Court Opinion

ID: 4043215
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-28 23:17:26.340315+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:29:59.516310
License: Public Domain

ACCEPTED
                                                                        13-14-00097-cv
                                                          THIRTEENTH COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                CORPUS CHRISTI, TEXAS
                                                                   1/20/2015 2:05:34 PM
                                                                      DORIAN RAMIREZ
                                                                                 CLERK

                        No. 13-14-00097-CV

                                               FILED IN
                                       13th COURT OF APPEALS
                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                                    CORPUS CHRISTI/EDINBURG, TEXAS
        FOR   THE THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF1/20/2015
                                          TEXAS2:05:34 PM
                     CORPUS CHRISTI      DORIAN E. RAMIREZ
                                                Clerk

                          PHI, INC.
                          Appellant,

                              v.

                     DEREK LeBLANC,
                         Appellee

                APPELLANT’S REPLY BRIEF

    APPEAL FROM THE 24th JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
            OF CALHOUN COUNTY, TEXAS
HONORABLE JUERGEN “SKIPPER” KOETTER, PRESIDING JUDGE

                                   Steven D. Sanfelippo
                                   State Bar No. 24027827
                                   M. Ross Cunningham
                                   State Bar No. 24007062
                                   ssanfelippo@cunninghamswaim.com
                                   rcunningham@cunninghamswaim.com
                                   CUNNINGHAM SWAIM, LLP
                                   7557 Rambler Road, Suite 200
                                   Dallas, Texas 75231
                                   Telephone: 214.646.1495
                                   Facsimile: 214.613.1163
                                           TABLE OF CONTENTS

INDEX OF AUTHORITIES.....................................................................................iv 
SUMMARY OF REPLY ........................................................................................... 1 
REPLY ....................................................................................................................... 2 
     I.  The evidence was legally insufficient—or at a minimum factually
         insufficient—to support a finding that PHI proximately caused
         LeBlanc’s injuries. ......................................................................................... 2 
           A.  Evidence regarding the force of the actual landing was not
               sufficient to provide the jury with a framework for determining
               which, if any, of LeBlanc’s injuries were caused by the rollover
               and subsequent water events. ..................................................................2 
           B.  LeBlanc admits that the evidence, when measured against the
               instructions given, was insufficient to support a finding that any
               act or omission of PHI caused Leblanc’s injuries. ..................................3 
                 1.     Leblanc failed to properly object to the trial court’s
                        definition of “occurrence in question,” and therefore
                        evidentiary sufficiency is measured in light of the trial
                        court’s instructions to the jury. ........................................................4 
                 2.     Even if the issue were not waived, LeBlanc’s injuries
                        resulted from two separate occurrences, and were not the
                        type of “indivisible injury” that would allow him to shift the
                        causation burden of proof to PHI. ....................................................5 
                 3.     LeBlanc did not introduce any evidence that the injuries he
                        sustained as a result of the rollover and subsequent events
                        were incapable of being divided from the injuries sustained
                        as a result of the violent descent and emergency landing
                        caused by the tail assembly failure. .................................................7 
           C.  In light of LeBlanc’s admission that the evidence is legally
               insufficient to support the causation finding under the applicable
               standard, PHI’s factual insufficiency and excessiveness issues
               are moot. If they were not, PHI would be entitled to relief on
               those issues as well. .................................................................................8 
     II.  In the alternative, the judgment should be reversed and remanded. ............. 9 

                                                              ii
           A.  The trial court erred in refusing to submit the issue of whether
               Apical’s flotation system was defectively designed. ..............................9 
           B.  Remand is required based upon additional charge error. ......................12 
           C.  The jury’s failure to find Apical negligent is against the great
               weight and preponderance of the evidence. ..........................................13 
     III.  The judgment on past medical expenses should be reversed and
           rendered. ...................................................................................................... 13 
     IV.  LeBlanc is not entitled to the windfall he would receive if PHI is not
          given the $95,000 settlement credit to which it was entitled. ..................... 15 
PRAYER .................................................................................................................. 17 
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE ....................................................................... 18 
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE ................................................................................ 19 

