Court Opinion

ID: 4636087
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-24 22:32:00.398049+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:58:37.823585
License: Public Domain

2020 IL App (1st) 171512

                                                                             FIFTH DIVISION
                                                                            OCTOBER 30, 2020
No. 1-17-1512

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,                        )      Appeal from the
                                                            )      Circuit Court of
             Plaintiff-Appellee,                            )      Cook County.
                                                            )
       v.                                                   )      No. 13 CR 1631 (04)
                                                            )
JESUS VILLALOBOS,                                           )      Honorable
                                                            )      James B. Linn,
            Defendant-Appellant.                            )      Judge Presiding.

       JUSTICE CUNNINGHAM delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
       Justices Hoffman and Rochford concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                           OPINION

¶1     Following a bench trial in the circuit court of Cook County, the defendant-appellant, Jesus

Villalobos, was convicted of first degree murder and sentenced to 40 years’ imprisonment. On

appeal, the defendant contends that the trial court improperly denied his motion to suppress and

erred in sentencing him. For the following reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of

Cook County.

¶2                                      BACKGROUND

¶3     The State charged the defendant and his codefendants, Luis Valdez, Gonzalo Guerrero,

Elena Rios, and Ray Guereca, with the following crimes: aggravated kidnapping of Shaun Jurgens

and Raymond Jerz; first degree murder of Raymond Jerz; armed robbery and aggravated battery

of Shaun Jurgens; and mob action. The defendant was 16 years old at the time of the crimes. The

State ultimately proceeded against the defendant on only the charge of first degree murder. Prior
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to his trial, the defendant filed a motion to suppress.

¶4                                  Motion to Suppress Hearing

¶5     A hearing commenced on the defendant’s motion to suppress his videotaped statement in

which he gave an inculpatory statement. The defendant based his motion on the assertion that the

police had continued questioning him after he invoked his right to counsel. The defendant testified

that, on December 5, 2012, he was arrested in Burly, Idaho, where he had been staying with a

relative. After being held in a detention facility in Idaho for two weeks, Chicago police detectives

Greg Jacobson and Mary Nanninga, along with Cook County Assistant State’s Attorney Andres

Almendarez (ASA Almendarez) came to Idaho to bring the defendant back to Chicago. They began

talking with the defendant in the detention facility, but the defendant told them that he wanted an

attorney. The two detectives and ASA Almendarez then “said okay and walked off” and did not

ask the defendant any more questions.

¶6     The next day, the two detectives and ASA Almendarez picked up the defendant from the

detention center and began the trip back to Chicago. They drove for 2½ hours to the Salt Lake City

airport. The defendant testified that, approximately an hour into the drive, they stopped at a rest

stop. Detective Nanninga and ASA Almendarez exited the car to use the restroom, leaving the

defendant alone in the car with Detective Jacobson. According to the defendant, during that time,

Detective Jacobson started “talking about the case” and telling the defendant that he “knew

everything that happened that night.” He also told the defendant that “all [his] rappies were

pointing their fingers at [him] saying [he] did everything and that if [he] didn’t help [himself], that

[he] was going to be in a lot of trouble.” Detective Jacobson’s comments made the defendant feel

scared, but he did not respond. Detective Nanninga and ASA Almendarez then returned to the car,

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and Detective Jacobson stopped talking to the defendant.

¶7     Once the group arrived in Salt Lake City, they stopped at a restaurant, where Detective

Jacobson took the defendant to the restroom alone. The defendant testified that, once he was alone

with Detective Jacobson inside the restroom, Detective Jacobson started talking about the case

again. He told the defendant that he was young and needed to help himself. The defendant did not

respond. They then returned to the table and ate lunch with Detective Nanninga and ASA

Almendarez. Afterwards, they went to the airport.

¶8     According to the defendant, once inside the airport, Detective Nanninga and ASA

Almendarez “went up to *** show *** the tickets.” The defendant stayed back with Detective

Jacobson, who “was getting mad.” He again told the defendant that he “already knew everything

and that all [his] rappies were tricking on [him],” so there was no point in staying silent. Detective

Jacobson also told the defendant that he was “going to be in jail a long time,” but if he talked to

him and told his side of the story, Detective Jacobson would “talk to the judge” and “put in a word

*** to get time knocked off.” The defendant felt afraid that if he did not talk to Detective Jacobson

he would “be in jail for a long time.” However, he still did not respond. Later, Detective Jacobson

took the defendant to the restroom inside the airport. They were alone together inside the restroom,

and Detective Jacobson told the defendant that he was going to be charged with murder if “he

didn’t tell him nothing.” The defendant continued to remain silent.

¶9     On the plane, Detective Jacobson sat next to the defendant, ASA Almendarez sat in front

of him, and Detective Nanninga sat across the aisle. Detective Nanninga started “naming all [the

defendant’s] rappies’ nick names and people that were possibly involved in the case.” She told the

defendant that those people had “told on” him, that they were not his friends, and that he needed

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to help himself. Detective Jacobson joined in the conversation and told the defendant that, if he

talked to them, “they would talk to the judge for [him] to try to give [him] a lower sentence.” The

defendant started thinking about his “freedom” and decided to give a statement to the police when

they landed. Once they arrived in Chicago, they went to the police station, and the defendant gave

a videotaped statement. For the videotaped statement, the defendant waived his right to counsel,

but his mother was with him.

¶ 10   Detective Jacobson testified at the suppression hearing that he was assigned to investigate

the murder of Raymond Jerz. A warrant was issued for the defendant’s arrest, and on December

12, 2012, Detective Jacobson traveled to Burly, Idaho, with his partner (Detective Nanninga) and

ASA Almendarez to extradite the defendant to Chicago. They went to the detention center to speak

with the defendant, but he requested an attorney after being Mirandized, and the conversation

ceased. See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).

¶ 11   The following day, the two detectives and ASA Almendarez began transporting the

defendant back to Chicago. They drove to the Salt Lake City airport and stopped at a rest stop

along the way. At the rest stop, Detective Jacobson and ASA Almendarez took the defendant into

the restroom together. Detective Jacobson testified that he was never alone in the car with the

defendant and he never began a conversation with the defendant about the case.

