Court Opinion

ID: 4054353
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-29 05:20:21.325565+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:31:44.862430
License: Public Domain

ACCEPTED
                                                                                       01-14-00504-CV
                                                                            FIRST COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                    HOUSTON, TEXAS
                                                                                 4/23/2015 11:47:52 PM
                                                                                 CHRISTOPHER PRINE
                                                                                                CLERK

                              NO. 01-14-00504-CV

                                                         FILED IN
                                                  1st COURT OF APPEALS
                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE HOUSTON, TEXAS
           FIRST   JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF TEXAS AT HOUSTON
                                                  4/23/2015 11:47:52 PM
                                                  CHRISTOPHER A. PRINE
                                                           Clerk

                                SANDRA PEREZ,
                                   APPELLANT

                                         v.

                              BRIAN WILLIAMS,
                                  APPELLEE

                  On appeal from the 257th Judicial District Court
                   Harris County, Texas | Cause No. 2013-05419

                              APPELLEE’S BRIEF

                                              Respectfully submitted,

LAW OFFICE OF JANICE L. BERG                  LAW OFFICE OF DANIEL J. LEMKUIL
Janice L. Berg                                Daniel J. Lemkuil
State Bar No. 24064888                        State Bar No. 00789448
1314 Texas Avenue, Suite 1515                 1314 Texas Avenue, Suite 1515
Houston, Texas 77002                          Houston, Texas 77002
Tel: (713) 993-9100 | Fax: (713) 225-0099     Tel: (713) 993-9100 | Fax (713) 225-0099
Service: service@janiceberglaw.com            daniel_lemkuil@flash.net
Non-service: janice@janiceberglaw.com

                        ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

                      ORAL ARGUMENT REQUESTED
                 IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL

Appellant/Petitioner
SANDRA PEREZ (mother/alleged wife)

Representing Appellant at Trial:             Representing Appellant at Trial
Mark G. Lipkin                               and on Appeal:
State Bar No. 00794175                       David T. Altenbern
5535 Memorial Drive, Ste. F., Box 710        State Bar No. 01117870
Houston, Texas 77007                         2603 Augusta Drive, Suite 880
Tel: (713) 802-9488                          Houston, Texas 77057
Fax: (713) 802-0688                          Tel: (713) 780-7100
                                             Fax: (713) 780-7111
                                             davidalt22@hotmail.com

Appellee/Respondent
BRIAN WILLIAMS (father/alleged husband)

Representing Appellee on Appeal:             Representing Appellee at Trial and
Janice L. Berg                               on Appeal:
State Bar No. 24064888                       Daniel J. Lemkuil
LAW OFFICE OF JANICE L. BERG                 State Bar No. 00789448
1314 Texas Avenue, Suite 1515                LAW OFFICE OF DANIEL J. LEMKUIL
Houston, Texas 77002                         1314 Texas Avenue, Suite 1515
Tel: (713) 993-9100 | Fax: (713) 225-0099    Houston, Texas 77002
Service email: service@janiceberglaw.com     Tel: (713) 993-9100
Non-service: janice@janiceberglaw.com        Fax: (713) 225-0099
                                             daniel_lemkuil@flash.net

                                        ii
                                          TABLE OF CONTENTS

Identity of Parties and Counsel ................................................................................. ii	
  

Table of Contents ..................................................................................................... iii	
  

Index of Authorities ................................................................................................. vi	
  

Statement of the Case............................................................................................... ix	
  

Statement Regarding Oral Argument....................................................................... ix	
  

Appellee’s Issues—Restated ..................................................................................... x	
  

   Issue 1—Restated:	
   The trial court did not err by granting summary
            judgment on the issue of common law marriage. No genuine
            issue of material fact existed as to the elements of common
            law marriage; Sandra failed to timely respond to the motion. ............ x	
  

   Issue 2—Restated:	
   The trial court did not err by denying opposing co-
            counsel’s mid-trial motion to substitute. There was no notice
            of the motion and counsel was still permitted to participate. .............. x	
  

   Issue 3—Restated:	
   The trial court properly sustained objections to
            court documents offered by Respondent. Even if exclusion
            was error, such error was harmless. .................................................... x	
  

   Issue 4—Restated:	
   The trial court properly determined that there was
            no gift of a Range Rover to Respondent. ............................................ x	
  

   Issue 5—Restated:	
   The trial court properly excluded photographs that
            were requested but not produced in discovery. Even if
            exclusion was error, such error was harmless. .................................... x	
  

   Issue 6—Restated:	
   The trial court properly sustained a relevancy
            objection to questions about whether Petitioner had seen a
            psychologist. Even if exclusion was error, such error was
            harmless. x	
  

   Issue 7—Restated:	
   The trial court properly awarded primary
            conservatorship to Petitioner and properly rendered a
            possession order for a child under the age of three and a
                                                             iii
                    prospective possession order for the child to take effect on
                    her third birthday. ............................................................................... xi	
  

Statement of Facts ..................................................................................................... 1	
  

           A.	
   Background ............................................................................................ 1	
  

           B.	
   Procedural history .................................................................................. 1	
  

           C.	
   Evidence at trial ..................................................................................... 3	
  

           D.	
   Trial court’s order .................................................................................. 4	
  

Summary of the Argument........................................................................................ 6	
  

Argument and Authorities......................................................................................... 8	
  

       I.	
   Standard of Review Applicable to All Issues ............................................. 8	
  

       II.	
   All issues are waived – the judgment appealed from was agreed as to
                by Sandra as to both form and substance ................................................. 9	
  

       III.	
   Issue 1 – The trial court did not err by granting partial summary
                 judgment that no informal marriage existed between the parties........... 10	
  

       IV.	
   Issue 2 – The trial court did not err by denying Sandra’s mid-trial
                motion to substitute where there was no notice of the motion. .............. 12	
  

       V.	
   Issue 3 – The trial court did not err by refusing to take judicial notice
               of uncertified pleadings from another case. ........................................... 13	
  

       VI.	
   Issue 4 – The trial court did not err by refusing to award Sandra a
                Range Rover. .......................................................................................... 15	
  

       VII.	
   Issue 5 – The trial court did not err by excluding exhibits that were
                 properly requested but not provided in discovery. ................................. 15	
  

