Court Opinion

ID: 2673216
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-05-10 02:56:33.097133+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:06:45.342218
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                         No. 12-303C

                               (Filed Under Seal: April 25, 2014)
                                    (Reissued: May 2, 2014)

**********************************            )      Patent case; eligibility for patent
                                              )      protection under 35 U.S.C. § 101;
HITKANSUT LLC, a Michigan                     )      application of the Larson-Miller variant
corporation, & ACCELEDYNE                     )      of the Arrhenius equation; ineligibility
TECHNOLOGIES, LTD., LLC, a                    )      of mathematical formulae for patent
Michigan corporation,                         )      protection; eligibility of novel means
                                              )      of applying a natural law to obtain more
                       Plaintiffs,            )      efficient and beneficial results
                                              )
       v.                                     )
                                              )
UNITED STATES,                                )
                                              )
                       Defendant.             )
                                              )
**********************************

        John S. Artz, Dickinson Wright, PLLC, Troy, Michigan, for plaintiffs. With him on the
briefs were John A. Artz, and Bryan J. Schomer, Dickinson Wright, PLLC, Troy, Michigan.

        Gary L. Hausken, Assistant Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division,
United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for defendant. With him on the briefs
were Stuart F. Delery, Acting Assistant Attorney General, and John Fargo, Director, Commercial
Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C. Of
counsel was Benjamin S. Richards, United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.

                                     OPINION AND ORDER 1

LETTOW, Judge.

         Following claim construction in this patent case, the government has moved for summary
judgment, asserting that the claims, as construed, are ineligible for patent protection because they
relate to nonstatutory subject matter. Def.’s Mot. for Summary Judgment of Invalidity of U.S.
Patent No. 7,175,722 as Claiming Nonstatutory Subject Matter Under 35 U.S.C. § 101 (“Def.’s
       1
        Because this opinion and order might have contained confidential or proprietary
information within the meaning of Rule 26(c)(1)(G) of the Rules of the Court of Federal Claims
(“RCFC”) and the protective order entered in this case, it was filed under seal. The parties were
requested to review this decision and to provide proposed redactions of any confidential or
proprietary information. No redactions were requested.
Mot.”), ECF No. 42. Plaintiffs Hitkansut LLC and Acceledyne Technologies, Ltd. LLC
(collectively, “Hitkansut”) resist this motion and defend the patentability of their claims for
structural processing methods in U.S. Patent No. 7,175,722 (“the ’722 patent”). See Pls.’ Opp’n
to Def.’s Mot. for Summary Judgment & Cross-Mot. for Summary Judgment (“Pls.’ Cross-
Mot.”), ECF No. 43. 2

                                        BACKGROUND

       Hitkansut asserts that the patent applicant, Ms. Donna Walker, invented

       a unique method for improving the mechanical and physical properties of
       manufactured metal parts (strength, durability, longevity, etc.) and to do so in a
       much faster way (minutes vs. hours; hours vs. days) and with much less use of
       energy (tens of BTUs vs. thousands of BTUs). The method generally includes
       subjecting the manufactured metal parts (“structures”) to two separate and
       overlapping energy sources [e.g.,] heat and vibration, or heat and magnetism)
       under certain conditions until the state of activation energy of the metals parts
       ha[s] been met.

Pls.’ Cross-Mot. at 3. Ms. Walker was granted the ’722 patent on February 13, 2007. 3 The
patent consists of fourteen claims, seven of which are in dispute in this case. See Hitkansut LLC
v. United States, 114 Fed. Cl. 410, 413 (2013) (“Hitkansut II”) (claim construction opinion). Of
those seven claims, Claims 1, 7, 11, and 14 are independent claims, while Claims 2, 6, and 8 are
dependent claims. Id. at 413 n.3. Hitkansut alleges that Oak Ridge and its partners are using the
method and thus infringing the process set forth in the claims of the patent. See Compl. ¶¶ 22,
45. 4

       2
         In its complaint, Hitkansut alleges that the United States, acting through Oak Ridge
National Laboratory (“Oak Ridge” or “the government”), has infringed upon claims 1, 2, 6, 7, 8,
11, and 14 of the ’722 patent and thus is liable for damages under 28 U.S.C. § 1498(a). Compl.
¶¶ 1, 10.
       3
        The ’722 patent is contained in the electronic record of proceedings in this case at ECF
No. 23-2.
       4
         Hitkansut alleges that Oak Ridge employs a thermomagnetic processing means in certain
research and in contractual cooperative research and development agreements (“CRADAs”) with
private entities, and that those contracts and the work under those contracts infringe the patent.
See Hitkansut LLC v. United States, 111 Fed. Cl. 228, 231 (2013) (“Hitkansut I”) (resolving
disputes over production in discovery of information relating to the CRADAs). Specifically,
Hitkansut asserts that Ms. Walker disclosed her inventive process to Oak Ridge employees while
serving as a guest researcher there from 2003 to 2005. Hitkansut II, 114 Fed. Cl. at 415. The
possibility of a collaborative research effort was discussed, but ultimately no agreement to that
end was reached. Id.

                                                 2
        On July 9, 2012, the government responded to the complaint by denying the infringement
allegations in Hitkansut’s complaint. Def.’s Answer, ECF No. 7. Discovery was then
undertaken, and in due course, the parties filed briefs regarding disputed terms of the claims at
issue. On May 2, 2013, this court held a claim-construction hearing, and on July 31, 2013, it
issued its resulting constructions of the pertinent claim terms. See Hitkansut II, 114 Fed. Cl. 410.
On September 13, 2013, the government filed its motion for summary judgment, asserting that
the ’722 patent is invalid because its claims seek to patent nonstatutory subject matter under 35
U.S.C. § 101. Hitkansut’s cross-motion seeks a declaration that the claims are eligible for patent
protection. A hearing on the merits was held on January 14, 2014. 5

                                 STANDARD FOR DECISION

        RCFC 56 states that “[t]he court shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that
there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law.” RCFC 56(a). A fact is material if it “might affect the outcome of the suit under
governing law,” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986), and an issue is
genuine if it “may reasonably be resolved in favor of either party,” id. at 250. The moving party
bears the initial burden of demonstrating the absence of any genuine issue of material fact.
Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). The moving party may discharge its burden
by “pointing out . . . that there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party’s case.”
Id. at 325.

       Fundamentally, “[p]atent eligibility under [Section] 101 presents an issue of law,”
Accenture Global Servs., GmbH v. Guidewire Software, Inc., 728 F.3d 1336, 1340 (Fed. Cir.
2013), but “[t]his legal conclusion may contain underlying factual issues,” id. at 1341 (citing
Ultramercial, Inc. v. Hulu, LLC, 722 F.3d 1335, 1339 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (“[T]he analysis under
[Section] 101, while ultimately a legal determination, is rife with underlying factual issues.”).