¶ 12   Detective Jacobson further testified that they later stopped at a restaurant in Salt Lake City.

Inside the restaurant, he was never alone with the defendant and never spoke with the defendant

about the case. He did take the defendant to the restroom inside the restaurant, but ASA

Almendarez accompanied them.

¶ 13   According to Detective Jacobson, he was never alone with the defendant at the airport and

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never gave him any legal advice. He took the defendant to the restroom at the airport, but again

ASA Almendarez accompanied them. On the plane, Detective Jacobson sat next to the defendant.

During the flight, the defendant suddenly asked Detective Jacobson “who snitched on” him.

Detective Jacobson responded by informing the defendant that, because he had asked for an

attorney, he could not speak to him about the case. The defendant stated, “everybody must have

snitched on me I want to tell my side of the story.” The defendant then told Detective Jacobson

that he would give him a statement without an attorney, but he requested that his mother be present

with him for the statement. Detective Jacobson told the defendant that, as soon as they landed, they

would contact his mother. The conversation then ended.

¶ 14   Upon their arrival in Chicago, the defendant was transported to the police station. His

mother arrived a few hours later. Detective Jacobson re-Mirandized the defendant in the presence

of the defendant’s mother and Detective Nanninga. The defendant then provided a videotaped

statement to the police, which was played for the trial court.

¶ 15   At the beginning of the videotaped statement, Detective Jacobson said to the defendant:

“Let me hear your side of it. If you know everybody else is telling on you. That’s what you told

me. You said, everyone’s tricking on you, right?” The defendant responded by saying, “You told

me that.” Detective Jacobson replied, “Okay.”

¶ 16   On cross-examination, defense counsel questioned Detective Jacobson about that

exchange:

                       “Q. [Y]ou were talking to [the defendant] and you said to him, you know

               that people were snitching on you. You told me that. He responded, no, you told

               me that. Indicating that you, Detective, told him that someone was snitching on

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               him, correct?

                      A. That’s correct.

                                                      ***

                      Q. You said, okay, after he said you told him that?

                      A. Yes, I did.

                                                      ***

                      Q. [Y]ou did not say I did not tell you that; did you?

                      A. No, I did not.

                      Q. You did not deny that you had told him that; did you?

                      A. No, I did not.”

¶ 17   ASA Almendarez testified about the group’s trip from Idaho to Chicago. He testified that,

when their group stopped at the rest stop, he went into the restroom with Detective Jacobson and

the defendant. When they were all at the restaurant, he and Detective Jacobson took the defendant

into the restroom together. Detective Jacobson was never alone with the defendant, and he never

heard Detective Jacobson speak to the defendant about the case.

¶ 18   During arguments on the motion, the defendant argued that it was “a case of credibility”

and that the trial court should find him more credible than Detective Jacobson and ASA

Almendarez. He claimed that his testimony was corroborated by the videotaped statement, at the

part where the defendant told Detective Jacobson, “you told me that” everyone was “tricking on

[me],” and Detective Jacobson replied, “Okay.” The defendant maintained that the numerous

comments made by Detective Jacobson during the trip “[got] into his head” and changed his “sound

decision” to have an attorney present. The defendant argued that, accordingly, his fifth amendment

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right to remain silent and his sixth amendment right to counsel were violated and so the trial court

should suppress his videotaped statement.

¶ 19   The trial court denied the defendant’s motion to suppress. In its ruling, the trial court stated

that, by asking for an attorney initially in Idaho and then later asking for his mother, the defendant

appeared to be “sophisticated and worldly” for his age and did not appear to be “intimidated by

*** law enforcement.” The trial court concluded:

                       “At no time is there any indication that the police were beating him or

               depriving him of bathroom privileges or food or water or anything of the sort. No

               type of physical intimidation or coercion. There is a suggestion somehow that there

               must have been some conversation because of this colloquy about well everybody

               else ratted on you and the defendant, [the defendant] saying, no, you told me that

               and the detective saying, okay. There can be conversations where somebody says,

               well, it was this way and the other person says, no, it was that way and the first

               person says, okay. Okay is not necessarily meaning, yes, you’re right I’m wrong.

               Okay. Is just alright. We have a disagreement. We have a misunderstanding

               between us. Okay is just a way of pausing things. It’s neither an admission nor

               denial. It’s an ambiguous term. I don’t know that I have clear evidence on this

               record that somehow there was some manipulation going on, that they were trying

               to take advantage of this young person on the way from—that he invoked his rights

               on the tape, insisted on seeing his mother when he was on tape again and did get to

               see his mother, that somehow in between during the travel periods that there was

               all kind of pressure that was put on him and things were told to him that

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               conversation reinitiated. As a matter of fact it did not appear that conversation

               reinitiated until his mom was there and that was at the request of the defendant.”

¶ 20                                              Trial

¶ 21   A bench trial commenced, and the following evidence was presented. 1

¶ 22   On February 10, 2012, two friends, Raymond Jerz and Shaun Jurgens, attended a party in

Chicago near 26th Street and Kedzie Avenue. Both Jerz and Jurgens lived in the suburbs, and a

friend had driven them to the party in her car with some other friends. At the party, the driver’s

purse was stolen. Her car keys were in her purse, and so the group had no way to get home. At

approximately 3 a.m., Jerz and Jurgens walked to a nearby restaurant, Los Comales, while the rest

of their friends waited at the party with the car. Inside the restaurant, Jerz and Jurgens ordered

some food and sat down to eat. As they ate, they started making phone calls to try to find someone

to give them a ride home.

¶ 23   Jurgens went into the restroom at Los Comales, where he encountered the defendant, along

with two of his codefendants, Luis Valdez and Ray Guereca. Jurgens testified that the defendant

and his friends were being loud and that he could tell they were in a gang. He was not scared of

them, though. He believed they were members of the Satan Disciples street gang, or at least

members of an affiliated and larger street gang, known as Folks. Jurgens had been a member of

the Satan Disciples between the ages of 13 and 19. Although he was no longer a member of the

Satan Disciples, he still had the six-point star and pitchfork tattoo on his right leg, which signified

his prior membership. 2

       1
        The defendant’s trial was separate from his codefendants’ trials.
       2
        The record reflects that Jerz had never been affiliated with any gangs.

