Court Opinion

ID: 4129119
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-02-18 00:47:35.901448+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:34:15.416439
License: Public Domain

OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL . STATE OF TEXAS

   JOHN    CORNYN

                                          October 11,2002

The Honorable Jane Nelson                            Opinion No. JC-056 1
Chair, Committee on Nominations
Texas State Senate                                   Re: Whether the Texas Interagency Council on
P.O. Box 12068                                       Early Childhood Intervention is authorized to
Austin, Texas 78711                                  require local service providers to collect and
                                                     submit to the Council personally identifiable
                                                     information regarding children and their families,
                                                     and related questions (RQ-0535JC)

Dear Senator Nelson:

         You ask whether the Texas Interagency Council on Early Childhood Intervention (the
“Council”) is authorized to require by contract that local service providers collect and submit certain
information to the Council. It is not clear from your request whether the information at issue pertains
only to children and families served by the Council and local service providers or whether you are
also concerned about other kinds of information. Given the complexity of federal law governing the
Council and local service providers, we limit our analysis in this opinion to information about
children and their families. We conclude that the Council is authorized by state and federal law to
require local service providers to submit information about children and their families for the
purpose of evaluating federally and state funded programs, but that the Council may not redisclose
the information except in compliance with federal law.

         Subchapter III of the federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 20 U.S .C. $4 1400-
1487 (2000) (“IDEA”), as amended in 1997, see Pub. L. No. 105-17, 11 1 Stat. 37, establishes a
federal program pursuant to which the United States provides financial assistance to states to develop
a statewide system to provide early intervention services to infants and toddlers under three years
of age, see 20 U.S.C. @j 1431-1445 (2000). This portion of the IDEA is commonly referred to as
Part C, see Pub. L. No. 105-17, 111 Stat. 37, and is distinct from Part B, which addresses services
for children three years of age and older. Both Part C of the IDEA and the federal rules promulgated
under Part C, see 34 C.F.R. pt. 303 (2002) (“Early Intervention Program for Infants and Toddlers
with Disabilities”), require each state to have a “lead agency” designated by the governor in order
to be eligible for federal funding. See 20 U.S.C. $4 1434,1435(a)(lO) (2000); 34 C.F.R. 8 303.142
(2002).

         Under Texas law, the Council is “the lead agency designated by the governor” under the
IDEA “for the administration, supervision, and monitoring of a statewide comprehensive system of
early intervention services.” TEX. HUM. REs. CODE ANN. 5 73.005 1(a) (Vernon 2001). The purpose
The Honorable Jane Nelson         - Page 2           (JC-0561)

of these services is to ensure that infants and toddlers who have developmental needs or who are at
risk for developmental delay “receive services that are provided in partnership with their families
and in the context of their local community.” Id. The Council is responsible for seeking evaluation
of each child referred for services and for referring the child to a program that can meet the child’s
needs. See id. 8 73.009. The Council is authorized to select providers of services, see id. $73.011,
and to enter into, administer, and monitor contracts with providers “for programs and projects
authorized under this chapter,” id. 5 73.005 1(c). We will refer to these providers as “local service
providers,” a term used in the federal rules. See, e.g., 34 C.F.R. 5 303.5(b)(3) (2002).

        The Council has recently inserted terms into its contracts with local service providers that
require them to collect and submit to the Council information about the children and families they
serve. You ask what legal authority allows the Council “to contractually demand that” local service
providers “collect and disclose such individually identifiable information to the agency.“’ We
conclude that chapter 73 of the Human Resources Code authorizes the Council to require service
providers to collect and submit information to the Council. In addition, Part C of the IDEA and the
federal rules applicable to the information permit local service providers to transfer information
about children to the Council.

        “[A] state administrative agency has only those powers that the Legislature expressly confers
upon it. But an agency may also have implied powers that are reasonably necessary to carry out the
express responsibilities given to it by the Legislature.” Pub. Util. Comm 31 v. City Pub. Sew. Bd.,
53 S.W.3d 310, 315 (Tex. 2001). Although no provision in chapter 73 of the Human Resources
Code expressly authorizes the Council to require local service providers to submit information about
children and families receiving services funded by the Council, this authority may be implied from
the Council’s express statutory duties.

