Court Opinion

ID: 4578400
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-10-19 22:09:41.31786+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:28:11.987940
License: Public Domain

J-A21017-20

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

 JANNINE ZITNEY AND STEVE ZITNEY    :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                    :        PENNSYLVANIA
                   Appellants       :
                                    :
                                    :
              v.                    :
                                    :
                                    :
 WYETH LLC., WYETH                  :   No. 3369 EDA 2019
 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.MORTON        :
 GROVE PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.,       :
 TEVA PHARMACEUTICALS USA, INC.,    :
 A.K.A IVAX PHARMACEUTICALS,        :
 PLIVA, INC., BARR                  :
 PHARMACEUTICALS, LLC., A.K.A       :
 BARR PHARMACEUTICALS, INC FK.,     :
 BARR LABORATORIES, INC.,           :
 DURAMED PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.,     :
 QUALITEST PHARMACEUTICALS,         :
 INC., VINTAGE PHARMACEUTICALS,     :
 LLC., GENERICS BIDO I., LLC,       :
 INDIVIDUAL, A.K.A QUALIITEST       :
 PHARMACEUTICALS., HARVARD          :
 DRUG GROUP, LLC, A.K.A MAJOR       :
 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.,             :
 PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATES,         :
 INC., BEACH PRODUCTS, INC.,        :
 UNITED RESEACH LABORATORIES,       :
 INC., MUTUAL PHARMACEUTICAL        :
 COMPANY, INC., SILARX              :
 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC., SANDOZ,     :
 INC., ANIP ACQUISITION COMPANY,    :
 A.K.A A&I PHARMACEUTICALS, A.K.A   :
 ANI PHARMACEUTICALS, A.K.A ANIP    :
 PHARMACEUTICALS, WATSON            :
 LABORATORIES, INC., ACTAVIS        :
 ELIZABETH LLC, INDIVIDUAL, A.K.A   :
 PUREPAC PHARMACEUTICALS DBA.,      :
 APP PHARMACEUTICALS LLC., A.K.A    :
 ABRAXIS PHARMACEUTICALS DBA.,      :
 AMNEAL PHARMACEUTICALS, LLC.,      :
 BEDFORD LABORATORIES, HOSPIRA      :
J-A21017-20

 INC., MCKESSON CORPORATION,              :
 INDIVIDUALLY, A.K.A NORTHSTAR            :
 RX, LLC DBA., NORTHSTAR RX LLC,          :
 RUGBY LABORATORIES, INC.,                :
 NORBROOK INC. USA, SMITH &               :
 NEPHEW, INC., VISTAPHARM, INC.,          :
 ROXANE LABORATORIES, INC.,               :
 INDIV THE CORPORATION TRUST              :
 COMPANY, USL PHARMA, INC., PAR           :
 PHARMACEUTICAL INC., HALSEY              :
 DRUG, LLC INDIVIDUALLY, A.K.A            :
 HALSEY DRUG CO INC, DBA.,                :
 SUPERPHARM, INC., PACO                   :
 PHARMACEUTICAL SERVICES, INC.,           :
 SCHERING CORPORATION, IVAX               :
 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC., GOLDLINE          :
 LABORATORIES INC., INDIVI, A.K.A         :
 IVAX PHARMACEUTICALS DBA.,               :
 BRISTOL MYERS SQUIBB CO., A.K.A          :
 APOTHECON INC DBA., APOTHECON,           :
 INC., PFIZER, INC., INVAMED, INC.,       :
 KING PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.,              :
 A.K.A A.L. PHARMA INC FKA., A.K.A        :
 ALPHARMA INC DBA., A.K.A                 :
 ALPHARMA-BARRE NATIONAL.,                :
 RICHMOND PHARMACEUTICALS,                :
 INC., KAREN TOBIN, M.D., SCHWARZ         :
 PHARMA, INC., ALAVEN                     :
 PHARMACEUTICAL LLC., BAXTER              :
 HEALTHCARE CORPORATION., AND             :
 WOCKHARDT USA.                           :

             Appeal from the Order Entered October 16, 2019
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
                         No(s): No. 110204100

BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., DUBOW, J., and FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E.

MEMORANDUM BY DUBOW, J.:                        FILED OCTOBER 19, 2020

     Jannine Zitney (“Mrs. Zitney”) and Steve Zitney (“Mr. Zitney”)

(collectively, “Appellants”), appeal from the October 16, 2019 Orders entered

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in the Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas granting summary

judgment      in   favor   of   Appellees,     PLIVA,   Inc.   (“PLIVA”)   and   Teva

Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. (“Teva”) (collectively, “Appellees”). After careful

review, we affirm.

