Court Opinion

ID: 2790556
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-04-01 13:14:55.50177+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:10:32.286903
License: Public Domain

2015 WI 36

                  SUPREME COURT             OF    WISCONSIN
CASE NO.:                2013AP265
COMPLETE TITLE:          Mauricio Aguilar, Dave Hughes, Daniel Radmer,
                         Byron Slagle, Duaine Wagner and Michael Vinsant,
                                   Plaintiffs-Appellants-Cross-
                         Respondents,
                              v.
                         Husco International, Inc.,
                                   Defendant-Third-Party
                                   Plaintiff-Respondent-Cross-Appellant-
                         Petitioner,
                              v.
                         International Association of Machinists and
                         Aerospace Workers, District No. 10,
                                   Third-Party
                                   Defendant-Appellant-Cross-Respondent.

                            REVIEW OF A DECISION OF THE COURT OF APPEALS
                           (Reported at 354 Wis. 2d 526, 851 N.W.2d 802)
                                     (Ct. App. 2014 – Published)
                                        PDC No: 2014 WI App 64

OPINION FILED:           April 1, 2015
SUBMITTED ON BRIEFS:
ORAL ARGUMENT:           February 3, 2015

SOURCE OF APPEAL:
   COURT:                Circuit
   COUNTY:               Milwaukee
   JUDGE:                Dominic S. Amato

JUSTICES:
   CONCURRED:
   DISSENTED:
   NOT PARTICIPATING:

ATTORNEYS:
       For    the       defendant-third-party    plaintiff-respondent-cross-
appellant-petitioner, the cause was argued by John C. Schaak,
with whom on the briefs was Jeffrey Morris, John C. Schaak, and
Quarles & Brady LLP, Milwaukee.
    For the plaintiffs-appellants-cross-respondents and third-
party defendant-appellant-cross-respondent, the cause was argued
by Nathan D. Eisenberg, with whom on the brief was Frederick
Perillo, Yingtao Ho, and The Previant Law Firm, S.C., Milwaukee.

                                2
                                                                        2015 WI 36
                                                                NOTICE
                                                  This opinion is subject to further
                                                  editing and modification.   The final
                                                  version will appear in the bound
                                                  volume of the official reports.
No. 2013AP265
(L.C. No.   2008CV1395)

STATE OF WISCONSIN                            :            IN SUPREME COURT

Mauricio Aguilar, Dave Hughes, Daniel Radmer,
Byron Slagle, Duaine Wagner, and Michael
Vinsant,

          Plaintiffs-Appellants-Cross-
Respondents,

      v.                                                             FILED
Husco International, Inc.,
                                                                 APR 1, 2015
          Defendant-Third-Party Plaintiff-
Respondent-Cross-Appellant-Petitioner,                             Diane M. Fremgen
                                                                Clerk of Supreme Court

      v.

International Association of Machinists and
Aerospace Workers, District No. 10,

          Third-Party Defendant-Appellant-
Cross-Respondent.

      REVIEW of a decision of the Court of Appeals.                  Reversed and

remanded.

      ¶1    N.   PATRICK   CROOKS,   J.   This      wage     claim     case    began

when a union-initiated complaint was filed with the Department

of   Workforce   Development   on    behalf   of     Thomas      Kieckhefer       and
                                                        No. 2013AP265

similarly situated production and maintenance employees at Husco

International,   Inc.    The   complaint    alleged   Husco   owed   the

employees wages for 20-minute meal breaks.            Such breaks had

been unpaid; the union had previously agreed to that in every

collective bargaining agreement (CBA) negotiated since 1983 at

the company's Waukesha plant.         This had the effect of workers

having a shorter work shift than they would have if the schedule

complied with the regulation on unpaid meal breaks (a work shift

of eight hours and 20 minutes rather than eight hours and 30

minutes).    As it turns out, this provision was in conflict with

a state regulation1 that requires employers to pay employees for

meal breaks that are shorter than thirty minutes.

     ¶2     The DWD regulation specifically allows employers and

unions with a CBA to request a waiver from the State for shorter

unpaid meal breaks,2 but no such request was submitted in this

     1
       Wisconsin Admin. Code § DWD 274.02 (2006) states, "The
employer shall pay all employees for on-duty meal periods, which
are to be counted as work time. An on-duty meal period is a meal
period where the employer does not provide at least 30 minutes
free from work." All references to the Wisconsin Administrative
Code are to Wis. Admin. Code (2006).
     2
       Wis. Admin. Code § DWD 274.05 states that, with exceptions
that are not applicable here,

     [W]here a collectively bargained agreement exists, the
     department may consider the written application of
     labor and management for a waiver or modification to
     the requirements of this chapter based upon practical
     difficulties or unnecessary hardship in complying
                                                     (continued)
                                  2
                                                                  No. 2013AP265

case.     After the conflict with the regulation was discovered,

the practice was ended.

