Court Opinion

ID: 9914896
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-01-03 17:07:23.092985+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:15:21.998156
License: Public Domain

J-A28031-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

  DERRICK KILLEBREW                            :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                       Appellant               :
                                               :
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
  KRYSTIAN J. GARDNER                          :   No. 1927 EDA 2023

                 Appeal from the Order Entered July 7, 2023
      In the Court of Common Pleas of Delaware County Civil Division at
                          No(s): CV-2014-002017

BEFORE:      OLSON, J., STABILE, J., and COLINS, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY COLINS, J.:                              FILED JANUARY 3, 2024

       Appellant, Derrick Killebrew (“Father”), appeals from the order granting

Appellee, Krystian J. Gardner (“Mother”), shared legal and physical custody of

their daughter (“Child”), who was born in 2013.1 For the reasons set forth

below, we affirm.

       Father and Mother were married for a period of less than two years and

had separated prior to Child’s birth. On March 6, 2014, Father filed an initial

custody complaint seeking shared legal and physical custody.           On April 7,

____________________________________________

* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1 Neither party has requested that they be identified in the caption by their

initials due to the sensitive nature of this custody matter, and therefore we
use the parties’ names in the caption “as they appeared on the record of the
trial court at the time the appeal was taken.” Pa.R.A.P. 904(b)(1), (2). We
will, however, refer to the minor involved in this dispute as “Child” so as to
protect her identity.
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2014, the trial court entered an order providing that the parties would share

legal custody and Father would have partial physical custody on Tuesday and

Thursday evenings and every other Sunday. Father’s custody periods were

expanded in orders dated October 17, 2014, and January 29, 2015, allowing

Father to have Child overnight every other Thursday and one Saturday night

per month.      Father’s partial custody was expanded again on December 9,

2015, to alternating two or four nights per week, and this allocation of custody

continued, in substantially similar form, through a series of orders entered

prior to 2020.

       On January 27, 2020, Mother filed a petition for modification of custody

order, alleging that Child was involved in two automobile crashes while being

driven by Father’s wife (“Stepmother”). At a February 25, 2020 hearing on

this petition before a hearing officer, Father presented evidence that Mother

had posted sexually explicit photographs of herself on the “OnlyFans”

website.2    Father also informed the hearing officer that he had made a

ChildLine report3 concerning Mother’s behavior. On February 26, 2020, the

____________________________________________

2 One legal scholar has described OnlyFans as “a subscription-based website

that allows content creators to share sexually explicit materials with their fans,
after engaging in direct messages and other interactions, for a fee.” I. India
Thusi, Reality Porn, 96 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 738, 740 (2021).
3 ChildLine is an organizational unit of the Department of Human Services of

the Commonwealth “which operates a Statewide toll-free system for receiving
reports of suspected child abuse [], refers the reports for investigation and
maintains the reports in the appropriate file.” In the Interest of D.R., 216
A.3d 286, 294 n.5 (Pa. Super. 2019) (quoting 55 Pa. Code § 3490.4).

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trial court issued an order, upon the recommendation of the hearing officer,

providing that Mother would have no contact with Child pending a scheduled

forensic interview with Child. Order, 2/26/20. In the event that the forensic

interview revealed that Child had no awareness of Mother’s OnlyFans activity,

the order authorized supervised telephone communication with Mother and

Child but no in-person contact pending a future court order. Id. Alternatively,

if Child did indicate awareness of such activity, then Mother would be

permitted no contact with Child at all. Id. The order further provided that

Mother was required to delete her OnlyFans account and submit to a

psychological evaluation and follow any recommendations provided to her in

that evaluation. Id.

      Mother filed a petition for emergency hearing on July 1, 2020, alleging

that the Delaware County Children and Youth Services (“CYS”) investigation

had showed no sign of child abuse or that Child was aware of Mother’s

OnlyFans activity and that Mother had otherwise fully complied with the

requirements of the February 26, 2020 order. This petition was denied on

July 22, 2020. On August 20, 2020, Father and Mother appeared at a status

conference before the hearing officer, which resulted in an August 25, 2020

order granting Mother partial physical custody of Child every other weekend

from Friday to Sunday evening, with Father retaining sole legal custody. On

November 16, 2020, Mother filed a modification petition seeking shared legal

and physical custody of Child. In a March 30, 2021 order, upon consideration

of Mother’s request, the trial court extended Mother’s period of partial physical

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custody to a period spanning Friday evening to Tuesday morning, on alternate

weekends, but legal custody of Child continued to reside with Father.

