Court Opinion

ID: 9409657
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-18 22:03:37.934856+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:52.362426
License: Public Domain

Filed 7/18/23 (unmodified opn. attached)
                  CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                     FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                              DIVISION FOUR

 CHARLES SWAN,
         Plaintiff and Appellant,
                                                A163825, A164764
 v.
 KRYSTLE HATCHETT,                              (Alameda County
                                                Super. Ct. No. HF
      Defendant and
                                                16825795)
 Respondent.

THE COURT:

     It is ordered that the opinion filed herein on June 29, 2023,
be modified as follows:

      1. On page 22, the first sentence in the last paragraph (“The
         juvenile court's orders are reversed.”) is replaced with:
         “The trial court’s orders are reversed.”

         There is no change in judgment. The parties’ stipulation
         and request, filed on July 12, 2023, is otherwise denied.

Date: _____________________                    _______________________ P.J.

                                           1
Filed 6/29/23 (unmodified opinioin)
                  CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                     FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                               DIVISION FOUR

 CHARLES SWAN,
        Plaintiff and Appellant,
                                          A163825, A164764
 v.
 KRYSTLE HATCHETT,                        (Alameda County
                                          Super. Ct. No. HF
      Defendant and
                                          16825795)
 Respondent.

       Charles Swan appeals from the trial court’s orders denying
his request to reduce the amount of child support he pays Krystle
Hatchett for their triplets and awarding Hatchett about $10,000
in need-based attorney’s fees. On his request to modify child
support, Swan contends the trial court erred by casting aside all
of his evidence of his income and ignoring other evidence that he
had a new child and that Hatchett’s income had increased. He
further argues the trial court’s refusal to consider his evidence of
his income for child support purposes conflicts with its finding
that he could pay a specific amount of Hatchett’s attorney’s fees
and that the fees award is otherwise infirm. We agree that the
trial court’s reasons for ignoring all of Swan’s evidence lack
substantial evidentiary support. We further agree that the
award of attorney’s fees to Hatchett was improper because it
conflicts with its disregard of Swan’s evidence. We will therefore

                                      1
reverse the trial court’s orders and remand for further
proceedings.
                        BACKGROUND
      Swan and Hatchett are the parents of triplets born in 2016.
They share joint legal and physical custody of the children.
      In November 2017, the trial court issued an order
addressing child support. Swan testified from a profit and loss
statement that he had prepared for his self-employment as a tax
preparer, real estate broker, mortgage broker, and appraiser.
The trial court found Swan’s bookkeeping was poor, especially for
someone who prepared tax returns for a living. Swan testified
that his net income as of August 2017 was $40,498. But after
adding back certain deductions Swan had taken that the trial
court found were personal expenses, the trial court calculated
Swan’s monthly income to be $9,245 per month, which would
amount to $110,940 per year. The trial court ordered Swan to
pay child support of $2,350 per month, retroactive to the
beginning of 2017, and to pay off the arrears at $350 per month.
Hatchett was not working, and the trial court did not impute
income to her due to insufficient information.
   I. Swan’s Request to Modify Child Support
      In September 2018, Swan filed a request to change the
child custody and child support order. As relevant here, Swan
asked the court to issue a new guideline support order, order
Hatchett to seek work in order to provide for the children, and
waive interest on certain arrears in his payments.

                                2
      In early 2019, the trial court ordered Hatchett to undergo a
vocational evaluation paid for by Swan. In advance of the
hearing on Swan’s request, the parties stipulated that Swan was
“entitled to a hardship when calculating child support in this
matter.”
   II. Hearing
      The trial court held the hearing on Swan’s request on 14
different days between May 2019 and August 2020. The
witnesses were Swan, Swan’s financial expert Jeff Stegner, and
Hatchett.
      Swan
      Swan owned three properties on the same street in
Fremont. He rented out two of the houses and divided the third
with 60 percent being used for his business and the remainder for
his personal living space.
      Swan prepared his own tax returns. He maintains
separate personal, business, and rental accounts for his expenses,
but he admitted that he sometimes commingled expenses. Swan
explained that when he used the wrong account for an expense,
he would make a Post-It note as a reminder to record the expense
correctly. His employee would reconcile his bank statements and
Post-It notes, and use receipts when available. Some expenses
such as Costco appeared as both business and personal expenses,
and Swan would use Post-Its to divide the expenses. For meals
and expenses, some of which were business-related and some
personal, Swan would reconcile his expenses monthly based on

