Court Opinion

ID: 4655213
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-01-28 07:15:37.501836+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:01:49.409145
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS
                                         EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                              EL PASO, TEXAS

    RUDY ABARCA,                                               §                  No. 08-19-00038-CR

                    Appellant,                                 §                      Appeal from the

    v.                                                         §                   346th District Court

    THE STATE OF TEXAS,                                        §                of El Paso County, Texas

                    Appellee.                                                      (TC# 20150D04057)

                                                     OPINION

         Rudy Abarca brings this appeal from his conviction for aggravated robbery. Abarca alleges

multiple errors surrounding the admission of items of evidence, or testimony related thereto. The

items of evidence include: a recording made of a jail call1 by Abarca (State’s exhibit 91), an out-

of-court photo lineup, two in-court identifications of Abarca by witnesses who were previously

shown photo lineups, and the admission of out-of-court statements by a non-testifying witness.

Finding no error, we affirm.

1
  The appellate record includes several audio CDs admitted into evidence containing recordings of jail calls. One of
the CDs is marked State’s exhibit 91 and another is marked State’s exhibit 106. Of note, we acknowledge that the
labeling of these two exhibits is transposed. On appeal, Abarca raised complaints as to State’s exhibit 91 but he raised
no issues as to State’s exhibit 106. Even though the complained-of-jail-recording is contained on State’s exhibit 106,
the recording is otherwise referenced throughout the trial below as State’s exhibit 91. This referencing of State’s
exhibit 91 is carried forward in a like manner in the parties’ briefing. Despite the mislabeling, the State explained in
its footnote 2 that, for simplicity of briefing, it would continue to refer to State’s exhibit 91 as the exhibit that contained
the complained-of-call. To this practice, Abarca raised no objection by reply or otherwise. We adopt the same practice
here and refer to State’s exhibit 91 as the exhibit that contains the complained-of-jail-call recording.
                                    I. BACKGROUND

   A. The incident

       On March 2, 2015, an employee of a salvage yard observed a man who appeared to be

leaving the premises with something hidden under his jacket. The employee, Joel Hernandez,

believed that the man was stealing something and approached him. As he did, the man displayed

a gun and said, “parate” (i.e., “stop”). At that point, Hernandez turned away and called his boss,

Jacinto Ituarte. The man continued to walk away.

       Ituarte had seen the man with Hernandez out his office window. When he learned that the

man had pulled a gun, he got into his white Suburban and followed him, calling 911 as he did so.

Ituarte testified that the man fired two shots at him and Ituarte responded by firing two shots from

his own gun. Ituarte later stated that he was not sure if he heard shots or clicks. The man ran to

another business down the street, where Ituarte saw him grab some keys from another man and

rapidly drive away in a gray van with New Mexico license plates.

       Jaime Cortez testified that he was working in the area when he heard shots and saw a man

running and a white truck following him. The man dropped an object that looked like a car radio

or stereo that he had had in his jacket. Cortez also saw that the man had a black gun. Cortez heard

two “failed shots” and watched as the man tried to enter the business yard where Cortez was

working but then went on to the next business yard. Cortez then saw a van speed away from the

scene. Cortez later clarified that he heard one shot and two clicks, and that he did not hear any

shots from the white truck.

       The victim, Martin Moran Molina (“Moran”), testified that he was taking photographs of

a tow truck that he was preparing to import to Mexico when he heard a man yelling at him and

                                                 2
asking if he had a phone. Moran responded that he did but that it was a Mexican phone and would

not work. The man then displayed a gun and told Moran to give him his Dodge Caravan. Moran

asked the man not to take the vehicle because he needed it for work, but the man became angry

and Moran feared he would shoot him. The man grabbed Moran’s phone from his hand and got in

the van. Moran testified that he had left the keys in the van and may have left it running. The man

sped away in the van, throwing Moran’s phone out the window as he went.

   B. The contemporaneous descriptions

          Joel Hernandez gave a statement approximately two hours after the incident. He described

the man he encountered as a Hispanic male, 5’9” tall, weighing approximately 230 pounds, with

thick facial hair, and wearing a black hat. Hernandez testified that he saw the man for three to five

minutes, but only saw him face to face for about one minute because he approached the man from

behind.

          Jacinto Ituarte testified variously that the man faced him for eight to ten seconds, and that

they looked at each other for four to five seconds. He described the man as 240 pounds, a little

bald, having a little facial hair and a medium complexion, and being in his thirties or forties.

          Jaime Cortez testified that he saw the man’s face for about ten seconds from forty to fifty

feet away. He described him as a Hispanic male, six feet tall, and weighing 190 pounds. He did

not notice any facial hair and stated that the hair on his head was short but not too short. He did

not see the man wearing a hat.

          Moran described the man as Hispanic, in his thirties or forties, and taller than Moran, who

is 5’6” tall. He did not remember whether the man had any facial hair.

          Based on these descriptions, the El Paso County Sheriff’s Office issued a news release

                                                    3
describing the suspect as “a Hispanic male between 35 to 45 years old, medium complexion,

approximately 240 pounds, and 5’9” tall.”

        Evidence accompanying a September 2016 mug shot of Abarca shows that Abarca was

born in 1987 (and thus would have been in his late twenties at the time of the robbery), is 5’11”

tall and, the time of the mug shot, weighed 200 pounds.

    C. The investigation

        A variety of personnel from the El Paso County Sheriff’s Office were dispatched to the

scene. They obtained statements from the witnesses, including the physical descriptions noted

above. They also learned that Moran’s van was a silver Dodge Caravan with New Mexico license

plates bearing the number MLN428. The officers canvassed the scene and found a car radio and

amp on the ground, and a single shell casing in Ituarte’s car. The officers also took possession of

Ituarte’s gun.

        On March 24, 2015, a sheriff’s deputy working the area of Anthony, New Mexico, heard a

radio call about a suspicious vehicle. Along with other officers, he eventually found a silver Dodge

Caravan with a Texas license plate bearing the number DP3B374.2 A check of the vehicle’s VIN

showed that the plate did not match the vehicle, and that the vehicle had been stolen from El Paso

County. Another officer who was dispatched to the location where the van was found was familiar

with Abarca and knew that he lived about a tenth of a mile from that location. That officer

contacted the El Paso County Sheriff’s Office to provide Abarca’s name as a possible suspect in

the theft of the van.

2
  The officer testified that the plate number was DP3B379 but photographs of the recovered van show the plate number
to be DP3B374.

                                                         4
         El Paso law enforcement later learned that the Texas license plate found on the van matched

a license plate on a Mitsubishi Eclipse that had been pulled over on March 20, 2015. The car was

occupied by Marisela Gallegos and Michael Bannister, who claimed to own the car. A few days

later, on March 23, a New Mexico state police officer was dispatched to assist an officer at a gas

station. There he encountered a woman standing outside a white Mitsubishi bearing Texas license

plates with the number DP3B374. The woman jumped into the car and tried to flee but could not

because the car had a flat tire and was mounted on a jack. A check of the VIN showed that the

vehicle had been stolen.

         The contents of Moran’s van were inventoried upon the van’s return to El Paso County.

Among those contents were some credit cards belonging to Michael Bannister. The van was also

processed for latent fingerprints. One print that was found on the inside of the driver’s side window

matched Abarca’s. Other prints found inside the van could not be matched to anyone but were

excluded as having come from Abarca. Those prints also did not match Bannister.

