Court Opinion

ID: 2978796
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 18:31:32.458368+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:47:46.529590
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                                 File Name: 10a0005p.06

              UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                _________________

                                                 X
                         Plaintiff-Appellant, -
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                  -
                                                  -
                                                  -
                                                     No. 08-4294
          v.
                                                  ,
                                                   >
                                                  -
                        Defendant-Appellee. -
 MICHAEL D. CAMISCIONE,
                                                  -
                                                N
                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Northern District of Ohio at Akron.
                No. 04-00594-001—Ann Aldrich, District Judge.
                              Argued: December 1, 2009
                         Decided and Filed: January 13, 2010
                Before: GUY, ROGERS, and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges.

                                 _________________

                                      COUNSEL
ARGUED: Daniel R. Ranke, ASSISTANT UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Cleveland,
Ohio, for Appellant. Anthony J. Vegh, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Daniel
R. Ranke, ASSISTANT UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellant.
Anthony J. Vegh, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellee.
                                 _________________

                                       OPINION
                                 _________________

       GRIFFIN, Circuit Judge. Defendant Michael D. Camiscione pleaded guilty to a one-
count information charging him with possession of child pornography, in violation of
18 U.S.C. § 2252 (a)(4) and (b)(2). Although the Sentencing Guidelines recommended a
sentencing range of 27 to 33 months of imprisonment, the district court sentenced
Camiscione to the custody of the United States Marshal’s Service for the remainder of the
day, followed by three years of supervised release and 180 hours of community service.
After the government appealed Camiscione’s sentence to this court, we held that

                                           1
No. 08-4294         United States v. Camiscione                                       Page 2

Camiscione’s sentence was procedurally reasonable but substantively unreasonable because
the district court failed to explain adequately how its sentence “deterred Camiscione from
committing future crimes, see [18 U.S.C.] § 3553(a)(2)(B); protected the public from further
crimes, see [18 U.S.C.] § 3553(a)(2)(C); and . . . avoided sentencing disparities, see
[18 U.S.C.] § 3553(a)(6).” United States v. Camiscione, 207 F. App’x 631, 637 (6th Cir.
2006) (unpublished) (“Camiscione I”). Accordingly, we vacated Camiscione’s sentence and
remanded to the district court for resentencing.

        On remand, and more than a year-and-a-half after our mandate in Camiscione I
issued, the district court reimposed its original sentence upon Camiscione. In this appeal,
the government contends that, even under an abuse-of-discretion scope of review,
Camiscione’s sentence is substantively unreasonable. We agree because the district court
imposed a sentence upon Camiscione without considering general deterrence to the
population at large and articulating how it avoids unwarranted sentence disparities under
18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). Therefore, we again vacate Camiscione’s sentence and remand to the
district court for expeditious resentencing.

                                               I.

        We set forth the facts in Camiscione I:

        During the course of a national and international investigation of internet
        child pornography, investigators discovered that Camiscione was in
        possession of child pornography. The evidence indicated that between May
        and October 1999, Camiscione used his credit card 22 times to purchase
        memberships to child pornography websites. The purchases included
        30-day subscriptions to sites such as “The XXX Files,” “Youngest Teens
        Hardcore,” and “Children of God.” On October 9, 2002, through a
        pretextual phone call, investigators confirmed that Camiscione had internet
        capabilities at his home and that he was the primary user.
        On October 22, 2002, a federal search warrant was issued, and Camiscione’s
        residence was searched. As a result of the search, 42 images of child
        pornography were found on Camiscione’s computer and 20 more images
        were found on floppy discs belonging to him. Some of these images
        depicted prepubescent, children under 12 years of age. One image was of
        a child approximately four years old. During the search, Camiscione waived
        his rights and provided written and oral statements admitting to purchasing
        subscriptions and downloading child pornography.
No. 08-4294       United States v. Camiscione                                            Page 3

