Court Opinion

ID: 4167950
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-05-11 19:13:38.897826+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:00:40.773404
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

                               NO. 2014-DP-00177-SCT

JAMES COBB HUTTO, III a/k/a JAMES C.
HUTTO, III a/k/a JAMES COBB HUTTO a/k/a
JAMES C. HUTTO a/k/a JAMES HUTTO, III a/k/a
JAMES HUTTO a/k/a JAMIE HUTTO a/k/a THE
HITMAN

v.

STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

DATE OF JUDGMENT:                         05/28/2013
TRIAL JUDGE:                              HON. WILLIAM A. GOWAN, JR.
TRIAL COURT ATTORNEYS:                    LORA HUNTER
                                          WILLIAM LABARRE
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                HINDS COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:                  OFFICE OF THE STATE PUBLIC DEFENDER
                                          BY: ANDRE DeGRUY
                                               JOHN HELMERT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:                   OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
                                          BY: LADONNA C. HOLLAND
                                               JASON L. DAVIS
DISTRICT ATTORNEY:                        ROBERT SHULER SMITH
NATURE OF THE CASE:                       CRIMINAL- DEATH PENALTY- DIRECT
                                          APPEAL
DISPOSITION:                              AFFIRMED - 05/11/2017
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:

       EN BANC.

       CHAMBERLIN, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1.    A jury convicted James Cobb Hutto III of capital murder for the death of Ethel W.

Simpson. The jury also found Hutto should suffer death. Hutto raises fourteen assignments

of error on appeal. Finding no reversible error, we affirm Hutto’s conviction and sentence.
                    STATEMENT OF FACTS AND PROCEDURE

¶2.    This case concerns the killing of eighty-one-year-old Ethel W. Simpson. The

following facts were established at trial.

¶3.    On September 8, 2010, James Cobb Hutto III, a Jasper, Alabama, resident, contacted

his ex-girlfriend, Sherri Lawson. Hutto told Lawson he wanted to see her and, on Friday,

September 10, he purchased a used Camaro and drove to Clinton, Mississippi. Hutto and

Lawson stayed together that weekend at the Comfort Inn in Clinton. At some point that

weekend, Hutto’s Camaro broke down and was towed to a local repair shop.

¶4.    On Monday, September 13, Hutto and Lawson parted ways after spending the

weekend together. According to Lawson, Hutto indicated that he was trying to get back to

Alabama. He also gave Lawson the paperwork to repair the broken Camaro in case she

wanted to keep the car for herself. Later that afternoon, Hutto went to the Baptist Healthplex

on the Mississippi College Campus in Clinton, located approximately half a mile away from

the Comfort Inn. Several employees and patrons of the Healthplex encountered Hutto that

day, including Ethel W. Simpson.

¶5.    While at the Healthplex, Hutto befriended Simpson. Simpson drove Hutto back to the

Comfort Inn and then drove home. And later that night, she went back to the hotel and picked

up Hutto to socialize. The two took Simpson’s silver Mercedes to the Riverwalk casino in

Vicksburg, Mississippi, arriving at 8:45 p.m. Hutto and Simpson spent a few hours gambling,

                                              2
and Simpson bought dinner for the two at a restaurant inside the casino. Hutto and Simpson

left the casino together at 11:24 p.m.

¶6.    About an hour after leaving the casino, Hutto arrived back at the Comfort Inn alone

with Simpson’s Mercedes. He went to his room, emerged wearing different clothes, and left

the Comfort Inn at approximately 12:51 a.m., seven minutes after arriving back at the hotel.

Hutto then drove Simpson’s Mercedes back to Vicksburg, where he gambled at the Ameristar

casino. At 2:11 a.m., he left the casino, and, according to witness testimony, a tag-reading

camera on Interstate 20 in Rankin County captured an image of Simpson’s car traveling east

toward Alabama just after 3:00 a.m.

¶7.    On the morning of September 14, 2010, Thomas Winstead, Simpson’s brother and

roommate, alerted Simpson’s son that Simpson had not returned home the night before. Ken

Simpson attempted to inquire into his mother’s whereabouts, and when she could not be

found, he contacted the Clinton Police Department. During the investigation into Simpson’s

whereabouts, law-enforcement officials determined that Hutto was the last person seen with

Simpson. On September 17, 2010, a member of the Auburn (Alabama) Police Department

spotted Hutto driving Simpson’s silver Mercedes. Law-enforcement officials stopped Hutto

and took him into custody in Lee County, Alabama.

¶8.    On the same day as Hutto’s arrest, Simpson’s body was found on a hog farm in

Edwards, Mississippi, just off Interstate 20. Edwards is located in Hinds County and is

approximately halfway between Clinton and Vicksburg. An empty hog-feed container

                                             3
partially covered Simpson’s body. Simpson died from severe injuries to her head and neck,

and forensic testing later identified her blood on the Nike flip-flops that Hutto wore on the

night of Simpson’s disappearance.

¶9.    After Hutto’s arrest, law-enforcement officials from Alabama interviewed him on four

separate occasions. All four of these interrogations occurred in Alabama. Hutto told law-

enforcement officials that he and Simpson had gone to the casino on the night of September

13, but he claimed that a man named Mark Cox had killed Simpson. Law-enforcement

officials later determined that Mark Cox, an Alabama resident, was in Alabama at the time

of Simpson’s disappearance.

                                        Procedure

¶10.   On March 1, 2011, a Hinds County grand jury indicted Hutto for capital murder while

engaged in the commission of a robbery. Hutto was appointed counsel and, in May 2011, he

entered a plea of “not guilty.” The trial judge held numerous pretrial hearings, including a

suppression hearing and a competency hearing. After the competency hearing, the trial judge

determined Hutto to be competent to stand trial. Hutto also rejected a plea deal for life in

prison without the possibility of parole, and the State sought the death penalty.

¶11.   During the guilt phase of trial, the State called numerous witnesses, including Mark

Cox. Cox testified that, prior to the trial, he had never been to Hinds County, Mississippi.

Cox further testified that he met Hutto for the first time on the morning of September 17,

2010–the same day law-enforcement officials arrested Hutto–when the two discussed Cox

                                             4
selling Hutto some land. The State also introduced redacted portions of all four interrogations

law-enforcement officials conducted with Hutto in Alabama.1 At the guilt phase, Hutto

presented no defense and exhibited crude behavior in the courtroom. The jury convicted him

of capital murder, with robbery of the Mercedes as the underlying crime.

¶12.   At the penalty phase, the State submitted three aggravating circumstances to the jury:

the “prior violent felony” aggravator, the “heinous, atrocious, or cruel” aggravator, and the

“capital offense committed in the commission of a robbery” aggravator. In mitigation, the

jury heard testimony from Hutto’s ex-wife, mother, and two sons, as well as testimony from

a social worker. The jury found Hutto should suffer death. Hutto appeals, raising fourteen

assignments of error, which we have restated and re-ordered for clarity.

                                       DISCUSSION

¶13.   “This Court reviews an appeal from a capital-murder conviction and death sentence

under heightened scrutiny.” Ronk v. State, 172 So. 3d 1112, 1125 (Miss. 2015).

                                  Pretrial and Guilt Stage

I1.    Whether the trial court erred when it determined Hutto was competent to stand
       trial and whether the trial court erred in not ordering further mental evaluation
       mid-trial.

       A.   Pretrial Competency

       1
        The videos were redacted because Hutto also faces other criminal charges in the
State of Alabama. Any statements or questions concerning the Alabama charges or any other
crimes were withheld from the jury in the case at hand.

                                              5
¶14.   After a competency hearing, the trial judge determined Hutto to be competent to stand

trial. On appeal, Hutto argues: (1) that the trial judge erred when he placed the burden on

him to prove his incompetence; (2) that the overwhelming weight of the evidence showed

he was incompetent to stand trial; and (3) that the trial judge committed reversible error by

failing to make specific findings of fact for each factor to determine a defendant’s

competence.

       1.     Whether the trial judge erred when he placed the burden on Hutto
              to prove he was incompetent to stand trial.

¶15.   Hutto argues that this Court’s decision in McGinnis v. State, 133 So. 2d 399 (Miss.

1961), required the prosecution to prove Hutto was competent to stand trial. He claims that

McGinnis stands for the proposition that, once an order requiring a mental evaluation is

entered, “the burden shifts to the State to prove that a defendant is competent.” We disagree.

¶16.   Simply put, our decision in McGinnis does not stand for the proposition that the

prosecution bears the burden of proving a defendant’s competence after an order requiring

a mental examination is entered. To the contrary, we consistently have placed the burden on

the defendant to show his incompetence. See, e.g., Ross v. State, 954 So. 2d 968, 1007 (Miss.

2007) (“The defendant must show incompetency by a preponderance of the evidence.”);

Evans v. State, 725 So. 2d 613, 660 (Miss. 1997) (“The trial judge committed no error in

holding that the burden of proof was allocated to the defense. This issue is without merit.”);

Emmanuel v. State, 412 So. 2d 1187, 1188 (Miss. 1982) (“It naturally devolves upon the

                                              6
defendant to go forward with the evidence to show his probable incapacity to make a rational

defense.”).

¶17.   Hutto also asserts that this Court has misinterpreted Medina v. California, 505 U.S.

437, 112 S. Ct. 2572, 120 L. Ed. 2d 353 (1992), because Mississippi does not have a statute

allocating the burden of proving an individual’s competence as California did in Medina.

But, though Mississippi does not have such a statute, the U.S. Supreme Court has held:

       Once a State provides a defendant access to procedures for making a
       competency evaluation, however, we perceive no basis for holding that due
       process further requires the State to assume the burden of vindicating the
       defendant’s constitutional right by persuading the trier of fact that the
       defendant is competent to stand trial.

Medina v. California, 505 U.S. 437, 449, 112 S. Ct. 2572, 120 L. Ed. 2d 353 (1992). We

find it immaterial that the Legislature has not spoken on this issue and see no reason to depart

from our well-established precedent. This argument is without merit.

       2.     Whether the overwhelming weight of the evidence showed Hutto
              was incompetent before trial.

¶18.   Prior to trial, Hutto’s counsel filed a motion to determine Hutto’s competence. The

trial judge then promptly entered an order for Hutto to undergo a mental evaluation. Due to

a delay at the state hospital, a significant amount of time passed before Hutto underwent a

mental evaluation. During this time frame, Hutto logged profanities and exhibited other crude

behavior in court on numerous occasions. The trial judge determined that Hutto’s outbursts

generally concerned the circumstances of his confinement.

                                               7
¶19.   Due to the delay at the State Hospital, Hutto’s counsel hired a private psychologist,

Dr. Goff, to evaluate Hutto. Dr. Goff, however, could not complete “the psychological

testing portion” of the examination because Hutto would not cooperate. Finally, on February

14, 2013, Dr. Robert Storer conducted Hutto’s mental evaluation at the State Hospital.2 Hutto

initially stated that he would not cooperate with Storer, but he later agreed to complete the

“Personality Assessment Inventory.” Storer’s report notes that Hutto completed the

assessment in “an usually short period of time” and the report produced “an invalid profile

due to elevations on the validity scales.” 3

¶20.   Because of the invalid test scores and Hutto’s refusal to answer questions, Storer

could not give an expert opinion to a reasonable degree of psychological and psychiatric

certainty that Hutto “does not have deficits in his competence-related abilities.” But Storer

did note that

       2
       In preparation for the assessment, Dr. Robert Storer reviewed numerous
incarceration, medical, education, and court records, and he conducted phone interviews
with persons who knew Hutto.

       3
        The Negative Impression Management (“NIM”) scale indicated that Hutto
“attempted to portray himself in an especially negative manner.” The report notes that
Hutto’s “NIM scale [was] even higher that [sic] the average NIM score of subjects instructed
to malinger in research studies.” Further, “Hutto’s score on the Malingering Index . . .
indicate[d] it is likely that he was purposefully exaggerating and/or fabricating difficulties
in his responses.” Lastly, Hutto’s score on the Positive Impression Management scale
indicated “that he was not attempting to present himself in a positive light.” As a result of
his elevated scores, his test results had to be considered invalid.

                                               8
       . . . . collateral interviews and available records provide no evidence of
       cognitive deficits, memory problems, or irrational thought processes. Medical
       requests and grievance forms . . . demonstrate no deficits in his ability to
       communicate clearly and effectively or in his ability to think logically. Mr.
       Hutto also demonstrated the ability to reconsider and reverse a prior decision
       . . . During our evaluation of him on 14 February 2013, while Mr. Hutto was
       observed over the course of several hours and while he was completing
       psychological testing, he demonstrated no deficits in his ability to interact with
       staff. He also demonstrated no deficits in his awareness of his situation, his
       thought process, or his ability to understand a wide range of pertinent issues
       . . . . As for whether Mr. Hutto suffers from mental disease or defect, there
       appears to be good evidence . . . that he does not . . . . Likewise, although there
       appears to be good evidence . . . that he has the functional abilities associated
       with competence, because Mr. Hutto refused to answer our questions, I am not
       able to say with a reasonable degree of psychological and psychiatric certainty
       that Hutto does not have deficits in his competence-related abilities.

¶21.   After the mental evaluation, the State extended to Hutto a plea offer of life without

the possibility of parole. Hutto’s counsel signed the plea petition, affirming they were

satisfied that Hutto understood the contents of the petition. At the plea colloquy, however,

Hutto rejected the plea deal after learning that he would waive his appeal rights by entering

a guilty plea.

¶22.   On April 22, 2013, the trial court held a competency hearing. Defense counsel called

no witnesses and rested on Storer’s report. Based on his observations of Hutto, Storer’s

report, and the plea colloquy, the trial judge found Hutto competent to stand trial. A written

order subsequently was entered. Hutto claims that the overwhelming weight of the evidence

showed him to be incompetent to stand trial and that the trial judge erred in relying on a

report created by Dr. Robert Storer. We disagree.

                                               9
¶23.   A trial judge’s determination that a defendant is competent to stand trial will be

reversed only if it is “manifestly against the overwhelming weight of the evidence.”

Dickerson v. State, 175 So. 3d 8, 15 (Miss. 2015) (citing Hearn v. State, 3 So. 3d 722, 728

(Miss. 2008)). It is well-settled that the standard to determine whether a defendant is

competent to stand trial is if “he has sufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with

a reasonable degree of rational understanding . . . and whether he has a rational as well as

factual understanding of the proceedings against him.” Id. (quoting Dusky v. United States,

362 U.S. 402, 402, 80 S. Ct. 788, 788-89, 4 L. Ed. 2d 824, 825 (1960)). A competent

defendant is one

       (1) who is able to perceive and understand the nature of the proceedings; (2)
       who is able to rationally communicate with his attorney about the case; (3)
       who is able to recall relevant facts; (4) who is able to testify in his own defense
       if appropriate; and (5) whose ability to satisfy the foregoing criteria is
       commensurate with the severity of the case.

Id. (citing Hearn, 3 So. 3d at 728).

¶24.   We find the trial judge did not manifestly err in finding Hutto competent to stand trial.

