Court Opinion

ID: 9954041
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-03-25 16:10:11.69163+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:11:45.443074
License: Public Domain

03/25/2024
        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT JACKSON
                                 October 3, 2023 Session

  STATE OF TENNESSEE v. ANTONIO DEMETRIUS ADKISSON A/K/A
              ANTONIO DEMETRIUS TURNER, JR.

                   Appeal from the Circuit Court for Gibson County
                        No. 19840 Clayburn Peeples, Judge
                      ___________________________________

                            No. W2022-01009-CCA-R3-CD
                        ___________________________________

A Gibson County jury convicted the defendant, Antonio Demetrius Adkisson a/k/a Antonio
Demetrius Turner, Jr., of two counts of second-degree murder, for which he received an
effective sentence of twenty years in confinement. On appeal, the defendant contends (1)
that the juvenile court erred in transferring the defendant to circuit court and (2) that the
trial court erred in failing to suppress the defendant’s statement. After reviewing the record
and considering the applicable law, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Circuit Court Affirmed

J. ROSS DYER, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ROBERT H. MONTGOMERY,
JR., J., joined. CAMILLE R. MCMULLEN, P.J., dissenting.

Claiborne H. Ferguson, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Antonio Demetrius
Adkisson.

Jonathan Skrmetti, Attorney General and Reporter; Katharine K. Decker, Senior Assistant
Attorney General; Frederick Hardy Agee, District Attorney General; and Jason Scott and
Scott Kirk, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                         OPINION

                              Facts and Procedural History
      This case arises from the murders of the victims, Dearrious Young and Troy
Whitmore, on September 26, 2017.1 The defendant was seventeen years old at the time of
the murders, and the State sought to transfer the case against him to circuit court.

I.      Juvenile Court Motion to Suppress

       Prior to the defendant’s arrest, he spoke to Milan Police Department (“MPD”)
investigators regarding his involvement in the murders. The defendant subsequently filed
a motion to suppress his statement, and the juvenile court conducted a suppression hearing
on October 13, 2017, during which the State presented the following evidence.2

        Investigator Jason Williams testified that he went to the defendant’s house to speak
with him, and when he arrived, Investigator Williams discovered that Officer Allen
Alexander and Officer Joe Fountain were already there. The defendant was sitting on the
front steps, and his mother was standing beside him. Officer Fountain read the defendant
his Miranda rights, and the defendant indicated that he understood them.3 Investigator
Williams advised the defendant that he had information regarding the defendant’s
involvement in the shootings, and because the defendant was quiet and non-responsive,
Investigator Williams asked him if he wanted to come to the station and talk. According
to the body camera footage, the defendant and his mother were told three times that he was
not under arrest and that Investigator Williams simply wanted to have a conversation with
the defendant concerning what the defendant knew about a double homicide. The
defendant agreed and was driven to the station. The defendant’s mother followed a short
time later. Once at the station, the defendant was placed in an interview room, and Officer
Glenn, the school resource officer at Milan High School, spoke with the defendant for
several minutes. However, Investigator Williams did not think the defendant was being
honest with Officer Glenn, and he decided to take over the interview. When he entered the
interview room, Investigator Williams again advised the defendant of his Miranda rights.
The defendant did not appear to be under the influence of any drugs or alcohol at the time
of the interview, and Investigator Williams was not aware of any mental disease or defect
that the defendant was suffering from at that time. Regarding the defendant’s educational
background, Investigator Williams testified that the defendant was a senior at Milan High
School. Investigator Williams described the defendant as “pretty intelligent” based on the
fact that they discussed college during the interview and also because the defendant talked
about Spanish class with another investigator. Investigator Williams stated that the
defendant showed emotion each time he changed his story and became more emotional
when he realized how much trouble he was going to be in. Investigator Williams denied
        1
           The record in this case is voluminous; thus, we will limit our recitation of the facts to that relevant
to the issues on appeal.
         2
           The motion to suppress filed in juvenile court is not included in the record on appeal.
         3
           See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 444 (1966).
                                                      -2-
that the defendant asked to have his mother present in the interview room but agreed that
the defendant “asked to see her a few times throughout the night.” He also stated that the
defendant was allowed to take breaks and was given McDonald’s and water.