                                                             iii
                                   INDEX OF AUTHORITIES
Cases 
Coats v. Penrod
   61 F.3d 1113 (5th Cir. 1995) ...............................................................................6
General Chem. Corp. v. De La Lastra
   852 S.W.2d 916 (Tex. 1993) .............................................................................17
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v. Edwards
   512 S.W.2d 748 (Tex. Civ. App.−Tyler 1974, no writ) ......................................6
Green Tree Fin. Corp. v. Garcia
   988 S.W.2d 776 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1999, no pet.) ...............................12
Haygood v. De Escabedo
   356 S.W.3d 390 (Tex. 2012) .............................................................................14
In re B.L.D.
    113 S.W.3d 340 (Tex.2003) ............................................................................4, 5
Landers v. East Tex. Salt Water Disp. Co.
   248 S.W.2d 731 (Tex. 1952) ...............................................................................6
Niche Oilfield Services, LLC v. Carter
   331 S.W.3d 563 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2011) ........................ 15, 16
Osterberg v. Peca
   12 S.W.3d 31 (Tex. 2000) ...................................................................................4
Padrino Maritime, Inc. v. Rizo
   130 S.W.3d 243 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2004, no pet.) ............................17
Red Sea Gaming, Inc. v. Block Invest. (Nev.) Co.
   338 S.W.3d 562 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2010, pet. denied) .................................13
Thota v. Young
   366 S.W.3d 678 (Tex. 2012) ...........................................................................4, 5
Timpte Industries, Inc. v. Gish
   286 S.W.3d 306 (Tex. 2009) .............................................................................11
Other Authorities 
Restatement (Second) of Torts § 433A............................................................. 5, 6, 8
Codes 
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 41.0105 ................................................................14

                                                      iv
                             SUMMARY OF REPLY

      LeBlanc implicitly admits two facts that are dispositive of this appeal: (1) that

the evidence is legally insufficient to support a causation finding when evidentiary

sufficiency is measured against the charge that was actually given to the jury; and

(2) that the issue of whether Apical’s flotation system contained a design defect was

not subsumed in the negligence issue submitted to the jury. LeBlanc tries to get

around these two dispositive facts by claiming that other reasons exist to support the

judgment, but they fall woefully short of avoiding the only conclusion to be reached:

that the evidence is insufficient to support the causation finding, and that the trial

court erred in refusing to submit the design defect issue to the jury.

      There are other reasons for reversal, or at least partial reversal. For example,

PHI is entitled to relief on its factual insufficiency and charge error points. In

addition, the trial court’s past medical damages award is not supported by legally

sufficient evidence, and the trial court erred in refusing to allow PHI a $95,000

settlement credit. But these issues are moot in light of PHI’s entitlement to reversal

and rendition, or at a minimum, remand based upon the causation and design defect

issues. PHI therefore respectfully requests that the judgment be reversed and

rendered in its favor, or at a minimum, remanded for a new trial.

                                           1
                                      REPLY

I.    The evidence was legally insufficient—or at a minimum factually
      insufficient—to support a finding that PHI proximately caused LeBlanc’s
      injuries.

      LeBlanc claims the “causation finding can be upheld two independent ways”:

(1) the jury could have believed PHI’s expert’s testimony “that given the soft

landing, [LeBlanc] suffered no injuries on impact” and therefore “all the injuries

resulted from PHI’s negligence (which caused the helicopter to roll over)”; and (2)

LeBlanc’s expert “explained that the crash, inversion, and wait to be rescued

combined to cause an indivisible injury.” (Br. at 9). LeBlanc’s argument is flawed

for multiple reasons.

      A.     Evidence regarding the force of the actual landing was not
             sufficient to provide the jury with a framework for determining
             which, if any, of LeBlanc’s injuries were caused by the rollover and
             subsequent water events.