The record indicates that the trial judge held numerous pretrial hearings at which he could

observe Hutto personally during the delay at the State Hospital. Hutto’s outbursts at these

hearings, though disruptive, do not suggest to this Court that Hutto was incompetent. Instead,

the record supports the trial judge’s conclusion that Hutto’s outbursts generally concerned

the conditions of the detention center, including showers and recreational time.

                                               10
¶25.   Hutto fails to point to instances in the record showing that he lacked the ability to

consult with his attorneys or lacked an understanding of the proceedings against him. See

Dusky, 362 U.S. at 402. Though the record shows instances in which Hutto failed to

cooperate with counsel, our review of the record does not suggest that Hutto lacked the

ability to do so. Further, the record supports the trial judge’s conclusion that Hutto

understood the proceedings. The trial judge’s competency order shows that Hutto chose not

to enter a guilty plea when he learned he would be waiving his appeal rights. Even more,

Hutto’s counsel indicated, by signing the plea petition, that they believed Hutto was

competent to enter a guilty plea.

¶26.   Lastly, the trial judge did not err by relying on Dr. Storer’s report to find Hutto

competent. As previously mentioned, Storer could not form an opinion to a reasonable degree

of psychological certainty regarding Hutto’s competence because Hutto failed to cooperate.

But, though Hutto alleges that the trial court erred by relying on Storer’s “non-finding,”

Hutto’s counsel did not call and cross-examine Storer or any other medical professional at

the competency hearing to discredit his observations. Simply put, we find Hutto presented

no evidence to the trial judge suggesting he was incompetent to stand trial. Thus, we cannot

conclude that the overwhelming weight of the evidence shows that the trial judge manifestly

erred by finding Hutto competent to stand trial. This argument fails.

       3.     Whether our decision in Conner requires a trial judge to make
              specific findings of fact for each competence consideration.

                                            11
¶27.   Hutto next argues that the trial judge erred by not making specific findings of fact for

the five competence considerations listed in Conner v. State, 632 So. 2d 1239 (Miss. 1993),

overruled on other grounds by Weatherspoon v. State, 732 So. 2d 158 (Miss. 1999). Hutto

argues the trial judge did not consider the first or fifth criterion nor cite any legal standard

in his order and therefore committed reversible error. We disagree.

¶28.   In Conner, this Court considered whether a trial judge had erred by not ordering a

competency hearing. Id. at 1247. In doing so, we took note of “a set of five criteria which,

according the American Bar Association, collectively define a competent defendant.” Id. at

1248. This Court then considered Conner’s argument that he did “not meet factors two

through five.” Id. at 1249. Ultimately, we found “[t]he trial judge did not manifestly err in

not ordering a competency hearing.”4 Id.

¶29.   A review of Conner shows that we did not hold that a trial judge must make specific

findings of fact based on the five competence criteria. Further, although the trial judge did

not cite the applicable test for determining a defendant’s competence in his order, the trial

judge did determine that Hutto understood the nature of the proceedings and was able to

assist his counsel rationally. This issue is without merit.

       B.     Mid-trial Competence

       4
        We note that Conner “relied upon former Uniform Circuit Court Rule 4.08, which
did not require that a competency hearing be conducted following a court-ordered mental
examination. Instead, a competency hearing was required only if there remained ‘reasonable
grounds’ to believe that the defendant was insane.” Hearn, 3 So. 3d at n.11 (Miss. 2008).

                                              12
¶30.   Hutto argues alternatively that the trial judge erred by not ordering Hutto to undergo

further mental evaluation after another outburst during trial. Hutto’s cousin, Jason Wilson,

testified for the State on the third day of trial. After the direct examination of Wilson, Hutto

had another outburst:

       BY THE DEFENDANT: Don’t give a f--- about none of them, especially them
       - - them or them - - I don’t care. F--- all of y’all. See that? F--- y’all.

       BY DEFENSE COUNSEL: He’s asked us some questions . . . but they are just
       designed to embarrass the witness . . .
       ...

       BY THE DEFENDANT: They’re not telling you everything. There’s other
       crimes, murders in Alabama and . . . attempted murders and all that in
       Alabama. Now, think about that and be fair about that. They’re not going to be
       fair. I told y’all from the get-go what I wanted. I’ve been fighting my whole
       life. I’m tired of fighting the whole society . . .
       ...

       BY THE DEFENDANT: You’re wasting money. Go ahead. Y’all can kill me
       today. I don’t care. Do it today. Do it today. No. No. I’m just saying they can
       do it today if that’s what y’all want to do. Do it today and get it over with . .
       ..

¶31.   After this outburst, Hutto’s counsel renewed their motion to determine competence,

which the trial judge denied. At the following day’s proceedings, the trial judge noted that

Hutto was actively participating in the proceedings and that his outbursts were not helping

his cause. During the discussion, Hutto acknowledged he had “acted like a pompous ass or

prima donna.” He also objected to his own counsel’s renewed motion to determine

competence. On appeal, Hutto argues his actions are similar to those of the defendant in

Howard v. State, 701 So. 2d 274 (Miss. 1997), and that the trial judge committed reversible

                                              13
error by failing to order, sua sponte, that Hutto undergo another mental evaluation. We

disagree.

¶32.   As to the issue of competence, we have stated that

       “[I]f before or during trial the court, of its own motion or upon motion of an
       attorney, has reasonable ground to believe that the defendant is incompetent
       to stand trial the court shall order the defendant to submit to a mental
       examination by some competent psychiatrist selected by the court . . . .”
       ...

       “What constitutes ‘reasonable ground’ to believe that a defendant is
       incompetent to stand trial rests largely within the discretion of the trial judge.”
       On review, the pertinent question is whether “the trial judge received
       information which, objectively considered, should reasonably have raised a
       doubt about defendant’s competence and alerted him to the possibility that the
       defendant could neither understand the proceedings, appreciate their
       significance, nor rationally aid his attorney in his defense.”

Harden v. State, 59 So. 3d 594, 601 (Miss. 2011) (emphasis added) (citations omitted).

¶33.   In Howard, we examined whether the trial judge erred by failing to hold a competency

hearing after witnessing the defendant’s wholly ineffective self-representation.5 Howard v.

State, 701 So. 2d 274 (Miss. 1997). At trial, the defendant attempted “to elicit information

about an imagined conspiracy so complicated that it never took shape even in his own mind”

and even suggested “that one of the jurors might have committed the crime.” Id. at 278-79.

The record “reveal[ed] that Howard’s effort was at best incoherent and deluded,” and during

mitigation, Howard “made no opening or closing statement, made no objections, submitted

       5
        We stated in Hearn that “[b]ecause Rule 9.06 now requires a formal competency
hearing after a court-ordered mental examination, . . . Howard [is] no longer instructive with
regard to whether or not a competency hearing should be held.” Hearn, 3 So. 3d at n.11.

                                               14
no mitigating evidence, and submitted no jury instructions.” Id. at 279, 282. Ultimately, we

concluded that the trial court erred by failing to order a competency hearing. Id. at 284.

¶34.   We find Howard distinguishable. A review of the transcript does not indicate that

Hutto was incoherent and deluded during trial; rather, as the trial judge noted, Hutto actively

participated in the proceedings and engaged in discussions with his counsel. Hutto’s counsel

also cross-examined some witnesses, stated objections, and presented mitigating evidence

in the penalty phase. Further, Hutto exclaiming in the presence of the jury that he should

receive the death penalty did not, per se, require the trial judge to order further mental

evaluation. To hold otherwise would bring our criminal judicial system to a grinding halt.

¶35.   We conclude that Hutto’s midtrial outburst was consistent with his outbursts before

trial. A review of the transcript does not raise reasonable doubts that Hutto was competent;

rather, it indicates that Hutto did not want to cooperate fully. See U.S. v. Flores-Martinez,

677 F.3d 699, 707 (5th Cir. 2012) (noting a defendant is not incompetent because he or she

refuses to cooperate). Indeed, Hutto even admitted that he was acting “like a pompous ass

or prima donna.” This assignment of error fails.

II.    Whether the trial judge erred in admitting custodial statements Hutto had made
       to law-enforcement officials.

¶36.   Prior to trial, Hutto sought to exclude from evidence statements he had made during

four interrogations. The trial judge held a suppression hearing and ultimately allowed the

State to admit highly redacted portions of each of the four interrogations. Hutto’s second

assignment of error consists of two arguments: first, Hutto claims his statements made to

                                              15
law-enforcement officials after his arrest were involuntary because the police induced him

to talk by offering him promises of rewards; and second, Hutto argues that the excerpts from

the second, third, and fourth interrogations should not have been admitted because the

interrogations occurred without counsel and after Hutto had invoked his Fifth Amendment

rights. We analyze these arguments separately.

       A.   Whether Hutto was offered promises for his cooperation.

¶37.   Hutto claims for the first time on appeal that his statements made to law-enforcement

officials were involuntary because “[e]arly in th[e] first interrogation, Hutto clearly seeks and

receives promises that his cooperation will result in rewards for him.” We note that Hutto’s

voluntariness argument at the trial level concerned whether his statements were inadmissible

due to alleged physical violence during his arrest, not promises or rewards. Therefore, we

will employ only plain-error review to determine if Hutto’s “substantive or fundamental

rights [were] affected.” Dickerson, 175 So. 3d at 29-30 (citing Foster v. State, 148 So. 3d

1012, 1018 (Miss. 2014)). “Applying the plain-error rule, the Court must determine: (1)

whether the trial court deviated from a legal rule; (2) whether the error is plain, clear, or

obvious; and (3) whether the error prejudiced the outcome of the trial. Id. We will reverse

the conviction only if the error “‘resulted in a manifest miscarriage of justice.”’ Id.

¶38.   “Long before Miranda warnings were mandated by the U.S. Supreme Court, it was

well settled in Mississippi jurisprudence that a confession [or statements] given after

promises of leniency was incompetent as evidence.” Jones v. State, 841 So. 2d 115, 129

                                               16
(Miss. 2003) (quoting Dunn v. State, 547 So. 2d 671, 674 (Miss. 1989)). The State has the

burden to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that a confession is voluntary. Id. at 130. “This

burden [of making out a prima facie case of voluntariness] is met by the testimony of an

officer, or other person having knowledge of the facts, that the confession was voluntarily

made without any threats, coercion, or offer of reward.” Id.

¶39.   We note that the Alabama police officers who interrogated Hutto testified at a

suppression hearing that they never offered rewards or promises to Hutto for his cooperation.

After a thorough review of the record, including all four interrogations conducted, we also

find that Hutto’s statements to law-enforcement officials were not induced by promises or

rewards. Hutto points to a portion of the first interrogation in which an unidentified officer

told Hutto that he should cooperate with law-enforcement officials. We note, however, that

the unidentified officer did not promise Hutto that he would be given leniency or any type

of reward for doing so. This issue fails.

       B.     Whether statements admitted into evidence were taken in violation
              of Hutto’s Fifth Amendment right to counsel.

¶40.   Next, Hutto asserts that redacted portions of the second, third, and fourth

interrogations were improperly admitted at trial because these interrogations occurred after

he had invoked his right to counsel and without an attorney present. We agree that it was

error to submit the redacted portion of the second interrogation to the jury but conclude the

error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

                                             17
       First Interrogation

¶41.   Investigator Kwesi Drake of the Lee County, Alabama, Sheriff’s Department

conducted the first interrogation not long after Hutto’s arrest on September 17, 2010. This

interrogation took place at the Lee County Sheriff’s Office and lasted approximately one

hour and forty-two minutes. The redacted portion of the interrogation admitted at trial was

forty-eight minutes long. Drake gave Hutto a warning pursuant to Miranda v. Arizona 6 and

Hutto subsequently admitted going to the casino with Simpson and taking the Mercedes after

Simpson’s death. He claimed, however, that a man named Mark Cox killed Simpson. Hutto

also told Drake that, while back in Alabama after Simpson’s death, he told a woman named

Melanie that he had won money at the casino and bought the Mercedes for her as a gift.

Drake recounted some of Hutto’s statements and further questioned Hutto. Later in the

interrogation, Hutto asked Drake if he needed a lawyer, and shortly thereafter Hutto asked

for a lawyer. Drake then terminated the interview.

       Second Interrogation

¶42.   Approximately thirty minutes after the first interrogation, John Tanks and Marcel

Walker of the Birmingham Police Department conducted a second interrogation of Hutto at

the Lee County Sheriff’s Office. The interview lasted two hours and nineteen minutes; the

redacted portion admitted at trial lasted less than four minutes. The focus of this interrogation

concerned the death of Hutto’s aunt, Virginia “Faye” Rardon, and Tanks was unaware that

       6
        Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602 (1966).

                                               18
Hutto had invoked his right to counsel in the prior interrogation. After being given a

Miranda warning by Tanks, Hutto made the following statements, which were heard by the

jury during the four-minute video played at trial:

       Hutto stated that he did not want to answer any questions, but instead wanted
       to make some statements. He stated that Mark Cox found him in Mississippi
       and followed him back to Alabama. Hutto claimed that he stayed in a hotel
       with a girl when he returned to Alabama. Officers Tank and Walker asked
       Hutto who the woman was, and Hutto stated it was a woman he met at a bar.

       Officer Tanks questioned Hutto about what happened after he and Mark Cox
       went to his Aunt Faye’s house. Hutto stated that he and Mark Cox did not go
       to his aunt’s house, but rather that he took the car he had from Mississippi
       (Simpson’s Mercedes) straight to a motel where he spent the night after
       returning from Mississippi. Hutto claimed he woke up the next morning and
       called his Aunt Lois, who lived at his Aunt Faye’s house. Hutto said he then
       went to his aunt’s house, but that she would not let him stay at her house with
       the stolen Mercedes. Hutto stated that he then left his Aunt Faye’s house and
       went to see a girlfriend named Melanie. Hutto told the officers that he lied to
       Melanie, telling her that he had won a bunch of money and had bought the
       Mercedes for her. He then told officers that while he was in Mississippi, an old
       woman tried to mess with him. Hutto told the detectives he had no reason to
       lie to them and that if they wanted to put him to sleep or shoot him in the head,
       it would make his day because he was now free.

¶43.   At this point, the detectives left and ended the interview.

       Third Interrogation

¶44.   On September 22, 2010, Drake conducted another interview of Hutto at the Lee

County Sheriff’s Office. The interview concerned the events that occurred in Mississippi,

including Simpson’s death. The interrogation lasted two hours and thirteen minutes, and the

redacted portion admitted at trial lasted seventeen minutes. Drake conducted this interview

                                              19
only after Hutto had sent a request to speak to an investigator concerning the charges against

him.

       Fourth Interrogation

¶45.   On September 23, 2010, Tanks and Walker conducted another interview of Hutto

concerning the death of Hutto’s aunt, but Hutto made statements about Simpson as well. The

interview took place at the Jefferson County Jail in Birmingham, Alabama, after Hutto had

asked to speak with Tanks and Walker again. The interrogation lasted thirty minutes, but the

jury heard only six and a half minutes of the interrogation. During the interrogation, Hutto

claimed he had slept with Simpson on the day he met her and told law-enforcement officials

they could kill him if they wanted to.

