Court Opinion

ID: 4536816
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-05-27 15:07:36.86004+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:49:01.485962
License: Public Domain

05/27/2020

          IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
                                                                                       Case Number: AF 06-0628

                                       AF 06-0628
                                   _________________

IN RE THE PROPOSED AMENDMENTS
TO THE MONTANA RULES FOR                                         ORDER
LAWYER DISCIPLINARY ENFORCEMENT

                                   _________________

       The members of the Commission on Practice have submitted proposed
amendments to the Montana Rules for Lawyer Disciplinary Enforcement to the Court for
its consideration.     After consideration of the proposed amendments, the Court has
determined that the bench and bar of the State of Montana should be provided an
opportunity to comment thereon.
       The proposed amendments to the Rules are attached to this Order. Language
proposed to be stricken from the Rules is interlineated, and language proposed to be
added is underlined.
       IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that all members of the bench and bar of
Montana and any other interested persons are granted 60 days from the date of this Order
in which to file with the Clerk of this Court appropriate comments and/or suggestions to
the attached Proposed Revisions to the Montana Rules for Lawyer Disciplinary
Enforcement.
       IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Proposed Revisions to the Montana Rules
for Lawyer Disciplinary Enforcement in their entirety shall be posted on the websites of
the Montana State Law Library and the State Bar of Montana. The State Bar of Montana
is further requested to give notice of this Order and of its website posting of the Proposed
Revisions in the next available issue of The Montana Lawyer.
       IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of this Court shall post this Order with
attached proposed amendments on the Court’s website and shall provide copies of such to
the State Bar of Montana, and shall provide to each District Court Judge and each Clerk
of the District Court a copy of this Order with attached proposed amendments with a
request that each Clerk of the District Court make the Order available for public review
in the Office of the Clerk of the District Court.
       DATED this 26th day of May, 2020.
                                                    For the Court,

                                                    /S/ MIKE McGRATH

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1   I. STRUCTURE AND SCOPE

    RULE 1 - Comprehensive Lawyer Regulation System

            The Court hereby establishes a comprehensive lawyer discipline and disability system,
    consisting of an Office of Disciplinary Counsel and a Commission on Practice. The Office of
    Disciplinary Counsel shall perform central intake functions and shall process, investigate, and
    prosecute those grievances complaints against lawyers which are within the disciplinary
    jurisdiction of the Court. The Commission on Practice, which shall be divided into Review and
    Adjudicatory Panels, shall approve the filing of formal Complaints by the Office of Disciplinary
    Counsel, shall hear and decide cComplaints and, in appropriate cases, shall make
    recommendations to the Court for discipline. Prosecutorial and adjudicatory functions shall be
    separated and managed to secure responsiveness, efficiency, and fairness.

    RULE 2 - The Commission on Practice of the Supreme Court of the State of Montana;
    Appointment; Composition; Officers; Elections; Powers and Duties; Quorum; Meetings

    A. Appointment. The Court shall appoint a fourteen-member commission to be known as “The
    Commission on Practice of the Supreme Court of the State of Montana,” hereinafter referred to
    as the “Commission,” which shall consist of nine practicing lawyers, who shall be residents of
    the State of Montana and licensed and admitted to practice in the state of Montana, and five
    nonlawyers. One of said lawyers shall be appointed from each of the areas hereinafter defined.
    One lawyer member shall be at large and may be appointed from any area set forth below. The
    nonlawyer members of the Commission shall be appointed at large, but they shall be residents of
    the state of Montana. The term of office of all members of the Commission shall be four years.
    The persons serving on the Commission on the effective date of these Rules shall continue to
    serve on the Commission for the remainder of the terms for which they were appointed, unless
    their membership on the Commission is terminated as hereinafter provided.

           The areas from which the lawyer members of the Commission shall be appointed shall be
    comprised of the various judicial districts of the state of Montana, and are to be designated as
    follows:

           Area A shall comprise the Eleventh and Nineteenth Judicial Districts.
           Area B shall comprise the Fourth, Twentieth and Twenty-First Judicial Districts.
           Area C shall comprise the Second, Third, and Fifth Judicial Districts.
           Area D shall comprise the Eighth and Ninth Judicial Districts.
           Area E shall comprise the Seventh, Tenth, Twelfth, Fourteenth, Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and
           Seventeenth Judicial Districts.
           Area F shall comprise the First Judicial District.
           Area G shall comprise the Sixth and Eighteenth Judicial Districts.
           Area H shall comprise the Thirteenth and Twenty-Second Judicial Districts.

           Except for the at-large lawyer member, appointments to the Commission of the lawyer
    members shall be made by the Supreme Court from a list of three practicing lawyers in each
    Area having the three highest number of votes in an election by the Area members of the State
    Bar of Montana. The time, place, and method of such election shall be in accordance with the
    orders of this Court. In the event that said election is not held in any Area as ordered, the
    Supreme Court shall appoint a member from that Area to serve on the Commission.
            The nonlawyer members and the at-large lawyer member of the Commission shall not be
    subject to the election procedure, but shall be appointed by the Court.
            In the event of a vacancy in the Commission, a successor shall be appointed by the
    Supreme Court for the unexpired term of the member whose office is vacated. Members of the
    Commission may terminate their membership at their pleasure, and their membership may be
    terminated by the Court at its pleasure.

            B. Election of Officers. The members of the Commission shall annually elect a
    chairperson, a vice chairperson and an executive secretary. The chairperson and vice
    chairperson must be lawyer members of the Commission. The members of the Commission
    shall annually elect lawyer members as chairperson, vice chairperson, and executive secretary.
    The chairperson, and in the absence of the chairperson, the vice chairperson, shall preside at
    meetings of the Commission except that in the conduct of disciplinary hearings the chairperson
    may appoint another lawyer member of the Commission to act as presiding officer. A presiding
    officer shall have all of the powers of the chairperson in any case in which he or she has been
    appointed.

           C. Quorum. Eight members of the Commission shall constitute a quorum when the
    Commission is acting as a whole. The act of a majority of the members present at a meeting at
    which a quorum is present shall be the act of the Commission.

            D. Meetings. Members of the Commission shall meet at times and places designated by
    the chairperson or, in the absence of the chairperson, by the vice chairperson, who shall
    determine the agenda for the meetings. Except in cases of emergency, notice of Commission
    meetings shall be given as provided by law or by these Rules at least seven calendar days in
    advance of the meeting. Notice may be delivered electronically or by mail. In cases of
    emergency requiring, in the judgment of the person calling the meeting a shorter time, reasonable
    notice appropriate under the circumstances should be given. In addition, the Supreme Court may
    call a meeting of the members to be held at a time and place ordered by the Court. Notice of
    such meeting shall be given as above provided. The minutes of any meeting of the Commission
    shall state the form and time of notice of meeting given to the members.
    Members of the Commission shall meet at times and places designated by the chairperson or, in
    the absence of the chairperson, by the vice chairperson, who shall determine the agenda for the
    meetings. Notice of any such meeting shall be given by mail or
    by telephone not less than seven calendar days in advance of the time for such meeting, except in
    cases of emergency or urgency requiring, in the judgment of the person calling the meeting, a
    shorter time of notice. Also, the Supreme Court may call a meeting of the members to be held
    at a time and place ordered by the Court. Notice of such meeting shall be given as above
    provided. The minutes of any meeting of the Commission shall state the form and time of notice
    of meeting given to the members.

          E. Executive Committee. The chairperson, vice chairperson, and executive secretary of
    the Commission shall constitute the executive committee. The principal function of the executive

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    committee shall be to attend to administrative matters during the interval between meetings of
    the Commission. The executive committee shall have such other duties and authority as the
    Commission shall determine from time to time.

            F. Compensation and Expenses. Members of the Commission shall receive no
    compensation for their services, but may be reimbursed for travel and other expenses incidental
    to the performance of their duties.

           G. Powers and Duties of the Commission. The Commission shall exercise the
    following powers and duties:

            (1) Adopt rules or policies providing for the time and place of meetings, and such other
    procedural rules not in conflict with these rules, as may be necessary to expedite the conduct of
    its business;
            (2) Periodically review the operation of the lawyer disciplinary system with the Supreme
    Court;
            (3) Establish Review Panels pursuant to Rule 3;
            (4) Establish Adjudicatory Panels pursuant to Rule 4;
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            (5) Appoint and sSupervise any Commission staff;
            (6) Assure that a Review Panel member who sits on a particular case does not also sit on
    an Adjudicatory Panel for that case;
            (7) Maintain all permanent records of disciplinary matters and proceedings; and
            (8) Exercise such other authority and perform such other duties as are provided in these
    Rules, or that may be required in order to carry out the provisions of these Rules. ; and
            (9) Operate subject to budgetary limitations imposed by the Court.

    RULE 3 - REVIEW PANELS: Composition; Powers & Duties; Quorum

    A. Composition. The Chairperson of the Commission shall appoint one or more Review Panels
    of five members each, at least two of whom shall be nonlawyers; shall designate a Chairperson
    for each Review Panel; and shall realign the membership of Review Panels from time to
    time.

    B. Powers and Duties. A Review Panel shall:

    (1) Review Disciplinary Counsel’s request to file a formal cComplaint, together with the
    grievance complaint, the response from the lawyer against whom the grievance complaint was
    made and any reply from the grievant complainant together with other relevant documents and
    Disciplinary Counsel’s intake summary, investigative report, and recommendations;
    (2) Refer the grievance complaint to Disciplinary Counsel for any further investigation, if needed
    to determine whether a formal cComplaint is appropriate;
    (3) Approve Disciplinary Counsel’s request to file a formal cComplaint when the facts appear to
    warrant disciplinary action or transfer to disability/inactive status or reject the request to file a
    formal cComplaint if discipline does not appear to be warranted;
    (4) Hear requests by Disciplinary Counsel for private admonitions and render the same upon
    approval;

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I   (5) Hear and determine requests for review pursuant to Rule 10C(3) and for reconsideration
    pursuant to Rule 14;
    (56) Authorize the stay of disciplinary proceedings for good cause shown pursuant to Rule 28;
    (67) Conduct show cause hearings when a lawyer has refused to respond to inquiries from the
    Office of Disciplinary Counsel or the Commission; and
    (78) Notify parties of action by a Review Panel the Office of Disciplinary Counsel and the
    responding lawyer or his or her counsel of action by a Review Panel and the reasons for any
    denial of the request to approve the filing of a Complaint.

