Court Opinion

ID: 6215953
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-02-08 16:23:14.991325+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:57:06.869399
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                      FEBRUARY 8, 2022
                                                                  In the Office of the Clerk of Court
                                                                 WA State Court of Appeals, Division III

            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
                               DIVISION THREE

RICHARD C. JOHNSON and DIANNE                   )
H. JOHNSON, husband and wife,                   )         No. 37784-9-III
                                                )
                      Respondents,              )
                                                )
       v.                                       )
                                                )         UNPUBLISHED OPINION
MORGAN H. DAVIS, an individual,                 )
                                                )
                      Appellant.                )

       SIDDOWAY, A.C.J. — Morgan Davis appeals the trial court adjudication that

property he owns in Okanogan County is subject to an easement in favor of his

neighbors, Richard and Dianne Johnson. Mr. Davis does not assign error to the trial

court’s findings of fact, but argues that the trial court misinterpreted the intent of a

declaration of easements filed by his predecessor in interest in 1978 and erred by placing

the access easement for the Johnsons across his property. We affirm.
No. 37784-9-III
Johnson v. Davis

                     FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       The following facts are either allegations of the complaint that were not denied or

are drawn from the trial court’s findings of fact to which error is not assigned.

       Richard and Dianne Johnson were, at the time they commenced the action below,

residents of California. In 2006, they acquired real property in Okanogan County

through a statutory warranty deed dated December 7, 2006, which was recorded on

December 14, 2006.

       Morgan Davis owns a neighboring property in Okanogan County that he acquired

in 1991 through a statutory warranty deed dated September 18, 1981, which was recorded

on December 10, 1991.

       Both the Johnsons’ property and Mr. Davis’s property are subject to a declaration

of covenants, conditions and easements recorded with the Okanogan County auditor on

July 17, 1978 (the 1978 Declaration).

       Mr. Johnson crossed the Davis property only infrequently after purchasing his own

property. Initially, Mr. Davis allowed Mr. Johnson to cross his property in order to reach

the Johnson property. In 2009, Mr. Johnson used his GMC truck and accessed his

property by opening two gates on the Davis property and traveling over the Davis

property.

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Johnson v. Davis

       In 2015, Mr. Davis put locks on the gates at the location where Mr. Johnson had

previously crossed his property. He also notified Mr. Johnson that the Johnsons were no

longer permitted to cross his property to access theirs.

       The Johnsons thereafter brought the action below, seeking an order quieting title

to a 30 foot easement for right-of-way for ingress, egress and utilities across Mr. Davis’s

property, on a route depicted by their complaint. They also sought to permanently enjoin

Mr. Davis and his successors from interfering with the easement’s enjoyment and use.

They relied on the 1978 Declaration.

       The 1978 Declaration was executed and recorded by Barnett/Turlis, Inc., which

was acquiring a large tract of land from a number of property owners with a view to

selling it for residential and recreational use. It provides in relevant part:

       The purpose of this Declaration is to establish certain covenants and
       easements to promote the orderly use and enjoyment of all the premises, to
       protect and increase the property value thereof, and otherwise to generally
       benefit all owners of the premises. . . .
       ....
       II. REASONABLE ACCESS.
               A.     Purpose. There are presently roads on the premises described
       in Exhibit 1, attached, which provide reasonable access to said premises in
       their undivided and undeveloped state. The purpose of this declaration is
       to insure that upon division and development of said premises[,] reasonable
       access will be assured to parcels into which said premises are divided.
       There is presently no reasonable means of determining where new roads
       must be located to provide reasonable access to said parcels. It is, however,
       the intent of these provisions that the owners of such parcels shall have
       necessary easements for ingress and egress and utilities over adjoining
       parcels for such reasonable access wherever it becomes necessary.

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Johnson v. Davis

            B. Easements for Ingress and Egress.
               (1)    Existing Roads. The existing roads located on the premises
            described in Exhibit 1 are hereby reserved for the common use of the
            owners of all portions of said premises as necessary for such owner’s
            ingress and egress and utilities to their respective parcels. . . .
               (2)    New Roads. Any subsequent divisions of the premises
            described in Exhibit 1 shall include, as necessary, easements for
            ingress and egress and utilities to adjoining portions of said premises
            in order to provide reasonable access thereto the owners thereof.
       ....
       V. DURATION AND EFFECT.
              This declaration of covenants, conditions and easements shall run
       with the premises described in Exhibit l and shall be binding upon all
       subsequent purchasers of portions thereof.

