Court Opinion

ID: 4647119
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-28 18:12:13.862393+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:01:03.540907
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Rohn, 2020-Ohio-6918.]

                                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                           LAKE COUNTY, OHIO

STATE OF OHIO,                                      :      OPINION

                 Plaintiff-Appellee,                :
                                                           CASE NO. 2020-L-006
        - vs -                                      :

TERRY D. ROHN,                                      :

                 Defendant-Appellant.               :

Criminal Appeal from the Lake County Court of Common Pleas.
Case No. 2019 CR 000455.

Judgment: Affirmed.

Charles E. Coulson, Lake County Prosecutor; Jenny B. Azouri & Jennifer A. McGee,
Assistant Prosecutors, Lake County Administration Building, 105 Main Street, P.O. Box
490, Painesville, OH 44077 (For Plaintiff-Appellee).

Vanessa R. Clapp, Lake County Public Defender, and Justin J. Mackin, Assistant
Public Defender, 125 East Erie Street, Painesville, OH 44077 (For Defendant-
Appellant).

TIMOTHY P. CANNON, P.J.

        {¶1}     Appellant, Terry D. Rohn (“Rohn”), appeals a judgment in the Lake County

Court of Common Pleas, following a jury trial, sentencing him to a term of 37 years to

life in prison and a Tier III Sex Offender status classification for multiple counts of Rape

and Sexual Battery. We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
      {¶2}   On May 15, 2019, Rohn was indicted on multiple counts relating to an

alleged ongoing sexual relationship with a minor child, J.T., starting when J.T. was 9

years old and continuing for several years thereafter. As stated in the indictment, the

Grand Jury alleged that Rohn continually engaged in (1) rape by force or threat of force

and (2) sexual battery, as a person in loco parentis to J.T., between February 2001 and

May 2007.    The indictment also alleged that Rohn had allowed J.T. to view a live

performance harmful to juveniles, which constituted one count of Disseminating Matter

Harmful to Juveniles.

      {¶3}   A jury trial began on October 29, 2019. The state of Ohio called various

witnesses, including the alleged victim, the detectives who conducted the investigation

once the allegations were reported, and an expert on child sexual abuse.

      {¶4}   Detective William Smith and Detective Don Ticel testified about their work

investigating the allegations. Detective Ticel was initially assigned the file for J.T.; he

conducted interviews with J.T. and others and also was present to record two controlled

calls between J.T. and Rohn. Detective Smith received the file from Detective Ticel,

and he also conducted interviews.

      {¶5}   J.T. testified at great length about her upbringing and the years of alleged

sexual abuse.     She stated that she began living with her biological father and

stepmother in a house on Grant Street after her grandfather died when she was 9 years

old. She indicated that both her father and stepmother were physically and mentally

abusive to her and each other. Also, she testified that Rohn moved into their home

shortly after she began living there, and he eventually moved into the basement for a

short period of time before moving to several different locations over the years.

                                            2
Because of her abusive relationship with her father and stepmother, J.T. stated that she

received love and support from Rohn throughout her childhood. She claimed that he

was like a father figure to her and that she trusted him more than her own father. Rohn

would also watch J.T. when her parents were not home.

      {¶6}   Regarding the charges, J.T. was presented with academic records,

organized in a timeline by year, which she utilized to remember dates and locations

where she claimed the rape and sexual battery occurred. She often referred to which

grade level, school, and teacher she had as a way to determine how old she was during

different incidences of sexual assault by Rohn. The records she relied on to remember

the times and dates were submitted as evidence by the state. Using the records, she

recounted various instances of rape and sexual battery at two of Rohn’s residences, as

well as beginning at her father’s home when she was 9 years old.

      {¶7}   She testified in great detail about the first time she was raped by Rohn,

including describing all of her surroundings and the circumstances of the night. J.T.

testified that Rohn woke her from her bunk bed one night at the Grant Street residence

and led her downstairs. There, he put on a video of himself and a girlfriend engaging in

sexual activity including intercourse. J.T. stated that Rohn began touching her genitals,

engaged in sexual intercourse with her, and then used a white shirt to clean up the

blood. She recalled that she was frozen with fear during the incident. Also, she testified

that her stepmother was at the top of the stairs and witnessed the incident. On cross

examination, J.T. conceded that she never told either detective—or any other person—

that her stepmother had witnessed the incident. She also appeared to confuse dates

and events regarding her age and class level when challenged.

