Court Opinion

ID: 4273147
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-05-07 20:00:22.583595+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:32:50.563731
License: Public Domain

UNPUBLISHED

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

                                       No. 17-1183

ALAN J. SCHNEIDER,

                     Plaintiff - Appellant,

              v.

DONALDSON FUNERAL HOME, P.A.; DONALDSON PROPERTIES NO 3
LLC; DEWITT JAY DONALDSON; HOWARD COUNTY, MARYLAND,

                     Defendants - Appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, at Greenbelt. J.
Frederick Motz, Senior District Judge. (8:16-cv-02843-JFM)

Argued: January 25, 2018                                           Decided: May 7, 2018

Before GREGORY, Chief Judge, NIEMEYER, and AGEE, Circuit Judges.

Affirmed by unpublished opinion. Chief Judge Gregory wrote the opinion, in which Judge
Niemeyer and Judge Agee joined.

ARGUED: Alexander J.E. English, GREENSPRING LEGAL, LLC, Silver Spring,
Maryland, for Appellant. Thomas Graham Coale, TALKIN & OH, LLP, Ellicott City,
Maryland, for Appellees Donaldson Funeral Home, P.A., Donaldson Properties No. 3 LLC,
and DeWitt Jay Donaldson. Lewis J. Taylor, HOWARD COUNTY OFFFICE OF
LAW, Ellicott City, Maryland, for Appellee Howard County, Maryland. ON BRIEF:
Gary W. Kuc, County Solicitor, Louis P. Ruzzi, Senior Assistant County Solicitor,
HOWARD COUNTY OFFICE OF LAW, Ellicott City, Maryland, for Appellee Howard
County, Maryland.

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.

                                            2
GREGORY, Chief Judge:

      Donaldson Funeral Home, P.A, Donaldson Properties No. 3 LLC, and DeWitt Jay

Donaldson (together, “Donaldson”) want to build a funeral home and mortuary in Howard

County, Maryland. Alan J. Schneider, who lives close by, would prefer that they not.

Having failed to convince Howard County to deny Donaldson the requisite building and

zoning permits, Schneider brought a citizen suit against Donaldson and Howard County

for purported violations of the Clean Water Act (CWA).

      The fatal flaw in Schneider’s case is that he has properly pleaded only one discharge

of pollutants that is actionable under the CWA:          Donaldson’s commencement of

construction on the funeral home without a CWA permit for the water pollution that will

be caused by stormwater runoff. But before Schneider filed his complaint, Donaldson

obtained coverage under a CWA permit authorizing his construction activities and the

resulting stormwater runoff. Therefore, Donaldson’s violation is “wholly past” and cannot

form the basis of a CWA citizen suit. And because Schneider has not properly pleaded any

other actionable CWA violations, his remaining claims are meritless. Because the district

court reached the same conclusion (though on somewhat different grounds), we affirm.

                                            I.

                                           A.

      Donaldson owns a 3.2-acre piece of property in Howard County, Maryland (the

“Donaldson Property”). Schneider lives 200 feet south of the Donaldson Property on the

same road. Both pieces of property are bordered to the west by an unnamed creek (the

                                            3
“Tributary”) that originates just north of the Donaldson Property and flows

south/southwest until joining with a larger creek named Carrolls Branch 1.

      Donaldson wants to build a 17,000 square-foot funeral home and mortuary on the

Donaldson Property. Pursuant to Howard County’s local zoning regulations, Donaldson

petitioned the County for approval of the project in January 2010. Howard Cty. Zoning

Regs. §§ 105.0, 106.0, 131.0(N)(22) (2013).      At one of the many public hearings,

Donaldson called a witness who testified without rebuttal that there were no wetlands on

the Donaldson Property. In July 2013, over the passionate opposition of Schneider and

others, the County approved Donaldson’s petition.      As required by Howard County

regulations, Donaldson subsequently submitted site development plans. Howard Cty.

