Court Opinion

ID: 2865411
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-06 00:54:21.963893+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:19:08.658885
License: Public Domain

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

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                                         NO. 03-01-00356-CV
                                         ---------------

            Emma P. Polk and S. G. Billings Real Estate/Linda St. Angelo, Appellants

                                                     v.

             Linda St. Angelo/Emma P. Polk and S. G. Billings Real Estate, Appellees

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       FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 53RD JUDICIAL DISTRICT
           NO. 98-01194, HONORABLE PAUL DAVIS, JUDGE PRESIDING
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                Linda St. Angelo (ASt. Angelo@) prevailed on claims of negligence and negligent

misrepresentation regarding her purchase of a condominium against Emma P. Polk (APolk@), the seller=s real

estate agent, and S.G. Billings Real Estate (ABillings@), Polk=s employer. Because the value of settlements

St. Angelo made with other parties exceeded the jury=s actual award, the trial court ordered that, as to

actual damages, St. Angelo take nothing. However, the trial court awarded attorney=s fees against Polk and

Billings based on the earnest money contract. Polk and Billings challenge the trial court=s decision on the

grounds that no basis existed for awarding attorney=s fees because the contract was not binding upon them

as the brokers to the transaction. St. Angelo files a cross-appeal challenging the take-nothing judgment and

attacking portions of the jury verdict. We will affirm the trial court=s judgment.
                                            BACKGROUND

                This dispute arises from the calculation of damages and attorney=s fees in a suit brought by

the appellee, St. Angelo, regarding her purchase of a condominium with a leaking roof. The appellants are

the seller=s real estate broker in that transaction, Polk, and her employer, Billings. The other parties, the

seller and homeowners= association, settled before trial.

                The seller had owned the condominium since 1994. The roof leaked severely several times,

once forcing the seller to move out so that the homeowners= association could install a new roof. Each time,

the homeowners= association repaired the structure and the leaks appeared to stop.

                At the end of 1995, Polk was retained to represent the seller in putting the condominium on

the market. Together, Polk and the seller filled out and signed a disclosure form stating that the

condominium had previously leaked but had undergone structural repairs. They represented on the form

that the repairs had been successful. By March of 1996, however, the two discovered a new leak, which

was allegedly fixed by the homeowners= association. Polk and the seller continued to market the

condominium without amending the disclosure form.

                St. Angelo bought the property in September 1996, relying in part on the disclosure form.

All persons involved, including the buyer and seller and their respective brokers, signed an earnest money

contract which specified the parties= reciprocal obligations and provided attorney=s fees for any suit related

to the contract. St. Angelo moved in during October 1996, and the roof began to leak almost immediately.

After six months, during which time the homeowners= association had already begun installing a new roof,

the leaks became so severe that St. Angelo moved out.
                 St. Angelo then sued the seller, Polk and Billings, and the homeowners= association,

alleging, among other things, violation of the Deceptive Trade Practice Act, Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. '

17.46 (West Supp 2002) (ADTPA@), common law fraud, negligent misrepresentation, and negligence. Only

the claims against Polk and Billings went to trial. The jury found Polk and Billings jointly liable, and

comparatively responsible with the seller, for negligent misrepresentation and negligence. St. Angelo did not

prevail under the DTPA or her other causes of action. Because the jury found no difference between the

value of the condominium as promised and as delivered, the trial court limited damages to St. Angelo=s

pecuniary losses. The jury found that Polk=s share of proportionate responsibility made her liable for

$36,000 in actual damages.

                 Because St. Angelo had settled with the seller and the homeowners= association before trial,

she had already received two cash settlements and various non-cash benefits. Polk and Billings moved to

have the settlement amounts credited on a dollar-for-dollar basis. The trial court found the jury=s award

was less than the value of the two settlements and ordered that St. Angelo take nothing by way of actual

damages from these defendants. Nevertheless, the trial court awarded $130,601.25 in attorney=s fees and

costs against Polk and Billings based on the earnest money contract. Polk and Billings appeal the award of

attorney=s fees and the trial court=s determination that attorney=s fees were segregated for the purpose of

calculating the settlement credits. St. Angelo, on cross-appeal, challenges the calculation of settlement

credits leading to the take-nothing judgment regarding monetary damages and the jury=s failure to find in her

favor on her DTPA claim and on the measure of actual damages. St. Angelo also questions the wording of

the trial court=s final judgment.

