Court Opinion

ID: 4222355
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-11-21 13:12:28.258167+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:47:50.659777
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                       No. COA17-302

                                  Filed: 21 November 2017

McDowell County, No. 16 JA 113

IN THE MATTER OF: H.L.

       Appeal by respondent-father from order entered 24 January 2017 by Judge

Laura Powell in McDowell County District Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 19

October 2017.

       Aaron G. Walker for petitioner-appellee McDowell County Department of Social
       Services.

       Appellate Defender Glenn Gerding, by Assistant Appellate Defender Annick
       Lenoir-Peek, for respondent-appellant father.

       Administrative Office of the Courts, by GAL Appellate Counsel Matthew D.
       Wunsche, for guardian ad litem.

       No brief was filed on behalf of respondent-mother.

       BRYANT, Judge.

       Respondent-father appeals from the trial court’s order following a combined

adjudication, disposition, and permanency planning hearing. The order concluded

that respondent-father’s minor child (“Hannah”)1 was neglected and dependent,

relieved DSS from its obligation to pursue reunification efforts, and awarded

       1  The parties stipulated to this pseudonym for the minor child pursuant to N.C. R. App. P.
3.1(b) (2017).
                                    IN RE: H.L.

                                 Opinion of the Court

guardianship of Hannah to her adult half-sister. We affirm in part, reverse in part,

and remand.

      On 4 October 2016, McDowell County Department of Social Services (“DSS”)

filed a juvenile petition alleging that Hannah was neglected and dependent. DSS

alleged that it had previously been involved with the family on multiple occasions,

due to domestic violence and substance abuse. On 24 February 2016, DSS received a

report that respondent-father and Hannah’s mother were involved in an argument

over Hannah and her mother leaving the home. Hannah’s sister came to the home

in order to remove Hannah from the scene. Respondent-father and the mother were

each pulling on Hannah while she was screaming and crying.              Eventually,

respondent-father relented, and Hannah’s sister was able to leave the home with

Hannah.

      In April 2016, the parents entered into a safety plan with DSS and Hannah

was placed with her sister as a safety resource placement. Under the plan, the

parents were not permitted to remove Hannah from her sister’s care. The plan also

required both parents to submit to clinical assessments and to submit to random drug

screens and follow any recommendations. Both parents submitted drug screens in

April and July 2016, of which both screens tested positive for methamphetamines.

      The petition was heard on 9 January 2017. After hearing testimony and

reviewing other evidence, the trial court orally adjudicated Hannah a neglected

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                                           Opinion of the Court

juvenile. The case then moved to disposition. On 24 January 2017, the trial court

entered an “Adjudication, Dispositional, 90 Day Review, & Permanency Planning

Order.” The written order adjudicated Hannah as neglected and dependent, awarded

guardianship of Hannah to her sister, and relieved DSS of the obligation to pursue

reunification efforts. Respondent-father filed timely notice of appeal.2

                        ____________________________________________

       On appeal, respondent-father argues that the trial court erred by (I)

adjudicating Hannah a neglected and dependent juvenile; (II) awarding guardianship

of Hannah to her adult sister as an initial disposition; (III) conducting a concurrent

90-day review and permanency planning hearing and establishing a secondary

permanent plan of reunification; and (IV) including inconsistent provisions regarding

visitation in its order.

                                                    I

       Respondent-father argues that the trial court erred by adjudicating Hannah a

neglected and dependent juvenile. We disagree that the court erred by adjudicating

Hannah neglected, but agree that the court erred by adjudicating her dependent.

       A. Standard of Review

       This Court’s review of an order adjudicating a juvenile neglected and

dependent is limited to determining “(1) whether the findings of fact are supported

       2   The mother did not appeal the trial court’s order and is not a party to this appeal.

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                                    Opinion of the Court

by clear and convincing evidence, and (2) whether the legal conclusions are supported

by the findings of fact.” In re Pittman, 149 N.C. App. 756, 763–64, 561 S.E.2d 560,

566 (2002) (citation omitted). Unchallenged findings are binding on appeal. In re

C.B., 180 N.C. App. 221, 223, 636 S.E.2d 336, 337 (2006).

