Court Opinion

ID: 4638074
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-30 17:03:43.507829+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:58:45.389834
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                             Nov 30 2020, 8:44 am

                                                                                 CLERK
                                                                             Indiana Supreme Court
                                                                                Court of Appeals
                                                                                  and Tax Court

      ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                    ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
      Christopher J. Evans                                      Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
      Dollard Evans Whalin LLP                                  Attorney General
      Noblesville, Indiana                                      George P. Sherman
                                                                Supervising Deputy Attorney
                                                                General
                                                                Indianapolis, Indiana

                                                 IN THE
          COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

      Chad P. Hobbs,                                            November 30, 2020
      Appellant-Defendant,                                      Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                                19A-CR-909
              v.                                                Appeal from the
                                                                Madison Circuit Court
      State of Indiana,                                         The Honorable
      Appellee-Plaintiff                                        Mark K. Dudley, Judge
                                                                Trial Court Cause No.
                                                                48C06-1512-F1-2166

      Vaidik, Judge.

                                           Case Summary
[1]   Fourteen days before trial and three years after the omnibus date, the trial court

      allowed the State, over the defendant Chad P. Hobbs’s objection, to amend the

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-909 | November 30, 2020                           Page 1 of 24
      charging information to include three new counts of child molesting. While the

      new charges involved the same victims, the State added a Class A felony child-

      molesting charge relating to one of the victims for a time period that was not

      previously charged and a Level 1 felony child-molesting charge relating to the

      other victim when the prior charging information set forth only a Level 4 felony

      child-molesting charge for her.

[2]   Finding the trial court abused its discretion in allowing the State to amend the

      charging information so close to trial without also granting a continuance, we

      reverse Hobbs’s convictions on the added counts and remand with instructions

      for the court to vacate those convictions and the corresponding sentences. We

      affirm the trial court in all other respects.

                            Facts and Procedural History
[3]   Laura Aschliman is the mother of M.S., born in December 2008, and K.H.,

      born in May 2010. Travis Smith is the father of M.S., and Hobbs is the father of

      K.H. After Laura and Travis got divorced in 2009, Laura married Hobbs in

      2010, and they lived with M.S. and K.H. in Elwood. In February 2014, Hobbs

      filed for divorce. Thereafter, Laura moved out, leaving K.H. with Hobbs. Also

      in February 2014, Travis was awarded custody of M.S. After Travis was

      awarded custody of M.S., he sometimes dropped her off at Hobbs’s house so

      the girls could play.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-909 | November 30, 2020     Page 2 of 24
[4]   On December 18, 2015, a teacher at Elwood Elementary was on lunch duty

      when she was told by students that M.S. (who was six years old and about to

      turn seven) and a boy were showing each other their private areas. The teacher

      sent M.S. and the boy to the principal’s office. The principal spoke to M.S.,

      who was “very emotional” and cried. Tr. Vol. II p. 80. When the discussion

      turned “toward a sexual matter of [M.S.] seeing [an adult’s] body parts,” the

      principal stopped the discussion and called the school-resource officer. Id. at 81,

      87. An Elwood Police Department officer responded to the school and spoke to

      M.S. Thereafter, the officer contacted the Department of Child Services and

      referred the case to a detective.

[5]   Later that same day, M.S. and K.H. were interviewed at Kids Talk in

      Anderson. Both children also underwent sexual-assault examinations, M.S. on

      December 18 with nurse Holly Renz and K.H. on December 22 with nurse Lori

      Wilson. The results of both examinations were “normal,” meaning there was

      no physical evidence M.S. or K.H. had been molested. Tr. Vol. III pp. 27, 163.

      According to Nurse Renz, M.S. told her Hobbs had molested her. Id. at 169.

      M.S. was seen again on December 22 for a mental-health evaluation because

      she had been experiencing auditory hallucinations and night terrors

      sporadically for two years. Id. at 56, 175. In addition, M.S. was interviewed a

      second time at Kids Talk in February 2016.

[6]   On December 22, 2015, the State charged Hobbs with Count I: Level 1 felony

      child molesting (sexual intercourse or other sexual conduct with K.H. between

      July 1, 2014, and December 18, 2015), Count II: Level 1 felony child molesting

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-909 | November 30, 2020      Page 3 of 24
      (sexual intercourse or other sexual conduct with M.S. between July 1, 2014,

      and December 18, 2015), and Count III: Level 4 felony incest (K.H.). At the

      initial hearing, the omnibus date was set for February 28, 2016.1 Appellant’s

      App. Vol. II pp. 4, 38. On February 2, the State dismissed the incest charge and

      filed an amended charging information setting forth these counts: Count I:

      Level 1 felony child molesting (sexual intercourse or other sexual conduct with

      M.S. between July 1, 2014, and December 18, 2015) and Count II: Level 4

      felony child molesting (fondling or touching of K.H. between July 1, 2014, and

      December 18, 2015).

