Court Opinion

ID: 9392657
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-05 18:07:29.740073+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:47.612605
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Kocevar, 2023-Ohio-1513.]

                               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                  SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                     MONTGOMERY COUNTY

 STATE OF OHIO                                      :
                                                    :
       Appellee                                     :   C.A. No. 29483
                                                    :
 v.                                                 :   Trial Court Case No. 2020 CR 01833
                                                    :
 PEYTON J. KOCEVAR                                  :   (Criminal Appeal from Common Pleas
                                                    :   Court)
       Appellant                                    :
                                                    :

                                               ...........

                                               OPINION

                                         Rendered on May 5, 2023

                                               ...........

MATHIAS H. HECK, JR., by ANDREW T. FRENCH, Attorney for Appellee

CATHERINE H. BREAULT and JON PAUL RION, Attorneys for Appellant

                                              .............

WELBAUM, P.J.

        {¶ 1} Defendant-Appellant Peyton Kocevar appeals from his convictions on three

counts of rape and one count of gross sexual imposition. The convictions involved

sexual offenses against three victims: K.K., A.H., and J.T., who were among six victims

Kocevar allegedly raped.           Following two jury trials and these convictions, the court
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sentenced Kocevar to 11 years on each rape charge and one year on the gross sexual

imposition charge, with the terms to be served concurrently for a total prison term of 11

years.

         {¶ 2} According to Kocevar, the trial court erred in the following ways: (1) by

refusing to sever the multiple sexually-oriented charges for trial; (2) by denying Kocevar’s

motion to dismiss the rape charge involving K.K. due to the State’s delay in initiating

prosecution; and (3) by sentencing Kocevar as an adult to mandatory terms of

incarceration in violation of his right to equal protection and prohibitions against cruel and

unusual punishment and ex post facto laws.             In addition, Kocevar contends his

convictions should be reversed and remanded due to cumulative error.

         {¶ 3} After reviewing the record, we conclude that Kocevar’s assignments of error

lack merit. The trial court correctly found that the charges should not be severed for trial

because the evidence was simple and direct. In addition, the State did not unjustifiably

delay in prosecuting Kocevar. Instead, any delay was the result of the victims’ delay in

reporting sexual assaults to the police. Furthermore, Kocevar was not deprived of any

constitutional rights by being tried and sentenced as an adult.                 Under R.C.

2152.02(C)(3), R.C. 2152.12(J), and 2151.23(I), the juvenile court lacked jurisdiction over

Kocevar because he was 22 years old when the indictment was filed. These statutes

remove juvenile jurisdiction over persons who are not taken into custody or apprehended

until after they attain 21 years of age. Thus, no equal protection violation can exist

because Kocevar was not similarly situated to persons who were subject to the juvenile

court’s jurisdiction.
                                                                                         -3-

       {¶ 4} Kocevar also was not subjected to cruel and unusual punishment by losing

an opportunity to participate in juvenile court proceedings.       Both before and after

Kocevar’s alleged crimes, there was no change in any relevant statutes defining children

over whom a juvenile court could exercise jurisdiction.       As a result, when Kocevar

allegedly committed the crimes, he had notice that he could be tried in adult court rather

than remaining in juvenile court. Kocevar’s sentence also did not shock the conscience.

Moreover, because no pertinent statutory changes occurred after the alleged crimes were

committed, no laws imposed additional punishment on Kocevar for purposes of ex post

facto prohibitions against increased punishment, Finally, because no error occurred, no

cumulative error could exist. Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court will be affirmed.

                          I. Facts and Course of Proceedings

       {¶ 5} On June 26, 2020, an indictment was filed charging Kocevar with seven

counts of rape, first-degree felonies, and two counts of gross sexual imposition (by force),

fourth-degree felonies. Five rape charges were alleged to have been by force or threat

of force, two were alleged to have involved a substantially impaired victim, and the nine

total charges involved six alleged victims. The listed dates of the offenses were various

dates in 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2016, when Kocevar was a minor and was in high school.

After Kocevar pled not guilty, bond was set at $100,000 C/S, which was posted, and he

was placed on electronic home detention with instructions that he have no contact with

victims or minors. Kocevar was represented by retained counsel and waived his speedy

trial rights on August 12, 2020.
                                                                                        -4-

      {¶ 6} On September 24, 2020, Kocevar filed a motion for a bill of particulars, which

the State provided on October 6, 2020. This revealed that the alleged victims were as

follows: Count One, rape by force or threat of force of K.K., on October 18, 2014; Count

Two, rape by force or threat of force of R.O. between January 1, 2016 and December 31,

2016; Count Three, rape involving a substantially impaired victim, R.O., between January

1, 2016 and December 31, 2016; Count Four, rape by force or threat of force of M.M.

between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2014; Count Five, rape by force or threat of

force of A.H. between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2014; Count Six, gross sexual

imposition involving A.H. between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2014; Count

Seven, rape by force or threat of force of J.T. between April 1, 2014 and April 30, 2014;

Count Eight, rape involving a substantially impaired victim, M.C., between December 31,

2012 and January 1, 2013; and Count Nine, gross sexual imposition involving M.C.,

between December 31, 2012 and January 1, 2013.

      {¶ 7} On October 27, 2020, Kocevar filed a motion asking the court to sever the

counts pertaining to each complaining witness. On the same day, Kocevar also filed a

motion to suppress any statements he may have made as the result of an alleged illegal

arrest and interrogation and a motion to dismiss all counts of the indictment based on the

State’s undue delay in bringing the prosecution. After the State responded, the court

held evidentiary hearings on December 21, 2020, and March 12, 2021. The parties then

filed post-hearing memoranda addressing the issues.

      {¶ 8} On June 17, 2021, the court denied Kocevar’s suppression motion, finding

that Kocevar had not been in custody when police interviewed him, that Miranda warnings
                                                                                          -5-

had not been required, and that his statements had been knowingly and voluntarily made.

The court then filed a decision on June 21, 2021, partly granting and partly denying

Kocevar’s motion to dismiss. In this decision, the court found that preindictment delay

had prejudiced Kocevar with respect to only one complainant, K.K., due to credible

evidence that Kocevar’s father, Chad, had been present at the time of the October 2014

incident and had denied near that time that anything had happened. Chad had died in

2016, and Kocevar would not be able to obtain his testimony for trial. Decision, Entry

and Order Granting in Part and Denying in Part Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss (June 21,

2021), p. 2-3.

       {¶ 9} On June 28, 2021, the State filed a motion for reconsideration of the court’s

ruling on the motion to dismiss. In support, the State argued that the trial court had failed

to consider whether the State had had a justifiable basis for the delay. After Kocevar

responded, the court issued a decision on July 19, 2021, concluding that the delay had

been caused by K.K.’s failure to disclose allegations of sexual assault at the time, rather

than by the State’s conduct. The court then overruled Kocevar’s motion to sever on

August 6, 2021, finding that the State’s evidence was “simple and direct.” Decision,

Order and Entry Denying Defendant’s Motion to Sever (Aug. 6, 2021), p. 5.

       {¶ 10} On August 9, 2021, Kocevar filed a response to the court’s reversal of its

decision on the motion to dismiss and asked for another hearing. On August 24, 2021,

the court set the matter for a further evidentiary hearing on September 13, 2021. During

the hearing, additional testimony from four witnesses was presented, and the parties

again submitted memoranda. On October 14, 2021, the court filed another decision,
                                                                                          -6-

affirming its prior order vacating the dismissal of Count One. Therefore, the claims of all

six alleged victims were included in the trial.

       {¶ 11} The case was initially tried to a jury on November 29 and 30 and Dec. 1-3,

2021. After deliberating, the jury found Kocevar guilty of the rape charge concerning J.T.

and not guilty of the rape and gross sexual imposition charges involving M.C., the rape

charge involving M.M., and the two rape charges involving R.O. The jury was unable to

reach a verdict on the rape charge involving K.K. and the rape and gross sexual

imposition charges involving A.H. The court, therefore, declared a mistrial with respect

to the latter three charges. A new jury trial on the remaining charges was scheduled to

begin on April 27, 2022.

       {¶ 12} Before that trial, Kocevar filed another motion asking the court to sever the

remaining counts. However, the court denied the motion on April 11, 2022, finding that

the case was simple and direct, based on the jury’s mixed verdicts. Order and Entry

Denying Defendant’s Motion to Sever (Apr. 11, 2022), p. 1. After the second trial, the

jury found Kocevar guilty of the remaining three charges (rape as to K.K., and rape and

gross sexual imposition as to A.H.). The trial court then sentenced Kocevar to a total of

11 years in prison and ordered that he be subject to registration as a Tier III sex offender.

This timely appeal followed.

                                  II. Denial of Severance

       {¶ 13} Kocevar’s first assignment of error states that:

              The Trial Court Erred in Denying Severance of the Charges by
                                                                                         -7-

        Finding the Evidence Was Simple and Direct, Resulting in Prejudicing [sic]

        to Kocevar When Convicted Upon Retrial of the Indictment.

        {¶ 14} Under this assignment of error, Kocevar contends the trial court was

required to order separate trials of the charges because the cases were not simple and

direct. He further argues that joinder impermissibly prejudiced him because the State

“synced” the identities of the complaining witnesses. In particular, Kocevar focuses on

the alleged prejudicial effect of the charges involving A.H. According to Kocevar, the

State failed to prove the element of force, and the only reason the second jury found him

guilty was due to the prejudicial effect of joining A.H.’s case with that of K.K.

        {¶ 15} As a preliminary point, we note that Kocevar failed to renew his objection to

joinder either at the end of the State's case or at the conclusion of the evidence. See

Transcript of Proceedings (Jury Trial) (“Trial Tr. 2”), p. 321 and 354-355. “* * * [I]f a

motion for prejudicial misjoinder is not renewed at the close of the state's case or at the

conclusion of the evidence, a defendant forfeits his ability to raise the issue on appeal

and we review the matter only for plain error.” State v. McComb, 2017-Ohio-4010, 91

N.E.3d 255, ¶ 51 (2d Dist.), citing State v. Stargell, 2016-Ohio-5653, 70 N.E.3d 1126,

¶ 12 (2d Dist.). (Other citations omitted.) Therefore, we review this issue for plain error

only.