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                                           DISCUSSION

               Polk and Billings contend that the trial court had no basis on which to award

attorney=s fees to St. Angelo. They argue that attorney=s fees could not be awarded because: (1)

negligent misrepresentation and negligence are common law torts; (2) St. Angelo did not prevail on

her DTPA claim; and (3) neither Polk nor Billings was a party to the contract. We agree with the

first two contentions. Attorney=s fees are not generally available for tort recovery. Travelers Indem.

Co. of Conn. v. Mayfield, 923 S.W.2d 590, 593 (Tex. 1996) (holding that attorney=s fees for tort

actions must be provided for by statute or by contract). St. Angelo did not prevail on her DTPA

claim and cannot claim statutory attorney=s fees under the DTPA. See Tex. Bus. & Com. Code

Ann. ' 17.50(d) (West Supp. 2002) (awarding attorney=s fees and costs to each consumer who

prevails on DTPA claim).

               If attorney=s fees are available, they must be based on the earnest money contract.

When a contract term is unambiguous, we determine the parties= intent from the plain language of

the contract. Receiver for Citizen=s Nat=l Assurance Co. v. Hatley, 852 S.W.2d 68, 78 (Tex.

App.CAustin 1993, no writ). The contract in question is a form contract, promulgated by the Texas

Real Estate Commission and designed to facilitate uniform transactions and application. It is signed

by the buyer and seller of a piece of real estate, as parties, and by the brokers involved in the

transaction. The buyer=s and seller=s signatures indicate their obligations regarding the sale of the

property; the brokers= signatures indicate their intent to split the commission. While most of the

contract sets forth the reciprocal obligations of only the buyer and seller, paragraph 16 specifically

references the brokers involved in the sale. Paragraph 16 reads as follows:

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        ATTORNEY=S FEES: If Buyer, Seller, Listing Broker, Other Broker or Escrow agent is
        a prevailing party in any legal proceeding brought under or with relation to this
        contract, such party shall be entitled to recover from the non-prevailing party all costs
        of such proceeding and reasonable attorney=s fees. The provisions of this paragraph
        shall survive closing.

Although the contract does not define Aparties@ to include brokers, paragraph 16 specifically

references the brokers. Polk, as an employee of Billings, signed the contract. While Polk and Billings

are not parties to the underlying reciprocal obligations between buyer and seller, they are still

responsible for any liability specifically imposed on them by the terms of the contract.

                The contract expressly allows for the recovery of attorney=s fees by a prevailing party,

whether it be a buyer, seller, listing broker, other broker or escrow agent from a non-prevailing party

for suits arising under or related to the contract. The contract does not limit recovery of attorney=s fees

to breach of contract claims between the buyer and seller. See Watkins v. Williamson, 869 S.W.2d
383, 386-87 (Tex. App.CDallas 1993, no writ) (holding that almost identical contract language

entitled any escrow agent, even one who had not signed contract, to attorney=s fees if he prevails on

any claim related to contract). We note that the negligent misrepresentation and negligence claims

were both directly related to the disclosure statement signed by Polk and the seller. Under paragraph

7 of the contract, St. Angelo retained the right to rescind the sale if Polk and the seller failed to

produce a disclosure statement within five days of signing the contract. Any misrepresentation or

negligence relating to Polk=s signature on the disclosure form was related to the earnest money

contract because the implementation of the contract was contingent on the disclosure form. See

Dickerson v. Trinity-Western Title Co., 985 S.W.2d 687, 692-93 (Tex. App.CFort Worth 1999, pet.

