Court Opinion

ID: 3168670
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-01-11 23:01:54.987638+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:01:23.869965
License: Public Domain

Filed 1/11/16 Colony Cove Properties v. City of Carson CA2/5
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION FIVE

COLONY COVE PROPERTIES, LLC,                                         B260071

         Petitioner and Appellant,                                   (Los Angeles County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. BS132471)
         v.

CITY OF CARSON et al.,

         Respondents and Respondents.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of the County of Los Angeles,
Luis A. Lavin, Judge. Affirmed.
         Gilchrist & Rutter, Richard H. Close, Thomas W. Casparian, and Yen. N. Hope
for Petitioner and Appellant.
         Aleshire & Wynder, William W. Wynder, Sunny K. Soltani, and Jeff M. Malawy
for Respondents and Respondents.
                                     INTRODUCTION

       Plaintiff and appellant Colony Cove Properties, LLC owns a mobilehome park
(park) in the City of Carson that is subject to rent control, and made several applications
to defendants and respondents the City of Carson (City) and City of Carson Mobilehome
Park Rental Review Board (Board) for rent increases. Pursuant to plaintiff’s first two
applications (years 1 and 2), the Board granted plaintiff rent increases for those years, but
less than the amount sought by plaintiff. The court in Colony Cove Properties, LLC v.
City of Carson (2013) 220 Cal.App.4th 840 (Colony Cove I) affirmed the trial court’s
denial of plaintiff’s petitions for writ of mandate regarding those Board decisions.
       In September 2010, plaintiff again submitted an application for a rent increase
(year 4).1 The Board granted plaintiff a rent increase, but again it was again less than the
amount sought by plaintiff in its application. The trial court denied plaintiff’s petition for
writ of mandate regarding the Board’s decision regarding that application on the ground
that plaintiff failed to cite to the administrative record or provide a statement of facts.
       Plaintiff appeals from a judgment of dismissal entered after the trial court denied
plaintiff’s petition. Plaintiff states that although it disagrees with the Colony Cove I,
supra, 220 Cal.App.4th 840 regarding the applications for years 1 and 2, “it nevertheless
acknowledges that it is controlling and dispositive here.” By doing so, plaintiff
essentially concedes that we should affirm the judgment following the trial court’s denial
of the petition regarding the Board’s decision concerning plaintiff’s year 4 application.
Plaintiff explains that it cannot dismiss the action and “must [instead] proceed with this
appeal in order to exhaust its state court remedies and perfect its federal claims in Colony
Cove Properties, LLC v. City of Carson, C.D. Cal. Case No. CV 14-03242 PSG (PJWx)”
(federal claims). We affirm the judgment.

1
       The year 4 application is the subject of this appeal. Plaintiff submitted an
application for a rent increase for the third year it owned the park (year 3), but that
application is not the subject of this appeal.

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                              FACTUAL BACKGROUND

       A.     Rent Control Ordinance and Guidelines
       In 1979, the City adopted a rent control ordinance for mobilehome park spaces
(ordinance), which ordinance is still in effect today. (Carson Mun. Code, § 4700 et seq.;
Colony Cove I, supra, 220 Cal.App.4th at p. 847.) Under the ordinance, the Board is
required to “grant such rent increases as it determines to be fair, just and reasonable”—
that is, if the rent increase “protects Homeowners from excessive rent increases and
allows a fair return on investment to the Park Owner.” (Carson Mun. Code, § 4704(g);
Colony Cove I, supra, 220 Cal.App.4th at pp. 847-848.)
       The City adopted guidelines for the implementation of the ordinance (Guidelines).
(Colony Cove I, supra, 220 Cal.App.4th at p. 848.) In making its decision on a general
rent increase, the Board must consider several factors articulated by the ordinance, as
well as any other relevant factors, and no particular factor is to be dispositive. (Carson
Mun. Code, § 4704(g); Guidelines, §§ I (C-D); Colony Cove I, supra, 220 Cal.App.4th at
p. 848.)
       In October 2006, the Guidelines were amended to provide that the Board also may
consider a “maintenance of net operating income analysis” (MNOI) which compares the
net operating income (NOI) from the last rent increase granted to a park owner to the
NOI demonstrated in any pending rent increase application. (Guidelines, § II (C); Colony
Cove I, supra, 220 Cal.App.4th at p. 849.) Under the Guidelines, changes in debt service
expenses are not to be considered in the MNOI analysis. (Guidelines, II (C)(2); Colony
Cove I, supra, 220 Cal.App.4th at p. 849.) The Guidelines further provide that “each rent
increase application after the first application is evaluated only on the basis of changes in
income, expenses, profit, the CPI [Consumer Price Index], maintenance, amenities and
services that have occurred since the date of the last increase approved by the Board.”
(Guidelines, § I (E).)

