Court Opinion

ID: 1044014
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-08 01:25:17.746709+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:48:21.356479
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TENNESSEE
                             AT NASHVILLE
                                October 6, 2010 Session

            DONNA FAYE SHIPLEY ET AL. v. ROBIN WILLIAMS

          Appeal by Permission from the Court of Appeals, Middle Section
                       Circuit Court for Davidson County
                   No. 02C-3204     Barbara N. Haynes, Judge

                No. M2007-01217-SC-R11-CV - Filed August 11, 2011

In medical malpractice actions, Tennessee adheres to a locality rule for expert medical
witnesses. Claimants are required by statute to prove by expert testimony the recognized
standard of acceptable professional practice in the community where the defendant medical
provider practices or a similar community. Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-26-115 (2000 & Supp.
2010). Since the locality rule was enacted in 1975, Tennessee courts have reached different
conclusions in interpreting it. The rule does not define “similar community,” nor does it
provide guidance as to how a community is determined to be “similar” to the defendant’s
community. In this case, we address and clarify the applicable standards that courts should
use in determining whether a medical expert is qualified to testify as an expert witness in a
medical malpractice case. Applying these standards, we hold that the trial court’s exclusion
of the claimant’s two proffered medical experts under the locality rule was error. The trial
court’s grant of summary judgment is affirmed in part and vacated in part.

   Tenn. R. App. P. 11 Appeal by Permission; Judgment of the Court of Appeals
             Affirmed in Part and Reversed in Part; Case Remanded

S HARON G. L EE, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which C ORNELIA A. C LARK, C.J.,
J ANICE M. H OLDER, and G ARY R. W ADE, JJ., joined. W ILLIAM C. K OCH, J R., J., filed a
separate opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part. J ANICE M. H OLDER, J., filed a
separate concurring opinion.

Wendy Lynne Longmire and Julie Bhattacharya Peak, Nashville, Tennessee, for the
appellant, Robin Williams, M.D.

Joe Bednarz, Sr., Nashville, Tennessee, and Steven R. Walker, Memphis, Tennessee, for the
appellee, Donna Faye Shipley, individually and as next friend and surviving wife of Frank
Shipley, deceased.
                                             OPINION

                                Factual and Procedural History

       Dr. Robin Williams, a general surgeon, performed abdominal surgery on Donna Faye
Shipley in January of 2001. Dr. Williams removed Mrs. Shipley’s colon and a portion of her
small intestine.1 On Saturday, November 17, 2001, Mrs. Shipley called Dr. Williams
complaining of abdominal pain and a sore throat. Dr. Williams told her to call and make an
appointment for the following Tuesday and to call her back sooner if the pain worsened or
Mrs. Shipley developed a fever. Mrs. Shipley called the next day, November 18, 2001,
complaining of continued abdominal pain and a fever of 102 degrees. Dr. Williams told her
to go to the emergency room, called the hospital to inform the emergency room staff that
Mrs. Shipley was coming in, and requested that she be seen by an emergency room physician.

        Dr. Leonard Walker saw Mrs. Shipley in the emergency room of Summit Medical
Center in Nashville on Sunday, November 18, 2001. Dr. Walker took Mrs. Shipley’s medical
history, examined her, and ordered tests including a complete blood count, urinalysis, chest
x-ray, serum amylase, blood alcohol test, and computed tomography (“CT”) scan to check
for intra-abdominal abscess or gallstones. The tests revealed an elevated white blood cell
count of approximately 21,000, low blood pressure, and a high pulse rate. Dr. Walker
believed Mrs. Shipley was dehydrated and ordered an intravenous (“I.V.”) bag of fluid. Dr.
Walker diagnosed her with abdominal pain of unclear origin and dehydration.

        While Mrs. Shipley was still being treated at the emergency room, Dr. Walker called
Dr. Williams and provided her with information about Mrs. Shipley’s medical condition and
test results. In his deposition, Dr. Walker testified as follows about that conversation:

        I told her [Dr. Williams] I had a patient of hers here that I thought needed to
        be reexamined because she had abdominal pain that I couldn’t explain. And
        I gave her all the patient’s lab results, most importantly, her CT results, asked
        if she could be rechecked the next day. Based on her lab results and elevated
        white count, Dr. Williams thought she might have been significantly
        dehydrated and asked for [a] second bag of I.V. fluid and said she’d be glad
        to see her in the office.

Dr. Walker also stated that Mrs. Shipley “needed at least to be reexamined” and that it was
his “understanding that she [Mrs. Shipley] would be seen by Dr. Williams the next day.” Dr.

       1
         Mrs. Shipley makes no claims of negligence regarding Dr. Williams’ performance of her abdominal
surgery nor Dr. Williams’ post-surgical follow-up care of Mrs. Shipley before November 17, 2001.

                                                  -2-
Walker reaffirmed in his affidavit that “it was agreed that Ms. Shipley would not be admitted
to the hospital, but would seek follow-up care from Dr. Williams” and that “[i]t is my
understanding that Ms. Shipley was going to see Dr. Williams the next day.”

       Dr. Williams agreed in her deposition that “it was decided to hydrate her up and she
would follow up in my office.” Dr. Williams noted that the discharge instructions given to
Mrs. Shipley told her to “call Dr. Williams in the AM to arrange recheck and further
care.” Dr. Williams said that it was her understanding that she would see Mrs. Shipley in her
office on Tuesday, November 20, because Dr. Williams was not ordinarily in her office on
Mondays. Later in her deposition, however, Dr. Williams testified that she understood that
her medical assistant had arranged for Mrs. Shipley to be seen by her primary care physician,
Dr. Lisa Long, on Wednesday, November 21.2 Dr. Williams admitted that a white blood cell
count of 21,000 in a patient with Mrs. Shipley’s medical history was “a major concern to the
physician caring for her.”

       Mrs. Shipley alleges in her complaint that she called Dr. Williams’ office several
times to try to get follow-up care, but she was informed that Dr. Williams would not see her
because it was a non-surgical matter. On the evening of November 21, 2001, Mrs. Shipley
returned to the emergency room and was admitted in critical condition with a diagnosis of
acute sepsis, pneumonia, hypotension, acute renal failure, and abdominal pain. In the course
of her subsequent treatment, Mrs. Shipley suffered a debilitating stroke and other alleged
permanent damage.

       Mrs. Shipley filed this action against Drs. Walker and Williams and the hospital,
alleging medical negligence in failure to admit her to the hospital on November 18, failure
to properly assess and diagnose her condition, and failure to provide necessary medical
treatment, including adequate follow-up care. The hospital and Dr. Walker filed motions for
summary judgment that were unopposed by Mrs. Shipley. The trial court granted the hospital
and Dr. Walker summary judgment and those rulings have not been appealed.

       The remaining defendant, Dr. Williams, moved for partial summary judgment on the
claim of negligent failure to admit to the hospital. In support of her motion, Dr. Williams
relied upon the testimony of Mrs. Shipley’s two medical experts – Dr. Stephen K. Rerych,

        2
          Because Dr. Long was hospitalized with meningitis at that time, it was impossible for her to have
seen Mrs. Shipley. It is unclear at what point Dr. Williams’ office became aware of Dr. Long’s
condition. Dr. Williams stated, “I don’t know if Dr. Long’s office gave Grace [Dr. Williams’ medical
assistant] an appointed time or if Dr. Long’s office was going to contact Ms. Shipley for an actual time. All
I know is that the patient was given an appointment or was going to be given an appointment to be seen on
that Wednesday.”

                                                    -3-
a board-certified general surgeon who practices in Asheville, North Carolina, and Dr. Ronald
A. Shaw, a physician board-certified in emergency medicine who practices in the
Montgomery, Alabama, area. Drs. Rerych and Shaw testified to the effect that the treatment
provided by Dr. Walker at the emergency room did not necessarily fall below the standard
of care and that the appropriate standard of care, given Mrs. Shipley’s medical condition,
required either admission to the hospital on November 18 or a follow-up appointment and
recheck the next day after her release on November 18. The trial court granted partial
summary judgment to Dr. Williams on the failure to admit claim based on the testimony of
Drs. Rerych and Shaw that the failure to admit did not necessarily result in a breach of the
standard of care under the circumstances presented.

        Dr. Shaw further testified that it is the responsibility of the consulting physician, in
this case Dr. Williams, to make the decision whether to admit a patient and how to provide
follow-up rechecking and medical care after consulting with the emergency room
physician. Dr. Shaw stated that emergency room physicians generally suggest and assume
that patients with abdominal pain are rechecked within 24 hours of discharge because of the
possibility of the patient’s condition rapidly worsening. Dr. Shaw testified that under Mrs.
Shipley’s circumstances, “it was incumbent on Dr. Williams to either examine the patient or
– in her office or make some arrangements to be seen somewhere.”

        Dr. Rerych testified that under the circumstances presented here, “the general
surgeon’s follow-up is absolutely imperative, and the follow-up in this case should have been
done within 24 hours, no question about that.” Dr. Rerych stated that regarding the “general
surgeon, who is now consulted and who has recommended that this patient come to the
emergency room, then it’s the general surgeon’s responsibility to either admit the patient that
day or see the patient the following day.” Dr. Rerych testified that given Mrs. Shipley’s
history of inflammatory bowel disease and surgery, “we must make sure that it isn’t a
problem with the bowel” and that there was a “need to have extreme vigilance, and you need
to follow up on a patient like this.” Dr. Rerych concluded that “the bottom line was this
patient should have been seen 24 hours after the discharge from the emergency room,” and
that “clearly, in this case, there is a deviation from the standard of care.”

        On December 1, 2006, Dr. Williams moved for disqualification of Drs. Rerych and
Shaw and for full summary judgment. These motions were filed just over a month before
trial and after the expiration of the expert disclosure deadline.3 The trial court held that Drs.
Rerych and Shaw “do not meet the requirements of Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-26-115 and will

       3
         Dr. Williams’ counsel deposed Dr. Rerych on January 17, 2006 and Dr. Shaw on February 27,
2006, but did not file the motion to exclude their testimony and the motion for summary judgment until
December 1, 2006.