    ¶3      In response to the complaint on the matter, a DWD

Equal     Rights     Division    Labor       Standards   Bureau    investigator

reviewed information submitted by both sides in the matter.                       He

then rendered a written decision stating that the Department

would not seek collection of back wages on the grounds that the

factors     favoring     a      waiver   were      present    in     this    case

(specifically, that the parties to the CBA had agreed to the

provision and that there was no evidence that the shorter meal

breaks    jeopardized     the    life,   health,     safety   or     welfare      of

employees).        When the investigator's decision was appealed, DWD

Equal Rights Division Labor Standards Bureau issued a letter

representing the "final determination in this matter."                         That

determination affirmed the decision not to seek back pay.                          A

request for reconsideration was denied; the letter denying the

reconsideration request, issued by the bureau director for the

Labor Standards Bureau of the DWD Equal Rights Division, stated

    therewith. If the department determines that in the
    circumstances existing compliance with this chapter is
    unjust or unreasonable and that granting such waiver
    or modification will not be dangerous or prejudicial
    to the life, health, safety or welfare of the
    employees, the department may grant such waiver or
    modification as may be appropriate to the case.

                                         3
                                                                           No. 2013AP265

that       "the    union   on    behalf    of       its   members   can    bring     lawsuit

against Husco in civil court" pursuant to Wis. Stat. §                             109.11.

       ¶4         As   permitted    by    that       statute,    six    Husco   employees

brought suit in circuit court3 January 28, 2008, on behalf of

themselves and others similarly situated, seeking back pay for

unpaid breaks taken during the two-year period preceding the

filing of their complaint.4                The complaint noted that plaintiffs

had     "exhausted         all    available         administrative        remedies     under

Chapter 109 of the Wisconsin Statutes."                       When the circuit court

denied       both      parties'    summary       judgment       motions,     the     parties

sought interlocutory appeal.                The court of appeals5 held that the

matter was appropriate for summary judgment and granted summary

judgment to the plaintiffs, reasoning that the CBA could not

trump       the    DWD   meal-break       regulation.           Husco   petitioned      this

court for review, which we granted.

       3
       Milwaukee County             Circuit          Court,   the   Honorable        Dominic
Amato, presiding.
       4
       The meal break provision was first included in the 1983-
1985 CBA and continued in each of the subsequent agreements,
including the 2006-2010 CBA.     Under Wis. Stat. Chapter 111,
Employment Relations, "Back pay liability may not accrue from a
date more than 2 years prior to the filing of a complaint with
the department."   Wis. Stat. §111.39.  The complaint was filed
on January 28, 2008, claiming back pay that was accrued after
January 28, 2006.
       5
       Aguilar v. Husco Int'l, Inc., 2014 WI App 64, ¶11, 354
Wis. 2d 526, 851 N.W. 802.

                                                4
                                                                    No. 2013AP265

    ¶5        We   agree   with    the   court   of       appeals   that   summary

judgment is appropriate.6           All parties stipulate that there are

no disputed facts material to the issue, and there exists no

evidence in the record to the contrary.7                  The starting point of

our analysis, because this case involves a CBA and a dispute

between labor and management, is to resolve the question of

whether federal preemption applies to the plaintiffs' claim.                        If

plaintiffs' claim involves the interpretation of a CBA, this

case is controlled by §301 of the Labor Management Relations

Act, 29 U.S.C. § 185, which governs "[s]uits for violation of

contracts      between     an     employer   and      a     labor    organization

representing employees[.]"           Because of the interest in uniform

law in this area, "federal law is clear that, where there is a

sec. 301 claim, federal substantive law (irrespective of the

forum) must control.            Teamsters Local v. Lucas Flour Co., 369
U.S. 95 (1962), rules out the application of incompatible state

    6
       Lewis v. Physicians Ins. Co. of Wis., 2001 WI 60, ¶9, 243
Wis. 2d 648, 627 N.W.2d 484 ("This case is before us on a grant
of summary judgment. Because the parties have stipulated to the
facts, this appeal only raises a question of law, which we
review de novo.").
    7
        Id.

