Court Opinion

ID: 9912544
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-22 18:03:44.676325+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:00:06.375759
License: Public Domain

2023 IL App (1st) 220949-U
                                                                                   SIXTH DIVISION

                                                                                   December 22, 2023

                                            No. 1-22-0949

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the
limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).
______________________________________________________________________________

                                                IN THE
                                  APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
                                          FIRST DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________
In re MARRIAGE OF                                                )   Appeal from the Circuit Court
                                                                 )   of Cook County.
SONYA Y. REED,                                                   )
                                                                 )
          Petitioner-Appellant,                                  )
                                                                 )
     v.                                                          )   No. 20 D 3344
                                                                 )
VERNON D. REED,                                                  )   Honorable
                                                                 )   Naomi H. Schuster,
          Respondent-Appellee.                                   )   Judge, presiding.

          JUSTICE C.A. WALKER delivered the judgment of the court.
          Justice Hyman concurred in the judgment.
          Justice Tailor concurred in part and dissented in part.

                                               ORDER

¶1    Held:     In this divorce matter, we reverse the circuit court on portions of its dissipation and
                marital distribution rulings, and remand for the limited purpose of redistribution of
                the specified assets.
No. 1-22-0949

¶2    After a bench trial, the circuit court entered a judgment for dissolution of marriage between

petitioner Sonya Reed and respondent Vernon Reed and distributed the marital assets. Sonya

appeals, arguing the court erred in its distribution by (1) declaring certain property nonmarital, (2)

rejecting her claim of dissipation, and (3) improperly distributing the assets favorably to Vernon.

For the reasons below, we reverse the court’s order in two narrow respects, and remand for the

limited purpose of redistribution according to this order.

¶3                                         I. BACKGROUND

¶4     Sonya and Vernon married on April 9, 2011. On May 26, 2020, Sonya filed a petition for

dissolution of marriage, citing irreconcilable differences. In her petition, she requested that the

circuit court award the parties their respective nonmarital property, distribute the marital debt

equally, and order Vernon to pay maintenance and attorney’s fees.

¶5     On July 28, 2020, Sonya filed a petition for temporary maintenance, in which she claimed

Vernon earned approximately $10,890.39 per month while she earned approximately $2,610 per

month, which was insufficient to pay her monthly expenses.

¶6     On August 20, 2020, Vernon filed his response to Sonya’s petition for dissolution, in which

he requested that the circuit court make a fair and equitable distribution of the parties’ marital

assets and marital debts and hold both parties responsible for their own attorney’s fees. He also

asked the court to deny Sonya’s request for temporary maintenance because she is “an able-bodied

individual that can work and make a good salary as an attorney.” Vernon further requested that the

court deny Sonya’s request for exclusive possession of the couple’s home, hereinafter referred to

as “the Matteson property,” to order her to move out, and to give him exclusive possession because

Sonya had signed over her interest in it to him.

                                                   2
No. 1-22-0949

¶7     Sonya argued in response that although she had previously been employed full-time as a

staff attorney for Jenner & Block from October 2010 until July 2018, she could only secure part-

time employment through a temporary placement agency after she was laid off. The agency

assigned her to multiple short-term projects, including during the Covid-19 pandemic, where she

earned $22 to $28 per hour. As a result, she had insufficient funds to pay her monthly expenses.

She admitted that in May 2020, she sold a property in Chicago she had purchased before the

marriage and received approximately $10,000 from the transaction.

¶8     The circuit court granted Sonya exclusive possession of the Matteson property until

February 1, 2021. The court ordered Sonya to “pay maintenance, utilities, and upkeep” on the

Matteson property from November 1, 2020, until February 1, 2021, and ordered Vernon to pay the

mortgage and insurance in lieu of maintenance.

¶9     On April 9, 2021, Sonya filed an Amended Notice of Intent to Claim Dissipation. In it, she

alleged that an “irreconcilable breakdown” in her marriage to Vernon began on October 9, 2013,

due to Vernon’s infidelity and physical, emotional, and mental abuse. She alleged that Vernon

dissipated assets by making payments from his BMO Harris Checking Account between 2015 and

2020, totaling approximately $168,574.67. She also alleged that he made numerous cash

withdrawals from his BMO Harris Checking Account between 2015 and 2020, totaling

$182,429.63. Sonya said she did not learn of these transactions until she received a copy of the

bank statements in discovery.

¶ 10   The circuit court held a trial on the Petition for Dissolution of Marriage on July 14, 2021,

September 27, 2021, and November 23 and 24, 2021.

¶ 11   One disputed asset discussed at trial was a property in Chicago Heights where Vernon

stayed during the separation. Vernon testified that he “inherited” the property sometime between

                                                 3
No. 1-22-0949

November 2019 and January 2020 after his father, Fred Reed, passed away. He stated that the

property had been transferred to him under the terms of a trust his father created. Vernon had

limited documentary evidence to support this assertion—specifically, a deed, dated April 12, 2017,

whereby Fred Reed conveyed the Chicago Heights property to “Fred Reed, as Trustee of the Fred

Reed 2017 trust.” To counter, Sonya argued in a motion in limine that Vernon could have

purchased the property from his father instead of inheriting it. The record does not show that she

offered any evidence regarding the Chicago Heights property at trial.

¶ 12   Concerning dissipation, Sonya contended the breakdown of the marriage began in October

2013 due to Vernon’s infidelity and abuse, and that Vernon had dissipated their assets by making

payments and cash withdrawals totaling more than $350,000 between 2015 and 2020. Vernon

testified that throughout the course of the marriage, he used cash to make various purchases,

including multiple vehicles, and he frequently provided cash to Sonya and others. He also testified

that he gambled and spent money in Las Vegas, and Sonya knew of his gambling habits. The

parties agreed Vernon moved out of the marital home on January 15, 2020, after the two discussed

separating while on a trip in December 2019. The record shows Vernon made withdrawals and

transfers of $72,892.03 in 2020 and January 2021.

