Court Opinion

ID: 3177086
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-02-12 18:15:41.40791+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:21:52.940436
License: Public Domain

Notice: This opinion is subject to correction before publication in the PACIFIC REPORTER.
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                THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ALASKA

RENE E. LIMERES,                                )
                                                )        Supreme Court No. S-15489
                       Appellant,               )
                                                )        Superior Court No. 3AN-11-09292 CI
       v.                                       )
                                                )        OPINION
AMY W. LIMERES,                                 )
                                                )        No. 7081 – February 12, 2016
                       Appellee.                )
                                                )

               Appeal from the Superior Court of the State of Alaska, Third
               Judicial District, Anchorage, Andrew Guidi, Judge.

               Appearances: Rene E. Limeres, pro se, Nenana, Appellant.
               David W. Baranow, Law Offices of David Baranow,
               Anchorage, for Appellee.

               Before: Stowers, Chief Justice, Fabe, Winfree, Maassen, and
               Bolger, Justices.

               FABE, Justice.

               MAASSEN, Justice, with whom WINFREE, Justice, joins, dissenting.

I.     INTRODUCTION
               A couple with three children divorced after 15 years of marriage. In 2012
the superior court ordered the father to pay roughly $1,500 per month in child support.
This child support calculation relied on the superior court’s finding, based on the parties’
testimony at trial, that the father’s income was $40,000 annually despite his self-reported
financial documents showing significantly less income. The father appealed and we
affirmed the superior court’s findings and support order in early 2014.1 Before that
appeal was resolved, the father separately moved to modify his support obligation, filing
similar self-reported financial documents and arguing that his actual income was less
than $10,000 per year as shown on his 2013 tax return. The superior court denied his
motion to modify without an evidentiary hearing. It also awarded close to full attorney’s
fees to the mother despite the fact that she raised her fee request in her opposition to the
motion to modify and never made a separate motion for fees. The father appeals the
denial of his motion to modify his child support obligation without an evidentiary
hearing. He also appeals the superior court’s award of attorney’s fees in the absence of
a motion for fees.
              We affirm the superior court’s denial of the father’s motion to modify child
support without a hearing and conclude that an evidentiary hearing was not required
because the father presented no new evidence that would require a hearing. But it was
error to award attorney’s fees without either requiring the mother to file a motion for fees
or advising the father that he had a right to respond to the fee request made in the
mother’s opposition brief. We therefore vacate the superior court’s fee award and
remand to give the father an opportunity to respond.
II.    FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
              This appeal marks the second time we have been asked to review the child
support determination made by the superior court in this case. The underlying facts
remain the same as those we described in the first appeal:
              Amy and Rene Limeres were married in 1997 and had three
              children together. Amy is an attorney; Rene has made money
              from a variety of self-employment activities, including
              guiding, writing articles about the outdoors, and selling

       1
              Limeres v. Limeres, 320 P.3d 291 (Alaska 2014).

                                            -2-                                       7081
              books. The couple separated in July 2011, and Amy filed for
              divorce. . . . The court held a two-day divorce and custody
              trial in July 2012. Following trial it granted the requested
              divorce and awarded sole legal and physical custody of the
              three children to Amy. The court found that Rene’s net
              annual income was $40,000 and that he was obligated to pay
              child support of $1,514 per month retroactive to August 1,
              2011. . . . Rene filed a motion for reconsideration, which the
              [superior] court denied. Rene appeal[ed].[2]
Although Rene was represented by counsel during the initial divorce proceeding,3 he has
represented himself in the subsequent proceedings.
              In the first appeal, Rene challenged the superior court’s “determination of
his child support obligations . . . [and] its denial of attorney’s fees,” among other issues.4
We affirmed the superior court’s order on all issues.5 Most relevant here, we observed
that “Rene testified at trial about his ‘generation of substantial funds, in the hundreds of
thousands of dollars, in terms of book sales, inventory on hand, royalties and guiding
fees.’ ”6 Then three months after trial, “Rene submitted his 2011 tax returns and a Child
Support Affidavit that showed income of $8,426.82.”7 Faced with this conflicting
evidence, the superior court found that Rene earned “at least $40,000 annually.”8
Reviewing for clear error, we declined to overturn the superior court’s finding: “[G]iven

       2
              Id. at 295.
       3
              Id. at 302.
       4
              Id. at 294-95.
       5
              Id. at 295.
       6
              Id. at 297.
       7
              Id.
       8
              Id. at 296.

