Court Opinion

ID: 9911032
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-19 13:04:58.363756+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:55:37.476411
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                     No. COA23-246

                              Filed 19 December 2023

New Hanover County, No. 20CRS50689

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA

             v.

CEDRIC ALDEN BURNETT

      Appeal by defendant from judgment entered 1 April 2023 by Judge Thomas R.

Wilson in New Hanover County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 28

November 2023.

      Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Special Deputy Attorney General
      Robert C. Montgomery, for the State.

      Widenhouse Law, by M. Gordon Widenhouse, Jr., for the defendant-appellant.

      TYSON, Judge.

      Cedric Alden Burnett (“Defendant”) appeals from judgment entered upon a

jury’s verdict finding him guilty of first-degree murder. Our review reveals no error.

                                I.     Background

      Fourteen-year-old Aljean Williams (“Williams”) was murdered while visiting

his grandmother in Wilmington on 3 January 2016. Williams was shot twice while

standing on Emory Street and died at the hospital a short time later.
                                  STATE V. BURNETT

                                   Opinion of the Court

      New Hanover County Sheriff’s Sergeant Daniel Roehrig (“Sgt. Roehrig”)

responded to the report of a shooting on Emory Street near the intersection with

Stewart Circle. Law enforcement officers were concerned about retaliation occurring

in that area following another murder two weeks prior. When Sgt. Roehrig arrived,

he saw Williams lying on the ground with several other people standing over him.

Sgt. Roehrig did not notice any wounds on Williams and began CPR. Sgt. Roehrig

did not find any weapons on the scene.

      Officers found several spent casings at the scene: one 9-millimeter Luger and

six .40 caliber Winchester. Lieutenant Joshua Bryant and Sheriff’s Deputy Bryan

Thigpen also responded to the shooting. Upon arrival on the scene, they were asked

to follow the ambulance carrying Williams to the hospital. While enroute to the

hospital, they were diverted by a dispatch of shots being fired at 11th Street at Castle

Street.

      Upon arrival, the officers saw Defendant running from the area. The officers

activated their blue lights. Defendant looked back, saw the officers, and began to

quickly run away from the area. The officers exited their vehicle and chased after

Defendant until he was stopped and seized by the officers.

      Defendant was reluctant to give his name to the officers. Defendant told the

officers: “It don’t matter because once you find out who I am I am not getting out of

jail.” Officers found a Kel-Tec P-11 9mm semi-automatic handgun on Defendant.

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                                 STATE V. BURNETT

                                 Opinion of the Court

      Defendant was arrested for carrying a concealed weapon and resisting arrest.

Once Defendant revealed his name following his arrest, the officers discovered

Defendant was a convicted felon in possession of a firearm and there was an

outstanding warrant for his arrest for cutting an electronic monitoring device on 20

December 2015.

      The officers determined the Kel-Tec handgun contained four rounds of 9-

millimeter full-metal-jacket rounds. A gunshot residue test (“GSR”) performed on

Defendant showed the presence of gunshot residue.

      Williams’ autopsy revealed two gunshot wounds, both bullets entering his back

and rear. One bullet had entered the left buttock, traveled straight up, hitting the

stomach and liver, before passing through the diaphragm and coming to rest in his

heart. The other bullet entered Williams’ upper left back, and traveled behind the

heart, through the lungs, and through the spine.

      The State Crime Laboratory determined the 9mm casing from the scene and

the bullet removed from Williams’ heart, was fired from the Kel-Tec P-11 9mm found

on Defendant when he was arrested. Defendant pleaded guilty to possession of a

firearm by a felon and interfering with an electronic monitoring device on 25 July

2016. Defendant was indicted for first-degree murder on 29 May 2020. Defendant

was convicted of first-degree murder and was sentenced to life without parole.

Defendant appealed.

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                                    STATE V. BURNETT

                                        Opinion of the Court

      Defendant filed a motion for appropriate relief (“MAR”). The superior court

conducted an evidentiary hearing and denied the MAR on 30 December 2022.

Defendant filed a written notice of appeal on 4 January 2023.

                                  II.      Jurisdiction

      This Court possesses jurisdiction pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 7A-27(b) and

15A-1444(a) (2021).