¶ 13   On the Matteson property, Vernon testified that he purchased the home for $225,000 in

January 2012, which was shortly after he and Sonya married. He paid the down payment by selling

a vehicle, boats, and a motorcycle that he owned before the marriage, but he submitted no

documentation to show that the funds used for the down payment were nonmarital funds. He

further claimed that because he had been married and divorced three times before and was

concerned about losing property in a future divorce, he and Sonya agreed before the purchase that

“she would not have an interest in [the Matteson property].” He did not have this agreement in

                                                4
No. 1-22-0949

writing but believed that “the waiver of the homestead that Sonya signed is proof that she waived

her rights to the property.” Sonya denied the agreement, and testified that although she signed a

homestead waiver, she had a “clear understanding” that she was not waiving her marital interest

in the property. The circuit court also heard evidence that Sonya paid $1,200 a month for expenses

at the Matteson property, and the home equity equalled approximately $170,000.

¶ 14   Regarding their respective checking accounts, the evidence showed Vernon had $168,403

in a BMO Harris account, while Sonya had $34,158 across two Citi Bank accounts. The total of

Vernon and Sonya’s checking accounts was $202,561.

¶ 15   On January 28, 2022, the circuit court issued its decision. As relevant here, the court

categorized the Chicago Heights property as nonmarital property. The court explained that Vernon

“presumes to have acquired an interest in [the Chicago Heights] property” and that he “believes”

that the property “is his under the terms of an inheritance plan that his father, who is now deceased,

had devised.” Although the court acknowledged Vernon provided “minimal” documentation, it

believed it was “clear” that if Vernon had “an interest in that property,” it came via inheritance.

¶ 16   On Sonya’s dissipation claim, the circuit court noted again that Vernon supplied “limited

documentation,” but noted that:

                “[D]uring the trial and in closing arguments it was acknowledged by [Sonya] that

       there were actual cash purchases that were made by [Vernon] during the course of the

       marriage. And [Vernon] credibly testified that throughout the course of the marriage that

       he used cash to make various purchases and to provide cash both to [Sonya], for himself,

       and others, including the purchase of cars and campers and the like.”

The court considered Vernon’s testimony and “the course of conduct which appears to be

undisputed between the parties as it related to casinos or street gambling,” and also found that

                                                  5
No. 1-22-0949

“almost up until the time of separation, [Vernon and Sonya] continued to travel together and ***

they functioned together as a married couple.” The court found that “to go back to 2015 to maintain

that cash withdrawal[s] [or other payments] support a claim of dissipation, the [c]ourt cannot find

that dissipation occurred,” and thus, “based upon the testimony and the assessment of the

credibility of witnesses, [the dissipation claim] will be denied.”

¶ 17   Regarding the Matteson property, the circuit court stated that it had “heard the testimony

of both parties, observed their demeanor, assessed their credibility and also considered *** the

submissions” of both parties. The court rejected Vernon’s contention that the homestead waiver

and the alleged source of the down payment rendered the property nonmarital, but ultimately

awarded the property to Vernon free of any interest from Sonya “[a]s a result of the distributions

of the marital assets and the marital estate.” The court explained that (1) the deed and mortgage

were solely in Vernon’s name, (2) Vernon testified that the down payment for the home came

solely from his nonmarital funds, and (3) it was “undisputed” that Vernon paid the mortgage and

insurance payments, and that Sonya contributed approximately $1,200 per month. The court found

Vernon credible regarding “the parties’ intention” when Vernon acquired the Matteson property

and Sonya’s signing of a homestead waiver and found Sonya’s “contributions to the property were

minimal.” The court permitted Sonya exclusive possession of the Matteson property until February

1, 2022, and ordered Vernon to pay the mortgage and insurance obligations during that time. The

court clarified that it awarded Vernon the full $170,000 in equity in the Matteson property, and

stated, “I considered that in my award of the contribution for attorney’s fees.”

¶ 18   Concerning the checking accounts, the circuit court noted the “parties have been separated

for approximately two years and have not commingled finances since the time of separation,” and

                                                  6
No. 1-22-0949

accordingly, “each party will be awarded their accounts and the balances that are maintained by

each of the parties in their sole and individual name.”

¶ 19    On maintenance, the circuit court found that guideline maintenance would be zero based

upon Sonya’s current income and concluded that “each party is able to provide for their own

support without any contribution from the other.” In so finding, the court noted that Sonya had

been employed as an attorney in Georgia since June 2021, earning $88,500 annually, and that

Vernon derived his income from a military pension, rental property, disability benefits, and his job

as a high school reserve officer training corps instructor. The court further stated that it reviewed

Sonya’s petition “carefully,” but found her testimony “troubling” due to credibility concerns, and

lived on the Matteson property while Vernon paid the mortgage and insurance. Therefore, it

concluded that there would be “no support for rehabilitative maintenance” for Sonya.

¶ 20    Finally, the circuit court ordered Vernon to pay $10,000 in attorney’s fees, in part because

“for a period of time in the marriage [Vernon] was an income earner that exceeded [Sonya’s]

income 1.

¶ 21    On February 28, 2022, Sonya filed a Petition to Vacate, Modify, or Reconsider the Court’s

Judgment for Dissolution of Marriage. She argued that the court had awarded a substantially

disproportionate share of the marital estate to Vernon, and that it erred, in relevant part, in its

findings on the Chicago Heights Property, dissipation, and the marital asset distribution generally.

