Court Opinion

ID: 5125575
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-11-12 18:15:51.247371+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:22:51.609618
License: Public Domain

11/12/2021
                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                                AT JACKSON
                                      October 26, 2021 Session

 ARON J. AUSTIN v. SOUTHERN ROOFING & RENOVATIONS LLC ET
                            AL.

                       Appeal from the Circuit Court for Shelby County
                         No. CT-1250-20    Rhynette N. Hurd, Judge
                          ___________________________________

                                No. W2020-01160-COA-R3-CV
                            ___________________________________

Appellant filed suit against Appellees concerning purported violations of his constitutional
rights, among other allegations. The trial court ultimately dismissed the case based on
insufficiency of service of process and that Appellant’s claims failed to state a claim as a
matter of law. Appellant now appeals. Based on our review of the record, we affirm the
trial court’s dismissal.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed and
                                    Remanded

ARNOLD B. GOLDIN, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which J. STEVEN STAFFORD,
P.J., W.S., and KENNY ARMSTRONG, J., joined.

Aron J. Austin, Millington, Tennessee, Pro se.

Richard Glassman and Lauran Stimac, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellees, Nicholas
Joseph Tansey and The Tansey Law Firm.

                                      MEMORANDUM OPINION1

                           BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       1
           Rule 10 of the Rules of the Court of Appeals provides as follows:

               This Court, with the concurrence of all judges participating in the case, may affirm,
       reverse or modify the actions of the trial court by memorandum opinion when a formal
       opinion would have no precedential value. When a case is decided by memorandum
       opinion it shall be designated “MEMORANDUM OPINION”, shall not be published, and
       shall not be cited or relied on for any reason in any unrelated case.
       This appeal arose from a lawsuit for breach of contract brought by Southern Roofing
& Renovations LLC (“Southern Roofing”) against Aron J. Austin (“Appellant”) in the
Shelby County General Sessions Court (“General Sessions Court”). In that case, Southern
Roofing was represented by Nicholas Tansey and The Tansey Law Firm (hereinafter
collectively referred to as “Appellees”). The lawsuit resulted from Appellant’s purported
failure to make payments for services rendered by Southern Roofing. Ultimately, the
General Sessions Court entered a default judgment against Appellant. Appellant thereafter
appealed the matter de novo to the Shelby County Circuit Court (“Circuit Court”).2

        After filing his appeal in the Circuit Court, Appellant filed a separate lawsuit, which
is the case before us on appeal, in the Circuit Court against Southern Roofing, Appellees,
and several other parties. In this separate Circuit Court lawsuit, Appellant argued that
Appellees, in serving as counsel for Southern Roofing in the General Sessions case,
engaged in unfair or deceptive acts, used falsified/forged documents in a legal proceeding,
violated his constitutional rights under the Tennessee Constitution and the Fifth and
Fourteenth amendments to the United States Constitution, discriminated against him on the
basis of his race, violated procedural due process rights, and aided and abetted in the course
of a forgery, among other allegations which are not at issue in this appeal.3

        In response to Appellant’s complaint, Appellees filed a motion to dismiss pursuant
to Rule 12 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure, contending that all of Appellant’s
claims should be dismissed due to insufficient service of process and failure to state a claim
upon which relief could be granted. At a hearing on July 30, 2020, the Circuit Court issued
an oral ruling dismissing Appellant’s claims pursuant to both grounds argued by Appellees.
Appellant filed a notice of appeal with this Court the same day that the Circuit Court made
its oral ruling. On August 6, 2020, the Circuit Court entered a written order memorializing
its oral ruling. In this order, the Circuit Court found that Appellant’s claims had no legal
merit and further stated that “[Appellant] has failed to comply with the requirements for
service of process set forth in Rule 4 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure as to
[Appellees].”4 In its written order, the Circuit Court stated it was directing entry of a final
judgment as to Appellees and that there was “no just reason for delay” in doing so.
Appellant then filed a second notice of appeal with this Court on August 27, 2020.5
        2
          As far as this Court is aware, the appeal from General Sessions is still pending as CT-1601. The
matters at issue in Appellant’s separate appeal from General Sessions Court are not of concern in this
appeal.
        3
          Although Appellant set forth numerous issues before the trial court and before this Court in his
brief, we have condensed and restated the issues, as will be seen below, to those we have determined were
actually argued by Appellant.
        4
          On appeal, Appellant does not contest the trial court’s finding regarding insufficient service of
process. Although Appellees raise this independently as a separate issue, because we find that Appellant’s
claims on appeal have no legal merit and thus result in a dismissal of the case with prejudice, we pretermit
Appellees’ issue concerning an alternative disposition.
        5
          Initially included as parties in this appeal, in addition to Appellees, were Southern Roofing, certain
defendants affiliated with Southern Roofing, and State Farm Fire & Casualty Company. On May 13, 2021,
                                                     -2-
                                         ISSUES PRESENTED

