Court Opinion

ID: 2730621
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-09-08 22:04:01.986571+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:44:37.046013
License: Public Domain

Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),

                                                                     FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before
any court except for the purpose of                               Mar 20 2012, 9:27 am
establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the
case.                                                                     CLERK
                                                                        of the supreme court,
                                                                        court of appeals and
                                                                               tax court

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                            ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:

J. CLAYTON MILLER                                  GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Jordan Law, LLC                                    Attorney General of Indiana
Richmond, Indiana
                                                   JODI KATHRYN STEIN
                                                   Deputy Attorney General
                                                   Indianapolis, Indiana

                              IN THE
                    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

JAMES N. HAMILTON,                                 )
                                                   )
       Appellant-Defendant,                        )
                                                   )
              vs.                                  )       No. 89A04-1103-CR-134
                                                   )
STATE OF INDIANA,                                  )
                                                   )
       Appellee-Plaintiff.                         )

                    APPEAL FROM THE WAYNE SUPERIOR COURT
                         The Honorable Gregory A. Horn, Judge
                            Cause No. 89D02-1010-FD-901

                                       March 20, 2012

               MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION

KIRSCH, Judge

       1
         Hamilton‘s case was originally filed in Wayne Superior Court No. I under Cause Number
89D01-0909-FD-110. The case was transferred to Wayne Superior Court No. II, and the Cause Number
was changed to 89D02-1010-FD-90.
      James N. Hamilton appeals his convictions following a jury trial for two counts of

receiving stolen property,2 each as a Class D felony. On appeal, Hamilton raises the

following issues, which we consolidate and restate as:

      I.        Whether the State presented sufficient evidence to support
                Hamilton‘s convictions; and

      II.       Whether the trial court erred by denying Hamilton‘s oral motions for
                mistrial and for continuance based upon the State‘s discovery
                violation.

      We affirm.

                          FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

      On the evening of August 7, 2009, Linda (―Linda‖) and Larry Hays returned to

their home in Richmond, Indiana, after an overnight trip, and found that a big stone had

been thrown through the glass in their back door and that their bedroom had been

ransacked. The Hayses discovered that numerous items of Linda‘s jewelry had been

stolen, including a gold butterfly pinkie ring and a gold rope chain necklace. Richmond

Police Detective Kenneth Powell (―Detective Powell‖), who was assigned to investigate

the burglary, provided a description of the stolen items to several pawn shops and

secondhand stores in the Richmond area, including Foster‘s E Street Gallery (―Foster‘s

Gallery‖). Foster‘s Gallery, which is owned and operated by Charles Foster (―Foster‖)

and his wife, Beth, is located just a few minutes‘ drive away from the Hayses‘ home.

      Five days after the burglary was discovered, on August 12, 2009, Hamilton

entered Foster‘s Gallery and offered to sell Foster three pieces of jewelry—the gold

      2
          See Ind. Code § 35-43-4-2.

                                             2
butterfly pinkie ring, the gold rope chain necklace, and a gold ring with an indecipherable

name on it. Tr. at 206. Foster agreed to buy the jewelry and paid Hamilton seventy-

seven dollars, in the form of a check made out to Hamilton. After Hamilton left Foster‘s

Gallery, Foster checked the jewelry against a list of stolen items and discovered that the

butterfly pinkie ring and the gold rope chain necklace were on the list.

        Foster contacted the Richmond Police Department.                    When Detective Powell

arrived at Foster‘s Gallery, Foster showed the detective the three pieces of jewelry. From

a photo array prepared by Detective Powell, Foster was able to identify Hamilton as the

man from whom he had purchased the jewelry. Subsequently, Linda positively identified

the butterfly ring as being hers and stated that the necklace was ―exactly like‖ her gold

rope chain necklace that had been stolen. Id. at 167. Linda, however, did not recognize

the second gold ring. Detective Powell testified that the second gold ring appeared to be

a ―female‘s ring,‖ and while he could not decipher the name inscribed in the ring, the

lettering seemed to be ―N-A-R-I-D,‖ which was not defendant‘s name. Id. at 206. At

trial, Linda testified that she did not give anyone permission or authorization to either

take or sell her jewelry. Id. at 169. The State charged Hamilton with two counts of Class