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¶ 24    Jurgens approached the defendant, Valdez, and Guereca and offered them $20 to drive him

and his friends to the nearest train station so that they could get home. Jurgens, believing them to

be members of the Satan Disciples or Folks street gang, displayed the tattoo on his leg. In response,

the defendant and his friends told Jurgens: “Hey, it’s cool, Folks. We’ll help you out.”

¶ 25    However, the defendant and his friends were only pretending to be members of the Satan

Disciples or Folks street gang. They were actually members of the Latin Kings street gang, who

are rivals of the Satan Disciples. And the Latin Kings street gang is a part of the larger gang faction

known as the People Nations, who are rivals of the Folks street gang. Had Jurgens suspected that

the defendant and his friends were members of the Latin Kings or People Nations, he would not

have interacted with them.

¶ 26    Off-duty Chicago police officer Joseph Oskvarek was working security at Los Comales

that night. 3 He observed the defendant, Valdez, and Guereca come into the restaurant and then go

to the restroom. He recognized that they were dressed like Latin Kings. Officer Oskvarek then saw

Jurgens walk into the same restroom and became concerned for him since there were three Latin

Kings in there. Officer Oskvarek opened the restroom door and saw Jurgens showing his leg tattoo

to the three Latin Kings. He asked, “[I]s everything okay in here?” to which Guereca responded,

“Everything is good.” Officer Oskvarek left the restroom but still thought “this ain’t good.” The

State published pictures from Los Comales’ security footage which showed the defendant, Valdez,

and Guereca entering the restaurant as described by Officer Oskvarek.

¶ 27    All of the men exited the restroom. Jurgens told Jerz that the defendant and his group were

        3
       In addition to being a police officer, Officer Oskvarek worked as a part time security guard at
Los Comales.

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going to pick up their other friends still at the party and then give them all a ride to the train station.

The group left Los Comales and entered a minivan behind the restaurant. Jerz and Jurgens shared

the middle-row seat with the defendant and Valdez. Guereca took the driver’s seat. Codefendant

Elena Rios sat in the passenger’s seat.

¶ 28    When Guereca drove out of the parking lot, Jurgens noticed that Guereca began driving in

the opposite direction from 26th Street and Kedzie Avenue, where his other friends were waiting.

This caused Jurgens to feel concerned, although he and Jerz mostly remained silent. Jurgens

eventually asked Guereca where they were going, and Guereca told him they were “going to get

some weed.” Guereca drove for five minutes into a neighborhood with which Jurgens was

unfamiliar. The neighborhood turned out to be in “the heart of Latin Kings territory.” During the

five-minute drive, the defendant made a phone call to some of his friends and pretended to be a

member of the Folks street gang, saying things such as “folks, we got this.” He also pointed to

some people at a gas station and called them “Flakes,” a derogatory term for Latin King members.

¶ 29    Guereca stopped the van on a residential street in front of a garage door, at the entrance to

an alley. Everyone exited the van except for Jerz and Jurgens. An SUV then arrived and parked

next to the van, and more people emerged from the SUV. Suddenly, Jerz and Jurgens were dragged

out of the van and into the street, in a space between the van and the SUV. The defendant, his

codefendants, and the others who had arrived in the SUV began beating Jerz and Jurgens. Jurgens

felt himself being punched and kicked all over his body. He heard people yelling “Kill them,

Folks,” “Kill them SDs,” and “SDK,” which stands for Satan Disciples Killer.

¶ 30    Jurgens managed to temporarily break away from the people beating him. He saw Jerz

down the street being kicked and punched by at least five people. Jurgens ran toward Jerz, but

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Guereca hit him across the forehead with a metal pipe, which “totally dazed” him. He then ran

across the street to try to escape. As he ran, he felt Guereca, Valdez, and codefendant Gonzalo

Guerrero grabbing at him. Jurgens was able to pull away from them, but Guereca and Guerrero

continued to chase him. Jurgens was still running when he suddenly heard three gunshots, which

caused him to freeze.

¶ 31       Meanwhile, Miguel Humberto Martinez was driving home from work. His house was

located close to where the van and SUV had parked. Martinez testified that, as he drove up to the

entrance of the alley, he saw Guereca, Valdez, and Guerrero beating Jurgens. Martinez honked his

car horn and then saw Jurgens briefly escape, followed by Guereca and Guerrero chasing him. He

looked across the street and saw Jerz trying to cover his face as Valdez, Rios, and others beat him.

He saw Jerz try to get up, but Valdez grabbed him and held him down while the others continued

to punch him.

¶ 32       The defendant’s group then left Jerz lying in the street and entered the van. Valdez began

driving the van, which accelerated toward Jerz. Martinez thought the van was going to run over

Jerz, but it turned at the last minute and sped away. Right then, the defendant appeared in the street,

alone. He hit Jerz a few times as Jerz laid on his stomach in the street. The defendant then grabbed

a gun from his waistband and shot Jerz three or four times in the back. Afterwards, the defendant

ran off.

¶ 33       Right after Jurgens heard the gun shots, he ran down to a street corner and realized that he

was no longer being chased. He heard police sirens coming from the area he had last seen Jerz, so

he headed back. When he returned to the area, he saw that the van, the SUV, and the people who

had beat him were all now gone. Jurgens saw Jerz lying facedown on the street. Jerz was

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nonresponsive and covered in blood and bullet holes; he was later pronounced dead at the scene.

¶ 34   Investigators arrived at the scene and discovered Guereca’s cell phone. They also recovered

surveillance video from Los Comales, which showed the defendant and his group leaving with

Jerz and Jurgens. The police began arresting the defendant’s codefendants, and an arrest warrant

was issued for the defendant. On December 5, 2012, the defendant was arrested in Idaho by United

States Marshals. The defendant was subsequently transported back to Chicago, where he gave a

videotaped statement admitting to shooting Jerz. Jurgens later identified the defendant in a police

lineup as one of the men who had been in the restroom with him and then beat him. Martinez also

identified the defendant in a lineup as the person who shot Jerz.

