Court Opinion

ID: 4440775
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-09-23 20:01:49.719844+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:45:16.896238
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                          No. 11-492C

                                   (Filed: September 23, 2019)

                                              )
MERIDIAN ENGINEERING                          )   Post-remand decision on claims arising out of
COMPANY,                                      )   a contract for construction of a flood control
                                              )   project; accord and satisfaction; proper subject
                      Plaintiff,              )   matter; inapplicability of releases to preclude
                                              )   relief; damages
       v.                                     )
                                              )
THE UNITED STATES,                            )
                                              )
                      Defendant.              )
                                              )

      Michael H. Payne, Cohen, Seglias, Pallas, Greenhall & Furman PC, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, for plaintiff.

       John H. Roberson, Senior Trial Counsel, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division,
United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for defendant. With him on the briefs
were Joseph H. Hunt, Assistant Attorney General, Civil Division, and Robert E. Kirschman, Jr.,
Director, and Allison Kidd-Miller, Assistant Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil
Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington D.C.

                                    OPINION AND ORDER

LETTOW, Senior Judge.

        This contract case returns to the court on remand from the United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit. The parties’ dispute relates to a contract between Meridian Engineering
Company (“Meridian”) and the United States Army Corps of Engineers (“Corps”) for the
construction of a flood control project in Nogales, Arizona, near the border with Mexico.
Numerous issues arose during construction that ultimately led to the project’s suspension after
partial completion. The parties’ disagreement over costs led Meridian to file suit at this court in
2011 under the Contract Disputes Act (“CDA”), 41 U.S.C. §§ 7101-7109.

         The court conducted two trials, one held in 2014 and one in 2016, on the issues of
liability and damages respectively. See Meridian Eng’g Co. v. United States, 122 Fed. Cl. 381
(2015) (“Meridian I”) (liability); Meridian Eng’g Co. v. United States, 130 Fed. Cl. 147 (2016)
(“Meridian II”) (damages). Following these two trials, the government was held to be liable on
some counts of the complaint and Meridian was awarded damages in the amount of $983,771.10
plus interest. Meridian II, 130 Fed. Cl. at 172. Meridian appealed from the final judgment. See
Meridian Eng’g Co. v. United States, 885 F.3d 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (“Meridian III”). The
Federal Circuit considered numerous issues on appeal, resulting in a mixed disposition of partial
affirmance, partial vacatur, partial reversal, and remand. See id. at 1367. Specifically of
relevance now, the court vacated and remanded the court’s findings in Meridian I with respect to
Meridian’s flood-events claim (“Count 4”) and Meridian’s unpaid contract-quantities claim
(“Count 6”) and reversed and remanded this court’s interest award in Meridian II. See id. When
the remanded case returned to this court, it was transferred from the originally assigned judge to
the undersigned.

        The sole issues remaining for the court are Count 4, as to both liability and damages, and
the interest calculation. 1 For Count 4, this court was instructed on remand “to consider whether
the parties reached a meeting of the minds on the flood event claims in light of all of the
evidence.” Id. at 1365 (citation omitted). Separately, the Federal Circuit instructed this court “to
enter the correct accrual date [for interest] as January 7, 2011, and recalculate the amount of
interest in accordance with the correct accrual date.” Id. at 1354 n.2. A hearing was held on
September 4, 2019 to consider these remaining issues. Additionally, the court has reviewed the
documentary and testimonial evidence adduced and addressed at trial, and the case is now ready
for disposition.
                                               FACTS 2

        On September 21, 2007, the United States Army Corps of Engineers awarded Meridian,
an engineering and construction firm based in Tucson, Arizona, a $5.8 million contract to
undertake and construct a flood control project for the Chula Vista Channel in Nogales, Arizona.
JX193-1. 3 During the beginning stages of the project, Meridian requested electronic drawings
and survey files from the Corps on multiple occasions, but failed to receive them. See, e.g.,
JX110 at 3 (requesting drawings on Oct. 29, 2007); DX726 at 4 (requesting again on Nov. 14,
2007); PX134 (explaining that the drawings had not yet been received as of Dec. 4, 2007). The
drawings were sent by the Corps to Meridian on December 26, 2007. See JX110 at 9. Following
receipt of the drawings, Meridian was able to commence construction in early January 2008. See
JX78 at 531.