        Background

        Wyeth, LLC (“Wyeth”) manufactures the drug Reglan. Teva and PLIVA1

manufacture Reglan’s generic equivalent, metoclopramide. In the 1980s, the

Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) approved Reglan and metoclopramide

for the treatment of chronic digestive disorders.              Physicians also used

metoclopramide “off-label”2 to treat nausea associated with a range of

illnesses, including migraines. Since the 1980s, Reglan’s label contained a

warning that its use was associated with an increased risk of tardive

dyskinesia.3

        In July 2004, Wyeth updated the Reglan label to include language

indicating that metoclopramide should not be used for longer than 12 weeks.

In June 2005, Teva sought FDA approval to update its metoclopramide label

____________________________________________

1   PLIVA is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Teva.

2 The term “off-label” refers to the use of a FDA-approved drug for an
unapproved use.

3Tardive dyskinesia is a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary
movements of the face and jaw.

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to mirror the Reglan label. On January 17, 2017, the FDA approved Teva’s

label update.4

       In early 2010, the Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas formed

the    Reglan/metoclopramide          mass     tort   litigation.     See   In   Re

Reglan®/metoclopramide Litigation, January Term 2010 No. 1997, Case

Management Order 1, docketed on February 16, 2010.                  Pursuant to Case

Management Order 1, a Master Long-Form Complaint was filed asserting

allegations common to all plaintiffs in the litigation. See Case Management

Order 1 at § III(A). Thereafter, the trial court required each individual plaintiff

to file only a case-specific short-form Complaint, which incorporated by

reference the Master Long-Form Complaint and set forth the factual

circumstances unique to that individual plaintiff. See id. at § III(C).

       The Instant Litigation

       Mrs. Zitney has suffered from debilitating migraine headaches for more

than forty years. Between 2004 and 2009, Dr. Karen Tobin, Mrs. Zitney’s

neurologist, prescribed metoclopramide to treat the nausea associated with

Mrs. Zitney’s migraines.            Dr. Tobin instructed Mrs. Zitney to take

metoclopramide on an as-needed basis. Mrs. Zitney’s pharmacist dispensed

metoclopramide manufactured by PLIVA on four occasions from October 31,

2004, to December 4, 2006. The pharmacist also dispensed metoclopramide

____________________________________________

4 The record is unclear as to when PLIVA updated its label to conform to the
July 2004 Reglan label.

                                           -4-
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manufactured by Teva on four occasions between December 28, 2007, and

November 21, 2008.

         In December 2009, Mrs. Zitney complained of an eye twitch to Dr. Tobin.

Additionally, on multiple occasions starting in 2009, Mrs. Zitney complained

of muscle      spasms in her          back     and neck.    Dr. Vernon Neppe, a

neuropsychiatrist, opined that Appellant suffers from tardive dyskinesia

caused by her metoclopramide use.5

         On February 28, 2011, Appellants commenced this action by filing a 14-

count short-form Complaint against 50 defendants.                   Appellant’s claims

included: (1) strict liability failure to warn; (2) strict liability design defect; (3)

negligence;        (4)   negligence      per    se;   (5)   fraud    and     intentional

misrepresentation; (6) constructive fraud; (7) breach of implied warranty; (8)

unfair     trade     practices;    (9)       unjust   enrichment;     (10)    negligent

misrepresentation; (11) civil conspiracy; (12) loss of consortium; (13) gross

negligence/malice; and (14) punitive damages. See Complaint, 2/28/11. By

January 2019, all defendants other than PLIVA and Teva had settled with

Appellants or had been dismissed from the case.

____________________________________________

5 Dr. Neppe examined and observed Mrs. Zitney, reviewed the video of her
deposition to observe her symptoms over a period of hours, and reviewed her
medical and pharmacy records. He opined to a reasonable medical probability
that Mrs. Zitney’s metoclopramide exposure caused her movement disorder.
See Motion for Summary Judgment, 4/25/19, at 4.

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        On April 3, 2019, the trial court granted partial summary judgment in

favor of Teva on the basis of federal preemption as to Appellants’ claims for:

(1) strict liability failure to warn; (2) strict liability design defect; (3) fraud

and intentional misrepresentation; (4) constructive fraud; (5) breach of

implied    warranty;      (6)    unfair    trade   practices,   and   (7)   negligent

misrepresentation.6

        On April 25, 2019, Appellants filed a Motion for Partial Summary

Judgment asserting that they were entitled to judgment as a matter of law

against Teva on Appellants’ failure to warn claim. In particular, Appellants

argued that Teva was negligent because it failed to inform Dr. Tobin about the

July 2004 updates to the Reglan label and the corresponding updates to its

metoclopramide label through a “Dear Health Care Provider” (“DHCP”) letter.

