Court Opinion

ID: 4019153
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-27 12:02:09.734053+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:22:43.477608
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                            No. 08-899C
                                       (Filed: July 26, 2016)

*************************************
MICHAEL SABO, NICHOLAS WELLS, *
JUAN PEREZ, ALAN PITTS, BILLY J.     *
TALLEY, AIMEE SHERROD, and           *
TYLER EINARSON on behalf of          *                Application for Attorneys’ Fees and
themselves and all other individuals *                Expenses Under the EAJA; Antiassignment
similarly situated,                  *                Act; Prevailing Party; Substantial
                                     *                Justification; Application of VASRD
                      Plaintiffs,    *                § 4.129 to Service Members Discharged
                                     *                With PTSD; 10 U.S.C. Chapter 61;
 v.                                  *                Adequacy of Supporting Documentation
                                     *
THE UNITED STATES,                   *
                                     *
                      Defendant.     *
*************************************

Brad Fagg and Barton F. Stichman, Washington, DC, for plaintiffs.

Douglas K. Mickle, United States Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for defendant.

                                    OPINION AND ORDER

SWEENEY, Judge

        Plaintiffs, and the members of the class they represent, were medically separated from the
United States military due to posttraumatic stress disorder (“PTSD”) resulting from their service
in Iraq and Afghanistan during Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. In
conjunction with their separations, the military assigned them disability ratings for their PTSD of
less than 50%. Contending that they were entitled to disability ratings of 50% for their PTSD
under federal law, plaintiffs filed suit to obtain the higher disability rating and the benefits that
would flow from that higher rating. The parties ultimately reached a settlement. Now before the
court are plaintiffs’ applications for attorneys’ fees and expenses. As explained below, the court
grants plaintiffs’ applications in their entirety and awards plaintiffs attorneys’ fees and expenses
in the amount of $3,862,924.53.
                                        I. BACKGROUND

       To place the issues raised in plaintiffs’ applications for attorneys’ fees and expenses in
the proper context, the court provides the following pertinent background information, beginning
with an overview of the military’s disability evaluation system.1

                        A. The Military’s Disability Evaluation System

        When a physical disability renders a member of the military unfit to perform his or her
duties, the member may be separated or retired from service. 10 U.S.C. ch. 61 (2000). A service
member’s fitness for duty and eligibility for separation or retirement is governed by regulations
promulgated by the Secretary of the military department to which the service member belongs.2
Id. § 1216. Specifically, these regulations are issued by the Secretaries of the United States
Department of the Air Force, the United States Department of the Army (“Army”), and the
United States Department of the Navy. See Air Force Instruction 36-3212, Physical Evaluation
for Retention, Retirement, or Separation (Sept. 30, 1999); Army Regulation 635-40, Physical
Evaluation for Retention, Retirement, or Separation (Aug. 15, 1990); Secretary of the Navy
Instruction 1850.4E, Department of the Navy (DON) Disability Evaluation Manual (Apr. 30,
2002).

      The military’s disability evaluation process begins with a medical evaluation by a
Medical Evaluation Board (“MEB”).3 DoDI 1332.38, ¶¶ E3.P1.1.1, E3.P1.2. The MEB
documents the service member’s medical condition, id. ¶ E3.P1.2.3, and then, if the service
member has a duty-related impairment, refers the service member to a Physical Evaluation Board
(“PEB”), id. ¶ E3.P1.2.7.

       PEBs conduct physical disability evaluations to determine “the fitness of Service
members with medical impairments to perform their military duties[.]” Id. ¶ E3.P1.3.1. If a PEB
determines that a service member is unfit for duty, it must document, among other things, “[t]he

       1
       The court derives the background information from the relevant statutes, regulations,
and memoranda, as well as from the documents filed on the case’s docket.
       2
          Under 10 U.S.C. § 1216, the “Secretary concerned” is responsible for promulgating the
regulations for his or her military department. See 10 U.S.C. § 101(a)(9) (defining “Secretary
concerned” as either the “Secretary of the Army,” the “Secretary of the Navy,” the “Secretary of
the Air Force,” or the “Secretary of Homeland Security”). However, the United States
Department of Defense (“Department of Defense”) has also promulgated relevant regulations.
       3
          For simplicity, the court derives its description of the military’s disability evaluation
system from Department of Defense Instruction (“DoDI”) 1332.38, Physical Disability
Evaluation (Nov. 14, 1996), rather than from the regulations promulgated by the Secretaries of
the military departments.

                                                 -2-
code and percentage rating assigned an unfitting physical disability in accordance with the
[Schedule for Rating Disabilities (“VASRD”) promulgated by the United States Department of
Veterans Affairs (“VA”)].”4 Id. ¶ E3.P1.3.4.1.2; accord id. ¶ E3.P4.6 (“When a disability is
established as compensable, the disability shall be rated according to the VASRD, as
implemented by [DoDI] 1332.39 . . . and federal law.”). The PEB must also determine an unfit
service member’s “entitlement to benefits under Chapter 61 of 10 U.S.C.” Id. ¶ E3.P1.3.1.

        A case referred by an MEB is considered first by an informal PEB. Id. ¶ E3.P1.3.2.
Upon receiving an informal PEB’s findings and recommendations, a service member is
counseled by a PEB liaison officer, who is charged with advising the service member “of the
significance and consequences of the determinations made and the associated rights, benefits,
and entitlements.” Id. ¶ E3.P1.4.1. A service member may either accept the informal PEB’s
findings and recommendations or demand a formal PEB. Id. ¶¶ E3.P1.3.3, E3.P1.3.3.1.1. If a
service member accepts the decision of the informal PEB and waives a formal PEB, that decision
must be documented by the PEB liaison officer. Id. ¶ E3.P1.3.3.

        Once the PEB documents its findings and recommendations, a service member’s case is
referred to the final reviewing authority within the relevant military department for a final
determination. Id. ¶¶ E3.P1.5.2.1, E3.P1.6.3; accord id. ¶ E3.P7.1. The case is then sent to the
military department’s personnel office for final disposition. Id. ¶ E3.P1.5. Final dispositions
include permanent retirement, placement on the temporary disability retirement list (“TDRL”),
and separation. Id. ¶ E3.P7.5 (citing 10 U.S.C. §§ 1201-1206).

    B. The VASRD and PTSD Disability Ratings in the Military’s Disability Evaluation
                                     System

                   1. The Pre-2008 Statutory and Regulatory Framework

        Prior to 2008, a service member with at least thirty days of active duty service who was
deemed unfit for duty could be permanently retired pursuant to 10 U.S.C. § 1201, placed on the
TDRL pursuant to 10 U.S.C. § 1202, or separated pursuant to 10 U.S.C. § 1203. If the Secretary
of the relevant military department determined that the service member’s “disability [was] at
least 30 percent under the standard schedule of rating disabilities in use by the [VA] at the time
of the determination,” the service member could be permanently retired, 10 U.S.C.
§ 1201(b)(3)(B), or placed on the TDRL, id. § 1202 (incorporating the standards set forth in 10
U.S.C. § 1201). If the relevant Secretary determined that the service member’s “disability [was]
less than 30 percent under the standard schedule of rating disabilities in use by the [VA] at the
time of the determination,” the service member could be separated. Id. § 1203(b)(4)(A)-(B); see
also id. § 1203(b)(4)(C) (noting that separation was possible in certain circumstances if a

       4
         “The term ‘physical disability’ includes mental disease, but not such inherent defects as
behavioral disorders, adjustment disorders, personality disorders, and primary mental
deficiencies.” DoDI 1332.38, ¶ E2.1.25.

                                               -3-
soldier’s “disability [was] at least 30 percent under the standard schedule of rating disabilities in
use by the [VA] at the time of the determination”). In short, the military was statutorily required
to use the VASRD to determine the disability ratings of service members with medical
conditions rendering them unfit for duty.5 Accord DoDI 1332.39, Application of the Veterans
Administration Schedule for Rating Disabilities ¶ 4.2 (Nov. 14, 1996) (“Chapter 61 of [10
U.S.C.] establishes the [VASRD] as the standard for assigning percentage ratings.”).

       The VASRD contains two provisions that specifically address PTSD. VASRD § 4.129
provides:

       Mental disorders due to traumatic stress

       When a mental disorder that develops in service as a result of a highly stressful
       event is severe enough to bring about the veteran’s release from active military
       service, the rating agency shall assign an evaluation of not less than 50 percent
       and schedule an examination within the six month period following the veteran’s
       discharge to determine whether a change in evaluation is warranted.

38 C.F.R. § 4.129 (2002).6 And, VASRD § 4.130 sets forth the schedule for rating mental
disorders, including PTSD; in other words, it provides guidance for assigning 10%, 30%, 50%,
70%, and 100% disability ratings. Id. § 4.130.

        Although the military was statutorily required to use the VASRD to determine disability
ratings, the Department of Defense recognized that some of the provisions of the VASRD were
not applicable to the military’s performance of this task. Specifically, it noted:

       [N]ot all the general policy provisions in Sections 4.1 - 4.31 of the VASRD are
       applicable to the Military Departments. . . . [DoDI 1332.39] replaces these
       sections of the VASRD. The remainder of the VASRD is applicable except those
       portions that pertain to [VA] determinations of Service connection, refer to

       5
          Other sections of the pre-2008 version of chapter 61 of title 10 of the United States
Code contain language similar to the language appearing in sections 1201 and 1203 directing the
military to use the VASRD to determine disability ratings. See, e.g., 10 U.S.C. §§ 1204(4)(B),
1206(5), 1210(c)-(e).
       6
          The court cites to the 2002 version of the VASRD because it was the version in effect
six years prior to the filing of the complaint in this case. The sections of the VASRD discussed
in this Opinion and Order were not substantively amended between 2002 and December 17,
2008, the date that plaintiffs filed their complaint.

                                                 -4-
       internal [VA] procedures or practices, or are otherwise specifically identified in
       Enclosure 2 [of DoDI 1332.39] as being inapplicable.

DoDI 1332.39, ¶ 4.2.

        One of the “general policy provisions” that the Department of Defense deemed
inapplicable to the military concerned convalescent ratings. VASRD § 4.30 provides:

       Convalescent ratings.

                A total disability rating (100 percent) will be assigned without regard to
       other provisions of the rating schedule when it is established by report at hospital
       discharge (regular discharge or release to non-bed care) or outpatient release that
       entitlement is warranted under paragraph (a) (1), (2) or (3) of this section effective
       the date of hospital admission or outpatient treatment and continuing for a period
       of 1, 2, or 3 months from the first day of the month following such hospital
       discharge or outpatient release. . . .

       (a) Total ratings will be assigned under this section if treatment of a service-
       connected disability resulted in:

               (1) Surgery necessitating at least one month of convalescence. . . .

               (2) Surgery with severe postoperative residuals . . . .

               (3) Immobilization by cast, without surgery, of one major joint or more.

38 C.F.R. § 4.30. In addition, convalescent ratings related to mental disorders are addressed in
VASRD § 4.128:

       Convalescence ratings following extended hospitalization.

               If a mental disorder has been assigned a total evaluation due to a
       continuous period of hospitalization lasting six months or more, the rating agency
       shall continue the total evaluation indefinitely and schedule a mandatory
       examination six months after the veteran is discharged or released to nonbed care.

Id. § 4.128. The Department of Defense specifically rejected the use of convalescent ratings in
DoDI 1332.39:

       Under certain diagnostic codes, the VASRD provides for a convalescent rating to
       be awarded for specified periods of time without regard to the actual degree of
       impairment of function. SUCH RATINGS DO NOT APPLY TO THE

                                                -5-
       MILITARY DEPARTMENTS. Convalescence will ordinarily have been
       completed by the time optimum hospital improvement (for disposition purposes)
       has been attained. If not, rate according to the manifest impairment.

DoDI 1332.39, ¶ 6.7.

        The parties have not identified, and the court could not locate, any military regulations
deeming VASRD § 4.129 to be a convalescent rating. However, in 2002 and 2005, the Army
issued substantially identical policy memoranda to the presidents of its PEBs in which it declared
that the 50% disability rating set forth in VASRD § 4.129 was a convalescent rating and that,
therefore, it would not use VASRD § 4.129 when assigning disability ratings to soldiers deemed
unfit for duty due to PTSD. See United States Army Physical Disability Agency, Memorandum
for Physical Evaluation Board Presidents, Policy/Guidance Memorandum #7: The Department
of Veterans Affairs Schedule for Rating Disabilities (VASRD) Ratings for Mental Disorders,
Narcolepsy, and Sleep Apnea Syndrome, Enclosure 1, ¶ 1(e) (Feb. 25, 2005) (“The Army does
not use convalescent ratings. Paragraph 4.129 . . . is essentially a convalescent rating and will
not be used.”); United States Army Physical Disability Agency, Memorandum for Physical
Evaluation Board Presidents, Policy/Guidance Memorandum #7: The Department of Veterans
Affairs Schedule for Rating Disabilities (VASRD) Ratings for Mental Disorders, Narcolepsy,
and Sleep Apnea Syndrome ¶ 4(a)(5) (Apr. 8, 2002) (same). It further bears noting that the
Department of Defense distinguished convalescent ratings from observation ratings and
minimum ratings, both of which the military departments would apply in the appropriate
circumstances. See DoDI 1332.39, ¶¶ 6.8 (indicating that observation ratings apply to the
military departments), 6.10.2 (“In some instances the VASRD provides a ‘minimum rating’
without qualifications as to residuals or impairment. Diagnosis alone is sufficient to justify the
minimum rating. . . . Although higher ratings may be awarded in consonance with degree of
severity, no rating lower than the ‘minimum’ may be used if the diagnosis is satisfactorily
established.”).

 2. The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 and Related Regulations

        On January 28, 2008, Congress enacted the National Defense Authorization Act for
Fiscal Year 2008, Pub. L. No. 110-181, 122 Stat. 3 (“2008 NDAA”). Title XVI of that Act was
the Wounded Warrior Act, id. § 1601, 122 Stat. at 431, in which Congress, among other things,
directed the Secretaries of the VA and the Department of Defense to “develop a policy on
improvements to the processes, procedures, and standards for the conduct of physical disability
evaluations of recovering service members by the military departments and by the [VA],” id.
§ 1612(b)(1), 122 Stat. at 422. The policy was to be developed by July 1, 2008, id., and to
include the following:

       [P]rocedures to eliminate unacceptable discrepancies and improve consistency
       among disability ratings assigned by the military departments and the [VA],

                                               -6-
       particularly in the disability evaluation of recovering service members, which
       procedures shall be subject to the following requirements and limitations:

              ....

