Court Opinion

ID: 4164403
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-04-28 16:07:55.77501+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:11:45.390372
License: Public Domain

Filed 4/28/17

                             CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                              FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                      DIVISION THREE

CECILIA OCHOA et al.,

    Plaintiffs and Respondents,                       G052409

        v.                                            (Super. Ct. No. 30-2015-00782615)

ANAHEIM CITY SCHOOL                                   OPINION
DISTRICT et al.,

    Defendants and Appellants.

                  Appeal from an order of the Superior Court of Orange County,
Andrew P. Banks, Judge. Affirmed. Plaintiffs’ request for judicial notice. Granted.
Defendants’ requests for judicial notice. Granted. Amicus Curiae California School
Boards Association’s Education Legal Alliance’s request for judicial notice. Denied.
                  Fagen Friedman & Fulfrost, Kimberly A. Smith, Cynthia M. Smith,
Stephanie Baril, James K. Ayden and David Mishook for Defendants and Appellants.
                  Lozano Smith, Edward J. Sklar, Sloan R. Simmons, Frances M. Valdez;
and Keith J. Bray for California School Boards Association’s Education Legal Alliance
as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Appellants.
                  Laura P. Juran and Michael D. Hersh for California Teachers Association
as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Appellants.
              Kirkland & Ellis, Mark Holscher, Beth M. Weinstein and Daniel A. Bress
for Plaintiffs and Respondents.
              Young, Minney & Corr, Paul C. Minney, Kevin M. Troy, Michelle A.
Lopez; Ricardo Soto, Julie Ashby Umansky and Phillipa L. Altman for California Charter
Schools Association as Amicus Curiae for Plaintiffs and Respondents.
              Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, Joshua S. Lipshutz, Ryan P. McGinley-Stempel,
Robert E. Dunn and Julia L. Reese for Professor John E. Coons, Professor Stephen D.
Sugarman, Professor G. Marcus Cole and Students Matter as Amici Curiae on behalf of
Plaintiffs and Respondents.
              Joshua P. Thompson and Caleb R. Trotter for Pacific Legal Foundation and
Parent Revolution as Amici Curiae on behalf of Plaintiffs and Respondents.
                                *              *             *
                                     INTRODUCTION
              The federal No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 mandated that states
establish accountability systems, requiring that all schools make “adequate yearly
progress” (AYP). (Pub.L. No. 107-110 (Jan. 8, 2002) 115 Stat. 1425.) California later
enacted the Parent Empowerment Act of 2010 (Ed. Code, §§ 53300-53303) (the Act)
which allows parents of children in poor-performing schools to trigger a change in the
governance of those schools.
              Under the Act, if a school in California continues to fail in meeting certain
benchmarks, including the requirement that it meet AYP as defined by federal law,
parents may trigger a process to implement one of the four intervention plans at the
school. The process includes the submission of a petition signed by the parents of at least
one-half of the school’s pupils, which satisfies criteria set forth in the regulations
                                                                         1
promulgated under the Act (see Cal. Code Regs., tit. 5, §§ 4800-4804 ).
 1
  All further references to “Regulations” are to title 5 of the California Code of
Regulations.

                                               2
              In early 2015, parents of students enrolled at Palm Lane Elementary School
in Anaheim submitted such a petition under the Act to the Anaheim City School District
(the trigger petition). The trigger petition sought implementation of the “restart model”
(Ed. Code, § 53202, subd. (a)(2)) intervention plan. The restart model option involves
the transfer of control over the school in question from the school district to a charter
school operator. (Ed. Code, §§ 53202, subd. (a)(2), 53300.) The Anaheim City School
District rejected the trigger petition on the ground it failed to meet certain criteria set
forth in the applicable Regulations.
              Palm Lane Elementary School parents Cecilia Ochoa, Magdalena Paredes,
Marlene Gaytan, Mayra Cervantes, and Geronimo Gaytan, along with California Center
for Parent Empowerment (collectively, the Petitioners), filed a petition for a writ of
mandate against Anaheim City School District and Anaheim City School District Board
of Education (together, the District). The petition sought the issuance of a writ
commanding the District to accept the trigger petition or provide legally sufficient
reasons for rejecting it. Following a six-day bench trial, the court found the District’s
reasons for rejecting the trigger petition invalid and granted the petition for a writ of
mandate.
              We affirm and hold:
              1. At the time the trigger petition was submitted, Palm Lane Elementary
School qualified as a subject school to which the Act applied. The Act applied
notwithstanding the fact California obtained a waiver from the United States Department
of Education, exempting California from calculating AYP for elementary and middle
schools during the 2013-2014 school year. The one-year waiver was sought by the State
Board of Education to enable a year of field testing of a new standardized testing system
that would replace the tests upon which AYP’s had been previously based. The one-year
waiver from testing and the lack of a 2014 AYP report do not constitute a tacit repeal of
the Act or otherwise preclude the parents from seeking relief under the Act.

                                               3
              2. Substantial evidence supported the findings that the trigger petition
(a) identified lead petitioners and provided their contact information, (b) contained the
regulatory language of Regulations section 4804, describing the restart model, and (c)
contained the signatures of parents of one-half of the pupils of Palm Lane Elementary
School.
              3. Insufficient evidence showed that the entity called Ed Reform Now
constituted an agency or organization that supported the trigger petition through direct
financial assistance or in-kind contributions of staff and volunteers, so as to require that
its name appear on the front page of the trigger petition within the meaning of
Regulations section 4802, subdivision (a)(1) and (10).
              4. The Petitioners exhausted their administrative remedies by submitting
the trigger petition to the District in January 2015; they were not required to resubmit a
revised petition to the District before seeking writ relief.
              As we explained in oral argument, the legal issues in this case are as
summarized above and as analyzed in detail in our opinion. We are not opining on
whether public schools or charter schools are better for the education of children.

                                           FACTS
                                               I.

  PARENTS OF STUDENTS AT PALM LANE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL DECIDE TO CIRCULATE
 THE TRIGGER PETITION TO IMPLEMENT THE RESTART MODEL AND TRANSFER CONTROL
              OF THE SCHOOL TO A CHARTER SCHOOL ORGANIZATION.

              A group of parents of Palm Lane Elementary School students, which called
itself “Padres de Palm Lane Elementary United,” began meeting over concerns about the
quality of the education provided at the school. The group invited former California
State Senator Gloria Romero, who authored the Act, to attend a meeting in a park and
explain that law. At a second meeting, Romero brought information and fliers about the

                                               4
Act. At a third meeting, the parents decided to pursue seeking the charter school option
available through the Act and the trigger petition was prepared to begin collecting
signatures.
              In June 2014, Palm Lane Elementary School parents began signing the
trigger petition. The meetings continued to be held in the park with Romero; the Act was
explained to new parents who attended and the trigger petition was signed by them.

                                             II.

