Court Opinion

ID: 9369295
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-02-08 16:04:01.7161+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:14.046699
License: Public Domain

DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
                             FOURTH DISTRICT

      MICHAEL DAVID TESTA, individually and as trustee of the
          M. DAVID TESTA REVOCABLE LIVING TRUST,
                  DATED OCTOBER 25, 2017,
                         Appellant,

                                    v.

                 TOWN OF JUPITER ISLAND,
   JUPITER ISLAND COMPOUND, LLC, and DOLPHIN SUITE, LLC,
                        Appellees.

                              No. 4D22-432

                            [February 8, 2023]

  Appeal from the Circuit Court for the Nineteenth Judicial Circuit,
Martin County; Gary L. Sweet, Judge; L.T. Case No. 2021CA000599.

  Jesse Panuccio, Stuart H. Singer, and James Grippando of Boies
Schiller Flexner LLP, Fort Lauderdale, for appellant.

  Pamela C. Marsh and Virginia M. Hamrick, Tallahassee, for Amicus
Curiae First Amendment Foundation, in support of appellant.

   Joanne M. O’Connor and John C. Randolph of Jones Foster P.A., West
Palm Beach, for appellee Town of Jupiter Island.

   Ethan J. Loeb, Steven Gieseler, Cynthia G. Angelos, Nicholas M.
Gieseler, and Elliot P. Haney of Bartlett, Loeb, Hinds & Thompson, PLLC,
Tampa, for appellees Jupiter Island Compound, LLC, and Dolphin Suite,
LLC.

   Rebecca A. O’Hara and Kraig Conn of Florida League of Cities, Inc.,
Tallahassee, and Keith W. Davis of Davis & Associates, P.A., West Palm
Beach, for Amicus Curiae Florida League of Cities, Treasure Coast
Regional League of Cities, and The Palm Beach County League of Cities,
in support of appellee Town of Jupiter Island.

GERBER, J.
   On May 7, 2019, the Town of Jupiter Island (“the Town”) adopted
Ordinance 376, which modified the location of the Town’s waterfront
setback line. The Town’s waterfront setback line “is a plotted line along
both the Atlantic Ocean and the Intracoastal Waterway/Indian River
Lagoon that represents the rear yard setback of all waterfront properties.”
The waterfront setback line is codified in the Town’s Code of Ordinances,
along with other land development regulations.

   On June 2, 2021—nearly two years after the Town had adopted
Ordinance 376—a town resident (“the plaintiff”) filed suit against the
Town, seeking declaratory and injunctive relief. The plaintiff’s suit argued
that the Town—before adopting Ordinance 376—had failed to comply with
certain notice requirements contained in section 166.041, Florida Statutes
(2018), entitled “Procedures for adoption of ordinances and resolutions.”

   More specifically, the plaintiff’s amended complaint argued that the
Town had failed to comply with section 166.041(3)(a), Florida Statutes
(2018), and section 166.041(3)(c), Florida Statutes (2018).

   Section 166.041(3)(a) provides:

      Except as provided in paragraph (c), a proposed ordinance
      may be read by title, or in full, on at least 2 separate days and
      shall, at least 10 days prior to adoption, be noticed once in a
      newspaper of general circulation in the municipality. The
      notice of proposed enactment shall state the date, time, and
      place of the meeting; the title or titles of proposed ordinances;
      and the place or places within the municipality where such
      proposed ordinances may be inspected by the public. The
      notice shall also advise that interested parties may appear at
      the meeting and be heard with respect to the proposed
      ordinance.

§ 166.041(3)(a), Fla. Stat. (2018).

   Section 166.041(3)(c) provides, in pertinent part:

      Ordinances that change the actual list of permitted,
      conditional, or prohibited uses within a zoning category, or
      ordinances initiated by the municipality that change the
      actual zoning map designation of a parcel or parcels of land
      shall be enacted pursuant to [certain enumerated procedures
      identified in section 166.041(3)(c)1. and 2., Florida Statutes
      (2018).]

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§ 166.041(3)(c), Fla. Stat. (2018).