        {¶ 16} “To prevail under the plain-error standard, a defendant must show that an

error occurred, that it was obvious, and that it affected his substantial rights.” State v.

Obermiller, 147 Ohio St.3d 175, 2016-Ohio-1594, 63 N.E.3d 93, ¶ 62. An error affecting

substantial rights “must have affected the outcome of the trial.” State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio
                                                                                            -8-

St.3d 21, 27, 759 N.E.2d 1240 (2002). The law is well-established that “[n]otice of plain

error under Crim.R. 52(B) is to be taken with the utmost caution, under exceptional

circumstances and only to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice.” State v. Long, 53

Ohio St.2d 91, 372 N.E.2d 804 (1978), paragraph two of the syllabus. No such error

occurred here.

       {¶ 17} Crim.R. 8(A) allows two or more offenses to “be charged in the same

indictment [or] information * * * if the offenses charged * * * are of the same or similar

character, or are based on the same act or transaction, or are based on two or more acts

or transactions connected together or constituting parts of a common scheme or plan, or

are part of a course of criminal conduct.” Allowing joinder “ ‘conserves resources by

avoiding duplication inherent in multiple trials and minimizes the possibility of incongruous

results that can occur in successive trials before different juries.’ ” State v. Ford, 158

Ohio St.3d 139, 2019-Ohio-4539, 140 N.E.3d 616, ¶ 103, quoting State v. Hamblin, 37

Ohio St.3d 153, 158, 524 N.E.2d 476 (1988). While joinder is favored and “is a viable

trial procedure, an accused may move to sever under Crim.R. 14 upon a showing of

prejudice.” State v. Lott, 51 Ohio St.3d 160, 163, 555 N.E.2d 293 (1990).

       {¶ 18} “A defendant claiming error in the trial court's refusal to allow separate trials

of multiple charges under Crim.R. 14 has the burden of affirmatively showing that his

rights were prejudiced; he must furnish the trial court with sufficient information so that it

can weigh the considerations favoring joinder against the defendant's right to a fair trial,

and he must demonstrate that the court abused its discretion in refusing to separate the

charges for trial.” State v. Torres, 66 Ohio St.2d 340, 421 N.E.2d 1288 (1981), syllabus.
                                                                                             -9-

Accord Ford at ¶ 104.

       {¶ 19} “When a defendant claims that he was prejudiced by the joinder of multiple

offenses, a court must determine (1) whether evidence of the other crimes would be

admissible even if the counts were severed, and (2) if not, whether the evidence of each

crime is simple and distinct.” State v. Schaim, 65 Ohio St.3d 51, 59, 600 N.E.2d 661

(1992), citing Hamblin at 158-159. “If the evidence of other crimes would be admissible

at separate trials, any ‘prejudice that might result from the jury's hearing the evidence of

the other crime in a joint trial would be no different from that possible in separate trials,’

and a court need not inquire further.” Id., quoting Drew v. United States, 331 F.2d 85,

90 (D.C. Cir.1964).

       {¶ 20} Here, Kocevar included discussion of the “other acts test” in his brief but

conceded it was not satisfied here. Appellant's Brief, p. 13-14. We note that Kocevar

did go on to discuss this test in the context of the retrial, contending that the jury convicted

him of charges involving A.H. not because A.H.’s allegations had any merit, but because

the charges were combined with the rape charge involving K.K. Id. at p. 21. However,

the trial court did not rely on the other acts test in denying either of Kocevar’s motions to

sever. Instead, the court relied on the second part of the test. As a result, we need not

consider whether the “other acts” test would be satisfied here.

       {¶ 21} “Under the second method, the ‘joinder’ test, the state is not required to

meet the stricter ‘other acts’ admissibility test, but is merely required to show that evidence

of each crime joined at trial is simple and direct.” Lott, 51 Ohio St.3d at 163, 555 N.E.2d

293, citing State v. Roberts, 62 Ohio St.2d 170, 175, 405 N.E.2d 247 (1980). (Other
                                                                                               -10-

citations omitted.) “Thus, when simple and direct evidence exists, an accused is not

prejudiced by joinder regardless of the nonadmissibility of evidence of these crimes as

‘other acts’ under Evid.R. 404(B).” Id.

       {¶ 22} The Supreme Court of Ohio has said that evidence is “simple and direct,”

where (1) proof of each offense is “separate and distinct” or could be “readily separated”;

(2) the jury is unlikely to be confused; and (3) “the evidence of each crime is

uncomplicated.” State v. Coley, 93 Ohio St.3d 253, 260, 754 N.E.2d 1129 (2001); State

v. LaMar, 95 Ohio St.3d 181, 2002-Ohio-2128, 767 N.E.2d 166, ¶ 52; and State v. Clinton,

153 Ohio St.3d 422, 2017-Ohio-9423, 108 N.E.3d 1, ¶ 52.

       {¶ 23} An additional point to consider is the trial court’s cautionary jury instructions.

E.g., Clinton at ¶ 52. Furthermore, the simple and direct test “focuses on whether the

trier of fact is likely to consider ‘evidence of one [offense] as corroborative of the other

* * *.’ ” State v. Wiles, 59 Ohio St.3d 71, 77, 571 N.E.2d 97 (1991), quoting Dunaway v.

United States, 205 F.2d 23, 27 (D.C. Cir.1953). Joinder may be prejudicial when the

offenses are unrelated and the evidence as to each is very weak, * * * but it is otherwise

when the evidence is direct and uncomplicated and can reasonably be separated as to

each offense.” (Citations omitted.) Torres, 66 Ohio St.2d at 343-344, 421 N.E.2d 1288.

       {¶ 24} “For an appellate court to reverse a trial court ruling denying severance, the

defendant must demonstrate that the trial court abused its discretion.”            Id.   Accord

State v. Barksdale, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 21848, 2008-Ohio-182, ¶ 22. An abuse of

discretion   “   ‘implies   that   the   court's   attitude   is   unreasonable,   arbitrary    or

unconscionable.’ ” (Citations omitted.) Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217,
                                                                                         -11-

219, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983). “[M]ost instances of abuse of discretion will result in

decisions that are simply unreasonable, rather than decisions that are unconscionable or

arbitrary.” AAAA Ents., Inc. v. River Place Community Urban Redevelopment Corp., 50

Ohio St.3d 157, 161, 553 N.E.2d 597 (1990). “A decision is unreasonable if there is no

sound reasoning process that would support that decision.” Id. However, “courts lack

the discretion to make errors of law.” Johnson v. Abdullah, 166 Ohio St.3d 427, 2021-

Ohio-3304, 187 N.E.3d 463, ¶ 39.

       {¶ 25} In denying Kocevar’s motion to sever, the trial court found before the first

trial that the evidence was simple and direct.          This was based on the court’s

consideration of the bill of particulars and the evidence presented at the hearing on the

motion to sever. Decision, Order, and Entry Denying Defendant’s Motion to Sever (Aug.

6, 2021), p. 5. The defense renewed the motion to sever on the record at the first trial,

and the court again denied it. Transcript of Proceedings (Jury Trial) (“Trial Tr. 1”), p. 14-

15.

       {¶ 26} As indicated, the first trial resulted in conviction on one rape count (J.T.),

not guilty findings on five counts, and a hung jury with respect to two rape counts (A.H.

and K.K.) and one count of gross sexual imposition (A.H.). Consequently, the second

jury trial involved only two victims and three sexual assault charges.

       {¶ 27} Before the second trial, Kocevar again filed a motion seeking to sever the

trial of the offenses related to the two remaining victims. The trial court denied this

motion for the same reasons it had previously expressed. See Decision, Order, and

Entry Denying Defendant’s Motion to Sever (Apr. 11, 2022), p. 1. The court added that,
                                                                                          -12-

given the reduction of witnesses and counts for the second trial, “the evidence will be

even easier for the jury to follow.” Id.

       {¶ 28} Having reviewed the record, we agree with the trial court and find no error,

let alone plain error. The first trial involved six victims and nine alleged sexual offenses,

but the evidence concerning each alleged victim was not complicated, nor was it difficult

to understand. The jury was able to separate the evidence and acquit Kocevar of the

rapes of three victims and to find him guilty of only the rape of one victim. During the

second trial, the jury found Kocevar guilty of the three remaining charges involving K.K.

and A.H.

       {¶ 29} The alleged crimes occurred when Kocevar was in high school (primarily

when he was a sophomore at Alter High School during 2013 to 2014), and no crimes

were reported to the police at the time. As a result, no sexual assault evidence was

obtained, and the jury did not have to sort through testimony about these matters.

       {¶ 30} Five victims alleged sexual offenses that occurred on only one occasion;

the other victim’s (R.O.’s) complaint involved offenses that took place on two separate

occasions. All the offenses also occurred primarily in one location – the apartment or

house where Kocevar lived at the time -- and there were not many witnesses other than

the victims.

       {¶ 31} No victim reported a sexual offense until June 2020.          Reporting only

occurred after a June 4, 2020 “tweet” appeared on Twitter. The author of the tweet

stated that, “I know a rapist who is now a cop. He went to my high school actually.

System is so f*cked.” Trial Tr. 1 at p. 62-63 and State’s Ex. 1A. At the time of the tweet,
                                                                                        -13-

Kocevar was employed as a police officer in Waynesville, Ohio. A subsequent tweet

identified Kocevar by name, and victims began reporting sexual offenses to the

Centerville Police Department (“CPD”), which then investigated. Id. at 64, 232, 281, 283,

317-318, 374-375, and 499, and State’s Ex. 1B. Ultimately, Kocevar was charged with

nine offenses involving six victims.

       {¶ 32} In challenging the court’s decision on the motion to sever, Kocevar argues

that the State made multiple remarks during closing argument of the second trial that

“looped together and synced the identities of the complaining witnesses,” and that joinder

prejudicially allowed the jury to consider “other acts” evidence and to convict on the

charges involving A.H.      Appellant’s Brief at p. 24.   According to Kocevar, this was

particularly troubling because the evidence of force in A.H.’s case was “ ‘at best thin,’ ”

and the State never demonstrated that A.H. had communicated a lack of consent. Id. at

p. 36-37. Having reviewed the evidence, we disagree.