[7]   On February 5, 2019—just twenty days before trial was set to begin and nearly

      three years after the omnibus date—the State filed a second amended charging

      information under Indiana Code section 35-34-1-5(b), which provides a

      charging information may be amended in substance at any time (1) up to thirty

      days before the omnibus date for a felony or (2) before the commencement of

      trial “if the amendment does not prejudice the substantial rights of the

      defendant.” Specifically, the second amended charging information sets forth

      these charges (the added charges are in bold):

      1
        For felony cases, the trial court, at the initial hearing, must set an “omnibus date” that is “no earlier than
      forty-five (45) days and no later than seventy-five (75) days after the completion of the initial hearing,” unless
      the parties agree to a different date. Ind. Code § 35-36-8-1(a). “The purpose of the omnibus date is to establish
      a point in time from which various deadlines . . . are established.” Id. at (b). “Once the omnibus date is set,”
      it generally “remains the omnibus date for the case until final disposition . . . .” Id. at (d).

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-909 | November 30, 2020                                 Page 4 of 24
              Count I: Class A felony child molesting (sexual intercourse or
              deviate sexual conduct with M.S. between December 23, 2012,
              and June 30, 2014)

              Count II: Level 1 felony child molesting (sexual intercourse or
              other sexual conduct with M.S. between July 1, 2014, and
              December 18, 2015)

              Count III: Level 4 felony child molesting (fondling or touching
              of M.S. between July 1, 2014, and December 18, 2015)

              Count IV: Level 1 felony child molesting (sexual intercourse or
              other sexual conduct with K.H. between July 1, 2014, and
              December 18, 2015)

              Count V: Level 4 felony child molesting (fondling or touching of
              K.H. between July 1, 2014, and December 18, 2015)

      See Appellant’s App. Vol. II pp. 54-58. Relevant here, the new charges included

      Class A felony child molesting for M.S. for a time period that was not

      previously charged and Level 1 felony child molesting for K.H. when the first

      amended charging information set forth only Level 4 felony child molesting for

      her.

[8]   Hobbs objected to the new charges, and the trial court held a hearing on

      February 11, 2019, fourteen days before trial. At the hearing, the prosecutor

      argued Hobbs’s substantial rights were not prejudiced by the added charge of

      Level 1 felony child molesting for K.H. because the prosecutor told defense

      counsel in 2017 that the facts supported a Level 1 felony charge for her. The

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-909 | November 30, 2020       Page 5 of 24
      prosecutor argued Hobbs’s substantial rights were not prejudiced by the added

      charge of Class A felony child molesting for M.S. (which added the new time

      period of December 23, 2012, to June 30, 2014) because the probable-cause

      affidavit alleged M.S. disclosed in her December 2015 Kids Talk interview that

      the molestations began when she was “4 or 5 years old,” and M.S. turned four

      in December 2012. Id. at 32. Hobbs argued his substantial rights were

      prejudiced because (1) the case had been pending for over three years yet the

      State sought to amend the charges just twenty days before trial and (2) the State

      added three counts, one of which “opened up a . . . whole new time period.”

      Tr. Vol. I p. 8. Hobbs claimed two weeks was not enough time “to investigate

      that time period and the new charges” or “give him a reasonable opportunity to

      prepare and defend against the charges.” Id. Finding “it’s not a high hurdle for

      the State” to amend a charging information after the omnibus date, the trial

      court ruled Hobbs’s substantial rights were not prejudiced because “[w]e have

      the same victims, we have the same nature of conduct alleged.” Id. at 17, 18.

      Hobbs requested a continuance, which the trial court denied. Id. at 19.

[9]   A four-day jury trial began on February 25, 2019. Before trial started, the trial

      court held a hearing on Hobbs’s motion to introduce evidence under Indiana

      Evidence Rule 412. Specifically, Hobbs wanted to introduce evidence that M.S.

      experienced “sexual abuse . . . at the hands of her mother,” Laura. Tr. Vol. II p.