   On the parties’ competing summary judgment motions, the circuit
court found the Town had complied with section 166.041(3)(a)’s notice
requirements before adopting Ordinance 376. The circuit court also found
the Town need not have complied with section 166.041(3)(c)’s procedures
before adopting Ordinance 376, because Ordinance 376 did not “change
the [Town’s] actual list of permitted, conditional, or prohibited uses within
a zoning category” or “change the actual zoning map designation of a
parcel or parcels of land” within the Town. The circuit court entered a
final judgment to those effects in the Town’s and the intervenors’ favor.

   The plaintiff then commenced this appeal from that final judgment.

  Regarding the circuit court’s finding that the Town need not have
complied with section 166.041(3)(c)’s procedures before adopting
Ordinance 376, we affirm without further discussion.

   However, we conclude the Town did not comply with section
166.041(3)(a)’s notice requirements before adopting Ordinance 376. Thus,
we reverse that portion of the circuit court’s final judgment which had
found in the Town’s and the intervenors’ favor on this issue. We remand
for a trial on the Town’s and the intervenors’ defenses that, despite the
Town’s failure to comply with section 166.041(3)(a)’s notice requirements
before adopting Ordinance 376, laches and waiver preclude the plaintiff
from challenging Ordinance 376’s validity. See § 166.041(7), Fla. Stat.
(2018) (“Without limitation, the common law doctrines of laches and
waiver are valid defenses to any action challenging the validity of an
ordinance or resolution based on failure to strictly adhere to the provisions
contained in this section.”).

   We present this opinion in five parts:

   1.   The facts leading to the Town’s adoption of Ordinance 376;
   2.   The plaintiff’s suit against the Town;
   3.   The parties’ competing summary judgment motions;
   4.   The circuit court’s ruling; and
   5.   Our review.

  1. The Facts Leading to the Town’s Adoption of Ordinance 376

  Throughout 2018 and 2019, the Town conducted a review of the
waterfront setback line running along the eastern boundary of the Town

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bordering the Atlantic Ocean. As a result of the review, the Town proposed
to adopt Ordinance 376 in order to modify the waterfront setback line.

  At the March 18, 2019, Town Commission meeting, the Town
Commission conducted the first reading of Ordinance 376.

  On April 5, 2019, the Town published a notice in The Stuart News—a
newspaper of general circulation in the Town—stating in pertinent part:

                  NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARING
                    NOTICE OF PROPOSED
          LAND DEVELOPMENT REGULATION AMENDMENT
               TOWN OF JUPITER ISLAND, FLORIDA

        The Town of Jupiter Island, Florida proposes to adopt
      Ordinance No. 376, amending the Land Development
      Regulations, as described below:

         AN ORDINANCE OF THE TOWN COMMISSION OF THE
      TOWN OF JUPITER ISLAND, MARTIN COUNTY, FLORIDA,
      AMENDING THE LAND DEVELOPMENT REGULATIONS OF
      THE TOWN AT ARTICLE IV, SUPPLEMENTAL REGULATIONS,
      DIVISION III, SECTION 3.02, SO AS TO MODIFY THE
      WATERFRONT SETBACK LINE; AMENDING EXHIBIT “C”
      WATERFRONT SETBACK LINE; PROVIDING FOR REPEAL OF
      ORDINANCES      IN   CONFLICT;    PROVIDING   FOR
      SEVERABILITY;     PROVIDING    FOR   CODIFICATION;
      PROVIDING AN EFFECTIVE DATE.

         The Town of Jupiter Island Commission will hold a public
      hearing on the proposed adoption of the ordinance. The
      ordinance may be inspected or obtained at Town Hall. The
      public hearing will be held on April 15, 2019[,] at 9:00 a.m.,
      or as soon thereafter as the matter may be heard, at Town
      Hall, 2 Bridge Road, Hobe Sound, Florida, 33455.

          All interested persons are invited to attend and be heard.
      Written comments may be filed with the Town of Jupiter
      Island for consideration.

  The Town’s minutes from the Town Commission’s April 15, 2019,
meeting indicate the following occurred at that meeting. Ordinance 376
was on the agenda for “Second Reading.” The Town’s Planning, Zoning,
and Building administrator stated that “staff would like to postpone this

                                    4
item until the May 7th Town Commission meeting in order to include new
technology for determining the waterfront setback lines.”      A Town
commissioner “made [a] motion to postpone the 2 Reading of Ordinance
                                               nd

No. 376 until the May 7th Town Commission meeting.” Another Town
commissioner seconded the motion. The Town Commission unanimously
passed the motion.