      Appellant raises several issues on appeal which we have condensed and restated as
follows:

        1. Whether the Circuit Court had jurisdiction to enter an order memorializing a
           prior oral ruling when Appellant had already filed a notice of appeal.
        2. Whether the Circuit Court erred in dismissing Appellant’s claims against
           Appellees for violation of his rights under the Fifth and Fourteenth
           Amendments.
        3. Whether the Circuit Court erred in dismissing Appellant’s claim for violation of
           Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-14-114 because it does not offer a private
           right of action.
        4. Whether the Circuit Court erred in deeming Appellant’s claims res judicata.

                                       STANDARD OF REVIEW

        As evidenced by our discussion in this Opinion, we conclude that resolution of
Appellees’ motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim is dispositive of the underlying
action.6 A motion to dismiss a complaint pursuant to Rule 12.02(6) of the Tennessee Rules
of Civil Procedure tests “only the legal sufficiency of the complaint, not the strength of the
plaintiff’s proof or evidence.” Woodruff by and through Cockrell v. Walker, 542 S.W.3d
486, 493 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2017) (quoting Webb v. Nashville Area Habitat for Humanity,
Inc., 346 S.W.3d 422, 426 (Tenn. 2011)). The resolution of a Rule 12.02(6) motion is
“determined by an examination of the pleadings alone.” Id. This Court reviews a trial
court’s resolution of a Rule 12.02(6) motion to dismiss de novo with no presumption of
correctness. Id. (citing Myers v. AMISUB (SFH), Inc., 382 S.W.3d 300, 308 (Tenn. 2012)).

       Additionally, Appellant challenges the Circuit Court’s jurisdiction in entering its
final order in this matter. “A determination of whether a trial court had subject matter
jurisdiction is a question of law that we review de novo, without affording a presumption

this Court entered a show cause order stating that it appeared there was not a final judgment entered in the
trial court relating to the aforementioned parties and that Appellant was to “obtain final judgments against
all the named Appellees . . . or file for voluntary dismissal of all parties for which there is not a final
judgment.” On May 20, 2021, Appellant filed “Plaintiffs’ [sic] Notice of Voluntary Dismissal Without
Prejudice” and requested voluntary dismissal of all of the parties other than Appellees. Thereafter, on June
4, 2021, this Court entered an order granting the motion for voluntary dismissal. As such, the order noted
that “[t]he appeal will proceed against the only Appellees remaining: Nicholas Tansey and the Tansey Law
Firm.” Therefore, the matters at issue in this appeal will relate only to those involving Nicholas Tansey
and the Tansey Law Firm.
         6
           As we noted previously, Appellees raise, as a separate issue, the Circuit Court’s dismissal of
Appellant’s claims for insufficient service of process as an alternative disposition to this appeal. Again,
because Appellant’s claims have no legal basis and warrant the Circuit Court’s dismissal of his cause of
action, we pretermit Appellees’ issue concerning insufficiency of service of process.
                                                   -3-
of correctness to the trial court’s finding.” Freeman v. Freeman, 579 S.W.3d 1, 4 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 2018) (citing Redwing v. Catholic Bishop for Diocese of Memphis, 363 S.W.3d
436, 446 (Tenn. 2012)).

                                         DISCUSSION

        Whether the Circuit Court Had Jurisdiction to Enter an Order Memorializing a
        Prior Oral Ruling When Appellant Had Already Filed a Notice of Appeal

       Appellant’s first issue on appeal concerns whether the Circuit Court had jurisdiction
over the case when it entered its August 6, 2020, written order memorializing its previous
July 30, 2020, oral ruling. Specifically, Appellant contends that when he filed his initial
notice of appeal following the Circuit Court’s oral ruling, but prior to entry of its written
order memorializing the oral ruling, jurisdiction over the matter transferred to this Court.
Respectfully, we disagree.

