Court Opinion

ID: 9393852
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-11 15:04:28.640006+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:55.898884
License: Public Domain

2023 IL App (3d) 210292

                                  Opinion filed May 11, 2023
      ____________________________________________________________________________

                                                    IN THE

                                     APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                               THIRD DISTRICT

                                                      2023

      THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF                         )       Appeal from the Circuit Court
      ILLINOIS,                                          )       of the 10th Judicial Circuit,
                                                         )       Peoria County, Illinois.
              Plaintiff-Appellee,                        )
                                                         )       Appeal No. 3-21-0292
              v.                                         )       Circuit No. 14-CF-989
                                                         )
      DEON DAVELLE WELLS,                                )       The Honorable
                                                         )       Katherine S. Gorman,
              Defendant-Appellant.                       )       Judge, Presiding.
      ____________________________________________________________________________

            JUSTICE HETTEL delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
            Justices McDade and Albrecht concurred in the judgment and opinion.
      ____________________________________________________________________________

                                                  OPINION

¶1          In 2014, when defendant Deon D. Wells was 19 years old, he was charged with first degree

     murder (720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(2) (West 2014)). Defendant pled guilty, and in 2016, the trial court

     sentenced defendant to 40 years in prison. In 2017, defendant filed a postconviction petition,

     arguing that he was denied effective assistance of counsel and that his sentence violated the Illinois

     and United States Constitutions. The State filed a motion to dismiss, which the trial court granted.

     On appeal, defendant argues that section 5-4.5-115 of the Unified Code of Corrections (Unified

     Code) (730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-115 (West 2020)) violates the equal protection clauses of the Illinois

     Constitution and the United States Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 2; U.S. Const., amend.
     XIV, § 1) because it grants parole review only to young offenders sentenced after June 1, 2019,

     not those sentenced prior thereto, like defendant. We hold that section 5-4.5-115 of the Unified

     Code does not violate equal protection principles and, therefore, affirm defendant’s conviction and

     sentence.

¶2                                           I. BACKGROUND

¶3                                           A. Defendant’s Case

¶4          On December 26, 2014, defendant Deon D. Wells, a 19-year-old, was charged with first

     degree murder in connection with the death of a 19-month-old child. On October 8, 2015,

     defendant pled guilty in exchange for a 40-year cap on his prison sentence. On January 15, 2016,

     the trial court sentenced defendant to 40 years in prison.

¶5          On October 12, 2017, defendant filed a pro se postconviction petition alleging ineffective

     assistance of counsel. The trial court appointed postconviction counsel to represent defendant.

     Defendant’s counsel filed a supplemental postconviction petition, alleging that defendant’s

     sentence violates the eighth amendment of the United States Constitution and the proportionate

     penalties clauses of the Illinois and United States Constitutions. The State filed a motion to dismiss

     defendant’s original and supplemental postconviction petitions. On July 2, 2021, the trial court

     granted the State’s motion to dismiss defendant’s postconviction petitions.

¶6          On appeal, defendant raises a new argument. He contends that section 5-4.5-115 of the

     Unified Code violates the equal protection clauses of the Illinois Constitution and the United States

     Constitution.

¶7                                B. Section 5-4.5-115 of the Unified Code

¶8          In January 2017, House Bill 531 was introduced in the Illinois General Assembly and was

     enacted two years later as Public Act 100-1182, adding section 5-4.5-115 to the Unified Code.

                                                       2
     Pub. Act 100-1182 (eff. June 1, 2019) (adding 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-115). Section 5-4.5-115 of the

     Unified Code creates parole review for offenders under the age of 21 at the time of their offense.

     730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-115(b) (West 2020). Under the statute, a person convicted of first degree murder

     is eligible for parole after serving 20 years if he was under 21 years old at the time of the offense

     and was sentenced after June 1, 2019. Id. In determining if a defendant should be granted parole,

     the Prisoner Review Board must “consider the diminished culpability of youthful offenders, the

     hallmark features of youth, and any subsequent growth and maturity of the youthful offender

     during incarceration.” Id. § 5-4.5-115(j).

¶9          According to one of its sponsors, Senator Don Harmon, the legislation was introduced as

     a “response to the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Miller against Alabama that laid out the

     fundamental notion that juvenile offenders are simply wired differently and have a propensity,

     much more so than older offenders, to be rehabilitated.” 100th Ill. Gen. Assem., Senate

     Proceedings, May 31, 2017, at 31 (statement of Senator Harmon). It creates “a parole system that

     would permit long sentences to be revisited at ten years or fifteen or twenty years depending ***

     on the crime.” Id. Senator Harmon explained:

            “The Supreme Court—the U.S. Supreme Court’s jurisprudence on youthful

            offenders is moving forward and is relying upon the—the brain science of

            development. And the science of brain development suggests that young people

            don’t reach the age of fully formed brains at eighteen or at twenty-one. It’s not till

            the mid-twenties, so we’re still a few years away from the—the brain science here.