   Unlike the April 5, 2019, notice which the Town published in The Stuart
News regarding the Town’s proposal to adopt Ordinance 376 at the Town
Commission’s April 15, 2019, meeting, the Town did not then publish in
The Stuart News—or in any other newspaper of general circulation in the
Town—another notice of the Town’s proposal to adopt Ordinance 376 at
the Town Commission’s May 7, 2019, meeting.

   On May 3, 2019, the Town published by e-mail to all Town residents
the draft agenda for the Town Commission’s May 7, 2019, meeting. The
draft agenda identified item 5 as “Ordinance No. 376 — Second Reading,
Waterfront Setback Lines (WFSBL).” The agenda did not state that the
Town Commission proposed to adopt Ordinance 376 at the May 7, 2019,
meeting.

   The Town’s minutes from the Town Commission’s May 7, 2019, meeting
indicate the following occurred at that meeting. The Town’s Planning,
Zoning and Building administrator “stated that this would be the second
reading of Ordinance No. 376, which was postponed at the April meeting
to include an additional exhibit.” The Town’s Beach District director
“added that this addition of the exhibit did not affect the first reading.”
The Town attorney read Ordinance 376 by title. A Town commissioner
made a motion to adopt Ordinance 376. Another Town commissioner
seconded the motion. The Town Commission unanimously passed the
motion.

               2. The Plaintiff’s Suit Against the Town

   On June 2, 2021—nearly two years after the Town had adopted
Ordinance 376—the plaintiff filed suit against the Town for declaratory
and injunctive relief, based on the Town’s alleged failure to comply with
the procedures stated in section 166.041(3)(c), Florida Statutes (2018).

    The plaintiff later filed an amended complaint against the Town,
alleging three counts. Count I sought a declaratory judgment to void
Ordinance 376 based on the Town’s alleged failure to comply with the
notice requirements in section 166.041(3)(a), Florida Statutes (2018).
Count I specifically alleged:

                                    5
         [Section] 166.041(3)(a)[, Florida Statutes (2018)] provides[:]
      “[Except as provided in paragraph (c),] a proposed ordinance
      [may be read by title, or in full, on at least 2 separate days
      and] shall, at least 10 days prior to adoption, be noticed once
      in a newspaper of general circulation in the municipality. The
      notice of proposed enactment shall state the date, time,
      and place of the meeting.” Id. (emphasis added).

         On April 5, 2019[,] the Town published notice in a[] …
      [n]ewspaper [of general circulation in the Town] stating that
      the “Town … Commission will hold a public hearing on the
      proposed adoption of [Ordinance 376] … on April 15, 2019 ….

         There was no second reading and final vote of approval on
      the Ordinance [at] the April 15, 2019 [public hearing]. At the
      request of the Town staff, and upon vote of the Commission,
      the public hearing for the second reading and adoption of
      Ordinance 376 was postponed.

         The Town failed to publish notice “in a newspaper of
      general circulation [in the Town]” stating the correct date …
      May 7, 2019 […] for the public hearing at which the second
      reading would occur and the Ordinance would be adopted.

         ….

         Strict adherence to the notice requirements of [s]ection
      166.041(3)(a)[, Florida Statutes (2018)] is required or the
      ordinance is void. The Town’s reason for adopting the
      Ordinance at a public hearing held on a date other than the
      date in the published notice (April 15, 2019) is irrelevant. The
      Town’s adoption of the Ordinance at the May 7, 2019 hearing
      was in violation of [s]ection 166.041(3)(a), Florida Statutes
      [(2018)]; accordingly, the Ordinance is void ab initio.

(paragraph numbers deleted).

  Count II, in the alternative, sought a declaratory judgment that the
Town had adopted Ordinance 376 in violation of section 166.041(3)(c).

    Count III, presupposing Ordinance 376’s invalidity, sought injunctive
relief “from the wrongful enforcement of the Town’s Revised [Waterfront]

                                     6
Setback Line and any resulting development anywhere in the Town relying
upon the Revised [Waterfront] Setback Line” adopted in Ordinance 376.

