Court Opinion

ID: 4677579
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-04-15 16:00:37.089382+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:03:39.194695
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                          Tenth Circuit

                             FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                           April 15, 2021
                         _________________________________
                                                                         Christopher M. Wolpert
                                                                             Clerk of Court
 ADAM DERITO,

       Plaintiff - Appellant,

 v.                                                           No. 20-1134
                                                 (D.C. No. 1:18-CV-01612-PAB-MEH)
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                     (D. Colo.)

       Defendant - Appellee.
                      _________________________________

                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                         _________________________________

Before MORITZ, BALDOCK, and EID, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

      Adam DeRito appeals the dismissal of his due process and negligence claims

alleging the United States Air Force Academy and an unlicensed psychologist falsified

his mental health records. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.

                                            I

      DeRito was a cadet at the Air Force Academy until he was involuntarily

disenrolled for misconduct. His misconduct included sending abusive emails to other

      *
        After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
cadets, having alcohol in his room, engaging in an inappropriate sexual relationship,

disobeying an order, and emailing nude photos of himself to a 13-year old child. His

record of disenrollment indicated he had been repeatedly reprimanded and was “definitely

not recommended” for other officer training. Aplee. Supp. App. at 32 (capitalization

omitted).

       After DeRito separated from the Air Force Academy, he enlisted in the Colorado

Army National Guard, where he applied to become a warrant officer and to attend flight

school. His application was denied, however, because his military personnel file

contained what he alleges were false, adverse medical records. Specifically, he alleged

that after he was disenrolled from the Air Force Academy, an unlicensed psychologist,

Major Kristin Henley Price, made unsubstantiated medical diagnoses about his mental

health, which resulted in the denial of his application to be promoted to warrant officer.

       In his amended complaint, DeRito claimed the Air Force Academy violated his

procedural due process rights by altering his medical records without notice or an

opportunity to challenge the diagnoses. He also claimed the changes to his medical

records violated his substantive due process rights because the diagnoses were not based

on professional guidelines, scientific methodologies, or evidence-based processes. Last,

he claimed the Air Force Academy was negligent in ordering or allowing his medical

records to be falsified, while Major Price was negligent in falsifying them.1

       1
        DeRito also asserted claims under the Military Pay Act, 37 U.S.C. § 204, and
the Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2201, which the district court dismissed.
DeRito does not address these claims, and we do not consider them. See Conroy v.
Vilsack, 707 F.3d 1163, 1170 (10th Cir. 2013).
                                             2
       The district court dismissed the suit, ruling that DeRito’s due process claims

concerned a nonjusticiable military personnel matter, while his negligence claim sounded

in libel, which was excepted from the waiver of sovereign immunity under the Federal

Tort Claims Act (FTCA), 28 U.S.C. § 2680(h). DeRito now challenges both rulings.

                                             II

       A. Due Process

   “Traditionally the courts have been reluctant to intervene in or review military affairs,

particularly those dealing with military discretion.” Lindenau v. Alexander, 663 F.2d 68,

70 (10th Cir. 1981). “The complex subtle, and professional decisions as to the

composition, training, equipping, and control of a military force are essentially

professional military judgments, subject always to civil control of the Legislative and

Executive Branches.” Gilligan v. Morgan, 413 U.S. 1, 10 (1973). Indeed, “there are

thousands of routine personnel decisions regularly made by the services which are

variously held nonjusticiable or beyond the competence or jurisdiction of courts to

wrestle with.” Murphy v. United States, 993 F.2d 871, 873 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (brackets and

internal quotation marks omitted). Thus, while “actions against military officials for

violating their own regulations are reviewable or justiciable,” Lindenau, 663 F.2d at 71,

personnel matters and other “[d]iscretionary decisions of the military are not subject to

review by civilian courts,” Schulke v. United States, 544 F.2d 453, 455 (10th Cir. 1976)

(per curiam).

       To determine whether a claim is justiciable, we employ a two-part test, first asking

whether there is a constitutional, statutory, or regulatory violation, and second evaluating

                                             3
the scope and nature of the intervention into otherwise military affairs necessary to

vindicate the alleged violation:

       whether the case involves an alleged violation of a constitutional right,
       applicable statute, or regulation, and whether intra-service remedies have
       been exhausted. If so, the court is then to weigh the nature and strength of
       the challenge to the military determination, the potential injury to the
       plaintiff if review is refused, the type and degree of anticipated interference
       with the military function, and the extent to which military discretion or
       expertise is involved in the challenged decision.

