefit

on the third party, then the third-party beneficiary claim must fail.”).

                                          15
      Texas’s third-party beneficiary policy was recently examined and explained

by the Texas Supreme Court in Basic Capital Management. 348 S.W.3d 894. In

that case, Basic managed real estate investment trusts, including American Realty

Trust, Inc. (“ART”) and Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc. (“TCI”). Id. at

896. Basic and Dynex signed a Commitment, in which Dynex agreed to loan

funds to “single-asset, bankruptcy-remote entities” (“SABREs”) owned by ART

and TCI if Basic would “propose other acceptable SABREs to borrow $160

million over a two-year period.” Id. at 896–97. The issue on appeal was whether

ART and TCI could recover damages from Dynex for its alleged breach of the

Commitment as third-party beneficiaries to the Commitment. Id. at 898.

      The supreme court reasoned that, because the intention to confer a direct

benefit to a third party must be clearly and fully spelled out in the contract for that

party to have standing as a third-party beneficiary, “a presumption exists that

parties contracted for themselves unless it clearly appears that they intended a third

party to benefit from the contract.” Id. at 900. Although only Dynex and Basic

had signed the Commitment, “Dynex knew that the purpose of the Commitment

was to secure future financing for ART and TCI, real estate investment trusts that

Basic managed and in which it held an ownership interest.” Id. Not only was

Basic not intended to be the borrower, but the Commitment expressly required that

                                          16
the borrowers be SABREs acceptable to Dynex, and Dynex knew that Basic would

not own the SABREs. Id.

      The court concluded that this requirement was for Dynex’s benefit, since

SABREs are designed to provide more certain recourse to collateral in the event of

default. Id. The court pointed out that “SABRE-borrowers provided a mechanism

for ART and TCI to hold investment property directly but in a way that would

provide Dynex greater security.” Id. Thus, “if Dynex and Basic did not intend the

Commitment to benefit ART and TCI directly, then the Commitment had no

purpose whatsoever.” Id. Moreover, the Commitment “clearly and fully spelled

out the benefit to ART and TCI because their role was basic to Dynex’s and

Basic’s agreement.” Id. at 901. The court concluded, “The Commitment itself,

and the undisputed evidence regarding its negotiation and purpose, establish that

ART and TCI were third-party beneficiaries.” Id.

      Although Texas state courts have addressed whether a party may be a third-

party beneficiary in the general insurance policy context, they have not addressed

the specific issue of whether a homeowner-borrower qualifies as a third-party

beneficiary under a force-placed insurance policy entered into between the

insurance company and the mortgage company. See, e.g., Paragon Sales Co. v.

N.H. Ins. Co., 774 S.W.2d 659, 660–61 (Tex. 1989) (holding distributor presented

some evidence that it was third-party beneficiary of indemnity contract between

                                       17
insurance company and public motor carrier). As a result of Hurricanes Dolly,

Katrina, and Rita, however, some federal courts within the Fifth Circuit Court of

Appeals’ jurisdiction, primarily in Louisiana, have addressed this issue and have

reached differing conclusions as to the homeowner’s third-party-beneficiary status

according to the specific terms of the policy and the facts of the case.

        When deciding whether a homeowner-borrower is a third-party beneficiary

under a force-placed insurance policy, the federal courts applying state law, like

the Texas courts, have looked to the language of the policy to determine whether

any of the provisions clearly confer a direct benefit upon the borrower. Thus, for

example, the Fifth Circuit has found third-party beneficiary status to exist (1) when

the policy, although only listing the mortgage company as a named insured,

contains a subrogation clause providing that the homeowner-borrower will not be

liable to the insurance company for any loss paid to the named insured and

(2) when the policy contains a provision allowing for temporary housing expenses

to be paid to the homeowner-borrower. See Palma v. Verex Assurance, Inc., 79
F.3d 1453, 1457–58 (5th Cir. 1996) (subrogation clause case decided under Texas

law).

        In Palma, the Fifth Circuit held that the inclusion of the subrogation clause

within the insurance policy demonstrated a clear intention on the part of the

contracting parties to benefit the homeowner-borrower. See id. at 1458 (“[The

                                          18
subrogation clause] is written for the sole benefit of the borrower. . . . We also find

that the insurance contract was actually made, in part, for the benefit of Palma [the

borrower].”); see also Henderson v. Certain Underwriters at Lloyds, London, Civil

Action No. 09-1320, 2009 WL 3190710, at *3 (E.D. La. Sept. 30, 2009) (slip op.)

(noting that plaintiff’s standing was limited solely to seeking temporary housing

expenses because this was only clause in policy providing direct benefit to

borrower).

      Primarily, the federal district courts have focused on whether the policy

contains one of two specific clauses that may benefit the borrower: (1) an “excess

loss” or “residual payment” clause or (2) a clause providing that the insurer will

adjust all personal property losses with, and pay any such proceeds to, the

homeowner-borrower. A common excess loss clause provides as follows:

      We will adjust all losses with you [the mortgagee and named insured].
      We will pay you but in no event more than the amount of your interest
      in the “insured location.” Amounts payable in excess of your interest
      will be paid to the “borrower” unless some other person is named by
      the “borrower” to receive payment . . . .

