Court Opinion

ID: 5119910
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-10-21 14:08:05.850576+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:22:14.628054
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                        SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                        APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                        DOCKET NO. A-4148-19

STATEWIDE INSURANCE
FUND, a joint insurance fund
in the State Of New Jersey,

          Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

STAR INSURANCE COMPANY
and MEADOWBROOK, INC.,

     Defendants-Appellants.
_____________________________

                   Argued September 29, 2021 – Decided October 21, 2021

                   Before Judges Whipple, Geiger, and Susswein.

                   On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                   Division, Monmouth County, Docket No. L-1645-17.

                   Thomas E. Schorr argued the cause for appellants
                   (Dilworth Paxson, LLP, attorneys; Thomas E. Schorr,
                   on the briefs).

                   Francis X. Donnelly argued the cause for respondent
                   (Turner, O'Mara, Donnelly & Petrycki, PC, attorneys;
                   Francis X. Donnelly and Tricia E. Habert, on the brief).
PER CURIAM

         This insurance coverage dispute arose because of a tragic incident that

took place on a Long Branch beach in 2012, where a twelve-year-old boy, Ezra

Cornman, suffocated after digging a hole in the sand with his family.

         Ezra's family sued the City of Long Branch (Long Branch) and its

employees, primarily the Long Branch Beach Patrol, alleging they were

negligent and knew or should have known Ezra's activity could result in the

harm that found him.

         At the time of the incident, Long Branch was a member of Statewide

Insurance Fund (Statewide), a joint insurance fund (JIF), formed pursuant to our

joint insurance fund statute, N.J.S.A. 40A:10-36 to -51. Statewide provided

Long Branch $10,000,000 in general liability coverage per occurrence. Long

Branch also purchased a policy, effective January 1, 2012, to January 1, 2013,

with $10,000,000 in coverage per occurrence under policy number CP 0641963

from defendants Star Insurance Company and Meadowbrook Inc. (collectively,

Star).

         On April 28, 2017, Statewide filed a complaint against Star in the law

division seeking a declaratory judgment for excess insurance coverage. Star

removed the action to the United States District Court for the District of New

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                                        2
Jersey on June 7, 2017.     Long Branch also filed a companion declaratory

judgment action similar to Statewide's in March 2017, which was deemed moot

after Statewide and Star agreed to fund a settlement as Ezra's case approached

trial. This settlement included agreed-upon methods to determine when the self-

insurance retention (SIR) limit of $1,000,000 would be reached, and how each

insurer would fund the settlement in the interim. Because of this settlement,

Long Branch is not a party to this appeal and our opinion only addresses the

primacy of coverage here.

      In March 2018, Statewide filed an amended complaint alleging that under

N.J.S.A. 40A:10-36, their coverage was not considered "insurance" for the

purposes of applicable "other insurance clauses." United States District Judge

Michael A. Shipp, on March 13, 2018, consolidated Long Branch's later-moot

and Statewide's actions. Almost one year later, on February 28, 2019, Judge

Shipp abstained from deciding both parties' summary judgment motions and

remanded the matter to the Superior Court. Plaintiff filed their motions for

summary judgment on February 27 and 28, 2020 in the Law Division.

      The court heard oral argument on April 9, 2020, for both motions and on

June 5, 2020, denied Star's motion and granted Statewide's, meaning Star was

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                                      3
solely responsible for payment of the settlement on behalf of Long Branch. This

appeal followed.

      Our review of a ruling on summary judgment is de novo, applying the

same legal standard as the trial court. Conley v. Guerrero, 228 N.J. 339, 346

(2017). Thus, we consider, as the trial judge did, "whether the evidence presents

a sufficient disagreement to require submission to a jury or whether it is so one-

sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law." Liberty Surplus Ins. Corp.

v. Nowell Amoroso, P.A., 189 N.J. 436, 445-46 (2007) (quoting Brill v.

Guardian Life Ins. Co., 142 N.J. 520, 536 (1995)).

      If there is no genuine issue of material fact, we must then "decide whether

the trial court correctly interpreted the law." DepoLink Court Reporting & Litig.

Support Servs. v. Rochman, 430 N.J. Super. 325, 333 (App. Div. 2013) (quoting

Massachi v. AHL Servs., Inc., 396 N.J. Super. 486, 494 (App. Div. 2007)).

      On appeal, Star argues that although Statewide is a JIF under N.J.S.A.

