Court Opinion

ID: 4180599
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-06-23 22:10:27.80368+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:38:52.920530
License: Public Domain

2017 IL App (2d) 160743
                                  No. 2-16-0743
                            Opinion filed June 23, 2017
______________________________________________________________________________

                                            IN THE

                             APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                              SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________

CONNIE F. NIELSON and DAVID A.         ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
NIELSON,                               ) of Winnebago County.
                                       )
       Plaintiffs-Appellees,           )
                                       )
v.                                     ) No. 15-L-30
                                       )
SWEDISHAMERICAN HOSPITAL and           )
AMANDA J. BUSH,                        )
                                       )
       Defendants                      )
                                       ) Honorable
(SwedishAmerican Hospital, Defendant-  ) Eugene G. Doherty,
Appellant).                            ) Judge, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________

       JUSTICE JORGENSEN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
       Justices Burke and Schostok concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                           OPINION

¶1     In this interlocutory appeal, defendant, SwedishAmerican Hospital, challenges the trial

court’s order finding it in contempt for refusing to produce three quality control reports (QCRs)

pertaining to surgery performed on plaintiff Connie F. Nielson. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 304(b)(5) (eff.

Mar. 8, 2016) (order finding entity in contempt and imposing monetary penalty is appealable

without special finding). Defendant argues that the QCRs are privileged under sections 8-2101

and 8-2102 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/8-2101, 8-2102 (West 2014)) (the

Medical Studies Act or the Act), because they were submitted to a quality-assurance committee
2017 IL App (2d) 160743

by the committee’s designees, pursuant to the committee’s standing request for such information

whenever a defined “medical occurrence” has taken place. We affirm in part and vacate in part.

¶2                                      I. BACKGROUND

¶3                                         A. Surgeries

¶4     On December 17, 2013, Connie underwent scheduled outpatient surgery at defendant’s

hospital in Belvidere to remove a vaginal cyst. During the surgery, which was performed by

codefendant, Dr. Amanda J. Bush, a board-certified gynecologist and employee of defendant,

Connie’s bladder was injured. Connie was transported on an emergency basis to defendant’s

hospital in Rockford for surgical repair of her bladder.

¶5                                           B. QCRs

¶6     Three nurses involved in either Connie’s original or second surgery each prepared a QCR

between December 17 and 20, 2013.

¶7     Beverly Merfeld, defendant’s director of risk management, averred as follows. She is a

member of the committee for quality improvement and safety (CQI), the board quality and safety

leadership committee, and the medical-staff quality and safety committee (QA/I).          Merfeld

reports directly to the chief medical officer and vice president of quality services, who is also a

member of the QA/I.

¶8     According to Merfeld, defendant’s medical-staff bylaws establish various quality-

assurance committees and subcommittees to conduct peer-review and quality-improvement

activities. The CQI and QA/I and their subcommittees were established to reduce morbidity and

mortality and to improve patient care. The activities of the quality-assurance committees and

their subcommittees, as well as those of their designees, are treated confidentially.

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¶9     The QA/I has requested that information on “medical occurrences” be collected on its

behalf in the form of QCRs. The QA/I developed the QCR template in 1999 in an effort to

comply with the Act, and it identified the occurrences for which it was proactively seeking

information. QCRs are gathered at the direction and (standing) request of the QA/I and are

forwarded to Merfeld in her capacity as a member of the CQI and QA/I.

¶ 10   Merfeld received the three QCRs concerning Connie’s surgeries, and she reviewed them

pursuant to defendant’s “quality structure” via the quality-resource department (QRD), a

designee of the QA/I that collects data for analysis by the QA/I’s subcommittees. On January

24, 2014, the women’s health quality and safety subcommittee of the QA/I (WHQS) reviewed

the care at issue and reported its findings to the QA/I and the CQI. Merfeld averred that, as a

result of the peer-review process concerning Connie’s treatment, there were no actions taken

regarding any physician privileges and no changes in defendant’s policy, procedure, rules, or

regulations.

¶ 11   In their affidavits, the nurses averred that they completed the QCRs at the request of the

QA/I and forwarded the documents to Merfeld “in the Risk Management Department.” They

understood that the information would be kept confidential and was of the type that the QA/I was

requesting for peer-review and quality-improvement purposes.

¶ 12   The QCR form provides as follows: “The QA/I Committee of the Medical Staff has

determined that the ‘Medical Occurrence’ can affect patient morbidity and mortality; hence, the

Committee requests that information be gathered for it and on its behalf in these instances. Such

information is a quality-improvement tool and is confidential under the Illinois Medical Studies

Act.” As to nonmedical occurrences, the form provides that “[t]hese categories pertain to non-

medical matters.” The form contains checklists under the headings of medical and nonmedical

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occurrences. The list of medical occurrences includes the following: admission R/T output rx;

behavioral, blood transfusion; code during treatment; complaint; discharge planning; equipment

use related; fall/found on floor; infection; injury; lab test; medical record; medication;

policy/procedure/practice; quality of services; and other.      Nonmedical occurrences include:

property loss/damage, slip and fall/nonpatient, legal action, vehicular accident, and

injury/nonpatient. The person completing the form is instructed to consult the reverse side of the

form, which contains definitions of the various terms. The term “legal action” is defined for both

medical and nonmedical occurrences, even though it appears on only the list of nonmedical

occurrences on the front of the form. “Legal action” is defined for medical occurrences as: “Any

activities involving formal legal activities; such as subpoena for records or staff, lawsuits filed

against the health system, employees, or medical staff which pertain to medical care issues.”

The term is defined in a substantially similar fashion for nonmedical occurrences: “Any activities

involving formal legal activities by non-patients; such as subpoena for staff or employees,

lawsuits filed against the Health System, its employees, medical staff, or the Hospital.”

¶ 13   The form contains an area to describe the circumstance at issue, and it instructs the

person completing the form to “Send to Risk Manager* or Administrator of SIR (Non-Medical),”

with the risk manager described as being a member of the CQI and the QA/I.

¶ 14         C. Medical-Staff Quality-Improvement Plan and Medical-Staff Bylaws

¶ 15   Defendant’s medical-staff quality-improvement plan for fiscal year 2013 provides that

the medical staff and the board of directors direct the QRD to gather the information “that is used

to evaluate patient morbidity and mortality.” “Medical Staff Quality and Safety Subcommittees

are responsible for the timely assessment of the data and evaluation and disposition of cases

identified for peer review.”

