Court Opinion

ID: 4696402
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-06-17 15:07:39.806821+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:05:40.413492
License: Public Domain

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        NOT TO BE PUBLISHED OPINION

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                                                      RENDERED: JUNE 17, 2021
                                                          NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

                Supreme Court of Kentucky
                                 2019-SC-0597-MR

RASHOD JACKSON                                                            APPELLANT

                ON APPEAL FROM MCCRACKEN CIRCUIT COURT
V.               HONORABLE TIMOTHY KALTENBACH, JUDGE
                             NO. 17-CR-00701

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                                                    APPELLEE

                   MEMORANDUM OPINION OF THE COURT

                                     AFFIRMING

      A McCracken Circuit Court jury convicted Rashod Palmer Jackson of

first-degree rape, first-degree sodomy, and first-degree sexual abuse. Following

the recommendation of the jury, the trial court sentenced Jackson to twenty

years’ imprisonment. He now appeals as a matter of right.1

      On appeal, Jackson raises five issues. Jackson asserts that the trial

court erred by allowing the Commonwealth to introduce evidence of prior,

uncharged sexual acts in violation of Kentucky Rule of Evidence (KRE) 404(b);

that the Commonwealth’s failure to timely deliver a recorded jail call violated

discovery rules; that the trial court erred by permitting the Commonwealth to

      1 Ky. Const. § 110(2)(b) (“Appeals from a judgment of the Circuit Court imposing
a sentence of . . . imprisonment for twenty years or more shall be taken directly to the
Supreme Court.”).
improperly bolster the victim’s testimony; and that the Commonwealth’s

improper comments regarding defense counsel warranted a mistrial. Finally,

Jackson asks us to find that the trial court abused its discretion in denying his

motion for a directed verdict of acquittal. We reject each of Jackson’s

arguments and affirm his conviction and sentence.

                                I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

      Jackson and his son moved in with his partner Sara2 and her children in

the fall of 2012. Five years later, Sara traveled to Waynesboro, Georgia on a

multi-week business trip. Jackson and the children remained in Paducah.

While in Georgia, Sara received a text message from her daughter Laura.

Laura—then 11 years old—told Sara that Jackson had sexually abused her

twice since Sara had been gone. Laura alleged that on the first night, Jackson

came into her room and partially placed his penis in her vagina. The next

night, Laura alleged that Jackson placed his fingers into her vagina, licked her

vagina, and again partially placed his penis in her vagina.

      Upon receiving Laura’s texts, Sara returned home. At this point, Sara

and Laura reported the incidents to the Paducah Police Department.

Investigators obtained the pajamas and underwear worn by Laura and tested

the clothing. The tests revealed nothing of evidentiary value. Additionally, the

investigator did not perform a rape kit because more than five days had passed

since the alleged sexual abuse.

      2   We use pseudonyms to protect the identity of the victim and her family.

                                            2
      Jackson was indicted on one count each of first-degree rape, first-degree

sodomy, first-degree sexual abuse, and incest. At trial, the jury heard Laura

testify that Jackson had abused her on multiple occasions prior to the charged

incidents. Jackson denied all accusations of sexual contact between Laura and

himself during his testimony. He testified that while Sara was in Georgia, he

would take care of the kids and then visit the woman with whom he was having

an affair when the kids were at school or asleep. He claimed that he became

aware of the allegations only after Sara returned from Georgia.

      Ultimately, the jury found Jackson guilty on all counts. The court

sentenced Jackson to the minimum sentence for each offense, set to run

concurrently for a total of twenty years.

      Additional facts are included below as necessary.

                                     II. ANALYSIS

      A. The trial court did not err in permitting the introduction of prior
allegations of sexual abuse against the defendant.