      After the search and on his own free will, Camiscione sought treatment to
      help determine the cause of his improper conduct. In early 2003,
      Camiscione consulted Dr. James Pallas of the Center for Marital and Sexual
      Health. Under Dr. Pallas’ supervision, Camiscione underwent a full
      evaluation and was diagnosed with Sexual Compulsivity (Sexual Disorder,
      Not Otherwise Specified (NOS)); Probable Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
      Disorder, Combined Type; Depression NOS; Anxiety NOS; and Borderline
      Personality Disorder with Passive Aggressive and Dependent Features. “Dr.
      Pallas recommended psychiatric follow up and ‘behavioral intervention by
      a counselor who should utilize a concrete and problem-focused approach to
      psychotherapy.’” Adhering to the recommendations of Dr. Pallas,
      Camiscione sought counseling from Dr. Yogesh K. Desai, a psychiatrist, and
      Larry Borka, a therapist, at the Rehabilitation Center in Mansfield, Ohio.
      Over the course of six months, Camiscione received treatment.
      On December 7, 2004, an information was filed against Camiscione in the
      United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio, Eastern
      Division. The one-count information charged Camiscione with knowingly
      possessing visual depictions that had been transported in interstate
      commerce depicting persons under the age of eighteen engaged in sexually
      explicit conduct, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252 (a)(4) and (b)(2). On
      December 9, 2004, a plea agreement was filed, and on December 21, 2004,
      Camiscione pled guilty. Sentencing was set for March 23, 2005.
      Prior to sentencing, Camiscione sought further psychological assessment
      from Dr. Robert L. Smith, a clinical psychologist and addiction specialist.
      Similar to Dr. Pallas, Dr. Smith diagnosed Camiscione with Sexual Disorder
      NOS and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder – Combined Type. Dr.
      Smith also diagnosed Camiscione with Identity Problem, Major Depression
      – single episode, and Seizure Disorder. As a result of these disorders, Dr.
      Smith concluded that Camiscione experienced reduced mental capacity and
      was unable to control his behavior at the time of the offense even though he
      knew it was wrong. Significantly, Dr. Smith opined that these impairments
      make Camiscione highly susceptible to being influenced by others, and thus
      making him “vulnerable to being victimized in a prison environment.”
      Camiscione filed Dr. Smith’s evaluation under seal. This prompted the
      district court to postpone sentencing and to utilize the initial sentencing date
      of March 23, 2005 as a pretrial conference. During the conference, the court
      expressed reservations about Dr. Smith’s report and requested more
      information about Camiscione. The district court also expressed concern
      about Camiscione’s mental condition and his safety if incarcerated. In
      response to the district court’s unreadiness, Camiscione filed a motion for
      psychological evaluation at the government’s expense which identified a
      psychiatrist. The government objected to the selected psychiatrist and
      recommended Camiscione be evaluated by the Federal Correctional Institute
      in Butner, North Carolina, a federal facility designed for such evaluations.
      Additionally, and in response to the district court’s concern over
No. 08-4294       United States v. Camiscione                                           Page 4

      Camiscione’s safety if incarcerated, the government offered a letter from Dr.
      Andres Hernandez, Director of the Sex Offense Program at the Federal
      Correctional Institute in Butner, North Carolina, stating that “incidents of
      violence among sex offenders in the federal system is extremely low.”
      On June 10, 2005, the district court granted Camiscione’s motion for
      psychological evaluation, and on July 5, 2005, Camiscione was admitted to
      the Federal Medical Center (“FMC”) in Butner, North Carolina. The district
      court directed that Camiscione be evaluated regarding his susceptibility to
      coercion, his possible diminished intellectual functioning, his ability to
      function as an independent adult, and any evidence that Camiscione is
      pedophilic and may act on those impulses. On September 12, 2005, after
      completing a forensic evaluation of Camiscione, the FMC issued its findings
      to the district court. Contrary to the diagnosis of Dr. Pallas and the report
      of Dr. Smith, the FMC deemed Camiscione to be suffering from pedophilia
      and not Sexual Disorder NOS. In particular, the FMC concluded that
      Camiscione is of average intelligence, with no indication of diminished
      intellectual functioning, is capable of functioning as an independent adult,
      and is not unduly susceptible to coercion. The FMC added that the prior
      diagnosis of Camiscione “appear[s] to be based primarily on results of
      psychologic testing with limited clinical correlation.” Notwithstanding its
      findings, however, the FMC recommended that Camiscione continue to
      “participate in ongoing psychologic treatment for behavioral therapies to
      address pedophilia.”
      On November 1, 2005, the district court sentenced Camiscione. Pursuant to
      the plea agreement, the district court determined that Camiscione had a base
      offense level of 15, to which six points would be added (two points because
      the material involved prepubescent minors, two points because ten or more
      items were possessed, and two points because a computer was used), and
      that three points would be deducted for his acceptance of responsibility. The
      district court calculated Camiscione’s offense level to be 18 and his criminal
      history category to be I. Thus, the guidelines called for a sentence range of
      27-33 months.
      Before determining Camiscione’s sentence, the district court thoroughly
      reviewed the psychological reports of Dr. Smith and the FMC. The district
      court also entertained arguments from both counsel for the defense and the
      government. After considering the evidence, the district court noted several
      factors. First, the district court noted Dr. Smith’s findings that Camiscione’s
      “reduced mental capacity resulted in his inability to control his behavior at
      the time of the offense, even though he was aware that it was wrong” and
      that “Camiscione’s impairments place him at risk of being unduly influenced
      and or [sic] controlled by others which would leave him vulnerable to be
      victimized in a prison environment.” Second, the district court noted that
      Camiscione experienced epileptic seizures and expressed concerns about his
      inability to receive medication in prison. Third, the district court
      commented that five years had passed since Camiscione had viewed the
No. 08-4294            United States v. Camiscione                                       Page 5

