Court Opinion

ID: 4428033
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-08-20 18:59:51.645916+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:56:32.401570
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION

                                  SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                  APPELLATE DIVISION
                                  DOCKET NO. A-5177-17T2

ROBERT CAMERON on
behalf of himself and all
other similarly situated,            APPROVED FOR PUBLICATION

     Plaintiff-Appellant,                     July 11, 2019

                                         APPELLATE DIVISION
v.

SOUTH JERSEY PUBS,
INC., d/b/a TGI FRIDAY'S,
INC.,

     Defendant-Respondent.
____________________________

           Argued January 23, 2019 – Decided July 11, 2019

           Before Judges Yannotti, Rothstadt and Natali.
           (Judge Yannotti dissenting).

           On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
           Division, Burlington County, Docket No. L-2106-14.

           Wesley G. Hanna argued the cause for appellant (Law
           Office of Sander D. Friedman, LLC, attorneys; Sander
           D. Friedman and Wesley G. Hanna, of counsel and on
           the briefs).

           Joseph A. Gallo argued the cause for respondent
           (McGivney, Kluger & Cook, PC, attorneys; Joseph A.
           Gallo and William D. Sanders, of counsel and on the
           brief).
      The opinion of the court was delivered by

ROTHSTADT, J.A.D.

      In this appeal, we are asked to determine whether the Law Division

properly denied plaintiff's motion for class certification under Rule 4:32-1(b)(2)

where plaintiff's claims were similar to those considered by the New Jersey

Supreme Court in Dugan v. TGI Fridays, Inc., 231 N.J. 24 (2017). In Dugan,

the Court held that class certification under Rule 4:32-1(b)(3) was not

appropriate based on a "price-inflation" theory. 231 N.J. at 34. The Dugan

plaintiffs argued that TGI Friday's, Inc. (TGIF), the restaurant chain, violated

the Consumer Fraud Act (CFA), N.J.S.A. 56:81-2.2 and 2.5, and the Truth in

Consumer Contract, Warranty and Notice Act (TCCWNA), N.J.S.A. 56:12-14

to -18, by failing to disclose the prices it charged for beverages on its menus.

Ibid. They claimed that TGIF was able to charge each member of the class,

across the board, $1.72 more than the "fair" or "reasonable" prices that the

market would bear if the prices had been disclosed on the menu. Ibid. The

Court recognized this as a "price-inflation" theory of damages and held that

(b)(3) class certification was not appropriate under the CFA or the TCCWNA

because each class member's claim was dependent upon their individual dining

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                                        2
experiences and, under the TCCWNA, the Legislature did not intend for the Act

to impose substantial financial penalties for violations.

      We conclude that Dugan's holding did not require the denial of plaintiff's

motion for (b)(2) certification in this case because the Court's concerns in Dugan

were not relevant to plaintiff's application for (b)(2) certification.     To hold

otherwise, as suggested by our dissenting colleague, will not only "make it more

difficult for a class of . . . defrauded consumers to act collectively in pursuit of

a common remedy against a corporate wrongdoer," Dugan, 231 N.J. at 75

(Albin, J., dissenting), but also it will in fact slam the courthouse doors shut on

them, rather than "open[ing] the . . . doors for those who cannot enter alone."

Iliadis v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 191 N.J. 88, 104 (2007).

      We granted plaintiff Robert Cameron individually, and on behalf of all

others similarly situated, leave to appeal from the Law Division's order denying

his motion for (b)(2) class certification.     Plaintiff's complaint alleges that

defendant South Jersey Pubs Inc., doing business as TGIF, violated the CFA and

the TCCWNA by failing to list beverage prices on its menu. Plaintiff seeks

monetary damages for himself as well as injunctive and declaratory relief for all

individuals who received a menu and ordered a beverage from a menu without

a price in one of defendant's two establishments during a specific time period.

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He specifically seeks permanent injunctive relief directing defendant to include

beverage prices on its menus and a declaration that the failure to do so is an

unlawful commercial practice under the CFA and a violation of the TCCWNA.

On appeal, plaintiff argues that the motion judge erred in denying his motion for

class certification because he satisfied the requirements for (b)(2) class

certification. We agree and reverse the denial of (b)(2) class certification.

                                         I.

      We glean the following facts from the motion record. Defendant is a

franchisee of TGIF and owns and operates two TGIF restaurants, one in Toms

River and the other in Manahawkin. On August 1, 2012, plaintiff went to

defendant's restaurant in Toms River. 1 He was given a menu, initially ordered

a water, then his meal, and a beer, and then added a soda. He believed that all

of this, plus tip, would cost about $20. After finishing his meal, plaintiff was

presented with the bill and was shocked to see that he had been billed over "$5[]

for a mass produced beer, and . . . close to . . . $3[] . . . for a soda." On his way

1
  Plaintiff was originally one of the named class representatives in Dugan but
as the Court noted, plaintiff's claims "related to a visit to a franchise-owned-
TGIF restaurant," and were dismissed by the trial court when it "exclude[ed]
customers who exclusively visited franchise TGIF restaurants," as compared to
company TGIF owned establishments. Dugan, 231 N.J. at 39 n.4.

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out, plaintiff looked at a menu and noticed that the drink prices were not listed.

Plaintiff stated that he never would have ordered the drinks if the prices were

listed.

          Thereafter, plaintiff filed his complaint. 2 On December 24, 2015, plaintiff

filed an initial motion for class certification, but withdrew it on March 21, 2016.

On September 13, 2017, he renewed his motion for class certification under

Rules 4:32-1(b)(2) or (b)(3). Plaintiff sought a class of "[a]ll customers of . . .

[defendant's] restaurants who purchased items from [a] menu that did not have

a disclosed price" during the period from August 1, 2006 through the present

date.3 However, on October 5, 2017, a day after the Supreme Court issued its

opinion in Dugan, plaintiff withdrew his motion for class certification under

(b)(3) for damages and relied solely on class certification under (b)(2) for

injunctive relief.

2
    We have not been provided with a copy of the original complaint.
3
   The exact definition of the purported class is derived from plaintiff's later-
filed amended complaint because we have not been provided with a copy of the
original complaint or the certifications filed in support of any of plaintiff's
motions.

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      While his renewed motion was pending, plaintiff filed an amended

complaint in November 2017. In the amended complaint, plaintiff alleged that

defendant violated the CFA and the TCCWNA based on its failure to list certain

beverage prices on its menu. According to plaintiff, defendant's actions were

contrary to N.J.S.A. 56:8-2.2 and N.J.S.A. 56:8-2.5.4 Plaintiff also asserted

claims for breach of contract and unjust enrichment. The complaint demanded

monetary damages for plaintiff and a "proposed class . . . of all customers of . .

. [defendant's] restaurants who purchased items from the menu that did not have

a disclosed price[,]" and declaratory and injunctive relief on behalf of himself

and the class. Plaintiff specifically sought a declaration that "[d]efendant's

practice . . . [was] unlawful" and an injunction to prevent "[d]efendant from

continuing to offer beverages for sale without written price disclosures."

Defendant filed an answer denying the allegations in the complaint.

4
   N.J.S.A. 56:8-2.2 provides that it shall be unlawful for a seller to advertise
"merchandise as part of a plan or scheme not to sell the item or service so
advertised or not to sell the same at the advertised price." N.J.S.A. 56:8 -2.5
provides that it shall be unlawful for anyone "to sell, attempt to sell or offer for
sale any merchandise at retail unless the total selling price of such merchandise
is plainly marked by a stamp, tag, label or sign either affixed to the merchandise
or located at the point where the merchandise is offered for sale."
"Merchandise" is defined as "any objects, wares, goods, commodities, services
or anything offered, directly or indirectly to the public for sale." N.J.S.A. 56:8 -
1(c).
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                                         6
      According to plaintiff, despite the age of the case, no discovery had been

completed prior to the class certification motion being considered by the court.

However, plaintiff relied upon discovery obtained in Dugan to support his

complaint's factual contentions. Citing to that discovery, plaintiff alleged that

TGIF intentionally developed a plan to not disclose beverage prices on its

restaurants' menus as a form of "menu engineering," after it conducted various

market studies that concluded by not disclosing prices, it could charge higher

prices to its patrons.5 Relying upon a deposition taken in Dugan from one of

5
  In Dugan, Justice Albin stated in his dissent that TGIF's conduct violated the
CFA. In his analysis, he described the results of TGIF's market analysis and
their application as follows:

            TGIF determined the "fair" price and "think-twice"
            price for the purchase of meals with and without
            alcoholic beverages.         The "think-twice" price,
            apparently, is the price at which bells go off in patrons'
            heads and purchases decline because consumers do not
            want to exceed their "check thresholds." From TGIF's
            perspective, the beauty of not placing beverage prices
            on menus in violation of the CFA is that uninformed
            patrons do not know when their purchases have
            exceeded the "fair" price and reached the "think-twice"
            price.

            TGIF learned through the study what is commonly
            known—that an informed consumer will make rational
            pricing decisions. Because restaurants "with alcohol
            pricing on the menu experienced a [$]1.72 [per-person

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                                        7
defendant's officers in this case, plaintiff alleged that defendant followed TGIF's

procedure from 2008 through 2016 and he argued that defendant stopped doing

so only to avoid being held liable in this litigation.

      On April 27, 2018, the motion judge heard argument and afterward denied

plaintiff's (b)(2) class certification motion, placing his reasons on the record that

day. Initially, the judge opined that the CFA "violations here [were] not clearly

established[,] which would warrant . . . injunctive relief," but that was "not

dispositive." He also observed that the CFA was not "all about" a litigant being

able to pursue "comprehensive injunctive proceedings brought on behalf of

thousands . . . of individuals who are now being told they don't have to worry

about whether they've been damaged . . . ." He also found that the purported

class was "a large group of people. . . . [that was] hard to determine . . . ."

According to the judge, injunctive relief was not necessary because it was

             average] decline as guests traded down," TGIF made
             the corporate decision that "alcohol pricing will not be
             placed on the menu." In other words, TGIF determined
             that it did not pay to conform to the law and that it was
             more profitable to capitalize on the ignorance of its
             patrons. From TGIF's own statistical analysis comes
             the calculation of ascertainable loss to its patrons and
             the gain to itself.

             [Dugan, 231 N.J. at 78-79 (alterations in original).]
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                                         8
"future oriented" and there was no "showing that any individual or members of

the class would . . . suffer future . . . grievances. . . . [as] the whole purpose of

an injunction is to avoid damages."

