Court Opinion

ID: 4651935
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-01-15 17:07:35.524139+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:01:43.727826
License: Public Domain

New York Constitution Article 13, § 13; County Law §§ 400(1), 650; Corrections Law §
500-c; Public Officers Law § 3; Executive Law § 845; Criminal Procedure Law §§ 1.20(34),
1.20(34)(b), 120.60, 120.80, 140.10, 140.50, 690.251.20(34), 1.20(34)(b), 120.60, 120.80,
140.10, 140.50, 690.25; Civil Service Law §§ 58, 58(1), 58(3); General Municipal Law §§
209-q, 209-q(1)(a), 209-q(1)(b), 209-q(2); Penal Law §§ 35.30, 265.20(a)(1)(b)

Sheriffs have the powers accorded police officers under the Criminal Procedure Law but are
not mandated to get police officer training.

                                       January 13, 2021

Michael Flaherty                                              Formal Opinion
Acting Counsel                                                No. 2021-F1
Division of Criminal Justice Services
80 South Swan Street
Albany, NY 12210

Dear Mr. Flaherty:

       Your predecessor requested an opinion regarding the status of a county sheriff as a
“police officer” under various statutes and the powers inuring to the sheriff resulting from
that status. The question arises because the Division of Criminal Justice Services (DCJS)
administers several laws regarding police officers, and their definitions of “police officer”
differ. The Criminal Procedure Law, granting police officer powers, includes sheriffs in its
definition of “police officer,” while the Civil Service Law and General Municipal Law,
establishing fitness and training requirements for police officers, exclude sheriffs from their
definitions of that term. As explained below, the result is sheriffs have the powers accorded
police officers under the Criminal Procedure Law but are not mandated to get police officer
training.

       A sheriff is a county officer, generally elected by the electors of the county to a term
of four years. N.Y. Const., Art. 13, § 13; County Law § 400(1). The sheriff is the chief
executive of an office with diverse responsibilities. The sheriff’s office has both civil and law
enforcement functions, including serving process for both courts and private entities or
individuals; executing court orders; administering the county correctional facility and
keeping custody of its inmates; and providing police services such as crime investigation,
emergency rescue, and traffic patrol. See, e.g., County Law § 650; Corrections Law § 500-c.

       State law establishes the same qualifications for a person to be elected sheriff as for
other county offices: he or she must be at least 18 years old, a citizen of the United States,
and a resident of New York and of the county for which he or she is chosen. Public Officers
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   Law § 3. State law does not establish having been trained with respect to the exercise of
   police powers as a qualification for election to the office of sheriff.
          Your first question is whether a sheriff is registered and classified as a police officer.
   Executive Law § 845 provides that DCJS “shall collect information to maintain, on a current
   basis, a registry of all police officers and peace officers in the state.” Executive Law § 845(1).
   For purposes of the registry, “police officer” means a person designated as a police officer in
   Criminal Procedure Law § 1.20(34). And section 1.20 of the Criminal Procedure Law
   establishes that “sheriffs, under-sheriffs[,] and deputy sheriffs of counties outside of New
   York City” are “police officers.” Criminal Procedure Law § 1.20(34)(b). Consequently, a
   sheriff must be included on DCJS’s registry as a police officer.

          With respect to whether a sheriff is classified as a “police officer” under the Civil
   Service Law, the answer is no. Civil Service Law § 58(1) establishes several criteria in the
   areas of age, education, physical fitness, and moral character that an individual must meet
   to be eligible for appointment in the competitive class of the civil service as a police officer.
   For purposes of section 58, “police officer” means a police officer in the Department of
   Environmental Conservation, the State University Police, a member of the regional State
   Park Police, or of a police force, police department, or other organization of a county, city,
   town, village, housing authority, transit authority, or police district, who is responsible for
   the prevention and detection of crime and the enforcement of the general criminal laws of
   the State. Sheriffs and under-sheriffs, along with other supervisory positions in local law
   enforcement agencies, are expressly excluded from this definition.1 Civil Service Law
   § 58(3). Consequently, a sheriff is not classified as a police officer who is subject to civil
   service requirements for appointment.