The court denied her motion.

¶ 22                                         II. JURISDICTION

        1
         We note that the marital assets distributed by the court consisted of much more than is discussed
above, but the specifics of those assets, and the distribution thereof, are not relevant to Sonya’s claims.

                                                    7
No. 1-22-0949

¶ 23   The circuit court denied Sonya’s posttrial motion on May 26, 2022, and Sonya filed her

notice of appeal on June 27, 2022. Accordingly, this court has jurisdiction pursuant to Illinois

Supreme Court Rules 301 (Feb. 1, 1994) and 303 (eff. July 1, 2017).

¶ 24                                      III. ANALYSIS

¶ 25   On appeal, Sonya argues the circuit court erred by: (1) characterizing the Chicago Heights

property as Vernon’s nonmarital property; (2) denying her dissipation claim; and (3) distributing

the marital property in Vernon’s favor.

¶ 26                              A. The Chicago Heights Property

¶ 27   We begin with the circuit court’s finding that the Chicago Heights property was Vernon’s

nonmarital property. This was a factual finding, which we will not disturb unless it is against the

manifest weight of the evidence. In re Marriage of Budorick, 2020 IL App (1st) 190994, ¶ 55. A

circuit court’s decision on whether property is marital or nonmarital is “against the manifest weight

of the evidence only when an opposite conclusion is clearly apparent or when the court’s findings

appear to be unreasonable, arbitrary, or not based upon the evidence.” (Internal quotation marks

omitted.) In re Marriage of Stuhr, 2016 IL App (1st) 152370, ¶ 49 (quoting In re Marriage of

Faber, 2016 IL App (2d) 131083, ¶ 3). “A reviewing court will not substitute its judgment for that

of the trial court regarding the credibility of witnesses, the weight to be given to the evidence, or

the inferences to be drawn.” Best v. Best, 223 Ill. 2d 342, 350-51 (2006). The party contending

property is nonmarital must overcome, with clear and convincing evidence, the statutory

presumption that property accrued by a spouse during a marriage is marital property. 750 ILCS

5/503(b)(1) (West 2018). Clear and convincing evidence in this context is evidence that creates “a

high level of certainty and is considered to be more than a preponderance while not quite

approaching proof beyond a reasonable doubt.” In re Marriage of Gordon, 233 Ill. App. 3d 617,

                                                 8
No. 1-22-0949

647 (1992). One way a spouse can rebut the presumption and show a disputed asset is nonmarital

is through establishing it was a gift. 750 ILCS 5/503(a)(1) (West 2018).

¶ 28   Vernon contends that the Chicago Heights property was a gift from his father. “There is

another presumption that a transfer from a parent to a child is presumed to be a gift, and that

presumption may be overcome by clear and convincing evidence to the contrary.” In re Marriage

of Hagshenas, 234 Ill. App. 3d 178, 186 (1992). In instances like this, with the marital property

presumption and parental gift presumption in competition, the presumptions cancel each other out.

Id. at 186-87. The factfinder must then resolve the issue based on a manifest weight of the evidence

standard, and is “free to determine the issue of whether the asset in question was marital or

nonmarital property without resort to the presumption.” Id. at 187. The party arguing that an asset

is a nonmarital gift bears the burden in this situation. In re Marriage of Didier, 318 Ill. App. 3d

253, 259 (2000). “A gift is a voluntary gratuitous transfer of property from donor to donee where

the donor manifests an intent to make such a gift and absolutely and irrevocably delivers the

property to the donee.” In re Estate of Poliquin, 247 Ill. App. 3d 112, 115 (1993). “A valid gift

requires proof of donative intent and delivery of subject matter.” In re Marriage of Schmidt, 242

Ill. App. 3d 961, 968 (1993).

¶ 29   We note that Vernon’s brief conflates “gift” and “inheritance.” In this context, however, it

is the transfer from parent to child that is important and gives rise to the presumption that the

property (however the transfer was accomplished) should be analyzed as a parental “gift”

specifically for purposes of determining whether the property fits into the “gift, legacy, or descent”

statutory exception, so the distinction has no functional importance to this case. See Hagshenas,

234 Ill. App. 3d at 186; 750 ILCS 5/503(a)(1) (West 2018).

                                                  9
No. 1-22-0949

¶ 30   The record contains limited evidence regarding the nature of the alleged Chicago Heights

property transfer. Fred, of course, could not testify. Vernon testified that he inherited the property

from Fred following his passing (sometime from November 2019 to January 2020) and offered

documentation from 2017 showing that the Chicago Heights property was in Fred’s trust at that

time, with Fred as trustee, though Vernon did not offer proof of any subsequent transactions. The

record also showed Vernon lived at the Chicago Heights property during the separation. Sonya

argued in a motion in limine that Vernon could have purchased the property from Fred’s estate,

but offered no evidence at trial about the property. The circuit court found that though the record

was unclear that Vernon actually owned the Chicago Heights property, to the extent that he did

own it, the property was nonmarital.