                                3
receipts, when available, and memory to avoid deducting
personal expenses as business expenses.
      Between 2017 and 2018, Swan changed how he reported his
rental income on his tax returns. In 2017, Swan had reported his
rental income and expenses on Schedule E of his returns and his
other business expenses on Schedule C, but in 2018 he combined
all of his business expenses together on Schedule C. He changed
his reporting methods because he was told his earlier method was
incorrect. As a result, the only way to separate out the 2018
expenses for his rental properties from those for the rest of his
business would be to engage in a tedious process of categorizing
expenses. The categories of expenses on his profit and loss
statements did not match the categories on his tax returns.
      Swan claimed variously that the IRS had audited him five
or eight times and each time the IRS concluded he had
underreported his deductions. Swan is conservative in his
deductions, such as by claiming a smaller mortgage interest
deduction than his lenders reported to the IRS or a lower amount
of his auto expenses than the law allows. He does this so that if
he is audited he will be owed a refund. As a result of the audits,
Swan had a $2.3 million net operating loss on his returns.
Swan’s expert, Jeff Stegner, later explained that Swan could
carry this loss forward on his tax returns so he would not be
paying any federal income taxes for quite a number of years,
although he would still pay federal self-employment tax.
      The rental income on Swan’s properties in 2018 was
slightly higher than in 2017, but the repairs and maintenance

                                 4
were significantly higher. Swan said his maintenance expenses
were higher in 2018 than 2017 because he was converting them
to short-term rentals on Airbnb. He later admitted that the
expenses he listed as rental supplies and repair and maintenance
in his profit and loss statement included construction costs of
placing a shed on each rental property that he worked on
converting to rental units. Swan had previously converted the
garage at one of the properties into a separate rental unit, which
Hatchett had rented from him before the triplets were born.
Because of this construction, Swan expanded from having three
rental units to six. Still later, Swan revealed that the city had
ordered him to cease renting the garage and one of the sheds
because they were not up to code. Swan had not obtained any
permits for any of the construction. He claimed he was not a
contractor and not familiar with the rules and laws governing
permits.
      Although he works as a real estate appraiser, Swan
initially could not give an estimate of the value of any of his
properties. He then said the rental properties could possibly be
worth $700,000 to $800,000, but he still could not say whether
his property that he split between his business and his personal
use would be worth more or less than that. Swan could not
provide an estimate for how much he owed on the mortgage on
his personal property but said it could be less than $500,000. He
could not remember whether his mortgage payments for the
rental properties had changed between 2017 and 2019.

                                  5
      Swan had declared chapter 11 bankruptcy and was still in
bankruptcy when he testified. He was paying back payroll taxes
through the bankruptcy for his one W-2 employee. He could not
say how much longer he had to make those payments, but he
thought it was under 10 years. When Swan filed his income and
expense declaration, he did not include in his assets a Charles
Schwab retirement account containing about $50,000 or $60,000.
Swan explained that the form asked him to list stocks, bonds, and
other assets he could sell easily, and he could not sell his
retirement assets easily.
      Swan’s child from another relationship was born around
the beginning of 2019. The child’s mother, X.H., lives in one of
Swan’s rental units. X.H. is also one of Swan’s employees,
working in real estate and as the manager of his office. Hatchett
had also managed Swan’s office. Swan’s new child spends time in
the homes of Swan and X.H. For the calendar year of 2018, Swan
paid her about $75,000, according to a 1099 form Swan prepared
between hearing dates. Swan paid X.H. with cash withdrawals
from an ATM, as he had done with other workers as well. Swan
kept track of his cash payments to workers with ATM receipts
and by memory.
      When asked whether he had traveled out of the country
with X.H. in 2018, Swan first said he could not recall. When
prompted afterwards whether he had traveled with X.H. to Paris
and Saint-Tropez, he admitted he had. He initially could not
recall who paid for the trip and said it could have been a client,
then said he might have paid for it. When he could only find less