       5
         In connection with the cross-motions respecting statutorily patent-eligible subject matter,
each party submitted a report by an expert in solid state physics. The government submitted an
expert report by Dr. Martin E. Glicksman, Research Professor of Materials Science &
Engineering at the University of Florida and the Allen S. Henry Chair and University Professor
of Engineering, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at Florida Institute of Technology. See
Def.’s Mot. App. (“Glicksman Report”), at GA 1-2. Hitkansut submitted an expert report by
Dr. David G. Cahill, Department Head, Donald B. Willett Professor of Engineering, Professor of
Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. See Pls.’
Cross-Mot. Ex. D (“Cahill Report”), at 1.
         Prior to the hearing held on January 14, 2014, Hitkansut had submitted a supplemental
expert report by Dr. Cahill in which he sought to clarify a perceived misinterpretation by the
government of his initial report. See Pls.’ Reply to Def.’s Opp’n to Pls.’ Cross-Mot. (“Pls.’
Reply”) Ex. P (Supplemental Decl. of Dr. David G. Cahill), ECF No. 51-6. The government
moved to strike Dr. Cahill’s supplemental report from the record, or in the alternative, to submit
a sur-reply. Def.’s Mot. to Strike, ECF No. 53. The court denied the motion to strike but
allowed the government to file a sur-reply. Order of Jan. 14, 2014, ECF No. 56. With the sur-
reply in hand, all briefing related to the parties’ cross-motions is now complete.

                                                 3
Further, in Ultramercial, the Federal Circuit explained that “every issued patent is presumed to
have been issued properly, absent clear and convincing evidence to the contrary.” 722 F.3d at
1338 (citing CLS Bank Int’l v. Alice Corp., 717 F.3d 1269, 1304-05 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (Rader,
C.J., and Linn, Moore, & O’Malley, JJ., concurring in part and dissenting in part) (“[A]ny attack
on an issued patent based on a challenge to the eligibility of the subject matter must be proven by
clear and convincing evidence.”), cert. granted sub nom. Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank Int’l, No. 13-
298, __ U.S. __, 134 S. Ct. 734 (Dec. 6, 2013)). In Ultramercial, the trial court had granted the
defendant’s motion to dismiss for failure to claim statutory subject matter without first
conducting claim construction because there was no “reasonable construction that would bring
the patent within patentable subject matter.” Id. at 1349 (internal citations and quotations
omitted). The Federal Circuit disagreed with the standard applied by the trial court, stating that
to grant a motion to dismiss for failure to claim statutory subject matter, “the only plausible
reading of the patent must be that there is clear and convincing evidence of ineligibility.” Id. at
1339 (emphasis omitted). Thus in a motion to dismiss, the burden rests on the defendant to show
by clear and convincing evidence that the claims are patent ineligible. Id. at 1349 (“The district
court erred in requiring the patentee to come forward with a construction that would show the
claims were eligible.” (emphasis in original)).

        The clear and convincing standard of proof also applies on summary judgment. See
Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 254 (holding that when deciding a motion for summary judgment, a
court must bear in mind the applicable evidentiary burden under the substantive law); Laughing
Rabbit, Inc. v. National Auto. Parts Ass’n, No. C12-0402JLR, 2014 WL 556007, at *3 (W.D.
Wash. Feb. 11, 2014); Ariosa Diagnostics, Inc. v. Sequenom, Inc., __ F. Supp. 2d __, No. C11-
06391 SI, 2013 WL 5863022, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 30, 2013); Island Intellectual Prop. LLC v.
Deutsche Bank AG, No. 09 Civ. 2675 (KBF), 2012 WL 386282, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 6, 2012);
Medicis Pharm. Corp. v. Acella Pharms. Inc., No. CV 10-1780-PHX-JAT, 2011 WL 5321007, at
*4 (D. Ariz. Nov. 3, 2011). Generally, “[a] patentee has no burden to present factual evidence
affirmatively establishing the validity of its patent, even in support of its own motion for
summary judgment on the validity issue.” Laughing Rabbit, 2014 WL 556007, at *3 (citing
Massey v. Del Labs., Inc., 118 F.3d 1568, 1573 (Fed. Cir. 1997)). But, to withstand a motion for
summary judgment brought after claim construction and after some showing of ineligibility by
the moving party, the patent holder may be required to come forward with a construction
supporting the eligibility of the claims. See Accenture Global Servs., GmbH v. Guidewire
Software, Inc., 800 F. Supp. 2d 613, 618 (D. Del. 2011), aff’d, 728 F.3d 1336. Nonetheless, the
defendant (here the government) challenging patentability under Section 101, retains the burden
of proving the defense by clear and convincing evidence, see Laughing Rabbit, 2014 WL
556007, at *6, particularly as to the underlying factual underpinnings related to statutory subject
matter, see Ariosa Diagnostics, 2013 WL 5863022, at *4 (“[A]n alleged infringer must prove
invalidity by clear and convincing evidence. . . . In this connection, it is the factual evidence
itself which must be clear and convincing.”); see also Microsoft Corp. v. i4i Ltd. P’ship, __ U.S.
__, __, 131 S. Ct. 2238, 2253 (Breyer, J. concurring) (“[T]he evidentiary standard of proof
applies to questions of fact and not to questions of law. . . . Thus a fact finder must use the ‘clear
and convincing’ standard where there are [factual] disputes.” (internal citation omitted)).

                                                  4
                                           ANALYSIS

       Section 101 concisely states,

       Whoever invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, manufacture,
       or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, may obtain
       a patent therefor, subject to the conditions and requirements of this title.

35 U.S.C. § 101. Unfortunately, this brevity has led to murky jurisprudence. Generally, Section
101 has been interpreted broadly in accord with perceived congressional intent. See Diamond v.
Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. 303, 308 (1980) (“In choosing such expansive terms as ‘manufacture’
and ‘composition of matter,’ modified by the comprehensive ‘any,’ Congress plainly
contemplated that the patent laws would be given wide scope.”). That said, the Supreme Court
has developed three categories of subject matter that are patent ineligible under Section 101, viz.,
laws of nature, natural phenomena, and abstract ideas. Diamond v. Diehr, 450 U.S. 175, 185
(1981). These judicially created exceptions constrain patents that “reach too far and claim too
much” and risk “obstructing rather than catalyzing innovation.” CLS Bank, 717 F.3d at 1277
(plurality opinion). At the same time, “too broad an interpretation of this exclusionary principle
could eviscerate patent law. For all inventions at some level embody, use, reflect, rest upon, or
apply laws of nature, natural phenomena, or abstract ideas.” Mayo Collaborative Servs. v.
Prometheus Labs., Inc., __ U.S. __, __, 132 S. Ct. 1289, 1293 (2012). Notably, a challenge
under Section 101 must rely on one or more of these three enumerated exceptions to patent
eligibility. Challenges of novelty and nonobviousness, for example, are not properly brought
under Section 101. See CLS Bank, 717 F.3d at 1276. 6 Predictably, however, no sharp, bright
line demarcates what is not patentable within one of the exceptions to Section 101.