      On August 24, 2021, Mother filed the modification petition at issue here,

again seeking shared legal and physical custody of Child.            The matter

ultimately proceeded to trial on April 26, 2023.      At trial, Mother, Mother’s

sister, Father, Stepmother, Child, and Child’s maternal half-brother, S.G.,

testified. On June 27, 2023, the trial court issued the custody order under

appeal, which provides that Mother and Father share legal and physical

custody of Child. Order, 6/27/23, ¶¶3-4. On that same date, the trial court

issued a separate opinion addressing each of the sixteen custody factors set

forth in Section 5328(a) of the Child Custody Act, 23 Pa.C.S. § 5328(a).

      As relevant here, the court found that factor 6, the child’s sibling

relationships, was neutral between the parties as Child has positive

relationships with her siblings on both sides of her family, her older maternal

half-brother, S.G., and two younger half-sisters on Father’s side of the family.

Trial Court Opinion, 6/27/23, at 24-25; see 23 Pa.C.S. § 5328(a)(6).           In

addition, the court determined that factor 9, which party is more likely to

maintain a loving, stable, consistent, and nurturing relationship with the child,

was also neutral. Trial Court Opinion, 6/27/23, at 27-30; see 23 Pa.C.S. §

5328(a)(9). Finally, in its consideration of factor 16, any other relevant factor,

the court found that there was no evidence that Mother’s OnlyFans activity

caused Child any harm and that the court was not permitted to otherwise

“judge a parent’s private adult behavior outside the presence of the child”

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under its statutory authority to assess the best interests of the child when

fashioning a custody award. Trial Court Opinion, 6/27/23, at 36-39; see 23

Pa.C.S. § 5328(a)(16).

       Father filed a timely notice of appeal from the trial court’s order.4 Father

presents two claims to this Court.5 First, he argues that the trial court abused

its discretion by granting Mother shared legal and physical custody of Child

despite Mother’s admitted use of the OnlyFans platform.           Second, Father

contends that the trial court abused its discretion by finding that factor 6

(Child’s sibling relationships) and factor 9 (party more likely to maintain

____________________________________________

4  Father filed a concise statement of errors complained of on appeal
contemporaneously with his notice of appeal, as required by Pa.R.A.P.
1925(a)(2)(i). The trial court issued a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion responding
to Father’s claimed errors on August 10, 2023.
5 The statement of questions involved portion of Father’s brief reproduces all

eleven errors that Father included in his Rule 1925(b) concise statement.
Father’s Brief at 4-6; Rule 1925(b) statement, ¶¶1-11. As these issues are
duplicative and some are abandoned on appeal, we instead base our analysis
on the argument section of Father’s brief, which is comprised of two sections,
the first focusing on Mother’s OnlyFans activity and the second on the trial
court’s consideration of custody factors 6 and 9. Father’s Brief at 12-17; see
also Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a) (“The argument shall be divided into as many parts as
there are questions to be argued”).
To the extent Father argues over the course of a few sentences in his brief
that the trial court “held [Father’s period of sole legal custody] against” him
because of an apparent “refus[al] to permit Mother to exercise her legal
rights,” Father’s Brief at 12-13, we find this claim waived for lack of
development and the absence of any citation to which portion of the trial
court’s opinion Father is challenging, the portions of the record that would
support Father’s argument, or any relevant law.                See Wirth v.
Commonwealth, 95 A.3d 822, 837 (Pa. 2014); In the Interest of D.R.-
W., 227 A.3d 905, 910-11 (Pa. Super. 2020).