Ex. 1, at 1-3.

       The case proceeded to a one-day bench trial. The Johnsons appeared through

counsel and Mr. Davis appeared pro se. In a letter decision issued following the trial, the

court concluded that the Johnsons were entitled to judgment enforcing “an easement for

right of way for ingress, egress, and utilities of thirty (30) feet in width generally running

east to west, south of and paralleling Bonaparte Creek.” Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 342. It

located the easement in the same area on the Davis property that Mr. Davis had allowed

Mr. Johnson to use as access prior to 2015. It permanently enjoined Mr. Davis and his

successors from interfering with the Johnsons’ and their successors’ use and enjoyment

of the easement.

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No. 37784-9-III
Johnson v. Davis

      The findings, conclusions, and judgment entered by the court attached this

depiction of the easement’s location:

CP at 369.

      Mr. Davis filed motions thereafter that the trial court treated as requesting

reconsideration. After hearing argument, the court granted reconsideration in part,

limiting the width of the easement to “no more than fifteen (15 feet)” and ordering the

Johnsons and their successors to close the perimeter gates when using the easement for

ingress and egress. Mr. Davis appeals.

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No. 37784-9-III
Johnson v. Davis

                                        ANALYSIS

       An appeal is not a second chance for an appellant to persuade the decision maker

of the appellant’s view of the facts. In reviewing the outcome of a bench trial, we review

whether any factual findings by the trial court that are challenged are supported by

substantial evidence, and whether the factual findings support the trial court’s

conclusions of law. Hurlbut v. Crines, 14 Wn. App. 2d 660, 667, 473 P.3d 263 (2020)

(citing Nejin v. City of Seattle, 40 Wn. App. 414, 418-19, 698 P.2d 615 (1985)). We

defer to the trial court’s assessment of credibility and its weighing of the evidence. Buck

Mountain Owners’ Ass’n v. Prestwich, 174 Wn. App. 702, 713, 308 P.3d 644 (2013)

(citing Boeing Co. v. Heidy, 147 Wn.2d 78, 87, 51 P.3d 793 (2002)). Accordingly, in

reviewing the record for substantial evidence, we view the evidence in the light most

favorable to the party who prevailed. Id. In this case, then, we presume that on any

factual issue on which the parties’ evidence was conflicting, the trial court found the

Johnsons’ evidence to be credible and entitled to the most weight.

       As the Johnsons point out, Mr. Davis’s opening brief does not assign error to any

of the trial court’s factual findings, so we treat them as verities on appeal. Id. at 714

(citing Cowiche Canyon Conservancy v. Bosley, 118 Wn.2d 801, 808, 828 P.2d 549

(1992)). Although Mr. Davis opened his reply brief by asking us to forgive any

procedural error on his part in the interest of reaching the merits, citing RAP 1.2(a), he

still does not identify any finding of fact that he argues is contrary to the evidence.

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No. 37784-9-III
Johnson v. Davis

       Mr. Davis’s quarrel appears to be with the trial court’s conclusions of law.

Although he organizes his opening brief around four assignments of error, the alleged

errors are difficult to discern, principally because Mr. Davis confuses the law that applies

to the express, appurtenant easement in this case with different law that applies to

easements that arise by means other than through an express grant.

       We can discern that Mr. Davis contends the trial court erred when it concluded

that the 1978 Declaration intended to create an easement in the present circumstances.

Specifically, he alleges that the declaration requires that an easement be “absolutely

necessary” and the trial court should have found the easement unnecessary in this case.

He also challenges the trial court’s decision to place the easement on his property. We

address the issues in that order.

I.     THE EASEMENT SOUGHT BY THE JOHNSONS WAS “NECESSARY” WITHIN THE
       MEANING OF THE 1978 DECLARATION

       An easement is a property right separate from ownership that allows the use of

another’s land without compensation. Hanna v. Margitan, 193 Wn. App. 596, 606, 373

P.3d 300 (2016) (quoting M.K.K.I., Inc. v. Krueger, 135 Wn. App. 647, 654, 145 P.3d

411 (2006)). An easement appurtenant is an irrevocable interest in land that has been

obtained for duly given consideration. Id. (quoting Kirk v. Tomulty, 66 Wn. App. 231,

238-39, 831 P.2d 792 (1992)). Easements appurtenant become part of the realty that they

benefit. Unless limited by the terms of creation or transfer, appurtenant easements follow

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No. 37784-9-III
Johnson v. Davis

possession of the dominant estate through successive transfers. Id. (quoting Green v.