    C. Review Panel file review and deliberation. The consideration of a request by the Office of
    Disciplinary Counsel for a private admonition or to review investigative materials and file a
    Complaint shall be made by a Review Panel. The Office of Disciplinary Counsel shall attend the
    file review for the purpose of responding to Panel members regarding its investigation and a
    request to approve a private admonition or to file a Complaint. Neither the Office of Disciplinary
    Counsel, the referenced attorney, nor his or her counsel shall be entitled to participate in or
    attend the Review Panel’s deliberations, which are confidential.

    D. Quorum. Three members of a Review Panel, at least two of whom are lawyers, shall
                                              _
    constitute a quorum; however, any act of athe Review Panel shall require the vote of a majority
    of the members present three members.

    RULE 4 - ADJUDICATORY PANELS: Composition; Powers & Duties; Quorum

    A. Composition. The Chairperson of the Commission shall appoint one or more Adjudicatory
    Panels of nine members each, at least three of whom shall be nonlawyers; shall designate a
    Chairperson for each Adjudicatory Panel; and shall realign the membership of Adjudicatory
    Panels from time to time.
    B. Powers and Duties. Adjudicatory Panels shall, in accordance with the specific procedures
    and provisions of these Rules:
                                                   _
    (1) Hold hearings on formal cComplaints and cComplaints for interim suspension filed by
    Disciplinary Counsel;
    (2) After hearing, dismiss the Complaint, order discipline that may be imposed by the
    Commission under these Rules, or make findings of fact, conclusions of law, and
    recommendations to the Montana Supreme Court for discipline or other disposition of formal
    complaints; when indicated by these Rules, or engage in for discipline or other disposition of
    _-
    cComplaints;
    (3) Hear and determine preliminary and procedural matters incidental to the exercise of its
    powers and duties;
    (4) Administer public admonitions and issue letters of caution;
    (5) Hear and determine requests for reconsideration pursuant to Rule 14;
    (6) Administer oaths, provide for discovery, and exercise its subpoena power pursuant to Rule
    19;
    (7) Authorize the stay of a disciplinary proceeding for good cause shown pursuant to Rule 28;
    (8) Hold show cause hearings when a lawyer has refused to respond or cooperate with the Office
    of Disciplinary Counsel, a Review Panel, or an Adjudicatory Panel pursuant to Rule 24;
    (9) Conduct proceedings relative to disability and transfer to inactive status pursuant to Rule 28;

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(10) Hold hearings on petitions for reinstatement and make recommendations for their
disposition to the Supreme Court pursuant to Rule 29; and
(11) Hold hearings and make recommendations to the Court concerning assessment of the costs
of proceedings, investigations, and audits pursuant to Rule 9. ; and; and

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(12) Approve Disciplinary Counsel’s request to file a formal complaint when the facts appear to
warrant disciplinary action or transfer to disability/inactive status.

C. Quorum. Five members of an Adjudicatory Panel, at least three of whom are lawyers, shall
constitute a quorum; however, any act of anthe Adjudicatory Panel shall require the vote of a
majority of the members present three members.

RULE 5 - OFFICE OF DISCIPLINARY COUNSEL

A. Appointment. The Court shall appoint a lawyer to serve as Chief Disciplinary Counsel and
may appoint such Deputy Disciplinary Counsels as they it theydeems necessary. Disciplinary
Counsel shall not engage in private practice; shall be admitted to practice in Montana at the time
of appointment or within a reasonable time thereafter as determined by the Court; and shall
maintain offices in Helena, Montana, in facilities designated by the Court.

B. Powers and Duties. Disciplinary Counsel shall perform all prosecutorial functions and shall
have the following powers and duties:
         (1) Supervise Office of Disciplinary Counsel (Office) staff in performing central intake
functions;
         (2) Evaluate all information coming to the attention of the Office to determine whether it
is within the disciplinary jurisdiction of the Court;
         (3) Investigate all information coming to the attention of the Office which, if true, would
be grounds for discipline or transfer to disability/inactive status;
         (4) Investigate all facts pertaining to petitions for reinstatement or readmission;
         (5) Dismiss a grievance complaint that Disciplinary Counsel determines does not warrant
disciplinary action;
         (6) In addition to dismissing the grievance complaint, Disciplinary Counsel may issue a
letter of caution or take other corrective action when Disciplinary Counsel deems it appropriate;
         (7) Request leave a Review Panel to approve a private admonition or for leave to file a
formal cComplaint when Disciplinary Counsel determines that disciplinary action by the
        -
Commission or the Montana Supreme Court is warranted;
         (8) Prosecute before Review Panels,Adjudicatory Panels, and the Court, discipline,
interim suspension, reinstatement, and readmission proceedings, and proceedings for transfer to
or from disability/inactive status;
         (9) Employ and supervise Office staff needed for the performance of prosecutorial
functions and, when circumstances necessitate their use, appoint and supervise special
investigators and volunteer special counsel;
         (10) Notify promptly the grievant complainant and the lawyer that an investigation is to
be initiated by Disciplinary Counsel, or, where Disciplinary Counsel dismisses, provide a
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                                     -
concise written statement of the facts and reasons a matter has been dismissed;
         (11) Develop written guidelines for determining which matters fail to allege facts that
would constitute grounds for disciplinary action;

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             (12) Request the Clerk of the Supreme Court to notify each jurisdiction in which a lawyer
    is admitted of a transfer to or from disability/inactive status, reinstatement, readmission, or any
    public discipline imposed in this state;
             (13) Whenever costs have been assessed against a lawyer by the Supreme Court,
    assemble and serve on the lawyer an itemized list of the costs of proceedings, investigations, and
    audits;
             (14) Seek reciprocal discipline when informed of any public discipline imposed in any
    other jurisdiction;
             (15) Forward a certified copy of the judgment of conviction to the disciplinary office in
    each jurisdiction in which a lawyer is admitted when the lawyer is convicted of a serious crime
    (as hereinafter defined) in this state;
             (16) Maintain permanent records of discipline and disability matters and compile
    statistics to aid in the administration of the system;
             (17) Prepare an annual budget for the Office and submit it to the Board of Trustees of the
    State Bar of Montana for review;
             (18) Make reasonable and necessary expenditures pursuant to the reviewed budget to
    perform the duties of the Office;
             (19) Supervise and direct Office staff and operations;
             (20) Prepare and submit to the Court recommendations concerning the annual assessment
    of Bar members; and
             (21) Make recommendations to the Court about the lawyer regulation system.

    C. Prohibited Activities. Disciplinary Counsel shall not have authority to render advisory ethics
    opinions, either orally or in writing, or to impose any form of discipline on a lawyer.

    RULE 6 - Costs and Expenses; Fiscal Reviews and Audits

    A. Office of Disciplinary Counsel. The costs and expenses of the Office of Disciplinary
    Counsel shall be paid from an annual assessment of active members of the State Bar of Montana
    and of nonmembers admitted to practice under the Montana State Bar pro hac vice rules. The
    Supreme Court shall determine the amount of the annual member assessment.

    B. Commission on Practice. The costs and expenses of the Commission shall be paid from
    legislatively-appropriated public funds.

    C. Fiscal Reviews and Audits. The Court may direct fiscal reviews and audits of the
    components of the lawyer regulation system.

    RULE 7 - Jurisdiction

    A. Members of the State Bar of Montana. Any lawyer who is a member of the State Bar of
    Montanais subject to the disciplinary jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of Montana, regardless of
    where the lawyer’s conduct occurs. Any lawyer admitted to practice law in this jurisdiction,
    including any formerly admitted lawyer with respect to acts committed prior to resignation,
    suspension, disbarment, or transfer to inactive status, or with respect to acts subsequent thereto
    which amount to the practice of law or constitute a violation of these Rules or of the Montana

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    Rules of Professional Conduct, any lawyer specially admitted by a court of this jurisdiction for a
    particular proceeding, and any lawyer not admitted in this jurisdiction who practices law or
    renders or offers to render any legal services in this jurisdiction, is subject to the disciplinary
    jurisdiction of the Montana Supreme Court and the Commission on Practice.

    B. Other Attorneys. Any lawyer specially admitted by a Montana court for a particular
    proceeding, appearing by pleading or otherwise in any judicial or administrative proceeding in
    Montana, or otherwise engaging in the practice of law in Montana, is subject to the disciplinary
    jurisdiction of the
    Supreme Court of Montana, for conduct pertaining to his or her practice of law in Montana.

    C. Disciplined and Resigned Attorneys. If a lawyer is suspended, disbarred or resigns as a
    member of the State Bar of Montana, or the lawyer’s special admission or appearance in any
    judicial proceeding in Montana has terminated, the lawyer remains subject to disciplinary
    proceedings for conduct occurring prior to the effective date of the suspension, disbarment,
    resignation or termination.

    D. Grounds Cumulative. The grounds for disciplinary jurisdiction enumerated herein are in
    addition to those set forth in Rule 8.5, Montana Rules of Professional Conduct.

    RULE 8 - Grounds for Discipline

    A. Reasons for Discipline. Discipline may be imposed for any of the following reasons:
             (1) Acts or omissions by a lawyer, individually or in concert with any other person or
    persons, which violate the Rules of Professional Conduct or the disciplinary rules adopted from
    time to time by the Supreme Court.
             (2) Any act committed by an attorney contrary to the highest standards of honesty,
    justice, or morality, including but not limited to those outlined in Title 37, chapter 61, parts 3 and
    4, MCA, whether committed in such attorney’s capacity as an attorney or otherwise.
             (3) Conduct which results in conviction of a criminal offense.
             (4) Conduct which results in lawyer discipline in another jurisdiction.
             (5) Violation of the terms of any discipline or disciplinary order.
             (6) Failure to promptly and fully respond to an inquiry from Disciplinary Counsel, an
    investigator, or the Commission, or failure to justify such refusal or nonresponse.
             (7) Willful contempt of court or of the Commission and failure to purge the contempt.