              (ii) Under such procedures, each Secretary of a military department shall,
              to the extent feasible, utilize the standard schedule for rating disabilities in
              use by the [VA] . . . .

Id. § 1612(b)(2)(B), 122 Stat. at 422. In conjunction with this provision, Congress added a new
section to chapter 61 of title 10 of the United States Code–10 U.S.C. § 1216a. Id. § 1642, 122
Stat. at 465. The new section provided:

       Utilization of VA Schedule for Rating Disabilities in Determinations of
       Disability.–

       (1) In making a determination of disability of a member of the armed forces for
       purposes of this chapter, the Secretary concerned–

              (A) shall, to the extent feasible, utilize the schedule for rating disabilities
              in use by the [VA], including any applicable interpretation of the schedule
              by the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims; and

              (B) except as provided in paragraph (2), may not deviate from the
              schedule or any such interpretation of the schedule.

10 U.S.C. § 1216a(a) (2012). Finally, Congress created the Physical Disability Board of Review
(“PDBR”), which was charged with reviewing the findings and decisions of PEBs for former
service members who were medically separated from service between September 11, 2001, and
December 31, 2009, with a disability rating of 20% or less. Pub. L. No. 110-181, § 1643, 122
Stat. at 465-67 (codified at 10 U.S.C. § 1554a).

        On October 14, 2008, the Department of Defense issued a policy memorandum regarding
implementation of the Wounded Warrior Act. See Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and
Readiness, Memorandum for Secretaries of the Military Departments et al., Policy Memorandum
on Implementing Disability-Related Provisions of the National Defense Authorization Act of
2008 (Pub. L. 110-181) (Oct. 14, 2008). With this memorandum, the Department of Defense
rescinded DoDI 1332.39–pertaining to the military’s application of the VASRD–and directed the
military departments to prospectively apply VASRD § 4.129 to service members deemed unfit
for duty due to PTSD. Id. ¶ E7.2 (“The Military Department Secretary concerned will abide by
10 USC 1216a and 38 CFR 4.129, VASRD for disposition of Service members found unfit
because of a mental disorder due to traumatic stress.”).

                                                -7-
        The Department of Defense issued another memorandum on July 17, 2009, to clarify how
the PDBR should apply VASRD § 4.129 to former service members seeking a review of their
disability ratings (in other words, the retroactive application of VASRD § 4.129). See Office of
the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness, Memorandum for Secretary of the
Army et al., Requests for Correction of Military Records Relating to Disability Ratings for Post
Traumatic Stress Disorder (July 17, 2009). That memorandum provided:

                [DoDI] 6040.44 . . . directs the PDBR in reviewing prior disability ratings
        to disregard any Military Department guidelines that were inconsistent with the
        VASRD. While reliance on section 4.130, rather than section 4.129, was arguably
        consistent with the VASRD, the PDBR has concluded that equity favors giving
        applicants the benefit of section 4.129. Consultations with the [boards for
        correction of military records (“BCMRs”)] indicate recognition of the desirability
        of consistency among the BCMRs and PDBR in adjudicating these cases.

               Therefore, as a matter of policy, the PDBR and all three BCMRs will
        apply VASRD Section 4.129 to PTSD unfitting conditions for applicants
        discharged after September 11, 2001, and in such cases, where a grant of relief is
        appropriate, assign a disability rating of not less than 50% for PTSD unfitting
        conditions for an initial period of six months following separation, with
        subsequent fitness and PTSD ratings based on the applicable evidence.

Id. at 1-2.

                                     C. Procedural History

1. The Complaint and Initial Attempts to Administratively Resolve the Claims of Plaintiffs
                                 and the Class Members

        As previously noted, plaintiffs served in Iraq and Afghanistan and were subsequently
diagnosed with PTSD. As a result, they were deemed unfit for duty and medically separated
from their respective service branches. In accordance with the military’s interpretation of the
regulations then in effect, all were assigned disability ratings of less than 50% for their PTSD.

        Believing that their assigned disability ratings were contrary to law, plaintiffs, on
December 17, 2008, filed suit in this court on behalf of themselves and other similarly situated
individuals. They sought to enjoin the military’s practice of disregarding the VASRD when
assigning disability ratings for PTSD, and requested the disability retired pay and other benefits
that they would have received had they been assigned a 50% disability rating for their PTSD as
required by chapter 61 of title 10 of the United States Code and the VASRD.

       Defendant did not immediately file an answer to plaintiffs’ complaint. Instead, during a
June 12, 2009 status conference, it proposed certain administrative procedures and policy

                                                -8-
changes to resolve plaintiffs’ claims. It also represented that its goal was to provide former
service members with “expeditious” relief. Status Conference Tr. 29-30, June 12, 2009. As the
parties were discussing defendant’s proposal, plaintiffs filed an amended complaint to add two
plaintiffs on September 2, 2009, and on September 21, 2009, the court granted plaintiffs’
unopposed motion to certify the case as a class action and appoint attorneys from the law firm of
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius, LLP (“Morgan Lewis”) and the National Veterans Legal Services
Program (“NVLSP”) as class counsel. The parties ultimately reached an agreement regarding the
procedure for resolving plaintiffs’ and the class members’ claims, as reflected by their agreed-
upon Notice of Class Action that was approved by the court on December 18, 2009:

                If you join this lawsuit, you will be given the opportunity to, but are not
       required to, apply for a prioritized review by a military records correction board
       . . . . You will be sent a preformatted application requesting assignment of higher
       rating(s) for PTSD than you received from the PEB.

               If you file the application described in the prior paragraph, the board will
       correct your military records to show that your disability rating for PTSD was at
       least 50% for the six-month period following the date you were released from the
       service. In addition, the board will determine whether–between the date six
       months after your release from the service to the date of the board’s review–your
       PTSD disability rating of at least 50% should be increased, decreased, or remain
       the same, but absent fraud or unforeseen circumstances, your application will not
       result in the board reducing the PTSD rating(s) that the PEB previously assigned
       to you. In other words, you cannot end up with lower disability ratings for PTSD
       by joining this lawsuit and applying for prioritized review . . . .

               If you were medically separated or permanently retired by the PEB, then
       the PTSD rating assigned by the military records correction board for the later
       period (that is the date six months after your release to the date of the board’s
       decision) will be a permanent disability rating for PTSD.

              If you are currently on the [TDRL], and you join this lawsuit and file your
       application for prioritized review, the military records correction board cannot
       take you off the TDRL and separate you without giving you permanent disability
       retirement benefits.

Order Ex. 1 at 4-5, Dec. 18, 2009. The Notice also contained more detailed information
regarding the records correction process:

              If you join this lawsuit, you will be sent a special preformatted application
       form for use in applying to one of two military records correction boards – the
       [PDBR] or the [BCMR] of the service branch in which you served. Included with
       the application will be written advice from the lawyers who represent the veterans

                                                -9-
       in this lawsuit about to which of the boards you should apply, and how to
       complete the application form to receive prioritized review.

               After the board receives your application, it will obtain the medical
       records that were reviewed by the PEB in your case. If you have already applied
       for VA benefits and consent to the release of your VA records, the board may
       obtain from the VA a copy of the records that are in your VA claims file. . . . In
       addition, you may submit evidence about your PTSD that may not be in your PEB
       or VA claims file.

              You will not have to travel to appear before the board, and the board will
       not hold a hearing. The board will make a decision based on the records
       described above and any documents you may submit.

Id. at 5. In addition to describing the claim resolution procedure, the Notice addressed the
payment of attorneys’ fees and expenses:

       How will the lawyers be paid?

              [Class Counsel] are representing the veterans who filed this lawsuit and
       those who decide to join this lawsuit without charging any of these veterans any
       money. However, if Class Counsel obtains money or benefits for any of these
       veterans, they may ask the Court to order the government to pay their fees and
       expenses. Under no circumstances will any of these fees and expenses come from
       the money or benefits to which you may become entitled as a result of this
       lawsuit.

Id. at 8; see also id. at 2 (“The veterans who filed this lawsuit seek a Court Order requiring the
military services . . . to pay the lawyers who represent the veterans who filed this lawsuit their
expenses and fees associated with bringing and prosecuting this lawsuit (and without payment of
any money by them or those who join this lawsuit) . . . .”). The court thereafter stayed
proceedings until February 3, 2011, to allow the approximately 4300 notified individuals to opt-
in to the class and obtain relief from the PDBR or a BCMR, a process both parties agreed would
be “expedited” in nature. Pls.’ Mot. to Lift Stay Ex. A at 2, 6, Jan. 28, 2011.

        During the pendency of the stay of proceedings, plaintiffs became dissatisfied with the
pace at which the PDBR was adjudicating the applications of the more than 2100 class members,
notwithstanding defendant’s representation that it established “the processes necessary to
expedite review of the class members’ applications” to allow for “the boards to complete
adjudications at a faster pace . . . .”7 Joint Status Report 2, June 21, 2010; see also id. at 3

       7
           Although the number of class members fluctuated as the case progressed, as of the
filing of the parties’ most recent status report on July 14, 2016, there were, including plaintiffs,

                                                 -10-
(indicating defendant’s “hope[] that the average processing time for a Sabo class-member’s
application to move through the [processes] to be approximately five months on average[,] a
considerable improvement over the typical 10-month average time it takes for non-Sabo cases to
be processed.”). They further believed that some of the BCMR decisions were improper. Thus,
on January 28, 2011, plaintiffs filed a motion to lift the stay of proceedings and a motion for
summary judgment. The court granted plaintiffs’ motion to lift the stay on February 14, 2011.

                                       2. The Settlement

        Upon the lifting of the stay of proceedings, the parties resumed their settlement
discussions. Shortly thereafter, on March 11, 2011, they jointly requested that proceedings again
be stayed to accommodate their negotiations. The court granted the parties’ request, and
proceedings remained stayed until July 15, 2011, when the parties filed a proposed “Settlement
Agreement and Stipulation and Order of Dismissal.”

      Paragraph six of the proposed settlement agreement contained the general settlement
framework:

       Within six months of the date on which the Court approves this Settlement
       Agreement, defendant shall take all steps necessary to execute the following
       actions:

                 (i) in the case of a class member who was separated or retired without
       being placed on the TDRL, change the military records of each such class member
       . . . so that they reflect (a) the member was placed on the TDRL and assigned a
       disability rating for PTSD of 50%, effective for the six-month period beginning on
       the date the member was released from active service, and (b) the member was
       taken off the TDRL, and assigned the permanent disability rating for PTSD listed
       in the applicable exhibit [attached to the settlement agreement], effective six
       months after the member was released from active service; or,

               (ii) in the case of a class member who was placed on the TDRL, change
       the military records so that they reflect that the member was assigned a disability
       rating for PTSD of 50 percent, effective continuously for the TDRL period; and

               (iii) in the case of a class member who was found to have an unfitting
       condition other than PTSD prior to release from active service, change the
       military records of that class member to reflect a combined disability rating for the
       member’s unfitting conditions that takes into account the changes in the disability
       rating for PTSD made pursuant to subsection (i) or (ii) of this paragraph; and

2175 class members.

                                               -11-
             (iv) transmit a copy of the changed military records . . . to (a) the class
       member, (b) counsel for the plaintiff class, and (c) the Defense Finance and
       Accounting Service . . . .

Settlement Agreement ¶ 6, July 15, 2011. Paragraphs seven through nineteen of the proposed
settlement agreement contained language that divided the class members into nine groups based
on certain shared characteristics (severance pay versus retired pay, placement on the TDRL,
receipt of a decision from the PDBR or a BCMR),8 and described how the general settlement
framework would be applied to each group. Of note, 1052 class members would receive lifetime
military disability retirement pay and benefits without needing to secure a decision from the
PDBR or a BCMR;9 893 class members already receiving military disability retirement pay and
benefits would have their PTSD disability rating increased to 50% without needing to secure a
decision from the PDBR or a BCMR;10 and 553 class members who had already obtained a
decision from the PDBR or a BCMR would have the opportunity to reject that decision and
obtain the relief provided for in the settlement agreement.11 Also of note, the parties identified
approximately 517 class members who might be affected by an anomaly in the statutory formula
for Combat-Related Special Compensation; paragraph twenty-six of the proposed settlement
agreement provided a detailed mechanism to ensure that the affected class members would not
see a reduction in pay as a result of the settlement.

        The parties framed their proposed settlement agreement to ensure that the court would
retain jurisdiction over the claims of a plaintiff or class member until the parties “submit[ted] to
the Court a joint status report that lists . . . the names of those plaintiffs whose military records
have been changed pursuant to the agreed upon terms [set forth in paragraphs one through
nineteen.]” Id. ¶ 20. At that time, the court would dismiss the individual’s claims with prejudice
in an order of dismissal that contained “a provision incorporating the terms of [the] Settlement
Agreement . . . .” Id. The proposed settlement agreement also contained provisions (1) allowing
class members who were awarded disability retirement to obtain reimbursement of past medical
expenses that they and their families incurred upon the class member’s separation from the
military and (2) incorporating the procedures for recouping severance pay set forth in chapter 4
of volume 7B of the Department of Defense Financial Management Regulation (“DoD 700.14-
R”). Finally, the proposed settlement agreement provided: “The terms of this Settlement

       8
          The members of each group were set forth in exhibits C, D, E, F, G, H, J, K, and L to
the settlement agreement. The court derives the number of members of each group from the
information provided by the parties in their most recent joint status report. See supra note 7.
       9
            These class members were included in exhibits C and D to the settlement agreement.
       10
            These class members were included in exhibits G and H to the settlement agreement.
       11
         These class members were included in exhibits D, F, H, and K to the settlement
agreement.

                                                -12-
Agreement are adopted as an order of the Court, are contractual and not merely a recital, and
shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties to it.” Id. ¶ 33.

        As required by Rule 23(e) of the Rules of the United States Court of Federal Claims
(“RCFC”), the court directed that notice of the proposed settlement be sent to all class members
and then conducted a fairness hearing. Ultimately, in a December 22, 2011 Opinion and Order,
the court granted the parties’ joint motion for final approval of the settlement agreement and
approved the settlement as “fair, reasonable, and adequate.” Sabo v. United States, 102 Fed. Cl.
619, 630 (2011); see also id. at 625 (“When the proposed settlement is implemented, each class
member will receive relief . . . .”). The court specifically stated that it would “retain jurisdiction
over the claims in [the] case in order to ensure the settlement’s implementation.” Id. at 630.
And, after directing the parties to file periodic joint status reports regarding the implementation
of the settlement, the court concluded its Opinion and Order with the statement “it is so ordered.”
Id.