See, e.g., Turner v. Gen. Ins. Co. of Am., Civil Action No. 5:09cv00057-DCB-

JMR, 2009 WL 3247302, at *3 (S.D. Miss. Oct. 7, 2009) (slip op.). If the policy

provides coverage for personal property, the insurance policy may include a clause

providing that the insurer will adjust all losses to personal property with the

                                          19
homeowner-borrower and will pay the borrower any proceeds for such loss, unless

the borrower has named another person to receive payment. Id.

      A number of courts in the cases in which there were force-placed policies

with such clauses have found third-party-beneficiary status for homeowners under

the terms of the particular policy. For example, in Lee v. Safeco Insurance Co. of

America, the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana held

that the excess loss clause, which “clearly stipulate[d] that the portion of any loss

payment exceeding the value of [the mortgagee’s] interest in the property will be

paid directly to [the homeowner-borrower],” manifested a “clear intent to benefit

the borrower.” Civil Action No. 08-1100, 2008 WL 2622997, at *4 (E.D. La. July

2, 2008) (not designated for publication); see Turner, 2009 WL 3247302, at *4;

Beck v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., No. 2:07 CV 1998, 2008 WL 4155301, at *2

(W.D. La. Sept. 5, 2008) (not designated for publication) (finding third-party-

beneficiary status when policy contained excess loss clause and provision allowing

for adjustment of personal property losses with and payment of such losses to

borrower); Navarrete v. Gen. Ins. Co. of Am., Civil Action No. 07-4865, 2008 WL
659477, at *2 (E.D. La. Mar. 7, 2008) (not designated for publication) (same);

Peters v. Safeco Gen. Ins. of Am., Civil Action No. 07-5612, 2008 WL 544226, at

*1 (E.D. La. Feb. 25, 2008) (not designated for publication) (same); Martin v.

Safeco Ins. Co., Civil Action No. 06-6889, 2007 WL 2071662, at *3 (E.D. La. July

                                         20
13, 2007) (not designated for publication) (same); see also Hickman v. Safeco Ins.

Co. of Am., 695 N.W.2d 365, 370–71 (Minn. 2005) (holding same when policy

contained excess loss clause, coverage for personal property, provision that insurer

would adjust personal property losses with borrower and would pay borrower, and

provision allowing borrower to seek arbitration of appraisal of covered loss).

      The Eastern District of Louisiana has also held, however, that a homeowner-

borrower was not a third-party beneficiary to an insurance policy containing an

excess loss clause when the claimed damages did not exceed the mortgagee’s

interest in the property, as required by the terms of the policy for her to be

considered an additional insured. Graphia v. Balboa Ins. Co., 517 F. Supp. 2d 854

(E.D. La. 2007). In Graphia, the policy provided that the borrower “shall be

considered an additional insured with respect to any residual amounts of insurance

over and above [the mortgagee’s] insurable interest.” Id. at 857. The borrower

claimed damages of $56,542.91, and she presented evidence that the balance

remaining on her loan was $110,000. Id. The court noted that there was “no

amount ‘due for the loss’ that exceeds [the mortgagee’s] insurable interest.” Id.

The court concluded, “The contract does manifest a clear intention to benefit

Graphia, but only to the extent that she has an insurable interest in the property.

The contract evidences no intent to give plaintiff personal rights in the insurance

coverage for losses that do [not] exceed the mortgagee’s insurable interest.” Id. at

                                         21
858. Because her losses did not exceed the mortgagee’s interest in the property,

Graphia received only an incidental benefit from this policy and, therefore, could

not enforce the contract. Id.; cf. Mingo v. Meritplan Ins. Co., No. 2:06 CV 1914,

2007 WL 4292026, at *3 (W.D. La. Dec. 4, 2007) (not designated for publication)

(denying insurer’s motion to dismiss for lack of standing because parties disputed

amount of loss and record did not reflect either amount of mortgage or mortgagee’s

interest in property).

      The federal courts have also found the force-placed homeowner not to be a

third-party beneficiary when the homeowner did not receive a direct benefit from

the policy under the policy’s own terms. Specifically, the federal courts have

denied third-party beneficiary status when the insurance policy states (1) that it

does not provide coverage for loss of use, personal liability, or personal property,

(2) that the mortgagee is the sole insured, (3) that the policy is intended to protect

the mortgagee’s interest only and not the borrower’s, or (4) that all losses will be

adjusted with and made payable to the named insured, the mortgage company. See

Williams v. Certain Underwriters at Lloyd’s of London, 398 Fed. App’x 44, 48–49

(5th Cir. 2010) (not designated for publication) (policy specified that mortgagee

was sole insured and all benefits were payable directly to mortgagee); Lumpkins v.

