Court Opinion

ID: 9411807
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-27 22:01:50.951679+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:41:13.919076
License: Public Domain

In the

    United States Court of Appeals
                 For the Seventh Circuit
                     ____________________
No. 22-2575
TERRY KASS, individually and on
behalf of all others similarly situated,
                                                  Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                 v.

PAYPAL INC., a Delaware corporation, and
PAYPAL CHARITABLE GIVING FUND, a Delaware
nonprofit corporation,
                                       Defendants-Appellees.
                     ____________________

         Appeal from the United States District Court for the
           Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
           No. 1:17-cv-01542 — Martha M. Pacold, Judge.
                     ____________________

       ARGUED MAY 31, 2023 — DECIDED JULY 27, 2023
                ____________________

   Before ROVNER, HAMILTON, and SCUDDER, Circuit Judges.
    HAMILTON, Circuit Judge. The issue in this appeal is
whether plaintiﬀ Terry Kass agreed to mandatory arbitration
of any disputes she would have with defendant PayPal Inc.
When Kass created a PayPal account, she consented to Pay-
Pal’s then-current User Agreement, which did not require
2                                                   No. 22-2575

arbitration of disputes. PayPal later amended its standard
agreement to add a mandatory arbitration clause. A few years
after that amendment, Kass found that PayPal had mishan-
dled charitable donations she had made through PayPal, so
she joined with several charities in ﬁling a class action lawsuit
against PayPal and its charitable arm, PayPal Charitable Giv-
ing Fund. Defendants moved to compel arbitration, arguing
that Kass and the charity plaintiﬀs were all bound by the man-
datory arbitration clause in the later User Agreement. The dis-
trict court (Judge Gettleman) granted the motion in June 2018.
Friends for Health v. PayPal, Inc., No. 17 CV 1542, 2018 WL
2933608, at *7 (N.D. Ill. June 12, 2018). The case went to arbi-
tration, where defendants prevailed. In 2022, the district court
(Judge Pacold) ultimately aﬃrmed the arbitrator’s decision in
favor of defendants. Friends for Health v. PayPal, Inc., No. 17
CV 1542, 2022 WL 2799395, at *1 (N.D. Ill. July 14, 2022).
    Kass has appealed, and the principal issue is whether she
could be compelled to arbitrate in the ﬁrst place. Relying on
the “mailbox rule,” which creates a rebuttable presumption
that a properly sent communication has been received, the
district court concluded that Kass had consented to the
amended User Agreement, including its mandatory arbitra-
tion provision. Friends for Health, 2018 WL 2933608, at *6. In
ﬁnding consent, however, the district court erred by deciding
a disputed issue of fact that must be decided by a trier of fact:
whether Kass received notice of the amended User Agree-
ment and implicitly agreed to the new arbitration clause. We
vacate the district court’s judgment against Kass and remand
for a trial on that question.
No. 22-2575                                                  3

I. Factual Background
   A. PayPal’s 2004 and 2012 User Agreements
    PayPal is one of the largest online payment processors in
the world. Through PayPal, users can transfer money and
make payments to businesses and other people. Users can
also donate to charities through the PayPal Charitable Giving
Fund, a 501(c)(3) charitable organization.
    In 2004, Terry Kass created a PayPal account. As anyone
creating a PayPal account must, Kass accepted PayPal’s then-
existing User Agreement. That 2004 User Agreement included
an arbitration clause that was not mandatory. The 2004 User
Agreement also allowed PayPal to amend the Agreement at
any time by posting the amended terms on the PayPal web-
site. The Agreement further provided that the Agreement
“and any other agreements, notices or other communications
regarding your account and/or your use of [PayPal] … may
be provided to you electronically,” either “posted on the
pages within the PayPal website and/or delivered to your e-
mail address.”
   In October 2012 PayPal amended the User Agreement to
add a mandatory arbitration provision. Users could, however,
opt out of the arbitration clause if they did so before Decem-
ber 1, 2012. The dispute at the heart of this appeal centers on
whether Kass received and implicitly agreed to that amended
User Agreement with its arbitration clause.
   B. Kass’s Charitable Donations Through PayPal Charitable
      Giving Fund
   In November 2016, PayPal sent emails to Kass encourag-
ing her to make year-end donations to charities through the
Giving Fund. Following a link in those emails, Kass found
4                                                            No. 22-2575