        Upon the court’s approval of the settlement agreement, the military departments began
correcting the records of the class members in accordance with the terms of the agreement.
Unfortunately, a number of issues arose that delayed full implementation of the settlement.12
Eventually, on February 6, 2013, plaintiffs filed a motion for judicial enforcement of the
settlement agreement, which addressed defendant’s delay in paying monetary benefits to
approximately 950 members of the class. Plaintiffs filed a second motion for judicial
enforcement of the settlement agreement on March 14, 2013, which addressed defendant’s delay
in paying monetary benefits to approximately 1050 other class members. Defendant did not file
a response to either of the two motions. Instead, as reflected in an April 29, 2013 joint status
report, the parties reached an agreement regarding the relief that plaintiffs sought in their two
motions. Pursuant to that agreement, the parties began to submit the names of the class members
whose claims could be dismissed from the lawsuit. The court dismissed the claims of the first
group of class members on May 9, 2013. In every order dismissing class member claims, the
court noted that the parties requested the entry of “an order dismissing [the] claims with
prejudice and incorporating the terms of the parties’ settlement agreement,” and accordingly
ordered that the claims be “dismissed with prejudice subject to the terms of the settlement
agreement.” See, e.g., Order, May 9, 2013. As of the date of this Opinion and Order, the claims
of only a single class member remain outstanding.

                 3. Plaintiffs’ Applications for Attorneys’ Fees and Expenses

        On October 10, 2012, while the parties were working to implement the settlement,
plaintiffs filed their initial application for attorneys’ fees and expenses (“fee application”),
seeking reimbursement for fees and expenses incurred through October 31, 2011. Specifically,
plaintiffs requested $498,414.74 in attorneys’ fees and $12,161.37 in expenses for the work

       12
          The court recognizes that the parties disagreed as to what precisely was required
pursuant to the terms of the settlement agreement.

                                                -13-
performed by Morgan Lewis, and $1,467,303.16 in attorneys’ fees and $43,403.33 in expenses
for the work performed by the NVLSP. Defendant responded by moving for the dismissal of
plaintiffs’ fee application as untimely. In a May 1, 2013 Opinion and Order, the court denied
defendant’s motion and directed defendant to respond to the merits of plaintiffs’ fee application.
Plaintiffs refiled their fee application on May 16, 2013, defendant responded on June 10, 2013,
and plaintiffs filed a reply–in which they reduced their request for attorneys’ fees by
$33,253.12–on July 30, 2013.13 At the close of briefing, the claims of approximately 1073 class
members had not been dismissed from the lawsuit.

        Eventually, on February 2, 2015, plaintiffs filed a motion to supplement and finalize their
fee application (“supplemental fee application”). In their motion, plaintiffs sought
reimbursement for attorneys’ fees and expenses incurred from November 1, 2011, through
January 15, 2015, and represented that they were waiving any rights to seek reimbursement for
attorneys’ fees and expenses incurred after January 15, 2015. Specifically, plaintiffs requested an
additional $209,883.60 in attorneys’ fees and $3795.13 in expenses for the work performed by
Morgan Lewis, and an additional $1,619,449.74 in attorneys’ fees and $41,766.58 in expenses
for the work performed by the NVLSP. Defendant responded to plaintiffs’ motion on April 8,
2015, and plaintiffs filed a reply on May 29, 2015. Then, at the court’s request, the parties filed
status reports addressing the existence of additional authority. Plaintiffs’ request for attorneys’
fees and expenses is fully briefed, and the court deems oral argument unnecessary.

                        II. THE EQUAL ACCESS TO JUSTICE ACT

       Plaintiffs seek an award of attorneys’ fees and expenses pursuant to section 204(a) of the
Equal Access to Justice Act (“EAJA”), 28 U.S.C. § 2412 (2012). “The clearly stated objective of
the EAJA is to eliminate financial disincentives for those who would defend against unjustified
governmental action and thereby to deter the unreasonable exercise of Government authority.”
Ardestani v. INS, 502 U.S. 129, 138 (1991). Thus, the EAJA specifies:

       Except as otherwise specifically provided by statute, a court shall award to a
       prevailing party other than the United States fees and other expenses . . . incurred
       by that party in any civil action (other than cases sounding in tort) . . . brought by
       or against the United States in any court having jurisdiction of that action, unless
       the court finds that the position of the United States was substantially justified or
       that special circumstances make an award unjust.

28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(A). Additionally, an individual seeking an award of attorneys’ fees and
expenses under the EAJA must establish that his or her net worth did not exceed $2,000,000 at
the time the lawsuit was filed. Id. § 2412(d)(2)(B).

       13
          While the parties were briefing plaintiffs’ fee application, the case was transferred
from the Honorable George W. Miller to the undersigned.

                                                -14-
        In short, to grant an application for attorneys’ fees and expenses under the EAJA, the
court must find that the applicant satisfies the net worth requirement, that the applicant qualifies
as a prevailing party, that the position of the United States is not substantially justified, and that
no special circumstances render an award of attorneys’ fees and expenses unjust. Moreover,
because the EAJA constitutes a waiver of sovereign immunity, each of these requirements must
be satisfied. See Fid. Constr. Co. v. United States, 700 F.2d 1379, 1386 (Fed. Cir. 1983)
(“Although the EAJA lifts the bar of sovereign immunity for award of fees in suits brought by
litigants qualifying under the statute, it does so only to the extent explicitly and unequivocally
provided.”); id. at 1387 (noting that “great care must be taken not to expand liability [for
attorneys’ fees and expenses] beyond that which was explicitly consented to by Congress”);
accord Ardestani, 502 U.S. at 137 (“The EAJA . . . amounts to a partial waiver of sovereign
immunity. Any such waiver must be strictly construed in favor of the United States.”).

  III. PLAINTIFFS’ ENTITLEMENT TO AN AWARD OF ATTORNEYS’ FEES AND
                              EXPENSES

            A. The Antiassignment Act Does Not Bar Plaintiffs’ Fee Application

         Before the court can determine whether the requirements of the EAJA have been satisfied
in this case, it must address defendant’s contention that plaintiffs’ fee application is barred by
what is commonly referred to as the Antiassignment Act. The Antiassignment Act provides that
an assignment of a claim, or an interest in a claim, against the United States “may be made only
after a claim is allowed, the amount of the claim is decided, and a warrant for payment of the
claim has been issued.” 31 U.S.C. § 3727(b) (2012). Defendant’s argument is premised on an
exchange that occurred during the briefing of its motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ fee application. In
their fee application, plaintiffs state: “Fees received by Plaintiffs will be passed along to their
counsel. With respect to fees due Morgan Lewis, such fees will be donated to charitable and
legal services organizations (including NVLSP), in accordance with the policy set forth in the
American Bar Association’s Model Rules of Professional Conduct.” Fee Appl. 24. Based on
this statement, defendant, in a footnote in its motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ fee application,
expressed its concern that plaintiffs’ fee application may not be proper:

       [W]e also question whether [the fee application] even qualifies as an attorney fee
       application. The source of our concern is the application itself, which states that it
       is not being filed to recoup attorney fees (indeed counsel worked pro bono) but to
       fund a contribution to “charitable and legal services organizations” of the
       attorneys’ choosing.[] However, the clear language of the EAJA statute provides
       that attorney fees are paid to the prevailing party, not the attorney.

Mot. to Dismiss 6 n.4 (citation omitted). In response, plaintiffs stated that defendant’s concern
was unwarranted because “the retention arrangements in this case include assignment provisions
regarding fee awards.” Resp. to Mot. to Dismiss 13. From this statement, and the fact that

                                                 -15-
attorneys’ fees under the EAJA belong to the prevailing party, defendant concludes that plaintiffs
have violated the Antiassignment Act.

         As defendant correctly notes, under the EAJA, attorneys’ fees and expenses are to be
awarded to the prevailing party, and not the party’s attorneys. 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(A); Astrue
v. Ratliff, 560 U.S. 586, 591-93 (2010). Defendant is also correct when it avers that a party
cannot, prior to a claim’s resolution, assign an interest in the claim to its attorneys as payment for
their services. 31 U.S.C. § 3727(b); Nutt v. Knut, 200 U.S. 12, 20 (1906) (holding that a party’s
agreement with her attorney that the attorney would have a lien upon her claim against the United
States to ensure the payment of the his fees violated the Antiassignment Act, and explaining: “In
giving that lien from the outset, before the allowance of the claim, and before any services had
been rendered by the attorney, the contract, in effect, gave him an interest or share in the claim
itself and in any evidence of indebtedness issued by the government on account of it. In effect or
by its operation it transferred or assigned to the attorney, in advance of the allowance of the
claim, such an interest as would secure the payment of the fee stipulated to be paid. All this was
contrary to the statute[.]”); Kearney v. United States, 285 F.2d 797, 800 (Ct. Cl. 1961) (“[A]
contract between an attorney and a client which gives the attorney an interest in the client’s claim
against the Government is exactly what the anti-assignment statute forbids.”).

        However, courts have long recognized that certain types of agreements between parties
and their attorneys do not violate the Antiassignment Act. For example, in Nutt, the United
States Supreme Court (“Supreme Court”) held that a party’s agreement to pay her attorney one
third of the amount recovered on her claim against the United States did not violate the
Antiassignment Act because the “agreement did not give the attorney any interest or share in the
claim itself, nor any interest in the particular money paid over to the claimant by the
government.” 200 U.S. at 20. In addition, in Phillips v. General Services Administration, 924
F.2d 1577 (Fed. Cir. 1991) (per curiam), the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit (“Federal Circuit”) held that a party’s agreement to pay her attorney $2500 and “whatever
additional fee that might be allowed” to her for his services did not violate the Antiassignment
Act. Id. at 1579. The court explained:

       [W]e construe the fee arrangement between [the party] and her attorney to mean
       that if an award of attorney fees is obtained on her behalf she is obligated to turn it
       over to her attorney. In this sense, [the party] incurs the attorney fees that may be
       awarded her. On the other hand, if no fee award is made to her, she does not have
       any obligation to pay any further fees to her attorney from her own resources.
       Inherent in the agreement is an intention on the part of [the party] to be obligated
       to her counsel for fees properly obtainable under the statute.

Id. at 1582-83. And, the United States Court of Federal Claims (“Court of Federal Claims”) has
distinguished between the assignment of substantive claims and the assignment of any litigation
proceeds, holding that the former violates the Antiassignment Act, while the latter does not. First

                                                -16-
Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n of Rochester v. United States, 58 Fed. Cl. 139, 156-59 (2003). Indeed,
the court specifically remarked that “[a]rrangements between non-governmental parties
concerning payment of litigation costs . . . is a private matter between the parties, not a
contravention of the [Antiassignment Act].” Id. at 157.

        The Supreme Court in Ratliff did not overrule the holdings of Nutt, Phillips, or First
Federal Savings & Loan, even upon holding that under the EAJA, attorneys’ fees and expenses
are to be awarded to the prevailing party, and not the party’s attorneys. See 560 U.S. at 591-93.
Indeed, after reaching that conclusion, the Supreme Court acknowledged the federal
government’s continued practice of directing the payment of an EAJA award to a party’s attorney
when the party does not owe a debt to the United States and has assigned its right to the award to
the attorney, but did not address whether the practice would be impermissible under the
Antiassignment Act. Id. at 597-98. Rather, it noted both “the practical reality that attorneys are
the beneficiaries and, almost always, the ultimate recipients of the fees that the statute awards to
‘prevailing part[ies],’” and the necessity of “contractual and other assignment-based[] rights that
typically confer upon the attorney the entitlement to payment of the fees award the statute confers
on the prevailing litigant.” Id. at 598.

        Defendant does not address the holdings of Nutt, Phillips, or First Federal Savings &
Loan. Nor does it address the Supreme Court’s failure to denounce the common practice of
EAJA award assignments in Ratliff. Rather, defendant relies on an unpublished order from the
United States District Court for the District of Arizona in which the court declined to pay an
EAJA award directly to the plaintiff’s attorney notwithstanding the fact that the plaintiff had
assigned her rights to any EAJA award to her attorney. See Alexander v. Astrue, No. CV11-
02465-PHX-DGC, 2012 WL 5989450, at *2-3 (D. Ariz. Nov. 29, 2012). The court
acknowledged that “district courts in other circuits [had] ordered fees paid directly to counsel so
long as the government [was] afforded an opportunity to offset any preexisting debt owed by the
plaintiff, and the plaintiff [had] assigned all rights in the fee award to counsel.” Id. at *2.
Nevertheless, it concluded that the assignment violated the Antiassignment Act. Id. at *3.

         This court is not persuaded that the holding in Alexander is, as defendant contends,
applicable in this case. First, defendant’s argument that plaintiffs’ fee application is barred by
the Antiassignment Act is based solely on plaintiffs’ representation that the retention agreements
contain “assignment provisions regarding fee awards.” Plaintiffs acknowledge that they
“assigned to counsel their interests in the proceeds of any fee awards.” Fee Appl. Reply 7.
However, the precise language of the assignment provisions at issue is not before the court, and
plaintiffs have not requested, either in their fee application or their supplemental fee application,
that the court order any EAJA award be paid directly to their attorneys. Accordingly, there is no
evidence that the assignment provisions do anything more than reflect plaintiffs’ agreement that
their attorneys are entitled to any award of attorneys’ fees and expenses that plaintiffs might
receive under the EAJA–a type of agreement that the Antiassignment Act does not forbid. See
Phillips, 924 F.2d at 1582-83; accord Ratliff, 560 U.S. at 597-98.

                                                -17-
        Second, defendant has acquiesced to plaintiffs’ assignment of their rights to an EAJA
award to their attorneys. It is well settled that the federal government’s recognition of an
assignment constitutes a waiver of the Antiassignment Act. See Delmarva Power & Light Co. v.
United States, 542 F.3d 889, 893-94 (Fed. Cir. 2008). Such recognition can be expressly stated
or inferred from the government’s conduct. See Tuftco Corp. v. United States, 614 F.2d 740,
745 (Ct. Cl. 1980); Ins. Co. of the W. v. United States, 100 Fed. Cl. 58, 66 (2011); see also
Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464 (1938) (“A waiver is ordinarily an intentional
relinquishment or abandonment of a known right or privilege.”). The Notice of Class Action,
which was jointly proposed by the parties and approved by the court in December 2009, reflected
that any award of attorneys’ fees and expenses would be paid to plaintiffs’ attorneys. In other
words, defendant was aware that plaintiffs had agreed to assign any award of attorneys’ fees and
expenses to their attorneys, and rather than object to that provision of the Notice, it acquiesced to
the assignment. Therefore, defendant waived the application of the Antiassignment Act.

