Court Opinion

ID: 861694
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-04-26 23:23:08.677568+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:08:30.123653
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
                                 NO. 96-CA-00458-SCT
SHIRLEY ANN THOMPSON
v.
CASINO MAGIC CORPORATION, MARDI GRAS
CASINO CORPORATION

DATE OF JUDGMENT:                            03/22/96
TRIAL JUDGE:                                 HON. JOHN H. WHITFIELD
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                   HANCOCK COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                      KENNETH R. WATKINS
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES:                     GEORGE F. BLOSS, III
                                             RICHARD WAYNE SLIMAN
NATURE OF THE CASE:                          CIVIL - PERSONAL INJURY
DISPOSITION:                                 AFFIRMED - 3/12/98
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:                              4/13/98

     EN BANC.

     SULLIVAN, PRESIDING JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1. Shirley Thompson, an employee of defendant Casino Magic, suffered injuries on two separate
occasions while at work as a "change person." Shirley brought suit against Casino Magic Corporation
alleging that the Dubuque Belle and the Casino Magic barge were unseaworthy under the Jones Act,
46 U.S.C. app. § 688 (1994), and general maritime law of the United States of America. On October
23, 1995, Casino Magic filed a motion for summary judgement which was granted on March 28,
1996. The trial court determined that Thompson was not a "seaman" and the Magic Casino barge
was not a "vessel". Therefore the lower court found that Thompson was not entitled to Jones Act
remedies. Thompson filed a notice of appeal to this Court on April 18, 1996. This Court finds that
the lower court reached the right result because Thompson fails to attain seaman status.

¶2. Thompson began working for Casino Magic in Bay St. Louis as a "change person" on April 23,
1993. A change person makes change for casino patrons in the slot machine area. While counting the
money that she was assigned while aboard the Dubuque Belle on May 17, 1993, Thompson suffered
an injury when her vault or bank fell upon her. The day of the injury, Thompson, for the first time,
had been assigned to the Dubuque Belle. Casino Magic admits that the Dubuque Belle is a "vessel"
for purposes of the Jones Act, but denies that the Casino Magic barge is a "vessel".

¶3. Several weeks after Thompson began working at Casino Magic, the Dubuque Belle arrived and
moored adjacent to the Casino Magic barge to provide additional gaming and dining. The
uncontradicted affidavits of Tina Frederiksen and Matthew Semski stated that the Dubuque Belle was
not operated on a permanent basis but only used during the Summer of 1993 to handle overflow
crowds. The affidavits noted that no change persons were permanently assigned to the Dubuque
Belle, but rather, were assigned varying work locations prior to the beginning of every shift based on
personnel availability, the number of patrons, and several other factors. Workers' activities and
responsibilities remained the same regardless of the location assigned. Furthermore, workers were
deliberately rotated off the Dubuque Belle since it attracted fewer patrons and was thereby less
desirable to work.

¶4. After returning to work for two days, Thompson remained home for several months. Thompson
returned to work on November 11, 1993, and resumed her regular duties as change person. The
Dubuque Bell had sailed away by November 11th when she returned. On her first day back at work,
Thompson fainted and fell to the floor of the Casino Magic barge, injuring her neck and back. Factual
dispute exists as to whether this injury was caused by and related to the first injury. However, for
summary judgement purposes, this Court will assume that the second injury was caused by and
related to the first injury.

                                        LEGAL ANALYSIS

                                                  I.

WHETHER THE COURT HAD AUTHORITY TO GRANT SUMMARY JUDGEMENT ON
               WHETHER THOMPSON WAS "SEAMAN"?

¶5. Thompson contends that the circuit court improperly granted summary judgement because
whether an employee is a "seaman" is an issue of fact for a jury to determine. Thompson is partially
correct in her assertion. "However, seaman status may be decided on summary judgment where the
evidence does not support a finding, as a matter of law, that the claimant is permanently assigned to a
Jones Act vessel." Pavone v. Mississippi Riverboat Amusement Corp., 52 F.3d 560, 565 (5th Cir.
1995) (quoting Gremillion v. Gulf Coast Catering Co., 904 F.2d 290, 292 (5thCir. 1990)). "And
where undisputed facts reveal that a maritime worker has a clearly inadequate temporal connection to
vessels in navigation, the court may take the question from the jury by granting summary judgment or
a directed verdict." Chandris, Inc. v. Latsis, 515 U.S. 347, 371 (1995) (citation omitted). The facts
were undisputed here and the trial court properly granted summary judgment finding Thompson was
not a seaman.

