Court Opinion

ID: 5891781
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-13 02:50:21.832204+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:45:21.327717
License: Public Domain

Balio, J.
(dissenting). I must dissent. By applying standards *925for the admissibility of scientific evidence at trials to a prison disciplinary hearing, the majority has, in my view, erroneously elevated the evidentiary requirements at such hearings.
Evidence that would be inadmissible in court may be considered in administrative proceedings (see, for example, May v Shaw, 79 AD2d 970 [polygraph test results]) and may, by itself, constitute substantial evidence (People ex rel. Vega v Smith, 66 NY2d 130, 139). The issue is whether the determination is supported by relevant proof which a reasonable mind would accept as adequate to support a conclusion or ultimate fact (People ex rel. Vega v Smith, supra). Substantial evidence is less than a preponderance of evidence, but more than mere surmise, conjecture or speculation (see, 300 Gramatan Ave. Assoc. v State Div. of Human Rights, 45 NY2d 176, 180-181; Matter of Stoker v Tarentino, 101 AD2d 651, 652, mod on other grounds 64 NY2d 994). Thus, the mere fact that prison officials have not presented opinion testimony on the general reliability of the test to the extent required for admission at trial does not necessarily bar admission of the test results at an administrative hearing.
There is no requirement that the record of an administrative hearing contain proof of reliability, and a hearing is not necessary to establish the general reliability of a scientific test. Reliability can be ascertained by éxamination of a variety of sources which reveal the general acceptance of the test by the scientific community (see, People v Middleton, 54 NY2d 42, 49-50; People v Magri, 3 NY2d 562). In this respect, the two major studies performed relative to the EMIT test procedures utilized in this case found double EMIT testing (where a second test is conducted on the same urine sample to confirm the result of the EMIT test) to be 96% and 97.7% accurate, prompting one court to deny an application by prisoners to enjoin prison officials preliminarily from utilizing the test (see, Peranzo v Coughlin, 608 F Supp 1504, 1512). Other courts have found the results of double EMIT tests sufficiently reliable to support disciplinary findings (see, Wykoff v Resig, 613 F Supp 1504) and parole revocation (Smith v State, 250 Ga 438, 298 SE2d 482; Hunt v State, 173 Ga App 638, 327 SE2d 500; see also, United States v Penn, 721 F2d 762), and one court has found a single EMIT test result reliable (Jensen v Lick, 589 F Supp 35).
Cases rejecting EMIT tests as unreliable are factually distinguishable. Most cases involve a single, unconfirmed test (see, Higgs v Wilson, 616 F Supp 226 [WD Ky], vacated sub nom. Higgs v Bland, Nos. 85-5701, 85-5887 [6th Cir]; Wilson v State, *926697 SW2d 83 [Tex Ct App]; Matter of Johnson v Walton, No. 561-84Rm. [Vt Super Ct]; and Kane v Fair, 33 Crim L Rptr 2492 [Mass Super Ct]), not the more reliable double test procedures utilized here (see, Wykoff v Resig, 613 F Supp 1504, supra; and Peranzo v Coughlin, 608 F Supp 1504, 1511-1513, supra). In Isacks v State (646 SW2d 602 [Tex Ct App]), confirmed EMIT test results were rejected because the operator did not adequately demonstrate her qualifications. And finally, in Matter of Brown v Smith (132 Mise 2d 686), there is no indication that the court considered, or had available to it, the results of the two major studies considered in Peranzo v Coughlin (supra), which indicated a high degree of accuracy for confirmed EMIT tests results.
Based upon the analysis and conclusions in Peranzo (supra) and Wykoff v Resig (supra), the Appellate Division, Third Department, has held that double EMIT test results are sufficiently reliable to constitute substantial evidence in prison disciplinary cases and rejected the notion that a hearing was required to establish general reliability (Matter of Vasquez v Coughlin, 118 AD2d 897). I reach the same conclusion.
In this case, petitioner raised no objection to the Hearing Officer’s consideration of the test results and made no claim that the testing was not properly performed. In any event, the packet of documentary materials before the Hearing Officer includes the approved instructions for testing, urinalysis procedure forms indicating that testing was performed in accord with the instructions, a chain of custody log, and the test results. Thus, an adequate foundation existed for admission of the EMIT test results (Matter of Newman v Coughlin, 110 AD2d 981, 983; see also, Matter of Sanchez v Hoke, 116 AD2d 965, 966). A correction officer also testified regarding the procedures he utilized in performing the test.
Under the circumstances, I find the determination to be supported by relevant proof upon which reasonable minds would rely and would confirm the determination. (Appeal from judgment of Supreme Court, Wyoming County, Dadd, J. —art 78.) Present — Doerr, J. P., Boomer, Green, Pine and Balio, JJ.