Court Opinion

ID: 4502283
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-01-28 20:00:11.031139+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:00:53.963070
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                       For the First Circuit

No. 18-2103

              IN RE: EMPRESAS MARTÍNEZ VALENTÍN CORP.,

                              Debtor.

                        PC PUERTO RICO, LLC,

                             Appellant,

                                 v.

                 EMPRESAS MARTÍNEZ VALENTÍN CORP.,

                             Appellee.

          APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                 FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO

     [Hon. Pedro A. Delgado-Hernández, U.S. District Judge]

                               Before

                 Torruella, Thompson, and Kayatta,
                          Circuit Judges.

     Kenneth C. Suria, with whom Paul J. Hammer and Estrella, LLC
were on brief, for appellant.
     Nelson Robles Díaz, with whom Nelson Robles-Diaz Law Offices,
P.S.C. was on brief, for appellee.

                          January 28, 2020
            KAYATTA, Circuit Judge.        This appeal turns primarily on

a   rule   of   appellate   practice.      The   Supreme   Court   has   twice

explained that the time limit within which an appeal of a final

judgment need be made starts running even if the lower court still

has before it a request for attorneys' fees or costs incurred in

litigating the case.        See Ray Haluch Gravel Co. v. Cent. Pension

Fund of Int'l Union of Operating Eng'rs & Participating Emp'rs,

571 U.S. 177, 186 (2014); Budinich v. Becton Dickinson & Co., 486
U.S. 196, 202 (1988).          Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 58(e)

expressly reminds counsel of this important point, stating that

"[o]rdinarily, the entry of judgment may not be delayed, nor the

time for appeal extended, in order to tax costs or award fees."

            The appellant PC Puerto Rico ("PCPR") has run afoul of

this rule in this case.          After the bankruptcy court issued a

decision on the merits of all claims before it, PCPR did not

promptly file a notice of appeal.           Instead, it waited 237 days,

appealing only after the bankruptcy court later decided a long-

pending motion for attorneys' fees and costs incurred by the

prevailing party, Empresas Martínez Valentín Corp. ("EMV"), in

litigating this case. In this opinion we explore several possible,

somewhat complicated rationales for bridging that 237-day gap.

Ultimately, though, we are unable to find a basis for deeming the

notice of appeal timely as applied to anything other than the award

of fees and costs.          We therefore dismiss the appeal from the

                                   - 2 -
district court's ruling on the merits.          And while we are able to

review the award of fees and costs, we affirm that award for

reasons that we will explain.

                                    I.

             EMV, its president Angel Martínez Valentín, and PCPR

tussled over their respective rights under a lease and sublease to

a commercial property located in Sabana Grande, Puerto Rico. After

EMV filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, PCPR continued to

pursue claims asserted by it against Mr. Martínez in a separate,

previously filed action in the United States District Court for

the District of Puerto Rico, eventually seizing and disposing of

personal property owned by EMV located on the commercial property.

After a six-day bench trial, the bankruptcy court found that PCPR's

seizure   and   disposal   of   EMV's    property   after   EMV   filed   for

bankruptcy    protection   constituted     a   willful   violation   of   the

Bankruptcy Code's automatic stay, which enjoins the exercise of

unauthorized control over property of the debtor's estate upon the

filing of a bankruptcy petition, see 11 U.S.C. § 362(a)(3).           In an

"opinion and order" dated and docketed on April 4, 2017, the

bankruptcy court awarded EMV damages against PCPR in the amount of

$408,153 under section 105(a) of the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C.

§ 105(a), which has been interpreted to give bankruptcy courts

civil contempt powers to enforce their orders.              The bankruptcy

court's April 4 ruling otherwise disposed of all claims and issues

                                  - 3 -
in the case, save for EMV's request for costs and attorneys' fees

"incurred in the prosecution of this adversary proceeding," with

the amount to be determined by further submissions by the parties.

            On April 18, 2017, EMV filed a motion under Bankruptcy

Rules 9023 and 9024, which incorporate Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure 59 and 60, asking the bankruptcy court to reconsider its

April 4 opinion so as to order even more damages in favor of EMV.

