Court Opinion

ID: 2814753
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-07-06 22:33:17.498754+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:30:33.242400
License: Public Domain

'y.i •: OF

                                                           2015 JUL -6 Ari 9= I ,

      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

CEDAR GROVE COMPOSTING,                    )   No. 71052-4-1
INCORPORATED,                              )
                                           )   DIVISION ONE
                     Respondent,           )
                                           )   PUBLISHED OPINION
      v.                                   )
                                           )
CITY OF MARYSVILLE,                        )
                                           )
                     Appellant.            )   FILED: July 6,2015
                                           )
      Leach, J. — In this appeal, we apply the Public Records Act (PRA)1 to

records prepared and held by a private third-party contractor who provided

professional services to the city of Marysville (Marysville or City).       The City

appeals trial court decisions finding the City violated the PRA, imposing

penalties, and awarding attorney fees and costs. The City claims that Cedar

Grove Composting Inc. did not have standing to sue, that documents created by

and in the possession of its private contractor were not public records subject to

the PRA, and that the trial court abused its discretion in awarding penalties,

attorney fees, and costs. Cedar Grove cross appeals the trial court's award of

less than half of the fees it requested.

       1 Ch. 42.56 RCW.
No. 71052-4-1/2

      Because Cedar Grove had a personal stake in the outcome of this action,

it had standing to sue under the PRA. Under the exceptional facts of this case,

the records prepared by a contractor acting as the functional equivalent of a city

employee were public records for purposes of the PRA. Because the record

establishes that Marysville violated the PRA by wrongfully withholding these and

other public records, we affirm the trial court's PRA decisions. And because the

court did not abuse its discretion in assessing penalties, striking Marysville's

declarations or reducing Cedar Grove's fee request, we affirm the court's award

of costs and attorney fees and denial of reconsideration.

                                      FACTS

       In Maple Valley and Everett, Washington, Cedar Grove operates two of

the largest commercial composting operations in Washington and among the

largest in the United States. The Everett facility is just over half a mile from the

city limits of Marysville. The City received a number of complaints about odors

attributed to Cedar Grove. The Puget Sound Clean Air Agency (PSCAA) issued

notices of violation and imposed fines against Cedar Grove, though the Pollution

Control Hearings Board reduced some fines in 2011 after finding that Cedar

Grove had made efforts in odor mitigation.2

       2 In its order, the board concluded that the PSCAA "erred by attributing
such a large part of the combined penalty to the non-responsiveness of Cedar
Grove" and reduced the penalties from $169,000 to $119,000.
                                        -2-
No. 71052-4-1/3

       Cedar Grove believed that a hostile public relations campaign was

"spreading disinformation" about the company, particularly that Cedar Grove was

the primary source of offensive odors in the Marysville area.      A mailer, for

example, encouraged residents to contact PSCAA if they "want to lodge an odor

complaint—whether [they] believe it originates from Cedar Grove Composting in

Everett or another industrial activity."3 Cedar Grove learned that some of the

mailers came from a mailing address and a printing company associated with a

public relations firm, Strategies 360.

       On November 1, 2011, Kris Cappel, of the Seabold Group, e-mailed a

PRA request to Amy Hess, deputy clerk and public records officer for the City of

Marysville.4   Cappel requested documents including "any and all available

information" about communications and          professional services agreements

"between or among" the City and Strategies, local citizen Mike Davis, the group

"Citizens for a Smell Free Marysville," the Tulalip Tribes, media outlets, and a

number of other parties.      Cappel also requested records of communication

"between or among" the City and other parties "relating or referring to Cedar

Grove Composting, odor complaints, composting, permits or licensing."

       3 A PSCAA inspector told an attorney that the mailer, which residents
received as a postcard and in a Parks and Recreation Department flier, "is
designed to look like it comes from us but it does not" and that the PSCAA
"[does] not solicit."
       4 The Seabold Group is an investigative and consulting firm. Cappel is an
attorney not currently practicing law.
                                         -3-
No. 71052-4-1/4

         In her e-mail, Cappel did not identify Cedar Grove as a client or otherwise

indicate her representative capacity.       A November 2, 2011, e-mail among

Strategies employees, however, indicates that Marysville Chief Administrative

Officer Gloria Hirashima knew that Cappel made the requests on behalf of Cedar

Grove.     According to this e-mail, the day Cappel submitted the PRA request,

Hirashima called Strategies Senior Vice President Al Aldrich to "give [Strategies]

a heads up that after a quiet period, Cedar Grove has picked up their activity

level. . . . [Hirashima] thought they might try to bootstrap a Records Request into

our emails."5 The record before us does not indicate that Hirashima spoke to

Hess about Cedar Grove's interest in the records request or the phone call to

Aldrich.

         Hess's initial queries identified over 10,000 documents potentially

responsive to Cappel's request. The City provided a first installment of "easily

available" records on November 30, 2011, and a second installment on

December 29, 2011. A portion of the documents produced were reproductions of

Cedar Grove's own documents or documents from other agencies.                These

installments did not include responsive e-mail, which the City did not produce for

several months.

         5 Aldrich noted in his e-mail that Strategies "did get bootstrapped into
doing a Records Request a few years ago" in a lawsuit involving a different client.
                                          -4-
No. 71052-4-1/5

       On February 2, 2012, the City produced several e-mail messages

between Kristin Dizon of Strategies and Grant Weed, Marysville city attorney.

The City completely redacted the content of the e-mail, explaining in an

exemption/redaction    log    that   the   redaction   was   for   "Attorney   Client

Privilege/Work Product." The City produced additional installments of records on

March 8, 2012, and April 5, 2012. Redaction logs for these installments claimed

additional exemptions for "Attorney Client Privilege/Work Product."

       In June 2012, Cappel asked Hess whether e-mail communications "to and

among Strategies 360 representatives" had been "inadvertently redacted" under

attorney-client privilege. Hess replied that the redacted e-mail were privileged:

      Strategies 360 was hired as a professional consultant to the City.
      The emails that are redacted are Work Product/Attorney Client
      communications between the City Attorney Grant K. Weed and the
      City Consultant and are legal advice, direction and input related to
      the project the City Consultant was working on for the City and
      within the scope of work product and attorney client privilege—the
      same as if the City Attorney were communicating with a City Staff
      member working on the project.

      Two weeks later, Hess received a letter from a different attorney, Michael

Moore, challenging the City's attorney-client privilege/work product claim. The

letter requested that the City produce "all of the communications" by July 13,

2012, "[t]o avoid the costs of litigation and penalties for the improper withholding

of the documents at issue."
No. 71052-4-1/6

       On August 2, 2012, the City produced unredacted versions of the e-mail it

withheld from the fifth installment, stating in a cover letter that it did not waive the

attorney-client privilege or work product doctrine exemption beyond those

specific records.   In several of these e-mail, Dizon asked Weed to forward e-

mailed information to Hirashima and Marysville Mayor Jon Nehring.                Dizon

explained in one e-mail that she was asking Weed to forward her e-mail, rather

than sending it directly to Hirashima, "so it comes as privileged information from

you," and said in a later e-mail, "I definitely do not want Cedar Grove to see the

trail on this." Weed forwarded the e-mail as Dizon requested.

