Court Opinion

ID: 4692211
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-06-02 17:00:39.831202+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:05:14.579825
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                File Name: 21a0266n.06

                                        Case No. 20-1779

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                  FILED
                                                                            Jun 02, 2021
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                            )                  DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                                                     )
       Plaintiff-Appellee,                           )
                                                     )      ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v.                                                   )
                                                            STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
                                                     )
                                                     )      THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF
ALLANTE WILLIAMS,
                                                     )      MICHIGAN
       Defendant-Appellant.                          )
                                                     )

BEFORE: SUTTON, Chief Judge; McKEAGUE and DONALD, Circuit Judges.

       BERNICE BOUIE DONALD, Circuit Judge. Allante Williams appeals the revocation

of his supervised release and resulting 24-month prison sentence. At his revocation hearing, the

district court concluded that the government demonstrated by a preponderance of the evidence that

Williams committed two armed robberies while under supervised release. Williams contends that

the district court erred by considering unreliable witness identifications in assessing whether the

government met its burden. For the following reasons, we AFFIRM.

                                                I.

       In 2015, Allante Williams (“Williams”) pled guilty to one count of conspiracy to commit

credit union robbery, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 371 and 2113(a); and one count of credit union

robbery, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a). The district court sentenced Williams to 60 months’

imprisonment on each count to be served concurrently. The district court also imposed a three-
Case No. 20-1779, United States v. Williams

year term of supervised release. On May 24, 2019, Williams was released from prison and began

his term of supervised release.

        On December 26, 2019, Mark Burchell (“Burchell”), a United States probation officer,

filed a petition for revocation of Williams’ supervised release, alleging that Williams violated six

conditions of his supervised release. The petition alleged the following violations: (1) commission

of an assault on November 28, 2019; (2) failure to report to Burchell on December 12, 2019;

(3) failure to truthfully answer Burchell’s questions during an in-home visit on December 10,

2019; (4) failure to notify Burchell within 72 hours of being arrested or questioned by law

enforcement; (5) failure to maintain legitimate full-time employment; and (6) failure to pay

restitution.

        On January 2, 2020, Williams was charged in Michigan state court with armed robbery and

weapons-related offenses that stemmed from multiple alleged robberies in Hamtramck, Michigan

on December 30, 2019. On January 24, 2020, the state trial court held a preliminary hearing on

these offenses. The three victims of the robberies and the two police officers who apprehended

Williams testified at that hearing. The court found that probable cause existed for the cases to be

bound over for trial, which has yet to occur.

        On February 7, 2020, Burchell filed an amended petition for revocation of Williams’

supervised release, adding a seventh violation that incorporated the state charges from the

December 30, 2019 robberies. That violation was a Grade A violation, while violations one

through six were Grade C violations. See USSG § 7B1.1(a)(1).

        The district court conducted a two-day revocation hearing on July 28, 2020 and August 6,

2020. Williams admitted to violations two through six but asserted his Fifth Amendment right to

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Case No. 20-1779, United States v. Williams

remain silent as to violations one and seven. The district court then proceeded with an evidentiary

hearing as to those two violations.1

         In support of its allegations that Williams committed armed robberies (violation seven),

the government primarily relied on the preliminary hearing transcript, which provided the

following information: On December 30, 2019, between 9:30 and 9:45 p.m., Williams and Larry

Bailey (“Bailey”) robbed a 14-year-old—“S.S.”—and a 17-year-old—“A.T.”2—while the two

were walking through an alley in Hamtramck, Michigan. S.S. and A.T. testified that a blue Chevy

Trailblazer stopped near them and that two men got out of the vehicle and pointed long guns at

them, ordering S.S. to turn over his belongings. S.S. and A.T. each identified Williams as wearing

a reflector-type vest. S.S. turned over his cell phone and six dollars in cash, while A.T. ran away

from the scene to a street corner at the end of the alley. Williams and Bailey then fled in the SUV.

S.S. testified that the entire incident took place in “about two minutes.” A few minutes after the

incident, A.T. and S.S. found each other, and the two of them reported the robbery to a police

officer who was stopped nearby.

         Around 10:15 p.m. that evening, Goyas Miah (“Miah”) was exiting his commercial van in

Hamtramck when Williams and Bailey, both armed with long guns, approached him. Miah

testified that Williams and Bailey told him to put his hands up and not move and then took his cell

phone, about $600 in cash, and the keys to the van. Miah then called the police with a friend’s

phone.

         1
           As to violation one, the district court concluded that the government demonstrated by a preponderance of
the evidence that Williams committed an assault on November 28, 2019. However, Williams does not appeal the
district court’s conclusions or factual findings as to that violation.
         2
            Because S.S. and A.T. were minors at the time of the alleged robberies, the Court will identify them by their
initials throughout this opinion.

