Court Opinion

ID: 4548752
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-07-16 17:03:22.083258+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:33:39.589005
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

                                        Docket No. 46422

 STATE OF IDAHO,                                )
                                                )       Opinion Filed: July 16, 2020
        Plaintiff-Respondent,                   )
                                                )       Melanie Gagnepain, Clerk
 v.                                             )
                                                )
 CATHERYN D. FIELDS,                            )
                                                )
        Defendant-Appellant.                    )
                                                )

       Appeal from the District Court of the Second Judicial District, State of Idaho, Lewis
       County. Hon. Gregory FitzMaurice, District Judge.

       Judgment of conviction for three counts of battery on a law enforcement officer,
       affirmed.

       Nevin, Benjamin, McKay & Bartlett; Dennis Benjamin, Boise, for appellant.
       Dennis Benjamin argued.

       Hon. Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General; Kenneth K. Jorgensen, Deputy
       Attorney General, Boise, for respondent. Kenneth K. Jorgensen argued.
                 ________________________________________________

HUSKEY, Chief Judge
       Catheryn D. Fields appeals from her judgment of conviction entered upon a jury verdict
finding her guilty of three counts of battery on a law enforcement officer, Idaho Code § 18-
915(3)(b). On appeal, Fields argues the district court erred when it denied her request for a
proposed jury instruction related to the lawfulness of her arrest. Because a conviction for battery
on a law enforcement officer requires the officer to be acting in performance of a duty, Fields
reasons her proposed jury instruction was appropriate because a reasonable view of the evidence
shows that her arrest was unlawful and the governing law states an officer executing an unlawful
arrest is not acting in performance of a duty. Fields’s proposed instruction was not supported by
the facts of the case and was an incorrect statement of law. Accordingly, the district court did not
err by declining to give her proposed instruction to the jury and the judgment of conviction is
affirmed.

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                                                        I.
                         FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       Sheri Busta and Cindy Trombetta1 were engaged in conversation on a street corner when a
loud, heated conversation drew their attention. They noticed a woman, Fields, yell at a man,
Har-V, and she appeared to hit him in the shoulder with her fist. Har-V proceeded to walk into a
nearby restaurant and Busta and Trombetta followed him to ensure he was okay. Subsequently,
Fields entered the restaurant, swearing and approaching Har-V aggressively. Busta positioned
herself between Fields and Har-V. While in the middle of the altercation, Busta believed she saw
Fields strike Har-V again.2 Trombetta attempted to escort Fields out of the establishment;
however, before they reached the door, Fields turned around and attempted to approach Har-V
once more. The owner of the restaurant grabbed Fields and, with Trombetta’s assistance,
physically escorted Fields out of the restaurant.
       Once outside, Fields attempted to punch and kick Trombetta, but Fields lost her balance
and fell to the ground. While lying on the ground, Fields continued to try to kick and bite
Trombetta. Trombetta, Busta, and the restaurant owner restricted Fields’s movement; Trombetta
straddled Fields; Busta grabbed Field’s chin to stop her attempts to bite; and the restaurant owner
pinned one of Fields’s arms to the ground. Busta asked for bystanders to call law enforcement.
       Officer Bowman and Officer Robideau were dispatched to the scene. The dispatch
reported a fight in progress outside of the restaurant and multiple individuals were attempting to
subdue a female suspect. The officers arrived approximately two minutes later and witnessed
multiple people holding a woman to the ground. The officers perceived a fight in progress and
that Fields was the aggressor as she was verbally belligerent, exhibiting combative behavior, and
attempting to fight, including clawing and grabbing at the women’s shirts. One of the women
attempting to subdue Fields told the officers that Fields was actively trying to bite and claw at her.
The officers introduced themselves, assumed physical control over Fields, and placed her in

1
        Although Busta’s narrative report states she was speaking with Cindy Busta, her
subsequent trial testimony named the individual as Cindy Trombetta. As additional trial testimony
indicated that Cindy’s last name is Trombetta, this Court will presume Trombetta is the appropriate
name and will reference her accordingly.
2
      At trial, Busta testified that after watching video of the encounter, Fields did not appear to
make contact with Har-V.

