Court Opinion

ID: 829372
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-03-01 20:14:11.288863+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:19:14.604559
License: Public Domain

Michigan Supreme Court
                                                                                   Lansing, Michigan
                                                       Chief Justice:          Justices:

Opinion                                                Robert P. Young, Jr. Michael F. Cavanagh
                                                                            Marilyn Kelly
                                                                            Maura D. Corrigan
                                                                            Stephen J. Markman
                                                                            Diane M. Hathaway
                                                                            Mary Beth Kelly

                                                                 FILED JANUARY 14, 2011

                              STATE OF MICHIGAN

                                      SUPREME COURT

 PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

                Plaintiff-Appellee,

 v                                                              No. 139969

 DONALD ALLEN LOWN,

                Defendant-Appellant.

 BEFORE THE ENTIRE BENCH (except MARY BETH KELLY, J.)

 CORRIGAN, J.
       This case requires us to clarify the correct interpretation of the statutory “180-day

 rule” established by MCL 780.131 and MCL 780.133. The object of this rule is to

 dispose of new criminal charges against inmates in Michigan correctional facilities; the

 rule requires dismissal of the case if the prosecutor fails to commence action on charges

 pending against an inmate within 180 days after the Department of Corrections (DOC)

 delivers notice of the inmate’s imprisonment. We reaffirm that the rule does not require

 that a trial be commenced or completed within 180 days of the date notice was delivered.

 Rather, as this Court has held for more than 50 years, it is sufficient that the prosecutor
“proceed promptly” and “move[] the case to the point of readiness for trial” within the

180-day period.     People v Hendershot, 357 Mich 300, 304; 98 NW2d 568 (1959).

Significantly, although a prosecutor must proceed promptly and take action in good faith

in order to satisfy the rule, there is no good-faith exception to the rule. Instead, as

originally articulated in Hendershot, good faith is an implicit component of proper action

by the prosecutor, who may not satisfy the rule simply by taking preliminary steps toward

trial but then delaying inexcusably. We further clarify that the statutory 180-day period

is, by the plain terms of the statute, a fixed period of consecutive days beginning on the

date when the prosecutor receives the required notice from the DOC. Thus, the relevant

question is not whether 180 days of delay since that date may be attributable to the

prosecutor, but whether action was commenced within 180 calendar days following the

date the prosecutor received the notice. If so, the rule has been satisfied unless the

prosecutor’s initial steps are “followed by inexcusable delay beyond the 180-day period

and an evident intent not to bring the case to trial promptly . . . .”1 Accordingly, a court

should not calculate the 180-day period by apportioning to each party any periods of

delay after the DOC delivers notice. Finally, we note that a violation of the 180-day

rule—which deprives the court of “jurisdiction,” MCL 780.133—specifically divests the

court of personal jurisdiction over the defendant for the particular action.

         The statutory 180-day rule was satisfied here because the prosecutor commenced

action well within 180 days after receiving notice from the DOC, “proceed[ed] promptly

and with dispatch thereafter toward readying the case for trial,” and “[stood] ready for

1
    Hendershot, 357 Mich at 303.

                                             2
trial within the 180-day period . . . .”2 Moreover, the record contains no evidence that

ensuing delays caused in part by docket congestion were without reason or otherwise

inexcusable under the facts of this case; indeed, defendant either requested or explicitly

consented to each adjournment. For these reasons, we affirm the judgment of the Court

of Appeals.

                               I. FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS

                             A. SEPTEMBER 2005 TO JULY 2006

         Proceedings in this case began in September 2005 when the Saginaw County

Prosecuting Attorney charged defendant, Donald Allen Lown, with second-degree home

invasion.3        Defendant was arrested and held in the Saginaw County jail.      Because

defendant was on parole, the DOC issued a parole violation hold; accordingly, defendant

was ineligible for release on bond. Defendant’s initial period of confinement in the

county jail—from September 2005 through early May 2006—is not the basis for his

current claim that the statutory 180-day rule was violated. But the events of this period in

part explain why defendant still had not been tried as of August 8, 2008, when he filed

this appeal.

         Defendant was arraigned in the Saginaw Circuit Court on November 7, 2005. A

joint trial with his codefendant was scheduled to begin on February 7, 2006. The trial

was postponed after the court granted a motion for separate trials filed by defendant’s

2
    Id. at 304.
3
    MCL 750.110a(3).

                                              3
first appointed attorney, Keith Skutt. Defendant subsequently offered to plead guilty. A

plea hearing was scheduled for January 30, 2006. By the time of the hearing, however,

defendant had changed his mind about the plea and requested a new attorney. Skutt

moved to withdraw from representation and stated that defendant was “willing to waive

his right to trial within 180 days” to await new counsel. The court denied the motion to

withdraw. Without objection by either party, the trial was ultimately rescheduled for

May 9, 2006, in part because of docket congestion.

       On April 20, 2006, defendant moved for release on bond—or, in the alternative,

for dismissal of the home-invasion charge—because he had been jailed for more than 180

days and the trial had yet to commence. On May 1, 2006, the court granted the motion

for a personal recognizance bond under MCR 6.004(C), which allows for the release on

bond of defendants who are jailed for more than 180 days as a result of pending charges.

The court initially delayed ruling on defendant’s alternative argument that dismissal was

required under the statutory 180-day rule and MCR 6.004(D), which apply to inmates of

correctional facilities.4 The prosecutor responded that the statutory rule did not apply to

defendants held in county jails or to parole detainees. Meanwhile, as a result of the

court’s order releasing defendant on bond for the pending charge, the DOC took

defendant into custody on May 4, 2006, for violating parole.

       The court denied defendant’s motion to dismiss under the statutory 180-day rule in

an order entered on June 16, 2006, citing People v Chavies, 234 Mich App 274; 593

4
 The rule requiring a personal recognizance bond, MCR 6.004(C)—which applies a 180-
day period in certain felony cases—is distinct from the statutory 180-day rule at issue
here. The statutory rule, MCL 780.131 and MCL 780.133, is reflected in MCR 6.004(D).

                                            4
NW2d 655 (1999).5 Defendant claims that, after he was reimprisoned by the DOC, no

one took steps to ensure his availability for the May 9, 2006, trial; he claims that this

failure to act caused the court to reschedule the trial for July 5, 2006. By stipulation of

the parties, however, the July 5 date was adjourned and the trial was rescheduled for

September 19, 2006, to accommodate defense counsel’s summer vacation plans. On

July 17, 2006, Skutt filed another motion to withdraw as counsel, stating that defendant

had filed a grievance against him with the Attorney Grievance Commission. On July 28,

2006, the court granted Skutt’s motion to withdraw and appointed a second attorney,

Timothy Lynch, to represent defendant.

      Around this time the DOC sent certified written notice of defendant’s

incarceration to the prosecutor as required by MCL 780.131. The prosecutor received the

5
 As we will discuss further, the court and parties appear to have been unaware that, two
days before the trial court’s June 16, 2006, order, this Court overruled the relevant
aspects of Chavies in People v Williams, 475 Mich 245; 716 NW2d 208 (2006).
Defendant’s appellate counsel concedes, however, that the Williams opinion did not
entitle defendant to dismissal under the 180-day rule at the time of his first motion to
dismiss.

                                            5
notification no later than July 22, 2006.6 Thus, the statutory 180-day period relevant to

this appeal began on July 23, 2006.7

                        B. SEPTEMBER 2006 TO APRIL 2008

      On the next scheduled trial date of September 19, 2006, defendant rejected a plea

agreement offered by the prosecutor. Lynch moved for an adjournment to allow more

time for trial preparation. Defendant stated on the record that he had no objection to the

adjournment. The trial was rescheduled for November 28, 2006. On that date, the parties

again appeared. Defendant rejected yet another plea offer from the prosecutor, and both

sides were prepared for trial. But, because defendant was imprisoned with the DOC on

prior convictions as a result of his parole violation—that is, he was not incarcerated as a

result of the pending charge—the court itself adjourned the trial so proceedings against

local jail inmates could take precedence. The court stated that defendant “will be tried

next year.” Neither party objected.

       The trial was next scheduled to begin on April 24, 2007. At a hearing on that date

the court denied defendant’s motion to dismiss Lynch and asserted that jury selection

6
  Defendant states that the prosecutor received notice no later than July 22, 2006.
July 22, 2006, is also the date employed by the Court of Appeals in its analysis.
Accordingly, we rely on the July 22 date here. Defendant nonetheless observes that the
return receipt for the notice appears to have been signed by the prosecutor’s office on
July 19, 2006. Moreover, in its brief before the trial court, the prosecution admitted
receiving notice on July 18, 2006, which was the date the trial court used in its analysis.
Using either of the earlier possible receipt dates in our analysis would not change the
outcome of this case.
7
 Williams, 475 Mich at 256 n 4 (stating that the 180-day period begins the day after the
prosecution receives the written notice required by MCL 780.131).

