Court Opinion

ID: 6352990
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-06-23 17:01:42.557412+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:13:49.707307
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                    OFFICE OF SPECIAL MASTERS
                                          Filed: June 2, 2022

* * * * * *                *   *    *    *   *   *    *
DEBRA ALLEN,                                          *                 PUBLISHED
                                                      *
                           Petitioner,                *                 No. 15-1278V
                                                      *
         v.                                           *                 Special Master Gowen
                                                      *
SECRETARY OF HEALTH                                   *                 Ruling on Entitlement; Shoulder
AND HUMAN SERVICES                                    *                 Injury; Adhesive Capsulitis;
                                                      *                 Causation in Fact; Intradermal
                                                      *                 Influenza (“flu”) vaccine.
                                                      *
                           Respondent.                *
*   *    *    *    *   *   * * * *           *   *    *

Howard S. Gold, Howard S. Gold, Sudbury, MA, for petitioner.
Althea W. Davis, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for respondent.

                                        RULING ON ENTITLEMENT 1

        On October 28, 2015, Debra Allen (“petitioner”) filed a petition for compensation under
the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program. 2 Petitioner alleges that as a result of
receiving an intradermal influenza (“flu”) vaccine on October 1, 2013, in her left arm she
suffered shoulder inflammation, adhesive capsulitis, and a shoulder injury related to vaccine
administration (“SIRVA”) that was caused in fact by the flu vaccination. Petition (ECF No. 1);
Amended Petition (ECF No. 64).

        The parties agreed to submit this case for a ruling on the record. After a review of the
record including expert reports, medical records, medical literature, affidavits, and briefing by

1
  Pursuant to the E-Government Act of 2002, see 44 U.S.C. § 3501 note (2012), because this opinion contains a
reasoned explanation for the action in this case, I intend to post it on the website of the United States Court of
Federal Claims. The Court’s website is at http://www.uscfc.uscourts.gov/aggregator/sources/7. Before the opinion
is posted on the Court’s website, each party has 14 days to file a motion requesting redaction “of any information
furnished by that party: (1) that is a trade secret or commercial or financial in substance and is privileged or
confidential; or (2) that includes medical files or similar files, the disclosure of which would constitute a clearly
unwarranted invasion of privacy.” Vaccine Rule 18(b). An objecting party must provide the Court with a proposed
redacted version of the opinion. Id. If neither party files a motion for redaction within 14 days, the opinion will
be posted on the Court’s website without any changes. Id.
2
  The National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program is set forth in Part 2 of the National Childhood Vaccine
Injury Act of 1986, Pub. L. No. 99-660, 100 Stat. 3755, codified as amended, 42 U.S.C. §§ 300aa-10 to 34 (2012)
(hereinafter “Vaccine Act” or “the Act”). Hereinafter, individual section references will be to 42 U.S.C. § 300aa of
the Act.
the parties, and for the reasons set forth below, I hereby find that petitioner has carried her
burden by preponderant evidence that she is entitled to compensation.

    I.       Procedural History

        Petitioner filed her original petition on October 28, 2015, alleging she sustained a left
shoulder injury and Fibromyalgia/Polyarthropathy after receiving an intradermal flu vaccine on
October 1, 2013. Petition (ECF No. 1). The case was initially referred to the Special Processing
Unit (“SPU”). See SPU Initial Order (ECF No. 5). On March 4, 2016, respondent submitted a
status report indicating that he was not amendable to exploring settlement. Respondent (“Resp”)
Status Report (“Rept.”) (ECF No. 13). On April 18, 2016, respondent filed the Rule 4(c) Report,
stating that compensation is not appropriate because petitioner could not establish that she
suffered a table SIRVA, and with respect to the Fibromyalgia/Polyarthropathy injury petitioner
failed to present a prima facie case of causation. Resp. Rept. at 5 (ECF No. 14). Specifically,
respondent stated that the petitioner’s alleged symptoms are not consistent with a SIRVA injury,
because the onset did not occur within an appropriate time frame, and petitioner’s alleged
symptoms spread to other areas of her body. Resp. Rept. at 5.

        On May 12, 2016, Special Master Dorsey issued a scheduling order indicating that the
parties agreed to consider a reasonable settlement. (ECF No. 15). On August 5, 2016, petitioner
submitted a status report indicating that a settlement demand was forwarded to respondent. (ECF
No. 22). Settlement negotiations between the parties stalled and on September 16, 2016, the case
was transferred to my docket. Notice of Reassignment (ECF No. 27).

        I held a status conference on September 28, 2016, where petitioner confirmed there are
two separate vaccine injury claims in this case, and respondent confirmed her position that an
intradermal injection was incapable of causing a mechanical SIRVA as alleged. (ECF No. 28).
Additionally, there was some question about whether the vaccine was administered intradermally
despite the indication on the vaccine record and petitioner also alleged an autoimmune condition
and therefore I explained that petitioner would need to get expert reports to address whether the
vaccine administered by an intradermal injection system was capable of causing shoulder pain as
experienced by the petitioner. Id.

        On February 20, 2017, petitioner filed an expert report from Dr. Eric Gershwin. 3
Petitioner’s (“Pet.”) Exhibit (“Ex.”) 8 (ECF No. 33). On May 30, 2017, respondent filed a

3
  Dr. Gershwin graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics from Syracuse University in 1966 and a
medical degree from Stanford University in 1971. Pet. Ex. 14 at 1. He completed an internship and residency at
Tufts-New England Medical Center, then served as a clinical associate in immunology at the National Institutes of
Health. Id. at 2. In 1975, Dr. Gershwin joined the University of California Davis (UC Davis) School of Medicine to
start its immunology program. Id. at 1. He is currently the Jack and Donald Chia Professor and a Distinguished
Professor of Medicine in the divisions of Rheumatology/ Allergy and Clinical Immunology at UC Davis. Id. Dr.
Gershwin is licensed to practice medicine in the state of California. He is board-certified in internal medicine,
rheumatology, allergy, and clinical immunology. Id. at 2. Dr. Gershwin highlighted that he has been awarded an
honorary doctorate degree by the University of Athens, home of the Hippocratic Oath, for lifetime achievement in
immunology. Id.

                                                        2
responsive expert report from Dr. Harry Schroeder. 4 Resp. Ex. A (ECF No. 37). A Rule 5 Status
conference was held on June 6, 2017, during which I explained that the main challenge for
petitioner is to establish a causal relationship between the flu vaccine and her secondary
symptoms. Scheduling Order at 1 (ECF No. 38). I gave the parties the opportunity to engage in
settlement discussions once again. Id. at 2.

        On July 11, 2017, petitioner filed a status report stating that she had forwarded a revised
demand to respondent. Pet. Status Rept. (ECF No. 39). On August 10, 2017, respondent filed a
status report indicating that the parties were unable to reach an informal resolution. Resp. Status
Rept. (ECF No. 40). A status conference was held on September 14, 2017, where the respondent
stated that the intradermal method of vaccination administration could not have caused
petitioner’s injuries, and petitioner agreed that she received an intradermal vaccine, but clarified
that she is not alleging a mechanical injury, but an inflammatory response. Scheduling Order at 1
(ECF No. 41). I also ordered the parties to file a status report indicating their mutual availability
for a hearing, and for the parties to consider an alternative means of resolution. Id. at 2.

       On October 12, 2017, a hearing order was issued setting a hearing for December 3-4,
2019. Hearing Order (ECF No. 43). A status conference was held on May 9, 2019, and on May
14, 2019, I set the pre-hearing order for the parties to submit pre-hearing briefs. (ECF No. 51).
On July 5, 2019, petitioner filed a supplemental expert report from Dr. Eric Gershwin. Pet. Ex. 9
(ECF No. 54).

        On September 19, 2019, I issued a scheduling order cancelling the December 3-4, 2019,
entitlement hearing. (ECF No. 59). On September 20, 2019, respondent filed an expert report
from Dr. Harry W. Schroeder. Resp. Ex. C (ECF No. 60). I held a status conference on October
21, 2019, during which I explained that petitioner’s injury is consistent with a SIRVA claim and
recommended that petitioner refine her claim. Scheduling Order (ECF No. 63). I explained that
the intradermal method of administration was not made available for the 2018 – 2019 flu
seasons, or the 2019 – 2020 flu seasons, and the manufacturer has ceased production of the
intradermal injector for the flu vaccine. Id. Petitioner filed an amended petition on November
11, 2019, focusing her claim and alleging that petitioner suffered a SIRVA which was “caused-
in-fact” by her intradermal flu vaccination. Amended Petition (ECF No. 64).

        A status conference was held on June 15, 2020, and I directed respondent to file a status
report on the prospect of informal resolution. Scheduling Order (ECF No. 68). On July 8, 2020,
respondent filed a status report indicating that he was not amenable to informal resolution and
4
  Dr. Harry Schroeder obtained a bachelor's degree in chemistry in 1974 from Texas A & M University, a M.D. from
Baylor College of Medicine in 1981 and a Ph.D. in cell biology in 1979 from Baylor College of Medicine. Resp. Ex.
B. He completed an internship at the University of Kentucky in Lexington, Kentucky. Id. at 2. Dr. Schroeder then
went to the University of Washington where he obtained training in medical genetics. Id. He is board certified in
internal medical and clinical genetics. Id. at 4. From 1986-1988 he pursued training in immunology, molecular
immunology at the Howard Hughes Institute in Seattle, Washington. Id. at 2. Dr. Schroeder began a teaching career
at the University of Alabama at Birmingham in 1988. Id. Dr. Schroeder spent a sabbatical year at the University of
Cologne in Cologne Germany at the Institute of Genetics under the mentorship of Klaus Rajewsky. Id. at 3. He is
currently a Director of the University of Alabama at Birmingham (“UAB”) in Immunology and Director of the T32
Training Program in Immunologic Diseases and Basic Immunology at UAB. Id. at 3. Dr. Schroeder also serves as an
associate editor for the American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, and the Journal of immunology
& Clinical Research, among others. Id. at 7.

                                                        3
wanted to move forward with the entitlement hearing set for December 3-4, 2020. (ECF No. 69).
I issued a scheduling order on July 9, 2020, and ordered petitioner to file an expert report
addressing causation-in-fact between the intradermal vaccine and the injuries in question.
Scheduling Order (ECF No. 70).

        On August 18, 2020, petitioner filed an expert report from Dr. Steven Graboff, an
orthopedic surgeon. 5 Pet. Ex. 11 (ECF No. 71). Respondent filed a responsive expert report
from Dr. Paul J. Cagle, also an orthopedist. 6 Resp. Ex. D (ECF No. 72). I held a status
conference on October 7, 2020, and directed the parties to propose further proceedings.
Scheduling Order (ECF No. 77). The parties filed a joint status report on November 9, 2020, and
requested a ruling on the record and cancelled the December 3-4, 2020, entitlement hearing.
Joint Status Rept. (ECF No. 78). On November 23, 2020, respondent filed a supplemental expert
report from Dr. Cagle. Resp. Ex. F (ECF No. 79). On December 17, 2020, petitioner filed a
supplemental expert report from Dr. Graboff. Pet. Ex. 12 (ECF No. 80).

        On January 31, 2021, petitioner filed a motion for a ruling on the record. Pet. Motion
(“Pet. Mot.”) (ECF No. 82). Respondent filed a response to petitioner’s motion on March 3,
2021. Resp. Response (ECF No. 83). Petitioner filed a reply on March 5, 2021. Pet. Reply (ECF
No. 85). I held a status conference regarding the six cases involving intradermal flu vaccines and
Mr. Ryan Pyles, speaking on behalf of respondent, raised an objection and expressed the desire
to move forward with each case individually. Order (ECF No. 86).

          This matter is now ripe for adjudication.

    II.      Petitioner’s Medical History

             a. Medical Records

        The petitioner was born on December 5, 1954, and before the vaccination in question she
had no current illness, fever, or injuries in her arms or shoulders. Pet. Ex. 2 at 1. On October 1,
2013, petitioner received an intradermal flu shot in her left arm at her place of employment. Pet.
Ex. 3 at 1. On October 21, 2013, petitioner filed a Work-Related Incident Report and noted

5
  Dr. Steven R. Graboff is an orthopaedic surgeon who retired from clinical practice on January 1, 2018. Pet. Ex. 11
at 1. He obtained a bachelor’s degree from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1974, and an M.D. from the
University of California Irvine School of Medicine in 1980. Id. He completed an internship in general surgery from
the University of California Irvine Medical Center in 1981 and completed a residency in Orthopaedic Surgery from
the UCLA Medical Center and Affiliated Hospitals from 1981-1985. Id. He was a member of various professional
organizations and taught in a variety of settings on orthopedics. Id. 1-2.
6
  Dr. Paul J. Cagle is an orthopaedic surgeon who serves as an Assistant Professor and Associate Program Director
in the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Resp. Ex. E at 1. Dr.
Cagle received his medical degree from the Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine. Id. He did a
residency in orthopaedic surgery at the University of Minnesota Academic Health Center and Medical School from
2008-2013. Id. He board certified in orthopaedic surgery. Id. Prior to working at Mount Sinai, Dr. Cagle was an
assistant professor and interim chair of the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at Southern Illinois University
School of Medicine. Id. He has published numerous articles in peer reviewed journals. Id. at 3-14.