                                         5
                                                                              No. 2013AP265

law and mandates that federal law must prevail in a sec. 301

case . . . ."8

       ¶6        The test for whether a plaintiff's state-law claim is

a Section 301 claim is whether resolving the case "requires the

interpretation                   of      a      collective-bargaining           agreement."9

Applying that test to these facts, we conclude that federal

preemption            does       not    apply    to     plaintiffs'   claim   because      this

dispute requires no interpretation of the CBA.                                 Case law is

quite clear that "not every dispute concerning employment, or

tangentially involving a                      provision of a collective-bargaining

agreement, is preempted by § 301."10

           ¶7    Having ascertained that state law governs the claim

before          us,    we        turn    to     the     substantive   question:     Are    the

employees entitled, under Wis. Admin. Code DWD § 274.02, to back

pay for the unpaid meal breaks in this case?                           Plaintiffs pursued

this        claim           in        circuit         court   after    exhausting         their

administrative remedies, so we have the benefit in this case of

the agency's interpretation of DWD § 274.02, its own regulation,

       8
       Int'l Ass'n of Machinists & Aerospace Workers, IAM Local
437 v. U.S. Can Co., 150 Wis. 2d 479, 487, 441 N.W.2d 710
(1989).
       9
       Miller Brewing Co. v. DILHR, 210 Wis. 2d 26, 39, 563 N.W.
460 (1997) (quoting Lingle v. Norge Div. of Magic Chef, Inc.,
486 U.S. 399 (1988)).
       10
            Id.

                                                       6
                                                                 No. 2013AP265

which is given "controlling weight" if it is "reasonable and

consistent with the meaning and purpose of the regulation."11                    We

conclude that the Department's interpretation and decision not

to seek recovery of back pay in this case is reasonable and

consistent     with    the    purpose   of    the   regulation    because    the

regulation's purpose is to protect the life, health, safety, and

welfare   of    the        employees,   and    to   accommodate      reasonable

departures from the rule on meal break length where, under a

CBA, labor and management have agreed on that issue.

     ¶8   We therefore reverse the court of appeals and remand

for entry of summary judgment in favor of Husco.

                      I.     FACTS & PROCEDURAL HISTORY
     11
       The level of deference we grant in this situation has
been compared to the "great weight" deference sometimes applied
to an agency's statutory interpretations.

     [F]or an agency's interpretation of its own rules or
     regulations, if the interpretation is reasonable and
     consistent with the intended purpose, we generally
     apply either "controlling weight" or "great weight"
     deference.   However,   despite   the difference   in
     terminology, the deference we give to an agency
     interpretation of its own rules is similar to the
     great    weight   standard    applied  to   statutory
     interpretations. Both great weight deference and
     controlling weight deference turn on whether the
     agency's interpretation is reasonable and consistent
     with the meaning or purpose of the regulation or
     statute.

DaimlerChrysler v. Labor & Indus. Review Comm'n, 2007 WI 15,
¶15, 299 Wis. 2d 1, 727 N.W.2d 311, opinion clarified on denial
of reconsideration, 2007 WI 40, ¶15, 300 Wis. 2d 133, 729 N.W.2d
212 (internal citations omitted) (emphasis added).

                                        7
                                                                  No. 2013AP265

      ¶9     There is no dispute on the central facts: that for

decades, the union and Husco agreed, via the CBA, to unpaid meal

breaks shorter than 30 minutes; that DWD § 274.02 allows parties

to a CBA to obtain a waiver for such a practice; and that no

such waiver was obtained.          From 1983 through 2007, successive

CBAs between Husco and District No. 10 of the International

Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers Union (District

10)   provided   that    meal   breaks     would    be   unpaid    and    last     20

minutes.     All parties agree that these were the terms of the CBA

in effect during the relevant period.

      ¶10    Following   the    discovery,     in    late      2006,     that     DWD

§ 274.02 was in conflict with the CBA provision, District 10

sent a letter to Husco asserting that Husco was required to pay

employees for the unpaid breaks notwithstanding the CBA.                        Husco

instead     proposed   that    Husco   and   District     10   jointly     seek     a

waiver from DWD to resolve the matter.              District 10 declined to

do so unless Husco gave the employees new, additional monetary

concessions in return, such as cash payments or reinstatement of

employee pensions.       Husco declined to do so.              When the parties

were unable to reach a resolution, Husco unilaterally extended

                                       8
                                                                           No. 2013AP265

employee meal breaks to 30 minutes, ending the practice of the

shorter unpaid meal breaks on October 2, 2007.12

       ¶11       In the meantime, District 10 had filed its complaint

with DWD on February 9, 2007.                   In a July 16, 2007, letter, the

DWD notified the union that the DWD would not seek back pay for

the following reasons.            It said even though the 20-minute unpaid

breaks were technically violations                     of the code,         it would be

unreasonable to grant back pay because the breaks had posed no

health      or    safety      concerns,       the    statute    permits       waivers      in

circumstances such as these, and the employees had enjoyed other

benefits in exchange for the agreement to have the short unpaid

meal    periods.          The   union       sought   review    of    the   decision     and

received a final determination from the agency that no back pay

would be sought.              The union requested reconsideration, and the

Department "reaffirm[ed] the earlier final determination."

