Court Opinion

ID: 9366774
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-27 21:07:11.0722+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:55.034139
License: Public Domain

[Cite as In re F.T., 2023-Ohio-191.]

                      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                         FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                               ROSS COUNTY

IN THE MATTER OF:                    :
                                     :
        F.T.,                        :          Case No. 22CA17
                                     :
        Adjudicated Dependent Child. :
                                     :
                                     :          DECISION AND JUDGMENT
                                     :          ENTRY
                                     :
                                     :

                                       APPEARANCES:

Brian A. Smith, Fairlawn, Ohio, for Appellant.

Jeffrey C. Marks, Ross County Prosecuting Attorney, and Jennifer L. Ater,
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, Chillicothe, Ohio, for Appellee.

Smith, P.J.

        (¶1} Appellant, W.L., appeals the trial court’s decision that granted

permanent custody of his one-year-old biological child, F.T., to South

Central Ohio Job and Family Services, Children’s Division (“the agency”).

Appellant raises five assignments of error and argues that (1) the trial court’s

judgment placing the child in the agency’s temporary custody is void

because the court did not obtain personal jurisdiction over him due to lack of

proper service, (2) the trial court’s judgment placing the child in the
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                              2

agency’s permanent custody is void because the court did not obtain

personal jurisdiction over him due to lack of proper service, (3) trial counsel

was ineffective for failing to object to the lack of proper service, (4) the trial

court’s decision is against the manifest weight of the evidence, and (5) the

agency failed to use reasonable efforts to attempt to place the child with

Appellant. For the reasons that follow, we do not find any merit to

Appellant’s assignments of error. Therefore, we overrule his assignments of

error and affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                     FACTS

      {¶2} On March 19, 2021, the agency filed a complaint that alleged the

child is an abused child and that requested the court to place the child in its

temporary custody. The attached statement of facts (dated March 16, 2021)

alleged that in early January 2021, the agency received a report regarding the

child’s mother. The report indicated that the mother had presented to the

hospital to give birth to the child and was visibly under the influence. The

mother had informed medical personnel that she had used heroin two hours

before her arrival at the hospital. Her drug screen, however, returned

positive for cocaine and marijuana.

      {¶3} The mother spoke with an agency caseworker and admitted that

she used drugs during her pregnancy. She stated that she might know the
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                                                                                 3

identity of the baby’s father, but she would not give the caseworker any

further information. Four days after the child’s birth, the caseworker learned

that the baby’s urine screen returned positive for cocaine.

           {¶4} On January 12, 2021, while the baby was still in the hospital, the

caseworker heard that Appellant called the hospital and claimed to be the

baby’s father. The caseworker phoned Appellant on January 12 and 13, but

she did not reach him directly. Instead, she left Appellant a message to

contact her.

           {¶5} Eight days after the child’s birth, the mother died in a car

accident. The agency subsequently requested ex parte temporary emergency

custody of the child, which the court granted.1

           {¶6} On March 19, 2021, the agency asked the court to serve “the

unknown father” of the child by posting on the Ross County Ohio Juvenile

Court’s website and by ordinary mail. The attached affidavit of publication

by posting and mail stated that the agency had “made reasonable efforts to

determine the residence of the unknown father, including: telephone contact

with possible fathers & requests for DNA testing.”

1
 We observe that the record transmitted on appeal does not contain any documents that predate the filing of the March 19, 2021
complaint. The agency states in its brief that it dismissed the original complaint and refiled the complaint on March 19, 2021. We
also note that Appellant has not disputed that the child has been in the agency’s temporary custody since shortly after her birth.
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                             4

      {¶7} On March 31, 2021, the magistrate entered a decision indicating

that the case “came on for Arraignment on March 30, 2021.” The magistrate

found that “the unknown father has been served and failed to appear” and

continued the child in the agency’s temporary custody.

      {¶8} On April 15, 2021, the court found that Appellant is the child’s

biological father. Shortly thereafter, the court added Appellant as a party to

the case and issued a summons to Appellant with an address in Londonderry,

Ohio. It was returned with a notation that Appellant no longer lived at that

address.

      {¶9} On May 21, 2021, the agency filed a motion to serve Appellant

by posting and by ordinary mail. Additionally, another summons was sent

to Appellant at an address in Chillicothe. Appellant later entered an

appearance and requested the court to appoint counsel to represent him.

      {¶10} On June 14, 2021, the court held a hearing. The father’s

counsel attended and indicated that Appellant was in a rehabilitation center.

She stated that Appellant agreed “to the stipulation, to the alleged drug use

during [the mother’s] pregnancy, and the child being born positive, that this

case needs to go forward.” At the conclusion of the hearing, the magistrate

stated that “the Court [found] the child to be an abused child.”
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                                                                                      5

           {¶11} On June 21, 2021, the magistrate adjudicated the child a

dependent child.2 The magistrate found that the agency has used and

continues to use reasonable efforts to place the child with Appellant. On

that same date, the trial court adopted the magistrate’s decision.

           {¶12} On June 25, 2021, the magistrate entered a dispositional order

that continued the child in the agency’s temporary custody. The magistrate

again determined that the agency used reasonable efforts to prevent the

child’s continued removal from the home and to make it possible for the

child to safely return home. On that same date, the trial court adopted the

magistrate’s decision.

           {¶13} On February 28, 2022, the agency filed a motion that requested

permanent custody of the child. The agency alleged that the child has been

in its temporary custody since January 18, 2021, that the child cannot and

should not be placed with Appellant within a reasonable time, and that

placing the child in its permanent custody is in the child’s best interest. The

agency asked the court to serve Appellant by posting and by ordinary mail.

           {¶14} On April 25, 2022, the court held a hearing to consider the

agency’s permanent custody motion. Prism Behavioral Health Care

2
  We observe that the complaint alleged that the child is an abused child and that at the adjudicatory hearing, the magistrate found the
child to be an abused child. The journal entry, however, states that the court adjudicated the child a dependent child. The trial court
retains authority to enter a nunc pro tunc entry to ensure that the record reflects what the court actually decided. State ex rel. Fogle v.
Steiner, 74 Ohio St.3d 158, 163-164, 656 N.E.2d 1288 (1995) (“courts and administrative tribunals possess inherent authority to
correct errors in judgment entries so that the record speaks the truth”).
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                                 6

counselor Scott Patrick testified that in June 2021, he started alcohol-and-

drug treatment services with Appellant. Patrick explained that Appellant’s

treatment goals included (1) abstaining from using mind-altering substances

and alcohol, (2) complying with any medical requirements and any

suggested treatment, (3) finding adequate housing and employment, (4)

staying in touch with the agency, and (5) continuing to work on the agency’s

case plan.

