Court Opinion

ID: 9949311
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-03-11 14:06:10.241367+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:25:43.945801
License: Public Domain

NOTICE: Summary decisions issued by the Appeals Court pursuant to M.A.C. Rule
23.0, as appearing in 97 Mass. App. Ct. 1017 (2020) (formerly known as rule 1:28,
as amended by 73 Mass. App. Ct. 1001 [2009]), are primarily directed to the parties
and, therefore, may not fully address the facts of the case or the panel's
decisional rationale. Moreover, such decisions are not circulated to the entire
court and, therefore, represent only the views of the panel that decided the case.
A summary decision pursuant to rule 23.0 or rule 1:28 issued after February 25,
2008, may be cited for its persuasive value but, because of the limitations noted
above, not as binding precedent. See Chace v. Curran, 71 Mass. App. Ct. 258, 260
n.4 (2008).

                       COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS

                                 APPEALS COURT

                                                  23-P-118

                                 PATRICIA MARK

                                       vs.

                         TOWN OF TISBURY & others.1

               MEMORANDUM AND ORDER PURSUANT TO RULE 23.0

        The plaintiff, Patricia Mark, appeals from a Superior Court

 judgment dismissing her complaint against the defendants, the

 town of Tisbury (town), Town Administrator John Grande, and

 Tisbury police Lieutenant Eerik Meisner.            We affirm.

        Background.    We summarize the facts from Mark's complaint,

 accepting as true the facts alleged therein as well as any

 reasonable inferences drawn therefrom.           See Lopez v.

 Commonwealth, 463 Mass. 696, 700 (2012).            Mark was hired by the

 town as an administrative secretary to the chief of police in

 December 2011.      On August 1, 2016, Mark notified the town's

 human resources director of alleged "illegal" acts committed by

 her supervisor, police Chief Daniel Hanavan.             On August 4, 2016,

 1   John Grande and Eerik Meisner.
                                                                    2

Chief Hanavan reprimanded Mark for an alleged workplace

violation.   Mark filed a grievance through employee union

channels and, as a result, defendant Grande voided the reprimand

and issued a modified reprimand to Mark.   On June 14, 2017, Mark

filed a complaint in the Superior Court against the town, Chief

Hanavan, and Grande, alleging a violation of the Massachusetts

whistleblower act, G. L. c. 149, § 185 (prior action).2   The

defendants filed a motion to dismiss the prior action on April

30, 2018.

     Meanwhile, on January 29, 2018, and February 13, 2018,

Lieutenant Meisner filed written complaints (Meisner letters)

with Chief Hanavan alleging noncriminal wrongdoing by Mark in

the workplace.   Meisner claimed that Mark's "blatantly hostile

and disrespectful" conduct and demeanor toward him had created a

"very uncomfortable working condition/environment."3   On February

20, 2018, Mark was placed on administrative leave pending

investigation into Meisner's letters.   On May 10, 2018, prior to

the completion of the investigation, Mark resigned, "effective

2 We take judicial notice of the docket entries and papers filed
in the prior action. See Home Depot v. Kardas, 81 Mass. App.
Ct. 27, 28 (2011).
3 Meisner's letters included allegations that Mark:  (1) would
not respond to Meisner's "greeting[s]"; (2) walked into
Meisner's office unannounced and "tossed papers on [his] desk";
(3) spoke to Meisner in a hostile tone; and (4) entered
Meisner's office "without any attempt to announce herself and
interrupted business [he] was conducting on behalf of the chief
in a very rude and disrespectful manner."
                                                                    3

June 1, 2018."   Mark alleged that her resignation "was forced by

actions of the Defendants, Grande and the Town of Tisbury by

beginning the investigation with the intent on firing [her] as a

pretext to her whistleblowing activity."

     On May 29, 2018, Mark filed a motion to amend her complaint

in the prior action, seeking to add defendants, including

Meisner, and to bring claims of libel and slander against

Meisner.   On July 11, 2018, a Superior Court judge dismissed all

but one count4 of the proposed amended complaint in the prior

action because Mark "pled only legal conclusions and not facts

alleging rights to recover under the various legal theories."

However, the judge granted her leave to replead the dismissed

counts, including the count of libel against Meisner and a count

alleging constructive discharge.   Mark never availed herself of

this opportunity, and, on November 13, 2020, a second Superior

Court judge allowed the defendants' motion for summary judgment,

which resulted in dismissal of the prior action.

     While the prior action was still pending, Mark requested a

copy of her personnel file from the town, pursuant to G. L.

c. 149, § 52C.   On July 30, 2018, Mark received several

documents, but not the Meisner letters.    Mark again requested

4 The Superior Court judge denied the motion to dismiss Mark's
wage and hour claim in the prior action, which is not at issue
in the present appeal.
                                                                   4

the documents pursuant to the Massachusetts public records law,

G. L. c. 66, § 10, but was told that the records requested were

exempt from release because they contain "data relating to a

specifically named individual."   G. L. c. 4, § 7, Twenty-

sixth (c).   Mark appealed to the supervisor of records in the

Secretary of State's office and received the requested

documents, which were redacted.   Following a subsequent appeal,

the supervisor of records "issued a determination that the

redacted document . . . contained proper redactions."    On July

25, 2019, Mark filed an action in the Superior Court, seeking a

declaratory judgment regarding the legitimacy of the redactions.

