Court Opinion

ID: 4235213
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-01-09 18:26:10.107044+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:43:18.300218
License: Public Domain

ACCEPTED
                                                             03-17-00525-CV
                                                                   21562019
                                                   THIRD COURT OF APPEALS
                                                             AUSTIN, TEXAS
                                                            1/2/2018 4:24 PM
                                                           JEFFREY D. KYLE
                                                                      CLERK
                   ORAL ARGUMENT REQUESTED

        NO. 03-17-00525-CV                    FILED IN
                                       3rd COURT OF APPEALS
                                           AUSTIN, TEXAS
                                       1/2/2018 4:24:47 PM
                                         JEFFREY D. KYLE
   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS                     Clerk
FOR THE THIRD DISTRICT OF TEXAS
         AUSTIN, TEXAS

             HENRY NEAL,
                            Appellant
                   v.

    WAYNE GUIDRY AND KAT GUIDRY,
                      Appellees.

 Appeal from County Court at Law No. 2,
            Hay County, Texas
     Trial Court Cause No. 13-0776C
 The Honorable David Glickler, Presiding

    APPELLANT’S REPLY BRIEF

                        Michael J. Morris
                        Texas Bar No. 24002651
                        Morris & Bermudez, pllc
                        299 W. San Antonio
                        New Braunfels, Texas 78130
                        Phone 830-626-8779
                        Fax 830-627-0890
                        mmorris@mmbiblaw.com

                        Attorney for Appellants
                        TABLE OF CONTENTS

Index of Authorities………………………………………………...................ii

Argument…………………………………………………………………….…...1

A.    The trial court erred by failing to declare the June 18, 2013 contract
for the sale of the collection for $90,000—including Congressional Medals
of Honor—void because part of the consideration (the Medals of Honor)
was illegal and because there was no meeting of the minds as to buying
the collection without the Medals of Honor.

Prayer……………………………………………………………………………33

                                     i
                               INDEX OF AUTHORITIES

                                                CASES

2001 Trinity Fund, LLC v. Carrizo Oil & Gas, Inc., 393 S.W.3d 442

  (Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, pet. denied) ............................... 8

Alaniz v. Jones & Neuse, Inc., 907 S.W.2d 450 (Tex.1995) .................... 21

Am. Tobacco Co. v. Grinnell, 951 S.W.2d 420 (Tex. 1997) ..................... 24

Anderson, Greenwood & Co. v. Martin, 44 S.W.3d 200 (Tex. App.—

  Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, pet. denied) ......................................... 22, 27

Argo Data Res. Corp. v. Shagrithaya, 380 S.W.3d 249 (Tex. App.--Dallas

  2012, pet. denied) ................................................................................. 16

BNSF Ry. Co. v. Epple, 07-15-00355-CV, 2016 WL 7010581 (Tex. App.--

  Amarillo Nov. 30, 2016, pet. denied).................................................... 21

Carruth v. Allen, 368 S.W.2d 672 (Tex.App.--Austin 1963, no writ) ..... 27

Cox Feedlots, Inc. v. Hope, 498 S.W.2d 436 (Tex. App.--San Antonio

  1973, writ ref'd n.r.e.), .......................................................................... 10

Daimler Chrysler Motors Co., LLC v. Manuel, 362 S.W.3d 160 (Tex.

  App.—Fort Worth 2012, no pet.) ............................................................ 7

Dallas Market Center Development Co. v. Liedeker, 958 S.W.2d 382

  (Tex.1997) ............................................................................................. 20

                                                     ii
Dietz v. Van Nortwick, 188 S.W.2d 590 (Tex. Civ. App.—Galveston

  1945, writ ref’d) ........................................................................ 13, 14, 15

Double Diamond, Inc. v. Saturn, 339 S.W.3d 337 (Tex. App.—Dallas

  2011, pet. denied) ................................................................................. 17

Greenstein, Logan & Co. v. Burgess Marketing, Inc., 744 S.W.2d 170

  (Tex. App.--Waco 1987, writ denied) .................................................... 22

Hartsell v. Town of Talty, 130 S.W.3d 325 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2004, pet.

  denied ................................................................................................... 17

Heritage Res., Inc. v. NationsBank, 939 S.W.2d 118 (Tex. 1996)............. 4

In re Int'l Profit Assocs., Inc., 274 S.W.3d 672 (Tex. 2009) .............. 24, 26

In re Kasschau, 11 S.W.3d 305 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1999,

  no pet.), ................................................................................................... 7

In re Stevenson, 27 S.W.3d 195 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2000, no pet.)

  .................................................................................................. 18, 20, 21

In re VNA Inc., 403 S.W.3d 483 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2013, no pet)....... 25

Int'l Bus. Machines Corp. v. Lufkin Indus., Inc., 12-15-00223-CV, 2017
WL 2962836 (Tex. App.—Tyler July 12, 2017, no pet.) ....................... 26

Johnson v. World All. Fin. Corp., 830 F.3d 192 (5th Cir. 2016)............. 25

                                                       iii
Karns v. Jalapeno Tree Holdings, L.L.C., 459 S.W.3d 683 (Tex. App.—El

  Paso 2015, pet. denied)........................................................................... 4

Kelly v. Rio Grande Computerland Group, 128 S.W.3d 759 (Tex. App.—

  El Paso 2004, no pet.) ........................................................................... 16

KSWO Television Co., Inc. v. KFDA Operating Co., LLC, 442 S.W.3d 695

  (Tex. App.—Dallas 2014, no pet.) .......................................................... 5

Lawrence v. Fed. Home Loan Mortg. Corp., 808 F.3d 670 (5th Cir. 2015)

  .............................................................................................................. 25

Magee v. I. & G. N. Wood & Coal Co., 269 S.W.2d 498 (1954). .............. 12

McFarland v. Haby, 589 S.W.2d 521 (Tex.App.--Austin 1979, writ ref'd

  n.r.e.) ................................................................................................. 7, 12

Methodist Hosps. of Dallas v. Corp. Communicators, Inc., 806 S.W.2d
879 (Tex.App.--Dallas 1991, writ denied) ............................................ 19

Missouri Pac. R. Co. v. Cross, 501 S.W.2d 868 (Tex. 1973) .................... 19

Modica v. Howard, 161 S.W.2d 1093 (Tex. Civ. App.–Beaumont 1942,

  no writ) ................................................................................................. 22

Montgomery v. Browder, 930 S.W.2d 772 (Tex.App.—Amarillo 1996,

  writ denied) ............................................................................................ 7

                                                       iv
Nat'l Prop. Holdings, L.P. v. Westergren, 453 S.W.3d 419 (Tex. 2015). 24,

  25

Placencio v. Allied Indus. Int'l, Inc., 724 S.W.2d 20 (Tex. 1987) 21, 22, 27

Progressive County Mut. Ins. Co. v. Kelley, 284 S.W.3d 805 (Tex. 2009) . 5

Prudential Ins. Co. of Am. v. Jefferson Associates, Ltd., 896 S.W.2d 156

  (Tex. 1995) ............................................................................................ 24

R.R. Comm'n of Texas v. Gulf Energy Expl. Corp., 482 S.W.3d 559 (Tex.