          {¶15} Patrick stated that Appellant’s attendance “dropped off in

December of 2021,” and that he “didn’t see him that month or most of

January 2022.” Appellant re-engaged with Patrick on January 20, 2022, and

he remained compliant until “the last couple of weeks” before the permanent

custody hearing. Patrick reported that Appellant had three positive drug

screens between January 20, 2022, and the end of March 2022, and that

Appellant was discharged from the program on April 18, 2022, due to

noncompliance.

          {¶16} The child’s foster father testified that the child has been in his

and his wife’s care since January 19, 2021. He stated that he and his wife

are bonded to the child and that they plan to adopt her if the possibility

arises.
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                            7

      {¶17} Caseworker Crystal Puckett stated that the agency became

involved with the family upon learning that the child had tested positive for

drugs at birth. At the time, the baby’s father was not known. About one

week later, the child’s mother died in a car accident, and the agency obtained

temporary custody of the child.

      {¶18} Puckett explained that once genetic testing confirmed

Appellant as the child’s biological father, the agency added him to the case

plan. The case plan required Appellant to complete parenting classes, obtain

alcohol-and-drug counseling, maintain stable housing, consistently

communicate with the agency, and consistently attend visits with the child.

Puckett stated that Appellant consistently visited the child, except for a

period of time between December 2021 and January 2022, and that

Appellant completed parenting classes. Puckett testified that Appellant has

not, however, complied with any of the remaining case plan requirements.

      {¶19} Puckett reported that Appellant did not obtain stable housing.

She explained that during the pendency of the case, Appellant lived with his

sister, then his mother, and then moved back in with his sister. In December

2021, Puckett did not know where Appellant had been living. Puckett

indicated that she tried contacting Appellant in December 2021, but she was

unable to locate him until January 2022. She met Appellant on January 20,
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                              8

2022, and he refused to give her the location of his current residence. Thus,

she does not know where he presently lives. Puckett additionally explained

that she helped Appellant obtain a housing voucher that he received around

three weeks before the permanent custody hearing.

      {¶20} Puckett further reported that Appellant has not maintained

regular contact with the agency. Puckett stated that she tried reaching him

via telephone, through his treatment provider, and by going to his last known

address (his sister’s house).

      {¶21} Puckett indicated that she has concerns about placing the child

with Appellant. She explained that Appellant “gets very angry easily” and is

“very * * * volatile.” Puckett further stated that Appellant has a history of

domestic violence.

      {¶22} Appellant testified that for the past week, he has been residing

at the same address. Before that, he was staying at a hotel. Appellant

explained that he still is waiting to find a place to rent, and he thinks that

with a little more time, he would be able to take custody of the child.

      {¶23} On cross-examination, Appellant clarified that he currently is

living with a friend and the friend’s wife until Appellant finds a place of his

own. Appellant disputed the testimony that he was discharged from Prism

because he could not be reached, failed to attend sessions, and tested
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                          9

positive for drugs three times within a three-month period. Appellant further

stated that he has a job and that the agency knew that he had a job. He did

not, however, give the agency any proof of his employment.

      {¶24} Counsel for the agency asked Appellant whether he had

informed Puckett that he had not been in contact with the agency from

December 2021 through January 2022, because he “needed to take a break

from the case.” Appellant responded that he did not tell Puckett that he

needed to take a break.

      {¶25} The agency called Puckett as a rebuttal witness. She stated that

when Appellant reconnected with her in January 2022, Appellant informed

her that he had not been in touch with her because “he was taking a break.”

      {¶26} After the hearing, the court granted the agency permanent

custody of the child. The court found that the child cannot be placed with

either parent “within a reasonable time and/or should not be placed with

them.” The court noted that the child’s mother is deceased and that

Appellant failed to complete “significant portions of the case plan.” The

court stated that “[o]ther than the Parenting Class requirement [Appellant]

has not completed any portion of the case plan.”

      {¶27} The court found that Appellant failed to complete an alcohol-

and-drug treatment program and pointed out that he was discharged due to
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                           10

noncompliance shortly before the permanent custody hearing. Appellant

also continued to test positive for alcohol, fentanyl, and methamphetamines

between the end of January 2022, and March 31, 2022.

      {¶28} The court further found that Appellant failed to maintain stable

housing. The court noted that over the past year, he lived with his sister, his

mother, with his sister again, “at some unnamed hotel,” and with a friend.

      {¶29} The court also stated that Appellant did not maintain consistent

contact with the caseworker and that Appellant “has been angry/volatile with

his relationship with the caseworker.”

      {¶30} The court additionally determined that placing the child in the

agency’s permanent custody is in the child’s best interest. The court

observed that Appellant did not consistently visit the child and stated that

due to Appellant’s inconsistent visits, “it’s very difficult to determine if

there is any father/daughter bond.” On the other hand, the court found that

the child “has a very strong bond with her foster parents” and that she “is

doing well in foster care.” The court also noted that the child’s guardian ad

litem recommended that the court place the child in the agency’s permanent

custody. The court further determined that the child cannot achieve

permanency without granting the agency permanent custody. The court

additionally found that the agency used reasonable efforts to place the child
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                                                                                 11

with Appellant “by attempting to provide case management services,

referrals to AOD providers, referrals for housing, and visitation.” The court

thus placed the child in the agency’s permanent custody. This appeal

followed.3

                                         ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

I.         THE TRIAL COURT DECISION GRANTING
           APPELLEE’S     MOTION    FOR   TEMPORARY
           CUSTODY WAS VOID, BECAUSE IT DENIED DUE
           PROCESS TO APPELLANT DUE TO INSUFFICIENT
           SERVICE, IN VIOLATION OF APPELLANT’S RIGHT
           TO DUE PROCESS UNDER THE FIFTH AND
           FOURTEENTH AMENDMENTS TO THE UNITED
           STATES CONSTITUTION AND ARTICLE I, SECTION
           16 OF THE OHIO CONSTITUTION.

II.        THE TRIAL COURT DECISION GRANTING
           APPELLEE’S     MOTION    FOR   PERMANENT
           CUSTODY WAS VOID, BECAUSE IT DENIED DUE
           PROCESS TO APPELLANT DUE TO INSUFFICIENT
           SERVICE, IN VIOLATION OF APPELLANT’S RIGHT
           TO DUE PROCESS UNDER THE FIFTH AND
           FOURTEENTH AMENDMENTS TO THE UNITED
           STATES CONSTITUTION AND ARTICLE I, SECTION
           16 OF THE OHIO CONSTITUTION.

