Court Opinion

ID: 9940355
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-02-14 01:02:02.155991+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:44:47.769108
License: Public Domain

Filed 2/13/24 Contreras v. 99 Cents Only Stores CA2/4
            NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

         IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                  SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION FOUR

 RAFAEL CONTRERAS,                                                      B327023

           Plaintiff and Respondent,                                    (Los Angeles County
                                                                         Super. Ct. No. 21STCV21876)
           v.

 99 CENTS ONLY STORES LLC,

           Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County,
Richard Fruin, Jr., Judge. Affirmed.
         Buchalter, Robert M. Dato and David Van Pelt; Seyfarth Shaw, David
Van Pelt, Thomas J. Piskorski, Jules A. Levenson and Robert A. Kearney for
Defendant and Appellant.
         Panitz Law Group and Eric A. Panitz for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                             INTRODUCTION
      Sixteen months after plaintiff Rafael Contreras (Contreras) filed this
lawsuit, and less than two months before trial, defendant 99 Cents Only
Stores LLC (99 Cents) filed a motion to compel the case to arbitration. The
trial court denied the motion, finding defendant had waived the right to
compel arbitration by its unreasonable delay and acting in a manner
inconsistent with the right to arbitrate. The court also found 99 Cents’
conduct prejudiced Contreras. Substantial evidence supports the court’s
denial of the motion. Accordingly, we affirm.

            FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
   A. Contreras’ Employment and Arbitration Agreement
      In 1989, Contreras began his employment with 99 Cents. In 2001,
while employed, Contreras signed a mandatory arbitration agreement
(agreement). The agreement stated Contreras was required to arbitrate any
disputes arising from his employment or termination of employment “to
provide for the prompt resolution of [disputes].”
      In 2020, 99 Cents terminated Contreras’s employment.

   B. The Lawsuit
      On June 11, 2021, Contreras sued 99 Cents, alleging causes of action
for age discrimination, retaliation, and other employment-related claims.
The following month, 99 Cents filed its answer, asserting as an affirmative
defense, that Contreras was required to arbitrate his claims.
      On October 29, 2021, the parties appeared for an initial case
management conference. At the conference, 99 Cents informed the court of
its belief that Contreras signed the agreement but stated it had not yet
located a copy. 99 Cents said it intended to file a motion to compel

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arbitration if Contreras would not stipulate to arbitration. The court set trial
to commence less than ten months later, on August 16, 2022.
      On December 20, 2021, 99 Cents located a copy of the agreement. 99
Cents emailed the agreement to Contreras two days later. In the transmittal
email, 99 Cents asserted that the agreement covered Contreras’ claims and
asked whether Contreras would stipulate to arbitration. Contreras did not
immediately respond to the request. Over the next month, 99 Cents inquired
twice whether Contreras would stipulate to arbitration.
      On January 21, 2022, counsel for the parties discussed arbitration.
Counsel for 99 Cents was under the impression that Contreras was
“amenable to stipulating to arbitration” if 99 Cents produced more documents
related to Contreras’ termination. Contreras’ counsel countered that he
requested documents but did not agree to arbitration if the documents were
produced. Contreras’ counsel explained that he requested documents to learn
more about the case because 99 Cents had been “stonewalling regarding
discovery.”
      Sometime after that call, 99 Cents’ counsel requested further
documents from 99 Cents’ human resources department (HR), but HR
informed counsel that it was unable to locate any additional documents.
      On June 12, 2022, in advance of the discovery cutoff and impending
August trial date Contreras served deposition notices with document
requests set for June 29 and 30, and July 1.
      The next day, 99 Cents’ counsel asked Contreras’ counsel whether he
would be willing to stipulate to arbitration. Contreras’ counsel said he would
not stipulate.
      99 Cents did not serve formal objections, produce documents, or appear
for the noticed depositions.

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      On July 1, at 99 Cents’ request, the parties stipulated to a four-month
trial continuance. The stipulation stated that it did not “compromise 99
Cents’ right to seek to compel arbitration, nor can the stipulation be used as
evidence or a concession by [Contreras] that the case is arbitrable.”
      On July 11, 99 Cents appeared ex parte to request a court order
granting the parties’ stipulated request for a trial continuance. The court
granted the continuance to December 12 and stated it would not grant any
further continuances. At the hearing, in response to 99 Cents’ counsel’s
reference to the agreement, the court remarked that 99 Cents had long ago
waived its right to compel arbitration.
      On October 10, in advance of the approaching trial date, Contreras
served seven deposition notices for November.

