Court Opinion

ID: 4404207
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-06-06 17:03:47.562738+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:52:31.961102
License: Public Domain

2019 IL 122891

                                        IN THE
                               SUPREME COURT
                                           OF
                         THE STATE OF ILLINOIS

                                   (Docket No. 122891)

               THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellant, v.
                       ELIZABETH M. CLARK, Appellee.

                                Opinion filed June 6, 2019.

        JUSTICE NEVILLE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

        Justices Thomas, Kilbride, and Garman concurred in the judgment and opinion.

         Justice Burke dissented, with opinion, joined by Chief Justice Karmeier and
     Justice Theis.

                                        OPINION

¶1       Defendant, Elizabeth M. Clark, pled guilty to charges of burglary and unlawful
     use of a credit card and was released on bond pending the imposition of sentence.
     While awaiting sentencing, defendant was found guilty by the circuit court of
     violating section 31-6(a) of the Criminal Code of 2012 (Criminal Code) (720 ILCS
     5/31-6(a) (West 2014)) for knowingly failing to report to the Whiteside County
     Jail, as required by her bail bond.

¶2       The appellate court found that defendant’s failure to report did not constitute an
     escape because she was not in custody while on bond awaiting sentencing. 2017 IL
     App (3d) 140987, ¶ 11. The appellate court reversed the circuit court, and we
     granted the State’s petition for leave to appeal (Ill. S. Ct. R. 315(a) (eff. Nov. 1,
     2017)). For the reasons that follow, we reverse the judgment of the appellate court
     and affirm the judgment of the circuit court.

¶3                                   I. BACKGROUND

¶4       The record contains the following uncontested facts. On October 31, 2012,
     defendant, who has a history of alcohol and substance abuse, pled guilty in the
     circuit court of Whiteside County to one count each of burglary and unlawful use of
     a debit card. While awaiting sentencing, defendant was released on bond so she
     could seek and receive substance abuse treatment. Defendant was sentenced to 90
     days in jail, with credit for time served, followed by a term of 30 months’
     probation. As conditions of her probation, defendant was ordered to satisfactorily
     complete substance abuse evaluation and treatment, refrain from possessing or
     consuming alcohol or other prohibited substances, submit to periodic urine tests,
     and pay certain fees and fines.

¶5       In January 2013, the State filed a petition alleging violation of probation.
     Defendant was taken into custody, and the court found that defendant violated the
     terms of her probation. In February 2013 she was released on a $50,000
     recognizance bond to receive treatment. On April 19, 2013, defendant’s probation
     was revoked, and she was resentenced to 74 days in jail, time served, and a new
     probation term of 30 months.

¶6      In July 2013, the State filed another petition alleging violation of probation, and
     in September 2013, the court found that defendant violated the terms of her
     probation. In December 2013, defendant was taken into custody. On January 9,
     2014, the circuit court released defendant on a temporary recognizance bond of
     $50,000. The court released defendant into the custody of her father for

                                             -2-
     transportation directly to the White Oaks treatment center for inpatient substance
     abuse treatment.

¶7       Defendant successfully completed inpatient treatment at White Oaks, and
     thereafter, on February 25, 2014, the circuit court entered an order modifying the
     conditions of her bond. Defendant’s bond was modified to require her to directly
     enter into the Margaret Stutsman Lodge, which is a halfway house featuring an
     extended residential care program for persons recovering from drug and alcohol
     addiction. Defendant was allowed to leave the halfway house for purposes of
     employment, medical needs, and 12-step program meetings. The modified bond
     condition also required that upon her release or discharge from the lodge, “for
     whatever reason (including but not limited to withdrawal, discharge, or successful
     completion of treatment), the Defendant must immediately return to the custody of
     Whiteside County Jail using the most direct route of travel and without delay or
     departure therefrom.”

¶8       On June 5, 2014, defendant left the halfway house but failed to report to the
     Whiteside County Jail. That same day, the State filed an application to increase
     defendant’s bond, and the circuit court issued an arrest warrant. On June 17, 2014,
     at the close of a hearing, defendant’s April 2013 sentence of probation was
     revoked, and she was resentenced on her original offenses. On the burglary
     conviction, defendant was sentenced to three years’ imprisonment with 281 days’
     credit and two years of mandatory supervised release. On the debit card conviction,
     she was concurrently sentenced to one year of imprisonment with 281 days’ credit
     and one year of mandatory supervised release.

¶9       On the day defendant failed to report to the county jail, the State also filed an
     information charging defendant with the offense of escape in violation of section
     31-6(a) of the Criminal Code, which is divided into two independent clauses: one
     clause containing an escape from custody provision and the other clause containing
     a knowing failure to report provision. 720 ILCS 5/31-6(a) (West 2014). The State
     charged that “defendant, having been convicted of the felony offense of Burglary
     and Unlawful Use of Debit Card, knowingly failed to report to the Whiteside
     County Jail as required on June 6, 2014, in accordance with the terms and
     conditions of her Temporary Recognizance Bond.” Defendant surrendered herself
     to the Whiteside County Jail on June 14, 2014.

                                             -3-
¶ 10       The circuit court conducted a stipulated bench trial on September 23, 2014, in
       which the court accepted the above-recited stipulated facts. In the stipulation,
       defendant admitted that after she left the Margaret Stutsman Lodge she did not
       report directly to the county jail and acknowledged that the conditions of her bond
       required her to do so.

¶ 11       Seeking acquittal, defense counsel argued, inter alia, that because defendant
       was out on bond and was not serving a prison sentence at the time she failed to
       report to the county jail, this failure amounted to a violation of her bond, rather than
       an escape. Counsel asserted that escape is the unauthorized departure from custody
       and, since a defendant who is free on bond is not in custody, there is no custody
       from which to escape.

¶ 12       The prosecutor argued that the plain language of the knowing failure to report
       provision does not require that a defendant be “in custody.” According to the
       prosecutor, a convicted felon who knowingly fails to report to a penal institution
       has committed the offense. The prosecutor further argued that, because both of
       those elements were satisfied in defendant’s case, she was guilty of violating
       section 31-6(a) despite the fact that she had been released on bond.

¶ 13       The circuit court found defendant guilty of escape. In so doing, the court noted
       that defendant had been convicted of two felony charges and was awaiting
       sentencing for those convictions. Further, the court observed that the terms of her
       recognizance bond required her to return immediately to the Whiteside County Jail
       after her discharge from the halfway house. The circuit court determined that
       defendant’s knowing failure to report to the county jail after leaving the halfway
       house constituted a violation of section 31-6(a). Accordingly, the court found that
       the State had satisfied its evidentiary burden, and the court convicted defendant of
       the offense of escape. After denying defendant’s motion for a new trial, the circuit
       court sentenced defendant to 30 months’ probation, to be served consecutively to
       the prison term she received for her original convictions of burglary and unlawful
       use of a debit card.

¶ 14       On direct review, the appellate court reversed defendant’s conviction for
       escape. 2017 IL App (3d) 140987, ¶¶ 16-19. Relying on this court’s holding in
       People v. Campa, 217 Ill. 2d 243, 259 (2005), the appellate court determined that,
       in order for a convicted felon to commit the offense of escape, he or she must first

                                                -4-
       be in custody. 2017 IL App (3d) 140987, ¶ 11. The appellate court drew a
       distinction between bail and custody and focused its analysis on whether defendant
       was in custody when she failed to report to the county jail after leaving the halfway
       house. The court stated that a “defendant released on bail or a recognizance bond is
       not considered to be in ‘custody’ per the Corrections Code.” Id.

¶ 15        The appellate court determined that defendant was not in “custody” for
       purposes of the escape statute at the time she violated the terms of her bond by
       failing to report to the county jail after leaving the halfway house. The court
       observed that, during the time defendant was out on bail, she was no longer under
       the authority of the sheriff or the Illinois Department of Corrections but rather was
       under the authority of the circuit court. The appellate court also observed that there
       was no requirement that personnel from either the county jail or the circuit court
       transport her to the county jail. Id. ¶¶ 13-14. The appellate court held: “Because the
       State could not establish that [defendant] was in custody, a requirement inherent in
       the offense of escape, it could not prove she was guilty of escape beyond a
       reasonable doubt.” Id. ¶ 16. The State appeals.

¶ 16                                      II. ANALYSIS

¶ 17       The issue presented in this case is whether the State is required to show that a
       convicted felon was in “custody” in order to prove that he or she violated the failure
       to report provision in the second clause of section 31-6(a) of the Criminal Code.
       720 ILCS 5/31-6(a) (West 2014). Resolution of this issue involves statutory
       interpretation, which presents a question of law and is subject to de novo review.
       People v. Smith, 2016 IL 119659, ¶ 15. For the following reasons, we hold that the
       statute does not require the State to make such a showing.

¶ 18        The primary objective of statutory construction is to ascertain and give effect to
       the true intent of the legislature. All other canons and rules of statutory construction
       are subordinate to this cardinal principle. People v. Jamison, 229 Ill. 2d 184, 188
       (2008); People ex rel. Director of Corrections v. Booth, 215 Ill. 2d 416, 423 (2005);
       People v. Botruff, 212 Ill. 2d 166, 174 (2004); In re Detention of Lieberman, 201
Ill. 2d 300, 307 (2002).

                                                -5-
¶ 19                                    A. Plain Language

¶ 20        The most reliable indicator of legislative intent is the language of the statute,
       given its plain and ordinary meaning. A court must view the statute as a whole,
       construing words and phrases in light of other relevant statutory provisions and not
       in isolation. Each word, clause, and sentence of a statute must be given a reasonable
       meaning, if possible, and should not be rendered superfluous. The court may
       consider the reason for the law, the problems sought to be remedied, the purposes to
       be achieved, and the consequences of construing the statute one way or another.
       Also, a court presumes that the General Assembly did not intend absurdity,
       inconvenience, or injustice in enacting legislation. In re Appointment of Special
       Prosecutor, 2019 IL 122949, ¶ 23; People v. Brown, 2013 IL 114196, ¶ 36; Botruff,
212 Ill. 2d at 174-75.

¶ 21      Section 31-6 of the Criminal Code provides in part as follows:

              “§ 31-6. Escape; failure to report to a penal institution or to report for
          periodic imprisonment.

