Court Opinion

ID: 4014720
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-11 20:10:58.415515+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:28:34.584207
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Carver, 2016-Ohio-4926.]

                                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                      PORTAGE COUNTY, OHIO

STATE OF OHIO,                                  :       OPINION

                 Plaintiff-Appellee,            :
                                                        CASE NO. 2015-P-0040
        - vs -                                  :

MICHAEL A. CARVER,                              :

                 Defendant-Appellant.           :

Criminal Appeal from the Portage County Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 2014 CR
00392.

Judgment: Reversed and remanded.

Victor V. Vigluicci, Portage County Prosecutor, and Kristina Drnjevich, Assistant
Prosecutor, 241 South Chestnut Street, Ravenna, OH 44266 (For Plaintiff-Appellee).

Dennis Day Lager, Portage County Public Defender, and Heather R. Ninni, Assistant
Public Defender, 209 South Chestnut Street, Suite 400, Ravenna, OH 44266 (For
Defendant-Appellant).

COLLEEN MARY O’TOOLE, J.

        {¶1}     Appellant, Michael A. Carver, appeals from the judgment of the Portage

County Court of Common Pleas denying his motion to suppress.             For the reasons

stated, we reverse and remand.

        {¶2}     On August 22, 2013, at approximately 6:30 p.m., Trooper Colin Acciavatti,

of the Ohio State Highway Patrol, was traveling westbound on State Route 59. The

trooper observed appellant’s vehicle pull onto the highway in front of him. The speed
limit at the time the vehicle pulled out was 45 m.p.h. When the speed limit changed to

35 m.p.h., however, the vehicle maintained a speed of 42 m.p.h.             The trooper

consequently initiated a traffic stop.

       {¶3}   The trooper approached the vehicle and observed appellant driving with

two passengers. Trooper Acciavatti advised appellant the reason for the stop; and

appellant acknowledged he was going over the speed limit. The trooper subsequently

asked each of the occupants for their identifications. During the exchange, the trooper

noted that he, as well as the other occupants of the vehicle, appeared very nervous,

hesitating to answer general questions, and failing to make eye contact. Given their

unusual level of perceived nervousness, the trooper asked appellant if he had anything

illegal or any weapons in the vehicle. Appellant responded in the negative. During his

encounter, Trooper Acciavatti did not detect an odor of alcohol or marijuana and did not

observe any contraband in the vehicle.

       {¶4}   Trooper Acciavatti checked appellant’s and his passengers’ identifications.

He noticed nothing problematic. He did, however, observe appellant had “a couple of

drug offenses” on his record. The trooper decided to issue appellant a warning; prior to

doing so, he determined he would speak with appellant outside the vehicle because,

given his prior record and the heightened nervousness of the parties, he had a

“suspicion that other things were going on * * *.”

       {¶5}   The trooper returned to the vehicle and asked appellant to step out.

Appellant complied and the trooper advised he was giving appellant a warning for the

speeding violation; he returned appellant’s license then asked him for consent to search

the vehicle. Appellant consented, but prior to conducting the search, Trooper Acciavatti

                                             2
requested and received back-up assistance from Kent Police Officer Kathy Glass-

Beatty.

       {¶6}   Once Officer Glass-Beatty arrived, appellant and his passengers were

instructed to remain with her while Trooper Acciavatti conducted the search.        The

search produced two hypodermic needles found in the center console and a small

plastic bag with suspected hashish in the windowsill.

       {¶7}   While waiting with the three men, Officer Glass-Beatty noticed appellant

shuffling his feet strangely, attempting to keep one out of view. She notified Trooper

Acciavatti who asked appellant to remove his shoe. Appellant did so and, in the shoe,

the trooper observed two additional hypodermic needles and a spoon with suspected

heroin residue on it.

       {¶8}   Trooper Acciavatti subsequently asked appellant if he would be willing to

accompany him to the patrol post and provide a statement. Appellant agreed and was

informed that charges could be filed based upon the lab results. He was then released.

Ultimately, the spoon tested positive for heroin and the suspected hashish tested

positive for THC, a chemical derivative of marijuana. The needles could not be tested

because they did not contain any trace evidence.