        pornographic images and there was no evidence that Camiscione had
        molested any children either before or after the search of his home.
        After considering all of these reasons, the district court concluded, “I just
        don’t think that a long prison term is the right response for this particular
        defendant.” Accordingly, the district court sentenced Camiscione into the
        custody of the United States Marshal’s Office for the remainder of the day
        followed by supervised release for a period of three years. The district court
        also waived the imposition of a fine and ordered Camiscione to perform 180
        hours of community service. Noting the government’s objection to the
        sentence, the district court explained,
                I really am not inclined to sentence this man to prison when
                I know some of the things that will happen to him. That’s
                not going to help him get better. And I would prefer to let
                him live a reasonable normal life. If he doesn’t get better,
                he’s going to be back before me for violation of some
                condition of his supervised release, and maybe at that time
                I would feel okay, you know, now you go to jail, but with
                the reports such as the one that we have hear [sic], I just
                don’t feel that prison is the appropriate way to handle this
                defendant.

207 F. App’x at 632-34 (citations to record omitted). Thereafter, the government appealed
Camiscione’s sentence to this court, contending that the sentence was unreasonable in light
of the 27 to 33 months of imprisonment recommended by the Sentencing Guidelines and the
district court’s alleged failure to consider properly the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) sentencing
factors. Id. at 635.

        In Camiscione I, we analyzed Camiscione’s sentence for both procedural and
substantive reasonableness. See id. (“In reviewing challenges to a sentence, ‘we have
distinguished between the procedural and substantive reasonableness of sentences.’”)
(quoting United States v. Davis, 458 F.3d 491, 495 (6th Cir. 2006)). Although we ruled that
Camiscione’s sentence was procedurally reasonable, see Camiscione, 207 F. App’x at 635-
36, we held that it was substantively unreasonable. Id. at 636-38. In so concluding, we
expressed no agreement or disagreement with the degree of the variance applied by the
district court; rather, our ruling was based upon the district court’s failure to explain its
sentence adequately so as to permit our review of the substantive reasonableness of the
sentence:
No. 08-4294         United States v. Camiscione                                           Page 6

        [W]e are not disagreeing with the district court’s application of the § 3553(a)
        factors it considered. Nor are we saying the district court failed to identify
        evidence supporting its findings. Rather, we simply conclude that the
        district court’s sentence is unreasonable because it failed to address several
        factors we believe to be pertinent. It is true that after considering
        Camiscione’s history and characteristics, the seriousness of the crime, and
        Camiscione’s need for medical treatment, the district court “did not think
        that a long prison term is the response for this particular defendant.”
        Notably, however, the district court neglected to consider and articulate how
        its sentence – an afternoon with the United States Marshal’s Office followed
        by three years of supervised release – deterred Camiscione from committing
        future crimes, see § 3553(a)(2)(B); protected the public from further crimes,
        see § 3553(a)(2)(C); and how this sentence avoided sentencing disparities,
        see § 3553(a)(6). If these factors were in fact considered by the district
        court, the record is devoid of such reasoning.
                                            ***
        [W]e believe that the circumstances presented in this case – particularly, the
        possibility that Camiscione may re-offend – merit the district court’s
        consideration of how a one-day sentence deters Camiscione from future
        crimes and protects the public from further crimes.

Id. at 637-38 (citation to record omitted). Accordingly, we vacated Camiscione’s sentence
and remanded the case to the district court for resentencing. Id. at 638.

                                              II.

        Nearly nine months after our mandate in Camiscione I issued, the district court
scheduled Camiscione’s resentencing hearing. Both parties filed resentencing memoranda,
and the district court heard argument at the February 6, 2008, hearing.

        The government argued that the district court should impose a within-Guidelines
sentence or, at minimum, a sentence in excess of twelve months of imprisonment to render
Camiscione eligible for the sex offender treatment program at the Federal Medical Center
in Butner, North Carolina (“FMC”). The government emphasized that the middle of the 27-
to 33-month term of imprisonment recommended by the Sentencing Guidelines was only
one-half of the five-year mandatory minimum term of imprisonment for simple receipt of
child pornography imposed by Congress several months after Camiscione was charged. See
18 U.S.C. § 2252(b)(1). The prosecutor also argued that a substantial term of imprisonment
was appropriate because Camiscione spent approximately $30,000 downloading
No. 08-4294          United States v. Camiscione                                        Page 7

pornography over a period of three years or more, went bankrupt doing so, and only stopped
his criminal behavior and sought treatment when law enforcement caught him and
intervened.