    D. The identifications

         Hernandez was shown a photo lineup3 containing Abarca’s photograph but did not identify

anyone. He also did not identify Abarca at trial when asked if he saw the man whom he

encountered present in the courtroom. Ituarte similarly failed to identify Abarca from a photo

lineup, but he did identify Abarca in the courtroom during trial. Ituarte explained that it was easier

to identify Abarca in person because he could see the way he moved his forehead and his eyebrows.

         Cortez was not shown a photo lineup but identified Abarca in court as the man he had seen.

3
  The lineup procedure is discussed in further detail below in the context of Abarca’s challenge to the identification
evidence admitted at trial.

                                                          5
Finally, Moran identified Abarca from a photo lineup and indicated at the time that he was 30%

sure of his identification. Moran also identified Abarca at a suppression hearing and in the

courtroom during trial. Abarca was wearing an orange jail outfit during the suppression hearing,

but Moran affirmatively testified that he recognized him from the day of the offense.

   E. The legal proceedings

       The primary issue in the court below was whether Abarca was the man who committed the

aggravated robbery. Abarca filed a motion to suppress Moran’s photo identification, which was

denied, and also objected to certain identification evidence admitted at trial. The jury returned a

guilty verdict following three days of testimony. The court entered a judgment of conviction on

that verdict and sentenced Abarca to twenty-five years’ confinement.

                                     II. DISCUSSION

       Abarca raises ten issues on appeal, which we roughly group into four segments: first, he

challenges the trial court’s admission of the recording of Abarca’s jail-call (Issues One through

Five); second, he challenges the court’s denial of his motion to suppress the photo identification

made by Moran (Issue Six); third, he challenges the court’s admission of Moran’s and Ituarte’s in-

court identifications (Issues Seven and Eight); and, fourth, he challenges the court’s admission of

out-of-court statements from Marisela Gallegos claiming the statements violated the hearsay rule

and the Confrontation Clause of the U.S. Constitution (Issues Nine and Ten).

       We address each group of issues in turn.

   A. Standard of Review

       The admission or exclusion of evidence is reviewed for abuse of discretion. Beham v. State,

559 S.W.3d 474, 478 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018); Henley v. State, 493 S.W.3d 77, 82-83 (Tex. Crim.

                                                  6
App. 2016). “Under this standard, the trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence will be

upheld as long as it was within the ‘zone of reasonable disagreement.’” Beham, 559 S.W.3d at

478; see State v. Mechler, 153 S.W.3d 435, 439-40 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).

      B. Admissibility of the jail-call recording

      In Issues One through Five, Abarca challenges the trial court’s admission of the jail-call

recording on a variety of grounds.

           1) Underlying facts

           State’s exhibit 91 is a seven minute and fifty-eight second audio recording of a telephone

call made from the El Paso County Jail using a PIN number assigned to Rudy Abarca. The caller

is identified as “Rudy.”4 Jesse, one of the participants on the call, asks Abarca, “how much time?”

to which Abarca responds, “I’m looking … they’re trying to give me fifteen years.” Abarca also

states, “I’ll do like fifty percent, so I’ll do like seven and a half years. . . before I hit parole. . . .

Hopefully they drop the time. They ain’t got shit on me fool . . . all this shit they’re trying to pin

me, I can beat it but the most they can get me is for . . . .” Jesse then interjects stating “they’re all

accusations.” Abarca then continues, “yeah then the most they can get me is for unlawful use of a

vehicle. . . That’s probably a year in TDC. . . . So hopefully I beat that shit and they hit me with

that and I go do a year flat and come out on parole.” Abarca then states, “If they offer me a two-

piece, I’m gonna take it . . . If they offer me two, I’m takin’ that shit.” Jesse and Abarca also engage

in banter about getting tattoos, hepatitis C, prison sex, and muscle-building. They make liberal use

of cursing and racial epithets, and repeatedly call each other “fool.”

4
    Abarca concedes in his brief that the voice on the recording is his.

                                                             7
       2) Abarca’s objections at trial

       The State contends that at least some of Abarca’s appellate complaints concerning the jail

recording are not preserved for review. For this reason, we identify precisely what objections

Abarca presented to the trial court.

       Initially, the jail-call recording was played for the trial court outside the presence of the

jury. When the court inquired about the recording’s relevance, the State explained that Abarca’s

statement concerning unauthorized use of a motor vehicle places him in the stolen van. The State

further explained that Abarca’s statement concerning his willingness to plead guilty if offered two

years is relevant as a statement against interest and an admission of guilt. The State further argued

that, because the statement was not made to Abarca’s attorney or an attorney for the State, it was

not protected by any privilege or rule of evidence.

       Abarca responded by objecting that his statements were not an admission of guilt but were

merely his evaluation of the case and the evidence against him. More specifically, Abarca objected

that his statement concerning “what he would be willing to take” was inadmissible under evidence

rule 410 as evidence of plea negotiations. See TEX. R. EVID. 410. Abarca also objected to State’s

exhibit 91 on the ground that the recording could not be authenticated and that it was inadmissible

under evidence rule 403 because the jury would be led to speculate concerning whether Abarca

meant he would take a deal because he was guilty. See TEX. R. EVID. 403. Finally, Abarca objected

that the additional voices on the recording presented hearsay and confrontation issues, and that the

way the call participants talked—specifically, their use of “fool”—could be taken as improper

character evidence.

       After the court overruled these objections, Abarca inquired whether the entire recording

                                                 8
 would be admitted. The court responded that “[t]he entire portion of the tape that we heard” would

 be admitted. Abarca then raised a relevance objection to the portion of the recording containing

 his statements concerning a fifteen-year sentence and parole in seven-and-a-half years. He also

 objected that the statement concerning unauthorized use of a motor vehicle was inadmissible under

 rule 403. Abarca then generally asserted that there were “issues” with rule 403, rule 410, and

 authentication. The court responded that it had already ruled.

           After both sides had rested and closed, Abarca pointed out that only a portion of the jail

 call had been played for the jury. He asked for clarification from the trial court on whether other

 comments captured on the CD were likewise admitted even though they were not played in open

 court. As to those portions, Abarca pointed out that he had wanted to generally raise relevance and

 rule 403 objections. Particularly, he described a portion of the call talking about “lots of mustard

 n***er or something like that,” and other portions that included discussions of him getting tattoos

 and avoiding hepatitis C while in jail. The trial court overruled Abarca’s objections and reiterated

 that the entire conversation contained on the CD was admitted regardless of whether it was played

 for the jury.

           3)     Analysis

           In Issues One through Five, Abarca argues several differing aspects about the admissibility

of portions of the jail-call recording as well as the recording as a whole. We address the arguments

in turn.

                 i. Rule 410 argument

           In Issue One, Abarca argues that the recording contains statements made during plea

 negotiations, which are inadmissible under evidence rule 410. See TEX. R. EVID. 410. That rule

                                                    9
provides that “a statement made during plea discussions with an attorney for the prosecuting

authority” is inadmissible against a defendant in a criminal trial who took part in the plea

discussions “if the discussions did not result in a guilty or nolo contendere plea or they resulted in

a later-withdrawn guilty or nolo contendere plea.” TEX. R. EVID. 410(b)(4).