       {¶9}   On June 11, 2014, the Portage County Grand Jury returned an indictment

against appellant for one count of possession of heroin, in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A)

and (C)(6)(a), a felony of the fifth degree; and one count of possessing drug abuse

instruments, in violation of R.C. 2925.12(A)(2), a misdemeanor of the second degree.

Appellant pleaded not guilty and filed a motion to suppress the evidence discovered

during the search of his vehicle and person. After a hearing on the motion to suppress,

                                           3
appellant filed a motion to reopen the suppression hearing to offer additional evidence.

Without ruling on the motion to reopen, the trial court overruled appellant’s motion to

suppress, concluding appellant voluntarily consented to the search of his vehicle.

       {¶10} Notwithstanding the judgment, the state filed a response to appellant’s

motion to reopen the case. During a subsequent status conference, the trial court orally

overruled appellant’s motion to reopen, but permitted appellant’s counsel to proffer the

information at issue on the record. In the proffer, counsel stated the motion to reopen

was filed due to information learned regarding an internal investigation by the Ohio

State Highway Patrol allegedly relating to the legitimacy of Trooper Acciavatti’s probable

cause stop, his eventual suspension from the highway patrol, and the potential impact it

could have on the trooper’s credibility.

       {¶11} Appellant subsequently entered a plea of no contest to the two-count

indictment and was referred to the Portage County Adult Probation Department for a

pre-sentence investigation. On April 27, 2015, appellant was sentenced to a community

control sanction under the general control of the Portage County Adult Probation

Department in the Intensive Supervision Program for one year and in the General

Division Program for an additional year. Execution of the sentence was stayed pending

appeal. On appeal, appellant asserts the following two assignments of error:

       {¶12} “[1.] The trial court erred to the prejudice of Defendant-Appellant by

denying his motion to suppress evidence at trial on the grounds that his detainment, the

search of his vehicle, the search of his person, and the resulting seizure of certain

evidence incident thereto was in violation of Defendant-Appellant’s rights and

protections as guaranteed by the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments to the

                                            4
Constitution of the United States and by Article I, Section 14 of the Constitution of the

State of Ohio.

       {¶13} “[2.] The trial court erred to the prejudice of Defendant-Appellant by

denying, without a hearing, his motion to reopen his case to present additional evidence

for his motion to suppress in violation of Defendant-Appellant’s rights and protections as

guaranteed by the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution of the United

States and by Article I, Section 16 of the Constitution of the State of Ohio.”

       {¶14} In his first assignment of error, appellant argues the trial court erred in

denying his motion to suppress. Appellant alleges the court erred in concluding his

detention was valid and the subsequent search of his vehicle and person was

consensual.

       {¶15} Appellate review of a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress evidence

presents a mixed question of law and fact. State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-

Ohio-5372, ¶8. “An appellate court reviewing a motion to suppress is bound to accept

the trial court’s findings of fact where they are supported by competent, credible

evidence.” State v. Warner, 11th Dist. Portage No. 2013-P-0056, 2014-Ohio-1874, ¶20.

Accepting the facts as true, the reviewing court independently determines, as a matter

of law and without deference to the trial court’s determination, whether its conclusion

was consistent with the applicable legal standard. Id.

       {¶16} In this case, Trooper Acciavatti stopped appellant in the early evening on

August 22, 2013 because appellant was driving 42 m.p.h. in a 35 m.p.h. zone. “Where

a police officer stops a vehicle based on probable cause that a traffic violation has

occurred or was occurring, the stop is not unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment

                                             5
to the United States Constitution * * *.” Dayton v. Erickson, 76 Ohio St.3d 3, syllabus

(1996).   Applying the foregoing legal principle to the case at bar, appellant’s initial

encounter with Trooper Acciavatti was reasonable because the trooper had probable

cause to stop appellant and issue him a citation for speeding.

       {¶17} The main question here, however, is whether the next encounter with

appellant, where Trooper Acciavatti continued the detention, questioned appellant

further, and then asked for appellant’s consent to search, was reasonable under the

circumstances. This court concludes that it was not reasonable.