  2016) ..................................................................................................... 32

Ramos v. Frito–Lay, Inc., 784 S.W.2d 667 (Tex.1990), ........................... 11

Raywood Rice Canal & Milling Co. v. Erp, 146 S.W. 155 (Tex. 1912) ... 12

Redgrave v. Wilkinson, 208 S.W.2d 150 (Tex. Civ. App.—Waco 1948,

  writ ref’d n.r.e.)............................................................................... 13, 14

Rogers v. Wolfson, 763 S.W.2d 922 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1989, writ

  denied) .................................................................................................. 11

Royal Indemnity Company v. Marshall, 388 S.W.2d 176 (Tex. 1965)...... 7

Royal Maccabees Life Ins. Co. v. James, 146 S.W.3d 340 (Tex. App.—

  Dallas 2004, pet. denied) ........................................................................ 4

Schlumberger Tech. Corp. v. Swanson, 959 S.W.2d 171 (Tex. 1997) ..... 24

Spoljaric v. Percival Tours, Inc., 708 S.W.2d 432 (Tex. 1986) ............... 25

                                                      v
State Dep't of Highways & Pub. Transp. v. Payne, 838 S.W.2d 235

  (Tex.1992) ............................................................................................. 21

State Dept. of Highways & Pub. Transp. v. Payne, 838 S.W.2d 235 (Tex.

  1992) ..................................................................................................... 18

Sw. Bell Tel. Co. v. DeLanney, 809 S.W.2d 493 (Tex. 1991), .................. 11

T.O. Stanley Boot Co. v. Bank of El Paso, 847 S.W.2d 218 (Tex.1992) .. 16

Texas Dept. of Human Services v. Hinds, 904 S.W.2d 629 (Tex.1995) .. 21

Volmich v. Neiman, 02-12-00050-CV, 2013 WL 978770 (Tex. App.—Fort

  Worth Mar. 14, 2013, no pet.) .............................................................. 28

Whiteside v. Griffis & Griffis, P.C., 902 S.W.2d 739 (Tex. App.—Austin

  1995, writ denied)................................................................................. 11

Wyrick v. Tillman & Tillman Realty, Inc., 03-00-00061-CV, 2001 WL
123877 (Tex. App.—Austin Feb. 15, 2001, no pet.) ....................... 29, 30

Zorrilla v. Aypco Constr. II, LLC, 469 S.W.3d 143 (Tex. 2015).. 22, 23, 27

                                                 RULES

TEX. R. CIV. P. 278 ................................................................................... 21

                                                      vi
                              ARGUMENT

A.   The trial court erred by failing to declare the June 18, 2103
contract for the sale of the collection for $90,000—including
Medals of Honor of Honor—void because a part of the
consideration (the Medals of Honor) was illegal and because
there was no meeting of the minds as to buying the collection
without the Medals of Honor.

     The only contract at issue is the parties’ June 18, 2013 contract for

$90,000. The Guidrys' only theory at trial was that the June 18 contract

for Neal to pay $90,000 did not include Congressional Medals of Honor.

The jury did not find that Neal agreed to buy the collection without the

Medals of Honor. There was no severable agreement for Neal to pay for

the remainder of the collection without the Medals of Honor. Because a

part of the consideration for the only actual agreement made by the

parties was the Medals of Honor that are illegal to sell, the trial court

erred by failing to declare the contract void.

1.  Question 1 was not “immaterial” and the jury’s answer is
supported by the evidence.

     Did the parties include the Medals of Honor in their contract for the

sale of “military medals” that were “already received by [Neal] on and

around May 19th, 2013.” It was, as Mrs. Guidry put, “a he said/he said

                                     1
case.” (RR3 52). This disputed question of fact was submitted to the jury.

In Question 1, the jury was asked: “Were the Congressional Medals of

Honor sold by Guidry to Neal and memorialized in the Contract dated

June 18, 2013?” (CR 347). The jury answered, “Yes.” (Id).

        The Guidrys somewhat perfunctorily argue that Question 1 was

immaterial because “[w]hether a contract provision is illegal is, by its

very nature, a question of law.” This argument merely begs the question:

what were the terms of the contract?

        The parties’ written contract provides that “Henry Neal has agreed

to pay to Wayne Guidry $90,000.00 for the purchase of items already

received by him on and around May 19th, 2013 […] includ[ing] but are

not limited to: […] military medals …” (RR7 at 5 (PX1) (emphasis added).

First, even the Guidrys admit (as they must) the contract (they wrote)

does not specifically list any items covered by the contract but only

provides general categories (such as “military medals”). (RR3 67-68, 94,

224).     Second, the Medals of Honor were indisputably among the

“military medals” that were “already received by [Neal] on and around

May 19th, 2013.” (RR3 88, 224).

                                     2
      It was also undisputed that Guidry showed the Medals of Honor to

Neal as part of the collection on at least two occasions before Neal agreed

to buy the collection. (RR3 190, 211). There was yet additional evidence

that the parties did include the Medals of Honor in their June 18

Contract:

      [Q.] [Y]ou contend that the Congressional Medals of Honor
      were purchased as a part of the collection; correct?

      A [Neal:] Yes, they were.

(RR3 93; see also RR4 272 (Q. And including the Congressional Medals

of Honor? A [Neal:] Yes.”); RR3 107-108 (Neal: “I didn't discover until

later that things (including the Medals of Honor] had been conveyed to

me [by Guidry] that were illegal to convey); RR3 169 (Neal: “(“T]he

medals that I can't possess, I can't own, I can't resell are part of this sale,

[and] were conveyed to me as part of the sale.”).

      Verburgt: “He [Guidry] said that these were Congressional
      Medals of Honor […] and it was part of his inheritance that
      was being sold with everything. […] He was telling us that
      they could be worth between five and six, maybe $7,000
      each[.]