    Two family-owned entities—who sought to develop their respective
beachfront properties in reliance upon the Town’s revised waterfront
setback line adopted in Ordinance 376—successfully moved to intervene
(“the intervenors”). Pertinently, the intervenors’ motion alleged:

         [T]he Plaintiff is seeking to invalidate, and have declared
      void ab initio, the Town[’s] 2019 changes to the “Waterfront
      Setback Line” along the beach of a portion of [the Town].
      Plaintiff contends that the Town somehow failed to provide
      him and the public with the “right kind of notice” before it
      passed the changes. Plaintiff advances this theory even
      though he was made well aware of the proposed changes to
      the “Waterfront Setback Line” in multiple ways.

         If the Plaintiff [prevails], the rights of [the intervenors] will
      be directly and adversely impacted. Specifically, the Town’s
      [Impact Review Committee] recently reviewed and approved
      development applications for [property #1] (owned by [the first
      intervenor]), and [property #2] (owned by [the second
      intervenor]). Those approvals (which were given in reliance on
      the Town’s 2019 Waterfront Setback Line) gave [the
      intervenors] the right to improve their valuable beachfront
      properties. An invalidation of the Waterfront Setback Line will
      impact those approvals.

(paragraph numbers and internal footnote deleted).

    The Town and the intervenors filed their respective answers and
affirmative defenses to the plaintiff’s first amended complaint. Amongst
other affirmative defenses, the Town and the intervenors asserted that the
common law doctrines of laches and waiver barred the plaintiff’s suit. See
§ 166.041(7), Fla. Stat. (2018) (“Without limitation, the common law
doctrines of laches and waiver are valid defenses to any action challenging
the validity of an ordinance or resolution based on failure to strictly adhere
to the provisions contained in this section.”).

       3. The Parties’ Competing Summary Judgment Motions

   The parties then filed competing summary judgment motions. The
Town’s summary judgment motion—accompanied by the intervenors’
similar motion—argued as follows regarding the plaintiff’s Count I:

                                       7
        [T]he Town far exceeded all of the minimum notice
     requirements of [s]ection 166.041(3)(a)[, Florida Statutes
     (2018)]. [The Town] published advertised notice in THE STUART
     NEWS on April 5, 2019[,] that Ordinance 376 would be
     considered for second reading on April 15, 2019. The Town
     Commission met publicly on April 15, 2019[,] and, on Staff’s
     recommendation, deferred second reading to May 7, 2019. No
     additional newspaper notice was required by statute, as
     Plaintiff now contends. When Ordinance 376 was adopted on
     May 7, 2019, the Town had provided more than 30 days of
     advertised notice, far more than the 10 days required.

        ….

         … Plaintiff’s allegation that “Plaintiff and their neighbors
     were denied the opportunity to review, discuss, challenge, or
     debate the Ordinance and Revised Setback Line on their
     property or anywhere else in the Town, due to the lack of
     required notice” is baseless. The Town kept Plaintiff, and all
     of its residents, continuously advised of the revisions to the
     Waterfront Setback Line and the adoption of Ordinance 376.
     Discovery now made part of the summary judgment record
     confirms that Plaintiff not only received, but had actual
     knowledge of the Town’s numerous email communications
     including advance, actual notice of the March 18, … April 15,
     … and May 7, 2019[,] hearings considering and ultimately
     adopting Ordinance 376.          If [Plaintiff] had taken the
     opportunity to appear, he indisputably would have been
     heard. Plaintiff made a voluntary decision not to appear and
     be heard, despite the requisite statutory notice and additional
     actual notice provided to him at every point in the process.
     That decision was his own. No basis exists to void Ordinance
     376.

   The plaintiff’s summary judgment motion summarized his Count I
argument as follows:

        Section 166.041(3)(a), Florida Statutes [(2018)], required
     that the Town publish a notice of proposed enactment in a
     newspaper of general circulation, and such notice was
     required to state the date of proposed enactment. It is
     undisputed that the only notice of proposed enactment
     published in accordance with the statute did not state

                                    8
      the correct date of the meeting at which Ordinance 376
      was actually adopted: May 7, 2019. Thus, the Town failed
      to adhere strictly to the most basic notice requirements for the
      enactment of general ordinances—telling the public when it
      would be adopted. Ordinance 376 is thus void ab initio.

         ….