            *** [T]here is no judge on the planet who can look at a nineteen-year-old and say,

            I know for a fact that you’re the kind of young person who is going to mature and

            rehabilitate in prison or you’re the kind who is never going to get out of prison.

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              That’s why we create this parole process, so that ten years or fifteen years down the

              road, we can have a second look at the offender and say whether or not it is

              appropriate for them to be released. *** To the concern over victims, a concern that

              I shared, victims were at the table. This is prospective only. It will not disturb any

              victims who are—whose offenders have already been imprisoned.” Id. at 36.

¶ 10          One of the bill’s House sponsors, Representative Barbara Flynn Currie, explained the

       proposed legislation as follows:

              “All this measure does is just say that people who committed crimes, while they

              were under the age of 21, will after 10 years, in some cases 20 years, in some cases

              never, have the opportunity to go to the Prisoner Review Board, to say I am a

              different person, and I do think that it would be appropriate for me to be released.

              In no way is this a get out of jail free card. I have no reason to think that the Prisoner

              Review Board would apply any but the most stringent standards, to a decision

              whether to release somebody after 10 years or after 20. But I do think that our

              correctional system should be premised on the idea of rehabilitation, not just

              retribution. Rehabilitation so that when somebody has shown that they really are

              different they’re really a changed person, we ought to take that seriously. We ought

              to take it into account. We ought to give them a second chance. *** Think about

              what we know *** about brain research that says that young people, and the subject

              of this Bill is young people, do not always have good judgment. They haven’t

              always understood the consequences of their actions. *** This is a critical change

              in our criminal justice system. To recognize that young people should be given, if

                                                          4
              they deserve it, a second chance.” 100th Ill. Gen. Assem., House Proceedings , Nov.

              28, 2018, at 47-48 (statement of Representative Currie).

       According to one of the bill’s cosponsors: “This Bill provides an opportunity for youthful

       offenders to rehabilitate, remediate, and reenter society.” Id. at 50 (statement of Representative

       Parkhurst).

¶ 11          During the House debates, the following exchange took place between Representative

       C.D. Davidsmeyer and Representative Currie:

                      “DAVIDSMEYER: Is this only going forward? So if somebody who has

              committed a crime prior to this becoming law *** is not affected by this?

                      CURRIE: Absolutely, I’m glad you mentioned that. I meant to say so in my

              opening remarks. This Bill will not affect anybody who is currently serving time in

              the Illinois Correctional system. It is prospective only.”

                      DAVIDSMEYER: So, you know *** one of the concerns of my local

              State’s Attorneys was you know, making a promise to the victim’s family that this

              person will never come back. Now they’ll know going in *** that they may have

              an opportunity for parole in 10 years, or 20 years or whatever that date may be,

              correct?

                      CURRIE: And that was the reason we made the change because of the

              concern for victim families.” Id. at 52-53 (statements of Representatives

              Davidsmeyer and Currie).

¶ 12   Representative Rita Mayfield stated:

              “I do want to just reiterate that this Bill is prospective, meaning those individuals

              who are not currently incarcerated. This gives the State’s Attorneys opportunities,

                                                        5
              when they are doing their sentencing, to take in consideration, you know the length

              of the sentence when they are giving them. Knowing that after 10 or 20 years that

              individual may be getting out.” Id. at 55 (statement of Representative Mayfield).

       In addressing the scope of the bill, Representative Currie stated: “[T]he Sentencing Policy

       Advisory Committee did give us help in figuring out how many people might be coming before

       the Prisoner Review Board were this Bill to become Law, affecting as it does, only future

       criminals, and the number is probably under 100 a year.” Id. at 61-62 (statement of Representative

       Currie).

¶ 13          In Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 479 (2012), the United States Supreme Court ruled

       that a defendant under 18 years of age cannot be sentenced to life in prison without the possibility

       of parole unless the sentencing court considers youth and various factors attendant to it because of

       “children’s diminished culpability and heightened capacity for change.” “[T]he evolving science

       on juvenile maturity and brain development” suggests that the principles of Miller may also apply

       to young adults. People v. House, 2021 IL 125124, ¶¶ 29, 32; see also People v. Hilliard, 2021 IL

       App (1st) 200112, ¶ 25 (“young adults (those between 18 and 21 years old) may rely on the

       evolving neuroscience regarding brain development in juveniles and its correlation to maturity

       underpinning the Miller decision” to support a constitutional challenge to a life sentence); People

       v. Daniels, 2020 IL App (1st) 171738, ¶ 25 (young adults 20 years old and younger may “rely on

       the evolving neuroscience and societal standards underlying the rule in Miller” to support

       constitutional challenges to life sentences).