                           THE PARENTS COLLECT SIGNATURES.
              Alfonso Flores, a consultant on educational organization issues and who
had previously worked with Romero on other trigger petition campaigns in California,
heard about the trigger petition campaign involving Palm Lane Elementary School and
learned that Romero’s nonprofit organization, California Center for Parent
Empowerment, was involved. He contacted Romero to find out if he could become
involved and was given the responsibility of running the trigger petition campaign.
              By the time Flores joined the campaign, 18 percent of the needed parent
signatures had been collected. In August 2014, Flores trained parents how to present the
trigger petition and collect signatures by going door to door. He taught them to show the
parents, with whom they spoke, the trigger petition packet page by page. They were
trained to never obtain a parent’s signature without first going through the entire petition
packet with him or her.
              There were two sets of the trigger petition packet—one was written in
English and the other in Spanish. The trigger petition packets each contained a separate
piece of paper setting forth the restart model language required by regulation and
information regarding “myths” about charter schools. The packets also included a cover
letter explaining the “story of Palm Lane” and why parents were pursuing the trigger

                                              5
petition and what their potential signatures meant. During door-to-door presentations, the
signature collectors would keep the signed copy of the trigger petition and leave a copy
of the entire packet with the parent. The parents who gathered signatures worked in
groups of three and were accompanied by Flores or members of his team. The
door-to-door phase of the trigger petition campaign began in September 2014.
              Flores personally checked the trigger petition packets to make sure they
were complete before they were taken by parents to gather signatures. He personally
verified that the trigger petition that had been signed before he had become involved in
the campaign included the requisite regulatory language describing the restart model.
              Flores testified that he was paid $60,000 for his work on the trigger petition
campaign. He was paid by a nonprofit organization based in New York called Ed
Reform Now to which California Center for Parent Empowerment belongs.

                                            III.

  PALM LANE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PARENTS ARE INFORMED THEIR SCHOOL AGAIN
              FAILED TO ACHIEVE AYP STANDARDS IN 2012-2013.
              In October 2014, the superintendent of the Anaheim City School District,
Linda Wagner, sent a letter to the parents and legal guardians of the Palm Lane
Elementary School students, stating: “The purpose of this letter is to inform you that
Palm Lane Elementary School continues to be identified as a year 5 Program
Improvement (PI) school under the federal No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB).”
The letter explained that the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 “requires the state and
district to review annually the progress of federally funded Title I schools and to identify
schools in need of improvement. These schools are identified as Program Improvement
(PI) schools after two consecutive years of not making Adequate Yearly Progress
(AYP).” The letter explained that the reason Palm Lane Elementary School continued in
program improvement was because it did not achieve AYP in 2012-2013, and,

                                             6
specifically, the school “failed to meet the English-language arts and Mathematics
proficiency targets for the Schoolwide, Hispanic, Socioeconomically Disadvantaged and
English learner student groups.”
               The letter identified possible options, described in the letter as follows:
“The Parent Empowerment Act enables parents and legal guardians who are dissatisfied
with their children’s struggling schools to voice their discontent and overhaul the
structure and operations of their schools. The law creates a process which allows parents
of students in low-performing schools to sign a petition to implement one of the
intervention models—replacing all or some of the staff, turning the school over to a
charter operator, transforming it through some programs, or closing the school
altogether.”
               Magdalena Paredes received Wagner’s letter and was happy that the parents
had already gathered a number of signatures. She resolved to continue to do so.

                                              IV.
         THE TRIGGER PETITION IS FINALIZED AND PRESENTED TO THE DISTRICT.
               For months, the parents collected signatures for the trigger petition. When
the parents were close to obtaining their goal number of signatures, Flores told them he
needed five parents who would serve as leaders (the lead petitioners) and represent the
other parents when the trigger petition was turned in to the District. Paredes volunteered
to be one of the lead petitioners who would physically turn in the trigger petition to and
be a contact person with the District. Four other parents also agreed to serve as the lead
petitioners.
               On January 14, 2015, the parents had an appointment to submit the trigger
petition to the District. Flores’s team prepared the sheet identifying the lead petitioners,
and the trigger petition submission was placed in a three-ring binder; the lead petitioners
sheet was the first page inside the binder. Flores and his team checked the binder on the

                                               7
night before and on the morning of the submission to the District. A group of parents,
including Paredes, first met with Flores in the park. Flores handed Paredes the trigger
petition submission to be delivered to the District.
               Paredes testified that the trigger petition submission was contained in a
three-ring binder and that she saw the first page inside the binder contained the following
information:
               “Padres de Palm Lane Elementary United
               “Petition Campaign at Palm Lane Elementary
               “Anaheim City School District
               “Parent Empowerment Act—RESTART MODEL
               “332 Petitions
               “490 Students
               “Representing 66% of enrolled students
               “Submitted January 14th, 2015
               “to Anaheim City School District
               “Petitions Gatherers: [followed by a table containing the names, addresses,
and telephone numbers of five parents, including Paredes].” (Boldface omitted.)
               Paredes closed the binder and took it to the District’s office. The
receptionist instructed Paredes and those who accompanied her to leave the binder.
Flores kept his eye on the binder before it was submitted to the District and witnessed it
being handed to the receptionist; he never saw the binder fall or slip out of anyone’s
hands. The parents signed the visitors logbook/notebook at the District’s office.

                                             V.
                                ROMERO CONTACTS WAGNER.
               In a letter to Wagner, dated February 12, 2015, Romero stated that on
January 14, 2015, parents at Palm Lane Elementary School had submitted the trigger

                                              8
petition and further stated the District had 40 days from the date of submission to verify
the signatures on the trigger petition and that the District had not yet publicly shared the
status of the verification process. Romero stated several parents had reported that they
had received telephone calls from individuals who refused to identify themselves but
stated they were employees of the District and asked if the parents had signed the trigger
petition. When the parents answered in the affirmative, the unidentified callers would
state that their signatures did not “match” the signatures contained in the school’s
records.
              Romero wrote: “Even if you are personally opposed to enforcement of the
Parent Trigger law, I am sure you do not wish for these parents and their children to
suffer unnecessarily. Obviously, your callers should stop making statements that sound
like the parents are accused of wrongdoing, and the callers should identify themselves.
But even if you believe that names of callers need to be private and there are legitimate
reasons to tell the petition[er] that his or her signature does not ‘match’ his record
signature (if it doesn’t), there is a simple way to make the calls less intimidating for
parents. The five parents identified as lead petitioners stand ready to help. They are
willing to assist your callers by participating in the calls, a role expressly contemplated
by the regulations. Many of the parents who signed the petition already know and trust
them. A familiar name and a familiar voice can ease the tension that has been happening
in the recent calls. If you are having any difficulty reaching the lead petitioners, I would
be happy to coordinate the times when the lead petitioners are able to assist.”

                                             VI.