Zoning Regs. § 131.0(I)(1).

      Two years later, Howard County and the Maryland Department of the Environment

(MDE) discovered nontidal wetlands on the Donaldson Property. Maryland regulation

requires a 25-foot protective buffer around nontidal wetlands. Md. Regs. Code (the

“COMAR”) § 26.23.02.01; id. § 26.23.01.01(14), (74). Any construction activity inside

this protective buffer requires a Maryland state permit, COMAR § 26.23.02.01, and any

construction activity in the wetlands themselves separately requires a CWA permit, 33

U.S.C. § 1344; 33 C.F.R. § 323.3.

      An internal County record from August 2015 noted that in response to the discovery,

Donaldson planned to revise the site development plans to avoid disturbing the wetlands

or the protective buffer. In October 2015, an environmental consultant delineated the

wetlands and the 25-foot buffer, with MDE approval. Later that month, Donaldson

                                            4
submitted to the County revised site development plans that included the wetlands. In

April 2016, the County issued Donaldson a Commercial New Building Permit.

      On March 26, 2016, Donaldson began construction on the funeral home by “moving

heavy equipment onto, clearing vegetation from, and grading the [Donaldson] Property.”

J.A. 14. Unless authorized by a CWA permit, stormwater runoff from construction

activities constitutes actionable water pollution under the CWA because the sediment

disturbed in construction will wash into waters due to rain and snow.            40 C.F.R.

§ 122.26(a)(9)(i)(B), (b)(15)(i), (c)(1). The Donaldson Property construction site was not

covered by a permit and was soon found noncompliant by MDE. On April 4, 2016,

Donaldson filed a notice of intent to be covered by the Maryland General Permit for

Stormwater Associated with Construction Activity (the “GCP”), which provides the

relevant CWA authorization. COMAR § 26.08.04.09.A. On April 19, 2016, MDE granted

Donaldson coverage under the GCP. Several weeks later, MDE found the funeral home

project to be in compliance.

                                            B.

      Having failed to halt the funeral home at the local level, Schneider turned to federal

court. On April 6, 2016, Schneider sent Donaldson and Howard County a notice of intent

to sue, as required by the CWA. 33 U.S.C. § 1365(b). On August 12, 2016, Schneider

brought a four-count CWA citizen suit against Donaldson and Howard County in federal

district court. He alleged that Donaldson was constructing the funeral home without the

requisite CWA permits for the stormwater runoff and the construction in wetlands. He also

claimed that Donaldson and Howard County had each violated Maryland and CWA

                                            5
regulations by not conducting an antidegradation review, which he claimed was required

to ensure that the funeral home project would not impair the water quality of the Tributary

and Carrolls Branch 1. Schneider attached a number of exhibits to his complaint, including

the County’s internal record about discovering wetlands on the Donaldson Property, the

environmental consultant’s report delineating the wetlands with MDE’s approval, and

Donaldson’s notice of intent to be covered by the GCP. 1 J.A. 174–78, 78–79, 80–96.

Almost a month after he filed his complaint, Schneider moved for a preliminary injunction

and temporary restraining order (TRO).

       1
         To apply for coverage under the GCP, an applicant need only submit to MDE a
notice of intent to be covered by the permit. But the GCP provides for a two-week public
comment period on every notice. J.A. 160. During that period, any person can request that
a project “be required to obtain an individual permit” due to that project’s anticipated
noncompliance with sediment control or stormwater management standards. Id. MDE
evaluates each comment and may require the petitioner to apply for an individualized
permit in lieu of promptly granting coverage under the GCP.
      We note that despite attaching Donaldson’s notice of intent to his complaint,
Schneider does not indicate whether he filed a comment requesting that Donaldson obtain
an individual permit. The absence of comment is particularly conspicuous given
Schneider’s claim before this Court that he was denied an opportunity to offer public
comments about the funeral home project. Appellant Opening Br. 31; Appellant Reply Br.
13.
        We also note that Schneider can still ask MDE to consider making Donaldson apply
for an individual CWA permit. The GCP states that “[a]ny interested person” can petition
the Director of MDE’s Water Management Administration to require a GCP permit holder
to “apply for and obtain either an individual permit or coverage under an alternative general
permit.” J.A. 157. Indeed, the GCP states that “if there is evidence indicating that
stormwater discharges authorized by this permit cause, have the reasonable potential to
cause[,] or contribute to an excursion above any applicable water quality standard,” MDE
may require the permit holder “to obtain an individual permit or alternative general permit
coverage,” revoke the permit, or modify the permit “to include different limitations and
requirements.” J.A. 171. Therefore, Schneider’s ability to comment publicly on the
funeral home project has not been foreclosed.

