Court Opinion

ID: 9404252
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-22 17:04:04.266237+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:12.751330
License: Public Domain

Filed 6/21/23 P. v. Moreno CA5

                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

 THE PEOPLE,
                                                                                             F084198
           Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                                               (Super. Ct. No. PCF367499)
                    v.

 SANTOS CARLOS MORENO,                                                                    OPINION
           Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Tulare County. Juliet L.
Boccone, Judge.
         John Steinberg, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
         Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Louis M. Vasquez, Lewis A.
Martinez and William K. Kim, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                                        -ooOoo-
         Following a jury trial, defendant Santos Carlos Moreno was convicted of
attempted premeditated murder and various associated offenses. On appeal, defendant
asserts (1) prosecutorial misconduct, (2) instructional error, (3) erroneous denial of his
posttrial request to disclose juror information, (4) associated claims of ineffective
assistance of counsel, and (5) cumulative error. In the event we affirm, he also argues
that the trial court violated Penal Code section 6541 by imposing a concurrent sentence
with respect to one count. We reject each of these arguments and affirm the judgment in
full.
                              PROCEDURAL SUMMARY
        By information filed on March 28, 2019, defendant was charged with attempted
premeditated murder (§§ 187, subd. (a), 664, subd. (a); count 1), shooting at an occupied
vehicle (§ 246; count 2), assault with a firearm (§ 245, subd. (a)(2); count 3), being a
felon in possession of a firearm (§ 29800, subd. (a)(1); count 4), and unlawful possession
of ammunition (§ 30305, subd. (a)(1); count 5). As to counts 1 and 2, the information
alleged firearm enhancements for personal use (§ 12022.53, subds. (b)–(d)). For all
counts, it alleged that defendant had suffered three prior “strike” convictions within the
meaning of the “Three Strikes” law (§§ 667, subds. (b)–(i), 1170.12, subds. (a)–(d)), two
prior serious felony convictions (§ 667, subd. (a)(1)), and three prior prison terms
(§ 667.5, subd. (b)).
        Following a trial,2 on October 4, 2021, the jury convicted defendant on all
charges, finding that the attempted murder was willful, deliberate, and premeditated, and
also finding true the section 12022.53, subdivision (d) firearm enhancements for counts 1
and 2. In a bifurcated proceeding, the trial court found true one of the prior conviction
allegations and struck the section 667.5, subdivision (b) special allegations.3

1       All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise stated.
2      At the close of evidence, the court denied defendant’s oral section 1118.1 motion
for acquittal asserting insufficient evidence.
3      With the parties’ consent, the court trial proceeded before a different judge due to
a scheduling conflict for the assigned judge.

                                              2.
       As described in more detail below, the trial court denied defendant’s motion for
disclosure of juror contact information and his motion for new trial.
       On March 30, 2022, the trial court sentenced defendant to prison for an aggregate
determinate term of 14 years and four months, plus an indeterminate term of 39 years to
life as follows: on count 3, the upper term of eight years, plus five years for the prior
serious felony; on count 4, four years, concurrent with the term on count 3, stayed
pursuant to section 654; on count 5, 16 months (one-third the middle term), consecutive
to the term on count 3; on count 1, 14 years to life (doubled pursuant to § 667,
subd. (e)(1)), plus 25 years to life for the firearm enhancement, consecutive to the term
on count 5; and on count 2, the same 14 years to life plus 25 years to life but ordered to
run concurrently with the term on count 1, and stayed pursuant to section 654.4 This
appeal followed.
                                 FACTUAL SUMMARY
       Because defendant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence supporting
his convictions, we set forth only a general summary of the underlying facts to provide
context for the arguments raised in this appeal. In the early morning hours of June 30,
2018, 21-year-old Gabriel V. and his girlfriend Hannah B. were following a truck that
they believed had hit one of their friends’ vehicles, while doing “doughnuts” at the
riverbank where Gabriel and Hannah’s friends had been socializing that evening.
Gabriel, the driver, followed the truck for about five minutes in an effort to record the
license plate number and track the truck’s location to report to the police.
       Gabriel could not see the occupants of the truck very well, but he discerned two
younger individuals between 16 and 18 years old in the front seats. As it turned out, the
truck was being driven by 14-year-old Dominic T., who was accompanied by his 17- or