                                                 -4-
not substantially assist the trier of fact pursuant to Tenn. R. Evid. 702 and 703.” Specifically,
the trial court ruled that Dr. Rerych “did not demonstrate familiarity with the standard of care
for general surgeons in Nashville . . . Nor did he demonstrate that Asheville, North Carolina
is a similar community to Nashville, Tennessee.” As to Dr. Shaw, the trial court held that
he “does not practice in a specialty that is relevant to the standard of care issues in this
case.” The trial court excluded their testimony, granted Dr. Williams summary judgment,
and dismissed Mrs. Shipley’s case.

       The Court of Appeals upheld the trial court’s decision to disqualify Mrs. Shipley’s
medical experts, but, noting that “Dr. Williams . . . offered no proof to negate Mrs. Shipley’s
remaining negligence claims whatsoever, but moved for summary judgment based solely on
the inadmissibility of Mrs. Shipley’s experts,” reversed summary judgment upon its finding
that Dr. Williams failed to affirmatively negate an essential element of Mrs. Shipley’s claims
or show that she could not prove an essential element of the claim at trial. Shipley v.
Williams, No. M2007-01217-COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL 2486199, at *6-7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug.
14, 2009) (emphasis in original). Regarding Mrs. Shipley’s negligence claim based on Dr.
Williams’ failure to admit her to the hospital, the intermediate court noted that the sole means
by which Dr. Williams had negated an element of her claim (breach of the applicable
standard of care) was through the testimony of Drs. Rerych and Shaw. Because the trial
court later disqualified Drs. Rerych and Shaw as expert witnesses and excluded their
testimony, there was no proof in the record to affirmatively negate an element of the failure
to admit claim. In so ruling, the Court of Appeals observed that “there are dangers in relying
upon plaintiff’s experts at one stage in the proceeding when their testimony is beneficial and
then later disqualifying [them] when their testimony is not helpful.” Id. at *6 n.3.

       We granted permission to appeal in order to address and clarify the standards a
Tennessee court should use in determining whether a medical expert is qualified to testify
as an expert witness in a medical negligence case.

                                                 Analysis

                                    Summary Judgment Standard

        Summary judgment is appropriate only when the moving party can demonstrate that
there is no genuine issue of material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law. Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.04; Hannan v. Alltel Publ’g Co., 270 S.W.3d 1, 5 (Tenn. 2008);
Byrd v. Hall, 847 S.W.2d 208, 214 (Tenn. 1993).4 In Hannan, this Court reaffirmed the basic

       4
           Motions for summary judgment are screening devices to identify cases that are not “trial-worthy.”
                                                                                               (continued...)

                                                     -5-
principles guiding Tennessee courts in determining whether a motion for summary judgment
should be granted, stating:

       The moving party has the ultimate burden of persuading the court that “there
       are no disputed, material facts creating a genuine issue for trial . . . and that he
       is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Byrd, 847 S.W.2d at 215. If the
       moving party makes a properly supported motion, the burden of production
       then shifts to the nonmoving party to show that a genuine issue of material fact
       exists. Id.
       ....
       . . . [I]n Tennessee, a moving party who seeks to shift the burden of production
       to the nonmoving party who bears the burden of proof at trial must either:
       (1) affirmatively negate an essential element of the nonmoving party’s claim;
       or (2) show that the nonmoving party cannot prove an essential element of the
       claim at trial.

Hannan, 270 S.W.3d at 5, 8-9. It is insufficient for the moving party to “merely point to
omissions in the nonmoving party’s proof and allege that the nonmoving party cannot prove
the element at trial.” Id. at 10. “Similarly, the presentation of evidence that raises doubts
about the nonmoving party’s ability to prove his or her claim is also insufficient.” Martin v.
Norfolk S. Ry. Co., 271 S.W.3d 76, 84 (Tenn. 2008). If the party moving for summary
judgment fails to satisfy its initial burden of production, the burden does not shift to the
nonmovant, and the court must dismiss the motion for summary judgment. Hannan, 270
S.W.2d at 5; Blanchard v. Kellum, 975 S.W.2d 522, 525 (Tenn. 1998).

       The standard by which our courts must assess the evidence presented in support of,
and in opposition to, a motion for summary judgment is also well established:

               Courts must view the evidence and all reasonable inferences therefrom
       in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Robinson v. Omer, 952
S.W.2d 423, 426 (Tenn. 1997). A grant of summary judgment is appropriate
       only when the facts and the reasonable inferences from those facts would
       permit a reasonable person to reach only one conclusion. Staples v. CBL &
       Assocs., Inc., 15 S.W.3d 83, 89 (Tenn. 2000). In making that assessment, this
       Court must discard all countervailing evidence. Byrd, 847 S.W.2d at 210-11.

       4
        (...continued)
Judy M. Cornett, Trick or Treat? Summary Judgment in Tennessee After Hannan v. Alltel Publishing Co.,
77 Tenn. L. Rev. 305, 337 (2010) (observing that “Tennessee has traditionally favored merits-based
determinations over efficiency”).

                                                 -6-
Giggers v. Memphis Hous. Auth., 277 S.W.3d 359, 364 (Tenn. 2009). This Court stated the
applicable summary judgment standard in Martin as follows: “the nonmoving party’s
evidence must be accepted as true, and any doubts concerning the existence of a genuine
issue of material fact shall be resolved in favor of the nonmoving party.” Martin, 271
S.W.3d at 84 (citing McCarley v. W. Quality Food Serv., 960 S.W.2d 585, 588 (Tenn. 1998))
(emphasis added). “Because the resolution of a motion for summary judgment is a matter
of law, we review the trial court’s judgment de novo with no presumption of
correctness.” Martin, 271 S.W.3d at 84.

       These summary judgment principles are applicable in the same way and with equal
force in a medical malpractice case as in any other civil action. See Cox v. M.A. Primary &
Urgent Care Clinic, 313 S.W.3d 240, 248 (Tenn. 2010); Kelley v. Middle Tenn. Emergency
Physicians, P.C., 133 S.W.3d 587, 591, 596 (Tenn. 2004); Moon v. St. Thomas Hosp., 983
S.W.2d 225, 229 (Tenn. 1998); Bowman v. Henard, 547 S.W.2d 527, 529-30 (Tenn. 1977).

        The Court of Appeals correctly observed in this case that Dr. Williams presented no
proof to negate an element of Mrs. Shipley’s claims except in her failure to admit to the
hospital claim. As the intermediate court noted, “Dr. Williams filed excerpts from her
deposition that do not address the applicable standard of care and whether she met it. Unlike
Dr. Walker, Dr. Williams has filed no affidavit about the applicable standard of care and
whether she met it.” Shipley, 2009 WL 2486199, at *7. Dr. Williams admits in her appellate
brief that she did not meet Hannan’s first prong requiring her to affirmatively negate an
essential element of the nonmoving party’s claim. She argues, however, that she has
successfully met Hannan’s second prong by showing that Mrs. Shipley cannot prove an
essential element of her claim at trial because the trial court disqualified Mrs. Shipley’s
expert medical witnesses and the trial court’s scheduling order deadlines for disclosure of
expert witnesses had passed long before Dr. Williams moved for disqualification and
summary judgment. Our resolution of this issue hinges on the correctness of the trial court’s
ruling excluding Drs. Rerych and Shaw as expert witnesses based on Tennessee Code
Annotated section 29-26-115.

             Expert Testimony in Medical Malpractice Cases – The Locality Rule

       Tennessee Code Annotated section 29-26-115 sets forth the required elements of
proof in subsection (a), and the requirements for competency of a proffered medical expert
in subsection (b), in a medical malpractice case:

       (a)     In a malpractice action, the claimant shall have the burden of proving by
               evidence as provided by subsection (b):

                                               -7-
       (1) The recognized standard of acceptable professional practice in the
           profession and the specialty thereof, if any, that the defendant practices in
           the community in which the defendant practices or in a similar community
           at the time the alleged injury or wrongful action occurred;
       (2) That the defendant acted with less than or failed to act with ordinary and
           reasonable care in accordance with such standard; and
       (3) As a proximate result of the defendant’s negligent act or omission, the
           plaintiff suffered injuries which would not otherwise have occurred.

       (b) No person in a health care profession requiring licensure under the laws
           of this state shall be competent to testify in any court of law to establish
           the facts required to be established by subsection (a), unless the person
           was licensed to practice in the state or a contiguous bordering state a
           profession or specialty which would make the person’s expert testimony
           relevant to the issues in the case and had practiced this profession or
           specialty in one (1) of these states during the year preceding the date that
           the alleged injury or wrongful act occurred.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-26-115 (2000 & Supp. 2010). Thus, expert testimony must be
provided by a plaintiff to establish the elements of his or her medical negligence case,
Williams v. Baptist Mem’l Hosp., 193 S.W.3d 545, 553 (Tenn. 2006); Stovall v. Clarke, 113
S.W.3d 715, 723 (Tenn. 2003); Robinson v. LeCorps, 83 S.W.3d 718, 724 (Tenn. 2002),
subject to the “common knowledge” exception that is not applicable here.5

       An essential element of a claimant’s proof is the “recognized standard of acceptable
professional practice . . . in the community in which the defendant practices or in a similar
community.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-26-115(a)(1). This requirement is known as the
“locality rule.”