                                  6
than $50 in expenses in his own records for the trip, he then said
he did not think he had paid for the trip and said it could have
been one of his clients who sent him to look for retirement or
investment property. He claimed his airfare and hotels were paid
for by a client but he still could not recall a specific client. He
initially said the trip did not coincide with any special dates or
events but then admitted it coincided with X.H.’s birthday.
      Swan could not recall taking any other trips out of the
country in the prior year, even though he generally took trips
between one and 10 times per year, depending on the year, to
places like Costa Rica, Panama, and Thailand. He admitted he
traveled to Jamaica with X.H. in 2019, within two weeks of X.H.’s
birthday. Swan could not recall who paid for the trip to Jamaica,
even though it occurred only five months before he testified about
it. He also took a business trip to Las Vegas in 2018, the same
week as his birthday and the Fourth of July. Swan did not recall
who traveled with him.
      Stegner
      Swan’s expert Jeff Stegner testified that he relied on tax
returns, bank statements, and a general ledger of transactions
Swan provided him, without performing an audit or
independently verifying anything beyond matching expenses to
bank records and canceled checks. Stegner found Swan’s shift to
combining his rental and other expenses on his Schedule C to be
completely allowable. To calculate Swan’s income available for
support, Stegner took Swan’s net business income as stated on
his tax returns, added back the depreciation and certain personal

                                   7
expenses, and for 2018 deducted mortgage principal payments for
his rental properties that Swan reported to him. Stegner
calculated Swan’s income as $3,387 per month in 2017 and
$3,643 per month in 2018.
      Hatchett
      Hatchett secured a job in December 2019 earning $24 per
hour for 40 hours per week. After March 2020, Hatchett began
receiving pandemic hazard pay that pushed her hourly wage to
$36 per hour, or about $75,000 per year.
   III.   Post-hearing proceedings
      In October 2020, the parties submitted written closing
arguments. In January 2021, the trial court issued a tentative
decision finding that Swan had failed to meet his burden of
showing a change in his income. The court found Swan’s
testimony and evidence regarding his income not credible. It
rejected Stegner’s report because it was based on Swan’s non-
credible evidence. It also rejected Swan’s request to waive
interest on his child support arrears. But the trial court ordered
the parties to provide additional briefing regarding whether it
should modify support based on changes of circumstances during
the pendency of Swan’s request, including Swan’s new child and
Hatchett’s new income.
      After the supplemental briefing, in April 2021 the trial
court issued a new tentative statement of decision denying
Swan’s request to waive interest on arrears and denying his
request to modify child support based on his claimed reduction in

                                 8
income, his new child, or Hatchett’s new income, in light of the
lack of credibility of Swan’s evidence of his income.
      Swan moved for a new trial. At the hearing on the motion
in August 2021, Hatchett made an oral request for need-based
attorney’s fees. The trial court ordered the parties to submit
further briefing regarding Swan’s argument that the court was
obligated to re-calculate child support based on Hatchett’s new
income and Swan’s new child, using the previous finding of
Swan’s income if it did not find his new income evidence to be
credible.
      The trial court continued the next hearing in October 2021
so that Swan and Hatchett could submit updated income and
expense declarations. At the final hearing in November 2021,
Swan argued the trial court could not find both that his evidence
at the hearing on his modification request was entirely not
credible while also finding for purposes of Hatchett’s request for
fees that there was a disparity in the parties’ incomes and that he
could pay for Hatchett’s attorney’s fees.
      In January 2022, the trial court denied Swan’s motion for a
new trial and awarded Hatchett about $10,000 in need-based
attorney’s fees. For Hatchett’s fees award, the trial court found
there was a documented disparity in the parties’ access to funds
to pay for legal representation, Swan had or was reasonably
likely to have the ability to pay for both parties’ attorneys, and
Hatchett’s fees request was reasonable and necessary.
      On the same day, in connection with its denial of Swan’s
motion for a new trial, the court issued an amended final