See Motion for Summary Judgment, 4/25/19, at 7; Letter Brief, 7/10/19, at

¶ 13. Stated differently, Appellants based their failure to warn claim on the

manner in which Appellees notified Dr. Tobin of the warnings, not on the

warnings themselves.

        On June 3, 2019, PLIVA filed a Motion for Summary Judgment in which

it argued that it was entitled to judgment as a matter of law on all of

Appellants’ claims.      Two days later, on June 5, 2019, Teva filed a similar

Motion for Summary Judgment.

____________________________________________

6   PLIVA did not seek summary judgment on the basis of federal preemption.

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      On July 10, 2019, Appellants filed a “Reply Brief in Support of

[Appellants’] Motion for Summary Judgment; Response Brief to Defendant’s

Motion for Summary Judgment on Preemption, State Duty to Warn and

Causation; and [Appellants’] Response to Defendant’s Motion to Strike

Testimony of Vernon Neppe, M.D., Ph.D.” Reply Brief, 7/10/19. On July 25,

2019, Appellees’ filed a Reply in support of their Motions for Summary

Judgment.

      After considering the Motions filed by the parties, the trial court

concluded that Pennsylvania law does not impose a duty on drug

manufacturers to convey safety warnings in any manner other than by

including them in a product’s package insert shipped with the product.

Consequently, it found that because PLIVA and Teva had undisputedly

complied with that mandate, they had not breached their duty to warn

Appellant by not providing Dr. Tobin with a DHCP letter. Therefore, on October

16, 2019, the trial court entered Orders granting PLIVA’s and Teva’s Motions

for Summary Judgment and dismissing Appellants’ claims against them with

prejudice.

      This timely appeal followed. Both Appellants and the trial court have

complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

      Appellants raise the following issue on appeal:

      [D]oes a prescription drug manufacturer’s duty to provide product
      warnings extend to doctors who foreseeably rely on a
      manufacturer’s product information when prescribing a
      medication, even if the prescription was filled with the generic
      version of the prescribed?

                                    -7-
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Appellants’ Brief at 4.

      Appellants challenge the trial court’s Orders granting summary

judgment in favor of PLIVA and Teva. Our Supreme Court has clarified our

role as the appellate court as follows:

      On appellate review, then, an appellate court may reverse a grant
      of summary judgment if there has been an error of law or an
      abuse of discretion. But the issue as to whether there are no
      genuine issues as to any material fact presents a question of law,
      and therefore, on that question our standard of review is de novo.
      This means we need not defer to the determinations made by the
      lower tribunals. To the extent that this Court must resolve a
      question of law, we shall review the grant of summary judgment
      in the context of the entire record.

Summers v. Certainteed Corp., 997 A.2d 1152, 1159 (Pa. 2010) (citations

and quotation omitted).

      A trial court may grant summary judgment “only in those cases where

the record clearly demonstrates that there is no genuine issue of material fact

and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Id.

(citation and quotation omitted); see also Pa.R.C.P. No. 1035.2(1). “When

considering a motion for summary judgment, the trial court must take all facts

of record and reasonable inferences therefrom in a light most favorable to the

non-moving party.”        Summers, supra at 1159 (citation omitted).    “In so

doing, the trial court must resolve all doubts as to the existence of a genuine

issue of material fact against the moving party, and, thus, may only grant

summary judgment where the right to such judgment is clear and free from

all doubt.” Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

                                      -8-
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      The party moving for summary judgment bears the burden of showing

that no genuine issue of material doubt exists and that it is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law. Ford v. American States Ins. Co., 154 A.3d
237, 244 (Pa. 2017).

      Appellants claim the trial court erred in finding that Appellees had not

breached their duty to warn Appellants of the dangers of metoclopramide.

Appellant’s Brief at 13-15. Appellants assert that Appellees’ conduct fell short

of Pennsylvania law requiring drug manufacturers to provide warnings and

related prescribing information to physicians because Appellees did not convey

the required safety information directly to Dr. Tobin through a DHCP Letter.
Id. Appellants further argue that the trial court erred in concluding that, by

updating their drug labels, Appellees’ had adequately warned Dr. Tobin of the

dangers posed by metoclopramide. Id. at 15-18. Last, Appellants aver that

entry of summary judgment was inappropriate because whether PLIVA and

Teva breached their duty to notify Dr. Tobin of metoclopramide’s known risks

is a question of fact for the jury and not a question of law for the court to

decide. Id. at 24-26.