(RR4 181).

      Q. At any time on May 19th, did Mr. Guidry or Mrs. Guidry
      tell you that the Congressional Medals of Honor were a gift or
      being thrown in or being – not part of the sale?

                                      3
     A. [Verburgt:] No. […] They were never a gift to anybody.
     […] They were part of the collection. […] It was all part of the
     sale that Neal negotiated with [Guidry.]”

(RR4 193; see also RR3 69 (“Q Were you ever told [the Medals of Honor]

were a gift to you? A. [Neal:] No.”); RR4 200 (Q. Did anyone mention [the

Medals of Honor] were going to be gifted if he bought the rest of the

collection? A. [Verburgt:] No.)).

     Whether a contract is ambiguous is a question of law. See Heritage

Res., Inc. v. NationsBank, 939 S.W.2d 118, 121 (Tex. 1996). “Once a

contract is found to be ambiguous, the interpretation of the contract

becomes a fact issue.” Royal Maccabees Life Ins. Co. v. James, 146 S.W.3d
340, 346 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, pet. denied); see also Karns v. Jalapeno

Tree Holdings, L.L.C., 459 S.W.3d 683, 690 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2015,

pet. denied) (“If the parties' intentions as expressed in the document are

indefinite and unclear, ambiguity exists, and the issues of contract

formation and intent to be bound become questions of fact.”).

     Having properly determined the June 18 contract was ambiguous,

the trial court allowed both sides to present extrinsic evidence; i.e. the

Guidrys’ parole evidence claiming the Medals of Honor were a “gift” and

Neal’s evidence the Medals of Honor were not only among the “military

                                    4
medals” that were “received by him on and around May 19th, 2013” but

had been marketed to him as particularly valuable parts of the collection.

Question 1 was properly submitted and was hardly “immaterial.”

2.  The jury found that “the Congressional Medals of Honor
[were] sold by Guidry to Neal and memorialized in the Contract
dated June 18, 2013.”

     The Guidrys also argue “[t]he term ‘military medals’ is subject to a

construction that renders the Contract legal.” But the question is not

whether the parties could have made an entirely lawful contract (of

course they could have), the question is whether they did in fact make a

contract that was in part unlawful.

     As just discussed, the jury was properly asked to resolve whether

the “the Congressional Medals of Honor [were] sold by Guidry to Neal

and memorialized in the Contract dated June 18, 2013.” See, KSWO

Television Co., Inc. v. KFDA Operating Co., LLC, 442 S.W.3d 695, 704

(Tex. App.—Dallas 2014, no pet.) (“When a contract is ambiguous, ‘a fact

finder should resolve the meaning.’”), quoting Progressive County Mut.

Ins. Co. v. Kelley, 284 S.W.3d 805, 809 (Tex. 2009). Furthermore, there

was clearly sufficient evidence to support the jury’s answer to Question

1. (See Appellant’s Brief at 46-49).

                                       5
     The jury properly decided a question of fact: whether the contract

included the Medals of Honor. The jury’s answer gave rise to a question

of law (that the trial court wrongly decided): whether the contract is void.

3.   There was no agreement to purchase the collection minus
the Medals of Honor (and, accordingly, no agreement to do so for
$78,000).

     Before the jury returned its verdict, the trial court properly

understood the significance of asking Question 1. At the charge

conference, the court noted “[t]here's no way in this contract to have

separated out the Congressional Medals of Honor or the skulls and

then find an enforcement of the contract because we don't have specific

numbers or items broken down.” (RR5 90).

     In answer to Question 1, the jury found that the illegal-to-sell

Medals of Honor were included. Accordingly, “there's no way in this

contract” to sever the Medals of Honor and yet find an enforceable

contract remaining “because we don't have specific numbers or items

broken down.” More importantly, there is no evidence of any enforceable

contract for Neal to buy the rest of the collection without the Medals of

Honor. The only agreement was to pay a lump sum of $90,000 for the

entire collection including the Medals of Honor.

                                     6
     The post-verdict stipulation that the Medals of Honor were “worth”

$12,000 has nothing to do with the parties’ June 18, 2013 Contract. (RR4

283). “Severability of the contract is determined by the intent of the

parties as evidenced by the language in the contract.” In re Kasschau,

11 S.W.3d 305, 313 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.)

(emphasis added), citing Montgomery v. Browder, 930 S.W.2d 772, 778-

79 (Tex.App.—Amarillo 1996, writ denied); see also McFarland v. Haby,

589 S.W.2d 521, 524 (Tex.App.--Austin 1979, writ ref'd n.r.e.). Courts

cannot make new contracts between the parties, but must enforce the

contracts as written.”      Royal Indemnity Company v. Marshall, 388
S.W.2d 176, 181 (Tex. 1965) (emphasis added).             Furthermore, the

stipulation as to value is irrelevant to “the subjective intent of the parties

… at the time they entered into the contract.” Daimler Chrysler Motors

Co., LLC v. Manuel, 362 S.W.3d 160, 179 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2012,

no pet.). Surely a party can stipulate to the value of a thing without

agreeing to buy it. More specifically, to stipulate as to a value for the

Medals of Honor is not at all the same thing as stipulating that Neal

would have bought the rest of the collection for $78,000 without those

Medals. There was no such stipulation and no such evidence. Instead, the

                                      7
June 18, 2013 Contract (the only contract at issue) is clearly an

agreement to buy everything in the collection for a lump sum. Under the

circumstances, to change both what is being bought and what it will cost

is to impose an agreement on Neal that he never made.

     Neither party testified to the existence of an agreement to pay

$78,000 for the collection minus the Medals of Honor. The relevant

positions can be summarized as:

     —Neal: I will pay $90,000 for the whole collection including Medals
     of Honor.

     —Guidry: I will accept $90,000 but Medals of Honor are not
     included.

     —Court’s Judgment: Neal will pay $78,000 for the collection
     excluding the Medals of Honor.

     An enforceable contract requires (1) an offer, (2) an acceptance in

strict compliance with the terms of the offer, (3) a meeting of the minds,

(4) each party's consent to the terms, and (5) execution and delivery of

the contract with the intent that it be mutual and binding. 2001 Trinity

Fund, LLC v. Carrizo Oil & Gas, Inc., 393 S.W.3d 442, 449 (Tex.App.--

Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, pet. denied). The court’s judgment fails to

clear the first hurdle. There is nothing to suggest Neil ever offered to buy

the collection without Medals of Honor. For their part, the Guidrys

                                     8
insisted the only agreement was for Neal to pay $90,000 without the

Medals of Honor. In short, there is no evidence of any offer at $78,000,

much less an acceptance at $78,000, and certainly not any meeting of the

minds at $78,000.