      Jackson first asserts that the trial court erred in permitting Laura to

testify as to prior, uncharged allegations of sexual contact. He claims that KRE

404(b) prohibits the introduction of such testimony because the alleged

uncharged acts are not “strikingly similar” to the alleged charged acts. This

issue is preserved by defense counsel’s objection to the Commonwealth’s KRE

404(c) notice, so we review the trial court’s decision to admit or exclude

evidence for abuse of discretion.3

      3   Commonwealth v. English, 993 S.W.2d 941, 945 (Ky. 1999).

                                          3
      KRE 404(b) generally prohibits the introduction of evidence of other

wrongs or acts to show “action in conformity therewith.” The rule sets out an

exception, providing that other acts evidence may be admissible if offered for

“some other purpose, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation,

plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.”4 Under this

exception, “evidence of similar acts perpetrated against the same victim are

[sic] almost always admissible.”5

      Here, Laura testified that—in addition to the charged instances—Jackson

forced her to perform oral sex on him multiple times when she was in the first

grade. She testified that she told her mother about these events. Her mother

told her that she was going to speak with Jackson, after which this behavior

temporarily ceased. Laura testified, however, that the behavior resumed

several years later. At that time, Jackson allegedly licked and attempted to

penetrate her vagina.

      Jackson argues that this testimony was inadmissible because neither of

these alleged incidents concerns acts similar to the charged offense. To be

similar, Jackson asserts that the prior act and the charged offense must be “so

similar as to constitute a signature crime.”6 Under Jackson’s theory, any

evidence of prior, uncharged sexual contact between the defendant and alleged

      4   KRE 404(b)(1).
     5 Lopez v. Commonwealth, 459 S.W.3d 867, 875 (Ky. 2015) (quoting Noel v.

Commonwealth, 76 S.W.3d 923, 931 (Ky. 2002)).
      6 Commonwealth v. Maddox, 995 S.W.2d 718, 722 (Ky. 1997) (internal

quotations omitted).

                                        4
victim(s) must concern the same sexual act underlying the charged offense.

Thus, evidence of Jackson forcing Laura to perform oral sex on him would not

be admissible in this case because no charged offense arises out of the

performance of fellatio.

      Jackson interprets KRE 404(b) too mechanically. Our case law is clear.

When the prior act concerns sexual contact between the defendant and the

same alleged victim, the rule leans in favor of admissibility.7 In cases involving

the same victim, prior acts—even when not identical to the charged conduct—

may illustrate an escalating pattern of conduct or suggest the presence of a

long-term plan. The cases on which Jackson relies present different scenarios

with distinct concerns. Commonwealth v. Maddox, for instance, involved the

homicide of a child.8 We confronted the question of whether KRE 404(b)

permitted the defendant to confront the child’s uncle with evidence of prior

child sex abuse allegations.9 We held that the evidence was inadmissible,

reasoning that there was not a sufficiently similar factual connection between

the uncharged acts—oral sodomy—and the charged homicide offense.10 The

probative value of prior incidents of sex abuse is significantly lower in a

homicide case than a sex abuse case involving the same defendant and victim.

      7See e.g., Whaley v. Commonwealth, 567 S.W.3d 576, 587 (Ky. 2019); Lopez,
459 S.W.3d at 875.
      8   Maddox, 995 S.W.2d at 719-20.
      9   Id.
      10   Id. at 722.

                                          5
In this case, the trial court reasonably applied precedent and did not abuse its

discretion.

      B. The trial court did not err in permitting the Commonwealth to
cross-examine Jackson regarding statements made in a recorded jail call.

      Jackson next maintains that the trial court erred in permitting the

Commonwealth to ask about statements he made during a jail call that was

untimely disclosed. The introduction of these statements, Jackson asserts,

was not harmless error because it allowed the Commonwealth to profit from its

failure to comply with the criminal discovery rules.