                                  9
statement of decision regarding Swan’s modification request. As
it had earlier, the trial court denied his request to waive interest
on his arrears and his request to modify child support because it
found that Swan’s evidence of his income was not credible. The
trial court also found Swan had not submitted sufficient evidence
that his new child caused him a financial hardship warranting
modification of support. But the trial court said Swan’s gross
income in 2018 was about $2.38 million. As for Hatchett’s
income, the trial court found it would be unjust to modify the
support to take her income into account because Hatchett had
provided an updated income and expense statement in February
2020 but Swan had not provided once since May 2019. The court
found it would be unjust to use the prior finding of Swan’s income
that supported the existing support order as the basis for a new
order because it appeared to the court that Swan’s income had
increased rather than decreased.

                           DISCUSSION
   I. Denial of request to modify child support
      “An order of child support ‘may be modified or terminated
at any time as the court [determines] to be necessary.’ (Fam.
Code, § 3651, subd. (a).)[1] Statutory procedures for modification
of child support ‘require a party to introduce admissible evidence
of changed circumstances as a necessary predicate for
modification.’ ” (In re Marriage of Leonard (2004)
119 Cal.App.4th 546, 556.) “The burden of proof to establish
changed circumstances sufficiently material to support an

      1   Undesignated statutory citations are to the Family Code.

                                 10
adjustment in child support rests with the party seeking
modification.” (In re Marriage of Usher (2016) 6 Cal.App.5th 347,
357–358.) “ ‘Ordinarily, a factual change of circumstances is
required [for an order modifying support] (e.g., increase or
decrease in either party’s income available to pay child support).’
[Citation.] ‘There are no rigid guidelines for judging whether
circumstances have sufficiently changed to warrant a child
support modification. So long as the statewide statutory formula
support requirements are met (Fam. [Code section] 4050 et seq.),
the determination is made on a case-by-case basis and may
properly rest on fluctuations in need or ability to pay.’ [Citation.]
The ultimate determination of whether the individual facts of the
case warrant modification of support is within the discretion of
the trial court.” (Leonard, at p. 556, italics omitted.)
      “[A] determination regarding a request for modification of a
child support order will be affirmed unless the trial court abused
its discretion, and it will be reversed only if prejudicial error is
found from examining the record below.” (In re Marriage of
Leonard, supra, 119 Cal.App.4th at p. 555.) Under an abuse of
discretion standard, we review the trial court’s legal conclusions
de novo and its factual findings for substantial evidence, and we
reverse its application of the law to the facts only if it was
arbitrary and capricious. (Haraguchi v. Superior Court (2008)
43 Cal.4th 706, 711–712.) “The trial court’s exercise of discretion
must be ‘informed and considered,’ [citations] and the court may
not ‘ignore or contravene the purposes of the law.’ ” (Brothers v.
Kern (2007) 154 Cal.App.4th 126, 133.) “Appellate courts ‘do not

