Court Opinion

ID: 2682638
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-07-11 14:00:32.561936+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:42:13.090873
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                             File Name: 14a0508n.06

                                          No. 12-2420                                FILED
                                                                                  Jul 11, 2014
                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                    DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

TRIMAS CORPORATION,                          )
                                             )
       Plaintiff - Appellee,                 )
                                             )
v.                                           )       ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                             )       STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
WILLIAM E. MEYERS,                           )       EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
                                             )
       Defendant - Appellant.                )
                                             )            OPINION
                                             )
                                             )

       Before: KEITH, WHITE, and STRANCH, Circuit Judges.

       JANE B. STRANCH, Circuit Judge.                In May of 2009, William E. MeyersCthen

76 years of ageCreceived notice that his retirement benefits would no longer be paid to him. This

case is one of several litigated over the past five years in which Mr. MeyersCnow 81 years of

ageChas been forced to wade through a web of corporate entities and financial transactions

seeking to determine who is responsible for paying his retirement benefits. All deny that

responsibility.

       Meyers served as an executive for TriMas Corporation from 1987 until he retired at age

65 in 1998. He received benefits under a Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (SERP) issued

by TriMas in 1995 and later amended by TriMas’s successor, MascoTech, in 2000. The benefits

continued until May 2009, when MascoTech’s successor, Metaldyne, filed for bankruptcy

protection.   Meyers pursued several avenues to obtain payment of his retirement benefits,

                                                 1
including a demand that TriMas participate in arbitration under the 1995 SERP agreement.

TriMas refused to arbitrate and filed this declaratory judgment action seeking an order that it has

no duty to arbitrate or to pay retirement benefits to Meyers.

        The district court denied Meyers’s motion to compel arbitration and granted summary

judgment in favor of TriMas; Meyers appealed. For the reasons explained below, we REVERSE

summary judgment for TriMas, REVERSE the denial of Meyers’s Motion to Arbitrate and

Dismiss the Complaint, and REMAND the case for further proceedings consistent with this

opinion.

                                      I. BACKGROUND

        TriMas is a Delaware corporation with its manufacturing headquarters in Michigan.

Initially formed by Masco Corporation in 1987, TriMas later became publicly owned in 1991.

Masco Corporation also partially owned MascoTech, a minority owner of TriMas. Both TriMas

and MascoTech entered into administrative service agreements with Masco Corporation to obtain

corporate services, such as accounting, legal, payroll, pension, and profit-sharing administration.

Masco Corporation provided these services to TriMas in return for a percentage of TriMas=s

revenues. Through this arrangement, TriMas was able to operate a $650 million company with a

small staff.

        Upon beginning operations in August 1987, TriMas recruited Meyers, who was then

55 years old, to leave his employment in Pennsylvania and move to Michigan to serve as Vice

President, Controller, and Chief Accounting Officer of TriMas. Meyers accepted the position

because it offered financial security in retirement. During compensation negotiations, TriMas

promised to provide Meyers with a SERP if TriMas was a successful entity.

                                                 2
       In 1994, TriMas issued SERPs to all corporate executives, including Meyers. Minor

changes were made to the SERPs in 1995.            Meyers’s SERP was memorialized in a letter

agreement dated February 28, 1995, which was executed by Meyers and TriMas’s CEO, Richard

Manoogian (the 1995 SERP). The 1995 SERP remained in effect until Meyers retired from

employment at TriMas at age 65 in 1998.

       The 1995 SERP provided that it was governed by Michigan law and that “arbitration shall

be the sole and exclusive remedy to resolve all disputes, claims or controversies which could be

the subject of litigation . . . involving or arising out of this Agreement.” The SERP further

provided that because Awe acknowledge that . . . arbitration is the exclusive remedy, neither of us

or any party claiming under this Agreement has the right to resort to any federal, state or local

court or administrative agency concerning any matters dealt with by this Agreement and that the

decision of the arbitrator shall be a complete defense to any action or proceeding instituted in any

tribunal or agency with respect to any dispute.”        The agreement also provided that “[t]he

arbitration provisions contained in this paragraph shall survive the termination or expiration of this

Agreement, and shall be binding on our respective successors, personal representatives and any

other party asserting a claim based upon this Agreement.”

