Court Opinion

ID: 995899
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-07-04 00:43:39.145129+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:42:21.836901
License: Public Domain

UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.                                                               No. 97-4745

RONALD LEE JONES,
Defendant-Appellant.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.                                                               No. 97-4746

JACKIE MCGEORGE,
Defendant-Appellant.

Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Alexandria.
T. S. Ellis, III, District Judge.
(CR-97-109)

Argued: June 5, 1998

Decided: August 14, 1998

Before WIDENER, ERVIN, and WILLIAMS, Circuit Judges.

_________________________________________________________________

Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion. Judge Widener con-
curred in the result.

_________________________________________________________________
COUNSEL

ARGUED: J. Casey Forrester, ECONOMOU, FORRESTER &
RAY, Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellant Jones; Gregory Bruce
English, ENGLISH & SMITH, Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellant
McGeorge. Gary Edward Jackson, SECURITIES & EXCHANGE
COMMISSION, Washington, D.C., for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Helen
F. Fahey, United States Attorney, Michael E. Rich, Assistant United
States Attorney, Gary E. Jackson, Special Assistant United States
Attorney, Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellee.

_________________________________________________________________

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).

_________________________________________________________________

OPINION

PER CURIAM:

Brothers Ronald Jones and Jackie McGeorge were both convicted
of conspiracy to possess cocaine hydrochloride (cocaine) with intent
to distribute in violation of 21 U.S.C.A. § 846 (West Supp. 1998), and
possession of cocaine with intent to distribute in violation of 21
U.S.C.A. § 841(a)(1) (West 1981). Jones was sentenced to 343
months imprisonment and McGeorge was sentenced to 134 months
imprisonment. On appeal, both Jones and McGeorge challenge their
convictions and sentences. Jones contends that his conspiracy convic-
tion violated the Double Jeopardy Clause, that the introduction of evi-
dence from a prior conviction violated Federal Rule of Evidence
404(b), and that he was entitled to a downward departure under the
Sentencing Guidelines. McGeorge contends that the indictment vio-
lated the terms of his plea agreement in a related case, that the intro-
duction of evidence from Jones's prior conviction violated Federal
Rule of Evidence 404(b), and that he should not have been sentenced
under Criminal History Category III. Finding no reversible error, we
affirm Appellants' convictions and sentences.

                    2
I.

Sometime prior to March 1, 1996, Doris Lynch contacted Sam
Barnhardt about purchasing two kilograms of cocaine. Shortly there-
after, John Barnhardt, Sam Barnhardt's son and a government infor-
mant, attempted to telephone Lynch to arrange the transaction. When
Jones, rather than Lynch, answered the phone, Barnhardt began nego-
tiating the sale of the two kilograms of cocaine with him. After sev-
eral more calls between Barnhardt and either Jones or Lynch, they
eventually agreed to meet at a Cracker Barrel restaurant in Prince
William County, Virginia.

On March 12, 1996, two undercover agents and Barnhardt arrived
at the agreed upon Cracker Barrel restaurant. Jones, McGeorge, and
Lynch arrived with approximately $38,000 about fifteen minutes
later. After Barnhardt counted the money, he handed the cocaine to
McGeorge. During the exchange, which was recorded, Jones told one
of the agents that "he had been conducting his business through the
airways by the use of females, and that he was glad to meet [the
agents] because he could finally get his business out of the air and on
to the ground." (J.A. at 346.) As the three attempted to drive off with
the 2.2 kilograms of cocaine, they were stopped and arrested by
undercover agents.

On March 22, 1996, McGeorge pleaded guilty to possession with
intent to distribute two kilograms of cocaine and using a firearm dur-
ing a drug trafficking offense. Similarly, Lynch pleaded guilty to pos-
session with intent to distribute two kilograms of cocaine. Jones,
however, opted for a trial and was found guilty of conspiracy to pos-
sess with intent to distribute (the Cracker Barrel conspiracy) as well
as substantive drug and firearm counts.