      34. According to Hobbs, M.S. revealed this abuse during her second interview

      at Kids Talk. The court said it could not make a ruling until it heard the

      evidence at trial.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-909 | November 30, 2020      Page 6 of 24
[10]   M.S., then ten years old, testified that when she was five and six years old her

       father would take her to Hobbs’s house. Tr. Vol. III pp. 91-92. M.S. said when

       Hobbs was alone with her in his bedroom, he would tell her to “get undressed”

       and then he would “get undressed.” Id. at 73. According to M.S., on at least

       two of these occasions, Hobbs put his “wiener” in her “vagina,” which hurt “a

       lot.” Id. at 74. On another occasion, Hobbs had M.S. shower with him, and he

       showed her his “wiener again.” Id. at 75. M.S. also testified about a time when

       she witnessed K.H. perform oral sex on Hobbs in the kitchen in exchange for a

       “treat.” Id. at 88.

[11]   M.S. admitted that when she was interviewed at Kids Talk in December 2015,

       she did not tell the truth about some things. Specifically, she said she told the

       interviewer that K.H. was in the bedroom and saw Hobbs do these things to

       her, which was not true. M.S. also said she told the prosecutor that Hobbs put

       his penis in her mouth, which also was not true. When asked why she lied,

       M.S. said she “really d[id]n’t know.” Id. at 87. However, M.S. said she was

       telling the truth in court. Id.

[12]   K.H., then eight years old, testified that when she was five years old, she lived

       with Hobbs. K.H. stated that on “[m]ore than one” occasion she was with

       Hobbs in his bedroom while he was watching “a very inappropriate movie.” Tr.

       Vol. II p. 238. K.H. testified that on these occasions, Hobbs “force[d]” her “to

       suck on his pee-pee” while he watched the movie. Id. K.H. stated that more

       than once, she saw Hobbs take M.S. into his bedroom and lock the door.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-909 | November 30, 2020      Page 7 of 24
[13]   Similar to M.S., K.H. admitted that when she was interviewed at Kids Talk in

       December 2015, she denied being forced to perform oral sex on Hobbs. When

       asked why she lied, K.H. said she was “young” and “didn’t know what to say.”

       Id. at 242. However, K.H. said she was telling the truth in court. Id.

[14]   In addition, Travis testified. At the end of his testimony, a juror submitted a

       question to the trial court asking if M.S.’s behavior was any different after she

       visited Hobbs and, if so, in what way. Tr. Vol. III pp. 136-37. Hobbs objected to

       the question, but the court asked it. Travis answered that M.S. experienced

       bedwetting and night terrors. Following Travis’s answer, a bench conference

       was held. The court ultimately ruled the juror’s question to Travis “was

       improperly given” and admonished the jury:

               It was necessary that I discuss an objection with the attorneys
               outside of your presence. I have now sustained an[] objection and
               ruled as a matter of Indiana Law that the Juror question and
               answer just asked of [Travis] was improperly placed before you.
               Therefore you are now ordered and admonished to disregard
               entirely such question and answer. It is not to be mentioned or
               considered by you in any way during the course of this trial and
               particularly shall not be mentioned or considered in your
               deliberations or in any discussions in or outside of the Jury room.
               You are each charged to bring any violation of this order to the
               Court’s attention through the Bailiff.

       Id. at 145, 152 (emphasis added). Hobbs did not object to the sufficiency of this

       admonishment or move for a mistrial.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-909 | November 30, 2020      Page 8 of 24
[15]   Finally, Nurse Renz testified (1) “normal” findings “happen in about ninety

       five [percent] (95%) of the . . . pediatric patients that we examine” because

       “children delay disclosure” and (2) children know their abusers “around eighty

       percent (80%) of the time.” Id. at 163, 173. Nurse Wilson testified similarly. See

       id. at 28, 30.

[16]   Because the trial court did not allow Hobbs to present evidence that Laura

       sexually abused M.S., he made an offer of proof with M.S. near the end of trial.

       During the offer of proof, M.S. testified her mother taught her how to “touch

       herself.” Id. at 225. In addition, M.S. recalled saying during her second

       interview at Kids Talk that if she told the truth, her mother would go to jail. Id.

       at 228. Defense counsel then offered the video of M.S.’s second interview. See

       Ex. C.

[17]   The jury found Hobbs guilty as charged. At the sentencing hearing, the trial

       court found three aggravators: (1) the nature and circumstances of the offenses

       in that there was “more than one (1) event”; (2) there were multiple counts; and

       (3) there were multiple victims. Tr. Vol. IV p. 155. The court found as a

       mitigator that Hobbs had no criminal history and had led a law-abiding life.

