Court Opinion

ID: 2715470
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-06 17:24:09.409625+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:10:54.365991
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

In the Matter of the Personal Restraint          No. 71436-8-1
of
                                                 DIVISION ONE
                                                                                                  o
JAY EARL MCKAGUE,                                                                  l-o           too

                                                 UNPUBLISHED OPINION               5             S?§
                     Petitioner.                                                       r^*       CD t \ _„-

                                                 FILED: June 30, 2014                  o          g%C

       Trickey, J. — Jay Earl McKague is currently serving a sentence of life            o
                                                                                             "        —172 Wash. 2d 802, 262 P.3d

1225 (2011). McKague now brings a personal restraint petition, asserting, inter

alia, that the prosecutor committed prejudicial misconduct when he displayed a

slide to the jury featuring the word "GUILTY" superimposed across a photograph

of McKague's face. Adhering to our Supreme Court's decision in In re Pers.
Restraint of Glasmann, 175 Wash. 2d 696, 286 P.3d 673 (2012), we grant relief and

order a new trial.

                                      FACTS

        The pertinent facts of this case are set forth in McKague's direct appeal

as follows:

             McKague shoplifted a can of smoked oysters from Kee Ho
       Chang's convenience store. Chang followed McKague out of the
       store and confronted him in the parking lot. When McKague tried to
       leave, Chang grabbed his sweat shirt. McKague punched Chang in
       the head several times and pushed him to the ground, causing
       Chang's head to strike the pavement. While Chang was on the
       ground, McKague punched him several more times and then left in
       a friend's car. Chang tried to get up, but he was dizzy and unable
No. 71436-8-1/2

       to stand for a time. Officer George Samuelson arrived at the store
       and noted that the side of Chang's face was extremely puffy.
       Officer Samuelson described Chang as seeming out of sorts,
       appearing distracted and stunned.        Detective Sam Costello
       interviewed Chang and noted injuries to Chang's face and the back
       of his head.

             McKague was charged with first degree robbery, with third
       degree theft as an inferior offense, and second degree assault
       predicated on the infliction of substantial bodily injury.   At
       McKague's request, the court also instructed the jury on third
       degree assault as an inferior offense of second degree assault.
       The jury convicted McKague of third degree theft and second
       degree assault.

McKague, 172 Wash. 2d at 804.

        During the State's closing argument, the prosecutor presented a

slideshow to the jury.1 A number of the slides displayed trial evidence, including

images captured by the store's security camera and photographs of the victim's

injuries.2   The slides also referred to the jury instructions pertaining to the

charged crimes offirst degree robbery and second degree assault.3
       The final slide presented to the jury is at issue in this PRP and is

reproduced below. As shown, the word "GUILTY" was printed in large red letters

and superimposed over an image of McKague's face.4 The image was cropped

from a security camera photograph of McKague that had been admitted into

1The prosecutor's closing argument slides are attached to the personal restraint petition
(PRP) in exhibit (Ex.) A. We cite to those slides because the original slides are not
provided in the record.
2 PRP, Ex. A.
3 PRP, Ex. A.
4 PRP, Ex. A.
No. 71436-8-1/3

evidence.5 Adjacent to arrows encircling the image were captions that read:

"TOOK can of oysters"; "INTENDED to commit THEFT": "During the taking-the

defendant resorted to force"; "Force used to retain or prevent"; "or overcome

resistance to taking"; ". . . inflicted bodily injury"; "TOOK OFF"; and, "'GO-GO-

GO.'"6 The following image is a black and white representation of the slide,

which, according to the parties, was displayed in color at closing argument:

                                                                       INTENDED to
                                                                       commit THEFT

                                                                        During the taking-
                                                                        the defendant

                      .inflicted bodily injury

                                                 osistance to taking

       Upon review of the transcript, it appears that the prosecutor made the

following remark while showing this slide to the jury:

              Ladies and gentlemen, I touched upon -- earlier I touched
       upon direct evidence and circumstantial evidence. Direct evidence,
       what somebody sees, hears, smells, and then inferences that you
       may draw from your common experience. This defendant was in a
       big rush to get away from there, and then of course when
       somebody runs, that is something from which we may draw the
       inference that he knows he's guilty not of simply shoplifting, not of
       mere theft but of robbery, and on the evidence, ladies and
       gentlemen, the defendant is guilty as charged.[7]

5 PRP, Ex. A.
6 PRP, Ex. A.
7 3 Report of Proceedings (RP) at 261-62.
No. 71436-8-1/4

This statement concluded the prosecutor's closing argument.8

      McKague now files this PRP.

                                     ANALYSIS

      McKague's primary contention is that prosecutorial error deprived him of

his right to a fair trial. He argues that the prosecutor's use of the "GUILTY" slide

was so flagrant and ill intentioned that it prejudiced the outcome of the trial. We

agree and reverse his convictions.