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handcuffs. Fields did not resist the officers’ attempt to place her in handcuffs, and the officers
walked her away from the immediate scene.
          The officers attempted to place Fields inside a patrol vehicle. When Fields resisted, the
officers directed her towards the ground and ordered her to lie on her stomach. While on the
ground, Officer Robideau testified that Fields scratched at his wrists and kicked him. After being
struck in the groin by Fields’s heel, Officer Robideau told Fields she was under arrest for battery
on a law enforcement officer. Fields continued to kick at the officers and struck Officer Bowman
as well, for which she received another charge of battery on a law enforcement officer.
          The officers eventually placed Fields into a patrol vehicle and drove her to jail for booking
and processing. Fields was uncooperative with the processing, and the officers placed her in a
restraint chair. Later, the officers released Fields from the restraint chair and attempted to move
her into the booking area. Because Fields continued to resist, the officers requested Officer
Pagliaro’s assistance. While assisting, Fields attempted to strike Officer Pagliaro in the head with
her closed fist. Although, Officer Pagliaro ducked, Fields struck the left side of his head, for which
Fields received her third charge of battery on a law enforcement officer.
          Ultimately, the State charged Fields with three counts of battery on a law enforcement
officer. Prior to trial, Fields requested a jury instruction regarding the validity of her initial
detainment, arguing a reasonable jury could find it constituted an arrest without probable cause.
Because battery on a law enforcement officer statutorily requires an officer to be “engaged in the
performance of his duties,” Fields argued the jury should be instructed that an officer executing an
unlawful arrest is not engaged in the performance of his duties. The proposed jury instruction
stated:
                  Idaho law limits when a peace officer may make an arrest. A peace officer
          may make an arrest when upon immediate response to a report of a commission of
          a crime there is probable cause to believe that the person arrested has committed an
          assault or battery.
                  A peace officer making an unlawful arrest is not engaged in the performance
          of his or her duties.
          During a hearing held the morning of the second day of trial, the district court denied
Fields’s request, finding the evidence did not warrant the instruction because applicable precedent
supported a wide-ranging definition of performance of duties, including actions pertaining to
community caretaking. As the officers were acting for community safety when they detained
Fields, the district court reasoned there was sufficient evidence that the officers were engaged in

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the performance of their duties at the time of the alleged batteries. Further, the district court found
the testimony presented to the jury stated that Fields was detained, not arrested, prior to the alleged
batteries. Therefore, at that point in the trial proceedings, the district court found it would be
improper for the court to direct the jury’s focus to whether the detainment constituted an arrest and
whether probable cause existed to support the purported arrest. The district court allowed Fields
to renew her request for the instruction at the conclusion of evidence.
       Fields did not formally renew her request prior to jury deliberations, noting that her
previous request was on the record. The jury found Fields guilty on each charge of battery on a
law enforcement officer. The district court imposed a determinate sentence of eighteen months
for each of the convictions, with the sentences to run concurrently.3 Fields timely appeals.
                                                  II.
                                    STANDARD OF REVIEW
       Whether the jury has been properly instructed is a question of law over which we exercise
free review. State v. Severson, 147 Idaho 694, 710, 215 P.3d 414, 430 (2009). When reviewing
jury instructions, we ask whether the instructions as a whole, and not individually, fairly and
accurately reflect applicable law. State v. Bowman, 124 Idaho 936, 942, 866 P.2d 193, 199 (Ct.
App. 1993).
                                                 III.
                                            ANALYSIS
       On appeal, Fields alleges the district court erred in its denial of her proposed jury
instruction. Fields argues her proposed instruction should have been given to the jury because it:
(1) properly states the governing law; (2) is supported by a reasonable view of the evidence; (3) is
not addressed adequately by other jury instructions; and (4) does not constitute an impermissible
comment as to the evidence. Specifically, Fields argues the governing law supports her assertion
that a law enforcement officer is not performing a duty when effectuating an unlawful arrest
pursuant to this Court’s holding in State v. Wilkerson, 114 Idaho 174, 775 P.2d 471 (Ct. App.
1988). Additionally, Fields argues a reasonable view of the evidence supports her legal theory
that she was arrested when the officers placed her in handcuffs and this arrest was unlawful because

3
       The district court later reduced her sentence to twelve months determinate for each of the
convictions, with the sentences to run concurrently.

