Court Opinion

ID: 2696510
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-04 15:40:12.00802+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:28:48.474187
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Patterson, 2012-Ohio-2839.]

                       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                           THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                               HANCOCK COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO,

        PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE,                                CASE NO. 5-11-15

        v.

CORNELIUS PATTERSON, JR.,                                  OPINION

        DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

                 Appeal from Hancock County Common Pleas Court
                           Trial Court No. 2009-CR-218

                                       Judgment Affirmed

                              Date of Decision: June 25, 2012

APPEARANCES:

        Deborah Kovac Rump for Appellant

        Mark C. Miller and Drew A. Wortman for Appellee
Case No. 5-11-15

PRESTON, J.

       {¶1} Defendant-appellant, Cornelius Patterson, Jr. (“Patterson”), appeals

the Hancock County Court of Common Pleas’ judgment of conviction and

sentence. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

       {¶2} During the early hours of October 18, 2009, Patterson’s live-in

girlfriend, Stacey Daniels, had an argument with David Snyder, the live-in ex-

boyfriend of her friend, Samantha Garberson, in the apartment Snyder and

Garberson shared, which was located directly above the apartment Daniels shared

with Patterson. (Feb. 8-15, 2011 Tr. 447-456, 469-470, 706-708). Daniels left the

apartment and returned to her apartment where she had a physical confrontation

with Patterson outside the apartment. (Id. at 470-472, 706-708). Upon hearing the

commotion, Snyder exited his apartment, and Patterson chased Snyder back into

his apartment with a handgun. (Id. at 473-478, 510, 526, 634-635). Snyder

entered his apartment and locked the door. (Id. at 634-635). Patterson kicked

Snyder’s door in; Snyder struggled to hold the door closed; and, Patterson fired a

shot through the door killing Snyder. (Id. at 410, 478, 857-858, 634-638, 990-

991). While Patterson and Daniels fled to Toledo, Patterson discarded the firearm

alongside the road. (Id. at 481, 712-714, 755, 991).

       {¶3} On October 27, 2009, the Hancock County Grand Jury indicted

Patterson on Count One of aggravated felony murder in violation of R.C.

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2903.01(B), an unclassified felony; Count Two of aggravated burglary in violation

of R.C. 2911.11(A)(2), a first degree felony; Count Three of improperly

discharging of a firearm into an occupied structure in violation of R.C.

2923.161(A)(1), a second degree felony; and Count Four of tampering with

evidence in violation of R.C. 2921.12(A)(1), a third degree felony. (Doc. No. 1).

All four counts included a firearm specification pursuant to R.C. 2941.145. (Id.).

       {¶4} On November 12, 2009, Patterson appeared for arraignment and

entered pleas of not guilty. (Doc. No. 9); (Nov. 12, 2009 Tr. at 4). The trial court

set bond at $1 million, without a 10% bond provision. (Doc. No. 9).

       {¶5} On November 13, 2009, Patterson filed a motion asking the trial court

to reduce his bond or, alternatively, allow him to post a property bond, surety, or

permit the 10% bond provisions under Crim.R. 46. (Doc. No. 14). On December

7, 2009, the trial court denied the motion. (Doc. No. 21). On December 21, 2009,

Patterson filed a second motion for bond reduction and/or modification, which was

denied on February 23, 2010. (Doc. Nos. 25, 38).

       {¶6} On January 7, 2010, Patterson filed a motion for change of venue due

to allegedly prejudicial pretrial publicity. (Doc. No. 31). On January 21, 2010,

the trial court held a hearing on this motion and others Patterson previously filed.

(Doc. No. 36). However, the trial court deferred ruling on Patterson’s change of

venue motion until trial. (Id.).

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Case No. 5-11-15

       {¶7} On September 20, 2010, Patterson filed a third motion for bond

reduction and/or modification. (Doc. No. 113). On September 27, 2010, the trial

court held a hearing on the motion and took the matter under advisement. (Doc.

No. 115). On October 22, 2010, the trial court denied the motion. (Doc. No. 117).

       {¶8} The matter proceeded to jury trial on February 8, 2011. On February

15, 2011, the jury found Patterson guilty on all four counts, along with the

attendant gun specifications. (Doc. Nos. 158-161).

       {¶9} On April 11, 2011, Patterson filed a sentencing memorandum arguing

that Counts One, Two, and Three were allied offenses. (Doc. No. 171).

       {¶10} On April 21, 2011, a sentencing hearing was held. (Doc. No. 172).

The trial court determined that Counts One, Two, and Three were allied offenses

under R.C. 2941.25(A) and State v. Johnson, 128 Ohio St.3d 153, 2010-Ohio-

6314, but Count Four, tampering with evidence, was not an allied offense. (Id.).

The State elected to sentence Patterson on aggravated felony murder, and the trial

court sentenced Patterson to life, with parole eligibility after 30 years. (Id.). The

trial court sentenced Patterson to a three-year mandatory term on the firearm

specification contained within Count One, and the trial court sentenced Patterson

to four years on Count Four, tampering with evidence. (Id.). The trial court

further ordered that the terms imposed be served consecutively for an aggregate

sentence of life imprisonment with parole eligibility after 37 years. (Id.).

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Case No. 5-11-15

       {¶11} On May 3, 2011, Patterson filed a notice of appeal. (Doc. No. 179).

Patterson now appeals raising nine assignments of error. We elect to combine

some of Patterson’s assignments of error for discussion and to address some of

Patterson’s assignments of error out of the order raised in his brief.

                      ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. VIII

       PATTERSON’S RIGHTS TO ASSIST IN HIS DEFENSE,
       ENJOY EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL, A
       PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE AND DUE PROCESS
       WERE VIOLATED BY THE EXCESSIVE BOND IMPOSED
       UPON HIM BY THE TRIAL COURT.

       {¶12} In his eighth assignment of error, Patterson argues that the trial

court’s excessive bail violated his right to effective assistance of counsel under the

6th Amendment, his due process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment, and his

protection against excessive bail under the Eighth Amendment and Sec. 9, Article

I of the Ohio Constitution.

       {¶13} The Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and Section 9,

Article I of the Ohio Constitution both forbid “excessive bail.” Crim.R. 46(C)

provides:

       In determining the types, amounts, and conditions of bail, the court

       shall consider all relevant information, including but not limited to:

       (1) The nature and circumstances of the crime charged, and

       specifically whether the defendant used or had access to a weapon;

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Case No. 5-11-15

      (2) The weight of the evidence against the defendant;

      (3) The confirmation of the defendant’s identity;

      (4) The defendant’s family ties, employment, financial resources,

      character, mental condition, length of residence in the community,

      jurisdiction of residence, record of convictions, record of appearance

      at court proceedings or of flight to avoid prosecution;

      (5) Whether the defendant is on probation, a community control

      sanction, parole, post-release control, bail, or under a court

      protection order.

      {¶14} “A trial court has broad discretion to set bail in an amount necessary

to ensure that the accused will appear at all subsequent stages of the proceedings.”

State v. Vaughn, 106 Ohio App.3d 775, 787 (12th Dist.1995), citing Bland v.

Holden, 21 Ohio St.2d 238, 239 (1970). Consequently, an appellate court reviews

the trial court’s decision concerning the amount of bail under an abuse of

discretion standard. State v. Thomas, 8th Dist. No. 89583, 2007-Ohio-1692, ¶ 8.

An abuse of discretion is more than an error of judgment; rather, it connotes that

the trial court’s attitude was unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. State v.

Adams, 62 Ohio St.2d 151, 157 (1980).

      {¶15} The trial court did not abuse its discretion by setting Patterson’s bond

at $1,000,000 with no 10% provision in this case. Patterson was charged with

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Case No. 5-11-15

aggravated felony murder, aggravated burglary, improper discharge of a firearm,

and tampering with evidence; Patterson used a firearm during the commission of

the offenses; several witnesses identified Patterson as the shooter; Patterson fled

the jurisdiction immediately following the commission of the crime, taking his

girlfriend and her minor children with him; Patterson has family out of the

jurisdiction; and Patterson had other traffic and misdemeanor convictions on his

record. Given the serious nature of the crimes Patterson was charged with, and his

flight from the jurisdiction after committing the crime, we cannot conclude that

the trial court abused its discretion in this case. See Ahmad v. Plummer, 126 Ohio

St.3d 262, 2010-Ohio-3757 ($3 million bail not excessive for defendant accused of

conspiracy to commit murder); Nawash v. McFaul, 8th Dist. No. 81380, 2002-

Ohio-3645 ($1 million bail not excessive for defendant accused of conspiracy to

commit aggravated murder, attempted aggravated arson, and attempted aggravated

robbery).

       {¶16} Patterson also alleges that his excessive bail denied him effective

assistance of counsel and a presumption of innocence. We disagree. To begin

with, Patterson fails to offer any support for his bald assertions. Aside from that,

the record indicates that Patterson was afforded extra accommodations to meet

with defense counsel while in jail. (Nov. 4, 2010 Tr. at 11-13). The record is

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Case No. 5-11-15

absent any indication that Patterson forfeited his presumption of innocence during

this case.

       {¶17} Patterson’s eighth assignment of error is, therefore, overruled.

                      ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. IV

       PATTERSON’S ATTORNEYS PROVIDED INEFFECTIVE
       ASSISTANCE BY NOT TIMELY RAISING THE CHANGE
       OF VENUE ISSUE PRIOR TO THE JURY BEING
       EMPANELED, OR THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS
       DISCRETION BY UNTIMELY DENYING THE MOTION.

       {¶18} In his fourth assignment of error, Patterson argues that trial counsel

was ineffective for failing to raise the issue of pretrial publicity prior to

empaneling the jury. Patterson further argues that the trial court erred by untimely

denying his motion for a change of venue until after the trial was already

underway.

       {¶19} A defendant asserting a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel

must establish: (1) the counsel’s performance was deficient or unreasonable under

the circumstances; and (2) the deficient performance prejudiced the defendant.

State v. Kole, 92 Ohio St.3d 303, 306 (2001), citing Strickland v. Washington, 466

U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052 (1984).

       {¶20} A trial court’s ruling on a motion for a change of venue pursuant to

Crim.R. 18(B) will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. State

v. Roberts, 110 Ohio St.3d 71, 2006-Ohio-3665, ¶ 116, citing State v. Lundgren,

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Case No. 5-11-15

73 Ohio St.3d 474, 479 (1995); State v. Landrum, 53 Ohio St.3d 107, 116 (1990).

“[A] careful and searching voir dire examination provides the best test of whether

prejudicial pretrial publicity prevents the seating of a fair and impartial jury from

the community.” Roberts at ¶ 116, citing State v. Lynch, 98 Ohio St.3d 514, 2003-

Ohio-2284, ¶ 35; Landrum, 53 Ohio St.3d at 117; State v. Swiger, 5 Ohio St.2d

151 (1966), paragraph one of the syllabus.

