Court Opinion

ID: 3159639
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-12-03 13:06:31.216544+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:47:20.500534
License: Public Domain

STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

SECURA INSURANCE,                                                 UNPUBLISHED
                                                                  December 1, 2015
              Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                 No. 322240
                                                                  Muskegon Circuit Court
JOY B. THOMAS,                                                    LC No. 12-048218-CK

              Defendant-Appellant,

and

DELORES SWINGLER-REID and CARL REID,

              Defendants.

Before: TALBOT, C.J., and BECKERING and GADOLA, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       In this declaratory action involving an insurance contract, defendant Joy B. Thomas
appeals as of right the trial court’s order awarding a judgment in favor of plaintiff, Secura
Insurance, against Thomas and codefendant Delores-Swingler Reid, jointly and severally, in the
amount of $68,787.24. This order followed the trial court’s previous order granting Secura’s
motion for summary disposition and declaring the subject insurance policy void on the basis of
misrepresentations made by Thomas and Swingler-Reid. We affirm in part, vacate in part, and
remand.

                  I. PERTINENT FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       Secura provided Swingler-Reid and her husband Carl, who reside in Michigan, with
homeowners insurance, personal automobile insurance, and umbrella liability insurance. With
respect to the auto policy, Secura provided personal injury protection (PIP) benefits as well as
optional underinsured motorist (UIM) coverage. While the policy, as originally issued, did not
provide coverage for a 2001 Chevrolet Impala—the vehicle at issue in this case—Swingler-Reid

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later added that vehicle to the policy in November 2009. According to Secura, when Swingler-
Reid added the Impala to her policy, she represented that she was the owner of the automobile.1

       On February 8, 2010, the Impala was involved in an automobile accident in the state of
Georgia. Thomas—Swingler-Reid’s daughter and a resident of Atlanta, Georgia—was the
driver. Thomas thereafter filed a claim with Secura for PIP benefits, which Secura paid.
Thomas also filed a lawsuit in Georgia against the allegedly negligent driver who caused the
accident. Finally, Thomas filed a claim with Secura for UIM benefits. In response to the latter
claim, Secura filed the instant declaratory action seeking to rescind the policy, based, in relevant
part, on its contention that Swingler-Reid was not the owner of the Impala and that both
Swingler-Reid and Thomas had made material misrepresentations about Swingler-Reid’s
ownership of the automobile.

       In connection with this litigation, Secura deposed both Thomas and Swingler-Reid.
During their respective depositions, each testified that the Impala was in Georgia on the date of
the accident because Swingler-Reid had driven it there to visit Thomas. Each further asserted
that Thomas was driving the Impala on the date of the accident because it had been parked in the
driveway, blocking Thomas’s vehicle, and Thomas needed to run errands.

         In the midst of the instant litigation, Swingler-Reid filed a separate action against Secura
in Oakland County for PIP/UIM benefits in connection with two automobile accidents that she
was allegedly involved in on October 22, 2009, and December 22, 2009, respectively. As part of
that litigation, Secura again deposed Swingler-Reid. In that deposition, Swingler-Reid testified
that following her second accident in December 2009, she did not drive again until April 2010.
She further indicated that in February 2010, she was in Michigan receiving medical care, and
that she never went out of town during this time frame. As part of that litigation, Secura also
obtained several of Swingler-Reid’s medical records, which definitively showed that she was in
Michigan the day of the February 8, 2010 accident that took place in Georgia.

        In light of the above developments, Secura, with the trial court’s permission, filed an
amended complaint which added counts of fraud and conspiracy to commit fraud. It then moved
the trial court for summary disposition. In pertinent part, Secura argued that it was entitled to
void the policy pursuant to the terms of the policy itself—specifically, a “concealment,
misrepresentation or fraud” provision—because Swingler-Reid made false representations in
connection with Thomas’s UIM claim. Additionally, Secura argued that Thomas and Swingler-
Reid had committed actionable fraud and conspiracy to commit fraud by lying about the
circumstances surrounding the accident (i.e., why the Impala, if owned by Swingler-Reid and
garaged in Michigan, was involved in an accident in Georgia involving Thomas). Following a
hearing on the matter, the trial court granted Secura’s motion, concluding that the record
evidence clearly showed that Thomas and Swingler-Reid misrepresented the circumstances
surrounding the February 8, 2010 accident. In making this ruling, the court referenced the terms

1
 According to both Thomas and Swingler-Reid, Thomas gave the Impala to Swingler-Reid in
November 2009. A transfer of title, which was signed in December 2009 but never registered
with the Secretary of State, is contained in the record.