                                                  4
the officers did not have a warrant, did not witness Fields commit a crime in their presence, and
did not have probable cause to believe Fields had committed a felony. In response, the State
contends the proposed jury instruction was neither legally nor factually appropriate and,
alternatively, the claimed error is harmless.
         A trial court presiding over a criminal case must instruct the jury on all matters of law
necessary for the jury’s information. I.C. § 19-2132. Therefore, a trial court must deliver
instructions on the rules of law that are “material to the determination of the defendant’s guilt or
innocence.” State v. Mack, 132 Idaho 480, 483, 974 P.2d 1109, 1112 (Ct. App. 1999). This
necessarily includes instructions on the “nature and elements of the crime charged and the essential
legal principles applicable to the evidence that has been admitted.” State v. Gain, 140 Idaho 170,
172, 90 P.3d 920, 922 (Ct. App. 2004).
         Although each party is entitled to request the delivery of specific instructions, Severson,
147 Idaho at 710, 215 P.3d at 430, such instructions will only be given if they are “correct and
pertinent.” I.C. § 19-2132. A proposed instruction is not “correct and pertinent” if it is: (1) an
erroneous statement of the law; (2) adequately covered by other instructions; or (3) not supported
by the facts of the case. State v. Jeske, 164 Idaho 862, 872, 436 P.3d 683, 693 (2019). Further, a
trial court need not give a proposed instruction if the instruction constitutes an impermissible
comment upon the evidence. State v. Hoover, 138 Idaho 414, 421, 64 P.3d 340, 347 (Ct. App.
2003).
A.       The District Court Did Not Err in Denying Fields’s Proposed Jury Instruction
         Because It Was Not Supported by the Facts of the Case
         The district court did not err in denying Fields’s proposed jury instruction because a
reasonable view of the evidence presented does not support that Fields was arrested when the
officers initially handcuffed her upon arrival to the scene.
         On appeal, Fields argues a reasonable view of the evidence supports her legal theory that
she was arrested when the officers placed her in handcuffs because: (1) handcuffing can turn an
investigatory detention into an arrest; (2) the officers did not utilize the least intrusive means
reasonably necessary by immediately placing Fields in handcuffs, removing her from the
immediate scene, and attempting to put her in a police vehicle; and (3) the officers admitted she
was not free to leave. The State maintains Fields was not arrested until an officer verbally placed
her under arrest for battery of a law enforcement officer after kicking Officer Robideau in the
groin. Additionally, the State emphasizes the only information before the jury was that Fields was
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not arrested until she struck Officer Robideau and the jury would not have been in a position to
evaluate the distinction between a detention and an arrest because Fields did not request an
instruction concerning when the officers exceed the scope of an investigative detention.
          If the requested instruction is not supported by the facts of the case, the trial court need not
give the instruction to the jury. State v. Ward, 135 Idaho 400, 402, 17 P.3d 901, 903 (Ct. App.
2001); see also State v. Meyer, 161 Idaho 631, 634-35, 389 P.3d 176, 179-80 (2017) (if requested
instruction is not supported by evidence, court must reject requested instruction). Although a
“defendant is entitled to an instruction where there is a reasonable view of the evidence presented
in the case that would support the theory,” Ward, 135 Idaho at 402, 17 P.3d at 903, a defendant is
not entitled to an instruction dealing with a defense theory that is not supported by the evidence.
State v. Hall, 161 Idaho 413, 423, 387 P.3d 81, 91 (2016). “Whether there was error in giving a
proposed instruction is not based upon a claim made by the party who proposed it. Rather, the
issue is whether there was evidence presented during the trial that would support the giving of the
instruction.” Id.
          “[T]here is no bright line rule to determine when an investigatory detention has become an
arrest.” State v. Buti, 131 Idaho 793, 796, 964 P.2d 660, 663 (1998). Instead, courts must consider
all the surrounding circumstances to determine whether the use of investigative methods, like
utilizing handcuffs, were unreasonable. State v. DuValt, 131 Idaho 550, 554, 961 P.2d 641, 645
(1998).
          Fields’s argument that she was arrested when the officers arrived on the scene and placed
her in handcuffs rests primarily upon the Idaho Supreme Court’s decision in State v. Pannell, 127
Idaho 420, 901 P.2d 1321 (1995). In Pannell, officers stopped the defendant after receiving a
dispatch report indicating he may have been involved in a recent domestic disturbance. Id. at 421,
901 P.2d at 1322. The officer explained to Pannell that he was investigating the disturbance.
Pannell admitted his involvement and that he had been drinking. Pannell complied with the
officer’s request to administer field sobriety tests, which were inconclusive. The officer, wanting
to finish the investigation and to stop Pannell from continuing to drive, told Pannell that he was
going to drive Pannell back to the site of the domestic disturbance. The officer proceeded to pat
Pannell down, place him in handcuffs, and position him in the patrol vehicle. Id.
          On appeal, the Idaho Supreme Court evaluated whether handcuffing Pannell and placing
him in the patrol car transformed the investigative detention into an arrest. Id. at 423, 901 P.2d at

