Court Opinion

ID: 3203697
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-05-16 18:00:54.005981+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:39:17.147740
License: Public Domain

Case: 15-30649      Document: 00513505840         Page: 1    Date Filed: 05/16/2016

           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                                             United States Court of Appeals

                                    No. 15-30649
                                                                                      Fifth Circuit

                                                                                    FILED
                                  Summary Calendar                              May 16, 2016
                                                                               Lyle W. Cayce
SHIRLEY BENNETT,                                                                    Clerk

              Plaintiff–Appellant,

v.

CONSOLIDATED GRAVITY DRAINAGE DISTRICT NO. 1,

              Defendant–Appellee.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Eastern District of Louisiana
                             USDC No. 2:14-CV-217

Before KING, CLEMENT, and OWEN, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
       Following her termination from Consolidated Gravity Drainage District
No. 1 of Tangipahoa Parish (Consolidated), Plaintiff-Appellant Shirley
Bennett, an African-American female, brought suit under Title VII of the Civil
Rights Act of 1964, alleging discrimination and retaliation on the basis of her
race. The district court denied Bennett’s motion to amend her complaint to
add a claim under Louisiana’s whistleblower statute and a claim under § 1983

       * Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
       Case: 15-30649   Document: 00513505840    Page: 2   Date Filed: 05/16/2016

                                  No. 15-30649
for violations of procedural due process, then granted Consolidated’s motion
for summary judgement as to the Title VII claims. We affirm.
                                        I
        Bennett worked at Consolidated from 1991 until her termination in
2012. Her annual reviews during the period of employment reveal a mixed
record involving periods of tardiness and excessive personal phone calls, but
also periods of stronger performance.
        The “key event” at the center of this litigation occurred on March 26,
2012. That morning, Bennett drank ice water from a styrofoam cup in her
office. After leaving her office for an indeterminate period of time, she returned
and took a sip from the same cup, expecting cold water from melted ice.
However, the liquid she drank “started burning” her mouth, suggesting to her
that there was more than just water in the cup. After investigating, Bennett
determined that the contents of her cup smelled like the hand sanitizer in a
bottle on her desk. She concluded that someone had put hand sanitizer in the
cup.
        After discussing the incident with her superiors, Clyde Martin and
Nancy Galofaro, Bennett reported the incident to Tangipahoa County Sheriff’s
Office (TCSO) the next morning. The TCSO interviewed Bennett, Martin, and
Galofaro and took the cup into evidence to investigate. No criminal charges
were brought. However, the incident was greatly distressing for Bennett,
causing her to cry on multiple occasions. According to Bennett, her superiors
treated her poorly in the aftermath of the hand sanitizer incident as she
pressed for further investigation, and they yelled and screamed at her because
they “wanted [her] to drop” it.
        After her 2012 evaluation, Martin recommended that Bennett receive a
2% cost of living salary increase.       Bennett wrote a letter to Board of
Commissioners’ (BOC) Personnel Committee—a four-member committee that
                                        2
    Case: 15-30649    Document: 00513505840      Page: 3   Date Filed: 05/16/2016

                                 No. 15-30649
makes personnel recommendations to the full nine-member BOC, which
governs Consolidated—protesting the insubstantial nature of her pay increase
and questioning whether the lack of a larger raise was related to the hand
sanitizer incident and her reaction thereto.
      The Personnel Committee scheduled a meeting with Bennett to discuss
her salary-related complaints.      At the meeting, Bennett presented the
committee with a second letter detailing the hand sanitizer incident. The
Personnel Committee then deliberated.          According to a member of the
committee, Carlo Bruno, a consensus was reached during the deliberation that
Bennett’s employment should be terminated for three reasons: (1) her
“documented history of tardiness, excessive personal telephone calls, excessive
personal visitors, and lack of initiative”; (2) a belief among the committee that
“Bennett manufactured the entire . . . hand sanitizer incident”; and (3) Bennett
“misled the Personnel Committee into believing that the purpose” of her
meeting with the committee “was to discuss her 2012 evaluation and pay
raise,” but instead “she focused the meeting almost entirely” on the hand
sanitizer incident. The full BOC then voted to terminate Bennett, with one
dissenting vote, and Bennett was fired the next day.
      Following her termination, Bennett filed a charge with the EEOC
alleging discrimination and retaliation.        In response to the charge,
Consolidated filed a position statement with the EEOC, denying that Bennett’s
termination was discriminatory or retaliatory and asserting that, “[i]n
summary, Ms. Bennett was terminated due to her poor performance and
failure to perform the assigned work – not for any other reason.” The position
statement specifically referenced Bennett’s “receipt of personal phone calls and
visitors at work, her failure to be punctual, and her unproductiveness” as
factors that influenced her termination, all of which “had nothing to do with
her race, age, or disability.”     The EEOC issued a right to sue letter.
                                       3
    Case: 15-30649            Document: 00513505840        Page: 4    Date Filed: 05/16/2016