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denied) (holding that identical contract language entitled parties to attorney=s fees because claim for

negligence, misrepresentation, and deceptive trade practices was Arelated to@ contract itself). We hold

that, under paragraph 7 of the contract, both negligent misrepresentation and negligence regarding

the disclosure form were Arelated to@ the contract and, therefore, were valid grounds for awarding

attorney=s fees under paragraph 16. Polk=s and Billings=s claim that no basis existed for awarding

attorney=s fees is overruled.

                Polk and Billings then argue that, even if attorney=s fees are appropriate, the trial court

inappropriately awarded attorney=s fees and costs because St. Angelo was not a prevailing party.1 To

be a Aprevailing party@ for the purposes of a contractual fee-shifting agreement, St. Angelo must show

that she has succeeded on the merits. Weng Enters., Inc. v. Embassy World Travel, Inc., 837 S.W.2d
217, 222-23 (Tex. App.CHouston [1st Dist.] 1992, no writ). A Aprevailing party@ successfully

prosecutes a claim or defense, prevailing on the main issue even if not to the extent of the original

complaint. See City of Amarillo v. Glick, 991 S.W.2d 14, 17 (Tex. App.CAmarillo 1997, no pet.).

More generally, a prevailing party is one who is vindicated by the trial court=s judgment. Dear v. City

        1
           Although St. Angelo prevailed on two claims, she recovered no monetary damages after the
application of the settlement credits for the two pre-verdict settlements. Most fee-shifting statutes
relating to tort liability require that a plaintiff recover some monetary damages to be considered
eligible for attorney=s fees. See, e.g., Allstate Ins. Co. v. Bonner, 51 S.W.3d 289, 292 (Tex. 2001)
(holding that plaintiff was not entitled to attorney=s fees under insurance code when insurer had
already paid more to plaintiff in benefits than jury had awarded in damages); Southwestern Bell Mobile
Sys., Inc. v. Franco, 971 S.W.2d 52, 56 (Tex. 1998) (disallowing attorney=s fees on claim for damages
that result in no recovery, but allowing them when equitable relief is granted); State Farm Life Ins. Co.
v. Beaston, 907 S.W.2d 430, 437 (Tex. 1995) (explaining that section 38.001 of the civil practice and
remedies code requires a party recovering damages to be entitled to attorney=s fees). However, St.
Angelo=s claims are based on a contract, not a fee-shifting statute.

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of Irving, 902 S.W.2d 731, 739 (Tex. App.CAustin 1995, writ denied). In such situations, the trial

court has discretion as to the amount of attorney=s fees to be awarded. E.g., Watkins, 869 S.W.2d at

386. Absent an indication that the trial court acted arbitrarily, unreasonably, or without reference to

guiding principles, we will not reverse its decision. Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d
238, 241-42 (Tex. 1985).

                   The jury found for St. Angelo on her negligent misrepresentation and negligence

claims. Because Polk and Billings were non-prevailing parties on those claims, the trial court had

discretion under the terms of the contract to award attorney=s fees against them. We overrule Polk=s

and Billings=s complaint that St. Angelo was not a prevailing party for the purposes of awarding

attorney=s fees.

                   Finally, Polk and Billings argue that St. Angelo=s attorney did not adequately segregate

attorney=s fees between settling and non-settling defendants. Polk and Billings contend that, if the fees are

not properly segregated, they will be forced to pay attorney=s fees and costs for which they are not

responsible. See Stewart Title Guar. Co. v. Sterling, 822 S.W.2d 1, 11-12 (Tex. 1991). The proper

remedy for a failure to segregate fees is a remand to the trial court. Id. at 12.