      To obtain relief on collateral review based on a constitutional error, the

petitioner must demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that he or she
was actually and substantially prejudiced by the error. In re Pers. Restraint of
Davis. 152 Wash. 2d 647, 671-72, 101 P.3d 1 (2004).

       The Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution,

as well as article I, section 22 of the Washington State Constitution, guarantee a

defendant the fundamental right to a fair trial. Estelle v. Williams. 425 U.S. 501,

503, 96 S. Ct. 1691, 48 L Ed. 2d 126 (1976); State v. Finch, 137 Wash. 2d 792,

843, 975 P.2d 967 (1999). Prosecutorial misconduct may deprive a defendant of
this right. State v. Davenport, 100Wn.2d 757, 762, 675 P.2d 1213 (1984).
       A prosecutor has wide latitude in closing argument to draw reasonable
inferences from the facts in evidence and to express such inferences to the jury.

State v. Thorgerson, 172 Wash. 2d 438, 448, 258 P.3d 43 (2011). But a prosecutor

must nevertheless "seek convictions based only on probative evidence and

8 3 RP at 262.
No. 71436-8-1 / 5

sound reason." State v. Casteneda-Perez, 61 Wash. App. 354, 363, 810 P.2d 74

(1991).

       Prosecutorial misconduct constitutes a ground for reversal if the defendant

can demonstrate that the challenged conduct was both improper and resulted in

prejudice.     State v. Monday, 171 Wash. 2d 667, 675, 257 P.3d 551 (2011).

Because McKague failed to object to the prosecutor's use of the "GUILTY" slide

at trial, he "is deemed to have waived any error, unless the prosecutor's

misconduct was so flagrant and ill intentioned that an instruction could not have

cured the resulting prejudice."9 State v. Emery, 174 Wash. 2d 741, 760-61, 278

P.3d 653 (2012). McKague therefore has the burden of establishing that "(1) 'no

curative instruction would have obviated any prejudicial effect on the jury' and (2)

the misconduct resulted in prejudice that 'had a substantial likelihood of affecting

the jury verdict.'" Emery, 174 Wash. 2d at 761 (quoting Thorgerson. 172 Wash. 2d at
455). Reviewing courts "focus less on whether the prosecutor's misconduct was

flagrant or ill intentioned and more on whether the resulting prejudice could have

been cured."     Emery, 174 Wash. 2d at 762.

          In Glasmann. during closing argument, the State presented several slides

containing Glasmann's booking photograph, where he appeared unkempt and

bloody. 175 Wash. 2d at 701, 705. The court described the slides as follows:

          In one slide, the booking photo appeared above the caption, "DO
          YOU BELIEVE HIM?" In another booking photo slide the caption
          read, "WHY SHOULD YOU BELIEVE ANYTHING HE SAYS
          ABOUT THE ASSAULT?" Near the end of the presentation, the
          booking photo appeared three more times: first with the word

 See 3 RP at 261-62.
No. 71436-8-1/6

      "GUILTY"      superimposed      diagonally    in   red   letters   across
      Glasmann's battered face.      In the second slide the word "GUILTY"
      was superimposed in red letters again in the opposite direction,
      forming an "X" shape across Glasmann's face. In the third slide, the
      word "GUILTY," again in red letters, was superimposed horizontally
      over the previously superimposed words.

Glasmann. 175 Wash. 2d at 701-02 (internal record citations omitted).                 The

prosecutor instructed the jury in closing argument that it should not believe

Glasmann's testimony, and it must determine whether he told the truth when he

testified. Glasmann. 175 Wash. 2d at 701.

      The Supreme Court found that the presentation of these slides to the jury

was improper for two reasons.          First, the prosecutor altered the booking

photograph, admitted as an exhibit, by superimposing captions. Glasmann. 175

Wash. 2d at 700, 706. Thus, the court concluded, by modifying the exhibits, the

prosecutor improperly submitted evidence to the jury that was not part of the trial.

Glasmann. 175 Wash. 2d at 706. Second, the prosecutor expressed his personal

opinion of Glasmann's guilt through the slideshow and closing argument.

Glasmann. 175 Wash. 2d at 706-07.             The court held that the prosecutor's

misconduct was flagrant and ill intentioned, and that instructions could not have

cured the prejudicial effect. Glasmann. 175 Wash. 2d at 707.

       Consistent with Glasmann. the prosecutor's use of the "GUILTY" slide

here amounted to improper conduct.10 The prosecutor altered the photograph of

10 We recently reviewed a similar case in State v. Hecht. 179 Wash. App. 497, 319 P.3d
836 (2014). The prosecutor there presented inflammatory slides to the jury during
closing argument. Hecht, 319 P.3d at 839. On two slides appeared the word "GUILTY"
in red and across a photograph of Hecht's face. Hecht. 319 P.3d at 839. An additional
slide, entitled "'DEFENDANT'S CREDIBILITY,' asked 'If he's not truthful about the little
No. 71436-8-1/7

McKague by cropping it and digitally placing the word "GUILTY" across it.