       VIII.	
  Issue 6 – The trial court did not err by sustaining an objection to the
                 question “Have you seen a psychologist?” ............................................ 17	
  

                                                             iv
       IX.	
   Issue 7 – The trial court did not err by naming Brian the joint
                managing conservator with the exclusive right to designate the
                child’s primary residence and by granting a non-standard
                possession order for a child under the age of three. ............................... 18	
  

Prayer ...................................................................................................................... 22	
  

Certificate of Word Count Compliance .................................................................. 23	
  

Certificate of Service .............................................................................................. 24	
  

                                                                v
                                         INDEX OF AUTHORITIES

Cases	
  

Ballesteros v. Jones, 985 S.W.2d 485 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1999, pet. denied)

   ............................................................................................................................. 11

Bay Area Healthcare Grp., Ltd. v. McShane, 239 S.W.3d 231 (Tex. 2007) .......... 15

Beck v. Walker, 154 S.W.3d 895 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2005, no pet.)....................... 8

Carpenter v. Cimarron Hydrocarbons Corp., 98 S.W.3d 682 (Tex. 2002) ........... 16

Cotrone v. Bryan Prod. Credit Ass’n, 502 S.W.2d 954 (Tex. Civ. App.—Waco

   1973, writ ref’d n.r.e.) ......................................................................................... 12

Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238 (Tex. 1985) ............ 16, 19

Gillespie v. Gillespie, 664 S.W.2d 449 (Tex. 1982) ............................................... 19
Howard v. Howard, 459 S.W.2d 901 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1970, no

   writ) ..................................................................................................................... 11

In re A.D.H., 979 S.W.2d 445 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 1998, no writ) .................. 19

In re A.R., 236 S.W.3d 460 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2007, no pet.) ............................. 13

In re D.A., 307 S.W.3d 556 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, no pet.) ............................. 20

In re T.J.S., 71 S.W.3d 452 (Tex. App.—Waco 2002, pet. denied) ....................... 22

INA v. Bryant, 686 S.W.2d 614 (Tex. 1985)........................................................... 11

Keller Industries, Inc. v. Blanten, 804 S.W.2d 182 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

   Dist.] 1991) ......................................................................................................... 12

                                                               vi
Mailhot v. Mailhot, 124 S.W.3d 775 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, no

   pet.) ................................................................................................................... 6, 9

Owens–Corning Fiberglas Corp. v. Malone, 972 S.W.2d 35 (Tex. 1998) ............. 16

Palkovic v. Cox, 792 S.W.2d 743 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1990, writ

   denied)................................................................................................................. 12

Republic Underwriters Ins. v. Mex.-Tex., Inc., 150 S.W.3d 423 (Tex. 2004) ........ 19

Roberson v. Robinson, 768 S.W.2d 280 (Tex. 1989) ............................................. 21

Sharma v. Vinmar Int'l, Ltd., 231 S.W.3d 405 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

   2007, no pet.) ...................................................................................................... 16

Tex. Dep't of Transp. v. Able, 35 S.W.3d 608 (Tex. 2000) ..................................... 16

Van Heerden v. Van Heerden, 321 S.W.3d 869 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

   2010, no pet.) ...................................................................................................... 17

Vossdale Townhouse Association, Inc., 302 S.W.3d 890 (Tex. App.—Houston

   [14th Dist.] 2009) ................................................................................................ 13
Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833 (Tex. 1992) ....................................................... 9

Warchol v. Warchol, 853 S.W.2d 165 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 1993, no writ)...... 19
Watts v. Oliver, 396 S.W.3d 124 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, no pet.)

   ............................................................................................................................. 17

Wheeler v. Green, 157 S.W.3d 439 (Tex. 2005)..................................................... 10

Worford v. Stamper, 801 S.W.2d 108 (Tex. 1990) ................................................... 8

                                                              vii
Statutes	
  

Tex. Fam. Code § 153.254(a) ........................................................................... 20, 21

Tex. Fam. Code § 153.256(1) ................................................................................. 20

Tex. Fam. Code § 153.256(3) ................................................................................. 21

Tex. Fam. Code § 153.258 ...................................................................................... 21

Tex. Fam. Code. § 2.401(a)(2) ................................................................................ 11

Rules	
  

Tex. R. App. P. 38.2(a)(B) ........................................................................................ x

Tex. R. App. P. 44.1(a) ........................................................................................... 16

Tex. R. App. P. 44.1(a)(1) ...................................................................................... 14

Tex. R. Civ. P. 10 .................................................................................................... 12

Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c) ..................................................................................... 10, 11

Tex. R. Civ. P. 193.6 ............................................................................................... 16

Tex. R. Evid. 103(a) ................................................................................................ 17

                                                          viii
                         STATEMENT OF THE CASE

Nature of the case:   Paternity suit filed by biological father to establish the
                      parent-child relationship; mother filed counterpetition
                      alleging common law marriage.

Course of             Trial was held over two days about a month apart. At the
proceedings:          beginning of the second day of trial, newly hired co-counsel
                      for mother asked to be “substituted.” The trial court denied
                      that motion for lack of notice but allowed counsel to
                      participate in trial nonetheless.

Trial court           The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of alleged
disposition:          husband that there was no marriage; following a bench trial,
                      the court entered orders naming the parents joint managing
                      conservators of the children, awarding child support, and
                      setting terms of possession and access. The parties approved
                      the decree as to both form and substance.

               STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT

      Appellee, Brian Williams, respectfully requests the opportunity to present

oral argument. Oral argument would significantly aid the Court in deciding this

case by providing additional explanation of the facts and issues presented. See Tex.

R. App. P. 38.1(e); 39.1(d).

                                         ix
                           APPELLEE’S ISSUES—RESTATED1

Issue 1—Restated:               The trial court did not err by granting summary
                                judgment on the issue of common law marriage. No
                                genuine issue of material fact existed as to the
                                elements of common law marriage; Sandra failed to
                                timely respond to the motion.

Issue 2—Restated:               The trial court did not err by denying opposing co-
                                counsel’s mid-trial motion to substitute. There was no
                                notice of the motion and counsel was still permitted to
                                participate.

Issue 3—Restated:               The trial court properly sustained objections to court
                                documents offered by Respondent. Even if exclusion
                                was error, such error was harmless.

Issue 4—Restated:               The trial court properly determined that there was no
                                gift of a Range Rover to Respondent.