¶ 35   Detective Mary Nanninga testified regarding the investigation, including the defendant’s

arrest and his videotaped statement. The videotaped statement was then admitted into evidence

and published during the trial. In his videotaped statement, the defendant admitted he wanted to

“f*** [Jerz and Jurgens] up” when he saw them at Los Comales. He eventually admitted to

shooting Jerz four times.

¶ 36   On cross-examination, defense counsel asked Detective Nanninga questions regarding the

defendant’s extradition from Idaho to Chicago. The following exchange ensued:

                       “Q. First stop was at a rest stop so people could relieve themselves?

                       A. Yes.

                       Q. And at that point my client was alone in the car with Detective Jacobson

               while yourself and the State’s Attorney went into the building to use the facilities?

                       Q. Yes.

                       A. Okay. And then a second stop was made at a restaurant to get food,

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            correct?

                   Q. Yes.

                   Q. And being a female—for the record you are a female, correct?

                   A. Yes.

                   Q. You could not take my client to the bathroom, correct?

                   A. Correct.

                   Q. So, at that time your partner took my client to the bathroom without

            yourself present?

                   A. Yes.

                   Q. And without the State’s Attorney present?

                   A. Yes.

                                                     ***

                   Q. And your partner, Detective Jacobson, stayed with the Defendant, my

            client, in the terminal while you obtained the tickets, correct?

                   A. Yes.

                   Q. And you, again, when he went to the bathroom—when I say he, you

            couldn’t take him to the bathroom?

                   A. I could not.

                   Q. And Detective Jacobson took him to the bathroom alone?

                   A. Yes.

                   Q. Without the State’s Attorney?

                   A. Yes.

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                      Q. And during the times that Detective Jacobson had him in the bathroom

               you were not present and was not aware of what was said?

                      A. Yes.

                      Q. And that includes the time at the rest stop?

                      A. Yes.

                      Q. And the time at the restaurant, correct?

                      A. Yes.

                      Q. As well as at the airport, correct?

                      A. Yes.”

¶ 37   Following Detective Nanninga’s trial testimony, the defendant moved to reconsider his

motion to suppress on the basis that Detective Nanninga’s testimony contradicted Detective

Jacobson’s and ASA Almendarez’s testimony that Detective Jacobson was never alone with the

defendant. A hearing was held on the defendant’s motion to reconsider. At the hearing, the

defendant argued that Detective Nanninga’s testimony impeached Detective Jacobson’s testimony

and supported the defendant’s claim that Detective Jacobson had reinitiated the conversation when

he was alone with the defendant. The defendant argued that, numerous times, Detective Jacobson

encouraged him to “tell his side of the story,” even though the defendant had already invoked his

right to counsel. He claimed that the “cumulative effect of each of those encounters” wore on him

on the flight to Chicago, and so he “became nervous” and told Detective Jacobson that he wanted

to talk, ultimately leading to his videotaped statement without counsel. The defendant argued that,

because Detective Nanninga’s testimony supported his own testimony while contradicting

Detective Jacobson’s, the trial court should reconsider and grant his motion to suppress his

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videotaped statement.

¶ 38   In response, the State reminded the trial court that ASA Almendarez testified consistently

with Detective Jacobson that he was never alone with the defendant. The State also stated that its

position was that Detective Nanninga was mistaken in her testimony.

¶ 39   Following the parties’ arguments, the trial court denied the defendant’s motion to

reconsider his motion to suppress. The trial court stated:

                        “The fact of the matter is there was an extremely violent homicide that took

               place in Chicago. Detectives were all over, a warrant was issued for [the defendant].

               He had fled the jurisdiction and was all the way up in the state of Idaho.

                        Federal Marshals contacted the Chicago police to say that they had caught

               him on a warrant, and they had to go there to bring him back. There was going to

               be contact between [the defendant] and law enforcement to bring him back to

               Chicago because to get from Idaho to Chicago there’s going to be plane rides, and

               car rides to get to the plane, and it’s going to take a little while. It’s not something

               that you do instantly.

                        It’s not like he [was] arrested in Chicago and it’s a 10 minute ride to the

               police station. They had to get together over a period of time. [The defendant] did

               testify at the [m]otion to suppress about things that happened between he and

               Detective Jacobson according to him, and he said that on a few occasions that they

               were alone, he was urging him to talk that he had gotten all of the information from

               his rappies and homies.

                        And he needed [the defendant] to help himself, Detective Jacobson could

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            do nothing for him unless somehow he could help himself, and all of those times

            [the defendant] had indicated that he never changed his position that he didn’t want

            to talk, he didn’t want to make a statement, and there was nothing substantive about

            the case that was gathered.

                   But I’m being urged now by [defense counsel] is that there was constant

            pressure. The pressure that I’m hearing about it’s not that they were beating him

            up, or threatening to use physical harm, but the pressure is that hey, it’s probably in

            your best interest to talk to me instead of not talking to me. I can’t help you unless

            you talk to me, you’re going to be tried as an adult unless you talk to me.

                   And the defendant’s response, at that time, was that he wanted to talk to his

            mom, and he never entered into any kind of substantive conversations with

            Detective Jacobson. Come finally back to Chicago [the defendant] has been asking

            repeatedly apparently for his mother, his mother was brought right into the room

            with him. She was there, there was Detective Jacobson came to see where they were

            at. [The defendant] indicated that he wanted a lawyer, and mom said that she

            wanted to talk to a lawyer. Detective Jacobson he literally stepped back, and you

            can see him hesitate, stop, take a step back, put his arms up, and then said well, I

            can’t talk to you. There’s nothing I can do, and then with the mother present [the

            defendant] seem[ed] to consider his circumstances and agreed that he would talk to

            him and that he had been Mirandized and Mirandized again.