         Finally, none of the purposes of the Antiassignment Act would have been implicated if
plaintiffs had requested, pursuant to an assignment agreement, that any EAJA award be paid to
their attorneys. In Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. v. United States, the Supreme Court summarized
the purposes of the Antiassignment Act:

       Its primary purpose was undoubtedly to prevent persons of influence from buying
       up claims against the United States, which might then be improperly urged upon
       officers of the Government. Another purpose . . . was to prevent possible multiple
       payment of claims, to make unnecessary the investigation of alleged assignments,
       and to enable the Government to deal only with the original claimant.

338 U.S. 366, 373 (1949) (footnote and citation omitted); accord Nutt, 200 U.S. at 20 (“[The
Antiassignment Act’s] obvious purpose . . . was to forbid anyone who was a stranger to the
original transaction to come between the claimant and the government, prior to the allowance of
a claim . . . .”); cf. Tuftco Corp., 614 F.2d at 744-45 (“Over time, the courts, sensitive to the
purposes of the [Antiassignment Act], exempted from [its] broad reach certain assignments when
it was concluded assignment did not present the danger the statutes were designed to obviate.”).
Plaintiffs’ assignment to their attorneys of any EAJA award they might receive raises no danger
that third parties–not involved in the underlying dispute–could buy plaintiffs’ claims to pursue on
their own behalf. Nor would such an assignment result in the multiple payment of
claims–because plaintiffs’ attorneys worked pro bono, plaintiffs would have no incentive to seek
an award of attorneys’ fees and expenses after assigning their right to any such award to their
attorneys. And, an assignment in these circumstances would not require an investigation of the
assignment, since defendant was already aware that plaintiffs intended to assign their rights to an
EAJA award to their attorneys.

         The court is also not persuaded by defendant’s contention that plaintiffs’ assignment of
their rights to an EAJA award undermines defendant’s ability to exercise its right of offset
against such an award. As defendant notes, EAJA awards are subject to administrative offset by

                                                -18-
the federal government. See Ratliff, 560 U.S. at 589-90. Defendant asserts that a “majority of
the Sabo plaintiffs” owe money to the federal government, Fee Appl. Resp. 14, “primarily due to
the fact that many Sabo plaintiffs received severance pay when they were separated and this
payment must be recouped prior to receiving any retirement pay that might be due as a result of
the [settlement] agreement,” id. at 14 n.5.14 As plaintiffs note, however, the recoupment of
severance pay is provided for in the settlement agreement, which incorporates the recoupment
procedures set forth in DoD 700.14-R. Therefore, severance pay would not be deducted from
any EAJA award. Additionally, defendant has not identified any other debts owed by the seven
named plaintiffs that it would seek to recover from an EAJA award. Finally, as noted above,
plaintiffs have not requested that any EAJA award be paid directly to their attorneys; because any
EAJA award would be paid to plaintiffs, defendant could exercise its setoff rights against the
award. Thus, the court cannot conclude that defendant’s setoff rights would be adversely
affected by plaintiffs’ assignment of their rights to an EAJA award to their attorneys.

       In sum, plaintiffs’ fee application is not barred by the Antiassignment Act. Accordingly,
the court turns its attention to whether the requirements of the EAJA have been satisfied.

    B. Plaintiffs Are Eligible to Recover Attorneys’ Fees and Expenses Under the EAJA

         As a threshold matter, plaintiffs must establish their eligibility for an EAJA award.
Specifically, each plaintiff must demonstrate that his or her net worth did not exceed $2,000,000
at the time the lawsuit was filed. 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(2)(B). In their fee application, as
supported by sworn declarations, plaintiffs represent that they each had a net worth of less than
$2,000,000 at the time this lawsuit was filed. Indeed, defendant does not dispute that any of the
named plaintiffs are ineligible for an EAJA award based on the net worth requirement.
Accordingly, the court concludes that plaintiffs have satisfied the EAJA eligibility requirement.

                               C. Plaintiffs Are Prevailing Parties

         In addition to establishing their eligibility for an EAJA award, plaintiffs must demonstrate
that they are prevailing parties. See id. § 2412(d)(1)(A); Davis v. Nicholson, 475 F.3d 1360,
1366 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (“The EAJA applicant has the burden of proving he is a prevailing party.”).
“[A] ‘prevailing party’ is one who has been awarded some relief by the court” that materially
alters the legal relationship of the parties.15 Buckhannon Bd. & Care Home, Inc. v. W. Va. Dep’t

       14
          Defendant defines “Sabo plaintiffs” as “the named plaintiffs,” and not as the entire
class. See Fee Appl. Resp. 2.
       15
          The EAJA contains a definition of “prevailing party,” but it relates only to eminent
domain proceedings. See 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(2)(H) (explaining that “‘prevailing party’, in the
case of eminent domain proceedings, means a party who obtains a final judgment (other than by
settlement), exclusive of interest, the amount of which is at least as close to the highest valuation
of the property involved that is attested to at trial on behalf of the property owner as it is to the

                                                -19-
of Health & Human Res., 532 U.S. 598, 603-04 (2001); accord id. at 605 (requiring the change in
the parties’ relationship to have a “judicial imprimatur”); Brickwood Contractors, Inc. v. United
States, 288 F.3d 1371, 1378 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (holding that Buckhannon’s definition of
“prevailing party” applies to the EAJA). Such relief includes an enforceable judgment on the
merits, a court-ordered consent decree, “or the equivalent of either of those.” Rice Servs., Ltd. v.
United States, 405 F.3d 1017, 1025 (Fed. Cir. 2005); accord Buckhannon, 532 U.S. at 604.

        Plaintiffs contend that they are prevailing parties by virtue of the court’s approval of the
parties’ settlement agreement in December 2011. Specifically, they note that (1) under the terms
of the settlement agreement, all of the class members obtained relief on the merits of their
claims; (2) the parties agreed in paragraph thirty-three of the settlement agreement that the terms
of the settlement agreement would be adopted as an order of the court; and (3) the court, in its
decision approving the settlement, ordered that the settlement agreement be approved and
expressly retained jurisdiction over the class members’ claims to ensure the settlement’s
implementation. Defendant disputes plaintiffs’ contention that they are prevailing parties,
arguing that the relief that plaintiffs obtained was the result of its own voluntary conduct.16 In
particular, it contends:

       [T]he parties voluntarily settled the case, the United States voluntarily changed its
       practices regarding implementation of the VASRD, the United States voluntarily
       determined that when effectuating its new policy regarding the application of
       certain VASRD provisions it would allow corrections board[s] to apply them
       retroactively, and the United States voluntarily determined that it would apply
       these new policies to the named plaintiffs and other former service members who
       met the regulatory provisions.

highest valuation of the property involved that is attested to at trial on behalf of the
Government”).
       16
           Defendant also argues that plaintiffs are not prevailing parties because they did not
obtain the relief that they sought in their amended complaint–a “permanent disability rating of 50
percent.” Fee Appl. Resp. 15. It asserts that plaintiffs describe this relief in paragraphs 62, 73,
87, and 132 of their amended complaint. Each of those paragraphs relates to a separate plaintiff,
and contains language substantially similar to the following: “Sgt. Sabo’s PTSD was rated at
only 10% disability despite the fact that the federal law and the VASRD dictate that a service
member, who, like Sgt. Sabo, is found unfit for duty due to PTSD must receive a minimum 50%
disability rating.” Am. Compl. ¶ 62; accord id. ¶¶ 73 (Nicholas Wells), 87 (Juan Perez), 132
(Tyler Einarson). Similar language for the other three plaintiffs was also included in the
amended complaint. See id. ¶¶ 102 (Alan Pitts), 115 (Billy J. Talley), 125 (Aimee Sherrod).
None of this language reflects a request for a 50% permanent disability rating. Rather, plaintiffs
are averring that they should have received a disability rating in accordance with the VASRD,
which requires a six-month 50% disability rating for PTSD.

                                                 -20-
Fee Appl. Resp. 16. As a result, asserts defendant, plaintiffs cannot establish that the court
materially altered the relationship of the parties when it approved the settlement agreement
pursuant to RCFC 23(e) and retained jurisdiction to ensure the settlement’s implementation. In
their reply, plaintiffs contend that defendant both misconstrues the significance of the settlement
agreement and the controlling precedent, and improperly characterizes the relief they obtained as
resulting from voluntary conduct.

        Because the court has not issued a judgment on the merits or a consent decree, plaintiffs
may be considered prevailing parties only if the court has issued an order that is equivalent to a
judgment or consent decree. Rice Servs., 405 F.3d at 1025. Plaintiffs do not contend that the
court issued an order equivalent to a judgment on the merits. Thus, the court must determine
whether it has issued an order that is equivalent to a consent decree. A consent decree is a court
order that

       embodies an agreement of the parties and thus in some respects is contractual in
       nature. But it is an agreement that the parties desire and expect will be reflected
       in, and be enforceable as, a judicial decree that is subject to the rules generally
       applicable to other judgments and decrees.

Rufo v. Inmates of the Suffolk Cty. Jail, 502 U.S. 367, 378 (1992). The court agrees with
plaintiffs that the December 22, 2011 Opinion and Order, especially when read in conjunction
with the subsequent orders in which the court dismissed the claims of class members who had
received relief pursuant to the terms of the settlement agreement, is the functional equivalent of a
consent decree.

        In its December 22, 2011 Opinion and Order, the court approved the settlement–which
provided that each class member would, at a minimum, have his or her military records corrected
to reflect a 50% disability rating for PTSD for a six-month period–pursuant to RCFC 23(e). The
court also provided that it would “retain jurisdiction over the claims in [the] case in order to
ensure the settlement’s implementation.” Sabo, 102 Fed. Cl. at 630. Then, in every order
dismissing the claims of class members who had received relief pursuant to the terms of the
settlement agreement, the court, at the parties’ request and as contemplated in paragraph thirty-
three of the settlement agreement (“The terms of this Settlement Agreement are adopted as an
order of the Court . . . .”), expressly incorporated the terms of the settlement agreement. By
approving a settlement agreement that required defendant to correct the military records of every
class member, and retaining jurisdiction to ensure that the settlement was fully implemented, the
court, in essence, awarded relief to plaintiffs that materially altered the parties’ legal
relationship.17 This conclusion is buttressed by the fact that the court incorporated the terms of

       17
           This conclusion is supported by case law from other circuits. See, e.g., Hutchinson v.
Patrick, 636 F.3d 1, 9-11 (1st Cir. 2011) (holding that the district court’s order approving a
settlement agreement pursuant to Rule 23(e) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (“FRCP”)
was functionally equivalent to a consent decree because the order altered the parties’ legal

                                                -21-
the settlement agreement into every order dismissing the claims of class members who had
received the relief to which they were entitled pursuant to the agreement. See Hutchinson, 636
F.3d at 9 (construing the district court’s order approving the settlement “in light of both the
content of the [Settlement] Agreement itself and its entire context”); Aronov v. Napolitano, 562
F.3d 84, 92 (1st Cir. 2009) (en banc) (“Whether an order contains a sufficient judicial imprimatur

relationship, reflected a “sufficient appraisal of the merits of the purposes of the imprimatur
requirement,” and indicated that the district court “expressly retained jurisdiction over the case”);
id. at 11 n.3 (“[T]he mere fact that a settlement is subject to court approval does not in itself
supply the necessary ingredients for prevailing party status. It is the presence of continuing
judicial oversight that pushes the ball across the goal line and thus suffices to give a settlement
the required judicial imprimatur.”); Davy v. CIA, 456 F.3d 162, 166 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (holding
that the court order at issue was “functionally a settlement agreement enforced through a consent
decree” because it contained mandatory language, was titled “order,” and bore the district court
judge’s signature); Bell v. Bd. of Cty. Comm’rs, 451 F.3d 1097, 1103 (10th Cir. 2006) (“[I]f a
court does not incorporate a private settlement into an order, does not sign or otherwise provide
written approval of the settlement’s terms, and does not retain jurisdiction to enforce
performance of the obligations assumed by the settling parties, the settlement ‘does not bear any
of the marks of a consent decree’ and does not confer prevailing party status on the party whose
claims have been compromised.” (quoting T.D. v. LaGrange Sch. Dist. No. 102, 349 F.3d 469,
479 (7th Cir. 2003))); T.D., 349 F.3d at 478-79 (agreeing that “some settlement agreements, even
though not explicitly labeled as a ‘consent decree[,]’ may confer ‘prevailing party’ status[] if they
are sufficiently analogous to a consent decree,” but holding that the settlement agreement at issue
was not sufficiently analogous because it was not “embodied in a court order or judgment,” it did
not bear “the district court judge’s signature,” and the district court did not retain jurisdiction to
enforce it); Truesdell v. Phila. Hous. Auth., 290 F.3d 159, 165 (3d Cir. 2002) (holding that a
court order that (1) “contains mandatory language,” (2) “is entitled ‘Order,’” (3) “bears the
signature of the District Court judge,” and (4) gives the plaintiff “the right to request judicial
enforcement of the settlement against” the defendant renders the plaintiff a prevailing party);
Am. Disability Ass’n v. Chmielarz, 289 F.3d 1315, 1320 (11th Cir. 2002) (“A formal consent
decree is unnecessary . . . because the explicit retention of jurisdiction or the court’s order
specifically approving the terms of the settlement are, for these purposes, the functional
equivalent of the entry of a consent decree.”); Smyth v. Rivero, 282 F.3d 268, 285 (4th Cir.
2002) (“[T]he judicial approval and oversight identified by the Supreme Court as involved in
consent decrees are lacking where, as here, a settlement agreement . . . is neither incorporated
explicitly in the terms of the district court’s dismissal order nor the subject of a provision
retaining jurisdiction.”). But see Christina A. v. Bloomberg, 315 F.3d 990, 993-94 (8th Cir.
2003) (interpreting Buckhannon as requiring “either an enforceable judgment on the merits or a
consent decree” and, as a result, holding that the approval of a class action settlement agreement
pursuant to FRCP 23(e) “fails to impose the necessary ‘imprimatur’ on the agreement,” that “the
district court’s approval of the settlement agreement [did] not, by itself, create a consent decree,”
and that the district court’s express retention of jurisdiction to enforce the settlement agreement
“alone is not enough to establish a judicial ‘imprimatur’ on the settlement contract”).