           In addition to the criteria set by Civil Service Law § 58, a person cannot be appointed
   “on a permanent basis as a police officer of any county, city, town, village[,] or police district”
   unless he or she has been certified by the Municipal Police Training Council—established
   within DCJS—as having satisfactorily completed an approved municipal police basic
   training program. General Municipal Law § 209-q(1)(a). A “police officer” who must be so
   certified is “a member of a police force or other organization of a municipality or a detective
   or rackets investigator employed by the office of the district attorney in [New York City,]
   who is responsible for the prevention or detection of crime and the enforcement of the
   general criminal laws of the State.” General Municipal Law § 209-q(2). Again, sheriffs and
   under-sheriffs, along with other local law enforcement supervisory positions, are expressly

   1In addition to excluding a sheriff and under-sheriff, the term “police officer” also excludes “commissioner of
   police, deputy or assistant commissioner of police, chief of police, deputy or assistant chief of police[,] or any
   person having an equivalent title who is appointed or employed to exercise equivalent supervisory
   authority.” Civil Service Law § 58(3). Thus these officers, including the sheriff, need not meet the age,
   height, weight, and physical fitness requirements established by DCJS’s Municipal Police Training Council.
   Civil Service Law § 58(1).
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   excluded from this definition. Thus, they are not subject to the training requirements
   established by section 209-q.

          Finally, you ask about the powers granted to police officers by the Criminal Procedure
   Law and Penal Law that a sheriff can exercise. Because a sheriff is deemed a “police officer”
   by Criminal Procedure Law § 1.20(34)(b), he or she is eligible to exercise the powers granted
   to police officers by the Criminal Procedure Law and the Penal Law. 2

          In summary, while the sheriff is expressly not deemed a “police officer” who needs to
   satisfy the requirements, including training, of Civil Service Law § 58 and General
   Municipal Law § 209-q, he or she must be included in the police officer registry maintained
   by DCJS and is eligible to exercise the powers granted to police officers by the Criminal
   Procedure Law and the Penal Law.

          We recognize the anomalous result of a sheriff being a police officer under the
   Criminal Procedure Law, with the attendant powers, but not being required by General
   Municipal Law § 209-q to receive training as to the exercise of those powers. Indeed, this
   conclusion differs from the conclusion we have reached with respect to police chiefs in prior
   opinions, because those police chiefs were not explicitly included in the Criminal Procedure
   Law’s definition of “police officer.” See Op. Att’y Gen. 2003-1 (village chief of police); Op.
   Att’y Gen. 85-F12 (municipal police chiefs and commissioners). We have been unable to
   identify the reason for the discrepancy between the powers of a sheriff and the lack of a
   requirement to obtain training relevant to the use of those powers.

          We note that many sheriffs will in fact have been trained in previous positions of law
   enforcement employment. See General Municipal Law § 209-q(1)(b) (Municipal Police
   Training Council certificate valid during continuous service as police officer and for up to 10
   years following an interruption of service under certain circumstances). The Legislature
   might wish to consider mandating training for all sheriffs, but absent such legislation, the
   decision to whether to get training rests with the sheriffs themselves.

                                                                 Very truly yours,

                                                                 LETITIA JAMES
                                                                 Attorney General

   2These powers include possessing an unlicensed firearm, Penal Law § 265.20(a)(1)(b); making an arrest
   without a warrant, Criminal Procedure Law § 140.10; using physical or deadly force, if necessary, to effect
   an arrest or prevent an escape, Criminal Procedure Law § 120.80, Penal Law § 35.30; executing arrest and
   search warrants, Criminal Procedure Law §§ 120.60, 690.25; and stopping and frisking a person in a public
   place, Criminal Procedure Law § 140.50.