             [Moreover,] it is not per se reversible error for a trial court’s
             fact findings to mirror the wording of a petition or other
             pleading prepared by a party. Instead, this Court will
             examine whether the record of the proceedings
             demonstrates that the trial court, through processes of
             logical reasoning, based on the evidentiary facts before it,
             found the ultimate facts necessary to dispose of the case. If
             we are confident the trial court did so, it is irrelevant
             whether those findings are taken verbatim from an earlier
             pleading.

In re J.W., 241 N.C. App. 44, 48–49, 772 S.E.2d 249, 253, disc. review denied, 368

N.C. 290, 776 S.E.2d 202 (2015).

      B. Neglect

      Respondent-father first contends that the trial court erred by concluding that

Hannah was neglected. A neglected juvenile is defined in relevant part as

             [a] juvenile who does not receive proper care, supervision,
             or discipline from the juvenile’s parent, guardian,
             custodian, or caretaker; or who has been abandoned; . . . or
             who lives in an environment injurious to the juvenile’s
             welfare[.] . . . In determining whether a juvenile is a
             neglected juvenile, it is relevant whether that juvenile . . .
             lives in a home where another juvenile has been subjected
             to abuse or neglect by an adult who regularly lives in the
             home.

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                                    Opinion of the Court

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-101(15) (2015). When, as in the present case, the child has been

voluntarily removed from the home prior to the filing of the petition,

              the court should consider “evidence of changed conditions
              in light of the evidence of prior neglect and the probability
              of a repetition of neglect. The determinative factors must
              be the best interests of the child and the fitness of the
              parent to care for the child at the time of the [adjudication]
              proceeding.”

In re K.J.D., 203 N.C. App. 653, 660, 692 S.E.2d 437, 443 (2010) (alteration in

original) (quoting In re Brim, 139 N.C. App. 733, 742, 535 S.E.2d 367, 372 (2000)).

Essentially, the trial court must consider “the conditions and the fitness of the parent

to provide care at the time of the adjudication . . . .” Id.

       In this case, the trial court based its neglect adjudication on the facts which

led to Hannah’s placement with her adult sister as well as the parent’s lack of

progress in addressing the conditions which led to that placement. Respondent-

father challenges virtually all of the trial court’s findings. First, he challenges finding

of fact 7, which states, in relevant part, as follows:

              7. [DSS] received a report screened in for neglect,
              concerning the parent/step-parent of [Hannah] . . .
              involving allegations of being under the influence of drugs
              (substance abuse), improper discipline of the child[] and
              domestic violence. While working with the family the
              parents tested positive for methamphetamine and the child
              [was] placed in a safety resource.

Respondent-father argues that this finding is invalid because it was “copied and

pasted directly from the allegations contained in the petition[]” and was not

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                                       Opinion of the Court

supported by testimony at the hearing.             However, the social worker specifically

testified that DSS received a report on 24 February 2016 of “substance abuse and

domestic violence.”3 DSS also submitted into evidence the results of both parents’

drug screens, which were each positive for methamphetamine.

       Respondent-father challenges finding of fact 8 for similar reasons. This finding

detailed four prior reports that DSS received regarding the family. At the hearing,

the social worker testified that “[t]here have been four, I believe – four prior reports

regarding the family. Basically, about drugs.” However, the social worker did not

testify about the specific details of these reports, and they were not received into

evidence.    Thus, the portion of finding of fact 8 which includes these details is

unsupported by the evidence and must be disregarded.

       Respondent-father next challenges finding of fact 9, which details the 24

February 2016 incident involving the family. It states, in relevant part, as follows:

               9. . . . [DSS] received a report regarding the respondents
               and this child on February 24, 2016, and the allegations
               were that the respondent father would not allow child or
               mom to leave the home. He was blocking the door not
               letting them leave. [The sister] . . ., the respondent-father’s
               adult daughter and the sister to the child, came to the
               home. She had [Hannah] in her arms and the respondent
               father began pulling on child trying to take child away from
               her with child screaming and crying. The child was less
               than two years old and this tugging on the child could
               easily result in physical injury to the child. The respondent

       3 Respondent-father notes that testimony regarding this report was admitted for the limited
purpose of demonstrating why DSS became involved in the case. The trial court’s order reflects this
evidence was properly considered only for that purpose.

