Court Opinion

ID: 9364645
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-19 21:00:30.446865+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:39.610535
License: Public Domain

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                                              PUBLISHED

                              UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

                                               No. 19-4178

        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                    Plaintiff – Appellee,

        v.

        GEORGE DARRIN FOWLER,

                    Defendant - Appellant.

        Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina, at
        Greenville. Timothy M. Cain, District Judge. (6:16−cr−00603−TMC−1)

        Argued: December 9, 2022                                      Decided: January 18, 2023

        Before WILKINSON, NIEMEYER, and KING, Circuit Judges.

        Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Wilkinson wrote the opinion, in which Judge
        Niemeyer and Judge King joined.

        ARGUED: William Wharton Watkins, Sr., WILLIAM R. WATKINS, PA, Columbia,
        South Carolina, for Appellant. Andrew R. de Holl, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES
        ATTORNEY, Charleston, South Carolina, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Miller W. Shealy,
        Jr., MILLER SHEALY LAW FIRM, Charleston, South Carolina, for Appellant. Corey F.
        Ellis, United States Attorney, Adair F. Boroughs, United States Attorney, OFFICE OF
        THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Columbia, South Carolina, for Appellee.
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        WILKINSON, Circuit Judge:

               George Darrin Fowler pled guilty to two federal weapons charges after local law

        enforcement executed a search warrant at his residence and discovered a multitude of

        firearms, ammunition, and drugs. The district court sentenced Fowler to 117 months’

        imprisonment, at the lowest end of his advisory Sentencing Guidelines range. Fowler’s

        appellate counsel initially filed a brief pursuant to Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738

        (1967). We ordered supplemental briefing and oral argument on two issues– (1) whether

        the district court plainly erred in assigning one criminal history point to Fowler’s criminal

        domestic violence offense; and (2) whether the district court adequately explained its

        rejection of Fowler’s nonfrivolous arguments for a downward departure or variance. For

        the reasons that follow, we affirm the judgment of the district court.

                                                     I.

                                                     A.

               After a confidential informant purchased methamphetamine from Fowler during a

        controlled-buy operation, the Greenville County Sheriff’s Office executed a search warrant

        at Fowler’s residence on July 27, 2016. In total, officers recovered 21 firearms, a

        muzzleloader, one gram of methamphetamine, 20 grams of marijuana, and over 600 rounds

        of assorted ammunition. Fowler was interviewed that same day and confessed that the guns

        and drugs were his, that he had been selling methamphetamine for a year, and that he had

        obtained some of the firearms as payment for drugs.

               A federal grand jury then charged Fowler with (1) possession with intent to

        distribute methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 841(b)(1)(C)

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        (Count 1); (2) possession of firearms and ammunition by a convicted felon, in violation of

        18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1), 924(a)(2), and 924(e) (Count 2); and (3) possession of firearms in

        furtherance of a drug trafficking crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A) (Count 3).

        Fowler pled guilty without a plea agreement to Counts 2 and 3. The government voluntarily

        dismissed Count 1.

               Following his plea, a probation officer assembled Fowler’s presentence report

        (PSR), determining that Fowler had two prior adjudications that earned criminal history

        points. First was Fowler’s 2003 conviction for South Carolina second-degree burglary and

        petty larceny, which earned three points pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(a). Second was a

        2013 South Carolina criminal domestic violence (CDV) offense, for which a state court

        directed Fowler to participate in an “Addcare 26 Week Program,” a domestic violence

        intervention program. Little else about the offense was listed in the PSR. It stated instead

        that “[a]ttorney representation and facts of the offense are unknown due to a ticket being

        issued.” Joint App’x (J.A.) Vol. II at 11. The probation officer assigned Fowler one point

        for this offense, however, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(c).

               These previous adjudications resulted in a Criminal History Category III, with the

        point assigned to the CDV offense moving Fowler up from a Criminal History Category

        II. Overall, with this score and other offense-level adjustments, including a four-level

        enhancement for the number of firearms recovered, Fowler’s advisory guidelines range

        was 117 to 131 months imprisonment: 57–71 months for Count 2, plus a statutorily-

        required 60 months for Count 3, to run consecutively.

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               Fowler’s counsel objected initially only to certain offense-level issues in the PSR.