       The trial court sentenced Hobbs to thirty-five years on Count I, thirty-five years

       on Count II, nine years on Count III, thirty-five years on Count IV, and nine

       years on Count V. The court ordered the sentences for the counts relating to

       M.S.—Counts I, II, and III—to be served concurrently and the sentences for the

       counts relating to K.H.—Counts IV and V—to be served concurrently. The

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-909 | November 30, 2020        Page 9 of 24
       court then ordered each set of sentences to be served consecutively, for a total

       sentence of seventy years.

[18]   Hobbs now appeals.

                                  Discussion and Decision
                       I. Amendment of Charging Information
[19]   Hobbs first contends the trial court erred in allowing the State to amend the

       charging information two weeks before trial. We review a trial court’s decision

       on whether to permit an amendment to a charging information for an abuse of

       discretion. Howard v. State, 122 N.E.3d 1007, 1013 (Ind. Ct. App. 2019), trans.

       denied.

[20]   Indiana Code section 35-34-1-5(b) provides:

               The indictment or information may be amended in matters of
               substance and the names of material witnesses may be added, by
               the prosecuting attorney, upon giving written notice to the
               defendant at any time:

                        (1) up to:

                                (A) thirty (30) days if the defendant is charged with
                                a felony; or

                                (B) fifteen (15) days if the defendant is charged only
                                with one (1) or more misdemeanors;

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-909 | November 30, 2020         Page 10 of 24
                 before the omnibus date; or

                 (2) before the commencement of trial;

                 if the amendment does not prejudice the substantial rights
                 of the defendant. When the information or indictment is
                 amended, it shall be signed by the prosecuting attorney or
                 a deputy prosecuting attorney.

This provision contemplates that an amendment to a charging information will

be made thirty days before the omnibus date, but it “permits late deviations

when they do not prejudice the substantial rights of the defendant.” Howard,

122 N.E.3d at 1017. However, “late deviations are the exception, not the rule.”

Id. As our Supreme Court has explained:

        A defendant’s substantial rights include a right to sufficient notice
        and an opportunity to be heard regarding the charge; and, if the
        amendment does not affect any particular defense or change the
        positions of either of the parties, it does not violate these
        rights. Ultimately, the question is whether the defendant had a
        reasonable opportunity to prepare for and defend against the
        charges.

Erkins v. State, 13 N.E.3d 400, 405-06 (Ind. 2014) (cleaned up, emphasis added),

reh’g denied. While there is no fixed “minimum period of time which must be

allowed by the court in every case” for preparing a defense, the “common

scenario [is] two or more months.” Howard, 122 N.E.3d at 1014, 1015

(emphasis added).

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-909 | November 30, 2020       Page 11 of 24
[21]   First, we note the amendments in this case did not merely clarify details of the

       existing charges but added entirely new charges. And the amendments were

       sought nearly three years after the omnibus date and just twenty days before

       trial with no indication in the record as to why the State waited so long to file

       the new charges. Notably, the State does not claim plea negotiations were

       ongoing before or near the time when it filed the second amended charging

       information. See id. at 1017 (“[W]e nonetheless note that the State had no good

       cause for having waited until nearly the last minute to move to amend the

       information. There were no ongoing plea negotiations; there was no pending

       investigation; and there was no newly discovered evidence.”). The new charges

       included Class A felony child molesting for M.S. for a time period that was not

       previously charged and Level 1 felony child molesting for K.H. when the first

       amended charging information set forth only Level 4 felony child molesting for

       her. As for the Class A felony charge for M.S., adding a new time period, at a

       minimum, obligated defense counsel to look into the circumstances

       surrounding the new allegations. And as for the Level 1 felony charge for K.H.,

       although the State claims the prosecutor told defense counsel in 2017 that the

       facts supported a Level 1 felony charge, this does not mean Hobbs was prepared

       to defend against a Level 1 felony charge at trial. See id. at 1016 (“The mere fact

       that firearms were present in [Howard’s] residence did not put [her] on

       permanent notice of any possible firearms-related offenses the State might have

       charged.”). This is especially so when the State initially charged Hobbs with a

       Level 1 felony for K.H. but amended it two months later to a Level 4 felony.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-909 | November 30, 2020     Page 12 of 24
[22]   We acknowledge Hobbs’s primary defense at trial was M.S. and K.H. were

       lying, which would apply regardless of the charges. Even assuming his defense

       remained the same, Hobbs should have been given the opportunity to see if

       there was anything about the new allegations that supported his theory the

       victims were lying. Hobbs cannot be faulted for not being able to explain to the

       trial court how a continuance would assist in his defense, as he did not know

       what he did not know. An investigation was fundamental. And fourteen days

       before trial was an insufficient amount of time to conduct one.