Issue 5—Restated:               The trial court properly excluded photographs that
                                were requested but not produced in discovery. Even if
                                exclusion was error, such error was harmless.

Issue 6—Restated:               The trial court properly sustained a relevancy
                                objection to questions about whether Petitioner had
                                seen a psychologist. Even if exclusion was error, such
                                error was harmless.

1
    Appellee restates Appellant’s issues presented pursuant to Tex. R. App. P. 38.2(a)(B).

                                                  x
Issue 7—Restated:   The trial court properly awarded primary
                    conservatorship to Petitioner and properly rendered a
                    possession order for a child under the age of three
                    and a prospective possession order for the child to
                    take effect on her third birthday.

                                 xi
      Appellee, Brian Williams, submits this brief in response to Appellant’s Brief

and asks this Court to affirm the judgment of the trial court. In support, Appellee

offers as follows:

                           STATEMENT OF FACTS

      A. Background

      Brian Williams and Sandra Perez met when Sandra was working as an

exotic dancer in 2008. (2RR 73). They began living together in May or June of

2010. (2RR 11). (CR 4). Both Brian and Sandra had children from prior marriages.

(2CR 10-11). The couple had one child together, a daughter, E.W., born on

October 12, 2011.

      B. Procedural history

      On January 28, 2013, Brian filed his Original Petition in Suit Affecting

Parent-Child Relationship. (CR 4). Brian sought sole managing conservatorship of

E.W. and asked that Sandra be ordered to pay child support. (CR 5).

      On March 1, 2013, Sandra filed an original answer and a counterpetition,

alleging that she and Petitioner were informally married. (CR 60). Sandra also

sought sole managing conservatorship of E.W., child support from Brian, and a

disproportionate division of the alleged community estate. (CR 62).

      On October 7, 2013, Petitioner filed a motion for partial summary judgment

that (1) no informal marriage existed between the parties and (2) that Brian was the

                                         1
biological father of the child. (CR 8). On December 4, 2013, the day before the

hearing on the motion, Respondent filed her response. (CR 26). On December 13,

2013, the trial court signed an “Order on Partial Summary Judgment.” The order

states in relevant part:

                     1.     By agreement and stipulation, Brian Williams is
              confirmed and adjudicated as the father of [E.W.], and the parent-
              child relationship is confirmed and established for all purposes.

                     2.    Brian Williams and Sandra Peres are found and declared
              not to be married. The issues of marriage and community property are
              therefore dismissed from the lawsuit.

(CR 56). Partial summary judgment having been granted, the case proceeded to

trial on the issues of conservatorship, visitation, child support.

       The case was tried over the course of two days, February 6, 2014 (see

generally 2RR) and March 28, 2014 (see generally 3RR). On February 6, 2014,

Sandra was represented by Mark Lipkin. Trial was recessed while Sandra was still

on the stand. When trial resumed on March 28, 2014, attorney David Alternbern,

appeared and asked to be substituted for Lipkin. (3RR 4). Although Alternbern

states in the record that a motion for substitution was electronically filed on March

28, 2014, no such motion appears in the clerk’s record. (3RR 4-5).

       Brian objected to the motion for substitution, arguing surprise and lack of

notice. (3RR 6). Alternbern had appeared as co-counsel previously, but the

substitution was never raised until trial. The trial court denied the motion at that

                                           2
time, stating that there was no notice of the motion. (3RR 7). Post-trial, the trial

court approved the request and permitted Alternbern to substitute for Lipkin.

      C. Evidence at trial

      At the time of trial in April 2014, E.W. was approximately 2 years and 6

months old. (CR 4). Evidence at trial indicated that Brian was E.W.’s primary

caregiver for most of her life. (2RR 12-14). Brian testified that although Sandra

was active during breastfeeding for a few hours each night, she was otherwise an

“absentee, inactive mother.” (2RR 12). Brian was the one who changed diapers,

prepared food, and visited the pediatrician with the child. (2RR 12-14). Brian

testified that the major reason he started his new business was so that he would

have more time and flexibility to be the primary parent to E.W. (2RR 15).

      Brian testified as to numerous acts of violence against him by Sandra’s

children from a prior marriage. (2RR 16-17). There was also evidence that Sandra

had been violent towards Brian. (2RR 17). On one incident, she came after him

with a knife. (2RR 17). Things came to a head around Christmas 2012 when

Sandra became violent with Brian and his older children. (2RR 18). She threw a

Christmas tree and verbally abused Brian’s other children. (2RR 18). More acts of

violence occurred after the lawsuit was filed but before Sandra had moved out of

Brian’s residence. (2RR 20). There was also evidence that she had slapped E.W. in

the face when she was less than one year old, saying the baby needed to “respect

                                         3
her.” (2RR 69). Evidence was also presented that Sandra, a native of the

Dominican Republic, had once kidnapped her oldest child from her prior marriage

from the Cayman Islands when that child was about as old as E.W. was at the time

of trial and that Sandra was still wanted in the Cayman Islands for that crime. (2RR

56, 85).

      Sandra attempted to elicit testimony and introduce evidence about an

pending custody litigation between Brian and his ex-wife. Although Sandra

claimed that Brian had supervised visitation with his other children, she admitted

that she had never seen an order that restricted Brian’s supervision to his older

children for any reason. (3RR 34-35). She also admitted that she had been offered

money by Brian’s ex-wife to prolong this lawsuit. (3RR 34).

      Sandra attempted to introduce photographs of alleged bruising into evidence

during the second day of trial. (3RR 15). Brian objected because the photographs

had not been produced in discovery although they had been properly requested.

(3RR 14-15). The trial court sustained the objection. (3RR 15).

      D. Trial court’s order

      On April 8, 2014, the trial court issued its rendition in a letter report. (See

Appellant’s Brief at “Appendix”). This rendition does not appear as a part of the

clerk’s record.

                                         4
      On April 25, 2014, the trial court signed its “Order in Suit Affecting the

Parent-Child Relationship.” (CR 82). The parties signed and approved the Order as

to both form and substance. (CR 82, 101, 102). Because the final order was agreed

to by the parties as to both form and substance, it will sometimes be referred to in

this brief as the “Agreed Order.”