The court ordered the town to provide Mark an unredacted copy of

the Meisner letters, which she received on April 4, 2020.

    On March 28, 2022, Mark filed a complaint in the Superior

Court in the present action alleging:   (1) violation of G. L.

c. 93A by the town; (2) wrongful discharge; (3) negligent hiring

and retention of an employee (Meisner) against the town; and

(4) defamation and libel against Meisner.

    In June 2022, the town and Grande, and, separately, Meisner

filed motions to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which

relief can be granted.   See Mass. R. Civ. P. 12 (b) (6), 365

Mass. 754 (1974).   Following a hearing, another Superior Court

judge (motion judge) allowed the motions to dismiss.     Mark filed
                                                                      5

an untimely appeal but was granted an extension to file a late

notice of appeal.

      Discussion.   "We review the allowance of a motion to

dismiss de novo."    Galiastro v. Mortgage Elec. Registration

Sys., Inc., 467 Mass. 160, 164 (2014).    "We accept as true the

facts alleged in the plaintiff['s] complaint as well as any

favorable inferences that reasonably can be drawn from them."

Id.   "Factual allegations are sufficient to survive a motion to

dismiss if they plausibly suggest that the plaintiff is entitled

to relief."   A.L. Prime Energy Consultant, Inc. v. Massachusetts

Bay Transp. Auth., 479 Mass. 419, 424 (2018).    The plaintiff

must plead more than "subjective characterizations or conclusory

descriptions of a general scenario which could be dominated by

unpleaded facts" (quotations and citation omitted).    Schaer v.

Brandeis Univ., 432 Mass. 474, 478 (2000).

      1.   General Laws c. 93A.   Mark alleges that the town

committed an "unfair trade practice" in violation of c. 93A, by

delaying production of the unredacted Meisner letters in

response to Mark's public record request.    Mark fails to cite to

any case law or other legal authority to support this argument.

Accordingly, the claim does not rise to the level of appellate

argument and is deemed waived.    See Mass. R. A.

P. 16 (a) (9) (A), as appearing in 481 Mass. 1628 (2019).       See

also Tobin v. Commissioner of Banks, 377 Mass. 909, 909 (1979).
                                                                     6

    Moreover, Mark does not specify whether she brings the

claim pursuant to § 9 or § 11 of chapter 93A.    If pursuant to

§ 9, she failed to provide the defendants with "a written demand

for relief, identifying the claimant and reasonably describing

the unfair or deceptive act or practice relied upon and the

injury suffered" at least thirty days prior to filing suit.

G. L. c. 93A, § 9 (3).   The demand letter is "a special element"

(citation omitted), Spring v. Geriatric Auth. of Holyoke, 394

Mass. 274, 287 (1985), and a "plaintiff has the burden of

alleging and proving the timely sending of a letter complying

with the statutory specifications."     Spilios v. Cohen, 38 Mass.

App. Ct. 338, 342 (1995).   The present case also does not

involve a business-to-business claim within the meaning of § 11,

but rather an employer-employee relationship.    See Governo Law

Firm, LLC v. Bergeron, 487 Mass. 188, 195 (2021) ("G. L. c. 93A,

§ 11, does not apply to employer-employee disputes arising out

of the employment relationship").     See also All Seasons Servs.,

Inc. v. Commissioner of Health & Hosps. of Boston, 416 Mass.

269, 271 (1993) (concluding that hospital was not involved in

trade or commerce within the meaning of § 11 where hospital's

alleged conduct "did not take place in a business context").

Therefore, the c. 93A claim falls short.
                                                                    7

    2.   Wrongful discharge.5    Mark likewise cites to no legal

authority in her brief in support of her wrongful discharge

claim.   Thus, the claim does not rise to the level of appellate

argument and is deemed waived.     See Mass. R. A.

P. 16 (a) (9) (A).   We further note that "[i]n order for a

constructive discharge to be found, the trier of fact must be

satisfied that the . . . working conditions would have been so

difficult or unpleasant that a reasonable person in the

employee's shoes would have felt compelled to resign" (quotation

omitted).   GTE Prods. Corp. v. Stewart, 421 Mass. 22, 34 (1995).

This analysis requires "an objective assessment of the

conditions" of employment.   Id.

    "A single, isolated act of an employer . . . usually will
    not be enough to support a constructive discharge claim.
    Thus, evidence of a single unfavorable performance review
    or . . . demotion generally will not be deemed sufficient
    to support a claim. . . . [A]dverse working conditions
    must be unusually aggravated or amount to a continuous
    pattern before the situation will be deemed intolerable"
    (quotations and citation omitted).

