Court Opinion

ID: 2942973
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-16 01:41:25.624179+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:41:02.580214
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS

OF TEXAS

NO. PD-1347-09

ALFRED ISASSI, Appellant

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS

ON STATE'S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
FROM THE THIRTEENTH COURT OF APPEALS

KLEBERG COUNTY

 Cochran, J., delivered the opinion of the Court in which Womack,
Johnson, Keasler and Hervey, JJ., joined.  Keller, P.J., filed a dissenting
opinion in which Price and Holcomb, JJ., joined.  Meyers, J., not participating.

OPINION

	On evidence that appellant-the then Kleberg County Attorney-made some phone calls
in an unsuccessful attempt to cut short a criminal prosecution of his aunt, the jury convicted
him of two counts of the rarely charged misdemeanor offense of "improper influence." (1)  The
Corpus Christi Court of Appeals held that the evidence was legally insufficient to show he
made the calls "with an intent to influence the outcome of the proceeding on the basis of
considerations other than those authorized by law," as required by the statute. (2)  We granted
review (3) and will reverse.
I.
A.	The Facts.
	On August 5, 2005, appellant's aunt, Anna Linda Gonzalez, ran a red light in
Kingsville.  Constable Rafael Campos followed her with his lights flashing.  Instead of
pulling over, Ms. Gonzalez drove home, went inside her house, and failed to answer the
constable's knock.  Instead, she called appellant; he was her nephew and also the elected
county attorney.  Appellant told her to cooperate, so she did.  Constable Campos arrested Ms.
Gonzalez for evading arrest with a vehicle and took her to jail.  Ms. Gonzalez was released
on a personal bond with documents requiring her to report to pretrial services within twenty-four hours and to report to the 105th District Court on September 8, 2005.
	Ms. Gonzalez did not report to pretrial services, but three days after her arrest,
appellant called Maria Elana Hernandez, the pre-trial-bond coordinator for the 105th Judicial
District. (4)  Ms. Hernandez knew appellant, both as county attorney and as a former assistant
district attorney.  Ms. Hernandez testified that appellant told her that Anna Linda Gonzalez
had been arrested for evading arrest with a vehicle, a felony charge, and that she did not need
to report to the office for pretrial services.  Appellant stated that the arrest "was done by
Constable Ralph Campos and it was an investigation on him at the time due to another
incident, another arrest on . . . another individual and that the case was going to get rejected."
Appellant said that "he already had spoken to the DA's office and that the case was going
to be rejected."  Ms. Hernandez made the following note on her copy of the order to appear
in court: "Will not be prosecuted by DAs or county attorney's office as per Alfred.  She was
not pretrialed in jail."  Because of this call, pretrial services excused Ms. Gonzalez'
noncompliance with standard felony-reporting requirements for about six weeks.  Appellant
never told Ms. Hernandez that Ms. Gonzalez was his aunt.
	On August 24, 2005, the district attorney's office received the evading-arrest case
from Constable Campos.  A week later, appellant called Assistant District Attorney Aida
Trevino who was a friend of appellant's.  She had known him since before she went to law
school, when she worked as a secretary at the district attorney's office and appellant was an
assistant district attorney.  Ms. Trevino testified to their conversation:
	He said, "Do you have a-do you happen to have a case on Anna Linda-or
Anna Gonzalez?"  And I was like, "Well, let me look it up."  And . . . I said,
"Yes, it's a pending case."  And so he said, "Well,"-he says, "Ralph Campos
is the one that arrested her."  I said, "Yeah, that's what I'm showing.  It's still
pending."  He says, "Well, did you know that [First Assistant District
Attorney] Mark Skurka has a pending investigation-an open pending
investigation on Ralph Campos?"  And I said, "No, I didn't know that."  He
says, "Yeah."  He goes, "And they're not going to prosecute the case."  I was
like, "Okay."  I said, "Well, let me go ahead and check with him."  I said, "If
that's the case, then I'll go ahead and-and dump the case," because-and I
remember telling him, I was like, "One less case I have to deal with."  I was
like, "You know how much work there is up here."  So I was like, "We'll go
ahead and dump it as soon as I-I get that."
Ms. Trevino testified that appellant never told her that Anna Linda Gonzalez was his aunt,
but that if he had, "I think I would have-I would have hesitated as far as following-following
up on-on the comments that were made."  Ms. Trevino soon learned that Ms. Gonzalez was
a member of the local grand jury and that she was being investigated for failing to disclose
a prior theft conviction during impaneling.  
	On September 13th, pretrial services sent Ms. Gonzalez a letter stating that her
evading arrest with a vehicle case was pending and that she had to comply with the notice
requiring her to report to pretrial services.  On September 15th, Ms. Gonzalez was removed
from the grand jury.  The next day, appellant called Aida Trevino again, but by then she had
discovered that Ms. Gonzalez was his aunt.  It was a short conversation.
	. . . [I]t was the day after the judge issued the order removing her from the
grand jury and he called me once again on the phone . . . .  And what he said
to me was, "Hey, Aida, I have Anna Linda Gonzalez here in my office here
right now."  He's like, "Can she come talk to you?"  And I said, "Alfred"-I
was like, "We-we're probably going to indict her.  You know, she's been
removed from the grand jury."  I was like, "I have nothing to say to her," and
he said, "So you don't want to talk to her?"  And I said, "I have nothing to say
to her."  I said, "We're probably going to indict her.  And you should know
better than that."  And that was-that was that.  
	Appellant called pretrial services the next day and spoke to Officer Jimenez, yet
another acquaintance.  He referred to the letter that Ms. Gonzalez had received and asked if
she still needed to report as there was a possibility that the district attorney was not going to
pursue the case because the arresting officer was under investigation.  Appellant said that he
had talked to Ms. Trevino, the assistant district attorney.  Officer Jimenez said that Ms.
Gonzalez still needed to report because it was standard procedure, but once documentation
of the dismissal was in hand they would close the case.  Ms. Gonzalez reported to pretrial
services that same day and was given the conditions of her bail pending trial. 
	In February of 2006, Ms. Gonzalez was indicted for the felony offense of evading
arrest with a motor vehicle.  In late July, that case was dismissed as part of a plea agreement
reached in the aggravated perjury case related to her grand-jury impaneling.
	Two years later, a jury convicted appellant of two counts of improper influence-a
class A misdemeanor-on evidence of his interference in his aunt's case.  He was sentenced
to one year in jail, probated for six months. 
B.  	The Court of Appeals Opinion.
	On direct appeal appellant argued-inter alia-that the evidence adduced at trial was
legally insufficient to prove-as the offense of improper influence requires-"an intent to
influence the outcome of the proceeding on the basis of considerations other than those
authorized by law."  The court agreed and stated,
	The evidence adduced at trial established that Isassi contacted both Trevino
