Court Opinion

ID: 821538
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-02-28 07:23:14.093883+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:24:57.351929
License: Public Domain

Filed 2/27/13 P. v. Santiagovictoria CA6
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                         SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE,                                                          H037766
                                                                    (Santa Clara County
         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                   Super. Ct. No. CC955334)

         v.

ZOSIMO JULIAN
SANTIAGOVICTORIA,

         Defendant and Appellant.

         A jury convicted defendant Zosimo Julian Santiagovictoria of four felony counts
related to the sexual molestation of his five-year-old niece (M.). Defendant argues on
appeal that he was denied due process of law because the trial judge did not recuse
herself from ruling upon M.’s competence to testify at trial after having ruled upon the
same issue at the preliminary hearing 18 months earlier. He also argues, on both
constitutional and statutory grounds, that the trial court erred in admitting into evidence
M.’s preliminary hearing testimony and her pretrial interview with law enforcement.
Finding no error, we shall affirm.
                                    I.        PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
         A second amended information charged defendant with two counts of sexual
penetration of a child 10 years of age or younger (Pen. Code, § 288.7, subd. (b), counts 1
& 2) and two counts of lewd conduct upon a child (id. § 288, subd. (a), counts 3 & 4).
The crimes were alleged to have occurred “between January 1, 2008 and September 11,
2009” when M. was four and five years old. The jury found defendant guilty as charged
on counts 1, 3, and 4. On count 2, the jury found defendant guilty of the lesser included
offense of attempted sexual penetration.
       The trial court sentenced defendant on count 1 to 15 years to life in prison. The
court added three consecutive determinate terms: seven years for the lesser included
offense on count 2, and two years each (one-third the middle term) for counts 3 and 4, for
a total of 26 years to life in prison.
                            II.     THE PRELIMINARY HEARING
                     A.      M.’s Testimony at the Preliminary Hearing
       The preliminary hearing was held March 24, 2010. At the commencement of the
hearing the court assessed M.’s truth competence. M. was a kindergartener at the time.
She had just turned six in January. M. incorrectly stated that she was five years old but
when reminded that she had had a birthday in January she agreed that she was six. When
asked if she would prefer to have questions and answers in Spanish or English she said
she would prefer Spanish but proceeded to answer in English. She did not know why she
was in court that day. She said she was not frightened.
       The court asked M. if it is bad to tell a lie and M. answered “No.” She was able to
distinguish truthful statements from false ones as when she was asked whether a red pen
was a green teddy bear. She agreed that in answering questions she would only tell
“what really happened.” The court found M. competent to testify. In follow-up
questioning by counsel M. answered “Yeah” when asked if it was bad to tell a lie and
agreed that if she did not tell the truth she would “get in trouble.”
       When asked if defendant had done anything to her that she did not like M. pointed
between her legs and said that defendant had touched her there. When asked how many
times he had done that, M. replied, “Every day.” Counsel asked M. to estimate how
many times defendant had touched her. M. said it was “[m]ore than a hundred times.”
He always touched with his finger and never touched any part of her body other than the
place she had just pointed to, the place “[w]here you make peep.” She said that he had

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touched her skin, not over her clothes, and it sometimes hurt and sometimes tickled. The
touching always took place at the home. He used his middle finger and put it “a little bit”
inside.
          M. was inconsistent in her answers to questions about when the touching occurred.
She stated that all the touches occurred “last year,” which would have been 2009. She
also said the touching began when defendant moved in with the family in 2008, when M.
was four years old, and also that she did not remember when it began.
          The last time defendant touched M. in a way she did not like, M.’s mother had
come in from the kitchen and “saw it.” The touch happened in the living room. M. was
jumping on defendant’s bed, which was in the living room. Defendant was sitting on the
bed. M. was wearing underwear. When she sat down, defendant touched her over her
underwear. When her mom walked in defendant stopped. This was the last time he
touched her. M.’s mother took M. into her bedroom and asked her what defendant had
been doing. She told M. to tell the truth.
                            B.     Officer Ichige’s Interview of M.
          On September 11, 2009, two days after the last touching, M.’s mother took her to
the hospital where M. underwent an examination to determine whether she had been
sexually assaulted. Although the examination did not reveal anal or genital trauma,
hospital personnel called the police. M. spoke with a police officer at the hospital. San
Jose Police Officer Daniel Ichige conducted a follow-up investigation.
          Ichige’s interview of M. was conducted in Spanish and was videotaped. Ichige
recalled that when he tested M.’s competence M. made some errors in distinguishing a
true statement from a false statement. The videotape of Ichige’s interview with M. was
entered into evidence. In it M. explained that defendant had touched her “where you go
peepee.” She denied that he had ever touched her on her “butt.” He once touched her
when she was in the living room with him and her mother was cooking in the kitchen.
Her mother “saw it.” Ichige asked M. how many times “in total” defendant had touched