       1
        As the case was being briefed on remand, the parties settled Count 6 and that Count was
voluntarily dismissed by the plaintiff and is no longer at issue. See Notice (Sept. 19, 2019), ECF
No. 179 (payment of $225,000 received by Meridian in settlement of Count VI); Stipulation of
Dismissal (Sept. 20, 2019) (ECF No. 180) (parties’ stipulation that Count VI be and is dismissed
with prejudice).
       2
         The recitation of facts constitutes the court’s principal findings of fact in accord with
Rule 52(a) of the Rules of the Court of Federal Claims (“RCFC”). Other findings of fact and
rulings on questions of mixed fact and law are set out in the analysis. A more complete recitation
of facts is described in Meridian I. See 122 Fed. Cl. at 385-97.
       3
         Citations to plaintiff’s exhibits are identified as “PX___,” defendant’s exhibits are
identified as “DX___,” and the parties’ joint exhibits are identified as “JX___.”

                                                 2
        Initial construction continued steadily until February and March, 2008 when Meridian
encountered subsurface flows and soil issues causing stability problems for construction. See,
e.g., PX17; JX57. Meridian alerted the Corps to these issues, see JX57, and in response, the
Corps issued additional requests for proposals, see, e.g., JX159, and modifications, see, e.g.,
JX118 (referencing modification R3). 4 Problems continued to arise throughout the construction
process, increasing the project’s scope and duration. See, e.g., PX146 at 1-6 (detailing the issues
and revised project schedule). Additional modifications were issued by the Corps in the months
following, including the addition of a new access ramp via Modification R6 on May 8, 2008, see
JX121, that increased the contract price and eventually led to schedule delays, see PX389 at 18-
19. Following further issues, the Corps issued a subsequent bilateral modification, modification
R8, on June 5, 2008, which extended the schedule by twelve calendar days but deleted the
additional work on the access ramp originally added in R6. See JX123. Modification R8 also
included the following release language: “[T]his adjustment constitutes compensation in full on
behalf of the Contractor . . . for all costs and markups directly or indirectly attributable for the
change ordered, for all delays related thereto, for all extended overhead costs, and for
performance of the change within the time frame stated.” JX123 at 2.

        Further modifications were issued, see, e.g., JX125, as construction continued into late
June 2008 to the point that concrete could be poured for the channel invert, see, e.g., JX78 at
167-69. Flooding of the work site, beginning about this same time, led to numerous delays in the
work plan. See JX78 at 158 (“Work was stop[p]ed because of the flood and the damage[] that
resulted from it. Additionally, Meridian is unable to proceed with their work plans for the
weekend.”). This flooding continued to adversely affect progress on the worksite, with Meridian
reporting incidents of continued flooding, including from July 6 to 11, 2008 and on July 14,
2008, see PX56-61, and between August 3, 2008 and September 26, 2008, see PX62-102.
Specifically, during the latter dates, Meridian reported that the site experienced forty-seven days
of flooding out of fifty-four. As a partial result of these weather delays, the Corps executed
additional modifications to the construction plan, including modification R12 on September 4,
2008, see JX127, modification R16 on September 9, 2008, see JX131, and modification R13 on
September 12, 2008, see JX128, which extended the construction calendar collectively by thirty-
three days. Subsequently, on September 15, 2008, the Corps and Meridian executed bilateral
modification R17, which addressed cost increases and schedule delays due to the late delivery of
the survey files to Meridian. See JX132. Just as in modification R8, all of these modifications
included the same mutual release of liability. See, e.g., JX132 at 2.