¶ 14          Section 5-4.5-115 of the Unified Code was enacted in response to “emerging case law” to

       address “youthful offenders under the age of 21.” People v. Green, 2022 IL App (1st) 200749,

       ¶ 41. It seems to be “a remedial response to the constitutional issues recognized in Miller for both

                                                        6
       juveniles and young adults.” People v. Elliott, 2022 IL App (1st) 192294, ¶ 56. The legislation is

       one of the “significant steps” taken by the legislature “in implementing Miller protections.” People

       v. Montanez, 2022 IL App (1st) 191930, ¶ 59.

¶ 15                                              II. ANALYSIS

¶ 16                           A. Timeliness of Defendant’s Constitutional Attack

¶ 17          Ordinarily, a defendant forfeits an issue he does not raise in his postconviction petition.

       See People v. Davis, 2014 IL 115595, ¶ 13 (citing People v. Ortiz, 235 Ill. 2d 319, 328 (2009)).

       However, a challenge to the constitutionality of a statute may be raised at any time, including for

       the first time on appeal. People v. Roberts, 331 Ill. App. 3d 15, 18 (2002) (citing People v. Wright,

       194 Ill. 2d 1, 23 (2000), and People v. Wooters, 188 Ill. 2d 500, 510 (1999)). A defendant may

       attack a statute’s constitutionality on appeal even if he did not raise the issue in the trial court in

       his postconviction petition. People v. Villareal, 2021 IL App (1st) 181817, ¶ 11 (citing People v.

       Thompson, 2015 IL 118151, ¶ 32, and Davis, 2014 IL 115595, ¶ 26). Thus, even though defendant

       did not raise the constitutionality of section 5-4.5-115 of the Unified Code in his postconviction

       petition, we will consider defendant’s challenge on appeal.

¶ 18                              B. Constitutional Equal Protection Principles

¶ 19          “All statutes are presumed to be constitutional.” People v. Funches, 212 Ill. 2d 334, 339

       (2004). “The party challenging the constitutionality of a statute bears the burden of rebutting this

       presumption and clearly establishing a constitutional violation.” Id. A court must construe a statute

       to uphold its constitutionality if reasonably possible. Id. We review the constitutionality of a

       statute de novo. Id. at 340.

¶ 20          The equal protection clause of the Illinois Constitution provides: “No person shall be

       deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law nor be denied the equal protection

                                                         7
       of the laws.” Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 2. Likewise, the equal protection clause of the United States

       Constitution provides: “[N]or shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property,

       without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of

       the laws.” U.S. Const., amend. XIV, § 1.

¶ 21           In conducting an equal protection analysis, we apply the same standards under the United

       States Constitution and the Illinois Constitution. In re Jonathon C.B., 2011 IL 107750, ¶ 116. The

       constitutional right to equal protection guarantees that similarly situated individuals will be treated

       in a similar manner, unless the government can demonstrate an appropriate reason to treat them

       differently. Id. The equal protection clause does not forbid the legislature from drawing proper

       distinctions in legislation among different categories of people, but it prohibits the government

       from doing so on the basis of criteria wholly unrelated to the legislation’s purpose. Id. When a

       legislative classification does not affect a fundamental right or discriminate against a suspect class,

       we apply a rational basis scrutiny and consider whether the challenged classification bears a

       rational relationship to a legitimate governmental purpose. People v. Masterson, 2011 IL 110072,

       ¶ 24.

¶ 22           “Under the rational-basis test, judicial review of legislative classifications is limited and

       generally deferential ***.” In re A.A., 181 Ill. 2d 32, 38 (1998). “[A] challenged classification may

       be invalidated only if it is arbitrary or bears no reasonable relationship to the pursuit of a legitimate

       State goal.” People v. P.H., 145 Ill. 2d 209, 229 (1991) (citing Harris v. Manor Healthcare Corp.,

       111 Ill. 2d 350, 371 (1986)). The classification must be upheld if any set of facts can reasonably

       be conceived to justify it. A.A., 181 Ill. 2d at 38. In an equal protection challenge, “ ‘[t]he burden

       is on the one attacking the legislative arrangement to negative every conceivable basis which might

                                                          8
       support it.’ ” Searle Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Department of Revenue, 117 Ill. 2d 454, 465 (1987)

       (quoting Madden v. Kentucky, 309 U.S. 83, 88 (1939)).