The bankruptcy court denied EMV's motion by order entered on May

30, 2017.    On November 27, 2017, the bankruptcy court then issued

two more opinions and orders:        the first awarding EMV $107,627.56

in   attorneys'   fees    incurred     in     litigating    this    adversary

proceeding, the second awarding costs of the proceeding in the

amount of $6,364.99.      Both opinions and orders appeared on the

docket   that   day,    along   with   a     separate    two-page   judgment

encompassing both the April 4 ruling and the awards of fees and

costs.

            PCPR then appealed, on December 8, 2017, to the district

court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1), and EMV moved to dismiss

or limit the appeal as untimely.            The district court denied the

motion without explanation, proceeded to review the bankruptcy

court rulings and awards on the merits, and affirmed them in all

respects.    On October 25, 2018, PCPR then appealed to this court

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 158(d) and 1291 and Federal Rules of

Appellate   Procedure    4(a)(1)   and      6(b).   In     its   brief,   PCPR

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challenges both the award of damages and the award of attorneys'

fees.

                                II.

          We first discuss EMV's contention that PCPR waited too

long to appeal the bankruptcy court's order of damages.          In a

bankruptcy case, appeals from decisions of the bankruptcy court

proceed first either to a bankruptcy appellate panel (BAP) or to

the district court.   In re Hill, 562 F.3d 29, 32 (1st Cir. 2009).

After either the BAP or the district court rules, an unsatisfied

party may then seek direct review of the bankruptcy court's

judgment from a court of appeals.      Id.    PCPR chose to appeal to

the district court.    By rule, such an appeal must be filed by

notice with the bankruptcy clerk "within 14 days after entry of

the judgment, order, or decree being appealed."        Fed. R. Bankr.

P. 8002(a)(1).   We have previously held that failure to comply

with this time limit for filing a notice of appeal strips the

district court of appellate jurisdiction, necessitating dismissal

of the appeal.   See In re Vázquez Laboy, 647 F.3d 367, 371 (1st

Cir. 2011) (citing In re Abdallah, 778 F.2d 75, 77 (1st Cir.

1985)).   And even if we were now to treat the fourteen-day deadline

as a nonjurisdictional, claim-processing rule, we are required to

enforce it if a failure to comply is properly brought to our

attention (an issue we discuss below).       See Hamer v. Neighborhood

Hous. Servs. of Chi., 138 S. Ct. 13, 17 (2017) (noting that claim-

                               - 5 -
processing rules "must be enforced" (emphasis added)).    And if the

district court lacked the ability to review a judgment of the

bankruptcy court due to an untimely notice of appeal, then we by

extension lack the ability to review that judgment.   Abdallah, 778
F.2d at 77.

           To determine the extent to which PCPR timely filed its

appeal from the April 4 rulings with the district court, we begin

by calculating the last possible date on which such an appeal could

have been filed, assuming that Ray Haluch's "uniform rule" requires

us to put to one side as collateral the request for attorneys'

fees.   The April 4 opinion and order fully resolved all other

claims, so it was otherwise a final judgment for appeal purposes.

See Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b); Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7054(a) (applying

Rule 54(b) to adversary proceedings).   But the time for appealing

begins to run not when the court finally decides a case, but rather

from when the decision is "entered" in the docket.    Fiore v. Wash.

Cty. Cmty. Mental Health Ctr., 960 F.2d 229, 232 (1st Cir. 1992);

see Fed. R. App. P. 4(a).

           There are three ways in which a judgment is deemed to be

entered.   First, and normally, a judgment is entered by preparing

and docketing a "separate document" setting out the judgment. Fed.

R. Civ. P. 58(a), (c)(2)(A); see Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7058 (incorpor-

ating Rule 58 in adversary proceedings).   This requires a document

"separate from an opinion or memorandum of the court," In re Smith

                               - 6 -
Corset Shops, Inc., 696 F.2d 971, 975 (1st Cir. 1982), that does

not contain "a substantial discussion of the law and the facts,"

Jeffries v. United States, 721 F.3d 1008, 1013 (8th Cir. 2013).

Second, if the court delays for more than 150 days in preparing

and docketing the separate document entering judgment, then the

rules deem judgment to have been entered when "150 days ha[d] run

from the entry in the civil docket" of the ruling that should have

been entered via a separate document. Fed. R. Civ. P. 58(c)(2)(B).