and Hernandez in order to advise them that Constable Campos was under
investigation, and that the First Assistant District Attorney did not intend to
prosecute Gonzalez for this reason.  There was no evidence that Isassi offered
to do anything, either in his private capacity or in his capacity as County
Attorney, in exchange for a favorable result in his aunt's case.  Nor was there
any evidence that Isassi gave any information to Trevino and Hernandez that
those individuals could not lawfully utilize in determining how to exercise
their official discretion. (5)
Rather, the "intent of the District Attorney to drop the case against Gonzalez was indeed a
factor that Trevino and Hernandez were clearly authorized by law to consider in making
official decisions regarding Gonzalez's case." (6)  And while "Isassi's position as Kleberg
County Attorney and his failure to disclose his relationship with Gonzalez may have given
his communications with Trevino and Hernandez an aura of impropriety, . . . the fact remains
that Isassi did nothing that a private citizen could not do-he merely advised Trevino and
Hernandez that the case against his aunt was weak and would not be prosecuted." (7)
II.
A.	Standard of Review.
	In assessing the legal sufficiency of the evidence under Jackson v. Virginia, (8) "we
consider all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether,
based on that evidence and reasonable inferences therefrom, a rational juror could have found
the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt." (9)  But "our role is not to
become a thirteenth juror.  This Court may not re-evaluate the weight and credibility of the
record evidence and thereby substitute our judgment for that of the fact-finder." (10)  Rather,
we defer to "'the responsibility of the trier of fact to fairly resolve conflicts in testimony, to
weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.'" (11)
This same standard applies equally to circumstantial and direct evidence. (12)  "Our role on
appeal is restricted to guarding against the rare occurrence when a factfinder does not act
rationally." (13)
B.	The Improper Influence Statute.
	A person commits the offense of improper influence "if he privately addresses a
representation, entreaty, argument, or other communication to any public servant who
exercises or will exercise official discretion in an adjudicatory proceeding with an intent to
influence the outcome of the proceeding on the basis of considerations other than those
authorized by law." (14)  Only the intent element is at issue here. (15)  As the court of appeals
noted, the phrase-an intent to influence the outcome of the proceeding on the basis of
considerations other than those authorized by law-is not further defined in the penal code or
in our case law. (16) 
	Although we have never construed the meaning of this statute, the improper influence
statute does appear in the Model Penal Code.  Section 240.2 covers threats and other
improper influence in official and political matters and includes four different offenses-one
of which, paragraph (d), mirrors the Texas statute. (17)  The offenses are "designed to reach
various means by which the integrity of government can be undermined." (18)  The Model Penal
Code commentary about paragraph (d) includes the statement that the provision deals with
the subject of "ex parte communications made to judicial and administrative officers with
the purpose of influencing improperly the outcome of official proceedings." (19)  The statute
therefore "prohibits any communication designed to influence the outcome on the basis of
considerations other than those authorized by law." (20)  The commentary notes the widespread
social judgment that pressures and persuasions other than the offer of a benefit may obstruct
the fair administration of justice, (21) so this provision is designed to reach improper influences
short of bribery or threat. (22)  Although the drafters had considered using the phrase "corrupt"
attempts to influence as used in the corresponding federal statutes, (23) it rejected that
suggestion because "[c]overage only of 'corrupt' attempts to influence would either rob the
provision of any significance or leave the courts with the wholly unstructured task of
defining through criminal prosecutions the limits of appropriate ex parte contact." (24)  Thus,
the actor must "intend to influence the outcome on the basis of certain factors" and also
"know that those considerations are not authorized by law." (25)
	The commentary notes that a handful of states-including Idaho, Maine, Montana,
New Hampshire, New Jersey, and Texas-have such statutes. (26)  Very few state cases discuss
the offense.  In one unpublished Montana case, the statute was used to indict the defendant
for providing jury panel members with a nullification instruction. (27)  The allegation was "that
the Defendant mailed letters to prospective members of the Ravalli County jury panel during
a time when the Defendant was charged with another criminal act that would go to trial
before the jury panel.  The substance of the letters mailed by the Defendant was to the effect
that a prospective juror, if selected to sit on a jury, had the absolute right to disregard the
instructions of the Judge and vote for acquittal if the juror felt the law was bad." (28)  The trial
judge relied upon a federal case construing the corresponding federal improper influence
statute and denied the defendant's motion to dismiss, which was based on the theory that "it
is error to not tell the jurors of a right they possess." (29)  Although jurors have the raw power
to return a verdict that flies in the face of the facts and the law, they do not have a legal right
to do so.  Jury nullification is not authorized by law, and thus the improper influence statute
applies to the ex parte attempt to persuade jurors to exercise that raw, but lawless, power. (30) 
Though other states have statutes similar to that in Texas, prosecutions under them have been
rare-and usually involve threats, or, as above, efforts to tamper with a jury. (31)  The use of the
improper influence statute in the manner that it was used here is, as far as we can tell, truly
a matter of first impression in state courts.
	However, the corresponding federal statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1503, (32) prohibiting
influencing or injuring a judicial officer or juror has been construed and applied in numerous
cases.  The distinction between the federal statute and the Texas statute is in the wording of
the mens rea element.  In the federal statute, the actor must "corruptly" (33) endeavor to
influence a judicial officer or the due administration of justice; in the Texas statute, the actor
must have "an intent to influence the outcome of the proceeding on the basis of
considerations other than those authorized by law."  As noted by the Model Penal Code
commentary, the mens rea of the improper influence statute is both broader and more
precisely defined than the equivalent mens rea under the federal statute. (34)  Both statutes,
however, criminalize conduct that obstructs or influences the due administration of justice
if that conduct is undertaken with a corrupt or improper purpose. (35)  The conduct itself might
be lawful, but if it was performed for an improper purpose, it falls within the criminal
statute. (36)  As Justice Holmes once noted, "Intent may make an otherwise innocent act
criminal, if it is a step in a plot." (37)  Thus, the "proper inquiry is whether a defendant had the
requisite corrupt intent to improperly influence the investigation, not on the means the
defendant employed in bringing to bear this influence." (38)  With that general background, we
turn to the present case.
III.