                                          No. 15-30649
Subsequently, Bennett filed a workers’ compensation claim based on the hand
sanitizer incident.
         Bennett then filed suit in the United States District Court for the
Eastern District of Louisiana, alleging discriminatory and retaliatory
termination under Title VII. Following the close of discovery, Consolidated
filed a motion for summary judgment. Along with her opposition brief, Bennett
filed a motion to amend her complaint. She sought to add a procedural due
process claim under Loudermill 1 and a claim under Louisiana’s whistleblower
statute alleging that she was terminated in retaliation for reporting the hand
sanitizer incident to authorities. The district court denied Bennett’s motion to
amend and granted Consolidated’s motion for summary judgment in its
entirety. Bennett timely appealed from both of these decisions.
                                                II
         We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, viewing
the facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and applying the
same standard as the district court. 2 Summary judgment is appropriate when
“there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled
to judgment as a matter of law.” 3
         We review a district court’s denial of a motion to amend the complaint
for abuse of discretion, unless the denial was solely based on the futility of the
proposed amendment, in which case we review de novo. 4

                                                III

         1   Cleveland Bd. of Edu. v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532 (1985).
         2   Lawyers Title Ins. Corp. v. Doubletree Partners, L.P., 739 F.3d 848, 856 (5th Cir.
2014).
        FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a).
         3

        S&W Enters., L.L.C. v. SouthTrust Bank of Alabama, NA, 315 F.3d 533, 535 (5th
         4

Cir. 2003); Wilson v. Bruks-Klockner, Inc., 602 F.3d 363, 368 (5th Cir. 2010).
                                                 4
     Case: 15-30649       Document: 00513505840         Page: 5     Date Filed: 05/16/2016

                                       No. 15-30649
       The district court denied Bennett’s motion to amend the complaint both
because it was filed months after the deadline for motions to amend pleadings
set by the district court’s scheduling order and because Bennett’s proposed
amendment would be futile in light of the statutes of limitations applicable to
the contemplated new claims. Bennett contends that both of these grounds
were erroneous. Because we conclude that the district court did not err in
denying Bennett’s motion on the ground that she failed to establish “good
cause” to amend after the scheduling order deadline, we need not reach the
futility ground.
       Where a motion to amend under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a) is
filed after the deadline for such motions set by a scheduling order in the district
court, Rule 16(b) governs the amendment. 5                  Under Rule 16(b), once a
scheduling order is entered, it “may be modified only for good cause and with
the judge’s consent.” 6 That is, “[a]s to post-deadline amendment, a party must
show good cause for not meeting the deadline before the more liberal standard
of Rule 15(a) will apply to the district court’s denial.” 7 Good cause under Rule
16(b) “requires a party to show that the deadlines cannot reasonably be met
despite the diligence of the party needing the extension.” 8 Four factors in
particular are relevant to the determination: “(1) the explanation for the failure
to timely move for leave to amend; (2) the importance of the amendment; (3)
potential prejudice in allowing the amendment; and (4) the availability of a
continuance to cure such prejudice.” 9

       5 S&W Enters., 315 F.3d at 535-36.
       6 FED. R. CIV. P. 16(b)(4).
       7 Fahim v. Marriott Hotel Servs., Inc., 551 F.3d 344, 348 (5th Cir. 2008) (citation and

internal quotation marks omitted).
       8 Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
       9 Sw. Bell Tel. Co. v. City of El Paso, 346 F.3d 541, 546 (5th Cir. 2003) (quoting S&W

Enters., 315 F.3d at 536).
                                              5
     Case: 15-30649        Document: 00513505840           Page: 6      Date Filed: 05/16/2016