    B. Relationship to Criminal Proceedings. Acquittal of a charge of crime, plea bargain,
    conviction of a lesser crime, or dismissal of a charge of crime after deferred imposition of
    sentence shall not constitute a bar to lawyer discipline for that act, nor shall conviction in a
    criminal proceeding
    be a condition precedent to the institution of disciplinary proceedings for that act.

    RULE 9 - Discipline and Sanctions

    A. Forms of Discipline. Discipline may take one or more of the following forms:

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            (1) Disbarment. “Disbarment” means the unconditional termination of any privilege to
    practice law in this State and, when applied to any attorney not admitted to practice law in this
    State, means the unconditional exclusion from the admission to or the exercise of any privilege
    to practice law in this State.
            (2) Suspension from the practice of law for a definite period of time or for an indefinite
    period of time with a fixed minimum term. “Suspension” means the temporary or indefinite
    termination of the privilege to practice law in this State and, when applied to any attorney not
    admitted to practice law in this State, means the temporary or indefinite exclusion from the
    admission to or the exercise of any privilege to practice law in this State.
            (3) Public censure. Public censure declares the conduct of the lawyer improper but does
    not limit the lawyer’s right to practice.
            (4) Private admonition or a letter of caution. A private admonition by a Review Panel
    and a letter of caution are non-public forms of discipline. They should be imposed only in cases
    of minor misconduct or a technical violation of the Montana Rules of Professional Conduct when
    there is little or no injury to the public, the legal system, or the profession, and when there is little
    likelihood of repetition by the lawyer. A private admonition and a letter of caution are
    instructive, to inform the lawyer that his or her conduct is unethical but does not unnecessarily
    stigmatize a lawyer from whom the public needs no protection. Private admonitions given orally
    are not recorded and, if given in writing, are not retained in the Commission’s files. A private
    admonition and a letter of caution do not limit the lawyer's right to practice.
             (5) Public Admonition. administered by an Adjudicatory Panel of the Commission. An
    admonition by an Adjudicatory Panel is a public reprimand that declares the conduct of the
    lawyer to be in violation of the Montana Rules of Professional Conduct. Admonitions may be
    delivered orally by the Commission or in writing. Oral public admonitions are not
    recorded and no record is made of the content of a written public admonition. The fact a
    public admonition was delivered is a part of an attorney’s disciplinary record.
            (6) Probation. Probation allows a lawyer to practice under specified conditions and can
    be imposed alone or in conjunction with an admonition or a suspension or as a condition of
    readmission. A lawyer against whom disciplinary proceedings are pending may be placed on
    probation by the Supreme Court or, with the lawyer’s concurrence, by an Adjudicatory Panel.
    The probation shall be for such time and upon such terms and conditions as are determined
    appropriate in the case. Discipline may be imposed for violation of any of the terms and
    conditions of such probation, including failure to satisfy completion of a diversion, mentoring, or
    treatment program.
            (6) Requirement of restitution to persons financially injured.
            (7) Reimbursement to the Lawyers’ Fund for Client Protection.
            (8) Assessment of the cost of proceedings, investigations, and audits. Whenever costs of
    proceedings are assessed by the Supreme Court as part of the discipline imposed upon a lawyer,
    the Disciplinary Counsel shall assemble and serve upon the lawyer an itemized list of those
    costs. The lawyer shall then have ten days thereafter in which to file written objections with the
    Commission on Practice and, if so desired, request a hearing before an Adjudicatory Panel on
    whether the amount of such costs is reasonable and necessary. An Adjudicatory Panel shall
    thereafter recommend an amount of costs to be imposed, and shall file its recommendation with
    the Supreme Court, which shall then issue an appropriate order assessing costs.
I           (79) Interim suspension pending final determination of discipline.

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    B. Discipline Criteria. The following factors shall be considered in determining discipline to be
    recommended or imposed:
             (1) The gravity and nature of the duty violated, including whether the duty is owed to a
    client, to the public, to the legal system, or to the profession;
             (2) The lawyer’s mental state;
             (3) The actual or potential injury caused by the lawyer’s misconduct;
             (4) The existence of aggravating or mitigating factors; and
             (5) The existence of prior offenses.

    Aggravating factors include but are not limited to:

    (a) dishonest or selfish motive;
    (b) a pattern of misconduct;
    (c) multiple offenses;
    (d) bad faith obstruction of the disciplinary proceeding by intentionally failing to comply with
    rules or orders of the disciplinary agency;
    (e) submission of false evidence, false statements, or other deceptive practices during the
    disciplinary process;
    (f) refusal to acknowledge wrongful nature of conduct;
    (g) vulnerability of victim;
    (h) substantial experience in the practice of law;
    (i) indifference to making restitution; and
    (j) illegal conduct, including that involving the use of controlled substances.

    Mitigating factors include but are not limited to:

    (a) absence of a prior disciplinary record;
    (b) absence of a dishonest or selfish motive;
    (c) personal or emotional problems;
    (d) timely good faith effort to make restitution or to rectify consequences of misconduct;
    (e) full and free disclosure to the ODC or cooperative attitude toward proceedings;
    (f) inexperience in the practice of law;
    (g) character or reputation;
    (h) physical or mental disability or impairment;
    (i) interim rehabilitation;
    (j) delay in disciplinary proceedings;
    (k) imposition of other penalties or sanctions;
    (l) remorse;
    (m) remoteness of prior offenses.

    C. Sanctions. The following non-exclusive and cumulative sanctions may be imposed in
    connection with a form of discipline:

    (1) Restitution to persons financially injured.
    (2) Disgorgement of any fees and costs earned or claimed.
    (3) Reimbursement to the Lawyers’ Fund for Client Protection.

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    (4) Assessment of the cost of proceedings, investigations, and audits. Whenever costs of
    proceedings are assessed by the Supreme Court or the Commission as part of the discipline
    imposed upon a lawyer, the Disciplinary Counsel shall assemble and serve upon the lawyer an
    itemized list of those costs. The lawyer shall then have ten days thereafter in which to file written
    objections with the Commission on Practice and, if so desired, request a hearing before an
    Adjudicatory Panel on whether the amount of such costs is reasonable and necessary. An
    Adjudicatory Panel shall thereafter recommend an amount of costs to be imposed, and shall file
    its recommendation with the Supreme Court, which shall then issue an appropriate order
    assessing costs.
    (5) Probation.
    (6) Oher requirements the Commission or the Montana Supreme Court deems consistent with the
    purposes of lawyer sanctions.

    C. Probation. A lawyer against whom disciplinary proceedings are pending may be placed on
    probation by the Supreme Court or, with the lawyer’s concurrence, by an Adjudicatory Panel.
    The probation shall be for such time and upon such terms and conditions as are determined
    appropriate in the case. Discipline may be imposed for violation of any of the terms and
    conditions of such probation, including satisfactory completion of a diversion or treatment
    program.

    D. Procedure for Discipline for Willful Contempt of Court or the Commission and Failure
    to Purge the Contempt. Upon receipt of a certified copy of an order of contempt that has
    become final, the Supreme Court may, in its discretion, issue an order to show cause why the
    lawyer’s license to practice law should not be suspended or other discipline should not be
    imposed. The lawyer against whom such an order has been entered in district court or by the
    Commission on Practice shall not have the right or opportunity to re-litigate the merits of the
    contempt order, the right to hearing and due process having been afforded him or her in the
    district court or before the Commission.
             In the alternative, the Supreme Court may direct an Adjudicatory Panel to issue the order
    to show cause or direct the lawyer to appear before the Adjudicatory Panel. In that event, the
    Adjudicatory Panel shall make a written recommendation to the Supreme Court regarding
    suspension of the lawyer’s license or other discipline.
             An attorney who has been purged of the contempt order may be reinstated to practice
    law. Prior to reinstatement, the lawyer shall be required to pay the costs of any proceedings
    before the Commission on Practice.

    II. PROCEDURE

I   RULE 10 - Office of Disciplinary Counsel

    A. Central Intake and Evaluation. The Office of Disciplinary Counsel shall perform central
    intake functions including, but not limited to, the following:
I           (1) Receive information and grievances complaints regarding lawyer’s alleged
    misconduct;
            (2) Make appropriate referrals regarding information and grievances complaints while
    assuring that any member of the public who wishes to make a grievance complaint against a

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    lawyer is able to do so;
            (3) Provide the grievant complainant access to a packet of written materials containing
    forms, instructions, and information about Montana’s lawyer disciplinary process; and
            (4) Receive written grievances complaints on the forms provided.

    B. Preliminary Review and Processing of Grievances Complaints. The Office of Disciplinary
    Counsel shall conduct a preliminary review of each written grievance complaint received by the
    Office and determine whether the grievance complaint involves a matter that is within the
    disciplinary jurisdiction of the Court.

    C. Investigation.

    (1) All investigations shall be conducted by or under the authority and direction of Disciplinary
    Counsel. Upon such investigation as Disciplinary Counsel deems appropriate, he or she may:

            (a)(1) Send the grievance complaint to the lawyer against whom the grievance complaint
    is made;
            (2) Send the lawyer’s response to the grievant complainant and, if appropriate, request his
    or her reply to the lawyer’s response;
            (3) Prepare an intake summary; and
            (4) Conduct an investigation and prepare an investigative report; or

            (b) With or without some or all of the process set forth in Rule 10C(1)(a), dismiss the
    grievance complaint without prejudice, where the grievance complaint does not appear to be
    within the disciplinary jurisdiction of the Court, or the facts do not appear to warrant disciplinary
    action.

           (c) Issue a letter of caution to a lawyer, request a Review Panel to approve a private
    admonition or issue a letter of caution, or take other corrective action when Disciplinary Counsel
    deems it appropriate. Any such action by Disciplinary Counsel is not disciplinary action.

