Court Opinion

ID: 9949574
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-03-11 21:16:53.368442+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:28:32.594549
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

 STATE OF WASHINGTON,                        No. 85922-6-I

                          Respondent,        DIVISION ONE
               v.

 MICHAEL EUGENE NORVELL,                     UNPUBLISHED OPINION

                          Appellant.

       SMITH, C.J. — Michael Norvell appeals the judgment and sentence

entered on his conviction for robbery in the second degree. Norvell asserts that

the trial court erred by declining to give an instruction on assault in the fourth

degree as a lesser included offense, by finding that there was sufficient evidence

to support his conviction, by imposing a community custody condition that he

obtain an anger management evaluation, and by imposing a victim penalty

assessment. We remand for the trial court to strike the victim penalty

assessment and otherwise affirm.

                                       FACTS

       On July 30, 2022, Norvell entered a Grocery Outlet store in Silverdale,

Washington. Store owners Mary Christina and James Gochmansky were both

present on the premises that day. While observing the camera feed in the office,

James1 observed a man, later identified as Norvell, on aisle one carrying an

       1 We refer to the Gochmanskys as James and Christina solely for

purposes of clarity.
No. 85922-6-I/2

orange shopping bag. When James looked up at the camera feed again, he

observed Norvell still on aisle one, looking over his shoulder to see who was

watching. James and Christina watched as Norvell pulled a pack of art pens and

a large item, possibly an easel, from the shelf and put them in his bag. Norvell

proceeded to “meander” around the store, “hanging around and just looking at

things.” Christina alerted some of the employees that they were watching Norvell

for suspicious behavior.

       At some point, Norvell tried to leave the store by walking past a cashier

without paying. Christina approached Norvell and asked to look inside his bag.

Norvell refused, told her “fuck you,” and walked around her. Christina informed

Norvell that he could not leave the store without paying for the items he had put

in his bag.

       James then approached Norvell and asked him to leave the item that he

had put in his bag. Norvell pushed James out of his way. James followed

Norvell out of the store and informed him that there were cameras inside the

store and that he had been seen on video. Norvell swung his bag at James twice

and then fled on foot.

       The large item was eventually recovered from inside the store. The art

pens were never recovered.

       Norvell was charged by amended information with robbery in the second

degree. At trial, the jury heard testimony from James, Christina, Kitsap County

Sheriff’s Deputies Chancie Grondin and Ryan McGovern, and Kitsap County

Corrections Officer Ken Watkins.

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No. 85922-6-I/3

       James and Christina both testified that theft is a regular problem at their

Grocery Outlet and they have multiple measures in place to help prevent theft.

Both testified that the Grocery Outlet has upgraded cameras in place that capture

each aisle and register, as well as the exterior of the store. The store also has a

policy that large bags must be left at the front and has multiple signs posted to

advise its customers of this policy. Each day, the store’s objective is to account

for all items coming and going from the store. These policies are in place

because any item taken from the store comes out of the store’s expenses and,

accordingly, out of the Gochmanskys’ salaries.

       James and Christina also testified that people they have seen attempting

to steal from their store tend to exhibit similar behavior patterns. These

behaviors include lingering in an aisle until it is clear of other customers, looking

around at other customers rather than purposely shopping, shuffling items

around in grocery carts, putting items in bags, and hovering around the front of

the store. James and Christina also testified that most items tend to be stolen

from aisle one, where non-food items are displayed, and the alcohol display. If

James or Christina notice someone attempting to leave the store with a

concealed item in their bag, they usually approach the person and ask to see

inside the bag. According to James and Christina, most people are defensive

when asked but will give the product back.

       After the State had rested its case, Norvell moved for a directed verdict of

not guilty. Norvell argued that because he was not seen with the large item at

the time he left the store and because the witnesses were not able to see him at

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No. 85922-6-I/4

all times, no reasonable juror could find that he committed a theft. The trial court

denied the motion, concluding that there was sufficient testimony to allow the

case to be considered by the jury.