                                                     6
1324. The Court noted that a bright line rule for determining whether an investigative detention
is unreasonable had been rejected by the United States Supreme Court.                 Therefore the
determination at issue demanded examination of all the surrounding circumstances. Id.
       The Court indicated that although there was some evidence suggesting Pannell might have
posed a threat to the officers’ safety, the “evidence was not sufficient to meet the high threshold
needed to justify the use of handcuffs as part of an investigative detention.” Id. at 424, P.2d at
1325. Pannell was fully compliant with the officers at all times and had not been drinking enough
to support a driving under the influence charge. Id. at 424-25, 901 P.2d at 1325-26. Further, the
dispatch report contained no allegations of physical violence, the pat down search that preceded
the handcuffing did not uncover any weapons, and there were three officers present at the scene to
maintain order over a single suspect. Id. Under these circumstances, the Court held handcuffing
Pannell and placing him in a patrol car amounted to an arrest because the officers employed a
degree of force which exceeded that justified for an investigatory detention. Id. at 425, 901 P.2d
at 1326.
       In subsequent cases, Idaho’s appellate courts have placed particular emphasis on the
number of officers in relation to the number of suspects and the individual’s level of compliance
with the officer’s requests when assessing the reasonableness of the use of handcuffs during an
investigative detention. Although Idaho courts have determined the use of handcuffs in certain
situations converted the investigative detention into an arrest, the courts have also held that other
circumstances justified the decision to briefly, but significantly, restrain an individual’s freedom
of movement with handcuffs until the danger was reasonably dispelled. Compare Buti, 131 Idaho
at 797-98, 964 P.2d at 664-65 (holding use of handcuffs and removal of individual at gunpoint
converted stop into arrest because six officers were present, Buti complied with officers requests,
and there was no indication that either suspect was armed) with DuValt, 131 Idaho at 554, 961
P.2d at 645 (use of handcuffs during investigative detention was reasonable because traffic stop
occurred late at night, officers suspected involvement in drug activity, erratic driving pattern
suggested driver was attempting to lose officers, officers were unaware of how many occupants
were inside vehicle and what activities they were involved in, and DuValt was uncooperative with
identification requests); see also State v. Frank, 133 Idaho 364, 368, 986 P.2d 1030, 1034 (Ct.
App. 1999) (officer’s decision to handcuff and place Frank in patrol vehicle was reasonable