40A:10-36 and -48, Statewide still must adhere to the terms of its contract. Star

argues that JIFs, as insurers, are obligated to follow the general rules of

insurance contract interpretation and each policy's "other insurance" clauses are

mutually repugnant.

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                                        4
      Star first argues the court misinterpreted N.J.S.A. 40A:10-48. In doing

so, Star offers an erroneous reading of the statute that militates against

Statewide, and by extension, Long Branch, being self-insured. N.J.S.A. 40A:10-

48, however, provides:

            A joint insurance fund established pursuant to the
            provisions of this act is not an insurance company or an
            insurer under the laws of this State, and the authorized
            activities of the fund do not constitute the transaction
            of insurance nor doing an insurance business. A fund
            established pursuant to this act shall not be subject to
            the provisions of Subtitle 3 of Title 17 of the Revised
            Statutes.

      Star asserts the first sentence provides the natural and logical predicate

for the second sentence's explicit statement that JIFs are not subject to the

regulations applicable to insurers admitted to sell policies in New Jersey.

According to Star, then, under one interpretation of N.J.S.A. 40A:10 -48, JIFs

provide insurance to their members but are not subject to extensive insurance

regulations. Star alternatively argues Statewide could hold itself out as a low-

cost insurer, draft an insurance policy, include another insurance clause, and

disregard the policy terms. We disagree. Statewide is statutorily protected from

being considered insurance by third parties per the Legislature.

      The trial court found that:

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                                       5
            [T]his [c]ourt agrees that joint insurance funds are not
            insurance companies or insurers. There can be no
            stronger indication of the Legislature's intent than the
            clear an[d] unambiguous language of the relevant
            statu[t]es. N.J.S.A. 40A:10-48 undeniably states that
            joint insurance funds are not insurance companies or
            insurers. . . . Assuming the Legislature intended joint
            insurance funds to be treated like insurance companies
            as suggested by Star, the Legislature could have altered,
            amended and/or supplemented the language contained
            in the enabling statute and/or N.J.S.A. 40A:10-48 by
            specifically including such language in the legislation.
            However, they chose not to include any such language.

            It is not this [c]ourt's role to write in additional
            qualifications which the Legislature pointedly omitted
            in drafting N.J.S.A. 40A:10-36 [to -51], and/or
            specifically N.J.S.A. 40A:10-48. Nor should this
            [c]ourt engage in conjecture or surmise concerning the
            Legislature's intent that would circumvent the plain
            meaning of the statutes. While joint insurance funds
            are subject to review and regulation by [Department of
            Banking and Insurance] [DOBI], this review does not
            permit this [c]ourt [to] ignor[e] the clear and
            unambiguous language of the statute that joint
            insurance funds are not insurance companies or
            insurers.    This strict interp[retation] of N.J.S.A.
            40A:10-48 remains consistent with rationale set forth
            in Shapiro1 and West[ville]2.

1
  Shapiro v. Middlesex Cty. Mun. Joint Ins. Fund, 307 N.J. Super. 453, 458
(App. Div. 1998).
2
  Borough of Westville, N.J. v. City of Philadelphia, 89 F. Supp. 3d 636, 640
(2015) ("Joint insurance funds are explicitly not insurers under New Jersey law:
'A joint insurance fund established pursuant to the provisions of this act is not
an insurance company or an insurer under the laws of this State, and the

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                                       6
      Star argues the trial court's interpretation suggests the Legislature meant

to allow JIFs the opportunity to "not actually afford[] genuine insurance" to its

customers. We disagree.

      There is a difference between self-insurance and no insurance. As has

been observed, the term "self-insurance" is ambiguous. 1A Couch on Insurance

§ 10:1, at 10:3 (3d ed., 2010). In some respects, "so-called self-insurance is not

insurance at all. It is the antithesis of insurance." Am. Nurses Ass'n v. Passaic

Gen. Hosp., 192 N.J. Super. 486, 491 (App. Div. 1984), aff'd in part, rev'd in

part, 98 N.J. 83 (1984).

            The essence of an insurance contract is the shifting of
            the risk of loss from the insured to the insurer. The
            essence of self-insurance, a term of colloquial currency
            rather than of precise legal meaning, is the retention of
            the risk of loss by the one upon whom it is directly
            imposed by law or contract.

            [Ibid.]

      However, under some circumstances, "self-insurance" is more than "no

insurance." See ibid.