proﬁles on the Giving Fund website for thirteen charities to
which she wished to donate. Each proﬁle page provided the
charity’s name and mission statement and promised that
100% of the funds donated would be delivered to the charity.
Before year’s end, Kass donated a total of $3,250 to those thir-
teen charities through the Giving Fund website. 1
    According to the complaint, Kass later learned that only
three of those thirteen charities actually received her gifts, and
of those three, none knew that Kass had made the donations.
Kass tells us that, although the Giving Fund had created pro-
ﬁle pages for these charities on its website, PayPal and the
Giving Fund would transfer donated funds only to charities
that acted to register with both PayPal and the Giving Fund
and created a PayPal “business” account. If unregistered char-
ities did not register and claim donations made to them
through the Giving Fund within six months, PayPal would
“redistribute the[ ] funds to similar charities.” 2
II. Procedural History
    In February 2017, Kass and one of the charities to which
she had donated, Friends For Health: Supporting the North
Shore Health Center, ﬁled this suit on behalf of themselves
and similarly situated donors and charities against PayPal
and PayPal Charitable Giving Fund. Federal jurisdiction was
available under the Class Action Fairness Act, 28 U.S.C.
§ 1332(d)(2). Kass, then represented by counsel, brought

    1 PayPal later told Kass in an email that it had “added 1%” to her do-

nations.
    2 According to Kass, the charities she tried to support through the Giv-

ing Fund in December 2016 still cannot confirm in 2023 that they actually
received donations from her.
No. 22-2575                                                 5

claims for unjust enrichment, an accounting, and violations of
the District of Columbia Consumer Protection Procedures
Act, D.C. Code § 28-3901 et seq.
    Defendants moved to compel arbitration, asserting that
both Kass and the charity plaintiﬀs had consented to the arbi-
tration provision included in the 2012 amendment to the User
Agreement. The mandatory arbitration provision, defendants
argued, was included in the User Agreements that the charity
plaintiﬀs had accepted when they created their PayPal ac-
counts. The district court agreed and ordered the charities’
claims to be arbitrated. That conclusion is not challenged in
this appeal.
   The issue was less clear-cut with plaintiﬀ Kass. The man-
datory arbitration provision had not been in the earlier User
Agreement Kass accepted when she created her PayPal ac-
count in 2004. Defendants argued, though, that Kass was
bound by the provision because PayPal had posted the
amended Agreement to its website and had emailed notice of
the amended Agreement “to active PayPal users, such as Ms.
Kass, in October 2012.”
   In support, defendants oﬀered sworn declarations from
two members of PayPal’s legal department: Michelle Squires,
a paralegal specialist, and Andrew McElmeel, an attorney.
Squires said: “When PayPal amends the PayPal User Agree-
ment, it posts a summary of signiﬁcant changes that are being
made to the User Agreement or even the amended terms
themselves on its website as a ‘Policy Update,’” and “[i]n
some instances … also sends an email to its users notifying
them that changes will be made.” Squires also said that, in
October 2012, a “Policy Update containing information about
the addition of the Agreement to Arbitrate to the User
6                                                   No. 22-2575

Agreement was posted on PayPal’s website and contained the
full text of the Agreement.” Squires further said that a “Notice
about the Policy Update was also e-mailed to active PayPal
users in October 2012” and that “PayPal’s records indicate
that” Kass’s account, which was created in 2004, “remain[ed]
open” as of January 2018.
   McElmeel echoed this in his declaration: “Consistent with
[PayPal’s] practice of sending email notice to existing PayPal
users of amendments to the User Agreement prior to those
amendments going into eﬀect, PayPal sent” the Policy Update
email “in October 2012 to all of its existing U.S. customers
who, as of late September 2012, had a PayPal account that was
not subject to an indeﬁnite account limitation.” McElmeel fur-
ther said that because Kass’s PayPal “account was open and
not subject to an indeﬁnite account limitation at or around the
time” the Policy Update email was sent, “she would have been
within the group of U.S. PayPal account holders to whom” the
email was sent. (Emphasis added.) PayPal does not have a
more speciﬁc record of sending that email notice to Kass or
whether it was received, bounced back, or disappeared into
cyberspace.
    Kass denied that she had ever received or known of the
2012 amendment to the User Agreement. By sworn declara-
tion, Kass testiﬁed that she had never seen the amended User
Agreement posted to PayPal’s website, that she did not re-
ceive an email notifying her of the amendment, and that she
had never seen, known of, or agreed to the 2012 User Agree-
ment with its mandatory arbitration clause.
   In its 2018 decision, the district court found that the undis-
puted facts showed that Kass had accepted the terms of the
2012 User Agreement, including the mandatory arbitration
No. 22-2575                                                              7