Both McGeorge and Lynch testified against Jones in the Cracker
Barrel conspiracy trial pursuant to written plea agreements. Although
McGeorge denied any involvement in any other drug transactions,
Lynch told the Government that she had been engaged with Jones and
McGeorge in an earlier drug conspiracy. According to Lynch, she and
other women flew to Florida to purchase cocaine for Jones and Mc-
George. Based on the information provided by Lynch, the Govern-
ment began investigating her allegations of a prior conspiracy.

                    3
The Government's subsequent investigation revealed the follow-
ing. Around August of 1995, Jones asked Lynch if she had any con-
nections in Florida for purchasing cocaine. Lynch said that she did
have a connection, but that she could not remember his phone num-
ber. After contacting a mutual friend, Lynch obtained the phone num-
ber of her source, Gregory Simms. Shortly thereafter, Lynch
contacted Simms and asked if he was still in the business of selling
cocaine. When Simms said that he was, Lynch offered to purchase
one or two kilos of cocaine.

Lynch informed Jones, who was in Florida, that she had "touched
ground" with her source in Florida. Shortly thereafter, McGeorge cal-
led Lynch and asked how much money she would need to fly to Flor-
ida to meet with Jones and her source. After agreeing upon $500, Mc-
George wired her the money. Once in Florida, Lynch, Jones, and
Simms met at the Ramada Inn near the airport to discuss the transac-
tion. Eventually, all three left in Simms's car to pick up the cocaine.

The cocaine was placed in plastic bags and stuffed into Lynch's
biker shorts, pantyhose, and girdle. Simms took Jones and Lynch to
the airport where they caught a flight to Charlotte, North Carolina.
Once in Charlotte, McGeorge and a woman met them. Lynch got into
the car with the other woman and Jones got into the car with Mc-
George. Upon their arrival in Virginia, Lynch gave the drugs to Mc-
George. Thereafter, until around the last week of February, either
Lynch or some other woman would fly to Florida on a weekly basis
to purchase cocaine for Jones and McGeorge.

On March 13, 1997, a federal grand jury indicted Jones and Mc-
George on one count of conspiracy to possess cocaine with intent to
distribute (the Florida conspiracy) in violation of 21 U.S.C.A. § 846
(West Supp. 1998), and on fourteen counts of possessing cocaine with
intent to distribute in violation of 21 U.S.C.A.§ 841(a)(1) (West
1981). Prior to trial, Jones filed a motion to dismiss the conspiracy
count on the grounds that it violated the Double Jeopardy Clause. In
addition, Jones filed a motion in limine to exclude certain evidence
from his trial in the Cracker Barrel case. McGeorge filed a motion to
dismiss the indictment on the grounds that it violated his plea agree-
ment in the Cracker Barrel case. In addition, McGeorge adopted the
motion by Jones to exclude certain evidence from Jones's prior trial.

                    4
After hearing arguments on the matter, the district court denied all of
the Appellants' motions.

Jones was tried by a jury; McGeorge had a bench trial. Both Appel-
lants were convicted of Counts one, four through nine, and eleven
through fifteen.1 Both Jones and McGeorge were sentenced on August
15, 1997. After the Government filed a motion for reconsideration,
both Appellants were resentenced. Jones was sentenced to 343
months imprisonment on each count, the sentences to run concurrent
with each other, and concurrent with the sentence he received on his
prior drug-related convictions and consecutive to the sixty month sen-
tence he received on his prior firearm conviction. McGeorge was sen-
tenced to 134 months imprisonment on each count, the sentences to
run concurrent with each other, and concurrent with the sentence he
received on his prior conspiracy conviction and consecutive to the
sixty month sentence he received on his prior firearm conviction.