                                             -3-                                        7081

Rene’s earlier testimony,” we explained, “we cannot say that the court clearly erred when
it found his yearly income to be approximately $40,000 despite what he reported on his
income tax return.”9 We also concluded that the superior court did not err in denying
additional attorney’s fees to Rene after an initial award of interim fees, in connection
with the divorce proceedings, under AS 25.24.140(a)(1).10
             Prior to our March 2014 decision, Rene filed numerous motions to stay
enforcement of the superior court’s support order, to modify his support obligation, and
to expedite the superior court’s consideration. The superior court denied these motions.
In response Rene filed over a dozen motions to reconsider, which the superior court also
denied. Most relevant here, in January 2013 Rene filed a motion for modification of
child support based on his alleged material change of circumstances. Rene supported
this motion with documents similar to those he had presented during the divorce
proceedings just a few months earlier: He filed a new child support guidelines affidavit
and his latest tax return (now for 2012) showing an income of $5,770.93, all from self-
reported business profits and his Permanent Fund Dividend (PFD). The superior court
denied this motion for modification in July 2013. Rene’s subsequent motion for
reconsideration alleged that he was entitled to an evidentiary hearing on the evidence he
had presented, but the trial court denied reconsideration in August 2013.
             Five months later, in January 2014, Rene filed a second motion for
modification of child support. That motion is the subject of the current appeal. Along
with this 2014 motion for modification, Rene also filed another tax return and child
support guidelines affidavit, now showing his financial information for 2013 and
claiming an annual income of $7,120, entirely from self-reported business profits. Rene

      9
             Id. at 297.
      10
             Id. at 302.

                                           -4­                                     7081
also submitted a sworn affidavit alleging financial hardship in an effort “to enter
additional evidence into the [r]ecord to support [his] claim that the current obligation
[was] not based on a realistic assessment of [his] current earning capacity.” The affidavit
claimed that Rene had no more books left to sell “nor any funds to print more” and that,
because of child support liens against him, his low credit score made it impossible for
him to borrow money to print more books. Rene’s affidavit also stated that, despite the
fact that he had “aggressively sought additional employment with every local business,”
he had only been able to secure part-time work that “barely pa[id] enough for [him] to
survive on.”
               Amy opposed Rene’s motion to modify his support obligation. In her
opposition brief she questioned the veracity of Rene’s reported income of $7,120 from
his 2013 tax return, which she asserted was “necessarily inaccurate on its face.” She
suggested that it was nonsensical for Rene to be “earn[ing] less than one-half the Alaskan
minimum wage rate for a single individual working a full-time, 40 hour work week.”
Amy also challenged Rene’s assertion that he had no more books to sell, given that Rene
had received the whole book inventory in the superior court’s property division yet
reported no book sale profits on his 2013 tax return. Amy stated that “Rene would
apparently leave it to this Court to determine on which occasion (or both) he did perjure
himself as to the value/proceeds of these assets.” Amy concluded by noting that Rene’s
“alleged proofs of his most recent de minimis earnings . . . strain credibility well past the
bursting point.”
               Amy also asserted that Rene’s motion to modify support was “devoid of
merit” and “frivolous in nature.” Amy thus requested, in her opposition brief, an “award
of actual attorney’s fees [under Alaska Civil Rule 82] and additional sanctions pursuant

                                            -5-                                        7081

to Alaska Civil Rule . . . 11.”11 Amy stated that she had incurred attorney expenses for
“[a] total of 2.5 hours attorney time at $225.00 per hour . . . to pursue and draft
opposition and related pleadings, for a total of $562.50.” But Amy did not attach any
billing statements to support that figure, nor did she file a separate motion to request
attorney’s fees as normally required under Civil Rule 82. Rene did not respond to Amy’s
substantive arguments or the question of attorney’s fees.
             On February 4, 2014, the superior court denied Rene’s motion for
modification of support. At the same time, without requiring that Amy make a separate
motion for attorney’s fees, the court awarded Amy $500 in attorney’s fees but declined
to impose Rule 11 sanctions “for the filing of a plainly meritless and frivolous motion.”
Rene then filed a motion for reconsideration, alleging that he was entitled to an
evidentiary hearing on his motion to modify support and contesting the award of
attorney’s fees in the absence of a motion for fees under Civil Rule 82. The motion for
reconsideration was denied, and Rene now appeals.

      11
              In cases not involving a monetary judgment, Civil Rule 82 generally allows
the prevailing party to recover partial attorney’s fees. Alaska R. Civ. P. 82(b)(2). The
rule allows enhanced fees upon consideration of certain factors listed in the rule,
including full attorney’s fees for “vexatious or bad faith conduct” under
Rule 82(b)(3)(G). Civil Rule 11 requires attorneys and unrepresented parties to certify
that the pleadings and motions they file are “not being presented for any improper
purpose, such as to harass, cause unnecessary delay, or needlessly increase the cost of
litigation.” Alaska R. Civ. P. 11(b)(1). We have interpreted it to authorize sanctions
against parties who violate the rule. Alaska State Emps. Ass’n v. Alaska Pub. Emps.
Ass’n, 813 P.2d 669, 671 (Alaska 1991) (citing Keen v. Ruddy, 784 P.2d 653, 658
(Alaska 1989)).