                                                -22-
can only be determined by determining the content of the order against the entire context before
the court.”); Smyth, 282 F.3d at 279 (indicating an intent to determine “whether the [settlement]
agreement and the district court’s order below were, in combination, equivalent to a consent
decree”). Given the entirety of the court’s proceedings with respect to the settlement agreement,
there can be little doubt that the parties’ settlement agreement had the necessary judicial
imprimatur to satisfy the prevailing party requirement.

        Defendant’s arguments regarding the voluntary nature of its conduct are misplaced. In
any case where the litigants are pursuing a settlement, when a settlement is reached that provides
a plaintiff with some relief, the defendant necessarily has voluntarily agreed to provide that relief.
If the court does not thereafter issue an order approving the settlement, the plaintiff’s lawsuit
would be considered merely the catalyst for the defendant’s changed conduct, foreclosing the
plaintiff’s ability to be deemed the prevailing party. See Buckhannon, 532 U.S. at 605 (“A
defendant’s voluntary change in conduct, although perhaps accomplishing what the plaintiff
sought to achieve by the lawsuit, lacks the necessary judicial imprimatur on the change.”), 606
(“We cannot agree that the term ‘prevailing party’ authorizes federal courts to award attorney’s
fees to a plaintiff who, by simply filing a nonfrivolous but nonetheless potentially meritless
lawsuit (it will never be determined), has reached the ‘sought-after destination’ without obtaining
any judicial relief.”); see also Rice Servs., 405 F.3d at 1026-28 & n.5 (holding that an order in
which a court acknowledged an agency’s intent to take corrective action, directed the agency to
take the corrective action, granted the government’s motion to dismiss the lawsuit as moot, and
dismissed the lawsuit “without prejudice to the assertion of any new protest action addressed to
the remedial action in progress” was not the equivalent of a consent decree, and that the
plaintiff’s lawsuit merely served as a catalyst for the agency’s voluntary change in conduct).
However, a plaintiff’s lawsuit is more than just a catalyst for the defendant’s changed conduct
when it results in a court order in which the court expressly approves the parties’ settlement
agreement and retains jurisdiction to ensure the settlement’s implementation. In such
circumstances, the lawsuit results in court-ordered relief that materially alters the parties’ legal
relationship; the voluntary nature of defendant’s changed conduct becomes irrelevant.

       In sum, plaintiffs have established that they are prevailing parties under the EAJA.

                D. The Government’s Position Was Not Substantially Justified

         Once a plaintiff establishes that it is a prevailing party, the burden shifts to the defendant
to prove that “the position of the United States was substantially justified . . . .” 28 U.S.C.
§ 2412(d)(1)(A); see Scarborough v. Principi, 541 U.S. 401, 403 (2004); RAMCOR Servs. Grp.,
Inc. v. United States, 185 F.3d 1286, 1288 (Fed. Cir. 1999). The “‘position of the United States’
means, in addition to the position taken by the United States in the civil action, the action or
failure to act by the agency upon which the civil action is based[.]” 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(2)(D).
Although a court examines both prelitigation and litigation conduct when evaluating the
“position of the United States,” id., it “need make only one finding about the justification of that

                                                 -23-
position,” Comm’r, INS v. Jean, 496 U.S. 154, 159 (1990); see also id. (“[O]nly one threshold
determination for the entire civil action is to be made.”).

         For a court to conclude that the government’s position was “substantially justified,” 28
U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(A), the position must be “justified to a degree that could satisfy a reasonable
person,” Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 565 (1988); accord id. at 566 n.2 (“[A] position can
be justified even though it is not correct, and we believe it can be substantially (i.e., for the most
part) justified if a reasonable person could think it correct, that is, if it has a reasonable basis in
law and fact.”); see also id. at 566 (“To be ‘substantially justified’ means . . . more than merely
undeserving of sanctions for frivolousness[.]”). Because courts examine “the entirety of the
government’s conduct” in determining whether “the overall position of the United States” was
substantially justified, Chiu v. United States, 948 F.2d 711, 715 (Fed. Cir. 1991), a court may
determine that the government’s position was not substantially justified if the government’s
justified conduct is outweighed by its unjustified conduct, see id. at 715 n.4 (“It is for the trial
court to weigh each position taken and conclude which way the scale tips . . . .”); accord United
States v. $19,047.00 in U.S. Currency, 95 F.3d 248, 252 (2d Cir. 1996) (“[T]he Government’s
prelitigation conduct or its litigation position could be sufficiently unreasonable by itself to
render the entire Government position not ‘substantially justified.’” (citing Marcus v. Shalala, 17
F.3d 1033, 1036 (7th Cir. 1994) (“[F]ees may be awarded in cases where the government’s
prelitigation conduct was not substantially justified even though its litigating position may have
been substantially justified and vice versa. In other words, the fact that the government’s
litigating position was substantially justified does not necessarily offset prelitigation conduct that
was without a reasonable basis.”))).18

       18
           Indeed, as noted in Jean, the legislative history of the 1985 amendment to the EAJA
suggests that a finding of unjustified agency action, even in light of a reasonable litigation
position, should lead to the conclusion that the government’s position was not substantially
justified. See H.R. Rep. No. 98-992, at 9 (1984) (“[T]he congressional intent is to provide for
attorney fees when an unjustifiable agency action forces litigation, and the agency then tries to
avoid such liability by reasonable behavior during the litigation.”), quoted in Jean, 496 U.S. at
159 n.7; accord Jean, 496 U.S. at 165 (“The ‘substantial justification’ requirement of the EAJA
establishes a clear threshold for determining a prevailing party’s eligibility for fees, one that
properly focuses on the governmental misconduct giving rise to the litigation.”). However, as
explained by the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, the federal courts of
appeals have not reached a consensus regarding whether a finding that an agency’s prelitigation
conduct was not substantially justified requires a finding that the government’s position overall
was not substantially justified:

       [W]e now turn to the more challenging question of how to assess substantial
       justification when the government’s prelitigation position was unreasonable but
       its litigation position was reasonable. For this analysis, we can draw guidance
       from the views of our sister circuits, who have addressed the question directly,
       albeit with differing results. Some have gone as far as stating that a reasonable

                                                 -24-
         Overall, “[w]hether or not the position of the United States was substantially justified
shall be determined on the basis of the record (including the record with respect to the action or
failure to act by the agency upon which the civil action is based) which is made in the civil action
for which fees and other expenses are sought.” 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(B). Thus, in evaluating
whether the government’s position was substantially justified, courts should not consider any
evidence that was not part of the record before the agency or that was not submitted to the court
in conjunction with proceedings on the merits of the parties’ claims and defenses. See Libas,
Ltd. v. United States, 314 F.3d 1362, 1366 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (holding that the substantial
justification “determination should be based on the record before the trial court, without any
additional submissions by the parties”); id. at 1366 n.1 (“The record before the trial court
includes not only the actual record, but also . . . any insights which the trial court may have
gleaned from settlement conferences or other pretrial activities that are not conveyed by the
actual record.”); Energy Capital Corp. v. United States, 47 Fed. Cl. 214, 220 (2000) (“Whether a
party is entitled to attorneys’ fees under Section 2412(d) is determined by examining ‘the record
. . . which is made in the civil action.’ By this restriction, Congress has instructed trial courts to
look for evidence exclusively in the record at trial.” (citation omitted)); accord United States v.
1,378.65 Acres of Land, 794 F.2d 1313, 1319 (8th Cir. 1986) (holding that the trial court, in
adjudicating an EAJA application, should not have considered evidence that was not before the
commission that rendered the underlying decision). This limitation aligns with the Supreme
Court’s admonition that an application for attorneys’ fees and expenses “should not result in a
second major litigation.” Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 437 (1983); see also Patrick v.
Shinseki, 668 F.3d 1325, 1333 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (“While resolution of the question of whether to
award attorney fees ‘should not result in a second major litigation,’ a determination as to whether
the government’s position was substantially justified requires a thorough evaluation of the legal
and factual support for the position that it adopted.” (citations omitted)).

           1. The Military’s Prelitigation Position Was Not Substantially Justified

        The court begins its analysis by evaluating whether the military’s failure, prior to October
2008, to apply VASRD § 4.129 to service members deemed unfit for duty due to PTSD was
substantially justified. In contending that the military’s prelitigation position was substantially
justified, defendant advances three arguments that the court addresses in turn.

       litigation position can never cure an unreasonable prelitigation stance. . . . Other
       circuits have emphasized the importance of the prelitigation position without
       creating a bright-line rule.

United States v. 515 Granby, LLC, 736 F.3d 309, 315-16 (4th Cir. 2013) (footnote and citations
omitted). The Federal Circuit has not addressed the issue.

                                                -25-
               a. VASRD § 4.129 Was Applicable to the Military Prior to 2008

        Defendant first argues that the military’s prelitigation position was substantially justified
because VASRD § 4.129 was not applicable to the military prior to the enactment of the 2008
NDAA. In particular, defendant asserts that prior to 2008, Department of Defense and military
department regulations provided that “most portions” of the VASRD applied to the military, but
that pursuant to 10 U.S.C. § 1216, the Department of Defense and military departments “were
authorized to modify certain applications of the VASRD . . . .” Fee Appl. Resp. 22. Defendant
contends that in accordance with this authority, the Department of Defense declared in paragraph
4.2 of DoDI 1332.39 that the sections of the VASRD that are “internal [VA] procedures or
practices” did not apply to the military departments. According to defendant, VASRD § 4.129
constitutes such an internal VA procedure or practice.

        The court rejects defendant’s characterization of VASRD § 4.129. As an initial matter,
defendant disregards the plain language of the relevant statutory provisions governing the
separation and retirement of service members with at least thirty days of active duty service who
are deemed unfit for duty–10 U.S.C. §§ 1201-1203. Under these statutory provisions, the
determination of whether a service member should be separated, placed on the TDRL, or retired
depends, in part, on the disability rating assigned to the service member “under the standard
schedule of rating disabilities in use by the [VA] at the time of the determination.” 10 U.S.C.
§§ 1201(b)(3)(B), 1203(b)(4)(A)-(C); accord id. § 1202 (incorporating the standard set forth in
10 U.S.C. § 1201). In other words, pursuant to these statutory provisions, the military
departments are required to use the VASRD when assigning disability ratings to service members
deemed unfit for duty.19 Accord McHenry v. United States, 367 F.3d 1370, 1378-79 (Fed. Cir.
2004) (noting that 10 U.S.C. §§ 1201 and 1204 require that disability ratings “be based on the
VASRD”). Moreover, none of these statutory provisions includes an exception to the use of the
VASRD. In light of the statutory mandate and the absence of any statutory exceptions, the
military departments are precluded from creating an exception through regulation,

       19
           The 2008 NDAA reinforces the conclusion that the military departments were
obligated to use the VASRD when assigning disability ratings to service members deemed unfit
for duty. In the that Act, Congress added a new section to chapter 61 of title 10 of the United
States Code–§ 1216a–that provided: “In making a determination of disability of a member of the
armed forces for purposes of this chapter, the Secretary concerned . . . shall, to the extent
feasible, utilize the schedule for rating disabilities in use by the [VA] . . . .” 10 U.S.C.
§ 1216a(1). This language is substantially similar to the language that already existed in other
provisions of chapter 61. See, e.g., id. § 1201(b) (indicating that a Secretary of a military
department must determine that “the disability is at least 30 percent under the standard schedule
of rating disabilities in use by the [VA] at the time of the determination”). Thus, § 1216a(1) was
reiterating an existing obligation, not creating a new one.

                                                -26-
notwithstanding their authority to promulgate regulations to implement the statutory provisions.20
See Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 842-43 & n.9 (1984)
(holding that if the intent of Congress is clear from the language of the statute, then the court and
the agency must give effect to that intent); Fed. Election Comm’n v. Democratic Senatorial
Campaign Comm., 454 U.S. 27, 32 (1981) (“[Courts] must reject administrative constructions of
the statute . . . that are inconsistent with the statutory mandate or that frustrate the policy that
Congress sought to implement.”). Thus, while the Secretaries of the military departments have
“all powers, functions, and duties incident to the determination” of service members’ “percentage
of disability,” 10 U.S.C. § 1216(b), and are authorized to issue regulations bearing on such
determinations, id. § 1216(a), they cannot issue regulations precluding the use of the ratings set
forth in the VASRD.

        Indeed, paragraph 4.2 of DoDI 1332.39 reflects the Department of Defense’s
understanding that the military departments are required to use the ratings set forth in the
VASRD. That paragraph specifically provides that “Chapter 61 of [10 U.S.C.] establishes the
[VASRD] as the standard for assigning percentage ratings.” It then differentiates the provisions
of the VASRD that contain such ratings from the provisions that contain policies, procedures,
and practices applicable only to the VA, indicating that the latter provisions are not applicable to
the military departments. According to defendant, VASRD § 4.129 is not a disability rating, but
is instead an internal VA procedure or practice that is not applicable to the military departments.
Defendant is mistaken, for two reasons.

        First, defendant misapplies paragraph 4.2 of DoDI 1332.39–which provides that the
portions of the VASRD “that refer to internal [VA] procedures or practices” are not applicable to
the military departments–to VASRD § 4.129. As set forth above, VASRD § 4.129 provides:

       When a mental disorder that develops in service as a result of a highly stressful
       event is severe enough to bring about the veteran’s release from active military
       service, the rating agency shall assign an evaluation of not less than 50 percent
       and schedule an examination within the six month period following the veteran’s
       discharge to determine whether a change in evaluation is warranted.

38 C.F.R. § 4.129. On its face, this provision neither constitutes nor refers to an internal VA
procedure or practice.

       20
            In Haskins v. United States, the court held that “[n]othing in 10 U.S.C. § 1201
prohibits the Army from applying its own regulations as a guide to . . . rating physical
disabilities.” 51 Fed. Cl. 818, 825 (2002); see also O’Neil v. United States, 6 Cl. Ct. 317, 321
(1984) (“It is clear from the Department [of Defense]’s enunciated policy that the VA schedules
are not to be strictly construed, but are to be used as a guide in determining the individual’s
impairment in earning capacity in civil occupations resulting from his disease(s).”). The court
did not conclude, as defendant implies, that the military departments could, through regulation,
alter the statutory mandate to use the VASRD when rating service members’ disabilities.