       As Controller, Meyers knew that the liability for his SERP fully vested when he reached

age 65 and that, based on conventional accounting standards, expenses for his SERP were charged

during the period he performed services for TriMas between 1994 and 1997. The present value of

the full liability of Meyers’s SERP was recorded in the accounting records of TriMas in 1998 upon

his retirement.

       Around the same time Meyers retired, MascoTech acquired TriMas and took the company

private. Meyers’s benefits under the 1995 SERP were paid from a MascoTech account.

                                                  3
       In 2000, a private equity firm, Heartland Industrial Partners, acquired MascoTech. At that

time, MascoTech and TriMas lost their public status. MascoTech and Meyers executed an

amended and enhanced SERP (the 2000 SERP). The 2000 SERP included provisions that, if

there were to be a change in control following Heartland’s acquisition, the SERP payments would

be accelerated and paid to Meyers in a lump sum. The 2000 SERP was memorialized in a letter

agreement signed by Meyers and Manoogian, who executed the agreement as Chairman of the

Board for MascoTech. The 2000 SERP was governed by Michigan law and, in language

verbatim to that used in the 1995 SERP, required arbitration of any disputes.

       The 2000 SERP stated: “Provided you agree to waive and release all claims [under the

1995 SERP], this Agreement reflects [MascoTech’s] assumption of all of TriMas’ obligations to

you under [the 1995 SERP] and further amends and replaces in its entirety your previously signed

[1995 SERP] with TriMas Corporation and describes in full your benefits pursuant to the Plan and

all of [MascoTech’s] obligations to you, and yours to [MascoTech].” The agreement further

provided that “[i]n consideration of the mutual covenants contained herein, your execution of this

Agreement evidences your knowing, full, and final release and discharge . . . of TriMas

Corporation, [MascoTech], its and their subsidiaries and affiliates (including Masco Corporation) .

. . of and from all claims, demands, actions and causes of action which you have or had . . . for or

by reason of any matter, cause or thing founded in, arising under or derivative of [the 1995 SERP

with TriMas].”

       In 2001, Heartland changed the name of MascoTech to Metaldyne. Meyers continued to

receive SERP payments from Metaldyne. In 2002 Heartland, Metaldyne, and TriMas entered

into an agreement relating to Heartland=s purchase of TriMas common stock.                   In the

stock-purchase agreement, TriMas agreed to “assume, discharge, pay and be solely liable for and

                                                 4
shall indemnify and hold [Metaldyne] and its Subsidiaries harmless from and against all Losses

relating to any claim or liability arising out of the employment of . . . Former Employees (including

any liability for . . . supplemental executive retirement plans).” As a result of the stock purchase

agreement, TriMas once again became a publicly-held company.

       In 2006, Heartland took steps to sell Metaldyne. We recently described the alleged

sequence of this sale in a related case, Gardner v. Heartland Indus. Partners, LP, 715 F.3d 609

(6th Cir. 2013):

              In August 2006, Heartland agreed to sell its ownership interest in
       Metaldyne to another investment firm, Ripplewood Holdings. Less than two
       months later, Metaldyne submitted to the SEC a “Schedule 14A and 14C
       Information” report that detailed the terms of the acquisition. The report failed to
       mention, however, that Metaldyne would owe [its retired executives]
       approximately $13 million as a result of the sale to Ripplewood. That obligation
       arose under a change-of-control provision in Metaldyne=s [2000 SERP], in which
       [Meyers and other executives] were participants. The SERP is a plan subject to
       ERISA.

