Court Opinion

ID: 863616
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-04-27 00:02:49.95969+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:27:19.367326
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
                           NO. 1999-CA-00422-SCT
MISSISSIPPI GAMING COMMISSION AND MIKE MOORE, ATTORNEY GENERAL OF
THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
v.
SUSAN HENSON d/b/a GENE'S AMUSEMENT, LANCE FOSTER d/b/a MOJO
AMUSEMENT, JAMES (FRANK) WADE d/b/a FRANK'S AMUSEMENT, GARY SIMPSON
d/b/a ALL FUN AND GAMES, NEAL ROBERTS d/b/a GENERAL AMUSEMENT, ROBERT
KNIGHT d/b/a BOB'S AMUSEMENT, JERRY TURNER d/b/a TRAILBLAZER'S TRUCK
STOP & RESTAURANT, KATHERINE McALPHINE d/b/a L.C.J.'s, GERALD NOLAN d/b/a
NOLAN'S GROCERY, AND GREG DRISKILL d/b/a TRI-COUNTY GAME ROOM

DATE OF JUDGMENT:                01/27/1999
TRIAL JUDGE:                     HON. CHARLES D. THOMAS
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:       UNION COUNTY CHANCERY COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS:        OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
                                 BY: R. STEWART SMITH, JR.
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES:         DANIEL K. TUCKER
                                 JOSEPH C. LANGSTON
NATURE OF THE CASE:              CIVIL - STATE BOARDS AND AGENCIES
DISPOSITION:                     REVERSED AND RENDERED - 09/06/2001
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:      9/19/2001; denied 11/29/2001
MANDATE ISSUED:                  12/6/2001
                           CONSOLIDATED WITH

                           NO. 1999-IA-00911-SCT
MISSISSIPPI GAMING COMMISSION
v.
STANLEY WRIGHT AND SD AMUSEMENTS OF MISSISSIPPI, INC.
DATE OF JUDGMENT:                                 05/24/1999
TRIAL JUDGE:                                      HON. W. ASHLEY HINES
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                        WASHINGTON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                           JOAN MYERS
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEES:                           JOHN H. COX, III
NATURE OF THE CASE:                               CIVIL - OTHER
DISPOSITION:                                      REVERSED AND RENDERED - 09/06/2001
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:

      EN BANC.

      BANKS, PRESIDING JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1. These consolidated appeals concern the propriety of the Mississippi Gaming Commission's seizure of
certain amusement devices. Because we conclude that the machines in question, the "Cherry Master Video"
and the "Quarter Pusher," are slot machines and as such, illegal gambling devices subject to seizure by the
Gaming Commission, we reverse the judgments of the courts below and render judgment for the
Commission.

                                                       I.

¶2. On March 20, 1998, Susan Henson, d/b/a Gene's Amusement, Lance Foster d/b/a Mojo Amusement,
James (Frank) Wade d/b/a Frank's Amusement, Gary Simpson d/b/a All Fun and Games, Neal Roberts
d/b/a General Amusement, Robert Knight d/b/a Bob's Amusement, Jerry Turner d/b/a Trailblazer's Truck
Stop & Restaurant, Katherine McAlphine d/b/a L.C.J's Gerald Nolan d/b/a Nolan's Grocery, and Greg
Driskel d/b/a Tri-County Game Room, (hereinafter "Henson") filed a Bill of Peace on behalf of themselves
and all those similarly situated, seeking clarification and interpretation of current Mississippi gaming laws as
to the criteria for determining the legality of certain amusement devices owned and/or leased by the
appellees and seized by the Mississippi Gaming Commission, on the grounds that they were illegal gambling
devices.

¶3. Following a trial, the Chancery Court of Union County entered a judgment finding that the statute in
question, Miss. Code Ann. § 75-76-5(ff) (2000), requires proof of a payoff before the Mississippi Gaming
Commission can seize a machine under Miss. Code Ann. § 97-33-7(1) (2000). Aggrieved, the Gaming
Commission appealed the chancellor's decision to this Court.