       {¶ 33} At the time of the alleged sexual assault, A.H. was 15 years old. She and

Kocevar had mutual friends even though they had attended different Catholic grade

schools. A.H. first met Kocevar at a junior high dance that took place with other Catholic

schools, but they did not become friends until their freshman or sophomore year of high

school. Trial Tr. 2 at p. 56-57 and 59. A.H. indicated that they had attended different

high schools, that she had never been romantically involved with Kocevar, that she never

considered him a romantic interest, and that she did not believe he ever had a romantic

interest in her. Id. at p. 57.

       {¶ 34} A.H. lived north of downtown Dayton, about 25 minutes away from where
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Kocevar lived. In the summer of 2014, A.H., Kocevar, and a mutual friend, Sean Pauley,

arranged to hang out together, and A.H.’s mother drove her to Kocevar’s apartment. It

was around 8:00 p.m. Id. at p. 57-59 and 71. A.H. had known Pauley since seventh or

eighth grade, and they had had a middle-school relationship for a few months, during

which they had kissed a few times. However, they were just friends in 2014. Id. at p.

60-61 and 335.      Pauley and Kocevar went to school together at Alter during their

freshman year of high school and were best friends. Id. at p. 334-335.

       {¶ 35} When A.H. got to the apartment, Kocevar’s father, Chad, was there,

watching TV in the living room.     Chad was in a wheelchair. Id. at p. 61-62. A.H. spoke

briefly to Chad and then she and Kocevar went out to a fenced-in patio area, where they

and Pauley sat for about an hour. A.H. then asked Kocevar if she could use the restroom

and asked him show her where it was. Id. at p. 63. When A.H. got out of the restroom,

Kocevar was still waiting outside. He then grabbed her hand and pulled her into his

bedroom, which was directly next to the bathroom. Id. at p. 62-63.

       {¶ 36} When A.H. left the bathroom, she could see Chad watching TV, but she

could not see him from the bedroom. Id. at p. 63. Kocevar sat down on the bed while

still holding A.H.’s hand and pulled her to sit down on the bed. A.H. did not know what

was happening and did not want to be in Kocevar’s room. Id. at p. 64. She had never

been in there before and did not want or expect that to happen. Id. at p. 65. Kocevar

kissed A.H. and she stated that she did not return his kiss. A.H. did testify at the first trial

that she had kissed Kocevar back “ ‘[m]aybe once.’ ” Id. at p. 79 and 83.

       {¶ 37} After Kocevar kissed her, A.H. pulled away and said, “I don’t think this is a
                                                                                             -15-

good idea. We should go back outside.” Id. at p. 84. Kocevar then said, “No, it’s okay.

Just don’t be too loud so my dad doesn’t hear you.” Id. Kocevar’s hand was still holding

A.H., and Kocevar then unbuttoned the button on A.H.’s pants, unzipped her pants, and

put his hand into her pants under her underwear. Kocevar then put his fingers into A.H.’s

vagina. A.H. did not want that to happen. Id. at p. 66.

       {¶ 38} Kocevar took his hand out of A.H.’s pants, grabbed her other hand that he

was not holding, and slipped A.H.’s hand into the waistband of his pants and into his

pants. Id. at p. 68. Kocevar’s penis was erect, and A.H. was not able to remove her

hand. Kocevar had A.H.’s hand on his penis and “was moving it up and down over his

penis.” Id. at p. 68-69. This ultimately stopped. A.H. testified that:

       I remember at that point I don’t believe that I was saying anything anymore.

       I just felt defeated. I had – I mean I had said things slightly, it feels like five

       to ten phrases of I don’t want to do this or we should go back outside or we

       should stop.

               And so by that point, I had just stopped speaking because it wasn’t

       – didn’t feel like it as [sic] making a difference anyways. And then he had

       stopped moving my hand onto his penis and he had gotten up and he said,

       okay, let’s go back outside.

Trial Tr. 2 at p. 69.

       {¶ 39} A.H. further testified that Kocevar was bigger and stronger than she was.

Id. at p. 78. After stopping, Kocevar left his bedroom and went back outside. A.H. then

got up, zipped and buttoned her pants, and went outside, as her phone was outside on
                                                                                          -16-

the patio. As soon as she got back to the patio, A.H. texted her mother and asked her

to come and pick her up. Id. at p. 70.

       {¶ 40} A.H.’s mother also testified at the second trial. She said that when A.H.

texted asking to be picked up, this was kind of unusual because the visit had been

unusually short. In fact, A.H.’s mother was not quite home when she received the text.

Id. at p. 94. Additionally, A.H. was completely quiet on the way home, which was also

unusual. Id. at p. 97. A.H. testified that she did not tell anyone and definitely did not tell

her mother, because she was afraid that people would view her as a “slut,” felt

uncomfortable talking about it, and did not think people would believe her. Id. at p. 72.

Immediately after that night, A.H. blocked Kocevar on Instagram and deleted his phone

number. She never talked to Kocevar again after that evening. Id.

       {¶ 41} The charges involving A.H. were contained in counts five and six of the

indictment, which alleged “sexual conduct” in violation of R.C. 2907.02(A)(2) (rape) and

“sexual contact” in violation of R.C. 2907.05(A)(1) (gross sexual imposition, force). R.C.

2907.02(A)(2) states that, “No person shall engage in sexual conduct with another when

the offender purposely compels the other person to submit by force or threat of force.”

Similarly, R.C. 2907.05(A)(1) prohibits persons from engaging in sexual contact where

“[t]he offender purposely compels the other person, or one of the other persons, to submit

by force or threat of force.”

       {¶ 42} “Force” is defined under R.C. 2901.01(A)(1) as “any violence, compulsion,

or constraint physically exerted by any means upon or against a person or thing.”

“ ‘Force’ is satisfied by ‘any effort physically exerted.’ ”    State v. Johnson, 2d Dist.
                                                                                          -17-

Montgomery No. 26961, 2017-Ohio-5498, ¶ 21, quoting State v. Snyder, 192 Ohio App.3d

55, 2011-Ohio-175, 947 N.E.2d 1281, ¶ 18 (9th Dist.).          In light of the above facts,

Kocevar used force against A.H. E.g., State v. Whitt, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 82293,

2003-Ohio-5934, ¶ 22 (testimony that defendant removed victim’s “dress and panties

without her consent is sufficient evidence of force or the threat of force”); State v. Patel,

2d Dist. Greene No. 2010-CA-77, 2011-Ohio-6329, ¶ 63 (“jury reasonably could have

found force based on [victim’s] testimony that [defendant] held her in a locked bathroom

and inserted his finger in her vagina against her will and while ignoring her plea to stop”).

       {¶ 43} Furthermore, contrary to Kocevar’s contention, “Ohio's rape statute does

not require proof of the victim's lack of consent.” State v. Hartman, 2016-Ohio-2883, 64

N.E.3d 519, ¶ 27 (2d Dist.). Nonetheless, based on the above facts, lack of consent

could have reasonably been found.

       {¶ 44} We note that very recently, a federal district court granted a conditional writ

of habeas corpus to Hartman based on a finding that he “was denied effective assistance

of counsel when his attorney repeatedly elicited facts concerning the use of force that

were not elicited by the prosecutor on direct examination.” Hartman v. Ohio Adult Parole

Auth., S.D.Ohio No. 3:19-CV-003, 2023 WL 2746209, *25 (Mar. 31, 2023).

       {¶ 45} This decision, however, has no bearing on Hartman’s observation that

Ohio’s rape statute does not require proof of lack of a victim’s consent. Our district and

others have made this comment. E.g., State v. Roberson, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-16-

1131, 2017-Ohio-4339, ¶ 67 (“[a] victim's non-consent to sexual conduct is not required

to prove forcible rape; rather, evidence of consent – or lack thereof – goes to the state's
                                                                                          -18-

ability to prove whether the defendant purposefully forced or compelled the victim. * * *

Courts have found sufficient force to support a conviction under R.C. 2907.02(A)(2) when

defendants engaged in combinations of minimal physical force (e.g., pushing and pulling),

removing the victim's clothing, and laying on top of the victim after the victim expressed

disinterest in or discomfort with the sexual contact.”); State v. Benge, 4th Dist. Adams No.

20CA1112, 2021-Ohio-152, ¶ 31.

       {¶ 46} We also note that Kocevar has not challenged his convictions based on

insufficiency of the evidence nor has he argued that they were against the manifest weight

of the evidence. Instead, he has simply said that the evidence about force with respect

to A.H. was “thin” and was improperly buttressed by joinder of those charges with the

rape charge involving K.K. Again, we disagree.

       {¶ 47} In arguing that joinder should not have been allowed, Kocevar relies heavily

on State v. Kaufman, 187 Ohio App.3d 50, 2010-Ohio-1536, 931 N.E.2d 143 (7th Dist.),

where the court of appeals reversed the convictions of a defendant who had allegedly

sexually abused two minor children.        The majority opinion in Kaufman noted that

because the offenses had taken place at different times and involved different locations

and different victims, the case, at first blush, could be considered appropriate for joinder.

Id. at ¶ 184. However, the majority stressed that “complexity of information was not the

only consideration.” Id. at ¶ 185. In this regard, the majority stated that the inquiry

before it focused “ ‘on whether the trier of fact is likely to consider “evidence of one

[offense] as corroborative of the other.” ’ ” Id., quoting Wiles, 59 Ohio St.3d 71, 571

N.E.2d 97. (Other citation omitted.)
                                                                                          -19-

       {¶ 48} The majority further commented that “[b]ecause there is an especially high

danger that the jury may cumulate the evidence of separate offenses that are jointly tried,

‘both the trial court and counsel must conduct such a trial with “vigilant precision in speech

and action far beyond that required in the ordinary trial.” ’ ” Id. at 187, quoting State v.

Garrett, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2008-08-075, 2009-Ohio-5442, ¶ 49. (Other citation

omitted.) The majority placed particular reliance on this point, noting that:

                Such “precision in speech and action” was not conducted here and

       is most clearly exemplified by the state's following remarks during closing

       arguments: “There are no eyewitnesses to these types of crimes. They

       happen in private with the defendant or any other defendant, and the victim.