        But in a supplemental memorandum in support of a downward departure or variance,

        Fowler’s counsel urged the district court to impose a lesser sentence. Counsel argued that

        the guidelines range of 57 to 71 months for Count 2 overstated the seriousness of Fowler’s

        culpable conduct, believing that a range of 41 to 51 months was more appropriate. Counsel

        argued that instead of imposing a sentence in that range, Fowler should receive a five-year

        sentence for Count 2 to run concurrently with the mandatory minimum five-year sentence

        for Count 3.

               In support of this request, counsel first argued that the court should depart

        downward to Criminal History Category II because Category III overstated the seriousness

        of Fowler’s criminal history. He believed that the CDV offense “should not be counted due

        to [Fowler’s] court-ordered attendance of an Addcare Program in lieu of incarceration, and

        due to the lack of information available regarding attorney representation and the facts of

        the offense.” J.A. Vol. II at 28. Counsel explicitly stated, however, that “[t]he inadequacy

        of the information limit[ed] [Fowler’s] ability to challenge the conviction’s eligibility to

        be counted for Guideline purposes.” Id.

               Counsel made additional arguments to support a downward departure or variance.

        He argued that the base offense level of 24 for Count 2 overstated the defendant’s

        culpability and the offense conduct, observing that (1) several of the recovered firearms

        were military firearms and family heirlooms that were likely inoperable; (2) Fowler had

        not obtained the firearms through an illegal gun market; (3) one firearm belonged to

        Fowler’s wife; and (4) most, if not all, of the firearms were not easily accessible. Moreover,

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        in support of his request for concurrent sentences, counsel believed that imposing

        consecutive sentences would subject Fowler “to disproportionate punishment,” as Fowler

        had not “engaged in separate and distinct criminal acts that gave rise to [both charges]”

        since both Count 2 and 3 had “possession” as an element and the only thing distinguishing

        them was Fowler’s prior felony conviction. Id. at 31.

               Finally, counsel argued that other circumstances existed to support a variance from

        the 57 to 71 months range for Count 2. These included: (1) Fowler suffers from a drug

        addiction and would benefit from rehabilitation; (2) Fowler had a troubled childhood and

        early adulthood; (3) Fowler had significant familial responsibilities due to his wife having

        crippling rheumatoid arthritis; (4) Fowler had strong support from family and friends; and

        (5) Fowler acknowledged the wrongfulness of his conduct.

                                                     B.

               At sentencing, the district court confirmed that it had reviewed the plea hearing, the

        PSR, and defense counsel’s sentencing memoranda. Fowler’s counsel withdrew all of his

        objections to the PSR and instead sought to rely solely on his variance motion. As a result,

        the district court adopted the factual findings set forth in the PSR, which included Fowler’s

        conviction for CDV.

               The government urged the district court to impose a within-Guidelines sentence.

        Fowler’s counsel requested that the district court vary downward and impose a 60-month

        sentence. Counsel recited the main points from his earlier motion, adding an argument

        about Fowler’s attempted cooperation with the government.

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               After listening to counsel’s argument on Fowler’s behalf, and after hearing from

        Fowler and his wife, the district court considered the variance motion. The court rejected

        Fowler’s argument that he was a mere innocent collector of firearms. The court explained

        that it understood Fowler “liked collecting these firearms,” but it observed that he also “had

        a bunch of ammunition.” J.A. Vol. I at 18. The court additionally reminded Fowler that he

        had previously admitted, and the PSR reflected, that Fowler “had been selling for

        methamphetamine for about a year and that some of the firearms were obtained on trades

        for drugs.” Id. at 20.

               The district court confirmed that it had “considered all of the information presented

        [at the hearing] and the arguments of counsel.” Id. at 21. It then considered the sentencing

        factors listed in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). The court observed that Fowler’s criminal history

        began in 1988 and that he had been convicted of many different crimes, even if most did

        not earn criminal history points. The court found that Fowler “clearly” has “a drug

        problem.” Id. at 23. Addressing the seriousness of the offense, the district court found that

        the government had “a legitimate and compelling interest in preventing this type of activity,

        including drug activity and possession of firearms and ammunition by convicted felons,”

        as “there [was] an increased opportunity for violence and injury” when “there [was] a mix

        of drugs and firearms.” Id. at 23–24. The court also found that Fowler’s “conduct in this

        case and the serious nature of these offenses and his prior criminal history reflect[ed] some

        lack of respect for the law.” Id. at 24. It further remarked that Fowler’s “involvement with

        the criminal justice system ha[d] failed to deter him from committing serious offenses” and

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        expressed “hope[] that the sentence imposed” would “impact him in a positive way so as

        to deter future criminal conduct on his part.” Id.

