Court Opinion

ID: 6475000
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-06-26 22:34:16.165038+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:12:51.604580
License: Public Domain

ROSS, J.
This action was brought by the Black & White Taxicab Company against the Standard Oil Company and James H. Kerby, Secretary of State, to recover seventy cents which the plaintiff claims the Standard Oil Company overcharged it for gasoline. The complaint shows that the defendant Standard Oil Company is a dealer in gasoline and its products within Arizona; that it made such overcharge in pursuance of the terms of chapter 76, Session Laws of 1923, which require every dealer in gasoline to collect from the purchaser thereof three cents per gallon and at stated intervals pay the same to the defendant Secretary of State. It is alleged the three-cent tax was paid under protest. Recovery is sought upon the ground of the unconstitutionality of chapter 76; it being claimed it violates several provisions of the state Constitution. It is also claimed the Governor vetoed the provision of such chapter requiring dealers to collect three cents tax per gallon of purchasers of gasoline. After the suit was instituted, upon the petition of the Attorney General the State was permitted to intervene at his *384relation. The defendants and the intervenor filed general demurrers to the complaint which were sustained, and a judgment of dismissal entered. The effect of the judgment was to hold the law constitutional and the veto ineffective, and to impose upon the defendant oil company and all other dealers in gasoline the duty of collecting the three cents per gallon from purchasers of gasoline, and at stated periods remit such collections to the Secretary of State.
The taxicab company has appealed from the judgment. It is contended that chapter 76 offends section 13, part 2, article 4 of the Constitution, section 20, part 2, article 4, section 3, article 9, and section 9 of article 9.
As the questions raised have to do with the title of the act as well as the body thereof, we give here the title. It is as follows:
“An act to provide funds for the construction and completion of certain designated highway projects, within the state of Arizona, initiated or authorized, but not completed by the board of directors of state institutions and office of state engineer, prior to January 1, 1923; authorizing the refunding, for use on any specific or designated highway project, of funds paid by any political subdivision of the state of Arizona, to the state of Arizona for the use of the board of directors of state institutions and of said office of state engineer of the state of Arizona, for the construction of such specific and designated highway projects and diverted, prior to January 1, 1923, by said board of directors of state institutions and of said office of state engineer, to purposes other than such specified and designated projects; making an appropriation therefor; providing for the raising of funds to meet such appropriation by means of 25% apportionment of state road tax, tax upon passenger capacity per mile, upon designated common carriers; a tax upon truck tonnage of motor trucks and tax upon gasoline and other distillates of crude petroleum; regulating and providing for the deposit, use, *385accounting for and disbursement of monies paid to tbe state of Arizona by sucb subdivisions of tbe state oí Arizona for tbe construction of designated road projects and moneys paid to tbe state of Arizona by the United States of America, by virtue of cooperative agreements between the state of Arizona and the United States of America pursuant to an act of the Congress of the United States of America entitled ‘An act to provide that the United States shall aid the states in the construction of rural and post roads, and for other purposes’ or of any amendment thereto, or pursuant to any other act enacted by the Congress of the United States of America for like purposes; providing for the issuance of, registration and payment of negotiable state warrants and providing for the issuance of negotiable treasurer’s certificates of the state of Arizona in anticipation of the collection of the taxes authorized by this act; prescribing the form of such warrants and certificates, the due date and rate of interest thereon; defining offenses in violation of this act and providing penalties therefor.”
Sections 1, 2, 3 and 4 of the act provide funds or make appropriations to take care of eight federal aid projects already constructed or in course of construction in different parts of the state, and recognize that those projects have been or are being constructed co-operatively by and between the state and the counties of the state, and by and between the state and the United States, and that, in prosecuting the work, funds have been borrowed from counties by the board of directors of state institutions and the state engineer and not repaid, and that all of the federal government’s proportionate contribution has not been made. Repayments to the counties are authorized and directed, and the disposition of the federal aid is provided for, as the same is paid in.
