Court Opinion

ID: 9403050
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-20 12:06:42.89056+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:04.153844
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                  No. COA22-649

                                Filed 20 June 2023

Franklin County, No. 20 CVS 630

IN THE MATTER OF: PATRICIA BURNETTE CHASTAIN

        Appeal by Respondent from order entered 5 April 2022 by Judge Thomas H.

Lock in Franklin County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 8 February

2023.

        Zaytoun Ballew & Taylor, PLLC, by Matthew D. Ballew, Robert E. Zaytoun,
        and Claire F. Kurdys, for Respondent-Appellant.

        Fox Rothschild LLP, by Kip D. Nelson and Elizabeth Brooks Scherer, and
        Davis, Sturges & Tomlinson, PLLC, by Conrad B. Sturges, III, for Affiant-
        Appellee.

        GRIFFIN, Judge.

        Respondent Patricia Burnette Chastain appeals from an order permanently

disqualifying her from serving in the Office of Clerk of Superior Court of Franklin

County. This is Respondent’s second appeal in this matter. Our Court addressed

Respondent’s first appeal in In re Chastain, 281 N.C. App. 520, 869 S.E.2d 738 (2022)

(“Chastain I”), and remanded the matter for proceedings consistent with the Court’s

opinion.
                                   IN RE CHASTAIN

                                   Opinion of the Court

      In this appeal, we address Respondent’s contention the trial court erred in its

application of the appropriate standard for disqualification for office under Article VI

of the North Carolina Constitution. Upon review of the trial court’s application of the

standard, together with Respondent’s conduct, we hold the trial court properly

disqualified Respondent from office as her conduct in office amounted to nothing less

than corruption or malpractice.

                   I.   Factual and Procedural Background

      In 2014, Respondent was elected to serve as Franklin County Clerk of Superior

Court. She was reelected to a second term in 2018. In July 2020, Affiant Jeffrey

Thompson commenced this proceeding, pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-105, seeking

removal of Respondent from office. Upon motion by Respondent and a subsequent

hearing on the matter on 10 September 2020, the Senior Resident Superior Court

Judge of Franklin County, Judge Dunlow, was recused by Judge J. Stanley Carmical.

Accordingly, on 28 September 2020, Judge Thomas H. Lock, the Senior Resident

Superior Court Judge of Johnston County, presided over the removal hearing, which

concluded on 30 September 2020. Following the hearing, on 16 October 2020, Judge

Lock issued an order (“2020 Order”) permanently removing Respondent from serving

in the office of Clerk of Superior Court of Franklin County.         On 4 May 2020,

Respondent appealed the 2020 Order to this Court. On 1 February 2022, for reasons

further explained in Chastain I, our Court vacated the 2020 Order and remanded the

matter for further proceedings consistent with that panel’s opinion.

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                                  Opinion of the Court

      Upon remand, Judge Lock again presided over the matter which came on for

hearing on 16 March 2022. On 5 April 2022, Judge Lock entered an order (“2022

Order”) permanently disqualifying Respondent from serving in the Office of Clerk of

Superior Court of Franklin County in accordance with Article VI of the North

Carolina Constitution. On 4 May 2022, Respondent filed notice of appeal from the

2022 Order.

                           II.   Standard of Review

      Upon removal proceedings against a clerk of superior court, the affiant

bringing the charges must prove grounds for removal exist by clear, cogent, and

convincing evidence. In re Cline, 230 N.C. App. 11, 20–21, 749 S.E.2d 91, 98 (2013).

As such, we review the trial court’s findings of fact, of which Respondent challenges,

to determine whether they are supported by clear, cogent, and convincing evidence,

and in turn, whether those findings support its conclusions of law. State v. Williams,

362 N.C. 628, 632, 669 S.E.2d 290, 294 (2008) (internal marks and citations omitted).

Challenged findings of fact are binding on appeal if supported by competent evidence.

Morrison v. Burlington Industries, 304 N.C. 1, 6, 282 S.E.2d 458, 463 (1981).

Likewise, findings of fact which remain unchallenged are also binding on appeal.

Koufman v. Koufman, 330 N.C. 93, 97, 408 S.E.2d 729, 731 (1991). We review the

trial court’s conclusions of law de novo. State v. Biber, 365 N.C. 162, 171, 712 S.E.2d

874, 880 (2011).

                                 III.   Analysis

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                                   IN RE CHASTAIN

                                  Opinion of the Court

      Respondent contends the trial court erred in permanently disqualifying and

removing her from serving in the Office of Clerk of Superior Court of Franklin

County, as it failed to properly apply the standard for disqualification under Article

VI of the North Carolina Constitution.

      At the outset, we recognize this Court is bound by our Court’s previous decision

in Chastain I. In re Civil Penalty, 324 N.C. 373, 384, 379 S.E.2d 30, 37 (1989) (“Where

a panel of the Court of Appeals has decided the same issue, albeit in a different case,

a subsequent panel of the same [C]ourt is bound by that precedent, unless it has been

overturned by a higher [C]ourt.”); see also State v. Jones, 358 N.C. 473, 487, 598

S.E.2d 125, 133 (2004) (“While we recognize that a panel of the Court of Appeals may

disagree with, or even find error in, an opinion by a prior panel and may duly note its

disagreement or point out that error in its opinion, the panel is bound by that prior

decision until it is overturned by a higher [C]ourt.”). Thus, we analyze Respondent’s

contentions in accordance with our Court’s opinion in Chastain I.

A. The Standard

      Our Court’s decision in Chastain I analyzed two constitutional avenues under

which a superior court clerk of a county in North Carolina may be removed—Article

IV and Article VI of our State Constitution. See Chastain, 281 N.C. App. at 524, 869

S.E.2d at 742. Article IV, section 17, authorizes the removal of a superior court clerk

who engages in misconduct. Id. at 523, 869 S.E.2d at 741 (citing N.C. Const. art. IV,

§ 17(4)). Alternatively, Article VI, section 8, authorizes the removal of a superior

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                                   IN RE CHASTAIN

                                   Opinion of the Court

court clerk “as a consequence of being disqualified from holding any office under

Article VI where she is ‘adjudged guilty of corruption or malpractice in any office.’”

Id. at 524–25, 869 S.E.2d at 742 (quoting N.C. Const. art. VI § 8) (emphasis omitted).

      After addressing both avenues for removal, the Court held “the Article IV

avenue could not serve as the basis for Judge Lock’s decision to remove [Respondent]

from office,” as our Constitution conferred jurisdiction to consider Respondent’s

removal, under Article IV, only upon the Senior Regular Resident Superior Court

Judge, Judge Dunlow. Id. at 524, 869 S.E.2d at 742. Additionally, our Court held

Respondent could be properly removed by Judge Lock, under Article VI, if Judge Lock

were to find her conduct in office met the corruption or malpractice standard supplied

by Article VI, section 8, of our State Constitution because, “unlike Article IV, Article

VI does not specify any procedure or confer authority on any particular judge or body

to make disqualification determinations[.]” Id. at 525, 869 S.E.2d at 742.

      Our Court had not considered the removal of a clerk of superior court before

Chastain I. Thus, the Court relied on precedent concerning the removal of other

elected officials, primarily judges, and defined this corruption or malpractice

standard to include, at a minimum, “acts of willful misconduct which are egregious

in nature[.]” Id. at 528, 869 S.E.2d at 745.

      The prior panel of this Court held willful misconduct requires more than just

intent to commit an offense, but rather purpose and design in doing so. Id. (citing

State v. Stephenson, 218 N.C. 258, 264, 10 S.E.2d 819, 823 (1940)). Similarly, this

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                                   Opinion of the Court

Court found willful misconduct in office to be more than an error in judgment or a

mere lack of diligence. Id. at 528, 869 S.E.2d at 744 (citing In re Martin, 302 N.C.

299, 316, 275 S.E.2d 412, 421 (1981) (internal marks and citations omitted)). Instead,

willful misconduct may, but is not required to, encompass conduct involving moral

turpitude, dishonesty, or corruption. Id. The Court reiterated that where a judge

knowingly and willfully persists in misconduct of which the judge knows, or should

know, to be acts of willful misconduct in office “and conduct prejudicial to the

administration of justice which brings the judicial office into disrepute, he should be

removed from office.” Id. (quoting In re Martin, 302 N.C. at 316, 275 S.E.2d at 421);

see also In re Hunt, 308 N.C. 328, 338, 302 S.E.2d 235, 240 (1983) (“[C]onduct

prejudicial to the administration of justice, if knowingly and persistently repeated,

would itself rise to the level of willful misconduct in office, which is a constitutional

ground for impeachment and disqualification for public office.” (citing In re Peoples,

296 N.C. 109, 157–58, 250 S.E. 2d 890, 918 (1978))).

      This Court set a framework for what constitutes willful misconduct, defining

the standard to include only acts of willful misconduct which are egregious in nature.

Chastain, 281 N.C. App. at 528, 869 S.E.2d at 745. We understand egregious acts to

be those that are extremely or remarkably bad. Egregious, Black’s Law Dictionary

652 (11th ed. 2019). In tailoring its definition, the Court relied heavily upon our

Supreme Court’s decision in In re Peoples—even so far as to say a respondent’s actions

would meet the standard if said acts of willful misconduct were, at a minimum, as

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                                        Opinion of the Court

egregious as those in Peoples. Chastain, 281 N.C. App. at 528, 869 S.E.2d at 744; see

also In re Peoples, 296 N.C. at 156–57, 250 S.E.2d at 917–18.1

       The Court in Chastain I established this general definition of the corruption or

malpractice standard.          However, the application of the standard, as to the

disqualification and consequential removal of clerks, has yet to be addressed. This is

the task before this Court. We look to precedent addressing the application of the

standard as to other elected officials, while recognizing the conduct which amounts

to corruption or malpractice will necessarily differ based on the elected office held by

the respondent.

B. Application of the Standard

       Respondent contends the trial court erred in applying the corruption or

malpractice standard defined by our Court in Chastain I. Specifically, Respondent

argues her conduct did not rise to meet the standard and the trial court only

concluded otherwise because it considered acts alleged outside the charging affidavit

and considered the evidence in totality rather than isolation. Further, Respondent

explicitly challenges the trial court’s Findings of Fact 17, 19, 30, 37, 45, and 46; and

Conclusions of Law 3, 5, 7, 9, and 10.

       1  Our Supreme Court disqualified the judge from holding further judicial office under Article
VI, section 8, where evidence of his misconduct included, among other things, he: dismissed several
cases without trial or the defendants present and without the knowledge of the district attorney;
maintained a personal file where he indefinitely held cases he caused to be removed from the active
trail docket; paid the clerk money he obtained from several defendants in cases he disposed of in
absence of those defendants.

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                                    IN RE CHASTAIN

                                   Opinion of the Court

   1. Consideration of Acts Outside the Charging Affidavit

      Respondent argues the trial court erred in applying the corruption or

malpractice standard by relying on acts outside the charging affidavit to make the

necessary findings and conclusions for disqualification under said standard.

Specifically, Respondent argues the trial court considered incidents with Judge Davis

and District Attorney Waters to support its findings that Respondent acted with

notice, knowledge, and intent such that her conduct met the corruption or malpractice

standard.