                                                         4
“severe swelling, hard lump + redness Oct. 8th. In Bermuda so did not see primary care
physician until I got home on Oct. 21, 2013.” 7 Pet. Ex. 4 at 1.

        On October 24, 2013, petitioner visited her primary care physician (“PCP”), Dr. Bushra
Khan, and was seen by Victoria H. Gantz a nurse practitioner, with complaints of “continued
pain the posterior left shoulder with decreased range of motion,” following a flu vaccine
approximately 2.5-3 weeks ago. Pet. Ex. 5 at 63. The “History of Present Illness” noted there
was no redness or tenderness on or near her left deltoid area, but that she did have a “moderate
amount of decreased range of motion of the shoulder in all directions secondary to pain in the
anterior posterior rotator cuff.” Id. at 65. Petitioner was assessed as having a local reaction to the
flu vaccine. Id.

         On October 29, 2013, petitioner visited Dr. Robert McLaughlin, an orthopedist, for left
shoulder pain. Pet. Ex. 6 at 1. Under “History of Present Illness,” Dr. McLaughlin noted that
petitioner reported “receiving a flu shot to the left arm 3 days after she began to experience
redness, swelling, pain, and stiffness to the left shoulder. No injury occurred. No previous
history of left shoulder pain or injury.” Id. Petitioner reported that she has “constant soreness
with intermittent sharp pain to the superolateral aspect of the left shoulder as well as to the upper
lateral arm.” Id. Dr. McLaughlin noted that petitioner’s pain was “exacerbated by internal
rotation, pulling motions, and motions away from the body.” Id. It was also noted that petitioner
had stiffness of the shoulder and the pain was waking her up at night. Id. During the physical
exam of her left shoulder, petitioner demonstrated positive signs of impingement with positive
Hawkins and Neer’s tests. Id. Dr. McLaughlin’s impression was, “I believe her shoulder pain is
not directly related to her flu shot but she may have some discomfort and guarding of her
shoulders which may have caused the beginning of some inflammation of her rotator cuff.” Id.
at 2. Dr. McLaughlin wrote, “..given the level of inflammation, I thought she would benefit from
an injection of cortisone.” Id. He diagnosed her with “rotator cuff syndrome of shoulder.” Id.

        Petitioner returned to her PCP, Dr. Khan on November 11, 2013, with complaints of pain
in her left shoulder. Pet. Ex. 5 at 66. Dr. Khan noted that petitioner wanted an MRI, and it was
ordered for November 17, 2013. Id. Under “Assessment,” Dr. Khan noted that petitioner should
attend a “trial of physical therapy to assess for [range of motion].” Id. at 69. On November 17,
2013, petitioner underwent an MRI and it revealed, “a small amount of abnormal fluid within the
subdeltoid bursa,” and “moderate distal supraspinatus tendinopathy associated with a moderate
partial-thickness deep surface tear distally.” Pet. Ex. 7 at 12. The radiology report also noted
that, “a tiny pinpoint full-thickness perforation of the distal supraspinatus tendon is suspected
given the small amount of fluid in the overlying subdeltoid bursa.” Id. The MRI report also
noted that she had mild to moderate distal infraspinous tendinopathy. Id.

        Petitioner returned to Dr. McLaughlin on November 19, 2013, for an MRI follow up and
reported that the cortisone shot from October 29, 2013, did not provide any relief. Pet. Ex. 6 at 3.
Petitioner also reported that sleeping at night remains difficult and her PCP had prescribed
Tylenol with Codeine, as well as physical therapy. Id. A physical examination of her left
shoulder revealed that her passive abduction was 130 degrees, and her external rotation was 20
degrees. Id. Further, petitioner had mild impingement signs. Id. Dr. McLaughlin noted that

7
    The reference to Bermuda appears to be in error as all other references indicate that petitioner was in Aruba.

                                                             5
petitioner “has pain in extreme ranges of motion.” Id. Dr. McLaughlin noted that petitioner had
“some rotator cuff tendinopathy but without any obvious tear.” Id. at 4. Under “Impression,” Dr.
McLaughlin noted that petitioner appears to be “beginning to develop a picture of early frozen
shoulder…she also has some rotator cuff tendinopathy but without any obvious tear.” Id. at 3-4.
He recommended that petitioner continue with her normal daily activities and follow-up in one
month. Id.

        On December 1, 2013, petitioner presented to the emergency department complaining of
left shoulder pain. Pet. Ex. 7 at 5. She reported that her pain had been present for two months
and it started after receiving a flu vaccine in her left deltoid. Id. Petitioner also reported that she
had been prescribed anti-inflammatory medication, but the pain continued. Id. Petitioner’s exam
of her left shoulder showed decreased range of motion secondary to discomfort. Id. at 6.
Physician Assistant, David Alden St. Pierre, reviewed petitioner’s MRI from November 17,
2013, and wrote, “it indicated that at least moderate distal supraspinatus tendinopathy associated
with moderate partial-thickness deep surface tear distally…there is a tiny pinpoint full-thickness
perforation of the distal supraspinatus tendon,” and he noted a “small amount of fluid [in] the
overlying subdeltoid bursa.” Id. at 6.

        An ultrasound was completed, which showed petitioner had a “calcific tendinopathy of
the infraspinatus and supraspinatus” and “moderate to severe tendinopathy of the long head of
the biceps tendon, but no definite joint effusion was identified.” Pet. Ex. 7 at 9; Pet. Ex. 5 at 80.
She was discharged with corticosteroids for pain relief, and recommended a follow up with Dr.
McLaughlin, an orthopedist. Id. at 6.

        During a follow-up appointment with Dr. McLaughlin on December 3, 2013, he noted
that petitioner might have an inflamed bursa and recommended taking a two-week break from
physical therapy. Pet. Ex. 6 at 5. Petitioner explained that she was experiencing “severe left
shoulder pain for the last week,” and that she went to the emergency department where an
ultrasound of the left upper extremity was performed. Id. Petitioner also described a “constant
throb to the anterior and suprolateral aspect of the left shoulder.” Id. Dr. McLaughlin performed
another exam of petitioner’s left shoulder, which he noted she still have positive signs of
impingement and pain at the end of range of motion in her left shoulder. Id. He stated that
petitioner’s MRI did not show obvious full-thickness rotator cuff tear and that he does “believe
that [petitioner] is suffering from what appears to be early and intense frozen shoulder of her left
shoulder.” Id. at 5.

        On December 6, 2013, petitioner saw Dr. Paul Smiley, an orthopedist, and noted that her
x-rays were normal and that it was “likely the patient has significant inflammatory response to
her flu shot.” Pet. Ex. 5 at 86. Dr. Smiley injected petitioner’s left shoulder with another
cortisone injection. Id. Her history also noted a “history of a left shoulder arthroscopy in 1989.”
Id. at 85. Petitioner was diagnosed with left shoulder tendinopathy/tendinitis. Id. at 83.

        Petitioner returned to Dr. Smiley on December 13, 2013. Pet. Ex. 7 at 78. He noted that
petitioner reported some improvement with the cortisone injection, but she reported her pain
returning. Id. He stated that petitioner’s range of motion was “fairly good.” He recommended
that petitioner attempt to resume physical therapy, and if her pain gets worse again, she should

                                                  6
consider an aspiration arthrogram. Id. at 78. He also recommended petitioner see a
rheumatologist. Id.

         On December 16, 2013, petitioner saw Dr. Katz, a rheumatologist. Pet. Ex. 5 at 74. Dr.
Katz explained that her white count was normal but that she had high inflammation markers. Id.
at 77. Dr. Katz also observed that petitioner’s range of motion on abduction of her left shoulder
was consistent with adhesive capsulitis. Id. at 76. Petitioner was diagnosed with tendonitis of
the left shoulder and arthralgias in multiple sites. Id. Dr. Katz stated that she did not believe
petitioner’s issues were related to an autoimmune connective tissue disorder or vasculopathy. Id.

        On December 23, 2013, petitioner had an appointment with Nurse Practitioner Linda
Sickorez. Pet. Ex. 5 at 72. Petitioner reported that the cortisone shot she received on December
6, 2013, was helpful for a limited period of time, but her pain had begun to return. Id. Petitioner
described the pain as “excruciating.” Id. The physical exam noted that petitioner had “fairly
good range of motion in forward elevation, abduction, and internal rotation, but were all
painful.” Id. at 73. Additionally, petitioner demonstrated “mildly positive impingement.” Id.
Nurse Practitioner Sickorez recommended that petitioner undergo a “glenohumeral joint
aspiration.” Id.

        On January 7, 2014, petitioner underwent a left shoulder arthroscopy, arthroscopic
acromioplasty, manipulation under anesthesia, and rotator cuff repair. Pet. Ex. 5 at 102. Her
preoperative diagnosis was of left shoulder impingement and her post-operative diagnosis of left
shoulder impingement with rotator cuff tear. Id. Under “Description of Procedure” it was noted
that petitioner underwent a left shoulder manipulation where, “20 degrees of abduction was
obtained with audible lysis of adhesions,” and there was a small full-thickness tear of the rotator
cuff supraspinatus just posterior to the biceps tendon which was repaired. Id. Petitioner had a
follow-up appointment on January 10, 2014, and it was noted that the surgery went well and that
she should stay in her shoulder sling as much as possible. Id. at 98.

        Petitioner returned to Dr. Katz on January 21, 2014, complaining of left shoulder pain.
Pet. Ex. 5 at 91. It was also noted that petitioner was on a low dose of prednisone and that
petitioner thought it was helping her shoulder. Id. Dr. Katz did not believe that petitioner was
suffering from polymyalgia rheumatica or an underlying arthropathy, she instead thought it was
likely generalized degenerative arthritis. Id. at 94. Petitioner returned to Dr. Katz on February
18, 2014, with discomfort and weakness in her arms and legs. Id. at 110. Dr. Katz ordered an
EMG nerve conduction study of both upper and lower extremities and continued petitioner on
the regimen of prednisone. Id. at 113-14. The EMG took place on March 13, 2014, and the
results were normal. Id. at 10.

        On March 26, 2014, petitioner returned to Dr. Katz after eight days of steroid treatment
with only marginal improvement. Pet. Ex. 5 at 125. It is noted that petitioner found it hard to
“extend her arms because of the stiffness and discomfort,” and “she still believes that the left
deltoid flu vaccination she received on October 1, 2013, caused the initiation of all of [her]
symptoms.” Id. Petitioner was evaluated by Dr. Kowal on March 27, 2014, a pain management
specialist. Id. at 124. Dr. Kowal mentioned “her systemic inflammatory syndrome,” and
petitioner received an epidural injection in her lumbar spine. Id.

                                                 7
       Petitioner returned to Dr. Smiley for a four-month follow up post-surgery on May 12,
2014. Pet. Ex. 5 at 148. He noted that, “she is still having some diffuse muscle aches, likely
from the flu shot…but as far as her shoulder is concerned, her range of motion is good. She has
negative impingement sign.” Id. at 148. On June 24, 2014, petitioner returned to Dr. Katz when it
was noted that petitioner “may have developed a myofascial pain syndrome secondary to her
generalized osteoarthritis.” Id. at 163.

        On July 10, 2014, petitioner returned to Dr. Kowal who diagnosed her with a “syndrome
of central pain amplification fibromyalgia.” Pet. Ex. 5 at 193. Petitioner was given a prescription
for Savella, a norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitor to help with her fatigue analgesia. Id. On July
17, 2014, Petitioner was evaluated by Dr. Moheban, a neurologist, who noted that she did not
believe petitioner’s symptoms were neurological in nature. Id. at 180-82. On July 24, 2014,
petitioner was evaluated by Dr. Suchindran, an infectious disease specialist. Id. at 169. Dr.
Suchindran noted that “perhaps her influenza vaccination triggered something, but I do not
believe that there is an active viral process related to the vaccination ongoing.” Id. at 173.