                                                 7
because officer was alone and faced with potentially dangerous situation in unfamiliar and
darkened area and Frank’s conduct during initial encounter was noncompliant).
        Here, the district court was not required to give Fields’s proposed instruction to the jury
because the instruction was not supported by the facts of the case. Two officers responded to a
dispatch call of a fight in progress, alerting them that multiple people were attempting to subdue a
female suspect. Upon arrival, the officers witnessed multiple people holding a woman to the
ground. The officers perceived a fight in progress and Fields seemed to be the aggressor as she
was verbally belligerent, exhibiting combative behavior, and attempting to fight, including clawing
and grabbing at the shirts of the other individuals. One of the individuals told the officers that
despite efforts to restrain Fields, Fields was trying to bite and claw her. Thus, when the two
officers assumed physical control over Fields, they were inserting themselves in the middle of a
combative situation where three individuals were previously unable to subdue a belligerent and
aggressive Fields to stop her from aggressive, belligerent, combative behavior. Therefore, to
ensure officer safety, it was reasonable for the officers to place Fields in handcuffs and remove her
from the immediate area as part of an investigative detention. During the investigative detention,
Fields continued to behave aggressively and after Fields kicked Officer Robideau, she was placed
under arrest. Accordingly, no reasonable view of the evidence supported that the officers arrested
Fields when they placed her in handcuffs. Rather, the officers handcuffed Fields as part of an
investigative detention and she was only arrested after she struck an officer and was verbally
placed under arrest. Thus, the district court did not err by declining to give Fields’s proposed
instruction to the jury.
B.      The District Court Did Not Err in Denying Fields’s Proposed Jury Instruction
        Because It Was an Incorrect Statement of Law
        Fields’s proposed instruction sought to inform the jury that: (1) a lawful arrest must be
supported by probable cause; and (2) an officer is not in the “performance of his duties” under I.C.
§ 18-915(3)(b) when executing an unlawful arrest. Fields’s legal theory is that the officers arrested
her when they placed her in handcuffs immediately upon arrival to the scene and the arrest was
unlawful because officers did not have probable cause that Fields had committed an assault or
battery at that time. Therefore, Fields reasons her subsequent battery upon the officers could not
give rise to a conviction of battery upon a law enforcement officer because the officers were not
in the performance of their duties at that time; the allegedly unlawful arrest tainted all further
actions by the officers. If a requested jury instruction is an erroneous statement of the law, the
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trial court need not give the instruction to the jury. Ward, 135 Idaho at 402, 17 P.3d at 903.
Fields’s assumptions are incorrect thus, her argument fails.
         1.     Fields’s proposed jury instruction is an incorrect statement of the law because
                it presupposes that she was arrested when the officers handcuffed her
         “While a detention cannot extend indefinitely, there is no bright line rule to determine when
an investigatory detention has become an arrest. Instead, common sense and ordinary human
experience must govern over rigid criteria.” Buti, 131 Idaho at 796, 964 P.2d at 663 (internal quote
and citation omitted). As such, courts must consider all of the surrounding circumstances and
determine whether the investigative methods employed were the least intrusive means reasonably
available to verify or dispel the officer’s suspicion in a short period of time. Frank, 133 Idaho at
368, 986 P.2d at 1034. However, a detention is not unreasonable simply because the protection of
the public might, in the abstract, have been accomplished by less intrusive means. Buti, 131 Idaho
at 797, 964 P.2d at 664. “The question is not simply whether some other alternative was available,
but whether the police acted unreasonably in failing to recognize or to pursue it.” United States v.
Sharpe, 470 U.S. 675, 686-87 (1985).
         Although officers are entitled to use handcuffs and place individuals in a patrol car during
limited investigatory stops to maintain their safety, these actions must be reasonable based upon
the specific facts of the situation and the reasonable inferences drawn from those facts. DuValt,
131 Idaho at 554, 961 P.2d at 645. Otherwise, the detention is transformed into an arrest. Id. In
determining if a particular detention is reasonable, the court should consider: (1) the duration of
the invasion imposed by the additional restriction; and (2) the law enforcement purposes served.
Id. Additional factors are the seriousness of the crime, the location of the encounter, the length of
the detention, the reasonableness of the officer’s display of force, and the conduct of the suspect
as the encounter unfolds. State v. Ferreira, 133 Idaho 474, 480, 988 P.2d 700, 706 (Ct. App.
1999).
         Fields’s proposed instruction presupposes that the facts support the notion that she was
arrested not detained. However, the district court properly determined, as set forth above, that the
officers detained, not arrested, Fields. Fields essentially argues for an instruction to the jury that
would place the determination of the legal question of whether Fields was detained or arrested in
the hands of the jury. The district court properly refused to do so. Even so, Fields’s proposed jury
instruction does not instruct the jury on the legal considerations necessary to make a decision on
whether Fields was detained or arrested. For instance, the proposed jury instruction does not speak
                                                  9
to the argument Fields makes on appeal about the officers employing the least intrusive means
possible so as not to turn an investigative detention into an arrest. Simply put, the considerations
necessary for the determination are not included in the proposed jury instruction. The district court
correctly refused to instruct the jury on the issue, and the proposed jury instruction is an incorrect
statement of the law.
       2.      Fields’s proposed jury instruction is an incorrect statement of the law because
               it presupposes that the officers were not engaged in the performance of their
               official duties
       Additionally, Fields’s proposed jury instruction is an incorrect statement of law because it
presupposed the officers were not engaged in the performance of their official duties when Fields
committed the batteries. For an individual to be found guilty under I.C. § 18-915(3)(b), the State
must prove the officer was performing an official duty at the time of the battery. State v. Kelly,
158 Idaho 862, 865, 353 P.3d 1096, 1099 (Ct. App. 2015). However, performing an official duty
includes a range of officer conduct. For example, an officer is performing an official duty if
engaged in the community caretaking function when the battery occurs because “[w]ithout
question, an officer’s duties include responding to calls for assistance and helping citizens.” Id. at
866, 353 P.3d at 1100.
       Fields agrees the officers were performing an official duty when they responded to the
dispatch and were investigating the situation at the scene. However, Fields’s proposed jury
instruction conveys that officers can only be engaged in one official duty at a time such that the
officers stopped performing their official duties upon handcuffing her and could not have been
performing any other official duty during or after that time. The jury instruction did not address
whether officers could be simultaneously engaged in official duties and therefore, because Fields’s
proposed jury instruction is more constrictive than the law requires, it is an incorrect statement of
law.
       3.      Fields’s proposed jury instruction is an incorrect statement of the law because
               it uses a narrow definition of “duty” that has not been adopted by Idaho courts
       Finally, Fields’s proposed jury instruction is an incorrect statement of law because it
narrowly defines “duty” under I.C. § 18-915(3)(b). Idaho appellate courts have not established
such a narrow definition when analyzing whether law enforcement officers are engaged in the
performance of a “duty” when effectuating an unlawful arrest in the context of felony and
misdemeanor statutes concerning resisting and obstructing officers.

