Court Opinion

ID: 2989492
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-23 02:46:15.776487+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:44:59.200440
License: Public Domain

Reversed and Remanded and Memorandum Opinion filed June 19, 2012.

                                         In The

                      Fourteenth Court of Appeals

                                  NO. 14-11-00446-CV

                            WILFRIDO MATA, Appellant

                                            V.

                        HARRIS COUNTY, TEXAS, Appellee

                       On Appeal from the 270th District Court
                               Harris County, Texas
                         Trial Court Cause No. 2010-44692

                  MEMORANDUM                         OPINION

       Wilfrido Mata sued Harris County under the Texas Whistleblower Act. The Act
waives governmental immunity if a governmental entity takes adverse personnel action
against a public employee who in good faith reports a violation of law by another public
employee to an appropriate law enforcement authority.        See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann.
§§ 554.002, 554.0035 (Vernon 2004). Mata argues that the trial court erred by granting
Harris County’s plea to the jurisdiction because Mata in good faith reported a violation of
law. We reverse and remand.

                                     BACKGROUND

       Mata’s original petition alleges that he was employed by the Harris County
Sheriff’s Office as the director of infrastructure technology. In September 2009, Chief
Administrative Officer John Dyess informed Mata that the Sheriff’s Office would
undergo a security audit of its computer systems. Sheriff Adrian Garcia convened a
meeting attended by Dyess, Mata, and Robert Erwin, who was not a Harris County
employee at that time. According to Mata, Erwin began to discuss “getting a view” of
the computer system; Mata told the meeting attendees that the “Harris County
Infrastructure Technology office” and its director, Bruce High, should be involved in the
security audit.     Dyess objected to informing High, saying that High would not be
informed of what the Sheriff’s Office was intending to do. Erwin told the meeting
attendees that he did not need High’s participation because Erwin could use “packet
sniffing” to obtain information about the routers and passwords for the network without
the knowledge of anyone at “Harris County ITC,” including High.1

        Mata contends he objected to this “unlawful intrusion into the Harris County
computer system,” but Sheriff Garcia and Dyess ordered him to cooperate. Mata was
“[d]isturbed by the plan to ‘hack’ into Harris County’s computer system at the order of
the Sheriff,” so he contacted the Federal Bureau of Investigation. He alleges that he met
with the FBI on several occasions and that the FBI asked him to cooperate with an
investigation by wearing a recording device to a meeting with Erwin and others. Mata
agreed; but in a meeting with Dyess in October 2009, Mata informed Dyess about his
cooperation with the FBI and his belief the project with Erwin was unlawful. Mata
received “documented counseling” in November 2009 and an “average” performance
review in February 2010. He was fired in May 2010.

        In addition to the allegations described above, Mata asserted in his petition: “The
retaliatory actions taken against Mata were done because of his good faith report of a
violation of the law, including, but not limited to, conspiring and/or attempting to

        1
         Mata describes “packet sniffing” as a process that occurs “when a person plugs a device into a
computer network and captures the mode of transmissions, the binary code, that computers use to ‘talk’ to
each other on a network.” He claims that “‘[p]acket sniffing’ is a favorite technique employed by
computer ‘hackers’ — persons who are unauthorized users of a computer network.”

                                                   2
compromise a computer system without the consent of the owner in violation of Section
33.02 of the Texas Penal Code and 18 U.S.C. § 1030.”

        Harris County filed a plea to the jurisdiction, arguing that “Mata’s pleading
affirmatively negates the existence of jurisdiction under the Act because (1) he alleges
only the existence of a ‘plan’ or ‘intent’ to hack but not an actual illegal action or
violation of a law by a county employee . . . and (2) he identifies Robert Erwin, a person
who was not an employee of Harris County, as the potential hacker/wrongdoer and
therefore fails to plead the reporting of a violation of a law by a county employee.” Mata
responded and moved for a continuance. The trial court signed an order granting the plea
to the jurisdiction. Mata now challenges that order on appeal.

                                         ANALYSIS

        Mata contends he alleged circumstances that waive governmental immunity
because he made a good faith report that a Harris County employee conspired or
attempted to violate Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 33.02 (Vernon 2011) or 18 U.S.C. § 1030
(2006 & Supp. II 2008) — statutes that criminalize accessing computers without
authorization or consent of the owner.