provision, and granted the motion to compel arbitration.
Friends for Health, 2018 WL 2933608, at *7. The court deter-
mined that Kass’s “assertions” that she had never viewed the
Policy Update on PayPal’s website and had not received the
email notifying her of the 2012 amendments were insuﬃcient
to “create an issue of fact necessitating a trial.” Id. at *5. Fo-
cusing on whether PayPal sent and Kass received the pur-
ported email notiﬁcation, the court turned to the “mailbox
rule.” Id. at *6. Relying on our decisions in Ball v. Kotter, 723
F.3d 813 (7th Cir. 2013), and Tinder v. Pinkerton Security, 305
F.3d 728 (7th Cir. 2002), the court saw the mailbox rule as cre-
ating a rebuttable presumption that an email has been
“properly sent, received, and read.” Id. “Kass’ conclusory
statement that she did not receive the email, with nothing to
bolster it,” the court concluded, “does not rebut this presump-
tion.” Id. Disposing of Kass’s alternative arguments that she
could not be bound to arbitrate, the court granted defendants’
motion to compel arbitration in June 2018. Id. at *7. 3
    By May 2019, the parties had not yet begun arbitration.
The district court dismissed the case without prejudice. Kass
moved to reinstate the case, to stay it pending arbitration, and
to allow Kass’s counsel to withdraw. The court granted those
motions. Proceeding without a lawyer, Kass demanded

    3 Because Kass has created a triable issue of material fact regarding

receipt of PayPal’s email notification, we need not reach her additional
contentions: (1) that PayPal’s ability to amend the User Agreement unilat-
erally is “unconscionable and unenforceable,” (2) that the 2012 User
Agreement was “not an amendment at all, but rather a completely new
agreement to which [Kass] did not assent,” (3) that Kass did not “know-
ingly and voluntarily consent to waive” Article III adjudication, and
(4) that Kass’s claims against the Giving Fund do not fall within the scope
of the 2012 PayPal User Agreement.
8                                                           No. 22-2575

arbitration. In June 2020, an arbitrator ruled in defendants’ fa-
vor on all of Kass’s claims, including the claims she had
brought in the district court and several she added before the
arbitrator. 4 Defendants then moved the district court to con-
ﬁrm the arbitrator’s decision against Kass and to dismiss the
charity plaintiﬀs’ claims for want of subject-matter jurisdic-
tion. The district court ﬁrst found that it lacked subject-matter
jurisdiction over the charity plaintiﬀs’ claims but retained ju-
risdiction over Kass’s claims. The court then conﬁrmed the ar-
bitrator’s award in favor of defendants. Friends for Health, 2022
WL 2799395, at *1. Kass has appealed; the charities have not.
    Kass challenges the district court’s decision to compel ar-
bitration, its conclusion that it retained subject-matter juris-
diction over her claims, and its decision to aﬃrm the arbitra-
tor’s judgment. We must always ensure that there is subject-
matter jurisdiction, whether or not the parties challenge juris-
diction. E.g., Gadelhak v. AT&T Servs., Inc., 950 F.3d 458, 461
(7th Cir. 2020), citing FW/PBS, Inc. v. City of Dallas, 493 U.S.
215, 231 (1990). We address ﬁrst whether the district court
properly retained subject-matter jurisdiction over Kass’s
claims. We conclude that it did. We then turn to whether Kass
was properly compelled to arbitrate her claims. We conclude
that she was not. Whether she was subject to mandatory arbi-
tration under the 2012 User Agreement depends on whether
Kass received an email from PayPal notifying her of that
amendment. This is a question of fact that must be resolved
by a trier of fact, not summarily by the court considering only

    4 Kass’s additional claims included breach of contract, breach of fidu-

ciary duty, consumer fraud under Illinois law, conversion, fraud, fraudu-
lent conveyance, intentional and tortious interference, and unfair business
practices.
No. 22-2575                                                              9

