Court Opinion

ID: 4055173
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-29 06:42:13.290746+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:32:05.323472
License: Public Domain

ACCEPTED
                                                                                            01-14-01020-CR
                                                                                 FIRST COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                         HOUSTON, TEXAS
                                                                                      5/11/2015 10:39:25 PM
                                                                                      CHRISTOPHER PRINE
                                                                                                     CLERK

                          NO. O1-14-01020-CR

             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE                               FILED IN
                                                                    1st COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                        HOUSTON, TEXAS
                     FIRST DISTRICT OF TEXAS                        5/11/2015 10:39:25 PM
                                                                    CHRISTOPHER A. PRINE
                                                                             Clerk
                               AT HOUSTON
        -----------------------------------------------------------------

                                NO. 991804

                   IN THE 185th DISTRICT COURT

                    OF HARRIS COUNTY, TEXAS
        -----------------------------------------------------------------

SIMMIE JAMES COLSON III,                            APPELLANT

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,                                 APPELLEE

        ------------------------------------------------------------------

                        BRIEF OF APPELLANT
        -----------------------------------------------------------------

Morris L. Overstreet                         Winston E. Cochran, Jr.
Attorney at Law                              Attorney at Law
Texas Bar No. 00000046                       Texas Bar No. 04457300
P.O. Box 35                                  P.O. Box 2945
Prairie View, TX 77446                       League City, TX 77574
Tel. (512) 844-8357                          Tel. (713) 228-2064
E-mail: morrisoverstreet@yahoo.com           E-mail:winstoncochran@comcast.net

                                    Attorneys for Appellant

                 ORAL ARGUMENT REQUESTED.
                 STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT

       The appellant requests oral argument because of the novelty and importance

of the legal issue presented.

                           LIST OF INTERESTED PARTIES

Simmie James Colson III                     Appellant, Defendant in trial court

Morris L. Overstreet                        Appellant’s trial counsel and
P.O. Box 35                                 appellate counsel
Prairie View, TX 77446

Winston E. Cochran, Jr.                     Appellant’s co-counsel on appeal
P.O. Box 2945
League City, TX 77574

Devon Anderson                              Harris County District Attorney
1201 Franklin, Suite 600
Houston, TX 77002

Sarah Bruchmiller                           Assistant District Attorneys
Alan Curry

Hon. Susan Brown                            Judge, 185th District Court
                                            Harris County, Texas

                                        i
                              TABLE OF CONTENTS

Statement Regarding Oral Argument                                        i

List of Interested Parties                                               i

List of Authorities                                                     iii

Statement of the Case                                                    1

Issues Presented                                                         3

Statement of Facts                                                       3

Summary of the Argument                                                 16

Argument and Authorities                                                16

       A new adjudication hearing should be ordered because the trial
       court judge failed to consider alternative dispositions.

       A.     Standard of Review                                        16

       B.     The Court’s Erroneous Belief in Limited Discretion        17

       C.     Harm and Remedy                                           23

Conclusion                                                              25

Certificate of Compliance                                               26

Certificate of Service                                                  26

                                          ii
                            LIST OF AUTHORITIES

Cases                                                                 Page

Clark v. ConocoPhillips Company, ___ S.W.3d ___ (Tex. App. –
      Houston [14th Dist.], No. 14-14-00034-CV, April 30, 2015)         20

Eddings v. Oklahoma, 455 U.S. 104 (1982)                                 6

Ex parte Moss, 446 S.W.3d 786 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014)                    18

Garcia v. State, 387 S.W.3d 20 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012)                   21

Garrett v. State, 377 S.W.3d 697 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012)                 20

King v. State, 953 S.W.2d 266 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)                    23

Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750 (1946)                         23

Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586 (1978)                                     6

O’Neal v. McAninch, 513 U.S. 432 (1995)                                 23

Penry v. Lynaugh,492 U.S. 302 (1989)                                     6
Taylor v. State, 2014 WL 2507637 (Tex. App. – Houston [1st Dist.],
      No. 01-11-00052-CR, June 3, 2014)(Unpublished)                    21

Statutes

28 U.S.C. §2244                                                         20

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. Art. 42.12, §5(b)                              18, 22

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. Art. 42.12, §5(h)                              18-19

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. Art. 42.12, §9(I)                                 22

                                        iii
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. Art. 42.12, §21(e)     20

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. Art. 42.12, §23(a)     21

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. Art. 42.12, §24        21

TEX. PENAL CODE §12.44(a)                  18-19

TEX. PENAL CODE §12.44(b)                  18-19

TEX. R. APP. PROC. 44.2(b)                 22-23

                                   iv
TO THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS:

       COMES NOW the appellant, Simmie James Colson III (hereinafter “Colson”),

through the undersigned counsel, and respectfully requests that this Court reverse the

judgment of the 185 t h District Court of Harris County, Texas and remand this cause

to that court for a new adjudication hearing. In support of this motion, the appellant

submits the following.