 	The court of appeals found that the State presented "no evidence" that appellant acted
"with an intent to influence the outcome of the proceeding on the basis of considerations
other than those authorized by law."
	Notwithstanding that the means appellant used might be regarded as lawful when
viewed in a vacuum, clear proof of an improper motive would serve to criminalize his
conduct.  It was the State's theory that, because she was his aunt, appellant attempted to
influence (1) the district attorney's office to dismiss the charges against Anna Linda
Gonzalez; and (2) the pretrial services department not to require her to report and adhere to
the standard pretrial conditions of bond. (39)  If appellant's motive and intent when he made
these phone calls was to benefit his aunt by short-circuiting her prosecution for evading
arrest, that was "an intent to influence the outcome of the proceeding on the basis of
considerations other than those authorized by law."  The law does not authorize the dismissal
of criminal charges or the avoidance of standard bond conditions based upon the defendant's
familial or personal relationship to another, be it a judge, county attorney, or other official. (40) 
If, on the other hand, appellant was simply exercising his public-spirited interest in good
governance and his telephone calls were unrelated to his aunt and her welfare, then the
evidence is insufficient to prove that he had an intent to improperly influence the proceeding.
	Viewed in the light most favorable to the jury's verdict, the evidence of appellant's
culpable intent included the following:

	Appellant's aunt called him from her home even before Constable Campos
arrested her, asking for his advice; thus, he was involved in assisting his aunt
from the very beginning of the incident.

Three days after his aunt's arrest, appellant called Maria Elana Hernandez, the
pre-trial bond co-ordinator and a person who knew him as county attorney and
a former assistant district attorney.  He told her that Ms. Gonzalez did not need
to report because Constable Campos was being investigated for some other
incident, so this "case was going to be rejected." (41)

 	Appellant told Ms. Hernandez that he had already spoken to the D.A.'s office
about this case and it was going to be rejected.  In fact, appellant had not
spoken to the D.A.'s office.
 

	Appellant did not tell Ms. Hernandez that Ms. Gonzalez was his aunt.

 

	A week after the district attorney's office received Ms. Gonzalez's case,
appellant phoned Aida Trevino, an assistant district attorney, who was a friend
of his. Appellant told Ms. Trevino that her boss, Mark Skurka, was
investigating Constable Campos and "they're not going to prosecute" the case
against Ms. Gonzalez.  

 

	Mark Skurka testified that he never spoke to appellant about this case, that he
had not reviewed the case filed against Ms. Gonzalez, and that he would never
dismiss a case that he had not reviewed.
 	Mark Skurka also testified that he never had a rule that Constable Campos's
cases were to be dismissed pending the investigation.  He told Aida Trevino
to hold all of his cases "in limbo" until the investigation was complete.
 	Appellant did not tell Ms. Trevino that Anna Linda Gonzalez was his aunt.
 	Ms. Trevino testified that, had she known that Ms. Gonzalez was appellant's
aunt, she would have hesitated to follow up on his comments.
 	Appellant called Ms. Trevino again, after she had discovered from a third
party, that Anna Linda Gonzalez was appellant's aunt.  She had also
discovered by then that Ms. Gonzalez was going to be indicted for aggravated
perjury.  She told appellant that she did not want to see or talk to Ms.
Gonzalez.  She told appellant, "We're probably going to indict her.  And you
should know better than that."
 	Appellant then called pretrial services and talked to Officer Jimenez, another
acquaintance.  He asked if Anna Linda Gonzalez had to report to receive bond
conditions, and he told her that there was a possibility that the district attorney
was not going to pursue the case against her because the arresting officer was
under investigation.  He said that he had talked with Ms. Trevino, but he did
not say that Ms. Trevino was upset that he had called her or that she was not
going to do anything to help Ms. Gonzalez.
 	Appellant never told Officer Jimenez that Anna Linda Gonzalez was his aunt.