                                            3
       {¶8}   J.T. testified to two additional residences where she claimed Rohn either

touched her genitals or had sexual intercourse with her. K.G., the mother of one of

J.T.’s half-siblings, also testified and corroborated some of the allegations. She stated

J.T. had confided in her that Rohn had raped her “more times than [she] could count,”

prior to her going to report the abuse.

       {¶9}   Diane Daiber (“Daiber”), a medical professional and expert witness on

childhood sexual abuse, testified generally regarding sexual abuse and its effects on

young victims. She stated that victims often do not come forward until much later after

the abuse. She also explained that sexual abuse during certain periods of a child’s

development can have a harmful effect on hormone production, and chemical

imbalances can often lead to memories of the incidents being incomplete or inaccurate.

She compared it to a person having “a bunch of post-it notes” with details, and then

trying to put them all together in order years later. Also, she testified regarding the

effects of hormone production on physical signs of rape in young adolescents. Daiber

conceded that she had never examined or spoken to J.T., that she had no direct or

personal knowledge about J.T., and that the testimony she offered was solely a general

summation based on her knowledge, experience, and expertise in the field of childhood

sexual abuse. No direct medical evidence from J.T. was submitted at trial.

       {¶10} During Detective Ticel’s testimony, the two controlled calls made by J.T. to

Rohn were submitted as evidence and played for the jury.            The calls are each

approximately 45 minutes in length. During the calls, J.T. discusses various instances

of sexual battery and rape with Rohn. J.T. makes statements such as “why did you take

my virginity when I was 9” and “you took that from me, I’ll never get that back.” Rohn’s

                                           4
reactions range from “it is what it is,” “what do you want me to do,” and “I can’t change

the past,” to expressions of regret, stating that he “has to live” with what he did in the

past. During the second controlled call, Rohn states that he does not remember the

vast majority of times J.T. claims that he raped or touched her, because he was on a

combination of drugs and alcohol to ease knee pain for a majority of the time in question

and often forgot long periods of time. However, during the call he specifically recalls

one instance in which he stated he had sex with J.T. in the basement of the Grant

Street residence when she was a child.

      {¶11} At the end of the state’s case-in-chief, the defense made a motion for

acquittal under Criminal Rule 29 in chambers, which was denied. The defense then

rested without presenting any witnesses and renewed the Rule 29 motion, which was

again denied. After deliberations, on November 1, 2019, the jury found Rohn guilty of

seven of the ten indicted counts—four counts of Rape and three counts of Sexual

Battery.

      {¶12} A sentencing hearing was held on December 16, 2019. The trial court

reviewed, among other things, a presentence investigation report from the Department

of Adult Probation, statements from J.T. and counsel for Rohn, the statutory sentencing

factors, and the recommendation made by the state of 40 years to life. Considering all

of the aforementioned, the trial court merged the Sexual Battery counts with the

corresponding Rape counts and ordered the following sentence:

             (1)    Count 1: Rape (R.C. 2907.02(A)(1)) (F-1) – 10 years to life;

             (2)    Count 3: Rape (R.C. 2907.02(A)(2)) (F-1) – 9 years;

             (3)    Renumbered Count 6: Rape (R.C. 2907.02(A)(2)) (F-1) – 9
             years;

                                            5
             (4)    Renumbered Count 8: Rape (R.C. 2907.02(A)(2)) (F-1) – 9
             years.

      {¶13} The trial court also ordered the sentence to be served consecutively, for a

total term of 37 years to life imprisonment. The length of Rohn’s sentence and the

imposition of consecutive sentencing are not at issue in the present appeal.

      {¶14} Rohn filed a timely notice of appeal and raises six assignments of error for

our review. For clarity, we consider some of the assignments out of order.

      {¶15} Rohn’s first assignment of error states:

             [1.] DEFENDANT-APPELLANT WAS DENIED HIS RIGHT TO DUE
             PROCESS UNDER THE FIFTH AND THE FOURTEENTH
             AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED
             STATES OF AMERICA AND ARTICLE I, SECTION 10 OF THE
             OHIO STATE CONSTITUTION TO HAVE ADEQUATE NOTICE
             OF ALL OF THE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF THE ALLEGED
             OFFENSES SET FORTH IN AN INDICTMENT.