       Suppression Hearing

¶46.   Both Drake and Tanks testified at a suppression hearing on this issue. The videos of

the first and third interrogations were admitted during Drake’s testimony, and the videos of

the second and fourth interrogations were admitted during Tanks’s testimony. Both Drake

and Tanks testified that they never had threatened Hutto or offered him promises of rewards

for cooperation. On cross-examination, Drake admitted that Hutto had invoked his right to

counsel at the end of the first interrogation. Further, Tanks admitted on cross-examination

that he and Detective Walker had questioned Hutto during the second interrogation. After

arguments, the trial judge determined that parts of each interview would be admissible at

trial. The trial judge determined that Hutto’s second interrogation concerned a separate crime

                                             20
and a completely different matter than the first interrogation and that Hutto was read his

rights in the second interrogation.

       Law

¶47.   We previously have stated that:

       It is fundamental that an accused has a Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment right
       to have counsel present during custodial interrogation. The Fifth and
       Fourteenth Amendment prohibition against self-incrimination requires that
       custodial interrogation be preceded by advising the defendant that he has the
       right to remain silent and the right to the presence of an attorney. If the subject
       indicates that he wishes to remain silent, then the questioning must stop; and
       if he requests counsel, the questioning must stop until an attorney is present.

       When an accused has invoked his right to have counsel present during
       custodial interrogation, a valid waiver of that right cannot be established by
       proving that the accused responded to further police-initiated interrogation,
       even if he has been advised or re-advised of his rights. Furthermore, when an
       accused has expressed a desire to deal with the police only through counsel,
       further interrogation is absolutely barred until counsel has been made available
       to him, unless the accused himself initiates further communication.

Balfour v. State, 598 So. 2d 731, 744-45 (Miss. 1992) (emphasis added)(citations omitted).

The United States Supreme Court also has determined that it is irrelevant whether a law-

enforcement official conducting a second interrogation knew that the suspect had invoked

his Fifth Amendment right to counsel in a prior interrogation:

       Finally, we attach no significance to the fact that the officer who conducted the
       second interrogation did not know that respondent had made a request for
       counsel. . . . Whether a contemplated reinterrogation concerns the same or a
       different offense, or whether the same or different law enforcement authorities
       are involved in the second investigation, the same need to determine whether
       the suspect has requested counsel exists. The police department’s failure to
       honor that request cannot be justified by the lack of diligence of a particular
       officer.

                                               21
Arizona v. Roberson, 486 U.S. 675, 687-88, 108 S. Ct. 2093, 2101, 100 L. Ed. 2d 704 (1988)

(emphasis added) (citation omitted).

¶48.   We find that Hutto’s statements given in the second interrogation were taken in

violation of his Fifth Amendment rights. Hutto clearly and unequivocally asked for counsel

at the end of his first interrogation; therefore, it is immaterial that Officers Tanks and Walker,

who conducted the second interrogation, were unaware that Hutto had invoked his rights in

the prior interrogation. The State requests this Court to note that the United States Supreme

Court stated in Roberson that the police “are free to inform the suspect of the facts of the

second investigation as long as such communication does not constitute interrogation[.]”

Roberson, 486 U.S. at 687. We conclude, however, that the police did more than inform

Hutto of the second investigation involving his aunt; they interrogated him. The State’s own

brief concedes that questions were asked in this interview.

¶49.   But the admission of statements taken in violation of an accused’s Fifth Amendment

rights is “amenable to harmless error analysis.” Haynes v. State, 934 So. 2d 983, 991 (Miss.

2006) (citing Goodwin v. Johnson, 132 F.3d 162, 181 (5th Cir. 1998); United States v.

Webb, 755 F.2d 382, 392 (5th Cir. 1985)). “In order for a violation of a constitutional right

to be held harmless, this Court must determine that the violation was harmless beyond a

reasonable doubt.” Id. (citing Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 23, 87 S. Ct. 824, 17 L.

Ed. 2d 705 (1967)). We have held that “errors involving a violation of an accused’s

constitutional rights may be deemed harmless beyond a reasonable doubt where the weight

                                               22
of the evidence against the accused is overwhelming.” Id. (quoting Clark v. State, 891 So.

2d 136, 142 (Miss. 2004)). Further, inadmissible statements that are cumulative of other

admissible statements may render the admission of the statements harmless beyond a

reasonable doubt. Byrom v. State, 863 So. 2d 836, 858 (Miss. 2003).

¶50.   We find that the admission of the redacted video of Hutto’s second interrogation

constituted harmless error beyond a reasonable doubt. Hutto’s statements given in the second

interview were exculpatory rather than inculpatory and cumulative of other properly admitted

statements. In the second interrogation, Hutto mentioned Mark Cox, the stolen Mercedes, and

attempting to give the Mercedes as a gift to a woman named Melanie. We note that all of

these statements were cumulative of statements Hutto gave in the properly admitted first

interrogation that took place thirty minutes prior to the commencement of the second

interrogation.

¶51.   Further, Hutto’s statement that an old woman in Mississippi tried to mess with him

is cumulative of a statement given in Hutto’s fourth interrogation. In the fourth interview,

Hutto stated that Simpson was “a horny old broad” and that they slept together on the day

they met. This later statement encompasses the statement in the second interview. Hutto’s

final statement in the second interview that the police could put him to sleep or shoot him in

the head also is cumulative because, in the fourth interview, Hutto also stated that police

could do whatever they wanted to him: “lethal-injection, firing squad, electric chair.”

                                             23
¶52.   Finally, the trial judge did not err in admitting portions of the third and fourth

interviews into evidence. Again, this Court has acknowledged that “when an accused has

expressed a desire to deal with the police only through counsel, further interrogation is

absolutely barred until counsel has been made available to him, unless the accused himself

initiates further communication.” Balfour , 598 So. 2d at 744-45 (emphasis added). The term

“initiate” requires “more than the inquiry of simply ‘who talks first.’” Haynes, 934 So. 2d

at 989. For an Edwards7 initiation to occur, the suspect must show “a willingness and a desire

to talk generally about his case,” and such a willingness must not be influenced by law-

enforcement officials. Id. (quoting U.S. v. Whaley, 13 F.3d 963, 967 (6th Cir. 1994)).

¶53.   Drake testified at trial that the reason for the third interrogation was because Hutto

“sent up a request from the jail to speak to an investigator.” Indeed, the last two

interrogations began with law-enforcement officials stating they were meeting with Hutto

because Hutto had asked to speak with them. In the third interrogation, Drake clearly said to

Hutto: “I know you said you wanted to talk to somebody, but I still have to read you your

rights.” After his rights had been read, Hutto confirmed that no threats, promises, or rewards

had been offered to him “whatsoever,” and that he did “want to answer questions and make

some statements.” And at the beginning of the fourth interrogation, Tanks clearly stated to

Hutto: “you called us over here, what do you need to tell us? But before we begin, I need to

read you your rights.” Tanks proceeded to read Hutto his rights, and Hutto waived his rights

       7
        Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477, 101 S. Ct. 1880, 68 L. Ed. 2d 378 (1981).

                                             24
before further questioning began. For these reasons, we find that Hutto reinitiated contact

with law-enforcement officials, and, thus, the trial judge did not err in admitting portions of

the third and fourth interrogations into evidence. Hutto’s second assignment of error fails.

III.   Whether the trial judge improperly admitted prejudicial and inflammatory post-
       autopsy photos.

¶54.   Next, Hutto asserts that the trial judge improperly admitted four autopsy photos. He

claims that “[w]hile these photos would assist a medically trained doctor in reaching a

forensic opinion[,] they show nothing to a layman beyond the undisputed testimony.” Hutto

also argues that autopsy photos “are almost per se inadmissable.” Hurns v. State, 616 So. 2d

313, 319 (Miss. 1993) (“Few autopsy photographs will meet the criteria of containing more

probative value, as compared to being unfairly prejudicial or inflammatory, or overly

gruesome.”). In sum, Hutto states these photos were overly prejudicial and inflammatory.

¶55.   “On appeal, this Court will give great deference to trial judges in the sound exercise

of their discretion in the admission of photographs[.]” Bonds v. State, 138 So. 3d 914, 919

(Miss. 2014). Though this discretion is not unlimited, it is “considerable,” and we will

reverse a trial judge’s decision to admit a photograph only if he abused that discretion. Id.

at n.2. In Keller v. State, we noted that

       In Westbrook v. State, 658 So. 2d 847, 849 (Miss. 1995), this Court found that
       photographs of a victim have evidentiary value when they aid in describing the
       circumstances of the killing, Williams v. State, 354 So. 2d 266 (Miss. 1978);
       describe the location of the body and cause of death, Ashley v. State, 423 So.
       2d 1311 (Miss. 1982); or supplement or clarify witness testimony, Hughes v.
       State, 401 So. 2d 1100 (Miss. 1981).

                                              25
Keller v. State, 138 So. 3d 817, 857 (Miss. 2014) (quoting Le v. State, 913 So. 2d 913, 955

(Miss. 2005), overruled in part by Bonds, 138 So. 3d at 919).

¶56.      We find that the trial judge did not abuse his discretion in admitting the autopsy

photos. Before admitting the photos, the trial judge conducted a Rule 403 balancing test and

found the photos admissible. And at trial, Dr. Adele Lewis testified that Simpson had

suffered numerous injuries which led to her death. Exhibits 64, 65, and 66 were introduced

during Lewis’s testimony as evidence that Simpson had suffered a “fracture or break in the

spine.” Lewis testified that these photos showed “bleeding in the muscles of the neck” and

that such injuries “could be consistent with either a blow or with strangulation.” Exhibit 67

also was introduced during Lewis’s testimony as evidence that Simpson had suffered an ear-

to-ear skull fracture. Lewis testified that the injury shown in the photo was consistent with

blunt-force trauma. Lewis further stated that either the broken neck shown in Exhibits 64,

65, and 66 or the skull fracture shown in Exhibit 67 “could have caused [Simpson’s] death

by itself.” Because the photos aided Lewis in describing “the circumstances of the killing”

and “clarified her testimony,” we find this issue to be without merit. See Keller, 138 So. 3d

at 857.

IV.       Whether Hutto’s Sixth Amendment right to confront the witnesses against him
          was violated.

¶57.      During the investigation of Hutto, the Mississippi Crime Laboratory used blood taken

from Simpson’s autopsy to make a bloodstain card. Hinds County Sheriff’s Department

Investigator Greg Lewis, a chain-of-custody witness, testified that he had retrieved the

                                               26
bloodstain card from the crime lab and delivered it to Scales Bio Lab for DNA testing. The

testing would determine if Simpson’s blood matched a substance found on Hutto’s Nike flip-

flop that he wore on the night of Simpson’s disappearance. During cross-examination, the

defense asked Lewis whether the bloodstain card he received from the crime lab was the first

or second card that he had taken to the bio lab. The State objected because the trial judge had

not yet ruled on a motion in limine seeking to exclude any testimony that the crime lab

initially had mislabeled Simpson’s bloodstain card with the incorrect crime lab number. The

trial judge accepted a proffer from Kristy Fuson, an employee of the crime lab, on the issue.

¶58.   Fuson stated that all cases at the crime lab are assigned case numbers. Simpson’s case

number was SME No. 10-1136, but the labels to be attached to Simpson’s files were

transposed with the number “8” instead of the number “6.” Thus, the first bloodstain card

that Lewis delivered to the bio lab was labeled with the number “10-1138.” When tested at

the bio lab, the bloodstain card generated a male profile. After a male profile was generated

from “Simpson’s” bloodstain card during DNA testing, the bio lab informed the crime lab

of this finding. The crime lab found the error and then relabeled Simpson’s actual bloodstain

card with the correct case number; it was then delivered by Lewis to the bio lab. Kathryn

Rodgers, a forensic DNA analyst, later determined the substance on Hutto’s flip-flop to be

Simpson’s blood. Rodgers testified as to her conclusions at trial, noting that the result was

a match frequency of less than one in 276 billion.

                                              27
¶59.   After the proffer, the trial judge granted the State’s motion in limine. The trial judge

found the mislabeling at the lab was irrelevant or, alternatively, would create juror confusion.

On appeal, Hutto argues that his constitutional right of confrontation was violated when the

trial judge ruled Hutto could not cross-examine witnesses about the error in the lab. We agree

that the trial judge should have allowed cross-examination about the mislabeling, but we

determine this error to be harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

¶60.   “Defendants in criminal cases have a fundamental constitutional right to be confronted

with witnesses against them.” Armstead v. State, 196 So. 3d 913, 917 (Miss. 2016) (citing

U.S. Const. amend. VI; Miss. Const. art. 3, § 26 (1890)). And “[t]he right of a criminal

defendant . . . to cross examine witnesses against him is at the heart of the [C]onfrontation

[C]lause.” Id. (quoting Lanier v. State, 533 So. 2d 473, 488 (Miss. 1988)). The right of

confrontation “extends to and includes the right to fully cross examine the witness on every

material point relating to the issue to be determined that would have a bearing on the

credibility of the witness and the weight and worth of his testimony.” Scott v. State, 796 So.

2d 959, 964 (Miss. 2001) (quoting Myers v. State, 296 So. 2d 695, 700 (Miss. 1974)).

¶61.   Hutto claims the United States Supreme Court opinions Bullcoming v. New Mexico,

564 U.S. 647, 131 S. Ct. 2705, 180 L. Ed. 2d 610 (2011), and Melendez-Diaz v.

Massaschusetts, 557 U.S. 305, 129 S. Ct. 2527, 174 L. Ed. 2d 314 (2009), support his

argument that reversible error was committed. But at issue in those cases was whether

testimonial statements or documents were admitted against the defendant without being

                                              28
accompanied by proper witness testimony. See Armstead, 196 So. 3d at 918. We noted in

Armstead that

       [u]nder Melendez-Diaz and Bullcoming, forensic reports created specifically
       to serve as evidence against an accused at trial are among the “core class of
       testimonial statements” governed by the Confrontation Clause.
       Melendez-Diaz, 129 S. Ct. at 2532; Bullcoming, 131 S. Ct. at 2717. The
       Confrontation Clause prohibits the introduction of these testimonial documents
       through the “surrogate testimony” of a witness who had no involvement in the
       creation of those documents. Bullcoming, 131 S. Ct. at 2709.

Id.

¶62.   Rodgers, the bio lab analyst, was the only witness for the State who testified about

forensic DNA testing. Further, she testified about her own specific findings and conclusions,

not the findings of another person. The trial judge did not allow the State to introduce

testimonial hearsay against Hutto and, therefore, the Melendez-Diaz and Bullcoming

decisions do not require reversal of Hutto’s conviction.

¶63.   Hutto also directs this Court to Terry v. State, 718 So. 2d 1115 (Miss. 1998). In Terry,

a jury convicted the defendant of embezzling. Terry v. State, 718 So. 2d 1115, 1117 (Miss.