       Before the Legislature enacted the locality rule in 1975, Tennessee courts applied a
common law “strict locality” rule, requiring proof of the standard of care in the same locality
as the defendant. Thompson v. Methodist Hosp., 367 S.W.2d 134, 136 (Tenn. 1962)
(“standards prevailing in any hospital in Memphis”); Gresham v. Ford, 241 S.W.2d 408, 410
(Tenn. 1951) (“in that vicinity”); Floyd v. Walls, 168 S.W.2d 602, 607 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1941)
(“the locality where he practiced”); Haskins v. Howard, 16 S.W.2d 20, 23 (Tenn. 1929)
(“same locality”). The justification for the rule in Tennessee and elsewhere was the
assumption that doctors in an urban community had more access to medical resources and

       5
         See Seavers v. Methodist Med. Ctr. of Oak Ridge, 9 S.W.3d 86, 92 (Tenn. 1999); Bowman, 547
S.W.2d at 530-31.

                                                -8-
opportunities than doctors in rural areas. Sutphin v. Platt, 720 S.W.2d 455, 457 (1986);
Joseph H. King, Jr., The Standard of Care and Informed Consent Under the Tennessee
Medical Malpractice Act, 44 Tenn. L. Rev. 225, 256-57 (1977); see, e.g., Small v. Howard,
128 Mass. 131, 136 (1880) (overruled by Brune v. Belinkoff, 235 N.E.2d 793,798 (Mass.
1968)).6

        As our society became more interconnected with improved transportation and
communications, the strict locality rule gave way to a more relaxed modified locality rule in
many states, including Tennessee. See McCay v. Mitchell, 463 S.W.2d 710, 718 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 1970) (“Admittedly the ‘locality’ rule has been relaxed, and the knowledge possessed
by a physician which renders him competent to testify as an expert can be from sources and
experience other than in the locality in which the cause of action arose”). The adoption of
a “same or similar” locality rule in 1975, reflected a “somewhat broadened definition of the
geographic component to the medical standard of care,” a loosening of the traditional
common law “strict” locality rule that required a plaintiff “to introduce evidence concerning
the standard of care in the strict locality where the defendant worked.” Sutphin, 720 S.W.2d
at 457 (Tenn. 1986). Under this rule, a medical expert in a Tennessee court must
demonstrate that he or she is familiar with either the standard in the community where the
defendant practices or a “similar community.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-26-115.” 7

      At the outset, we make an observation that is both basic and of fundamental
importance to our analysis: the statute does not define “similar community,” nor does it

        6
          The locality rule has its origins in Massachusetts in 1880. See Small, 128 Mass. at 136. This was
only four years after Alexander Graham Bell was issued a patent for the telephone. Since that time,
significant and substantial improvements in technology and communications have made medical resources
and information widely available to doctors in urban and rural settings. See Brune, 235 N.E.2d at 796-98.
        7
          The locality rule has been subjected to much criticism from learned commentators, see Joseph H.
King, Jr., The Standard of Care and Informed Consent Under the Tennessee Medical Malpractice Act, 44
Tenn. L. Rev. 225, 262-63 (1977) (“Inflexible geographic limitations on the standard of care are inconsistent
with an increasingly uniform practice of medicine as suggested by modern medical education, instantaneous
communications, and ubiquitous medical literature and access to information”); Scott A. Behrens, Note, Call
in Houdini: The Time has Come to be Released from the Geographic Straitjacket Known as the Locality
Rule, 56 Drake L. Rev. 753 (2008); see generally Steven E. Pegalis, Community v. National Standard of
Care, 1 Am. Law Med. Malp. 3d § 3.5 (updated 2010), and from courts, see, e.g., Robinson, 83.S.W.3d at
724 (“[W]e encourage the General Assembly to reconsider the current statutory framework of the locality
rule.”); Carpenter v. Klepper, 205 S.W.3d 474, 484 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006) (“The legislatively mandated
‘similar locality rule’ has long since outlived its usefulness,” and “We . . . implore the Legislature to relegate
the ‘similar locality rule’ to the ‘ash heap’ of history.”); see also Shilkret v. Annapolis Emergency Hosp.
Ass’n, 349 A.2d 245, 252 (Md. 1975) (reviewing rationales for locality rules and a national standard of
medical care, and concluding that “justification for the locality rules no longer exists”).

                                                       -9-
provide any guidance as to how a community is determined to be “similar” to that where the
defendant practices. Thus, it has fallen to the courts to determine the standards for when a
medical expert has sufficiently established his or her familiarity with the defendant’s
community or a “similar community.”

          A trial court’s determination of whether an expert is qualified to provide testimony
is of critical importance to a claimant’s malpractice action. See Bowman, 547 S.W.2d at 530
(Stating that although summary judgment is disfavored in a medical malpractice case as a
general rule, finding exception “if the only issue is one of the kind on which expert testimony
must be presented, and nothing is presented to challenge the affidavit of the expert, summary
judgment may be proper”); Kenyon v. Handal, 122 S.W.3d 743, 758-59 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2003) (Noting that “[i]t is now commonplace for medical practitioners to challenge the
qualifications of the patient’s expert” and observing that “[p]atients who are unable to
produce an expert affidavit of their own face almost certain dismissal of their complaint”);
Coyle v. Prieto, 822 S.W.2d 596, 598 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1991) (Observing that “plaintiff’s case
. . . stands or falls on the correctness of the trial court’s ruling” that his expert was qualified
to testify). Trial courts called upon to decide whether a claimant’s expert should be allowed
to testify are therefore often deciding much more than a pretrial evidentiary skirmish, but
rather whether the claimant’s action should be summarily dismissed, or allowed to be
evaluated by a jury of his or her peers.

        A review of the Tennessee cases interpreting and applying the locality rule in
evaluating the qualifications of a proffered medical expert reveals that its application has
been difficult and not entirely consistent. We agree with the Court of Appeals’ observation
in Totty v. Thompson, 121 S.W.3d 676, 679 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003), that “[f]ew areas of
American Jurisprudence have been more challenging through the years than the development
of the standard of care applicable in medical malpractice cases.”

        This Court first considered a challenge to the qualifications of a claimant’s expert
under the locality rule in Searle v. Bryant, 713 S.W.2d 62 (Tenn. 1986). The proffered
medical expert was an infectious disease specialist and microbiologist who served as the
director of the Vanderbilt University Medical Center clinical microbiology laboratory. The
expert testified that he had performed infectious disease consultations and visited many of
the smaller hospitals in the Middle Tennessee area, and that he was familiar with the standard
of acceptable medical practice in the Middle Tennessee area. Id. at 64. The Searle Court
stated the following regarding the expert’s familiarity with the Middle Tennessee area:

       Although [plaintiff’s expert] Dr. Stratton did not know the location of several
       cities in Middle Tennessee, he was familiar with Smithville and other
       cities. He indicated his familiarity with the recognized standard of acceptable

                                               -10-
       medical practice in the smaller communities in Middle Tennessee by testifying
       that he knew that such hospitals have infectious disease control committees
       which set up standards for precautions to be taken once an infection is
       discovered, and that they have the capability to culture for anaerobic bacteria,
       a procedure, he stated which the recognized standard of care required in this
       case.

       . . . Dr. Stratton’s testimony that he was familiar with the standard of
       acceptable medical practice in the Middle Tennessee area with regard to the
       prevention and treatment of surgical wound infections implies that the same
       such standard exists throughout the Middle Tennessee area. As a result, under
       the circumstances of this case we are of the opinion that the testimony was
       admissible.

Id. at 64-65. The Court reversed the trial court’s decision to disqualify the expert and its
directed verdict in the defendant’s favor. Id. at 65.

        In Sutphin, this Court upheld the locality rule’s “contiguous state” geographic
limitation on the qualification of a medical expert, Tennessee Code Annotated section 29-26-
115(b), against a constitutional due process/equal protection challenge. In so doing, the
Court noted that “in light of a modern trend towards the national standardization of medical
practices, especially in specialties, courts and legislatures have gradually expanded the
relevant geographic area for proving the medical standard of care.” Sutphin, 720 S.W.2d at
457.

        In 2002, the claimant requested this Court in Robinson to “enlarge the scope of the
‘locality rule’ . . . by adopting a national standard of care that would reflect the modern
changes and improvements in the practice of medicine, medical technology, and
communication.” 83 S.W.3d at 722 (emphasis added). The Court declined to adopt a
national standard, noting that its “adoption” of a broad national standard in malpractice cases
would be inconsistent with the locality rule. Id. at 723-24. The Robinson Court adhered to
the statutory requirement that a proffered medical expert “must have knowledge of the
standard of professional care in the defendant’s applicable community or knowledge of the
standard of professional care in a community that is shown to be similar to the defendant’s
community.” Id. at 724 (emphasis in original). But we further stated that “[t]his Court is
mindful, however, that in many instances the national standard would indeed be
representative of the local standard, especially for board certified specialists” and observed
that “an expert’s discussion of the applicability of a national standard does not require
exclusion of the testimony.” Id. In Robinson, we held that the proffered expert “did not
establish the standard of professional care in Nashville, Tennessee, or in a similar

                                             -11-
community” where the expert “testified only that the applicable standard of care in this case
‘would be expected’ to be the same as the national standard of care and that ‘[t]here is no
differentiation recognized in . . . one locality as opposed to the other, certain localities
comparable with Nashville.’” Id.

        A year later, in Stovall v. Clarke, this Court considered the propriety of the trial
court’s summary judgment in favor of two medical malpractice defendants and provided
further guidance regarding the application of the locality rule. 113 S.W.3d 715, 722-23
(Tenn. 2003). The Stovall Court distinguished the case before it from Robinson and held the
proof to be sufficient to qualify the proffered medical expert to testify in a Williamson
County, Tennessee, medical negligence action. The proffered expert testified that he did not
rely upon a national standard of care, nor did he equate the local standard with a national
standard. Although he had never practiced medicine in Tennessee, he testified that he had
reviewed over twenty medical charts from Tennessee, had testified in three other malpractice
cases in middle Tennessee, and “had reviewed statistical information about the medical
community in Williamson County, Tennessee, which included information about the medical
specialists and resources available at the Williamson County Medical Center.” Id. at 723
(citation omitted). We observed that the defendant doctor’s arguments for the exclusion of
the plaintiff’s proffered expert essentially contested the weight of the doctor’s statements and
thus misapprehended “the procedural context of this case: the proper analysis with respect
to summary judgment is whether the evidence, when viewed in a light most favorable to the
plaintiff, raises a genuine issue as to a material fact.” Id. We concluded that the trial court
erred in granting summary judgment to the defendant doctors. Id. at 725.