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¶ 16   Defendant’s medical-staff bylaws, dated November 2013, provide for various

committees, including the QA/I. Section 12.6.b states, in relevant part:

               “The membership of this Committee shall include the Chair of each clinical

       Department’s Quality and Safety Subcommittee or their designees; a Chair to be selected

       by the President of the Medical Staff; and such other members as may be provided for in

       the Hospital’s Quality and Safety Plan for Improving Organizational Performance.

               The members shall monitor and evaluate objectively and systematically the

       quality, safety, and appropriateness of patient care provided by members of the Medical

       Staff. They *** shall receive and evaluate reports from individual quality and safety

       subcommittees and provide a forum for interdepartmental discussions. ***

               Quality and Safety Committee meetings shall be scheduled at least bi-monthly;

       written records of its proceedings and activities shall be recorded and maintained by

       members of the Quality Resource Department; reported to the Medical Executive

       Committee on a routine basis, and reported to the Credentials Committee as necessary.”

¶ 17                            D. Policy-and-Procedure Manual

¶ 18   Defendant’s policy-and-procedure manual contains a section concerning incident

reporting.   The document states that QCRs “will be used to communicate occurrences or

variances affecting patients, physicians, visitors, volunteers, students, employee property, and

[defendant’s] property” and that the “information will be used to monitor, evaluate, and improve

the quality and safety of services” that defendant provides. A QCR must be completed for each

occurrence, variance, serious event, near miss, or sentinel event. The policy provides that any

“employee, student, volunteer, visitor, or physician involved in, observing, or discovering an

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occurrence,” etc., must complete a QCR and submit it to his or her supervisor (if applicable)

prior to the end of his or her shift.

¶ 19    The manual further provides that a “reportable occurrence or variance is any event which

is not consistent with quality health care or normal operations, reflects recurring concerns or

problems, or indicates the potential for a claim or lawsuit.” (Emphasis added.) Where it is

determined that an unanticipated outcome was preventable, the patient will not be billed for the

costs associated with treatment related to the event, and the chief medical officer, the chief

quality officer, and/or the chief financial officer will determine whether a bill write-off or

payment is necessary. The manual further states that responsibility for certain costs “can only be

determined after investigation of the occurrence by Risk Management or their designee.” The

manual also states that completed QCRs “should be sent to Risk Management as soon as possible

to facilitate follow-up, investigation, resolution, and data collection.” In the case of a sentinel

event, for example, the chief medical officer or the chief quality officer “or his designee will

determine if a *** team should be convened to conduct an investigation.” The manual advises

that QCRs are not to be made part of a patient’s medical records or an employee’s personnel file

and that the responsibility for medical costs or lost or damaged items will be determined only

after the risk-management department or its designee investigates the occurrence.

¶ 20    The manual further states that QCR forms are “a significant component of” defendant’s

quality-improvement program and that disclosure of the information in the forms, other than for

quality review, is prohibited under the Act. However, the manual also states that the risk-

management department “reviews all QCRs and conducts investigation of occurrences or

variances which require more complete documentation, follow-up from a risk management

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perspective, or reporting under the Safe Medical Devices Act.” Also, it provides that a “QCR

may serve as a report to legal counsel to assist in the defense of a lawsuit or claim.”

¶ 21                             E. Lawsuit and Trial Court Order

¶ 22   On January 29, 2015, Connie and plaintiff David A. Nielson sued defendant and

codefendant, alleging negligence and seeking to recover damages for Connie’s bladder injury.

Plaintiffs subsequently sought to compel defendant to produce the three QCRs. Defendant

refused, arguing that the documents were protected from discovery by the Medical Studies Act.

Defendant submitted the QCRs to the court for in camera review.

¶ 23   On May 31, 2016, the trial court granted plaintiffs’ motion to compel. It initially noted

that, pursuant to the statutory language, the QCRs appeared to constitute information of one of

defendant’s quality-assurance committees. However, it continued, the case law compelled a

finding that the documents were not protected by the Act.

¶ 24   Just prior to this ruling, plaintiffs moved to file supplemental briefs based on information

in defendant’s recently discovered policy-and-procedure manual on incident reporting (described

above). After the hearing, the court determined that in light of the supplemental briefing, it did

not “see a reason to depart from [its] decision.” On August 18, 2016, the trial court found that

defendant had refused to comply with its order to produce the QCRs and that, accordingly,

defendant was in civil contempt.     The court fined defendant $1 per day until the QCRs were

produced. Defendant appeals.

¶ 25                                      II. ANALYSIS

¶ 26   Defendant argues that the trial court erred in ordering it to produce the QCRs.           It

contends that they are privileged from discovery under the Act’s express language and that such

a determination is consistent with the Act’s purpose (as stated in Anderson v. Rush-Copley

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Medical Center, Inc., 385 Ill. App. 3d 167 (2008)). Defendant asserts that no case compels

denial of the privilege and that the most factually analogous case, Ardisana v. Northwest

Community Hospital, Inc., 342 Ill. App. 3d 741 (2003), supports application of the privilege. It

urges us to distinguish Berry v. West Suburban Hospital Medical Center, 338 Ill. App. 3d 49

(2003), and Kopolovic v. Shah, 2012 IL App (2d) 110383, upon which the trial court relied, or to

disregard Kopolovic because it did not consider a recent amendment to the statute, as noted in

Eid v. Loyola University Medical Center, 2017 IL App (1st) 143967. Defendant asserts that the

QA/I as a whole proactively determined to undertake a quality review of any outpatient

complication resulting in a hospital admission and that, as the committee’s “designees,” the

medical personnel involved in such an occurrence are to commence that review process by

completing and submitting QCRs. Thus, in its view, the QCRs are information initiated by a

peer-review or quality-assurance committee and they fulfilled their intended purpose here by

initiating a quality-assurance process that culminated with no action being taken regarding any

physician’s privileges and no changes in defendant’s policies or procedures. For the following

reasons, we hold that the trial court’s factual findings were against the manifest weight of the

evidence, but we agree that the documents are not privileged.

¶ 27                                 A. Standards of Review

¶ 28   The question of whether the Act’s privilege applies is a question of law, which is

reviewed de novo; however, the question of whether specific materials are part of an internal

quality-control process “is a factual question,” on which the defendant bears the burden. Berry,
338 Ill. App. 3d at 53-54. The trial court’s factual determination will not be reversed, “unless it

is against the manifest weight of the evidence.” Id. at 54. A decision is against the manifest

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weight of the evidence if it is unreasonable, arbitrary, or not based upon the evidence. Freese v.

Buoy, 217 Ill. App. 3d 234, 244 (1991).