        On August 19, 2014, petitioner was evaluated by Dr. Russell, a neurologist, who assessed
petitioner with arthralgias in multiple sites, including the left shoulder, suggestive of an
inflammatory disorder without identifiable neuromuscular disease. Pet. Ex. 5 at 210-11. On
August 25, 2014, petitioner returned to Dr. Katz, and discontinued the use of steroids because
she could not justify continuing the treatment. Id. at 199. Petitioner returned to Dr. Katz on
October 1, 2014, with complaints of soreness in bilateral arms, fingers, wrists, knees, and feet.
Id. at 228. On February 27, 2015, petitioner returned to Dr. Katz with “pain in her left neck
radiating to her left shoulder.” Id. at 234. Petitioner continued to attribute “all her body pain to
the reaction to a flu vaccine last year.” Id.

        On May 21, 2015, petitioner presented to Dr. Robert Duncan “for evaluation of adverse
reaction to flu shot given into her left shoulder.” Pet. Ex. 5 at 286. Petitioner reported that she
had a flu shot on October 1, 2013, and had immediate pain going down her left arm into her 2nd
and 3rd fingers. Id. It was noted that petitioner stated the injection was given high on her
shoulder near the joint “by an inexperienced nurse.” Id. Petitioner also reported that she had
difficulty moving her shoulder and that it was swollen. Id. Dr. Duncan recounted much of her
history, including her MRI and left shoulder surgery. Id. It was noted that “the left shoulder is
now benign, with most of her complaints elsewhere.” Id. He also observed that her CRP level
had returned to the 2-10 range. Id. at 287. After a physical assessment, Dr. Duncan wrote,

        This is a 60-year-old woman with what appears to have been a left shoulder injury
        following vaccination. This is apparently injected too high in the arm, apparently
        missing the deltoid muscle, and entering the joint and/or bursa of the left shoulder. With
        injection of flu antigen into the joint space and bursa this can produce bursitis and
        inflammatory arthritis. Although this is a remote event, it appears that she had immediate
        reaction following the vaccine and documented this, including an incident report. She had
        several months of symptoms, ultimately requiring arthroscopic evaluation with good
        results for the left shoulder which has essentially resolved.

Id. at 291.

                                                 8
       On July 2, 2015, petitioner returned to Dr. Katz with complaints of muscle soreness and
“if someone barely puts pressure on her forearm, she has discomfort.” Id. at 312. On July 9,
2015, Dr. Kowal noted that petitioner has discontinued oral steroids. Id. at 325.

           b. Petitioner’s Affidavit

         On October 21, 2015, petitioner executed a detailed affidavit. Pet. Affidavit (“Aff.”)
(ECF No. 9). Petitioner stated that on October 1, 2013, she received the influenza vaccination at
the Beverly Hospital, the place of her employment. Pet. Aff. at ¶ 3. At the time of the
vaccination petitioner was employed as a part-time laboratory technician. Id. at ¶ 20. Petitioner
stated that prior to the vaccination she was in her usual health and had no current illness, fever,
or injuries in her arms or shoulders. Id. at ¶ 5. She explained that when she received the
vaccination she had an electric sensation in her arm, and a pain that she had never experienced
during any other vaccination. Id. at ¶ 4. On October 3, 2013, petitioner traveled to Aruba for a
previously scheduled vacation and noted that her “arm was aching and had that ‘heavy feeling.’”
Id. at ¶ 6.

        On October 8, 2013, a week following the vaccination, petitioner stated she “developed a
red area where the flu shot was administered,” with pain in her shoulder and limited range of
motion. Id. at ¶ 7. She explained that over the next several days the “local redness and swelling
gradually resolved but the shoulder pain and limited mobility continued to get worse.” Id. at ¶ 8.
Due to her travel to Aruba, petitioner stated she was unable to visit a doctor until October 21,
2013. Id. at ¶ 9.

        Petitioner stated that over the next two months she received several cortisone shots and
attended multiple physical therapy sessions. Id. at ¶¶ 10-13. Petitioner explained that she “was
diagnosed with a frozen shoulder and inflammation from the flu shot.” Id. at ¶ 11. Petitioner also
described that after additional testing she “underwent surgery for a left shoulder impingement
with rotator cuff.” Id. at ¶ 12. Additionally, petitioner stated that beginning in November 2013,
she began to experience pain and achiness all over her body. Id. at ¶ 14. The pain led petitioner
to undergo steroid therapy and additional medical testing. Id. at ¶ 15. Petitioner stated that while
the “prednisone therapy did provide some relief,” anytime the dosage was lowered the symptoms
would worsen. Id. at ¶ 16.

        Petitioner stated that in the fall of 2014 she began methotrexate therapy to help resolve
the symptoms. Id. at ¶ 17. Petitioner stated at the time of the affidavit in October 2015, she
continued to take additional medications for fibromyalgia and did not have the strength to engage
in usual activities and had to endure side effects from the medications. Id. at ¶¶ 18-19. Petitioner
stated that between November 2013 and May 2014 she was unable to work due to the pain in her
arm and the rehabilitation from the surgery. Id. at ¶ 21. Petitioner explained that in June 2015,
she had to take a leave of absence from work to deal with the arm pain and the side effects from
the medication. Id. at ¶ 22.

   III.    Expert Opinions Regarding Vaccine Causation

           a. Petitioner’s Expert Reports

                                                 9
                 1. Eric Gershwin, M.D., M.AC.P., M.A.C.R.

        Petitioner submitted two expert reports by Dr. Eric Gershwin, an immunologist, to
provide an opinion on vaccine causation. Pet. Ex. 8 (ECF No. 33); Pet. Ex. 9 (ECF No. 54). Dr.
Gershwin reviewed petitioner’s medical records and wrote, “I believe that Ms. Allen did suffer a
local inflammatory response to the vaccine and that this was severe, is consistent with the
elevation of inflammatory markers, and led to the requirement for shoulder surgery.” Pet. Ex. 8
at 2.

        Dr. Gershwin explained that “shoulder injuries, and indeed local reactions following
vaccine administrations, are extremely common.” Pet. Ex. 8 at 2. Dr. Gershwin explained,
“…regional lymph nodes engulf the vaccine antigen and begin the process of antigen
presentation and ultimately an immune response…on occasion, these can lead to a significant
local inflammatory response,” and result in “a variety of shoulder injuries…such as shoulder
dysfunction, frozen shoulder and adhesive capsulitis.” Pet. Ex 8 at 2. He stated, “although some
local vaccine reactions are due to a direct shoulder injury, in this case, it appears to be that of an
immune response, i.e. there is no evidence that the needle directly impacted the shoulder.” Id. at
2. Dr. Gershwin cited to the Atanasoff et. al., article and stated that mechanism of injury is well
described in the literature. 8 Id.

        Dr. Gershwin also stated that petitioner’s elevation of her sedimentation rate and CRP
“are all consistent with an inflammatory response to the vaccine.” Id. He observed that
petitioner reported erythema, pain, swelling and stiffness in her left shoulder and stated that,
“these are all signs of inflammation.” Id. at 1. He also stated that petitioner’s November 2013
MRI findings were consistent with inflammation, and opined that petitioner, “did suffer a local
inflammatory response to the vaccine,” that was severe and “consistent with the elevation of
inflammatory marker, [it] led to the requirement for shoulder surgery.” Id. at 2.

         In his second report, in response to the Court’s order and Dr. Schroeder’s expert report,
Dr. Gershwin stated that “there is evidence intradermal vaccines can cause a systemic
inflammatory response.” Pet. Ex. 9 at 2. First, Dr. Gershwin observed that the intradermal
injection needle is only 1.5 mm long, but stated that, “intradermal injections are actually difficult
[to administer] and lead to local bleeding and, not uncommonly, become subcutaneous
injections.” Id. at 1. He also stated that “systemic reactions to allergy skin tests have been
known for decades and can even lead to anaphylaxis, i.e. an intradermal injection is more than
just a local injection.” Id. at 2.

      Dr. Gershwin referenced the article by Rosenbaum et. al., in which “the authors
documented that even though the injection was intradermal, there was evidence of systemic
inflammation confirmed by molecular signatures, including the upregulation of IL-6 and TNF

8
 Atanasoff, S. et al., Shoulder injury related to vaccine administration (SIRVA), 28 Vaccine 8049-52 (2010). [Resp.
Ex. D, Tab 2].

                                                        10
and acute phase response signaling.” 9 Pet. Ex. 9 at 2; Pet. Ex. 9-E. The authors of the study
sought to better understand early systemic changes, including changes at the site of injection
which are responsible for a protective immune response generated by the intradermal injection of
a modified Ankara vaccine. Pet. Ex. 9-E at 1. The authors explained that “skin is an ideal target
for vaccine injection due to the diversity of resident and recruited immune cells, including
macrophages, Langerhans cells, and several subsets of dermal dendritic cells.” Id. at 2. They
commented that there are many advantages to administering vaccines into the skin, but that the
“intradermal route remains rarely used in the medical field due to the lack of reliability of the
immunization technique.” Id. The authors found “a strong early local and systemic
inflammatory response that peaked at 24 hours post-vaccination, which was then progressively
replaced by an adaptive response.” Id. They documented that the “local innate response was
characterized by early massive recruitment of granulocytes, macrophages, and monocytoid
cells.” Id. at 10. Further, they noted that the “innate response was also initiated at the systemic
level with rapid and transient granulocyte recruitment and the release of multiple inflammatory
cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα among others from six to 24 hours post-injection,
followed by a persistent phase involving inflammatory monocytes.” Id.

        Dr. Gershwin concluded his second report stating, “not only can an intradermal
vaccination induce an immune response, but it can clearly cause a local inflammatory reaction
and injury that Ms. Allen suffered in her shoulder.” Id.

                 2. Steven R. Graboff, M.D.

        Petitioner submitted two expert reports from Dr. Steven R. Graboff, an orthopedic
surgeon. Pet. Ex. 11 (ECF No. 71); Pet. Ex. 12 (ECF No. 80). Dr. Graboff reviewed petitioner’s
medical records and affidavit of petitioner and wrote, “orthopedically, this is a classic case of
post injection inflammatory response leading to protected movement of the shoulder which is a
well-known etiology and cause of the development of adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder).” Pet.
Ex. 11 at 4. He also stated that, “the adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder) was directly and
proximately caused in the left shoulder by the inflammatory pain from the vaccination given to
her on October 1, 2013.” Id. at 3.

        During petitioner’s shoulder surgery on January 7, 2014, the preoperative note indicated
that she suffered from adhesive capsulitis as adhesions were noted to be released in the left
shoulder during the manipulation under anesthesia. Pet. Ex. 11 at 4. Dr. Graboff stated that
petitioner’s development of adhesive capsulitis was “objectively proven to be present in
[petitioner], not only based on clinical findings and subjective complaints, but during the
operation performed on January 7, 2014.” Id. He stated that the development of petitioner’s
adhesive capsulitis “occurred during a reasonable time period and the timing indeed makes sense
and is well documented in the medical records starting within days of the shoulder injection.” Id.

       Dr. Graboff stated that, “pain, protective behavior, lack of movement and lack of use of
an upper extremity is a well-known orthopedic cause for the development of adhesive capsulitis

9
 Rosenbaum, et. al., Molecular and Cellular Dynamics in the Skin, the Lymph Nodes, and the Blood of the Immune
Response to Intradermal Injection of Modified Vaccinia Ankara Vaccine, 9 Frontiers of Immunology 87 (2018).
[Pet. Ex. 9, Tab E].

                                                      11
and frozen shoulder.” Id. at 4. Further he stated, “any pain-inducing event such as a painful
vaccination can set this cycle into effect leading to the development of adhesive capsulitis and
frozen shoulder as a result of the pain and inflammation and lack of use of the extremity because
of the discomfort.” Id. He explained that “the manipulation under anesthesia was performed,
however, because she had a loss of full range of motion of her shoulder associated with pain,
which by simple definition is that of a frozen shoulder/adhesive capsulitis.” Id. Dr. Graboff
opined that all of the medical care and treatment that petitioner received after the October 1,
2013, vaccination, were “medically indicated, necessary and reasonable and was directly and
proximately caused as a result of the vaccination induced inflammatory response causing left
shoulder adhesive capsulitis.” Id.