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of the insurance policy. The court’s written order stated that the policy was “voided and/or
rescinded” with regard to the Impala. Because it granted summary disposition in Secura’s favor,
the trial court found that a cross-motion for summary disposition filed by Thomas was “moot,”
and therefore denied it.

         In June 2013, Secura moved the trial court for summary disposition pursuant to MCR
2.116(C)(10) on the issue of damages. Secura argued there was no genuine issue of material fact
as to its recovery of the following damages: (1) all benefits paid by Secura in connection with
Thomas’s PIP claim; (2) all costs, expenses, and attorney fees expended to defend Thomas’s
claim in Georgia; (3) all costs, expenses, and attorney fees expended to prosecute the instant
litigation; (4) all benefits paid by Secura in connection with Swingler-Reid’s PIP claim; and (5)
all costs, expenses, and attorney fees expended in connection with Swingler-Reid’s PIP/UIM
claim in Oakland County. Secura styled its request for damages as one seeking “restitution.” It
asked the court to hold Thomas and Swingler-Reid jointly and severally liable with respect to the
damages.

        At an October 18, 2013 hearing, the trial court granted the motion for summary
disposition as to damages, stating that the damage award “would be based on the—all the counts
that were set forth involving fraud and misrepresentation, as well as the [request for] rescission.”
It awarded Secura $68,787.24 in damages against Thomas and Swingler-Reid, jointly and
severally.2 This award consisted of the entire amount requested by Secura and included
recoupment of benefits paid as well as costs and attorney fees. Thomas now appeals as of right.3

                                 II. RESCISSION OF THE POLICY

        Thomas first argues that the trial court erred in granting summary disposition in Secura’s
favor with regard to rescinding the policy. We disagree. We review de novo a trial court’s
decision on a motion for summary disposition. BC Tile & Marble Co, Inc v Multi Bldg Co, Inc,
288 Mich. App. 576, 583; 794 NW2d 76 (2010). It is apparent that the trial court granted
summary disposition in this case pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10). A motion under MCR
2.116(C)(10) tests the factual sufficiency of the complaint. Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich. 109,
120; 597 NW2d 817 (1999). In deciding a motion under MCR 2.116(C)(10), the trial court
considers affidavits, pleadings, depositions, admissions, and other evidence submitted by the
parties in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Id. “Where the proffered evidence
fails to establish a genuine issue regarding any material fact, the moving party is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law.” Id. The proper interpretation of a contract is a question of law that
we review de novo. Holland v Trinity Health Care Corp, 287 Mich. App. 524, 526; 791 NW2d
724 (2010).

2
  Secura did not seek to hold Carl Reid liable on the damage award, and he was subsequently
dismissed from the lawsuit.
3
    Swingler-Reid has not filed a claim of appeal in this matter.

