Court Opinion

ID: 6897420
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-23 21:51:21.58902+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:06:02.951026
License: Public Domain

Opinion by
Mr. Justice Wolveeton.
This is a proceeding by mandamus to require the secretary of state to audit a claim, and draw his warrant for the salary of a circuit judge for the quarter ending March 31, 1897. The secretary resists the proceeding upon the ground that, the legislature having failed to make appropriations for the current expenses of the state, he is without authority either to audit or draw his warrant for such claim. The case comes here upon demurrer to the alternative writ, which was sustained by the lower court.
By section 2297, Hill’s Ann. Laws, it is provided that “each of the judges of the circuit courts in this state (shall) receive an annual salary of three thousand dollars, payable quarterly, and no other allowance for their services, either directly or indirectly,” and by section 2230 that “the salaries of the governor, secretary of state, and other officers of the state, shall be paid quarterly, out of the treasury of this state, upon the warrant of the secretary of state, commencing from and after they enter upon the duties of their respective offices.” These sections clearly establish the plaintiff’s right to the quarter’s salary claimed, and upon this point there is no contention.
*383Article IX, section 4 of the state constitution provides that “no money shall be drawn from the treasury but in pursuance of appropriations made by law,” and article VI, section 2, constitutes the secretary of state the auditor of public accounts.
Section 2230, of our statutes, was section 4 of an act approved June 2, 1859, and by the same act it was provided, among other things, as follows:—
“Sec. 11. The secretary of state shall superintend the fiscal concerns of the state, and manage the same in the manner prescribed by law; “to keep fair, clear, distinct and separate accounts of all the funds and revenues of the state, and also of all expenditures, disbursements and investments thereof, showing the particulars of every expenditure, disbursement and investment. * * * To examine and determine the claims of all persons against the state in cases where provisions for the payment thereof shall have been made by law, and to indorse upon the same the amount due and allowed thereon, and from what fund the same is to be paid, and draw a warrant on the treasury for the same; and he shall report to the legislature at the commencement of each regular session a complete list of all accounts so audited, together with a general statement of the fiscal concerns of the state; provided, that no account shall be so audited, except the same be duly verified by the oath, affidavit or affirmation of the claimant or his agent, and all accounts shall be kept on file in his office; “to enter in a book to be kept for that purpose, an abstract of all warrants drawn on the treasury, showing the date, number, name of the claimant, *384the amount claimed, the amount allowed thereon, and. from which fund to be paid. * * *
Sec. 12. Whenever any account shall be presented to the secretary of state for settlement, he may require the person presenting the same, or any other person or persons, to be sworn before him touching such account, and when so sworn, to answer orally or in writing as to any facts relating to the justness of the account. If any person interested shall be dissatisfied with the decision of the secretary on any claim, account, or credit, it shall be the duty of the secretary, at the request of such person, to refer the same, with his reasons for his decision, to the legislative assembly, and all persons having claims against this state shall exhibit the same with the evidence in support-thereof to the secretary to be audited, settled, and allowed within two years, and not afterward. And in all suits brought in behalf of the state, no debt or claim shall be allowed against the state as a set-off but-such as have been exhibited to the secretary, and by him allowed or disallowed, except only in cases where it shall be proved to the satisfaction of the court that the defendant at the time of trial is in possession of vouchers which he could not produce to the secretary, on account of absence from the state, sickness or unavoidable accident.”
Other sections of the same act provide that “the state treasurer shall keep his office at the seat of government, shall receive and have charge of all moneys paid into the state treasury, and shall pay out the same as directed by law.”
“It shall be the duty of the treasurer: * * * *385Second — To pay on demand out of the state treasury all sums authorized by law to be so paid, if there are appropriate funds in the treasury to pay the same, and when any such sum is required to be paid out of a particular fund it shall be paid out of such fund only; and he shall pay no fund out of the treasury except in pursuance of law authorizing the payment thereof; but when any claim or account is authorized by law to be paid out of a general or contingent appropriation, the same shall be paid by the treasurer upon the warrant of the secretary of state. Third — To pay all warrants on the treasurer in the order in which they are presented, out of the appropriate fund; if there are no such funds in the treasury, then he shall indorse on such warrants ‘Not paid for want of funds,’ together with the date, and all warrants so indorsed shall draw legal interest from and after such indorsement.”