On appeal, both Jones and McGeorge challenge their convictions
and sentences. Jones contends (1) that his conspiracy conviction vio-
lated the Double Jeopardy Clause, (2) that the introduction of evi-
dence from the Cracker Barrel case violated Federal Rule of Evidence
404(b), and (3) that he was entitled to a downward departure from the
Sentencing Guidelines. McGeorge contends (1) that the indictment
violated the terms of his plea agreement in the Cracker Barrel case,
(2) that the introduction of evidence from Jones's prior conviction
violated Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b), and (3) that he should not
have been sentenced under Criminal History Category III.

II.

Jones first contends that the Government did not prove that he was
a part of two separate agreements to distribute cocaine. Instead, Jones
argues that there was only one continuing agreement among himself,
McGeorge, and Lynch to obtain cocaine for distribution in the Eastern
District of Virginia. Because he had already been convicted for that
conspiracy in the Cracker Barrel case, Jones contends that his prose-
_________________________________________________________________
1 Count ten was dismissed due to a typographical error in the indict-
ment. Counts two and three were dismissed at the request of the prosecu-
tion.

                    5
cution for the so-called Florida conspiracy violated the Double Jeop-
ardy Clause. This Circuit reviews a double jeopardy claim de novo.
See United States v. Imngren, 98 F.3d 811, 813 (4th Cir. 1996).

The Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment provides:
"[N]or shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice
put in jeopardy of life or limb." U.S. Const. amend. V. The Double
Jeopardy Clause, among other things, protects individuals against suf-
fering multiple punishments for the same offense. See United States
v. Dixon, 509 U.S. 688, 696 (1993). The Fourth Circuit has adopted
a multi-pronged "totality of the circumstances" test to determine
whether two successive conspiracy counts charge the"same offense"
within the meaning of the Double Jeopardy Clause. See United States
v. MacDougall, 790 F.2d 1135, 1144 (4th Cir. 1986). Under this test,
we consider five factors:

          (1) the time periods covered by the alleged conspiracies; (2)
          the places where the conspiracies are alleged to have
          occurred; (3) the persons charged as co-conspirators; (4) the
          overt acts alleged to have been committed in furtherance of
          the conspiracies, or any other descriptions of the offenses
          charged which indicate the nature and scope of the activities
          being prosecuted; and (5) the substantive statutes alleged to
          have been violated.

United States v. Ragins, 840 F.2d 1184, 1189 (4th Cir. 1988). With
these principles in mind, we conclude, for the reasons that follow, that
Jones's conviction on the conspiracy count did not violate the Double
Jeopardy Clause.

The first factor relates to the time period covered by the conspira-
cies. The Cracker Barrel conspiracy covered conduct from March 1,
1996 through March 12, 1996. The indictment in the Florida conspir-
acy covered conduct beginning in the summer of 1995 and ending in
March of 1996.2 According to the Government, there was only a
_________________________________________________________________
2 Even though the overt acts charged in the Cracker Barrel conspiracy
occurred subsequent to the overt acts charged in the Florida conspiracy,
the Cracker Barrel conspiracy was tried prior to the Florida conspiracy,
which is the subject of this appeal.

                    6
slight overlap between the two conspiracies. In truth, the entire time
period covered by the Cracker Barrel conspiracy was included in the
time period covered by the Florida conspiracy. Despite the overlap in
time, this one factor is not determinative. See United States v. McHan,
966 F.2d 134, 138 (4th Cir. 1992) (noting that the five factors should
be applied flexibly, with no pre-assigned weight given to any factor).
Indeed, in a similar case we found no violation of the Double Jeop-
ardy Clause even though "the time period of the second conspiracy
. . . included the first conspiracy." United States v. Hoyte, 51 F.3d
1239, 1246 (4th Cir. 1995).

The second factor involves the location of the conspiracies. In the
Cracker Barrel conspiracy, Jones was charged with participating in a
conspiracy to purchase cocaine in Prince William County, Virginia.
In the Florida conspiracy, Jones was charged with participating in a
conspiracy to purchase cocaine in Florida. With that having been said,
we note that the object of both conspiracies was to distribute drugs
in the Eastern District of Virginia. Nevertheless, we have found no
violation of the Double Jeopardy Clause even though the second con-
spiracy charged involved the sale of drugs at the same location as the
first conspiracy charged. See id.