Balboa Ins. Co., 812 F. Supp. 2d 1280, 1283–84 (N.D. Okla. 2011) (policy

provided no coverage for contents, personal effects, personal living expenses, fair

                                         22
rental value or liability and stated that contract was only with named insured and

only intended to protect named insured’s interest); Barrios v. Great Am. Assurance

Co., Civil Action No. H-10-3511, 2011 WL 3608510, at *4 (S.D. Tex. Aug. 16,

2011) (slip op.) (policy specified that, unless homeowners coverage was

specifically added by endorsement, homeowner-mortgagor was not insured under

policy); Williams v. Fid. Nat’l Ins. Co., Civil Action No. 07-4428, 2009 WL
2922310, at *3 (E.D. La. Sept. 8, 2009) (not designated for publication) (policy

specified that, despite insurable interests of homeowner, only mortgagee was

insured under policy); Simpson v. Balboa Ins. Co., Civil Action No. 2:08cv281KS-

MTP, 2009 WL 1291275, at *3–4 (S.D. Miss. May 7, 2009) (policy provided no

coverage for loss of use, personal liability, or personal property and no right of

borrower to participate in claim adjustment); Jones v. Proctor Fin. Ins. Corp., Civil

Action No. 06-9503, 2007 WL 4206863, at *3 (E.D. La. Nov. 21, 2007) (not

designated for publication) (policy provided no coverage for personal property, and

adjustment of and payment for loss would be made solely to mortgagee); Paulk v.

Balboa Ins. Co., No. 1:04CV97, 2006 WL 1994864, at *3 (S.D. Miss. July 14,

2006) (not designated for publication) (same); see also Scheaffer v. Balboa Ins.

Co., 1 So. 3d 756, 759 (La. Ct. App. 2008) (notice of premium informed borrower

that he was not insured under policy, that he was not entitled to receive proceeds,

and that policy protected only mortgagee’s interest).

                                         23
      Mere payment of the force-placed-policy premiums by the homeowner-

borrower, without more, does not necessarily confer third-party-beneficiary status

on the borrower. See Scheaffer, 1 So. 3d at 760; Lee, 2008 WL 2622997, at *3

(“Mere payment or reimbursement of insurance premiums by a plaintiff to an

insurance provider does not create a right to recovery under an insurance policy

when the plaintiff is not the named insured and is nowhere named in the policy.”).

      3. Alvarado’s Status Under Flagstar’s Force-Placed Policy

      On appeal, Alvarado argues that he has third-party-beneficiary status under

the Policy. He contends that Endorsement #12 to the Policy, which provides

“Special Broad Form Homeowners Coverage,” is analogous to an excess loss

clause or a clause allowing for adjustment and payment of losses to the borrower.

He argues that it demonstrates that Lexington and Flagstar clearly intended to

benefit him because the terms of this endorsement provide the type of coverage

that he, as the homeowner, would seek to obtain if he contracted directly with

Lexington to procure homeowner’s insurance and that these provisions are

irrelevant to Flagstar as the mortgagee of the property. He points out that Flagstar

required the Policy when it loaned him the money to purchase his house and took a

mortgage on it. Alvarado paid the premiums on this force-placed Policy as a

separate part of his monthly mortgage payments, and Endorsement #3 to the Policy

required a higher premium for the Special Broad Form Homeowners Coverage.

                                        24
          Lexington responds that Flagstar is the sole named insured in the Policy, that

Alvarado is not mentioned in the Policy, and that the plain language of the Policy

can reasonably be construed only as protecting Flagstar’s mortgage interest in the

property up to the extent of that interest, not as protecting Alvarado’s interest. It

argues, therefore, that the Policy cannot be construed as intended to benefit

Alvarado, as a matter of law; that Alvarado is not a third-party beneficiary to the

Policy under prevailing law construing force-placed insurance policies; and that

Alvarado has failed to raise a material fact issue as to his third-party-beneficiary

status.

          We conclude that Lexington has failed to prove that Alvarado lacks third-

party-beneficiary status as a matter of law.

          a. The “Common Policy Declarations”               and   the “Supplemental
             Declaration Page” of the Policy

          As Lexington states, the “Common Policy Declarations” in the “Commercial

Lines Policy” at issue list “Flagstar Bank, FSB” as the sole “Named Insured.”

These Declarations state that the Policy “consists of the following coverage parts

for which a premium is indicated,” namely, a “Mortgage Guard Property Coverage

Part.” The Common Policy Declarations then state:

          THESE DECLARATIONS TOGETHER WITH THE COMMON
          POLICY CONDITIONS, COVERAGE PART DECLARATIONS,
          COVERAGE PART COVERAGE FORM(S) AND FORMS AND
          ENDORSEMENTS, IF ANY, ISSUED TO FORM A PART
          THEREOF, COMPLETE THE ABOVE NUMBERED POLICY.
                                            25
For the “Form(s) and Endorsements(s) made part of this policy at time of issue,”

the Common Policy Declarations page states, “See attached Table of Contents.”