       On August 28, 2012, Cedar Grove filed suit under the PRA.                      In

September, Cedar Grove subpoenaed documents directly from Strategies 360.

The subpoena sought "communications, emails, or other documents sent to,

received from or exchanged between Strategies 360 and any third party

(including the City of Marysville, the City of Seattle, the Tulalip Tribes, Mike

Davis, Citizens for a Smell Free Marysville," among others, that "mention,

reference, or relate" to Cedar Grove or the odor dispute. Comparison between

Strategies'   production   and    Marysville's   earlier   productions   revealed    17

responsive e-mail between Marysville and Strategies that the City had not

produced.     The City also located two responsive e-mail on Mayor Nehring's
No. 71052-4-1/7

personal computer.    The City later stipulated that it initially withheld these 19

records.

      In November 2012, Cedar Grove moved for partial summary judgment,

alleging that Marysville wrongfully withheld 22 responsive records6 under an

improper claim of attorney-client privilege. The City filed a response and cross

motion for summary judgment.      The summary judgment hearing occurred on

April 19,2013.

      After noticing references in the City's productions to two particular types of

document, Cedar Grove became concerned that Marysville and Strategies had

not yet produced all responsive records.        First, certain e-mail referred to

Strategies' work with Mike Davis, leader of a local anti-Cedar Grove citizens'

group, but records produced up to that time contained no information about the

nature of that work. Also, Marysville had not produced any records related to

mailers Strategies created, though several e-mail referred to this work. In June

2013, Cedar Grove moved to compel Strategies to produce additional documents

related to "the Mailers and Strategies 360's work with Mike Davis."

      On July 2, 2013, the court entered its order on cross motions for summary

judgment, in which it found that the City had violated the PRA by withholding 15

e-mail under an improper claim of attorney-client privilege and work product. On

       6 In the verbatim report of proceedings (Oct. 3, 2013, hearing on fees), the
attorney for Cedar Grove referred to 24 documents at issue at the April 2013
summary judgment hearing, but the court refers to only 22 in its order.
                                        -7-
No. 71052-4-1/8

July 22, the parties stipulated that the City did not produce or disclose in an

exemption log 19 more records responsive to Cappel's requests. And two days

later, the court granted Cedar Grove's motion to compel, after which Strategies

produced    173      responsive records,   including 160 e-mail   communications

concerning Mike Davis and Strategies and 13 records relating to the mailers.

      These e-mail indicate that Strategies worked closely with Davis and the

City in the campaign against Cedar Grove. Strategies acted as a liaison between

Marysville and Davis and relayed instructions to him for the City.7 In one e-mail,

Aldrich advised Davis to attend a city council meeting and "tell the Mayor, Gloria

and Council that as citizens you really appreciate what they are doing.        That

should shore them up and keep them in the game, which is the biggest dynamic

at work right now." Dizon also ghostwrote letters to the editor that Davis and

others signed, wrote press releases, and prepared Davis with "talking points" for

a radio interview.

       Certain e-mail indicate that Marysville sometimes worked directly with

Davis.8 Other e-mail suggest that Strategies worked with the City, Davis, and

       7 In a 2010 e-mail, Aldrich told Hirashima about attending a meeting of
Davis's citizens' group: "I talked with Mike Davis afterwards, explained who I
was and told him that Strategies 360 wanted to help them, with the City's
blessing and paying us. He appreciated that and said he would call me next
week to set up a meeting." The following day, Aldrich told Hirashima in another
e-mail, "I'm having breakfast with Mike Davis on the 29th. Let me know if you
want to discuss this further."
       8 City leaders took a letter on an environmental impact statement to a city
council meeting at which Davis presented petitions from his citizens' group,
                                           -8-
No. 71052-4-1/9

other third parties to circumvent the requirements of the PRA. Aldrich told Dizon

and Davis that he was going to "tell Gloria by phone so it doesn't get caught up in

[Cedar Grove]'s public records request." In a later e-mail, Aldrich told Tulalip

Tribes members, "I will separately convey the [Cedar Grove] letter to Gloria and

Jon at Marysville and have a phone discussion with them about the points above

(their emails are all being reviewed by [Cedar Grove] under a Public Records

request)."   In another e-mail, Aldrich asked an attorney and Strategies staff,

"[Mayor] Nehring's email below is his personal email, which should be separate

from Open Records disclosures, right?" And Aldrich wrote Steve Gobin, a Tulalip

Tribes member, an e-mail with the subject line "Cedar Grove" that informed

Gobin that Aldrich had a sample of an anti-Cedar Grove mailer that would be

sent to homes in Everett and Marysville. Aldrich told Gobin, "We are trying not to

share the draft with Gloria and Marysville folks, primarily to give them 'plausible

deniability' about the mailer and its contents."

       Shortly after Strategies produced the 173 responsive records, Cedar

Grove filed a motion for summary judgment for penalties. The trial court granted

this motion on September 9, 2013, and imposed penalties of $70 a day for the 15

records improperly withheld as privileged, $40 a day for the 19 stipulation

which Dizon called "a [n]ice two for one punch." Davis referred in e-mail to a
meeting with Hirashima and Nehring and to documents related to grants which
were "started by [Davis] and finished by Gloria at Marysville."
                                         -9-
No. 71052-4-1/10

records, and $90 a day for the 173 Strategies records. The penalties against the

City totaled $143,740.

       The City moved for reconsideration. On October 30, 2013, the trial court

entered three orders:    a revised order granting summary judgment to Cedar

Grove regarding penalties, an order granting costs and attorney fees to Cedar

Grove, and an order denying the City's motion for reconsideration. The court

also struck three declarations the City submitted in support of its motion for

reconsideration.   The court awarded $127,644.83 for costs and attorney fees,

less than half of the roughly $283,000.00 Cedar Grove sought.

       The City appeals. Cedar Grove cross appeals the court's award of fees

and costs.

                                    ANALYSIS

       In 1972, Washington voters overwhelmingly approved Initiative 276,9 a

strongly worded mandate for public disclosure.10 This initiative declared a broad

public policy of disclosure that included the following elements:

       9 Voters passed this initiative by a margin of 72.02 percent (959,143 in
favor) to 27.98 percent (372,693 against), http://www.sos.wa.gov/elections
/initiatives/statistics_initiatives.aspx In addition to provisions for disclosure of
public records, the initiative included provisions on campaign finance and created
a public disclosure commission. In 2005, the legislature recodified the initiative
provisions pertaining to public records as the Public Records Act, chapter 42.56
RCW. Laws of 2005, ch. 274.
       10 Hearst Corp. v. Hoppe. 90 Wash. 2d 123, 127, 580 P.2d 246 (1978).
                                        -10-
No. 71052-4-1/11

               (2) That the people have the right to expect from their
       elected representatives at all levels of government the utmost of
       integrity, honesty, and fairness in their dealings.

              (5) That public confidence in government at all levels is
       essential and must be promoted by all possible means.