        On cross-examination, Investigator Williams testified that his dispatcher received
multiple calls on the night of the shootings, both to the dispatcher’s personal cell phone
and to the police department, stating that the defendant and Justice Walton were the
perpetrators. Although he agreed they were anonymous tips that were unable to be verified,
Investigator Williams testified that people in the crowd at the crime scene also told officers
to look into the defendant and Mr. Walton. Additionally, hours after the shooting, someone
shot at Mr. Walton’s grandparents’ house, and the defendant’s mother told officers that she
also expected retaliation on the night of the shootings. Investigator Williams stated that
during the defendant’s interview he was not handcuffed and was free to leave up until the
moment he provided information about his involvement in the shootings. Investigator
Williams agreed that he told the defendant that he was facing the death penalty. However,
he later learned that because the defendant is a minor he is ineligible for the death penalty,
and although his police chief came into the interview room and corrected Investigator
Williams’ mistake, it was after the defendant admitted to being present at the time of the
shootings.

       After its review, the juvenile court suppressed the defendant’s statement.

I.     Transfer Hearing

        At the transfer hearing, Quavion Lipscomb testified that he is the defendant’s cousin
and was a senior at Milan High School with the defendant and Mr. Walton at the time of
the shootings. He was also friends with the victims as well as a cousins with Mr. Whitmore.
On the night of the shootings, the defendant and Mr. Walton came to Mr. Lipscomb’s house
between 6:00 and 6:30 p.m. and asked the defendant if he wanted to smoke marijuana with
them at The Meadows, a nearby apartment complex. Mr. Lipscomb declined but agreed to
drop them off at the apartment complex. On cross-examination, Mr. Lipscomb testified
that he saw Mr. Walton with a silver gun when Mr. Walton got into his car. He stated that
it was in the front of Mr. Walton’s shorts “like deep down inside.” He agreed that he never
saw the defendant with a gun.

        J.D.4, a seventeen-year-old senior at Milan High School, testified that he is a cousin
of both the defendant and Mr. Walton and was living in The Meadows apartment complex
at the time of the shooting. That night he arrived home from work at 8:00 p.m. and saw

       4
           It is the policy of this Court to refer to minors by their initials. No disrespect intended.
                                                      -3-
his friends, Jacarie5, D.J. Stewart6, and Mr. Young, talking near some trash cans. J.D.
joined them, and at some point, the defendant and Mr. Walton walked past them. Mr.
Walton said something to their group, but J.D. did not hear him and replied, “What?” Mr.
Walton then “raised up his shirt,” and J.D. saw “something silver.” Although J.D. agreed
that he thought Mr. Walton had a gun, he did not do anything because the defendant and
Mr. Walton were walking toward the exit. Instead, J.D., Mr. Stewart, and Jacarie went to
J.D.’s apartment and played video games. Around 9:00 p.m. Mr. Young and Mr. Whitmore
arrived at J.D.’s apartment and watched them play video games for a few minutes. When
Mr. Young and Mr. Whitmore were ready to leave, J.D. testified that he walked them to
the front door, and as he walked to his bedroom, he heard gunshots. He and his friends ran
outside and saw Mr. Young and Mr. Whitmore on the ground, and J.D. ran upstairs to
retrieve his cell phone to call the police. On cross-examination, J.D. denied that there was
any bad blood between the defendant and J.D.’s friends. He agreed that he did not tell the
officers at the crime scene that the victims had been in his apartment or that he had seen
Mr. Walton with a gun.

        Officer Dexter Huddleston testified that he was off-duty on the night of the
shootings. He lived in the Marshall Gardens apartment complex which was next to The
Meadows, and at approximately 9:10 p.m., he was getting into his car to pick up a pizza
when he heard a gunshot. Officer Huddleston immediately ran to his apartment to retrieve
his firearm and drove his patrol car toward the gunshot. When he arrived in The Meadows,
he saw two people standing over two bodies. After exiting his patrol car, Officer
Huddleston approached the victims and observed that one of them was still breathing.
However, the victim was unable to respond when Officer Huddleston spoke to him. While
Officer Huddleston was waiting for additional officers and medical personnel to arrive,
additional onlookers approached the scene. However, Officer Huddleston concentrated on
comforting the victim who was still alive. On cross-examination, Officer Huddleston
testified that he heard four gunshots. However, he stated there may have been more when
he was in his apartment retrieving his firearm. He testified that he remained at the scene
while it was being processed and did not see any weapons recovered from the victims.