      Our General Assembly codified the procedural mechanism for removal of clerks

in N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-105 which states, inter alia, “the procedure [for removal of a

clerk of superior court] shall be initiated by the filing of a sworn affidavit with the

chief district judge of the district in which the clerk resides[.]” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-

105 (2021).   In interpreting this statute, our Court, in Chastain I, recognized,

pursuant to our Supreme Court’s holding in In re Spivey, “any procedure to remove

an elected official must afford that official due process.” Chastain, 281 N.C. App. at

528–29, 869 S.E.2d at 744–45 (citing In re Spivey, 345 N.C. 404, 413–14, 480 S.E.2d

693, 698 (1997) (holding our Constitution does not prohibit our General Assembly

from enacting methods for removal “so long as [the officers] whose removal from office

is sought are accorded due process of law”)).

      Our Court held in Chastain I, that Judge Lock, in rehearing any case

pertaining to Respondent’s removal, was limited to considering only those acts

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                                    IN RE CHASTAIN

                                   Opinion of the Court

alleged in the charging affidavit, as Respondent had both the due process and

statutory right to notice of the acts for which her removal was being sought.

Chastain, 281 N.C. App. at 529, 869 S.E.2d at 745. Our Court noted, however, the

trial court was permitted to consider facts not alleged in the charging affidavit as a

means to assess Respondent’s credibility. Id. at 529, 869 S.E.2d at 745; see State v.

Johnson, 378 N.C. 236, 242, 861 S.E.2d 474, 482 (2021) (“‘The weight, credibility, and

convincing force of such evidence is for the trial court, who is in the best position to

observe the witnesses and make such determinations.’” (quoting Macher v. Macher,

188 N.C. App. 537, 540, 656 S.E.2d 282, 284 (2008))).

      Though the trial court is limited in what it can consider during proceedings for

removal of a clerk, we are cognizant that, “[w]here, as here, the trial judge acted as

the finder of fact, it is presumed that he disregarded any inadmissible evidence that

was admitted and based his judgment solely on the admissible evidence that was

before him.” In re Cline, 230 N.C. App. 11, 27, 749 S.E.2d 91, 102 (2013) (citing Bizzell

v. Bizzell, 247 N.C. 590, 604–06, 101 S.E.2d 668, 678–79 (1958)) (internal quotation

marks and citations omitted). Consequently, this Court will only find reversible error

where it affirmatively appears the action of the court was influenced by the

consideration of inadmissible evidence. See Bizzell, 247 N.C. at 604–05, 101 S.E.2d

at 678.

      Here, evidence not contained in the charging affidavit, which had been

previously introduced in the first removal proceeding against Respondent, was

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                                    IN RE CHASTAIN

                                   Opinion of the Court

excised from the record. Notably, counsel for Respondent stated:

              Certain things came into evidence. [Affiant’s counsel] put
              certain things into the evidence that was not in the
              affidavit. None of that—that’s been excised. That’s out of
              this record now. Particularly the matters relating to fixing
              the tickets, allegedly, that the DA testified to, as well as
              going to the district court judge repeatedly to strike orders
              of arrest. That’s—that’s not—that’s not here before you.

Not only were these allegations excised from the record upon which the trial court

relied in making its findings and conclusions here, but the trial court further

confirmed its declination in considering this evidence by unequivocally stating within

its findings and conclusions, it had not relied upon this evidence except to consider

Respondent’s credibility as authorized by this Court in Chastain I. In Finding of Fact

14, the trial court stated:

              Respondent’s interactions with Mr. Waters and Judge
              Davis described in the preceding two paragraphs were not
              specifically alleged in the changing affidavit. Hence, the
              court has not considered the evidence concerning them as
              a potential basis for removal. However, this evidence has
              been considered to assess Respondent’s credibility[.]

Similarly, in Finding of Fact 48, the trial court stated:

              As to evidence related to Respondent’s conduct discussed
              at the evidentiary hearing but not alleged in the charging
              affidavit, the court has not considered such evidence as
              grounds for Respondent’s disqualification from office.

Thereafter, the trial court concluded in Conclusion of Law 4:

              Respondent’s repeated requests to District Attorney
              Michael Waters on behalf of persons seeking the reduction
              or dismissal of criminal charges and her repeated ex parte

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                                   IN RE CHASTAIN

                                  Opinion of the Court

              requests to Judge John Davis to strike orders of arrest for
              persons charged with criminal offenses were not
              specifically alleged in the charging affidavit and were not
              considered by this court as a potential basis for removal.
              However, this evidence was considered to assess
              Respondent’s credibility[.]

      These Findings and Conclusion demonstrate the trial court’s abstention from

relying on evidence outside the charging affidavit for purposes other than considering

Respondent’s credibility. Moreover, Judge Lock acted as the fact finder. Thus, we

presume he only used this evidence to assess credibility pursuant to our decision in

Chastain I.

      We hold the trial court did not err as it properly excluded acts outside the

charging affidavit from consideration when making the necessary findings and

conclusions for the disqualification of Respondent under the corruption or

malpractice standard.

   2. Conduct Considered in Totality rather than Isolation

      Respondent argues the trial court erred in applying the standard by

considering Respondent’s conduct in totality rather than in isolation. Accordingly,

Respondent challenges Conclusions of Law 9 and 10.

      Removal proceedings against Respondent were initiated pursuant to N.C. Gen.

Stat. § 7A-105 which states, in part, “[a] clerk of superior court may be suspended or

removed from office for willful misconduct[.]” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-105. Our Court

in Chastain I stated: “we construe the language ‘willful misconduct’ in Section 7A-

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                                      IN RE CHASTAIN

                                   Opinion of the Court

105 in the context of an Article VI hearing to include only those acts of willful

misconduct which rise to the level of ‘corruption or malpractice’ in office.” Chastain,

281 N.C. App. at 528, 869 S.E.2d at 744. The Court further noted, “Judge Lock lacked

authority to rely on any acts of [Respondent] that did not rise to this level to support

his sanction under Article VI.” Id.

      This Court did not limit the scope of Judge Lock’s review to only those acts

which independently rose to meet the corruption or malpractice standard under

Article VI. Instead, the Court simply instructed that, upon remand, Judge Lock could

not base his sanction—Respondent’s disqualification—upon any act which did not

rise to the corruption or malpractice standard.           Further, the Court’s holding

instructed the trial court to limit its review to “whether the acts alleged in the

charging affidavit before [Judge Lock] rose to the level of ‘corruption or malpractice’

in office under Article VI of our Constitution.” Chastain, 281 N.C. App. at 530, 869

S.E.2d at 745–46. Neither instruction by this Court forbids or limits the trial court

from considering Respondent’s actions in totality in order to conclude those actions

met the standard for disqualification under Article VI.

      Further, in defining the corruption or malpractice standard, this Court relied

on precedent which allowed for such aggregation. Specifically, this Court in Chastain

I quoted In re Martin stating, “[w]e do note that our Supreme Court has stated that

‘persistent’ acts of ‘misconduct’ may rise to the level of ‘[willful] misconduct.’”

Chastain, 281 N.C. App. at 528, 869 S.E.2d at 744 (quoting Martin, 302 N.C. at 316,

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                                   IN RE CHASTAIN

                                  Opinion of the Court

275 S.E.2d at 421). This shows our Court did not intend the “any acts” language to

limit the scope of the trial court’s review to only those acts by Respondent which

independently rose to meet the standard. Accordingly, we hold the trial court did not

err in applying the standard where it considered Respondent’s actions in totality

rather than in isolation.

      Nonetheless, we address Respondent’s contention as to the trial court’s

Conclusions of Law 9 and 10, which state:

             9. Even if Respondent’s acts of misconduct viewed in
             isolation do not constitute willful misconduct, her knowing
             and persistently repeated conduct prejudicial to the
             administration of justice itself rises to the level of willful
             misconduct, is equivalent to corruption or malpractice
             under Article VI of the Constitution of North Carolina, and
             warrants permanent disqualification from office.

             10. . . . Even if each act of misconduct was insufficient to
             warrant disqualification from office independently, the
             cumulative effect of the willful misconduct is that it was
             egregious in nature, was equivalent to corruption or
             malpractice under Article VI, § 8 of the Constitution of
             North Carolina, and warrants permanent disqualification
             from office.

Respondent argues these Conclusions of Law improperly lump all of Respondent’s

isolated conduct together to find it collectively rose to meet the standard. Our Court

in Chastain I never limited the trial court’s review to only acts which independently

rose to the standard. Thus, the trial court did not err in Conclusions of Law 9 or 10.

   3. Findings of Fact 17, 19, 30, 37, 45, and 46; and Conclusions of Law 3, 5,
      and 7

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                                   IN RE CHASTAIN

                                  Opinion of the Court

      Respondent specifically challenges the trial court’s Findings of Fact 17, 19, 30,

37, 45, and 46; and Conclusions of Law 3, 5, and 7.

      a. Finding of Fact 17

      Respondent argues Finding of Fact 17 “erroneously states that [Respondent]

‘went to the Franklin County Detention Center and demanded that she be allowed

access to Machada for the purpose of having him complete an affidavit of indigency.’”

However, the relevant portion of Finding of Fact 17 states:

             Respondent went to the Franklin County Detention Center
             and sought access to Machada for the purpose of having
             him complete an affidavit of indigency.

Respondent contends this Finding is erroneous as there is no testimony or evidence

in the record suggesting she “demanded” anyone in the jail allow her access to

Machada. However, not only is Finding of Fact 17 void of the word “demand,” of

which Respondent takes issue, but Respondent’s testimony at the hearing indicates

that on 7 March 2017, she went to the Franklin County Detention Center to see

Machada and spoke with him for ten minutes. Finding of Fact 17 is supported by

competent evidence and is therefore binding on appeal.

      b. Finding of Fact 19

      Respondent argues the trial court erred in Finding of Fact 19 which states:

             When Sheriff Winstead learned of this incident, he banned
             Respondent from further visits in the detention center.

Respondent contends “this incident” refers to the erroneous facts described in Finding

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                                  Opinion of the Court

of Fact 17 and the record is void of evidence that Sheriff Winstead ever learned of

Respondent’s “demand,” or that Sheriff Winstead ever offered any testimony as to the

specific reason he decided not to let Respondent return to the jail. Finding of Fact 19

is not erroneous as to its reference of “this incident,” for, as mentioned above, the

word “demand” does not appear in Finding of Fact 17. Further, the trial court did not

err where it relied on Finding of Fact 17 in making Finding of Fact 19, as Finding of

Fact 17 is supported by competent evidence.

      Moreover, Sheriff Winstead testified at the September 2020 hearing as to

Respondent being banned from the jail:

             Q: All right.     Have you been present for any of
             [Respondent’s] trips to the jail?

             A: No, I have not.

             Q: Okay. Are you aware of incidents that have occurred
             while she has been at the jail?

              ...

             A: Yes.

              ...

             Q: All right. As a result of incidents, have you taken any
             action?

             A: I have.

             Q: And what is that action?

             A: I do not allow [Respondent] to come in our facilities or
             the sheriff’s office, jail, or magistrate’s office.

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              ...

             Q: As a result of any of the Machada incidents, have you
             had to take any action with regard to the clerk?

             A: As a result to the Machada incidents. I mean that was
             one of the incidents that was brought as far as not letting
             her back into the jail.

