Court Opinion

ID: 9397768
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-26 14:00:47.417877+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:19:27.518554
License: Public Domain

Case: 22-1111   Document: 61     Page: 1   Filed: 05/26/2023

        NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.

   United States Court of Appeals
       for the Federal Circuit
                 ______________________

                    ETHICON LLC,
                      Appellant

                            v.

      INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION,
                  Appellee

      INTUITIVE SURGICAL, INC., INTUITIVE
     SURGICAL OPERATIONS, INC., INTUITIVE
      SURGICAL HOLDINGS, LLC, INTUITIVE
          SURGICAL S. DE R.L. DE C.V.,
                    Intervenors
              ______________________

                       2022-1111
                 ______________________

    Appeal from the United States International Trade
 Commission in Investigation No. 337-TA-1167.
                 ______________________

                 Decided: May 26, 2023
                 ______________________

    ANISH R. DESAI, Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP, New
 York, NY, argued for appellant. Also represented by
 ELIZABETH WEISWASSER; PRIYATA PATEL, CHRISTOPHER
 PEPE, ZACHARY TRIPP, Washington, DC.
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 2                                            ETHICON LLC   v. ITC

     BENJAMIN S. RICHARDS, Office of General Counsel,
 United States International Trade Commission, Washing-
 ton, DC, argued for appellee. Also represented by WAYNE
 W. HERRINGTON.

     ROGER A. DENNING, Fish & Richardson, P.C., San Di-
 ego, CA, argued for intervenors. Also represented by RYAN
 PATRICK O'CONNOR; KENTON W. FREEMAN, JR., RICHARD
 ALEX STERBA, Washington, DC; FRANK SCHERKENBACH,
 Boston, MA.
                  ______________________

     Before LOURIE, REYNA, and CHEN, Circuit Judges.
 CHEN, Circuit Judge.
      Ethicon LLC (Ethicon) appeals a decision by the Inter-
 national Trade Commission (Commission) determining
 that Intuitive Surgical, Inc.; Intuitive Surgical Operations,
 Inc.; Intuitive Surgical Holdings, LLC; and Intuitive Sur-
 gical S. De R.L. De C.V. (collectively, Intuitive) did not vio-
 late 19 U.S.C. § 1337 by importing or selling certain
 laparoscopic surgical staplers, reload cartridges, and com-
 ponents thereof (Accused Products). In the Matter of Cer-
 tain Laparoscopic Surgical Staplers, Reload Cartridges, &
 Components Thereof, Inv. No. 337-TA-1167, 2021
 WL 6071753 (Dec. 20, 2021) (Comm’n Opinion). Relevant
 to this appeal, the Commission determined that Intuitive’s
 Accused Products did not infringe claims 22 and 23 of U.S.
 Patent No. 9,844,369 (’369 patent) and that claim 24 of U.S.
 Patent No. 8,479,969 (’969 patent) is invalid under 35
 U.S.C. § 103. Id. at *15–33. Ethicon appeals the Commis-
 sion’s determinations on claim construction, infringement,
 and invalidity. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
 § 1295(a)(6). Because we agree with the Commission’s con-
 struction of “means for guiding” and determine that sub-
 stantial     evidence     supports       its    findings     of
 (i) noninfringement of the “means for guiding” limitation
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 ETHICON LLC   v. ITC                                         3

 for the ’369 patent and (ii) a motivation to combine the as-
 serted prior art references for the ’969 patent, we affirm.
                          DISCUSSION
      We review the Commission’s legal conclusions de novo
 and its factual findings for substantial evidence. Hyosung
 TNS Inc. v. Int’l Trade Comm’n, 926 F.3d 1353, 1356 (Fed.
 Cir. 2019). Claim construction decided only on the intrinsic
 evidence is a question of law. Hologic, Inc. v. Minerva Sur-
 gical, Inc., 44 F.4th 1358, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2022). For claims
 with means-plus-function limitations governed by 35
 U.S.C. § 112(f), the identification of the claimed function
 and any corresponding structure are questions of law.
 Egenera, Inc. v. Cisco Sys., Inc., 972 F.3d 1367, 1373 (Fed.
 Cir. 2020). Infringement and motivation to combine refer-
 ences in an obviousness determination are questions of
 fact.    Finjan, Inc. v. Secure Computing Corp., 626
 F.3d 1197, 1202 (Fed. Cir. 2010); Intelligent Bio-Sys., Inc.
 v. Illumina Cambridge Ltd., 821 F.3d 1359, 1366 (Fed. Cir.
 2016).
                        I. ’369 PATENT
     We agree with the Commission that the specification’s
 corresponding structure for the term “means for guiding”
 does not include curved surfaces. Comm’n Opinion, 2021
 WL 6071753, at *28. No party disputes that the term
 “means for guiding” must be interpreted according to 35
 U.S.C. § 112(f). Appellant’s Br. 27; Appellee’s Br. 30; see
 generally Intervenors’ Br. The specification states that the
 structure associated with the means for guiding “may have
 a chamfer 6133 thereon or otherwise be sloped as shown
 [in Figures 40 and 41].” 1 ’369 patent col. 77 ll. 31–34. The
 only question before us is whether the surface that is