   C. The Motion to Compel Arbitration
      On October 21, less than two months before the scheduled trial date, 99
Cents filed its motion to compel arbitration, arguing the claims in the lawsuit
fell within the scope of the agreement.
      Contreras opposed the motion, asserting 99 Cents waived its right to
compel arbitration due to its unreasonable delay in filing the motion.
Contreras contended he was prejudiced by the delay because he had
proceeded based on the timelines twice set by the court. If the case was
compelled to arbitration sixteen months after the filing of the complaint,
Contreras argued he would be deprived of the benefits and efficiencies of
arbitration.
      In reply, 99 Cents argued that it had not waived its right to compel
arbitration because any delay in filing the motion was caused by Contreras,
not 99 Cents. 99 Cents argued that it delayed filing its motion because

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Contreras’ counsel indicated he would stipulate to arbitration if certain
documents were produced.
      The court denied the motion. The court found 99 Cents’ “delay of over
[ten] months after locating the agreement, despite its insistence that the case
is arbitrable is unreasonable and is inconsistent with its right to arbitrate.”
The court also found 99 Cents’ delay prejudiced Contreras because Contreras
had proceeded to trial based on the scheduled dates.
      99 Cents timely appealed.

                                 DISCUSSION
      99 Cents contends that the trial court erred in denying its motion. 99
Cents concedes it delayed in bringing its motion but asserts the delay was
reasonable and did not constitute a waiver. We conclude substantial
evidence supports the trial court’s denial of 99 Cents’ motion based on waiver.

   A. Standard of Review
      The parties disagree as to the applicable standard of review. 99 Cents
urges a de novo review of the order, arguing the essential facts are
undisputed. Contreras asserts that, while the facts are largely undisputed,
conflicting inferences may be drawn from them, so the substantial evidence
standard of review applies. We agree with Contreras.
      “Generally, the determination of waiver is a question of fact, and the
trial court’s finding, if supported by sufficient evidence, is binding on the
appellate court. [Citations.] ‘When, however, the facts are undisputed and
only one inference may reasonably be drawn, the issue is one of law and the
reviewing court is not bound by the trial court’s ruling.’” (St. Agnes Medical
Center v. PacifiCare of California (2003) 31 Cal.4th 1187, 1196 (St. Agnes).)

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      Here, there are disputed facts, and conflicting inferences may
reasonably be drawn. 99 Cents argues that Contreras’ counsel was amenable
to submitting the matter to arbitration if 99 Cents provided certain
documents. Contrary to 99 Cents’ claim, Contreras’ counsel denied ever
indicating a willingness to arbitrate.
      We, therefore, apply the substantial evidence standard of review.
Under that standard, “[w]e infer all necessary findings supported by
substantial evidence [citations] and ‘construe any reasonable inference in the
manner most favorable to the [ruling], resolving all ambiguities to support an
affirmance’ [citation].” (Lewis v. Fletcher Jones Motor Cars, Inc. (2012) 205
Cal.App.4th 436, 443.)

   B. The Law of Waiver
      When a party moves to compel arbitration of a case, “the court shall
order the [moving party] and the respondent to arbitrate the controversy if it
determines that an agreement to arbitrate the controversy exists, unless it
determines that . . . [t]he right to compel arbitration has been waived by the
[moving party].” (Civ. Proc. Code, § 1281.2, subd. (a).)
      “Although the statute speaks in terms of ‘waiver,’ the term is used ‘“as
a shorthand statement for the conclusion that a contractual right to
arbitration has been lost.”’ [Citation.] This does not require a voluntary
relinquishment of a known right; to the contrary, a party may be said to have
‘waived’ its right to arbitrate by an untimely demand, even without intending
to give up the remedy. In this context, waiver is more like a forfeiture arising
from the nonperformance of a required act. [Citations.]” (Burton v. Cruise
(2010) 190 Cal.App.4th 939, 944 (Burton).)

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      Our Supreme Court has held that “no single test delineates the nature
of the conduct that will constitute a waiver of arbitration.” (St. Agnes, supra,
at p. 1195.) “[T]he court views the litigation as a whole in determining
whether the [moving party’s] conduct is inconsistent with a desire to
arbitrate. [Citation.]” (Hoover v. American Life Ins. Co. (2012) 206
Cal.App.4th 1193, 1204; see also Burton, supra, 190 Cal.App.4th at pp. 944–
945 [“[W]aiver is not a mechanical process, and no one factor is
predominant”].)
      The St. Agnes court delineated various factors that “are relevant and
properly considered in assessing waiver claims.” (St. Agnes, supra, 31
Cal.4th at p. 1196.) The factors pertinent here are: “‘“(1) whether the party’s
actions are inconsistent with the right to arbitrate . . . [2] whether a party
either requested arbitration enforcement close to the trial date or delayed for
a long period before seeking a stay . . . and [3] whether the delay ‘affected,
misled, or prejudiced’ the opposing party.”’ [Citations.]” (Ibid.)
      In addition to assessing the nature of the moving party’s conduct,
“whether or not litigation results in prejudice [to the non-moving party] also
is critical in waiver determinations.” (St. Agnes, supra, 31 Cal.4th at p.
1203.) “[C]ourts have found prejudice where the petitioning party . . . unduly
delayed and waited until [six weeks before trial] to seek arbitration.” (Id. at
p. 1204.)

   C. Substantial Evidence Supports the Trial Court’s Waiver Finding
      The record contains substantial evidence supporting the trial court's
determination of waiver based on 99 Cents’ (1) unreasonable delay, (2) conduct
inconsistent with the right to arbitrate, and (3) prejudice. We address each
category in turn.