    (2) Notice of Disposition. In the event of a dismissal, Disciplinary Counsel shall give written
    notice to the grievant complainant and to the lawyer of the dismissal, stating the reasons for the
    action taken, and advising the grievant complainant of the right to request review of the
    dismissal.
    (3) Request for Review. The grievant complainant may file a written request for review of
    Disciplinary Counsel’s dismissal within 30 days of the notice of disposition pursuant to Rule
    10C(2). Disciplinary Counsel’s dismissal shall be reviewed by a Review Panel upon the record
    before it. The Review Panel may approve, disapprove, or modify Disciplinary Counsel’s
    disposition.
            A lawyer against whom Disciplinary Counsel determines to take corrective action other
    than a letter of caution may file a written request for review of Disciplinary Counsel’s
    determination within 30 days after Disciplinary Counsel notifies the lawyer of the corrective
    action. Disciplinary Counsel’s determination shall be reviewed by a Review Panel upon the
    record before the Review Panel. The Review Panel may approve, disapprove, or modify
    Disciplinary Counsel’s determination as to corrective action.

I                                                    11
    D. Review Panel Proceeding. Disciplinary Counsel shall:
           (1) Request leave of a Review Panel to approve and deliver a private admonition or to file
              _
    a formal cComplaint; and
                                                     _
           (2) Provide additional information to or Cconduct further investigation at the request of a
    Review Panel.

    E. Adjudicatory Panel Proceeding. Disciplinary Counsel shall:
            (1) Draft and prosecute formal cComplaints and Complaints proposing interim
    suspension and complaints proposing interim suspensionbefore an Adjudicatory Panel, represent
    the Office of Disciplinary Counsel in appeals from Adjudicatory Panel decisions or
    recommendations and in other disciplinary matters that come before the Commission, the
    Montana Supreme Court or other courts;
            (2) Recommend discipline or other disposition of a case to an Adjudicatory Panel;
I           (3) Conduct and respond to any anydiscovery pursuant to Rule 19; and
            (4) Investigate a petition for reinstatement and present relevant evidence at an
    Adjudicatory Panel hearing on the petition.

    RULE 11 - Limitation on Time to Bring Formal Complaint

             A. Time Limit for filing a Formal Complaint. Except as otherwise provided in these
    rules, from the time the alleged misconduct giving rise to the inquiry or grievance complaint is
    discovered or, with due diligence, should have been discovered, a formal Complaint must be
    filed within six years from the date of the alleged misconduct.
             B. When Violation Occurs. A Rule of Professional Conduct is violated when every
    element of a violation has occurred. But if the violation is a continuing offense, the violation
    occurs when the offensive conduct ends.
             C. Tolling. The six-year limit is tolled, but in no case may a formal Complaint be filed
    after 10 years from the date of the misconduct, while during the period:, but in no case may a
    formal Complaint be filed after 10 years from the date of the misconduct, while:
             (1) The lawyer represents the grievant, the grievant’s family member,
    or the grievant’s business or employer;
I            (2) The grievant is a minor, or is physically or mentally incapacitated;
             (3) Civil, criminal, or administrative investigations or proceedings based on the same acts
    or circumstances as the violation are pending with any governmental agency, court, or tribunal;
             (4) The lawyer conceals facts about the violation;
             (5) The lawyer fails to cooperate with an investigation of the violation;
             (6) The lawyer makes false or misleading statements to the Office of Disciplinary
    Counsel concerning the violation; or
             (7) The disciplinary investigation or proceeding is abated under Rule 28.

    D. Rule of Repose. Except as provided in subsection 11E, notwithstanding any tolling under
    subsection 11C, a Complaint may not be filed more than 10 years after the date of the alleged
    misconduct.

    E. Exceptions. There shall be no limit on the time to file a formal Complaint for:

I                                                   12
       (1) Any alleged misconduct based upon a plea of guilty to a felony, with or without a
reference to an Alford or a nolo contender plea, or upon conviction of a felony; or
       (2) Any alleged misconduct that constitutes a felony, without regard to whether the
lawyer is charged, prosecuted, or convicted of a crime for the conduct.

RULE 12 - Filing, Service, and Formal Case Procedures

        A. Complaint and Citation. When a Review Panel has granted the Office of
Disciplinary Counsel leave to file a formal Complaint against a respondent lawyer:
        (1) Disciplinary Counsel shall file a formal Complaint with the Clerk of the Supreme
Court and shall furnish a copy to the Commission;
        (2) The Complaint shall set forth the charges with sufficient clarity and particularity as to
inform the lawyer of the alleged misconduct;
        (3) The Complaint shall be signed by Chief Disciplinary Counsel or Deputy Disciplinary
Counsel but need not be verified; and
        (4) The Clerk of the Supreme Court shall issue a citation that, together with a copy of the
Complaint, shall be served on the lawyer. The citation shall require the lawyer to file a written
Answer to the Complaint with the Clerk of the Montana Supreme Court within twenty-one days
and indicate that a failure to file an Answer within the time prescribed may subject the attorney
to be in default as provided
by Rule 12C(2).

B. Service.
        (1) Service of Complaint. Service upon the lawyer of a Complaint in a formal
disciplinary proceeding shall be made by personal service as provided in Rule 4, Montana Rules
of Civil Procedure, or by registered or certified mail to the last address that the lawyer provided
to the State Bar of Montana. If service is made by registered or certified mail, service is deemed
complete upon mailing.

        (2) Service of Other Papers. Excepting the Complaint and Answer, Sservice of any allany
                                                                              -
other pleadings, papers or notices required by these Rules shall, unless otherwise provided by
these Rules, be made in accordance with Rule 5, Montana Rules of Civil Procedure, and shall be
filed with the Commission. The Commission shall maintain a docket record keep a registry of all
documents filed with it the Commission.
                      -
C. Answer.

(1) The lawyer shall furnish a copy of the Answer to the Commission at the time of filing with
the Montana Supreme Court and service is made is madeon Disciplinary Counsel.
(2) If the lawyer fails to file an Answer within the prescribed time, the allegations in the
Complaint shall be deemed admitted. An . and an Adjudicatory Panel to which the case has been
assigned shall conduct a hearing to may make findings of fact, conclusions of law, and impose
discipline the Commission is authorized to order or make a recommendation to the Supreme
Court for
discipline or other disposition of the case.
(3) Absent good cause and entry of an order by the Commission, an Answer may not include

                                                 13
    motions under Rules 9, 11, 12, 13 or 14 of the Montana Rules of Civil Procedure.
    (4) Amended and supplemental pleadings before the Commission shall be governed by Rule 15,
    Montana Rules of Civil Procedure.

1   D. Hearing, Findings, and Conclusions and Disposition or Recommendation.

             (1) If the lawyer files an Answer, the Commission shall consult with Disciplinary
    Counsel and counsel for the respondent lawyer or, if not represented, the respondent, to
    determine a hearing date before an Adjudicatory Panel. The Commission shall file and serve
    upon Disciplinary Counsel, the lawyer, and the lawyer’s counsel, if any, a notice of hearing
    setting forth the date, time, and place of hearing, which notice shall be served upon said persons
    at least twenty days in advance thereof. The lawyer is entitled to be represented by counsel, to
    cross-examine witnesses, and to present evidence. The hearing shall be recorded.

    (2) An Adjudicatory Panel may elect to hold a hearing notwithstanding the lawyer’s failure to
    answer.
            (2) In the conduct of a hearing, the Chairperson of an Adjudicatory Panel shall have
    authority to rule on all motions, objections, and other matters presented in connection with the
    hearing. Except as may otherwise be provided herein, and except as an Adjudicatory Panel
    Chairperson may determine in the interests of justice and fairness, hearings in formal disciplinary
    proceedings shall be conducted in accordance with the Montana Rules of Civil Procedure and the
    Montana Rules of Evidence.
            (3) Following the hearing, an Adjudicatory Panel shall make findings of fact, conclusions
    of law and a recommendation to the Supreme Court for discipline or other disposition of the
    case.

    RULE 13 -Adjudicatory Hearings; Public Admonitions ( Abrogated)

              Following the filing of a formal complaint, an Adjudicatory Panel may determine to
    sanction a lawyer by the imposition of an admonition. The Adjudicatory Panel shall determine
    whether to impose the admonition publicly or privately after weighing, on a case-by-case basis,
    the lawyer’s privacy interests and the public’s right to know. The demands of the lawyer’s
    individual privacy must clearly exceed the merits of public disclosure in order for an
    Adjudicatory Panel to impose a private admonition. An Adjudicatory Panel may do so, however,
    only after consulting Disciplinary Counsel and the lawyer subject to sanction, to apprise the
    interested parties of its reasoning for such decision and to allow for comment.
              An Adjudicatory Panel’s decision to close an adjudicatory hearing and/or impose an
    admonition, either publicly or privately, shall be final unless, within ten days of the Adjudicatory
    Panel’s decision, the lawyer subject to sanction, Disciplinary Counsel, or a member of the public,
    files a petition with the Clerk of the Supreme Court asking the Court to review the Adjudicatory
    Panel’s decision. The Court shall conduct an in camera review of the Adjudicatory Panel’s
    decision in which it evaluates the lawyer’s privacy interest and the public’s right to know.
              A private admonition should be imposed only in cases of minor misconduct, when there
    is little or no injury to the public, the legal system, or the profession, and when there is little
    likelihood of repetition by the lawyer. A private admonition informs the lawyer that his or her
    conduct is unethical, but does not unnecessarily stigmatize a lawyer from whom the public needs

1                                                   14
    no protection.

I   RULE 14 - Request for Review by Grievant Complainant of a Review Panel’s Decision

            A. Dismissal of Grievance complaint. Upon review of Disciplinary Counsel’s dismissal
    of a grievance complaint pursuant to Rule 10C(3), if a Review Panel affirms the dismissal,
    Disciplinary Counsel the Commission shall notify the grievant complainant in writing that the
    grievant complainant may, within thirty-five days of the date on which the notice was sent,
    request in writing to the Supreme Court Commission, review of the disposition by the Supreme
    Court.
            B. Review discretionary. The Supreme Court may, in its sole discretion, review the
    Panel’s disposition.