      Addressing the purported class, the judge found that it consisted of

"thousands of . . . [people] who were just simply identified if [they] showed up

[at defendant's establishment,]" so the class was "generalized." He then turned

back to the CFA and stated that in determining class certification under (b)(2),

"you don't have to worry about predominance," as required by (b)(3), but found

that "cohesiveness require[d] th[e] [c]ourt to search through the record . . . [and]

the potential claims to determine whether . . . the interests of the individuals are

so disparate and so lack[ing] of cohesion that it would make it inappropriate for

a class action."

      Applying that standard, the judge concluded that there was no evidence of

cohesiveness, especially here "where one consumer can go off and get . . .

injunct[ive relief] without having some kind of proof of ascertainable loss as it

applies to the remainder of the group." The judge distinguished this case from

Laufer v. U.S. Life Ins. Co., 385 N.J. Super. 172, 188 (App. Div. 2006), in which

we held, in part, that only a putative class plaintiff needs to demonstrate

ascertainable loss under the CFA to maintain a (b)(2) class action for purported

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                                         9
violations of the CFA. The judge stated that although the putative class plaintiff

in Laufer was only required to demonstrate ascertainable loss, "ascertainable

loss [was] evident in the remainder of the group."

      Relying on the Court's opinion in Dugan, the judge concluded that "if

damage claims can't be subject to class action, then . . . injunctive [relief] can't

be subject to class action because injunctive [relief] is secondary to the damage

claims in the consumer protection world unless you're the Attorney General.

Then you don't have to prove damages."

      The judge entered an order denying class certification on April 30, 2018.

We granted plaintiff leave to appeal and later issued a stay pending appeal.

                                             II.

      On appeal, plaintiff contends that the motion judge erred and abused his

discretion in not certifying the class based upon the judge's consideration of

whether plaintiff is entitled to the relief demanded in his complaint, "the ultimate

merits of the case," and the judge's perception that injunctive relief was not

necessary because defendant alleged it voluntarily agreed to disclose beverage

prices on its menus going forward. Moreover, plaintiff asserts that the judge

incorrectly believed that in order to certify the class, plaintiff was bound to come

forward with evidence that all putative class members sustained an ascertainable

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                                        10
loss under the CFA. Finally, plaintiff argues that the motion judge "conflate[ed]

cohesion and predominance."

      Defendant contends that the motion judge correctly denied class

certification. The thrust of defendant's response is that proposed class members

may have decided to purchase beverages from defendant on any given date for

reasons totally unrelated to "the lack of menu pricing." According to defendant,

"even if one assumes that patrons viewed the same menus, there is simply no

way of knowing which individuals ordered beverages without knowing the

prices in advance, and what information about prices they had even in the

absence of menu pricing." Although not argued before the motion judge, it

further argues to us that the individual nature of "[e]ach proposed class member's

dining experience lacked the typicality and commonality necessary for class

certification under [Rule] 4:32-1(a) due to the unlimited variations in customers'

interactions with servers regrading beverage purchases."        Citing to Dugan,

defendant contends that the Court found that "there were too many individual

variants among how individual patrons ordered beverages to find that 'common

questions of law or fact' were 'predominant.'" In addition, defendant avers that

in any event, plaintiff was not entitled to injunctive relief once he abandoned his

claim for monetary damages.

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                                       11
      We review a trial court's order granting or denying class certification for

an abuse of discretion. Dugan, 231 N.J. at 50. In determining whether the trial

court has abused its discretion, we "'must ascertain whether the trial court has

followed' the class action standard set forth in Rule 4:32-1." Ibid. (quoting Lee

v. Carter-Reed Co., LLC, 203 N.J. 496, 506 (2010)). "Our role in this case is to

review the trial courts' class certification decisions, not to act as a factfinder

with respect to plaintiffs' substantive claims." Id. at 55 n.8.

      Applying that standard, we conclude that the motion judge mistakenly

exercised his discretion by not correctly applying the requirements for (b)(2)

certification of a class. The judge improperly held that an individual could not

pursue injunctive relief under the CFA and determined cohesiveness by focusing

upon the possible disparity between class members' dining experiences rather

than whether the entire class could be afforded a remedy through a single

injunction that would insure defendant's continued compliance with the law, if

warranted. In our view, the facts of this case give rise to exactly the type of

claims that (b)(2) class certification was intended to address.

                                        A.

      We begin our review by observing that certifying a "class action is 'an

exception to the usual rule that litigation is conducted by and on behalf of the

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                                       12
individual named parties only.'" Iliadis, 191 N.J. at 103 (quoting Califano v.

Yamasaki, 422 U.S. 682, 700-01 (1979)). "[T]he class action is a device that

allows 'an otherwise vulnerable class' or diverse individuals with small claims

access to the courthouse," Lee, 203 N.J. at 518 (quoting Iliadis, 191 N.J. at 120),

and thus, it "'should be liberally construed.'" Dugan, 231 N.J. at 46-47 (quoting

Lee, 203 N.J. at 518).

      "[I]n the context of consumer transactions, 'class actions should be

liberally allowed . . . under circumstances that would make individual actions

uneconomical to pursue.'" Daniels v. Hollister Co., 440 N.J. Super. 359, 363

(App. Div. 2015) (quoting Varacallo v. Massachusetts Mut. Life Ins. Co., 332

N.J. Super. 31, 45 (App. Div. 2000)). "In short, as the Court made clear in

Iliadis, 'a class action "should lie unless it is clearly infeasible."'" Ibid. (quoting

Iliadis, 191 N.J. at 103).

      Our courts have described "the class-action device's '"historic mission"'

[as] caring for '"the smaller guy."'" Id. at 364 (quoting Iliadis, 191 N.J. at 104).

A class action serves "numerous practical purposes, including judicial economy,

cost-effectiveness, convenience, consistent treatment of class members,

protection of defendants from inconsistent obligations, and allocation of

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                                         13
litigation costs among numerous, similarly-situated litigants."        Id. at 363

(quoting Iliadis, 191 N.J. at 104).

      Significantly, it levels the "playing field" by "'equaliz[ing] the claimants'

ability to zealously advocate their positions.       That equalization principle

"remedies the incentive problem facing litigants who seek only a small

recovery." [T]he class action's equalization function opens the courthouse doors

for those who cannot enter alone.'" Id. at 363-64 (second alteration in original)

(quoting Iliadis, 191 N.J. at 104). "The class-action device was created not only

to allow compensation for such small wrongs but also to deter future wrongdoing

in the marketplace." Id. at 371-72.

      Rule 4:32-2(a) requires that a "court shall, at any early practicable time,

determine by order whether to certify the action as a class action." A plaintiff

bears the burden of establishing class status. Iliadis, 191 N.J. at 106. "[C]lass

certification should not be denied based on the merits of a complaint, [but] some

preliminary analysis is required. Carroll v. Cellco P'ship, 313 N.J. Super. 488,

495 (App. Div. 1998).

      When considering a motion by plaintiff for class certification, a court is

required" to examine "'the claims, defenses, relevant facts, and applicable

substantive law.'" Dugan, 231 N.J. at 49-50 (quoting Iliadis, 191 N.J. at 107).

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                                       14
It "must 'accept as true all of the allegations in the complaint,' and consider the

remaining pleadings, discovery . . ., and any other pertinent evidence in a light

favorable to [the] plaintiff." Lee, 203 N.J. at 505 (first quoting Int'l Union of

Operating Eng'rs Local No. 68 Welfare Fund v. Merck & Co., 192 N.J. 372, 376

(2007); then citing Iliadis, 191 N.J. at 96).

      The court "must undertake a 'rigorous analysis' to determine if the Rule's

requirements have been satisfied." Dugan, 231 N.J. at 49 (citing Iliadis, 191

N.J. at 106-07). "Although class certification does not occasion an examination

of the dispute's merits, a cursory review of the pleadings is nonetheless

insufficient." Iliadis, 191 N.J. at 107 (citations omitted). In other words, a court

considering a request for class certification must pierce the pleadings. Ibid.

Nevertheless, at this stage, a court must "liberally indulge the allegations of the

complaint [and] 'liberally construe[]' Rule 4:32-1 in favor of class certification"

to achieve the goal that "a class action 'should lie unless it is clearly infeasible.'"

Daniels, 440 N.J. Super. at 363-64 (second alteration in original) (quoting

Iliadis, 191 N.J. at 103).

                                          1.

      To certify a class action, the putative class plaintiff must first establish the

requirements in Rule 4:32-1(a). This Rule states:

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                                         15
             (1) the class is so numerous that joiner of all members
             is impracticable, (2) there are questions of law or fact
             common to the class, (3) the claims or defenses of the
             representative parties are typical of the claims or
             defenses of the class, and (4) the representative parties
             will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the
             class.

             [R. 4:32-1(a).]

These requirements are commonly referred to as "numerosity, commonality,

typicality and adequacy of representation." Dugan, 231 N.J. at 47 (quoting Lee,

203 N.J. at 519). Once the named plaintiff has established the requirements in

Rule 4:32-1(a)(1), he or she must also satisfy either Rule 4:32-1(b)(1),6 (2), or

(3).

       Although defendant here argues to us that plaintiff failed to satisfy the

requirements of Rule 4:32-1(a)(1), plaintiff's alleged failure to do so was not

argued before the motion judge and for that reason, the judge never addressed

the contention. Because the issue was not addressed in the motion, we have no

reason to consider it now. See Nieder v. Royal Indem. Ins. Co., 62 N.J. 229,

234 (1973). Even if we did, we find no merit to defendant's contention as

plaintiff's purported class met all of the requirements under Rule 4:32-1(a).

6
   It is undisputed that (b)(1) is not the subject of the motion judge's ruling or
relevant to this appeal.

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                                       16
      Here, it is obvious that the putative class meets the Rule's requirements.

The members of the class are far too numerous for individual joinder.

            The common issue of law among all class members is
            that [defendant] does not list its beverage prices in
            violation of N.J.S.A. 56:8-2.5. The common issue of
            fact is that all members of the class suffer from
            [defendant's alleged] unlawful practice of not listing
            beverage prices. The loss suffered by patrons resulting
            from [the alleged] violation of the CFA is dispersed
            over the entire class of beverage purchasers, with
            individual patrons incurring greater or lesser losses.

            [Dugan, 231 N.J. at 82 (Albin, J. dissenting).]