D felony receiving stolen property.3

        At trial, the State sought to introduce into evidence the cancelled check that Foster

used to pay Hamilton for the jewelry. Defense counsel objected on the basis that the

State had failed to produce the check during discovery. The trial court sustained the

        3
          The State alleged that Hamilton was an habitual offender, but dismissed that allegation prior to
trial. Additionally, in October 2009, the State added a charge of Class A misdemeanor trespass, however,
in August 2010, the trial court severed that count for trial.

                                                    3
objection and excluded the check. Later, when Detective Powell testified that he had

received a copy of the check from Foster, defense counsel again objected, contending that

this testimony bolstered Foster‘s testimony that he, in fact, paid Hamilton for the jewelry.

Defense counsel moved for mistrial.       The trial court denied Hamilton‘s motion for

mistrial but granted Hamilton a continuance until the next afternoon. The following day,

Hamilton again requested a continuance to obtain handwriting analysis of the signature

on the back of the check. The trial court denied Hamilton‘s request for a continuance and

affirmed its ruling that the check was excluded from evidence. The jury found Hamilton

guilty as charged, and he was convicted accordingly. He now appeals.

                            DISCUSSION AND DECISION

                            I.     Sufficiency of the Evidence

       Hamilton first challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his

convictions for receiving stolen property.       When reviewing the sufficiency of the

evidence to support a conviction, ―appellate courts must consider only the probative

evidence and reasonable inferences supporting the verdict.‖ Drane v. State, 867 N.E.2d

144, 146 (Ind. 2007) (quoting McHenry v. State, 820 N.E.2d 124, 126 (Ind. 2005)). ―It is

the fact-finder‘s role, not that of appellate courts, to assess witness credibility and weigh

the evidence to determine whether it is sufficient to support a conviction.‖ Id. We affirm

the conviction unless no reasonable fact-finder could find the elements of the crime

proven beyond a reasonable doubt.‖ Id. (citing Jenkins v. State, 726 N.E.2d 268, 270

(Ind. 2000)). It is therefore not necessary that the evidence ―overcome every reasonable

hypothesis of innocence.‖ Id. at 147 (citing Moore v. State, 652 N.E.2d 53, 55 (Ind.

                                             4
1995)). ―‗[T]he evidence is sufficient if an inference may reasonably be drawn from it to

support the verdict.‘‖ Id. (quoting Pickens v. State, 751 N.E.2d 331, 334 (Ind. Ct. App.

2001)).

       To convict Hamilton of Class D felony receiving stolen property, the State was

required to prove beyond a reasonable double that Hamilton knowingly or intentionally

received, retained, or disposed of the property of another person that had been the subject

of a theft. Ind. Code § 35-43-4-2(b). Hamilton was charged with two counts of receiving

stolen property—one for the gold butterfly ring and one for the gold rope chain

necklace—as follows:

       . . . on or about August 12, 2009, in Wayne County, State of Indiana, James
       N. Hamilton did knowingly or intentionally dispose of property that had
       been the subject of Theft . . . .

Appellant’s App. at 11, 23. In addition to proving the explicit elements of the crime, the

State was also required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Hamilton knew that the

property was stolen. Fortson v. State, 919 N.E.2d 1136, 1139 (Ind. 2010); Gibson v.

State, 643 N.E.2d 885, 887 (Ind. 1994); see Ind. Code § 35–41–2–2(d) (―Unless the

statute defining the offense provides otherwise, if a kind of culpability is required for

commission of an offense, it is required with respect to every material element of the

prohibited conduct.‖).