                      THE DISTRICT REJECTS THE TRIGGER PETITION.
              On February 19, 2015, the District rejected the trigger petition. The
District’s written “Board Findings And Action Regarding Parent Empowerment Petition”

                                              9
(the findings) acknowledged the District’s receipt of the trigger petition, containing
signatures of parents on behalf of “488 purported Palm Lane Elementary School
students,” but stated the trigger petition was rejected based on the findings: (1) Palm
Lane Elementary School was not a subject school under the Act because it “has not
‘failed’ to make adequate yearly progress” on the ground there was no 2014 AYP
determination by the State Department of Education; (2) the petitioners failed to submit a
separate document identifying the lead petitioners; (3) the trigger petition did not contain
a description of the restart model; and (4) the trigger petition did not meet the parent
signature requirement representing one-half of the school’s students.
              The findings noted the District had also considered whether “gifts, rewards,
or tangible incentives” had been offered to secure signatures and whether signature
gatherers had made false statements or promises. The District concluded there was
“insufficient evidence at this juncture to make a finding on this issue and such allegations
are not a factor in the Board’s Findings regarding the Petition’s validity.” Flores testified
that those allegations of misconduct by signature gatherers were false.
              The findings concluded with the following statement under the heading
“Action” (italics & underscoring omitted): “[T]he Petition is materially non-qualifying
and is rejected as insufficient.” At the Anaheim City School District Board of Education
meeting on February 19, the president of the District verbally advised that the trigger
petition could be resubmitted in 60 days.
              Flores testified he had not been informed before February 19 of the
District’s assertion that it had not received the document identifying the lead petitioners.
Another copy of that document was submitted to the District.

                                PROCEDURAL HISTORY
              In April 2015, the Anaheim City School District filed a complaint, which is
not in the record but, according to the District’s opening brief, sought a judicial

                                             10
determination regarding whether Palm Lane Elementary School was a “subject school”
under the Act, given that no AYP determination had been made for any elementary or
middle school in the state for 2014. In response to the Anaheim City School District’s
complaint, the Petitioners filed a cross-complaint (which is also not in the record) and a
verified petition for a writ of mandate against the District (which is). Neither the
Anaheim City School District’s complaint nor the Petitioners’ cross-complaint is at issue
in this appeal.
              The verified petition for a writ of mandate, brought under section 1085 of
the Code of Civil Procedure, sought a writ of mandate requiring the District to set aside
its rejection of the trigger petition and grant the trigger petition to transform Palm Lane
Elementary School into a charter school or, alternatively, requiring the District to provide
“a legally-sufficient basis for rejecting Petitioners’ Petition.”
              In July 2015, after a six-day bench trial, the court issued its decision and
order finding that the District wrongfully rejected the trigger petition as to Palm Lane
Elementary School, which the court found was a subject school under the Act. In its
decision and order, the court expressly rejected the District’s arguments that the trigger
petition was defective on the grounds (1) the parents had failed to submit a separate
document that identified the lead petitioners at the time the trigger petition was
submitted; (2) the trigger petition failed to contain language of Regulations section 4804,
describing the restart model; and (3) the trigger petition did not contain signatures of
parents representing at least one-half of the students of the school.
              The trial court thereafter issued a writ of mandate, commanding the District
to “1) Within 20 calendar days of the date below, rescind the February 19, 2015 action of
the Anaheim City School District Board of Education that rejected the Parent Trigger
Petition; and [¶] 2) Within the same 20 calendar days, accept the Parent Trigger Petition
submitted on January 14, 2015; and [¶] 3) Allow Petitioners to immediately begin the
process of soliciting and selecting charter school proposals.”

                                              11
               The District appealed. The District filed a return to the trial court’s writ of
mandate, in accordance with section 1108 of the Code of Civil Procedure, advising the
court and the Petitioners that the District had not taken the action commanded by the writ
due to the filing of a notice of appeal.
               In September 2015, judgment was entered in favor of the Petitioners and
against the District, awarding the Petitioners prevailing party costs under section 1032 of
the Code of Civil Procedure.

                           REQUESTS FOR JUDICIAL NOTICE
                                               I.
                                                                                    2
           WE GRANT THE DISTRICT’S SECOND REQUEST FOR JUDICIAL NOTICE.
               Pursuant to rule 8.54 of the California Rules of Court and Evidence Code
sections 451, 452, and 459, the District has requested that this court take judicial notice of
(1) the State Department of Education’s 2015 AYP school report for Palm Lane
Elementary School; and (2) the Every Student Succeeds Act (Pub.L. No. 114-95
(Dec. 10, 2015) 129 Stat. 1802). We grant the District’s second request for judicial
notice.

                                               II.
             WE GRANT THE DISTRICT’S THIRD REQUEST FOR JUDICIAL NOTICE.
               Pursuant to rule 8.54 of the California Rules of Court and Evidence Code
sections 451, 452, and 459, the District has requested that this court take judicial notice of
(1) the State Board of Education’s May 2016 agenda item No. 06; (2) the State Board of
Education’s final minutes, May 11-12, 2016; and (3) the State Department of Education’s

 2
     The District’s first request for judicial notice was previously denied by this court.

                                               12
Every Student Succeeds Act, 2016-2017 school year transition plan. We grant the
District’s third request for judicial notice.

                                                III.
              WE GRANT THE PETITIONERS’ REQUEST FOR JUDICIAL NOTICE.
               Citing rules 8.54 and 8.252 of the California Rules of Court and Evidence
Code sections 452, subdivision (c) and 459, subdivision (a), the Petitioners have filed a
request that this court take judicial notice of (1) the State Board of Education’s “Final
Statement of Reasons” for adoption of the Act’s regulations and (2) “the Final Minutes
for the September 7-8, 2011, Meeting of the State Board of Education adopting that
statement.” The District has not filed an opposition to this request. We grant the
Petitioners’ request for judicial notice.

                                                IV.

   AMICUS CURIAE CALIFORNIA SCHOOL BOARDS ASSOCIATION’S EDUCATION LEGAL
              ALLIANCE’S REQUEST FOR JUDICIAL NOTICE IS DENIED.
               Amicus curiae California School Boards Association’s Education Legal
Alliance (CSBA) has filed a request that this court take judicial notice of “several
publically accessible records and documents probative to the Court’s consideration of this
appeal.” Specifically, “CSBA requests judicial notice of several information guides,
general background information, guidance, and a workbook regarding the use [of] AYP
in the past and presently by CDE [(California Department of Education)] (Exhibits A, B,
C, D, and H); data and information regarding specific schools and school district
performance (Exhibits E and I); United States Congressional history, conference reports,
and hearings regarding the abandonment of AYP on a federal level (Exhibits M, O, P, Q,
and R); California legislative history regarding AYP and implementation of NCLB [(No
Child Left Behind Act of 2001)] at a state level (Exhibit F); California Assembly Bill