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                                  Opinion of the Court

             mother later tried to enter her car to leave the respondent
             father’s home and he got into the car with mom and would
             not allow her to start the car. During all this law
             enforcement was called and did respond.

At the hearing, Hannah’s sister testified that she received a message from Hannah’s

mom indicating that respondent-father would not let her leave with Hannah.

Respondent-father concedes that additional testimony also established the following:

(1) when Hannah’s sister arrived, she picked up Hannah and tried to take her out of

the home; (2) respondent-father yelled in the sister’s face and took Hannah away from

her; (3) Hannah’s mother and respondent-father were each pulling on Hannah, each

trying to wrest her away from the other; and (4) once Hannah’s mother got control of

her, she gave Hannah to the sister, who left. Respondent-father is correct that some

additional details in this finding were not supported by the testimony at the

adjudication hearing, and consequently, we will not consider these additional details.

      Respondent-father also challenges the following portion of finding of fact 10:

“The Court finds that [respondent-father] had visible signs of methamphetamine use,

with visible scars.” Respondent-father is correct that no evidence regarding the cause

of his appearance was presented at the hearing. The guardian ad litem (“GAL”)

argues that this challenged portion of the trial court’s finding was proper within the

context of the trial court’s ability to observe the “in-court demeanor, attitude, and

credibility” of witnesses. In re Oghenekevebe, 123 N.C. App. 434, 441, 473 S.E.2d 393,

398 (1996). However, we do not find this argument persuasive, as the determination

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                                  Opinion of the Court

of the cause of respondent-father’s scars would require additional evidence that was

not presented to the trial court. As a result, we will not consider the portion of this

finding that attributes respondent-father’s scars to methamphetamine use.

Nonetheless, the remainder of the court’s finding, including its determination that

respondent-father “continued to use methamphetamine,” can be properly considered

as part of our review and appears to be supported by father’s positive drug screens.

      Next, respondent-father challenges the following findings:

             11. . . . [DSS] is asking to give custody/guardianship of
             [Hannah] to her adult sister . . . who has had care of her
             since April 9, 2016.

             14. Because of the respondents[’] ongoing substance abuse
             and failure to appropriately progress on their case plans, .
             . . [DSS] thinks that the (sic) without court intervention the
             minor child would continue to be exposed to an
             environment that is injurious to [her] well-being.

             15. DSS filed the petition because it thought the child
             [was] neglected and dependent and that staying in the
             home of the respondent mother was detrimental to the
             child’s welfare.

Respondent-father argues that these findings “state DSS’s ‘thoughts’ or motivation

for filing the petition” and were not supported by any evidence at the hearing.

However, the social worker specifically testified that DSS filed the petition because

Hannah’s parents failed to address their substance abuse issues. Additionally, the

trial court was permitted to consider DSS’s pleadings as evidence of why those same

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                                   Opinion of the Court

pleadings were filed. These findings are supported by competent evidence and are

binding on appeal.

      Respondent-father also contends that the trial court’s finding with respect to

the requirements of his case plan were unsupported. The court found that Hannah’s

parents were required to engage in substance abuse treatment, place Hannah in a

safety resource, and engage in services with respect to domestic violence, conflict

resolution, and improper discipline. As the GAL concedes, the social worker only

testified to requirements with respect to substance abuse and Hannah’s safety

placement. The remainder of the finding is unsupported and must be disregarded.