There is some confusion in numbering the sections of the original act, but the sections referred to are designated in Hill’s Ann. Laws as sections 2208, 2209, 2217 and 2219.
The plaintiff contends, first, that the law fixing the amount of his salary, and providing for the manner of its payment, constitutes an appropriation of funds out of the treasury with which to meet the installments as they become due; and, second, that the secretary is required to audit his claim therefor, and draw a warrant for the amount found due, even though it be determined that there has been no appropriation made to meet it. The principle involved in the declaration of the fundamental law that “ no money shall be drawn *386from the treasury but in pursuance of appropriations made by law,” had its origin with the British parliament. It had, prior to the time of Charles II, occasionally and at long intervals exercised the right of appropriating supplies to particular purposes as the needs of the government demanded, but during the reign of that monarch it employed the authority generally, although perhaps not in every instance. It was not, however, until after the revolution of 1688 that the right and authority became firmly established. The principle, as then and since understood, is “ that supplies granted by parliament are only to be expended for particular objects specified by itself”: Taswell-Langmead, English Constitutional History, 620, 621. The abuse which the establishment of the principle was designed to correct was the exercise of official discretion in paying out and disbursing the public funds, and its purpose was to endow the legislative body with the sole authority, and impose upon it the specific duty, of deciding how and when such funds shall be applied to the discharge of the expenses, debts, or other engagements or liabilities of the government; and such is the limitation imposed by our present constitutional provision: Ristine v. State, 20 Ind. 328; State v. Burdick (Wyo.), 33 Pac. 125; 2 Opinions of Attorneys-General, United States, 670. An “ appropriation, as applicable to the general fund in the treasury, may, perhaps, be defined to be,” says Perkins, J., in Ristine v. State, 20 Ind. 328, "an authority from the legislature, given at the proper time, and in legal form, to the proper officers, to apply sums of money out of that which may be in the treasury in *387a given year, to specified objects or demands against the state.” Webster defines “appropriation” as “the act of setting apart or assigning to a particular use or person in exclusion of all others; application to a special use or purpose, as of * * * money to carry out some public object.” No particular expression or set form of words is requisite or necessary to the accomplishment of the purpose, and the appropriation may be prospective as well as in prsesenti; that is “ it may be made in one year of the revenues to accrue in another or future years, the law being so framed as to address itself to such future revenues”: Humbert v. Dunn, 84 Cal. 57 (24 Pac. 111); Proll v. Dunn, 80 Cal. 220 (22 Pac. 143). And in every instance it becomes a question of legislative intent to be gathered under the settled rules of interpretation from the language employed, the context, the necessity for the enactment, and purpose to be accomplished, considered in the light of contemporaneous circumstances. Field, J., in McCauley v. Brooks, 16 Cal. 28, says: “To an appropriation, within the meaning of the constitution, nothing more is requisite than a designation of the amount, and .the fund out of which it shall be paid. It is not essential to its validity that funds to meet the same should be at the time in the treasury.” It is maintained by some authorities that constitutional provisions fixing the salaries of state officers proprio vigore make an appropriation out of the treasury for the payment of the same as they become due, and this upon the ground that such salaries have become fixed and unchangeable by any power vested in the legislature, and that to withhold the funds neces*388sary to their payment would be subversive of the will of the people as expressed by the oiganic law. It is said, arguendo, that if the legislature is without power to reduce the salaries of such officers, it cannot be affirmed that it may take away the whole by withholding the funds requisite to their payment. In support of this view Thomas v. Owens, 4 Md. 189, decided in 1853, is perhaps the leading case. It has been followed in State v. Hickman, 9 Mont. 370 (23 Pac. 740), and State v. Weston, 4 Neb. 216, and criticised in Myers v. English, 9 Cal. 341. The Nebraska case, however, presents a dissimilar feature, in that the constitution provides that “ the authorities shall draw warrants on the state quarterly” for the salaries fixed thereby, “ which shall be paid out of any funds not otherwise appropriated.” Other cases apply the principle to legislation under constitutions which provide that salaries of state officers shall neither be increased nor diminished during the terms for which they shall have been appointed or elected. It is maintained by these that the law fixing such salaries becomes immutable in so far as it may affect incumbents, and that the legislature is powerless to cut off by indiree.tion that which it could not do by direct enactment, and hence that a statute merely fixing the amount to be received and the times of payment is, in effect, an appropriation of funds which become applicable to the discharge of their stated compensation as it becomes due. And we may say the very decided tendency of recent adjudications is in support of this advancement upon the doctrine: State v. Burdick (Wyo.), 33 Pac. 125; People v. Goodykoontz, 22 Colo. 507 (45 *389Pac. 414). As directly opposed to this view see Myers v. English, 9 Cal. 341. Yet other authorities mantain that the result of such legislation is to effectuate an appropriation, regardless of the fundamental law limiting the power of the legislature to change the amount of official salaries to times other than during incumbency, and that no annual or special appropriation is otherwise necessary to authorize the disbursement of public