                                                  II.

WHETHER THE COURT PROPERLY DETERMINED THAT THE CASINO BARGE WAS
          NOT A "VESSEL" FOR PURPOSES OF THE JONES ACT?

¶6. Casino Magic concedes that the Dubuque Belle is a "vessel" for purposes of the Jones Act. It was
on this "vessel" that Thompson incurred her first injury. For summary judgement purposes, this Court
will assume that the second injury was caused by and related to the first injury. Therefore, this case
must be decided on the issue of Thompson's status of a "seaman" and not whether the Casino Magic
barge is a "vessel". The lower court determined that the Casino Magic barge was not a "vessel" for
purposes of the Jones Act, and therefore summary judgement was proper. This Court recently
determined that shore side casinos constructed out of navigable barges were not vessels for purposes
of federal maritime law. King v. Grand Casinos of Mississippi, Inc.- Gulfport, 697 So. 2d 439
(Miss. 1997). King defers to the Fifth Circuit federal court ruling that moored barges for gambling
are not vessels under federal maritime law. Pavone v. Mississippi Riverboat Amusement Corp., 52
F.3d 560 (5th Cir. 1995) consolidated with Ketzel v. Mississippi Riverboat Amusement, Ltd., 867
F. Supp. 1260 (S.D.Miss. 1994).

¶7. King affirmed summary judgement in favor of the casino when employees injured on the job
sought remedies under federal maritime law. Determining that shore side gambling casinos made on
navigable barges were not "vessels" for purposes of federal maritime law, King deferred to Pavone's
analysis of common attributes for nonvessels:

     (1) The structure was constructed to be used primarily as a work platform;

     (2) the structure is moored or otherwise secured at the time of the accident; and

     (3) although the platform is capable of movement, and is sometimes moved across navigable
     waters in the course of normal operations, any transportation function is merely incidental to
     the platform's primary purpose.

Pavone, 52 F.3d at 570 (citations omitted). Even considering these attributes, to say a casino barge is
not a "vessel" under federal maritime law in all circumstances is overly broad and incorrect. These
barges are capable of moving on navigable waters and several casino barges have been moved due to
inclement weather as well as to relocate for business reasons. If an accident occurs during one of
these moves and a worker is injured during that move, it is possible that the worker may classify as a
"seaman" and his claim should not be barred because this Court has determined as a matter of law
that the casino barge is not a "vessel". This would fly in the face of the very purpose of the Jones Act,
namely to protect workers who do the ship's work and are regularly exposed to the perils of the sea.
Chandris, 515 U.S. at 369. Even the Court in Pavone addressed this issue when it stated,

     We have nagging concerns nevertheless that vessel analyses of the kinds performed by the
     district courts in the instant cases could be overbroad, albeit through inadvertence, and thereby
     return to haunt us in slightly differing contexts in the future.[FN23] We conclude that the
     correct result reached by the district courts in these cases can be achieved in a narrower--and
     thus a jurisprudentially more principled--way, thereby avoiding the potentiality of undesirable
     future side effects.

     [FN23] For example, whether floating casinos, bars, restaurants, etc. would be Jones Act
     vessels for purposes of accidents occurring while they were being towed to a new location or to
     a shipyard or dry dock for work or repairs or to sheltered waters in avoidance of a hurricane.
     The approach we adopt infra also avoids the conflict in "vessel" status among the Jones Act,
     the general maritime law, state casino licensing classification, Coast Guard documentation, and
     "dictionary" definitions.
Pavone, 52 F.3d at 568.

¶8. Thompson also claims that public policy demands that the casino barge be defined as a "vessel"
for maritime law in accordance with the Mississippi statutes which permit gambling. Miss. Code Ann.
§§ 97-33-25 (1994) and 27-109-1 (1990). King addressed this specific point and found it to be
without merit. King states:

     The term "vessel" has an entirely different meaning in the context of federal maritime law than
     in the context of the gaming licensing statutes of this State. Assuming that the Grand Casinos is
     in fact a "vessel" for the purposes of this State's gaming regulations, said fact is nevertheless
     utterly irrelevant to the issue of whether said casino constitutes a "vessel" for purposes of the
     federal maritime law. The definition of "vessel" in § 27-109-1 makes no reference whatsoever
     to the definition of "vessel" under either Jones Act legislation and/or under general maritime
     case law, nor, of course, do the applicable maritime cases on point make reference to the
     gaming statutes of this State in defining the term "vessel".

