Court Opinion

ID: 2977186
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 18:04:01.830308+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:10:00.928792
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 08a0639n.06
                           Filed: October 21, 2008

                                           No. 07-3249

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                )
                                                         )        ON APPEAL FROM THE
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                              )        UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                         )        COURT     FOR    THE
               v.                                        )        NORTHERN DISTRICT OF
                                                         )        OHIO
JOSEPH D. WEISBERG,                                      )
                                                         )
      Defendant-Appellee.                                )
_________________________________________                )

BEFORE: BOGGS, Chief Judge, GIBBONS, and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges.

       GRIFFIN, Circuit Judge.

       After defendant Joseph D. Weisberg repeatedly failed to pay income taxes over several years

and used his client trust fund to hide his assets, the United States charged him with tax evasion.

Defendant pleaded guilty, and the district court sentenced him to five months of incarceration, five

months of home arrest, and three years of supervised release. The government appeals defendant’s

sentence, arguing that the district court erred by refusing to impose an enhanced sentence because

of defendant’s “special skill” and that the sentence was unreasonably lenient. We hold that the

district court did not abuse its sentencing discretion in finding that the crime did not involve a

“special skill,” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.3. Therefore, we affirm.

                                                 I.
No. 07-3249
United States v. Weisberg

       Weisberg was an Ohio attorney who has a history of failing to pay his federal income tax

liabilities. He filed accurate tax returns every year, but often failed to pay the amount due. In 1996,

Weisberg consented to an IRS installment plan requiring him to pay $150 each month to satisfy

outstanding tax liabilities from tax years 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, and 1992. As part of the plan,

Weisberg agreed to file timely future tax returns and pay all future taxes when they were due.

According to the agreement, if defendant failed to meet its terms, his entire tax liability would

become immediately payable.

       Weisberg timely paid his income tax obligations for tax years 1993, 1994, 1995, and 1996.

However, on October 16, 1998, when Weisberg filed his income tax return for the tax year 1997, he

reported a tax obligation of $56,279, but only included payment in the amount of $27,000, leaving

an unpaid balance of $29,279. As a result of defendant’s noncompliance, the IRS terminated the

agreement regarding tax years 1988-1992.

       Defendant’s tax avoidance continued for the next several years. He consistently filed

accurate tax returns while making insufficient payments. From November 1998 through November

2002, the IRS sent Weisberg twenty-seven notices and demands for payment, including six “Final

Demand for Payment” notices via certified mail that defendant refused to accept. By December

2002, Weisberg owed $321,654 in unpaid taxes, fees, and interest.

       Weisberg successfully evaded collection from 1997 through 2002 by depositing personal

funds in his client trust account (IOLTA account). By using his IOLTA account to pay personal

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No. 07-3249
United States v. Weisberg

expenses, defendant’s expenditures went unnoticed by the IRS. From 1997 to 2002, Weisberg paid

himself a total of $219,706 from his IOLTA account.

       In January 2000, Weisberg negotiated with the IRS, through his accountant Thomas Jaffee,

for a new installment plan. Weisberg told Jaffee that he had no funds to pay his tax debt, and Jaffee

relayed this message to the IRS. Weisberg’s statement was false; he had a “substantial amount” of

funds in his IOLTA account. To help his negotiating position, Weisberg submitted a false IRS form

listing a negative balance of $313. Through Jaffee, defendant advised the IRS that he intended to

borrow sufficient money from friends and family to pay the full amount listed on his year 2000 tax

return. However, Weisberg used funds from his IOLTA account to satisfy his 2000 tax liability. He

used a certified check to disguise the fact that the funds came from his IOLTA account.

       The IRS eventually discovered the IOLTA account, and thereafter on July 6, 2005, Weisberg

was indicted in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio for one count of

felony tax evasion in violation of 26 U.S.C. § 7201. On August 21, 2006, Weisberg pleaded guilty.