                                            6
would begin later that week. Off the record, the trial was adjourned yet again to July 11,

2007, apparently as a result of docket congestion. On July 11, 2007, the case was

adjourned to September 5, 2007. The court explained simply: “We’ve taken the time

here to determine when this case is going to be reset and everybody is going to be

available.”

       The case was pushed to one day later, September 6, 2007, at which time the parties

appeared and the prosecution stated that it was ready to proceed. But, in the meantime,

Lynch had moved to withdraw as counsel, noting defendant’s “antagonistic, demeaning,

denigrating attitude” towards him and stating that defendant had filed an unwarranted

grievance against him with the Attorney Grievance Commission. The court granted the

motion. James Tiderington was appointed as replacement counsel for the defense on

September 12, 2007.

       The trial was rescheduled for December 4, 2007. On that date, the court granted

Tiderington’s motion for an adjournment in order to file a motion to dismiss under the

statutory 180-day rule. In a December 7, 2007, motion, Tiderington observed that the

Court of Appeals’ opinion in Chavies—on which the trial court relied in its June 16,

2006, order denying defendant’s first motion to dismiss—had been overruled by the June

14, 2006, Williams decision.     The court ordered briefing and held two hearings to

consider the issue.

       In an April 15, 2008, opinion and order, the court denied defendant’s motion. It

noted that, although 180 days had passed since the prosecutor received notice from the

                                            7
DOC, the “good faith exception” to the 180-day rule precluded dismissal.8              The

prosecution had taken good-faith action toward preparing for trial within the 180-day

period—indeed it was, “at all times, ready, willing and able to proceed with trial of this

case”—and “[a]ll adjournments were made at the Defendant’s request or otherwise

beyond the Prosecution’s control.”       Over the prosecutor’s objection, the court also

granted defendant’s motion to stay the proceedings while defendant appealed its ruling in

the Court of Appeals.

                             C. APPELLATE PROCEEDINGS

         The Court of Appeals9 affirmed in part, concluding that the statutory 180-day rule

did not require dismissal of the home-invasion charge.10 Citing People v Crawford, 232

Mich App 608, 613-615; 591 NW2d 669 (1998), the Court began by calculating the

period of delay specifically attributable to the prosecution or the court, and not

8
    The court cited caselaw that included Hendershot.
9
  People v Lown, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued
October 1, 2009 (Docket No. 287033). The Court of Appeals had initially denied
defendant’s application for leave to appeal “for failure to persuade the Court of the need
for immediate appellate review.” People v Lown, unpublished order of the Court of
Appeals, entered October 30, 2008 (Docket No. 287033). Defendant applied for leave to
appeal in this Court and we remanded, directing the Court of Appeals to consider the case
as on leave granted. People v Lown, 483 Mich 893 (2009).
10
   The Court of Appeals remanded for further proceedings before the trial court
concerning defendant’s separate claim—which was not addressed by the trial court—that
the delays deprived him of his constitutional right to a speedy trial under the United
States and Michigan Constitutions and related statutory and court rule provisions. US
Const, Am VI; Const 1963, art 1, § 20; MCL 768.1; MCR 6.004(A). This issue is not
currently before us.

                                             8
attributable to defendant, beginning on July 23, 2006. The Court concluded that more

than 180 days of the total delay were caused by docket congestion or unexplained factors

that must be attributed to the prosecution under People v England, 177 Mich App 279,

285; 441 NW2d 95 (1989).

           Nonetheless, the Court concluded that dismissal was not required because the

prosecution was “ready and willing to go to trial at least as early as September 19,

2006.”11 The Court observed that this date was “well within the initial 180-day period,

and it appears from the record that the prosecution had made a good-faith effort to

proceed to trial at that time.”12 Thus, the Court concluded that the 180-day rule was not

violated, applying the reasoning of People v Michael Davis, 283 Mich App 737; 769

NW2d 278 (2009). Davis relied on this Court’s decision in Hendershot to conclude that

“‘trial or completion of trial’” within the 180-day period is unnecessary to satisfy the

statutory rule; rather, if “‘apparent good-faith action is taken well within the [180-day]

period and the people proceed promptly and with dispatch thereafter toward readying the

case for trial, the condition of the statute for the court’s retention of jurisdiction is

met.’”13

           Defendant petitioned this Court to review the Court of Appeals’ judgment. We

granted his application for leave to appeal and directed the parties to include among the

issues to be briefed

11
     Lown, unpub op at 4.
12
     Id.
13
     Davis, 283 Mich App at 741, quoting Hendershot, 357 Mich at 304.

                                             9
           (1) whether the 180-day rule, MCL 780.131 and 780.133, is jurisdictional,
           and if so, whether it permits any delay in trial beyond 180 days from the
           date of the Department of Corrections notice; (2) whether a strict
           jurisdictional reading of the rule violates a defendant’s constitutional rights
           when a delay in trial beyond the 180 days is sought by the defendant, as
           occurred in this case; (3) whether, if some delay in trial beyond 180 days is
           permitted by the statutory provisions, any such delay should be evaluated
           by attributing it to the defendant or the prosecution, and if so, whether
           action of the circuit court, such as delay due to docket management
           concerns, should automatically be attributed to the prosecution; (4) whether
           a prosecutor’s good-faith efforts to bring a defendant to trial within the
           initial 180-day period is of any relevance in the application of the statutory
           provisions, and if so, whether the prosecutor must remain prepared at all
           times to go to trial in order to avoid dismissal of the case under the rule;
           and (5) if this Court were to determine that the 180-day rule is jurisdictional
           and does not permit any delays in the commencement of trial, whether and
           to what extent that determination should be applied retroactively.[14]

                                  II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

           This case requires us to consider the meaning and proper application of MCL

780.131 and MCL 780.133. We review de novo questions of statutory interpretation.15

Our goal when interpreting a statute is to “ascertain and give effect to the intent of the

Legislature” as manifested in the plain language of the statute.16 If the language is “clear

and unambiguous,” we need go no further; courts will not engage in additional judicial

construction of an unambiguous statute.17

14
     People v Lown, 485 Mich 1036 (2010).
15
     People v Charles Davis, 468 Mich 77, 79; 658 NW2d 800 (2003).
16
     Id.
17
     Id.

                                                 10
                                      III. DISCUSSION

             A. INTERPRETATION OF THE STATUTORY 180-DAY RULE

         The relevant subsection of MCL 780.131 provides:

                 Whenever the department of corrections receives notice that there is
         pending in this state any untried warrant, indictment, information, or
         complaint setting forth against any inmate of a correctional facility of this
         state a criminal offense for which a prison sentence might be imposed upon
         conviction, the inmate shall be brought to trial within 180 days after the
         department of corrections causes to be delivered to the prosecuting attorney
         of the county in which the warrant, indictment, information, or complaint is
         pending written notice of the place of imprisonment of the inmate and a
         request for final disposition of the warrant, indictment, information, or
         complaint. The request shall be accompanied by a statement setting forth
         the term of commitment under which the prisoner is being held, the time
         already served, the time remaining to be served on the sentence, the amount
         of good time or disciplinary credits earned, the time of parole eligibility of
         the prisoner, and any decisions of the parole board relating to the prisoner.
         The written notice and statement shall be delivered by certified mail.[18]

Thus, MCL 780.131(1) states the general rule requiring that an inmate housed in a state

correctional facility who has criminal charges pending against him “shall be brought to

trial within 180 days after” the DOC delivers written notice of information concerning

the inmate’s imprisonment to the prosecuting attorney.          The 180-day period begins

running on the day after the prosecutor receives the required notice.19

         MCL 780.133 governs failure to comply with the 180-day rule:

                In the event that, within the time limitation set forth in [MCL
         780.131], action is not commenced on the matter for which request for
         disposition was made, no court of this state shall any longer have

18
     MCL 780.131(1).
19
     Williams, 475 Mich at 256 n 4.

                                              11
           jurisdiction thereof, nor shall the untried warrant, indictment, information
           or complaint be of any further force or effect, and the court shall enter an
           order dismissing the same with prejudice.