                   People frequently change their minds about whether they want to invoke or

            not invoke. They invoke and then they think it may[ ]be in their best interest to talk

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               that maybe by talking about it they may mitigate their situation. I didn’t see any

               evidence in this case that any of the law enforcement either the detectives or State’s

               Attorney[ ] that went to Idaho to get [the defendant] from where he had fled this

               jurisdiction to he went as far away as he could get and stay in this country that they

               were trying to beat him up, or trying to do some things that, that Chicago police

               officers may have been accused of in other times, nothing like that is alleged here.

               The only thing that’s alleged is that Detective Jacobson was suggesting to him that

               it’s in his best interest to talk, and [the defendant] I will note that even though he

               was 16 he appeared to be articulate, he appeared oriented, he appeared actually

               somewhat bright for his age, and seem to understand his surroundings, he knew

               what his rights were because he started talking about a lawyer, he asked for his

               mother, had his mother, and the environment changed, and his mother was there.

                       And I think reality started to sink in. He’s back in Chicago, his mom is there,

               and while he’s there and then he just had a change of heart. Looking at all of this in

               its totality, I don’t believe the police abused him or violated any rights under the

               Fifth and Sixth Amendment, I don’t think there was any kind of pressure that would

               make what he said later unconstitutional. I watched the tape along with everybody

               else. I did not see any evidence of coercion to suppress the statement.”

¶ 40   The trial then continued, and the State rested. The defendant’s mother testified on his

behalf. She testified that she lived with the defendant “half a block” from where Jerz was shot. The

defendant did not testify.

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¶ 41   At the conclusion of the trial, the trial court found the defendant guilty of first degree

murder and found that the defendant had personally discharged the firearm that caused Jerz’s death.

¶ 42                                         Sentencing

¶ 43   At the sentencing hearing, the State presented victim impact statements from Jerz’s parents.

In mitigation, the defendant pointed out that he did not have a criminal history prior to this case.

His mother and sister both testified and explained that the defendant’s father was not in his life

and that the defendant got involved in gang activity after he was shot during a drive-by shooting.

¶ 44   Discussing the recent trends in sentencing juveniles, the trial court declined to impose the

25-years-to-life firearm enhancement. The trial court noted that the sentencing range was between

20 and 60 years, and it stated:

                       “I understand that [the defendant] was 16 years old at the time that he picked

               up that gun and shot [Jerz] in the back and left him on the street the way he did. I

               know he had no other criminal history and he comes from a family that cares about

               him, but he shot somebody in the back.

                       It was unnecessary. It was gratuitous violence. It’s left lasting scars on

               everybody’s family. I don’t know that within the sentencing code I have any ways

               to make things better for people. But I will have to find justice as it is and within

               the range I have to deal with.”

The trial court then sentenced the defendant to 50 years’ imprisonment.

¶ 45   The defendant filed a motion to reconsider sentence based on the fact that 50 years was a

de facto life sentence. At a hearing on the motion, the trial court stated:

                       “[The defendant] was 16 years old at the time of the offense. The courts of

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                review from the United States Supreme Court on down to other courts of review,

                the Illinois Supreme Court and the Illinois Appellate Court, have been on a steady

                drum roll talking about the fact that judges need discretion to consider youth as a

                factor in sentencing to say that mandatory sentences are to be suspect.

                        ***

                        This case, perhaps more than most, is one that I think for anybody that

                experienced any part of it, they heard about in the courtroom, will haunt them for

                the rest of their lives. It is an urban nightmare in the fullest extent.

                        ***

                        This never should have happened. I know he is young. I know the courts are

                telling me to look at his age, but I have to look at the crime as well, the impact that

                it has had on the families of the deceased and the impact that something like this

                has had on society.

                        I am mindful that this is a hundred percent sentence. And I will, in light of

                what I am being told by the courts of review, reconsider the sentence. I can be

                moderate to a degree but only to a degree.”

The trial court then resentenced the defendant to 40 years’ imprisonment. This appeal followed.

¶ 46                                          ANALYSIS

¶ 47    We note that we have jurisdiction to review the trial court’s judgment, as the defendant

filed a timely notice of appeal. Ill. S. Ct. R. 603 (eff. Feb. 6, 2013); R. 606 (eff. July 1, 2017).

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¶ 48   The defendant presents the following two issues: (1) whether the trial court erred in

denying the motion to suppress; and (2) whether the trial court erred in imposing a sentence of 40

years’ imprisonment.

¶ 49   The defendant first argues that the trial court erred when it denied his motion to suppress

and again later when it denied his motion to reconsider that denial. He claims that his videotaped

statement should have been suppressed because Detective Jacobson reinitiated the conversation

about the case after the defendant had invoked his right to counsel. The defendant contends that

his testimony about Detective Jacobson reinitiating the conversation is supported by Detective

Nanninga’s testimony that Detective Jacobson was alone with the defendant several times during

the trip from Idaho to Chicago. The defendant further avers that his videotaped statement

corroborates his claim when the defendant told Detective Jacobson, “you told me that” everyone

was “tricking on [me],” and Detective Jacobson replied, “Okay.” He accordingly argues that his

videotaped statement should have been suppressed.

¶ 50   “An appeal from a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress presents mixed questions of

fact and law.” People v. Boswell, 2014 IL App (1st) 122275, ¶ 20. This court accords great

deference to the trial court’s factual and credibility determinations and will disturb them only if

they are against the manifest weight of the evidence. Id. However, we review de novo the ultimate

legal question posed by the trial court’s ruling. Id. In our review, we may consider testimony

presented at trial, as well as that provided at the suppression hearing. People v. Petty, 2017 IL App

(1st) 150641, ¶ 21.

¶ 51   A criminal defendant has a constitutional right to counsel at all custodial interrogations, as

provided by both the United States and Illinois Constitutions. U.S. Const., amends. V, XIV; Ill.