                                             6
       Donaldson and the County separately filed motions to dismiss under Federal Rules

of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6). Donaldson attached to his motion his permit

from MDE showing that he has been covered under the GCP since April 19, 2016. J.A.

184. Donaldson also attached the inspection reports from MDE. J.A. 182–83, 185.

       On January 6, 2017, without holding a hearing, the district court denied Schneider’s

motion for preliminary injunction/TRO and granted Donaldson’s and the County’s motions

to dismiss. The district court concluded that Schneider had Article III standing to sue

Donaldson, but had failed to make out an “ongoing allegation” (as is required to bring a

CWA citizen suit) because Donaldson is now covered by the GCP. Even if Schneider had

alleged an ongoing violation, the case was an improper collateral attack on the issuance of

a permit, and the court should abstain from asserting jurisdiction. The court also concluded

that Schneider lacked Article III standing to sue Howard County because it did not have an

obligation to perform an antidegradation review and had not caused Schneider’s injury-in-

fact. Schneider timely filed a notice of appeal.

                                             II.

       We review de novo the district court’s dismissals under Rule 12(b)(1) and Rule

12(b)(6). Goldfarb v. Mayor & City Council of Balt., 791 F.3d 500, 505 (4th Cir. 2015).

       Defendants here challenged the factual sufficiency of the pleadings to make out

subject matter jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1). In a factual challenge, the district court

can “go beyond the allegations of the complaint and in an evidentiary hearing determine if

there are facts to support the jurisdictional allegations, without converting the motion to a

                                             7
summary judgment proceeding.” Kerns v. United States, 585 F.3d 187, 192 (4th Cir. 2009)

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted); accord Richmond, Fredericksburg &

Potomac R. Co. v. United States, 945 F.2d 765, 768 (4th Cir. 1991). But we have held that

an evidentiary hearing is not necessary when, as here, there are no relevant issues of

disputed fact, the only question before the district court was one of law, and the record was

“sufficient to decide the jurisdictional question.” 24th Senatorial Dist. Republican Comm.

v. Alcorn, 820 F.3d 624, 629 (4th Cir. 2016).

       Defendants also challenged the sufficiency of the pleadings to state a claim under

Rule 12(b)(6). In this context, “the reviewing court must determine whether the complaint

alleges sufficient facts ‘to raise a right to relief above the speculative level’ and ‘to state a

claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Goldfarb, 791 F.3d at 508 (quoting Bell Atl.

Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). We must accept all well-pleaded material

facts as true and draw all inferences in the plaintiff’s favor. Id. But we do not “apply the

same presumption of truth to ‘conclusory statements’ and ‘legal conclusions’” in a

complaint. Beck v. McDonald, 848 F.3d 262, 270 (4th Cir. 2017) (quoting Ashcroft v.

Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)). And we may also consider “documents that are explicitly

incorporated into the complaint by reference,” documents “attached to the complaint as

exhibits,” and documents attached to a motion to dismiss as long as they are “integral to

the complaint” and “authentic.” Goines v. Valley Cmty. Servs. Bd., 822 F.3d 159, 166 (4th

Cir. 2016) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[I]n the event of conflict between the bare

allegations of the complaint and any exhibit attached, the exhibit prevails.” Id. (quoting

Fayetteville Inv’rs v. Commercial Builders, Inc., 936 F.2d 1462, 1465 (4th Cir. 1991)

                                               8
(ellipses omitted)). The Court may also take judicial notice of “matters of public record.”