¶4. On February 3, 1999, Stanley Wright, owner of eight amusement companies located in Washington
County, filed a complaint and affidavit for replevin in the Circuit Court of Washington County after the
Gaming Commission seized machines from his establishments on January 21, 1999.

¶5. In acknowledgment of the Union County Chancery's Court's ruling, the Washington County Circuit
Court entered an order requiring the Gaming Commission to return to Wright all machines seized, with the
exception of two that were said to have involved payoffs. The court held in abatement, however, a final
ruling on the matter until such time as this Court ruled on the appeal from Union County Chancery Court
and made a final determination as to whether the machines in question constituted illegal gambling devices.

¶6. Aggrieved by the circuit court's order, the Mississippi Gaming Commission filed and was granted
interlocutory review of the matter, and the Wright case was subsequently consolidated with the Henson
case.

                                                     II.

¶7. The central legal issue presented in these cases is whether Miss. Code Ann. § 75-76-5(ff) (2000)
requires proof of a payoff before a machine is subject to seizure under Miss. Code Ann. § 97-33-7(1)
(2000). We conclude that where the elements of consideration and chance are present, Miss. Code Ann.
§ 75-76-5(ff) requires only that machines possess the "potential for reward" to be considered a slot machine
subject to seizure and destruction under Miss. Code Ann. § 97-33-7(1).

¶8. Section 97-33-7(1) of the Mississippi Code provides in pertinent part as follows:

     (1) It shall be unlawful for any person or persons, firm, copartnership, or corporation to have in
     possession, own, control, display, or operate any cane rack, knife rack, artful dodger, punch board,
     roll down, merchandise wheel, slot machine, pinball machine, or similar device or devices. Provided,
     however, that this section shall not be so construed as to make unlawful the ownership, possession,
     control, display or operation of any antique coin machine as defined in Section 27-27-12, or any
     music machine or bona fide automatic vending machine where the purchaser receives exactly the same
     quantity of merchandise on each operation of said machine. Any slot machine other than an antique
     coin machine as defined in Section 27-27-12 which delivers, or is so constructed as that by operation
     thereof it will deliver to the operator thereof anything of value in varying quantities, in addition to the
     merchandise received, and any slot machine other than an antique coin machine as defined in Section
     27-27-12 that is constructed in such manner as that slugs, tokens, coins or similar devices are, or may
     be, used and delivered to the operator thereof in addition to merchandise of any sort contained in
     such machine, is hereby declared to be a gambling device, and shall be deemed unlawful under the
     provisions of this section. Provided, however, that pinball machines which do not return to the
     operator or player thereof anything but free additional games or plays shall not be deemed to be
     gambling devices, and neither this section nor any other law shall be construed to prohibit same.

     (2) No property right shall exist in any person, natural or artificial, or be vested in such person, in any
     or all of the devices described herein that are not exempted from the provisions of this section; and
     all such devices are hereby declared to be at all times subject to confiscation and
     destruction, and their possession shall be unlawful, except when in the possession of officers carrying
     out the provisions of this section. It shall be the duty of all law- enforcing officers to seize and
     immediately destroy all such machines and devices.

     ....

Miss. Code Ann. § 97-33-7(1) (2000) (emphasis added).

¶9. Our Court has previously held that the mere possession of an illegal gambling device, such as a slot
machine, is enough for a violation of the above statute. Stevens v. State, 225 Miss. 48, 82 So. 2d 645
(1955); Clark v. Holden, 191 Miss. 7, 2 So. 2d 570 (1941).(1) The operative term, however, is not
defined in the statute, and so we turn to Section 75-76-5(ff) of Mississippi's Gaming Control Act, which
offers the following definition:

      "Slot machine" means any mechanical, electrical or other device, contrivance or machine which, upon
      insertion of a coin, token or similar object, or upon payment of any consideration, is available to play
      or operate, the play or operation of which, whether by reason of the skill of the operator or
      application of the element of chance, or both, may deliver or entitle the person playing or operating the
      machine to receive cash, premiums, merchandise, tokens or anything of value, whether the payoff is
      made automatically from the machine or in any other manner. The term does not include any antique
      coin machine as defined in Section 27-27-12.