        Harris County contends that Mata’s petition affirmatively negates the existence of
jurisdiction because (1) Mata alleged only a “plan” or “intent” to hack into Harris
County’s computer system; (2) there was no conspiracy because there was no agreement
to commit the alleged underlying crime; and (3) there was no conspiracy under Texas law
because the alleged underlying crime was not a felony. We address each contention in
turn.

I.      Standard of Review

        A court lacks jurisdiction if the government is immune from suit. See City of Elsa
v. Gonzalez, 325 S.W.3d 622, 625 (Tex. 2010). We review jurisdiction de novo as a
question of law. Id. When reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a plea to the jurisdiction,
we consider the plaintiff’s pleadings and relevant evidence, construing the pleadings

                                             3
liberally in favor of the plaintiff. Id. The pleadings may not be conclusory and must
include sufficient jurisdictional facts to determine if the trial court has jurisdiction. Id. If
the pleadings do not contain sufficient facts to affirmatively demonstrate the trial court’s
jurisdiction, the plaintiff should be afforded the opportunity to amend unless the
pleadings demonstrate incurable jurisdictional defects. Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v.
Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 226 (Tex. 2004).

         If the defendant challenges the existence of jurisdictional facts, the trial court and
this court consider relevant evidence when necessary to resolve jurisdictional issues. Id.
at 227. If the jurisdictional challenge implicates the merits of the plaintiff’s case and the
evidence creates fact question, then a court cannot grant the plea to the jurisdiction. See
id. at 227–28. On the other hand, if the pleadings or evidence affirmatively negate a
jurisdictional fact, then a court may grant the plea to the jurisdiction without allowing the
plaintiff to amend the pleadings. City of Waco v. Lopez, 259 S.W.3d 147, 150 (Tex.
2008).

II.      Waiver of Immunity Under the Texas Whistleblower Act

         To establish a waiver of governmental immunity under the Texas Whistleblower
Act, a plaintiff must (1) be a public employee; and (2) allege a violation of the Act. State
v. Lueck, 290 S.W.3d 876, 881 (Tex. 2009); see Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 554.0035. A
governmental entity violates the Act if it “suspend[s] or terminate[s] the employment of,
or take[s] other adverse personnel action against, a public employee who in good faith
reports a violation of law by the employing governmental entity or another public
employee to an appropriate law enforcement authority.”             Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. §
554.002(a); City of Elsa, 325 S.W.3d at 625.

         The good faith requirement involves subjective and objective elements.            Tex.
Dep’t of Transp. v. Needham, 82 S.W.3d 314, 320 (Tex. 2002). The subjective element
requires that the employee believes he or she was reporting an actual violation of law. Id.
The objective element requires that “a reasonably prudent employee in similar
circumstances would have believed that the facts as reported were a violation of law.” Id.

                                               4
        “[A]n actual violation of the law is not required by the Whistleblower Act. The
Act requires only a good-faith belief that a violation of law has occurred.” City of Elsa,
325 S.W.3d at 627 n.3. An employee’s “report of an alleged violation of law may be in
good faith even though incorrect . . . as long as a reasonable person with the employee’s
same level of training and experience would also have believed that a violation had
occurred.” Town of Flower Mound v. Teague, 111 S.W.3d 742, 753 (Tex. App.—Fort
Worth 2003, pet. denied). Accordingly, “when an employee believes and reports in good
faith that a violation has occurred, but is wrong about the legal effect of the facts, he is
nevertheless protected by the whistleblower statute.” Tex. Dep’t of Criminal Justice v.
McElyea, 239 S.W.3d 842, 850 (Tex. App.—Austin 2007, pet. denied); accord Moreno v.
Tex. A & M Univ.-Kingsville, 339 S.W.3d 902, 910 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2011,
pet. filed).     There is no requirement that an employee have “hard evidence to
conclusively prove each and every element of a violation of the [law] prior to qualifying
for whistleblower status.” McElyea, 239 S.W.3d at 853; see also Castaneda v. Tex. Dep’t
of Agric., 831 S.W.2d 501, 503–04 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1992, writ denied)
(describing the test as “any disclosure of information regarding a public servant’s
employer tending to directly or circumstantially prove the substance of a violation”),
superseded by statute on other grounds, Act of May 25, 1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch. 721,
1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 3812. “But there must be some law prohibiting the complained-of
conduct to give rise to a whistleblower claim.” McElyea, 239 S.W.3d at 850. “[A]n
employee must have a good-faith belief that a law, which in fact exists, was violated.”
City of Houston v. Cotton, 171 S.W.3d 541, 547 n.10 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
2005, pet. denied).