       Michael Williams testified that he was preparing to go to his godbrother’s house
near College Street on the night of the shootings. He was listening to a police scanner app
on his phone and heard that someone had been shot in the area. When he arrived at his
godbrother’s house, he observed two young males “speed walking” through “the cut,”
which Mr. Williams described as a pathway that the community used to go from one street
to another. Mr. Williams asked the people if someone had been shot, and they responded

          5
              Jacarie’s last name does not appear in the record. He is also referred to as Jakari throughout the
record.
          6
              Mr. Stewart is also referred to as Desmond Stewart in the record.
                                                       -4-
that they did not know. One of the people used their cell phone, but Mr. Williams was
unable to hear their conversation, and Mr. Williams left the house soon afterward. Mr.
Williams agreed that he gave a statement to police in which he stated that he saw two
individuals running down the pathway and that he described them as spooked, scared, and
sweaty. He also told police that the individuals told him they were running because they
heard gunshots, that they knocked on the door of a nearby house but no one answered, and
that he overheard one of the individuals calling someone for a ride. Mr. Williams testified
that officers showed him a photo array and asked him if he recognized the two people that
he saw in his godbrother’s backyard. Although he agreed that he picked out the defendant’s
and Mr. Walton’s photos and signed them, he testified that he only “thought [he] saw”
them. He denied that anyone threatened him for testifying against the defendant.

       Investigator David Burton testified that he assisted with securing the scene
following the shootings. Afterward, he moved throughout the crowd, listening and asking
questions about what people had seen and heard. Later in the investigation, Investigator
Burton assisted in obtaining statements from J.D. and Mr. Williams. Based on information
the MPD had received regarding the defendant’s and Mr. Walton’s involvement in the
shootings, Investigator Burton compiled a photo array using photographs from the Milan
High School yearbook. He showed the array to Mr. Williams, who went through each
photo one by one before settling on the photographs of the defendant and Mr. Walton.
Investigator Burton testified that Mr. Williams was positive about the identifications when
he signed, initialed, and dated the array. Mr. Williams told Investigator Burton that he
knew one of the individuals and that he recognized the other one from the street, but he did
not indicate which individual he knew. Investigator Burton also testified that Mr. Williams
indicated he had concerns for his safety over testifying.

        Investigator Jason Williams testified that he responded to the scene as Mr.
Whitmore was being loaded into an ambulance. Investigator Williams observed Mr.
Young on the sidewalk with four bullet wounds, including one to his right temple.
Investigator Williams searched the area and located three shell casings; however, he was
unable to locate any weapons. While at the crime scene, Investigator Williams was
informed that Mr. Whitmore had died at the hospital, and after processing the scene, he
went to the hospital to photograph and document Mr. Whitmore’s wounds. His preliminary
evaluation of Mr. Whitmore’s wounds revealed that Mr. Whitmore suffered a gunshot
wound to the chest, two gunshot wounds to the back, and a gunshot wound to the right foot.
Investigator Williams testified that, although he had not received the medical examiner’s
official report, the medical examiner confirmed that each victim had four gunshot wounds.
Because Investigator Williams only found three shell casings at the scene, he opined that
two weapons were used in the shooting, a revolver and a 10-millimeter semiautomatic
firearm. On cross-examination, Investigator Williams testified that he executed a search
warrant on the defendant’s premises and recovered clothing that was sent for gunshot
                                           -5-
residue testing. He conceded that to the naked eye there did not appear to be any blood on
the clothing but stated that he had worked several homicides where there was little or no
blood spatter.