       {¶21} A defendant claiming that he was denied a fair trial because of

pretrial publicity must show that one or more jurors were actually biased. Roberts

at ¶ 117, citing State v. Treesh, 90 Ohio St.3d 460, 464 (2001); Mayola v.

Alabama, 623 F.2d 992, 996 (5th Cir.1980). Even pervasive, adverse publicity

does not inevitably lead to an unfair trial, and only in rare cases may prejudice be

presumed. Roberts at ¶ 117, citing Nebraska Press Assn. v. Stuart, 427 U.S. 539,

554, 96 S.Ct. 2791 (1976); Treesh, 90 Ohio St.3d at 464.

       {¶22} On January 21, 2010, the trial court held a hearing on the motion but

determined that the issue should be deferred until the potential jurors answered

questions concerning pretrial publicity during voir dire. (Doc. No. 36); (Jan. 21,

2010 Tr. at 23-27). Prior to trial, the parties and the trial court agreed that the

potential jurors would answer a special two-part questionnaire concerning pretrial

publicity. (Feb. 8, 2011 Tr. at 6, 31, 229-230). Question one asked, “Have you

read or heard any media accounts of the case pending against Cornelius Patterson,

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Jr.?” (Id. at 230). The trial court permitted defense counsel to ask the potential

jurors who answered “yes” to this question what was the source of their

information in front of other potential members of the jury. (Id. at 227-237). With

respect to jurors who indicated that the information they read or heard might

impact their ability to render a fair and impartial verdict (question two), the trial

court permitted the parties to question these potential jurors individually in

chambers, and the trial court dismissed at least one potential juror on this basis.

(Id. at 290-295). Prior to beginning the second day of trial, the trial court overruled

Patterson’s motion to change venue, stating the following:

       So the record is clear, the Court is overruling the Defendant’s

       motion for change of venue, I think that’s been the understanding of

       counsel for the Defendant, counsel for the State, obviously we seated

       a jury, and we are now into the trial. Just so the Record is complete,

       that has been kind of hanging in the sense [sic] and the Court should

       have put that on the Record after the jury was sworn, but it’s now on

       the Record and that takes care of things. (Id. at 535-536).

       {¶23} Patterson’s ineffective assistance of trial counsel argument lacks

merit. Trial counsel’s performance on the pretrial publicity issue was not deficient

or unreasonable. Contrary to Patterson’s coloring of the record, trial counsel did

address the issue of pretrial publicity through voir dire. The Ohio Supreme Court

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has expressed that the “best test” for determining whether prejudicial pretrial

publicity prevents the seating of a fair and impartial jury is a careful and searching

voir dire. Roberts, 2006-Ohio-3665, at ¶ 116, citing Lynch, 2003-Ohio-2284, at ¶

35; Landrum, 53 Ohio St.3d at 117; Swiger, 5 Ohio St.2d 151, paragraph one of

the syllabus. Here, defense counsel questioned potential jurors who had indicated

that they read or heard about the case prior to trial and even had one juror excused

for that reason. Patterson has also failed to demonstrate that he suffered prejudice

as a result of trial counsel’s allegedly deficient performance. Additionally, the

trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying Patterson’s motion to change

venue since it was able to seat a fair and impartial jury following voir dire on this

issue.

         {¶24} Patterson’s fourth assignment of error is, therefore, overruled.

                       ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. VII

         PATTERSON’S RIGHTS TO DUE PROCESS OF LAW, AN
         IMPARTIAL JURY, AND A FAIR TRIAL PURSUANT TO
         THE 6TH AND 14TH AMENDMENTS WERE VIOLATED
         BECAUSE HE WAS SEEN MULTIPLE TIMES BY THE
         JURY POOL IN SHACKLES AND HANDCUFFS AND BEING
         TRANSPORTED IN THE COMPANY OF DEPUTY
         SHERIFFS.

         {¶25} In his seventh assignment of error, Patterson argues that he was

denied the right to a fair trial since members of the jury saw him shackled and

escorted by law enforcement during the voir dire.

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       {¶26} Although no one should be tried while shackled absent unusual

circumstances, the danger of prejudice is slight where a juror’s view of the

defendant in custody is brief, inadvertent, and outside of the courtroom. State v.

Kidder, 32 Ohio St.3d 279, 285-286 (1987) (citations omitted).             Where the

observation is brief and the general corrective instruction is given thereafter, any

error which may have resulted from the failure to conduct a voir dire of the juror is

harmless. Id.

       {¶27} Patterson’s argument lacks merit. At most, the record indicates that a

potential juror, who was not ultimately selected as a juror or alternate juror, briefly

witnessed Patterson handcuffed while Deputy Sheets and Deputy McCartney

brought Patterson to the courthouse for trial. (Feb. 8, 2011 Tr. at 22-23). Deputy

Sheets indicated that, before bringing Patterson into the courthouse, he scanned

the hallway, and no one was in the hallway at that time. (Id. at 23). Deputy

Sheets further indicated that his back was facing the door, along with Deputy

McCartney, “Mr. Patterson stepped inside the hallway, handcuffs were taken off,

and as I turned around I saw a female standing in the hallway at the time. That

was it, Your Honor.” (Id. at 24). Deputy Sheets identified the female as Deputy

McCartney’s wife, who happened to also be drawn as a potential juror in the case.

(Id.). Patterson informed the trial court that he recalled also seeing a line of

potential jurors gathering in front of the jury room. (Id. at 25-26). Deputy Sheets

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indicated that he only recalled seeing Deputy McCartney’s wife, and if there was a

line of people it was down the hallway, and he could not say for sure they were

potential jurors or whether they were there for other court hearings. (Id. at 26).

Deputy Sheets stated that he took the handcuffs off Patterson immediately after

Patterson stepped inside the door to the hallway, and the hallway was about 12-15

feet long. (Id. at 26-27). Deputy McCartney’s wife, however, was not ultimately

selected as a juror or an alternate juror. (Id. at 343-344).

       {¶28} The record further indicates that members of the prospective jury

were not biased from witnessing Patterson accompanied by sheriff’s deputies.

Defense counsel questioned several prospective jurors about this issue during voir

dire, and the prospective jurors indicated that they “didn’t think anything” about

seeing Patterson with sheriff’s deputies, or that they thought he was using the

restroom, on one occasion, and going to lunch on another. (Id. at 256-258). When

Patterson raised this issue to the trial court again, the following dialogue

transpired:

       THE COURT: We visited that issue a couple of times already today.

       I think the Record is complete. You are in the custody of the sheriff.

       You are obviously in a three-piece suit, leg irons are covered by your

       trousers. You have not been cuffed in the courthouse as far as I

       know after your arrival this morning; is that correct?

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Case No. 5-11-15

       THE DEPUTY: Just in the hallway when we took the handcuffs off,

       that’s it.

       THE COURT: I assume that tomorrow will be the same and we will

       proceed accordingly. (Id. at 340-341).

       {¶29} Finally, the trial court instructed the jury that the defendant is

presumed innocent until proven guilty, and that the “evidence” for purposes of

rendering their verdict was limited to the testimony, the admitted exhibits, facts

agreed to by counsel, and facts the court requires them to accept as true. (Id. at

347, 348-349, 1210-1211). In light of the record herein, we conclude that any

prejudice Patterson suffered was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt and not

grounds for a new trial.

       {¶30} Patterson’s seventh assignment of error is, therefore, overruled.

                       ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. I

       THE EVIDENCE IS INSUFFICIENT TO PROVE
       AGGRAVATED BURGLARY BECAUSE PATTERSON DID
       NOT TRESPASS INTO THE VICTIM’S APARTMENT. AND
       THE STATE FAILED TO PROVE PATTERSON ACTED
       “PURPOSELY.” ACCORDINGLY, HIS CONVICTION FOR
       AGGRAVATED MURDER MUST THEN ALSO FAIL.

                      ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. III

       THE CONVICTIONS WERE AGAINST THE MANIFEST
       WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.

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                         ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. V

         THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY NOT GRANTING
         PATTERSON’S MOTION TO DISMISS THE TAMPERING
         OF EVIDENCE CONVICTION FOR LACK OF VENUE.

         {¶31} In his first assignment of error, Patterson argues that the State failed

to produce sufficient evidence that he trespassed into the victim’s apartment for

purposes of his burglary conviction. Patterson further argues that the State failed

to produce sufficient evidence to support his aggravated felony murder conviction

since his burglary conviction was an element of that offense. Finally, Patterson

argues that the State failed to produce sufficient evidence that he acted

purposefully to support his aggravated felony murder conviction.

         {¶32} In his third assignment of error, Patterson argues that his aggravated

felony murder conviction was against the manifest weight of the evidence since

the record lacked evidence that he intended to shoot the victim.

         {¶33} In his fifth assignment of error, Patterson argues that the trial court

erred by denying his Crim.R. 29(A) motion to dismiss the tampering with

evidence charge since the State failed to produce sufficient evidence of proper

venue.

         {¶34} When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence or the denial of a

Crim.R. 29(A) motion, “[t]he relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the

evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact

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could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable

doubt.” State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259 (1981), paragraph two of the syllabus;

State v. Dennis, 79 Ohio St.3d 421, 430 (1997).           On the other hand, when

determining whether a conviction is against the manifest weight of the evidence, a

reviewing court must examine the entire record, “‘[weigh] the evidence and all

reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of witnesses and [determine]

whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the [trier of fact] clearly lost its way

and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be

reversed and a new trial ordered.’” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387

(1997), quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175 (1st Dist.1983). A

reviewing court must, however, allow the trier of fact appropriate discretion on

matters relating to the weight of the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses.

State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 231 (1967).

       {¶35} Patterson was convicted under R.C. 2911.11(A)(2), which provides,

in relevant part:

       [n]o person, by force, stealth, or deception, shall trespass in an

       occupied structure * * * when another person other than an

       accomplice of the offender is present, with purpose to commit in the

       structure * * * any criminal offense, if * * *[t]he offender has a

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        deadly weapon or dangerous ordnance on or about the offender’s

        person or under the offender’s control.

Patterson was also convicted under R.C. 2903.01(B), which provides, in relevant

part: “[n]o person shall purposely cause the death of another * * * while

committing or attempting to commit * * * aggravated burglary * * *.” Finally,

Patterson was convicted under R.C. 2921.12(A)(1), which provides, in relevant

part:

        [n]o person, knowing that an official proceeding or investigation is

        in progress, or is about to be or likely to be instituted, shall * * *

        [a]lter, destroy, conceal, or remove any * * * thing, with purpose to

        impair its value or availability as evidence in such proceeding or

        investigation * * *.