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       B.     Plaintiff’s Year 1 and Year 2 Rent Increase Applications
       In 2006 plaintiff purchased the park located in the City for $23,050,000. (Colony
Cove I, supra, 220 Cal.App.4th at p. 847.) To purchase the park, plaintiff paid
$5,050,000, and obtained a purchase money loan of $18,000,000 for the balance. (Ibid.)
According to plaintiff’s appraisal, at the time of purchase the NOI generated by the park
was about $1.1 million, and had been similar in the few years prior.
       Plaintiff applied to the Board for rent increases in each of its first two years of
plaintiff’s ownership of the park (i.e., years 1 and 2). (Colony Cove I, supra, 220
Cal.App.4th at pp. 850, 859.) Regarding the year 1 application, plaintiff’s expert, John
Neet, concluded that a $365 rent increase per space per month was necessary for a fair
return. Neet reasoned that plaintiff was entitled to a NOI each year equal to 9 percent of
its $23,050,000 purchase price (a NOI of $2,074,500 per year), but the park’s NOI was
only $304,838. Neet’s sum of 304,838 for the park’s NOI contradicted plaintiff’s
appraisal that the NOI was about $1.1 million because Neet factored in plaintiff’s debt
service. (Id. at p. 851.) In the alternative, Neet concluded that a $327 rent increase per
space per month was necessary for a fair return based on an 11.5 percent per year return
on the park owner’s equity (i.e., on the $5.05 million down payment) and accounting for
plaintiff’s debt service. (Id. at p. 852.) Another plaintiff expert, Michael St. John, PhD.,
submitted a MNOI analysis. Using 1978 as the base year, he concluded a $208.22 per
space per month rent increase was necessary to bring the park’s year 1 NOI to its 1978
level adjusted for inflation. (Id. at p. 853.)
       Kenneth Baar, Ph.D., the Board’s independent expert retained to evaluate
plaintiff’s expert reports and perform an independent fair return analysis, rejected
plaintiff’s analysis and recommended a MNOI analysis (which disregards debt service
expenses) for determining a fair return. Baar conducted a MNOI analysis, using 2005 as
the base year—the year prior to plaintiff’s purchase of the park and the year for which the
park was last awarded a rent increase. (Colony Cove I, supra, 220 Cal.App.4th at p. 855.)
Baar stated that to maintain the 2005 NOI, adjusted for inflation, rents would need to be
increased by $33.23 if indexed at 50 percent of the CPI, $36.74 at 75 percent of the CPI,

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or $40.27 at 100 percent of the CPI. (Id. at pp. 855, 857.) James Brabant, the Board’s
independent appraisal expert, criticized Neet for using a much lower park NOI to justify a
rent increase than plaintiff’s appraisal had used to justify the park purchase price, and
disagreed with Neet’s conclusion that 9 percent represented a reasonable rate of return.
(Id. at pp. 855-856, 869-870.) The Board granted a $36.74 rent increase based on Baar’s
MNOI analysis indexed at 75 percent of the CPI. (Id. at p. 858.)
       Nearly identical expert reports and analyses were presented on plaintiff’s rent
application in its second year of ownership—year 2. (Colony Cove I, supra, 220
Cal.App.4th at pp. 859-861.) The Board again awarded a rent increase using Baar’s
recommended MNOI analysis indexed at 75 percent of the CPI and using the prior year
as the base year. That analysis resulted in a $25.02 rent increase. (Id. at pp. 860-861.)
       Plaintiff filed petitions for writ of administrative mandate seeking state court
review of the year 1 and year 2 Board decisions. (Colony Cove I, supra, 220 Cal.App.4th
at p. 863.) Plaintiff contended in the petitions that use of MNOI was improper; the only
proper base year in a MNOI analysis is the year prior to institution of rent control; 100
percent CPI indexing of the NOI must be used, not 75 percent; and the Board failed to
properly consider plaintiff’s fair return application. (Ibid.)
       “[Plaintiff’s] petitions included a section entitled ‘Reservation of Federal Claims,’
which stated: “Under England [v. Medical Examiners (1964) 375 U.S. 411 [11 L.Ed.2d
440, 84 S.Ct. 461]] and its progeny, [plaintiff] hereby reserves any and all federal claims
arising from the facts alleged herein for litigation in federal court and gives notice to all
parties and the court that any resolution of state-law issues herein shall not constitute a
binding resolution of parallel or related federal issues and shall have no claim or issue
preclusion for [appellant's] federal claims. [Citation.]’ After the first petition was filed,
[defendants] moved to strike the reservation of federal claims. [¶] The [trial] court
granted the motion to strike. After [plaintiff] filed the second petition, the parties entered
into a stipulation and order, subsequently approved by the court, that the England
reservation in that petition would be stricken, and that the stipulation and order would
have the same impact on [plaintiff’s] appellate and federal court rights as if the court had