       In Hunter v. Ura, 163 S.W.3d 686 (Tenn. 2005), the defendants argued that the trial
court erred in allowing the testimony of the plaintiff’s expert witness “because he did not
know the recognized standard of professional care in the community in which the defendant
Ura practiced or in a similar community.” Id. at 706-07. We held the following proof
submitted by the proffered medical expert, Dr. Witt, sufficient to qualify him to testify:

       Dr. Witt was a board-certified anesthesiologist who had practiced in
       Lexington, Kentucky since 1980. Dr. Witt testified that he was involved with
       the Academic Association of Anesthesia Program Directors, which was an
       organization “with people from Vanderbilt, from Lexington, and the
       surrounding area.” Dr. Witt had attended a meeting of the Southern University
       Department of Anesthesia Chairs at Vanderbilt in Nashville, Tennessee. Dr.
       Witt stated that he had been to Nashville six or seven times, that he knew the
       Chair at Vanderbilt’s anesthesia department very well, and that he was
       “familiar, in a regional setting, [with] the general kinds of care offered [ ] in
       Lexington as well as in Nashville.” Dr. Witt discussed several hospitals in

                                              -12-
       Nashville and stated that the standard of professional care in this case “would
       be approximately the same as what we would see at some of the hospitals
       where I have been in Nashville.”

Id. at 708 (brackets in original). After reviewing our holdings in Robinson and Stovall, we
reiterated that a medical expert may not “rely solely on a national standard of care” but
instead must “‘show[] some underlying basis for his testimony.” Id. (emphasis added).

       In Williams, we observed that “[e]xpert witnesses may not simply assert their
familiarity with the standard of professional care in the defendant’s community without
indicating the basis for their familiarity.” 193 S.W.3d at 553. We summarized the proof
contained in the proffered expert’s affidavit as follows and found it to be insufficient to
qualify him to testify:

       Dr. Gordon, a board-certified anesthesiologist who practiced in Winchester,
       Tennessee, stated that he was “familiar with the recognized standard of
       acceptable professional medical care in the metropolitan areas of Tennessee
       and specifically in Memphis, Tennessee and similar communities. . . .” The
       affidavit contains no information regarding the basis for Dr. Gordon’s
       familiarity with the standard of care in Memphis, Tennessee, nor does it
       contain a basis for finding that the standard of care in Memphis is similar to
       that in the community in which Dr. Gordon practices. In short, Dr. Gordon’s
       affidavit simply asserts that he is familiar with the applicable standard of
       care. As we have explained in prior cases, a bare assertion of familiarity is
       insufficient under Tennessee Code Annotated section
       29-26-115(a)(1). Accordingly, we conclude that the affidavit was legally
       insufficient.

Id. at 554.

       The Court of Appeals has likewise struggled in addressing the question of the
applicable standards to determine whether a medical expert has been qualified to testify by
showing familiarity with the defendant’s medical community or a similar community. In
Ayers v. Rutherford Hosp., Inc., 689 S.W.2d 155 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1984), the court affirmed
the disqualification of a medical expert because it was not shown that he had practiced
medicine in a contiguous state during the year prior to the injury and because he had not
sufficiently demonstrated that he was familiar with the defendant’s medical community or
a similar community. The proffered expert stated in an affidavit that he was “familiar with
the standard of care required of physicians in delivery and perinatal care of newborns as it

                                            -13-
would pertain to a community such as Murfreesboro, Tennessee.” Id. at 159. But the expert
also testified by deposition

       that he had never been to Murfreesboro, that he did not know where in
       Tennessee Murfreesboro was located, that he knew nothing about the size of
       the community, that he did not know how large the hospital was, that he knew
       no one from Murfreesboro, and that he knew no one who had ever practiced
       medicine in the city.

Id. When he was asked if he was familiar with the skills of the practitioners in Murfreesboro,
the proffered expert answered:

       “Insofar as they are trained and examined and have developed the same sets
       of skills, read the same literature, update their skills, go to the same
       conferences for continuous education that I do, come to my conferences when
       I give them in Tennessee.” He testified that the standard of care “does not
       vary throughout the country,” that it is a national standard, and “doesn’t
       change with the locality.”

Id.

       In Ledford v. Moscowitz, 742 S.W.2d 645 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1987), the defendant
doctor practiced in Bradley, Polk, and McMinn counties, and the proffered expert practiced
in Atlanta, with “one-third of this practice coming from referrals from small towns outside
the Atlanta area.” Id. at 648. The court, noting that the statute did not require “[p]recise
knowledge” of a community’s “specific medical statistics,” id., held that the trial court erred
in disqualifying the proffered expert witness and reversed summary judgment, stating:

       Stuart [plaintiff’s expert] testified that he was familiar with the standard of
       care in small towns all over Georgia. He said that he was familiar with the
       standard of care in Ducktown and Cleveland in a broad sense, and that he saw
       what doctors were doing and the standard of practice from examining the
       patients’ treatment records on referrals from outlying areas, and that
       recommendations for treatment were sent back to the referring physicians in
       the patient’s home area. Stuart did testify that he had not been to Cleveland,
       Tennessee, and did not know the number of hospitals, doctors, or physicians
       located there. Precise knowledge of the specific medical statistics of a
       particular community, however, is not a requirement of the statute.

Id. The Ledford court concluded:

                                             -14-
       We think that, taken as a whole, Stuart’s proof creates a material issue of fact
       on the standard of acceptable psychiatric practice in similar communities to
       those found in the Polk, McMinn, and Bradley county area. Although medical
       malpractice actions impose more rigorous procedural requirements on the
       plaintiff, once the threshold of proof has been crossed[,] as it has been here by
       Plaintiffs’ expert Stuart, then the case should proceed to trial on the merits.

              Applying the scope of review as set out above, together with this
       Court’s view that summary judgments are generally inappropriate in tort
       actions, Bowman v. Henard, 547 S.W.2d 527 (Tenn. 1977), the summary
       judgment of the trial court is reversed and this cause is remanded for trial on
       the merits.

Id. at 649.

        In Coyle v. Prieto, the defendant doctor was a pathologist practicing in Memphis, and
the plaintiff’s expert was a doctor who practiced internal medicine and emergency room
practice in Missouri. 822 S.W.2d at 598 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1991). The court held the
following proof offered by the plaintiff’s expert sufficient to qualify him as a testifying
expert:

       During the voir dire of Dr. Wettach, he testified that he had participated in the
       work-up of perhaps two hundred patients with lung cancer, that he was
       familiar with the standard of care for arriving at a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma
       in lungs; that he was familiar with the standard of care in Memphis; that the
       standard of care in Memphis in the medical community was similar to that in
       St. Louis; that he was familiar with the way the medical profession goes about
       arriving at a diagnosis; that he was competent to testify about the standard of
       care for a pathologist in arriving at a diagnosis; that because of the network of
       medical information existing at the time of trial, the standard of care was pretty
       much uniform throughout the country; and finally, because of his training,
       education, and experience, he was competent to render an expert opinion about
       the manner and method in which the defendant arrived at his diagnosis. He
       stated that he arrived at his position by reviewing the x-rays in the patient’s
       medical file, the patient’s history, and the physical; and in addition, by reading
       some of the depositions taken in the case.

Id. The Coyle court did not indicate that the Missouri doctor provided any further testimony
elaborating on or supporting his statement “that the standard of care in Memphis in the
medical community was similar to that in St. Louis.” But the court concluded that the

                                              -15-
proffered expert “was competent to testify with regard to the recognized standard of
acceptable medical practice. The objection raised by defendant goes more to the weight of
the evidence rather than to its admissibility.” Id. at 600.

        In Mabon v. Jackson-Madison Cnty. Gen’l Hosp., 968 S.W.2d 826 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1997), the defendant doctor was a surgeon practicing in Jackson, Tennessee, and the
plaintiff’s expert was a surgeon practicing in Missouri. The Mabon court summarized the
plaintiff’s expert’s testimony, which the court held to be insufficient, as follows:

       Dr. Shane states in his affidavit that he was familiar with the recognized
       standard of acceptable medical practice in an area such as Jackson, Tennessee
       and at a facility the size of Hospital. He further states that the standard of care
       in Jackson and at Hospital would be comparable to the cities and facilities at
       which he has practiced medicine and is the same for New York city and other
       large cities and, in effect, is a national standard. Dr. Shane also states that Dr.
       Thomas failed to meet the standard of care that “should have been
       available” in a city the size of Jackson, Tennessee. (Emphasis supplied). Dr.
       Shane’s statement concerning the standard of care that “should have been
       available” is significant in that it illustrates that his statement in his affidavit
       regarding the standard of care is premised on the national standard of care and
       not on the standard of care for Jackson or similar communities. Admittedly,
       in his discovery deposition, he quite readily admits his complete lack of
       knowledge of Jackson’s medical community[.]

Id. at 830. The court observed that “a complete lack of knowledge concerning a
community’s medical resources would be contrary to knowledge of the required standard of
care” and stated that “we cannot accept Dr. Shane’s bare assertion that the standard of care
in Jackson is the same nationwide and that the level of care with which Dr. Shane is familiar
should have been available in Jackson.” Id. at 831 (emphasis in original).

        In Roberts v. Bicknell, 73 S.W.3d 106 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001), the court was presented
with a set of facts similar to those in Mabon, in that the defendant practiced in Jackson and
the proffered expert “quite candidly admitted to knowing nothing about the practice of
medicine in Jackson, Tennessee and the applicable standard of care for that locality.” Id. at
113. The court, affirming summary judgment and the trial court’s disqualification of
plaintiff’s expert, reiterated that “[t]he law on expert witnesses, as it exists in Tennessee,
requires the expert to have some knowledge of the practice of medicine in the community at
issue or a similar community,” and stated that “[w]e believe that it is reasonable to base such
knowledge, among other things, upon information such as the size of the community, the

                                              -16-
existence or non-existence of teaching hospitals in the community and the location of the
community.” Id. at 114 (emphasis in original).