                  (a) A person convicted of a felony or charged with the commission of a
              felony, *** who intentionally escapes from any penal institution or from the
              custody of an employee of that institution commits a Class 2 felony;
              however, a person convicted of a felony *** who knowingly fails to report
              to a penal institution or to report for periodic imprisonment at any time or
              knowingly fails to return from furlough or from work and day release or
              who knowingly fails to abide by the terms of home confinement is guilty of
              a Class 3 felony.

                  (b) A person convicted of a misdemeanor or charged with the
              commission of a misdemeanor, *** who intentionally escapes from any
              penal institution or from the custody of an employee of that institution
              commits a Class A misdemeanor; however, a person convicted of a
              misdemeanor *** who knowingly fails to report to a penal institution or to
              report for periodic imprisonment at any time or knowingly fails to return
              from furlough or from work and day release or who knowingly fails to abide
              by the terms of home confinement is guilty of a Class B misdemeanor.

                                               -6-
                  (b-1) A person in the custody of the Department of Human Services
              under the provisions of the Sexually Violent Persons Commitment Act
              under a detention order, commitment order, conditional release order, or
              other court order who intentionally escapes from any secure residential
              facility or from a Department employee or any of its agents commits a Class
              2 felony.

                  (c) A person in the lawful custody of a peace officer for the alleged
              commission of a felony offense *** and who intentionally escapes from
              custody commits a Class 2 felony; however, a person in the lawful custody
              of a peace officer for the alleged commission of a misdemeanor offense ***
              who intentionally escapes from custody commits a Class A misdemeanor.

                  (c-5) A person in the lawful custody of a peace officer for an alleged
              violation of a term or condition of probation, conditional discharge, parole,
              aftercare release, or mandatory supervised release for a felony *** who
              intentionally escapes from custody is guilty of a Class 2 felony.

                  (c-6) A person in the lawful custody of a peace officer for an alleged
              violation of a term or condition of supervision, probation, or conditional
              discharge for a misdemeanor *** who intentionally escapes from custody is
              guilty of a Class A misdemeanor.

                 (d) A person who violates this Section while armed with a dangerous
              weapon commits a Class 1 felony.” 720 ILCS 5/31-6 (West 2014).

¶ 22       “The legislature has the power to declare and define conduct constituting a
       crime and to determine the nature and extent of punishment for it.” People v.
       Simmons, 145 Ill. 2d 264, 269 (1991); accord People v. Miller, 171 Ill. 2d 330, 333
       (1996) (observing that “the legislature has wide discretion in defining crimes and
       prescribing penalties for those crimes”). Here, it is clear from the plain language of
       section 31-6 that the legislature has forged a single offense of escape that can be
       committed in a number of ways. The several subsections of section 31-6 target
       distinct conduct and contain distinct elements. See, e.g., People v. Price, 221 Ill. 2d
182, 189 (2006); People v. Graves, 207 Ill. 2d 478, 484-85 (2003).

                                                -7-
¶ 23       As earlier noted, section 31-6(a) is divided into two independent clauses
       separated by a semicolon, with the second clause beginning with the word
       “however.” The first clause contains an escape from custody provision, and the
       second clause includes a knowing failure to report provision. The word “custody”
       appears only in the first provision, which involves escape from the custody of a
       penal institution or its employee. The word “custody” is absent from the failure to
       report provision. “When the legislature includes particular language in one section
       of a statute but omits it in another section of the same statute, courts presume that
       the legislature acted intentionally and purposely in the inclusion or exclusion
       [citations], and that the legislature intended different meanings and results
       [citations].” Chicago Teachers Union, Local No. 1 v. Board of Education of the
       City of Chicago, 2012 IL 112566, ¶ 24; see People v. Goossens, 2015 IL 118347,
       ¶ 12 (“It is well settled that when the legislature uses certain language in one
       instance of a statute and different language in another part, we assume different
       meanings were intended.”); People v. Hudson, 228 Ill. 2d 181, 193 (2008) (same).
       A court must not depart from a statute’s plain language by reading into it
       exceptions, limitations, or conditions that the legislature did not express. People v.
       Witherspoon, 2019 IL 123092, ¶ 24; People v. Casas, 2017 IL 120797, ¶ 18;
       Vincent v. Alden-Park Strathmoor, Inc., 241 Ill. 2d 495, 506 (2011).

¶ 24       Because the plain and unambiguous language of the knowing failure to report
       provision of section 31-6(a) does not contain a “custody” element, we will not
       presume that the legislature intended to include such an element therein. We will
       not assign the same meaning to these two provisions of section 31-6(a) or engraft
       the custody element of the escape from custody provision onto the failure to report
       provision. See, e.g., Cassidy v. China Vitamins, LLC, 2018 IL 122873, ¶¶ 21-22;
       People v. Smith, 2016 IL 119659, ¶¶ 29-30; In re Mary Ann P., 202 Ill. 2d 393, 409
       (2002).

¶ 25       In the case at bar, each of the two clauses of section 31-6(a), separated by a
       semicolon, targets distinct conduct and contains different elements. The first clause
       criminalizes the actual escape from the “custody” of a penal institution or its
       employee. The second clause includes a provision that criminalizes the knowing
       failure to report to a penal institution or for periodic imprisonment. Because the
       legislature used the word “custody” in the first clause of section 31-6(a) but did not
       use the word “custody” in the knowing failure to report provision of the second

                                               -8-
       clause, we conclude that the legislature did not intend to require the State to prove
       that a convicted felon was in custody before it could establish that he or she violated
       the knowing failure to report provision of section 31-6(a).

¶ 26       The plain language of the knowing failure to report provision of the escape
       statute makes clear that the statute is violated when two elements are proved:
       (1) “[a] person is convicted of a felony,” and (2) the person “knowingly fails to
       report to a penal institution or to report for periodic imprisonment.” 720 ILCS
       5/31-6(a) (West 2014). We hold that the State is only required to prove these
       elements.1 Unless the language of a statute is ambiguous, a court should not resort
       to further aids of construction and must apply the statute as written. People v.
       Cherry, 2016 IL 118728, ¶ 13; LaSalle Bank National Ass’n v. Cypress Creek 1,
       LP, 242 Ill. 2d 231, 237 (2011); Burrell v. Southern Truss, 176 Ill. 2d 171, 174
       (1997).

¶ 27                                         B. Legislative History

¶ 28       However, defendant argues that “a close look at how the legislature has
       amended [section 31-6(a)] over time shows that the intended target of either clause
       of [section 31-6(a)] are those individuals in custody.” We disagree. Although the
       plain language of section 31-6(a) renders discussion of its legislative history
       unnecessary, the legislative history actually supports our construction.

¶ 29       Section 31-6 originally provided that an escape occurred only when (a) a person
       convicted of or charged with a felony intentionally escaped from the custody of any
       penal institution or its employee, (b) a person convicted of or charged with a
       misdemeanor intentionally escaped from the custody of any penal institution or its
       employee, or (c) a person in the lawful custody of a peace officer who intentionally
       escaped from custody. Ill. Rev. Stat. 1961, ch. 38, ¶ 31-6. Each subsection
       prescribed a specific penalty. Id. The 1970 revised Committee Comments to
       section 31-6 explain as follows:

           1
             Actually, Illinois courts already apply the statute as written by way of jury instructions that do
       not include custody as an element of escape by failure to report. See Illinois Pattern Jury
       Instructions, Criminal, Nos. 22.25 (definition), 22.26 (issues) (approved Apr. 29, 2016); Illinois
       Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal Nos. 22.25, 22.26 (4th ed. 2000) (same).

                                                        -9-
              “Section 31-6 combines in logical sequence, with appropriate penalties
          which are substantially the same as now provided, the unrelated provisions
          found in [section 2807 of chapter 23 on] escape and intent to escape from State
          Reformatory for Women, [section 121 of chapter 108 on] escape and attempt to
          escape from Illinois State Penitentiary, and [section 228b of chapter 38 on]
          escape and intent to escape from county jail. However, instead of relating the
          offense to the place of confinement only, section 31-6 uses the term ‘penal
          institution’ *** and then relates the penalty to the seriousness of the offense of
          which the escapee has been convicted or charged.” 720 ILCS Ann. 5/31-6,
          Committee Comments-1970, at 419 (Smith-Hurd 2010).

       Section 31-6 remained substantially unchanged for many years. See Ill. Rev. Stat.
       1977, ch. 38, ¶ 31-6; Ill. Rev. Stat. 1981, ch. 38, ¶ 31-6.

¶ 30       This court was required to construe section 31-6(a) as it then existed in People
       v. Simmons, 88 Ill. 2d 270 (1981). Simmons was committed to the Illinois
       Department of Corrections for several felonies. He was transferred from prison to
       the Peoria Community Correctional Center. One day he was allowed six hours of
       “independent day release” to go shopping. A correctional center employee drove
       Simmons to a local shopping center and left him unaccompanied. Simmons was
       required to phone in periodically, and his brother was going to drive him back to the
       correctional center. Simmons never returned from his shopping trip, and he was
       eventually arrested in Davenport, Iowa. Id. at 271.

¶ 31       Simmons was convicted of escape in violation of section 31-6 (Ill. Rev. Stat.
       1977, ch. 38, ¶ 31-6(a)) as described above. Before this court, Simmons argued that
       he did not violate section 31-6 because he did not commit an “ ‘escape,’ ” which is
       prohibited, but rather only a “ ‘failure to return,’ ” which is not. He also argued that
       the correctional center was not a “ ‘penal institution’ ” within the meaning of the
       statute. Simmons, 88 Ill. 2d at 272. This court rejected both arguments.

¶ 32        We held that defendant escaped from the custody of the correctional center. We
       attributed a broad meaning to the word “escape” consistent with its legal and
       ordinary usage. Id. at 273. We reasoned:

              “The defendant was committed to the Department of Corrections and sent
          to the Peoria Community Correctional Center. However much the limits of his

                                                - 10 -
          confinement were temporarily enlarged, or the restrictions on his conduct
          temporarily lessened, he was still legally in the custody of the Center, and had a
          legal duty to submit to that custody. When he exceeded the lawful limits of his
          liberty, whether by stepping across the invisible boundary around the shopping
          center or by standing still while the boundary, with the passage of time, shrank
          to the physical confines of the Peoria Community Correctional Center itself, he
          escaped from the Center.” (Emphases added.) Id. at 273-74.