The Table of Contents lists as “[c]overage forms and endorsements forming a part

of this policy” the “Mortgage Guard Property Policy” and a number of additional

endorsements, including Endorsement #12, a “Homeowners 3 Special Form”

providing “Special Broad Form Homeowner’s Coverage.” The Common Policy

Declarations state that the complete Policy consists not only of the common

declarations and policy conditions, but also of the coverage part declarations,

coverage part forms, and “the forms and endorsements, if any, issued to form a

part” of the Policy. In this case, therefore, the Policy at issue includes not only the

Common Policy Declarations and the Mortgage Guard Property Policy with its

declarations, but also Endorsement #12, the Special Broad Form Homeowner’s

Coverage form, with its declarations.

      In addition to the Common Policy Declarations, the Policy includes a

“Supplemental Declaration Page” that sets out Lexington’s “Limits of Liability”

under the Common Policy:

      $1,000,000. Per property                 On Commercial or Residential
                                               Properties*
      $500,000. Per location                   Mobile Home Properties*
      $1,000,000. Per property                 Windstorm and Hail only*
      Homeowners Coverage as reported as HO on the reporting form

                                          26
         A. Dwelling-$500,000. Any one loss*
         B. Other Structures-$50,000.        Or 10% of the insured value,
            whichever is the lesser*
         C. Personal Property-$250,000.       Or 50% of the insured value,
            whichever is the lesser*
         D. Loss of Use-$100,000. Or 20% of the insured value, whichever
            is the lesser*
      *in which the Insured has a mortgage and/or owner interest and which
      is specifically described in the Reporting Mechanism agreed upon by
      the Company.

Thus, the Policy provides that Lexington’s liability is limited to $1,000,000 “per

property.” Additionally, coverage for properties with “Homeowners Coverage as

reported as HO on the reporting form” is limited to $500,000 for “any one loss,”

plus the lesser of $50,000 or 10% of the insured value for any other structure on

the property, plus the lesser of $250,000 or 50% of the insured value of any

personal property, plus the lesser of $100,000 or 20% of the insured value for loss

of use. An asterisk by each of these categories of covered loss limits Lexington’s

liability to properties “in which the Insured has a mortgage and/or owner interest

and which is specifically described in the Reporting Mechanism agreed upon by

the Company.” Lexington has produced no summary judgment evidence that

Alvarado’s property was not among the properties with “Homeowners Coverage”

reported by Flagstar on Lexington’s reporting form and specifically described by

Flagstar in Lexington’s Reporting Mechanism at the time of the occurrence made

                                        27
the basis of his claim. However, it did produce the “Homeowners Coverage” part

of the Policy, Endorsement #12, as part of the Policy applicable to Alvarado, and

Alvarado has averred that he paid premiums for this coverage. Therefore, we

assume, for purposes of the summary judgment motion, that Alvarado did have

Homeowners Coverage and therefore was included on Lexington’s reporting

forms. See Sw. Elec. Power Co., 73 S.W.3d at 215.

      b. The “Mortgage Guard Property Policy”

      The “Mortgage Guard Property Policy” provides that “[t]hroughout this

policy the words ‘you’ and ‘your’ refer to the Named Insured shown in the

Declarations,” namely Flagstar, and that “[t]he words ‘we’, ‘us’ and ‘our’ refer to

the Company providing this insurance,” i.e., Lexington. The Mortgage Guard

Property Policy sets out the agreement of Lexington and Flagstar with respect to

this part of the Policy:

      In consideration of the premium to be charged we will (as shown on
      the Declaration Page) insure (but only in the event there is no other
      insurance applicable) the Lending Institution (you, as shown on the
      Declaration Page [here, Flagstar]) against direct physical loss
      resulting from destruction of or damage to your property, reported by
      you on the reporting forms furnished by us, for the Covered Causes of
      Loss described in this policy.

The Mortgage Guard Property Policy thus protects Flagstar against physical loss to

its property reported on Lexington’s reporting forms, but “only in the event there is

no other insurance applicable.”

                                         28
      The Mortgage Guard Property Policy identifies several types of interest the

“Named Insured” lending institution, Flagstar, may have in a property and may

report on Lexington’s reporting forms. These include a “Loan” consisting of “an

advance of funds or a loan secured by a note and first or second ‘mortgage

interest/loan balance’ evidenced by a contract of sale for real property.”

Correspondingly, the Policy defines a “Borrower” as an individual “obligated on a

‘loan’ . . . and [who] has . . . an interest in the property securing such ‘loan.’” The

Mortgage Guard Property Policy states, “Loss will be adjusted with and made

payable to you unless another payee is specifically named.”           The “Mortgage

Clause” states, “Loss, if any, under this policy will be payable to the mortgagee

[Flagstar] (or trustee) as its interests may appear under all present or future

mortgages upon the Covered Property described on the reporting forms in which

mortgagee may have an interest as mortgagee (or trustee) in order of precedence of

said mortgages.” Thus, the Mortgage Guard Property Policy, by its own terms,

insures Flagstar against direct physical loss resulting from the destruction of or

damage to “your property,” i.e., property in which it has a mortgage or ownership

interest and that is reported by Flagstar on Lexington’s reporting forms, in the

event there is no other insurance applicable.