      With regard to parentage, the Agreed Order states: “IT IS ORDERED that

Brian Williams is, and he is adjudicated to be the father of [E.W.], born on October

12, 2011 to Sandra Perez, and that the parent-child relationship between the father

and the child is established for all purpose.” (CR 83).

      With regard to the alleged common law marriage, the Agreed Order states:

“The court further finds and declares that the parties are not now and have never

been married.” (CR 83).

      The Agreed Order named the parents joint managing conservators. (CR 83).

Brian was given the exclusive right to designate the primary residence of the child

without regard to geographic restriction and the exclusive right to receive and give

receipt for child support. (CR 86). Brian was also given the exclusive right to make

educational decisions for the child and the exclusive right to make psychological

and psychiatric decisions for the child, after conferring with Sandra. (CR 86). The

parties were given the joint right to make invasive medical decisions for the child,

with the child’s treating pediatrician as tie-breaker in the event the parties cannot

                                          5
agree. (CR 86-87). All other major rights are to be exercised independently by the

parents. (CR 86-87).

      The Court’s letter rendition requires Sandra to pay child support at an

amount equal to the guidelines in the Texas Family Code for minimum wage

earners. (See Appellant’s Brief at “Appendix”). The Agreed Order requires Sandra

to pay $195.69 per month until the end of October 2018 and then child support

increases to $223.64 per month until the child reaches the age of majority. (CR 94).

      The Agreed Order awards Sandra a modified standard possession order that

transitions to a standard possession order once the child reaches the age of three.

(Compare CR 87 to CR 89).

      On May 9, 2014, Sandra filed a Motion for New Trial. (CR 104). The trial

court signed an order denying the motion for new trial on June 11, 2014. (CR 115).

      On June 13, 2014 Sandra perfected this appeal. (CR 124).

                       SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT

      All points raised by Sandra can be overruled under this Court’s ruling in

Mailhot v. Mailhot, 124 S.W.3d 775, 778 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003,

no pet.) because the judgment appealed from was approved by Sandra as to both

form and substance. (CR 82, 101, 102).

      The trial court did not err by granting partial summary judgment that no

marriage existed between the parties. Sandra did not timely respond to Brian’s

                                         6
motion for summary judgment and there is no evidence that she was granted leave

to file her late response.

      The trial court did not err by denying Sandra’s mid-trial motion to substitute

counsel. There was no notice given of the motion, and Sandra’s counsel had

already joined her legal team as co-counsel and was permitted to participate

throughout the second day of trial except that he was not permitted to re-examine

witnesses that her other attorney had already questioned. This was not an abuse of

discretion and did not serve to deprive Sandra of her right to counsel of her choice.

      The trial court did not err by refusing to admit certified copies of documents

from other proceedings. Even if the documents were erroneously excluded, any

such error is harmless and does not amount to reversible error because Sandra

testified as to her knowledge of those proceedings and questioned Brian about

them as well.

      The trial court did not err by not awarding a Range Rover to Sandra. There

were no pleadings on file that would permit an award of the Range Rover to her.

The trial court had already granted a partial summary judgment that there was no

marriage between the parties. The evidence at trial was clear that the title to the

Range Rover was in Brian’s name alone.

      The trial court did not err by refusing to admit photographs that had been

properly requested by Brian in discovery but were not produced by Sandra. Even if

                                          7
it was error to exclude this evidence, the evidence was not harmful and does not

amount to reversible error.

      The trial court did not err by sustaining an objection to the question asked of

Brian, whether he had ever seen a psychologist. Even if it was error to sustain this

objection such error was not harmful and does not amount to reversible error.

      The trial court did not err by naming the parties joint managing conservators

and giving Brian the exclusive right to designate the primary residence of the child.

A trial court has broad discretion to determine matters of conservatorship. There is

a rebuttable presumption that naming the parties joint managing conservators is in

a child’s best interest. The trial court also did not err by giving Sandra a modified

standard possession order that transitioned to a standard possession order when the

child reached the age of three. The standard possession order is only presumed to

be in the best interest of a child over the age of three.

                       ARGUMENT AND AUTHORITIES

 I.   Standard of Review Applicable to All Issues

      The trial court’s judgment in this case is reviewed under an abuse of

discretion standard. Beck v. Walker, 154 S.W.3d 895, 901 (Tex. App.—Dallas

2005, no pet.). The judgment of a trial court will be reversed only if it appears from

the record as a whole that the trial court abused its discretion. Worford v. Stamper,

801 S.W.2d 108, 109 (Tex. 1990). A court abuses its discretion when it acts

                                            8
without reference to guiding rules or principles. Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d
833, 840 (Tex. 1992).

II.   All issues are waived – the judgment appealed from was agreed as to by
      Sandra as to both form and substance

      This Court can dispense will all issues presented in this appeal by following

its prior opinion in Mailhot v. Mailhot, 124 S.W.3d 775, 778 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] 2003, no pet.), which held that when a party enters into an agreed

judgment, he waives the right to complain about the trial court’s rulings. “It is

well-settled that a judgment entered on the agreement of the parties cures all non-

jurisdictional defects.” Id. at 777 (internal citations omitted). A party who asks the

trial court to accept a settlement agreement and to enter judgment accordingly may

not later attack that judgment. Id.

      In Mailhot, a husband and wife reached an agreement during trial and asked

the trial court to render judgment on the terms of their settlement. The husband

then appealed, challenging three evidentiary rulings made by the trial court prior to

judgment. Id. at 777. This Court ruled that the husband had waived his right to

complain about the judgment he had asked the trial court to enter.

      This case is on point with Mailhot, and this Court can overrule all of

Sandra’s complaints by following Mailhot. This case proceeded through trial to

judgment, but ultimately, the parties agreed to compromise the terms of the final

                                          9
order. For example, although the rendition that Appellant included in her Appendix

states that Sandra is to pay child support according to the guidelines for a parent

earning minimum wage, it is clear from the final judgment that the parties agreed

that Sandra would pay a lower amount at least for the next several years. (Compare

Appellant’s Brief Appendix to CR 94). Sandra cannot now complain about the trial

court’s procedural and evidentiary rulings after she asked the trial court to grant

her judgment on the terms of the final order.

III.   Issue 1 – The trial court did not err by granting partial summary
       judgment that no informal marriage existed between the parties.