This testimony provides evidentiary support for Finding of Fact 19. Because Finding

of Fact 19 is supported by competent evidence, it is binding on appeal.

       c. Conclusion of Law 3

       Respondent argues the trial court erred in Conclusion of Law 3, which states:

             When Respondent, without the knowledge or authorization
             of the presiding district court judge, demanded access to
             the county jail for the purpose of obtaining an affidavit of
             indigency from a murder defendant knowing that the
             defendant already had been appointed counsel and
             afforded a first appearance before the district court judge,
             her conduct was an inappropriate intervention into the
             case and was an act beyond the legitimate exercise of
             Respondent’s authority notwithstanding the Rules of the
             North Carolina Commission on Indigent Defense Services.
             Her actions were an effort to undermine Judge Davis’
             authority. Such willful misconduct was egregious in
             nature and is equivalent to corruption or malpractice
             under Article VI of the Constitution of North Carolina.

Respondent contends this Conclusion of Law is clearly erroneous as it relies upon a

fact with no support from the record by stating Respondent decided to see Machada

in jail “knowing that [Machada] already had been appointed counsel.” Respondent

further asserts there is not a separate finding within the trial court’s order to support

this fact.

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                                  Opinion of the Court

      The above portion of Conclusion of Law 3 challenged by Respondent serves as

an ultimate finding.   An “ultimate finding is a conclusion of law or at least a

determination of a mixed question of law and fact and should be distinguished from

the findings of primary, evidentiary, or circumstantial facts.” In re Z.A.M., 374 N.C.

88, 97, 839 S.E.2d 792, 798 (2020) (quotations and citations omitted). However,

regardless of whether the trial court’s statement is considered a finding of ultimate

fact or a conclusion of law, there must be adequate evidentiary findings of fact to

support the ultimate finding or conclusion of law. Id. (quotations and citations

omitted).   Nevertheless, “[w]here there are sufficient findings of fact based on

competent evidence to support the trial court’s conclusions of law, the judgment will

not be disturbed because of other erroneous findings which do not affect the

conclusions.” Black Horse Run Property Owners Association-Raleigh, Inc. v. Kaleel,

88 N.C. App. 83, 86, 362 S.E.2d 619, 621 (1987) (citations omitted); see also In re

Estate of Skinner, 370 N.C. 126, 139–40, 804 S.E.2d 449, 458 (2017).

      We agree with Respondent that the portion of Conclusion of Law 3, which

indicates Respondent went to the detention facility knowing Machada had been

appointed counsel, is not supported by record evidence. In fact, although Respondent

testified she understood Judge Davis had conducted Machada’s first appearance, she

stated she was not aware a lawyer had already been appointed. As such, this portion

of Conclusion of Law 3, which we deem an ultimate finding, is not supported by

adequate evidentiary findings of fact and is therefore erroneous.

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                                   Opinion of the Court

      Regardless, there are sufficient findings of fact to support Conclusion of Law

3.   The trial court’s additional findings in this Conclusion are supported by

Respondent’s own testimony, stating, upon arriving at her office the morning of the

incident, “[t]he staff stated that Judge Davis had come early that morning and gotten

one of the staff to go with him to the magistrate’s office and to do the preliminary

hearing.”   Despite Respondent testifying she was unable to find an affidavit of

indigency within Machada’s file, she was informed of Judge Davis’s involvement in

the Machada case and did not inquire as to the affidavit of indigency before going to

the detention center to meet with Machada.

      This evidence, in combination with the trial court’s unchallenged findings of

fact, are sufficient to support Conclusion of Law 3. Therefore, regardless of whether

a portion of this conclusion is erroneous, the ultimate conclusion is not.

      The trial court did not err in Conclusion of Law 3.

      d. Finding of Fact 30

      Respondent contends the trial court erred in a portion of Finding of Fact 30,

which states:

             Respondent told the Diazes that she was telling them the
             law in this matter, and that Judge Davis “legally” did not
             have the right to enter the orders he had entered.

Respondent argues Finding of Fact 30 erroneously states Respondent told the Diazes

“that Judge Davis did not have the right to enter the orders he had entered” as both

the body camera footage and transcript of the same show otherwise. However, the

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                                  Opinion of the Court

body camera footage captured during Respondent’s conversation with Adam Diaz

proves the opposite. Respondent references the order entered by Judge Davis and its

contents, stating: “[Judge Davis] legally can’t say that.” This statement, within the

footage, provides sufficient evidence to support the above Finding. Because Finding

of Fact 30 is supported by competent evidence, it is binding on appeal.

      e. Finding of Fact 37

      Respondent contends Finding of Fact 37 erroneously states:

             Respondent’s statements to the Diazes again evidenced a
             sympathy for Ms. Gayden and a calculated decision to act
             on Ms. Gayden’s behalf in her legal dispute with the
             Diazes. Respondent knew or should have known that her
             conduct in the dispute was well beyond the legitimate
             exercise of her authority and severely undermined the
             administration of justice. It moreover evidenced contempt
             for the legitimacy of Judge Davis’ lawful orders.

Respondent argues this Finding is not supported by competent evidence because

Respondent had a genuine interest in hearing the concerns of both parties. Further,

Respondent argues she engaged in a voluntary discussion with the Diazes, listened

intently as they explained their concerns, and wished the Diazes happiness and peace

from the long-running ordeal. Respondent contends there exists no evidence that her

conduct was a calculated decision to intervene in the dispute solely to support

Gayden’s position.

      To the contrary, the body camera footage, obtained during Respondent’s

conversations with both Gayden and the Diazes, provides sufficient evidence to

                                         - 19 -
                                   IN RE CHASTAIN

                                   Opinion of the Court

support this Finding. On 27 December 2019, Respondent met with Gayden outside

her home, and sympathized with Gayden as to the conflict with the Diazes stating,

“anything more I am going to look at as pure harassment, pure harassment, and it’s

not right. It’s not right, and we’re not going to put up with it.” Further, Respondent

repeatedly told Gayden that Adam Diaz was abusing the legal system by continually

calling 911 and even expressed pity toward Gayden’s position in the conflict noting,

“it sounds like, to me, that at this point, you’re getting picked on.” Respondent then

left Gayden and went to the Diaz home to address the issue. The footage depicts

Respondent arriving at the Diaz home, and stating she was there to mediate. The

video further shows Respondent positioning herself as an advocate for Gayden as she

argued with Adam Diaz about every issue over which he expressed concern.

Additionally, Respondent consistently referred to Adam Diaz’s behavior, in calling

911, as an abuse of the judicial process. At one point, the officer on scene had to pull

Respondent aside to correct her, stating he believed the Diazes were doing the right

thing by calling 911 and had not been abusing the system. While, by the end of her

encounter with the Diazes, Respondent was somewhat friendly, she entered the

conversation with animosity toward the Diazes.

      This body camera footage is, in itself, sufficient evidence to support Finding of

Fact 37.

      f. Conclusion of Law 5

      Respondent contends the trial court improperly relied upon Finding of Fact 30

                                          - 20 -
                                  IN RE CHASTAIN

                                 Opinion of the Court

in making Conclusion of Law 5, which states:

            By intervening into the legal dispute between Ann
            Elizabeth Gayden and Adam and Sarah Diaz, and by
            engaging in that conduct on 27 December 2019 described
            in paragraphs 25 through 37 of the above Findings of Fact
            and that subsequent conduct on 31 December 2019
            described in paragraph 38 of those Findings, Respondent
            engaged in conduct which tended to undermine the
            authority of John Davis, breed disrespect for his office and
            the legal processes already in place, and diminish the high
            standards of the office of Clerk of Superior Court.

Of the findings of fact mentioned here—Findings of Fact 25-38—Respondent only

challenges Findings of Fact 30 and 37, which, as stated above, are supported by

competent evidence. These Findings, with the other twelve unchallenged findings,

support Conclusion of Law 5. Therefore, the trial court did not err in Conclusion of

Law 5.

      g. Finding of Fact 45

      Respondent challenges a portion of the trial court’s Finding of Fact 45, which

states:

             . . . Mr. Arnold heard Respondent say, “I just talked with
            the chief magistrate and he’s not going to do a thing.” He
            then heard Respondent say, “F[---] John Davis” or “F[---],
            I’m not calling John Davis” or “I don’t give a f[---] about
            John Davis.”

Respondent argues this Finding is erroneous as it is not supported by competent

evidence because Magistrate Arnold admitted he did not know exactly what phrase

Respondent used but that it could have been any of the three. Magistrate Arnold

                                        - 21 -
                                     IN RE CHASTAIN

                                    Opinion of the Court

testified at the hearing: “The second thing [Respondent] said was, . . . either, f[---]

John Davis; f[---], I’m not calling John Davis, or I don’t give a f[---] about John Davis.”

Finding of Fact 45 includes this exact language without asserting that Magistrate

Arnold knew exactly what Respondent said. Finding of Fact 45 is supported by

competent evidence and is therefore binding on appeal.

      h. Finding of Fact 46

      Respondent argues the trial court erred in Finding of Fact 46 as it “erroneously

concludes from the evidence [Respondent] did, in fact, say, ‘F[---] John Davis.’”

Respondent’s argument lacks merit as the quoted language appears nowhere in

Finding of Fact 46, which states:

             Under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-146, the chief district court
             judge of each judicial district is charged with the
             supervision of the magistrates in the judge’s district. The
             clerk of Superior Court has no supervisory authority over
             magistrates.

Because Respondent’s argument here does not correspond with the challenged

Finding, Respondent’s argument lacks merit and is overruled. Thus, Finding of Fact

46 is binding on appeal.

      i. Conclusion of Law 7

      Respondent challenges a portion of Conclusion of Law 7 which states:

             By publicly attempting to exercise authority over Chief
             Magistrate James Arnold on 25 June 2020—conduct
             outside the scope of her official responsibilities—and
             thereafter using vulgarity in the presence of members of
             the public to describe her feelings toward Chief District

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                                    IN RE CHASTAIN

                                    Opinion of the Court

             Court Judge Davis, Respondent, at a minimum, engaged in
             conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice which
             brings her office into disrepute[.]

Respondent argues this Conclusion erroneously states Respondent engaged in

improper conduct by using vulgarity to describe her feelings toward Judge Davis.

However, Finding of Fact 45, which was supported by competent evidence, indicates

Respondent used vulgarity to describe her feelings toward Judge Davis. Because the

trial court’s findings of fact support this Conclusion, the trial court did not err.

   4. Respondent’s Conduct and Resulting Disqualification

      We now review Respondent’s conduct to determine whether the trial court

properly disqualified Respondent from office, having concluded she acted in a manner

which rose to the corruption or malpractice standard.

      Respondent addresses four instances of misconduct—The Affidavit of

Indigency, The Gayden/Diaz Home Visit, The Magistrate Arnold Phone Call, and The

Audit—arguing her actions do not rise to the corruption or malpractice standard.

      a. Respondent’s Conduct

      The trial court’s Findings of Fact reflect the following:

      The Affidavit of Indigency

      On or about 6 March 2017, the defendant, Machada, was arrested for first-

degree murder. On 7 March 2017, Sheriff Winstead informed the District Attorney,

Mr. Waters, he did not want to transport Machada to the courtroom for a first

appearance as he considered Machada dangerous and a security risk.                District

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                                      IN RE CHASTAIN

                                  Opinion of the Court

Attorney Waters then asked Judge Davis to conduct Machada’s first appearance in

the county jail and Judge Davis agreed. Machada was uncommunicative during his

first appearance. Thus, Judge Davis did not ask Machada to complete an affidavit of

indigency regarding the appointment of counsel.

        Later that day, Respondent looked at Machada’s file and did not find a

completed affidavit of indigency. A member of Respondent’s staff told her Judge

Davis    had   conducted   Machada’s      first    appearance   earlier   that   morning.