King, 697 So. 2d at 442-43. However, it should be made clear that in each case the trial court must
consider the factual circumstances of each particular case in light of the concerns expressed in this
opinion as well as by the Fifth Circuit's comments in Pavone v. Mississippi Riverboat Amusement
Corp. as quoted supra when determining if a particular barge is a vessel for purposes of federal
maritime jurisdiction. On the facts of this particular case, since Thompson is not a seaman, we need
not determine whether the Casino Magic Barge is a vessel for maritime purposes.

                                                  III.

     WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DETERMINING THAT THOMPSON
     WAS NOT A "SEAMAN" FOR PURPOSES OF THE JONES ACT AND GENERAL
     MARITIME LAW?

¶9. The Jones Act does not define "seaman." For years courts differed as to the appropriate test.
However, recently, the United States Supreme Court in Chandris, Inc. v. Latsis, 515 U.S. 347
(1995), addressed the appropriate requirements for seaman status under the Jones Act, distinguishing
between the "ship's crew" and those members of the maritime community whose employment is
essentially land-based. After a rather lengthy historical discussion of the various approaches the
courts have taken when determining seaman status, the U.S. Supreme Court stated that there were
two essential requirements for seaman status:

     First, as we emphasized in Wilander, "an employee's duties must 'contribut[e] to the function of
     the vessel or to the accomplishment of its mission.' " 498 U.S., at 355 (quoting Robison, 266
F.2d, at 779). The Jones Act's protections, like the other admiralty protections for seamen, only
     extend to those maritime employees who do the ship's work. But this threshold requirement is
     very broad: "All who work at sea in the service of a ship" are eligible for seaman status. 498
U.S., at 354.

     Second, and most important for our purposes here, a seaman must have a connection to a vessel
     in navigation (or to an identifiable group of such vessels) that is substantial in terms of both its
     duration and its nature. The fundamental purpose of this substantial connection requirement is
     to give full effect to the remedial scheme created by Congress and to separate the sea-based
     maritime employees who are entitled to Jones Act protection from those land-based workers
     who have only a transitory or sporadic connection to a vessel in navigation, and therefore
     whose employment does not regularly expose them to the perils of the sea. See 1B A. Jenner,
     Benedict on Admiralty, § 11a, pp. 2-10.1 to 2-11 (7th ed. 1994) ("If it can be shown that the
     employee performed a significant part of his work on board the vessel on which he was injured,
     with at least some degree of regularity and continuity, the test for seaman status will be
     satisfied" (footnote omitted)). This requirement therefore determines which maritime employees
     in Wilander 's broad category of persons eligible for seaman status because they are "doing the
     ship's work," 498 U.S., at 355, are in fact entitled to the benefits conferred upon seamen by the
     Jones Act because they have the requisite employment-related connection to a vessel in
     navigation.

Chandris, 515 U.S. at 368-369. The U.S. Supreme Court went on to say that the lower courts'
various approaches to determining seaman status make the same point:

     ...The Jones Act remedy is reserved for sea-based maritime employees whose work regularly
     exposes them to "the special hazards and disadvantages to which they who go down to sea in
     ships are subjected." Sieracki, 328 U.S., at 104, 66 S.Ct., at 882 (Stone, C.J., dissenting). . . .
     In our view, "the total circumstances of an individual's employment must be weighed to
     determine whether he had a sufficient relation to the navigation of vessels and the perils
     attendant thereon." Wallace v. Oceaneering Int'l, 727 F.2d 427, 432 (CA5 1984). The
     duration of a worker's connection to a vessel and the nature of the worker's activities, taken
     together, determine whether a maritime employee is a seaman because the ultimate inquiry is
     whether the worker in question is a member of the vessel's crew or simply a land-based
     employee who happens to be working on the vessel at a given time.

Chandris, 515 U.S. at 370. The U.S. Supreme Court concluded that a seaman must have a
substantial connection with a vessel in navigation both in duration and nature. Id.