¶ 23           The rational basis test does not require that the legislature ever state the purpose or rationale

       supporting its classification. Cutinello v. Whitley, 161 Ill. 2d 409, 420 (1994). “It requires only that

       there be a reasonable relationship between the challenged legislation and a conceivable, and

       perhaps unarticulated, governmental interest.” Id.; see Nordlinger v. Hahn, 505 U.S. 1, 15 (1992)

       (“Equal Protection Clause does not demand for purposes of rational-basis review that a legislature

       or governing decisionmaker actually articulate at any time the purpose or rationale supporting its

       classification”). “[I]t is entirely irrelevant for constitutional purposes whether the conceived reason

       for the challenged distinction actually motivated the legislature.” Federal Communications

       Comm’n v. Beach Communications, Inc., 508 U.S. 307, 315 (1993); Miller v. Department of Public

       Aid, 94 Ill. App. 3d 11, 20 (1981). “Where any plausible reasons for the legislature’s actions can

       be discerned, this court’s inquiry ends.” Miller, 94 Ill. App. 3d at 20.

¶ 24           When reviewing a statute challenged as violating equal protection, we must give “high

       deference” to the legislature (People v. Gale, 376 Ill. App. 3d 344, 359 (2007)) and exercise

       “judicial restraint” (Beach Communications, 508 U.S. at 314). We may not second-guess the

       wisdom of the legislature in creating the classification. See United States v. Carolene Products

       Co., 304 U.S. 144, 154 (1938); see also Beach Communications, 508 U.S. at 313 (“[E]qual

       protection is not a license for courts to judge the wisdom, fairness, or logic of legislative choices.”).

       Nor may we question if the classification is the best means to achieve the goals of the legislature.

       See Gale, 376 Ill. App. 3d at 359; Vermouth v. Corrothers, 827 F.2d 599, 603 (9th Cir. 1987); see

       also Mourning v. Family Publications Service, Inc., 411 U.S. 356, 378 (1973) (rational-basis

       review does not allow courts “to speculate as to whether the statute is unwise or whether the evils

                                                          9
       sought to be remedied could have been regulated in some other manner”). “If the classification has

       some ‘reasonable basis,’ it does not offend the Constitution simply because *** [‘]in practice it

       results in some inequality.’ ” Dandridge v. Williams, 397 U.S. 471, 485 (1970) (quoting Lindsley

       v. Natural Carbonic Gas Co., 220 U.S. 61, 78 (1911)).

¶ 25           “Prospective application of a new doctrine or rule of law does not violate the equal

       protection of laws under either the Federal or Illinois constitution.” Coney v. J.L.G. Industries,

       Inc., 97 Ill. 2d 104, 125 (1983); People v. Hunter, 2016 IL App (1st) 141904, ¶ 61. “[N]either the

       fourteenth amendment nor the Illinois Constitution prevents statutes and statutory changes from

       having a beginning, nor does either prohibit reasonable distinctions between rights as of an earlier

       time and rights as they may be determined at a later time.” People v. Richardson, 2015 IL 118255,

       ¶ 10; see also Sperry & Hutchinson Co. v. Rhodes, 220 U.S. 502, 505 (1911) (“[T]he Fourteenth

       Amendment does not forbid statutes and statutory changes to have a beginning and thus to

       discriminate between the rights of an earlier and later time.”). Even though the legislature might

       have granted benefits retroactively, it is not required to do so when it appears to have a legitimate

       reason for applying them prospectively. See Frazier v. Manson, 703 F.2d 30, 36 (2d Cir. 1983).

¶ 26                             1. Equal Protection and Prospective Sentencing Laws

¶ 27           Courts “generally defer to the legislature in the sentencing arena because the legislature is

       institutionally better equipped to gauge the seriousness of various offenses and to fashion sentences

       accordingly.” People v. Sharpe, 216 Ill. 2d 481, 487 (2005). “The legislature’s discretion in setting

       criminal penalties is broad, and courts generally decline to overrule legislative determinations in

       this area unless the challenged penalty is clearly in excess of the general constitutional limitations

       on this authority.” Id.

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¶ 28          “[T]here is no requirement that two persons convicted of the same offense receive

       identical sentences.” Williams v. Illinois, 399 U.S. 235, 243 (1970). “It is perfectly proper for the

       [l]egislature to create a new sentencing procedure which operates prospectively only.” People v.