             (6) That public confidence in government at all levels can
       best be sustained by assuring the people of the impartiality and
       honesty of the officials in all public transactions and decisions.'11]

       This policy also requires that courts liberally construe the PRA in favor of

disclosure.12 While these declarations of policy do not have any independent

operative effect, they "serve as an important guide in determining the intended

effect of the operative sections" of the PRA.13

       Upon request, every government agency must produce for inspection and

copying any public record unless it falls within a specific, enumerated

exemption.14   The act provides for judicial review to challenge an agency's

withholding of a public record "[u]pon the motion of any person having been

denied an opportunity to inspect or copy a public record by an agency."15 This

court reviews agency actions under the PRA de novo.16

       11 RCW42.17A.001 (2), (5), (6).
       12 RCW 42.56.030.
       13 Hearst Corp., 90 Wash. 2d at 128.
       14 RCW 42.56.070(1); Sanders v. State. 169 Wash. 2d 827, 836, 240 P.3d
120(2010).
       15 RCW 42.56.550(1).
       16 RCW 42.56.550(3); Neigh. Alliance of Spokane County v. Spokane
County. 172 Wash. 2d 702, 715, 261 P.3d 119 (2011).
                                        -11-
No. 71052-4-1/12

Standing

      As a threshold matter, Marysville contends that Cedar Grove lacks

standing to sue under the PRA because it did not make the requests at issue. A

nonparty, Cappel, made them. We rejected a similar argument in Kleven v. City

of Des Moines.17 In Kleven. a city argued that because Kleven's attorney made

the contested records requests, Kleven lacked standing.18 This court concluded

that the city of Des Moines read the statute "too narrowly, contrary to the stated

purpose of the [act]."19 We observed, "The doctrine of standing requires that a

claimant must have a personal stake in the outcome of a case in order to bring

suit," concluding that the record "amply supported] Kleven's personal stake" in

the requested records.20

      Marysville unpersuasively attempts to distinguish Kleven.     It asserts that

"the attorney disclosed that the request was made on the client's behalf." But

Marysville misstates the case's facts.         In Kleven. the same attorney who

submitted his client's public records requests later filed the lawsuit, and "[t]he

petition commencing this case, which [the attorney] signed, clearly alleges that

[he] made the requests for records on behalf of Kleven."21 But the challenged

      17 111 Wash. App. 284, 44 P.3d 887 (2002).
      18 Kleven. 111 Wash. App. at 290.
      19 Kleven. 111 Wash. App. at 290. At issue in Kleven was the Public
Disclosure Act (PDA), chapter 42.17 RCW, which was renamed the PRA and
recodified as chapter 42.56 RCW.
      20 Kleven, 111 Wash. App. at 290.
      21 Kleven. 111 Wash. App. at 290.
                                        -12-
No. 71052-4-1/13

PDA requests, made by Kleven's attorney, did not disclose his representative

capacity or his client:    "[n]either [this] request nor any communication that

followed mentioned Kleven."22 Holding that Kleven nonetheless had standing,

this court emphasized that it "will not read into the act a requirement that counsel

must identify the fact of representation or the name of the client when making a

request for public records on behalf of a client."23

       The City also cites McDonnell v. United States24 and other federal cases

decided under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)25 to argue that only a

records requester has standing to sue. But in Kleven, this court also rejected this

argument. Observing that "the FOIA provisions underlying McDonnell differ from

the PDA provisions at issue here,"26 the court concluded, "For this reason alone,

FOIA does not provide any useful guidance in applying the PDA."27

       The City points to WAC 44-14-030(4)28 to argue that "Washington law is

now akin to FOIA in regard to the precision by which the request must be made,"

       22 Kleven. 111 Wash. App. at 288.
       23 Kleven. 111 Wash. App. at 291.
       244F.3d 1227(3dCir. 1993).
       25 5 U.S.C. §552(1970).
       26 Kleven. 111 Wash. App. at 292.          For example, in McDonnell, the Third
Circuit noted that FOIA "'conditions the agency's duty upon receipt of a request
that is made in accordance with published rules'" and reasoned that "'a person
whose name does not appear on a request for records has not made a formal
request for documents within the meaning of the statute'" and thus may not sue
"'because he has not administratively asserted a right to receive them in the first
place.'" Kleven. 111 Wash. App. at 291-92 (quoting McDonnell. 4 F.3d at 1236-37).
       27 Kleven. 111 Wash. App. at 293.
       28 WAC 44-14-030 provides in pertinent part:
                                         -13-
No. 71052-4-1/14

noting that "the name of the requestor is required." But this model rule aims to

facilitate communication between the agency and the person making the request,

something not at issue in this case. It does not prescribe rules for standing to

bring a lawsuit.

       Finally, citing Burt v. Department of Corrections.29 the City claims that CR

19 makes a person requesting records an indispensable party to a PRA lawsuit.

We disagree.       In Burt. Department of Corrections (DOC) employees filed suit

against DOC to enjoin the release of records an inmate had requested, basing

their claim on privacy.30 The trial court denied the inmate's motion to intervene,

and the inmate never participated in the lawsuit.31            After DOC filed a

memorandum in support of the requested protective order, the trial court

permanently enjoined the release of the records.32 Our Supreme Court noted

       (4) Making a request for public records.
       (a) Any person wishing to inspect or copy public records of the (name of
agency) should make the request in writing on the (name of agency's) request
form, or by letter, fax, or e-mail addressed to the public records officer and
including the following information:
       • Name of requestor;
       • Address of requestor;
       • Other contact information, including telephone number and any e-mail
address;
       • Identification of the public records adequate for the public records officer
or designee to locate the records; and
       • The date and time of day of the request.
       29 168 Wash. 2d 828, 231 P.3d 191 (2010).
       30 Burt. 168Wn.2dat830.
       31 Burt. 168 Wash. 2d at 830-31.
       32 Burt, 168Wn.2dat830.
                                        -14-
No. 71052-4-1/15

that "because of the parties' employee/employer relationship, no party was in a

position to zealously advocate for the release of the records, which made for a

proceeding that was not truly adversarial."33 By excluding the requester—the

person with a personal stake in the action—the trial court frustrated the PRA's

purpose of protecting the public's interest in access to public records.34 For that

reason, the court vacated the injunction and remanded with instructions to join

the inmate as a necessary party.35

      Here, by contrast, the party with a personal stake in the action, Cedar

Grove, filed the lawsuit.    Cappel's absence does not create the danger of a

proceeding that is not "truly adversarial." In Burt, the inmate was a necessary

party not because he was the requester but because he had the only adverse

personal stake in the litigation. He would have had no less of an interest in the

action had an agent made the PRA requests for him—a scenario the court did

not address.   Burt does not support the City's position.    We hold that Cedar

Grove had standing to sue.

15 Records: Improper Claim of Exemption for Attorney-Client Privilege

      The City challenges the imposition of PRA penalties for 15 e-mail records

withheld under an improper claim of attorney-client privilege.           Marysville

contends that its ultimate production of these records before litigation precludes

      33 Burt. 168Wn.2dat835.
      34 Burt. 168Wn.2dat835.
      35 Burt. 168Wn.2dat838.
                                       -15-
No. 71052-4-1/16

the trial court's imposition of penalties.     The City does not dispute that the

records were not privileged, as it previously claimed.      Rather, it argues that

because it "corrected any error it might have made" in asserting the privilege

before Cedar Grove filed suit, the trial court erred in assessing penalties,

"particularly for the excessive amount imposed at $70 per day."