       This court also held that the correctional center was a “penal institution” within the
       meaning of section 31-6(a). Id. at 274-75.

¶ 33       This court revisited the issue of escape from a penal institution in two
       consolidated cases. People v. Marble, 91 Ill. 2d 242 (1982). Defendant Marble was
       sentenced to imprisonment at the Cook County Jail with a provision for work
       release at the jail’s work release center. He was allowed to leave the jail on work
       release but had to return by 8 p.m. One day he failed to return. Defendant Cole was
       sentenced to work release at the Peoria Community Correctional Center. One day
       he violated the conditions of his work release and failed to return. Each defendant
       was subsequently apprehended and found guilty of escape in violation of section
       31-6(a) as it then existed. Id. at 245-46. Following the reasoning of Simmons, this
       court held that each defendant was sentenced to a penal institution and that “a
       failure to return from a temporary release may violate section 31-6(a).” Id. at 247.

¶ 34      Shortly after Simmons and Marble, the legislature amended section 31-6 to
       codify that the failure to return from furlough or from work and day release
       constitutes escape. People v. Campa, 217 Ill. 2d 243, 258 (2005); Ill. Rev. Stat.
       1983, ch. 38, ¶ 31-6.

¶ 35       However, as amended in 1983, section 31-6(a) did not prohibit the knowing
       failure to report. Two years later, the legislature addressed this gap. Introduced as
       House Bill 332, Public Act 84-1083 (eff. Dec. 2, 1985) amended section 31-6(a) to
       add the failure to report provisions. Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 38, ¶ 31-6. During the
       legislative debates, Representative Koehler observed that the statute permitted law
       enforcement officers to apprehend persons who failed to return from furlough.
       However, she explained: “But the law did not provide that that person who did not
       show up for the first time of periodic imprisonment, there was no mechanism
       whereby that individual could... could be charged with an offense for simply not

                                               - 11 -
       showing up.” (Emphasis added.) 84th Ill. Gen. Assem., House Proceedings, Mar.
       13, 1985, at 32 (statements of Representative Koehler). Representative Cullerton
       likewise observed that if someone who was sentenced to periodic imprisonment
       “showed up the first day but didn’t come back the second day, it would be an
       escape.” 84th Ill. Gen. Assem., House Proceedings, Mar. 13, 1985, at 33
       (statements of Representative Cullerton). He explained: “The purpose of the Bill
       was to provide that if someone was sentenced to periodic imprisonment and they
       didn’t show up for the first day that they were suppose[d] to appear that we deem
       that the offense of escape.” Id.

¶ 36      During the Senate’s consideration of House Bill 332, Senator Smith explained:

          “House Bill 332 covers a gap. [It] amends the Criminal Code for failure to
          report for periodic imprisonment. Someone who has received a sentence of
          periodic imprisonment and if they fail to report to begin their sentence, they
          have committed a crime ***. Nothing in the law presently makes it a crime for
          not showing up for the first day.” (Emphases added.) 84th Ill. Gen. Assem.,
          Senate Proceedings, June 5, 1985, at 17 (statements of Senator Smith).

¶ 37       The evolution of section 31-6 makes clear the intent of the legislature that
       subsection (a) provides for distinct situations. The original situation, escape from
       custody, is addressed in the first clause of subsection (a). Other situations, such as
       failure to return to custody from furlough or work and day release, are addressed in
       the second clause of subsection (a).

¶ 38        Yet another situation, at issue here, is failure to report, which is also addressed
       in the second clause of subsection (a). The statements of Representative Koehler
       and Senator Smith indicate that the legislature addressed a distinct and specific gap
       in then-existing law. Further, the statements of Representative Cullerton and
       Senator Smith indicate the legislature’s discrete response: if (1) a person is
       sentenced to periodic imprisonment and (2) if that person fails to report to begin the
       sentence, then that person has committed a crime, denominated as escape. Custody
       is simply not an element in the distinct situation of failing to report, based on the
       plain language of section 31-6(a) and expressly confirmed in the legislative
       debates. Therefore, rather than supporting defendant’s argument, the legislative
       history of section 31-6 actually confirms the statute’s plain and ordinary meaning,
       that custody is irrelevant to the crime of failing to report.

                                                - 12 -
¶ 39       Relying on language from this court in Campa, 217 Ill. 2d 243, the appellate
       court determined that, in order for a convicted felon to commit the offense of
       escape, he or she must first be in custody. 2017 IL App (3d) 140987, ¶ 11. In
       Campa, this court was required to construe the term “custody” within the meaning
       of the speedy-trial provision of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (725 ILCS
       5/103-5(a) (West 2000)). Campa, 217 Ill. 2d at 254. This court concluded that “the
       legislature did not intend that the term ‘custody,’ as it is used in the speedy-trial
       statute, be equated to confinement. Rather, we believe that the legislature intended
       the term ‘custody’ to have a broad meaning and encompass lesser forms of restraint
       than confinement.” Id.

¶ 40       As support for this construction of the speedy-trial statute, this court in Campa
       discussed the Simmons and Marble decisions, as well as the subsequent
       amendments to section 31-6. We concluded as follows:

              “Since escape is the unauthorized departure from custody (Simmons, 88 Ill.
2d at 272-73), a defendant cannot escape unless he is first in custody. *** The
          escape statute shows that the legislature intended the crime of escape to evolve
          with the changing terms of detention used as part of the programs at our
          correctional institutions. A defendant must necessarily be in ‘custody’ while
          participating in these programs if he is to be held accountable for ‘escape’ for
          failure to comply with the terms of the programs.” (Emphasis added.) Id. at 259.

¶ 41       Our analysis of the plain language of section 31-6, confirmed by its legislative
       history, clearly supports the second and third above-quoted sentences. “Custody” is
       an essential element in failing to return to custody from furlough or work and day
       release. However, our analysis clearly shows that escape by failure to report does
       not contain a custody element. Therefore, the emphasized sentence was an
       overstatement, and we hereby abrogate it to the extent it effectively nullifies the
       failure to report provision in section 31-6. Consequently, the appellate court’s
       reliance thereon was erroneous.

¶ 42       Proceeding under the premise that escape by failure to report contains a custody
       element, the appellate court discussed case law construing “custody” as it relates to
       other statutes. 2017 IL App (3d) 140987, ¶¶ 11-14. Particularly, relying on this
       court’s statement that “defendants released on bail or on their own recognizance are
       no longer in the custody of law enforcement” (People v. Hunt, 234 Ill. 2d 49, 63

                                              - 13 -
       (2009)), the appellate court concluded that defendant, who was released on bond,
       was not in custody and could not be charged with failure to report. 2017 IL App
       (3d) 140987, ¶¶ 14-15. Likewise, we are invited to consider the meaning of
       “custody” in the context of statutes pertaining to bail (725 ILCS 5/110-1 et seq.
       (West 2014)), violation of bail bond (720 ILCS 5/32-10 (West 2014)), speedy trial
       (725 ILCS 5/103-5 (West 2014)), and presentence credit (730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-100(b)
       (West 2014)).

¶ 43       We decline the invitation. We have held that custody is not an element of the
       offense of escape by failure to report based on its clear and unambiguous language.
       “When the statutory language is clear and unambiguous, it must be given effect
       without resort to other tools of construction.” People v. Christopherson, 231 Ill. 2d
449, 454-55 (2008). Therefore, we need not and do not consider whether defendant
       was or was not “in custody” pursuant to other statutes.

¶ 44                                C. “Constructive” Custody

¶ 45       In support of the appellate court’s decision, defendant argues that each of the
       situations covered in the second clause of section 31-6(a) “is a type of detention
       involving constructive custody. Thus, even though the exact word ‘custody’ is not
       contained in that subsection, under the statute’s plain language, it only applies
       when an individual fails to return or report from constructive custody.” We reject
       this argument.

¶ 46       This court has construed the word “custody” within the meaning of other
       statutes. We have recognized that the word “custody” is very elastic and expansive
       and encompasses not only actual physical custody but also “constructive” custody,
       which denotes control by legal authority. People v. Beachem, 229 Ill. 2d 237,
       245-46 (2008) (construing 730 ILCS 5/5-8-7(b) (West 2004) (presentence credit));
       Campa, 217 Ill. 2d at 253-54 (construing 725 ILCS 5/103-5(a) (West 2000)
       (speedy trial)).

¶ 47       However expansive the concept of “custody,” the plain language of the failure
       to report provision of section 31-6(a), as confirmed by its legislative history, makes
       clear that custody is not an element of the offense. The legislature addressed a gap
       in section 31-6(a) that lacked a mechanism of enforcement. “Nothing in the law”

                                               - 14 -
       made it a crime to fail to report for the first day to a penal institution or to periodic
       imprisonment. Rather than invoke “constructive custody,” the legislature
       proscribed conduct that heretofore was not illegal. The legislature simply created
       another means of committing the offense of escape that does not include custody as
       an element. See 84th Ill. Gen. Assem., Senate Proceedings, June 5, 1985, at 17
       (statements of Senator Smith). This court may not “constructively” add a
       requirement to a statute that the legislature plainly chose not to include. See, e.g.,
       Witherspoon, 2019 IL 123092, ¶ 24; People v. Johnson, 2013 IL 114639, ¶ 12;
       People v. Lewis, 223 Ill. 2d 393, 402-03 (2006). “No rule of construction authorizes
       this court to declare that the legislature did not mean what the plain language of the
       statute imports, nor may we rewrite a statute to add provisions or limitations the
       legislature did not include.” Smith, 2016 IL 119659, ¶ 28; accord People v.
       Woodard, 175 Ill. 2d 435, 443 (1997).

¶ 48       Construing the plain and unambiguous language of the knowing failure to
       report provision of section 31-6(a) of the Criminal Code, we hold that custody is
       not an element of the offense. The knowing failure to report provision applies to
       defendant’s conduct because she failed to report to the Whiteside County Jail after
       leaving the halfway house as required by her bail bond. Therefore, the State
       established that defendant violated the escape statute when it proved that defendant,
       a convicted felon, knowingly failed to report to a penal institution as required by the
       conditions of her bail bond.