         The Town’s chief defense to its inexcusable failure is that
      Plaintiff[] waived [his] right to receive correct notice of the
      actual date of proposed enactment of Ordinance 376 …. The
      Town’s arguments are all contrary to the evidence, which
      shows that Plaintiff[:] (1) had no actual notice of the date of
      the hearing at which the ordinance was adopted—May 7,
      2019—until well after the ordinance was adopted and (2) did
      not attend the May 7, 2019[,] hearing. Instead, the Town asks
      this court to find waiver based on allegations (contrary to fact)
      that the plaintiff[] had, at most, a general awareness that the
      Town was evaluating the waterfront setback line. This
      argument fails as a matter of law; indeed, it is specious on its
      face, given the admissions by the commissioners who actually
      adopted Ordinance 376 that even the 2019 Commission—
      much less the Town’s residents—were unaware that
      Ordinance 376 would … permit[] … [the intervenors’]
      development across thirteen parcels of undeveloped pristine
      dunes.

          Finally, … the defense of laches … requires the Town to
      show that the plaintiff[] actually knew [he] had a claim and
      failed to assert it. As to this point, the only evidence of record
      is that once Plaintiff[] suspected [he] had a claim, Plaintiff[]
      communicated with the Town and the counsel for one of the
      Intervenors. Both the Town and the Intervenors’ counsel
      informed Plaintiff[] in no uncertain terms of their view that no
      viable claim existed. As a matter of law, Plaintiff[] did not
      unreasonably delay in asserting a claim that the Town and
      Intervenors persuaded [him] not to file sooner.

(internal citations, footnotes, and exhibit references deleted).

                      4. The Circuit Court’s Ruling

   At the conclusion of a hearing on the parties’ competing summary
judgment motions, the circuit court orally ruled:

                                      9
         I’m granting the summary judgment for the Intervenors
      and the Town. I don’t think the ordinance changed what it
      needed to change for [section 166.041(3)(c)’s procedures] to be
      required. I think the notice that was given is sufficient [under
      section 166.041(3)(a)]. And … as to waiver and [l]aches, …
      those types of issues are very fact intensive, involving such
      things as reliance, who knew what when, so I’m not granting
      the summary judgment on those points.

    Later, the circuit court entered its written order which, in accordance
with its oral ruling, found: (1) as to Count I, the Town had complied with
section 166.041(3)(a)’s notice requirements; (2) as to Count II, the Town
was not required to have complied with section 166.041(3)(c)’s procedures;
and (3) “[b]ecause … Count III requires a finding in Plaintiff’s favor as to
Counts I or II, which th[e] Court has not so found, Plaintiff is not entitled
to the injunctive relief sought therein.”

   More specifically as to Count I, the circuit court’s written order found:

          The Plaintiff’s contention that the Town failed to comply
      with section 166.041(3)(a) … by failing to publish a second
      notice of Ordinance 376 and, specifically, to separately
      publish notice of the continued May 7, 2019 meeting at which
      Ordinance 376 was adopted, is based on a flawed
      interpretation of the relevant statute. Section 166.041(3)(a) …
      merely requires that a proposed ordinance be noticed once,
      “at least 10 days prior to adoption”; it does not — as Plaintiff
      argues — require 10-day notice of the hearing at which the
      ordinance is adopted. Indeed, adopting Plaintiff’s argument
      would require a municipal board like the Town Commission
      to stop its work and republish newspaper notice rather than
      defer hearing by 24 hours or as otherwise permitted by section
      286.011[,] Florida Statutes[,] if unable to reach a proposed
      ordinance on a busy agenda. The actions of the Town in
      relation to the adoption of Ordinance 376 complied with the
      minimum requirements established by section 166.041(3)(a)
      ….

         The Court likewise rejects the assertion that the
      continuation of the April 15 meeting to May 7 deprived
      Plaintiff of statutory notice of a public hearing on Ordinance
      376. … [T]he Town provided proper notice of the public
      hearing on April 15, 2019, during which residents in

                                     10
      attendance were given the opportunity to comment. Further,
      residents in attendance were notified—on the record—that the
      second reading of Ordinance 376 would be deferred to the May
      7 Town Commission meeting, at which yet another
      opportunity to be heard was provided. The law requires
      nothing further.

(paragraph numbers, citations, footnotes, and exhibit references deleted).