This provision specifies that if “action is not commenced on the matter” within the 180-

day period, the court loses jurisdiction and must dismiss the matter with prejudice. It

does not employ the same word used in MCL 780.131(1); it does not state that the court

loses jurisdiction if the trial has not begun. It also does not state that the court loses

jurisdiction if the action is not complete. Rather, it requires the commencement—or

beginning—of “action.”         In this context, the word “action” has complementary and

relatively uncontroversial meanings.         “Action” may encompass, for example, the

“process of doing something; conduct or behavior,” an act or a “thing done,” or, in the

context of court proceedings, a “civil or criminal judicial proceeding.”20 A “proceeding,”

in turn, generally includes the “regular and orderly progression of a lawsuit, including all

acts and events between the time of commencement and the entry of judgment”; it may

also mean an “act or step that is part of a larger action.”21 Thus, this Court has long held

that to commence action within the 180-day period, a prosecutor need not ensure that the

trial actually begins, or is completed, within that period. Rather, the prosecutor must

have undertaken action—or, put otherwise, begun proceedings—against the defendant on

the charges (or the “matter”).22 As we explained in Hendershot:

20
     Black’s Law Dictionary (7th ed).
21
     Id.
22
   Contrast People v Swafford, 483 Mich 1, 3; 762 NW2d 902 (2009), in which we had
“no choice” but to dismiss the charges with prejudice on the basis of the language of the
Interstate Agreement on Detainers (IAD), MCL 780.601, which expressly premises
dismissal on a prisoner not being “brought to trial within” 180 days of notice. Swafford

                                               12
                  The statute does not require the action to be commenced so early
           within the 180-day period as to insure trial or completion of trial within that
           period. If . . . apparent good-faith action is taken well within the period and
           the people proceed promptly and with dispatch thereafter toward readying
           the case for trial, the condition of the statute for the court’s retention of
           jurisdiction is met.[23]

Accordingly,

           [w]hen the people have moved the case to the point of readiness for trial
           and stand ready for trial within the 180-day period, defendant’s delaying
           motions, carrying the matter beyond that period before the trial can occur,
           may not be said to have brought the statute into operation, barring trial
           thereafter.[24]

On the other hand, if the prosecutor takes no action or delays inexcusably after taking

preliminary steps, the rule may be violated:

                  Clearly, if no action is taken and no trial occurs within 180 days, the
           statute applies. If some preliminary step or action is taken, followed by
           inexcusable delay beyond the 180-day period and an evident intent not to
           bring the case to trial promptly, the statute opens the door to a finding by
           the court that good-faith action was not commenced as contemplated by
           [MCL 780.133], thus requiring dismissal.[25]

           In this case, the Court of Appeals correctly relied on these propositions from

Hendershot, as quoted by the Court of Appeals’ decision in Davis.26 The 180-day period

explained that “[h]owever harsh and inflexible a remedy for failure to comply with the
IAD this may be adjudged, it is plainly what our Legislature requires.” Swafford, 483
Mich at 17. The distinct language of MCL 780.133 plainly does not require dismissal
although a prisoner was not brought to trial within 180 days if the prosecutor nonetheless
commenced action in the case within that period.
23
     Hendershot, 357 Mich at 304.
24
     Id.
25
     Id. at 303-304.
26
     Lown, unpub op at 4, quoting Davis, 283 Mich App at 741-742.

                                                 13
began July 23, 2006, and ended January 19, 2007. As the Court of Appeals concluded,

the prosecutor not only commenced action within this period but was prepared to proceed

to trial at least by September 19, 2006, which was the first scheduled trial date after the

180-day period commenced. Trial was postponed that day as the result of defense

counsel’s motion for adjournment; defendant himself expressly stated on the record that

he did not object to the adjournment. The record further shows that the prosecutor

remained ready for trial at subsequent rescheduled trial dates, including November 28,

2006; April 24, 2007; and September 6, 2007.              On the next scheduled trial date,

December 4, 2007, defendant moved to adjourn to bring the motion to dismiss under the

180-day rule that led to this appeal. In the words of the trial court, the prosecutor was,

“at all times, ready, willing and able to proceed with trial of this case.” Indeed, the

record shows that the victims of the home invasion were also in the courtroom, ready to

testify, on each of the numerous scheduled trial dates.

         Further, the court itself appears to have been ready to proceed as of September 19,

2006, when defendant moved to adjourn. Later adjournments were attributable both to

the defense and to docket congestion. The Court of Appeals has observed that the

“burden imposed” by MCL 780.131 and MCL 780.133 “rests as much upon the court as

upon the prosecutor” because “the scheduling of cases is not controlled by the

prosecutor.”27    Accordingly, the Court of Appeals here relied on cases, including

England, for the proposition that “‘[a]ll adjournments without reason and unexplained

delays are chargeable to the prosecution’” without regard to whether the prosecutor is

27
     People v Wolak, 153 Mich App 60, 65; 395 NW2d 240 (1986).

                                             14
otherwise ready to proceed to trial.28 As we will discuss further, the Court of Appeals

erred when calculating the 180-day period by attributing individual periods of delay to

the parties. But, to the extent that docket congestion could be relevant, clearly the

congestion here was generally explained and excusable. At several hearings, the court

explicitly confirmed that defendant would not be prejudiced by further adjournments

because he was imprisoned as a result of sentences for prior convictions to which any

new sentences would be consecutive.         Indeed, several adjournments were necessary

because other defendants, who unlike defendant were jailed solely as a result of pending

charges, would be prejudiced by additional delays. Finally, defendant did not object—

and often explicitly consented—to the adjournments attributable to docket congestion.

Accordingly, even if the court was responsible for delaying the proceedings after action

was commenced, first, the record does not reflect that the delays were unexplained or

without reason in the context of this case, and, second, defendant waived or forfeited any

error in this regard.

         For these reasons, the trial court properly denied defendant’s motion to dismiss the

case under the 180-day rule, and the Court of Appeals properly affirmed that denial.

Action was commenced “well within the period,” and the prosecution “proceed[ed]

promptly and with dispatch thereafter toward readying the case for trial” and “[stood]

ready for trial within the 180-day period.”29 And there is no evidence that ensuing delays

28
   Lown, unpub op at 2, quoting England, 177 Mich App at 285, which cited, among
other cases, Wolak.
29
     Hendershot, 357 Mich at 304.

                                              15
caused by docket congestion were without reason or otherwise inexcusable under the

facts of this case.

       Moreover, this analysis alone was a sufficient basis for the lower courts’

conclusions that the 180-day rule was satisfied. It was unnecessary for the Court of

Appeals to calculate the number of days of delay attributable to the prosecutor, the court,

or defendant beginning on July 23, 2006. The relevant statutory provisions do not

describe the 180-day period as 180 total days of delay attributable to the prosecutor or

court, after which the court may lose jurisdiction of the case. Rather, they plainly

describe the period as a single term consisting of 180 consecutive days beginning at the

time the DOC delivers the required written notice to the prosecutor. MCL 780.131(1)

states that the inmate “shall be brought to trial within 180 days after” the DOC delivers

notice. (Emphasis added.) MCL 780.133 similarly deprives the court of jurisdiction if

“action is not commenced” “within the time limitation set forth in [MCL 780.131].”

(Emphasis added.)

       The practice of allocating periods of pretrial delay between the parties originates

not from Michigan’s statutory 180-day rule, but from jurisprudence governing the

constitutional right to a speedy trial.30 The necessary inquiries are distinct. The United

30
   Periods of pretrial delay may also be allocated in other circumstances when called for
by the governing statute or rule. For example, the statute governing Michigan’s 180-day
rule stands in contrast to the IAD, which, as previously noted, premises dismissal not on
the failure to commence action within 180 days of notice, as in MCL 780.133, but solely
on a prisoner not being “brought to trial within” 180 days of notice. Accordingly, the
IAD expressly permits—and thus excludes from the 180-day period—“necessary or
reasonable continuance[s]” for “good cause shown in open court . . . .” MCL 780.601, art
III(a).

                                            16
States Supreme Court established a balancing test applicable to speedy trial cases in

Barker v Wingo, 407 US 514; 92 S Ct 2182; 33 L Ed 2d 101 (1972), which this Court

adopted in People v Grimmett, 388 Mich 590, 602-606; 202 NW2d 278 (1972).31

Relevant factors under this test include the reasons for the pretrial delay and whether the

defendant was prejudiced.32 Accordingly, courts may consider which portions of the

delay were attributable to each party when determining whether a defendant’s speedy

trial rights have been violated33 and may attribute unexplained delays—or inexcusable

delays caused by the court—to the prosecution.34

       A day count and assignment of responsibility for periods of delay are also
expressly required by Michigan’s pretrial release rule, MCR 6.004(C), which applies to
defendants who are incarcerated as a result of pending charges. Under this rule, “[i]n
computing the 28-day and 180-day periods” after which a defendant generally must be
released on personal recognizance during the pendency of the proceedings, “the court is
to exclude” delays caused by various events including, for example, “adjournment[s]
requested or consented to by the defendant’s lawyer.” MCR 6.004(C)(3).