Under section 5 the-appropriation for such projects and purposes is made out of the 25 per cent apportionment account of the general fund of the state, *386and under said section there is further appropriated out of said fund “for the construction and completion of those certain highway projects within the state of Arizona initiated or authorized, but not completed by the board of directors of state institutions and by the office of the state engineer of the state of Arizona prior to January 1, 1923” moneys for forty-eight other named federal aid and nonfederal aid projects located and situated in different parts of the state. The total appropriation out of the 25 per cent apportionment account for the purposes of repaying borrowed money from the counties and completing all of such federal aid and nonfederal aid projects is $1,550,000.
Section 6 authorizes the board of supervisors to enter into contracts with the board of state institutions to expend upon projects within their counties the 75 per cent fund hereinafter mentioned and to pay into the state treasury, out of said fund to be credited to a segregated account within the general fund of the state in favor of such aid projects, the sum agreed to be contributed. Said section also provides the method of handling and crediting federal aid funds.
Sections 7, 8, and 9 contain general provisions for carrying out the general objects of the act.
The Governor’s veto was directed to provisions of section 10, and we give such parts thereof as we think essential, italicizing those portions thereof disapproved or vetoed by the Governor:
“Section 10. For the purpose of providing said sum of $1,550,000.00, appropriated in section 5 of this act, the following moneys, funds and license taxes are hereby designated and created:
“(a) There shall be annually levied and collected in the manner in which other state taxes are levied and collected, by a levy of the officials provided by law, a tax of ten (.10) cents on each one hundred *387($100.00) dollars, of the assessed valuation of taxable property within the state, for the purpose of the construction, reconstruction, repairing, improving and maintaining state highways and bridges, as follows:

“25% of such tax, herein provided, for, shall be as paid into the treasury of the state of Arizona, deposited by the treasurer of the state of Arizona, in a separate account, in the general fund of the state, to be known and designated as 25% apportionment account.

“Seventy-five per cent (75%) of such ‘state road tax fund’ herein provided for, shall be apportioned to the several counties in the amount to each county of seventy-five per cent of the taxes collected under this act, by said county, and such amount shall be subject to be paid out for the construction, reconstruction, repair, improvement and maintenance of public highways, roads and bridges in the manner as in this act provided for the work in this act provided for within such county upon the authority and under the direction of the county board of supervisors of such county and the state engineer who are hereby charged with such responsibility.

“Subdivision II.
“(a) There hereby is authorized to be levied and collected a (one-half mill) tax per each scheduled passenger capacity mile, which hereby is defined to mean a tax of (one-half mill) on each and every unit of seating capacity operating over each and every mile between fixed termini, or otherwise, in the state of Arizona, as per schedules on file with the Corporation Commission, or otherwise.
“(b) There hereby is authorized to be levied and collected a (two mill tax) per each scheduled truck ton capacity, or fraction of truck ton capacity mile, which hereby is defined to mean, (a tax of two mills) on each and every actual truck ton or fraction of truck ton capacity load operating over each and every mile between fixed termini, or otherwise, in the state of Arizona, as per schedules on file with the Corporation Commission, or otherwise. &
“Subdivision III.
“(a) That each and every dealer, as defined in this act, who is now engaged or who may hereafter *388engage in Ms own name, or in the name of others, or in the name of his representative or agents of this state in the sale, use or distribution, as dealers and distributors of gasoline or other distillates of crude petroleum shall not later than the fifteenth (15) day of each calendar month render a statement to the Secretary of State of the state of Arizona of gasoline and other distillates of crude petroleum sold, used or distributed by him or them in the state of Arizona during the preceding calendar month, and collect a license tax of three (3) cents per gallon on all gasoline and other distillates of crude petroleum so sold, used or distributed for use in motor propelled or motor-driven vehicles, as shown by such statement in the manner and within the time hereinafter provided, tvhich tax shall be added to the sale price of the dealer as herein defined when sold, used or distributed for such use in said motor-propelled or motor-driven vehicles only.