                                                13
revising certain metrics prescribed by NCLB, but not AYP (Exhibit S); as well as articles
and reports regarding the impact on AYP in California and how California’s standards
compare to standards established in other states (Exhibits G, J, K, L, and N).”
              CSBA generally argues: “The documents, records, reports and legislative
history listed above are relevant and are of substantial consequence to the determination
of issues presented before this Court, as well as CSBA’s Amicus Curiae Brief. The
materials provide the Court with valuable information regarding the history, framework,
and current condition of AYP as a discarded metric of student proficiency and school
accountability both nationally and in California. Other of these materials provide the
Court with valuable information regarding how AYP worked in practice and its
detrimental impact on public schools, especially in California.”
              Even assuming that all of the documents, which CSBA identifies, might be
proper subjects of judicial notice under the Evidence Code, CSBA has failed to explain
how those documents are relevant to the determination of the very specific issues raised
in this appeal. It is undisputed that there is no 2014 AYP report because of the one-year
waiver provided to California by the United States Department of Education.
              CSBA has failed to explain how additional information, not already in the
record, regarding AYP in the form of a workbook regarding school accountability, an
information guide on a 2013 AYP report, an information guide on a 2015 AYP report,
frequently asked questions about the 2015 accountability, Palm Lane Elementary
School’s 2015 AYP school report based on criteria then employed, etc., would be helpful
to the resolution of the issues in this case. We therefore deny CSBA’s request for judicial
notice. (See Schifando v. City of Los Angeles (2003) 31 Cal. 4th 1074, 1089, fn. 4
[denying request where the materials sought to be judicially noticed were not particularly
supportive of the respondent’s cause or relevant to the action and noting that “[n]o party
has alleged” what the amicus curiae had purported to respond to].)

                                            14
                                        DISCUSSION
                                               I.

              GENERAL LEGAL PRINCIPLES GOVERNING WRITS OF MANDATE
                    AND THE APPLICABLE STANDARDS OF REVIEW

              A writ of mandate will issue to “compel the performance of an act which
the law specially enjoins, as a duty resulting from an office, trust, or station” (Code Civ.
Proc., § 1085, subd. (a)), “where there is not a plain, speedy, and adequate remedy, in the
ordinary course of law” (Code Civ. Proc., § 1086). The writ will issue against a county,
city, or other public body, or against a public officer. (Housing Authority v. City of L. A.
(1952) 38 Cal. 2d 853, 869-871; County of Los Angeles v. City of Los Angeles (2013) 214
Cal. App. 4th 643, 653.)
              “‘A writ of mandate may be issued by any court to any inferior tribunal,
corporation, board, or person, to compel the performance of an act which the law
specially enjoins, as a duty resulting from an office, trust, or station, or to compel the
admission of a party to the use and enjoyment of a right or office to which the party is
entitled, and from which the party is unlawfully precluded by such inferior tribunal,
corporation, board, or person.’ (Code Civ. Proc., § 1085, subd. (a).) ‘What is required to
obtain writ relief is a showing by a petitioner of “(1) A clear, present and usually
ministerial duty on the part of the respondent . . . ; and (2) a clear, present and beneficial
right in the petitioner to the performance of that duty . . . .”’ (Santa Clara County
Counsel Attys. Assn. v. Woodside (1994) 7 Cal. 4th 525, 539-540 . . . .) [¶] ‘The
availability of writ relief to compel a public agency to perform an act prescribed by law
has long been recognized.’” (Norton v. San Bernardino City Unified School Dist. (2008)
                                               3
158 Cal. App. 4th 749, 756-757, fn. omitted.)
 3
   “A writ cannot be used to control a matter of discretion. [Citation.] Where a statute
leaves room for discretion, a challenger must show the official acted arbitrarily, beyond
the bounds of reason or in derogation of the applicable legal standards.” (Excelsior
College v. Board of Registered Nursing (2006) 136 Cal. App. 4th 1218, 1238-1239.)

                                              15
              “In reviewing the trial court’s ruling on a writ of mandate, the appellate
court is ordinarily confined to an inquiry as to whether the findings and judgment of the
trial court are supported by substantial, credible and competent evidence. This limitation,
however, does not apply to resolution of questions of law where the facts are undisputed.
In such cases, as in other instances involving matters of law, the appellate court is not
bound by the trial court’s decision, but may make its own determination. Statutory
construction is such a question of law for the courts.” (Tarbet v. East Bay Municipal
Utility Dist. (2015) 236 Cal. App. 4th 348, 354.)
              A hearing on a petition for writ of mandamus constitutes a “trial of a
question of fact” within the meaning of section 632 of the Code of Civil Procedure and
therefore requires a statement of decision upon a timely request. (Giuffre v. Sparks
(1999) 76 Cal. App. 4th 1322, 1326 & fn. 3; see Mellinger v. Municipal Court (1968) 265
Cal. App. 2d 843, 847.)

                                             II.

       PALM LANE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL IS A SUBJECT SCHOOL UNDER THE ACT
         NOTWITHSTANDING THE ABSENCE OF A 2014 AYP DETERMINATION.
              The District argues that the Act did not apply to Palm Lane Elementary
School at the time the trigger petition was submitted to the District because the school
failed to meet all of the criteria of a “subject school” under the Act (Regs., § 4800.1,
subd. (k)(1)). A subject school is a school that is identified by the State Superintendent
of Public Instruction, following the release of the annual AYP report, which “(1) Is not
one of the persistently lowest-achieving schools identified by State Superintendent of
Public Instruction (SSPI) and the State Board of Education (SBE); [¶] (2) Has been in
corrective action pursuant to paragraph (7) of Section 1116(b) of the federal Elementary
and Secondary Education Act for at least one full academic year; [¶] (3) Has failed to
make adequate yearly progress (AYP); and [¶] (4) Has an Academic Performance Index

                                             16
(API) score of less than 800. [¶] (5) Has not exited Program Improvement.” (Regs.,
§ 4800.1, subd. (k).)
              The District’s argument that Palm Lane Elementary School was not a
subject school is based on only one criterion which, it claims, was not satisfied—that the
school failed to make AYP in 2014. In the opening brief, the District explains: “AYP is
determined through multiple factors, one of which is students’ performance on specific
state administered standardized tests. . . . In the 2013-2014 school year, California
eliminated the Standardized Testing and Report (‘STAR’) program and replaced it with
the California Assessment of Student Performance and Progress (‘CAASSP’) program,
also known as the Measurement of Academic Performance and Progress (‘MAPP’),
through amendments to Education Code section 60604. . . . [¶] These same amendments
suspended STAR testing, and provided for field tests only of the new MAPP test. In
doing so, the amendments made clear that for 2013-2014, the field test results could not
be used for the calculation of any accountability measure. [Citation.]” The record shows
that on March 7, 2014, the United States Department of Education approved California’s
request for a one-year testing and AYP reporting waiver; consequently, no elementary or
middle school in California received AYP reports for the 2013-2014 school year.
              In April 2014, Tom Torlakson, the State Superintendent of Public
Instruction, sent a letter to county and district superintendents and charter school
administrators, informing them of California’s one-year testing waiver which, he stated,
would allow for flexibility in making AYP determinations for schools participating in the
Smarter Balanced assessment test. He stated that no 2014 AYP report would be
produced by the State Department of Education for elementary and middle schools and
elementary and unified school districts. He further stated, “the Program Improvement
(PI) status for these schools and districts will not change. Schools will not enter or exit
PI. However, schools will continue to implement the PI requirements associated with
their current PI status. (PI Year 1 must continue to offer school choice, e.g.).”