        Progress continued on the project in the months following, with, again, further
modifications extending the project’s scheduled completion. See, e.g., JX135 (extending the
schedule by five calendar days as of March 13, 2009 to account for weather delays from late
2008). Due to the delays and structural failures, however, the Corps ultimately terminated the
project in September 2009 following a final inspection. See JX49 at 12-14.

       4
         The Modifications were referred to by the parties and in the documentation with various
labels, e.g., “R3,” “R-3,” and R0003. For ease, the court will refer to all modifications by
eliminating extraneous dashes and zeroes, e.g., “R3.”

                                                 3
        Multiple disputes between the parties over costs remained. On August 24, 2009,
Meridian submitted a final payment request to the Corps, which was eventually rejected. See
DX572. With these disputes still outstanding, the Corps circulated internally, but never issued, a
draft modification R33 that would have responded to Meridian’s requests for equitable
adjustments (“REA”) regarding flood events during the 2008 monsoon season as well as sub-
surface water flows. PX377 at 3. The draft specifically noted that, “subsurface water is an
unpredictable element which led to delays giving partial merit to the flood REA by causing the
contractor to be working on the channel in the early monsoon events.” PX377 at 8. At the time,
Meridian was unaware of this draft modification. See Meridian I, 122 Fed. Cl. at 411. With no
resolution of its claims, Meridian then submitted a Consolidated Request for Equitable
Adjustment (“consolidated REA”) to the Corps on April 2, 2010 which contained fourteen
counts of requests for equitable adjustment. JX177 at 1. The fourth count (“REA 4”) was a
claim for $899,600.88 for “flood events.” JX17 at 17. On May 20, 2010, the Corps
acknowledged receipt of the consolidated REA and stated its intent to issue a decision by
November 30, 2010. JX189. After no decision was rendered, Meridian converted the
consolidated REA into a certified claim on January 7, 2011. JX33 at 1.

        Again, no decision was issued by the Corps, and Meridian brought suit in this court
alleging a right to relief under the CDA. In Meridian I, the court concluded that Meridian’s
claim was deemed denied on March 7, 2011. Meridian I, 122 Fed. Cl. at 399; see 41 U.S.C. §
7103(f)(5). All fourteen counts were considered by the court in Meridian I, with the court ruling
that “the [Corps] did not breach the September 21, 2007 Contract, as alleged in Counts 1-6 and
10-13 of the May 19, 2014 Second Amended Complaint, or the implied duty of good faith and
fair dealing, as alleged in Count 14 . . . .” 122 Fed. Cl. at 426. Counts 7-9 remained at issue until
Meridian II, 5 where the court found that Meridian was entitled to an equitable adjustment of
$983,771.10, plus interest accruing from January 7, 2014 until date of payment. 130 Fed. Cl. at
172.

        Meridian subsequently appealed this decision to the Federal Circuit in Meridian III. 885
F.3d 1351. On appeal, Meridian pursued its claims against the government on all fourteen
counts, and, additionally, it contended that the accrual date for interest as found in Meridian II
was incorrect. See id. at 1353-54. The government conceded liability for Counts 7-9, see id. at
1354, and both parties agreed that the proper starting date for interest accrual should be January
7, 2011, see id. at 1354 n.2. 6 As to Counts 1-6 and 10-14, the Federal Circuit vacated and
remanded the decision of the court in Meridian I for Counts 4 and 6, and affirmed the dismissal
of the other Counts from the Meridian I decision. See id. at 1367. Because the parties have
reached a settlement as to Count 6, and that Count has been dismissed, see supra, at 2 n.1, only
Count 4 remains in dispute on remand.

        Regarding Count 4 concerning flood events, the Federal Circuit concluded that the
court’s analysis in Meridian I was insufficient. Id. at 1362. In Meridian I, the court had ruled

       5
        Count 7 concerned “Suspension of work,” Count 8 related to “Channel Fill,” and Count
9 was based on “Interest Protection.” See Meridian III, 885 F.3d at 1354.
       6
           The court today adjusts the proper interest accrual date. See infra, at 9.