       {¶18} Specifically, after stopping appellant for driving seven miles over the

speed limit, Trooper Acciavatti approached the vehicle and observed appellant was

driving with two passengers. The trooper advised appellant regarding the reason for the

stop and appellant acknowledged he was speeding. The trooper asked appellant if he

had any weapons or anything illegal in his car and appellant replied that he did not. The

trooper asked each of the occupants for their identifications. They appeared nervous

and failed to make eye contact with the trooper.             However, appellant and his

passengers provided their identifications.       The trooper checked the identifications,

verified they were valid, indicated there were no outstanding warrants, but said that

appellant had a couple of drug offenses on his record. The trooper did not smell any

odor of alcohol or marijuana and did not observe any contraband in the vehicle.

       {¶19} Thereafter, Trooper Acciavatti asked appellant to step outside the vehicle.

“‘“‘(***) Once a motor vehicle has been lawfully detained for a traffic violation, the police

officers may order the driver to get out of the vehicle without violating the Fourth

Amendment’s proscription of unreasonable searches and seizures.’”’”                State v.

                                             6
Henderson, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2006-L-110, 2007-Ohio-2315, ¶27, citing State v.

Wojtaszek,   11th   Dist.    Lake   No.    2002-L-016,    2003-Ohio-2105,   ¶17,   quoting

Pennsylvania v. Mimms, 434 U.S. 106, 111 (1977).             Appellant complied with the

trooper’s request and exited his vehicle. The trooper told appellant he was giving him a

warning for the speeding violation. About 30 minutes had elapsed from the initial time

of the stop to the warning for speeding.

      {¶20} Instead of just issuing the warning and allowing appellant to go on his

way, however, the trooper continued the detention for about another half hour and

questioned appellant further even though there was no ongoing criminal activity that the

trooper could observe.      The trooper merely believed that appellant may have been

involved in something else and wanted to see what he could find through a search.

This court finds that the trooper did not have a sufficient, reasonable basis to expand

the detention due to appellant’s and his passengers’ nervousness, avoidance of eye

contact, and appellant’s prior record of drug offenses.

      {¶21} As the Second Appellate District stated in the case of State v. Retherford,

93 Ohio App.3d 586, 600 (2nd Dist.1994): “‘“(T)he mere fact that a police officer has an

articulable and reasonable suspicion sufficient to stop a motor vehicle does not give that

police officer ‘open season’ to investigate matters not reasonably within the scope of his

suspicion.”’” Henderson, supra, at ¶29.

      {¶22} Instead of simply warning appellant or handing him a citation for speeding

and sending him on his way, Trooper Acciavatti pursued the encounter and continued

with questioning until he received appellant’s consent to search. A search of appellant’s

vehicle and his person produced hypodermic needles and drugs. This court finds a

                                             7
reasonable person would not perceive that he was free to go after the trooper moved

into his next round of questioning. See Henderson, supra, at ¶30.

      {¶23} Based on the facts presented, the consent to search cannot be considered

voluntary. Although appellant told the trooper to go ahead and search his vehicle, the

consent to search was already tainted by the lack of specific and articulable facts or a

reasonable suspicion of any ongoing criminal activity. See id. at ¶31. Thus, appellant’s

consent was not effective to legitimize a detention that was already unlawful and

unreasonable. See id. As such, appellant’s consent was invalid. “‘(A) “valid consent

cannot be given following an illegal detention to which it is strongly connected, and that

evidence uncovered as a result of such a search must be suppressed as fruit of the

poisonous tree.”’” Id. at ¶32, quoting State v. Pinder, 2d Dist. Miami No. 93 CA 6, 1993

Ohio App. LEXIS 5972, *13 (Dec. 15, 1993).

      {¶24} Accordingly, the trial court erred in denying appellant’s motion to

suppress.

      {¶25} Appellant’s first assignment of error is with merit.

      {¶26} In his second assignment of error, appellant contends the trial court erred

by denying without a hearing his motion to reopen his case to present additional

evidence for his motion to suppress.

