Court Opinion

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Date Created: 2015-10-13 23:19:40.301321+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:38:07.943597
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Opinions of the United
2009 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit

3-9-2009

Patty Stevenson v. Doris Billingsly
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 08-1390

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Recommended Citation
"Patty Stevenson v. Doris Billingsly" (2009). 2009 Decisions. Paper 1761.
http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2009/1761

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                                                        NOT PRECEDENTIAL

             UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                  FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

                             No. 08-1390

                    PATTY JANE STEVENSON,
                                      Appellant

                                  v.

               UNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICE,
    a division of the Government of the United States of America;
     PHILIP DECAROLIS, Trenton Postmaster, now or formerly
  Postmaster or Person in Charge of the United States Postal Facility
             for Trenton and Mercer County, New Jersey;
     FRANK TULINO; ROBERT TOWLER; CARLOS CRUZ;
     DORIS BILLINGSLY; GLENN CAMERON; JOHN DOE;
             RICHARD ROE; JANE DOE; MARY DOE;
                 JOHN POTTER, Postmaster General

           On Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the District of New Jersey
                D.C. Civil Action No. 04-cv-5971
                 (Honorable Garrett E. Brown, Jr.)

          Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                         January 26, 2009
Before: SCIRICA, Chief Judge, AMBRO and SMITH, Circuit Judges.

                       (Filed: March 9, 2009 )

                     OPINION OF THE COURT
SCIRICA, Chief Judge.

       In the early 1990s, Patty Jane Stevenson developed thoracic outlet syndrome,

pericapsular fibrosis, and chronic diffuse joint synovitis, impairing her right shoulder,

arm, and wrist. Because her condition affected her work at the United States Postal

Service, Stevenson entered into a limited duty status in 1994, and in 1997 she accepted a

permanent rehabilitation position as a Modified Distribution Clerk—a position restricting

the tasks she would perform to accommodate her medical condition.

       Stevenson filed a bid card in August 1998, applying for a job as a General Clerk.

She was denied that position because she was in a rehabilitation status job, and at

Stevenson’s request, her union filed a grievance on her behalf. Additionally, Stevenson

filed an informal EEO complaint, prompting a mediation in October 1998 that produced a

settlement: Stevenson would take a position as a clerk, and in return she would ask the

union to withdraw the grievance. The union withdrew the grievance, and Stevenson

began work in her new clerk job. But the union also contested the creation of this

position because it was not open to bidding by other employees. After a series of

hearings involving the lack of bidding, the union prevailed, Stevenson’s settlement

position was withdrawn, and she was asked to return to her rehabilitation status job.

Stevenson claims she was not informed of the hearings or, alternately, was required to be

represented exclusively by the union, whose interests she claims conflicted with her own.

                                              2
Stevenson refused to return to her rehabilitation status job as the Postal Service directed,

and after an absence from work, she was terminated on July 31, 1999.

       She filed suit with the EEOC claiming disability discrimination for the 1998 bid

denial and discrimination and retaliation in the termination of her position in July 1999.

While Stevenson’s claims were pending before Administrative Law Judge Jose Perez,

another EEOC judge certified a class action (the Glover class), which was designed to

redress the discriminatory denial of advancement or promotional opportunities for Postal

Service workers. Judge Perez dismissed Stevenson’s claims involving her 1998 bid

denial because they were subsumed within the class, and Stevenson’s counsel received

the notice of the final agency action for the Glover class on July 10, 2004. Judge Perez

retained jurisdiction over the remaining claims involving the 1999 termination, then

dismissed those on September 9, 2004.

       Stevenson filed suit on December 6, 2004, alleging several discrimination and

constitutional violations. Pertinent to this appeal are Stevenson’s claims of Rehabilitation

Act discrimination in the denial of the 1998 bid for the General Clerk position,

constitutional due process violations in the withdrawal of the settlement position she

accepted in October 1998, and discrimination and retaliation in the termination of her

employment in 1999. The District Court granted the Postal Service and other

                                              3
Defendants’1 motion to dismiss and motion for summary judgment. It dismissed the

constitutional claim because the Rehabilitation Act and Title VII provide the exclusive

remedy. It dismissed the claims relating to the 1998 bid denial as untimely. It dismissed

the 1999 retaliation claims for failure to make out a prima facie case. Finally, it granted

summary judgment on the Rehabilitation Act discrimination claim pertaining to the 1999

termination. We have jurisdiction over the District Court’s final judgment under 28

U.S.C. § 1291, and we will affirm.