¶ 29   Defendant argues that we need reach only the legal issue here, not any factual ones. It

notes that the trial court determined only that Kopolovic and Berry compelled it to rule as it did

as a matter of law. Furthermore, defendant notes that this court’s most recent Medical Studies

Act decision, Lindsey v. Butterfield Health Care II, Inc., 2017 IL App (2d) 160042, ¶ 10, used

only the de novo standard.

¶ 30   We disagree that only the legal issue is before us. Whether the QCRs are part of

defendant’s quality-assurance process is clearly a factual determination. It is true that the trial

court focused its analysis on the case law, but it also made that factual determination concerning

defendant’s quality-assurance process, and it did so in light of defendant’s policy-and-procedure

manual, which presents factual issues concerning the QCRs’ purpose and role in the process.

Accordingly, we address both the factual and legal issues.

¶ 31                                       B. Privilege

¶ 32                                      1. Background

¶ 33   Section 8-2101 of the Act provides, in relevant part:

       “All information, interviews, reports, statements, memoranda, recommendations, letters

       of reference or other third party confidential assessments of a health care practitioner’s

       professional competence, or other data of *** committees of licensed or accredited

       hospitals or their medical staffs, including Patient Care Audit Committees, Medical Care

       Evaluation Committees, Utilization Review Committees, Credential Committees and

       Executive Committees, or their designees (but not the medical records pertaining to the

       patient), used in the course of internal quality control or of medical study for the purpose

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         of reducing morbidity or mortality, or for improving patient care or increasing organ and

         tissue donation, shall be privileged, strictly confidential and shall be used only for

         medical research, increasing organ and tissue donation, the evaluation and improvement

         of quality care, or granting, limiting or revoking staff privileges or agreements for

         services ***.” (Emphases added.) 735 ILCS 5/8-2101 (West 2014).

Section 8-2101 was amended in 1995 to add “or their designees” after the description of the

committees, a change that not all recent cases acknowledge. Pub. Act 89-393 (eff. Aug. 20,

1995).

¶ 34     The Act further provides:

         “Such information, records, reports, statements, notes, memoranda, or other data, shall

         not be admissible as evidence, nor discoverable in any action of any kind in any court or

         before any tribunal, board, agency or person. The disclosure of any such information or

         data, whether proper, or improper, shall not waive or have any effect upon its

         confidentiality, nondiscoverability, or nonadmissibility.”     735 ILCS 5/8-2102 (West

         2014).

¶ 35     The Act’s purpose “is [neither] to facilitate the prosecution of malpractice cases” (Jenkins

v. Wu, 102 Ill. 2d 468, 479 (1984)) nor to shield hospitals from potential liability (Roach v.

Springfield Clinic, 157 Ill. 2d 29, 42 (1993)). Rather, it “is to ensure that members of the

medical profession will effectively engage in self-evaluation of their peers in the interest of

advancing the quality of health care.” Id. at 40. The statute “is premised on the belief that,

absent the statutory peer-review privilege, physicians would be reluctant to sit on peer-review

committees and engage in frank evaluations of their colleagues.” Jenkins, 102 Ill. 2d at 480.

The Act also serves “to encourage candid and voluntary studies and programs used to improve

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hospital conditions and patient care or to reduce the rates of death and disease.” Niven v.

Siqueira, 109 Ill. 2d 357, 366 (1985).

               “The Act does not protect ‘all information used for internal quality control’

       (Grandi v. Shah, 261 Ill. App. 3d 551, 557 (1994)); instead, documents ‘generated

       specifically for the use of a peer-review committee receive protection under the Act’

       (Chicago Trust Co. [v. Cook County Hospital, 298 Ill. App. 3d 396, 402 (1998)]). A

       document that ‘was initiated, created, prepared, or generated by a peer-review committee’

       is privileged under the Act, ‘even though it was later disseminated outside the peer-

       review process.’ Chicago Trust Co., 298 Ill. App. 3d at 406. The reverse is not true,

       however. A document created ‘in the ordinary course of the hospital’s medical business,

       or for the purpose of rendering legal opinions or to weigh potential liability risk or for

       later corrective action by the hospital staff’ is not privileged ‘even though it later was

       used by a committee in the peer-review process.’ Chicago Trust Co., 298 Ill. App. 3d at

       406.” Webb v. Mount Sinai Hospital & Medical Center of Chicago, Inc., 347 Ill. App. 3d
817, 825 (2004).

¶ 36   The privilege does not apply to all information used for internal quality control or peer

review, but only to the “information of” such committees. Roach, 157 Ill. 2d at 39; see also

Kopolovic, 2012 IL App (2d) 110383, ¶ 19. “ ‘Information of’ has a specific meaning here: it

encompasses only information ‘initiated, created, prepared or generated by’ a peer-review or

quality-control committee.” Kopolovic, 2012 IL App (2d) 110383, ¶ 19 (quoting Pietro v.

Marriott Senior Living Services, Inc., 348 Ill. App. 3d 541, 549 (2004)).

¶ 37   The Act’s protection does not extend to information generated either “before a peer-

review process begins or after it ends.” Ardisana, 342 Ill. App. 3d at 748; see also Kopolovic,

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2012 IL App (2d) 110383, ¶ 19 (information that is generated before the relevant committee’s

decision to review an incident is not privileged); Webb, 347 Ill. App. 3d at 825 (“the hospital

committee ‘must be engaged in the peer-review process before the statutory privilege is

applicable’ ” (quoting Grandi, 261 Ill. App. 3d at 557)).

¶ 38   The cases also distinguish between recommendations and results of peer-review

committees. They hold that the statute protects “documents that arise from the workings of a

peer-review committee [citation] and that are an integral part but not the result of the peer-review

process.” Ardisana, 342 Ill. App. 3d at 746-47. “The recommendations and internal conclusions

of peer-review committees, which may or may not lead to [certain] results, are not

discoverable.” (Emphasis in original.) Id. at 747. Results of the peer-review process are not

privileged and are discoverable. Id. 1

¶ 39   The assertion of a privilege under the Act may be supported either by submitting the

purportedly privileged materials for in camera inspection, which was done here, or by submitting

affidavits setting forth facts sufficient to establish the application of the privilege to the

materials, which was also done here.         Id. at 748.     When the facts in an affidavit are

uncontradicted, “they must be taken as true notwithstanding the existence of contrary

unsupported allegations.” Flannery v. Lin, 176 Ill. App. 3d 652, 658 (1988). However, a

counteraffidavit is not the only means by which an affidavit can be contradicted; an affidavit can

       1
           “Results of a peer-review committee take the form of ultimate decisions made or actions

taken by that committee, or the hospital, and include the revocation, modification or restriction

of privileges, letters of resignation or withdrawal, and the revision of rules, regulations, policies

and procedures for medical staff.” (Emphasis in original.) Id.