        In Wilson v. Patterson, 73 S.W.3d 95 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001), the defendant doctor
practiced in Memphis, and the plaintiff’s expert practiced in Lexington, Kentucky. The
plaintiff’s expert provided the following testimony:

       Dr. Swan, in his deposition, indicates that there is a national standard of care
       for physicians in this particular specialty and that therefore he is familiar with
       the standard of care in Memphis, Tennessee. In his second affidavit, which
       was stricken by the trial court, he establishes that he is familiar with the
       recognized standard of care in the field of obstetrics and gynecology in
       Lexington, Kentucky, by virtue of his experience set out in his affidavit. He
       also opines that Lexington, Kentucky and Memphis, Tennessee are similar
       areas with regard to the standard of care of acceptable professional medical
       services, stating: “Both Lexington, Kentucky and Memphis, Tennessee are
       regional medical centers and are the locations of their state medical
       schools.” The affidavit goes somewhat further stating that because of Dr.
       Swan’s involvement in medical malpractice cases in Memphis, Tennessee,8 he
       has the opinion that the recognized standard of care of acceptable professional
       medical services of obstetrics and gynecology in Memphis is the same as that
       in Lexington.

Id. at 103. The Wilson court, reversing the trial court’s disqualification of the expert and
summary judgment in defendant’s favor, concluded that “[a]lthough Dr. Swan’s testimony
concerning the similarity of Lexington and Memphis is somewhat meager, we believe this

       8
           The plaintiff’s expert, Dr. Swan, further stated:

                 I have testified in at least ten medical malpractice cases in Memphis,
                 Tennessee. As a consequence, I have had the opportunity to review the
                 depositions of and hear the testimony of numerous Memphis, Tennessee
                 physicians on the recognized standard of care of acceptable professional
                 medical practice in the field of gynecology and obstetrics. This has
                 confirmed my opinion that the recognized standard of care of acceptable
                 professional medical practice in the field of obstetrics and gynecology in
                 Memphis, Tennessee is the same as that of Lexington, Kentucky in regard
                 to the way that patients are evaluated for diagnostic laparoscopys and the
                 manner in which the laparoscopic procedure is executed.

Wilson, 73 S.W.3d at 100.

                                                     -17-
testimony in conjunction with Dr. Swan’s testimony concerning his knowledge of the
standard of care of Memphis is barely sufficient to withstand attack at the summary judgment
stage of the proceeding.” Id. at 105.

        In Kenyon v. Handal, 122 S.W.3d 743 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003), the court affirmed the
trial court’s disqualification of plaintiff’s expert, who practiced in Douglasville, Georgia, on
the grounds that the expert’s affidavit did not contain sufficient facts to demonstrate that his
opinion “is based either on his familiarity with the applicable standard of professional
practice in Gallatin or Sumner County or on his knowledge of the applicable standard of
professional practice in a community similar to Gallatin or Sumner County” where the
defendant practiced. Id. at 762. The court observed:

       Nothing in Dr. Kumar’s affidavit indicates that he has any personal knowledge
       of the practice of obstetrics and gynecology in Gallatin or Sumner
       County. Accordingly, he can comply with Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-26-115(a)(1)
       only by demonstrating that he knows the applicable standard of professional
       practice in a community that is similar to Gallatin or Sumner County.

               Dr. Kumar does not assert that Douglasville, Georgia where he
       practices is similar to Gallatin or Sumner County. He bases his familiarity
       with the applicable standard of care of an obstetrician in January 1998 at the
       Sumner Regional Medical Center in Gallatin on his conclusion that the
       standards of professional practice in the State of Georgia are the same as those
       in the State of Tennessee. Generalizations regarding the similarity of the
       standards of professional care in two contiguous states are not specific enough
       information to demonstrate that a medical practitioner is qualified under the
       locality rule to render an opinion in a medical malpractice case.

Id.

        In Bravo v. Sumner Reg’l Health Sys., Inc., 148 S.W.3d 357 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2003), the defendant, a doctor practicing in Gallatin, argued that the affidavit of the
plaintiffs’ expert, who practiced in Georgia, did not satisfy the requirements of the locality
rule. Id. at 368. The court disagreed, finding as follows:

       Dr. Engel’s affidavit, however, sets out sufficient evidence to show that he was
       familiar with the standard of care either in Gallatin or in a similar
       community. In his affidavit, Dr. Engel states that, through his service on the
       TennCare review board, he has “become familiar with the medical resources
       available to obstetricians in communities similar in size to Gallatin,” and he is

                                              -18-
       “familiar with the treatment, care and skill of practitioners in communities
       similar to Gallatin.” Further, he states that he has reviewed literature and data
       regarding Gallatin, and he compares it with communities he claims are similar
       in size, namely Rome, Floyd County, Georgia, and Columbus, Muscogee
       County, Georgia. He asserts that, “[b]ecause of the referrals I receive from
       Muscogee County and Floyd County, I am familiar with the standard
       procedures and practices of obstetricians in Georgia communities similar to
       Gallatin.” He also states that he is “familiar with the standard of care for
       obstetrics and gynecology in 2000 in Rome, Floyd County, Georgia,” and that
       he is “familiar with the standard of care for obstetrics and gynecology in 2000
       in Columbus, Muscogee County, Georgia.” Finally, Dr. Engel states that he
       has visited hospitals in communities similar to Gallatin, and he has attended
       seminars where he further became familiar with the standard of care for
       obstetricians in communities similar to Gallatin.

Id. Reversing the trial court’s disqualification of plaintiffs’ expert, the court concluded that
“Dr. Engel’s affidavit, viewed in a light most favorable to the Plaintiffs, satisfies the ‘locality
rule’ requirements of the statute.” Id. at 369 (emphasis added).

        In Carpenter v. Klepper, 205 S.W.3d 474 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006), the court held that
two expert medical witnesses called to testify by the defendants were not qualified under the
locality rule. The defendants proffered the testimony of a doctor who practiced in Kentucky,
whose testimony the court summarized as follows:

       Dr. Aaron testified as to the number of beds at the Clarksville hospital, the
       medical technology available, and the proximity of the city to a larger
       metropolitan area. Clearly, Dr. Aaron’s testimony established that he had
       some knowledge as to the medical community in Clarksville.

       . . . Dr. Aaron was admittedly unfamiliar with the standard of care in
       Clarksville, having practiced solely in Louisville, Kentucky. He asserted that
       he was, however, “intimately” familiar with the standard of professional
       practice in communities similar to Clarksville, having served on a federally
       mandated medical care quality assurance committee for the state of Kentucky
       which collected statistical information from participating hospitals and medical
       regions throughout the state, some of which had communities similar to
       Clarksville.
       ....

                                               -19-
       Although Dr. Aaron testified that he had treated patients from communities
       similar to Clarksville, he further stated that his care of those patients was no
       different than the care he provided to his regular patients in Louisville.

Id. at 478-80. Although Dr. Aaron further testified that “I do know what the standard of care
for closure of trocar sites would be in any accredited institution in Kentucky because I am
a surgeon. I’m familiar with those standards and I know how they are applied,” and asserted
that he had seen “many [patients] from areas similar to Clarksville,” Id. at 479, 480, the
Carpenter court held that he failed to establish the necessary showing of familiarity with a
community similar to Clarksville. Id. at 480.

       The defendants in Carpenter also proffered the expert testimony of a Dr. DeMaria, the
chief of general surgery and professor of surgery at the University Medical College of
Virginia located in Richmond, Virginia, who was also a fellow of the American College of
Surgeons. Id. at 481. Dr. DeMaria testified as follows regarding his knowledge of the
Clarksville medical community:

       Q. How are you familiar with the standard of care [in Clarksville]?
       A. Well, during my tenure in Richmond, I’ve practiced in community
          hospitals outside of the city. I actually live in a county outside of
          Richmond that’s about the same size as Montgomery County here.
          I have worked in several 200-bed – approximate size – hospitals in the
          Virginia area and have done laparoscopic surgery in those hospitals on a
          number of occasions.
          I’ve also traveled in my role as a teacher to numerous communities that
          are very similar to this in other states.
          ....
          I think Dr. Black had provided a supplement that I looked at that says that
          Montgomery County has about 135,000 people. I think I mentioned
          before that I know about the hospital, the size of the hospital, its
          capabilities, and so forth.
          ....
          [The defendants’ hospital has] about 200 or so beds. They have an
          emergency room. They have cancer treatment. They have most of the
          standard specialties represented. I think they have about 150 staff
          physicians with privileges there.
          ....
          . . . I have, you know, encountered other situations that are very similar in
          both my own local environment in Virginia, knowing physicians who
          worked in smaller hospitals working with them on a regular basis, as well

                                             -20-
            as traveling to numerous smaller hospitals, having a chance to develop
            relationships with surgeons, physicians.      I offer courses at our
            institution. We have many surgeons travel to Richmond where we have
            several days of interaction, and so forth.

Id. at 480-82. The Carpenter court held that Dr. DeMaria had failed to sufficiently establish
his familiarity with a community similar to Clarksville, reversed the trial court’s entry of the
defense jury verdict, and remanded for a new trial. In reaching this conclusion, the court
stated:

       There is no basis in logic or reason why the testimony of both Dr. Aaron and
       Dr. DeMaria is not admissible into evidence in this case. We are, however,
       powerless to do anything other than to engage in the tedious exercise of
       hair-splitting manifested both in this case and in the recent case of Travis v.
       Ferraraccio et al., 2005 WL 2277589, No. M2003-00916-COA-R3-CV (Tenn.
       Ct. App. Sept. 19, 2005). We can only once again follow the lead of the
       Supreme Court of Tennessee in Robinson, 83 S.W.3d at 723-24, and implore
       the Legislature to relegate the “similar locality rule” to the “ash heap” of
       history.

Carpenter, 205 S.W.3d at 484.

       In Taylor ex rel. Gneiwek v. Jackson-Madison Cnty. Gen’l Hosp. Dist., 231 S.W.3d
361 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006), the defendant practiced in Jackson, and the plaintiff’s expert
practiced in Northeast Georgia. The court found the following summarized proof to be
sufficient to qualify the plaintiff’s expert, Dr. Harkrider:

       Dr. Harkrider testified that he had conducted research concerning the
       community of Jackson, Tennessee, including referencing information
       concerning physicians and medical specialties in Jackson from a 1997 edition
       of the “Yellow Pages” directory for Jackson[,] Tennessee; reviewing
       information from the Madison County Chamber of Commerce regarding the
       community of Jackson, Tennessee; and reviewing information about the
       Defendant Jackson-Madison County General Hospital.
       ....
       . . . Furthermore, Dr. Harkrider also compared the Defendant Hospital with
       Northeast Georgia Medical Center, based in Gainesville, Georgia, where Dr.
       Harkrider practiced, and testified as follows:
       Q. . . . Doctor, what – you’ve mentioned previously that you worked at
             Northeast Georgia Medical?