                                                    4
that Meridian’s claim was barred by the defense of accord and satisfaction due to the releases
present in both modification R8 and modification R17. 122 Fed. Cl. at 411-12. Meridian had
argued that the parties continued to consider the flood-damage claim despite the releases, such
that there was no meeting of the minds between the parties as required for accord and
satisfaction. Id. at 412. In support of this contention, Meridian argued that the draft modification
R33 included the Corps’ estimate of money owed by the Corps to Meridian for flood damage. Id.
Nonetheless, the court had concluded in Meridian I that because Meridian was unaware of the
draft modification R33 prior to discovery, the releases in R8 and R17 were effective to preclude
the claim. Id.

        In vacating and remanding that decision, the Federal Circuit clarified on appeal that the
standard for acceptance vel non of a claim when presented with an accord and satisfaction
defense does not require evidence of proposed modifications negotiated between the parties.
Meridian III, 885 F.3d at 1364. Instead, as the court noted, “Our precedent on the meeting of the
minds inquiry accepts a wide range of evidence in its fact-specific consideration” of meeting of
the minds, id. at 1365, and particularly that it was necessary to take into account “additional
evidence on record showing that the [g]overnment directed Meridian to submit revised estimates
for the flood claim on multiple occasions after the execution of the bilateral modifications [that
contained the releases],” id. at 1364. The court of appeals also questioned whether the “subject
matter” of the releases applied to the flood-damage claim, i.e., whether “the subject matter of the
modification [and attendant release] is the same as that of the disputed claim.” Id. at 1364 n.12.
Consequently, the court ordered that “[o]n remand, the Court of Federal Claims shall consider
meeting of the minds and proper subject matter.” Id.

                                STANDARDS FOR DECISION

         Accord and satisfaction refers to the “discharge [of a claim] by the rendering of some
performance different from that which was claimed as due and the acceptance of such substituted
performance by the claimant as full satisfaction of his claim.” Brock & Blevins Co. v. United
States, 343 F.2d 951, 955 (Ct. Cl. 1965) (quoting 6 Corbin, Contracts § 1276 (1962)). To
establish the affirmative defense of accord and satisfaction, four elements must be present: “(1)
proper subject matter; (2) competent parties; (3) a meeting of the minds of the parties; and (4)
consideration.” Holland v. United States, 621 F.3d 1366, 1382 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (citing
O’Connor v. United States, 308 F.3d 1233, 1240 (Fed. Cir. 2002)); see also Sikorsky Aircraft
Corp. v. United States, 105 Fed. Cl. 657, 674 (2012).

                                           ANALYSIS

                               I. Count 4: Flood Event Liability

         The court is first charged on remand with determining whether the government is liable
to Meridian for flood-event damages suffered during the 2008 monsoon season. Meridian argues
that it is entitled to recover damages in connection with the flood events in a total of
$921,620.69, plus interest. Pl.’s Br. on Remand (“Pl.’s Br.”) at 16, ECF No. 157. In opposition,
the government asserts that this claim should be barred under the defense of accord and
satisfaction, or alternatively, that the contract assigned the risk of flooding to Meridian. Def.’s

                                                 5
Resp. to Pl.’s Br. on Remand (“Def.’s Opp’n”) at 18, 31, ECF No. 172. Because the court
concludes that the government’s arguments of accord and satisfaction and assignment of risk are
unconvincing, the court finds the government liable for flood-event damages under Count 4.

                                          A. Accord and Satisfaction

        Two of the necessary elements for accord and satisfaction are in dispute in this case: (1)
what the proper subject matter of the releases are; and (2) whether the parties came to a meeting
of the minds on the scope of the releases. After addressing the issue of the proper subject matter
of the releases in modification R8 and modification R17, the court will examine whether the
parties came to a meeting of the minds that the releases set out in those modifications
“constituted full and complete satisfaction of all obligations and liabilities,” Holland, 621 F.3d at
1383, for all flood-events claims.