¶ 49                      D. Prosecutorial Discretion: Failure to Report
                                   or Violation of Bail Bond

¶ 50       Thus, it was ultimately within the discretion of the prosecutor to charge
       defendant with either violation of bail bond (720 ILCS 5/32-10 (West 2014)) or
       escape by failure to report (id. § 31-6(a)). At trial, the parties disagreed as to which
       crime was more appropriate for defendant to be charged with.

¶ 51       A court may not order the state’s attorney to file a particular charge against a
       defendant. In re J.J., 142 Ill. 2d 1, 7 (1991); People ex rel. Daley v. Moran, 94 Ill.
2d 41, 46 (1983). Rather, the state’s attorney has the exclusive discretion to decide
       which of several charges shall be brought or whether to prosecute at all. People v.
       Jamison, 197 Ill. 2d 135, 161 (2001) (collecting cases); People v. Pankey, 94 Ill. 2d

                                                - 15 -
       12, 16 (1983). It is also quite established that “the State has the discretion to
       prosecute under either of two statutes where a defendant’s conduct violates both
       statutes and the statutes contain different elements.” People v. Buffalo
       Confectionery Co., 78 Ill. 2d 447, 458 (1980) (collecting cases); see Jamison, 197
Ill. 2d at 162.

¶ 52       We have held that a person commits the offense of escape by failure to report,
       as provided by section 31-6(a), when he or she is convicted of a felony and fails to
       report to a penal institution or for periodic confinement. 720 ILCS 5/31-6(a) (West
       2014). In contrast, a person commits the offense of violation of bail bond when he
       or she has forfeited bail and wilfully failed to surrender within 30 days after the
       forfeiture. Id. § 32-10(a); People v. Ratliff, 65 Ill. 2d 314, 318 (1976) (stating
       elements); People v. Costa, 2013 IL App (1st) 090833, ¶ 20 (same).

¶ 53       In the case at bar, given defendant’s probation record, it was entirely reasonable
       for the prosecutor to charge defendant with escape by failure to report to jail upon
       her departure from the halfway house, rather than wait for 30 days to charge
       defendant with violation of bail bond. Probation is a type of judgment after the
       defendant has been found guilty. People v. Allegri, 109 Ill. 2d 309, 314 (1985).
       Probation simultaneously serves as a form of punishment and a method of
       rehabilitation. People v. Meyer, 176 Ill. 2d 372, 379 (1997). The purpose of
       probation is to benefit society by restoring a defendant to useful citizenship, rather
       than allowing a defendant to become a burden as a habitual offender. Id. “It is
       employed when the defendant’s continued presence in society would not be
       threatening and the defendant’s rehabilitation would be enhanced.” Allegri, 109 Ill.
2d at 314. A court’s subject-matter jurisdiction over a defendant on probation lasts
       only for the duration of the probation (People v. Carter, 165 Ill. App. 3d 169, 172
       (1988)) and ends with the probation expiration date (People v. Wilson, 293 Ill. App.
3d 339, 31 (1997)). “Once the probation period ends,” “probation is terminated and
       there is nothing left to revoke or modify.” Id.

¶ 54       Here, through probation, the circuit court retained jurisdiction over defendant to
       provide her with the opportunity to receive treatment. See, e.g., People v.
       Neckopulos, 284 Ill. App. 3d 660, 663-64 (1996). However, she repeatedly violated
       the terms of her probation. On April 19, 2013, the circuit court revoked defendant’s
       original sentence of probation and resentenced her to a 30-month probation term. In

                                               - 16 -
       September 2013 the court found that defendant violated the terms of her probation.
       However, it is noteworthy that the court did not revoke the April 2013 probation
       order. Rather, the court released her for inpatient substance abuse treatment and
       subsequently for an extended residential care program at a halfway house. Thus,
       the April 2013 probation order was in effect in June 2014 when defendant was
       charged with escape for failing to report to jail after leaving the halfway house and
       remained in effect until June 17, 2014, when that order was revoked and defendant
       was resentenced to imprisonment on her original offenses. Indeed, the court’s
       retention of jurisdiction over defendant shows that the court was striving to
       enhance her rehabilitation. We hold that it was within the discretion of the
       prosecutor to charge defendant with failure to report to jail upon her departure from
       the halfway house, rather than to wait for 30 days in order to charge her with
       violation of bond.

¶ 55                                    III. CONCLUSION

¶ 56       “Where, as here, a statute is clear and unambiguous, it must be enforced as
       written.” Booth, 215 Ill. 2d at 426. If our construction of section 31-6(a) is not what
       the General Assembly intended, we invite that body to review this statutory scheme
       and revise it for purposes of clarity. See, e.g., People v. Pearse, 2017 IL 121072,
       ¶ 48.

¶ 57       For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the appellate court’s judgment and affirm
       the circuit court’s judgment finding defendant guilty of escape in violation of
       section 31-6(a) of the Criminal Code. We remand the matter to the circuit court for
       proceedings consistent with this opinion.

¶ 58      Appellate court judgment reversed.

¶ 59      Circuit court judgment affirmed.

¶ 60      Cause remanded.

                                               - 17 -
¶ 61       JUSTICE BURKE, dissenting:

¶ 62        The majority states the issue in this case as “whether the State is required to
       show that a convicted felon was in ‘custody’ in order to prove that he or she
       violated” the portion of the escape statute that makes it a felony offense to
       knowingly fail to report to a penal institution. Supra ¶ 17; see 720 ILCS 5/31-6(a)
       (West 2014). This question could have been answered easily by reference to our
       long-standing case law. As this court has held, escape is the unauthorized departure
       from custody (People v. Simmons, 88 Ill. 2d 270, 272-73 (1981)), and therefore,
       “ ‘defendant cannot escape unless he is first in custody.’ ” People v. Beachem, 229
Ill. 2d 237, 254 (2008) (quoting People v. Campa, 217 Ill. 2d 243, 259 (2005)).
       Nevertheless, the majority concludes, in direct contravention to our case law, that
       custody is not an element of this offense.

¶ 63       I disagree with the majority and would hold, in accord with our case law, that a
       defendant must necessarily be in custody to be held accountable for escape.
       Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.

¶ 64                                         BACKGROUND

¶ 65       On October 31, 2012, the defendant, Elizabeth M. Clark, pled guilty to charges
       of burglary and unlawful use of a credit card in the circuit court of Whiteside
       County. She was sentenced to 30 months’ probation, with the conditions that she
       not possess or consume alcohol, that she submit to a weekly urine test, and that she
       complete an evaluation and obtain treatment for substance abuse.

¶ 66       On January 15, 2013, the State filed a petition alleging that defendant failed to
       comply with the conditions of her probation. Defendant was taken into custody on
       January 18, 2013, and at a hearing on January 25, 2013, the court found defendant
       had violated her probation. Thereafter, on April 19, 2013, a sentencing hearing was
       held, and defendant was resentenced to a new term of 30 months’ probation with
       substantially the same conditions as her previous sentence.2

           2
            Neither of defendant’s probation orders are contained in the record. The descriptions of the
       conditions imposed in the probation orders are taken from the presentence investigation report
       prepared for defendant’s sentencing in her escape trial.

                                                    - 18 -
¶ 67       On July 29, 2013, the State filed a second petition alleging that defendant failed
       to comply with the conditions of her probation. At a September 6, 2013, hearing,
       the circuit court accepted a written admission prepared by defendant and found her
       in violation of probation. A presentencing report was ordered, and the matter was
       continued for resentencing at a later date. With defendant in custody, a hearing was
       held on January 3, 2014, at which time the circuit court agreed to release defendant
       on a $50,000 recognizance bond3 if and when inpatient treatment for substance
       abuse became available. The court also continued the matter for sentencing to
       February 7, 2014.

¶ 68       On January 9, 2014, while defendant was still awaiting resentencing for
       violation of probation, an order was entered pursuant to the court’s ruling on
       January 3, releasing defendant on a $50,000 recognizance bond so that she could
       participate in inpatient substance abuse treatment at the White Oaks treatment
       center. Among other conditions, the bond included a requirement that, upon her
       release or discharge from the program at White Oaks, defendant “immediately
       return to the custody of the Whiteside County Jail, using the most direct route of
       travel and without delay or departure therefrom.” The bond also stated that
       defendant understood and “is on notice that if she fails to appear at the Whiteside
       County Jail or in court when required by the Court *** sentencing could proceed in
       her absence” and that “any violation of the conditions of this bond may result in
       [defendant] being subject to re-arrest and confinement.” The bond did not inform
       defendant that her failure to return to the jail could result in her arrest for the
       offense of escape.

¶ 69      On February 25, 2014, the circuit court modified defendant’s recognizance
       bond to permit her to reside at a halfway house known as Margaret Stutsman Lodge

           3
            Section 110-2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (725 ILCS 5/110-2 (West 2016))
       provides:

           “When from all the circumstances the court is of the opinion that the defendant will appear as
           required either before or after conviction and the defendant will not pose a danger to any person
           or the community and that the defendant will comply with all conditions of bond, *** the
           defendant may be released on his or her own recognizance. *** A failure to appear as required
           by such recognizance shall constitute an offense subject to the penalty provided in Section
           32-10 of the Criminal Code of 2012 [(720 ILCS 5/32-10 (West 2016))] for violation of the bail
           bond, and any obligated sum fixed in the recognizance shall be forfeited and collected in
           accordance with subsection (g) of Section 110-7 of this Code.”

                                                     - 19 -
       upon her release from White Oaks in order to receive “aftercare” treatment. The
       modified bond order continued to require defendant to “immediately return” to the
       Whiteside County Jail upon her release or discharge from the halfway house.

¶ 70       Defendant successfully completed the inpatient treatment program at White
       Oaks and was discharged on March 5, 2014, at which time she began residing at
       Margaret Stutsman Lodge. Importantly, at this time, defendant still had not been
       resentenced following the court’s September 6, 2013, finding that she had violated
       probation. Rather, she remained released on a $50,000 recognizance bond while
       awaiting resentencing. And, because defendant was not yet sentenced to any term
       of incarceration, the Whiteside County Jail had no lawful authority to detain
       defendant or control her movements. Instead, the legal authority to control
       defendant’s movements and defendant’s legal obligation to return to the jail
       stemmed solely from the circuit court’s modified bond order.