       ¶12       The    plaintiffs      then       brought    suit    in    state    court

pursuant      to       Wis.   Stat.     §    109.03(5),      which    authorizes      such

claims: parties may choose to pursue administrative remedies and

then file in civil court if necessary, or they may bring the

       12
       The company's right to act unilaterally to alter the meal
breaks was disputed by the union and was resolved through
arbitration pursuant to the CBA.   That dispute is not relevant
to the issues before us.

                                               9
                                                                               No. 2013AP265

claim directly to civil court.13                     Husco then successfully removed

the action to federal court on the grounds that plaintiffs'

claim required interpretation of the CBA and was thus subject to

Section 301 preemption.                    Husco raised affirmative defenses of

unjust enrichment, equitable estoppel, waiver, and failure to

mitigate damages.               Husco also filed a third-party claim against

District 10 seeking indemnification for any wage liability on

the grounds that the union had breached its contractual duty of

good faith and fair dealing, and on grounds of unjust enrichment

and promissory estoppel.

          ¶13    The case proceeded in federal court for a time, and

the United States District Court for the Eastern District of

13
     Wisconsin Stat. § 109.03(5) states:

          Each employee shall have a right of action against any employer for the full amount of
          the employee's wages due on each regular pay day as provided in this section and for
          increased wages as provided in s. 109.11 (2), in any court of competent jurisdiction. An
          employee may bring an action against an employer under this subsection without first
          filing a wage claim with the department under s. 109.09 (1).

(Emphasis added.) See also German v. Wis. Dep't of Transp., Div. of State Patrol, 2000 WI 62,
¶10, 235 Wis. 2d 576, 612 N.W.2d 50. In this case the Husco employees opted to file a wage
claim with the Department and exhausted administrative remedies within the Equal Rights
Division of the Department of Workforce Development. (Claims involving unemployment
insurance, worker's compensation, and employment discrimination may be appealed to the Labor
and Industry Review Commission; however, LIRC's jurisdiction does not extend to wage claims.
See Wis. Admin. Code § LIRC 1.01.)

Wisconsin Stat. § 227.52 also provides a mechanism for judicial review of certain administrative
decisions; a DWD decision on wage claims such as this one does not fall into any of the
categories excluded from judicial review in that statute. Plaintiffs in this case did not bring their
claim under Wis. Stat. § 227.52; they brought the claim under Wis. Stat. § 109.03(5).

                                                10
                                                                   No. 2013AP265

Wisconsin certified it as a class action.                     But the district

court ultimately remanded the case to state court on its own

motion,       holding    that,    contrary         to    Husco's      contention,

plaintiffs' claim was not a Section 301 claim.                 Consistent with

its ruling in a contemporaneous case with virtually identical

facts, the district court ruled that there was no basis for

federal jurisdiction.14

       ¶14    Its analysis focused on the two objectives for federal

law preemption of state law in labor disputes: to keep states

from    "purport[ing]     to   determine     the    meaning     of    collective-

bargaining agreements" and to keep plaintiffs from "bypass[ing]

arbitration over a claim for breach of the agreement."15                           It

observed      that   "[t]his   claim   is   not    one   in   which    state   law

purports to determine the meaning of terms in the CBA.                   Nor does

plaintiffs' right to relief depend on establishing a breach of

the CBA."16       It noted that in the absence of original federal

subject matter jurisdiction conferred by a Section 301 claim, it

had no authority to hear the case and that it had therefore also

been without authority to certify the case as a class action.

       14
       Aguilar v. Husco Int'l, Inc., No. 2:08-cv-0015-LA,
unpublished slip op. at 2 (E.D. Wis. August 11, 2011).
       15
            Id. at 3.
       16
            Id. at 4.

                                       11
                                                                       No. 2013AP265

     ¶15     Back    in    state      court,   in    Milwaukee        County    Circuit

Court, the parties stipulated to having the case certified as a

class     action.     All       parties    stipulated       that      there    were    no

material factual disputes and the matter was appropriate for

summary judgment; nevertheless, the circuit court denied summary

judgment motions from all parties on the grounds that there

existed      material          factual    disputes        requiring       credibility

determinations.17

     ¶16     All parties sought interlocutory review of the circuit

court's order.        On review, the court of appeals held that the

matter was ripe for summary judgment.18                  It reversed the circuit

court's denial of summary judgment to the employees and granted

summary    judgment       to    the   employees     on   the   wage    claim    on    the

grounds     that    "absent      a    waiver   from      the   DWD,    Husco    cannot

circumvent its statutory obligation to compensate the employees

for breaks under 30 minutes."19            It held that Husco's third-party

claim against District 10 had to be dismissed given that it

     17
       The circuit court reasoned that there was a material
issue of fact as to whether each member of the class made an
intentional, knowing, voluntary, and understanding waiver of his
or her rights.    As noted above, we agree with the court of
appeals that there is nothing in the record on which to base a
finding that disputed facts existed that precluded summary
judgment.
     18
          Aguilar, 354 Wis. 2d 526, ¶11.
     19
          Id., ¶14.