The class members' claims "'arise from the same events, practice, or conduct,

and are based on the same legal theory, as those of other class members . . . . '"

Laufer, 385 N.J. Super. at 180-81 (citation omitted). The unlawful conduct

alleged here is a violation of the CFA and the TCCWNA arising from the failure

to list beverage prices on menus given to plaintiff and the putative class

members.    Finally, plaintiff can adequately represent the class even if his

"interests" are not "identical" to all class members, as he does "'not have

interests antagonistic to those of the class.'" Id. at 182 (quoting Delgozzo v.

Kenny, 266 N.J. Super. 169, 188 (App. Div. 1993)).

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                                       17
                                          2.

      The dispute here focused on only whether plaintiff, seeking only

injunctive relief, was entitled to (b)(2) class certification, which is different than

the (b)(3) certification considered by the Court in Dugan, where the claim was

for damages and civil penalties. "Though classes certified under . . . (b)(3)

and . . . (b)(2) all proceed as 'class actions,' the two subsections actually create

two remarkably different litigation devices." Shelton v. Bledsoe, 775 F.3d 554,

560 (3d Cir. 2015). 7

      Under (b)(3),

             [i]f th[e] initial requirements [of Rule 4:32-1(a)] are
             satisfied, the court then considers whether "the
             questions of law or fact common to the members of the
             class predominate over any questions affecting only
             individual members, and that a class action is superior
             to other available methods for the fair and efficient
             adjudication of the controversy."

             [Pisack v. B & C Towing, Inc., 455 N.J. Super. 225,
             250 (App. Div.), leave to app'l granted, 235 N.J. 477
             (2018) and 236 N.J. 24 (2018) (quoting R. 4:32-
             1(b)(3)).]

7
  "Where there is no New Jersey case law relevant to a class certification issue,
'our courts have consistently looked to the interpretations give the feder al
counterpart for guidance.'" Laufer, 385 N.J. Super. at 183 (quoting Delgozzo,
266 N.J. Super. at 188).
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                                         18
      "Predominance exists if 'the proposed class is "sufficiently cohesive to

warrant adjudication by representation."'" Ibid. (quoting Dugan, 231 N.J. at 48).

"To establish predominance, . . . a 'plaintiff does not have to show that there is

an "absence of individual issues or that the common issues dispose of the entire

dispute," or "that all issues [are] identical among class members or that each

class member [is] affected in precisely the same manner."'" Ibid. (alterations in

original) (quoting Lee, 203 N.J. at 520).

      Proof of predominance under (b)(3) is not a requirement for (b)(2)

certification. Gates v. Rohm & Haas Co., 655 F.3d 255, 263-64 (3d Cir. 2011).8

8
  To the extent that our dissenting colleague relies upon Gates's holding that the
denial of (b)(2) class certification in that case supports the same result here, we
conclude such reliance is inapposite. Gates involved a class-based medical
monitoring claim under Pennsylvania law arising out of allegations that a
company dumped toxic wastewater that seeped into an aquifer and evaporated,
polluting the air with the toxic carcinogen, vinyl chloride. The Third Circuit
considered the elements of a Pennsylvania medical monitoring claim and
concluded that "[p]laintiffs . . . failed to propose a method of proving the proper
point where exposure to vinyl chloride presents a significant risk of developing
a serious latent disease for each class member. . . . [or that] the proposed
monitoring regime [was] reasonably medically necessary." Gates, 655 F.3d at
268. As a result, the plaintiffs could not "prove the medical necessity of [their]
proposed monitoring regime without further individual proceedings to consider
class members' individual characteristics and medical histories and to weigh the
benefits and safety of a monitoring program." Id. at 269. For that reason, the
court found that "[p]laintiffs c[ould not] show the cohesiveness required for
certification of a Rule 23(b)(2) class." Ibid. No such issues exist in the present
CFA/TCCWNA matter.
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                                       19
Under (b)(2), class certification is warranted if "the party opposing the class has

acted or refused to act on grounds generally applicable to the class, thereby

making appropriate final injunctive relief or corresponding declaratory relief

with respect to the class as a whole." R. 4:32-1(b)(2). Certification under (b)(2)

is appropriate where one injunction can remedy the harmful conduct. See

MacNeil v. Klein, 141 N.J. Super. 395, 412-13 (App. Div. 1976) (observing that

(b)(2) class certification would be inappropriate to remedy adverse but disparate

jail conditions in different counties). Whether (b)(2) certification is appropriate

therefore "turns on the precise nature of the remedy sought." Goasdone v. Am.

Cyanamid Corp., 354 N.J. Super. 519, 532 (Law Div. 2002). See also Shelton,

775 F. 3d at 561.

      Section (b)(2) applies "when a single injunction or declaratory judgment

would provide relief to each member of the class. It does not authorize class

certification when each individual class member would be entitled to a different

injunction or declaratory judgment against the defendant." Wal-Mart Stores,

Inc. v. Dukes, 564 U.S. 338, 360 (2011).

      "[T]he key to the (b)(2) class is the 'indivisible nature of the injunctive or

declaratory remedy warranted—the notion that the conduct is such that it can be

enjoined or declared unlawful only as to all of the class members or as to none

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                                       20
of them.'" Shelton, 775 F. 3d at 561 (quoting Wal-Mart, 564 U.S. at 360). The

issue at the point of deciding class certification is not whether plaintiff has

proven his or the class members' entitlement to injunctive relief, see Sheppard

v. Twp. of Frankford, 261 N.J. Super. 5, 10 (App. Div. 1992) (stating that non-

exclusive factors, if established, would warrant a permanent injunction), but

rather whether the relief, if warranted, would provide a remedy for the entire

class.

         The mere fact that a defendant has allegedly voluntarily desisted from the

challenged conduct is not a reason for denying an injunction or therefore (b)(2)

certification. A "tardy attempt of defendant to lend an appearance of observance

of plaintiff's rights will avail it nothing. An injunction may issue 'to prevent an

anticipated or threatened injury, either to protect against a repetition of unlawful

conduct or to guard against reasonably apprehended misconduct or infringement

of legal right.'" Sheahan v. Upper Greenwood Lake Prop. Owners Ass'n., 36

N.J. Super. 133, 136 (App. Div. 1955) (quoting Hoffmann-LaRoche, Inc., v.

Weissbard, 11 N.J. 541, 551 (1953)).

         A party who invokes (b)(2) for class certification must be seeking

declaratory or injunctive relief and the defendant must have acted or refused to

act on grounds generally applicable to the class. This latter requirement is

                                                                            A-5177-17T2
                                         21
generally referred to as the need for cohesiveness. Amchem. Prods., Inc. v.

Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 623 (1997). "Because there is no right to opt out from

such a class, and because significant individual issues in a[ ](b)(2) class might

present manageability issues and undermine the value of utilizing the class

action mechanism, . . . such classes must be cohesive." Shelton, 775 F. 3d at

561.

       "In the context of a (b)(2) application, cohesiveness is considered 'a

natural consequence' of the second requirement." Goasdone, 354 N.J. Super. at

531 (citing Santiago v. City of Philadelphia, 72 F.R.D. 619, 627 (E.D. Pa.

1976)). "Cohesiveness requires a certain 'homogeneity' of the claims of the class

members. . . . [which] has been described as the 'essence' of a (b)(2) class

action." Id. at 533 (citations omitted). In other words, there must be a "strong

commonality of interests." Gates, 655 F.3d at 264.

       Nevertheless, "a class action may be maintained under . . . (b)(2) even

though defendant's conduct is not damaging to every member of the class. What

is important is that the relief sought by the named plaintiffs should benefit the

entire class." Laufer, 385 N.J. Super. at 183 (citations and internal quotation

marks omitted). "Injuries remedied through (b)(2) actions are really grouped,

                                                                         A-5177-17T2
                                      22
as opposed to individual injuries." Shelton, 775 F. 3d at 561 (quoting Barnes v.

Am. Tobacco Co., 161 F.3d 127, 143 n.18 (3d Cir. 1998)). Therefore,

            [i]n order to determine if the class meets the
            requirement of cohesiveness under (b)(2), the court
            must analyze the legal and factual issues involved in the
            specific case, and determine if the claims of class
            members can more sensibly be adjudicated as a group
            or if the case would essentially break down into
            litigation of individual claims due to the presence of
            significant individual issues.

            [Goasdone, 354 N.J. Super. at 536.]

      For example, in Laufer, the plaintiff filed a class action against an

insurance company for violations of the CFA. 385 N.J. Super. at 176. The

plaintiff alleged the insurance company violated the CFA by sending notices to

its insureds stating they had nursing home coverage, when in fact, they did not.

Id. at 176-78. Plaintiff sought monetary damages on behalf of herself, and

injunctive and declaratory relief on behalf of a class of individuals who were

also sent the notices. Id. at 178. The plaintiff sought "an injunction compelling

defendants to send written notice to all class members, notifying them in plain

and prominent language that they do not, and have not had, nursing home

coverage, and notifying them that the [c]ourt has declared" the representations

violated the CFA. Ibid.

                                                                         A-5177-17T2
                                      23
      We affirmed the Law Division's decision to certify the class under (b)(2).

Id. at 184.   In doing so, we observed that the notices "were sent to all

policyholders" and "the limited injunctive relief sought . . . would clearly

'benefit the entire class.'" Id. at 183-84 (quoting Baby Neal v. Casey, 43 F.3d

48, 59 (3d Cir. 1994)). Therefore, we implicitly found that plaintiff's claims

were cohesive because everyone was at least sent the notice. See id. at 184.

      Although certain individuals may not have opened or relied upon the

notice, the "limited injunctive relief sought," namely a notice indicating that the

insured did not have nursing home benefits, would affect the class in the same

way. In deciding Laufer, we held that injunctive relief for the class was proper

even though there was no realistic possibility that the named plaintiff was at risk

of any future injury from the defendant's wrongful conduct. Id. at 188.

                                        B.

      With these guiding principles in mind, we examine the "'claims, defenses,

relevant facts, and applicable substantive law,'" Dugan, at 231 N.J. at 49-50

(quoting Iliadis, 191 N.J. at 107), relating to plaintiff's CFA and TCCWNA

claims for which (b)(2) certification was sought. Our examination is not focused

on whether plaintiff will succeed, but on whether the claims are amenable to

class certification. See Iliadis, 191 N.J. at 120-21; Beegal v. Park West Gallery,

                                                                           A-5177-17T2
                                       24
394 N.J. Super. 98, 110-11 (App. Div. 2007); Delgozzo, 266 N.J. Super. at 180-

81.

                                         1.