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be contradicted by other documentary evidence. See, e.g., Rumford v. Countrywide Funding

Corp., 287 Ill. App. 3d 330, 336 (1997).

¶ 40                        2. The QCRs and the Statutory Language

¶ 41   The statutory language appears, at first blush, to cover the QCRs, because at least part of

their purpose is to facilitate peer-review and quality-assurance activities. The statute provides

that the privilege applies to all of the information, reports, etc., excluding patient medical

records, of hospital- or medical-staff committees or their designees that are “used” in the course

of internal quality control or for improving patient care. 735 ILCS 5/8-2101 (West 2014).

Defendant’s medical-staff bylaws provide for a quality and safety committee, subcommittees,

and their designees to “monitor and evaluate” the “quality, safety, and appropriateness of patient

care.” Similarly, the quality-improvement plan states that the quality and safety subcommittees

“are responsible for the timely assessment of the data and evaluation and disposition of cases

identified for peer review.”   The policy-and-procedure manual states that a QCR must be

completed for each medical occurrence and will be used to monitor, evaluate, and improve

quality and safety. Indeed, Merfeld, defendant’s director of risk management, averred that the

QA/I developed the QCR template in an effort to comply with the Act and identified medical

occurrences for which the committee would be proactively seeking information. The QCRs here

were forwarded to Merfeld in her capacity as a member of the CQI and the QA/I. She reviewed

them pursuant to defendant’s quality structure and, on January 24, 2014, the WHQS reviewed

plaintiff’s case and reported its findings to the QA/I and CQI. The process was kept confidential.

¶ 42   However, Merfeld’s affidavit and other documentary evidence also reflected that QCRs

are generated for all medical occurrences, are used for both quality-assurance and risk-

management purposes, and are reviewed by the risk-management department to, among other

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things, assess whether further actions should be taken, “from a risk management perspective.”

Further, all QCR forms state that they are used to compile information concerning both medical

and nonmedical occurrences. The list of nonmedical occurrences on the front of the form does

not include “legal action,” but the reverse side of the form, which contains the definitions of

listed items, includes that term on the nonmedical occurrences list; thus, potential legal

implications of a medical occurrence can be flagged on the form. (In this case, there is no such

notation on any of the three QCRs.)

¶ 43   Defendant’s policy-and-procedure manual elaborates, in a section concerning incident

reporting, that QCRs are used to improve quality and safety and are “a significant component of”

defendant’s quality program. Any “employee, student, volunteer, visitor, or physician involved

in, observing, or discovering an occurrence” must complete a QCR and submit it to his or her

supervisor (if applicable) prior to the end of his or her shift. A reportable occurrence is defined

as an event that “is not consistent with quality health care or normal operations, reflects recurring

concerns or problems, or indicates the potential for a claim or lawsuit.” (Emphasis added.) The

policy manual further provides that the risk-management department reviews all QCRs and

investigates occurrences requiring follow-up from a risk-management perspective and that QCRs

“may serve as a report to legal counsel to assist in the defense of a lawsuit or claim.” (Emphasis

added.) The manual instructs that completed QCRs “be sent to Risk Management as soon as

possible to facilitate follow-up, investigation, resolution, and data collection.” They are not

made part of a patient’s medical record or an employee’s personnel file. The forms also address

billing, instructing that responsibility for medical costs is determined after the risk-management

department or its designee investigates the occurrence.

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¶ 44   The foregoing evidence reflects that the QCRs here (indeed all of defendant’s medical-

occurrence QCRs) serve multiple purposes, including quality assurance (all medical-occurrence

QCRs), risk management (all QCRs), and, to a certain extent, billing (all QCRs). The trial

court’s finding that defendant’s QCRs are generated solely at the quality-assurance committees’

and subcommittees’ direction pursuant to a standing order and used solely for quality-assurance

purposes was against the manifest weight of the evidence. It is unclear to us if even the primary

purpose of the QCRs here (and all medical-occurrence QCRs) is for quality assurance.

Nevertheless, all medical- and nonmedical-occurrence QCRs are reviewed by defendant’s risk-

management department to determine whether there should be follow-up from a risk-

management perspective.

¶ 45   Defendant maintains that there is no contradiction between Merfeld’s affidavit and the

policy-and-procedure manual. The instruction that QCRs should be sent to the risk-management

department for review and potential follow-up, it argues, merely echoes Merfeld’s statement that

QCRs are sent to her (she is the risk management director) and she then facilitates appropriate

follow-up through defendant’s quality structure. Defendant also contends that, even if Merfeld

was not also a member of the QA/I and the CQI, she clearly acted as their designee in receiving

the QCRs and facilitating submission of the information therein to the WHQS as part of the peer-

review process. Defendant argues that, to the extent that the policy manual can be read to permit

Merfeld to take action concerning a medical occurrence “from a risk management perspective,”

the QCRs would still be privileged under the Act, because a document that is privileged does not

lose such status once it is disseminated outside of the peer-review process.          We find this

argument unpersuasive because the policy manual does not state, for example, that QCRs are

reviewed in a series of steps, the first of which is for quality assurance and the second of which is

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for risk management.     We cannot clearly discern from the manual whether there is a precise

sequence of the various reviews, but it nevertheless is true that QCRs serve each process and

that, in this sense, the processes are simultaneous and the forms serve dual purposes.

¶ 46   We conclude that the trial court’s finding that the QCRs were requested by the quality-

assurance committee as a standing practice and solely for its use was against the manifest weight

of the evidence. The court’s factual findings were made before the supplemental briefing

concerning the policy-and-procedure manual, and the court did not revisit those findings,

determining after the supplemental briefing that it did not “see a reason to depart from [its]

decision.” However, viewing the evidence as a whole and, most significantly, in light of the

manual’s provision that all QCRs are reviewed to assess whether there should be follow-up from

a risk-management perspective, we hold that the court’s finding was not reasonably based on the

totality of the evidence. Given this conclusion, we turn to the case law to assess whether, given

their dual purposes, the QCRs here are privileged.