     Where a part of the consideration for an agreement is illegal, the

entire agreement is void whenever, as here, the contract is entire and

indivisible. In re Kasschau, 11 S.W.3d 305, 312 (Tex. App.—Houston

[14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.) In In re Kasschau, the question was whether

the court could enforce a divorce settlement even though one of its

provisions called for an illegal destruction of certain phone recordings.

Although the husband argued the illegal provision was not at all

“essential” to the broader settlement agreement, there was no way to

know whether the wife would have settled or what the other terms would

have been without the illegal provision. Id.

     In this case, would Neal have bought the collection without the

Medals of Honor? There is no evidence that he would have done so.

Would the parties have agreed a price to $78,000 if the Medals of Honor

were not included? According to Guidry, he agreed to sell the collection

                                    9
without the Medals of Honor for $90,000. And, Neal never offered or

agreed to buy the collection without Medals of Honor at any price.

     In Cox Feedlots, Inc. v. Hope, 498 S.W.2d 436, 438–39 (Tex. App.--

San Antonio 1973, writ ref'd n.r.e.), the court could have easily severed

an illegal ten percent commission and enforced the remainder of the

contract. In fact, in that case (and unlike here), the agreement contained

a savings clause:

     … the entire contract should not be voided, in that the
     contract contains a ‘savings clause’ wherein the parties agreed
     ‘. . . that if any portion of this Contract is illegal, the remainder
     of the Contract shall not be affected thereby.’ He also asserts
     that there is other consideration in that Hope agreed to give
     Cox Feedlots first option on the use of his equipment.

Id. at 438. The court rejected the broker’s argument to sever and enforce

the remainder of the agreement:

     This covenant [for the ten percent commission] is obviously a
     part of the consideration for Cox Feedlots' giving Hope the
     hauling contract. […] Since the illegal rebate formed a part
     of the consideration for Cox Feedlots' promise to give Hope
     first option on all hauling, it cannot be said that such illegal
     transaction was not any part of Hope's cause of action. […]
     Furthermore, there is no way of separating this illegal
     consideration from the legal portion of same. Therefore, the
     court will not grant its aid in enforcing said contract, but will
     leave said parties where it finds them.

Id. at 439 (emphasis added).

                                      10
     If the Guidrys had wanted to establish the Medals of Honor were

merely “incidental” to the parties’ contract, the Guidrys should have pled,

proven and obtained jury findings to support such a theory. See

Appellant’s Brief at 53-55 citing Rogers v. Wolfson, 763 S.W.2d 922 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 1989, writ denied) (whether illegal portion could be severed

presented a question of fact for factfinder); Whiteside v. Griffis & Griffis,

P.C., 902 S.W.2d 739, 742 (Tex. App.—Austin 1995, writ denied) (same)

The Guidrys did not ask the jury anything along the lines of whether

Neal would have bought the collection even if Medals of Honor were not

included. See Whiteside, 902 S.W.2d at 742 (“The issue is whether the

parties would have entered into the agreement absent the illegal parts.”).

The Guidrys, as plaintiffs, had the “burden to obtain affirmative answers

to jury questions as to the necessary elements of his cause of action.” Sw.

Bell Tel. Co. v. DeLanney, 809 S.W.2d 493, 495 (Tex. 1991), quoting

Ramos v. Frito–Lay, Inc., 784 S.W.2d 667, 668 (Tex.1990), citing

TEX.R.CIV.P. 279

     Instead, the jury here was asked only whether the Medals of Honor

were part of Neal’s agreement to pay a $90,000 lump sum (the only

contract between the parties), and the jury found the Medals of Honor

                                     11
were included. (CR 347). “[S]elective enforcement of the contract, as

argued for by [the Guidrys], would result in a new and different contract

not intended by the parties.” McFarland, 589 S.W.2d at 524. “Courts are

created for the purpose of enforcing contracts, if they be legal, and

denying enforcement, if they be illegal, but they cannot make contracts for

parties.” Magee v. I. & G. N. Wood & Coal Co., 269 S.W.2d 498, 505 (1954)

(emphasis added).

     Because the Guidrys’ claims are based solely on a contract the jury

found did include Medals of Honor that are indisputably illegal to sell,

the judgment below should be reversed. Judgment should be rendered in

favor of Neal that the Guidrys take nothing on their claims.

4.   Unlike cases cited by the Guidrys, the trial court here did
not construe the parties’ agreement, it made a new one.

     The Guidrys quote the proper rule: “[a] contract illegal in part and

legal to the residue is void as to all, when the parts cannot be separated;

when they can be, the good will stand and the rest fall.” Raywood Rice

Canal & Milling Co. v. Erp, 146 S.W. 155, 159 (Tex. 1912) (emphasis

added). But the Guidrys then suggest the illegal Medals of Honor can be

separated from the parties’ contract and that a valid contract will remain

(for whatever is left, at a new price).

                                     12
     The Guidrys rely on Redgrave v. Wilkinson, 208 S.W.2d 150 (Tex.

Civ. App.—Waco 1948, writ ref’d n.r.e.) and Dietz v. Van Nortwick, 188
S.W.2d 590, 590-91 (Tex. Civ. App.—Galveston 1945, writ ref’d). Neither

of these cases involve a sales contract to pay a lump sum for everything

in a collection. These cases do not support the judgment below.

     Redgrave has nothing in common with this case beyond a party

raising illegality. The case involves the winding down of a partnership.

Redgrave and Wilkinson had first entered into a partnership for the

purpose of operating illegal gaming devices. Redgrave, 208 S.W.2d at 152.

“They were successful in this business venture and in 1942 they invested

some of their profits in cigarette vending machines and operated such

business under the assumed name of the Central Cigarette Service on

the basis of equal partners.” Id. “[T]he operation of the cigarette vending

machines was in all things legal and such operation created new property

rights which Redgrave and Wilkinson shared equally.” Id. Furthermore,

“the cigarette business was separated from the gaming business

conducted by the partnership.” Id. (emphasis added). As part of an

accounting and division of the partnership, the court held that Redgrave

was entitled to one half of the partnership’s cigarette vending machines.