      First, LeBlanc’s “soft landing” argument is a non sequitor. The fact that one

witness hypothesized that a soft landing may not be sufficient to cause or exacerbate

a spinal or disc injury does not mean LeBlanc met his burden of proving what

actually did cause his specific injuries. On the contrary, LeBlanc testified that, as

soon as the tail rotor failed “it felt like the helicopter was out of control…lots of

vibrations and movements from left to right, up, down, just every angle you can

think of, just kind of out of control.” (5 RR 93). LeBlanc further testified that

“[i]mmediately after all of this vibration and commotion and all of that [the
                                         2
Helicopter] just took a violent nose dive and…headed straight towards the Gulf. (5

RR 93). LeBlanc provided no evidence that would negate these events from being a

cause of his injuries. As a result, the jury was left with no evidence from which it

could conclude which injuries, if any, were sustained after the landing.

       Moreover, even if LeBlanc’s “soft landing” argument were correct as to his

physical injuries, it still could not support a finding of causation as to the mental

anguish damages. If anything, it further supports the conclusion that LeBlanc’s

mental anguish was caused completely by events that occurred before the water

landing. This conclusion is supported by LeBlanc himself, who testified that while

he “thought [he] was going to die” as the Helicopter nose-dived toward the Gulf,

upon surfacing in the Gulf of Mexico, he “thank[ed] God” he was still alive. (5 CR

93, 97-98).

      B.      LeBlanc admits that the evidence, when measured against the
              instructions given, was insufficient to support a finding that any act
              or omission of PHI caused Leblanc’s injuries.

      LeBlanc does not even attempt to argue that the evidence is sufficient to

support the jury’s finding as measured against the charge actually given. Instead, he

claims that the evidence must be measured against the instruction that he claims

should have been given: “whether there is legally sufficient evidence to support the

jury’s finding of proximate cause, viewing the free fall, the inversion, and the wait

in the Gulf to be rescued as one ‘indivisible injury.’” (Br. at 18). Thus, LeBlanc

                                          3
effectively acknowledges that PHI is entitled to reversal if evidentiary sufficiency is

measured against the instructions actually given to the jury. Unfortunately for

LeBlanc, that is the applicable standard.

             1.     Leblanc failed to properly object to the trial court’s
                    definition of “occurrence in question,” and therefore
                    evidentiary sufficiency is measured in light of the trial court’s
                    instructions to the jury.

      Unless a proper objection is lodged, sufficiency of the evidence is measured

against the charge that was actually given to the jury, even if that charge was

erroneous. Osterberg v. Peca, 12 S.W.3d 31, 55 (Tex. 2000). In order to preserve

error regarding the charge, a party must specifically object in sufficient detail to

notify the trial court of the precise error. Thota v. Young, 366 S.W.3d 678, 691 (Tex.

2012); In re B.L.D., 113 S.W.3d 340, 349 (Tex.2003).

      Here, LeBlanc claims he objected to the court’s definition of “occurrence in

question.” In support of his argument, he cites to the trial court’s statement noting

that it “overruled…an objection posed by the plaintiff to the definition of the

occurrence in question”. (Br. at 13). However, LeBlanc conveniently forgets to

identify what that objection was. (Br. at 13).

      LeBlanc lodged two objections to the definition: (1) that PHI was responsible

for all of the injuries because it conducted a negligent pre-flight inspection and was

therefore responsible for the entirety of the incident; and (2) because he believed

“the actual wording” of the definition was “very problematic.” (7 RR 15-18).
                                            4
LeBlanc did not object on the ground he raises in this Court: that his injuries were

indivisible.1 As a result, LeBlanc waived his charge error complaint, and sufficiency

of the evidence is therefore weighed against the instructions actually given. Thota,
366 S.W.3d at 691; In re B.L.D., 113 S.W.3d at 349. And because LeBlanc does not

even argue that the evidence is legally sufficient under that standard, PHI is entitled

to reversal of the judgment, and rendition in its favor, or at a minimum, remand for

a new trial.