                                             17
              The trial court concluded Palm Lane Elementary School was a subject
school under the Act, notwithstanding the absence of a 2014 AYP report, because “[t]he
reliance of the Respondents upon Exhibit 47 and the determination by State
Superintendent of Public Instruction, the Honorable Tom Torlakson, that no 2014 AYP
report for elementary and other schools would be prepared by the California Department
of Education did not provide a safe harbor against parents utilizing the Act as the
Respondents argue. Instead, it froze those schools and districts in their status based on
prior measured AYP results. The evidence clearly establishes that Palm Lane failed to
make adequate yearly progress.”
              Torlakson’s letter supported the trial court’s conclusion that the State
Department of Education’s procurement of a waiver from testing and preparation of a
2014 AYP report was for the purpose of enabling it to conduct field testing of a new
standardized testing scheme without penalty. Nothing in Torlakson’s letter suggested
that the one-year waiver rendered the Act unenforceable or, in effect, repealed.
Torlakson’s letter clarified that the schools would maintain their program improvement
statuses and must continue to implement the program improvement requirements
associated with those statuses. In other words, Torlakson directed that the schools were
to continue in the same statuses they had before the waiver year with regard to program
improvement issues. It logically follows that the schools, which were subject to the Act
up to the AYP waiver year, remained subject schools, notwithstanding the absence of a
2014 AYP report.
              Palm Lane Elementary School failed to meet AYP for nine of the prior 10
years, and the school specifically failed to meet AYP pursuant to the 2013 report. Thus,
the trial court properly concluded that, given its history, Palm Lane Elementary School
qualified as a subject school under the Act for purposes of the trigger petition,
notwithstanding the unavailability of AYP results for 2014.

                                             18
              Our interpretation is consistent with Regulations section 4800, which
provides: “The Parent Empowerment regulations shall remain valid in the event of
changes to federal law referenced within the legislative language of Chapters 2 and 3 of
the 5th Extraordinary Session Statutes of 2010, to the extent allowable under the law.”
This regulation specifically contemplates changes in federal law, which might affect the
Act, and clarifies that the Act remains valid despite such changes. We therefore conclude
that the unavailability of an AYP report did not affect the continued viability of the Act,
even though that unavailability was the result of a waiver and not a change in federal law
as the effect is the same.
              Therefore, on this record, and specifically given Palm Lane Elementary
School’s history of not meeting AYP in nine of the immediately preceding 10 years, the
Act remained enforceable as to the trigger petition, notwithstanding the absence of
information to evaluate the AYP criterion for 2013-2014. Palm Lane Elementary School
thus qualified as a subject school as of January 2015.
              The District cites evidence of changes to federal law and contemplated
changes in state law after the submission of the trigger petition. Changes and/or
contemplated changes to state and federal law, however, do not affect the determination
whether a school qualifies as a subject school under the Act; that determination is made
at the time a trigger petition is submitted. (See Regs., § 4802.1, subd. (c) [“If, on the date
the petition is submitted, a school is identified pursuant to section 4800.1(k), it shall
remain a subject school until final disposition of the petition by the LEA [(local
educational agency)] even if it thereafter ceases to meet the definition of a subject school,
unless that school has exited federal Program Improvement and is at or over 800 on the
Academic Performance Index.”].)

                                              19
                                              III.

   SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE SUPPORTED THE TRIAL COURT’S FINDINGS THE DISTRICT
        INCORRECTLY DETERMINED THE TRIGGER PETITION WAS DEFICIENT.
              At the time the District rejected the trigger petition, it stated that the trigger
petition was defective because it did not include a separate document containing the
names of the lead petitioners, the requisite language describing the restart model, or the
requisite number of parent signatures. The trial court found the trigger petition was not
defective in those three respects. Substantial evidence supported the trial court’s
findings.

                                              A.

      Substantial Evidence Supported the Trial Court’s Finding That the Petitioners
          Submitted a Separate Document That Identified the Lead Petitioners.
              In the opening brief, the District argues the trigger petition, as delivered to
the District, was defective because it failed to identify the lead petitioners in violation of
Regulations section 4802.05, subdivision (c). The District does not argue that the
document, which the Petitioners claimed was submitted with the trigger petition on
January 14, 2015, was otherwise deficient in identifying the lead petitioners.
              The District argues, “the simple fact remains that at the time the Petition
was submitted, Petitioners were required to submit a separate document identifying the
lead petitioners. The trial court reverses this obligation in its Order and imposes a duty
on the District to search out the identity of the lead petitioners, which is not required by
the law. Despite the failure to identify the lead petitioners at the time of submission, once
they were identified, the District actually communicated with them, including providing
information on the status of signatures not verified and granting an extension to resubmit

                                              20
the petition.” The District’s argument provides an incomplete and thus inaccurate
summary of the trial court’s findings and reasoning on this issue.
                Regulations section 4802.05, subdivision (c) requires the following: “At
the time of submission the petitioners shall submit a separate document that identifies at
least one but no more than five lead petitioners with their contact information.” The trial
court acknowledged the conflict in evidence regarding whether the District received the
separate document, and found the Petitioners’ evidence showing that the separate
document was presented in the binder containing the trigger petition on January 14, 2015,
to be more credible. The court stated, “[t]he evidence on the ‘lead petitioner list’ issue
was directly contradictory. The Petitioners said they provided it when they delivered the
signed petitions to the District at the District’s Office on January 14, 2015. The
Respondents said they never got it. After considering all the evidence[,] I resolve this
issue in favor of the Petitioners. In particular, I find the testimony of Alfonso Flores to
be persuasive and he to be the most credible witness on this issue, and probably in the
entire case.”
                Substantial evidence supported the court’s finding. Flores testified the
binder containing the trigger petition documents, which was presented to the District’s
office on January 14, 2015, had inside of it, as the first page, a separate document
identifying the lead petitioners and setting forth their respective contact information. He
further testified he was present when the binder was assembled and stated, “[a]ll the
documents, including the lead petition[er]s” were placed inside the binder within plastic
sheet protectors that were three-hole punched and placed within the metal rings of the
binder. He further testified he personally observed the binder was not disturbed before it
was presented to the District. Paredes testified she saw the separate document listing the
lead petitioners inside the binder on the morning of January 14, 2015, before she
delivered the binder to the District’s office. Romero’s letter to Wagner encouraged the