¶ 47                           3. Roach and Incident-Report Cases

¶ 48   As noted, the Act has been construed to cover information generated during, but not

before or after, a peer-review committee’s engagement in such a review. Ardisana, 342 Ill. App.
3d at 748; Webb, 347 Ill. App. 3d at 825. The question here is whether the QCRs constitute

information of defendant’s peer-review committees where they were completed pursuant to a

general standing order by such committees and for their nonexclusive use. In the following

cases, the courts refused to hold that the documents were privileged where they consisted of

reports that were not initiated and used exclusively by peer-review committees for peer-review

or quality-assurance purposes and/or where the defendants had classified the documents in

advance as peer-review or quality-improvement materials.

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¶ 49   The supreme court case most relevant here is Roach, a preamendment case. In Roach,

the supreme court determined that the Act’s protection runs to the information of peer-review

committees, not hospital medical staff, and that the information is not transformed into

“information of” a peer-review committee merely because it is later reported to such a

committee.    Roach, 157 Ill. 2d at 38-41.          The supreme court declined to impute an

anesthesiology chair’s actions to his department merely because he served as its chair. Id. at 42-

43. It noted that, although the hospital’s bylaws stated that the chair was ultimately accountable

for all activities within the department, it was the department that was charged with conducting

medical reviews at monthly meetings, and the bylaws contained no provision conferring on any

individual the authority to act for the department in conducting interviews or investigations

“preliminarily to the review process.” Id. at 43.

¶ 50   Most relevant here, the court further stated:

       “If the simple act of furnishing a committee with earlier-acquired information were

       sufficient to cloak that information with the statutory privilege, a hospital could

       effectively insulate from disclosure virtually all adverse facts known to its medical staff,

       with the exception of those matters actually contained in a patient’s records. As a result,

       it would be substantially more difficult for patients to hold hospitals responsible for their

       wrongdoing through medical malpractice litigation.        So protected, those institutions

       would have scant incentive for advancing the goal of improved patient care. The purpose

       of the [A]ct would be completely subverted.” Id. at 41-42.

¶ 51   Here, the trial court found Roach distinguishable because the investigating physician in

that case acted in a somewhat ad hoc manner, based on job responsibilities that only generally

included quality control, whereas, in this case, the peer-review committee had specifically

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requested that QCRs be completed for medical occurrences. The trial court also noted that

Roach was decided before the 1995 amendment that extends the statutory protection to

information of committees or their designees. We agree with the trial court’s analysis of Roach.

However, Roach’s warning concerning the implications of a policy that predeclares that certain

documents come within the statute’s purview is well taken.

¶ 52   The trial court further found that several other cases, the so-called incident-report cases

upon which plaintiffs rely, were distinguishable because the documents at issue were not

initiated and used exclusively by a peer-review committee for peer-review or quality-

improvement purposes.      We disagree because, as noted, the documents here served dual

purposes: peer-review and risk management (i.e., anticipation of litigation). Also significant is

that two cases (Lindsey and Chicago Trust) follow Roach and appear to preclude policies that

declare in advance that certain documents are peer-review materials, an approach that defendant

refers to as a chronology bar.

¶ 53   In Chicago Trust, a case that does not discuss the 1995 amendment, the reviewing court

rejected the suggestion that a hospital oversight committee “can invoke the Act’s protection by

declaring in advance that all incident documents prepared by [hospital] staff are part of the peer-

review process.” Chicago Trust, 298 Ill. App. 3d at 406. The court stated that such a position

“goes too far” and that such a policy “would swallow the rule” and “make everything

confidential, except for the patient’s own medical records.” Id. Also, some of the reports in that

case were used in part to help formulate legal opinions. Id. at 404; see also Lindsey, 2017 IL

App (2d) 160042, ¶¶ 13-17 (in negligence action against nursing home, court construed Quality

Assurance Act by looking at Medical Studies Act case law and held, following Roach and

Chicago Trust and without discussing 1995 amendment, that internal quality-assurance

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investigation reports relating to incidents or accidents involving resident injuries and required

under nursing home’s quality-assurance process for consideration only by the quality-assurance

committee were not privileged; case law instructed that a policy “declaring in advance” that

reports are part of peer-review process “ ‘goes too far’ ” (Chicago Trust, 298 Ill. App. 3d at 406)

as they constitute earlier-acquired information; also, reports were made before any peer-review

committee met); Pietro, 348 Ill. App. 3d at 548-50 (in negligence action against assisted-living

facility, without discussing 1995 amendment, court held in the alternative that, if Act applied,

resident-care committee was not of the type envisioned by the Act, because it included persons

whose job did not relate to such function; further, handwritten statements by nurse and resident

assistant concerning an incident were not privileged, because it was unclear if quality-assurance

committee ever met to render an opinion on the subject incident and, when the statements were

prepared, no formal committee had convened or requested the statements 2); Webb, 347 Ill. App.
3d at 826-28 (affirming finding that documents were not privileged under the Act without

discussing amendment; documents included an occurrence summary, four memoranda

summarizing interviews with doctors, and a statement that reflected that they were created, at

least in part, to weigh potential liability risk, not solely for peer-review; also, the record did not

reflect the timing of the peer review); Dunkin v. Silver Cross Hospital, 215 Ill. App. 3d 65, 68

(1991) (in negligence case against hospital for slip-and-fall accident by nonpatient, court held

that hospital incident reports that recorded unusual incidents at hospital and were used in

analyzing problem areas and determining steps to improve quality of care and service were not

       2
           Although not relied upon by the reviewing court in its analysis, we further note that the

incident documents were prepared for both the peer-review process and in anticipation of

litigation. Pietro, 348 Ill. App. 3d at 544-45.

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privileged; reports did not relate to patient medical care in “the sense that the legislature was

concerned about” and were “the same kind of incident reports which any business might have”;

reports were used primarily by hospital’s quality-assurance department, and information

therefrom and corrective-action plans could have been disseminated to any of 70 different

departments).

¶ 54   Defendant asks that we not apply a strict chronology bar to the application of the

privilege to the QCRs, because the peer-review and quality-assurance goals will be frustrated

where personnel cannot immediately prepare such reports to ensure that the QA/I is provided

with candid, real-time, and firsthand information in carrying out its duties. Attempting to

distinguish Lindsey and Chicago Trust, defendant urges that it is not arguing that it can declare

in advance that every conceivable document pertaining to a patient’s care, except the patient’s

medical records, is privileged under the Act. Rather, it asserts that its claim of privilege applies

only to the three QCRs at issue here, which the QA/I proactively determined were to be

completed by the nurses as soon as the predefined “medical occurrence” happened, rather than

delaying such information-gathering for weeks or months until a scheduled committee meeting.