       But what you have here is even stronger than if there were eyewitnesses,

       because you have two independent victims, separate and apart. * * * That

       is stronger than an eyewitness. That is independent corroboration. They

       both said what happened to them, and they corroborate each other's

       stories, because what happened to one is essentially the mirror image of

       what happened to the other.”          (Emphasis added).       This statement

       elucidates the risk of prejudice from erroneously considering the separate

       evidence of JB and KC cumulatively, especially in light of the weakness of

       the evidence regarding victim JB.

Id. at ¶ 188.

       {¶ 49} The dissenting judge concluded that reversal should not be granted “simply

because sexual offenses against two child victims were joined at trial.” Id. at ¶ 197
                                                                                               -20-

(Vukovich, P.J., dissenting). Judge Vukovich emphasized that joinder is favored and that

“[t]he joinder test is ‘less stringent’ than the ‘stricter’ other-acts test.” Id. at ¶ 198, quoting

State v. Johnson, 88 Ohio St.3d 95, 109, 723 N.E.2d 1054 (2000). “Thus, policy reasons

for the other-acts test should not seep into the application of the joinder test.” Id. Judge

Vukovich further noted that “[a] claim of prejudice can be negated if the evidence of each

joined offense is simple and direct.” Id. at 199, citing LaMar, 95 Ohio St.3d 181, 767

N.E.2d 166, at ¶ 50 and 52.

       {¶ 50} As indicated, the evidence here concerning A.H. was not weak.

Furthermore, our review of the State’s closing argument reveals no attempt to claim that

the testimony of one alleged victim independently corroborated that of the other. See

Trial Tr. 2 at p. 356-362 and 381-396. Instead, the State focused on the evidence as it

pertained to each victim. Of course, there were similarities, like the fact that both A.H.

and K.K. did not report the alleged sexual assaults to the police until years later.

However, that had nothing to do with an improper assertion that the alleged victims

independently corroborated each other’s stories.          Accordingly, we disagree with any

claim that joinder was prejudicial. We also note that the jury in the prior trial, which

involved six victims and nine sexual assault charges, was able to distinguish among

victims and found Kocevar not guilty of assaulting three victims. This case, involving

only two victims, was even simpler.

       {¶ 51} Accordingly, the first assignment of error is overruled.

                                   III. Delay in Prosecution
                                                                                          -21-

       {¶ 52} Kocevar’s second assignment of error states that:

              The Trial Court Erred in Denying Kocevar’s Motion to Dismiss by

       Finding that the State’s Delay in Prosecution Was Justifiable, Resulting in

       Kocevar Suffering Prejudicial [sic], Thereby Warranting Reversal of the

       Convictions.

       {¶ 53} Under this assignment of error, Kocevar contends that he established actual

prejudice due to the State’s delay in initiating prosecution on the charge involving K.K.,

and that the trial court incorrectly found that the State had provided justifiable reasons for

the delay. In this regard, Kocevar states that K.K. and her mother told the Centerville

Police Department in October 2014 about the alleged sexual assault, and that all sexual

assault allegations concerning a minor warranted further action.            Kocevar further

contends that K.K.’s mother also informed her brother-in-law, who was a sheriff’s deputy,

about the sexual assault and that the incident was reported to the school principal.

According to Kocevar, the officers and the principal were mandated reporters for sexual

assault, their delay in disclosure further prejudiced him, and the State failed to establish

justifiable reasons for failing to act until 2020, when the police investigated several

complaints, including K.K.’s, against him.

       {¶ 54} Before addressing Kocevar’s arguments, we will outline the law that applies

to preindictment delay and the review standard in such cases.

                                  A. Preindictment Delay

       {¶ 55} “The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees the
                                                                                           -22-

accused in a criminal prosecution ‘the right to a speedy and public trial.’ But on its face,

the Sixth Amendment provides no protection to those who have not yet been accused; it

does not ‘require the Government to discover, investigate, and accuse any person within

any particular period of time.’ ” State v. Jones, 148 Ohio St.3d 167, 2016-Ohio-5105, 69

N.E.3d 688, ¶ 11, quoting United States v. Marion, 404 U.S. 307, 313, 92 S.Ct. 455, 30

L.Ed.2d 468 (1971). “Statutes of limitations provide the ultimate time limit within which

the government must prosecute a defendant – a definite point ‘beyond which there is an

irrebuttable presumption that a defendant's right to a fair trial would be prejudiced.’ ” Id.,

quoting Marion at 322. However, “when unjustifiable preindictment delay causes actual

prejudice to a defendant's right to a fair trial despite the state's initiation of prosecution

within the statutorily defined limitations period, the Due Process Clause affords the

defendant additional protection.” Id. This right arises under the Fifth Amendment to

United States Constitution and Article I, Section 16, of the Ohio Constitution. State v.

Adams, 144 Ohio St.3d 429, 2015-Ohio-3954, 45 N.E.3d 127, ¶ 97.

       {¶ 56} The due process standard that Ohio applies in this situation involves actual

prejudice and unjustifiable delay. Jones at ¶ 12. The Supreme Court of Ohio has “firmly

established a burden-shifting framework for analyzing a due-process claim based on

preindictment delay.    Once a defendant presents evidence of actual prejudice, the

burden shifts to the state to produce evidence of a justifiable reason for the delay.” Id.

at ¶ 13, citing State v. Whiting, 84 Ohio St.3d 215, 217, 702 N.E.2d 1199 (1998). (Other

citation omitted.)

       {¶ 57} Determining “ ‘actual prejudice’ involves ‘a delicate judgment based on the
                                                                                           -23-

circumstances of each case.’ ” State v. Walls, 96 Ohio St.3d 437, 2002-Ohio-5059, 775

N.E.2d 829, ¶ 52, quoting Marion at 325. “In making this assessment, courts are to

consider the evidence as it exists when the indictment is filed and the prejudice the

defendant will suffer at trial due to the delay.” Id., citing State v. Luck, 15 Ohio St.3d 150,

154, 472 N.E.2d 1097 (1984), citing Marion at 326. “ ‘Actual prejudice exists when

missing evidence or unavailable testimony, identified by the defendant and relevant to the

defense, would minimize or eliminate the impact of the state's evidence and bolster the

defense.” State v. Bourn, Ohio Slip Opinion No. 2022-Ohio-4321, __ N.E.3d __, ¶ 17,

quoting Jones, 148 Ohio St.3d 167, 2016-Ohio-5105, 69 N.E.3d 688, at ¶ 28. “The use

of the word ‘would’ in the Jones decision is significant. It is not enough for a defendant

to show that the missing evidence or unavailable testimony ‘could’ or ‘may’ help the

defendant. Instead, the defendant must show that the evidence or testimony would help

the defendant.” Id.

       {¶ 58} “The death of a potential witness during the preindictment period can

constitute prejudice, but only if the defendant can identify exculpatory evidence that was

lost and show that the exculpatory evidence could not be obtained by other means.”

Adams, 144 Ohio St.3d 429, 2015-Ohio-3954, 45 N.E.3d 127, at ¶ 103.

       {¶ 59} Concerning the justification for delay, “a delay in the commencement of

prosecution can be found to be unjustifiable when the state's reason for the delay is to

intentionally gain a tactical advantage over the defendant, * * * or when the state, through

negligence or error in judgment, effectively ceases the active investigation of a case, but

later decides to commence prosecution upon the same evidence that was available to it
                                                                                         -24-

at the time that its active investigation was ceased.” Luck, 15 Ohio St.3d at 158, 472

N.E.2d 1097. “The length of delay will normally be the key factor in determining whether

a delay caused by negligence or error in judgment is justifiable.” Id.

       {¶ 60} “Ohio appellate courts have held that decisions on motions to dismiss for

pre-indictment delay should be reviewed on the following basis: legal issues are reviewed

de novo, but ‘the court's findings of fact are afforded great deference.’ ”        State v.

Hawkins, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 27019, 2018-Ohio-867, ¶ 37, quoting State v. Powell,

2016-Ohio-1220, 61 N.E.3d 789, ¶ 11 (8th Dist.).

       {¶ 61} With these principles and standards in mind, we will consider Kocevar’s

arguments.

                          B. Decision on the Motion to Dismiss

       {¶ 62} As noted, the trial court initially granted the motion to dismiss the charge

involving K.K. based on actual prejudice to Kocevar. The court’s decision was based on

the death of Kocevar’s father, Chad, who was in the apartment when Kocevar allegedly

raped K.K.    The court then reconsidered its decision and found that while actual

prejudice occurred, the State had proved that the delay in bringing charges was justifiable.

The court heard evidence about this issue during two separate sets of hearings.

       {¶ 63} On December 21, 2020, the court heard testimony from the following

witnesses: (1) Kathryn Gerspacher, a detective with CPD; and (2) Regina Kocevar, the

defendant’s mother. On March 12, 2021, the court heard testimony from Nadia Dexter,

another CPD police officer. Then, on September 13, 2021, the court heard testimony
                                                                                        -25-

from the following witnesses: (1) Jeffrey Kaercher, a CPD officer for 13 years; (2) R.K.,

the mother of K.K.; (3) Faupo Lauofo, a CPD officer for 24 years; and (4) Kathryn

Gerspacher.

      {¶ 64} As indicated, the trial court found that Kocevar had been prejudiced

because he was unable to present evidence from his father, Chad, who had been present

in the apartment at the time of K.K.’s alleged rape. Chad died in 2016, several years

before the indictment was filed.    In replying to Kocevar’s assignment of error, the State

has not challenged this finding. Instead, the State has focused on the issue of justifiable

delay in bringing the indictment.     We will do the same, beginning with the events

pertaining to the 2014 police investigation. This is the information that was before the

court when it made rulings on the motions to sever.

                                   1. 2014 Investigation

      {¶ 65} Concerning K.K., the allegation was that she had been at Kocevar’s

apartment (where he and his father, Chad, lived) on October 18, 2014. At that time, K.K.

was in Kocevar’s bedroom and he tried to kiss her. However, K.K. “pushed him off, told

him no, and [told him] that she had a boyfriend.” Transcript of Proceedings (Motion to

Suppress/Motion to Dismiss/Motion to Sever (Dec. 21, 2020) (“Motion Tr. 1”), p. 19.