         The State urges that Abarca preserved his rule 410 objection only in reference to the “two-

piece” statement. While this is a close call, we believe that Abarca’s rule 410 objection, taken in

context, was sufficiently broad to encompass all of his statements concerning potential sentencing.

In any event, the record demonstrates that the objection lacks merit.

         Citing to the jail-call recording (State’s exhibit 91), Abarca asserts that his statement

concerning a fifteen-year sentence referred to an offer received from the State that had been

communicated to him by his attorney. He also asserts, again without citation to the record, that his

statement about taking a “two-piece” was a reference to his own counter-offer, which he says was

communicated by Abarca to his attorney, who then relayed that counter-offer to the State.5

         Nothing in the jail call, or anything else in our record, shows that the source of Abarca’s

statement, “they’re trying to give me fifteen years,” was a plea offer from the State. In fact, by its

plain language, it more likely refers to the sentence the State was seeking to have imposed

following a trial on the merits. “Trying to give me fifteen years” is simply not synonymous with

“offering me fifteen years.” Similarly, nothing in the record shows that Abarca’s willingness to

accept a two-year sentence was communicated to the State as part of any plea negotiations, or even

5
  Abarca states in his brief that his comments concerning parole and a charge for unauthorized use of a vehicle must
have originated with discussions with his own attorney, hinting that the attorney-client privilege may be implicated.
But Abarca also acknowledges that attorney-client privilege and rule 410 are distinct concerns and that only the latter
is at issue here.

                                                         10
that it was communicated at all. On the contrary, Abarca’s statement was that he would take two

years if it was offered, which indicates both that the State had not made any such offer and that

Abarca had not made any such counteroffer.

         In short, the record does not support Abarca’s contention that his statements in the jail call

were statements “made during plea discussions with an attorney for the [State].” TEX. R. EVID.

410(b)(4). On its face, rule 410 does not apply. As noted by the Court of Criminal Appeals,

“purported plea offers or other statements to anyone other than an attorney for the prosecution, .

. . , are not covered by Rule 410 . . . .” Monreal v. State, 947 S.W.2d 559, 565 (Tex. Crim. App.

1997) (en banc) (quoting S. Goode, et al., Guide to the Texas Rules of Evidence: Civil and Criminal

§ 410.3 at 282 (2nd ed. 1993)) (emphasis by Court of Criminal Appeals). Abarca characterizes this

language from Monreal as dicta. Regardless, it comports with the express language of the rule and

our own understanding of that rule. See Carter v. State, No. 08-07-00192-CR, 2009 WL 2343725,

at *8 (Tex. App.—El Paso July 31, 2009, pet. ref’d) (not designated for publication) (quoting

Monreal with approval).6

         Abarca urges that failing to apply rule 410 to his jail-call statements may lead to an

obliteration of the rule’s protections because an accused could not discuss a plea offer with family,

friends, or others without taking the risk of making the statement admissible against him at trial.

We disagree. It is not merely the fact that Abarca’s statements were made to a third party that

6
  The San Antonio Court of Appeals has also adopted this interpretation of rule 410. See Aekins v. State, No. 04-13-
00064-CR, 2013 WL 5948188 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Nov. 6, 2013) (mem. op., not designated for publication),
aff’d, 447 S.W.3d 270 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014). The defendant in Aekins discussed a possible plea deal in a telephone
call from jail to his wife. Id., at *7. Citing Monreal, the court of appeals rejected the argument that the discussion was
protected under rule 410: “The statements were not made to an attorney accountable to the prosecuting authority, nor
were they were made to, or in the presence of, any attorney. Plea offers or other statements to anyone other than an
attorney for the prosecution are not covered by Rule 410.” Id.

                                                           11
removes them from the protections of rule 410. It is the fact that nothing in the record demonstrates

that his statements were “made during plea discussions with an attorney for the prosecuting

authority . . . .” TEX. R. EVID. 410(b)(4). Rule 410 is clear, as is the fact that it does not apply in

this case.

        In sum, we conclude that evidence of a plea offer, and Abarca’s thoughts about taking said

offer—presented in the form of the jail-call recording—do not fall within the parameters of rule

410. Having reached this conclusion, we need not address Abarca’s additional arguments

concerning exceptions to or waivers of that rule’s protections.

        Issue One is overruled.

              ii. Rule 401 and 403 arguments as to unauthorized use of a vehicle

        In Issues Two and Three, Abarca asserts that Abarca’s statements of plea discussions and

his corresponding thoughts about pleading guilty to two years in prison were irrelevant and highly

prejudicial. See TEX. R. EVID. 401, 403. We address the statements within the context of plea

negotiations as well as alone as independent statements.

                    a. Relevance and unfair prejudice

        Abarca contends that the jail-call recording was inadmissible under evidence rules 401 and

403 because evidence of plea negotiations is not relevant to proving the elements of an offense

and is highly prejudicial to a defendant. See TEX. R. EVID. 401, 403; Bowley v. State, 310 S.W.3d

431, 435 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010); Canfield v. State, 429 S.W.3d 54, 74 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2014, pet. ref’d).

        The State argues that Abarca did not preserve his rule 403 objection in relation to the

statements concerning a fifteen-year sentence and the possibility of parole in seven-and-a-half

                                                  12
years. We agree. Abarca raised a rule 403 objection to admission of his statements that the most

they could get him for was unauthorized use of a vehicle and that he would take “a two-piece.”

Thus, the assertion of rule 403 error is preserved in this context. But Abarca’s objection to the

statements concerning a fifteen-year sentence and parole in seven-and-a-half years was based only

on relevance: “what they have offered him and what he might do on that is not relevant to this

particular case in any way.” For that reason, our consideration of those statements will be limited

to their relevance.

       Evidence is relevant if “it has any tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it

would be without the evidence . . . .” TEX. R. EVID. 401. “Evidence need not by itself prove or

disprove a particular fact to be relevant; it is sufficient if the evidence provides a small nudge

toward proving or disproving some fact of consequence.” Stewart v. State, 129 S.W.3d 93, 96

(Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (en banc). Relevant evidence is generally admissible. See TEX. R. EVID.

402. It may be excluded, however, if its probative value is substantially outweighed by a danger

of unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, or misleading the jury. TEX. R. EVID. 403. Even so, “[r]ule

403 favors the admission of relevant evidence and carries a presumption that relevant evidence

will be more probative than prejudicial.” Davis v. State, 329 S.W.3d 798, 806 (Tex. Crim. App.

2010); see Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 389 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (en banc).

       It is also significant that “[r]ule 403 does not exclude all prejudicial evidence[,]” but only

evidence that is “unfairly” prejudicial. Mechler, 153 S.W.3d at 440. Indeed, all evidence is “likely

[to] be prejudicial to one party or the other.” Davis, 329 S.W.3d at 806. For this reason, the “unfair

prejudice” contemplated by rule 403 “refers to a tendency to suggest decision on an improper

basis, commonly, though not necessarily, an emotional one.” Id.; see Mechler, 153 S.W.3d at 440

                                                 13
(“‘Unfair prejudice’ refers only to relevant evidence’s tendency to tempt the jury into finding guilt

on grounds apart from proof of the offense charged.”).