        Harris County challenges Mata’s pleadings based on the objective good faith
requirement.2 Harris County does not contend Mata failed to allege that he was a public
employee, that he subjectively believed a law was violated, or that the FBI was an
appropriate law enforcement authority. Thus, the sole question before us is whether Mata
        2
          Harris County also references a portion of Mata’s deposition testimony, which is consistent with
the allegations in the petition.

                                                    5
alleged sufficient facts to establish that it was reasonable for him to believe he was
reporting a violation of law.

       Based on the facts discussed above, Mata claimed in his petition that he in good
faith reported a violation of law, including “conspiring and/or attempting to compromise
a computer system without the consent of the owner in violation of Section 33.02 of the
Texas Penal Code and 18 U.S.C. § 1030.”

       Section 33.02 of the Texas Penal Code states that a person “commits an offense if
the person knowingly accesses a computer, computer network, or computer system
without the effective consent of the owner.” Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 33.02(a). A person
commits an offense under Texas’s attempt statute if, “with specific intent to commit an
offense, he does an act amounting to more than mere preparation that tends but fails to
effect the commission of the offense intended.”      Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 15.01(a)
(Vernon 2011). A person commits an offense under Texas’s conspiracy statute if, “with
intent that a felony be committed: (1) he agrees with one or more persons that they or one
or more of them engage in conduct that would constitute the offense; and (2) he or one or
more of them performs an overt act in pursuance of the agreement.” Tex. Penal Code
Ann § 15.02(a) (Vernon 2011). “An agreement constituting a conspiracy may be inferred
from the acts of the parties.” Id. § 15.02(b).

       Under federal law, a person commits an offense if the person “intentionally
accesses a computer without authorization or exceeds authorized access, and thereby
obtains . . . information from any protected computer.” 18 U.S.C. § 1030(a)(2)(C). A
“protected computer” includes a computer that is “used in or affecting interstate or
foreign commerce or communication.” Id. § 1030(e)(2)(B).

III.   Reasonable Basis for Belief Mata was Reporting a Violation of Law

       Harris County contends Mata’s belief that he was reporting a violation of law was
unreasonable because (1) “the applicable statutes do not criminalize planning or
intending to hack into a computer,” and Mata “alleged that he reported only the existence

                                                 6
of a ‘plan’ or ‘intent’ to hack into the County’s computer system, not actual ‘accessing’
of that system;” (2) there was no conspiracy as a matter of law because Mata pleaded that
the hacking scheme was “ordered” by the Sheriff, and “[o]bviously, when a supervisor
orders a subordinate to take some action, he is not making an ‘agreement’ with the
subordinate;” and (3) there was no conspiracy as a matter of law because at the time
“Mata made his report to the FBI, accessing a government computer without consent was
a misdemeanor under Texas law, except in limited circumstances which do not appear to
be applicable in this case.”

       A.     Mere “Plan” or “Intent”

       Harris County characterizes Mata’s report as referencing only a “plan” or “intent”
to hack Harris County’s computer system, “not an actual ‘accessing’ of that system.”
Indeed, Mata’s petition does not allege that any public employee actually accessed the
system. Mata instead alleged a conspiracy or attempt to access the system. We conclude
that a person in Mata’s position reasonably could believe he was reporting a violation of
law — a conspiracy or attempt to access a computer system without authorization or
consent. It was not necessary for Mata to allege “an actual ‘accessing’” of a computer
system, as Harris County contends.