                                              3
her in the way she described and M. said that he did it when her mother was “t[h]rowing
the trash out,” and “when she is talking with my aunt [inaudible] and when she, um, she
is taking a bath.” It was “a few times” and “When she comes out, he stops.” She also
said that he touched her there “every day” when she is in the house with him. He touched
her over her clothes and inside the clothes touching her skin.
                      C.      Officer Ichige’s Interview of Defendant
       In interviewing defendant, Ichige employed a ruse, telling defendant that M. was
at the hospital and they were collecting evidence that would prove defendant had
molested her. Defendant denied having touched M. inappropriately on the day the
mother came out of the kitchen. He said that M. had been on the couch with him and he
was hugging her and combing her hair. He subsequently admitted that a day earlier, M.
was naked because she was about to bathe. She had jumped on defendant and he
accidently touched her vagina. Ichige placed his hands together to make what he
intended to look like a model of the female clitoris and vaginal opening but which could
also look like the labia. Defendant used his two fingers with a swiping motion to
demonstrate how he had touched M. He insisted that his fingers had not gone inside,
“Not inside the lips . . . .” He also said that he should not have touched M. and insisted
that it was only the one time that he did.
                                     III.    THE TRIAL
                                     A. In Limine Motions
       At the outset of trial defendant asked the trial judge to recuse herself from
assessing M.’s competence to testify at trial, noting that the judge had ruled upon the
child’s competence prior to her testimony at the preliminary hearing. After the court
denied the request, defendant asked the court to hold an Evidence Code section 402
hearing to assess M.’s competence as a witness. M. was by then seven years old and in
the second grade. The court questioned M. to assess her ability to distinguish a true
statement from a false one. M. correctly identified four stuffed animals by color and

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mode of dress and correctly distinguished false statements about the toys from true ones.
The child responded affirmatively when asked if it is bad to tell a lie and agreed that if
she told a lie she would get in trouble. The trial court then found her to be competent.
       The court next considered the prosecution’s request to admit M.’s prior statements
into evidence under Evidence Code section 1360, which provides an exception to the
hearsay rule for extrajudicial statements by child abuse victims. Over defendant’s
objections, the trial court admitted the preliminary hearing transcript of M.’s testimony
and the videotape of M.’s interview with Ichige and ordered that the jury be given a
transcript of the latter with the original Spanish and the English translation. The court
admitted both statements in their entirety.
                              B.      The Prosecution’s Case
       M. was the first witness for the prosecution. M. testified that she lived in a home
with her mother and father, an aunt and uncle, defendant, who was also her uncle, and
defendant’s daughter. M. identified defendant in court and stated that “[h]e touched me
somewhere where he’s not supposed to touch.” That place was “where I do pee.” M.
stood up and pointed to her crotch area. She then described four occasions when
defendant had touched her.
       The first occasion she described occurred when M. was sitting on the sofa wearing
a party dress and watching television. Defendant was on his bed behind the sofa in the
living room. M.’s mother was in the kitchen; her father, her other uncle, and her cousin
were at work. Her aunt was in her own room. Defendant came to the sofa and sat down
next to M. and touched her. M. demonstrated with her left hand, making a downward
motion toward her crotch. The touch, she said, was to her skin, not over her clothes. She
said it felt “bad.” “Because he touched it a little somewhere where there’s a red center.”
She confirmed that the red center was on her “peepee.” She agreed that his hand went
“inside” her peepee, that it moved, and that it hurt. He kept his hand there for “a second.”