Moreover, the slide, coupled with the prosecutor's comment that McKague "is

guilty as charged," constituted an expression of the prosecutor's personal opinion

on McKague's guilt.11

       We also find that the prosecutor's misconduct in presenting this highly

inflammatory slide had a substantial likelihood of affecting the jury's verdict and

was incurable by jury instruction. The prosecutor's use of the "GUILTY" slide

was a deliberate attempt to induce the jury to convict McKague of the charged

crimes.   No purpose could be served by presenting this slide other than to

inflame the prejudice and passions of the jury.       As described above, the word

"GUILTY" was printed in red and in large, capitalized letters across a photograph

of McKague's face, with arrows pointing toward the image.               This depiction

compelled the jurors to reach a harsh verdict by "drawing the eye, implying

urgency of action, and evoking emotion." Hecht. 319 P.3d at 841. Given the

prosecutor's position of power and prestige, his expression of opinion as to

McKague's guilt potentially had significant persuasive force with the jury. See

Glasmann. 175 Wash. 2d at 706.

things . . . [w]hy should you believe him when he denies the big things?', and answered
'YOU SHOULDN'T.'" Hecht. 319 P.3d at 839. Relying on Glasmann. we concluded that
the prosecutor's misconduct "was so flagrant and ill-intentioned that it caused an
enduring and resulting prejudice that could not have been neutralized by an admonition
to the jury." Hecht. 319 P.3d at 841.
        We are also aware that our Supreme Court has granted review of a recent
decision from Division Two addressing whether the State committed prosecutorial
misconduct in closing argument when it presented a slideshow with prejudicial images.
State v. Walker. 178 Wash. App. 478, 315 P.3d 562 (2013) (pub. in part), rev, granted. 180
Wash. 2d 1002 (2014). This issue was discussed in the unpublished portion of the opinion.
11 3 RP at 262.
No. 71436-8-1/8

       In addition, the "GUILTY" slide was the final one presented during the

prosecutor's closing argument, leaving a lasting impression upon the jury before

it was excused for deliberation. Highly prejudicial images such as this one "may

be very difficult to overcome with an instruction," and are especially troublesome

when shown in the closing arguments of a trial. Glasmann. 175 Wash. 2d at 707.

       We    recognize that the        circumstances      in Glasmann       are slightly

distinguishable from those here.       The cumulative effect of the multiple sides

shown to the jury in that case contributed to the court's decision to reverse

Glasmann's convictions. Glasmann. 175 Wash. 2d at 710-14. Here, however, the

prosecutor's misconduct was limited to a single slide. But this distinction does

not render the prosecutor's presentation of the "GUILTY" slide any less

prejudicial. The slide was a calculated device employed by the prosecutor to

manipulate the jury's reasoned deliberation and impair its fact finding function. It

substantially undermined McKague's right to a fair trial.

       We reverse McKague's convictions and remand for a new trial.12 If, on

remand, McKague is ordered to wear a physical restraint of any kind throughout

trial, we instruct the trial court to conduct a hearing and enter findings into the

record justifying the use of such restraint.13 See State v. Hartzog. 96 Wash. 2d 383,

12 Because we reverse McKague's convictions and sentence, and remand for retrial, we
do not reach his remaining contentions.
13 In his PRP, McKague asserts several constitutional claims of error relating to the
shock device he was required to wear during trial. Physical restraints are disfavored
because they may imperil an accused's constitutional right to a fair trial by reversing the
presumption of innocence. State v. Elmore, 139 Wash. 2d 250, 273, 985 P.2d 289 (1999).
They can also infringe upon an accused's constitutional rights to testify on his or her
behalf and to confer with counsel during the course of trial. State v. Damon. 144 Wash. 2d

                                            8
No. 71436-8-1/9

400, 635 P.2d 694 (1981) ("A trial judge must exercise discretion in determining

the extent to which courtroom security measures are necessary to maintain order

and prevent injury. That discretion must be founded upon a factual basis set forth

in the record."); see also Damon. 144 Wash. 2d at 691 (Before requiring a

defendant to wear a restraint during trial, the court must consider on the record a

number of factor such as the seriousness of the charges, the defendant's

physical characteristics, previous escape attempts, the physical security of the

courtroom, and the availability of alternatives.).

                                                  j sl A^vf ,^n
WE CONCUR:

686, 691, 25 P.3d 418 (2001). Here, the trial court did not consider on the record
whether the shock device was necessary. But we need not decide whether the trial
court committed reversible error by failing to do so.