                Ripplewood threatened to back out of the deal when it found out about the
       $13 million SERP obligation. In response, [Timothy D.] Leuliette and [Daniel]
       Tredwell [of Heartland] persuaded Metaldyne’s Board (of which they were
       Chairman and a Member, respectively) simply to declare the SERP invalid. The
       Board did so on December 18, 2006, though it did not notify [the retired
       executives] of that fact at the time. The Ripplewood deal closed less than a month
       later, on January 11, 2007. Leuliette personally collected more than $10 million as
       a result of the deal.

Id. at 611B12. In this case, the parties explain that, as a result of the sale, Metaldyne became a

subsidiary of Asahi-Tec Corporation.

       In late February 2007, Meyers received a letter from Metaldyne’s corporate counsel,

Laurel Krueger, stating that the Compensation Committee of Metaldyne=s Board of Directors

made a conclusive and binding decision on December 18, 2006, that “all supplemental executive

retirement agreements entered into on or around November 2000 are invalid” and that the

                                                 5
Metaldyne Board of Directors ratified the action of the Compensation Committee on the same day.

The letter further stated that AMetaldyne is not disputing your rights to receive benefits under@ the

1995 SERP with TriMas Corporation.

       Metaldyne continued to pay Meyers’s SERP benefits. TriMas reported in its filings with

the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) and in notes to its financial statements that it had

assumed “liabilities and obligations” from Metaldyne pursuant to the 2002 stock purchase

agreement and those liabilities were “mainly comprised of contractual obligations to former

TriMas employees, tax-related matters, benefit plan liabilities and reimbursements to Metaldyne

for normal course payments to be made on TriMas= behalf.”

       Meyers and other retired executives sued Metaldyne for the enhanced benefits they

claimed to be owed under the 2000 SERP as a result of the change in control that occurred when

Heartland sold Metaldyne to Ripplewood. Gardner et al. v. Metaldyne Corp., No. 08-cv-11076

(E.D. Mich. filed Mar. 12, 2008) (“Meyers I”).          In that case, the plaintiffs asserted that

AMetaldyne is responsible for all benefits under the [2000 SERP]@ and that Metaldyne’s refusal to

honor its obligations was a breach of the terms of the 2000 SERP. While that case was pending,

Metaldyne filed for bankruptcy protection and stopped paying benefits or providing healthcare to

Meyers and his spouse under the 2000 SERP. In re Metaldyne, No. 09-13412 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y.).

The Meyers I court administratively closed the case due to Metaldyne’s bankruptcy filing. The

bankruptcy case remains pending and Meyers I is still closed.

       Meyers then filed an amended proof of claim in the bankruptcy case alleging that

Metaldyne owed him benefits under the 2000 SERP and under a Metaldyne Benefit Restoration

Plan (BRP). Meyers settled one component of his claim in the bankruptcy case, but he retained

                                                 6
the right to prosecute the SERP and BRP components of his claim and the debtors reserved their

right to object.

        In August 2009, Meyers and others filed a lawsuit against Heartland and two of its

founders in Wayne County Circuit Court in Michigan. The suit alleged that the defendants

tortiously interfered with the Metaldyne 2000 SERP by persuading and directing Metaldyne to

declare the 2000 SERP invalid. The defendants removed the case to federal court, where the

district court granted a motion to dismiss, holding that the tortious interference claim was

preempted by ERISA. In May 2013, this court reversed that decision and remanded the case to

the district court with instructions to remand the case to Michigan state court. See Gardner,
715 F.3d at 615 (“Meyers II”).

        Meyers also demanded payment of benefits from TriMas under the 1995 SERP and the

2002 stock purchase agreement.      TriMas denied any direct liability for Meyers=s benefits.

TriMas advised Meyers that he would have to arbitrate any claim against TriMas as required by the

1995 SERP.

        Taking the cue, in December 2010 Meyers demanded that TriMas participate in arbitration

as required by the 1995 SERP. TriMas then declined and instead filed this declaratory judgment

action in federal court requesting an order holding that no enforceable contract exists requiring

TriMas to arbitrate Meyers=s claim for benefits or to pay Meyers benefits. Meyers moved to

compel arbitration and dismiss the complaint. TriMas moved for summary judgment. The

district court declined to compel arbitration and granted summary judgment on the merits in favor

of TriMas. Meyers then appealed.