               The district court confirmed that it had “carefully reviewed” counsel’s motions for

        a downward departure or variance, but said that it was “going to respectfully deny those

        motions based on the totality of the circumstances and the application of the [§] 3553(a)

        factors . . . .” Id. at 24. Specifically, the court cited “the nature and circumstances of the

        offense, the history and characteristics of [Fowler], and the need for the sentence to reflect

        the seriousness of the offense, promote respect for the law, provide just punishment,

        promote adequate deterrence to future criminal conduct, and protect the public from further

        crimes of [Fowler].” Id. at 24–25.

               The district court sentenced Fowler to 117 months’ imprisonment: 57 months for

        Count 2 plus 60 months for Count 3. This was the lowest end of Fowler’s advisory

        guidelines range. The court advised Fowler of his right to appeal and asked if there were

        “any substantive or procedural errors or omissions to be brought to the attention of the

        [c]ourt . . . .” Id. at 26–27. Fowler’s counsel and the government had no objections. Id. at

        27.

                                                      C.

               After the district court entered its judgment, Fowler’s trial counsel failed to timely

        appeal. Thereafter, Fowler filed a 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion arguing, among other points,

        that counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to file an appeal after Fowler directed

        him to do so. The district court then granted the motion, vacated its original judgment, and

        reinstated that judgment so that Fowler could file an appeal.

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               Fowler was provided appellate counsel, who subsequently filed an Anders brief,

        believing that there were no meritorious grounds to appeal Fowler’s conviction and

        sentence. Counsel did suggest that the district court erred in refusing to grant Fowler’s

        request for a downward departure or variance. Fowler then filed a pro se brief. 1 The

        government declined to file a responsive brief.

               After conducting our review pursuant to Anders, we sought supplemental briefing

        to address whether the district court (1) plainly erred in assigning one criminal history point

        to Fowler’s CDV offense; and (2) failed to adequately explain why it rejected Fowler’s

        nonfrivolous arguments for a downward departure or variance in the sentence rendered. 2

        After this court received the requested supplemental briefing, we ordered more detailed

        briefing asking whether the government had the burden of establishing that Fowler’s

        sentence of participation in the Addcare domestic violence program counted as a “sentence

        previously imposed upon adjudication of guilt” under U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(a)(1), and if so,

               1
                 Fowler filed two additional pro se supplemental briefs months after the deadline
        and without seeking leave from this court. We decline to consider them. See United States
        v. Cheeseboro, 757 F. App’x 224, 226 (4th Cir. 2018) (denying motion for leave to file
        supplemental pro se brief in an Anders case because defendant filed it after deadline and
        did not attach proposed brief). Even if we were to formally consider these untimely briefs,
        we believe the arguments raised to be without merit.
               2
                 After this court ordered its first round of supplemental briefing from appellate
        counsel, Fowler again filed a pro se brief without seeking leave from this court. Since his
        appellate counsel filed a supplemental merits brief as we directed, we decline to consider
        the arguments raised in Fowler’s pro se brief. United States v. Cohen, 888 F.3d 667, 682
        (4th Cir. 2018) (“[A]n appellant who is represented by counsel has no right to file pro se
        briefs or raise additional substantive issues in an appeal.”). Even if we were to formally
        consider these additional arguments, see id. at 682, we believe them to be without merit.

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        whether the government met that burden. We also granted Fowler’s motion to relieve his

        appellate counsel but denied a pending motion to proceed pro se. New counsel was

        appointed for the second round of supplemental briefing and oral argument.

                                                      II.

               We find no reversible error in this case. As a general proposition, this court reviews

        a criminal sentence for reasonableness “under a deferential abuse-of-discretion standard.”

        United States v. Williams, 5 F.4th 500, 505 (4th Cir. 2021). “Reasonableness review has

        procedural and substantive components.” United States v. Mendoza-Mendoza, 597 F.3d

        212, 216 (4th Cir. 2010). Procedural reasonableness requires us to “ensure that the district

        court committed no significant procedural error,” which includes “improperly

        calculating . . . the Guidelines range.” United States v. Strieper, 666 F.3d 288, 292 (4th Cir.