                                        III.   Issues

      Defendant argues the trial court erred by: (1) denying his motion to dismiss

the first-degree murder charge; (2) overruling objections to expert testimony; (3)

denying his post-conviction MAR; (4) admitting evidence of his prior removal of an

electronic monitoring device; and, (5) overruling his objections to the State’s closing

argument.

                            IV.         Motion to Dismiss

                              A. Standard of Review

      This Court’s standard of review of a denial of a motion to dismiss is well

established: “Upon defendant’s motion for dismissal, the question for the Court is

whether there is substantial evidence (1) of each essential element of the offense

charged, or of a lesser offense included therein, and (2) of defendant’s being the

perpetrator of such offense. If so, the motion is properly denied.” State v. Fritsch,

351 N.C. 373, 378, 526 S.E.2d 451, 455 (citation omitted), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 890,

148 L. Ed. 2d 150 (2000).

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                                  STATE V. BURNETT

                                   Opinion of the Court

      “In making its determination, the trial court must consider all evidence

admitted, whether competent or incompetent, in the light most favorable to the State,

giving the State the benefit of every reasonable inference and resolving any

contradictions in its favor.” State v. Rose, 339 N.C. 172, 192, 451 S.E.2d 211, 223

(1994) (citation omitted), cert. denied, 515 U.S. 1135, 132 L. Ed. 2d 818 (1995).

“Contradictions and discrepancies do not warrant dismissal of the case but are for the

jury to resolve.” Fritsch, 351 N.C. at 379, 526 S.E.2d at 455. Even if circumstantial

evidence does not rule out “every hypothesis of innocence,” the motion to dismiss may

be overcome and denied. State v. Stone, 323 N.C. 447, 452, 373 S.E.2d 430, 433 (1988)

(citation omitted).

      “The denial of a motion to dismiss for insufficient evidence is a question of law

which this Court reviews de novo.” State v. Bagley, 183 N.C. App. 514, 523, 644

S.E.2d 615, 621 (2007) (citation omitted).

                                     B. Analysis

      Defendant argues the trial court erred by denying his motion to dismiss the

first-degree murder charge based on premeditation and deliberation. He asserts

insufficient evidence tending to show he was the perpetrator was introduced.

      To support a conviction for first-degree murder, “the State must prove: (1) an

unlawful killing; (2) with malice; (3) with the specific intent to kill formed after some

measure of premeditation and deliberation.” State v. Peterson, 361 N.C. 587, 595, 652

S.E.2d 216, 223 (2007) (citations omitted).

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                                  STATE V. BURNETT

                                   Opinion of the Court

      Premeditation means “the act was thought out beforehand for some length of

time, however short, but no particular amount of time is necessary for the mental

process of premeditation.” State v. Bullock, 326 N.C. 253, 257, 388 S.E.2d 81, 83

(1990) (citation omitted). “Deliberation means an intent to kill, carried out in a cool

state of blood, in furtherance of a fixed design for revenge or to accomplish an

unlawful purpose and not under the influence of a violent passion, suddenly aroused

by lawful or just cause or legal provocation.” State v. Davis, 349 N.C. 1, 33, 506 S.E.2d

455, 472 (1998) (citation omitted). Premeditation and deliberation do not require a

“fixed length of time.” State v. Walters, 275 N.C. 615, 623, 170 S.E.2d 484, 490 (1969)

(citation omitted).

      Our Supreme Court has long held:

             Premeditation and deliberation are processes of the mind.
             In most cases, they are not subject to proof by direct
             evidence but must be proved, if at all, by circumstantial
             evidence.      Among other circumstances from which
             premeditation and deliberation may be inferred are (1) lack
             of provocation on the part of the deceased, (2) the conduct
             and statements of the defendant before and after the
             killing, (3) threats and declarations of the defendant before
             and during the occurrence giving rise to the death of the
             deceased, (4) ill-will or previous difficulty between the
             parties, (5) the dealing of lethal blows after the deceased
             has been felled and rendered helpless, (6) evidence that the
             killing was done in a brutal manner, and (7) the nature and
             number of the victim’s wounds.

State v. Vause, 328 N.C. 231, 238, 400 S.E.2d 57, 62 (1991) (citation omitted).