                                         No. 15-30649
       We conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in finding
that Bennett failed to establish “good cause.” Bennett claims that she only
learned that she had viable whistleblower and procedural due process claims
after reading the declarations of Martin, Galofaro, and Bruno, submitted by
Consolidated in connection with its motion for summary judgment, which
attributed her termination in part to the Personnel Committee’s shared belief
that Bennett manufactured the hand sanitizer incident. However, Bennett
conducted no discovery at all. Had she inquired in discovery as to the reasons
for her termination, she would have learned prior to the close of discovery and
prior to the amendment deadline that the hand sanitizer incident played a role
in her termination. Thus, it cannot be said that Bennett exercised diligence,
and the first factor weighs heavily in favor of Consolidated.
       Additionally, allowing Bennett to amend her complaint at this late stage
would require the district court to reopen discovery and necessitate new
dispositive motions. Thus, Consolidated would suffer prejudice in a manner
that cannot be ameliorated by a continuance. 10 Our conclusion that the district
court’s determination was a reasonable exercise of discretion is bolstered by
the fact that “we more carefully scrutinize a party’s attempt to raise new
theories of recovery by amendment when the opposing party has filed a motion
for summary judgment.” 11
       The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Bennett’s
motion to amend.

       10  See, e.g., Squyres v. Heico Companies, L.L.C., 782 F.3d 224, 239 (5th Cir. 2015)
(“Squyres . . . did not file his motion until . . . after discovery had closed, after Appellees had
filed their motion for summary judgment, and just two days before Squyres’s response to the
summary judgment motion was due. It was therefore not an abuse of discretion for the
district court to conclude that Squyres’s motion came too late in the litigation.”).
        11 Parish v. Frazier, 195 F.3d 761, 764 (5th Cir. 1999) (per curiam).

                                                6
    Case: 15-30649       Document: 00513505840         Page: 7     Date Filed: 05/16/2016

                                     No. 15-30649
                                            IV
      Bennett also contends that the district court erred in granting summary
judgment on her Title VII discrimination claim.                  Under the McDonnell
Douglas 12 burden-shifting framework, the plaintiff bears the initial burden of
setting forth a prima facie case of discrimination, which requires her to
“establish that she (1) is a member of a protected class, (2) was subjected to an
adverse employment action, (3) was qualified for her position, and (4) was
replaced by someone outside of the protected class.” 13 If the plaintiff makes
this showing, the burden of production shifts to the defendant to “articulat[e]
a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the adverse employment action.” 14
If the defendant carries this burden, the plaintiff must establish that the
proffered reason is not the true basis for the adverse employment action, but
is instead a pretext. 15 The plaintiff also carries the ultimate burden of proving
intentional discrimination. 16
      Here, the district court concluded, and Consolidated does not contest,
that Bennett has established a prima facie case of discrimination. Bennett
does not dispute that the three reasons offered by Consolidated for her
termination—specifically, (1) that Bennett has a “history of tardiness,
excessive personal telephone calls, excessive personal visitors, and a lack of
initiative”; (2) that she manufactured the hand sanitizer incident; and (3) that
she misled the Personnel Committee regarding the nature of her request for a
meeting—are nondiscriminatory.
      Instead, Bennett asserts that she has carried her burden of showing that
the reasons are pretextual. Specifically, she argues that the explanations

      12 McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973).
      13 Turner v. Baylor Richardson Med. Ctr., 476 F.3d 337, 345 (5th Cir. 2007).
      14 Id.
      15 Id.
      16 See, e.g., Price v. Fed. Exp. Corp., 283 F.3d 715, 723-24 (5th Cir. 2002).

                                            7
     Case: 15-30649       Document: 00513505840          Page: 8     Date Filed: 05/16/2016

                                       No. 15-30649
given by Consolidated in the district court and on appeal are inconsistent with
the reason given by Consolidated in its position statement to the EEOC, and
that this inconsistency alone satisfies her burden of demonstrating pretext.
       In its EEOC position statement, Consolidated denied Bennett’s charges
of discrimination and retaliation, stating, “[i]n summary, Ms. Bennett was
terminated due to her poor performance and failure to perform the assigned
work – not for any other reason.” Consolidated specifically cited Bennett’s
“receipt of personal phone calls and visitors at work, her failure to be punctual,
and her unproductiveness” as factors supporting the BOC’s decision to
terminate. According to Bennett, the fact that Consolidated gave only one
reason to the EEOC but has given three reasons for terminating Bennett in
this litigation suggests that the reasons now given are pretextual.
       In support of her argument, Bennett claims that in Burton v. Freescale
Semiconductor, Inc., 17 the Fifth Circuit set forth a per se rule that
inconsistencies between the explanation given to the EEOC and that given to
the district court suffice to carry a plaintiff’s burden of showing pretext.
However, in Burton, we simply held, commonsensically, that a purported
reason that only comes to light after the decision to terminate has been made
cannot be the real reason for termination; we did not suggest that
inconsistencies render a reason “necessarily illegitimate,” as Bennett asserts. 18
To be sure, we also noted that a rationale may be “‘suspect’ where it ha[s] ‘not
remained the same’ between the time of the EEOC’s investigation and the
ultimate litigation.” 19 However, in those cases in which we have focused on