 
	Appellant's intent at the time he made these telephone calls was a matter for the jury
to decide as a question of fact, taking into account all of the evidence and the credibility of
the witnesses. (42)  In a sufficiency review, we afford the jury's inference of culpable intent as
much deference as we do to the evidence supporting proof of culpable conduct. (43)  As long
as the jury's finding of a culpable intent "is supported by a reasonable inference, it is within
the province of the factfinder to choose which inference is most reasonable." (44)
	In holding that the evidence of intent was insufficient, the court of appeals first stated
that there was "no evidence that [appellant] offered to do anything, either in his private
capacity or in his capacity as County Attorney, in exchange for a favorable result in his aunt's
case." (45)  This is true, but immaterial.  The improper influence statute does not require mutual
consideration, or a quid pro quo.  That conduct is covered by the bribery statute. (46)
	Second, the court of appeals stated that there was no evidence that appellant gave any
information to Ms. Trevino and Ms. Hernandez that those individuals could not lawfully use 
in determining how to exercise their official discretion.  Even if this were true-if appellant
had communicated only "the word on the street" that Constable Campos was under
investigation-this would not "immunize Isassi's intent to benefit his relative by securing the
dismissal of the felony charge against her and before that, an excuse or delay from conditions
of pretrial supervision." (47)  The focus of the statute is on the state of the mind of the
"influencer," not the propriety of the action or inaction of the "influencee." (48)
	Third, the court of appeals held that there was no showing that appellant attempted
to exercise influence on the basis of "considerations other than those authorized by law," in
part because no law makes it illegal to inform a pre-trial bond coordinator or prosecutor or
that a particular case will be rejected by the relevant prosecuting authority. (49)  And, we add- 
probably more to the point-no law makes it illegal to misinform a pre-trial bond coordinator
or prosecutor or that a particular case will be rejected by the relevant prosecuting authority. 
But again, the lawfulness of the underlying conduct is not determinative if appellant's intent
was to obtain a dismissal because the defendant was his aunt. (50)  That is not a consideration
"authorized by law."  In our system of justice, we decide if people are guilty of a crime based
upon the facts and the law, not upon a familial or personal relationship to a public official. (51)
	The court of appeals concluded that, because appellant did "nothing that a private
citizen could not do," holding him "criminally liable for this behavior would be to obscure
the line between routine communications with law enforcement officials and illegal attempts
to coerce those officials to make decisions based on improper considerations." (52)
 	The jury could have decided that appellant was simply doing his routine official duty
as the county attorney in communicating to pre-trial service personnel and the district
attorney's office problems about any case involving Constable Campos, and it was a
serendipitous coincidence that the particular defendant involved happened to be his aunt. (53)
Sacré bleu!  The jury was, however, entitled to conclude, based upon all of the evidence and
reasonable inferences from that evidence, that appellant's intent in making all of these
telephone calls was to influence other public officials to dismiss the criminal case against
Anna Linda Gonzalez because she was his aunt.  An elected official may not  manipulate and
influence the judicial system to help a family member avoid conditions of pretrial supervision
and prosecution for a felony.  The Legislature, in this rarely invoked law, has forbidden it,
and the jury, in this case, reasonably and rationally concluded, beyond a reasonable doubt,
that appellant had that intent to improperly influence the outcome of his aunt's criminal case
on a basis not authorized by law.
	We therefore reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and remand the case to that
court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.  	