Miss. Code Ann. § 75-76-5(ff) (2000).

¶10. Three essential elements can be extrapolated from the above language: consideration, value, and the
potential for reward. Thus, a device is clearly a slot machine of the type prohibited under Section 97-33-7
if:

      1. Its play or operation requires the insertion of money, tokens or similar objects, or payment of
      consideration; and

      2. As a result of playing or operating the device, the player or operator has the potential to win a
      reward in the form of cash, premiums, merchandise, token, or anything of value; and

      3. The winning of some part or all of the potential reward is dependent in substantial part on an
      element of chance.

¶11. The Court recognizes that the definition of slot machines provided in Section 76-75-5 (ff) of the
Gaming Control Act is broader than that applied by this Court in pre-Gaming-Control Act cases. In Rouse
v. Sisson, 190 Miss. 276, 282, 199 So. 777, 778 (1941), for example, in order for a device to be subject
to the provisions of [Chapter 353, Laws of 1938, the predecessor to] Section 97-33-7, an uncontrolled
and uncontrollable chance must have existed. As a result, those devices in which the outcome was
determined solely by skill were not prohibited. Under the Gaming Control Act, however, "whether by
reason of the skill of the operator or application of the element of chance, or both," amusement devices
satisfying the elements of consideration and payoff are deemed illegal gaming devices and seized
accordingly. Miss. Code Ann. § 75-76-5(ff) (2000).

¶12. The amusement devices seized by the Mississippi Gaming Commission here include the "Cherry
Master Video" and "Quarter Pusher" games. The "Cherry Master Video" is an electronic machine that
displays a series of nine symbols (e.g., cherries, bananas, other fruits, etc.) in a three-by-three matrix format
of rows and columns. The symbols form three lines horizontally, three vertically, and two diagonally, for a
total of eight lines. The machine requires the insertion of money to play which is then converted into credits,
generally at a conversion rate of one credit for every five cents inserted.

¶13. To initiate play, the player pushes a button on the machine to place a bet. The player can bet multiple
credits on each play of the machine, thereby increasing the number of lines that are subject to winning
combinations and increasing the potential winnings. The length of time to complete each play is only a few
seconds, and increasing a bet does not extend the time of play. The player has the potential of winning
hundreds of credits for a single winning combination.

¶14. Once play is initiated, the device produces a video simulation of reels spinning, after which the reels
come to rest. If a winning combination occurs, the machine records on a meter the number of credits won
and offers an option of either adding these credits to the credit balance or using them to bet "double or
nothing" on a card game which is a secondary feature on the machine. The credits won can be accumulated
on the machine, with each credit having an equivalent value of five cents. Once accumulated, the credits can
be used in the same manner as the credits obtained from inserting money. The outcome of the machine's
operation is randomly determined. To erase the accumulated credits, the machines have a knock-off
mechanism and an accounting system that tracks winnings and credits erased from the machine, along with
other data.

¶15. The "Quarter Pusher" is a machine in which the player deposits a quarter into a machine containing
other quarters, on the chance that his quarter will dislodge other quarters and start a chain-reaction resulting
in one or more quarters being dispensed to the player.

¶16. To initiate play, a player drops a quarter into a movable slot on the machine, allowing the player to
vary the spot where the coin falls. The machine has upper and lower shelves which contain coins. The falling
coin strikes other coins on an upper shelf, causing them to move. The machine also contains moving arms,
or paddles, which push the coins, causing them to fall from the upper shelf to the lower shelf, in a "waterfall"
effect. Two bumper areas on the lower shelf of the machine return coins to the "house" through side holes.
Quarters which are not returned to the "house," but which get pushed off the lower shelf, are dispensed to
the player. Once a quarter is dropped, the player has no control over the movement of the quarters or how
they fall.