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                                  STATE V. BURNETT

                                  Opinion of the Court

      When evidence of whether the defendant was the perpetrator of the crime is

circumstantial: “courts often [look towards] proof of motive, opportunity, capability,

and identity to determine whether a reasonable inference of [the] defendant’s guilt

may be inferred or whether there is merely a suspicion that the defendant is the

perpetrator.” State v. Hayden, 212 N.C. App. 482, 485, 711 S.E.2d 492, 494 (2011)

(citation and quotation marks omitted).      “The evidence need only give rise to a

reasonable inference of guilt in order for it to be properly submitted to the jury.”

Stone, 323 N.C. at 452, 373 S.E.2d at 433.

      To survive a motion to dismiss, evidence of motive alone is insufficient and

evidence of a defendant’s opportunity and means to commit the crime must also be

considered. State v. Bell, 65 N.C. App. 234, 241, 309 S.E.2d 464, 469 (1983), aff’d per

curiam, 311 N.C. 299, 316 S.E.2d 72 (1984).

      This Court has also held:

             The real problem lies in applying the test to the individual
             facts of a case, particularly where the proof is
             circumstantial. One method courts use to assist analysis
             is to classify evidence of guilt into several rather broad
             categories.    Although the language is by no means
             consistent, courts often speak in terms of proof of motive,
             opportunity, capability and identity, all of which are
             merely different ways to show that a particular person
             committed a particular crime. In most cases these factors
             are not essential elements of the crime, but instead are
             circumstances which are relevant to identify an accused as
             the perpetrator of a crime. . . .

             While the cases do not generally indicate what weight is to
             be given evidence of these various factors, a few rough rules

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                                 STATE V. BURNETT

                                 Opinion of the Court

            do appear. It is clear, for instance, that evidence of either
            motive or opportunity alone is insufficient to carry a case
            to the jury. On the other hand, when the question is
            whether evidence of both motive and opportunity will be
            sufficient to survive a motion to dismiss, the answer is
            much less clear. The answer appears to rest upon the
            strength of the evidence of motive and opportunity, as well
            as other available evidence, rather than an easily
            quantifiable “bright line” test.

State v. Lowry, 198 N.C. App. 457, 466, 679 S.E.2d 865, 870-71 (2009) (internal

citations and quotation marks omitted).

      The State presented evidence tending to show motive, opportunity, and means.

Testimony was presented tending to show the shooting was in retaliation for a fatal

shooting two weeks prior, even though the trial court had granted Defendant’s motion

to prohibit any references to “gangs” or “gang shooting.” The State also presented

testimony that thirty minutes before Williams was shot, a report was received of

someone seeing a car park at the corner where Williams was shot and someone in the

backseat pointed out of the window.

      The State also presented evidence tending to show Defendant’s opportunity

and means to commit the crime. Physical evidence of the 9mm shell casing at the

murder scene, the bullet recovered from Williams body, weapon on Defendant’s

person upon arrest, and Defendant’s statements to police after he was arrested

tended to tie him to Williams’ murder. A reasonable juror could find Defendant had

the opportunity and means to commit the murder. The trial court did not err in

denying Defendant’s motion to dismiss the first-degree murder charge based on

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                                      STATE V. BURNETT

                                      Opinion of the Court

premeditation and deliberation. Defendant’s argument is overruled.

                                 V.    Expert Witness

                                A. Standard of Review

         “Trial courts enjoy wide latitude and discretion when making a determination

about the admissibility of expert testimony.” State v. King, 366 N.C. 68, 75, 733

S.E.2d 535, 539-40 (2012) (citation omitted). A trial court’s ruling on Rule 702(a) is

reviewed for abuse of discretion. State v. McGrady, 368 N.C. 880, 893, 787 S.E.2d 1,

11 (2016). “A trial court may be reversed for abuse of discretion only upon showing

that its ruling was manifestly unsupported by reason and could not have been the

result of a reasoned decision.” State v. Riddick, 315 N.C. 749, 756, 340 S.E.2d 55, 59

(1986) (citations omitted).

                                        B. Analysis

         Defendant argues the trial court erred in allowing the State’s expert witness

to testify without making necessary findings on reliability.