4      For counts 1 and 2, the court stayed the prior serious felony enhancements (§ 667,
subd. (a)(1)).

                                              3.
18-year-old friend, Julian V. Dominic saw that they were being followed and, not
knowing how many angry older boys might be in the car chasing them, he called
defendant for help. At the time, defendant was Dominic’s mother’s boyfriend. On the
phone, Dominic told defendant that a group of “white boys” was chasing them, trying to
kill him; and he asked defendant to help scare them off. Defendant told Dominic to drive
to Dominic’s grandmother’s house on North 3rd Street, where defendant and Dominic’s
mother were staying.
       With Gabriel and Hannah still following, Dominic drove to his grandmother’s
house and stopped the truck in the street. Neither Dominic nor Julian got out of the truck,
and Gabriel started to slowly drive around the truck to leave—thinking this sudden stop
was suspicious. As Gabriel was passing the truck, a man ran up to the car from one of
the neighboring yards, cursing and pulling out a gun. Both Gabriel and Hannah saw the
man raise the gun and heard him say “ ‘What’s up, motherfucker?’ ” before Gabriel
accelerated away. Just after accelerating, Gabriel and Hannah heard three gunshots, and
Gabriel felt the second one hit him in the back of his shoulder. Neither of them saw the
shots fired, and they did not look back toward the shooter. Instead, Gabriel sped around
the corner before having to stop because of his injury. Police and medical responders
arrived quickly and took Gabriel to the hospital after speaking to him and Hannah and
some friends who had also come to his aid. The shooting occurred shortly after 3:00
a.m., based on witness testimony and records of the 911 call made at 3:27 a.m.
       Based on descriptions provided by Hannah and Gabriel’s friends, police detained
Dominic and Julian in the truck within several minutes. Dominic and Julian testified that
they had also heard three or four shots fired but did not see the shooter. They both
ducked down, thinking their pursuers might be shooting at them. When Gabriel’s car
drove away, Dominic drove off, too. At trial, the prosecution also introduced a
handwritten statement that Dominic had voluntarily given to an officer while being

                                            4.
booked in juvenile hall.5 In relevant part, the statement read that a group of boys “chased
me all the way home and [defendant] pulled a gun on them and I had got scared and left
then got pulled over.” Dominic testified, however, that he only stated defendant “pulled
a gun on them” because that is what the sheriffs had previously told him––not because he
personally saw defendant with a gun.
       Dominic also testified that because he was scared he initially gave a false oral
statement to the officer who pulled him over—telling the officer he was just driving
Julian home from a party, before telling the truth. According to the officers who spoke
with him, Dominic initially denied being in any altercations by the river or being chased
that evening before ultimately providing the above written statement. The officer who
spoke with Julian testified that Julian also initially denied being at the river before later
confirming he and Dominic had been kicking up dust in the truck and then were chased
from the river.
       At the hospital, when presented with a six-person photo line-up, Gabriel
immediately identified defendant as the person who shot him; and he again identified
defendant as the shooter at trial.
       Meanwhile, an officer had been canvassing the neighborhood in the area where
Hannah indicated the shooter appeared. Among others, the officer spoke with the
occupants of Dominic’s grandmother’s house, which included defendant and Dominic’s
mother (defendant’s then girlfriend). There was a detached garage on the property,
where defendant would go once or twice a day. After obtaining a search warrant, police
broke into the locked garage and found a revolver inside a microwave on the ground.

5      As described by the officers, because Dominic was a juvenile, they could not
question him without access to counsel once he became a suspect in the case; and they
had been unable to contact the public defender’s office. However, because Dominic had
asked during the ride to juvenile hall whether it would benefit him to tell the truth, the
transporting officer suggested that Dominic could write a statement if he wanted to—
emphasizing that it was entirely up to him.

                                               5.
The revolver contained three spent rounds and three live rounds. Elsewhere in the
garage, police also found one .22-caliber round, which did not fit the revolver.
       Defendant, Dominic, and Dominic’s mother were all arrested in connection with
the shooting, but only defendant was charged.
                                      DISCUSSION
I. WITNESS VOUCHING
       Defendant first contends that the prosecutor improperly vouched for Dominic and
Julian’s credibility as witnesses by virtue of certain remarks during their testimony.
Acknowledging that no objection was made to these remarks at trial, defendant also
alternatively argues ineffective assistance of counsel based on this omission.
       A.     Additional Background
       Defendant first takes issue with the following statement by the prosecutor at the
outset of Dominic’s testimony: “And you’re not in any kind of trouble, Dominic. I just
want to tell you that.” Defendant also asserts misconduct stemming from the following
two exchanges between the prosecutor and Julian. Toward the end of direct examination,
the prosecutor asked:

              “Okay. And so at some point, did you originally make a statement
       to Officer Ortiz -- well, let me just ask you this, and, you know, we’re just
       here to … tell the truth now, and it’s totally fine what happened in the past,
       but we just want to clear up anything. And, like I said, you’re not in any
       kind of trouble whatsoever. I promise you that. But did you originally
       make a false statement to the officers when you were stopped?”
In response, Julian admitted that he had initially lied about Dominic just giving him a ride
home from a party. Shortly after, the prosecutor shifted to having Julian identify a few
pictures, prefacing his questions with the statement: “And you’re doing just fine[,]
Julian. You’re doing okay.”
       Defendant argues that by telling Dominic and Julian they were “not in any kind of
trouble,” the prosecutor “signaled to the jury the prosecutor’s assurance that [they] had

