Court Opinion

ID: 9838834
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-08 14:05:51.536305+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:02:14.745388
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: SEPTEMBER 1, 2023; 10:00 A.M.
                       NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

                 Commonwealth of Kentucky
                           Court of Appeals
                              NO. 2022-CA-1415-MR

PARKPLACE HOMES, LLC AND
AMIE HACKER                                                       APPELLANTS

                   APPEAL FROM PERRY CIRCUIT COURT
v.                 HONORABLE ALISON C. WELLS, JUDGE
                         ACTION NO. 21-CI-00096

CANDICE GAYHART; CHAMPION
HOME BUILDERS, INC.; AND
EDWARD GAYHART                                                      APPELLEES

                                OPINION
                        REVERSING AND REMANDING

                                   ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: CETRULO, ECKERLE, AND GOODWINE, JUDGES.

GOODWINE, JUDGE: Parkplace Homes, LLC and Amie Hacker (collectively

“Parkplace”) appeal the Perry Circuit Court order denying their motion to dismiss

and compel arbitration. After careful review, we reverse and remand with

instructions to enter an order compelling arbitration.
                                      BACKGROUND

               On March 16, 2019, Candice and Edward Gayhart1 (“Gayhart”)

contracted with Parkplace to purchase a 2019 Champion double-wide mobile

home. Gayhart executed a series of purchase documents memorializing the terms

of the sale. The contract contains a document titled “Arbitration Agreement,” in

which she agreed to arbitrate all disputes arising from the home’s purchase

agreement, Record (R.) at 22. Gayhart signed and dated the arbitration agreement;

a notary attested her signature.

               The arbitration agreement provides a detailed explanation of the

dispute resolution process. First, it states that Gayhart’s agreement to arbitrate

would be incorporated into the totality of the purchasing documents executed for

the purchase and delivery of the mobile home:

               Buyer(s) and Seller/Assignee, their successors and
               assigns, hereby agree that this Arbitration Addendum
               shall become part of and applicable to all manufactured
               home purchase documents, including but not limited to
               the purchase agreement contract and/or mortgage and/or
               promissory note (collectively “loan” hereafter).

R. at 22.

1
  Edward Gayhart passed away in January of 2022, after the Complaint was filed but before
Parkplace was served. Candice did not join Edward’s estate and continued prosecuting the
lawsuit individually. Though they both executed the arbitration agreement and jointly filed suit,
we reference Candice (Gayhart) singularly for clarity.

                                               -2-
                Second, the arbitration agreement stipulates three specific agreements

made by Gayhart in bold-faced type:

                (1) That this purchase involves interstate commerce;
                (2) that arbitration is a less expensive method of
                dispute resolution that decreases servicing costs of
                this purchase, ensuring to the benefit of buyer(s); and
                (3) to resolve via binding arbitration all disputes,
                claims, or other matters in question arising out of or
                relating to this purchase, its interpretation, validity,
                performance or the breach thereof. Subject to the
                express exceptions listed below, the scope of
                arbitrability is broad and includes, without limitation,
                contractual, tort, statutory and caseless claims.

Id.
                Third, the arbitration agreement defines applicable procedures and

laws:

                Arbitration shall be by three arbitrators and shall be
                governed by the Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C.[2] Sec.
                1 [et] seq.

                The arbitrators shall have full power to award all legal
                and equitable [relief] including, but not limited to,
                monetary damages, declaratory, and injunctive
                relief. Judgement upon the arbitration award may be
                entered in any court having jurisdiction.

Id.

2
    United States Code.

                                            -3-
             Finally, Gayhart signed and attested that she “read these terms and

agree to these terms and conditions of the Contract and its arbitration addendum.”

Id.

             On April 8, 2021, Gayhart filed a complaint in the Perry Circuit Court

against Parkplace, the retail seller of the home; Hacker, Parkplace’s owner and

president; and Champion Builders, Inc. (“Champion”), the home’s manufacturer.

The complaint asserts various tort and contractual claims arising from purchasing

the mobile home, including defects in the mobile home Gayhart was unaware of

before purchasing it and fraudulent inducement to purchase the home.

             Gayhart served Parkplace on July 18, 2022. In the interim, she did not

conduct any discovery, take any depositions, file motions, or take steps to

prosecute her claim.