       Witness testimony revealed that the Hayses were away from their Richmond,

Indiana home for one night, and returned on August 7, 2009 to find that their house had

been broken into and items had been stolen. In their report to the police, the Hayses

noted that the stolen items included, among other things, Linda‘s gold butterfly pinkie

                                            5
ring and her gold rope chain necklace. Five days later, on August 12, 2009, Hamilton

entered Foster‘s Gallery. Foster‘s Gallery ―[b]uy[s] and sell[s] antiques, gold, silver,

coins, [and] art,‖ and is located ―a few minutes[‘] drive from where [the Hayses] house is

located.‖ Tr. at 166, 175. Foster admitted that ―from time to time . . . the police contact

[him] in cases in which somebody has attempted or has in fact sold stolen property.‖ Id.

at 177.

          Hamilton offered to sell Foster three pieces of gold jewelry—a ten-karat gold

butterfly pinkie ring, a fourteen-karat gold rope chain necklace, and a ten-karat gold ring

with an indecipherable name on it. Id. at 180, 206. Foster agreed to buy the jewelry and

paid Hamilton seventy-seven dollars, in the form of a check made out to Hamilton. After

Hamilton left Foster‘s Gallery, Foster checked the jewelry against a list of stolen items

and discovered that the butterfly pinkie ring and the gold rope chain necklace were on the

list. Linda positively identified the gold butterfly pinkie ring as the one that was stolen,

and identified the necklace, although devoid of identifying marks, as being ―exactly like‖

her gold rope chain necklace that had been stolen. Id. at 167. At trial, Linda testified that

she did not give anyone permission or authorization to either take or sell her jewelry. Id.

at 169. Considering the explicit elements of the crime, this was sufficient evidence from

which the jury could reasonably conclude that the butterfly ring and necklace were stolen

from Linda and that Hamilton disposed of the property of another person that had been

the subject of a theft. Ind. Code § 35-43-4-2(b).

          The issue that remains, however, is whether the evidence was sufficient to prove

that Hamilton knew that the butterfly ring and the gold rope chain necklace had been

                                              6
stolen. Citing to our Supreme Court‘s holding in Fortson, Hamilton contends that there

was insufficient evidence to support his conviction for two counts of receiving stolen

property. Particularly, he cites to the following language: ―Knowledge that the property

is stolen may be established by circumstantial evidence; however, knowledge of the stolen

character of the property may not be inferred solely from the unexplained possession of

recently stolen property.‖ Appellant’s Br. at 9 (quoting Fortson, 919 N.E.2d at 1143)

(emphasis added). This language, while certainly pertinent to our analysis, is not new to

the analysis of sufficiency in the context of receiving stolen property. Instead, it is a

reiteration of language that has existed in this area for years.4 See Johnson v. State, 441

N.E.2d 1015, 1017 (Ind. Ct. App. 1982) (knowledge of stolen character of property in

conviction for receiving stolen property may not be inferred solely from unexplained

possession of recently stolen property); Anderson v. State, 406 N.E.2d 351, 353-54 (Ind.

Ct. App. 1980) (same); Miller v. State, 250 Ind. 338, 344, 236 N.E.2d 173, 176 (1968)

(same).
       4
          The importance of our Supreme Court‘s holding in Fortson is its impact on the law concerning
sufficiency of the evidence in the context of the crime of theft and not receiving stolen property.

       In Fortson, our [S]upreme [C]ourt considered the possession of a recently stolen vehicle
       in the context of a receiving stolen property conviction. The [C]ourt noted that, since
       1970, ―our courts have adhered to some variation of the rule that the unexplained
       possession of recently stolen property standing alone is sufficient to sustain a verdict of
       guilty of theft.‖ Fortson, 919 N.E.2d at 1142. The [Fortson] [C]ourt abandoned the ―so-
       called mere possession rule‖ and held that ―the mere unexplained possession of recently
       stolen property standing alone does not automatically support a conviction for theft.‖ Id.
       at 1143.

       . . . . Thus, our [S]upreme [C]ourt has indicated that the trier of fact must assess all of the
       evidence instead of focusing upon one piece of evidence, such as possession of recently
       stolen property. Similarly, here, a trier of fact should assess all of the evidence, rather
       than focusing on evidence of the defendant‘s exclusive possession of the property.

