Court Opinion

ID: 5457838
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-09 19:26:05.9483+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:32:44.592098
License: Public Domain

By the Court, Hand, J.
I see no force in the two minor points, that the evidence of the complaints or murmurings of the plaintiff before this bond was executed, and of the consideration of the bond were not admitted. The former querulousness of the plaintiff did not excuse the defendant from the performance of his covenant. And the condition of the bond was to support the plaintiff and his wife during their respective lives, without reference to the amount of the consideration. Whether more or less, that was sufficient to support the undertaking.
Nor was the plaintiff estopped by his statement of the reason which it is said he gave for leaving the defendant’s residence, and seeking support elsewhere. The cause of action, if any, was complete before, and' the defendant was not misled.
The rule for the assessment of damages is more important. The jury have found there was a total breach, and if they were authorized in law so to do, the proof sustains the verdict; showing a most deplorable delinquency in the fulfilment of the defendant’s legal as well as filial obligations.
This question is not free from difficulty. In some cases the act and the injury are considered as continuing, and then a fresh action will lie for the continuance. In others, although the consequences may not yet have fully appeared, the tort is deemed but a single act, and but one action can be sustained. So too in covenants; some may be considered continuing; and on a breach of others, final damages must be assessed. A few cases will illustrate these principles.
In Hambleton v. Veere, (2 Saund. Rep. 169,) an apprentice had been inveigled away, and the master declared and recovered for the whole unexpired residue of the term; for which cause judgment was arrested. The term of apprenticeship *416was nine years; and he was enticed away after five had expired, and the cause was tried before the end of the term. It was insisted that the apprentice might return voluntarily or compulsorily; or might die; and that the recovery did not discharge him from service; and the court held the recovery could only be for the loss of service up to the time of commencing the suit. However, in several cases the recovery for an injury sustained by a single act, not in its nature continuous, was for all the consequential damages, prospective as well as past. (Fetter v Beal, 1 Salk. 11. Hodsoll v. Stallebrass, 11 A. & E. 301.) In Hodsoll v. Stallebrass, which was an action for an injury to a servant, the plaintiff was allowed to recover for loss of service after suit. And Littledale, J. said,, that a fresh action could not be brought without a new and unlawful act and fresh damage. Fresh damage alone was not sufficient. But where after a re- . covery for placing buttresses on the plaintiff’s land to support the turnpike of the defendants, notice was given to remove them, which was not done; it was held to be a fresh trespass for which an action would lie. (Holmes v. Wilson, 10 Ad. & E. 503. And see Earl of Manchester v. Vale, 1 Saund. R. 24, n.) But the reporter of Holmes v. Wilson doubts whether the plaintiff could not have recovered the expense of removing the buttresses in the first action.
Bleecker v. Smith, (13 Wend. 530,) was a covenant by lessee to plant a certain number of apple trees; and to replace any that might from time to time decay; and it was held a continuing covenant.