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Const. 1970, art. I, § 10. “Once a defendant invokes that right, the police cannot interrogate him

further unless the accused initiates further communication, exchanges, or conversations with the

police.” People v. Schuning, 399 Ill. App. 3d 1073, 1082 (2010) (citing Edwards v. Arizona, 451

U.S. 477, 484-85 (1981)). The purpose of this rule is to prevent the police from badgering a

defendant into waiving his previous assertion of his right to counsel. Id.

¶ 52   There is no dispute in this case that the defendant invoked his right to counsel when the

police initially arrived in Idaho. Where the dispute arises is who later reinitiated the conversation

during the trip back to Chicago. As the defendant concedes, this is a matter of credibility. During

the suppression hearing, the defendant testified that Detective Jacobson reinitiated conversations

about the case several times when the two of them were alone during the trip. Yet Detective

Jacobson testified that he was never alone with the defendant. And his testimony was supported

by ASA Almendarez’s testimony that he accompanied Detective Jacobson every time he took the

defendant to the restroom. The trial court gave their testimony greater weight than the defendant’s

testimony, and we see no basis for finding that to be against the manifest weight of the evidence.

See People v. Clark, 2014 IL App (1st) 130222, ¶ 26 (where findings of fact depend on the

credibility of witnesses, a reviewing court will defer to the findings of the trial court unless they

are against the manifest weight of the evidence).

¶ 53   During the trial, Detective Nanninga testified that Detective Jacobson was alone with the

defendant several times during the trip. In particular, she testified that they were alone briefly at

restroom stops and the airport terminal, which was contrary to Detective Jacobson and ASA

Almendarez’s testimony. However, minor discrepancies in witness testimony do not automatically

render the testimony incredible. People v. Macklin, 2019 IL App (1st) 161165, ¶ 17. And it is the

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responsibility of the trier of fact to resolve such discrepancies. People v. Gray, 2017 IL 120958,

¶ 35. The trial court in this case having resolved the discrepancies in favor of the State, we see no

reason to disagree with that determination. The testimony conflicts revolve around minor

discrepancies occurring during brief restroom stops. It was a long, group trip, in which the

participants could have easily been mistaken about minor details. Notably, as the only female in

the group, Detective Nanninga was not responsible for accompanying the defendant to the

restroom, so it is understandable that her attention may not have been focused on the restroom

groupings and activity of the men in the party. The two male members of the extradition party, to

whom that responsibility fell, were unequivocal in their testimony that the defendant was never

alone with Detective Jacobson. Clearly, the trial court concluded that, based upon their testimony,

there was no opportunity for Detective Jacobson to reinitiate the conversation with the defendant

in a clandestine way. The trial court did not have to find that Detective Nanninga’s testimony was

untrue in order to reach its conclusion, as there was ample evidence for the court to rely upon;

including the testimony of the two male members of the extradition party who were responsible

for accompanying the defendant during restroom stops. Thus, we cannot say that Detective

Nanninga’s testimony, standing alone, made the trial court’s finding, that Detective Jacobson did

not reinitiate the conversation with the defendant, against the manifest weight of the evidence. See

Clark, 2014 IL App (1st) 130222, ¶ 26 (a finding is against the manifest weight of the evidence

only when an opposite conclusion is apparent or when the findings appear to be unreasonable,

arbitrary, or not based on the evidence).

¶ 54   Nevertheless, the defendant argues that the trial court “entirely sidestepped the issue of

whether the police unlawfully re-initiated a conversation” and instead improperly focused on

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whether the police “beat” or “intimidated” the defendant into making his statement. However, it

was important for the trial court to find that the police did not physically coerce the defendant into

revoking his assertion of his right to counsel. If the police had done so, it would have rendered the

defendant’s subsequent statement involuntary. People v. Richardson, 234 Ill. 2d 233, 253-54

(2009) (in determining whether a statement is voluntary, a trial court must consider the totality of

the circumstances of the particular case, including any physical or mental abuse by the police).

Notwithstanding its determination that there was no physical coercion, the trial court also

determined that the police did not reinitiate the conversation with the defendant, stating:

                       “I don’t know that I have clear evidence on this record that somehow there

               was some manipulation going on, that they were trying to take advantage of this

               young person on the way from—that he invoked his rights on the tape, insisted on

               seeing his mother when he was on tape again and did get to see his mother, that

               somehow in between during the travel periods that there was all kind of pressure

               that was put on him and things were told to him that conversation reinitiated. As a

               matter of fact it did not appear that conversation reinitiated until his mom was there

               and that was at the request of the defendant.” (Emphasis added.)

That was ample basis for the trial court to deny the defendant’s motion to suppress.

¶ 55   The defendant makes much of the fact that, in his videotaped statement, when he said to

Detective Jacobson, “you told me that” everyone was “tricking on [me],” Detective Jacobson

replied, “Okay.” The defendant contends that this was an admission by Detective Jacobson that he

told the defendant that his “rappies” “tricked” on him so he might as well “tell his side of the

story.” However, as pointed out by the trial court, “okay” is an ambiguous term that neither

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confirmed nor denied the defendant’s comment. Specifically, in rejecting the defendant’s argument

on this point, the trial court stated: “ ‘Okay’ is just a way of pausing things. It’s neither an

admission nor denial.” Not to mention that Detective Jacobson, a seasoned detective, probably

knew that if he responded with something such as, “no, I did not,” it likely would have derailed

the defendant’s statement. All things considered, Detective Jacobson’s mere statement of “okay”

is insufficient to find that he reinitiated the conversation with the defendant.

¶ 56    There are many other scenarios under which the defendant may have decided that it was in

his interest to speak with the detectives. It is not uncommon for a defendant to invoke his right to

counsel and then later change his mind. See, e.g., People v. Stolberg, 2014 IL App (2d) 130963,

¶ 40. When a defendant initiates further conversations with the police, he waives the right to

counsel that he had previously invoked. Id. As the facts of this case support such a finding, we

affirm the trial court’s denial of the defendant’s motion to suppress. And because the defendant

repeated the same arguments in his motion to reconsider that denial and we rejected his only

additional argument regarding Detective Nanninga’s testimony, the denial of his motion to

reconsider is also affirmed.