[23]   Additionally, we think it is too broad a stroke to say if a defendant’s defense

       remains the same, then the State can add new charges up to the time of trial.

       Since the defense in child-molesting cases is often that the victim is lying, the

       only limitation on the State filing additional child-molesting charges would be

       the trial date itself. This would not be a low hurdle for the State (as the trial

       court said); it would be no hurdle at all.

[24]   As we said in Howard, although there is no minimum time period that trial

       courts must allow for preparing a defense, the “common scenario [is] two or

       more months.” Here, fourteen days was not enough time for Hobbs to

       investigate and prepare for and defend against the new charges. Hobbs’s

       substantial rights were prejudiced. If the trial court thought the State was

       entitled to amend the charging information this close to trial, it should have

       granted Hobbs’s motion to continue. We therefore reverse Hobbs’s convictions

       on the added counts—Counts I, III, and IV—and remand with instructions for

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-909 | November 30, 2020       Page 13 of 24
       the court to vacate those convictions and the corresponding sentences. See id. at

       1018.2

                                         II. Evidence Rule 412
[25]   Hobbs next contends the trial court erred by not allowing him to cross-examine

       M.S. about statements she made during her second interview at Kids Talk

       about her mother teaching her how to touch herself.3 Evidence Rule 412

       provides, in relevant part:

                (a) Prohibited Uses. The following evidence is not admissible in a
                civil or criminal proceeding involving alleged sexual misconduct:

                         (1) evidence offered to prove that a victim or witness
                         engaged in other sexual behavior; or

                         (2) evidence offered to prove a victim’s or witness’s sexual
                         predisposition.

       2
         Hobbs also argues his convictions for Counts II and III (Level 1 felony and Level 4 felony child molesting
       of M.S.) and Counts IV and V (Level 1 felony and Level 4 felony child molesting of K.H.) constitute double
       jeopardy. However, given our decision to reverse Counts I, III, and IV, we do not need to address this
       argument.
       3
         Hobbs relies on Redding v. State, 844 N.E.2d 1067 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), reh’g denied, in support of his
       argument. Redding recognizes that the sexual behavior of a witness or victim may be admitted if the exclusion
       of the evidence violates a constitutional right of the defendant. The Redding exception is limited to admitting
       evidence after the State has opened the door. After Redding was decided, Evidence Rule 412 was amended
       effective January 1, 2014, to add a provision allowing sexual-behavior evidence when failing to do so would
       violate a defendant’s constitutional rights. Because the new Evidence Rule 412(b)(1)(C) is more
       comprehensive than the Redding exception, we incorporate Hobbs’s Redding argument under our analysis of
       Evidence Rule 412(b)(1)(C).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-909 | November 30, 2020                             Page 14 of 24
               (b) Exceptions.

                        (1) Criminal Cases. The court may admit the following
                        evidence in a criminal case:

                                (A) evidence of specific instances of a victim’s or
                                witness’s sexual behavior, if offered to prove that
                                someone other than the defendant was the source
                                of semen, injury, or other physical evidence;

                                (B) evidence of specific instances of a victim’s or
                                witness’s sexual behavior with respect to the
                                person accused of the sexual misconduct, if offered
                                by the defendant to prove consent or if offered by
                                the prosecutor; and

                                (C) evidence whose exclusion would violate the
                                defendant’s constitutional rights.

       (Emphases added).

[26]   This Court has held that Evidence Rule 412(b)(1)(A) only applies when

       “physical evidence” is presented. See Killian v. State, 149 N.E.3d 1189, 1191

       (Ind. Ct. App. 2020) (“Rule 412(b)(1)(A) only allows evidence of other sexual

       behavior that—itself—could have ‘produced’ some physical evidence that is

       presented in the case.”); Pribie v. State, 46 N.E.3d 1241, 1248 (Ind. Ct. App.

       2015) (“[The State] did not put before the jury any lacerations, or bruises, or

       any other physical evidence and claim that they were the result of Pribie’s

       conduct. If it had done so, then Pribie would have the right, under this

       exception, to posit that [the victim’s] encounter with [someone else] produced

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-909 | November 30, 2020       Page 15 of 24
       that evidence.”), trans. denied. As Hobbs himself acknowledges on appeal, Nurse

       Renz testified the result of M.S.’s sexual-assault examination was “normal.”

       Because the State did not present any physical evidence that M.S. was

       molested, Hobbs was not entitled to introduce evidence under Evidence Rule

       412(b)(1)(A) that Laura taught M.S. how to touch herself.