                                STATEMENT OF THE CASE

       An indictment filed in Cause Number 991804 in the 185th District Court of

Harris County accused Colson of theft of property, namely money, with a value over

$1500 and less than $20,000, occurring on or about October 14, 2003 (CR-5). 1

Pursuant to a plea agreement, Colson entered a plea of guilty on October 5, 2004, but

the district court judge deferred an adjudication of guilt and placed Colson under

community supervision (sometimes called “probation,” which was the term used for

many years) for a period of two years (CR- 12-13, 20-21). Among the conditions of

supervision were requirements that Colson report periodically to a supervision

officer, that he advise the officer of any address change, that he maintain suitable

employment and document that employment, that he perform “community service”

hours at a specified pace, that he pay specified fees, and that he pay restitution (CR-

       1
           The clerk’s record is designated “CR” herein. The reporter’s record from the adjudi-
cation hearing is designated “RR” herein. The original plea proceedings were not recorded by
the court reporter.
14-15).

      On June 20, 2006 the State filed a motion to adjudicate guilt, alleging that

Colson had violated several conditions of his supervision, namely: (1) Colson failed

to report in March, April, and May, 2006, (2) Colson failed to prove that he was

suitably employed from February to August, 2005 and in January and February of

2006, (3) Colson failed to report an address change, (4) Colson failed to complete

community service at a pace of 15 hours per month, (5) Colson failed to pay

supervision and laboratory testing fees, (6) Colson failed to pay his fine and court

costs, and (7) Colson failed to pay restitution (CR-32). A capias (also referred to as

an “arrest warrant” in the testimony) was issued on June 20, 2006, and the Harris

County Sheriff’s Office received it on that same day, but Colson was not arrested

until October 21, 2014 (CR-33).

      Colson entered a plea of true to the allegations (CR-41, RR-5). After an

evidentiary hearing, the district court judge of the court found that the allegations in

the motion to adjudicate guilt were true and assessed punishment at confinement for

seven months in the State Jail Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice,

plus a fine of $600 (CR-41, RR-63). Colson gave timely notice of appeal (CR-44).

                                           2
                                ISSUE PRESENTED

      The appeal presents one point of error:

      A new adjudication hearing should be ordered because the trial court
      judge failed to consider alternative dispositions.

                               STATEMENT OF FACTS

      The record is sparse as to what happened which led to the original indictment.

The theft was committed “by check,” but who did what with whose check is not clear.

All that is certain is that the named victim suffered a specified loss in an amount

which made the offense a state jail felony.

      Colson’s plea of true to the allegations in the motion to adjudicate guilt

established that he committed all of the enumerated violations of the condition of his

supervision (RR-5). Mitigation evidence then was heard with respect to what

disposition was appropriate.

      Before delving into that, however, it is worth noting what the evidence does not

show. The capias (CR-33) shows that the sheriff received it in June, 2006 but did not

arrest Colson until October, 2014. There is no evidence that any effort was made to

find Colson in that eight-year span. Colson’s stipulation at the hearing arguably

acknowledged that the community supervision department did not know his

whereabouts in June, 2006, but a sheriff, unlike a community supervision officer, has

                                              3
the job of hunting for alleged fugitives. References to Colson as an “absconder” in

the hearing evidence and the prosecutor’s arguments were misleading.

      Simone Colson. Colson’s daughter, Simone, testified that she was a third-year

law student and that she would be “devastated” if Colson were not there to see her

graduate (RR-8). That particular problem will disappear by the time this cause is

ready for submission, but Simone also offered insights into her father’s good

qualities, which remain relevant. Simone said she has two brothers and a sister, and

her sister works on the staff of the Texas A & M women’s basketball team (RR-7).

Outside of the family, Simone said, Colson “helps a lot of girls to go to college who

otherwise would not be able to go” (RR-8). These were female high school seniors

who did not get “national recognition” and “aren’t on a lot of schools’ radars” but still

had talent worthy of basketball scholarships, she explained. For young women who

did not come from wealthy families, the connections Colson was able to make for

them provided the “only option.”

      Marquita Jones. An example of what Simone was talking about was provided

by Marquita Jones, who testified that Colson had helped her daughter apply to

various colleges where a basketball scholarship might be available. Apparently

Colson’s Internet weblog (or “blog”) had an audience among collegiate coaches. Ms.