The charge carried a maximum sentence of five years’ imprisonment. The Presentence Investigation

Report (“PSI”) calculated defendant’s Base Offense Level as 18, based on a tax loss of $321,654.

The PSI suggested a two-level increase pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3B1.3 because “[t]he defendant is a

lawyer, and therefore possesses a ‘special skill’ that requires substantial education and licensing.

The defendant used this special skill to facilitate the instant offense. Therefore the offense level is

increased by 2.” With the two-point increase, Weisberg’s advisory Guideline range of imprisonment

was 33 to 41 months.

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No. 07-3249
United States v. Weisberg

       At the sentencing hearing, the district court granted Weisberg a two-level reduction pursuant

to U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(a) for acceptance of responsibility.1 Also, pursuant to a prior agreement

between the parties, the government and the district court granted an additional one-level reduction

under U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(b).

       Next, the district court considered, but rejected, the suggested two-level enhancement for use

of a “special skill” pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3B1.3:

       [H]aving been a practicing lawyer for more than three-and-a-half decades, I could
       find no recollection of what Mr. Weisberg is accused of doing, being a very special
       skill. Not only are there no cases, but it doesn’t [take] a lawyer to use an escrow
       account, to use a false name or false Social Security number on a bank account or
       otherwise to . . . [hide] assets in an attempt to avoid or evade, as he has been accused
       and has pled guilty to, the payment of taxes for which he filed returns. And it
       appears to me that it takes no special skill to do what he did. And certainly he, as an
       attorney, possessed no such special skill.

The Honorable David A. Katz summarized his ruling as follows: “I have concluded that there is no

special skill, there is no abuse – abuse of a position of public or private trust as contemplated by §

3B1.3, and I will not make that adjustment.”

       After refusing a downward adjustment due to defendant’s health problems, the court

concluded that Weisberg’s final offense level was 15. The district court calculated the Guidelines

range for offense level 15 with a Criminal History category of I as 18 to 24 months. Judge Katz

stated that “I believe a sentence of imprisonment is justified in this case, given the amount of

       1
        Although this reduction was made over the government’s objection, the government has not
appealed this ruling.

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No. 07-3249
United States v. Weisberg

financial harm caused by his crime and the duration of time over which it occurred. The applicable

guideline range of 18 to 24 months, however, in my view is not justified.”

       The district judge explained his reasons for granting a variance as follows:

       This defendant has no prior record and has served his profession well since 1967. He
       appears to have or at least have had a serious gambling problem and a serious
       medical history of heart disease, high blood pressure and diabetes. While these
       maladies do not justify a reduction of guideline levels under the guidelines or the
       case law, I recognize these are impairments from which he suffers. Also not to be
       considered for sentencing purposes, but recognize as fact is his loss of his legal
       license to practice law and this felony conviction.

       Taking into consideration his years of unblemished service as an attorney and the
       nature of the crime, I believe a lower range of imprisonment consummate with a level
       12, criminal history one, of 10 to 16 months, is more appropriate. It is sufficient, but
       neither lessor or greater than necessary to comply with the purposes of sentencing set
       forth in [18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2).]

The district court then imposed a split sentence of five months imprisonment and five months of

home confinement. The court additionally imposed a three-year term of supervised release, the

maximum allowed.

       The government timely appealed.

                                                 II.

       The government argues that the district court erred by refusing to increase Weisberg’s

advisory Guideline calculation by two levels for abuse of a special skill pursuant to U.S.S.G. §

3B1.3. We review the district court’s findings of fact for clear error regarding whether Weisberg

used a special skill in the commission of his crime. United States v. Wilson, 345 F.3d 447, 449 (6th

Cir. 2003).