                                              -21-
      A. Yes, sir.
      Q. What type of hospital is Northeast Georgia Medical?
      A. It’s a full service hospital based in Gainesville, Georgia, which is
         approximately 40 miles north east of Georgia – of Atlanta. It’s a tertiary
         facility. Has all subspecialties, areas of medicine. It has a 20-county
         catchment area of patients that are referred to it.
      Q. Okay. And have you made any comparisons with the work or practice that
         you have at the Northeast Georgia Medical facility to Jackson-Madison
         County General Hospital?
      A. I have.
      Q. And what were the comparisons that you made?
      A. The hospitals look fairly similar. They both are referral hospitals. They
         both have large catchment areas. They both have very busy emergency
         departments. I think Jackson-Madison County has somewhere around a
         hundred thousand, a hundred and five thousand. Northeast Georgia is
         between 75 and 80,000. I see all types of patients, and that would be the
         similarity.

Id. at 368, 370. The Taylor court, affirming the trial court’s qualification of Dr. Harkrider
as an expert medical witness, stated that “[a]lthough Dr. Harkrider testified to a national
standard of care, it appears . . . that he did in fact rely upon a local standard of care in
testifying regarding the duty of care owed to Mr. Taylor in this case, and whether such
standard of care was breached.” Id. at 372.

       In Eckler v. Allen, 231 S.W.3d 379 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006), the Court of Appeals
added a novel and significant layer of analysis to the issue of qualification of medical
experts under the locality rule. In Eckler, the trial court disqualified the plaintiff’s expert
on the grounds that he did not demonstrate sufficient familiarity with the Memphis medical
community and the appropriate standard of care in Memphis and granted the defendant
summary judgment. The Eckler court analyzed the plaintiff’s expert testimony as follows:

       In his affidavit, Dr. Huang clearly stated that he was familiar with the
       standard of care in the Memphis community. Dr. Huang’s affidavit and
       attached spreadsheet also demonstrate that Dr. Huang obtained knowledge of
       the applicable standard of care by surveying physicians in Tennessee who
       practice within the specialized field of Mohs micrographic surgery, including
       the one Mohs micrographics surgeon in Memphis who is not a partner of
       [defendant] Dr. Allen.

                                             -22-
      . . . . Our inquiry becomes, therefore, whether knowledge obtained by surveying
      physicians who practice in the specialized field in the defendant’s community
      is sufficient under the statute, or whether the statute demands personal,
      firsthand knowledge.
      ....
      In the case at bar, although Dr. Huang’s affidavit and supporting attached
      documents demonstrated that he has personal knowledge of the standard of care
      applicable to the specialized field in Birmingham and, arguably, on a national
      level, there is nothing to indicate personal knowledge of the standard of care
      applicable in Memphis. Personal is “done in person without the intervention
      of another.” Personal knowledge is “first-hand” knowledge. Dr. Huang’s
      familiarity with the standard of care in Memphis was garnered only through
      interviewing other physicians in the community; it was not based on any
      firsthand experience.

      Defendants assert that knowledge gained by surveying other physicians and not
      by personal or firsthand experience is not sufficient under §
      29-26-115(a)(1). They submit that a non-expert could survey physicians in a
      community if the mere collection of data could constitute
      knowledge. Defendants assert the statute requires personal, firsthand, or direct
      knowledge of the applicable standard by an expert who practices in the
      community or in a similar community. We agree.

Id. at 386 (internal citations omitted). Thus, in Eckler, the court for the first time imposed
a “personal, firsthand, or direct knowledge” requirement upon an expert, in effect
holding that an expert’s attempts to educate himself or herself on the standard of care in a
community where the expert has not practiced will always fall short, because the expert has
not obtained “personal, firsthand, direct” knowledge of the medical community. The court
reached this conclusion despite its recognition that, as we observed in Robinson, “in many
cases and particularly in cases that involve a board-certified specialty, such as the case now
before us, the national standard is representative of the local standard.” Eckler, 231 S.W.3d
at 387.

       Less than a year later, the Western Section of the Court of Appeals again applied the
newly-minted “personal, firsthand, direct knowledge” standard to disqualify a medical
expert proffered by the defendant hospital. Allen v. Methodist Healthcare Memphis Hosps.,
237 S.W.3d 293 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007). The Allen court stated:

       It is undisputed that Dr. VanHooydonk [defendant’s expert] practices in
       Nashville and not in Memphis. Dr. VanHooydonk . . . is a member of the

                                         -23-
       faculty at Vanderbilt, and all the hospitals at which he holds privileges are
       located in Nashville. However, the Hospital offered no evidence that
       Nashville is a community similar to Memphis.

       We accordingly turn to whether Dr. VanHooydonk demonstrated knowledge
       of the standard of care applicable to nurses in Memphis hospital practice for
       the purposes of § 29-26-115(a)(1). The Hospital asserts Dr. VanHooydonk
       demonstrated familiarity with the applicable standard of care where he testified
       that he has interacted with Memphis physicians and nurses at a number of
       medical lectures and where he taught a continuing medical education in
       Memphis on timely intervention in obstetrics. The Hospital asserts that Dr.
       VanHooydonk’s teaching experience regarding intervention in obstetrics
       makes him particularly qualified to testify in this matter. Although the
       Hospital arguably has shown that Dr. VanHooydonk’s credentials demonstrate
       knowledge of an optimum or national standard of care, we agree with Ms.
       Allen that the Hospital has failed to demonstrate knowledge of the standard of
       care in Memphis, or in a similar community, for the purposes of the statute.
       ....
       We likewise hold here that Dr. VanHooydonk’s discussions with Memphis
       physicians and nurses at medical lectures does not constitute personal
       knowledge of the standard of care applicable in Memphis under the
       section. We also hold that, although Dr. VanHooydonk’s teaching of
       continuing education classes in obstetric intervention implies knowledge of a
       national standard of care, it does not demonstrate knowledge of the standard
       of care in the Memphis community.

Allen, 237 S.W.3d at 296-97. The court vacated the trial court’s judgment entered pursuant
to a defense jury verdict and remanded for a new trial. Id.

        Two years after Allen, a panel of the Eastern Section of the Court of Appeals in
Farley v. Oak Ridge Med. Imaging, P.C., No. E2008-01731-COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL
2474742, at *10 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 13, 2009), declined to follow the “personal, firsthand,
direct knowledge” standard set forth in Eckler and Allen, stating:

      We do not believe Eckler went so far as to hold that the bridge of similarity
      from the community where the expert practices to the community where the
      defendant doctor practices, must all be built on personal, firsthand
      knowledge. There is just too much authority to the contrary that was not even
      discussed in Eckler.

                                            -24-
The Farley court then surveyed and reviewed earlier Tennessee cases where a medical
expert had, by various means, educated himself or herself on the characteristics of a
defendant’s medical community and was allowed to testify in a malpractice case, and
concluded:

       Based on the above review, we conclude that the holding in Eckler cannot be
       extrapolated to require that an expert’s comparison of a standard of care in a
       community in a contiguous state to a standard of care in the community of the
       alleged malpractice be made solely on the basis of personal knowledge. If the
       expert is otherwise qualified, it is enough if he or she is actually practicing in
       some community in a contiguous state, and “connects the dots” between the
       standard in that community and the community where the alleged malpractice
       occurred. . . . Referrals from and interaction with medical providers in
       neighboring communities, combined with “a comparison of information such
       as the size, location, and presence [or absence] of teaching hospitals in the two
       should suffice.

Id. at *11.

        Our review of Tennessee Code Annotated section 29-26-115 and pertinent Tennessee
case law since 1986 leads us to several conclusions. First, subsection (b) of Tennessee Code
Annotated section 29-26-115 sets forth the three requirements for an expert witness to be
competent to testify in a medical negligence case. The witness must be (1) “licensed to
practice in the state or a contiguous bordering state,” (2) “a profession or specialty which
would make the person’s expert testimony relevant to the issues in the case,” and (3)
must have “had practiced this profession or specialty in one . . . of these states during the
year preceding the date that the alleged injury or wrongful act occurred.” Therefore, the
only grounds for disqualifying a medical expert as incompetent to testify are (1) that the
witness was not licensed to practice in Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas,
Missouri, Kentucky, North Carolina, or Virginia; (2) that the witness was not licensed to
practice a profession or specialty that would make the person’s expert testimony relevant
to the issues in the case; or (3) that the witness did not practice this profession in one of
these states during the year preceding the date of the alleged injury or wrongful act. Tenn.
Code Ann. § 29-26-115(b).

      Subsection (a) of Tennessee Code Annotated section 29-26-115 sets forth the three
elements a plaintiff must establish to recover in a medical negligence action:

       (1) The recognized standard of acceptable professional practice in the
       profession and the specialty thereof, if any, that the defendant practices in the

                                          -25-
           community in which the defendant practices or in a similar community at the
           time the alleged injury or wrongful action occurred;
           (2) That the defendant acted with less than or failed to act with ordinary and
           reasonable care in accordance with such standard; and
           (3) As a proximate result of the defendant’s negligent act or omission, the
           plaintiff suffered injuries which would not otherwise have occurred.

The claimant in most medical negligence cases9 must provide expert testimony to establish
the required elements of subsection (a). Id.; Williams, 193 S.W.3d at 553; Stovall, 113
S.W.3d at 723; Robinson, 83 S.W.3d at 724.

       Subsections (a) and (b) serve two distinct purposes. Subsection (a) provides the
elements that must be proven in a medical negligence action and subsection (b) prescribes
who is competent to testify to satisfy the requirements of subsection (a). Therefore, when
determining whether a witness is competent to testify, the trial court should look to
subsection (b), not subsection (a).