         North Carolina Rules of Evidence governs testimony by an expert witness at

trial:

               If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will
               assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to
               determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert
               by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education, may
               testify thereto in the form of an opinion, or otherwise, if all
               of the following apply:

                 (1) The testimony is based upon sufficient facts or data

                 (2) The testimony is the product of reliable principles

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                                  STATE V. BURNETT

                                  Opinion of the Court

                   and methods

                (3) The witness has applied the principles and methods
                    reliably to the facts of the case.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 702(a) (2021).

      Defendant contends the State’s expert witness testimony was not “the product

of reliable principles and methods” in violation of Rule 702(a)(2). Id.

      The superior court made the following findings of fact in its order on allowing

the expert testimony:

             14. In error, [the State’s expert] entered that the firearm,
             noted as K1, was “polygonal” as opposed to “conventional.”
             This error was not caught by the peer review process[;]
             however[,] it did not affect the outcome or integrity of her
             examination.

             15. Otherwise, [the State’s expert]’s methods and
             conclusions as to this examination are not rebutted and her
             microanalysis and conclusions were subject to peer review.

             16. Moreover, despite and with exception to her
             acknowledged error, [the State’s expert] testified as to each
             and every step taken in this examination, and each and
             every step drew on her training and experience which
             included her competency and near annual proficiency
             exams.

             17. During the Casing Examination, [the State’s expert]
             fired the K-1 (the firearm) three times and analyzed the
             casing and additionally maintained the three known
             projectiles. [the State’s Expert] selected the ammunition to
             be used for these test fires.

             18. Regarding, the Projectile Examination (approximately
             two years later) which was requested as a rush exam, [the
             State’s expert] testified this examination was cross
             referenced from the Casing Examination.

                                         - 10 -
                    STATE V. BURNETT

                     Opinion of the Court

19. [The State’s expert] testified to each and every step
taken during the Projectile Examination, and that each
and every step drew on her training and experience.

20. Regarding [the State’s expert’s] methodoly [sic] in this
regard, she was challenged in the rebuttal testimony by
[the Defendant’s expert] as asserted failure in following
certain standard operating procedures.

21. There exists a tension between the testimony of [the
State’s expert] and her examination of the projectile and
that of [the Defendant’s expert] as set forth in her
testimony and report (Defendants voir dire exhibit 25) as
to the Projectile Examination. This tension is founded in a
disparity in their respective interpretation and application
of standard operating procedures in effect at the time of
[the expert]’s examination.

22. [The expert] elected not to examine/measure the lands
and grooves of the fired projectile where the submitted
projectile and the maintained control projectiles initially
collected as part of the Casing Examination (the three test
fires) were—in accordance to the standard operating
procedure she applied and pursuant to her training and
experience—sufficiently similar to move to microanalysis.

23. Based on this decision and her analysis, she determined
the projectile taken from the victim’s heart as compared to
the three projectiles maintained from the Casing
Examination were sufficiently similar under micro-
analysis for her to form an opinion.

24. [The State’s expert’s] opinion from her Projectile
Examination was based on sufficient facts and data as
taken from the three projectiles maintained from the
Casing Examination and fired from the firearm in
question; she clearly explained her methodology under the
operating procedures in place at the time and her decision
not to measure the lands and grooves of the projectile taken
from the victim’s heart based on her analysis of the
comparative test projectiles being taken from the known
source firearm and known source ammunition; and she

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                                  STATE V. BURNETT

                                  Opinion of the Court

             applied her methods reliably and peer review of her micro-
             analysis confirmed her opinion.

      The trial court found the State’s expert witness’ decision to conduct the micro-

analysis test, instead of measuring the lands and grooves because it was more

definitive, was a “rational discretionary decision” based on the State Crime Lab’s

“guidelines and protocols.” The superior court made supported findings to resolve

purported contradictions between the competing experts. The trial court did not

abuse its discretion in admitting the State’s expert’s testimony and the superior court

did not err in denying Defendant’s MAR on this ground.

                      VI.    Newly Discovered Evidence

                              A. Standard of Review

      This Court reviews a trial court’s ruling on a defendant’s MAR for “whether

the findings of fact are supported by evidence, whether the findings of fact support

the conclusions of law, and whether the conclusions of law support the order entered

by the trial court.” State v. Stevens, 305 N.C. 712, 720, 291 S.E.2d 585, 591 (1982).