                                              5
She felt afraid but could not answer when asked why she was afraid. She told him not to
do it anymore. He then went back to his bed and M. went to her room.
        Another time M.’s mother had taken the garbage out. M. was on the couch in the
living room playing with her dolls. She was wearing a shirt and a pair of shorts.
Defendant was on the other couch. M.’s father and her other uncle were at work. Her
aunt was in her room. M. did not know where her cousin was. While M. was playing
with her dolls, defendant moved to the couch where M. was sitting. Before he did
anything M. told him not to do it anymore but he went ahead and touched her the same
way he had previously. M. could not recall how his hand went in but the touch was on
her skin and it felt bad, “[b]ecause he touched me in the same place.” Again, the hand
was moving and it felt like a pinch. When asked if she felt it “in the red spot inside” or
“kind of on the outside” M. answered: “kind of on the outside.” He kept his hand there
for “two seconds.” Again she told him not to do it anymore. By the time her mother
returned from taking the garbage out, defendant was back on the other sofa.
        Another touching occurred at a time when M. “came down from [her] bed.” She
had just taken a nap and was wearing shorts and a t-shirt. She walked into the living
room where she saw defendant on his bed. Her mother was in the kitchen. Her father
was at work. Her aunt and uncle were in their room. She did not know where her cousin
was. First M. sat on the floor to play with her dolls. Then she moved to the sofa.
Defendant came over to the sofa and touched her in the “same place.” He touched her
skin, “kind of on the outside.” He left his hand there for “a second.” The hand moved “a
little.” M. felt it tickle.
        The final touching M. described happened when M. had been on defendant’s bed
watching television from there. Defendant sat close to her and touched her on her skin.
She felt it “on the outside” like he was tickling her. He removed his hand when M.’s
mother came in. M.’s mother took her aside and asked her what happened. M. was
afraid to tell her father because she thought he would get mad. She did tell her mother

                                             6
what happened and when her mother told her father her father did get a little mad at
defendant but not at M. Two days after the last touching, M. went to see a doctor who
“looked for evidence.” Afterward, she talked to the police officers.
       M. did not recall defendant having touched any part of her other than the area she
referred to as her peepee. She did not hear him breathing hard and he never showed her
his genitals. M. denied that defendant ever brushed her hair.
       David Kerns, M.D., reviewed the reports and photographs detailing M.’s physical
examination and opined that there was no evidence of anal or genital trauma and that the
lack of such evidence did not rule out the possibility of a prior penetrating event or sexual
assault that did not result in physical injury.
       The prosecution then introduced the transcript of M.’s testimony at the preliminary
hearing and her interview with Officer Ichige.
                                  C.         The Defense Case
       Defendant did not introduce any witnesses. He relied upon cross-examination of
the prosecution witnesses and argued that the prosecution had not proved his guilt beyond
a reasonable doubt.
                                       IV.     DISCUSSION
                                    A. The Failure to Recuse
       The trial court found M. competent to testify at trial. Defendant does not
challenge the finding itself. Defendant argues, however, that since the same judge had
ruled upon M.’s competence at the preliminary hearing, the court had literally prejudged
the issue of her competence. Citing Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co. (2009) 556 U.S.
868, 884 (Caperton), defendant maintains that the trial judge’s failure to recuse herself
from making the second competency determination deprived defendant of his
constitutional right to due process. (U.S. Const., 14th Amend.) Because the argument
implicates defendant’s constitutional rights, we shall apply the independent standard of
review. (People v. Cromer (2001) 24 Cal.4th 889, 901-902.)