        As it had done at Camiscione’s first sentencing hearing, the government relied upon
the findings of Dr. Hernandez and the FMC. The prosecutor apprised the district court of
a study conducted by Dr. Hernandez, in which he found that 85 percent of inmates who were
being treated for receiving and/or distributing child pornography also admitted to
perpetrating hands-on sexual contact with minors. That percentage contrasted with the
information known at sentencing, in which 75 percent of such inmates “had no documented
hands-on victims, and the other 25 percent had no contact with a hands-on sexual act.”
According to Dr. Hernandez, this data “indicat[ing] . . . an 85 percent likelihood that a
person convicted of [internet] child pornography has had a hands-on sexual case” is
“consistent with his observations over the years” and suggests that “internet child
pornographers are far more dangerous to society than we had previously thought[.]” The
district court responded that this data was “a one-sided statistic” because “it doesn’t tell you
how many hundreds of thousands of people looked at [child pornography] that didn’t ever
molest a child.”

        The prosecutor reminded the district court that the FMC evaluated Camiscione
independently pursuant to the court’s order and that Dr. Hernandez characterized
Camiscione as “a typical sex offender[.]” According to the FMC evaluation, Camiscione had
average intelligence, could function as an independent adult, and, unlike previous findings
by Camiscione’s own mental health practitioners, there was no indication that he suffered
from diminished intellectual functioning or was unduly susceptible to coercion. The district
court remarked that it “appreciat[ed] the difference between the conclusions reached at
Buttner [sic] compared to the conclusions reached by” Camiscione’s hired evaluators. In
addition, the district court stated it “knew from experience” that the FMC “had a very good
program there for doing a lot of tests that were not done by the earlier psychologists or as
they put it clinical program.”

        Although the district court acknowledged Camiscione’s eligibility for the FMC
treatment program, it nevertheless rejected the option as unfeasible, citing its own prior
No. 08-4294         United States v. Camiscione                                       Page 8

experience that the program was “very crowded[.]” The district court expressed concern
that, if the program had no space, Camiscione would be placed in the general prison
population which, according to the court, “was a very bad idea for this Defendant” because
he “would be vulnerable to what happens to people accused of these kinds of criminal
matters in the general population.” The government countered: “[I]f the Court took the
attitude [that] it is crowded down there, then, they would be empty, and no one would be
down there getting the treatment that they might need.” The prosecutor also noted Dr.
Hernandez’s finding that Camiscione would not be unduly susceptible to being influenced
in prison. Disagreeing, the district court stated: “No. What . . . the Bureau of Prisons does
is come back and say there is a small percentage of this kind of thing happening in the
general population, but that’s not what they tell you at the side.”

        The district court also wanted the record to reflect that Camiscione had already
completed a sex offender treatment program on January 30, 2008. Camiscione’s attorney
expounded that Camiscione participated in the program for two years and that the program
did not predate Camiscione’s sentencing; rather, it was court-ordered as part of Camiscione’s
supervised release. The government responded that Camiscione’s compliance with this
condition of his supervised release was irrelevant to assessing the reasonableness of “what
sentence should have been imposed.”

        To “show the public’s view” regarding child pornography and to demonstrate the
harm caused by it, the prosecutor attempted to read a portion of a statement written by a
mother whose child was a victim of the child pornography industry. Camiscione’s attorney
objected, and the district court questioned the relevance of the mother’s statement because
there was no evidence that Camiscione made, distributed, or profited from child
pornography, and he had not purchased child pornography over the internet since being
placed on supervised release. The district court also characterized Camiscione as “the victim
of the people that published this.” The government took issue with the district court’s
labeling of Camiscione as a “victim,” responding: “No. He was the one that viewed this for
his personal satisfaction and enjoyment, and because of that, there are more victims out
there. He is not a victim. He is a perpetrator.” According to the district court, however,
Camiscione was no longer purchasing child pornography, his sentence forbids him from
No. 08-4294           United States v. Camiscione                                        Page 9

doing so, and sentencing him to jail “wouldn’t have made any difference in terms of his
effect or the effect of my sentence on people that are marketing this material.”

        The prosecutor protested the district court’s reliance upon Camiscione’s post-
conviction and uncharged conduct – Camiscione’s lack of participation in creating or
distributing child pornography – as a reason to apply a downward variance from the
Sentencing Guidelines. He argued that the Sentencing Guidelines range applied only to the
offense of which Camiscione was convicted and that Camiscione’s Guidelines range would
have been five times greater had he solicited a child for sex. The prosecutor concluded his
argument by requesting that the district court sentence Camiscione “in the properly
calculated guideline range and in excess of one year so he can get treatment at a place like
Buttner [sic] FCI.”

        In support of the district court’s original sentence, Camiscione’s attorney argued that
his client had successfully completed the treatment program ordered by the district court and
that Camiscione’s treatment team concluded that he benefitted from the program, accepted
his illness, and “was making great strides to resolve his problems.” Defense counsel also
challenged Dr. Hernandez’s conclusion of an 85 percent likelihood that Camiscione sexually
abused a minor by noting Dr. Hernandez’s concession that his study “was published after a
meeting . . . of his peers, that it had no statistical value. It had not undergone peer review.
It was simply histories he took from men that he treated.” Additionally, Camiscione’s
attorney reminded the court that Dr. Hernandez’s own report indicated that “behavior
programs focusing on sexual disorder[s] have documented efficacy in treating Mr.
Camiscione’s condition” and that there was a low risk that Camiscione would act on his
pedophilia in the future. “[P]ast behavior being the best indicator for future behavior[,]”
defense counsel asserted, “[i]t is noteworthy that Mr. Camiscione has never perpetrated
personally and physically a sexual act on a child or adolescen[t].”