¶17. The "Quarter Pusher" machine is clearly a violation of the statute. This machine requires consideration
(a quarter), has an element of chance (the possibility of quarters falling), and the potential for a reward (at
least one quarter). It has already been deemed an illegal gambling device in other jurisdictions. United
States v. Two (2) Quarter Fall Machines, 767 F. Supp. 153, 156 (E.D. Tenn. 1991); State v.
Maillard, 695 N.E.2d 637, 640-41 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998)("Quarter Pusher" machine is an illegal gambling
device). In United States v. Two (2) Quarter Fall Machines, the court, in a succinct analysis of the
operation of machines similar to the "Quarter Pusher," stated:

      There is virtually no skill involved in operating these quarter fall machine. The movable slot gives the
      appearance that one can control the fall of the quarters in meaningful manner. This, however, is
      illusory. The player cannot control the sweepers, and really has no control over when and how
      quarters fall into the payoff chute. The payoff depends exclusively on how the coins are piled up at the
      time the player inserts quarters. It is clear that these machines are intended to deliver quarters a result
      of an element of chance. Therefore, they are gambling devices under 15 U.S.C. § 1171(a)(2).
767 F. Supp. at 156.

¶18. Whether the mere receipt of electronic credits from the "Cherry Master" machine is a payoff of
something of value pursuant to our statute, however, is less certain. The potential receipt of money from the
Quarter Pusher machine is distinguishable from the intangible value of credits awarded by the Cherry
Master machines. Notwithstanding this difference, the statute expressly provides that a payoff may be made
"automatically from the machine or in any other manner." Miss. Code Ann. § 75-76-5(ff). It does not limit
the payoffs, as the appellees allude, to tokens and coins. In fact, there is no practical difference between a
credit awarded to a player and a token dispensed from a machine. The award of tokens is a payoff
regardless of whether the tokens are redeemable for cash, merchandise, or for additional plays of the
machine. The award of credits by the Cherry Master to play free additional games is likewise something of
value, as a credit to play a free game necessarily has the same value as the amount it would cost to play that
game.

¶19. Other jurisdictions considering the issue have also held that credits for free games constitute something
of value. In United States v. Sixteen Electronic Gambling Devices, 603 F. Supp. 32, 33 (D. Haw.
1984), for example, the court explained: "'Credit,' when used in conjunction with electronic with electronic
video display gambling devices that simulate casino-type games such as 'poker,' 'black jack,' or 'keno' is
something of value." In United States v. One Hundred Thirty-Seven (137) Draw Poker-Type
Machines and Six (6) Slot Machines, 606 F. Supp. 747, 752 (N.D. Ohio 1984), aff'd mem., 765 F.2d
147 (6th Cir. 1985), the court stated: "Each credit represents a play of the machine and, therefore, holds
the value of a quarter to the player." See Rankin v. Mills Novelty Co., 32 S.W.2d 161, 162 (Ark. 1930)
("Anything that contributes to the amusement of the public is a thing of value."); Broaddus v. State, 150
S.W.2d 247, 250 (Tex. Crim. App. 1941)("Free games offered by the machine were things of value.").
See also Score Family Fun Ctr., Inc. v. San Diego County, 275 Cal. Rptr. 358, 359 (Dist. Ct. App.
1990); State v. Doe, 46 N.W.2d 541 (Iowa 1951); Steely v. Commonwealth, 164 S.W.2d 977 (Ky.
1942); Vaughan v. Dowling, 144 So. 2d 371 (La. 1962); Oatman v. Davidson, 16 N.W.2d 665
(Mich. 1944); State v. One Coin-operated Video Game Machine, 467 S.E.2d 443, 446 (S.C. 1996).