Id. at 34-35

    Here, Mark does not allege facts that plausibly show that

her working conditions were so difficult or unpleasant that a

reasonable person would feel the need to resign.     Furthermore,

the Meisner letters and consequential investigation constitute

5 Generally, "constructive discharge" acts as a theory of
wrongful discharge and does not stand as an individual claim.
See GTE Prods. Corp. v. Stewart, 421 Mass. 22, 33-34 (1995).
                                                                     8

an isolated incident, which does not amount to a continuous

pattern of adverse working conditions.   Moreover, an employee

has an "obligation to be reasonable [and] not to assume the

worst, and not to jump to conclusions too fast" (citation

omitted).    GTE Prods. Corp., 421 Mass. at 36.   Mark, however,

did just that when she resigned before the investigation was

complete.    Ultimately, Mark's complaint is devoid of sufficient

factual development to support a theory of constructive

discharge.

    3.   Negligent hiring and retention.    Mark's complaint fails

to establish a plausible claim of negligent hiring and

retention.   The doctrine of negligent hiring and retention

states that, pursuant to an employer's duty to exercise

reasonable care in staffing employees,

    "[n]egligence in hiring or retaining a person . . . who is
    unfit for the job provides a ground of liability for the
    harmful effects of the choice upon related persons. . . .
    [E]mployers are responsible for exercising reasonable care
    to ensure that their employees do not cause foreseeable
    harm to a foreseeable class of plaintiffs" (quotations and
    citations omitted).

Cottrell v. Laidley, 103 Mass. App. Ct. 483, 493 (2023).

    Here, Mark argues that the town was negligent in rehiring

Meisner after he took a break of longer than five years from law

enforcement and did not comply with the regulatory training
                                                                     9

requirements on his return.6    Assuming without deciding that the

town did commit a regulatory violation by rehiring Meisner when

he had not completed the requisite training, the allegations in

Mark's complaint do not plausibly suggest that a failure to use

reasonable care in hiring Meisner was the proximate cause of any

harm to her.     See Foster v. The Loft, Inc., 26 Mass. App. Ct.

289, 290-292, 295 (1988).

     4.   Defamation and libel.    Mark's defamation and libel

claim7 also fails as a matter of law.    To establish a claim of

defamation, a plaintiff must show that:    (1) the defendant

published a defamatory statement to a third party; (2) of and

concerning the plaintiff; (3) that is capable of damaging the

plaintiff's reputation in the community; and (4) either caused

the plaintiff economic loss or is actionable without proof of

economic loss.    Kelleher v. Lowell Gen. Hosp., 98 Mass. App. Ct.

49, 52 (2020).    "A statement that is claimed to be defamatory

must reasonably be understood either as a statement of actual

fact, or one that implies defamatory facts. . . .     Statements

that are merely 'rhetorical hyperbole,' or that express a

'subjective view,' are not statements of actual fact."     Id. at

6 See 550 Code Mass. Regs. §§ 3.00 (2013) (identifies necessary
basic training for Massachusetts police officers).
7 Defamation is characterized as libel where the defamatory

statement is published in writing. See Ravnikar v.
Bogojavlensky, 438 Mass. 627, 629 (2003).
                                                                   10

53.   Comments in an employment context regarding one's

professional conduct typically constitute a subjective opinion.

See id. at 53-54.

      Assuming, arguendo, that Meisner made defamatory

statements, they are protected by the doctrine of conditional

privilege.   "An employer has a conditional privilege to disclose

defamatory information concerning an employee when the

publication is reasonably necessary to serve the employer's

legitimate interest in the fitness of an employee to perform his

or her job" (citation omitted).   McCone v. New England Tel. &

Tel. Co., 393 Mass. 231, 235 (1984).    Performance reviews are

subject to the conditional privilege.    See id. at 235-236.

However, the privilege can be lost if the defendant published

the statement knowing "the information was false, . . . had no

reason to believe it to be true, or . . . recklessly published

the information" (citation omitted).    Dragonas v. School Comm.

of Melrose, 64 Mass. App. Ct. 429, 438 (2005).   The privilege

may also be lost if the defendant acted out of malice by

publishing the statement with the intention of injuring the

plaintiff, see id., or with "reckless disregard" of the

plaintiff' rights.   Id. at 439, quoting Ezekiel v. Jones Motor

Co., 374 Mass. 382, 390 (1978).   Here, the record indicates that

Meisner's letters were subject to the conditional privilege.

Mark does not point to any allegations that suggest that Meisner
                                                                    11

submitted the letters believing his statements to be untrue, or

that suggest that Meisner acted with malice.    For these

additional reasons, Mark's defamation claim is unavailing.

Accordingly, the motion judge properly allowed the motion to

dismiss.8

                                     Judgment dated July 25, 2022,
                                       affirmed.

                                     By the Court (Wolohojian,
                                       Neyman & Shin, JJ.9),

                                     Assistant Clerk

Entered:    March 11, 2024.

8   We decline Meisner's request for appellate fees and expenses.
9   The panelists are listed in order of seniority.