                                          12
                                                                 No. 2013AP265

depended    substantially    on   interpretation      of   the    CBA    and   was

therefore preempted by Section 301.          The parties petitioned and

cross-petitioned for review, and we granted both the petition

and the cross-petition.

                       II.    STANDARD OF REVIEW

      ¶17   This court applies the same summary judgment standards

as the circuit court, pursuant to Wis. Stat. § 802.08(2) and

Bell v. County of Milwaukee, 134 Wis. 2d 25, 30, 396 N.W.2d 328

(1986).     Summary   judgment    is    appropriate    when      there   are     no

issues of material fact and only a question of law is presented.

Id.    As to the first question concerning the application of

federal labor contract law, "[t]he pre-emptive effect of § 301

is a question of law."        Miller Brewing Co. v. Dep't of Indus.,

Labor & Human Relations, Equal Rights Div., 210 Wis. 2d 26, 33,

563 N.W.2d 460 (1997).       As to the second, in which we review a

decision of the DWD concerning DWD §274.02, the standard is well

established:

      [F]or an agency's interpretation of its own rules or
      regulations, if the interpretation is reasonable and
      consistent with the intended purpose, we generally
      apply either "controlling weight" or "great weight"
      deference.   However,   despite   the difference   in
      terminology, the deference we give to an agency
      interpretation of its own rules is similar to the
      great    weight   standard    applied  to   statutory
      interpretations. Both great weight deference and
      controlling weight deference turn on whether the
      agency's interpretation is reasonable and consistent

                                       13
                                                             No. 2013AP265

    with the     meaning    or    purpose   of   the   regulation    or
    statute.

DaimlerChrysler v. Labor & Indus. Review Comm'n, 2007 WI 15,

¶15, 299 Wis. 2d 1, 727 N.W.2d 311, opinion clarified on denial

of reconsideration, 2007 WI 40, ¶15, 300 Wis. 2d 133, 729 N.W.2d
212 (internal citations omitted).           Further, an interpretation

that is subject to such deference needs to "merely be reasonable

for it to be sustained."         Harnischfeger Corp. v. Labor & Indus.

Review Comm'n, 196 Wis. 2d 650, 661, 539 N.W.2d 98 (1995).                 "An

administrative   agency's    interpretation      of    its   own   rules     is

controlling unless plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the

language of the rule."       State v. Busch, 217 Wis. 2d 429, 441,

576 N.W.2d 904 (1998).

                    III. SECTION 301 PREEMPTION

    ¶18   As noted above, the first question our analysis must

answer when we are presented with a labor dispute is whether, as

to plaintiffs' claim, federal law preempts state law.               As noted

above, this court set forth the rationale and framework for
Section 301 preemption in Miller Brewing, 210 Wis. 2d at 35-40:

    [Section] 301 pre-emption preserves the central role
    of arbitration in labor disputes, by ensuring that
    employees exhaust the grievance procedures set forth
    in a [CBA] before bringing a claim in court. . . .
    [Section] 301 pre-emption ensures that common terms in
    collective   bargaining   agreements  are  not   given
    different       interpretations      in      different
    jurisdictions . . . .

Miller Brewing, 210 Wis. 2d. at 37 (internal citations omitted).

To accomplish its purposes, Section 301 is given "unusual pre-

                                     14
                                                                            No. 2013AP265

emptive power."         Livadas v. Bradshaw, 512 U.S. 107, 122 n.16

(1994).       Conversely,            preemption       does       not     apply    where    its

application     would      not    accomplish         those       purposes:       "[W]hen   the

collective      bargaining            agreement           is     merely     a     tangential

consideration      in    the      resolution         of    an     otherwise      independent

state law action or where resort to its provisions is merely pro

forma, we can say with confidence that such consultation does

not   trigger      § 301       preemption."         Loewen        Group    Int'l    Inc.    v.

Haberichter, 65 F.3d 1417, 1422 (7th Cir. 1995).                                 The test is

therefore       whether        the      state        law         claim     "requires       the

interpretation      of     a     collective         bargaining         agreement."     Miller

Brewing, 210 Wis. 2d at 39.

      ¶19   That     test       is     clear    and        its    application       here    is

straightforward.               Federal     preemption             does     not     apply    to

plaintiffs'        claim         because        this           dispute      requires        no

interpretation of the CBA.               Though Husco won removal to federal

district court on the grounds that plaintiffs' claim was subject

to Section 301 preemption, it no longer makes that argument.