the paper record. Because we remand for a trial on that factual
dispute, we do not reach Kass’s challenge to the district
court’s decision to aﬃrm the arbitrator’s judgment. 5
III. Subject-Matter Jurisdiction
    In a July 2022 order, the district court (Judge Pacold) found
that it did not have subject-matter jurisdiction over the charity
plaintiﬀs’ claims but that it retained jurisdiction over Kass’s
claims. The district court found that it lacked subject-matter
jurisdiction over the claims of the charity plaintiﬀs on the the-
ory that the arbitration provisions rendered CAFA jurisdic-
tion frivolous. The district court took a diﬀerent path with
Kass, concluding that it had jurisdiction over her claims be-
cause “Kass denied that she had ever agreed to individual ar-
bitration and, even if she had, she believed that the arbitration
agreement was unenforceable.” For this reason, the court con-
cluded, Kass’s invocation of subject-matter jurisdiction under
CAFA was not frivolous.
    We agree with the conclusion about jurisdiction over
Kass’s claims but not the rationale. The fact (or allegation) that
the parties agreed to arbitrate their disagreements does not
aﬀect subject-matter jurisdiction. Nor does subject-matter ju-
risdiction depend on the strength of arguments for and
against arbitrability or a party’s subjective belief that she
should be able to defeat the motion to compel arbitration.

    5 Appellate jurisdiction is proper under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. The district

court issued two separate judgments on the same day in 2022, one dis-
missing the charities’ claims and the other Kass’s claims. The two judg-
ments add up to one final judgment that disposed of the entire case before
the district court.
10                                                    No. 22-2575

    Arbitration oﬀers at most an aﬃrmative defense. It may be
waived by failing to assert it. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(c)(1); see, e.g.,
Brickstructures, Inc. v. Coaster Dynamix, Inc., 952 F.3d 887, 888
(7th Cir. 2020) (defendant waived right to compel arbitration);
Smith v. GC Servs. Ltd. P’ship, 907 F.3d 495, 497 (7th Cir. 2018)
(same); Mautz & Oren, Inc. v. Teamsters, Chauﬀeurs, & Helpers
Union, Local No. 279, 882 F.2d 1117, 1126 (7th Cir. 1989) (party
may waive arbitrability by failing to move “to compel arbitra-
tion” or to seek “a stay of the litigation pending arbitration”
but raising arbitrability as aﬃrmative defense is suﬃcient). In
her complaint, Kass could establish CAFA jurisdiction with-
out being required to anticipate that defendants would raise
arbitration as an aﬃrmative defense. A plaintiﬀ “need not an-
ticipate or refute potential aﬃrmative defenses.” Luna Vanegas
v. Signet Builders, Inc., 46 F.4th 636, 640 (7th Cir. 2022); accord,
Gomez v. Toledo, 446 U.S. 635, 640 (1980) (plaintiﬀ need not an-
ticipate aﬃrmative defense and plead around it in complaint).
    As is true of most aﬃrmative defenses, and certainly those
that are waivable, an aﬃrmative defense of arbitrability does
not defeat subject-matter jurisdiction. See Automobile Mechan-
ics Local 701 Welfare & Pension Funds v. Vanguard Car Rental
USA, Inc., 502 F.3d 740, 743 (7th Cir. 2007) (“Enforcement of a
forum selection clause (including an arbitration clause) is not
jurisdictional; it is a waivable defense that [defendant], in fact,
waived.”); Leavell v. Kieﬀer, 189 F.3d 492, 494–95 (7th Cir. 1999)
(aﬃrmative defense of statute of limitations does not aﬀect ju-
risdiction, and complaint need not anticipate such defense);
International Union of Operating Engineers, Local 150 v. Rabine,
161 F.3d 427, 431 (7th Cir. 1998) (availability of defense to ar-
bitration did not defeat jurisdiction over action to enforce ar-
bitral award); see generally, e.g., Jogi v. Voges, 480 F.3d 822,
825–26 (7th Cir. 2007) (absence of valid cause of action does
No. 22-2575                                                              11

not aﬀect subject-matter jurisdiction), citing Steel Co. v. Citi-
zens for a Better Environment, 523 U.S. 83, 89 (1998); cf. Pratt
Central Park Ltd. P’ship v. Dames & Moore, Inc., 60 F.3d 350, 353
(7th Cir. 1995) (aﬃrming dismissal for lack of jurisdiction
where contract contained valid limitation-of-liability clause
that would keep damages below limit for diversity jurisdic-
tion). The district court thus properly retained subject-matter
jurisdiction over Kass’s claims. We turn to whether she was
properly compelled to arbitrate them. 6
IV. Analysis
    A. Standard of Review and the Mailbox Rule
    On appeal from a district court’s ruling on a motion to
compel arbitration under the Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C.
§ 1 et seq., we review ﬁndings of fact for clear error and rul-
ings on questions of law de novo. A.D. v. Credit One Bank,
N.A., 885 F.3d 1054, 1059 (7th Cir. 2018). Under the terms of
the Federal Arbitration Act, plaintiﬀ could not appeal the dis-
trict court’s decision to compel arbitration in 2018. She had to
go through the arbitration and await a ﬁnal judgment approv-
ing the arbitrator’s award before she could challenge the orig-
inal order compelling arbitration. See 9 U.S.C. § 16(b).
    To compel arbitration, a party must show (1) an agreement
to arbitrate, (2) a dispute within the scope of the arbitration
agreement, and (3) a refusal by the opposing party to proceed
to arbitration. Druco Rests., Inc. v. Steak N Shake Enters., Inc.,
765 F.3d 776, 781 (7th Cir. 2014), quoting Zurich American Ins.
Co. v. Watts Industries, Inc., 466 F.3d 577, 580 (7th Cir. 2006).