       Gilchrist, 183 Cal. Rptr. 709, 713 (Ct. App. 1982). “A legislature may prospectively reduce the

       maximum penalty for a crime even though prisoners sentenced to the maximum penalty before the

       effective date of the act would serve a longer term of imprisonment than one sentenced to the

       maximum term thereafter.” Frazier, 703 F.2d at 36. Discrepancies in sentencing among defendants

       who committed the same or similar crimes at different times are not unconstitutional under equal

       protection principles because such discrepancies are inescapable whenever the legislature raises

       or lowers the penalties for an offense. See United States v. Goncalves, 642 F.3d 245, 253 (1st Cir.

       2011). “There is no denial of equal protection in having persons sentenced under one system for

       crimes committed before [a specific date] and another class of prisoners sentenced under a different

       system.” Foster v. Washington State Board of Prison Terms & Paroles, 878 F.2d 1233, 1235 (9th

       Cir. 1989).

¶ 29          Our supreme court has determined that amending a sentencing statute prospectively does

       not violate equal protection. See People v. Grant, 71 Ill. 2d 551 (1978). On February 1, 1978, the

       legislature amended a sentencing provision and made it applicable only to defendants who had not

       yet been sentenced as of its effective date. Id. at 561. The Grant defendant, who was sentenced

       nearly three years earlier, argued that his equal protection rights were violated because there was

       no rational basis for distinguishing between individuals sentenced after the statute’s effective date

       and those, like him, who were sentenced prior to that date. Id. Our supreme court rejected the

       defendant’s equal protection challenge, stating:

                                                          11
              “Without a doubt, the power of the legislature to determine punishment is subject

              to constitutional limitations. Nevertheless, the ability to elect to be sentenced under

              a law enacted after the date of the commission of a crime is not a constitutional

              right but a benefit conferred solely by statute. It is not unconstitutional for the

              legislature to confer such benefit only prospectively, neither is it unconstitutional

              for the legislature to specify ‘a classification between groups differently situated,

              so long as a reasonable basis for the distinction exists.’ [Citation.] In this instance,

              the legislature distinguished between those defendants, on the one hand, who had

              not yet been accorded any sentencing hearings prior to the cut-off date, and those,

              on the other hand, whose sentences, already imposed, would require remandments

              for additional sentencing hearings. We find this to be a reasonable basis for

              distinction and, therefore, no constitutional denial of equal protection.” Id. at 561-

              62.

¶ 30          Nearly 40 years later, our supreme court relied on Grant to uphold a legislative

       classification that applied prospectively only. See Richardson, 2015 IL 118255, ¶ 10. In

       Richardson, the defendant was charged with criminal offenses in June 2013, when he was 17 years

       old. Id. ¶ 3. At that time, the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 only applied to minors under 17 years of

       age. Id.; see 705 ILCS 405/5-120 (West 2012). In July 2013, the legislature amended the Juvenile

       Court Act so that it applied to minors under 18 years of age beginning on the statute’s effective

       date of January 1, 2014. Richardson, 2015 IL 118255, ¶ 3. The amendment included a saving

       clause providing that its changes only “ ‘apply to violations or attempted violations committed on

       or after the effective date of this amendatory Act.’ ” Id. (quoting 705 ILCS 405/5-120 (West Supp.

       2013)). The defendant argued that the saving clause violated his equal protection rights because

                                                        12
       he was 17 when he committed his crimes. Id. ¶ 1. Our supreme court disagreed, finding the

       challenged legislative classification distinguishing between those who committed violations

       before and after the statute’s effective date “is rationally related to the legislature’s goal of

       including 17-year-olds within the jurisdiction of the Juvenile Court Act.” Id. ¶ 10. The court

       explained:

              “The saving clause reasonably achieves the amendment’s purpose of including 17-

              year-olds within the jurisdiction of the Juvenile Court Act because it does so in a

              manner that avoids confusion and delay and also preserves judicial resources. By

              limiting the amendment’s application to violations or attempted violations

              committed on or after the effective date, an accused, as well as the courts, are on

              notice as to whether the Juvenile Court Act will apply in certain proceedings. ***

              We acknowledge that statutory amendments which apply to some but not to others

              may appear unfair to a certain extent. This is particularly true with ameliorative

              amendments such as the amendment here. Nevertheless, statutory changes must

              have a beginning. The simple fact that the saving clause precludes the amendment

              from applying to some 17-year-olds such as defendant does not defeat its

              constitutionality. Here, the legislature’s chosen effective date bears a rational

              relationship to the legislature’s goal of extending the exclusive jurisdiction

              provision of the Juvenile Court Act.” Id.