               2.    Even if the issue were not waived, LeBlanc’s injuries resulted
                     from two separate occurrences, and were not the type of
                     “indivisible injury” that would allow him to shift the
                     causation burden of proof to PHI.

       LeBlanc relies upon Restatement (Second) of Torts § 433A for the proposition

that, “[w]hen there is no basis for determining the contributions of multiple causes

to a single injury, each wrongdoer is responsible for the entire ‘indivisible’ injury.”

(Br. at 14).

       The commentary to Section 433A, however, confirms that LeBlanc’s reliance

is misplaced, as it makes abundantly clear that this principle does not apply to the

type of successive injuries at issue here. Id. at cmt. c. In cases like this, if the injuries

1
  The only other portion of the record LeBlanc relies upon is the objection he lodged
at the formal charge conference. (Br. at 13; 7 RR 198). As the record indicates,
however, at the formal charge conference LeBlanc simply objected to the definition,
but did not identify any grounds upon which the objection was based. (7 RR 198).
Thus, his complaint regarding the trial court’s definition of “occurrence in question”
is waived.
                                             5
are truly indivisible as LeBlanc now claims, then it is “the original wrongdoer [who]

is liable for the additional harm caused by the intervening negligence of the later

one, while the latter is liable only for what he has himself caused.” Id.

      The caselaw upon which LeBlanc relies is equally inapplicable. (Br. at 15). In

both cases, the negligent acts of multiple defendants combined to cause a single

event, which in turn caused the injuries. See Coats v. Penrod, 61 F.3d 1113, 1117

(5th Cir. 1995) (plaintiff injured when he was knocked to the ground by erupting

fluid)2; Landers v. East Tex. Salt Water Disp. Co., 248 S.W.2d 731, 731-32 (Tex.

1952) (Defendants’ pipeline ruptured, causing oil and salt water to damage the

plaintiff’s property). These cases only apply where the defendants’ negligence

combines to cause “a single occurrence or transaction resulting in a single indivisible

injury.” Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v. Edwards, 512 S.W.2d 748, 750 (Tex. Civ.

App.−Tyler 1974, no writ).

      Here, on the other hand, there were two occurrences: the tail assembly failure

which led to the sudden and violent nosedive of the Helicopter and subsequent water

landing, and the float system failure, which led to the overturning of the helicopter.

The record contained evidence that these two separate occurrence caused separate

injuries. Take Leblanc’s mental anguish, for example. In connection with the tail

2
  LeBlanc claims this case is governed by maritime law. (Br. at 15). LeBlanc waived
the application of maritime law, however, by expressly disavowing its application.
(1 CR 10, 26, 62, 80).
                                          6
assembly failure and subsequent rapid and violent descent of the helicopter, he

described a terrifying sequence of events in which he “thought [he] was going to

die.” (5 CR 93). In comparison, after the Helicopter reached the Gulf and he realized

he was not going to die, he remembered “thanking God” he was alive. (5 CR 97-98).

At that point, his main concern was for the safety of his cellphone. (5 CR 162-63).

As this evidence illustrates, this case does not involve a single occurrence causing

an indivisible injury, but two separate occurrences causing separate injuries.

             3.     LeBlanc did not introduce any evidence that the injuries he
                    sustained as a result of the rollover and subsequent events
                    were incapable of being divided from the injuries sustained
                    as a result of the violent descent and emergency landing
                    caused by the tail assembly failure.

      Although LeBlanc now claims on appeal that his injury was indivisible, he

did not present a shred of evidence at trial that his injury was incapable of being

apportioned between the two separate events. His reliance upon the Restatement and

the testimony of one of his experts does not solve that problem.

      According to LeBlanc, the Restatement supports a finding that his physical

injuries were incapable of being divided. (Br. at 16). The Restatement commentary

LeBlanc relies upon notes that certain kinds of harm may, by their very nature, be

incapable of practical division, such as a broken leg or a single wound. (Br. at 16).