                   St. Angelo=s attorney testified at trial as to the amount of attorney=s fees that had been

billed for the prosecution of St. Angelo=s case. During this testimony, St. Angelo introduced a multi-

page billing record as an exhibit. This record consisted of the billing history for the case dating back

approximately three years. St. Angelo=s attorney testified that the Atotal cost of preparation and trial

of this case@ was approximately $118,000 for nearly 880 hours of work. She further testified that this

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figure accounted for paralegals= and attorneys= services and did not include expenses for depositions

and similar expenditures. On cross examination, she conceded that the attorney=s fees could not be

segregated according to the causes of action pleaded. She also conceded that there was an error in the

billing record that she would correct. Subsequently, she testified that the error had been corrected

and that the correct amount of attorney=s fees for St. Angelo=s case was $118,021.25. She also

testified that, in addition to those fees, she had been able to segregate the attorney=s fees exclusively

attributable to the two settling defendants. The attorney=s fees attributable to the homeowners=

association were approximately $10,000 and those attributable to the seller were approximately

$9,000. These attorney=s fees were over and above the $118,000 that she had previously testified as

being attributable to the preparation and trial of the case against Polk and Billings. The trial court

found that the fees had been segregated as to settling and non-settling defendants, and submitted a

question on attorney=s fees to the jury. The jury awarded St. Angelo attorney=s fees in the amount of

$118,021 for preparation and trial of this lawsuit.

                In appealing this finding, Polk and Billings challenge the trial court=s determination

that the fees were adequately segregated. Computation of settlement credits to be offset against a jury

verdict is a matter for the trial court, not the jury. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. ' 33.012(b)

(West 1997) (AIf the claimant has settled with one or more persons, the court shall further reduce the

amount of damages to be recovered@) (emphasis added). The trial court, in its discretion regarding

the allocation of settlement credits, accepted the statement made by St. Angelo=s attorney that the

billing statement comprised only the attorney=s fees chargeable to Polk and Billings. We have

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examined the record and have found nothing that would permit us to overturn the trial court=s factual

determination on this issue. Polk=s and Billings=s issue on segregation of attorney=s fees is overruled.

                                            CROSS-APPEAL

                 St. Angelo contends that the trial court incorrectly rendered a take-nothing judgment on

actual damages because the settlement credits were incorrectly calculated. The jury awarded $36,000. On

Polk=s and Billings=s motion, the court applied a dollar-for-dollar settlement credit. St. Angelo=s settlements

with the seller and the homeowners= association were together worth $55,567.69.2 Because the value of

the settlements exceeded the actual damages as found by the jury, the trial court rendered a take-nothing

judgment as to monetary damages.

        2
           St. Angelo settled with the seller for a cash payment of $27,500 and with the homeowners=
association for a cash payment of $17,000. In addition, the settlement with the homeowners= association
included a release from $9,953.69 in homeowners= fees, special assessments, late fees and other legitimate
fees assessed against St. Angelo=s unit, and $1,114.00 in attorney=s fees and costs related to the foreclosure
of St. Angelo=s unit. Calculation of settlement credits under the proportionate responsibility statute includes
all settlements, both cash and non-cash. Sisters of Charity of the Incarnate Word v. Dunsmoor, 832
S.W.2d 112, 117 (Tex. App.CAustin 1992, writ denied) (construing Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. '
33.012(b)(1) (West 1997)). Together, the value of the settlement agreements, cash and non-cash, totals
$55,567.69.

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                 St. Angelo=s only complaint is that the trial court did not reduce the settlement credits by the

amount of attorney=s fees attributed to each settlement. St. Angelo would have the trial court subtract the

attorney=s fees included in the settlements, $10,031.84 for the homeowners= association and $8,896.16 for

the seller, from the amount of the settlement credit. This would, according to St. Angelo, reduce the offset

to the point that she would be entitled to money damages. However, nothing in the record supports this

contention. Even if, arguendo, one subtracts the segregated attorney=s fees from the value of settlement

agreements, the net value of the settlement agreements is still greater than the actual damages. The trial

court=s rendition of a take-nothing judgment was proper. We overrule St. Angelo=s issue on the calculation

of the settlement credits.

