Court Opinion

ID: 7365909
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-27 23:51:36.789214+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:20:45.708222
License: Public Domain

MAYFIELD, J.—
(dissenting.) — I cannot concur in either the opinion or the decision of the majority in this case, because I believe both to be contrary to a long line of decisions of this court, and not to be supported by a single one. To my mind the effect of the decision is to entirely destroy the doctrine of variance *649between the allegation and the proof as to actions and matters of negligence. The decision necessarily decides either that there is no variance between an allegation that the defendant wantonly ran an engine over or against plaintiff, and proof that he wantonly backed a box car or gondola car over the plaintiff, or that, if it he considered a. variance, it is immaterial. I cannot agree to either of these propositions. To state the proposition seems to me to answer it differently from the answer of the majority.
The sole alleged wrong upon which the trial was had was that the defendant ran an engine over or against plaintiff’s intestate. The undisputed evidence showed that no such thing was done by the defendant or by any other person or corporation; but, on the contrary, the plaintiff’s intestate was killed by a box car striking and passing over him. Suppose that this car had been moving by gravity, momentum, or any other force than that of a steam engine. Surely there could be no question but that there was a material variance. If the force had been communicated to the car from a stationary engine, then equally surely there could be no question but there was a variance. How it changes the rule or the effect of the evidence by showing that the power Avas applied by a moving engine attached to a train of cars of AAdiich this car striking the plaintiff Avas one, Avben the undisputed evidence shows that the engine Avas neAer nearer the intestate before he Avas killed than 580 feet, I a.m unable to understand. If the allegation had been that the train struck the deceased, it Avould have been supported by proof that either a car or the engine struck him.
The legal and necessary effect of the allegation, construing the count against the pleader, was that the intestate was struck by an engine while it was moving *650forward, yet the proof showed that he was struck by the rear end of a train while it was moving backwards. The nearest case like this which I have seen is that of Pennington v. D. G. H. & M. Ry. Co., 90 Mich. 505, 51 N. W. 634, wherein the allegation was that the train was moving backward which inflicted the injury, while the proof showed that it was moving forward; and the variance was held material, and the question held to be one that could be raised for the first time on appeal. The uniform practice in this state has been to raise the question by requesting the affirmative charge, and it is justified upon the theory that the plaintiff has failed to prove the case he alleged, and that he cannot and ought not to recover on proof of a different cause of action. — Touart’s Case, 128 Ala, 61, 67, 29 South. 4. The cases in this state the nearest in point, which are, in my judgment, impliedly overruled by this decision, are: Fulton’s Case, 150 Ala. 300, 43 South. 832, in which the allegation yvas that the wrong was committed while the engine was approaching a crossing, and the proof showed that it was after it had passed the crossing; Hundley’s Case, 151 Ala. 378, 44 South. 195, in which the allegation was that the wrong was committed while plaintiff was on the platform of the car, and the proof showed that it was while she was on the steps of the car; Brown’s Case, 152 Ala. 115, 44 South. 572, where the allegation was that the -injury was sustained on a highway, and the proof showed it to have been some distance from the highway; McWhorter’s Case, 156 Ala. 269, 47 South. 84, wherein the allegation was that the injury happened while the plaintiff was in the -discharge of -duties- as flagman, and the proof showed that at the exact moment of the injury he had struck his flag in the ground on the track, and had assumed a position some distance from the track; *651Brannon’s Case, 132 Ala. 431, 31 South. 523, wherein it was alleged that plaintiff was when injured, between two particular cars, and the evidence was that he was under the rear one; Conrad’s Case, 109 Ala. 130, 19 South. 398, in which the allegation was that the injury resulted from the explosion of a boiler on account of defective bolts or screws therein, while the proof showed the defect to have been in a safety valve of the same boiler; Hood’s Case, 95 Ala. 462, 11 South. 10, wherein it Avas alleged that the plaintiff was ascending the car when injured, and the proof showed that he was on a platform when so injured; Pryor’s Case, 90 Ala. 32, 8 South. 55, in which the allegation was that plaintiff stepped into a hole on the railroad track, and the proof was that he stepped into a depression between the ends of two cross-ties just outside the rails; Smith v. Causey, 28 Ala. 655, 65 Am. Dec. 372, where the tort alleged was an injury done by defendant’s servants with his dogs, and the proof was that the injury was inflicted by the defendant’s servants, but with other dogs. In all of these cases the variance was held to be material, and in no one of them, in my opinion, was the allegation so radically different from the proof as it was in the case at bar.