Donovan v. State, 937 N.E.2d 1223, 1226 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans. denied (2011).

                                                     7
       Hamilton first contends that the evidence is insufficient because ―[n]o evidence

exists nor was any offered to the jury showing a link between the Appellant and the

Hays[es]‘ burglary.‖ Appellant’s Br. at 8. While interesting to know, this information

was not necessary to convict Hamilton of receiving stolen property. Our Supreme Court

has held that a conviction for receiving stolen property ―does not require as an element of

the offense any consideration of who may have actually stolen the property.‖ Gibson,

643 N.E.2d at 888.

       Hamilton next contends that ―no evidence was presented showing how the

Appellant came into possession of Linda Hays‘[s] butterfly ring and the gold necklace . . .

or even what occurred with respect to the jewelry between the burglary and its sale at

Foster‘s Gallery.‖ Appellant’s Br. at 8-9. Hamilton was charged with ―knowingly or

intentionally dispos[ing] of property that had been the subject of Theft.‖ Appellant’s

App. at 11. While it was important for the State to prove that Hamilton disposed of

property that he knew to be stolen, it was not an element of the crime that Hamilton knew

from whom the property had been stolen.

       As noted above, it was the State‘s burden to prove that Hamilton knew that the

butterfly ring and the gold rope chain necklace had been stolen.            Defense counsel

emphasized this issue in its closing argument:

       Chuck Foster says that James Hamilton came into his place of business and
       sold him those two items of jewelry for Seventy-Seven Dollars, ($77.00).
       What does that prove? It proves that he possessed, that he disposed of that
       property. That‘s the element that it goes too [sic]. Mere possession. He
       was in possession. And we talked about before, the idea that someone is in
       possession of something is part of the case the State has to make. That they
       possessed it, that they disposed of it, that they transferred it, that they were

                                              8
       in possession of this property is part of the, one of the elements the State
       has to meet. But, they also have to prove that when they were in possession
       of it, when they did dispose of it, they had knowledge that it was the subject
       of a theft. So, you‘ve used the fact of possession, the fact that he, that
       Chuck Foster says he walked in there with those rings, with that ring and
       that necklace. Let‘s say, okay, they‘ve established that element. Disposed
       of a butterfly ring which was the property of Linda Hays. That‘s where it
       goes. It doesn‘t go to the final element, when James Hamilton knew the
       butterfly ring had been the subject of a theft. Mere possession does not
       equal knowledge. It doesn‘t equal proof of knowledge.

       ....

       The mere possession goes to prove what? That he possessed it, that he
       disposed of it. That‘s what the element it satisfies. You need to go above
       and beyond the act of possession to get to knowledge. You have to find
       other evidence to establish knowledge. And that‘s the evidence that the
       State did not present any of. None.

Tr. at 253-54.

       Following closing argument, the jury was instructed: ―A Defendant must not be

convicted on suspicion or speculation.‖ Id. at 272. ―It is not enough for the State to

show that the Defendant is probably guilty. On the other hand, there are very few things

in this world that we know with absolute certainty, and in criminal cases the law does not

require proof that overcomes every possible doubt.‖ Id. at 273. ―In determining the

value to place upon a witness‘s testimony, some factors you may consider are . . . [y]our

knowledge, experience, and common sense gained from day to day living.‖ Id. at 275.

―[A] person charged with the commission of a crime cannot be compelled to testify and is

under no duty or obligation to do so. You must not speculate upon Defendant‘s reasons

for not testifying.‖ Id. at 276.

                                             9
       Foster positively identified Hamilton as the man who sold three pieces of jewelry

to Foster‘s Gallery. Foster‘s Gallery is a resale shop that the police sometimes contact

when they are looking for stolen jewelry. Foster‘s Gallery has purchased stolen jewelry

in the past. Linda identified her butterfly ring as the one that was stolen and testified that

the necklace was ―exactly like‖ the one that was stolen. Jewelry is small and can be

easily stolen and transferred to another without detection. Likewise, it can be easily

concealed and readily sold, whether as jewelry or for its value as gold. Here, the jewelry

was identified as being female jewelry; Hamilton was a man. Foster‘s Gallery was

located just a few minutes‘ drive away from the Hayses‘ home. Foster paid Hamilton

seventy-seven dollars for three items—a fourteen-karat gold rope necklace, and two ten-

karat gold rings.    Hamilton was not just in possession of the jewelry; instead, he

possessed it and also sold the jewelry five days after it was stolen.