      Turning first to his CFA claim, plaintiff alleges that defendant "knowingly

and/or intentionally fail[ed] to disclose the prices of [various] . . . beverages [it]

offer[s] for sale[,]" thereby engaging in a knowing omission in violation of

N.J.S.A. 56:8-2.2's prohibition against "bait and switch" advertising, and

N.J.S.A. 56:8-2.5's requirement for "merchandise . . . [to be] price marked at the

point of purchase." As stated previously, plaintiff seeks injunctive relief for the

class compelling disclosure of beverage prices and declaratory relief confirming

that the failure to do so is an unlawful commercial practice under the CFA.

      "The CFA was enacted to 'provide[] relief to consumers from "fraudulent

practices in the market place.'"" Dugan, 231 N.J. at 50 (alteration in original)

(quoting Lee, 203 N.J. at 521). It "has been hailed as 'one of the strongest

consumer protection laws in the nation[.]'" Weinberg v. Sprint Corp., 173 N.J.

233, 257 (2002) (Verniero, J., dissenting) (alteration in original) (quoting

Governor's Press Release for Assembly Bill, No. 2402, at 1 (June 29, 1971)).

      "Courts have emphasized that like most remedial legislation, the [CFA]

should be construed liberally in favor of consumers." Belmont Condo. Ass'n,

                                                                              A-5177-17T2
                                        25
Inc. v. Geibel, 432 N.J. Super. 52, 75 (App. Div. 2013) (alteration in original)

(quoting Cox v. Sears Roebuck & Co., 138 N.J. 2, 15 (1994)). We must be

"mindful that the Act's provision authorizing consumers to bring their own

private action is integral to fulfilling the legislative purposes . . . ." Cox, 138

N.J. at 16.

      The CFA prohibits "unlawful practices" which "can be divided, for

analytical purposes, into three categories." Bosland v. Warnock Dodge, Inc.,

197 N.J. 543, 556 (2009) (citing Cox, 138 N.J. at 17). Unlawful practices can

be "affirmative acts, claims asserting knowing omissions, and claims based on

regulatory violations." Ibid. (citing Cox, 138 N.J. at 17); see also Dugan, 231

N.J. at 51 ("[a]n 'unlawful practice' contravening the CFA may arise from (1) an

affirmative act; (2) a knowing omission; or (3) a violation of an administrative

regulation").

      Where a plaintiff's theory is based on a knowing omission, "the plaintiff

must show that the defendant acted with knowledge, and intent is an essential

element of the fraud." Cox, 138 N.J. at 18 (citing Chattin v. Cape May Greene,

Inc., 124 N.J. 520, 522 (1991) (Stein, J., concurring)). However, where, as

alleged by plaintiff here, the claim is based on a regulatory violation, a plaintiff

need not demonstrate intent "because 'the regulations impose strict liability for

                                                                            A-5177-17T2
                                        26
such violations.'" Bosland, 197 N.J. at 556 (first quoting Cox, 138 N.J. at 18;

then citing Fenwick v. Kay Am. Jeep, Inc., 72 N.J. 372, 378 (1977)).

            The Legislature not only included affirmative acts and
            knowing omissions in the category of consumer fraud
            violations, but also "impose[d] strict liability" for
            regulatory violations, regardless of the defendant's
            intent. It did so because "parties subject to the
            regulations are assumed to be familiar with them, so
            that any violation of the regulations, regardless of intent
            or moral culpability, constitutes a violation of the
            [CFA]."

            [Spade v. Select Comfort Corp., 232 N.J. 504, 518
            (2018) (alterations in original) (quoting Cox, 138 N.J.
            at 18-19).]

      As originally enacted, only the Attorney General could enforce the CFA's

provisions. Dugan, 231 N.J. at 50. However, the Legislature subsequently

amended the CFA to permit private suits. Id. at 50-51. "It [now] affords a

consumer legal relief, equitable relief, treble damages, and counsel fees."

Pisack, 455 N.J. Super. at 240 (citing N.J.S.A. 56:8-19).         The amendment

"provide[s] easier access to the courts for the consumer, . . . increase[s] the

attractiveness of consumer actions to attorneys[,] and . . . reduce[s] the burdens

on the Division of Consumer Affairs." Weinberg, 173 N.J. at 248-49 (alterations

in original) (quoting Governor's Press Release for Assembly Bill, No. 2402, at

2 (Apr. 19, 1971)).

                                                                          A-5177-17T2
                                       27
      In addition to demonstrating that a defendant engaged in an unlawful

practice, a private plaintiff asserting a claim under the CFA must also allege that

he or she suffered an ascertainable loss, and "a causal relationship between the

unlawful conduct and the ascertainable loss." Dugan, 231 N.J. at 52 (quoting

D'Agostino v. Maldonado, 216 N.J. 168, 184 (2013)). "An 'ascertainable loss'

is one that is 'quantifiable or measurable' and not 'hypothetical or illusory.'"

Pisack, 455 N.J. Super. at 240 (quoiting Lee, 203 N.J. at 522).

      "The [CFA] creates a private cause of action, but only for victims of

consumer fraud who have suffered an ascertainable loss." Weinberg, 173 N.J.

at 249. "[A] consumer merely needs to demonstrate that he or she suffered an

ascertainable loss 'as a result of' the unlawful practice." Pisack, 455 N.J. Super.

at 240-41 (quoting Lee, 203 N.J. at 522). If the plaintiff can demonstrate that

he or she has suffered an ascertainable loss, "a private action may seek to remedy

a [CFA] violation not only as it affects the named plaintiff but also other

consumers." Laufer, 385 N.J. Super. at 185.

      However, a private plaintiff need not succeed at trial in establishing an

ascertainable loss to be entitled to injunctive relief. "Requiring a plaintiff

ultimately to prove an ascertainable loss in order to obtain injunctive relief is

too difficult a standard and would deter, rather than encourage, private causes

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                                       28
of action, in contravention of the legislative scheme." Weinberg, 173 N.J. at

251. The plaintiff's claim of ascertainable loss only needs to survive a motion

for summary judgment in order to pursue a claim for injunctive relief under the

CFA. Id. at 253.

      "Claims under the CFA . . . may be appropriate for class certification. . . .

One consumer may not think it worthwhile to pursue such a claim, but if there

are hundreds of such aggrieved consumers, a class may be appropriate." Pisack,

455 N.J. Super. at 250-51. "[T]he class action rule should be construed liberally

in a case involving allegations of consumer fraud." Laufer, 385 N.J. Super. at

185 (quoting In re Cadillac, 93 N.J. 412, 435 (1983)). "A consumer fraud class

may be certified even where individual questions, such as the degree of damages

due a particular class member or reliance by individual class members on a

defendant's alleged misrepresentations, remain following resolution of the

common issues." Beegal, 394 N.J. Super. at 111-12.

      In a (b)(2) class action, only the lead plaintiff, not the class, needs to make

a sufficient showing of ascertainable loss because "[a] class representative is not

generally in a position to present evidence that unnamed class members suffered

ascertainable loss as a result of an alleged consumer fraud." Laufer, 385 N.J.

Super. at 187. Such a requirement could hamper "the maintenance of class

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                                        29
actions." Ibid. "Therefore, only the named plaintiff . . . is required to satisfy

the threshold standing requirement of 'a claim of ascertainable loss that can

survive a motion for summary judgment.'" Id. at 186 (quoting Weinberg, 173

N.J. at 253).

      Contrary to our dissenting colleague's view, Weinberg did not require that

a named plaintiff in a (b)(2) class action establish at the class certification stage,

or any subsequent stage, that any of the individual class members suffered an

ascertainable loss. See post at 52. Rather, "Weinberg ma[de] clear" that a

named plaintiff could obtain injunctive relief on his own behalf and behalf of a

putative class if he could survive a motion for summary judgment, after class

certification.

      In Weinberg, the Court considered whether the named plaintiff could

pursue a claim for injunctive relief under the CFA, but unlike the present case,

did so after the trial court certified the class, after discovery, and after summary

judgment was granted against the named plaintiff, without any consideration of

the individual class members' claims. 173 N.J. at 237-40. The Court concluded

that the individually named plaintiff could not proceed with the class action

claim for injunctive relief because he, not the individual class members, was not

able to "demonstrate that his claim of personal ascertainable loss posed a

                                                                              A-5177-17T2
                                        30
genuine issue of material fact that required submission to a jury . . . ." Id. at 240

(emphasis added).

      The Court held that if the plaintiff could have successfully opposed

summary judgment, he could have pursued a claim for injunctive relief even if

he did not ultimately prove ascertainable loss. It stated:

             [A] plaintiff with a bona fide claim of ascertainable loss
             that raises a genuine issue of fact requiring resolution
             by the factfinder would be entitled to seek also
             injunctive relief when appropriate, and to receive an
             award of attorneys' fees, even if the plaintiff ultimately
             loses on his damage claim but does prove an unlawful
             practice under the Act.

             [Id. at 253.]

      The Court did not say that the plaintiff would be barred from pursing that

claim on behalf of the class if he did not establish on summary judgment each

class members' claim of ascertainable loss. As we observed in Laufer, a reading

of Weinberg to require that showing, especially at the class certification stage,

would interfere with the benefits of pursuing a CFA class action, which are

"encouraged" to "vindicat[e] . . . rights protected by the [CFA] . . . ." 385 N.J.

Super. at 187.

      For that reason, we have looked to a named plaintiff's claims rather than

those of the individual class members. See, e.g., Hoffman v. Hampshire Labs,

                                                                             A-5177-17T2
                                        31
Inc., 405 N.J. Super. 105, 114 (App. Div. 2009) (affirming a CFA class action's

dismissal under Rule 4:6-2 where the named plaintiff's "complaint . . . fail[ed]

to set forth sufficient facts that, if proven, would establish that plaintiff suffered

an 'ascertainable loss' (emphasis added)). Notably, consistent with Weinberg,

in Laufer, plaintiff did not even allege that the class members suffered an

ascertainable loss, only that she did, and after considering the plaintiff's claim

we determined (b)(2) certification was warranted. 385 N.J. Super. at 178-79.

      Applying these guiding principles to the motion judge's decision, it is

evident that he conflated various concepts regarding plaintiff's CFA claim.

First, he questioned plaintiff's ability to maintain a CFA action for injunctive

relief as compared to the Attorney General's. As discussed, that concern had no

legal basis because plaintiff pled a viable claim that he suffered such a loss.