        {¶36} The State of Ohio called 20 witnesses at trial. We will summarize

the substance of their testimony herein.          Aaron Flechtner (“Flechtner”), a

patrolman with the Findlay Police Department, testified that, around 4:30 a.m. on

October 17, 2009, he responded to a shooting at 2200 Jennifer Lane Apartment 8

in Findlay, Ohio. (Feb. 8-15, 2011 Tr. at 398-400). Flechtner testified that, as he

approached the eastside door of the apartment complex, an unknown male pointed

upstairs to Apartment 8, where Flechtner could hear a female yelling that someone

had been shot. (Id. at 407). Flechtner testified “the door to Apartment 8 was

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Case No. 5-11-15

open, you could see that the door had some damage to the frame, there was

splintering, there were wood shavings and chips on the floor.” (Id. at 408). Inside

the apartment Flechtner saw a white female, later identified as Samantha

Garberson, trying to pull up a white male, later identified as David Snyder, by the

arm while she was talking on the phone. (Id.). Flechtner testified that he located a

possible gunshot wound on Snyder’s right side just under his armpit. (Id.).

Flechtner testified that Snyder had a pulse, was moving his head around, and was

attempting to speak, though Flechtner could not understand him. (Id. at 409).

Flechtner testified that Garberson gave him a towel to stop the bleeding, and he

called for medical assistance. (Id.).    Flechtner testified that, while they were

waiting for medical assistance, Snyder began moving less, and Snyder did not

have a pulse, so he began chest compressions. (Id. at 410). The ambulance

arrived and transported Snyder to Blanchard Valley Hospital where he was

pronounced dead upon arrival. (Id. at 410, 423).

       {¶37} Garberson was walking all over the apartment talking on her phone

hysterically, according to Flechtner. (Id.). Flechtner identified State’s exhibit 2 as

a diagram of the apartment, and he testified that he recalled observing a baseball

bat in the apartment. (Id. at 411-412, 427-428). He testified that the apartment

door opened into the apartment. (Id. at 412). Flechtner identified State’s exhibit 3

as a photograph of the entrance to Apartment 8, viewing the living room area. (Id.

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Case No. 5-11-15

at 413). Flechtner testified that the baseball bat, blood-soaked towel, and damage

to the door frame were all visible in the photograph. (Id. at 413). Flechtner

identified State’s exhibit 4 as an additional photograph of the interior of the

apartment and State’s exhibits 5 and 6 as photographs of the damage to the door

frame. (Id. at 414-415, 419-420). Flechtner testified that the apartment door

appeared to have been forced open, and the damage to the door was “quite

extensive, more than a couple of inches.” (Id. at 419). Flechtner testified that he

maintained custody of Snyder’s body (photographed in State’s exhibit 7), bagged

Snyder’s hands to preserve evidence, and Snyder’s body was released to the

county coroner. (Id. at 423-424). On cross-examination, Flechtner testified that

he was not aware if the baseball bat was involved in the incident. (Id. at 427-428).

Flechtner testified that he did not observe any signs that Garberson was

intoxicated. (Id. at 429). Flechtner testified that he did not observe a bullet hole

in the door, but he did notice damage to the door frame. (Id. at 432-433). On re-

direct, Flechtner testified that he was primarily concerned with officer safety and

patient care when he arrived on scene, and he only noticed the damage to the door

frame since it was visibly noticeable upon entering the apartment. (Id. at 433-434).

       {¶38} Robert Wood (“Wood”) testified that, in October 2009, he was an

over-the-road heavy-haul truck driver for Hunt Transportation based in Omaha,

Nebraska. (Id. at 436-437). Wood testified that, on Sunday, October 18, 2009, he

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Case No. 5-11-15

was at the Petro Truck Stop in North Baltimore, Ohio. (Id. at 437-438). Wood

testified that he was walking his dog along some railroad tracks near the truck stop

when he found the bottom half of a gun. (Id. at 439). Wood testified that he

picked it up thinking it was a toy but immediately realized it was part of gun, so he

called the Sheriff’s Office. (Id.). Wood took a deputy out to retrieve the gun, and

he told the deputy that he did not know where the rest of the gun was located. (Id.

at 439-440).

       {¶39} Samantha Garberson (“Garberson”) testified that, on October 18,

2009, she resided at 2200 Jennifer Lane, Findlay, Ohio Apartment 8, in Hancock

County. (Id. at 447-448). The apartment complex is a two-story building, with

four apartments upstairs and four apartments downstairs and two entrance doors,

according to Garberson. (Id. at 448). Garberson testified that apartments one

through four are on the first floor, and apartments five through eight are on the

second floor. (Id. at 449). She testified that, in October 2009, Stacey Daniels and

Cornelius Patterson lived in Apartment 1. (Id. at 451). Garberson testified that

Snyder, who was her ex-boyfriend, and her son lived with her in Apartment 8. (Id.

at 452).   Garberson testified that two of Stacey’s children were living with

Patterson and her, and that she met Stacey since their children went to school

together. (Id. at 453-454).     Garberson testified that she knew Patterson as

“Diamond.” (Id. at 455).

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Case No. 5-11-15

       {¶40} Garberson testified that, early in the afternoon of October 17, 2009,

Stacey and three of Stacey’s daughters, Stacey’s niece, Patterson (who she knew

as “Diamond”), and she went to Stacey’s parents’ home in Cygnet to celebrate

several October birthdays in Stacey’s family. (Id. at 454-458). Patterson drove

them to the party in Stacey’s black Mazda (photographed in State’s exhibits 9 and

10) according to Garberson. (Id. at 458). Snyder did not attend the party since he

had to work. (Id. at 458). Garberson testified that they returned to the apartment

complex, and Stacey and she left between 8:00 and 9:00 p.m. to go drinking at the

Yucatan Bar. (Id. at 462-463). Garberson testified she did not get intoxicated that

night, but Stacy did. (Id. at 463-464). The bartender did not allow Stacey to drink

anymore after 1:00 a.m., and they stayed at the bar until it closed at 2:00 a.m.,

according to Garberson. (Id. at 464). Garberson testified that they then drove

back to the apartment complex, and they went to their respective apartments. (Id.

at 464-465).    Garberson testified that, soon thereafter, Snyder told her that

someone was knocking on their apartment door, so she opened the door and saw

Jada and Keandra, Stacey’s daughter and niece, respectively. (Id. at 465). Jada

and Keandra stated that Stacey had left the apartment, so she told the girls to go

back to their apartment and she would try to contact Stacey. (Id. at 466).

Garberson testified that she tried calling Stacey several times with no success, but

Stacey eventually called her back. (Id. at 467). Garberson testified that she was

                                       -21-
Case No. 5-11-15

worried about Stacey and told Stacey that her children, her niece, and she could all

stay at her apartment for the night. (Id.). Garberson testified that, when Stacey

arrived at her apartment, she was “[v]ery angry and frantic,” pacing and shaking

because of her anger. (Id. at 468). After Garberson left Stacey in her bedroom,

Garberson had an argument with Snyder about a man’s phone number he had

found in her phone. (Id. at 469, 503). Stacey came out of the bedroom to defend

Garberson, and Snyder told Stacey to mind her own business and leave him alone.

(Id. at 470).

       {¶41} Garberson testified that Stacey and she were tired of arguing with

Snyder, so they took the kids and went to Stacey’s apartment. (Id.). Garberson

testified that Stacey did not have her key, so she started banging on the apartment

door; and then, Diamond flung open the door, grabbed Stacey by the throat, threw

her to the ground, and began choking her. (Id. at 470-472). Garberson testified

that Diamond eventually released Stacey, and they began to talk. (Id. at 473).

Garberson testified that, after talking with Stacey, Diamond became upset and

went upstairs with a black handgun (State’s exhibit 11).         (Id. at 473-476).

Garberson testified that she thought Diamond was going to scare Snyder with the

gun. (Id. at 477). Garberson stayed at the bottom of the stairwell until she heard

Diamond kicking in the apartment door when she began to go up the stairs. (Id. at

478). Garberson testified that, when she came up the stairs, she saw Diamond

                                       -22-
Case No. 5-11-15

standing in front of her apartment door holding the gun in his right hand with his

arms down in front of him. (Id. at 479). Snyder was lying inside the apartment on

the floor yelling for help, according to Garberson.       (Id. at 480).   Garberson

testified that Stacey, Diamond, and the four children left the apartment complex

out the back door soon thereafter. (Id. at 481). Garberson testified that she did not

see a gunshot wound or any blood on Snyder; rather, she thought Snyder was in

shock, so she called 9-1-1 and tried to figure out what was wrong with him. (Id. at

480-482). Snyder was very faint of breath and tried to get up but could not hold

himself up, according to Garberson. (Id. at 482).

       {¶42} Garberson testified that the apartment door frame was busted from

being kicked in. (Id. at 483). She identified State’s exhibit 2 as a diagram of her

apartment, and she testified that Snyder was sleeping on the bed on the living

room floor.    (Id. at 483-484).    Garberson identified State’s exhibit 3 as a

photograph of her apartment and testified that the damage to the door was freshly

done the night of the incident. (Id. at 486). Garberson identified State’s exhibit 12

as “a little piece that goes over top of the door latch” she saw “laying on the

floor.” (Id. at 489). Garberson testified that she did not have any damage or bullet

holes in her door (State’s exhibit 13) prior to the incident. (Id. at 489-491).

Garberson identified State’s exhibit 7 as a photograph of Snyder. (Id. at 492).

                                        -23-
Case No. 5-11-15

       {¶43} On cross-examination, Garberson testified that Snyder moved in with

her about a month after she obtained the apartment. (Id. at 495). She testified that

she broke up with Snyder because they argued frequently, and that she had asked

Snyder to leave the apartment, but he had no place to go. (Id. at 496). Garberson

testified that they arrived at the party in Cygnet between 2:00 and 3:00 p.m., and

that both Stacey and she were drinking alcohol at the party.             (Id. at 497).

Garberson testified that Snyder was not physical when they were arguing. (Id. at

504). Garberson testified that the argument between Snyder, Stacey, and her

occurred around 3:00 a.m., but she denied that Snyder threatened Stacey during

the argument. (Id. at 506-507). Garberson testified that, after she went down to

Apartment 1 and was sitting on the steps, she saw Snyder come out to the landing

on the second floor and look down. (Id. at 510). Garberson denied seeing Snyder

with a baseball bat and denied hearing Snyder say anything while he was standing

on the landing. (Id. at 511). She testified that she could not see Apartment 8 from

where she was sitting on the stairs, and that she stayed sitting when Patterson went

up the stairs. (Id. at 511-512). Garberson testified that she has never seen a door

being kicked in, and she did not really know what a door being kicked in sounds

like, but she heard a noise. (Id. at 514). She testified that she did not know who

fired the gun, and that she did not notice a bullet hole in the door that night. (Id. at

515). Garberson testified that she recalled saying during the 9-1-1 conversation

                                         -24-
Case No. 5-11-15

that her ex-boyfriend was acting like a fool. (Id. at 517). She could not recall

whether or not she stated that Snyder was intoxicated during that phone call. (Id.

at 518). Garberson also admitted that she told the 9-1-1 operator that she heard the

gunshot first, and then she heard the door being kicked in, but she testified that she

was mistaken. (Id. at 519). Garberson further testified that she recalled telling the

9-1-1 operator that Snyder was drinking alcohol when the operator asked. (Id.).