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       Caperton was the case in which a West Virginia state Supreme Court justice had
denied a recusal motion in a matter in which an executive of one of the parties had
contributed $3 million to the justice’s campaign for election to the bench. (Caperton,
supra, 556 U.S. at p. 873.) Caperton traced the development of the law pertaining to
judicial recusal motions. Under the common law, a judge was bound to grant such a
motion only where the judge had a “ ‘direct, personal, substantial, pecuniary interest’ ” in
the matter being adjudicated. (Id. at p. 876 quoting Tumey v. Ohio (1927) 273 U.S. 510,
523 (Tumey).) Tumey extended the rule to situations where there are “interests that tempt
adjudicators to disregard neutrality.” (Caperton, supra, at p. 878.) In Tumey, for
example, the suspect interest was the fact that the judge was paid for his work with fines
collected from the accused. If the accused was acquitted, there were no fines. (Tumey,
supra, at p. 520.) Those judges were required to recuse themselves. (Id. at p. 532.)
       Another situation requiring recusal is where the judge has a conflict arising from
participation in an earlier proceeding. This rule was enunciated in In re Murchison
(1955) 349 U.S. 133 (Murchison). In Murchison, a judge conducted the preliminary
hearing in secret, as provided by state law. During the course of those proceedings, the
judge disbelieved one witness and charged him with perjury. A second witness refused
to testify until his attorney arrived and so the judge found him in contempt. Thereafter,
the same judge tried the two on the perjury and contempt charges and convicted both of
them. (Id. at pp. 134-135.) Murchison held that, given the nature of the prior
proceedings, the judge could not have been “wholly disinterested” in conviction or
acquittal. (Id. at p. 137.)
       In distilling the rules to take from the foregoing cases, Caperton, supra, 556 U.S.
at page 883, noted that the “difficulties of inquiring into actual bias, and the fact that the
inquiry is often a private one, simply underscore the need for objective rules.”
Accordingly, the due process clause is implemented by objective standards. Although the
standard cannot be defined with precision, typically, the court asks whether, “ ‘under a

                                               8
realistic appraisal of psychological tendencies and human weakness,’ the interest ‘poses
such a risk of actual bias or prejudgment that the practice must be forbidden if the
guarantee of due process is to be adequately implemented.’ ” (Id. at pp. 883-884, quoting
Withrow v. Larkin (1975) 421 U.S. 35, 47.) Our own Supreme Court summarized
Caperton, explaining that, although the circumstances warranting disqualification extend
beyond the common law rule of direct personal pecuniary interest, such circumstances
are, nevertheless limited to the most extreme cases. (People v. Freeman (2010) 47
Cal.4th 993, 1005.)
       Pointing to Murchison, supra, 349 U.S. 133, defendant argues that, since the trial
judge had already found M. to be competent to testify at the preliminary hearing, the
judge had actually prejudged the issue when it came time for trial and, therefore, could
not be wholly disinterested in the results the second time. We reject the argument
because this is not the kind of extreme case that requires recusal. This case is nothing
like Murchison, where the court acted as both the charging party and the finder of fact.
Here, the court was called upon to make a routine determination based upon the facts
elicited and the court’s observations at the time. There is nothing in the record to suggest
that the court had such an interest in the rightness of the first ruling that it would pose a
risk of actual bias at the time the court was asked to rule a second time. Indeed, as the
Attorney General argues, the trial court actually made two different rulings based upon
two different sets of facts. The first ruling was that M., who had just turned six years old,
was competent to testify at the preliminary hearing. The second ruling came one and
one-half years later and involved the question whether the child was then competent to
testify. Although the rulings involved the same witness, the witness was a child who, at
the time of the second ruling, was one and one-half years older and two grade levels
further along in school than she was the first time. The court did no rely upon its prior
finding. Rather, the court conducted an extended voir dire, collecting new data pertaining
to M.’s ability to understand her duty to tell the truth. The court based its second ruling

                                               9
upon the new data. There was no prejudging and no hint of actual bias. There was no
due process violation.
                                B.     M.’s Prior Statements
       The trial court granted the prosecutor’s motion under Evidence Code section 1360
to admit the video recording of M.’s interview with Officer Ichige and a transcript of her
testimony at the preliminary hearing. Evidence Code section 1360 creates an exception
to the hearsay rule for extrajudicial statements by young children who have been victims
of abuse or neglect. Such statements are admissible if, among other things, the trial court
finds “that the time, content, and circumstances of the statement provide sufficient indicia
of reliability.” (Evid. Code, § 1360, subd. (a)(2).)1
       In the present case, the trial court found the indicia of reliability were sufficient to
meet the statutory requirements. The court observed that the interview with Ichige had
taken place in a room especially designed for child interviews and that the officer
established M.’s competence before proceeding with the interview. “Although there was
clearly some problems at times, and I am sure that’s something that the jury may take
into consideration.”
       As to all three prior statements, the trial court found that M. “really wasn’t led. [¶]
She was asked what happened. [¶] I think that the patrol officer got--did have information