       17 798 F.3d 222, 238 (5th Cir. 2015).
       18 Id.
       19 Id. at 237 (quoting Burrell v. Dr. Pepper/Seven Up Bottling Grp., Inc., 482 F.3d 408,

415 (5th Cir. 2007)).
                                              8
     Case: 15-30649       Document: 00513505840          Page: 9     Date Filed: 05/16/2016

                                       No. 15-30649
inconsistent rationales, there has been otherwise strong evidence of pretext. 20
No such independent evidence exists here at all, as Bennett’s case depends
entirely on the purported inconsistency.
       More importantly, the three reasons given to the district court are not
actually inconsistent with the reason given to the EEOC. Rather, the first
reason—a performance-based one involving a history of personal phone calls
and visitors, as well as a lack of initiative—is identical to the explanation given
in the position statement, and the other two reasons do not contradict what
was told to the EEOC. In Burton, we recognized that reasons for a termination
that are merely “additional,” and not contradictory, do not necessarily suggest
pretext. 21 Indeed, we have never held that an employer giving additional
reasons to the district court to supplement those given to the EEOC supports
an inference of pretext. 22 The mere fact that Consolidated’s attorneys provided
the EEOC with only one of Consolidated’s three justifications for terminating
Bennett’s employment does not constitute a substantial showing of pretext.

       20   See id. (purported rationales post-dated decision, key witnesses testified
inconsistently, and employer sought to create paper trail after termination decision); Burrell,
482 F.3d at 415 (rationales given to EEOC versus district court were contradictory rather
than supplementary and qualifications of person actually hired were worse than those of
plaintiff).
        21 Burton, 798 F.3d at 238-39.
        22 See Johnson v. Nordstrom, Inc., 260 F.3d 727, 733-34 (7th Cir. 2001) (“In [cases

relied on by plaintiff], pretext was demonstrated by not only shifting but also conflicting, and
at times retracted, justifications for adverse treatment.           Here, [defendant] simply
supplemented its explanations in the context of EEOC charges and litigation; there has been
no retraction of any of its reasons for failing to promote [plaintiff] nor are any its reasons
inconsistent or conflicting.”); see also Aragon v. Republic Silver State Disposal Inc., 292 F.3d
654, 661 (9th Cir. 2002) (no pretext where different reasons given to state equal rights
commission and district court but reasons were not contradictory); Simpson v. Kay Jewelers,
Div. of Sterling, Inc., 142 F.3d 639, 649 n.15 (3d Cir. 1998) (no pretext where reason given to
district court was not given to EEOC); Tidwell v. Carter Products, 135 F.3d 1422, 1428 (11th
Cir. 1998) (“At most, the jury could find that performance was an additional, but undisclosed,
reason for the decision; the existence of a possible additional non-discriminatory basis for
Tidwell’s termination does not, however, prove pretext.”).
                                               9
    Case: 15-30649        Document: 00513505840           Page: 10     Date Filed: 05/16/2016

                                        No. 15-30649
       The closest Bennett comes to showing that the reasons given to the
district court are inconsistent with the reason given to the EEOC is the fact
that in the EEOC position statement, Consolidated stated that Bennett was
fired based on her performance and “not for any other reason.” According to
Bennett, the disclaimer of other grounds for termination renders any
supplementary reason inconsistent. We disagree.
       In any event, even were Bennett correct that the three rationales offered
by Consolidated in this litigation are inconsistent with the reason provided to
the EEOC, and that this inconsistency carries her burden of demonstrating
pretext, summary judgment would still be appropriate with respect to
Bennett’s ultimate burden. For an employer to be liable for discrimination
under Title VII, the employee must establish not only that the employer’s
purported basis for termination was pretextual, but also “that the real reason
was intentional discrimination.” 23 Although in many circumstances a plaintiff
may defeat summary judgment merely by carrying her burden of showing that
the defendant’s proffered reason was false, coupled with meeting her initial
burden of establishing a prima facie case, 24 this result does not follow in every
case. 25