        Finally, Dr. Graboff responded to respondent’s expert, Dr. Cagle’s contention that
petitioner did not have frozen shoulder but underlying rotator cuff pathology. Pet. Ex. 12. at 2.
Dr. Graboff wrote, “The actual diagnosis is not in question….[Petitioner] was diagnosed with
adhesive capsulitis at the Lahey Clinic on a number of occasions prior to her surgery.” Id. at 1.
He stated, “In this case….the injection occurred in the area of the shoulder with the resultant
inflammatory, painful reaction causing limitation of movement of the shoulder, which is a well-
known and well-established etiology and pathogenesis for the development of frozen shoulder
and adhesive capsulitis that is simply basic training to orthopedic residents during their period of
education.” Id. Dr. Graboff also argued that during petitioner’s shoulder surgery, Dr. Smiley
noted the audible lysis of lesions on closed manipulation of the shoulder under anesthesia which
is by definition would be consistent with frozen shoulder/adhesive capsulitis. Id. at 2.
Additionally, he observed that petitioner underwent “manipulation under anesthesia” because
petitioner had lost full range of motion of her shoulder associated with pain, “which is a well-
accepted treatment for adhesive capsulitis and the audible lysis of the lesions confirmed the
presence of adhesive capsulitis or frozen shoulder.” Id.

           b. Respondent’s Expert Reports

               1. Harry W. Schroeder, Jr., M.D., Ph.D.

         Respondent submitted two expert reports from immunologist, Dr. Harry W. Schroeder,
Jr., M.D., Ph.D., Resp. Ex. A (ECF No. 37); Resp. Ex. C (ECF No. 60). Dr. Schroeder stated
that, “induration, erythema and pain at the site of vaccination was quickly attributed to the
administration of the Fluzone. However, it is less clear when and how the patient’s symptoms of
left shoulder pain, and then generalized arthropathy, chronic pain, and point tenderness were
attributed to the vaccine.” Resp. Ex. A at 6.

        Dr. Schroeder explained that the Fluzone Intradermal Quadrivalent vaccine is
administered with a microinjection system. Resp. Ex. A at 8. He explained that “the skin has
been recognized as a potentially excellent site for vaccination. It is easily accessible and has
both cellular and humoral immune system components.” Id. Dr. Schroeder stated that
microinjection system uses a “tiny hollow microneedle that penetrates 1.5 mm into the skin from
the outer skin surface to deliver a volume in the range of 100-200 µl.” Id. Citing to the Fluzone
Quadrivalent package insert (“package insert”), Dr. Schroeder stated that, “in adults 18 through
64 years of age, the most common injection site reactions were pain (53.3%), pruritus (52.1%),

                                                 12
erythema (36.7%), swelling (19.5%), and induration (17.0%).” Resp. Ex. A at 9; Resp. Ex. A,
Tab 374, 37-5. He stated, “I find it quite plausible that the vaccine was the proximate cause of
the local induration, erythema, edema, and pain at the site of injection,” as it is a recognized
adverse reaction. Resp. Ex. A at 10. However, he asserted that, “The fact the vaccine was
administered intradermally rules out the proposed causal mechanism of needle entry into the
joint and/or bursa of the vaccine into the left shoulder.” Id.

        In his second expert report he opined that petitioner’s local inflammatory response
resulted in what he calls “symptom complex #1.” Resp. Ex. C at 1. He opined that petitioner then
developed “symptom complex #2,” with pain in her left shoulder. Id. Dr. Schroeder opined that
this was “associated with a tear in one of the tendons in the shoulder and responded to surgical
correction, with no further pain after the surgery.” Id.

         Dr. Schroeder agreed with Dr. Gershwin that the “initial impression of an inflammatory
arthritis led to the patient being treated more aggressively than what would normally be
warranted for fibromyalgia.” Id. He ultimately argued that petitioner did suffer from a local
surface reaction to the vaccine, but the polyarthralgias and chronic pain that developed six
months later were not caused by the vaccine. Id. at 11.

               2. Paul J. Cagle, M.D.

        Respondent submitted expert reports from Dr. Paul J. Cagle, M.D., an orthopaedic
surgeon. Resp. Ex. D (ECF No. 72); Resp. Ex. F (ECF No. 79). In his first report, Dr. Cagle
stated that the findings associated with the shoulder pain in petitioner’s case are not connected
with the vaccination and were not caused by the vaccination. Resp. Ex. D at 7-8.

        Dr. Cagle asserted that even if petitioner reported her left shoulder pain began
immediately after the vaccination, she did not seek medical attention for her left shoulder injury
for several weeks. Resp. Ex. D at 5. He also stated that petitioner’s MRI was inconsistent with
SIRVA. Id. He wrote that her MRI showed “a tiny pinpoint full-thickness perforation of the
distal supraspinatus tendon, a degenerative tear of the anterior glenoid labrum, a small amount of
fluid in the subdeltoid bursa and no signs of adhesive capsulitis,” and that these findings were
“…in complete contrast to the SIRVA literature.” Id.

        Dr. Cagle also addressed whether the intradermal needle could have cause the “tiny
rotator cuff tear,” and concluded that “[r]egardless of technique, there is no conceivable way for
an intradermal needle, which is 1.5 mm or 0.05 inches, to have reached the depth of the rotator
cuff. Therefore, it is impossible for the intradermal need[le] to have caused the tiny perforation
in the supraspinatus tendon.” Pet. Ex. D at 6.

        Dr. Cagle asserted that the January 7, 2020, operative note does not support a diagnosis
of adhesive capsulitis because it does not document “visualized adhesive capsulitis” or “need for
a lysis of adhesion.” Resp. Ex. D at 3, 6-7. Dr. Cagle explained that “although there was a
mention of an audible sound during the operation, this is simply not support[ed] by the remaining
operative note and is not mentioned as a diagnosis by subsequent clinical notes.” Id. at 7. He
argued that since Dr. Smiley, the operating physician, did not provide a diagnosis of adhesive

                                                 13
capsulitis in the operative report, it was not encountered during the procedure. Id. at 6. Dr.
Cagle also argued that the operative note did not document “thickened capsules” or “need for
capsular release.” Id. at 6-7.

        Dr. Cagle described adhesive capsulitis as “a shoulder condition causing pain and
decreased range of motion…[t]he condition causes inflammation and thickening of the shoulder
joint capsule. This thickening is a hallmark of the disease process and is what causes the
shoulder to be less mobile. Thus, the diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis is made when a patient
present[s] with loss of range of motion.” Resp. Ex. F at 2. He then goes on to explain the
technique of shoulder manipulation under anesthesia, as was performed in this case. Id. at 2-3.
Dr. Cagle discussed that while he has “no doubt that a sound was heard…there is nothing about
hearing the documented sound that would confirm or deny the successful release of a thick and
inflamed capsule.” Id. at 3.

        Dr. Cagle referenced the operative report which noted that Dr. Smiley placed the
arthroscope into the subacromial space and appreciated “hypertrophic synovium,” which in Dr.
Cagle’s medical opinion is “not equivalent to a thickened shoulder capsule, and a finding of
hypertrophic synovium absolutely does not support the diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis.” Resp.
Ex. F at 3-4. Dr. Cagle concluded that petitioner did not have adhesive capsulitis. Id. at 4.

        Dr. Cagle recognized that many people in petitioner’s age group can have asymptomatic
tears of the rotator cuff. Resp. Ex. D at 7. He goes on to describe that the best summary of
petitioner’s case was provided by Dr. Robert Duncan on May 20, 2015, “Dr. Duncan reports that
she underwent a shoulder arthroscopy and the tear that was repaired was likely incidentally
visualized.” Id.

        Dr. Cagle concluded that “the definition of SIRVA is not met by timing as there is no
medical documentation providing an association with 48 hours and a direct causal relationship is
not established.” Resp. Ex. D at 7.

   IV.     Legal Standard for Adjudication

        To receive compensation through the Program, petitioner must prove either (1) that she
suffered a “Table Injury”—i.e., an injury listed on the Vaccine Injury Table—corresponding to a
vaccine that she received, or (2) that she suffered an injury that was actually caused by a
vaccination. See §§ 300aa-13(a)(1)(A), 11(c)(1); Capizzano v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs.,
440 F.3d 1317, 1319-20 (Fed. Cir. 2006). Because petitioner does not allege that she suffered a
Table Injury, she must prove that a vaccine she received caused her injury. To do so, she must
establish, by preponderant evidence: (1) a medical theory causally connecting the vaccine and
her injury (“Althen Prong One”); (2) a logical sequence of cause and effect showing that the
vaccine was the reason for her injury (“Althen Prong Two”); and (3) a showing of a proximate
temporal relationship between the vaccine and her injury (“Althen Prong Three”). § 13(a)(1);
Althen v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., 418 F. 3d 1274, 1278 (Fed. Cir. 2005).

       Petitioner’s burden of proof is by a preponderance of the evidence. § 13(a)(1). The
preponderance standard requires a petitioner to demonstrate that it is more likely than not that the
vaccine at issue caused the injury. Moberly v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 592 F.3d 1315,

                                                14
1322 n.2 (Fed. Cir. 2010). Proof of medical certainty is not required. Bunting v. Sec’y of Health
& Hum. Servs., 931 F.2d 867, 873 (Fed. Cir. 1991). In particular, petitioner must prove that the
vaccine was “not only [the] but-for cause of the injury but also a substantial factor in bringing
about the injury.” Moberly, 592 F.3d at 1321 (quoting Shyface v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs.,
165 F.3d 1344, 1352-53 (Fed. Cir. 1999)); see also Pafford v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs.,
451 F.3d 1352, 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2006). A petitioner who satisfies this burden is entitled to
compensation unless respondent can prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the
vaccinee’s injury is due to factors unrelated to the administration of the vaccine.” § 13(a)(1)(B).

        The causation theory must relate to the injury alleged. The petitioner must provide a
sound and reliable medical or scientific explanation that pertains specifically to this case,
although the explanation need only be “legally probable, not medically or scientifically certain.”
Knudsen v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 35 F.3d 543, 548-49 (Fed. Cir. 1994). Recently, in
Kottenstette, the Federal Circuit reiterated that proof of causation does not “require identification
and proof of specific biological mechanisms[.]” Kottenstette v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., --
Fed.Appx.—(Fed. Cir. June 15, 2021) (citing Knudsen v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 35 F.3d
543, 549 (Fed. Cir. 1994). Causation “can be found in vaccine cases….without detailed medical
and scientific exposition of the biological mechanisms.” Knudsen, 35 F.3d 543, 548-49 (Fed. Cir.
1994). It is not necessary for a petitioner to point to conclusive evidence in the medical literature
linking a vaccine to the petitioner’s injury, as long as the petitioner can show by a preponderance
of evidence that there is a causal relationship between the vaccine and the injury, whatever the
details of the mechanism may be. Moberly v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 592 F.3d 1315,
1325 (Fed. Cir. 2010).

        Petitioner cannot establish entitlement to compensation based solely on her assertions;
rather, a vaccine claim must be supported either by medical records or by the opinion of a
medical doctor. § 13(a)(1). In determining whether petitioner is entitled to compensation, the
special master shall consider all material in the record, including “any . . . conclusion, [or]
medical judgment . . . which is contained in the record regarding . . . causation.” § 13(b)(1)(A).
The undersigned must weigh the submitted evidence and the testimony of the parties’ proffered
experts and rule in petitioner’s favor when the evidence weighs in his favor. See Moberly, 592
F.3d at 1325-26 (“Finders of fact are entitled—indeed, expected—to make determinations as to
the reliability of the evidence presented to them and, if appropriate, as to the credibility of the
persons presenting that evidence.”); Althen, 418 F.3d at 1280 (noting that “close calls” are
resolved in petitioner’s favor).

        In Vaccine Act cases, expert testimony may be evaluated according to the factors for
analyzing scientific reliability set forth in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579,
594-96 (1993); see also Cedillo, 617 F.3d at 1339 (citing Terran v. Sec’y of Health & Hum.
Servs., 195 F.3d 1302, 1316 (Fed. Cir. 1999). In Vaccine Program cases, the Daubert analysis
has been used in the weighing of the scientific evidence actually proffered and heard rather than
as a tool for the pre-trial exclusion of expert testimony. Davis v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs.,
94 Fed. Cl. 53, 66–67 (Fed. Cl. 2010) (“uniquely in this Circuit, the Daubert factors have been
employed also as an acceptable evidentiary-gauging tool with respect to persuasiveness of expert
testimony already admitted”), aff'd, 420 F. App'x 923 (Fed. Cir. 2011). The flexible use of the
Daubert factors to determine the persuasiveness and/or reliability of expert testimony in Vaccine

                                                 15
Program cases has routinely been upheld. See, e.g., Snyder v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., 88
Fed. Cl. 706, 742–45 (2009).

        Where both sides offer expert testimony, a special master's decision may be “based on the
credibility of the experts and the relative persuasiveness of their competing theories.”
Broekelschen v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., 618 F.3d 1339, 1347 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (citing
Lampe v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 219 F.3d 1357, 1362 (Fed. Cir. 2000)). However,
nothing requires the acceptance of an expert's conclusion “connected to existing data only by the
ipse dixit of the expert,” especially if “there is simply too great an analytical gap between the
data and the opinion proffered.” Snyder, 88 Fed. Cl. at 743 (quoting Gen. Elec. Co. v. Joiner, 522
U.S. 146 (1997)). Weighing the relative persuasiveness of competing expert testimony, based on
a particular expert's credibility, is part of the overall reliability analysis to which special masters
must subject expert testimony in Vaccine Program cases. Moberly, 592 F.3d at 1325–26
(“[a]ssessments as to the reliability of expert testimony often turn on credibility
determinations”); see also Porter v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., 663 F.3d 1242, 1250 (Fed.
Cir. 2011) (“this court has unambiguously explained that special masters are expected to
consider the credibility of expert witnesses in evaluating petitions for compensation under the
Vaccine Act”).