The parties have since shifted their focus to the applicability

                                               15
                                                                              No. 2013AP265

of   preemption         to    Husco's    equitable        defenses20        and     to   Husco's

third-party           claim    against    District          10      for     indemnification.

Given      our   resolution       of     the    case      on     other      grounds,      it    is

unnecessary to reach either of those issues.

      ¶20        In    this     case,    the     claim         is   that     employees         are

entitled to back pay under DWD § 274.02.                              The CBA permitted

unpaid      meal      breaks    that     were       10   minutes          shorter    than      the

regulation       requires       for     unpaid       meal      breaks.         There      is    no

assertion that the CBA's terms were violated or that the CBA

itself requires that Husco pay employees for the meal break

time.      There is no dispute about any of the terms of the CBA,

nor is there any dispute about the interplay between the CBA and

the regulation that requires us to define and put a value on any

other      benefits      employees      received         under      the    CBA.      The    sole

question is whether the DWD's interpretation of its own rule was

      20
       In general, a defense that implicates federal preemption
cannot   serve  as   the  basis   for   original  federal  court
jurisdiction; such jurisdiction is based on whether the claim
itself arises under federal law. However, when Congress has
completely preempted a given area of state law, the complete
preemption exception permits recharacterization of a plaintiff's
state law claim as a federal claim. Bruneau v. Federal Deposit
Ins. Corp., 981 F.2d 175, 179 (5th Cir. 1992). As to whether a
defense requiring interpretation of a CBA is sufficient to
compel § 301 preemption such that federal law governs the claim,
there is a circuit split in federal courts.      See Schacht v.
Caterpillar, 503 U.S. 926, 927 (1992) (J. Blackmun dissenting)
(noting the split over whether a claim can be preempted by a
defense requiring interpretation of a CBA).

                                               16
                                                                              No. 2013AP265

reasonable.       Answering that question does not require the court

to construe any of the terms of the CBA.                        It is, in the words of

Miller     Brewing,       a     "dispute           concerning           employment"          that

"tangentially      involv[es]         a     collective          bargaining          agreement."

Miller    Brewing,      210 Wis. 2d     at    39.         There    is    therefore       no

requirement that federal law govern our analysis.

           IV.     DWD'S INTERPRETATION OF ITS OWN REGULATION

    ¶21     "Under       the    authority           of     § 103.02           the     DWD     has

promulgated an administrative rule requiring employers to pay

employees    for    on-duty      meal       periods.       Wis.     Admin.          Code    § DWD

274.02(3)."       German v. Wisconsin Dept. of Transp., Div. of State

Patrol, 2000 WI 62, ¶10, 235 Wis. 2d 576, 612 N.W.2d 50.                                    Given

that this case presents an agency's interpretation of its own

regulation,       the    question         we       next     address,          applying        the

appropriate standard of review, is whether the DWD decision in

this case is "reasonable" and "consistent with the purpose of

the regulation."
    ¶22     The     regulation         that        we    are     concerned          with,    DWD

§ 274.02, states that meal breaks of under 30 minutes cannot be

unpaid.     In interpreting its regulation, the DWD also took into

consideration DWD § 274.05, which permits waivers for the meal-

break rule for parties to a CBA.

    ¶23     Wisconsin         Admin.      Code      §     DWD    274.02        states,       "The

employer shall pay all employees for on-duty meal periods, which

are to be counted as work time. An on-duty meal period is a meal

                                             17
                                                                        No. 2013AP265

period where the employer does not provide at least 30 minutes

free from work."

       ¶24    Wisconsin Admin. Code § DWD 274.05 states that, with

exceptions that are not applicable here,

       [W]here a collectively bargained agreement exists, the
       department may consider the written application of
       labor and management for a waiver or modification to
       the requirements of this chapter based upon practical
       difficulties or unnecessary hardship in complying
       therewith. If the department determines that in the
       circumstances existing compliance with this chapter is
       unjust or unreasonable and that granting such waiver
       or modification will not be dangerous or prejudicial
       to the life, health, safety or welfare of the
       employees, the department may grant such waiver or
       modification as may be appropriate to the case.
       ¶25    The DWD interpretation of DWD 274.02 in this factual

situation focused on the availability of the waiver and the lack

of any prejudice to the life, health, safety, or welfare of the

employees.       The record contains three documents from DWD: the

initial      determination     by   an    investigator,         the    agency's          final

determination, and a letter reaffirming the final determination.

       ¶26    The    initial   decision         of    the     DWD     Labor     Standards
Investigator is dated July 15, 2007.21                       This letter to counsel

regarding      the   employee's     back-pay         claim    against       Husco    states

that    the    investigator     has      "reviewed      all     of    the     information

provided by both sides in this matter."                      It briefly recites the

evidence      the    investigator     has       considered      and     cites       to    the

       21
       The DWD case number for this case, Thomas Kieckhefer v.
Husco International, Inc., is Equal Rights Division Case
200700593.