      {¶27} Based on this court’s disposition in appellant’s first assignment of error,

we determine appellant’s second assignment to be moot. See App.R. 12(A)(1)(c).

                                            8
       {¶28} For the foregoing reasons, appellant’s first assignment of error is well-

taken and his second assignment of error is moot. The judgment of the Portage County

Court of Common Pleas is reversed and the matter is remanded for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion.

TIMOTHY P. CANNON, J., concurs in judgment only with a Concurring Opinion.

CYNTHIA WESTCOTT RICE, P.J., dissents with a Dissenting Opinion.

                                ______________________

TIMOTHY P. CANNON, J., concurring in judgment only.

       {¶29} I concur in the judgment that the contraband in question was obtained in

the course of a search that violated appellant’s rights under the U.S. and Ohio

Constitutions. I write separately for the following reasons.

       {¶30} First, there are several critical factors I do not believe were addressed by

the lead opinion. The trooper testified that at the time of this stop he had been on the

road on his own for approximately six weeks. He was following appellant in a 45 m.p.h.

zone. The speed limit changed from 45 m.p.h. to 35 m.p.h., and the officer “pace

clocked” appellant for a short distance. The officer stopped appellant for travelling 42

m.p.h. in a 35 m.p.h. zone. There was no testimony establishing the officer’s training or

experience with “pace clocking.”      In any event, this can hardly be described as a

significant offense and is rarely seen as worthy of issuing a citation. Indeed, there is no

indication here that the trooper ever intended to issue a citation.

                                             9
       {¶31} Second, I write to expand on the case law stated in the lead opinion

regarding the standard for prolonging a detention. In State v. Eggleston, this court

stated:

              On that issue, ‘[t]he pivotal inquiry * * * is whether [the officer] was
              justified in his continued detention of appellant. Once the suspicion
              which gave rise to the initial stop evaporated, any additional
              intrusion or detention had to have been supported by specific and
              articulable facts demonstrating the reasonableness of the continued
              detention.’

State v. Eggleston, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2014-T-0068, 2015-Ohio-958, ¶23, quoting

State v. Colby, 11th Dist. Portage No. 2002-P-0061, 2004-Ohio-343, ¶22, citing State v.

Chatton, 11 Ohio St.3d 59, 63 (1984); see also State v. White, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

100624, 2014-Ohio-4202, ¶17 (“[T]he officer must limit both the scope and duration of

the stop to the matter at hand, namely, writing the citation, and any expanded

investigation unrelated to the traffic violation must be based upon reasonable articulable

suspicion.”). “If the officer does encounter additional articulable facts that give rise to a

reasonable suspicion of criminal activity, beyond that which prompted the stop, the

officer may lengthen the duration of the stop to investigate these suspicions.” Eggleston

at ¶23, citing Colby at ¶25; State v. Brooks, 3d Dist. Hancock No. 5-11-11, 2012-Ohio-

5235, ¶27; and State v. Batchili, 113 Ohio St.3d 403, 2007-Ohio-2204, ¶15.

       {¶32} Additionally, in Rodriguez v. United States, the United States Supreme

Court recently explained:

              Authority for the seizure ends when tasks tied to the traffic
              infraction are--or reasonably should have been--completed. The
              Fourth Amendment may tolerate certain unrelated investigations
              that do not lengthen the roadside detention [e.g., questioning, dog
              sniff], but a traffic stop ‘become[s] unlawful if it is prolonged beyond
              the time reasonably required to complete th[e] mission’ of issuing a
              warning ticket.

                                             10
Rodriguez v. United States, __ U.S. __, 135 S.Ct. 1609, 1611 (2015), quoting Illinois v.

Caballes, 543 U.S. 405, 407 (2005).

       {¶33} Here, the trooper had already informed appellant he was giving him a

warning for the speed violation, but instead of letting him go, he asked appellant to get

out of the car so he could talk to him “away from the passengers.” Asking him to get out

of the car so he could give him a warning ticket clearly constituted prolonging the stop

beyond the time it would have taken him to simply give appellant the warning ticket.

There was no need whatsoever to do this “away from the passengers.”

