Court Opinion

ID: 9931059
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-02-08 15:06:09.423517+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:16:17.843260
License: Public Domain

STATE OF MINNESOTA

                                    IN SUPREME COURT

                                        A22-0318

Court of Appeals                                                             Anderson, J.
                                                              Took no part, Procaccini, J.

State of Minnesota,

                      Respondent,

vs.                                                             Filed: February 7, 2024
                                                              Office of Appellate Courts
Jaye William Snyder,

                      Appellant.

                              ________________________

Keith Ellison, Attorney General, Saint Paul, Minnesota; and

Kathleen A. Heaney, Sherburne County Attorney, Tim Sime, George R. Kennedy,
Assistant County Attorneys, Elk River, Minnesota, for respondent.

Andrew C. Wilson, Wilson & Clas, Minneapolis, Minnesota, for appellant.

                              ________________________

                                      SYLLABUS

      1.     The United States Supreme Court decisions in Apprendi v. New Jersey,

530 U.S. 466 (2000), and Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296 (2004), do not call into

question the analysis in State v. Ronquist, 600 N.W.2d 444 (Minn. 1999), which limited

the indictment requirement of Minnesota Rule of Criminal Procedure 17.01, subdivision 1,

                                           1
to offenses punishable by life imprisonment before a sentencing enhancement based on a

prior conviction is applied.

       2.     The reasoning in Ronquist applies with equal force to a conditional release,

and the discretion given to the Department of Corrections in fashioning conditions of

release does not compel a different result because any due process concerns regarding the

uncertainty of a release condition can be addressed when the condition is imposed.

       Affirmed.

                                       OPINION

ANDERSON, Justice.

       We consider here whether the requirement of Minnesota Rule of Criminal

Procedure 17.01, subdivision 1, that “[a]n offense punishable by life imprisonment must

be prosecuted by indictment,” extends to offenses where—because of a prior

conviction—conditional release is imposed for the remainder of a defendant’s life.

Following the sexual assault of an impaired victim in 2019, appellant Jaye William Snyder

was charged via criminal complaint with the offenses of third- and fourth-degree criminal

sexual conduct. See Minn. Stat. §§ 609.344, subd. 1(d), 609.345, subd. 1(d) (2020). The

statutory maximum sentences for the charged offenses are 15 years and 10 years,

respectively. Minnesota Statutes § 609.3455, subdivision 7(b) (2020), however, requires

that if the district court commits a person to the custody of the Commissioner of

Corrections for a violation of either charged offense and that person has a previous or prior

sex offense conviction, the district court shall provide that, after the person has been

                                             2
released from prison, the Commissioner of Corrections must place the person on

conditional release for the remainder of the person’s life.

       Snyder pleaded not guilty and demanded a jury trial. The jury found Snyder guilty

of both 2019 offenses. The district court convicted Snyder of third-degree criminal sexual

conduct and imposed a presumptive 140-month prison sentence. In accordance with

section 609.3455, subdivision 7(b), the court’s sentencing order provided that, after Snyder

is released from prison, the Commissioner of Corrections must place him on conditional

release for the remainder of his life because Snyder had a 2016 conviction of third-degree

criminal sexual conduct. The court of appeals affirmed the district court’s sentencing

order, and we granted Snyder’s petition for review.

       Snyder argues that because he is exposed to the possibility of lifetime incarceration

if he violates the terms of his conditional release after he completes his prison term,

Minnesota Rule of Criminal Procedure 17.01, subdivision 1, required the State to charge

him by indictment rather than criminal complaint. According to Snyder, the analysis in

State v. Ronquist, 600 N.W.2d 444 (Minn. 1999), which limited the indictment requirement

of Minnesota Rule of Criminal Procedure 17.01, subdivision 1, to offenses punishable by

life imprisonment before the sentencing enhancement is applied, is no longer good law

based on subsequent United States Supreme Court decisions. Because we conclude that,

in the context of a sentencing enhancement based on a prior conviction, the analysis in

Ronquist remains good law, and because the reasoning in Ronquist applies with equal force

to a conditional release term, we affirm.