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entered an order striking the reservation after a full contested hearing on the merits.”
(Colony Cove I, supra, 220 Cal.App.4th at pp. 863-864.)
        The trial court denied the first petition “on the basis of ‘three established legal
principles that govern this type of case’: ‘1. There is no single constitutionally required
formula which must be used when government seeks to regulate the price charged for a
good or service. A governmental entity may choose to regulate pursuant to any fairly
constructed formula even though other proper formulas might allow for higher prices. [¶]
2. There is a range of rents which can be charged, all of which could be characterized as
allowing a just and reasonable return. [¶] 3. The MNOI . . . approach has been praised
by commentators for both its fairness and ease of administration. The [B]oard is not
obliged to reject a MNOI analysis just because a historical formula, using the actual cost
of acquisition would yield a higher rent increase. [Citation.] [¶] Under the foregoing
principles, the landlord cannot insist that a fair return must be calculated on the basis of
what it paid for the mobile home park, instead of a MNOI analysis. Nor can the landlord
insist that a MNOI analysis must use a pre-rent control base year. The selection of a base
year because it was a year in which the then owner of the mobile home park received a
rent increase which it did not challenge as unfair, is a rational basis for selecting the base
year, and the landlord cannot insist upon another base year, equally reasonable, just
because it yields a higher rent increase. [¶] . . . It is the governmental entity that
administers the rent control ordinance that gets to choose among proper formulas and use
an approach that both protects the tenants from excessive rent increases and allows a fair
return on investment to the landlord.’” (Colony Cove I, supra, 220 Cal.App.4th at p.
864.)
        The trial court approved the parties’ stipulation and order that “the decision and
judgment entered on the first petition (Year 1) would be adopted as the decision and
judgment in the second petition (Year 2) . . . .” (Colony Cove I, supra, 220 Cal.App.4th
at p. 864.) The trial court “thereafter entered a judgment denying the second petition
‘[f]or the reasons set forth in the Court’s Minute Order [in the proceedings on the first

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petition] . . . .’ [Plaintiff] separately appealed the judgments entered on the petitions.
The appeals were consolidated.” (Ibid.)
        The court in Division Four of the Second Appellate District affirmed the trial
court’s denial of the petitions. (Colony Cove I, supra, 220 Cal.App.4th 840.) Regarding
the year 1 application, the court upheld the Board’s use of the MNOI method to
determine a fair return that did not account for the plaintiff’s debt service expenses (id. at
pp. 866-872); upheld the Board’s use of 2005 as a base year in lieu of 1978, the year prior
to the institution of rent control (id. at pp. 873-876); held that indexing the NOI at 100
percent of the CPI was not required (id. at pp. 876-877); and held that maintaining the
park’s NOI was a proper fair return analysis. (Id. at pp. 871-873.) The court noted that
plaintiff’s own appraisal, rebutted the opinion of plaintiff’s expert, Neet, that a 9 percent
rate of return on the purchase price was required. (Ibid.) For these same reasons, the
court upheld the Board’s decision on plaintiff’s year 2 application. (Id. at p. 877.) The
court also reversed the trial court’s orders striking plaintiff’s reservation under England v.
Medical Examiners, supra, 375 U.S. 411 of any federal claims arising from the petitions
for litigation in federal court. (Colony Cove I, supra, 220 Cal.App.4th at pp. 877-881.)
The court noted, however, that it reversed the orders despite the fact that “a state court
order striking the reservation cannot curb a federal court’s jurisdiction . . . .” (Id. at p.
879.)

        C.     Plaintiff’s Rent Increase Application at Issue
        In September 2010, plaintiff filed with the City the rent increase application at
issue in this case (i.e., the year 4 application). The expert analyses and theories submitted
with the year 4 application are essentially the same as those submitted with the year 1 and
2 applications, with updated expense, equity, and CPI figures.
        Similar to the applications for years 1 and 2, plaintiff’s expert, Neet, opined that
plaintiff was entitled to a NOI of 9.75 percent of the purchase price and additional capital
contributions since purchase, necessitating a $550.19 rent increase to increase the NOI by
$2,660,713. As with the applications for years 1 and 2, Neet provided an alternative