The third factor is whether the conspiracies involved the same indi-
viduals. Both conspiracies involved Jones, McGeorge, and Lynch.
The Cracker Barrel conspiracy, however, also involved a government
informant, Barnhardt. The Florida conspiracy added a new defendant,
Simms, as well as several unindicted coconspirators who were used
as drug couriers, Yolanda Reynolds, Gayle Black, and Luwan Jack-
son. As such, the conspiracies involved different individuals.

The fourth factor is whether the overt acts charged in the two con-
spiracies are different. We conclude that they are. The Cracker Barrel
conspiracy involved a limited number of overt acts, all related to the
purchase of cocaine at a Cracker Barrel restaurant. The Florida con-
spiracy involved numerous overt acts, all related to the purchase of
cocaine in Florida. As a result, the conduct alleged in the Cracker
Barrel conspiracy did not constitute "the entirety of the agreement"
alleged in the Florida conspiracy. United States v. Jarvis, 7 F.3d 404,
412 (4th Cir. 1993) (finding that a subsequent prosecution violated
the Double Jeopardy Clause where the conduct alleged in the first

                    7
indictment "constituted the entirety of agreement"). Of even greater
import, the nature and scope of the conspiracies were very different.
The Florida conspiracy involved not only the importation of cocaine
from Florida, but an elaborate smuggling operation. As Jones himself
admitted, the Cracker Barrel conspiracy was distinct from his prior
drug operation. (J.A. at 346 (telling an undercover agent that "he had
been conducting his business through the airways by the use of
females, and that he was glad to meet with [the agents] because he
could finally get his business out of the air and on to the ground").)
When a second conspiracy has a different goal than the first conspir-
acy, as was the case here, a second prosecution is not barred by the
Double Jeopardy Clause. See, e.g., United States v. Guzman, 852 F.2d
1117, 1120 (9th Cir. 1988) (so holding).

The final factor is whether the substantive statutes charged are
identical. In both cases, Jones was charged with conspiracy to possess
cocaine with intent to distribute. In the Cracker Barrel conspiracy,
however, Jones was also charged with being a felon in possession, see
18 U.S.C.A. § 922(g) (West Supp. 1988), and using or carrying a fire-
arm during and in relation to a drug trafficking offense, see 18
U.S.C.A. § 924(c) (West Supp. 1998).

After applying the five-part test of United States v. Ragins, 840
F.2d 1184, 1188 (4th Cir. 1988), we conclude that Jones's conviction
for the Cracker Barrel conspiracy did not bar his prosecution for the
Florida conspiracy. Despite some overlap in time between the two
conspiracies, the Florida conspiracy charged a broader group of activ-
ities, had different objectives, involved different locations and partici-
pants, and covered different lengths of time. Indeed, the facts in the
instant case are nearly identical to those in Hoyte, where this Court
found no violation of the Double Jeopardy Clause. Accordingly, the
district court did not err in refusing to dismiss the conspiracy count.

III.

McGeorge contends that the charges in the current indictment arose
out of the same criminal conduct covered by his prior plea agreement.
Because his prior plea agreement provided that he would not be fur-
ther prosecuted in the Eastern District of Virginia"for offenses aris-
ing from the conduct charged in the Information," McGeorge argues

                     8
that the current indictment should have been dismissed. Judicial inter-
pretations of plea agreements are guided by the law of contracts. See
United States v. Martin, 25 F.3d 211, 216-17 (4th Cir. 1994).
Breaches of plea agreements must be proven by the party alleging a
breach. See id. Because the case involves an interpretation of the plea
agreement, our review is de novo. See id.