[27]   But even had physical evidence been presented, the evidence Hobbs seeks to

       admit does not fall under the exception in Evidence Rule 412(b)(1)(A). As

       defense counsel acknowledged at oral argument, Hobbs did not want to present

       evidence that Laura taught M.S. how to touch herself “to prove that someone

       other than the defendant” molested M.S. Rather, he wanted to present this

       evidence to show how the events in this case unfolded (with M.S. showing her

       private area at school). This is not the purpose of Evidence Rule 412(b)(1)(A).

[28]   As for Evidence Rule 412(b)(1)(C), the trial court’s exclusion of evidence must

       not prevent the defendant from conducting a full, adequate, and effective cross-

       examination. Pribie, 46 N.E.3d at 1248. Admission of evidence to prove a

       victim engaged in other sexual behavior “may . . . be required when the trial

       court restricts a defendant from giving his own account of the events at

       issue.” Id. (quotation omitted). Hobbs makes no claim he was restricted from

       giving his own account of the events at issue. The record reveals he fully,

       adequately, and fairly cross-examined M.S. about her child-molesting

       allegations. Hobbs was only prevented from presenting evidence that Laura

       taught M.S. how to touch herself, which did not relate to the allegations he put

       his “wiener” in M.S.’s “vagina.” Because Hobbs had every opportunity to

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-909 | November 30, 2020    Page 16 of 24
       cross-examine M.S. about her child-molesting allegations, he was not

       “restrict[ed] . . . from giving his own account of the events at issue,” and

       therefore the evidence did not fall under the exception in Evidence Rule

       412(b)(1)(C).

[29]   Nevertheless, Hobbs argues the State opened the door for him to present

       evidence that Laura taught M.S. how to touch herself in two instances: (1)

       when Travis testified M.S. experienced bedwetting and night terrors after

       visiting Hobbs and (2) when Nurse Renz testified pediatric sexual-assault

       examinations have normal findings in about 95% of the cases and children

       know their abusers about 80% of the time. A trial court may admit otherwise

       inadmissible evidence for the purpose of rebutting a party’s testimony at trial.

       Pribie, 46 N.E.3d at 1249. Hobbs relies on the partial-corroboration analysis in

       Redding v. State, 844 N.E.2d 1067 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), reh’g denied, to support

       his arguments. We believe Redding is instructive in deciding under Evidence

       Rule 412(b)(1)(C) whether the defendant’s right of cross-examination was

       violated. Pursuant to Redding, the risk of partial corroboration arises when

       the State introduces evidence of the victim’s physical or psychological

       condition to prove that sexual contact occurred and, by implication, that the

       defendant was the perpetrator. Id. at 1071. Once admitted, such evidence may

       be impeached by the introduction through cross-examination of specific

       evidence that supports a reasonable inference and tends to prove the conduct of

       a perpetrator other than the defendant is responsible for the victim’s condition

       which the State has placed at issue. Id. Under the Redding analysis, a

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-909 | November 30, 2020      Page 17 of 24
       defendant’s right to cross-examination is violated when (1) the State introduces

       evidence of a victim’s physical or psychological condition that implies the

       defendant is responsible for the victim’s state and (2) the prior sexual acts of the

       victim that the defendant wishes to admit support an inference that someone

       other than the defendant was the perpetrator.

[30]   Hobbs first claims Travis’s testimony that M.S. experienced bedwetting and

       night terrors after visiting Hobbs opened the door for him to present evidence

       that Laura taught M.S. how to touch herself because the evidence gave the

       impression that M.S.’s psychological condition was the result of Hobbs

       molesting her. The problem with Hobbs’s argument is that the trial court

       instructed the jury to “disregard” the question and answer. Tr. Vol. III p. 152.

       “A timely and accurate admonition is presumed to cure any error in the

       admission of evidence.” Banks v. State, 761 N.E.2d 403, 405 (Ind. 2002).

       Although Hobbs claims the admonishment was “insufficient to cure the error,”

       Appellant’s Br. p. 30, he has given us no reason to believe the jury did not

       follow the court’s admonishment other than baldly claiming “it is exceedingly

       difficult to believe that this particularly prejudicial piece of testimony was

       ultimately disregarded by the jury.” Id. at 31. Moreover, when the court gave

       the admonishment, Hobbs did not claim it was inadequate or move for a

       mistrial. To the extent the State “opened the door,” the trial court’s

       admonishment closed it.