        {¶44} On re-direct, Garberson testified that she did not drink anything

when she returned to the apartment from the bar. (Id. at 521). She testified that

Snyder came out of the apartment after Diamond attacked Stacey, and, thereafter,

Snyder went back into the apartment. (Id. at 526). Garberson testified that she has

heard the sound of wood breaking before, and she heard gunshots during her time

with the National Guard. (Id.). She testified that she thought Diamond was just

scaring Snyder, and that she did not actually see Diamond shoot the gun. (Id. at

527).

        {¶45} Jay Myers (“Myers”), a Findlay Police Department detective,

testified that, around 5:30 a.m. on October 18, 2009, Captain Horne advised him

that a homicide occurred at 2200 Jennifer Lane, Findlay, Hancock County, Ohio.

(Feb. 10, 2011 Tr. at 538, 540-541). Myers testified that he observed damage to

the apartment door frame, and that it appeared that the door had been forced open.

(Id. at 541). Myers identified State’s exhibit 5 as a photograph of the doorway to

                                        -25-
Case No. 5-11-15

Apartment 8 taken from the hallway just outside the apartment. (Id. at 542).

Myers testified that the door to the apartment opened inside the apartment. (Id.).

Myers identified State’s exhibit 12 as the missing deadbolt lock plate he located

on the living room floor of the apartment. (Id. at 544). Myers identified State’s

exhibit 15 as a photograph of the apartment living room with placards placed on

the floor marking where the blood stains were found on the floor. (Id. at 545).

Myers testified that they searched Apartment 1, but did not locate the suspect

inside the apartment at that time, so they decided to process Apartment 8 for

evidence. (Id. at 551-552). Law enforcement collected samples of the blood stain,

the bloody towel, and the aluminum softball bat from Apartment 8. (Id. at 552-

553). From Apartment 1, law enforcement seized a box of Lellier and Bellot

7.62x25 Tokarev caliber ammunition found in the bedroom closet. (Id. at 553-

554). Myers identified State’s exhibits 17 and 18 as photographs of the box of

ammunition seized from Apartment 1, and State’s exhibit 19 as the box of

ammunition itself. (Id. at 554-556). Myers also testified that, from Apartment 1,

they seized court paperwork identifying the occupants of the apartment as Stacey

Daniels (a.k.a. Stacey Combs) and Cornelius Patterson, Jr., and a State Farm

Insurance card for Gary Combs to a 1997 Nissan Maxima (State’s Ex. 20). (Id. at

557-558).

                                      -26-
Case No. 5-11-15

      {¶46} Myers further testified that, as he was walking through the laundry

room on the first floor, he located a shell casing, which was photographed in

State’s exhibits 21 and 22. (Id. at 559). Myers testified that Wood County

Sheriff’s Deputy Cardenas showed him the frame (handle) of a handgun found in

North Baltimore, and Myers thought the handgun could have been used in the

Findlay shooting. (Id. at 562). Myers accompanied Deputy Cardenas back to the

area where the frame of the handgun was found and was able to locate the slide of

the handgun along the edge of the road using a metal detector. (Id. at 562-563).

Myers identified State’s exhibit 11 as the 7.62 Tok Czech handgun law

enforcement recovered in North Baltimore. (Id. at 564). Myers testified that the

handgun had a round in the chamber when it was found, but they were unable to

find the magazine. (Id. at 563-564). Myers testified that the handgun slide was

found about a quarter to a half-mile further down the same road as the frame

(handle) of the handgun was found, indicative of someone throwing it from a car

as it was traveling down the road. (Id. at 565). Myers identified: State’s exhibit

23 as a photograph of the location where they found the handgun slide; State’s

exhibit 24 as a photograph of the address of the residence on Galatea Road near

where the slide of the handgun was located; and State’s exhibits 25 and 26 as

photographs of the handgun slide in the grass alongside Galatea Road. (Id. at 565-

567). Myers testified that he went to the Lucas County Coroner’s Office to

                                      -27-
Case No. 5-11-15

observe Snyder’s autopsy and recovered the bullet from Snyder’s body, which

Myers identified as State’s exhibit 27. (Id. at 568-571). Myers testified that he

returned to Apartment 8 and discovered a hole in the apartment door (State’s

exhibit 13), which appeared to be a caused from a gunshot. (Id. at 579-581).

Myers identified State’s exhibit 34 as two ATM receipts, time stamped October

18, 2009 at 2:54 a.m. from 1701 Melrose Ave., recovered from a search of the

1997 Nissan Maxima. (Id. at 586).

       {¶47} On cross-examination, Myers testified that he found a Wilson

aluminum softball bat near the front entrance of the apartment. (Id. at 596-597).

According to Myers, other law enforcement officers indicated that the softball bat

was part of the argument between Snyder and the other individuals. (Id. at 597-

598). Myers testified that, from State’s exhibit 3, he could see around six to seven

Bud Light beers near the couch in Apartment 8. (Id. at 600-602). Myers testified

that law enforcement originally thought the hole in the apartment door was an old

bullet hole since it appeared to be repaired. (Id. at 603). He testified that their

investigation eventually lead them to believe that the bullet that killed Snyder

passed through the apartment door. (Id. at 605). Myers testified that he recovered

very small wood particles from the victim’s shirt near the bullet wound. (Id. at

608-609). Myers testified that, based upon the location of the bullet wound, the

small wood fibers near the entrance of the wound, and the angle the bullet entered

                                       -28-
Case No. 5-11-15

Snyder’s body, law enforcement theorized that Snyder was “either shutting the

door or closing the door, or holding it closed” when he was shot. (Id. at 609-611).

Myers testified that the bullet seized from Snyder’s body was in “excellent

condition,” which negatively impacted their theory that the bullet traveled through

the door. (Id. at 613). On re-direct, Myers testified that law enforcement never

suspected anyone besides Patterson throughout the course of the investigation, and

law enforcement never suspected any weapon other than the recovered 7.62 Tok

Czech handgun. (Id. at 615). Myers testified that Snyder had some small pinpoint

abrasions appearing in a conical pattern under his right wrist, which supported law

enforcement’s theory that Snyder had his right arm on the door when the bullet

traveled through the door and into his body. (Id. at 618-619).

        {¶48} Nicholas Trausch (“Trausch”) testified that, on October 18, 2009, his

girlfriend, Teresa Sharp, his daughter, and he were living at 2200 Jennifer Lane,

Apartment 4, and Apartment 8 was directly above their apartment. (Id. at 623,

626). Trausch testified that he knew the girl who lived in Apartment 8 as “Sam,”

but he did not know the man who lived with her. (Id.). He testified that Stacey,

Diamond, and two children, Saphire and Lela, lived in Apartment 1. (Id. at 627-

628).    Trausch testified that, on Saturday night October 17, 2009, he was

awakened by a loud noise and yelling coming from the upstairs apartment, so he

opened his apartment door and asked the two girls he saw standing upstairs to

                                        -29-
Case No. 5-11-15

“please keep it down.” (Id. at 630). Trausch testified that the girls were 12 or 13

years old, and he thought they were either Stacey’s or Diamond’s daughters. (Id.

at 630-631). Trausch testified that he was awakened again shortly thereafter by

loud screaming and yelling, so he went out of his apartment towards the front door

of the apartment complex where he observed Sam sitting on the steps. (Id.).

Trausch testified that, as he was talking with Sam, Stacey and Diamond emerged

from an area near Apartment 2 arguing, and “Diamond [was] saying, give me my

gun, where is my gun, and Stacey [was] holding her purse against her chest.” (Id.

at 633-634). Trausch testified that he heard someone coming from upstairs and

“clink, clink, clink” sounds, and then Diamond said to Stacey, again, give me my

gun. (Id. at 634). According to Trausch, Diamond reached into Stacey’s purse,

pulled out the gun, and he heard running coming from upstairs, as if the person

upstairs was running toward the area where his apartment was located. (Id. at 634-

635). After Diamond ran up the stairs, Trausch ran toward his apartment but,

before he went into his apartment, he heard the door to Apartment 8 slam and

lock. (Id. at 635). Trausch testified that he then heard “right around three” kicks

to the apartment door, and then he heard wood breaking, at which point he exited

his apartment, approached the stair landing, and then heard a gunshot. (Id. at 636,

639). Trausch testified that he continued up the stairs where he saw Diamond

“still holding the gun right at the door,” and the door was slightly open. (Id. at

                                       -30-
Case No. 5-11-15

637). Trausch testified he was “pretty sure” that Diamond was holding the gun

“straight out in front him.” (Id. at 638).

       {¶49} On cross-examination, Trausch testified that it sounded like the

person coming down the steps had “something in his hand * * * that was going to

cause harm.” (Id. at 652). Trausch testified that he wrote in his statement that the

man from upstairs was carrying a ball bat, though he did not recall actually seeing

the man. (Id. at 658, 664). Trausch testified that he saw Patterson standing right

in front of the door in the hallway, not in the apartment. (Id.). Trausch testified

that he remembered Patterson “saying you got hit or something along them lines,

or you ain’t hit, something like that.”      (Id. at 668).   When asked to clarify

Patterson’s statements, Trausch testified that Patterson first asked Snyder whether

he was hit or not, and then made the statement that Snyder was not hit. (Id. at 671,

682-683). Trausch testified that he did not know whether or not the apartment

door was open or closed when the gunshot went off. (Id. at 672). On re-direct,

Trausch testified that he never saw the man coming down from upstairs, but he

assumed it was Snyder. (Id. at 678). He also “figured” Snyder was carrying a

baseball bat since he heard something metallic or aluminum. (Id.).         Trausch

considered Patterson a friend, but he did not know Snyder. (Id. at 682-683).

       {¶50} Keandra Gipson (“Gipson”) testified that she is sixteen years old; she

lives with her grandmother, Barbara Combs, in Cygnet; and, Stacey Combs is her

                                         -31-
Case No. 5-11-15

aunt. (Id. at 690-692). Gipson testified that, in October 2009, Stacey lived with

her children, Saphire and Aaliyah, and Diamond in the Melrose Apartments in

Findlay, Ohio. (Id. at 692-694). Gipson testified that she attended a party on

October 18, 2009 for all the October birthdays in the family. (Id. at 694-695).