1998). At trial, a witness for the State testified that a document at issue “could not be

altered.” Id. at 1125. During cross-examination of the witness, defense counsel attempted “to

introduce a counterfeit document[] to prove that an altered document could have been

substituted for the real one[,]” but the trial judge did not allow the attorney to do so. Id. This

Court held that Terry “was denied her right to cross-examine” when the trial judge prevented

defense counsel from impeaching the witness’s assertion “with the ‘fake’ [document]. ” Id.

                                               29
¶64.   This case is distinguishable from Terry because, in that case, the defendant was

denied her right to impeach a witness about a statement the witness had offered to the court.

Here, Hutto merely was denied the opportunity to show the jury that Simpson’s bloodstain

card initially was mislabeled. The trial judge allowing cross-examination on this point would

not have changed the fact that, when Simpson’s actual bloodstain card was compared to the

substance found on Hutto’s flip-flop, it resulted in a match frequency of less than one in 276

billion. Defense counsel also failed to request a proffer of Lewis or any other witness to

articulate any prejudice on this issue. We find that the trial judge’s failure to allow defense

counsel to question Lewis about the error in the lab did not prejudice the outcome of the trial.

V.     Whether Hutto’s motion for a mistrial should have been granted after a jail
       administrator testified he had received “threats” from Hutto.

¶65.   Next, Hutto argues that a request for a mistrial should have been granted. Michael Ivy,

a former jailhouse administrator with the Hinds County Sheriff’s Department, testified for

the State. During Ivy’s testimony, the State admitted two letters that Hutto had written to the

district attorney’s office. After testifying to the substance of the letters, the following

exchange took place between counsel for the State and Ivy:

       Q. And would [Hutto] generally give you correspondence, Captain Ivy?

       A. Yeah. He gave me quite a bit of correspondence and notes and threats and
       all kind of stuff.

Defense counsel immediately moved for a mistrial, and the trial judge denied the motion.

                                              30
¶66.   We employ an abuse-of-discretion standard of review to determine whether a trial

judge erred in denying a request for a mistrial. Pitchford v. State, 45 So. 3d 216, 240 (Miss.

2010). A trial judge need declare a mistrial only “when there is an error in the proceedings

resulting in substantial and irreparable prejudice to the defendant’s case.” Id. (quoting Parks

v. State, 930 So. 2d 383, 386 (Miss. 2006)).

¶67.   Hutto cites Rose v. State, 556 So. 2d 728 (Miss. 1990), and Sample v. State, 643 So.

2d 524, 528-29 (Miss. 1994), to support his argument that the trial judge should have granted

a mistrial. In Rose, the defendant was indicted for conspiracy to commit larceny. Rose, 556

So. 2d at 729. During cross-examination at trial, the State questioned the defendant about

arson and the fact that her house burned down. Id. at 730-31. On appeal, we found that the

defendant “did not place her character at issue” and concluded that the effect of cumulative

errors denied Rose a fair trial. Id. at 731, 735.

¶68.   In Sample, a jury convicted the defendant of possession of marijuana with intent to

distribute. Sample, 643 So. 2d at 528-29. The defendant was arrested while driving a black

Camaro. Id. The officer who arrested Sample testified that his attention was drawn to the

Camaro because “it was parked at a residence where a shooting had occurred a week earlier”

and he “had received official information at a pre-patrol briefing that a car matching the

description of the black Camaro had recently been stolen.” Id. We reversed the defendant’s

conviction, finding the testimony about the shooting and stolen car “was unduly prejudicial

in that it allowed an inference that Sample was engaged in other crimes.” Id. at 529.

                                               31
¶69.   We find Rose and Sample distinguishable, as both of those cases involved direct

evidence of other possible crimes. Though Ivy should not have testified about receiving

“threats,” the passing reference was too vague and nondescript to amount to evidence of

other crimes or bad acts. See Miss. R. Evid. 404(b). Further, this testimony was not

introduced to show that Hutto was the kind of person who would commit capital murder. See

id.; see also Rose, 556 So. 2d at 730. Ivy’s brief reference did not result “in substantial and

irreparable prejudice to the defendant’s case.” Pitchford, 45 So. 3d at 240.

VI.    Whether evidence of the victim’s character was admitted improperly during the
       trial.

¶70.   Hutto next contends that the trial judge erred in allowing the State repeatedly to elicit

testimony concerning Simpson’s character and reputation “designed to do nothing but

prejudice the jury against Hutto.” Hutto points to multiple instances in which he argues error

occurred.

       The State’s Opening Statement

¶71.   During the prosecution’s opening statement, counsel stated:

       You’re going to hear that Ethel Simpson was 81 years old at the time of her
       death. But don’t let her age fool you. She was lively, she was vivacious, she
       loved to socialize, she had a very busy life. She was survived by a son, Ken
       Simpson, who described his mother as social. She loved to travel, she loved to
       eat and she loved people.

The defense objected, claiming the statements concerning Simpson’s character were

improper. The State countered that these statements were going to come into the

                                              32
prosecution’s case-in-chief to indicate why she was targeted by Hutto. Counsel for the State

continued:

       Again, Ethel Simpson was vivacious, she was alive and she was full of life.
       Ken Simpson, her son, described her as colorful in the way she dressed. She
       also died [sic] her hair bright red. She was a lover of people. And one of the
       qualities that people loved so much about Ethel was how much she loved
       people and how outgoing she was. And what you’ll come to find out is that’s
       one of the reasons that led to her demise and that’s one of the reasons that
       she’s not here today and that’s one of the reasons why James Hutto targeted
       her.

       You’ll hear that Ethel Simpson was widowed in 2005 when her husband died
       of lung cancer.

After these statements, defense counsel asked for a continuing objection to all victim

character evidence. On appeal, Hutto argues these statements prejudiced the jury against him.

¶72.   Though these statements concerned the victim’s character, we find these statements

“set the stage for the presentation of relevant evidence.” Goff v. State, 14 So. 3d 625, 652

(Miss. 2009)). In Goff, we reiterated that “the purpose of an opening statement is to inform

the jury what a party to the litigation expects the proof to show.” Id. at 652 (quoting

Slaughter v. State, 815 So. 2d 1122, 1131 (Miss. 2002)). “Attorneys are also allowed a wide

latitude in arguing their cases to the jury, including opening statements and closing

arguments.” Dycus v. State, 875 So. 2d 140, 170 (Miss. 2004), sentence vacated by Roper

v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551, 125 S. Ct. 1183, 161 L. Ed. 2d 1 (2005) (citing Sheppard v.

State, 777 So. 2d 659, 661 (Miss. 2000)). And further, opening statements “do not constitute

evidence.” Goff, 14 So. 3d at 652.

                                             33
¶73.   In Dycus, the prosecution claimed in its opening statement that the victim was

seventy-six years old, had lived in the same house for forty years, and made cookies for

neighbors. Dycus, 875 So. 2d at 870. And in its closing argument, the State told the jury that

the victim “had recently recovered from a serious bout with cancer.” Id. On appeal, Dycus

alleged that such statements were irrelevant and inflammatory, but we concluded “that the

relatively minor statements” about the victim did not result “in prejudice so substantial that

it influenced the outcome of the trial.” Id.

¶74.   The only caselaw Hutto cites in support of his position is Wiley v. State, 484 So. 2d

339 (Miss. 1986), vacated by Wiley v. State, 635 So. 2d 802 (Miss. 1993). In that case, this

Court “held that in death penalty cases, as in other cases, the victim’s character is ordinarily

not at issue and reference thereto is improper.” Mack v. State, 650 So. 2d 1289, 1324 (Miss.

1994) (citing Wiley, 484 So. 2d at 348). But we also have “held that such evidence as is

relevant to the crime charged is admissible, notwithstanding an objection that it bears on the

victim’s character.” Id. Indeed, “evidence of the victim’s character is admissible if it is

relevant to the crime.” Dycus, 875 So. 2d at 870; see also Randall v. State, 806 So. 2d 185,

225 (Miss. 2001); Hansen v. State, 592 So. 2d 114, 146-47 (Miss. 1991).

¶75.   We find no error in the prosecution’s statements above. Again, opening statements do

not constitute evidence, and the State is allowed to argue its theory of the case. Moreover,

the statements about Simpson’s outgoing character did “set the stage for the presentation of

relevant evidence.” See Goff, 14 So. 3d at 625. As shown in the trial transcript, a witness for

                                               34
the State testified that Hutto catered “his story to the people that were around him [at the

Healthplex] to try to entice people and pull people in.” Further testimony was elicited during

the State’s case-in-chief that Hutto claimed to have the same type of cancer that Simpson’s

husband had died from. The “relatively minor statements” concerning Simpson’s character

followed the State’s theme that Hutto had manipulated an outgoing and social Simpson.

Dycus, 875 So. 2d at 170.

       Bible-Study Testimony

¶76.   Hutto further argues he was prejudiced when the jury heard testimony that Simpson

participated in Bible study. At trial, Daty Rochelle testified that she and Simpson were

“friends.” Counsel for the State asked Rochelle how she knew the victim, to which Rochelle

responded: “I knew her from a Bible study at First Baptist in Clinton. She was in a small –

she and I were in a small group together.” The prosecution then moved on to questions

concerning Rochelle’s encounter with Hutto and Simpson at the Heathplex.

¶77.   Simply put, the State asked the witness how she knew the victim, the witness

answered, and the State moved on. Hutto cites no caselaw showing that such testimony is

improper. The testimony of how Rochelle knew Simpson is relevant for the purpose of

Rochelle’s credibility and personal knowledge of the events in question.

       Statement from Simpson’s Brother

¶78.   Hutto objected at trial to testimony given by Simpson’s brother and roommate,

Thomas Winstead. On direct examination, the prosecution asked Winstead why he and

                                             35
Simpson lived together. Winstead responded: “Well, [we were] just kind of looking after

each other.” Again, this is simply a background question concerning how the witness knew

the victim and resulted in no prejudice to Hutto.

       Photo of the Victim

¶79.   Hutto also objected to the introduction of a photo of Simpson during the testimony of

her son, Ken Simpson. The prosecution countered that the photo was “relevant for the

purpose of identification” and the judge admitted the photograph into evidence.

¶80.   In Spicer v. State, this Court noted that “[t]he trial judge has discretion to determine

whether or not photographs have a legitimate evidentiary purpose.” Spicer v. State, 921 So.

2d 292, 306 (Miss. 2006) (citing Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 601 (Miss.1995)). In

Spicer, the State introduced, and the trial judge admitted, a photo of the victim “for

identification purposes.” Id. at 307. On review, we determined that “[s]ince the trial court

admitted the photograph of [the victim] for a legitimate evidentiary purpose and there was

nothing otherwise prejudicial about the picture itself,” the trial judge did not err in admitting

the photograph. Id.

¶81.   As in Spicer, the State sought to introduce the picture of Simpson for the purpose of

identification. And having viewed the photograph, we find nothing prejudicial about the

photograph itself. The photo does not show Simpson with her family or any other person;

rather, it is simply a professional photo of Simpson. No error occurred here.

                                               36
       Testimony of Jan Cossitt

¶82.   Hutto also claims testimony from Jan Cossitt, an employee of the Healthplex,

prejudiced him. When asked how she knew the victim, Cossitt testified:

       Ethel is a – was a longtime member of the Baptist Healthplex, also a friend,
       a member of the church that I attended and a member of an organization called
       the Red Hat Society, which is group of ladies 50 years of age and above who
       get together at least once a month to have a meal together or participate in
       some program.

When the State asked what Simpson was like, Cossitt testified:

       A. Probably one of the most generous, giving people I’ve ever met in my life.
       Never met a stranger.

       Q. She never met a stranger?

       A. No.

¶83.   Again, these statements did not “result in prejudice so substantial that it influenced

the outcome of the trial.” Dycus, 875 So. 2d at 870. The first statement from Cossitt is simply

a background question concerning how Cossitt knew Simpson. And as for the second

statement, we again point out that “evidence of the victim’s character is admissible if it is

relevant to the crime.” Id. The testimony that Simpson was “generous” and “never met a

stranger” could reasonably indicate why she, an elderly woman, took Hutto, a younger man

with no automobile, home from the gym, to the casino, and bought him dinner. We find no

merit in this assignment of error.

                                              37
VII. Whether the trial judge erred in denying Instruction D8 on intoxication.

¶84.   Hutto argues that the trial judge committed reversible error by denying Instruction D-

8.8 He claims that the jury heard evidence that suggested he was intoxicated on the day he

met Simpson and should have been granted an intoxication instruction. He points to the

testimony of Wayne Terrell, an employee at the Healthplex. Terrill stated that Hutto “seemed

a little bit strange . . . like he was maybe on something.” On cross-examination, defense

counsel asked Terrell if Hutto was “acting like he was on steroids.” Terrell responded: “No,

not necessarily steroids. Maybe some kind of speed or something.” Terrell ultimately stated

that Hutto “just seemed like he was kind of amped up.”9 Another employee of the Healthplex,

Keith Montgomery, testified that Hutto seemed “overzealous” and “eager to talk to people

       8
       The instruction stated:

       You have also heard evidence that Mr. Hutto appeared to be under the
       influence of some substance, i.e., intoxicated. “Intoxicated” means: being
       under the influence of alcohol or drugs or both. Some degrees of intoxication
       may prevent a person from having the requisite intent to commit an offense.
       If, after considering the evidence of intoxication, together with all the other
       evidence, you have a reasonable doubt that Mr. Hutto had the specific intent
       to commit a material element of the offense charged, the you must find Mr.
       Hutto not guilty of the offense.

       9
        Hutto also points to the testimony of Melanie McKissack and Jack Wilson for the
proposition that Hutto was intoxicated. McKissack described Hutto as “really, really wired
up on something.” And Wilson testified that Hutto was acting “crazy, delusional, just crazy,
scary acting.” We note, however, that these witnesses testified about how Hutto behaved in
the days after Simpson’s disappearance while Hutto was back in Alabama. The testimony
from these witnesses does not speak to how Hutto acted on the day he met and purportedly
killed Simpson.

                                             38
that were in the facility.” Jan Cossitt testified that Montgomery mentioned that Hutto had

“been kind of acting out of the ordinary” at the Healthplex.

¶85.    Hutto acknowledges that voluntary intoxication is not a defense to a specific-intent

crime. Indeed, “[t]he law in Mississippi is clear that voluntary intoxication is not a defense

to a specific-intent crime.” Hale v. State, 191 So. 3d 719, 724 (Miss. 2016) (emphasis in

original) (citing McDaniel v. State, 356 So. 2d 1151, 1161 (Miss. 1978)). Hutto suggests,

however, that involuntary intoxication may be a defense. In Hale, we noted that this Court

“has not addressed whether Mississippi law recognizes the defense of involuntary

intoxication.” See Hale, 191 So. 3d at 724 (emphasis in original).

¶86.    But regardless of whether we would recognize such a defense, Hutto presented no

facts at trial suggesting he was involuntarily intoxicated. “Jury instructions should be given

only when facts developed in the case being tried support them.” Simons v. State, 805 So.

2d 452, 473 (Miss. 2001). Hutto acknowledges in his own brief that “[t]here was no

testimony regarding how Hutto may have become intoxicated–voluntarily or involuntarily.”