Notwithstanding this information and without speaking to Judge Davis, Respondent

went to the Franklin County Detention Center, met with Machada, and had him

complete an affidavit of indigency.

        After discovering Respondent’s actions in visiting with Machada, Sheriff

Winstead banned Respondent from further visits in the detention center, as well as

the Sheriff’s Office and Magistrate’s Office. Sherriff Winstead stated the Machada

incident was only one of the incidents involving the Respondent he considered in

making the decision.

        The Gayden/Diaz Home Visit

        On 27 December 2019, Respondent went to the neighboring properties of Ann

Gayden and Adam and Sarah Diaz to mediate an ongoing dispute between the two.

Respondent was aware of the dispute and knew Judge Davis had entered no-contact

orders against Gayden and in favor of the Diazes. These orders were still in effect.

Respondent called the Sheriff’s Office and asked a deputy to meet her at the

                                          - 24 -
                                   IN RE CHASTAIN

                                   Opinion of the Court

properties. Deputy Dailey met Respondent on scene and witnessed interactions

between Respondent and both Gayden and the Diazes. He captured the interactions

on his body camera. Respondent went to Gayden and told her she believed Gayden

was being picked on and harassed. Respondent also told Gayden that Adam Diaz

was abusing the system by calling 911 and would be criminally charged if he

continued to do so.

      Next, Respondent went to the Diaz home and confronted Adam Diaz, stating,

“I have a right and an obligation lawfully to come out here and mediate this.”

Respondent also stated she had jurisdiction over the entire county and was obligated

by law to mediate the case. Respondent continued to refer to Adam Diaz’s behavior,

in calling 911, as an abuse of the judicial process until Deputy Dailey pulled her aside

and told her it was not.     Additionally, in speaking about the restraining order,

Respondent told Adam Diaz, “as far as I’m concerned its for both of you” and even

stated, in reference to the order, “[Judge Davis] legally can’t say that.” When Adam

Diaz told Respondent she was speaking contrary to what Judge Davis had told them,

she responded: “I’m telling you the law.” When the Diazes complained Gayden had a

drinking problem, Respondent told them to request Gayden have an assessment. The

Diazes said they had asked for one previously but the judge said “they didn’t have the

power to do that[.]” Respondent then stated, “yes you do. Based on the evidence that

I’ve heard, this would help her[,]” even noting she had the authority to, and would,

order Gayden’s assessment herself.

                                          - 25 -
                                   IN RE CHASTAIN

                                  Opinion of the Court

      On 31 December 2019, Respondent directed one of her employees to file a copy

of Gayden’s deed containing the easement across the Diazes’ property in two of the

lawsuits Gayden had filed against the Diazes.            In both case files, Respondent

handwrote “Ms. Ann Gayden has legal right of way to travel per easement to her

property” in the margin of the deed. Respondent did not consult with and was not

authorized by Judge Davis or any other district court judge before she did so, nor did

she inform any district court judge or the Diazes’ attorney she had placed this

document in the case files thereafter.

      The Magistrate Arnold Phone Call

      On 25 June 2020, Franklin County Chief Magistrate James Arnold received a

phone call from Respondent.      She was yelling and often incoherent during the

conversation. Respondent said she was at Magistrate Arnold’s office and had several

people with her who wanted to talk with a magistrate.              She then demanded

Magistrate Arnold send a magistrate to talk with the people. Magistrate Arnold

stated he would not send a magistrate without knowing more information and asked

Respondent to let him speak with the people, but she refused. Respondent threatened

to give out Magistrate Arnold’s personal phone number or post her own number on

the door of the Magistrate’s Office. Magistrate Arnold requested she not do either

and said he would talk with her the next day. He suggested she contact Judge Davis

if she wanted to complain about the Magistrate’s Office. Respondent stated she was

not going to call Judge Davis and Magistrate Arnold ended the phone call. Nearly 30

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                                    IN RE CHASTAIN

                                   Opinion of the Court

to 45 seconds later, Magistrate Arnold’s cell phone rang. He knew Respondent was

calling and could tell, after answering, she had inadvertently called. Magistrate

Arnold heard Respondent say, “I just talked with the chief magistrate and he’s not

going to do a thing.” He then heard Respondent say, “F[---] John Davis” or “F[---], I’m

not calling John Davis” or “I don’t give a f[---] about John Davis.”

      The Audit

      Pursuant to the North Caroline State Auditor’s duty to periodically examine

and report on the financial practices of state agencies and institutions, the State

Auditor’s office conducted a performance audit of the Franklin County Clerk of

Court’s office for the period from 1 July 2019 through 31 January 2020. The Auditor

thereafter published a written report of the Auditor’s findings. Although the Auditor

found no evidence of embezzlement or misappropriation of funds, several deficiencies

in internal control and instances of noncompliance that were considered reportable

were identified, including: untimely completion of bank reconciliations; failure to

identify and transfer unclaimed funds to the State Treasurer or rightful owner;

failure to compel estate inventory filings or fee collection; failure to compel inventory

filings or assess and collect sufficient bonds for estates of minors and incapacitated

adults; and failure to accurately disburse trust funds held for minors and

incapacitated adults.

      Further, in Respondent’s response to the audit, she admitted: new employees

were not properly trained in preparing bank reconciliations or on the escheat process;

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                                    IN RE CHASTAIN

                                   Opinion of the Court

her office failed to document evidence of its requests to compel estate inventory

filings; her staff made unintentional mistakes in calculating inventory fees and not

collecting the required amounts; and monitoring procedures were not in place to

ensure the reconciling adjustments were entered into the financial management

system, to ensure funds were transferred and apparent owners notified, to ensure

inventories were compelled timely and bonds were sufficient for the guardianship

estates, or to ensure trust funds were accurately disbursed.

      b. Resulting Disqualification

      Our Court in Chastain I defined the corruption or malpractice standard to

include acts of willful misconduct which are egregious in nature. See Supra. III.A.

Upon remand, the trial court relied on this definition to disqualify Respondent. Thus,

we do the same, noting as our Supreme Court did in In re Peoples, that in order to

properly appraise Respondent’s conduct we need only ask one question: “What would

be the quality of justice and the reputation of the courts, if every clerk, exercised the

duties of her office in the manner Respondent did here?” See Peoples, 296 N.C. at

156, 250 S.E.2d at 917.

      Respondent was the Clerk of Superior Court of Franklin County for six years.

This time in office is significant. Respondent knew, or should have known, the duties

and ethical responsibilities of her office. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-103 (“Authority of

clerk of superior court.”). Conversely, Respondent continually acted outside the scope

of her position as Clerk and engaged in misconduct.          This misconduct not only

                                          - 28 -
                                      IN RE CHASTAIN

                                    Opinion of the Court

undermined the authority of Judge Davis and other judges in the county but brought

the judicial system into disrepute.

       Respondent knew Judge Davis had already conducted Machada’s first

appearance. Nonetheless, she went to the detention center, without advisement from

Judge Davis, and held a meeting with Machada. In doing so, Respondent acted in a

manner prejudicial to the administration of justice and undermined the authority of

Judge Davis. Additionally, Respondent was willfully persisting in misconduct such

that Sherriff Winstead testified he had prior issues with Respondent—to the extent

that, upon learning of this incident, he was forced to ban Respondent from entering

the Sheriff’s Office, jail, and Magistrate’s Office.

       In another instance, Respondent, despite knowing the Clerk of Superior Court

has no supervisory authority over magistrates, called Magistrate Arnold and

demanded he send a magistrate to speak with people waiting outside the Magistrate’s

Office. Further, Respondent unequivocally acted with conduct prejudicial to the

administration of justice which inevitably brought the judicial office into disrepute

by speaking with absolute vulgarity about Judge Davis stating: “F[---] John Davis” or

“F[---], I’m not calling John Davis” or “I don’t give a f[---] about John Davis.” This was

done in the presence of citizens of Franklin County.

       Even without considering the above instances, Respondent’s conduct in the

Gayden/Diaz dispute, alone, was sufficient to warrant her disqualification. There is

no procedure which calls for the mediation of actions like the one in which Gayden

                                           - 29 -
                                   IN RE CHASTAIN

                                  Opinion of the Court

and the Diazes were involved. Respondent also engaged a represented party as the

Diazes had an attorney in this matter.        The Clerk of Superior Court certainly

understands their role is not to try and practice law, much less with a represented

party. Regardless, Respondent went to the properties of each and professed it was

her legal duty to mediate their dispute. Despite being aware of the order issued by

Judge Davis concerning the matter, Respondent continued to try and mediate the

situation. These acts with Respondent’s additional statements severely undermined

the administration of justice and the authority of Judge Davis as Respondent made

claims about the order stating, “[Judge Davis] legally can’t say that.” Moreover,

Respondent did not have the authority to modify official court files in connection with

the Gayden-Diaz dispute. Yet, she instructed a member of her staff to file several

deeds on which she made handwritten notes without authorization and without

notifying anyone thereafter.

      Here, Respondent knowingly persisted in misconduct as she consistently acted

beyond the scope of her authority as Clerk.          Further, she acted in a manner

prejudicial to the administration of justice in continuing to undermine the authority

of both Judge Davis and other judges within the district by questioning their

judgment, condemning court orders, and in altering and filing deeds without

authorization. The Clerk of Superior Court knows that these actions are beyond the

duties of that office. Respondent’s conduct rose to meet the corruption or malpractice

standard as Respondent’s actions constituted willful misconduct which was egregious

                                         - 30 -
                                   IN RE CHASTAIN

                                  Opinion of the Court

in nature.

      Having reviewed the above instances of Respondent’s conduct, we hold

Respondent was properly disqualified as her conduct amounted to corruption or

malpractice.

C. Chastain I

      Notwithstanding our holding here, we emphasize our discrepancies with the

Court’s opinion in Chastain I.

      Undoubtedly, in congruence with our Court’s opinion in Chastain I, we

recognize Article IV, section 17, authorizes the removal of a superior court clerk who

engages in misconduct. N.C. Const. art. IV, § 17. Further, we agree that, pursuant

to Article IV, section 17(4), none other than Judge Dunlow could preside over

Respondent’s removal proceeding. Chastain, 281 N.C. App. at 522, 869 S.E.2d at 741

(“Article IV confers on a single individual, the authority to remove the elected Clerk

in a county; namely, the senior regular resident Superior Court Judge in that same

county. Accordingly, no other judge may be conferred with jurisdiction over the

subject matter of removing a Clerk for misconduct under Article IV.”).

      However, our Court in Chastain I held, as an alternative, Article VI, section 8,

authorizes the removal of a superior court clerk “as a consequence of being

disqualified from holding any office under Article VI where she is ‘adjudged guilty of

corruption or malpractice in any office.’” Chastain, 281 N.C. App. at 524–25, 869

                                         - 31 -
                                    IN RE CHASTAIN

                                   Opinion of the Court

S.E.2d at 742 (quoting N.C. Const. art. VI § 8) (emphasis omitted). With this, we

disagree.

      Article VI, section 8 of our Constitution states:

             The following persons shall be disqualified for office:

              . . . any person who has been adjudged guilty of corruption
             or malpractice in any office, or any person who has been
             removed by impeachment from any office, and who has not
             been restored to the rights of citizenship in the manner
             prescribed by law.