                                             6.
lied to police but [were] telling the truth now” on the witness stand. According to
defendant, the prosecutor was impermissibly placing the prestige of his office behind the
witnesses, since “the jury undoubtedly knew that [they] would be in trouble if [they were]
lying on the witness stand.”
        B.    Analysis
        We agree with the People that defendant forfeited this prosecutorial misconduct
claim by failing to object or seek an admonition regarding the challenged remarks at trial.
(See People v. Anderson (1990) 52 Cal.3d 453, 478 [“Defendant failed to object, or seek
an admonition, as to any of these remarks, and accordingly he cannot raise a claim of
misconduct on appeal.”].) Nevertheless, we exercise our discretion to reach the merits
because doing so also disposes of defendant’s parallel ineffective assistance claim.
        “A prosecutor is prohibited from vouching for the credibility of witnesses or
otherwise bolstering the veracity of their testimony by referring to evidence outside the
record.” (People v. Frye (1998) 18 Cal.4th 894, 971 (Frye), disapproved on other
grounds by People v. Doolin (2009) 45 Cal.4th 390.) “Nor is a prosecutor permitted to
place the prestige of her office behind a witness by offering the impression that she has
taken steps to assure a witness’s truthfulness at trial.” (Frye, supra, at p. 971.) In other
words, the prosecution “may not portray itself as a guarantor of truthfulness.” (U.S. v.
Roberts (9th Cir. 1980) 618 F.2d 530, 537.) When a claim of prosecutorial misconduct
“focuses upon comments made by the prosecutor before the jury, the question is whether
there is a reasonable likelihood that the jury construed or applied any of the complained-
of remarks in an objectionable fashion.” (People v. Samayoa (1997) 15 Cal.4th 795,
841.)
        We are not persuaded that the challenged statements constituted “assurances
regarding the apparent honesty or reliability” of Dominic or Julian’s testimony. (Frye,
supra, 18 Cal.4th at p. 971.) It was very early in Dominic’s testimony when the
prosecutor told Dominic that he was not in trouble, long before the subject of Dominic’s

                                              7.
initial false oral statement came up. Dominic had just given his first narrative of the
evening’s events, acknowledging that he had been driving the truck erratically near other
people at the river along with his friend Julian. With no suggestion at that point that
Dominic might not be consistently truthful, it is far more likely the jury understood the
prosecutor to be reassuring Julian that admitting to misbehavior at the river would not
subject him to prosecution. Moreover, the transcript reflects that Dominic—who was
only 18 years old at the time of trial—at first appeared understandably nervous and
unfamiliar with testifying in open court. Dominic asked whether he was “going to get
asked anything,” expressed a desire for the courtroom audience to stop looking at him,
and apologized for various small missteps several times at the beginning of his testimony.
The trial court reassured him: “If you get nervous, don’t worry about it.” And the
prosecutor reminded him: “[W]e just want the truth. There are no right or wrong
answers here, obviously.” Given this additional context, in all likelihood the jury
understood the prosecutor’s challenged statement shortly thereafter as offering general
reassurance to a nervous, young witness.
       As for Julian, who would have been 20 or 21 years old when he testified, the
prosecutor’s promise of no “trouble” directly prefaced his question of whether Julian
originally made a false statement to the police when he and Dominic were stopped.
However, we fail to see why the jury would make the logical leap defendant now asserts
in order to interpret the prosecutor’s statements as an assurance of Julian’s present
truthfulness. Defendant contends that, because the jury knew that Julian would be in
trouble for perjuring himself on the witness stand, the prosecutor’s assurance of no
trouble implied that Julian could not be testifying falsely. Contrary to defendant’s
position, the prosecutor made it plain that Julian was not in trouble for “what happened
in the past.” (Italics added.) Far from assuring the jury that Julian was actually telling
the truth in his present testimony, the prosecutor was assuring Julian that it was okay to
tell the truth about having lied to authorities in the past. The prosecutor’s “statement did

                                             8.
not implore jurors to forego their independent assessment of the evidence and accept the
prosecutor’s word” that Julian was being truthful. (Frye, supra, 18 Cal.4th at p. 972.)
Indeed, in his closing argument, the prosecutor argued in part that both Dominic and
Julian had lied during portions of their testimony based on inconsistencies with other
witnesses’ recollections.
       Finally, we see no misconduct in the prosecutor’s last challenged statement telling
Julian he was “doing just fine” and “doing okay.” Reassuring a relatively young witness
in such broad terms comes nowhere near a “government[] assessment that the witness is
testifying truthfully.” (U.S. v. Roberts, supra, 618 F.2d at p. 536.)
       It is not reasonably likely the jurors would have understood any of the
prosecutor’s challenged statements to Dominic or Julian to “reflect any personal
knowledge or information by the prosecutor.” (Frye, supra, 18 Cal.4th at p. 972.)
II.    INSTRUCTIONAL ERROR
       Defendant next argues that the trial court committed prejudicial error by giving a
flight instruction without substantial evidence, over his objection.
       A.     Additional Background
       According to the investigating officer, Dominic’s mother and defendant told him
that on the night in question they both got home around 11:00 p.m. and went to sleep
around 1:00 a.m.; they woke around 4:00 a.m. and went to Taco Bell before coming back
home to eat around 4:10 a.m.; and defendant then went back to sleep until he was awoken
by the police. Dominic’s mother testified similarly and confirmed that it was after they
got home from Taco Bell that police came to their house.
       During discussion of jury instructions, defendant’s trial counsel objected to the
inclusion of CALCRIM No. 372, the flight instruction. The court overruled the
objection, reasoning that “running off” to Taco Bell at 4:00 in the morning could be
viewed as a flight.

