Court Opinion

ID: 6497055
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-06-30 22:00:52.245506+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:49:37.866021
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                              FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

 LARGAN PRECISION CO., LTD.,

                        Movant,

                        v.                             Case No. 1:22-mc-00049 (TNM)

 FISCH SIGLER LLP,

                        Respondent.

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Largan Precision Co., Ltd., moves to stay arbitration over a bonus payment to its former

counsel, Fisch Sigler LLP. Largan, a Taiwanese company, hired Fisch Sigler to file a patent

infringement case in the United States. The parties agreed to arbitrate any future disputes over

fees. When Largan won an award in parallel Taiwanese litigation, Fisch Sigler sought a portion

of the award as a contractual bonus payment. Largan refused because Fisch Sigler did not

participate in the Taiwanese litigation. After months of unsuccessful negotiation, Fisch Sigler

tried to force Largan to arbitrate the issue in Washington, D.C. Largan says the agreement to

arbitrate “fees” does not cover a dispute about bonus payments. Fisch Sigler disagrees and also

argues that this Court is not the proper forum to decide the dispute over arbitrability.

        Because federal courts determine whether parties have agreed to arbitrate and the scope

of that agreement, this Court is the proper forum. And because the contract carves out bonus

payments from the agreement to arbitrate, the Court will stay the arbitration.
                                                   I.

        Largan is a Taiwan-headquartered, publicly traded company that manufactures camera

lenses. Mot. to Stay ¶ 1 (Mot.), ECF No. 1; Mem. in Opp’n at 8 (Opp’n), ECF No. 9. 1 Largan’s

customers include the world’s largest technology companies, such as Apple, Google, Microsoft,

and Samsung. Opp’n at 8. Based in the District, Fisch Sigler is a nationally recognized law firm

that specializes in patent litigation. Id. at 7.

        In 2013, Largan filed a trade secrets lawsuit in Taiwan against another Taiwanese

company, Ability Opto-Electronics Technology Co., Ltd. (AOET). Mot. ¶ 4. Six years later,

with the Taiwanese lawsuit still ongoing, Largan hired Fisch Sigler to file a patent infringement

lawsuit against AOET in the United States. Id. ¶ 5; Opp’n at 9. The parties memorialized the

terms of the representation in a contract. The contract includes several provisions at issue here.

        First, it defines both “fixed fees” and “success bonus.” “Fixed fees” include “all

attorney’s fees . . . and certain expenses incurred by the firm” and excludes certain fees not

disputed here. See Largan Ex. 1 at 4 (Contract), ECF No. 1-2. The “success bonus” for Fisch

Sigler is either 25% of “case profit” if the case concludes before a so-called “claim construction

order” (a type of order specific to patent disputes) or 50% of case profit if the case concludes

after that order. Id. at 4–5.

        Second, the contract contains both a mediation and an arbitration provision. If the parties

dispute the amount of the success bonus, the contract directs the parties to “mediate in

California.” Id. at 5. If the parties have a dispute over “fees”—an undefined term—the parties

1
  All page numbers refer to the pagination generated by the Court’s CM/ECF electronic filing
system.

                                                   2
“agree to mandatory arbitration before the Washington, D.C. Bar Attorney/Client Arbitration

Board” (ACAB). Id. at 6.

       In early 2021, Largan won a judgment against AOET in the Taiwanese litigation. Mot.

¶ 9; Opp’n at 11. Largan and AOET then negotiated a settlement that resolved both the

Taiwanese and U.S. lawsuits. Mot. ¶ 9. Largan and Fisch Sigler began to discuss the success

bonus, but the parties could not agree on the amount. Id. ¶¶ 10–11; Opp’n at 14. Fisch Sigler

says it asked Largan six times to mediate, and Largan refused each time. Opp’n at 14. Largan

responds that the contract only requires it to mediate after good-faith discussions, and that Fisch

Sigler never engaged in good-faith discussions. Largan Reply to Fisch Sigler’s Opp’n at 18

(Reply), ECF No. 11. As proof, it submits a declaration from in-house counsel at Largan who

says that Fisch Sigler at first asked for a $1.9 million success bonus. Decl. of Wei-Ju Chen Ex. E

¶¶ 3, ECF No. 11-1. But after a new attorney took over Fisch Sigler’s negotiations, it increased

its demand to $5.65 million. Id. ¶ 4. To Largan, a request for triple the previous amount did not

constitute good faith, so it refused to mediate. See id. ¶ 5; Reply at 18.