Goldfarb, 791 F.3d at 508–09.

       Therefore, we may consider the exhibits Schneider attached to his complaint, as

well as an unrelated permit held by Howard County that Schneider incorporated by

reference in his complaint and attached to his reply brief in support of his motion for a

preliminary injunction/TRO.      Goines, 822 F.3d at 166.       We may also consider the

documents Donaldson attached to his motion to dismiss, which show Donaldson’s

coverage under the GCP and the related MDE inspection reports. Id.; Alcorn, 820 F.3d at

629. Schneider does not contest the fact that MDE granted Donaldson coverage under the

GCP in April 2016; therefore, whether Schneider has alleged an ongoing violation of the

CWA is a question of law that can be answered based on the record. Alcorn, 820 F.3d at

629. Nor does Schneider contest the documents’ authenticity, and they are clearly integral

to Schneider’s complaint, which is based solely on Donaldson’s alleged lack of coverage

under the GCP. See Goines, 822 F.3d at 166 (noting that a document is integral if claims

“turn on” or are “otherwise based on” the document or if the document has “independent

legal significance” to plaintiff’s claim (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)).

                                             III.

       The CWA was enacted in 1972 “to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and

biological integrity of the Nation’s waters.” 33 U.S.C. § 1251(a). Congress set (among

other goals and policies) a “national goal that the discharge of pollutants into the navigable

waters be eliminated.” § 1251(a)(1). To help enforce its provisions, CWA authorizes

                                              9
citizen suits: “[A]ny citizen may commence a civil action on his own behalf [] against any

person . . . who is alleged to be in violation of [] an effluent standard or limitation under

this chapter.” § 1365(a)(1). Such a violation includes discharging pollutants without a

permit or violating the terms of a permit. § 1365(f)(1).

       To bring a citizen suit, a plaintiff must satisfy several related conditions. First, sixty

days before bringing a citizen suit, “the would-be plaintiff must give notice of the alleged

violation to the EPA, the State in which the alleged violation occurred, and the alleged

violator.” Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs. (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167,

174–75 (2000). Second, the plaintiff must allege a “continuous or intermittent violation”

of the CWA. Gwaltney of Smithfield, Ltd. v. Chesapeake Bay Found., Inc., 484 U.S. 49,

64 (1987). The Supreme Court has held that the CWA does not confer jurisdiction over

citizen suits alleging “wholly past violations,” id., including “violations that have ceased

by the time the complaint is filed,” Laidlaw, 528 U.S. at 175. This rule is inherent in the

structure of the CWA, which established the sixty-day notice to give the purported violator

“an opportunity to bring itself into complete compliance with the Act and thus [] render

unnecessary a citizen suit.” Gwaltney, 484 U.S. at 60.

       Schneider satisfied the first requirement by providing Donaldson and Howard

County with a notice of intent to sue four months before filing his complaint. But his

attempt to satisfy the second falls short. In the complaint, Schneider alleged four ongoing

violations of the CWA. Count I related to the allegedly unpermitted stormwater runoff

from Donaldson’s construction activities. Count II concerned the allegedly unpermitted

construction activities in the wetlands on the Donaldson Property. Counts III and IV

                                              10
alleged that Donaldson and Howard County violated Maryland’s water quality standards

by failing to conduct an antidegradation review. None have merit. Although Count I is

actionable under the CWA, it cannot form the basis of a citizen suit because the violation

is “wholly past.” Gwaltney, 484 U.S. at 64. And the other three counts do not state a claim

under the CWA.

                                             A.