       {¶34} In support of prolonging the detention, the trooper described appellant as

looking away and exhibiting “all around nervousness.” Then he testified that these are

“nothing on their own, but when you put them together” it is an indication of criminal

activity. He also testified that it is normal for a driver who is stopped to act nervous.

These two things—the driver appearing nervous and avoiding eye contact by looking

away—do not by themselves amount to a reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal

activity. See, e.g., State v. Casey, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2013-10-090, 2014-Ohio-

2586, ¶28 (holding that a prolonged detention based on nervousness, furtive glances,

and failure to make eye contact was the officer simply “‘fishing’ for evidence of a

crime”).

       {¶35} But the trooper did not stop there.     He then asked if there were any

weapons in the car, and appellant said no. He asked if there were any drugs in the

vehicle, and appellant responded there were no “illegal items” in the car. The trooper

then testified: “At this time, I asked for another unit to come to my location where I

could, ah – Um, so, a Kent PD officer arrived at the scene.” He testified they waited

                                           11
approximately 30 minutes for her to arrive. From his testimony, it appears it was only

after he summoned a back-up officer that he asked appellant for consent to search the

vehicle.

       {¶36} Based on the totality of the circumstances, the trooper did not have a

reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal activity to justify prolonging the detention.

       {¶37} For the foregoing reasons, I agree the judgment denying appellant’s

motion to suppress should be reversed. The sole evidence upon which appellant’s

convictions were based should have been suppressed, and therefore the judgment of

conviction should be vacated. The matter should be remanded solely for the trial court

to carry this judgment into execution.

                                ______________________

CYNTHIA WESTCOTT RICE, P.J., dissents with a Dissenting Opinion.

       {¶38} The majority concludes the extended detention and subsequent search of

appellant’s vehicle were neither supported by reasonable suspicion nor a product of

appellant’s voluntary consent. I respectfully disagree with the majority’s disposition and

dissent on this issue.

       {¶39} As a general matter, “‘[a]n officer may not expand the investigative scope

of the detention beyond that which is reasonably necessary to effectuate the purposes

of the initial stop unless any new or expanded investigation is supported by a

reasonable, articulable suspicion that some further criminal activity is afoot.’” State v.

Carter, 11th Dist. Portage No. 2003-P-0007, 2004- Ohio-1181, ¶34, quoting State v.

Retherford, 93 Ohio App.3d 586, 600 (2d Dist.1996).

                                             12
       {¶40} If an officer does not develop reasonable suspicion to justify further

detention of an individual, any further detention is unlawful.            “Voluntary consent,

[however,] determined under the totality of the circumstances, may validate an

otherwise illegal detention and search.” State v. Robinette, 80 Ohio St.3d 234, 241

(1997), citing Davis v. United States, 328 U.S. 582, 593-594 (1946). For consent to be

valid under the constitution, the state must establish the consent was voluntary and not

the product of duress or coercion, express or implied. Robinette, supra, at 242, citing

Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 248-249 (1973).                  “Voluntariness is a

question of fact to be determined from all the circumstances, and while the subject’s

knowledge of a right to refuse is a factor to be taken into account, the prosecution is not

required to demonstrate such knowledge as a prerequisite to establishing a voluntary

consent.” Id.

       {¶41} The trial court premised its judgment denying appellant’s motion to

suppress upon the voluntariness of appellant’s consent. The majority concludes that

the trooper did not have reasonable suspicion to expand the detention and that

appellant’s subsequent consent to the search was not voluntary. Because I would hold

the trial court properly found appellant’s consent was voluntary, I do not think it is

necessary to reach the first issue.         I will therefore concentrate on the issue of

appellant’s consent.

       {¶42} First of all, in arriving at its disposition, the lead opinion asserts that, in lieu

of issuing a warning and sending appellant on his way, the trooper “continued with

questioning until he received appellant’s consent to search. The record does not

support this point.