      The “Policy Conditions” for the Mortgage Guard Property Policy confirm

the intent of the contracting parties to cover physical loss to covered property at

                                          29
described locations, stating, “Our liability for loss with respect to any property

covered will not exceed the Limit of Liability stated in the Declarations as

applicable, nor exceed, in any event, the lesser of the amount it would cost to

repair or replace with material of like kind and quality, or the amount of insurance

specified on each Covered Property at the Described Location on the reporting

forms completed by you and furnished to us.”

      Provisions in the Mortgage Guard Property Policy specify the means by

which Flagstar must report damage for property; they grant it permission, “[i]n the

event of loss . . . to make reasonable repairs . . . provided the repairs are confined

solely to the protection of the Covered Property from further damage and provided

you keep an accurate record of the repair expenditures,” to “be included in

determining the amount of loss”; they impose duties of notice, reporting of

damage, and protection of the covered property in the event of loss; they provide

for the examination of Flagstar or its representative “about any matter relating to

this insurance or a claim”; and, “[i]n the event of a dual interest,” they allow

Lexington to require the agreement of “any mortgagor claiming coverage or

monetary benefit under this insurance” to “submit to an examination under

oath . . . about any matter relating to this insurance or a claim.” (Emphasis added.)

These provisions thus recognize that the Mortgage Guard Property Policy covers

payment for repairs to damaged property within the scope of the Policy, and they

                                         30
also recognize that a mortgagor, as well as Flagstar, may claim “coverage or

monetary benefit under this insurance.”

      There is no way to determine from the summary judgment evidence whether

Alvarado is the owner of residential property described by Flagstar on Lexington’s

reporting forms, because those forms are not in the record. However, there is

summary judgment evidence, in the form of Alvarado’s affidavit, that Flagstar

reported damage to Alvarado’s property to Lexington. It is also not possible to

determine from the summary judgment record precisely what claims either Flagstar

or Alvarado submitted to Lexington with respect to damage to the property or what

amount of money for what losses was paid by Lexington to Flagstar. Nor is it

possible to ascertain the extent of Flagstar’s mortgage interest in Alvarado’s

property and the extent of Alvarado’s interest. However, Alvarado avers that his

property sustained damage as a result of Hurricane Ike in 2008, that Flagstar made

a claim on the Policy, and that Lexington paid Flagstar $4,410.49 in damages. He

further avers that Flagstar did not provide any of these funds to him for the purpose

of repairs and that it did not apply these funds to the balance of his mortgage. We

consider each of these uncontested facts as stated by Alvarado, the nonmovant, to

be true, as we must under summary judgment law. See Fielding, 289 S.W.3d at

848; City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 827.

                                          31
      We conclude that the Policy manifests a clear intent to directly benefit both

Flagstar and “any mortgagor claiming coverage or monetary benefit” for damage

to property under the Policy, as their interests may appear as mortgagee or

mortgagor of a covered property at the described locations listed by Flagstar on

Lexington’s reporting forms. We further conclude that Flagstar is the mortgagee

of Alvarado’s property and that Alvarado is a mortgagor with an ownership

interest in a property described on Lexington’s forms whose property was damaged

and for which Flagstar submitted a claim and was paid. However, it is not possible

to determine from the Mortgage Guard Property Policy whether Alvarado was a

mortgagor who had a right to claim coverage under the Policy for damage to his

property. Therefore, we turn to Endorsement #12 of the Policy.

      c. Endorsement #12: Special Broad Form Homeowners Coverage

      Endorsement #12, titled “Special Broad Form Homeowners Coverage,” is

relied upon by Alvarado to show his third-party-beneficiary status under the

Policy. It provides the type of coverage that an individual homeowner would

generally seek from an insurance company, instead of the coverage that a

mortgagee seeking solely to protect its monetary interest in the property would

typically seek. Endorsement #12 states, “It is understood and agreed [by Flagstar

and Lexington] that the following coverages are added to this policy and that these

coverages apply only to owner occupied properties reported as ‘HO’ property type

                                        32
by the Insured [Flagstar]:         Special Broad Form Homeowners Coverage,

Homeowners 3, Special Form, ED. 10-00 (HO-3, Ed. 10-00).” This statement is

immediately followed by declarations specific to Endorsement #12 that incorporate

the property coverage limits from the Common Policy Declarations and

Supplemental Declaration Page and add additional “Property Coverage,” “Liability

Coverages,” and “Exclusions.”        The endorsement states, “All other terms and

conditions remain unchanged.” It is unclear, however, whether Endorsement #12

formed a part of the Policy insuring Alvarado’s property. Alvarado claims that it

did, and Lexington included Endorsement #12 as part of the Policy on Alvarado’s

property. Therefore, we take it as true for purposes of this summary judgment

motion that Alvarado’s property was listed by Lexington as a property carrying

Homeowner’s Insurance.6 See Sw. Elec. Power Co., 73 S.W.3d at 215.

