Court Opinion

ID: 9440658
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-03 17:01:02.76897+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:31:46.255380
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        AUG 3 2023
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

ROBERT LOGAN BERRY, Jr.,                        No.    21-16943

                Petitioner-Appellant,           D.C. No.
                                                3:16-cv-00470-MMD-WGC
 v.

KYLE OLSEN; ATTORNEY GENERAL                    MEMORANDUM*
FOR THE STATE OF NEVADA,

                Respondents-Appellees.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                            for the District of Nevada
                  Miranda M. Du, Chief District Judge, Presiding

                             Submitted July 19, 2023**
                             San Francisco, California

Before: SILER,*** WARDLAW, and M. SMITH, Circuit Judges.

      Petitioner Robert Logan Berry, Jr. appeals the district court’s denial of his 28

U.S.C. § 2254 petition, which challenges his conviction in Nevada state court for

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      ***
            The Honorable Eugene E. Siler, United States Circuit Judge for the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by designation.
attempted robbery. Because the parties are familiar with the facts, we do not recount

them here. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 2253, and we

affirm.

      Pursuant to the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996

(AEDPA), a federal court may not grant habeas relief on a claim adjudicated on the

merits in state court unless the adjudication: was (1) “contrary to, or involved an

unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the

Supreme Court of the United States;” or (2) “based on an unreasonable

determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).

“Clearly established Federal law” refers to “the holdings, as opposed to the dicta, of

th[e] Court’s decisions as of the time of the relevant state-court decision.” Williams

v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 412 (2000).

      The Nevada Supreme Court’s determination that Nevada had jurisdiction over

Berry’s offense was not an unreasonable application of clearly established federal

law. At the time the Nevada Supreme Court made its decision, it was clear that

“[s]tates have jurisdiction to prosecute crimes committed by non-Indians against

non-Indians in Indian country.” Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta, 142 S. Ct. 2486, 2494

(2022)1 (describing the holding of United States v. McBratney, 104 U.S. 621, 623–

1
 The Nevada Supreme Court affirmed Berry’s conviction in October 2015.
Accordingly, in our analysis pursuant to AEDPA, we do not apply the holding of
Castro-Huerta, which was decided in 2022. See 142 S. Ct. at 2504–05 (holding that

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624 (1882)); see also United States v. Antelope, 430 U.S. 641, 643 n.2 (1977) (“[A]

non-Indian charged with committing crimes against other non-Indians in Indian

country is subject to prosecution under state law.”). In this case, the Nevada

Supreme Court reasonably determined that Berry (a non-Indian) was charged with

committing a crime against the non-Indian clerk of a gas station located in Indian

country, and thus Nevada had jurisdiction over his criminal proceedings.2

      Berry argues that McBratney permits state jurisdiction only over offenses that

do not affect or involve Indians, and because the gas station where his crime took

place was owned by tribal members, McBratney does not apply. To support this

interpretation, Berry cites Supreme Court cases describing McBratney as limiting

state jurisdiction to “Indian country crimes involving only non-Indians, Duro v.

Reina, 495 U.S. 676, 680 n.1 (1990) (emphasis added), or “crimes between whites

and whites which do not affect Indians,” People of State of N.Y. ex rel. Ray v. Martin,

326 U.S. 496, 500 (1946) (emphasis added). Berry argues that his reading is also

supported by the Court’s holding that federal jurisdiction extends to crimes “against

states have concurrent jurisdiction with the federal government over crimes by non-
Indians against non-Indians in Indian country).
2
  The Nevada and federal robbery statutes both define the crime as against the
person of another. Nev. Rev. Stat. § 200.380(1) (defining robbery as “the unlawful
taking of personal property from the person of another, or in the person’s presence,
against his or her will, by means of force or violence or fear of injury”); 18 U.S.C.
§ 2111 (criminalizing the use of “force and violence, or by intimidation, [to] take[]
or attempt[] to take from the person or presence of another anything of value.”).

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the Indians or against their property” in United States v. Chavez, 290 U.S. 357, 365

(1933) (emphasis added).

      However, in none of these cases did the Court hold that a crime by a non-

Indian against a non-Indian that “affected or involved” Indians was not subject to

state jurisdiction under McBratney. In Duro and Martin, the cited language is dicta

and does not provide “clearly established law” for purposes of AEDPA review. See

Williams, 529 U.S. at 412.      And in Chavez, the Court held that the federal

government had jurisdiction over a non-Indian’s theft of pueblo livestock—a crime

directly against Indians (and Indian property), not merely affecting or involving

Indians. See 290 U.S. at 359.

      Under a straightforward reading of McBratney, the Nevada Supreme Court’s

determination was not unreasonable because the gas station clerk was non-Indian.

See 104 U.S. at 624. Accordingly, Berry has not met his burden under AEDPA.

AFFIRMED.

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