       A rule 403 analysis involves balancing:

       (1) the inherent probative force of the proffered item of evidence along with (2) the
       proponent’s need for that evidence against (3) any tendency of the evidence to
       suggest decision on an improper basis, (4) any tendency of the evidence to confuse
       or distract the jury from the main issues, (5) any tendency of the evidence to be
       given undue weight by a jury that has not been equipped to evaluate the probative
       force of the evidence, and (6) the likelihood that presentation of the evidence will
       consume an inordinate amount of time or merely repeat evidence already admitted.

Gigliobianco v. State, 210 S.W.3d 637, 641–42 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).

       The bulk of Abarca’s argument is founded on the premise that the statements discussed

above were made during plea negotiations with the State. But, as also discussed above, that premise

is not supported by the record. Insofar as Abarca argues that the statements lack relevance and are

unduly prejudicial because they contain plea negotiations, his arguments are overruled.

       Issues Two and Three in part are overruled.

                   b. Abarca’s statement about his unauthorized use of a motor vehicle

       We turn next to an assessment of the admissibility of Abarca’s statements independently

of their characterization as plea negotiations. The portion of the jail-call recording in which Abarca

states that the most he could be convicted for is unauthorized use of a vehicle has some relevance

in that it tends to place Abarca in the stolen van. See TEX. R. EVID. 401. Given that the State had

eyewitness testimony identifying Abarca as the robber, as well as evidence that his fingerprint was

found inside the stolen van, this evidence may not have been crucial to the State’s case. It did,

however, provide another link between Abarca and the van. The evidence does not tend to suggest

a decision based on an emotional or otherwise improper basis, nor does it have any tendency to

                                                 14
confuse or distract the jury from the main issue. On the contrary, it bears directly on the main

issue—Abarca’s identity as the robber. Finally, there is no indication that the jury was not equipped

to evaluate the probative force of this evidence, and presentation of the evidence was neither

inordinately time-consuming nor cumulative. See id.

       The probative value of Abarca’s statement concerning unauthorized use of a motor vehicle

is not substantially outweighed by a danger of unfair prejudice. The trial court did not abuse its

discretion by overruling Abarca’s rule 403 objection to that evidence.

       Moreover, Abarca’s statement that he would be willing to accept an offer of two years has

some relevance as tending to show a consciousness of guilt. See Simpson v. State, 181 S.W.3d 743,

749 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2005, pet. ref’d) (defendant’s letter containing ambiguous statement

concerning his guilt was relevant as providing “small nudge” toward determining guilt-innocence

issue); Torres v. State, 794 S.W.2d 596, 598 (Tex. App.—Austin 1990, no pet.) (conduct by

accused indicating consciousness of guilt is admissible as tending to prove he committed charged

acts). It is not required that the statement conclusively prove Abarca’s guilt or his acceptance of

guilt. See Stewart, 129 S.W.3d at 96 (evidence need not, by itself, prove or disprove matter to be

relevant).

       Abarca argues that the statement is unfairly prejudicial because it impinges on the

presumption of innocence. The cases on which he relies, however, involve situations where a

jury was informed during trial that the defendant was engaged in plea negotiations. See Blue v.

State, 41 S.W.3d 129 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (en banc); Hayes v. State, 484 S.W.3d 554 (Tex.

App.—Amarillo 2016, pet. ref’d.). Neither case concerns a defendant’s own statement, outside the

context of plea negotiations, indicating an awareness of guilt.

                                                 15
        In Blue, the trial judge informed prospective jurors that jury selection was delayed because

the defendant was engaged in plea negotiations with the State. 41 S.W.3d at 130. The Court of

Criminal Appeals held that this impermissibly tainted the defendant’s presumption of innocence.

Id. at 132. “A juror who knows at the outset that the defendant seriously considered entering into

a plea agreement no longer begins with a presumption that the defendant is innocent.” Id.

        In Hayes, a court bailiff informed jurors during trial that the defendant and the State were

discussing a plea agreement. 484 S.W.3d at 556. The court of appeals noted the appellant’s

argument that “the comment allegedly impugned the [defendant’s] presumption of innocence,” but

the issue on which the appeal was decided was whether the bailiff’s comment constituted evidence

received and considered by the jury that was not admitted at trial. See id. at 556-57.

        We reiterate that Abarca’s expression of willingness to plead guilty in exchange for a two-

year sentence was not made in the context of any plea negotiations. For this reason, this case is

more akin to Willis v. State, No. 04-09-00349-CR, 2010 WL 2935772 (Tex. App.—San Antonio

July 28, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication), than to Blue or Hayes. The

defendant in Willis wrote a letter to a police officer in which he stated that he was willing to enter

a plea of guilty to a drug offense if the State dropped the “drug-free zone” allegation and reduced

his sentence to five-years confinement. Id., at *1. Like the jail-call recording in our case, the letter

in Willis did not fall within the scope of rule 410. See id., at *4.

        In conducting a rule 403 balancing analysis, the court of appeals recognized that “[a] trier

of fact could reasonably consider the content of Willis’s voluntary communication as an admission

of the crime charged.” Id., at *5. The letter was therefore probative on the issue of guilt. Id. The

court further concluded that, because the letter bore directly on the defendant’s guilt, it was

                                                   16
important to the State’s case, it did not divert the jury’s attention from the charged offense, and

the time it took to present the evidence was negligible. Id. The trial court therefore did not abuse

its discretion in admitting the letter over the defendant’s rule 403 objection. Id.

       We likewise conclude that Abarca’s unsolicited statement that he would take a deal for two

years is probative on the issue of his guilt, was important to the State’s case, did not divert the

jury’s attention from the charged offense, and did not take an inordinate amount of time to present.

The trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Abarca’s rule 403 objection to that evidence.

       Issues Two and Three in part are overruled.

            iii. Relevance of fifteen-year sentence and parole statements

       As discussed above, Abarca did not assert a rule 403 objection in conjunction with his

statements concerning a potential fifteen-year sentence and parole after serving half of that

sentence. He did, however, object that those statements were not relevant. As to lack of relevance,

we agree but further conclude that the evidentiary error was harmless.

       Punishment is not an issue at the guilt-innocence phase of a criminal trial and should not

be discussed by either party during that phase. See Garcia v. State, 887 S.W.2d 862, 877 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1994) (en banc), abrogated in part on other grounds by Hammock v. State, 46 S.W.3d

889, 893 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). Abarca’s statements concerning his potential sentence and how

much of that sentence he would likely serve were introduced during the guilt-innocence phase of

his trial and were not relevant to any issue before the jury in that phase. See id. In fact, Abarca’s

potential sentence was never an issue before the jury because Abarca elected to have his

punishment assessed by the court. The evidence was therefore irrelevant and inadmissible. See

TEX. R. EVID. 402 (irrelevant evidence is inadmissible).

                                                 17
        The erroneous admission of evidence is non-constitutional error which must be disregarded

unless it affected substantial rights. See Gonzalez v. State, 544 S.W.3d 363, 373 (Tex. Crim. App.

2018); TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2. “[S]ubstantial rights are not affected by the erroneous admission of

evidence if the appellate court, after examining the record as a whole, has fair assurance that the

error did not influence the jury, or had but a slight effect.” Motilla v. State, 78 S.W.3d 352, 355

(Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (internal quotation marks omitted). Stated conversely, “a substantial right

is affected when the error has a substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the

jury’s verdict.” Johnson v. State, 43 S.W.3d 1, 4 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (en banc).