      “[W]here the adequacy of warnings associated with prescription drugs

is at issue, the failure of the manufacturer to exercise reasonable care to warn

of dangers, i.e., the manufacturer’s negligence, is the only recognized basis

of liability.” Hahn v. Richter, 673 A.2d 888, 891 (Pa. 1996).

      With respect to negligence, a plaintiff in a products liability case must

show that: (1) the product was defective; (2) the defect caused the plaintiff’s

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injury; and (3) the defect existed at the time the product left the

manufacturer. Demmler v. SmithKline Beecham Corp., 671 A.2d 1151,

1153-54 (Pa. Super. 1996). “A product may be deemed defective if it lacks

adequate warnings or instructions necessary for safe use of the product.” Id.

at 1154 (citation omitted).     However, a pharmaceutical product, when

“accompanied by proper directions and warning, is not defective, nor is it

unreasonably dangerous.” Id. (citing Restatement (Second) of Torts, § 402A,

Comment k).

      “Pennsylvania applies the learned intermediary doctrine to claims for

failure to warn involving pharmaceutical drugs.”          Simon v. Wyeth

Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 989 A.2d 356, 368 (Pa. Super. 2009). Under the

learned intermediary doctrine, drug manufacturers must direct required drug-

safety warnings to physicians, and not to patients. Id. See also Dion v.

Graduate Hosp. of Univ. of. Penna. 520 A.2d 876, 879 (Pa. Super. 1987)

(noting that “where the drug is available only upon prescription of a duly

licensed physician, the warning required is not to the general public or to the

patient, but to the prescribing doctor.”) “Thus, in an action against a drug

manufacturer based upon inadequate warnings, the issue to be determined is

whether the warning, if any, that was given to the prescribing physicians was

proper and adequate.” Daniel v. Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 15 A.3d
909, 924 (Pa. Super. 2011) (citations and quotation omitted).

      As noted above, Appellants do not dispute that the contents of the

Reglan and metoclopramide labels were adequate to satisfy Appellees’ duty to

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warn. Instead, citing the learned intermediary doctrine’s requirement that

pharmaceutical companies direct drug warnings to physicians and not to the

general public, Appellants challenge the trial court’s conclusion that by merely

including warning labels containing warnings about metoclopramide’s safety

in the drugs’ packaging, Appellees had satisfied their legal duty to warn. In

support of this claim, Appellants baldly assert, without citation to any

authority, that the learned intermediary doctrine imposes upon Appellees a

duty to warn Dr. Tobin individually through a DHCP letter of the risks posed

by Mrs. Zitney’s use of metoclopramide.

      In explaining its conclusion that Appellees were entitled to judgment as

a matter of law, the trial court noted as follows:

      Here, [Appellants] do not argue Teva or PLIVA distributed their
      metoclopramide without the FDA approved label.           Similarly,
      [Appellants] conceded the contents of [Appellees’] warnings was
      proper and adequate.       Accordingly, since Teva and PLIVA
      distributed their metoclopramide with labels containing warnings
      that [Appellants] concede are sufficient, [Appellees] have fulfilled
      their duty to warn under Pennsylvania law.

Trial Ct. Op. at 10.

      We agree with the trial court. Moreover, and contrary to Appellants’

claim, Pennsylvania law does not impose on drug manufacturers a duty to

send DHCP letters to prescribing physicians like Dr. Tobin.            Because

Pennsylvania law does not impose upon Appellees the heightened duty

advocated by Appellants, and because Appellants conceded that Appellees

fulfilled their duty to provide content-appropriate warning labels in their

metoclopramide packaging, the trial court properly found that Appellees had

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not breached their duty to Appellants. Accordingly, Appellees were entitled to

judgment as a matter of law and the trial court, therefore, did not err in

entering summary judgment in favor of Appellees.7

       Orders affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 10/19/20

____________________________________________

7  With respect to Appellants’ contention that whether PLIVA and Teva
breached their duty to notify Dr. Tobin of metoclopramide’s known risks is a
question of fact for the jury and not a question of law for the court to decide,
this Court’s review of the record indicates that Appellants failed to preserve
this issue before the trial court and, instead, raised this issue for the first time
on appeal. See Pa.R.A.P. 302 (“Issues not raised in the lower court are waived
and cannot be raised for the first time on appeal.”) They have, therefore,
waived this claim. Moreover, it is axiomatic that whether the law imposes a
duty on a defendant is a question of law. See Truax v. Roulhac, 126 A.3d.
991, 1000 (Pa. Super. 2015) (“While the existence of a duty is a question of
law, whether there has been a neglect of such duty is generally for the jury.”).
Thus, even if Appellants had not waived this claim, it would fail.

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