However, Kocevar “kept insisting until he was on top of her. When he got on top of her,

he pulled her leggings down and then inserted his penis into her vagina after she

repeatedly told him no.” Id. After Kocevar finished, he took a picture of K.K.’s breasts,

and K.K. then left the apartment. Id.
                                                                                        -26-

       {¶ 66} K.K. immediately told her family about the rape and also discussed the

incident with a friend, M.M. Id. at p. 53. The night of the incident, K.K.’s mother, R.K.,

brought K.K. to CPD to file a police report. At the time, Officer Kaercher was on duty

and took the report. Transcript of Proceedings (Motion to Dismiss) (Sept. 13, 2021)

(“Motion Tr. 2”), p. 8-9.

       {¶ 67} According to Kaercher, R.K. reported that she had picked up K.K. at Bill’s

Donuts after K.K. had called to complain that she had been at Kocevar’s apartment and

that he had given her alcohol. In order to obtain a warrant, Kaercher would have had to

talk to K.K. and get direct information from her. During their discussion, Kaercher told

R.K. that K.K. could potentially be charged with underage consumption if she had been

drinking. Id. at p. 9. After hearing this, R.K. said that she did not want Kaercher to talk

directly to K.K. or to check any further. Kaercher did tell R.K. that he would go to

Kocevar’s apartment and see if underage drinking, in fact, had occurred. Id. at p. 10.

       {¶ 68} About 20 minutes later, Kaercher and CPD Officer Lauofo went to Kocevar’s

apartment and tried to make contact. However, most of the lights were off and no one

appeared to be either awake or at home.         Subsequently, around 5:30 a.m., Chad

Kocevar called Kaercher and said that a neighbor had said the police had knocked at the

door. When Kaercher explained that they had a complaint about underage drinking,

Chad stated that he was not aware of any underage drinking. He also said that his son

had gone to a football game with friends, had come home, and had watched a college

football game with friends. Chad further said that he had gone to bed around 10:30 or

11:00 p.m. Id. at p. 10-11.
                                                                                          -27-

       {¶ 69} According to Officer Lauofo, his understanding was that he was

accompanying Kaercher to the apartment to investigate an underage drinking party.

During the investigation, Kaercher never mentioned anything to Lauofo about a sexual

assault. Id. at p. 41-42.

       {¶ 70} According to Officer Kaercher, K.K.’s mother did not talk to him about a

sexual assault.    He said that if someone alleged a sexual assault, it would be

documented in his report. However, no such allegation was in his report in this case.

Motion Tr. 2 at p. 13 and Motion Tr. 1 at p. 119. Kaercher further said that even if people

say they want to tell the police something off the record, an information report can be

made if someone just wants something to be documented. Motion Tr. 2 at p. 13. The

police have cases where criminal complaints are reported but the victims do not want to

proceed with anything. Id.

       {¶ 71} In addition, Officer Kaercher stated that he is a mandated reporter and that

nothing in his October 2014 conversation with R.K. gave him any sense that his mandated

reporter protocols should start. Id. at p. 14. During this interview, Kaercher and K.K.

also never exchanged any words with each other. Id. at p. 16.

       {¶ 72} R.K. testified that her daughter, K.K., had issues with depression and had

been recently hospitalized for a suicide attempt at the time of the assault. As a result,

R.K. was on top of K.K.’s activities; in fact, October 18, 2014, was the first night K.K. had

been allowed out of the house. Id. at p. 20-21. When R.K. picked up K.K. that evening,

K.K. told her everything about the sexual assault and said they had some alcohol. R.K.

decided to report the underage drinking but not to report the assault due to her husband’s
                                                                                         -28-

health problems and K.K.’s recent hospitalization. Id. at p. 22-24.

      {¶ 73} While talking with Officer Kaercher, R.K. asked a hypothetical question

about what would happen if alcohol were involved and there was a sexual assault. R.K.

did not say who the victim was or that it was K.K., did not tell Kaercher where this

hypothetical event took place, and did not provide any details. Tr. 2 at p. 24 and 30.

      {¶ 74} R.K. subsequently called her brother-in-law, who was a captain with the

Montgomery County Sheriff’s Department. She asked him whether, hypothetically, if

someone were raped, would it be detrimental to the victim if it was a “he said/she said”

situation. The brother-in-law did not know K.K. was involved, nor did R.K. give him any

details about the event, she did not want to put him in a position to have to report it.

During this conversation, R.K.’s brother-in-law just gave her an opinion. Id. at p. 25-26

and 27. As recently as a week before the September 13, 2021 hearing, the brother-in-

law was still unaware that K.K. had been sexually assaulted. Id. at p. 37.

      {¶ 75} In speaking with CPD Officer Nadia Dexter in 2020 (after the sexual assault

was reported), R.K. stated that she thought she had told Officer Kaercher in October 2014

about the situation with K.K.’s mental health, and Kearcher said she could report the

sexual assault whenever she was ready. Motion Tr. 2 at p. 33-34. Again, however,

R.K. stressed that she spoke hypothetically with Kaercher and did not identify K.K. as the

victim. Id. at p. 35-36. At the time of the 2014 investigation, there were reports that

underage drinking was common at Kocevar’s apartment. The Centerville Police had

received a number of callouts to the apartment, and the police and Alter High School

administrators were aware of the prevalence of the underage drinking. Motion Tr. 1 at
                                                                                        -29-

p. 55-56.

       {¶ 76} Detective Gaspacher was the lead investigator when the sexual assault

complaints were lodged in June 2020 with CPD. Id. at 7-8. Gaspacher was not involved

in the October 2014 investigation. Motion Tr. 2 at p. 48-49. According to Gaspacher,

K.K. and her mother had discussed the sexual assault incident in October 2014 with

Lourdes Lambert, who was then the principal at Alter High School. Motion Tr. 1 at p. 22,

27-28, and 53.     CPD Officer Dexter, who did many interviews in 2020, including with

K.K. and R.K., said that R.K. asked Lambert not to let K.K. be in classes with Kocevar or

have any contact with him. Id. at p. 85-86, 108-109. However. Lambert did not testify

at any pretrial hearings or at any trials.

       {¶ 77} On October 22, 2014, Kocevar’s mother, Regina, received a phone call from

Lambert, who asked her to find out what was happening. According to Lambert, some

girls reported that a friend had said Kocevar forced himself on K.K. Lambert then asked

K.K. to come into her office, but when K.K. first talked with Lambert, she said nothing had

happened. Later, K.K. and her mother talked to Lambert; at this point, they said Kocevar

had forced himself on K.K. in his bedroom and that his father, Chad, had been at the

apartment when this took place. Id. at p. 66-68.

       {¶ 78} After speaking with Lambert, Regina Kocevar called her ex-husband, Chad,

who said he had been home the entire time and that the alleged incident never happened.

Chad’s account was that he talked to K.K. briefly when she arrived; K.K. and Kocevar

then went into Kocevar’s room to visit. During this visit, the door was open and Chad sat

in his usual spot in his wheelchair, where he had a line of sight into the room. Chad also
                                                                                      -30-

said that after the two teenagers left the bedroom, K.K. stayed for dinner and had pizza.

Id. at p. 67-68.

       {¶ 79} After speaking with Chad, Regina called Lambert and told her what Chad

had said. At that point, K.K.’s mother said she was not going to do anything about it

because K.K. had issues. Id. at p. 69. A vice-principal was listening in during this

conversation. Id. The school did not report the incident to the police. Id. at p. 109. In

addition, CPD did not have a school resource officer at Alter. Id. at 119.

                                 2. 2020 Investigation

       {¶ 80} After that point, nothing ever came up again about sexual assault until the

allegations were made against Kocevar in June 2020.       CPD first became aware of the

sexual assault allegations against Kocevar on June 9, 2020, when K.K. and R.O. (another

alleged victim) came to CPD, made written statements, and brought in a written statement

from M.M., a third alleged victim. CPD immediately began an investigation. Motion Tr.

1 at p. 115-116 and 122-123. CPD did not delay in investigating the case. While the

case took a significant amount of time to investigate due to the number of victims and

allegations, CPD did not delay in proceeding. In fact, the indictment was filed shortly

thereafter, on June 24, 2020. Id. at p. 122-123.

       {¶ 81} After reviewing the record and giving due deference to the trial court’s

factual findings, we find no basis for reversing the court’s judgment.       There is no

evidence that any delay was for purposes of gaining a tactical advantage over Kocevar,

nor is there evidence that the State negligently ceased active investigation (or erred in
                                                                                          -31-

judgment) and then later commenced action based on evidence it had available when it

stopped actively investigating.     Luck, 15 Ohio St.3d at 158, 472 N.E.2d 1097.

         {¶ 82} In his brief, Kocevar relies heavily on R.C. 2151.421, which mandates that

various individuals must report knowledge or suspicion of sexual abuse. Appellant’s

Brief at p. 33-36. According to Kocevar, CPD, R.K.’s brother-in-law, and Alter all had a

duty to report suspected sexual abuse, and their failure to pursue it caused unjustifiable

delay.

         {¶ 83} R.C. 2151.421(A)(1)(a) states that:

                No person described in division (A)(1)(b) of this section who is acting

         in an official or professional capacity and knows, or has reasonable cause

         to suspect based on facts that would cause a reasonable person in a similar

         position to suspect, that a child under eighteen years of age, or a person

         under twenty-one years of age with a developmental disability or physical

         impairment, has suffered or faces a threat of suffering any physical or

         mental wound, injury, disability, or condition of a nature that reasonably

         indicates abuse or neglect of the child shall fail to immediately report that

         knowledge or reasonable cause to suspect to the entity or persons specified

         in this division.

         {¶ 84} The individuals described in R.C. 2151.421(A)(1)(b) include school

personnel and peace officers (defined under R.C. 2151.421(O)(4) to include various law

enforcement officers, including municipal officers). For violations of the duty to report,

the statute provides for “compensatory and exemplary damages to the child who would
                                                                                          -32-

have been the subject of the report that was not made.” R.C. 2151.421(M). Persons

who participate in making such reports are given general civil and criminal immunity, with

some exceptions. R.C. 2151.421(H).