      Finally, respondent-father challenges the trial court’s ultimate finding and

conclusion that Hannah was neglected.           Although we have sustained many of

respondent-father’s objections to isolated portions of the trial court’s findings, we may

still utilize the supported findings to uphold the trial court’s conclusion. See In re

T.M., 180 N.C. App. 539, 547, 638 S.E.2d 236, 240 (2006) (“When, however, ample

other findings of fact support an adjudication of neglect, erroneous findings

unnecessary to the determination do not constitute reversible error.” (citation

omitted)). The trial court’s supported findings show that respondent-father and

Hannah’s mother were in an altercation during which both parents tugged on

Hannah causing her to scream and cry, that both parents had failed multiple drug

tests, and that Hannah was living with her sister as a safety resource due to the

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                                         Opinion of the Court

parents’ drug use. Respondent-father did not address his substance abuse issues

while Hannah was in her sister’s care. While respondent-father claims that there

was no evidence that his or Hannah’s mother’s drug use placed Hannah at any risk

of harm, this claim cannot be reconciled with the fact that Hannah had to be removed

from her the home of her mother and respondent-father and placed with her sister as

a safety resource placement. As a result, the trial court properly concluded that

Hannah was neglected because respondent-father and Hannah’s mother had failed

to remedy the conditions which required Hannah to be placed with her sister in a

safety plan, such that they were unable to provide Hannah with proper care. See In

re K.J.D., 203 N.C. App. at 661, 692 S.E.2d at 444 (affirming the conclusion that the

minor child was neglected where the findings indicated that both parents failed to

remedy the conditions that led to the removal of the child).

        C. Dependency

        Respondent-father next argues the trial court erred by concluding that Hannah

was dependent.4 A dependent juvenile is defined, in relevant part, as “[a] juvenile in

need of assistance or placement because . . . the juvenile’s parent, guardian, or

custodian is unable to provide for the juvenile’s care or supervision and lacks an

        4 At the adjudication, the trial court did not announce an adjudication of dependency.
However, the trial court’s written order, which concluded that Hannah was dependent, is controlling.
See In re O.D.S., ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 786 S.E.2d 410, 418 (2016) (holding that where the trial court
was silent on the ground of dependency but entered a written order not otherwise in conflict with the
rendered judgment, the written order controls).

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                                   Opinion of the Court

appropriate alternative child care arrangement.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-101(9) (2015).

“In determining whether a juvenile is dependent, the trial court must address both

(1) the parent’s ability to provide care or supervision, and (2) the availability to the

parent of alternative child care arrangements.” In re T.B., 203 N.C. App. 497, 500,

692 S.E.2d 182, 184 (2010) (citation omitted). “Findings of fact addressing both

prongs must be made before a juvenile may be adjudicated as dependent, and the

court’s failure to make these findings will result in reversal of the court.” In re B.M.,

183 N.C. App. 84, 90, 643 S.E.2d 644, 648 (2007) (citation omitted).

      In this case, the trial court’s order did not include findings that address either

prong of dependency. While the court’s findings, as chronicled above, detail the

parents’ history of drug abuse and failure to make progress with their case plan, there

are no findings that these behaviors rendered them wholly unable to parent Hannah.

Instead, the findings indicate that respondent-father’s drug abuse and other “erratic”

behavior “resulted in an environment that is injurious to the child,” which supported

the trial court’s conclusion that Hannah was neglected. In addition, there are no

findings that the parents lacked an alternative child care arrangement. Accordingly,

we must reverse the adjudication of dependency. Id.

                                           II

      Respondent-father argues that the trial court erred by awarding guardianship

of Hannah to her adult sister as an initial disposition. We disagree.

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       “All dispositional orders of the trial court after abuse, neglect and dependency

hearings must contain findings of fact based upon the credible evidence presented at

the hearing.” In re Weiler, 158 N.C. App. 473, 477, 581 S.E.2d 134, 137 (2003)

(citation omitted). “The district court has broad discretion to fashion a disposition

from the prescribed alternatives in N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-903(a), based upon the best

interests of the child. . . . We review a dispositional order only for abuse of discretion.”

In re B.W., 190 N.C. App. 328, 336, 665 S.E.2d 462, 467 (2008) (citing In re Pittman,

149 N.C. App. 756, 766, 561 S.E.2d 560, 567 (2003)).

       North Carolina General Statutes, section 7B-903 permits the trial court to

“[a]ppoint a guardian of the person for the juvenile as provided in G.S. 7B-600” as a

disposition after a neglect and dependency adjudication.          N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-

903(a)(5) (2015). This dispositional option was added to the statute in 2015, see 2015

N.C. Sess. Law 136, sec. 10, and this Court has not yet discussed guardianship in the

context of an initial disposition. Respondent-father argues that the trial court erred

by failing to order DSS to pursue reunification efforts as part of its initial disposition.