Jones’ daughter was accepted on a basketball scholarship at Loyola. Without

                                            4
Colson’s aid, Ms. Jones believed, the chances of her daughter getting a basketball

scholarship would have been “very slim” (RR-13). Colson did charge Ms. Jones’

family a fee for his efforts, but the fee was “nothing” in comparison to a $43,000

scholarship that Ms. Jones’ daughter obtained (RR-13). The prosecutor’s cross-

examination of Jones merely re-established that “money changed hands” (RR-16).2

       On redirect Colson’s attorney attempted to elicit Ms. Jones’ opinion on a matter

which is at the heart of the appellate issue:

       MR. OVERSTREET: I'll pass the witness.

       Excuse me. One last question.

       Q. (BY MR. OVERSTREET) I explained to you what Mr. Colson is
       facing if the judge adjudicates him guilty, a minimum of 180 days. What
       would you say to the judge as to why she should exercise her discretion
       and do something other than adjudicate him guilty and sentence him to
       --

       THE COURT: Please don't have these folks think that I have any
       discretion at all in this matter.

       MR. OVERSTREET: Okay.

       THE COURT: So, I don't want them to leave here today believing the
       Court has some discretion in this matter, based on the situation and the
       law.

       2
            Money changed hands? So what? Money changes hands on Sunday mornings at
churches, too, and the prosecutor hopefully would not find it disreputable that some preacher
even puts some of that money in his pocket on payday. The prosecutor’s questioning misses the
point that talent can be used for purely selfish self-advancement, or for only a silk-stocking
clientele, or, as in Colson’s case, it can be used to help others who really need the help.

                                                  5
(RR- 13-14). Presumably the judge sincerely believed what she said. As will be

discussed later in this brief, the tangled web of statutory law in this area might easily

be misinterpreted by a judge acting in good faith.

       James Daniel. The next defense witness, James Daniel, worked for an

insurance company and was the coach for the Houston Insiders Girls’ AAU [Amateur

Athletic Union]       basketball program.         Daniel said Colson helped establish that

program (RR- 16-17).            The program’s goal was to help girls get into college on

basketball scholarships (RR-17). Colson was “one of the key players” in the program

“as it relates to networking with the college coaches” (RR-17). Daniel also noted that

Colson had “put his own money” into some of the activities. Sending Colson to a

state jail would adversely affect “girls that currently are in the pipeline” (RR-17).

While that problem also has abated as the critical college application period passed

for this year, Colson’s ongoing service also speaks to his character in general.

       Diedre Colson. Diedre Colson, a paralegal and an ordained minister who is

Colson’s sister, was the first of several witnesses to speak to the other side of

mitigation evidence, namely adversities in Colson’s life.3                  She said Colson had

       3
          Mitigating evidence of adversities was explained by the Supreme Court, in the context
of death-penalty litigation, in Penry v. Lynaugh, 492 U.S. 302, 319 (1989):

       Underlying [Lockett. v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586 (1978) ] and [Eddings v. Oklahoma, 455
U.S. 104 (1982) ] is the principle that punishment should be directly related to the
       personal culpability of the criminal defendant. If the sentencer is to make an

                                                   6
suffered from “a major depressive disorder” which probably stemmed from the

combined impact of having his mother die and having his house flood, then becoming

homeless after the family’s house caught fire (RR-20). The symptoms Diedre noticed

included irritability, excessive eating and weight gain, a “lack of social input with

people,” and forgetfulness. She said it was as if Colson would “just put his head into

a dark spot and not deal with life, just deal with those things that he had to, which

was mostly his girls, who were still in school” (RR-20). Reaching farther back,

Diedre noted that Colson had used drugs earlier in his life (RR-22). She thought

Colson’s depression was “behind him now,” but it had taken its toll. Not trying to

sugar-coat the situation, Diedre said Colson and his wife had a “rough marriage”

(RR-21). He improved on that situation after one of the family tragedies:

        Q. Has anything happened to your mother recently that even highlights
        more importantly the need for Simmie to be able to care for her?

        individualized assessment of the appropriateness of the death penalty "evidence about
        the defendant's background and character is relevant because of the belief, long held
        by society, that defendants who commit criminal acts that are attributable to a
        disadvantaged background, or to emotional and mental problems, may be less
        culpable than defendants who have no such excuse." California v. Brown, 479 U.S.
538, 547(1987).