N.C. Const. art. VI, § 8. This article concerns disqualification for office, not removal

from office. Based on the plain language contained in the constitutional provisions—

Article IV, section 17(4), specifically references removal while Article VI, section 8,

concerns only disqualification—coupled with the fact that Article IV, section 17, is

specifically titled “Removal of Judges, Magistrates, and Clerks” while Article VI,

section 8, is titled “Disqualifications for office” we can be certain that Article VI is a

disqualification provision only and not one of removal. For, if it was intended Article

VI serve, alongside Article IV, as an additional means for removal from office, Article

VI would have been drafted in the same manner as Article IV.

      Further, our Court in Chastain I erroneously effectuates N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-

105 as a procedural mechanism for disqualification under Article VI of our State

Constitution when it was only intended as a procedural mechanism for removal of

clerks under Article IV.

                                          - 32 -
                                    IN RE CHASTAIN

                                   Opinion of the Court

      Chapter 7A, section 105, of the North Carolina General Statutes, titled “§ 7A-

105. Suspension, removal, and reinstatement of clerk[,]” states:

             A clerk of superior court may be suspended or removed
             from office for willful misconduct or mental or physical
             incapacity, and reinstated, under the same procedures as
             are applicable to a superior court district attorney, except
             that the procedure shall be initiated by the filing of a sworn
             affidavit with the chief district judge of the district in which
             the clerk resides, and the hearing shall be conducted by the
             senior regular resident superior court judge serving the
             county of the clerk’s residence. If suspension is ordered,
             the judge shall appoint some qualified person to act as clerk
             during the period of the suspension.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-105. This statute is a procedural mechanism for removal of

clerks under Article IV of our State Constitution alone, as, by its plain language, the

statute offers no guidance as to how someone may be disqualified for office.

      However, our Court, in Chastain I, relied on Peoples to hold otherwise. In

Peoples, our Supreme Court noted the long, complicated history of Article VI, section

8, specifically citing a major revision in our State Constitution in 1971. Peoples, 396

N.C. at 165, 250 S.E.2d at 922. Our Supreme Court further explained the revision

“extended the bar against office holding persons found guilty of committing a felony

against the United States or another state and substituted the phrase ‘adjudged

guilty’ for the term ‘convicted.’” Id. at 166, 250 S.E.2d at 923. Moreover, the Court

concluded:

             [T]he substitution of the term “adjudged guilty” for the
             term “convicted” permits the General Assembly to
             prescribe proceedings in addition to criminal trials in

                                          - 33 -
                                      IN RE CHASTAIN

                                     Opinion of the Court

               which an adjudication of guilt will result in disqualification
               from office.

Id. Relying on this conclusion, the Court in Peoples analyzed N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-

376, a statute which bars a judge from future judicial office when he has been

removed for willful misconduct stating, in relevant part:

               (b) Upon recommendation of the Commission, the Supreme
               Court may . . . remove any judge for willful misconduct in
               office, . . . or conduct prejudicial to the administration of
               justice that brings the judicial office into disrepute. . . . A
               judge who is removed for any of the foregoing reasons . . . is
               disqualified from holding further judicial office.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-376 (2021) (emphasis added). The Court held this statute was

enacted pursuant to the General Assembly’s power to “prescribe proceedings in

addition to criminal trials in which an adjudication of guilt will result in

disqualification from office” under Article VI. Peoples, 296 N.C. at 166, 250 S.E.2d at

923. Further, the Court held, through this statute, the General Assembly was acting

within its power when it made disqualification from judicial office a consequence of

removal. Id.

      Like the Court in Peoples, we too recognize the General Assembly’s right to

prescribe procedure for disqualification, but unlike the Court in Peoples, we must

apply N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-105, a statute which can be distinguished from section 7A-

376 as it applies only to clerks, not judges, and lacks any reference to disqualification

at all. Further, we must presume our General Assembly intentionally refrained from,

or has yet to consider, including disqualification as a consequence of removal under

                                            - 34 -
                                   IN RE CHASTAIN

                                   Opinion of the Court

section 7A-105 as the General Assembly included specific language referencing

disqualification as a consequence of removal under section 7A-376. See Rodriguez v.

United States, 480 U.S. 522, 525 (1987) (citations omitted) (“Where Congress includes

particular language in one section of a statute but omits it in another section of the

same Act, it is generally presumed that Congress acts intentionally and purposely in

the disparate inclusion or exclusion.”); see also State v. McCants, 275 N.C. App. 801,

822, 854 S.E.2d 415, 430 (2020).

      Aside from noting the General Assembly can provide a procedural mechanism

for disqualification of clerks but has yet to do so, we must point out that our Court in

Chastain I sought to hold removal proper as a consequence of disqualification. See

Chastain, 281 N.C. App. at 524, 869 S.E.2d at 741. Our Supreme Court in Peoples

only held the General Assembly acted within their authorization to create a statute,

concerning judges, under which disqualification was a consequence of removal and

not vice versa. As Peoples and Chastain I differ in this way, we find no authority

under which removal has been considered as a consequence of disqualification.

      While we recognize a person currently in office, who is disqualified for any

future office pursuant to Article VI, section 8, after being adjudged guilty of

corruption or malpractice in office, should likely be removed from the office they

currently hold, neither our Constitution nor our General Statutes provide for removal

upon disqualification.

                                          - 35 -
                                     IN RE CHASTAIN

                                  Opinion of the Court

      We do not take issue with the Court’s interpretation of the corruption or

malpractice standard under Article VI. We only note the Court’s application of the

standard as to removal, together with its application and recognition of N.C. Gen.

Stat. § 7A-105 as a procedural mechanism for disqualification, was in error as the

standard applies only to disqualification and the statute only serves as a procedural

mechanism for removal. As such, our Court, in Chastain I, should have remanded

the matter for further proceedings by Judge Dunlow under Article IV without

instructing on an alternative method for removal.

                               IV.     Conclusion

      In congruence with our Court’s opinion in Chastain I, we hold the trial court

did not commit error in ordering Respondent permanently disqualified from serving

in the Office of Clerk of Superior Court of Franklin County, pursuant to Article VI of

the North Carolina Constitution, as Respondent’s conduct amounted to nothing less

than corruption or malpractice.

      AFFIRMED.

      Judge FLOOD concurs.

      Judge Wood dissents by separate opinion.

                                         - 36 -
 No. COA22-649 – In re Chastain

      WOOD, Judge, dissenting.

      The outcome of this matter is of significant importance to North Carolina

jurisprudence and future interpretation of the North Carolina Constitution. Review

of an order removing an elected judicial official is one of the “most serious

undertaking[s]” in which an appellate court may engage. In re Hayes, 356 N.C. 389,

406, 584, S.E.2d 260, 270 (2002). Our Supreme Court has instructed that Article VI

“expressly limit[s] disqualifications to office for those who are elected by the people to

those disqualifications set out in the Constitution.” Baker v. Martin, 330 N.C. 331,

339, 410 S.E.2d 887, 892 (1991) (emphasis added). Article VI, Section 8 requires that

“any person who has been adjudged guilty of corruption or malpractice in any office”

shall be disqualified from holding office. Because this is an ultimate consequence,

conduct must rise to the high constitutional standard of egregious and willful

misconduct so as to constitute “corruption or malpractice” before an elected official

may be permanently disqualified from office. Because I believe the trial court’s

findings of fact do not support its conclusion that Ms. Chastain’s actions were so

egregious as to warrant permanent disqualification from office, I respectfully dissent

from the majority opinion.

                                  I.   Background

      Ms. Chastain began service as the Franklin County Clerk of Superior Court on

1 May 2013, having been appointed by the Honorable Judge Robert J. Hobgood, who

was the senior Resident Superior Court Judge of Franklin County. The people of
                                   IN RE CHASTAIN

                                   Wood, J., dissenting

Franklin County, thereafter, elected Ms. Chastain to be their Clerk of Superior Court

in 2014 and re-elected her to that position in 2018. It is clear from the record that,

over the course of her service as Clerk of Superior Court, animosity grew between Ms.

Chastain and certain officers of the court and other civil servants in Franklin County.

      This animosity climaxed in 2020 after a local attorney commenced an action

seeking the removal of Ms. Chastain from office, pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-

105, by filing an affidavit alleging that she had committed acts of willful misconduct.

The charging affidavit alleged several acts of misconduct that the affiant had not

personally witnessed.    Superior Court Judge Thomas H. Lock presided over the

matter during a hearing which took place from 28 September 2020 to 30 September

2020. On 16 October 2020, the trial court ordered that Ms. Chastain be removed from

office and permanently disqualified from holding office as Clerk of Superior Court.

Ms. Chastain appealed. For reasons further explained in Chastain I, this Court

vacated the order and remanded the matter to the trial court on 1 February 2022.

This Court reasoned, if Senior Resident Superior Court Judge John Dunlow were to

hear the matter on remand, the court could utilize the lesser standard specified in

Article IV to remove Ms. Chastain from office. If, however, Judge Lock were to rehear

the matter, the court could only utilize the higher standard specified in Article VI.

      On remand, Judge Lock again presided over the matter and ordered that Ms.

Chastain be permanently disqualified and removed from office, this time in professed

accordance with Article VI of the North Carolina Constitution. Ms. Chastain once

                                            2
                                   IN RE CHASTAIN

                                  Wood, J., dissenting

more appeals to this Court pursuant to Article IV, Section 17(4) of our Constitution,

alleging, among other things, that the trial court committed error when it concluded

that the alleged misconduct merited her disqualification and removal from office.

                           II.   Standard of Review

      In Clerk of Superior Court removal proceedings before the trial court, the

Affiant bringing charges bears the burden of proof, by “clear, cogent and convincing

evidence,” that grounds exist for removal. In re Cline, 230 N.C. App. 11, 21, 749

S.E.2d 91, 98 (2013). Accordingly, we must determine whether the trial court’s

“findings of fact are adequately supported by clear and convincing evidence, and in

turn, whether those findings support its conclusions of law.” In re Hill, 368 N.C. 410,

416, 778 S.E.2d 64, 68 (2015).

      When reviewing the conduct of an elected Clerk of Superior Court, it must be

noted that our Supreme Court held:

             Absent evidence to the contrary, it will always be presumed
             “that public officials will discharge their duties in good
             faith and exercise their powers in accord with the spirit and
             purpose of the law. . . . Every reasonable intendment will
             be made in support of the presumption.”

Styers v. Phillips, 277 N.C. 460, 473, 178 S.E.2d 583, 591 (1971) (quoting Huntley v.

Potter, 255 N.C. 619, 628, 122 S.E.2d 681, 687 (1961)).

      We review the trial court’s conclusions of law de novo on appeal. In re K.J.D.,

203 N.C. App. 653, 657, 692 S.E.2d 437, 441 (2010). “Under a de novo standard of

review, this Court considers the matter anew and freely substitutes its own judgment

                                           3
                                   IN RE CHASTAIN

                                   Wood, J., dissenting

for that of the trial court.” Reese v. Mecklenburg Cnty., 200 N.C. App. 491, 497, 685

S.E.2d 34, 38 (2009) (citations omitted).

                                III.   Discussion

      Our elected judicial officials, including our Clerks of Superior Court, are

entrusted by the people with the administration of justice on their behalf. N.C. Const.

art. I, § 2. Thus, where our elected officials are “drawn from the same fountain of

authority, the people,” and where our Constitution allows for the removal of an

elected official by a like official, such removal must be effectuated with the utmost

care and respect for the people’s will—and not purely as a result of internal,

oligarchical enmity. The Federalist No. 51 (James Madison).