   The circuit court’s written order also addressed the Town’s and the
intervenors’ laches and waiver defenses under section 166.041(7):

         While this Court does not need to reach the defenses …
      given its conclusion that the Town complied with Florida law
      in connection with the adoption of Ordinance 376, the Court
      does find that summary judgment on these two defenses
      would be improper for either party because issue[s] of fact
      remain.

   The court later entered final judgment in accordance with its summary
judgment order. From that final judgment, the plaintiff filed this appeal.

                             5. Our Review

    Our review is de novo. See Volusia County v. Aberdeen at Ormond
Beach, L.P., 760 So. 2d 126, 130 (Fla. 2000) (review of an order granting a
motion for summary judgment is de novo); Diamond Aircraft Indus., Inc. v.
Horowitch, 107 So. 3d 362, 367 (Fla. 2013) (“The issue before this Court
is a matter of statutory construction, which we review de novo.”). Because
this case was decided under the new Florida Rule of Civil Procedure 1.510,
summary judgment is appropriate where “there is no genuine dispute as
to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.” Fla. R. Civ. P. 1.510(a) (2021).

   “[O]rdinances which fall within the ambit of section 166.041(3) … must
be strictly enacted pursuant to the statute’s notice provisions[.]” Coleman
v. City of Key West, 807 So. 2d 84, 85 (Fla. 3d DCA 2001). Thus, if an
ordinance is not strictly enacted pursuant to section 166.041(3)’s notice
provisions, the ordinance is “null and void.” Id.

   Here, the primary issue is whether the Town strictly complied with
section 166.041(3)(a)’s notice requirements in advance of the Town
Commission’s adoption of Ordinance 376 on May 7, 2019, when:

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   1. the Town published an April 5, 2019, notice—in a newspaper of
      general circulation in the Town—stating the Town’s proposal to
      enact Ordinance 376 at the Town Commission’s April 15, 2019,
      meeting, “or as soon thereafter as the matter may be heard;”

   2. at the Town Commission’s April 15, 2019, meeting, the Town
      Commission voted “to postpone the 2nd Reading of Ordinance No.
      376 until the May 7th Town Commission meeting;”

   3. the Town did not publish a notice—in a newspaper of general
      circulation in the Town—stating the Town’s proposal to enact
      Ordinance 376 at the Town Commission’s May 7, 2019, meeting;

   4. instead, on May 3, 2019, the Town published by e-mail to all Town
      residents the draft agenda for the Town Commission’s May 7, 2019,
      meeting, identifying item 5. as “Ordinance No. 376 — Second
      Reading, Waterfront Setback Lines (WFSBL);” and

   5. the Town had properly noticed the Town Commission’s May 7, 2019,
      meeting in compliance with the Sunshine Act, section 286.011,
      Florida Statutes (2018).

   Given those five facts, we conclude the Town did not strictly comply
with section 166.041(3)(a)’s notice requirements in advance of the Town
Commission’s adoption of Ordinance 376 on May 7, 2019.

   Our conclusion rests upon the Florida Supreme Court’s
pronouncement in American Home Assurance Co. v. Plaza Materials Corp.,
908 So. 2d 360 (Fla. 2005):

      [I]t is an elementary principle of statutory construction that
      significance and effect must be given to every word, phrase,
      sentence, and part of the statute if possible, and words in a
      statute should not be construed as mere surplusage. Further,
      a basic rule of statutory construction provides that the
      Legislature does not intend to enact useless provisions, and
      courts should avoid readings that would render part of a
      statute meaningless.

Id. at 366 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

   Here, to give significance and effect “to every word, phrase, sentence,
and part of” section 166.041(3)(a), and to avoid rendering any part of
section 166.041(3)(a) meaningless, we conclude section 166.041(3)(a)

                                    12
addresses only the meeting at which the proposed ordinance is to be
enacted. Section 166.041(3)(a) simply does not address the possibility, as
occurred here, of a proposed ordinance’s enactment being postponed from
one meeting to another, with notice of the proposed ordinance’s enactment
being directed to only the earlier meeting, and not the later meeting. Nor
does section 166.041(3)(a) provide that a notice of proposed enactment
stating one meeting’s date, time, and place, suffices to provide notice of
proposed enactment at another meeting’s date, time, and place.