III.       THE FAILURE OF APPELLANT’S TRIAL COUNSEL
           TO OBJECT TO THE TRIAL COURT’S IMPROPER
           SERVICE AND LACK OF JURISDICTION OVER
3
  We point out that Appellant filed his notice of appeal more than 30 days after the trial court’s judgment granting the agency
permanent custody of the child. However, appellant filed a motion with the trial court that asked the court to grant him “leave to file a
notice of appeal out of time.” He asserted that the courthouse was closed due to construction on the thirtieth day, May, 2022. The
trial court granted Appellant’s motion.
Despite the procedural irregularity, we recognize Appellant’s appeal as timely given his assertion (and the trial court’s acceptance)
that the courthouse was closed on the thirtieth day and that he filed his notice of appeal on the next business day that the courthouse
was open, May 31, 2022. See R.C. 1.14 (“When a public office in which an act, required by law, is to be performed is closed to the
public for the entire day that constitutes the last day for doing the act or before its usual closing time on that day, the act may be
performed on the next succeeding day that is not a Sunday or a legal holiday as defined in this section.”); e.g., State v. Kaiser, 4th
Dist. Lawrence No. 10CA1, 2010-Ohio-4616, ¶ 12 (App.R. 14(B) states that courts may not enlarge the time for filing a notice of
appeal).
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                           12

      APPELLANT     CONSTITUTED     INEFFECTIVE
      ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL AND VIOLATED
      APPELLANT’S RIGHTS TO COUNSEL AND DUE
      PROCESS UNDER ARTICLE I, SECTION 16 OF THE
      OHIO CONSTITUTION AND THE FIFTH, SIXTH
      AND FOURTEENTH AMENDMENTS TO THE
      UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION.

IV.   THE TRIAL COURT’S RULING, GRANTING
      APPELLEE’S   MOTION     FOR PERMANENT
      CUSTODY, WAS AGAINST THE MANIFEST
      WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.

V.    THE TRIAL COURT’S RULING, GRANTING
      APPELLEE’S   MOTION     FOR     PERMANENT
      CUSTODY WAS AGAINST THE MANIFEST
      WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE, BECAUSE APPELLEE
      DID NOT SHOW THAT IT HAD MADE
      “REASONABLE EFFORTS” TO REUNITE THE
      FAMILY PURSUANT TO R.C. 2151.419.

                                  ANALYSIS

            FIRST AND SECOND ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

      {¶31} In his first and second assignments of error, Appellant argues

that the trial court’s dispositional order placing the child in the agency’s

temporary custody and its judgment granting the agency permanent custody

of the child violate his due process right to adequate notice of the

proceedings. Appellant essentially argues that the failure to notify him in

January 2021, or at least earlier than April 2021, that the child needed a

placement deprived him of the ability to demonstrate, at the earliest

opportunity, that the child could be placed with him. Appellant asserts that
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                             13

his earlier involvement in the case would have allowed him to make better

use of the resources available to him and would have given him adequate

time to comply with the case plan. He claims that the additional time would

have led the court to conclude that placing the child in his custody would be

in the child’s best interest.

       {¶32} More particularly, Appellant alleges that “several critical

errors” occurred while attempting to serve him with notice of the initial

hearing and the permanent custody hearing. He first asserts that the trial

court erred by allowing the agency to serve the child’s “unknown father”

with notice of the initial complaint via publication. He contends that the

agency failed to establish that it exercised reasonable diligence to ascertain

Appellant’s address. Appellant further argues that the trial court’s notice

setting the initial hearing date stated that the hearing would be held on

March 29, 2021, but the court’s entry suggests that the hearing was held on

March 30, 2021. Appellant thus claims that the service also failed to notify

him of the accurate hearing date. He additionally alleges that the court did

not comply with Juv.R. 16 and Ross County Common Pleas Court, Juvenile

Division, Local Rule 5.02(B).

       {¶33} Appellant also argues that the trial court erred by allowing the

agency to serve Appellant with notice of the permanent custody hearing via
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                             14

publication. He claims that the agency failed to demonstrate that it used

reasonable diligence to ascertain Appellant’s address.

      {¶34} We first observe that Appellant has improperly combined the

arguments pertaining to his first and second assignments of error. While

appellate courts may combine assignments of error, the Appellate Rules

require an appellant’s brief to separately argue each assignment of error.

App.R. 16(A)(7) (stating that “[t]he appellant shall include in its brief * * *

[a]n argument containing the contentions of the appellant with respect to

each assignment of error presented for review and the reasons in support of

the contentions, with citations to the authorities, statutes, and parts of the

record on which appellant relies”); State v. Rife, 4th Dist. Ross No.

11CA3276, 2012-Ohio-3264, ¶ 15. We thus would be within our discretion

to disregard Appellant’s first and second assignments of error. See App.R.

12(A)(2) (stating that court may disregard an assignment of error if appellant

fails to separately argue it). We prefer, however, to decide cases on their

merits rather than procedural technicalities. Barksdale v. Van’s Auto Sales,

Inc., 38 Ohio St.3d 127, 128, 527 N.E.2d 284, 285 (1988) (noting that a

“basic tenet of Ohio jurisprudence [is] that cases should be determined on

their merits and not on mere procedural technicalities”). We therefore will
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                            15

review Appellant’s first and second assignments of error to the extent

described below.

      {¶35} The Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the United

States Constitution, as applicable to the states through the Fourteenth

Amendment, provides: “No person shall * * * be deprived of life, liberty, or

property, without due process of law.” “[P]arents’ interest in the care,

custody, and control of their children ‘is perhaps the oldest of the

fundamental liberty interests recognized by this Court.’ ” In re B.C., 141

Ohio St.3d 55, 2014-Ohio-4558, 21 N.E.3d 308, ¶ 19, quoting Troxel v.

Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65, 120 S.Ct. 2054, 147 L.Ed.2d 49 (2000). Indeed,

the right to raise one’s “child is an ‘essential’ and ‘basic’ civil right.” In re

Murray, 52 Ohio St.3d 155, 157, 556 N.E.2d 1169 (1990); accord In re

Hayes, 79 Ohio St.3d 46, 48, 679 N.E.2d 680 (1997); see Santosky v.

Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753, 102 S.Ct. 1388, 71 L.Ed.2d 599 (1982) (stating

that “natural parents have a fundamental right to the care and custody of

their children”). Thus, “parents who are ‘suitable’ have a ‘paramount’ right

to the custody of their children.” B.C. at ¶ 19, quoting In re Perales, 52

Ohio St.2d 89, 97, 369 N.E.2d 1047 (1977), citing Clark v. Bayer, 32 Ohio

St. 299, 310 (1877); Murray, 52 Ohio St.3d at 157.
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                           16

      {¶36} The Ohio Supreme Court has described the permanent

termination of parental rights as “ ‘the family law equivalent of the death

penalty in a criminal case.’ ” Hayes, 79 Ohio St.3d at 48, quoting In re

Smith, 77 Ohio App.3d 1, 16, 601 N.E.2d 45 (6th Dist.1991). Consequently,

courts must afford parents facing the permanent termination of their parental

rights “ ‘every procedural and substantive protection the law allows.’ ” Id.,

quoting Smith at 16, 601 N.E.2d 45; accord B.C. at ¶ 19. Thus, because

parents possess a fundamental liberty interest in the care and custody of their

children, the state may not deprive parents of their parental rights without

due process of law. In re James, 113 Ohio St.3d 420, 2007-Ohio-2335, 866

N.E.2d 467, ¶ 16; e.g., In re A.G., 4th Dist. Athens No. 14CA28, 2014-Ohio-

5014, ¶ 12; In re M.H., 4th Dist. Vinton No. 11CA683, 2011-Ohio-5140, ¶¶

49-50. Moreover, a parent’s right to due process “does not evaporate simply

because” that parent has “not been [a] model parent[ ] or [has] lost

temporary custody of their child to the State.” Santosky, 455 U.S. at 753.

      {¶37} Although “due process” lacks precise definition, courts have

long held that due process requires both notice and an opportunity to be

heard. In re Thompkins, 115 Ohio St.3d 409, 2007-Ohio-5238, 875 N.E.2d

582, ¶ 12, citing Hagar v. Reclamation Dist. No. 108, 111 U.S. 701, 708, 4

S.Ct. 663, 28 L.Ed. 569 (1884); Caldwell v. Carthage, 49 Ohio St. 334, 348,
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                           17

31 N.E. 602 (1892). “An elementary and fundamental requirement of due

process in any proceeding which is to be accorded finality is notice

reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise interested

parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to

present their objections.” Mullane v. Cent. Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339

U.S. 306, 314, 70 S.Ct. 652, 94 L.Ed. 865 (1950); accord In re Thompkins at

¶ 13.

        {¶38} Moreover, given the importance of the parent-child bond, “a

Juvenile Court cannot make a valid order changing temporary commitment

of a dependent child to a permanent one without a service of notice upon the

parent of the child, strictly in accordance with the law.” In re Frinzl, 152

Ohio St. 164, 173, 87 N.E.2d 583 (1949); accord In re S.S., 9th Dist. Wayne

No. 10CA0010, 2010-Ohio-6374, ¶ 43, quoting In re Cowling, 72 Ohio

App.3d 499, 500-501, 595 N.E.2d 470 (9th Dist.1991). “ ‘[A] judgment

rendered without proper service or entry of appearance is a nullity and

void.’ ” State ex rel. Ballard v. O’Donnell, 50 Ohio St.3d 182, 183-184,

553 N.E.2d 650 (1990), quoting Lincoln Tavern, Inc. v. Snader, 165 Ohio St.

61, 64, 133 N.E.2d 606 (1956). Thus, “a valid court judgment requires both

proper service under the applicable Ohio rules and adequate notice under the

Due Process Clause.” In re A.G., 4th Dist. Athens No. 14CA28, 2014-Ohio-
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                            18

5014, 2014 WL 5812193, ¶ 14, citing Samson Sales, Inc. v. Honeywell, Inc.,

66 Ohio St.2d 290, 293, 421 N.E.2d 522 (1981).

      {¶39} When, however, “parents of minor children have the notice and

opportunity to assert their rights in a permanent custody proceeding,” no due

process violation occurs. Ross v. Saros, 99 Ohio St.3d 412, 2003-Ohio-

4128, 792 N.E.2d 1126, ¶ 17. Accordingly, “a notice issue may be waived

on appeal when a parent’s attorney is present for various permanent custody

hearings and does not raise the improper notice issue.” In re C.B., 2020-

Ohio-5151, 161 N.E.3d 770, ¶ 19 (4th Dist.).

      {¶40} In the case sub judice, at no point during the trial court

proceedings did Appellant assert that he had not been adequately notified of

any of the proceedings. Instead, he entered an appearance, requested court-

appointed counsel, did not object to any deficiency in service, stipulated to

the dependency adjudication, and attended the permanent custody hearing.

Not once did Appellant or his counsel assert that he had not received

adequate service of the agency’s initial complaint or its permanent custody

motion. Under these circumstances, we believe that Appellant waived the

argument that he did not receive adequate service of process. Ross at ¶ 17;

C.B. at ¶ 19; accord In re A.C., 9th Dist. Summit No. 30086, 2022-Ohio-

1081, ¶¶ 8-9 (rejecting parent’s assertion that permanent custody decision
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                             19

void for lack of personal jurisdiction due to alleged improper service of

complaint and permanent custody motion when parent appeared at hearings

and failed to object to alleged lack of proper service); In re I.G., 3rd Dist.

Marion No. 9-13-43, 2014-Ohio-1136, ¶ 18, quoting In re Keith Lee P., 6th

Dist. Lucas No. L-03-1266, 2004-Ohio-1976, ¶ 9 (stating that “’[t]he issue

of notice is waived on appeal when the parent’s attorney is present for

various permanent custody hearings and never argues improper notice’”); In

re D.H., 177 Ohio App.3d 246, 2008-Ohio-3686, 894 N.E.2d 364, ¶ 38 (8th

Dist.) (“the issue of notice is waived on appeal when the parent’s attorney is

present for various permanent-custody hearings and never argues improper

notice”); see Lundeen v. Turner, 164 Ohio St.3d 159, 2021-Ohio-1533, 172

N.E.3d 150, ¶ 22, fn. 2 (in a civil proceeding, a trial court’s judgment is not

void due to allegedly improper service when party submits to court’s

jurisdiction); State v. Henderson, 161 Ohio St.3d 285, 2020-Ohio-4784, 162

N.E.3d 776, ¶ 36 (stating that a person “submits to the court’s jurisdiction if

he does not object to the court’s exercise of jurisdiction over him”); Gliozzo

v. Univ. Urologists of Cleveland, Inc., 114 Ohio St.3d 141, 2007-Ohio-3762,

870 N.E.2d 714, ¶ 13 (stating that a party voluntarily submits to a court’s

jurisdiction “by failing to raise the defense of insufficiency of service of

process in a responsive pleading or by filing certain motions before any
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                           20

pleading”); In re Hunt, 46 Ohio St.2d 378, 381, 348 N.E.2d 727 (1976)

(noting that under Juv.R. 22, parent has “the opportunity to file an answer, to

file motions to dismiss based upon the insufficiency of the complaint and the

failure to show jurisdiction”); Juv.R. 22(D)(1) (stating that “[d]efenses or

objections based on defects in the institution of the proceeding” “must be

heard before the adjudicatory hearing”). But see In re R.P., 9th Dist.