        Unless an appeal lies from an interlocutory order provided by our rules or by statute,
this Court has jurisdiction over final judgments only. Bayberry Assocs. v. Jones, 783
S.W.2d 553, 559 (Tenn. 1990) (citing Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Miller, 491 S.W.2d 85
(Tenn. 1973)). “It is well-settled that a trial court speaks through its written orders . . . and
that the appellate court reviews the trial court’s written orders.” Williams v. City of Burns,
465 S.W.3d 96, 119 (Tenn. 2015) (quoting Anil Constr. Inc. v. McCollum, No. W2013-
01447-COA-R3-CV, 2014 WL 3928726, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 7, 2014)). “A
judgment must be reduced to writing in order to be valid. It is inchoate, and has no force
whatever, until it has been reduced to writing and entered on the minutes of the court, and
is completely within the power of the judge or Chancellor.” Cunningham v. Cunningham,
No. W2006-02685-COA-R3-CV, 2008 WL 2521425, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 25, 2008)
(quoting Broadway Motor Co. v. Fire Ins. Co., 12 Tenn. App. 278, 280 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1930)).

        Here, we conclude that the Circuit Court’s oral ruling did not constitute a final
appealable order, as it was not a written order. Again, as this Court noted in Cunningham,
in order to constitute a valid order, a judgment “must be reduced to writing and entered on
the minutes of the court.” Cunningham, 2008 WL 2521425, at *5 (quoting Broadway
Motor Co., 12 Tenn. App. at 280). Thus, we conclude that the final order as to the issues
in this appeal is the Circuit Court’s written order entered on August 6, 2020. As such, this
matter did not become appealable until the entry of that order. “A prematurely filed notice
of appeal shall be treated as filed after the entry of the judgment from which the appeal is
taken and on the day thereof.” Tenn. R. App. P. 4(d). As the Circuit Court’s oral ruling
did not constitute a final judgment, Appellant’s notice of appeal filed that same day is to
be treated as filed after the entry of the Circuit Court’s written order. Contrary to
Appellant’s argument, because the oral ruling did not constitute a final appealable order,
the Circuit Court retained jurisdiction over the matter until it entered its final written order.
                                              -4-
See Wilkes v. Shaw Enters., LLC, No. M2006-01014-COA-R3-CV, 2008 WL 695882, at
*12 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 14, 2008) (finding that an appellant’s prematurely filed notice of
appeal did not divest the trial court of jurisdiction).

           Whether the Circuit Court Erred in Dismissing Appellant’s Claims Against
    Appellees for Violation of His Rights Under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments

       Appellant also contends that the Circuit Court erred in dismissing his claims against
Appellees for violation of his rights under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments.
Specifically, Appellant argues that the United States Constitution7 provides him with a
right of action for purported constitutional violations.

        It is well-settled that the Due Process Clauses referenced in both the Fifth and
Fourteenth Amendments provide protection for individuals against governmental action.
Indeed, “[t]he Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment provides that ‘[n]o State
shall . . . deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.’”
DeShaney v. Winnebago Cty. Dep’t Soc. Servs., 489 U.S. 189, 194 (1989). However, there
is nothing contained in the language of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment which “requires the State to protect the life, liberty, and property of its citizens
against invasion by private actors.” Id. at 195 (emphasis added). The same is also true of
the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. See Davis v. City of Memphis Fire Dep’t,
940 F. Supp. 2d 786, 802 (W.D. Tenn. 2013) (“[T]he Due Process Clause of the Fifth
Amendment applies only to instrumentalities of the federal government.”). Therefore, in
order for Appellant to sustain an action for constitutional violations under the Due Process
Clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments, any alleged injuries must be predicated
on the actions of a state actor rather than a private citizen. The allegations at issue in this
lawsuit do not state a claim for such relief. Rather, here, Appellees consist of the opposing
counsel and his law firm in Appellant’s separate breach of contract matter. There is nothing
in the allegations of Appellant’s complaint to support the notion that Appellees constitute
state actors. Appellant concedes this point in his brief, stating, “[n]one of the parties to the
action[] are government actors or employed [by] the government.”8