        The government asserts that the claims in the ’722 patent are ineligible because they
embody a law of nature, a natural phenomenon, or an abstract idea. Def.’s Mot. at 5. There is no
doubt that the claims at issue in this patent rest upon employing the well-known (at least to
materials engineers and solid-state physicists) Larson-Miller relationship, but Hitkansut asserts
that use of the mathematical equation describing that relationship is but a step in this new and
inventive process. Pls.’ Cross-Mot. at 23-24. 7 The Federal Circuit has recognized that

       6
        35 U.S.C. § 102 prescribes “Conditions for patentability; novelty” (heading), and 35
U.S.C. § 103 specifies “Conditions for patentability; non-obvious subject matter” (heading).
       7
         During claim construction, the court defined the Larson-Miller relationship to mean “a

processes, which can take the form of the equation 𝑃 = 𝑅 = 𝑇(𝐶 + log 𝑡).” Hitkansut II, 114
                                                           ∆𝐻
parametric representation of a system of physical properties of a structure subjected to energy

Fed. Cl. at 426. The Larson-Miller relationship “is a variant of the Arrhenius equation as applied
in physics rather than chemistry,” id. at 420, and stems from a seminal paper, F. R. Larson and
James Miller, A Time-Temperature Relationship for Rupture Creep Stresses, Transactions of
ASME, pp. 765-775 (July 1952), that reported test results on a number of metallic alloys for the
purpose of addressing turbine blade life, Hitkansut II, 114 Fed. Cl. at 419 n.8.
          In defining this term, the court recognized that the relationship can be derived from
plots of experimental data, as well as from the equation. Id. at 425. For quotidian application,

                                                 5
“difficulty lies in consistently and predictably differentiating between, on the one hand, claims
that would tie up laws of nature, natural phenomena, or abstract ideas, and, on the other, claims
that merely ‘embody, use, reflect, rest upon, or apply’ those fundamental tools.” CLS Bank, 717
F.3d at 1277 (quoting Mayo, __ U.S. at __, 132 S. Ct. at 1293). That is the differential analysis
before the court.

                                    A. Supreme Court Precedent

         Five key Supreme Court cases in this area inform the court’s assessment of the patent
eligibility of the claims at issue in this case.

   1. Gottschalk v. Benson.

        In 1972, the Supreme Court decided Gottschalk v. Benson, 409 U.S. 63 (1972). The
patent applicant claimed a “method of programming a general-purpose digital computer to
convert signals from binary-coded decimal form into pure binary form.” Benson, 409 U.S. at 65.
The method consisted of an algorithm that could be used to solve the mathematical problem of
converting one form of numerical representation to another. Id. Although the patent applicant
“discovered” the mathematical formula, the court held that even a previously unknown
mathematical formula could not be patented. Id. at 67-68; see also Parker v. Flook, 437 U.S.
584, 585 (1978) (explaining the Court’s holding in Benson). The claimed method did not require
use of a new technology and could be performed by hand. Benson, 409 U.S. at 67. Moreover,
use of the algorithm was not confined to any particular field or specific use. Id. at 64. The Court
described the claim for which a patent was sought as “so abstract and sweeping as to cover both
known and unknown uses of the [binary-coded decimal] to pure binary conversion.” Id. at 68.
The Court discussed a number of prior cases, including Samuel Morse’s patent application,
explaining that Morse’s last-stated claim had been held to be ineligible because it could
conceivably have prohibited all future inventions relying on “electromagnetism, however
developed, for marking or printing intelligible characters, signs, or letters, at any distances.” Id.
Contrastingly, his other claims more specific to using electromagnetism to produce
distinguishable signs for telegraphy, were patent eligible. Id.

the chief practical problem appears to be defining the constants for the equation. There is
imprecision in the Larson-Miller relationship because of built-in assumptions, as the plaintiffs’
expert recognized, stating,

       The Larson[-]Miller relationship assumes that the rate of creep is independent
       of time and that this steady-state creep rate is described by an Arr[he]nius
       relationship. While this description is often a good approximation and
       certainly of great utility, there is no fundamental reason that the creep rate
       must be independent of time, or that the activation energy must be independent
       of time, or that the ‘modified rate constant’ must be independent of time.”

Cahill Report at 3. For purposes of this opinion, the phrases “Larson-Miller relationship” and
“Larson-Miller equation” will be used interchangeably.

                                                 6
   2. Parker v. Flook.

        Six years later, the Court decided Flook, a case in which an applicant sought to patent a
method of updating “alarm limits” during catalytic conversion of hydrocarbons. 437 U.S. at 586.
An alarm limit is a set number beyond which an alarm may signal the “presence of an abnormal
condition indicating either inefficiency or perhaps danger.” Id. at 585. During certain processes,
operating conditions such as temperature, pressure, and flow rates are constantly monitored to
ensure they do not exceed the assigned alarm limits. Id. Often, the alarm limit must be
continually updated throughout the process. Id. The patent application described a three-step
method for updating alarm limits, consisting of: (1) measuring the present value of a condition,
(2) plugging that value into an algorithm developed by the applicant to calculate an updated
alarm-limit value, and (3) adjusting the alarm-limit to the updated value. Id. The Court
concluded that the method was not patentable. Id. at 594. It found that the only addition to the
prior art was using this mathematical formula to update the alarm limits throughout the process.
Id. at 585-86, 594-95. The Court rejected the applicant’s argument that his method, unlike the
method at issue in Benson, was patent eligible due to the presence of a specific post-solution
activity (updating the alarm limit) and a limitation to a particular field (the catalytic chemical
conversion of hydrocarbons in the petrochemical and oil-refining industries). Id. at 589-90. The
Court analyzed the claimed method by asking whether, assuming the mathematical formula had
been well-known, the applicant had invented a mode of applying it. See id. at 592 (citing the
English case of Neilson v. Harford, (1844) 151 Eng. Rep. 1266 (L.R. Exch.) 1273-74; 1 Web.
Pat. Cases 295, 371). While acknowledging that a claim does not become ineligible simply
because it makes use of a law of nature or a mathematical algorithm, id. at 590, the Court found
that without the algorithm, the application considered as a whole contained no patentable
invention, id. at 594. The practice of monitoring chemical processes and updating alarm limits
was already well-known. Id. at 594-96.

