Court Opinion

ID: 4056725
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-29 08:06:55.057508+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:32:06.180302
License: Public Domain

Affirmed and Majority and Dissenting Opinions filed September 29, 2015.

                                   In The

                   Fourteenth Court of Appeals

                            NO. 14-14-00277-CV

            ELIE NASSAR AND RHONDA NASSAR, Appellants

                                     V.

LIBERTY MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, LIBERTY MUTUAL
  GROUP, DAVE BAKER, MARY HAMILTON AND MARCUS SMITH,
                        Appellees

                  On Appeal from the 400th District Court
                          Fort Bend County, Texas
                   Trial Court Cause No. 09-DCV-169566

                    MAJORITY OPINION
     In three issues, Elie and Rhonda Nassar challenge summary judgment orders
in favor of Liberty Mutual Fire Insurance Company, Liberty Mutual Group, Dave
Baker, Mary Hamilton, and Marcus Smith (collectively, “Liberty Mutual”). The
trial court signed the summary judgment orders in connection with an insurance
coverage dispute and an appraisal award arising from damage to the Nassars’
residence that occurred when Hurricane Ike struck southeast Texas in September
2008. Collectively, these orders resolve all issues and constitute a final judgment.

      We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                   BACKGROUND

      The Nassars own a residence at 4245 Clayhead Road in Richmond, Texas
that is situated on six acres. In addition to the residence itself, these six acres
contain a system of fences, barns, and outbuildings. Liberty Mutual insured the
Nassars’ dwelling and other structures pursuant to a Texas Homeowners Policy
Form A issued for a policy period beginning on August 2, 2008, and ending on
August 8, 2009. This policy was in effect when Hurricane Ike came ashore in
September 2008 and caused physical loss to the insured property.

      Liberty Mutual issued payments under the policy to the Nassars in
November 2008 pertaining to certain physical losses caused by Hurricane Ike.
Liberty Mutual and the Nassars disagreed about coverage for the Nassars’ fence
under the policy; they also disagreed about amounts owed for covered losses for
other damage to the Nassars’ dwelling and other structures.

      The Nassars sued Liberty Mutual in February 2009 and asserted claims for
breach of the homeowners policy; they also asserted a variety of extra-contractual
claims based on Liberty Mutual’s position regarding coverage of the fence, and its
conduct in connection with the Nassars’ claim. The trial court signed a summary
judgment order in Liberty Mutual’s favor on (1) the coverage issue, and (2) the
Nassars’ extra-contractual claims. Based on this ruling, the only remaining issues
involved the parties’ disagreements about amounts owed for covered losses for
other damage to the Nassars’ dwelling and other structures. The trial court granted
Liberty Mutual’s motion to compel appraisal as to these disputed amounts pursuant

                                          2
to a provision in the homeowners policy. After the appraisal award was issued, the
trial court signed a second and final summary judgment in Liberty Mutual’s favor
in which it determined that no amounts were owed under the policy beyond those
already paid.

       The Nassars appealed and now challenge both summary judgment orders in
this court.

                                      ANALYSIS

       The Nassars contend that the trial court erred by (1) granting summary
judgment in favor of Liberty Mutual with respect to coverage; (2) granting
summary judgment in favor of Liberty Mutual with respect to their remaining
extra-contractual causes of action; and (3) compelling appraisal.

       All of the issues raised on appeal were decided by way of summary
judgment. We review summary judgment orders de novo. Provident Life &
Accident Ins. Co. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 215 (Tex. 2003).

       The party moving for a traditional summary judgment must establish that no
material fact issue exists and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Tex.
R. Civ. P. 166a(c); M.D. Anderson Hosp. & Tumor Inst. v. Willrich, 28 S.W.3d 22,
23 (Tex. 2000).     Once the movant produces sufficient evidence conclusively
establishing a right to summary judgment, the burden of proof shifts to the
nonmovant to present evidence sufficient to raise a fact issue. See Centeq Realty,
Inc. v. Siegler, 899 S.W.2d 195, 197 (Tex. 1995). In reviewing a traditional
summary judgment, we examine the entire record in the light most favorable to the
nonmovant, indulging every reasonable inference and resolving any doubts against
the motion. Yancy v. United Surgical Partners Int’l, Inc., 236 S.W.3d 778, 782
(Tex. 2007).

                                          3
      In reviewing a no-evidence summary judgment under Rule 166a(i), we apply
a legal-sufficiency standard. See, e.g., King Ranch, Inc. v. Chapman, 118 S.W.3d
742, 750-51 (Tex. 2003). We “review the evidence presented by the motion and
response in the light most favorable to the party against whom the summary
judgment was rendered, crediting evidence favorable to that party if reasonable
jurors could, and disregarding contrary evidence unless reasonable jurors could
not.” Mack Trucks, Inc. v. Tamez, 206 S.W.3d 572, 582 (Tex. 2006).

I.    Coverage

      In their first issue, the Nassars challenge the trial court’s coverage
determination with respect to the fence.