        2012) (internal quotation marks omitted). Any claim of error that was not pursued and

        preserved in the district court is reviewed only for plain error. United States v. Olano, 507

        U.S. 725, 731–37 (1993).

                                                     III.

               We begin with Fowler’s CDV offense. Fowler’s PSR assessed one criminal history

        point for his CDV conviction and sentence of participation in the Addcare 26-Week

        Program, which resulted in an overall Criminal History Category III. Fowler argues that

        the district court erred in assigning this point, as the government did not prove that Fowler’s

        sentence was “previously imposed upon adjudication of guilt, whether by guilty plea, trial

        or plea of nolo contendere.” U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(a)(1). Fowler did not specifically object to

        the assignment of this point at his sentencing. He even went as far as to withdraw all factual

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        objections to the PSR, J.A. Vol. I at 7–8, and thus plain error review controls. See United

        States v. Robinson, 744 F.3d 293, 298 (4th Cir. 2014); Order, United States v. Fowler, No.

        19-4178, ECF No. 39 (4th Cir. Feb. 4, 2022) (ordering supplemental briefing under plain

        error review).

               Therefore, Fowler must show that: (1) assignment of this additional criminal history

        point was error; (2) the error was plain; and (3) the error affected his substantial rights,

        which generally means that there must be “a reasonable probability that, but for the error,

        the outcome of the proceeding would have been different.” Rosales-Mireles v. United

        States, --- U.S. ----, 138 S. Ct. 1897, 1904–05 (2018) (internal quotation marks omitted).

        If Fowler carries this burden, we “may grant relief if” we conclude “that the error had a

        serious effect on the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Greer

        v. United States, --- U.S. ----, 141 S. Ct. 2090, 2096–97 (2021) (internal quotation marks

        omitted). As the Supreme Court has admonished, “[s]atisfying all four prongs of the plain-

        error test is difficult.” Id. at 2097 (internal quotation marks omitted).

                                                      A.

               The Sentencing Guidelines’ criminal history provisions assign a specified number

        of criminal history points for each of a defendant’s prior sentences. A “prior sentence of

        imprisonment” exceeding thirteen months earns three points, U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(a), whereas

        a “prior sentence of imprisonment” between 60 days and thirteen months gets two points,

        id., § 4A1.1(b). The guidelines also assign one criminal history point for any “prior

        sentence” of less than 60 days. Id., § 4A1.1(c). The term “prior sentence” is defined as “any

        sentence previously imposed upon adjudication of guilt, whether by guilty plea, trial, or

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        plea of nolo contendere, for conduct not part of the instant offense.” Id., § 4A1.2(a)(1); see

        also United States v. Martinez-Melgar, 591 F.3d 733, 737 (4th Cir. 2010).

               The Sentencing Guidelines provide also that only some diversionary dispositions

        may be counted as a “prior sentence” under Section 4A1.1(c). “Diversion from the judicial

        process without a finding of guilt” does not count as a prior sentence. U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(f).

        But a “diversionary disposition resulting from a finding or admission of guilt, or a plea of

        nolo contendere, in a judicial proceeding is counted as a sentence under § 4A1.2(c) even if

        a conviction is not formally entered[.]” Id. The commentary to § 4A1.2 spells this out more

        explicitly: a diversionary disposition qualifies as a “prior sentence” only if it results from

        “a judicial determination of guilt or an admission of guilt in open court.” Id., § 4A1.2, cmt.

        9. “[A]dding a criminal history point where there has been a prior adjudication of guilt

        reflects a policy that defendants who receive the benefit of a rehabilitative sentence and

        continue to commit crimes should not be treated with further leniency.” United States v.

        Miller, 992 F.3d 322, 326 (4th Cir. 2021) (internal quotation marks omitted).

                                                     B.

               Fowler argues that the district court improperly relied on the PSR in assigning one

        criminal history point because the government failed to prove that his CDV conviction was

        “previously imposed upon adjudication of guilt, whether by guilty plea, trial, or plea of

        nolo contendere.” U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(a)(1). It is true that limited information existed in the

        PSR about the CDV offense, and that the PSR stated the “facts of the [CDV] offense are

        unknown due to a ticket being issued.” J.A. Vol. II at 10. We need not go as far as Fowler

        suggests, however.