Lupo, 32 Wn. App. 318, 323, 647 P.2d 51 (1982)). Mr. Davis does not dispute that the

1978 Declaration created express easements and applies to both his and the Johnsons’

land.

        The interpretation of an easement is a mixed question of law and fact. Sunnyside

Valley Irrig. Dist. v. Dickie, 149 Wn.2d 873, 880, 73 P.3d 369 (2003) (citing Veach v.

Culp, 92 Wn.2d 570, 573, 599 P.2d 526 (1979)). What the original parties intended is a

question of fact and the legal consequence of that intent is a question of law. Id. (citing

Veach, 92 Wn.2d at 573). The intent of the original parties to an easement is determined

from the deed as a whole. Id. (citing Zobrist v. Culp, 95 Wn.2d 556, 560, 627 P.2d 1308

(1981)). If the plain language is unambiguous, extrinsic evidence will not be considered.

Id. (citing City of Seattle v. Nazarenus, 60 Wn.2d 657, 665, 374 P.2d 1014 (1962)).

        An easement defined in general terms, without a definite location or description, is

called a floating easement. Sunnyside Valley, 149 Wn.2d at 880. A floating easement

becomes fixed to a location after construction and cannot thereafter be changed. The

width of a floating easement is bounded by the doctrine of reasonable enjoyment and is

restricted to “that which is reasonably necessary and convenient to effectuate the original

purpose for granting the easement.” Id.

        The following language from the 1978 Declaration granted the easement that the

Johnsons sought to enforce:

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No. 37784-9-III
Johnson v. Davis

       New Roads. Any subsequent divisions of the premises . . . shall include,
       as necessary, easements for ingress and egress and utilities to adjoining
       portions of the premises in order to provide reasonable access thereto the
       owners thereof.

Ex. 1, at 2. “Reasonable access” is defined by the 1978 Declaration as “access over

terrain on which a usable forest service type road could be constructed which could be

easily negotiated by a standard four wheel drive vehicle.” Id. at 1.

       Mr. Davis’s principal argument is that the easement must be “absolutely

necessary” as he understands that term to be used in a comment by law student Harold J.

Hunsaker entitled The Implied Easement and Way of Necessity in Washington, 26 WASH.

L. REV. 125 (1951). The law review comment discusses law having no application to this

case. The concept of “absolute necessity” discussed by Hunsaker is not necessity of a

higher degree; thus construed, the term would be redundant, since “necessary” is itself

defined as meaning, e.g., “1 : absolutely needed : REQUIRED // Food is necessary for life.”

MERRIAM-WEBSTER ONLINE DICTIONARY (https://www.merriam-webster.com/

dictionary/necessary).

       Hunsaker uses “absolute necessity,” instead, in describing the position of

Washington courts that one could have a common law right of necessity only if it could

be based on an implied grant, or estoppel, arising out of a prior unity of title, whereas a

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Johnson v. Davis

statutory right of necessity could be had over the land of a stranger. See id. at 130-33.1

As observed at the outset by the Hunsaker comment, implied easements, including ways

of necessity, “arise[ ] by inference of law when certain facts concerning the conveyance

of land are found by the court.” Id. at 125 (emphasis added). They are unlike express

easements, such as the 1978 Declaration, that are intentionally and expressly created by a

landowner with the power to create them and to bind successors. Unsurprisingly, when a

court imposes an easement that was never expressly granted by the owner or his

predecessors, more stringent proofs apply. With an express easement, by contrast, we are

concerned only with discerning and enforcing the intent of the easement grantor.