   3. Diamond v. Diehr.

        The next decision Diehr, is of particular importance to this case because of the five key
cases, it is the sole instance where the Court held that that the claimed invention, which made
heavy use of a known algorithm, contained sufficient extra steps to constitute eligible subject
matter. 450 U.S. at 184. It also, as here, pertains to a specific application of the Arrhenius
equation. Id. at 177 & n.2. In Diehr, the claims related to “a process for molding raw, uncured
synthetic rubber into cured precision products.” Id. at 177. The rubber industry had been unable
to uniformly and accurately cure rubber because there was no means to measure precisely the
temperature inside the molding press, making it difficult to determine a specific mold time. Id.
at 177-78. The method at issue in the patent consisted of using a thermocouple to continuously
measure the actual temperature inside the mold and feeding that information to a computer,
which would use it to continually re-solve the Arrhenius equation to determine an accurate
curing time and then send a signal from the computer to open the mold once that time had been
reached. Id. at 178-79. Although solving the Arrhenius equation was essential to the process
and an application of the equation alone would be ineligible subject matter, the Court held that
the series of other specific steps related particularly to curing rubber rendered this specific use of
the equation patent eligible. Id. at 187. The Court left open the question of whether the process
might validly be attacked on grounds of lack of novelty under Section 102 or obviousness under

                                                  7
Section 103. Id. at 191 (referring to 35 U.S.C. §§ 102, 103).

         In sum, Diehr held that “when a claim containing a mathematical formula implements or
applies that formula in a structure or process which, when considered as a whole, is performing a
function which the patent laws were designed to protect (e.g., transforming or reducing an article
to a different state or thing), then the claim satisfies the requirements of [Section] 101.” 450
U.S. at 192. The court distinguished Flook on the ground that the claims in Flook did not
“explain how the variables used in the formula were to be selected, nor did the application
contain any disclosure relating to chemical processes at work or the means of setting off an alarm
or adjusting the alarm limit.” Id. at 192 n.14.

   4. Bilski v. Kappos.

        More recently, in 2010, the Supreme Court revisited its jurisprudence regarding Section
101 in Bilski v. Kappos, __ U.S. __, __, 130 S. Ct. 3218 (2010). In Bilski, the patent applicant
sought to patent “a claimed invention that explain[ed] how buyers and sellers of commodities in
the energy market c[ould] protect, or hedge, against the risk of price changes.” __ U.S. at __, 130
S. Ct. at 3223. Claim 1 of the patent described a series of instructions explaining how to hedge
risk, and Claim 4 transformed those steps into a mathematical formula. Id. The Court held the
claims to be an abstract idea and thus ineligible subject matter. Id. at __, 130 S. Ct. at 3231. In
doing so, it rejected a machine-or-transformation test applied by the Federal Circuit. See id. at
__, 130 S. Ct. at 3225-29. A majority of the Federal Circuit had proposed that a process or
method could only be patent eligible if it was “tied to a particular machine or apparatus” or it
“transformed a particular article into a different state or thing,” In re Bilski, 545 F.3d 943, 954
(Fed. Cir. 2008), but the Supreme Court held that this postulated test was too limited and at odds
with Congressional intent, Bilski, __ U.S. at __, 130 S. Ct. at 3227. The Court acknowledged
that the Federal Circuit’s machine-or-transformation test, however, “may well provide a
sufficient basis for evaluating processes similar to those in the Industrial Age — for example,
inventions grounded in a physical or other tangible form.” Id. 8 Ultimately, the court held that
any explanation regarding how to hedge risk merely described an abstract idea, and was
therefore patent ineligible. Id. at __, 130 S. Ct. at 3229-30. The Court emphasized that its
holding was intended to be narrow and based on its prior decisions in Benson, Flook, and Diehr.
Id. at __, 130 S. Ct. at 3229. 9

       8
         Conceptually, the machine-or-transformation test had been applied in Diehr, which had
stated that “transformation and reduction of an article to a different state or thing is the clue to
the patentability of a process claim that does not include particular machines.” 450 U.S. at 184
(emphasis added) (internal citations and quotations omitted). The “clue” was derived from an
early case in the Supreme Court, Cochrane v. Deener, 94 U.S. 780 (1876), in which the Court
approved the patentability of a process for milling superfine flour by a method of separating
impurities and middlings-meal from the flour, separating the impurities from the middlings-meal,
and then regrinding the middlings. 94 U.S. at 785. The improved process was said by the Court
to be patentable without regard to any special arrangement of machinery. Id.
       9
        The Court also rejected a proposal to declare all business methods to be ineligible. Id. at
__, 130 S. Ct. 3228-29.

                                                 8
   5. Mayo v. Prometheus.

        As of this writing, the Supreme Court’s latest decision is Mayo, __ U.S. __, 132 S. Ct.
     10
1289. The claim at issue concerned a process to help doctors determine whether a given
dosage of a thiopurine drug was too low or too high. Id. at __, 132 S. Ct. at 1294. “The claims
purport[ed] to apply natural laws describing the relationships between the concentration in the
blood of certain thiopurine metabolites and the likelihood that the drug dosage will be ineffective
or induce harmful side-effects.” Id. Individuals metabolize thiopurine compounds at different
rates, so effective dosing requires individual measurements. Id. at __, 132 S. Ct. at 1295. The
patented “invention” was the precise identification of correlations between the level of a
metabolite’s presence in a patient’s bloodstream and the appropriateness of the given thiopurine
drug dosage. Id. Prometheus Labs, the patent holder, sold diagnostic tests that embodied the
patented process. Id. Mayo purchased these diagnostic tests until it developed its own
diagnostic test to determine metabolite levels and recommend an increase or decrease in dosage.
Id. at __, 132 S. Ct. at 1295-96.

        The Federal Circuit had held the claims were patent eligible because they specified
certain steps apart from the natural law, such as administering a thiopurine drug and determining
the resulting metabolite level. Prometheus Labs., Inc. v. Mayo Collaborative Servs., 628 F.3d
1347, 1354-55 (Fed. Cir. 2010). The Supreme Court reversed, determining that the “extra steps”
identified by the Federal Circuit were insufficient to transform the unpatentable natural law of
how an individual clinically responds to a certain drug into a patent-eligible application of that
law. Mayo, __ U.S. at __, 132 S. Ct. at 1297-98. These extra steps only involved “well-
understood, routine, conventional activity previously engaged in by researchers in the field.” Id.
at __, 132 S. Ct. at 1294. The government, as amicus curiae, argued that the claims were patent
eligible, but should fail under the patentability requirements of Sections 102 and 103. Id. at __,
132 S. Ct. at 1303. The court rejected this argument, stating that such an approach would render
the law-of-nature exception to Section 101 a “dead letter” and was inconsistent with prior
decisions. Id.