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loving, stable, consistent, and nurturing relationship with Child) are neutral

when they should have been found to favor Father.6

       Our standard of review is as follows:

       In reviewing a custody order, our scope is of the broadest type
       and our standard is abuse of discretion. We must accept findings
       of the trial court that are supported by competent evidence of
       record, as our role does not include making independent factual
       determinations. In addition, with regard to issues of credibility
       and weight of the evidence, we must defer to the presiding trial
       judge who viewed and assessed the witnesses first-hand.
       However, we are not bound by the trial court’s deductions or
       inferences from its factual findings. Ultimately, the test is whether
       the trial court’s conclusions are unreasonable as shown by the
       evidence of record. We may reject the conclusions of the trial
       court only if they involve an error of law, or are unreasonable in
       light of the sustainable findings of the trial court.

Graves v. Graves, 265 A.3d 688, 693 (Pa. Super. 2021) (citation omitted).

       The paramount concern in any child custody case is the best interests

of the child. 23 Pa.C.S. §§ 5328(a), 5338(a); D.K. v. S.P.K., 102 A.3d 467,

474 (Pa. Super. 2014). “The best-interests standard, decided on a case-by-

case basis, considers all factors which legitimately have an effect upon the

child’s physical, intellectual, moral, and spiritual well-being.”      D.K.D. v.

A.L.C., 141 A.3d 566, 572 (Pa. Super. 2016) (citation omitted).                When

awarding any form of custody, the trial court must set forth its consideration

of each of the Section 5328(a) custody factors on the record or in a written

opinion or order. 23 Pa.C.S. §§ 5323(d), 5328(a); Graves, 265 A.3d at 694,

____________________________________________

6 Mother, who represented herself in the proceedings below, did not file a
responsive brief.

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700.    “In a dispute between parents, each parent shares the burden of

proving, by a preponderance of the evidence, that an award of custody to him

or her would serve the best interests of the child.” Graves, 265 A.3d at 698

(citation omitted).

       Father argues that the trial court did not appropriately consider Mother’s

“poor life choices” when granting Mother shared legal and physical custody of

Child based upon her prior OnlyFans activities. Father’s Brief at 13. Father

asserts that this activity called into question Mother’s mental health and posed

a risk to Child. Father further contends that Mother was not forthright at trial

regarding her work on OnlyFans as she stated that her OnlyFans subscribers

would see her in “various stages of undress,” N.T., 4/26/23, at 28, when in

fact she was broadcasting herself performing sex acts.

       As stated above, the trial court addressed Father’s evidence and

allegations regarding Mother’s OnlyFans activity in the context of custody

factor 16, “[a]ny other relevant factor.” 23 Pa.C.S. § 5328(a)(16). The court

noted Mother’s testimony that she deleted her OnlyFans account in May 2020,

she has never posted adult content on any other site, her interactions with

her patrons on the site were entirely virtual and solely through her

pseudonymous username, and she never created OnlyFans content in her

home during a period in which Child was present.           Trial Court Opinion,

6/27/23, at 36-37; see N.T., 4/26/23, at 25-29, 35, 37, Exhibit D-1. The

court further observed that the CYS investigation revealed that Father’s child

abuse report was “unfounded.” Trial Court Opinion, 6/27/23, at 37; see 23

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Pa.C.S. § 6303(a) (defining an “unfounded report” of child abuse); N.T.,

4/26/23, at 51-52, Exhibit D-4. While the court recounted that the hearing

officer who initially addressed this issue in 2020 agreed with Father that

Mother’s OnlyFans activity reflected on her ability as a parent, the court

recited its obligation to conduct a de novo custody trial and determined that

it was not bound by the hearing officer’s finding. Trial Court Opinion, 6/27/23,

at 38 (citing Pa.R.Civ.P. No. 1915.4-3(b)). The trial court added that its focus

under Section 5328(a) was on the best interests of the child with weighted

consideration of any factor that affects the child’s safety, but “none of [the

custody] factors include the morality of a parent’s judgment or values.” Id.

      The trial court then determined that Mother’s OnlyFans activities were

irrelevant to the court’s custody analysis:

      At the proceedings before the custody hearing officer, Father
      failed to establish that Mother’s activities on OnlyFans caused
      [C]hild any harm. Indeed, the record before the hearing officer
      as well as the record of the custody trial failed to establish that
      [C]hild was aware of Mother’s activities on OnlyFans.