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“(d) Said license tax shall be paid on or before the fifteenth (15th) day of each month to the Secretary of State, who shall receipt to the dealer therefor, and promptly turn over to the State Treasurer as are other receipts of his office, and the State Treasurer shall place one-quarter of the same in said 25% apportionment account in the general fund and one-quarter of the same to the account of the 75% apportionment account of the general fund, and said Secretary of State shall promptly pay the remaining one-half of such tax to the several county treasurers of the stake of Arizona, in proportion to the amount of such tax received from the respective counties, tvhich shall be used by the said several counties as may be determined by the board of supervisors thereof, for the maintenance of county roads and MgMvays. ...”
The rest of the act (sections 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16) contains general provisions in aid of the purpose of the act.
The appellant’s assignments of error are:
*3891st. That chapter 76 embraces more than one subject and matter properly connected therewith;
2nd. That such chapter embraces a subject which is not expressed in the title, to wit, the provision that 50 per cent of the gasoline tax shall be paid to the several counties from which the same is received ;
3rd. That the use of said 50 per cent of the gasoline tax by the counties for the maintenance of county roads and highways is for a different use than that indicated by the title of the act;
1th. That said chapter 76 fails to fix the object for which such 50 per cent of the gasoline tax is to be expended;
5th. That said chapter 76 is a special appropriation bill and embraces appropriations for several different subjects; and
6th. The provision of chapter 76 imposing a gasoline tax of three cents on every gallon was vetoed, and the collection of such tax by defendant oil company was without authority of law, and, appellant having paid it under protest, was entitled to a judgment therefor.
We will take these assignments up and dispose of them, not in the order given, but in the relation they bear to each other. As the first five challenge the constitutionality of chapter 76, we preface their consideration with a general statement of the principles that we shall observe in their disposition:
“The most common application of the maxim ut res magis valeat quam pereat in the construction of statutes is to be found in the decisions which, by the construction of the terms of statutes, sustain them against attacks upon their constitutional validity. When the constitutionality of a statute is questioned it is the duty of the courts, and also a rule of construction, to adopt such construction as will make the statute constitutional if its language will permit. There is a strong presumption in favor of the validity and constitutionality of an act, and courts should not declare acts of the legislature unconstitutional unless satisfied of their unconsti*390tutionality beyond a reasonable doubt. Where an act is fairly susceptible of two constructions, one of which will uphold the validity of the act while the other will render it unconstitutional, the one which will sustain the constitutionality of the law must be adopted.” 25 R. C. L. 1000, § 243.
We have frequently stated that we would not declare an act of the legislature unconstitutional unless satisfied thereof beyond a reasonable doubt, and that seems to be the rule followed by most of the courts. Does chapter 76 offend section 13, part 2, article 4, of the Constitution, reading as follows:
“Sec. 13. Every act shall embrace but one subject and matters properly connected therewith, which subject shall be expressed in the title; but if any subject shall be embraced in an act which shall not be expressed in the title, such act shall be void only as to so much thereof as shall not be embraced in the title.’’
We think the title as well as the body of the act has to do generally with the public highways of the state; in other words, the subject expressed in the title and treated in the act as “highways” — their construction, maintenance, the raising of revenues therefor, and the manner of their expenditure or distribution. Closely allied to that general subject and in consonance therewith is the providing for the payment of any highway construction already completed or in the course of completion and the repayment of borrowed money by one of the political units to others, and the ratifying and approving of contracts for future construction and providing funds therefor. Nor does the fact that there may be several separate projects or road improvements designated in the act as “federal aid No. •-•” or “nonfederal aid No. -” constitute each of said proposed improvements separate subjects; they are all a part or segments of the same subject of highways.