                                             9.
       Accordingly, the jury received instruction No. 372, entitled “Defendant’s Flight,”
which read: “If the defendant fled, that conduct may show that he was aware of his guilt.
If you conclude that the defendant fled, it is up to you to decide the meaning and
importance of that conduct. However, evidence that the defendant fled cannot prove guilt
by itself.”
       As relevant, the jury also received instruction No. 200, regarding the jury’s
general duties. Instruction No. 200’s closing directive stated: “Some of these
instructions may not apply, depending on your findings about the facts of the case. After
you have decided what the facts are, follow the instructions that do apply to the facts as
you find them.”
       B.     Relevant Law
       “It is an elementary principle of law that before a jury can be instructed that it may
draw a particular inference, evidence must appear in the record which, if believed by the
jury, will support the suggested inference.” (People v. Hannon (1977) 19 Cal.3d 588,
597 (Hannon).) “A flight instruction is proper whenever evidence of the circumstances
of [the] defendant’s departure from the crime scene or his usual environs … logically
permits an inference that his movement was motivated by guilty knowledge.” (People v.
Turner (1990) 50 Cal.3d 668, 694.) “ ‘ “[F]light requires neither the physical act of
running nor the reaching of a far-away haven. [Citation.] Flight manifestly does require,
however, a purpose to avoid being observed or arrested.” ’ [Citations.]” (People v.
Bradford (1997) 14 Cal.4th 1005, 1055.) “The evidentiary basis for the flight instruction
requires sufficient, not uncontradicted, evidence.” (People v. Richardson (2008)
43 Cal.4th 959, 1020; see People v. Bonilla (2007) 41 Cal.4th 313, 328 [“To obtain the
instruction, the prosecution need not prove the defendant in fact fled, … only that a jury
could find the defendant fled and permissibly infer a consciousness of guilt from the
evidence.”].) An unsupported flight instruction warrants reversal only when there is a

                                            10.
reasonable probability the erroneous instruction affected the verdicts. (Turner, at p. 695
[applying the standard of People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836].)
       C. Analysis
       The evidence of defendant’s flight was admittedly slim in this case. There is no
evidence defendant ran from the scene or from police attempting to arrest him.
Defendant did, however, leave his “usual environs”—the house where he was staying
with Dominic’s mother—located next to the scene of the shooting, at an unusually early
hour of the morning, within about 40 minutes of the shooting. (People v. Turner, supra,
50 Cal.3d at p. 694.) Although it does not appear that defendant or the household had
been contacted by police yet, the timing of defendant’s departure was sufficient to allow
a reasonable fact finder to infer that he left to avoid detection. The testimony that
defendant and Dominic’s mother returned from Taco Bell within perhaps 10 minutes to
eat at home supports defendant’s explanation that they simply got hungry at an odd hour.
However, “[a]lternative explanations for flight conduct go to the weight of the evidence,
which is a matter for the jury, not the court, to decide.” (People v. Rhodes (1989)
209 Cal.App.3d 1471, 1477.) The trial court properly fulfilled its threshold duty to
ensure there was sufficient evidence from which the jury could find flight. (Hannon,
supra, 19 Cal.3d at pp. 597–598; People v. Bonilla, supra, 41 Cal.4th at p. 328.)
       Even assuming it was error to give the flight instruction, there was no reasonable
probability the instruction affected the jury’s verdict given the wording of instruction
No. 372, the accompanying instruction No. 200, and the substantial surrounding
inculpatory evidence.
       The wording of instruction No. 372 left to the jury the factual determination about
whether flight occurred and the meaning of that flight. The instruction read “[i]f the
defendant fled,” and “[i]f you conclude that the defendant fled .…” (Italics added.) And
it specified that any flight “may show” defendant’s awareness of guilt, though it was “up
to you [the jury] to decide the meaning and importance” of any flight conduct. (Italics

                                             11.
added.) Thus, the flight instruction “did not posit the existence of flight; both the
existence and significance of flight were left to the jury.” (People v. Crandell (1988) 46
Cal.3d 833, 870, overruled on another ground in People v. Crayton (2002) 28 Cal.4th
346, 364–365.) The flight instruction lacks the language held prejudicial in the
consciousness-of-guilt instruction at issue in Hannon, supra, 19 Cal.3d 588, to which
defendant attempts an analogy. In Hannon, the instruction “clearly left open the
possibility that no evidence of suppression may have been presented” by telling the jury,
“Now, evidence, if there was any in this case, that the defense attempted to suppress any
evidence .…” (Id. at p. 597, fns. 3 & 4.) The present flight instruction left it for the jury
to determine whether flight had been proved, without leaving open the possibility that
there was zero evidence of flight.
       Over the years, our Supreme Court has repeatedly held that the permissive
language of flight instructions worded similarly to this one renders harmless any
instructional error. (See People v. Elliott (2012) 53 Cal.4th 535, 584; People v.
Richardson, supra, 43 Cal.4th at p. 1020; People v. Visciotti (1992) 2 Cal.4th 1, 61.)
Courts of Appeal have followed suit. (See People v. Pettigrew (2021) 62 Cal.App.5th
477, 502 [holding harmless CALCRIM No. 372 instruction that “expressly informed the
jury that, if it found defendant tried to kill himself while in custody, it was the sole judge
of ‘the meaning and importance’ of defendant’s suicide attempts”]; People v. Vega
(2015) 236 Cal.App.4th 484, 503 [holding harmless CALCRIM No. 361 instruction on
failure to explain or deny adverse evidence that left “the ‘meaning and importance’ of the
failure to explain or deny in the jurors’ hands”].)
       Harmlessness is often bolstered by the presence of an accompanying jury
instruction that not all instructions provided will necessarily apply to the facts as found
by the jury. In People v. Barnett (1998) 17 Cal.4th 1044, the Supreme Court held that
even assuming an instruction on hot flight and immediate pursuit was erroneous, the
instruction “could not possibly have prejudiced defendant” because the jury was