       In her first issue, Sandra contends that the trial court abused its discretion

when it granted partial summary judgment to Brian on the issue of the existence of

a common law marriage. See Appellant’s Brief at 9-12. Brian filed his motion for

traditional and no evidence summary judgment as to (1) the paternity of the child

and (2) the existence of common law marriage. (CR 8).

       The day before the hearing on the motion for summary judgment, Sandra

filed an untimely response to the motion for summary judgment. (CR 26). To file a

late response to a motion for summary judgment, the nonmovant must obtain leave

of court. Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c). To be entitled to leave of court to file a late

response to a motion for summary judgment, a nonmovant must show good cause

and no undue prejudice. Wheeler v. Green, 157 S.W.3d 439, 442 (Tex. 2005). If

                                         10
the record does not contain some indication that a trial court granted a nonmovant

leave to file a late response to a motion for summary judgment, the nonmovant

waives any issues raised in the late response. INA v. Bryant, 686 S.W.2d 614, 615

(Tex. 1985).

      Sandra alleged in her Counterpetition that “the parties were married on or

about June 2010.” (CR 60). It was therefore an impossibility for the parties to be

married at that time because, as Appellant acknowledges, she was married to

another man until November 3, 2010. Tex. Fam. Code. § 2.401(a)(2). Section

2.401(d) states in relevant part: “A person may not be a party to an informal

marriage … if the person is presently married to a person who is not the other party

to the informal marriage …”. There can be no informal marriage when one party is

already married to someone else. Ballesteros v. Jones, 985 S.W.2d 485, 490 (Tex.

App.—San Antonio 1999, pet. denied); Howard v. Howard, 459 S.W.2d 901, 904

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1970, no writ).

      Sandra did not amend her pleadings to allege that the parties were married as

of the date that she was divorced. Rather, she claims in her brief that she should

have been permitted to put on evidence that they were married after November 3,

2010. A trial court must render judgment on the pleadings on file at the time of the

hearing. Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c). Because the summary judgment evidence

conclusively established that the parties could not be married on the date Sandra

                                        11
alleged, the trial court did not err by granting partial summary judgment on that

issue.

IV.      Issue 2 – The trial court did not err by denying Sandra’s mid-trial
         motion to substitute where there was no notice of the motion.

         In her second issue Sandra alleges that the trial court erred by denying her

mid-trial motion to substitute counsel. See Appellant’s Brief at 12-14.

         The decision to grant or deny a motion to substitute counsel is within the

sound discretion of the trial court. Cotrone v. Bryan Prod. Credit Ass’n, 502
S.W.2d 954, 956 (Tex. Civ. App.—Waco 1973, writ ref’d n.r.e.). The trial court’s

ruling will not be disturbed absent a clear abuse of discretion. Id. Appellant has not

demonstrated that the trial court’s ruling was without reference to guiding rules or

principles. An attorney cannot withdraw from a case without satisfying the

requirements of Tex. R. Civ. P. 10.

         In Keller Industries, Inc. v. Blanten, 804 S.W.2d 182 (Tex. App.—Houston

[14th Dist.] 1991), the issue was whether two nonresident attorneys could appear

pro hac vice. This case is not applicable to this case. Here, although the lawyer

filed a notice of appearance, there was no notice whatsoever that he would be

substituting. A party must give specific and unambiguous notice when an attorney

withdraws or is substituted. Palkovic v. Cox, 792 S.W.2d 743, 745 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 1990, writ denied). In this case, there was no indication that

Sandra was firing Lipkin. Rather, she wished to add Alterbern as co-counsel. The

                                          12
notion that Lipkin would be substituted in the middle of questioning a witness was

a complete surprise. Nevertheless, the trial court allowed Alternbern to re-call

Petitioner at their demand over objection by counsel for Respondent.

       Vossdale Townhouse Association, Inc., 302 S.W.3d 890 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2009) is not applicable to this case. In Vossdale, the lawyers

in question were excluded as a sanction by the Court. There was no such sanction

in this case.

       There is no dispute that the attorney who sought to be substituted is

qualified. The cases cited by Appellant that address an attorney’s qualifications are

inapposite. The trial court here did not deny counsel’s appearance. Rather, it

denied the substitution mid-trial, where there was no notice of the motion to

substitute and a witness was currently on the stand under examination. The trial

court’s denial of this motion to substitute was not reversible error.

V.     Issue 3 – The trial court did not err by refusing to take judicial notice of
       uncertified pleadings from another case.

       In her third issue, Appellant complains that the trial court erred by refusing

to admit records related to another lawsuit related to Petitioner. See Appellant’s

Brief at 14-16.

       A court’s decision to take judicial notice will be refused under an abuse of

discretion standard. In re A.R., 236 S.W.3d 460, 477 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2007, no

pet.). When a court erroneously refuses to take judicial notice of a matter, the error

                                          13
is only reversible if it probably caused the rendition of an improper judgment. Tex.

R. App. P. 44.1(a)(1). Here, the trial court was presented with some evidence that

there was another proceeding underway and that Sandra’s violence towards Brian

was an issue in that litigation. There was also evidence that Brian’s ex wife had

offered to bribe Sandra to prolong her lawsuit to gain an advantage in her own

lawsuit. Brian’s court-ordered possession of his children from his former marriage

was addressed by questioning of both Brian and Sandra.

      When Sandra moved for judicial notice, he did not have the records with

him but said they were “on the way”. (3RR 47). Moreover, Sandra argues that the

trial court should have taken judicial notice of the contents of the documents. A

court cannot take judicial notice of the truth of the factual statements and

allegations in the pleadings in a court’s file. Rather, a trial court can take judicial

notice of an order or judgment. Finally, there was no bill of proof offered of the

documents Sandra sought to introduce. Absent an offer of proof, there is no error.

      Even if it was error to refuse to take judicial notice of documents from

another proceeding, any error was harmless because the evidence would have been

cumulative of the testimony already heard at trial. Brian testified to certain issues

related to that trial, including the fact that Sandra’s violence towards Brian and his

other children was the subject of other litigation between Brian and his ex wife.

(3RR 60).

                                          14
VI.    Issue 4 – The trial court did not err by refusing to award Sandra a
       Range Rover.

       Appellant complains in her fourth issue that the trial court erred by not

 “awarding a Range Rover motor vehicle to Appellant as a gift.” See Appellant’s

 Brief at 16. At the time of trial, Appellant had no pleadings that would permit the

 award of a Range Rover to her. The trial court had already ruled in its December

 13, 2013 partial summary judgment that there was no marriage between the parties.