*391Since the passage of chapter 66, First Special Session Laws of 1912, entitled “An act relating to the construction, maintenance and improvement of state roads and bridges; creating the office of state engineer, prescribing the duties thereof and compensation therefor; fixing a tax levy and making appropriation to carry out the provisions of this act, and authorizing and directing the expenditure of such appropriation,” the state has had, in fact, a system or systems of highways extending east and west and north and south across the state under the general charge of the board of state institutions and state engineer, and during the last four or five years there have been expended annually by the state, with the aid of its counties and the federal government, about $3,000,000 in the construction and improvement thereof under a program patterned somewhat after the system laid out in chapter 76, but without the safeguards it provides. So, while segments of the state highway may be constructed under separate contracts and appropriations set aside out of the revenues of the state to take care of said segments separately, they are all a part of the same highway system and are for the accomplishment of the same general object, and their inclusion in chapter 76 does not offend section 13, part 2, article 4, of the Constitution. If the mental horoscope be limited to the language used in chapter 76, some doubt might arise as to whether each piece of road construction therein mentioned was a separate subject and treated as such; but, if the vision be as extensive and broad as our legislation since statehood, the doubt will dissolve itself into an absolute certainty that it is all in aid of the general system of highways constructed and to be constructed in the state.
The conclusion reached by Mr. Justice COOLEY in People v. Denahy, 20 Mich. 349, relied upon by ap*392pellant, was based upon a very different state of facts. In that case the learned judge held the act contained a plurality of subjects, because each road to be improved was a separate and distinct improvement upon a separate and distinct highway. He says: “The act, it will be seen, is not one which establishes a general system . . . for the construction of state roads,” leaving the clear inference that, had the improvements been in connection with a general system of road construction it would have called for a different conclusion.
But it is said there is nothing in the title of the act about any apportionment of the tax levy to the counties for the maintenance of their roads and highways, and, therefore, the allocation of 50 per cent of the gasoline tax to the counties for that purpose was and is a subject not contained in the title, and the act for that reason violates said section 13 of the Constitution. Wherever, in the title or body of the act, the words “political subdivisions” of the state are mentioned reference is had to the counties of the state. In both the title and act counties are given a prominent part and are supplied with the means of' effectually carrying forward their portion of the burden in highway construction. We think the phrase in the title, “Providing for the raising of funds to meet such appropriation by means of 25 per cent apportionment of state road tax, tax upon passenger capacity per mile, upon designated common carriers; a tax upon truck tonnage of motor-trucks and tax upon gasoline and other distillates of crude petroleum,” was a sufficient notice and warning to the members of the legislature and the people that some disposition of such revenues over and above that given to the 25 per cent state apportionment would be made, and naturally, since such revenues all come from the counties, the counties would *393be given an apportionment to be used co-operatively with tbe state and tbe United States in tbe construction of roads within their boundaries and for their maintenance after construction, which is made by the statute the sole duty of the counties. Paragraph 5126, Civ. Code. As was said in State v. Ingalls, 18 N. M. 211, 135 Pac. 1177, in speaking of an act to provide for state license on automobiles:
“The disposition of the funds resulting from the collection of the license was perhaps even a necessary part of the act and certainly is not incongruous to the subject expressed in the title.”
Reasoning upon a question somewhat akin to the one before us, in Wilson v. State, 143 Tenn. 55, 224 S. W. 168, the court said:
“It is not essential to the constitutionality of a statute that its title epitomize or recite in detail the provisions contained in its body. State v. Schlitz Brewing Co., supra; State v. Yardley, supra; Memphis R. Co. v. State, 110 Tenn. 598, 75 S. W. 730; State v. Brown, 103 Tenn. 449, 53 S. W. 727.
“The general purpose of the provisions of section 17 of article 2 of the Constitution is accomplished when the law has but one general purpose, which is fairly indicated by its title. It will not be required that every end and means necessary or convenient for'the accomplishment of this general object be provided for by a separate act relating to that alone. Such a requirement would not only be unreasonable, but would render legislation impossible. Cannon v. Mathes, supra.