Even more, a review of the record does not suggest Hutto was intoxicated at all at the time

of Simpson’s death. The above-mentioned testimony concerned Hutto’s behavior at the

Healthplex, hours before he purportedly killed Simpson. This assignment of error fails.

VIII.    Whether the prosecution abused its discretion in seeking the death penalty
         against Hutto.

¶87.    Hutto alleges the prosecution abused its discretion by seeking the death penalty

against him but not seeking the death penalty in a factually similar case involving a defendant

                                              39
named George Affleck.10 Hutto contends his equal protection rights were violated because

the State had no rational basis to pursue the death penalty in his case and that the State

discriminated against him based on socioeconomic factors. Hutto also claims the prosecution

allowed the victim’s family to direct the prosecution in violation of Mississippi Code Section

99-43-17. We disagree.

¶88.   “[S]o long as the prosecutor has probable cause to believe that the accused committed

an offense defined by statute, the decision whether or not to prosecute, and what charge to

file or bring before a grand jury, generally rests entirely in his discretion.” Bodenkircher v.

Hayes, 434 U.S. 357, 364, 98 S. Ct. 663, 669, 54 L. Ed. 2d 604 (1978). This discretion is

permissible “so long as the selection was [not] deliberately based upon an unjustifiable

standard such as race, religion, or other arbitrary classification.” Id. at 364 (citing Oyler

v. Boles, 368 U.S. 448, 456, 82 S. Ct. 501, 506, 7 L. Ed. 2d 446 (1962)) (internal quotations

omitted) (emphasis added); see also Furman, 408 U.S. at 242 (“It would seem to be

incontestable that the death penalty inflicted on one defendant is ‘unusual’ if it discriminates

against him by reason of his race, religion, wealth, social position, or class, or if it is imposed

under a procedure that gives room for the play of such prejudices.”).

¶89.   Hutto is, in essence, asserting a selective-prosecution claim. “A selective-prosecution

claim is an independent assertion of misconduct by a prosecutor and not a defense on the

       10
         As shown in a recent Court of Appeals decision, a jury convicted George Affleck
of capital murder and felony possession of a firearm, but no death sentence was sought in
his case. See Affleck v. State, 210 So. 3d 1067, 1074 (Miss. Ct. App. 2015).

                                                40
merits to the criminal charge itself.” Fox v. State, 129 So. 3d 208, 218 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013)

(quoting United States v. Armstrong, 517 U.S. 456, 463, 116 S. Ct. 1480, 134 L. Ed. 2d 687

(1996)) (internal quotations omitted). In order to succeed in a selective-prosecution claim,

“[t]here must be clear evidence to rebut the presumption that the prosecutor acted lawfully.”

Id. (citing Armstrong, 517 U.S. at 465). Therefore, the burden is not on the State to show a

rational basis for seeking the death penalty; rather, the burden is on Hutto to clearly show that

the prosecution acted unlawfully based on arbitrary standards.

¶90.   Hutto cites United States Census data purporting to show that Simpson (the victim

here) lived in suburban Clinton, Mississippi, whereas Ms. Hearn (the victim in Affleck’s

case) lived in south Jackson, Mississippi. Hutto also states he is indigent and has appointed

counsel but Affleck was able to retain counsel. Hutto provides no further facts on the

socioeconomic status of the victims and defendants in these cases.

¶91.   We find these bare-bones allegations insufficient to show any discrimination occurred.

It would be utter speculation for this Court to determine that Simpson had a better

socioeconomic status than Ms. Hearn solely because she lived in Clinton instead of Jackson.

Further, we agree with the State that the ability to proceed with retained counsel is far from

a complete picture of one’s socioeconomic status. In sum, the record is devoid of evidence

showing the prosecution arbitrarily sought the death penalty against Hutto.

¶92.   Moreover, Hutto’s argument that the State violated Mississippi Code Section 99-43-17

is without merit. The statute states that “[t]he rights of the victim do not include the authority

                                               41
to direct the prosecution of the case.” Miss. Code Ann. § 99-43-17 (Rev. 2015). In looking

at the record, we easily find that the prosecution did not delegate the decision of whether or

not to seek the death penalty to Simpson’s family. Instead, the record shows that the State

sought the death penalty after Hutto rejected a plea deal. This assignment of error fails.

IX.    Whether the trial judge allowed the State to introduce speculative opinion
       testimony at both the guilt and sentencing phases.

¶93.   Simpson’s body was found on a hog farm and partially covered by a hog-feed-

container. Prior to trial, Hutto filed a motion in limine to prohibit witnesses for the State from

testifying that red stains on the container “appeared to be blood” because no testing occurred

to show the substance was in fact blood. Hutto also argued that the crime-scene investigator

who would testify, Hinds County Sheriff’s Department Investigator Eric Rather, lacked first-

hand knowledge or observation of the red substance. The trial judge did not rule on the

motion in limine at that time.

¶94.   Later at trial, Rather did testify that “red stains that appeared to be blood” were found

on the hog-feed container. On cross-examination, Rather admitted that he did not take any

samples to send to the lab to determine if the red substance was blood. On redirect, Rather

testified that he had been to “hundreds” of crime scenes and around twenty-five murder

scenes. He further testified that he had observed blood at prior crime scenes.

¶95.   We find that Hutto is barred from asserting this argument. A moving party has a duty

to ensure his motion is heard and that a ruling on the motion is obtained. See Lambert v.

State, 518 So. 2d 621, 632 (Miss. 1987). David Cox, a patrol officer with the Hinds County

                                               42
Sheriff’s Office, testified without objection that the red substance on the container appeared

to be blood. Cox testified before Rather, and therefore, the jury already had heard this

testimony on this issue.

¶96.   We also note briefly that Hutto’s claim also lacks merit, as Rather’s testimony was

proper under Mississippi Rule of Evidence 701. 11 The record clearly indicates that Rather

personally observed the red substance while taking photos of the crime scene. And because

Rather’s testimony concerned the crime scene and the condition of the victim’s body,

Rather’s opinion was “helpful to the clear understanding” of his testimony and a fact at issue.

See M.R.E. 701. Lastly, Rather also testified that he had been to hundreds of crime scenes

and had observed blood at many of those scenes; thus, his testimony was a proper lay

opinion.

       Sentencing Stage

¶97.   Building on his argument above, Hutto also agues that the trial judge erred in allowing

the State to submit the “heinous, atrocious, or cruel” (HAC) aggravating circumstance. See

Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-101(5)(i) (Rev. 2015). Hutto asserts that Rather’s testimony that

the substance on the container “appeared to be blood” was the only basis to submit the HAC

       11
         If the witness is not testifying as an expert, the witness’s testimony in the form of
opinions or inferences is limited to those opinions or inferences which are (a) rationally
based on the perception of the witness, (b) helpful to the clear understanding of the
testimony or the determination of a fact in issue, and (c) not based on scientific, technical,
or other specialized knowledge within the scope of Rule 702.

                                              43
aggravator. He further asserts that the State’s theory that Simpson may have remained

conscious for some time during the beating which caused her death was contradicted by the

State’s own pathologist.

¶98.   To uphold the submission of the HAC aggravator, there must be evidence that the

offense in question “was accompanied by such additional acts as to set the crime apart from

the norm of capital felonies – the conscienceless or pitiless crime which is unnecessarily

torturous to the victim.” Ronk v. State, 172 So. 3d 1112, 1143 (Miss. 2015) (quoting Lockett

v. State, 614 So. 2d 888, 896 (Miss. 1992)). “This Court has held that ‘[t]he number of

wounds . . . and the fact that death was not immediate, but prolonged’ may all be considered

as evidence supporting a jury’s finding of the HAC aggravator.” King v. State, 960 So. 2d

413, 441 (Miss. 2007) (citing Manning v. State, 735 So. 2d 323, 349-50 (Miss. 1999)).

Additional factors that may be considered under the HAC aggravator include “whether the

defendant inflicted physical pain before death, the mental anguish and physical torture

suffered by the victim prior to death, and the vulnerability of the victim.” Ronk, 172 So. 3d

at 1143 (quoting Bennett v. State, 933 So. 2d 930, 954 (Miss. 2006)).

¶99.   Hutto strenuously argues that there is no evidence regarding the length of time

Simpson remained conscious during the assault that ended her life. He points to Taylor v.

State, 672 So. 2d 1246, 1275-76 (Miss. 1996), and Lockett v. Puckett, 980 F. Supp. 201, 228

(S.D. Miss. 1997), rev’d in part, appeal dismissed in part sub nom. Lockett v. Anderson,

230 F.3d 695 (5th Cir. 2000). In both of those cases, the reviewing court determined that the

                                             44
HAC aggravator should not have been submitted to the jury because there was no evidence

as to the length of time the victim remained alive after suffering a lethal injury. Taylor, 672

So. 2d at 1276; Lockett, 980 F. Supp. at 228.

¶100. But notwithstanding those decisions, “[t]his Court has rejected the notion that the

victim’s ‘ability to remain conscious’ after sustaining the lethal wounds has any relevance

to this issue.” King, 960 So. 2d at 441; see also Underwood v. State, 708 So. 2d 18, 40

(Miss. 1998) (“Our case law is replete with cases where the length of time that it took the

victim to die was not considered to be dispositive on appeal.”). The length of time it took the

victim to die is only one factor to consider. Id.

¶101. We disagree with Hutto’s assertion that Rather’s testimony was the only evidence to

support the submission of the HAC aggravator. Dr. Adele Lewis testified that Simpson

suffered blunt-force injuries to the head, soft-tissue defects, an ear-to-ear skull fracture,

bleeding in the neck muscles, a crushed windpipe, and a fractured spine, i.e., a broken neck.

Lewis further testified that the pooling of blood in Simpson’s neck was consistent with either

a blow or strangulation. Lewis stated that the ear-to-ear skull fracture Simpson suffered was

caused by the type of force one would see in a car wreck or by falling from a great height.

Admittedly, Lewis stated that, after suffering either the broken neck or skull fracture,

Simpson likely lost consciousness “quite quickly.” But Lewis did not opine that these injuries

occurred before the four other injuries. When asked if Simpson essentially was beaten to

death, Lewis responded affirmatively.

                                              45
¶102. We find sufficient evidence to support the submission of the HAC aggravator. Lewis

determined Simpson suffered at least six distinct injuries. Further, Simpson was a vulnerable

victim, as she was eighty-one years old. Simpson suffered a grisly murder “apart from the

norm of capital felonies.” Ronk, 172 So. 3d at 1143.

¶103. Within this argument, Hutto also claims the trial judge relied on speculative testimony

to submit the HAC aggravator to the jury. During argument on this issue at trial, the State

claimed that there were hand prints in the smeared red substance on the hog feed container.

On appeal, Hutto argues that there actually was no testimony claiming hand prints were

present in the red substance; thus, he argues that the State misled the judge. But regardless

of whether hand prints or impressions were on the container, we find sufficient evidence was

presented to support the submission of this aggravator.

X.     Whether the trial court erred by allowing the State to submit the “prior violent
       felony” aggravating circumstance to the jury.

¶104. Before the sentencing phase, the parties presented arguments as to whether Hutto

previously had been convicted “of a felony involving the use or threat of violence.” See Miss.

Code Ann. § 99-19-101(5)(b) (Rev. 2015).12 The prosecution offered the certified felony

conviction of Hutto for the crime of Sexual Abuse in the First Degree under Alabama

       12
        (5) Aggravating circumstances shall be limited to the following:
             ...
             (b) The defendant was previously convicted of another capital offense
             or of a felony involving the use or threat of violence to the person.

Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-101(5)(b) (Rev. 2015) (emphasis added).

                                             46
Criminal Code Section 13-A-6-66.13 In the indictment for this crime, the grand jury charged

that Hutto “did subject [the victim] to sexual contact by forcible compulsion, in violation of

13A-6-66 of the Code of Alabama.” Relying on Holland v. State, 587 So. 2d 848 (Miss.

1991), and Hughes v. State, 892 So. 2d 203 (Miss. 2004), the trial judge determined an

element of Section 13-A-6-66 involved the use or threat of violence or inherently violent

conduct. This aggravator was submitted to the jury and found beyond a reasonable doubt. On

appeal, Hutto argues the trial judge incorrectly applied our decision in Holland.

¶105. In Holland, we vacated a defendant’s death conviction and remanded the case to a

new sentencing jury after the jury engaged in premature penalty deliberations. Holland, 587

So. 2d at 874-75. In addition, we “place[d] the State on notice regarding a matter relating to

the evidentiary sufficiency of the aggravating circumstance—previously convicted of . . . a

felony involving the use or threat of violence to the person.” Id. (citing Miss. Code Ann. §

99-19-105(5)(b)) (internal quotations omitted)). We noted that:

       13
        Section 13A-6-66 states, in full, that:

              (a) A person commits the crime of sexual abuse in the first degree if:
                     (1) He subjects another person to sexual contact by forcible
                     compulsion; or
                     (2) He subjects another person to sexual contact who is
                     incapable of consent by reason of being physically helpless or
                     mentally incapacitated.
              (b) Sexual abuse in the first degree is a Class C felony.

Ala. Code § 13A-6-66.

                                             47
       Although a trial court is not required to examine the underlying legal validity
       of the prior conviction, determining whether a defendant’s prior conviction
       was a felony involving the use or threat of violence requires that this state’s
       statutes be construed and applied. Where as here the conviction occurred in a
       sister state, this Court does not look to how that state characterizes the question
       of whether the crime was one of violence, rather, the analysis must be done
       under Mississippi law. For a conviction to qualify as predicate for an
       aggravating circumstance under this state’s statutes, the conviction from the
       sister state must have been acquired under a statute which has as an element
       the use or threat of violence against the person or, by necessity, must involve
       conduct that is inherently violent or presents a serious potential risk of
       physical violence to another.

Id. (emphasis added) (citations omitted).

¶106. Hutto asserts that this language from Holland required the trial judge to look to the

closest statute Mississippi has to the foreign offense and determine if the similar offense is

a felony in Mississippi. Hutto states the closest crime Mississippi has to Section 13A-6-66

is the prohibition against fondling under Mississippi Code Section 97-5-23(1).14 And though

fondling under Section 97-5-23(1) is a felony, Hutto argues that, due to the victim in the

       14
            The statute states, in part:

       Any person above the age of eighteen (18) years, who, for the purpose of
       gratifying his or her lust, or indulging his or her depraved licentious sexual
       desires, shall handle, touch or rub with hands or any part of his or her body or
       any member thereof, or with any object, any child under the age of sixteen
       (16) years, with or without the child’s consent, or a mentally defective,
       mentally incapacitated or physically helpless person as defined in Section
       97-3-97, shall be guilty of a felony . . . .

Miss. Code Ann. § 97-5-23(1) (Supp. 2016).

                                               48
Alabama case being seventeen years old,15 his conviction cannot be introduced because

fondling a person over the age of consent would not be a felony in Mississippi.