Stacey brought Samantha, her friend who lived in the apartment above her, and

Diamond to the party, according to Gipson. (Id. at 695-696). Gipson testified that

Diamond wanted to leave the party because Stacey was drinking, so Stacey’s

daughter, Jada, and Gipson left with him. (Id. at 696). Gipson testified that they

had just driven over the overpass when Stacey called and was ready to leave the

party, so they drove back and picked up Stacey, along with Samantha, Saphire,

and Aaliyah. (Id. at 696-697). When they arrived at the apartment, the group

continued the birthday party by cutting Jada’s cake, testified Gipson. (Id. at 697).

About a half-hour after they arrived, Diamond and Stacey started arguing in the

bedroom, and, after that, Diamond went across the street to the other apartments

and Stacey and Samantha went to a bar, according to Gipson. (Id. at 698-700).

Gipson testified that, when Diamond returned to the apartment he was upset that

Stacey had not yet returned and threatened to kill Stacey, so Jada called Stacey

after Diamond left the apartment. (Id. at 701-702). When Stacey returned, Stacey

drove all the children over to the apartments across the street where she parked the

car, exited the vehicle, and began yelling for five or ten minutes, testified Gipson.

                                        -32-
Case No. 5-11-15

(Id. at 703-704). After that, Stacey returned to the vehicle, and they drove to the

bank where Stacey unsuccessfully attempted to withdraw money to purchase gas

to drive to Stacey’s father’s house in Van Buren. (Id. at 704-705). Gipson

testified that, during the trip to the bank, she observed a black gun on the front

passenger side floorboard by her feet. (Id. at 706).

       {¶51} Gipson testified that they went back to Samantha’s apartment until

the man living with her threatened Stacey, so they left and went back to Apartment

1. (Id. at 706-707). When they arrived at Apartment 1, Diamond came out and

knocked Stacey down, and they continued to argue near the stair landing,

according to Gipson. (Id. at 708). Gipson testified that Stacey had the gun in her

purse at that time. (Id. at 708-709). She also testified that the other children and

she went into Apartment 1 and closed the door, and thereafter, heard a loud bang.

(Id. at 709-710). Gipson testified that, after hearing the loud bang, she left with

Stacey, Diamond, and the children out the back door of the apartment complex,

and Diamond drove all of them to Gipson’s house. (Id. at 710-711). According to

Gipson, during the car ride, Stacey wiped off the gun with her shirt sleeve;

Diamond disassembled the gun into two parts; and, Diamond threw the gun parts

out of the car window near some railroad tracks.        (Id. at 712-713). Gipson

testified that Diamond threw out the two gun parts at different times, one time near

a small town called Bairdstown. (Id. at 713-714). Gipson testified that Diamond

                                        -33-
Case No. 5-11-15

then dropped her off at her grandmother’s apartment in Cygnet. (Id. at 714). On

cross-examination, Gipson testified that she recalled telling law enforcement that

she turned on her Ipod after she went back into Apartment 1 and did not hear

anything after that. (Id. at 718). Gipson also testified that, when she spoke with

law enforcement, she did not mention anything about seeing the gun when

Diamond was returning her home to Cygnet. (Id. at 727). On re-direct, Gipson

testified that she remembers seeing the gun today even though she did not mention

it earlier. (Id. at 728).

       {¶52} Barbara Combs (“Barbara”) testified that, in October 2009, she was

living with her fiancé, Ron Mclain, and her granddaughter, Kendra, in Cygnet,

Ohio. (Id. at 729-730). Barbara testified that: Stacey was her daughter, and

Stacey had four children, Jasmine (15), Jada (11), Saphire (5 or 6), and Aaliyah

(3); Stacey’s father, Gary Combs, lives in Van Buren; and, Patterson is Stacey’s

boyfriend. (Id. at 732-733). Barbara testified that, around 5:00 a.m. on the

morning of October 18, 2009, her granddaughters showed up at her house

unexpectedly. (Id. at 733-734). Barbara testified that her granddaughters were not

at her house when she returned home from work later that day. (Id. at 734).

       {¶53} Pamela Ackerman (“Ackerman”) testified that, in October 2009, she

was living with her fiancé, Gary Combs, in Van Buren, Ohio. (Id. at 736).

Ackerman testified that Stacey called Gary early in the morning on October 18,

                                       -34-
Case No. 5-11-15

2009 asking him to pick them up since they ran out of gas on the interstate. (Id. at

737). Ackerman testified that, after talking with Gary, Stacey’s sister, Angie, and

she went to find Stacey’s vehicle, which was parked south of the northbound rest

area. (Id. at 739). Ackerman testified that no one was with the vehicle, so they

drove up to the Bowling Green exit checking gas stations for Stacey and Patterson.

(Id.). Ackerman testified that they did not find them there, so she met up with

Gary at the southbound rest area. (Id. at 740). She testified that she left Angie

with Gary, and she went back to the vehicle again but did not see anyone there.

(Id. at 741). Ackerman further testified that, while she was gone, Stacey called

Gary, so Angie and he went to pick them up. (Id. at 741). Ackerman testified

that, later that day, she picked up Gary’s granddaughters from Barb Comb’s

apartment and brought them home. (Id. at 741-742).

        {¶54} Timothy Gilbert (“Gilbert”) testified that he lives in Bowling Green,

Ohio with his girlfriend, Robin Bankey. (Id. at 743). Gilbert testified that, around

6:30 a.m. on October 18, 2009, Diamond and his niece, Stacey, came to his house

unexpectedly. (Id. at 745-747). Gilbert testified that Stacey was “a little upset”

and used their phone to call Gary Combs, who came to pick them up. (Id. at 748-

749).

        {¶55} Gary Combs (“Combs”) testified that, around 5:20 a.m. on October

18, 2009, he received a phone call from his daughter, Stacey, informing him that

                                        -35-
Case No. 5-11-15

she had run out of gas while traveling on I-75 towards Toledo. (Id. at 751-752).

He testified that he located the vehicle south of the rest area on I-75, but he did not

find Stacey or Diamond with the vehicle, so he drove around Bowling Green to

find them. (Id. at 752). Combs testified that he drove back to the rest area, and

Stacey called and asked him to pick them up at Tim Gilbert’s house in Bowling

Green. (Id. at 752, 754). Combs testified that he dropped Stacey and Diamond off

in Toledo, though he was not sure exactly where in Toledo. (Id. at 755). Combs

testified that, later that day, he was contacted by the Findlay police, and the police

indicated that his daughter was in danger. (Id. at 756-757, 759). Combs then

returned to the house where he had dropped off Stacey and Patterson, and he gave

the address to the Findlay police. (Id. at 758-759).

       {¶56} David Bright (“Bright”), a police officer with the City of Toledo,

testified that, on October 18, 2009, he served an arrest warrant upon Patterson at

4777 Santa Maria, Toledo, Ohio. (Id. at 761-762). Bright identified Patterson as

the person arrested that day. (Id. at 765).

       {¶57} David Claflin (“Claflin”) testified that, around 1:00 p.m. on October

18, 2009 while he was employed as a Findlay police officer, he responded to mile

post 178 on I-75 to locate a suspect’s vehicle. (Id. at 769-771). Claflin described

the vehicle as a 1997 Nissan Maxima, depicted in State’s exhibits 9 and 10. (Id. at

                                         -36-
Case No. 5-11-15

771). Claflin testified that he conducted an inventory search of the vehicle and

then sealed the car with evidence tape for towing. (Id. at 771-772).

      {¶58} Wood County Sherriff’s Deputy Samuel Cardenas (“Cardenas”)

testified that, on October 18, 2009, he was dispatched to North Baltimore, Ohio

because a truck driver had located part of a weapon alongside the roadway. (Id. at

776-779). Cardenas testified that he spoke with the truck driver, Woods, who took

him to the west side of Galatea Road where he discovered the lower half frame of

a handgun. (Id. at 779-780). Later that same day, the Findlay Police Department

called and inquired about the weapon believing it might have been involved in the

shooting, according to Cardenas. Cardenas testified that he met Findlay police

detectives in the area where part of the firearm was located, and they began

searching the area for the other portion of the handgun.         (Id. at 781-782).

Cardenas testified that he located the handgun slide about 50 to 75 yards north

from where the handgun frame was found. (Id. at 782). Cardenas identified:

State’s exhibit 23 as a photograph of the area where the handgun slide was found;

State’s exhibit 24 as a photograph of the house near where the handgun slide was

found; and, State’s exhibits 25 and 26 as photographs of the handgun slide. (Id. at

782-784).

      {¶59} Dr. Maneesha Pandey (“Dr. Pandey”), a deputy coroner and forensic

pathologist at the Lucas County Coroner’s Office, identified State’s exhibit 39 as

                                       -37-
Case No. 5-11-15

David Snyder’s autopsy report and State’s exhibit 7 as a photograph of Snyder.

(Id. at 790, 799, 801). Dr. Pandey testified that the autopsy was conducted in

Lucas County at the request of Hancock County Coroner, Dr. Fox. (Id. at 800).

She testified that she observed blood on the right side of Snyder’s hand, and a hole

in Snyder’s t-shirt under the right armpit area. (Id. at 802-803). Dr. Pandey

identified: State’s exhibit 40 as photograph of Snyder’s black t-shirt with a white

arrow indicating where the hole was located on the t-shirt; and, State’s exhibit 41

as a close-up photograph of the hole in the t-shirt. (Id. at 803-804). Dr. Pandey

testified that Snyder’s gunshot wound was eight inches right of his anterior

midline and 13½ inches beneath the top of his head. (Id. at 806-807, 831). Dr.

Pandey also testified that Snyder had recent injuries to his right forearm, wrist, and

elbow, which were photographed in State’s exhibits 42-44. (Id. at 807-809). She

testified that they x-rayed Snyder’s chest and abdomen and found the bullet

(State’s exhibit 27) just under the skin in Snyder’s lower left back. (Id. at 810-

811, 823, 825). Dr. Pandey testified that the projectile traveled through Snyder’s

right seventh rib, through the right lower lobe of Snyder’s lung, through his T-10

and T-11 thoracic vertebrae, and then into his back. (Id. at 813). Dr. Pandey

identified State’s exhibit 47 as a photograph of Snyder’s emptied body cavity and

a metallic probe, which was inserted at the wound’s entrance and which tracks the

trajectory of the bullet. (Id. at 824).            Snyder had ethanol, alcohol,

                                        -38-
Case No. 5-11-15

diphenhydramine, and atropine in his blood and marijuana in his urine, according

to Dr. Pandey. (Id. at 827). She testified that atropine is usually administered when

medical professionals are attempting to resuscitate someone. (Id. at 828). Dr.

Pandey testified that she identified foreign material embedded in the skin of

Snyder’s right wrist, which was consistent with the bullet passing through a wood

door before hitting Snyder. (Id. at 828-830).

       {¶60} On cross-examination, Dr. Pandey testified that Snyder’s blood

alcohol level was “point 11 percent, which is higher than the legal limit * * * point

08 percent” and Snyder’s marijuana level measured 42 nanograms/ml of urine.