       1
         Evidence Code section 1360 states, in pertinent part: “(a) In a criminal
prosecution where the victim is a minor, a statement made by the victim when under the
age of 12 describing any act of child abuse or neglect performed with or on the child by
another, or describing any attempted act of child abuse or neglect with or on the child by
another, is not made inadmissible by the hearsay rule if all of the following apply: [¶] (1)
The statement is not otherwise admissible by statute or court rule. [¶] (2) The court finds,
in a hearing conducted outside the presence of the jury, that the time, content, and
circumstances of the statement provide sufficient indicia of reliability. [¶] (3) The child
either: [¶] (A) Testifies at the proceedings. [¶] (B) Is unavailable as a witness, in which
case the statement may be admitted only if there is evidence of the child abuse or neglect
that corroborates the statement made by the child.”

                                              10
that she had been touched. And so he said, where did he touch you? And she
immediately pointed to her genital area. And she has been consistent all along that he
was using one finger. She showed the finger. [¶] She showed where the touching was
going on. [¶] And we all know that in cases where there are prior statements there are
going to be inconsistencies, and consistencies. And it is something that is very important
to the jury in determining the credibility of the witness. [¶] I think that these statements
are important to the credibility, determining the credibility of [M.]. [¶] I think they
comply with the requirements of [Evidence Code section] 1360 . . . .”
       Defendant contends that the statements’ indicia of reliability were not sufficient to
warrant admission of the statements into evidence. To the extent the alleged error is
statutory, it is subject to review for abuse of discretion. (People v. Roberto V. (2001) 93
Cal.App.4th 1350, 1367.) Defendant maintains, however, that his argument reaches
beyond the statutory requirements. He argues that the due process guarantees of the Fifth
and Fourteenth Amendments bar the admissibility of unreliable evidence (see Michigan
v. Bryant (2011)__ U.S. __ [2011 U.S. LEXIS 1713] [131 S.Ct. 1143, 1162, fn. 13]) so
that the trial court’s assessment of the statements’ reliability, a mixed question of fact and
law, implicates his constitutional rights. Again, we review such decisions under the
independent standard of review. (People v. Cromer, supra, 24 Cal.4th at pp. 901-902.)
Applying our independent review, we conclude that defendant was afforded all the
process he was due.
       The question is whether there were “sufficient indicia” that the statements may be
relied upon for their truth. Our courts have imported a test for reliability from Idaho v.
Wright (1990) 497 U.S. 805 (Wright), in which the United States Supreme Court
discussed the constitutionality of a statutory hearsay exception to statements of a
nontestifying child victim of sexual abuse. Wright found that admission of a child’s out-
of-court statements did not offend the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment so
long as those statements bore “ ‘particularized guarantees of trustworthiness.’ ” (Id. at p.

                                              11
816.) Wright was decided in the era when reliability was the touchstone of admissibility
in Confrontation Clause cases. (Id. at pp. 814-816; see Ohio v. Roberts (1980) 448 U.S.
56, 65-66.) Crawford v. Washington (2004) 541 U.S. 36, 60-61, overruled the reliability
test as applied to extrajudicial testimonial statements, noting, “Reliability is an
amorphous, if not entirely subjective, concept. There are countless factors bearing on
whether a statement is reliable.” (Id. at p. 63.) As defendant properly concedes, we do
not have a Confrontation Clause problem here since the declarant testified at trial.
Nevertheless, we find it appropriate to consider the factors cited by Wright as bearing
upon the reliability determination. They are: (1) spontaneity and consistent repetition,
(2) the mental state of the declarant, (3) use of terminology unexpected of a child of
similar age, and (4) lack of a motive to fabricate. (Wright, supra, at pp. 821-822; People
v. Eccleston (2001) 89 Cal.App.4th 436, 445 (Eccleston).) Another relevant
consideration is the child’s truth competence. (Cf., In re Cindy L. (1997) 17 Cal.4th 15,
30.) There may well be other circumstances that bear upon the question. At bottom, the
inquiry is whether the content or circumstances surrounding the making of the statement
indicate that the child was likely to be telling the truth.
       In this case, the reliability factor of principal importance is the consistency of M.’s
descriptions of where and how defendant touched her. Although neither statement was
spontaneous, M.’s questioners did not pose leading questions. She was asked to tell what
happened. True, she went from saying that defendant had touched her every day, and
more than hundred times, to describing only a few actual events. She was also unclear
about the year or years during which the touching took place. But the inconsistency in
these abstract concepts (numbers and dates) does not detract from the consistency with
which the child described the concrete facts. In both her interview with Ichige and her
testimony at the preliminary hearing, M. described defendant touching her crotch area,
between her legs, and she denied that defendant had touched her anywhere else. M.
consistently maintained that the touching took place at the home when no one else was