                                                -27-
         Second, contrary to defendant’s assertion, VASRD § 4.129 does mandate a particular
disability rating: it requires rating agencies to assign at least a 50% disability rating when a
service member is deemed unfit for duty due to traumatic stress. Indeed, VASRD § 4.129
appears to be a minimum rating–a type of VASRD disability rating that the military has
embraced. See DoDI 1332.39, ¶ 6.10.2 (“In some instances the VASRD provides a ‘minimum
rating’ without qualifications as to residuals or impairment. Diagnosis alone is sufficient to
justify the minimum rating. . . . Although higher ratings may be awarded in consonance with
degree of severity, no rating lower than the ‘minimum’ may be used if the diagnosis is
satisfactorily established.”). Thus, the fact that the 50% disability rating mandated by VASRD
§ 4.129 is not based on the severity of a service member’s PTSD does not, as defendant suggests,
disqualify VASRD § 4.129 from constituting a disability rating.21

        In sum, because the military departments were required by statute to apply the VASRD
when assigning disability ratings, and because VASRD § 4.129 constitutes a disability rating and
not an internal VA procedure or practice, VASRD § 4.129 was applicable to the military prior to
the enactment of the 2008 NDAA.

                       b. VASRD § 4.129 Is Not a Convalescent Rating

        Defendant next argues that the military’s prelitigation position was substantially justified
because the military reasonably considered VASRD § 4.129 to be analogous to a convalescent
rating, a type of rating that the Department of Defense deemed inapplicable to the military
departments’ rating of service member disabilities. Defendant’s argument lacks merit.

        As noted above, the Department of Defense’s rejection of convalescent ratings is set forth
in paragraph 6.7 of DoDI 1332.39:

       Under certain diagnostic codes, the VASRD provides for a convalescent rating to
       be awarded for specified periods of time without regard to the actual degree of
       impairment of function. SUCH RATINGS DO NOT APPLY TO THE
       MILITARY DEPARTMENTS. Convalescence will ordinarily have been
       completed by the time optimum hospital improvement (for disposition purposes)
       has been attained. If not, rate according to the manifest impairment.

       21
           Plaintiffs contend that the 50% disability rating mandated by VASRD § 4.129 is based
on the severity of a service member’s PTSD, relying on the provision’s reference to the PTSD
being “severe enough to bring about the veteran’s release from active military service . . . .”
However, a PTSD diagnosis can lead to a service member’s separation from active duty
regardless of the severity of the PTSD. Thus, the 50% disability rating mandated by VASRD
§ 4.129 is not tied to the actual severity of a service member’s PTSD.

                                                -28-
However, neither the Department of Defense nor the military departments have issued
regulations characterizing VASRD § 4.129 as a convalescent rating.22 Moreover, even if the
military had done so, such a characterization is belied by the plain language of the VASRD.

        As described in VASRD § 4.30, a convalescent rating is a 100% total disability rating
assigned without regard to other provisions of the VASRD when treatment for a disability
resulted in (1) “[s]urgery necessitating at least one month of convalescence”; (2) “[s]urgery with
severe postoperative residual[]” effects; or (3) “[i]mmobilization by cast, without surgery,” of at
least one major joint. 38 C.F.R. § 4.30. VASRD § 4.129 neither requires a 100% total disability
rating nor concerns a disability that requires treatment with surgery or a cast. Further, the portion
of the VASRD related to mental disorders includes a section expressly dealing with convalescent
ratings, separate and distinct from VASRD § 4.129, which describes a convalescent rating for a
mental disorder as a 100% total disability rating “due to a continuous period of hospitalization
lasting six months or more . . . .” Id. § 4.128. As previously noted, VASRD § 4.129 does not
require a 100% total disability rating. Nor does VASRD § 4.129 contain a hospitalization
requirement. And finally, unlike VASRD § 4.30 and VASRD § 4.128, VASRD § 4.129 does not
refer–either generally or with particularity–to convalescent ratings. In short, there is no support
for defendant’s contention that VASRD § 4.129 constitutes a convalescent rating.

             c. Plaintiffs’ Alleged Waiver of Their Right to Judicial Relief Is Irrelevant

         Finally, defendant argues that the military’s prelitigation position was substantially
justified because plaintiffs waived their right to judicial relief by not challenging the military’s
failure to apply VASRD § 4.129 before an informal PEB, a formal PEB, or an appropriate
administrative review board. However, plaintiffs’ purported failure to preserve their rights to
challenge the military’s practice in federal court has no bearing on whether that practice was
justified in the first instance. In other words, the fact that plaintiffs or other similarly situated
individuals did not challenge the military’s practice of not applying VASRD § 4.129 to service
members deemed unfit for duty due to PTSD does not mean that the military was substantially
justified in that practice–the practice could constitute an unreasonable violation of the relevant
statutes regardless of whether it was challenged. Accordingly, defendant’s waiver argument
lacks merit.

        22
            Although the Army issued substantially identical policy memoranda in 2002 and 2005
declaring VASRD § 4.129 to be a convalescent rating, such internal memoranda lack the force of
law and are therefore not entitled to deference. See Christensen v. Harris County, 529 U.S. 576,
587 (2000). Instead, the interpretations contained in the policy memoranda “are ‘entitled to
respect’ . . . , but only to the extent that those interpretations have the ‘power to persuade.’” Id.
(citation omitted). As set forth below, the declaration that VASRD § 4.129 is a convalescent
rating is contrary to statute and regulation. Accordingly, the 2002 and 2005 policy memoranda
lack persuasive value.

                                                 -29-
      d. Defendant Has Not Established That the Military’s Prelitigation Position Was
                                 Substantially Justified

        To sum up, the court has rejected each of the arguments presented by defendant in
support of its contention that the military’s prelitigation position was substantially justified.
Contrary to defendant’s arguments, VASRD § 4.129 was applicable to the military prior to the
enactment of the 2008 NDAA, VASRD § 4.129 is not a convalescent rating, and plaintiffs’
purported waiver of their rights to challenge the military’s practice of not applying VASRD
§ 4.129 to service members deemed unfit for duty due to PTSD is irrelevant. Because defendant
has not suggested any other grounds for establishing that the military’s failure to apply VASRD
§ 4.129 to qualifying service members was substantially justified, it fails to meet its burden. The
court therefore concludes that the military’s prelitigation position was not substantially justified.

   2. Although Defendant’s Decision to Pursue a Settlement Was Substantially Justified,
     Defendant Has Not Satisfied Its Burden of Proof With Respect to Other Litigation
                                        Positions

       Defendant’s failure to establish that the military’s prelitigation position was not
substantially justified does not, however, end the court’s inquiry. The court must also determine
whether defendant’s litigation positions were substantially justified.

        As recounted above, after plaintiffs filed their complaint on December 17, 2008,
defendant proposed administrative procedures and policy changes to resolve plaintiffs’ claims.
While the parties discussed defendant’s proposal, plaintiffs filed an amended complaint and the
court certified the case as a class action. Defendant did not file an answer to the complaint or the
amended complaint. By December 18, 2009, the parties reached an agreement regarding the
procedure for resolving plaintiffs’ and the class members’ claims. The court stayed proceedings
to allow the parties to implement their agreement. However, plaintiffs became dissatisfied with
the pace of implementation. Therefore, on January 28, 2011, they filed a motion to lift the stay
of proceedings and a motion for summary judgment. The court lifted the stay shortly thereafter
and defendant, rather than responding to plaintiffs’ summary judgment motion, re-engaged
plaintiffs in settlement discussions. At the parties’ request, the court stayed proceedings on
March 24, 2011, and then, on July 15, 2011, the parties filed their proposed settlement
agreement. The court approved the settlement agreement on December 22, 2011. Full
implementation of the settlement was delayed, leading plaintiffs to file motions for judicial
enforcement of the settlement on February 6, 2013, and March 14, 2013. Defendant did not
respond to these motions but instead worked with plaintiffs to reach a resolution. Eventually,
class members began to obtain the relief to which they were entitled under the settlement
agreement and on May 9, 2013, the court began to dismiss the claims of the class members who
had obtained such relief.

       Defendant identifies three factors in support of its contention that its litigation position
was substantially justified. First, defendant notes that it agreed to settle the case “in the interest

                                                 -30-
of achieving swift care for veterans with PTSD and the related desire for judicial economy,” and
that providing plaintiffs with appropriate relief required adjudication by a corrections board
because “[n]o Court could order the relief that those Boards could.” Fee Appl. Resp. 26.
Second, defendant asserts that due to the Department of Defense’s decision to retroactively apply
VASRD § 4.129 to all service members discharged after September 11, 2001 (as reflected in a
July 17, 2009 memorandum), plaintiffs were already entitled to the relief set forth in the
settlement agreement, but were able to obtain that relief in a more expeditious manner. Third,
defendant remarks that it had several valid defenses to plaintiffs’ claims, including the defense
that plaintiffs waived their rights to judicial review, and therefore would have prevailed on the
merits absent a settlement.

        Plaintiffs disagree that defendant’s litigation position was substantially justified. In their
fee application, they contend that the parties’ original agreement provided for an expedited
review of all class member applications by the PDBR and BCMRs, but that defendant did not
allocate sufficient resources for such an expedited review despite its promises to do so, derailing
the agreed-to process. Ultimately, as reflected in the court-approved settlement agreement, the
parties decided on a process in which no class member was required to apply to the PDBR or a
BCMR to obtain relief. As a result, plaintiffs assert, they needlessly expended enormous
resources in preparing, processing, and filing PDBR and BCMR applications for plaintiffs and
the class members. Further, in their reply in support of their fee application, plaintiffs contend
that defendant is incorrect, as a matter of law, in asserting that the court could not provide them
with their requested relief, and that, in fact, the court-approved settlement agreement did not
require adjudication by the PDBR or the BCMRs. Plaintiffs also argue that consideration of
defendant’s waiver argument would impermissibly require the court to consider evidence outside
of the existing record, and that in any event, they could have successfully resisted any motion to
dismiss.

         Before the court can determine whether defendant’s litigation position was substantially
justified, it must first answer the question, “What was defendant’s litigation position?” Notably,
it is not possible to ascertain defendant’s litigation position with respect to the merits of
plaintiffs’ claims. Defendant did not file an answer in response to either of plaintiffs’ complaints
and therefore did not admit or deny any of plaintiffs’ allegations or articulate any affirmative
defenses. The parties did not file a joint preliminary status report, a document that might have
reflected defendant’s position. And, defendant neither filed a response to plaintiffs’ motion for
summary judgment nor filed its own dispositive motion. It was not until defendant filed its
response to plaintiffs’ fee application that it advanced a position on the merits of plaintiffs’
claims by describing the defenses it would have offered had it chosen to do so.23 Defendant’s

       23
          The court notes that during the June 12, 2009 status conference, defendant described
some of the “issues” implicated in this case. See Status Conference Tr. 7-8, 26. In particular,
defendant represented that it was examining whether plaintiffs waived their claims by not
requesting review by a formal PEB, the effect of the Army’s guidance to its PEBs that VASRD §
4.129 should not be used when assigning disability ratings for PTSD, and whether 10 U.S.C. §

                                                 -31-
description of its possible defenses comes too late. Because defendant did not formally take a
position on the merits of plaintiffs’ claims prior to the resolution of those claims via settlement,
the court cannot evaluate whether defendant’s position on the merits of plaintiffs’
claims–including whether defendant possessed a valid defense–was substantially justified.

        Although defendant never formally took a position on the merits of plaintiffs’ claims, it
did take other actions that can be evaluated by the court. Defendant proposed administrative
procedures and policy changes to resolve plaintiffs’ claims and worked with plaintiffs to reach an
agreement with respect to that proposal. Then, when plaintiffs objected to the pace at which
defendant was implementing the agreement by seeking to lift the stay of proceedings and filing a
motion for summary judgment, defendant re-engaged plaintiffs in settlement discussions, which
resulted in a court-approved settlement agreement. Finally, when plaintiffs lodged objections to
the implementation of the settlement agreement, defendant worked with plaintiffs to resolve the
issues. All of these actions constitute reviewable litigation positions.

         Defendant contends that its decision to pursue a settlement with plaintiffs was
substantially justified, and the court agrees.24 Indeed, given that the military was always
obligated to apply VASRD § 4.129 to service members deemed unfit for duty due to PTSD and
that it began to apply VASRD § 4.129 prospectively to service members in October 2008 and
retrospectively to former service members in July 2009, it was in both defendant’s and plaintiffs’

1558 constituted an exhaustion requirement. Id. at 10-12, 26-27. However, defendant never
formally raised these issues as defenses.
       24
           In contrast, the court does not agree with defendant’s contention that the court was
precluded from ordering the correction of plaintiffs’ military records in the absence of an
adjudication from the PDBR or a BCMR. It is well settled that resort to a correction board is a
permissive action, not a mandatory requirement. See Antonellis v. United States, 723 F.3d 1328,
1333 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (“[T]here is generally no requirement that a plaintiff exhaust remedies with
the applicable Corrections Board before filing suit in the Claims Court . . . .”); Martinez v.
United States, 333 F.3d 1295, 1304 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (en banc) (“[S]ince their creation, the
correction boards have been regarded as a permissive administrative remedy and that an
application to a correction board is therefore not a mandatory prerequisite to filing a Tucker Act
suit challenging the discharge.”). Further, the Court of Federal Claims is fully authorized to
direct the correction of military records in conjunction with a monetary judgment. See 28 U.S.C.
§ 1491(a)(2) (“To provide an entire remedy and to complete the relief afforded by the judgment,
the court may, as an incident of and collateral to any such judgment, issue orders directing
restoration to office or position, placement in appropriate duty or retirement status, and
correction of applicable records, and such orders may be issued to any appropriate official of the
United States.”); Roth v. United States, 378 F.3d 1371, 1375-76 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (finding “no
error” with the Court of Federal Claims ordering the correction of a number of the plaintiff’s
military records). Finally, as plaintiffs note, the court-approved settlement agreement provides
for the correction of the class members’ military records without resort to the PDBR or a BCMR.