McGeorge's plea agreement provided, among other things, that the
United States would

          not further criminally prosecute defendant in the Eastern
          District of Virginia for offenses arising from conduct
          charged in the information, except crimes of violence pres-
          ently unknown to the United States. This plea agreement
          binds only the United States Attorney's Office for the East-
          ern District of Virginia and the defendant; it does not bind
          any other prosecutor in any other jurisdiction.

(J.A. at 186 (emphasis added).) For the reasons that follow, we con-
clude that McGeorge received the benefit of his bargain.

McGeorge was promised that he would not be further prosecuted
for offenses arising from conduct charged in the first information. See
Santobello v. New York, 404 U.S. 257, 261-62 (1971) (providing that
the Government must comply with promises it makes in a plea agree-
ment). The only conduct charged in the first information was the pur-
chase of cocaine from an undercover agent in the parking lot of a
Cracker Barrel restaurant in Prince William County, Virginia. The
charges in the second indictment did not arise from that conduct, but
dealt only with the importation of cocaine from Florida. Moreover, as
noted above, application of the five-part Ragins test establishes that
the conduct underlying the instant offense is not the same conduct
that gave rise to the information to which McGeorge pleaded guilty.
Therefore, the instant prosecution was not barred by the plea agree-
ment McGeorge had previously entered.

IV.

Next, both Appellants contend that the district court erred in admit-
ting evidence from Jones's first trial. In particular, they argue that

                    9
Jones's statement to the undercover agents during their meeting at the
Cracker Barrel that "he had been conducting his business through the
airways by the use of females, and that he was glad to meet [the
agents] because he could finally get his business out of the air and on
to the ground," (J.A. at 346), only proved his bad character and
should have been excluded pursuant to Rule 404(b) of the Federal
Rules of Evidence. Even if admissible under Rule 404(b), both Appel-
lants argue that the statement was more prejudicial than probative
and, therefore, inadmissible under Rule 403 of the Federal Rules of
Evidence. A district court's evidentiary rulings are reviewed under the
narrow abuse of discretion standard. See United States v. Grimmond,
137 F.3d 823, 831 (4th Cir. 1998).

Rule 404(b) provides that "[e]vidence of other crimes, wrongs, or
acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to
show action in conformity therewith." Fed. R. Evid. 404(b). The
Appellants' reliance upon this rule is misplaced, however. Jones's ref-
erence to "his business [in the] air" is direct evidence of the existence
of the Florida conspiracy in which both Jones and McGeorge were
alleged to have participated. When the Government introduces evi-
dence not as "evidence of other crimes," but direct evidence of the
charged crime, Rule 404(b) does not apply. See United States v.
Loayza, 107 F.3d 257, 263-64 (4th Cir. 1997) (holding that evidence
of defendant's participation in a scheme to defraud during a later time
period not covered by the indictment was direct evidence of the
charged offense, not 404(b) evidence); United States v. Trong Cuong,
18 F.3d 1132, 1142 (4th Cir. 1994) (noting that the government was
introducing evidence that the defendant unlawfully prescribed con-
trolled substances not as 404(b) evidence, but instead as direct evi-
dence to prove the crime charged in the indictment).

Although not excluded by Rule 404(b), Jones's statement may nev-
ertheless be excluded if "its probative value is substantially out-
weighed by the danger of unfair prejudice." Fed. R. Evid. 403. As to
Jones, the statement in this case was an admission to participating in
the charged conspiracy. In Old Chief v. United States, 117 S. Ct. 644
(1997), the Supreme Court recently noted that the"term `unfair preju-
dice' . . . speaks to the capacity of some concededly relevant evidence
to lure the factfinder into declaring guilt on a ground different from
proof specific to the offense charged." Id. at 650. Jones's statement

                     10
was "proof specific to the offense charged." See id. Accordingly, it
could not have lured the factfinder into declaring Jones's guilt on an
impermissible ground.