¶ 71       On June 5, 2014, defendant was discharged from Margaret Stutsman Lodge.
       Although the facility advised defendant that she was obligated by the terms of her
       bond to travel directly to the Whiteside County Jail upon her discharge, defendant
       did not do so. As a result, that same day the State filed an application to increase
       bond.4 After hearing testimony from Whiteside County Court Services, the court
       issued a warrant for defendant’s arrest. Defendant surrendered herself to the jail
       nine days later, on June 14, 2014, at which time the warrant was served, returned,
       and filed.

¶ 72       On June 6, 2014, the day after the State filed its application to increase bond,
       the State charged defendant by information with committing “the offense of
       ESCAPE,” in violation of section 31-6(a) of the Criminal Code of 2012 (720 ILCS
       5/31-6(a) (West 2014)). This provision provides, in relevant part, that a person
       commits the felony offense of escape if he or she “knowingly fails to report to a
       penal institution.” Id. The State alleged in the information that defendant
       “knowingly failed to report” to the Whiteside County Jail as required “in
       accordance with the terms and conditions of her Temporary Recognizance Bond.”

           4
             An application to increase bond may be filed by the State pursuant to section 110-6 of the Code
       of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (725 ILCS 5/110-6 (West 2014)). Section 110-6(b) provides that a
       violation of “any special conditions of bail as ordered by the court shall constitute grounds for the
       court” to increase the amount of bail, alter the conditions of bail, or, in some instances, revoke bail.
       Id. § 110-6(b).

                                                       - 20 -
¶ 73       A stipulated bench trial was held on September 23, 2014.5 Defense counsel
       argued to the court that defendant was not guilty of escape under section 31-6(a).
       Counsel observed that the portion of the statute that defines escape as “fail[ing] to
       report to a penal institution” applies only when the defendant has been “convicted
       of a felony.” Counsel maintained that the failure to report provision has to “relate”
       to this felony. That is, according to counsel, a defendant is only guilty of failing to
       report to a penal institution under the escape statute if he or she fails to report for
       service of the sentence imposed for the felony. By way of example, counsel
       explained that if a defendant, after being convicted of a felony and sentenced to a
       term of imprisonment, is “given a stayed mittimus and they don’t show up, that is
       an escape.” If “a person doesn’t comply with the condition of [a] bond, that is not
       an escape.”

¶ 74        Counsel argued this had to be the correct understanding of the statute because
       otherwise the provision making it a felony offense to fail to report to a penal
       institution would apply to every defendant with a previous felony conviction. This
       would mean that every pretrial detainee with a felony conviction from a previous,
       unrelated offense, who is released on bond and who then violates the bond by
       failing to report, would be guilty of escape rather than a bond violation. Counsel
       contended this would be an absurd result and could not be what the legislature
       intended.

¶ 75       Turning to the facts of this case, defense counsel noted that defendant’s
       obligation to report to the jail did not stem from any sentence imposed. Rather, the
       obligation stemmed solely from the terms of the recognizance bond. Therefore,
       according to defense counsel, while defendant failed to comply with the terms of
       her recognizance bond, her failure to return to the Whiteside County Jail was not a
       failure to report for service of sentence and, thus, was not an escape.

¶ 76      In response to this argument, the court asked the prosecutor why defendant,
       who had not yet been sentenced and was released on a recognizance bond, was

           5
            Prior to her trial for escape, on June 17, 2014, defendant’s probation was revoked, and she was
       sentenced to three years’ imprisonment and two years’ mandatory supervised release for the original
       burglary offense and a concurrent, one-year term of imprisonment and one year mandatory
       supervised release for unlawful use of a credit card. See 730 ILCS 5/5-6-4(e) (West 2014) (when
       probation is revoked, the circuit court “may impose any other sentence that was available *** at the
       time of initial sentencing”).

                                                     - 21 -
       charged with escape, while in other cases where a defendant is admitted to bail
       while awaiting sentencing, the failure to appear is simply a violation of the bail
       bond. The court asked why these identical situations were being treated differently.
       The prosecutor responded that she believed the escape statute applies in all
       situations where a defendant has previously been convicted of a felony and a bail
       bond requires the defendant to report to jail. The prosecutor “couldn’t say why” it
       was sometimes charged as escape and sometimes not. The circuit court, after a brief
       recess, entered its ruling, finding defendant guilty of escape.

¶ 77        On appeal, the appellate court reversed defendant’s conviction. The appellate
       court began its analysis by noting that failing to report to a penal institution under
       section 31-6(a) is an escape and that this court has long held that “[t]o commit the
       offense of escape, a defendant must first be in custody.” 2017 IL App (3d) 140987,
       ¶ 11 (citing Campa, 217 Ill. 2d at 259). From this, the appellate court went on to
       explain that defendant could not have escaped from the Whiteside County Jail
       when she failed to report on June 5, 2014, because she was not in the custody of the
       jail at that time.

¶ 78       The appellate court noted that “custody” has been defined broadly by this court
       to include both physical and constructive custody. Id. Constructive custody means
       “ ‘custody of a person (such as a parolee or probationer) whose freedom is
       controlled by legal authority but who is not under direct physical control.’ ”
       Beachem, 229 Ill. 2d at 245 (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 412 (8th ed. 2004)).
       Thus, a defendant who fails to report to a prison to serve a sentence defies the legal
       authority granted the prison by the sentencing order and, therefore, escapes from
       the prison’s constructive custody. In this case, however, the appellate court
       recognized that when defendant was released on bond from the Whiteside County
       Jail, the jail had no legal authority of any sort, whether in the form of a sentencing
       order, mittimus or order of commitment, that would have permitted the jail to
       detain defendant or control her movements. 2017 IL App (3d) 140987, ¶ 13. For
       this reason, defendant could not, and did not, disobey or defy any legal authority
       that the jail possessed over her when she failed to report back. Instead, the legal
       authority defendant violated was the circuit court’s bond order—a violation the jail
       had no way of knowing occurred. Therefore, the appellate court concluded,
       defendant was not in the custody of the jail (either physical or constructive) and
       could not have escaped from that penal institution when she failed to report. Rather,

                                               - 22 -
       she committed a bond violation. This appeal followed.

¶ 79                                       ANALYSIS

¶ 80                                             I

¶ 81       The question before this court is whether defendant’s knowing failure to report
       to the Whiteside County Jail as required by the terms of her recognizance bond
       constitutes an escape as defined under section 31-6(a) of the Criminal Code of 2012
       (720 ILCS 5/31-6(a) (West 2014)). Section 31-6(a) provides:

              “(a) A person convicted of a felony or charged with the commission of a
          felony *** who intentionally escapes from any penal institution or from the
          custody of an employee of that institution commits a Class 2 felony; however, a
          person convicted of a felony *** who knowingly fails to report to a penal
          institution or to report for periodic imprisonment at any time or knowingly fails
          to return from furlough or from work and day release or who knowingly fails to
          abide by the terms of home confinement is guilty of a Class 3 felony.” Id.

¶ 82       The State contends the appellate court erred in reversing defendant’s
       conviction. According to the State, the plain language of the escape statute requires
       only that the State prove the defendant knowingly failed to report to a penal
       institution, regardless of why or how the obligation to report was imposed. In other
       words, in the State’s view, any and all failures to report to a penal institution are
       made felony offenses by the escape statute, regardless of whether the defendant is
       in the constructive custody of the penal institution. In so arguing, the State takes a
       dictionary approach to statutory interpretation. The word “report” means “to
       present oneself.” Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 1925 (1993).
       Defendant did not present herself to the Whiteside County Jail on the day of her
       discharge from the Margaret Stutsman Lodge. According to the State, “that should
       be the end of the inquiry.”

¶ 83       Defendant, in response, argues for a contextual reading of the term “fails to
       report to a penal institution.” Defendant maintains that, when read in context, it is
       clear that the term “fails to report to a penal institution” is meant to apply only in
       those instances when a convicted defendant fails to report to the penal institution

                                               - 23 -
       for service of his or her sentence. This might occur, for example, when a
       defendant’s sentence of incarceration is stayed by the circuit court for a short time
       so that the defendant may attend to a personal or family matter before beginning to
       serve the sentence imposed and the defendant is ordered to report to prison
       sometime later. If the defendant does not report, then he or she will have escaped
       from the lawful authority of the prison to detain and control the defendant granted
       by the sentencing order, i.e., the defendant will have escaped from the constructive
       custody of the prison. Defendant maintains that it is only in this situation that the
       failure to report to a penal institution under section 31-6(a) constitutes an escape. I
       agree.

¶ 84       Determining the meaning of the term “fails to report to a penal institution” in
       section 31-6(a) presents an issue of statutory interpretation. The fundamental rule
       of statutory interpretation is to ascertain and give effect to the legislature’s intent.
       People v. Ward, 215 Ill. 2d 317, 324 (2005). The best indicator of legislative intent
       is the statutory language, given its plain and ordinary meaning. People v.
       Alexander, 204 Ill. 2d 472, 485 (2003). Where the language is clear and
       unambiguous, it is given effect as written without resort to other aids of statutory
       interpretation. Peterson v. Wallach, 198 Ill. 2d 439, 445 (2002).

¶ 85       Contrary to the State’s contentions, determining whether a statutory “term is
       unambiguous *** does not turn solely on dictionary definitions of its component
       words.” Yates v. United States, 574 U.S. ___, ___, 135 S. Ct. 1074, 1081 (2015).
       Instead, “[t]he plainness or ambiguity of statutory language is determined [not
       only] by reference to the language itself, [but also by] the specific context in which
       that language is used, and the broader context of the statute as a whole.” Robinson
       v. Shell Oil Co., 519 U.S. 337, 341 (1997). In other words, the plain meaning rule
       requires that statutory terms always be considered in context. As the United States
       Supreme Court has stated, it is a “fundamental principle of statutory construction
       (and, indeed, of language itself) that the meaning of a word cannot be determined in
       isolation, but must be drawn from the context in which it is used. [Citations.]” Deal
       v. United States, 508 U.S. 129, 132 (1993).