       In Count I, Schneider claimed that Donaldson violated the CWA by starting

construction on the funeral home without a permit for the stormwater runoff. But because

Donaldson is now covered under Maryland’s GCP, the CWA violation is “wholly past”

and can no longer be the subject of a CWA citizen suit. Gwaltney, 484 U.S. at 64.

       The CWA creates a strict liability scheme that prohibits the “discharge of any

pollutant” to U.S. waters and wetlands without a permit. 2 33 U.S.C. § 1311(a); Am. Canoe

Ass’n v. Murphy Farms, Inc., 412 F.3d 536, 540 (4th Cir. 2005). The most common permit

is a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit. 33 U.S.C. § 1342;

40 C.F.R. pt. 122. The EPA has delegated to MDE the authority to issue both individual

and general NPDES permits. 33 U.S.C. §§ 1342(a)(5), 1362(1); EPA, NPDES State

Program Information. 3 An individual permit is customized to the site-specific conditions

       2
        “Discharge of any pollutant” means “any addition of any pollutant to navigable
waters from any point source.” 33 U.S.C. § 1362(12). “Navigable waters” means “the
waters of the United States, including the territorial seas” and certain wetlands. § 1362(7);
Rapanos v. United States, 547 U.S. 715, 725 (2006) (plurality).
       3
        https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-state-program-information (last visited Apr. 3,
2018) (saved as ECF opinion attachment No. 1).

                                             11
of a single discharger. EPA, NPDES Permit Basics (July 24, 2017). 4 A general permit, by

contrast, “cover[s] multiple dischargers with similar operations and types of discharges

based on the permit writer’s professional knowledge of those types of activities and

discharges.” Id. The “general permit is issued to no one in particular with multiple

dischargers obtaining coverage under that general permit after it is issued, consistent with

the permit eligibility and authorization provisions.” Id.

       Stormwater runoff from small construction activities (covering one to five acres)

constitutes a pollutant discharge. 40 C.F.R. § 122.26(a)(9)(i)(B), (b)(15)(i). As a result,

any person doing a small construction project must either get an individual NPDES permit

or receive coverage under a general NPDES permit. 40 C.F.R. § 122.26(c)(1).

       Maryland issued the GCP as a general NPDES permit that provides statewide

authorization for stormwater runoff from qualifying construction activities. COMAR

§ 26.08.04.09(A). The permit was most recently reissued on January 1, 2015 and runs for

five years. To apply for coverage, an applicant need only submit to MDE a notice of intent

to be covered by the permit. Unless MDE receives adverse public comments during the

two-week public notification period and unless MDE independently decides that the project

requires additional permits, the agency will promptly approve coverage. MDE directs all

projects to “seek coverage under the General Permit rather than an Individual Permit unless

otherwise directed by MDE.” MDE, General Permit for Stormwater Associated with

       4
           https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-permit-basic (saved as ECF opinion attachment
No. 2).

                                             12
Construction Activity. 5 Once covered by the GCP, the permittee will not be liable under

the CWA for stormwater runoff from construction activities as long as the permittee

complies with the terms of the permit. MDE has concluded that stormwater runoff by itself

“is unlikely to cause or contribute to an excursion above water quality standards if in

compliance with the [applicable] law and regulations.”       MDE, Response to Public

Comments Regarding the 2014 General Permit for Stormwater Associated with

Construction Activity 7 (Oct. 28, 2014). 6

       In Count I, Schneider alleged that Donaldson violated the CWA when he began

construction on the funeral home without a NPDES permit. We agree that Donaldson

violated the CWA in March 2016 when he began construction without a permit. But

Donaldson has been covered by the GCP since April 19, 2016. As a result, Donaldson is

no longer conducting unpermitted construction activities—and has not been since almost

four months before Schneider filed his lawsuit. Schneider cannot bring a citizen suit for

this wholly past violation. Laidlaw, 528 U.S. at 175; Gwaltney, 484 U.S. at 64.