While an adjudication in a theft case may seem a long way from the death penalty, the underlying
significance of mitigating evidence is the same: a defendant who has suffered through various
afflictions or disadvantages is less blameworthy, from a moral standpoint, than someone who has
not faced such adversities. A different form of mitigating evidence is evidence of good character
or good deeds. These very different types of mitigating evidence do not contradict each other, for
a person capable of good accomplishments may nevertheless be dragged down by adversities.

                                                   7
      A. Yes. Two years ago my mother was involved -- her house exploded
      and caught on fire. She coded in the house. She had severe smoke
      inhalation injuries, as well as carbon monoxide poisoning. She was in
      a coma for about -- for about three months and it had a very bad impact
      on me. And he really did step up to take over because I just -- it's
      something that I could not deal with and I have always been the
      strongest one but he did step up for me.

      Q. Okay. And is he involved with your mother now?

      A. He is now because I -- I work for a hospital and his schedule is more
      flexible. So, he's really in charge of getting her to her doctors'
      appointments and taking her to places that she needs to go and just
      spending time with her. She lives with me but I can't spend the daytime
      with her. I'm only there at night.

(RR-22). Diedre’s opinion was that sentencing Colson to 180 days or more in state

jail “would bring the depression back” and adversely affect the family (RR-23). She

urged the judge to “consider the positive things that he has done” (RR-23).

      On cross-examination the prosecutor extracted an admission that the

destructive events occurred “well prior to the events that are occurring now,” but

Diedre pointed out that there was a “domino effect” as one misfortune compounded

another (RR- 24-25). Moreover, events in 2000 or later occurred not long before

Colson committed the offense in 2003 and was originally placed under community

supervision in 2004.    The prosecutor got Diedre to agree that Colson’s earlier

problems did not affect his compliance with supervision requirements (RR-25), but

persons trained in mental illness diagnosis and treatment might well disagree with

                                           8
that. Curing depression is not like getting a ten-minute oil change. Perhaps Colson

should have been placed on a mental-health case load back in 2004, which might

have avoided the eventual violations.

      The prosecutor also asked Diedre why “him facing consequences for his

actions” would “have a negative impact” on the family, and Diedre fumbled for an

answer (RR-26). The answer, although Diedre could not articulate it on the spur of

the moment, is that there is such a thing as family pride. Having to explain that

“daddy went to prison” is not painless. Nor is it harmless. There is always someone

out there who will think that “the apple doesn’t fall far from the tree.”

      The judge herself asked a much better question, which was when Colson

started his project of helping young women obtain basketball scholarships (RR-27).

Simone believed it was between 2008 and 2010. That is, as the judge surmised,

Colson had “put those things behind him and moved forward” (RR-28). The problem

is that “moving forward” may not be enough to meet all expectations and obligations.

No road from a deep valley leads straight up.

      Stephanie Colson. Colson’s ex-wife, Stephanie, testified that they had been

separated for ten years and finally divorced in 2013 (RR-29). The separation was

prompted by Colson’s “severe drug and alcohol problem” (RR-29). She also believed

Colson suffered from depression (RR-29). His work history was rocky. He worked

                                            9
for the postal service but was discharged, then attempted to operate a cellular phone

business but was not successful (RR-30). She said he was homeless for a period of

time when he was abusing drugs, but he fought his way back:

      Q.    Okay. In your opinion, do you believe Simmie is worth salvaging?

      A. Oh, of course. I think, actually -- I have several family members who
      have struggled with drug abuse and alcoholism and Simmie has done
      very well, considering what he was going through, and he really did it
      on his own and I give him credit for that. It's just not easy, especially
      when you have self-doubt and you struggle with depression and you
      torture yourself, so I think Simmie's done well.

(RR-30).

      Nothing was good enough for this prosecutor, who seemed determined to

undermine every good thing anyone had to say about Colson. While Stephanie tried

to explain the complexity of recovery from depression and drugs, the prosecutor

pushed to oversimplify it:

      A. .... [L]ike I say, when people are struggling with addiction, a lot of
      the demons are within them and I think that just him not being able to
      deal with a lot of his personal problems just caused him not to be
      focused. People can exist and they're present but they're totally absent,
      you know.

      Q. Okay. So would it be fair to say that the only reason that he did not
      abide by his probation conditions were because he wasn't focused?

      A. I can't say and he's never told me why he did not attend. I do know
      that Simmie was having -- well, we were having financial problems, so,
      and then, you know, with three kids -- and I really put a lot of attention
      into them and maybe I wasn't as supportive as I should have been, so I

                                          10
      really didn't know a lot, you know.