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               As this court has held in the sentencing context, the “defendant has an affirmative

        duty to make a showing that the information in the presentence report is unreliable, and

        articulate the reasons why the facts contained therein are untrue or inaccurate.” United

        States v. Terry, 916 F.2d 157, 162 (4th Cir. 1990). Without such a showing, “the

        government meets its burden of proving those facts by a preponderance of the evidence,

        and the district court is free to adopt the findings of the presentence report without more

        specific inquiry or explanation.” United States v. Revels, 455 F.3d 448, 451 n.2 (4th Cir.

        2006) (internal quotation marks omitted).

               Fowler made no such showing; instead, he withdrew all objections about the PSR

        to rely on his arguments in favor of a downward departure or variance. Indeed, at oral

        argument, Fowler’s counsel conceded that trial counsel affirmatively waived any objection

        to the PSR. Oral Arg. at 29:11; see also Robinson, 744 F.3d at 298–99 (“[W]hen a claim is

        waived, it is not reviewable on appeal, even for plain error.”). Regardless of how this

        admission is characterized, the outcome is the same. The district court correctly accepted

        the “undisputed portion of the presentence report as a finding of fact,” Fed. R. Crim. P.

        32(i)(3)(A), which included the fact of Fowler’s conviction for CDV.

               Fowler “stands in the best position to offer a first-hand account of the details of his

        own past legal proceedings[.]” United States v. Collins, 415 F.3d 304, 316 (4th Cir. 2005)

        (internal quotation marks omitted). This includes whether his conviction for CDV resulted

        from a finding or admission of guilt or a nolo contendere plea. This requirement reflects a

        general principle of adversarial litigation: “If a litigant believes that an error has occurred

        (to his detriment) during a federal judicial proceeding, he must object in order to preserve

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        the issue.” Puckett v. United States, 556 U.S. 129, 134 (2009). Since Fowler failed to object

        to the PSR’s inclusion of his CDV conviction, we find no error by the district court in

        adopting it.

                                                       C.

               Even assuming arguendo that it was somehow error for the district court to adopt

        the PSR without more evidence showing Fowler’s CDV offense resulted from an

        admission of guilt, that error is anything but plain. On appeal, the government provided

        this court with a “printout from the Greenville County Public Index, a web site of court

        records maintained by the South Carolina Judicial Branch, of information regarding

        Fowler’s CDV case.” Government Suppl. Br. I at 12, n.5. This printout lists “Guilty Bench

        Trial” as the disposition of the offense, and “Addcare 26 week Batterer’s Intervention

        Program” as the sentence. Id., Add. 1. This information demonstrates that Fowler’s “prior

        sentence” for his CDV conviction was accompanied by an adjudication of guilt.

               While appellate courts are normally bound to information contained within the

        record, “[w]e may take judicial notice of facts outside the record where the fact may not be

        reasonably disputed and is ‘relevant and critical to the matter on appeal.’” United States v.

        Townsend, 886 F.3d 441, 444 (4th Cir. 2018) (quoting Colonial Penn Ins. Co. v. Coil, 887

        F.2d 1236, 1239 (4th Cir. 1989)). Indeed, we have previously found that the “most frequent

        use of judicial notice of ascertainable facts is in noticing the content of court records.”

        Colonial Penn Ins. Co,, 887 F.2d at 1239 (internal quotation marks omitted). But a

        “judicially noticed fact must be one not subject to reasonable dispute in that it is . . . capable

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        of accurate and ready determination by resort to sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably

        be questioned.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted) (alteration in original).

               Fowler’s counsel argued that this court should ignore the government’s printout

        because (1) it is not a Shepard document 3 and (2) it is unreliable. We disagree. We have

        held that “Shepard establishes which documents we may review when applying the

        modified categorical approach, but it does not limit courts in deciding whether a conviction

        actually exists.” Townsend, 886 F.3d at 443. In United States v. Martinez-Melgar, this court

        rejected the same argument counsel is making in this case, noting that “sentencing courts

        routinely rely on . . . printouts of computerized records” to determine the fact of conviction

        and make criminal-history calculations. 591 F.3d at 738–39.