                                    13
Id. The court rejected Wilkinson’s contention that Redgrave—who was

only trying to get his half of his partnership’s machines—was attempting

to enforce an illegal contract (because they had used proceeds from their

gaming business to initially buy the machines). The court found that

nothing illegal was required for Redgrave to recover his one-half of the

machines. Id. This division of property owned by former `partners in

Redgrave (who had, among other things, made sure their “cigarette

business was separated from the gaming business”) simply does not

speak to the present case.

     The Dietz facts may be closer, but the case is also no help for the

Guidrys. Unlike the present case, Dietz provides an example of a

situation where a sales contract is severable. 188 S.W.2d at 590. The case

involved illegal gaming devices called “punch boards.” Id. Specifically,

Dietz and Van Nortwick “entered into a written contract by which Dietz

agreed to buy certain described beer and pay therefor the sum of

$7,399.90; and to buy certain described punch boards (which are gaming

devices) and pay therefor the sum of $4,981.46[.]” Id. “The lawful part of

the contract is to the unlawful contract as $7,399.90, the contract price of

the beer, is to $4,981.46, the contract price of the gaming devices.” Id. at

                                    14
593. After severing “the contract price of the gaming devices,” the court

found that “appellant should be adjudged […] $7,399.90, [for the beer]

and be denied recovery of the portion which corresponds to $4,981.46” for

gaming devices. Id. The unlawful contract price for gaming devices could

be severed from the lawful part because the parties had entered into a

severable agreement from the start: “Dietz agreed to buy certain

described beer and pay therefor the sum of $7,399.90; and to buy certain

described punch boards […] and pay therefor the sum of $4,981.46[.]” Id.

at 590. In the present case, there was only an agreement to buy the entire

collection for a single lump sum.

     Here, the illegal part (the Medals of Honor) is a part of the

consideration for the agreement to pay $90,000. There is no evidence that

Neil ever agreed to buy only other parts of the collection (i.e., without the

Medals of Honor), much less that he agreed to do so for $78,000. Indeed,

there is not even any evidence the Guidrys agreed to sell the collection

for $78,000 (the Guidrys claimed the agreement was for $90,000 without

Medals of Honor). This case is not Dietz.

     The court in Dietz refused to enforce the agreement “to buy certain

described punch boards [for] $4,981.46” and enforced only the remaining

                                     15
agreement “to buy certain described beer [for] $7,399.90.” In the present

case, there was no agreement between the parties to pay one sum for

Medals of Honor and one sum for the rest of the collection (assuming

Medals of Honor were not included). The trial court simply created a new

agreement that neither party claimed during trial was the agreement.

While “Texas courts favor validating transactions rather than voiding

them, a court may not create a contract where none exists and generally

may not add, alter, or eliminate essential terms.” Kelly v. Rio Grande

Computerland Group, 128 S.W.3d 759, 766 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2004, no

pet.); T.O. Stanley Boot Co. v. Bank of El Paso, 847 S.W.2d 218, 222

(Tex.1992); Argo Data Res. Corp. v. Shagrithaya, 380 S.W.3d 249, 274

(Tex. App.--Dallas 2012, pet. denied) (“Although Texas courts favor

validating contracts, we may not create one where none exists.”).

5.   The trial court’s ruling on attorney’s fees should be reversed
and remanded.

     As the contract should be declared void, Neal should recover

attorney’s fees pursuant to the Declaratory Judgment Act. (CR 190).

Because the judgment as to the enforceability of the contract should be

reversed, the decision below awarding fees to the Guidrys should also be

reversed and remanded to reconsider fees. See, e.g. Double Diamond, Inc.

                                   16
v. Saturn, 339 S.W.3d 337, 347 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, pet. denied)

citing Hartsell v. Town of Talty, 130 S.W.3d 325, 329, 330 (Tex.App.-

Dallas 2004, pet. denied).

B.    Even assuming arguendo the contract is not void for
illegality, Neal’s defense of fraud in the inducement entitles him
to judgment or at least a new trial.

     1.   By tendering a proper question and obtaining an
     adverse ruling before the charge was read to the jury, Neal
     preserved charge error.

     The Guidrys correctly note that the trial court instructed the

attorneys they would state “formal” objections to the charge after the

charge had been read to the jury. Nonetheless, before the charge was read

to the jury, Neal tendered, in writing, his proper requested question on

the affirmative defense of fraud/misrepresentation (see CR 307, 319), and

Neal obtained an adverse ruling on that request. (RR4 310).

     THE COURT: […] Now on the proposed question about -- this
     is I guess the affirmative defense based on a false
     representation or concealed material facts?
     MR. MORRIS: Yes, Your Honor.
     THE COURT: All right. The request for
     this instruction [sic] is denied.

(RR:4 310 (emphasis added)). The Court did not treat this conference are

merely “preliminary,” as suggested by the Guidrys. (See, e.g., id. at 312:

“THE COURT: Yeah, your -- your objections are noted. We're doing this

                                    17
all on the record.”).1 Neal preserved error with regard to his fraud

affirmative defense to the contract.

     “There should be but one test for determining if a party has

preserved error in the jury charge, and that is whether the party made

the trial court aware of the complaint, timely and plainly, and obtained

a ruling.” State Dept. of Highways & Pub. Transp. v. Payne, 838 S.W.2d
235, 241 (Tex. 1992). “The more specific requirements of the rules should

be applied, while they remain, to serve rather than defeat this principle.”

Id. Here, Neal made the court aware of the specific affirmative defense

question he believed he was entitled to submit and that the jury should

be asked, and Neil obtained a ruling from the trial court on his requested

question. Neal clearly met the test. Id.; see also, e.g. In re Stevenson, 27
S.W.3d 195, 201 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2000, no pet.) (error preserved

when question was submitted and refused during “informal” charge

conference).

     There is an additional and alternative reason Neal preserved error.

This is not a case where the parties agreed to submit objections after the

1The trial court then stated that “for convenience sake, in the morning
what I may do is read the Charge, send the jury out to deliberate and
then put any formal objections that you want to go further on …” (Id.).
                                       18
charge was read and the court consented to the parties’ agreement. See,

e.g., Missouri Pac. R. Co. v. Cross, 501 S.W.2d 868, 873 (Tex. 1973)

(“Having been parties to the agreement, neither plaintiff nor defendant

is in a position to complain …”); Methodist Hosps. of Dallas v. Corp.