Second, the judge misconstrued the requirement for cohesiveness to include a

requirement that plaintiff had to prove that the class members could all establish

damages or an ascertainable loss.        This consideration too has no place in

determining (b)(2) class certification.       Id. at 188.    Likewise, the judge's

consideration of plaintiff's ultimate success on the merits of his class claim for

a permanent injunction was not appropriate. Delgozzo, 266 N.J. Super. at 180-

81.

                                                                              A-5177-17T2
                                         32
      Also, contrary to the motion judge's conclusion, Dugan does not bar

plaintiff's CFA claims for injunctive relief. In Dugan, the Court also addressed

claims for injunctive relief made in the companion case that it decided, Bozzi v.

OSI Restaurant Partners LLC, (A-93-15). The class in Dugan was much broader

than in the present case. "[T]he class defined by the trial court consisted of '[a]ll

persons who visited a [TGIF] restaurant in New Jersey that is owned by [TGIF]

(i.e., company owned store) from January 12, 2004 to July 14, 2014, and

purchased an offered but unpriced soda, beer or mixed drink.'" Dugan, 231 N.J.

at 39 (second, third, and fourth alterations in original). The Bozzi class was

more similar to plaintiff's class in this action. In Bozzi, "[t]he court defined the

class to include "[a]ll persons who: (a) visited any [of the two franchisees']

restaurant[s] in New Jersey, from [December 23, 2004] to the present date; and

(b) purchased an item offered on the menu or table placards for which no price

was disclosed on the menu or table placard." Id. at 42-43 (emphasis added).

      Addressing Dugan's claims, the Court held that under (b)(3), the plaintiff

failed to "establish[] the predominance with respect to their CFA claims,"

"[b]ecause our CFA class action jurisprudence rejects 'price-inflation' theories"

"for a class numbering in the millions, [where plaintiff claimed] that TGIF

charged each member of the class $1.72 more than the 'fair' or 'reasonable' prices

                                                                             A-5177-17T2
                                        33
that it would have charged had it disclosed its beverage prices on the menu." Id.

at 34.

         As the Court stated, it "reach[ed] a different conclusion" in Bozzi. Id. at

35. It explained that for the (b)(3) predominance requirement to be met, a more

limited class was required. It stated the following:

               Although Bozzi asserts general claims that the
               defendant's restaurants failed to disclose prices, his
               allegations focus primarily on a specific pricing
               practice. He alleges that the defendant's restaurants
               violated the CFA by increasing the price charged to a
               customer for the same brand, type, and volume of
               beverage in the course of the customer's visit to the
               restaurant, without notifying the customer of the
               change. Bozzi's counsel represents that this price-
               shifting claim is supported by claimant-specific
               receipts showing that each customer making this claim
               was charged different prices for the same brand, type,
               and volume of beverage in the course of a single visit
               to one of the defendant's restaurants.

               We hold that if the Bozzi class is redefined to include
               only customers who make that specific CFA claim, and
               the claim is limited accordingly, plaintiff Bozzi has met
               the requirements of Rule 4:32-1 and may attempt to
               prove that claim on behalf of the class.

               [Ibid.]

         The Court directed that "[o]n remand, the trial court should certify the

class solely for the purpose of pursuing CFA claims based upon the defendant

restaurants' alleged practice of charging a customer different prices for

                                                                            A-5177-17T2
                                         34
beverages of the same brand, type, and volume during the same restaurant visit."

Id. at 67. Although the Court also vacated the injunctive relief that the trial

court granted in Bozzi compelling the defendant to list beverage prices, it did so

only because the injunction applied to too broad of a class and because "Bozzi

offered no argument in support of the trial court's injunctive relief." Ibid. n.14.

However, it specifically preserved Bozzi's claim for injunctive relief under the

CFA, directing the trial court to consider the application anew after the

"certification of the more limited class." Ibid. The fact that Bozzi did not satisfy

the (b)(3) predominance requirement did not therefore persuade the Court that

injunctive relief could not be granted.

      We also disagree with the motion judge's view of "cohesiveness" under

(b)(2). We conclude that the appropriate consideration is whether a single

injunction would provide relief to all members of the purported class. Here,

regardless of what happened at defendant's restaurants that led to patrons who

received menus ordering beverages, if plaintiff is correct, the law required that

they all be advised on the menu of the pricing for all items being offered for

sale. A (b)(2) class seeking injunctive relief directing the inclusion of menu

pricing does not require a class member to be able to opt in or out of the class

and the relief, if granted, would apply to all patrons who visited the

                                                                            A-5177-17T2
                                          35
establishments. It is the remedy's ability to satisfy all similar claims that is a

proper consideration in determining (b)(2) cohesiveness, not the commonality

of the patron's dining experiences at the two restaurants. The mere fact that

some members of the class who had a different dining experience after receiving

menus are swept up into the class does not cause them or defendant any harm or

additional burden. All members will benefit if plaintiff proves the CFA has been

violated, and defendant will have no obligation to all class members other than

posting prices, if required.

      Significantly, the cost of complying with injunctive relief if granted is far

less in plaintiff's case than in Laufer where the defendant was directed to print

and mail notices to each class member. Here, the Dugan Court's concern about

the cost of dealing with millions of claims does not exist. Defendant's menus

need only be updated to reflect prices and there is no need to pay the costs of

identifying and notifying individual class members.

      We conclude that plaintiff's CFA claim was appropriate for class

certification and raised the precise type of claim that, if proven, was amenable

to a single injunction that would afford relief to the entire class, as contemplated

by (b)(2). For that reason, we reverse the motion judge's determination as to

plaintiff's CFA claim.

                                                                            A-5177-17T2
                                        36
                                        2.

      We reach a similar conclusion regarding plaintiff's other (b)(2) claim that

defendant violated the TCCWNA, which "is intended 'to prevent deceptive

practices in consumer contracts.'" Spade, 232 N.J. at 515 (quoting Dugan, 231

N.J. at 67). "Its purpose 'is to prevent deceptive practices in consumer contracts

by prohibiting the use of illegal terms or warranties in consumer contracts.'"

Pisack, 455 N.J. Super. at 241 (quoting Kent Motor Cars, Inc. v. Reynolds &

Reynolds, Co., 207 N.J. 428, 457 (2011)). It "authorizes the award of a civil

penalty, damages, attorneys' fees, and costs to an 'aggrieved consumer[.]'"

Spade, 232 N.J. at 516 (quoting N.J.S.A. 56:12-17).

      Under the TCCWNA, a plaintiff must establish:

            first, that the defendant was a "seller, lessor, creditor,
            lender or bailee or assignee of any of the aforesaid";
            second, that the defendant offered or entered into a
            "written consumer contract or [gave] or display[ed] any
            written consumer warranty, notice or sign"; third, that
            at the time that the written consumer contract is signed
            or the written consumer warranty, notice or sign is
            displayed, that writing contains a provision that
            "violates any clearly established legal right of a
            consumer or responsibility of a seller, lessor, creditor,
            lender or bailee" as established by State or Federal law;
            and finally, that the plaintiff is an "aggrieved
            consumer."

            [Ibid. (alterations in original) (quoting N.J.S.A. 56:12-
            15, -17).]

                                                                          A-5177-17T2
                                       37
See also Dugan, 231 N.J. at 69; Pisack, 455 N.J. Super. at 241.

      Under the TCCWNA, there must be a "written consumer contract[,] . . .

notice[,] or sign" and the statute "does not apply when a defendant fails to

provide the consumer with a required writing." Dugan, 231 N.J. at 70-71

(alterations in original) (emphasis added) (first quoting N.J.S.A. 56:12-15; then

citing Jefferson Loan Co. v. Session, 397 N.J. Super. 520, 540-41 (App. Div.

2008)). However, when a consumer contract contains language "prohibited by

[a regulation, that] . . . alone [may] constitute a violation of a 'clearly established

legal right of a consumer or responsibility of a seller' under N.J.S.A. 56:12-15,

and thus may provide a basis for relief under the TCCWNA." Spade, 232 N.J.

at 520.

      Indulging plaintiff's contentions here with a liberal construction, a menu

is at least an offer to contract.     Moreover, while the TCCWNA speaks to

inclusion of a prohibited clause or provision, it clearly applies where the offer

to contract intentionally omits information that is at least in this case, alleged to

be require under the law.

      To be an aggrieved consumer under the TCCWNA, a consumer must

"ha[ve] suffered some form of harm as a result of the defendant's conduct." Id.

                                                                               A-5177-17T2
                                         38
at 522. The harm is not "limited to injury compensable by monetary damages."

Id. at 523.

              Proof of harm resulting from contract language
              prohibited by N.J.S.A. 56:12-15 may warrant a civil
              penalty under N.J.S.A. 56:12-17, even if the harm is not
              compensable by damages.

              In the absence of evidence that the consumer suffered
              adverse consequences as a result of the defendant's
              regulatory violation, a consumer is not an "aggrieved
              consumer" for purposes of the TCCWNA.

              [Id. at 524.]

      In Dugan, the Court did "not determine whether a defendant restaurant's

presentation of a menu that omits beverage prices gives rise to a TCCWNA

claim." 231 N.J. at 70-71. Rather, it determined that the Dugan and Bozzi

plaintiffs could not satisfy the predominance requirement for (b)(3)

certification. Id. at 71. It found that the plaintiffs could not be "aggrieved

consumers" without proof that they each actually received menus from

defendant because "the TCCWNA addresses 'contract[s],' 'warrant[ies],'

'notice[s],' and 'sign[s]' and does not apply when a defendant fails to provide the

consumer with a required writing." Id. at 71 (alterations in original) (quoting

N.J.S.A. 56:12-15). For that reason,

              [e]ven if [the Court] accept[ed] plaintiff's theory of
              liability under the TCCWNA, . . . . a claimant who does

                                                                           A-5177-17T2
                                        39
            not, at a minimum, prove that he or she received a menu
            cannot satisfy the elements of TCCWNA and is not an
            "aggrieved consumer."        In that critical regard,
            individual questions would predominate over common
            issues at trial.

            [Id. at 72-73 (emphasis added).]

      The Court also rejected plaintiff's claim under the TCCWNA because

there was no evidence, as required by the Act, that the failure to post beverage

prices on a menu violated a "clearly established legal right." Id. at 73. It

observed that there were no published opinions or actions taken by the Attorney

General that established the failure to list beverage prices on a menu violated

N.J.S.A. 56:8-2.5 as alleged by the plaintiffs. Ibid.