¶ 86       Corbett v. County of Lake, 2017 IL 121536, illustrates this point. In Corbett this
       court rejected a dictionary definition of the word “trail.” Based on the context of the
       statute at issue, we concluded that the word “trail” meant “primitive, rustic, or

                                                - 24 -
       unimproved trail,” despite the fact that the words primitive, rustic, and unimproved
       did not appear in the statute. In so holding, we emphasized that “dissecting an
       individual word or phrase from a statutory provision and mechanically applying to
       it a dictionary definition is clearly not the best way of ascertaining legislative
       intent.” Id. ¶ 28; see also, e.g., Yates, 574 U.S. at ___, 135 S. Ct. at 1087 (holding,
       based on statutory context, that the term “tangible object” does not include fish);
       Gustafson v. Alloyd Co., 513 U.S. 561, 575 (1995) (based on statutory context, the
       term “any communication” means only public communication); United States v.
       Alvarez-Sanchez, 511 U.S. 350, 358 (1994) (based on statutory context, the term
       “arrest or other detention” means only an arrest or detention for a violation of
       federal law).

¶ 87       When the term “fails to report to a penal institution” is read in context of the
       escape statute, as it must be, it is clear that defendant’s interpretation of the term is
       correct. First, and foremost, failing to report to a penal institution is, by definition, a
       type of escape. For almost 40 years, since Simmons, 88 Ill. 2d 270, this court has
       held that the plain and ordinary meaning of the term “escape,” as employed in the
       escape statute, means an intentional and unauthorized absence of a committed
       person from either physical or constructive custody.

¶ 88       In Simmons, this court considered whether a defendant who fails to return from
       an unaccompanied day release from a penal institution may be prosecuted for the
       offense of escape under section 31-6(a). The defendant in Simmons was committed
       to the Department of Corrections after being sentenced on several felonies. Id. at
       271. He was eventually transferred to the Peoria Community Correctional Center
       and, on one occasion, was allowed six hours of “independent day release” to go
       shopping. Id. The defendant never returned from his shopping trip and was
       thereafter charged and convicted of escape under section 31-6(a). Id. This court
       affirmed. Id. at 279.

¶ 89       At the time of the defendant’s offense in Simmons, paragraph (a) of the escape
       statute contained only the first portion of the current statute. That is, the statute
       provided only that “ ‘(a) A person convicted of a felony, or charged with the
       commission of a felony who intentionally escapes from any penal institution
       commits a Class 2 felony.’ ” Id. at 272 (quoting Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 38,
       ¶ 31-6(a)). Thus, to determine whether the defendant was properly found guilty,

                                                 - 25 -
       this court had to define the meaning of the term “escape.” This court held that
       “escape,” as used in section 31-6(a), should be given a “broad meaning.” Id. at 273.
       Borrowing a definition taken from the Unified Code of Corrections, this court held
       that “escape” means an “ ‘intentional and unauthorized absence’ of a committed
       person from the custody” of a penal institution. Id. at 272 (quoting Ill. Rev. Stat.
       1977, ch. 38, ¶ 1003-1-2(i)).

¶ 90      This court then went on to hold that the defendant had been committed to the
       Peoria Community Correctional Center, a penal institution, and that he escaped
       from the custody of that institution when he failed to return from his shopping trip.
       The court explained:

          “However much the limits of his confinement were temporarily enlarged, or the
          restrictions on his conduct temporarily lessened, he was still legally in the
          custody of the Center, and had a legal duty to submit to that custody. When he
          exceeded the lawful limits of his liberty, whether by stepping across the
          invisible boundary around the shopping center or by standing still while the
          boundary, with the passage of time, shrank to the physical confines of the
          Peoria Community Correctional Center itself, he escaped from the Center.”
          (Emphasis added.) Id. at 273-74.

       The Simmons court recognized that the defendant, because he was still serving a
       sentence of incarceration, had a legal duty to submit to the authority of the Peoria
       Community Correctional Center, even if at times he was not physically within the
       confines of the center. This principle is known as constructive custody. Beachem,
229 Ill. 2d at 245.

¶ 91       Simmons expressly held that a failure to return is an escape from custody and, in
       so doing, adopted a straightforward principle: When a defendant is committed to a
       penal institution by virtue of a sentencing order, that order gives the institution the
       legal right to physically detain and control the defendant until the conclusion of his
       sentence. If, while serving his sentence, the defendant is temporarily released from
       physical custody and then fails to return to the institution, he has escaped from the
       institution’s lawful authority, i.e., escaped from constructive custody. As the
       Simmons court stated, when a defendant in these circumstances fails to return, he is
       doing nothing less than “evading his punishment” and is, therefore, guilty of
       escape. Simmons, 88 Ill. 2d at 278.

                                               - 26 -
¶ 92       Since Simmons, this court has repeatedly reaffirmed that, to be guilty of escape
       under section 31-6(a), a defendant must absent himself from physical or
       constructive custody. In People v. Marble, 91 Ill. 2d 242 (1982), this court repeated
       the definition of escape adopted in Simmons and held that a defendant serving a
       term of imprisonment who fails to return from work release and a defendant serving
       a term of imprisonment who fails to return from an unescorted furlough are both
       guilty of escaping from the custody of a penal institution and are, therefore, guilty
       of escape under section 31-6(a).6

¶ 93       In Campa, 217 Ill. 2d 243, this court again confirmed that escape is defined as
       an unauthorized absence from physical or constructive custody. In Campa, this
       court addressed whether a defendant in a county sheriff’s day reporting program
       was in custody for purposes of the speedy trial statute. In holding that he was, we
       relied heavily on the reasoning of Simmons and Marble. Id. at 255-59. We also
       examined the legislative history of the escape statute in detail—including the
       provision that defines escape as a failure to report to a penal institution—and
       expressly reaffirmed “that the failure to report for imprisonment constitutes
       escape.” Id. at 259. We then stated the following:

              “Since escape is the unauthorized departure from custody (Simmons, 88 Ill.
2d at 272-73), a defendant cannot escape unless he is first in custody. Thus,
          reference to the escape provision of the Criminal Code, and the amendments
          thereto, supports our construction of the term ‘custody’ as used in the
          speedy-trial statute. The escape statute shows that the legislature intended the
          crime of escape to evolve with the changing terms of detention used as part of
          the programs at our correctional institutions. A defendant must necessarily be
          in ‘custody’ while participating in these programs if he is to be held accountable
          for ‘escape’ for failure to comply with the terms of the programs.” Id.

       This understanding of the escape statute was confirmed yet again in Beachem
       where, once more, this court unanimously held that a “ ‘defendant cannot escape
       unless he is first in custody’ ” (Beachem, 229 Ill. 2d at 253 (quoting Campa, 217 Ill.
2d at 259)) and once more reaffirmed that escape from custody, whether physical or

          6
            In 1983, shortly after Simmons and Marble were decided, the General Assembly added
       language to the escape statute that codified the decisions in those cases.

                                               - 27 -
       constructive, is the unifying principle that underlies all the forms of escape set forth
       in section 31-6(a).

¶ 94       For almost 40 years, this court has held that the plain and ordinary meaning of
       escape under section 31-6(a) means an intentional, unauthorized departure from
       physical or constructive custody. Failing to report to a penal institution is a type of
       escape. Thus, the State’s contention that this provision has nothing to do with
       constructive custody cannot be reconciled with this court’s long-standing holdings
       regarding the plain meaning of the term “escape” as used in the escape statute. This
       alone is reason to reject the State’s interpretation of section 31-6(a).

¶ 95       And there are additional concerns with the State’s statutory analysis—it is also
       at odds with the principle of noscitur a sociis (a word is known by the company it
       keeps). When considering statutory context, we rely on this principle to “avoid
       ascribing to one word a meaning so broad that it is inconsistent with its
       accompanying words, thus giving unintended breadth” to legislative enactments.
       (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Gustafson, 513 U.S. at 575; see also Misch v.
       Russell, 136 Ill. 22, 25 (1891) (“general and specific words which are capable of an
       analogous meaning being associated together, take color from each other, so that
       the general words are restricted to a sense analogous to the less general”).

¶ 96        Here, the second portion of section 36-1(a) (the portion after the semicolon)
       lists several other situations, in addition to failing to report to a penal institution, in
       which the failure to report or return is deemed an escape. These are sentences of
       periodic imprisonment (730 ILCS 5/5-7-1 (West 2014)), furloughs (id. § 3-11-1),
       work and day releases (id. § 13-1 to 13-6), and terms of home confinement (id.
       § 5-6-3(b)(10)). All these statutory provisions address instances where a
       defendant’s failure to return or report would constitute a violation of a sentence
       and, thus, a breach of constructive custody. If, for example, a defendant is
       sentenced to a term of periodic imprisonment but then fails to report for the first
       required day of custody, then she has escaped from the lawful authority of the penal
       institution to control her movements granted by the circuit court’s sentencing order.
       In other words, just as in Simmons and Marble, she has escaped from the
       constructive custody of the penal institution. Simmons, 88 Ill. 2d 270; Marble, 91
Ill. 2d 242. The same is also true of furloughs, work and day release, and home
       confinement.

                                                 - 28 -
¶ 97       Given the context in which it appears, it is apparent the legislature intended the
       term “fails to report to a penal institution” to apply only when a defendant has been
       sentenced on a felony conviction and then fails to report to the penal institution for
       service of that sentence. In this situation, as in the other situations listed after the
       semicolon in the statute, the defendant would be in breach of constructive custody
       and, therefore, would be guilty of escape. To hold otherwise would require us to
       ignore the principle of noscitur a sociis and disregard the context in which the term
       “fails to report to a penal institution” appears. This would give an “unintended
       breadth” (Gustafson, 513 U.S. at 575) to the term that the legislature could not
       reasonably have intended.

¶ 98       Legislative history further confirms that the term “fails to report to a penal
       institution” applies only when a defendant fails to report for service of his sentence.
       In 1985, in Public Act 84-1083 (eff. Dec. 2, 1985), the General Assembly amended
       section 31-6(a) of the escape statute to add both the failure to report to a penal
       institution and the failure to report for periodic imprisonment provisions. Public
       Act 84-1083 began its life as House Bill 332. This bill added the language making it
       an offense to fail to report for periodic imprisonment. Representative Cullerton
       explained:

           “Right. I just thought I’d try to clarify if there’s any confusion with regard to the
           Amendment. The purpose of the Bill was to provide that if someone was
           sentenced to periodic imprisonment and they didn’t show up for the first day
           that they were suppose[d] to appear that we deem that the offense of escape.”
           (Emphasis added.) 84th Ill. Gen. Assem., House Proceedings, Mar. 13, 1985, at
           33 (statements of Representative Cullerton).