        The juvenile court found there were reasonable grounds to believe the defendant
committed two counts of first-degree murder. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-134(a)(4). The
juvenile court also found the defendant could not be involuntarily committed for mental
illness. In addressing whether the interests of the community required the defendant to be
put under legal restraint or discipline, the juvenile court found that the defendant had no
prior record of juvenile offenses. See Id. § 37-1-134(b)(1). The juvenile court also found
that the second factor, the nature of past treatment efforts and the juvenile’s response
thereto, was inapplicable to the defendant and that this was a violent offense committed
against two victims, which is given greater weight than crimes against property. Id. § 37-
1-134(b)(2)-(3). Additionally, the juvenile court found the crimes were committed in an
aggressive and premeditated manner. As the juvenile court noted, “[t]he very definition of
first[-]degree murder is a killing that is done in a premeditated manner. And certainly,
murder is an aggressive crime.” Id. § 37-1-134(b)(4). In addressing the possible
rehabilitation of the defendant through services currently available, the juvenile court
concluded that the procedures, services, and facilities available in the juvenile system could
not adequately address rehabilitation “based on the nature of the charges that [the defendant
was] facing and [his] age.” Id. § 37-1-134(b)(5). Although there was some testimony
regarding gangs, the juvenile court did not find sufficient evidence to consider the conduct
gang-related. Id. § 37-1-134(b)(6).

       The juvenile court concluded that based on the totality of all of the factors, and
particularly the third, fourth, and fifth factors, that there were reasonable grounds to
transfer the defendant to circuit court to be tried for two counts of first-degree murder.

III.   Motion to Suppress

       Following the defendant’s transfer to circuit court, he filed a motion to suppress his
statement to investigators. In his motion to suppress, the defendant argued that he was
unlawfully coerced into making an involuntary statement to investigators and that he was
not permitted to have his mother present during the interrogation. The defendant argued
that he was subjected to “psychological coercion including, but not limited to, threats that
he would face the death penalty if he did not cooperate and that he would be forced to take
lie detector and gunshot residue tests.” Body camera footage from officers’ initial
conversation with the defendant at his house as well as the video of the defendant’s
interview were entered into evidence, and following argument, the trial court denied the
defendant’s motion to suppress his statement, finding

                                            -6-
       that the [d]efendant was seventeen (17) years old at the time of the interview
       and the [c]ourt was impressed from a viewing of the interview with the
       intelligence of the [d]efendant and it was clear the [d]efendant understood
       Miranda warnings and the consequences of waiving the rights set forth in the
       warnings; and, no proof was presented regarding the extent of the
       [d]efendant’s education and there was not indication of intoxication or drug
       influence or retardation; and, the [d]efendant’s parents were not present in
       the room during the interview but their absence does not render the
       confession involuntary; and, the interrogation was only one (1) hour in
       duration such that the [d]efendant did not appear to be fatigued or beaten
       down; and, despite the fact that the investigator informed the [d]efendant at
       the beginning of the interview that he could possibly be facing the death
       penalty based upon the totality of the circumstances present at the
       [d]efendant’s home and at the police station that the statements of the
       [d]efendant made to the officer[s] of the Milan Police Department were
       voluntary confessions and as such are admissible upon a trial of this matter.

The defendant then proceeded to trial.

IV.    Trial

       After hearing the proof at trial, which was generally consistent with the testimony
at the transfer hearing, the jury found the defendant guilty of two counts of the lesser-
included offense of second-degree murder, and the trial court subsequently imposed an
effective sentence of twenty years in confinement. The defendant filed a motion for new
trial which the trial court denied. This timely appeal followed.

                                          Analysis

        On appeal, the defendant contends the juvenile court erred in transferring him to
circuit court. The defendant also argues the trial court erred in denying his motion to
suppress. The State contends that the juvenile court properly transferred the defendant’s
case to circuit court and that the trial court properly denied the defendant’s motion to
suppress.

I.     Juvenile Transfer

       The defendant argues the juvenile court erred in transferring his case to circuit court.
Specifically, he contends the juvenile court lacked sufficient evidence to find “probable
cause to bind the case over, considering the juvenile court suppressed the [d]efendant’s

                                             -7-
statement.” The State submits the juvenile court properly transferred the defendant’s case
to circuit court.