    RULE 15 - Ex Parte Communications Prohibited

            Disciplinary Counsel, Disciplinary Counsel staff, and and members of Review or Panels,
    Adjudicatory Panels, the Commission, Commission staff, and the Supreme Court shall not
    communicate ex parte between or among themselves or with others regarding the merits of a
    pending or impending investigation or a disciplinary proceeding
    except as permitted by the Rules for Lawyer Disciplinary Enforcement. Communications for
    purposes of scheduling, administration, and procedural matters shall not be prohibited but shall
    be conducted to assure fairness to all parties.
            In the event a Commission member is a potential or an actual witness in a matter to come
    before the Commission, this Rule does not prevent such person from cooperating with the Office
    of Disciplinary Counsel and the Respondent in their investigation, prosecution and defense of
    any claimed ethical violations.

    RULE 16 - Review by the Supreme Court After Contested Case Hearing

            After service of a copy of the Commission’s findings of fact, conclusions of law, and
    recommendation, a party shall have thirty days from date of service within which to file with the
    Court objections to the findings of fact, conclusions of law, and recommendation. The objecting
    party shall serve upon the opposing party a copy of any such objections. The opposing party
    shall have thirty days after date of service of such objections within which to file with the Court
    a written brief in opposition to such objections. A copy of such brief shall be served upon the
    objecting party. The Court may, in its discretion, set the matter for oral argument. In the event
    objections are not filed, the matter shall be deemed submitted at the expiration of the time for
    filing objections. The Supreme Court shall consider the matter, issue its written decision, and
    impose such discipline, if any, as it considers appropriate.

    RULE 17 – Privileged Communications and Immunity
    From Civil Suit.
    _
    A. From Civil SuitPrivileged Communications. Communications or grievances complaints,
    oral or written to, or from, the Commission and Office of Disciplinary Counsel, and testimony
    given in the proceedings, are privileged. and no Evidence thereof is inadmissible in any lawsuit
    against any grievant complainant, witness, Commission member, Commission staff, Disciplinary

I                                                   15
    Counsel, Office of Disciplinary Counsel staff, investigator, special counsel, or other person
    employed or retained by the Office of Disciplinary Counsel. Waiver, if any, of such privilege by
    voluntary disclosure by a grievant complainant or witness shall be determined under Rule 503,
    Montana Rules of Evidence.

    B. Immunity from Civil Suit. Members of the Commission, Commission staff, Disciplinary
    Counsel, Office of Disciplinary staff, investigators, special counsel, any other person employed
    or retained by the Commission or the Office of Disciplinary Counsel to represent it in
    Commission matters, staff members, and persons acting for the Commission or the Office of
    Disciplinary Counsel shall be immune from suit for any conduct undertaken in good faith in the
    course of their official duties under these Rules. All of said persons are deemed officers and/or
    agents of the Court for all purposes mentioned in these Rules.

    B. From Criminal Prosecution.

                    _
    CB. Immunity Ffrom Criminal Prosecution. Upon application of Disciplinary Counsel or the
    Commission and after reasonable notice to and written consent from the appropriate county
    attorney(s), the Supreme Court may order that a witness cannot be prosecuted or subjected to any
              _
    penalty or forfeiture other than a prosecution or action for perjury or contempt, for or on account
    of any transaction, matter, or thing concerning which the witness testified or produced in a
    lawyer disciplinary proceeding.

    RULE 18 - Service (Abrogated)

    RULE 19 - Oaths, Subpoena Power and Discovery

    A. Oaths. Any member of the Commission or other person authorized by law may administer
    oaths and affirmations in matters pending before the Commission, but subpoenas may only be
    issued on approval of the chairperson of the Commission or the Chair of an Adjudicatory Panel.

    B. Investigative Subpoenas.
            (1) Before a formal Complaint has been filed, the chairperson of the Commission or of an
    Adjudicatory Panel may cause subpoenas to be issued commanding the persons to whom they
    are directed to produce books, records, papers, documents, and other objects as may be necessary
    and proper to the
    investigation.
            (2) An investigative subpoena may be issued upon the affidavit of Disciplinary Counsel
    showing good cause to believe that:
            (a) the lawyer who is the subject of the investigation, or the person from whom
    information is sought, has failed to cooperate with Disciplinary Counsel’s request for
    information in connection with that investigation;
            (b) a violation of the Rules of Professional Conduct or these Rules has been committed;
    and
            (c) the information relative to the commission of that violation is in the possession of the
    person or institution to whom the subpoena is directed.
            (3) The lawyer who is the subject of the investigation need not be given advance notice of

I                                                   16
    the investigative subpoena. Upon execution of the investigative subpoena and return of service,
    Disciplinary Counsel shall provide a copy of the investigative subpoena to the lawyer who is the
    subject of the investigation.

    C. Subpoenas for Deposition or Hearing. After formal charges are a Complaintcharges are has
    been filed, any member of the Commission may, at the request of Disciplinary Counsel or the
    lawyer, compel, by subpoena or order, the attendance of witnesses and the production of
    pertinent books, papers, and documents. A copy of the subpoena must be served on the opposing
    party at the time return of service is filed with the Commission.

    D. Enforcement of Subpoenas. Any person subpoenaed or ordered to appear and give
    testimony, or to produce pertinent books, papers, or documents, who fails or refuses to appear or
    to produce such books, papers, or documents, or any person having been sworn to testify, who
    refuses to answer any proper questions, may, upon request of the Commission or the Office of
    Disciplinary Counsel or upon determination by the Chairperson, be cited for contempt of the
    Supreme Court. The Commission or the Office of Disciplinary Counsel shall report to the Court
    the facts relating to any such contempt. Thereupon, proceedings before the Supreme Court shall
    be had as in cases of other contempts. The Supreme Court may, upon proper application, also
    enforce the attendance of any witness and the production of any documents subpoenaed as well
    as hear proceedings based upon a contempt citation.

    E. Subpoena Pursuant to Law of Another Jurisdiction. Whenever a subpoena is sought in
    Montana pursuant to the law of another jurisdiction for use in lawyer discipline or disability
    proceedings or investigations, and where the issuance of the subpoena has been duly approved
    under the law of the other jurisdiction, the chairperson of the Commission, upon request of
    Disciplinary Counsel (in a case where the request is by the disciplinary authority of the foreign
    jurisdiction) or an attorney admitted to practice in this jurisdiction (in a case where the request is
    by a respondent in a proceeding in the foreign jurisdiction), may issue a subpoena as provided in
    this section to compel the attendance of witnesses and production of documents in the county
    where the witness resides or is employed or elsewhere as agreed by the witness. Service,
    enforcement, or challenges to this subpoena shall be as provided in these rules.

    F. Challenging Subpoena. Any challenge to the validity of a subpoena issued under this Rule
    shall be heard and determined by the chairperson of the Commission or, in his or her absence,
    the vice-chairperson or executive secretary, subject to review by the Supreme Court, at the
    request of Disciplinary Counsel or the lawyer. Upon a determination that an investigative
    subpoena issued under subsection B of this Rule was improper or overly broad, any information
    improperly obtained through the subpoena must not be used as evidence in any disciplinary
    proceeding against the lawyer who is the subject of the investigation unless such evidence is
    otherwise lawfully obtained.

    G. Discovery. Disciplinary Counsel and the lawyer shall be afforded reciprocal discovery.
    Disputes concerning the scope and other aspects of discovery shall be determined by the
    chairperson, or in his or her absence the vice-chairperson, of the Adjudicatory Panel.

    H. Witnesses and Fees. Witness fees and mileage shall be the same as provided by law for

1                                                     17
    witnesses in civil actions in the District Courts of the State of Montana.

    RULE 20 - Access to Disciplinary Information

    A. Confidentiality. All disciplinary information provided to the Office of Disciplinary Counsel
    and proceedings before the Commission on Practice prior to the filing of a formal cComplaint
    with the Clerk of the Supreme Court shall be confidential, except that Disciplinary Counsel may
    disclose information if:
            (1) The respondent has waived confidentiality;
            (2) The proceeding is based upon allegations that include either the conviction of a crime
    or reciprocal discipline;
            (3) The proceeding is based upon allegations that have become generally known to the
    public;
            (4) There is a need to notify another person or organization, including the Lawyers Fund
    for Client Protection Board, the Commission on Character and Fitness, other lawyer disciplinary
    agencies, law enforcement agencies, and the Lawyer’s Assistance Program, in order to protect
    the public, the administration of justice, or the legal profession, unless Disciplinary Counsel
    reasonably determines that disclosure would hinder an ongoing investigation or prosecution,
    infringe upon the privacy interests of a reporting or other third party, or constitute an unduly
    broad or burdensome request; or,
I           (5) There is a need to disclose information to third parties while investigating a grievance
    complaint.

    B. Public Information. Upon the filing of a formal cComplaint with the Clerk of the Supreme
    Court in a disciplinary matter, or upon the filing with the Clerk of the Supreme Court of a
    petition for reinstatement, the proceedings before the Commission and pleadings and other
    documents filed with the Clerk or Commission shall be public except for:
            (1) Deliberations and minutes of the Commission;
            (2) Information or proceedings with respect to which an Adjudicatory Panel or Supreme
    Court has issued a protective order;
            (3) Conditional admissions and affidavits of consent submitted pursuant to Rule 26 of
    these Rules until, and if, approved by the Court or, if applicable, an Adjudicatory Panel, and
    public discipline is imposed; and
            (4) Hearings conducted pursuant to Rule 26 of these Rules.

    C. Admissibility in Other Proceedings. The conclusions, opinions, and recommendations of
    Disciplinary Counsel or any investigator or special counsel acting on behalf of the Office of
    Disciplinary Counsel while acting in those capacities are not relevant or admissible for any
    purpose in any quasi-judicial or judicial forum, exclusive of the Commission on Practice
    and the Montana Supreme Court in a disciplinary action.