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regulation. It states, "It is not disputed that the parties

failed to request a waiver from the department under DWD 274.05.

However, that is a technical violation of the code."                            After

noting that there was no reason to think that the agreement

"jeopardized     the   life,   health,       safety    or    welfare"      of    the

employees and that the meal-break length had been a part of "the

give and take of collective bargaining," the decision concluded,

"Based on my review of this matter, the factors required to

approve a waiver or modification of DWD 272.02 are present in

the facts of this case."       The letter advised of the availability

of administrative review.

    ¶27     The agency's final determination, dated September 17,

2007, is a letter from Labor Standards Bureau Director Robert S.

Anderson to plaintiff's counsel in response to the request for

administrative      review.        The      letter    makes      the      following

statements:

    - "This letter constitutes the department's review of the

       initial      determination     and    final    determination        in    this
       matter."

    - "You have appealed the initial determination with respect

       to     the   department's    decision    not    to    collect      any    back

       wages for the workers."

    - "The department believes that collecting unpaid wages for

       the meal periods in question would result in an unjust

       enrichment        of     the         workers         in     this         case.

          . . . Consequently,        the      department         reaffirms        its

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        position not to seek collection of any back wages in this

        case."

      ¶28   The   final       determination       was    affirmed      by     a     third

letter, also signed by Director Anderson and dated October 8,

2007, which states that it is a response to counsel's request

for the Department to "reconsider its final determination" in

the case.     This letter states, "On behalf of the department I am

reaffirming       the     earlier         final         determination. . . . The

department therefore is hereby closing its case in this matter."

The letter also observed that Wisconsin statutes provide the

option to bring civil suit against the employer.

      ¶29   We    first   address     the       parties'    disagreement            about

whether the DWD decision constitutes the kind of agency decision

that is accorded deference.

      ¶30   At the circuit court summary judgment motion hearing,

the circuit court asked the parties for their positions on the

significance of the DWD decision.                 Plaintiffs' counsel agreed

with the characterization that "what the DWD did here is not
binding on the court."          Counsel for Husco acknowledged that the

DWD   decision    was   not    "binding    on    the    court"   and     stated      its

position    as    being   that     DWD's    interpretation          of      rules    was

"controlling."      Husco did not take the position that plaintiffs

"are precluded from bringing a claim."                   No party asserts that

the DWD decision is "binding" on this court.

      ¶31   The correct question is not whether the DWD decision

is binding; there is no authority for the proposition that an
agency interpretation of its own rules is binding on a court.
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                                                                     No. 2013AP265

The    correct     question     is      whether     there       is      an    agency

interpretation of its own regulations, and if so, whether that

interpretation is reasonable and consistent with the purpose of

the regulation, and, therefore, entitled to controlling weight

deference.

      ¶32     Plaintiffs dispute the characterization that there is

an    agency    decision   in   this     case     that    should      be     accorded

deference.       Plaintiffs     cite    to     Building    Trades       Council      v.

Waunakee Community School District, 221 Wis. 2d 575, 585 N.W.2d
726 (Ct. App. 1998), for the proposition that "[o]pinions by a

single agency employee are not an official interpretation by the

agency and are not entitled to any deference from the Court."

Resp. Br. at 26.      In that case, a party sought to obtain "great

deference" to the propositions in two letters it had obtained

from state employees for use as evidence to bolster its open

records request.      Id. at 588.            The letters were not decisions

from prior proceedings in the case, and the court noted that the

first document was "not at all the type of contested-case agency
decision to which . . . courts will traditionally accord some

degree   of    deference[,]"    and    the    second     was   "no    more    than   a

statement of the writer's understanding of a position taken by

another state agency." Id. at 588-589.                   In contrast, the DWD

decision at issue in this case was quite clearly the result of a

contested process and involved the submission of evidence and

arguments by both parties.            The DWD issued what it deemed "the

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department's      review      of    the     initial     determination         and    final

determination in this matter."22

       ¶33    The other cases Plaintiffs cite for the proposition

that    discretionary       agency        decisions        are    not   "final      agency

decisions subject to judicial review" are likewise inapplicable

and    unpersuasive.          See   Wis.     Environmental         Decade     v.    Public

Service      Comm'n,   93 Wis. 2d     650,    659,     287 N.W.2d 737     (1980)

(determining      that      an      order        denying     a     petition        for   an

investigation did not qualify as an administrative decision for

purposes of judicial review under Wis. Stat. Chap. 227); Tyler

v. State Dept. of Public Welfare, 19 Wis. 2d 166, 119 N.W.2d 460

(1963) (holding that there was no legal right to court review of

parole board decision because there is no legal right to release

on parole); and Wisconsin Professional Police Ass'n v. Public

Service      Comm'n,    205 Wis. 2d.     60,     555 N.W.2d 179     (1996)

(reviewing a discretionary decision by the Commission "under the

arbitrary and capricious standard").