Third, certain rulings on motions need not be set out in a separate

document to be deemed entered.    Id. 58(a)(1)–(5).

            In this case, the April 4 opinion and order is not the

type of ruling on a motion for which no separate document need be

entered.    See id.   Rather (assuming the attorneys' fees issue is

collateral), the April 4 opinion and order is a final judgment for

which a separate document need be prepared and entered under

Rule 58(c)(1).     The bankruptcy court did not prepare and enter

such a separate document by September 1 (within 150 days of

April 4).     So, using the second option above (with one possible

tweak we will next discuss), we must deem the April 4 judgment to

have been entered on September 1 for purposes of triggering the

fourteen-day deadline for appeal, which would have expired on

September 15, well before PCPR filed its notice of appeal on

December 8.

                                 - 7 -
          The possible tweak we might make arises from the fact

that, before fourteen days had run from the April 4 decision, EMV

filed its Rule 59 and 60 motion, requesting either "relief from"

the April 4 decision or "to alter and/or [a]mend" the same.     That

filing would have postponed (until its denial on May 30) the

running of the time within which to appeal the April 4 decision

had a separate document previously been prepared and entered.    See

Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(4)(A).    But even if we assume, arguendo, that

we can still add those 56 days onto the 150 days permitted by Rule

58(c), we only get to October 28, which would have required the

filing of a notice of appeal by November 11.

          The foregoing makes clear that the December 8 notice of

appeal from the April 4 judgment was untimely if the "uniform"

rule of Ray Haluch applies, 571 U.S. at 186, as it "ordinarily"

does, Fed. R. Civ. P. 58(e).      PCPR therefore trains its argument

on contending that Ray Haluch's rule does not apply in this case

for a single reason:   the attorneys' fees here are, according to

PCPR, "compensatory damages" recoverable as an "element" of the

claim for violating the automatic stay.    But the Supreme Court has

made clear that the treatment of a claim for attorneys' fees as

collateral does not turn on whether we label the fee claim to be

part of the merits of the case.    As the Court noted in Ray Haluch,

its "decision in Budinich made it clear that the uniform rule there

announced did not depend on whether the statutory or decisional

                                - 8 -
law authorizing a particular fee claim treated the fees as part of

the merits." 571 U.S. at 185 (citing Budinich, 486 U.S. at 201).

Rather, the Supreme Court directs us to train our attention on

whether the fees in question are "fees incurred in the course of

litigating the case" and thus could not have been determined until

after the case was litigated.        Id. at 184–85; see also Budinich,
486 U.S. at 200.1

           The     pending   request    for   fees    recognized     in   the

bankruptcy court's April 4 opinion and order allowed only for

further   proof    "of   attorney   fees    and   costs   incurred   in   the

prosecution of this adversary proceeding." In re Empresas Martínez

Valentín Corp., Adversary No. 11-00178, 2017 WL 1251073, at *16

(Bankr. D.P.R. Apr. 4, 2017).          Therefore, under Ray Haluch, the

bankruptcy court's decision not to resolve the fee claim in its

April 4 order had no effect on the finality of the rest of the

order for purposes of appeal.2

     1  We have previously held that this rule applies to appeals
under 28 U.S.C. § 158. See In re Rivera Torres, 432 F.3d 20, 22–
23 (1st Cir. 2005).
     2  PCPR's reliance on In re Duby, 451 B.R. 664 (B.A.P. 1st
Cir. 2011), is therefore unavailing. In Duby, the notice of appeal
-- coming after the district court entered a judgment including
attorneys' fees -- was timely because, even though the bankruptcy
court awarded no damages apart from attorneys' fees, it had not
yet made that determination as part of the underlying liability
determination.   Id. at 668.    Here, by contrast, the bankruptcy
court on April 4 had made a determination as to the amount of
actual damages, so on those issues there was "nothing left to do
but execute the judgment." Saka v. Holder, 741 F.3d 244, 249 n.2
(1st Cir. 2013).