        Our assessment of harm encompasses a review of the entire record. Motilla, 78 S.W.3d at

355. We consider “(1) the character of the alleged error and how it might be considered in

connection with other evidence; (2) the nature of the evidence supporting the verdict; (3) the

existence and degree of additional evidence indicating guilt; and (4) whether the State emphasized

the complained of error.” Gonzalez, 544 S.W.3d at 373.

        The statements concerning Abarca’s potential sentence and the time he might actually

serve were made in conjunction with other statements, which were properly admitted, indicating

Abarca’s consciousness of guilt. Other evidence supporting the jury’s verdict and indicating

Abarca’s guilt includes positive identifications by three eyewitnesses and Abarca’s fingerprint

inside the stolen van. The sentencing statements were not emphasized, or even mentioned, by the

State.7 In fact, they appear to have played no part in the State’s case other than being included in

State’s exhibit 91. We conclude, with fair assurance, that admitting the sentencing statements did

7
  The State played the recording during its closing but did not mention the 15-year or 7 1/2-year statements in its
argument or otherwise call attention to them.

                                                        18
not influence the jury in this case. See Motilla, 78 S.W.3d at 355. The error is therefore harmless.

       The remaining portion of Issues Two and Three are overruled.

            iv. Extraneous bad acts and character evidence

       In Issue Four, Abarca contends that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting the

jail-call recording in its entirety because it contains statements constituting evidence of bad

character or extraneous bad acts. See TEX. R. EVID. 404. In Issue Five, he further contends that

those same portions of the jail-call recording were inadmissible because of lack of relevance and

that their probative value was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. See TEX.

R. EVID. 401, 403.

       The particular content about which Abarca complains on appeal consists of banter between

Abarca and others on the call concerning tattoos, hepatitis C, prison sex, and beating people up, as

well as the use of vulgar language, racial slurs, and calling each other “fool.” But Abarca’s

objections at trial were more narrowly drawn:

       And so they are talking about all these extraneous matters. I think some of the
       conversations there where he is saying “Fool” this and “Fool” that could be used
       against my client in a way that’s not proper. I mean, it doesn’t mean anything the
       way someone talks, and the way they express themselves. But given the way they
       are talking, and the way their conversation that they are having, it could be used –
       I mean, essentially it would be improper character evidence if they take it for a bad
       purpose.

                                                ...

       You know, all these conversations about “What’s up fool? Tired of ducking and
       dodging me,” or this and that, that’s not relevant to this particular case.

       At the time the recording was offered into evidence, Abarca did not draw the trial court’s

attention to any evidence of racial slurs, vulgar language, or what he now characterizes as

extraneous bad acts. The omission is particularly significant in this case because the jail-call

                                                19
recording is of poor quality and much of its content is very hard to decipher. The trial court itself

expressed difficulty in understanding what the participants were saying: “[W]e are going to have

a problem with the jury hearing it; I can’t make it out. It’s garbled.” In fact, the court listened to

the recording three times before it was able to understand Abarca’s statement concerning

unauthorized use of a motor vehicle.

       The day after the close of evidence, however, Abarca noted that the trial court had admitted

the entire jail-call recording but that the entire recording had not been played for the jury. Abarca

also clarified that the recording had not been played in its entirety for the court when it was being

reviewed outside the presence of the jury. Abarca commented that “we stopped listening right

around the time when he had just talked about it.” The “it” being referred to then was the call-

portion stating, “If they offer me a two piece, I’m going to take it. I don’t know what to tell you.”

Abarca further described that the unplayed portion of the recording contained comments about

tattoos and hepatitis C, and he asked the court whether those additional portions would be allowed

in evidence. The court reaffirmed that the entire conversation that was contained on the CD was

what had been admitted. Abarca then acknowledged, “So the Court was not aware, and I had not

made the Court aware of what was additionally on it.”

       It was incumbent upon Abarca to specifically inform the trial court of the portions of the

recording he considered to be objectionable under rules 403 and 404. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)

(requiring objection “with sufficient specificity to make the trial court aware of the complaint”).

In the absence of that specificity, the trial court was deprived of the opportunity to address and, if

necessary, act on the concerns Abarca now raises. In addition, Abarca’s objections specifically

identifying statements concerning tattoos and hepatitis C were not raised until after the close of

                                                 20
the evidence. By failing to assert those objections at the time the recording was admitted, Abarca

again deprived the court of the opportunity to effectively consider and act on them. See id.

(requiring timely objection).

       We conclude that Abarca’s assertion of evidentiary error in admitting the portions of the

jail-call recording including vulgar language and racial slurs and banter relating to tattoos, hepatitis

C, prison sex, and beating people up are not preserved for review. See id. The only asserted error

preserved for review by a timely and specific objection is that the call participants’ use of the term

“fool” is irrelevant and constitutes inadmissible character evidence. See TEX. R. EVID. 401 and

404. We consider these arguments in reverse order.

                   a. Rule 404 and the term “fool”

       Rule 404 prohibits the use of evidence of a person’s character or character trait “to prove

that on a particular occasion the person acted in accordance with the character or trait.” TEX. R.

EVID. 404(a). We fail to see, and Abarca does not explain, how the mere use of the term “fool” in

the joking manner that is apparent from the recording constitutes any evidence of Abarca’s

character, good or bad. And nothing in the record supports a conclusion that the portions of the

recording including that term were offered to prove that Abarca acted in accordance with any

character trait on the occasion in question. See id. Those portions of the recording simply do not

implicate rule 404.

       Issue Four is overruled.

                   b. Rule 401 and the term “fool”

       Concerning Issue Five, we agree that the use of the term “fool” among the participants in

the jail call is not relevant because it does not tend to make any fact of consequence in the case

                                                  21
more or less probable. See TEX. R. EVID. 401. But any error in admitting that evidence is not

reversible.

         Again, the error is non-constitutional and must be disregarded if, after examining the record

as a whole, we have fair assurance that it did not influence the jury, or had but a slight effect. See

Gonzalez, 544 S.W.3d at 373; Motilla, 78 S.W.3d at 355; TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2.

         The evidence supporting the jury’s finding of guilt is recited above. In addition to that

evidence, our review of the jail-call recording reveals that the term “fool” is used by Abarca and

others in a teasing manner. Except to the extent that the jury was able to discern the use of that

term from that recording, the term was not used in front of the jury either in the course of

questioning or in jury argument. 8 We have ample assurance that any error in admitting those

portions of the recording including that term did not influence the jury in this case. See Motilla, 78

S.W.3d at 355.

         Issue Five is overruled.

    C. Denial of Suppression of identification made by Moran

         In Issue Six, Abarca argues that the trial court abused its discretion by not suppressing

evidence of Moran’s pretrial identification of him in a photo lineup.

         1) Underlying Facts

         Prior to trial, the trial court held a hearing on Abarca’s motion to suppress identification.

Detective Rafael Chavez and Sergeant Jerome Washington of the El Paso County Sheriff’s Office

testified for the State about a photo lineup administered to complaining witness Moran, as well as

8
  The State played the recording during its closing but did not mention the use of the term “fool” in its argument or
otherwise call attention to that term.