(RR-33). While cross-examination can, in effect, put words in a witness’ mouth,

there is a limit to how much of that is fair. That limit was surpassed here, but

Stephanie held up against it:

      Q. And now when you say "personal problems," are you referring to the
      fact that he wasn't focused?

      A. Well, I'm not really sure what you mean when you say "not focused"
      because he wasn't doing well, so he wasn't able to qualify for work.

      Q. Okay. What do you mean by that?

      A. Well, I just don't think that he was in a good place mentally.

      Q. Did he have to seek treatment for that?

      A. Yes, we did go to counseling, uh-huh, with the church and he has a
      relative that's a minister.

      Q. Okay.

      A. So he did do that.

      Q. But he didn't have to be placed into any kind of hospital?

      A. No. And I know that it was recommended that he get on medication
      but I remember that I didn't want him to do that because I feel that with
      a drug addiction, prescription drugs would not have been any better. I
      definitely didn't want that.

      Q. But you'll agree with me there's plenty of people out there who have
      mental struggles or mental illness who are able to go out and work and
      support themselves?

                                            11
       A Yes, and then there are those that are not.

      Q. True. Okay.

(RR- 34-35). Score one for the witness.

      David Stephens. The next witness was David Stephens, the owner of a youth

sports events management company (RR-36-37). Colson had covered some of those

events to evaluate players who might be able to qualify for college scholarships (RR-

37). In a business world where not everyone is a “good guy,” Colson fit into that

category (RR-37). Stephens knew talent “evaluators” from all over the country and

he gave Colson the highest rank for integrity and value of his service (RR-38).

Naturally the prosecutor pounced on the word “integrity” and then tried to denigrate

Stephens’ opinion with the fact that Stephens had not known about Colson being

under community supervision, with Colson not having revealed it and Stephens not

having conducted a background check (RR-39). As a result, Stephens did not know

that there was a felony warrant for Colson’s arrest (RR-39). Of course, as will be

seen, it is not clear that Colson knew about the warrant either. Try as she might, the

prosecutor simply could not bully this witness:

      Q. Okay. And you weren't aware that there was a felony warrant out for
      him for not abiding by his felony probation?

      A. No, I did not.

      Q.    Okay. Now that you know this, does it give you pause dealing with

                                           12
      him, dealing with families who may place their trust in somebody who
      had a felony warrant outstanding for him for so long?

      A. Any time anybody has an offense such as this, it would cause me
      pause. But based upon my experience with Simmie and based on what
      I've seen him produce, the time lapse since that occurred originally and
      the fact that I am, on a personal level, a believer in second chances and
      second opportunities for people who exhibit acceptance of their
      responsibility and the ability to do what they say, then I would go ahead
      and still do business with Simmie.

(RR-39-40).

      Simmie Colson. Colson himself testified to explain why he had not fulfilled

the terms of his supervision. Regarding his failure to report to a supervision officer

in 2006, Colson said “Things started snowballing in my life.” He wrecked his vehicle

and did not have convenient transportation. Then the Internal Revenue Service filed

a lien on his bank account and he did not even have money for rent. “That’s when I

went homeless,” he explained (RR-44). He was living out of a car and totally

embarrassed. His troubles continued to mount as the Attorney General froze his

account as soon as the IRS lien was lifted (RR-45). He felt overwhelmed. Because

of his depression, he would look in the Houston Press for experimental “trial”

medications (RR-45). Apparently he did not happen upon the “silver bullet” for

depression (and no one else has either). Colson admitted that his “coping skills were

not that great” (RR-45).

      Colson said he was homeless for over a year, sleeping in a borrowed 1983

                                          13
Oldsmobile and “trying to do whatever I could to make ends meet” (RR-46). That

was in 2005 and 2006, which would make the car twenty years old (RR-52).

Probably it did not have that pleasant “new car smell.” More importantly, it should

be obvious that, night after night, Colson could not have stretched out to sleep on his

back, as humans normally do. Many people with depression could benefit from a

psychiatrist’s skilled care, but Colson even could have benefitted just by getting to

lie down on the couch.

       Turning to his promotion of student athletes, Colson said he had helped around

fifty of them go on to college (RR-47). As to making money, Colson explained that

he was not getting rich from this activity:

       Ms. Jones that testified earlier about Kyler, she was asked how much did
       her husband pay me. Her husband paid me to mail out videos for the kid,
       you know, for the postage. Some people pay me. Most of these kids that
       I help one on one, they don't pay me anything. I write my blog, I get
       over a thousand hits a day, just on a normal day, and up to 3- or 4,000
       when I do a big tournament, and I go to the various school districts and
       cover games. All that's on me. I mean, I'm not getting paid one thing, so
       every kid I'll write about, college coaches see. I have over a thousand
       college coaches between Facebook and Twitter that follow me and
       countless -- I don't even know the number that look at it on the blog.