“It therefore may be stated that the true rule of construction, which has been fully established by the authorities, is that any provision of the act, directly or indirectly relating to the subject expressed in the title, and having a natural connection therewith, and not foreign thereto, should be held to be embraced in it.
“We think the act in question embraces but one subject, and that subject may be fairly stated to be *394the raising of revenue for the purpose of improving, building, and providing a fund for maintaining of public roads in the counties affected by the act. We think it may be said that all of the provisions of the act are directly and inseparably connected with the one purpose of raising revenue for the improvement, building, and maintaining of public roads.”
The provision of the Constitution we are considering was before the Supreme Court in Van Dyke v. Geary, 244 U. S. 39-46, 61 L. Ed. 973, 37 Sup. Ct. Rep. 483, 486, and it was there said:
“Constitutional provisions requiring the subject of legislative acts to be embraced in the title are not to be given a strained and narrow construction for the purpose of nullifying legislation.”
This court has considered this provision in the following cases: Laney v. State, 20 Ariz. 416, 181 Pac. 186; Coggins v. Ely, 23 Ariz. 155, 202 Pac. 391; State Board v. Buckstegge, 18 Ariz. 277, 158 Pac. 837; Skaggs v. State, 24 Ariz. 191, 207 Pac. 877. While in the last two cases the legislation was stricken down as not being expressed in the title, nothing said in either case will sustain appellant’s contention. In the Skaggs case, under a title, “An act to establish a Penal Code,” we held a civil statute could not be enacted; in the Buckstegge case, under a title, “An act providing for an old age and mothers’ pension and making appropriation therefor,” we held the legislature could not abolish all county hospitals and other eleemosynary institutions of the state as was undertaken. In both these cases the departure from the title was complete. The titles clearly indicated one thing, and the act thereunder provided for another thing, entirely out of harmony therewith.
Having come to the conclusion that the title of chapter 76 is single, as also the act, and that the provisions of the act are all either directly or indirectly connected with the subject of the act and *395not incongruous therewith, we think we have successfully disposed of assignments Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 5, and that the act is not in violation of either section 13, part 2, article 4, or section 20, of the said article.
Assignment 4 is that said chapter 76 fails to fix the object for which such 50 per cent of the gasoline tax is to be expended and therefore offends that provision of section 3, article 9, of the Constitution, reading as follows:
“No tax shall be levied except in pursuance of law, and every law imposing a tax shall state distinctly the object of the tax, to which- object only it shall be applied.”
As we read the provision of chapter 76 disposing of one-half of the three cents per gallon of gasoline tax to the counties, it “states distinctly the object of the tax” to be “for the maintenance of county roads and highways.” Martens v. Brady, 264 Ill. 178, 106 N. E. 266.
We now come to the question of the effect of the Governor’s veto. We will not set forth here the provisions of chapter 76 that were disapproved, but will refer to them by paragraph and subdivision as set forth in the forepart of the opinion; the part disapproved being printed in italics. The Governor vetoed or disapproved the provision of chapter 76 imposing a three-cent gasoline tax (and also the allocation thereof as made by the legislature), being paragraph (a) of subdivision 3, section 10. We think it goes without saying, and in this all parties seem to agree, the executive was without power to veto the imposition of such tax as made by the legislature. To state this proposition is enough to dispose of it. It needs no enlargement or explanation other than a reference to the section of the Constitution granting to the Governor the power to veto — section 7, article 5. As was said in Fairfield v. Foster, ante, *396p. 146, 214 Pac. 319, lie has two kinds of veto, one to the whole act and another to items when a bill presented to him “contains several items of appropriation.” In attempting to veto the legislative imposition of three cents per gallon, he was not acting in a manner delegated to him by the Constitution, and his act was therefore ineffective, so the license' tax of three cents, as made by paragraph (a), said subdivision and section, stands and must be collected by the gasoline dealers of the state, unless the action of the Governor in connection with other portions of said subdivision and section has the effect of relieving such dealers from that duty. It is axiomatic in law that what cannot be done directly may not be done by indirection, and if the executive veto does not extend to a tax levy it is difficult to understand how such tax levy could be affected by a veto applied to some other part of the law creating the tax.