         First, as we have noted, the Council is authorized by section 73.005 1(c) of the Human
Resources Code to “enter into, administer, and monitor contracts with providers.” TEX.HUM. RES.
CODE ANN. 5 73.005 1(c) (Vernon 2001). Section 73.011 requires the Council to select providers
that will provide the best value, taking into account such factors as past performance and the quality
and cost of the provider’s services. See id. 8 73.01 l(a), (c). These provisions authorize the Council
to require a local service provider to collect and submit to the Council information that will allow
the Council to monitor the contract and to assess the provider’s performance.

         The federal rules under Part C of the IDEA require a statewide system to include a process
for collecting data from agencies and service providers in the state. See 34 C.F.R. 5 303.540 (2002).
Section 73.005 1(k) of the Human Resources Code requires the Council to “select an appropriate
automated system . . . to plan, manage, and maintain records of client services.” TEX. HUM. RES.
CODE ANN. § 73.005 l(k) (Vernon 2001). This provision clearly authorizes the Council to require
local service providers to collect and submit information that will enable the Council to plan,

        ‘Letter from Honorable Jane Nelson, Chair, Committee on Nominations, Texas Senate, to Honorable John
Cornyn, Texas Attorney General, at 3 (Apr. 12, 2002) (on file with Opinion Committee) [hereinafter Request Letter].
The Honorable Jane Nelson       - Page 3         (JC-0561)

manage, and maintain records of client services. The phrase “records of client services” suggests
the legislature intends the Council to maintain records regarding individual clients and the services
they receive. Section 73.005 l(k) impliedly authorizes the Council to require local providers to
submit information about children and families receiving services funded by the Council.

         The IDEA does not prohibit but rather expressly contemplates that lead agencies, such as the
Council, may obtain personally identifiable information about the children and families to whom
they provide services.    Under Part C of the IDEA, a statewide system must provide certain
procedural safeguards, including “[tlhe right to confidentiality of personally identifiable information,
including the right of parents to written notice of and written consent to the exchange of such
information among agencies consistent with Federal and State law.” 20 USC. 9 1439(a)(2) (2000).
A federal rule adopted under the authority of this provision requires each state to “adopt or develop
polices and procedures that the State will follow in order to ensure the protection of any personally
identifiable information collected, used, or maintained under this part.” 34 C.F.R. § 303.460(a)
(2002) (emphasis added). “Personally identifiable information” is defined by the applicable rules
to mean:

                          (1) The name of the child, the child’s parent, or other family
                member;

                          (2) The address of the child;

                        (3) A personal identifier, such as the child’s or parent’s social
                security number; or

                       (4) A list of personal characteristics or other information that
                would make it possible to identify the child with reasonable certainty.

Id. 8 303.401(c).

         Part C of the IDEA itself is silent with respect to whether local service providers may submit
personally identifiable information about children to lead agencies, but the Part C rules permit a
transfer of information from a local service provider to a lead agency by incorporating the rules for
disclosure of personally identifiable information in student records promulgated under the Family
Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974,20 U.S.C. 8 1232g (2000) (FERPA).

          Part B of the IDEA expressly requires the United States Secretary of Education in 20 USC.
8 1417 to “take appropriate action” in accordance with FERPA, “to assure the protection of the
confidentiality of any personally identifiable data, information, and records collected or maintained
. . . by State and local educational agencies pursuant to the provisions” of Part B. See id. Q 1417(c).
Thus, Part B records are accorded the same protections as education records under FERPA. The
FERPA framework is an apt one for Part B records as Part B of the IDEA establishes a federal
program to assist states to provide special education and other services to children aged three and
older, generally in the context of public school systems. See id. 5 $ 1411- 14 19.
The Honorable Jane Nelson     - Page 4         (JC-0561)

         Section 1417 applies to programs authorized by Part C “to the extent not inconsistent with”
Part C. See id. 8 1442. In addition, the United States Department of Education has mandated that
states accord Part C records the same procedural safeguards accorded to Part B records, including
the FERPA protections. See 34 C.F.R. 8 303.460(b) note (2002) (“The part B provisions incorporate
by reference the regulations in 34 C.F.R. part 99 (Family Educational Rights and Privacy); therefore,
those regulations also apply to this part.“). As applied to Part C information, a reference in the Part
B rules to a “[sltate educational agency” means the “lead agency” and a reference to a
“[plarticipating agency” means a “local service provider.” Id. 8 303.5(b)(l), (3); see also 20 USC.
8 1442(l), (2) (2000). Thus, the framework for protecting confidentiality of student information
generally applicable to state educational agencies and schools for school age children has been
extended to lead agencies and local service providers for infants and toddlers.