                                  11
reweigh evidence or reassess the credibility of witnesses.’ ” (In re
Marriage of Balcof (2006) 141 Cal.App.4th 1509, 1531.)
        Swan raises several different arguments on appeal, with
his primary contention being that his new child and Hatchett’s
new income were changed circumstances that obligated the trial
court as a matter of law to recalculate the amount of child
support even without evidence of his income. He also argues that
the trial court erred by refusing to consider any of his evidence.
We need not decide whether Swan’s new child or Hatchett’s new
income would have obligated the trial court to recalculate support
even in the absence of evidence of Swan’s income because we
conclude that substantial evidence does not support the trial
court’s decision to ignore all of his evidence of his income in this
case.
        The trial court’s credibility findings regarding Swan’s
evidence would normally be conclusive because on substantial
evidence review we generally do not second guess the trial court’s
assessment of the credibility of witnesses or documentary
evidence. (In re Marriage of Balcof, supra, 141 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1531; People v. Vivar (2021) 11 Cal.5th 510, 528, fn. 7 [“when
reviewing a ruling under the substantial evidence standard, ‘an
appellate court should defer to the factual determinations made
by the trial court,’ regardless of ‘whether the trial court’s ruling[s
are based] on oral testimony or declarations’ ”].) Swan argues his
tax returns were presumptively correct and neither Hatchett nor
the department submitted evidence rebutting the presumption,
so the trial court was obligated to use them. The trial court

                                  12
followed In re Marriage of Hein (2020) 52 Cal.App.5th 519, 540–
541, 544–545, which held that even if the presumption existed, it
did not apply to the tax returns of two corporations with
intertwined operations, both of which were wholly owned by a
self-employed parent. We agree with Hein’s reasoning and
conclude that the presumption of correctness does not apply to
tax returns of a self-employed parent like Swan, who controls
how income is reported and is responsible for distinguishing
between personal expenses and business expenses that would
reduce available income for child support. The trial court was
therefore not required to credit Swan’s tax returns.
      The problem here is that the trial court’s order and
statement of decision are inconsistent and significantly misstate
the evidence in key respects relevant to its credibility
determination.2 Although we accept the trial court’s individual
credibility determinations, given that the trial court had other
options available to it to address shortcomings in Swan’s evidence
for the purposes of calculating child support, we cannot say that
substantial evidence supports its decision to disregard Swan’s
evidence in its entirety.
      First, the trial court’s rejection of all of Swan’s testimony
and evidence cannot be squared with its statement that Swan
had gross income in 2018 of about $2.38 million. Nor can it be

      2 The trial court’s January 2022 order stated that it was
denying Swan’s motion for a new trial and, in the alternative,
issuing an amended statement of decision. Swan and the
department both treat the amended statement of decision as the
trial court’s final ruling, and we do the same.

                                 13
squared with the court’s statement that Swan’s income had
increased rather than decreased so that it would be unjust to
recalculate support using Swan’s income established in the prior
order and Hatchett’s new income. As the trial court
acknowledged, finding Swan’s evidence and testimony not
credible had the effect “ ‘of removing that testimony from the
evidentiary mix.’ ” (Moran v. Foster Wheeler Energy Corp. (2016)
246 Cal.App.4th 500, 518.) Because neither Hatchett nor the
department submitted evidence of Swan’s income, if the court
had entirely ignored Swan’s evidence, it would have had no basis
from which to conclude Swan had a specific amount of gross
income or that his income had increased.
      The only alternative evidence of Swan’s income in the
record was the income and expense declaration he submitted in
late 2021 in connection with Hatchett’s request for attorney’s
fees. It appears the court ignored this declaration for the
purposes of Swan’s modification request, since it said in its
statement of decision that Hatchett had submitted an updated
income and expense declaration in 2020 but Swan had not
submitted one since May 2019. Nonetheless, the trial court must
have relied on Swan’s 2021 declaration to find a disparity of
resources and Swan’s ability to pay Hatchett’s attorney’s fees,
because otherwise there was no evidence to support that award,
either. This, too, is inconsistent with the court’s rejection of
Swan’s evidence for his modification request. If the evidence
Swan prepared for the modification request was so lacking in
credibility as to be worthless, we cannot see why his 2021 income