   6. Synopsis.

        The Federal Circuit recently identified four basic themes running through these cases.
First, patentees should not be allowed to preempt the fundamental tools of scientific discovery.
CLS Bank, 717 F.3d at 1280-81 (plurality op.) (“What matters is whether a claim threatens to
subsume the full scope of a fundamental concept, and when those concerns arise, we must look
for meaningful limitations that prevent the claim as a whole from covering the concept’s every
practical application.”); see also Mayo, __ U.S. at __, 132 S. Ct. at 1301 (“The Court has
repeatedly emphasized . . . a concern that patent law not inhibit further discovery by improperly
tying up the future use of laws of nature.”). Second, subject-matter eligibility should not rest on
a patent draftsman’s skill, i.e., patent ineligible subject matter cannot be rendered eligible by
“highly stylized language, hollow field-of-use limitations, or the recitation of token post-solution
activity.” CLS Bank, 717 F.3d at 1281 (plurality op.). Third, a claim-by-claim approach that

          10
         The Supreme Court granted certiorari in CLS Bank and heard oral arguments on March
31, 2014.

                                                 9
avoids “rigid line drawing” is most appropriate. Id. Lastly, the court must consider each claim
as a whole and not engage in dissecting the claims into components. Id. at 1298 (Rader, C.J. and
Linn, Moore & O’Malley, J.J., concurring in part and dissenting in part); see also Diehr, 450
U.S. at 189 (“It is inappropriate to dissect the claims into old and new elements and then to
ignore the presence of old elements in the analysis.”).

                                    B. The Claims in This Case

        Independent claims 1, 7, 11, and 14 of the ’722 patent are at issue. 11 The government
asserts that each of these independent claims addresses nonstatutory subject matter because, as
written, they constitute nothing more than a recitation of the Larson-Miller relationship and then
a direction to “apply it.” Def.’s Mot. at 6-7. Although the government engaged in a claim-by-
claim analysis, its conclusions for each claim remain the same. See Def.’s Mot. at 22-39. The
government also asserts that even the most detailed claim, Claim 1, is insufficiently limited and
risks preempting both known and unknown uses of the underlying natural law. Def.’s Mot. at
23-24.

        Hitkansut on the other hand points to the presumption that a patent is validly granted and
asserts that the patented claims set out a new and useful method as shown by ongoing efforts by
Oak Ridge to commercialize the method. Pls.’ Cross-Mot. at 3, 7. According to plaintiffs, “[t]he
claims of the ’722 [p]atent merely employ the Larson-Miller relationship to assist in determining
the conditions at which to apply the inventive process for improving the properties of
manufactured metal structures in an accelerated manner through the simultaneous application of
two energy sources.” Id. at 22. 12 Hitkansut seeks to refute the government’s argument that the
patent risks broadly preempting use of the Larson-Miller relationship by stating that the Larson-
Miller relationship is only used as a guideline in applying multiple energy processes “in order to
reach a desired useful and unexpected result.” Id. at 18.

       11
         Regarding the other claims in dispute, Claims 2 and 6 are dependent upon Claim 1, and
Claim 8 is dependent upon Claim 7.
       12
           Supported by the patent specification, Hitkansut makes repeated references to the
purpose of the invention as being to improve the physical properties of metal structures. See,
e.g., Pls.’ Cross-Mot. at 21 (“[T]he claims . . . cover a process where two different energy
sources are used to accelerate changes to the physical and mechanical properties of a metal
structure.”). This emphasis narrows the breadth and scope of the claims beyond the court’s
claim construction. The court previously recognized that the claims are not limited to metallic
structures. Specifically, the term “structure” as used in the claims was defined to mean “a
physical object that has been constructed or manufactured and to which the claimed invention is
applied.” Hitkansut II, 114 Fed. Cl. at 416. Similarly, plaintiffs’ references to “acceleration”
contradict the court’s construction of the terms at issue, because the court rejected inclusion of
acceleration in construing the claim terms, as discussed infra, at 16-17. See Hitkansut II, 114
Fed. Cl. at 421. These divergent aspects of plaintiffs’ briefs, however, do not affect the outcome
of the pending cross-motions for summary judgment.

                                                10
       These counter-arguments will be addressed on a claim-by-claim basis beginning with
independent Claim 14 in the ’722 patent.

   1. Claim 14.

       Claim 14 describes:
               [1] A method of determining operational settings and time values for
       concurrent application of multiple energy forms to a structure to change a
       physical property of the structure, the method comprising:
               [2] determining a first parameter according to a desired physical property
       value for the structure and according to a first order rate relationship for a first
       energy process that relates application of a first energy to the structure and the
       physical property;
               [3] determining a second parameter according [to] the desired physical
       property value and according to a first order rate relationship for a second energy
       process that relates application of a second energy to the structure and the
       physical property;
               [4] selecting a first one of a time value and an operational setting for the
       first energy process; and
               [5] selecting a second one of the time value and the operational setting
       according to the first and second parameters, according to the first order rate
       relationship for the first energy process, and according to the first one of the time
       value and the operational setting;
               [6] wherein the first order rate relationship for the first energy process is a
       first Larson[-]Miller relationship that relates application of the first energy to the
       structure and the physical property, and wherein the first order rate relationship
       for the second energy process is a second Larson[-]Miller relationship that relates
       application of the second energy to the structure and the physical property.

’722 patent, Claim 14.

        The first clause of the claim accurately describes it. Claim 14 is a method for
determining variables in the Larson-Miller relationship that would guide the application of two
energy processes to a structure. The claim, however, never directs any application of specific
energy processes, nor does it focus on what “physical property” is to be changed on what type of
“structure.” As such, Claim 14 essentially seeks to patent a method for solving the Larson-

𝑟 = 𝐴′ 𝑒
               𝐸𝑎
           −
Miller relationship, “a case specific derivation of the well-known . . . Arrhenius equation,
               𝑅𝑔𝑇
                     .” Def.’s Mot. at 2; see also Def.’s Mot. at 39.

        According to clauses two and three of this claim, two “parameters” – one for each energy
process – are separately determined according to a desired physical property value for the
structure and a “first order rate relationship” related to the application of the energy process to
the structure, which in this claim is defined as a Larson-Miller relationship. The parameters are
then used to determine the “operational settings and time values for concurrent application of
multiple energy forms to a structure to change a physical property of the structure.” ’722 patent,

                                                        11
Claim 14, clause 1. The court agrees with the government that Claim 14 merely describes how
to determine the variables in the Larson-Miller relationships.

