Court Opinion

ID: 7803350
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-08-24 20:00:38.899145+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:29:37.615165
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       AUG 24 2022
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

GW GRUNDBESITZ AG,                              No.    21-16419

                Plaintiff-Appellee,             D.C. No.
                                                2:20-cv-00572-JAD-BNW
 v.

A. INVESTMENTS, LLC; LEZLIE GUNN,               MEMORANDUM*

                Defendants-Appellants.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                             for the District of Nevada
                   Jennifer A. Dorsey, District Judge, Presiding

                       Argued and Submitted June 24, 2022
                              Pasadena, California

Before: KLEINFELD, MILLER, and COLLINS, Circuit Judges.

      Hans-Peter Wild agreed to pay Lezlie Gunn roughly $2.8 million for several

parcels of land located in Germany and owned by Gunn’s limited liability

company, A. Investments. Wild’s company, HP Wild Holding AG, wired the $2.8

million purchase money to A. Investments, but Gunn refused to authorize the land

transfer. Nevertheless, she kept the money to satisfy debts that she said Wild owed

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
her under a settlement agreement. HP Wild Holding assigned its legal rights from

the property transaction to GW Grundbesitz AG, which then sued A. Investments

and Gunn in her capacity as its trustee (collectively, “A. Investments”) for unjust

enrichment. A German court ordered A. Investments to return the money, and an

appellate court affirmed.

      Grundbesitz sought recognition of the German judgment under Nevada’s

codification of the Uniform Foreign-Country Money Judgments Recognition Act

(“UFCMJRA”), and the district court entered summary judgment in Grundbesitz’s

favor. Nev. Rev. Stat. §§ 17.700 to 17.820. A. Investments now appeals. The

district court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332, and we have jurisdiction

under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Reviewing de novo, we affirm. See Naoko Ohno v. Yuko

Yasuma, 723 F.3d 984, 1002 (9th Cir. 2013).

      1.     A. Investments has not met its burden to show that a mandatory or

permissive exception to recognition exists. Under the Act, a court must refuse to

recognize a judgment if “[t]he foreign court did not have jurisdiction over the

subject matter.” Nev. Rev. Stat. § 17.750(2)(c). A. Investments argues that Gunn’s

settlement agreement with Wild contains a forum-selection clause that deprived

German courts of jurisdiction. Specifically, the clause provides that “[t]his

Agreement shall be enforced in accordance with the laws of the State of Nevada, in

the United States of America.” Even assuming that the provision governs here, it

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specifies only a choice of law. The phrase “in the United States of America” is

simply a specification of what the reference to “the State of Nevada” means; it

does not designate a particular forum. Cf. Galardi v. Naples Polaris, LLC, 301

P.3d 364, 366 (Nev. 2013). For similar reasons, the German proceeding was not

“contrary to an agreement between the parties” to resolve disputes in a specific

forum. See Nev. Rev. Stat. § 17.750(3)(e).

      In addition, A. Investments did not establish that Grundbesitz obtained the

German judgment through extrinsic fraud. Nev. Rev. Stat. § 17.750(3)(b); see also

UFCMJRA § 4, cmt. 7. A. Investments contends that HP Wild Holding assigned its

rights to Grundbesitz in a “sham” transaction that A. Investments could not contest

because it did not know of the assignment until “much later.” But the record

reflects that A. Investments disputed the validity of the assignment in the German

court. To the extent that A. Investments asserts that it was unable to prove fraud

because Germany does not generally allow pretrial discovery, that is an objection

to the German system of civil procedure, not to the actions of Grundbesitz.

      2.     Even assuming that A. Investments’s additional defenses of setoff and

contractual indemnity may be asserted in an action for recognition of a foreign

judgment, they fail on the merits. A. Investments and Grundbesitz are not

“mutually indebted parties,” so the doctrine of setoff does not apply. See Aviation

Ventures, Inc. v. Joan Morris, Inc., 110 P.3d 59, 64 (Nev. 2005). The settlement

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agreement references the obligations of Wild’s “estate,” but that does not raise a

question of fact as to whether Grundbesitz owes a debt to A. Investments. “Estate”

in the agreement refers to the property Wild will leave behind when he dies;

because he is still alive, he has no estate, and Grundbesitz cannot be a part of it.

      A. Investments does not have the right to enforce the indemnity provision as

a third-party beneficiary because the provision does not “create a direct obligation

in [its] favor.” See Clark Cnty. v. Bonanza No. 1, 615 P.2d 939, 943 (Nev. 1980).

Indemnification agreements must be construed strictly, see George L. Brown Ins. v.

Star Ins. Co., 237 P.3d 92, 97 (Nev. 2010), and we reject A. Investments’s

invitation to read the provision more broadly.

      AFFIRMED.

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