Defendant also contends that, if it instead waited until the committee met to request that the

nurses complete the QCRs, the documents would indisputably be privileged under the statute.

The fact that it decided to expedite the process by issuing a standing order that a QCR be

completed as soon as a medical occurrence happens, it urges, should be a distinction without a

legal difference.

¶ 55   Addressing Lindsey, this court’s most recent case on this issue, plaintiffs respond that,

like the documents in that case, the QCRs here were created in the ordinary course of

defendant’s business. Lindsey, following Roach and Chicago Trust, rejected the notion that a

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defendant can declare in advance that incident documents are part of the peer-review process.

Lindsey, 2017 Ill. App (2d) 160042, ¶ 15. Plaintiffs also argue that QCRs are created for a

variety of incidents and are sent to the risk-management department for appropriate follow-up,

which is not within the Act’s purview.

¶ 56   We find unconvincing defendant’s argument that it is seeking to have only the three

QCRs at issue declared privileged, because the relevant aspects of the QCRs and defendant’s

quality program apply to all medical-occurrence QCRs and our holding, although specifically

directed to the QCRs at issue, would be read more broadly. Defendant is essentially seeking

statutory protection for all patient-care documents, with the exception of patients’ medical

records, in cases where there is a medical occurrence. This implicates the policy concerns

expressed in Roach and echoed in Chicago Trust and, more recently, by this court in Lindsey.

Although defendant’s point that its quality program seeks to proactively collect real-time

information concerning hospital incidents and should not be fatal to its case is well taken, our

supreme court and subsequent appellate decisions, as noted, have rejected such an approach.

¶ 57                            4. Ardisana, Kopolovic, and Berry

¶ 58   Defendant next relies on Ardisana, which plaintiffs do not address (nor did the trial

court), and attempts to distinguish Kopolovic and Berry, upon which the trial court relied.

¶ 59   In Ardisana, the First District held that the following documents were privileged on the

basis that they constituted recommendations, not results, used in the course of internal quality

control: (1) pages of a surgical-department quality review, which contained a committee

conclusion; (2) a page of the minutes of a general-surgery-quality-measurement-and-

improvement (QMI) conference, which contained two conclusions; (3) the indication of

conclusions in an anesthesia quality-management worksheet; and (4) a letter from the anesthesia

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department chair to an anesthesiologist, seeking additional information for a peer review.

Ardisana, 342 Ill. App. 3d at 747.

¶ 60   The Ardisana court also determined, on a second basis, that the documents were

privileged because they “served an integral function in the peer-review information-gathering

and decision-making process”; and it noted that an affidavit showed that they were generated in

the process of investigations by the committees and solely for their use. Id. at 748. Specifically,

the minutes of the surgical-audit committee and the general-surgery QMI committee, in which

the plaintiff’s case was addressed, “self-evidently constitute[d] ‘investigative and deliberative

materials generated by a hospital committee in formulating its recommendations.’ ” Id. at 749

(quoting Green v. Lake Forest Hospital, 335 Ill. App. 3d 134, 138 (2002)). As to certain quality-

management/improvement worksheets, they were privileged because their content reflected that

they were authored for a peer-review committee’s use. Id. The letter from the anesthesia

department chair to the anesthesiologist was also privileged because it requested, on the

committee’s behalf, additional information to be used by the committee in its ongoing

investigation. Id. The court noted that the fact that the letter was “to an individual outside of the

committee proper does not compromise its privileged status, since disclosure of information

privileged under the Act has no effect on its nondiscoverability.” Id.

¶ 61   Here, defendant contends that, as in Ardisana, the QCRs were authorized by the QA/I,

were prepared pursuant to “established screening criteria” (i.e., defined medical occurrences),

were “authored for the use of a peer-review committee,” and “served an integral function” in that

process. As noted, the trial court did not specifically address Ardisana. We do not find it

particularly helpful, because, unlike the QCRs, the documents in that case were prepared and

used solely for peer-review purposes or constituted recommendations or internal conclusions. Id.

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at 747-49. As to the latter, defendant does not argue that there are any indications of any

conclusions in the QCRs.

¶ 62       Defendant next maintains that Kopolovic and Berry, which the trial court found

controlling, are distinguishable and that Kopolovic, which the trial court described as defendant’s

“most conspicuous obstacle,” ignored the 1995 amendment that added “or their designees” to the

statute.

¶ 63       In Kopolovic, without discussing the 1995 amendment, we held that a memorandum

written by an anesthesiologist who was not a member of any peer-review or quality-control

committee, expressing his concerns about alleged deception concerning a recent surgical

procedure by a plastic surgeon, was not privileged under the Act. Kopolovic, 2012 IL App (2d)
110383, ¶ 36. The letter was written at the suggestion of the president and another member of

the board of the defendant surgical center, and it was addressed to the board, the consulting

committee (the center’s peer-review and credentialing committee), and the surgeon. We rejected

the anesthesiologist’s argument that the memorandum was privileged because he sought to bring

to light practices that he viewed as unethical. Id. ¶ 22. We noted that the case law (Roach and

Grandi) held that the privilege applied to information generated or created by a committee

already engaged in the peer-review or quality-control process with regard to the incident at

issue. Id. ¶¶ 24-26. Even though the content of the information was in harmony with the

promotion of quality control, it could not be privileged where it was not generated by a

committee of the type described in the statute. Id. ¶ 26. We also rejected the physician’s

argument that, because he was advised to write the memo by members of the board, he was

engaged in ongoing quality control and, thus, the memo must be considered information of the

board. Id. ¶ 27. We expressed two reasons for our holding. First, citing Roach, Berry, and

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Anderson, we noted chronology. Specifically, we determined that, when the memo was written,

the board was not already engaged in the peer-review or quality-control process regarding the

incident at issue. Id. ¶¶ 28-30. Second, relying on Roach and Pietro, we concluded that the

actions of individual board members are not actions of the committee as a whole, and the

evidence did not reflect that the board members were authorized by the board to investigate,

“outside the review process conducted at monthly meetings,” the anesthesiologist’s concerns

before he wrote his memo. Id. ¶¶ 31-32; see also Berry, 338 Ill. App. 3d at 57 (without

discussing 1995 amendment, First District held that Act’s privilege did not apply to physician’s

letter to chairperson of hospital’s obstetrics and gynecology department, informing the chair of

events concerning patient’s medical condition and treatment; although letter was written in

response to established hospital policy that staff notify peer-review committee of potential

issues, court rejected the suggestion that the physician acted on committee’s behalf, because

committee was not aware of the problem until it received the letter and it did not meet until

several months afterward; court held that the letter was not privileged where it was not “initiated,

created or generated by a peer-review committee” and was “written prior to the commencement

of the peer-review process as a means to bring to [chair’s] attention a potential quality issue”).