         The FERPA regulations permit a local education agency to disclose personally identifiable
student information to state educational authorities without parental consent subject to the
requirements of section 99.35 of the FERPA rules. See 34 C.F.R. 5 99.31(a)(3) (2002). Section
99.35(a) permits a state educational authority to “have access to education records in connection with
an audit or evaluation of Federal or State supported education programs.” Id. $ 99.35(a). This rule
would appear to authorize a local service provider to transfer personally identifiable information to
a lead agency, such as the Council, without parental consent for the purpose of monitoring contracts
with local service providers, which constitutes an evaluation of a federal or state supported program.
See generally Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JC-0333 (2001) at 4-5 (noting that school districts disclose
personally identifiable student information to the Texas Education Agency without parental consent
for Public Education Information Management System).

         In a related question, you ask what “consent must be obtained from which affected
individuals, and how often must the consent be obtained.” Request Letter, supra note 1, at 3. The
consent requirements of the FERPA regulations, 34 C.F.R. part 99, apply to Part C information. See
34 C.F.R. 8 303.404 note 1 (2002); see also id. 8 303.460 note (34 C.F.R. part 99 also applies to Part
C regulations). The Council’s rule on confidentiality and consent also refers to the FERPA rules.
See 25 TEX. ADMIN. CODE 5 621,43(12)(A) (2002).

         Generally, under the FERPA rules, personally identifiable student information may not be
disclosed without parental consent. See 34 C.F.R. 5 99.30 (2002). However, as discussed above,
the FERPA regulations permit a local education agency to disclose personally identifiable student
information to state educational authorities without parental consent subject to the requirements of
section 99.35 of the FERPA rules, see id. 8 99.3 1(a)(3), “in connection with an audit or evaluation
of Federal or State supported education programs.” Id. 8 99.35(a). This rule authorizes a local
service provider to transfer personally identifiable information about a child to a lead agency, such
as the Council, without parental consent for the purpose of monitoring contracts with local service
providers, which constitutes an evaluation of a federal or state supported program.

         Under section 99.35(b), information that is collected under section 99.35(a) must “[b]e
protected in a manner that does not permit personal identification of individuals by anyone except
the officials referred to in paragraph (a) of this section” and must “[b]e destroyed when no longer
The Honorable Jane Nelson      - Page 5         (JC-0561)

needed for the purposes listed in paragraph (a).” Id. 8 99.35(b). These requirements do not apply
if the parent has given written consent for the disclosure or if the collection of personally identifiable
information is “specifically authorized” by federal law. Id. $ 99.35(c). Although the FERPA rules
clearly allow the transfer of personally identifiable information by local service providers to a lead
agency for certain purposes, see id. § 99.35(a), we are not aware of any federal law specifically
authorizing the Council to collect personally identifiable information. Thus, if there is no written
consent for the disclosure, the Council must adhere to the requirements of section 99.35(b) by
protecting the information “in a manner that does not permit personal identification of individuals”
except by Council officials and by destroying the information when it is no longer needed to monitor
contracts. See id. 8 99.35(b).

         You also ask “what legal and procedural safeguards must the agency follow to reduce the
likelihood of any improper disclosure of the information.”       Request Letter, supra note 1, at 3.
Importantly, any redisclosure of information by the Council must be permitted by FERPA. See 34
C.F.R. 5 99.33 (2002). In addition, Part C of the IDEA, see 20 USC. 5 1439(a)(2) (2000), and the
federal rules under Part C require each state to develop policies and procedures that the state will
follow to “ensure the protection of any personally identifiable information collected, used, or
maintained under this part, including the right of parents to written notice of and written consent to
the exchange of this information among agencies consistent with Federal and State law,” 34 C.F.R.
5 303.460(a) (2002). In addition, the Part C rules provide that such state policies and procedures
must also meet the requirements of rules setting forth procedural safeguards for confidentiality of
information in 34 C.F.R. sections 300.560 through 300.576 of the Part B rules, see id. 8 303.460(b).