Summit No. 26271, 2012-Ohio-4799 (determining that trial court never

obtained personal jurisdiction over unknown father and voiding legal

custody award when evidence showed that children services agency was not

truthful when attesting that father unknown and that no one had contacted

the agency claiming to be the child’s father; instead, putative father had

called the agency and left his phone number and agency did not follow up

with putative father).

      {¶41} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we overrule

Appellant’s first and second assignments of error.

                    THIRD ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

      {¶42} In his third assignment of error, Appellant argues that trial

counsel failed to provide effective assistance of counsel by failing to object

to the lack of improper service and lack of personal jurisdiction. He

contends that had trial counsel properly objected, then “the trial court would
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                               21

not have granted either temporary or permanent custody to the agency, and

[Appellant]’s parental rights would not have been terminated.”

      {¶43} The right to counsel, guaranteed in permanent custody

proceedings by R.C. 2151.352 and by Juv.R. 4, includes the right to the

effective assistance of counsel. In re Wingo, 143 Ohio App.3d 652, 666,

758 N.E.2d 780 (4th Dist.2001), citing In re Heston, 129 Ohio App.3d 825,

827, 719 N.E.2d 93 (1st Dist.1998); e.g., In re J.P.B., 4th Dist. Washington

No. 12CA34, 2013-Ohio-787, ¶ 23; In re K.M.D., 4th Dist. Ross No.

11CA3289, 2012-Ohio-755, ¶ 60; In re A.C.H., 4th Dist. Gallia No. 11CA2,

2011-Ohio-5595, ¶ 50. “ ‘Where the proceeding contemplates the loss of

parents’ ‘essential’ and ‘basic’ civil rights to raise their children, * * * the

test for ineffective assistance of counsel used in criminal cases is equally

applicable to actions seeking to force the permanent, involuntary termination

of parental custody.’ ” Wingo, 143 Ohio App.3d at 666, quoting Heston.

      {¶44} To establish constitutionally ineffective assistance of counsel, a

defendant must show (1) that his counsel’s performance was deficient and

(2) that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense and deprived the

defendant of a fair trial. E.g., Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687,

104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984); State v. Obermiller, 147 Ohio St.3d

175, 2016-Ohio-1594, 63 N.E.3d 93, ¶ 83; State v. Powell, 132 Ohio St.3d
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                         22

233, 2012-Ohio-2577, 971 N.E.2d 865, ¶ 85. “Failure to establish either

element is fatal to the claim.” State v. Jones, 4th Dist. Scioto No.

06CA3116, 2008-Ohio-968, ¶ 14. Therefore, if one element is dispositive, a

court need not analyze both. State v. Madrigal, 87 Ohio St.3d 378, 389, 721

N.E.2d 52 (2000) (stating that a defendant’s failure to satisfy one of the

elements “negates a court’s need to consider the other”).

      {¶45} “In order to show deficient performance, the defendant must

prove that counsel’s performance fell below an objective level of reasonable

representation.” State v. Conway, 109 Ohio St.3d 412, 2006-Ohio-2815, 848

N.E.2d 810, ¶ 95 (citations omitted); accord Hinton v. Alabama, 571 U.S.

263, 134 S.Ct. 1081, 1088, 188 L.Ed.2d 1 (2014), citing Padilla v. Kentucky,

559 U.S. 356, 366, 130 S.Ct. 1473, 176 L.Ed.2d 284 (2010); State v.

Wesson, 137 Ohio St.3d 309, 2013-Ohio-4575, 999 N.E.2d 557, ¶ 81.

Furthermore, “ ‘[i]n any case presenting an ineffectiveness claim, the

performance inquiry must be whether counsel’s assistance was reasonable

considering all the circumstances.’ ” Hinton, 134 S.Ct. at 1088, quoting

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688. Additionally, “[a] properly licensed attorney is

presumed to execute his duties in an ethical and competent manner.” State

v. Taylor, 4th Dist. Washington No. 07CA11, 2008-Ohio-482, ¶ 10, citing

State v. Smith, 17 Ohio St.3d 98, 100, 477 N.E.2d 1128 (1985). Therefore, a
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                           23

defendant bears the burden to show ineffectiveness by demonstrating that

counsel’s errors were “so serious” that counsel failed to function “as the

‘counsel’ guaranteed * * * by the Sixth Amendment.” Strickland, 466 U.S.

at 687; e.g., Obermiller at ¶ 84; State v. Gondor, 112 Ohio St.3d 377, 2006-

Ohio-6679, 860 N.E.2d 77, ¶ 62; State v. Hamblin, 37 Ohio St.3d 153, 156,

524 N.E.2d 476 (1988).

      {¶46} To establish prejudice, a defendant must demonstrate that a

reasonable probability exists that “ ‘but for counsel’s errors, the result of the

proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a

probability sufficient to undermine the outcome.’ ” Hinton, 134 S.Ct. at

1089, quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694; e.g., State v. Short, 129 Ohio

St.3d 360, 2011-Ohio-3641, 952 N.E.2d 1121, ¶ 113; State v. Bradley, 42

Ohio St.3d 136, 538 N.E.2d 373 (1989), paragraph three of the syllabus.

Furthermore, courts ordinarily may not simply presume the existence of

prejudice but must require the defendant to affirmatively establish prejudice.

State v. Clark, 4th Dist. Pike No. 02CA684, 2003-Ohio-1707, ¶ 22; State v.

Tucker, 4th Dist. Ross No. 01CA2592, 2002 WL 507529 (Apr. 2, 2002). As

we have repeatedly recognized, speculation is insufficient to demonstrate the

prejudice component of an ineffective assistance of counsel claim. E.g.,

State v. Jenkins, 4th Dist. Ross No. 13CA3413, 2014-Ohio-3123, ¶ 22; State
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                           24

v. Simmons, 4th Dist. Highland No. 13CA4, 2013-Ohio-2890, ¶ 25; State v.

Halley, 4th Dist. Gallia No. 10CA13, 2012-Ohio-1625, ¶ 25; State v.

Leonard, 4th Dist. Athens No. 08CA24, 2009-Ohio-6191, ¶ 68; accord State

v. Powell, 132 Ohio St.3d 233, 2012-Ohio-2577, 971 N.E.2d 865, ¶ 86 (an

argument that is purely speculative cannot serve as the basis for an

ineffectiveness claim).