               Counsel’s belief that this document is not “trustworthy” also fails to withstand

        scrutiny. Counsel argues that “[t]here has not been a finding that the computer document

        is trustworthy” and that the printout “is simply a history kept by a Clerk of Court’s office

        that may or may not have back up files . . . .” Appellant Suppl. Br. II at 5. Such an argument

        contravenes our decision in United States v. Walker, 922 F.3d 239 (4th Cir. 2019). In

        Walker, we held that “where the defendant has not pointed to any evidence casting doubt”

        on a government report “being used to support an enhancement, the report may be trusted.”

               3
                In Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 20–21 (2005), the Supreme Court held
        that sentencing courts may consult only a limited set of sources when determining the
        nature of a prior conviction for the purpose of applying an Armed Career Criminal Act
        enhancement. These include: “the charging document, the terms of a plea agreement or
        transcript of colloquy between judge and defendant in which the factual basis for the plea
        was confirmed by the defendant, or . . . some comparable judicial record[.]” Id, at 26.

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        922 F.3d at 253 (internal quotation marks omitted). Counsel points to no credible evidence

        suggesting the Greenville County Public Index printout is untrustworthy, but instead makes

        unsupported attacks against its reliability.

               In sum, we believe that the district court did not err in assessing Fowler one criminal

        history point without more specific evidence regarding the nature of his CDV conviction.

        Further, Fowler has not born the heavy burden of satisfying the plain error criteria, as he

        cannot prove “that, but for the error, the outcome of the proceeding would be different.”

        Rosales-Mireles, 138 S. Ct. at 1904–05 (internal quotation marks omitted). We thus affirm

        the district court on this ground.

                                                       IV.

                                                       A.

               We now turn to the question of whether the district court adequately explained its

        rejection of Fowler’s non-frivolous arguments for a more lenient sentence. We note that

        Fowler preserved this objection through his supplemental variance motion and his

        arguments at sentencing. See United States v. Lynn, 592 F.3d 572, 578 (4th Cir. 2010)

        (explaining that arguing “for a sentence different than the one ultimately

        imposed . . . sufficiently alerts the district court . . . , and thus preserves [the] claim”). We

        therefore review Fowler’s sentence for procedural reasonableness under a general abuse-

        of-discretion standard. United States v. Martinez-Varela, 531 F.3d 298, 299 (4th Cir. 2008).

        We need not reverse the district court, however, if we find any error harmless. Lynn, 592

        F.3d at 579.

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               For a sentence to be procedurally reasonable, a district court must begin its

        sentencing proceeding by “correctly calculating the applicable Guidelines range.” Gall v.

        United States, 552 U.S. 38, 49 (2007). Using this range as a jumping off point, the “court

        must thereafter give the parties the opportunity to argue for whatever sentence they deem

        appropriate and consider those arguments in light of all of the factors stated in 18 U.S.C.

        § 3553(a).” United States v. Hernandez, 603 F.3d 267, 270 (4th Cir. 2010). The court must

        then conduct “an individualized assessment based on the facts before the court,

        and . . . explain adequately the sentence imposed to allow for meaningful appellate review

        and to promote the perception of fair sentencing.” United States v. Lewis, 958 F.3d 240,

        243 (4th Cir. 2020) (internal quotation marks omitted).

               As part of this individualized assessment, the “district court must address or

        consider all non-frivolous reasons presented for imposing a different sentence and explain

        why [it] has rejected those arguments.” United States v. Ross, 912 F.3d 740, 744 (4th Cir.

        2019). Importantly, “in a routine case, where the district court imposes a within-Guidelines

        sentence, the explanation need not be elaborate or lengthy.” United States v. Arbaugh, 951

        F.3d 167, 174–75 (4th Cir. 2020) (internal quotation marks omitted). When a district court

        has fully addressed the defendant’s “central thesis” during sentencing, it need not “address

        separately each supporting data point marshalled” for a downward variance. United States

        v. Nance, 957 F.3d 204, 214 (4th Cir. 2020).

               We find that the district court adequately addressed Fowler’s non-frivolous

        arguments for a downward departure or variance.

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                                                     B.