¶ 64   Here, the trial court determined that, in the narrow sense, defendant’s QA/I did not

request that the three nurses prepare their respective QCRs, but rather, in the general sense, the

committee requested (via its quality-improvement plan) that such reports be completed.

Acknowledging that this point supported defendant’s argument that the nurses were committee

designees, the trial court nevertheless determined that Kopolovic’s discussion and approval of

Berry, where the court found that the privilege did not apply, because the peer-review

department was not aware of the incident at issue until after it received the physician’s letter

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(Kopolovic, 2012 IL App (2d) 110383, ¶ 29 (citing Berry, 338 Ill. App. 3d at 56)), compelled a

finding that the QCRs are not privileged. The trial court determined that, despite the fact that the

QA/I had directed employees to prepare QCRs to bring potential issues to its attention for

review, and despite the fact that the statute permits committees to act through designees,

Kopolovic and Berry compelled a finding that the QCRs are not information of the QA/I and are

therefore not privileged.

¶ 65   Defendant maintains that this case is close to Ardisana but markedly different from

Berry, Kopolovic, or Roach. It argues that the QA/I as a whole directed hospital personnel

involved in certain events such as the one here to complete QCRs as its “designees” and submit

them to the committee for its (or a subcommittee’s) review. Thus, defendant urges, unlike in

Berry, Kopolovic, or Roach, the QCRs were initiated by the QA/I and owe their existence to the

committee as a whole. They are not independently created and then rerouted to the QA/I; they

are quality-assurance documents from their inception. Defendant further argues that the QA/I as

a whole proactively determined to undertake a quality review of any outpatient complication

resulting in a hospital admission and that the committee designated the medical personnel

involved in such an occurrence as its “designees” to commence that review process by

completing and submitting QCRs. Thus, the QCRs are information initiated by a peer-review or

quality-assurance committee and they fulfilled their intended purpose here by initiating a quality-

assurance process that culminated with no action being taken regarding any physician’s

privileges and no changes in defendant’s policies or procedures.

¶ 66   Plaintiffs respond that Kopolovic is similar to this case. The QCRs, they argue, are also

information of the hospital staff and not of the QA/I. Plaintiffs also argue that, as in Berry, the

QA/I was not aware of Connie’s bladder injury until after the QCRs were sent to the risk-

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management department, and the QA/I did not meet to discuss the incident until weeks after the

QCRs were written. Thus, they conclude, the QCRs are not information of a peer-review or

quality-assurance committee but are, instead, information of the hospital staff.

¶ 67    We conclude that the trial court did not err in relying on Kopolovic and Berry.

Notwithstanding the fact that in Kopolovic we did not discuss the 1995 amendment, we find it

and the cases upon which it relied to continue to be good law. We acknowledge that the

anesthesiologist in that case did not write his letter pursuant to a standing process whereby a

peer-review or quality-assurance committee (and risk-management department) requested such

information. Rather, he did it merely upon a suggestion by two board members who were not

authorized to order such actions outside the established peer-review process. Similarly, the

physician in Berry was not acting on the committee’s behalf. However, it remains that these

cases preclude application of the privilege to the QCRs, because the designees who completed

the QCRs had been so designated before the occurrence at issue.

¶ 68    Defendant next urges that extending the privilege to the QCRs is consistent with the 1995

amendment, which subsequent cases might have overlooked. The trial court, defendant points

out, noted this possibility, but found that Kopolovic and Berry controlled. Defendant relies on

Eid, a First District case that was decided after the trial court’s decision in this case. In that case,

the court held that information generated for use by a hospital peer-review committee was

privileged where a committee designee, pursuant to his authority under hospital bylaws, began

an investigation of a patient’s treatment and instructed another committee member to collect

information. Eid, 2017 IL App (1st) 143967, ¶ 39. Specifically, after a child died following

surgery, the hospital’s risk manager, who was also a member of the peer-review committee,

began contacting individuals to preserve records. She also contacted the chair of the peer-review

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committee, who instructed her to investigate the incident on the committee’s behalf, from a

quality perspective. The chair averred that the committee directed and empowered individuals to

assemble information about incidents and to report the information back to the committee for its

use in evaluating and improving the quality of patient care. The risk manager, he further

averred, was such a designee in this instance. The First District upheld the trial court’s finding

that the privilege applied to documents generated by the risk manager after she obtained the

chair’s directive on the committee’s behalf. Id. The court noted that the 1995 amendment

provided that “ ‘designees’ ” could create or generate information covered by the statute. Id. ¶

43. Thus, if the risk manager and the chair were designees under the Act, the documents were

privileged. Id. ¶ 44. In assessing this question, the court rejected the plaintiffs’ argument that

the privilege does not apply to information generated before the peer-review committee, acting

as a whole, either becomes aware of an incident or is already engaged in the peer-review process.

Id. ¶ 49. The court noted that the statute was amended after the Roach decision and that

subsequent cases citing Roach either do not acknowledge the 1995 amendment or do not involve

situations where an individual is authorized to act on behalf of a peer-review committee. Id.

(citing Chicago Trust, Pietro, Anderson, and Kopolovic). The court held that the privilege

applied to the documents generated by the risk manager after she obtained the chair’s directive

on the committee’s behalf, where the risk manager’s and the chair’s affidavits established that

the committee was a peer-review committee covered by the Act and where the chair used his

authority to commence the committee’s investigation after being informed that the incident at

issue might warrant peer-review proceedings. Id. ¶ 53.

¶ 69   Eid thus stands for the proposition that, where a member of a peer-review committee,

acting on its behalf, authorizes an investigation by a designee into a potential quality issue on the

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committee’s behalf, any documents generated thereafter as part of the investigation are

privileged. It is distinguishable from this case, because a designee was not declared in Eid until

after the committee became aware of the incident and authorized the investigation. Also, Eid did

not involve a standing request to collect all medical-occurrence information, which is also shared

with the risk-management department to assess whether follow-up is required from a risk-

management perspective.