¶ 31          Thereafter, in Hunter, 2016 IL App (1st) 141904, ¶¶ 60-61, the First District held that

       section 5-4.5-105 of the Unified Code (730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-105 (West 2016)), which requires trial

       courts to consider mitigating factors when sentencing a juvenile, does not violate the equal

       protection clause even though it applies only to individuals sentenced after the statute’s effective

                                                       13
       date. The court cited Richardson in support of its decision. Hunter, 2016 IL App (1st) 141904,

       ¶ 61. Like section 5-4.5-115 of the Unified Code, the legislature enacted section 5-4.5-105 of the

       Unified Code in response to Miller. See Montanez, 2022 IL App (1st) 191930, ¶ 59.

¶ 32          Our sister states have also determined that equal protection principles allow ameliorative

       sentencing provisions to be applied prospectively only. See, e.g., State v. Ross, 95 P.3d 1225, 1235

       (Wash. 2004) (rejecting claim that prospective application of sentencing amendments violated

       equal protection by “favoring offenders who committed crimes after the amendments’ effective

       date”); Ex parte Zimmerman, 838 So. 2d 408, 412 (Ala. 2002) (finding the defendant’s equal

       protection rights were not violated by prospective sentencing statute because defendant was

       “treated similarly to all other offenders sentenced under the law in effect at the time he was

       sentenced”); Carter v. State, 512 N.E.2d 158, 170 (Ind. 1987) (holding the defendant was not

       denied equal protection where he was sentenced “according to the statute in effect at that

       time”); Bowen v. Recorder’s Court Judge, 179 N.W.2d 377, 378 (Mich. 1970) (holding

       prospective application of sentencing amendment did not violate the defendant’s equal protection

       rights); Clayton v. Iowa District Court, 907 N.W.2d 824, 828-30 (Iowa Ct. App. 2017) (finding

       no equal protection violation where ameliorative sentencing provision applied only prospectively

       and did not apply to the defendant); People v. Smith, 185 Cal. Rptr. 3d 68, 73 (Ct. App. 2015)

       (“Prospective application of the ameliorative benefits of second strike sentencing under

       Proposition 36 does not violate equal protection guarantees.”); Burch v. Tennessee Department of

       Correction, 994 S.W.2d 137, 138-39 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999) (rejecting the defendant’s claim that

       his equal protection rights were violated by imposing “a different penalty upon him than upon an

       individual guilty of an identical crime, just because of his date of sentencing”). No denial of equal

       protection occurs when the legislature enacts a statute lowering the punishment for a crime with

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       prospective relief only, thereby making it inapplicable to those already sentenced. See State v.

       Clayton, 89 A.2d 96, 98 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1952).

¶ 33          Additionally, federal courts have consistently upheld the nonretroactivity of the Fair

       Sentencing Act (FSA), which reduced penalties for defendants sentenced after a certain date. See

       Dorsey v. United States, 567 U.S. 260, 281 (2012); United States v. Black, 737 F.3d 280, 287 (4th

       Cir. 2013); United States v. Swangin, 726 F.3d 205, 207 (D.C. Cir. 2013); United States v. Reeves,

       717 F.3d 647, 651 (8th Cir. 2013); United States v. Lucero, 713 F.3d 1024, 1027-28 (10th Cir.

       2013); United States v. Hippolyte, 712 F.3d 535, 542 (11th Cir. 2013); United States v. Speed, 656

       F.3d 714, 720 (7th Cir. 2011); United States v. Reevey, 631 F.3d 110, 115 (3d Cir. 2010).

       “Disparate treatment” among inmates based on their date of sentencing is “plainly rational”

       because “ ‘discrepancies among persons who committed similar crimes are inescapable whenever

       Congress raises or lowers the penalties for an offense.’ ” Speed, 656 F.3d at 720 (quoting

       Goncalves, 642 F.3d at 253). “Someone, in the end, will always be left behind to live with the

       earlier, harsher penalty, whenever Congress chooses to amend a sentencing statute.” Id. “Whatever

       arbitrariness there may be is therefore unavoidable.” Id.

¶ 34                               2. Equal Protection and Parole Eligibility

¶ 35          “[P]arole laws do not fix punishment but direct the manner of imposing sentence by the

       court.” People v. Moses, 288 Ill. 281, 287 (1919) (citing Featherstone v. People, 194 Ill. 325

       (1901)). Parole does not end or change the length of a sentence but “authoriz[es] service of the

       sentence outside the penitentiary.” People ex rel. Abner v. Kinney, 30 Ill. 2d 201, 205 (1964).