                                              13
       {¶43} The evidence demonstrates that Trooper Acciavatti, after checking each

party’s identification and concluding neither appellant nor his passengers had any

outstanding warrants or other problems justifying further detention, returned to the

vehicle and asked appellant to exit the car. Trooper Acciavatti testified he requested

appellant to exit the vehicle to speak to him separately from the passengers and issue

him the warning. The trooper testified this occurred approximately 30 minutes into the

stop. The trooper did not ask appellant a series of questions prior to seeking consent to

search. To the contrary, the trooper advised appellant he was issuing him a warning;

returned his license; and then asked for consent to search.

       {¶44} The lead opinion maintains the consent to search was not voluntary

because it was tainted by the lack of specific and articulable facts of criminal activity. In

effect, the lead opinion maintains appellant’s consent did not, under these

circumstances, legitimize the already unlawful detention to which it was “strongly

connected.” In support, the lead opinion cites State v. Henderson, 11th Dist. Lake No.

2006-L-110, 2007-Ohio-2315.

       {¶45} In Henderson, the defendant was pulled over for having expired license

plates. Upon approaching the defendant, the arresting officer noticed a pill bottle in the

car, an in-car television, multiple air fresheners on the rear-view mirror, a bottle of

cologne, multiple cell phones, as well as a considerable amount of jewelry on

appellant’s person. He also observed that the vehicle had air shocks that were filled to

the maximum, raising up the back end of the vehicle. Testimony indicated air shocks

are useful if one desires to conceal weight in the trunk of the car. The officer noted, from

his training and experience, substances with strong aromas are used to mask the smell

                                             14
of drugs. Finally, he testified that, in his experience, persons who transport drugs often

have weapons close at hand.

      {¶46} The officer wrote a citation for the expired plates and returned to the

defendant’s vehicle. He asked the defendant to exit the car, gave him the citation, and

told him he was free to go. Thereupon, the officer asked the defendant: "[w]ould it be

okay if I asked you a question?" The defendant answered in the affirmative. The officer

then asked him about a temporary protection order issued against him, to which the

defendant provided a vague answer. Then the officer asked the defendant about his

prior drug use, and the defendant replied that he had used crack cocaine when he was

younger and that he had been in recovery for a number of years. The officer further

asked whether the defendant had any drugs on his person or in the car, to which the

defendant replied in the negative. The officer then asked for permission to search inside

the vehicle. The defendant replied, “go ahead.” It was during a search of the vehicle

that the officer discovered a .25-calibre handgun. The trial court ultimately denied the

defendant’s motion to suppress.

      {¶47} On appeal, this court reversed the trial court’s judgment. This court noted

that at the time the defendant was asked to exit his vehicle, the officer could reasonably

have been observing a drug user or a drug dealer. “Based upon his training and

experience, either of these conclusions based upon his observations would have been

reasonable.” Id. at ¶26. The officer’s continued detention of the defendant after he was

“free to go,” however, required the existence of reasonable suspicion of ongoing

criminal activity. Id. at ¶28. At the time the officer told the defendant he was “free to

                                           15
go,” this court concluded, there was no ongoing criminal activity that the officer could

observe. Id. This court therefore held:

             “When [the defendant] told [the officer] to ‘go ahead’ and search the
             vehicle, the consent to search was already tainted by the lack of
             specific and articulable facts or a reasonable suspicion of any
             ongoing criminal activity. [The officer] did not possess such specific
             and articulable facts as of the time he told [the defendant] he was
             ‘free to go.’ Therefore, [the defendant’s] consent was not effective
             to legitimize a detention that was already unlawful and
             unreasonable.” Id. at ¶31.

      {¶48} The circumstances of the underlying matter differ from those in

Henderson.

      {¶49} In this case, the trooper, after checking appellant’s and his passengers’

identification, returned to the vehicle, asked appellant to exit, and indicated he would be

giving him a warning. Although the trooper did not explicitly state appellant was free to

go, once the warning was issued, the detention for purposes of the traffic stop was

legally over and the lawful basis for detaining appellant ended.             The trooper

immediately, without asking any tangential autobiographical questions about appellant’s

criminal history or drug use, simply requested consent to search the vehicle. Appellant

agreed without question.