(Id. at 833). She testified that she did not see any blood on Snyder’s t-shirt. (Id. at

834). Since the bullet lacerated the spinal cord, Snyder may well have been

paralyzed from the legs down, according to Dr. Pandey. (Id. at 835). Dr. Pandey

testified that the abrasions on Snyder’s elbows would be consistent with carpet

burns. (Id. at 835-836). She testified that she was unable to locate any stippling

near the entrance of the bullet wound, like the stippling she located on Snyder’s

wrist. (Id. at 836). Dr. Pandey testified that she was unable to identify the foreign

material in Snyder’s wrist. (Id. at 836-837). On re-direct, Dr. Pandey testified that

she was unable to determine how long the marijuana was in Snyder’s system, but

generally marijuana stays in a person’s urine for a few days. (Id. at 839-840).

She testified that the fact that Snyder had pseudo stippling on his wrist and not

                                         -39-
Case No. 5-11-15

near the entrance of the wound indicates that Snyder’s wrist was closer to the door

than his body. (Id. at 841). Dr. Pandey also testified that it is possible that the

bruising on Snyder’s elbows was caused by the door. (Id.).

        {¶61} Dr. Mark Fox (“Dr. Fox”), the Hancock County Coroner, identified

State’s exhibit 39 as David Snyder’s autopsy report, which he received from Dr.

Pandey. (Id. at 851, 856). Dr. Fox testified that Snyder died of a gunshot wound

to the torso/chest area, and the manner of death was a homicide. (Id. at 857). Dr.

Fox identified State’s exhibit 48 as a copy of the death certificate. (Id. at 857-

858).

        {¶62} Julie Cox (“Cox”), a forensic scientist at the Ohio Bureau of

Criminal Identification and Investigation (“BCI”), identified State’s exhibit 50 as a

copy of her DNA report. (Id. at 859-860, 868). Cox testified that she identified a

partial DNA profile consistent with Patterson on the handgun slide. (Id. at 873-

874). On cross-examination, Cox testified that there is no way to determine what

kind of biological fluid the DNA came from. (Id. at 884). She testified that she

was unable to obtain sufficient DNA from items 1.3, the cartridge swab, and 2.1,

the handgun trigger swab, to make any DNA comparison. (Id. at 885-886). Cox

testified that the only DNA recoverable from the handgun trigger was consistent

with a female. (Id. at 886-887). Cox further testified that Wood was not the

source of the additional DNA found on the slide of the handgun. (Id. at 888-889).

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Case No. 5-11-15

On re-direct, Cox testified that the DNA on the handgun slide was from a male

and consistent with Patterson’s DNA. (Id. at 891). Cox further testified that the

amount of DNA transferred to an object by touching it is much less than the

amount of DNA found in biological fluids. (Id. at 894-895).

       {¶63} Todd Wharton (“Wharton”), a forensic scientist in the firearms and

tool mark section of BCI, identified State’s exhibit 11 as a Czechoslovakian semi-

automatic firearm chambered in 7.62 Tokarev, model number CZ52. (Id. at 896-

897, 905). Wharton testified that he swabbed the firearm and a cartridge for DNA.

(Id. at 906). Wharton testified that the weapon was operable, and he test-fired the

weapon twice with the 7.62 Torkarev caliber cartridges (State’s exhibit 19) to

acquire bullets to compare with the bullet submitted into evidence (State’s exhibit

27). (Id. at 907-911, 914, 917, 919). Wharton identified State’s exhibit 51 as the

bullets he recovered from the test fires and State’s exhibit 35 as the fired cartridge

law enforcement submitted into evidence. (Id. at 915, 920). Wharton testified that

the test-fired bullets and the submitted bullet had some matching individual

characteristics to the firearm (State’s Exhibit 11) but not enough for a positive

identification of the weapon.     (Id. at 925-927).    Wharton testified that some

firearms leave a significant amount of identifying characteristics on the fired

bullet, and some firearms do not, depending upon the firearm’s manufacturer, age,

and use. (Id. at 927). Firing a bullet through a wooden door would affect one’s

                                        -41-
Case No. 5-11-15

ability to identify the individual characteristics on the bullet, according to

Wharton. (Id.). Wharton testified that he analyzed a door from the apartment

complex (State’s exhibit 13), and the hole in the door tested positive for the

presence of lead. (Id. at 930, 932, 934). Wharton further testified that he test-fired

the weapon at the door, and determined that the weapon was less than one foot

from the door when it was fired.        (Id. at 934-940).    On cross-examination,

Wharton testified that any handgun chambered in 7.62 Tokarev with right-handed

rifling twist and four lands and four groves could have fired the round submitted

into evidence. (Id. at 947). Wharton testified that he did not examine the angle in

which the projectile was fired through the door. (Id. at 959).

       {¶64} Rodney Hampton (“Hampton”), an inmate at the Correction

Reception Center, testified that he made a plea deal with the Hancock County

Prosecutor’s Office in exchange for his testimony at trial. (Id. at 979-983, 994-

995). Hampton testified that he had a drug conviction out of Seneca County and

an aggravated robbery conviction and tampering with records conviction out of

Wood County. (Id. at 984-985). He testified that he first met Patterson, who he

knew as “Diamond,” around November 20, 2009, and they became

friends/acquaintances. (Id. at 986). According to Hampton, Diamond stated that

his case started with an argument between the victim and his wife. (Id. at 987-

988). Hampton testified that Diamond told him that a 9 millimeter gun was found,

                                        -42-
Case No. 5-11-15

and that the bullets would not match up with the gun since some characteristics

matched and some did not. (Id. at 989). Hampton testified that Diamond told him

that he went to the victim’s apartment, knocked on the door, and then began

kicking the door, and the door opened. (Id.). Diamond was going to “pistol whip”

or beat up the victim, according to Hampton. (Id. at 989-990). Hampton testified

that Diamond told him that the victim was trying to hold the apartment door shut,

and he was trying to get into the apartment but he could not, so he fired the gun

through the door. (Id. at 990). Diamond stated that, after he fired the gun, the

door opened, he saw the victim lying on the floor, so he fled to Toledo. (Id. at

990-991). Hampton testified that Diamond told him he knew the victim was shot,

but he did not know the victim was dead. (Id.). Diamond also told Hampton that

he tossed the gun, and that a truck driver found the gun. (Id. at 991). Hampton

testified that Diamond was his only source of information concerning the case.

(Id. at 992). On cross-examination, Hampton testified that he described the gun as

a 9 millimeter in his written statement and while testifying at trial, but he did not

describe the gun as a 9 millimeter in his oral statement.         (Id. at 998-999).

Hampton testified that his total prison term was reduced by as much as 15 years in

exchange for his testimony in Patterson’s trial. (Id. at 1005).        On re-direct,

Hampton testified that the trial court sentenced him to two years less than it could

have under the plea agreement. (Id. at 1006). Hampton also testified that no one

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Case No. 5-11-15

from the prosecutor’s office was with him when he wrote out his statement. (Id. at

1007). On re-cross, Hampton testified that he informed his attorney about the

information he had on Patterson, and his attorney contacted the prosecutor’s office

Id. at 1008-1009).

      {¶65} William Domme (“Domme”), a Findlay Police Department detective,

testified that, during his investigation into the October 18, 2009 shooting, he

interviewed Derrick Currie and Rodrick Stallings, who were both ruled out as

suspects. (Id. at 1011-1013). Domme testified that Diamond was a suspect, and

they learned that Diamond shared a cell phone number with Stacey Daniels. (Id.

at 1013). Law enforcement requested cell phone records from Verizon Wireless

and determined that a call had been placed to Pam Ackerman from the cell phone,

testified Domme. (Id. at 1013-1014). Domme testified that Detective Tuttle and

he went to Ackerman’s home where he located four females, later identified as the

children that were with Stacey and Diamond, and they learned of the location of

Stacey and Diamond’s vehicle. (Id. at 1014). The Findlay Police Department

never released any specific details about the investigation to the news media,

according to Domme. (Id. at 1022).

      {¶66} Scott De Graaf (“De Graaf”), a patrol officer assigned to the

detective division of the Findlay Police Department, testified that, when he

responded to 2200 Jennifer Lane, Apartment 8, the apartment door was open, the

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Case No. 5-11-15

doorjamb was broken, and several items were on the floor, including a plate, a bat,

blood stains, and a towel. (Id. at 1043). De Graaf identified: State’s exhibit 3 as

the photograph he took of Apartment 8; State’s exhibit five as a photograph of the

entrance to Apartment 8, which depicted damage to the door frame and strike

plate; and, State’s exhibit 6 as the photograph he took of the broken doorjamb.

(Id. at 1043-1045). De Graaf testified that the apartment door’s dead bolt was

engaged and the lock plate (State’s exhibit 12) was on the floor. (Id. at 1045). De

Graaf identified: State’s exhibit 17 as a photograph he took of a box of 7.62 x 25

Tokarev ammunition he located in the north bedroom closet of Apartment 1;

State’s exhibit 18 as a close-up photograph of the same box of ammunition;

State’s exhibit 20 as Gary Combs’ State Farm Insurance card and Cornelius

Patterson, Jr.’s Ohio I.D. card, both found in Apartment 1; State’s exhibit 21 as a

photograph he took of the apartment hallway with marker number eight next to a

shell casing; State’s exhibit 22 as a close-up photograph of the same shell casing;

State’s exhibit 23 as a photograph of the location where the slide and barrel to the

handgun were found; State’s exhibit 24 as a photograph showing the relationship

between the location of the handgun slide to the residence at 1962 Galatea Road;

State’s exhibit 26 as a close-up photograph of the handgun slide and barrel with a

scale; State’s exhibit 37 as a three-photo composite of pictures he took of the

stairway Trausch scaled when he observed Patterson; and, State’s exhibit 54 as a

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Case No. 5-11-15

photograph he took of the hole in Apartment 8’s door. (Id. at 1047-1049, 1051-

1052, 1054, 1056). On cross-examination, De Graaf testified that the gun was

found in Wood County. (Id. at 1060). He also testified that the ball bat was

collected since it may have been used by one of the parties. (Id. at 1060-1061).

      {¶67} Thereafter, the State moved for the admission of exhibits; the trial

court admitted State’s exhibits 1-4, 6-15, 17-30, 33-54, and defendant’s exhibit E;

and, the State rested. (Id. at 1071-1084). Patterson then made a Crim.R. 29(A)

motion, which the trial court denied. (Id. at 1084-1091). Thereafter, the defense

presented the testimony of one witness, Scott Schwab (“Schwab”). (Id. at 1094).