      The parties agree that property damage to the Nassars’ fence from Hurricane
Ike totaled $58,000, and that a Texas Homeowners Policy Form A issued by
Liberty Mutual covers this property damage. The parties also agree regarding the
liability limits applicable to the individual policy subsections being litigated. They
disagree about which policy subsection applies to the fence.

      The Nassars contend that this property damage is covered by subsection (1)
of “COVERAGE A (DWELLING),” which is subject to a $247,200 liability
limit. Liberty Mutual contends that property damage to the Nassars’ fence is
covered pursuant to subsection (2) of “COVERAGE A (DWELLING),” which is
subject to a $24,720 liability limit that Liberty Mutual already has paid. The trial
court agreed with Liberty Mutual and granted summary judgment in its favor on
this coverage question.

      Insurance policies are construed using ordinary rules of contract
interpretation. Tanner v. Nationwide Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 289 S.W.3d 828, 831
(Tex. 2009).     We give policy language its plain, ordinary meaning unless

                                           4
something else in the policy shows the parties intended a different, technical
meaning. Id. When construing the policy’s language, we must give effect to all
contractual provisions so that none will be rendered meaningless.              Kelley-
Coppedge, Inc. v. Highlands Ins. Co., 980 S.W.2d 462, 464 (Tex. 1998); see also
Chrysler Ins. Co. v. Greenspoint Dodge of Houston, Inc., 297 S.W.3d 248, 253
(Tex. 2009).

      Liberty Mutual filed a traditional motion for summary judgment with respect
to coverage. The operative policy language reads as follows.

      COVERAGE A (DWELLING)

      We cover:

      1. the dwelling on the residence premises shown on the declarations
         page including structures attached to the dwelling.

      2. other structures on the residence premises set apart from the
         dwelling by clear space. This includes structures connected to the
         dwelling by only a fence, utility line or similar connection. The
         total limit of liability for other structures is the limit of liability
         shown on the declaration page or 10% of Coverage A (Dwelling)
         limit of liability, whichever is greater.

The term “residence premises” is defined as “the residence premises shown on
the declarations page. This includes the one or two family dwelling, including
other structures, and grounds where an insured resides or intends to reside within
60 days after the effective date of this policy.”       The policy does not define
“structures” in subsection (1) or “other structures” in subsection (2).

      According to the Nassars, subsection (1) applies because their fence is a
“structure[] attached to the dwelling” and is not “set apart from the dwelling by
clear space.” They contend that “the dwelling portion of the policy covers not only
the residence but structures attached to the residence.”         In support of these

                                          5
contentions, Elie Nassar submitted a summary judgment affidavit in which he
stated that “[w]e . . . have a fence that is attached to my house/dwelling that
encircles all of the property.” He further stated that the “fence is connected and
attached to my home” along the east side of the house, where “the fence is attached
with two 4x4 poles connected to the slab and brick of the house by cement;” along
the north side of the house, where the fence is attached via 4x4 poles connected to
slab, porch, or brick; and along the west side of the house, where “the fence is
directly bolted into the brick and slab of the house.”

      For its part, Liberty Mutual argues:        “Because a fence is specifically
identified as a connection that is insufficient to attach other structures to the
dwelling, the fence itself cannot be an extension of the dwelling. Otherwise, like a
breezeway connecting a garage, both buildings and the fence would all become
part of the dwelling.”       According to Liberty Mutual, the policy “equates
connection by a fence or utility line with ‘clear space.’” Further, Liberty Mutual
argues that “the Nassars cannot convert the entire network of fences on their six
acre farm to an extension of their ‘dwelling’ by virtue of four bolts.”

      The Nassars respond that “the fence falls under the ‘dwelling’ portion of
coverage since it is connected to the residence premises at various points, as
required by the policy language.” According to the Nassars, subsection (2)’s
language “is used to preclude an insured from building random fences that radiate
out over a property and connect to other things like barns, workshops, and sheds,
which would lead to a claim that these structures are attached to the dwelling by
virtue of a fence.”

      We conclude that the policy’s unambiguous language forecloses application
of subsection (1) to the Nassars’ claim for property damage to the fence at issue.
We reach this conclusion because, when subsections (1) and (2) are read together,

                                          6
a fence cannot be a “structure[] . . . attached to the dwelling” under subsection (1).
This is so because interpreting subsection (1) as the Nassars advocate would render
meaningless the following portion of subsection (2): “This includes structures
connected to the dwelling by only a fence . . . .”