                                               7
                                         II. ANALYSIS

       We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment, Rorrer v. City of Stow,

743 F.3d 1025, 1038 (6th Cir. 2014), and likewise review de novo the court’s decision concerning

whether to compel arbitration, Hergenreder v. Bickford Senior Living Grp., LLC, 656 F.3d 411,

415 (6th Cir. 2011). We retrace the steps of the district court to resolve this appeal.

A. Inconsistent statements

       The district court first ruled that Meyers could not assert a right to benefits against TriMas

under the 1995 SERP because Meyers had declared in prior litigationCMeyers I, Meyers II, and

Metaldyne=s bankruptcy caseCthat the 2000 SERP is the operative agreement. Citing Ferguson

v. Neighborhood Housing Services of Cleveland, Inc., 780 F.2d 549, 551 (6th Cir. 1986), Barnes v.

Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp., 201 F.3d 815, 829 (6th Cir. 2000), and Hughes v. Vanderbilt

University, 215 F.3d 543, 549 (6th Cir. 2000), the court determined that Meyers=s Ainconsistent

statements in this case cannot establish that the 2000 SERP is not the operative agreement.@

       The district court misapplied these cases. In Ferguson, Barnes, and Hughes we discussed

the effect of a party=s admission to a particular fact in a pleading. In Ferguson, a defendant

admitted in its answer to the complaint that it qualified as an Aemployer@ for purposes of the Fair

Labor Standards Act. Ferguson, 780 F.2d at 550. That factual admission, which provided a

basis for federal jurisdiction, later precluded the defendant from challenging the district court’s

subject-matter jurisdiction. Id. at 551. We noted in Ferguson that judicial admissions eliminate

any need to produce evidence on the subject matter of the admission because the admitted fact is

no longer at issue. Id. at 550B51. In Barnes, the question was whether the district court abused

its discretion when it allowed the defendant to read portions of the plaintiffs’ complaints into

evidence at trial. Barnes, 201 F.3d at 829. Although the issue was complicated by a hearsay

                                                 8
component not relevant here, we nonetheless explained that pleadings in a prior case may be

utilized as evidentiary admissions during a jury trial. Id. We said that “[j]udicial admissions are

formal admissions in the pleadings which have the effect of withdrawing a fact from issue and

dispensing wholly with the need for proof of the fact.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). In

Hughes, the plaintiff stated in her complaint that her claim accrued on a certain date. Hughes,
215 F.3d at 549. We affirmed the district court’s use of that date to decide the timeliness of the

plaintiff=s claim, observing that “[p]laintiffs are bound by admissions in their pleadings, and a

party cannot create a factual issue by subsequently filing a conflicting affidavit.” Id. In all three

cases, we applied the governing principle that stipulations and admissions to facts in the pleadings

are generally binding on the parties as well as the trial and appellate courts. Ferguson, 780 F.2d at

551; Barnes, 201 F.3d at 829; Hughes, 215 F.3d at 549.

       These cases have no application here. The district court did not apply their governing

principleCit did not bind Meyers to an admitted fact in his current pleadings so that he is precluded

from producing contradictory evidence as to that fact during a later stage of this litigation.

Rather, the court improperly relied on Ferguson, Barnes, and Hughes to conclude that Meyers

made inconsistent statements when he argued the theory here that the 1995 SERP requires TriMas

to arbitrate and pay benefits, yet he advocated in different pending litigation involving other

parties the theory that the 2000 SERP requires Metaldyne to pay benefits.