      The Clerk of Superior Court is a constitutional officer, whose office is

established by Article IV, Section 9(3) of our Constitution. Our Constitution provides

the avenues by which an elected Clerk may be removed. As Chastain I reasoned,

Article VI is the only constitutional provision applicable to the disqualification and,

consequentially, removal of an elected clerk when a judge other than the senior

resident superior court judge adjudicates the matter. Chastain I, 281 N.C. App. 520,

529, 869 S.E.2d 738, 745 (2022). Though the senior resident superior court judge

could have presided over the matter under the Rule of Necessity as explained in

Chastian I, Judge Lock presided, and therefore, Article VI is the controlling

constitutional provision.

      Under Article VI, Section 8, “any person who has been adjudged guilty of

                                            4
                                     IN RE CHASTAIN

                                    Wood, J., dissenting

corruption or malpractice in any office” shall be disqualified from holding public

office. N.C. Const. art. VI, § 8. If a person elected to public office becomes disqualified

from office, it necessarily follows that the person may no longer serve in that office

and must be removed. See Chastain I, 281 N.C. App. at 527, 869 S.E.2d at 744

(discussing removal under Article VI). For purposes of disqualification after being

“adjudged guilty of corruption or malpractice,” removal from office is effectuated upon

adjudication. By the plain language of this provision, it is clear the drafters intended

only for the most egregious conduct to apply, including disqualification by

impeachment, being found guilty of treason, being found guilty of a felony, or being

adjudged guilty of corruption or malpractice in office. This Court construed this

“corruption or malpractice” standard “to include at a minimum acts of willful

misconduct which are egregious in nature.” Id. at 528, 869 S.E.2d at 744 (emphasis

added) (citing In re Peoples, 296 N.C. 109, 166, 250 S.E.2d 890, 923 (1978)). Implicit

in this expression and as supported by our caselaw, the “corruption or malpractice”

standard of Article VI requires more than mere “misconduct” or even “willful

misconduct”; it requires egregious and willful misconduct.

      The North Carolina Supreme Court has defined corruption as “[t]he act of an

official or fiduciary person who unlawfully and wrongfully uses his station or

character to procure some benefit for himself or for another person, contrary to duty

and the rights of others.” State v. Agnew, 294 N.C. 382, 392–93, 241 S.E.2d 684, 691

(1978) (quoting State v. Shipman, 202 N.C. 518, 540, 163 S.E. 657, 669 (1932)). It

                                             5
                                     IN RE CHASTAIN

                                    Wood, J., dissenting

requires proof of an unlawful or fraudulent intent.          Id.   Multiple other crimes

resulting from misconduct in public office are set forth in our General Statutes. See

N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 14-228 to -248 (2022). Offenses of public office which require a

corrupt or fraudulent intent or involve leveraging public office to unlawfully obtain a

material benefit are charged as felonies; whereas charges of failure to properly

discharge duties or misuse of confidential information are misdemeanors. Id.

       Being “adjudged guilty of malpractice” is not defined under our statutes. I

agree with the proposition advanced by Respondent that, arguably, the nearest

analogy is a civil claim for professional malpractice damages. To establish a civil

claim for professional malpractice, the plaintiff must show: the nature of the

defendant’s profession; the defendant’s duty to conform to a certain standard of

conduct; a breach of duty; and proximate cause of harm to the claimant. Reich v.

Price, 110 N.C. App. 255, 258, 429 S.E.2d 372, 374 (1993), cert. denied, 334 N.C. 435,

433 S.E.2d 178 (1993). In contrast, for the criminal offense of willful failure to

discharge duties in office under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-230, which is subject to only a

misdemeanor sentence and subsequent removal from office, it must be evidenced that

the defendant is an official of a state institution; the official willfully failed to

discharge the duties of his office; and the act or omission resulted in injury to the

public. State v. Birdsong, 325 N.C. 418, 422, 384 S.E.2d 5, 7 (1989). It can be inferred

then that “malpractice in office” under Article VI requires at a minimum not only the

specific intent to willfully violate one’s official duties under the law but also proof that

                                             6
                                   IN RE CHASTAIN

                                   Wood, J., dissenting

such conduct was egregious and proximately caused injury to the claimant or the

public.

      In re Peoples provides helpful context under this high standard. 296 N.C. 109,

250 S.E.2d 890 (1978). There, our Supreme Court disqualified a former district court

judge from holding any elected office pursuant to Article VI after the Judicial

Standards Commission instituted an action against him and recommended he be

removed from office. For several years, the judge had, among other things, repeatedly

removed certain cases from the active trial docket and into the judge’s indefinitely

pending “personal file” and had accepted money from defendants for “court costs” that

were never received by the clerk’s office. Id. at 155–56, 250 S.E.2d at 917. Prior to a

hearing on the action brought by the Judicial Standards Commission, the judge in

that case resigned, and the removal power of Article IV no longer had effect.

However, our Supreme Court permanently disqualified him from public office under

Article VI due to the egregious nature of the judge’s conduct. Discussing what “guilty”

means in Article VI, our Supreme Court held that “[t]he word guilty connotes evil,

intentional wrongdoing and refers to conscious and culpable acts.” Id. at 165, 250

S.E.2d at 922. In re Peoples is one of the only cases that directly contemplates Article

VI, and its holding reinforces the notion that disqualification under Article VI is an

extreme consequence.

      For lack of caselaw regarding Article VI disqualifications, Ms. Chastain

provides this Court with an exhaustive list of cases involving the removal of elected

                                            7
                                    IN RE CHASTAIN

                                    Wood, J., dissenting

officials under Article IV. Article IV allows for the removal of a clerk of superior court

“for misconduct or mental or physical incapacity.” N.C. Const. art. IV, § 17. Article

IV’s “misconduct” standard presents a lesser standard than Article VI’s “corruption

or malpractice” standard, Chastain I, 281 N.C. App. at 525, 869 S.E.2d at 742, yet all

of our Article IV cases evidence acts substantially more egregious in nature than Ms.

Chastain’s alleged misconduct, even when viewed in the light most damning to Ms.

Chastain.

      In one example, our Supreme Court upheld the removal of a district attorney

who, while in the early morning hours at a bar, repeatedly yelled “ni--er” to another

patron and engaged in “other improper conduct” before being forcefully removed. In

re Spivey, 345 N.C. 404, 408, 480 S.E.2d 693, 695 (1997). In another case, a district

court judge was removed for accepting multiple cash bribes. In re Hunt, 308 N.C.

328, 330, 302 S.E.2d 235, 236 (1983). Still more, a superior court judge was properly

removed after eliminating conditions of a probationer without notice to the district

attorney, sexual misconduct, and coercing an assistant district attorney to “help” the

judge’s former mistress in a DWI case. In re Kivett, 309 N.C. 635, 309 S.E.2d 442

(1983); see also In re Sherill, 328 N.C. 719, 403 S.E.2d 255 (1991) (judge possessed

marijuana, cocaine, and drug paraphernalia); In re Cline, 230 N.C. App. 11, 749

S.E.2d 91 (2013) (district attorney repeatedly and publicly accusing a judge of

“intentional and malicious conduct” such that his “hands are covered with the blood

of justice” and other invectives made with actual malice).

                                             8
                                    IN RE CHASTAIN

                                   Wood, J., dissenting

      In the present matter, Ms. Chastain’s conduct, even if willful and considered

in isolation or combination, was not egregious as to merit her disqualification and

removal from the elected office of Clerk of Superior Court. The trial court relied upon

four instances of misconduct in its findings of fact before concluding that Ms.

Chastain’s conduct “warrant[ed] permanent disqualification from office.”

A. Affidavit of Indigency

      In the first instance, the trial court found that Ms. Chastain “demanded access

to the county jail for the purpose of obtaining an affidavit of indigency from a murder

defendant knowing that the defendant already had been appointed counsel.” The

findings as to this event are as follows:

                    15. On or about 6 March 2017, the Franklin County
             Sheriff’s Office arrested an individual named Oliver Funes
             Machada for the first degree murder of his mother by
             decapitating her. Sheriff Kent Winstead telephoned
             District Attorney Waters and asked him to come to the
             crime scene. Later that day, either a district court judge or
             Indigent Defense Services appointed provisional counsel
             for Machada.

                   16. The next morning, 7 March 2017, the Sheriff
             informed Mr. Waters that he did not want to transport
             Machada to the courtroom for a first appearance because
             he considered Machada dangerous and a security risk. Mr.
             Waters then asked Chief District Court Judge John Davis
             if he would conduct Machada’s first appearance in the
             county jail, and Judge Davis agreed. Machada was
             uncommunicative during his first appearance. Judge
             Davis did not ask Machada to complete an affidavit of
             indigency regarding the appointment of counsel.

                    17. Later that day, Respondent looked at Machada’s

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                                   IN RE CHASTAIN

                                  Wood, J., dissenting

             court file and observed that there was not a completed
             affidavit of indigency in it. A member of Respondent’s staff
             told her that Judge Davis already had conducted
             Machada’s first appearance earlier that morning.
             Notwithstanding this information and without speaking to
             Judge Davis, Respondent went to the Franklin County
             Detention Center and sought access to Machada for the
             purpose of having him complete an affidavit of indigency.
             In so doing, Respondent interfered with a matter that
             Judge Davis already had addressed.

                    18. Rules 1.4 and 2A.2 promulgated by North
             Carolina Commission on Indigent Defense Services require
             a defendant to complete and sign a sworn affidavit of
             indigency in every case in which counsel is appointed. Rule
             1.1(4) further provides: “When these rules describe the
             functions a court performs, the term ‘court’ includes clerks
             of superior courts.”          Nonetheless, Respondent’s
             intervention in these proceedings, after Machada already
             had been afforded a first appearance, was improper.

                   19. When Sheriff Winstead learned of this incident,
             he banned Respondent from further visits in the detention
             center.

From this, the trial court concluded as a matter of law that, by having the defendant

fill out this indigency form after he had been appointed counsel, Ms. Chastain’s

actions were “an inappropriate intervention into the case and was an act beyond the

legitimate exercise of Respondent’s authority notwithstanding the Rules of the North

Carolina Commission on Indigent Defense Services” and “were an effort to undermine

Judge Davis’[s] authority” and that “[s]uch willful misconduct was egregious in

nature and is equivalent to corruption or malpractice under Article VI.” I disagree.

      The trial court recognized that Ms. Chastain had the authority and

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                                   IN RE CHASTAIN

                                   Wood, J., dissenting

responsibility under “Rules 1.4 and 2A.2 promulgated by North Carolina Commission

on Indigent Defense Services” to “require a defendant to complete and sign a sworn

affidavit of indigency in every case in which counsel is appointed.” The trial court

further found that “Rule 1.1(4) further provides: ‘When these rules describe the

functions a court performs, the term “court” includes clerks of superior courts.’ ” Yet

despite recognizing this responsibility, the trial court found Ms. Chastain’s conduct

to be improper. Truly, respect for a judge’s authority, especially by one employed in

the administration of justice, is necessary for the proper reverence of our institution.

Perhaps it was true that Ms. Chastain, on this occasion, succumbed in some small

way to that familiar tinge of frustration and took matters upon herself to complete

that which the judge neglected to do. The record does more than hint at the animosity

surrounding the officials here. However, this single occurrence of alleged misconduct,

if it could be called misconduct at all, was not so egregious as to support the

disqualification and removal of a democratically elected clerk from office under

Article VI.

      I also note that Ms. Chastain testified that she was unaware that an attorney

had actually been appointed to Machada prior to his signing an affidavit of indigency,

and no evidence was introduced to challenge this understanding. Nevertheless, even

taken as true, the findings do not support the conclusion that Ms. Chastain’s actions

breached the high standard of egregious and willful misconduct necessary to warrant

disqualification from office.