In the last cited case the court spoke as follows: “The plaintiff averred that the dogs were the defendant’s; and, although this averment was unnecessary, yet, as it is descriptive of the tort complained of, it cannot be disregarded. The tort alleged is an injury done by the servants with the defendant’s dogs. To allow a recovery for an injury done with other dogs would be to set up proof of a cause of action different from that alleged, and of Avhich the defendant had no notice.— 1 Chitty on Pleading, 392; 1 Greenleaf, 63, 64, 65; Smith v. Causey, 22 Ala. 569.” This case has been *652repeatedly cited and followed, and never even criticised. Therein the agency that inflicted the injury was alleged to have been the defendant’s servants and dogs, and the proof showed it to have been of the same kind of agency —that is, servants and dogs — but not the identical dogs alleged. In the case at bar the agency was entirely different in kind from that alleged and not merely different in identity. I know that there is now, and has been for a long time, a growing and meritorious tendency in trial courts and appellate courts to disregard immaterial variances, and not to deny recoveries or defenses on account thereof, unless it would otherwise result in injury to the opposite party. I have no fault to And with this modern tendency, but approve it. Rut it is an equally well settled and meritorious, yet more ancient, rule, and one from which there has been no departure, nor expressed tendencies to depart, that a party can recover only secundum allegata et probata. He cannot allege one right or wrong and prove another. Proof without allegation is as impotent as allegation without proof. Without adhereing to these maxims, the fundamental rights granted in the constitution and in the Magna Charta could not be preserved nor enforced. This is strikingly true as to those that provide that in all criminal prosecutions the accused shall have the right to demand the nature and cause of the accusation, and to have a copy thereof; that no person shall be accused, arrested, or detained except in cases ascertained by law and according to the forms which the law has prescribed; that no person for the same offense shall be twice put in jeopardy; that every person for an injury done to him in his lands, goods, person, or reputation shall have a remedy by “due process of law.” It is true that most of these provisions are made to apply specially to criminal prosecutions *653as distinguished from civil ones; but similar fundamental principles are imbedded in the common law of both England and America to the effect that in civil suits the defendant has the right to be informed of the nature and character of the particular claim against him, to the end that he may defend against it, if he so desires, and can; and that the plaintiff in his proof is limited and restricted to the case made by his pleadings. For, if this were not so, a defendant might be required to respond once, twice, or even more times to satisfy the same claim or demand. It is of great importance in the practice of the law and in the trial of actions that the distinction in forms of actions should be preserved. The consequence of such a mistake in the application of a remedy is often material and fatal. A recovery in tort will not he allowed in an action on contract. — Beard v. Yates, 5 Thomp. & C. (N. Y.) 76; Butler v. Collins, 11 Cal. 391. The statutory rule that a plaintiff to' recover must allege a cause of action and must prove the one he alleges has not been abolished by the Codes. To allege one cause of action and prove another is as fatal to a judgment as would be a failure to allege or prove any cause of action at all. The allegata and probata must correspond. — Beard v. Yates, 5 Thomp. & C. (N. Y.) 76; Butler v. Collins, 11 Cal. 391. This is true under the Code practice as well as that a.t common law.