        If a fence attached to the dwelling already is part of the dwelling under
subsection (1) as a “structure[] . . . attached to the dwelling,” then any structure
connected to the attached fence likewise would become a “structure[] . . . attached
to the dwelling” under subsection (1). And, if any structure connected to the
attached fence already is part of the dwelling under subsection (1), then no purpose
would be served by the language in subsection (2) providing for distinct treatment
of “other structures” that are “connected to the dwelling by only a fence . . . .”1

        Such an interpretation is unreasonable because it impermissibly renders
language in subsection (2) meaningless. See Kelley-Coppedge, Inc., 980 S.W.2d at
464; Chrysler Ins. Co., 297 S.W.3d at 253.                      Because the Nassars’ proffered
interpretation is unreasonable and does not give rise to an ambiguity, they cannot
invoke the principle requiring a choice between reasonable competing policy
interpretations to be determined in the insured’s favor. See, e.g., Evanston Ins. Co.
v. ATOFINA Petrochems., Inc., 256 S.W.3d 660, 668 (Tex. 2008).

        We overrule the Nassars’ first issue.

        1
          The correct coverage inquiry under subsection (1) is to ask whether a fence attached to the
dwelling is part of the dwelling. The dissent reframes the inquiry to ask instead whether “a fence attached
to the dwelling is a ‘structure.’” From this premise, the dissent contends that “[s]ubsection (1) covers
attached ‘structures’” and goes on to discuss what it perceives as “two distinct classes of ‘structures’”
under subsection (2). The dissent’s approach is erroneous because it focuses narrowly on the words
“structure” and “structures” in isolation. The correct approach is to examine the reach of subsection (1)’s
coverage for the “dwelling . . . including structures attached to the dwelling” as contrasted with
subsection (2)’s distinct coverage for “other structures . . . set apart from the dwelling by clear space,”
which “includes structures connected to the dwelling by only a fence . . . .”

                                                    7
II.   Extra-Contractual Claims

      In their third issue, the Nassars challenge the trial court’s determination with
respect to their extra-contractual claims against Liberty Mutual.

      As a general rule, Texas does not recognize a claim for common law bad
faith insurance practices when an insurer promptly denies a claim that is not
covered under the insurance policy. Republic Ins. Co. v. Stoker, 903 S.W.2d 338,
341 (Tex. 1995). And, again speaking generally, statutory extra-contractual claims
do not survive when the issue of coverage is resolved in the insurer’s favor. State
Farm Lloyds v. Page, 315 S.W.3d 525, 532 (Tex. 2010); see also Stoker, 903
S.W.2d at 341. But the Texas Supreme Court has not excluded “the possibility that
an insurer’s denial of a claim it was not obliged to pay might nevertheless be in
bad faith if its conduct was extreme and produced damages unrelated to and
independent of the policy claim.” Progressive Cnty. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Boyd, 177
S.W.3d 919, 922 (Tex. 2005); Am. Motorists Ins. Co. v. Fodge, 63 S.W.3d 801,
804 (Tex. 2002).

      A.       Common Law Duty of Good Faith and Fair Dealing

      The Nassars contend they have a viable claim for breach of the common law
duty of good faith and fair dealing because Liberty Mutual classified the fence
damages as falling under subsection (2) of “COVERAGE A (DWELLING),” and
“there was no reasonable basis to delay Appellants’ claims by using the excuse[] . .
. Appellees used.”

      The Nassars identify no extreme conduct and no resulting damages
independent of the policy claim. The “excuse[]” referenced on appeal appears to
be Liberty Mutual’s coverage position, with which the Nassars disagree.2 The

      2
          In their summary judgment response, the Nassars also contended that Liberty Mutual breached
                                                 8
Nassars contend that Liberty Mutual lacked a reasonable basis for denying or
delaying payment because the claim for property damage to their fence was
covered under subsection (1), as the Nassars argued, rather than subsection (2), as
Liberty Mutual argued. Having rejected the Nassars’ coverage argument above,
we likewise must reject the Nassars’ contention that Liberty Mutual violated a
common law duty of good faith and fair dealing by asserting that subsection (2)
applies here. See Republic Ins. Co., 903 S.W.2d at 341.

       B.      Other Claims

       The Nassars assert on appeal that they have additional but unspecified extra-
contractual claims based on “misrepresentations that Appellants would receive
adequate coverage . . . .”

       According to the Nassars, they “relied on Liberty and Marcus Smith as their
insurance agents.”        They contend that “Smith visited the property where the
fence’s point of attachment and the size of the fence were plainly obvious,” and
that Smith knew “the fence would cost substantially more, by itself, than the ‘other
structure’ policy limit of $24,270 . . . .” They further contend, “Smith represented
that Appellants would be fully covered and Liberty proceed[ed] to write up a
policy that appeared to cover Appellant’s [sic] fence under the ‘dwelling’
language. At that point Appellees never warned Appellants that they may be
underinsured for ‘other structures.’”

       In their second amended petition, the Nassars asserted that Liberty Mutual
made pre-loss misrepresentations regarding adequate fence coverage; they pleaded
claims for violations of the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act, see Tex. Bus. &
Com. Code Ann. §§ 17.46, 17.50 (Vernon 2011); the Texas Insurance Code, see

a duty of good faith and fair dealing by invoking an appraisal process that delayed resolution of their
claim. The Nassars do not raise this contention on appeal; therefore, we do not consider it.