Delivered: October 6, 2010
Publish
1.  Tex. Penal Code § 36.04(a).  Section 36.04 provides that a person commits the offense
of improper influence "if he privately addresses a representation, entreaty, argument, or other
communication to any public servant who exercises or will exercise official discretion in an
adjudicatory proceeding with an intent to influence the outcome of the proceeding on the basis of
considerations other than those authorized by law."
2.  Isassi v. State, ___ S.W.3d ___, No. 13-08-00510-CR, 2009 Tex. App. LEXIS 5822
(Tex. App.--Corpus Christi July 30, 2009).
3.  We granted these two grounds for review:
1.	Did the Court of Appeals, in a case of first impression, misconstrue the intent
requirement of Section 36.04 in the absence of guidance from this Court and thereby
erroneously acquit the Defendant Alfred Isassi?
2.	Did the Court of Appeals fail to defer to the jury's credibility determinations in
conducting its legal sufficiency review pursuant to Jackson v. Virginia when it granted a
judgment of acquittal on all counts based on legally insufficient evidence of illegal intent?
4.  At this time, the 105th District was composed of Nueces, Kenedy, and Kleberg counties. 
5.  Isassi, 2009 Tex. App. LEXIS 5822, *9-10.
6.  Id. at *11.
7.  Id.
8.  443 U.S. 307 (1979).
9.  Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (citing Jackson, 443 U.S. at
318-19).
10.  Dewberry v. State, 4 S.W.3d 735, 740 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).
11.  Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 13 (quoting Jackson, 443 U.S. at 318-19).
12.  Laster v. State, 275 S.W.3d 512, 517-18 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).
13.  Id. at 518.
14.  Tex. Penal Code § 36.04
15.  Isassi, 2009 Tex. App. LEXIS 5822, at *12 n. 2 ("Because the evidence was legally
insufficient to support a finding that Isassi 'inten[ded] to influence the outcome of the proceeding
on the basis of considerations other than those authorized by law,' we need not address whether
the evidence was sufficient to establish (1) that his communications took place in the context of
an 'adjudicatory proceeding' or (2) that Hernandez 'exercise[d] or [would have] exercise[d]
official discretion' in such a proceeding. Moreover, because we find the evidence legally
insufficient, we do not address the question of factual sufficiency.") (citations omitted).
16.  Id. at * 9.  The court of appeals said that it would therefore construe the phrase
according to the fair import of its terms, to promote justice and the objectives of the penal code,
including giving fair warning of what is prohibited and safeguarding conduct that is without guilt
from condemnation as criminal.  Id.
17.  Model Penal Code § 240.2(d) ("A person commits an offense if he . . . privately
addresses to any public servant who has or will have an official discretion in a judicial or
administrative proceeding any representation, entreaty, argument or other communication with
purpose to influence the outcome on the basis of considerations other than those authorized by
law.").
18.  Model Penal Code §§ 240.1-240.7 explanatory note.
19.  Model Penal Code § 240.2 Commentaries, vol. 3, at 49.
20.  Id. at 56.
21.  Id. at 50, 55 ("The prevalence of laws against improper influencing of jurors, masters,
referees, and the like evidences a widespread judgment that pressures other than offer of benefit
may obstruct the administration of justice. . . . Subsection (1)(d) is designed to reach improper
influences by means short of bribery or threat.").
22.  Id. at 55.
23.  See, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1503 & 1505.
24.  Model Penal Code § 240.2 Commentaries, vol. 3, at 57 ("Private approaches to
administrative officers are nearly always made on the basis of avowed good purposes, such as to
avoid delay or to make sure that the true public interest (as conceived by the proponent) will be
served.  Coverage only of 'corrupt' attempts to influence would either rob the provision of any
significance or leave the courts with the wholly unstructured task of defining through criminal
prosecutions the limits of appropriate ex parte contacts.").
25.  Id.
26.  Id. at 57-60.
27.  State v. Holland, No. CR-95-53, 1995 Mont. Dist. LEXIS 929 (Mont. Dist. Ct.
November 29, 1995); Mont. Code § 45-7-102 (1)(a)(iv) ("A person commits an offense under
this section if the person purposely or knowingly . . . privately addresses to any public servant
who has or will have official discretion in a judicial or administrative proceeding any
representation, entreaty, argument, or other communication designed to influence the outcome on
the basis of considerations other than those authorized by law.").
28.  Id. at *1.
29.  Id. at *7, 38-40 (relying on United States v. Ogle, 613 F.2d 233 (10th Cir. 1980)).  In
Ogle, the defendant, the author of a non-mainstream tax handbook, attempted to influence a juror