      The Homeowners Coverage provided by Endorsement #12 is spelled out on

the Special Form. Section I, “Property Coverage,” provides coverage up to the

6
      Lexington attached to its motion for rehearing a document purporting to show that
      Alvarado’s property was listed as a “Residential Owner” or “RO” on its reporting
      forms and claimed that this is a different type of coverage that does not extend the
      protections of “HO” coverage to Alvarado. This improper attempt to supplement
      the summary judgment record to change the facts of Alvarado’s status on appeal is
      sufficient by itself to show that summary judgment was improperly granted. See
      TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c) (“The judgment sought shall be rendered forthwith
      if . . . the pleadings, admissions, affidavits, stipulations of the parties, and
      authenticated or certified public records, if any, on file at the time of the hearing,
      or filed thereafter and before judgment with permission of the court, show that,
      except as to the amount of damages, there is no genuine issue as to any material
      fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law on the issues
      expressly set out in the motion or in an answer or any other response.”).
                                            33
“[l]imit stated on the Declaration Page.” This part of the Homeowners Coverage

clearly references the limits for property damage for residences referred to on the

Supplemental Declaration Page of the Policy. In addition, Section II, “Liability

Coverages,” provides coverage to the owners of the specified properties for

“Personal Liability” of “$100,000 per person/$300,000 per occurrence” and

coverage for “Medical Pay to others” of “$1,000 per person/$25,000 per accident.”

This Homeowners Coverage part of the Policy further provides that “[t]he

combined limit of liability under the policy for Special Broad Form Homeowners

Coverage shall not exceed $1,000,000 for the policy period.”

      Endorsement #12 also states that “[t]he earned premium for each daily

period shall be calculated by multiplying the total amount of insurance specified on

the reporting form furnished by the Company by the rate stated on the Rates and

Deductibles Page.” The Rates and Deductibles page—Endorsement #3 to the

Policy—specifies that, for “Special Broad Form Homeowners Coverage,” “each

claim for loss or damage (separately occurring) shall be adjusted separately,” and it

defines the deductible for different types of covered properties, including Occupied

Residences. Endorsement #3 charges a higher premium for Special Broad Form

Homeowners Coverage. Finally, Endorsement #12 specifies that the homeowner’s

coverage ceases to apply when a property becomes vacant or goes into foreclosure,

and it further specifies that “[o]n the date the property status changes the regular

                                         34
residential coverage as indicated in the Residential Property Coverages policy

section will apply to that property,” i.e., the coverage indicated on the

Supplemental Declaration Page of the Common Policy applies, and not the

coverage indicated in Endorsement #12.

      The “Definitions” part of Endorsement #12 defines the term “Insured” for

the purpose of properties covered under the “Homeowners Coverage” addition to

the Policy in terms that can reasonably refer only to the homeowner, not to

Flagstar. Section A of the “Definitions” states, “In this policy, ‘you’ and ‘your’

refer to the ‘named insured’ shown in the Declarations and the spouse if a resident

of the same household. ‘We’, ‘us’ and ‘our’ refer to the Company providing this

insurance.” Section B of the “Definitions” states, “In addition, certain words and

phrases are defined as follows.”      Definition 5 defines “Insured” to mean, in

pertinent part, “[y]ou and residents of your household who are . . . [y]our relatives;

or . . . [o]ther persons under the age of 21 and in the care of any person named

above.” Thus, the “insured” for purposes of Endorsement #12 can reasonably be

interpreted only as the homeowner of a covered property, and not as the “Named

Insured” under the Common Policy, Flagstar, or as the “insured” Lending

Institution under the Mortgage Guard Property Policy, also Flagstar.

      “Insured location” is defined to mean, in pertinent part, “the ‘residence

premises.’” “Residence premises” is further defined as “[t]he one family dwelling

                                         35
where you reside . . . and which is shown as the ‘residence premises’ in the

Declarations” and “other structures and grounds at that location.”

         “Occurrence” is defined to mean, in pertinent part, “an accident, including

continuous or repeated exposure to substantially the same general harmful

condition, which results, during the policy period, in . . . [p]roperty damage,” i.e.,

“physical injury to, destruction of, or loss of use of tangible property.” The

“Deductible” part of the endorsement states, “Unless otherwise noted in this

policy, the following deductible provision applies: Subject to the policy limits that

apply, we will pay only that part of the total of all loss payable under Section 1

[“Property Coverages”] that exceeds the deductible amount shown in the

Declarations.”

         Subsection A of “Section 1—Property Coverages” of Endorsement #12

expressly states, “We cover . . . [t]he dwelling on the ‘residence premises’ shown

in   the     Declarations,   including   structures   attached   to   the   dwelling;

and . . . [m]aterials and supplies located on or next to the ‘residence premises’ used

to construct, alter or repair the dwelling or other structures on the ‘residence

premises.’” Subsections B, C, and D of Section 1 provide insurance coverage for,

among other things, personal property, loss of use, which includes additional living

expenses and fair rental value, debris removal, reasonable repairs, and credit card

fraud.