       Q. Okay. Now, did you start this because you wanted to make money
       from it?

       A. No.

(RR-47).

                                              14
      Colson maintained that he should not be incarcerated because he had turned his

life around and had become a “giver” rather than a “taker.”            He had specific

responsibilities, such as caring for his mother who had been severely burned and

paying child support. Colson admitted that he did not handle the situation right. He

did not recall whether he had disclosed all of his problems to his supervision officer

(RR-53). In fact, however, he reported for over a year on a two-year supervision

period (RR-50). Asked if he would abide by the conditions if his supervision were

to be extended, Colson said he would (RR-49).

      Colson also pointed out that he at first did not agree with the calculation of fees

due, but when he was satisfied that the arrearage figure was correct he promptly paid

it (RR-50). Colson did not know there was a warrant for his arrest (RR- 50, 55). How

he could have told Mr. Stephens if he did not know about it himself is hard to see.

      Colson obviously angered the judge when he referred to his son as “the kid”

(RR-51). Despite the faux pas, Colson did affirm that he was paying child support.

He referred to the child’s mother as “the lady that had the child for me,” which was

a very respectful way to describe the relationship (RR-51).

      On cross-examination Colson reiterated that “a lot of things that happened in

my life” had a cumulative effect, and depression was “just part of it” (RR-55). He

even contemplated suicide at one point (RR-55). The prosecutor pointed out that

                                           15
Colson managed to go to basketball games after he “pulled himself together” but he

failed to contact his supervision officer. True enough, but a person afflicted with

depression might seek out something which was emotionally uplifting while avoiding

something he dreaded. Even healthy people do some of that.

                         SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT

      The district court judge stated early in the hearing that she did not have any

discretion to take a step other than sending Colson to a state jail upon finding the

allegations of supervision violations to be true. That is not correct. The district court

judge had discretion to either convict or punish Colson for a Class A misdemeanor.

The judge also had discretion to continue Colson on supervision for a short time,

either by maintaining the deferred-adjudication supervision or convicting Colson and

placing him under a regular supervision following conviction. The district court

judge failed to consider those possible alternatives and should be given an

opportunity to do so.

                        ARGUMENT AND AUTHORITIES

      A new adjudication hearing should be ordered because the trial
      court judge failed to consider alternative dispositions.

                               A. Standard of Review

      Normally a decision as the disposition of a community supervision issue would

seem to be the quintessential discretionary decision, reversible only for an abuse of
                                           16
discretion. In this instance, however, the district court judge was proceeding from an

erroneous legal assumption as to the options available. The underlying question is

thus a question of law, which is reviewable de novo.

              B. The Court’s Erroneous Belief in Limited Discretion

      During the testimony of Marquita Jones, the judge stated on the record that she

did not believe that she had any discretion to take any action other than sentencing

Colson to at least 180 days of confinement in a state jail (RR- 13-14). That is not

correct, although the statutory framework is so murky that it is easy to see why the

judge was confused.

      Confusion seems to have stemmed from the fact that, due to the much-delayed

arrest of Colson, the judge was up against a ten-year maximum limit on the total

duration of community supervision. In TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. Art. 42.12,

§22(c), which refers to “community supervision” without distinguishing between

deferred adjudication and supervision following an actual felony conviction, the

statute provides in part that “the period of community supervision in a first, second,

or third degree felony case may not exceed 10 years ...” The law applicable to the

higher grades of felonies in this respect also applies to state jail felonies. Garrett v.

State, 377 S.W.3d 697 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). When defense counsel pointed out

Garrett, the judge was concerned that Garrett only applied if the possible supervision

                                           17
period had not expired (RR- 59-60). As defense counsel observed, however, that

begs the question of whether supervision had expired (RR-60).

       If only the calendar mattered, the ten-year period would have elapsed on

October 5, 2014. If that were the situation, Colson would not have even been subject

to supervision when he was arrested, let alone when his guilt was adjudicated, and the

district court would have lacked jurisdiction to convict him. There is, however, what

amounts to a tolling provision in the law. Under TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. Art.

42.12, §§5(b) and 5(h), the district court retained jurisdiction to conduct an

adjudication hearing if the State had filed a motion requesting that the court “proceed

with the adjudication” and a capias had issued for Colson’s arrest before the

supervision period has expired. See Ex parte Moss, 446 S.W.3d 786, 791 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2014). That occurred in this cause. As of the hearing on December 11, 2014,

the district court had jurisdiction. The question then becomes what the judge could

do under that jurisdiction.