       The jury found Norvell guilty as charged. Norvell was sentenced to 24

months of imprisonment, followed by 18 months of community custody. As a

condition of community custody, Norvell was ordered to obtain an anger

management evaluation. The trial court explained that it was ordering this

condition because Norvell’s swinging a full bag at the store owner multiple times

in response to a simple request to open his bag was “out of line” and was

indicative “that there is an issue that, you know, could be helpful to look at.”

       Norvell appeals.

                                     ANALYSIS

                        Lesser Included Offense Instruction

       Norvell asserts that he was entitled to a jury instruction on assault in the

fourth degree as a lesser included offense of robbery in the second degree.

Norvell contends that the trial court’s refusal to give the requested instruction

constitutes structural error requiring reversal of his conviction. We disagree.

       “We review de novo a trial court's refusal to give an instruction based on

an issue of law.” State v. Douglas, 128 Wn. App. 555, 562, 116 P.3d 1012

(2005). A criminal defendant is entitled to an instruction on a lesser included

offense if “(1) each of the elements of the lesser offense is a necessary element

of the charged offense and (2) the evidence in the case supports an inference

that the lesser crime was committed.” State v. Henderson, 182 Wn.2d 734, 742,

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No. 85922-6-I/5

344 P.3d 1207 (2015) (citing State v. Workman, 90 Wn.2d 443, 447–48, 584

P.2d 382 (1978)). This right derives from RCW 10.61.006, which states that “[i]n

all other cases the defendant may be found guilty of an offense the commission

of which is necessarily included within that with which he or she is charged in the

indictment or information.”

      We begin with the legal prong of the Workman test. Inherent in our

analysis of Workman’s legal prong is the defendant’s constitutional right to have

notice of the crime charged. State v. Gamble, 154 Wn.2d 457, 463, 114 P.3d

646 (2005) (citing State v. Berlin, 133 Wn.2d 541, 546, 947 P.2d 700 (1997)).

“Because the defendant must have notice of the offense of which he or she is

charged, the elements of any lesser included offense must necessarily be

included in the elements of the offense as charged.” Berlin, 133 Wn.2d at 545. If

the lesser offense contains an element that is not required for the offense

charged by the State, it is not a lesser included offense and the defendant is not

entitled to an instruction therein. See e.g., State v. Tamalini, 134 Wn.2d 725,

729-30, 953 P.2d 450 (1998) (first and second degree manslaughter not lesser

included offenses of felony murder); State v. Harris, 121 Wn.2d 317, 321, 849

P.2d 1216 (1993) (assault not a lesser included offense of attempted murder).

      The State charged Norvell with robbery in the second degree. The

amended information defined the offense as follows:
              On or about July 30, 2022, in the County of Kitsap, State of
      Washington, the above-named Defendant did, with intent to commit
      theft thereof, unlawfully take personal property that Defendant did
      not own from the person of another, to-wit: JAMES L.
      GOCHMANSKY, or in said person's presence against said person's

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No. 85922-6-I/6

       will by the use or threatened use of immediate force, violence, or
       fear of injury to said person or the property of said person or the
       person or property of another; contrary to the Revised Code of
       Washington 9A.56.210(1) and 9A.56.190.

The charging document was consistent with RCW 9A.56.190, which states that
       [a] person commits robbery when he or she unlawfully takes
       personal property from the person of another or in his or her
       presence against his or her will by the use or threatened use of
       immediate force, violence, or fear of injury to that person or his or
       her property or the person or property of anyone.

       “A person is guilty of assault in the fourth degree if, under circumstances

not amounting to assault in the first, second, or third degree, or custodial assault,

he or she assaults another.” RCW 9A.36.041(1). “Assault” is defined by the

common law as
       “ ‘(1) an attempt, with unlawful force, to inflict bodily injury upon
       another [attempted battery]; (2) an unlawful touching with criminal
       intent [battery]; [or] (3) intentionally putting another in reasonable
       apprehension of harm, whether or not the actor actually intends to
       inflict or is incapable of inflicting that harm.’ ”

State v. Russell, 69 Wn. App. 237, 246–47, 848 P.2d 743 (1993) (first and

second alterations in original) (quoting State v. Hupe, 50 Wn. App. 277, 282, 748

P.2d 263 (1988)). At issue here is whether the commission of robbery in the

second degree necessarily requires the commission of an assault. We hold that

it does not.