       Schneider argues that by acknowledging Donaldson’s coverage under the GCP, the

district court improperly converted the Defendants’ motions to dismiss into motions for

summary judgment. Appellant Opening Br. 31–32. But as we explained above, the district

court could properly consider the document proving Donaldson’s coverage under the GCP

       5
          http://mde.maryland.gov/programs/Water/Compliance/Pages/gp_construction.as
px (last visited Apr. 3, 2018) (saved as ECF opinion attachment No. 3).
       6
        http://mde.maryland.gov/programs/Permits/WaterManagementPermits/Documen
ts/Response-to-Comments-2014-GP-Final.pdf (saved as ECF opinion attachment No. 4).

                                             13
because it is integral to Schneider’s complaint and because Donaldson challenges the

factual sufficiency of Schneider’s allegations. Goines, 822 F.3d at 166; Alcorn, 820 F.3d

at 629. Schneider also argues that the district court improperly invoked the CWA permit

shield, which protects a CWA permit holder from CWA liability as long as the permittee

complies with the terms of the permit and only discharges pollutants in accordance with

what was reported to the permitting authority. Piney Run Pres. Ass’n v. Cty. Comm’rs of

Carroll Cty., Md., 268 F.3d 255, 259 (4th Cir. 2001). But the permit shield is only relevant

if a plaintiff pleads noncompliance with the terms of a permit or its application

requirements, see id.; Ohio Valley Envtl. Coal. v. Fola Coal Co., LLC, 845 F.3d 133, 142

(4th Cir. 2017)—something Schneider did not do. Instead, he alleged only that Donaldson

lacked a permit. Because Donaldson did not actually lack a permit when the complaint

was filed, the district court did not err when it found that the alleged unpermitted discharge

was wholly past and therefore insufficient to form the basis of a CWA citizen suit.

       At bottom, Schneider does not dispute as a factual matter that MDE granted

Donaldson coverage under the GCP on April 19, 2016. Instead, Schneider now attempts

before this Court to challenge the validity of Donaldson’s coverage under the GCP and the

sufficiency of Donaldson’s compliance with the GCP. Appellant Br. 28–36. But because

he did not plead any of these points in his complaint—the complaint only alleged that

Donaldson lacked coverage under the GCP—he cannot now raise them here. 7 Fed. R. Civ.

P. 8; Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 677–79. Because Schneider only pleaded in Count I that Donaldson

       7
         We express no view on the validity of Donaldson’s GCP permit or his compliance
with its terms because these points exceed the scope of the complaint as pleaded.

                                             14
lacked a permit for the stormwater runoff from the funeral home construction site, and

because Donaldson is now covered by the GCP for that runoff, there is no ongoing violation

of the CWA. Thus, Count I cannot form the basis of a CWA citizen suit. Gwaltney, 484

U.S. at 64.

                                               B.

       In Count II, Schneider alleged unpermitted construction activities in the wetlands.

We find that he has failed to state a claim.

       The CWA and Maryland law each place additional restrictions on the discharge of

dredge or fill material into wetlands. Dredge material is material (e.g., rocks and soil)

excavated from a water, and fill material is material added to a water that changes its

bottom elevation or replaces any portion of that water with dry land. 40 C.F.R. § 232.2.

Under the CWA, anyone who wants to discharge dredge or fill material into a wetland

needs a Section 404 permit from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 33 U.S.C. § 1344; 33

C.F.R. § 323.3. Separately, under Maryland law, anyone who performs certain regulated

activities, including removing soil from and dumping fill material into a nontidal wetland

or its 25-foot buffer, must get a permit or letter of exemption from the state. COMAR

§ 26.23.02.01; id. § 26.23.01.01(14), (74).

       In Count II, Schneider alleged that Donaldson began construction near the wetlands

without applying for or obtaining a Section 404 permit from the Corps. But Schneider has

forfeited any challenge to the district court’s dismissal of this claim because he did not

make any argument about dredge or fill discharges in his opening brief. Ogundipe v.