[31]   Hobbs next claims Nurse Renz’s testimony opened the door for him to present

       evidence that Laura taught M.S. how to touch herself. Specifically, he claims

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-909 | November 30, 2020      Page 18 of 24
       Nurse Renz’s testimony that pediatric sexual-assault examinations have normal

       findings in about 95% of the cases and that children know their abusers about

       80% of the time was

               nothing more than a thinly veiled attempt to bolster the
               testimony of [M.S.] and vouch for her credibility, albeit in an
               indirect manner. Because of this, Hobbs claims he should have
               been permitted to inquire into evidence that suggests the
               possibility that someone other than Hobbs could have been
               responsible for [M.S.’s] condition and/or behavior and to
               challenge the bolstered credibility of M.S.’s story with evidence
               that tends to impair the same.

       Appellant’s Br. p. 33. Hobbs reads Redding too broadly. Under Redding, the

       prior sexual acts of the victim must support the inference that someone other

       than the defendant was the perpetrator. Here, even assuming Nurse Renz’s

       testimony opened the door, the evidence Hobbs seek to admit—that Laura

       taught M.S. how to touch herself—did not tend to support an inference that

       someone other than Hobbs was responsible for M.S.’s condition. As defense

       counsel acknowledged at oral argument, this evidence did not relate to the

       allegations Hobbs put his “wiener” in M.S.’s “vagina.” Hobbs was not entitled

       to present evidence that Laura taught M.S. how to touch herself.

                                          III. Vouching
[32]   Hobbs next contends Nurse Renz and Nurse Wilson engaged in improper

       vouching when they testified (1) “normal” findings occur in about 95% of

       pediatric sexual-assault examinations because children often delay disclosure

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-909 | November 30, 2020        Page 19 of 24
       and (2) about 80% of children know their abusers. Vouching testimony is

       specifically prohibited under Indiana Evidence Rule 704(b), which states:

       “Witnesses may not testify to opinions concerning intent, guilt, or innocence in

       a criminal case; the truth or falsity of allegations; whether a witness has testified

       truthfully; or legal conclusions.” Hobbs, however, did not object to most of the

       nurses’ testimony he refers to on appeal. See Tr. Vol. III pp. 27-32, 163. The

       State argues Hobbs has waived this issue. We agree.

[33]   Waiver notwithstanding, we find no error. This Court has addressed similar

       arguments in several cases, finding no impermissible vouching. For example, in

       Alvarez-Madrigal v. State, a pediatrician testified “about 4 to 5 percent of children

       who have been victims of sexual abuse will have some kind of obvious physical

       evidence of penetration or sexual abuse.” 71 N.E.3d 887, 893 (Ind. Ct. App.

       2017), trans. denied. When the State asked if that meant the rest of the children

       made up the allegations, the pediatrician responded:

               No, it doesn’t mean that. It just means it’s the nature of the
               abuse. Like I said, often the disclosure is late, injuries are subtle
               or even very obvious it healed by the time we get to see
               them. And in fact some statistics will quote that less than two to
               three children out of a thousand are making up claims.

       Id. (emphasis omitted). On appeal, we found no impermissible vouching

       because the pediatrician’s testimony was neither a statement as to the victim’s

       credibility nor an opinion regarding the truth of the allegations against the

       defendant. Id.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-909 | November 30, 2020        Page 20 of 24
[34]   Similarly, in Baumholser v. State, 62 N.E.3d 411 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016), trans.

       denied, when the State asked the forensic interviewer whether the children she

       interviewed had delayed disclosure, she testified that “most of the time

       [disclosure] is delayed in some way.” Id. at 416. On appeal, we found no

       impermissible vouching because the forensic interviewer’s “testimony did not

       relate to the truth or falsity of [the victim]’s allegations. Rather, [she] was

       making a statement about how victims of child molestation behave in general.”

       Id. Because Nurse Renz and Nurse Wilson did not testify about M.S.’s or

       K.H.’s credibility or the truth or falsity of their allegations but testified how

       child-molesting victims behave in general, there is no impermissible vouching in

       this case either.

                               IV. Sufficiency of the Evidence
[35]   Hobbs next contends the evidence is insufficient to support all five of his

       convictions. However, given our holding in Section I above, Hobbs now has

       two convictions remaining, Count II: Level 1 felony child molesting (M.S.) and

       Count V: Level 4 felony child molesting (K.H.). Regardless, Hobbs does not

       challenge each individual conviction; rather, he argues that because “both

       Victims admitted to having lied about their respective stories on several

       occasions,” their testimony was “both equivocal and objectively unreliable.”

       Appellant’s Br. p. 21. Although Hobbs does not cite the incredible-dubiosity

       doctrine, the State asserts Hobbs is making his argument under this doctrine. In

       his reply brief, Hobbs does not dispute the State’s characterization of his

       argument. Accordingly, we address his argument under this doctrine. See Toles

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       v. State, 151 N.E.3d 805, 808 (Ind. Ct. App. 2020) (treating defendant’s

       sufficiency argument as an incredible-dubiosity argument).