                                              12.
“specifically instructed to ‘disregard any instruction which applies to a state of fact which
you determine does not exist’ and to ‘not conclude from the fact that an instruction has
been given that the Court is expressing any opinion as to the facts.’ ” (Id. at pp. 1153–
1154, citing CALJIC No. 17.31; see also People v. Richardson, supra, 43 Cal.4th at
p. 1020 [flight instruction “applied only if the jurors found flight had been shown; if they
did not so find here, they would have disregarded the flight instruction as they were also
instructed” in CALJIC No. 17.31]; People v. Saddler (1979) 24 Cal.3d 671, 684
[instruction to disregard inapplicable instructions is a consideration in assessing the
prejudicial effect of an improper instruction].) Likewise, in People v. Pettigrew, supra,
62 Cal.App.5th 477, the Court of Appeal held that the accompanying CALCRIM No. 200
instruction to disregard inapplicable jury instructions “mitigated the potential for
prejudice from [an] erroneously given flight instruction.” (Pettigrew, supra, at p. 502.)
       Here, instruction No. 200 told the jury that some instructions “may not apply,
depending on your findings about the facts of the case” and told jurors to “follow the
instructions that do apply to the facts as you find them.” This amounts to the same
directive to disregard inapplicable instructions given in the above discussed cases. If the
jury found the circumstances of defendant’s 4:00 a.m. trip to Taco Bell did not show
awareness of guilt, it would have disregarded instruction No. 372 as instructed in
No. 200. (See People v. Silveria and Travis (2020) 10 Cal.5th 195, 245 [reviewing court
must presume jury understood and followed instructions].)
       Further mitigating the harm from any error here, the prosecutor did not mention
flight or the flight instruction in his closing argument. (See Crandell, supra, 46 Cal.3d at
p. 870 [no harm where flight “instruction did not figure in the prosecutor’s closing
argument”].) Defense counsel brought up the issue of flight in his summation as part of
his argument that Dominic was the more likely shooter. Contrasting Dominic’s actions
after the shooting with defendant’s, counsel noted that Dominic was the one who fled
from the scene, not defendant—who “stuck around,” “went to Taco Bell and came back.”

                                             13.
Defense counsel reasoned to the jury that if defendant had really fired the shots, he would
have taken off like Dominic had. These arguments, if anything, would have encouraged
the jury not to apply the flight instruction and infer guilt from defendant’s trip to Taco
Bell.
        Finally, although no witness affirmatively saw defendant pull the trigger of a gun
that night, the circumstantial evidence of defendant’s guilt was substantial. Gabriel
identified defendant as the shooter without hesitation shortly after the incident; defendant
had instructed Dominic to drive to the location where the shooting occurred, which was
outside of the house where defendant was staying that night; and a handgun was found
hidden in the garage at that house with exactly three spent shell casings, the same number
of shots heard that night. The jury deliberated for less than one hour before finding
defendant guilty on all counts, reinforcing that this was not a close case in which the
flight instruction tipped the balance. (See People v. Saddler, supra, 24 Cal.3d at p. 684
[holding consciousness-of-guilt instructional error harmless based on the strength of the
evidence and the fact the jury reached its verdict after 1.5 hours of deliberation].)
        The court did not err in giving the flight instruction, and even assuming error, it is
not reasonably probable that defendant would have received a more favorable verdict
absent that instruction.
III.    ACCESS TO JUROR CONTACT INFORMATION
        Defendant next argues that remand is required because the trial court erred by
denying his posttrial application for release of one juror’s personal contact information to
support a motion for new trial based on suspected juror misconduct.
        A. Relevant Law
        Following the recording of a jury’s verdict in a criminal trial, the trial court must
seal the record of “personal juror identifying information,” including “names, addresses,
and telephone numbers.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 237, subd. (a)(2).) Thereafter, the

                                              14.
defendant or defense counsel may petition the court for access to these records “to
communicate with jurors for the purpose of developing a motion for new trial or any
other lawful purpose.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 206, subd. (g); see Code Civ. Proc., § 237,
subd. (b) [permitting petition by any person].) The court must set the matter for hearing
if (1) the petition and the required supporting declaration “establish a prima facie
showing of good cause” for releasing the personal information, and (2) there is no
“compelling interest against disclosure,” such as “protecting jurors from threats or danger
of physical harm.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 237, subd. (b).)6
       In order to establish a prima facie showing of good cause in this context, a
defendant must provide, at a minimum, a “ ‘sufficient showing to support a reasonable
belief that jury misconduct occurred, … and that further investigation is necessary to
provide the court with adequate information to rule on a motion for new trial .…’ ”
(People v. Carrasco (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 978, 990.) “Good cause does not exist
where the allegations of jury misconduct are speculative, conclusory, vague, or
unsupported.” (People v. Cook (2015) 236 Cal.App.4th 341, 346.) “ ‘Absent a
satisfactory, preliminary showing of possible juror misconduct, the strong public interests
in the integrity of our jury system and a juror’s right to privacy outweigh the
countervailing public interest served by disclosure of the juror information.’ ” (Carrasco,
at p. 990.)
       “Trial courts have broad discretion when ruling on a motion to release juror
contact information.” (People v. Zamora (2022) 73 Cal.App.5th 1084, 1090; see People
v. Avila (2006) 38 Cal.4th 491, 604.) We review the denial of a petition for release of
juror information under the deferential abuse of discretion standard. (Townsel v. Superior
Court (1999) 20 Cal.4th 1084, 1087; People v. Munoz (2019) 31 Cal.App.5th 143, 165.)