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         The crux of Thomas’s argument is that the trial court erred in granting summary
disposition in Secura’s favor without addressing each element of actionable fraud, see Titan Ins
Co v Hyten, 491 Mich. 547, 555; 817 NW2d 562 (2012), and where there existed genuine issues
of material fact on those elements. We need not consider this argument, however, because it is
clear that rescission was justified pursuant to the terms of the policy itself, without regard to the
elements of actionable fraud. “Insurance policies are contracts and, in the absence of an
applicable statute, are subject to the same contract construction principles that apply to any other
species of contract.” Id. at 554 (citation and quotation marks omitted). “[W]hen a provision in
an insurance policy is not mandated by statute, the rights and limitations of the coverage are
entirely contractual . . . .” Id. The claim at issue in this case involved underinsured motorist
coverage, which is optional coverage not mandated by statute. Dawson v Farm Bureau Mut Ins
Co, 293 Mich. App. 563, 568; 810 NW2d 106 (2011). Thus, the express terms of the contract
governed the claim. The relevant policy provision provided, in pertinent part, that the policy
would be void “if, whether before or after loss, an insured has” “[m]ade false statements . . .
[r]elating to this insurance.” This provision is clear and unambiguous: Secura was entitled to
void the policy if an insured,4 at any time, made false statements relating to the policy. “[U]nless
a contract provision violates law or one of the traditional [contract] defenses to the enforceability
of a contract applies, a court must construe and apply unambiguous contract provisions as
written.” Royal Prop Group, LLC v Prime Ins Syndicate, Inc, 267 Mich. App. 708, 715; 706
NW2d 426 (2005) (citation and quotation marks omitted).

        The trial court properly determined that there was no genuine issue of material fact that
both Thomas and Swingler-Reid made false statements in connection with the February 8, 2010
accident that led to Thomas’s claim for UIM benefits. Specifically, while each testified that the
Impala was in Georgia in February 2010 because Swingler-Reid had traveled to visit Thomas,
and that Thomas was driving the Impala because her own vehicle was blocked in her driveway,
subsequent evidence definitively proved this story to be false. Notably, by Swingler-Reid’s own
admission, she was never in Georgia in February 2010, but was rather in Michigan receiving
medical care in connection with her October and December 2009 accidents. Her medical records
confirmed as much. As such, because Thomas and Swingler-Reid both made false statements
regarding the February 8, 2010 accident, Secura was entitled, under the plain terms of the policy,
to void the policy.

       Thomas also argues on appeal that the trial court erred in denying her cross-motion for
summary disposition. On the basis of the above conclusion, we disagree. However, we briefly
note and explore two of Thomas’s arguments. She contends that MCL 257.520(f)(1) prohibited
Secura from voiding the policy in this case. The statute provides, in pertinent part:

       (f) Every motor vehicle liability policy shall be subject to the following provisions
       which need not be contained therein:

4
  In this regard, we note that pursuant to the terms of the policy, an “insured” means not only the
named insured, but also “any family member” and “any other person occupying [the named
insured’s] covered auto.” Thus, this provision applied to both Swingler-Reid and Thomas.

                                                -4-
       (1) The liability of the insurance carrier with respect to the insurance required by
       this chapter shall become absolute whenever injury or damage covered by said
       motor vehicle occurs; said policy may not be cancelled or annulled as to such
       liability by any agreement between the insurance carrier and the insured after the
       occurrence of the injury or damage; no statement made by the insured or on his
       behalf and no violation of said policy shall defeat or void said policy, and except
       as hereinafter provided, no fraud, misrepresentation, assumption of liability or
       other act of the insured in obtaining or retaining such policy, or in adjusting a
       claim under such policy, and no failure of the insured to give any notice, forward
       any paper or otherwise cooperate with the insurance carrier, shall constitute a
       defense as against such judgment creditor. [MCL 257.250.]

        However, as Secura correctly notes in its brief on appeal, MCL 257.520(f)(1) is limited in
its application by MCL 257.520(g), which provides, in relevant part:

       Any policy which grants the coverage required for a motor vehicle liability policy
       may also grant any lawful coverage in excess of or in addition to the coverage
       specified for a motor vehicle liability policy and such excess or additional
       coverage shall not be subject to the provisions of this chapter.

As our Supreme Court has previously concluded, the effect of MCL 257.520(g) is to render
MCL 257.520(f)(1) “inapplicable” to coverages that are not required by statute (i.e., optional
coverages). Cohen v Auto Club Ass’n, 463 Mich. 525, 530; 620 NW2d 840 (2001). Because
underinsured motorist coverage—the coverage at issue in this case—is optional, Dawson, 293
Mich. App. at 568, MCL 257.520(f)(1) did not bar Secura from seeking rescission of the policy
after the accident occurred.