      {¶16} In his first assignment of error, Rohn argues the trial court committed plain

error for failing to dismiss a facially defective indictment, in violation of Crim.R. 7(B),

insomuch as the indictment failed to allege basic facts upon which the status “in loco

parentis” was based with regard to the three Sexual Battery counts.

      {¶17} Under Crim.R. 12(C)(2), defenses and objections based on defects in the

indictment “must be raised before trial.” Failure to do so “shall constitute waiver of the

defenses or objections.” Crim.R. 12(H). Rohn did not object to the alleged defect in the

indictment before trial. Also, R.C. 2941.29 states: “No indictment * * * shall be quashed,

set aside, or dismissed, nor shall any conviction be set aside or reversed on account of

any defect in form or substance of the indictment, * * * unless the objection to such

                                            6
indictment * * *, specifically stating the defect claimed, is made prior to the

commencement of the trial, or at such time thereafter as the court permits.”

      {¶18} Thus, other than plain error review, Rohn has forfeited any argument

concerning the validity of the indictment. State v. Frazier, 73 Ohio St.3d 323, 332

(1995). Although an appellate court may notice plain error under Crim.R. 52(B), such

notice “is to be taken with the utmost caution; under exceptional circumstances and only

to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice.” State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91 (1978),

paragraph three of the syllabus.

      {¶19} Pursuant to Crim.R. 7(B), the indictment shall “contain a statement that

the defendant has committed a public offense specified in the indictment.”             “The

statement may be in the words of the applicable section of the statute, provided the

words of that statute charge an offense, or in words sufficient to give the defendant

notice of all the elements of the offense with which the defendant is charged.” Id.

      {¶20} Rohn was charged with Sexual Battery, in violation of R.C. 2907.03(A)(5):

“No person shall engage in sexual conduct with another, not the spouse of the offender,

when * * * The offender is the other person’s natural or adoptive parent, or a stepparent,

or guardian, custodian, or person in loco parentis of the other person.” The indictment

specifically charged Rohn as “a person in loco parentis of the minor female victim.”

      {¶21} “To meet the definition of ‘loco parentis,’ a person must ‘assume a

dominant parental role and be relied upon by the child for support.’” State v. Russell,

11th Dist. Lake No. 2019-L-138, 2020-Ohio-3243, ¶90, quoting State v. Noggle, 67 Ohio

St.3d 31 (1993), paragraph one of the syllabus. The Tenth Appellate District surveyed

                                            7
several other appellate courts before concluding as follows with regard to an “in loco

parentis” determination:

             Thus, according to the above authorities, the factors to consider
             when determining whether a person is acting in loco parentis
             include the following:

                    (1) the person is charged with a parent’s rights and
                    responsibilities;

                    (2) the person has assumed the same duties as a guardian
                    or custodian;

                    (3) the person has assumed a dominant parental role;

                    (4) the child relies upon the person for support;

                    (5) the child “goes home” to the person;

                    (6) the person’s relationship with the child is close,
                    supportive, and protective;

                    (7) the person has the intention of acting as a parent, which
                    is shown by the acts, conduct, and declaration of the person;

                    (8) the person intentionally assumes the obligations
                    incidental to the parental relationship; and

                    (9) the person is the primary caretaker for the child while the
                    biological parent is absent due to, for example, employment.

State v. Abubakar, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 11AP-440, 2011-Ohio-6299, ¶13.

      {¶22} In the matter sub judice, Rohn did not request a bill of particulars. The

parties engaged in discovery whereby Rohn received the evidence the state intended to

present at trial. This evidence, including a list of witnesses and a copy of the two

controlled calls, put Rohn on notice that the state intended to argue that he was a

person assuming “a dominant parental role” or a person J.T. “relied upon” for support,

which meets the definition for the “in loco parentis” element of Sexual Battery contained

                                            8
in the indictment. J.T. specifically stated Rohn was like a father figure to her, and that

she “trusted him more than her father” during the controlled calls.        The testimony

presented also demonstrated that several of the Abubakar factors were present in

Rohn’s relationship with J.T.

       {¶23} Rohn relies on State v. Noggle, 67 Ohio St.3d 31 (1993), for his argument

that the indictment was required to state the basic facts upon which his alleged status

as a person in loco parentis was based. The holding in Noggle is inapposite to the

present matter. Noggle dealt with a teacher-student relationship, and the legislature

subsequently amended the statute to specifically cover sexual battery offenses where

“the offender is the other person’s athletic or other type of coach, is the other person’s

instructor, is the leader of a scouting troop of which the other person is a member, or is

a person with temporary or occasional disciplinary control over the other person.” R.C.