“When a trial court’s findings on a motion for appropriate relief are reviewed, these

findings are binding if they are supported by competent evidence and may be

disturbed only upon a showing of manifest abuse of discretion. However, the trial

court’s conclusions of law are fully reviewable on appeal.” State v. Lane, 271 N.C.

App. 307, 311, 844 S.E.2d 32, 37 (2020) (citation omitted).

                                    B. Analysis

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                                   STATE V. BURNETT

                                   Opinion of the Court

      The Supreme Court of the United States held in Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S.

83, 10 L. Ed. 2d 215 (1963), that “the suppression by the prosecution of evidence

favorable to an accused upon request violates due process where the evidence is

material either to guilt or to punishment, irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of

the prosecution.” Id. at 87, 10 L. Ed. 2d at 218.

      “Evidence favorable to an accused can be either impeachment evidence or

exculpatory evidence.” State v. Williams, 362 N.C. 628, 636, 669 S.E.2d 290, 296

(2008) (citing United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 676, 87 L. Ed. 2d 481, 490 (1985)).

Evidence is “material” if “there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been

disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A

‘reasonable probability’ is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the

outcome.” Bagley, 473 U.S. at 682, 87 L. Ed. 2d at 494.

      The trial court found the State was not in possession of the expert’s personnel

records from the State Crime Lab prior to trial and was not aware of a purported

mistake she had made in another case prior to trial. “The State is not required to

conduct an independent investigation to determine possible deficiencies suggested by

defendant in State’s evidence.” State v. Smith, 337 N.C. 658, 664, 447 S.E.2d 376,

379 (1994). The Record does not indicate the State had suppressed material evidence.

The superior court did not err in denying Defendant’s MAR on this ground.

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                                  STATE V. BURNETT

                                   Opinion of the Court

      Defendant further argues the superior court erred in denying him a new trial

based upon newly discovered evidence. Our Supreme Court has held the perquisites

for a new trial on the grounds of newly discovered evidence are:

             1. That the witness or witnesses will give the newly
                discovered evidence.

             2. That such newly discovered evidence is probably true

             3. That it is competent, material and relevant.

             4. That due diligence was used and proper means were
                employed to procure the testimony at trial.

             5. That the newly discovered evidence is not merely
                cumulative.

             6. That it does not tend only to contradict a former witness
                or to impeach or discredit him.

             7. That it is of such a nature as to show that on another
                trial a different result will probably be reached and that
                the right will prevail.

State v. Cronin, 299 N.C. 229, 243-44, 262 S.E.2d 277, 286 (1980) (citations omitted).

      Reviewing Defendant’s argument in light of these factors, both pieces of

purported “new evidence” proffered by Defendant concerning the State’s expert: (1) a

complaint by a superior court judge resulting in an investigation and (2) a prior

mistake made during a firearm examination, are the sort of evidence that merely

questions the expert witness’ past, not the State’s evidence at this trial, and does not

necessitate a new trial. Id. The trial court did not err in denying Defendant’s MAR

on this ground.

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                                  STATE V. BURNETT

                                  Opinion of the Court

                               VII.    Rule 404(b)

      Defendant argues the trial court erred in admitting evidence of his removing

an electronic monitoring device fifteen days earlier.

                              A. Standard of Review

      Our Supreme Court has held:

             When the trial court has made findings of fact and
             conclusions of law to support its 404(b) ruling . . . we look
             to whether the evidence supports the findings and whether
             the findings support the conclusions. We review de novo
             the legal conclusions that the evidence is, or is not, within
             the coverage of Rule 404(b).

State v. Beckelheimer, 366 N.C. 127, 130, 726 S.E.2d 156, 159 (2012).

                                      B. Analysis

      Rule 404(b) provides:

             Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible
             to prove the character of a person in order to show that he
             acted in conformity therewith. It may, however, be
             admissible for other purposes, such a proof of motive,
             opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge,
             identity, or absence of mistake, entrapment or accident.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 404(b) (2021).