The Governor also disapproved of paragraph (d) of said subdivision 3 of section 10, which provides (as a reference thereto shows) that dealers in gasoline shall pay the said three-cent tax to the Secre-' tary of State, who shall turn over to the State Treasurer to be credited to the 25 per cent apportionment account one-quarter thereof, and one-quarter to the 75 per cent apportionment account of the general fund, and pay one-half of such tax to the several county treasurers in proportion to the amount received from the counties, for the maintenance ot county roads and highways. The allotments of one-quarter of the three-cent gasoline tax to the 25 per cent and one-quarter to the 75 per cent apportionment accounts are clearly not appropriations. The former is appropriated by section 5 of chapter 76, and the latter, if appropriated at all, is by virtue of other provisions of the statute authorizing and *397directing the hoard of supervisors to use it cooperatively with the state and United States in constructing highways and bridges within the boundaries of their county. The veto power no more extended to these two apportionments than it did to the legislative levy, or imposition of the tax, as they were not items of appropriation.
But it is said the provision of paragraph (d), said subdivision and section, giving to the counties one-half of the three-eent gasoline tax, is an item of appropriation within the meaning of section 7, article 5, of the Constitution, and may be stricken from the act by the veto power. This position is not tenable. An appropriation or items of appropriation that the Governor may decline to approve are of funds belonging to the state. It is provided in section 3, article 9, of the Constitution that the legislature shall provide by law for an annual tax, sufficient, with other sources of revenue, to defray the necessary, ordinary expenses of the state for each fiscal year, and that when such taxes are levied and collected they shall be paid into the state treasury in money only; and section 5 of said article 9 forbids the paying of any money out of the state treasury, except in the manner provided by law. By chapters 8 and 9, title 1, Civil Code of 1913, concerning the State Auditor and State Treasurer and their duties, the legislature has provided the manner of paying moneys out of the state treasury. Section 20, part 2, article 4, concerning general and special appropriation bills, has reference to the revenues of the state, and is the source of authority in the legislature to make appropriations out of moneys paid into the state treasury. The 50 per cent of the three-cent gasoline tax that goes to the county is not levied for a state purpose and does not become the state’s money. It is collected by the gasoline dealers *398and by them remitted to the Secretary of State, who pays one-half thereof to the State Treasurer to be apportioned as above stated, and remits the other one-half to the treasurers of the different counties from which it has been received. It is the counties’ money, levied for a county purpose; it is as though the legislature had directed the county authorities to collect one and one-half cents tax per gallon on gasoline and apply it to the maintenance of the county’s roads and highways, or as though the legislature had directed the county authorities to make a tax levy upon the property of the county to be used in building, improving, repairing and maintaining a public courthouse, or a county hospital for their indigent sick and disabled, or any other public purpose or use. Surely, no one would contend that an act of the legislature authorizing and directing a tax levy to buy grounds at a cost not to exceed $25,000 and to build thereon a courthouse by the county not to exceed $500,000 would be subject to the executive veto except as a whole. Such would not be an appropriation containing different items as that term is used in the Constitution. It calls for the expenditure of money, it is true, but not money that the legislature has appropriated out of the biennial fund in the state treasury, put there to defray the necessary expenses of the state government. The item or items that may be disapproved are items of money, to be paid out of the state’s money ^levied and collected for the purposes of the state and not expenditures the legislature may authorize and direct its political subdivisions to make. In Commonwealth v. Powell, 249 Pa. 144, 94 Atl. 746, the court, after holding the act therein involved did not violate the constitutional provision against plurality of subjects in title and context (an act regulating motor vehicles), *399quoted from the Pennsylvania Constitution — and ours is the same — as follows:
“All other appropriations shall be made by separate bills, each embracing but one subject.”