        Close calls regarding causation must be resolved in favor of the petitioner. Althen, 418
F.3d at 1280 (holding that Congress created a system in which “close calls regarding causation
are resolved in favor of injured claimants”); Knudsen, 35 F.3d at 551 (“If the evidence (on
alternative cause) is seen in equipoise, then the government has failed in its burden of persuasion
and compensation must be awarded.”).

   V.      Finding of Fact regarding Nature of Petitioner’s Injury

        The first issue to be resolved is petitioner’s diagnosis. The respondent disputed
petitioner’s diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis. See Resp. Response at 12-15. Petitioner asserted
that she developed adhesive capsulitis post-vaccination that required surgical intervention. Pet.
Mot. at 13-14.

           a. Legal standard

        The Vaccine Act provides that Special Masters are to consider any medical diagnosis
contained in the record. §300aa-13(b)(1). A Special Master must weigh and evaluate opposing
expert opinions, medical and scientific evidence, and the evidentiary record in deciding whether
petitioners’ have met their burden of proof. Id. The function of a special master is not to
‘diagnose’ vaccine-related injuries, but instead to determine based on the evidence as a whole
and the totality of the case, whether it has been shown by a preponderance of the evidence that a
vaccine caused the petitioner’s injury. Lombardi v. Sec. of Health & Human Servs., 656 F.3d
1343, 1351 (citing Andreu, 569 F.3d at 1382) (Fed. Cir. 2011). In Capizzano, the Federal Circuit
provided additional guidance as how special masters should weigh evidence, placing emphasis
on the statements of treating doctors. 440 F.3d at 1320 (Fed. Cir. 2006). The Federal Circuit
stated, “Althen III explained that medical records and medical opinion testimony are favored in
vaccine cases, as treating physicians are likely to be in the best position to determine whether a

                                                  16
‘logical sequence of cause and effect’ shows that the vaccination was the reason for the injury.’”
Capizzano at 1326 (quoting Althen, F. 3d at 1280).

        Additionally, medical records are generally considered trustworthy. See Cucuras v. Sec’y
of Health & Human Servs., 993 F. 2d at 1525, 1528 (Fed. Cir. 1993). Where medical records are
clear, consistent, and complete, they should be afforded substantial weight. See Lowrie v. Sec’y
of Health & Human Servs., No. 03-1585V, 2005 WL 6117475 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr., Dec. 12,
2005). Medical records may be outweighed by testimony that is given later in time that is
“consistent, clear, cogent, and compelling.” Camery v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 42 Fed.
Cl. at 381, 391 (1998).

        If there is a dispute as to the nature of the petitioner’s injury, the special master may
opine on the nature of the petitioner’s injury.” Contreras v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs.,
844 F. 3d 1363, 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (citing Hibbard v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 686
F. 3d 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2012); see also Broekelschen v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 618, F.3d
1339 at 1346 (Fed. Cir. 2010). In Broeklschen, the Federal Circuit stated that it was appropriate
for the special master to first determine which injury is best supported by the evidence presented
in the record before applying the Althen test. Broekelschen at 1346.

        In this case, respondent argued that petitioner has not demonstrated a “medically
recognized injury to be compensated.” Resp. Response at 12. Specifically, respondent argued
that petitioner has not demonstrated that she suffered from adhesive capsulitis of the left
shoulder, and instead asserted that petitioner’s left shoulder symptoms “are consistent with a
diagnosis of a rotator cuff tear.” Id. at 15. Petitioner argued that her injury is adhesive
capsulitis, which is a cognizable injury post-vaccination. Pet. Reply at 1. As such, it is
necessary to determine petitioner’s injury.

             b. Adhesive Capsulitis and adhesive capsulitis post-vaccination

        Adhesive capsulitis is chronic inflammation of the capsule sub-synovial layer, which
produces capsular thickening, fibrosis, and adherence of the capsule to itself and to the anatomic
neck of the humerus. 10 Resp. Ex. D-32. The article by Neviaser described adhesive capsulitis as,
“painful, gradual loss of active and passive shoulder motion.” Resp. Ex. D-32 at 1. Adhesive
capsulitis is also sometimes diagnosed as “frozen shoulder.” Id. at 2. It is characterized by a
“thickened, tight glenohumeral joint capsule with adhesions obliterating the normally patulous
axillary fold.” Id. Patients often present with pain of insidious onset and the onset of symptoms
tends to be more gradual than in other shoulder conditions. Id. Further, patients experience loss
of motion that accompanies the pain and patients have described difficulty dressing, combing
their hair, or reaching to their back. Id. at 3.

        Treatment of adhesive capsulitis includes physical therapy that includes gentle and
progressive stretching. Id. Additionally, the Neviaser article noted that while intra-articular
steroid injections hold “promise” they often only provide transient reduction in pain, with no

10
  Andrew S. Neviaser & Robert J. Neviaser, Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder, 19 J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg.,
536-542 (2011). [Resp. Ex. D-32].

                                                       17
improvement to motion. Id. If physical therapy does not improve the symptoms of a patient
with adhesive capsulitis, surgical interventions are considered. Id. at 4. There are two types of
surgical intervention, manipulation under anesthesia or arthroscopic capsular release. Id.

         Adhesive capsulitis or frozen shoulder is a common diagnosis that is identified in
patients’ medical records associated with vaccine-related shoulder dysfunction. For example, in
the article by Bodor, one patient was diagnosed with adhesive capsulitis after receiving a
pneumococcal vaccine injection. 11 Resp. Ex. D, Tab 9 at 1. The article by Saleh et al., submitted
by the respondent, documents three cases of adhesive capsulitis post-vaccination. 12 Resp. Ex. D,
Tab 11. In the Saleh article, the three patients reported severe arm pain soon after receiving a
vaccination and the pain was accompanied by decrease range of motion. Id. at 1-3. Another
article by Degreef, also submitted by respondent, documented three cases of “frozen shoulder”
post-vaccination. 13 Resp. Ex. D, Tab 17. In the Degreef article, the authors explained that the
three patients mentioned pain post-vaccination, followed by progressively decreasing shoulder
mobility. Id. at 3.

        Finally, when respondent proposed adding SIRVA to the Vaccine Injury Table,
respondent explained, “The IOM reviewed the scientific and medical literature finding evidence
that convincingly supports a causal relationship between vaccine injection (with a needle) into an
arm and deltoid bursitis….The VICP case series (referencing the Atanasoff article) found several
diagnoses, beyond deltoid bursitis, that resulted in shoulder pain following vaccination, including
tendonitis, impingement syndrome, frozen shoulder syndrome, and adhesive capsulitis.” Notice
of Proposed Rulemaking, 80 FR 45132-01, 2015 WL 4538923 (2015).

             c. Respondent’s argument regarding petitioner’s diagnosis

        Respondent argued that petitioner had failed to demonstrate a “medically recognized
injury to be compensated.” Resp. Response at 12. Specifically, respondent argued that
petitioner had not demonstrated that she suffered from adhesive capsulitis. Id. at 13. He argued
that adhesive capsulitis causes inflammation and thickening of the shoulder joint capsule and that
“this thickening is the hallmark of the disease process and what causes the shoulder to be less
mobile.” Resp. Ex. F at 2. Dr. Cagle explained in his expert report that there are three ways to
treat adhesive capsulitis – non surgically through physical therapy, manipulation under
anesthesia, or an arthroscopic capsular release. Resp. Ex. F at 3. Dr. Cagle noted that all
operative reports have a pre-operative diagnosis, and a post-operative diagnosis, and in
petitioner’s case a diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis was not noted in the post-operative report,
meaning that Dr. Smiley “did not actually encounter adhesive capsulitis during the procedure.”
Resp. Ex. D at 6.

11
  Bodor, M. & Montalvo, E., Vaccination-related shoulder dysfunction, 25 Vaccine 585-587 (2007). [Resp. Ex. D,
Tab 9].
12
   Zeina M. Saleh, et. al., Onset of Frozen Shoulder Following Pneumococcal and Influenza Vaccinations, 14 J. of
Chiropractic Med., 285-289 (2015). [Resp. Ex. D-11].
13
  Degreef, I. & Debeer, Ph., Post-vaccination Frozen Shoulder Syndrome. Report of 3 cases, 112 Act. Chir. Belg.
447-49 (2012). [Resp. Ex. D, Tab 17].

                                                        18
        Dr. Cagle asserted that the operative note from petitioner’s January 7, 2014, surgery does
not support a diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis because it does not document “visualized adhesive
capsulitis” or “need for a lysis of adhesion”. Resp. Ex. D at 3, 6-7. Dr. Cagle also asserted that
the operative note does not document “thickened capsules” or “need for… a capsular release”.
Resp. Ex. D at 3, 6-7. Dr. Cagle explained that petitioner underwent a manipulation under
anesthesia or an arthroscopic capsular release, and the operative report written by Dr. Smiley
following the procedure summarized all findings. Resp. Ex. F at 3. Dr. Cagle explained that
while Dr. Smiley heard a sound, if that sound was the shoulder capsule rupturing during the
MUA, there would have been physical manifestations of blood, confirmation of the adhesions, or
the arthroscope would have observed the rupture of the thickened tissues – instead Dr. Cagle
explained that none of that information was listed in Dr. Smiley’s post-operative report, ruling
out the confirmatory diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis. Resp. Ex. F at 3.

        In the alternative, Dr. Cagle asserted that petitioner’s diagnosis is more consistent with a
rotator cuff tear, which he noted was also diagnosed by petitioner’s orthopedists, Dr.
McLaughlin, and Dr. Smiley. See Pet. Ex. 7; Pet. Ex. 5 at 102; Pet. Ex 6 at 7. Dr. Cagle argued
that the diagnosis of rotator cuff tear is supported by the medical records as it was seen on
petitioner’s MRI, visualized during the operation, and is common pathway for shoulder pain in
petitioner’s age group. Resp. Response at 15; Resp. Ex. D at 7.

        Respondent suggested that petitioner’s left shoulder MRI done on November 17, 2013,
forty-seven days after the vaccination, showed no signs of adhesive capsulitis. Resp. Ex. D at 5.
Therefore, Dr. Cagle argued that Dr. Graboff’s argument of a diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis
does not align with the medical records as the purported local reaction had already resolved. Id.

         Respondent also argued that petitioner’s orthopedic expert, Dr. Graboff, provided no
support in the form of medical literature for his assertion that petitioner has a “classic case of
post injection inflammatory response leading to protected movement of the shoulder which is a
well-known etiology and cause of the development of adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder).”
Resp. Ex. D at 6. Respondent cited to Moberly, that accepting Dr. Graboff’s theory without
literature support as a supposition or mere possibility are “insufficient to meet petitioner’s
burden.” Resp. Response at 16; See Moberly, 592 F.3d at 1322-24.

        Respondent concluded that petitioner has not offered preponderantly reputable or reliable
evidence to support her contention that the intradermal flu vaccine can cause adhesive capsulitis.
Id. at 17.
           d. Petitioner’s argument in support of the diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis

       Petitioner’s experts, Drs. Gershwin and Graboff argued that the intradermal flu vaccine
caused a robust local inflammatory response, causing pain protective behavior that resulted in
adhesive capsulitis. Pet. Mot. at 8; Pet. Reply at 1-2.

        Petitioner argued that the medical records, expert reports, and the treating physicians
directly indicate that petitioner suffered from adhesive capsulitis. Pet. Reply at 1. On November
19, 2013, petitioner was seen at North Shore Shoulder complaining she “feels that the stiffness in
her shoulder is getting worse.” Pet. Reply at 1; Pet. Ex. 13; Pet. Ex. 6 at 4-5. Dr. McLaughlin’s

                                                 19
impression indicated that it “does appear she is beginning to develop a picture of early frozen
shoulder.” Pet. Ex. 6 at 4-5.

        On December 3, 2013, Dr. McLaughlin noted that the “MRI of her shoulder shows no
obvious full-thickness rotator cuff tear…and she is suffering from what appears to be early and
intense frozen shoulder of her left shoulder.” Pet. Ex. 6 at 5. Dr. Graboff stated that the post
injection inflammatory response explained by Dr. Gershwin was directly connected to the
adhesive capsulitis. Pet. Ex. 11 at 3-4. In his second expert report, Dr. Graboff stated that
“[petitioner] was diagnosed with adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder) at the Lahey Clinic on a
number of occasions prior to her surgery, January 7, 2014, including notations [from] December
16, 2013, and December 23, 2013.” Pet. Ex. 12 at 1.