Communicators, Inc., 806 S.W.2d 879, 885 (Tex.App.--Dallas 1991, writ

denied) (involving “[a]n agreement of the parties”). Rather, the trial

court here instructed the parties that they could state their objections

after the charge was read and the parties responded by ensuring that

their objections to the charge were not being waived. (RR5 42). Shortly

before the charge was to the jury, the following occurred:

     THE COURT: All right. Bring in the jury.
     MR. YOUNG [Counsel for Guidrys] : While we're waiting for them
     to come in, I do need to make formal objections to this
     Charge. I mean this is just part of the process that we
     do. When it's finally -- the final Charge is submitted,
     you make formal objections.
     I know it's not going to change this
     Court's ruling and so, because of that, I don't mind
     making them after the arguments; however, I do want to
     reserve my ability to do that and I haven't waived that.
     THE COURT: All of your previous
     objections are carried forward to this point and you can
     memorialize them on the record after the jury goes out
     to deliberate.
     MR. YOUNG: And I can make formal
     objections at that point and I haven't waived anything?
     THE COURT: Correct.
     MR. MORRIS [Counsel for Guidrys]: And just so you can say on

                                   19
     the record, good for the goose, good for the gander?
     THE COURT: Absolutely. Both parties will
     be allowed to object to the Charge, which means it must
     be a good Charge if both parties are objecting to it.

(RR5 42 (emphasis added). Accordingly, during the time allotted by the

judge for him to do so, Neal had the trial court formally sign the requested

question on Neal’s affirmative defense of fraud/misrepresentation as

“denied.” (RR5 94-95; RR8 359 (DX 13)).

     Neal did not fail to preserve error under these circumstances. If the

Guidrys had disliked the judgment below, the Guidrys would no doubt be

(properly) taking this very position. Before the charge was read to the

jury, the parties made clear to the trial court that they were entitled to

“make formal objections to this Charge,” as “part of the process that we

do” is “[w]hen the final Charge is submitted, [the parties] make formal

objections.” (RR5 42). The trial court ruled that both parties were not

waiving their objections. (Id.) The Texas Supreme Court “has repeatedly

emphasized its holding in connection with the timing of objections and

the wording of requests, asserting that we should concern ourselves with

common sense and not promote form over substance.” In re Stevenson, 27
S.W.3d at 201, citing Dallas Market Center Development Co. v. Liedeker,

958 S.W.2d 382, 386 (Tex.1997); Alaniz v. Jones & Neuse, Inc., 907

                                    20
S.W.2d 450, 451–52 (Tex.1995); Texas Dept. of Human Services v. Hinds,

904 S.W.2d 629, 637–38 (Tex.1995).

     Again, Neal had already adequately preserved error by tendering

his requested question and obtaining an adverse ruling by the trial court

before the charge was read.     (CR 319; RR4 310). See State Dep't of

Highways & Pub. Transp. v. Payne, 838 S.W.2d 235, 241 (Tex.1992); In

re Stevenson, 27 S.W.3d at 201. However, even assuming arguendo that

that was insufficient for any reason, under the circumstances herein, the

trial court’s subsequent “formal” signed denial of the requested question

at issue was not “untimely,” even though the charge had been read.

Charge error was preserved.

      2.   Neal’s tendered question was substantially correct.

     Neal’s proposed question on his defense of being induced into the

contract by misrepresentation or material omission was “substantially

correct.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 278. “‘Substantially correct’ does not mean that

the instruction is perfect.” BNSF Ry. Co. v. Epple, 07-15-00355-CV, 2016
WL 7010581, at *3 (Tex. App.--Amarillo Nov. 30, 2016, pet. denied),

quoting Placencio v. Allied Indus. Int'l, Inc., 724 S.W.2d 20, 21 (Tex.

1987). Rather, it satisfies the test when it is “in substance and in the

                                    21
main correct, and ... not affirmatively incorrect.” Placencio, 724 S.W.2d

at 21, quoting Modica v. Howard, 161 S.W.2d 1093 (Tex. Civ. App.–

Beaumont 1942, no writ); Greenstein, Logan & Co. v. Burgess Marketing,

Inc., 744 S.W.2d 170, 182 (Tex. App.--Waco 1987, writ denied).

     Using snippets out of context from cases examining differences in

damages recoverable for a cause of action for common law fraud as

distinguished from a cause of action for fraudulent inducement, the

Guidrys argue that Neal’s question was inadequate because it did not ask

about “a promise of future performance made with no intention to

perform.” First, Neal was not submitting a cause of action for any sort of

damages but rather an affirmative defense.          See, e.g., Anderson,

Greenwood & Co. v. Martin, 44 S.W.3d 200, 211 (Tex. App.—Houston

[14th Dist.] 2001, pet. denied) (party established fraudulent inducement

as a defense by jury’s answer to fraud question). Second, the Guidrys are

misreading the cases.

     The Guidrys primarily rely on part of a sentence from Zorrilla v.

Aypco Constr. II, LLC, 469 S.W.3d 143, 153 (Tex. 2015): “Fraudulent

inducement is a distinct category of common-law fraud that shares the

same elements but involves a promise of future performance made with

                                    22
no intention of performing at the time it was made.” Id. The Guidrys

suggest that “a promise of future performance made with no intention of

performing” is a separate, required element of fraudulent inducement

regardless of the facts of the case. But the Guidrys ignore Zorrilla’s

statement in the same sentence that fraudulent inducement “shares the

same elements” as common law fraud. Id. (emphasis added).

Furthermore, the Guidrys ignore that Zorrilla affirmed an award of

damages for fraudulent inducement when the jury question in that case

specifically did not require a finding of “a promise of future performance

made with no intention of performing at the time it was made” as a

required element. See id. Rather, the jury was given an alternative:

     In the present case, the fraud liability question submitted to
     the jury included all the elements of a common-law fraud
     claim and defined “misrepresentation” to mean “a false
     statement of fact” or “a promise of future performance made
     with an intent, at the time the promise was made, not to
     perform as promised.”

Id. at 153 (emphasis added). The Supreme Court held that “based on the

measure of damages submitted to the jury, the only viable fraud claim is

fraudulent inducement” and then affirmed the jury’s award of those

damages based on the above-quoted liability question. Id. at 153-154.