       Dispositional hearings are governed by General Statutes, section 7B-901: “If

the disposition order places a juvenile in the custody of a county department of social

services, the court shall direct that reasonable efforts for reunification as defined in

G.S. 7B-101 shall not be required if the court makes written findings of fact

pertaining to any” of several subsequently-listed circumstances. N.C. Gen. Stat. §

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                                        Opinion of the Court

7B-901(c) (2015) (emphasis added). Respondent-father argues that the trial court

circumvented this statute by granting guardianship to Hannah’s sister without first

requiring DSS to engage in reunification efforts. However, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-

901(c) does not apply to the initial disposition in this case, because the trial court’s

order did not place Hannah “in the custody of a county department of social services.”

Id. The statute clearly permits the granting of guardianship as an initial disposition

without requiring any findings under N.C.G.S. § 7B-901(c).5

       Respondent-father also argues that the trial court failed to adequately verify

that the sister understood the legal consequences of guardianship or that the sister

had sufficient resources to care for Hannah.                   Before placing a juvenile in a

guardianship, the trial court is required to determine whether the proposed guardian

“understands the legal significance of the appointment” and “will have adequate

resources to care appropriately for the juvenile.” N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 7B-600(c), 7B-

906.1(j) (2015). “We have held that the trial court need not ‘make any specific findings

in order to make the verification’ under . . . [subsection (j)]. . . . But the record must

contain competent evidence of the guardians’ financial resources . . . .” In re J.H., ___

N.C. App. ___, ___, 780 S.E.2d 228, 240 (2015) (quoting In re J.E., B.E., 182 N.C. App.

612, 616-17, 643 S.E.2d 70, 73 (2007)); see also In re P.A., ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 772

       5Accordingly, this case is distinguishable from this Court’s recent decision in In re J.M., ___
N.C. App. ___, ___ S.E.2d ___, No.COA17-275 (N.C. Ct. App. Sept. 19, 2017), which held that findings
under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-901(c) were required in a combined dispositional and permanency planning
order when the child was placed in DSS custody and DSS was relieved of making reunification efforts.

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S.E.2d 240, 246 (2015) (“[S]ome evidence of the guardian’s ‘resources’ is necessary as

a practical matter, since the trial court cannot make any determination of adequacy

without evidence.”).

      At the hearing, the social worker testified that she had explained to the sister

“the duties and responsibilities of a guardian.” Moreover, the sister testified that she

understood she “would be responsible for getting the child to school, making sure the

child remains in school whenever the child is school age, and that [she]’d see to all of

her medical treatment” as well as for Hannah’s “overall care.” This testimony was

sufficient to support the trial court’s finding that the sister understood the legal

consequences of guardianship.

      The trial court also received specific evidence regarding the sister’s resources.

The sister submitted an affidavit detailing her finances, including her present

income, and she testified she was able to financially care for Hannah. The social

worker additionally testified that the sister was employed and had been able to make

child care arrangements for Hannah while she worked. This was sufficient “evidence

of the guardian’s ‘resources’ ” for the trial court to determine that the sister could

adequately care for Hannah financially. See In re P.A., ___ N.C. App. at ___, 772

S.E.2d at 246; In re N.H., ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, ___ S.E.2d ___, ___, No. COA17-171

N.C. Ct. App. Sept. 19, 2017). Thus, the court properly verified that the sister could

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serve as Hannah’s guardian, and we discern no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s

determination that guardianship with her sister was in Hannah’s best interests.

                                             III

      Although the trial court properly awarded guardianship of Hannah to her

sister as an initial disposition, the court also conducted concurrent 90-day review and

permanency planning hearings and established a secondary permanent plan of

reunification. Respondent-father challenges the portion of the trial court’s order

which resulted from these portions of the combined hearing. He contends that this

portion of the order violates the “Juvenile Code’s priority for reunification efforts.”