                                    - 9 -
          One final point on timeliness remains.    PCPR seemingly

suggests that EMV's challenge to the timeliness of the appeal

should fail because the district court considered and rejected the

contention that the appeal was untimely3 and EMV did not cross-

appeal that determination.   This argument presumes that Bankruptcy

Rule 8002 (governing the deadline for appealing) is a waivable

claim-processing rule, rather than a statutory jurisdictional

requirement that a party cannot waive.   We have previously stated

otherwise, see Vazquez Laboy, 647 F.3d at 371; Walkup v. Carpenter,

16 F.3d 401 (table), 1994 WL 19949 (1st Cir. 1994) (per curiam);

Abdallah, 778 F.2d at 77, although the Supreme Court's subsequent

decision in Hamer might warrant revisiting this holding, see 138
S. Ct. at 21; see also In re Shah, 546 B.R. 398, 402–03 (Bankr.

E.D. Wis. 2016); but see In re Berman-Smith, 737 F.3d 997, 1003

(5th Cir. 2013); In re Caterbone, 640 F.3d 108, 113 n.5 (3d Cir.

2011); In re Latture, 605 F.3d 830, 836–37 (10th Cir. 2010); In re

Wilkins, 587 B.R. 97, 104–05 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 2018); In re Jackson,

585 B.R. 410, 412–21 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2018).4

     3  PC Puerto Rico LLC v. Empresas Martínez Valentín, Corp.,
No. CV 17-2358 (D.P.R. Sept. 30, 2018) (order denying motion to
dismiss for lack of jurisdiction).
     4  While not deciding this issue, the Supreme Court recently
suggested that the time limit for appeal has its origins in the
Bankruptcy Code, which may indicate that it is a matter of
statutory jurisdiction, although it ultimately only stated that
the appeal was dismissed as "untimely," not for lack of
jurisdiction. See Ritzen Group, Inc. v. Jackson Masonry, LLC, No.

                               - 10 -
            In this case, though, it makes no difference whether

compliance with the time deadline for filing an appeal is a

requirement of jurisdiction or a claim-processing rule that might

be waived.    EMV has not waived its objection to PCPR's untimely

filing.    Its responsive brief on appeal devotes an entire section

to the issue.   And EMV does so not to seek a change in the judgment

of the bankruptcy court but rather to provide an alternative basis

for leaving the judgment in place as is.    Accordingly, EMV had no

need to file a cross-appeal in order to preserve its repeatedly

made challenge to the timeliness of the appeal.      See In re Bos.

Reg'l Med. Ctr., Inc., 291 F.3d 111, 116 n.2 (1st Cir. 2002).

            We recognize that the foregoing application of the time

limit for filing an appeal bears some complexity.   But the rule in

question has twice been explained by the Supreme Court.   And since

1993, the civil rules, which the bankruptcy rules incorporate for

adversary proceedings, have expressly warned that the pendency of

a request for attorneys' fees ordinarily does not stay the time

within which an appeal need be filed.       Fed. R. Civ. P. 58(e)

(advisory committee notes on 1993 amendment); Fed. R. Bankr. P.

7058.     The rules also expressly offer the bankruptcy court the

option, not taken here, to enter an express order deeming a timely

motion for attorneys' fees to have the same effect as a motion

18-938, slip op. at 4, 12, 2020 WL 201023, at *7 (U.S. Jan. 14,
2020).

                               - 11 -
under Rule 59, delaying the running of the time within which to

appeal.      Fed. R. Civ. P. 58(e).        And the rules point counsel to a

safe harbor that avoids all of this:                when in doubt, file your

notice of appeal, because a premature notice, unlike a late notice,

can still be effective.          See Fed. R. Bankr. P. 8002(a)(2); Fed. R.

App. P. 4(a)(2); see also FirsTier Mortg. Co. v. Inv'rs Mortg.

Ins. Co., 498 U.S. 269, 276 (1991) (noting that "Rule 4(a)(2) was

intended to protect the unskilled litigant who files a notice of

appeal from a decision that he reasonably but mistakenly believes

to be a final judgment").         PCPR failed to do so, and once properly

raised before us, the timely filing of a notice of appeal is a

mandatory requirement that we must enforce even if we assume,

favorably to PCPR, that the rule is only a claim-processing rule.

See Hamer, 138 S. Ct. at 17.             We therefore dismiss PCPR's appeal

of the damages award.5

                                         III.