                                                  9
Tex. Ins. Code Ann. §§ 541.060, 541.061 (Vernon 2009), § 542.058 (Vernon Supp.
2014); breach of fiduciary duty; negligent misrepresentation; and common law
fraud. The Nassars’ appellate briefing identifies no specific statutory bases for
their       extra-contractual     claims      predicated       on     Liberty      Mutual’s       asserted
misrepresentations. It is unclear from their appellate briefing whether the Nassars
present their misrepresentation-based claims solely as alleged statutory violations,
or if these claims also encompass alleged breaches of fiduciary duty, common law
fraud, and negligent misrepresentation.3

        Liberty Mutual filed a traditional motion for summary judgment on all extra-
contractual claims asserted by the Nassars; it also asserted that there is no evidence
of any misrepresentations. Liberty Mutual attached deposition testimony in which
Elie Nassar stated as follows.

               Nassar answered, “I don’t recall” and “I expect[ed] that [Liberty
                 Mutual would] . . . give me proper coverage to cover me completely,”
                 in response to a question asking whether he had discussions about
                 fence coverage with Marcus Smith or anyone else at Liberty Mutual
                 in 1998 before purchasing the insurance.

               Nassar answered, “I don’t recall, as I told you already,” in response to
                 a question asking if he had “any specific recollection of conversations
                 with Marcus Smith about coverage for your home and property?”

        3
            In addition to asserted misrepresentations regarding adequate fence coverage, the Nassars’
second amended petition also predicated their extra-contractual claims on other alleged conduct by
Liberty Mutual including hiring “a biased engineer/adjuster to obtain a favorable, result-oriented report to
assist Defendants in low-balling and denying Plaintiffs’ storm damage claim,” taking advantage of
“Plaintiffs’ lack of knowledge, ability, and experience to a grossly unfair degree,” and failing to conduct a
reasonable investigation. On appeal, the Nassars challenge the trial court’s grant of summary judgment
on their extra-contractual claims only with respect to alleged misrepresentations by Liberty Mutual and its
agents that “Appellants would receive full and adequate coverage” for their fence. Accordingly, we do
not address any other alleged conduct by Liberty Mutual.

                                                     10
            Nassar testified, “. . . Marcus Smith, orally and in writing, when we
              contacted them to buy insurance for the new farm, or the new house,
              he told me that they wanted to come over. They came over, and they -
              — he following it with a letter; and he told me that they wanted to
              give me adequate coverage for my property.”

For her part, Rhonda Nassar answered “I don’t believe so” in response to a
question asking:    “Did you have conversations with anyone from Liberty in
connection with that initial purchase of Liberty homeowners insurance?”

        The Nassars attached desposition testimony to their summary judgment
response in which Elie Nassar stated: “Marcus Smith told me that he wanted to
come over, or send somebody over . . . to make sure that they gave me a policy that
protects me and covers me completely; and he also told me that he wanted any
current insurances, to review them to make sure that he gives me complete proper
coverage. And he followed it with a letter, stating the same thing that I just told
you.”

        The letter referenced in Elie Nassar’s testimony, which was signed by Smith
as a sales representative of the Liberty Mutual Group, also was attached to the
Nassars’ summary judgment response.            The letter states:     “Our trained
professionals are committed to providing you with a complete protection plan that
is tailored to your lifestyle as well as your budget.” The letter also states: “I
would like to have the chance to review your policies to make sure you are
adequately covered and in the process save your family money.”

        No actionable pre-loss representation is demonstrated on this record by (1)
general references in Smith’s letter to “a complete protection plan” and “[making] .
. . sure you are adequately covered;” or (2) testimony that Smith’s oral
representations regarding coverage were the same as those contained in the letter.
                                         11
See Emp’rs Cas. Co. v. Fambro, 694 S.W.2d 449, 452 (Tex. App.—Eastland 1985,
writ ref’d n.r.e.) (testimony that insurer’s employees said insurance was “adequate”
or “sufficient” for insureds’ business was legally insufficient to support jury
finding that insurer represented that policy conferred rights, remedies, or
obligations which it did not have); see also Canutillo Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Nat’l
Union Fire Ins. Co., 99 F.3d 695, 709 (5th Cir. 1996) (“[A] reasonable jury could
not find that the statement was misleading where Canutillo was aware of the Policy
language at the time of the purchase and Canutillo presented no evidence that
National Union ever assured it that civil rights claims would be covered under the
specific circumstances present here.”) (citing Parkins v. Tex. Farmers Ins. Co., 645
S.W.2d 775, 777 (Tex. 1983)).

      The Nassars also argue on appeal that Liberty Mutual owed a “special duty”
to procure adequate fence insurance on their behalf.       It is unclear from the
appellate briefing and the record whether the claimed “special duty” is fiduciary in
nature, or is instead a negligence-flavored duty to use reasonable care in procuring
insurance. We conclude that the Nassars are advocating for the recognition of a
fiduciary duty arising between them and Liberty Mutual because their second
amended petition asserted a claim for breach of fiduciary duty; it did not assert a
negligence claim apart from (1) negligent misrepresentation based on Liberty
Mutual’s alleged failure to inform the Nassars about policy exclusions, and (2) a
claim labeled as “Common-Law Fraud by Negligent Misrepresentation.” In their
live pleading, the Nassars alleged (among other things) that Liberty Mutual “did
not make reasonable use of the confidence that Plaintiffs placed in [it]” and “did
not act in the utmost good faith and did not exercise the most scrupulous honesty
towards Plaintiffs.”