                                 14
and expense declaration would be more credible. Conversely, if
his 2021 declaration was somehow more credible than his earlier
evidence, it is hard to understand why the trial court would have
ignored it and found no evidence of his income at all for his
modification request when it issued its amended statement of
decision as part of the same order that granted Hatchett’s
request for need-based attorney’s fees.3
      In any event, leaving aside the internal inconsistencies
within the trial court’s statement of decision and between its
rulings on the modification request and fees request, the trial
court’s finding of Swan’s 2018 gross income was off by a
considerable margin. The trial court said twice in its statement
of decision that Swan’s tax return showed he had gross income in
2018 of about $2.38 million. The only source for this figure
appears to have been the portion of Swan’s tax return in which he
applied a net operating loss carried forward from prior tax years.
But a net operating loss is not income. As reflected elsewhere in
his tax return, and as the parties generally agreed at trial,
Swan’s only source of income that year was his business, whose

      3  The trial court may have ignored the later declaration for
the purposes of the modification request because Swan submitted
it after closing arguments on that matter. But the trial court
issued its amended statement of decision under Code of Civil
Procedure section 662 in response to Swan’s motion for a new
trial. That statute allows a court in an action tried without a
jury to amend a statement of decision, but it also allows the court
to set aside a statement of decision and re-open the case for
additional evidence. (Code Civ. Proc., § 662.) The submission of
the modification request therefore was no obstacle to considering
Swan’s later-filed evidence.

                                 15
actual gross income was about $370,000. The trial court’s
statement of Swan’s gross income was therefore significantly off
the mark.
      In its closing brief, the department briefly questioned
whether Swan might be underreporting his gross income, based
on the fact that Swan admitted to taking several international
trips but reported only minimal expenses for those trips and
could not show where he obtained the funds deposited in his
Charles Schwab accounts. The department also alluded to it
being difficult to determine if there was actually a change in
Swan’s income and suggested the correctness of Swan’s tax
returns was questionable. But both the department and
Hatchett still used Swan’s stated gross income as the starting
point for their calculations of child support, suggesting that they,
at least, did not find Swan’s testimony and evidence so
misleading as to be useless.
      The trial court provided several different reasons why it
found Swan’s testimony not credible in its entirety, including
Swan’s defensive and evasive demeanor; difficulty recalling basic
facts about his unpermitted rental units, tenants, and value of
his properties; initial mischaracterization of his rental units as
storage units; and his struggle to provide accurate information
about his travel and cash commissions he paid to his current
partner and mother of his youngest child, who is also one of his
employees and living in one of his rental units. Even from a cold
transcript, Swan’s testimony appears evasive and difficult to
credit on many of these points. The trial court could reasonably

                                 16
have extended its credibility determination to the documents that
Swan prepared. (In re Marriage of Calcaterra & Badakhsh
(2005) 132 Cal.App.4th 28, 31, 36 [affirming trial court’s drawing
of factual inferences adverse to party who submitted misleading
and false tax return; rule that a trier of fact can accept as true
only part of a witness’s testimony and disregard the rest applies
to documents prepared by the witness or at his direction].) The
department cites Swan’s testimony on these topics as support for
the trial court’s order, but it ignores the trial court’s
misstatement of Swan’s income and the inconsistencies within
the trial court’s orders. Given the magnitude of the trial court’s
error on its statement of Swan’s gross income—overstating it
more than six-fold—we cannot say that substantial evidence
supports the trial court’s drastic step of entirely disregarding all
of Swan’s evidence based only on the credibility issues that it
highlighted in its order.
      The trial court’s decision to disregard all of Swan’s
testimony, a decision apparently without precedent in reported
cases as far as we have been able to determine, is striking given
that the trial court had other options at its disposal to respond to
Swan’s credibility problems. As the trial court acknowledged, it
could have imputed income to Swan if it did not believe his stated
income matched his earning capacity. That is precisely the
approach another trial court took with a parent whose attempts
to hide assets and income were even more egregious than Swan’s.
      In re Marriage of Barth (2012) 210 Cal.App.4th 363, 366–
367, 370 (Barth), involved an appeal from an initial child support