     1    There is no dispute that a “chamfer” is a sloped, flat
 surface without any curves. Appellant’s Br. 14, 39; Appel-
 lee’s Br. 15; Intervenors’ Br. 39–40.
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 4                                            ETHICON LLC   v. ITC

 “otherwise . . . sloped as shown [in Figures 40 and 41]” can
 include curved surfaces. It cannot. The relevant struc-
 tures in Figures 40 and 41 are shown below:

 Appellee’s Br. 25 (relevant structures of Figures 40 and 41
 shaded and circled); ’369 patent FIGS. 40 and 41. The sur-
 faces shown in Figures 40 and 41 are incontrovertibly flat
 from top to bottom, without any curves. Thus, we agree
 with the Commission that the “means for guiding” identi-
 fied in the specification and shown in Figures 40 and 41
 does not include curved surfaces.
      We are not persuaded by Ethicon’s arguments to the
 contrary. First, Ethicon points to portions of the specifica-
 tion describing other features of the surgical device having
 a “sloped surface” that may include curved surfaces. Ap-
 pellant’s Br. 39–40 (citing ’369 patent col. 25 ll. 17–20,
 col. 26 ll. 11–15). Ethicon further argues that dependent
 claim 23’s recitation of the “means for guiding” comprising
 “at least one ramped surface,” and the specification’s de-
 scription of a “ramped surface” including curved surfaces,”
 indicate that the “means for guiding” includes curved sur-
 faces. Appellant’s Br. 40–41 (citing ’369 patent col. 26
 ll. 11–15); Appellant’s Reply Br. 10–11. The cited discus-
 sion in the specification, however, is completely unrelated
 to the claimed “means for guiding” and therefore does not
 describe structure corresponding to the “means for guid-
 ing” limitation. ’369 patent col. 25 ll. 17–20, col. 26 ll. 11–
 15 (discussing surfaces of the stapler cartridge); Oral Arg.
 at 2:45–3:51 (Ethicon admitting that surfaces on the sta-
 pler cartridge are not “means for guiding”). Second,
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 ETHICON LLC   v. ITC                                       5

 Ethicon argues that the Commission’s construction renders
 meaningless the specification phrase “otherwise be sloped.”
 Appellant’s Br. 42–43. “While a construction that intro-
 duces redundancy into a claim is disfavored, it is not fore-
 closed.    That is particularly true where . . . intrinsic
 evidence makes it clear that the ‘redundant’ construction
 is correct.” VLSI Tech. LLC v. Intel Corp., 53 F.4th 646,
 653 (Fed. Cir. 2022) (citing SimpleAir, Inc. v. Sony Ericsson
 Mobile Commc’ns AB, 820 F.3d 419, 429 (Fed. Cir. 2016)).
 Here, the specification makes clear that the only surfaces
 it associates with the “means for guiding” are not curved,
 that is, the flat, sloped chamfer 6133 and the plainly flat,
 sloped surface “shown” in Figures 40 and 41. Thus, even if
 Ethicon were right that the Commission’s construction in-
 troduces redundancy, that would not overcome the statu-
 tory requirement of § 112(f) to look to the specification for
 the inventor’s chosen corresponding structure for the
 “means for guiding.”
      Turning to infringement of the ’369 patent, substantial
 evidence supports the Commission’s finding that the Ac-
 cused Products lack a “means for guiding.” In Ethicon’s
 view, the relevant sloped surface of the Accused Products
 “includes a curved surface . . . and a flat surface” and the
 flat portion alone is sufficient to infringe the “means for
 guiding” limitation under the Commission’s construction.
 Appellant’s Br. 44–47 (citing SunTiger, Inc. v. Sci. Rsch.
 Funding Grp, 189 F.3d 1327, 1330–31 (Fed. Cir. 1999)).
 The Commission correctly rejected Ethicon’s reliance on
 only the flat portion of the sloped surface and reasonably
 found that the sloped surface with a partially-curved, par-
 tially-flat surface does not fall within the scope of the
 claimed “means for guiding,” which is directed to a ramped
 surface that is flat from top to bottom as identified in the
 specification. See Comm’n Opinion, 2021 WL 6071753,
 at *28–33; J.A. 57 (citing ’369 patent FIGS. 40 and 41;
 J.A. 2019). The Accused Products showing a sloped surface
 that is partially-curved and partially-flat is substantial
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 6                                             ETHICON LLC   v. ITC