      “[A] discovery violation serves as sufficient justification for setting aside a

conviction when there is a reasonable probability that if the evidence were

disclosed the result would have been different.”11 And even if a trial court

abused its discretion in making an evidentiary ruling, we will disregard errors

in admitting or excluding evidence if the errors are harmless.12 For an error to

be deemed harmless, we must be able to “say with fair assurance that the

judgment was not substantially swayed by the error.”13

      Ten days prior to trial, Jackson, while incarcerated, spoke with Sara on

the phone. The Commonwealth received a recording of this call the day before

trial, at which point it delivered a copy of the recording to defense counsel. On

the morning of trial, Jackson moved to exclude the recorded call. He argued

      11Chestnut v. Commonwealth, 250 S.W.3d 288, 297 (Ky. 2008) (citing Wood v.
Bartholomew, 516 U.S. 1, 5-6 (1995)).
      12Kentucky Rules of Criminal Procedure (RCr) 9.24; Brown v. Commonwealth,
313 S.W.3d 577, 595 (Ky. 2010).
      13   Id.

                                         6
that the delivery of the call the day prior to trial violated discovery rules and

unduly prejudiced his ability to defend himself. The trial court, relying on RCr

7.26, excluded the recording because the Commonwealth failed to demonstrate

good cause for its failure to timely deliver a copy of the recording.14 During his

cross-examination of Jackson, counsel for the Commonwealth sought to ask

him about certain statements made in the excluded phone call. The trial court

permitted the Commonwealth to ask Jackson about the statements but

prohibited the Commonwealth from disclosing that the statements were made

while Jackson was incarcerated.

      Immediately after the court’s ruling, the Commonwealth questioned

Jackson about the call:

      Commonwealth (CW): Now, on September 14, did you have a
      phone call with Sara? And did you tell Sara, “The only way to
      make it go away is to tell them it’s a story?” Did you say that to
      her?
      Jackson: I told her to tell the truth.
      CW: Did you understand my question?
      Jackson: Yes
      CW: Did you tell her, “The only way to make it go away is to tell
      them it’s a story?”
      Jackson: Yes, I did.
      CW: Did you also tell them – tell them that you were not going to
      cooperate?
      Jackson: True.
      CW: You said that too, didn’t you?
      Jackson: Yes.

      14 RCr 7.26(1) requires the Commonwealth to produce all written or recorded
statements of any witness within forty-eight hours of trial unless there is good cause
for the delay.

                                           7
      Even assuming that the trial court abused its discretion in allowing

cross-examination about the calls—a determination we do not make here—

such error was harmless. The crux of Jackson’s defense was that Laura and

her mother were not credible. While it is possible that the jury viewed such

statements as evidence of Jackson attempting to coerce a witness to lie on his

behalf, it is equally possible the jury interpreted that statement as merely

another claim of innocence. Moreover, even if the Commonwealth were barred

from asking these questions, the jury heard sufficient evidence to support its

verdict. The jury heard testimony from Laura concerning the events in

question and possessed the competency to weigh any credibility concerns.

Therefore, even assuming that the trial court abused its discretion in allowing

cross-examination about the jail call, we conclude that this error was

harmless.

      C. The Commonwealth did not improperly bolster Laura’s testimony.

      Jackson next argues that Laura bolstered her own testimony. We

disagree. During the Commonwealth’s direct examination of Laura, counsel

asked if she lied to her mother when she sent the text informing her of

Jackson’s actions. After Laura replied that she told her mother the truth,

defense counsel objected. Defense counsel argued that permitting Laura to

affirm her honesty was a form of bolstering. The trial court overruled the

objection.

                                        8
      The case of Tackett v. Commonwealth presented similar facts.15 There,

the Commonwealth asked a victim whether he was telling the truth during his

testimony. Defense counsel had attacked the victim’s credibility during

opening statements. We held that the Commonwealth’s questions were not

bolstering because the defendant’s opening statement placed the victim’s

credibility directly in issue.

      Presented with nearly identical facts, we conclude that Tackett’s

reasoning applies with equal force to the case before us. We acknowledge that

a victim cannot bolster their own testimony unless first attacked.16 However,

in the present case, Jackson’s counsel informed the jury that they would hear

evidence that Laura was not credible. Furthermore, counsel merely asked

Laura whether she had been telling the truth. As we noted in Tackett, such a

statement is little more than a reaffirmation of the oath every witness swears.