        Concluding the resentencing hearing, the district court stated:

        I think what I didn’t make clear in sentencing before was that the stringency
        of the conditions of the supervised release, it was going to be a pretty rough
        road to hoe for the next three years, and this Defendant has managed to do
        it.
No. 08-4294          United States v. Camiscione                                        Page 10

        I think, like I say, I haven’t had a Defendant like Mr. Camiscione involved
        in this kind of case before, and I still think the sentence that I did may be
        risky at the time but was appropriate, and I guess Mr. Camiscione has
        confirmed my trust in him that he would be able to stick with those
        conditions to the satisfaction of the probation office.
        And I appreciate that, and I do intend to indicate in resentencing that the
        Sixth Circuit has not disagreed with the sentence, at least three places in
        their opinion, and that they are asking for more reasons why I believe that
        this sentence protects the public as much as was necessary that I could in this
        particular case.
                                             ***
        [M]y intention now is to continue the sentence as it has been approved by
        the Circuit but is asking for more specifics. But before I put that order out,
        you can assume that that’s what I am going to do, but I do want to look at
        these cases, and you will have a written opinion within a week.

        On April 8, 2008, nearly two months after the resentencing hearing, the government
filed a motion for entry of judgment requesting that the district court enter its written
judgment on the record. More than five months thereafter, or September 16, 2008, the
district court entered its Judgment and Order, which it corrected on September 18, 2008.

        The September 18, 2008, Judgment and Order reimposed the district court’s original
sentence of a partial day in the custody of the United States Marshal’s Office, three years of
supervised release, and 180 hours of community service upon Camiscione and supplemented
the reasons articulated by the district court at the resentencing hearing. Finding support in
Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38 (2007), the district court wrote that it “takes very seriously
the duty of a sentencing judge to evaluate each person as a unique individual, recognizing
that a person’s unfortunate circumstances may not fall neatly within the confining rubric of
the formulaic sentencing table.” The district court acknowledged that Camiscione’s sentence
“may appear ‘unusually lenient’” but stated that his sentence was “fully justified in his
particular case.” Before addressing the three 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) sentencing factors that
Camiscione I required the district court to consider on remand – deterrence, protection of the
public, and avoidance of sentencing disparities – the district court prefaced its analysis as
follows:

        Camiscione’s actions were improper and illegal. But the proper punishment
        is not always incarceration. Camiscione is 33 years old and lives with his
No. 08-4294           United States v. Camiscione                                      Page 11

        mother. As a result of having epileptic seizures from the age of three, he
        was taunted and teased as a child and as a teenager, which greatly affected
        his schooling and mental and social development. He has had no real friends
        and has never dated a woman because he is too shy and frightened of
        rejection. Prison sentences serve many reasons; however, Camiscione’s
        lamentable case would not further any of those reasons and would only be
        made more tragic were this court to sentence him to prison.

(Footnote omitted.)

        The government timely appeals.

                                              III.

        The parties agree that the sole issue in this appeal is whether Camiscione’s sentence
of a partial day in the custody of the United States Marshal’s Service followed by a three-
year period of supervised release and 180 hours of community service for possession of child
pornography was substantively reasonable. The government acknowledges that Gall
rejected the standard of review we applied in Camiscione I. However, the government
contends that Gall did not obviate the requirement that a district court adequately justify a
variance from the correctly-calculated Guidelines range by properly considering the
18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) sentencing factors. Regarding the § 3553(a) factors, the government
argues that:

        Although the district court mentioned the [§ 3553(a)] factors of protecting
        the public, deterrence and avoiding unwarranted sentencing disparities . . . ,
        the court failed to fully explain how its sentence had any real deterrent effect
        on Camiscione or others or served to avoid unwarranted disparities in
        sentencing among similarly situated defendants. The court ignored evidence
        that Camiscione is a typical sex offender with average intelligence who
        obtained treatment only after being caught. At bottom, a prison sentence of
        one day at the U.S. Marshal’s Office with no period of home detention or
        even a fine makes light of a serious sex offense which, if committed today,
        would carry a five-year mandatory minimum prison term.

        In United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005), the Supreme Court “replaced the
de novo standard of review required by 18 U.S.C. § 3742(e) with an abuse-of-discretion
standard that [it] called ‘reasonableness’ review.” Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338, 361
(2007) (Stevens, J., joined by Ginsburg, J., concurring). Under that deferential standard,
No. 08-4294          United States v. Camiscione                                        Page 12

“[t]he fact that the appellate court might reasonably have concluded that a different sentence
was appropriate is insufficient to justify reversal of the district court.” Gall, 552 U.S. at 51.