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                                   IN RE CHASTAIN

                                  Wood, J., dissenting

B. Dispute Between Neighbors

      In the second instance, the trial court found that Ms. Chastain improperly

intervened in an easement dispute between two neighbors, against one of whom

Judge Davis had previously entered a no-contact order. The dispute had been ongoing

between the parties for several years. The trial court found the following:

                    25. On the morning of 27 December 2019, a Franklin
             County resident named Ann Elizabeth Gayden came to the
             Office of the Clerk of Superior Court and complained to
             Respondent about an ongoing dispute with her neighbors,
             Adam and Sarah Diaz, concerning an easement.
             Respondent was familiar with Ms. Gayden and was aware
             of the dispute. Respondent specifically was aware that
             Chief District Court Judge John Davis, pursuant to
             Chapter 50-C of the General Statutes of North Carolina,
             had entered no-contact orders against Ms. Gayden and in
             favor of the Diazes on 20 February 2019, and Respondent
             knew those orders were still in effect.

                     26. Respondent decided to go [to] the properties of
             Ms. Gayden and the Diazes. She called the Franklin
             County Sheriff’s Office and asked that a deputy meet her
             there. Although Respondent testified that she believed Ms.
             Gayden was experiencing some sort of crises, she also
             testified that she went to the Diazes’ residence for a social
             visit.    Respondent’s testimony in this regard was
             inconsistent. The court further finds it to be disingenuous
             and an attempt to minimize the seriousness of her
             interference in the Gayden-Diaz dispute.

                    27. Sheriff’s Deputy Justin Dailey was dispatched
             to the scene, and he arrived at approximately 11:18 a.m. on
             27 December 2019.          He thereafter witnessed the
             interactions between Respondent and Ms. Gayden and
             Respondent and the Diazes. Deputy Dailey moreover
             recorded these interactions on the body camera he was
             wearing. Deputy Dailey’s recording was received in

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                      IN RE CHASTAIN

                     Wood, J., dissenting

evidence as Affiant’s Exhibit 1.

        28. Respondent met first with Ms. Gayden, who was
visibly upset. Respondent told Ms. Gayden, among other
things, that Ms. Gayden legally owned the easement and
had a right to enter the driveway, that she (Respondent)
was going to enter an order that day, that she thought Ms.
Gayden was afraid and scared, and that Ms. Gayden was
“getting picked on.” Respondent further stated that if he
(Adam Diaz) continued “to do this”, Respondent was going
to call 911 and he would be charged. Respondent moreover
told Ms. Gayden that Respondent, by law, could mediate
any case and said that was what she was doing.

       29. Respondent knew that she did not have the
authority to enter orders or to interfere with Judge Davis’s
prior orders in this matter. Respondent falsely led Ms.
Gayden to believe otherwise, thereby undermining the
normal judicial process, including Judge Davis’ judicial
authority.    Respondent’s statements to Ms. Gayden
furthermore evidenced a sympathy for her and a deliberate
decision to intervene on her behalf in Ms. Gayden’s legal
dispute with the Diazes.

       30. Thereafter, Respondent went to the residence of
the Diazes and met them outside their home. The Diazes
also were visibly upset. Respondent introduced herself,
told the Diazes that she had jurisdiction over the entire
county, and falsely stated that she was obligated to
mediate their case. Mr. Diaz told Respondent that there
was already a restraining order against Ms. Gayden in
place, and Respondent replied that, as far as Respondent
was concerned, the restraining order was for both of them.
Mr. Diaz stated that Ms. Gayden continued to operate a
tractor on the easement and to loiter on it in violation of
the court order, to which Respondent replied that she
thought Ms. Gayden was videotaping the Diaz property to
prove that she (Gayden) was not doing anything.
Respondent told the Diazes that she was telling them the
law in this matter, and that Judge Davis “legally” did not
have the right to enter the orders he had entered.

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                      IN RE CHASTAIN

                     Wood, J., dissenting

      31. Respondent’s false and misleading statements
to the Diazes were made with the intent to undermine
Judge Davis’ prior order and judicial authority, and were
made to benefit Ms. Gayden.

       32. Respondent’s false and misleading statements
also were made to intimidate the Diazes into believing that
she would influence or change the Diazes legal rights
relating to the easement dispute, particularly if the Diazes
did not permit Ms. Gayden to use the easement as
Respondent deemed fit. In so doing, Respondent misstated
the scope of her authority in an effort to affect the
proceedings.

      33.    Respondent was aware the Diazes were
represented by counsel, namely, Jeffrey Scott Thompson
(the Affiant), in their cases against Ms. Gayden, but
Respondent told the Diazes they should hire another
attorney in connection with the dispute. Respondent knew
or should have known that it was improper for the Clerk of
Court to recommend a particular attorney or to disparage
an attorney to that attorney’s clients.

      34. Respondent finally told the Diazes to give it (the
dispute) one more court date and that the orders could be
extended if needed. Respondent shook hands with the
Diazes, gave them her business card and personal cell
phone number, and departed the scene.

       35. The no-contact orders that Judge Davis had
entered on 20 February 2019 did not restrain any conduct
or activity by the Diazes. Respondent knew or should have
known this fact.

       36. There are no procedures in place in the Ninth
Judicial District for the mediation of Chapter 50-C actions.
Respondent was aware that she had no legal authority to
conduct mediation or to compel the parties to a lawsuit to
mediate it. Her statements to the parties that she was
obligated by law to mediate the matter were false.

      37. Respondent’s statements to the Diazes again

                             14
                                   IN RE CHASTAIN

                                  Wood, J., dissenting

             evidenced a sympathy for Ms. Gayden and a calculated
             decision to act on Ms. Gayden’s behalf in her legal dispute
             with the Diazes. Respondent knew or should have known
             that her conduct in the dispute was well beyond the
             legitimate exercise of her authority and severely
             undermined the administration of justice. It moreover
             evidenced contempt for the legitimacy of Judge Davis’
             lawful orders.

                    38. On 31 December 2019, Respondent, at the
             request of Ms. Gayden, directed one of her employees to file
             a copy of Ms. Gayden’s deed containing the easement
             across the Diazes’ property in two of the lawsuits Ms.
             Gayden had filed against the Diazes. In both case files
             (Franklin County File Numbers 19 CVD 444 and 19 CVD
             445), Respondent handwrote the following words in the
             margin of the deed: “Ms. Ann Gayden has legal right of way
             to travel per easement to her property.” Respondent wrote
             these words without the authorization of Chief District
             Court Judge John Davis, and without consulting any other
             district court judge about her action. Respondent did not
             thereafter inform any district court judge or the Diazes’
             attorney that she had placed this document in these case
             files. Respondent knew she did not have the authority to
             modify official court files in connection with the Gayden-
             Diaz dispute.

                   39. The incident of 27 December 2019 involving
             Respondent’s interactions with Ms. Gayden and the Diazes
             was widely reported in the Franklin County news media
             and on Raleigh television station WRAL. Clips from
             Affiant’s Exhibit 1 were included in the WRAL news
             broadcasts.

      The trial court concluded that, because Ms. Chastain intervened in that matter

and made false and misleading statements, Ms. Chastain “engaged in conduct which

tended to undermine the authority of Judge Davis, breed disrespect for his office and

the legal processes already in place, and diminish the high standards of the office of

                                          15
                                    IN RE CHASTAIN

                                    Wood, J., dissenting

Clerk of Superior Court.” He found this occurred after Judge Davis and the District

Attorney rebuked Ms. Chastain for “acting outside the scope of her official

responsibilities.” Thus, the trial court concluded that “[s]uch willful misconduct was

egregious in nature . . . and independently warrants permanent disqualification from

office.”

       I join with the trial court’s reprimand of Ms. Chastain in this instance; it is not

the place of a Clerk of Superior Court to interject herself into the legal dispute of two

neighbors and make false statements, even for the purposes of ameliorating the

situation. However, this, too, is not an instance of egregious misconduct warranting

her disqualification from office and, thus, does not support the trial court’s conclusion

of law.    Ms. Chastain’s initiative, though misplaced, produced no injury to any

individual, was exercised with parties who did not have an action pending before her,

was not an “evil, intentional wrongdoing,” and stands as comparatively innocent with

the cases cited above wherein elected officials were removed under a lesser standard

than required here.     Having worked with the disputes between these warring

neighbors for many years, Ms. Chastain was more than familiar with the parties

involved. Ms. Chastain did not personally gain any benefit from mediating a truce

here, which might otherwise imply some level of corruption. Though she may have

harbored sympathies for one party over the other, this does not weigh into a

consideration of corruption or malpractice.

       To be clear, I am reiterating the high standard necessary to disqualify a citizen,

                                            16
                                   IN RE CHASTAIN

                                   Wood, J., dissenting

particularly an elected official, from office. Though she may have acted beyond the

scope of her position, as the majority holds, this overstep cannot be held to have been

egregious or to proximately cause injury to the public so as to invoke her

disqualification under Article VI, Section 8.

C. Magistrate Call

      In the third instance, the trial court found that Ms. Chastain “attempt[ed] to

exercise authority over Chief Magistrate James Arnold . . . and thereafter us[ed]

vulgarity in the presence of members of the public to describe her feelings toward

Chief District Court Judge Davis.” The trial court’s findings are as follows:

                    41. Respondent said she was at Mr. Arnold’s office
             located in the Sheriff’s Office. The magistrate’s office was
             unattended at the time because the office was short-
             staffed. There was a sign posted on the door of the
             magistrates’ office instructing members of the public to call
             911 if they needed a magistrate after normal business
             hours.

                    42. Respondent told Mr. Arnold that she had some
             people with her, and he could hear people talking in the
             background. Respondent stated that she had received
             several complaints about the hours the magistrates’ office
             was open. Mr. Arnold told Respondent that a magistrate
             was on call 24 hours a day, to which Respondent replied
             that she was open 24 hours a day.

                   43. Respondent told Mr. Arnold that the people with
             her wanted to talk with a magistrate and demanded that
             he send a magistrate to the office to talk with them. The
             Respondent did not say what the people with her wanted
             and she did not claim that they were experiencing any sort
             of emergency. Mr. Arnold stated that he would not send a
             magistrate without knowing more and he asked

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                                  IN RE CHASTAIN

                                  Wood, J., dissenting

            Respondent to let him speak with the people. Respondent
            refused.

                   44. Respondent threatened to give Mr. Arnold’s
            private telephone number to the people with her, and he
            stated that she should not do that. Respondent then told
            him that she was going to post her own telephone number
            on the magistrates’ door, to which Mr. Arnold replied that
            Respondent was not a magistrate. Mr. Arnold told
            Respondent he would talk with her the next day and
            suggested that she call Chief District Court Judge John
            Davis if she wanted to complain about the magistrates’
            office. Respondent stated she was not going to call Judge
            Davis, and Mr. Arnold ended the telephone call.

                   45. About 30 to 45 seconds later, Mr. Arnold’s cell
            phone rang again. He could tell from his phone’s caller ID
            feature that Respondent was the person calling. He
            answered his telephone and could hear Respondent talking
            to other people whom he also could hear in the background.
            Respondent did not say anything to Mr. Arnold, and he
            quickly concluded that she had inadvertently called him
            without realizing she had done so. Mr. Arnold heard
            Respondent say, “I just talked with the chief magistrate
            and he’s not going to do a thing.” He then heard
            Respondent say, “F[---] John Davis” or “F[---], I’m not
            calling John Davis” or “I don’t give a f[---] about John
            Davis.” Regardless of Respondent’s exact words, she made
            highly inappropriate and vulgar statements in the
            presence of others with the intent to undermine the public’s
            respect for Judge Davis and Mr. Arnold and for their
            judicial authority.