And said:
“That this provision of the Constitution was only intended to apply to the biennial appropriations made by the legislature out of the general revenues of the commonwealth. It has no application to a fund created for a special purpose and dedicated by the act under which such fund is to be created to a particular use. The appropriation of the fund so created continues as long as the act which dedicates it to a particular use remains in force.”
It will be noticed that this gasoline tax is a continuing one, and the 50 per cent is dedicated to the particular use of maintaining county roads and highways. The contention of counsel that the definition of an “appropriation” as contained in the Fairfield case is broad enough to cover this 50 per cent allotment to the counties is not well founded. In that case we defined in a general way an “appropriation.” That definition must be examined in view of the particulars of the case in which it was announced. One of the elements of the definition, although not particularly stressed, yet too apparent to be overlooked, was that the money appropriated was out of the general revenue of the state. "Whether what was said in any case has any bearing or effect in another case or not depends upon the similarity of facts and circumstances of the cases. If the facts are the same, it is an authority; if different, it would be no authority. In all the cases that we have examined bearing upon the question as to what an appropriation is they have been concerning state funds collected for state purposes. Take the definition of an appropriation cited by counsel for appellee Secretary *400of State, as found in Menefee v. Askew, 25 Okl. 623, 27 L. R. A. (N. S.) 537, 107 Pac. 159, as follows:
“An appropriation is an authority from the legislature, given at the proper time and in legal form to the proper officers, to apply a distinctly specified sum out of a designated fund in the treasury in a given year to a specified object or demand against the state. ... ‘No particular expression or set form of words is requisite or necessary to the accomplishment of the purpose. ... ’ ”
The question there was as to whether the legislature had, by proper and sufficient’language, shown an intention to set aside out of the state treasury a definite sum to pay the salaries and expenses of the state game and fish warden, and the definition must he read with those facts before one to be properly understood. Another authority cited by same counsel is Jobe v. Caldwell & Drake, 93 Ark. 503, 125 S. W. 423-426, and it, too, involved funds in the state treasury and a demand against the state.
The validity of the Governor’s veto as applied to certain parts of subdivision (a), section 10, has not been assigned as error, and was not argued before the court or in the briefs of counsel, hut, in view of the situation and the probability that the officers whose duty it is to levy and collect these taxes will be in doubt as to what they should do, and to settle the matter beyond further dispute or doubt, we have concluded to pass upon the question. The Constitution provides that the Governor shall give his reasons for doing so, when he declines to approve of an item or items of an appropriation, and shall append his reasons to the bill. The reasons the Governor assigned for his disapproving and vetoing certain parts of subdivision (a), section 10, being the property tax levy, are set forth in his letter in the following language:
*401“Analysis of the condition of the state highway finances, as snch information has been made available to this office, proves conclusively the requirement of emergent provision of funds, in an amount approximately of one and one-half millions of dollars, to complete road projects to which the state has been heretofore committed. In the light of further eliminations of appropriations contained in this act, which I am constrained to make for the reasons hereinafter set forth, and in the appreciation of the fact, that our state is at this time most unfortunately unable to bear the burden of new and additional taxes for road of other purposes, I have determined to meet the emergency, that the levy of ten cents upon each one hundred dollars of assessed valuation, shall be used exclusively in the construction and for the completion of those road projects to which the state has been committed. These projects lie in and through each of the counties of the state, and the expenditure of this fund for such purposes, to the exclusion of any division to the 75 per cent apportionment account, is certainly in the interest not only of relieving the present chaotic condition of state highway finances but in the direct interest of road construction for the benefit of each of the counties of the state. To continue the 75 per cent apportionment during the present emergency would entail one of two consequences: Either a tax must be paid in excess of the ten-cent levy to finance state work, which I believe would add a burden unbearable at this time upon the people of the state, or the state highway department must limit itself in the construction of those projects to which the state has been committed, to the use of the 75 per cent fund within the confines of the respective counties. In some of the counties the apportionment is more than sufficient, and in others it is far too small, to enable the desired construction to be done, which, on the whole, would result in an utter lack of provision to meet the existing emergency.