       The statute governing juvenile transfers provides that after a delinquency petition
has been filed, the juvenile court “may transfer the child to the sheriff of the county to be
held according to law and to be dealt with as an adult in the criminal court of competent
jurisdiction.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-134(a). The statute further requires that “[t]he
disposition of the child shall be as if the child were an adult if:” (1) as applied to this case,
the child was at least sixteen at the time of the offense, (2) a hearing was held in conformity
with the statute, (3) the notice requirements were met, and (4) the court finds probable
cause to believe that:

       (A) The child committed the delinquent act as alleged;
       (B) The child is not committable to an institution for the developmentally
       disabled or mentally ill; and
       (C) The interests of the community require that the child be put under
       legal restraint or discipline.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-134(a)(1)-(4). Accordingly, a transfer from juvenile court is
discretionary unless the grounds in subsection (a) are established. Howell v. State, 185
S.W.3d 319, 329 (Tenn. 2006). The statute also requires the juvenile court to consider
certain factors in determining whether transfer is appropriate:

       (b)   In making the determination required by subsection (a), the court shall
       consider, among other matters:

       (1)    The extent and nature of the child’s prior delinquency records;

       (2)   The nature of past treatment efforts and the nature of the child’s
       response thereto;

       (3)   Whether the offense was against person or property, with greater
       weight in favor of transfer given to offenses against the person;

       (4)    Whether the offense was in an aggressive and premeditated manner;

       (5)    The possible rehabilitation of the child by use of procedures, services
       and facilities currently available to the court in this state; and

                                              -8-
        (6) Whether the child’s conduct would be a criminal gang offense, as defined
        in § 40-35-121, if committed by an adult.7

Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-134(b).

        This Court has previously stated that in reviewing a transfer decision, we do not
evaluate the preponderance of the evidence but review to determine whether there are
reasonable grounds or probable cause to support the decision to transfer. See State v.
Strickland, 532 S.W.2d 912, 920 (Tenn. 1975); State v. Reed, No. M2009-00887-CCA-R3-
CD, 2010 WL 3432663, at *6, *10 (Tenn. Crim. App. Aug. 31, 2010) (noting the terms
“probable cause” and “reasonable grounds” are used “interchangeably” in juvenile transfer
analysis), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Jan. 13, 2011). This Court reviews a juvenile court’s
findings for an abuse of discretion. State v. Polochak, No. M2013-02712-CCA-R3-CD,
2015 WL 226566, at *38 (Tenn. Crim. App. Jan. 16, 2015) (“A juvenile court’s findings
in determining whether reasonable grounds exist to establish the criteria in subsection
(a)(4) are reviewed for an abuse of discretion.”), perm. app. denied (Tenn. May 14, 2015).
The juvenile court is afforded “a wide range of discretion” in determining whether to
transfer a child from juvenile to criminal court. Strickland, 532 S.W.2d at 921. However,
a transfer from juvenile court is mandatory once the grounds in subsection (a) are
established. Howell, 185 S.W.3d at 329.

       Here, the juvenile court thoroughly made the statutorily required findings. Having
found that the defendant was seventeen years old and had notice of the hearing, the juvenile
court found there were reasonable grounds to believe that the defendant had committed
two counts of first-degree murder and that he was not committable to an institution due to
developmental disability or mental illness. In evaluating whether the interests of the
community required the defendant to be put under legal restraint, the juvenile court found
that the defendant had no prior criminal history or past treatment efforts. Additionally,
although there was some testimony regarding gangs, the juvenile court did not find it to be
enough to consider the conduct gang-related. The juvenile court noted that these were
violent offenses against two victims, which the legislature prioritized over crimes against
property. The juvenile court further found that the crimes were committed in an aggressive
and premeditated manner, noting that “[t]he very definition of first[-]degree murder is a
killing that is done in a premeditated manner. And certainly, murder is an aggressive
crime.” Finally, the juvenile court expressed doubt that the defendant could be successfully
rehabilitated through the juvenile system “based on the nature of the charges that [the
defendant was] facing and [his] age.”
        7
          In 2023, our legislature added an additional factor for juvenile courts to consider in determining
whether transfer is appropriate: Whether the child has a history of trauma or abuse, including, but not
limited to, the child’s being a victim of a human trafficking offense as defined in section 39-13-314. See
Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-134(b)(7).
                                                   -9-
        In his brief to this Court, the defendant acknowledges that the juvenile court “found
that all three prongs of Tennessee Code Annotated section 37-1-134(a)(4) were present.”
However, the defendant disagrees with the juvenile court’s findings. Specifically, he
contends the juvenile court’s findings of fact do not indicate that the defendant was present
during the shootings, that he possessed a gun, or that he threatened anyone. Therefore, he
argues the juvenile court erred in finding there were reasonable grounds to believe the
defendant committed the offense. We note that in a transfer hearing, “[t]he trial judge’s
finding of fact are given the weight of a jury verdict and are conclusive unless we find that
the evidence preponderates against these findings.” State v. Swatzell, No. 01-C01-9005-
CC-00126, 1992 WL 25008, at *1 (Tenn. Crim. App. Feb. 14, 1992). The juvenile court
was presented with evidence that the defendant and Mr. Walton were at The Meadows
apartment complex prior to the shooting where they interacted with one of the victims, and
multiple witnesses testified that Mr. Walton had a gun in his waistband. Mr. Williams
testified that he saw two people speed walking near his godbrother’s house following the
shooting. He later identified the two people as the defendant and Mr. Walton in a photo
array; however, at the transfer hearing he testified that they only looked like the two people
he saw that night. Investigator Williams testified that each victim suffered four gunshot
wounds. However, because he only recovered three shell casings from the crime scene, he
concluded that both a revolver and a 10-millimeter semiautomatic weapon were used
during the shootings. Based on this testimony, we cannot conclude that the juvenile court’s
findings were in error. Accordingly, we conclude the juvenile court considered the
statutory factors and made appropriate findings, which are supported by the record, in
determining whether transfer was appropriate. The defendant is not entitled to relief on
this issue.