       {¶ 85} In his brief, Kocevar fails to cite any authority on the applicability of R.C.

2151.412 other than some general case law indicating that peace officers are subject to

the mandatory reporting requirements. See Appellant’s Brief at p. 35. That point is not

in dispute here.

       {¶ 86} There is no authority discussing failure to report child abuse in the specific

context of whether it requires a finding of unjustifiable preindictment delay. The only two

Ohio cases involving the terms “preindictment” and “R.C. 2151.421” discuss the statute

in the context of whether a duty to report abuse might affect the tolling of a statute of

limitations. See State v. Jensen, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-20-1042, 2021-Ohio-3505, ¶ 14

(statute of limitations did not begin to run due to mother’s knowledge of sexual abuse and

failure to report it; parents of victims were “specifically exempted by the state legislature

from the reporting requirements under R.C. 2901.13(J)(2)”); State v. Warren, 168 Ohio

App.3d 288, 2006-Ohio-4104, 859 N.E.2d 998, ¶ 14 (8th Dist.), citing State v. Hensley,

59 Ohio St.3d 136, 571 N.E.2d 711 (1991) (“When the victim of a sex offense is a child,

the corpus delicti generally is deemed to be discovered when the child reaches the age

of majority. * * * However, when the child tells a ‘responsible person’ who is required by

law to report the events to a peace officer or children's services agency pursuant to R.C.

2151.421(A)(1), the statute of limitations begins to run as of that time, even if the child

has not attained the age of majority.”).
                                                                                         -33-

       {¶ 87} Jensen involved a 25-year delay, and the delay in Warren was 16 years.

Jensen at ¶11; Warren at ¶ 2. In both cases, a six-year statute of limitations applied at

the time of the offenses but was later increased. However, since the victims were below

the age of majority when the amendment took effect, the original statute did not apply,

and the criminal actions were timely brought under the increased limitations period.

Jensen at ¶ 13-14; Warren at ¶ 13-14.

       {¶ 88} The defendant in Jensen did raise the issue of preindictment delay, claiming

that the police had intentionally delayed the indictment. This was not related to the

reporting issue because there was no discussion in the case about the police having prior

knowledge of the alleged sexual abuse. The court also did not dwell on preindictment

delay because the defendant’s guilty pleas waived this claim. Jensen at ¶ 15.

       {¶ 89} In the case before us, there was no issue about whether the statute of

limitations had expired. In October 2014, K.K. was 16 years old and was under the age

of majority. Motion Tr. 1 at p. 90. At that point, the applicable statute of limitations was

20 years. In July 2015, the limitations period for rape was increased to 25 years. See

Sub. H.B. 6, 2015 Ohio Laws 19, extending the rape statute of limitations in R.C. 2901.13.

This was before K.K. reached the age of majority in January 2016 and the new 25-year

statute applied. See Bill of Particulars, p. 2, and R.C. 3109.01 (which outlines the date

of majority). Nonetheless, under either statute of limitations, the indictment was timely

filed. That occurred in June 2020, which was a bit more than six years after the alleged

crime. See R.C. 2901.13(F) (“[a] prosecution is commenced on the date an indictment

is returned or an information filed * * *”). Thus, Jensen and Warren are irrelevant to the
                                                                                       -34-

issue before us.

      {¶ 90} We do note that in Warren, the court remarked (not in the context of R.C.

2151.421) that “[t]he victim did not report the crime to the police until April 2004. Her

delay in reporting the crime cannot be ascribed to the state for purposes of finding a

violation of appellant's due process rights.” Warren, 168 Ohio App.3d 288, 2006-Ohio-

4104, 859 N.E.2d 998, at ¶ 12. That is the situation here. The police cannot be faulted

for failing to investigate crimes victims choose not to report. Moreover, as noted, R.K.’s

brother-in-law was not even aware that K.K. was a victim.

      {¶ 91} It is true that “R.C. 2151.421 provides an appropriate list of responsible

adults who, upon obtaining knowledge of possible child abuse, are charged by operation

of law with reporting said abuse to the proper authorities.” Hensley, 59 Ohio St.3d at

139-140, 571 N.E.2d 711. Here, the alleged sexual abuse was apparently reported to

the Alter administration, but its failure to act should not be imputed to the State for

purposes of preindictment delay. The United States Supreme Court has said in a related

context that “mandatory child abuse reporting statutes ‘alone cannot convert a

conversation between a concerned teacher and her student into a law enforcement

mission aimed primarily at gathering evidence for a prosecution’ for purposes of the

Confrontation Clause.” State v. Jackson, 154 Ohio St.3d 542, 2018-Ohio-2169, 116

N.E.3d 1240, ¶ 21, quoting Ohio v. Clark, 576 U.S. 237, 192 L.Ed.2d 306, 135 S.Ct. 2173

(2015).

      {¶ 92} In Jackson, the court went on to hold that “a social worker's statutory duty

to cooperate and share information with law enforcement with respect to a child abuse
                                                                                        -35-

investigation does not render the social worker an agent of law enforcement for purposes

of the Fifth and Sixth Amendments to the United States Constitution when the social

worker interviews an alleged perpetrator unless other evidence demonstrates that the

social worker acted at the direction or under the control of law enforcement.” Id. at ¶ 22.

The court found no evidence in Jackson that the social worker was acting as a law

enforcement agent. Id. at ¶ 23-24.

       {¶ 93} For purposes of its analysis, the court stressed that “ ‘[w]hether someone is

acting as an agent of law enforcement is dependent upon the unique circumstances of

each case.’ ” Id. at ¶ 17, quoting State v. Bernard, 31 So.3d 1025, 1033 (La.2010). As

in Jackson, no evidence was presented that Alter was acting as CPD’s agent or as an

agent of the State. Accordingly, even if R.C. 2151.421 applied, there would be no basis

for holding that any delay in initiating prosecution against Kocevar was unjustified.

       {¶ 94} Based on the preceding discussion, the second assignment of error has no

merit and is overruled.

                     IV. Imposing Sentence on Kocevar as an Adult

       {¶ 95} Kocevar’s third assignment of error states as follows:

              The Trial Court Errored in Sentencing Kocevar as an Adult[:] Giving

       Him a Mandatory Term of Incarceration[ ] Violated His Right to Equal

       Protection, and the Principals [sic] Against Imposition of Cruel and Unusual

       Punishment.

       {¶ 96} Under this assignment of error, Kocevar contends that being sentenced as
                                                                                           -36-

an adult for crimes he committed as a juvenile violated his right to equal protection and

constituted cruel and unusual punishment.         The crux of this argument is that if the

offenses in question had been prosecuted when Kocevar was a minor, he would have

been subject only to discretionary bindover and not the mandatory minimum punishment

for rape under R.C. 2907.02. In addition, Kocevar contends that R.C. 2152.02(C)(3) is

unconstitutional as applied here because it violates the prohibition against ex post facto

laws.

        {¶ 97} In response, the State argues that Kocevar forfeited any error other than

plain error by failing to raise constitutional challenges in the trial court. The State further

asserts that none of Kocevar’s constitutional rights were violated when he was sentenced

as an adult for crimes he committed as a child.

        {¶ 98} Concerning the State’s waiver argument, we find that Kocevar adequately

raised the constitutional issues in a motion for a hearing on juvenile sanctions that he filed

on April 6, 2022 (after his first rape conviction and prior to the second trial) and in his

supplemental sentencing memorandum, which was filed on May 13, 2022. The State

also had a chance to respond to Kocevar’s arguments and did file a response in the trial

court on May 16, 2022. Thus, we can consider the constitutional issues without resorting

to plain error. Before we do so, however, we will outline the pertinent constitutional

standards.

                               A. Constitutional Standards

                                    1. Equal Protection
                                                                                           -37-

         {¶ 99} “The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that

‘[n]o State shall * * * deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the

laws.’    The Equal Protection Clause prevents states from treating people differently

under its laws on an arbitrary basis.” State v. Williams, 88 Ohio St.3d 513, 529-530, 728

N.E.2d 342 (2000), quoting Harper v. Virginia State Bd. of Elections, 383 U.S. 663, 681,

86 S.Ct. 1079, 16 L.Ed.2d 169 (1966) (Harlan, J., dissenting). “ ‘Whether any such

differing treatment is to be deemed arbitrary depends on whether or not it reflects an

appropriate differentiating classification among those affected; the clause has never been

thought to require equal treatment of all persons despite differing circumstances.’ ” Id.

at 530.

         {¶ 100} “Under the Equal Protection Clause, a legislative distinction need only be

created in such a manner as to bear a rational relationship to a legitimate state interest.”

Id., citing Clements v. Fashing, 457 U.S. 957, 963, 102 S.Ct. 2836, 73 L.Ed.2d 508 (1982).

“These distinctions are invalidated only where ‘they are based solely on reasons totally

unrelated to the pursuit of the State's goals and only if no grounds can be conceived to

justify them.’ ” Id., quoting Clements at 963. “This rational basis analysis is discarded

for a higher level of scrutiny only where the challenged statute involves a suspect class

or a fundamental constitutional right.” Id.

         {¶ 101} Kocevar has not supplied authority indicating juveniles are a suspect class.

In fact, he indicates they are not treated as such. Appellant’s Brief at p. 44, quoting In re

Cundiff, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 99AP-364, 2000 WL 28845 (Jan. 13, 2020). However,

Kocevar does contend (without citing authority) that he should be treated as part of a
                                                                                         -38-

suspect class because he is a former juvenile who was later subjected to common pleas

court jurisdiction. Id. We disagree, having found no legal authority to support such a

claim. In reality, many juveniles are subjected to trial as adults. Therefore, heightened

scrutiny would not apply.