       A person may be found guilty of conspiracy or attempt even though the underlying
offense was never committed because conspiracy and attempt are preparatory offenses.
See Tex. Penal Code Ann. §§ 15.01, 15.02 (no requirement that underlying offense be
committed).    Liberally construed, Mata’s pleadings allege a meeting among Harris
County employees who agreed to access computers by relying on a technique to
eliminate the need for obtaining proper authorization. A reasonable person in Mata’s
position could have believed an offense had been committed based on the agreement
among Sheriff Garcia, Dyess, and Erwin, and the overt acts of Sheriff Garcia and Dyess
ordering Mata to cooperate with Erwin. Cf. Barber v. State, 764 S.W.2d 232, 235 n.1
(Tex. Crim. App. 1988) (“ring leader” of organized criminal activity may “perform[] the
overt act of soliciting and organizing others in furtherance of the combination”). Mata

                                            7
may have been incorrect that an actual conspiracy was formed or an attempt made, but
the facts alleged in his petition are consistent with criminal liability for conspiracy and
attempt under Texas and federal law. Mata has pointed to actual laws that prohibit the
complained-of conduct.3

        B.      Order from Supervisor

        Harris County suggests Mata’s petition negates the existence of a conspiratorial
agreement altogether because he was “ordered” by superiors to participate in the alleged
conspiracy. “Obviously,” Harris County argues, “when a supervisor orders a subordinate
to take some action, he is not making an ‘agreement’ with the subordinate.” In making
this argument, Harris County relies on Bernegger v. Adams, No. 3:10CV5-M-A, 2010
WL 2243423 (N.D. Miss. June 1, 2010). This reliance is misplaced because Bernegger
concluded a party who was “forced” to participate was not in a conspiracy. See id. at *3.
Unlike Bernegger, Mata does not allege that he was a member of the conspiracy; he
alleges facts that would allow a person to reasonably believe there was an agreement
among Sheriff Garcia, Dyess, and Erwin. In any event, Harris County cites no authority
for the proposition that the existence of an employer-employee relationship precludes a
conspiratorial agreement, and authority exists to the contrary. See Baker v. United States,
393 F.2d 604, 609 (9th Cir. 1968); Nolte v. Gibbs Int’l, Inc., 515 S.E.2d 101, 103 n.1
(S.C. Ct. App. 1998). Accordingly, it was reasonable for Mata to believe that there was a
conspiracy to violate Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 33.02 or 18 U.S.C. § 1030.

        C.      Misdemeanor

        Harris County contends that Mata appears to have alleged an agreement to commit
a misdemeanor rather than a felony, and thus, there could be no conspiracy under Texas
law. See Tex. Penal Code Ann § 15.02(a). Although some violations of Section 33.02 of
the Penal Code are misdemeanors for which a conspiracy could not be formed, Mata’s
        3
          Although Mata’s petition does not allege any facts to support a conclusion that the computers
involved were “protected” under 18 U.S.C. § 1030, we note that a plaintiff is not required to conclusively
establish each element of the violation of a law with certainty; Mata only needed to reasonably believe a
violation had occurred. See McElyea, 239 S.W.3d at 853.

                                                    8
petition does not affirmatively negate the alleged conspirators’ intent to commit a felony.
See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 33.02(b)(2)(A) (state jail felony if the actor knowingly
obtains a benefit, defrauds or harms another, or alters, damages, or deletes property, and
the aggregate amount involved is $1,500 to $20,000).4                     Further, 18 U.S.C. § 1030
criminalizes conspiring or attempting to commit an offense, with no apparent requirement
that the conspirators intended for a felony to be committed. See 18 U.S.C. § 1030(b); cf.
18 U.S.C. § 371 (2006) (target crime of a conspiracy to commit an offense against the
United States may be a misdemeanor). Thus, it was reasonable for Mata to believe he
was reporting a violation of law.

        The trial court erred by granting Harris County’s plea to the jurisdiction. Mata’s
issues are sustained.5

                                            CONCLUSION

        Having sustained appellant’s issues regarding the plea to the jurisdiction, we
reverse the trial court’s order and remand for further proceedings.

                                                /s/       William J. Boyce
                                                          Justice

Panel consists of Justices Seymore and Boyce and Senior Justice Mirabal.*

        4
          After the alleged conspiracy in this case, the Legislature amended Section 33.02 to make an
offense a felony if “the computer, computer network, or computer system is owned by the government.”
See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 33.02(b)(2) (Vernon Supp. 2011).
        5
          In light of this disposition, we do not address the parties’ arguments regarding Mata’s motion
for continuance. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.

        * Senior Justice Margaret Garner Mirabal sitting by assignment.

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