                 St. Angelo contests the legal sufficiency of the jury=s failure to make a finding on her DTPA

and statutory fraud claims. To prove the jury=s failure to make a finding is legally insufficient, St. Angelo

must demonstrate that her DTPA and statutory fraud claims were established, based on the evidence in the

record, as a matter of law. See Sterner v. Marathon Oil Co., 767 S.W.2d 686, 690 (Tex. 1989).

Essentially, a party must demonstrate that the record was so clear that no rational jury could have failed to

find in her favor. See id. This is an extremely difficult burden. St. Angelo argues that, because Polk and

Billings did not controvert or rebut some evidence favorable to her case, that evidence necessarily

established St. Angelo=s legal position. We have carefully reviewed the record, and, although some of St.

Angelo=s evidence might permit a jury to find a DTPA violation or statutory fraud, it is not so conclusive as

to allow this Court to determine that issue as a matter of law. St. Angelo=s legal sufficiency point is

overruled.

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                St. Angelo also contests the factual sufficiency of some of the jury=s findings on actual

damages. To prevail on a factual sufficiency claim, St. Angelo must demonstrate that the jury=s conclusion is

so weakly based on the record or contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly

wrong and unjust. Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986). We will not substitute our judgment

for that of the trier of fact merely because we would reach a different conclusion assessing the same record.

Westech Eng=g, Inc. v. Clearwater Constructors, Inc., 835 S.W.2d 190, 196 (Tex. App.CAustin

1992, no writ). St. Angelo argues that the jury failed to award damages based on evidence which was not

rebutted or questioned by Polk and Billings. For example, St. Angelo complains that the jury did not award

her the cost of finding a rental replacement for the condominium while St. Angelo was living with her mother.

However, the jury, as finder of fact, has discretion to weigh the credibility of each piece of evidence.

Herbert v. Herbert, 754 S.W.2d 141, 142 (Tex. 1988). There is no obligation to take a plaintiff=s claims

about the measurement of damages at face value. We overrule St. Angelo=s factual sufficiency issue.

Because St. Angelo is not entitled to recover actual damages, we also overrule her request for pre-judgment

interest.

                Finally, St. Angelo asserts that the final judgment is incorrect because it inconsistently refers

to Sam Billings as AS.G. Billings Real Estate@ and ASam Billings, individually and d/b/a S.G. Billings Real

Estate.@ The evidence was undisputed that Polk acted at all times as an employee of S.G. Billings Real

Estate. The fact that the judgment refers to S.G. Billings at some times and to his d/b/a identity at other

times has no legal effect on a judgment and does not affect his underlying liability. See, e.g., A to Z Rental

Ctr. v. Burris, 714 S.W.2d 433, 436 (Tex. App.CAustin 1986, writ ref=d n.r.e.) (holding that individuals

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doing business as an unincorporated entity are liable for the entity=s obligations). The rules of civil

procedure give the trial court discretion to substitute an individual=s name for that of an assumed business

name, but do not require it. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 28 (Athe individual=s true name may be substituted@)

(emphasis added). We will not intrude on the trial court=s ability to draft its final judgment. St. Angelo=s

issue regarding the text of the trial court=s judgment is overruled.

                                             CONCLUSION

                 We find that the attorney=s fees clause of the earnest money contract required Polk

and Billings to pay attorney=s fees to the prevailing party in any suit related to the contract. Because

negligent misrepresentation and negligence claims were related to the contract and St. Angelo

prevailed on those claims, attorney=s fees were appropriate even though St. Angelo recovered no

monetary damages. We reject Polk=s and Billings=s contention that attorney=s fees were not

adequately segregated. We also reject St. Angelo=s cross-appeal regarding the legal and factual

sufficiency of the jury=s findings, the calculation of the settlement credits, and the wording of the trial

court=s final judgment. The trial court=s judgment is affirmed.

                                                   Mack Kidd, Justice

Before Chief Justice Aboussie, Justices Kidd and Yeakel

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Affirmed

Filed: May 31, 2002

Do Not Publish

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