6     If the court sets the matter for a hearing, subdivisions (c) and (d) of Code of Civil
Procedure section 237 outline the procedure for the hearing and specify the basis on
which the court is to make a final determination on the petition.

                                             15.
Under this standard, we will not disturb the trial court’s decision unless it was arbitrary,
capricious, or patently absurd. (People v. Rodrigues (1994) 8 Cal.4th 1060, 1124–1125;
see also People v. Cole (2004) 33 Cal.4th 1158, 1185 [“A court abuses its discretion
when it acts unreasonably under the circumstances of the particular case.”].)
       B. Additional Background
       On November 3, 2021, about one month after the jury’s verdict and two days
before the scheduled sentencing hearing, defendant filed a request to disclose juror
information. The supporting brief stated that “[a]fter the completion of the jury trial,”
defendant’s mother, Maria Moreno, informed defense counsel that she recognized
Juror #4 from several prior contacts—although “she did not immediately recognize
Juror #4 due to his wearing a face mask.” The trial occurred during the COVID-19
pandemic, and it appears from the trial transcript that everyone in the courtroom was
masked during the proceedings. According to the brief, Ms. Moreno knew Juror #4 to be
an employee at a local storage facility where she stored her recreational vehicle (RV),
and both she and defendant “would regularly have direct contact with Juror #4 in order to
pay the monthly storage bill.” In 2017, a license plate was stolen from Ms. Moreno’s
RV, and she expressed dissatisfaction with Juror #4’s handling of the incident to his
supervisor; Juror #4 “apparently became upset” that Ms. Moreno had escalated her
complaint. Defense counsel argued that Juror #4 did not disclose that he knew defendant
or defendant’s mother, despite the fact that Ms. Moreno was listed as a potential witness
(although she never was called to testify); and requested Juror #4’s contact information to
investigate his prior contacts with defendant and Ms. Moreno and how their prior
relationship may have impacted his deliberations in the case. The request for disclosure
was accompanied by a very brief declaration of counsel, which added no further details.
       The People filed a lengthy opposition the following day, and the court addressed
the motion at the November 5, 2021 hearing previously set for sentencing. After
receiving oral argument from both sides, the trial court ruled as follows:

                                             16.
               “Okay. I did read the papers filed by both counsel, and I do note that
       Ms. Moreno was here most of the days of the trial. If this was an issue, she
       should have brought it up then. I don’t see that there has been a sufficient
       foundation laid or there is a reason to divulge the information, and based on
       the totality of the circumstances and the defendant’s current convictions
       and prior convictions, I don’t see any justification to override that based on
       this mere assertion that there might be some issue that wasn’t addressed at
       the time that allegedly the mother was aware of. So I’m going to deny the
       request for the disclosure of the juror information.”
Sentencing was continued because of delays in producing the probation report.
       On November 19, 2021, defendant filed a motion for new trial. The motion
asserted claims of insufficient evidence, prosecutorial misconduct, and juror misconduct
based on Juror #4’s failure to disclose his prior knowledge of defendant and Ms. Moreno;
and it was accompanied by a declaration by Ms. Moreno regarding her interactions with
Juror #4 at the storage facility.
       After several months of continuances due to delays in producing trial transcripts,
the People filed their opposition, and the motion for new trial was heard on March 8,
2022. The parties orally argued only the sufficiency of the evidence and prosecutorial
misconduct issues, and the court denied defendant’s motion without expressing its views
on the juror misconduct claim.
       C. Analysis
       Defendant argues that the trial court erred by denying his request for disclosure
because the request stated a prima facie case of juror misconduct. Defendant does not
challenge the denial of the subsequent new trial motion but argues it was an abuse of
discretion for the trial court not to reconsider its ruling on the request for disclosure upon
receiving Ms. Moreno’s declaration attached to the motion for new trial. In the
alternative, he argues trial counsel was ineffective for failing to renew the motion after
obtaining the declaration from Ms. Moreno.
       As the People note, the trial court did not deny the request for disclosure based on
the absence of a declaration attesting to the facts asserted, although that would have been