 The evidence was clear at trial that the car was titled to Brian. Furthermore the

 evidence at trial did not support a claim that there was donative intent or any other

 element of a gift. Sandra cites no authority for her position. Moreover, the Agreed

 Order, signed and approved by Sandra as to both form and substance, finds that

 there was no marriage between the parties.

VII.   Issue 5 – The trial court did not err by excluding exhibits that were
       properly requested but not provided in discovery.

       In her fifth issue, Sandra claims that the trial court erred by excluding

 photographs that allegedly depicted bruises sustained in instances of domestic

 violence. See Appellant’s Brief at 16-17. The admission or exclusion of evidence is

 left to the discretion of the trial court. Bay Area Healthcare Grp., Ltd. v. McShane,

 239 S.W.3d 231, 234 (Tex. 2007).

       A trial court abuses its discretion in admitting or excluding evidence if it acts

 without reference to any guiding rules and principles or if the act complained of is

                                          15
arbitrary and unreasonable. Carpenter v. Cimarron Hydrocarbons Corp., 98
S.W.3d 682, 687 (Tex. 2002); Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d
238, 241–42 (Tex. 1985). To show the trial court abused its discretion, the

appellant must demonstrate that: (1) the court erred in not admitting the evidence;

(2) the excluded evidence was controlling on a material issue dispositive of the

case and was not cumulative; and (3) the error probably caused rendition of an

improper judgment in the case. See Tex. Dep't of Transp. v. Able, 35 S.W.3d 608,

617 (Tex. 2000); Sharma v. Vinmar Int'l, Ltd., 231 S.W.3d 405, 422 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, no pet.); see Tex. R. App. P. 44.1(a). If there is a

legitimate basis for the trial court's evidentiary ruling, the appellate court must

uphold the ruling. Owens–Corning Fiberglas Corp. v. Malone, 972 S.W.2d 35, 43

(Tex. 1998).

      Appellant claims that the trial court erred by excluding photos of alleged

bruising. The trial court in fact properly excluded the evidence because the photos

were properly requested in discovery and not produced. The Texas Rules of Civil

Procedure are clear that the sanction for failure to provide items in discovery

despite proper request is exclusion of the evidence. Tex. R. Civ. P. 193.6. Even if

the items were improperly excluded, any such error was harmless because it did

not probably cause the rendition of an improper judgment. Sandra testified as to

                                        16
 her allegations of abuse and the trial court was the sole judge of the credibility of

 the witnesses.

VIII.   Issue 6 – The trial court did not err by sustaining an objection to the
        question “Have you seen a psychologist?”

        In her sixth issue, Sandra claims that the trial court erred by sustaining an

 objection to the question “Have you seen a psychologist?” (See Appellant’s Brief

 at 17; 3RR 56). Appellant cannot complain about this on appeal, however, because

 no offer of proof was made. See Tex. R. Evid. 103(a).

        Under Texas Rule of Evidence 103(a):

              A party may claim error in a ruling to admit or exclude evidence only
              if the error affects a substantial right of the party and:

              …

              (2) if the ruling excludes evidence, the party informs the court of its
              substance by an offer of proof, unless the substance was apparent
              from the context.”

 Tex. R. Evid. 103(a). To show an abuse of discretion in excluding evidence, the

 complaining party must demonstrate that: (1) the court erred in not admitting the

 evidence; (2) the excluded evidence was controlling on a material issue dispositive

 of the case and was not cumulative; and (3) the error probably caused the rendition

 of an improper judgment. Watts v. Oliver, 396 S.W.3d 124, 129 (Tex. App.—

 Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, no pet.) (citing Van Heerden v. Van Heerden, 321
S.W.3d 869, 875 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, no pet.)). Sandra has not

                                          17
demonstrated that the excluded evidence was controlling any material issue or that

the evidence was not cumulative. Sandra also has not shown that the error probably

caused the rendition of an improper judgment. As counsel pointed out at trial, there

were no pleadings that alleged psychological issues or sought psychological

evaluations or custody determinations. The trial court properly excluded the

evidence as irrelevant.

      Moreover, the answer to the question is likely cumulative. Later in the

examination, Appellee testifies to an agreement in a separate proceeding where he

agreed to family counseling as a result of Sandra’s violent behavior towards

Appellee and his children from a prior marriage. (3RR 60).

IX.   Issue 7 – The trial court did not err by naming Brian the joint managing
      conservator with the exclusive right to designate the child’s primary
      residence and by granting a non-standard possession order for a child
      under the age of three.

      In her seventh issue, Sandra claims that the trial court erred by (1) naming

Brian the conservator the joint managing conservator with the exclusive right to

designate the primary residence of the child and (2) awarding Sandra a non-

standard possession order that transitioned to a standard possession order by the

time the child reached the age of three. See Appellant’s Brief at 17-18.

      The trial court’s primary concern in determining issues of conservatorship,

and possession of and access to a child is the best interest of the child. Tex. Fam.

                                         18
Code § 153.002. A trial court is given wide latitude in determining the best interest

of the child, and his decision will be reversed only for abuse of that discretion.

Gillespie v. Gillespie, 664 S.W.2d 449, 451 (Tex. 1982). A trial court abuses its

discretion when it acts in an arbitrary and unreasonable manner or when it acts

without reference to any guiding principles. Downer v. Aquamarine Operators,

Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241-42 (Tex. 1985). An abuse of discretion does not occur

where the trial court bases its decisions on conflicting evidence. In re A.D.H., 979
S.W.2d 445, 446-47 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 1998, no writ). Moreover, an abuse of

discretion does not occur as long as some evidence of a substantive and probative

character exists to support the decision of the trial court. Id. “[T]he trial court is in

the best position to observe the demeanor and personalities of the witnesses and

can ‘feel’ the forces, powers, and influences that cannot be discerned by merely

reading the record.” A.D.H, 979 S.W.2d at 447. (quoting Warchol v. Warchol, 853
S.W.2d 165, 168 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 1993, no writ)).