                                                -5-
No. 07-3249
United States v. Weisberg

          The Guideline at issue provides:

          If the defendant abused a position of public or private trust, or used a special skill,
          in a manner that significantly facilitated the commission or concealment of the
          offense, increase by 2 levels. This adjustment may not be employed if an abuse of
          trust or skill is included in the base offense level or specific offense characteristic.
          If this adjustment is based upon an abuse of a position of trust, it may be employed
          in addition to an adjustment under § 3B1.1 (Aggravating Role); if this adjustment is
          based solely on the use of a special skill, it may not be employed in addition to an
          adjustment under § 3B1.1 (Aggravating Role).

U.S.S.G. § 3B1.3.

          Application Note 4 to § 3B1.3 states that a “‘[s]pecial skill’ refers to a skill not possessed by

members of the general public and usually requiring substantial education, training or licensing.

Examples [] include pilots, lawyers, doctors, accountants, chemists, and demolition experts.”

          The government argues that Weisberg’s status as an attorney required him to maintain an

IOLTA account, and that not only “did Weisberg’s use of the IOLTA account make it easier to

commit and conceal his evasion of payment, he used the account as the principal mechanism of the

crime.”

          Weisberg asserts that his crime did not involve a special skill, and if he “had kept his money

in cash under his mattress, the government would have been in the same position.” Defendant

suggests that “anyone who believes that it takes special skill to open an IOLTA account or to deposit

money in such an account has never opened one.”

          The district court ruled that Weisberg’s use of an IOLTA account to hide funds was no

different than someone’s use of a regular escrow account to hide funds. We agree. The criminal act

was evasion, not fraudulent use of an IOLTA account. In our view, the fact that Weisberg used an

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No. 07-3249
United States v. Weisberg

IOLTA account, instead of an escrow account, a savings account, an offshore bank account, or cash

underneath his mattress, is immaterial.

       The government relies upon United States v. Atkin, 107 F.3d 1213 (6th Cir. 1997), United

States v. Minneman, 143 F.3d 274 (7th Cir. 1998), and United States v. Kubick, 205 F.3d 1117 (9th

Cir. 1999), as examples of cases in which courts have applied § 3B1.3 to an attorney’s special skill.

But each of these cases involved legal knowledge beyond simply having access to an IOLTA

account. Atkin involved an attorney who was hired by a client to bribe a judge. Atkin, 107 F.3d at

1215. The Atkin court upheld the application of a § 3B1.3 enhancement because the defendant’s

position as an attorney concealed the devious nature of his attempt to engage in an ex parte

discussion with the judge regarding his client’s case. Id. at 1220 (“the ostensible normalcy of his

visit to chambers could well have precluded further inquiry from the district judge or any other

person who might have been suspicious regarding Atkin’s entry into chambers.”). The crime in

Atkins was facilitated by the defendant’s use of his skill as an attorney, whereas the crime at bar

simply involved the choice of an account and was not made easier by Weisberg’s legal training.

       The government’s other cases are equally inapposite. In Minneman, 143 F.3d at 283, the

Seventh Circuit upheld the application of a § 3B1.3 enhancement to an attorney who invoked

attorney-client privilege to evade discovery from the IRS, and used his particularized knowledge of

tax law to file fraudulent tax returns. There, the defendant’s status as an attorney was pivotal: if he

were not an attorney, he could not have invoked attorney-client privilege, and he relied upon his legal

training to file falsified documents with the IRS. Id. The present case is distinguishable. Weisberg

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No. 07-3249
United States v. Weisberg

was a tax evader who was also an attorney; he did not rely on his status as an attorney in order to

commit the crime. If Weisberg were not an attorney, he would still have been able to engage in the

same acts using a different type of hidden bank account instead of an IOLTA account. Kubick, 205
F.3d at 1120, is equally distinguishable. The defendant in Kubick used his legal training to establish

shell corporations in order to hide assets during bankruptcy proceedings. In both Minneman and

Kubick, the crime depended upon special knowledge. In the instant case, the crime involved simply

hiding funds from the IRS. The funds were concealed in a lawyer’s trust account, but the crime

would have occurred had they been hidden elsewhere. We hold that the district court correctly ruled

the use of an IOLTA account to conceal funds did not require use of a “special skill” as contemplated

by § 3B1.3.