       1. Proper subject matter.

        At issue is whether the release language from modifications R8 and R17 encompasses
Meridian’s claims for flood-event damages. Both modification R8, dated June 5, 2008, and
modification R17, dated September 15, 2008, contain the same mutual release of liability. The
specific text is:

       It is understood and agreed that pursuant to the above, the contract time is
       extended the number of calendar days stated, and the contract price is increased as
       indicated above, which reflects all credits due the Government and all debits due
       the Contractor. It is further understood and agreed that this adjustment constitutes
       compensation in full on behalf of the Contractor and its Subcontractors and
       Suppliers for all costs and markups directly or indirectly attributable for the
       change ordered, for all delays related thereto, for all extended overhead costs, and
       for performance of the change within the time frame stated.

JX123 at 2; JX132 at 2. Modification R8 was specifically described as “a definitization of
modification R00006,” JX123 at 2, which had added the new access ramp, while modification
R17 addressed “delay as it pertains to project drawings and survey issues,” JX132 at 2.

        Meridian argues that each of these releases speaks only to specific costs associated with
the explicit purposes listed in the modifications, that is, the costs of the new access ramp and the
survey drawing delays. See Pl.’s Br. at 22. The government, on the other hand, suggests a
broader reading of the release language that would include the release of all flood-event damage
claims, past and future, arguing that these are encompassed within the related-costs language of
the release. See Def.’s Opp’n at 25-26. The court agrees with Meridian.

        While the release language specifies release for “all costs and markups directly or
indirectly attributable for the change ordered” and “for all delays related thereto,” see JX123 at
2; JX132 at 2, flood-event damage claims arising in the future are simply too attenuated from the
access ramp and survey delays to be within the subject matter of these releases. Notably, the

                                                  6
execution dates of both of the modifications, but particularly that of R8, pre-date a significant
portion of the days when the site experienced flooding. See id.; see also PX62-102 (noting
significant flooding at the work site between August 3, 2008 and September 26, 2008); Hr’g Tr.
10:4-7 (Sept. 4, 2019) (“There were approximately 14 flood events during that monsoon season
of 2008 and they occurred between June 27th and December 19th of 2008.”). The releases do not
explicitly cover flood damage that had not yet occurred and whose scope was not predicted.

        In support of its position, the government argues that the flood-event damage was
suffered as at least an indirect result of the delays incurred from these modifications, R8 and
R17, because these delays forced Meridian to work during the area’s extended monsoon season,
the ultimate cause of the site’s flooding. Def.’s Opp’n at 27. This argument, however, is
unconvincing. The project’s overall progress in 2008 was slowed as a result of numerous causes,
including additional modifications to the scope of the work and differing site conditions such as
sub-surface water flows and softer-than-anticipated soils. Thus, no accurate line of causation can
be drawn between the two causes of delay at issue here, the definitization of the new access ramp
and the survey delays, and the several other incidents and modifications which delayed the
project and pushed completion of the crucial channel invert work into monsoon season.

        The facts at hand can also be distinguished from those of the cases the government uses
to support its broad reading of the release language at issue. For example, in King Fisher Marine
Serv., Inc. v. United States, 16 Cl. Ct. 231 (1989), while the court did find that the release
language barred all claims arising from a FO-2 change order, ultimately, the court limited its
reading of the language by applying the notion that “King Fisher’s entire claim is based on the
FO-2 change order.” Id. at 237. Here, unlike in King Fisher, the claim for flood-event damages
is not obviously within the purview of either the ramp access or the survey delays specifically
addressed by the modifications. Contrastingly, as with King Fisher, in John Massman
Contracting Co. v. United States, 23 Cl. Ct. 24 (1991), the claims brought by the plaintiff were
for compensation resulting from schedule extensions due to modifications that included release
language similar to that at issue here, see id. at 28, but the money sought by Massman was for
delays and damages that were explicitly encompassed by the subject matter of the modifications.
For example, Massman sought damages and costs from high river flows; modification P10,
which contained the release language, “granted plaintiff a 295 calendar day extension because of
high river flows.” Id. at 27-28 (emphasis added). Again, modifications R8 and R17 related to an
access ramp and survey delays, not flood-event damages. Accordingly, the connection between
the claim and the explicit subject of the release does not correlate as it did in King Fisher and
Massman.