      {¶47} In the case at bar, even presuming that Appellant established

that trial counsel performed deficiently by failing to object to the alleged

lack of proper service, we do not believe that Appellant has demonstrated

that any supposed deficiency caused him prejudice. Appellant speculates

that if trial counsel had properly objected, then the trial court would not have

granted the agency temporary custody of the child at the outset of the case.

However, had trial counsel objected to the alleged deficiency of service at

the first opportunity, the trial court could have continued the child in the

agency’s temporary custody until proper service could be made upon

Appellant. Moreover, when the agency first obtained custody of the child,

Appellant had not been confirmed to be the child’s father. Thus, Appellant’s

assertion that the trial court would have placed the child in his custody,

when he had yet to be confirmed to be the child’s father, also is purely

speculative.
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                           25

      {¶48} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we overrule

Appellant’s third assignment of error.

                   FOURTH ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

      {¶49} In his fourth assignment of error, Appellant contends that the

trial court’s decision to grant the agency permanent custody of the child is

against the manifest weight of the evidence. He asserts that he “substantially

complied with several conditions of the case plan.” Appellant states that he

completed parenting classes, obtained stable housing, is gainfully employed,

and displayed a commitment to the child by visiting with her. He further

points out that even though he recently had been terminated from his alcohol

and drug treatment counseling, he had been engaged in counseling for nearly

one year before his termination.

                         STANDARD OF REVIEW

      {¶50} A reviewing court generally will not disturb a trial court’s

permanent custody decision unless the decision is against the manifest

weight of the evidence. See In re R.M., 2013-Ohio-3588, 997 N.E.2d 169, ¶

53 (4th Dist.). When an appellate court reviews whether a trial court’s

permanent custody decision is against the manifest weight of the evidence,

the court “ ‘ “ ‘weighs the evidence and all reasonable inferences, considers

the credibility of witnesses and determines whether in resolving conflicts in
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                          26

the evidence, the [finder of fact] clearly lost its way and created such a

manifest miscarriage of justice that the [judgment] must be reversed and a

new trial ordered.’ ” ’ ” Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 2012-

Ohio-2179, 972 N.E.2d 517, ¶ 20, quoting Tewarson v. Simon, 141 Ohio

App.3d 103, 115, 750 N.E.2d 176 (9th Dist.2001), quoting State v.

Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997), quoting State v.

Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983).

      {¶51} In a permanent custody case, the ultimate question for a

reviewing court is “whether the juvenile court’s findings * * * were

supported by clear and convincing evidence.” In re K.H., 119 Ohio St.3d

538, 2008-Ohio-4825, 895 N.E.2d 809, ¶ 43. In determining whether a trial

court based its decision upon clear and convincing evidence, “a reviewing

court will examine the record to determine whether the trier of facts had

sufficient evidence before it to satisfy the requisite degree of proof.” State v.

Schiebel, 55 Ohio St.3d 71, 74, 564 N.E.2d 54 (1990). “Thus, if the children

services agency presented competent and credible evidence upon which the

trier of fact reasonably could have formed a firm belief that permanent

custody is warranted, then the court’s decision is not against the manifest

weight of the evidence.” R.M. at ¶ 55.
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                          27

      {¶52} Once the reviewing court finishes its examination, the court

may reverse the judgment only if it appears that the factfinder, when

resolving the conflicts in evidence, “ ‘clearly lost its way and created such a

manifest miscarriage of justice that the [judgment] must be reversed and a

new trial ordered.’ ” Thompkins at 387, 678 N.E.2d 541, quoting Martin at

175, 485 N.E.2d 717. A reviewing court should find a trial court’s

permanent custody decision against the manifest weight of the evidence only

in the “ ‘exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the

[decision].’ ” Id., quoting Martin at 175, 485 N.E.2d 717.

                PERMANENT CUSTODY FRAMEWORK

      {¶53} R.C. 2151.414(B)(1) specifies that a trial court may grant a

children services agency permanent custody of a child if the court finds, by

clear and convincing evidence, that (1) the child’s best interest would be

served by the award of permanent custody, and (2) any of the following

conditions applies:

      (a) The child is not abandoned or orphaned, has not been
      in the temporary custody of one or more public children
      services agencies or private child placing agencies for
      twelve or more months of a consecutive twenty-two-
      month period, or has not been in the temporary custody of
      one or more public children services agencies or private
      child placing agencies for twelve or more months of a
      consecutive twenty-two-month period if, as described in
      division (D)(1) of section 2151.413 of the Revised Code,
      the child was previously in the temporary custody of an
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                                                                                 28

           equivalent agency in another state, and the child cannot be
           placed with either of the child’s parents within a
           reasonable time or should not be placed with the child’s
           parents.
           (b) The child is abandoned.
           (c) The child is orphaned, and there are no relatives of the
           child who are able to take permanent custody.
           (d) The child has been in the temporary custody of one or
           more public children services agencies or private child
           placing agencies for twelve or more months of a
           consecutive 22-month period, or the child has been in the
           temporary custody of one or more public children services
           agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve or
           more months of a consecutive twenty-two-month period
           and, as described in division (D)(1) of section 2151.413 of
           the Revised Code, the child was previously in the
           temporary custody of an equivalent agency in another
           state.
           (e) The child or another child in the custody of the parent
           or parents from whose custody the child has been removed
           has been adjudicated an abused, neglected, or dependent
           child on three separate occasions by any court in this state
           or another state.

           {¶54} In the case at bar, the trial court found that the child cannot be

placed with either parent within a reasonable time or should not be placed

with either parent. On appeal, Appellant has not challenged this finding.4

Therefore, we do not address the issue.

4
 We observe that Appellant states in his brief that the agency filed its permanent custody motion “more than 12 months after [the
child] was placed with the agency on January 16, 2021” and, thus, that “the analysis shifts to the best interest determination.” We
note, however, that for purposes of R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d) “a child shall be considered to have entered the temporary custody of an
agency on the earlier of the date the child is adjudicated pursuant to section 2151.28 of the Revised Code or the date that is sixty days
after the removal of the child from home.” R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(e). According to this statute, when the agency filed its February 28,
2022 permanent custody motion, the child had not yet been in the agency’s temporary custody for 12 or more months of a consecutive
22-month period.
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                              29

      {¶55} R.C. 2151.414(D)(1) requires a trial court to consider all

relevant, as well as specific, factors to determine whether a child’s best

interest will be served by granting a children services agency permanent

custody. The specific factors include: (1) the child’s interaction and

interrelationship with the child’s parents, siblings, relatives, foster parents

and out-of-home providers, and any other person who may significantly

affect the child; (2) the child’s wishes, as expressed directly by the child or

through the child’s guardian ad litem, with due regard for the child’s

maturity; (3) the child’s custodial history; (4) the child’s need for a legally

secure permanent placement and whether that type of placement can be

achieved without a grant of permanent custody to the agency; and (5)

whether any factors listed under R.C. 2151.414(E)(7) to (11) apply.

