Court Opinion

ID: 3021753
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Date Created: 2015-10-13 22:25:22.882845+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:47:30.093204
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Opinions of the United
2006 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit

5-12-2006

Hamilton v. Atty Gen USA
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 05-3300

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                                                    NOT PRECEDENTIAL

              UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                   FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

                            NO. 05-3300
                         ________________

                PATRICK LLEWELYN HAMILTON,

                                       Petitioner
                                  v.

         ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES;
     SECRETARY OF DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY;
     BUREAU OF IMMIGRATION & CUSTOMS ENFORCEMENT,

                                     Respondents
             ____________________________________

                 On Petition for Review of an Order
                 of the Board of Immigration Appeals
                       Agency No. A36 260 548
                           on May 17, 2005
            _______________________________________

              Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                           May 12, 2006

Before: SCIRICA, CHIEF JUDGE, BARRY AND COWEN, CIRCUIT JUDGES

                        (Filed May 12, 2006)

                     _______________________

                            OPINION
                     _______________________
PER CURIAM

       Patrick Llewelyn Hamilton, a native and citizen of Panama, petitions for review of

a May 17, 2005 decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), dismissing his

appeal from an Immigration Judge’s (IJ’s) decision finding him removable as charged and

ineligible for relief. We will deny the petition.

       Hamilton was originally charged with being removable on the basis of a January

1995 controlled substance violation. An IJ found him removable as charged, and found

he was ineligible for relief pursuant to former section 212(c) of the Immigration and

Nationality Act (INA). While proceedings were pending before the IJ, Hamilton was

convicted on December 23, 2003 of criminal possession of a controlled substance in the

third and fourth degree. On January 24, 2004, he was sentenced to one to six years on the

third degree conviction, and one year on the fourth degree conviction (“the 2004

conviction”). On appeal of the IJ’s decision, the BIA remanded to the IJ on October 29,

2004, finding that the IJ erred in determining that Hamilton was ineligible for § 212(c)

relief for his 1995 conviction. The BIA recognized that Hamilton had been convicted of

another crime in December 2003, but noted that because Hamilton had not been charged

with removability on that basis, he could pursue § 212(c) relief.

       The Government then served Hamilton with additional charges of inadmissability,

based on the 2004 conviction. The Government charged that this conviction rendered

him removable for having committed a controlled substance violation and an aggravated

                                              2
felony.

          On appeal, Hamilton did not dispute that his 2004 conviction constituted an

aggravated felony. Instead, he argued that the Government was estopped from charging

him with removability based on the 2004 conviction, because the BIA was aware of the

conviction when it made its October 2004 decision. The BIA rejected this argument,

stating that the earlier decision had not, and could not have, disposed of the issue of his

removability on the basis of the 2004 conviction, as the IJ’s June 2004 decision that it was

reviewing at the time did not even refer to the conviction. The BIA held that it was

“without authority to apply the doctrine of equitable estoppel against the [Department of

Homeland Security] so as to preclude it from undertaking a lawful course of action that it

is empowered to pursue by statute and regulation.” The BIA concluded, citing 8 C.F.R.

§ 1003.44(c), that because Hamilton had been convicted of an aggravated felony, he was

ineligible for § 212(c) relief.

          In his brief to this Court, Hamilton argues that he was denied due process because

he did not receive the BIA’s May 2005 decision. He also argues that his 2004 conviction

is not an aggravated felony, and that the BIA was barred from considering that

conviction, because it noted in its October 2004 decision that Hamilton had not been

charged as being removable on the basis of the 2004 conviction. Hamilton also appears

to argue that his 2004 conviction is invalid because he was never indicted.

          In its brief, the Government argues solely that this Court lacks jurisdiction because

                                                3
Hamilton has failed to raise a “colorable” constitutional claim or question of law. We

will first address this issue and others regarding our jurisdiction.

                                              I.

       Hamilton filed his petition on July 5, 2005. While a petition must be filed within

30 days of a final order of removal, it appears here that the BIA sent the decision to the

wrong address. See Singh v. INS, 315 F.3d 1186, 1188 (9th Cir. 2003) (petition filed

after expiration of time allowed would nonetheless confer jurisdiction on court of appeals

where BIA failed to comply with applicable regulations). As the Government does not

seek dismissal on the basis of an untimely filing, we could assume jurisdiction without

further discussion. See Eberhart v. United States, 126 S. Ct. 403, 406-07 (2005) (per

curiam). However, Hamilton noted in his informal brief that he had filed a motion to

reopen with the BIA. We take judicial notice that the BIA granted the motion on

September 28, 2005, treating it as a motion to reissue its decision, and reissued the

decision as of that date. Although the BIA’s purpose in reissuing the decision was no

doubt to allow Hamilton to timely file a petition for review, Hamilton has already filed a

petition for review of the same (albeit, now reissued) decision.1 We find that the

situation is akin to one where a notice of appeal is filed after a court announces its

   1
     Further, we note that the address listed for Hamilton on the cover memo of the
reissued decision lists an address in York, Pennsylvania as Hamilton’s address.
Hamilton’s brief states that he was removed on August 15, 2005. Thus, it is not clear
whether he received the reissued decision. The Court has not received a new petition for
review of the reissued decision.