Based on the foregoing, we conclude the trial court did not err in overruling

Jackson’s objection.

      D. The Commonwealth’s statements concerning defense counsel did
not require a mistrial.

      On cross-examination, counsel for the Commonwealth asked Jackson if

he spoke with Sara on August 14th. Counsel interjected as Jackson replied,

stating “Just answer the question. Your defense attorneys will get a chance to

spin it.” Defense counsel objected and requested a mistrial on the grounds

      15   445 S.W.3d 20, 32-33 (Ky. 2014).
      16   Id. at 32 (citing Brown v. Commonwealth 313 S.W.3d at 628 (Ky. 2010)).

                                              9
that the Commonwealth attacked their credibility before the jury. The court

sustained the objection but declined to grant a mistrial. Instead, the Court

issued the following admonition: “All right, ladies and gentlemen, disregard the

comments that were just made about the defense will have a chance to spin

this or do what they want. Now, go ahead and ask your questions.”

      A mistrial is a remedy of last resort; under Kentucky law, “the aggrieved

party must exhaust all reasonably available means to have the error rectified . .

. before he can be in a position to demand a mistrial.”17 Here, the court offered

an alternative remedy in the form of an admonition. Jurors are presumed to

follow admonitions, so a trial judge’s admonition forms a rebuttable

presumption that error has been cured.18 This presumption may only be

overcome by showing that there is an “overwhelming probability that the jury

will be unable to follow the court’s admonition and there is a strong likelihood

that the effect of the inadmissible evidence would be devastating to the

defendant.”19

      Here, there is little chance that the court’s admonition was ineffective.

Though counsel’s statement was inappropriate, it did not suggest that counsel

possessed facts outside of the record. Nor did the statement expressly violate a

rule of evidence or procedure. Considered in context, Jackson fails to

      17   Romans v. Commonwealth, 547 S.W.2d 128, 1331 (Ky. 1977).
      See: e.g., Tamme v. Commonwealth, 973 S.W.3d 13, 26 (Ky. 1998); Hardy v.
      18

Commonwealth, 719 S.W.2d 727 (Ky. 1986).
      19   Johnson v. Commonwealth, 105 S.W.3d 430, 441 (Ky. 2003).

                                         10
demonstrate that the statement presented such a great risk of undue prejudice

that the court’s admonition must be found ineffective.

      E. The trial court did not err in denying Jackson’s motion for a
direct verdict of acquittal.

      Finally, Jackson argues that the trial court erred in denying his motions

for directed verdict of acquittal. At the close of the Commonwealth’s case,

Jackson moved for a directed verdict. He argued that the Commonwealth

failed to introduce evidence of sodomy because Laura had not testified that oral

sex occurred. At the close of all the evidence, Jackson renewed his motion for

a directed verdict.

      The standard of review for denial of a motion for directed verdict is as

follows:

      On motion for directed verdict, the trial court must draw all fair
      and reasonable inferences from the evidence in favor of the
      Commonwealth. If the evidence is sufficient to induce a reasonable
      juror to believe beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is
      guilty, a directed verdict should not be given. For the purpose of
      ruling on the motion, the trial court must assume that the
      evidence for the Commonwealth is true but reserving to the jury
      questions as to the credibility and weight to be given to such
      testimony. On appellate review, the test of a directed verdict is, if
      under the evidence as a whole, it would be clearly unreasonable for
      a jury to find guilt, only then the defendant is entitled to a directed
      verdict of acquittal.20

      Here, the jury heard testimony from Laura consistent for each of the

charged offenses. Laura testified that Jackson had partially inserted his penis

into her vagina; placed his mouth on her vagina; and inserted his fingers into

      20   Commonwealth v. Benham, 816 S.W.2d 186, 187–88 (Ky. 1991).

                                         11
her vagina. Though Jackson raises numerous issues concerning the veracity of

Laura and Sara, each of those issues presents questions of credibility and

weight which were considered by the jury. Based on this testimony, a

reasonable jury could conclude that Jackson committed the charged offenses.