        Dr. Graboff observed that at the appointment on December 16, 2013, Dr. Katz noted that
following the MRI in November 2013, which showed some tears, the doctors did not feel that
surgery was needed and instead opted for “aggressive physical therapy.” Pet. Ex. 5 at 74.
Petitioner said that the “physical therapy made things worse,” and Dr. Katz stated that “by this
time she has developed somewhat of an adhesive capsulitis [in her] left shoulder.” Id. On
December 23, 2013, petitioner saw her PCP, Dr. Khan, and said that “over the last 24 to 36
hours, the pain has returned. It is quite excruciating. [Petitioner] is quite weary and upset about
this continued condition.” Pet. Ex. 5 at 72. It further noted that petitioner “is strong in the rotator
cuff.” Id. On December 25, 2013, Dr. Katz noted “she saw range of motion of abduction of the
left shoulder with some adhesive capsulitis.” Pet. Ex. 5 at 76-77.

        Dr. Graboff asserted that the petitioner’s pre-operative surgical note included adhesive
capsulitis, and was objectively proven during the surgery. Pet. Ex. 11 at 4; Pet. Ex. 5 at 102-103.
Petitioner argued that while the adhesions may not have been visualized, Dr. Smiley specifically
noted the audible lysis of the adhesions on closed manipulation under general anesthesia before
he opened the shoulder. See Pet. Ex. 5 at 102-103. Dr. Graboff explained that “not all patients
have visualized adhesions or thickened capsule during arthroscopic evaluation…especially those
patients who have undergone a manipulation under anesthesia…this is not an ‘all or none’
situation and there are various degrees of pathology resulting in the condition.” Pet. Ex. 12 at 2.

       In his second report, Dr. Graboff conceded that, “the medical records clearly show that
there were findings of a rotator cuff tear, but also clearly documents in numerous locations that
there was adhesive capsulitis/frozen shoulder.” Pet. Ex. 12 at 2. He also explained that “there is
absolutely no evidence that the tiny rotator cuff tear, which was incidentally found, would have
required any type of medical or surgical care whatsoever.” Id.

        Finally, petitioner argued that “the intradermal vaccination caused inflammation and pain
leading to pain protective behavior…leading to adhesive capsulitis. The adhesive capsulitis
(frozen shoulder) was directly and proximately caused in the left shoulder by the inflammatory
pain from the vaccination given to her on October 1, 2013.” Pet. Ex. 11 at 4. Dr. Graboff opined
that “orthopedically, this is a classic case of post injection inflammatory response leading to
protected movement of the shoulder which is a well-known etiology and cause of the
development of adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder).” Pet. Ex. 11 at 4. He also stated that, “the

                                                  20
adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder) was directly and proximately caused in the left shoulder by
the inflammatory pain from the vaccination given to her on October 1, 2013.” Id. at 3.

           e. Discussion and conclusion of petitioner’s diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis

        Petitioner argued that her diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis is correct based on the
sequence of events that started directly after the October 1, 2013, flu vaccination, including an
inflammatory response that resulted in pain protective behavior and ultimately adhesive
capsulitis. Pet. Mot. at 6. Respondent argued that it is more likely that petitioner’s symptoms are
consistent with a diagnosis of rotator cuff tear, and do not endorse a theory of adhesive capsulitis
based on the record as a whole. Resp. Response at 12-15. Petitioner has demonstrated by
preponderant evidence that she suffered adhesive capsulitis after receiving the intradermal flu
vaccine on October 1, 2013. Petitioner’s medical records, expert reports, and medical literature
support the diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis.

        Petitioner’s treating physicians consistently noted that petitioner’s symptoms of
inflammation, pain, and redness started at or around two days post vaccination. See Pet. Ex. 4 at
1; Pet. Ex 5 at 63, 66, 74; Pet. Ex. 6 at 6. For example, on November 19, 2013, Dr. McLaughlin
opined that petitioner had developed “a picture of early frozen shoulder” and noted that
petitioner had “increasing pain and stiffness.” Pet. Ex. 15 at 3-4. On December 3, 2013, at a
follow-up appointment with Dr. McLaughlin, he reiterated the diagnosis of frozen shoulder,
stating that petitioner had “early and intense frozen shoulder of her left shoulder.” Id. at 5.
When petitioner met with rheumatologist, Dr. Katz on December 16, 2013, Dr. Katz noted that
petitioner received a flu vaccine in her left shoulder in October and that she had undergone
physical therapy and injections since that time, but “by this time she has developed somewhat of
an adhesive capsulitis [of the] left shoulder.” Pet. Ex. 5 at 77. Additionally, Dr. Katz noted
during the physical examination that petitioner had a “range of motion of abduction of the left
shoulder with some adhesive capsulitis.” Id. at 76.

         In addition to the diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis or frozen shoulder appearing in the
medical records, petitioner’s clinical signs and symptoms, along with treatment were consistent
with adhesive capsulitis described in the medical literature submitted in this case. The article by
Saleh et al., explains that “the diagnosis of frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis) is made by the
clinical presentation of shoulder stiffness and pain.” Resp. Ex. D, Tab 11 at 3. The Neviaser
article also explained that “a mechanical restraint to passive motion is the hallmark of adhesive
capsulitis. This finding is best appreciated on passive external rotation with the arm at the side.”
Resp. Ex. D, Tab 32 at 3. Further, the article stated that a patient will usually have normal
rotator cuff strength. Id. The Neviaser article described patients with adhesive capsulitis will
have loss of motion that accompanies the pain and patients have difficulty dressing, combing
their hair, and reaching behind their back. Id.

        Petitioner noted stiffness in her left shoulder as early as three days after the vaccination in
question. At her first medical appointment on October 21, 2013, petitioner demonstrated
“decreased range of motion in the shoulder in all directions and secondary to pain.” Pet. Ex. 5 at
65. When petitioner sought treatment from orthopedist, Dr. McLaughlin, on October 29, 2013,
petitioner complained of pain and stiffness of the left shoulder. Pet. Ex. 15 at 1. The stiffness

                                                  21
continued when she saw Dr. McLaughlin again on November 19, 2013. Id. at 4. Further, her
physical examination showed reduced range of motion, as she demonstrated “passive abduction
130 rotation, external 20,” with “pain in extremes of range of motion,” on November 19, 2013.
Pet. Ex. 6 at 3. She also demonstrated “passive external rotation 15 and passive forward flexion
120 with discomfort at terminal range of motion.” Id. at 5. When petitioner went to the
emergency department on December 1, 2013, petitioner had “decreased range of motion
secondary to discomfort.” Pet. Ex. 7 at 6.

        The Neviaser and Saleh articles also explain that treatment for adhesive capsulitis can
range from conservative treatment, such as physical therapy and the use of non-steroid anti-
inflammatory drugs, to intra-articular steroid injections and finally, surgical intervention. Resp.
Ex. D, Tab 32 at 4; Resp. Ex. D, Tab 11 at 3-4. Here, petitioner was initially prescribed physical
therapy, as well as non-steroid anti-inflammatories and Tylenol with Codeine. Pet. Ex. 6 at 3.
But by December 2013 petitioner explained that the physical therapy was making her symptoms
worse and was instructed to “stop therapy for the next 2 weeks.” Id. at 5-6. Additionally,
petitioner received two cortisone injections on October 29, 2013, and December 6, 2013, for
treatment of her shoulder. See Pet. Ex. 6 at 2; Pet. Ex. 5 at 86. Eventually, petitioner elected to
have surgical intervention because physical therapy and the steroid injections were not providing
consistent pain relief.

         While Dr. Cagle argued that adhesive capsulitis was not in the pre-or-post operative note,
the manipulation under anesthesia that Dr. Smiley performed is done specifically to address
adhesive capsulitis and the audible lysis of the lesions is entirely consistent with that diagnosis.
The operative note stated, “Left shoulder was manipulated. Next, 20 degrees of abduction was
obtained with audible lysis of lesions.” Resp. Ex. D at 7. The Neviaser article explained,
“manipulation under anesthesia was the standard of care for the management of refractory
adhesive capsulitis.” Resp. Ex. D, Tab 32 at 4. The article also explains that during the
manipulation, “audible popping of the capsule,” can be heard. Id. at 5. Petitioner’s orthopedic
expert, Dr. Graboff also explained that the manipulation under anesthesia would not have been
necessary or performed if petitioner had full range of motion in her shoulder. Pet. Ex. 12 at 2.
He stated that both the fact that Dr. Smiley performed the manipulation under anesthesia and
documented to have found “audible” lysis of adhesions, supports the diagnosis of adhesive
capsulitis. Id. I agree with Dr. Graboff. Manipulation under anesthesia is a known and accepted
treatment for adhesive capsulitis and it would be unlikely that petitioner’s surgeon, Dr. Smiley,
would have performed closed manipulation of the shoulder if he had not suspected adhesive
capsulitis nor is it likely that he would have noted the audible lysis of lesions had he not
perceived the disruption of the lesions upon manipulation. While the petitioner also had a minor,
at least previously asymptomatic tear of a rotator cuff tendon, the most likely cause of pain relief
in this case was the lysis of the lesions that impaired her range of motion in the left arm.

        Finally, the presence of rotator cuff tear pathology is consistent with other shoulder injury
post-vaccination cases before the program and seems incidental to the acute shoulder pain that
petitioner felt following the vaccination at issue. The article by Saleh et. al., submitted by the
respondent, described three cases of acute onset of adhesive capsulitis following pneumococcal

                                                 22
and influenza vaccines, both delivered intramuscularly. Resp. Ex. D, Tab 11, at 1. 14 The article
stated that while age-related degenerative changes could account for some pain and limitation of
motion, when there is “acute onset of these changes and timely association with vaccination, age-
related changes were unlikely to be the cause even with radiologic evidence of mild degenerative
changes.” Id. at 2. The Atanasoff article also noted that MRI findings in post-vaccination
shoulder injury cases, included rotator cuff tears. Resp. Ex. D, Tab 2. The article observed that
39% of individuals past middle age were found to have partial or complete rotator cuff tears that
were completely asymptomatic. Id. at 2. The authors concluded, “….some of the MRI
findings…such as rotator cuff tears, may have been present prior to the vaccination and became
symptomatic as a result of vaccination associated with synovial inflammation.” Id. at 3. In this
case, it seems distinctly possible that the minor rotator cuff tear may not have been the source of
her pain and dysfunction at all, but was simply co-existent with the primary source of pain and
dysfunction generated by the inflammatory response to the vaccine and adhesive capsulitis
caused by pain protective behavior in response to that pain.

        Petitioner’s medical records include a diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis in the multiple
appointments following the vaccination, and while petitioner’s shoulder surgery did not
expressly list “adhesive capsulitis” as a post-operative diagnosis, the note was detailed and
descriptive to the procedures and findings consistent with adhesive capsulitis. See Pet. Ex. 5 at
102-03. As such, for the reasons discussed above, I find that petitioner developed adhesive
capsulitis following her October 1, 2013, intradermal flu vaccination which was the primary
source of her pain and dysfunction.

        V. Causation Analysis

                       a. Althen Prong One

        Under Althen prong one, the causation theory must relate to the injury alleged. Thus, a
petitioner must provide a “reputable” medical or scientific explanation, demonstrating that the
vaccine received can cause the type of injury alleged. Pafford, 451 F.3d at 1355-56. The theory
must be based on a “sound and reliable medical or scientific explanation.” Knudsen v. Sec’y of
Health & Human Servs., 35 F.3d 543, 548 (Fed. Cir. 1994). It must only be “legally probable,
not medically or scientifically certain.” Id. at 549. However, the theory still must be based on a
“sound and reliable medical or scientific explanation.” Knudsen at 548. The Federal Circuit
explained in Althen that “while [that petitioner’s claim] involves the possible link between
[tetanus toxoid] vaccination and central nervous system injury, a sequence hitherto unproven in
medicine, the purpose of the Vaccine Act’s preponderance standard is to allow the finding of
causation in a field bereft of complete and direct proof of how vaccines affect the human body.”
Althen, 418 F.3d at 1280 (emphasis added).

        Petitioner has presented a sound and reliable theory that the intradermal flu vaccine she
received on October 1, 2013, caused a robust local inflammatory response, resulting in pain
protective behavior, and ultimately adhesive capsulitis. Pet. Ex. 8 at 2.

 Zeina M. Saleh, et. al., Onset of Frozen Shoulder Following Pneumococcal and Influenza Vaccinations, 14 J. of
14

Chiropractic Med., 285-289 (2015). [Resp. Ex. D-11].