Mukasey, 541 F.3d 257, 260 n.4 (4th Cir. 2008).

                                               15
       Even if we were to consider Count II, Schneider’s argument fails because he pleaded

only conclusory factual statements in the complaint. Schneider claimed that “Defendants’

actions have resulted in, inter alia, dredged spoil, solid waste, biological materials, heat,

rock, sand, cellar dirt and/or industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste being discharged

into the jurisdictional waters of the United States (and specifically the tributaries of the

Patuxent River), without a permit to do so.” J.A. 4. But this is merely an incomplete list

of what the CWA considers to be a “pollutant”: “dredged spoil, solid waste, incinerator

residue, sewage, garbage, sewage sludge, munitions, chemical wastes, biological

materials, radioactive materials, heat, wrecked or discarded equipment, rock, sand, cellar

dirt and industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste discharged into water.” 33 U.S.C.

§ 1362(6) (emphasis added). A “threadbare recital[] of the elements of a cause of action”

does not constitute a plausible claim. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. Schneider also alleged that

“Donaldson . . . commenced construction on the Mortuary in and/or proximate to

jurisdictional waters, wetlands or protective buffers thereof, no later than March 26, 2016,

placing machinery, grading, and clearing vegetation on the [Donaldson] Property.” J.A.

18. But there are no factual allegations to support this vague assertion that Donaldson is

doing anything in the wetlands. 8 To the contrary, the exhibits Schneider attached to his

own complaint evince Donaldson’s compliance with his CWA obligation. When MDE

and Howard County discovered that the Donaldson Property contained wetlands,

       8
         Nor are there allegations that he is doing anything in the protective buffer. But
discharge of dredge and fill material in a protective buffer only violates Maryland state
law, not the CWA, and Schneider’s complaint only alleges violations of the CWA.

                                             16
Donaldson: told the County that he planned to revise his site development plans to avoid

disturbing the wetlands or the buffer, J.A. 78–79; had an environmental consultant

delineate the wetlands and the 25-foot buffer with subsequent MDE approval, J.A. 80–96;

and submitted revised site development plans that acknowledged the wetlands, J.A. 13–14.

These exhibits prevail over the bare allegations of the complaint. See Goines, 822 F.3d at

166.

       Schneider’s complaint contains no other allegations related to Donaldson’s

purported discharge of dredge or fill material into the wetlands. Therefore, Schneider has

failed to state a claim that Donaldson is violating CWA’s prohibition on discharging dredge

or fill material without a permit.

                                            C.

       In Counts III and IV, Schneider claimed that Donaldson and Howard County each

violated Maryland’s water quality standards by not conducting an antidegradation review.

But because neither has an obligation in this circumstance to conduct such a review,

Schneider’s claims fail.

       The CWA and the EPA require each state to adopt water quality standards. 33

U.S.C. § 1313; 40 C.F.R. § 131.2. States use the water quality standards when developing

permit limits and evaluating proposed discharges of pollutants. 40 C.F.R. § 131.21(d).

When a water’s quality is “better than the minimum requirements specified by the water

quality standards”—such as is true about Carrolls Branch 1 and its tributaries, COMAR

§ 26.08.02.04-1(O)—Maryland designates that water as Tier II. COMAR § 26.08.02.04-

1(A); see 40 C.F.R. § 131.12(a)(2).

                                            17
       EPA and MDE regulations mandate that higher quality waters “shall be

maintained.”   40 C.F.R. § 131.12(a)(2); COMAR § 26.08.02.04-1(A).            To that end,

whenever a person or entity applies for “a new discharge permit or major modification of

an existing discharge permit” that “will result in a new, or an increased, permitted annual

discharge of pollutants and a potential impact to water quality,” they must first conduct an

“antidegradation review.” COMAR § 26.08.02.04-1(B), (F). If these impacts to water

quality are “unavoidable,” the applicant must also “prepare and document a social and

economic justification.” COMAR § 26.08.02.04-1(B). MDE then determines through a

public process whether the discharges are justified.