We hold that the trial court did not err in denying the motions for directed

verdict.

                               III. CONCLUSION

      For the reasons stated herein, we affirm.

      All sitting. Hughes, Conley, Lambert and VanMeter, J.J., concur.

Minton, C.J., concurs in result only by separate opinion in which Keller and

Nickell, JJ., join.

      MINTON, C.J., CONCURRING IN RESULT ONLY: I concur in the result

reached by the majority, but I respectfully disagree with the majority’s

conclusion and reasoning as to the trial court admitting past uncharged sex

crimes alleged to have been committed by Jackson against the same victim.

Admitting this evidence was error because intent, identity, motive, and similar

nonpropensity issues were not in dispute. The majority is correct that

Jackson’s basic relevance argument based on act dissimilarity is unavailing.

Still, the nonpropensity uses of this evidence purported by the Commonwealth

were dubious at best, and the evidence should not have been admitted.

      KRE 404(b) reads: “Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not

admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in

conformity therewith.” “[T]he thrust of KRE 404(b) has always been interpreted

                                       12
as exclusionary in nature.” Bell v. Commonwealth, 875 S.W.2d 882, 889

(Ky. 1994). It is unquestionable that the series of abuses inflicted on Laura

when she was in the 1st and 5th grades constitute the very type of bad acts

that are generally inadmissible under KRE 404(b), as they are easily used to

prove a general criminal propensity instead of the criminal acts for which

Jackson was being tried. Still, KRE 404(b)(1) would admit evidence of these

acts for a valid nonpropensity purpose despite the risk of an improper or unfair

propensity inference with which the trial court is trusted to balance against the

probative value of the evidence.

      Seemingly over the last two or so decades, a frequently cited rule

statement developed in Kentucky law that “evidence of similar acts perpetrated

against the same victim [is] almost always admissible.” The root source of this

quote appears to be Noel v. Commonwealth, 76 S.W.3d 923, 931 (Ky. 2002),

which, in turn, cites to Price v. Commonwealth, 31 S.W.3d 885, 888 n. 4

(Ky. 2000).21 This partial statement extracted from Noel has since been cited in

this manner, including by this majority opinion, Jackson’s own brief, and in

other cases published as recently as last year, e.g., Howard v. Commonwealth,

595 S.W.3d 462, 481 (Ky. 2020). The trial court even articulated a similar rule

while concluding a bench conference at trial when it ruled the past acts

admissible: “The rule in Kentucky is generally that if [the past acts] involve the

21Price itself concerned the similarity of acts against the same victim for purposes of
severing charges into different trials, under which the rule is sufficiently similar or
connected acts can be tried in the same trial proceeding, a different context for
similarity analysis than under KRE 404.
                                           13
same victim, then as long as it is relevant, it’s admissible.” This is simply not a

true statement of the rule, and it is not true in a very important way.

      In fuller context, the Noel Court stated that similar past acts against the

same victim are “almost always admissible for those reasons” (emphasis

added), “those reasons” referring to nonpropensity uses under KRE 404(b)(1),

including to prove “intent, plan, or absence of mistake or accident.” Noel,

at 931. The incomplete version of the Noel quote, to the extent it guides

application, is in direct tension with KRE 404(b)’s general prohibition against

the admission of past acts, applicable to all cases and defendants. KRE 404(b)

still stands, but its exceptions have apparently been read to swallow the rule.

In other words, it is simply not true that “evidence [of past sexual abuse] is

almost always admissible” against a criminal defendant, because

nonpropensity issues like intent, planning, and absence of mistake are not

common to “almost al[l]” sex crime cases. Facts of the same victim, same act

are not what truly control. Rather, it is the use to which the evidence is put.

While same victim, same act context might have some general tendency to be

relevant to circumstantial issues like state of mind, plan, or common scheme

than in cases of different victims and different acts, the primary and

predominant use of the evidence still controls and must still be nonpropensity,

assuming the words of KRE 404(b) have any meaning and effect at all.