       23  St. Mary’s Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 515-17 (1993).
       24  See Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Products, Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 148 (2000) (“Thus,
a plaintiff’s prima facie case, combined with sufficient evidence to find that the employer’s
asserted justification is false, may permit the trier of fact to conclude that the employer
unlawfully discriminated.”); see also Blow v. City of San Antonio, 236 F.3d 293, 297 (5th Cir.
2001) (“Reeves held that a trier of fact may infer the ultimate fact of discrimination from the
falsity of the employer’s explanation.”).
        25 See Reeves, 530 U.S. at 146-47 (“[T]he factfinder’s rejection of the employer’s

legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its action does not compel judgment for the plaintiff.
The ultimate question is whether the employer intentionally discriminated, and proof that
‘the employer’s proffered reason is unpersuasive, or even obviously contrived, does not
necessarily establish that the plaintiff’s proffered reason is correct.’” (alteration and citation
omitted) (emphasis in original) (quoting Hicks, 509 U.S. at 519 (1993)); see also Hicks, 509
U.S. at 519 (“It is not enough . . . to dis believe the employer; the factfinder must believe the
plaintiff’s explanation of intentional discrimination.” (emphasis in original)).
                                               10
    Case: 15-30649       Document: 00513505840          Page: 11     Date Filed: 05/16/2016

                                       No. 15-30649
       In Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Products, Inc., the Supreme Court held
that judgment as a matter of law in favor of the employer would be appropriate,
notwithstanding a plaintiff raising an issue of fact as to pretext, “if the record
conclusively revealed some other, nondiscriminatory reason for the employer’s
decision, or if the plaintiff created only a weak issue of fact as to whether the
employer’s reason was untrue and there was abundant and uncontroverted
independent evidence that no discrimination had occurred.” 26 Interpreting
Reeves, we have held that “whether summary judgment is appropriate” once
an employee raises a triable issue as to pretext “depends on numerous factors,
including ‘the strength of the plaintiff’s prima facie case, the probative value
of the proof that the employer’s explanation is false, and any other evidence
that supports the employer’s case and that properly may be considered.’” 27
       Here, even if Bennett has cast some minimal degree of doubt on any of
Consolidated’s reasons for terminating her employment, her evidence of
pretext is weak at best. Additionally, she has not offered even a scintilla of
evidence that race had anything to do with the termination. 28 Accordingly, no
reasonable jury could conclude that the real reason for Bennett’s termination
was race, and under the framework of Reeves, Consolidated would be entitled
to summary judgment even if Bennett carried her burden of showing pretext.
       Additionally, Bennett does not attempt to call into question the
explanation Consolidated gave to both the EEOC and the courts—her

       26 530 U.S. at 148.
       27 Price v. Fed. Exp. Corp., 283 F.3d 715, 720 (5th Cir. 2002) (quoting Reeves, 530 U.S.
at 148-49); see also id. at 720 n.1 (noting that “[a]lthough Reeves was based on a motion for
judgment as a matter of law, the standard is the same for summary judgment”); Vadie v.
Miss. State Univ., 218 F.3d 365, 373-74 (5th Cir. 2000) (holding that, even assuming jury
credited pretext argument, “[t]here simply is not a scintilla of evidence that Dr. Vadie’s
national origin played any role in any decision that the defendant made with respect to him
during his tenure.”).
       28 Vadie, 218 F.3d at 373-74.

                                             11
    Case: 15-30649       Document: 00513505840          Page: 12     Date Filed: 05/16/2016

                                       No. 15-30649
lackluster performance. Accordingly, she has failed to carry her burden of
“rebut[ting] each discrete reason proffered by the employer.” 29
       In sum, Bennett has not put forth evidence that Consolidated’s
legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for firing her were pretextual, and the
district court properly granted summary judgment.
                                              V
       In a single sentence of her brief, Bennett also asserts that “[a]lthough
[she] did not oppose the motion for summary judgment on the retaliation claim
[in the district court], that decision must also be reversed for the same reasons
that the decision on the discrimination claim must be reversed.” Plainly, even
if the retaliation claim had merit, she has waived it. 30 Moreover, contrary to
arguments in Bennett’s reply brief, the position statement’s insistence that
Bennett was not terminated in retaliation for reporting the hand sanitizer
incident is not inconsistent with Consolidated’s acknowledgment that
Bennett’s extended discussion of that incident at her meeting to discuss her
raise was a factor in her termination.
                                      *       *        *
       For the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM the district court’s decision
in its entirety.

       29 Burton, 798 F.3d at 233; see also Rutherford v. Harris Cty., 197 F.3d 173, 184 (5th
Cir. 1999) (A plaintiff “must provide some evidence, direct or circumstantial, to rebut each of
the employer’s proffered reasons and allow the jury to infer that the employer’s explanation
was a pretext for discrimination.”).
       30 See, e.g., Martco Ltd. P’ship v. Wellons, Inc., 588 F.3d 864, 877 (5th Cir. 2009).

                                              12