                            2. Cruel and Unusual Punishment

       {¶ 102} “The Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution states:

‘Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual

punishments inflicted.’ A key component of the Constitution's prohibition against cruel

and unusual punishment is the ‘precept of justice that punishment for crime should be

graduated and proportioned to [the] offense.’ ” State v. Moore, 149 Ohio St.3d 557,

2016-Ohio-8288, 76 N.E.3d 1127, ¶ 31, quoting Weems v. United States, 217 U.S. 349,

367, 30 S.Ct. 544, 54 L.Ed. 793 (1910). “ ‘To constitute cruel and unusual punishment,

“the penalty must be so greatly disproportionate to the offense as to shock the sense of

justice of the community.’ ” State v. Anderson, 151 Ohio St.3d 212, 2017-Ohio-5656, 87

N.E.3d 1203, ¶ 27, quoting McDougle v. Maxwell, 1 Ohio St.2d 68, 70, 203 N.E.2d 334

(1964).

       {¶ 103} Even in Anderson, which involved a juvenile who was bound over and tried

as an adult while still a juvenile, the court held that an aggregate 19-year sentence did

not “constitute cruel and unusual punishment because there is no national consensus

against mandatory sentencing for juveniles, the sentence is proportional to the crimes he

committed, and it is not one of the harshest possible penalties for juvenile offenders tried
                                                                                         -39-

as adults.” Id. at ¶ 45. In that case, the defendant was 16 years old and was convicted

of three counts of aggravated robbery, firearm specifications attached to those felonies,

and one count of kidnapping with a firearm specification. He was originally sentenced to

28 years in prison (including consecutive sentences). After the sentence was reversed,

the trial court resentenced the defendant to a total of 19 years in prison, with the 11-year

terms on each robbery conviction to run concurrently with each other and consecutive to

the eight-year prison term for the kidnapping and its firearm specification. Id. at ¶ 12-15.

                                 3. Ex Post Facto Laws

       {¶ 104} “Article I, Section 10 of the United States Constitution reads, ‘No State

shall * * * pass any * * * ex post facto Law.’ The clause prohibits, among other things,

‘[e]very law that changes the punishment, and inflicts a greater punishment, than the law

annexed to the crime, when committed.’ ” State v. Townsend, 163 Ohio St.3d 36, 2020-

Ohio-5586, 167 N.E.3d 954, ¶ 5, quoting Calder v. Bull, 3 U.S. 386, 390, 1 L.Ed. 648

(1798). “In essence, ‘the Framers sought to assure that legislative Acts give fair warning

of their effect and permit individuals to rely on their meaning until explicitly changed.’ ”

Id., quoting Weaver v. Graham, 450 U.S. 24, 28-29, 101 S.Ct. 960, 67 L.Ed.2d 17 (1981).

       {¶ 105} The “touchstone inquiry” of this particular aspect of ex post facto law “is

whether a given change in law presents a ‘ “sufficient risk of increasing the measure of

punishment attached to the covered crimes.” ’ ” Peugh v. United States, 569 U.S. 530,

539, 133 S.Ct. 2072, 186 L.Ed.2d 84 (2013), quoting Garner v. Jones, 529 U.S. 244, 250,

120 S.Ct. 1362, 146 L.Ed.2d 236 (2000). “ ‘Critical to relief under the Ex Post Facto
                                                                                        -40-

Clause is not an individual's right to less punishment, but the lack of fair notice and

governmental restraint when the legislature increases punishment beyond what was

prescribed when the crime was consummated.’ ” Townsend at ¶ 16, quoting Weaver at

30.

       {¶ 106} Kocevar has raised an “as applied” challenge to R.C. 2152.02(C)(3) in the

ex post facto context. “A party may challenge a statute as unconstitutional on its face or

as applied to a particular set of facts.” Harrold v. Collier, 107 Ohio St.3d 44, 2005-Ohio-

5334, 836 N.E.2d 1165, ¶ 37, citing Belden v. Union Cent. Life Ins. Co., 143 Ohio St. 329,

55 N.E.2d 629 (1944), paragraph four of the syllabus. “A facial challenge to a statute is

the most difficult to bring successfully because the challenger must establish that there

exists no set of circumstances under which the statute would be valid.” Id., citing United

States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745, 107 S.Ct. 2095, 95 L.Ed.2d 697 (1987).

       {¶ 107} “Further, where statutes are challenged on the ground that they are

unconstitutional as applied to a particular set of facts, the party making the challenge

bears the burden of presenting clear and convincing evidence of a presently existing set

of facts that make the statutes unconstitutional and void when applied to those facts.”

Id., citing Belden at paragraph six of the syllabus.

       {¶ 108} Bearing all the above principles in mind, we will consider Kocevar’s

arguments.

                                      B. Discussion

       {¶ 109} As a preliminary point, we note that R.C. 2152.02 has been amended since
                                                                                         -41-

Kocevar’s offenses were committed, but the definition of “child” has not been

substantively changed in any way. Under R.C. 2152.02(C)(1), a “child” is defined as “a

person who is under eighteen years of age,” with certain exceptions that are listed in

subdivision (C). As relevant here, subdivision (C) states that:

             (2) Subject to division (C)(3) of this section, any person who violates

      a federal or state law or a municipal ordinance prior to attaining eighteen

      years of age shall be deemed a “child” irrespective of that person's age at

      the time the complaint with respect to that violation is filed or the hearing on

      the complaint is held.

             (3) Any person who, while under eighteen years of age, commits an

      act that would be a felony if committed by an adult and who is not taken into

      custody or apprehended for that act until after the person attains twenty-

      one years of age is not a child in relation to that act.

(Emphasis added.)

      {¶ 110} Similarly, R.C. 2151.23 has been amended a number of times since

Kocevar’s offenses occurred. However, there have been no changes in the relevant part

of the statute. Compare current R.C. 2151.23(I) with the version that became effective

on September 30, 2011, pursuant to Am.Sub.H.B. 86, 2011 Ohio Laws 29. As relevant

here, R.C. 2151.23(I) provides that:

             If a person under eighteen years of age allegedly commits an act that

      would be a felony if committed by an adult and if the person is not taken into

      custody or apprehended for that act until after the person attains twenty-
                                                                                        -42-

      one years of age, the juvenile court does not have jurisdiction to hear or

      determine any portion of the case charging the person with committing that

      act. In those circumstances, divisions (A) and (B) of section 2152.12 of the

      Revised Code do not apply regarding the act, and the case charging the

      person with committing the act shall be a criminal prosecution commenced

      and heard in the appropriate court having jurisdiction of the offense as if the

      person had been eighteen years of age or older when the person committed

      the act. All proceedings pertaining to the act shall be within the jurisdiction

      of the court having jurisdiction of the offense, and that court has all the

      authority and duties in the case that it has in other criminal cases in that

      court.

      {¶ 111} R.C. 2152.12(J), which deals with procedures for transfers of juvenile

cases, contains the same language as R.C. 2151.23(I). Again, while R.C. 2152.12 was

also amended a number of times after Kocevar’s alleged crimes, the current version is

unchanged from the one in place at the time of the crimes. Compare current R.C.

2152.12(J) with the version in effect on September 11, 2011, pursuant to Am.Sub.H.B.

86, 2011 Ohio Laws 29.

      {¶ 112} The Supreme Court of Ohio has held that “R.C. 2151.23(I) effectively

removes ‘anyone over 21 years of age from juvenile-court jurisdiction, regardless of the

date on which the person allegedly committed the offense.’ ” State v. Hudson, 169 Ohio

St.3d 216, 2022-Ohio-1435, 203 N.E.3d 658, ¶ 27, quoting Walls, 96 Ohio St.3d 437,

2002-Ohio-5059, 775 N.E.2d 829, at ¶ 14. “The three requirements that must be present
                                                                                          -43-

to divest the juvenile court of jurisdiction are: ‘(1) the defendant must have been under

eighteen years of age at the time of the offense; (2) the alleged offense would be a felony

if committed by an adult; and (3) the defendant must not have been “taken into custody

or apprehended” for the offense prior to turning twenty-one years of age.’ ” (Emphasis

sic.) Id., quoting In re H.C., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 102601, 2015-Ohio-3676, ¶ 10.

       {¶ 113} All the listed factors are present here, and the juvenile court could not have

possibly exercised jurisdiction over Kocevar when the indictment was filed in June 2020,

since Kocevar was 22 years old at that time.            Instead, Kocevar was subject to

prosecution in adult court, with the attendant penalties, including the mandatory minimum

prison requirements that can be imposed on adult person.

       {¶ 114} Understandably, Kocevar contends that this is inappropriate and that he

should receive lesser penalties because he was a juvenile when he committed the

offenses. However, that is not the law. Moreover, while Kocevar argues that transfer

to adult court was discretionary in his situation, discretion means just that. If complaints

had been filed in juvenile court when Kocevar was a minor, the court may have elected

to transfer him to adult court. Kocevar would, therefore, be in the same situation he is

now, with adult penalties.

       {¶ 115} This point was made in Walls, which rejected a defendant’s claim that 1997

changes to R.C. Chap. 2151 were substantive and impaired his vested rights to juvenile

court proceedings. The claim was based on “the ‘extraordinary’ difference between

delinquency proceedings in juvenile court and criminal proceedings in common pleas

court.” Walls, 96 Ohio St.3d 437, 2002-Ohio-5059, 775 N.E.2d 829, ¶ 16. Notably, the
                                                                                       -44-

court remarked that:

      Although the 1997 amendments to the juvenile statutes allowed criminal

      prosecution without the bindover proceeding required under the 1985 law,

      we cannot characterize this change as anything other than remedial. Even

      under the law in effect in 1985, Walls was subject to criminal prosecution in

      the general division of a court of common pleas if the juvenile court made

      certain determinations specified by statute. See former R.C. 2151.26(A)

      and (E), 140 Ohio Laws, Part I, 585-586. Thus, under either the 1985 law

      or the 1997 law, Walls was on notice that the offense he allegedly

      committed could subject him to criminal prosecution as an adult in the

      general division of the court of common pleas.

(Emphasis added.) Id. at ¶ 7.

      {¶ 116} Likewise, Kocevar would have had notice before his crimes were

committed that he could be subject to prosecution in adult court.       Furthermore, the

arguments Kocevar is making have been previously rejected, no matter how those claims

may be clothed, i.e., as violations of due process and equal protection or as prohibitions

against cruel and unusual punishment and ex post facto laws.