        This claim consequently exhibits the same characteristics as those held to be ineligible in
Benson and Flook. In Benson, the mathematical formula for conversion of binary-coded decimal
to pure binary form was nothing other than an algorithm, even if only recently discovered, and an
algorithm cannot be patented. 409 U.S. at 68. In Flook, the court rejected the patent applicant’s
attempt to patent a mathematical formula for updating alarm limits during catalytic conversion of
hydrocarbons. 437 U.S. at 594. The court explained that the “patent application does not
purport to explain how to select the appropriate margin of safety, the weighting factor, or any of
the other variables. Nor does it purport to contain any disclosure relating to the chemical
processes at work, the monitoring of process variables, or the means of setting off an alarm or
adjusting an alarm system.” Id. at 584. In this case, while Claim 14 arguably attempts to explain
how to select variables, it does so only by directing the selection of a desired physical property of
a structure (clauses 2 and 3) and an operational setting or time value (clause 4) and then directing
the solution of the Larson-Miller relationship for the unknown variable (clause 5). There is no
further explanation of how to use the equation to achieve any specified outcome. Equations are
ineligible, in part, because of the fear that it could stifle invention – both known and unknown
uses of an equation would be barred. See Benson, 409 U.S. at 68. Moreover, the Supreme Court
has acknowledged that claims purporting to patent nothing more than application of an equation,
even in a specified field, are unlikely to be eligible. Flook, 437 U.S. at 590 (“The notion that
post-solution activity, no matter how conventional or obvious in itself, can transform
unpatentable principle into a patentable process exalts form over substance.”). Claim 14 falls
well within the prohibition on patenting calculations of mathematical formulae.

   2. Claims 1, 7, and 11.

        The remaining claims rely heavily on use of the Larson-Miller relationship, and the
inquiry becomes whether any of the remaining claims contain sufficient inventive aspects, post-
solution activity, or limiting steps to turn “unpatentable principle into a patentable process.”
Flook, 437 U.S. at 590. In Mayo, although ultimately holding a clinical diagnostic method to be
ineligible, the Supreme Court acknowledged that a law of nature can be transformed into a
patent-eligible application of such a law, but this requires more than “simply stat[ing] the law of
nature while adding the words ‘apply it.’” __ U.S. at __, 132 S. Ct. at 1294. Presumably the
Court’s logic reaches all of the judicially created exceptions to Section 101, including
mathematical formulae.

         Notably, Claims 1, 7, and 11 all detail “a method of changing a physical property of a
structure,” as compared to Claim 14, which explicitly relates to a method for determining
operational settings and time values. In Bilski, while the Supreme Court rejected the Federal
Circuit’s attempts to create a per se “machine-or-transformation” test to determine patent
eligibility under Section 101, the Court did opine that a transformation or use with a machine
could be a “useful clue,” to patent eligibility but was too limiting. Bilski, __ U.S. at __, 130 S.
Ct. at 3226. Such a clue would have particular utility “for evaluating processes similar to those
in the Industrial Age.” Id. at __, 130 S. Ct. at 3227. The Supreme Court considered that a claim
may be eligible even if it does not satisfy the machine-or-transformation test. Id. The Court

                                                 12
made no comment on whether something that does satisfy the machine-or-transformation test
might be ineligible under Section 101 for other reasons. In Mayo, however, the Court elaborated
that even though the machine-or-transformation test is an important and useful clue, it does not
“trump[] the ‘law of nature’ exclusion.” __ U.S. at __, 132 S. Ct. at 1303.

        The government argues that the series of limiting steps that appear in Claims 1, 7, and 11
are nothing more than “providing” steps consisting of conventional post-solution activity. Def.’s
Mot at 6. According to the government, this conventional post-solution activity is wholly
insufficient to convert a patent-ineligible equation into a patent-eligible application of it. Id. In
this respect, the court acknowledges that the government correctly identifies a key determination
to be made, i.e., whether the claims at issue are more like those in Flook or Diehr, id. at 12. Both
prior cases involved method claims related to physical processes, similar to the claims at issue
here, but the Supreme Court reached differing conclusions. Id. at 11-16.

       (a.) Claim 7.

       Claim 7 provides:

       A method of changing a physical property of a structure, comprising:
                [1] providing a first energy to a structure by performing a first energy process
       according to an operational setting, at least one of the operational setting and a
       time value being selected according to a first order rate relationship for the first
       energy process, according to a first order rate relationship for a second energy
       process, and according to a desired physical property value; and
                [2] providing a second energy to the structure by performing the second
       energy process;
                [3] wherein the first and second energy processes are performed concurrently
       for at least the time value;
                [4] wherein the first order rate relationship for the first energy process
       relates application of the first energy to the structure and a physical property of
       the structure;
                [5] wherein the first order rate relationship for the second energy process
       relates application of the second energy to the structure and the physical property;
                [6] wherein the first and second energy are different;
                [7] wherein the total energy provided to the structure by the first and second
       energy processes is above an activation energy for the material of the structure;
       and
                [8] wherein the first order rate relationship for the first energy process is a
       first Larson[-]Miller relationship that relates application of the first energy to the
       structure and the physical property, and wherein the first order rate relationship
       for the second energy process is a second Larson[-]Miller relationship that relates
       application of the second energy to the structure and the physical property.

’722 Patent, Claim 7.

                                                 13
        Claim 7 describes a method of concurrently applying two energy processes to a structure
with each energy process governed by a separate Larson-Miller relationship. Clauses 4 and 5
expressly state that each energy process is governed by a separate Larson-Miller relationship.
Using the Larson-Miller relationship in this straightforward manner is not an inventive concept;
it amounts to no more than reciting an unpatentable equation and then stating, “apply it,” which
was expressly ruled inappropriate by the Supreme Court in Mayo. See Mayo, __ U.S. at __, 132
S. Ct. at 1294. The inclusion of the concurrent application of the energy processes adds little or
nothing to the patentability evaluation because the claim attributes no special consequences to
concurrent application. Claim 7 thus is ineligible for patent protection.

       (b.) Claims 11 and 1.

        Claims 11 and 1 are conceptually distinct from Claims 14 and 7. The government claims
that the entirety of the ‘722 patent “amounts to nothing more than the discovery . . . that a
predictable relationship exists between the application of multiple energies to a material and the
changes in the physical properties of that material.” Def.’s Reply to Pls.’ Cross-Mot. & Resp.
(“Def.’s Reply”) at 4. In support, the government points to the expert report submitted by the
plaintiffs’ expert, Dr. Cahill, who stated that Ms. Walker “discovered the fact that accelerated
kinetics produced by an oscillatory strain can be described by a modification of the Larson[-
]Miller relationship.” Id. (citing the Cahill Report at 4). According to the government, its
expert, Dr. Glicksman, took the position that the ’722 patent “describe[s] conventional and well-
known principles of materials engineering, [i.e.], that the application of energies to a material
will alter certain physical properties of the material in a predictable manner.” Def.’s Reply at 4
(indirectly referring to the Glicksman Report at GA 17). Independent Claims 1 and 11, however,
do not merely restate straightforward applications of the known Larson-Miller relationship. The
Larson-Miller relationship itself does not predict that concurrent application of two energy
processes according to a combined first order rate relationship is a more efficient method of
changing the physical properties of a structure.