   The most significant word within section 166.041(3)(a) is perhaps our
vocabulary’s most simple word—“the.” The word “the” modifies several
words and phrases within section 166.041(3)(a) to indicate that section
166.041(3)(a) addresses only the meeting at which the proposed ordinance
is to be enacted. To demonstrate our point, we emphasize section
166.041(3)(a)’s use of the word “the” as follows:

         Except as provided in paragraph (c), a proposed ordinance
      may be read by title, or in full, on at least 2 separate days and
      shall, at least 10 days prior to adoption, be noticed once in a
      newspaper of general circulation in the municipality. The
      notice of proposed enactment shall state the date, time, and
      place of the meeting; the title or titles of proposed ordinances;
      and the place or places within the municipality where such
      proposed ordinances may be inspected by the public. The
      notice shall also advise that interested parties may appear at
      the meeting and be heard with respect to the proposed
      ordinance.

§ 166.041(3)(a), Fla. Stat. (2018) (emphases added).

   As shown above, the word “the” modifies “the notice of proposed
enactment” and “the date, time, and place” of “the meeting.” All of these
words and phrases are in the singular—that is, referring to only a single
notice of proposed enactment, at a single meeting, at a single date, time,
and place. Thus, a notice of proposed enactment is effective for only the
meeting for which the meeting’s date, time, and place are stated in the
notice. The notice of proposed enactment is not effective for another
meeting date—regardless of the reason why the proposed enactment may
have been postponed from the noticed meeting date to another date.

   We are not convinced, as the circuit court found, that section
166.041(3)(a) should be interpreted as having been satisfied upon a
municipality having noticed a proposed enactment once in a newspaper of
general circulation in the municipality “at least 10 days prior to adoption,”

                                     13
whenever that adoption may ultimately occur. Such an interpretation
does not give significance and effect to “every word, phrase, sentence, and
part of” section 166.041(3)(a)—specifically, “the date, time, and place of
the meeting.” Rather, the circuit court’s interpretation transforms that
phrase into useless and meaningless surplusage. That result arises
because, under the circuit court’s interpretation, “the date, time, and place
of the meeting,” as provided in a notice of proposed enactment, becomes
irrelevant as long as a municipality notices a proposed enactment once in
a newspaper of general circulation in the municipality “at least 10 days
prior to adoption,” regardless of whether that adoption ultimately occurs
10 days in the future, 10 weeks in the future, or 10 months in the future.

   Our conclusion is not altered by the remaining four facts that: (1) the
April 5, 2019, notice of proposed enactment stated the public hearing on
the proposed adoption of Ordinance 376 would be held on April 15, 2019,
“or as soon thereafter as the matter may be heard”; (2) at the Town
Commission’s April 15, 2019, meeting, the Town Commission voted “to
postpone the 2nd Reading of Ordinance No. 376 until the May 7th Town
Commission meeting”; (3) on May 3, 2019, the Town published by e-mail
to all Town residents the draft agenda for the Town Commission’s May 7,
2019, meeting, identifying item 5. as “Ordinance No. 376 — Second
Reading, Waterfront Setback Lines (WFSBL)”; or (4) the Town had properly
noticed the Town Commission’s May 7, 2019, meeting in compliance with
the Sunshine Act, section 286.011, Florida Statutes (2018). Despite those
facts, the Town’s intent to adopt Ordinance 376 at the Town Commission’s
May 7, 2019, meeting still required the publishing of a notice—in a
newspaper of general circulation in the Town, stating the proposed
enactment of Ordinance 376 would occur at the Town Commission’s May
7, 2019, meeting—to comply with section 166.041(3)(a)’s plain language.

   In reaching our conclusion, we note that the case upon which the
plaintiff primarily relies, Healthsouth Doctors’ Hospital, Inc. v. Hartnett, 622
So. 2d 146 (Fla. 3d DCA 1993), was not controlling upon the circuit court.
In Healthsouth, as in the instant case, “there was no newspaper
publication of notice of the City Commission meeting at which adoption of
the ordinance took place. Accordingly, the ordinance [was] null and void
because the City failed to follow the mandatory notice requirements of
Section 166.041(3)(a).” Id. at 148. However, Healthsouth did not indicate
whether the City had provided newspaper publication of notice of an earlier
meeting at which adoption of the ordinance was supposed to take place.
In the instant case, that additional fact of such prior notice created an
issue of first impression for the circuit court—and us—to determine here.