                                  17
order in which the father was, like Swan, an accountant who
prepared his own statements and financial reports in which he
categorized expenses. The father included in his business
expenses dozens of personal expenses as well as “wages he
allegedly paid to his girlfriend without any satisfying evidence to
justify the expense.” (Id. at p. 370.) The trial court believed the
father was purposefully vague or evasive and found he failed to
disclose material facts, such as a substantial severance package
from a former employer and recurring rental income from a
property. (Id. at p. 369.) It also found the father’s professed
business expenses were phony or personal and that the father
“was not to be believed on any issue relating to his finances.”
(Id. at pp. 370, 377.) In these circumstances, the appellate court
concluded the trial “court had no choice but to impute income to
[the father] for the purpose of establishing child support.” (Id. at
p. 377.) The appellate court upheld as reasonable the trial court’s
imputation of income based on a vocational report prepared by
the mother’s expert and the addition of estimates of various items
of income father had hidden. (Id. at pp. 371, 376–377.)
      Given the trial court’s lengthy and factually supported
reasons for finding aspects of Swan’s testimony not credible, the
trial court here would have been well within its rights to impute
income to Swan, like in Barth. Hatchett did not provide a
vocational report. But the trial court could have taken other
approaches, such as by rejecting non-credible deductions Swan
made from his gross income to calculate his net income. For
example, if it found Swan’s payments to his new partner to be not

                                 18
credible and viewed them instead as an improper attempt to hide
his income, it could have rejected some or all of those deductions
and included them when calculating his income. (In re Marriage
of Calcaterra & Badakhsh, supra, 132 Cal.App.4th at p. 36 [“the
trial court could credit father’s indication of gross income and
disregard his indication of expenses necessary to service the
properties”].)
      Similarly, if the trial court believed Swan was improperly
claiming personal expenses to be business expenses, it could have
added an amount for the improper deductions back to Swan’s
income. (See In re Marriage of Rodriguez (2018) 23 Cal.App.5th
625, 635 & fn. 11 [trial court properly ignored vehicular
depreciation deduction from self-employed parent’s tax return
because it did not reduce monthly income from the business].) If
the trial court believed Swan’s standard of living did not match
his claimed expenses and disbelieved his explanation that clients
he could not recall had paid for his trips, it could have imputed to
him the income necessary for him to have paid such expenses.
(Cf. Barth, supra, 210 Cal.App.4th at p. 370 [trial court found
father understated his expenses in order to match his
understatements of income].) To be sure, the trial court would
have needed to use estimates for some of these figures, given the
credibility problems of Swan’s evidence. But having failed to
provide credible evidence of his overall income, Swan would have
had little grounds to complain if the trial court could not precisely
calculate specific aspects of his income.

                                 19
      The availability of the options Barth endorsed confirms
that the trial court’s refusal to calculate Swan’s income entirely
must have been based on more than a simple difficulty crediting
aspects of his testimony about how he calculated his net income
from his business’s gross income. The court’s mistaken belief
that Swan had understated his income by almost $2 million must
have played a significant role in its decision. The effect of the
trial court’s refusal to consider Swan’s evidence was ultimately to
exclude entirely Hatchett’s income from the calculation of child
support, contrary to the policies in section 4053 that both parents
are responsible for their children’s support, child support is
calculated based on each parent’s actual income, and each parent
should pay for the support of the children according to the
parent’s ability. (§ 4053, subds. (c)–(e); see also Brothers v. Kern,
supra, 154 Cal.App.4th at p. 133 [trial court’s exercise of its
discretion to modify support may not “ ‘ignore or contravene the
purposes of the law’ ”].) As a result, and because the trial court’s
treatment of Swan’s evidence was inconsistent both within its
statement of decision and between its denial of his request to
modify support and grant of Hatchett’s request for attorney’s
fees, we cannot say that substantial evidence supports the trial
court’s choice to ignore all of Swan’s evidence for his modification
request.