                                                       23
        Dr. Gershwin opined that petitioner had both a local reaction and systemic inflammatory
response to the vaccination. Pet. Ex. 8 at 2; Pet. Ex. 9 at 2. He stated that petitioner’s
inflammatory markers, such as sedimentation rate and CRP were elevated, consistent with a
“systemic inflammatory response.” Id. In his second report, Dr. Gershwin stated that “there is
evidence that intradermal vaccines can cause a systemic inflammatory response,” and observed
that while the intradermal injection needle is only 1.5 mm long, the “intradermal injections are
actually difficult and lead to local bleeding and, not uncommonly, become subcutaneous
injections.” Pet. Ex. 9 at 1-2. The Rosenbuam article stated that after patients received an
intradermal injection there was “evidence of, systemic inflammation confirmed by molecular
signatures, including the upregulation of IL-6 and TNF and acute phase response signaling.” Pet.
Ex. 9-E. The authors found “a strong early local and systemic inflammatory response that
peaked at 24 hours post-vaccination, which was then progressively replaced by an adaptive
response.” Id. The authors documented that the “local innate response was characterized by
early massive recruitment of granulocytes, macrophages, and monocytoid cells.” Id. at 10.
Further, they noted that the “innate response was also initiated at the systemic level with rapid
and transient granulocyte recruitment and the release of multiple inflammatory cytokines
including IL-1β,IL-6 and TNFα from six to 24 hours post-injection, followed by a persistent
phase involving inflammatory monocytes.” Id. This article supports petitioner’s theory of
increased inflammation caused by an intradermal vaccine, and Dr. Gershwin’s opinion that the
intradermal flu vaccine induced an immune response that caused an inflammatory reaction and
injury to petitioner’s shoulder.

        Respondent’s expert, Dr. Schroeder agreed with Dr. Gershwin that petitioner suffered a
temporary inflammatory response. Resp. Ex. C at 1. However, he disagreed that petitioner’s local
inflammatory response could have led to a shoulder injury post-vaccination. Resp. Ex. A at 10.
Dr. Schroeder opined that an inflammatory response is expected because “the vaccine is
designed to elicit a systemic immune response to influenza antigens that will hopefully provide
protection against future infections.” Resp. Ex. C at 1. Citing to the Fluzone Quadrivalent
package insert, Dr. Schroeder explained that the most common injection site reactions include
pain, pruritus, erythema, swelling, and induration, and found “it quite plausible that the vaccine
was the proximate cause of the local induration, erythema, edema, and pain at the site of
injection,” as it is a recognized adverse reaction. Resp. Ex. A at 9-10; Resp. Ex. A, Tab 37-4, 37-
5.

        Dr. Schroeder’s argument that microinjector used for the intradermal flu vaccination
could not be the causal mechanism for petitioner’s shoulder injury because it was not long
enough to enter the joint and/or bursa is not persuasive. He explained that the Fluzone
Intradermal Quadrivalent vaccine is administered with a microinjection system. Resp. Ex. A at
8. Dr. Schroeder stated that microinjection system uses a “tiny hollow microneedle that
penetrates 1.5 mm into the skin from the outer skin surface to deliver a volume in the range of
100-200 µl.” Id. He stated that “…the micro-injector system is specifically designed to avoid
needle entry into the muscle, much less the joint and/or the bursa beneath.” Id. at 10. He
asserted that, “The fact the vaccine was administered intradermally rules out the proposed causal
mechanism of needle entry into the joint and/or bursa of the vaccine into the left shoulder.” Id.
However, Dr. Schroeder’s argument misses the point of the petitioner’s theory that the

                                                24
inflammatory response to the vaccine caused significant pain, a response that Dr. Schroeder
acknowledged occurs, and that the long standing pain resulted from pain protective behavior
causing adhesive capsulitis. Petitioner’s theory did not propose that the needle punctured a
rotator cuff tendon or a bursa in the shoulder.

        The Fluzone Intradermal Patient Information sheet, submitted by respondent, gave an
overview of the most common side effects. Resp. Ex. A, Tab 37 at 22-23. The information sheet
stated that the most common side effects are, “pain, redness, swelling, hardness, and itching
where you get the shot, muscle ache, tiredness, headache, [and] shivering.” Id. The petitioner
experienced a number of these symptoms but also developed a frozen shoulder by limiting her
arm motion in response to the pain. As noted above, she does not contend that the shot
penetrated structures in the rotator cuff.

        The medical literature submitted by respondent also supports petitioner’s theory that the
intradermal flu vaccination can cause an inflammatory response that results in pain, leading to
adhesive capsulitis. The Meijer et., al., article aimed to compare the side effects of intradermal
versus intramuscular influenza vaccinations among healthcare workers. Resp. Ex. A Tab 37-2. 15
The study found that “both systemic and local side effects were more prevalent in the i.d.
[intradermal] vaccinated compared to the i.m. [intramuscular] vaccinated participants.” Id. at 5.
Additionally, 453 participants who received the intradermal vaccination reported pain, compared
to 79 who received an intramuscular vaccination and 62 participants who received the
intradermal vaccination reported joint pain, compared to the 14 who reported joint pain
following the intramuscular vaccination. Id. at 5.

         The respondent’s argument that petitioner’s shoulder pain and dysfunction were caused
by her rotator cuff tear is unpersuasive. Dr. Schroeder wrote that, “The patient was found to
have an anatomic disorder, a tendon tear; and the symptoms of pain and decreased range of
motion completely resolved following surgical correction. Resp. Ex. A at 10. However, as
discussed above, the small tear found in her shoulder appeared to be found “incidentally,” when
Dr. Smiley entered the shoulder arthroscopically after he manipulated the shoulder under
anesthesia. Additionally, respondent’s expert, Dr. Cagle noted that “multiple studies have
demonstrated both through ultrasound assessment and through MRI assessment that people over
the age of 50 years old can have asymptomatic tears of the rotator cuff.” Resp. Ex. D at 7. The
article by Sher found that in individuals aged forty to sixty years old, 54% had a tear of the
rotator cuff, 28% had a full-thickness tear, and 12% had a partial thickness tear. 16 Resp. Ex. D
Tab 33. The authors note that “the tears were increasingly frequent with advanced age.” Id.
Similarly, the Tempelhof study found that the prevalence of rotator cuff tears increased
significantly with age, with “54% rate of rotator cuff tear among subjects more than 60 years old;

15
  W.J. Meijer, et. al., Influenza vaccination in healthcare workers; comparison of side effects and preferred route of
administration of intradermal versus intramuscular administration, 35 Vaccine 1517-1523 (2017). [Resp. Ex. A
Tab 37-2].
16
  Sher, et. al., Abnormal Findings on Magnetic Resonance Images of Asymptomatic Shoulders, 77-A J. of Bone and
Joint Surgery (1995). [Resp. Ex. D Tab 33].

                                                         25
28% of them had full-thickness tears and 26% had partial thickness tears.” 17 Resp. Ex. D Tab 34.
The Minagawa study also noted that “asymptomatic rotator cuff tears accounted for 50% of all
tears in the 50s but in those older than 60 years of age, the prevalence of asymptomatic rotator
cuff tears was significantly greater than that of symptomatic tears.” 18 Resp. Ex. D Tab 35.

        In this case, petitioner was 61 when she received the flu vaccination and if she had a
rotator cuff tear prior to the vaccination, it was asymptomatic, as she did not demonstrate any
shoulder pain or dysfunction prior to receiving the vaccination. The January 2014 surgery
corrected a small tear of the supraspinatus tendon, in addition to the surgeon performing
manipulation. Pet. Ex. 5 at 102-03. Petitioner’s orthopedist expert, Dr. Graboff opined that this
small rotator cuff tear “would not have on its own spontaneously caused her to develop the signs
and symptoms of adhesive capsulitis after the [vaccination].” Pet. Ex. 11 at 4. Additionally,
when petitioner was assessed by orthopedist, Dr. Robert Duncan on May 20, 2015, he wrote,
“[petitioner] then underwent a glenohumeral joint aspiration which was negative, followed by
arthroscopy on Jan. 7, 2014, with only a tiny and likely incidental visualized tear,” which is
indicative that the small tear would not have been the cause of petitioner’s shoulder pain and
dysfunction. See Pet. Ex. 5 at 286. While petitioner’s left shoulder injury improved
substantially upon lysis of the lesions in her shoulders and/or repair of the small rotator cuff tear,
I am inclined to assign greater significance to the adhesive capsulitis as the source of petitioner’s
pain and dysfunction rather than the small tear that was “incidentally” visualized during the
surgery.

        Finally, the acute onset of petitioner’s pain and shoulder dysfunction within 2 days after
the vaccination is more consistent with an immune-mediated inflammatory response than
possible underlying shoulder pathology. Dr. Graboff stated that the vaccination induced an
inflammatory response, causing left shoulder adhesive capsulitis. Pet. Ex. 11 at 4. He stated
that, “[petitioner] developed a strong inflammatory pain producing response in a reasonable
timeframe after vaccination,” and that it is not the length of the needle that causes such reaction.
Pet. Ex. 12 at 3. Dr. Graboff’s opinion is consistent with the medical literature, where the rapid
onset of pain and shoulder dysfunction occurred after vaccination both in patients that likely had
pre-existing asymptomatic shoulder pathology and those that did not. The explanation that a tiny
rotator cuff tear suddenly became symptomatic in the days after the vaccination, having nothing
to do with the vaccination, makes much less sense then the explanation of well reported
inflammatory pain post intradermal vaccination giving rise to pain protective behavior and
adhesive capsulitis.

        In this case the cause of the petitioner’s pain is also supported by Dr. Gershwin’s
explanation of the aggressive immune response expected when a vaccine is administered
intradermally because of the abundance of macrophages, Langerhan cells and several subsets of
dendritic cells present in the intradermal space which is precisely the reason that the intradermal
system was introduced. Pet. Ex. 9-E at 1. The studies of adverse responses conducted by the
17
   Siegbert Tempelhof, Age-related prevalence of rotator cuff tears in asymptomatic shoulders, 8(4) J. Shoulder
Elbow Surg., 296-299 (1999). [Resp. Ex. D Tab 34].
18
  Hiroshi Minagawa, et. al., Prevalence of Symptomatic and asymptomatic rotator cuff tears in the general
population: From mass-screening in one village, 10 J. of Orthopaedics 8-12 (2013). [Resp. Ex. D Tab 35].

                                                        26
manufacturer also documented shoulder pain in equal or greater numbers as those that occurred
with the intramuscular injector.

       Therefore, petitioner has established that the October 1, 2013, intradermal flu vaccination
was the cause-in-fact of an inflammatory response involving the onset of pain and swelling
within 2 days, followed by the development of adhesive capsulitis which resolved following
closed manipulation of the shoulder under general anesthesia with reported audible lysis of
adhesions during this procedure on January 7, 2014.

           b. Althen Prong Two

        Under Althen prong two, petitioner must prove “a logical sequence of cause and effect
showing that the vaccination was the reason for [her] injury.” Althen, 418 F.3d at 1278. This
prong is sometimes referred to as the “did it cause” test; i.e. in this particular case, did the
vaccine(s) cause the alleged injury. Broekelschen, 618 F. 3d at 1345 (“Because causation is
relative to the injury, a petitioner must provide a reputable medical or scientific explanation that
pertains specifically to the petitioner’s case”). Temporal association alone is not evidence of
causation. See Grant v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 9556 F.2d 1144, 1148 (Fed. Cir.
1992). This sequence of cause and effect is usually supported by facts derived from petitioner’s
medical records. Althen, 418 F.3d at 1278; Andreu, 569 F.3d at 1375-77; Capizzano, 440 F.3d at
1326; Grant, 956 F.2d at 1148. Treating physicians are likely to be in the best position to
determine whether a logical sequence of cause and effect show[s] that the vaccination was the
reason for the injury. Paluck v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 786 F.3d 1373, 1385 (Fed. Cir.
2015) (quoting Andreu, 569 F.3d 1375).

       Petitioner’s experts opined that the flu vaccine caused an inflammatory response, which
caused pain around the structures of the shoulder, leading to pain protection behavior and
ultimately adhesive capsulitis.

         Dr. Schroeder agreed with petitioner’s expert Dr. Gershwin that “the vaccine was the
proximate cause of the local induration, erythema, edema, and pain at the site of
infection…[however] he argued that the fact the vaccine was administered intradermally rules
out the proposed causal mechanism of needle entry into the joint and/or bursa of the vaccine into
the left shoulder.” Resp. Ex. A at 10. As noted above, petitioner’s argument is not that the
intradermal needle entered the joint and/or bursa of the left shoulder, but instead that the
vaccination caused inflammation, which led to ongoing pain and shoulder dysfunction,
ultimately leading to adhesive capsulitis. Dr. Graboff opined that the series of events described
by petitioner demonstrates a “logical” sequence of events, and the January 7, 2014, left shoulder
manipulation confirmed the diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis through the “audible lysis of
adhesions.” See Pet. Ex. 5 at 102; Pet. Ex. 11 at 4; Pet. Mot. at 10. Above, I found that petitioner
had provided preponderant evidence of a sound and reliable theory that the intradermal flu
vaccination can cause an inflammatory reaction, resulting in pain and shoulder dysfunction. I
also conclude that it did in this case.