                                                         22
the written policies and procedures of the department which they followed relative to the

circumstance. Following procedures, the testimony established that once a suspect was identified,

whether by witnesses or fingerprints or some other means, a photo lineup was prepared based on

that suspect’s photograph and photographs of other individuals with similar features to show and

present to the victim. Detective Chavez confirmed that the suspect’s photograph was printed, along

with the photographs of five other “fillers” who matched the suspect as closely as possible by

gender, facial hair, and “anything that can make them all look similar to one another.” Detective

Chavez gave photos to Sergeant Washington, who then shuffled them and placed them in

individual folders which were then numbered one through six.

       Following procedures, a person who is not the person presenting the lineup shuffled the

folders outside the presence of the presenter so that the presenter did not know which folder

contained the suspect’s photograph. The presenter may either be “blind,” meaning he has no

indication of any details about the case or the suspect, or “blinded,” meaning he has some

knowledge of the case. In any event, the presenter was situated so that he cannot see the

photographs as the viewer looks at them. This positioning is followed so as to avoid giving the

viewer any unintentional cues concerning which photograph belonged to the suspect. Two

additional folders, numbered as seven and eight, were included but contained no photographs.

These additional folders were not given to the viewer; but their purpose served to give the illusion

that there are more choices so that the viewer did not feel compelled to make an identification

solely from among the first six folders.

       Detective Chavez testified that the department had identified a suspect based on

information received from Dona Ana Sheriff’s Office detectives and from fingerprints recovered

                                                23
from the victim’s vehicle. In short, Detective Chavez generated the photo lineup presented to

Moran based on the suspect identified during the investigation, i.e., Abarca. He gave the

photographs to Sergeant Jerome Washington, who shuffled them outside of Detective Chavez’s

presence. Detective Chavez then presented the lineup to Moran. Detective Chavez knew who the

suspect was and that his photograph was included in the lineup, but he did not know which folder

contained that photograph.

       Sergeant Washington testified that a viewer is not permitted to look at the photographs for

a “super long” time; he allows ten to fifteen seconds per photograph. If that time is exceeded,

Washington tells the viewer that they are going to go on and that they can come back to that

photograph. The goal is to prevent the viewer from fixating on a photograph, while also not causing

him to feel rushed. Detective Chavez, however, testified that he allowed Moran as much time as

he needed before handing him the next folder. In the meantime, Detective Chavez just sat and

waited without making any suggestion to Moran. Detective Chavez estimated that the entire

process took fifteen to twenty minutes. Moran similarly estimated that it took him fifteen to twenty

minutes to look at all of the folders.

       After Moran identified the photograph in folder four, Detective Chavez had him complete

the lineup and then had him document his degree of certainty on the photograph he chose. Moran

testified at the suppression hearing that Detective Chavez did not say anything, tell him who the

suspect was, or make any kind of suggestion to him during the photo lineup. He confirmed that he

recognized Abarca as the person who had taken his truck, and he marked 30 percent certain on the

lineup. He explained, “I did not want to put 100 percent, because I didn’t want to harm somebody

that would be innocent.”

                                                24
         The same photo lineup was shown to Ituarte, but this time the detectives’ roles were

reversed. Detective Chavez shuffled the photographs and Sergeant Washington presented the

lineup. Ituarte did not identify anyone from the photo lineup because “everybody looked the

same.”

         2) Applicable Law

         A pretrial identification procedure may be impermissibly suggestive because of the

procedure employed, “for example by police pointing out the suspect or suggesting that a suspect

is included in the line-up or photo array.” Barley v. State, 906 S.W.2d 27, 33 (Tex. Crim. App.

1995) (en banc). Or the content of a photo lineup itself may render it impermissibly suggestive,

for example, “if the suspect is the only individual closely resembling the pre-procedure

description.” Id.

         The appellant bears the burden of establishing by clear and convincing evidence that a

pretrial identification procedure was impermissibly suggestive. Balderas v. State, 517 S.W.3d 756,

792 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016); Barley, 906 S.W.2d at 34. The reviewing court considers the evidence

both at the pretrial suppression hearing and at trial, Balderas, 517 S.W.3d at 792, bearing in mind

that the trial court is the sole trier of fact at the suppression hearing and the sole judge of the

credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony. State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d

853, 855 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (en banc).

         3) Analysis

              i.    Suggestibility of the photo lineup procedure

         Abarca contends that the procedure used for the photo lineup shown to Moran was

impermissibly suggestive because Moran was allowed to look at the photographs for fifteen to

                                                25
twenty minutes before selecting one, and that it was unlikely that Detective Chavez did not make

some suggestion to him during that time. As a preliminary matter, the record does not show that

Moran looked at the photographs for fifteen to twenty minutes before selecting one. Rather,

Detective Chavez testified that the entire process took that amount of time, and Moran testified

that that was the amount of time he spent looking at all of the folders. Some of that time was spent

looking at photographs after Moran identified Abarca from the photograph in folder four, because

Detective Chavez still had Moran review the remaining photographs.

       Abarca contends that Detective Chavez allowed Moran to fixate on the photos for fifteen

to twenty minutes before making his selection, and that this length of time violated the El Paso

County Sheriff’s Office’s lineup procedures. That contention, however, is not supported by the

record. At the suppression hearing, Detective Chavez testified that the entire process itself from

the start took fifteen to twenty minutes. And during that time, Chavez described that he

administered several departmental procedures.

       Chavez first explained to Moran what was going to happen to include use of an

admonishment form that contained instructions about the process. Those instructions informed

Moran that a series of photographs would be shown one at a time, that the suspect may or may not

be in the array presented, that the presenting officer does not know what position a suspect may

be placed in, and that Moran must look at each photograph. Another instruction informed Moran

that if he did make an identification, he would be asked to describe his level of certainty.

       Following the admonishments, Detective Chavez showed each photograph in the folders

one at a time. When asked for details, Detective Chavez stated: “I show him the folders one at a

time and allow him to take as much time as he needs before I hand him the next one. . . . Then he

                                                 26
looked through the photos, and he made an identification.”           Chavez testified that Moran

recognized the person in the photograph that was in folder No. 4. As required, he next asked Moran

how certain he was and had him view the rest of the photos, photos five and six. Lastly, Chavez

asked Moran to initial and document his certainty on the actual photograph.

       Contrasted with Detective Chavez’s testimony about his administration of the Moran

identification, Sergeant Washington testified at trial that the department’s procedure did not allow

a viewer to look at the photographs for a “super long period of time.” When asked how long was

too long, Sergeant Washington responded that no time clock was used but he would say that after

ten to fifteen seconds per photograph he would show another photograph. He explained that people

may start to fixate on a picture too long because of similar features, or not, and the goal is not to

rush the viewer, but at the same time, not allow a person to stare “for a super long period.”

       On review, we conclude that Abarca has not established that a total viewing period of

fifteen to twenty minutes for the entire process including administering instructions and

documenting certainty violated the Sheriff’s Office’s “super long time” policy or that the lineup

procedure was impermissibly suggestive merely because it took that period of time. He also has

not demonstrated any violation of the purpose for imposing time constraints on a photo lineup.

The record does not reflect how long Moran viewed any particular photograph or the photograph

in folder four in particular. There is simply no indication that Moran identified Abarca’s

photograph because he fixated on it.