 evidence supporting the Commission’s finding that the Ac-
 cused Products lack a “means for guiding.” 2 J.A. 2019.
                        II. ’969 PATENT
     Turning to the ’969 patent, substantial evidence sup-
 ports the Commission’s finding of a motivation to combine
 two prior art systems that supported its obviousness deter-
 mination: the i60 stapler and the da Vinci Si robot.
      Ethicon argues that there would have been technical
 difficulties in combining the i60 stapler and da Vinci Si ro-
 bot due to the i60 stapler’s lack of shaft roll and incompat-
 ibility between the two drive systems. Appellant’s Br. 64–
 66. The Commission’s rejection of those technical argu-
 ments is supported by the testimony of Intuitive’s expert,
 who testified that (1) handheld surgical instruments could
 be modified to be used with robotic systems without adding
 shaft roll, but that adding shaft roll would have been
 within the level of skill in the art, J.A. 3447, and (2) a ratch-
 eting mechanism or a motor pack could allow the motors of
 the da Vinci Si robot to drive the transmission assembly of
 the i60 stapler, J.A. 3445–47.
     Ethicon also argues that a 2009 FDA recall of the i60
 stapler due to safety concerns would have deterred a
 skilled artisan from combining the i60 stapler with the da
 Vinci Si robot. Appellant’s Br. 60–62. But the recall was
 terminated in 2010, more than a year before the 2011 pri-
 ority date of claim 24 of the ’969 patent. See J.A. 3448
 (Q/A 354). Although Ethicon argues that the FDA termi-
 nated the recall because the i60 stapler was never put back

     2   Ethicon never argued or adduced evidence that the
 Accused Products’ partially-curved, partially-flat surfaces
 were “equivalents thereof” under 35 U.S.C. § 112(f) to the
 flat surfaces shown in Figures 40 and 41. Comm’n Opin-
 ion, 2021 WL 6071753, at *28 n.15; see Appellant’s Br. 44–
 49.
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 ETHICON LLC   v. ITC                                        7

 on the market, Appellant’s Reply Br. 21, the only evidence
 Ethicon cites is a statement from Intuitive’s fact witness
 that “to [his] knowledge, they never put the [i60 stapler]
 back” on the market. J.A. 2752 (Flanagan Tr. 198:2–14).
 This testimony is far from conclusive and does not under-
 mine the substantial evidence supporting a motivation to
 combine the i60 stapler and da Vinci Si robot.
     Finally, Ethicon argues that the Commission failed to
 specifically address the impact of the recall on the motiva-
 tion to combine. Appellant’s Reply Br. 19–24. However,
 “this court has said on multiple occasions that failure to
 explicitly discuss every issue or every piece of evidence does
 not alone establish that the tribunal did not consider it.”
 Novartis AG v. Torrent Pharm. Ltd., 853 F.3d 1316, 1328
 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (collecting cases). The Commission is “not
 require[d] . . . to address every argument raised by a party
 or explain every possible reason supporting its conclusion.”
 Synopsys, Inc. v. Mentor Graphics Corp., 814 F.3d 1309,
 1322 (Fed. Cir. 2016), overruled on other grounds by Aqua
 Prods., Inc. v. Matal, 872 F.3d 1290, 1296 n.1 (Fed.
 Cir. 2017) (en banc). In this instance, the Commission’s
 analysis of the recall is commensurate with the parties’ ar-
 guments below, which consisted only of a single sentence of
 expert testimony. Oral Arg. at 10:15–10:29, 22:45–23:00;
 see Novartis, 853 F.3d at 1327–28 (finding that it would be
 inappropriate “to find fault in the Board’s arguably limited
 treatment of [certain] arguments” where the Board’s treat-
 ment “was at least commensurate with” the patent owner's
 presentation of those arguments). As such, the Commis-
 sion’s treatment of the recall issue is not reversible error.
                         CONCLUSION
      We have considered Ethicon’s remaining arguments
 and find them unpersuasive. For the foregoing reasons, we
 affirm the Commission’s decision.
                         AFFIRMED