                                           -6-                                     7081

III.   STANDARD OF REVIEW
                “We use our independent judgment to decide whether it was error not to
hold an evidentiary hearing.”12 This general principle applies equally in the context of
motions to modify child support: “We review de novo whether a moving party has made
a prima facie showing sufficient to justify a custody or child support modification
hearing.”13 Thus we “will affirm a denial of a modification motion without a hearing if,
in our independent judgment, . . . the allegations are so general or conclusory . . . as to
create no genuine issue of material fact requiring a hearing.”14
                “We review an award of attorney’s fees for abuse of discretion,”15 so a fee
award “will not be disturbed on appeal unless it is ‘arbitrary, capricious, or manifestly
unreasonable.’ ”16 However, “[w]hether the superior court applied the appropriate legal
standard in its consideration of a fee petition presents a question of law that we review
de novo.”17

       12
             Routh v. Andreassen, 19 P.3d 593, 595 (Alaska 2001); see also Hartley v.
Hartley, 205 P.3d 342, 346-47 (Alaska 2009).
       13
            Hill v. Bloom, 235 P.3d 215, 219 (Alaska 2010) (alterations omitted)
(quoting Harrington v. Jordan, 984 P.2d 1, 3 (Alaska 1999)).
       14
                Id. (second alteration in original) (quoting Harrington, 984 P.2d at 3).
       15
             Martin v. Martin, 303 P.3d 421, 424 (Alaska 2013) (citing McDonald v.
Trihub, 173 P.3d 416, 420 (Alaska 2007)).
       16
             Limeres v. Limeres, 320 P.3d 291, 296 (Alaska 2014) (quoting Ferguson
v. Ferguson, 195 P.3d 127, 130 (Alaska 2008)).
       17
                Powell v. Powell, 194 P.3d 364, 368 (Alaska 2008) (citing McDonald, 173
P.3d at 420).

                                             -7-                                     7081

             Finally, “[w]e review for abuse of discretion ‘decisions about guidance to
a pro se litigant.’ ”18 “An abuse of discretion exists when a party has been deprived of
a substantial right or seriously prejudiced by the lower court’s ruling.”19
IV.	   DISCUSSION
       A.	   Rene’s Motion For Modification Of Child Support, Filed Only Five
             Months After The Denial Of His Previous Motion For Modification,
             Did Not Require A New Evidentiary Hearing Because It Did Not
             Provide Substantially New Evidence.
             Rene has argued, both in his motion for reconsideration before the trial
court and on appeal here, that the superior court erred in denying an evidentiary hearing
on his motion to modify child support. Because this argument raises a legal issue
relating to the necessity of holding an evidentiary hearing, we address this question de
novo.20
             Alaska Civil Rule 90.3(h), which governs the modification of child support
orders, provides for modification “upon a showing of a material change of
circumstances.”21 The rule states that “[a] material change of circumstances will be
presumed if support as calculated under [Rule 90.3] is more than 15 percent greater or
less than the outstanding support order.”22 But the burden is on the moving party to

       18
           Greenway v. Heathcott, 294 P.3d 1056, 1062 (Alaska 2013) (quoting
Shooshanian v. Dire, 237 P.3d 618, 622 (Alaska 2010)).
       19
            Limeres, 320 P.3d at 296 (quoting Azimi v. Johns, 254 P.3d 1054, 1059
(Alaska 2011)).
       20
             Routh v. Andreassen, 19 P.3d 593, 595 (Alaska 2001).
       21
             Alaska R. Civ. P. 90.3(h)(1).
       22
             Id.

                                           -8-	                                    7081

make a prima facie showing that this presumption applies.23 Thus, while “[t]rial courts
must take [into account] all evidence necessary to accurately reflect the parties’
economic reality,”24 a motion to modify child support may be denied without an
evidentiary hearing when the moving party has “not presented sufficient evidence of
permanently reduced income to show a material change in circumstances.”25 In other
words, we have emphasized that “[a] hearing is not required when there is no genuine
issue of material fact. ‘Generalized allegations of factual issues that other record
evidence convincingly refutes’ do not create genuine issues of material fact.”26 In
addition, we have held that a party’s “bare claim,” even in a sworn affidavit, does not
create a dispute of material fact.27
              Moreover, to create an issue of material fact, a party must present
substantially new evidence showing changed circumstances — not simply “additional

       23
             See Hill v. Bloom, 235 P.3d 215, 219 (Alaska 2010) (reviewing “[w]hether
a moving party has made a prima facie showing sufficient to justify . . . a child support
modification hearing” (first alteration in original) (quoting Harrington v. Jordan, 984
P.2d 1, 3 (Alaska 1999))).
       24
            Routh, 19 P.3d at 595-96 (quoting Adrian v. Adrian, 838 P.2d 808, 811
(Alaska 1992)).
       25
              Hill, 235 P.3d at 217.
       26
             Wilhour v. Wilhour, 308 P.3d 884, 888 (Alaska 2013) (internal citation and
alteration omitted) (quoting Acevedo v. Burley, 944 P.2d 473, 475 (Alaska 1997)).
       27
              Epperson v. Epperson, 835 P.2d 451, 453 & n.4 (Alaska 1992) (holding
that a party’s “bare claim” that the custodial parent had low living expenses did not
create a genuine issue of material fact); see also Hill, 235 P.3d at 220 n.11 (“Without
more information, . . . [a] bare assertion . . . is insufficient to warrant an evidentiary
hearing.”).