                                                -32-
interests to achieve a settlement. However, defendant does not respond to plaintiffs’ contention,
with respect to the parties’ initial agreement, that it did not live up to its representations that the
PDBR and the BCMRs would process class member applications in an expeditious manner. By
failing to address this contention, defendant cannot meet its burden of establishing that the
actions it took to implement the parties’ initial agreement to resolve plaintiffs’ and the class
members’ claims were substantially justified. See, e.g., Libas, Ltd., 314 F.3d at 1364 (“[T]he
trial court can consider the government’s failure to submit evidence as an admission that its
position was not substantially justified and so state in its opinion.”); Trump v. Colvin, No. 12 C
6194, 2015 WL 970111, at *2 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 2, 2015) (“The Commissioner does not meet her
burden simply by reciting case law and general legal principles without addressing any of the
facts of this case and without offering any argument as to why her position in this case was
substantially justified.”); Khoury v. Astrue, No. 04 C 5452, 2010 WL 5110103, at *1 (N.D. Ill.
Dec. 8, 2010) (“In failing even to address [the argument], the Commissioner cannot meet his
burden to demonstrate that his position was substantially justified.”); Sisul v. Astrue, No.
08-cv-4044, 2010 WL 271727, at *1 (C.D. Ill. Jan. 14, 2010) (“Where the government has put on
no evidence or argument that its position was ‘substantially justified,’ it cannot be said that it has
carried this burden.”), cited in Martinez v. United States, 94 Fed. Cl. 176, 186 (2010); San Luis
Valley Ecosys. Counsel v. U.S. Forest Serv., No. 04-cv-01071-MSK, 2009 WL 792257, at *3 (D.
Colo. Mar. 23, 2009) (“Without meaningful argument . . . , the Court cannot find that the
[defendant] has carried its burden of showing that its litigation position was substantially
justified.”). In short, the court concludes that defendant’s decision to pursue a settlement with
plaintiffs was substantially justified, but that defendant fails to meet its burden of establishing
that the actions it took to implement the parties’ initial agreement to resolve plaintiffs’ and the
class members’ claims administratively were substantially justified.

           3. The Government’s Overall Position Was Not Substantially Justified

        Having determined that the military’s prelitigation position was not substantially justified,
that defendant’s decision to pursue a settlement was substantially justified, and that defendant did
not satisfy its burden of proof with respect to its efforts to implement the parties’ original
agreement to resolve plaintiffs’ and the class members’ claims, the court must determine
whether, in light of “the entirety of the government’s conduct,” Chiu, 948 F.2d at 715, “the
position of the United States was substantially justified,” 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(A); accord
Jean, 496 U.S. at 159 (holding that a court “need make only one finding about the justification of
[the United States’] position”). In making this determination, the court must evaluate the
reasonableness of each of the government’s positions. See $19,047.00 in U.S. Currency, 95 F.3d
at 252; Marcus, 17 F.3d at 1036; Chiu, 948 F.2d at 715 n.4. After duly evaluating the
government’s positions, the court finds that the military’s failure to apply VASRD § 4.129 to
service members deemed unfit for duty due to PTSD–both before and after the enactment of the
2008 NDAA–despite the statutory requirement to do so was sufficiently unreasonable as to
outweigh defendant’s fully justified decision to pursue a settlement with plaintiffs, especially in
light of defendant’s failure to establish that its efforts to implement the parties’ original
agreement were substantially justified. Indeed, as explained by the Federal Circuit, “[w]here . . .

                                                 -33-
the government interprets a statute in a manner that is contrary to its plain language . . . , it will
prove difficult to establish substantial justification.” Patrick, 668 F.3d at 1330-31. The court
therefore concludes that the government’s overall position was not substantially justified.

     E. There Are No Special Circumstances Making an Award of Attorneys’ Fees and
                                   Expenses Unjust

        Even though defendant has not established that the government’s position was
substantially justified, the court cannot award plaintiffs attorneys’ fees and expenses if “special
circumstances make an award unjust.” 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(A). Defendant bears the burden
of establishing the existence of such special circumstances. Devine v. Sutermeister, 733 F.2d
892, 896 (Fed. Cir. 1984), superseded on other grounds by statute, Pub. L. No. 99-80,
§ 2(c)(2)(B), 99 Stat. 183, 185 (1985) (codified at 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(2)(D)), as recognized in
Doty v. United States, 71 F.3d 384, 385-86 (Fed. Cir. 1995). What might constitute a special
circumstance precluding an award of attorneys’ fees and expenses is not explained in the EAJA.
However, an explanation appears in the EAJA’s legislative history:

        [T]he Government should not be held liable where “special circumstances would
        make an award unjust.” This “safety valve” helps to insure that the Government
        is not deterred from advancing in good faith the novel but credible extensions and
        interpretations of the law that often underlie vigorous enforcement efforts. It also
        gives the court discretion to deny awards where equitable considerations dictate
        an award should not be made.

H.R. Rep. No. 96-1148, at 11 (1980), quoted in Devine, 733 F.2d at 895-96; see also Air Transp.
Ass’n of Canada v. FAA, 156 F.3d 1329, 1333 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (“With the scant guidance of the
sparse legislative language and the snippet of history, courts have generally held that the statutory
language expresses a congressional directive for courts ‘to apply traditional equitable principles’
in determining whether a prevailing party should receive a fee award under EAJA.”); Greenhill v.
United States, 96 Fed. Cl. 771, 778 (2011) (“Courts look to equitable principles such as the
doctrine of ‘unclean hands’ in determining whether there are special circumstances that would
make an EAJA award unjust.”).

        Defendant does not identify any special circumstances that would make an award of
attorneys’ fees and expenses unjust in this case. And, the court does not discern the presence of
any special circumstances–defendant was not attempting to advance a “novel but credible
extension[] and interpretation[] of the law,” and there are no “equitable considerations”
foreclosing an award of attorneys’ fees and expenses. Accordingly, the court concludes that
plaintiffs, having satisfied all of the EAJA’s requirements, are entitled to an award of attorneys’
fees and expenses.

                                                  -34-
     IV. THE AMOUNT OF ATTORNEYS’ FEES AND EXPENSES AWARDED TO
                            PLAINTIFFS

        Having concluded that an EAJA award is proper in this case, the court must determine the
precise amount of attorneys’ fees and expenses to which plaintiffs are entitled. See 28 U.S.C.
§ 2412(d)(1)(A) (providing that “a court shall award . . . fees and other expenses” if the statutory
requirements are satisfied). Under the EAJA,

       “fees and other expenses” includes the reasonable expenses of expert witnesses,
       the reasonable cost of any study, analysis, engineering report, test, or project
       which is found by the court to be necessary for the preparation of the party’s case,
       and reasonable attorney fees (The amount of fees awarded under this subsection
       shall be based upon prevailing market rates for the kind and quality of the services
       furnished, except that (i) no expert witness shall be compensated at a rate in
       excess of the highest rate of compensation for expert witnesses paid by the United
       States; and (ii) attorney fees shall not be awarded in excess of $125 per hour
       unless the court determines that an increase in the cost of living or a special factor,
       such as the limited availability of qualified attorneys for the proceedings involved,
       justifies a higher fee.)[.]

Id. § 2412(d)(2)(A). This list of recoverable fees and expenses is not exclusive. Oliveira v.
United States, 827 F.2d 735, 744 (Fed. Cir. 1987). Rather, the court has the discretion to award
the “reasonable and necessary expenses of an attorney incurred or paid in preparation for trial of
the specific case before the court, which expenses are those customarily charged to the client
where the case is tried.” Id.; accord Hensley, 461 U.S. at 437 (holding that the trial court “has
discretion in determining the amount of a fee award”).

        To determine the amount of “reasonable attorneys fees,” 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(2)(A),
“[t]he most useful starting point . . . is the number of hours reasonably expended on the litigation
multiplied by a reasonable hourly rate,” Hensley, 461 U.S. at 433. This initial amount should be
reduced by “hours that were not ‘reasonably expended,’” such as “excessive, redundant, or
otherwise unnecessary” hours. Id. at 434 (quoting S. Rep. No. 94-1011, at 6 (1976)). Then, the
court may “adjust the fee upward or downward” based upon other considerations. Id. One
important consideration is the results obtained by the prevailing party; courts “should focus on
the significance of the overall relief obtained by the [prevailing party] in relation to the hours
reasonably expended on the litigation.” Id. at 434-35. As explained in Hensely:

       Where a plaintiff has obtained excellent results, his attorney should recover a fully
       compensatory fee. . . . In these circumstances the fee award should not be
       reduced simply because the plaintiff failed to prevail on every contention raised in

                                                -35-
       the lawsuit. Litigants in good faith may raise alternative legal grounds for a
       desired outcome, and the court’s rejection of or failure to reach certain grounds is
       not a sufficient reason for reducing a fee. The result is what matters.

Id. at 435 (citation omitted).

        In determining the amount of allowable expenses, a court “must use its discretion, in view
of the record before it, to determine whether a specific expense may be recovered by the”
prevailing party. Oliveira, 827 F.2d at 744. The “expenses of an attorney that are not incurred or
expended solely or exclusively in connection with the case before the court, or which expenses
the court finds to be unreasonable or unnecessary in the pending litigation, cannot be awarded
under the EAJA.” Id.

         The prevailing party bears the burden of supporting its application for attorneys’ fees and
expenses with documentation that will enable an evaluation of the reasonableness of its request.
See Hensley, 461 U.S. at 437; Owen v. United States, 861 F.2d 1273, 1275 (Fed. Cir. 1988) (per
curiam). “Sufficient documentation requires ‘contemporaneous records of exact time spent on
the case, by whom, their status and usual billing rates, as well as a breakdown of expenses such
as the amounts spent copying documents, telephone bills, mail costs and other expenditures
related to the case.’” Cmty. Heating & Plumbing Co. v. Garrett, 2 F.3d 1143, 1146 (Fed. Cir.
1993) (quoting Naporano Iron & Metal Co. v. United States, 825 F.2d 403, 404 (Fed. Cir. 1987));
see also Hensley, 461 U.S. at 437 n.12 (noting that time records should “identify the general
subject matter of [the] time expenditures,” but need not reflect “in great detail how each minute
. . . was expended”). If the documentation is inadequate, the court “may reduce the award
accordingly.” Hensley, 461 U.S. at 433.

                                    A. Plaintiffs’ Attorneys

         When they filed this lawsuit, plaintiffs were ably represented by Brad Fagg from Morgan
Lewis and Barton F. Stichman from the NVLSP. Mr. Fagg is a partner in Morgan Lewis’s
litigation department who has practiced law for more than twenty years. Mr. Stichman is joint
executive director of the NVLSP, an independent nonprofit veterans service organization, who
has practiced law since 1975. Attorneys from Morgan Lewis and the NVLSP–including Mr.
Fagg and Mr. Stichman–were appointed as class counsel by the court on September 29, 2009.
During the pendency of this litigation, Mr. Fagg was assisted by more than fifteen attorneys from
Morgan Lewis and Mr. Stichman was assisted by eleven attorneys and a law clerk at the NVLSP.
The attorneys from Morgan Lewis and the NVLSP have represented plaintiffs and the class pro
bono.

                                               -36-
                                 B. Plaintiffs’ Fee Application

       In their fee application, plaintiffs request reimbursement for attorneys’ fees and expenses
incurred through October 31, 2011, for the work performed by attorneys from Morgan Lewis and
the NVLSP. Their attorneys engaged in the following activities during that time:

       •   Initial research regarding identification and selection of, as well as initial
           consultations with, appropriate class representatives, and research and drafting
           of both the original and First Amended Complaints;

       •   Research and drafting class allegations, including preliminary approval of the
           class and drafting the notice to putative class members;

       •   Negotiation with the Government on its proposal to provide relief through the
           use of the [PDBR] and the individual military service branches’ [BCMRs],
           including negotiating details of the administrative process, drafting revised
           PDBR and BCMR application forms, and finalizing terms of Memorandum of
           Understanding with Government;

       •   Provide resources and counseling to putative class members regarding the
           application process to these various review boards, including preparation of
           training materials and actual training of attorneys providing advice and
           counsel;

       •   Analyze cases of putative class members not identified by the Government,
           resulting in identification of over 100 additional putative class members;

       •   Respond to thousands of calls from the over 4,400 putative class members
           with individualized legal advice and answers to question regarding process;

       •   Draft different sets of written legal advice, depending on the individual class
           member’s situation, about which military review board to apply to, and how
           best to pursue relief on the merits;

       •   Monitor progress of opt-in process, including tracking and documenting 2,176
           opt-ins and hundreds of undeliverable legal notices for use in Status Reports
           and notice to Government;

       •   Research, and counseling regarding, various military benefits effected by
           proposed class relief, including effects of glitch in statutory calculation
           formula for Combat-Related Special Compensation;

                                               -37-
       •   Respond to thousands of calls from among the 2,176 opted-in class members
           about the interim administrative process and status of lawsuit, as well as
           training to pro bono attorneys from corporate partners to help with same;

       •   Continued monitoring and data administration of military review board
           decision process, including reviewing sufficiency of, and correcting errors in,
           over 1,200 applications received by class counsel for review before
           submission to the various review board[s];

       •   Development and update of litigation website for putative class members;

       •   Periodic search of Government web portal for new military review board
           decisions, and follow-up analysis of over 600 decisions to provide legal advice
           to class members and information to the Court through Status Reports;

       •   Research and preparation of motion to lift stay;

       •   Research and preparation of motion for summary judgment;

       •   Negotiations with Government counsel to resolve case, including drafting the
           final settlement agreement and the motion for preliminary approval of class
           action litigation;

       •   Research to determine the appropriate placement of class members in the nine
           discrete subgroups created for purposes of settlement;

       •   Research for inclusion with legal notice of the settlement agreement the
           individualized information for each of the 2,176 distinct Disclosure
           Statements;

       •   Respond to hundreds of individual class member inquiries regarding the
           Settlement Agreement and impact on them; and

       •   Numerous appearances at Court status hearings, as well as preparation and
           filing of numerous joint status reports.

Fee Appl. Ex. 2 at ¶ 6, Ex. 3 at ¶ 5. For this work, plaintiffs request $498,414.74 in attorneys’
fees and $12,161.37 in expenses charged by Morgan Lewis, and $1,467,303.16 in attorneys’ fees
and $43,403.33 in expenses charged by the NVLSP. They represent that during the relevant time
period, the attorneys at Morgan Lewis typically billed at hourly rates between $235 to $825, and
although the NVLSP does not have billable rates, the prevailing market rates for its attorneys’
services ranged from $225 to $475 per hour. Because these hourly rates exceed the maximum

                                               -38-
hourly rate permitted under the EAJA, plaintiffs seek reimbursement for attorneys’ fees at the
statutory rate of $125 per hour with adjustments for increases in the cost of living. The adjusted
hourly rates requested by plaintiffs are $176.25 for 2008, $177.86 for 2009, $180.92 for 2010,
and $186.57 for 2011.

        Defendant raises three objections to plaintiffs’ fee application. First, it argues that
because the military was “acting in accordance with the applicable law and regulations” until
July 1, 2008, plaintiffs’ claim should be reduced to “exclude fees related to all plaintiffs whose
PEB determinations were made” prior to that date. Fee Appl. Resp. 30. Based on the number of
months that the military was purportedly acting properly relative to the time period at issue in
this lawsuit, defendant avers that plaintiffs’ claim should be reduced by 93%. Defendant’s
second objection relates to the $11,574.37 in attorneys’ fees claimed for “preparing for press
conferences and other media related matters,” which defendant asserts are not allowable. Id. at
31. Third, defendant notes a series of duplicate billing entries in Morgan Lewis’s supporting
documentation, resulting in an overcharge of $21,678.75.