             On August 8, 2022, Parkplace moved to dismiss Gayhart’s claims

against it based on the arbitration agreement. Champion also moved to dismiss

based on its separate arbitration agreement with Gayhart. Champion withdrew its

motion on October 27, 2022. Though not stated in the record, Parkplace believes

Gayhart’s claims against Champion were settled entirely, and she is no longer

prosecuting those claims.

             Gayhart opposed Parkplace’s motion arguing, “the Arbitration

Agreement could not be enforced as to the co-defendant Champion since

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Champion is not a party therefore obviating any possibility of apportionment of

fault by any Arbitrator between the co-defendant and the fact the Plaintiff has

alleged fraud in the inducement which has the effect of negating the entire contract

the defendant park place [sic] cannot meet its burden to compel arbitration.” R. at

38.

               In reply, Parkplace argued that Gayhart does not dispute that she

signed the arbitration agreement or that the arbitration agreement covers her

claims. Parkplace argued that the agreement was binding and arbitration was

required.

               On October 28, 2022, the circuit court heard arguments on

Parkplace’s motion. At the end of the hearing, the circuit court orally ruled that it

would deny the motion without providing any explanation. 3 On October 31, 2022,

the circuit court entered a one-sentence order stating, “IT IS HEREBY ORDERED

that the Motion to Dismiss and Compel Arbitration be, and the same hereby is

overruled.” R. at 119. The circuit court failed to include any written findings of

fact or conclusions of law in its order. This appeal followed.

               On appeal, Parkplace argues: (1) the Federal Arbitration Act applies

to this transaction; (2) it established the existence of a binding arbitration

3
  A video recording of the hearing on the motion to compel, if any, was not included in the
record on appeal. Thus, this Court does not know whether the circuit court issued oral findings.
Neither party has referenced any such findings.

                                               -5-
agreement that applies to Gayhart’s complaint; (3) the arbitration provision applies

to all claims in the complaint; (4) Gayhart failed to provide any viable presumption

to rebut the presumption of arbitrability.

                                STANDARD OF REVIEW

                Though interlocutory orders are generally not appealable, “an order

denying a motion to compel arbitration is immediately appealable.” New

Meadowview Health and Rehabilitation Center, LLC v. Booker, 550 S.W.3d 56, 58

(Ky. App. 2018) (citing KRS4 417.220(1)). We apply the following standard in

reviewing a denial of a motion to dismiss and compel arbitration:

                The enforcement and effect of an arbitration agreement is
                governed by the Kentucky Uniform Arbitration Act
                (KUAA), KRS 417.045 et seq., and the Federal
                Arbitration Act, (FAA) 9 U.S.C. §§ 1 et seq. “Both Acts
                evince a legislative policy favoring arbitration
                agreements, or at least shielding them from disfavor.”
                Ping v. Beverly Enterprises, Inc., 376 S.W.3d 581, 588
                (Ky. 2012).

                       But under both Acts, a party seeking to compel
                arbitration has the initial burden of establishing the
                existence of a valid agreement to arbitrate. Id. at 589.
                That question is controlled by state law rules of contract
                formation. Id. at 590. The FAA does not preempt state
                law contract principles, including matters concerning the
                authority of an agent to enter into a contract and which
                parties may be bound by that contract. Arthur Andersen
                LLP v. Carlisle, 556 U.S. 624, 630-31, 129 S. Ct. 1896,
                1902, 173 L. Ed. 2d 832 (2009). Since this matter is
                entirely an issue of law, our standard of review is de

4
    Kentucky Revised Statute.

                                             -6-
                novo. [Conseco Financing Servicing Corp. v. Wilder, 47
                S.W.3d 335, 340 (Ky. App. 2011).]

Id. (footnote omitted).

                                       ANALYSIS

                “Arbitration agreements, as with any other valid contract, are

generally enforceable. State courts must compel arbitration when there is a valid,

written arbitration agreement between the parties.” Jackson v. Legacy Health

Services, Inc., 640 S.W.3d 728, 732 (Ky. 2022) (citing 9 U.S.C. § 2). Under both

the Kentucky Uniform Arbitration Act5 (KUAA) and the Federal Arbitration Act6

(FAA), “a party seeking to compel arbitration has the initial burden of establishing

the existence of a valid agreement to arbitrate.” New Meadowview Health and

Rehabilitation Center, LLC, 550 S.W.3d at 58 (citing KRS 417.220(1)).