       As the State correctly asserts, it is legally possible to commit robbery in

the second degree without committing assault in the fourth degree. Our

Supreme Court has noted that the statute defining what constitutes a robbery

“does not merely provide that the force must be directed at a person. It also

provides that the use or threat of force, violence, or fear of injury may be directed

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No. 85922-6-I/7

to property.” State v. Tvedt, 153 Wn.2d 705, 711, 107 P.3d 728 (2005). The

charging document reflects this distinction, charging Norvell with obtaining

property belonging to James Gochmansky “by the use or threatened use of

immediate force, violence, or fear of injury to said person or the property of said

person or the person or property of another.” (Emphasis added.) However, for

an assault to occur, the threat of harm must necessarily be directed toward a

person. Russell, 69 Wn. App. at 246–47. Therefore, because assault in the

fourth degree contains an element (threat of harm to a person) that robbery in the

second degree does not, it cannot be considered a lesser included offense.

       Norvell nevertheless contends that assault in the fourth degree is

necessarily a lesser included offense of robbery in the second degree where the

State has alleged the use of force. For this assertion, Norvell relies upon Berlin’s

holding that the legal prong of Workman must analyze the crime “as charged.”

133 Wn.2d at 545. But Norvell’s argument conflates the crime charged with the

evidence presented to support the charge. Norvell was charged with robbery in

the second degree, which requires the State to prove that Norvell unlawfully took

“personal property from the person of another or in his or her presence against

his or her will by the use or threatened use of immediate force, violence, or fear

of injury to that person or his or her property or the person or property of

anyone.” RCW 9A.56.190. Robbery in the second degree is not an alternative

means crime and could not have been charged any other way.2 State v. Todd,

       2 In Berlin, the defendant was charged with intentional murder in the

second degree and felony murder in the second degree, which are alternative
means of committing murder in the second degree. 133 Wn.2d at 553. The

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No. 85922-6-I/8

200 Wn. App. 879, 888, 403 P.3d 867 (2017). That the State ultimately sought to

prove that Norvell used physical force to retain the stolen property is relevant to

the factual prong of Workman, not the legal prong. But because the legal prong

has not been satisfied, we need not analyze the factual prong in this case.

Norvell’s argument fails regardless of the facts presented at trial.

                             Sufficiency of the Evidence

       Norvell asserts that there was no evidence for the jury to find that he had

committed a theft and, accordingly, that his conviction is not supported by

substantial evidence. We disagree.

       Evidence is sufficient if, when viewed in the light most favorable to the

State, it permits a rational trier of fact to find the essential elements of the crime

beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Tilton, 149 Wn.2d 775, 786, 72 P.3d 735

(2003). When the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged in a criminal case, all

reasonable inferences from the evidence must be drawn in favor of the State and

interpreted most strongly against the defendant. State v. Salinas, 119 Wn.2d

192, 201, 829 P.2d 1068 (1992). Circumstantial evidence receives the same

weight as direct evidence. State v. Thomas, 150 Wn.2d 821, 874, 83 P.3d 970

(2004). “Appellate courts defer to the fact finder on the resolution of conflicting

testimony, credibility determinations, and the persuasiveness of the

evidence.” State v. Munoz-Rivera, 190 Wn. App. 870, 882, 361 P.3d 182 (2015).

court held that the trial court correctly instructed the jury that manslaughter was a
lesser included offense of intentional murder but not felony murder. Berlin, 133
Wn.2d at 543.

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No. 85922-6-I/9

       The evidence presented in this case was sufficient for a jury to convict

Norvell of robbery in the second degree. James and Christina both testified that

they observed Norvell placing a set of art pens into his bag. A photograph was

admitted into evidence depicting Norvell with the art pens in his hand. While the

large item that Norvell had also placed in his bag was recovered from inside the

store, the art pens were not.