                                              I.

         The District Court determined Title VII and the Rehabilitation Act provide the

exclusive remedies, and it dismissed all the other claims. Stevenson does not contest the

exclusivity of Title VII and the Rehabilitation Act for redressing discrimination in federal

employment. See Brown v. Gen. Servs. Admin., 425 U.S. 820 (1976); Owens v. United

States, 822 F.2d 408 (3d Cir. 1987); Gissen v. Tackman, 537 F.2d 784 (3d Cir. 1976).

Instead, she contends we should recognize a nonstatutory remedy for the denial of

constitutional due process when she was removed from the settlement job she accepted in

October 1998.

         Although federal courts have exercised jurisdiction to hear nonstatutory claims

under special circumstances, e.g., Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Fed. Bureau

of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971), these are not present when a statutory scheme provides

   1
       Stevenson also named Postal Service employees as Defendants in her complaint.

                                              4
adequate relief, revealing a congressional intent to limit the available remedies. See

Schweiker v. Chiliky, 487 U.S. 412 (1988); Bush v. Lucas, 462 U.S. 367 (1983). The

Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 is such a statute. See Bush, 462 U.S. at 374–90. It

provides “the full scheme of remedies available” to federal employees in cases arising out

of the employment context. Sarullo v. U.S. Postal Serv., 352 F.3d 789, 795 (3d Cir.

2003). Because Stevenson’s nonstatutory Bivens claim arises out of the employment

context, we do not have subject matter jurisdiction to consider its merits.

                                              II.

       Stevenson seeks redress for discrimination in the 1998 bid denial. The District

Court dismissed the claim as untimely because Stevenson filed suit more than ninety days

after the notice of final agency action in the Glover class action. If the limitations period

began with the notice of final agency action in the Glover case, the 1998 bid-denial

complaint was not timely filed; if it began with the mid-September notice of final agency

action in her case, the 1998 bid-denial claim was timely filed.

       The notice of final action in the Glover class action is the appropriate reference.

Administrative Judge Perez severed Stevens’s 1998 bid-denial claim from the 1999

termination claim. Judge Perez determined the 1998 bid-denial claims were subsumed

within the Glover class action, and he retained jurisdiction only over the 1999

termination. Because the 1998 discrimination claim was subsumed within the Glover

class action, its statute of limitations began to run from receipt of the notice of final

                                               5
agency action in the Glover class action on July 10, 2004. And because Stevenson’s suit

was not filed in the District Court until December 6, 2004, her claims concerning the

1998 bid denial were not filed within ninety days of July 10, 2004, and were accordingly

not timely.

                                              III.

       The District Court dismissed the 1999 retaliation claim because Stevenson failed

to make out the prima facie case of retaliation,2 namely “(1) the employee engaged in a

protected employee activity; (2) the employer took an adverse employment action after or

contemporaneous with the employee’s protected activity; and (3) a causal link exists

between the employee’s protected activity and the employer’s adverse action,” Farrell v.

Planters Lifesavers Co., 206 F.3d 271, 279 (3d Cir. 2000). To demonstrate causation,

Stevenson merely recounts her other allegations, and states that her termination resulted

from “a challenge to the U.S.P.S. autocratic authority that it refused to tolerate.” 3 (Br. of

   2
    When considering a dismissal for failure to state a claim, our review is plenary.
Phillips v. County of Allegheny, 515 F.3d 224, 230 (3d Cir. 2008). We accept as true all
allegations in the complaint as well as all reasonable inferences drawn from them, and we
construe them in the light most favorable to the nonmovant. Monroe v. Beard, 536 F.3d
198, 205 (3d Cir. 2008). The plaintiff’s “[f]actual allegations must be enough to raise a
right to relief above the speculative level.” Phillips, 515 F.3d at 234 (quoting Bell
Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 127 S. Ct. 1955, 1965 (2007)).
   3
    Stevenson also points out that the Postal Service has not rebutted causation, but this
puts the cart before the horse. In the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework, the
plaintiff must establish the prima facie case before the employer is required to produce
nondiscriminatory reasons for the employment action.