                                           -9-                                      7081

evidence bolstering . . . previously adduced evidence and arguments.”28 We addressed
this issue in Hill v. Bloom, a case analogous to the present one, where a parent similarly
moved for modification of child support on the basis of allegedly low, self-reported
business income just a few months after the initial child support determination.
             In that case, Hill had presented her latest financial documents showing a
decrease in income from the business she owned, and at trial she had argued that her
decrease in income was permanent.29 The trial court found instead that the decrease was
an “aberration” and ordered her to pay child support based on her earlier, higher
income.30 Just five months after this evidentiary hearing, Hill moved for modification
of her child support obligations, arguing that her continued low income constituted a
changed circumstance.31 Hill supported this motion with a sworn affidavit and business
summaries showing her income for the preceding six months.32 Yet the superior court
found that this evidence was not enough to constitute new information for the purpose
of requiring an evidentiary hearing — despite the fact that it was technically new
evidence — because it was completely consistent with the information she had recently
presented at trial.33 We agreed: “This evidence of Hill’s actual income . . . was not
presented to the superior court in the [prior] hearing, so in that sense it was new
evidence, but it was entirely consistent with the evidence and arguments that Hill did

      28
             Hill, 235 P.3d at 219.

      29
             Id. at 217-18.

      30

             Id. at 218.
      31
             Id.
      32
             Id. at 218, 219.
      33
             Id. at 218.

                                          -10-                                      7081

present to the court at the hearing,” and thus we held that the superior court did not err
in denying an evidentiary hearing.34
              We also emphasized that only five months had passed between the initial
child support determination and Hill’s motion to modify child support based on changed
circumstances.35 We suggested that, without drawing “a bright line establishing a
minimum period of time that a party must wait . . . before . . . fil[ing] a motion to modify
support,”36 a very short time frame tends to make it less likely that a new evidentiary
hearing would be required.37 Accordingly, we held that the superior court had not erred
in denying Hill’s motion without conducting a new evidentiary hearing:
              Given the relatively brief passage of time between the
              February 2008 evidentiary hearing and the July 2008 motion
              to modify, and given that the evidence presented in support
              of the motion to modify was essentially the same as the
              evidence presented in the evidentiary hearing, we cannot say
              that the court clearly erred in concluding that Hill had
              presented no new evidence for the purpose of considering her
              motion to modify child support.[38]
The essence of this conclusion is that no hearing is required where a party files evidence
at trial and then, shortly thereafter, refiles the same or similar information in an attempt
to claim changed circumstances.

       34
              Id. at 219-20.
       35
              Id. at 218, 220.
       36
              Id. at 218.
       37
              See id. at 220 (“Hill’s actual income for the first half of 2008 did not make
a prima facie showing for modification of child support given the relatively short amount
of time that passed between the evidentiary hearing and the motion to modify.”).
       38
              Id. at 219.

                                           -11-                                       7081

              This analysis applies equally in the current case. Rene argues that the
evidence he presented creates an issue of material fact with regard to his level of income
and his earning capacity. Rene explains that he provided (1) a tax return and child
support affidavit showing that his self-reported annual income was well below the level
determined by the superior court, and (2) an affidavit attesting that he had sold out of his
supply of books (a primary source of income for him), had sustained a leg injury in a
snowmobile accident that reduced his earning capacity, and had “aggressively” sought
employment but had only been able to secure a part-time, minimum-wage job. Rene
contends that the statement about his book inventory “was not seriously challenged” by
Amy, nor did Amy present a “cogent argument . . . to dispute” his testimony about his
new part-time job.
              Amy counters that Rene is not entitled to “repetitive and successive
hearings” on the proper amount of child support “simply because he has provided . . . tax
returns to the court.” We agree. Under Hill v. Bloom, none of the evidence Rene
presented was sufficient to create a dispute of material fact because it did not offer any
substantially new information beyond what he had recently presented at trial.
              First, the short timeline of Rene’s successive motions supports the
conclusion that a new evidentiary hearing was not required here. In that respect, this
case echoes Hill’s suggestion that the “brief passage of time between the . . . evidentiary
hearing and the . . . motion to modify” counsels against requiring a new evidentiary
hearing.39 Rene filed his first motion to modify child support in January 2013, just two
and a half months after the initial trial and determination of child support in
November 2012. After briefing by the parties, the superior court denied Rene’s motion
in July 2013. Rene immediately filed a motion for reconsideration in which he argued