Lindenau, 663 F.2d at 71 (internal quotation marks omitted). “[T]he second part of [this]

test . . . essentially balances the interests of the parties, with a preference against

interference in the military.” Costner v. Okla. Army Nat’l Guard, 833 F.2d 905, 907

(10th Cir. 1987).2

       DeRito satisfies the first part of the test by alleging due process violations. The

second part of the test, however, clearly counsels against intervention. DeRito says he

wants to correct his records so he can be promoted to warrant officer and attend flight

school. But this challenge to the alleged mental health records in his personnel file could

and should be pursued through military channels, see 10 U.S.C. § 1552(a) (“The

Secretary of a military department may correct any military record of the Secretary’s

department when the Secretary considers it necessary to correct an error or remove an

injustice.”). Moreover, DeRito’s potential injury is merely economic: he wants to

       2
        DeRito’s opening brief does not indicate whether he exhausted, but the
government contends DeRito initiated this action before a final administrative
decision was issued. In reply, DeRito says he should not be faulted for failing to
exhaust because he waited over six months for an administrative decision to no avail.
We need not resolve this issue because our disposition turns on the proper balancing
of the parties’ interests.
                                                4
correct his records so he can try to get a promotion. Cf. Costner, 833 F.2d at 908

(weighing potential economic injury from age discrimination, among other factors, in

concluding that claim was not reviewable). But “[s]crutinizing numerous personnel

decisions by many individuals as they relate to [DeRito]’s claim that he was improperly

denied promotion would significantly interfere with military functions.” Id. (brackets

and internal quotation marks omitted). Indeed, second-guessing his alleged diagnoses

with the aim of reconsidering his application for promotion “would involve the court in a

very sensitive area of military expertise and discretion.” Id. (internal quotation marks

omitted). Balancing these considerations demonstrates that DeRito’s due process claims

are nonjusticiable.

       Attempting to avoid this conclusion, DeRito suggests his claims do not concern

internal military affairs because he was a civilian when Major Price falsified his records.

Alternatively, he asserts he has a cause of action to challenge discretionary military

personnel decisions in Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of the Federal Bureau of

Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971). He is wrong on both accounts. The alleged changes to

his medical records arose out of his time at the Air Force Academy, and his alleged

injury—denial of a promotion to warrant officer—occurred while he was in the Colorado

Army National Guard. This is not a civilian matter. Moreover, Bivens, “which permits

suits against federal officials for constitutional violations, does not encompass suits

involving injuries that arise out of or are in the course of activity incident to military

service.” Hanson v. Wyatt, 552 F.3d 1148, 1153 (10th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation

marks omitted). Again, DeRito’s alleged injury arose out of his service at the Air Force

                                               5
Academy. Therefore, Bivens is unavailing. And while he might have pursued a different

claim, as recognized in Hanson, challenging the application of a specific military

regulation, see id. at 1150, DeRito asserted no such claim and expressly disavows the

existence of any such regulation governing changes to his medical records, see Aplt. App.

at 22, para. 65 (Am. Compl.) (“[The Air Force Academy] does not have any public

guidelines or procedures dictating when, where and why a cadet[’]s medical records may

be changed by an individual that has never seen or examined a particular cadet(s).”).

Under these circumstances, the district court correctly dismissed his claims.

       B. Negligence

       DeRito also challenges the district court’s determination that his negligence claim

is barred by the FTCA. The court reasoned that DeRito’s claim—predicated on Major

Price’s written defamatory diagnoses about his mental health—sounded in libel, which is

excepted from the FTCA’s waiver of sovereign immunity. On appeal, DeRito contends

his claim does not satisfy the elements for libel, and thus the district court should not

have dismissed it.

       We review de novo the district court’s dismissal under the FTCA. See Estate of

Trentadue ex rel. Aguilar v. United States, 397 F.3d 840, 858 (10th Cir. 2005). “The

FTCA is a limited waiver of sovereign immunity, making the Federal Government liable

to the same extent as a private party for certain torts of federal employees acting within

the scope of their employment.” Garling v. EPA, 849 F.3d 1289, 1294 (10th Cir. 2017)

(internal quotation marks omitted). However, there are “exceptions to the FTCA’s

                                              6
waiver of sovereign immunity,” and “[w]hen an exception applies, sovereign immunity

remains, and federal courts lack jurisdiction.” Id. (citing 28 U.S.C. § 2680(a)-(n)).

       Among the claims excepted from the FTCA’s waiver of sovereign immunity are

“claim[s] arising out of . . . libel [or] slander,” 28 U.S.C. § 2680(h), which are the

“equivalent” of defamation, Garling, 849 F.3d at 1299 (internal quotation marks

omitted). To determine whether this exception applies, we do not look solely to

DeRito’s characterization of his claim but consider as well the substance of the

alleged conduct and whether his allegations delineate a claim “arising out of” libel or

slander. See United States v. Shearer, 473 U.S. 52, 55 (1985) (“Section 2680(h) does

not merely bar claims for assault or battery; in sweeping language it excludes any

claim arising out of assault or battery.”).