      {¶56} Determining whether granting permanent custody to a children

services agency will promote a child’s best interest involves a delicate

balancing of “all relevant [best interest] factors,” as well as the “five

enumerated statutory factors.” In re C.F., 113 Ohio St.3d 73, 2007-Ohio-

1104, 862 N.E.2d 816, ¶ 57, citing In re Schaefer, 111 Ohio St.3d 498,

2006-Ohio-5513, 857 N.E.2d 532, ¶ 56; accord In re C.G., 9th Dist. Summit

Nos. 24097 and 24099, 2008-Ohio-3773, ¶ 28; In re N.W., 10th Dist.

Franklin Nos. 07AP-590 and 07AP-591, 2008-Ohio-297, ¶ 19. However,
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                            30

none of the best interest factors requires a court to give it “greater weight or

heightened significance.” C.F. at ¶ 57. Instead, the trial court considers the

totality of the circumstances when making its best interest determination. In

re K.M.S., 3d Dist. Marion Nos. 9-15-37, 9-15-38, and 9-15-39, 2017-Ohio-

142, ¶ 24; In re A.C., 9th Dist. Summit No. 27328, 2014-Ohio-4918, ¶ 46.

In general, “[a] child’s best interest is served by placing the child in a

permanent situation that fosters growth, stability, and security.” In re

C.B.C., 4th Dist. Lawrence Nos. 15CA18 and 15CA19, 2016-Ohio-916, ¶

66, citing In re Adoption of Ridenour, 61 Ohio St.3d 319, 324, 574 N.E.2d

1055 (1991).

      {¶57} In the case at bar, we do not believe that the trial court’s best

interest determination is against the manifest weight of the evidence. The

agency presented substantial clear and convincing evidence that placing the

child in its permanent custody would serve the child’s best interest.

                  Child’s Interactions and Interrelationships

      {¶58} The evidence shows that the child has been living with the

same foster family since shortly after her birth. She has bonded with the

foster family, and the foster family plans to adopt the child if the court grants

the agency permanent custody.
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                         31

      {¶59} Appellant had weekly visits with the child and did not always

maintain a consistent visitation schedule. Shortly before the agency filed its

permanent custody motion, Appellant told the caseworker that he had missed

several visits in December 2020 and January 2021 because he needed to take

a break. A parent who believes that he or she needs a break from visiting his

or her child in the temporary custody of a children services agency does not

display the level of commitment indicative of a healthy, nurturing, and

committed parent-child relationship.

                               Child’s Wishes

      {¶60} The record shows that the child is far too young to be able to

express her wishes directly to the court. The guardian ad litem

recommended that the court grant the agency permanent custody of the

child. In re I.A.-W., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 111217, 2022-Ohio-1766, ¶ 37;

In re S.M., 4th Dist. Highland No. 14CA4, 2014–Ohio–2961, ¶ 32 (both

recognizing that R.C. 2151.414 permits juvenile courts to consider a child’s

wishes as child directly expresses or through the guardian ad litem).

                              Custodial History

      {¶61} The child has never been in Appellant’s custody. She has been

in the agency’s temporary custody since shortly after her birth in January
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                          32

2021. While in the agency’s temporary custody, the child has lived in the

same foster home.

                    Legally Secure Permanent Placement

      {¶62} “Although the Ohio Revised Code does not define the term

‘legally secure permanent placement,’ this court and others have generally

interpreted the phrase to mean a safe, stable, consistent environment where a

child’s needs will be met.” In re M.B., 4th Dist. Highland No. 15CA19,

2016-Ohio-793, ¶ 56, citing In re Dyal, 4th Dist. Hocking No. 01CA12, *9

(Aug. 9, 2001) (implying that “legally secure permanent placement” means a

“stable, safe, and nurturing environment”); see also In re K.M., 10th Dist.

Franklin Nos. 15AP-64 and 15AP-66, 2015-Ohio-4682, ¶ 28 (observing that

legally secure permanent placement requires more than stable home and

income but also requires environment that will provide for child’s needs); In

re J.H., 11th Dist. Lake No. 2012-L-126, 2013-Ohio-1293, ¶ 95 (stating that

mother unable to provide legally secure permanent placement when she

lacked physical and emotional stability and that father unable to do so when

he lacked grasp of parenting concepts); In re J.W., 171 Ohio App.3d 248,

2007-Ohio-2007, 870 N.E.2d 245, ¶ 34 (10th Dist.) (Sadler, J., dissenting)

(stating that a legally secure permanent placement means “a placement that

is stable and consistent”); Black’s Law Dictionary 1354 (6th Ed. 1990)
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                            33

(defining “secure” to mean, in part, “not exposed to danger; safe; so strong,

stable or firm as to insure safety”); Id. at 1139 (defining “permanent” to

mean, in part, “[c]ontinuing or enduring in the same state, status, place, or

the like without fundamental or marked change, not subject to fluctuation, or

alteration, fixed or intended to be fixed; lasting; abiding; stable; not

temporary or transient”). Thus, “[a] legally secure permanent placement is

more than a house with four walls. Rather, it generally encompasses a stable

environment where a child will live in safety with one or more dependable

adults who will provide for the child’s needs.” M.B. at ¶ 56.

      {¶63} Here, the evidence supports the trial court’s finding that the

child needs a legally secure permanent placement and that she cannot

achieve that type of placement without granting the agency permanent

custody. Although Appellant claims to have made significant strides

towards being able to provide the child with a stable, secure, and permanent

home, the trial court found otherwise. The court noted that Appellant failed

to remain compliant with his drug treatment program and had been

terminated from the program only a few weeks before the permanent

custody hearing because he had tested positive for illegal drugs three times

within a three-month period. Furthermore, throughout the history of the

case, Appellant did not maintain a stable residence. He bounced from house
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                            34

to house and was homeless for a period of time. At the time of the

permanent custody hearing he was living with a friend. Thus, we do not

believe that the trial court’s finding that the child needs a legally secure

permanent placement and that she cannot achieve that type of placement

without granting the agency permanent custody is against the manifest

weight of the evidence.