                                              3
                                         FACTS

       The facts in this case are undisputed. In 2020, Jaye William Snyder was charged

by criminal complaint with the offenses of third- and fourth-degree criminal sexual conduct

in violation of Minn. Stat. § 609.344, subd. 1(d), and Minn. Stat. § 609.345, subd. 1(d),

following the sexual assault of an impaired victim in 2019. The maximum statutory

sentences for the charged offenses were 15 years and 10 years, respectively. See Minn.

Stat. §§ 609.344, subd. 2, 609.345, subd. 2 (2020). At the time, Snyder was on supervised

release following a 2016 conviction for third-degree criminal sexual conduct.

       After a jury trial, Snyder was convicted of third-degree criminal sexual conduct.

Before sentencing, Snyder filed a memorandum with the district court requesting that his

conditional release term be limited to 10 years following his prison sentence. Snyder’s

request directly conflicted with Minn. Stat. § 609.3455, subd. 7(b). That statute mandates

in cases where the offender being sentenced has “a previous or prior sex offense

conviction” that the district court direct the Commissioner of Corrections to “place the

offender on conditional release for the remainder of the offender’s life” upon release from

prison. Id. Snyder justified his request by pointing out he was not prosecuted by indictment

but rather prosecuted by criminal complaint. 1 He argued that lifetime conditional release

makes this offense “punishable by life imprisonment” because he could be reincarcerated

for up to the full term of conditional release (his life) upon a violation of his terms of

1
      The use of an indictment process means that criminal charges are presented before
a grand jury and indictments are rendered pursuant to Minnesota Rule of Criminal
Procedure 18.06.

                                             4
release. Accordingly, because Minnesota Rule of Criminal Procedure 17.01, subdivision 1,

requires that an indictment, rather than a criminal complaint, be used to charge an offense

punishable by life imprisonment, Snyder asserted that lifetime conditional release is an

impermissible sentence.

       The district court concluded that lifetime conditional release was required by Minn.

Stat. § 609.3455 (2020) and denied Snyder’s request to limit conditional release to

10 years. The court of appeals affirmed the district court’s sentencing order. State v.

Snyder, 984 N.W.2d 590, 595 (Minn. App. 2023). Snyder filed a petition for review, which

we granted.

                                       ANALYSIS

       The outcome here is determined based upon the applicability of our decision in State

v. Ronquist, 600 N.W.2d 444 (Minn. 1999). In Ronquist, we concluded that a conviction

for an offense which, when coupled with a conviction for a prior offense required an

enhanced sentence of life imprisonment, did not “create an offense punishable by life

imprisonment which must be prosecuted by indictment.” Id. at 449. If Ronquist remains

good law and is applicable here, it compels affirmance. Snyder, on the other hand, argues

that Ronquist has been overruled by more recent United States Supreme Court decisions or

is otherwise inapplicable. “The interpretation of case law is a legal question that is

reviewed de novo.” Wheeler v. State, 909 N.W.2d 558, 563 (Minn. 2018). Because we

conclude that our precedent does not support Snyder’s claims and because his arguments

fail to convince us to overturn that precedent, we affirm.

                                             5
                                             I.

       We begin our analysis with Ronquist. At issue in Ronquist was whether a defendant

charged with attempted first-degree criminal sexual conduct, which was subject to a

statutory maximum sentence of 15 years, had to be charged by indictment under Rule 17.01

because Minn. Stat. § 609.346, subd. 2a(a)(2)(iii) (1996), repealed by Act of Apr. 16, 1998,

ch. 367, art. 6, § 16, 1998 Minn. Laws 666, 735, enhanced the defendant’s sentence to

life imprisonment given his two prior qualifying sex offense convictions.         Ronquist,

600 N.W.2d at 445–46. As part of our analysis in Ronquist, we traced the development of

indictment requirements in Minnesota; originally, a “near blanket constitutional

requirement” for use of indictments in all criminal prosecutions was mandated. Id. at 448.