       Even assuming arguendo that the judge could not extend the deferred-

adjudication supervision beyond October 5, 2014, the judge did have the authority to

consider alternatives to a state jail felony conviction and punishment. Since the judge

had not yet acted upon the plea entered back in 2004, it was within the judge’s power

to find Colson guilty of a Class A misdemeanor or, upon finding him guilty of a state

                                          18
jail felony, to punish him as if the offense were only a Class A misdemeanor. See

TEX. PENAL CODE §§12.44(a) and 12.44(b). The latter applies because, even ten

years later, Colson had not yet been declared guilty of a state jail felony. The former

applies because TEX. CODE CRIM. ROC. Art. 42.12, §5(b) provides in part:

      After an adjudication of guilt, all proceedings, including assessment of
      punishment, pronouncement of sentence, granting of community
      supervision, and defendant’s appeal continue as if the adjudication of
      guilt had not been deferred.

Undeniably the “assessment of punishment” in a state jail felony case may include,

in a judge’s discretion, resort to Section 12.44(a). Technically Section 12.44(b) is not

a “punishment” decision, although its language implies that it may be used whenever

Section 12.44(a) may be used. In light of the mitigating evidence in this cause, a

reasonable judge could have entertained resort to either Section 12.44(a) or Section

12.44(b) if the judge had believed that either one was a possible alternative.

Apparently the judge in this cause did not believe those alternatives were available,

when in fact they were.

      Three other alternatives were available. They share the common premise that,

as of December 11, 2014, the supervision period had not expired, so it is worth

exploring that question first. The most logical reading of TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC.

Art. 42.12, §§5(h) is that supervision does not expire while proceedings in a court are

in progress. It would be ridiculous to think that the district court could “proceed with

                                           19
an adjudication of guilt” but was powerless to consider the alternatives. For one

thing, the power to “proceed with an adjudication of guilt” implies that a judge retains

the power to not proceed with the adjudication of guilt, i.e. with the pronouncement

of guilt. The net effect would be to put Colson back under deferred-adjudication

supervision for some period of time.

      What would that period of time be? The best reading of Section 5(h), and of

its counterpart provision in TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. Art. 42.12, §21(e), is that the

filing of the State’s motion and issuance of a capias, taken together, implement a

“tolling” provision, which in effect “stops the clock” on the running of the deadline.

Under a tolling provision, the amount of time remaining before the supervision

expiration deadline would define a new duration for supervision once it commenced.

One example of that policy is the tolling provision built into federal habeas review.

See 28 U.S.C. §2244. This Court probably can think of many examples in civil case

law, such as the recent decision in Clark v. ConocoPhillips Company, ___ S.W.3d

___ (Tex. App. – Houston [14th Dist.], No. 14-14-00034-CV, April 30, 2015). Any

other approach would produce the absurd result that, although a district court could

conduct a belated hearing by virtue of tolling, it could not do anything but conduct

the hearing. Surely that is not what the Legislature intended.

      What time would be remaining? Assuming that the two-year period was tolled

                                           20
on June 20, 2006, the remaining duration until October 5, 2006 was 77 days. Since

the Legislature no longer recognizes an across-the-board “due diligence” requirement,

as was explained in Garcia v. State, 387 S.W.3d 20 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) and

Taylor v. State, 2015 WL 2507637 (Tex. App. – Houston [1st Dist.], No. 01-11-

00052-CR, June 3, 2014), the tolling period continued until Colson was arrested on

October 20, 2014.4 The court then had continuing supervision jurisdiction until

January 15, 2015. Before that time, however, this appeal effectively stayed the

running of the time after December 11, 2014. As Clark illustrates, appellate steps can

extend even a relatively short remaining period for action for months or years.

        This leads back to the three other alternatives. First, the judge could simply do

nothing and continue Colson on deferred adjudication supervision. Under this

approach there would be no “revocation” (or more precisely, adjudication), so TEX.

CODE CRIM. PROC. Art. 42.12, §23(a) would not apply. That section may have

been the main source of the judge’s belief that she could not assess a term less than

the minimum prescribed for a state jail felony, i.e. 180 days. Of course this is

        4
            The State was far from diligent in executing the resulting arrest warrant, but the
statutory defense based on a lack of due diligence, set forth in TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. Art.
42.12, §24, is only applicable to adjudications based on certain grounds, and Colson admitted
that he had violations based on additional grounds. Colson notes that, since a broader due
diligence requirement had been recognized at an earlier time, the statutory restriction to certain
types of violations arguably could be read as not completely repealing the earlier case law with a
broad sweep. That is a matter to debate in the Court of Criminal Appeals, given existing case
law, and it should not be necessary to engage in that debate in order to grant Colson relief.