But as the illustrations make clear, one defendant is only responsible for the entirety

                                          7
of the damage only where the actions of two or more result in a single occurrence

causing that indivisible injury. Restatement (Second) of Torts § 433A cmt i.

      LeBlanc’s reliance upon his expert’s testimony is equally flawed. While his

expert testified that all of LeBlanc’s injuries resulted from all of the events, he did

not testify that all of LeBlanc’s injuries were caused by the rollover and subsequent

events. (4 RR 173). Nor did he testify that all of LeBlanc’s injuries were incapable

of being divided between the two events. As a result, contrary to LeBlanc’s

argument, there is nothing to support a finding that his injuries were indivisible.

Thus, even if the issue had not been waived, which it unquestionably has been, the

trial court did not err in limiting the jury’s consideration to events occurring after the

water landing.

      C.      In light of LeBlanc’s admission that the evidence is legally
             insufficient to support the causation finding under the applicable
             standard, PHI’s factual insufficiency and excessiveness issues are
             moot. If they were not, PHI would be entitled to relief on those
             issues as well.

      In light of LeBlanc’s admission, this Court need not reach PHI’s factual

insufficiency and excessiveness issues. But PHI would be entitled to relief on those

issues as well.

      First, contrary to LeBlanc’s argument, the lack of evidence in the record that

PHI did not pay the filing fee for its post-trial motions is irrelevant. LeBlanc

responded to the motions and never raised the filing fee issue, and the trial court

                                            8
ruled on the motions. (7 CR 34, 94). Thus, LeBlanc’s argument is, at best, waived.

Thus, if the issues were not moot, as they have now become, PHI would be entitled

to relief as set out in its opening brief. (App. Br. at 10-13).

II.   In the alternative, the judgment should be reversed and remanded.

      If the judgment is not reversed and rendered, then for a number of reasons it

should be reversed and remanded.

      A.     The trial court erred in refusing to submit the issue of whether
             Apical’s flotation system was defectively designed.

      LeBlanc claims the record contains no evidence that could have supported a

finding that the floats were defectively designed, and the trial court therefore

properly refused to submit the issue to the jury. (Br. at 25-33). LeBlanc’s arguments

are borderline frivolous.

      First, LeBlanc claims that the testimony of his own expert, Vaughn Ross—

who testified unequivocally that Apical’s flotation system was defectively

designed—was conclusory and amounts to no evidence. (Br. at 127). As the record

reveals however, Ross’s ultimate conclusion that the flotation system contained a

design defect was based upon several factors established by the evidence, including

the facts that: (1) the old design utilized port fittings that were of identical size, and

therefore could very easily be connected improperly; (2) the new design utilized

different sized fittings such that the incident that occurred in this case could not have

happened; (3) the new design eliminated the defect; and (4) had the new design been
                                            9
utilized in the accident Helicopter, the issue that led to the flotation system failure

in this case could not have occurred. (3 RR 123-28, 163). Ross’ conclusion was

further supported by evidence establishing that even the FAA concluded that

Apical’s design of the flotation system was defective. (9 RR Dx. 47 at 4). Ross’

testimony was far from unsupported, and alone was sufficient to support the

submission of the design defect issue to the jury. And contrary to LeBlanc’s

argument, Ross’ testimony was not the only evidence supporting submission of a

design defect issue to the jury. (6 RR 123-26; 9 RR Dx. 47 at 4-5).

      LeBlanc next declares that “[t]his record contains no evidence of a safer

alternative design,” because there was “no evidence of the cost or feasibility of any

alternative design”. (Br. at 28). What better evidence of feasibility could there be

than the fact that Apical actually incorporated the alternative design into its flotation

system in response to this accident? (3 RR 125-128; 6 RR 125).