      Finally, the Court concluded that the Legislature did not intend that the

TCCWNA's civil penalties should be imposed as the plaintiffs suggested. It

stated that "[n]othing in the legislative history of the TCCWNA, which focuses

on sellers' inclusion of legally invalid or unenforceable provisions in consumer

contracts, suggests that when the Legislature enacted the statute, it intended to

impose billion-dollar penalties on restaurants that serve unpriced food and

beverages to customers." Id. at 74.

      The concerns raised in Dugan regarding the TCCWNA claims do not come

in to play in plaintiff's case here. First, as noted, the Court did not address the

                                                                           A-5177-17T2
                                       40
TCCWNA claim for (b)(2) certification, which does not require a focus on each

purported class member's individual dining experience.          By definition, as

plaintiff identified the class, plaintiff and each member of the class received a

menu and ordered a beverage.

      Second, the granting of (b)(2) class certification here does not raise

concerns about the Legislature's intention to not impose extreme financial

hardship for TCCWNA violations. The focus is rather on whether a single

injunction and declaratory relief, if either is warranted, can provide a remedy to

the entire class or none of them in order to compel the inclusion of beverage

prices on menus, if their omission gives rise to a violation of law. Moreover, if

required, the cost of altering menus for the two restaurants is minimal compared

to the costs of the penalties addressed by the Dugan Court.

      Third, although we agree that the Dugan Court correctly observed that

there is no case law or Attorney General opinions declaring the failure to include

beverage prices on a menu to be a violation of the TCCWNA or any other law,

we note that there is no legal authority that holds to the contrary—that the

omission is in fact lawful. Finally, plaintiff's class is narrowly drawn to include

only those who ordered off menus without beverage prices. Whether one or all

members of the class did so is of no moment if defendant was required to include

                                                                           A-5177-17T2
                                       41
the price in order to not violate the law. If a court were to find that the failure

to disclose prices on a menu given to plaintiff and the class members was a

violation of the TCCWNA because a required provision to a consumer contract

was not included, we cannot envision any circumstances where declaratory and

injunctive relief would not be valid remedies to consider, if necessary, to secure

future compliance with the law. To hold otherwise, would allow a merchant to

intentionally violate the law without being subjected to any action brought under

(b)(2) or (b)(3) seeking to enforce the CFA and the TCCWNA.

      Reversed and remanded for entry of an order vacating the denial of class

certification and ordering (b)(2) class certification.        We do not retain

jurisdiction.

                                                                           A-5177-17T2
                                       42
_______________________________

YANNOTTI, P.J.A.D., dissenting.

      The majority concludes that the trial court mistakenly exercised its

discretion by denying plaintiff's motion for class certification pursuant to Rule

4:32-1(b)(2). Because I believe the majority erroneously concludes plaintiff

satisfied the rule's requirements for class certification, and because the decision

is inconsistent with the reasoning in Dugan v. TGI Fridays, Inc., 231 N.J. 24

(2017), I respectfully dissent.

                                        I.

      In Dugan, the Court addressed consolidated appeals in Dugan v. TGI

Fridays, Inc. and Bozzi v. OSI Restaurant Partners, LLC. Id. at 34. In the Dugan

case, the plaintiff alleged that "during visits to a company-owned TGIF

restaurant," she purchased soft drinks, mixed drinks, and beer off the menus. Id.

at 36. The plaintiff alleged that she was not informed of the prices of the

beverages until the restaurant's staff presented her with a check. Id. at 36-37.

She further claimed that she was charged $2 for a beer at the bar, but later

charged $3.59 for the same beer after moving to a table. Id. at 37.

      The plaintiff claimed the defendants violated the Consumer Fraud Act

(CFA), N.J.S.A. 56:8-1 to -206, by engaging in unconscionable commercial

practices contrary to N.J.S.A. 56:8-2. Id. at 36. She also claimed the defendants
violated N.J.S.A. 56:8-2.5 by selling, or attempting to sell, "merchandise that is

not price marked at the point of purchase." Ibid. In addition, the plaintiff

claimed the defendants violated the Truth in Consumer Contract, Warranty and

Notice Act (TCCWNA), N.J.S.A. 56:12-14 to -18, by offering beverages

"without notifying the consumer of the total selling price at the point of

purchase."   Ibid. The plaintiff later amended her complaint and added an

additional plaintiff and class representative. Id. at 38-39.

      The plaintiffs in Dugan sought class certification pursuant to Rule 4:32-

1(b)(3). See id. at 37. The trial court granted the motion. Id. at 39. The trial

court defined the class to consist of "[a]ll persons who visited a [TGI Fridays]

restaurant in New Jersey that is owned by [the defendants] from January 12,

2004 to July 14, 2014, and purchased an offered but unpriced soda, beer or

mixed drink." Ibid. (first alteration in original).

      On appeal, we reversed the trial court's order, finding that the plaintiffs

had not met the requirement of Rule 4:32-1(b)(3) that the "common issues of

fact as to . . . TGIF's customers who purchased unpriced soda, beer or mixed

drinks predominate over issues that pertain to individual class members." Id. at

40 (alteration in original) (quoting Dugan v. TGI Fridays, Inc., 445 N.J. Super.

59, 79 (App. Div. 2016)).

                                                                          A-5177-17T2
                                         2
      The Supreme Court affirmed our judgment. Id. at 34. The Court noted

that the plaintiffs in Dugan indicated that they intended to establish their claims

under the CFA based on "a fraud on the market or price inflation theory,"

premised on the assertion that the defendant's unlawful pricing practices allowed

it to overcharge customers.     Id. at 58. The Court held, however, that the

plaintiffs could not establish "ascertainable loss and causation" on their CFA

claims "by demonstrating that [the defendants'] beverage prices were higher than

they would have been had [the defendants] listed [their] prices on [the]

restaurant menus." Id. at 60.

      The Court stated:

             A "fair" or "reasonable" price derived from the per-visit
             expenditures of marketing research subjects is no
             substitute for proof of the actual claimants'
             ascertainable loss and causation. Plaintiffs' price-
             inflation theory does not globally establish those
             elements of the CFA for the vast and varied class of
             restaurant customers for which the Dugan plaintiffs
             seek certification.

             [Ibid.]

The Court noted that the Dugan plaintiffs were not prepared to present individual

proof that every claimant in their proposed class would have purchased fewer or

less expensive drinks, or none at all, if the defendants had disclosed the beverage

prices. Id. at 55.

                                                                           A-5177-17T2
                                        3
      The Court therefore determined that with respect to the CFA claims, the

plaintiffs in Dugan had not satisfied the predominance requirement of Rule 4:32-

1(b)(3).   Id. at 63.   The Court reached a similar conclusion regarding the

TCCWNA claims, noting that to establish those claims, a claimant had to show

that he or she was an "aggrieved consumer," and the plaintiffs' claims "g[ave]

rise to a range of individual questions" with regard to the interactions between

the customers and the servers. Id. at 71.

                                        II.

      Here, defendant is a franchisee of TGI Fridays, Inc. and operates two

TGIF restaurants in New Jersey. Plaintiff alleges that on August 1, 2012, he

went to one of defendant's restaurants. He claims a server provided him with a

menu and he thereafter ordered a beer and soda. Plaintiff thought his bill and

the tip would cost about $20, and claims he was "shocked" when charged "$5[]

for a mass produced beer" and almost $3 for a soda. Plaintiff alleges that when

he left the restaurant, he looked at a menu and noticed it did not list the prices

for drinks. He claims he would not have ordered the beverages, or would have

ordered less expensive beverages, if the prices had been listed on the menu.

      In this case plaintiff asserts essentially the same claims that the plaintiffs

asserted in Dugan. He alleges that defendant violated the CFA by engaging in

                                                                            A-5177-17T2
                                         4
an unconscionable business practice in violation of N.J.S.A. 56:8-2, based on

defendant's failure to disclose the prices of beverages on the menu prior to sale.

He alleges defendant also violated the CFA by engaging in a form of "bait and

switch" in violation of N.J.S.A. 56:8-2.2 because the price of the beverages

purchased were not disclosed until the "merchandise" had been consumed.

Plaintiff also claims defendant violated the TCCWNA because consumers

allegedly "have a clearly established legal right to have the total selling price

plainly marked or located at the point" of sale. In addition, plaintiff asserted

claims for breach of contract and unjust enrichment.

      Plaintiff sought monetary damages for himself; designation of a class of

persons, which includes all of defendant's patrons who purchased items from

menus that did not disclose prices; and declaratory and injunctive relief for

himself and the members of the class. Plaintiff later filed a motion to certify a

class pursuant to Rule 4:32-1(b)(2). In the amended complaint, plaintiff defined

the class as "all customers of New Jersey South Jersey Pubs restaurants who

purchased items from the menu that did not have a disclosed price."

      It appears that plaintiff's application for class certification was based on

the CFA and TCCWNA claims. It also appears that plaintiff has abandoned his

claims for monetary relief on behalf of the class, and he only sought class

                                                                          A-5177-17T2
                                        5
certification under Rule 4:32-1(b)(2) for the purpose of seeking injunctive and

declaratory relief on the CFA and TCCWNA claims.

      As the majority notes, the trial court denied plaintiff's motion. Ante at __

(slip op. at 2). The trial court determined that plaintiff had not satisfied the

requirement of Rule 4:32-1(b)(2) that the claims of the class be cohesive. The

court noted that under the CFA, the plaintiff could not seek injunctive relief on

behalf of a class of persons without showing that the members of the class each

sustained some ascertainable loss. We thereafter granted plaintiff's motion for

leave to appeal.

                                       III.

      To obtain class certification, a putative class representative first must

establish the requirements of Rule 4:32-1(a), by showing that

            (1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members
            is impracticable, (2) there are questions of law or fact
            common to the class, (3) the claims or defenses of the
            representative parties are typical of the claims or
            defenses of the class, and (4) the representative parties
            will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the
            class.

      In addition, Rule 4:32-1(b) provides that if the requirements of subsection

(a) are satisfied, a class action may be maintained if

                                                                          A-5177-17T2
                                        6
                   (1) the prosecution of separate actions by or
            against individual members of the class would create a
            risk of either of:

                  (A) inconsistent or varying adjudications with
            respect to individual members of the class that would
            establish incompatible standards of conduct for the
            party opposing the class, or

                  (B) adjudications with respect to individual
            members of the class that would as a practical matter be
            dispositive of the interests of the other members not
            parties to the adjudications or substantially impair or
            impede their ability to protect their interests; or

                   (2) the party opposing the class has acted or
            refused to act on grounds generally applicable to the
            class, thereby making appropriate final injunctive relief
            or corresponding declaratory relief with respect to the
            class as a whole; or

                  (3) the court finds that the questions of law or
            fact common to the members of the class predominate
            over any questions affecting only individual members,
            and that a class action is superior to other available
            methods for the fair and efficient adjudication of the
            controversy . . . .