¶ 31   We find that the court’s decision that the property was a nonmarital gift was not against

the manifest weight of the evidence. The evidence Vernon offered, alongside the dearth of

evidence from Sonya, sufficed for Vernon to meet his burden after the competing presumptions

canceled each other out. Hagshenas, 234 Ill. App. 3d at 186-87. While Fred could not testify

regarding his donative intent, the evidence did show the property was in Fred’s trust (of which

Fred was the trustee) in 2017, Vernon lived there during the separation, and Vernon testified that

Fred gifted him the property via inheritance. This constituted evidence on each element needed to

establish the property transfer was a gift, i.e., donative intent and finality of transfer, which then

left it to the circuit court to weigh that evidence and draw reasonable inferences therefrom. See

Didier, 318 Ill. App. 3d at 259; Best, 223 Ill. 2d at 350-51. The court did so in Vernon’s favor,

which was its province to do. See In re Marriage of Patel and Sines-Patel, 2013 IL App (1st)

112571, ¶ 78. Sonya offered no evidence regarding the Chicago Heights property for the court to

weigh against Vernon’s. Also, importantly, the court emphasized that it found Vernon a credible

                                                 10
No. 1-22-0949

witness (in the context of both the Matteson property and the dissipation claim), and stated it was

“clear” that if Vernon in fact owned the property, it was nonmarital property, further suggesting it

found Vernon credible on this issue.

¶ 32    We acknowledge the lack of documentary evidence. We take guidance, though, in a

principal in the related area of tracing of whether the source of disputed funds was marital or

nonmarital. In that context, this court has held that the clear and convincing evidence standard may

be met through witness testimony alone. In re Marriage of Henke, 313 Ill. App. 3d 159, 174 (2000).

In this case, the circuit court repeatedly stated it found Vernon a credible witness, and on a manifest

weight of the evidence review, the reviewing court should defer to the lower court on issues of

witness credibility and the weight to assign testimony. Best, 223 Ill. 2d at 350-51. In the absence

of any evidence from Sonya, we cannot say that the court here was not entitled to weigh Vernon’s

testimony strongly if it found it credible, and then find that the testimony, in combination with the

fact that Vernon was living at a property which, at least in 2017, belonged to his father, who was

now deceased, sufficed to demonstrate that Vernon acquired the Chicago Heights property as a

gift from his father.

¶ 33    Patel is instructive on this issue. There, the circuit court found that money a party [Amy]

received from her father was a gift, and rejected the argument that it was marital property (in the

form of a marital debt). Patel, 2013 IL App (1st) 112571, ¶¶ 76-80. The only evidence on the issue

was Amy’s testimony, which the lower court found incredible. Id. ¶¶ 77-78. On appeal, the Patel

court found that this decision was not against the manifest weight of the evidence because, “it was

the function of the trial court here to accept or reject Amy’s testimony that the money from [her

father] was a loan. The trial court found that Amy was not a credible witness.” Id. ¶ 78. Likewise,

                                                  11
No. 1-22-0949

here it was the circuit court’s function to accept or reject Vernon’s testimony that the Chicago

Heights property was a gift from his father, and the court chose to accept the testimony.

¶ 34    Didier provides further guidance. There, this court found the circuit court’s finding of a

gift was against the manifest weight of the evidence because “One of the elements of a gift is that

the transfer must be gratuitous,” and “The record [was] quite clear that the [property at issue] was

not a gift” where the proponent testified that she purchased the property from her father (Emphasis

in original.) Didier, 318 Ill. App. 3d at 261. Contrast the situation here, where Vernon’s testimony

was that the Chicago Heights property was a gift, and nothing in the record countered that he

received the property without paying for it.

¶ 35    The dissent advances multiple arguments as to why certain aspects of Vernon’s evidence—

his testimony, the deed, the fact Vernon lived at the property during the separation—do not

individually satisfy certain elements of “a gift.” In doing so, the dissent makes no attempt to

address the collective effect of the evidence, and the reasonable inferences the circuit court drew

therefrom. Additionally, the dissent does not distinguish our citation to Patel for the proposition

that, in a Hagshenas/Didier scenario, “it is the function of the trial court” to weigh the evidence

and determine a witness’s credibility. Patel, 2013 IL App (1st) 112571, ¶ 78. This is telling. The

dissent’s position here boils down to its desire to substitute its judgment for that of the circuit court

and weigh the evidence against Vernon, which is simply improper for a reviewing court to do.

Best, 223 Ill. 2d at 350-51. While it was still Vernon’s initial burden to introduce evidence on the

nature of the property, he did so, and without anything to counter from Sonya, the court could

reasonably find that the manifest weight of the evidence favored Vernon.

¶ 36    We further note the dissent’s discussion that Vernon did not establish the initial transfer.

This argument is of no consequence because the circuit court based its decision on the presumption

                                                   12
No. 1-22-0949

that a transfer of the property to Vernon had occurred; it was only that to the extent Vernon had

been transferred the property that the court found it was via inheritance from Fred. If no transfer

occurred, the Chicago Heights property issue is purely academic because the property would not

be part of the marital estate.

¶ 37    In sum, the circuit court was presented with limited evidence on this issue, but only Vernon

offered anything to help clarify the nature of the Chicago Heights property. Because neither the

marital property presumption nor parental gift presumption applied, it was Vernon’s reduced

burden to present sufficient evidence such that the court could find the manifest weight of the

evidence went in his favor. And his own testimony, which the court found credible, along with the

fact of his residency at the property (which Fred’s trust owned as recently as 2017), sufficed for

the court to find Vernon carried this burden, particularly in the absence of any evidence in rebuttal

from Sonya.

¶ 38                                  B. Dissipation

¶ 39    Next, Sonya argues that Vernon dissipated the marital assets by making payments and cash

withdrawals totaling more than $350,000 between 2015 and 2020, and thus the circuit court erred

by denying her dissipation claim. We review a circuit court’s dissipation finding for an abuse of

discretion and will reverse only if “no reasonable person could adopt the trial court’s position.” In

re Marriage of Dunseth, 260 Ill. App. 3d 816, 831 (1994).