    6 The charity plaintiffs have not appealed, though the principles in the

text above would also seem to apply to jurisdiction over their claims.
12                                                   No. 22-2575

Because “arbitration agreements are contracts, a ‘party cannot
be required to submit to arbitration any dispute which he has
not agreed so to submit.’” A.D., 885 F.3d at 1060, quoting
Scheurer v. Fromm Family Foods LLC, 863 F.3d 748, 752 (7th Cir.
2017) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Granite Rock
Co. v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, 561 U.S. 287, 302 (2010); United
Steelworkers of America v. Warrior & Gulf Navigation Co., 363
U.S. 574, 582 (1960). The key issue in this case centers on the
ﬁrst element—whether there was an agreement to arbitrate.
    Where “the making of the agreement for arbitration … is
not in issue,” the court shall order “the parties to proceed to
arbitration in accordance with the terms of the agreement.” 9
U.S.C. § 4. But if the party opposing arbitration identiﬁes a
genuine dispute of material fact regarding whether the parties
agreed to arbitrate in the ﬁrst place, there must be a trial on
that issue. 9 U.S.C. § 4 (“If the making of the arbitration agree-
ment … be in issue, the court shall proceed summarily to the
trial thereof.”); Tinder v. Pinkerton Security, 305 F.3d 728, 735
(7th Cir. 2002). When a trial court has decided the issue of ar-
bitrability without a trial, as with summary judgment mo-
tions, we view the evidence and draw all reasonable infer-
ences in favor of the party opposing arbitration. Id. at 735.
    “When deciding whether the parties agreed to arbitrate a
certain matter, courts generally should apply ordinary state-
law principles that govern the formation of contracts.” Druco,
765 F.3d at 781. The parties have relied on Illinois law here,
and we do the same. See Faulkenberg v. CB Tax Franchise Sys-
tems, LP, 637 F.3d 801, 809 (7th Cir. 2011) (in absence of dis-
pute over choice of law, courts apply law of forum state to
decide whether parties agreed to submit disputes to arbitra-
tion).
No. 22-2575                                                    13

   The Appellate Court of Illinois laid out applicable law in
aﬃrming a decision not to compel arbitration in Arbogast v.
Chicago Cubs Baseball Club, LLC, 194 N.E.3d 534 (Ill. App.
2021). The court summarized:
      The existence of a contract, its terms, and the
      parties’ intent are questions of fact to be deter-
      mined by a trier of fact. Pepper Construction Co.
      v. Palmolive Tower Condominiums, LLC, 2016 IL
      App (1st) 142754, ¶ 81, 405 Ill. Dec. 748, 59
      N.E.3d 41. Only when no factual dispute exists
      does the issue of a contract’s existence become a
      question of law for the court. Hany v. General
      Electric Co., 221 Ill. App. 3d 390, 397, 163 Ill. Dec.
      790, 581 N.E.2d 1213 (1991).
      * * * For a transaction to constitute a contract, the
      basic requirements are the existence of an oﬀer,
      acceptance, and consideration. Melena v. An-
      heuser-Busch, Inc., 219 Ill. 2d 135, 151, 301 Ill.
      Dec. 440, 847 N.E.2d 99 (2006). For a contract to
      be enforceable, there must also be mutual assent
      as to the contract’s terms. Urban Sites of Chicago,
      LLC v. Crown Castle USA, 2012 IL App (1st)
      111880, ¶ 51, 365 Ill. Dec. 876, 979 N.E.2d 480
      (citing Academy Chicago Publishers v. Cheever, 144
      Ill. 2d 24, 30, 161 Ill. Dec. 335, 578 N.E.2d 981
      (1991)). “‘An oﬀer is an expression by one party
      of his assent to certain deﬁnite terms, provided
      that the other party involved in the bargaining
      transaction will likewise express his assent to
      the identically same terms. An oﬀer looks for-
      ward to an agreement—to mutual expression of
14                                                    No. 22-2575