[36]   Under the incredible-dubiosity doctrine, we can impinge upon a factfinder’s

       responsibility to judge the credibility of the witnesses when “the testimony is so

       incredibly dubious or inherently improbable that no reasonable person could

       believe it.” Hampton v. State, 921 N.E.2d 27, 29 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans.

       denied. As our Supreme Court has said, the incredible-dubiosity doctrine

       “requires that there be: 1) a sole testifying witness; 2) testimony that is

       inherently contradictory, equivocal, or the result of coercion; and 3) a complete

       absence of circumstantial evidence.” Moore v. State, 27 N.E.3d 749, 756 (Ind.

       2015).

[37]   Hobbs makes an argument under the second element only. That is, he claims

       the victims’ testimony was contradictory and equivocal because they admitted

       they lied in various respects during their interviews at Kids Talk. However,

       “witness testimony that contradicts [a] witness’s earlier statements does not

       make such testimony ‘incredibly dubious.’” Stephenson v. State, 742 N.E.2d 463,

       498 (Ind. 2001). M.S. unequivocally testified that on at least two occasions,

       Hobbs placed his penis in her vagina, which hurt. Similarly, K.H.

       unequivocally testified that on more than one occasion, Hobbs forced her to

       perform oral sex on him. Because the victims testified Hobbs molested them,

       and because that testimony was not incredibly dubious, we affirm Hobbs’s

       convictions on Counts II and V.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-909 | November 30, 2020          Page 22 of 24
                                   V. Inappropriate Sentence
[38]   Last, Hobbs contends his seventy-year sentence is inappropriate. Because of our

       holding in Section I above, Hobbs now has two convictions remaining, Count

       II: Level 1 felony child molesting (M.S.) and Count V: Level 4 felony child

       molesting (K.H.). The trial court sentenced Hobbs to thirty-five years on Count

       II and nine years on Count V, to be served consecutively, for a total sentence of

       forty-four years. As such, we address whether Hobbs’s forty-four-year sentence

       is inappropriate.

[39]   Indiana Appellate Rule 7(B) provides that an appellate court “may revise a

       sentence authorized by statute if, after due consideration of the trial court’s

       decision, the Court finds that the sentence is inappropriate in light of the nature

       of the offense and the character of the offender.” “Whether a sentence is

       inappropriate ultimately turns on the culpability of the defendant, the severity

       of the crime, the damage done to others, and a myriad of other factors that

       come to light in a given case.” Thompson v. State, 5 N.E.3d 383, 391 (Ind. Ct.

       App. 2014) (citing Cardwell v. State, 895 N.E.2d 1219, 1224 (Ind. 2008)).

       Because we generally defer to the judgment of trial courts in sentencing matters,

       defendants must persuade us that their sentences are inappropriate. Schaaf v.

       State, 54 N.E.3d 1041, 1044-45 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016).

[40]   A person who commits a Level 1 felony child-molesting offense described in

       Indiana Code section 35-31.5-2-72(1) (the defendant is at least twenty-one years

       old and the victim is less than twelve years old) shall be imprisoned for a fixed

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-909 | November 30, 2020      Page 23 of 24
       term of between twenty and fifty years, with an advisory sentence of thirty

       years. Ind. Code § 35-50-2-4(c). A person who commits a Level 4 felony shall

       be imprisoned for a fixed term of between two and twelve years, with an

       advisory sentence of six years. Ind. Code § 35-50-2-5.5. Here, the trial court

       ordered Hobbs to serve above-advisory sentences on each count and ordered the

       sentences to be served consecutively. On appeal, Hobbs does not challenge the

       length of the individual sentences; rather, he asks us to order the sentences to be

       served concurrently instead of consecutively. See Appellant’s Br. p. 38. We

       decline to do so.

[41]   Hobbs does not claim his sentence is inappropriate because of the nature of the

       offenses. Hobbs had sexual intercourse with his stepdaughter more than once

       and forced his daughter to perform oral sex on him more than once. Hobbs,

       however, claims his sentence is inappropriate due to his character, specifically,

       that he had no criminal history. Although we acknowledge Hobbs did not have

       a criminal history, that he molested his daughter and stepdaughter more than

       once each supports consecutive sentences totaling forty-four years.

[42]   Affirmed in part and reversed and remanded in part.

       May, J., and Robb, J., concur.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-909 | November 30, 2020     Page 24 of 24