       Thomas next argues that Secura was precluded by MCL 500.2123 from cancelling the
policy because it failed to provide notice as required by that statute. MCL 500.2123 pertains to
the cancellation of insurance policies, and provides, in pertinent part:

       (1) Except as provided in subsection (2) or (3), a termination of insurance shall
       not be effective unless the insurer, at least 30 days prior to the date of termination,
       delivers or mails to the named insured at the person’s last known address a written
       notice of termination. The notice shall state the effective date of termination and
       each specific reason for the termination.

        We do not agree with Thomas’s position. MCL 500.2123 governs the cancellation of
policies, not the rescission of policies. See Lewis v Farmers Ins Group, 154 Mich. App. 324, 329;
397 NW2d 297 (1986). Cancellation is a distinct remedy from rescission; whereas cancellation
terminates the contract prospectively and releases the parties from further obligation to each
other, rescission “annul[s] the contract and restore[s] the parties to the relative positions which
they would have occupied if no such contract had ever been made.” Cunningham v Citizens Ins
Co of America, 133 Mich. App. 471, 479; 350 NW2d 283 (1984) (citations and quotations
omitted).

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                                         III. DAMAGES

         Thomas next argues that the trial court erred in awarding Secura $68,787.94 in damages
as restitution for (1) benefits previously paid by Secura in connection with Thomas’s PIP claim;
(2) all costs, expenses, and attorney fees expended to defend Thomas’s claim in Georgia; (3) all
costs, expenses, and attorney fees expended to prosecute the instant litigation; and (4) all benefits
paid and costs, expenses, and attorney fees expended in connection with Swingler-Reid’s
separate PIP/UIM claim in Oakland County. For the reasons discussed below, we vacate all but
the first of the above enumerated damage awards and remand for further proceedings.5

                                      A. ATTORNEY FEES

        We first turn our attention to the issue of attorney fees. We review for an abuse of
discretion the trial court’s decision to award attorney fees. In re Waters Drain Drainage Dist,
296 Mich. App. 214, 216; 818 NW2d 478 (2012). “A court may award costs and attorney fees
only when specifically authorized by statute, court rule, or a recognized exception.” Id. Here,
the trial court did not cite any basis for its award of attorney fees. As such, we remand and
instruct the trial court to articulate a basis for the award of attorney fees. See Gentris v State
Farm Mut Auto Ins Co, 297 Mich. App. 354, 364; 824 NW2d 609 (2012).

         Secura urges us to affirm the trial court’s award of attorney fees for two reasons. It first
argues that we should affirm the award of attorney fees because the remedy involved—
restitution—is an equitable remedy, and it contends that a court may award attorney fees when
the failure to do so would be inequitable. However, a court may not award attorney fees “solely
on the basis of what it perceives to be fair or on equitable principles.” Reed v Reed, 265 Mich
App 131, 166; 693 NW2d 825 (2005). See also In re Adams Estate, 257 Mich. App. 230, 237;
667 NW2d 904 (2003) (“it is improper to award attorney fees on general equitable principles.”).

        Next, Secura argues that we can affirm the trial court’s award of attorney fees based on
Thomas’s—and, for that matter, Swingler-Reid’s—unlawful or fraudulent conduct. While we
are to narrowly construe exceptions to the general rule that attorney fees are not recoverable, this
Court has recognized an exception to the rule for situations “where a party has incurred legal
expenses as a result of another party’s fraudulent or unlawful conduct.” Spectrum Health v
Grahl, 270 Mich. App. 248, 253; 715 NW2d 357 (2006) (citation and quotation marks omitted).
See also Ypsilanti Charter Twp v Kircher, 281 Mich. App. 251, 286; 761 NW2d 761 (2008).
Again, we note that the trial court made no findings as to whether an award of attorney fees was
appropriate in light of this exception. As such, we decline to rule on this matter. See Gentris,
297 Mich. App. at 364. We also make no comment with regard to whether the conduct in this
case would rise to the level of “fraudulent or unlawful” conduct present in cases such as Kircher.