2907.03(A)(9).

       {¶24} In light of the evidence and failure of Rohn to object prior to trial, we

cannot conclude that Rohn was either misled or misunderstood the nature of the

element of the “in loco parentis” allegation in the indictment. Further, the Sexual Battery

counts merged for purposes of sentencing. Because of this, Rohn was not convicted of

these counts.    State v. Gapen, 104 Ohio St.3d 358, 2004-Ohio-6548, ¶135 (“A

‘conviction’ includes both the guilt determination and the penalty imposition.”).

Therefore, Rohn has not established an obvious error that affected his substantial rights

with regard to the indictment.

       {¶25} Rohn’s first assignment of error is without merit.

                                            9
       {¶26} Rohn’s second and third assignments of error are analytically intertwined,

and therefore we examine them together. Rohn’s second and third assignments of

error state:

               [2.] THE DEFENDANT-APPELLANT WAS DEPRIVED OF HIS
               RIGHTS TO A FAIR AND IMPARTIAL TRIAL AND DUE PROCESS
               UNDER THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT TO THE UNITED
               STATES CONSTITUTION AND SECTION 10, ARTlCLE I OF THE
               OHIO CONSTITUTION WHEN THE TRIAL COURT ALLOWED
               THE STATE TO INTRODUCE EVIDENCE OF HIS ALLEGED
               “PRIOR BAD ACTS.”

               [3.] DEFENDANT-APPELLANT WAS DENIED THE RIGHT TO A
               FAIR TRIAL UNDER THE SIXTH AND FOURTEENTH
               AMENDMENTS OF THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION AND
               ARTICLE I, SECTIONS 1, 10, AND 16 OF THE OHIO
               CONSTITUTION WHEN INFLAMMATORY AND UNFAIRLY
               PREJUDICIAL EVIDENCE WAS PRESENTED TO THE JURY IN
               VIOLATION OF OHIO EVID. R. 403

        {¶27} Rohn presents two issues under his second assignment of error.               He

challenges the introduction of evidence of various other acts of a sexual nature

committed by Rohn against J.T., under Evid.R. 404(B) and Evid.R. 403, and he also

challenges the trial court’s failure to issue a limiting instruction to the jury with regard to

this behavior. Under his third assignment of error, he challenges the introduction of

evidence that he “groomed” or otherwise manipulated J.T., under Evid.R. 403.

Admission of Prior Acts

       {¶28} The Supreme Court of Ohio has established the following three-step

analysis regarding the admission of “other acts” evidence: (1) whether it is relevant

under Evid.R. 401, (2) whether it is presented for a permissible purpose, such as those

stated in Evid.R. 404(B), rather than to prove the character of the accused in order to

show activity in conformity therewith, and (3) whether its probative value is substantially

                                              10
outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice under Evid.R. 403. State v. Williams, 134

Ohio St.3d 521, 2012-Ohio-5695, ¶20.

       {¶29} The trial court’s determination of whether certain evidence is relevant or

whether the prejudice outweighs the probative value is reviewed under an abuse-of-

discretion standard. Jack F. Neff Sand & Gravel, Inc. v. Great Lakes Crushing, Ltd.,

11th Dist. Lake No. 2012-L-145, 2014-Ohio-2875, ¶23.          Whether the evidence is

presented for a permissible purpose is, on the other hand, a legal conclusion that is

reviewed de novo. State v. Tackett, 11th Dist. Ashtabula No. 2018-A-0052, 2019-Ohio-

5188, ¶51, citing Neff, supra, at ¶23.

       {¶30} “‘Relevant evidence’ means evidence having any tendency to make the

existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more

probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.”           Evid.R. 401.

Irrelevant evidence is inadmissible, while relevant evidence is generally admissible

subject to certain exceptions. Evid.R. 402.

       {¶31} Evid.R. 403(A) states: “Although relevant, evidence is not admissible if its

probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, of

confusion of the issues, or of misleading the jury.” As we have previously discussed

regarding unfair prejudice:

              ‘Exclusion on the basis of unfair prejudice involves more than a
              balance of mere prejudice. If unfair prejudice simply meant
              prejudice, anything adverse to a litigant’s case would be excludable
              under [Evid.R.] 403. Emphasis must be placed on the word
              “unfair.” Unfair prejudice is that quality of evidence which might
              result in an improper basis for a jury decision. Consequently, if the
              evidence arouses the jury’s emotional sympathies, evokes a sense
              of horror, or appeals to an instinct to punish, the evidence may be
              unfairly prejudicial.    Usually, although not always, unfairly

                                              11
              prejudicial evidence appeals to the jury’s emotions rather than
              intellect.’