II.    Motion to Suppress

       The defendant argues the trial court erred in failing to grant his motion to suppress.
Specifically, the defendant contends his statement should have been suppressed because
his mother was not allowed in the interrogation room and because he was subjected to
psychological coercion, including threats that he faced the death penalty. The State
contends the trial court properly denied the defendant’s motion to suppress.

      Suppression issues on appeal are subject to well-established standards of review.
Appellate courts are bound by a trial court’s findings of facts determined after a
suppression hearing unless the evidence preponderates against them. State v. Odom, 928
S.W.2d 18, 23 (Tenn. 1996); State v. McGee, No. E2011-01756-CCA-R3-CD, 2012 WL
4017776, at *2 (Tenn. Crim. App. Sept. 13, 2012). “Questions of credibility of the
witnesses, the weight and value of the evidence, and resolution of conflicts in the evidence
are matters entrusted to the trial judge as the trier of fact.” Odom, 928 S.W.2d at 23.
                                            - 10 -
Appellate courts should consider the entire record, affording the prevailing party “the
strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all reasonable inferences drawn from that
evidence.” McGee, 2012 WL 4017776, at *2 (citing State v. Hicks, 55 S.W.3d 515, 521
(Tenn. 2001)); see also State v. Sanders, 452 S.W.3d 300, 306 (Tenn. 2014). However,
applying the law to the factual findings of the trial court is a question of law, which is
reviewed de novo on appeal. State v. Yeargan, 958 S.W.2d 626, 629 (Tenn. 1997).

A.     Miranda

       The defendant argues that he “lacked the experience and intelligence to fully
understand the implications of waiving his Miranda right to make a statement.” He also
argues that he requested the presence of his mother during his interrogation but was denied.

        Initially, we note that the defendant was not under arrest when he spoke with officers
and ultimately confessed. Per the body camera footage, the defendant and his mother were
told no less than three times that he was not under arrest and that the officers just wanted
him to come to the station and talk to them. The defendant then agreed to go and speak
with the officers. Additionally, while the defendant rode with officers to the station, he
was not placed in handcuffs. The Miranda8 decision only applies “to the questioning of an
individual who has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom by the
authorities in a significant way.” State v. Dailey, 273 S.W.3d 94, 102 (Tenn. 2009)
(quoting Miranda, 384 U.S. at 478) (internal quotation marks omitted). Accordingly,
Miranda warnings are only required when a suspect is (1) in custody and (2) subjected to
questioning or its functional equivalent. State v. Walton, 41 S.W.3d 75, 83 (Tenn. 2001).
In the absence of either, Miranda requirements are not necessitated. Id. Accordingly,
because the defendant was not under arrest or in custody at the time he spoke with officers
and ultimately confessed, officers were not required to Mirandize him. However, despite
this, the defendant was advised of his rights on three occasions and waived them prior to
confessing – once at home and twice at the police station.