        In their reply in support of their fee application, plaintiffs acknowledge the accuracy of
defendant’s latter two objections and accordingly reduce their request for attorneys’ fees and
expenses by $33,253.12. With respect to defendant’s first objection, plaintiffs contend that
“prior to the filing of this lawsuit, the government never acted in compliance with ‘applicable
law and regulation’” because the military did not, as required, apply VASRD § 4.129 when
assigning disability ratings to service members deemed unfit for duty due to PTSD. Fee Appl.
Reply 46. As explained above, the court agrees with plaintiffs. The military was statutorily
required to apply VASRD § 4.129 when a service member was deemed unfit for duty due to
PTSD both before and after the enactment of the 2008 NDAA. Accordingly, the court declines
to reduce plaintiffs’ claim for attorneys’ fees and expenses by 93% as defendant requests.

       The court finds that the attorneys’ fees and expenses requested by plaintiffs in their fee
application, as amended, were reasonable and necessary to pursue this litigation. Accordingly,
the court awards plaintiffs $1,988,029.48 for attorneys’ fees and expenses incurred through
October 31, 2011, for the work performed by attorneys from Morgan Lewis and the NVLSP.

                         C. Plaintiffs’ Supplemental Fee Application

       In their supplemental fee application, plaintiffs request reimbursement for attorneys’ fees
and expenses incurred for the work performed by Morgan Lewis and the NVLSP from November
1, 2011, through January 15, 2015. During that time period, their attorneys engaged in the
following activities:

       A. Prepare motions, engage in communications with government representatives,
          perform research, and take other steps to enforce settlement agreement with
          respect to categories of class members, as well as individual class members;

                                                -39-
       B. Extensive communications with government personnel regarding
          interpretation and enforcement of the Settlement Agreement;

       C. Research, including individualized research and factual investigation,
          regarding impacts and elections for large numbers of class members;

       D. Respond to hundreds and hundreds of calls from class members with
          individualized legal advice and answers to questions regarding process and
          impacts;

       E. Research, and counseling regarding, various military benefits effected by
          proposed class relief, including effects of glitch in statutory calculation
          formula for Combat-Related Special Compensation;

       F. Tracking and monitoring of individual relief, and follow-up analysis to
          provide legal advice to class members and information to the Court through
          Status Reports; and

       G. Research and prepare EAJA fee application and briefing in response to
          opposition to same.

Suppl. Fee Appl. Ex. 1 at ¶ 5, Ex. 2 at ¶ 5. For this work, plaintiffs request $209,883.60 in
attorneys’ fees and $3795.13 in expenses charged by Morgan Lewis, and $1,619,449.74 in
attorneys’ fees and $41,766.58 in expenses charged by the NVLSP. Plaintiffs represent that
during the relevant time period, the attorneys at Morgan Lewis typically billed at hourly rates
between $410 to $825, and the prevailing market rates for NVLSP’s attorneys’ services ranged
from $240 to $520 per hour. However, to conform to the EAJA’s hourly rate provision,
plaintiffs instead seek reimbursement for attorneys’ fees at the adjusted hourly rates of $186.57
for 2011, $191.08 for 2012, $194.00 for 2013, and $196.70 for 2014 and 2015. In total, plaintiffs
seek reimbursement for 9,630.9 hours of work by their attorneys.

       Defendant opposes plaintiffs’ supplemental fee application, arguing that plaintiffs have
not provided sufficient supporting detail that would permit defendant to evaluate whether the
claimed hours were reasonably expended.25 It explains that the bulk of the claimed hours relate

       25
           In addition to this argument, defendant, in footnote two of its response to plaintiffs’
supplemental fee application, states its belief that plaintiffs’ supplemental fee application is
untimely for the same reasons it presented in its motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ fee application.
The court is not obligated to address arguments set forth in footnotes. See SmithKline Beecham
Corp. v. Apotex Corp., 439 F.3d 1312, 1320 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (“[A]rguments raised in footnotes
are not preserved.”). Nevertheless, the court notes that Judge Miller rejected defendant’s
arguments in his May 1, 2013 Opinion and Order, holding that “[b]ecause there has been no final
judgment in this case, plaintiffs’ application for fees, expenses, and costs was not filed after the

                                                -40-
to monitoring the implementation of the parties’ settlement, and that without sufficient detail
regarding the work actually performed, it is not possible to determine whether such work was
necessary to monitor the settlement’s implementation. In fact, defendant represents that it had
advised plaintiffs’ attorneys that it considered some of their postsettlement activities to be
beyond the scope of what was necessary to implement the settlement. Defendant also contends
that the number of hours claimed by plaintiffs–over four hours per class member by its
calculation–is excessive in relation to the work that should have been required to implement the
parties’ settlement. To remedy the purported deficiencies in plaintiffs’ supplemental fee
application, defendant suggests that the court reduce plaintiffs’ claim for attorneys’ fees and
expenses by at least 50%.

        The parties agree that courts have awarded attorneys’ fees and expenses for monitoring
and enforcing consent decrees and similar judgments. See, e.g., Pennsylvania v. Del. Valley
Citizens’ Council for Clean Air, 478 U.S. 546, 561 (1986) (concluding that the activities of the
respondent’s attorneys were “crucial to the vindication of [the respondent’s] rights under the
consent decree” and that “compensation for these activities was entirely proper”); see also Binta
B. v. Gordon, 710 F.3d 608, 623-25 (6th Cir. 2013) (describing a split in the federal circuit courts
regarding whether, post-Buckhannon, attorneys’ fees and expenses are allowable for monitoring
and enforcement activities that do not result in additional court-ordered relief26). In addition,
there is no dispute that such attorneys’ fees and expenses, as with all other fees and expenses, are
reimbursable only to the extent that they are reasonable and necessary. See Ass’n for Retarded
Citizens of N.D. v. Schafer, 83 F.3d 1008, 1011 (8th Cir. 1996) (citing Hensley, 461 U.S. at
424).

         As defendant notes, an application for attorneys’ fees and expenses must be supported by
documentation sufficiently detailed to permit an evaluation of the reasonableness and necessity
of the claimed fees and expenses. See Hensley, 461 U.S. at 437; Owen, 861 F.2d at 1275. To
satisfy this requirement, plaintiffs submitted (1) statements containing itemized billing entries
that included the name of the attorney who performed the work, the date the work was

expiration of the thirty-day deadline of § 2412(d)(1)(B).” Sabo v. United States, No. 08-899C,
2013 WL 11330882, at *5 (Fed. Cl. May 1, 2013). There remains no final judgment in this
matter.
       26
            The United States Courts of Appeals for the Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth Circuits have
concluded, post-Buckhannon, that attorneys’ fees and expenses are allowable for monitoring and
enforcement activities that do not result in additional court-ordered relief. See Binta B., 710 F.3d
at 623-24. The United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit has held to the contrary.
Id. at 624. In Binta B., the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit concluded that to
be compensable, “work spent defending or enforcing a decree must result in a court order or
agency determination that at least ‘secure[s] [plaintiffs’] initial success in obtaining the consent
decree’ . . . .” Id. at 625 (quoting Del. Valley Citizens’ Council for Clean Air, 478 U.S. at 558).
The Federal Circuit has not addressed this issue.

                                               -41-
performed, the amount of time required to perform the work, and a description of the work
performed; (2) spreadsheets summarizing the number of hours of work performed and the hourly
rates for that work; and (3) spreadsheets identifying the expenses incurred. This documentation,
plaintiffs contend, is sufficiently specific to “satisfy the applicable standards,” and reflects that
“the nature of the efforts for which costs are claimed are comfortably recoverable[.]” Suppl. Fee
Appl. Reply 2. The court agrees.

        As an initial matter, the court notes that although defendant contends that plaintiffs’
documentation–the itemized billing entries in particular–lack sufficient detail, it does not identify
any specific billing entry that describes nonallowable work or is inappropriately vague. Rather,
defendant merely states, without support, that “[a] majority of the entries in plaintiffs’ submitted
billing statements simply note that plaintiffs’ counsel ‘contact[ed]’ or ‘communicat[ed]’ with
‘Sabo plaintiffs.’” Suppl. Fee Appl. Resp. 2-3. However, a review of the documentation
submitted by plaintiffs does not reveal any–much less a majority–of billing entries that “simply
note” a communication with a plaintiff. Instead, the billing entries that reflect a communication
with a plaintiff or class member indicate the reason for the communication. See, e.g., Suppl. Fee
Appl. Ex. 2, Attach. A at 194 (“Call Sabo class members in response to their survey responses
indicating difficulties encountered in obtaining settlement benefits in order to obtain additional
information and attempt to resolve their benefits problems.”), 238 (“Communicate with Sabo
class members experiencing difficulty accessing settlement agreement benefits in order to advise
the class members on resolving those problems.”), 562 (“Took hotline calls from class members
[with] concerns and complaints about the government’s implementation of the Settlement
Agreement and class members’ ability to access settlement benefits; update hotline log and
attorney notes re: same.”).27 Moreover, it appears to the court from its review of all of the billing
entries that each one contains descriptions of both the action that was taken and the reason for the
action. The billing entries therefore provide sufficient detail to enable an evaluation of the
reasonableness and necessity of the claimed attorneys’ fees and expenses. Accord Beta Sys., Inc.
v. United States, 866 F.2d 1404, 1406 (Fed. Cir. 1989) (“[The time sheets submitted by the
plaintiff] are typical billing records, showing time and charges, a description of the work done,
and by whom. The accounting comports with the statutory and case law for such records.”).

         Plaintiffs indicate that the work described in their supplemental fee application includes
preparation of their applications for attorneys’ fees and expenses, work accomplished prior to the
court’s approval of the parties’ settlement agreement, activities required by court order or the
settlement agreement, and activities related to postsettlement monitoring and enforcement. In the
latter two categories, plaintiffs identify the following ten activities (the first four required by
court order or the settlement agreement and the final six related to monitoring and enforcement):

       1. Notifying 522 class members listed on exhibits D, F, H, or K of their right
          under the settlement agreement to make an election regarding relief,

       27
          Attachment A is not separately paginated. Thus, the court uses the page numbers
assigned by its electronic case filing system.

                                                -42-
            answering their questions and providing advice about their elections, and
            notifying the government of the elections ultimately made.

       2. Notifying the 53 class members listed on exhibit L of their opportunity to
          obtain permanent military disability retirement benefits under the settlement
          agreement by pursuing a VA claim, answering their specific questions, and
          monitoring the results of their VA claims.

       3. Activities related to implementation of settlement agreement ¶ 26.

       4. Preparation of joint status reports.

       5. Activities related to government failure to correct military records by the
          settlement agreement deadline.

       6. Activities related to the government’s inaccurate correction of the military
          records of more than 350 class members.

       7. Activities related to plaintiffs’ 2013 motion for judicial enforcement of
          settlement agreement to address government delay in determining the amount
          of money it owed as a result of the settlement agreement to 950 class members
          listed on exhibits F, G, H, and K.

       8. Activities related to plaintiffs’ second enforcement motion to address
          government delay in determining the amount of money it owed as a result of
          the settlement agreement to 1,050 class members listed on exhibits C and D.

       9. Monitoring activities following plaintiffs’ two enforcement motions.

       10. Responding to thousands of inquiries from many class members about the
           government’s implementation of the settlement agreement.

Suppl. Fee Appl. Reply 5-16. For each of these categories, plaintiffs explain the work performed
by their attorneys. They also provide examples of relevant billing entries for all but two of the
categories.28

       28
          Plaintiffs did not cite examples of billing entries for the categories related to their
motions for judicial enforcement of the settlement agreement. However, billing entries for these
categories are readily discernable. See, e.g., Suppl. Fee Appl. Ex. 1, Attach. A at 18
(“Teleconference with M. Hogan re motion to enforce.”), 24 (“Review draft motion to enforce
settlement agreement, supporting declaration; prepare note re: distribution; review research re:
court authority; review negotiation history of settlement; revise draft papers.”).

                                                 -43-
         As noted above, defendant does not challenge the propriety of any particular billing entry.
In addition, defendant does not argue that any of the activities identified by plaintiffs–as reflected
in the individual billing entries–are not the types of activities for which plaintiffs can recover
attorneys’ fees and expenses, notwithstanding the fact that it clearly recognized from reviewing
the billing entries that many of the activities relate to the implementation of the settlement.29
Based on its review of plaintiffs’ supporting documentation, the court finds that the work
performed by plaintiffs’ attorneys in conjunction with the parties’ implementation of the
settlement, along with the other work described in the supplemental fee application, was
reasonable and necessary for plaintiffs to obtain the relief to which they were entitled under the
settlement agreement. In addition, because there is no evidence that the number of hours
expended on these tasks was unreasonable, a reduction of compensable hours is unwarranted.

        In sum, the attorneys’ fees and expenses requested by plaintiffs in their supplemental fee
application were reasonable and necessary to pursue this litigation. The court therefore awards
plaintiffs $1,874,895.05 for attorneys’ fees and expenses incurred from November 1, 2011,
through January 15, 2015, for the work performed by attorneys from Morgan Lewis and the
NVLSP.30

                                        V. CONCLUSION

        As set forth above, the court finds that plaintiffs have satisfied the requirements of the
EAJA. They are eligible to receive an award of attorneys’ fees and expenses, they are prevailing
parties, defendant’s position was not substantially justified, and there are no special
circumstances precluding an award. In addition, the attorneys’ fees and expenses requested by
plaintiffs were incurred for work that was reasonable and necessary for them to obtain relief.
Accordingly, plaintiffs are awarded $3,862,924.53 for attorneys’ fees and expenses incurred for
the work performed by attorneys from Morgan Lewis and the NVLSP. The clerk shall enter
judgment on plaintiffs’ applications for attorneys’ fees and expenses.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                       s/ Margaret M. Sweeney
                                                       MARGARET M. SWEENEY
                                                       Judge

       29
           Defendant merely represents that it advised plaintiffs’ attorneys that it considered some
of their postsettlement activities to be beyond the scope of what was necessary to implement the
settlement. This representation–unsupported by declaration, documentary evidence, or citations
to previous filings with the court–is facially insufficient to counter plaintiffs’ contention that the
activities described in their supplemental fee application are compensable.
       30
          Plaintiffs have waived any rights to seek reimbursement for fees and expenses incurred
after January 15, 2015.

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