      Appellant complains generally that the trial court erred by granting primary

conservatorship to Brian instead of to Sandra. She cites no cases and does not

provide citations to the record. If an appellant does not properly support an issue

raised in the brief, the issue is waived. Republic Underwriters Ins. v. Mex.-Tex.,

Inc., 150 S.W.3d 423, 427 (Tex. 2004).

                                           19
      There was sufficient evidence to support naming Brian the joint managing

conservator with the exclusive right to designate the primary residence of the child.

There was evidence that Brian was the primary caregiver of the child and had been

for most of her life. It was undisputed that Sandra had not seen the child for

months prior to trial. The trial court had sufficient evidence to determine that it

would not be in the child’s best interest to be immediately separated from her

father and given to her mother. Brian had been the only parent to take the child to

the doctor.

      The final order provides a stair-step possession schedule to Sandra until

April 2015 (when the child reached age 3). A possession order can deviate from a

standard possession order because of a child’s age. Tex. Fam. Code § 153.256(1).

The statutory standard possession order does not apply to a child under the age of

three. Tex. Fam. Code § 153.256(1). Therefore, a court should render an

appropriate order for a child under the age of three and a prospective order

(presumably a standard possession order) to take effect when the child reaches the

age of three. Tex. Fam. Code § 153.254(a), (d); see e.g., In re D.A., 307 S.W.3d
556, 562 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, no pet.). When determining the appropriate

possession schedule for a child under the age of three, a trial court can consider the

factors contained in Tex. Fam. Code § 153.254(a). For example, the trial court can

consider the caregiving provided to the child before and during the pending suit,

                                         20
the effect on the child that may result from separation from either party, the

availability of caregivers and willingness to personally care for the child, the

child’s need for continuity of routine, the need for a temporary possession schedule

that incrementally shifts to the schedule provided in the prospective order based on

the child’s age or a party’s minimal contact with the child. Tex. Fam. Code

§ 153.254(a).

      In this case, the evidence at trial supported the kind of stair-step possession

schedule that was contained in the Agreed Order. The trial court was within its

discretion to conclude that it was in the child’s best interest to gradually be

reintroduced to her mother so that the standard possession order at age three would

not cause a disturbance in the child’s life. A possession order can deviate from a

standard possession order because of any relevant factor. Tex. Fam. Code

§ 153.256(3).

      Upon timely request, a trial court’s order must state specific reasons for

varying from a standard possession order. Tex. Fam. Code § 153.258. When a

party does not request such findings, the reviewing court infers that the trial court

made all the necessary findings to support its judgment. Roberson v. Robinson, 768
S.W.2d 280, 281 (Tex. 1989). The record is then reviewed to determine whether

some evidence supports the judgment. The reviewing court considers only the

                                         21
evidence most favorable to the trial court’s judgment and upholds the judgment on

any legal theory that finds support in the evidence. In re T.J.S., 71 S.W.3d 452, 459

(Tex. App.—Waco 2002, pet. denied).

      The trial court was well within its discretion to name the parties joint

managing conservators. No abuse of discretion has been shown. Moreover, no

request for findings of fact or conclusions of law was made. This court may

conclude that the trial court made all findings necessary to support its judgment.

Finally, Sandra has waived the right to complain about the judgment because she

approved it as to both form and substance.

                                     PRAYER

      Brian Williams, Appellee, respectfully prays that the Court will overrule all

issues raised by Appellant and affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                         22
                                    Respectfully submitted,

                                    LAW OFFICE OF JANICE L. BERG

                                    /s/ Janice L. Berg
                                    Janice L. Berg
                                    State Bar No. 24064888
                                    1314 Texas Avenue, Suite 1515
                                    Houston, Texas 77002
                                    Tel: (713) 993-9100 | Fax: (713) 225-0099
                                    Service email: service@janiceberglaw.com
                                    Non-service email: janice@janiceberglaw.com

                                    LAW OFFICE OF DANIEL J. LEMKUIL
                                    Daniel J. Lemkuil
                                    State Bar No. 00789448
                                    1314 Texas Avenue, Suite 1515
                                    Houston, Texas 77002
                                    Tel: (713) 993-9100 | Fax: (713) 225-0099
                                    daniel_lemkuil@flash.net

                                    ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

            CERTIFICATE OF WORD COUNT COMPLIANCE

      I certify that this document was produced on a computer using Microsoft
Word 2011 and contains 5,278 words as determined by the computer software’s
word-count function, excluding the sections of the document listed in Texas Rule
of Appellate Procedure 9.4(i)(1).

                                            /s/ Janice L. Berg
                                           Janice L. Berg

                                      23
                         CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

      I certify that on April 23, 2015, I served a copy of this Appellee’s Brief on
all parties or attorneys of record by electronic service. My email address for
service of process is service@janiceberglaw.com.

                                             /s/ Janice L. Berg
                                             Janice L. Berg

                                        24
                      NO. 01-14-00504-CV

          IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE
    FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF TEXAS AT HOUSTON

                        SANDRA PEREZ,
                           APPELLANT

                                 v.

                      BRIAN WILLIAMS,
                          APPELLEE

          On appeal from the 257th Judicial District Court
           Harris County, Texas | Cause No. 2013-05419

                           APPENDIX

Tab No.     Title

1           Tex. Fam. Code § 2.401

2           Tex. Fam. Code § 153.254

3           Tex. Fam. Code § 153.256

4           Tex. Fam. Code § 153.258
§ 2.401. Proof of Informal Marriage, TX FAMILY § 2.401

  Vernon's Texas Statutes and Codes Annotated
    Family Code (Refs & Annos)
      Title 1. The Marriage Relationship (Refs & Annos)
        Subtitle A. Marriage
           Chapter 2. The Marriage Relationship (Refs & Annos)
              Subchapter E. Marriage Without Formalities

                                                V.T.C.A., Family Code § 2.401

                                             § 2.401. Proof of Informal Marriage

                                                 Effective: September 1, 2005
                                                          Currentness

(a) In a judicial, administrative, or other proceeding, the marriage of a man and woman may be proved by evidence that:

  (1) a declaration of their marriage has been signed as provided by this subchapter; or

  (2) the man and woman agreed to be married and after the agreement they lived together in this state as husband and wife
  and there represented to others that they were married.

(b) If a proceeding in which a marriage is to be proved as provided by Subsection (a)(2) is not commenced before the second
anniversary of the date on which the parties separated and ceased living together, it is rebuttably presumed that the parties did
not enter into an agreement to be married.