McGeorge's claim that Rule 403 barred admission of Jones's state-
ment in his trial is also without merit. McGeorge opted for a bench
trial. We have previously held that, in the context of a bench trial, evi-
dence should not be excluded under Rule 403 on the grounds of unfair
prejudice because a judge is better able to weigh the probative value
of the evidence and to reject any improper inferences. See Schultz v.
Butcher, 24 F.3d 626, 631-32 (4th Cir. 1994). Thus, the district court
did not abuse its discretion in admitting the statement pursuant to
Rule 403 in either Jones's jury trial or McGeorge's bench trial.

V.

Jones contends that the district court erred in failing to recognize
its power to depart from the Sentencing Guidelines to account for suc-
cessive prosecutions for the same relevant conduct. A district court's
refusal to grant a downward departure is reviewable only when the
district court mistakenly thought it lacked the power to depart. See
United States v. Broughton-Jones, 71 F.3d 1143, 1145 (4th Cir. 1995)
(citing United States v. Bayerle, 898 F.2d 28, 30-31 (4th Cir. 1990)).
Here, the district court found that it could not legally depart from the
Sentencing Guidelines. As a result, the district court's decision not to
depart is reviewable.

It is well established that a sentencing court may depart from the
applicable guideline range where "the court finds that there exists an
aggravating or mitigating circumstance of a kind, or to a degree, not
adequately taken into consideration by the Sentencing Commission."
18 U.S.C.A. § 3553(b) (West Supp. 1998). In determining "whether
a potential basis for departure was adequately considered by the [Sen-
tencing] Commission . . ., a sentencing court must focus on whether
the factor is taken into account by the guidelines, policy statements,
or commentary." United States v. Barber, 119 F.3d 276, 280 (4th Cir.)
(en banc), cert. denied, 118 S. Ct. 457 (1997); see also United States
v. Brock, 108 F.3d 31, 33 (4th Cir. 1997).

                     11
Here, Jones contends that the district court should have departed on
the grounds that he faced successive prosecutions. The Sentencing
Guidelines, however, adequately have taken "successive" prosecu-
tions into account. As the Supreme Court recently noted, the Sentenc-
ing Guidelines "explicitly contemplate the possibility of separate
prosecutions involving the same or overlapping `relevant conduct.'"
Witte v. United States, 515 U.S. 389, 404 (1995). Specifically,
"§ 5G1.3 of the Guidelines attempts to achieve some coordination of
sentences imposed in such situations with an eye toward having such
punishments approximate the total penalty that would have been
imposed had the sentences for the different offenses been imposed at
the same time (i.e., had all of the offenses been prosecuted in a single
proceeding)." Id. (emphasis added). Here, Jones was sentenced to 343
months imprisonment on each count, the sentences to run concurrent
with each other, and concurrent with the sentence he received on
Counts one, two, and four of his prior conviction and consecutive to
the sixty month sentence he received on Count three of his prior con-
viction. Had Jones been charged with all his conduct in one case, he
would have received a sentence of at least 360 months imprisonment
on each drug-related count.3 Thus, Jones actually received a lighter
sentence because he was subjected to successive prosecutions.
Accordingly, the district court did not abuse its discretion in declining
to depart on that basis.

VI.

Finally, McGeorge contends that the district court erred when it
concluded that he was in Criminal History Category III. To give due
deference to a district court's application of the Sentencing Guide-
lines, we review factual determinations for clear error and legal ques-
tions de novo. See United States v. Blake, 81 F.3d 498, 503 (4th Cir.
1996).
_________________________________________________________________
3 Had Jones been charged with all his conduct in one case, he would
have faced a statutory maximum of life. See 21 U.S.C.A.
§ 841(b)(1)(A)(ii). Under the Career Offender Guideline, a statutory
maximum of life translates into a base offense level of 37. See U.S.S.G.
§ 4B1.1 (1997). With a total offense level of 37 and a criminal history
category of VI, Jones's guideline range would be 360 months to life. See
U.S.S.G. Ch.5, Pt.A. (Sentencing Table).