                                              21
District to contact the lead petitioners to help facilitate communication with the Palm
Lane Elementary School parent community.
              The District’s argument that the trial court improperly reallocated
obligations set forth in Regulations section 4802.05 is likely based on the trial court’s
additional comments on this issue, as follows: “I would be remiss however if I left the
issue there. The behavior of the Respondents personnel in doing absolutely nothing to
determine who the lead petitioners were [cannot] go without comment. Wisely or not,
the Act requires the Local Educational Agency (LEA) to work with the lead parent
petitioners in the process. In practical terms it means the Districts must cooperate and
work together with the very people who seek to take from the District a school (and its
funding etc) and to establish in its place a charter school. No clearer repudiation of a
school district’s performance could be imagined.”
              The court continued: “I find that the Respondents’ claimed ignorance of
the identity of the lead parents and ignorance as to how to learn their identity (feigned
and contrived ignorance in the Court’s view) is unreasonable. They could have looked at
the ‘sign in sheet’ for January 14th when the petitions were delivered to see which
parents were there—but they did not. They could have called the name and phone
number of the person listed on most of the petition; which information was listed after the
words: [¶] ‘For more information, all interested persons, the school district, and others
should contact:’ (emphasis added) [¶] [Name and number omitted by the Court] [¶] And
if that was not enough, immediately below the name and phone number of the contact
person were the words: [¶] ‘Supporting organizations’ [¶] with the name of two
supporting organizations, one of which is headed by Senator Romero, with whom the
evidence showed the Respondents were well acquainted. [¶] Any of those acts would
have been what a reasonable person would have done and what a reasonable process
would have called for. Instead, they manufactured a continuing state of ignorance as to
the lead person identities.”

                                             22
                The court concluded its comments on this issue, stating: “Finally, and not
to beat a dead horse, Senator Romero herself wrote to Respondents and offered to put
them in touch with and coordinate between the District and the lead parents (Exhibit 49,
page TX 049-003 to 006). Respondents never responded to her offer. [¶] On July 2,
2015 while testifying before the Court the District Superintendent testified that even on
that day she still did not know who the lead petitioners were. The evidence established
that Exhibit 97 (list of petitioning parents, i.e. lead petitioners) was again provided
shortly after the District findings were announced on February 19, 2015. How she could
not know the identities is troubling. [¶] Clearly, the Respondents did not meet their
obligations of good faith cooperation with respect to this issue and as mandated by the
Act.”
                The trial court’s comments do not reflect any misunderstanding of the legal
requirements imposed by Regulations section 4802.05 or the parties’ respective burden of
proof regarding the submission of the separate document identifying the lead petitioners.
Instead, the court’s comments reflect its view that, given the District’s position the
separate document was never delivered, the District’s conduct in response was
unreasonable and inconsistent with that position such as to affect the District’s
credibility.

                                               B.

               The Trigger Petition Included a Description of the Restart Model
                          as Required by Regulations Section 4804.
                The District argues that the Petitioners failed to include in the trigger
petition the language describing the restart model as required by Regulations
section 4802. Regulations section 4802, subdivision (a)(5) requires that the petition and
each section of the petition contain “[a] description of the requested intervention using

                                               23
the language set forth in either sections 4803, 4804, 4805, 4806, or 4807, without
omission to ensure full disclosure of the impact of the intervention.”
              Because the trigger petition’s requested intervention option is the restart
model, Regulations section 4802, subdivision (a)(5) requires that the petition contain
language from Regulations section 4804, which describes the restart model as follows:
“A restart model is one in which an LEA [(local educational agency)] converts a school
or closes and reopens a school under a charter school operator, a charter management
organization (CMO), or an education management organization (EMO) that has been
selected through a rigorous review process. (A CMO is a non-profit organization that
operates or manages charter schools by centralizing or sharing certain functions and
resources among schools. An EMO is a for-profit or non-profit organization that
provides ‘whole-school operation’ services to an LEA.) A restart model must enroll,
within the grades it serves, any former student who wishes to attend the school.” (Regs.,
§ 4804.)
              Here, it is undisputed that all the parents who signed the trigger petition
were presented with the following statement as part of the trigger petition packet:
“Section 4804. Description of Intervention—Restart Model [¶] The restart model is a
process with which the Local Education Entity (LEA), restructures a school or closes and
reopens it under a charter school operator, a charter management organization (CMO), or
an education management organization (EMO), that is selected through a rigorous review
process. A CMO is a nonprofit organization that manages charter schools, centralizing or
sharing certain functions and resources among schools. (An EMO is a nonprofit
organization that provides ‘full school management’ services for LEA schools). A restart
model school must enroll, within the grades it offers, each and every one of the former
students who wishes to attend the school.” (Boldface & underscoring omitted.)
              The District argues that it was justified in rejecting the trigger petition as
deficient because the packet, which the District had received, primarily was comprised of

                                              24
signature pages and did not include this mandatory language. The District further argues
that the requisite language was required for each petition.
              It is evident from our review of the record that the parties apply varying
definitions to the word “petition” in this case. In some instances, the word is used to
refer to the packet presented when soliciting a parent to sign the trigger petition. In other
instances, the word is used to refer to the signature page itself. Regulations section 4802,
subdivision (a)(5) does not specify the placement of the mandatory language. As pointed
out by the Petitioners, the sample petition under the Act prepared by the State Board of
Education includes the mandatory language on a separate page from the signature page.
              In its decision and order, the trial court found:
              “The Petitions were printed in English and Spanish. The testimony was
that the signature gatherers were provided packets to be utilized in each contact with a
potential petition signer and the packets were given to each person who signed a petition.
              “There was a difference in the first paragraph of the petitions. In the
English version, on the second to the last line through the end of the sentence, the
following words appear: [¶] . . . ‘(CCR), Title 5, section 4804 and attached to this
petition.’ [¶] In the Spanish language version everything following ‘(CCR),’ is missing.
              “The regulations require that the petition amongst other things contain
identification of the requested intervention (§ 4802(a)(4)) and ‘a description of the
requested intervention using the language set forth in either sections 4803, 4804, 4805,
4806 or 4807 without omission to ensure full disclosure of the impact of the
intervention.’ (§ 4802(a)(5)[.])
              “The contents of the package that went along with each petition contained
an extra copy of the petition (in the language appropriate to the signers preferred
language) as well as copies of the required regulatory provisions (See e.g. Exhibits 108
and 122).

                                             25
              “Now clearly the required regulatory materials were not attached—they
were enclosed within the packet. The evidence convinces the Court that the necessary
and required information was provided to the petition signer and discussed with them by
the signature gatherers. The testimony of witnesses including Ms. Romero and
Mr. Flores regarding the training process, inclusion of materials in the packets, the
checking of same to be sure they were complete and the following of instructions by the
gatherers are persuasive to the Court and I find them to be credible witnesses. Therefore,
I find that the Petitioners substantially complied with the requirements of 5 CCR § 4804
and the Restart Model and the Petitions must not be rejected on this ground.”
              The District balks at the trial court’s finding of substantial compliance,
arguing, “the substantial compliance doctrine can only apply ‘if a petition omits required
material that is not essential to understanding the substance of the challenged [action].’”
However, Regulations section 4802.1, subdivision (g) specifically contemplates a
substantial compliance standard for trigger petitions under the Act, providing: “Upon
receipt, the LEA [(local educational agency)] may, within 40 calendar days, return the
petition to the person designated as the contact person or persons as specified in
section 4802(c), if the LEA determines any of the following: [¶] . . . [¶] (3) The petition
does not substantially meet the requirements specified in section 4802. In such a case,
the LEA shall immediately provide the contact person written notice of its reasons for
returning the petition and its supporting findings.” (Italics added.) According to the
State Department of Education’s Final Statement of Reasons, attached as exhibit A to the
Petitioners’ request for judicial notice, the substantial compliance language “is necessary
to prevent petitions from unfairly being rejected based upon minor technicalities and
frustrating the intent of the Parent Empowerment statutes.”
              We conclude substantial evidence supported the trial court’s finding that
the trigger petition substantially complied with the mandate of Regulations section 4802,
subdivision (a)(5).