       Prior to receiving the Flu vaccine, petitioner did not experience any injuries or pain in her
arms or shoulder. Pet. Aff. ¶ at 5; Pet. Ex. 11 at 3. Petitioner received the intradermal flu

                                                 27
vaccination on October 1, 2013, and immediately felt an electric sensation in her am, and
described a pain that she had never experienced during any other vaccination. Id. ¶ 4. On
October 21, 2013, petitioner presented to the Lahey clinic indicating that she “had a flu vaccine
injection through work approximately 2 and half to 3 weeks ago. She reports developing a red
hard localized area at the site of injection which gradually resolved.” Pet. Ex. 5 at 63. It was
noted that “there was no other injury contributing to [her] current symptoms.” Id. The physical
exam revealed petitioner had a “moderate amount of decreased range of motion of the shoulder
in all directions, secondary to pain in the anterior posterior rotator cuff.” Id. at 65. Petitioner
was assessed with a “Local reaction to the flu injection,” and she was referred to physical
therapy. Id. The same day petitioner filed an incident report referring to “severe swelling, hard
lump, + redness [on] October 8th” Pet. Ex. 4 at 1. Petitioner returned to the Lahey Clinic noting
her injury “started as left upper arm/shoulder soreness a few days after she received Flu shot.”
Pet. Ex. 5 at 66.

         Respondent references parts of the medical records in the months between the initial
report of pain and the surgery to argue against a diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis, but there are
also multiple entries indicating agreement with that diagnosis. Respondent notes that on October
24, 2013, twenty-three days post-vaccination, petitioner indicated to her primary care physician
that the lump had resolved, and her PCP did not document any redness or tenderness at that time.
Resp. Response at 18; Pet. Ex. 5 at 65. However, respondent conspicuously failed to observe
that the medical record from the same day also says, “Left deltoid area with no redness or
tenderness. She does have moderate amount of decreased range of motion of the shoulder in all
directions secondary to pain in the anterior posterior rotator cuff. No instability. No tenderness
of the trapezius area…assessment: local reaction to flu injection.” Pet. Ex. 5 at 65 (emphasis
added).

        On October 29, 2013, petitioner visited Dr. McLaughlin for left shoulder pain, and he
noted “[Petitioner] presents for evaluation of left shoulder pain that occurred about 3.5-4 weeks
ago. She reports -receiving a flu shot to the left arm and 3 days later she began to experience
redness, swelling, pain, and stiffness to the left shoulder.” Pet. Ex. 6 at 1. Under “impression,”
Dr. McLaughlin noted that he did not believe her shoulder pain was directly related to the flu
vaccine, and he administered a subacromial injection of cortisone in her left shoulder. Id. at 2.
On November 17, 2013, petitioner underwent an MRI and it noted “a small amount of abnormal
fluid within the subdeltoid bursa,” which is consistent with inflammation in the bursa. See Pet.
Ex. 7 at 11. Additionally, the MRI showed a “moderate distal supraspinatus tendinopathy
associated with a moderate partial-thickness deep surface tear distally.” Pet. Ex. 7 at 12.

        On November 19, 2013, petitioner returned to Dr. McLaughlin for an MRI follow up and
reported that the cortisone shot from October 29, 2013, did not provide any relief. Pet. Ex. 6 at 4.
Dr. McLaughlin noted that petitioner appears to be developing “a picture of Early Frozen
shoulder. She has increasing pain and stiffness. No sign of infection of drainage. She also has
some rotator cuff tendinopathy but without any obvious tear.” Id. On December 3, 2013,
petitioner returned to Dr. McLaughlin and under “impression,” he noted that “she is suffering
from what appears to be early and intense frozen shoulder of her left shoulder…I think she may
be [have an] inflamed bursa.” Id. at 5-6.

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       On December 16, 2013, and petitioner indicated pain “within a few days of the flu
vaccination, and on May 20, 2015, petitioner indicated she had “immediate pain.” Pet. Ex. 5 at
74-77 and 286-291. Respondent argues that the histories given by petitioner to various treating
physicians are not consistent with the medical records regarding what symptoms she experienced
and when she experienced them, but the medical records clearly show a progression of pain and
shoulder dysfunction starting after the flu vaccine in question. Resp. Response at 18-19.

        On January 7, 2014, petitioner underwent a left shoulder arthroscopy with a preoperative
diagnosis of left shoulder impingement, and a post-operative diagnosis of left shoulder
impingement with rotator cuff tear. Pet. Ex. 5 at 102. The operative note stated that petitioner’s
left shoulder was manipulated with 20 degrees of abduction and demonstrated “audible lysis of
adhesions,” followed by the insertion of an arthroscope into the subacromial space and
debridement of “hypertrophic synovium and repair of the small tear in the tendon. Id. at 103. As
concluded above, the shoulder manipulation is a well-accepted treatment for adhesive capsulitis
and therefore supports the diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis concluded above particularly when
audible lysis of adhesions was noted Petitioner had a follow-up appointment on January 10,
2014, and it was noted that the surgery went well and that she should stay in her shoulder sling as
much as possible. Id. at 98.

        Additionally, two of petitioner’s treating physicians, Drs. Smiley and Gantz, associated
petitioner’s left shoulder pain and dysfunction to the flu shot she received on October 1, 2013.
See Pet. Ex. 5 at 65 (asserting petitioner had a “significant inflammatory response” to the flu
vaccine); Pet. Ex. 5 at 86 (petitioner was diagnosed with a localized reaction to the flu vaccine).
Dr. McLaughlin noted on October 29, 2013, that petitioner “reports receiving a flu shot to the
left arm and 3 days after she began to experience redness, swelling, pain, and stiffness to the left
shoulder.” Pet. Ex. 15 at 1.

        Respondent’s expert, Dr. Schroeder conceded that it was “plausible” that he intradermal
flu vaccination was responsible for petitioner’s “local induration, erythema, edema, and pain at
the sight of injection.” Resp. Ex. A at 10. Additionally, Dr. Schroeder also conceded that
petitioner’s shoulder pain “appeared at about the same time as the local reaction.” Id. at 11.
However, both Drs. Schroeder and Cagle only attribute the resolution of petitioner’s shoulder
pain to the repair of the tendon tear. See Resp. Ex. A at 11; Resp. Ex. F at 5. As discussed
above, I found that petitioner had a diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis and that the tear that was
found in her shoulder was categorized as “incidental,” thus making it more likely that her
shoulder pain was the result of adhesive capsulitis and not the tear.

       As such, petitioner has demonstrated Althen prong two by a preponderance of evidence.

           c. Althen prong three

        Althen prong three requires establishing a “proximate temporal relationship” between the
vaccination and the injury alleged. Althen at 1281. That term has equated to the phrase,
“medically-acceptable temporal relationship.” Id. A petitioner must offer “preponderant proof
that the onset of symptoms occurred within a timeframe which, given the medical understanding
of the disorder’s etiology, it is medically acceptable to infer causation.” de Bazan v. Sec’y of

                                                 29
Health & Hum. Servs., 539 F.3d 1347, 1352 (Fed. Cir. 2008). The explanation for what is
medically acceptable timeframe must also coincide with the theory of how the relevant vaccine
can cause an injury (Althen prong one). Id. at 1352.

        Respondent argued that petitioner’s expert did not offer a “medically-acceptable temporal
relationship” between the intradermal flu vaccination and the onset of petitioner’s pain and
adhesive capsulitis. Resp. Brief at 21. However, petitioner’s expert, Dr. Graboff, stated that
petitioner’s development of adhesive capsulitis occurring “within days of the vaccination,” is
“well documented in the medical records.” Pet. Ex. 11 at 4. He also stated, “The development
of localized pain in the days after the injection is typical and can, as it has in this case, be a direct
and proximate precursor and the cause of the development of adhesive capsulitis.” Pet. Ex. 11 at
4. Respondent’s expert, Dr. Schroeder does not dispute the fact that petitioner suffered a
“surface reaction at the site of the intradermal injection,” and stated that “within a week of the
vaccine, [petitioner] developed a localized pain in her left shoulder.” See Resp. Ex. A at 7.

        The Fluzone Intradermal Quadrivalent package insert explained the injection-site adverse
reactions, which include pain, pruritis, erythema, swelling, and induration occurred within 7 days
of vaccination. See Resp. Ex. A, Tab 4 at 8. Thus, the medically acceptable temporal
relationship between the intradermal flu vaccination and the onset of petitioner’s pain is seven
days. Additionally, the medical literature filed by both petitioner and respondent support an
onset of pain within hours to days of the vaccination. The Cross article noted that with
intradermal vaccinations, “most patients developed pain and reduced range of motion within a
few hours of vaccination, although it can be delayed up to four days.” Pet. Ex. 8 Tab 2. 19 The
Atanasoff article cited by both respondent and petitioner studied 13 cases of shoulder dysfunction
following intramuscular vaccination and all the participants “experienced the rapid onset of
shoulder pain (range: immediate to four days) following vaccination.” Resp. Ex. A, Tab 1. The
Arias review paper, submitted by respondent, created a systematic review of cases of shoulder
injuries in the Spanish Pharmacovigilance System Database (“FEDRA”) and found “that the
patients had [immediate] pain or pain arising within the first 24 hour post-vaccination in 81.1%
of cases, while the remaining 18.9% [had] pain within the 4 first days.” Resp. Ex. D Tab 13. 20

         The medical records consistently demonstrate that petitioner associated the onset of her
pain and localized injection site reaction within the medically acceptable timeframe established
in the literature and referenced by Dr. Graboff. For example, when petitioner returned from her
trip from Aruba, she sought medical care on October 21, 2013, petitioner stated that she had a flu
vaccine two or three weeks ago and that at the site of injection, she developed a “red, hard,
localized area.” Pet. Ex. 5 at 63. The record also states, “She now has continued pain in the
posterior left shoulder area with decreased range of motion. There was no other injury
contributing to current symptoms.” Id. The same day petitioner filed an incident report referring
to “severe swelling, hard lump, + redness [on] October 8th” Pet. Ex. 4 at 1. On October 29, 2018,
petitioner visited Dr. McLaughlin for left shoulder pain and he noted “she reports of receiving a

19
   Gail B. Cross, et. al., Don’t aim too high: Avoiding shoulder injury related to vaccine administration, 45(5)
Australian Family Physician 303-306 (2016). [Pet. Ex. 8 Tab 2].
20
  L.H. Martin Arias, et. al., Risk of bursitis and other injuries and dysfunctions of the shoulder following
vaccination, 35 Vaccine 4870-4876 (2017). [Resp. Ex. D Tab 13].

                                                          30
flu shot to the left arm and 3 days later she began to experience redness, swelling, pain, and
stiffness to the left shoulder.” Pet. Ex. 6 at 6. On December 16, 2013, it was noted that “within a
few days subsequent to the injection she developed a lot of throbbing and soreness in the left
shoulder.” Pet. Ex. 5 at 74.

        Petitioner consistently reported pain and stiffness in her left shoulder as early as two days
after the vaccination in question. At her first medical appointment on October 21, 2013,
petitioner demonstrated “decreased range of motion in the shoulder in all directions and
secondary to pain.” Pet. Ex. 5 at 65.

        While Dr. Cagle is likely correct that the small tear in the rotator cuff was not caused by
the intradermal needle, as noted above, I have concluded that the small tear in the tendon was not
the source of petitioner’s pain which occurred in close proximity to the vaccination and
presented with well reported symptoms of pain, stiffness, redness, and induration. Progression to
adhesive capsulitis secondary to pain protective behavior is a much more likely explanation for
her ongoing pain and dysfunction leading to the shoulder manipulation and surgery in January
2014.

       Consistent with the finding above regarding the onset of petitioner’s left shoulder pain
and dysfunction, petitioner provided preponderant evidence to satisfy Althen prong three.

   VI.     Conclusion

       In accordance with the above I find that petitioner has established by preponderant
evidence that she is entitled to compensation, by demonstrating that the flu vaccination
administered on October 1, 2013, was the cause-in-fact of her left shoulder pain and ultimate
diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis. A separate damages order will be issued.

         IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                                      s/Thomas L. Gowen
                                                                      Thomas L. Gowen
                                                                      Special Master

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