        The absence of any equivalent language in MCL 780.131 or MCL 780.133
referring to apportioning delay or granting continuances is highly significant. As noted,
MCL 780.133 prescribes a harsh penalty—dismissal of the criminal charge with
prejudice. It is entirely rational for the Legislature to have employed language that
ensures that this penalty obtains only when “action is not commenced,” rather than when
the defendant is not “brought to trial,” when it drafted a serious penalty provision that
contains no mechanism for granting continuances or apportioning delay.
31
 See People v Chism, 390 Mich 104, 111; 211 NW2d 193 (1973); People v Collins, 388
Mich 680, 688; 202 NW2d 769 (1972).
32
     See Barker, 407 US at 530; Chism, 390 Mich at 111.
33
     See, e.g., Chism, 390 Mich at 112.
34
  See, e.g., People v Ross, 145 Mich App 483, 491; 378 NW2d 517 (1985); People v
Carner, 117 Mich App 560, 577; 324 NW2d 78 (1982).

                                            17
         Some cases have employed these elements of the speedy trial test when reviewing

motions for dismissal under the statutory 180-day rule. For example, in Crawford, 232

Mich App at 613, and England, 177 Mich App at 285—on which the Court of Appeals

here relied—the Court applied the statutory 180-day rule in part by calculating how many

days of delay were “chargeable” to the prosecutor after the prosecutor received the

required DOC notice. But neither case offered a full explanation of why it imported the

speedy trial test into this context. Rather, each case primarily cited portions of other

cases that addressed speedy trial challenges.35

         We clarify that the 180-day period addressed in MCL 780.131 and MCL 780.133

consists of the consecutive 180 days beginning on the day after the prosecutor receives

the required notice from the DOC. The relevant threshold question is, therefore, not

whether 180 days of delay since that date may be attributable to the prosecutor, but

whether action was commenced within this 180-day period as described earlier, in

accordance with Hendershot. If so, the rule has been satisfied unless the prosecutor’s

initial steps were “followed by inexcusable delay beyond the 180-day period and an

evident intent not to bring the case to trial promptly . . . .” 36 Certainly, delays attributable

to the prosecutor or the court both within and after the 180-day period may be relevant to

whether delay beyond the period is inexcusable or whether the prosecutor lacked an

35
   England, 177 Mich App at 286, relied primarily on cases analyzing the constitutional
right to a speedy trial, including Barker, 407 US at 527; People v Patterson, 170 Mich
App 162; 427 NW2d 601 (1988), remanded on other grounds 437 Mich 895 (1990); and
Ross, 145 Mich App 483. Crawford, 232 Mich App at 614, relied in part on England.
36
     Hendershot, 357 Mich at 303.

                                               18
evident intent to bring the case to trial promptly. Accordingly, a court may find it

necessary to consider the causes of delay. But doing so is unnecessary for calculating the

statutory 180-day period, which is a fixed, consecutive period that, unlike periods of

delay considered under a speedy trial analysis, is not subject to apportionment.

                   B. THE PROSECUTOR’S DUTY TO ACT IN GOOD FAITH

          We further clarify that, contrary to the trial court’s assertion, the statutory 180-day

rule has no judicially created “good-faith exception.” The trial court observed that a so-

called good-faith exception to the rule was created by the references to a prosecutor’s

good-faith action in Hendershot. But Hendershot should be read consistently with the

plain language of MCL 780.133—not to create an exception that has no basis in the

statutory text.

          The text of MCL 780.133 clearly contemplates that a court may retain jurisdiction

although 180 days have passed after the DOC sent the required notice as long as “action”

was “commenced on the matter” within the 180-day period. Hendershot is best read as

discussing good faith not as an exception to this requirement, but as an element of the

action required within the 180-day period to avoid dismissal under MCL 780.133.

Indeed, Hendershot defined commencing action as “good-faith action . . . taken well

within the period” in order to ready the case for trial.37 Significantly, it did so in part to

explain that the trial itself need not take place within the period for the court to retain

37
     Id. at 304.

                                                19
jurisdiction under MCL 780.133.38 Thus, it effectively distinguished good-faith action to

bring the case to trial from a mere “preliminary step or action” that is “followed by

inexcusable delay beyond the 180-day period and an evident intent not to bring the case

to trial promptly . . . .”39 It concluded that, upon a showing that the prosecutor merely

took such a preliminary step and then delayed and did not genuinely intend to bring the

case to trial promptly, “the statute opens the door to a finding by the court that good-faith

action was not commenced as contemplated by [MCL 780.133] . . . .”40 In other words, a

court may conclude that “action” was “commenced on the matter” within 180 days—and

thus may maintain jurisdiction under MCL 780.133—only if the action was genuinely (or

in good faith) taken to promptly bring the case to trial, not if the action was simply an

initial step accompanied by a lack of genuine intent to move forward on the case, as

evident in the prosecutor’s subsequent action or inaction within or beyond the 180-day

period. Accordingly, we overrule interpretations of Hendershot that characterize its

discussion of good faith as a judicially created exception to the 180-day rule.

          For example, we note People v Walker, 276 Mich App 528; 741 NW2d 843

(2007), vacated in part 480 Mich 1059 (2008), which the trial court in this case discussed.

Walker cited Hendershot as creating a good-faith exception to the 180-day rule.41 Walker

38
  Id. (“The statute does not require the action to be commenced so early within the 180-
day period as to insure trial or completion of trial within that period.”).
39
     Id. at 303.
40
     Id. at 303-304 (emphasis added).
41
     Walker, 276 Mich App at 538-539.

                                             20
proceeded to conclude that this Court’s opinion in Williams “implicitly overruled the

‘good-faith’ exception.”42 This Court vacated the Walker Court’s references to the so-

called exception as dicta.43 As a result, the trial court in this case concluded that our

order in Walker effectively indicated that the good-faith exception persisted, contrary to

the Walker appeals panel’s conclusion. But nothing in Williams, in our order in Walker,

or in the amendment of MCR 6.004(D) either condones or condemns a good-faith

exception. Nor did this Court’s actions in these matters otherwise address whether the

general requirement that a prosecutor ready himself for trial in good faith, as described in

Hendershot, is consistent with the statutory language. Rather, as the Court of Appeals

would later recognize in Davis, Williams declined to overrule Hendershot and, moreover,

the good-faith issue was not directly before the Court in Williams.44

42
   Id. at 540. Walker stressed the Williams Court’s statement that a prior version of the
court rule implementing the statutory 180-day rule—MCR 6.004(D), which, among other
things, required the prosecutor to “make a good faith effort to bring a criminal charge to
trial” within the 180-day period—“was invalid to the extent that it improperly deviated
from the statutory language.” Williams, 475 Mich at 259. Hence the Walker Court
concluded that Williams rejected a good-faith exception.
43
     People v Walker, 480 Mich 1059 (2008).
44
  Davis, 283 Mich App at 743. Williams primarily overruled People v Smith, 438 Mich
715; 475 NW2d 333 (1991), which had held, contrary to the language of MCL 780.131,
that the statutory 180-day rule does not apply when the pending charge calls for
mandatory consecutive sentencing. Williams, 475 Mich at 248. Williams also overruled
People v Hill, 402 Mich 272; 262 NW2d 641 (1978), to the extent Hill wrongly
established that the 180-day period begins when the prosecutor knows, or when the DOC
knows or has reason to know, that a person with charges pending against him is a prison
inmate; this conclusion was clearly incorrect given that MCL 780.131 unambiguously
provides that the 180-period is triggered when the DOC sends notice to the prosecutor.
Williams, 475 Mich at 259. Significantly, it was in overruling Hill that the Williams
Court approved the 2006 amendment to MCR 6.004(D), which deleted the sections of the
rule that had codified Hill, former MCR 6.004(D)(1)(a) and (b), and entirely rewrote

                                              21
       Accordingly, as the Court of Appeals correctly held in Davis, Williams did not

affect the general rule from Hendershot that dismissal is required under MCL 780.133

only if the prosecutor failed to take good-faith steps to commence action within 180 days

of receiving notice from the DOC of an offender’s imprisonment. But, as we have

explained, good-faith action by the prosecutor does not create an extrastatutory exception

to the 180-day rule. Rather, a good-faith intent to ready the case for trial describes an

implicit component of the steps that must be taken within the 180-day period in order for

the rule to be satisfied although a trial is not completed within that period. Good-faith

action is invoked specifically in contrast to action that, although it takes place within 180

days, consists merely of preliminary steps that are later followed by inexcusable delay

and the lack of a genuine intent to proceed to trial. Thus, the good-faith aspect of the

180-day rule protects defendants by making clear that merely any action by the

prosecutor, without regard to whether the action is genuinely designed to promptly bring

the case to trial, does not automatically satisfy the rule’s intent as expressed by its plain

terms; good-faith action does not create an exception benefitting the prosecutor.