        “A sentence is substantively unreasonable if the district court selects a sentence
arbitrarily, bases the sentence on impermissible factors, fails to consider relevant sentencing
factors, or gives an unreasonable amount of weight to any pertinent factor.” United States
v. Lapsins, 570 F.3d 758, 772 (6th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
Although Gall “reject[s] . . . an appellate rule that requires ‘extraordinary’ circumstances to
justify a sentence outside the Guidelines range” and disallows “the use of a rigid
mathematical formula that uses the percentage of a departure as the standard for determining
the strength of the justifications required for a specific sentence[,]” see Gall, 552 U.S. at 47,
it nevertheless “permits district and appellate courts to require some correlation between the
extent of a variance and the justification for it.” United States v. Grossman, 513 F.3d 592,
596 (6th Cir. 2008). In this regard, Gall instructs the sentencing judge that:

        [i]f he decides . . . an outside-Guidelines sentence is warranted, he must
        consider the extent of the deviation and ensure that the justification is
        sufficiently compelling to support the degree of the variance. We find it
        uncontroversial that a major departure should be supported by a more
        significant justification than a minor one.

Gall, 552 U.S. at 50. Gall also reaffirms that “even though the Guidelines are advisory
rather than mandatory, they are, as we pointed out in Rita, the product of careful study based
on extensive empirical evidence derived from the review of thousands of individual
sentencing decisions.” Gall, 552 U.S. at 46 (footnote and citation omitted). Thus, at the
same time that Gall forbids an appellate court from applying a presumption of
unreasonableness to an outside-Guidelines sentence, it permits reviewing courts to:

        take into account the totality of the circumstances, including the extent of
        any variance from the Guidelines range. . . . [The court] may consider the
        extent of the deviation, but must give due deference to the district court’s
        decision that the § 3553(a) factors, on a whole, justify the extent of the
        variance.

Gall, 552 U.S. at 51.
No. 08-4294          United States v. Camiscione                                           Page 13

                                                IV.

        In the present case, the district court on remand held two sentencing hearings,
ordered a comprehensive psychological evaluation at a federal facility, delivered a written
opinion, and deliberated extensively over its sentencing decision. It is apparent that the
district court took seriously the “‘uniform and constant . . . federal judicial tradition . . . [of]
consider[ing] every convicted person as an individual and every case as a unique study in
the human failings that sometimes mitigate, sometimes magnify, the crime and the
punishment to ensue.’” Gall, 552 U.S. at 52 (quoting Koon v. United States, 518 U.S. 81,
113 (1996) (footnote omitted)).

        The district court reasonably identified several facts which, under an abuse-of-
discretion standard, might justify a more lenient sentence than would otherwise have been
appropriate.    These include:      Camiscione’s lack of criminal history, “remorse” and
“considerable disgust with his own pedophilic behaviors[,]” acknowledgment of his illness,
cooperation with law enforcement and admission of his crime, determination and effort to
treat his condition and change his behaviors, consistent attendance and compliance with all
treatment programs, participation in “[b]ehavioral programs focusing on sexual disorder
[which] have documented efficacy in treating Mr. Camiscione’s condition[,]” “low risk” of
acting on his pedophilia in the future, and lack of substance abuse and antisocial or conduct
disordered traits that might otherwise increase his risk of recidivism. In a nutshell, the
district court did not clearly err in finding that Camiscione has a problem, acknowledges it,
has made efforts to get better, and has a good prognosis.

        While the district court thoroughly considered the “nature and circumstances of the
offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant[,]” see § 3553(a)(1), and “the
need for the sentence imposed – to provide the defendant with needed . . . medical care,” see
§ 3553(a)(2)(D), the sentence imposed must do more. The § 3553(a) factors also require the
court to consider “the need for the sentence imposed – to reflect the seriousness of the
offense, to promote respect for the law[,]” see § 3553(a)(2)(A), “to afford adequate
deterrence to criminal conduct,” see § 3553(a)(2)(B), “to protect the public from further
crimes of the defendant[,]” see § 3553(a)(2)(D), and “to avoid unwarranted sentence
disparities . . . . ,” see § 3553(a)(6). The district court did not adequately consider or justify
No. 08-4294         United States v. Camiscione                                      Page 14

how its sentence promoted general deterrence or avoided unwarranted sentence disparities,
and under an abuse-of-discretion standard, we are unable to uphold the sentence.