       Our court has noted that ―‗[w]here the evidence of guilt is essentially

circumstantial, the question for the reviewing court is whether reasonable minds could

reach the inferences drawn by the jury; if so, there is sufficient evidence.‖ Jones v. State,

924 N.E.2d 672, 674 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) (quoting Whitney v. State, 726 N.E.2d 823, 825

(Ind. Ct. App. 2000)). The evidence that (1) Hamilton was in possession of the two

stolen items a few days after they were stolen, (2) the stolen items were women‘s jewelry

and Hamilton was a male, and (3) that Hamilton sold the items shortly after coming into

possession of them was sufficient for the jury to infer that Hamilton knew the jewelry

was stolen.

                             II.    Continuance and Mistrial

                                             10
      Hamilton next contends that it was error for the trial court to deny his oral motions

for mistrial and for continuance. Specifically, he contends that the State‘s failure to

provide defense counsel with Foster‘s cancelled check was a discovery violation that

precluded Hamilton from choosing his own defense.

      Our Supreme Court has set forth the proper roles of trial and appellate courts with

regard to resolution of discovery disputes. Lindsey v. State, 877 N.E.2d 190, 195 (Ind.

Ct. App. 2007), trans. denied (2008).

      A trial judge has the responsibility to direct the trial in a manner that
      facilitates the ascertainment of truth, ensures fairness, and obtains economy
      of time and effort commensurate with the rights of society and the criminal
      defendant. Where there has been a failure to comply with discovery
      procedures, the trial judge is usually in the best position to determine the
      dictates of fundamental fairness and whether any resulting harm can be
      eliminated or satisfactorily alleviated. Where remedial measures are
      warranted, a continuance is usually the proper remedy, but exclusion of
      evidence may be appropriate where the discovery non-compliance has been
      flagrant and deliberate, or so misleading or in such bad faith as to impair
      the right of fair trial. The trial court must be given wide discretionary
      latitude in discovery matters since it has the duty to promote the discovery
      of truth and to guide and control the proceedings, and will be granted
      deference in assessing what constitutes substantial compliance with
      discovery orders. Absent clear error and resulting prejudice, the trial
      court‘s determinations as to violations and sanctions should not be
      overturned.

Id. (quoting Fosha v. State, 747 N.E.2d 549, 553–54 (Ind. 2001), overruled on other

grounds by Gutermuth v. State, 868 N.E.2d 427 (Ind. 2007)).

      The circumstances under which Hamilton moved for mistrial were as follows.

After the trial court sustained Hamilton‘s objection to the State‘s introduction into

evidence of the cancelled check, Detective Powell, in response to questioning by the

State, testified that Foster had supplied him with a copy of the cancelled check. Tr. at

                                           11
208. Defense counsel objected to this line of questioning and moved for mistrial. Id. at

208-09. Out of the presence of the jury, defense counsel explained that: (1) the State‘s

failure to supply Hamilton with a copy of the check substantially harmed him because,

without it, the defense was ―unable to prepare for [the] trial‖ or pursue ―documentary

evidence of this alleged transaction . . . by someone purporting to be James Neil

Hamilton‖; and (2) the evidence regarding the check bolstered Foster‘s testimony that he

had, in fact, paid Hamilton for the jewelry by means of a check. Id. at 208-09, 211, 212.

       The trial judge disagreed that a mistrial was warranted, stating:

       If this were an issue of identity I can definitely see the argument where it
       makes a greater difference. But . . . when it‘s an issue of intent I fail to see
       how the disclosure, of [sic] the failure to disclose the check at this point
       warrants a mistrial.