But it has been held that the plaintiff must join all existing causes of action growing out of the same contract, which can be joined. In Bendernagle v. Cocks, where there were several and distinct covenants in the same instrument, a recovery for some of the breaches was held to bar a suit for other breaches then existing. (19 Wend. 207.) In Pool v. Pool, on a contract to support a son of the plaintiff until he became 21, the circuit judge charged that the plaintiff was entitled to recover for the whole term, which, probably was unexpired when the suit was commenced, though that is not certain, as the time of *417the commencement of the suit is not given. (1 Hill, 580.) No point was made upon this part of the case, but the verdict was set aside for other reasons; one of which was that the plaintiff had not in fact been damnified; and, perhaps, is so far somewhat opposed to the principle, often doubted, but upon which Rockfeller v. Donnelly was decided. (8 Cowen, 623.) The right to recover for prospective damages was much discussed in Masterton v. The Mayor, &c. of Brooklyn, (7 Hill, 61.) That was an agreement to deliver what marble should be necessary to erect a certain building, in such order and at such times and as fast as the superintendent should direct, and to be paid for in certain proportions, as the building progressed. After about one-sixth had been delivered, the defendants suspended the work and refused to receive any more. It was testified that the work could have been completed in five years. The covenant was entered into in January^ 1836, and the suit was commenced in 1840. As I understand the opinions delivered, all the judges considered the plaintiff entitled to recover entire and final damages for the non-fulfilment. Nelson, Oh. J. and Bronson, J. thought the price of the article at the time of the breach the rule; but Beardsley, J. as the time of performance was supposed to have elapsed before the trial, thought the damages should conform to the actual prices during the years when it was to have been delivered. But the chief justice says, 11 Where the contract, as in this case, is broken before the arrival of the time for full performance, and the opposite party elects to consider it in that light, the market price on the day of the breach is to govern in the assessment of damages.” And Beardsley, J. says, the “ plaintiffs were not bound to wait till the period had elapsed for the full performance of the agreement, nor to make successive offers for performance, in order to recover all their damages. They might regard the contract as broken up, so far as to absolve them from making further efforts to perform, and give them a right to recover full damages as for a total breach.” Though he said he was not prepared to say but that, had they made repeated offers to perform and been refused, they might have maintained successive suits.
*418In Ld. Sondes v. Fletcher, the defendant had agreed to resign a living, on either of two persons becoming capable of taking it. He refused, and the court held that he was liable for the value of the life interest of the person the plaintiff intended to present, which was four years more than his own. (5 B. & Ald. 835.)
Where a party agreed to support two persons, who left him, the court say, he was under a continuing obligation and bound to support them again on request. (Hogeboom v. Hall, 24 Wend, 149.) In the case of Royalton v. R. and W. Turnpike Co. the defendants had agreed to keep a bridge in repair for a certain period, 12 years of which had not elapsed, for $25 per year. It was held, upon a breach of this contract,, that the plaintiffs might assess the damages for the whole unexpired term. (14 Vt. Rep. 311.) The plaintiff places much reliance upon Fish v. Folley, (6 Hill, 54.) That was a covenant made in 1822, to furnish the plaintiff with a certain amount of water to carry a mill. On default in doing so, the plaintiff brought a suit and recovered in 1835 for a failure from 1826 to that time. The second suit was tried in 1840, and was brought to recover for non-performance from 1835 to that period. The court held the first suit a bar. Mr. Justice Gridley, who tried the cause at the circuit, in delivering the opinion in the supreme court, in the recent case of Crain v. Beach, said that at the time of ■ bringing the first suit, in Fish v. Folley, and always after, a further performance had become impossible by the use of the stream by the state. But the court did not put the cause upon that ground.