      LeBlanc then claims there is no evidence in the record that the flotation system

was unreasonably dangerous. (Br. at 29-31). On the contrary, the record contains

evidence that the NTSB concluded that the old Apical design presented a “significant

risk,” and that “other operators” besides PHI were having the same issues of the

flotation system hoses being misconnected. (9 RR Dx. 47 at 4-5). Moreover,

evidence that the Helicopter in this case inverted because of an improperly installed

flotation system and apparently caused LeBlanc more than a million dollars in

                                           10
injuries is sufficient to support a question as to whether the old design was

unreasonably dangerous. Indeed, it apparently was for LeBlanc.

      Finally, LeBlanc claims the defect was obvious as a matter of law. LeBlanc’s

claim is nothing more than a jury argument based upon his version of the facts.

Moreover, his reliance upon Timpte Industries, Inc. v. Gish, 286 S.W.3d 306 (Tex.

2009) is misplaced. As LeBlanc notes, the holding in Timpte was based upon the

fact that the manufacturer “warned users” about the potential hazard—a warning that

Apical never gave. (Br. at 33). Moreover, the defect here was the fact that the design

allowed the hoses to be easily misaligned by even the most skilled and diligent

mechanics. (9 RR Dx. 47). This is not the type of “open and obvious” defect that

allows a manufacturer to skirt strict liability as a matter of law.

      Perhaps most instructive is the fact that even the trial court believed there was

sufficient evidence that the flotation system was defectively designed. The trial court

did not refuse to submit the design defect issue based upon a lack of evidence, but

because it concluded that the issue was already subsumed in the negligence question.

(7 RR 23-24). As PHI established in its opening brief, that conclusion was incorrect

(Br. at 20-22), and LeBlanc apparently agrees, as he does not attempt to argue

otherwise.

      In sum, the evidence supported submission of a design defect question to the

jury, and the only reason it was not submitted was the trial court’s erroneous belief

                                           11
that the question was already subsumed in the negligence question. The trial court’s

conclusion was erroneous. The judgment should therefore be reversed and

remanded.

      B.     Remand is required based upon additional charge error.

      Remand is also required based upon the trial court’s failure to instruct the jury

that it could not include in its damages award any amount for any condition that did

not result from the occurrence in question, as defined by the jury charge. (Ap. Br. at

19-24).

      LeBlanc claims the instruction was duplicative, and therefore refusing to give

it was not harmful. (Br. at 23). The record establishes otherwise. The conditions for

which LeBlanc sought damages resulted from at least three sources in addition to

the “occurrence in question: (1) the tail rotor failure and events leading up to the

emergency landing; (2) a car accident in 2003; and (3) LeBlanc’s pre-accident

divorce. (5 RR 93-98; 4 RR 94, 114, 118, 125-27; 5 RR 143-161; Dx. 8, 50).

Without the requested instruction for guidance, the jury awarded a substantial

amount of damages that were not attributable to the occurrence in question. (5 RR

92-93). As a result, the trial court’s error was harmful, and the Judgment should

therefore be reversed and remanded. See, e.g., Green Tree Fin. Corp. v. Garcia, 988
S.W.2d 776, 784 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1999, no pet.).

                                         12
       C.    The jury’s failure to find Apical negligent is against the great
             weight and preponderance of the evidence.

       LeBlanc claims PHI’s complaint as to the sufficiency of the evidence of

Apical’s negligence “highlights the absurdity of its design defect contention.” (Br.

at 34). Actually, it highlights the harm to PHI caused by the failure to submit the

design defect question. Without it, PHI was left to rely upon having to establish a

claim with a more onerous burden of proof.

       In any event, LeBlanc’s argument fails to alter the necessary conclusion that

the jury’s finding as to Apical was against the great weight and preponderance of the

evidence. First, as explained above, PHI did not waive the issue. Second, the record

not only contained ample evidence of Apical’s negligence, but that evidence is

uncontroverted. (Ap. Br. at 23-24). As a result, the jury’s finding that Apical was

not negligent is so against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence as to

be manifestly unjust. See, e.g., Red Sea Gaming, Inc. v. Block Invest. (Nev.) Co., 338
S.W.3d 562, 572-73 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2010, pet. denied).