       The district court may have had in mind the concept of judicial estoppel, but the court did

not address that doctrine and, in any event, it does not apply in this case. “Judicial estoppel

generally prevents a party from prevailing in one phase of a case on an argument and then relying

on a contradictory argument to prevail in another phase.” Pegram v. Herdrich, 530 U.S. 211, 227

n.8 (2000). Judicial estoppel equitably “preserves the integrity of the courts by preventing a party

                                                 9
from abusing the judicial process through cynical gamesmanship, achieving success on one

position, then arguing the opposite to suit an exigency of the moment.” Lorillard Tobacco Co. v.

Chester, Willcox & Saxbe, 546 F.3d 752, 757 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting Teledyne Indus., Inc. v.

NLRB, 911 F.2d 1214, 1217B18 (6th Cir. 1990)). If a party takes a position in litigation and

succeeds in maintaining it, he may not later assume a contrary position just because his interests

have changed, particularly if the party affected by the former position would suffer prejudice.

New Hampshire v. Maine, 532 U.S. 742, 749 (2001). Judicial estoppel must be cautiously applied

to avoid impingement on the truth-seeking function of the courts. Lorillard Tobacco Co.,
546 F.3d at 757.

        We are not        persuaded that Meyers’s          efforts   to   determine which of the

responsibility-denying entities in this complex web of corporate relationships is responsible for his

pension is appropriately labeled an inconsistency. But even if we were to assume that Meyers has

taken inconsistent legal positions in this suit and in other litigation, judicial estoppel does not apply

because Meyers has not had “the requisite success in the initial assertion of the inconsistent

position.” Edwards v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 690 F.2d 595, 600 (6th Cir. 1982). Despite five years

of litigation, Meyers has not prevailed in Meyers I, Meyers II, or in Metaldyne’s bankruptcy case.

Moreover, this suit springs from Metaldyne’s own statement through its corporate counsel that

Metaldyne does not dispute Meyers’s entitlement to benefits from TriMas under the 1995 SERP.

        Where an equitable doctrine like judicial estoppel is in play, we do not lose sight of the

equities in the case. Metaldyne pointed Meyers to the 1995 SERP as the source of his benefits

and to TriMas as the responsible paying party. When Meyers asked TriMas to pay, TriMas

refused and reminded Meyers that any dispute under the 1995 SERP must be arbitrated. Yet,

when Meyers demanded that TriMas arbitrate under the 1995 SERP, TriMas filed this federal

                                                   10
lawsuit seeking to avoid arbitration and the payment of benefits. We find it indisputable that the

equities reside with Meyers.

       Judicial estoppel is not a technical means “to derail potentially meritorious claims.” Ryan

Operations G.P. v. Santiam-Midwest Lumber Co., 81 F.3d 355, 365 (3d Cir. 1996) (internal

quotation marks, citations, and alterations omitted).      The doctrine is used only to avoid a

miscarriage of justice, id., and no miscarriage of justice will occur if Meyers is allowed to proceed

against TriMas under the 1995 SERP and against Metaldyne under the 2000 SERP in an effort to

obtain the benefits he claims are owed to him. The district court erred in granting summary

judgment for TriMas in part on this ground.

B. Existence of a valid agreement to arbitrate

       In the second and third steps of its analysis, the district court determined that Meyers=s

“argument against the validity of the 2000 SERP . . . is flawed for other reasons.” The court

faulted Meyers      for   “relying on     Metaldyne’s    declarationCmade      without   [TriMas’s]

involvementCthat the 2000 SERP was invalid@ and for then making “his own declaration that the

1995 SERP was somehow reinstated after Metaldyne=s purported invalidation of the 2000 SERP.”

According to the court,

       neither Metaldyne’s unilateral declaration, nor Meyers’ reliance upon it, binds this
       Court or has the operation of law. This is a declaratory action, not a contract case.
       The 2000 SERP’s validity is an issue . . . for [the] Meyers I court to decideCnot one
       a non-party (Metaldyne) may adjudicate by fiat. As there is nothing to indicate
       otherwise, the Court presumes that the 2000 SERP remains effective.