        Any challenge to the admissibility of testimony from a medical expert who is
competent to testify under section 29-26-115(b) can be made based on the Tennessee Rules
of Evidence. In particular, Tennessee Rules of Evidence 702 and 703 are called into
play. Rule 702 provides that “[i]f scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will
substantially assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue,
a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may
testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise,” and Rule 703 provides:

           The facts or data in the particular case upon which an expert bases an opinion
           or inference may be those perceived by or made known to the expert at or
           before the hearing. If of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in the
           particular field in forming opinions or inferences upon the subject, the facts or
           data need not be admissible in evidence. Facts or data that are otherwise
           inadmissible shall not be disclosed to the jury by the proponent of the opinion
           or inference unless the court determines that their probative value in assisting
           the jury to evaluate the expert’s opinion substantially outweighs their
           prejudicial effect. The court shall disallow testimony in the form of an opinion
           or inference if the underlying facts or data indicate lack of trustworthiness.

       9
         The exception to this general rule, as already noted, is the “common knowledge” exception. See
Seavers, 9 S.W.3d at 92; Bowman, 547 S.W.2d at 530-31.

                                              -26-
In describing the function of Rules 702 and 703, we have stated

       that the preliminary question under Tenn. R. Evid. 104 is one of admissibility
       of the evidence. Once the evidence is admitted, it will thereafter be tested with
       the crucible of vigorous cross-examination and countervailing proof. After
       that occurs, a defendant may, of course, challenge the sufficiency of the
       evidence by moving for a directed verdict at the appropriate times. See Tenn.
       R. Civ. P. 50. Yet it is important to emphasize that the weight to be given to
       stated scientific theories, and the resolution of legitimate but competing
       scientific views, are matters appropriately entrusted to the trier of fact.

McDaniel v. CSX Transp., Inc., 955 S.W.2d 257, 265 (Tenn. 1997) (citation omitted). A
trial court should admit the testimony of a competent expert unless the party opposing the
expert’s testimony shows that it will not substantially assist the trier of fact or if the facts
or data on which the opinion is based are not trustworthy pursuant to Rules 702 and 703.

        In its role as a gatekeeper, the trial court is to determine (1) whether the witness
meets the competency requirements of Tennessee Code Annotated section 29-16-115(b)
and, (2) whether the witness’ testimony meets the admissibility requirements of Rules 702
and 703. The trial court is not to decide how much weight is to be given to the witness’
testimony. Once the minimum requirements are met, any questions the trial court may have
about the extent of the witness’s knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education pertain
only to the weight of the testimony, not to its admissibility. See Stovall, 113 S.W.3d at 725
(noting that arguments concerning a medical expert’s qualifications and competency to
testify “take issue primarily with [the expert’s] qualifications and the weight that should be
given his opinions. . . . [t]hese are issues for trial and not for summary judgment”) (emphasis
in original); Coyle, 822 S.W.2d at 600 (“The objection raised by the defendant [regarding
the expert’s qualifications and competency] goes more to the weight of the evidence rather
than to its admissibility”).

        In deciding a motion for summary judgment, the trial court does not weigh the
evidence, Martin, 271 S.W.3d at 87, but must accept the nonmoving party’s evidence as
true, id. at 84, and view both the evidence and all reasonable inferences that can be drawn
therefrom in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Giggers, 277 S.W.3d at 364;
Kelley, 133 S.W.3d at 596. A trial court’s failure to properly determine the expert’s
competency, the admissibility of the expert’s testimony, or its failure to view the expert’s
testimony in the light most favorable to the nonmovant is reversible error. Cf. Stovall, 113
S.W.3d at 721; Searle, 713 S.W.2d at 65 (reversing directed verdict); Bravo, 148 S.W.3d
at 363, 369; Wilson, 73 S.W.3d at 104; Church v. Perales, 39 S.W.3d 149, 166-67 (Tenn.

                                              -27-
Ct. App. 2000); Ledford, 742 S.W.2d at 648-49.10 A trial court’s decision to accept or
disqualify an expert medical witness is reviewed under the abuse of discretion standard. A
trial court abuses its discretion when it disqualifies a witness who meets the competency
requirements of section 29-16-115(b) and excludes testimony that meets the requirements
of Rule 702 and 703. Contrary to statements made in the dissent, Tennessee continues to
follow the majority rule and apply the abuse of discretion standard to decisions regarding
the admissibility of evidence. This standard remains unchanged by this opinion.

       Second, the locality rule requires that the claimant demonstrate “[t]he recognized
standard of acceptable professional practice . . . in the community in which the defendant
practices or in a similar community.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-26-115(a)(1). The statute does
not require a particular means or manner of proving what constitutes a “similar community,”
nor does it define that term. Principles of stare decisis compel us to adhere to the
requirement that a medical expert must demonstrate a modicum of familiarity with the
medical community in which the defendant practices or a similar community. Generally,
an expert’s testimony that he or she has reviewed and is familiar with pertinent statistical
information such as community size, hospital size, the number and type of medical facilities
in the community, and medical services or specialized practices available in the area; has
discussed with other medical providers in the pertinent community or a neighboring one
regarding the applicable standard of care relevant to the issues presented; or has visited the
community or hospital where the defendant practices, will be sufficient to establish the
expert’s testimony as relevant and probative to “substantially assist the trier of fact to
understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue” under Tennessee Rule of Evidence
702 in a medical malpractice case and to demonstrate that the facts on which the proffered
expert relies are trustworthy pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Evidence 703.

      Third, the “personal, firsthand, direct knowledge” standard set forth in Eckler and
Allen is too restrictive. There is substantial Tennessee precedent allowing experts to
become qualified by educating themselves by various means on the characteristics of a
Tennessee medical community. See Stovall, 113 S.W.3d at 723; Searle, 713 S.W.2d at 64-
65; Taylor, 231 S.W.3d at 368-71; Pullum v. Robinette, 174 S.W.3d 124, 132-33 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 2004); Bravo, 148 S.W.3d at 360-61; Ledford, 645 S.W.2d at 648. A proffered
medical expert is not required to demonstrate “firsthand” and “direct” knowledge 11 of a

       10
           See also Plunkett v. Bradley-Polk, No. E2008-00774-COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL 3126265, at *6, *8
(Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 30, 2009); Waterman v. Damp, No. M2005-01265-COA-R3-CV, 2006 WL 2872432,
at *7, *18 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 9, 2006); Travis v. Ferraracchio, No. M2003-00916-COA-R3-CV, 2005 WL
2277589, at *5-6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 19, 2005).
       11
            We note that, although there is nothing wrong with requiring an expert’s knowledge to be
                                                                                        (continued...)

                                                  -28-
medical community and the appropriate standard of medical care there in order to qualify
as competent to testify in a medical malpractice case. A proffered expert may educate
himself or herself on the characteristics of a medical community in order to provide
competent testimony in a variety of ways, including but not limited to reading reference
materials on pertinent statistical information such as community and/or hospital size and the
number and type of medical facilities in the area, conversing with other medical providers
in the pertinent community or a neighboring or similar one, visiting the community or
hospital where the defendant practices, or other means. We expressly reject the “personal,
firsthand, direct knowledge” standard formulated by the Court of Appeals in Eckler and
Allen.

       Fourth, in this case we do not adopt a national standard of care in medical malpractice
cases. Any change in the locality rule must come from the legislature, not the
judiciary. However, we recognize that in many instances the national standard is
representative of the local standard. Robinson, 83 S.W.3d at 724; see also Pullum, 174
S.W.3d at 129-30. A number of medical experts have testified in Tennessee cases that there
is either a uniform national standard of care or a standard pertinent to a broad geographic
area applicable to medical care providers. Examples of such testimony are found in Stovall,
113 S.W.3d at 719; Robinson, 83 S.W.3d at 721; Taylor, 231 S.W.3d at 371-72; Carpenter,
205 S.W.3d at 479-80; Pullum, 174 S.W.3d at 131-32; Kenyon, 122 S.W.3d at 762; Totty,
121 S.W.3d at 678; Wilson, 73 S.W.3d at 99; Mabon, 968 S.W.2d at 828; Coyle, 822
S.W.2d at 598; and Ayers, 689 S.W.2d at 159.12

       Therefore, expert medical testimony regarding a broader regional standard or a
national standard should not be barred, but should be considered as an element of the expert
witness’ knowledge of the standard of care in the same or similar community. Contrary to
statements made in the dissent, this recognition is neither a dilution nor a relaxation nor an
invitation of reliance on a national or regional standard of care. It is simply a common sense
recognition of the current modern state of medical training, certification, communication,
and information sharing technology, as demonstrated in the numerous instances of sworn
testimony offered by medical experts in the above-reviewed cases, as well as the thoughtful
analysis and discussion by courts in several other jurisdictions, that the consideration of such

         11
           (...continued)
“personal,” as a semantical matter such a requirement adds nothing to the analysis. Although philosophers
may debate the point, for legal and practical purposes all knowledge possessed by a person, however
obtained, is “personal” knowledge.
        12
          See also Johnson v. Richardson, 337 S.W.3d 816 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2010); Farley, 2009 WL
2474742, at *12; Travis, 2005 WL 2277589, at *9; Sandlin v. Univ. Med. Ctr., No. M2001-00679-COA-R3-
CV, 2002 WL 1677716, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 25, 2002).

                                                  -29-
testimony is justified. See, e.g., Shilkret v. Annapolis Emer. Hosp. Ass’n, 349 A.2d 245
(Md. 1975); Brune v. Belinkoff, 235 N.E.2d 793 (Mass. 1968); Hall v. Hilbun, 466 So. 2d
856 (Miss. 1985).

      Only after a medical expert witness has sufficiently established his or her familiarity
with the standard of care in the same or similar community as the defendant, may the
witness testify that there is a national standard of medical care to which members of his or
her profession and/or specialty must adhere. This testimony, coupled with the expert’s
explanation of why the national standard applies under the circumstances, is permissible and
pertinent to support the expert’s opinion on the standard of care. The mere mention of a
national standard of care should not disqualify an expert from testifying. However, an
expert may not rely solely on a bare assertion of the existence of an applicable national
standard of care in order for his or her proffered testimony to be admissible under Rules of
Evidence 702 and 703.