       Fisch Sigler filed a complaint with ACAB seeking to arbitrate the success bonus plus

attorneys’ fees and expenses. Mot. ¶ 10; Opp’n at 14. Largan then filed this motion to stay

arbitration. Fisch Sigler opposed the motion, and Largan replied. The motion is now ripe.

                                               II.

       The parties disagree on three issues. First, they dispute whether ACAB or the Court is

the proper forum for this dispute. Second, they disagree about whether Largan provided

informed consent to arbitrate the success bonus as required by ACAB rules. And third, they

disagree about whether the arbitration clause covers the success bonus.

                                                     3
       The Court need only address the first and third arguments. Under District law and

Supreme Court precedent, a court decides whether parties agreed to arbitrate a particular issue. 2

So the Court is the proper forum for this dispute. Because the Court finds that the arbitration

clause does not cover disputes over a success bonus, it need not decide whether Largan provided

its informed consent.

                                               A.

       Consider first the parties’ threshold dispute about whether this matter is properly before

the Court. The answer to that question depends on how one frames the issue. Largan says the

dispute is about whether the parties agreed to arbitrate disagreements about the success bonus.

See Mot. ¶¶ 16–21. Framed this way, the dispute is over “the existence or formation of a valid

agreement to arbitrate—i.e., arbitrability.” Id. ¶ 16.

       If Largan’s framing is correct, the Court should adjudicate because courts resolve

disagreements about arbitrability. See D.C. Code § 16-4406(b) (“The court shall decide whether

an agreement to arbitrate exists or a controversy is subject to an agreement to arbitrate.”); First

Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 947 (1995) (holding that because a party did

not “clearly agree to submit the question of arbitrability to arbitration,” the dispute over

arbitrability “was subject to independent review by the courts”). To adjudicate a disagreement

about arbitrability, courts decide whether an agreement to arbitrate exists and the scope of that

agreement. See D.C. Code § 16-4406(b); see also Masurovsky v. Green, 687 A.2d 198, 204

(D.C. 1996) (“[C]ourts, not arbitrators, are to determine whether the parties have agreed to

2
  Whether the Court is the proper forum for this dispute is separate from the issue of whether the
Court has subject matter jurisdiction. The Court has subject matter jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
§ 1332 because Fisch Sigler has its principal place of business in the District, Largan is a
Taiwanese corporation, and the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000. See Mot. ¶ 3.

                                                    4
arbitrate a particular matter, unless the parties themselves have agreed to submit the

arbitrability question itself to arbitration.”) (emphasis added).

       Fisch Sigler responds that “the [Contract] itself shows that an agreement to arbitrate

exists—indeed, it contains the arbitration provision.” Opp’n at 15. Thus, there can be no

disagreement about the existence of an agreement to arbitrate. Instead, Fisch Sigler contends,

the only thing at issue is whether it “complied with” ACAB’s internal rules. Id. Recall that the

parties dispute whether Fisch Sigler obtained Largan’s informed consent. ACAB Rule 8(b)(iii)

requires a client to “have been adequately informed of the scope and effect of a mandatory

arbitration provision, consistent with D.C. Bar Legal Ethics Committee Opinion 376.” That

rules dispute, according to Fisch Sigler, is not about the existence of an agreement to arbitrate. It

is a dispute about an arbitral body’s rules. And under Supreme Court precedent, the arbitrator

adjudicates these disputes. See Howsam v. Dean Witter Reynods, Inc. 537 U.S. 79, 84 (2002).

Accepting Fisch Sigler’s framing, then, means ACAB is the proper forum.

       The Court agrees with Largan. Fisch Sigler assumes that because the contract includes

an arbitration provision, the parties have agreed to arbitrate. But the existence of an arbitration

contract says nothing about its scope. And the scope is what Largan disputes. 3 In other words,

Largan challenges the existence of an agreement to arbitrate the success bonus. That

disagreement goes to the Court unless “clear[]” and “unmistakable[]” evidence suggests the

parties’ arbitration clause covers the disputed issue. See AT&T Techs., Inc. v. Commc’ns

Workers of Am., 475 U.S. 643, 649 (1986) (“[T]he question of arbitrability . . . is undeniably an

issue for judicial determination. Unless the parties clearly and unmistakably provide otherwise,

3
  Largan also disputes the validity of the entire arbitration provision because it says it never
gave its informed consent to arbitrate. But that turns on the issue of informed consent, which the
Court need not address to resolve this motion. See supra Section II.