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method again entitling plaintiff to an 11.5 percent return on its equity, which would
require a $488.04 rent increase; and St. John performed a MNOI analysis again using
1978, the last year before rent control, as the base year, and concluded a rent increase of
$203.70 was required. Plaintiff submitted the same appraisal that was relied on to
support the year 1 and 2 applications, using a 4.75 percent capitalization rate based on
comparable sales to justify the price it paid to purchase its park.
        Baar, the Board’s independent expert, criticized Neet’s and St. John’s approaches
for the same reasons as he did regarding the year 1 and 2 applications, and again
recommended using the MNOI formula, based on the last year of rent increase as the base
year, to determine an appropriate rent increase. Brabant, the Board’s independent
appraisal expert, criticized Neet’s approaches on the same grounds as regarding the
applications for years 1 and 2. The Board’s staff recommended that the Board not
include certain park operating expenses in determining any rent increase.
        The Board issued its decision on plaintiff’s year 4 application. It accepted its
staff’s operating expense recommendation; rejected St. John’s theory that a MNOI
analysis must utilize the last year before rent control as the base year; rejected Neet’s rate
of return analysis; and awarded plaintiff a $17.83 rent increase based on Baar’s
recommended MNOI analysis using the last year a rent increase occurred as the base year
and 50 percent CPI indexing.

                            PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

        Plaintiff filed a petition for writ of administrative mandate and a motion thereon
challenging the Board’s decision on the year 4 application. In the petition, plaintiff again
reserved “any and all federal claims arising from the facts alleged herein for litigation in
federal court . . . .”
        Plaintiff’s motion “acknowledge[d]” that Colony Cove I, supra, 220 Cal.App.4th
840 regarding the applications for years 1 and 2 was “controlling and dispositive” in this
action; plaintiff alleged in a lawsuit filed in a federal district case that defendants took

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plaintiff’s property in violation of the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution;
and plaintiff could not “simply dismiss this action” because to pursue those federal
claims it “must exhaust its state court remedies” (citing Williamson County Reg.
Planning Comm’n v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City (1985) 473 U.S. 172, superseded by
statute on another point as stated in Sprint Spectrum L.P. v. City of Carmel (7th Cir.
2004) 361 F.3d 998, 1004). Plaintiff concluded, “Accordingly, while [plaintiff] contests
this matter, the only legally appropriate action for the Court to take is to hold that the
Court of Appeal’s decision in the Year 1 and 2 cases is controlling and dispositive here.”
Plaintiff submitted the declaration of Kevin Yopp, its attorney of record, outlining the
procedural posture of the case.
       The trial court issued an order denying plaintiff’s petition for writ of mandate, and
stated that the order constituted a judgment of dismissal. It disregarded the Yopp
declaration in support of plaintiff’s motion because it was outside of the administrative
record. In denying the petition, the trial court stated that a petitioner seeking
administrative mandate has the burden of proof to demonstrate, by citation to the
administrative record, the existence of substantial evidence in support of petitioner’s
position (citing to South Orange County Wastewater Authority v. City of Dana Point
(2011) 196 Cal.App.4th 1604, 1612); and pursuant to Los Angeles County Local Rules,
Rule 3.231(i) each material fact in a party’s brief must be supported by citation to the
administrative record and a statement of facts is required. The trial court stated that
although plaintiff lodged an administrative record consisting of 17 volumes (4,263
pages), it failed to cite to it except to reference the challenged administrative decision. It
also did not set forth a statement of facts. The trial court therefore ruled that it could not
“determine the basis upon on the weight of the evidence in support of [plaintiffs’] claims.
By failing to point the Court to any evidence in the administrative record to support its
claims, the presumption of regularity prevails and the petition is denied. [Citations.] It is
not the Court’s duty to review the 4,263-page record and consider the merits when, as
here, [plaintiff] makes no effort to do so. [Citation.]”

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                                     DISCUSSION2

       The parties agree that Colony Cove I, supra, 220 Cal.App.4th 840 is controlling
and supports the City’s and Board’s position. The parties also agree that we should
affirm the judgment. Based on those agreements and the grounds set forth by the trial
court, we need not discuss further the merits, and we affirm the judgment.

                                     DISPOSITION

       The judgment is affirmed. Defendants are awarded their costs on appeal.
       NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

                                                 MOSK, Acting P. J.

We concur:

              KRIEGLER, J.

              BAKER, J.

2
        In its opening brief, plaintiff seeks to incorporate by reference arguments from
other briefs in other cases. “It is well established, however, this practice does not comply
with rule 8.204(a)(1)(B) of the California Rules of Court, which requires an appellate
brief ‘support each point by argument and, if possible, by citation of authority.’” (Parker
v. Wolters Kluwer United States, Inc. (2007) 149 Cal.App.4th 285, 290, fns. omitted.)

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