funds by the officers in charge in payment of such demands as they arise. See Reynolds v. Taylor, 43 Ala. 420, and Carr v. State, 127 Ind. 204 (22 Am. St. Rep. 624, 11 L. R. A. 370, 26 N. E. 778). It is difficult to understand, however, upon what principle an énactment of the nature indicated can have the effect claimed for it. The plain letter of the statute- falls very far short of an express direction to that end, and the apparent object to be attained is fully accomplished when the salary and times of its payment are definitely fixed. No other or further intendment is predicated of statutes of like nature where individuals only are concerned, and a different rule ought not to prevail because the state is concerned. But we believe the weight of authority is opposed to this latter advance upon the doctrine, and that the better rule requires something more by which to indicate a legislative interLdment to effectuate an appropriation.
In Nichols v. Comptroller, 4 Stew. & P. 154, the case upon which Reynolds v. Taylor, 43 Ala. 420, seems to have been based, it was determined that an act fixing a salary “payable quarter-yearly out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated” made an appropriation for the purpose of meet*390ing the quarterly payments. In Humbert v. Dunn, 84 Cal. 57 (24 Pac. 111), the act under consideration'provided that “ each member [of a commission] shall receive a salary of $2,400 payable monthly, * * * to be paid out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated,” and it was held that this operated as an appropriation. The statutory provisions, as indicated by these cases, are similar to the Nebraska constitutional provision above referred to. And in Cutting v. Taylor, 3 S. Dak. 11 (15 L. R. A. 691, 51 N. W. 949), which comes nearer the case at bar, the language employed was: “The auditor * * * shall issue and deliver to the claimant in each city, town, etc., his warrant upon the territorial treasurer for an amount equal to 2 per cent, of the premiums received upon the policies issued upon any property in any such city, town, etc., and such warrant shall be paid by the territorial treasurer upon presentation thereof.” See, also, State v. Kenney, 10 Mont. 485 (25 Pac. 1022). From statutes of the nature indicated by these authorities the inference is natural and legitimate that it was the legislative intent not only that the amount and times of payment of the salaries should be rendered definite and certain, but that, when falling due, funds in the treasury applicable to their payment should be at all times in readiness for their prompt discharge, and hence the appropriation as a necessary result to meet the purposes of the legislation. It is one thing to fix the amount and times of payment of an officer’s salary, and quite another to provide funds, and make them available at specified times, so that the state will not at any time default in its payments, *391and it does not occur to us that a fixed salary with stated times for the payment of proportional installments thereof can, with any greater propriety, carry with it an appropriation of funds with which to meet the payments than where the state has become otherwise obligated under authority of law, and no appropriation has been made anticipating payment. Whatever may be the correct rule where the salary is fixed by the constitution, or where it is by that instrument rendered unchangeable during incumbency, followed by legislation simply fixing the amount and times of payment thereof, it is quite certain that, if regard be paid to the known and well-settled rules of statutory construction, the legislature has not, by the enactment of such a statute, without else, manifested an intention of setting aside funds in the treasury for its payment. Something more is needed, some setting aside of a particular fund, or designation of a fund, out of which it shall be paid, or direction to the officer in charge requiring him to make payment at particular times, or that it be paid out of the treasury. And this gets us back to the original proposition that an appropriation is the setting aside or designation by express direction or by implication of particular funds for the discharge of definite and specified obligations or liabilities, which, however, may be in contemplation, such as will arise in the future, and the appropriation may be continuing in its nature, but the legislative intent to have funds always ready and applicable to their prompt discharge at stated times works out the appropriation, and nothing short of it can have such an effect. Under the legislative direc*392tion. that the salaries of all state officers “shall le paid quarterly out of the treasury of this state, upon the warrant of the secretary of state, commencing from and after they enter upon the duties of their respective offices,” and under the authorities which seem pertinent to the inquiry, we would be inclined to hold that a continuing appropriation had been thus effectuated for the payment of such salaries’quarterly were it not for a legislative construction of the act nearly contemporaneous with its enactment. There is some reason for believing that public funds were disbursed under this law without further direction before the meeting of the succeeding or first regular session of the state legislature which convened September 10, 1860, but at such session a general appropriation bill was passed setting aside funds for the payment of such salaries, specifying with much particularity the incumbent by his official title, and the amount for each. And every succeeding regular biennial'legislative assembly since then, save in 1868 and 1897, has, in its general appropriation bills, made like specific appropriations for these salaries. So that the act of 1859 has received what may be termed a contemporaneous legislative construction, which has been acquiesced in and acted upon by that body for more than a third of a century, and we feel bound by the construction thus given the act, and therefore hold that it did not effectuate a continuous appropriation for the payment of the salaries of state officers: Prime v. McCarthy, 92 Iowa, 569 (61 N. W. 220).