in a tax-protest case by having a third person, who knew both Ogle and the juror, call the juror
and tell her to read a booklet about jury nullification.  The third person did make the call, but the
juror immediately told the judge of the call.  Ogle's position was that he had a good-faith belief
that jurors could disregard the law and nullify it if it runs against their personal beliefs.  Ogle,
613 F.2d at 235-36.
30.  Holland at *38-40; see also Ogle, 613 F.2d at 241 ("Any system must be based upon
upholding the law.  To empower each individual to decide whether the particular law is worthy
or runs against the individual's private beliefs would necessarily produce a lawless society and
chaos.  Quite apart from the fact of invalidity of such a system, it has no practical social value.
Such a government would fail in a very short time, for carried to its logical conclusion it is
anarchy and revolution.  The revolutionary government would not abolish taxes.").
31.  See, e.g., State v. Heffner, 964 P.2d 736, 741-42 (Mont. 1998) (convictions for threats
and improper influence in official matters affirmed on evidence that the defendants confronted
state highway-crew members because they were upset that their swift travel on the road was
impeded by the duties of the road-grader operator); State v. Keating, 949 P.2d 251, 259-61
(Mont. 1997) (conviction for threats in official matters affirmed; evidence showed defendant
threatened deputies attempting to serve civil process at his home; rejecting argument that service
of process was not a discretionary function that could serve as the basis of a charge of threats in
official matters because, although service of process is a statutory duty, sheriff's department
could use a variety of methods of serving process; it clearly "involves the power of choice among
several courses of action," constituting a sufficient exercise of discretion to form a basis for
charges of threats in official matters).
32.  18 U.S.C. § 1503(a) ("Whoever corruptly . . . endeavors to influence, intimidate, or
impede any grand or petit juror, or officer in or of any court of the United States . . . in the
discharge of his duty, or . . . corruptly . . . influences, obstructs, or impedes, or endeavors to
influence, obstruct, or impede, the due administration of justice, shall be punished as provided in
subsection (b).").
33.  See Ogle, 613 F.2d at 238 ("Volume I of Bouvier's Law Dictionary defines the term
'corruption' as follows: 'An act done with an intent to give some advantage inconsistent with
official duty and the rights of others.'").
34.  See Model Penal Code § 240.2 Commentaries, vol. 3, at 57.
35.  See United States v. Cintolo, 818 F.2d 980, 991 (1st Cir. 1987); Model Penal Code §
240.2 Commentaries, vol. 3, at 48, 54-57.
36.  See Cintolo, 818 F.2d at 993 (otherwise lawful means can violate § 1503 if done with
corrupt intent); United States v. Baker, 611 F.2d 964, 967-69 (4th Cir. 1979) (advice to grand-jury witness to invoke Fifth Amendment can violate § 1503 if it is given with a corrupt intent);
United States v. Fasolino, 586 F.2d 939, 941 (2d Cir. 1978) (attempt to exploit special
relationship with trial judge held to violate § 1503); United States v. Griffin, 589 F.2d 200, 206-07 (5th Cir. 1979) ("The obstruction of justice statute was drafted with an eye to 'the variety of
corrupt methods by which the proper administration of justice may be impeded or thwarted, a
variety limited only by the imagination of the criminally inclined.'") (quoting Anderson v. United
States, 215 F.2d 84, 88 (6th Cir. 1954)); United States v. Cioffi, 493 F.2d 1111, 1119 (5th Cir.
1974) (noting that "any effort or any act, however contrived," if made with the requisite intent to
obstruct or interfere, violates § 1503) (internal quotation marks omitted); Cole v. United States,
329 F.2d 437, 443 (9th Cir. 1964) (affirming conviction of defendant who had urged grand-jury
witness to invoke his fifth-amendment right not to testify; while a witness "violates no duty to
claim it, . . . one who . . . advises with corrupt motive the witness to take it, can and does himself
obstruct or influence the due administration of justice.").
37.  Badders v. United States, 240 U.S. 391, 394 (1916); see also Wayne R. Lafave &
Austin W. Scott, Jr., Handbook on Criminal Law 204 (1972) ("[T]here are a number of
instances in which . . . inquiry into why an act was committed is crucial in determining whether
or not the defendant has committed a given crime.").
38.  United States v. Mitchell, 877 F.2d 294, 299 (4th Cir. 1989) (using cases construing
"corruptly" under § 1503 to interpret the term "corruptly" in § 1505, in an obstruction of
congressional investigation case; affirming convictions because defendants improperly attempted
to influence their uncle, a member of the congressional committee).
39.  The State's final argument to the jury included the following:

	[Y]ou need to ask yourselves is this the way you expect your elected officials to
act here in your county?  Would this have happened if it had been your family
member that was charged with a crime?  Would they have been treated the same
way as Anna Linda Gonzalez and the defendant in this case?
	 [Appellant] was trying to influence these people behind the scenes, behind closed
doors to help his aunt, bottom line, and we know that he did that.
	And I don't have to prove that he actually influenced the proceeding, only that he
had that intent, that intent to influence the proceeding, and that's what you need to
decide, ladies and gentlemen.  Is this elected official going to be given more than
any of you would?  Are his family members treated any differently than anybody
else?  
40.  One need only peruse the morning newspapers or google "ticket fixing scandals" to see
the number and consistency of investigations into the improper dismissal of criminal cases,
especially traffic and parking tickets, based upon a "special relationship" with judicial officers or
court personnel.
41.  Later testimony established that, after the investigation was completed, Constable
Campos was cleared on any criminal wrong-doing.
42.  Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319 (it is up to the factfinder "fairly to resolve conflicts in the
testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate
facts.").
43.  Laster v. State, 275 S.W.3d 512, 520-21 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) ("Just as
circumstantial evidence is reviewed under the same standard as direct evidence, circumstantial
evidence of intent is reviewed under the same standard as circumstantial evidence of other
elements.  In a sufficiency analysis, all of the evidence admitted at trial to support the conviction
should be reviewed equally on appeal.").
44.  Id. at 523.
45.  Isassi, 2009 Tex. App. LEXIS 5822, at *9-10
46.  See Tex. Penal Code § 36.02.
47.  State's Brief at 14.
48.  See cases cited in note 36 supra.
49.  Id.
50.  See United States v. Baker, 611 F.2d 964, 967-69 (4th Cir. 1979).
51.  See United States v. Fasolino, 449 F. Supp. 586, 587 (D.C.N.Y. 1978), aff'd, 586 F.2d
939 (2d Cir. 1978) (noting that a person who has personal knowledge of the defendant may
submit sentencing letters in his support based upon that personal knowledge, but one who uses
his personal relationship with the judge rather than personal knowledge of the defendant to make
an ex parte oral plea to the judge may be covered by § 1503; "An out-of-court oral entreaty to the
judge would always be suspect, mainly because one not standing in such a relationship to the
judge usually would not be able to gain the judicial ear.").
52.  Isassi, 2009 Tex. App. LEXIS 5822, at *11.
53.  See Baker, 611 F.2d at 968-69 (finding sufficient evidence to prove that defendant's
motive in attempting to persuade grand-jury witnesses to exercise their Fifth Amendment right
not to testify was to protect himself rather than inform witnesses of their constitutional rights;
defendant's argument "that his motives were pure and that he acted only in the best interests of
the two witnesses is an argument properly addressable only to a jury which, as we hold, had a
secure evidentiary base in the instant case to reject it.").