                                          36
      Finally, “Section 1—Conditions” of Endorsement #12 provides that, “[e]ven

if more than one person has an insurable interest in the property covered,

[Lexington] will not be liable in any one loss [t]o an ‘insured’ for more than the

amount of such ‘insured’s’ interest at the time of loss.” The “Loss Payment”

provision states: “We will adjust all losses with you. We will pay you unless

some other person is named in the policy or is legally entitled to receive payment.”

Endorsement #12 also includes a “Mortgage Clause” that provides, “If a mortgagee

is named in this policy, any loss payable . . . will be paid to the mortgagee and you,

as interests appear.”    (Emphasis added.)      “Section II—Liability Coverages”

provides personal liability coverage for bodily injury or property damage, as well

as coverage for medical payments to others.

      All of these provisions of this endorsement are meaningful only if the

“Insured” and “you” referenced in the Definitions and Property Coverages of

Endorsement #12 mean the homeowner of an owner-occupied property reported by

Flagstar to Lexington on Lexington’s reporting forms as having force-placed

Homeowners Coverage and if the Homeowners Coverage part of the Policy is

interpreted as directly insuring the homeowner against loss to property, both real

and personal, as well as insuring him against personal liability and certain other

personal losses, such as loss of use of the property and additional living expenses.

                                         37
      We conclude that the language in Endorsement #12 makes apparent the

contracting parties’ intent to confer a direct benefit on the homeowner of “owner

occupied properties reported as ‘HO’ property type by the Insured” under the

conditions specified in the Policy and that that benefit is made applicable to

property owners when their property is “added to this policy” by Flagstar on

Lexington’s reporting forms. See Basic Capital Mgmt., 348 S.W.3d at 900; MCI

Telecomms., 995 S.W.2d at 651; see also Palma, 79 F.3d at 1457–58 (holding that

homeowner-borrower was third-party beneficiary of force-placed insurance policy

when policy contained provision that was for “sole benefit” of borrower);

Henderson, 2009 WL 3190710, at *3 (limiting standing to seeking temporary

housing benefits because this was only clause in policy providing benefit to

homeowner); Beck, 2008 WL 4155301, at *2 (finding third-party-beneficiary status

when policy contained excess loss clause and allowed adjustment of personal

property damages with borrower); Navarrete, 2008 WL 659477, at *2 (same);

Hickman, 695 N.W.2d at 370–71 (same).

      We further conclude that, because Alvarado pays the premiums on his policy

directly to Flagstar, which forwards them to Lexington, and, in return, Alvarado

receives the property and liability coverage provided by the Policy under the

“Special Broad Form Homeowners Coverage” added by Endorsement #12,

Alvarado is a creditor beneficiary of the contract between Flagstar and Lexington.

                                       38
See MCI Telecomms., 995 S.W.2d at 651 (stating that if performance will come to

third party in satisfaction of legal duty owed to him by promisee, including

“contractual obligation or other legally enforceable commitment,” he is creditor

beneficiary of contract).

      Lexington argues, however, that the type of policy at issue in this case does

not confer third-party-beneficiary status on homeowners. It refers us to a recent

opinion from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas in

a diversity case brought under Texas law, which addressed the effect of a “Special

Broad Form Homeowners Coverage” endorsement on the homeowner-borrower’s

status as a third-party beneficiary in a case similar to the present one. See Trevino

v. Evanston Ins. Co., Civil Action No. M-11-18, 2011 WL 2709063, at *3 (S.D.

Tex. July 12, 2011).        In that case, the homeowner made the same argument

Alvarado makes here:          because the endorsement provides coverage that is

irrelevant to the mortgagee and that “could only inure to the benefit of [the

homeowner],” the endorsement demonstrates the contracting parties’ intent to

confer a direct benefit on the homeowner. Id.

      The federal district court noted that the insurance company, Evanston,

“counters that these coverages [for personal liability, medical pay to others,

personal property loss, and loss of use coverage] only become available when a

mortgagee complies with the reporting provisions of the Mortgage Guard Policy,

                                         39
which require the mortgagee to notify Evanston of ‘any change of ownership or

occupancy or increase of hazard,’ i.e., foreclosure, and to pay additional risk

premiums.” Id. The court concluded, without analysis of the language in the

endorsement or the factual circumstances of the case, other than the plaintiff had

“made a claim under the policy seeking coverage for roof and water damage

sustained by the property as a result of Hurricane Dolly on July 23, 2008,” that

“the Policy language unambiguously manifests the intent to provide hazard

coverage to [the mortgagee] to the extent of its interest in the property, and any

benefit conferred to [the homeowner] as a result is incidental,” and that the

homeowner “has pointed to no provision that makes clearly apparent the

contracting parties’ intent to confer a direct benefit on Plaintiff.” Id. The court

ultimately held that the homeowner-borrower was not a third-party beneficiary

under the insurance policy at issue and had no standing to pursue his claims. Id. at

*1, *3.

