Court Opinion

ID: 2777726
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-02-06 21:05:34.607653+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:28:05.644897
License: Public Domain

J. S06031/15

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA,               :     IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                            :          PENNSYLVANIA
                          Appellee          :
                                            :
                    v.                      :
                                            :
DARYL TAYLOR,                               :
                                            :
                          Appellant         :     No. 619 EDA 2014

            Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence February 12, 2014
              In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
               Criminal Division No(s).: CP-51-CR-0012608-2013

BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., LAZARUS, and FITZGERALD,* JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY FITZGERALD, J.:                     FILED FEBRUARY 06, 2015

        Appellant, Daryl Taylor, appeals from the judgment of sentence

entered in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County. He challenges

the sufficiency of the evidence regarding the criminal intent for his bench

convictions for aggravated assault by physical menace against a parking

enforcement officer1 and simple assault.2 We affirm.

        The trial court summarized the trial evidence, viewed in the light most

favorable to the Commonwealth, as follows:

*
    Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
1
    18 Pa.C.S. § 2702(a)(6), (c)(22).
2
    18 Pa.C.S. § 2701(a)(3).
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              Eddie Evans [(“Complainant”)], a Philadelphia Parking
           Authority Police Officer[,] was on duty, in uniform, on
           September 21, 2013. [N.T. Trial, 2/12/14, at 8, 10]. At
           about 10:15 p.m.[,] he was making his rounds of the
           parking garage on Second Street, between Sansom and
           Walnut Streets in Philadelphia.      [Id. at 9].      He
           encountered [Appellant] and another man who were
           bedding down in the garage. He told them they could not
           stay there. [Id. at 11].

               [Appellant] became belligerent when told he had to
           leave, telling the officer to make him, then coming toward
           the officer with a blade in his hand. [Id. at 12, 13, 14].
           [Appellant] had two inches of the blade displayed, with his
           hand coming towards the officer.          [Id. at 16, 52].
           [Appellant] was holding the blade in his right hand, slightly
           behind his him [sic], making a forward motion toward the
           officer as he approached the officer.         [Id. at 17].
           [Appellant] approached to within inches of the officer. [Id.
           at 14]. During this time[, Appellant] repeatedly told the
           officer he was going to kill him. [Id. at 15, 17, 34-35,
           36]. As the officer backed away, [Appellant] continued to
           come toward the officer. [Id. at 18].

              The wind blew [Appellant’s] hood into his face, enabling
           the officer to grab [Appellant] and push him away to the
           outside[, d]uring which time the officer fell. [Appellant]
           came back around, at which time the officer called for help
           on his radio, because he was fearful of being cut or
           stabbed with the knife. [Id. at 12, 18].

              United States Park Ranger Manchester[3] responded to
           the scene, arrested [Appellant,] and recovered an eight[-]
           inch butter knife from his bag. [Id. at 41].

Trial Ct. Op., 5/28/14, at 2-3.

        The bench trial commenced on February 12, 2014, at which both

Complainant and Appellant testified.          Robert Gill, a Philadelphia Parking

Authority    employee,    also    testified   as   a   rebuttal   witness   for   the

3
    The park ranger’s first name was not readily apparent in the record.

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Commonwealth.       The trial court found Appellant guilty of the following:

aggravated assault, a felony of the second degree; possessing instruments

of crime,4 a misdemeanor of the first degree; terroristic threats,5 a

misdemeanor of the first degree; and simple assault, a misdemeanor of the

second degree. Immediately thereafter, the trial court sentenced Appellant

on the aggravated assault charge to nine to twenty-three months’

imprisonment with immediate parole to an in-patient facility, followed by a

consecutive sentence of three years’ probation. The trial court merged the

simple assault sentence and did not impose sentences for the other

convictions.

        On February 21, 2014, Appellant filed a “Motion for Reconsideration,

Arrest of Judgment, and/or New Trial,” arguing the verdict was against the

weight of the evidence.        The trial court denied this motion the same day

without a hearing, but amended Appellant’s sentence to include a waiver of

probation and supervision fees.

        Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal on February 24, 2014. After

obtaining an extension of time, he filed a timely court-ordered Pa.R.A.P.

1925(b) statement of matters complained of on appeal on May 7, 2014. On

May 28, 2014, the trial court issued its opinion.

4
    18 Pa.C.S. § 907(a).
5
    18 Pa.C.S. § 2706(a)(1).

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     Appellant presents one issue on appeal for our review: the sufficiency

of evidence for his aggravated assault and simple assault convictions.    He

argues the evidence was insufficient to prove he attempted to put

Complainant in fear of imminent serious bodily injury by physical menace.