      We reject the Nassars’ fiduciary duty contention because “there is no general

                                        12
fiduciary duty between an insurer and its insured.” E.R. Dupuis Concrete Co. v.
Penn Mut. Life Ins. Co., 137 S.W.3d 311, 318 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2004, no
pet.) (citing Wayne Duddlesten, Inc. v. Highland Ins. Co., 110 S.W.3d 85, 96 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, pet. denied)); see also Coterill-Jenkins v. Tex.
Med. Ass’n Health Care Liab. Claim Trust, 383 S.W.3d 581, 593 n.7 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, pet. denied). “‘Proving the existence of a fiduciary
relationship requires more than just evidence of prior dealings between the parties,
and subjective trust by one party in another does not establish the requisite
confidential relationship.’” E.R. Dupuis Concrete Co., 137 S.W.3d at 318 (quoting
Wayne Duddlesten, Inc., 110 S.W.3d at 96). “‘To impose an informal fiduciary
relationship in a business transaction, the requisite special relationship of trust and
confidence must exist prior to, and apart from, the agreement made the basis of the
suit.’” Id. (quoting Wayne Duddlesten, Inc., 110 S.W.3d at 96). The Nassars point
to nothing in this record that would support the imposition of a fiduciary
relationship arising between them and their insurer in these circumstances.

       We overrule the Nassars’ third issue.

III.   Appraisal

       In their second issue, the Nassars contend that the trial court erred by
compelling appraisal.     They raise several different challenges to the appraisal
award under this issue.

       “Appraisal clauses, commonly found in homeowners, automobile, and
property policies in Texas, provide a means to resolve disputes about the amount
of loss for a covered claim.” In re Universal Underwriters of Tex. Ins. Co., 345
S.W.3d 404, 407 (Tex. 2011) (orig. proceeding) (citing State Farm Lloyds v.
Johnson, 290 S.W.3d 886, 888 (Tex. 2009)).            “These clauses are generally
enforceable, absent illegality or waiver.”      Id. (citing State Farm Lloyds, 290
13
S.W.3d at 888). “Texas courts have long held that appraisal awards made pursuant
to the provisions of an insurance contract are binding and enforceable, and every
reasonable presumption will be indulged to sustain an appraisal award.” Franco v.
Slavonic Mut. Fire Ins. Ass’n, 154 S.W.3d 777, 786 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 2004, no pet.).

      The Nassars’ Texas Homeowners Policy Form A issued by Liberty Mutual
contains an appraisal provision appearing as paragraph 7 under “Section I –
Conditions.” It states:

      If you and we fail to agree on the actual cash value, amount of loss or
      the cost of repair, either can make a written demand for appraisal.
      Each will then select a competent, independent appraiser and notify
      the other of the appraiser’s identity within 20 days of receipt of the
      written demand. The two appraisers will choose an umpire. If they
      cannot agree upon an umpire within 15 days, you or we may request
      that the choice be made by a judge of a district court of a judicial
      district where the loss occurred. The two appraisers will then set the
      amount of loss, stating separately the actual cash value and loss to
      each item. If the appraisers fail to agree they will submit their
      differences to the umpire. An itemized decision agreed to by any two
      of these three and filed with us will set the amount of loss. Such
      award shall be binding on you and us.

This provision contains no time limit for the appraisal request.

      In light of the Nassars’ arguments on appeal regarding appraisal, we set out
the procedural history leading up to the appraisal award in some detail. Liberty
Mutual filed a motion to compel appraisal and a supporting affidavit from Liberty
Mutual claims adjuster Mary Hamilton on December 21, 2012. Liberty Mutual
sought to compel appraisal with respect to “the cost of repair to the dwelling.”

      Hamilton’s supporting affidavit establishes these facts.

           She met with Elie Nassar at the property on November 8, 2008, and

                                         14
            completed her estimate on November 12, 2008.

          She calculated “a Replacement Cost Value of $17,069.51 for the
            Dwelling and $70,449.02 for Other Structures, resulting in a Net
            Claim of $14,597.51 for the Dwelling and $24,794.16 (limits) for
            Other Structures after application of the applicable deductable and
            depreciation.”

          “Payment of $41,861.67 representing the policy limits of the Other
            Structures coverage ($24,794.15) and $17,059.61 of Dwelling
            coverage was issued to Mr. and Mrs. Nassar on November 19, 2008.”

          “A supplemental payment of $3031.00 was made for Dwelling
            damage on January 26, 2009.”