    RULE 21 - Dissemination of Disciplinary Information

    Notice of Discipline Imposed. The Clerk of the Supreme Court shall cause copies of orders and
I   notices of transfer to disability/inactive status, public admonition or censure, suspension,
    disbarment, and reinstatement to be given to the Clerks of all of the District Courts of the State

I                                                    18
I   of Montana, all of the District Judges of the State of Montana, the Clerk of the Federal District
    Court for the District of Montana, the Clerk of the Circuit Court of Appeals of the Ninth Circuit,
    the Chairperson of the Commission, and the Executive Director of the State Bar of Montana, or
    as the Supreme Court otherwise may direct.

    RULE 22 - Additional Rules of Procedure

    A. Proceedings Governed by Rules of Civil Procedure. Except as otherwise inconsistent with
    these rules, the Rules of Civil Procedure of the State of Montana apply in disciplinary cases.

    B. Standard of Proof. Allegations in a formal Complaint and grounds for reinstatement shall be
    established by clear and convincing evidence.

    C. Burden of Proof. The burden of proof in formal proceedings seeking discipline is on
    Disciplinary Counsel. The burden of proof in reinstatement proceedings is on the person seeking
    reinstatement.

    D. Availability of Hearing Transcript. A copy of the record of a public hearing shall be made
    available to any person to the lawyer at his or her expense on request made to the Commission.

    E. Related Pending Litigation. After the filing of a formal Complaint, disciplinary proceedings
    shall not be delayed because of substantial similarity to the material allegations of pending
    criminal or civil litigation. The chairperson of an Adjudicatory Panel in his or her discretion
    may, upon request of a party, authorize a stay for good cause shown, but only after notice and
    opportunity to be heard.

    F. Delay Caused by Grievant Complainant. Neither withdrawal of an informal grievance
    complaint by a grievant complainant, nor a settlement, nor a compromise between the grievant
    complainant and the lawyer, nor restitution by the lawyer shall, in itself, justify abatement of the
    processing of any grievance complaint.

    G. Effect of Time Limitations. Except as is otherwise provided in these rules, time is directory
    and not jurisdictional. Failure to observe prescribed time intervals may result in sanctions against
    the violator but does not justify abatement of any disciplinary investigation or proceeding.

    H. Grievances Complaints Against Commission Members. Allegations of grounds for
    discipline against lawyer members of the Commission shall be processed in the same manner as
    allegations against nonmembers of the Commission; provided, however, that the Commission
    member against whom such allegations are made shall be disqualified from participating in any
    manner as a Commission member with respect to that matter.

                                               _
    I. Dismissed Grievances Complaints. An grievance informal complaint that has been
    dismissed, or upon which no disciplinary action is taken or recommended, shall be expunged
    from Commission and Disciplinary Counsel records and, for all purposes, shall be considered as
    null, void and nonexistent.

                                                     19
    RULE 23 - Lawyers Convicted of a Criminal Offense

    A. Transmittal of Certificate of Conviction. The clerk or other official of any court in this state
    in which a lawyer subject to the disciplinary jurisdiction of the Supreme Court has been
    convicted of a criminal offense shall, within thirty days of the date of conviction, transmit a
    certificate of conviction to the Supreme Court, Disciplinary Counsel, and the Commission on
    Practice.

    B. Procedure on Receipt of Certificate of Conviction. Upon receipt of the certificate of
    conviction, the Supreme Court, either on its own motion or on that of Disciplinary Counsel, shall
    determine whether the criminal offense is one which affects the lawyer’s ability to practice law.
    If the Court determines that the lawyer was found guilty of a criminal offense that affects the
    lawyer’s ability to practice law, the Supreme Court shall enter an order immediately suspending
    the lawyer from the practice of law pending final disposition of a disciplinary proceeding
    predicated upon the conviction. The Supreme Court shall in the same order direct Disciplinary
    Counsel to prepare and file a formal cComplaint against the lawyer predicated upon the
    conviction. If the criminal offense does not involve the lawyer’s ability to practice law, the
    Supreme Court shall enter an order to that effect and, thereafter, the matter shall be processed
    like any other information coming to the attention of the Commission. The Court need not give
    notice to the lawyer, nor shall a hearing be required prior to its determination of whether the
    criminal offense of which the lawyer was convicted was one which affects the lawyer’s ability to
    practice law, nor shall a hearing be required prior to the Supreme Court’s entering an interim
    order of suspension. A copy of any order entered pursuant to this Rule shall be served upon the
    lawyer, Disciplinary Counsel, and the Commission. Upon good cause shown, the Court may in
    the interest of justice set aside or modify the interim suspension; however, the interim suspension
    may not be set aside solely by reason of a pending appeal of the conviction to the Supreme
I   Court, to another tribunal, or because of a motion for an appeal by a new trial de novo.

    C. Formal Proceedings After a Conviction. The sole issue to be determined in the formal
    disciplinary proceedings conducted after a lawyer is convicted of a criminal offense which
    affects the lawyer’s ability to practice law shall be the extent of the final discipline to be
    imposed, provided that a disciplinary proceeding so instituted will not be brought to hearing until
    all appeals from the conviction are concluded unless the lawyer requests that the matter not be
    deferred.

    D. Certificate of Conviction Conclusive. A certificate of conviction of a lawyer for a criminal
    offense shall be conclusive evidence of the commission of that crime in any disciplinary
    proceeding instituted against the lawyer based upon the conviction.

    E. Automatic Reinstatement From Interim Suspension Upon Reversal of Conviction. If a
    lawyer suspended solely under the provisions of paragraph B above demonstrates that the
    underlying conviction has been reversed or vacated, the order for interim suspension shall be
    vacated
    and the lawyer placed on active status. The vacating of the interim suspension will not
    automatically terminate any formal proceeding then pending against the lawyer, the disposition
    of which shall be determined by the Adjudicatory Panel on the basis of the available evidence.

I                                                   20
    F. Notice to Clients and Others on Interim Suspension. An interim suspension order entered
    pursuant to this Rule shall constitute a suspension of the lawyer for purposes of Rule 21.

    RULE 24 - Failure to Respond to the Office of Disciplinary Counsel or the Commission

    If a lawyer subject to the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court Commission should fail or refuse to
    promptly and fully respond to a grievance complaint or other inquiry communicated to such
    lawyer in writing by the Office of Disciplinary Counsel or the Adjudicatory or Review Panel
    before which the matter is pending, the Panel, in addition to other proceedings authorized by
    these Rules, may direct such lawyer to appear before the Panel and show cause why appropriate
    discipline or sanction should not be imposed for failure to respond or cooperate. If the matter is
    pending before a Review Panel, and the lawyer fails to show good cause, the Review Panel shall
    refer the matter to an Adjudicatory Panel. Notice of such show cause hearing shall be served
    upon the lawyer and provided to the Office of Disciplinary Counsel at least twenty days prior to
    the hearing. If at such hearing the lawyer shall fail to respond or show a just or reasonable cause
    for not responding, then in addition to the disciplines and sanctions otherwise provided by these
    Rules, the Adjudicatory Panel may, upon determination of its appropriateness, recommend to the
    Supreme Court the immediate interim suspension of such lawyer for a period not to exceed thirty
        _
    days, or recommend such other interim disciplineearlier date as the attorney shall fully respond
    to and cooperate with the Disciplinary Counsel and the Commission on Practice.

    RULE 25. CONDUCT CONSTITUTING THREAT OF HARM TO CLIENTS OR
    THE PUBLIC

    A. Petition for Interim Suspension. Upon receipt of evidence constituting probable
    cause that a lawyer subject to the disciplinary jurisdiction of the Supreme Court has
    committed a violation of the Rules of Professional Conduct or is incapacitated and, in
    either case, poses a substantial threat of serious harm to clients or the public, Disciplinary
    Counsel may file a petition with the Supreme Court to have the lawyer suspended
    pending proceedings. The clerk shall send the lawyer a copy of the petition to his or her
    last known address.
    B. Interim Suspension. Upon review of the petition, the Supreme Court may either
    deny the petition or direct the lawyer to show good cause, if any, why the lawyer should
    not be suspended during the pendency of either criminal proceedings or disciplinary
    proceedings. After providing the lawyer with the opportunity to be heard, the Court may
    enter an order suspending the lawyer from the practice of law, or may order such other
    action as it deems appropriate.
    C. Notice to Clients. A lawyer suspended pursuant to this Rule shall comply with the
    notice requirements of Rules 30 and 32.

    RULE 26 - Discipline by Consent

I                                                   21
        A. Adjudicatory Panel Approval of Tendered Admission. A lawyer against whom a
    Complaint has been filed may tender to the Office of Disciplinary Counsel within the
    time set by scheduling order a conditional admission to the Complaint, addressing all of
    the alleged rule violations in the Complaint, in exchange for a stated form of discipline.
    If accepted by the Office of Disciplinary Counsel, the conditional admission shall be filed
    and an Adjudicatory Panel shall determine whether to approve or reject it. In the event
    the tendered admission is not accepted by the Office of Disciplinary Counsel and the
    Commission, an adjudicatory hearing will be set at the next regular or special hearings
    session of the Commission.
        When a tendered conditional admission is submitted to an Adjudicatory Panel, the
    tendered conditional admission shall remain confidential until the Montana Supreme
    Court issues an order approving or modifying an Adjudicatory Panel’s recommendation.

       A lawyer against whom formal disciplinary proceedings have been filed may tender a
I      conditional admission to the cComplaint or to particular allegations therein in exchange for a
       stated form of discipline. The tendered admission shall be submitted to an Adjudicatory
       Panel. An Adjudicatory Panel may refer the tendered admission to the Disciplinary Counsel
       for recommendations.

            The Adjudicatory Panel may either approve or reject the tendered admission. The
    Adjudicatory Panel may hold a private hearing for the purpose of obtaining information to aid
    the Adjudicatory Panel in determining whether to approve or reject the tendered admission. If the
    tendered admission is approved by the Adjudicatory Panel, such approval shall be final if the
                                                         _
    stated form of discipline is a an letter of caution, an public admonition, probation imposed by an
    Adjudicatory Panel as provided in Rule 9C of these Rules, or any combination of these forms of
    disciplineboth, with or without imposition of costs of the proceeding; but, in all other instances,
    the tendered admission shall be subject to approval or rejection by the Supreme Court. If the
    tendered admission is rejected by either the Adjudicatory Panel or the Supreme Court, the
    admission shall be deemed withdrawn and cannot be used against the lawyer in any subsequent
    proceedings.

