Court Opinion

ID: 4556877
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-08-19 17:11:43.880237+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:38:43.566923
License: Public Domain

J-S36043-20

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    LARRY W. SHROYER                           :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 18 WDA 2020

       Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered December 9, 2019
      In the Court of Common Pleas of McKean County Criminal Division at
                        No(s): CP-42-CR-0000628-2017

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    LARRY WAYNE SHROYER                        :
                                               :
                                               :   No. 19 WDA 2020

       Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered December 5, 2019
      In the Court of Common Pleas of McKean County Criminal Division at
                        No(s): CP-42-CR-0000620-2017

BEFORE: OLSON, J., KING, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY PELLEGRINI, J.:                          FILED AUGUST 19, 2020

        Larry Wayne Shroyer seeks review of two judgments of sentence

entered against him by the Court of Common Pleas of McKean County (trial

court) on the grounds of insufficient evidence.        After a jury trial, he was

convicted of numerous drug related offenses, including the two counts now at

____________________________________________

*   Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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issue:     flight to avoid apprehension (18 Pa.C.S. § 5126) and reckless

endangerment (18 Pa.C.S. § 2705).1                  He was sentenced to an aggregate

prison term of 53 to 106 months. As we find that the evidence was legally

sufficient,2 the judgments of sentence are affirmed.

                                               I.

         This case stems from a fatal drug overdose by George Duke, Jr. (Duke)

in 2015. Shortly after his death, the Commonwealth linked the substances

found in Duke’s system to narcotics distributed by Shroyer.

         Officer Christopher Lucco testified that he spoke with Shroyer on the

day of Duke’s death. According to the officer, Shroyer said that Duke was

friends with his own son and that he had gone to check on Duke after hearing

that police vehicles were parked at his home. Despite telling Officer Lucco

that he was “trying to keep him clean,” Shroyer had admitted to one of his

associates, Kyle Dweyer, that he had sold drugs to Duke shortly before his

death.      See Trial Transcript, 10/31/2019, at p. 45; Trial Transcript,

____________________________________________

1 Shroyer was also convicted of possession with intent to distribute heroin;
possession with intent to distribute a designer drug; conspiracy to distribute
a designer drug; and possession of a controlled substance. These convictions
are not at issue here. The two related cases at the above-captioned docket
numbers have been consolidated into this one appeal.

2 The facts discussed in this memorandum are taken from the record and the
trial court’s 1925(a) opinion.

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10/29/2019, at p. 160. Shroyer was also heard telling his family members

around that time to keep those drug sales to Duke a secret.

      Further, after Duke’s overdose, Shroyer admitted to several individuals

that he was aware that the narcotics he was selling were of a very high

potency.     In fact, he was selling high-grade heroin, mixed with the opioid

hydrochloride.    Shroyer and his associates kept an inventory of especially

potent drugs to meet their clients’ demand for it.        See Trial Transcript,

10/29/2019, at p. 203.       At trial, the jury heard Shroyer’s former cellmate

recount that Shroyer had bragged about selling the “good stuff” to Duke. Id.

at p. 251.

      Several witnesses confirmed at trial that at the time of Duke’s death,

the heroin/hydrochloride mixture could be highly potent and that its potency

varied unpredictably. It was also clear from the evidence that Shroyer knew

Duke had severe addiction problems, having been previously committed to

rehabilitation facilities.

      Officer Lucco contacted Shroyer on November 16, 2017, to notify him

that there was a warrant out for his arrest in connection with Duke’s death.

Shroyer was asked to turn himself in and he indicated that he would do so.

When Shroyer did not appear, Officer Lucco tried to contact Shroyer at his

residence in Foster Township, but did not find him there; nor could Shroyer

be reached by phone or through local family members.

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      Shroyer was not found until November 21, 2017, at a friend’s home in

McKean County. Once police arrived there, Shroyer initially did not cooperate,

refusing to come out after police had requested his surrender. Moments later,

however, once the police had surrounded the home, Shroyer came out with

his hands above his head. Officer Lucco then arrested Shroyer, at which point

he said, “Jeez, [Officer Lucco], couldn't you have given me a couple days?”