        The district court explained that its sentence deterred Camiscione from further
criminal conduct because its conditions of supervised release make it unlikely that he will
return to viewing child pornography. However, in focusing exclusively on how its sentence
deterred Camiscione, the district court failed to consider how its sentence provided adequate
“general deterrence” to the population at large. See United States v. Medearis, 451 F.3d 918,
920-21 (8th Cir. 2006) (“General deterrence . . . is one of the key purposes of sentencing,
and the district court abused its discretion when it failed to give that matter its proper
weight.”). General deterrence is crucial in the child pornography context, as the Seventh
Circuit has explained:

        Young children were raped in order to enable the production of the
        pornography that the defendant both downloaded and uploaded . . . . The
        greater the customer demand for child pornography, the more that will be
        produced. Sentences influence behavior, or so at least Congress thought
        when in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) it made deterrence a statutory sentencing
        factor. The logic of deterrence suggests that the lighter the punishment for
        downloading and uploading child pornography, the greater the customer
        demand for it and so the more will be produced.

United States v. Goldberg, 491 F.3d 668, 672 (7th Cir. 2007) (citations omitted); see also
United States v. Goff, 501 F.3d 250, 261 (3d Cir. 2007) (“[D]eterring the production of child
pornography and protecting the children who are victimized by it are factors that should have
been given significant weight at sentencing, but in fact received not a word from the District
Court.”).

        Neither the district court’s comments at both sentencing hearings nor its written
opinion after remand gave any indication that it even considered how its admittedly “lenient”
sentence would deter others generally from purchasing and viewing child pornography.
Camiscione’s sentence, which was devoid of any significant period of incarceration, home
confinement, or substantial fine undermines the purpose of general deterrence.

        The district court stated that its sentence “avoided unwarranted sentence disparities
among defendants with similar records who have been found guilty of similar conduct[,]”
see § 3553(a)(6), because Camiscione is “very different from other defendants accused of
No. 08-4294         United States v. Camiscione                                       Page 15

the same or similar crimes.” The court explained that “Camiscione never inappropriately
touched a child, nor did he ever sell or distribute child pornography.” Quoting Dr. Smith’s
psychological evaluation, the court also noted that Camiscione was “highly susceptible to
being influenced and/or controlled by others. . . . Consequently, he would be vulnerable to
being victimized [raped] in a prison environment.” (Internal quotation marks and footnote
omitted.)

        However, it is not logical to justify a more lenient sentence on the basis that
Camiscione did not make or distribute child pornography or molest a child. Just as the
federal sentencing laws impose greater sentences upon sellers of controlled substances than
upon those who are caught possessing such substances, Camiscione concedes that the federal
child sexual offense laws do so as well. Indeed, the Sentencing Guidelines take into account
only the criminal conduct of which Camiscione was charged. Similarly, Camiscione’s
“[p]hysical condition or appearance, including physique,” and his “[m]ental and emotional
conditions are not ordinarily relevant in determining whether a departure is warranted,
except as provided in [5K.2,]” none of which the district court cited or appear on their face
to justify a downward variance in the present case. Cf. U.S.S.G. §§ 5H1.3 & 5H1.4.
Further, the district court’s concern that Camiscione “would be vulnerable to what happens
to people accused of these kinds of criminal matters in the general population” is an
improper sentencing consideration. Cf. United States v. Wilke, 156 F.3d 749, 753 (7th Cir.
1998) (“[A] district court may not rely on the nature of a defendant’s offense as a factor
justifying a sentencing departure for vulnerability to abuse in prison.”).

                                              V.

        On two other occasions, we have considered whether one-day sentences of
imprisonment for simple possession of child pornography are substantively reasonable. See
United States v. Stall, 581 F.3d 276 (6th Cir. 2009); United States v. Prisel, 316 F. App’x
377 (6th Cir. 2008). In both cases, we affirmed the sentences under the more stringent plain-
error standard of review, and the sentences were more severe than Camiscione’s sentence.
The sentences in Stall and Prisel included substantial periods of home confinement as part
of the defendants’ supervised release, as well as significant fines. See Stall, 581 F.3d at 281
(affirming, under plain-error review, a sentence of one day of imprisonment, ten years of
No. 08-4294         United States v. Camiscione                                      Page 16

supervised release, the first year of which was under home confinement, and a $5,000 fine
for possession of eighteen images of child pornography, where the applicable Guidelines
range, under the increased penalties resulting from the Sentencing Commission’s amendment
of U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2, was 57 to 71 months of imprisonment); Prisel, 316 F. App’x at 380
(affirming, under plain-error review, a sentence of one day of imprisonment, three years of
supervised release, the first eighteen months of which were under home confinement with
electronic monitoring, and a $6,000 fine for possession of 1,189 images and five digital
movies containing child pornography, where applicable Guidelines range was 27 to 33
months of imprisonment). Both Stall and Prisel expressly distinguished Camiscione I. See
Stall, 581 F.3d at 285 (noting that “Camiscione had more than three times as many images”
as Stall and stating that, “unlike in Camiscione, where we reviewed the sentence only for
reasonableness, here we are reviewing the sentence for plain error, which is more deferential
. . . .”); Prisel, 316 F. App’x at 386 (“We also note that Camiscione’s sentence, unlike
Prisel’s, did not include 18 months of house arrest, nor did it include a fine.”) (internal
quotation marks omitted).