            C. THE JURISDICTIONAL ASPECT OF THE 180-DAY RULE

       Finally, we address defendant’s argument that MCL 780.131 and MCL 780.133

create a strict jurisdictional rule requiring dismissal with prejudice 180 days after delivery

subrule (D) to track the language of MCL 780.131 and MCL 780.133. When Williams
stated that the prior version of MCR 6.004(D) “was invalid to the extent that it
improperly deviated from the statutory language,” 475 Mich at 259, it was not
considering that MCR 6.004(D)(1) also no longer stated that the prosecutor “must make a
good faith effort to bring a criminal charge to trial” within the 180-day period, as had the
prior version.

                                             22
of the DOC’s notice unless a defendant requires a delay to vindicate his constitutional

rights. This argument fails, first and foremost, because it depends on defendant’s claim

that the 180-day rule is violated if a trial does not take place within the 180-day period.

As we have explained, such a conclusion runs directly contrary to the plain language of

MCL 780.133, which deprives the court of jurisdiction only if “action is not commenced”

within the 180-day period; the jurisdictional aspect of the rule does not hinge on whether

the trial has begun or has been completed within the period. Whether action has been

commenced remains governed by the analysis of this question in Hendershot.              In

concluding that Hendershot is no longer good law on this subject, defendant relies

primarily on statements in Williams that he nonetheless admits are dicta. The Williams

Court stated, for example, that the 180-day rule “provides that a prison inmate who has a

pending criminal charge must be tried within 180 days” after the DOC delivers notice and

“requires dismissal with prejudice if a prisoner is not brought to trial within the 180-day

time limit . . . .”45 As discussed earlier, this element of the rule was not before the

Williams Court and the statements were, indeed, nonbinding obiter dicta.46 The Williams

opinion was not intended to make—nor did it make—pronouncements concerning what

constitutes commencing action for purposes of the 180-day rule.

45
     Williams, 475 Mich at 247, 252 (emphasis added).
46
  Obiter dicta, or “dicta,” are not binding precedent. Rather, they are statements that are
not essential to determination of the case at hand and, therefore, “lack the force of an
adjudication.” Wold Architects & Engineers v Strat, 474 Mich 223, 232 n 3; 713 NW2d
750 (2006) (citations and quotation marks omitted).

                                            23
         Second, defendant’s argument implicitly presumes that MCL 780.133 deprives the

court of subject matter jurisdiction when the 180-day rule is violated. Subject matter

jurisdiction “concerns a court’s ‘abstract power to try a case of the kind or character of

the one pending’ and is not dependent on the particular facts of the case.”47 Because it

concerns the court’s power to hear a case, it is not subject to waiver.48 But the court’s

jurisdiction over a particular person is another matter; a party may stipulate to, waive, or

implicitly consent to personal jurisdiction.49 The circuit court here had subject matter

jurisdiction over the home invasion charge; Michigan circuit courts are courts of general

jurisdiction and unquestionably have jurisdiction over felony cases.50          Because the

47
  Travelers Ins Co v Detroit Edison Co, 465 Mich 185, 204; 631 NW2d 733 (2001),
quoting Campbell v St John Hosp, 434 Mich 608, 613-614; 455 NW2d 695 (1990)
(emphasis in Travelers).
48
     Travelers, 465 Mich at 204.
49
  Burger King Corp v Rudzewicz, 471 US 462, 473 n 14; 105 S Ct 2174; 85 L Ed 2d 528
(1985) (“[B]ecause the personal jurisdiction requirement is a waivable right, there are a
variety of legal arrangements by which a litigant may give express or implied consent to
the personal jurisdiction of the court.”) (citations and quotation marks omitted); People v
Phillips, 383 Mich 464, 470; 175 NW2d 740 (1970) (“[N]o reason appears why an
accused could not subject himself to the court’s personal jurisdiction. The procedural
safeguards spelling out the method whereby a court obtains jurisdiction over the person
of an accused are all designed for his protection. If he elects not to avail himself of the
established procedural rights there appears to be none who should be heard to
complain.”); see also People v Eaton, 184 Mich App 649, 652-653; 459 NW2d 86 (1990)
(discussing the 180-day rule and helpfully summarizing: “Jurisdiction involves the two
different concepts of subject-matter jurisdiction and personal jurisdiction. Subject-matter
jurisdiction encompasses those matters upon which the court has power to act. Personal
jurisdiction deals with the authority of the court to bind the parties to the action. Subject-
matter jurisdiction is never waivable nor may it be stipulated to by the parties. Personal
jurisdiction, however, is always waivable and defects may be corrected by stipulation.”).
50
     Const 1963, art 6, §§ 1 and 13; MCL 600.151; MCL 600.601; MCL 767.1.

                                             24
jurisdictional aspect of the 180-day rule, MCL 780.133, requires dismissal of a particular

defendant in a particular case when the rule is violated, however, the rule governs

personal jurisdiction and thus is waivable.

          Justice BOYLE reached this very result following a well-reasoned analysis in her

concurring opinion in People v Smith51 when she concluded that a violation of the 180-

day rule is waived by an unconditional guilty plea. Observing that the term “jurisdiction”

is “susceptible of various meanings within the realm of criminal procedure,” she opined

that the term as employed in MCL 780.133 “cannot be said to unambiguously refer to the

power of the court to entertain a class of cases, i.e., subject-matter jurisdiction.”52

“Rather, the statute represents a limitation on the power to prosecute in specified

circumstances, viz., where an existing warrant, information or charge against a prisoner is

not disposed of in a timely manner as provided in MCL 780.131.”53 Because “the statute

decrees that a court loses its power over a particular matter in specified circumstances,”

personal jurisdiction—which “deals with the authority of the court over particular

persons”—is at issue; and it is “a fundamental principle that defects in personal

jurisdiction may be waived . . . .”54 We adopt Justice BOYLE’s analysis on these points.

51
  Smith, 438 Mich at 719-729 (BOYLE, J., concurring), overruled on other grounds by
Williams, 475 Mich 245.
52
     Smith, 438 Mich at 724, 725 (BOYLE, J., concurring).
53
     Id. at 725.
54
  Id. at 724-725. The Court of Appeals reached the same conclusion in Eaton, 184 Mich
App 649. The Prosecuting Attorneys Association of Michigan as amicus curiae also
helpfully describe the jurisdictional aspect of the 180-day rule as an “inflexible claim-
processing rule.” Such rules have been distinguished from rules affecting subject matter
jurisdiction by the United States Supreme Court. That Court has observed that the word

                                              25
       Our conclusion that a violation of the statutory 180-day rule does not deprive the

court of subject matter jurisdiction is significant because it further defeats defendant’s

argument that if the 180-day period is exceeded for a reason other than vindication of a

defendant’s constitutional rights, the court is forever deprived of the power to hear the

case. To the contrary, because subject matter jurisdiction is not at issue, a defendant may

forfeit the rule requiring commencement of action within 180 days by requesting or

consenting to delays, as defendant did many times throughout the proceedings in this

case. Our conclusion also reinforces the text of the statute, which clearly conveys that

the 180-day period does not describe an automatic cut-off point when the court loses

jurisdiction, no matter what events have transpired in the meantime, unless the defendant

sought a continuance to protect a constitutional right. Rather, as long as good-faith action

was commenced within the 180-day period in order to ready the case for trial, the trial

court is not deprived of jurisdiction although the trial itself is not commenced or

completed within the period.

“jurisdiction” is one “of many, too many, meanings” that is “more than occasionally”
used not in a strict sense, but to “describe emphatic time prescriptions in rules of court.”
Kontrick v Ryan, 540 US 443, 454; 124 S Ct 906; 157 L Ed 2d 867 (2004) (citation and
quotation marks omitted). Noting a “critical difference between a rule governing subject-
matter jurisdiction and an inflexible claim-processing rule,” the Court stressed that a
claim-processing rule can be forfeited by the parties, whereas, “[c]haracteristically, a
court’s subject-matter jurisdiction cannot be expanded to account for the parties’
litigation conduct; a claim-processing rule, on the other hand, even if unalterable on a
party’s application, can nonetheless be forfeited if the party asserting the rule waits too
long to raise the point.” Id. at 456.

                                            26
                           IV. RESPONSE TO THE DISSENT

       The dissent premises its discussion on its conclusion that, “[e]ven though the [180-

day] rule does not expressly require a day count and assignment of responsibility for

periods of delay, both requirements are implicit in the statute.” We reject this premise

because it is based not on the explicit text of the statute, but on judicially created

“implicit” requirements. The statutory text could not be clearer. The relevant time

limit—“within 180 days after” the DOC delivers the required notice, MCL 780.131(1)—

describes a single term of 180 consecutive days following the DOC’s delivery of the

notice. It does not describe a judicially calculated total period of delay attributable to the

prosecutor or the court.