“Without committing myself to an expression of an opinion upon the desirability of a permanent elimination of the 75 per cent fund or account, the following *402ideas occur and are pertinent in this connection: The reasons which dictated the establishment of the 75 per cent fund have ceased to exist or are of little relative importance. Apprehension was formerly-entertained that, if provisions were not made by statute for the equitable division among counties of road moneys, political manipulation would work to the undue advantage of the larger and more politically powerful counties and to the disadvantage of their weaker and smaller sisters. But the advent of federal co-operation in the building of state roads and the consequent supervision by the federal government, resulting in the establishment of the 7 per cent system and providing for the construction of an unified state system of roads, running through and benefiting all of the counties of the state, have entirely assured the respective counties of a fair and equitable division and' expenditure of road moneys, which is at once to the interest of the several counties and of the entire state of Arizona.
“I disapprove and veto for reasons stated, that portion of section 10. . . . ” (Italics ours.)
See section 10, supra.
It would seem from this letter and the reasons therein given that the Governor disapproved of the apportionment of 25 per cent of the levy to the state and 75 per cent thereof to the counties, but approved of the levy as a whole. If this veto be held good, and has, the effect desired by him, the taxpayer will still pay ten cents on the dollar, as it was intended he should, but instead of its being apportioned one-quarter to the state and three-quarters to the counties, it would be covered into the state treasury to be checked out by the agents of the state; in other words, the veto would not only destroy the authority of the state engineer and the supervisors to expend 75 per cent of the levy, but it would also destroy the allotment, object and purpose of the levy pro tanto. As a matter of fact, the Governor did not veto or disapprove of the use of 75 per cent *403of such levy for road purposes, but he objected, for economical and emergent reasons, to its being apportioned to the counties. He disapproved of the apportionment as made by the legislature and nothing else.
In the case of Fulmore v. Lane, 104 Tex. 499, 512, 140 S. W. 405-412, the court had under consideration the veto of the executive and, while holding that the power to veto an item or items was vested in the Governor it was said such power could not be extended beyond that; the court using the following language:
“The executive veto power is to be found alone in section 14, article 4, of the Constitution of this state. By that section he is authorized to disapprove any bill in whole, or, if a bill contains several items of appropriation, he is authorized to object to one or more of such items. Nowhere in the Constitution is the authority given the Governor to approve in part and disapprove in part a bill. The only additional authority to disapproving a bill in whole is that given to object to an item or items, where a bill contains several items of appropriation. It follows conclusively that where the veto power is attempted to be exercised to object to a paragraph or portion of a bill other than an item or items, or to language qualifying an appropriation or directing the method of its uses, he exceeds the constitutional authority vested in him, and his objection to such paragraph, or portion of a bill, or language qualifying' an appropriation, or directing the method of its use, becomes noneffective.”
As was said by us in Fairfield v. Foster, supra, referring to State v. Holder, 76 Miss. 158, 23 South. 643, as authority therefor, “the executive cannot veto a condition or proviso of an appropriation while allowing the appropriation to stand. That would be affirmative legislation, without even the concurrence of the legislature.” The aptness of this lan*404guage is obvious, since in the present ease the veto disapproves of the condition that 75 per cent of the levy be used under the direction of the state engineer and board of supervisors, and also a further condition, all too apparent from the context of the act, that it be used in the county where collected. We conclude that the veto is ineffectual.
The executive also disapproved of paragraphs (a) and (b) of subdivision 2, but, inasmuch as these subdivisions are purely tax-levying statutes, such disapproval did not have the effect of striking out these paragraphs.
The judgment of the lower court is affirmed.
McALISTER, C. J., concurs.