      Moreover, the [c]ourt credits Mother’s testimony that [C]hild was
      always in Father’s custody while she was creat[ing] content for
      OnlyFans. Father presented no evidence to prove the contrary.
      Additionally, Father failed to establish that Mother’s participation
      in OnlyFans raised any safety concerns. Indeed, he could not, as
      Mother participated anonymously with her location shielded. Last,
      the [c]ourt notes that CYS investigated Father’s allegations and
      subjected [C]hild to a forensic interview. The CYS investigation
      was closed after it deemed Father’s allegations “unfounded.”

      In sum, the Court has considered Father’s concerns regarding
      Mother’s OnlyFans page. The statutory custody factors contained
      in § 5328(a) fail to permit this Court to judge a parent’s private
      adult behavior outside the presence of the child at issue absent
      evidence that it implicates [the] child’s safety or otherwise is

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      inimical to the best interests of the child. Father failed to show
      that Mother’s activities three years ago on OnlyFans affect
      [C]hild’s best interests or are detrimental to her safety. Indeed,
      upon this [c]ourt’s Order, Mother deleted the page on May 15,
      2020, over three years ago. Accordingly, the [c]ourt declines to
      consider Father’s allegation, finding it stale and beyond the
      purview of this [c]ourt’s statutory obligation pursuant to §
      5328(a).

Id. at 38-39.

      Upon a careful review of the record, we find no abuse of discretion in

the trial court’s conclusion.    The court comprehensively considered the

evidence adduced at trial concerning Mother’s OnlyFans usage and fully

addressed Father’s arguments that Mother’s past behavior on the site

negatively reflected on her ability to parent Child. The court’s factual findings

that Mother created her OnlyFans content when Child was not present in her

house, Child was unaware of Mother’s activities on the site, and such activities

did not pose a danger to Child’s safety are supported by the record. As an

appellate court, we may not disturb the trial court’s reasonable conclusion,

supported by competent evidence, that Mother’s OnlyFans activity did not

weigh against an award of custody in her favor. See Graves, 265 A.3d at

693 (indicating that this Court will not reject a trial court’s reasonable

conclusions in custody matters supported by competent evidence); A.V. v.

S.T., 87 A.3d 818, 820 (Pa. Super. 2014) (“Appellate interference is

unwarranted if the trial court’s consideration of the best interest of the child

was careful and thorough, and we are unable to find any abuse of discretion.”)

(citation omitted).

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      Moreover, we agree with the trial court’s rejection of Father’s request

that the court consider Mother’s purported moral deficiencies as a result of

her OnlyFans usage. As the trial court explained, a parent’s morality is not an

enumerated custody factor.      Trial Court Opinion, 6/27/23, at 38; see 23

Pa.C.S. § 5328(a).       Furthermore, this Court has repeatedly rejected

consideration of a parent’s morality or sexual lifestyle when fashioning a

custody award. In V.B. v. J.E.B., 55 A.3d 1193 (Pa. Super. 2012), we held

that a trial court “injected artificial morality concerns that the legislature has

deemed irrelevant” when finding that a father’s participation in prior

polyamorous relationships weighed against him in a custody ruling where

there was no finding that the relationships had an adverse impact on the child.

Id. at 1201-02; see also Bolds v. Bowe, No. 570 EDA 2022, 2022 WL

4372900, at *11-13 (Pa. Super. Sept. 22, 2022) (citing V.B. and disapproving

of trial court’s criticism of father for leading a “double life” of polyamorous

relationships but declining to overturn award of primary physical custody to

mother where court “based its assessment of the factors upon [f]ather’s

behavior, not its preconceived notions or judgment against [f]ather’s

immorality”). Similarly, in Michael T.L. v. Marilyn J.L., 525 A.2d 414 (Pa.

Super. 1987), we held that the trial court committed a “gross abuse of

discretion” in relying on the mother’s “active sex life” during periods when the

child was not in her custody as a basis for awarding custody of the child to the

father absent evidence that the mother’s promiscuity had an adverse impact

on the child. Id. at 418-20. Likewise, here, where the trial court found that

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Mother’s past usage of OnlyFans to earn supplemental income7 was not a

detriment to her parenting of Child or to Child’s safety, the court properly

declined to consider this issue.