       2. Meeting of the minds.

        Although the court today finds that flood-event damages are not encompassed within the
subject matter of the R8 and R17 releases, the court also concludes that the defense of accord and
satisfaction is barred here because it finds there was no meeting of the minds between the parties
as to the flood-event damages claim. As explained by the Federal Circuit in Community
Heating, “[C]ourts may refuse to bar a claim based upon the defense of accord and satisfaction
where the parties continue to consider the claim after execution of a release” because this
conduct is evidence that there was no meeting of the minds between the parties that the release

                                                7
language would constitute an abandonment of the plaintiff’s earlier claim. See Community
Heating & Plumbing Co., Inc. v. Kelso, 987 F.2d 1575, 1581 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (citing Winn-
Senter Constr. Co. v. United States, 75 F. Supp. 255 (Ct. Cl. 1948)). Ultimately, the court
concludes today that there was no meeting of the minds here because the flood-event damages
claim continued to be negotiated after the releases were issued, as evidenced by draft
modification R33, the government’s request for and Meridian’s subsequent submission of an
REA including a claim for flood events, and the government’s subsequent consideration of that
REA. See, e.g., Community Heating, 987 F.2d at 1581 (emphasizing that the Navy continued to
negotiate and audit the claims thereby barring an accord and satisfaction defense); A & K
Plumbing & Mech., Inc. v. United States, 1 Cl. Ct. 716, 723 (1983), aff’d, 795 F.2d 1011 (Fed.
Cir. 1986) (concluding that each party’s consideration of the merits of the claim required that the
release not be construed as a bar to plaintiff’s claim).

        In this case, there is evidence that both parties considered the merits of the flood-event
damages claim after the execution of modifications R8 and R17. Following the execution of the
modifications, in June and September 2008 respectively, Meridian sent a letter to the Corps
requesting equitable compensation for flood-event damage. See PX377 at 7 (referencing an REA
sent on December 22, 2008 regarding flood damage on site). The Corps responded to this REA
with a letter, dated January 22, 2009, finding that after an initial consideration on the merits, it
found no merit. Def.’s Opp’n, Ex. B at 1. Meridian, still seeking final resolution on its flood-
events REA in addition to others, filed a consolidated REA on April 2, 2010, see JX177, with the
Corps, responding to their request to do so, id.; see also Hr’g Tr. 857:18-858:12 (Jan. 29, 2014).
In August 2010, the Corps internally circulated draft modification R33, which noted that the
Corps’ initial response to the flood REA came with “a request for additional information” from
Meridian, and noted that the flood REA now garnered “partial merit.” P377 at 7-8. While this
modification was never issued, and although Meridian did not learn of this document until
discovery was had in this case, the draft of this document and its internal circulation are enough
to show continued consideration by the Corps of Meridian’s claim.

        Further in support of this conclusion, the Corps responded to the consolidated REA,
which contained the renewed REA for flood events, with a letter on May 20, 2010,
acknowledging the receipt of the REAs and committing to issue a final decision by November
30, 2010 on the claims. See JX189. The record, therefore, contains sufficient evidence that there
was no “intent on the part of either party that the release[s] ha[d] [the] effect” of barring the
plaintiff’s claims. A & K Plumbing, 1 Cl. Ct. at 723.