¶ 57    The defendant next challenges his sentence of 40 years’ imprisonment. He argues that it

was an improper sentence for three alternative reasons: (1) it is a de facto life sentence that violates

the eighth amendment; (2) it violates the proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution;

and (3) it is excessive. We take each argument in turn.

¶ 58    The defendant first argues that his sentence of 40 years is a de facto life sentence, which

violates the eighth amendment since he is a juvenile. After the defendant filed his opening brief,

our supreme court filed People v. Buffer, 2019 IL 122327, which held that a prison sentence of 40

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years or less imposed on a juvenile offender does not constitute a de facto life sentence in violation

of the eighth amendment. Nonetheless, the defendant argues, in his reply brief, that the supreme

court in Buffer “did not clearly delineate whether a de facto life sentence is a sentence of ‘40 years

or more’ or if it only includes sentences that are ‘more than 40 years.’ ” He alternatively argues

that, even if Buffer did draw the line at “more than 40 years,” his sentence still violates the eighth

amendment because it is essentially a sentence of 43 years total with his three-year mandatory

supervised release (MSR) added on.

¶ 59    The defendant raises an as-applied constitutional challenge, which requires a showing that

his sentence violates the constitution as it applies to the facts and circumstances of his case. People

v. Thompson, 2015 IL 118151, ¶ 36. 4 An as-applied constitutional challenge is a legal question

that we review de novo. People v. Johnson, 2018 IL App (1st) 140725, ¶ 97.

¶ 60     “The Eighth Amendment’s prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment ‘guarantees

individuals the right not to be subjected to excessive sanctions.’ ” Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S.

460, 469 (2012) (quoting Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551, 560 (2005)). The United States

Supreme Court in Miller held that mandatory life-without-parole sentences imposed on juveniles

are unconstitutional under the eighth amendment because they prevent the trial court from

considering numerous mitigating factors, such as the defendant’s age and immaturity. Id. at 489.

¶ 61    Our supreme court has expanded Miller to hold that a life sentence, whether natural or

de facto, whether mandatory or discretionary, is unconstitutional for juveniles where the trial court

did not consider the mitigating factors listed in Miller. People v. Reyes, 2016 IL 119271, ¶ 9

        4
          In contrast, a facial challenge requires a showing that the sentence is unconstitutional under any
set of facts, i.e., the specific facts related to the challenging party are irrelevant. Thompson, 2015 IL
118151, ¶ 36.

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(per curiam) (“A mandatory term-of-years sentence that cannot be served in one lifetime has the

same practical effect on a juvenile defendant’s life as would an actual mandatory sentence of life

without parole—in either situation, the juvenile will die in prison.”); People v. Holman, 2017 IL

120655, ¶ 40 (life sentences, whether mandatory or discretionary, for juvenile defendants are

disproportionate and violate the eighth amendment, unless the trial court considers the defendant’s

youth and its attendant characteristics).

¶ 62   Following some inconsistency among various panels and districts of this court regarding

the precise number of years that represent a de facto life sentence, our supreme court recently

addressed de facto life sentences for juveniles in Buffer. There, the supreme court explicitly

“[chose] to draw a line at 40 years.” Buffer, 2019 IL 122327, ¶ 40. Specifically, it held that “a

prison sentence of 40 years or less imposed on a juvenile offender provides some meaningful

opportunity to obtain release based on demonstrated maturity and rehabilitation.” (Internal

quotation marks omitted.) Id. ¶ 41.

¶ 63   As our supreme court has now established that a prison term of “40 years or less” does not

constitute a de facto life sentence (id.), the defendant’s argument, that it is unclear if the line is

drawn at 40 years or 41 years, is specious. There is no way to interpret “40 years or less” as “40

years or more.” Since the defendant’s sentence is 40 years’ imprisonment, it does not constitute a

de facto life sentence.

¶ 64   The defendant otherwise argues that his sentence is, in essence, 43 years with his three-

year MSR added on and therefore constitutes a de facto life sentence. In support of this argument,

the defendant cites the following quote from our supreme court in Round v. Lamb, 2017 IL 122271,

¶ 16: “MSR term is included in the sentence as a matter of law.” However, viewing that quote in

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its entire context, it concerned the trial court’s failure to include the MSR term in the written

sentencing order. Id. Although MSR is part of the sentence in which the defendant remains in the

custody of the Department of Corrections, it is not imprisonment, and that is an important

distinction. See People v. Williams, 66 Ill. 2d 179, 187 (1977) (MSR alters the method and degree

of confinement). We accordingly reject this argument.

¶ 65    In sum, the defendant’s sentence of 40 years is not a de facto life sentence and therefore

does not violate the eighth amendment.

¶ 66    The defendant alternatively argues that his sentence violates the proportionate penalties

clause of the Illinois Constitution because it is a disproportionate sentence. He claims that his

crime, “while serious, reflects the immaturity and impulsivity associated with juvenile offenders”

and that it was influenced by peer pressure. He also stresses his lack of criminal history and his

potential for rehabilitation.

¶ 67    Similar to the eighth amendment, a challenge under the proportionate penalties clause of

the Illinois Constitution “contends that the penalty in question was not determined according to

the seriousness of the offense.” People v. Sharpe, 216 Ill. 2d 481, 487 (2005); Ill. Const. 1970, art.

I, § 11 (“[a]ll penalties shall be determined both according to the seriousness of the offense and

with the objective of restoring the offender to useful citizenship”). A defendant’s sentence is in

violation of the proportionate penalties clause where the penalty imposed is “ ‘cruel, degrading, or

so wholly disproportionate to the offense committed as to shock the moral sense of the

community.’ ” Sharpe, 216 Ill. 2d at 487 (quoting People v. Moss, 206 Ill. 2d 503, 522 (2003)).

To determine whether a sentence shocks the moral sense of the community, we must consider

objective evidence as well as the community’s changing standard of moral decency. People v.

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Barnes, 2018 IL App (5th) 140378, ¶ 18.