According to Liberty Mutual’s motion to compel appraisal, “On November 10,
2008, Liberty invoked appraisal to resolve the dispute regarding the cost to repair
Plaintiffs’ property and designated Mark West as its appraiser.” Liberty Mutual
also stated, “On January 3, 2009, Plaintiff Elie Nassar sent correspondence to
Liberty refusing to participate in appraisal.”   The Nassars filed their original
petition against Liberty Mutual on February 6, 2009; Liberty Mutual was served on
March 9, 2009, and filed its original answer on October 1, 2009.

      The Nassars filed a motion for summary judgment on October 22, 2009, in
which they sought a determination that damage to their fence is covered by
subsection (1) of “COVERAGE A (DWELLING).”                 Liberty Mutual filed a
summary judgment motion on February 8, 2010; among other issues, Liberty
Mutual sought summary judgment on grounds that the damage to the Nassars’
fence is covered by subsection (2) of “COVERAGE A (DWELLING)” rather
than subsection (1). On July 26, 2010, the trial court signed an order granting

                                        15
summary judgment in favor of Liberty Mutual and denying the Nassars’ motion for
summary judgment. On August 23, 2010, the trial court granted the Nassars’
motion to modify the summary judgment order to confirm that the summary
judgment was interlocutory because it “covers everything except the disputed
damage to the dwelling itself.”

      As set forth in Liberty Mutual’s motion to compel appraisal, “The one issue
remaining is the cost of repair of the dwelling.” Liberty Mutual stated: “Since the
order granting summary judgment, the parties have engaged in settlement
discussions to no avail.” In a subsequent filing, Liberty Mutual asserted it received
estimates of damage to the dwelling from the Nassars in April 2011. Liberty
Mutual also asserted: “At that point, the parties began settlement discussions,
which continued through 2012. . . . When it became clear that the parties would
not be able to resolve the case, Defendants filed a motion to compel appraisal.”

      The Nassars opposed the motion to compel appraisal on grounds that (1)
Liberty Mutual “cannot enforce a provision under a contract” it already had
breached by “failing to conduct a proper investigation on the front end and timely
settle Plaintiffs’ claims;” (2) Liberty Mutual “took full advantage of the legal
proceedings before this Court to obtain benefits that could not be obtained in
appraisal, including the filing of motions for summary judgment;” and (3) “[t]his
case has been on file[] . . . since February 6, 2009.” According to the Nassars,
Liberty Mutual “had ample time since the filing of this suit to compel appraisal and
chose not to do so.” On January 28, 2013, the trial court signed an order granting
the motion to compel appraisal.

      On October 8, 2013, an appraisal award was signed by appraiser Randall
Taylor and umpire Carolyn Marks Johnson totaling $13,280.77 for the replacement
cost value of the Nassars’ “dwelling.” The award states that “[n]o part of the fence

                                         16
is included in the ‘Dwelling’ appraisal.” Appraiser James Amos did not sign the
award.

      Liberty Mutual filed a second motion for summary judgment on November
22, 2013.    Liberty Mutual asked the trial court to sign a take-nothing final
judgment against the Nassars because the $13,280.77 appraisal award was less than
prior payments Liberty Mutual already had made to the Nassars for property
damage under subsection (1) of “COVERAGE A (DWELLING).”

      In their response, the Nassars asserted that summary judgment in favor of
Liberty Mutual was not warranted because, among other reasons, (1) “[t]here is
evidence of fraud in the appraisal process;” and (2) “[t]he appraisal process is
invalid because it went beyond its permissible scope in commenting on causation.”
The Nassars’ summary judgment response asked the trial court to “enter a final
appealable judgment on the appraisal award in this case in the amount of
$89,516.70” in their favor.

      The trial court signed a final and appealable summary judgment order on
March 14, 2014, in which it granted summary judgment in favor of Liberty Mutual
based upon the appraisal award and ordered that the Nassars take nothing from
Liberty Mutual.

      The Nassars contend on appeal that the appraisal result reflected in the trial
court’s March 2014 summary judgment order cannot stand because (1) Liberty
Mutual waived its right to appraisal; (2) the Nassars are entitled to an appraisal
award in their favor; (3) the appraisal process was infected by “fraud and mistake;”
and (4) “aspects of the process exceeded the permissible scope.” We address each
contention in turn.

                                        17
      A.     Waiver

      To establish waiver of an appraisal clause, the party asserting waiver must
establish (1) intentional relinquishment or intentional conduct inconsistent with
claiming the right; and (2) prejudice. In re Universal Underwriters of Tex. Ins.
Co., 345 S.W.3d at 407-11; see also Scottish Union & Nat’l Ins. Co. v. Clancy, 71
Tex. 5, 8 S.W. 630, 632 (1888). “[W]hile an unreasonable delay is a factor in
finding waiver, reasonableness must be measured from the point of impasse . . . .”
In re Universal Underwriters of Tex. Ins. Co., 345 S.W.3d at 408 (citing In re
Slavonic Mut. Fire Ins. Ass’n, 308 S.W.3d 556, 562 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 2010, no pet.)).