This brings us to the second contention, touching the authority of the secretary of state to audit and *393draw his warrants for the claim, and the solution of this question depends entirely upon the construction of the statute which prescribes his duties. Under the constitution he is made the auditor of public accounts, and under the law he is charged with superintending the fiscal concerns of the state, and it is with reference to the functions of his office thus designated that we must consider the enactment. He is required “to examine and determine the claims of all persons against the state in cases where provisions for the payment thereof shall have been made by law,” and we are led to inquire, first, what claims are meant? The answer is, such as the law has made provisions for their payment, and by this is meant such obligations and liabilities as the state may have incurred under warrant of law previously enacted. No person can acquire a valid claim against the state except in such cases as the fundamental law has prescribed or the legislature has through its enactments permitted, and directed, either expressly or impliedly, that payment shall be made for that which constitutes the consideration for the claim. Acting in his capacity as auditor, the secretary is required, when a claim is presented, to look to the law, and determine whether the claimant has brought himself within any of its provisions allowing him compensation. In other words, before allowing the claim he must be able to put his finger upon some law which gives the claimant a standing in his tribunal upon which he can demand payment by the state. For instance, the law has made provisions for the payment to plaintiff of a stated salary for his services, and this constitutes such a claim as is contem*394plated by the statute. Further, he is directed to indorse upon the claim,.if allowed, “from what fund the same is to be paid,” and it is suggested that the fund here meant is one specially appropriated and set aside by the legislature for the payment of the designated claim, or of a designated class of which it constitutes one. But it is not probable that a fund thus constituted was the one intended for designation by the indorsement. With much greater reason we may infer that it had reference to some one of the few funds that are provided for under general laws in pursuance of fundamental enactments. The constitution directs that “the legislative assembly shall provide for raising revenue sufficient to defray the expenses of the state for each fiscal year,” and that “every law imposing a tax shall state distinctly the object of the same to which only it shall be applied”: Const., art. 9, §§ 2, 3. And it has been the usage of the legislature, by virtue of these provisions, to direct the levying of taxes for specified purposes, such as for current expenses, for common school, and for university purposes, and the like; thus creating separate and distinct funds into which the revenues flow from the tax collector or other sources of income, and out of which all the expenses of the state government must be met. Taxes levied for current expenses go into the general fund; those for common school purposes, together with interest derived from investments, into the common school fund, and the same with the university and other funds. And if a tax is directed to be levied for a special purpose it goes into the special fund thus provided for, and these are the funds of which the *395secretary shall take account in making his indorsements and drawing his warrants upon the .treasury. All the earlier appropriations proceeded upon this idea, and the later ones are not in conflict with it. The first general appropriation act adopted in 1860 employed the following language, viz.: “That the following sums be and the same are hereby specifically appropriated to the several objects hereinafter mentioned for two years, * * * to be paid out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated.” Then follows an itemized statement of the various salaries and expenses for which it shall be disbursed, without naming or designating any separate fund, thus leaving but a single fund for the secretary to take into account in the indorsement of claims and in drawing his warrants. This practice -was continued until 1872, when for the first time the legislature adopted the plan of naming separate funds in the appropriation bills, but subsequent acts have not been uniform in this respect. The language in all to effectuate the appropriation is in purport the same, “to be paid out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated,” or from the common school fund, university fund, or other fund, as the case may be. Then follows the naming of subdivided funds, as “executive fund,” “ general fund,” “ judicial fund,” and the like. But in most of, if not all, these subdivided funds are contained items of salaries and expenses to be paid, as in the former acts. The legislature could, if it saw fit, name a fund for each separate salary or item of expense, but, howsoever the original funds may be subdivided by the appropriation bill, the appropriation is *396exhausted as to each separate item as the money necessary to its discharge is paid out by the treasurer; that is, the appropriated funds for any one item are not applicable to the payment of any other item in the whole list, so that after all the specific items govern the disbursements, and not the subdivided funds as designated in the act. The term “fund” is not synonymous with “appropriation,” and as a matter of fact there are not many separate funds in’ the treasury, but there may be many appropriations, and most of the latter are payable out of the same fund — the general fund: Proll v. Dunn, 80 Cal. 226 (22 Pac. 143).