III.   The judgment on past medical expenses should be reversed and rendered.

       LeBlanc once again relies upon maritime law to avoid the necessary

conclusion that the judgment should be reversed. This time, LeBlanc claims

maritime law applies to the award of past medical expenses. (Br. at 36). First,

LeBlanc expressly waived application of maritime law on numerous occasions. (1

CR 10, 26, 62, 80). Moreover, while LeBlanc mentioned maritime law in passing,
                                         13
he argued the issue under Texas law. (6 RR 6-7, 11). LeBlanc never sought or

obtained a ruling on his request to apply maritime law, and the trial court did not

base its ruling on the application of maritime law, as it did with the settlement credit

issue. (6 RR 11). Nor does LeBlanc argue on appeal that the trial court’s reliance

upon Texas law was erroneous. (Br. at 36). As result, to the extent maritime law

would otherwise apply, LeBlanc waived its application.

      LeBlanc’s substantive argument is equally flawed. LeBlanc acknowledges

that he was limited to recovering only those medical expenses “which have been or

must be paid by or for the claimant.” (Br. at 37-38); TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE

§ 41.0105; Haygood v. De Escabedo, 356 S.W.3d 390, 398 (Tex. 2012). But

although LeBlanc makes the conclusory statement that he satisfied this standard, he

does not even attempt to support that conclusion. (Br. at 38). This is not surprising,

as the evidence establishes otherwise.

      In its opening brief, PHI laid out in detail the evidence of past medical

expenses LeBlanc submitted, and why the evidence was insufficient to support an

award of past medical expenses. (Ap. Br. at 26-27). The trial court awarded LeBlanc

$175,871.26 in past medical expenses. (7 CR 91). Of that amount, $81,173.26

remains unpaid, and there is no evidence in the record that LeBlanc or anybody else

is legally obligated to pay any of that amount. (9 RR Px. 114, 119, 125, 127, 139,

142). Of the remaining $94,698, there is no evidence that LeBlanc either paid any

                                          14
portion of that amount, or remains legally obligated to reimburse whoever did pay

those expenses. (9 RR 118, 121, 135, 144, 149). As a result, under Texas law, the

evidence is legally insufficient to support the award of any past medical expenses to

LeBlanc. Even if LeBlanc is credited for the $94,698 that was paid, which he should

not be because there is no evidence that he either paid that amount or is liable for it,

then at a minimum, there is legally insufficient evidence to support the award of the

$81,173.26 that was unpaid, and at a minimum that portion of the award should be

reversed and rendered. Either way, the evidence is legally insufficient to support an

award of at least a portion of the past medical expenses, and the judgment should be

reversed.

IV.   LeBlanc is not entitled to the windfall he would receive if PHI is not given
      the $95,000 settlement credit to which it was entitled.

      While LeBlanc points out that the trial court “concluded that Derek had not

waived the application of maritime law,” he conveniently avoids discussing why the

trial court came to that conclusion. (Br. at 40). Nor does LeBlanc even mention the

argument that ultimately convinced the trial court to rule the way it did. (Br. at 40;

(11 RR 7-10). Not surprisingly, the trial court’s conclusion is insupportable.

      The trial court based its decision to deny PHI a $95,000 settlement credit

exclusively upon its belief that Fourteenth Court of Appeals’ decision in Niche

Oilfield Services, LLC v. Carter, 331 S.W.3d 563 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

2011) was “controlling on the question,” and required him to conclude that LeBlanc
                                          15
did not waive application of maritime law. (11 RR 10). The trial court’s—and

LeBlanc’s—reliance, however, was misplaced.

      In Niche, the plaintiff plead his claim “under the common law of Texas and/or

the general maritime law of the United States.” Niche, 331 S.W.3d at 568. The Niche

court held that this was sufficient to invoke maritime law as to the issue of what law

applied to a settlement credit issue. Id. at 577.