            In a sense, all risks not otherwise insured are "self-
            insured." However, many formal procedures exist
            whereby an entity can become recognized as a self-
            insurer. This is most commonly accomplished by filing

authorized activities of the fund do not constitute the transaction of insurance
nor doing an insurance business.'").
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                                        7
            a bond or furnishing another form of proof of the ability
            to pay amounts for which the self-insurer may become
            liable. To meet the conceptual definition of self-
            insurance, an entity would have to engage in the same
            sorts of underwriting procedures that insurance
            companies employ. These underwriting procedures
            include: (1) estimating likely losses during the period;
            (2) setting up a mechanism to create sufficient reserves
            to meet those losses as they occur; and (3) arranging for
            commercial insurance for losses that are beyond a
            preset amount.

            [Couch, § 10:1, at 10:3 to 10:4.]

      Long Branch had an SIR—a dollar amount specified in a liability

insurance policy that must be paid by the insured before the insurance policy

will respond to a loss . An SIR limits an entity's exposure to losses below the

point at which its insurer becomes liable under an excess policy. Star is the

excess policy. Absent some other policy to cover those losses, it may be more

accurate to say the entity is uninsured. In American Nurses Association v.

Passaic General Hospital, a hospital had a "self-insured sum" of $100,000,

before its liability insurance, which covered its nurses, would be implicated. 98

N.J. 83, 88-90 (1984). A nurse was separately covered by her own policy, which

made "other insurance" primary. Id. at 86-87. Her insurer contended that the

hospital's "self-insured sum" qualified as "other insurance." Id. at 88-89.

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                                        8
      The Court disagreed. Noting that the "tendency has been not to regard

self-insurance as 'insurance,'" the Court concluded that nothing in the hospital's

policy required it to pay the first $100,000 of a judgment against the nurse, nor

was the hospital otherwise obligated to pay the first $100,000.        Id. at 89.

Furthermore, the hospital's decision to investigate the claim, which arose out of

its insurance package, did not compel it to pay the first $100,000. Id. at 90.

      In short, Star contends Statewide used the word "insurance" in its

contracts, held itself out to the public as providing low-cost insurance, is

insurance because it has an "other insurance" clause, and is disregarding its own

terms. These are incorrect premises. Statewide does not hold itself out as an

insurer "at large" to everyone.     We discern no legal error in the judge's

conclusion.

      Relying on Sahli v. Woodbine Board of Education, 193 N.J. 309 (2008),

and Shapiro v. Middlesex County Municipal Joint Insurance Fund, 307 N.J.

Super. 453 (App. Div. 1998), Star asserts that because Statewide worked with

Star to settle Ezra's tort claim, and included an "other insurance" clause, that

Statewide is not a self-insurer who can benefit from the statutory protection. We

disagree.

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      In Sahli, our Supreme Court primarily addressed whether "a school board

attorney is entitled to indemnification under N.J.S.A. 18A:16-6, which provides

for indemnification in defense of a civil action for 'any person holding any

office, position or employment' with a board of education." Sahli, 193 N.J. at

312. There, the attorney, Sahli, was working for the school board as both a

"Board solicitor" and "secretary pro tem." Id. at 313. The Court held Sahli was

entitled to indemnification in the civil suit under N.J.S.A. 18A:16-6 for his

position as the volunteer secretary pro tem, but not as a Board solicitor. Ibid.

      The Court performed a thorough analysis of the Board indemnification

statute.   Id. at 313-21 (discussing N.J.S.A. 18A:16-6).        Then, the Court

addressed whether a JIF is required under its policy to reimburse Sahli for his

attorney's fees defending him. Id. at 321-22. The Court, however, did not

address whether the Joint Fund is a JIF. Therefore, Sahli is not applicable to the

issue presented here. We also reject Star's next argument that Shapiro held a

"JIF may be considered to be acting as an insurer." Shapiro, 307 N.J. Super. at

453. Shapiro primarily addressed antitrust and tortuous interference claims and

is also inapplicable here.

      Star next argues the terms of the policies are repugnant.       When two

policies that provide coverage each have a clause declaring the policy is excess

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over any other policy, the provisions are "mutually repugnant" and are

disregarded. W9/PHC Real Estate LP v. Farm Fam. Cas. Ins. Co., 407 N.J.

Super. 177, 199 (App. Div. 2009) (citation omitted). The result is that "the

carriers stand on equal footing, with each sharing payment of liability equally

until the limit of the smaller policy is exhausted."    Ibid. (citing Universal

Underwriters Ins. Co. v. CNA Ins. Co., 308 N.J. Super. 415, 418-19 (App. Div.