Id. at 214. The trial court recognized the State‘s failure to comply with discovery

procedures and, while denying Hamilton‘s motion for mistrial, granted the remedial

measure of allowing Hamilton a short continuance to investigate any issues concerning

the check. Hamilton accepted the offer. Id. at 215. Thereafter, the State offered to assist

in the investigation, as follows: ―Your Honor, . . . Detective Powell will probably assist

him in trying to obtain the information . . . . I‘ll volunteer to track down whatever he‘s

looking for, if he wants us to do that. If he wants to do it himself, that‘s fine too.‖ Id. at

216. Defense counsel accepted the State‘s offer. Id. We find no clear error or prejudice

to Hamilton in the trial court‘s determination to deny Hamilton a mistrial under these

circumstances.

                                             12
        When the trial resumed on the following day, Hamilton moved for continuance in

order to have an expert analyze the handwriting on the check. Id. at 227. Presumably,

defense counsel intended to again raise the issue of identity, i.e., that the check was

cashed by ―someone purporting to be James Neil Hamilton.‖ Id. at 211.

        In response to Hamilton‘s motion, the State argued, in pertinent part, as follows:

        I know we went over this yesterday . . . the objection that was raised by
        [defense counsel] as the Court will recall we attempted to introduce that
        into evidence, the photocopy of the . . . check when there was an objection
        made. And we had a dispute over that and the Court ultimately ruled that it
        was not going to be allowed into evidence. And, I wanted to bring to the
        Court‘s attention that, again, the State didn‘t bring that or admit that into
        evidence. We didn‘t provide it as an exhibit because I never thought
        identity was an issue in the case. I thought all the time it would be
        knowledge that we would have to be able to prove and frankly I didn‘t
        think that would be contested. Certainly if I would have thought the case
        would have depended on identity and they would have contested on that
        grounds then it would have been different, I agree with you.5

Id. at 228. The trial court, presumably agreeing with the State‘s reasoning, noted: ―The

Court at this time denies the Motion for Continuance and the Court‘s ruling with respect

to the admission of the check remains, and will stand.‖ Id. at 232.

        In his brief, Hamilton does not cite to any prejudice that arose from the trial

court‘s denial of his motion for continuance.                Nor can this court find any.            The

investigation into the handwriting on the check could only have gone to the identity of

the person who cashed the check—a matter irrelevant to the elements to be proven.

Foster positively identified Hamilton as the person from whom he purchased two pieces
        5
          The State also argued that its failure to produce the check did not constitute a discovery
violation because the check was not evidence that fell within the discovery request. Tr. at 229. The trial
court excluded the copy of the check from evidence upon a finding that the State committed a discovery
violation. Because Hamilton would not have been prejudiced by the exclusion of the check from
evidence, we do not address this issue.

                                                   13
of stolen jewelry. Id. at 187. On cross-examination, defense counsel questioned whether

Foster wrote the check, but never questioned Foster‘s identification of Hamilton as being

the one from whom Hamilton purchased the jewelry.

       As our Supreme Court noted in Fosha, ―[w]here there has been a failure to comply

with discovery procedures, the trial judge is usually in the best position to determine the

dictates of fundamental fairness and whether any resulting harm can be eliminated or

satisfactorily alleviated.‖ Fosha, 747 N.E.2d at 554. Here, upon finding a discovery

violation, the trial court prevented the State from introducing a copy of the check into

evidence. Thereafter, when Hamilton again complained about his lack of knowledge

concerning the check, the trial court granted Hamilton a short continuance to investigate

any issues concerning the check. ―Absent clear error and resulting prejudice, the trial

court‘s determinations as to violations and sanctions should not be overturned.‖ Id. at

554. Here, we find no evidence of either trial court error or prejudice to the Hamilton.

       Affirmed.

BRADFORD, J., concurs.

BARNES, J., dissents with separate opinion.

