Court Opinion

ID: 200169
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2011-02-07 04:45:24+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:27:06.294644
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                         For the First Circuit

No. 01-2430

                  THE PROVIDENCE JOURNAL COMPANY,

                          Plaintiff, Appellant,

                                      v.

                       PROVIDENCE NEWSPAPER GUILD,

                          Defendant, Appellee.

          APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

                  FOR THE DISTRICT OF RHODE ISLAND

              [Hon. Mary M. Lisi, U.S. District Judge]

                                  Before

                         Torruella, Circuit Judge,
                      Gibson,* Senior Circuit Judge,
                        and Howard, Circuit Judge.

     Lincoln D. Almond, with whom William P. Robinson III and
Edwards & Angell, LLP were on brief, for appellant.
     Barbara L. Camens, with whom Barr & Camens and Richard
Humphrey were on brief, for appellee.

                            October 21, 2002

*
    Hon. John    R.    Gibson,   of   the   Eighth   Circuit,   sitting   by
designation.
            TORRUELLA, Circuit Judge.             This is an appeal from a

district court order to arbitrate a post-expiration grievance that

"arose under" the parties' expired collective bargaining agreement.

For the reasons stated in this opinion, we affirm.

                                       I.

            Plaintiff-appellant,       Providence       Journal    Company   (the

"Journal"),    publishes     The   Providence      Journal   and    The   Sunday

Journal, newspapers of general circulation in the State of Rhode

Island and     surrounding    areas.         Defendant-appellee,     Providence

Newspaper     Guild   (the   "Guild"),       is   the   exclusive    collective

bargaining representative for certain Journal employees.                     The

Journal and the Guild entered into several successive collective

bargaining agreements, the last of which expired by its terms on

December 31, 1999.     The parties later extended that agreement (the

"1994-1999 Contract") through January 31, 2000. Because there were

no further extensions, both parties agree that the Contract expired

after January 31, 2000.

            Article V of the Contract generally creates a grievance

arbitration procedure for the resolution of contractual disputes.1

However, the Contract is silent as to whether the parties are

1
   Article V reads, in relevant part: "In order that harmonious
relations shall continue unbroken between the Parties, any dispute
arising from the interpretation of this contract, disputes
regarding discharges, discipline, wages and disputes concerning
employment or operating conditions [shall be] subject to grievance
arbitration."

                                       -2-
obligated to submit disputes to arbitration after the expiration of

the Contract.

            After expiration of the Contract, in a letter dated

February 8, 2000, the Journal notified the Guild that the dues

checkoff,      union   security,       and    arbitration   provisions    of    the

Contract were no longer valid.               The Guild filed a grievance with

the Journal on February 11, 2000, eleven days after the expiration

of the Contract, asserting violations of both Article II of the

Contract and Memorandum of Agreement No. 8 ("MOA 8"), a side

agreement      incorporated    into     the    Contract.     Specifically,      the

grievance protested the Employer’s unilateral termination of the

parties’ union security and dues checkoff procedures following the

expiration of the Guild Contracts.

            The    union    security     clause,    detailed   in   Article     II,

Section   5,    required,     as   a   condition    of   employment,     that   the

Journal's employees covered by the Contract be Guild members "for

the duration of this Agreement."                By the terms of MOA 8,          the

parties negotiated an "evergreen clause" intended to ensure the

uninterrupted effectiveness of the union security provision through

the expiration of the next succeeding agreement.               MOA 8 states in

relevant part at paragraph 11:

            The provisions of Article II, Section 5 in the
            News and Advertising Agreements shall be
            continuously in force, to the extent permitted
            by law, from the date of this Agreement until
            expiration   of  the   Collective   Bargaining

                                         -3-
            Agreement   which    succeeds   the           current
            Collective Bargaining Agreement.

The Guild argued that the Journal’s cancellation of union security

during the current contractual hiatus was a violation of MOA 8.

            The Guild further protested the Journal’s unilateral

termination of dues checkoff, asserting a violation of Article II,

Section 4 of the Contract. Appellees argue that this provision, on

its face, contemplated the continued effectiveness of dues checkoff

following   contract     expiration     because   dues   checkoff     required

revocation by the employee and not the employer.                Specifically,

Article II, Section 4 provides that this provision "shall remain in

effect until revoked by the employee . . . but shall be irrevocable

for a period of one (1) year from the date of the assignment, or

until the termination of the collective bargaining agreement,

whichever occurs sooner."

            The Guild ultimately invoked arbitration by a letter

dated March 9, 2000.       The Journal refused to participate in the

arbitration of the Guild’s grievance and instead commenced suit in

the   District   Court    of   Rhode    Island    to   enjoin   the   American

Arbitration Association from processing the matter.              The District

Court held a hearing on March 15, 2001, on the parties' cross-

motions for summary judgment.            The district court granted the

Guild's motion for summary judgment and ordered the Journal to

arbitrate the dispute in accordance with the Contract. The Journal

filed this appeal.

                                       -4-
                                       II.