      In the instant case, by contrast, the Policy language does unambiguously

manifest the contracting parties’ intent to provide coverage directly to the owners

of the properties described by Flagstar on Lexington’s reporting forms for property

damage, including coverage for personal property damage and personal liability,

when Special Broad Form Homeowners Coverage is added to the Policy by an

endorsement, as spelled out in the Policy. See Basic Capital Mgmt., 348 S.W.3d at

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900; MCI Telecomms., 995 S.W.2d at 651. Alvarado, unlike Trevino, did point to

a provision in the Policy, Endorsement #12, that makes apparent the contracting

parties’ intent to confer a direct benefit on owners of property reported by Flagstar

on Lexington’s reporting forms that meet certain conditions specified in the Policy,

including owning a Homeowner’s Policy.              Thus, we find Trevino to be

distinguishable and its legal conclusions to be inapplicable to this case.

      The dissent, however, finds Trevino persuasive. It reasons that this case is

more closely analogous to the Texas Supreme Court’s decision in MCI

Telecommunications, in which the court found no third-party-beneficiary status,

than to its decision in Basic Capital Management.            We disagree.    In MCI

Telecommunications, Texas Utilities contracted with the Missouri Pacific Railroad

(“MoPac”) to obtain a license to install an electric transmission line on MoPac’s

right-of-way. 995 S.W.2d at 648–49. Twelve years later, MCI contracted with

MoPac to use the right-of-way to install a fiber optic cable. Id. at 649. MCI’s

contract with MoPac contained a provision requiring MCI to exercise its contract

rights “in such a manner as not to interfere in any way with any existing prior

rights,” such as the rights of existing licensees. Id. The contract also included a

provision explicitly stating that no provision of the contract “shall be construed as

being for the benefit of any party not in signatory hereto.” Id. at 649–50. The

Texas Supreme Court reversed both the trial court and the Fort Worth Court of

                                          41
Appeals and held that Texas Utilities was not a third-party beneficiary of MCI’s

contract with MoPac. Id. at 651. The court reasoned that, although the contract

included a provision protecting Texas Utilities’ rights as an earlier licensee, the

contract did not provide a direct benefit to Texas Utilities and no contractual

language indicated that MCI and MoPac contracted for Texas Utilities’ benefit. Id.

at 651–52. At best, Texas Utilities was an “incidental beneficiary” of the contract.

Id. at 652. The court also noted that the contract explicitly stated that it “is not to

be interpreted as conferring any benefits on nonsignatory parties” and that it

“reflects the intention of the parties that there be no third-party beneficiary to the

contract.” Id.

      Unlike the contract at issue in MCI Telecommunications, the Policy at issue

in this case includes provisions directly benefitting the owners of properties

reported on Lexington’s forms—specifically including those set out in

Endorsement #12—and it does not include a comparable explicit provision

restricting construction of the Policy to benefit only the signatories to the Policy.

In fact, the Mortgage Guard Property Policy contains language contemplating that

the homeowner-mortgagor may have a dual interest and may potentially claim

coverage or a monetary benefit under the Policy. And Endorsement #12 expressly

states that it provides additional coverage to that provided by the rest of the Policy,

spells out the protections that the additional coverage provides, and states where

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this coverage differs from the coverage in the Common Policy in terms that can

apply only to the homeowner of a residential property, here Alvarado, reported to

Lexington by a mortagee, here Flagstar, as having Special Broad Form

Homeowners Coverage.       It also defines such a residential homeowner as the

“insured” for purposes of homeowners’ coverage.         Finally, Endorsement #12

expressly distinguishes the insured residential mortgagor from the mortgagee as a

person having covered interests under the Policy and recognizes that they may

have dual interests.

      As the Texas Supreme Court noted in MCI Telecommunications, when

interpreting a contract, “we examine the entire agreement in an effort to harmonize

and give effect to all provisions of the contract so that none will be meaningless.”

Id. at 652. We conclude, as in Basic Capital Management, that the additional

coverage in Endorsement #12 for which the homeowner is forced to pay additional

premiums “ha[s] no purpose whatever” and is meaningless unless the “Special

Broad Form Homeowners Coverage” was intended by Lexington, the insurer of the

property, and Flagstar, the mortgagee, to directly benefit the mortgagors and

homeowners of the properties specifically described by Flagstar on Lexington’s

reporting forms. See Basic Capital Mgmt., 348 S.W.3d at 900.

      It was Lexington’s burden, as movant for summary judgment, to prove its

entitlement to summary judgment against Alvarado as a matter of law. We hold

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that Lexington failed to carry its burden of conclusively negating Alvarado’s status

as a third-party beneficiary to the Policy. Thus, we hold that the trial court erred in

rendering summary judgment in favor of Lexington.

      We sustain Alvarado’s sole issue.

                                     Conclusion

      We reverse the judgment of the trial court in appellate cause number 01-10-

00740-CV and remand that case for further proceedings consistent with this

opinion. We dismiss appellate cause number 01-10-01150-CV.

                                               Evelyn V. Keyes
                                               Justice

Panel consists of Justices Keyes, Bland, and Sharp.

Justice Bland, dissenting.

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