¶107. Hutto misconstrues Holland by reading it in a way that requires the trial judge to

apply Mississippi law to determine whether the foreign offense would also qualify as a felony

in Mississippi. We find it sufficient that Sexual Abuse in the First Degree is a felony in

Alabama. See Ala. Code § 13A-6-66(b). What Holland does require is that the “prior

conviction from another state . . . be analyzed under Mississippi law to determine whether

it is one of violence.” Hughes, 892 So. 2d at 211 (emphasis added). Hutto admits that his

felony conviction under Section 13A-6-66 contained an element of violence, as an element

of the Alabama crime is forcible compulsion. Therefore, this assignment of error is without

merit.

XI.      Whether the trial court erred in excluding mitigation evidence from Hutto’s ex-
         wife and a social worker.

¶108. Hutto argues his death sentence should be vacated because the trial court excluded

certain statements by his ex-wife, Katherine Hutto, and a social worker, Dr. Julie Schroeder,

that “were essential to Hutto’s presentation of his mitigation.” We analyze the exclusion of

Katherine Hutto’s and Dr. Schroeder’s testimony separately.

         15
          This finding is not supported by the indictment, but the victim’s age was presented
to the trial judge in argument on the issue.

                                             49
       Katherine Hutto

¶109. Hutto’s ex-wife, Katharine Hutto, attempted to testify that Hutto had told her, during

their marriage, that he had been sexually abused as a child. The State objected, arguing the

question called for hearsay. The trial court sustained the State’s objection. Hutto argues that

the trial court erred in excluding Katherine’s testimony, asserting the Mississippi Rules of

Evidence do not apply at the mitigation phase.

¶110. This Court recently stated that “[a]s to the issue of hearsay, the Rules of Evidence do

not apply to sentencing hearings.” Burgess v. State, 178 So. 3d 1266, 1280 (Miss. 2015)

(quoting Wilson v. State, 21 So. 3d 572, 587-88 (Miss. 2009)) (emphasis added); see also

Randall v. State, 806 So. 2d 185, 231–32 (Miss. 2001) (“Rules 101 and 1101(b)(3) state that

the Rules of Evidence do not apply to sentencing hearings.”). Further, we also have stated:

       In the sentencing phase of a capital murder trial, the stakes are life and death.
       A defendant is permitted to introduce virtually any relevant and reliable
       evidence touching upon the defendant’s background and character, or the
       crime itself, which is offered as a basis to persuade a jury to return a sentence
       of less than death. We caution prosecutors and trial judges about limiting
       mitigation evidence offered by a defendant when it is presented fairly, and is
       relevant to the defendant’s character, background, or the circumstances
       surrounding the crime.

Fulgham v. State, 46 So. 3d 315, 336 (Miss. 2010) (emphasis added).

¶111. The trial judge erred by not allowing Katherine to testify that Hutto had told her that

he was sexually abused as a child. Such testimony would be relevant evidence “touching

upon the defendant’s background and character.” See Fulgham, 46 So. 3d at 336. But

Katherine’s testimony would have been cumulative of other testimony given during

                                              50
mitigation. Dr. Julie Schroeder, an expert witness for Hutto, testified during mitigation that

Hutto had told her that he was sexually abused as a child. Dr. Schroeder also testified, in

great detail, as to the lasting effects that such abuse would have on a child. Therefore, we

find the trial judge’s error to be harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.16 See Byrom, 863 So.

2d at 858.

       Dr. Schroeder

¶112. Hutto also argues that the trial judge excluded other relevant mitigation testimony

from Dr. Schroeder. During mitigation, the defense tendered Schroeder, who has a Ph.D. in

social work, “as an expert in social work, particularly in the area of human development.”

Because Hutto’s counsel did not timely alert the State about this witness, the trial judge

conducted a proffer of Schroeder’s testimony to allow the State to prepare for cross-

examination.

¶113. Before the proffer, the trial judge stated:

       BY THE COURT: . . . There’s not going to be any crossover [between social
       work and psychiatry and psychology] in her testimony. She’s strictly being
       offered and tendered in the field of social work and its impact that it may have
       on an individual’s conduct as the result of social, environmental backgrounds
       in this individual’s life; is that correct?

       16
         Hutto argues Katherine’s testimony was not cumulative of other testimony heard in
mitigation. He argues that Katherine was the only witness who could testify that Hutto had
made these statements before his arrest; thus, he argues her testimony was the only evidence
to show he was not asserting an “abuse excuse.” We find Hutto’s temporal argument
unpersuasive. Regardless of when Hutto claimed he was abused, the jury heard testimony
during mitigation that Hutto was sexually abused as a child.

                                             51
       BY THE DEFENSE: That is correct.

The trial judge accepted Schroeder as an expert in “social work, human development and

behavior.” During the proffer, Schroeder testified that, although Hutto never had been

diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder, she “observed” that Hutto suffered from

PTSD. Schroeder also testified that, in order to “deal with the PTSD,” Hutto needed a course

of treatment, including psychoeducation and therapy.

¶114. After the proffer, the trial judge again stated that Schroeder could not testify to the

jury about a psychological diagnosis or treatment plan, finding these opinions beyond the

field of expertise for which she had been offered. Consistent with this ruling, the trial judge

allowed Schroeder to testify about the effects of traumatic events Hutto experienced as a

child but did not allow Schroeder to offer a medical or psychological diagnosis or treatment

plan for Hutto. Hutto argues that Schroeder was qualified to offer such opinions.

¶115. We review a trial judge’s exclusion of expert testimony for abuse of discretion. Gillett

v. State, 56 So. 3d 469, 494 (Miss. 2010). Our rules of evidence and caselaw require that an

expert be qualified to offer an opinion in a particular area and that his or her testimony also

be relevant and reliable. See M.R.E 702; see also Gillett, 56 So. 3d at 495; Miss. Transp.

Comm’n v. McLemore, 863 So. 2d 31 (Miss. 2003). Indeed, “only if the witness possesses

scientific, technical, or specialized knowledge on a particular topic will he [or she] qualify

as an expert on that topic.” Bailey Lumber & Supply Co. v. Robinson, 98 So. 3d 986, 992

                                              52
(Miss. 2012) (emphasis added) (quoting Worthy v. McNair, 37 So. 3d 609, 616 (Miss.

2010)).

¶116. In support of his argument that Schroeder was qualified to offer these opinions, Hutto

cites Fulgham. In Fulgham, the defendant called four mitigation witnesses. Fulgham, 46

So. 3d at 334. Mark Webb, a psychiatrist, testified that the defendant suffered from PTSD

and a panic disorder. Id. (emphasis added). The defense also offered Adrienne Dorsey-Kidd,

a social worker, “in the area of social work . . . not psychiatry or psychology.” Id. at 335.

Dorsey-Kidd attempted to testify to four observations she had made: “(1) lack of parental

bonding; (2) substance abuse by Carol Morgan and at least two of Fulgham’s stepfathers; (3)

lack of a biological father’s input; and (4) the love that Fulgham had for her children and vice

versa after three years of incarceration.” Id. The State argued that Dorsey-Kidd’s testimony

was hearsay, and the trial judge sustained the objection. Id. On appeal, we concluded the trial

judge had abused his discretion because “the State presented no argument or evidence that

Dorsey-Kidd’s testimony was outside the field of social work.” Id.

¶117. The case at hand is easily distinguishable from Fulgham. In Fulgham, a

psychiatrist–not a social worker–testified that the defendant suffered from PTSD. Further,

the testimony withheld in Fulgham is similar to the testimony that the trial judge allowed the

jury to hear from Schroeder. Schroeder testified about the traumatic events Hutto had

experienced as a child, including physical and sexual abuse, living with a stepfather who

abused alcohol, and living with a mother who suffered from bipolar disorder and had

                                              53
attempted suicide multiple times. She testified that people who suffered the type of abuse

Hutto experienced “don’t learn how to self-soothe or cope,” “don’t learn anything about

positive relationships,” and “receive mixed messages” as a child.

¶118. Hutto also cites Pickett v. State, 143 So. 3d 596 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013). In Pickett, a

sexual-battery case, a licensed clinical social worker diagnosed the defendant’s stepdaughter

with PTSD after the defendant sexually abused her. Pickett, 143 So. 3d at 599. On appeal,

the defendant argued that the trial court had erred in accepting the social worker as an expert

under Mississippi Rule of Evidence 702. Id. at 603. Specifically, the defendant argued that

the social worker’s “methodology for arriving at her opinion [could not] be tested for

reliability and [was] based entirely upon . . . subjective belief.” Id. The Court of Appeals

found the trial judge did not abuse his discretion, relying on precedent that held that the

testability Daubert 17factor did not apply when an expert’s opinion was based on forensic

interviewing. Id. (citing Carter v. State, 996 So. 2d 112 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008)).

¶119. We also find Pickett distinguishable. The social worker in Pickett was a licensed

clinical social worker; the record does not indicate that Dr. Schroeder is a licensed clinician.

See Pickett, 143 So. 3d at 599. We agree with the State that the defense put on no proof that

one who holds a Ph.D. in social work, and who apparently is not a clinician, is qualified to

make a PTSD diagnosis. And before the proffer, the trial judge explicitly told defense

       17
        Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 113 S. Ct. 2786, 125 L. Ed.
2d 469 (1993).

                                              54
counsel that there would be no crossover of between social work, psychiatry, and psychology

in Dr. Schroeder’s testimony. The trial judge did not abuse his discretion in restricting

Schroeder’s testimony.

¶120. Presiding Justice Dickinson’s opinion, dissenting in part, takes the position that the

State failed to show that Dr. Schroeder was not qualified to give a PTSD diagnosis. This

position, however, skips over the fact that the defense did not show that Dr. Schroeder was

qualified to make such a diagnosis. Importantly, Dr. Schroeder did not testify that social

workers are qualified to give a PTSD diagnosis. As Presiding Justice Dickinson points out,

Dr. Schroeder testified only that social workers “can diagnose or, you know, have a –

present a presenting diagnosis.” Dickinson opinion at ¶ 137.18

¶121. Further, Presiding Justice Dickinson fails to acknowledge another key difference

between this case and Fulgham. In Fulgham, the defendant “timely gave notice to the State

of her expert witness and offered Dorsey–Kidd’s proposed testimony via an expert report.”

Fulgham, 46 So. 3d at 334. Here, the defense did not timely notify the State about Dr.

Schroeder nor did it provide the State with an expert report. Indeed, the trial judge noted

       . . . I want to be fair to both parties, but the main person I’ve got to be fair to
       is Mr. Hutto. And that’s the only reason why this lady is on the stand right now
       giving any information. If this was any other civil matter or any other matter
       pertaining to something that was not a capital case with the death penalty at
       stake, I would have excluded this lady’s testimony because of it not being

       18
        We assume that the term “presenting diagnosis” means a diagnosis made based on
presenting symptoms. We note, however, that Dr. Schroeder never testified as to what a
presenting diagnosis is, and a clear definition is not easily ascertainable by this Court.

                                               55
       timely divulged, along with the proper information made available to counsel
       opposite for their review.

Thus, the claim that the State should have presented expert testimony or cited professional

literature in rebuttal fails to recognize that the State had no idea of the content of what Dr.

Schroeder’s testimony. Simply put, the defense sandbagged the State with her testimony.

Again, “[w]e caution prosecutors and trial judges about limiting mitigation evidence offered

by a defendant when it is presented fairly . . . .” Fulgham, 46 So. 3d at 336 (emphasis

added). Here, Dr. Schroeder’s testimony was not presented fairly, nor was it reliable.

¶122. In conclusion, we must reiterate that death-penalty sentencing phases are unique

because defendants may “introduce virtually any relevant and reliable evidence touching the

defendant’s background . . . .” Id. We applaud the trial judge for doing so here by allowing

Dr. Schroeder to testify in mitigation, to the extent that she was qualified to do so, even

though her testimony was not timely divulged.

XII.   Whether the trial judge erred in allowing the jury to consider the underlying
       felony as an aggravating circumstance in sentencing.

¶123. Hutto’s next assignment of error claims that the trial judge erred as a matter of law in

allowing the jury to consider the underlying felony of robbery as an aggravator. From the

outset, Hutto acknowledges that this Court has held to the contrary but asks this Court to

revisit its precedent. Hutto argues that “permitting the jury to use the duplicative aggravator

as a sentencing aggravator” does not comport with the United States Supreme Court

                                              56
decisions in Ring v. Arizona, 536 U.S. 584, 122 S. Ct. 2428, 153 L. Ed. 2d 556 (2002), and

Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000).

¶124. “This Court has held that the alleged felony underlying the capital-murder conviction

may properly be used as an aggravator.” Gillett v. State, 56 So. 3d 469, 510 (Miss. 2010).

Further, this Court has rejected the contention that Ring and Apprendi prohibit the

submission of this aggravator. In Gillett, this Court reiterated:

       Relying primarily on Ring and Apprendi, [the defendant] maintains that the
       use of the underlying felony of armed robbery as an aggravating circumstance
       upon which the jury relied in returning a sentence was improper. However,
       evidence of the underlying crime can properly be used both to elevate the
       crime to capital murder and as an aggravating circumstance. See Bennett [v.
       State], 933 So. 2d [930,954 (Miss. 2006)] ; Goodin v. State, 787 So. 2d 639,
       654 (Miss. 2001); Smith [v. State], 729 So. 2d [1191,1223 (Miss. 1998)]; Bell
       v. State, 725 So. 2d 836, 859 (Miss. 1998); Crawford v. State, 716 So. 2d
       1028, 1049-50 (Miss. 1998). Furthermore, the United States Supreme Court
       has held that there is no constitutional error in using the underlying felony as
       the aggravator. Lowenfield v. Phelps, 484 U.S. 231, 233, 108 S. Ct. 546, 98
       L. Ed. 2d 568 (1988). The Supreme Court stated in Tuilaepa v. California,
       512 U.S. 967, 972, 114 S. Ct. 2630, 129 L. Ed. 2d 750 (1994), that “[t]he
       aggravating circumstances may be contained in the definition of the crime or
       in a separate sentencing factor (or in both).”

       The use of the underlying felony as an aggravator was not error.

Gillett, 56 So. 3d at 510 (quoting Ross, 954 So. 2d at 1014 (Miss. 2007)). As we already have

rejected the argument advanced here, we find no merit in Hutto’s twelfth assignment of error.

XIII. Whether Hutto’s death sentence is constitutionally and statutorily
      disproportionate.

¶125. Hutto claims the death penalty in his case is constitutionally and statutorily

disproportionate. Hutto reasserts several arguments averring that Simpson may have died

                                              57
quickly, that Hutto suffers from PTSD due to childhood sexual abuse, and that Hutto’s erratic

behavior prejudiced the jury against him.

¶126. In reviewing a death sentence, this Court conducts its own review to determine:

       (a) Whether the sentence of death was imposed under the influence of passion,
       prejudice or any other arbitrary factor;

       (b) Whether the evidence supports the jury’s or judge’s finding of a statutory
       aggravating circumstance as enumerated in Section 99-19-101;

       (c) Whether the sentence of death is excessive or disproportionate to the
       penalty imposed in similar cases, considering both the crime and the
       defendant; and

       (d) Should one or more of the aggravating circumstances be found invalid on
       appeal, the Mississippi Supreme Court shall determine whether the remaining
       aggravating circumstances are outweighed by the mitigating circumstances or
       whether the inclusion of any invalid circumstance was harmless error, or both.

Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-105(3) (Rev. 2015).

¶127. First, after reviewing the record, we cannot conclude that the jury sentenced Hutto

to death out of passion, prejudice, or some other arbitrary factor.

¶128. Second, for the reasons set forth in Issues IX, X, and XII above, we find sufficient

evidence supported the jury’s finding of the “prior violent felony,” the “heinous, atrocious,

or cruel,” and the “in the commission of a robbery” aggravating circumstances.

¶129. Third, in comparing other similar cases to the case at hand, we find the sentence of

death is neither excessive nor disproportionate. “The Court has upheld the death penalty for

capital murders committed during the commission of a robbery.” Dickerson, 175 So. 3d at

35; see also Gillett, 56 So. 3d at 524; Flowers v. State, 158 So. 3d 1009, 1075 (Miss. 2014)

                                             58
cert. granted, judgment vacated by Flowers v. Miss., 136 S. Ct. 2157, 195 L. Ed. 2d 817

(2016)); Chamberlin v. State, 989 So. 2d 320, 345 (Miss. 2008). Further, this Court also has

determined a death sentence is appropriate where the victim’s death was heinous, atrocious,

or cruel. See Batiste v. State, 121 So. 3d 808, 870-873 (Miss. 2013). Hutto’s death sentence

is neither excessive nor disproportionate.

¶130. Fourth, for the reasons set forth in Issues IX, X, and XII above, we already have

addressed Section 99-19-105(3)(d).

XIV. Whether the cumulative effect of error mandates reversal of the verdict of guilt
     and/or sentence of death.

¶131. This Court adheres to the cumulative-error doctrine. See Dickerson, 175 So. 3d at 35.

Under this doctrine, “although no error, standing alone, requires reversal, the aggregate effect

of various errors may create such an atmosphere of bias, passion[,] and prejudice that they

effectively deny the defendant a fundamentally fair trial.” Flowers, 158 So. 3d at 1075

(quoting Goff, 14 So. 3d at 672).

¶132. We find that all errors in this trial were harmless beyond a reasonable doubt or did not

result in prejudice mandating reversal. “A criminal is not entitled to a perfect trial, only a fair

trial.” Ronk, 172 So. 3d at 1148 (quoting McGilberry v. State, 741 So. 2d 894, 924 (Miss.

1999)). We find that Hutto received a fair trial and that no reversible error occurred.

                                        CONCLUSION

¶133. For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Hutto’s conviction and sentence.

                                                59
¶134. CONVICTION OF CAPITAL MURDER AND SENTENCE OF DEATH,
AFFIRMED.

    WALLER, C.J., RANDOLPH, P.J., MAXWELL AND BEAM, JJ., CONCUR.
DICKINSON, P.J., CONCURS IN PART AND DISSENTS IN PART WITH
SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY KITCHENS, KING AND
COLEMAN, JJ.

     DICKINSON, PRESIDING JUSTICE, CONCURRING IN PART AND
DISSENTING IN PART:

       In the sentencing phase of a capital murder trial, the stakes are life and death.
       A defendant is permitted to introduce virtually any relevant and reliable
       evidence touching upon the defendant’s background and character, or the
       crime itself, which is offered as a basis to persuade a jury to return a sentence
       of less than death.19

¶135. With the above principle in mind, this Court has stated: “We caution prosecutors and

trial judges about limiting mitigation evidence offered by a defendant when it is presented

fairly, and is relevant to the defendant’s character, background, or the circumstances

surrounding the crime.”20

¶136. This backdrop exposes clear error in the circuit judge’s decision to limit Dr. Julie

Schroeder’s expert testimony in the sentencing phase of this capital-murder trial. The circuit

judge ruled Dr. Schroeder lacked the expertise to offer any diagnosis, even though her

undisputed testimony clearly and unambiguously established that experts in her field possess

that very expertise, and even though the State failed to offer a scrap of evidence or authority

       19
            Fulgham v. State, 46 So. 3d 315, 336 (Miss. 2010).

       20
            Id.

                                              60
to rebut her testimony. It is true that we review a circuit judge’s decision to exclude evidence

for an abuse of discretion,21 but it also is true that arbitrary rulings amount to an abuse of

discretion.22 And a decision unsupported by any evidence is by definition arbitrary.23

¶137. Dr. Schroeder—who possesses a bachelor’s degree in psychology, a master’s degree

in social work, and a Ph.D. in social work—testified that, as a professor of social work at

Jackson State University, she teaches “psychopathology and differential diagnosis, which is

trying to determine – rule out specific diagnoses and rule in other diagnoses.” When asked

to detail the differences between a social worker and a psychologist, Dr. Schroeder explained

that social workers “do assessments and report writing about individuals” and “can diagnose

or, you know, have a – present a presenting diagnosis.” Dr. Schroeder also explained that

an Axis I mental-health diagnosis “is not necessarily a medical diagnosis.” So, when Hutto

       21
            Id. at 334 (citing Bishop v. State, 982 So. 2d 371, 380 (Miss. 2008)).

       22
      Gillett v. State, 56 So. 3d 469, 494 (Miss. 2010) (citing Miss. Transp. Comm’n v.
McLemore, 863 So. 2d 31 (Miss. 2003)).

       23
         Overton v. State, 195 So. 3d 715, 719 (Miss. 2016) (“Again, the trial judge never
held that the witnesses were excluded because of a willful violation. But if, as the dissent
believes, he did, then we would be required to examine the record to find evidence to
support that finding. We find none, so any such finding would have been arbitrary and
without support.”); Miss. State Dep’t of Health v. Natchez Cmty. Hosp., 743 So. 2d 973,
977 (Miss. 1999) (“If an administrative agency’s decision is not based on substantial
evidence, it necessarily follows that the decision is arbitrary and capricious.”).

                                              61
proffered Dr. Schroeder’s opinion that he suffered from post traumatic stress disorder, that

testimony fell squarely within Dr. Schroeder’s expertise.

¶138. The State made no attempt to rebut this testimony in any way. It presented no expert

testimony suggesting that Dr. Schroeder, or social workers in general, lack the expertise to

diagnose PTSD. Nor did the State cite any professional literature to that effect. In fact, it

was the circuit judge—not the State—who first suggested Dr. Schroeder could not make a

diagnosis, and the circuit judge did so based on nothing discernable in the record.

¶139. The circuit judge in Fulgham v. State made exactly the same error as the judge here.24

There, the State objected to a social worker’s testimony, arguing she was “‘not authorized

to give any opinions in the areas set forth in her report. She is a social worker, she is not a

psychiatrist or a psychologist.’”25 The circuit judge sustained the objection, but this Court

reversed.26 We found the circuit judge’s ruling erroneous because “[i]n objecting to Dorsey-

Kidd’s testimony, the State presented no argument or evidence that Dorsey-Kidd’s testimony

was outside the field of social work.”27

       24
            Fulgham, 46 So. 3d at 335.

       25
            Id.

       26
            Id. at 335–37.

       27
            Id. at 335.

                                              62
¶140. The majority tries to distinguish Fulgham, stating “[i]n Fulgham, a psychiatrist–not

a social worker–testified that the defendant suffered from PTSD.”28 This completely misses

Fulgham’s import.

¶141. If Fulgham stands for anything, it stands as precedent that a circuit judge may not

arbitrarily limit an expert witness’s testimony. When an expert states under oath that a

particular thing falls within his or her field of expertise, something must support the circuit

judge’s conclusions to the contrary. Here, nothing does. So I believe the circuit judge

here—as did the circuit judge in Fulgham—abused his discretion when he prohibited Dr.

Schroeder from testifying that she had diagnosed Hutto with PTSD.

¶142. In Fulgham, we reversed Fulgham’s death sentence because “we [were] unable to say

that such an error did not affect the jury’s ultimate decision.”29 We have recognized that

mental-health evidence constitutes a critical component of a capital-murder defense.30

¶143. Dr. Schroeder would have testified that:

       A.       . . . I believe he does have an anxiety disorder which is where the
                post-traumatic stress fits in there. And that has impacted the way his
                personality has developed over time, the way he copes with things, the
                impulsivity, the erratic behavior. Because when you grow up in an

       28
            Maj. Op. at ¶117.

       29
            Fulgham, 46 So. 3d at 336.

       30
        State v. Tokman, 564 So. 2d 1339, 1343 (Miss. 1990) (citing Ake v. Oklahoma,
470 U.S. 68, 80, 105 S. Ct. 1087, 1094, 84 L. Ed. 2d 53 (1985)).

                                              63
              environment where you’re facing all of those types of abuse, you don’t
              learn how to self-soothe and deal with things on your own, so you tend
              to -- as you get older, you don’t know what to do with those things so
              you become volatile and aggressive to solve problems.

       Q.     And this -- you mentioned PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder.

       A.     Uh-huh (affirmative response).

       Q.     That is what you observed?

       A.     Yes.

¶144. This testimony would have informed the sentencing jury that Hutto had been

diagnosed with a condition affecting his impulse control, explaining his violent propensity,

and tying his criminal conduct to his traumatic life experiences. The circuit judge prevented

the jury from hearing that explanation. What is more, the prosecutor—who did not even

raise the issue with the trial judge—nevertheless seized on the circuit judge’s gratuitous

ruling, making a point in its sentencing-phase closing argument to direct the jury’s attention

to Dr. Schroeder’s failure to provide a diagnosis or explanation of the connection between

Hutto’s violence and his background:

       Then we’ve got Dr. Schroeder, and I don’t even know where to begin with
       that. She’s not a psychiatrist, she’s not a psychologist, she’s not medical
       doctor. She has a Ph.D. in social work. There’s no diagnosis in regards to
       James Hutto.

       ...

       And Dr. Schroeder harped on these allegations that James Hutto had been
       abused or molested as a child. And I want to clarify to you that those are those
       are allegations. We don’t know that those things happened. If they did happen,
       it’s not okay, and the people that did it should be held accountable. However,

                                             64
       what I propose to you is that victims of molestation, they may lose their
       innocence, sure. They don’t lose their concept of right or wrong. They don’t
       lose their concept of morality. They don’t lose their conscience.

       James Hutto knows the difference between right or wrong, and he knew it in
       September of 2010 when he murdered Ethel Simpson. What I’m struggling
       with – what I’m struggling with what Dr. Schroeder says is what’s the nexus
       between abuse as a child, if it happened, and getting the rage to kill an elderly
       woman that you just met? What’s the nexus? There is no nexus, because how
       do you explain the dozens of successful men who were abused as children?
       How do you compromise that? That nexus has not been made for you and that
       is not mitigation.

¶145. Given that the State thought Dr. Schroeder’s failure to provide a diagnosis constituted

a serious flaw in Hutto’s mitigation, I am “unable to say that such an error did not affect the

jury’s ultimate decision.”31 So I would reverse Hutto’s death sentence and remand for a new

and fair sentencing hearing.

       KITCHENS, KING AND COLEMAN, JJ., JOIN THIS OPINION.

       31
            Fulgham, 46 So. 3d at 336.

                                              65
                                      APPENDIX

                   DEATH CASES AFFIRMED BY THIS COURT

      David Cox v. State,183 So. 3d 36 (Miss. 2015).

      David Dickerson v. State, 175 So. 3d 8 (Miss. 2015).

      Timothy Robert Ronk v. State, 172 So. 3d 1112 (Miss. 2015).

      Curtis Giovanni Flowers v. State, 158 So. 3d 1009 (Miss. 2014). *following remand.

      Caleb Corrothers v. State, 148 So. 3d 278 (Miss. 2014).

      Jason Lee Keller v. State, 138 So. 3d 817 (Miss. 2014).

      Leslie Galloway III v. State, 122 So. 3d 614 (Miss. 2013).

       Bobby Batiste v. State, 121 So 3d 808 (Miss. 2013), granted leave to seek PCR (Jan.
21, 2016).

      Roger Lee Gillett v. State, 56 So. 3d 469 (Miss. 2010).

      Moffett v. State, 49 So. 3d 1073 (Miss. 2010).

      Pitchford v. State, 45 So. 3d 216 (Miss. 2010).

      Goff v. State, 14 So. 3d 625 (Miss. 2009).

      Wilson v. State, 21 So. 3d 572 (Miss. 2009).

      Chamberlin v. State, 989 So. 2d 320 (Miss. 2008).

      Loden v. State, 971 So. 2d 548 (Miss. 2007).

      King v. State, 960 So. 2d 413 (Miss. 2007).

      Bennett v. State, 933 So. 2d 930 (Miss. 2006).

      Havard v. State, 928 So. 2d 771 (Miss. 2006).

                                           66
      Spicer v. State, 921 So. 2d 292 (Miss. 2006).

      Hodges v. State, 912 So. 2d 730 (Miss. 2005).

      Walker v. State, 913 So. 2d 198 (Miss. 2005).

     Le v. State, 913 So. 2d 913 (Miss. 2005), granted leave to seek second PCR, 2013-
DR-00327-SCT (Feb. 23, 2016).

      Brown v. State, 890 So. 2d 901 (Miss. 2004).

      Powers v. State, 883 So. 2d 20 (Miss. 2004)

      Branch v. State, 882 So. 2d 36 (Miss. 2004).

      Scott v. State, 878 So. 2d 933 (Miss. 2004).

      Lynch v. State, 877 So. 2d 1254 (Miss. 2004).

      Dycus v. State, 875 So. 2d 140 (Miss. 2004).

      Byrom v. State, 863 So. 2d 836 (Miss. 2003).

      Howell v. State, 860 So. 2d 704 (Miss. 2003).

      Howard v. State, 853 So. 2d 781 (Miss. 2003).

      Walker v. State, 815 So. 2d 1209 (Miss. 2002). *following remand.

      Bishop v. State, 812 So. 2d 934 (Miss. 2002).

      Stevens v. State, 806 So. 2d 1031 (Miss. 2002).

      Grayson v. State, 806 So. 2d 241 (Miss. 2002).

      Knox v. State, 805 So. 2d 527 (Miss. 2002).

      Simmons v. State, 805 So. 2d 452 (Miss. 2002).

      Berry v. State, 802 So. 2d 1033 (Miss. 2001).

                                           67
       Snow v. State, 800 So. 2d 472 (Miss. 2001).

       Mitchell v. State, 792 So. 2d 192 (Miss. 2001).

       Puckett v. State, 788 So. 2d 752 (Miss. 2001). * following remand.

       Goodin v. State, 787 So. 2d 639 (Miss. 2001).

       Jordan v. State, 786 So. 2d 987 (Miss. 2001).

       Manning v. State, 765 So. 2d 516 (Miss. 2000). *following remand.

       Eskridge v. State, 765 So. 2d 508 (Miss. 2000).

       McGilberry v. State, 741 So. 2d 894 (Miss. 1999).

       Puckett v. State, 737 So. 2d 322 (Miss. 1999). *remanded for Batson hearing.

       Manning v. State, 735 So. 2d 323 (Miss. 1999). *remanded for Batson hearing.