¶ 40    “The dissipation of marital assets occurs when one spouse uses marital property for a

purpose that is unrelated to the marriage and is for his or her own benefit at a time when the

marriage is undergoing an irreconcilable breakdown.” Henke, 313 Ill. App. 3d at 177. “The issue

of dissipation is generally a question of fact.” In re Marriage of Tietz, 238 Ill. App. 3d 965, 984

(1992). The party charged with dissipation must “demonstrate through clear and specific evidence

                                                 13
No. 1-22-0949

how the suspect funds were spent.” Henke, 313 Ill. App. 3d at 177. Before deciding whether

dissipation occurred, a lower court must determine the point at which the irreconcilable breakdown

began. See In re Marriage of Sinha, 2021 IL App (2d) 191129, ¶¶ 33-36.

¶ 41   Sonya testified that the marriage began undergoing an irreconcilable breakdown on

October 9, 2013, due to Vernon’s alleged infidelity and abuse, but offered no additional evidence

to support this assertion. The circuit court never explicitly addressed the breakdown date, but its

comments indicate that it did not believe it began in 2013. After hearing testimony that Sonya and

Vernon regularly went on dates, cruises, and couples’ trips each year up through December 2019,

the court commented that “almost up until the time of separation, [Vernon and Sonya] continued

to travel together and *** they functioned together as a married couple.” The court ultimately

concluded that “to go back to 2015 [the repose period for a dissipation claim is 5 years] to maintain

that cash withdrawal[s] [or other payments] support a claim of dissipation, the Court cannot find

that dissipation occurred.”

¶ 42   When the evidence presented is insufficient to determine the irreconcilable breakdown’s

beginning, courts have used the date of separation or the date the petition for dissolution was filed.

See, e.g., In re Marriage of Hamilton, 2019 IL App (5th) 170295, ¶ 86 (without clear evidence of

an irreconcilable breakdown date, the claimant could “only claim dissipation for the period after

the parties separated”). In this case, the circuit court’s comments indicated that it denied Sonya’s

dissipation claim in part because it found the evidence that she presented was insufficient to show

the breakdown began in 2013, and implicitly found instead that the marriage did not begin to

breakdown until the date of separation. The record also supports this conclusion. We therefore

agree with the court’s conclusion that Sonya failed to prove that the marriage began to break down

before the parties’ separation date of January 15, 2020.

                                                 14
No. 1-22-0949

¶ 43   We disagree, however, with the circuit court’s conclusion that no dissipation occurred after

the parties’ separation date. Vernon had the burden to demonstrate through clear and specific

evidence how the funds at issue were spent, but the record shows he offered no receipts or other

evidence to account for the $72,892.03 in payments and cash withdrawals he made in 2020 and

January 4, 2021. See Hamilton, 2019 IL App (5th) 170295, ¶ 78. Vernon testified generally that

he withdrew large amounts of cash throughout the marriage, which he used for dinners and trips

for him and Sonya, but provided no examples of the places he took Sonya or the amounts he spent.

He also said that he routinely withdrew cash for personal use, gave Sonya $700-$800 a year in

cash for a shopping spree, and gave his nieces and nephews cash “all the time,” but could not

provide a dollar amount or any additional specifics regarding these expenditures. Vernon also

could not quantify the amount he spent gambling. These vague contentions simply do not

constitute clear and specific evidence of how Vernon spent the over $70,000 in withdrawals and

payments relating to the relevant period, and thus Vernon did not satisfy his evidentiary burden.

¶ 44   Vernon argues that his credible testimony that he “used cash to make various purchases

and provide[d] cash for individuals throughout the marriage” was sufficient, relying on In re

Marriage of Berberet, 2012 IL App (4th) 110749. There, the lower court concluded that no

dissipation occurred, even though the accused spouse “could not recall the nature of specific

expenditures and dates for those expenditures,” and the Berberet court affirmed this decision. See

Berberet, 2012 IL App (4th) 110749, ¶ 56. Berberet is distinguishable, however, because there the

accused spouse “provided the court with the relevant financial records,” and testified credibly

regarding his “routine use of cash.” Id. Here, by contrast, Vernon provided no financial records to

indicate how he spent the funds at issue in 2020, and we find that his vague testimony, standing

alone, was insufficient to demonstrate that the payments and cash withdrawals he made from his

                                                15
No. 1-22-0949

checking account in 2020 were used for purposes related to the marriage. See Hamilton, 2019 IL

App (5th) 170295, ¶ 78 (a party must demonstrate through clear and specific evidence how the

suspect funds were spent); In re Marriage of Carter, 317 Ill. App. 3d 546, 552-53 (2000) (finding

dissipation when the husband’s explanation of “how he spent the rest of the money for ‘household

expenses’ and ‘repairs’ was too general and vague to satisfy his burden”); In re Marriage of Rai,

189 Ill. App. 3d 559, 569-70 (1989) (finding the circuit court abused its discretion when it

concluded that the husband did not dissipate assets when he “gave vague statements that the funds

were spent on certain items” and “admitted that he was unsure of where the money went or how

the funds were spent,” because this “inconsistent, vague testimony was unsupported by any

credible documentation”).

¶ 45   Because we find that the circuit court abused its discretion when it found that Vernon did

not dissipate marital property after the parties’ separation date, the $72,892.03 relating to this

period should be factored back into the marital estate when the court redistributes on remand. See

750 ILCS 5/503(d)(2) (West 2018) (“In a proceeding for dissolution of marriage *** the court

shall *** divide the marital property without regard to marital misconduct in just proportions

considering all relevant factors, including: the dissipation by each party of the marital property”).