       Further, defendants are not prejudiced by this statute, as the dissent fears. A

defendant may agree to delay proceedings in the case at will; he is not prejudiced by the

fixed 180-day period.      Rather, the statute places the burden on the state; only the

prosecutor is bound and must commence action—and remain ready to proceed to trial—

within 180 days. Although a defendant may consent to delay the proceedings, the

prosecutor must remain ready to proceed to trial—and to avoid inexcusable delay—when

the agreed upon period of delay expires.55

       55
         Moreover, we do not hold that inexcusable docket congestion or other causes of
delay not directly attributable to the prosecutor are irrelevant to the inquiry. Rather, as
discussed, the docket congestion here was explained and excusable. The court was ready
to proceed on September 19, 2006, when defendant moved to adjourn. Defendant did not
object—and often directly consented—to the later adjournments, and the court
considered whether defendant would be prejudiced by the further delays.

                                             27
      The dissent’s fears of prejudice to the defendant arise, moreover, primarily from

its incorrect assertion that the trial must begin or be completed within 180 days. But a

defendant is only prejudiced by the inability to raise pretrial constitutional issues or

prepare for trial if the prosecutor is forced to commence trial—as opposed merely to

commencing action—within 180 days, as the dissent suggests. The dissent wrongly

focuses on MCL 780.131(1), which refers to a defendant’s being “brought to trial.” But

MCL 780.133, not MCL 780.131, governs when jurisdiction is lost as the result of a

violation of the 180-day rule. We underscore the Legislature’s choice of a broader word

in MCL 780.133, which does not refer to the commencement of “trial,” but refers to

commencement of “action” on the matter.

      Finally, for these reasons, our historical precedent in Hendershot is consistent with

the plain statutory language. Accordingly, Hendershot was not wrongly decided and

should not be overruled.

                                   V. CONCLUSION

      The statutory 180-day rule, MCL 780.131 and MCL 780.133, may be invoked to

require dismissal of a criminal case only if action is not commenced in the case within

180 days after the prosecutor receives the required notice from the DOC. The rule does

not deprive the court of its power to hear the case simply because the trial has not

commenced within that period, let alone because the trial has not been completed.

Rather, as this Court has held for more than 50 years, the rule requires the prosecutor to

proceed promptly within 180 days to move the case to the point of readiness for trial. As

long as the prosecutor does so, dismissal is not required under MCL 780.133 unless, after

                                           28
some preliminary step in the case occurs, that initial action is followed by inexcusable

delay beyond the 180-day period and an evident intent not to bring the case to trial

promptly. Under such circumstances, the court may conclude that action was not in fact

meaningfully or genuinely commenced as required by MCL 780.133; put otherwise, the

court may conclude that action was not commenced in good faith. But good-faith action

should not be viewed as an exception to the rule; in this context, the requirement that a

prosecutor proceed in “good faith” means simply that he must in fact commence action

and cannot satisfy the rule by taking preliminary steps without an ongoing, genuine intent

to promptly proceed to trial, as might be evident from subsequent inexcusable delays.

Finally, the 180-day period is a fixed period of consecutive days; a court should not

calculate the period by allocating only the number of days’ delay attributable to the

prosecutor, although the reasons underlying specific periods of delay might be otherwise

relevant to a court’s determination of whether action was in good faith commenced

during the requisite period.

       In this case, the prosecution commenced action to bring defendant to trial well

within the 180-day period, was actually ready to proceed to trial during this period, and

remained ready to proceed with the trial at all times thereafter. Further, the record

reflects no evidence of subsequent inexcusable delays under the facts of this case.

Indeed, defendant requested or consented to most of the adjournments. Therefore, the

trial court was not deprived of personal jurisdiction for the purpose of adjudicating the

home invasion charge against defendant.

                                           29
      Accordingly, we affirm the result reached by both lower courts and the judgment

of the Court of Appeals.

                                                    Maura D. Corrigan
                                                    Robert P. Young, Jr.
                                                    Stephen J. Markman
                                                    Diane M. Hathaway

                                         30
                              STATE OF MICHIGAN

                                     SUPREME COURT

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                             No. 139969

DONALD ALLEN LOWN,

               Defendant-Appellant.

MARILYN KELLY, J. (dissenting).

        I would reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals. I believe that compliance

with the 180-day rule established by MCL 780.131 and MCL 780.133 requires more than

a prosecuting attorney’s good-faith effort to promptly bring an inmate to trial. I would

hold that the statutory rule requires an inmate actually to be brought to trial within 180

days.

                     JURISDICTION UNDER THE 180-DAY RULE

        I agree with the majority that the 180-day rule is jurisdictional. This is clear from

the language of MCL 780.133, which states:
               In the event that, within the time limitation set forth in [MCL
        780.131], action is not commenced on the matter for which request for
        disposition was made, no court of this state shall any longer have
        jurisdiction thereof . . . . [Emphasis added.]

Thus, if “action is not commenced” within 180 days, as set forth in MCL 780.131, the

court is divested of jurisdiction.
      I further agree with the majority that MCL 780.133 presents an issue of personal,

rather than subject-matter, jurisdiction. Therefore, I concur in the majority’s adoption of

Justice BOYLE’s analysis on this issue.1 Notably, if the 180-day rule concerned subject-

matter jurisdiction, noncompliance with the rule would not be waivable.2 Yet it must be

waivable, at least when a defendant asserts certain constitutional rights. Were the statute

viewed as preventing defense-initiated adjournments, the constitutional rights of the

defendant might well be violated.

      Therefore, interpreting the 180-day rule as referring to subject-matter jurisdiction

would potentially render the entire statute unconstitutional. And it is a fundamental rule

of statutory interpretation that if two constructions are possible, one constitutional and

one unconstitutional, the constitutional construction should be adopted.3 It follows that

the 180-day rule is jurisdictional only with regard to personal jurisdiction, which is

waivable by a defendant.

      I agree with the majority that the 180-day rule divests a court of personal

jurisdiction over a defendant if “action is not commenced” within 180 days of the

required notice from the Department of Corrections (DOC). My disagreement regards

1
  People v Smith, 438 Mich 715, 724-725; 475 NW2d 333 (1991) (BOYLE, J., concurring
in the result), overruled on other grounds by People v Williams, 475 Mich 245; 716
NW2d 208 (2006).
2
  See United States v Cotton, 535 US 625, 630; 122 S Ct 1781; 152 L Ed 2d 860 (2002)
(stating that subject matter jurisdiction “can never be forfeited or waived”).
3
  Ford Motor Co v State Tax Comm, 400 Mich 499, 518; 255 NW2d 608 (1977)
(WILLIAMS, J., dissenting), citing State Bar of Mich v City of Lansing, 361 Mich 185,
195; 105 NW2d 131 (1960).

                                            2
three matters: (a) the calculation of the 180 days, (b) the type of “action” that must be

commenced within the statutory time limit, and (c) the precedential effect of People v

Hendershot.4 I address each of these in turn.

      CONSTRUING AND ATTRIBUTING DELAY UNDER THE 180-DAY RULE

        The majority claims that, in calculating the 180-day period, identifying the source

of periods of pretrial delay is not necessary. It believes that such a practice was imported

improperly into 180-day-rule jurisprudence from caselaw dealing with the constitutional

right to a speedy trial. I disagree the importation was improper. It is true that, when

determining whether a defendant’s constitutional right to a speedy trial has been violated,

the “reason for the delay” is one of the factors taken into account.5 However, the

allocation of pretrial delay is a necessary corollary of the 180-day rule, as well. Even

though the rule does not expressly require a day count and assignment of responsibility

for periods of delay, both requirements are implicit in the statute.

        MCL 780.131 specifically states the number of days that may pass between the

time the DOC certifies notice and the time the defendant must be brought to trial. The

specification in the statute of a set number of days implies that a day count is necessary.

Furthermore, one must ascribe responsibility for the periods of delay in order to

determine which the defendant caused, and thus waived.

4
    People v Hendershot, 357 Mich 300; 98 NW2d 568 (1959).
5
  Four factors to be balanced when determining whether a defendant’s constitutional right
to a speedy trial has been violated are: the “‘[l]ength of delay, the reason for the delay,
the defendant’s assertion of his right and prejudice to the defendant.’” People v Collins,
388 Mich 680, 687-688; 202 NW2d 769 (1972), quoting Barker v Wingo, 407 US 514,
530; 92 S Ct 2182; 33 L Ed 2d 101 (1972).

                                              3
       A violation of the 180-day rule divests a court of personal jurisdiction.

Significantly, only a defendant may waive application of the rule. A prosecutor’s good-

faith efforts to prepare for trial or even a trial court’s order to adjourn trial may not waive

it. Thus, when it comes to attributing pretrial delay, the majority is correct that it is

unnecessary to attribute delay to the prosecutor. The more pertinent inquiry is whether a

period of delay may be attributed to and then waived by the defendant.