       In summary, (1) at the summary judgment stage of the proceedings, trial courts should
not weigh the evidence but must view the testimony of a qualified expert proffered by the
nonmoving party in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. (2) A claimant is
required to prove the “[t]he recognized standard of acceptable professional practice . . . in
the community in which the defendant practices or in a similar community.” Tenn. Code
Ann. § 29-26-115(a)(1). The medical expert or experts used by the claimant to satisfy this
requirement must demonstrate some familiarity with the medical community in which the
defendant practices, or a similar community, in order for the expert’s testimony to be
admissible under Rules 702 and 703. Generally, a competent expert’s testimony that he or
she has reviewed and is familiar with pertinent statistical information such as community
size, hospital size, the number and type of medical facilities in the community, and medical
services or specialized practices available in the area; has had discussions with other
medical providers in the pertinent community or a neighboring one regarding the applicable
standard of care relevant to the issues presented; or has visited the community or hospital
where the defendant practices, will be sufficient to establish the expert’s testimony as
admissible. (3) A medical expert is not required to demonstrate “firsthand” and “direct”
knowledge of a medical community and the appropriate standard of medical care there in
order to qualify as competent to testify in a medical malpractice case. A proffered expert
may educate himself or herself on the characteristics of a medical community in a variety
of ways, as we have already noted. (4) In addition to testimony indicating a familiarity with
the local standard of care, a medical expert may testify that there is a broad regional standard
or a national standard of medical care to which members of his or her profession and/or
specialty must adhere, coupled with the expert’s explanation of why the regional or national
standard applies under the circumstances.

                                             -30-
              Qualification of Expert Witnesses Dr. Rerych and Dr. Shaw

       We now turn to an application of the above-discussed principles to the testimony of
the two proffered medical experts in the present case, Dr. Rerych and Dr. Shaw. Dr.
Rerych’s curriculum vitae was included in the record. Dr. Rerych has been licensed to
practice medicine in North Carolina since 1986 and has practiced in Asheville as a general,
vascular and noncardiac thoracic surgeon since 1988. He is board-certified in general
surgery. Dr. Rerych testified that he had traveled to Nashville to testify as a medical expert
once or twice before, and had testified in the Tennessee Tri-Cities area on one previous
occasion. According to Dr. Rerych’s testimony, he had been previously qualified to provide
medical expert testimony in Tennessee and did so testify on two or three earlier
occasions. Dr. Rerych testified that he had traveled to Nashville on several occasions and
once toured one of the community hospitals there. He also testified that he reviewed
demographic information about Nashville, Davidson County, the hospitals and medical
facilities in Nashville, and Summit Medical Center where Dr. Williams practices, which he
considered in forming his opinion that Asheville is a similar community to Nashville “as it
applies to the facts and circumstances of this case,” although he also admitted he did not do
any research on and was not familiar with the characteristics of Summit Hospital.

      During his deposition, Dr. Rerych and defense counsel engaged in a semantical battle
typical in a medical malpractice case where defense counsel tries to elicit testimony that will
support an argument that the expert relied on a national standard of care, and where the
expert may genuinely believe in an applicable national standard under the circumstances but
is concerned that saying so will result in his disqualification:

      Q: Do you know if [Summit Hospital is] at all similar to the hospital in your
           community?
      A: It most likely is.
      Q: How do you know that?
      A: How do I know that? Because I’ve been to that area before, and in
           addition we have the same I wouldn’t say overall systems, but the
           hospitals are the same. We have acute beds. We have general surgeons
           and so on who take care of these patients who come through.
      ....
      Q: Do you have an opinion as to whether or not the standard of care
           in Asheville, North Carolina, is the same or similar to the standard of care
           in Nashville or Hermitage, Tennessee?
      A: It is.
      ....
      Q: How do you know that? What’s the basis for that opinion?

                                         -31-
A: I’ve been there before in terms of the Nashville vicinity, and I’ve testified
     in Nashville.
Q: I know you’ve testified there, but what’s the basis for your opinion that
     you see the same number of patients?
A: Not the same number. It might be different numbers. But they’re similar
     communities.
Q: How are they similar?
A: We see the same types of patients.
Q: How do you know that?
A: Because Crohn’s disease I see here. Ulcerative colitis I see here. That’s
     how I know. I mean that was not the case of an exotic problem.
....
Q: Would you say the standard of care is the same all over the United States
     for surgery?
A: Not necessarily, no. But the bottom line is we’re looking at similar
     communities.
Q: Well, how are the communities of Nashville and Asheville the same?
A: We see the same patients. The medical doctors are similar in terms of
     their training and experience.
Q: You don’t have any firsthand knowledge of practicing medicine in
     Hermitage or Nashville, do you?
A: I don’t have any firsthand knowledge, but on the other hand, medicine is
     medicine; diseases are diseases; training is similar.
Q: Medicine is medicine. So you’re saying the standard of care is the same
     in Columbus, Ohio, as it is in Asheville, North Carolina?
A: I’m saying that there [are] standards of care which are similar, governed
     by similar training, similar experience, similar education in similar
     communities.
Q: Regardless of where you are?
A: That’s correct. But not a national standard of care. I’m not going to get
     off into that stuff.
....
Q: Well, would you agree that the standard of care in Sacramento, California,
     is the same as Asheville, North Carolina?
A: Given the similar circumstances, perhaps.
....
Q: Okay. And the question is do you believe that the standard of care in
     Sacramento, California, is the same as that in Asheville, North Carolina?
A: I don’t understand your question.
....

                                  -32-
      Q: What is the basis for you having knowledge as to the standard of care in
         Sacramento, California?
      A: Sacramento, California, has nothing to do with this case. I don’t want to
         answer that question.
      Q: Well, I’m going to ask for sanctions.

We have carefully reviewed Dr. Rerych’s testimony and credentials and conclude that Dr.
Rerych sufficiently established his familiarity with the recognized standard of acceptable
professional practice in the community in which the defendant practices or in a similar
community. Consequently, the trial court erred in holding him disqualified to render an
expert medical opinion in this case.

      Regarding Dr. Shaw’s testimony and qualifications, the Court of Appeals stated only
the following:

      The trial court first found that Dr. Shaw, an emergency room physician, failed
      to meet the requirements of Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-26-115 since he did not
      practice the appropriate speciality, i.e., surgery. Based upon the abuse of
      discretion standard, we cannot disagree that an emergency room physician’s
      opinion is not helpful in determining whether a surgeon committed malpractice.

Shipley, 2009 WL 2486199, at *5. This statement appears to comport with reason and
common sense on its face, and we would be inclined to agree if the issues in this case
pertained to surgery. But Tennessee Code Annotated section 29-26-115(b) provides that
“[n]o person in a health care profession requiring licensure . . . shall be competent to testify
. . . unless the person was licensed to practice in the state or a contiguous bordering state a
profession or specialty which would make the person’s expert testimony relevant to the
issues in the case . . .” (Emphasis added).

      Our courts have recognized on a number of occasions that section 29-26-115
“contains no requirement that the witness practice the same specialty as the
defendant.” Searle, 713 S.W.2d at 65 (holding that the witness was competent to testify
regarding “the applicable standards of surgeons in the prevention and treatment of surgical
wound infections . . . even though he was not himself a surgeon”); Cardwell v. Bechtol, 724
S.W.2d 739, 751 (Tenn. 1987) (statute does not require witness to practice same specialty
as defendant, but “the witness must demonstrate sufficient familiarity with the standard of
care and the testimony must be probative of the issue involved”); Pullum, 174 S.W.3d at
142; Church, 39 S.W.3d at 166 n.17; Ledford, 742 S.W.2d at 647. Consequently, courts
must look carefully at the particular issues presented in the case to determine if an expert
practices a profession or specialty that would make the expert’s testimony relevant to those

                                             -33-
 issues. In this case, Dr. Shaw, a physician board-certified in emergency medicine who had
 practiced medicine for 33 years, testified that he was familiar with the standard of care
 applicable to a surgeon for the limited area of the standard of communication between a
 referring doctor and an emergency room doctor, and the apportionment of responsibility for
 deciding whether the patient should be admitted, and how, when, and by whom a patient
 should receive follow-up care. As noted, the issues in this case regarding allegations of Dr.
 Williams’ negligence do not pertain to surgery performed by Dr. Williams or related
 surgical care, but rather whether Dr. Williams provided appropriate and timely follow-up
 care under the circumstances presented, including Mrs. Shipley’s medical condition at the
 time she presented to the emergency room the first time. Dr. Shaw was thus qualified to
 testify as an expert because his testimony was probative and relevant to the issues and
 allegations presented in Mrs. Shipley’s lawsuit.13

                                                 Conclusion

        We reverse the trial court’s judgment that Dr. Rerych and Dr. Shaw were not qualified
 to render expert medical opinions pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated section 29-26-
 115. Regarding Mrs. Shipley’s claim based on failure to admit to the hospital on November
 18, 2001, Dr. Williams successfully affirmatively negated an element of that claim – breach
 of the applicable standard of care – by pointing to the testimony of Drs. Rerych and Shaw
 that the failure to admit was not a breach of the appropriate standard of care. We reverse
 the judgment of the Court of Appeals in part and reinstate summary judgment in Dr.
 Williams’ favor on the failure to admit claim. Because Dr. Williams failed to either
 affirmatively negate an essential element of Mrs. Shipley’s remaining claims, or show that
 Mrs. Shipley cannot prove an essential element of her claims at trial, the burden did not shift
 to Mrs. Shipley to demonstrate a genuine issue of material fact, and summary judgment in
 Dr. Williams’ favor was improperly granted. We therefore vacate the court’s order granting
 summary judgment and remand the case for trial. Costs on appeal are assessed to the
 appellant, Dr. Robin Williams.

                                                    _________________________
                                                    SHARON G. LEE, JUSTICE

        13
           Although there is no indication in the record or the trial court’s order that it found Dr. Shaw to be
disqualified because of the locality rule, we note that Dr. Shaw’s testimony was sufficient to establish his
familiarity with the recognized standard of acceptable professional practice in Nashville or a similar
community under the principles and standards discussed herein.

                                                      -34-