(c) A person under 18 years of age may not:

  (1) be a party to an informal marriage; or

  (2) execute a declaration of informal marriage under Section 2.402.

(d) A person may not be a party to an informal marriage or execute a declaration of an informal marriage if the person is presently
married to a person who is not the other party to the informal marriage or declaration of an informal marriage, as applicable.

Credits
Added by Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. 7, § 1, eff. April 17, 1997. Amended by Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. 1362, § 1, eff. Sept. 1,
1997; Acts 2005, 79th Leg., ch. 268, § 4.12, eff. Sept. 1, 2005.

Notes of Decisions (333)

V. T. C. A., Family Code § 2.401, TX FAMILY § 2.401

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              1
§ 2.401. Proof of Informal Marriage, TX FAMILY § 2.401

Current through the end of the 2013 Third Called Session of the 83rd Legislature

End of Document                                                  © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                2
§ 153.258. Request for Findings When Order Varies From..., TX FAMILY § 153.258

  Vernon's Texas Statutes and Codes Annotated
    Family Code (Refs & Annos)
      Title 5. The Parent-Child Relationship and the Suit Affecting the Parent-Child Relationship (Refs &
      Annos)
        Subtitle B. Suits Affecting the Parent-Child Relationship
           Chapter 153. Conservatorship, Possession, and Access (Refs & Annos)
              Subchapter E. Guidelines for the Possession of a Child by a Parent Named as Possessory
              Conservator

                                               V.T.C.A., Family Code § 153.258

                       § 153.258. Request for Findings When Order Varies From Standard Order

                                                          Currentness

Without regard to Rules 296 through 299, Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, in all cases in which possession of a child by a parent
is contested and the possession of the child varies from the standard possession order, on written request made or filed with the
court not later than 10 days after the date of the hearing or on oral request made in open court during the hearing, the court shall
state in the order the specific reasons for the variance from the standard order.

Credits
Added by Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 20, § 1, eff. April 20, 1995.

Notes of Decisions (8)

V. T. C. A., Family Code § 153.258, TX FAMILY § 153.258
Current through the end of the 2013 Third Called Session of the 83rd Legislature

End of Document                                                      © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                   1
§ 153.256. Factors for Court to Consider, TX FAMILY § 153.256

  Vernon's Texas Statutes and Codes Annotated
    Family Code (Refs & Annos)
      Title 5. The Parent-Child Relationship and the Suit Affecting the Parent-Child Relationship (Refs &
      Annos)
        Subtitle B. Suits Affecting the Parent-Child Relationship
           Chapter 153. Conservatorship, Possession, and Access (Refs & Annos)
              Subchapter E. Guidelines for the Possession of a Child by a Parent Named as Possessory
              Conservator

                                              V.T.C.A., Family Code § 153.256

                                         § 153.256. Factors for Court to Consider

                                                         Currentness

In ordering the terms of possession of a child under an order other than a standard possession order, the court shall be guided
by the guidelines established by the standard possession order and may consider:

  (1) the age, developmental status, circumstances, needs, and best interest of the child;

  (2) the circumstances of the managing conservator and of the parent named as a possessory conservator; and

  (3) any other relevant factor.

Credits
Added by Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 20, § 1, eff. April 20, 1995. Amended by Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 751, § 35, eff. Sept.
1, 1995.

Notes of Decisions (14)

V. T. C. A., Family Code § 153.256, TX FAMILY § 153.256
Current through the end of the 2013 Third Called Session of the 83rd Legislature

End of Document                                                    © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                  1
§ 153.254. Child Less Than Three Years of Age, TX FAMILY § 153.254

  Vernon's Texas Statutes and Codes Annotated
    Family Code (Refs & Annos)
      Title 5. The Parent-Child Relationship and the Suit Affecting the Parent-Child Relationship (Refs &
      Annos)
        Subtitle B. Suits Affecting the Parent-Child Relationship
           Chapter 153. Conservatorship, Possession, and Access (Refs & Annos)
              Subchapter E. Guidelines for the Possession of a Child by a Parent Named as Possessory
              Conservator

                                               V.T.C.A., Family Code § 153.254

                                       § 153.254. Child Less Than Three Years of Age

                                                    Effective: September 1, 2011
                                                            Currentness

(a) The court shall render an order appropriate under the circumstances for possession of a child less than three years of age. In
rendering the order, the court shall consider evidence of all relevant factors, including:

  (1) the caregiving provided to the child before and during the current suit;

  (2) the effect on the child that may result from separation from either party;

  (3) the availability of the parties as caregivers and the willingness of the parties to personally care for the child;

  (4) the physical, medical, behavioral, and developmental needs of the child;

  (5) the physical, medical, emotional, economic, and social conditions of the parties;

  (6) the impact and influence of individuals, other than the parties, who will be present during periods of possession;

  (7) the presence of siblings during periods of possession;

  (8) the child's need to develop healthy attachments to both parents;

  (9) the child's need for continuity of routine;

  (10) the location and proximity of the residences of the parties;

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             1
§ 153.254. Child Less Than Three Years of Age, TX FAMILY § 153.254

  (11) the need for a temporary possession schedule that incrementally shifts to the schedule provided in the prospective order
  under Subsection (d) based on:

     (A) the age of the child; or

     (B) minimal or inconsistent contact with the child by a party;

  (12) the ability of the parties to share in the responsibilities, rights, and duties of parenting; and

  (13) any other evidence of the best interest of the child.

(b) Notwithstanding the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, in rendering an order under Subsection (a), the court shall make
findings in support of the order if:

  (1) a party files a written request with the court not later than the 10th day after the date of the hearing; or

  (2) a party makes an oral request in court during the hearing on the order.

(c) The court shall make and enter the findings required by Subsection (b) not later than the 15th day after the date the party
makes the request.

(d) The court shall render a prospective order to take effect on the child's third birthday, which presumptively will be the
standard possession order.

Credits
Added by Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 20, § 1, eff. April 20, 1995. Amended by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., ch. 86 (S.B. 820), § 1,
eff. Sept. 1, 2011.

V. T. C. A., Family Code § 153.254, TX FAMILY § 153.254
Current through the end of the 2013 Third Called Session of the 83rd Legislature

End of Document                                                       © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                     2