                                                  5
the question of whether the parties agreed to arbitrate is to be decided by the court, not the

arbitrator.”).

        The contract does not “clearly and unmistakably” provide that the parties agreed to

arbitrate disagreements about the success bonus. The arbitration clause applies to “fees,” an

undefined term. See Contract at 6. A separate mediation provision covers disputes about the

success bonus. Id. at 5. The contract does not say whether these provisions are mutually

exclusive. Submitting that question to ACAB would improperly allow it to determine its own

jurisdiction. See Grad v. Wetherholt Galleries, 660 A.2d 903, 908 (D.C. 1995) (“To require any

degree of judicial deference to an arbitrator’s decision regarding arbitrability where a proper

objection to the arbitrator’s authority has been lodged would vitiate the consent basis of statutory

arbitration by permitting an arbitrator to clothe herself with actual authority, based on the

agreement of the one party asserting the claim.”).

        Thus, the Court is the proper forum to resolve the dispute.

                                                B.

        Consider next whether the parties agreed to arbitrate disputes about the success bonus.

When interpreting a contract, the Court bears in mind several principles. “This jurisdiction

follows the ‘objective’ law of contracts.” DSP Venture Group, Inc. v. Allen, 830 A.2d 850, 852

(D.C. 2003). So “the written language embodying the terms of an agreement will govern the

rights and liabilities of the parties regardless of the intent of the parties at the time they entered

into the contract, unless the written language is not susceptible of a clear and definite

undertaking[.]” Id. (cleaned up). Courts give “the language used its plain meaning,” Tillery v.

Dist. of Colum. Contract Appeals Bd., 912 A.2d 1169, 1176 (D.C. 2006), and “will not torture

words to import ambiguity where” there is none. Bragdon v. Twenty–Five Twelve Assocs. Ltd.

                                                     6
P’ship, 856 A.2d 1165, 1170 (D.C. 2004) (cleaned up). More, “contracts are not rendered

ambiguous by the mere fact that the parties do not agree upon their proper construction.” Steele

Founds., Inc. v. Clark Constr. Grp., 937 A.2d 148, 153 (D.C. 2007) (cleaned up).

        The crux of Fisch Sigler’s argument is that the parties wrote the arbitration provision

broadly. Recall that the contract defines two sets of fees: “fixed fees” and the “success bonus.”

Contract at 3–5. In contrast, the term “fees” is undefined. Fisch Sigler argues that though the

term “fixed fees” is narrow, the parties wanted the arbitration provision to apply to fees

“generally”—including the success bonus. Opp’n at 22–23. As evidence, the contract uses the

term “fixed fees” 23 times. Id. at 23. But it uses the term “fees” sparingly. And where it does

use that term, says Fisch Sigler, the contract uses it to cover “fixed fees” and the “success

bonus.” See id.

        The problem with this argument is that several times the contract uses the term “fees” in a

way that precludes it from covering the success bonus. First, the contract uses “fees” and “fixed

fees” interchangeably. On its first page, the contract says that “the fees outlined below shall

increase by 25%” if another defendant is added. Contract at 2 (emphasis added). The contract

then gives a list of fixed fees. Id. at 2–3. A page later, the contract says that for “fixed fees, the

firm will issue an invoice for each such fee at the beginning of the month (e.g., the $87,000 fixed

fee invoice for September 2019 would be issued on September 1, 2019).” Id. at 4 (emphasis

added). True, just because the contract refers to “fixed fees” as “fees” does not mean “fees”

excludes the success bonus. But it is instructive that the contract uses the term “fees” to refer to

“fixed fees” but never refers to the “success bonus” as a “fee.”

        Second, page three of the contract says that payment terms “apply to all amounts due

including fees, non-covered expenses, and success bonuses.” Contract at 4 (emphasis added).

                                                   7
And page five of the contract reads: “Notwithstanding any such termination [of the firm’s

representation], the Client remains liable to pay all fees, disbursements, success bonuses, and

related charges incurred or earned under the agreement.” Id. at 6 (emphasis added). If “fees”

included a “success bonus,” there would be no need to include them both in the same sentence.

Put differently, Fisch Sigler’s approach would render the phrase “success bonuses” in these

instances meaningless. The Court is loath to accept this interpretation because it contradicts the

District’s rules for interpreting contracts. See Dist. of Colum. v. Young, 39 A.3d 36, 40 (D.C.