       The record also does not support Abarca’s allegation that Detective Chavez must have

made some suggestion to Moran while Moran was viewing the photographs. While Detective

Chavez knew who the suspect was, he did not know which folder contained the suspect’s

                                                 27
photograph. The detective testified that he simply waited while Moran viewed the photographs,

and Moran testified that the detective did not make any suggestion to him. It was within the

province of the trial court, as trier of fact at the suppression hearing, to determine the credibility

of the witnesses. Ross, 32 S.W.3d at 855. In the absence of findings of fact, we assume that the

trial court gave credence to the testimony that supports its ruling. See Balentine v. State, 71 S.W.3d

763, 768 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). We therefore assume that the trial court accepted Detective

Chavez’s and Moran’s testimony that the detective did not make any suggestion to Moran

concerning who the suspect was or which photograph to choose.

       This case is distinguishable from State v. Diamos, No. 08-16-00322-CR, 2018 WL

5861808 (Tex. App.—El Paso Nov. 9, 2018, pet. ref’d) (not designated for publication), on which

Abarca relies. The trial court in Diamos made express findings that the person who viewed the

photo lineup (1) knew that the detective who presented the lineup knew who the suspect was, (2)

first chose a photograph of someone other than the suspect, and (3) after continued conversation

with the detective, chose the suspect’s photograph. Id., at *4. None of these factors is present in

the case before us; Diamos is inapposite.

       Abarca has not sustained his burden of establishing by clear and convincing evidence that

the procedure used in presenting the photo lineup to Moran was impermissibly suggestive. See

Balderas, 517 S.W.3d at 792; Barley, 906 S.W.2d at 34.

       We next consider whether the content of that lineup was impermissibly suggestive.

             ii. Suggestibility of the photo lineup content

       Abarca contends that the photo lineup shown to both Moran and Ituarte was impermissibly

suggestive because it was not based on the descriptions given by witnesses at the time of the

                                                 28
offense. Instead, the El Paso County Sheriff’s Office had identified Abarca as a suspect based on

information from a New Mexico law enforcement officer, and thereafter, compiled the photo array

based on Abarca’s appearance. Abarca does not contend that the five other individuals pictured in

the photo lineup were dissimilar to him in appearance, only that all of them (himself included)

were dissimilar in appearance to the description given by witness statements.

       The argument raised here by Abarca has previously been considered by the Texarkana

Court of Appeals. See Wallace v. State, 75 S.W.3d 576 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2002), aff’d, 106

S.W.3d 103 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). The photo lineup at issue in Wallace was prepared after a

suspect had been identified and was based on that suspect’s appearance. Id. at 584. Wallace

asserted that this was error because “the photographic array did not contain anyone matching the

original description given by the witnesses.” Id. The court of appeals rejected this assertion, noting

that a suspect was identified before the array was prepared and stating, “[g]iven the state of the

investigation at the time, there was no obligation to prepare a lineup fitting a description of

someone not a suspect.” Id. at 584-85.

       The Court of Criminal Appeals has also recognized that “[t]he mere fact that the lineup

participants did not perfectly match the witness’ prior physical description of the robber does not

render the lineup impermissibly suggestive.” Cooks v. State, 844 S.W.2d 697, 732 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1992) (en banc). The court in Cooks stated, “it is more important, for purposes of avoiding

suggestive procedures, that appellant did not somehow appear conspicuous among the other

participants.” Id. The court concluded that, because there was no evidence that the appellant in that

case “stood out as the likely candidate among the others in the lineup[,]” the lineup was not

impermissibly suggestive. Id.

                                                 29
       There is no contention in this case that the five “fillers” in the photo lineup did not closely

resemble Abarca (and each other). In other words, there is no evidence that Abarca “stood out as

the likely candidate” or was in some manner “conspicuous among the other participants.” See id.

Thus, even if the photo lineup was comprised of men who differed in appearance from Moran’s

and Ituarte’s original descriptions, there is nothing about the photographs that would have

impermissibly suggested that they identify Abarca rather than one of the other five. Indeed, Ituarte

did not identify anyone from the lineup.

       Abarca has not sustained his burden of establishing by clear and convincing evidence that

the content of the photo lineup presented to Moran and Ituarte was impermissibly suggestive. See

Balderas, 517 S.W.3d at 792; Barley, 906 S.W.2d at 34.

       Issue Six is overruled.

   D. Admissibility of the in-court identifications

       In Issues Seven and Eight, Abarca repeats a portion of his argument against the

admissibility of the photo-line-up identification as presented in Issue Six. As to Issues Seven and

Eight, however, Abarca argues that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting Moran’s and

Ituarte’s in-court identifications by asserting that their in-court identifications followed

impermissibly suggestive out-of-court photo lineups.

       1) Admissibility of in-court identification

       “An in-court identification is inadmissible when it has been tainted by an impermissibly-

suggestive pretrial photographic identification. The test is whether, considering the totality of the

circumstances, the photographic identification procedure was so impermissibly suggestive as to

give rise to a very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification.” Ibarra v. State, 11

                                                 30
S.W.3d 189, 195 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       [I]f the totality of the circumstances reveals no substantial likelihood of
       misidentification despite a suggestive pretrial procedure, subsequent identification
       testimony will be deemed “reliable,” “reliability [being] the linchpin in determining
       the admissibility of identification testimony.”

Id. (quoting Webb v. State, 760 S.W.2d 263, 269 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988)).

       Admissibility of an in-court identification is thus subject to a two-step analysis. The court

must first determine “whether the out-of-court identification procedure was impermissibly

suggestive,” and then “whether that suggestive procedure gave rise to a very substantial likelihood

of irreparable misidentification.” Barley, 906 S.W.2d at 32–33; see Balderas, 517 S.W.3d at 792

(“If the court determines that a pretrial identification procedure was impermissibly suggestive, it

then assesses the reliability of the identification under the totality of the circumstances.”).

       The first step of the analysis underlying Abarca’s challenges to Moran’s and Ituarte’s in-

court identifications corresponds to the inquiry underlying his challenge to Moran’s pretrial photo

lineup identification—was the photo lineup procedure, or the content of the lineup itself,

impermissibly suggestive?

       2) Analysis

       As noted above, admissibility of an in-court identification is subject to a two-step analysis,

the first step being to determine “whether the out-of-court identification procedure was

impermissibly suggestive . . . .” Barley, 906 S.W.2d at 32–33; see Balderas, 517 S.W.3d at 792.

Proceeding to the second step depends on the resolution of the first step: “If the court determines

that a pretrial identification procedure was impermissibly suggestive, it then assesses the reliability

of the identification under the totality of the circumstances.” Balderas, 517 S.W.3d at 792

(emphasis added).

                                                  31
       Because we conclude that the photo lineup was not impermissibly suggestive, we need not

engage in the second step of the analysis. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting

Moran’s and Ituarte’s in-court identifications of Abarca. See Cooks, 844 S.W.2d at 732 (“In the

absence of impermissibly suggestive pretrial procedures, in-court identification testimony is

always admissible.”).

       Issues Seven and Eight are overruled.

   E. Admissibility of testimony from Marisela Gallegos

       1) Hearsay

       In his ninth issue, Abarca argues that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting

certain evidence in violation of the hearsay rule. A former Anthony Police Department officer

testified outside the presence of the jury that he encountered Abarca in the presence of Marisela

Gallegos twice in 2014. The first encounter occurred when Abarca and Gallegos were involved in

a theft from a Dollar General store. Both were issued citations but failed to appear in court, so

warrants were issued for their arrest. The second meeting occurred during a traffic stop when the

two were arrested on the outstanding warrants.