       {¶64} Moreover, even if Appellant complied with parts of the case

plan, as we have observed in the past, a parent’s case plan compliance may

be a relevant, but not necessarily conclusive, factor when a court considers a

permanent custody motion. In re B.P., 4th Dist. Athens No. 20CA13, 2021-

Ohio-3148, ¶ 57; In re T.J., 4th Dist. Highland No. 2016-Ohio-163, ¶ 36,

citing In re R.L., 9th Dist. Summit Nos. 27214 and 27233, 2014-Ohio-3117,

¶ 34 (“although case plan compliance may be relevant to a trial court’s best

interest determination, it is not dispositive of it”); In re S.C., 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 102349, 2015-Ohio-2280, ¶ 40 (“Compliance with a case

plan is not, in and of itself, dispositive of the issue of reunification”); accord

In re K.M., 4th Dist. Ross No. 19CA3677, 2019-Ohio-4252, ¶ 70, citing In

re W.C.J., 4th Dist. Jackson No. 14CA3, 2014-Ohio-5841, ¶ 46

(“[s]ubstantial compliance with a case plan is not necessarily dispositive on

the issue of reunification and does not preclude a grant of permanent custody
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                               35

to a children’s services agency”); In re N.L., 9th Dist. Summit No. 27784,

2015-Ohio-4165, ¶ 35 (“substantial compliance with a case plan, in and of

itself, does not establish that a grant of permanent custody to an agency is

erroneous”). “Indeed, because the trial court’s primary focus in a permanent

custody proceeding is the child’s best interest, ‘it is entirely possible that a

parent could complete all of his/her case plan goals and the trial court still

appropriately terminate his/her parental rights.’ ” W.C.J. at ¶ 46, quoting In

re Gomer, 3d Dist. Wyandot Nos. 16-03-19, 16-03-20, and 16-03-21, 2004-

Ohio-1723, ¶ 36; accord In re K.J., 4th Dist. Athens No. 08CA14, 2008-

Ohio-5227, ¶ 24 (“when considering a R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(d) permanent

custody motion, the focus is upon the child’s best interests, not upon the

parent’s compliance with the case plan”). Thus, a parent’s case plan

compliance will not preclude a trial court from awarding permanent custody

to a children services agency when doing so is in the child’s best interest.

Id.

      {¶65} In the case sub judice, as we noted above, we believe that the

record contains ample clear and convincing evidence that placing the child

in the agency’s permanent custody is in her best interests. Furthermore,

contrary to Appellant’s argument that he “substantially complied with

several conditions of the case plan,” the trial court specifically found that
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                             36

Appellant completed the parenting-class requirement but he “did not

complete the other significant portions of the case plan.”

      {¶66} In sum, all of the foregoing evidence supports the trial court’s

decision to grant the agency permanent custody of the child, and we are

unable to conclude that the trial court’s judgment is against the manifest

weight of the evidence.

      {¶67} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we overrule

Appellant’s fourth assignment of error.

                     FIFTH ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

      {¶68} In his fifth assignment of error, Appellant asserts that the trial

court erred by granting the agency permanent custody of the child due to the

agency’s alleged failure to use reasonable efforts to place the child with

Appellant. He argues that the agency did not use reasonable efforts to

contact him at the start of the case. He further alleges that the agency did

not use reasonable efforts to be able to place the child with Appellant.

      {¶69} When a trial court “removes a child from the child’s home or

continues the removal of a child from the child’s home,” R.C.

2151.419(A)(1) requires a trial court to determine whether a children

services agency “made reasonable efforts to prevent the removal of the child

from the child’s home, to eliminate the continued removal of the child from
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                          37

the child’s home, or to make it possible for the child to return safely home.”

“In determining whether reasonable efforts were made, the child’s health

and safety shall be paramount.” R.C. 2151.419(A)(1). The agency bears the

burden to prove that it has made reasonable efforts. R.C. 2151.419(A)(1).

      {¶70} However, R.C. 2151.419(A)(1) applies only at “adjudicatory,

emergency, detention, and temporary-disposition hearings, and dispositional

hearings for abused, neglected, or dependent children * * *.” C.F., supra, at

¶ 41; accord In re C.B.C., 4th Dist. Lawrence Nos. 15CA18 and 15CA19,

2016-Ohio-916, ¶ 72. Thus, “ ‘[b]y its plain terms, the statute does not

apply to motions for permanent custody brought pursuant to R.C. 2151.413,

or to hearings held on such motions pursuant to R.C. 2151.414.’ ” C.F. at ¶

41, quoting In re A.C., 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2004-05-041, 2004-

Ohio-5531, ¶ 30. Nonetheless, “[t]his does not mean that the agency is

relieved of the duty to make reasonable efforts” before seeking permanent

custody. Id. at ¶ 42. Instead, at prior “stages of the child-custody

proceeding, the agency may be required under other statutes to prove that it

has made reasonable efforts toward family reunification.” Id. Additionally,

“[if] the agency has not established that reasonable efforts have been made

prior to the hearing on a motion for permanent custody, then it must

demonstrate such efforts at that time.” Id. at ¶ 43.
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                         38

      {¶71} In the case sub judice, appellant’s appeal does not originate

from one of the types of hearings specifically listed in R.C. 2151.419(A):

“adjudicatory, emergency, detention, and temporary-disposition hearings,

and dispositional hearings for abused, neglected, or dependent children.”

The agency, therefore, did not have the burden to prove at the permanent

custody hearing that it used reasonable efforts to reunify the family unless it

had not previously done so. Here, our review of the record reflects that the

trial court made multiple reasonable efforts findings before the agency filed

its permanent custody motion. Thus, the court did not need to again find

that the agency used reasonable efforts before it could grant the agency

permanent custody of the child. E.g., In re M.H.–L.T., 4th Dist. Washington

No. 17CA12, 2017-Ohio-7825, ¶ 64; In re S.S., 4th Dist. Jackson Nos.

16CA7 and 16CA8, 2017-Ohio-2938, ¶ 168.

      {¶72} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we overrule

Appellant’s fifth assignment of error.

                               CONCLUSION

      {¶73} Having overruled Appellant’s five assignments of error, we

affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                   JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
Ross App. No. 22CA17                                                           39

                           JUDGMENT ENTRY

       It is ordered that the JUDGMENT BE AFFIRMED and Appellant
shall pay costs.

      The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing
the Ross County Juvenile Court, to carry this judgment into execution.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to
Rule 27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

Hess, J. and Wilkin, J. concur in Judgment and Opinion.

                                 For the Court,

                                 _____________________________
                                 Jason P. Smith
                                 Presiding Judge

                          NOTICE TO COUNSEL
      Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final
judgment entry and the time period for further appeal commences from
the date of filing with the clerk.