                                            14
                              IN THE
                   COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

JAMES N. HAMILTON,                              )
                                                )
      Appellant-Defendant,                      )
                                                )
             vs.                                )    No. 89A04-1103-CR-134
                                                )
STATE OF INDIANA,                               )
                                                )
      Appellee-Plaintiff.                       )

BARNES, Judge, dissenting

      I respectfully dissent. Since our supreme court decided Fortson, I have presumed,

I think correctly, that the burden of proof for the State in these sorts of cases has been

clarified. Fortson emphasized that with respect to charges of either theft or receiving

stolen property, the State must prove ―something more than the mere unexplained

possession of recently stolen property.‖      Fortson, 919 N.E.2d at 1139.       ―‗If the

presumption is to be indulged that every person found in [the] possession of stolen goods

knows them to be stolen, the state would be relieved of establishing the guilty knowledge,

and the burden thrown on the defendant of establishing his innocence.‘‖ Id. at 1140

(quoting State v. Richmond, 84 S.W. 880, 882-83 (Mo. 1904)). To support a finding of

knowledge of the property‘s stolen character, it is not enough to establish that a

                                           15
reasonable person would have known that the property had been the subject of theft;

rather, there must be evidence that the defendant actually knew it had been the subject of

theft. See Gibson, 643 N.E.2d at 888. ―Possession of recently stolen property when

joined with attempts at concealment, evasive or false statements, or an unusual manner of

acquisition has been held sufficient to support a conviction for Receiving Stolen

Property.‖ Id.

      In Fortson, our supreme court reversed a conviction for receiving stolen property

where the defendant was found in possession of a stolen truck approximately seven hours

after it was reported missing, but there was no evidence that the defendant attempted to

conceal the truck, and he did not provide evasive answers to or resist or attempt to flee

from the arresting police officers. Fortson, 919 N.E.2d at 1144. By contrast, in Donovan

v. State, 937 N.E.2d 1223, 1226-27 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans. denied, we affirmed a

conviction for auto theft where a defendant was found in possession of the vehicle

approximately seven to ten days after it went missing, but there was additional evidence

indicating that the defendant knew the vehicle was stolen that was lacking in Fortson.

Namely, the vehicle identification numbers had been scraped off the vehicle, the ignition

had been ―hot-wired,‖ the defendant had no keys, license plate, or registration to the

vehicle, and the defendant provided the name of a person from whom he supposedly

obtained the vehicle but he was unable to provide contact information for that person.

      Here, Hamilton brought these items into Foster‘s store five days after the burglary.

With due respect to my colleagues, the rope necklace was not positively identified by

Linda as hers.     She stated that the necklace was ―generic,‖ lacking any unique

                                           16
characteristics, and further admitted that she could not prove the necklace was hers. Tr.

pp. 167-68. Thus, Hamilton sold one item belonging to the Hayses, one item definitely

not belonging to them, and one item of uncertain origin.

       I simply think this case mirrors Fortson. There is no evidence of the whereabouts

of the property during the five days after the burglary, until Hamilton sold the items.

There is no evidence of who committed the burglary. There is no evidence as to how

Hamilton came into possession of the items. One of the three items sold by Hamilton to

Foster was not identified as stolen property at all and the evidence as to the gold necklace

is very uncertain. Hamilton did not attempt to sell any of the other jewelry missing from

the Hayses‘ house. Foster‘s store was not ―right next door‖ to the Hayses‘ house. There

is nothing inherent in any of the items that would indicate they were stolen—unlike the

vehicle in Donovan. There is no evidence that Hamilton made any evasive or false

statements to Foster or the police regarding his possession of the items. There is no

evidence that he attempted to conceal his possession of them, as he sold them to Foster

under his real name. Hamilton apparently received a fair ―meltdown‖ price for the items.

Selling gold items for their ―meltdown‖ value is hardly unusual, especially in these days

of sky-high gold prices.

       Based on Fortson, the fact that Hamilton may or even probably knew the items

were stolen is not good enough. This is not hand grenades or horseshoes. The State had

the burden of proving Hamilton‘s knowledge beyond a reasonable doubt. I do not

believe that burden was met here and conclude there is insufficient evidence to support

Hamilton‘s convictions.

                                            17