    B. Affidavit of Consent. A tendered admission shall include an affidavit stating the lawyer’s
    consent to the discipline and that:
            (1) The lawyer’s consent is freely and voluntarily tendered, and that the lawyer is not
    being subjected to coercion or duress, and that the lawyer is fully aware of the implications of
    submitting the consent;
            (2) The lawyer is aware that there has been a Complaint formal charge filed against the
    lawyer, the nature of which the lawyer shall specifically set forth; and
            (3) The lawyer acknowledges that the material facts so alleged are true or the lawyer
    submits his or her consent because he or she knows that if the case proceeded to a formal
    hearing, he or she could not successfully defend himself or herself.
            The final order of discipline shall be predicated upon the formal cComplaint, the
    conditional admission, the affidavit, and such other information and evidence to which the
    Disciplinary Counsel and the lawyer may have stipulated, or which may have been elicited at a
    private hearing referred to in Rule 26A.

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    C. Order of Discipline. If the discipline by consent is a form of discipline that may be imposed
    by the Adjudicatory Panel, the Adjudicatory Panel shall enter the order. In all other instances in
    which the proposed discipline has been approved, the Supreme Court shall enter the order. The
    order of discipline by consent shall be filed with the Clerk of the Supreme Court, and a copy
    thereof shall be served upon the lawyer, the lawyer’s counsel, the Commission, Disciplinary
    Counsel, and the grievant complainant.

    D. Confidentiality. All tendered admission proceedings prior to entry of a consent discipline
    order shall be confidential and subject to the provisions of Rule 20 of these Rules. Upon entry of
    an order imposing public discipline, the conditional admission and affidavit of consent shall
    be filed with the Clerk of the Supreme Court and made public.

    RULE 27 - Reciprocal Discipline and Reciprocal Disability Inactive Status

    A. Office of Disciplinary Counsel to Obtain Order of Discipline or Disability/Inactive
    Status from Other Jurisdiction. Upon being disciplined or transferred to disability/inactive
    status in another jurisdiction, a lawyer admitted to practice in Montana shall promptly inform the
I   Office
    of Disciplinary Counsel of such action. Upon notification that a lawyer subject to the disciplinary
    jurisdiction of the Supreme Court has been disciplined or transferred to disability/inactive status
    in another jurisdiction, Disciplinary Counsel shall file a petition, attaching a certified copy of the
    order, with the Supreme Court.

    B. Notice Served Upon the Lawyer. Upon receipt of Disciplinary Counsel’s petition, the Court
    shall issue an order directing the lawyer to inform the Court, within thirty days from the date of
I   service, of any claim by the lawyer predicated upon the grounds set forth in paragraph D of this
    rule, that the imposition of the identical discipline or transfer to disability/inactive status in the
    state of Montana would be unwarranted and the reasons therefor. A copy of the order from the
    other jurisdiction shall be attached to the order.

    C. Effect of Stay of Discipline in Other Jurisdiction. In the event the discipline imposed in
    another jurisdiction has been stayed, any reciprocal discipline imposed in Montana may be
    deferred until the stay expires.

    D. Discipline to be Imposed or Transfer to Disability/Inactive Status. Upon expiration of
    thirty days from service of the order pursuant to the provisions of paragraph B of this rule, the
    Supreme Court shall impose the identical discipline or transfer to disability/inactive status unless
    the
    lawyer demonstrates, or the Court finds that upon the face of the record from which the
    discipline was predicated it clearly appears that:
            (1) The procedure was so lacking in notice or opportunity to be heard as to constitute a
    deprivation of due process;
            (2) There was such infirmity of proof establishing the misconduct as to give rise to the

I                                                     23
    clear conviction that the Supreme Court could not, consistent with its duty, accept as final the
    conclusion on that subject;
            (3) The imposition of the same discipline by the Supreme Court would result in grave
    injustice; or
            (4) The misconduct established warrants substantially different discipline in the state of
    Montana.
            If the Supreme Court determines that any of those elements exists, it shall enter such
    other order as it deems appropriate.

    E. Conclusiveness of Adjudication in Other Jurisdiction. In all other aspects, a final
    adjudication in another jurisdiction that a lawyer has been guilty of misconduct or transferred to
    disability/inactive status shall establish conclusively the misconduct or disability for purposes of
    proceedings in Montana.

    RULE 28 - Disability/Inactive Status

    A. Automatic Transfer to Disability/Inactive Status. The Supreme Court shall enter an order
    immediately transferring a lawyer to disability/inactive status upon receipt of a certified copy of
    a judgment, order, or other appropriate document demonstrating that the lawyer:
           (1) Was found to be incapable of assisting in his or her own defense in a criminal action;
           (2) Was acquitted of a crime based on mental disease or defect;
           (3) Had a guardian or conservator appointed, but not a temporary guardian or
    conservator, for his or her person or estate on a judicial finding of incapacity; or,
           (4) Was involuntarily committed to a mental health facility.
    A copy of the order shall be served, in the manner the Court may direct, upon the lawyer, his or
    her guardian, or the director of the institution to which the lawyer has been committed.

    B. Assertion of Inability to Assist in Defense. If, during the course of a disciplinary
    investigation or proceeding, a lawyer alleges an inability to assist in his or her defense due to
    mental or physical incapacity, Disciplinary Counsel shall notify the Court. The Court shall
    immediately
    transfer the lawyer to disability/inactive status until further order of the Court.

    C. Notice of Transfer. Unless otherwise ordered by the Court, notice of transfer to
    disability/inactive status shall be given to those persons and in the manner provided in Rule 30.
    All orders transferring a lawyer to or from disability/inactive status are public.

    D. Term of Disability/Inactive Status. Transfer to disability/inactive status, unless otherwise
    specified by order, shall be for an indefinite period and may include such terms and conditions
    for transfer to active status as may be appropriate.

    E. Stay of Disciplinary Proceedings. Pending disciplinary proceedings shall be deferred during
    the period a lawyer is on disability/inactive status.

    Such proceedings shall be heard and disposed of as provided in these rules upon reinstatement of
    the lawyer to active status.

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    F. Reinstatement to Active Status.
    (1) A lawyer transferred to disability/inactive status may petition for transfer to active status after
    six months or such other time period specified in the order of transfer, or in subsequent orders.
    (2) Upon receipt of a petition for transfer to active status, the Adjudicatory Panel shall schedule a
    hearing on the petition as soon as practicable. Proceedings for transfer to active status shall be
    conducted in the same manner as formal proceedings pursuant to Rule 29. Upon motion by
    Disciplinary Counsel, the chairperson of the Adjudicatory Panel may order examination of the
    lawyer by qualified experts.
    (3)A lawyer transferred to disability/inactive status based on an assertion of an inability to assist
    in his or her defense of disciplinary proceedings due to mental or physical incapacity must show
    by clear and convincing evidence the lawyer did in fact suffer from a condition that prevented
    the lawyer from assisting in his or her defense and that the lawyer can now assist in his or her
    defense.
    (4) Except as otherwise provided in these Rules, any other petition for transfer to active status
    shall be granted upon a showing by clear and convincing evidence that the disability has been
    removed.
    (5)A lawyer previously judicially declared incompetent may petition for immediate transfer to
    active status, without hearing, upon proof of judicial declaration of competency by a court of
    competent jurisdiction.

    RULE 29 - Reinstatement Following Discipline

    A. After Suspension of Six Months or Less. A lawyer suspended for no more than six months
    may resume practice at the end of the period of suspension by filing with the Court, and serving
    upon the Administrative Officer of the Commission, and Disciplinary Counsel, an affidavit
    stating that the lawyer has fully complied with the requirements of the suspension order, and has
    paid any required fees and costs ordered by the Court.

    B. After Disbarment or Suspension for More Than Six Months. Subject to the limitations set
    forth in Rule 29C, any lawyer who shall have been disbarred or who shall have been suspended
    indefinitely or for more than six months may, by verified petition, apply for:
            (1) An order of reinstatement;
            (2) An order shortening the term of a fixed period of suspension; or
            (3) An order modifying an order of indefinite period of suspension by fixing a definite
    period of suspension.
            The petition shall bear the case number and caption appearing in the order of discipline.
    An original and seven copies shall be filed with the Clerk of the Supreme Court. The lawyer
    shall serve a copy of the petition on the Commission and on Disciplinary Counsel. The petition
    shall set forth the facts that the lawyer contends show that he or she has rehabilitated himself or
    herself, and that he or she is entitled to have the order of discipline vacated, terminated, or
    modified.

    C. Time for Filing Petition.
    (1) A lawyer suspended from practice may not petition for reinstatement earlier than ninety days
    prior to the end of the period of the fixed term or minimum fixed term of the suspension.

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    (2) A lawyer serving an indefinite suspension beyond the minimum fixed term may petition for
    reinstatement at any time.
    (3) A disbarred lawyer may not petition for reinstatement until five years after the effective date
    of disbarment.