¶ 36          Just as the legislature is in the best position to make changes to sentencing statutes (see

       Sharpe, 216 Ill. 2d at 487), the determination of when a prisoner shall become eligible for parole

       is “purely a legislative function.” People v. Rucker, 364 Ill. 371, 375 (1936). “[A] prisoner has no

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       right, except as the legislature gives it, to be paroled.” People ex rel. Kubala v. Kinney, 25 Ill. 2d

       491, 495 (1962). “[I]t is clear that parole in Illinois is in the nature of a gift and as such, its

       conditions can be changed at the discretion of the legislature.” Harris v. Irving, 90 Ill. App. 3d 56,

       62 (1980). “[T]he legislature has the power to make changes in the terms and conditions for parole”

       and make those changes effective at any time. Kubala, 25 Ill. 2d at 494-95. It is improper for courts

       to judge “the wisdom of the legislative plan for parole of prisoners committed to the Department

       of Corrections.” People v. Williams, 66 Ill. 2d 179, 188 (1977).

¶ 37          Both state and federal courts have found that prospective parole eligibility laws do not

       violate equal protection principles. See Whatley v. State, 228 So. 3d 963, 964 (Miss. Ct. App.

       2017); Bergee v. South Dakota Board of Pardons & Paroles, 2000 SD 35, ¶ 23, 608 N.W.2d 636;

       Mayabb v. Johnson, 168 F.3d 863, 870-71 (5th Cir. 1999)). “ ‘A state’s decision to expand parole

       eligibility only on a prospective basis is rational’ and does not violate the constitutional rights of

       offenders convicted previously.” Whatley, 228 So. 3d at 964 (quoting Fluker v. State, 200 So. 3d

       1148, 1149 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016)); see also Bergee, 2000 SD 35, ¶ 25, 608 N.W.2d 636 (finding

       “inmates’ equal protection rights were not violated by *** application of the old parole laws to

       those sentenced for crimes committed before the effective date” of the new parole laws).

¶ 38                     3. Equal Protection and Section 5-4.5-115 of the Unified Code

¶ 39          Defendant contends that section 5-4.5-115 of the Unified Code violates principles of equal

       protection because it does not apply to defendants who, like him, were under 21 years of age when

       they committed their crimes but were sentenced prior to June 1, 2019. Defendant concedes that

       section 5-4.5-115 does not affect a fundamental right or discriminate against a suspect class, so

       rational basis scrutiny applies. See Masterson, 2011 IL 110072, ¶ 24. Defendant contends that

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       granting parole eligibility only to defendants sentenced after June 1, 2019, has no rational basis.

       We disagree.

¶ 40          First, “[i]mprovement in sentencing is [a] rational government purpose.” Foster, 878 F.2d

       at 1235 (citing Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361 (1989)). In 2015, our appellate court urged

       the legislature to improve sentencing laws in this state for minors and young adults. See People v.

       Decatur, 2015 IL App (1st) 130231, ¶ 18 (asking the legislature “to revisit the sentencing schemes

       that result in *** lengthy imprisonment terms without allowing for adequate consideration of

       mitigating factors such as age”); People v. Gipson, 2015 IL App (1st) 122451, ¶ 80 (“urging the

       legislature to expeditiously address the inability of our present statutory scheme to provide

       allowances for the special considerations that youth warrants”). In 2019, our legislature created

       section 5-4.5-115 of the Unified Code, which allows those who committed crimes when they were

       younger than 21 years of age “a meaningful opportunity for release” from prison. People v. Beck,

       2021 IL App (5th) 200252, ¶¶ 22, 25, 26. As Senator Harmon explained, the impetus for the

       legislation was Miller, 567 U.S. 460, in which the United States Supreme Court determined that

       juvenile offenders are much more likely than adults to be rehabilitated. See 100th Ill. Gen. Assem.,

       Senate Proceedings, May 31, 2017, at 31 (comments of Senator Harmon). Based on “the science

       of brain development” suggesting that brains of young adults are still not fully formed, the

       legislature created the “parole process” set forth in section 5-4.5-115. See id. Thus, section 5-4.5-

       115 of the Unified Code is rationally related to the legitimate government purpose of improving

       sentencing laws for young adults. Therefore, it does not violate equal protection principles.