Over time, those requirements developed into the more limited indictment requirement

found in Rule 17.01. Ronquist, 600 N.W.2d at 448. We then focused on whether the

defendant’s “conviction of the offense of attempted first-degree criminal sexual conduct,

which normally carries a maximum sentence of 15 years imprisonment, when coupled with

his enhanced sentence of life imprisonment, constitutes conviction of ‘an offense which

may be punished by life imprisonment’ ” for purposes of Minnesota Rule of Criminal

Procedure 17.01, subdivision 1. Ronquist, 600 N.W.2d at 449 (emphasis added) (quoting

Minn. R. Crim. P. 17.01). 2 In concluding that it did not, we observed that “the previous

2
       Our opinion in Ronquist accurately quotes the language of Rule 17.01 of the Rules
of Criminal Procedure, but in a footnote, incorrectly attributes that language to Rule 17.01
of the Rules of Civil Procedure, a rule that relates to a real party in interest in civil
proceedings. See Ronquist, 600 N.W.2d at 449 & n.25. The correct citation in Ronquist,
as here, is to Rule 17.01 of the Rules of Criminal Procedure.

                                             6
sex offense convictions only became relevant once the elements of the [charged] offense

were proven beyond a reasonable doubt and [the defendant] was convicted.” 3 Id. at 450.

       We found support for our conclusion in Ronquist in the United States Supreme

Court’s decision in Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224 (1998).             In

Almendarez-Torres, the Supreme Court held that a prior conviction that enhanced a

sentence was a sentencing factor rather than a separate criminal offense, and so the

indictment did not need to allege the prior conviction. Id. at 234–35. We concluded that

similarly, the sentencing enhancement provisions based on a prior conviction were nothing

more than a factor to be considered at sentencing, and thus were not elements of his present

offense that created an offense punishable by life imprisonment and that must therefore be

prosecuted by indictment. Ronquist, 600 N.W.2d at 450.

       Snyder argues that Ronquist is no longer good law because subsequent

developments in due process jurisprudence by the United States Supreme Court require us

to conclude that the indictment requirement of Minnesota Rule of Criminal

Procedure 17.01, subdivision 1, applies to offenses punishable by life imprisonment after

a sentencing enhancement is applied. 4 We disagree.

3
        As we noted in Ronquist, evidence relating to prior convictions may be inadmissible
at trial, and even if it is admissible, may be admissible only for limited purposes.
600 N.W.2d at 450. This calls into question the actual implications of requiring
presentation of evidence of prior convictions to a grand jury, as Snyder seems to ask for.
4
        Snyder also argues that a requirement for indictments in circumstances in which
enhancement occurs solely on the basis of prior convictions gives the State discretion
whether to seek a life sentence (or a sentence of lifetime conditional release) by charging
either by indictment or criminal complaint. But the Legislature retains the power to define

                                             7
       Snyder principally relies on two subsequent decisions from the United States

Supreme Court, Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), and Blakely v. Washington,

542 U.S. 296 (2004). In Apprendi and Blakely, the Supreme Court raised the bar for what

must be put before a jury when a sentence is enhanced. In Apprendi, the Supreme Court

held that “[o]ther than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for

a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved

beyond a reasonable doubt.” 530 U.S. at 490. Blakely expanded on Apprendi and resulted

in the holding that, for Apprendi violations, the “statutory maximum” to which a judge may

sentence an offender without having additional factors put before a jury and proved beyond

a reasonable doubt is “the maximum [the judge] may impose without any additional

findings.” Blakely, 542 U.S. at 303–04.

       These two Supreme Court decisions do not directly affect the holding in Ronquist.

The central holding in Apprendi is that additional facts enhancing a sentence “[o]ther than

the fact of a prior conviction” must be put before a jury. 530 U.S. at 490 (emphasis added).

Blakely directly quotes that holding—without any distinguishing, modifying, or clarifying

the punishment for acts that constitute criminal conduct. State v. Osterloh, 275 N.W.2d
578, 580–81 (Minn. 1978) (stating that “the legislature, having the power to define what
acts constitute criminal conduct, necessarily retains the power to define the punishment for
such acts[,]” and that “[t]he role of the trial judge in prescribing sentence in a criminal case
is that of the executor of the legislative power”). The enhancement statute is not worded
permissively; Minn. Stat. § 609.3455, subd. 7, refers to “mandatory” lifetime conditional
release terms and states that the district court “shall” provide that the Commissioner of
Corrections places the offender on conditional release “for the remainder of the offender’s
life.” Because we reject Snyder’s argument, it is not necessary to further consider his
proposed policy rationale for a different rule.