Although he concedes that he threatened the officer and walked toward him,

he contends “the facts established that [A]ppellant never brandished what

was a butter knife, nor attempted to assault the officer in any way.”

Appellant’s Brief at 7.   Appellant further claims “[h]e never touched or

attempted to touch the complainant physically.” Id. at 10. We disagree.

     The standard of review for a sufficiency of the evidence challenge is

well-established:

        A claim challenging the sufficiency of the evidence
        presents a question of law. We must determine “whether
        the evidence is sufficient to prove every element of the
        crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”         We “must view
        evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth
        as the verdict winner, and accept as true all evidence and
        all reasonable inferences therefrom upon which, if
        believed, the fact finder properly could have based its
        verdict.”

        Our Supreme Court has instructed:

           [T]he facts and circumstances established by the
           Commonwealth need not preclude every possibility
           of innocence. Any doubts regarding a defendant's
           guilt may be resolved by the fact-finder unless the
           evidence is so weak and inconclusive that as a
           matter of law no probability of fact may be drawn
           from the combined circumstances.        Moreover, in
           applying the above test, the entire record must be
           evaluated and all evidence actually received must be
           considered. Finally, the trier of fact while passing

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             upon the credibility of witnesses and the weight of
             the evidence produced, is free to believe all, part or
             none of the evidence.

Commonwealth v. Fortune, 68 A.3d 980, 983-84 (Pa. Super. 2013)

(internal citation omitted) (quoting Commonwealth v. Thomas, 65 A.3d
939, 943 (Pa. Super. 2013)).

      The Pennsylvania Crimes Code provides: “A person is guilty of

aggravated assault if he . . . attempts by physical menace to put any of the

officers, agents, employees or other persons enumerated in subsection (c),

while in the performance of duty, in fear of imminent serious bodily injury.”

18 Pa.C.S. § 2702(a)(6).       Subsection (c) includes parking enforcement

officers.   18 Pa.C.S. § 2702(c)(22).    The Crimes Code also provides: “A

person is guilty of assault if he . . . attempts by physical menace to put

another in fear of imminent serious bodily injury.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 2701(a)(3).

The Crimes Code further defines “serious bodily injury” as “[b]odily injury

which creates a substantial risk of death or which causes serious, permanent

disfiguration, or protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily

member or organ.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 2301.

      As the trial court noted, the elements of aggravated assault under

Section 2702(a)(6) and simple assault under Section 2701(a)(3) differ only

in that the aggravated assault subsection requires the victim to be one of

twenty-seven enumerated “officers, agents, or employees.”        See Trial Ct.

Op. at 4-5 & n.2; Commonwealth v. Repko, 817 A.2d 549, 554 (Pa.

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Super. 2003).6

     The Commonwealth must present the following elements to prove the

crime of simple assault by physical menace under Section 2701(a)(3):

        (1) that the defendant attempted to put the [victim] in
        fear of imminent serious bodily injury, and took a
        substantial step toward that end, (2) that the defendant
        used physical menace to do this, and (3) that it was the
        defendant’s conscious object or purpose to cause fear of
        serious bodily injury.

Commonwealth v. Little, 614 A.2d 1146, 1151 (Pa. Super. 1992).7

     This Court adopted these elements to prove the crime of aggravated

assault by physical menace of an officer under Section 2702(a)(6). Repko,
817 A.2d at 554.     Moreover, “[i]ntent can be proven by circumstantial

6
  In Commonwealth v. Matthews, 870 A.2d 924 (Pa. Super. 2005) (en
banc), an en banc panel of this Court overruled Repko to the extent it
“[stood] for the proposition that the Commonwealth presented insufficient
evidence of the defendant’s intent [for a Section 2702(a)(1) aggravated
assault conviction], as a matter of law, where the defendant does not avail
himself of the opportunity to follow through with the threats.” Id. at 933.
Upon further review, our Supreme Court agreed with this Court’s disapproval
of Repko on this issue, but concluded “there [was] no need to overrule”
Repko because it adhered to Commonwealth v. Alexander, 383 A.2d 887
(Pa. 1978). Commonwealth v. Matthew, 909 A.2d 1254, 1258 (Pa. 2006)
(citing Alexander, 383 A.2d at 889 (creating totality of circumstances test
and factors to determine whether defendant possessed intent to inflict
serious bodily injury). This distinction does not apply in the case sub judice
as Appellant was found guilty of aggravated assault under Section
2702(a)(6). We further note the Supreme Court’s observation that although
it spelled the defendant’s name “Matthew,” the Superior Court spelled it
“Matthews.” Matthew, 909 A.2d at 1256 n.1.
7
  This statement was a part of the trial court’s opinion, expressly adopted
and attached as an appendix in Little. Little, 614 A.2d at 1148.