                                             17.
proper grounds for denial. (See Code Civ. Proc., § 237, subd. (b) [“The petition shall be
supported by a declaration that includes facts sufficient to establish good cause .…”].)
Ms. Moreno’s subsequent declaration repeated the same set of facts set forth in
defendant’s brief in support of the request for disclosure. The court’s oral ruling on the
request indicates that the court accepted as true the factual contentions in defendant’s
brief but simply found they provided insufficient “reason to divulge the [juror]
information.” The court also stated it was denying the motion based on the failure to
raise the issue of potential juror misconduct earlier, during the trial, and based on
defendant’s current and prior convictions. These were reasonable grounds for denial, and
we see no abuse of discretion.
       Although the court did not use the statutory phrases “good cause” or “compelling
interest,” it is reasonably clear the court found there was a compelling interest against
disclosure and there was no prima facie showing of good cause for disclosure. (See Code
Civ. Proc., § 237, subd. (b) [predicates for setting a hearing].) Beginning with the latter
and taking as true the facts asserted in the subsequent Moreno declaration, the trial
court’s finding of no prima facie showing was reasonable. Defendant’s submissions
convey only that Ms. Moreno kept her RV at the storage facility and interacted with
Juror #4 there sometime in 2017—four years before the trial. Ms. Moreno did not
describe how she “personally interacted” with Juror #4 in the office on the “several
occasions” when they overlapped while she made her monthly payments; and there is no
suggestion that defendant interacted with Juror #4 when he “often accompanied” his
mother to the office. Nor did Ms. Moreno specify Juror #4’s words or actions
surrounding her reporting of the theft of her license plate, stating only that Juror #4
“became upset” and was “angered.” These conclusory and vague descriptions are
insufficient to make the requisite prima facie showing of good cause for disclosure. (See
People v. Cook, supra, 236 Cal.App.4th at p. 346 [“Good cause does not exist where the
allegations of jury misconduct are speculative, conclusory, vague, or unsupported.”].)

                                             18.
       There is also no indication that Juror #4 realized he knew defendant or his mother
and intentionally withheld that information (the basis of the juror misconduct claim).
Ms. Moreno did not aver that Juror #4 saw her attending the trial—where she, like
everyone else in the gallery, was wearing a face mask—or explain why he should have
recognized her by name on the list of potential witnesses provided during voir dire.
       Relatedly, Ms. Moreno explained that she “did not immediately recognize[]
Juror #4 … due to his wearing a mask while in court.” This both undercuts the
contention that Juror #4 recognized the Morenos, who were also masked, and fails to
explain the timing of Ms. Moreno’s reporting of her juror misconduct concern. The trial
court found, and defendant himself acknowledged, that Ms. Moreno was present most of
the days of the trial—which spanned six days. Even if she did not “immediately”
recognize Juror #4, Ms. Moreno must have recognized him at some point before the jury
was dismissed; and there is no explanation why she did not inform defense counsel of the
prior relationship until sometime “[a]fter the completion of the jury trial.” The trial court
reasonably denied the motion based on the failure to bring up the suspected misconduct
during the trial when the court could have addressed any issue before the trial concluded.
(Cf. People v. Carrasco, supra, 163 Cal.App.4th at 991 [noting in affirming denial of
petition “that defense counsel learned about the claimed juror misconduct during the trial,
before a verdict was entered, and had an opportunity to try to rectify any problem she
perceived”].)
       Finally, even if defendant made a prima facie showing of good cause for
disclosure, the trial court reasonably denied the petition based on a competing,
compelling interest against disclosure—namely, juror safety. (See People v. Tuggles
(2009) 179 Cal.App.4th 339, 382 [trial court may deny the request for juror contact
information if the court finds a compelling interest for nondisclosure].) The court
expressly cited defendant’s “current convictions and prior convictions” as grounds for the
denial. The current convictions were for serious, violent crimes including attempted

                                             19.
murder and shooting at an occupied vehicle (which was driving away from defendant).
Defendant’s prior convictions include violent crimes of second degree robbery with gang
and firearm enhancements and felony domestic violence. Although there is no record of
defendant or his mother threatening any jurors,7 it was reasonable for the trial court to
conclude that because of these convictions defendant and his associates posed a risk to
juror safety, a concern that the disclosure statute expressly identifies as a compelling
interest justifying nondisclosure of juror information. (Code Civ. Proc., § 237, subd. (b);
cf. Townsel v. Superior Court, supra, 20 Cal.4th at pp. 1096–1097 [the trial court acted
within its discretion in forbidding appellate counsel to contact jurors based in part on the
severity of the defendant’s convictions because “[t]he physical safety of jurors is of
paramount concern for the judiciary,” citing Code Civ. Proc., § 237, subd. (b)].)
       For all of these reasons, we conclude the court acted within its broad discretion in
denying defendant’s petition for disclosure of juror contact information.8 Because the

7      Defendant argues that the lack of threats should defeat the People’s juror safety
argument, citing People v. Granish (1996) 41 Cal.App.4th 1117. Although the Supreme
Court in Granish stated that juror identifying information could be ordered confidential to
protect jurors from the type of harassment and improper contacts the defendant’s relatives
had exhibited in that case (id. at p. 1131), it did not hold that such conduct was necessary
to deny a petition for disclosure on juror protection grounds.
8      Although neither party raises the issue, we note that the trial court failed to
memorialize its ruling in a minute order as required by the disclosure statute. (See Code
Civ. Proc., § 237, subd. (b) [“If the court does not set the matter for hearing, the court
shall by minute order set forth the reasons and make express findings either of a lack of a
prima facie showing of good cause or the presence of a compelling interest against
disclosure.”].) The minutes from the court’s November 5, 2021 would-be sentencing
hearing reflected the denial of defendant’s petition without stating any reasons.
However, we do not deem this to be reversible error. As discussed above, the court
orally stated its reasons on the record. There would be no practical benefit in requiring a
minute order repeating the same information. Despite the mandatory nature of the
language appearing in Code of Civil Procedure section 237, we decline to elevate form
over substance in this case. This record leaves no doubt why the trial court denied
defendant’s petition.