Trial Transcript, 10/31/2019, at p. 77.

      After Shroyer was tried and convicted, he filed post-sentence motions

disputing the sufficiency of the evidence as to the counts of flight to avoid

apprehension and reckless endangerment.         The trial court denied all of

Shroyer’s post-sentence claims.

      In its 1925(a) opinion, the trial court summarized the evidence of flight

to avoid apprehension as follows:

      This evidence, taken together, was sufficient to demonstrate that:
      1) the Defendant was aware that the police were investigating the
      death of George Duke, Jr.; 2) he knew was the subject of that
      investigation; 3) he knew charges had been filed against him and
      the police were looking for him; [4] he had been asked to go to
      the police station and indicated that he would do so in a few hours;
      [5] he never went to the police station and took efforts to conceal
      his whereabouts. Specifically, he avoided his residence, shut
      down his phone and went to a different location; 6) he refused to
      leave the home where he was apprehended and, at one point,
      attempted to run. He avoided being apprehended for 5 days. His
      intent to avoid apprehension was made clear when he told Chief
      Lucco when he was apprehended: “Jeez, Christ, couldn’t you have
      given me a couple days?” Therefore, there is sufficient evidence
      to demonstrate that he had the intent to avoid being
      apprehended; and the Defendant is not entitled to relief on appeal.

Trial Court Opinion, 2/10/2020, at 2-6.

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       The trial court did not address Shroyer’s post-trial motion challenging

the sufficiency of the evidence as to the reckless endangerment count.

However, Shroyer had raised this issue in a 1925(b) statement, preserving it

for appeal.3

       Shroyer now presents the following two issues in his appellate brief:

       I. Whether the evidence sufficiently sustains the jury’s conviction
       for the offense of Flight to Avoid Apprehension where the only
       evidence presented was that Defendant was asked to come to the
       Bradford City Police Department over the phone, that Defendant
       did not go to the Bradford City Police Department, and that
       Defendant was arrested on November 21, 2017 in McKean
       County?

       II. Whether the evidence sufficiently sustains the jury’s conviction
       for the offense of Recklessly Endangering Another Person where
       there was no evidence presented that Defendant was aware that
       the substance he was found to have given to the Decedent
       contained Butyryl Fentanyl or that Defendant was otherwise aware
       of the “potency” of the substance he gave to the victim?

Appellant’s Brief, at 9 (suggested answers omitted).

____________________________________________

3 This Court may consider this issue on appeal even though the trial judge did
not discuss it in its Rule 1925(a) opinion. See Commonwealth v. Hood, 872
A.2d 175, 178 (Pa. Super. 2005) (noting that while the purpose of a Rule
1925(a) opinion is “to provide the appellate court with a statement of reasons
for the order . . . to permit effective and meaningful review,” failure to file a
Rule 1925(a) opinion does not necessarily preclude our consideration of an
appellate issue’s merits). Because the sufficiency of the evidence supporting
the reckless endangerment conviction may be determined from review of the
record, it is unnecessary to remand the case to the trial court for further
elaboration. See id.

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                                      II.

                                      A.

      Shroyer argues that the evidence was insufficient to sustain his

convictions for flight to avoid apprehension and reckless endangerment.

      Our inquiry for such claims is limited to assessing whether the fact-

finder heard evidence sufficient to satisfy each element of the subject offenses

beyond a reasonable doubt. See Commonwealth v. Sunealitis, 153 A.3d
414, 419 (Pa. Super. 2016). In that review, the evidence must be construed

in a light most favorable to the prevailing party, and any doubts regarding

guilt are to be resolved by the fact-finder unless the evidence is so weak and

inconclusive that as a matter of law, the verdict cannot stand. Id.