       Claim 11 most directly states the innovation in Ms. Walker’s claimed method. It
describes:

       A method of changing a physical property of a structure, comprising:
               [1] providing a first energy to a structure by performing a first energy
       process according to an operational setting;
               [2] providing a second energy to the structure by performing a second
       energy process;
               [3] wherein the first and second energy processes are performed
       concurrently to provide energy above an activation energy for the material of the
       structure for at least a time value;
               [4] wherein one of the operational setting and the time value are selected
       according to a desired physical property value and according to a first order rate
       relationship that relates concurrent application of the first and second energy to
       the structure and the physical property of the structure; and

                                                14
               [5] further comprising determining the Larson[-]Miller relationship that
       relates concurrent application of the first and second energy to the structure and to
       the physical property of the structure.

’722 patent, Claim 11 (emphasis added). Clause 4 describes the use of a single “first order rate
relationship that relates concurrent application of the first and second energy to the structure and
the physical property of the structure” to determine the operational setting and the time value.
’722 patent, Claim 11, clause 4. By combining the two energy processes into a single first order
rate relationship, the patent claims that the process can be more efficient by expending less
energy or requiring less time, or both. See ’722 patent, col. 2, lines 33-38 (“The concurrent
provision of multiple energy types in accordance with the present invention may be
advantageously employed to significantly reduce the time and/or energy required to change a
physical property of interest, such as reducing remaining internal stress in manufactured parts or
other structures, compared to previous technologies.”) The patent specification gives explicit
examples of the practicability obtained by using concurrent applications of energy. One such
example disclosed stress relief on aluminum samples treated with thermal and vibrating energy.
See ’722 patent, col. 17, line 52 through col. 18, line 26. The specification reported that “the
inventive process, in four minutes, stress-relieves the fourth sample[, the one treated with
concurrent energies,] sufficiently to meet the desired stress reduction goal in less time than either
the vibration only or the thermal only techniques of the other samples.” ’722 patent, col. 18,
lines 22-26. The specification additionally lists a series of advantages that may result from the
concurrent application of energies to a structure, including being able to reduce applied
temperatures, “e.g., keeping the structure temperature below melting or other critical
temperatures for the structure material,” or “without melting or altering the temper of the
material,” and nonetheless obtaining desired physical changes to the material. ’722 patent, col.
15, lines 57-58, line 62.

        This concept, while largely reliant on the Larson-Miller relationship, discloses a new and
more efficacious method of applying it. See Mayo, __ U.S. at __, 132 S. Ct. at 1293 (‘“[A]n
application of a law of nature or mathematical formula to a known structure or process may well
be deserving of patent protection.’” (quoting Diehr, 450 U.S. at 187) (emphasis in original)). 13
In Diehr, the underlying mathematical equation that determined at what point in the process a
rubber mold should be opened was not patent eligible, but a method for applying that equation
more accurately and effectively was eligible. Diehr, 450 U.S. at 187. The same concept applies
here – a more effective method of using the pre-existing, unpatentable Larson-Miller relationship
may be patent eligible.

        The specification focuses on the desired physical property of the structure in elaborating
on the claimed enhanced effect of using a first order rate relationship that relates concurrent

       13
        Dr. Glicksman acknowledges that his examples of existing processes that make use of
concurrent application of multiple energy processes are not the same as the application of
concurrent energy processes generally reliant upon the Larson-Miller relationship. See
Glicksman Report at GA 17.

                                                 15
application of at least two different energy processes. 14 For ease of explanation, the court will
adopt the notation “P,” as used in the specification and the Larson-Miller relationship, to denote
the desired physical property of the structure. As the specification explains,

       [T]he first L[arson-M[iller (“L-M”)] parameter may be determined according [to]
       a first L-M relationship ([e.g.], L-M curve, etc.), wherein a desired remaining
       internal stress value is selected along the Y axis of the first L-M curve, and the
       corresponding parameter (“P”) value is ascertained along the X axis (𝑃1 ). A
       second L-M parameter is determined for the desired physical property value
       according to a second L-M relationship ([e.g.], a second L-M curve) by locating

       locating the corresponding second parameter value ([e.g.], 𝑃2 ) along the X axis.
       the desired internal stress value on the Y axis of the second L-M curve, and

       A third L-M parameter ([e.g.], 𝑃3 ) may optionally be determined according to the
       first and second L-M parameters (𝑃1 and 𝑃2 ), such as by subtraction ([e.g.],
        𝑃3 = 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 ). An operational setting and a time value are then selected
       according to [𝑃3 ] . . . .

’722 patent, col. 3, lines 21-36. Determining 𝑃3 and using it to choose an operational or

patent, col. 7, lines 24-25; col. 3, lines 32-34, but 𝑃3 is the key product of concurrent
time setting is often described as an “optional” step in the specification, see, e.g., ’722

application of two energy processes. It reflects a single, combined first order rate
relationship that can more efficiently transform the physical properties of a structure to

make use of 𝑃3 , e.g., Claim 11, constitute or state more than mere limiting steps or
relieve stress or defects. See ’722 patent, col. 7, lines 28-36. Consequently, claims that

conventional post-solution activity. 15

       14
          Accenture prohibits reading limitations from a specification into an otherwise ineligible
claim in order to render it eligible. Accenture, 728 F.3d at 1345 (“[T]he level of detail in the
specification does not transform a claim reciting only an abstract concept into a patent-eligible
system or method.”). In considering the specifications in this case, the court is using them to
assist in understanding the language of the claims themselves, not to ascribe limitations on the
claims that are not present in the text.
       15
          Reduced to very simple terms, conceptually, both experts postulated that “the activation
energy barrier for [desired physical changes] can be decreased from that existing under a thermal
fill (temperature) alone,” with the consequence “that the process rate is enhanced.” Glicksman
Report at GA 12; see Cahill Report at 4 (referring to a modification in the energy required
through the addition of a second form of energy). Having said as much, Dr. Glicksman refers to
this result as one obtainable “per the predictions provided by the Boltzman-Arrhenius
relationship,” Glicksman Report at GA 12, and as “a direct[] and straight forward mathematical
extension of the classical Larson-Miller time-temperature equivalency method for correlating
stress-rupture failures,” id. at GA 16. In Dr. Glicksman’s view, the “results . . . should appear
obvious to someone reasonably skilled in metallurgical kinetics and the prior analysis and
publication of Larson and Miller.” Id. Dr. Cahill on the other hand, opines “that the inventor of
the ’722 patent has discovered the fact that accelerated kinetics produced by an oscillatory strain