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         1. Unreasonable Delay
      The trial court’s finding of unreasonable delay is supported by an
examination of the chronology of the proceedings. As discussed above, by the
time 99 Cents filed its motion, it had been sixteen months since Contreras
filed his complaint and just 52 days remained before the continued trial date.
99 Cents also knew at least four months before filing its motion that
Contreras refused to stipulate to arbitration. 99 Cents nevertheless contends
its delay was justified based on (1) its understanding that Contreras’ counsel
was amenable to arbitration if it produced additional documents regarding
Contreras’ termination; (2) it took time to look for the requested documents
and did not learn of Contreras’ unwillingness to arbitrate until after it
“retrieved” the documents; and (3) the parties mediated the case. We are
unpersuaded.
      First, Contreras’ counsel declared he never indicated a willingness to
arbitrate in exchange for receiving additional documents. Counsel also
stated he never conveyed an intention to arbitrate under any condition.
Although 99 Cents’ position is that Contreras’ counsel indicated a willingness
to arbitrate, the record is devoid of any documentation of an agreement.
Presumably, if 99 Cents’ counsel had such an understanding, it would have
memorialized the terms in writing. (Burton, supra, 190 Cal.App.4th at p. 946
[“Given the disputed facts, we resolve any evidentiary conflicts in favor of the
trial court’s determination”].)
      Second, even if Contreras’ counsel indicated a willingness to arbitrate,
substantial evidence supports a finding of unreasonable delay. There is no
evidence in the record showing 99 Cents ever “retrieved” additional
documents in response to Contreras’ request. Regardless, 99 Cents waited
four months to file its motion from the time its counsel communicated that

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there were no additional documents and Contreras’ counsel stated his refusal
to arbitrate.
      99 Cents’ argument that its delay was justified because the parties
mediated is also unavailing. The only evidence in the record concerning a
mediation date indicates mediation was scheduled to occur on November 4,
2022, but 99 Cents filed its motion two weeks prior.
      Accordingly, we conclude substantial evidence supports the trial court’s
finding of unreasonable delay as 99 Cents waited ten months after locating
the agreement to file its motion. (Davis v. Sheikh Shoes, LLC (2022) 84
Cal.App.5th 956, 969 [“As courts have found, the absence of a reasonable
explanation for delay is a significant factor weighing in favor of finding
waiver”].)

         2. Conduct Inconsistent With the Right to Arbitrate
      The trial court also found 99 Cents’ delay in seeking to enforce the
agreement was inconsistent with the right to arbitrate. Preliminarily, we
note 99 Cents failed to challenge this finding on appeal and has therefore
forfeited the argument. In any event, the evidence supporting a finding of
unreasonable delay also supports this finding.
      As discussed above, 99 Cents’ counsel waited ten months between the
time it found the agreement until it finally moved to enforce arbitration.
Instead of moving promptly to compel arbitration, 99 Cents filed an ex parte
application to continue the trial date. 99 Cents only sought arbitration after
the court indicated it had waived its right to compel arbitration (and it still
waited three more months to file the motion).

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         3. Prejudice to Contreras
      The trial court found that 99 Cents’ delay in moving to compel
arbitration prejudiced Contreras. Because 99 Cents failed to address the
issue of prejudice until its reply brief, 99 Cents has forfeited its challenge to
the prejudice finding. (California Building Industry Assn. v. State Water
Resources Control Bd. (2018) 4 Cal.5th 1032, 1050 [where appellant fails to
raise an argument “until its appellate reply brief,” it “has forfeited the
argument”].) Nevertheless, we conclude substantial evidence supports the
court’s determination that Contreras would be prejudiced if the court
compelled arbitration.
      A “‘petitioning party’s conduct in stretching out the litigation process
itself may cause prejudice by depriving the other party of the advantages of
arbitration as an “expedient, efficient and cost-effective method to resolve
disputes.” [Citation.] Arbitration loses much, if not all, of its value if undue
time and money is lost in the litigation process preceding a last-minute
petition to compel.’” (Kokubu v. Sudo (2022) 76 Cal.App.5th 1074, 1090–
1091.)
      Here, instead of seeking to enforce the agreement, 99 Cents extended
the litigation process. The court scheduled the case for trial one year before
99 Cents filed its motion. Contreras served deposition notices prior to the
initial discovery cutoff, and instead of producing witnesses or serving
objections, 99 Cents sought to further lengthen the litigation by seeking a
trial continuance. Again, before the continued discovery cutoff and trial date,
Contreras served deposition notices. Only after that, just 52 days before
trial, did 99 Cents file its motion. At the hearing, the trial court aptly noted
“[y]ou’ve called upon me several times to set this matter for trial, and you’ve

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delayed . . . the arbitration by . . . doing that. This arbitration would be over
by now if you had filed the motion to compel arbitration.”
      99 Cents’ failure to seek enforcement of the agreement until just before
trial, coupled with its conduct to protract the litigation, supports the trial
court’s prejudice finding.

                                DISPOSITION
      The order is affirmed. Contreras is awarded his costs on appeal.
      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

                                             ZUKIN, J.

      We concur:

      COLLINS, Acting P. J.

      MORI, J.

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