                                 20
   II. Award of attorney’s fees to Hatchett
      We review the trial court’s attorney’s fees award for abuse
of discretion. (In re Marriage of Smith (2015) 242 Cal.App.4th
529, 532 [reviewing award under § 2030].)4
      The same problems affecting the trial court’s denial of
Swan’s modification request also undermine its award of need-
based attorney’s fees to Hatchett. As noted ante, we cannot
reconcile the trial court’s two different assessments of Swan’s
evidence on the same day for the purposes of his modification
request and Hatchett’s fees request. The trial court could not
logically rely on Swan’s income and expense declaration to award
attorney’s fees while simultaneously finding Swan’s testimony
and evidence of his income in the modification proceeding to be
not credible in its entirety. Swan’s evidence in the modification
proceeding was much more detailed than his income and expense
declaration, but both were based on Swan’s own calculations of
his revenue and business expenses. And if the trial court did
disregard Swan’s evidence entirely for both requests, then it

      4  Neither Hatchett nor the court identified the specific
statute authorizing an award of need-based fees in this matter.
Swan assumed at the hearing that Hatchett’s request was based
on section 2030, which authorizes an award of need-based fees
“[i]n a proceeding for dissolution of marriage, nullity of marriage,
or legal separation of the parties, and in any proceeding
subsequent to entry of a related judgment.” (§ 2030, subd. (a)(1).)
Hatchett did not disagree. The choice of statute is irrelevant to
our analysis, which turns on the contradictions in the court’s
factual findings.

                                21
lacked any factual basis to find Swan had greater resources than
Hatchett and could pay for her legal representation.
      Hatchett argued at the hearing that even if the trial court
could not make a finding of Swan’s precise income for child
support, it could still find that Swan had more income and
resources than Hatchett.5 This argument ignores the fact that
the trial court’s credibility finding should have eliminated Swan’s
evidence in its entirety. The point of the trial court’s modification
order was not that Swan’s evidence was too vague to permit a
calculation, it was that Swan’s evidence was so lacking in
credibility that it was essentially no evidence at all. Besides,
even if Hatchett were correct about this, the trial court found
specifically that Swan had or could reasonably be expected to
have the ability to pay about $10,000 of Hatchett’s fees. Such a
finding essentially required the court to put some kind of number
on Swan’s income, a calculation that the trial court claimed was
impossible even with Swan’s earlier, more detailed evidence.
   III.    Interest on support arrears
      Swan briefly contends the trial court erred by refusing to
rule on the merits of his request to waive interest on some of his
child support arrears. We need not discuss the factual
background for Swan’s request or the particulars of his argument
on appeal because the trial court lacked authority to waive the
arrears. (In re Marriage of Hubner (2004) 124 Cal.App.4th 1082,
1089 [“notwithstanding changed circumstances, or a claimed lack

      5   Hatchett did not file a respondent’s brief.

                                   22
of clarity in a court’s order assessing child support arrearages,
courts have no authority to waive or forgive interest accrued on
past-due child support amounts”].) Swan does not explain how
the trial court could have waived interest on his arrears despite
this black-letter law.
                             DISPOSITION
       The juvenile court’s orders are reversed. The matter is
remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this
opinion. We express no opinion regarding the outcome of the
proceedings on remand. The parties shall bear their own costs on
appeal.

                                           BROWN, P. J.

WE CONCUR:

STREETER, J.
GOLDMAN, J.

Swan v. Hatchett (A163825, A164764)

                                      23
Trial Court:   Alameda County Superior Court

Trial Judge:   Hon. Toni Y. Mims-Cochran

Counsel:       Law Office of Stephanie J. Finelli and
               Stephanie J. Finelli for Appellant.

               Krystle Hatchett, in pro. per., for Respondent
               Krystle Hatchett.

               Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Cheryl L. Feiner,
               Assistant Attorney General, Maureen C.
               Onyeagbako and Jennifer C. Addams, Deputy
               Attorneys General, for Respondent Alameda
               County Department of Child Support Services.