We disagree.

      Pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-905,

               [a] dispositional order under which a juvenile is removed
               from the custody of a parent, guardian, custodian, or
               caretaker shall direct that the review hearing required by
               G.S. 7B-906.1 be held within 90 days from of [sic] the date
               of the dispositional hearing and, if practicable, shall set the
               date and time for the review hearing.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-905(b) (2015). General Statutes, section 7B-906.1 states, in turn:

               In any case where custody is removed from a parent,
               guardian, or custodian, the court shall conduct a review
               hearing within 90 days from the date of the dispositional
               hearing and shall conduct a review hearing within six
               months thereafter. Within 12 months of the date of the
               initial order removing custody, there shall be a review
               hearing designated as a permanency planning hearing.
               Review hearings after the initial permanency planning
               hearing shall be designated as subsequent permanency
               planning hearings. The subsequent permanency planning

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             hearings shall be held at least every six months thereafter
             or earlier as set by the court to review the progress made
             in finalizing the permanent plan for the juvenile, or if
             necessary, to make a new permanent plan for the juvenile.

N.C.G.S. § 7B-906.1(a). In this case, the court purported to conduct a combined

“dispositional, a 90 day review, and an initial permanency planning hearing.”

Respondent-father appears to challenge the trial court’s authority to conduct this

combined hearing to the extent that it was used to “allow DSS to circumvent

providing reunification efforts.” However, the record reflects that respondent-father

received multiple notices in the weeks and months before the hearing that the trial

court would be conducting a combined adjudication, disposition, and permanency

planning hearing. Moreover, respondent-father did not object when DSS informed

the court that the hearing “was noticed on for both permanency planning and

disposition, so we’d like to proceed with both.” Accordingly, he has waived appellate

review of the propriety of the combined hearing. See N.C. R. App. P. 10(a)(1) (2017).

      “At the conclusion of each permanency planning hearing, the judge shall make

specific findings as to the best permanent plans to achieve a safe, permanent home

for the juvenile within a reasonable period of time.”       N.C.G.S. § 7B-906.1(g).

Permanent plans are governed by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-906.2, which states, in

relevant part, as follows:

             At any permanency planning hearing, the court shall adopt
             concurrent permanent plans and shall identify the primary
             plan and secondary plan. Reunification shall remain a
             primary or secondary plan unless the court made findings

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              under G.S. 7B-901(c) or makes written findings that
              reunification efforts clearly would be unsuccessful or would
              be inconsistent with the juvenile’s health or safety. The
              court shall order the county department of social services
              to make efforts toward finalizing the primary and
              secondary permanent plans and may specify efforts that
              are reasonable to timely achieve permanence for the
              juvenile.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-906.2(b) (2015).

        As noted above, the trial court’s order contains no findings under N.C. Gen.

Stat. § 7B-901(c), as that statutory subsection does not apply to this case since

Hannah was not placed in DSS custody. Thus, when establishing permanent plans,

the court was required by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-906.2 to make reunification a primary

or secondary plan and require reunification efforts by DSS, unless the court found

that “reunification efforts clearly would be unsuccessful or would be inconsistent with

the juvenile’s health or safety.” N.C.G.S. § 7B-906.2(b). The court was permitted to

make this finding even though this was the first permanency planning hearing in the

case. Cf. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-906.2(c) (2015) (“At the first permanency planning

hearing held pursuant to G.S. 7B-906.1, the court shall make a finding about whether

the efforts of the county department of social services toward reunification were

reasonable, unless reunification efforts were ceased in accordance with . . . this

section.” (emphasis added)). The trial court’s order includes the following finding of

fact:

              Although the secondary plan shall be reunification, it
              would be clearly unsuccessful for the department to make

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             reunification efforts with the respondents at this time. The
             child has been placed outside the home since February
             2016, and with the child’s adult sister . . . since April 2016.
             The respondents have tested positive twice for
             methamphetamine since April 2016. The respondents did
             submit to a comprehensive clinical assessment where they
             were recommended services and they subsequently failed
             to complete those services before a petition was filed in this
             matter. They have not completed or made any progress on
             their case plans since the petition was filed. . . .