      The circumstances here are far different than in Niche. Contrary to the

perception LeBlanc creates in his brief (Br. at 40), he did not simply plead maritime

in the alternative as did the plaintiff in Niche—he affirmatively disavowed its

application. In his pleadings, LeBlanc made clear that he did “not plead claims, if

any, that could be preempted by federal law,” and that he was “not asserting any

federal law claims.” (1 CR 80). Indeed, LeBlanc expressly waived the application of

maritime law multiple times. (1 CR 10, 26, 62, 80).

      Moreover, although LeBlanc points to his summary judgment response as an

instance where he invoked maritime law, it actually establishes the opposite:

LeBlanc did not even mention maritime law in connection with his negligence

claims—he simply claimed that maritime law applied to the product liability and

warranty claims, neither of which was the basis for the damages awarded to him. (5

CR 30). In addition, the statement LeBlanc made in his summary judgment motion

was directly contrary to what he pled, and therefore could not have been sufficient

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to invoke application of the law he expressly disavowed in his pleadings. General

Chem. Corp. v. De La Lastra, 852 S.W.2d 916, 919–20 (Tex. 1993) (concluding that

the application of maritime law can be waived); Padrino Maritime, Inc. v. Rizo, 130
S.W.3d 243, 249 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2004, no pet.) (“Because state courts

have concurrent jurisdiction over maritime actions, maritime law does not affect the

court’s jurisdiction over an action, but merely prescribes the substantive law

governing the action. Accordingly, preemption by maritime law is a choice of law

argument, which can be waived if not pled in defendant’s answer.”).

      In sum, having made the express decision to disavow the application of

maritime law in his pleadings, LeBlanc should not have been allowed to then rely

upon maritime law to avoid application of a $95,000 settlement credit. The trial court

erred in concluding otherwise and its judgment should be reversed and PHI should

be granted a $95,000 settlement credit.

                                     PRAYER

      For the reasons explained herein and in its opening brief, Appellant PHI, Inc.

respectfully requests that his Court reverse the Judgment and render a take nothing

judgment in favor of PHI, or in the alternative, reverse the Judgment and remand for

a new trial, or in the further alternative, reverse the judgment in part, and render

judgment that LeBlanc take nothing on his claim for past medical expense, and that

                                          17
PHI is entitled to a $95,000 settlement credit, and for such other relief to which it is

justly and equitably entitled.

                                        Respectfully submitted,

                                        /s/ Steven D. Sanfelippo
                                        Steven D. Sanfelippo
                                        State Bar No. 24027827
                                        M. Ross Cunningham
                                        State Bar No. 24007062
                                        ssanfelippo@cunninghamswaim.com
                                        rcunningham@cunninghamswaim.com
                                        CUNNINGHAM SWAIM, LLP
                                        7557 Rambler Road, Suite 200
                                        Dallas, Texas 75231
                                        Telephone: 214.646.1495
                                        Facsimile: 214.613.1163
                                        ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT
                                        PHI, INC.

                       CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE

      Pursuant to Rule 9.4(i) of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure, the

undersigned hereby certifies that based on the word processing software used to

prepare this brief, the word count is 4,350.

                                               /s/ Steven D. Sanfelippo________
                                               Steven D. Sanfelippo

                                          18
                       CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

      The undersigned hereby certifies that a copy of the above and foregoing
instrument was forwarded pursuant to Rule 9.5 of the Texas Rules of Appellate
Procedure and was served on January 20, 2015 on the following via Electronic
service.

          John C. Elliott                   Russell S. Post
          Fitzhugh & Elliott, P.c.          John Adcock
          12727 Kimberley Lane, Suite 302   Beck Redden LLP
          Houston, TX 77024-4053            1221 McKinney, Suite 4500
                                            Houston, TX 77010
          Cory Itkin
          Arnold & Itkin
          6009 Memorial Drive
          Houston, Texas 77007

                                   /s/ Steven D. Sanfelippo
                                   Steven D. Sanfelippo

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