      We disagree. Our Supreme Court has held that "once a trial court finds an

agency violated the PRA, daily penalties are mandatory."36        In Neighborhood

Alliance of Spokane County v.         Spokane County,37 the court held that

"'[subsequent events do not affect the wrongfulness of the agency's initial action

to withhold the records if the records were wrongfully withheld at that time'"38 and

that "the remedial provisions of the PRA are triggered when an agency fails to

properly disclose and produce records, and any intervening disclosure serves

only to stop the clock on daily penalties, rather than to eviscerate the remedial

provisions altogether."39   Thus, the City's eventual production of unredacted

versions of the 15 e-mail reduced the number of days for which penalties could

be assessed and may affect the court's decision about the daily penalty amount.

       36 Neigh. Alliance. 172 Wash. 2d at 726.
     37172Wn.2d702, 261 P.3d 119(2011).
     38 Neigh. Alliance. 172 Wash. 2d at 726 (quoting Spokane Research &
Defense Fund v. City of Spokane. 155 Wash. 2d 89, 103-04, 117 P.3d 1117 (2005)).
       39 Neigh. Alliance. 172 Wash. 2d at 727.
                                        -16-
No. 71052-4-1/17

But it would not "relieve an agency of its statutory duties, nor diminish the

statutory remedies allowed if the agency fails to fulfill those duties."40

       At oral argument, Marysville cited a recent case from Division Two of this

court, Hobbs v. Washington State Auditor's Office.41 for the rule that an agency's

denial of records is a "necessary predicate" of a cause of action under RCW

42.56.550. Thus, Cedar Grove had no cause of action as to the 15 records. But

the facts in Hobbs differ. There, the agency advised Hobbs that it would produce

the requested documents in installments.42 Hobbs filed suit immediately after the

agency produced its first installment, while the request was still open and the

agency was still gathering records.43 He complained mainly about redactions, all

of which the superior court later found to comply with the PRA.44 Division Two

affirmed the dismissal of Hobbs's case:

       When an agency diligently makes every reasonable effort to comply
       with a requester's public records request, and the agency has fully
       remedied any alleged violation of the PRA at the time the requester
       has a cause of action (i.e., when the agency has taken final action
       and denied the requested records), there is no violation entitling the
       requester to penalties or fees.[45]

       Here, unlike in Hobbs. the requester's first response to the City's

production was not to file suit but to inquire of the City whether it had

       40 Neigh. Alliance. 172 Wash. 2d at 727.
       41   183 Wash. App. 925, 335 P.3d 1004 (2014).
       42   Hobbs. 183 Wash. App. at 929.
       43   Hobbs. 183 Wash. App. at 932.
       44   Hobbs. 183 Wash. App. at 932.
       45   Hobbs. 183 Wash. App. at 940-41.
                                          -17-
No. 71052-4-1/18

"inadvertently" redacted the records under an inappropriate claim of attorney-

client privilege. The City then responded by reiterating its claim of exemption,

thus denying the request.     This constituted "final agency action" under RCW

42.56.520. Marysville violated the PRA by improperly claiming the attorney-client

privilege exemption, and penalties are appropriate even though the City later

produced the unredacted e-mail.      No PRA provision or case law supports the

City's claim that its prelitigation production of the 15 records somehow insulates it

from all PRA penalties.

19 Records: Stipulation

      The trial court also ruled that Marysville violated the PRA by withholding

"19 records that Marysville's search should have located but did not and that

Marysville has stipulated were public records not produced to Cedar Grove."

Marysville argues that "questions of fact preclude a finding of liability under the

PRA for almost all of the 19 documents" and that in any case, the documents are

"inconsequential" and "certainly provide no basis for a penalty of $40 a day."

       In the July 22, 2013, stipulation, Marysville agreed that the 19 responsive

records listed "were not released by either being produced to Cedar Grove or

disclosed in an exemption log" and that "the briefing and argument for the

hearing regarding assessment of penalties will address, among other things, the

19 documents listed above." A stipulation signed by the parties' attorneys is a

                                        -18-
No. 71052-4-1/19

contract, and contract principles govern its construction.46 Marysville cites no

authority in support of its claim that this court should now set aside this

agreement. We affirm the trial court's ruling that Marysville violated the PRA by

withholding the 19 records.

173 Strategies Documents Created bv Strategies and "Used" by Marysville

      Marysville challenges the trial court's decision that 173 documents created

by Strategies and never possessed by Marysville are public records. The trial

court found the records to be public records for two reasons. First, because of

the intertwined relationship of Marysville and Strategies in which Strategies acted

as the functional equivalent of a city employee, the records created by Strategies

while acting as this functional equivalent were public records. Second, Marysville

used the 173 records because Strategies created these documents for and

applied them to a governmental purpose identified by Marysville, resolving odor

issues allegedly caused by Cedar Grove. Marysville contends that the court's

first reason reflects a misapplication of the law and that the second is not

supported by the factual record. It describes the court's decision as "a massive

expansion of the PRA far beyond the specific contours of the Act."

       Marysville contends that because Strategies is not a "public agency,"47 the

PRA does not apply to its records. This argument misses the issue. The trial

       46 Allstot v. Edwards. 114 Wash. App. 625, 636-37, 60 P.3d 601 (2002).
       47 RCW 42.56.010(1) defines "agency" as including "every state office,
department, division, bureau, board, commission, or other state agency" or
                                       -19-
No. 71052-4-1/20

court did not rule that the 173 documents were public records because Strategies

was a public agency.    It ruled that because, as Marysville itself acknowledged

when claiming the attorney-client privilege, Strategies acted as the functional

equivalent of a Marysville employee, the documents that Strategies generated in

that capacity pertaining to the conduct of government were public records subject

to the PRA.

      The PRA defines a "public record" as "any writing containing information

relating to the conduct of government or the performance of any governmental or

proprietary function prepared, owned, used, or retained by any state or local

agency regardless of physical form or characteristics."48 This definition does not

limit the term to documents prepared by government officials.           Courts have

construed it as referring to "'nearly any conceivable government record related to

the conduct of government.'"49 Public records may include records of a for-profit

corporation acting as the functional equivalent of a public agency.50

      The City contends that the court's decision "conflates the two concepts" of

attorney-client privilege and a public record and forces governments to make a

"every county, city, town, municipal corporation, quasi-municipal corporation, or
special purpose district, or any office, department, division, bureau, board,
commission, or agency thereof, or other local public agency."
       48 RCW 42.56.010(3).
       49 Nissen v. Pierce County. 183 Wash. App. 581, 590, 333 P.3d 577 (2014)
(guoting O'Neill v. City of Shoreline. 170 Wash. 2d 138, 147, 240 P.3d 1149 (2010)),
review granted. 182 Wash. 2d 1008 (2015).
       50 Cl. Ch. v. Tri-Cities Animal Care & Control Ctr.. 144 Wash. App. 185, 194-
95, 181 P.3d881 (2008).
                                       -20-
No. 71052-4-1/21

"Hobbesian choice":     assert attorney-client privilege and risk PRA penalties or

waive privilege and lose its protection. Marysville characterizes the trial court's

ruling as concluding that because the City asserted that Strategies was the

functional equivalent of an employee for purposes of attorney-client privilege,

"this acted as the functional equivalent of an admission that all other Strategies'

documents were therefore public records, including the 173 documents not sent

to the City." According to Marysville, the trial court decision has a "pernicious"

effect, resulting in a situation where "[vjirtually all records of government

contractors potentially now become public records, even if the records were

never sent to, or used by, the government. This is a distortion of the PRA and an

unprecedented expansion of its scope."          Similarly, amicus curiae Washington

State Association of Municipal Attorneys (WSAMA) contends the trial court's

decision "would bring all documents generated by a government contractor

working on a government contract within the scope of the PRA" and "open the

floodgates of public records liability for Washington's cities."