¶ 70   Defendant also contends that a conclusion that the Act protects the QCRs is consistent

with the statute’s purpose and goal.      It points to yet another case, namely, Anderson.        In

Anderson, we held that certain medical journal articles were privileged because they reflected a

peer-review committee’s “internal review process, including information gathering and

deliberation.” Anderson, 385 Ill. App. 3d at 175. The articles were not written by or for the

hospital’s peer-review committee or for its exclusive use, but they were located at the

committee’s request, were used as a resource in conducting a review, and focused on an issue

arising from the care given to a patient. Id. We noted that the committee gave out literature-

search assignments and reviewed the resulting information and that the information was

addressed when an action plan was developed. Id. at 176. We distinguished case law that states

that materials generated prior to the beginning of a peer-review process are not privileged. We

noted that the articles did not reference the patient’s care and, thus, could not contain any adverse

facts known to the medical staff about the patient’s care and frustrate the Act’s goal. Id. at 176-

77. However, we also noted that it was not the content of the articles that was significant, but the

manner in which the committee used them and what their use would reveal about the

committee’s internal-review process. Id. at 178. Denying application of the privilege, we

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concluded, would frustrate the Act’s goal by discouraging “medical personnel from openly

discussing their colleagues’ actions.” Id. at 177-78.

¶ 71   Defendant asserts that we should scrutinize the QCRs “in light of the Act’s purpose” (id.

at 178) as reflected in the 1995 amendment, as properly applied in Eid, and hold that the QCRs

are privileged both under the express provisions and according to the clear purpose of the Act.

¶ 72   Plaintiffs do not address Anderson, but they respond that designating every person who

must complete a QCR, including every employee and visitor, as a designee of the QA/I subverts

the Act’s purpose. The term “designate” means “to indicate and set apart for a specific purpose,

office, or duty.”        Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, http://www.merriam-webster.

com/dictionary/designate (last visited May 3, 2017). Plaintiffs note that defendant maintains that

the nurses who completed the QCRs are designees of the QA/I. Plaintiffs argue that, if every

person on defendant’s premises is responsible for drafting QCRs, defendant is effectively not

designating any specific person, because no specific person is set apart from another. Plaintiffs

maintain that it is even more absurd to assert that a hospital visitor can somehow be a designee of

the QA/I. Also, plaintiffs argue that cloaking QCRs in the privilege in 1999, even those that

would not be completed until 2013, gives defendant scant incentive for advancing the goal of

improved patient care. The Act’s purpose would be subverted, they argue, by allowing hospitals

to shield themselves from liability by declaring that certain documents are privileged before they

even exist. Defendant replies that the statute does not require designees to be directly identified

in advance and that, once a medical occurrence happens and QCRs are prepared, each designee’s

direct identity will be revealed, as it was here, and they are subject to being deposed about the

incident.

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¶ 73   We disagree with defendant that Anderson compels a holding that the QCRs are

privileged. The Anderson committee’s request was targeted at articles relating to the patient’s

care, and we held that their disclosure would reveal the committee’s thought process. Anderson,
385 Ill. App. 3d at 175. In contrast, here, the QA/I and other committees have a standing blanket

request to review all medical-occurrence QCRs. Thus, the concerns the Anderson court raised

about revealing the committee’s internal-review process are not present in this case.

¶ 74   As to plaintiffs’ suggestion that defendant has effectively not designated any person,

where any person on the premises can complete a QCR, we agree. But, even if the QA/I can

designate a broad universe of designees, we conclude that the 1995 amendment does not

undermine the case law that holds that the privilege applies only to information of such a

committee (or, in this case, designee) where the committee (or designee) is already investigating

the incident at issue. See Kopolovic, 2012 IL App (2d) 110383, ¶¶ 24-26 (noting that Roach and

Grandi hold that privilege applies to information generated or created by a committee already

engaged in the peer-review or quality-control process with regard to the incident at issue). To

hold otherwise would allow an entity such as defendant to invoke the statutory privilege

whenever any medical occurrence is memorialized in a QCR by any person (employee or

nonemployee) who observed, heard, or otherwise had information concerning the event. Such a

practice “swallow[s] the rule” and “make[s] everything confidential, except for the patient’s own

medical records.” Chicago Trust, 298 Ill. App. 3d at 406. We believe that the legislature cannot

have intended as broad a reading of the amendment as defendant proposes. Defendant’s QCRs

are, by definition, not commencing any investigation, because the persons completing them, even

if quality-assurance-committee designees, do not serve in that role. Defendant’s policy-and-

procedure manual states that QCRs “will be used to communicate occurrences or variances

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affecting patients, physicians, visitors, volunteers, students, employee property, and

[defendant’s] property.” (Emphasis added.) The decision whether to investigate any incident is

not made until after the completed medical-occurrence QCRs are forwarded to other personnel.

For example, in the case of a sentinel event, the chief medical officer or the chief quality officer

“or his designee will determine if a *** team should be convened to conduct an investigation[.]”

All QCRs are sent to the risk-management department, which, according to the manual,

“facilitate[s] follow-up, investigation, resolution, and data collection.” In the section addressing

billing, the manual instructs that responsibility for certain costs “can only be determined after

investigation of the occurrence by Risk Management or their designee.” Thus, in some general

sense, the QCRs commence a process, but they clearly do not commence an investigation. This

is necessarily so because the manual implies that not all QCRs will result in an investigation.

We believe that our holding is consistent with the Act’s purpose of effective medical-

professional self-evaluation, while it is also mindful of the fact that the Act neither facilitates

medical-malpractice prosecution nor shields hospitals from liability.

¶ 75   The fact that the QCRs do not commence an investigation, along with their dual purpose,

compels a holding that the QCRs are effectively incident reports. Thus, in light of Roach,

Lindsey, and Chicago Trust, which, along with Kopolovic and Berry, preclude designating in

advance that certain materials are generated by and for a quality-assurance or peer-review

committee, and in light of the case law holding that the privilege does not apply where the

materials are used for the dual purposes of quality assurance and risk management (e.g., Webb,

Chicago Trust), we conclude that the QCRs are not privileged.

¶ 76                                   C. Contempt Finding

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¶ 77   Finally, defendant requests that we vacate and/or reverse the trial court’s contempt

finding against it. In the trial court, defendant sought and obtained a “friendly” contempt order,

which is recognized as “a proper procedure to seek immediate appeal of a trial court’s discovery

order.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Anderson, 385 Ill. App. 3d at 185. Plaintiffs do not

dispute, and we agree, that defendant brought this appeal in good faith and that defendant was

not contemptuous of the trial court’s authority. Accordingly, we vacate the trial court’s contempt

order and fine. Id. at 186.

¶ 78                                   III. CONCLUSION

¶ 79   For the reasons stated, the judgment of the circuit court of Winnebago County is affirmed

in part and vacated in part.

¶ 80   Affirmed in part and vacated in part.

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