         The Part B rules applicable to Part C information establish a number of procedures and
protections. For example, they require the Council, as a lead agency, to give notice that is adequate
to fully inform parents about such matters as “the children on whom personally identifiable
information is maintained, the types of information sought, the methods the State intends to use in
gathering the information (including the sources from whom information is gathered), and the uses
to be made of the information”; “the policies and procedures that [local service providers] must
follow regarding storage, disclosure to third parties, retention, and destruction of personally
identifiable information”; and “the rights of parents and children regarding this information,
including the rights under the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 and implementing
regulations in 34 C.F.R. part 99.” Id. $300.561. In addition, the Council must provide “policies and
procedures, including sanctions, that the State uses to ensure that its policies and procedures are
followed and that the requirements of the Act and the regulations in this part are met.” Id. 8
300.575; see aZso 25 TEX. ADMIN. CODE Q 621.43 (2002) (Council’s rule on confidentiality).

        You ask whether “any federal or state constitutional provisions or laws prohibit or limit the
scope” of the information that the Council may require local service providers to collect and submit
to the Council.    Request Letter, supra note 1, at 3. Again, Part C of the IDEA appears to
contemplate that a lead agency may obtain personally identifiable information about children and
families from local service providers, and the Part C rules, by incorporating the FERPA rules, permit
a local service provider to transfer information to a lead agency without parental consent for the
purpose of auditing or evaluating a federal or state supported program.            Under this FERPA
The Honorable Jane Nelson          - Page 6           (JC-0561)

exception, the information collected must be information the lead agency will use to audit or evaluate
a program. In addition, we note that section 73.009 of the Human Resources Code provides that
“[slervices under this section shall be provided in a manner that minimizes intrusion into family
privacy.” TEX. HUM. RES. CODE ANN. Q 73.009(c) (Vernon 2001). While this limitation does not
prevent the Council from requiring providers to collect necessary information and from requiring
the submission of such information to the Council, the Council shall tailor its data collection to
minimize intrusion into family privacy. Finally, it has been suggested that the Public Information
Act, chapter 552 of the Texas Government Code, may limit the information the Council may obtain
from local service providers.       That Act governs when information in the possession of a
governmental body must be publicly disclosed; it does not govern the scope of information that a
governmental body, such as the Council, may collect from the contractors it pays to provide services.
See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. $8 552.001-,353 (Vernon 1994 & Supp. 2002).

         You ask what remedies affected individuals would have against the Council for any improper
disclosure of personally identifiable information by the Council. The Council has a procedure for
reviewing a complaint “alleging that a requirement of the [IDEA] or applicable federal and/or state
regulation[] has been violated.” 25 TEX.ADMIN. CODE $62 1.42 (2002). An individual who believes
that the Council has improperly disclosed personally identifiable information about his or her child
in violation of FERPA and the Part C rules could file a complaint with the Council under this
procedure. The Council’s procedure, however, does not provide any specific remedy for improper
disclosure of information. See id.

        With respect to other state laws, information made confidential under FERPA is also
confidential under the Public Information Act. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. $8 552.026 (Vernon
1994) (“This chapter does not require the release of information contained in education records of
an educational agency or institution, except in conformity with the Family Educational Rights and
Privacy Act of 1974, Sec. 513, Pub. L. No. 93-380,20 U.S.C. Sec. 1232g.“), ,101 (“Information is
excepted from the requirements of Section 552.02 1 if it is information considered to be confidential
by law, either constitutional, statutory, or by judicial decision.“); Tex. Att’y Gen. ORD-634 (1995)
(information that is protected by FERPA may be withheld as confidential information under section
552.101). The Public Information Act provides that a person commits official misconduct “if the
person distributes information considered confidential under the terms of this chapter,” an offense
punishable by a fine of not more than $1,000, up to six months of confinement, or both. TEX. GOV’T
CODE ANN. 5 552.352 (Vernon 1994).