¶ 99       Senator Smith offered similar statements:

           “House Bill 332 covers a gap. [It] amends the Criminal Code for failure to
           report for periodic imprisonment. Someone who has received a sentence of
           periodic imprisonment and if they fail to report to begin their sentence, they
           have committed a crime ***. Nothing in the law presently makes it a crime for
           not showing up for the first day.” (Emphases added.) 84th Ill. Gen. Assem.,
           Senate Proceedings, June 5, 1985, at 17 (statements of Senator Smith).

                                                - 29 -
¶ 100       Subsequently, House Bill 332 was substituted with another, identical bill,
        Senate Bill 844. That bill was adopted by both houses and sent to then-Governor
        Thompson, who exercised his amendatory veto. In his veto message, Governor
        Thompson expressed full agreement with Senate Bill 844 but recommended that
        the legislature add to the bill the language “fails to report to a penal institution.”
        Journal of the Senate of the 84th Ill. Gen. Assem., at 7162; see I Final Legislative
        Synopsis and Digest of the 84th Ill. Gen. Assem. (No. 20), at 537. This
        recommendation was approved by both houses. Senator Dudycz explained the
        Governor’s recommendation when it was presented to the Senate:

               “Thank you Mr. President. The Governor’s recommendation adds into the
           escape offense the failure to report to jail after being sentenced. I ask for a
           favorable vote on the motion to accept the Governor’s recommendations for
           change.” (Emphasis added.) 84th Ill. Gen. Assem., Senate Proceedings, Oct.
           16, 1985, at 78 (statements of Senator Dudycz).

¶ 101        We presume that the legislature amends a statute with knowledge of judicial
        decisions interpreting the statute. Hubble v. Bi-State Development Agency of the
        Illinois-Missouri Metropolitan District, 238 Ill. 2d 262, 273 (2010). Moreover,
        once “ ‘this court has construed a statute, that construction becomes, in effect, a
        part of the statute’ ” until the General Assembly changes it. Village of Vernon Hills
        v. Heelan, 2015 IL 118170, ¶ 19 (quoting Mitchell v. Mahin, 51 Ill. 2d 452, 456
        (1972)). Clearly, at the time both of the failure to report provisions were added to
        section 31-6(a) of the escape statute, it was understood by the General Assembly
        that escape means an intentional and unauthorized absence of a committed person
        from either physical or constructive custody. And clearly, it was also understood by
        the General Assembly that the failure to report provisions were forms of escape,
        based on the failure of the defendant to comply with the authority granted a penal
        institution by a sentencing order. Accordingly, the General Assembly knew, as
        explained in Simmons and Marble, that the failure to report, like the failure to
        return, is a breach of constructive custody. Indeed, Senator Dudycz’s comments
        eliminate any doubt on this point.

¶ 102      And there is additional support for defendant’s construction of the term “fails to
        report to a penal institution.” This term only applies to those defendants who have
        been “convicted” of a felony. 720 ILCS 5/31-6(a) (West 2014). The word

                                                - 30 -
        “convicted” does not have a fixed meaning. Depending on the context, it may refer
        to an adjudication of guilt or an adjudication of guilt and imposition of sentence.
        People v. Woods, 193 Ill. 2d 483, 487-88 (2000). The Criminal Code of 2012 itself
        defines the term “conviction” as “a judgment of conviction or sentence entered
        upon a plea of guilty or upon a verdict or finding of guilty of an offense, rendered
        by a legally constituted jury or by a court of competent jurisdiction authorized to try
        the case without a jury.” (Emphasis added.) 720 ILCS 5/2-5 (West 2014). The word
        “judgment,” in turn, is defined as “an adjudication by the court that the defendant is
        guilty or not guilty and if the adjudication is that the defendant is guilty it includes
        the sentence pronounced by the court.” (Emphasis added.) 725 ILCS 5/102-14
        (West 2014).

¶ 103       Nothing in the context of the escape statute suggests that the legislature
        intended to depart from the statutory definitions of the words “convicted” and
        “judgment,” and nothing suggests that the word “convicted” as used in the escape
        statute means only an adjudication of guilt. Thus, the term “fails to report to a penal
        institution” applies only to those defendants who have been “convicted” of a
        felony, i.e., adjudicated guilty and sentenced to a term of incarceration. Further
        underscoring this point is the fact that the first portion of section 31-6(a) (which
        addresses the physical escape from the four walls of a penal institution) states that it
        applies to those persons who have been “convicted of a felony or charged with the
        commission of a felony.” 720 ILCS 5/31-6(a) (West 2014). The statutory meaning
        is apparent. The first portion of section 31-6(a) applies both to (1) those persons
        who are in a penal institution because they have been charged with a felony offense
        and are awaiting trial and to (2) those who are in a penal institution to serve a
        sentence. However, the second portion of section 31-6(a) applies only to those
        persons who have been sentenced to a term of incarceration. At the time she failed
        to return to the Whiteside County Jail, defendant in this case had not been
        sentenced to a term of incarceration, and the jail had no legal authority to detain her
        or control her movements. Accordingly, she was not “convicted” within the
        meaning of the escape statute and could not be guilty of failing to report.

¶ 104      The State’s interpretation of the term “fails to report to a penal institution” also
        omits any consideration of section 110-2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of
        1963 (725 ILCS 5/110-2 (West 2014)). This provision governs recognizance
        bonds, the type of bond under which defendant was released, and provides explicit

                                                 - 31 -
        instructions on how to proceed if the defendant fails to appear as required by the
        bond. Section 110-2 states:

            “A failure to appear as required by such recognizance shall constitute an
            offense subject to the penalty provided in Section 32-10 of the Criminal Code
            of 2012 [(720 ILCS 5/32-10 (West 2014))] for violation of the bail bond, and
            any obligated sum fixed in the recognizance shall be forfeited and collected in
            accordance with subsection (g) of Section 110-7 of this Code [(725 ILCS
            5/110-7(g) (West 2014))].” Id.

¶ 105       Subsection (g) of section 110-7 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963
        states that an order declaring the bail to be forfeited shall be entered by the court if
        the defendant does not comply with the conditions of the bail bond. Importantly,
        however, no monetary judgment may be entered for the State until 30 days have
        elapsed. Id.§ 110-7(g). Similarly, section 32-10 of the Criminal Code of 2012,
        which is the statute that defines the criminal offense of “violation of bail bond,”
        states that any person who has been admitted to bail and has incurred a forfeiture of
        the bail commits the offense of violation of bail bond but only if the person “fails to
        surrender himself or herself within 30 days following the date of the forfeiture.”
        720 ILCS 5/32-10(a) (West 2014).

¶ 106       Through its incorporation of section 32-10, section 110-2 provides a defendant
        who is released on a recognizance bond with a 30-day grace period after the return
        date set forth in the bond before the failure to return becomes a criminal offense.
        See People v. Costa, 2013 IL App (1st) 090833. Stated simply, a defendant has not
        committed a crime if she appears within 30 days of the return date. Defendant in
        this case was released on a recognizance bond and appeared nine days after the
        return date on the bond. According to section 110-2, she was entitled to a 30-day
        grace period and, thus, under the plain terms of that provision, was not guilty of any
        criminal offense.

¶ 107        In light of the grace period provided in section 110-2, it is apparent that failing
        to limit the failure to report provision to situations involving constructive custody,
        and applying it in all situations where a defendant is released on a recognizance
        bond, would create a statutory conflict: On the one hand, the legislature has stated
        in section 110-2 that a defendant who fails to appear on the due date of a
        recognizance bond has a 30-day grace period and that returning 9 days past the due

                                                 - 32 -
        date is not a criminal offense. Yet, on the other hand, according to the State, the
        legislature has also stated in the escape statute that a defendant who fails to appear
        on her due date does not have a 30-day grace period and that returning even 1 day
        past the due date is an immediate, felony offense.

¶ 108       This is not a minor problem. To avoid due process concerns, criminal statutes
        must give a person of ordinary intelligence a reasonable opportunity to know what
        conduct is prohibited so that he or she may act accordingly. People v. Howard,
        2017 IL 120443, ¶ 25. The construction of the statute proposed by the State raises
        serious due process concerns because, under that construction, it is unclear whether
        defendant’s conduct is actually criminal. See, e.g., State v. McKown, 461 N.W.2d
720 (Minn. Ct. App. 1990).7

¶ 109       Furthermore, as defendant’s trial counsel observed in the circuit court, the
        State’s construction of the term “fails to report to a penal institution” leads to overly
        broad results. In the State’s view, the term applies to every defendant who violates
        his bond by failing to report to a penal institution and who has a previous felony
        conviction. This means, according to the State, that every pretrial detainee with a
        felony conviction from a previous, unrelated offense who is released on bond and
        who then violates the bond by failing to report back to jail, would be guilty of
        escape rather than a bond violation. This would effectively nullify the violation of
        bond statute for pretrial detainees with a prior felony conviction. This cannot
        reasonably have been what the legislature intended.

¶ 110       We have an obligation, where reasonably possible, to construe statutes in such a
        way so as to affirm their constitutionality and avoid absurd results. Howard, 2017
IL 120443, ¶ 24. Limiting the term “fails to report to a penal institution” to
        situations involving constructive custody removes any concern regarding
        constitutional infirmity or absurd results and explains the relationship between the
        escape statute and section 110-2. The escape statute does not contain a 30-day
        grace period but, instead, treats failing to report to a penal institution as an

            7
              Defendant was never informed by any authority that her failure to return to the Whiteside
        County Jail could be prosecuted as an escape. In a letter written to the circuit court before her trial
        for escape, defendant stated that she knew she was violating her bond when she did not return to the
        jail and apologized for her actions. However, she stated that she “didn’t realize I was committing
        another offense, especially escape.”

                                                        - 33 -
        immediate, felony offense. It does this because the statute applies only to those
        defendants who escape from the constructive custody of a penal institution after
        being committed to the institution following sentencing. In short, failing to report
        for service of sentence is a more serious offense than simply failing to report as
        required by a recognizance bond and, logically, is treated more seriously.