      The Nassars argue that Liberty Mutual waived appraisal through delay
because “Hurricane Ike hit Texas in September 2008. Appellees did not ask the
Court to compel appraisal until December 21, 2012, nearly four years after
Appellants filed suit.” They contend that “[w]aiver should be measured from the
time that the right to invoke appraisal arose – i.e., the time at which the insured
expresses its disagreement” with the insurer regarding the value of a covered loss.

      This argument fails because delay-based waiver is analyzed by reference to
the date on which the parties reached an impasse in their negotiations over the
value of a covered loss – not the date on which “the insured expresses its
disagreement” with the insurer’s valuation. In re Universal Underwriters of Tex.
Ins. Co., 345 S.W.3d at 408-10. “An impasse is not the same as a disagreement
about the amount of loss.” Id. at 408; see also id. at 410 (“Whether Universal was
aware of Grubbs’ disagreement as to the estimate of damages is also irrelevant,
since mere disagreement does not in itself signal an unwillingness to negotiate
further.”). “Ongoing negotiations, even when the parties disagree, do not trigger a
party’s obligation to demand appraisal.” Id. at 408. “Nor does an insurer’s offer

                                         18
of money to cover damages necessarily indicate a refusal to negotiate further, or to
recognize additional damages upon reinspection.” Id. (citing Scottish Union &
Nat’l Ins. Co., 71 Tex. 5, 8 S.W. at 632).

      Liberty Mutual paid policy limits under subsection (2) of “COVERAGE A
(DWELLING)” in November 2008, after which the Nassars filed suit in February
2009. Following service, the parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment in
2009 and 2010 to determine whether fence damage was covered under subsection
(1) or subsection (2) of “COVERAGE A (DWELLING).”                    The trial court
resolved this issue in Liberty Mutual’s favor in a summary judgment order signed
in July 2010. This resolution left the amount of covered loss under subsection (1)
still to be determined.

      When Liberty Mutual moved to compel appraisal, it asserted that (1) “[t]he
one issue remaining is the cost of repair of the dwelling;” and (2) “[s]ince the order
granting summary judgment, the parties have engaged in settlement discussions to
no avail.” Liberty Mutual later asserted it had received estimates of covered loss to
the dwelling from the Nassars in April 2011. According to Liberty Mutual, the
parties began settlement discussions at that point “which continued through 2012 .
. . .” Liberty Mutual filed the motion to compel appraisal “[w]hen it became clear
that the parties would not be able to resolve the case . . . .”

      The Nassars’ responses to the motion to compel appraisal and the second
summary judgment motion raised a variety of arguments in opposition to appraisal;
however, those responses did not dispute Liberty Mutual’s contentions regarding
the timing of when an impasse was reached. Their appellate briefing likewise does
not dispute the chronology relating to an impasse. On this record, therefore, we
reject the Nassars’ contention that Liberty Mutual waived application of the
policy’s appraisal provision through delay. See In re Universal Underwriters of

                                            19
Tex. Ins. Co., 345 S.W.3d at 408-10.

        Without citation to authority, the Nassars also contend that Liberty Mutual
waived its right to invoke appraisal by taking “full advantage of the legal
proceedings” before the trial court “to obtain benefits that could not be obtained in
appraisal, including the filing of motions for summary judgment.” They continue:
“After [Liberty Mutual] . . . invoked protection of the Court, [it] . . . sought an
inconsistent position denying the Court’s power.”                     Insofar as the Nassars are
reasserting waiver by delay, we reject this contention for reasons already discussed
above. Additionally, we discern no inconsistency arising from the trial court’s use
of an orderly procedure in which it determined a threshold coverage question by
summary judgment, followed by an appraisal process to settle the remaining
valuation questions under the applicable coverage.

        Finally, we reject the Nassars’ contention that Liberty Mutual waived its
appraisal rights under the policy and is foreclosed from invoking appraisal because
it “breached the insuring agreement by failing to promptly pay the damages due
Appellants under the policy.” This appears to be another iteration of the Nassars’
position that subsection (1) of “COVERAGE A (DWELLING)” applies to their
fence damage rather than subsection (2); this coverage issue has been resolved
against the Nassars. In any event, this contention and the existence of a threshold
coverage dispute provide no basis for concluding that Liberty Mutual intended to
relinquish a mechanism provided under the policy for determining the value of a
covered loss. See In re State Farm Lloyds, Inc., 170 S.W.3d 629, 634-35 (Tex.
App.—El Paso 2005, orig. proceeding).4

        4
          In light of this resolution, we do not address any contention that the Nassars were prejudiced by
an asserted delay in invoking the appraisal process.

                                                    20
      B.     Other Arguments for Setting Aside the Appraisal Award

      The Nassars raise additional challenges on appeal to enforceability of the
appraisal award implemented via the trial court’s final summary judgment order.
We address these contentions in light of this court’s teaching in Franco, 154
S.W.3d at 786.