       Hughes v. State, 735 So. 2d 238 (Miss. 1999).

       Turner v. State, 732 So. 2d 937 (Miss. 1999).

       Smith v. State, 729 So. 2d 1191 (Miss. 1998).

       Burns v. State, 729 So. 2d 203 (Miss. 1998).

       Jordan v. State, 728 So. 2d 1088 (Miss. 1998).

       Gray v. State, 728 So. 2d 36 (Miss. 1998).

       Manning v. State, 726 So. 2d 1152 (Miss. 1998).

       Woodward v. State, 726 So. 2d 524 (Miss. 1997).

      Bell v. State, 725 So. 2d 836 (Miss. 1998), post-conviction relief granted in part and
denied in part, 725 So. 2d 836 (Miss. 2011).

       Evans v. State, 725 So. 2d 613 (Miss. 1997).

                                            68
Brewer v. State, 725 So. 2d 106 (Miss. 1998).

Crawford v. State, 716 So. 2d 1028 (Miss. 1998).

Doss v. State, 709 So. 2d 369 (Miss. 1996).

Underwood v. State, 708 So. 2d 18 (Miss. 1998).

Holland v. State, 705 So. 2d 307 (Miss. 1997).

Wells v. State, 698 So. 2d 497 (Miss. 1997).

Wilcher v. State, 697 So. 2d 1087 (Miss. 1997).

Wiley v. State, 691 So. 2d 959 (Miss. 1997).

Brown v. State, 690 So. 2d 276 (Miss. 1996).

Simon v. State, 688 So. 2d 791 (Miss.1997).

Jackson v. State, 684 So. 2d 1213 (Miss. 1996).

Williams v. State, 684 So. 2d 1179 (Miss. 1996).

Davis v. State, 684 So. 2d 643 (Miss. 1996).

Taylor v. State, 682 So. 2d. 359 (Miss. 1996).

Brown v. State, 682 So. 2d 340 (Miss. 1996).

Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184 (Miss. 1996).

Holly v. State, 671 So. 2d 32 (Miss. 1996).

Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581 (Miss. 1995).

Russell v. State, 670 So. 2d 816 (Miss. 1995).

Ballenger v. State, 667 So. 2d 1242 (Miss. 1995).

                                    69
       Davis v. State, 660 So. 2d 1228 (Miss. 1995).

       Carr v. State, 655 So. 2d 824 (Miss. 1995).

       Mack v. State, 650 So. 2d 1289 (Miss. 1994).

       Chase v. State, 645 So. 2d 829 (Miss. 1994).

       Foster v. State, 639 So. 2d 1263 (Miss. 1994).

       Conner v. State, 632 So. 2d 1239 (Miss. 1993).

       Hansen v. State, 592 So. 2d 114 (Miss. 1991).

       *Shell v. State, 554 So. 2d 887 (Miss. 1989); Shell v. Mississippi, 498 U.S. 1 (1990)
reversing, in part, and remanding; Shell v. State, 595 So. 2d 1323 (Miss. 1992) remanding
for new sentencing hearing.

       Davis v. State, 551 So. 2d 165 (Miss. 1989).

       Minnick v. State, 551 So. 2d 77 (Miss. 1989).

      *Pinkney v. State, 538 So. 2d 329 (Miss. 1989); Pinkney v. Mississippi, 494 U.S.
1075 (1990) vacating and remanding; Pinkney v. State, 602 So. 2d 1177 (Miss. 1992)
remanding for new sentencing hearing.

      *Clemons v. State, 535 So. 2d 1354 (Miss. 1988); Clemons v. Mississippi, 494 U.S.
738 (1990) vacating and remanding; Clemons v. State, 593 So. 2d 1004 (Miss. 1992)
remanding for new sentencing hearing.

       Woodward v. State, 533 So. 2d 418 (Miss. 1988).

       Nixon v. State, 533 So. 2d 1078 (Miss. 1987).

       Cole v. State, 525 So. 2d 365 (Miss. 1987).

       Lockett v. State, 517 So. 2d 1346 (Miss. 1987).

       Lockett v. State, 517 So. 2d 1317 (Miss. 1987).

                                            70
      Faraga v. State, 514 So. 2d 295 (Miss. 1987).

       *Jones v. State, 517 So. 2d 1295 (Miss. 1987); Jones v. Mississippi, 487 U.S. 1230
(1988) vacating and remanding; Jones v. State, 602 So. 2d 1170 (Miss. 1992) remanding for
new sentencing hearing.

      Wiley v. State, 484 So. 2d 339 (Miss. 1986).

      Johnson v. State, 477 So. 2d 196 (Miss. 1985).

      Gray v. State, 472 So. 2d 409 (Miss. 1985).

      Cabello v. State, 471 So. 2d 332 (Miss. 1985).

      Jordan v. State, 464 So. 2d 475 (Miss. 1985).

      Wilcher v. State, 455 So. 2d 727 (Miss. 1984).

      Billiot v. State, 454 So. 2d 445 (Miss. 1984).

      Stringer v. State, 454 So. 2d 468 (Miss. 1984).

      Dufour v. State, 453 So. 2d 337 (Miss. 1984).

      Neal v. State, 451 So. 2d 743 (Miss. 1984).

      Booker v. State, 449 So. 2d 209 (Miss. 1984).

      Wilcher v. State, 448 So. 2d 927 (Miss. 1984).

      Caldwell v. State, 443 So. 2d 806 (Miss. 1983).

      Irving v. State, 441 So. 2d 846 (Miss. 1983).

      Tokman v. State, 435 So. 2d 664 (Miss. 1983).

      Leatherwood v. State, 435 So. 2d 645 (Miss. 1983).

      Hill v. State, 432 So. 2d 427 (Miss. 1983).

                                           71
      Pruett v. State, 431 So. 2d 1101 (Miss. 1983).

      Gilliard v. State, 428 So. 2d 576 (Miss. 1983).

      Evans v. State, 422 So. 2d 737 (Miss. 1982).

      King v. State, 421 So. 2d 1009 (Miss. 1982).

      Wheat v. State, 420 So. 2d 229 (Miss. 1982).

      Smith v. State, 419 So. 2d 563 (Miss. 1982).

      Johnson v. State, 416 So. 2d 383 (Miss.1982).

      Edwards v. State, 413 So. 2d 1007 (Miss. 1982).

      Bullock v. State, 391 So. 2d 601 (Miss. 1980).

      Reddix v. State, 381 So. 2d 999 (Miss. 1980).

      Jones v. State, 381 So. 2d 983 (Miss. 1980).

      Culberson v. State, 379 So. 2d 499 (Miss. 1979).

      Gray v. State, 375 So. 2d 994 (Miss. 1979).

      Jordan v. State, 365 So. 2d 1198 (Miss. 1978).

      Voyles v. State, 362 So. 2d 1236 (Miss. 1978).

      Irving v. State, 361 So. 2d 1360 (Miss. 1978).

      Washington v. State, 361 So. 2d 6l (Miss. 1978).

      Bell v. State, 360 So. 2d 1206 (Miss. 1978).

      *Case was originally affirmed in this Court but on remand from U. S. Supreme Court,
case was remanded by this Court for a new sentencing hearing.

                                           72
                    DEATH CASES REVERSED AS TO GUILT PHASE
                            AND SENTENCING PHASE

           Erik Wayne Hollie v. State, 174 So. 3d 824 (Miss. 2015).

           Manning v. State, 158 So. 3d 302 (Miss. 2015) (reversing denial of post-conviction
relief).

           Byrom v. State, 2014-DR-00230-SCT (April 3, 2014) (order).

           Ross v. State, 954 So. 2d 968 (Miss. 2007).

           Flowers v. State, 947 So. 2d 910 (Miss. 2006).

           Flowers v. State, 842 So. 2d 531 (Miss. 2003).

           Randall v. State, 806 So. 2d 185 (Miss. 2002).

           Flowers v. State, 773 So. 2d 309 (Miss. 2000).

           Edwards v. State, 737 So. 2d 275 (Miss. 1999).

           Smith v. State, 733 So. 2d 793 (Miss. 1999).

           Porter v. State, 732 So. 2d 899 (Miss. 1999).

           Kolberg v. State, 704 So. 2d 1307 (Miss. 1997).

           Snelson v. State, 704 So. 2d 452 (Miss. 1997).

           Fusilier v. State, 702 So. 2d 388 (Miss. 1997).

           Howard v. State, 701 So. 2d 274 (Miss. 1997).

           Lester v. State, 692 So. 2d 755 (Miss. 1997).

           Hunter v. State, 684 So. 2d 625 (Miss. 1996).

           Lanier v. State, 684 So. 2d 93 (Miss. 1996).

                                                73
Giles v. State, 650 So. 2d 846 (Miss. 1995).

Duplantis v. State, 644 So. 2d 1235 (Miss. 1994).

Harrison v. State, 635 So. 2d 894 (Miss. 1994).

Butler v. State, 608 So. 2d 314 (Miss. 1992).

Jenkins v. State, 607 So. 2d 1171 (Miss. 1992).

Abram v. State, 606 So. 2d 1015 (Miss. 1992).

Balfour v. State, 598 So. 2d 731 (Miss. 1992).

Griffin v. State, 557 So. 2d 542 (Miss. 1990).

Bevill v. State, 556 So. 2d 699 (Miss. 1990).

West v. State, 553 So. 2d 8 (Miss. 1989).

Leatherwood v. State, 548 So. 2d 389 (Miss. 1989).

Mease v. State, 539 So. 2d 1324 (Miss. 1989).

Houston v. State, 531 So. 2d 598 (Miss. 1988).

West v. State, 519 So. 2d 418 (Miss. 1988).

Davis v. State, 512 So. 2d 129l (Miss. 1987).

Williamson v. State, 512 So. 2d 868 (Miss. 1987).

Foster v. State, 508 So. 2d 1111 (Miss. 1987).

Smith v. State, 499 So. 2d 750 (Miss. 1986).

West v. State, 485 So. 2d 681 (Miss. 1985).

Fisher v. State, 481 So. 2d 203 (Miss. 1985).

                                     74
Johnson v. State, 476 So. 2d 1195 (Miss. 1985).

Fuselier v. State, 468 So. 2d 45 (Miss. 1985).

West v. State, 463 So. 2d 1048 (Miss. 1985).

Jones v. State, 461 So. 2d 686 (Miss. 1984).

Moffett v. State, 456 So. 2d 714 (Miss. 1984).

Lanier v. State, 450 So. 2d 69 (Miss. 1984).

Laney v. State, 421 So. 2d 1216 (Miss. 1982).

                                    75
                 DEATH CASES REVERSED
            AS TO PUNISHMENT AND REMANDED
         FOR RESENTENCING TO LIFE IMPRISONMENT

Bell v. State, 160 So. 3d 188 (Miss. 2016).

Reddix v. State, 547 So. 2d 792 (Miss. 1989).

Wheeler v. State, 536 So. 2d 1341 (Miss. 1988).

White v. State, 532 So. 2d 1207 (Miss. 1988).

Bullock v. State, 525 So. 2d 764 (Miss. 1987).

Edwards v. State, 441 So. 2d 84 (Miss. l983).

Dycus v. State, 440 So. 2d 246 (Miss. 1983).

Coleman v. State, 378 So. 2d 640 (Miss. 1979).

                                     76
                     DEATH CASES REVERSED AS TO
              PUNISHMENT AND REMANDED FOR A NEW TRIAL
                      ON SENTENCING PHASE ONLY

       Fulgham v. State, 46 So. 3d 315 (Miss. 2010).

       Rubenstein v. State, 941 So. 2d 735 (Miss. 2006).

       King v. State, 784 So. 2d 884 (Miss. 2001).

       Walker v. State, 740 So. 2d 873 (Miss. 1999).

       Watts v. State, 733 So. 2d 214 (Miss. 1999).

       West v. State, 725 So. 2d 872 (Miss. 1998).

       Smith v. State, 724 So. 2d 280 (Miss. 1998).

       Berry v. State, 703 So. 2d 269 (Miss. 1997).

       Booker v. State, 699 So. 2d 132 (Miss. 1997).

       Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246 (Miss. 1996).

       *Shell v. State, 554 So. 2d 887 (Miss. 1989); Shell v. Mississippi, 498 U.S. 1 (1990)
reversing, in part, and remanding; Shell v. State 595 So. 2d 1323 (Miss. 1992) remanding for
new sentencing hearing.

      *Pinkney v. State, 538 So. 2d 329 (Miss. 1989); Pinkney v. Mississippi, 494 U.S.
1075 (1990) vacating and remanding; Pinkney v. State, 602 So. 2d 1177 (Miss. 1992)
remanding for new sentencing hearing.

      *Clemons v. State, 535 So. 2d 1354 (Miss. 1988); Clemons v. Mississippi, 494 U.S.
738 (1990) vacating and remanding; Clemons v. State, 593 So. 2d 1004 (Miss. 1992)
remanding for new sentencing hearing.

       *Jones v. State, 517 So. 2d 1295 (Miss. 1987); Jones v. Mississippi, 487 U.S. 1230
(1988) vacating and remanding; Jones v. State, 602 So. 2d 1170 (Miss. 1992) remanding for
new sentencing hearing.

                                            77
       Russell v. State, 607 So. 2d 1107 (Miss. 1992).

       Holland v. State, 587 So. 2d 848 (Miss. 1991).

       Willie v. State, 585 So. 2d 660 (Miss. 1991).

       Ladner v. State, 584 So. 2d 743 (Miss. 1991).

       Mackbee v. State, 575 So. 2d 16 (Miss. 1990).

       Berry v. State, 575 So. 2d 1 (Miss. 1990).

       Turner v. State, 573 So. 2d 657 (Miss. 1990).

       State v. Tokman, 564 So. 2d 1339 (Miss. 1990).

       Johnson v. State, 547 So. 2d 59 (Miss. 1989).

      Williams v. State, 544 So. 2d 782 (Miss. 1989); sentence aff'd 684 So. 2d 1179
(1996).

       Lanier v. State, 533 So. 2d 473 (Miss. 1988).

       Stringer v. State, 500 So. 2d 928 (Miss. 1986).

       Pinkton v. State, 481 So. 2d 306 (Miss. 1985).

       Mhoon v. State, 464 So. 2d 77 (Miss. 1985).

       Cannaday v. State, 455 So. 2d 713 (Miss. 1984).

       Wiley v. State, 449 So. 2d 756 (Miss. 1984); resentencing affirmed, Wiley v. State,
484 So. 2d 339 (Miss. 1986); cert. denied, Wiley v. Mississippi, 479 U.S. 1036 (1988);
resentencing ordered, Wiley v. State, 635 So. 2d 802 (Miss. 1993) following writ of habeas
corpus issued pursuant to Wiley v. Puckett, 969 So. 2d 86, 105-106 (5th Cir. 1992);
resentencing affirmed.

       Williams v. State, 445 So. 2d 798 (Miss. 1984). *Case was originally affirmed in this
Court but on remand from U. S. Supreme Court, case was remanded by this Court for a new
sentencing hearing.

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