                                                 16
         The specification uses the word “acceleration” with reference “to chang[ing] a physical
property of a structure in less time and using less energy than was possible using previous
methods.” ’722 patent, col. 7, lines 32-36. During claim construction the court explicitly
rejected the inclusion of “acceleration” into construed Term 7 of the patent. Hitkansut II, 114
Fed. Cl. at 421. Construed Term 7, which appears in Claims 1 and 7, states, “At least one of the
operational setting and a time value being selected according to a first order rate relationship for
the first energy process, according to a first order rate relationship for a second energy process,
and according to a desired physical property value.” Id. The court rejected the plaintiff’s
proposed definition, which included the goal of “temporal acceleration in the desired physical
property value” because it appeared nowhere in the term or in the claims. Id. 16 Efficiency,
however, need not be a factor of time (acceleration), but could also be a decrease in total energy
expended. See Glicksman Report at GA 12 (noting that the Larson-Miller relationship and the
Boltzmann-Arrhenius rate relationship rely on the “fundamental notion of time-temperature
equivalence”).

        Claim 1 is similar to Claim 11 in that it relies on use of a combined first order
relationship relating concurrent application of two energy processes to a desired physical
property value, as compared to Claims 7 and 14, which both direct calculation of time values and
operational settings by using two separate Larson-Miller relationships. Claim 1 describes:

       A method of changing a physical property of a structure, comprising:
               [1] providing a first energy to a structure by performing a first
       energy process according to an operational setting, at least one of the
       operational setting and a time value being selected according to a first
       order rate relationship for the first energy process, according to a first
       order rate relationship for a second energy process, and according to a
       desired physical property value; and
              [2] providing a second energy to the structure by performing the
       second energy process;
              [3] wherein the first and second energy processes are performed
       concurrently for at least the time value;
              [4] wherein the first order rate relationship for the first energy
       process relates application of the first energy to the structure and a
       physical property of the structure;
              [5] wherein the first order rate relationship for the second energy
       process relates application of the second energy to the structure and the
       physical property;

can be described by a modification of the Larson[-]Miller relationship,” and that discovery “is
not a trivial extension of a known law of nature” but instead “is both non-obvious and highly
useful.” Cahill Report at 4.
       16
         The court ultimately defined construed Term 7 to mean “choosing a set point or time
value for a first order rate relationship for the first energy process and for a first order rate
relationship for the second energy process, to achieve a desired physical property value.”
Hitkansut II, 114 Fed. Cl. at 421.

                                                 17
                [6] wherein the first and second energies are different;
                [7] wherein the total energy provided to the structure by the first
       and second energy processes is above an activation energy for the material
       of the structure;
                [8] wherein the first energy is thermal and wherein the second
       energy is oscillatory;
                [9] wherein the operational setting is a temperature setting,
       wherein one of the temperature setting and the time value is selected
       according to the first order rate relationship for the first energy process,
       according to the first order rate relationship for the second energy
       process, according to the desired physical property value, and according
       to the other one of the temperature setting and the time value; and
                [10] wherein the first order rate relationship for the first energy
       process is a first Larson[-]Miller relationship that relates application of
       thermal energy to the structure and the physical property, and wherein the
       first order rate relationship for the second energy process is a second
       Larson[-]Miller relationship that relates application of oscillatory energy
       to the structure and the physical property.

“according to” phrases can reasonably be read to limit the method to processes that use a 𝑃3
’722 patent, Claim 1 (emphasis added). In this claim, for clause 9, the third and fourth

value to calculate the appropriate operational setting or time value. These phrases — “according
to a desired physical property value” and “according to the other one of the temperature setting
and the time value” — provide the reference to combination that is lacking in Claim 7.
Additionally, Claim 1 is limited to the application of thermal and oscillatory energies to the
structure. In this way, it is more limited than Claim 11 and less prone to be overly preclusive of
known and unknown uses of applying concurrent energies in accord with a combined Larson-
Miller relationship.

                                            C. Synopsis

        Claims 1 and 11 are directed to the transformation of a structure using a new method that
relies on an inventive manipulation of the phenomena represented by the Larson-Miller
relationship. They describe a method of concurrent application of two energy processes to solid
manufactured parts to obtain a desired physical property of those structures with more efficiency
and indicate that a modified Larson-Miller relationship can be used to characterize that process.
The court finds that Claims 1 and 11 do more than recite an equation and direct the application of
conventional, known activity. Nonetheless, open questions remain regarding whether Claims 1
and 11 satisfy additional requirements under Section 101 and other sections. 17 Claims 7 and 14,

       17
          In particular, the court acknowledges the government’s contentions that the claims are
written too broadly and risk preempting an array of processes that rely on the Larson-Miller
relationship. See Def.’s Mot. at 30; Def.’s Reply at 14-16, 20; see also Research Corp. Techs.,
Inc. v. Microsoft Corp., 627 F.3d 859, 869 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (“[T]his court notes that an invention
which is not so manifestly abstract as to override the statutory language of [S]ection 101 may
nonetheless lack sufficient concrete disclosure to warrant a patent. . . . [A] patent that presents a

                                                 18
however, do not sufficiently distinguish the claimed methods from a straightforward, and
unpatentable, calculation and application of the known Larson-Miller relationship.

                                         CONCLUSION

       For the reasons stated, the government’s motion for summary judgment is GRANTED IN
PART AND DENIED IN PART. Specifically, the government’s motion is granted as to
independent Claims 7 and 14, and by extension, to dependent Claim 8 as well, but denied as to
independent Claims 1 and 11, as well as dependent Claims 2 and 6. The plaintiffs’ cross-motion
for summary judgment is DENIED.

       It is so ORDERED.

                                                  s/ Charles F. Lettow
                                                  Charles F. Lettow
                                                  Judge

process sufficient to pass the coarse eligibility filter may nonetheless be invalid as indefinite
because the invention would ‘not provide sufficient particularity and clarity to inform skilled
artisans of the bounds of the claim.’” (quoting Star Scientific, Inc. v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co.,
537 F.3d 1357, 1371 (Fed. Cir. 2008))).
          The Supreme Court is scheduled to hear oral argument in Nautilis, Inc. v. Biosig
Instruments, Inc. on April 28, 2014, regarding issues that include interpretation of 35 U.S.C.
§ 112, related to indefiniteness, and 35 U.S.C. § 282(a), related to presumed validity of an issued
patent. See Pet. for Writ of Certiorari, Nautilis, Inc. v. Biosig Instruments, Inc., No. 13-369.

                                                19