       ¶34    Unlike those examples, this case involves two parties
represented by counsel who prepared information and submitted it

for review to the agency investigator.                     The plaintiffs appealed

and later requested reconsideration from the agency.                          The facts

       22
       Plaintiffs compare these letters to the affidavit of
Robert Anderson, prepared for this litigation after he left the
DWD and after litigation started, that Husco relied on as
evidence that the waiver would have been granted if requested.
Our decision is based on the agency's determination as
represented in the Sept. 17, 2007, letter and not on the
contents of the Anderson affidavit.

                                            22
                                                                             No. 2013AP265

were limited and undisputed.                  There is no question that the

regulation was promulgated by DWD and no question that it is the

agency      charged    with        administering         and    resolving          employment

disputes.       We therefore treat the DWD decision as one by an

agency interpreting its own rules.                     As noted above, the standard

we employ when reviewing an agency's interpretation of its own

rules is that it is due controlling weight.                          This recognizes the

expertise and experience of DWD in both legal questions raised

by employment disputes and technical matters such as formulas

for   back-pay       calculations.            See       Kuhnert      v.     Advanced      Laser

Machining, Inc., 2011 WI App 23, ¶12, 331 Wis. 2d 625, 794
N.W.2d 805      (stating    that     "the       department's           methodology       for

calculating . . . overtime             pay     is       entitled      to     great     weight

deference.      . . . [N]either the statutes nor the administrative

code define 'regular rate of pay' or the appropriate method for

calculating it.")

      ¶35    The     facts    set     forth       above       show    the    text    of    the

regulations     and    the     reasoning          of    the    Department.           The   DWD
decision rests in large part on the investigator's determination

that the failure to obtain the waiver that would have satisfied

the regulation was "a technical violation" that did not warrant

awarding back pay because "the factors required to approve a

waiver or modification of DWD 272.02 are present in the facts of

this case."

      ¶36    We cannot say that the decision not to pursue an award

of back pay is unreasonable.                 As noted above, the "controlling
weight"      given    to      an    agency's           interpretation         of    its    own
                                             23
                                                               No. 2013AP265

regulations is the equivalent of the "great weight deference"

given in some circumstances to an agency's interpretation of a

statute.     We have explained how great that weight is:

    [T]he important difference between great weight and
    due weight deference [is that] a more reasonable
    interpretation overcomes an agency's interpretation
    under due weight deference, while under great weight
    deference, a more reasonable interpretation will not
    overcome an agency's interpretation, as long as the
    agency's interpretation falls within a range of
    reasonableness.
UFE, Inc. v. LIRC, 201 Wis. 2d 274, 288, 548 N.W.2d 57 (1996).

To find for Plaintiffs, we would have to take the position that

in spite of the fact that there was no violation of the CBA (the

terms   of   which   they   agreed   to);        no   allegation   of    risk   to

workers'     life,   health,    safety      or    welfare;   and    no    likely

alternative to simply adding ten minutes to the lunch break (and

as a result, imposing a longer workday)——which is exactly what

later happened——it is outside the range of reasonableness for

DWD to deny back pay and deem the violation to be technical.                    In

fact, simply put, DWD's determination is reasonable.

    ¶37      Nor can we say that it is contrary to the purpose of

the regulation.      Where the regulation contains an exemption that

applies under specific circumstances and the exemption may be

granted in the Department's discretion, the regulation's purpose

is served where the Department has made such a determination.

    ¶38      We therefore reverse the court of appeals and remand

for entry of summary judgment in favor of Husco.
                               V.    CONCLUSION

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                                                                      No. 2013AP265

      ¶39   Plaintiffs pursued this claim in circuit court after

exhausting their administrative remedies, so we have the benefit

in this case of the agency's interpretation of DWD § 274.02, its

own regulation, which is given "controlling weight" if it is

"reasonable and consistent with the meaning and purpose of the

regulation."      We conclude that the Department's interpretation

and   decision    to   deny   recovery        of   back   pay    in   this   case     is

reasonable and consistent with the purpose of the regulation

because the regulation's purpose is to protect the life, health,

safety,     and   welfare     of   the    employees        and    to     accommodate

reasonable departures from the rule on meal break length where,

under a CBA, labor and management have agreed on that issue.

      ¶40   We therefore reverse the court of appeals and remand

for entry of summary judgment in favor of Husco.

By the Court.—Reversed and remanded.

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    No. 2013AP265

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