R. 18 Page ID 978 (emphasis added).

       This reasoning is confusing:       The court avoids TriMas’s request for a declaratory

judgment that the 1995 SERP is unenforceable, yet the court simultaneously presumes the 2000

SERP is valid. Skipping any legal or factual inquiry into the validity or continuing existence of

                                                 11
the 1995 and 2000 SERPs, the court ruled that Meyers, by signing the 2000 SERP, expressly

waived any claims he had against TriMas so that “TriMas has no obligation to go to arbitration, as

the arbitration clause was part of the 1995 SERP, not the 2000 SERP.” The latter part of this

statement is perplexing because both the 1995 SERP and the 2000 SERP contain identical

arbitration clauses.   Finally, the court said, even assuming the 2000 SERP was somehow

invalidated, nothing in the record indicated that the 1995 SERP containing the arbitration clause

was automatically reinstated. The court ultimately held that no reasonable jury could find TriMas

must arbitrate Meyers’s claim for SERP benefits. Because TriMas has no obligation to arbitrate

the dispute or pay benefits under the 1995 SERP, the court denied Meyers’s Motion to Compel

Arbitration and Dismiss the Complaint and granted summary judgment for TriMas.

       We disagree with the district court’s analysis. Interpreting the Federal Arbitration Act

(FAA), we have previously stated that “[a] written agreement to arbitrate disputes arising out of a

transaction in interstate commerce ‘shall be valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such

grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.’” Javitch v. First Union

Sec., Inc., 315 F.3d 619, 624 (6th Cir. 2003) (quoting 9 U.S.C. ' 2). The FAA allows a stay of

proceedings when an issue is referable to arbitration, as well as an order “compelling arbitration

when one party has failed or refused to comply with an arbitration agreement.” Id. (citing

9 U.S.C. '' 3 & 4).         The FAA manifests a “liberal federal policy favoring arbitration

agreements,” Moses H. Cone Mem’l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 24 (1983), and

“guarantee[s] the enforcement of private contractual arrangements” by creating federal substantive

law to regulate the duty to honor one’s agreement to arbitrate. Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Soler

Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc., 473 U.S. 614, 625 (1985); Prima Paint v. Flood & Conklin Mfg. Co.,

388 U.S. 395, 403 (1967).

                                                12
       Before compelling a party to arbitrate, the district court must decide whether the dispute is

arbitrable; the court must determine that a valid agreement to arbitrate exists between the parties

and that the specific dispute at hand falls within the substantive scope of the arbitration agreement.

See Oxford Health Plans LLC v. Sutter, 133 S. Ct. 2064, 2068 n.2 (2013) (observing that “gateway

matters,” such as whether a valid arbitration agreement exists and whether an arbitration clause

applies to the controversy, are for the courts to decide); Hergenreder, 656 F.3d at 415. Because

arbitration agreements are contracts, courts evaluate the enforceability of an arbitration agreement

in accordance with applicable state contract law. Hergenreder, 656 F.3d at 416.

       TriMas does not dispute the making of the 1995 SERP or that Meyers’s benefits were

initially paid under that agreement.       Rather, TriMas contends that the 1995 SERP was

extinguished when Meyers and Metaldyne executed the 2000 SERP. Under that agreement,

Metaldyne assumed “all of TriMas= obligations” to Meyers under the 1995 SERP, and the

2000 SERP “amend[ed] and replace[d] in its entirety” the 1995 SERP. Furthermore, in the

2000 SERP, Meyers expressly waived all claims against TriMas.

       For his part, Meyers also does not dispute the formation of the 1995 SERP or the

2000 SERP. But he argues that Metaldyne unilaterally invalidated the 2000 SERP in December

2006, and because that contract was invalided as void or voidable, the 1995 SERP was restored as

a matter of contract law. Thus, TriMas is required to arbitrate and pay benefits under the restored

1995 SERP or as a result of TriMas=s obligations under the 2002 Stock Purchase Agreement.

       The district court completely bypassed these issues, but they must be tackled before the

declaratory judgment suit finally can be resolved. The court correctly noted that the validity of

the 2000 SERP is at issue in Meyers I, but that case has been stayed several years due to