This understanding of the term is in harmony with the apparent sense in which it is used in the same act in a clause for the direction and control of the state treasurer. He is required “ to pay on demand out of the state treasury all sums authorized by law to be so paid, if there are appropriate funds in the treasury to pay the same, and when any such sum is required to be paid out of a particular fund, it shall be paid out of such fund only; and he shal-l pay no fund out of the treasury except in pursuance of law authorizing the payment.” The first clause enjoins upon the treasurer the duty of paying out of the treasury all sums authorized by law to be paid; that is to say, he, like the secretary of state, in auditing must see to it that the sums disbursed are upon valid claims or demands against the state, such liabilities or obligations as the law has authorized to be incurred. All sums thus authorized by law must be paid if there are appropriate funds in the treasury; and when such sum is required to be paid out of a *397particular fund, then out of such fund only. Herein there is no reference to any appropriated fund set aside in the treasury for a specific purpose. The “ funds ” referred to are such as may be applicable in the disbursement of sums authorized by law to be paid. And the particular fund may be one of the few provided for by law under the constitution. In the latter clause, however, we find an additional limitation upon the action of the treasurer. He shall pay no fund — that is, no one of the funds provided by law, and of course no part of any one of such funds — out of the treasury except in pursuance of law authorizing the payment thereof, or, in other words, the disbursement of the fund. This contemplates an appropriation of the fund, and an inhibition upon the treasurer to disburse it in any event unless so appropriated. The clause authorizing the treasurer to indorse upon warrants “ Not paid for want of funds ” must be read in connection with these clauses, and, when so interpreted, it becomes at once intelligible and plain without the changing of a syllable or a sentence; otherwise, as under the contention of the counsel for respondent the words “ the appropriate fund” must-be made to read “appropriated funds.” It is elementary that an act must be so construed, if possible^ as to give effect to all its provisions, as it is presumed that the legislature intended each to answer some appropriate and specific purpose; and with the interpretation here indicated all the other provisions of the act prescribing and governing the secretary’s official duties as auditor of public accounts and in the capacity of superintendent of the fiscal concerns of *398the state become operative at all times, otherwise the most important of them must fall utterly into disuse whenever it happens that appropriations have been exhausted, and all the time suspended as to any particular items or claims where funds are not set aside in the treasury for their discharge. We may instance some of them. By section 2208 the secretary is required to report to the legislature at the commencement of each regular session a complete list of all accounts so audited, and to enter in a book kept for that purpose an abstract of all warrants drawn on the treasury, showing the date, number, name of claimant, the amount claimed, the amount allowed thereon, and from which fund to be paid. And by section 2209 it is prescribed that all persons having claims shall present them to the secretary to be audited, settled, and allowed within two years, and not afterwards; that, if any person is dissatisfied with his decision on any claim, account, or credit, it is made his duty, at the request of such person, to refer the same to the legislative assembly; and that in all suits in behalf of the state no debt or claim shall be allowed against the state as a set-off but such as have been exhibited, and by him allowed or disallowed. Under the theory that there can be no auditing unless there is an appropriation, all these clauses, among others, would rest in abeyance for the time being, and in some instances become absolutely nugatory, public service would be impeded, and individuals might suffer an injustice. There is a natural and rational implication from the provisions here alluded to that the secretary should act upon the claims presented to him with reasonable *399dispatch; and, as there are no exceptions touching when he shall not act, we infer that the want of an appropriation of funds then applicable will not suspend his decision. We hold, therefore, that when a claim against the state is presented to the secretary he must act upon it, whether there has been an appropriation of funds with which to meet it or not; and, if allowed, he must indorse upon it the amount so allowed, and the fund,— one of the original funds subsisting under provisions of law, not the subdivided or appropriated fund, from which it is to be paid,— and draw his warrant on the treasury for the same. He'has nothing to do with the subdivided fund. The treasurer must look to that: State v. Hoffman, 35 Ohio St. 435.