                     12
The instructions for computing a defendant's Criminal History
score are located in U.S.S.G. §§ 4A1.1 & 4A1.2 (1997). Under
§ 4A1.1, criminal history points are given for each "prior sentence of
imprisonment."4 A "prior sentence" is defined by the Guidelines as
"any sentence previously imposed . . . for conduct not part of the
instant offense." U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(a)(1). The presentence report
assigned McGeorge a Criminal History score of 4, which placed him
in Criminal History Category III. Three points were based on his prior
Cracker Barrel conviction, and one point was based on a previous
DWI conviction.

McGeorge seems to rely on the chronology of events in making his
argument. As the conspiracy charged in this case did not end until
March of 1996 and the incident underlying the Cracker Barrel con-
spiracy occurred in March of 1996, McGeorge argues that his crimi-
nal history score should not include his sentence for the subsequent
Cracker Barrel conviction. The commentary to § 4A1.2 explicitly
addresses this issue. Application Note 1 provides as follows:

          Prior Sentence. "Prior sentence" means a sentence
          imposed prior to sentencing on the instant offense, other
          than a sentence for conduct that is part of the instant offense.
          See § 4A1.2(a). A sentence imposed after the defendant's
          commencement of the instant offense, but prior to sentenc-
          ing on the instant offense, is a prior sentence if it was for
          conduct other than conduct that was part of the instant
          offense.

U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2 (n. 1). As the commentary just quoted makes clear,
it is the chronology of sentencing, rather than the chronology of the
crimes, that is controlling. In a similar case, the Second Circuit made
the following observation:

          [Defendant] contends that th[e Sentencing Guidelines] pre-
          clude[ ] the district court from counting a prior sentence
          imposed for conduct that occurred after the conduct for the
          instant offense had commenced, but in doing so, he reads
_________________________________________________________________
4 The number of points given is dependent on the length of the prior
sentence. See U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(a)-(c).

                    13
          into the guideline that which is not there. Section
          4A1.2(e)(1) is not directed at the chronology of the conduct,
          but the chronology of the sentencing.

United States v. Espinal, 981 F.2d 664, 668 (2d Cir. 1992); see also
United States v. Walling, 936 F.2d 469, 471 (10th Cir. 1991) (estab-
lishing "the chronology of sentencing rather than the commission of
the crimes as controlling"); United States v. Hoy, 932 F.2d 1343, 1345
(9th Cir. 1991) (same). A prior sentence may properly be included in
a criminal history calculation notwithstanding the fact that it resulted
from conduct that occurred after the conduct for which the defendant
is being sentenced. Therefore, the district court properly found that
McGeorge was in Criminal History Category III.

In the alternative, McGeorge asserts that the sentence in the
Cracker Barrel case was "for conduct that is part of the instant
offense," U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2 (n.1), and therefore should not have been
counted. McGeorge raised this argument at sentencing, but the district
court found that the prior sentence was not for conduct that was part
of the instant offense and therefore sentenced McGeorge under Crimi-
nal History Category III.

The resolution of this issue turns on the resolution of McGeorge's
first argument on appeal. Specifically, McGeorge's first argument --
that the current indictment violated his plea agreement in the Cracker
Barrel case -- turned on whether the conduct underlying the instant
offense was the same conduct that gave rise to the Cracker Barrel
conviction. In concluding that the current indictment did not violate
his plea agreement, we found that the conduct was not the same.
Since the conduct was not the same, the district court did not err in
assigning McGeorge three criminal history points for the Cracker
Barrel conviction. See U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(a)(2) (providing that crimi-
nal history points be given for "any sentence previously imposed . . .
for conduct not part of the instant offense").

                    14
VII.

For the foregoing reasons, Jones's and McGeorge's convictions
and sentences are affirmed.

AFFIRMED

WIDENER, Circuit Judge, concurring:

I concur in the result.

                     15