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   We also note that our construction of section 166.041(3)(a) is not
dependent upon, and has not been determined by, our construction’s
practical ramifications, which both amicus briefs have requested us to
consider.

   However, if we were required to have considered our construction’s
practical ramifications, then we are more persuaded by the reasoning
stated in the First Amendment Foundation’s amicus brief.

   Although the First Amendment Foundation’s reasoning relies upon the
purposes of the Sunshine Act, section 286.011, Florida Statutes (2018),
that reasoning equally supports our construction of section 166.041(3)(a),
Florida Statutes (2018). We adopt the First Amendment Foundation’s
reasoning here:

          [T]o allow a meeting noticed for a specific date, time and
      location to be rescheduled for a future date without additional
      notice would limit access to the future meeting to only those
      individuals who attended the initial meeting. Accordingly,
      this leaves to chance that interested members of the public
      who happened to be in attendance at the properly noticed
      meeting would receive notice of the future meeting. Leaving
      public participation in governmental meetings to chance due
      to inadequate notice is not the intent of the Sunshine Law and
      is incongruent with good governance.

          Providing published notice of the adoption of an ordinance
      ensures that all interested members of the public are aware of
      the adoption of a municipal ordinance, rather than limiting
      notice to individuals who, by chance, happened to be present
      at the properly noticed meeting.

(internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

   We are not persuaded by the arguments for affirmance articulated by
amici Florida League of Cities, Treasure Coast Regional League of Cities,
and The Palm Beach County League of Cities (“the Leagues”). The Leagues
argue, in pertinent part:

         The [circuit] court’s decision affirms the longstanding
      practice of local governments throughout Florida, whereby
      proposed ordinances that are duly advertised pursuant to
      section 166.041(3)(a), Florida Statutes [(2018)], but which are
      continued on second reading for consideration at a

                                    15
      subsequent public      meeting,     are   not   required   to   be
      readvertised.

         ….

         [This] Court’s disposition of this appeal could impact every
      local government in Florida. Local governments do not
      routinely continue consideration of ordinances on second
      reading to a third or subsequent public meeting, but
      sometimes circumstances may require them to do so. ….

         ….

         If the Legislature intended for an ordinance to be re-
      advertised as [the plaintiff] suggests, it could have used
      express words to indicate such intent, as it has done in other
      statutes. ….

   In our view, if the longstanding practice of local governments is that
proposed ordinances can be advertised for adoption at one date, time, and
place, but can be postponed for adoption to another date, time, and place
without being re-advertised, then we conclude that practice does not
comply with section 166.041(3)(a)’s plain language, as explained above.

   Further, even if the Legislature could have used express words in
section 166.041(3)(a) to more clearly articulate its intent for a proposed
ordinance adoption to be re-advertised when postponed to another date,
time, and place, such an omission does not conclusively support the
Leagues’ converse interpretation that re-advertisement is unnecessary.
Rather, the duty has fallen upon us to interpret section 166.041(3)(a), as
written, in such a manner as to give significance and effect to “every word,
phrase, sentence, and part of the statute” and “avoid readings that would
render part of a statute meaningless.” Am. Home, 908 So. 2d at 366. By
our interpretation here, section 166.041(3)(a) requires re-advertising.

                                Conclusion

   On the plaintiff’s Count I, we reverse that portion of the circuit court’s
final judgment granting the Town’s and the intervenors’ summary
judgment motion. However, we do not remand for the entry of a final
judgment in the plaintiff’s favor on Count I. Rather, we remand for a trial
on the Town’s and the intervenors’ affirmative defenses of laches and
waiver because, as stated above, the circuit court found “summary
judgment on these two defenses would be improper for either party

                                     16
because issue[s] of fact remain.” Although we remand for the circuit court
to determine the merits of these two defenses, we take no position as to
either defense’s merits in this case.

   On the plaintiff’s Count II, we affirm that portion of the circuit court’s
final judgment finding the Town need not have complied with section
166.041(3)(c)’s procedures before adopting Ordinance 376.

   On the plaintiff’s Count III, we reverse that portion of the circuit court’s
final judgment in the Town’s and the intervenors’ favor, because the
disposition of Count III is dependent upon the ultimate disposition of the
plaintiff’s Count I. We remand on Count III accordingly.

   Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded with instructions.

KLINGENSMITH, C.J., and ARTAU, J., concur.

                             *        *         *

   Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

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