¶ 46                                  C. Marital Property Distribution

¶ 47   Sonya also challenges the circuit court’s marital property distribution, arguing that the

court erred when it awarded Vernon 87% of its total value. She specifically alleges that the court

erred by (1) incorrectly distributing the funds in the parties’ checking accounts, and (2) improperly

awarding the Matteson property to Vernon. Regarding the Matteson property, Sonya contends that

the court improperly based its ruling on Vernon’s allegation of Sonya’s alleged homestead waiver

and his account of the property’s purchase, and further contends the court failed to consider the

                                                 16
No. 1-22-0949

relevant statutory factors for marital distribution aside from the parties’ respective contributions

to the property.

¶ 48   Because the distribution of marital assets is within the circuit court’s discretion, we review

its decision for an abuse of discretion. Henke, 313 Ill. App. 3d at 175. This discretion, however,

“is not unlimited. A division of property must be reasonable and must meet the statute’s

objectives,” which include “plac[ing] each party in a position to begin anew.” In re Marriage of

Agazim, 176 Ill. App. 3d 225, 231 (1988).

¶ 49   Per statute, circuit courts divide marital property decisions by balancing twelve factors.

750 ILCS 5/503(d) (West 2018). These factors include each party’s contribution “to the

acquisition, preservation, or increase or decrease in value of the marital *** property”; the

“dissipation by each party of the marital property”; the value of each spouse’s assigned property;

the marriage’s length; the “relevant economic circumstances of each spouse when the division of

property is to become effective”; the “age, health, station, occupation, amount and sources of

income, vocational skills, employability *** and needs of each of the parties”; and the “reasonable

opportunity of each spouse for future acquisition of capital assets and income.” Id. A circuit court

must consider each factor but is not required to make express findings regarding each on the record.

See In re Marriage of Benkendorf, 252 Ill. App. 3d 429, 433 (1993). “The touchstone of

apportionment of marital property is whether the distribution is equitable in nature.” Tietz, 238 Ill.

App. 3d at 979. “Equal distribution of marital property is generally favored, unless application of

the statutory factors demonstrates an equal division would be inequitable.” In re Marriage of

Minear, 287 Ill. App. 3d 1073, 1083 (1997). However, “[a]n equal division of marital assets is not

required, and one spouse may be awarded a larger share of the assets if the relevant factors warrant

such a result.” Henke, 313 Ill. App. 3d at 175.

                                                  17
No. 1-22-0949

¶ 50   We find that the circuit court abused its discretions specifically regarding the checking

accounts, but not regarding the remainder of the distribution. On the checking accounts, the court

awarded Vernon the funds in his account, totaling more than $160,000, and Sonya only the funds

in her accounts, totaling approximately $34,000. The record shows the court based this decision

on the fact that Vernon and Sonya “ha[d] been separated for approximately two years and ha[d]

not commingled finances since the time of separation.” This was error because the law is clear that

regardless of the date of a couple’s separation, the funds in a spouse’s checking account remains

marital property until the time of dissolution. See Henke, 313 Ill. App. 3d at 167 (stating that

“funds deposited into the checking account following the parties’ marriage are marital property,

as renumeration in whatever form to a spouse during a marriage is considered marital property”);

In re Marriage of Tatham, 173 Ill. App. 3d 1072, 1091 (1988) (“[i]t is the date of dissolution and

not the date of the parties’ separation that is determinative as to what property was acquired during

a marriage”); In re Marriage of Brooks, 138 Ill. App. 3d 252, 259 (1985) (finding that the

husband’s suggestion that the date of the parties’ separation should be used as the termination date

of the wife’s property rights was “baseless” and stating that “[l]aw and policy will not support such

a result”). The court appears to have misapprehended this rule; though it did not declare the

checking accounts officially as the nonmarital property, it distributed the amounts as such, and this

constituted an abuse of discretion.

¶ 51   We reject, however, Sonya’s broad contention that the marital distribution outside of the

checking accounts was generally improper. Each of Sonya’s arguments on this point center on the

resolution of the Matteson property, and each fail. First, the record positively rebuts her arguments

that the circuit court improperly considered the homestead dispute or Vernon’s contention that the

Matteson property should be considered his own nonmarital property. The court directly rejected

                                                 18
No. 1-22-0949

these arguments on the record, expressly finding the property was marital property, and explained

it awarded it to Vernon “[b]ecause of the distribution of the marital assets and the marital estate.”

¶ 52   Sonya next argues that the circuit court improperly focused solely on the parties’ relative

contributions to the Matteson property in making its distribution, pointing to its statement in the

record that Sonya’s contribution was “minimal.” This argument fails both legally and factually.

¶ 53   First, the argument fails because the law is clear that while a distributing court must

consider each relevant factor, it need not make express findings regarding each factor on the

record. See Benkendorf, 252 Ill. App. 3d at 433. In other words, the fact that a circuit court only

mentions a certain factor or factors on the record when distributing marital property is not grounds

to conclude it ignored the other factors. Thus, the circuit court’s focus on the parties’ contributions

to the Matteson property when considering how to distribute that property is not a proper ground

to conclude it improperly considered only a single factor when distributing the marital assets.

¶ 54   Sonya’s argument also fails factually because it misconstrues the record. Counter to

Sonya’s characterization, the record demonstrates that the circuit court considered myriad factors

outside of the parties’ contribution to the Matteson property in distributing the assets, and even in

resolving the Matteson property distribution itself. Specifically, the court responded to a question

regarding the distribution of the equity in the Matteson property by stating it balanced not awarding

equity by awarding her attorney’s fees. The record also shows the court weighed Sonya’s ability

to make her own living and procure assets in the future based on her status as an attorney, which

indicates it considered numerous statutory factors beyond respective contributions in its decision.

See 750 ILCS 5/503(d)(5), (8), (11) (West 2018)).