¶20. Another jurisdiction has gone even further, holding that the mere concept of "added amusement" is a
thing of value. State v. Brown, 688 N.E.2d 295, 297 (Ohio Ct. App. 1996). In discussing the illegality of
the "Cherry Master" machine, the Ohio Court of Appeals noted that "amusement has value and added
amusement has additional value, and where added amusement is subject to be procured by chance without
the payment of additional consideration thereof, there is involved in the game the elements of gambling
namely, price, chance, and a prize." Id. at 297 (quoting Kraus v. City of Cleveland, 19 N.E.2d 159, 161
(Ohio 1939)). Interpreting language similar to that contained in the Mississippi statute, the court went on to
hold that "where the evidence demonstrates that by placing money into a video slot machine a player can
acquire or win, purely by chance, additional playing time on that machine without paying additional money,
thereby gaining added amusement, the state has proved the existence of a "game of chance" as that term is
defined in Ohio's gambling statutes." Id. Because the "Cherry Master Video" game requires consideration,
has an element of chance, and returns a thing of value, the court deemed the game an illegal gambling
device. Id. We find the same to be true here.

¶21. Henson argues that this Court in Stubbs v. State, 206 Miss. 485, 40 So. 2d 256, 258 (1949),
required proof that the defendants were in fact engaged in gaming at the time in question, Henson's reliance
on Stubbs v. State is misplaced. In Stubbs, the Court held that thirteen defendants who stood around a
dice game were not gambling. Id at 258. Specifically, we stated that there must be some proof that they
were gambling. Id. That case is clearly distinguishable, however, as the issue here is not whether anyone
played the game, but whether the game itself is illegal.(2)

                                                     III.

¶22. For these reasons, we conclude that the machines in question, the "Cherry Master Video" and the
"Quarter Pusher", constitute illegal gambling devices (slot machines) pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. § 75-76-
5(ff) (2000) and therefore, were properly seized or subject to seizure under Miss. Code Ann. § 97-33-
7(1) (2000).(3) We reverse the judgment of the Union County Chancery Court enjoining the seizure of the
machines, and we render judgment here finally dismissing Henson's Bill of Peace and action with prejudice.
Likewise, we reverse the judgment of the Washington County Circuit Court, and we render judgment here
finally dismissing Wright's complaint, affidavit and replevin action with prejudice.

¶23. REVERSED AND RENDERED.

      PITTMAN, C.J, SMITH, WALLER AND COBB, JJ., CONCUR. DIAZ, J., DISSENTS
      WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY McRAE, P.J., AND EASLEY, J.
      MILLS, J., NOT PARTICIPATING.

      DIAZ, JUSTICE, DISSENTING:

¶24. With respect for my colleagues in the majority, I dissent believing the statutes in question to be
unconstitutionally vague, requiring the seizure and destruction of practically every arcade and amusement
device. In addition, the majority's holding with respect to the "Cherry Master Video" games completely
disregards the clear language of Miss. Code Ann. § 97-33-7(1) (2000). Therefore, I would affirm the
judgment of the Union County Chancery Court as well as that of the Washington County Circuit Court.

¶25. The majority extrapolated a three-part test from Miss. Code Ann. § 75-76-5(ff) (2000) in order to
determine what constitutes a prohibited slot machine under Miss. Code Ann. § 97-33-7. I do not disagree
with the majority's interpretation; I find the statute itself to be the problem. The concern arises because the
statute requires only (1) the payment of consideration, (2) the potential to win "anything of value", and (3)
the "potential reward is dependent in substantial part on an element of chance." Specifically, the majority
stated, "[b]ecause the 'Cherry Master Video' game requires consideration, has an element of chance, and
returns a thing of value, the Court deemed the game an illegal gambling device. We find the same to be true
here." Under this test, nearly every amusement device imaginable qualifies as an illegal gambling machine.

¶26. As the majority highlights, the statute makes no allowance for games involving skill; they too fall within
Miss. Code Ann. § 97-33-7(1). "Quarter Pusher"-type games have been prevalent at local carnivals and
county fairs for decades and only now are being seized. There are more examples of innocent games that
would qualify as illegal gambling devices. At nearly every corner grocery store, there is a crane game where
children drop in quarter after quarter trying to win a stuffed animal of some sort. According to the statute,
the Gaming Commission should be seizing and destroying these machines as well. In fact, every arcade and
children's pizzeria where games are played for tickets that can be exchanged for merchandise is, according
to the statute and the majority, operating an illegal casino.