       When a defendant requests an adjournment, the delay occasioned by the

adjournment should be attributed to the defendant and not considered when calculating

the 180 days that the statute allots. This is because, in requesting an adjournment, a

defendant is effectively waiving that period of delay. But by requesting or consenting to

a delay, a defendant is not forfeiting the rule requiring action to commence within 180

days; he or she is not forever relinquishing the totality of his or her rights under the 180-

day rule. This would have the undesirable effect of permitting a court or prosecutor to

delay for an indefinite amount of time after a defendant knowingly requests an

adjournment.      Rather, by requesting or consenting to a certain period of delay, a

defendant is waiving that specific period of delay. Effectively, a defendant may toll the

180-day period.

       Hence, any delay that the court grants and that the defendant consents to must not

contribute to the 180 days allotted. This interpretation is necessary because defendants

cannot be permitted to deliberately create periods of delay and then use those periods to

argue that they were denied their statutory right to a speedy trial. On the other hand, a

delay attributable to a person or entity other than a defendant cannot be excepted from the

180-day period. Hence, when a trial is unreasonably delayed for reasons outside a

                                              4
defendant’s control, the length of the delay should be counted when calculating whether

180 days have elapsed. Examples are adjournments requested by the prosecution and

those caused by a judge because of docket congestion.            If 180 days of delay not

attributable to a defendant transpire and “action” has not yet commenced, the court is

divested of jurisdiction to try the charge.

                  THE “ACTION” REQUIRED BY THE 180-DAY RULE

         In 1959, in the case of People v Hendershot, this Court held that MCL 780.131

allowed the 180-day period to be exceeded if “apparent good-faith action is taken well

within the period and the people proceed promptly and with dispatch thereafter toward

readying the case for trial . . . .”6 The majority rallies behind this interpretation of the

180-day rule. However, the wording of MCL 780.131 and MCL 780.133 does not

support it.

         The relevant portion of MCL 780.131 provides:
                 Whenever the department of corrections receives notice that there is
         pending in this state any untried warrant, indictment, information, or
         complaint setting forth against any inmate of a correctional facility of this
         state a criminal offense for which a prison sentence might be imposed upon
         conviction, the inmate shall be brought to trial within 180 days after the
         department of corrections causes to be delivered to the prosecuting
         attorney of the county in which the warrant, indictment, information, or
         complaint is pending written notice of the place of imprisonment of the
         inmate and a request for final disposition of the warrant, indictment,
         information, or complaint. The request shall be accompanied by a
         statement setting forth the term of commitment under which the prisoner is
         being held, the time already served, the time remaining to be served on the
         sentence, the amount of good time or disciplinary credits earned, the time
         of parole eligibility of the prisoner, and any decisions of the parole board

6
    Hendershot, 357 Mich at 304.

                                              5
         relating to the prisoner. The written notice and statement shall be delivered
         by certified mail. [Emphasis added.]

Thus, the statute requires that an inmate with pending criminal charges “shall be brought

to trial within 180 days after” the DOC delivers written notice of the inmate’s

imprisonment to the prosecuting attorney. The use of the word “shall” indicates a

mandatory and imperative directive.7

         The penalty for failure to comply with this statutory mandate is set forth in MCL

780.133:
                In the event that, within the time limitation set forth in [MCL
         780.131], action is not commenced on the matter for which request for
         disposition was made, no court of this state shall any longer have
         jurisdiction thereof, nor shall the untried warrant, indictment, information
         or complaint be of any further force or effect, and the court shall enter an
         order dismissing the same with prejudice. [Emphasis added.]

Thus, if “action is not commenced” within 180 days, as set forth in MCL 780.131, the

court is divested of jurisdiction.

         Contrary to the majority’s approach, I question the need to go beyond the words in

the statute and the need to consult a dictionary to discern the Legislature’s intended

meaning of commencing “action.” MCL 780.131 mandates that the inmate be “brought

to trial” within 180 days, and MCL 780.133 divests the court of jurisdiction over the

untried warrant, indictment, information, or complaint when “action is not commenced

on the matter” within 180 days. Read together, MCL 780.131 and MCL 780.133 indicate

that the “action” to be commenced within 180 days is “trial,” not some undefined effort

by the prosecutor or some preliminary proceeding leading to trial. To read the statutes

7
    Oakland Co v State, 456 Mich 144, 154; 566 NW2d 616 (1997).

                                              6
otherwise would be to contradict the Legislature’s mandate in MCL 780.131 that “the

inmate shall be brought to trial within 180 days.”

         As the Court of Appeals has noted, “All questions concerning the 180-day rule

begin and end with the statute, the key words of which are ‘such inmate shall be brought

to trial within 180 days.’ Simply, this statute is mandatory and means that an inmate is

entitled to a trial within 180 days.”8

         The majority admits that the 180-day rule consists of both MCL 780.131 and MCL

780.133. However, it ignores MCL 780.131 when interpreting the requirements of the

rule and the punishment for noncompliance. Instead, relying on Hendershot, it holds that

the statutes allow the 180-day period to be exceeded if “‘apparent good-faith action is

taken well within the period and the people proceed promptly and with dispatch

thereafter toward readying the case for trial[.]’”9 But this strained interpretation is far

disconnected from the language of the statute.

         Not only does the majority’s interpretation ignore the clear legislative mandate in

MCL 780.131 that an inmate must be brought to trial within 180 days, it effectively adds

nonexistent language to the statute. The text of the statute contains no reference to “good

faith.” The majority claims that good faith is not an “exception” to the 180-day rule.

Rather, it asserts that good faith is an implicit requirement that the 180-day rule imposes

8
    People v Wolak, 153 Mich App 60, 64-65; 395 NW2d 240 (1986).
9
    Ante at 12, quoting Hendershot, 357 Mich at 304.

                                              7
on the prosecuting attorney; all that is required of the prosecuting attorney under the rule

is a good-faith effort to bring the case to trial.

       Good-faith efforts on behalf of the prosecution must be categorized as a judicially

created exception to the 180-day rule, stemming from Hendershot. The 180-day rule

requires a trial to begin within 180 days. Anything that allows a trial to be postponed

beyond the 180 days allotted is necessarily an exception to the rule. No amount of

rationalizing can change the fact that the Legislature wrote in no such exception.

       The majority’s interpretation is that if “apparent good-faith action is taken well

within the period and the people proceed promptly and with dispatch thereafter toward

readying the case for trial, the condition of the statute for the court’s retention of

jurisdiction is met.” This interpretation contains a second fundamental flaw: it places the

burden of good-faith action solely on the prosecution, not on the trial court. Its practical

effect is that the judge could indefinitely postpone trial in defiance of MCL 780.131 and

MCL 780.133.

       The scheduling of cases is within the sole discretion of the court. The prosecutor

does not control it. Even if prosecuting attorneys do everything within their power to

bring cases to trial, they cannot force courts to schedule trials within 180 days of notice.

A court can delay any trial from commencing, citing docket congestion or other reasons.

If this type of delay is not taken into account by the 180-day rule, an inmate could be

forced to sit in prison indefinitely awaiting trial.

                                                8
       This problem is effectively illustrated by the procedural history of the instant case.

The 180-day period relevant to this appeal began on July 23, 2006.10 On the next

scheduled trial date, September 16, 2006, defendant’s recently appointed counsel

requested an adjournment to allow him to prepare, and defendant agreed. The next

scheduled trial date was November 28, 2006. On that date, defendant and counsel were

present in court and prepared to proceed to trial. However, the court adjourned the case,

and a new trial date of April 24, 2007, was set. There is no explanation in the record for

the 147-day delay caused by this adjournment. On April 24, 2007, the court, on its own

motion off the record, adjourned defendant’s trial an additional 77 days, apparently

because of docketing concerns. Next, a new trial date was set for July 11, 2007. On that

date, the case was adjourned 56 days to September 5, 2007. The court simply explained:

“We’ve taken the time here to determine when this case is going to be reset and

everybody is going to be available.”

       Thus, from November 28, 2006, to September 5, 2007, the court alone adjourned

defendant’s trial well in excess of 180 days. Yet the majority concludes that no violation

of the 180-day rule occurred.

       Under its interpretation and under Hendershot, as long as the prosecutor stands

ready for trial, the court may adjourn a trial date as many times as it wishes. It need give

no explanation for the length of the adjournments.           Thus, even if no “action is

commenced” for an indefinite time, a court may retain its jurisdiction over the matter, as

10
  Williams, 475 Mich at 256 n 4 (holding that the 180-day period begins the day after the
prosecuting attorney receives the written notice required by MCL 780.131).