                                               8
language. 542 U.S. at 301. And it is such a prior conviction which ultimately triggers

lifetime conditional release under section 609.3455.

       Snyder is left with the argument that our jurisprudence should take into account

implications from those decisions that the prior conviction exception from the requirements

of Apprendi and Blakely is no longer valid. No authority in Minnesota is cited for this

claim and we have found none. As recently as 2015, we have cited to Blakely and

Almendarez-Torres for the principle that prior convictions need not be submitted to a jury.

See State v. Her, 862 N.W.2d 692, 694 (Minn. 2015). Similarly, the Supreme Court cited

the “[o]ther than the fact of a prior conviction” language from Apprendi and Blakely in

subsequent cases.    Descamps v. U.S., 570 U.S. 254, 269 (2013) (quoting Apprendi,

530 U.S. at 490). Ronquist thus remains good law.

       For the reasons discussed above, we reaffirm Ronquist’s holding that in the context

of a sentencing enhancement based on a prior conviction, Minnesota Rule of Criminal

Procedure 17.01, subdivision 1, is limited to offenses punishable by life imprisonment

before the sentencing enhancement is applied.

                                            II.

       Having concluded that, in the context of a sentencing enhancement based on a prior

conviction, Ronquist remains good law, we next consider whether the reasoning in

Ronquist applies with equal force to a conditional release.

       As discussed above, Ronquist instructs that, when life imprisonment is required

purely because of a prior conviction, without any other enhancing factors, the prior

conviction is merely a sentencing factor. 600 N.W.2d at 450. It does not constitute an

                                             9
“element[ ] of the crime to be proven at trial.” Id. A conditional release is even further

removed from the statutory maximum sentence than a sentencing enhancement like that in

Ronquist because it does not become relevant until the person is released from prison. 5 If

the enhancement to a life sentence in prison based on a prior conviction discussed in

Ronquist does not invoke the requirements of Rule 17.01, a lifetime conditional release

based on a prior conviction surely does not trigger the applicability of Rule 17.01.

Conditional release does not require a sentence of life in prison, unlike an actual life

sentence. Consequently, we conclude that the reasoning in Ronquist applies with equal

force to a conditional release and that the indictment requirement of Minnesota Rule of

Criminal Procedure 17.01, subdivision 1, simply does not apply here.

      Snyder does not provide a compelling reason to abandon our current jurisprudence

and institute an indictment requirement before a lifetime conditional release can be

imposed. Nor does Snyder provide a compelling justification for requiring an indictment,

rather than a criminal complaint, to begin a prosecution simply because of a hypothetical

possibility that, at some future time, a district court might revoke lifetime conditional

release. We decline to adopt an indictment requirement simply because the defendant was

sentenced, as required by law, to lifetime conditional release. Instead, because Ronquist

remains good law and applies here, Snyder does not prevail.

5
       The parties dispute whether lifetime conditional release, under some circumstances,
might equal life imprisonment. Those circumstances are not presented here and might
never be presented; we decline to decide hypothetical questions.

                                            10
       Snyder makes a final argument concerning the discretion given to the Department

of Corrections in fashioning conditions for his release, which is not ripe. We acknowledge

that the Commissioner of Corrections has “broad statutory authority . . . to adopt rules

setting standards and procedures for granting and revoking release.” State v. Schwartz,

628 N.W.2d 134, 138–39 (Minn. 2001). But that discretion is not unlimited. In various

decisions, we have addressed the issue of seemingly arbitrary or impossible to satisfy

conditions that result in the repeated reincarceration of those on conditional release

following a prison sentence. See State ex rel. Ford v. Schnell, 933 N.W.2d 393 (Minn.

2019); State ex rel. Duncan v. Roy, 887 N.W.2d 271 (Minn. 2016); see also State ex rel.

Marlowe v. Fabian, 755 N.W.2d 792 (Minn. App. 2008). Snyder is correct that we have

authority to address uncertainty in release conditions and resulting due process concerns as

those issues arise, but for him, that time is not today. The issue of his conditional release

terms, let alone his possible violation of those terms, is entirely hypothetical and therefore

not ripe.

                                      CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the decision of the court of appeals.

       Affirmed.

       PROCACCINI, J., not having been a member of this court at the time of submission,

took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.

                                             11