¶ 68   In support of his argument, the defendant directs our attention to People v. Aikens, 2016 IL

App (1st) 133578, and Barnes, 2018 IL App (5th) 140378. In both cases, it was held on appeal that

the juvenile defendant’s sentence shocked the moral sense of the community and therefore violated

the proportionate penalties clause. Aikens, 2016 IL App (1st) 133578, ¶¶ 37-38; Barnes, 2018 IL

App (5th) 140378, ¶ 26. However, in those cases, the specific part of the sentence that violated the

proportionate penalties clause was the mandatory firearm enhancement. Aikens, 2016 IL App (1st)

133578, ¶¶ 37-38; Barnes, 2018 IL App (5th) 140378, ¶ 26. By contrast, in the case at hand, the

trial court specifically declined to impose the firearm enhancement, explicitly citing the recent

shift in sentencing juveniles. Thus, Aikens and Barnes are inapplicable.

¶ 69   The defendant nevertheless claims that his sentence of 40 years violates the proportionate

penalties clause because the trial court did not consider his youth and rehabilitative potential. He

stresses that he had a difficult upbringing and no criminal history, which the trial court should have

factored into his sentence. We note that, if we were to give the defendant the relief he seeks, it

would require us to remand the case to the trial court for consideration of the very facts and

circumstances that the record clearly shows the trial court took into consideration in determining

the defendant’s sentence. The record shows that the trial court specifically considered the

defendant’s age, familial background, and criminal history.

¶ 70   However, we also note that the trial court appropriately considered the seriousness of this

heinous crime. See People v. Jones, 2019 IL App (1st) 170478, ¶ 55 (the most important factor in

sentencing is the seriousness of the offense). The trial court stated that this offense was an act of

“gratuitous violence” that will leave “lasting scars on everybody’s family.” It even went so far as

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to state that those who heard the “urban nightmare” described in the courtroom will forever be

“haunt[ed]” by it. It cannot be underscored enough that, after the defendant’s group left Jerz lying

in the street, the defendant approached him alone and shot him several times in the back; all

because he thought Jerz was part of a rival gang. It was a particularly brutal crime warranting a

severe sentence. We do not find that the defendant’s sentence is disproportionate to the offense so

as to shock the moral sense of the community. Therefore, it does not violate the proportionate

penalties clause.

¶ 71   The defendant’s final argument is that his 40-year sentence is excessive. Specifically, he

claims that the trial court failed to “adequately consider the statutory mitigating factors applicable

to juvenile offenders,” especially the defendant’s familial issues, his trauma from being shot in a

drive-by shooting, and his struggle with gang peer pressure.

¶ 72   A sentence within the appropriate sentencing range is generally accorded great deference

by this court. People v. Colon, 2018 IL App (1st) 160120, ¶ 65. We accordingly will not alter a

defendant’s sentence absent an abuse of discretion. Id. “Our supreme court has found that, with

respect to a sentence, an abuse of discretion occurs when the sentence is greatly at variance with

the spirit or purpose of the law or manifestly disproportionate to the nature of the offense.” Id.

¶ 73   The sentencing range in this case was 20 to 60 years, and so the defendant’s 40-year

sentence falls well within that range and is therefore presumed to be proper. See People v. Knox,

2014 IL App (1st) 120349, ¶ 46. Nevertheless, the defendant argues that the trial court abused its

discretion in sentencing him because it did not consider the following mitigating factors required

for juvenile defendants pursuant to section 5-4.5-105 of the Unified Code of Corrections:

                       “(1) the person’s age, impetuosity, and level of maturity at the time of the

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               offense, including the ability to consider risks and consequences of behavior, and

               the presence of cognitive or developmental disability, or both, if any;

                       (2) whether the person was subjected to outside pressure, including peer

               pressure, familial pressure, or negative influences;

                       (3) the person’s family, home environment, educational and social

               background, including any history of parental neglect, physical abuse, or other

               childhood trauma;

                       (4) the person’s potential for rehabilitation or evidence of rehabilitation, or

               both;

                       (5) the circumstances of the offense;

                       (6) the person’s degree of participation and specific role in the offense,

               including the level of planning by the defendant before the offense;

                       (7) whether the person was able to meaningfully participate in his or her

               defense;

                       (8) the person’s prior juvenile or criminal history; and

                       (9) any other information the court finds relevant and reliable, including an

               expression of remorse, if appropriate. However, if the person, on advice of counsel

               chooses not to make a statement, the court shall not consider a lack of an expression

               of remorse as an aggravating factor.” 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-105 (West 2016).

¶ 74   As we have already discussed, the record shows that the trial court did carefully and

explicitly consider these mitigating factors. In imposing the defendant’s sentence, the trial court

spoke at length and noted repeatedly the defendant’s age, familial background, gang membership,

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and lack of criminal history prior to this crime which the trial court referred to as heinous and a

“nightmare.” The trial court is not required to articulate each and every factor that it considers in

rendering a sentence. However, that does not mean that it did not take all of the important and

relevant factors into account. See Jones, 2019 IL App (1st) 170478, ¶ 54 (when mitigating factors

have been presented to the trial court, it is presumed the court considered those factors, absent

some indication to the contrary). Further, the trial court’s careful contemplation of the defendant’s

sentence is highlighted by the fact that it reconsidered the original sentence of 50 years and then

reduced the sentence to 40 years. The record before us negates the defendant’s argument that the

trial court did not take the relevant mitigating factors into consideration in determining his

sentence. We accordingly find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in sentencing the

defendant and affirm his sentence of 40 years’ imprisonment.

¶ 75                                      CONCLUSION

¶ 76   For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County.

¶ 77   Affirmed.

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                                 No. 1-17-1512

Cite as:                 People v. Villalobos, 2020 IL App (1st) 171512

Decision Under Review:   Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 13-CR-
                         1631(04); the Hon. James B. Linn, Judge, presiding.

Attorneys                James E. Chadd, Patricia Mysza, and Christopher Kopacz, of
                         State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.
for

Appellant:

Attorneys                Kimberly M. Foxx, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J.
                         Spellberg, Christine Cook, and Daniel Piwowarczyk, Assistant
for                      State’s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People.
Appellee:

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