                                    23
     Antecedent fraud of many sorts is a defense to a contract. See, e.g.,

Prudential Ins. Co. of Am. v. Jefferson Associates, Ltd., 896 S.W.2d 156,

162 (Tex. 1995) (“A buyer is not bound by an agreement to purchase

something ‘as is’ that he is induced to make because of a fraudulent

representation or concealment of information by the seller.”). The

required elements of the defense of fraudulent inducement as stated by

the Texas Supreme Court are:

     To prove that Plank fraudulently induced him to sign the
     release, Westergren had to establish that (1) Plank “made a
     material representation”; (2) Plank's “representation was
     false and was either known to be false when made or made
     without knowledge of its truth”; (3) Plank's “representation
     was intended to be and was relied upon by the injured party”;
     and (4) Westergren's “injury complained of was caused by the
     reliance.”

Nat'l Prop. Holdings, L.P. v. Westergren, 453 S.W.3d 419, 423 (Tex. 2015),

quoting In re Int'l Profit Assocs., Inc., 274 S.W.3d 672, 678 (Tex. 2009)

(citing Am. Tobacco Co. v. Grinnell, 951 S.W.2d 420, 436 (Tex. 1997));

Schlumberger Tech. Corp. v. Swanson, 959 S.W.2d 171, 181 (Tex. 1997).

The court did not mention “a promise of future performance made with

no intention of performing at the time it was made” as being an additional

distinct and required element.

     The Fifth Circuit has recently stated:

                                    24
     The elements of fraudulent inducement are the same as the
     elements for fraud, “plus the added element that the fraud
     related to an agreement between the parties.” In re VNA Inc.,
     403 S.W.3d 483, 487 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2013, no pet).

           Under Texas law, the elements of fraud are (1) that a
           material    representation     was     made;     (2)   the
           representation was false; (3) when the representation
           was made, the speaker knew it was false or made it
           recklessly without any knowledge of the truth and as a
           positive assertion; (4) the speaker made the
           representation with the intent that the other party
           should act upon it; (5) the party acted in reliance on the
           representation; and (6) the party thereby suffered
           injury.

     Lawrence v. Fed. Home Loan Mortg. Corp., 808 F.3d 670, 674
     (5th Cir. 2015). A fraudulent inducement claim can also be
     based on the failure to disclose a material fact. Spoljaric v.
     Percival Tours, Inc., 708 S.W.2d 432, 435 (Tex. 1986).

Johnson v. World All. Fin. Corp., 830 F.3d 192, 198 (5th Cir. 2016).

     In affirming a jury finding of fraudulent inducement, the Tyler

Court of Appeals noted:

     Fraudulent inducement is a particular species of fraud that
     arises only in the context of a contract. Nat'l Prop. Holdings
     v. Westergren, 453 S.W.3d 419, 423 (Tex. 2015). A party
     asserting that it was fraudulently induced into entering into
     a contract must show that (1) the other party made a material
     representation, (2) the representation was false and was
     either known to be false when made or made without
     knowledge of the truth, (3) the representation was intended
     to be and was relied upon by the injured party, and (4) the
     injury complained of was caused by the reliance. In re Int'l

                                    25
     Profit Assocs., Inc., 274 S.W.3d 672, 678 (Tex. 2009).

Int'l Bus. Machines Corp. v. Lufkin Indus., Inc., 12-15-00223-CV, 2017
WL 2962836, at *4 (Tex. App.—Tyler July 12, 2017, no pet.). Again, these

courts do not mention “a promise of future performance made with no

intention of performing at the time it was made” as being an additional

distinct and required element.

     The Guidrys also suggest that Neal’s proposed question fails to

establish the elements of fraud “as they relate to the Contract.” However,

in reality, the tendered question begins by stating, “Failure to comply by

HENRY NEAL is excused if …” and concludes by asking “Was HENRY

NEAL’S failure to comply excused?” (RR8 359 (DX 13). As was done with

Neal’s affirmative defense question regarding duress, the jury would

have known that “failure to comply” means “to comply with the June 18,

2013 Agreement.” (CR 347). The question thus properly established the

elements of fraud “as they relate to the Contract.”

     Furthermore, the June 18, 2013 Contract was the only issue at trial

raised by either party. The June 18, 2013 Contract was the only subject

of the entire Court’s Charge. Additionally, cases mentioned above that

involve an affirmance of jury findings for fraudulent inducement, were

                                    26
based on jury questions that tracked the generic elements of fraud

without specifically mentioning the contract at issue in the case. See

Zorrilla, 469 S.W.3d at 152-153; Anderson, Greenwood & Co, 44 S.W.3d

at 211. When, as here, the contract is the issue at trial, there is no need

to do more. Indeed, by specifically inquiring about Neal’s “failure to

comply …” with the contract, Neal’s question is more specifically “related

to the contract” than the questions in cases such as Zorrilla and

Anderson, Greenwood & Co.

     Neal’s proposed question included the required elements and was

substantially correct. The question was ““in substance and in the main

correct, and ... not affirmatively incorrect.” Placencio, 724 S.W.2d at 21.

The trial court erred by refusing to submit the question.

     3.   To merely say a buyer conducted his own
     “investigation” into some matters does not absolve the seller
     from    misrepresentations    unrelated     to  any     such
     “investigation.”

     Nothing has changed since this court’s pronouncement that “an

independent investigation of matters that eventually culminate in a

contract does not as a matter of law defeat a right to rely on allegedly

false representations.” Carruth v. Allen, 368 S.W.2d 672, 679 (Tex.App.-

-Austin 1963, no writ). Nonetheless, the Guidrys persist in arguing that

                                    27
Neal’s fraudulent inducement defense and DTPA claim must fail because

of evidence that Neal began “investigating” some aspects of the collection

before signing the contract on June 18, 2013.

     Although buyers who discovered the very problem that forms of

their basis of their later suit can be barred2, there is no rule that any and

every “independent investigation” by a buyer necessarily precludes the

buyer from showing detrimental reliance on a seller’s misrepresentations

or material omissions. See, e.g., Volmich v. Neiman, 02-12-00050-CV,

2013 WL 978770, at *8 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Mar. 14, 2013, no pet.)

(“We do not hold that an independent inspection will always bar DTPA

and fraudulent inducement claims.”). If you kick the truck’s tires or even

take a quick test drive, have you conducted an “investigation” such that

you are now barred from raising a fraud claim based on false fuel

efficiency claims? Of course not.