      assent.’” Calo, Inc. v. AMF Pinspotters, Inc., 31 Ill.
      App. 2d 2, 8, 176 N.E.2d 1 (1961) (quoting 1 Ar-
      thur L. Corbin, Corbin on Contracts § 11, at 23
      (1950)). Whether parties have mutually as-
      sented to the terms of a contract is a question of
      fact. Calo, 31 Ill. App. 2d at 18, 176 N.E.2d 1.
      Whether mutual assent or an intent to accept ex-
      ists is determined by an objective standard.
      McCarty v. Verson Allsteel Press Co., 89 Ill. App.
      3d 498, 511, 44 Ill. Dec. 570, 411 N.E.2d 936
      (1980). In other words, it is not necessary that
      the parties share the same subjective under-
      standing as to the contract’s terms, as it suﬃces
      if their conduct objectively indicates an agree-
      ment to the terms of the purported contract.
      Midland Hotel Corp. v. Reuben H. Donnelley Corp.,
      118 Ill. 2d 306, 313–14, 113 Ill. Dec. 252, 515
      N.E.2d 61 (1987). Only the parties’ overt acts
      and the communications between them may be
      considered in determining whether and upon
      what terms they have entered into a contract.
      Motorola Solutions, Inc. v. Zurich Insurance Co.,
      2015 IL App (1st) 131529, ¶ 133, 393 Ill. Dec. 173,
      33 N.E.3d 917.
194 N.E.3d at 542–43 (whether plaintiﬀ had agreed to arbitra-
tion clause depended on disputed facts).
   PayPal does not contend that Kass expressly manifested
her agreement to the mandatory arbitration clause in the later
User Agreement. It contends instead that it retained the right,
in eﬀect, to propose amendments that would take eﬀect if
they were communicated to Kass by email and if she took no
No. 22-2575                                                         15

aﬃrmative steps to reject them, such as by cancelling her Pay-
Pal account or opting out of the arbitration clause. 7
    When the question of objective manifestation of assent
turns on whether a communication was received by the party
against whom enforcement of a contractual term is sought,
the trier of fact may ﬁnd help in the “mailbox rule.” The dis-
trict court relied on our decisions in Ball v. Kotter, 723 F.3d 813
(7th Cir. 2013), and Tinder v. Pinkerton Security, 305 F.3d 728
(7th Cir. 2002), when applying the mailbox rule to the facts
here. Friends for Health, 2018 WL 2933608, at *6. Unfortunately,
some language in Ball strayed beyond the facts before the
court and seems to have misled the district court’s under-
standing of the mailbox rule in this case. We said in Ball: “A
presumption exists that [the communications] were all
properly sent, received, and read.” 723 F.3d at 830. Properly
received and read, yes, but not “properly sent.”
    In Ball, the administrators of an estate sued an attorney
and real-estate agent who had represented the decedent in
property transactions that seemed to be at odds with the de-
cedent’s will. 723 F.3d at 815. Analyzing a claim against the
real-estate agent for breach of ﬁduciary duty, which hinged in
part on whether “the decedent had competent and independ-
ent advice” regarding the transactions, we found that the de-
cedent “had a full understanding of all relevant facts” in part
because his attorney had sent him multiple letters and emails
explaining in detail the nature of the real-estate transactions.
Id. at 825, 829–30, citing In re Estate of Long, 726 N.E.2d 187,

   7 PayPal has not pursued on appeal a theory that posting the amended

User Agreement on its website was sufficient notice to Kass so that her
failure to act accepted the arbitration clause.
16                                                   No. 22-2575