                                               6
Appellant at 30.) This is speculative and insufficient, and the District Court properly

dismissed Stevenson’s retaliation claim.

                                             IV.

       Finally, Stevenson contends her termination in 1999 was discriminatory. In

granting Defendants summary judgment,4 the court concluded that Stevenson is not

covered by the Rehabilitation Act because she is not an “individual with disability” as

defined by the Act. Stevenson does not meaningfully contest the District Court’s

determination that she is not substantially limited in any major life activities.5 Instead,

she contends the Postal Service regarded her as disabled when it denied her the General

Clerk position because she was on rehabilitation status.

   4
    We review a summary judgment disposition de novo, viewing the facts in the light
most favorable to the nonmoving party and applying the same test as the District Court.
Hayberger v. Lawrence County Adult Probation and Parole, 551 F.3d 193, 197 (3d Cir.
2008). Summary judgment is appropriate “if the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure
materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material
fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).
   5
    A single sentence in Stevenson’s brief asserts, “The proofs amply demonstrate that
[Stevenson’s] thoracic outlet syndrome substantially limit [sic] her major life activities.”
(Br. of Appellant at 27.) In the District Court, Defendants contended Stevenson was not
substantially limited in any major life activities. Dismissing her claims, the District Court
noted that Stevenson “fail[ed] to specifically address her physical limitations,” choosing
instead to contest disability only under the regarded-as prong. (J.A. 16.) “[F]ailure to
raise an issue in the District Court results in its waiver on appeal.” Huber v. Taylor, 469
F.3d 67, 74 (3d Cir. 2006).

                                              7
       The Rehabilitation Act prohibits discrimination against qualified individuals with

disabilities. 29 U.S.C. § 794 (2006). At the time of the events in this case, the Act

defined “individual with a disability” as any person who

       (i)     has a physical or mental impairment which substantially limits one or more
               of such person’s major life activities;
       (ii)    has a record of such an impairment; or
       (iii)   is regarded as having such an impairment.

29 U.S.C. § 705(20)(B) (2006). An individual is disabled under the “regarded as” prong

only if she is regarded as having a certain kind of impairment—one that “substantially

limits one or more . . . major life activities.” See Sutton v. United Air Lines, Inc., 527
U.S. 471, 489 (1999). Even if the employer knows of an employee’s impairment and

denies the employee an advancement, without more the employee is not an “individual

with disability” under the regarded-as prong. See Rinehimer v. Cemcolift, Inc., 292 F.3d
375, 382 (3d Cir. 2002). The employer must “entertain misperceptions about the

individual—it must believe either that [the employee] has a substantially limiting

impairment that [she] does not have or that [she] has a substantially limiting impairment

when, in fact, the impairment is not so limiting.” Sutton, 527 U.S. at 489; see also Taylor

v. Pathmark Stores, Inc., 177 F.3d 180, 190–92 (3d Cir. 1999) (requiring, under the

regarded-as prong, that the employer entertain misperceptions about the severity of the

impairment).

       For purposes of summary judgment in this case, we assume the Postal Service

denied Stevenson’s bid because she was in a rehabilitation status job. We also assume

                                              8
she was in the rehabilitation status job because she was impaired. Neither of these factual

bases support the inference that the Postal Service regarded Stevenson as having a

substantially limiting impairment. Stevenson’s actual impairment was both short of

substantially limiting and sufficient to qualify her for a rehabilitation position. But

Stevenson does not suggest the Postal Service misperceived the limitations her

impairments placed on her, and she identifies no major life activity the Postal Service

mistakenly believed her impairments to substantially limit.6 Absent a basis for this kind

of misperception, no genuine issues of fact exist that would support a finding that

Stevenson is an individual with disability under the Act.

                                              V.

       Accordingly, we will affirm the District Court’s judgment in its entirety.

   6
   Even if the Postal Service regards Stevenson as disabled in the major life activity of
work, Stevenson provides no explanation of how the Postal Service misperceived her
impairment as it relates to that major life activity.

                                              9