           Summary    judgment    is    appropriate    where   "there   is   no

genuine issue as to any material fact and . . . the moving party is

entitled to a judgment as a matter of law."           Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).

This Court reviews the district court's entry of summary judgment

de novo, re-examining the facts in the light most amiable to the

unsuccessful party.     See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c); Nat'l Tower LLC v.

Plainville Zoning Bd. of Appeals, 297 F.3d 14, 17 (1st Cir. 2002).

           The expiration of a collective bargaining agreement does

not   necessarily    extinguish   a    party's   obligation    to   arbitrate

grievances.   In fact, a presumption favors arbitration in such

circumstances.      Litton Fin. Printing Div. v. NLRB, 501 U.S. 190,

204 (1991) (finding a presumption in favor of post-expiration

arbitration of matters and disputes arising out of the relation

governed by the contract unless "negated expressly or by clear

implication") (hereinafter Litton); Nolde Bros., Inc. v. Local No.

358, 430 U.S. 243, 255 (1977) (stating that "the parties' failure

to exclude from arbitrability contract disputes arising after

termination . . . affords a basis for concluding that they intended

to arbitrate all grievances").         We believe that the district court

correctly employed this presumption in the present case.

           Much of the district court's decision rests on the

precise language of the three provisions at issue here.                      The

district court found that, on their face, MOA 8 and the dues

                                       -5-
checkoff and union security provisions evidenced the parties'

intent, and contractual obligation, to arbitrate all disputes.              A

literal reading of these provisions, according to the district

court,   confirms    that   the   parties    intended   these   benefits   to

continue after expiration.        They, thus, "arose under the contract"

and satisfy the Litton test for post-expiration arbitrability.2

501   U.S.   at   205-06.    After   further    examining   both   of   these

provisions, we too believe that they survive expiration of the

collective bargaining agreement.

             A.   Dues Checkoff

             Because Article II, Section 4 clearly contemplates the

continued effectiveness of the dues checkoff provision, it is

properly subject to arbitration.            While employers do not have a

statutory obligation to continue such dues checkoff once collective

bargaining agreements have expired, such obligations may be imposed

by contract. Frito-Lay, Inc., 243 N.L.R.B. 137, 139 (1979).             Here,

Journal employees "voluntarily executed checkoff authorizations

which expressly contemplated the possibility of periods when no

2
    In Litton, the Court explained:

      A post-expiration grievance can be said to arise under
      the contract only where it involves facts and occurrences
      that arose before expiration, where an action taken after
      expiration infringes a right that accrued or vested under
      the agreement, or where, under normal principles of
      contract interpretation, the disputed contractual right
      survives expiration of the remainder of the agreement.

501 U.S. at 205-06 (emphasis added).

                                     -6-
contract would be in effect."          Id.    This creates a contractual

obligation.      See Lowell Corrugated Container Corp., 177 N.L.R.B.

169, 173 (1969).       Furthermore, "where, under normal principles of

contract interpretation the disputed contractual right survives

expiration of the remainder of the agreement," a post expiration

grievance     is     arbitrable.      Litton,    501     U.S.   at   207-08.

Consequently,       the   dues   checkoff    provision   continues   to   be

arbitrable.

            B.     Union Security

            While MOA 8's evergreen clause clearly provides that the

union security provision remains in force until the subsequent

contract expires, the parties dispute whether the original contract

was the one which expired on January 31, 2000 or a prior contract.

This dispute is central because it determines whether MOA 8 remains

in force or expired on January 31, 2000.          Both parties agree that

they enacted MOA 8 during the 1994-1996 contract.               However, the

Journal argues that the 1994-1999 Contract was the "succeeding"

agreement contemplated by MOA 8, and as such, the evergreen clause

expired on January 31, 2000.        The Guild, on the other hand, argues

that the 1994-1999 Contract was a contract extension, rather than

a distinct successor agreement. Under this argument, the evergreen

clause does not come into effect until January 31, 2000, when it

provides union security through the contractual hiatus and any

                                     -7-
successor agreement.       Since the parties have yet to agree on a

succeeding contract, it remains in effect.

            Fortunately,    the   language   of   the   1994-1999   Contract

resolves the issue.        The title page of the 1994-1999 Contract

instructs    that   the    parties’    agreements   are    in   effect   from

"January 1, 1994 through December 31, 1996 as amended and extended

January 1, 1997 through December 31, 1999."               (Emphasis added.)

Furthermore, the preamble of the 1994-1999 Contract further states:

            It is agreed that the Collective Bargaining
            Agreement dated April 25, 1995, and effective
            January 1, 1994 through December 31, 1996, is
            extended in all its terms and conditions,
            including Side Letters of Agreement, except as
            provided hereinafter, and this AGREEMENT is
            made a part hereof.

(Emphasis added.)    It is clear from this language that the parties

intended to extend their existing agreement rather than create a

new, succeeding, one.       As a result, MOA 8 continues to make the

issue of union security arbitrable.

                                      III.

            For the reasons outlined in the text of this opinion, the

district court's grant of summary judgment is affirmed.             Costs are

taxed against appellant.

                                      -8-