        Stall has factual similarities to the present case. Like Camiscione, Stall had no
criminal history, was “remorseful and distraught” upon being caught, expressed “empathy
for children harmed as a result [of his crime][,]” and “quickly sought mental health
treatment[.]” Id. at 277-78 (internal quotation marks omitted). The district court heard
testimony from Stall’s psychologist who explained that Stall was “isolated[,]” “lonely[,]”
“suffered from undiagnosed and untreated depression at the time of his offense[,]” and
browsed the internet as an “obsessive and compulsive” manifestation of his “self-loathing[.]”
Id. at 279 (internal quotation marks omitted). Stall’s psychologist opined that “it was
unlikely that Stall would reoffend” because he “did not have a ‘criminal mind’ or exhibit the
qualities of a psychopath. . . . [a]nd was now being treated for depression, which . . . made
him less likely to reoffend and more likely to respond to treatment for sexual compulsive
disorder.” Id. Stall “was demonstrably committed to therapy, showing up on time, never
missing an appointment, and expressing remorse for the role he played in the exploitation
of children.” Id. Moreover, Stall, as an internet sex offender, was “significantly less likely
to fail in the community than [a] child molester[] in terms of all types of recidivism[,]” and
“if Stall continued treatment and remained responsive, ‘the prognosis [was] positive’ and
No. 08-4294         United States v. Camiscione                                      Page 17

Stall could ‘make a contribution to society.’” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). In the
psychologist’s view, Stall’s treatment “might be less effective” if Stall were incarcerated.
Id.

        Although the district court in Stall rejected the 57 to 71 months of imprisonment
recommended by the Sentencing Guidelines for Stall’s possession of eighteen images of
child pornography, it nevertheless sentenced him to a lengthy ten-year period of supervised
release, the first year of which required home confinement, and imposed a $5,000 fine upon
him. Id. at 281. In affirming the sentence under plain-error review, the Stall majority noted
that “Stall’s sentence of ten years of supervised release is 27 months longer than the total
period of incarceration and supervised release recommended by the PSR and the
government.” Id. at 283. Camiscione’s sentence of a partial day in the custody of the United
States Marshal’s Service followed by a three-year term of supervised release under a
recommended Guidelines range of 27 to 33 months of imprisonment for possessing 62
images of child pornography does not begin to approach the severity of Stall’s sentence.

                                             VI.

        Further aiding in the analysis of whether Camiscione’s sentence constitutes an
unwarranted sentence disparity is the legislature’s current view. As it stands today, Congress
deems reasonable a mandatory minimum sentence of five years of imprisonment for simple
receipt of child pornography over the internet, see 18 U.S.C. § 2252(b)(1), a penalty which
Camiscione conceded at oral argument would apply to him had he possessed child
pornography after the statute’s effective date.        That five-year mandatory term of
imprisonment reflects a consistent trend by Congress of increasing criminal penalties for the
possession of child pornography. See Pugh, 515 F.3d at 1198 (surveying Congressional
findings and statutory enactments). Although the five-year mandatory minimum penalty
post-dated Camiscione’s offense and was therefore inapplicable to him, that fact does not
obviate the penalty’s usefulness as a powerful persuasive authority in assessing the
reasonableness of Camiscione’s sentence. See United States v. Kirchhof, 505 F.3d 409, 414
(6th Cir. 2007) (“[I]t is the prerogative of Congress to fix the sentence for a federal crime
and the scope of judicial discretion with respect to a sentence[,]” and “it is not the court’s
No. 08-4294          United States v. Camiscione                                        Page 18

role to second-guess the legislative determination of appropriate sentences made by
Congress.”) (citing Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 364 (1989)).

        Had the district court sentenced Camiscione to 30 months of imprisonment, the
middle of the recommended 27- to 33-month Guidelines range, his sentence would still have
been only half of the 60 months of imprisonment minimum now required under 18 U.S.C.
§ 2252(b)(1) for receiving child pornography. Not only did the district court refuse to
sentence Camiscione to this much lower term of imprisonment under the advisory Guidelines
range, but it sentenced him to virtually no incarceration at all, save for a partial day with the
United States Marshal’s Service.

        The large discrepancy between the district court’s sentence and the statutory
minimum now required for the same conduct raises serious questions about the
reasonableness of the district court’s sentence on these facts. That concern becomes more
apparent when we compare Camiscione’s sentence to the more severe one-day sentences we
affirmed in Stall and Prisel, which included substantial fines, significant periods of home
confinement with electronic monitoring, or longer terms of supervised release. See Stall, 581
F.3d at 283 (expressing “doubt” about whether the district court’s sentence of a ten-year term
of supervised release rather than incarceration “promotes just punishment” but ruling that
“both the duration and the conditions of Stall’s supervised release are such that we likewise
cannot say that the sentence constitutes an abuse of discretion.”).

                                              VII.

        For these reasons, we vacate Camiscione’s sentence and remand to the district court
for expeditious resentencing.