¶27. Miss. Code Ann. § 97-33-7(1), in conjunction with Miss. Code Ann. § 75-76-5(ff), gives no clear
indication of which machines are illegal and subject to seizure, and which are not. Such a law is the very
definition of vagueness: "a law which does not fairly inform a person of what is commanded or prohibited is
unconstitutional as violative of due process." Black's Law Dictionary 1549 (6th ed. 1997) (citing McCrary
v. State, 429 So. 2d 1121, 1123 (Ala. Crim. App. 1982). Thus, I agree with the lower courts' rulings.

¶28. Even if § 97-33-7(1) was not already unconstitutionally vague, the majority ignored the statute's clear
language in its application to the "Cherry Master Video" games. The statute clearly states that machines
"which do not return to the operator or player thereof anything but free additional games or plays shall not
be deemed to be gambling devices." Miss. Code Ann. § 97-33-7(1) (emphasis added). The majority's
entire argument rests upon the free credits awarded by "Cherry Master Video" games and, partially, upon
the idea that added amusement classify as something of value. According to the majority, "[t]he award of
credits by the Cherry Master to play free additional games is likewise something of value, as a credit to play
a free game necessarily has the same value as the amount it would cost to play that game." However, this
statement is in direct conflict with the unambiguously clear language of the statute. In holding as it does, the
majority essentially deletes the last sentence of § 97-33-7(1).

¶29. Miss. Code Ann. § 97-33-7(1) along with the definition in Miss. Code Ann. § 75-76-5(ff) gives
absolutely no guidance as to what constitutes an illegal gambling device. It is this lack of definiteness that
makes the statute unconstitutionally vague. Furthermore, the majority's argument flies in the face of the very
statute which it purports to enforce. Thus, for these reasons, I would affirm the judgments of the lower
courts.

      McRAE, P.J., AND EASLEY, J., JOIN THIS OPINION.

1. In both Clark and Stevens, there was a statute that made "possession" of an illegal gambling device a
violation. Clark, 2 So. 2d at 572; Stevens, 82 So. 2d at 647. That statute has been repealed. However, our
current statute also makes it illegal to possess a slot machine. See Miss. Code Ann. § 97-33-7 (1). Our
statute defining a slot machine requires the potential receipt, or payoff, of anything of value.

2. The dissent accuses the Commission of ignoring the last sentence of Miss. Code Ann. § 97-33-7(1)
(2000). Instead it is the dissent which attempts to rewrite that sentence by deleting the word "pinball." The
statute provides that "pinball machines which do not return to the operator or player thereof anything but
free additional games or plays shall not be deemed to be gambling devices .. ." Id. (emphasis added). This
legislative exemption from the coverage of the statute is expressly limited to pinball machines, a device
which incorporates some degree of skill. It has been recognized by other courts that modern pinball
machines are predominated by skill, not chance, and are therefore "indistinguishable from other skill-related
amusement games which minors are allowed to play." State v. Bloss, 613 9 P.2d 345, 361 (Haw. 1980);
People v. Mason, 68 Cal. Rptr. 17 (1968); Games Management v. Owens, 622 P.2d 260, 262 (Kan.
1983).

3. The dissent suggests that our interpretation would allow devices such as the "crane game where children
drop in quarter after quarter trying to win a stuffed animal of some sort" which, the majority suggests, are
found in every "corner grocery store." We discern no record support for such an observation of fact. As we
look around, corner grocery stores are few and far between, with or without devices of chance geared
toward children. If, however, there is indeed a prevalace of and need for such machines devices which fall
under the legislative definition of gambling devices, it for the Legislature to provide some exemption or for
the corner grocery store to find another method of amusing children for profit.