       But Marysville and WSAMA overstate the trial court's ruling.        The trial

court did not rule that all records of government contractors are public records.

Instead, the court applied Washington precedent holding that a private entity

acting as the functional equivalent of a public agency is subject to the PRA to an

analogous situation: a private company acting as the functional equivalent of a

                                         -21-
No. 71052-4-1/22

public employee.51 As noted by Division Three of this court, a local government

may delegate performance of a public function to a private entity, but it cannot

avoid its statutory responsibility to perform its PRA obligations through this

delegation.52 Otherwise, a local government could "contravene the intent of the

PDA and the public records act by contracting with private entities to perform

core government functions."53    Similarly, a local government could thwart the

intent of the PDA and the PRA by contracting with a private entity to perform its

employees' work.    For this reason, the PRA should apply to those records

created by a private entity performing as the functional equivalent of a public

employee in the same manner it applies to the records such an entity creates

performing as the functional equivalent of a public agency.    Otherwise, a local

government could by piecemeal contracts avoid its PRA obligations.

      In Telford v. Thurston County Board of Commissioners.54 Division Two of

this court adopted a four-factor functional equivalent balancing test to determine

if an entity should be treated as a public agency for PRA purposes:        (1) the

extent the entity performed a governmental function, (2) the extent public funds

paid for the activity, (3) the extent of government involvement or regulation, and

(4) if the government created the entity. A balancing of these factors rather than

      51 Clarke. 144 Wash. App. at 194-95; Telford v. Thurston County Bd. of
Comm'rs. 95 Wash. App. 149, 161-63, 974 P.2d 886 (1999).
      52 Clarke. 144 Wash. App. at 194.
      53 Clarke. 144 Wash. App. at 194.
      54 95 Wash. App. 149, 162, 974 P.2d 886 (1999).
                                       -22-
No. 71052-4-1/23

a satisfaction of all four determines if the entity is the functional equivalent of a

state or local agency.55 We apply an analogous test here.

       Marysville necessarily conceded that Strategies was performing a

governmental function when the City represented and the court accepted for

purposes of asserting an attorney-client privilege its claim that Strategies acted

as the functional equivalent of a city employee. Marysville makes no claim that a

city employee would do work that was not performance of a government function.

       Marysville cites no authority to support its assertion that a government

may claim that a contractor is the functional equivalent of an employee in order to

assert attorney-client privilege, while simultaneously claiming that documents

generated by these de facto employees in the scope of their de facto public

employment are not public records for purposes of the PRA.               Marysville's

unsupported statement that attorney-client privilege is "necessarily broad," while

"[t]he definition of a public record is necessarily narrower," does not persuasively

distinguish these two     consequences—one a          privilege and the other a

responsibility—that flow from Strategies' status as the functional equivalent of a

city employee.

       Marysville paid Strategies for at least the majority of the work at issue.

The trial court found, and the record shows, that Marysville was heavily involved

      55 Telford, 95 Wash. App. at 162.
                                        -23-
No. 71052-4-1/24

in the work performed by Strategies.     Strategies took a number of significant

actions after direct consultation with Marysville or at Marysville's direction.

Strategies and Marysville appear to have taken conscious steps to have records

created by Strategies rather than Marysville with the express goal of avoiding the

PRA.

       Although the fourth factor is not satisfied, a balancing of all four factors

leads to the conclusion that Strategies acted as the functional equivalent of a

public employee performing a governmental function.         Its activities served a

public function, were paid in large part with public funds, and were directed and

approved by Marysville.    The evidence before the trial court shows that city

officials and employees repeatedly took affirmative steps to avoid creating

records they would normally create during the course of their work. Members of

city government, together with Strategies personnel, pursued a deliberate policy

to conceal the City's role in the campaign against Cedar Grove.               They

accomplished this by directing and delegating activities to Strategies and then

disavowing knowledge of those activities, with the express object of avoiding the

reach of the PRA.

       Given the purposes of the PRA and Initiative 276, the trial court correctly

determined that the records created by Strategies while performing these

functions were public records.   In response to Marysville's floodgate argument,

                                       -24-
No. 71052-4-1/25

we emphasize that Strategies records not relating to its actions as the functional

equivalent of a city employee are not subject to PRA requests.56

       Marysville also argues that the 173 Strategies documents were not public

records because the City did not "use" them. Our decision does not require us to

address this argument.    We nonetheless conclude that Washington case law

supports the trial court's ruling that Marysville "used" the records in the meaning

of the PRA.

       In Concerned Ratepayers Ass'n v. Public Utility District No. 1 of Clark

County.57 our Supreme Court held that an agency "uses" information for

purposes of the PRA when the information is "applied to a given purpose or

instrumental to [a governmental] end or process" and where "a nexus exists

between the information and an agency's decision-making process."                In

Concerned Ratepayers, citizens requested a document describing technical

specifications of a turbine generator that the public utility district (PUD) was

considering for a proposed power plant.58 The PUD argued that the document

was not a public record because the PUD never possessed or used it and

ultimately chose to install a different generator model.59 The court concluded,

      56 See Nissen. 183 Wash. App. at 592-93.
      57 138 Wash. 2d 950, 952, 983 P.2d 635 (1999).
      58 Concerned Ratepayers. 138 Wash. 2d at 952-53. The citizens who formed
the Concerned Ratepayers Ass'n sought to determine if the proposed power
plant would be capable of generating more than 250 megawatts of power, thus
necessitating a public vote under RCW 80.52.040.
      59 Concerned Ratepayers. 138 Wash. 2d at 958.
                                       -25-
No. 71052-4-1/26

however, that the PUD reviewed and "carefully evaluated" the technical

specifications in the document as part of negotiations with the manufacturer and

that this consideration was "clearly instrumental to the process of building the

power plant."60 The court held that although "mere reference to a document that

has no relevance to an agency's conduct or performance may not constitute

'use,'" information that "bears a nexus with the agency's decision-making

process" is within the parameters of the PRA.61         Under this analysis, the

generator specifications were a public record for purposes of the PRA.

       Marysville emphasizes that "the City never received the documents or in

any way possessed them; it obviously could not 'use' documents it never had."

But the court in Concerned Ratepayers concluded that the agency did not have

to possess a document to "use" it for purposes of the PRA, agreeing with the

Court of Appeals that "possession of information is not determinative of the

issue."62

       Marysville also argues that unlike the court in Concerned Ratepayers, the

trial court here did not specifically explain how the City applied the documents to

any governmental decision, and "[t]hus, there is no essential nexus to

governmental decisionmaking." Here, the trial court did not make a finding like

the finding in Concerned Ratepayers that the agency "carefully evaluated" any

       60 Concerned Ratepayers. 138 Wash. 2d at 961, 962.
       61 Concerned Ratepayers. 138 Wash. 2d at 961, 960.
       62 Concerned Ratepayers. 138 Wash. 2d at 959-60.
                                       -26-
No. 71052-4-1/27

specific Strategies document.      But the trial court identified specific actions

Strategies employees took and memorialized in e-mail that "clearly furthered the

interests of Marysville." For example, the court noted that documents Strategies

generated on behalf of Marysville, such as communications Mike Davis issued to

media outlets, "were made instrumental to Marysville's governmental ends or

purposes" in the campaign against Cedar Grove.