       The officer testified that, on the first occasion, Abarca and Gallegos both told him that they

were boyfriend and girlfriend. On the second occasion, neither Abarca nor Gallegos made any

statements to him. The only evidence that was actually put before the jury was the officer’s

testimony that he had encountered Abarca with Gallegos, and that they had both stated that they

were boyfriend and girlfriend.

       Abarca contends that Gallegos’s statements concerning her identity and her relationship

with Abarca are hearsay because they are out-of-court statements offered for the truth of the

                                                 32
matters asserted. See TEX. R. EVID. 801(d). There is, however, no out-of-court statement by

Gallegos concerning her identity. The officer merely testified that he had encountered her with

Abarca. He did not testify concerning how he knew who she was. There being no hearsay, there is

no hearsay violation.

       The State urges that the statement that Abarca and Gallegos were boyfriend and girlfriend

is not inadmissible hearsay because it was not offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted.

Other evidence linked Gallegos to a Mitsubishi whose license plate was found on Moran’s van.

Gallegos was also linked to Michael Bannister, whose credit cards were found inside the van. The

State asserts that its purpose in offering the boyfriend/girlfriend statement was not to prove that

Abarca and Gallegos were, in fact, boyfriend and girlfriend. Rather, the statement was offered to

establish a link between Abarca and Gallegos which, in turn, would establish a link between

Abarca and the stolen van, i.e., the license plate.

       Even accepting that the statement was not offered to prove that Abarca and Gallegos were

boyfriend and girlfriend, it is apparent that the statement was offered to prove that they had some

relationship to support the implication that Abarca was involved in placing the license plates from

a car associated with Gallegos on the stolen van. The line the State attempts to draw is too fine to

warrant the conclusion that the statement was not offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted.

       Nevertheless, the State also points out that a statement is not hearsay if it is offered against

an opposing party who manifested that he adopted it or believed it to be true. See TEX. R. EVID.

801(e)(2)(B); Paredes v. State, 129 S.W.3d 530, 534 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004); Trevino v. State,

991 S.W.2d 849, 853 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (en banc). Abarca, as well as Gallegos, stated that

the two were boyfriend and girlfriend. Because Abarca adopted Gallegos’s statement concerning

                                                  33
their relationship, that statement is not hearsay. See Paredes, 129 S.W.3d at 534; Trevino, 991

S.W.2d at 853. And Abarca’s own statement concerning the relationship between the two is not

hearsay because it constitutes the statement of a party opponent. See TEX. R. EVID. 801(e)(2)(A)

(statement is not hearsay if offered against opposing party and made by that party).

       Abarca has not established that the trial court abused its discretion by overruling his

hearsay objection to the officer’s testimony concerning the relationship between Abarca and

Gallegos.

       Issue Nine is overruled.

       2) Confrontation Clause

       The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution

provides that, “[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be confronted

with the witnesses against him . . . .” U.S. CONST. amend. VI; see Crawford v. Washington, 541

U.S. 36, 42 (2004). To protect this right, “[t]estimonial statements of witnesses absent from trial

have been admitted only where the declarant is unavailable, and only where the defendant has had

a prior opportunity to cross-examine.” Id. at 59; see De La Paz v. State, 273 S.W.3d 671, 680 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2008). Once a defendant raises a Confrontation Clause objection, the State bears the

burden to establish either that the evidence does not contain testimonial hearsay statements or, if

it does contain testimonial hearsay statements, that those statements are nevertheless admissible

under Crawford. De La Paz, 273 S.W.3d at 681.

       Abarca contends in his tenth issue that evidence of Gallegos’s statement concerning her

relationship with Abarca violates the Confrontation Clause because that statement was made

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during a police encounter, 9 Gallegos did not testify at trial, and Abarca did not have a prior

opportunity to cross-examine her. See Crawford, 541 U.S. at 59; De La Paz, 273 S.W.3d at 680.

        “Generally speaking, a hearsay statement is ‘testimonial’ when the surrounding

circumstances objectively indicate that the primary purpose of the interview or interrogation is to

establish or prove past events potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution.” De La Paz, 273

S.W.3d at 680; see Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 822 (2006). We cannot read this standard

in a way that divorces “to establish or prove past events” from “potentially relevant to later criminal

prosecution.” Rather, proof of past events is logically sought in the context of a particular criminal

investigation.

        Gallegos’s boyfriend/girlfriend statement was made to a police officer at the time when

Gallegos was suspected of theft from a Dollar Store and was issued a citation for that offense. The

circumstances thus indicate that the primary purpose of the officer’s interaction with Gallegos was

to establish past events potentially relevant to a later criminal prosecution for theft. However, the

circumstances also establish that the officer had no purpose whatsoever to establish or prove past

events potentially relevant to a criminal prosecution for the aggravated robbery of Moran. The

officer’s encounter with Gallegos occurred in 2014. The aggravated robbery occurred in March

2015.

        We conclude that the boyfriend/girlfriend statement is not testimonial in the context of

Abarca’s prosecution for aggravated robbery. Its admission therefore does not violate the

Confrontation Clause.

9
 Abarca argues that statements were made during two police encounters but the record is clear that neither Abarca
nor Gallegos made any statements to the officer during the second encounter.

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          In the alternative, we conclude that any error in admitting that statement is harmless.

          In determining specifically whether constitutional error under Crawford may be
          declared harmless beyond a reasonable doubt . . . the following factors are relevant:
          1) how important was the out-of-court statement to the State’s case; 2) whether the
          out-of-court statement was cumulative of other evidence; 3) the presence or absence
          of evidence corroborating or contradicting the out-of-court statement on material
          points; and 4) the overall strength of the prosecution’s case. . . . [T]he reviewing
          court must ask itself whether there is a reasonable possibility that the Crawford
          error moved the jury from a state of non-persuasion to one of persuasion on a
          particular issue. Ultimately, after considering these various factors, the reviewing
          court must be able to declare itself satisfied, to a level of confidence beyond a
          reasonable doubt, that the error did not contribute to the conviction before it can
          affirm it.

Langham v. State, 305 S.W.3d 568, 582 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (quoting Scott v. State, 227

S.W.3d 670, 690-91 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)).

          Gallegos’s statement about the nature of her relationship with Abarca had little importance

to the State’s case. While the statement connected Gallegos and Abarca, that connection was also

established by the police officer’s testimony that he twice encountered them together. And insofar

as the statement supported a chain of inferences connecting Abarca to the stolen van, the State

presented ample direct evidence of that connection—Abarca’s fingerprint was found inside the

van and Moran, from whom the van was stolen, identified Abarca as the robber on three separate

occasions. Two other eyewitnesses also identified Abarca as the perpetrator. Finally, Gallegos’s

statement is cumulative of Abarca’s own statement that the two were boyfriend and girlfriend.

          We find no reasonable possibility that any error in admitting Gallegos’s statement moved

the jury from a state of non-persuasion to one of persuasion on the issue of Abarca’s identity as

the robber. See Langham, 305 S.W.3d at 582. On the contrary, we are satisfied, to a level of

confidence beyond a reasonable doubt, that the error did not contribute to Abarca’s conviction.

See id.

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       Issue Ten is overruled.

                                    III. CONCLUSION

       The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

                                             GINA M. PALAFOX, Justice
January 27, 2021

Before Rodriguez, C.J., Palafox, and Alley, JJ.

(Do Not Publish)

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