                                                   21
assuming that “revocation” under Section 23(a) includes an adjudication, which is not

clear from the statute. If such is not the case, then the minimum term under that

provision did not apply anyway.

      Second, it would have been possible to convert a deferred-adjudication

supervision to a regular supervision, the difference being that Colson would have a

felony conviction. The “granting of community supervision” is explicitly included

as one of the alternatives which a court, acting as if there had been no deferred

adjudication, proceeds to adjudication under Section 5(b).

      Third, either of those methods of continuing Colson’s community supervision

could have been reinforced by ordering a mental-health evaluation, either as a new

condition of a deferred-adjudication supervision or using a presentence investigation

as a vehicle, pursuant to TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. Art. 42.12, §9(i), for a

supervision following conviction.

      The State’s likely counter-argument, of course, would be that a few more

weeks of supervision would not be of much help. That assumes, however, that a few

weeks of supervision would be inadequate to build a foundation for Colson to help

himself in the future. Sure, more time for the constructive effects of supervision

would be beneficial, especially with a mental health evaluation in the mix. The State

is in a poor position to complain of a short period of time, however, considering that

                                          22
the capias apparently sat in some file cabinet in the sheriff’s office for years.

Furthermore, a proper precedent can be established in this cause for future cases

where more time would be available. The benefit of that goes far beyond this cause.

                              C. Harm and Remedy

      Since the error arises from failing to consider alternatives provided by statutes,

the harm standard is that of TEX. R. APP. PROC. 44.2(b), applicable to error which

is not constitutional error. Under that rule, error “that does not affect substantial

rights must be disregarded.” This language has been interpreted by Supreme Court

case law. Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750 (1946), cited in King v. State, 953
S.W.2d 266, 271 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997), held that “a substantial right is affected

when the error had a substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the

jury’s verdict.” Kotteakos went on to explain that harm exists if the reviewing court

“cannot say, with fair assurance,” that harm was absent. Kotteakos, 328 U.S. at 765.

“Grave doubt” on the question calls for reversal. Id. “Grave doubt” was defined in

O’Neal v. McAninch, 513 U.S. 432, 435 (1995), as meaning “in the judge’s mind, the

matter is so evenly balanced that he feels himself in virtual equipose as to the

harmlessness of the error.” On the record in this cause, there is not “fair assurance”

that harm was absent.

      The judge made it clear that, as she read the applicable law, she did not have

                                          23
any available alternatives to a state jail sentence. Possible alternatives which did

exist were not even considered. It is entirely possible that, with the guidance which

this Court can provide regarding alternatives, the district court judge would resort to

one of those alternatives. Certainly there was ample mitigating evidence – showing

both Colson’s good qualities and his misfortunes – to support some leniency. At the

very least, the process would be more complete and fair.

                                          24
                                   CONCLUSION

      Wherefore the appellant prays that the judgment of the district court be

reversed and that this cause be remanded to the district court for a new hearing and

new decision on the State’s motion to adjudicate guilt.

                                  Respectfully submitted,

                                        /s/ Morris L. Overstreet
                                        Morris L. Overstreet
                                        Attorney at Law
                                        Texas Bar No. 00000046
                                        P.O. Box 35
                                        Prairie View, TX 77446
                                        Tel. (512) 844-8357
                                        E-mail: morrisoverstreet@yahoo.com

                                        /s/ Winston E. Cochran, Jr.
                                        Winston E. Cochran, Jr.
                                        Attorney at Law
                                        Texas Bar No. 04457300
                                        P.O. Box 2945
                                        League City, TX 77574
                                        Tel. (713) 228-0264
                                        E-mail: winstoncochran@comcast.net

                                        Attorneys for Appellant

                                           25
                       CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE

      I certify that the foregoing brief was prepared in WordPerfect, using 14-point

font for text and 12-point font for footnotes, and that, excluding those portions not

counted under TEX. R. APP. PROC. 9, the brief contains 5729 words.

                                       /s/ Winston E. Cochran, Jr.
                                       Winston E. Cochran, Jr.

                          CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

      I certify that a copy of this motion is being served on counsel for the appellee,

by mail or personal delivery, at the following address on the 11th day of May, 2015:

             Harris County District Attorney’s Office
             Appellate Division
             1201 Franklin, Suite 600
             Houston, TX 77002

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