      {¶50} There is nothing in the record to indicate appellant’s will was somehow

overborne by any coercion or threat. To the contrary, after issuing the warning and

returning appellant’s license, the trooper testified he stated to appellant, “I was

wondering if you’d be willing to give consent to search your vehicle.” The question,

while direct, was a polite request that gave appellant the option of refusal. We discern

nothing in the question or the circumstances of the question that would suggest

appellant was merely submitting to the trooper or that the trooper was attempting to

                                            16
force appellant’s consent under the color of lawful authority.         Appellant’s consent

reflects an independent act of free will, unburdened by any overt or implicit pressure on

the trooper’s behalf. Accordingly, even assuming the expanded detention was unlawful,

appellant’s voluntary consent was sufficient to validate the search.        See Robinette,

supra, at 241. (“[v]oluntary consent, determined under the totality of the circumstances,

may validate an otherwise illegal detention and search.”). I would therefore hold the trial

court did not err in overruling appellant’s motion to suppress evidence.         Given this

conclusion, it is necessary to address appellant’s second assignment of error. It

provides:

       {¶51} “The trial court erred to the prejudice of defendant-appellant by denying

without a hearing, his motion to reopen his case to present additional evidence for his

motion to suppress in violation of defendant-appellant’s rights and protections as

guaranteed by the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment to the constitution of the United

States and by Article I, Section 16 of the Constitution of the state of Ohio.”

       {¶52} Appellant asserts the trial court abused its discretion in overruling his

motion to reopen without a hearing. Because the information proffered by defense

counsel may have profoundly affected the trooper’s credibility, I would hold the trial

court acted unreasonably in denying the motion without a specified, substantive

justification. For the following reasons, however, I would hold any error in denying the

additional evidence is harmless.

       {¶53} Appellant filed a motion to reopen after the suppression hearing. The court

denied his motion. The trial court did not specifically address the basis of the motion in

its judgment denying the motion. During a subsequent status hearing, however, the trial

                                             17
judge, a different judge than the trial judge who presided over the suppression hearing,

orally overruled appellant’s motion to reopen. In doing so, the trial judge stated that,

even though the prior judge did not expressly rule upon the motion, the motion was filed

prior to his ruling on the substance of the motion to suppress. Hence, the trial judge

determined, if the prior judge intended on sustaining the motion, he would have stated

so in the entry. He did not do so and, as a result, the trial court concluded she would

not disturb that decision. The trial judge nevertheless permitted appellant’s counsel to

proffer the information upon which the motion was premised on record.

      {¶54} According to counsel’s proffer, Trooper Acciavatti had been recently

suspended by the Highway Patrol and an investigation had been initiated due to certain

alleged perjured testimony he provided to a grand jury relating to probable cause to stop

a motorist. Counsel maintained this information was critical to the credibility of the

trooper’s testimony and should be considered by the court in determining whether there

was probable cause in the instant case.

      {¶55} The foregoing information, if accurate, would militate against the trooper’s

credibility and was obviously germane to facts of consequence, i.e., whether the

trooper’s alleged suspicion was reasonable, given the circumstances of the encounter,

and whether his articulated bases were sufficiently believable.           Still, because

appellant’s voluntary consent, on which the trooper’s credibility has no bearing, was

dispositive of the legality of the search, any error in failing to allow the additional

evidence was harmless.

      {¶56}   Appellant next contends that the trial court erred by failing to enter an

actual judgment on record denying his motion to reopen. He contends, pursuant to

                                           18
Crim.R. 32(C), a judgment in a criminal case “is effective only when entered on the

journal by the clerk.”

       {¶57} Crim.R 32 specifically addresses sentences in criminal cases. Crim.R.

32(C) mandates that a judgment of conviction “is effective only when entered on the

journal by the clerk.” In this case, the trial court, at the status conference specifically

stated that it was overruling appellant’s motion to reopen, even if it was not already

clear, by operation of the judgment denying the motion to suppress, it had been

implicitly overruled. Under these circumstances, I discern no error in the trial court’s

oral ruling on the motion at issue.

       {¶58} I would hold appellant’s second assignment of error lacks merit.

       {¶59} For the foregoing reasons, I would affirm the judgment of the trial court. I

accordingly dissent.

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