       DeRito alleged the Air Force Academy and Major Price breached a duty of

care by falsifying his medical records. He alleged Major Price fabricated his records,

intending to harm him, and he repeatedly described her conduct as “fraudulent” and

“defamatory.” Aplt. App. at 11, para. 9; id. at 12, para. 16; id. at 13, para. 20. He

extended these allegations to the Air Force Academy and claimed it, too, was

negligent in ordering or allowing Major Price to falsify his records. These

allegations satisfy the elements for defamation.

       We apply Colorado’s definition of defamation because “[s]tate substantive law

applies to suits brought against the United States under the FTCA,” Garling,

849 F.3d at 1294 (internal quotation marks omitted); see 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b)(1).

Colorado defines defamation as “(1) a defamatory statement concerning another;

                                              7
(2) published to a third party; (3) with fault amounting to at least negligence on the

part of the publisher; and (4) either actionability of the statement irrespective of

special damages or the existence of special damages to the plaintiff caused by

publication.” Brokers’ Choice of Am., Inc. v. NBC Universal, Inc., 757 F.3d 1125,

1136 (10th Cir. 2014) (applying Colorado substantive law).

       DeRito alleged the diagnoses were false and defamatory, damaging him both

personally and financially. He also alleged Major Price published the diagnoses in

his medical records intending to harm him, which came to fruition when he was

denied a promotion based on the false diagnoses in his personnel file. He further

alleged Major Price was at fault for negligently altering his records to include the

diagnoses, and he asserted the diagnoses were actionable because they resulted in the

denial of his promotion to warrant officer. Given these allegations, DeRito’s claim is

barred by the FTCA’s exception for claims arising out of libel. To the extent he

alleged the Air Force Academy was liable for ordering or allowing Major Price to alter

his medical records, that theory is barred as well. See Shearer, 473 U.S. at 55 (“There is

no indication that Congress distinguished between ‘negligent supervision’ claims and

respondeat superior claims, with only the latter excluded under the [FTCA].”).

       DeRito resists this conclusion, but his arguments are self-defeating. He denies

that he pleaded the first element of a libel claim, asserting he did not allege a false,

defamatory statement, only diagnoses that are fact-based medical opinions. This

argument undermines his entire theory, however, and ignores his repeated allegations

that the diagnoses were false, fraudulent, and not based on any professional

                                             8
guidelines or scientific methodologies. DeRito also denies that he alleged the second

element of a libel claim, asserting that Major Price never published the diagnoses.

But the government correctly points out that if Major Price did not publish the

diagnoses, DeRito cannot establish causation. Third, DeRito inexplicably asserts that

Major Price is not at fault because she did not publish the diagnoses—she merely

included them in his personnel file. Yet he alleged she was at fault for negligently

altering the records in his personnel file, which were published to some unidentified

third-party at the Colorado Army National Guard who relied upon the medical

records to deny him a promotion. These allegations are sufficient to inculpate her for

publication, which “includes any communication by the defendant to a third person,”

Robert C. Ozer, P.C. v. Borquez, 940 P.2d 371, 379 (Colo. 1997). DeRito also

asserts he did not plead the fourth element of libel because he did not allege any

special damages. The diagnoses would have been actionable per se, however,

because the allegedly defamatory meaning would be apparent from the face of the

diagnoses. See Han Ye Lee v. Colo. Times, Inc., 222 P.3d 957, 961 (Colo. App.

2009). Thus, there was no need to plead special damages. See id. DeRito’s

negligence claim is barred by the FTCA’s exception for claims arising out of libel.

       C. DeRito’s Reply Brief

       For the first time, DeRito, in his reply brief, raises issues not raised in the

district court, plus asserted facts not before the district court. It is well established in

this court that new arguments cannot be made before this court in a reply brief. See

White v. Chafin, 862 F.3d 1065, 1067 (10th Cir. 2017); Gold v. Wolpert, 876 F.2d

                                             9
1327, 1331 n.6 (7th Cir. 1989). Neither will this court consider matters of fact not in

the record before the district court. See Rio Grande Silvery Minnow v. Bureau of

Reclamation, 601 F.3d 1096, 1110 n.11 (10th Cir. 2010).

      The judgment of the district court is affirmed.

                                                        Entered for the Court
                                                        Per Curiam

                                          10