The drawing of the warrant is made a part of the act of auditing, and it is the claimant’s evidence or certificaté of the allowance. Nor is it the drawing of money from the treasury: Evans v. McCarthy, 42 Kan. 426 (22 Pac. 631).
The warrant is but prima facie, not conclusive, evidence of the validity of the allowed claim; and unless there is authority of law for the payment of such claim, the treasurer may refuse, and, indeed, it is his duty to refuse, to pay the warrant, even if funds are appropriated: Goldsmith v. Baker City, 31 Or. 249 (49 Pac. 973); State v. Lindsley, 3 Wash. 125 (27 Pac. 1019). The legislature could have provided for auditing or settling claims and demands against the state without at the same time directing the warrant to be drawn, or it could have directed that no warrant should issue without an appropria*400tion, but it has not seen fit to do so, and it seems t» be the general policy of our legislation to associate the drawing of the warrant with the auditing of the claim, so that they become part and parcel of the same act. There are some exceptions to be found in the statute, but the particularity with which they are usually specified, directing, in effect, that no warrant shall issue unless there are funds set aside in the treasury with which to meet the demand, but fortifies the idea of the recognized existence of the general plan under which the absence of a prior appropriation of funds is not an objection to the issuance of the warrant: People v. Lippincott, 72 Ill. 578; People v. Secretary of State, 58 Ill. 94.
It sometimes occurs, however, that special appropriations are made for a particular purpose where the act itself authorizes the incurring of the expense, and is the only warrant of law therefor. In such cases, of course, the measure of the appropriation is the limit of authority to obligate the state, and hence the secretary could neither audit nor draw his warrant, because the claim is not one which the law would recognize as valid against the state: Flynn v. Truner, 99 Mich. 96 (57 N. W. 1092).
In coming to this conclusion we have not overlooked the case of Brown v. Fleischner, 4 Or. 132. This authority may be regarded as in point, as it was based mainly, if not exclusively, upon the ground that the authority of the secretary of state to audit accounts and draw warrants upon the treasurer depends upon the condition that an appropriation has been made for their payment, although the proceeding was *401for a writ of mandamus against the treasurer to compel him to pay warrants. But we firmly believe that the case was decided upon a mistaken interpretation of the statute, and we cannot give our approval to a construction which, in effect, suspends the operation of certain plain and distinct provisions necessary to the due and orderly administration of the public service, and which at the same time nullifies completely one of the most important constitutional functions pertaining to the office of secretary of state whenever there is not a subsisting appropriation. If such was the intention of the legislature, it would no> doubt have given some indication thereof in expressing its will pertaining to the subject; and in the absence of such an indication, we feel constrained to believe that such was not its intention. The case of Brown v. Fleischner will, therefore, be overruled in so far as it is in conflict with this opinion.
This leaves but one other question to be determined, and that is whether the secretary should be required to audit and draw his warrant for this particular demand. The authorities seem to be uniform that, when the nature and amount of the services rendered the state are definitely fixed and ascertained, and the compensation therefor is regulated by law, such as the salaries of public officers,'the duty of auditing and allowing the account or claim for such services becomes a mere ministerial act, the performance of which may be required by mandamus. And so it is with drawing the warrant for the payment of the claim or demand: High on Extraordinary Remedies, §§ 101, 104, 105; Fowler v. Peirce, 2 Cal. 165; Bryan v. *402Cattell, 15 Iowa, 538; Swann v. Buck, 40 Miss. 268, 291. In accordance with these considerations, the judgment of the court below will be reversed, and the cause remanded, with directions to that court to overrule the demurrer.
Reversed.