      “The effect of an appraisal provision is to estop one party from contesting
the issue of damages in a suit on the insurance contract, leaving only the question
of liability for the court.” Id. “Because every reasonable presumption will be
indulged to sustain an appraisal award, the burden of proof is on the party seeking
to avoid the award.” Id. “[T]he results of an otherwise binding appraisal may be
disregarded: (1) when the award was made without authority; (2) when the award
was made as a result of fraud, accident, or mistake; or (3) when the award was not
in compliance with the requirements of the policy.” Id.

             1.    Fraud or Mistake

      The Nassars assert that the appraisal award was tainted by fraud or mistake
because “Liberty Mutual intentionally submitted a lower adjustment report to Ms.
Johnson from the one they initially produced to Appellants . . . .” The reference to
“the one they initially produced to Appellants” apparently refers to a document
created by Randall Taylor in August 2009, which contains price estimates for
various repairs to the Nassars’ dwelling under subsection (1) of “COVERAGE A
(DWELLING).”        The record indicates that the August 2009 price estimates
contained in this document were prepared in the course of litigation and in
connection with an unsuccessful mediation conducted in August 2009. There is no
basis in this record to conclude that Taylor’s earlier price estimates were submitted
as part of an appraisal process ordered in 2012, or that any differences between the
earlier document and Taylor’s subsequent appraisal submission amount to fraud or
                                         21
mistake. The Nassars cite no authority for the proposition that differences between
repair estimates proffered in mediation and later repair estimates proffered during a
formal appraisal process can be treated as indicators of fraud or mistake for
purposes of upending an appraisal award. Cf. Tex. R. Evid. 408 (“Evidence of
conduct or statements made in compromise negotiations is likewise not
admissible.”).

             2.    Scope

      The Nassars contend that the appraisal award exceeded its permissible scope
because (1) “Taylor accounted for causation in the report he submitted for
appraisal,” and (2) “[t]he appraisal process is limited to amount of loss and is not
permitted to address issues of causation.” Even if this first assertion is assumed to
be true, the Nassars’ contention fails because their second assertion is a
considerable overstatement.

      “Even if the parties’ dispute involves causation, that does not prove whether
it is a question of liability or damages.” State Farm Lloyds v. Johnson, 290
S.W.3d 886, 891 (Tex. 2009). “Causation relates to both liability and damages
because it is the connection between them.” Id. at 891-92. “[W]hen different
types of damage occur to different items of property, appraisers may have to
decide the damage caused by each before the courts can decide liability.” Id. at
892. “The same is true when the causation question involves separating loss due to
a covered event from a property’s pre-existing condition.” Id. “Indeed, appraisers
must always consider causation, at least as an initial matter.” Id. at 893. “An
appraisal is for damages caused by a specific occurrence, not every repair a home
might need.” Id. In light of this teaching, the Nassars cannot set aside this
appraisal award merely by contending that Taylor “accounted for causation.”

                                         22
             3.    The Nassars’ Request for an Award in Their Favor

      The Nassars also contend that they are “entitled to damages on the umpire
award because the award has amounts different than those already paid.” Among
other things, the Nassars contend that the appraisal award should have included a
$58,000 award for fence damages. Although not entirely clear from their briefing,
the Nassars appear to ask this court to render judgment in their favor on appeal for
an additional $89,516.70 to which they contend they are entitled beyond the
amounts contained in the appraisal award.

      As discussed above, the Nassars cannot obtain amounts for fence repairs
under the higher policy limits applicable to subsection (1) of “COVERAGE A
(DWELLING)” because subsection (1) does not apply to the Nassars’ claims for
fence damage. Insofar as the Nassars seek to attack this coverage determination by
disputing the appraisal award, we reject any such effort.

      The procedural grounds for the remainder of the Nassars’ requested relief on
appeal are not clear from their briefing. The Nassars do not identify a basis upon
which this court permissibly could render judgment in their favor in the requested
additional amount of $89,561.70. Although the Nassars opposed Liberty Mutual’s
second motion for summary judgment seeking to enforce the appraisal award, the
Nassars did not file their own cross-motion for summary judgment in connection
with the award seeking judgment in their favor for additional amounts.            The
Nassars filed a separate “Motion to Reinstate and to Enter Judgment on Appraisal
Award” in the trial court; it is unclear whether the trial court ruled on this motion,
and in any event, the Nassars do not challenge on appeal any disposition of this
motion that the trial court may have made. Nor do the Nassars contend on appeal
that their claimed entitlement to additional damages is a basis for disregarding the
appraisal award under one of the grounds recognized in Franco, 154 S.W.3d at

                                         23
786. Accordingly, we conclude that the Nassars’ arguments provide no basis for
overcoming the presumption and disturbing a binding appraisal award.

      We overrule the Nassars’ second issue.

                                  CONCLUSION

      We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                      /s/     William J. Boyce
                                              Justice

Panel consists of Chief Justice Frost, and Justices Boyce and McCally. (Frost,
C.J., dissenting).

                                        24