       The government also argues that Weisberg “used his legal skills to submit a false financial

statement to the IRS. This conduct, by itself, warrants an upward adjustment for use of a special

skill.” It is unclear whether the government is referring to Weisberg’s failure to report his IOLTA

account on a tax form, or the false representation he made through his tax preparer. Regardless,

because Weisberg did not rely upon his special training as an attorney to mislead the IRS, we affirm

the district court’s denial of the § 3B1.3 enhancement.

                                                 III.

       Next, the government argues that Weisberg’s sentence was unreasonably lenient. We review

sentencing decisions “under a deferential abuse-of-discretion standard for procedural and substantive

reasonableness.” United States v. Gray, 521 F.3d 514, 542 (6th Cir. 2008) (citing United States v.

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No. 07-3249
United States v. Weisberg

Bolds, 511 F.3d 568, 578 (6th Cir. 2007)); see also Gall v. United States, 128 S. Ct. 586, 594 (2007);

Rita v. United States, 127 S. Ct. 2456, 2470 (2007). Reasonableness has both a substantive and

procedural component. Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 597.

        In order for a sentence to be considered procedurally reasonable, a district court “must

properly calculate the guidelines range, treat the guidelines as advisory, consider the [18 U.S.C.] §

3553(a) factors and adequately explain the chosen sentence – including an explanation for any

variance from the guidelines range.” United States v. Grossman, 513 F.3d 592, 595 (6th Cir. 2008)

(citing Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 597). A district court does not need to engage in a “ritualistic incantation

of the relevant § 3553(a) factors,” United States v. Trejo-Martinez, 481 F.3d 409, 413 (6th Cir.

2007), but needs merely to provide enough detail to allow an appellate court to conduct a meaningful

appellate review. Grossman, 513 F.3d at 595 (citing United States v. McGee, 494 F.3d 551, 556 (6th

Cir. 2007)).

        The government argues that the district court incorrectly calculated the sentencing Guideline

range by using a final sentencing Guideline of 15 instead of 17. The Base Offense Level was 18,

with the three-level decrease for acceptance of responsibility, the new level was 15.              The

government’s insistence that the new level should have been 17 is merely a repetition of its § 3B1.3

argument. We concluded above that the failure to apply § 3B1.3 was not an error, a fortiori it is not

an abuse of discretion.

        The government argues further that the district court acted unreasonably in its decision to

grant a downward sentence variance equivalent to a three-level Guideline reduction.                The

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No. 07-3249
United States v. Weisberg

government argues that the Guidelines “discourage downward departures for community service,”

and that “[t]ax evasion is a serious crime and requires a serious sentence.” In particular, the

government disagrees with the district court’s “72% reduction” from the Guidelines range. In

making this argument, the government fails to recognize the amount of deference that appellate

courts must give to the sentencing judge. The Supreme Court recently articulated this level of

deference in Gall, 128 S. Ct. 586 (2007).

       Here, the district court thoroughly explained its reasons for imposing the sentence variance.

On appeal, we must determine whether the sentencing judge abused his discretion. Gall, 128 S. Ct.

at 597. “The fact that the appellate court might reasonably have concluded that a different sentence

was appropriate is insufficient to justify reversal of the district court.” Id. While the sentence did

vary significantly from the Guideline range, the district court explained its reasons for doing so, and

the “sentencing judge has access to, and greater familiarity with, the individual case and the

individual defendant before him . . . .” Rita, 127 S. Ct. at 2469. The record establishes that the

district court considered the relevant sentencing factors and had a well-articulated rationale for its

variance. The government has not shown that the district court abused its discretion. Thus, we

conclude that defendant’s sentence was reasonable.

                                                 IV.

       For these reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court.

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