        The Public Information Act does not provide a civil remedy for the release of confidential
information. Although Texas courts recognize some common-law privacy torts,2 the Council, as a
state agency, is immune from suit except to the extent the state has waived its immunity. As a

          2See Indus. Found. of the S. v. Tex. Indus. Accident Bd., 540 S.W.2d668,682 (Tex. 1976), cert. denied, 430
U.S. 931 (1977) (recognizing right to “freedom from public disclosure of embarrassing private facts”); Billings v.
Atkinson, 489 S.W.2d 858, 859-61 (Tex. 1973) (recognizing right to be free of intrusion into plaintiffs seclusion); see
also Cain v. Hearst Corp., 878 S.W.2d 577 (Tex. 1994) (declining to recognize the false light invasion of privacy
action).
The Honorable Jane Nelson      - Page 7          (JC-0561)

general matter, “the state does not waive its immunity [under the Tort Claims Act] by using or
misusing information.” Axtell v. Univ. of Tex., 69 S.W.3d 261, 267 (Tex. App.-Austin 2002, no
pet.) (holding that student’s claim for harm caused by the disclosure of confidential information did
not state a cause of action under section 101.021(2) of the Tort Claims Act); see also City of
Beaumont v. Bouillion, 896 S.W.2d 143 (Tex. 1995) (holding that Texas recognizes neither an
implied private right of action nor a common-law cause of action for damages for violation of
constitutional rights).

         With respect to remedies available under federal law, the Department of Education may deny
funding to a state program that fails to comply with the requirements of Part C of the IDEA. See 20
U.S.C. $5 14 16 (2000) (authorizing Secretary of Education to withhold funding upon a finding “that
there has been a failure by the State to comply substantially with any provision of this subchapter”
or “that there is a failure to comply with any condition of a local educational agency’s or State
agency’s eligibility under this subchapter”), 1434 (to be eligible for Part C grant, state must have “a
statewide system that meets the requirements of section 1435 of this title”), 1435(a)( 13) (requiring
statewide system to have “[plrocedural safeguards with respect to programs under this subchapter,
as required by section 1439 of this title”), 1439(a)(2) (minimum procedural safeguards include “[thee
right to confidentiality of personally identifiable information, including the right of parents to written
notice of and written consent to the exchange of such information among agencies consistent with
Federal and State law”), 1442 (providing that 20 U.S.C. 8 1416 applies to Part C of the IDEA); see
also 34 C.F.R. $9 300.580-,589 (2002) (Part B enforcement procedures); 303,5(a)(3) (specifically
incorporating 34 C.F.R. $5 300.580-,585 into Part C rules).

         We have not located any case law addressing disclosure of personally identifiable
information collected under Part C of the IDEA. We have located a 1992 federal district court case
regarding the release of information subject to Part B of the IDEA. See Sean R. v. Bd. of Educ., 794
F. Supp. 467 (D. Conn. 1992). In that case, a local school board released to a newspaper the name
of a child and his parents. Ruling on the school board’s motion to dismiss, the court concluded that
the plaintiffs, the child and his parents, had a reasonable expectation of privacy under the IDEA and
its rules that was protected under the United States Constitution and therefore had a cause of action
under the fourteenth amendment and 42 USC. $1983. See Sean R., 794 F. Supp. at 469. The court
also held that the plaintiffs had a right of action under 42 USC. 8 1983 for violation of the IDEA.
See id. at 469-70. In the intervening years, however, the IDEA has been amended and there is a split
between the federal circuit courts regarding whether 42 U.S.C. Q 1983 may be used to redress
violations of the IDEA and the extent to which the states are immune from suit under the IDEA. See,
e.g., Padilla v. Sch. Dist. No. I, 233 F.3d 1268, 1272-74 (10th Cir. 2000) (describing circuit split
with respect to whether the IDEA may provide a basis for 42 USC. 8 1983 claims); Bradley v. Ark.
Dept. of Educ., 189 F.3d 745,750-52 (8th Cir. 1999) (discussing IDEA and sovereign immunity);
Marie 0. v. Edgar, 13 1 F.3d 610 (7th Cir. 1997) (upholding 42 U.S.C. $ 1983 action for declaratory
and injunctive relief against state for failing to provide services under predecessor to Part C of the
IDEA ); see also Allan G. Osborne, Jr., Ed-D., Can Section 1983 be Used to Redress Violations of
the IDEA?, 161 ED. LAW REP. 21 (March 2002).
The Honorable   Jane Nelson   - Page 8         (JC-0561)