      Marysville also cites West v. Thurston County63 to argue that records are

not "used" where the agency never received them. In West, the records at issue

were attorney billing invoices for amounts exceeding the county's insurance

deductible.64 Noting that the county never "'reviewed, evaluated, referred to or

otherwise considered'" the invoices because they were not the county's

responsibility to pay,65 Division Two of this court held that there was no indication

that the invoices "'had a nexus with Thurston County's decision-making

process.'"66 Therefore, the invoices were not public records under the PRA. In

its brief and at oral argument, the City argued that like the county in West, while

Marysville generally benefited from the work of the third-party contractor, the City

did not "use" the specific documents at issue under the PRA definition.

       63 168 Wash. App. 162, 275 P.3d 1200 (2012).
       64 West. 168 Wash. App. at 166-67.
       65 West. 168 Wash. App. at 185-86.
       66 West. 168 Wash. App. at 186.
                                        -27-
No. 71052-4-1/28

       We distinguish West.     Unlike the extraneous invoices in that case, the

Strategies records at issue, including communications with third parties, directly

related to activities Strategies performed "at the behest of Marysville" to further

the City's interests. One of the challenged Strategies e-mail particularly supports

this conclusion. Although not addressed to the City, it contains the subject line

"Cedar Grove" and directly refers to "Gloria and [the] Marysville folks" and the

need to give them "'plausible deniability'" about materials Strategies created for

the campaign against Cedar Grove.              These communications, considered

together with evidence that the City suspected from the day of Cappel's first

request that Cedar Grove might pursue access to Strategies' records, establish a

nexus between the 173 Strategies documents and Marysville's decision-making

process. They show that Marysville used the Strategies documents within the

meaning of the PRA.

      The trial court found that "Marysville knew what Strategies was doing, paid

them for those activities, was generally aware that there were documents in

Strategies' possession created during those activities, and discussed the

contents of some of those documents with Strategies." Contrary to the City's

assertion at oral argument that it was "utterly oblivious" to the existence of these

documents, the record before us shows that nine months before Cedar Grove

                                        -28-
No. 71052-4-1/29

filed suit, Marysville knew about them and knew further that Cedar Grove might

attempt to obtain these records with a PRA request.

        Marysville violated the PRA when it failed to disclose these records.

PRA Penalties

        Marysville argues that even if the City violated the PRA, the penalties

totaling $143,740 that the court imposed were "unreasonable and excessive."

Once the trial court finds that an agency violated the PRA, daily penalties are

mandatory, and the court must consider the entire statutory penalty range.67 The

amount, however, is in the trial court's discretion.68 A court abuses its discretion

when it exercises that discretion on untenable grounds or for untenable

reasons.69 The trial court has discretion to award a party who prevails against an

agency in a PRA action "an amount not to exceed one hundred dollars for each

day that he or she was denied the right to inspect or copy said public record."70

Determining the appropriate PRA penalty involves two steps: (1) calculating the

        67 Neigh. Alliance. 172 Wash. 2d at 726 (citing Yousoufian v. Office of King
County Exec. 152 Wash. 2d 421, 433, 98 P.3d 463 (2004) (Yousoufian II));
Yousoufian v. Office of Ron Sims. 168 Wash. 2d 444, 466, 229 P.3d 735 (2010)
(Yousoufian V).
        68 Neigh. Alliance, 172 Wash. 2d at 726 (citing Yousoufian II, 152 Wash. 2d at
433).
      69 Chuong Van Pham v. City of Seattle. 159 Wash. 2d 527, 538, 151 P.3d
976 (2007).
        70 RCW 42.56.550(4).
                                        -29-
No. 71052-4-1/30

number of days the agency improperly denied access to records and (2)

determining the appropriate daily penalty, depending on the agency's actions.71

      In Yousoufian v. Office of Ron Sims.72 our Supreme Court adopted a

multifactor test for determining the daily penalty amount. Mitigating factors that

may decrease any penalty are

      (1) a lack of clarity in the PRA request; (2) the agency's prompt
      response or legitimate follow-up inquiry for clarification; (3) the
      agency's good faith, honest, timely, and strict compliance with all
      PRA procedural requirements and exceptions; (4) proper training
      and supervision of the agency's personnel; (5) the reasonableness
      of any explanation for noncompliance by the agency; (6) the
      helpfulness of the agency to the requestor; and (7) the existence of
      agency systems to track and retrieve public records.1731

On the other hand, aggravating factors may support an increased penalty:

      (1) a delayed response by the agency, especially in circumstances
      making time of the essence; (2) lack of strict compliance by the
      agency with all the PRA procedural requirements and exceptions;
      (3) lack of proper training and supervision of the agency's
      personnel; (4) unreasonableness of any explanation for
      noncompliance by the agency; (5) negligent, reckless, wanton, bad
      faith, or intentional noncompliance with the PRA by the agency; (6)
      agency dishonesty; (7) the public importance of the issue to which
      the request is related, where the importance was foreseeable to the
      agency; (8) any actual personal economic loss to the requestor
      resulting from the agency's misconduct, where the loss was
      foreseeable to the agency; and (9) a penalty amount necessary to
      deter future misconduct by the agency considering the size of the
      agency and the facts of the case.[74]

      71 Bricker v. Dep't of Labor & Indus.. 164 Wash. App. 16, 21, 262 P.3d 121
(2011) (citing Yousoufian V. 168 Wash. 2d at 459).
      72 168 Wash. 2d 444, 467-68, 229 P.3d 735 (2010) (Yousoufian V).
      73 Yousoufian V, 168 Wash. 2d at 467 (footnotes omitted).
      74 Yousoufian V, 168 Wash. 2d at 467-68 (footnotes omitted).
                                       -30-
No. 71052-4-1/31

Our Supreme Court emphasized that these factors "may overlap, are offered only

as guidance, may not apply equally or at all in every case, and are not an

exclusive list of appropriate considerations."75 No one factor controls, and the

factors "should not infringe upon the considerable discretion of trial courts to

determine PRA penalties."76

      Here, the trial court considered the aggravating factors. The court found

that Marysville delayed its response with respect to the 19 documents and the

Strategies records but also found that time was not of the essence. The court

found a lack of strict compliance with the PRA as to the 15 records wrongly

withheld as privileged. The court also found a lack of reasonable explanation for

the withholding of most of the records from the group of 19. The court also noted

that the City made the wrong determination about the 15 records it withheld

under a claim of privilege. Consequently, the City did not provide a reasonable

explanation.