                                               4
decision, but before the entry of judgment or order is entered. In such an instance, the

notice of appeal is “treated as filed on the date of and after the entry.” Fed. R. App. P.

4(a)(2), and is thus treated as timely filed. We similarly will not dismiss this petition as

untimely.

          The Government argues that even if we treat the petition as timely, we lack

jurisdiction to consider Hamilton’s petition. Under the REAL ID Act (effective May 11,

2005), any alien seeking to challenge a final order of removal must do so by filing a

petition for review in the court of appeals. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(5). Although the Act

generally removes jurisdiction to review final orders of removal against certain criminal

aliens, see § 1252(a)(2)(C), the Act specifically grants jurisdiction to review a criminal

alien’s “constitutional claims or questions of law.” § 1252(a)(2)(D). The Government’s

brief misstates the jurisdictional inquiry–whether any constitutional claims or questions of

law are “colorable” is not relevant. See Papageorgiou v. Gonzales, 413 F.3d 356, 358-59

(3d Cir. 2005) (exercising jurisdiction under § 1252(a)(2)(D) then denying petition for

review because constitutional claim was “without merit”). Hamilton has clearly raised a

constitutional claim (due process violation), and two questions of law (whether his 2004

conviction is an aggravated felony; whether the BIA was estopped from considering the

2004 conviction). Barring other procedural barriers, we may consider these issues on the

merits.

          As the Government notes, pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1), this Court may only

                                               5
review a final order of removal if “the alien has exhausted all administrative remedies

available to the alien as of right.” Abdulrahman v. Ashcroft, 330 F.3d 587, 594-95 (3d

Cir. 2003) (alien is required to raise and exhaust remedies as to each claim or ground for

relief to preserve right of judicial review). Hamilton did not present his argument that his

2004 conviction was not an aggravated felony at any level of the administrative

proceedings. Thus, we are without jurisdiction to review that claim. He did, however,

present his claim that the BIA was estopped from considering his 2004 conviction.

Further, his due process claim, which concerns events taking place after the BIA’s

decision, could not have been presented to the BIA in his appeal to that body. We thus

have jurisdiction to consider these two issues.2

                                              II

       An alien is entitled to due process in removal proceedings, but to prevail on a due

process claim, he must show substantial prejudice. Bonhometre v. Gonzales, 414 F.3d
442, 448 (3d Cir. 2005). Hamilton seems to argue that he never got the BIA’s May 17,

2005 decision; however, the decision is attached, with comments, to his petition for

review. Thus, although he may not have received the decision in a timely manner, he did

have notice of the contents of the decision before he was required to file his brief.

   2
     To the extent Hamilton argues that his 2004 conviction is invalid because he was
never indicted, we do not consider the argument, as an alien may not collaterally
challenge a state court conviction in a petition for review. Cf. Drakes v. INS, 330 F.3d
600, 606 (3d Cir. 2003) (alien may not constitutionally challenge state court conviction in
§ 2241 petition).

                                              6
Because of this, and because we have assumed jurisdiction over his late-filed petition, he

cannot show that he was prejudiced by his late receipt of the BIA decision.

       We now turn to the claim that the BIA was estopped from considering Hamilton’s

2004 conviction. This Court recently held that the INA incorporates principles of

collateral estoppel or issue preclusion. See Duvall v. Attorney General, 436 F.3d 382,

387-88 (3d Cir. 2006). Under the doctrine of issue preclusion, a party is barred from

relitigating issues only when “(1) the issue sought to be precluded is the same as that

involved in the prior action; (2) that issue was actually litigated; (3) it was determined by

a final and valid judgment; and (4) the determination was essential to the prior judgment.”

Burlington Northern R. Co. v. Hyundai Merchant Marine Co., Ltd., 63 F.3d 1227, 1231

(3d Cir. 1995).

       Issue preclusion does not apply here, because the issue of whether Hamilton’s

2004 conviction rendered him removable was not actually litigated in the earlier

proceedings and was not essential to the prior judgment. The BIA merely mentioned that

he had been convicted but had not (yet) been charged with removability on the basis of

that conviction. As the BIA noted, as an appellate body, it could not have reached the

issue. Thus, Hamilton’s claim is without merit. Cf. Duvall, 436 F.3d at 391 (holding

that application of collateral estoppel “in a case such as this, where a clearly deportable

alien continues to commit criminal acts after initial proceedings are terminated, would

frustrate” the statutory purpose of ensuring the removal of aliens convicted of serious

                                              7
crimes).

           8