      In filing a KRE 404(c) notice that it intended to introduce evidence of

Jackson’s past conduct, the Commonwealth argued broadly that the evidence

was offered to “prove motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge,

                                        14
identity and/or absence of mistake or accident.” This appears to be nothing

more than a boilerplate list of hypothetical nonpropensity uses listed under

KRE 404(b)(1), yet it is not at all apparent where any of these issues were both

material and disputed in Jackson’s case. So the evidence could not truly have

been used for those purposes. Similarly, the majority opines that these past

uncharged abuses may have illustrated an escalating pattern of conduct or a

long-term plan to commit the criminal acts charged. True, that might be

conceivable in an alternate trial context where different issues were raised and

different facts had to be proved, or where Jackson had been charged and tried

for those acts. But as far as I can see, none of the purported uses—proving

motive, intent, plan, “pattern,” etc.—were in issue for purposes of KRE

404(b)(1) because Jackson’s only defense was that he did not commit the

alleged acts at all and because rape is an act-crime. By the very nature of the

evidence presented and of Jackson’s defense, the only thing to prove was that

he committed the criminal acts on the specific occasions for which he was

being tried, not that he intended to commit the acts, not that he planned to,

and not what his motive was.

      For instance, using the evidence to prove “intent” is perhaps the least

convincing of the Commonwealth’s 404(b)(1) purposes. This Court has held

that “under KRE 404(b), evidence of other crimes should be admitted to prove

intent only when [intent is] in genuine dispute. . . . Of course, even when in

dispute, a trial court must still determine that the evidence is relevant to prove

the intent to commit the crime charged.” Walker v. Commonwealth, 52 S.W.3d

                                        15
533, 535–36 (Ky. 2001) (emphasis added). “There is a very fine line between

the use of other crimes evidence to prove intent and the use of such evidence to

prove general propensity to commit crime, and as a result there is a greater

than normal potential in this ‘other purpose’ category for abuse of the ‘other

crimes’ law.” Robert G. Lawson, Kentucky Evidence Law Handbook § 2.30[4][b]

(2020). Concerning cases where past acts were deemed admissible to prove

intent, Professor Lawson observes: “It needs to be noticed that in each of these

cases intent was an element of the charged offense, intent was genuinely in

dispute, and the uncharged crime was relevant to prove intent to commit the

charged crime.”22

      Intent is not an element of rape, sodomy, or sexual abuse,23 so it was at

no point in this trial a substantive issue whether Jackson intended to force

himself onto Laura sexually on the charged occasions or he did not. Intent was

also irrelevant as a factual matter to prove he actually committed the later acts.

Nor was this past-acts evidence inextricable or necessary “context” to prove

Jackson raped Laura on the charged occasions. KRE 404(b)(2).

      Similarly, the motive for any sexual abuse was not in dispute. The

motive for such crimes are obviously and inherently sexual, so any purported

use to that end was pretextual or inadequate.

22Id. (emphasis added).
23Isaacs v. Commonwealth, 553 S.W.2d 843, 845 (Ky. 1977) (reaffirming that rape in
the first degree is a crime without regard to the reasons or intent with which it was
done).
                                          16
      Using the past acts to prove identity also fails because identity was not

an issue in this case where the defendant simply argued he never committed

the act, not that someone else committed the act. While the Commonwealth

cites in its brief Bell v. Commonwealth, 875 S.W.2d 882, 889 (Ky. 1994), to

support the use of the evidence to prove a “pattern of conduct,” which,

incidentally, the trial court did not expressly recognize as the evidentiary

purpose at the bench conference, Bell was more concerned with proof of the

identity of the perpetrator based on the “crimes [being] so similar and so unique

as to indicate a reasonable probability that the crimes were committed by the

same person.” (emphasis added).