191–93 (Ill. App. 2000). The administrators argued, however,
that the evidence was insuﬃcient to show that the decedent
had received and understood those communications. Id. at
831. We disagreed, both because the decedent’s own commu-
nications and “conduct indicate[d] that he [had] received and
read them,” and because the mailbox rule created “a pre-
sumption … that the emails were received and read.” Id. at
831. There was no aﬃrmative evidence that the letters and
emails were not read and understood that would have rebut-
ted that presumption. Id. at 830.
    That articulation of the Illinois mailbox rule was essen-
tially correct. Where a communication is shown to have been
properly sent, Illinois law presumes that it was received. Weis-
berg v. Handy & Harman, 747 F.2d 416, 421 (7th Cir. 1984) (“Il-
linois courts employ a presumption that ‘a letter, properly ad-
dressed and with proper postage is presumed received by the
addressee in due course.’”), quoting Liquorama, Inc. v. Ameri-
can Nat’l Bank & Trust, 408 N.E.2d 373, 375 (Ill. App. 1980); see
also Credit Union 1 v. Carrasco, 107 N.E.3d 1021, 1026 (Ill. App.
2018); Tabor & Co. v. Gorenz, 356 N.E.2d 1150, 1154 (Ill. App.
1976).
    What matters in this case is that the presumption simply
is not conclusive. “The presumption is not conclusive and
may be rebutted by evidence that the correspondence was not
received by the addressee.” First Nat’l Bank of Antioch v. Guerra
Constr. Co., 505 N.E.2d 1373, 1376 (Ill. App. 1987). Under Illi-
nois law, if the addressee denies receiving the communica-
tion, the presumption is rebutted. Whether the communica-
tion was received “becomes a question of fact to be decided
by the trier of fact.” Liquorama, 408 N.E.2d at 375; see also Tal-
mage v. Union Cent. Life Ins. Co., 43 N.E.2d 575, 582 (Ill. App.
No. 22-2575                                                       17

1942) (evidence of proper mailing and denial of receipt posed
question for trier of fact).
    Unfortunately, in an earlier passage in Ball, we added one
verb that stretched the mailbox rule beyond its recognized
scope. We wrote that a “presumption exists that” a communi-
cation was “properly sent, received, and read.” 723 F.3d at 830,
citing Kennell v. Gates, 215 F.3d 825, 829 (8th Cir. 2000) (em-
phasis added). The district court here relied on this language
in Ball, but neither Kennell nor any Illinois case supports a pre-
sumption that a communication was “properly sent.” See Ken-
nell, 215 F.3d at 829 (“A jury generally is permitted to infer that
information sent via a reliable means … was received.”);
Credit Union 1, 107 N.E.3d at 1026–27 (presumption not trig-
gered where defendant denied receipt by aﬃdavit and plain-
tiﬀ oﬀered no “proof that the item was contained in [a]
properly addressed envelope with adequate postage aﬃxed
and that it was deposited in the mail”), quoting Tabor & Co.,
356 N.E.2d at 1154; Liquorama, 408 N.E.2d at 376 (fact that let-
ter was incorrectly addressed barred “use of the presumption,
rendering the question of receipt an issue for the trier of fact”).
Even the facts in Ball did not support such a presumption of
proper dispatch. There was no dispute in Ball that the com-
munications in question were in fact sent, and there was no
direct evidence that they were not received, read, and under-
stood. 723 F.3d at 816–18, 830. 8
   Presuming that a communication was not only properly
received and read but was also properly sent puts the cart

   8 The same was true in Tinder, where the relevant communication, a

brochure announcing a mandatory arbitration program, was “definitely
sent.” 305 F.3d at 736.
18                                                 No. 22-2575

before the horse. Before we may presume receipt, there must
be suﬃcient evidence that the communication in question was
sent. In resolving a motion to compel arbitration, a court may
apply the mailbox rule as a matter of law only where there
exists no genuine dispute of material fact that the relevant
communication was sent. See Tinder, 305 F.3d at 735, citing 9
U.S.C. § 4. And in any event, if the addressee denies receipt,
then the critical issue of whether the communication was in
fact received must be decided by a trier of fact. Liquorama, 408
N.E.2d at 375; see also 9 U.S.C. § 4 (noting jury trial may be
available to try issue of agreement to arbitrate); Bazemore v.
Papa John’s U.S.A., Inc.,— F.4th —, —, 2023 WL 4631540, at *1–
2 (6th Cir. 2023) (reversing order compelling arbitration
where plaintiﬀ denied ever having seen arbitration agreement
bearing his electronic signature: “We see no reason whatever
that would prevent a reasonable factﬁnder from believing
Bazemore’s testimony—which means that his testimony cre-
ated a genuine issue of material fact.”). As we explain next,
however, the mistaken language in Ball does not aﬀect the re-
sult here.
     B. Whether Kass Agreed to the 2012 Amendment to the User
        Agreement
    Whether the district court properly ordered arbitration of
Kass’s claims depends ﬁrst on whether the undisputed evi-
dence shows that PayPal sent her notice of the 2012 amend-
ment. PayPal’s evidence says that it “would have” sent Kass
an email in October 2012 notifying her of the mandatory arbi-
tration provision because notice of the amended agreement
was emailed “to active PayPal users, such as Ms. Kass, in Oc-
tober 2012.” The declarations by Squires and McElmeel sup-
port this assertion.
No. 22-2575                                                  19