       39
              See id.

                                           -12-                                       7081
that he was entitled to an evidentiary hearing, which the superior court denied. Just five
months after that, in January 2014, Rene filed the motion to modify child support that is
now before us on appeal. Moreover, at the time of filing — notwithstanding the large
number of motions filed in the intervening period — only slightly more than a year had
passed since the initial divorce decree and child support order. The short passage of time
between each of these stages thus points toward the conclusion that a new hearing is not
required.
              Furthermore, the evidence Rene filed with his motion was substantially
equivalent to the evidence he had recently presented at trial. First, the tax return and
child support guidelines affidavit that Rene submitted with his 2014 motion to modify
were very similar to the documents he had submitted to the court in the divorce trial and
in his 2013 motion to modify support. The newly submitted tax return and child support
affidavit mirrored his earlier submissions in both character and content: The 2011 tax
return submitted in the divorce trial showed a total income of $8,427 coming entirely
from self-reported business profits and Rene’s PFD, while the 2013 tax return showed
a total income of $7,120 solely from self-reported business profits.
              In addition to the fact that the amount of reported income is highly similar
across these years, the nature of the income is also identical, in that Rene’s non-PFD
income consists entirely of self-reported business earnings. To the extent that it differs
at all from his earlier filings, Rene’s latest tax return actually provides less information
by failing to include a Schedule C showing the details of his business earnings. And
Rene’s new child support guidelines affidavit, like the affidavit he submitted during the
divorce trial, simply matches the amount of income reported on the corresponding tax
return. So, like in Hill, this evidence “was entirely consistent with the evidence and

                                           -13-                                       7081

arguments” that Rene did present to the court at trial.40 The superior court had already
found Rene’s self-reported tax return and child support affidavit to be less credible than
his testimony suggesting a much higher income, and we upheld that finding.41 Now,
because Rene’s ostensibly new tax return shows “essentially the same” amount and
source of income as the tax return already considered at trial, it fails to present
sufficiently new evidence to create a dispute of material fact warranting a new
evidentiary hearing.42
               Nor does Rene’s supplemental affidavit provide sufficient evidence to
require a new hearing. We have previously held in the child support context that “a court
may deny a hearing where the moving party makes only bare assertions . . . that fail to
create a genuine issue of material fact.”43 In Hill, these “bare assertions” included Hill’s
sworn statement that she had been diagnosed with a kidney disorder requiring surgery.
Because she did not provide information about the costs or recovery time for the surgery,
the court concluded that “Hill’s medical condition [did] not cross the evidentiary
threshold to require an evidentiary hearing.”44 Here, similarly, Rene offered no evidence
beyond his own unsupported assertions that he had “no more big books . . . left” to sell,
“nor any funds to print more,” and that he had “aggressively sought additional
employment” but could only secure a part-time, minimum-wage job.

       40
               See id.

       41
               Limeres v. Limeres, 320 P.3d 291, 296-97 (Alaska 2014).

       42

               See Hill, 235 P.3d at 219.
       43
               Ward v. Urling, 167 P.3d 48, 53 n.18 (Alaska 2007); see also Hill, 235 P.3d
at 220 n.11.
       44
               Hill, 235 P.3d at 220 n.11.

                                             -14-                                     7081

             While the dissent considers Rene’s assertions to be highly significant, it
fails to address or distinguish our conclusion in Hill v. Bloom that this type of
unsupported claim does not justify a new hearing. The dissent emphasizes that Rene’s
assertions differed from the more generalized statements that failed to justify a hearing
in Ward v. Urling.45 But in Ward we did not actually decide the question whether an
evidentiary hearing was required or indicate where the line might be drawn. Instead we
simply “note[d] that it [was] highly questionable whether Ward was . . . entitled to an
evidentiary hearing,”46 making no further pronouncements as to what would justify a
hearing. In Epperson v. Epperson, similarly, we concluded that general statements were
insufficient to justify a hearing but did not draw a hard line beyond which a hearing is
required.47 And in Hill we concluded that even the more specific contentions made by
Hill failed to require a hearing.48 So although Rene’s statements about diminished book
sales provided more detail than the statements in Ward and Epperson, Rene — like
Hill — provided little information and no documentation to support his assertions. Thus,
we conclude that Rene’s “bare assertion[s],” made without any supporting information,
are “insufficient to warrant an evidentiary hearing.”49
             Rene now claims that he also offered information about a snowmobile
injury that forced him to miss part of his book-selling season. In fact, Rene made this
assertion in several affidavits pertaining to the 2013 motion to modify child support. By

      45
             Dissent at 24-25.
      46
             167 P.3d at 53 n.18.
      47
             835 P.2d 451, 453, n.4 (Alaska 1992).
      48
             235 P.3d at 219, 220 n.11.
      49
             See id. at 220 n.11.

                                          -15-                                     7081

contrast, his 2014 affidavit did not mention this fact, let alone provide further
information to support it. Similarly, Rene now invites the court “to fully investigate [his]
finances,” and he made a similar offer in earlier proceedings before the superior court.
But he neither provided any further financial documentation nor mentioned this offer at
the time of his 2014 motion to modify support. So these assertions, too, fail to meet the
bar for requiring an evidentiary hearing.
              In sum, given the similarity of the evidence presented at each of these
stages, coupled with the short passage of time between each stage, we conclude that Rene
was not entitled to a new evidentiary hearing at the time of his 2014 motion to modify
support.
       B.	    It Was Error To Award Near-Full Attorney’s Fees Without A Motion
              For Fees And Without Advising Rene Of His Right To Respond.
              Rene also argues that it was improper for the superior court to award
near-full attorney’s fees to Amy given that she did not file a motion for fees as required
by Alaska Rule of Civil Procedure 82(c). Because this question relates to the superior
court’s decision not to advise a pro se litigant of his right to respond before granting
attorney’s fees, “[w]e review for abuse of discretion.”50
              As Rene correctly noted in his motion for reconsideration before the
superior court and notes again on appeal here, Civil Rule 82(c) provides that “[a] motion
is required for an award of attorney’s fees under this rule or pursuant to contract, statute,
regulation, or law.” This requirement gives the opposing party a chance to respond to