      {¶68} Schwab testified that he is a licensed attorney practicing in Lucas

County, Ohio, and that he knew Patterson after representing several of his family

members over the years. (Id. at 1095-1097). Schwab testified that, on a Sunday in

October 2009, Patterson and Patterson’s mother, Mrs. Taylor, contacted him for

the purpose of retaining him as counsel for the Findlay shooting. (Id. at 1097-

1098). Schwab testified that, after talking with Patterson, he contacted the Findlay

Police Department to discuss arrangements for Patterson to turn himself in. (Id. at

1098-1100). Schwab testified that, before Patterson was able to turn himself in,

Patterson was arrested at a house owned by Patterson’s aunt, Patricia Lawson. (Id.

at 1100).     On cross-examination, Schwab testified that he is representing

Patterson on a pending personal injury case where Patterson is asking for

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Case No. 5-11-15

monetary damages for injuries he sustained as a result of a traffic accident. (Id. at

1101-1102).

         {¶69} Thereafter, the defense played Samantha Garberson’s 9-1-1 phone

call. (Id. at 1105-1111); (Defendant’s Ex. A). Defendant’s exhibits A and C were

admitted into evidence, and the defense rested. (Id. at 1115). The jury found

Patterson guilty of all four counts and the firearm specifications. (Id. at 1255-

1267).

         {¶70} Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the State, a rational

trier of fact could have concluded that Patterson trespassed into Snyder’s

apartment.     The physical and testimonial evidence at trial demonstrated that:

Snyder’s apartment door opened into his apartment; Patterson kicked in Snyder’s

apartment door; Snyder was struggling to hold his apartment door closed to

prevent Patterson from entering; and, Patterson fired his weapon while the

apartment door was partially opened. From this evidence, a rational trier of fact

could have concluded that part of Patterson’s body crossed the threshold of the

apartment door. “[E]vidence of the insertion of any part of the body into an

occupied dwelling is sufficient to constitute a trespass for the purpose of

establishing a burglary offense.” State v. Wright, 3d Dist. No. 5-01-10 (Aug. 24,

2001), *4, citing State v. Burns, 3d Dist. No. 9-98-21 (Mar. 15, 1999), citing State

v. Smith, 10th Dist. No. 94APA04-502 (Nov. 15, 1994). Since the State presented

                                         -47-
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sufficient evidence showing a trespass, and thereby, the aggravated burglary

offense, Patterson’s aggravated felony murder conviction was also supported by

sufficient evidence with respect to the aggravated burglary element.

       {¶71} Next, Patterson argues that the State failed to present sufficient

evidence that he purposefully caused Snyder’s death. We disagree. “A person acts

purposely when it is his specific intention to cause a certain result * * *.” R.C.

2901.22(A). However, “[b]ecause the intent of an accused dwells in his or her

mind and can never be proved by the direct testimony of a third person, it must be

gathered from the surrounding facts and circumstances * * * .” Treesh, 90 Ohio

St.3d at 484-485. The evidence presented at trial demonstrated that Snyder had an

argument with Patterson’s girlfriend, Stacey, and, after Stacey told Patterson about

the argument, Patterson asked for Stacey’s gun. After chasing Snyder back into

his apartment and kicking in the apartment door, Patterson began pushing on the

door as Snyder was holding the door closed. During that struggle, Patterson

cocked, pointed, and fired the gun directly at the apartment door, knowing that

Snyder was directly behind the door. Notably, Patterson did not fire the gun

toward the ceiling, the ground, or even the door knob in an effort to gain entrance;

there is no evidence that the bullet struck Patterson after ricocheting in some

unforeseen manner. Rather, the evidence presented demonstrated that Patterson

fired the gun at Snyder’s center of mass, indicative of Patterson’s intent to kill

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Case No. 5-11-15

Snyder.   Furthermore, after reviewing the record, we cannot conclude that

Patterson’s aggravated felony murder conviction was against the manifest weight

of the evidence.

      {¶72} In his fifth assignment of error, Patterson argues that the trial court

erred by failing to dismiss the tampering with evidence conviction for lack of

venue. We disagree.

      {¶73} Although venue is not a material element of any criminal offense, it

must nevertheless be proven at trial beyond a reasonable doubt, unless waived.

State v. Draggo, 65 Ohio St.2d 88, 90 (1981). “[V]enue need not be proved in

express terms so long as it is established by all the facts and circumstances in the

case.” State v. Lee, 3d Dist. No. 14-06-18, 2006-Ohio-6091, ¶ 14, citing State v.

Headley, 6 Ohio St.3d 475, 477 (1983); State v. Connell, 6th Dist. No. H-03-026,

2005-Ohio-3202. R.C. 2901.12, governing venue, provides, in relevant part:

      (A) The trial of a criminal case in this state shall be held in a court

      having jurisdiction of the subject matter, and in the territory of

      which the offense or any element of the offense was committed.

      ***

      (H) When an offender, as part of a course of criminal conduct,

      commits offenses in different jurisdictions, the offender may be tried

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Case No. 5-11-15

      for all of those offenses in any jurisdiction in which one of those

      offenses or any element of one of those offenses occurred.

      {¶74} R.C. 2921.12(A)(1), under which Patterson was convicted, provides

the elements for the criminal offense of tampering with evidence as follows:

      [n]o person, knowing that an official proceeding or investigation is

      in progress, or is about to be or likely to be instituted, shall * * *

      [a]lter, destroy, conceal, or remove any * * * thing, with purpose to

      impair its value or availability as evidence in such proceeding or

      investigation * * *.

      {¶75} Viewed in a light most favorable to the State, the evidence at trial

demonstrated that Patterson removed the gun he used to shoot Snyder from the

crime scene, which was in Hancock County. A reasonable juror also could have

concluded that, when Patterson removed the gun and fled to Toledo, he knew that

an investigation was likely to occur. Finally, given Patterson disassembled the

gun and threw it out of the car window while driving to Toledo, a rational trier of

fact could have conclude that he removed the gun from Hancock County with

purpose to impair its availability as evidence in the investigation. As such, a

rational trier of fact could have concluded that Patterson, knowing that an official

investigation was likely to occur, removed the gun from the murder scene in

Hancock County with the purpose of impairing the gun’s availability in the

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Case No. 5-11-15

investigation. R.C. 2921.12(A)(1). Since at least one element of the offense of

tampering with evidence occurred in Hancock County, the trial court did not err by

denying Patterson’s Crim.R. 29(A) motion for lack of venue. R.C. 2901.12(A),

(H).

       {¶76} Patterson’s first, third, and fifth assignments of error are overruled.

                       ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. II

       THE TRIAL COURT GAVE THE JURY INSTRUCTIONS
       FOR TRESPASS AND TAMPERING WITH EVIDENCE
       THAT WERE LEGALLY INCORRECT, AND FAILED TO
       PROPERLY INSTRUCT THE JURY ABOUT THE LESSER
       INCLUDED OFFENSE OF RECKLESS HOMICIDE.

       {¶77} In his second assignment of error, Patterson argues that the trial court

erred by instructing the jury that “the insertion of any part of the body is sufficient

to constitute an entrance” for purposes of a trespass for an aggravated burglary.

Patterson argues that the facts of this case did not support the jury instruction.

Patterson also argues that the trial court erred by instructing the jury on tampering

with evidence without any specific intent language. Finally, Patterson argues that

the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury on the lesser included offense of

reckless homicide.

       {¶78} “A trial court’s instructions to a jury must correctly, clearly, and

completely state the law applicable to the case.” State v. Orians, 179 Ohio App.3d

701, 2008-Ohio-6185, ¶ 10 (3d Dist.), citing State v. Thomas, 170 Ohio App.3d

                                         -51-
Case No. 5-11-15

727, 2007-Ohio-1344, ¶ 15 (2d Dist.). When an appellate court reviews jury

instructions, it must examine the specific charge at issue in the context of the

entire charge, and not in isolation. Id., citing State v. Thompson, 33 Ohio St.3d 1,

13 (1987). Jury instructions are within the trial court’s discretion, and therefore,

not disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. Id., citing State v. Guster, 66

Ohio St.2d 266, 271 (1981).

       {¶79} The trial court did not abuse its discretion by instructing the jury that

“the insertion of any part of the body is sufficient to constitute an entrance” for

purposes of a trespass. (Feb. 15, 2011 Tr. at 1224). This Court approved of a

similar instruction in State v. Wright, 3d Dist. No. 5-01-10 (Aug. 24, 2001), and

therefore, we find no error here.       The evidence in this case supported the

instruction notwithstanding Patterson’s argument to the contrary. The fact that

there was an eyewitness in Wright is not dispositive here. The trial court also

correctly instructed the jury on the tampering with evidence charge, noting, in

relevant part, that the jury must find beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant

“removed a thing with the purpose to remove its value or availability as evidence

in the proceeding or investigation.” (Feb. 15, 2011 Tr. at 1233). Contrary to

Patterson’s allegation, the trial court did instruct the jury on the required mental

culpability element.

                                        -52-
Case No. 5-11-15

       {¶80} Next, Patterson argues that the trial court abused its discretion by

failing to instruct on the lesser included offense of reckless homicide.        We

disagree.

       {¶81} Reckless homicide under R.C. 2903.041 is a lesser included offense

of an aggravated felony murder under R.C. 2903.01(B). State v. Trimble, 122

Ohio St.3d 297, 2009-Ohio-2961, ¶ 190. Nevertheless, a charge on the lesser

offense is required “‘only where the evidence presented at trial would reasonably

support both an acquittal of the crime charged and a conviction upon the lesser

included offense.’” Id. at ¶ 192, quoting State v. Thomas, 40 Ohio St.3d 213

(1988), paragraph two of the syllabus. When deciding whether to instruct the jury

on a lesser included offense, the trial court must view the evidence in the light

most favorable to the defendant. Id., citing State v. Campbell, 69 Ohio St.3d 38,

47-48 (1994). However, a lesser included offense instruction is not required when

“‘some evidence’” is presented to support the lesser offense; rather, a court must

find “‘sufficient evidence’” to “‘allow a jury to reasonably reject the greater

offense and find the defendant guilty on a lesser included (or inferior degree)

offense.’” Id., quoting State v. Shane, 63 Ohio St.3d 630, 632-633 (1992).

       {¶82} The trial court concluded that there was insufficient evidence that

Patterson acted recklessly to support a jury instruction on reckless homicide. (Feb.

15, 2011 Tr. at 1132). The trial court did not abuse its discretion in reaching that

                                       -53-
Case No. 5-11-15

conclusion. The fact that Patterson cocked, pointed, and fired his weapon through

the apartment door at a height equivalent to Snyder’s center of mass, and while

knowing that Snyder was directly on the other side of the door, indicates

Patterson’s specific intent to kill Snyder. Although there was some evidence of

Patterson’s original intention of simply beating up or “pistol whipping” Snyder,

we are not persuaded that there was “‘sufficient evidence’” to “‘allow a jury to

reasonably reject the greater offense and find the defendant guilty on a lesser

included (or inferior degree) offense’” in this case. Trimble at ¶ 192, quoting

Shane, 63 Ohio St.3d at 632-633.