                                             26
                                              C.

             Substantial Evidence Showed the Trigger Petition Contained the
                Signatures of Parents of One-half or More of Palm Lane
                              Elementary School’s Students.
              The District also argues the trigger petition was properly rejected because
the Petitioners failed to collect the requisite number of signatures under Education Code
section 53300, which requires “at least one-half of the parents or legal guardians of pupils
attending the school, or a combination of at least one-half of the parents or legal
guardians of pupils attending the school and the elementary or middle schools that
normally matriculate into a middle or high school, as applicable, sign a petition
requesting the local educational agency to implement one or more of the four
interventions.” The District informed the Petitioners that, through its verification
process, the trigger petition was short 12 signatures.
              The trial court disagreed with the District’s rejection of the trigger petition
on that ground. The court found:
              “The Respondents have declared that the Petitioners submitted 355 verified
signed petitions (sometimes called valid petitions) but needed to submit 367 such
petitions to meet the requirements of the Act. . . .
              “Under the Act and its related regulations, the Respondents as an LEA
[(local educational agency)] may verify signatures on petitions, but they are not required
to do so; and if they undertake to do so their efforts must be reasonable. [Citation.]
              “I find that the process set up and utilized by Respondents was
unreasonable, unfair and incomplete.
              “The process was developed by a temporary employee (Evelyn Gutierrez)
who was given no training or education about the Act, the Regulations or the importance
of what she was being asked to do. She had no background, training or experience in

                                              27
handwriting analysis or comparison. She was not supervised in any meaningful regard.
She received no written procedures to follow. She had to develop the script she used
when calling parents phone numbers. The deficiencies in the process used were
substantial; so substantial that it made it an unreasonable, arbitrary, capr[i]cious and
unfair process. In fairness it must be noted that Ms. Gutierrez did her best in the situation
into which she was placed.
              “The result of this defective process was that valid signed petitions were
not counted. Ms. Gutierrez testified to several petitions she rejected that on reflection
should have been determined valid. In addition she testified that a number of petitions
were placed by her in a ‘pending’ status because she could not reach the parent signatory
or for some other reason. Someone, not Ms. Gutierrez, later decided to improperly
classify those petitions as invalid.
              “A brief description of the signature verification process is in order.
Ms. Gutierrez would call the phone number twice to try and reach a parent signatory.
She called between approximate[ly] 8:30AM and 4:30PM. If she could not reach the
person, she would put them in ‘pending’. If she reached the parent she inquired about
their signing the petition. Calling only during normal working hours for the parents
decreased the probability of making contact.
              “Some persons reached by phone said they had signed; others said their
spouse signed; others said they could not recall if they signed and finally some denied
they had signed.
              “Some children had separate petitions signed by each parent. If the first
petition signature could not be verified there was no attempt to look at the other signed
petition to verify the accuracy of the signature on that petition.
              “In sum, there are numerous deficiencies in the process. The result of the
flawed process was that valid signatures sufficient to reach and exceed the 50% threshold
were improperly excluded.

                                              28
              “In the interest of brevity I attach and include a list of 29 students and
parents utilized in argument and entitled ‘Improperly Invalidated Petitions
(Child/Parent)’. I have independently evaluated the evidence relating to some but not all
of the 29, stopping once a total of 23 additional valid signed petitions were established.
Inasmuch as the Respondents determined and found the Petitioners were 12 valid
petitions short there is no need to go further. The Petitioners needed 367, the Court finds
they presented a minimum of 378. Using the aforementioned chart, the Court determines
the following numbers referenced thereon were valid petitions: 1-7; 9; 13-24; 27-29.
The Court does not reach items 25 and 26.”
              In the opening brief, the District does not challenge the court’s findings that
the trigger petition, in fact, contained the requisite number of valid signatures and does
not directly address the court’s findings regarding valid petitions that the District
determined invalid before rejecting the trigger petition. Instead, the District defends its
process and argues there was “insufficient evidence to demonstrate a miscount by the
District as of the February 19, 2015 Board determination” and further argues that if only
the Petitioners had taken advantage of the District’s offer to resubmit the trigger petition,
this litigation could have been avoided.
              In any event, the Petitioners introduced evidence that paralegal and notary
public Sunny Ellen Lee was tasked with verifying the signatures of parents. She testified
about the process that she had utilized. Lee testified, inter alia, that she had obtained
eight signed declarations (seven of which she had notarized) verifying parent signatures,
that were rejected by the District, representing 13 pupils. Four other parents
(representing a total of five children) declined to sign a declaration but confirmed to Lee
that they had signed the trigger petition.
              Substantial evidence therefore supported the trial court’s finding that the
trigger petition satisfied the parent signature requirement.

                                              29
                                              IV.

          INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE SHOWED THAT REGULATIONS SECTION 4802,
          SUBDIVISION (a)(1) REQUIRED THAT ED REFORM NOW BE IDENTIFIED
                       ON THE FACE OF THE TRIGGER PETITION.

              In the opening brief, the District argues, “[w]hile not an issue identified by
the District in rejecting the Petition on February 19, 2015, trial testimony established that
undisclosed organizations provided material support to the Petition, the disclosure of
which was required for parents to make an information decision.” Regulations
section 4802, subdivision (a)(10) provides: “The names of any agencies or organizations
that are supporting the petition, either through direct financial assistance or in-kind
contributions of staff and volunteer support, must be prominently displayed on the front
page of the petition.”
              The Petitioners argue this issue is forfeited because it was not an issue
raised when the District rejected the trigger petition and was not raised at trial until the
District’s closing argument. We do not need to decide whether the District’s argument is
forfeited because it fails on the merits.
              The record does not show that the District requested a statement of
         4
decision. Pointing out that the trial court’s decision and order cited section 632 of the
Code of Civil Procedure, the District asserts the decision and order constituted a
statement of decision, suggesting that if not requested, it was issued sua sponte by the

 4
    In a post-oral-argument letter, the District’s counsel states: “Following oral argument,
in consultation with trial counsel, the undersigned counsel learned a CCP § 632 statement
of decision was formally requested. Discussion of the issuance of a written decision is
reflected in the record. [See RT at 733:10-13.]” The portion of the reporter’s transcript
cited by counsel consists of the trial court’s statement that the court needed answers to
certain questions for purposes of “writing my decision.” It does not reflect a request by
the District for a statement of decision. The District has not provided any other citation
to the record supporting the assertion it requested a statement of decision.