        Despite, as noted above, that a Miranda waiver is not required, we will address the
defendant’s claim – whether his waiver was knowing and voluntary. The Fifth Amendment
to the United States Constitution, applicable to states through the Fourteenth Amendment,
states that “[n]o person . . . shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against
himself.” U.S. Const. Amend. V. Similarly, the Tennessee Constitution states “that in all
criminal prosecutions, the accused . . . shall not be compelled to give evidence against
himself.” Tenn. Const. art. I, § 9. If a suspect is in police custody “or otherwise [has been]
deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way,” the police must first inform him

       8
           See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 444 (1966).

                                              - 11 -
of his Fifth Amendment rights for any subsequent confession to later be admissible as
substantive evidence. Miranda, 384 U.S. at 444. In this regard, the United States Supreme
Court has said, “[p]rior to any questioning, the person must be warned that he has a right
to remain silent, that any statement he does make may be used as evidence against him,
and that he has a right to the presence of an attorney, either retained or appointed.” Id.
These rights must be voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently waived. Id.

       In State v. Callahan, our supreme court held that “juvenile waivers shall be analyzed
under a totality-of-the-circumstances test” and that courts should consider the following
factors:

       (1)    . . . all circumstances surrounding the interrogation including the
       juvenile’s age, experience, education, and intelligence;

       (2)   the juvenile’s capacity to understand the Miranda warnings and
       consequences of the waiver;

       (3)   the juvenile’s familiarity with Miranda warnings or the ability to read
       and write in the language used to give the warnings;

       (4)    any intoxication;

       (5)    any mental disease, disorder, or retardation; and

       (6)    the presence of a parent, guardian, or interested adult.

979 S.W.2d 577, 583 (Tenn. 1998). While this Court should “exercise special care” in
analyzing a juvenile’s waiver, “no single factor such as mental condition or education
should by itself render a confession unconstitutional absent coercive police activity.” Id.

        Applying the Callahan factors, we conclude the trial court did not err in finding the
defendant’s waiver was valid. At the time of the defendant’s interview, he was seventeen
years old and in the twelfth grade; however, no proof was presented regarding the
defendant’s grades or school records. Although the defendant did not have prior
experience with the criminal justice system, the trial court “was impressed from a viewing
of the interview with the intelligence of the [d]efendant and it was clear the [d]efendant
understood the Miranda warnings and the consequences of waiving the rights set forth in
the warnings.” The defendant does not contend that he was intoxicated during the
interview, and the trial court found “no indication of intoxication or drug influence.” The
trial court likewise found that the defendant was not suffering from any mental disease or
defect. While this Court is troubled by the fact that the defendant did not have the advice
                                           - 12 -
of a parent, guardian, or interested adult, “the admissibility of a juvenile’s confession is not
dependent upon the presence of his parents at the interrogation.” State v. Carroll, 36
S.W.3d 854, 864 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999). Accordingly, we conclude that under the
totality of the circumstances the defendant’s waiver was voluntary, knowing, and
intelligent.

B.     Voluntariness/Coercion

       The defendant also argues that he was “subject to psychological coercion including,
but not limited to, threats that he would face the death penalty if he did not cooperate and
that he would be forced to take lie detector and gunshot residue tests.” The State submits
the defendant waived the issue of voluntariness for failing to reference it at the suppression
hearing. However, the trial court thoroughly discussed Investigator Williams’ statement
regarding the death penalty throughout the suppression hearing and found in both its oral
and written findings that the defendant’s statement was voluntary. Therefore, we will
review the defendant’s claim on the merits.

       The voluntariness of a confession “remains distinct from Miranda.” State v. Climer,
400 S.W.3d 537, 567 (Tenn. 2013) (citing Dickerson v. United States, 530 U.S. 428, 432-
33 (2000). In determining the voluntariness of a confession, the essential inquiry is
whether a suspect’s will was overborne so as to render the confession a product of
coercion. Id.; see State v. Smith, 933 S.W.2d 450, 455 (Tenn. 1996) (“The test of
voluntariness for confessions under article I, § 9 of the Tennessee Constitution is broader
and more protective of individual rights than the test of voluntariness under the Fifth
Amendment.”).