               We have reviewed the sentencing transcript and conclude that the district court

        meaningfully considered Fowler’s argument for a downward departure or variance and

        denied it based on several relevant 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors. These included: Fowler’s

        history, characteristics and the nature and circumstances of his offense, the need to promote

        respect for the law and provide just punishment, the need for the sentence to reflect the

        seriousness of the offense as “[w]henever there is a mix of drugs and firearms, . . . there is

        an increased opportunity for violence and injury,” J.A. Vol. I at 24; and the need to afford

        adequate deterrence in light of Fowler’s litany of convictions. The court confirmed that it

        had reviewed the plea hearing, the PSR, and counsel’s sentencing memorandum, including

        the handwritten letters attached to the memorandum from Fowler’s family and friends. We

        stress the vigilant analysis that the district court undertook, as it undermines any argument

        that the court failed to provide an individualized assessment when determining Fowler’s

        sentence. See Arbaugh, 951 F.3d at 174 (the individualized assessment requirement

        “focuses on the whole of a defendant’s argument and does not require the court to address

        every argument a defendant makes”).

               Fowler’s claim that the district court ignored his non-frivolous reasons for a

        downward departure or variance in sentencing comes in three parts. The first revolves

        around criminal history, the seriousness of which counsel believes was overstated. The

        second involves Fowler’s culpability in the offense conduct. Mainly, counsel sought to

        downplay the sheer number of firearms recovered from Fowler’s residence, arguing that

        Fowler was merely a collector of firearms and had not used them in furtherance of drug

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        trafficking activity. The final category of variance arguments involves Fowler’s personal

        circumstances. Counsel highlighted Fowler’s significant familial responsibilities, his

        ongoing drug problem, his troubled childhood and early adulthood, and the remorse he felt

        about his criminal conduct.

               The district court adequately addressed the “central thes[e]s” of Fowler’s variance

        arguments. Nance, 957 F.3d at 214. We begin with the criminal history argument. Whereas

        Fowler tried to discount his criminal history score, the court rightly consulted the laundry

        list of his unscored convictions when going through the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors. As

        the district court noted, Fowler’s criminal record was extensive, dating back to 1988, and

        encompassing, inter alia, convictions for second-degree burglary, petit larceny, assault and

        battery, breach of trust, and possession of drug paraphernalia. The trial court concluded

        that Fowler’s “involvement with the criminal justice system has failed to deter him from

        committing serious offenses.” J.A. Vol. I at 24.

               The district court also engaged with and rejected the argument that Fowler made

        with respect to his offense conduct, mainly that he was somehow not culpable for the

        number of guns in his residence. After Fowler’s counsel presented his argument for a

        downward departure or variance in sentencing, and the court heard from both Fowler and

        his wife, the court began by noting that Fowler was not just an innocent collector of

        firearms. Rather, he had a “bunch of ammunition” and that some “firearms were obtained

        on trades for drugs.” J.A. Vol. I at 18, 20. The volatile “mix of drugs and firearms”

        underscored for the court the seriousness of Fowler’s offense conduct. Id. at 24. The court

        thus rejected Fowler’s key argument that his offense conduct warranted a downward

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        departure or variance in sentencing. See United States v. Blue, 877 F.3d 513, 521 (4th Cir.

        2017) (“[R]eviewing courts may . . . infer that a sentencing court gave specific attention to

        a defendant’s argument for a downward departure if the sentencing court engages counsel

        in a discussion about that argument.”).

               Finally, as to the arguments regarding Fowler’s personal circumstances, the court

        showed that it had considered his drug addiction issues in fashioning its sentence. The court

        observed that Fowler “clearly” has “a drug problem.” J.A. Vol. I at 23. As Fowler

        requested, the court recommended that he be enrolled in “any drug treatment programs

        available to him in prison,” id. at 26, and the court made substance abuse testing a condition

        for Fowler’s supervised release, id. See also Nance, 957 F.3d at 213 (inferring

        consideration of personal characteristics from a sentence which included drug treatment

        when the defendant was a drug addict). The court also heard and responded to Fowler’s

        allocution, in which the defendant highlighted the difficult circumstances of his childhood

        and expressed his remorse. J.A. Vol. I at 17–18. In sum, “[t]his is not a case where the

        district court passively heard the parties’ arguments and then seemed to ignore them.”

        United States v. Montes-Pineda, 445 F.3d 375, 381 (4th Cir. 2006). The sentencing was

        fairly conducted, and we take no exception to it.

                                                     V.

               We have reviewed the record in its entirety, and we have found no basis for

        disturbing the trial court’s rulings. For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district

        court is affirmed.

                                                                                         AFFIRMED

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