       James and Christina also testified about the behaviors they typically

observe from people they have caught trying to steal from their store, including

lingering in the non-food aisles until they are clear of other customers, looking

around at other customers rather than purposely shopping, putting items in bags,

and hovering around the front of the store. Both testified that they observed

Norvell exhibiting all of these behaviors. Surveillance video from inside the

Grocery Outlet was also admitted into evidence, which allowed the jury to

observe Norvell’s behavior themselves. Finally, Norvell became hostile when he

was asked to open his bag, something both testified to and shown on

surveillance video. When taken together, this evidence was sufficient for a jury

to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that Norvell had stolen an item from

inside the Grocery Outlet.

       Norvell nevertheless contends that the evidence was not sufficient

because the Gochmanskys mistakenly identified the large item as an easel rather

than a car window shade. We will not reassess credibility of the witnesses; this

is a function of the jury. State v. Hecht, 179 Wn. App. 497, 511, 319 P.3d 836

(2014). Norvell also asserts that the evidence is not sufficient because the

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No. 85922-6-I/10

photograph admitted into evidence depicts him holding the pens rather than

putting them into his bag and the Gochmanskys did not have eyes on him at all

times while he was in the store. Direct evidence is not required to sustain a

conviction; circumstantial evidence and direct evidence are considered equally

reliable on appellate review. Thomas, 150 Wn.2d at 874. The circumstantial

evidence presented here was sufficient for a jury to find beyond a reasonable

doubt that Norvell had committed robbery in the second degree.

                                Community Custody

       Norvell asserts that the trial court erred by ordering him to obtain an anger

management assessment as a condition of his community custody. This

condition, he contends, is not crime related and thus cannot be legally imposed.

We disagree.

       A crime-related prohibition “prohibit[s] conduct that directly relates to the

circumstances of the crime for which the offender has been convicted.” RCW

9.94A.030(10). A “ ‘reasonable relationship’ ” must exist between the crime of

conviction and the community custody condition. State v. Nguyen, 191 Wn.2d

671, 684, 425 P.3d 847 (2018) (quoting State v. Irwin, 191 Wn. App. 644, 658-

59, 364 P 3d 830 (2015)). The prohibited conduct need not be identical but must

have some basis for the connection to the crime of conviction. Nguyen, 191

Wn.2d at 684.

       We review a trial court's imposition of crime-related conditions for abuse of

discretion. Irwin, 191 Wn. App. at 656. A trial court abuses its discretion if its

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No. 85922-6-I/11

decision is manifestly unreasonable or based on untenable grounds. State v.

Sassen Van Elsloo, 191 Wn.2d 798, 807, 425 P.3d 807 (2018).

       As an initial matter, the State asserts that we should not address Norvell's

challenge to his community custody conditions because he did not object below.3

But “Washington courts . . . will consider some sentencing errors that are raised

for the first time on appeal, including some claims challenging conditions

of community custody.” State v. Casimiro, 8 Wn. App. 2d 245, 249, 438 P.3d

137 (2019). Therefore, we review the merits of Norvell's challenge.

       Here, the court ordered that Norvell obtain an anger management

evaluation as a condition of his community custody. The trial court ordered this

condition because when asked to open his bag, Norwell pushed James out of his

way, and then once outside, swung the bag, laden with items, at James multiple

times. This response, the trial court explained, was “out of line” and was

indicative “that there is an issue that, you know, could be helpful to look at.” As

the trial court correctly noted, these facts establish a proper basis to connect the

condition to the crime. We hold that the court did not abuse its discretion.

                            Victim Penalty Assessment

       Finally, Norvell asserts that the victim penalty assessment (VPA) should

be stricken from his judgment and sentence under RCW 7.68.035 because the

trial court found him to be indigent. The State agrees that RCW 7.68.035 applies

and concedes error as to the imposition of the VPA. The amended version of

       3The State alternatively posits that Norvell invited the error but it provides
no support for this assertion.

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No. 85922-6-I/12

RCW 7.68.035 applies to cases on direct appeal. State v. Ellis, 27 Wn. App. 2d

1, 16, 530 P.3d 1048 (2023). We remand for the trial court to strike the VPA from

Norvell’s judgment and sentence.

      Because Norvell has failed to establish any error, we affirm his conviction.

But we remand for the trial court to strike the VPA from the judgment and

sentence.

WE CONCUR:

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