Davis v. Killing, 171 Ohio App.3d 400, 2007-Ohio-2303, ¶16 (11th Dist.), quoting

Hampton v. Saint Michael Hosp., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 81009, 2003-Ohio-1828, ¶55.

Because this standard is included as the third prong of the Williams analysis, a finding

that the evidence is admissible under Williams necessarily precludes Rohn’s argument

that it is inadmissible under Evid.R. 403.

       {¶32} Further, the Supreme Court of Ohio has held that “other acts” evidence

must have a “temporal, modal and situational relationship” with the charged offenses so

that it “discloses purposeful action in the commission of the offense in question.” State

v. Burson, 38 Ohio St.2d 157, 159 (1974). In other words, evidence of “other acts” is

more likely to be relevant if it involves “the same crime, or a lesser included offense

within the charged crime, or an offense for which the charged crime is itself a lesser

included offense.” State v. Snowden, 49 Ohio App.2d 7, 11 (1st Dist.1976). To the

contrary, “an act too distant in time or too removed in method or type has no permissible

probative value to the charged crime.” Id. at 10.

       {¶33} Under the first prong of the Williams analysis, Rohn’s other acts, inter alia,

looking at, touching, and showing J.T. inappropriate materials, were clearly relevant to

the counts alleged in the indictment. These acts were a part of the ongoing sexual

misconduct allegedly perpetrated by Rohn over several years. Under the second prong,

these actions were corroborated by expert witness testimony as consistent with a plan

or scheme whereby a sexual predator creates an environment where the victim is either

desensitized or otherwise manipulated into not reporting the behavior. Daiber identified

specific acts, such as inappropriate casual touching and exposing a child to

                                             12
inappropriate sexual materials, as typical behavior for a scheme to normalize sexual

assault and rape, rather than proof of Rohn’s character. Under the third prong, we find

that the probative value is not substantially outweighed by unfair prejudice. The acts

Rohn challenges, as well as the testimony regarding Rohn’s relationship with J.T.

leading up to the sexual conduct, should not arouse the jury’s emotional sympathies,

evoke a sense of horror, or appeal to an instinct to punish, any more than the other

evidence presented at trial. This is further evidenced by the jury finding Rohn not guilty

of certain counts contained in the indictment. Given the circumstances and charges

brought against Rohn, the other acts testimony and previous “grooming” testimony

presented do not rise to the level of being unfairly prejudicial. Finally, the actions J.T.

testified to with regard to Rohn had a temporal, modal, and situational relationship with

the Rape, Sexual Battery, and Disseminating Matter Harmful to Juveniles offenses,

which occurred over several years.

Jury Instructions

       {¶34} First, we note that Rohn did not object to the jury instructions or propose a

limiting instruction. Therefore, he has forfeited all but plain error review, the standard

for which is previously stated in Rohn’s first assignment of error.

       {¶35} We recently held that the trial court’s failure to issue a limiting instruction,

which was not requested by the defendant, did not amount to plain error where

“[n]othing suggest[ed] the jury used other acts evidence to convict [appellant] ‘because

he was a bad person.’” State v. Stuart, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2018-L-145, 2020-Ohio-

3239, ¶62 (citations omitted). In the present matter, the same circumstances exist. The

evidence presented to the jury outside of the other acts evidence was substantial, and

                                             13
nothing in the record reflects that the other acts evidence unfairly prejudiced the jury as

discussed above.     Therefore, the trial court’s failure to sua sponte issue a limiting

instruction was not plain error.

       {¶36} The second and third assignments of error are without merit.