All material averments in pleadings must be proven, and, if a variance occurs between a. material count and proof, the party upon whom lies the burden of proof as to such averment fails. Immaterial averments, however, must not be made or proven at all. Hence a variance as to them is unimportant. So, if the variance occur as to matter not essential to the action or the defense, it is of no importance. In tort actions proof *654of a part of the allegations in the declaration may he sufficient, provided the part proven is a ground of cause of action. That is, the cause of action in torts must not he proven to' the full extent alleged, hut in tort actions all matters pertaining to the description of the particular tort must bé proven as alleged, because otherwise one tort could be alleged and another proven. — • 1 Phil. Ev. 836, 837. To show that the variance was material in this case, let us transpose the allegata and the probata. Then the allegata as to negligence would be that the defendant’s servant or agent in charge or control of a freight train consisting of 18 box cars and an engine while backing such train wantonly or intentionally caused or allowed one of said cars which was at the opposite end of the train, and distant about a furlong from the engine, to run upon or against plaintiff’s intestate, and wantonly or intentionally caused said intestate’s death as aforesaid. The probata would be that the defendant’s servant or agent in charge or control of an engine wantonly or intentionally caused or allowed said engine to run upon or against said intestate, and wantonly or intentionally caused said intestate’s death as aforesaid. Would there be any doubt as to there being a material variance in such a case? I think not, and do not think that any one would so contend. In substance, in fact, and in law the result should be the same, because to this extent the allegata and probata must correspond. This court judicially knows, and has repeatedly so declared, that the conductor is the person in charge or control of the train, and that the engineer is the person in charge or control of the engine. The negligence or wrong alleged and charged in this case was that of the engineer alone, while that proved (if any Avas proved) was. that of the conductor or the flagman. The undisputed evidence showed that *655the engineer was at the opposite end of the train from that at which the accident occurred, and the tender and 18 cars between him and the person injured, ivho either walked or ran around the pilot of another engine, on a different track 4 feet from the one on which this train was backing in on, and onto the track, right in front of the front car. It therefore clearly appears that it was physical impossibility for the engineer to have known of the danger in time to prevent the injury. He could not possibly have seen intestate or noted his danger even had he been specially looking out therefor. The undisputed evidence shows that the engineer was moving the train in direct accordance with the signals and orders of the conductor and the flagman, who were out there to pilot the train from the switch, onto the main line, that he obeyed every signal and order that was given him, and there is not, so far as I can find, in this record, one word or fact to show that he was negligent in the least, or that any or all the engineers on earth could have prevented the catastrophe, situated as he was; yet, if this verdict is true and correct, he is guilty of manslaughter as for the death of the intestate, and should be imprisoned in the penitentiary for not less than one, nor more than five years. — Code, 1907, § 7666. The court in its opinion limits the object and effect of the signals of approach of the train and the flagging thereof to the sole function of warning the public or the person injured. The flagman, the conductor, and the brakeman in this case, not only owed duties to the public and to the intestate, but also to the engineer. It was conclusively shown what their. duties were, that the engineer knew of these duties and knew the meaning of the signals, and that he acted in strict accord thereto. They were placed where they were, for the purpose of signaling and warning both the public and *656the engineer as to the moving of the train across this thoroughfare. It is shown that he (the engineer) knew these facts, that he relied upon the signals, and obeyed all of them promptly. How can it be said that he was guilty of negligence, much less wantonness, is more than I can understand. There was'the conductor whose orders he was bound to obey, and did obey, running along on the ground in front of the train, thereby signaling the engineer to follow him, and he was following him, just as fast as he went and no faster, there was the flagman, whose station was at the crossing, to tell him and the public when to cross and when not to cross, waving the red flag, which signal the undisputed evidence showed meant for the engineer to proceed across the thoroughfares, and for the public to stop. And, whether the public knew these signals or not, the engineer is shown to have been familiar with them and to have obeyed them. It is also shown that the moment the danger signal was given him he obeyed it, promptly obeyed it, but that it was then physically impossible to prevent the injury. How the court can say that this evidence as to the signals to him was not competent to show that he was not guilty of negligence I am unable to understand. I submit that, if the evidence in this case shows or tends to- show any negligence on the part of any one, it was negligence on the part of the flagman, the conductor, the brakeman, or of the intestate, and not on the part of the engineei*, the only negligence alleged in the complaint.'
Appellee, plaintiff below, relies most strongly upon Partridge’s Case, reported in 136 Ala. 587, 34 South. 927, because the injury in that case occurred at the identical crossing involved in this case; and “thereby hangs a tale” — that which caused the variance in the case at bar. The injury in the Partridge Case was *657inflicted by an engine moving forward, and not by a car moving backward, as was tlie injury in this case. But it will be observed that the complaint in this case, touching the negligence charged, copies verbatim et literatim that in the Partridge Case, with the exception that the phrase, “said intestate,” is substituted for “plaintiff,” the person injured in that case not being killed. The majority opinion attempts to distinguish this, case from that of Smith v. Causey, 28 Ala. 655, 65 Am. Dec. 372, upon the ground that that case was a highly penal statute. The statute in that case was certainly no more highly penal than the statute applicable to this. In the former case, under the facts alleged, and by the statute condemned, the defendant was liable only for double damages, whereas, the damages warranted by the statute in this case are wholly punitive, and are without any limit provided they are such as “the jury may assess,” and, in addition, the act condemned is made a criminal offense, a felony, on the part of the engineer or person guilty of the wrong so causing death. Surely the statute in this‘case is as highly penal as was that in the Smith-Causey Case.