¶10. The Court went on at length to explain seaman status was not a transitory state which changed
each day or hour, oscillating between Jones Act coverage and other remedies. Id. at 372. A seaman
injured on the land does not lose seaman status, just as a land-based employee is not a seaman and
member of the crew simply because he is injured on the vessel in navigation. Thus, the site of injury is
not the determinative factor. The status of the individual as a seaman is based on his/her substantial
status as a member of the crew, and the substantial relationship to the vessel and its navigation in the
water. Id. at 360-361. Simply put, "a maritime worker does not become a 'member of a crew' as soon
as a vessel leaves the dock." Id. at 361.

¶11. In the case sub judice, the trial court correctly determined that Thompson did not meet the
criteria of Chandris and concluded that she was not a "seaman." The uncontradicted affidavits of
Tina Frederiksen and Matthew Semski establish that the duties of a change person remained the same
regardless of the particular work assignment being the casino proper or the Dubuque Belle.
Thompson had a very temporal relationship with the Dubuque Belle because she worked on the
vessel only one day. However, had the injury not occurred on her first day on the Dubuque Belle, she
still would not have been considered part of the ship's crew. Thompson did not have a substantial
relationship with the nature of the Dubuque Belle's navigation nor did she expose herself to the perils
of sea because she never worked on the vessel while out at sea, but only while docked. Simply put,
Thompson was a land-based worker who happened to receive injury while aboard a vessel.

¶12. Thompson was not a seaman for two distinct reasons. First, Thompson's relationship to a ship in
navigation (the Dubuque Belle) was so temporal that she was not a seaman. The substantial
connection requirement is used to distinguish land-based and sea-based employment. Harbor Tug
and Barge Co. v. Papai, 117 S. Ct. 1535 (1997). The basis of a determination of seaman status is the
"employee's connection to a vessel in navigation." McDermott International, Inc. v. Wilander, 498
U.S. 337, 354 (1991). The same analysis is appropriate in the case sub judice. Thompson had no
duties while the boat was in motion, she slept at home, boarded off ship and was an hourly wage
earner. Therefore, Thompson was more like a casual worker on the water, not a seaman. Second, she
was not a seaman because she fails to classify as part of the crew with regard to the navigation and
operation of the Dubuque Belle at sea. Clearly, if the Dubuque Belle left the dock and sailed around
the Gulf of Mexico and Thompson was on board as a change person, she would probably be
considered a seaman. However, the Dubuque Belle remained moored when operating as an overflow
casino. The crew of the Dubuque Belle presumably stayed aboard to assure that various equipment
worked properly when the ship would again sail. These crew members retain seaman status.
However, Thompson did not participate in the ship's actual sailing in the sea. The Jones Act was
passed to provide further protection for persons who subjected themselves to the perils of the sea.
Clearly, Thompson, who never was at sea on the Dubuque Belle nor subjected herself to the perils of
the sea, can not be classified as a seaman.

                                                  IV.

    WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED REVERSIBLE ERROR BY NOT
    ADDRESSING THE DOCTRINE OF UNSEAWORTHINESS IN MARITIME LAW?

¶13. Thompson contends that the trial court's grant of summary judgement failed to address her
maritime claim of unseaworthiness. However, the trial court implicitly addressed Thompson's
unseaworthiness claim by determining that Thompson was not a seaman. Unseaworthiness claims are
predicated on a determination that the claimant was a seaman. Therefore, this Court concludes that
this contention is without merit.

                                           CONCLUSION

¶14. The trial court properly granted summary judgement in favor of Casino Magic because
Thompson is not a "seaman". Even considering the facts in the most favorable light to Thompson's
claims, including the factual premise that all of her injuries resulted from the initial injury while
assigned to the Dubuque Belle (and there is a factual dispute on this point), Thompson fails to attain
seaman status. Even if Thompson's injuries occurred on the Dubuque Belle the last day the Dubuque
Belle operated at the Grand Casino, Thompson's relationship to the navigation of the Dubuque Belle
was temporal and unsubstantial in nature. Therefore, the trial court properly granted summary
judgement in favor Casino Magic based on this determination alone. Accordingly, the judgment
below is affirmed.

¶15. AFFIRMED.
PRATHER, C.J., PITTMAN, P.J., BANKS, ROBERTS, SMITH, MILLS AND WALLER,
JJ., CONCUR. McRAE, J., CONCURS IN RESULT ONLY.