      Our class action rules were modeled after those in the Federal Rules of

Civil Procedure. Iliadis v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 191 N.J. 88, 103 (2007). In

the absence of relevant New Jersey case law interpreting the class-action rules,

we look to the federal courts' interpretation of the federal class action rules for

                                                                           A-5177-17T2
                                        7
guidance. Laufer v. U.S. Life Ins. Co., 385 N.J. Super. 172, 183 (App. Div.

2006).

      Here, the majority correctly concludes that to obtain class-action

certification under Rule 4:32-1(b)(2), the putative class representative must

show that the claims of the class are "cohesive." Ante at __ (slip op. at 21-23).

Our Supreme Court has not addressed this question, but several federal courts

have determined that the criteria for certification of a class under federal rule

23(b)(2) requires a showing that the class and its claims are cohesive.

      In Barnes v. American Tobacco Co., 161 F.3d 127, 143 (3d Cir. 1998),

the Court of Appeals noted that it was "well-established" that for purposes of

certification under Rule 23(b)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, "class

claims must be cohesive." The court also commented, that "a (b)(2) class may

require more cohesiveness than a (b)(3) class . . . because in a (b)(2) action,

unnamed members are bound by the action and without the opportunity to opt

out." Ibid.

      Indeed, "cohesiveness is the touchtone of a (b)(2) class" because "the

relief sought must perforce affect the entire class at once." Ebert v. Gen. Mills,

Inc., 823 F.3d 472, 480-81 (8th Cir. 2016) (quoting Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v.

Dukes, 564 U.S. 338, 361-62 (2011)). The need for cohesiveness requires "an

                                                                          A-5177-17T2
                                        8
inquiry into the relationship between the class, its injuries, and the relief sought"

because of the requirement that final injunctive relief be appropriate for the class

as a whole. Shook v. Bd. of Cty. Comm'rs of El Paso, 543 F.3d 597, 604 (10th

Cir. 2008).

      The absence of such cohesiveness "can preclude certification."            Ibid.

(citing Maldonado v. Ochsner Clinic Found., 493 F.3d 521, 524 (5th Cir. 2007);

In re St. Jude Med., Inc., 425 F.3d 1116, 1121 (8th Cir. 2005); Barnes, 161 F.3d

at 143). Furthermore, "'disparate factual circumstances of class members' may

prevent a class from being cohesive . . . ." Gates v. Rohm & Haas Co., 655 F.3d

255, 264 (3d Cir. 2011) (quoting Carter v. Butz, 479 F.2d 1084, 1089 (3d Cir.

1973)).

      A. Claims Under the CFA

      The majority concludes plaintiff satisfied the cohesiveness requirement in

Rule 4:32-1(b)(2) with regard to the claims under the CFA. Ante at __ (slip op.

at 31). The majority states that the trial court erred by concluding that plaintiff

could not seek class-based injunctive relief for the alleged CFA violations. Ibid.

The majority also states that the trial court "misconstrued the requirement fo r

cohesiveness to include a requirement that plaintiff had to prove that the class

members could all establish damages or an ascertainable loss." Ibid.

                                                                             A-5177-17T2
                                         9
      It should be noted that in this case, plaintiff sought certification of a class

that includes all persons who purchased a beverage at defendant's restaurants

from menus that did not include beverage prices. The majority finds class

certification is appropriate under (b)(2) because defendant allegedly acted or

failed to act "on grounds generally applicable to the class" by failing to provide

patrons with menus that include beverage prices. Ante at __ (slip op. at 34-35).

      In my view, the claims and the relief sought are not appropriate for

certification under Rule 4:32-1(b)(2) because although defendant allegedly

provided the putative class members with menus that did not have beverage

pricing, the class members may have chosen to purchase beverages for reasons

that had nothing to do with the lack of beverage prices on the menu. Indeed,

plaintiff alleges he purchased beverages, notwithstanding the absence of that

information, apparently with the expectation that he would be charged a price

less than he was actually charged.

      Other patrons may have been return customers, who knew the prices that

defendant would charge for beverages. In addition, other patrons may have had

no concern as to the amounts defendant would charge for drinks. Thus, there is

a lack cohesiveness among the putative class members as to whether they were,

in fact, harmed by the lack of beverage pricing on the menus.

                                                                             A-5177-17T2
                                        10
      I believe the majority also errs by determining that private litigants can

obtain class-based injunctive relief under Rule 4:32-1(b)(2) for the alleged

violations of the CFA. The majority concludes that if the class representative

shows an ascertainable loss to support the CFA claims, injunctive relief may

issue as to the entire class without proof that members of the class sustained any

ascertainable losses. Ante at __ (slip op. at 31, 34).

      As initially enacted, the CFA did not include any private right of action.

Dugan, 231 N.J. at 50. The CFA only authorized the Attorney General to seek

relief to address consumer fraud. Ibid. (citing Cox v. Sears Roebuck & Co., 138

N.J. 2, 14 (1994)). The CFA was later amended to permit consumers to bring

private actions to recover refunds and damages. Id. at 50-51 (citing Weinberg

v. Sprint Corp., 173 N.J. 233, 248 (2002); Riley v. New Rapids Carpet Ctr., 61

N.J. 218, 226 (1972)).

      When pursuing claims under the CFA, the Attorney General is not

required to show a consumer was damaged by the alleged unlawful conduct;

however, "a private plaintiff must show that he or she suffered an 'ascerta inable

loss.'" Id. at 52 (quoting Meshinsky v. Nichols Yacht Sales, Inc., 110 N.J. 464,

473 (1988)); see also Weinberg, 173 N.J. at 251 (stating that the CFA

"unmistakably makes a claim of ascertainable loss a prerequisite for a private

                                                                          A-5177-17T2
                                       11
cause of action"); Lee, 203 N.J. at 522 (holding that to establish causation under

the CFA, a private litigant must prove that he or she "suffered an ascertainable

loss").

        In Weinberg, the Court emphasized that there is a fundamental difference

between actions brought by the Attorney General and private actions permitted

by the CFA. Weinberg, 173 N.J. at 250. The Court stated that, "In effect, the

[CFA] permits only the Attorney General to bring actions for purely injunctive

relief." Ibid. The Court held that the CFA "allows a private cause of action to

proceed for all available remedies, including an injunction, whenever a

consumer can plead a claim of ascertainable loss that can survive a motion for

summary judgment." Id. at 253. Therefore, if the plaintiff does not succeed on

the damage claim at trial, the plaintiff could be awarded injunctive relief and

attorney's fees if he or she proves an unlawful practice in violation of the CFA.

Ibid.

        Here, the majority erroneously concludes that plaintiff can assert claims

for injunctive relief on behalf of the class for the alleged CFA violations without

any proof that the members of the class sustained an ascertainable loss as a result

of the alleged unlawful acts or omissions. Weinberg makes clear that a claim of

ascertainable loss is an essential element of a private cause of action under the

                                                                           A-5177-17T2
                                       12
CFA, and generally private litigants may not bring actions under the CFA

seeking only injunctive relief. Weinberg, 173 N.J. at 250.

      Weinberg holds that a private plaintiff can be awarded injunctive relief

under the CFA on an individual basis, but only if the plaintiff presents a bona

fide claim of ascertainable loss that would survive a motion for summary

judgment. Id. at 253. Here, plaintiff has not presented such claims on behalf of

the putative class members. In the absence of a bona fide claim of ascertainable

loss on the part of the class members, the CFA does not permit the issuance of

injunctive relief.

      Moreover, it cannot be assumed that each member of the putative class

sustained a bona fide ascertainable loss due to the absence of menu beverage

pricing. As explained in Dugan, each class member may have decided to

purchase the beverage for reasons that may have had nothing to do with the

menus' lack of beverage pricing. Thus, some members of the proposed class

may not have sustained an ascertainable loss caused by the alleged violation of

the CFA. Therefore, the claims asserted under the CFA on behalf of the class

lack the cohesion required for certification under Rule 4:32-1(b)(2).

      In its opinion, the majority relies upon Laufer for the conclusion that the

putative class members in this case may obtain injunctive relief on their CFA

                                                                         A-5177-17T2
                                      13
claims. Ante at __ (slip op. at 28-29). In my view, the majority's reliance upon

Laufer is misplaced.

      In that case, the plaintiff subscribed to a group insurance policy issued by

the defendant, through an organization in which plaintiff was a member. Laufer,

385 N.J. Super. at 176-77. The administrator of the policy issued a notice to

policyholders stating that the policy had increased coverage, which included

"nursing home benefits," and the plaintiff paid premiums for the additional

coverage. Id. at 177-78. The plaintiff later learned that the policy did not, in

fact, include nursing home benefits. Ibid.

      The plaintiff filed an action against the insurer and the administrator,

claiming that the communications regarding the "'nursing home' benefit[s]"

violated the CFA, and that she sustained an "ascertainable loss" due to the

deceptive communications. Ibid. The plaintiff brought the action on her own

behalf and on behalf of a class consisting of all persons in the United States who

had been insured under a group policy underwritten by the defendant insurer and

managed by the administrator. Ibid.

      Thereafter, the plaintiff filed a motion for class certification under Rule

4:32-1(b)(2). Ibid. The trial court limited the class to New Jersey residents. Id.

at 179. The trial court found that class certification was appropriate because the

                                                                          A-5177-17T2
                                       14
defendant insurer was alleged to have acted on grounds generally applicable to

the class members, and that the alleged CFA violations would affect every

potential class member in a similar manner. Ibid.

      On appeal, the insurer argued that the complaint did not meet the

requirements for certification under Rule 4:32-1(b)(2) because the plaintiff did

not allege that the class members, other than the plaintiff herself, sustained an

ascertainable loss. Ibid. The court held, however, that class certification was

appropriate under Rule 4:32-1(b)(2) because the notices sent to all policyholders

"were potentially damaging to every member of the putative class, even though

some class members may not have read the notices or relied upon the purported

nursing home benefits in determining whether to maintain the coverage provided

by the policy." Id. at 183-84.