      {¶83} Patterson’s second assignment of error is, therefore, overruled.

                     ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. IX

      THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY ADMITTING A WITNESS’
      PRIOR WRITTEN STATEMENT PURSUANT TO EVID.R.
      801(D)(1)(B), AND BY PERMITTING VOUCHING.

      {¶84} In his ninth assignment of error, Patterson argues that the trial court

erred by admitting Hampton’s prior written statement under Evid.R. 801(D)(1)(b).

Patterson further argues that Detective Domme was inappropriately permitted to

testify that he interviewed Stacey Daniels, who did not testify, and that she

provided a complete and accurate statement, which created the inference that

Patterson committed the crime. Finally, Patterson alleges that Detective De Graaf

inappropriately vouched for Trausch.

                                       -54-
Case No. 5-11-15

       {¶85} “[T]he admission or exclusion of relevant evidence rests within the

sound discretion of the trial court”; therefore, we review for an abuse of discretion.

State v. Sage, 31 Ohio St.3d 173 (1987), paragraph two of the syllabus; State v.

Finnerty, 45 Ohio St.3d 104, 107 (1989); State v. Hymore, 9 Ohio St.2d 122, 128

(1967). Additionally, Patterson failed to object to the admission of the prior

written statement and to the testimony of Detectives Domme and De Graaf; and

therefore, Patterson has waived all but plain error on appeal. State v. Dixon, 152

Ohio App.3d 760, 2003-Ohio-2550, ¶ 21 (3d Dist.). To find plain error under

Crim.R. 52(B), there must be a deviation from a legal rule, the error must be an

“obvious” defect in the trial proceedings, and the error must have affected a

defendant’s “substantial rights.” Id., citing State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 27

(2002).   Plain error is utilized “‘with the utmost caution, under exceptional

circumstances and only to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice.’” Id., quoting

Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d at 27.

       {¶86} Patterson argues that Hampton’s prior written statement was

inadmissible hearsay. We disagree. A prior consistent statement is not hearsay if

the declarant testifies at trial concerning the statement subject to cross-

examination, and the statement is offered to rebut an express or implied charge of

recent fabrication, improper influence, or motive against the declarant. Evid.R.

801(D)(1)(b). Hampton testified that Patterson admitted shooting Snyder. (Feb.

                                        -55-
Case No. 5-11-15

11, 2011 Tr. at 979-992). During cross-examination, defense counsel questioned

Hampton concerning his previous oral statement (Defendant’s Ex. D) and his

previous written statement (Defense Ex. E). (Id. at 999-1000). Furthermore,

during cross-examination, defense counsel implied that Hampton had an improper

motive to make the written statement, i.e. reducing his sentencing in an unrelated

case. (Id. at 995-1005). Consequently, the admission of Hampton’s prior written

statement was admissible under Evid.R. 801(D)(1)b). Furthermore, we are not

persuaded that the admission of the prior written statement, even if erroneous,

would rise to the level of plain error in this case.

       {¶87} Patterson next argues that Detectives Domme and De Graaf

inappropriately vouched for Stacey Daniels and Nicholas Trausch, respectively.

We disagree.

       {¶88} “The opinion of a witness as to whether another witness is being

truthful is inadmissible.” State v. Huff, 145 Ohio App.3d 555, 561 (1st Dist.

2001). ‘“In our system of justice, it is the fact finder, not the so-called expert or

lay witnesses, who bears the burden of assessing the credibility and veracity of the

witnesses.”’ Id., quoting State v. Eastham, 39 Ohio St.3d 307, 312 (Brown, J.,

concurring).     Having police officers vouching for witnesses is especially

problematic since ‘“jurors are likely to perceive [them] as expert witnesses,

especially when such officers are giving opinions about the present case based

                                          -56-
Case No. 5-11-15

upon their previous experiences with other cases.”’ Id., quoting State v. Miller,

2nd Dist. No. 18102 (Jan. 26, 2001). However, a police officer is not vouching for

a witness’ credibility by explaining the investigative procedure he followed, and

such testimony is admissible for that purpose. State v. Monroe, 8th Dist. No.

94768, 2011-Ohio-3045, ¶ 34.

         {¶89} Detective Domme testified that he interviewed Stacey Daniels, but

he did not testify concerning her credibility, as Patterson alleges. (Tr. at 1020-

1022). Domme testified that he did not reveal any specific information about the

investigation to Stacey during the interview, which was offered by the State to

show that Hampton’s only source of information related to the case was Patterson.

(Id.).    Likewise, Detective De Graaf did not testify concerning Traush’s

credibility. De Graff testified that, after law enforcement began to theorize that

Patterson fired the weapon through the apartment door as Snyder was closing the

door, he re-interviewed Trausch, and Trausch’s statements during this interview

were consistent with this new theory. (Id. at 1068-1069). This testimony was

properly admitted for the purpose of showing the investigatory process. Monroe

at ¶ 34. Finally, even if the trial court’s admission of Domme and De Graaf’s

testimony was erroneous, Patterson has failed to demonstrate plain error in this

case.

         {¶90} Patterson’s ninth assignment of error is, therefore, overruled.

                                          -57-
Case No. 5-11-15

                            ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. VI

        THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY NOT
        IMPOSING THE SHORTEST SENTENCE AVAILABLE.

        {¶91} In his sixth assignment of error, Patterson argues that the trial court

abused its discretion by not sentencing him to the shortest available prison term.

Specifically, Patterson argues that his sentence was excessive in light of his

minimal criminal record, enrollment in college, his community service, and his

babysitting of Daniels’ children so Daniels could maintain employment. He also

maintains that the trial court failed to fully consider the sentencing factors

regarding mitigation. We disagree.

        {¶92} A trial court’s sentence will not be disturbed on appeal absent a

defendant’s showing by clear and convincing evidence that the sentence is

unsupported by the record; the sentencing statutes’ procedure was not followed or

there was not a sufficient basis for the imposition of a prison term; or that the

sentence is contrary to law.1 State v. Ramos, 3d Dist. No. 4-06-24, 2007-Ohio-

767, ¶ 23 (the clear and convincing evidence standard of review set forth under

R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) remains viable with respect to those cases appealed under the

applicable provisions of R.C. 2953.08(A), (B), and (C) * * *); State v. Rhodes,

1
  This Court notes that the Ohio Supreme Court has released a plurality opinion on the issue of whether a
clear and convincing standard or an abuse of discretion standard is proper for reviewing felony sentences
under R.C. 2953.08(G). State v. Kalish, 120 Ohio St.3d 23, 2008-Ohio-4912. Although this Court utilized
our precedential clear and convincing standard, affirmed and adopted by Kalish’s three dissenting Justices,
we would have concluded that Patterson’s sentence was proper under the Kalish plurality’s two-step
approach as well.

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Case No. 5-11-15

12th Dist. No. CA2005-10-426, 2006-Ohio-2401, ¶ 4; State v. Tyson, 3d Dist. Nos.

1-04-38; 1-04-39, 2005-Ohio-1082, ¶ 19, citing R.C. 2953.08(G).                      Clear and

convincing evidence is that “which will produce in the mind of the trier of facts a

firm belief or conviction as to the facts sought to be established.” Cross v.

Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469 (1954), paragraph three of the syllabus; State v. Boshko,

139 Ohio App.3d 827, 835 (12th Dist. 2000). An appellate court should not,

however, substitute its judgment for that of the trial court because the trial court is

‘“clearly in the better position to judge the defendant’s likelihood of recidivism

and to ascertain the effect of the crimes on the victims.”’ State v. Watkins, 3d

Dist. No. 2-04-08, 2004-Ohio-4809, ¶ 16, quoting State v. Jones, 93 Ohio St.3d

391, 400 (2001).

        {¶93} Patterson does not contend on appeal that the trial court’s sentence is

contrary to law, and the record demonstrates that the sentence was, in fact,

authorized     by    law.    R.C.     2929.03(A)(1)(d);       R.C.    2929.14(A)(3);       R.C.

2929.14(D)(1)(a)(ii).2       The record further demonstrates that the trial court

considered the applicable sentencing statutes. (Apr. 21, 2011 Tr. at 22); (Apr. 27,

2011 JE, Doc. No. 172). The pre-sentence investigation (PSI) report indicates that

Patterson had multiple traffic offenses, a petty theft offense, two disorderly

conduct convictions, and a domestic violence charge. (Court’s Ex. 1). Patterson

2
  Patterson was sentenced on April 21, 2011, so the prior versions of R.C. 2929.14(A)(3) and R.C.
2929.14(D)(1)(a)(ii) (eff. 4-7-09) apply in this case.

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was convicted of multiple serious offenses, including aggravated felony murder.

Furthermore, the evidence at trial and Patterson’s criminal record demonstrate that

Patterson is prone to violence, and his violent criminal behavior was committed in

the presence of Stacey’s minor children and niece. While Patterson’s enrollment

in college and community service is laudable, they cannot overcome the

significant impact his criminal actions have had not only upon the individuals

involved but the entire community. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its

discretion by sentencing Patterson to life imprisonment with parole eligibility after

37 years.

       {¶94} Patterson’s sixth assignment of error is, therefore, overruled.

       {¶95} Having found no error prejudicial to the appellant herein in the

particulars assigned and argued, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                                                Judgment Affirmed

ROGERS, J., concurs.

/jlr

WILLAMOWSKI, J., Concurring Separately.

       {¶96} I concur fully with the judgment of the majority, however write

separately to emphasize the appropriate standards of review. The standard of

review for sentences was set forth in the plurality opinion of Kalish, supra. In

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Kalish, four panel members noted that R.C. 2953.08(G) requires that appellants

must meet a clearly and convincingly contrary to law standard of review when

reviewing a sentence.3 For example, if the sentencing court imposed consecutive

sentences, the standard of review would be whether appellant has shown that the

sentence was clearly and convincingly contrary to law. However, if the appeal is

based upon alleged improper application of the factors in R.C. 2929.12, four panel

members in Kalish would require review using an abuse of discretion standard as

specifically set forth in R.C 2929.12.4

        {¶97} In his sixth assignment of error, Patterson alleges that the trial court

erred by failing to sentence him to the shortest possible sentence under R.C.

2929.14.      Patterson’s appeal of his felony sentence does not challenge the

application of the factors in R.C. 2929.12. Thus, the sole question raised by this

assignment of error is whether Patterson proved by clear and convincing evidence

that the trial court erred in its sentence. As stated by the majority, the sentence

was within the statutory range of sentences and the trial court considered the

appropriate factors. For this reason, I concur in the judgment of the majority.

3
    Justices Pfeifer, Lundberg Stratton, Lanzinger, and Judge Willamowski, sitting by assignment, all
reached this conclusion.
4
   Justices O’Connor, Moyer, O’Donnell, and Judge Willamowski, sitting by assignment, concurred in this
position, although the first three would use both standards of review in all cases.

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