                                     II. Assumption of Risk

        The government alternatively suggests that that Meridian’s claim for flood-event
damages fails because the contract assigned the risk of flooding on the site to Meridian. Def.’s
Opp’n at 31. This argument is attended by irony—in one sense, the government seeks to suggest
that the flood-events damage directly resulted from the delays caused by modifications R8 and
R17 (thus seeking to put them within the release language), and yet also suggests that the flood
damage from monsoon season was the sheer result of poor planning on Meridian’s part. See
Def.’s Opp’n at 31-34 (“Meridian’s flood[-]event damages claim also fails because Meridian
chose to work in the river channel during monsoon season.”). The government’s argument is

                                                 8
unavailing. Meridian’s initial construction schedule planned for a completion of the channel
invert work, a necessary step in protecting the site from flooding, to be completed by late June
2008. See Pl.’s Br. at 16-17; Hr’g Tr. 8:3-7 (Sept. 4, 2019). As previously noted, many issues
arose in the project’s early stages that led to cumulative substantial delay, including those caused
by the government’s failure timely to provide the survey files. These delays, in turn, pushed the
channel invert work’s completion well into monsoon season. The government cannot now claim
that Meridian assumed the risk of flooding from monsoon season when the government was
largely responsible for Meridian’s inability to complete the project prior to the beginning of
monsoon season. See, e.g., Merritt-Chapman & Scott Corp. v. United States, 528 F.2d 1392,
1398-99 (Ct. Cl. 1976) (finding that government-caused delays which pushed the contractor to
work during heavy rainfall were compensable). Simply put, the government cannot escape
liability for flood damages when the government is responsible for causing the contractor to be
working during the flood-prone season.

                              III. Count 4: Flood-Event Damages

       Because the court concluded in Meridian I that the government was not liable to
Meridian for flood-event damages, see 122 Fed. Cl. at 412, the court never addressed the issue of
damages for Count 4 in Meridian II, see 130 Fed. Cl. at 172. The court today finds the
government liable for flood-event damages under Count 4. Therefore, the court must determine
the proper amount due.

        Meridian, on remand, sought damages in the amount of $921,620.69, plus interest. Pl.’s
Br. at 16. The government disputed $48,017 of this sum, arguing for damages in the amount of
$873,603.69, plus interest. See Joint Stipulations of Fact (“Joint Stip.”) at 85, ECF No. 141.
Meridian has now conceded and agrees to the government damages calculation of $873,603.69,
plus interest. Hr’g Tr. 58:16-25; 59:9-15 (Sept. 4, 2019). Therefore, the court finds that
Meridian is entitled to damages for flood events under Count 4 in that amount.

                             IV. Interest Calculation: Counts 4, 7-9

        On remand, this court has also been charged with recalculating the damages based on the
proper interest accrual starting date. Meridian III, 885 F.3d at 1354 n.2. This interest must be re-
calculated with regard to Counts 7-9 in accordance with the damages awarded in Meridian II,
and calculated now for the first time with regard to Count 4.

        Under 28 U.S.C. § 2516(a), Meridian is entitled to interest on both of its claims.
Pursuant to 41 U.S.C. § 7109(b), “[i]nterest shall accrue and be paid at a rate which the Secretary
of the Treasury shall specify as applicable for each successive 6-month period.” As noted in
Meridian III, the proper interest accrual start date is January 7, 2011, 885 F.3d at 1354 n.2, not
January 7, 2014 as originally stated in Meridian II, 130 Fed. Cl. at 171. The applicable interest
rates, as determined by the Secretary of the Treasury for the periods at issue are as follows:

   (1) January 7, 2011-June 30, 2011: 2.625%. 75 Fed. Reg. 82,146 (Dec. 29, 2010).

   (2) July 1, 2011-December 31, 2011: 2.5%. 76 Fed. Reg. 38,742-43 (July 1, 2011).