¶ 55   In sum, while the circuit court’s comments in open court admittedly focused on

contribution with respect to the Matteson property, this was an appropriate and relevant factor, and

                                                  19
No. 1-22-0949

Sonya makes no positive showing from the record that the court failed to consider the other

relevant statutory factors when distributing the entirety of the marital assets (excepting the

checking accounts issue). As such, while reasonable minds may disagree with the court’s

distribution, including the Matteson property, the distribution was not counter to law, or

contradicted by the record such that no reasonable person could have arrived at the court’s

conclusion, making reversal inappropriate. See Dunseth, 260 Ill. App. 3d at 831.

¶ 56   Finally, we note that Sonya makes a broad argument that the distribution was unfair based

on an uneven (if disputed) percentage split of the assets. Sonya only substantively complains of

the checking accounts and the Matteson property distribution, however, which we resolve above.

Furthermore, regarding the fairness of the Matteson property distribution, it is worth repeating that

a distributing court is not required to make an equal distribution and may award certain property

to one spouse when there is support in the record for the award—support which is present because

it was undisputed that Vernon made the down payment and the mortgage payments for the

Matteson property. See Henke, 313 Ill. App. 3d at 175.

¶ 57                                      IV. CONCLUSION

¶ 58 The circuit court’s findings regarding the Chicago Heights property, the dissipation claim

until January 15, 2020, and the marital distribution aside from the checking accounts were proper.

As such, we remand for the circuit court to reallocate the following assets equitably: the funds

specific to the dissipation claims between 2020 and January 4, 2021, totaling $72,892.03, and the

checking account assets, totaling $202,561.

¶ 59 Reversed in part and remanded for equitable reallocation of the specified marital assets.

¶ 60   JUSTICE TAILOR, concurring in part and dissenting in part:

                                                 20
No. 1-22-0949

¶ 61   I concur with the majority’s decision to reverse the circuit court’s finding with respect to

dissipation and the checking accounts, but respectfully dissent from its decision to affirm the

circuit court’s findings regarding the Chicago Heights and Matteson properties.

¶ 62   The majority concludes that because Vernon testified that he inherited the Chicago Heights

property from his father, the presumption that a transfer from parent to child is a gift cancels out

the presumption that the property is marital because it was allegedly acquired during Vernon’s

marriage to Sonya. Even if these conflicting presumptions apply, the evidence presented does not

support a finding that the Chicago Heights property was a gift.

¶ 63   The majority points to the fact that “the evidence did show the property was in Fred’s trust

in 2017” and concludes that this supports Vernon’s contention that he inherited (or was gifted) the

property from his father. However, the trust document, whereby Fred Reed, in his individual

capacity, conveyed the Chicago Heights property to “Fred Reed, as Trustee of the Fred Reed 2017

trust[]” does no such thing. It makes no mention of Fred’s intent to gift the property to Vernon

after his death, nor does it mention Vernon at all. Vernon’s lack of knowledge about the terms of

his father’s trust does not help him either. Vernon testified that he had “never seen his father’s

trust,” had “never seen any documents related to his father’s trust,” and had “no documentation

that showed he was awarded the property in his father’s trust.” Moreover, although Vernon

testified that his brother was the trustee of his father’s estate and “has all of the trust documents,”

he failed to produce these documents or have his brother testify at trial. See Johnson v. Owens-

Corning Fiberglas Corp., 233 Ill. App. 3d 425, 437 (1992) (“Where a witness who has knowledge

of the facts and is accessible to a party is not called by a party, a presumption arises that his

testimony would be adverse to that party”).

                                                  21
No. 1-22-0949

¶ 64   In addition, the majority points to the fact that Vernon “lived [in the Chicago Heights

property] during the separation” and concludes that this “constituted evidence *** needed to

establish the property transfer was a gift, i.e., donative intent and finality of transfer[.]” However,

“[m]ere possession by one claiming property as a gift, after death of the owner, is universally, we

believe, held insufficient to prove a valid gift.” Rothwell v. Taylor, 303 Ill. 226, 230 (1922); Pocius

v. Fleck, 13 Ill. 2d 420, 428 (1958) (“gifts first asserted after the death of the donor are regarded

with suspicion”). Instead, “it is essential to prove the delivery of the property by the donor to the

donee, with the intent to pass the title to the donee absolutely and irrevocably.” Id. at 427. See,

e.g., In re Marriage of Blunda, 299 Ill. App. 3d 855, 867 (1998) (finding the evidence sufficient

to prove that the transfer of shares of stock were a gift from the wife’s father when the father filed

a gift tax return and testimony in the record established that the stock was a gift).

¶ 65   Here, by contrast, Vernon provided no proof of transfer or of donative intent other than his

testimony that he inherited the property from his father. Compare with In re Marriage of Romano,

2012 IL App (2d) 091339, ¶ 54 (finding that the evidence supported a finding that stock a son

received from his father was a gift and therefore constituted nonmarital property because the father

testified that “intended to give [his son] the shares as a gift” and gift tax returns were admitted into

evidence, providing proof of “absolute and irrevocable delivery.”). In his brief, Vernon admits that

“the evidence does not show any ownership of the property by Vernon Reed individually.” The

majority acknowledges the same yet concludes that the “court’s decision that the property was a

nonmarital gift was not against the manifest weight of the evidence.”

¶ 66   The circuit court’s comments—“if in fact [Vernon] has an interest in [the Chicago Heights]

property” and “to the extent that [Vernon] has any interest or acquired any interest in the trust or

in the property”—evince its doubts about Vernon’s ownership interest in the property, and

                                                  22
No. 1-22-0949

reinforce the conclusion that the evidence Vernon presented was insufficient to prove that the

Chicago Heights property was a gift from his father. If Vernon could not convince the circuit court

that the Chicago Heights property was transferred to him, then by definition the circuit court could

not reasonably conclude that Vernon acquired ownership of the property through gift or

inheritance.