       In Count III, Schneider alleged that Donaldson failed to submit an antidegradation

review and social and economic justification, which Schneider claimed were statutorily

required prior to discharging pollutants into a Tier II waterway or applying for a NPDES

permit. But an antidegradation review and social and economic justification are only

required when a person applies for a new permit or for a major modification of an existing

permit, COMAR § 26.08.02.04-1(F), (B)—and Donaldson did neither. Instead, he applied

for coverage under the GCP, a general permit already in effect for over a year before he

applied.   Under Maryland law, no antidegradation review was required.            COMAR

§ 26.08.02.04-1(B). Nor did Donaldson deprive Schneider of a procedural or informational

right to an antidegradation review, Appellant Opening Br. 21, 29–31, 34, because

Donaldson was not obligated to conduct one.

       In addition, there are no allegations that operating a funeral home on the Donaldson

Property will cause discharges to a Tier II water or otherwise violate a CWA “effluent

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standard or limitation,” as is necessary for bringing a citizen suit. § 1365(a)(1). Schneider

points to no law requiring Donaldson to comply with the antidegradation policy simply

because he will eventually operate a funeral home next to a Tier II water. Therefore,

Schneider failed to state a claim in Count III that Donaldson is violating the CWA by not

conducting an antidegradation review.

       In Count IV, Schneider alleged that Howard County violated the CWA when it did

not conduct an antidegradation review prior to issuing Donaldson a Commercial New

Building Permit. Now on appeal, Schneider argues to this Court that Howard County has

violated either its delegated authority under the CWA or the terms of its own NPDES

permit for its own municipal storm system. Appellant Opening Br. 41–44. These claims

are also without merit.

       It is true that Howard County does have some obligations under the CWA. Among

others, Howard County has its own NPDES permit to discharge pollutants via its own

municipal separate storm sewer system (the “MS4 permit”), which does impose certain

obligations related to stormwater discharges and water quality standards. But these

obligations relate to the municipal storm sewer system owned and operated by Howard

County. The MS4 permit does not obligate Howard County to “ensure that all rain water

touching private property in the County is rendered pure before it enters a river or stream.”

County Resp. Br. 26. Nor does it impose on the County an obligation to conduct

antidegradation reviews of all construction projects in the County. Indeed, Schneider

concedes in his opening brief that “MDE considers the MS4 Permit for Howard County to

be the entire county with the exception of lands which have their own NPDES stormwater

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permits.” Appellant Opening Br. 44 (citation omitted) (emphasis added). The Donaldson

Property is just such a land with its own NPDES stormwater permit.

       At bottom, Schneider can point to no law that requires Howard County to conduct

an antidegradation review before issuing Donaldson zoning and building permits. To the

contrary, Maryland regulations clearly state that the obligation to conduct an

antidegradation review rests on the permit applicant. COMAR § 26.08.02.04-1(B), (F).

And as discussed above, Donaldson had no obligation to conduct one either. Therefore,

we conclude that Schneider failed to state a claim in Count IV for any violation of the

CWA by Howard County. 9

                                             IV.

       Because Schneider has not pleaded any ongoing violation of the CWA by

Donaldson or Howard County, the district court decision is

                                                                                AFFIRMED.

       9
         At the interstices of this litigation, Schneider has argued that Howard County and
Donaldson violated various provisions of Howard County’s local regulations. But
purported violations of local zoning regulations are not actionable violations of the CWA,
and Schneider’s complaint rests entirely on the CWA. And absent a jurisdictional hook,
they are not issues for a federal court under federal question jurisdiction, particularly when
we affirm the dismissal of all federal claims. Allegations that Howard County violated
local or state regulations are best brought in state court. Cf. Perdue Farms Inc. v. Hadder,
675 A.2d 577, 581 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1996) (evaluating whether a local county zoning
boards erred by imposing requirements that inherently conflict with MDE regulations).

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