        FERPA provides that federal funding for education will not be made available to an
educational agency or institution that has a policy or practice of releasing “education records (or
personally identifiable information contained therein other than directory information . . . ) of
students without the written consent of their parents to any individual, agency, or organization, other
than” certain specified entities in certain limited circumstances.    20 U.S.C. 8 1232g(b)( 1) (2000);
see also 34 C.F.R. $8 99.63-.67 (2002). A parent may file a written complaint with the Department
of Education’s Family Policy Compliance Office regarding an alleged violation of FERPA and or
the FERPA regulations. See 34 C.F.R. 8 99.63 (2002). While the Fifth Circuit has concluded that
FERPA does not grant a private right of action, it has also held that an action under 42 U.S.C. 8 1983
may be premised on an alleged violation of FERPA rights. See Tarka v. Cunningham, 9 17 F.2d 890
(5th Cir. 1990). However, the United States Supreme Court recently held that FERPA’s
nondisclosure   provisions create no personal rights enforceable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. See
Gonzaga Univ. v. Doe, 122 S. Ct. 2268 (2002). Thus, a private party may not bring a 42 U.S.C. 8
 1983 action for the improper release of records subject to Part C of the IDEA based on FERPA’s
nondisclosure provisions.

         Finally, you ask what liability local service providers would have for improper disclosures
of personally identifiable information by the Council and what remedies local service providers
would have against the Council for improper disclosures of information. In the event a local service
provider transfers information to the Council about children and their families in accordance with
the Part C rules and the FERPA rules and pursuant to contractual requirements, we do not believe
that the local service provider could have any liability for any subsequent improper disclosure of
information by the Council. The Council, on the other hand, would risk losing its federal funding.
See 20U.S.C. $8 1232g(b)(l), 1416,1434,1435,1439,1442           (2000); 34 C.F.R. $Q 99.63-.67 (2002).
And, as we have noted, the Public Information Act applies to personally identifiable information in
the possession of the Council and provides that a person commits official misconduct “if the person
distributes information considered confidential under the terms of this chapter,” an offense
punishable by a fine of not more than $1,000, up to six months of confinement, or both. TEX. GOV’T
CODE ANN. 8 552.352 (Vernon 1994); see also id. $8 552.026 (“This chapter does not require the
release of information contained in education records of an educational agency or institution, except
in conformity with the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974, Sec. 5 13, Pub. L. No.
93-380,20 U.S.C. Sec. 1232g.“), .lOl (“Information is excepted from the requirements of Section
552.021 if it is information considered to be confidential by law, either constitutional, statutory, or
by judicial decision.“).
The Honorable   Jane Nelson    - Page 9        (JC-0561)

                                          SUMMARY

                         The Texas Interagency        Council on Early Childhood
                Intervention is authorized by state and federal law to require local
                service providers to submit personally identifiable information about
                children and their families for the purpose of evaluating federally and
                state funded programs.        The Council may not redisclose the
                information except in compliance with federal law. In addition, the
                Public Information Act applies to such information in the possession
                of the Council and provides that a person commits official
                misconduct     “if the person distributes information       considered
                confidential under the terms of this chapter,” an offense punishable
                by a fine of not more than $1,000, up to six months of confinement,
                or both. TEX. GOV’T CODEANN. 8 552.352 (Vernon 1994); see also
                id. $8 552.026 (“This chapter does not require the release of
                information contained in education records of an educational agency
                or institution, except in conformity with the Family Educational
                Rights and Privacy Act of 1974, Sec. 5 13, Pub. L. No. 93-380, 20
                U.S.C. Sec. 1232g.“), .lOl (“Information is excepted from the
                requirements of Section 552.021 if it is information considered to be
                confidential by law, either constitutional, statutory, or by judicial
                decision.“).

                                               Ve    trul    you   ,

                                              i)&C-
                                                            I

                                               JOHN     CORNYN
                                               Attorney General of Texas

HOWARD G. BALDWIN, JR.
First Assistant Attorney General

NANCY FULLER
Deputy Attorney General - General Counsel

SUSAN DENMON GUSKY
Chair, Opinion Committee

Mary R. Crouter
Assistant Attorney General, Opinion Committee