      The court stated that the plaintiff was only seeking limited injunctive

relief, specifically, notice to other class members that the policy did not include

nursing home coverage.        Id. at 84. The court determined that if the

administrator's notices to the policyholders were found to have violated the

CFA, it may be appropriate to grant final injunctive relief to all members of the

class. Ibid.

                                                                           A-5177-17T2
                                       15
      In Laufer, the court also addressed the insurer's claims that the lawsuit

could not be maintained as a class action because the plaintiff did not allege the

other class members suffered an ascertainable loss as a result of the alleged

consumer fraud. Id. at 184-85. The court stated that under Weinberg, the

plaintiff must present a claim of an ascertainable loss in order to establish

standing to sue, but once that threshold requirement is satisfied, the plaintiff can

pursue all other available remedies, including injunctive relief. Id. at 186 (citing

Weinberg, 173 N.J. at 253). The court held that in a class action, only the

putative class representative is required to establish standing. Ibid. (citing Lewis

v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 395 (1996) (Souter, J., concurring in part, dissenting in

part)).

      In my view, Weinberg does not support the conclusions reached in Laufer.

In Weinberg, the Court held that an individual private party who presents a CFA

claim with a bona fide claim of ascertainable loss could obtain injunctive relief

and attorney's fees even if the damage claim ultimately fails at trial.          See

Weinberg, 173 N.J. at 253. The Weinberg Court did not address the question of

whether a (b)(2) class action could be maintained under the CFA on behalf of a

putative class without establishing that each member of the class suffered bona

fide ascertainable loss.

                                                                            A-5177-17T2
                                        16
      Furthermore, to the extent that Laufer suggests that a (b)(2) class action

can be maintained on that basis, the decision is inconsistent with the Court's

statement in Weinberg that "the plain language of the [CFA] unmistakably

makes a claim of ascertainable loss a prerequisite for a private cause of action[.]"

See id. at 251; see also Dugan, 231 N.J. at 52; Lee, 203 N.J. at 522. The court

in Laufer stated that only the putative class representative must establish

"standing," but standing for purposes of establishing a private cause of action

under the CFA requires proof of an unlawful act or omission, as well as a bona

fide claim of ascertainable loss.

      Here, the majority concludes that under Laufer, the plaintiff in this case

need only establish a bona fide claim of an ascertainable loss to obtain class

certification under Rule 4:32-1(b)(2). In my view, however, Weinberg supports

the conclusion that the class representative also must establish bona fide claims

of ascertainable loss on behalf the class members because without such proof,

the CFA does not permit the issuance of injunctive relief on their behalf.

Moreover, an initial showing of a bona fide ascertainable loss on the part of each

class member is necessary to establish that the claims of the class members are

cohesive. Because the class as defined by plaintiff includes persons that may or

may not have sustained an ascertainable loss, based on their own particular

                                                                            A-5177-17T2
                                        17
experiences, the CFA claims asserted on behalf of the class are not sufficiently

cohesive for class certification under Rule 4:32-1(b)(2).

      The majority also finds support for its decision in the Supreme Court's

decision on the claims asserted in Bozzi v. OSI Restaurant Partners, LLC, the

companion case decided with Dugan. Dugan, 231 N.J. at 34-35. In Bozzi, the

plaintiff asserted claims under the CFA and TCCWNA based on allegations that

customers who ordered more than one beverage on a visit to an OSI restaurant

were charged a higher price for the second or subsequent beverage of the same

brand, type or volume, without informing the customer of the change. Id. at 64-

67.

      The Court found that if the proposed class were limited to the price-

shifting claims, certification of a class is permissible under Rule 4:32-1(b)(3).

Id. at 65.    The Court determined that Bozzi's CFA claim satisfied the

predominance requirement under the rule. Ibid. The Court stated:

             With the assistance of claimant-specific records, both
             parties will be in a position to determine the dates and
             locations of the visits at issue and may be able to
             identify the reasons for the inconsistent prices. Even if
             discovery proves that the price disparity alleged by the
             class derived not from a single corporate policy but
             from restaurant-specific happy hour or other pricing
             practices, the trial court may be in a position to evaluate
             the disputed practices on a restaurant-by-restaurant
             basis. If plaintiffs prove an unlawful practice under the

                                                                           A-5177-17T2
                                        18
            CFA, the receipts, in combination with other evidence,
            may support a finding of ascertainable loss and
            causation. The trial court would clearly be confronted
            with the task of adjudicating individual questions, but
            the existence of individual questions does not preclude
            a finding of predominance.

            [Id. at 65-66 (citing Lee, 203 N.J. at 526-28; In re
            Cadillac V8-6-4 Class Action, 93 N.J. 412, 430-35
            (1983)).]

      The Court's disposition of the Bozzi claims does not, however, support the

majority's decision in this case. The claims in Bozzi were limited to alleged

unlawful price-shifting as applied to a number of patrons, rather than the

generalized lack of menu pricing that forms the basis of the CFA claims in this

case. See id. at 65. Moreover, the Court emphasized that if the plaintiff in Bozzi

proved that the price-shifting practice is unlawful, there is sufficient evidence

to support a finding of ascertainable loss and causation. See id. at 65-66. Such

evidence is absent here.

      Therefore, I would conclude that plaintiff may not maintain a class action

under Rule 4:32-1(b)(2) for injunctive under the CFA without establishing a

bona fide claims of an ascertainable loss on behalf of the putative class members.

I also would conclude that to the extent any members of the putative class

allegedly sustained such losses, the CFA claims would lack the cohesiveness

required for certification of the class under Rule 4:32-1(b)(2).

                                                                          A-5177-17T2
                                       19
        B. Claims Under the TCCWNA

        The majority also concludes that the trial court erred by denying class

certification for the claims under TCCWNA. The majority correctly notes that

in Dugan, the Court found that the TCCWA claims should not be certified as a

class action under Rule 4:32-1(b)(3), and in Dugan, the Court did not address

whether the TCCWNA claims were appropriate for class certification under

(b)(2). Ante at __ (slip op. at 37).

        However, the Court's reasoning in Dugan is instructive. The Court noted

that, "To determine predominance under Rule 4:32-1(b)(3), the court decides

'whether the proposed class is "sufficiently cohesive to warrant adjudication by

representation."'" Dugan, 231 N.J. at 48 (quoting Iliadis, 191 N.J. at 108). Thus,

the Court's decision that the plaintiff in Dugan failed to establish predominance

for purposes of class certification under (b)(3) should inform our decision in this

case.

        In Dugan, the Court noted that under the TCCWNA, a seller may not,

during the course of its business, offer any consumer to enter into a written

contract if the contract "includes any provision that violates any clearly

established legal right of a consumer or responsibility of a seller[.]" Dugan, 231

N.J. at 68 (quoting N.J.S.A. 56:12-15). Therefore, to prevail on a claim under

                                                                           A-5177-17T2
                                       20
the TCCWNA, the plaintiff must be an "aggrieved consumer," and the defendant

must have violated a "clearly established legal right" or "responsibility." Id. at

69 (quoting N.J.S.A. 56:12-15 and -17).

      The Court held that the plaintiffs had not met the predominance

requirement of Rule 4:32-1(b)(3) with regard to the TCCWNA claims. Id. at

71. The Court stated:

            First, the requirement that a plaintiff be an "aggrieved
            consumer" in order to pursue a TCCWNA claim gives
            rise to a range of individual questions regarding the
            interaction between the customer and the server in this
            case.      By its terms, the TCCWNA addresses
            "contract[s]," "warrant[ies]," "notice[s]," and "sign[s]"
            and does not apply when a defendant fails to provide a
            consumer with a required writing. Here, the writing on
            which plaintiffs rely is the restaurant menu. Plaintiffs
            concede that, at a minimum, a claimant must prove that
            he or she was presented with a menu during his or her
            visit to the defendant's restaurant in order to establish
            the defendants' liability under the TCCWNA. That
            critical inquiry cannot be resolved by customer receipts
            or other documents. Even if we accept plaintiff's theory
            of liability under the TCCWNA, the testimony of the
            individual claimant or another witness would be
            necessary to prove that the plaintiff satisfied the
            statute's requirements and is thus an "aggrieved
            consumer."

            [Id. at 71-72 (alterations in original) (citations
            omitted).]

                                                                          A-5177-17T2
                                       21
      The TCCWNA claims asserted in this case are essentially the same as

those asserted in Dugan and Bozzi. In my view, the Court's reasoning in Dugan

applies with equal force to the question of whether the plaintiff in this case

satisfied the cohesiveness requirement under Rule 4:32-1(b)(2) for the

TCCWNA claims.

      In its opinion, the majority asserts that the "concerns" of the Dugan Court

regarding the TCCWNA claims do not apply here. Ante at __ (slip op. at 39).

The majority correctly noted that in Dugan, the Court did not address class

certification under Rule 4:32-1(b)(2). However, the Court's decision that the

TCCWNA claims did not meet the predominance requirement under Rule 4:32-

1(b)(3) should inform our decision on whether the claims are cohesive.

      Further, the Court in Dugan stated that to prevail on a TCCWNA claim,

the plaintiff has to establish that he or she is an "aggrieved consumer." Dugan,

231 N.J. at 71. The Court stated that at a minimum, a claimant would have to

establish that he or she received a menu that did not have beverage pricing, and

in that regard, "individual questions would predominate over common issues at

trial." Id. at 72-73. Here, the majority states that those concerns are not present

because the class only includes persons who received a menu and ordered a

beverage. Ante at __ (slip op. at 39).

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      But, as the Court stated in Dugan, whether a patron was an "aggrieved

consumer" depends as well on the patron's interaction with a server. Dugan, 231

N.J. at 71. It also may depend on whether the patron previously had been at the

restaurant, purchased a beverage, and knew what the price would be. Thus,

TCCWNA claims asserted on behalf of the putative class are not cohesive.

      The majority also states that the Court's concern in Dugan with the

potential TCCWNA liability is not present in this case because plaintiff is not

seeking monetary relief, which under TCCWNA could be $100 per violation.

See id. at 74. The majority states that the cost of altering the menus at the two

restaurants would be minimal when compared to the potential liability in Dugan.

Ante at __ (slip op. at 39).

      That may be so, but the absence of any potential liability does not address

the key issue in this case, which is whether the claims of the putative class under

TCCWNA are sufficiently cohesive for purposes of Rule 4:32-1(b)(2). In my

view, they are not. Therefore, I would conclude that the trial court correctly

decided to deny certification of the class under Rule 4:32-1(b)(2) for the

TCCWNA claims.

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