       In his second issue, Father argues that the trial court “misallocated”

factors 6 and 9 of the Section 5328(a) factors as neutral when they in fact

favor Father. Father’s Brief at 16. With respect to factor 6, “[t]he child’s

sibling relationships,” 23 Pa.C.S. § 5328(a)(6), Father asserts that Child has

an excellent relationship with her two younger half-sisters on Father’s side,

whereas S.G., Child’s maternal half-brother who has been diagnosed with

autism spectrum disorder, only recently returned to Mother’s home after being

sent to live with Mother’s parents in Virginia for four years. N.T., 4/26/23, at

122-24. Father notes his testimony regarding an incident, five years prior,

when S.G. was babysitting Child and became upset about her crying, slammed

her head into a table causing Child a black eye, and then S.G. fled the house

leaving the door open. Id. at 268-69.

       Factor 9 requires the court’s consideration of “[w]hich party is more

likely to maintain a loving, stable, consistent and nurturing relationship with

the child adequate for the child’s emotional needs.” 23 Pa.C.S. § 5328(a)(9).

Father argues that the evidence showed that his “two-parent household with

siblings close in age” to Child provided a more loving, stable, consistent, and

____________________________________________

7 Mother testified that she is a licensed therapist and was employed in that

capacity throughout the relevant period. N.T., 4/26/23, at 29-30.

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nurturing environment. Father’s Brief at 17. Father also cites his testimony

that Child was engaged in extra-curricular activities while staying with him,

such as dance and choir, while Mother did not indicate any involvement in

community activities upon questioning by the trial court. N.T., 4/26/23, at

66, 237.

      Father is not entitled to relief on his second issue. First, we note that

the trial court considered Father’s allegation that S.G. “lashed out violently at”

Child, causing her injuries, but the court credited Mother and S.G., each of

whom flatly denied at trial that this incident ever occurred.         Trial Court

Opinion, 6/27/23, at 25; see N.T., 4/26/23, at 72-73, 124-25, 128, 175, 185-

87, 268-69. The court’s credibility finding, which is supported by the record,

is conclusive on appeal. Graves, 265 A.3d at 693. Furthermore, the court’s

finding that Child has a positive, enriching relationship with S.G. is supported

by S.G. and Child’s testimony.       N.T., 4/26/23, at 174-76, 345-46, 350.

Therefore, we see no basis to upset the court’s finding with the respect to

factor 6.

      With respect to factor 9, to the extent Father argues that his “two-parent

household” provides a superior environment for Child, Father’s Brief at 17,

this Court has held that “[t]here is no presumption in our child custody law

favoring two parent families” and that a parent’s marital status, standing

alone, is not a valid custody consideration. M.E.V. v. F.P.W., 100 A.3d 670,

679-80 (Pa. Super. 2014); Jordan v. Jordan, 448 A.2d 1113, 1117 (Pa.

Super. 1982). The trial court engaged in a thorough review of the testimony

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concerning the parties’ relationships with Child, including concerns raised by

both parties regarding whether the other party over- or under-disciplined

Child, Mother’s limited ability to parent Child since Mother’s custody was

curtailed in early 2020, and Mother’s concerns that Father was impeding her

calls with Child during non-custodial periods. Trial Court Opinion, 6/27/23, at

27-30. The court further noted Child’s testimony that she enjoys her time and

feels safe in both Mother’s and Father’s homes. Id. at 30; N.T., 4/26/23, at

352.   We find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s weighing of this

evidence and coming to the conclusion that both parents maintain a loving,

stable, consistent, and nurturing relationship with Child. Trial Court Opinion,

6/27/23, at 30; see A.V., 87 A.3d at 820 (stating that the trial court alone

determines the weight to be placed on the evidence).

       As we find that Father is not entitled to relief on either of his claims, we

affirm the trial court’s June 27, 2023 order providing for shared legal and

physical custody of Child.

       Order affirmed.

Date: 1/03/2024

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