                                             9
long as there is some undefined good-faith effort by the prosecutor. This interpretation

strips the 180-day requirement of any practical meaning. And it denies many inmates the

legal recourse that the Legislature specifically provided them.

                             HENDERSHOT AND STARE DECISIS

           The majority justifies its interpretation of the 180-day rule with the fact that this

Court previously sanctioned such an interpretation in Hendershot. For the reasons I have

described, I believe that Hendershot was wrongly decided. If an opinion is wrongly

decided, we must apply the doctrine of stare decisis when deciding whether to overrule it.

Our analysis always should begin with a presumption that upholding precedent is the

preferred course of action.11 That presumption should prevail unless effectively rebutted

by the conclusion that a compelling justification exists to overturn it.12

           In determining whether a compelling justification exists to overturn precedent, the

Court may consider numerous evaluative criteria, none of which, standing alone, is

dispositive. These criteria include, but are not limited to, whether (1) the precedent has

proved to be intolerable because it defies practical workability, (2) reliance on the

precedent is such that overruling it would cause a special hardship and inequity, (3)

related principles of law have so far developed since the precedent was pronounced that

no more than a remnant of it has survived, (4) facts and circumstances have so changed,

or have come to be seen so differently, that the precedent no longer has significant

11
  Petersen v Magna Corp, 484 Mich 300, 317; 773 NW2d 564 (2009) (opinion by
KELLY, C.J.).
12
     Id.

                                                10
application or justification, (5) other jurisdictions have decided similar issues in a

different manner, (6) upholding the precedent is likely to result in serious detriment

prejudicial to public interests, and (7) the prior decision was an abrupt and largely

unexplained departure from then-existing precedent.13

         First, I consider whether Hendershot has proved intolerable because it defies

practical workability. I believe that this factor weighs strongly in favor of overruling

Hendershot. Under Hendershot, it is unclear what constitutes a sufficient basis for a

court to determine that the prosecution has acted in good faith to bring a defendant to

trial.   Making that determination requires an inherently subjective and effectively

standardless inquiry. The answer may vary widely from judge to judge.

         What constitutes a good-faith effort in the eyes of one judge may not reach the

mark in the eyes of another. For example, if a prosecutor delays trial for 180 days while

diligently searching for a witness, is that sufficient good faith for a court to excuse the

delay and retain jurisdiction?      The answer is unclear.      Further compounding the

impracticability of Hendershot is the question of how a court is to make such a

determination from the record. Whether a prosecutor has made good-faith efforts often

will not be discernable from the record.

         Hendershot contorted the 180-day rule into a confusing and ambiguous test. It left

unclear what would constitute a prosecutor’s good-faith efforts and when, if ever, the

prosecutor’s efforts would violate the 180-day rule. Ascertaining when a prosecutor

13
   Univ of Mich Regents v Titan Ins Co, 487 Mich 289, 303-304; __ NW2d __ (2010),
citing Adarand Constructors, Inc v Peña, 515 US 200, 233-234; 115 S Ct 2097; 132 L Ed
2d 158 (1995).

                                             11
should have been ready to proceed to trial will often be an insurmountable feat.

Accordingly, Hendershot is innately unworkable.

       Second, I consider whether reliance interests weigh in favor of upholding

Hendershot. I conclude that this factor slightly favors upholding Hendershot. The Court

decided that case more than 50 years ago, and there has been reliance on its holding.

However, the reliance has been limited. Even after the Hendershot decision, Michigan

courts have interpreted MCL 780.133 inconsistently, causing confusion about what must

be done to prevent a court from losing jurisdiction over the defendant on the untried

charge. For example, the Court of Appeals has held that the language of the 180-day rule

requires an inmate to be brought to trial within 180 days.14 Language from this Court has

further compounded the confusion.15

       Given that the caselaw on this issue is conflicting, a careful prosecutor or trial

judge would not unconditionally rely on Hendershot as foolproof justification for delay in

commencing a trial. Furthermore, MCL 780.131 unequivocally states that an inmate

“shall be brought to trial within 180 days.”

       Third, I consider whether related principles of law have developed since

Hendershot was decided that have undermined its authority. As I pointed out, both this

Court and the Court of Appeals have held that the 180-day rule requires an inmate to be

14
  Wolak, 153 Mich App at 64 (“All questions concerning the 180-day rule begin and end
with the statute, the key words of which are ‘such inmate shall be brought to trial within
180 days.’ Simply, this statute is mandatory and means that an inmate is entitled to a trial
within 180 days.”).
15
   See Williams, 475 Mich at 252 (“MCL 780.133 requires dismissal with prejudice if a
prisoner is not brought to trial within the 180-day time limit set forth in the act.”).

                                               12
brought to trial within 180 days notwithstanding Hendershot.16            Thus, subsequent

caselaw has chipped away at the holding in Hendershot, undermining its authority.

         Fourth, I consider whether facts and circumstances have so changed or have come

to be seen so differently that Hendershot has been robbed of significant justification. I

discern no factual or circumstantial changes that weigh for or against overruling

Hendershot. Therefore, this factor is inapplicable to my analysis.

         Fifth, I consider whether other jurisdictions have decided similar issues in a

different manner. This factor also is inapplicable to my stare decisis analysis. Although

other jurisdictions have statutorily supplemented the constitutional right to a speedy trial,

the unique language of MCL 780.131 and MCL 780.133 renders other jurisdictions’

interpretations of similar statutes unhelpful to our analysis.

         Sixth, I consider whether upholding Hendershot is likely to result in serious

detriment prejudicial to public interests.       This factor weighs in favor of overruling

Hendershot. It is in the public interest to see that those accused of crimes are timely

brought to trial. It is also in the public interest that both the United States Constitution

and the Michigan Constitution be upheld. And both guarantee the right to a speedy

trial.17 Accordingly, the Legislature has statutorily guaranteed an inmate’s right to a

speedy trial.

         Moreover, the 180-day rule furthers the public interest by ensuring that sentences

run concurrently when appropriate. “‘The purpose of the [180-day rule] is clear. It was

16
     Wolak, 153 Mich App at 64; Williams, 475 Mich at 252.
17
     US Const, Am VI; Const 1963, art 1, § 20.

                                              13
intended to give the inmate, who had pending offenses not yet tried, an opportunity to

have the sentences run concurrently consistent with the principle of law disfavoring

accumulations of sentences.’”18

       Despite the public’s interest in seeing criminal charges disposed of in a timely

manner, Hendershot’s holding permits criminal charges to remain untried for an

indeterminate time. While ostensibly protecting an inmate’s statutory right to a speedy

trial, it leaves MCL 780.131 devoid of effect in many cases. Thus, Hendershot is

detrimental to the public interests addressed by the 180-day rule.

       Finally, I consider whether Hendershot represented an abrupt and largely

unexplained departure from then-existing precedent. This factor is inapplicable to my

stare decisis analysis because Hendershot was the first case to decide the issue. Thus, no

precedent existed from which Hendershot could depart.

       In summary, Hendershot (1) was wrongly decided, (2) defies practical

workability, (3) has been undermined by subsequent caselaw, (4) would not cause a

special hardship or inequity if overruled, and (5) has resulted in serious detriment

prejudicial to public interests. Accordingly, I conclude that a compelling justification

exists for overruling Hendershot.

                                     CONCLUSION

       The majority concludes that the 180-day rule is not violated if the prosecution

takes some initial action to bring a defendant to trial, unless the action is followed by

18
  Williams, 475 Mich at 252, quoting and overruling on other grounds People v Loney,
12 Mich App 288, 292; 162 NW2d 832 (1968).

                                            14
“inexcusable delay beyond the 180-day period and an evident intent not to bring the case

to trial promptly.”    The flaws in this interpretation are breathtaking.        First, the

interpretation ignores the clear language of MCL 780.131 that requires an inmate to be

brought to trial within 180 days. Second, it imports language into MCL 780.133 that the

Legislature never put there by giving a convoluted definition to the word “action.” Third,

it allows the trial judge to indefinitely delay a trial by citing docket congestion or other

reasons.

       The majority relies for its interpretation of the 180-day rule on the holding in

Hendershot. However, Hendershot was wrongly decided, and compelling reasons exist

to overturn it. I would overrule Hendershot and hold that the statutory 180-day rule

requires that trial be commenced within 180 days of notice to the prosecution, excluding

periods of delay that a defendant waived. Such a construction is faithful to the statutory

language because it gives effect to the mandate of MCL 780.131 that an inmate be

brought to trial within 180 days. In light of my analysis, I would reverse the Court of

Appeals’ judgment.

                                                        Marilyn Kelly
                                                        Michael F. Cavanagh

       MARY BETH KELLY, J. I do not participate in the decision of this case, which the

Court considered before I assumed office, in order to avoid unnecessary delay to the

parties. MCR 2.003(B) and (D)(3)(b).

                                            15