2012) (“[W]e must strive to give reasonable effect to all [a contract’s] parts and eschew

an interpretation that would render part of it meaningless or incompatible[.]”) (cleaned up); see

also Antonin Scalia & Bryan J. Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts 176

(2012) (“Because legal drafters should not include words that have no effect, courts avoid a

reading that renders some words altogether redundant.”).

       Third, the contract provides for a separate dispute resolution mechanism for the success

bonus and only the success bonus. The parties agreed to mediate disputes about the success

bonus in California. Contract at 5. This is different from how the parties agreed to resolve

disputes about fees both in form—mediation versus arbitration—and in location—California

versus the District. Fisch Sigler counters that mediation and arbitration are not mutually

exclusive. See Opp’n at 24. The way to harmonize these two dispute resolution mechanisms, it

says, is to understand that the contract “contemplates that the parties will mediate [a dispute over

the success bonus] first and if it’s unsuccessful, initiate arbitration at the ACAB.” Id. But

nowhere does the contract set forth mediation and arbitration as successive dispute resolution

mechanisms.

                                                 8
        Fisch Sigler has one more argument. It says that if the Court finds the contract

ambiguous, it should presume in favor of applying arbitration. Id. at 23; see also Woodroof v.

Cunningham, 147 A.3d 777, 788 (D.C. 2016) (“If [a contractual] clause possesses a certain

amount of ambiguity, a presumption . . . applies to construe any ambiguity in favor of

arbitration.”) (cleaned up).

        There are two reasons not to apply the presumption in favor of arbitrability here. For

starters, Fisch Sigler overemphasizes the force of the presumption. The Supreme Court recently

highlighted the presumption’s limited reach when it clarified that the “policy favoring

arbitration . . . is about treating arbitration contracts like all others, not about fostering

arbitration.” Morgan v. Sundance, Inc., 142 S. Ct. 1708, 1713 (2022) (emphasis added). This

“policy” exists not to “favor arbitration over litigation,” id., but to counter “the judiciary’s

longstanding refusal to enforce agreements to arbitrate and to place such agreements upon the

same footing as other contracts,” Granite Rock Co. v. Int’l Broth. of Teamsters, 561 U.S. 287,

302 (2010) (cleaned up). And the Supreme Court has “never held that this policy overrides the

principle that a court may submit to arbitration only those disputes that the parties have agreed to

submit.” Id. (cleaned up). See also Mastrobuono v. Shearson Lehman Hutton, Inc., 514 U.S. 52,

57 (1995) (stating that the federal “proarbitration policy does not operate without regard to the

wishes of the contracting parties”).

        Consistent with these statements, the Supreme Court has laid out a two-pronged approach

to determine whether to apply the presumption:

                [Courts] discharge [their] duty [to determine whether parties agreed
                to arbitrate an issue] by: (1) applying the presumption of arbitrability
                only where a validly formed and enforceable arbitration agreement
                is ambiguous about whether it covers the dispute at hand; and (2)
                adhering to the presumption and ordering arbitration only where the
                presumption is not rebutted.

                                                   9
Granite Rock Co., 561 U.S. at 301 (emphasis added).

        Fisch Sigler fails to satisfy this test. As we have seen, the contract is not ambiguous

about whether the arbitration clause covers a “success bonus”: (1) The contract uses the term

“fees” and “success bonus” in the same sentence; (2) the contract uses the term “fees”

interchangeably with “fixed fees”; and (3) the contract provides a separate dispute resolution

mechanism in a separate forum for the success bonus. Thus, the presumption does not apply. In

any event, if the contract was ambiguous, the ambiguity should be construed against the

contract’s author—Fisch Sigler—not in its favor. See Dyer v. Bilaal, 983 A.2d 349, 355 (D.C.

2009) (“[A]ny ambiguity as to the contract’s meaning will be construed strongly against the

drafter.”); Aziken v. Dist. of Colum., 70 A.3d 213, 223 n.13 (D.C. 2013) (same).

        Fisch Sigler contends that if it cannot bring its claim before ACAB, it is without a forum

to seek relief. Opp’n at 21. Not so. As even Largan acknowledges, Fisch Sigler is free to file a

breach of contract claim in California contending that Largan has failed to mediate as required

by the contract. See Reply at 17–19. But what Fisch Sigler may not do is force Largan to

arbitrate a dispute that it did not agree to arbitrate.

                                                   III.

        For all these reasons, the Court will grant Largan’s motion to stay the arbitration. A

separate order will issue.

                                                                               2022.06.30
                                                                               17:08:33 -04'00'
Dated: June 30, 2022                                      TREVOR N. McFADDEN, U.S.D.J.

                                                    10