       50
           See Greenway v. Heathcott, 294 P.3d 1056, 1062 (Alaska 2013) (citing
Shooshanian v. Dire, 237 P.3d 618, 622 (Alaska 2010)).

                                            -16-	                                      7081
the fee request. Accordingly, “it is error to award attorney’s fees before the opposing
party has an opportunity to respond.”51
              Rule 82 also prescribes a formula for calculating attorney’s fees, specifying
that a court may only vary from the standard award of partial fees after considering
certain factors listed in the rule.52 As we recently explained, “[w]e have held that in
general, a trial court has broad discretion to award Rule 82 attorney’s fees in amounts
exceeding those prescribed by the schedule of the rule, so long as the court specifies in
the record its reasons for departing from the schedule.”53 Yet we have also clarified that
“full fees may not be awarded under Rule 82(b)(3) except under Rule 82(b)(3)(G),”54 the
provision for “vexatious or bad faith litigation conduct.” Therefore, “[a] Rule 82(b)(3)
award of full fees is ‘manifestly unreasonable’ absent a finding of bad faith or vexatious
conduct.”55
              Here, Amy made no motion for attorney’s fees. Instead, Amy’s request for
fees was contained within her merits brief in opposition to Rene’s motion to modify child
support. Amy’s opposition brief requested actual attorney’s fees under Civil Rule 82 and
sanctions under Civil Rule 11. It also briefly stated that her lawyer had worked “[a] total
of 2.5 hours attorney time at $225.00 per hour . . . for a total of $562.50.” The superior
court effectively treated this request as a nonconforming motion for attorney’s fees,

       51
             Gallant v. Gallant, 945 P.2d 795, 800 (Alaska 1997) (citing Bowman v.
Blair, 889 P.2d 1069, 1075 (Alaska 1995)).
       52
              See Alaska R. Civ. P. 82(b).
       53
             Kollander v. Kollander, 322 P.3d 897, 907 (Alaska 2014) (alterations
omitted) (quoting Johnson v. Johnson, 239 P.3d 393, 400 (Alaska 2010)).
       54
              Id. (quoting Johnson, 239 P.3d at 403).
       55
              Id. (quoting Johnson, 239 P.3d at 400).

                                           -17-                                      7081

despite the fact that no such motion had been made, and it awarded $500 of actual
attorney’s fees to Amy.56 Thus the superior court awarded near-full attorney’s fees
without any motion for fees, and without informing Rene that it intended to treat the
language in Amy’s brief as a separate motion for fees.
              In Breck v. Ulmer we held that the courts have a duty to “inform a pro se
litigant of the proper procedure for the action he or she is obviously attempting to
accomplish.”57 Although our subsequent case law has “decline[d] to extend Breck to
require judges to warn pro se litigants on aspects of procedure when the pro se litigant
has failed to at least file a defective pleading,”58 we have also recognized special
circumstances giving rise to a heightened duty when the trial court itself deviates from
normal procedures. For instance, in Bush v. Elkins, where the superior court removed
a pro se litigant’s name from the case caption and instructed him to cease filing
pleadings, we held that “a duty to inform [the pro se party] of his ability to file a
response . . . arose from the superior court’s actions.”59

       56
               Although the superior court found that Rene’s motion was “meritless and
frivolous,” it declined to impose a monetary sanction. It is unclear whether the phrase
“meritless and frivolous” is intended to reflect a finding that Rene’s motion constituted
“vexatious and bad faith conduct” justifying a possible full fee award under Rule
82(b)(3)(G). However, we need not consider that question here because we conclude
that the enhanced fee award was improper on other grounds.
       57
              Breck v. Ulmer, 745 P.2d 66, 75 (Alaska 1987) (italics omitted).
       58
            Bauman v. State, Div. of Family & Youth Servs., 768 P.2d 1097, 1099
(Alaska 1989).
       59
              342 P.3d 1245, 1254 (Alaska 2015).