    D. Hearing and Notice on Application. Upon receipt of a petition, the Commission shall,
    within ninety days after receipt of such petition, or such later date as may be mutually agreed
    upon by petitioner and the Commission, schedule an Adjudicatory Panel hearing on the petition.
    The petitioner shall have the burden of demonstrating by clear and convincing evidence that he
    or she meets the following criteria, or, if not, has presented good and sufficient reason why he or
    she should nevertheless be reinstated:
             (1) The lawyer has fully complied with the terms of all prior disciplinary orders;
             (2) The lawyer has not engaged nor attempted to engage in the unauthorized practice of
    law;
             (3) If the lawyer was suffering under a physical or mental disability or infirmity at the
    time of suspension, including alcohol or other drug abuse, the disability or infirmity has been
    removed, and where alcohol or other drug abuse was a causative factor in the lawyer’s
    misconduct, the lawyer:
                      (a) has pursued appropriate rehabilitative treatment; and
                      (b) has abstained from the use of alcohol or other drugs for at least
                      one year, and is likely to continue to abstain from alcohol or other drugs;
             (4) The lawyer recognizes the wrongfulness and seriousness of the misconduct;
             (5) The lawyer has not engaged in any other professional misconduct since suspension;
             (6) The lawyer has the requisite honesty and integrity to practice law; and
             (7) The lawyer has kept informed about recent developments in the law and is competent
             to practice.
    The proceedings before the Adjudicatory Panel relating to such petition shall be governed by the
    applicable provisions of these rules governing hearings in disciplinary proceedings including
    Rule 20 concerning confidentiality, unless otherwise provided herein or unless otherwise ordered
    by the Court.
             Notice of such hearing shall be given to the public in such manner and to such extent as
    the Adjudicatory Panel deems appropriate in each case. In any event, notice of such application
    or petition shall be given to the Supreme Court, all of the Judges of the District Courts of the
    State of Montana, all of the Federal District Judges of the District of Montana, and the Executive
    Director of the State Bar of Montana. The notice of hearing shall set forth that any interested
    person may testify at the hearing.
             Disciplinary Counsel may investigate the contentions set forth in the petition for
    reinstatement and present relevant evidence at the hearing.

    E. Deposit for Cost of Proceeding. Upon receipt of a petition for reinstatement, an
    Adjudicatory Panel, before proceeding further, may require the petitioner to deposit with the
    Commission an amount deemed reasonable by the Commission to cover anticipated costs of the
    reinstatement proceedings.

    F. Recommendation of Commission and Action by Court. The Adjudicatory Panel shall make
    a written recommendation to the Supreme Court on the petition for reinstatement, including the

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    imposition of such conditions to reinstatement as it deems appropriate to protect the public
    interest. Thereupon the Supreme Court shall, in the exercise of its discretion, take such action as
    it deems advisable.

    RULE 30 - Notice to Clients and Others

    A. Recipients of Notice and Contents of Notice. Unless otherwise ordered by the Adjudicatory
    Panel or the Supreme Court, within ten days after the date of the order of the Court imposing the
    discipline of disbarment or suspension, the lawyer shall notify or cause to be notified by
    registered or certified mail, return receipt requested:
            (1) All clients being represented in pending matters;
            (2) Any co-counsel in pending matters;
            (3) Any opposing counsel in pending matters or, in the absence of such
    counsel, the adverse parties, that the Court has ordered the disbarment or suspension of the
    lawyer and that the lawyer is therefore disqualified to act as a lawyer after the effective date of
    the order; and
            (4) any court in which the respondent attorney appears as counsel of record in any
    pending matter in compliance with Uniform District Court Rule 10 (and any corresponding
    Local Rule), as well as § 37-61-403, MCA.

    B. Notice to Clients of Lawyers Who Are Disbarred or Suspended.
            The lawyer shall deliver to all clients being represented in pending matters any papers or
    other property to which they are entitled and shall notify them and any counsel representing them
    of a suitable time and place where the papers and other property may be obtained, calling
    attention to any urgency for obtaining the papers or other property.

    C. Notification to Court. In the event the client does not obtain another lawyer before the
    effective date of the disbarment or suspension, it shall be the responsibility of the lawyer to
    notify in writing the judge of the court having jurisdiction of the pending matter of the
    circumstances.

    RULE 31 - Effective Date of Order, Winding Up of Affairs

    Orders imposing discipline shall be effective immediately upon entry, unless the Adjudicatory
    Panel or the Supreme Court specifies otherwise in the order. The lawyer, after entry of a
    disbarment or suspension order, shall not engage as a lawyer for any new case or legal matter of
    any nature. The lawyer shall refund any part of any fees paid in advance which have not been
    earned.

    RULE 32 - Affidavit Filed with Court

    Within twenty days after the effective date of the disbarment or suspension order, the lawyer
    shall file with the Supreme Court, the Adjudicatory Panel, and the Disciplinary Counsel an
    affidavit showing:
             (1) The lawyer has fully complied with the provisions of the order and with these Rules;
             (2) A list of all other state, federal, and administrative jurisdictions to which the lawyer is

I                                                     27
    admitted to practice; and
            (3) The lawyer’s residence or other addresses where communications may thereafter be
    directed to him or her.

    RULE 33 - Appointment of Trustee to Protect Clients’ Interest

    A. Appointment of Trustee. If a lawyer has been disbarred or suspended, or is deceased,
    disabled or missing, and there is reasonable cause to believe it is necessary to protect the
    interests of a lawyer’s clients, and no partner, personal representative, or other responsible party
    capable of conducting the lawyer's affairs is known to exist, a district judge in the judicial district
    in which the lawyer maintained his or her practice shall appoint an attorney or attorneys,
    including attorneys on inactive or senior status, as trustee over the lawyer’s practice.

    B. Terminology.

    (1) “Disabled” means that a lawyer has a physical or mental condition resulting from accident,
    injury, disease, chemical dependency, mental health problems, or age that significantly impairs
    the lawyer’s ability to practice law. The term includes, but is not limited to, a lawyer who has
    been transferred to disability/inactive status.
    (2) “Missing” means that a lawyer is unavailable or unwilling to attend to the needs of his or her
    client(s) for a period beyond what is reasonable and customary to the practice of law and/or by
    conduct has demonstrated that he or she is unlikely to properly discharge his or her professional
    duties in the future.

    C. Procedure. The Office of Disciplinary Counsel shall file an ex parte verified petition, which
    may be based on hearsay, requesting the appointment of a trustee with the clerk of the district
    court for any county in the judicial district in which the lawyer maintained his or her practice.
    The petition may be filed without notice. The clerk shall send the lawyer a copy of the petition at
    his or her last known address. If a district judge in the judicial district in which the lawyer
    maintained his or her practice is unavailable, any district judge may consider the petition. The
    court may grant or deny the petition without a hearing. All orders issued by a district judge
    pursuant to this rule shall be served upon the lawyer at his or her last known address.

    D. Duties and Powers of Trustee. Upon appointment, the trustee shall take reasonable measures
    to protect the interests of the lawyer’s clients. Such measures may include, but are not limited to,
    the following:
            (1) Take possession of and examine the files and records of the law practice and obtain
    information as to any pending matters which may require attention;
            (2) Provide notice to the lawyer’s active clients of the lawyer’s status;
            (3) Provide a client with his or her file on request;
            (4) With leave of the court, destroy any inactive or closed files;
            (5) With leave of the court, access and take possession of the lawyer’s operating and trust
    bank accounts and, upon approval of the court, refund any unearned fees or funds belonging to
    third persons;
            (6) Make appropriate distribution, upon approval of the court, of any other assets in the
    lawyer’s possession belonging to the lawyer, clients, or third persons;

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            (7) Notify persons and entities who appear to be clients of the lawyer that it may be in
    their best interest to obtain replacement counsel and advise them, when appropriate, of any
    statute of limitations;
            (8) Apply for stays and extensions of time pending employment of replacement counsel
    by a client;
            (9) Make referrals to replacement counsel with the agreement of a client or accept
    representation of a client with the agreement of the client;
            (10) Retain the services of other professionals and third parties when necessary to
    perform the trustee’s duties; and,
            (11) Obtain further court orders or other relief necessary to perform the trustee’s duties.

    E. Review of Court Orders. Within 30 days from the filing of any order issued pursuant to this
    rule, the lawyer or someone on his or her behalf, a client or former client, or any other interested
    person may file a written request that the court reconsider its order de novo. Within 30 days of
    the filing of the court’s decision reconsidering its order, the trustee, the lawyer or someone on his
    or her behalf, a client or former client, or any other interested person may file a petition
    requesting review of the decision with the Supreme Court.

    F. Protection of Client Information. A trustee shall not be permitted to disclose any
    information contained in any client file without the consent of the client to whom the file relates,
    except as necessary to carry out the trustee’s duties.

    G. Expenses. Any fees and expenses associated with the appointment of a trustee shall be paid
    by the Office of Disciplinary Counsel. The Office of Disciplinary Counsel may negotiate the fees
    and expenses for which it will be responsible prior to the attorney’s appointment as trustee. The
    Office of Disciplinary Counsel shall be entitled to reimbursement from the lawyer for whom the
    trustee is appointed.

    H. Final Report. When the purposes of the trusteeship have been accomplished with respect to
    the lawyer’s law practice, the trustee shall file a final report and an accounting of all funds and
    property coming into the custody of the attorney trustee. The trustee shall serve a copy of the
    final report on the Office of Disciplinary Counsel and upon the attorney at his or her last known
    address. Upon the filing of the final report, the trustee is discharged from further duties, subject
    to further order of the court.

    I. Immunity. A trustee shall be immune from suit for any conduct undertaken in good faith in
    the course of performing his or her duties. This immunity shall not extend to any matter in which
    a trustee has assumed representation of a client as an attorney.

    RULE 34 - Verification of Bank Accounts

           Whenever Disciplinary Counsel has probable cause to believe that the bank accounts of a
    lawyer that contain, should contain, or have contained funds belonging to clients, have not been
    properly maintained or that the funds have not been properly handled, the Disciplinary Counsel
    may initiate an investigation for the purpose of verifying the accuracy and integrity of all bank
    accounts maintained by the lawyer, and an investigator may be appointed by Disciplinary

I                                                    29
    Counsel for that purpose.
            Investigations, examinations, and verifications shall be conducted so as to preserve the
    private and confidential nature of the lawyer’s records insofar as is consistent with these Rules
    and the attorney-client privilege, provided, however, that all investigatory materials may be
    provided to, or exchanged with, the State Bar of Montana, Lawyers’ Fund for Client
    Protection.

    RULE 35 - Effective Date
            These rules are effective _____________, 2020January 1, 2011, provided, however, that
    any matter then pending shall be concluded under the rulesprocedure existing on the date the
    Complaint was filed
    prior to the effective date of these Rules.

                           Amended April 2, 2013
                           Amended October 13, 2015
                           Effective January 1, 2016
                           Effective _______, 2020

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