     The actual rule is that one cannot recover for fraudulent

representations when he knows the representation is false, or when he

2
 See, e.g., Chitsey v. Nat'l Lloyd's Ins. Co., 698 S.W.2d 766, 769 (Tex.
App.--Austin 1985), aff'd sub nom., 738 S.W.2d 641 (Tex. 1987 (“This fact
was also noted in the inspector's report. Accordingly, National Lloyd's
possessed this information before it wrote the coverage.”).
                                     28
has relied solely on his own investigation rather than on the

representations of the other party. (See Appellant’s Brief at pp. 69-70 and

cases cited therein) If the buyer has not even investigated the particular

representation that turns out to be fraudulent, the buyer is obviously not

relying solely on his “investigation” and may still be able to show reliance

on the seller’s misrepresentation.

     The Guidrys mistakenly rely on a case from this Court which

provides yet another illustration of the rule that there is no absolute bar

just because the buyer conducts an “investigation.” In Wyrick v. Tillman

& Tillman Realty, Inc., 03-00-00061-CV, 2001 WL 123877 (Tex. App.—

Austin Feb. 15, 2001, no pet.), the court said:

     Tillman Realty, in its third ground for summary judgment,
     argued that Wyrick is deemed to have relied upon her own
     personal investigation that was free and unhampered.
     Tillman argues on appeal, therefore, that he did not have a
     duty to Wyrick with respect to the railroad right-of-way or the
     meat-processing plant that would support a cause of action
     against Tillman Realty. Wyrick concedes that she did not
     perform an investigation of the area where the right-of-way or
     meat-processing plant are located. She argues, however, that
     a broker has a duty to disclose all material facts that would
     not be discovered by the exercise of ordinary care and
     diligence, which, at a minimum, she performed.

     The rule is that where a person makes his own investigation
     of the facts, he cannot sustain an action of misrepresentation
     made by others. […] According to Wyrick's affidavit, she

                                     29
     spent time driving around the neighborhood and the town at
     night after work. One evening, she returned to visit New
     Braunfels and the neighborhood with a friend, and they drove
     around together looking at the area. From the record, the
     evidence tends to show that the railroad tracks were difficult
     to discover; many of them had been torn up and covered with
     asphalt. When Wyrick did visit the neighborhood, it was in
     the evening and often dark outside. The summary judgment
     evidence does not prove conclusively that Wyrick
     should have discovered the right-of-way and the meat-
     processing plant during her drives around the
     neighborhood. Tillman Realty has not proven the factual
     premise of the rule deeming one to have relied on one's
     own investigation. Wyrick's fifth point of error is sustained.

Wyrick, 2001 WL 123877, at *8 (emphasis added).

     In the present case, Neal’s fraud in the inducement defense is

supported   by   evidence   of   Guidry’s   material   misrepresentations

regarding: (1) whether the Medals of Honor were quite valuable or

instead illegal to sell; and (2) whether the “Indian artifacts” had been

personally dug up by Guidry’s father and family at known “Indian

locations” which could be documented by family record and photos or

instead 30-40% had been purchased by Guidry’s father from “dealers”

without records of source or documentation of authenticity. There is no

evidence of any “independent investigation” at all by Neal

regarding either of these issues before the June 18 contract, much

less any evidence that Neal relied “solely” on his own

                                    30
investigation as to either of his issues. Rather, all evidence is to the

contrary. (Appellant’s Brief at 59-72).

     First, as to the legality of selling Medals of Honor, Neal agreed to

buy the collection including the Medals of Honor for $90,000 on June 18,

2013 still believing “the representations made by the Guidrys were ac- --

were factual,” and “didn't discover until later that things had been

conveyed to [him] that were illegal to convey.” (RR3 107-108). Neal only

learned it was illegal to sell Medals of Honor in July 2013. (RR3 158).

     As to the source and origin of the collection, there is no evidence

Neal found out that Guidry’s father had purchased many of the items

until this lawsuit. (RR4 at 272-274; see also RR4 at 165-167 (“I never

heard that. That's the first time I've heard that.”). Back when signing the

June 18, 2013 contract, Neal suspected only “a few of the pieces” might

be “retips”—not that Guidry’s father had purchased 30-40% from dealers

and that Guidry had “no clue” where those dealers got them items. Of

course, even then, Guidry was still defending the collection and “strongly

disagreed” that arrowheads were not real. Guidry certainly did not

disclose to Neal the true source of 30-40% of the collection.

                                    31
     There is no evidence he had even investigated the relevant issues

much less was relying solely on his own such investigation. Neal’s fraud

in the inducement defense does not fail just because there was some

evidence that Neal began an investigation of sorts before signing the

contract.

     Neal’s   proposed question on        its   affirmative   defense   that

performance of the contract was excused by Guidry’s misrepresentation

or concealment of material facts should have been submitted to the jury.

(RR8 359 (DX 13)). The defense was supported by pleadings and by

evidence at trial. (Indeed, the jury answered “Yes” in response to

Question 6 based on the same facts. (CR 359)). The defense would have

established a bar to the Guidrys’ claim for damages. It was an abuse of

discretion and error to refuse to the submit the question, and, as a result,

the judgment should be reversed and the case remanded for a new trial.

See, e.g., R.R. Comm'n of Texas v. Gulf Energy Expl. Corp., 482 S.W.3d
559, 576 (Tex. 2016) (remanding for new trial where trial court failed to

submit jury question on affirmative defense).

                                     32
                     CONCLUSION AND PRAYER

         The judgment below should be reversed. Judgment should be

rendered for Appellee and the question of attorney’s fees remanded to the

trial court. Alternatively, the entire case should be remanded for a new

trial.

                                        Respectfully submitted,

                                        By: /s/ Michael J. Morris
                                              Michael J. Morris

                                        Texas Bar No. 24002651
                                        Morris & Bermudez, pllc
                                        299 W. San Antonio St.
                                        New Braunfels, Texas 78130
                                        Tel: (830) 626-8779
                                        Fax: (830) 627-0890
                                        mmorris@mmbiblaw.com

                                        Attorneys for Appellant

                                   33
                 CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE

      This brief on the merits complies with the word limit of TEX. R.
APP. P. 9.4 because it contains 7,204 words, excluding the parts of the
brief exempted by TEX.R. APP. P. 9.4(i)(1).

                                         /s/ Michael J. Morris.
                                         Michael J. Morris

                    CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

      This will certify that a true and correct copy of the foregoing brief
has been electronically served concurrent with the electronic filing of the
brief on this 2nd day of January, 2018, on lead counsel of record for
Appellees: Mr. Kevin Young, Prichard Young LLP, 10101 Reunion Pl Ste
600, San Antonio, TX 78216-4162, at kyoung@prichardyoungllp.com.

                                         /s/ Michael J. Morris.
                                         Michael J. Morris

                                    34