    PayPal’s evidence does not establish with certainty that
the email notiﬁcation was sent speciﬁcally to Kass, but Illinois
courts recognize that the sending of a communication can be
shown “by evidence of corroborating circumstances tending
to establish the fact that the custom as to [sending] has been
followed in a particular case….” Tabor & Co., 356 N.E.2d at
1154; accord, First Nat’l Bank of Antioch, 505 N.E.2d at 1376–77
(plaintiﬀ showed suﬃcient evidence of mailing with testi-
mony that it followed usual oﬃce practice in particular case
of notice to defendant). Here, the Squires and McElmeel dec-
larations provide the needed evidence about both PayPal’s
usual practice in emailing amendments to the User Agree-
ment and the use of that practice with the 2012 amendment.
Kass has not oﬀered evidence contradicting defendants’ evi-
dence tending to show that the email was probably sent to
her. Because the only evidence in the record tends to show
that PayPal followed its customary notiﬁcation practices
when it announced the 2012 User Agreement, the mailbox
rule’s presumption is triggered. We therefore presume that
the email was received by Kass, but without relying on the
overly broad language in Ball about presuming a communi-
cation was sent.
    Under Illinois law, however, even where the presumption
is triggered, if the intended recipient denies receipt, that de-
nial rebuts the presumption. Whether the communication
was in fact received must then be decided by a trier of fact.
E.g., Liquorama, 408 N.E.2d at 375; Talmage, 43 N.E.2d at 582.
That is the case here. Kass expressly denies receiving the
email. She did not testify only that she did not remember re-
ceiving it. She testiﬁed that she did not receive it. A trier of
fact must therefore weigh PayPal’s evidence of custom and
practice against Kass’s denial of receipt and determine
20                                                   No. 22-2575

whether Kass should be charged with having received notice
of the arbitration amendment.
    Defendants resist this conclusion. Relying on Tinder, de-
fendants argue that Kass’s “conclusory denial that she saw or
received the email is insuﬃcient to create a triable issue.” We
disagree. There is nothing conclusory about such a factual de-
nial. See Lindsey v. Bd. of Educ. of City of Chicago, 468 N.E.2d
1019, 1024 (Ill. App. 1984) (diﬀerentiating between a “factual
denial” or “factual defense” and a “conclusory” one). When a
party denies signing a contract, committing a crime, or doing
anything else, the denial is an assertion of fact. And far from
being conclusory, such a denial can create a genuine dispute
of fact. Accord, Bazemore, — F.4th at —, 2023 WL 4631540, at
*2 (applying Kentucky law, reversing order summarily com-
pelling arbitration where plaintiﬀ testiﬁed he never saw arbi-
tration agreement).
     In eﬀect, PayPal asks us to change Illinois law, to treat the
presumption triggered by the mailbox rule as irrebuttable.
That is not our role. Where there is such a denial of receipt,
Illinois law requires a trial of the factual issue. Tinder did not
hold otherwise. The plaintiﬀ there did not actually deny hav-
ing received notice of the mandatory arbitration agreement at
issue in that case. Rather, her aﬃdavit said only that she did
“‘not recall seeing or reviewing the Arbitration Program bro-
chure’” that the defendant had shown was “deﬁnitely sent.”
305 F.3d at 735–36 (emphasis added). Because the plaintiﬀ
“asserted only that she [did] not remember receiving or see-
ing the brochure,” we held that her aﬃdavit did “not raise a
genuine issue whether the brochure was distributed to her.”
Id. at 736 (applying Wisconsin law in way that is consistent
with Illinois law); see also Talmage, 43 N.E.2d at 582
No. 22-2575                                                   21

(presumption “not rebutted by testimony that [letter] could
not be found” years after sending where “there was no direct
denial” of receipt).
    Because Kass oﬀered evidence that ﬂatly denied that she
received the notice from PayPal of the mandatory arbitration
clause, Illinois law requires that a trier of fact decide whether
she received the notice. The judgment of the district court is
VACATED and the case is REMANDED for a trial on that is-
sue and such further proceedings as may be necessary, con-
sistent with this opinion.