                                           -18-                                    7081

             We considered the same question in Pedersen v. Blythe, a case that
presented similar procedural issues to the current one.60 There, in ruling on a motion to
dismiss, the superior court considered evidence beyond the pleadings, thereby converting
the motion to dismiss into a motion for summary judgment, without informing the pro
se litigant of this procedural shift or giving him a chance to reply.61 We emphasized that
a motion for summary judgment requires that opposing parties have a “reasonable
opportunity” to respond.62 Moreover, we explained, “[t]he ‘reasonable opportunity’ is
particularly important for pro se parties, given that trial judges are obligated to inform
pro se litigants of procedural requirements” in this context.63 Accordingly, we held that
“the superior court erred when, in deciding the motion to dismiss, it considered matters
outside the pleadings without advising Pedersen of its intent to do so and giving him a
reasonable opportunity to respond.”64
             A motion for attorney’s fees similarly requires that “the opposing party [be
given] an opportunity to respond.”65 Yet in the current case, the superior court converted
Amy’s opposition to the motion to modify support into a motion for attorney’s fees
without advising Rene of “its intent to do so and giving him a reasonable opportunity to

      60
             292 P.3d 182 (Alaska 2012).
      61
             Id. at 185.
      62
             Id.
      63
             Id. (citing Genaro v. Municipality of Anchorage, 76 P.3d 844, 846 (Alaska
2003)).
      64
             Id. at 183.
      65
             Gallant v. Gallant, 945 P.2d 795, 800 (Alaska 1997) (citing Bowman v.
Blair, 889 P.2d 1069, 1075 (Alaska 1995)).

                                          -19-                                      7081

respond.”66 In light of our case law on this issue, we conclude that it was error to award
attorney’s fees without a motion for fees and without notifying Rene of his right to
respond to Amy’s request for fees. If the superior court chose to treat Amy’s merits brief
as a nonconforming motion for fees, it had a duty to inform Rene of this procedural shift
and give him a reasonable opportunity to respond.67
              Rene’s right to respond is particularly important in light of the fact that
Amy requested full fees under Rule 82(c) and sanctions under Rule 11. Because full
attorney’s fees are only permitted after a finding of “vexatious or bad faith conduct,”
Rene should have had an opportunity to contest Amy’s allegation that his motion was
“frivolous.” Indeed, the record shows that Rene did contest this allegation in his motion
for reconsideration, arguing that his motion was “a reasoned and legitimate cry for
justice” and that it was not “meritless” or “frivolous” because he submitted “[s]ufficient
supporting evidence.” If he had been afforded an opportunity to respond to Amy’s
request for fees, Rene might have made these same arguments in his response. The
failure to afford Rene this opportunity, as Rene argued, “represents a . . . violation of due
process.”
              Accordingly, we find that the superior court’s fee award constituted an
abuse of discretion. We thus vacate the superior court’s order of attorney’s fees against
Rene and remand to give Rene an opportunity to respond to Amy’s request for fees and
sanctions.

       66
              Pedersen, 292 P.3d at 183.
       67
               Although Amy contends that the fee request in her brief put Rene “on
notice of the request being made,” this argument is beside the point. Even if Rene could
discern from Amy’s brief that she was requesting fees, he had no way of knowing that
the court would treat this portion of the merits brief as an independent motion for fees.

                                            -20-                                       7081

              On remand, after giving Rene an opportunity to respond, the superior court
may then decide whether an enhanced fee award is appropriate. In making this
determination, the superior court should follow the two-step process that we have
described in past cases. Specifically, for a fee award under Rule 82(b)(3), the trial “court
must first calculate what award is authorized under the schedule set forth in Civil
Rule 82[(b)(2)] and then state its reasons for deviating from that award.”68              A
Rule 82(b)(3) award of full fees is manifestly unreasonable absent a finding of bad faith
or vexatious conduct.69 The superior court’s decision on remand, therefore, should not
only consider Rene’s response to Amy’s fee request but should also provide an
explanation for any fee award that deviates from the formula specified in Rule 82(b)(1).
              In determining whether a litigant’s claims “were made vexatiously or in bad
faith,” we have previously explained, “[t]he issue is not whether they were ultimately
unsuccessful, but whether they were collectively or individually so lacking in merit that
it is permissible to infer that [the party] acted in bad faith or engaged in vexatious
litigation conduct.”70 So the fact that Rene did not prevail on the merits does not
necessarily mean his motion was filed vexatiously or in bad faith. If the superior court
finds, even after considering Rene’s response, that the motion to modify support was
vexatious or in bad faith within the meaning of Rule 82(b)(3)(G), it should make a
specific finding to that effect. Only after such a finding would enhanced attorney’s fees
be warranted.

       68
             Kowalski v. Kowalski, 806 P.2d 1368, 1373 (Alaska 1991) (citing Mullen
v. Christiansen, 642 P.2d 1345, 1351 (Alaska 1982)).
       69
                Johnson v. Johnson, 239 P.3d 393, 400 (Alaska 2010).
       70
              Id. at 401.

                                           -21-                                       7081

V.    CONCLUSION
             We AFFIRM the superior court’s denial of an evidentiary hearing on
Rene’s motion to modify child support. We VACATE the fee award and the Rule 11
sanctions and REMAND to the superior court to afford Rene an opportunity to respond
to Amy’s request for full attorney’s fees and sanctions.