1998)).

      Our inquiry goes further, however. We examine "the 'Other-Insurance'

clause of each policy to determine whether there exists language which may

govern the contribution each party should make." Universal Underwriters, 308

N.J. Super. at 417. But an insurance policy must be read as a whole, Hardy ex

rel. Dowdell v. Abdul-Matin, 198 N.J. 95, 103 (2009), and will be enforced as

written when its terms are clear, Mem'l Props., LLC v. Zurich Am. Ins. Co., 210

N.J. 512, 525 (2012). "In assessing the meaning of provisions in an insurance

contract, [we] first look to the plain meaning of the language at issue." Oxford

Realty Grp. Cedar v. Travelers Excess & Surplus Lines Co., 229 N.J. 196, 207

(2017) (citing Chubb Custom Ins. Co. v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 195 N.J.

231, 238 (2008)). "The words of an insurance policy should be given their

ordinary meaning, and in the absence [of an] ambiguity, [this court] should not

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                                      11
engage in a strained construction to support the imposition of liability."

Longobardi v. Chubb Ins. Co. of N.J., 121 N.J. 530, 537 (1990). "If the language

is clear, that is the end of the inquiry." Oxford, 229 N.J. at 207 (quoting Chubb,

195 N.J. at 238).

      The two clauses at issue state, starting with Statewide:

            3. Other Insurance.

                    The insurance afforded by this policy is excess
                    over any other valid and collectible insurance or
                    self-insurance.

                          ....

                    When this insurance is excess of other insurance,
                    we will pay only our share of the amount of loss,
                    if any, that exceeds the sum of:

                          (1) The total amount that all such other
                          insurance would pay for the loss in the
                          absence of this insurance; and

                          (2) The total of all deductible and self-
                          insured amounts under all that other
                          insurance.

      The language of Star's "other insurance" clause provides:

            The Other Insurance Conditions of Section IV—
            Commercial General Liability Conditions of the
            Commercial General Liability Coverage Form CG 0001
            . . . are deleted in their entirety and replaced with the
            following:

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                                       12
            Other Insurance

            a. This Insurance is excess over, and shall not
            contribute with any of the other insurance, whether
            primary, excess, contingent or on any other basis. This
            condition will not apply to insurance specifically
            written as excess over this Coverage Part.

      There are two reasons the clauses are not mutually repugnant. First, as

the trial court found and as N.J.S.A. 40A provides:

            When giving the words of each policy's other insurance
            clause their plain and ordinary meaning, this [c]ourt
            agrees the language of the Star policy's "other
            insurance" clause is only excess over other "insurance."
            As previously noted, this [c]ourt accepts the rationale
            set forth in American Nurses and Moore that self-
            insurance is not insurance. Rather, it has been
            recognized as the antithesis of insurance.

            A plain reading of the respective policies indicates
            Statewide's policy contains an "other insurance" clause
            which renders such coverage excess over "any other
            valid and collectible insurance . . . ," which
            encompasses the Star policy. However, the other
            insurance clause in the Star policy does not reference
            "self-insurance," which is included in the Statewide
            other insurance clause. When negotiating and drafting
            its policy, specifically the other insurance clause, Star
            could have provided that the other insurance clause
            would be triggered by "valid and collectable insurance
            or self-insurance" in a similar manner as Statewide.
            However, this language was not written into the Star
            policy. It is not the responsibility of this [c]ourt to
            rewrite a better policy and allow Star to trigger its other
            insurance clause based upon the presence of the
            antithesis of insurance, self-insurance. Assuming Star

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                                       13
            wanted to include self-insurance as triggering the other
            insurance clause, it should have been included in the
            policy and will not be written into the policy at
            summary judgment on a coverage motion.

            [Emphasis added.]

      Again, the argument here returns to converting Statewide from a JIF to a

commercial insurer, which contradicts the goal of N.J.S.A. 40A:10-48. Star

only argues here that "[i]t is not possible to sensibly read the clauses in such a

manner as to permit one policy to be primary to the other." When reading the

clauses, the sensible conclusion is that Star did not include self-insured JIFs in

their clause, while Statewide did. And Statewide is not an insurer under N.J.S.A.

40A:10-48. Thus, Star's argument fails here as well.

      All the remaining arguments raised by Star were found to lack sufficient

merit to warrant discussion in a written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).

      Affirmed.

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