              We now turn to the sole remaining issue before us:

whether the amount of attorneys' fees awarded by the bankruptcy

court       was   appropriate.      We     review   the   bankruptcy   court's

"quantification of fees for abuse of discretion."             In re Sullivan,

        5
        This includes all of PCPR's challenges to the April 4
order, including whether the evidence supported a finding of a
willful stay violation, the expert valuation of damages, and issues
pertaining to mitigation and lack of bad faith.

                                     - 12 -
674 F.3d 65, 68 (1st Cir. 2012).6   Such abuse occurs when the lower

court clearly "ignored a factor deserving significant weight,

relied upon an improper factor, or evaluated all the proper factors

(and no improper ones), but made a serious mistake in weighing

them."   Id.

            In challenging the amount of fees awarded, PCPR argues

that EMV was not a prevailing party with respect to many of its

claims, so it should not recover fees spent in pursuing those

failed claims.    In its view, because EMV only recovered 8% of the

damages in play at trial, the amount of fees awarded should have

been reduced by some larger amount, perhaps 92%, or eliminated

entirely.

            The bankruptcy court properly handled this argument.   It

assumed, favorably to PCPR, that the customary "prevailing party"

construct applies here.7     The general rule for statutes with a

prevailing-party fee-shifting provision is that, to recover fees,

a party need only show that it "succeed[ed] on any significant

issue in litigation . . . achiev[ing] some of the benefit the

part[y] sought in bringing suit."    Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S.
424, 433 (1983) (quoting Nadeau v. Helgemoe, 581 F.2d 275, 278–

     6  On appeal from a district court's review of a decision by
a bankruptcy court, we look through the intermediate court's
decision and "assess[] the bankruptcy court's decision directly."
In re DeMore, 844 F.3d 292, 296 (1st Cir. 2016).
     7  EMV does not challenge the use of this construct, so we
need not decide whether section 105 requires its use.

                               - 13 -
279 (1st Cir. 1978)).      We have further refined this definition by

stating that the case's disposition need only "materially alter

the   litigants'   legal    relationship    by   modifying   one   party's

behavior in a way that directly benefits the other" to qualify the

prevailing party for a fees award.         J.S. v. Westerly Sch. Dist.,

910 F.3d 4, 10 (1st Cir. 2018).            Here, the bankruptcy court

construed the terms of the lease, the major issue in dispute, in

favor of EMV, awarding EMV $408,153 in damages, reflecting 100% of

the value EMV was seeking for the personal property that PCPR had

disposed of in bad faith.     Moreover, although the bankruptcy court

declined to award damages for PCPR's other self-help actions

(changing the locks and blocking off the store after the stay had

been imposed), it nonetheless found that these too were violations

of EMV's rights for part of the period in question.          This leaves

little doubt that the bankruptcy court's order vindicated the

debtor's rights, altering the relative legal status of the parties.

           Moreover, the bankruptcy court did reduce the amount of

trial-related fees it awarded by 25% because of EMV's failure to

succeed on three of its four claims, a factor it combined with

EMV's lack of diligence in updating the court on its own volition

about the sale of some of the property. PCPR points to no authority

requiring that an award of fees be reduced in exact or even

approximate   proportion    to   the   percentage   of   damages   awarded

relative to those initially sought. Nor does the amount of damages

                                 - 14 -
awarded in a case always directly reflect the proportional effort

expended on the successful claims.    Here, the bankruptcy court had

briefing on the amount of fees from both parties and wrote a

thorough, reasoned opinion discussing all of the arguments in turn.

By taking EMV's relative success into account and estimating that

a 25% reduction was appropriate, the bankruptcy court did not

clearly ignore the degree-of-success factor.     Nor did it make a

serious mistake in weighing the factor to arrive at its conclusion.

Rather, it made a reasoned determination as to how much to reduce

the fees by.   This determination was not an abuse of discretion.8

                                IV.

           For the foregoing reasons, we dismiss the appeal of the

April 4 damages award, and we affirm the amount of attorneys' fees

imposed.

     8  To the extent the bankruptcy court should have reduced
pretrial expenses accordingly, that claim is waived, and we need
not decide whether section 105 requires such consideration.
Below, PCPR moved only to reduce EMV's "trial-related entries" for
its lack of success, so it cannot attempt to seek a reduction in
"all Plaintiff's billing entries and costs" now.

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