                                         -22-                                 7081

MAASSEN, Justice, with whom WINFREE, Justice, joins, dissenting.
              I respectfully dissent from the court’s holding that it was not error to deny
an evidentiary hearing on Rene Limeres’s motion to modify child support. I believe that
Rene presented unrefuted evidence that was sufficient to raise a genuine issue of material
fact about whether he had suffered a permanent reduction in his income.1 He was
therefore entitled to a hearing.
              When Rene filed the motion to modify, his child support was based on the
superior court’s $40,000 estimate of his 2011 income. As we described in our 2014
opinion, this estimate was based in large part on Rene’s testimony at trial, which
conflicted with the relatively modest income of $8,426.82 disclosed by his late-filed
income tax return.2 At an interim custody hearing Rene had estimated his annual income
as $40,000 or “closer to $38,000.”3 At trial he testified “about his ‘generation of
substantial funds, in the hundreds of thousands of dollars, in terms of book sales,
inventory on hand, royalties and guiding fees, and claim[ed] to have provided at least
$23,000.00, prior to the parties’ separation, for the direct needs of the children over the
course of one year.’ ”4 Rene was “unwilling or unable to provide specifics as to the
amount of money he had made in recent years from guiding,” but he did give numbers

       1
              See Hill v. Bloom, 235 P.3d 215, 219 (Alaska 2010) (“We ‘will affirm a
denial of a modification motion without a hearing if, in our independent judgment, the
facts alleged, even if proved, cannot warrant modification, or if the allegations are so
general or conclusory . . . as to create no genuine issue of material fact requiring a
hearing.’ ” (alteration in original) (quoting Harrington v. Jordan, 984 P.2d 1, 3 (Alaska
1999))).
       2
              Limeres v. Limeres, 320 P.3d 291, 296-97 (Alaska 2014).
       3
              Id.
       4
              Id. at 297 (alteration in original).

                                            -23-                                     7081

for his book sales, describing one book that “he said had generated between $273,000
and $364,000” in gross revenues; testifying that “the hardcover edition of the same book
generated revenue of $22,000 to $29,000”; and identifying two other books that he said
“generated as much as $42,000 and $17,000 in revenues respectively.”5 Whatever
money Rene may have made from guiding, it is clear that the books — both sales of his
own inventory and royalties from sales by others — were a significant source of income
that helped justify the superior court’s $40,000 estimate.
              I agree that Rene’s January 2013 motion to modify child support — with
which he simply submitted his 2012 income tax return, showing little difference from his
reported income in 2011 — was inadequate to raise a genuine issue of material fact and
entitle him to an evidentiary hearing. But in his January 2014 motion Rene presented a
different case.
              By affidavit, Rene directly addressed his book-sales income source,
asserting in straightforward terms that it was no longer viable. He attested that he had
“no more big books (Alaska Fishing) left, nor any funds to print more”; that because of
damage to his credit rating “borrowing money to print more books is not an option”; and
that he “had to ‘give away’ [his] latest book to a royalty publisher for 10%,” a rate he
implied was too low to generate any significant income. I do not agree that these
statements of fact with clear financial consequences can be dismissed as “bare assertions
. . . that fail to create a genuine issue of material fact,” as the court does today.6
              In Ward v. Urling, the “bare assertions or generalized allegations” this court
found likely to be insufficient to justify a hearing were characterized as “allegations

       5
              Id.
       6
             Opinion at 14 (alteration in original) (quoting Ward v. Urling, 167 P.3d 48,
53 n.18 (Alaska 2007)).

                                            -24-                                         7081

[that] expressed little more than [the father’s] ongoing dissatisfaction with the court’s
previous factual findings pertaining to [the mother’s] income.”7 To support this
discussion in Ward we cited Epperson v. Epperson, in which the father claimed that the
mother had “unusually low living expenses” justifying a deviation from the Alaska Civil
Rule 90.3 child support formula but “failed to set forth specific facts substantiating his
bare claim,” nor did he “specifically dispute” any of the expenses she listed in her
financial declaration and Child Support Guidelines Affidavit.8 Here, in contrast, Rene
identified a major source of his past income and explained why it no longer existed; these
are not “bare assertions or generalized allegations” like those we have found insufficient
before. And while Rene’s statements of fact may be subject to challenge, Amy filed no
evidence in opposition, relying largely (as the court does today) on the fact that Rene had
attempted modification before without success.9
              Because Rene’s 2011 income was substantially based on the availability of
a particular commodity — books — for him to sell, and because he asserted by affidavit
that the books were gone and he lacked the funds to print more, he demonstrated a
genuine issue of material fact as to whether his income was permanently reduced. This
showing entitled him to an evidentiary hearing. I therefore dissent from today’s opinion
affirming the judgment of the superior court.

       7
              Ward, 167 P.3d at 53 n.18.
       8
              Id.; Epperson v. Epperson, 835 P.2d 451, 453 n.4 (Alaska 1992).
       9
             Amy countered Rene’s claims about lost book-sales income simply by
questioning whether he could already have depleted “the entirety of the book inventory”
granted him in the division of marital property. Even if this statement from an attorney’s
memorandum had evidentiary value, it would simply be to highlight a dispute over a
highly material issue of fact.

                                           -25-                                      7081