                “[T]he existence of a binding agreement to arbitrate is necessarily a

threshold consideration for a trial court faced with a motion to compel arbitration.

Disposition of that issue, as both the United States Supreme Court and [the

Kentucky Supreme Court] have long recognized, implicates state law contract

principles.” Jackson, 640 S.W.3d at 732 (citations omitted).

5
    KRS 417.045 et seq.
6
    9 U.S.C. §§ 1-402.

                                            -7-
             Nothing in the FAA modifies the basic principles of state contract law

regarding the scope of agreements and who is bound by them. Golden Gate Nat’l

Senior Care, LLC v. Rucker, 588 S.W.3d 868, 870 (Ky. App. 2019) (citations

omitted). Therefore, “[o]rdinary contract principles govern the validity of an

arbitration agreement.” GGNSC Stanford, LLC v. Rowe, 388 S.W.3d 117, 121

(Ky. App. 2012). Moreover, arbitration agreements “constitute a waiver of the

right to a trial by jury, which is a fundamental right.” Jackson, 640 S.W. 3d at 735

(citations omitted); see also KY. CONST. § 7. Here, the circuit court denied

Parkplace’s motion to compel without issuing written findings of fact or

conclusions of law.

             We now review de novo the circuit court’s decision to deny the

motion to compel. First, Parkplace argues, the FAA applies to this transaction.

We agree. The FAA applies to any arbitration agreement executed in connection

with a transaction involving interstate commerce. See 9 U.S.C. § 2 (FAA applies

to a “contract evidencing a transaction involving commerce”). This transaction

involved interstate commerce. Gayhart, a Kentucky resident, purchased a home

manufactured by Champion Homes, a Michigan corporation, and delivered it to

Kentucky using components, parts, and labor from multiple other states. As stated

above, the KUAA, FAA, and state law contract principles apply in determining the

enforceability of an arbitration agreement.

                                         -8-
             Second, Parkplace argues that it established the existence of a binding

arbitration agreement that applies to the claims in the complaint. We agree.

             In ruling on a motion to compel arbitration, a circuit court must first

determine whether the “party seeking to compel arbitration has [met] the initial

burden of establishing the existence of a valid agreement to arbitrate.” Ping, 376

S.W.3d at 590. Then, “the burden of going forward with evidence to rebut the

presumption then shifts to the party seeking to avoid the agreement.” Dutschke v.

Jim Russell Realtors, Inc., 281 S.W.3d 817, 824 (Ky. App. 2008).

             In assessing the validity of the arbitration agreement, the circuit

court’s role is not “to weigh the equities of the situation, to assess the merits of the

underlying controversy, or to determine whether litigation would or would not

‘irreparably harm’ the movant” or conversely harm the party opposing the motion.

North Fork Collieries, LLC v. Hall, 322 S.W.3d 98, 102 (Ky. 2010). Instead, the

circuit court’s task is “simply to decide under ordinary contract law whether the

asserted arbitration agreement actually exists between the parties and, if so,

whether it applies to the claim raised in the complaint. . . . If an arbitration

agreement is applicable, the motion to compel arbitration should be granted.” Id.

(citations omitted). The circuit court “may deem arbitration agreements invalid

due to ‘generally applicable contract defenses,’ but not because of ‘defenses that

apply only to arbitration or that derive their meaning from the fact that an

                                           -9-
agreement to arbitrate is at issue.’” Jackson, 640 S.W.3d at 732 (citation omitted).

             Here, Parkplace met its burden of establishing a valid agreement to

arbitrate. In Kentucky, to form a valid and enforceable agreement, “there must be

voluntary and complete assent by parties having the capacity to contract.”