      With respect to the 173 Strategies documents, the court found negligent,

reckless, bad faith, or intentional noncompliance with the PRA. Specifically, the

court found, "Marysville's explanation regarding these documents—that they

were not allegedly within the possession or control of Marysville—was a situation

only created to intentionally provide Marysville with 'plausible deniability' of

      75 Yousoufian V, 168 Wash. 2d at 468.
      76 Yousoufian V, 168 Wash. 2d at 468.
                                      -31-
No. 71052-4-1/32

Strategies' activities and to attempt to insulate the documents created during

those activities from production." The court stated that it did not find dishonesty

but did find "strategic planning on Marysville's part to avoid or delay the

production of the documents in Strategies' possession." The court found that the

issue is "extremely important," both because of the odor issue in the region and

because of Marysville's attempts to avoid the reach of the PRA: "Simply put,

'plausible deniability' of the law should not be a part of our government." With

respect to economic loss to the requester, the court found that "Marysville's

conduct has had a significant impact on Cedar Grove." Finally, the court found

that a penalty was necessary to deter future misconduct.

      The City contends that the trial court abused its discretion by considering

only the Yousoufian aggravating factors without explicitly considering the

mitigating factors.   But our Supreme Court's discussion in Yousoufian V

emphasizes the trial court's discretion in applying the factors.     Moreover, as

Cedar Grove points out in its brief, several of the aggravating factors are mirror

images of the mitigating factors. Therefore, it is fair to say that when the trial

court found, for example, a delayed response by the agency, it implicitly also

found the lack of a prompt response.

       Marysville also argues that its search and compliance were reasonable

and that despite producing thousands of documents, the trial court "pilloried" the

                                       -32-
No. 71052-4-1/33

City for withholding a small number of "inconsequential" documents as well as

documents it never had or used.        In a statement of additional authorities,

Marysville cites Andrews v. Washington State Patrol77 to argue for a "flexible

approach that focuses upon the thoroughness and diligence of an agency's

response."   In Andrews, the "beleaguered" agency, due to the volume of the

requested records and the number of other pending requests, did not comply

with its self-imposed time estimates.78 The plaintiff alleged that the agency

violated the PRA by not providing "'the fullest assistance'" and '"the most timely

possible action'" as the statute requires.79 Division Three disagreed, holding that

a "mechanically strict finding of a PRA violation" whenever a government agency

missed a timeline would not further the purpose of the PRA, which is to ensure

that agencies respond with "reasonable thoroughness and diligence to public

records requests."80    Finding that there was no dispute about the agency's

diligence or thoroughness, the court affirmed the trial court's summary dismissal

of the PRA lawsuit.81

       But Andrews does not support Marysville's position. Here, although the

process the City's public records officer used complied with the PRA, the record

       77 183 Wash. App. 644, 646, 334 P.3d 94 (2014), review denied. 182 Wash. 2d
1011 (2015).
      78 Andrews. 183 Wash. App. at 646.
      79 RCW 42.56.100; Andrews, 183 Wash. App. at 646.
      80 Andrews. 183 Wash. App. at 653.
      81 Andrews. 183 Wash. App. at 653-54.
                                       -33-
No. 71052-4-1/34

as a whole does not show that the City responded with "reasonable

thoroughness and diligence to public records requests."          Rather, the record

demonstrates that certain       members of city government and Strategies

intentionally withheld responsive records and pursued a policy of evading the

requirements of the PRA. The PRA makes clear that it is not up to an agency to

decide which records are consequential or inconsequential.82 And Marysville's

position ignores the fact that a court assesses penalties on the basis of what

documents the government withheld, not what it produced.

       In its discretion, the trial court considered the entire statutory penalty

range and made findings on the aggravating Yousoufian factors.             Especially

given that the trial court found most of the aggravating factors to be present, it did

not abuse its "considerable" discretion in assessing penalties.83

Marysville's Motion for Reconsideration

       In denying Marysville's motion for reconsideration, the court excluded

declarations the City submitted from Gloria Hirashima, Al Aldrich, and Tulalip

Tribes Manager Martin Napeahi. Citing Sligar v. Odell.84 the court ruled, "These

declarations constitute new evidence that could have been presented at the time

       82 See RCW 42.56.030.
       83 See Bricker. 164 Wash. App. at 29 ($90 daily penalty not abuse of
discretion where trial court found almost all the Yousoufian aggravating factors
and "given Bricker's need to institute legal action before the agency adhered to
its obligations under the law").
       84 156 Wash. App. 720, 734, 233 P.3d 914 (2010).
                                         -34-
No. 71052-4-1/35

the court was considering the original Motion, and the Court therefore refuses to

consider them."    The City challenges the trial court's ruling as an abuse of

discretion.

       CR 59(a)(4) permits a trial court to grant reconsideration if the moving

party introduces "[n]ewly discovered evidence, material for the party making the

application, which he could not with reasonable diligence have discovered and

produced at the trial." This court reviews a trial court's order on reconsideration,

including its admission or exclusion of additional evidence, for manifest abuse of

discretion.85

       Marysville argues that the court should have admitted the declarations

because they show "why the Court's findings are in error" and because "it is

obvious the trial court's decision was predicated upon a visceral reaction to the

'plausible deniability' comment and a lack of understanding of the relationship of

Strategies with the Tulalip Tribe[s]." But the three declarations do little more than

reargue disputed issues, and the City offers no reason why it could not have

presented this evidence earlier.     We affirm the trial court's exclusion of the

declarations and denial of Marysville's motion for reconsideration.

       85 Sligar. 156 Wash. App. at 734; Morinaga v. Vue. 85 Wash. App. 822, 831,
935 P.2d 637 (1997).
                                        -35-
No. 71052-4-1/36

Cedar Grove's Cross Appeal: Attorney Fees

       Cedar Grove cross appeals the trial court's attorney fee award. Although

conceding that the court had discretion to reduce the hourly rates or time billed,

Cedar Grove asserts that the court's additional 40 percent reduction of billable

hours was a "manifestly unreasonable" abuse of discretion.

      A prevailing party in a PRA action "shall be awarded all costs, including

reasonable attorney fees, incurred in connection with such legal action."86 The

amount of attorney fees is within the discretion of the trial court.87 To calculate

attorney fees, courts use the lodestar method, in which the court multiplies a

reasonable attorney rate by a reasonable number of hours worked.88                In

determining a reasonable number of hours, the court "discounts hours spent on

unsuccessful claims, duplicated effort, or otherwise unproductive time."89 The

court "may consider the necessity of adjusting [the lodestar] to reflect factors not