      {¶ 117} For example, in State v. Warren, 118 Ohio St.3d 200, 2008-Ohio-2011,

887 N.E.2d 1145, the Supreme Court of Ohio held that due process is not “violated when

the defendant receives a mandatory term of life imprisonment for forcible rape of a victim

under age 13 when the defendant was 15 years of age at the time of the offense but not

prosecuted until he had passed the age of 21.” Id. at ¶ 1. The defendant in Warren was
                                                                                         -45-

31 years old when the rape charges were filed in 2004. Id. at ¶ 2 and 16. When the

offenses occurred, 1988 laws were in effect. Id. at ¶ 3.

       {¶ 118} The defendant’s due process claim was that “R.C. 2907.02 and R.C.

2151.02(C)(3) * * * were unconstitutionally applied to appellant, who was a minor at the

time of the alleged crime; thus appellant's right to due process and a fair trial was denied

when he was sentenced as an adult for crimes alleged to have been committed when he

was only fifteen years old.” Id. at ¶ 19.

       {¶ 119} Notably, the content of the statutes in question (R.C. 2152.02(C)(3), R.C.

2151.23(I), and 2152.12(J), as here) contained the same wording in 2004 as in 1988

concerning when an individual is no longer considered a “child” and when juvenile courts

lose jurisdiction.   See, id. at ¶ 17 and 29, and fn. 5. 1      In addition, in 1988, R.C.

2907.02(B) mandated life sentences for the rapes, and the trial court had no discretion to

impose lesser sentences. Id. at ¶ 14.

       {¶ 120} In Warren, the court acknowledged that “ ‘[a] juvenile typically lacks

sufficient maturity and good judgment to make good decisions consistently and [to]

sufficiently foresee the consequences of his actions.’ ” Warren, 118 Ohio St.3d 200,

2008-Ohio-2011, 887 N.E.2d 1145, at ¶ 38, quoting In re C.S., 115 Ohio St.3d 267, 2007-

Ohio-4919, 874 N.E.2d 1177, ¶ 82. Nonetheless, the court found that its prior decision

in Walls “so essentially undermines Warren's position that he cannot prevail on his claim

that his mandatory life sentence violates due process principles of fundamental fairness.”

Id. at ¶ 39. The court admitted that Walls was not precisely on point but found that “the

1Again, the current content of these statues remains the same, the point being that there
has been no change in the wording from 1988 to 2023.
                                                                                          -46-

similarities between the situation in this case and in Walls are substantial, and the

essential principles that emerge from Walls make it impossible for Warren to prevail on

his due process argument.” Id. at ¶ 48.

       {¶ 121} Like Walls, the court stressed in Warren that the defendant was put on

notice that he could be prosecuted as an adult. Id. And, relevant to the case before us,

the court stated that:

              Warren does not explicitly argue that he was prejudiced by the

       absence of a bindover hearing or that the juvenile court should have

       retained jurisdiction over his case.      Instead, he claims to have been

       prejudiced by the trial court's inability to consider his age at the time of the

       offenses in sentencing him for rape. Warren argues that he would have

       received more favorable treatment if he had been charged with rape while

       still a juvenile and that that favorable treatment should extend to the rape

       conviction in this case.    Those arguments are significantly undercut by

       Walls, in which this court held that no substantive rights are affected in this

       situation.

Id. at ¶ 51, citing Walls, 96 Ohio St.3d 437, 2002-Ohio-5059, 775 N.E.2d 829, at ¶ 19.

       {¶ 122} In addition, Warren rejected the defendant’s equal protection argument,

which was that his sentence was unfair by being disproportionate to “similarly situated”

individuals who were charged while they were still juveniles and were not bound over to

adult court. Id. at ¶ 57. Again finding Walls dispositive, the court said that “ ‘Warren's

vested rights were not impaired because under the juvenile statutes in effect when he
                                                                                        -47-

committed his offenses, he was always subject to criminal prosecution as an adult. * * *

Warren is not ‘similarly situated’ to a juvenile who is charged with rape and not bound

over for a trial; therefore, his sentence need not be proportionate to a sentence received

by such an offender.” Id., citing Walls at ¶ 17.

       {¶ 123} Three justices concurred in the judgment only, because they were troubled

by the fact that “[t]he current version of R.C. 2907.02(B), which became effective January

1, 2008, does take youth into consideration for some rape offenses * * *.” Id. at ¶ 65

(Lanzinger, J., concurring in judgment only). However, the justices concluded they were

bound to affirm the lower court, since former R.C. 2907.02(B), which applied to the

defendant, “specified a mandatory life sentence and did not allow for the consideration of

a defendant's age.” Id. at ¶ 64.        However, none of these points is relevant here.

Consistent with Warren, the equal protection argument fails because Kocevar is not

similarly situated to defendants who are still within juvenile court jurisdiction.

       {¶ 124} Concerning cruel and unusual punishment, Kocevar mentions it but does

not make a specific argument about it or cite any cases to support his position. In certain

situations, punishments for juveniles who have been tried as adults have been found to

be unconstitutional as cruel and unusual punishment. See In re C.P., 131 Ohio St.3d

513, 2012-Ohio-1446, 967 N.E.2d 729, ¶ 28 (referencing Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S.

551, 125 S.Ct. 1183, 161 L.Ed.2d 1 (2005), which “prohibited the death penalty for

defendants who committed their crimes before the age of 18,” and Graham v. Florida,

560 U.S. 48, 130 S.Ct. 2011, 176 L.Ed.2d 825 (2010), which prohibited “imposition of a

life-without-parole sentence on a juvenile offender who did not commit homicide”).
                                                                                       -48-

       {¶ 125} “A punishment does not violate the constitutional prohibition against cruel

and unusual punishments, if it be not so greatly disproportionate to the offense as to

shock the sense of justice of the community.” State v. Chaffin, 30 Ohio St.2d 13, 282

N.E.2d 46 (1972), paragraph three of the syllabus. Imposing a total of 11 years for three

rape convictions (involving three different victims) and a gross sexual imposition

conviction for one of those victims does not shock one’s sense of justice. Compare State

v. Wiesenborn, 2019-Ohio-4487, 135 N.E.3d 812, ¶ 7, 9, 11-12 and 24-51 (2d Dist.)

(rejecting an Eighth Amendment claim where defendant was sentenced to a total of 78.5

years in prison for rapes committed both while as a juvenile and when he was 19 and a

senior in high school).

       {¶ 126} In Wiesenborn, the defendant was bound over from juvenile court and was

sentenced for both juvenile and adult convictions. Id. See also State v. Strowder, 2019-

Ohio-4573, 147 N.E.3d 1253, ¶ 3 and 14 (8th Dist.) (sentence for 17-year old defendant

who was bound over for various crimes including rape, was not cruel and unusual

punishment because defendant “will be eligible at age 61 in relation to” these offenses

and another offense in a different case); State v. Watkins, 2018-Ohio-5137, 126 N.E.3d

381, ¶ 4 (10th Dist.) (defendant who was bound over for various non-homicidal offenses

committed at age 16 was not subjected to cruel and unusual punishment by being

sentenced to 67 years in prison because defendant would be eligible for judicial release

at age 50).

       {¶ 127} The point here is that Kocevar’s sentence could have been much worse.

However, as noted, the reality also is that Kocevar’s status never changed due to any
                                                                                          -49-

alterations in the law.

       {¶ 128} We also note that in sentencing Kocevar, the trial judge expressly stated

that she had considered his youth in deciding the sentence. Trial Tr. 2 at p. 438-439.

The court noted that statutory grounds for imposing consecutive sentences were met and

that the sentencing range could be a minimum of three years to a maximum of 34.5 years.

Id. at p. 439. However, in light of Kocevar’s youth at the time of the offenses, the judge

elected not to impose consecutive sentences. Id. The judge imposed concurrent 11-

year sentences on the three rape counts and a one-year concurrent sentence for the

gross sexual imposition charge, for a total sentence of 11 years. Id. at p. 444-445. As

a result, contrary to Kocevar’s belief, the trial court did consider his youth at the time of

the offenses, and he received the benefit of that consideration.

       {¶ 129} As a final matter, there is no viable ex post facto claim here. As noted,

the laws at the time of Kocevar’s offenses never changed, and there is no possibility that

his “punishment” was later increased. The only reason Kocevar was tried as an adult

rather than in juvenile court is because the victims delayed in reporting crimes. This is

frequently the case with sexual assault, where many victims delay reporting sexual

assault for a variety of reasons, such as “fear of the offender. It could be fear that they

would have to go through with the offense again several times in front of strangers. It

might be fear that nothing could be done by the system that the case wouldn't be strong

enough for example.” State v. Solether, 6th Dist. Wood No. WD-07-053, 2008-Ohio-

4738, ¶ 53.

       {¶ 130} Based on the preceding discussion, the third assignment of error is
                                                                                          -50-

overruled.

                                   V. Cumulative Error

       {¶ 131} Kocevar’s final assignment of error states that:

               As a Result of the Cumulative Errors, Appellant Requests that the

       Conviction Be Reversed and Remanded.

       {¶ 132} According to Kocevar, the effect of cumulative errors (primarily about the

motion to dismiss and the motion to sever) require reversal of his convictions. Allegedly

compounding these alleged errors is the prejudice caused by Kocevar’s inability to be

tried in juvenile court, where imprisonment would not be mandatory.

       {¶ 133} The Supreme Court of Ohio has stressed many times that under the

cumulative error doctrine, “a conviction will be reversed when the cumulative effect of

errors in a trial deprives a defendant of a fair trial even though each of the numerous

instances of trial court error does not individually constitute cause for reversal.” State v.

Hunter, 131 Ohio St.3d 67, 2011-Ohio-6524, 960 N.E.2d 955, ¶ 132, citing State v.

DeMarco, 31 Ohio St.3d 191, 196-197, 509 N.E.2d 1256 (1987). This doctrine does not

apply here, because there was no error. The fourth assignment of error therefore is

overruled.

                                      VI. Conclusion

       {¶ 134} All of Kocevar’s assignments of error having been overruled, the judgment

of the trial court is affirmed.
                                                   -51-

                                   .............

EPLEY, J. and LEWIS, J., concur.