                                              30
trial court. (See In re Marriage of Rising (1999) 76 Cal. App. 4th 472, 476-477, fn. 7 [the
                                                          5
court may issue a statement of decision sua sponte].)
               Whether the trial court’s decision and order should be construed as a
statement of decision does not affect the result on this point. The District neither
requested that the court make a finding in a statement of decision whether the trigger
petition was required to disclose Ed Reform Now on its face, nor filed an objection or
otherwise brought the absence of such a finding in the decision and order to the court’s
attention.
               “Securing a statement of decision is the first step, but is not necessarily
enough, to avoid the doctrine of implied findings. Litigants must also bring ambiguities
and omissions in the statement of decision’s factual findings to the trial court’s
attention—or suffer the consequences. Code of Civil Procedure section 634 states if
omissions or ambiguities in the statement of decision’s factual findings are timely
brought to the trial court’s attention, ‘it shall not be inferred on appeal . . . that the trial
court decided in favor of the prevailing party as to those facts or on that issue.’”
(Fladeboe v. American Isuzu Motors Inc. (2007) 150 Cal. App. 4th 42, 59, italics added.)
Here, in light of the absence of any objection to the decision and order, we infer the trial
court made implied factual findings favorable to the prevailing party on all issues
necessary to support the judgment, including the omitted or ambiguously resolved issues.
(Id. at pp. 59-60.)
               In any event, for the reasons we explain, insufficient evidence supports the
District’s claim on this issue. During cross-examination at trial, Flores testified that he
was paid $60,000 for his work on the trigger petition campaign. He was hired by
California Center for Parent Empowerment and had received the compensation from a
New York nonprofit organization called Ed Reform Now to which California Center for
 5
   We commend the trial court for its detailed order. The court’s explanation of its
factual findings and legal reasoning have been extraordinarily helpful.

                                                31
Parent Empowerment belonged. Evidence was not presented at trial explaining the
relationship between these two entities or how it came to be that Ed Reform Now was the
entity that transmitted Flores’s compensation to him.
              The trigger petition identified Romero’s organization, California Center for
Parent Empowerment, which is itself a party in this appeal; there is no issue on appeal
about the adequacy of that designation. Insufficient evidence supported a finding that Ed
Reform Now constituted an organization that offered direct financial assistance or in-kind
contributions of staff and volunteer support for the trigger petition. The finding now
requested by the District could not have been made by the trial court on this record; it is
too undeveloped on this point.

                                              V.
     THE PETITIONERS WERE NOT REQUIRED TO RESUBMIT THE TRIGGER PETITION.
              In the opening brief, the District argues the trial court erred by granting the
Petitioners’ petition for a writ of mandate because the Petitioners failed to first resubmit
the trigger petition to the District, and thereby failed to exhaust their administrative
remedies. “In general, a party must exhaust administrative remedies before resorting to
the courts. [Citations.] Under this rule, an administrative remedy is exhausted only upon
‘termination of all available, nonduplicative administrative review procedures.’”
(Coachella Valley Mosquito & Vector Control Dist. v. California Public Employment
Relations Bd. (2005) 35 Cal. 4th 1072, 1080.)
              The trial court rejected the District’s argument on this point, explaining in
its decision and order: “The Respondent Board rejected the Petition in Exhibit 16, which
is entitled: [¶] ‘Board Findings and Action Regarding parent Empowerment Petition
(Palm La[n]e Elementary School)’ [¶] Exhibit 16 is dated February 19, 2015. In the
section entitled ‘Action’ the last sentence in relevant part reads ‘Accordingly, the Petition
. . . is rejected.’ [¶] Respondents sought to characterize the rejection as something less,

                                              32
arguing in the trial brief and at trial that the action of February 19th was not a final
determination on the Petition . . . . They presented their case in part on the theory that the
Petition was returned as allowed under 5 CCR Section 4802.1(g)(j) and not rejected. The
language used by the District’s Board plainly says otherwise. They rejected the
Petition[;] they did not return it. [¶] The Respondents also argue that this Court lacks
jurisdiction to hear this matter as well as to grant relief because the Petition was not
rejected[—]but only returned[—]and therefore Petitioners have failed to exhaust their
administrative remedies. This argument fails because the Respondents rejected the
Petition. [¶] I find the rejection to be procedurally unfair, unreasonable, arbitrary and
capricious.”
                 Substantial evidence supported the trial court’s finding. Notwithstanding
the District’s verbal invitation to resubmit the trigger petition, the District unequivocally
stated in the findings, “the Petition is materially non-qualifying and is rejected as
insufficient.”
                 Even if the District had not rejected the trigger petition, but only returned it,
the Petitioners were not required to resubmit the trigger petition before seeking a writ of
mandate. The District does not cite any regulation requiring any such resubmission, even
if the trigger petition contained deficiencies and is returned. (See, e.g., Regs., § 4802.1,
subd. (j) [“the same petition may be resubmitted to the LEA [(local educational agency)]
with verified signatures as long as no substantive changes are made to the petition”].)
                 Resubmitting a trigger petition is not without peril—the Regulations afford
only a single resubmission opportunity. (See Regs., § 4802.1, subd. (j) [“The petitioners
shall be provided one resubmission opportunity which must be completed within a
window of 60 calendar days after the return of the petition pursuant to section 4802.1. . . .
The resubmitted petition may not contain substantive changes or amendments. If
substantive changes are made to the petition, it must be recirculated for signatures before
it may be submitted to the LEA [(local educational agency)] and it shall be deemed a new

                                                33
petition.”]; see also id., § 4802.05 [“(a) Petitioners may not submit a petition until they
reach or exceed the 50 percent threshold based on accurate and current enrollment data
provided by the LEA. The date of submission of the petition shall be the start date for
implementation of all statutory and regulatory requirements. [¶] (b) An exception shall be
made for a one-time resubmission opportunity to correct a petition based on errors
identified by the LEA, verify signatures after a good faith effort is made by the LEA to
do so first, or submit additional signatures. The start date for a resubmitted petition shall
be the date it is resubmitted. No rolling petitions shall be accepted by the LEA.” (Italics
added.)].)
              Here, it was the Petitioners’ position that the trigger petition met the
requirements of the applicable Regulations. In their view, there was nothing to correct.
As discussed ante, the trigger petition substantially complied with the requirements of the
Act. Therefore, the Petitioners were not required to resubmit the trigger petition to the
District before seeking a writ of mandate.

                                       DISPOSITION
              The order is affirmed. Respondents shall recover costs on appeal.

                                                  FYBEL, J.

WE CONCUR:

O’LEARY, P. J.

ARONSON, J.

                                             34