                   46. Under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-146, the chief
            district court judge of each judicial district is charged with
            the supervision of the magistrates in the judge’s district.
            The clerk of Superior Court has no supervisory authority
            over magistrates.

As with the previous instances, the trial court concluded Ms. Chastain attempted to

                                          18
                                    IN RE CHASTAIN

                                    Wood, J., dissenting

exercise authority over the magistrate and that conduct was “outside the scope of her

official responsibilities—and thereafter us[ed] vulgarity in the presence of members

of the public to describe her feelings toward Chief District Court Judge Davis.” The

court concluded that she “at a minimum, engaged in conduct prejudicial to the

administration of justice which brings her office into disrepute.” The court further

concluded that, while acting in her official capacity, her conduct was “intentional and

knowing, and she acted with a specific intent to accomplish a purpose which she knew

or should have known was beyond the legitimate exercise of her authority” and that

this instance “independently warrants permanent disqualification from office.”

         Although the trial court could not determine the exact words Respondent used,

it found that “she made highly inappropriate and vulgar statements in the presence

of others with the intent to undermine the public’s respect for Judge Davis and Mr.

Arnold and for their judicial authority.” However, words, and the meaning behind

them, are important and necessary in determining someone’s intent. From the trial

court’s findings of the four potential statements that may have been made by

Respondent, there are four different interpretations and intentions that could be

found.     Furthermore, Magistrate Arnold testified, while he believed he heard

Respondent say the curse word at issue, he did not know what phrase she actually

said. Instead, he testified that that the most he could say is that he heard her say a

single phrase which, for all he knew, could very well have been, “F__, I am not calling

John Davis.” Accordingly, such evidence cannot support the trial court’s conclusion

                                            19
                                    IN RE CHASTAIN

                                   Wood, J., dissenting

that Respondent used “vulgarity in the presence of members of the public to describe

her feelings toward Chief District Court Judge Davis.”

      The trial court’s finding that the Clerk of Superior Court does not have

supervisory authority over magistrates is correct; however, under North Carolina

law, the Clerk of Superior Court has the statutory obligation to nominate all

magistrates for selection by the senior resident superior court judge of the district.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-171 (2022).        As such, it does not strain credibility that

Respondent may have felt authorized or obligated to call the chief magistrate when

she found the magistrate’s office unmanned.          Implicit with the official duty of

nominating magistrates is the obligation of the Clerk to keep herself informed about

the job performance of the magistrates in her district so she can make an intelligent

decision as to whether to renominate any such individuals in the future.

      The trial court’s findings do not support the conclusion that Ms. Chastain’s

actions rise to the level of egregious and willful misconduct demanded of Article VI’s

“corruption or malpractice” standard to warrant disqualification from office.

D. Periodic Audit

      In the fourth instance, the trial court found that Ms. Chastain’s “deficiencies

in the oversight of the financial and accounting responsibilities of the Clerk of

Superior Court . . . evidenced a gross unconcern for her fiduciary duties . . . and

demonstrated a reckless disregard for the high standards of her office.” This instance

stemmed from a periodic audit of the clerk’s office. The trial court found the following:

                                           20
                      IN RE CHASTAIN

                      Wood, J., dissenting

       20. Pursuant to the North Carolina State Auditor’s
duty to periodically examine and report on the financial
practices of state agencies and institutions, State Auditor
Beth A. Wood’s office conducted a performance audit of the
Franklin County Clerk of Court’s office for the period from
1 July 2019 through 31 January 2020. The Auditor
thereafter published a written report of the Auditor’s
findings. (Affiant’s Exhibit 10)

       21. The Auditor identified the following deficiencies
in internal control and instances of noncompliance that
were considered reportable under the Government
Auditing Standards issued by the Comptroller General of
the United States:

          •   Untimely completion of bank reconciliations;

          •   Failure to identify and transfer unclaimed
              funds to the State Treasurer or rightful owner
              and failure to notify apparent owners;

          •   Failure to compel estate inventory filings or
              fee collection;

          •   Untimely or failure to compel inventory
              filings or assess and collect sufficient bonds
              for estates of minors and incapacitated adults;
              and

          •   Failure to accurately disburse trust funds
              held for minors and incapacitated adults.

      22. The Auditor found no evidence of embezzlement
or misappropriation of funds by the Respondent or any
employee of the Clerk of Court’s office.

      23. In respondent’s written response to the audit,
included in the Auditor’s Report, Respondent admitted,
among other things, that: new employees were not properly
trained in preparing bank reconciliations; monitoring
procedures were not in place to ensure the reconciling
adjustments were entered into the financial management

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                                   IN RE CHASTAIN

                                   Wood, J., dissenting

             system; new employees were not properly trained on the
             escheat process; monitoring procedures were not in place
             to ensure funds were transferred and apparent owners
             were notified; her office failed to document evidence of its
             requests to compel estate inventory filings; her staff made
             unintentional mistakes in calculating inventory fees and
             not collecting the required amounts; monitoring
             procedures were not in place to ensure inventories were
             compelled timely and bonds were sufficient for the
             guardianship estates; and new employees were not
             properly trained and monitoring procedures were not in
             place to ensure trust funds were accurately disbursed.

                     24. By the time of the audit, Respondent had been
             in office more than 6 years and knew or reasonably should
             have known the accounting and fiduciary responsibilities
             of the Office of Clerk of Superior Court. Nonetheless, she
             willfully and persistently failed to perform some of the core
             duties of her responsibilities as Clerk of Court.

The trial court concluded that these deficiencies “evidenced a gross unconcern for her

fiduciary duties . . . and demonstrated a reckless disregard for the high standards of

her office.” The court concluded that “Respondent’s lack of oversight of her office

constituted willful misconduct in office that was egregious in nature, is equivalent to

corruption   or   malpractice    ...    and     independently   warrants     permanent

disqualification from office” under Article VI of our Constitution.

      Yet, as with the other instances, the deficiencies revealed by the Auditor’s

report could hardly be said to constitute the egregious and willful misconduct

necessary to disqualify and, consequently, remove an elected official from office

pursuant to Article VI. The audit did not reveal any criminal or material misconduct

by Respondent or anyone in her office. It did identify areas where improvements

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                                    IN RE CHASTAIN

                                   Wood, J., dissenting

could be made regarding the training and monitoring of staff members. It is not

appropriate to equate temporary deficiencies in the training and monitoring of

employees with intentional and knowing misuse of office.           The audit found no

evidence of “knowing misuse” of office or bad faith intent to violate the law. Willful

misconduct requires “more than an error of judgment or a mere lack of diligence,” and

acts of “negligence or ignorance,” in the absence of bad faith intent to violate the law,

do not rise to the level of willful misconduct. In re Nowell, 293 N.C. 235, 248–49, 237

S.E.2d 246, 255 (1977).

E. Cumulative Consideration of Actions

      The trial court, in the alternative to finding independent grounds to support

the requirements of Article VI, concluded that the instances listed above, when

considered together, constituted egregious and willful misconduct sufficient to

disqualify Ms. Chastain from office. I disagree. While our Supreme Court in In re

Martin asserts that “if a judge knowingly and wil[l]fully persists in indiscretions and

misconduct which . . . constitute wil[l]ful misconduct in office and conduct prejudicial

to the administration of justice which brings the judicial office into disrepute, he

should be removed from office,” 295 N.C. 291, 305–06, 245 S.E.2d 766, 775 (1978), the

holding is inapplicable here. Ms. Chastain did not “persist in indiscretions and

misconduct.” As noted above, the instances the trial court noted were singular,

isolated occurrences, separated by substantial time, place, and parties involved.

Further, in Chastain I, this Court held that “Judge Lock lacked authority to rely on

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                                      IN RE CHASTAIN

                                     Wood, J., dissenting

any acts of Ms. Chastain that did not rise to [corruption or malpractice] to support

his sanction under Article VI.” 281 N.C. App. at 528, 869 S.E.2d at 744. The trial

court cannot commingle and combine conduct that is not egregious and willful to

reach the highest bar of corruption and malpractice under Article VI.

          Because the caselaw relied upon by the parties and the trial court involve the

removal or disqualification of elected judges or district attorneys, I take this

opportunity to clarify a matter concerning the standard of conduct of a Clerk of

Superior Court. Though the procedure for removing a Clerk of Superior Court may

be the same as that necessary for the removal of district attorneys and judges, the

standards are not the same. For example, district attorneys are held to the Rules of

Professional Conduct governing lawyers. Thus, a trial court may consider removing

a district attorney for violation of these standards which might be relevant if the

lawyer were to “engage in conduct that is prejudicial to the administration of justice,”

“state or imply an ability to influence improperly a government agency or official,”

and “knowingly assist a judge or judicial officer in conduct that is a violation of

applicable rules of judicial conduct or other law.” N.C. Rules of Pro. Conduct r. 8.4.

Similarly, judges are held to the standards outlined in the Code of Judicial Conduct.

A judge may be removed if that judge engages in conduct prejudicial to the

administration of justice such as failing to “perform the duties of the judge’s office

impartially and diligently” or exhibiting “impropriety.” N.C. Code of Judicial Conduct

r. 2-3.

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                                    IN RE CHASTAIN

                                   Wood, J., dissenting

      Clerks of Superior Court, by contrast, are not required to be licensed attorneys

as a condition of holding office and, consequently, are not held to the same high

standards as lawyers and judges. As the trial court noted in one of its findings, “there

is no formal code of ethics applicable to Clerks of Court.” Instead, this Court looks to

the standard of “corruption or malpractice” as stated in our Constitution when

determining if a Clerk of Superior Court was properly disqualified from office under

Article VI. In an apparent nod to the Rules of Professional Conduct applicable to

lawyers and judges under In re Peoples, the trial court concluded that Ms. Chastain’s

conduct was “prejudicial to the administration of justice.” However, this is not the

standard for disqualification of a Clerk of Superior Court under Article VI, Section 8.

      I stress this is no mere firing of an employee. By being adjudged guilty of

corruption or malpractice, Ms. Chastain is not only removed from elected office, but

is forever prohibited from holding any elected office. As our Supreme Court long ago

said of disqualification,

             It fixes upon the convicted party a stigma of disgrace and
             reproach in the eyes of honest and honorable men that
             continues for life. It is difficult to conceive of a punishment
             more galling and degrading in this country than
             disqualification to hold office, whether one be an office
             seeker or not.

Harris v. Terry, 98 N.C. 131, 133, 3 S.E. 745, 746 (1887). Perhaps the greater injury

rests upon the people of Franklin County who elected Ms. Chastain as their Clerk of

Superior Court multiple times. Our system is not wholly democratic (and this,

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                                     IN RE CHASTAIN

                                  Wood, J., dissenting

perhaps, for good reason), but, when adjudicating the disqualification of an elected

official, care for the people’s will is requisite to the proper respect for their

sovereignty. The trial court here did not respect that sovereignty.

                               IV.     Conclusion

      The will of the people must not be cast aside by the stroke of a judge’s pen

without due consideration and just cause under the high standard set forth by our

Constitution. Therefore, I respectfully dissent.

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