      86 RCW 42.56.550(4); Kitsap County Prosecuting Attv's Guild v. Kitsap
County. 156 Wash. App. 110, 122, 231 P.3d 219 (2010) (fees and fines mandatory
under PRA when agency wrongfully denies access to public records).
      87 Sanders. 169 Wash. 2d at 867; Haines-Marchel v. Dep't of Corr.. 183 Wn.
App. 655, 674-75, 334 P.3d 99 (2014) (citing Neigh. Alliance. 172 Wash. 2d at 728);
Berrvman v. Metcalf. 177 Wash. App. 644, 656-57, 312 P.3d 745 (2013), review
denied. 179 Wash. 2d 1026 (2014).
       88 Sanders. 169 Wash. 2d at 869.
       89 O'Neill v. City of Shoreline. 183 Wash. App. 15, 25, 332 P.3d 1099 (2014).
                                        -36-
No. 71052-4-1/37

considered up to this point."90 Courts have also recognized the utility of applying

percentage reductions to fee requests.91

      The fee applicant has the burden to show that a fee is reasonable.92 A

trial court must support its fee award by entering findings of fact and conclusions

of law.93 The court's findings "must do more than give lip service to the word

'reasonable.' The findings must show how the court resolved disputed issues of

fact and the conclusions must explain the court's analysis."94

       Here, the court made three separate reductions in Cedar Grove's fee

request.   First, the court reduced the requested hourly rates.    Cedar Grove's

counsel requested $375 per hour for the principal attorney's time, $275 per hour

for associates' time, and $130 per hour for the paralegal's time. The court found

that attorneys of comparable skill and experience in Snohomish County,

including PRA specialists, do not charge more than $300 an hour. The court also

       90 Bowers v. Transamerica Title Ins. Co.. 100 Wash. 2d 581, 598, 675 P.2d
193 (1983); see also Sanders. 169 Wash. 2d at 869.
       91 See Clausen v. Icicle Seafoods. Inc.. 174 Wash. 2d 70, 82, 272 P.3d 827
(2012) (appellate courts have used a percentage reduction when the specifics of
a case make segregating actual hours difficult); Welch v. Metro. Life Ins. Co.. 480
F.3d 942, 948-49 (9th Cir. 2007) (20 percent reduction appropriate where trial
court "expressly correlated its reduction for quarter hour billing to [law firm's]
actual over-billing"); Gates v. Deukmeiian. 987 F.2d 1392, 1400 (9th Cir. 1992)
(use of percentages acceptable as long as trial court independently reviews
applicant's fee request and sets forth "concise but clear" explanation of its
reasons for choosing given percentage).
       92 Berrvman. 177 Wash. App. at 657.
       93 Berrvman. 177 Wash. App. at 657-58.
       94 Berrvman. 177 Wash. App. at 658.
                                       -37-
No. 71052-4-1/38

found that this case involved a "relatively straightforward application of PRA law

and the attorney-client privilege." Finally, the court noted that the fee was fixed,

not contingent. The court reduced reasonable hourly rates to $300 per hour for

the principal attorney's work, $200 per hour for associates' work, and $100 per

hour for the paralegal's work.

       Next, the court reduced the reasonable number of hours in two ways.

First, the court considered the April summary judgment motion and determined

that because the City wrongfully withheld only 15 of the 22 documents at issue,

some of the 862.2 hours Cedar Grove billed were spent on unsuccessful

theories. The court therefore reduced the number of hours proportionately for a

reduction of 37.5 percent.       Second, the court found that the total hours billed

included "wasteful, duplicative hours" and warranted a reduction for that reason

as well. The court noted in particular the "relatively straightforward nature of the

case," the fact that the hours billed by Cedar Grove's counsel were double those

billed by Marysville's counsel, and the large number of hours Cedar Grove billed

after it prevailed on summary judgment and therefore knew it would receive an

attorney fee award. The court reduced the total number of Cedar Grove's billable

hours by 40.0 percent, resulting in a total fee award of $121,110.

                                          -38-
No. 71052-4-1/39

      Citing Sargent v. Seattle Police Department.95 Cedar Grove argues that

the court abused its discretion by excluding fees billed after April 2013 for the

reason that these fees related to claims on which it prevailed at the second

summary judgment hearing in August 2013. The record supports Cedar Grove's

contention that much of the work its attorneys billed after the April 2013 summary

judgment hearing was in conjunction with successful theories related to the

second and third groups of documents. Under Sargent, therefore, it would have

been error for the trial court to exclude those fees simply because they followed

the first successful summary judgment hearing. But unlike the court in Sargent,

the trial court here did not completely exclude fees incurred after the hearing—it

reduced them by 40 percent.      As Cedar Grove acknowledges, the court has

discretion to adjust rates and hours. It also has discretion to make additional

adjustments after applying the lodestar analysis.

       Cedar Grove also argues that the court's 40 percent reduction is

manifestly unreasonable because of the procedural posture of the case and the

City's intransigence. First, Cedar Grove argues that as the moving party, it had

to file more briefs, as well as a motion to compel, that the defendant Marysville

did not have to file. Cedar Grove contends that although "this case should have

been relatively straightforward," Marysville's intransigence forced Cedar Grove's

       95 167 Wash. App. 1, 25-26, 260 P.3d 1006 (2011), rev'd in part on other
grounds. 179 Wash. 2d 376, 314 P.3d 1093 (2013).
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counsel to spend "hundreds of hours" pursuing the Strategies documents in

particular.   Cedar Grove also points out that while Marysville could reduce the

hours the City billed for outside counsel by using the assistance of salaried city

employees, Cedar Grove's counsel billed on an hourly basis for all its work on

the case.     These arguments do not establish that the trial court abused its

discretion in reducing the fee request.96

       Finally, Cedar Grove argues that the court's 40 percent reduction

"undermined the liberal purpose of the PRA," noting that this court has observed

that the purpose of the fee-shifting provisions in remedial statutes is different

from the purpose of similar provisions in other statutes. But our Supreme Court

has recognized the trial court's discretion to adjust fee awards not only in cases

involving private tort claims but also in cases involving remedial statutes such as

the PRA and the Consumer Protection Act.97            Contrary to Cedar Grove's

assertion that the trial court's 40 percent reduction was "arbitrary," the court

supported its order with findings and conclusions that explain its analysis and

show how it resolved disputed issues of fact.     Because Cedar Grove does not

establish any abuse of discretion in the court's methodology, we affirm the court's

award of fees and costs.

        96 See Sanders. 169 Wash. 2d at 868 ("While we may quibble with some of
the trial court's reasoning, on the whole its award of fees and costs was within its
discretion.").
        97 Ch. 19.86 RCW; see, e.g.. Sanders. 169 Wash. 2d at 868; Bowers. 100
Wash. 2d at 593-600.
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No. 71052-4-1/41

Fees and Costs on Appeal

       Cedar Grove requests attorney fees on appeal under RAP 18.1 and RCW

42.56.550(4).   A party may recover attorney fees only for work on successful

issues.98   We grant Cedar Grove's request for those costs and reasonable

attorney fees related to the PRA issues on which it prevailed on appeal, subject

to its timely compliance with RAP 14.4(a) and 18.1.

                                  CONCLUSION

       We wish to be clear about what we are not doing in this opinion. We are

not articulating a new standard that makes every record a government contractor

creates during its engagement with an agency a public record subject to the

PRA. Nor do we create a new duty on the part of a public agency to search the

records of all its third-party contractors each time it receives a PRA request.

Instead, we have applied established precedent about a private entity acting as

the functional equivalent of a public agency to the analogous situation of a

private entity acting as the functional equivalent of a public employee.

       Because this record supports the trial court's decision that Strategies

acted as the functional equivalent of a Marysville employee and that Marysville

used the records Strategies created while acting in that capacity, the PRA

applies to those records.    We affirm the trial court's decision that Marysville

       98 O'Neill. 183 Wash. App. at 25.
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violated the PRA by wrongfully withholding public records. We affirm the court's

orders assessing penalties, awarding costs and attorney fees, and denying

reconsideration.   We grant Cedar Grove's request for costs and reasonable

attorney fees related to the issues on which it prevailed on appeal, subject to its

timely compliance with RAP 14.4(a) and 18.1.

WE CONCUR:

VQ/^e&C^

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