       Turning to the plain language of the 1978 Declaration, the express grant is “as

necessary, easements for ingress and egress and utilities to adjoining portions of [the]

       1
         Hunsaker opines that “[i]f dicta may be used as a basis of prediction, absolute
necessity is required for the common law way of necessity in Washington,” citing
Schulenbarger v. Johnstone, 64 Wash. 202, 116 Pac. 843 (1911), Healy Lumber Co. v.
Morris, 33 Wash. 490, 74 Pac. 681 (1903), and Long v. Billings, 7 Wash. 267, 34 Pac.
936 (1893)). 26 WASH. L. REV. at 133 & n.39. As relevant to the point being made by
Hunsaker, Schulenbarger summarily dismissed the appellant’s claim to an easement for a
private road of necessity, where “a private way of necessity, as that term was defined at
common law, does not apply to a way over the land of another, unless there be a
dominant and servient estate.” 64 Wash. at 205. Healy Lumber states, “[A] way of
necessity can only be raised out of land granted or reserved by the grantor, but not out of
the land of a stranger.” 33 Wash. at 510. Long explains that at common law a right to a
way of necessity arose when necessary access was over the land of the purchaser’s
grantor, but “when the purchaser found himself . . . cut off by lands not the property of
his grantor, his remedy was by means of a public road only . . . since private lands could
not be taken for merely private purposes.” 7 Wash. at 269.

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No. 37784-9-III
Johnson v. Davis

premises in order to provide reasonable access thereto the owners thereof.” Ex. 1, at 2.

In the trial below, Mr. Davis essentially admitted that an access easement to the

Johnsons’ property was “necessary” within the common meaning of that word: it was

absolutely needed and required in order for them to reach their property. His argument

was only that it should follow a different route, preferably over land other than his. As he

told the court in opening statement, “[T]hey have alternate routes that are legally

enforceable by the Declaration of Easements and Covenants and the RCWs of this State

and binding case law.” Report of Proceedings (RP) at 21-22. As he argued to the court

in closing, “You know, it’s expensive to develop property when you buy property and

you then develop it. You know, it’s the burden of the person to pay for those expenses,

not his neighbor.” RP at 174-75.

       The trial court properly considered the intent of Barnett/Turlis when, in 1978, it

created floating easements for future owners. The expressed purposes of the 1978

Declaration included “establish[ing] certain covenants and easements to promote the

orderly use and enjoyment of all the premises, [and] to protect and increase the property

value thereof.” Ex. 1, at 1. As it pertained to providing access, the 1978 Declaration’s

stated purpose was “to insure that upon division and development of said premises[,]

reasonable access will be assured to parcels into which said premises are divided.”

Id. at 2. The 1978 Declaration states, “There is presently no reasonable means of

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No. 37784-9-III
Johnson v. Davis

determining where new roads must be located to provide reasonable access,” thereby

recognizing that the locations must be fixed in the future, potentially by a court. Id.

       Construing the 1978 Declaration as a whole, the language “as necessary” required

the Johnsons to prove only that no legal, presently-usable access existed to their property.

Once Mr. Davis withdrew permission to cross his land, that was the case. The easement

sought by the Johnsons was “necessary” within the meaning of the 1978 Declaration.

II.    FOR THE TRIAL COURT TO FIX THE JOHNSONS’ ACCESS WHERE IT DID WAS
       CONSISTENT WITH THE 1978 DECLARATION AND APPLICABLE LAW

       It is a verity on appeal that the access actually (albeit infrequently) used by Mr.

Johnson from the time he acquired his property in 2006 until 2015 was the route along

Bonaparte Creek that the trial court fixed as the Johnsons’ easement. Mr. Davis

complained at trial that Mr. Johnson’s use during those years was “permissive.” E.g.,

RP at 14-15, 19, 180. Evidently it was. But that does not help Mr. Davis.

       The trial court was not being asked to find a prescriptive easement, which could

not be based on permissive use. See, e.g., Boyd v. Sunflower Props., LLC, 197 Wn. App.

137, 143, 389 P.3d 626 (2016) (“The requirements to establish a prescriptive easement

are the same as those to establish adverse possession” and include “open and notorious

use of the servient land . . . adverse to the owner of the land sought to be subjected.”).

The court was being asked to fix the location of an express, floating easement. Mr.

Johnson’s prior use of the route across Mr. Davis’s land supported the trial court’s

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No. 37784-9-III
Johnson v. Davis

decision to fix the easement where it did. Mr. Davis fails to demonstrate any error in

fixing the easement at that location.

       Affirmed.

       A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW

2.06.040.

                                             _____________________________
                                             Siddoway, A.C.J.

WE CONCUR:

_____________________________
Lawrence-Berrey, J.

_____________________________
Fearing, J.

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