Metaldyne’s bankruptcy and we can only speculate when that case might reopen. The existence

                                                 13
of the Meyers I lawsuitCbetween Meyers and MetaldyneCdoes not relieve the district court of

the obligation to decide in this caseCbetween TriMas and MeyersCwhether the 1995 SERP was

revived when Metaldyne invalidated the 2000 SERP. The Meyers I court may decide eventually

whether Metaldyne owes benefits to Meyers under the 2000 SERP, but the question awaiting

resolution here is whether TriMas owes benefits to Meyers under the 1995 SERP. In Meyers II,

Meyers seeks damages from Heartland and its founders for their alleged tortious interference with

the 2000 SERP, but that case will not necessarily put to rest whether TriMas is obligated for

benefits under the 1995 SERP or the 2002 stock purchase agreement. Considering the whole of

the litigation that has been pending for five years, we think it unlikely that Meyers will ever obtain

a double recovery. If that should come to pass, however, the courts are well-equipped to ensure

that Meyers does not receive a windfall but only what is rightfully due to him.

       Returning to this case, the parties have identified questions of law and fact that must be

explored before the district court can decide whether a valid agreement to arbitrate between these

parties exists. See Hergenreder, 656 F.3d at 415. In Michigan “[i]t is undoubtedly the law that,

if a void or voidable contract is substituted for a valid pre-existing obligation, and the substituted

contract is later rescinded, because void or voidable, the pre-existing valid contract is restored, as

if nothing had happened.” Travelers Ins. Co. v. Carey, 180 N.W.2d 68, 72 (Mich. Ct. App. 1970)

(quoting Indiana Flooring Co. v. Grand Rapids Trust Co., 20 F.2d 63, 65 (6th Cir. 1927));

Simmons v. United Presidential Life Ins. Co., 911 F.2d 733 (6th Cir. 1990) (unpublished table

opinion); Restatement (Second) of Contracts ' 279; 13-71 Corbin on Contracts, ' 71.1 (“If the

power of avoidance is exercised, the avoided [substitute] contract is nullified both as an executory

contract and as a discharge of the original claim. The prior claim is reinstated and again

enforceable.”). This law may support Meyers’s argument that the 1995 SERP was restored upon

                                                 14
the invalidation of the 2000 SERP. Additionally the question arises whether the arbitration clause

in the 1995 SERP persists after termination of the agreement by operation of the survival clause in

the agreement. Further, a separate question remains as to whether TriMas reassumed liability for

Meyers’s benefits in the 2002 Stock Purchase Agreement and if so, whether that dispute is

arbitrable.

        The only indication about these matters in the record before us is Metaldyne’s 2007 letter

to Meyers. That letter suggests that Metaldyne viewed the 1995 SERP as restored by its

invalidation of the 2000 SERP because it did not dispute Meyers’s continued right to receive his

benefits under that agreement, and in fact, Metaldyne continued to pay Meyers benefits until May

2009. On the present factual record, the most reasonable inference to be drawn is that Metaldyne

continued to make the payments to Meyers under the 1995 SERP with indemnification by TriMas

pursuant to the 2002 Stock Purchase Agreement. But that inference may be disproved by further

discovery.

        We return these legal and factual issues to the district court for disposition. The present

record is sufficient for us to decide that TriMas has not established its entitlement to summary

judgment as a matter of law. Remand is necessary so the parties can conduct any necessary

discovery and further brief the legal issues. Only then will the district court be in a position to

undertake the necessary job of determining whether a valid contract to arbitrate exists and whether

the parties’ dispute falls within the scope of that arbitration agreement. See Hergenreder, 656
F.3d at 415.

                                      III. CONCLUSION

        For all of the above reasons, we REVERSE the district court’s grant of summary judgment

in favor of TriMas and the denial of Meyers’s Motion to Compel Arbitration and Dismiss the

                                                15
Complaint, and REMAND the case to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this

opinion.

                                               16