Cambridge Place Group, LLC v. Mundy, 617 S.W.3d 838, 840 (Ky. App. 2021)

(citation omitted). Gayhart does not dispute that Parkplace met its initial burden of

establishing the existence of a valid agreement. Gayhart signed the arbitration

agreement at issue. She does not deny that she read the agreement before signing

it, nor has she raised any defense for its validity. She does not dispute that she read

and was aware of the arbitration agreement. Instead, she argues that the mobile

home was delivered late and in poor condition. She claims that Parkplace

misrepresented the condition of the mobile home and delayed installation and

setup. Finally, she argues that Parkplace refused to fix the alleged defects, and the

agreement should not bind her. We disagree that the agreement should not bind

her.

             Third, Parkplace argues that the arbitration agreement applies to all

claims asserted in the complaint. Parkplace notes that the circuit court should have

addressed this issue. “[A]ny doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues

should be resolved in favor of arbitration, whether the problem at hand is the

construction of the contract language itself or an allegation of waiver, delay, or a

                                         -10-
like defense to arbitrability.” Louisville Peterbilt, Inc. v. Cox, 132 S.W.3d 850,

855 (Ky. 2004) (quoting Moses H. Cone Mem’l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp.,

460 U.S. 1, 24-25, 103 S. Ct. 927, 941, 74 L. Ed. 2d 765 (1983)). We find that the

issues raised in the complaint fall within the scope of the arbitration agreement.

             Finally, Parkplace argues that Gayhart failed to provide any viable

argument to rebut the presumption of arbitrability. Specifically, Parkplace argues

that Gayhart’s fraud in the inducement claim does not foreclose arbitration.

Gayhart claims the arbitration agreement is invalid because Parkplace fraudulently

induced her to agree. However, her contention is contrary to Kentucky and federal

case law. The Supreme Court of Kentucky has held:

             While obviously, it is good public policy to disfavor
             fraud, requiring parties to arbitrate such claims (if in fact
             the arbitration agreement contemplates doing so, i.e., the
             clause itself is broad enough in scope to encompass
             claims such as fraudulent inducement) does not in any
             way endorse a policy that is lax on fraud.

             ....

             To read KRS 417.050 as requiring that any allegation
             made with regards to the contract as a whole that would
             be grounds for the “revocation of any contract” as lying
             outside the scope of arbitration, would be in effect to
             render the arbitration statutes meaningless. In fact, any
             party seeking to avoid the agreement to arbitrate could
             simply plead fraudulent inducement in the underlying
             contract (rather than perhaps a more appropriate action
             such as breach of warranty) in order to ensure that a court
             and not an arbitrator heard its claim. [Saneii v. Roberts,
             187 F. Supp. 2d 710, 714 (W.D. Ky. 2001).] “The

                                         -11-
              resulting litigation would vitiate the primary benefit of
              arbitration, the expeditious and inexpensive resolution of
              disputes, and would effectively eviscerate the arbitration
              statute.” Id.

Louisville Peterbilt, Inc., 132 S.W.3d at 855-56. No evidence in the record

supports Gayhart’s claim that she was fraudulently induced to sign the arbitration

agreement. However, even if there was, that evidence can and should be presented

to the arbitrator.

              Additionally, Parkplace argues that the arbitration agreement is valid

and enforceable, notwithstanding Gayhart’s separate claims against Champion.

Though Gayhart argues that apportionment issues render the arbitration agreement

unenforceable, case law does not support their argument. “Under the Arbitration

Act, an arbitration agreement must be enforced notwithstanding the presence of

other persons who are parties to the underlying dispute but not to the arbitration

agreement.” Moses H. Cone Memorial Hosp., 460 U.S. at 20, 103 S. Ct. at 939.

“The Act has been interpreted to require that if a dispute presents multiple claims,

some arbitrable and some not, the former must be sent to arbitration even if this

will lead to piecemeal litigation.” KPMG LLP v. Cocchi, 565 U.S. 18, 19, 132 S.

Ct. 23, 24, 181 L. Ed. 323 (2011) (citation omitted).

                                         -12-
                                  CONCLUSION

             For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the order of the Perry Circuit

Court denying Parkplace’s motion to dismiss and compel arbitration and remand

with instructions to enter an order compelling arbitration.

             ALL CONCUR.

BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:                      BRIEF FOR APPELLEE CANDICE
                                           GAYHART:
Gregory T. Dutton
Samuel W. Wardle                           John Hansen
Louisville, Kentucky                       Hazard, Kentucky

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