                                               12
around. And in both statements she was clear that there had been more than one such
touching.
       The relatively minor inconsistencies relating to the touches themselves do not
detract from the overall consistency of her descriptions. In Eccleston, supra, 89
Cal.App.4th at page 446, the victim had recounted her story to a number of sources in
various ways, once saying that the defendant liked to “ ‘suck[] [her] toes and lick[] [her]
feet,’ ” and another time she said the defendant would “ ‘lick [her] feet and suck [her]
fingers.’ ” The Supreme Court concluded that the inconsistencies in the details were not
sufficient to necessitate exclusion of the out-of-court statements, because the “outline of
abuse,” was consistent. (Ibid.) The same is true here.
       The assessment of M.’s truth competence does not weigh heavily for or against
reliability. Both Ichige and the court presiding at the preliminary hearing asked M.
questions to assess her ability to tell truth from falsity. When interviewed by Ichige, M.
was not consistently able to distinguish between true statements and false ones. At the
preliminary hearing she once answered “no” when asked if it was “bad” to tell a lie. But
she was able to distinguish between a true statement and a false one when the statement
concerned a concrete fact. And upon questioning by counsel, M. demonstrated that she
did, indeed, understand that telling a lie was something for which she would get in
trouble.
       The other circumstances surrounding the two challenged statements tend to
indicate reliability. The physical circumstances under which the two prior statements
were made were not coercive or frightening. The interview with Ichige took place in a
room designed to put children at ease. M. denied being scared when she testified at the
preliminary hearing. No one prompted her. There was no evidence that she had any
motive to lie. That is, there are no circumstances to suggest that M. fabricated or
embellished that which she actually experienced.

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       In sum, the general consistency of M.’s description of the abuse she suffered,
coupled with the circumstances surrounding both statements, are sufficient indicia of
reliability to satisfy the statutory requirement. Even though there were some
inconsistencies in M.’s statements, there was enough consistency to protect defendant’s
right to due process. Indeed, the admission of evidence violates due process only if it
offends “ ‘fundamental conceptions of justice.’ ” (Dowling v. United States (1990) 493
U.S. 342, 352.) The United States Supreme Court has recently explained in the context
of extrajudicial identifications that the federal Constitution, “protects a defendant against
a conviction based on evidence of questionable reliability, not by prohibiting introduction
of the evidence, but by affording the defendant means to persuade the jury that the
evidence should be discounted as unworthy of credit.” (Perry v. New Hampshire (2012)
565 U.S. __ [2012 U.S. LEXIS 579] [132 S.Ct. 716, 723].) Those means include the
right to counsel, compulsory process, and the right to confront and cross examine
witnesses against him. (Ibid.)
       Defendant had the means to try and persuade the jury that M.’s statements were
unreliable. M. was present and testified at trial. Defendant had counsel and the
opportunity to cross-examine M. And, since the trial court admitted both prior statements
in their entirety, defendant was entitled to exploit any inconsistencies in the statement in
attacking M.’s credibility. We conclude, therefore, that admitting M.’s two prior
statements was not fundamentally unfair to defendant.2

       2
          The Attorney General also argues that, although the prosecution offered the
evidence under Evidence Code section 1360, there was a nonhearsay basis for admitting
it. We need not reach this portion of the Attorney General’s argument because we find
no violation of either statutory or constitutional requirements in admitting the evidence
for its truth under Evidence Code section 1360.

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                            C.   Disposition
The judgment is affirmed.

                                               Premo, J.

WE CONCUR:

      Rushing, P.J.

      Elia, J.

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