                                             20.
Moreno declaration attached to the motion for new trial did not substantively add to the
facts asserted in support of the petition for disclosure, and its omission was not a cited
basis for the trial court’s denial of the petition, trial counsel was not ineffective for failing
to bring a new petition for disclosure upon obtaining such declaration.
IV.    CUMULATIVE ERROR
       Under the cumulative error doctrine, the cumulative effect of several trial errors
may be prejudicial even if each would not be prejudicial when considered individually.
(People v. Lua (2017) 10 Cal.App.5th 1004, 1019.) Because we have found no
individual errors, we can find no cumulative error. (See In re Reno (2012) 55 Cal.4th
428, 483.)
V.     SECTION 654
       As his final argument, defendant contends the trial court violated section 654 by
imposing a concurrent sentence on count 4 and staying that sentence, because count 4
(felon in possession of a firearm) and count 5 (unlawful possession of ammunition) were
based upon the same act of defendant possessing a firearm—the revolver found in the
garage—with ammunition loaded inside it. Defendant requests that we order the
sentence on count 4 stayed and the abstract of judgment corrected accordingly. This
request is puzzling because the trial court orally pronounced that the term on count 4 was
stayed pursuant to section 654, and the abstract of judgment already reflects a stayed term
for count 4.
       What defendant seems to be contesting is that the court ordered a concurrent term
on count 4 before staying it. Defendant argues that section 654 forbids the imposition of
concurrent sentences under any circumstances for convictions falling within its ambit.
He is mistaken.
       Section 654 prohibits multiple punishment for crimes arising out of the same act
or course of conduct. (People v. Reed (2006) 38 Cal.4th 1224, 1226–1227.) “[W]hen a

                                              21.
court determines that a conviction falls within the meaning of section 654, it is necessary
to impose sentence but to stay the execution of the duplicative sentence .…” (People v.
Duff (2010) 50 Cal.4th 787, 796.) That is what the trial court did with respect to
sentencing on counts 4 and 5. The People agree with defendant that the convictions on
count 4 (felon in possession of a firearm) and count 5 (unlawful possession of
ammunition) were based upon the same act of defendant possessing a firearm with
ammunition loaded inside it, making those counts subject to section 654. (See People v.
Sok (2010) 181 Cal.App.4th 88, 100 [separate sentences for unlawful possession of a
firearm and for unlawful possession of ammunition violated § 654 where all of the
ammunition was either loaded into the firearm or had been fired from that gun]; People v.
Lopez (2004) 119 Cal.App.4th 132, 138 [same, where all of the ammunition was loaded
into the firearm].)9 Accordingly, the trial court imposed a sentence on both counts and
stayed the execution of the sentence on count 4 pursuant to section 654.
       That the sentence imposed on count 4 was ordered to run concurrent to the term on
count 3 (assault with a firearm) is of no consequence because the court properly stayed
the execution of the sentence on count 4. Defendant cites People v. Alford (2010)
180 Cal.App.4th 1463, which indeed states that “[i]mposition of concurrent sentences is
not the correct method of implementing section 654, because a concurrent sentence is still
punishment.” (Id. at p. 1468.) Several Supreme Court cases contain similar proscriptions
against using concurrent sentences to comply with section 654: “ ‘It has long been
established that the imposition of concurrent sentences is precluded by section 654
[citations] because [under such a sentence] the defendant is deemed to be subjected to the

9      The discovery of the single live .22-caliber round separate from the revolver might
have justified treating counts 4 and 5 as divisible offenses for which multiple punishment
would not be precluded by section 654. However, the People state they have no
objection to the section 654 stay of the term imposed on count 4, citing People v. Lopez,
supra, 119 Cal.App.4th at page 138, in apparent agreement that the offenses were based
on the same act of possessing the revolver with ammunition inside it.

                                            22.
term of both sentences although they are served simultaneously.’ ” (People v. Duff,
supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 796, quoting People v. Miller (1977) 18 Cal.3d 873, 887.)
       However, these cases “only prohibit[] the imposition of concurrent sentences in
place of stays.” (People v. Sweeney (2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 142, 154, italics added.)
That is, they prohibit imposing a concurrent term for a covered conviction without also
staying the execution of that term. Given that the trial court did in fact stay the sentence
imposed on count 4, “it can make no conceivable difference whether [that] term[] [is]
nominally concurrent or consecutive.” (People v. Danowski (1999) 74 Cal.App.4th 815,
821–822; see Sweeney, at p. 154 [rejecting the claim that the trial court erred by imposing
concurrent or consecutive sentences on counts involving the same acts and then staying
those sentences].) The trial court properly first imposed a concurrent sentence on count 4
and then stayed its execution under section 654, and the abstract of judgment need not be
modified.
                                      DISPOSITION
       The judgment is affirmed.

                                                                              FRANSON, J.
WE CONCUR:

POOCHIGIAN, Acting P. J.

PEÑA, J.

                                             23.