       {¶37} Rohn’s fourth assignment of error states:

              [4.] DEFENDANT-APPELLANT WAS DENIED THE RIGHT TO A
              FAIR TRIAL [sic] DEFENDANT-APPELLANT WAS DENIED
              EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL IN VIOIATION OF THE
              SIXTH AMENDMENT OF THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION

       {¶38} In order to prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim on direct

appeal, an appellant must demonstrate from the record that trial counsel’s performance

fell “below an objective standard of reasonable representation and, in addition, prejudice

arises from counsel’s performance.”      State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136 (1989),

paragraph two of the syllabus (adopting the test set forth in Strickland v. Washington,

466 U.S. 668 (1984)).       “‘[T]here is no reason for a court deciding an ineffective

assistance claim to approach the inquiry in the same order or even to address both

components of the inquiry if the defendant makes an insufficient showing on one.’” Id.

at 143, quoting Strickland, supra, at 697.

       {¶39} There is a general presumption that trial counsel’s conduct is within the

broad range of professional assistance. Id. at 142. Debatable trial tactics generally do

not constitute deficient performance. State v. Phillips, 74 Ohio St.3d 72, 85 (1995). In

order to show prejudice, the appellant must demonstrate a reasonable probability that,

but for counsel’s error, the result of the proceeding would have been different. Bradley,

supra, at paragraph three of the syllabus.

                                             14
      {¶40} Furthermore, trial counsel’s decision not to pursue every possible trial

tactic for strategical reasons does not deprive a defendant of effective assistance of

counsel.   State v. Brown, 38 Ohio St.3d 305, 319 (1988) (citation omitted).         “[A]

defendant has no constitutional right to determine trial tactics and strategy of counsel.

Rather, decisions about viable defenses are the exclusive domain of defense counsel

after consulting with the defendant.” State v. Donkers, 11th Dist. Portage Nos. 2003-P-

0135 & 2003-P-0136, 2007-Ohio-1557, ¶183, citing State v. Cowans, 87 Ohio St.3d 68,

72 (1999) and State v. Conway, 108 Ohio St.3d 214, 2006-Ohio-791, ¶150.

      {¶41} Rohn alleges his trial counsel was deficient due to three failures before

and during trial: (1) the failure to successfully subpoena Department of Job and Family

Services (“JFS”) files relating to J.T. before trial; (2) the failure to object to the

indictment; and (3) the failure to object to the testimony discussed above regarding

other acts and Rohn’s relationship with J.T. leading up to the sexual conduct. Rohn is

unable to demonstrate that, as a result of any of these three alleged deficiencies, the

result of the proceeding would have been different.

      {¶42} As to the first alleged deficiency, the JFS files are not before this court;

however, expert testimony refuted the suggestion that these files would possibly show

that J.T. was never abused because of the mandatory reporting requirements of

different individuals who came into contact with J.T. Daiber testified, with regard to

abused children, that there may be various psychological and physical reasons why

they would not report abuse. She explained how J.T.’s physical anatomy may not show

signs of sexual abuse based on the age and hormone responses created by traumatic

events such as rape, and why it is common for children to purposefully hide these signs

                                           15
from adults. Because of this, it is plausible that a mandatory reporter would be unaware

of her abuse and therefore not report it. Regardless, the JFS files are not a part of the

record, and given the testimony regarding abuse, it is not apparent that the files would

have resulted in a different outcome if presented to the jury.

       {¶43} Regarding the second and third alleged deficiencies, they fail to

demonstrate that a different outcome would have resulted to the extent discussed

above. The record reflects that Rohn was neither mislead nor misunderstood the nature

of the Sexual Battery charges against him. Further, the evidence presented regarding

other acts and “grooming” behaviors was properly admitted by the trial court, and it did

not amount to unfairly prejudicial evidence relied upon by the jury in concluding that

Rohn was guilty of the seven counts of which he was convicted.

       {¶44} Rohn’s fourth assignment of error is without merit.

       {¶45} Rohn’s sixth assignment of error states:

              [6.] THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF THE
              DEFENDANT-APPELLANT WHEN IT RETURNED A VERDICT OF
              GUILTY AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE

       {¶46} In determining whether the verdict was against the manifest weight of the

evidence, “‘[t]he court reviewing the entire record, weighs the evidence and all

reasonable inferences, considers the credibility of witnesses and determines whether in

resolving conflicts in the evidence, the jury clearly lost its way and created such a

manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial

ordered.’” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387 (1997), quoting State v. Martin,

20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175 (1st Dist.1983). A judgment of a trial court should be reversed

as being against the manifest weight of the evidence “‘only in the exceptional case in

                                            16
which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.’” Id., quoting Martin, supra,

at 175. “When a court of appeals reverses a judgment of a trial court on the basis that

the verdict is against the weight of the evidence, the appellate court sits as a ‘“thirteenth

juror”’ and disagrees with the factfinder’s resolution of the conflicting testimony.” Id.,

quoting Tibbs v. Florida, 457 U.S. 31, 42 (1982).