       In order to determine the voluntariness of the defendant’s statement, we must
consider the totality of the circumstances surrounding the statement, including “both the
characteristics of the accused and the details of the interrogation.” Climer, 400 S.W.3d at
568 (quoting Dickerson, 530 U.S. at 434). The circumstances relevant to this
determination are:

       [T]he age of the accused; his lack of education or his intelligence level; the
       extent of his previous experience with the police; the repeated and prolonged
       nature of the questioning; the length of the detention of the accused before
       he gave the statement in question; the lack of any advice to the accused of
       his constitutional rights; whether there was an unnecessary delay in bringing
       him before a magistrate before he gave the confession; whether the accused
       was injured[,] intoxicated[,] or drugged, or in ill health when he gave the
       statement; whether the accused was deprived of food, sleep[,] or medical

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       attention; whether the accused was physically abused; and whether the
       suspect was threatened with abuse.

Id. (alterations in original) (quoting State v. Huddleston, 924 S.W.2d 666, 671 (Tenn.
1996)).

        Our review of the record affirms the trial court’s finding that the defendant’s
statement was voluntary and uncoerced. As discussed supra, the defendant was seventeen
years old and in the twelfth grade at the time of his statement. He had no experience with
law enforcement, and no evidence existed that he had a mental disability or illness. During
the defendant’s interview, he appeared calm, was not overly emotional, and did not appear
to be under the influence of intoxicants. Moreover, the defendant was read his Miranda
rights three times, once at his house with his mother present and twice at the station at the
beginning of the interview, and at no time did the defendant indicate he wished to exercise
his rights and terminate the interrogation or speak with a lawyer. Additionally, no proof
was offered showing that the defendant’s mother requested termination of the interview.
The defendant was provided food and water, he was not restrained at any time, and he was
not physically abused or threatened with abuse if he did not provide a statement. While
the defendant was interviewed off and on for six hours, he provided a significant portion
of the statement in question and implicated himself in the murder after only one hour.
Within the first hour, the defendant admitted to the following: that he had a “beef” with
the victim and that they had been arguing over social media; that the defendant even
threatened the victim stating, “you’ll see me when you see me” and “come to my back yard
and we gonna squash, we gonna fight, we gonna squash it”; he also admitted that he
interacted with the victim the evening prior to the shooting and that during their interaction
the victim and the victim’s friends were armed; and finally, while initially denying he had
a gun, the defendant admitted that during a second interaction with the victim that evening,
he was standing with his co-defendant when the co-defendant shot the victim.

       Although the defendant contends he was psychologically coerced into giving his
statement with threats of polygraph and gunshot residue tests, there is no evidence in the
record to suggest that either the polygraph or gunshot residue tests were a ruse to coerce
the defendant into giving a statement. After the defendant denied being at the scene during
the shootings, Investigator Williams asked him if he had ever taken a polygraph test before.
The defendant stated that he had not but that he would be willing to take one. Investigator
Williams suggested that the defendant would fail a polygraph test because police had
received multiple calls from people who identified the defendant as being at the scene when
the shootings occurred. Later, Investigator Williams asked the defendant if his hands
would test positive for gunshot residue, and the defendant denied that they would test
positive. Although the defendant’s hands were not tested that night, at trial, Investigator
Williams testified that clothing collected from the defendant’s house tested positive for
                                            - 14 -
gunshot residue. Finally, although Investigator Williams incorrectly stated the law in
regard to minors being eligible for the death penalty, a fact which was later corrected in
front of the defendant by the chief of police, the proof, taken together, confirms that the
defendant’s statement was not “extracted by any sort of threats or violence, nor obtained
by any direct or implied promises, however slight, nor by the exertion of any improper
influence,” or law enforcement overreach. Bram v. United States, 168 U.S. 542, 542-43
(1987). Accordingly, while we are, as noted supra, are troubled by the fact that the
defendant was not allowed to see his mother, under the totality of the circumstances, it is
clear the defendant’s statement to law enforcement was voluntary and was not a product of
coercion. See Climer, 400 S.W.3d at 568. The defendant is, therefore, not entitled to relief.

                                        Conclusion

        Based on the foregoing authorities and reasoning, the judgments of the trial court
are affirmed.

                                              ____________________________________
                                              J. ROSS DYER, JUDGE

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