¶ 111       Finally, the State’s contention that the term “fails to report to a penal
        institution” should be given the broadest construction disregards the rule of lenity.
        This rule provides that, when “a reasonable doubt persists about a statute’s intended
        scope even after resort to ‘the language and structure, legislative history, and
        motivating policies’ of the statute” (emphasis in original) (Moskal v. United
        States, 498 U.S. 103, 108 (1990) (quoting Bifulco v. United States, 447 U.S. 381,
        387 (1980))), we must resolve that doubt in favor of the defendant rather than
        imputing to the General Assembly an “ ‘undeclared will’ ” to criminalize conduct
        (United States v. Santos, 553 U.S. 507, 515 (2008) (quoting Bell v. United
        States, 349 U.S. 81, 83 (1955))). See People v. Davis, 199 Ill. 2d 130, 140 (2002)
        (“where a criminal statute is capable of two constructions, courts must adopt the
        one that operates in favor of the accused”). The rule of lenity ensures that criminal
        statutes will provide fair warning of what constitutes criminal conduct, minimizes
        the risk of arbitrary enforcement, and strikes the appropriate balance between the
        legislature and the judicial branch in defining criminal liability. Yates, 574 U.S. at
        ___, 135 S. Ct. at 1088.

¶ 112       At a minimum, the points I have outlined above raise an objectively reasonable
        question as to whether a narrow or broad construction should be given to the term
        “fails to report to a penal institution” in the escape statute. Accordingly, the rule of
        lenity compels the conclusion that the term should be construed narrowly in favor
        of defendant.

¶ 113       In my view, the legislature’s intent is clear. The term “fails to report to a penal
        institution” in the escape statute applies only when a convicted person escapes from
        constructive custody. This means the provision applies only when the person fails
        to report to the penal institution for service of sentence and not otherwise. In this
        case, defendant was ordered to return to the Whiteside County Jail by the terms of
        her recognizance bond, not a sentencing order. Defendant did not escape from the
        constructive custody of the jail. The judgment of the appellate court should,

                                                 - 34 -
        therefore, be affirmed.

¶ 114                                               II

¶ 115      The majority, however, reverses the judgment of the appellate court. In so
        holding, the majority explains that

            “section 31-6(a) is divided into two independent clauses separated by a
            semicolon, with the second clause beginning with the word ‘however.’ The first
            clause contains an escape from custody provision, and the second clause
            includes a knowing failure to report provision. The word ‘custody’ appears
            only in the first provision, which involves escape from the custody of a penal
            institution or its employee. The word ‘custody’ is absent from the failure to
            report provision.” Supra ¶ 23.

¶ 116       The majority then observes that, “ ‘[w]hen the legislature includes particular
        language in one section of a statute but omits it in another section of the same
        statute, courts presume that the legislature acted intentionally and purposely in the
        inclusion or exclusion [citations] and that the legislature intended different
        meanings and results [citations].’ ” Supra ¶ 23 (quoting Chicago Teachers Union,
        Local No. 1 v. Board of Education of the City of Chicago, 2012 IL 112566, ¶ 24).
        From this, the majority concludes that it cannot “presume that the legislature
        intended to include” an element of custody in the definitions of escape that appear
        after the semicolon in section 31-6(a). Supra ¶ 24. The majority states that it “will
        not assign the same meaning to these two provisions of section 31-6(a) or engraft
        the custody element of the escape from custody provision onto the failure to report
        provision.” Supra ¶ 24. In short, according to the majority, custody plays no role in
        any of the versions of escape that appear in the second portion of section 31-6(a)
        and, thus, is not an element of the offense at issue here. I disagree.

¶ 117       The concept of custody, specifically constructive custody, is inherent in each of
        the offenses listed after the semicolon in section 31-6(a). Apart from failing to
        report to a penal institution, the offenses listed are failing to report for a sentence of
        periodic imprisonment (730 ILCS 5/5-7-1 (West 2014)), failing to return from a
        furlough (id. § 3-11-1), failing to return from work or day release (id. §§ 13-1 to
        12-6), and failing to abide by the terms of home confinement (id. § 5-6-3(b)(10)).

                                                  - 35 -
        In each of these situations, a sentence has been imposed on the defendant. In each
        of these situations, the defendant’s failure to return or report would constitute a
        violation of a sentence and, thus, by definition would amount to a breach of
        constructive custody. This was the point that was made in Simmons. If a defendant
        is sentenced to a term of periodic imprisonment, this means she has “a legal duty to
        submit to that custody.” Simmons, 88 Ill. 2d at 273. If she fails to report for the first
        required day of custody, then she has escaped from the lawful authority of the penal
        institution to control her movements granted by the circuit court’s sentencing order.
        That is, she has escaped from the constructive custody of the penal institution.
        Simmons, 88 Ill. 2d 270; Marble, 91 Ill. 2d 242. The same analysis also applies to
        furloughs, work and day release, and home confinement. Thus to state, as the
        majority does, that custody is not a part of any of the offenses listed in the second
        part of section 31-6(a) is plainly incorrect.

¶ 118       To be sure, the General Assembly has divided section 31-6(a) into two sections,
        separated by a semicolon. But this is not because the offenses listed after the
        semicolon are completely unrelated offenses that have nothing to do with
        long-standing concepts of custody or escape. Rather, these offenses are set off by a
        semicolon because they have been given a lesser penalty. Breaches of constructive
        custody, such as failing to return from a furlough or failing to report for periodic
        imprisonment, are inherently less dangerous acts than breaking out of the physical
        confines of a prison. It is therefore entirely appropriate and logical that the General
        Assembly would separate the two types of escape and penalize breaches of
        constructive custody as Class 3 felonies while penalizing breaches of physical
        custody as Class 2 felonies. See, e.g., 83rd Ill. Gen. Assem., House Proceedings,
        June 21, 1983, at 201 (statements of Representative Cullerton) (noting that it
        “makes sense” to provide a lesser penalty for someone who fails to return from
        work release than for someone who escapes from prison).

¶ 119       The majority fundamentally misconstrues the meaning of constructive custody
        and, therefore, incorrectly disregards the context of section 31-6(a). The term “fails
        to report to a penal institution” appears on a list that contains nothing but offenses
        that involve escape from constructive custody. There is no reason why the offense
        of failing to report to a penal institution should be interpreted any differently.

                                                 - 36 -
¶ 120       Other aspects of the majority’s reasoning are equally unpersuasive. The
        majority agrees that, in section 31-6, “the legislature has forged a single offense of
        escape.” Supra ¶ 22. Nor is there any dispute that this court has held, for close to 40
        years, that the plain and ordinary meaning of the word “escape” means an
        intentional, unauthorized departure from either physical or constructive custody.
        Yet, with respect to the offenses of failing to report to a penal institution and failing
        to report for periodic imprisonment, the majority concludes that the “offense of
        escape *** does not include custody as an element.” Supra ¶ 47. In other words,
        according to the majority, with respect to these provisions, “escape” does not mean
        “escape.”

¶ 121       Recognizing this problem, the majority takes the exceptional step of
        “abrogat[ing]” a sentence from Campa that defines escape as the unauthorized
        departure from custody. Supra ¶ 41. This is problematic for several reasons. First,
        the definition set forth in Campa was taken from our earlier decision in Simmons,
        and the analysis and holding of Simmons rest on that understanding of escape.
        Simmons, 88 Ill. 2d at 272-73. Thus, the majority is not simply “abrogating” a
        sentence in a single opinion of this court, it is overruling long-standing precedent.
        The majority makes no mention of stare decisis and makes no attempt to justify its
        actions under that doctrine. Further, at the same time the majority abrogates Campa
        and overrules Simmons, it leaves in place Marble and Beachem, two cases that also
        hold that escape is the unauthorized departure from custody. Thus, the majority’s
        abrogation of Campa, instead of providing clarity, leaves the law of escape in a
        state of considerable confusion.

¶ 122       The majority takes extraordinary measures to reach the conclusion that the
        offense of failing to report to a penal institution does not contain a custody element.
        The majority unnecessarily overturns long-standing case law when, properly
        understood, our case law and section 31-6(a) are completely consistent.

¶ 123       The majority also points to legislative history to support its conclusion that
        custody is not a part of the offense of failing to report to a penal institution. Here,
        too, the majority errs. The majority quotes the following statement from Senator
        Smith:

            “House Bill 332 covers a gap. [It] amends the Criminal Code for failure to
            report for periodic imprisonment. Someone who has received a sentence of

                                                 - 37 -
            periodic imprisonment and if they fail to report to begin their sentence, they
            have committed a crime ***. Nothing in the law presently makes it a crime for
            not showing up for the first day.” 84th Ill. Gen. Assem., Senate Proceedings,
            June 5, 1985, at 17 (statements of Senator Smith).

        See supra ¶ 36. According to the majority, this statement shows the intent of the
        legislature to establish an offense called “escape” that has nothing to do with
        custody. Supra ¶¶ 36-43. However, the opposite is true. As Senator Smith stated,
        periodic imprisonment is a sentence. A person who fails to report for periodic
        imprisonment has, therefore, violated the terms of his or her sentence and evaded
        the lawful authority of the penal institution. This is the definition of a breach of
        constructive custody.

¶ 124       Further, the legislative history quoted by the majority addresses only the
        offense of failing to report for periodic imprisonment, not failing to report to a
        penal institution, the offense at issue here. And that leads to a troubling aspect of
        the majority opinion. There is one statement in the legislative record that relates
        directly to the offense of failing to report to a penal institution. After then-Governor
        Thompson proposed adding the language setting out the offense, Senator Dudycz
        stated the following:

                “Thank you Mr. President. The Governor’s recommendation adds into the
            escape offense the failure to report to jail after being sentenced. I ask for a
            favorable vote on the motion to accept the Governor’s recommendations for
            change.” (Emphasis added.) 84th Ill. Gen. Assem., Senate Proceedings, Oct.
            16, 1985, at 78 (statements of Senator Dudycz).

        This statement should eliminate any doubt that the term “fails to report to a penal
        institution” means “fails to report for service of sentence.” Yet the majority chooses
        not to mention this quote. There is no justification for this.

¶ 125       For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully dissent.

¶ 126       CHIEF JUSTICE KARMEIER and JUSTICE THEIS join in this dissent.

                                                 - 38 -