      A conviction may be sustained where the elements are proven

circumstantially, and credibility is an issue resolved by the fact-finder, who

may believe all, part or none of a witness’s testimony. See Commonwealth

v. Strafford, 194 A.3d 168, 174 (Pa. Super. 2018). “Because evidentiary

sufficiency is a matter of law, our standard of review is de novo and our scope

of review is plenary.” Commonwealth v. Brooker, 103 A.3d 325, 330 (Pa.

Super. 2014).

                                      B.

      First, we consider whether the Commonwealth presented evidence

satisfying each element of the offense of flight to avoid apprehension.       A

person commits this crime if he has been charged with a crime and “willfully

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conceals himself or moves or travels within or outside this Commonwealth

with the intent to avoid apprehension, trial or punishment.”        18 Pa.C.S.

§ 5126(a).

      Shroyer argues that the evidence was lacking because nothing in the

record shows that he attempted to conceal himself or avoid detection after

police informed him of new criminal charges. However, based on our review

of the record, the Commonwealth produced sufficient evidence to sustain

Shroyer’s conviction as to each element of this offense, including the intent to

elude.

      The testimony of numerous witnesses established that Shroyer knew he

was charged with crimes related to Duke’s fatal overdose the day it occurred.

Shroyer advised his friends and family to keep his drug sales to Duke a secret.

Five days after learning that the police had put out a warrant for his arrest

and agreeing to turn himself in, Shroyer was located at a friend’s home,

appearing to be hiding or at least reluctant to be taken into custody.      His

comments to police suggested that Shroyer had no intention of turning himself

in as he had agreed to do days earlier.

      On these facts, the jury could infer that Shroyer intended to elude the

police.   See Commonwealth v. Steffy, 36 A.3d 1109, 1112 (Pa. Super.

2012) (sustaining conviction where defendant fled from police after becoming

aware of outstanding arrest warrant). Accordingly, the trial court did not err

in denying Shroyer’s sufficiency claim on that count.

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                                     C.

      We now consider the sufficiency of the evidence to support Shroyer’s

reckless endangerment conviction.

      A person commits this offense if he “recklessly engages in conduct which

places or may place another person in danger of death or serious bodily

injury.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 2705. When committing this offense, the perpetrator

must have a “conscious disregard of a known risk of death or great bodily

injury[.]” Commonwealth v. Klein, 795 A.2d 424, 428 (Pa Super. 2002)

(citation omitted).   “Reckless” conduct is defined in the Crimes Code as a

disregard for a risk “of such nature and degree that, considering the nature

and intent of the actor’s conduct and the circumstances known to him, its

disregard involves a gross deviation from the standard of conduct that a

reasonable person would observe in the actor’s situation.”        18 Pa.C.S.

§ 302(b)(3).

      We have held that the sale and use of heroin is so inherently dangerous

that it may constitute “reckless” conduct.        See Commonwealth v.

Kakhankham, 132 A.3d 986, 995-96 (Pa. Super. 2015) (holding that drug

seller could be liable for customer’s fatal overdose on count of reckless

endangerment); see also Minn. Fire and Cas. Co. v. Greenfield, 805 A.2d
622, 629 (Pa. Super. 2002) (describing heroin’s potential for abuse and the

fact that using it is “inherently dangerous” and akin to a game of “Russian

                                    -8-
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roulette.”); Commonwealth v. Carr, 227 A.3d 11, 15-17 (Pa. Super. 2020)

(same).

      Here, there was ample evidence that Shroyer knew he was selling

opioids to Duke which were potentially of very high potency, exposing Duke

to severe physical harm. He knew that Duke suffered from addiction and that

he was entered into rehabilitation facilities on multiple occasions. Duke died

soon after ingesting the drugs Shroyer had sold to him.       All of this was

evidence from which the jury could conclude that Shroyer knew of but

disregarded the risks that the drugs posed to Duke. Thus, the evidence was

sufficient and the trial court did not err in denying Shroyer’s post-sentence

motion as to this count.

      Judgments of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 8/19/2020

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