                                                 9
   (3) January 1, 2012-June 30, 2012: 2.0%. 76 Fed. Reg. 82,350 (Dec. 30, 2011).

   (4) July 1, 2012-December 31, 2012: 1.75%. 77 Fed. Reg. 38,888 (June 29, 2012).

   (5) January 1, 2013-June 30, 2013: 1.375%. 77 Fed. Reg. 76,624 (Dec. 28, 2012).

   (6) July 1, 2013-December 31, 2013: 1.75%. 78 Fed. Reg. 39,063 (June 28, 2013).

   (7) January 1, 2014-June 30, 2014: 2.125%. 79 Fed. Reg. 424 (Jan. 3, 2014).

   (8) July 1, 2014-December 31, 2014: 2.0%. 79 Fed. Reg. 37,391 (July 1, 2014).

   (9) January 1, 2015-June 30, 2015: 2.125%. 79 Fed. Reg. 78,950-51 (Dec. 31, 2014).

   (10) July 1, 2015-December 31, 2015: 2.375%. 80 Fed. Reg. 39,482-83 (Jan. 9, 2015).

   (11) January 1, 2016-June 30, 2016: 2.5%. 80 Fed. Reg. 81,880 (Dec. 31, 2015).

   (12) July 1, 2016-December 31, 2016: 1.875%. 81 Fed. Reg. 44,088 (July 6, 2016).

   (13) January 1, 2017-June 30, 2017: 2.5%. 82 Fed. Reg. 910 (Jan. 4, 2017).

   (14) July 1, 2017-December 31, 2017: 2.375%. 82 Fed. Reg. 34,348 (July 24, 2017).

   (15) January 1, 2018-June 30, 2018: 2.625%. 83 Fed. Reg. 3,052 (Jan. 22, 2018).

   (16) July 1, 2018-December 31, 2018: 3.5%. 83 Fed. Reg. 47,970 (Sept. 21, 2018).

   (17) January 1, 2019-June 30, 2019: 3.625%. Bureau of the Fiscal Serv., Interest Rates,
       Prompt Payment, https://www.fiscal.treasury.gov/prompt-payment/rates.html (last visited
       Sept. 16, 2019).

   (18) July 1, 2019-September 19, 2019: 2.625%. Bureau of the Fiscal Serv., Interest Rates,
       Prompt Payment, https://www.fiscal.treasury.gov/prompt-payment/rates.html (last visited
       Sept. 16, 2019).

Further interest will be due at the rate specified by the Treasury until the judgment has been paid.

        Meridian was awarded pre-interest damages of $983,771.10 in Meridian II, 130 Fed. Cl.
at 171, and has today been awarded pre-interest damages of $873,603.69, for a total of
$1,857,374.79. Meridian is entitled to simple interest on this total amount. 42 C.F.R. § 52.233-
1(h). Simple interest is calculated with the formula I=Prt, where “I” is the interest, “P” is the
principal, “r” is the interest rate, and “t” is the unit of time. As of September 19, 2019, the
government owes a total of $377,982.13 in interest. The following table contains a more detailed
calculation:

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                                        CONCLUSION

        For the reasons stated, the court finds the government liable to Meridian for Count 4,
flood-event damages. Pursuant to Meridian III, the government is also liable for Count 7,
suspension of work, Count 8, channel fill, and Count 9, interest protection. See 885 F.3d at
1354. Meridian is entitled to damages in the amount of $873,603.69 for Count 4 and $983,771.10
for Counts 7-9, totaling to damages in the amount of $1,857,374.79, plus interest, pursuant to 41
U.S.C. § 7109(b). Interest will accrue from January 7, 2011 until the date of payment. As of
September 19, 2019, the government owed Meridian $377,982.13 in interest. The clerk is
directed to enter final judgment in accord with this disposition.

       No costs.

       It is so ORDERED.

                                                    s/ Charles F. Lettow
                                                    Charles F. Lettow
                                                    Senior Judge

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