        7
             We note that in Appellant’s issues presented section, he contends that he is also afforded a right
of action pursuant to the Tennessee Constitution in which he may seek recourse for Appellees’ purported
constitutional violations. However, we find no reference to the Tennessee Constitution, nor any argument
pertaining to it in Appellant’s brief, outside of his issue statement. Rule 27(a) of the Tennessee Rules of
Appellate Procedure provides that a brief must contain an argument “setting forth the contentions of the
appellant with respect to the issues presented, and the reasons therefor, including the reasons why the
contentions require appellate relief, with citations to the authorities and appropriate references to the record
. . . relied on.” Failure on the part of a party to do so invites a finding of waiver of the issues wherein there
is no compliance with Rule 27(a). See Bean v. Bean, 40 S.W.3d 52, 53–55 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000). As such,
we find any contention by Appellant as it relates to the Tennessee Constitution waived.
           8
             Appellant takes issue with the Circuit Court’s application of United State Code Title 42, Section
1983 to his claims. Of course, the Circuit Court was applying section 1983 because this is the only manner
in which Appellant may seek recourse for purported constitutional violations. See Brent v. Wayne Cty.
                                                     -5-
       Insofar as Appellant’s claims of constitutional violations are predicated on the
actions of private parties and not state actors, we find that there exists no cause of action
for which Appellant may seek recourse.9

         Whether the Circuit Court Erred in Dismissing Appellant’s Claim for Violation of
                      Tennessee Code Annotated Section 39-14-114

       Appellant also argues that the Circuit Court erred in dismissing his claim regarding
a violation of Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-14-114, a criminal statute pertaining
to forgery.

        Here, the Circuit Court dismissed Appellant’s claim by stating that it “fails as a
matter of law because there is no private right of action in Tennessee for violation of that
statute.” In his brief, Appellant does not challenge the Circuit Court’s finding as to the
lack of a private right of action. Indeed, Appellant offers no argument or support as to why
his forgery claim brought under section 39-14-114 should be treated as a private cause of
action. This briefing issue notwithstanding, we note that other courts have concluded that
section 39-14-114 is a criminal statute that offers no private right of action. See Holt v.
Macy’s Retail Holdings, Inc., 719 F. Supp. 2d 903, 915 (W.D. Tenn. 2010); see also Daee
v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., No. 3:13-1332, 2016 WL 7742807, at *6 (M.D. Tenn.
May 18, 2016) (noting that there is no private right of action for the criminal statute
pertaining to forgery). Based on the foregoing, we find no error on the part of the Circuit
Court in dismissing this claim.

        Whether the Circuit Court Erred in Deeming Appellant’s Claims Res Judicata

        Appellant next argues that the Circuit Court erred in applying the doctrine of res
judicata to his claims. However, based upon our review of the record, we find no indication
that the Circuit Court ever applied the doctrine of res judicata to Appellant’s claims within
the order that is the subject of our current review. Indeed, there is nothing in the Circuit
Court’s order granting Appellees’ motion to dismiss discussing res judicata as it relates to
the claims now before this Court. Instead, we note that, in a separate order, the Circuit

Dep’t of Human Servs., 901 F.3d 656, 683 (6th Cir. 2018) (“[T]he Fourteenth Amendment does not create
a private right of action; instead, ‘§ 1983 provides a cause of action for all citizens injured by an abridgement
of th[e] protections’ set forth in [the Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses of the Fourteenth
Amendment.”). We conclude that a section 1983 claim would fail as Appellees are private actors.
         9
           In his issues presented section, Appellant also alludes to violations of his constitutional rights
pursuant to the Equal Protection Clause. However, Appellant does not present any argument for this
contention in his brief on appeal. Nevertheless, the same analysis stated here concerning a private right of
action under the Due Process Clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments is also applicable to claims
arising under the Equal Protection Clause. See Black v. Barberton Citizens Hosp., 134 F.3d 1265, 1267 (6th
Cir. 1998) (citing Moose Lodge No. 107 v. Irvis, 407 U.S. 163 (1972)) (“[T]he Equal Protection Clause
prohibits only discrimination by the State, not by a private actor.”).
                                                     -6-
Court applied res judicata as it pertained to Appellant’s claims against another party to the
lawsuit, Southern Roofing. As we discussed previously in this Opinion, Southern Roofing
is not a party to this appeal. Therefore, any argument as to the application of res judicata
as to Appellant’s claims against Southern Roofing is not properly before this Court, and
we decline to address it in this appeal.

                                          CONCLUSION

       Based on the foregoing, we affirm the Circuit Court’s dismissal of Appellant’s
claims.

                                                      s/ Arnold B. Goldin
                                                    ARNOLD B. GOLDIN, JUDGE

                                            -7-