Based on this finding, the court concluded that “[i]t is contrary to the safety and

health of the juvenile to return to the home of the aforementioned respondents at this

time.” Respondent-father argues that this finding and conclusion are unsupported

because they only examine his behavior prior to the hearing, when he was not under

a court order to participate in a case plan. He cites this Court’s decision in In re

A.G.M., a termination of parental rights case, for the proposition that

             neither the trial court nor DSS ha[s] the authority in [a] . .
             . neglect and dependency proceeding to require Respondent
             to sign any service agreement or submit to any testing,
             evaluation, or therapy in relation to any custody
             determinations concerning the children prior to entry of . .
             . [a] disposition and permanency planning order.

241 N.C. App. 426, 436, 773 S.E.2d 123, 131 (2015). This case is distinguishable,

because unlike the respondent in A.G.M., who never agreed to a case plan,

respondent-father voluntarily entered into a case plan with DSS which resulted in

Hannah being removed from the home, and then he failed to comply with the case

plan. The trial court could obviously consider respondent-father’s previous failure to

comply with his own agreed-upon plan when determining whether further

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reunification efforts made by DSS would be successful. Respondent-father argues

that because these efforts were made before the filing of the petition, they should be

considered “preventative” rather than reunification efforts and that they should not

be considered when predicting the success of future reunification efforts by DSS.

However, respondent-father cannot forestall review of his conduct by taking

advantage of DSS’s good faith efforts to reunify him with Hannah before resorting to

filing a juvenile petition. Respondent-father willingly subjected himself to a case plan

in order to be reunified with Hannah, and the trial court was permitted to consider

his conduct in response to the plan, as well as DSS’s efforts when considering the

propriety of further reunification efforts.

      The court’s findings, which were supported by testimony and evidence

introduced at the hearing, demonstrate that respondent-father completely failed to

comply with his case plan while Hannah was in a safety placement with her sister.

Respondent-father tested positive for methamphetamines twice while Hannah was

in her sister’s care, and he did not follow through on any recommended treatment.

Instead, he continued to deny his drug use, even as late as the adjudication hearing.

The trial court could properly use respondent-father’s failure to comply with his

voluntary case plan as a factor to determine whether further reunification efforts

would be successful. In this context, the court’s findings support its determination

that further reunification efforts would be unsuccessful.       Thus, the trial court

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                                       IN RE: H.L.

                                   Opinion of the Court

complied with its obligations under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-906.2 by setting a primary

and secondary plan and by determining that no further reunification efforts were

required.

                                           IV

      Respondent-father argues that the trial court’s order includes inconsistent

provisions regarding visitation. We agree.

      In one portion of its order, the trial court found that “visitations with the

respondents have not been consistent or appropriate and they should be ceased . . . .”

However, the court also found that “it is in the best interest of the minor child for the

respondents to have visitation with their child for a minimum of one hour supervised

per week . . . .” The trial court’s oral rendering at the hearing and the decretal portion

of its order are consistent with this latter finding, and thus, it appears the trial court

intended to allow supervised visitation for one hour. However, the order must be

remanded to reconcile the discrepancy between the visitation findings.

                                       Conclusion

      The trial court made adequate findings of fact, supported by competent

evidence, to support its conclusion that Hannah was neglected. The court did not

abuse its discretion by awarding guardianship to the sister at disposition. The court

made sufficient findings of fact to support its conclusion that further reunification

would be unsuccessful.      Those portions of the trial court’s order are affirmed.

                                          - 20 -
                                      IN RE: H.L.

                                   Opinion of the Court

However, the court failed to make sufficient findings to support its conclusion that

Hannah was dependent, and that portion of the trial court’s order is reversed. The

court’s order contains inconsistent findings with respect to visitation. Thus, the order

is remanded in order for the trial court to reconcile these findings as to visitation.

      AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED.

      Judges STROUD and ZACHARY concur.

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