5
  We recognize that Swingler-Reid is not a party to this appeal; however, because the errors in
the trial court’s damages award affect the entirety of the award, we vacate the entire award,
including those portions that affect Swingler-Reid.

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                              B. REPAYMENT OF PIP BENEFITS

        Next, Thomas argues that the trial court erred by requiring her to make restitution to
Secura for the PIP benefits6 it paid in connection with the accident in Georgia. However, this
issue is not properly before the Court because, aside from the fact that it was not identified in her
statement of the questions involved, Thomas failed to cite any applicable authority supporting
her position and did little more than raise the issue in a cursory fashion. See MCR 7.212(C)(5)
and (C)(7). “[A]ppellants may not merely announce their position and leave it to this Court to
discover and rationalize the basis for their claims; nor may they give issues cursory treatment
with little or no citation of supporting authority.” VanderWerp v Plainfield Chart Tp, 278 Mich
App 624, 633; 752 NW2d 479 (2008). Thus, she did not properly present this issue for appellate
review and we deem it abandoned.

                             C. JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY

        Lastly, Thomas argues that the trial court erred by holding her and Swingler-Reid jointly
and severally liable for the full award. Secura urges us not to consider this issue, contending that
Thomas failed to raise the issue before the trial court. We note that Thomas raised this issue at
the May 6, 2014 hearing, as she argued that she should not be held liable for Swingler-Reid’s
conduct. We also agree with Thomas’s contention that she should not be held jointly and
severally liable for Swingler-Reid’s conduct pertaining to the Oakland County PIP/UIM case
with which Thomas had no involvement. The trial court granted the remedy of restitution, based
on its decision to rescind the policy. While a contract—such as the insurance policy at issue—
can provide for joint and several liability, see Laurel Woods Apartments v Roumayah, 274 Mich
App 631, 641; 734 NW2d 217 (2007), we are unable to find any basis in the policy for imposing
joint and several liability in the instant case. Nor has Secura pointed to any provision of the
policy indicating that Thomas—who is not a party to the contract but can best be described as a
third-party beneficiary with regard to her claims under the policy—should be jointly and
severally liable for restitution on a contract for conduct having nothing to do with her or with her
status as a third-party beneficiary.7

6
  In her brief on appeal, Thomas acknowledged that these are PIP benefits. Yet, in her reply
brief, she contends that Secura paid UIM benefits to her. As Secura correctly argues, the record
shows that any benefits paid to Thomas were undeniably PIP benefits, not UIM benefits.
7
  We note that when the trial court granted summary disposition on the issue of damages, it
indicated that its earlier grant of summary disposition on the merits was based, not only on its
ruling that rescission was warranted, based on the terms of the policy itself, but on all of Secura’s
claims, including its tort claims. As Thomas accurately points out, the imposition of joint and
several liability cannot be upheld by simply pointing to Secura’s tort claims. As an initial matter,
the trial court never made any rulings as to the tort claims; rather, its first summary disposition
ruling only pertained to whether rescission of the policy was warranted under the terms of the
policy. Second, and more importantly, even assuming the trial court had granted summary
disposition on the tort claims, our Legislature has abolished joint and several liability in certain

                                                -7-
                                       IV. CONCLUSION

        In sum, although we affirm the trial court’s grant of summary disposition to Secura with
regard to whether it was permitted to rescind the policy based on the terms of the policy itself,
we vacate all aspects of the trial court’s damages award except for its restitution award to Secura
for the PIP benefits it paid in connection with the accident in Georgia. On remand, if the trial
court decides to award attorney fees, it must state its basis for doing so on the record, in
accordance with our opinion.

        Affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded for further proceedings consistent with
this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.

                                                            /s/ Michael J. Talbot
                                                            /s/ Jane M. Beckering
                                                            /s/ Michael F. Gadola

tort actions, which would include the torts alleged in this case. See MCL 600.2956; Laurel
Woods, 274 Mich. App. at 641.

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