       {¶47} There is a presumption that the findings of the trier of fact are correct,

because the trier of fact has had the opportunity “to view the witnesses and observe

their demeanor, gestures and voice inflections, and use these observations in weighing

the credibility of the proffered testimony.” Seasons Coal Co., Inc. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio

St.3d 77, 80 (1984); id. at fn. 3, quoting 5 Ohio Jurisprudence 3d, Appellate Review,

Section 603, at 191-192, (1978) (“‘* * * [I]n determining whether the judgment below is

manifestly against the weight of the evidence, every reasonable intendment and every

reasonable presumption must be made in favor of the judgment and the finding of facts.

* * * If the evidence is susceptible of more than one construction, the reviewing court is

bound to give it that interpretation which is consistent with the verdict and judgment,

most favorable to sustaining the verdict and judgment.”).

       {¶48} The jurors in the matter sub judice were presented with strong evidence

from which they could reasonably conclude that Rohn committed the charged crimes.

Audio recordings totaling approximately 90 minutes were presented of conversations

between Rohn and J.T. During these controlled phone calls, Rohn repeatedly fails to

refute the allegations of rape and sexual battery. While he claims at certain points that

he does not remember much of the conduct, he specifically admits to raping J.T. in the

basement of her Grant Street residence when she was a child. Further, both a family

                                             17
witness and expert witness on childhood sexual assault provided testimony supporting

J.T.’s direct testimony recounting the multiple instances of rape and sexual battery. The

jury was entitled to receive and interpret this evidence, and to conclude that Rohn

committed several of the crimes alleged in the indictment. This was not an instance

where the jury clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice

that the conviction must be reversed; to the contrary, the evidence firmly supported a

finding that Rohn committed the crimes with which he was found guilty.

       {¶49} Rohn’s sixth assignment of error is without merit.

       {¶50} Rohn’s fifth assignment of error states:

              [5.] THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF THE
              DEFENDANT-APPELLANT WHEN IT DENIED HIS MOTION FOR
              ACQUITTAL MADE PURSUANT TO CRIM.R. 29(A).

       {¶51} Pursuant to Crim.R. 29(A), “The court on motion of a defendant or on its

own motion, after the evidence on either side is closed, shall order the entry of a

judgment of acquittal of one or more offenses charged in the indictment, information, or

complaint, if the evidence is insufficient to sustain a conviction of such offense or

offenses.”   Crim.R. 29(A) requires the trial court to grant a motion for judgment of

acquittal if the evidence is insufficient to sustain a conviction on the charged offense(s).

“Thus, when an appellant makes a Crim.R. 29 motion, he or she is challenging the

sufficiency of the evidence introduced by the state.” State v. Patrick, 11th Dist. Trumbull

Nos. 2003-T-0166 & 2003-T-0167, 2004-Ohio-6688, ¶18.

       {¶52} “A challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence raises a question of law as

to whether the prosecution met its burden of production at trial.” State v. Bernard, 11th

Dist. Ashtabula No. 2016-A-0063, 2018-Ohio-351, ¶56, citing Thompkins, supra, at 390

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and State v. Windle, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2010-L-033, 2011-Ohio-4171, ¶25.               “‘In

reviewing the record for sufficiency, “[t]he relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the

evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have

found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.”’” Id.,

quoting State v. Smith, 80 Ohio St.3d 89, 113 (1997), quoting State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio

St.3d 259 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus. Where there is insufficient evidence, a

conviction will be vacated. Id. at ¶55, citing State v. Rose, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2014-L-

086, 2015-Ohio-2607, ¶32.

       {¶53} A finding that a judgment is not against the manifest weight of the

evidence necessarily means the judgment is supported by sufficient evidence. State v.

Arcaro, 11th Dist. Ashtabula No. 2012-A-0028, 2013-Ohio-1842, ¶32.                  Having

determined that Rohn’s convictions are not against the manifest weight of the evidence,

it follows that they are supported by sufficient evidence.

       {¶54} Rohn’s fifth assignment of error is without merit.

       {¶55} The judgment of the Lake County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.

MATT LYNCH, J., concurs,

THOMAS R. WRIGHT, J., concurs in judgment only.

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