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evidence and may be inferred from the defendant’s conduct under the

attendant circumstances.” Id.

      In Repko, a police officer arrived at the defendant’s home in response

to an ongoing verbal and physical altercation. Id. at 551. The defendant

emerged from his home with one arm around his fiancée’s neck and the

other carrying a shotgun. Id. The police officer “announced himself as an

officer and ordered [the defendant] to drop his weapon.” Id. The defendant

did not comply, and instead raised and pointed his shotgun at the officer.

Id.   The officer repeated his command, at which point the defendant

released the woman and carried his gun back inside his house. Id. at 551-

52. The defendant “later re-emerged without the gun and was taken into

custody without a struggle.”    Id. at 552.   At trial, the officer testified he

“was very scared” and “felt like [his] life was in jeopardy.” Id. at 554.

      A jury convicted the defendant of, inter alia, aggravated assault by

physical menace of a police officer under Section 2702(a)(6).      Id. at 552.

On appeal, he challenged the sufficiency of the evidence to support the

requisite intent for this crime. Id. at 553. The defendant argued, inter alia,

he did not intend to place the officer in fear and that his shotgun was neither

loaded nor pointed directly at the officer. Id.

      This Court affirmed. We applied Little’s discussion of the sufficiency

of evidence for simple assault by physical menace.          Id. at 555.     We

concluded the defendant’s actions of raising and pointing his shotgun at the

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officer demonstrated intent to place the officer in fear of serious bodily

injury. Id. This Court noted there was no evidence in the record indicating

the defendant “had any lawful intention when he raised his weapon in

response to the officer’s directive to drop it.” Id.

      In the instant case, the trial court, who sat as the finder of fact,

examined the totality of the circumstances in concluding Appellant intended

to place Complainant in fear of serious bodily injury by physical menace:

            Here, the relevant conduct consisted of [Appellant]
         coming toward the officer with a blade displayed in his
         hand (N.T. [at] 12, 13, 14), with his hand coming towards
         the officer ([id. at] 16), making a forward motion with the
         blade toward the officer as he approached the officer ([Id.
         at] 17) to within inches ([id. at] 14), [and] continuing to
         come toward the officer as he backed away. [Id. at] 18.
         The relevant words were that [Appellant] repeatedly told
         the officer he was going to kill him. [Id. at] 15, 17, 34-
         35, 36. We also note that [Appellant] did not voluntarily
         cease his conduct. Rather, wind blew [Appellant’s] hood
         into his face, enabling the officer to grab him and push him
         away to the outside. [Id. at] 12, 18. During which time
         the officer fell. [Appellant] came back around, at which
         time the officer called for help on his radio, because he
         was fearful of being cut or stabbed with the knife. [Id. at]
         12, 18.[ ]

Trial Ct. Op. at 6.

      Appellant’s use of a knife, rather than a shotgun, does not warrant a

different conclusion than we reached in Repko and Little, because a knife

may similarly place someone in fear of serious bodily injury.               See

Commonwealth v. Diamond, 408 A.2d 488, 489-90 (Pa. Super. 1979)

(finding sufficient evidence to sustain simple assault by physical menace

                                      -8-
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conviction where defendant approached and gripped door handle of victim’s

car at 4:00 a.m., “especially since [defendant’s] friend was simultaneously

threatening [the victim] with a knife on the other side of the car”); see also

N.T. Trial at 49 (Appellant denying he had butter knife at time of incident

and testifying, “If I was expecting trouble, I think a butter knife is a pure

choice of weapon.”).

      Appellant’s claim that he “never pulled the knife from his sleeve or

brandished the knife in any way,” is belied by the record. See Appellant’s

Brief at 10. As noted by the trial court, Complainant testified that Appellant

“had two inches of the blade displayed, with his hand coming towards the

officer.” Trial Ct. Op. at 2-3 (citing N.T. at 16, 52). The jury was tasked

with weighing the credibility of this testimony and was free to believe all,

part, or none of this evidence. See Fortune, 68 A.3d at 984. Furthermore,

Appellant’s argument that he “never touched or attempted to touch the

Complainant physically” is without merit.      See Appellant’s Brief at 10.

Neither the aggravated assault by physical menace statute nor simple

assault statute require a defendant to attempt to touch or to actually touch

his victim. See 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 2701(a)(3), 2702(a)(6).

      Based on the foregoing, we discern no merit to Appellant’s argument

that the evidence is not sufficient to sustain his convictions for aggravated

assault by physical menace against an officer and simple assault.     Rather,

the evidence supports the trial court’s determination that Appellant intended

                                    -9-
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to place the parking enforcement official in fear of serious imminent bodily

injury.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 2/6/2015

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