      The Supreme Court of North Carolina has repeatedly interpreted Rule 404(b)

to be a rule of inclusion, and not exclusion. Beckelheimer, 366 N.C. at 131, 726 S.E.2d

at 159. This inclusion of Rule 404(b) testimony or evidence is constrained by the

requirements of similarity and temporal proximity of the evidence of the acts. State

v. Al-Bayyinah, 356 N.C. 150, 154, 567 S.E.2d 120, 123 (2002).

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                                  STATE V. BURNETT

                                  Opinion of the Court

      Rule 404(b) is “subject to but one exception requiring the exclusion of evidence

if its only probative value is to show that the defendant has the propensity or

disposition to commit an offense of the nature of the crime charged.” State v. Lyons,

340 N.C. 646, 668, 459 S.E.2d 770, 782 (1995) (citation omitted).

      The trial court admitted information over Defendant’s objection of Defendant’s

removing his electronic monitoring device fifteen days prior to the shooting. The

State argues the evidence of Defendant’s actions is properly admitted under Rule

404(b) to show “the natural development of the facts or is necessary to complete the

story of the charged crime for the jury.” State v. White, 340 N.C. 264, 284, 457 S.E.2d

841, 853 (1995).

      Our Supreme Court has held:

              Evidence, not part of the crime charged but pertaining to
              the chain of events explaining the context, motive and set-
              up of the crime, is properly admitted if linked in time and
              circumstances with the charged crime, or [if it] forms an
              integral and natural part of an account of the crime, or is
              necessary to complete the story of the crime for the jury.

State v. Agee, 326 N.C. 542, 548, 391 S.E.2d 171, 174 (1990) (citation and internal

quotation marks omitted).

      Defendant disabled his electronic monitoring device approximately an hour

after another murder was committed two weeks earlier in the same area of

Wilmington.     At the time of Williams’ murder, law enforcement officers were

monitoring that area for retaliation. The evidence and timing of these incidents and

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                                  STATE V. BURNETT

                                   Opinion of the Court

Defendant’s actions are part of the chain of events that contextualize the crime. The

trial court did not err in admitting this evidence. Defendant’s argument is overruled.

                      VIII.   State’s Closing Argument

                              A. Standard of Review

      “The standard of review for improper closing arguments that provoke timely

objection from opposing counsel is whether the trial court abused its discretion by

failing to sustain the objection.” State v. Jones, 355 N.C. 117, 131, 558 S.E.2d 97, 106

(2002) (citations omitted).

                                      B. Analysis

      Defendant argues the State’s closing argument was grossly improper.

Defendant argues the State improperly shifted the burden of proof onto him and

improperly asserted the murder was in retaliation for another murder, after agreeing

not to argue Williams’ murder was a gang killing.

      The State’s closing statement referred to Defendant’s failure to refute the

State’s evidence concerning the physical evidence.         The prosecutor’s remarks

concerning the two murders possibly being linked by retaliation were supported by

competent evidence and testimony properly admitted at trial. The State’s statement

did not shift the burden of proof from the State onto Defendant.           Defendant’s

argument is overruled.

                                IX.    Conclusion

      When viewed in the light most favorable to the State, including the reasonable

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                                 STATE V. BURNETT

                                 Opinion of the Court

inferences thereon, the State presented sufficient evidence for the first-degree

murder charge based upon premeditation and deliberation to be submitted to the

jury. The trial court properly denied Defendant’s motion to dismiss the charges

submitted to the jury.

      The trial court made sufficient findings to allow the admission of the State’s

ballistics expert witness testimony under Rule 702(a). N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule

702(a). Defendant has failed to show any error in the denial of his post-conviction

MAR on his alleged new evidence.

      The trial court properly admitted evidence of Defendant disabling an electronic

monitoring device two weeks prior to Williams’ murder as meeting temporal

proximity and other circumstances required under Rule 404(b). N.C. Gen. Stat. §

8C-1, Rule 404(b). The State’s closing argument did not mention “gangs” and was not

improper.

      Defendant received a fair trial, free from prejudicial errors he preserved and

argued. We find no error in the jury’s verdict or in the judgment entered thereon. It

is so ordered.

      NO ERROR.

      Judges ZACHARY and FLOOD concur.

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