      The same can be said of any “plan and preparation” to rape Laura, which

the trial court found “primarily” established an exception. Especially

considering the years separating the cluster of past acts and the charged acts,

a theory of a single, coherent plan and preparation strikes me as patently

implausible given the nature of the crimes, contrast with criminal conspiracy

or inchoate crimes. For that purpose, “[s]uch evidence is not properly

admissible under KRE 404(b) as it is too remote in time.” Roberts v.

Commonwealth, 599 S.W.3d 841, 848 (Ky. 2020).

      By contrast, Federal Rules of Evidence (FRE) 413, for similar crimes of

sexual assault, and FRE 414, for similar crimes of child molestation, carve out

exceptions to the federal equivalent prohibition against propensity and

character evidence under FRE 404. These federal rules extend powerful

permission to federal judges and prosecutors to admit past acts in sex-crime

                                        17
trials to prove the likelihood of the charged acts, as propensity and character

evidence.24 That was Congress’s choice. Kentucky has no equivalent exception

to its bar against character evidence, although some Kentucky decisions

appear to have, at least in effect, read that liberality into KRE 404(b)(1).

Perhaps the federal policy is preferable, offering easier conviction of those

accused of sex crimes. But it is not the Kentucky policy. The Kentucky Rules

instead require a valid, i.e., relevant and material, nonpropensity purpose, with

relevance determined by an actual and genuine dispute of intent, motive, plan,

etc. This case presents no such actual or genuine dispute as to any of the

purported reasons.

      The Commonwealth argues correctly that the jury does not have to

consider the evidence in a vacuum but misapplies the principle to this case.

The Commonwealth is afforded flexibility in establishing necessary context for

the particular charged acts, and it is allowed to do this by establishing a

foundational connection between the evidence offered and the particular crimes

charged. That principle is not license, however, to provide the jury with

whatever acts from whatever context, however unnecessary and cumulative, to

unduly prove a defendant's tendency to commit similar offenses. Perhaps

certain defendants have a propensity to commit such crimes, often against the

24 “[FRE 413, 414, and 415] create exceptions to Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b),
which provides, ‘Evidence of a crime, wrong, or other act is not admissible to prove a
person's character in order to show that on a particular occasion the person acted in
accordance with the character’. . . . Rules 413, 414 and 415[] admit evidence of an
alleged perpetrator's propensity. . . .” Wright & Miller, 23 Fed. Prac. & Proc. Evid. §
5382 (2d ed.) (2021).
                                           18
same victim. But crimes are constituted by particular acts, not propensity or

character, and KRE 404(b) guards against such prosecutions, disallowing past

acts offered under the guise of “context” or general nonpropensity, unless the

evidence is inextricable and inseparable from the Commonwealth’s evidence

proving the immediate charges. KRE 404(b)(2). This is not at all to say that

such cases do not exist, one could argue they exist more often than not, but

this was not such a case.

      The “same victim, similar act” rule, wherever it came from, is too

sweeping and generalized to comport with the language and purpose of

KRE 404(b). Rather, “[b]ecause the degree of potential prejudice associated

with evidence of this nature is significantly higher, exceptions allowing

evidence of collateral criminal acts must be strictly construed.” Bell, 875

S.W.2d at 889 (quotations omitted). Had Jackson’s past acts properly been

charged and prosecuted in the same case, such evidence could obviously be

put on to prove those prior acts themselves, even at the risk of the jury

inferring a criminal propensity between the acts. But those past acts, having

not been charged or offered for a legitimate purpose, constituted propensity

evidence, and none of the purported reasons given by the Commonwealth or

the trial court in overruling the objection are plausible given the issues and

evidence at trial.

      Admitting the past acts in this trial context was an abuse of discretion,

and I part company with the majority only on that issue. I would, however,

still affirm the judgment, finding the error harmless, because the victim’s

                                       19
testimony was complete, competent, and credible as it pertained to the

instances of conduct charged in the indictment.

COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT:

Julia Karol Pearson
Department of Public Advocacy

COUNSEL FOR APPELLEES:

Daniel Jay Cameron
Attorney General of Kentucky

Perry Thomas Ryan
Assistant Attorney General

                                      20