¶ 41          Furthermore, the legislature’s decision to grant parole eligibility only prospectively to

       defendants sentenced after June 1, 2019, is rationally related to the legislature’s goal of

       implementing sentencing reform “one step at a time.” People v. Anderson, 148 Ill. 2d 15, 31

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       (1992); Michael v. Ghee, 498 F.3d 372, 379 (6th Cir. 2007). “The legislature need not deal with

       all conceivable evils at once; it may proceed one step at a time.” Anderson, 148 Ill. 2d at 31.

       “Prospective application allows the [l]egislature to control the risk of new legislation by limiting

       its application.” People v. Lynch, 146 Cal. Rptr. 3d 811, 817 (Ct. App. 2012). If the legislature

       subsequently determines the benefits of the legislation outweigh its costs, then it may extend the

       legislation’s benefits retroactively. Id.; see also Anderson, 148 Ill. 2d at 31 (“Should the legislature

       see fit to broaden the scope of the statute to include other possible groups, it is free to do so.”).

       “Requiring the [l]egislature to apply retroactively any change in the law benefitting criminal

       defendants imposes unnecessary additional burdens to the already difficult task of fashioning a

       criminal justice system that protects the public and rehabilitates criminals.” Lynch, 146 Cal. Rptr.

       3d at 817. Because the prospective application of parole eligibility under section 5-4.5-115 is

       reasonably related to the legitimate government interest of implementing change “one step at a

       time,” the statute does not violate equal protection principles.

¶ 42           In Illinois, “prospective application of a statute is preferred.” Cooper v. Chicago Transit

       Authority, 224 Ill. App. 3d 321, 324 (1991). This preference is codified in section 4 of the

       Statute on Statutes (5 ILCS 70/4 (West 2020)), which provides: “No new law shall be construed

       *** in any way whatever to affect any *** offense or act *** committed or done, or any penalty,

       forfeiture or punishment *** incurred *** before the new law takes effect ***.” “[S]ection 4

       represents a clear legislative indication that the retroactive application of substantive statutory

       changes is forbidden.” Caveney v. Bower, 207 Ill. 2d 82, 95 (2003). Thus, section 5-4.5-115 of the

       Unified Code, which applies a new parole process prospectively to those sentenced after its

       effective date, is rationally related to our State’s interest in applying new laws prospectively, not

       retroactively.

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¶ 43          Moreover, “the State has a weighty interest in the finality of *** sentences.” In re N.G.,

       2018 IL 121939, ¶ 59. Prospective-only application of sentencing laws based on sentencing date

       “maintains the integrity of sentences that were valid when imposed and ensures the discretion

       exercised in the charging, plea bargaining, and sentencing decisions of the People and the trial

       courts is not destabilized or nullified.” People v. Cruz, 143 Cal. Rptr. 3d 742, 753 (Ct. App. 2012).

       Thus, section 5-4.5-115 of the Unified Code, which applies a new parole process prospectively to

       individuals sentenced after its effective date, is rationally related to the government’s interest in

       ensuring the finality of sentences.

¶ 44          In discussing the proposed legislation that became section 5-4.5-115 of the Unified Code,

       it was important to legislators that the new parole process be applied only prospectively to

       criminals not yet sentenced. See 100th Ill. Gen. Assem., Senate Proceedings, May 31, 2017, at 31,

       36; 100th Ill. Gen. Assem., House Proceedings, Nov. 28, 2018, at 47-48, 52-53, 55, 62. It was not

       necessary for the legislature to articulate any purpose for enacting the statute or applying it

       prospectively. See Cutinello, 161 Ill. 2d at 420. A statute passes constitutional muster as long as

       “any plausible reasons for the legislature’s action can be discerned.” Miller, 94 Ill. App. 3d at 20.

       As set forth above, there were many rational bases supporting the legislature’s enactment of section

       5-4.5-115 of the Unified Code and its prospective application. Thus, the statute passes

       constitutional muster, and we reject defendant’s constitutional challenge.

¶ 45                                           III. CONCLUSION

¶ 46          The judgment of the circuit court of Peoria County is affirmed.

¶ 47          Affirmed.

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                         People v. Wells, 2023 IL App (3d) 210292

Decision Under Review:        Appeal from the Circuit Court of Peoria County, No. 14-CF-
                              989; the Hon. Katherine S. Gorman, Judge, presiding.

Attorneys                     James E. Chadd, Thomas A. Karalis, and Bryon Kohut, of State
for                           Appellate Defender’s Office, of Ottawa, for appellant.
Appellant:

Attorneys                     Jodi Hoos, State’s Attorney, of Peoria (Patrick Delfino, Thomas
for                           D. Arado, Gary F. Gnidovec, of State’s Attorneys Appellate
Appellee:                     Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.

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