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       In Wilkerson, this Court addressed whether the word “duty” under the misdemeanor
resisting statute, I.C. § 18-705, prohibited individuals from resisting unlawful acts of law
enforcement officers; in other words, this Court addressed how broadly to construe an officer’s
“duty” under a statute that criminalized resisting or obstructing an officer in discharge, or
attempted discharge, of his duties of office. Wilkerson, 114 Idaho at 178, 755 P.2d at 475. This
Court acknowledged the Idaho Supreme Court held Idaho’s former felony resisting statute, which
criminalized an individual from using force or violence to knowingly resist an officer in the
performance of his duty, encompassed resistance to an unlawful arrest. Id. at 177 n.1, 755 P.2d at
474 n.1. However, this Court read the word “duty” under the misdemeanor resisting statute more
narrowly, holding the Idaho Legislature did not intend to criminalize passive disobedience to any
actions of a law enforcement officer because “[p]assive resistance does not present the same
immediate risk of violence and physical harm as does forcible resistance.” Id. at 180, 755 P.2d at
477. Therefore, “duty” under the misdemeanor resisting statute encompasses only those lawful
and authorized acts of a public officer. Id.
       However, Fields’s proposed jury instruction incorrectly conveys that Idaho courts have
held the word “duty” as interpreted in I.C. § 18-915(3)(b), a different statute, is similarly defined
narrowly and applies to discrete acts of the officers instead of a more broad definition that would
include acts like investigation of a dispatch referral.     Idaho courts have not held that this
constrained definition applies to the word “duty” under I.C. § 18-915(3)(b) and thus, the proposed
jury instruction is an incorrect statement of law.
       Because Fields’s proposed jury instruction presupposes she was arrested when the officers
placed her in handcuffs, conveys the officers could not have been engaged in any other official
duty, and uses a narrow definition of the word “duty” that has not been adopted by the courts, it
constituted an incorrect statement of law. Accordingly, the district court did not err by declining
to give Fields’s proposed instruction to the jury.
                                                 IV.
                                          CONCLUSION
       Fields’s proposed jury instruction was not supported by the facts of the case and was an
incorrect statement of law. Accordingly, the district court did not err by declining to give her
proposed instruction to the jury and the judgment of conviction is affirmed.
       Judge GRATTON and Judge BRAILSFORD CONCUR.

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