Crain v. Beach, cited by the defendant’s counsel, came before this court, sitting in the fifth district, in 1848. (2 Barb. S. C. R. 120.) The plaintiff granted a right of way across his land, and agreed to put up a gate at the entrance of the way, which he might keep there during his pleasure; and the defendants covenanted also in the same instrument, to make all the repairs necessary to be made to the gate; and in passing and repassing were to use common care in having it shut after them. (See the covenant in 2 Comst. R. 87.) The gate had been taken down and carried away by some person unknown, in June, 1846, *419and had never been replaced by the defendants, who had refused to do so on request. On the 29th of September, 1846, the plaintiff sued the defendants; and on the 19th of October, 1846, recovered damages to the amount of $1. The defendants still neglected to replace the gate; and in December, 1846, the plaintiff again sued the defendant. The first suit was held by the justice, and afterwards by the common pleas, to be a bar. But the supreme court reversed the judgment, and the court of appeals held they were right. (Beach v. Crain, 2 Comst. R. 86.) The declaration in the first suit, alledged that after the gate had been erected, the defendants did not keep the same in good repair and condition, but suffered it to become dilapidated, destroyed and removed, and would not replace the same by the erection of a new one or otherwise ;• whereby the plaintiff was damaged, by reason of cattle grazing on his land, &c. In the second suit, the breach assigned was, that the defendants, after the gate was erected, did not make the necessary repairs, but suffered it to become dilapidated, broken down and nearly destroyed, and to remain in that condition, by which the plaintiff had suffered great damage by cattle, &c. The first suit was tried on the 19th of October; and the plaintiff, in the second, claimed damages from that time to the 30th of November. The request to replace, was before the 1st of September. The gate posts and two iron staples remained; and the cost of replacing the gate would have been one dollar besides the material. The gate remained at the time of the second, as it was at the time of the first trial. This was a continuing covenant for some purposes. If a new gate had been erected, and the defendants had refused to keep that in repair, or had neglected to shut it, there would have been new breaches. The judge, who delivered the opinion in the court of appeals, seems to intimate that some new injury might result to the plaintiff by the defendants’ neglect, and both declarations aver that he had suffered damage by cattle. And it seems to me, the case must stand upon this ground ; though, with deference, it may be remarked that the covenant was not that the defendant would keep out cattle; and even if the plaintiff, on the covenant in Crain v. Beach, *420could, in any case, recover for such consequential loss, as for a Crop of grain, &c. destroyed for want of a gate, no proof of any such injury appears in the case. As I understand the declarations, they are substantially alike, except that the first complains also that the gate was not replaced ; and the last suit is for neglect to repair after the first suit was tried; after a recovery for not keeping it in good repair and condition, and for suffering it to become dilapidated, destroyed and removed; and for not replacing it by the erection of a new one. It certainly would be going very far, to sustain subsequent daily suits for not making necessary repairs to, and for suffering to become dilapidated, broken down and nearly destroyed, a gate which did not exist. The defendants could not repair or shut the gate until it was rebuilt; and the first recovery was in part because there was no gate. Damages, on a covenant to repair, may be recovered now, and again after, and so toties quoties. (Kingdon v. Knottle, 1 Maule & Selw. 365. 4 Id. 53.) But it is believed only one action will lie for a neglect to rebuild—a mere continuous non-feasance. It has been said that one who persists in holding out a pole over his neighbor’s land, is liable in trespass so long as he continues to do so. (See Hudson v. Nicholson, 5 Mees. & Wels. 437; Thompson v. Gibson, 7 Id. 456.) In Holmes v. Wilson, (supra,) the defendants continued to use the buttresses which were upon the plaintiff’s land, and which supported their road. This was an act, not a mere nonfeasance. As remarked in Hodsoll v. Stallebrass, (11 Ad. & Ellis, 301,) there must be a new and unlawful act, and fresh damage. But the court, in Beach v. Crain, does not say that Crain could not, in the first suit, have recovered sufficient to rebuild the gate. That is allowed on a covenant to repair. (See Vivian v. Champion, 2 Ld. Raym. 1225; S. C. Holt, 178; Doe v. Rowlands, 9 Carr. & Payne, 734; Luxmore v. Robson, 1 Barn. & Ald. 584; Green v. Eales, 2 Ad. & Ellis, new series, 225 ; Neale v. Wyllie, 3 Barn. & Cress. 533; Platt on Cov. 289.) And, it being on his own land, he could have entered for that purpose. Suppose the action had been brought upon the covenant in Bleecker v. Smith, (supra,) because there *421were but 100, when there should have been 150 apple trees ? The plaintiff could not, I apprehend, bring successive suits for a continued neglect to supply this particular deficiency. Where the defendant overflows the plaintiff’s land, it may be considered a fresh injury, as well as a fresh damage.
Where the neglect or misconduct of the defendant is such that the plaintiff may consider it a total breach, there, as in Royalton v. R. and W. Turnpike Co., Fish v. Folley, and Masterton v. Mayor, &c. of Brooklyn, entire damages may be recovered. (And see Sedgwick on Dam. 231.) I think that rule applies to this case. It follows that the motion for a new trial must be denied.
New trial denied.