¶ 67   For the reasons above, I disagree with the majority and find that the circuit court’s decision

to classify the Chicago Heights property as nonmarital was against the manifest weight of the

evidence. Although it is unclear from the record who actually owns the Chicago Heights property,

Vernon asserts that he does, so I would reverse the circuit court’s classification of the property as

nonmarital, reclassify the property as marital, and instruct the circuit court to equitably divide the

value of the property between Sonya and Vernon on remand.

¶ 68   I also disagree with the majority’s conclusion that the court’s decision to award the

Matteson property solely to Vernon was not improper. While the distribution of marital assets is

within the trial court’s discretion, this discretion is not unlimited. “A division of property must be

reasonable and must meet the statute’s objectives.” In re Marriage of Agazim, 176 Ill. App. 3d

225, 231 (1988). Section 503(d) of the Act directs the trial court to divide marital property in just

proportions after considering twelve relevant factors. 750 ILCS 5/503(d). These factors include

each party’s contribution “to the acquisition, preservation, or increase or decrease in value of the

marital *** property,” the “dissipation by each party of the marital *** property,” the length of

the marriage, the value of the property assigned to each spouse, the “relevant economic

circumstances of each spouse when the division of property is to become effective,” the “age,

health, station, occupation, amount and sources of income, vocational skills, employability ***

and needs of each of the parties,” and the “reasonable opportunity of each spouse for future

                                                 23
No. 1-22-0949

acquisition of capital assets and income.” 750 ILCS 5/503(d)(1)-(12). “The touchstone of

apportionment of marital property is whether the distribution is equitable in nature.” In re

Marriage of Tietz, 238 Ill. App. 3d 965, 979 (1992); In re Marriage of Hamilton, 2019 IL App

(5th) 170295, ¶ 34.

¶ 69   Here, it was undisputed that the Matteson property, in which the parties had equity of

approximately $170,000, was marital property. Nevertheless, the court awarded the property solely

to Vernon. The court seemed to base its decision almost exclusively upon the financial

contributions of each party to the property, noting that Vernon had paid all of the mortgage and

insurance payments on the property and concluding that Sonya’s contributions to the property were

“minimal.” However, this finding—that Sonya’s contributions were “minimal”—ignores the fact

that Sonya contributed $1200 per month to the household expenses, an amount that exceeded the

amount Vernon paid each month toward the mortgage. Moreover, even assuming that Vernon’s

financial contributions to the household were greater than Sonya’s, “a spouse’s greater financial

contributions do not necessarily entitle him or her to a greater share of the marital assets.” In re

Marriage of Scoville, 233 Ill. App. 3d 746, 758 (1992). Instead, a party’s “financial contribution

to the acquisition of marital assets is only one of several factors to be considered by the trial court

in determining the equitable distribution of marital assets.” In re Marriage of Lee, 246 Ill. App. 3d

629, 638 (1993).

¶ 70   The circuit court’s decision to award the entirety of the Matteson property to Vernon fails

to account for many of the other statutory factors when dividing marital property, including the

length of the parties’ marriage, the needs of the parties, their economic circumstances, and the

value of other property assigned to each party. The majority contends that “the circuit court

considered myriad factors outside of the parties’ contribution to the Matteson property in

                                                  24
No. 1-22-0949

distributing the assets” because it “responded to a question regarding the distribution of the equity

in the Matteson property by stating it balanced not awarding equity by awarding [Sonya] attorney’s

fees.” But Sonya owed more than $30,000 in legal fees and Vernon was ordered to contribute only

$10,000 towards those fees, an amount well short of the $85,000 Sonya would have received if the

Matteson property had been equally divided between her and Vernon. The majority also attempts

to justify the circuit court’s decision to award the entirety of the Matteson property to Vernon by

stating that the “court weighed Sonya’s ability to make her own living and procure assets in the

future based on her status as an attorney.” However, although Sonya was employed as an attorney

at the time of the divorce, Vernon’s income was still greater than hers. Sonya was earning $88,500

annually as an attorney, whereas Vernon was earning approximately $100,000 per year.

¶ 71   Other factors weigh in favor of a more equitable division of the Matteson property as well.

First, Sonya and Vernon were married for 11 years. Second, Sonya was employed as a staff

attorney for the majority of her marriage to Vernon, and during this time, she made financial

contributions towards their home, which covered property insurance, utilities, food, and other

household expenses. Third, at the time of their divorce, Sonya owned no other property, whereas

Vernon owned another property from which he derived rental income. Finally, Sonya still owed

more than $20,000 in law school debt. Although a trial court need not make express findings

regarding each factor on the record, it still must consider them. As the majority acknowledges

above, supra ¶ 42, “[e]qual distribution of marital property is generally favored, unless application

of the statutory factors demonstrates an equal division would be inequitable.” In re Marriage of

Minear, 287 Ill. App. 3d 1073, 1083 (1997).

¶ 72   When the statutory factors are considered as a whole, I find that the circuit court abused its

discretion when it awarded the entirety of the Matteson property to Vernon. This lopsided award

                                                 25
No. 1-22-0949

is unreasonable and fails to meet the objectives of the statute. Agazim, 176 Ill. App. 3d at 231;

Tietz, 238 Ill. App. 3d at 979 (“The touchstone of apportionment of marital property is whether

the distribution is equitable in nature.”) Accordingly, I would reverse the circuit court’s decision

to award the Matteson property to Vernon and split the value of the property equally between the

parties on remand.

                                                26