                                                         -3-
Case No. 20-1779, United States v. Williams

       At about 11:30 p.m., Hamtramck police officers were patrolling the city looking for a dark-

colored Trailblazer that had been reported to be involved in armed robberies. The officers saw a

matching SUV and observed the license plate to be expired. They initiated a traffic stop, and the

SUV pulled into a nearby gas station. Williams and Bailey were seated in the front compartment

of the SUV. During the encounter, the police officers observed two long guns, both in the front

seat compartment along the center console. One of the guns was on the front driver’s console, and

the other gun was on the front passenger side console. Both guns were fully loaded.

       After securing Williams and Bailey, the police officers transported Miah to the gas station,

which was only a few blocks away from where he was robbed. Miah observed the police remove

Williams and Bailey one at a time from the police car before he identified each of them. One of

the police officers also recovered a set of keys from between the front passenger seat and the center

console of the SUV. Miah identified the keys as his.

       At the preliminary hearing, all three victims—S.S., A.T., and Miah—made in-court

identifications of Williams as one of the robbers. A.T. testified that he was “100%” sure of his

identification of Williams as one of the robbers, Miah identified Williams as one of the robbers

who “point[ed a] gun” at him, and S.S. also positively identified Williams. Additionally, Miah

provided testimony regarding his on-scene identification of Williams.

       At the revocation hearing, Williams claimed that S.S.’s identification of Williams was

unreliable, because S.S. inaccurately described Williams as having “light brown skin and

freckles[,]” when Williams has neither of those features. Williams also argued that Miah’s on-

scene identification of Williams was unreliable because the technique used by the police was

suggestive and that the government could not otherwise prove by a preponderance of the evidence

that Williams had committed armed robberies.

                                                -4-
Case No. 20-1779, United States v. Williams

        In order to more thoroughly evaluate S.S.’s testimony, the district court asked the probation

department to obtain mug shots of Williams and Bailey. The district court explained its interest in

reviewing the photos as follows:

        It’s obvious that a crime was committed in the alley. It’s obvious a crime was
        committed at the, was it a gas station where Miah was assaulted. It’s obvious that
        it was armed robbery. It fits all the definition of criminal behavior and it’s an
        extremely serious event. The only question that lingers to any extent is the solidity
        of the eyewitness identification. And in aid of that, I would like this additional
        information found and presented.

        Again, I do not say here that the appearance of the individuals on the, on or about
        the day in question, freckles or otherwise, darkness of skin tone or the absence
        thereof is dispositive. It is simply a matter of evidentiary interest that I would like
        to have presented. And we will reconvene and see where any of this, all taken
        together, leads us.

        Burchell then obtained Michigan Department of Corrections (“MDOC”) photos for

Williams and Bailey. Burchell also presented an intake photograph of Williams from his initial

appointment with probation in May of 2019. In the photograph, Williams is wearing a jacket with

reflectors on it.

        After reviewing the photographs, the district court rejected Williams’ arguments. The

district court found that S.S. may have meant freckles to refer to “acne scars or discolorations” and

that S.S. might have been attempting to state that Williams was a lighter skin color when compared

to Bailey, not that Williams was actually “light-skinned.” For those reasons, the district court

concluded that S.S.’s in-court identification of Williams was reliable. Further, given the other

witness identifications and the fact that the police found Miah’s keys in the vehicle in which

Williams was arrested, the district court found that “there [was] sufficient evidence to hold []

Williams responsible” for the armed robberies and concluded that Williams had committed a

Grade A violation of the terms of his supervised release.

                                                 -5-
Case No. 20-1779, United States v. Williams

       Williams argued for a Guideline sentence of six to twelve months because he had admitted

to the Grade C violations. The district court rejected Williams’ request and imposed a sentence of

24 months in prison with no supervised release to follow.

       This appeal followed.

                                                 II.

       We review a district court’s revocation of supervised release for an abuse of discretion, its

factual findings for clear error, and its legal conclusion de novo. See United States v. Kontrol, 554

F.3d 1089, 1091–92 (6th Cir. 2009). The district court may revoke a term of supervised release if

it finds “by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant violated a condition of supervised

release.” 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3); see also United States v. Givens, 786 F.3d 470, 471 (6th Cir.

2015); United States v. Webb, 30 F.3d 687, 688–89 (6th Cir. 1994). In considering whether the

evidence meets that standard, the district court considers “the totality of the evidence presented,

including circumstantial evidence and inference.” United States v. Lewis, 790 F. App’x 702, 708

(6th Cir. 2019) (citing United States v. Garcia, 758 F.3d 714, 718–19 (6th Cir. 2014)). Revocation

hearings are “more flexible than a criminal trial,” and courts may rely on hearsay that is proven to

be reliable. United States v. Stephenson, 928 F.2d 728, 732 (6th Cir. 1991). “Ordinarily, we will

not reweigh the evidence presented in a sentencing hearing, nor will we evaluate the credibility of

witnesses—it is sufficient that the district court’s decision was consistent with the record as a

whole.” United States v. Coleman, 709 F. App’x 802, 804 (6th Cir. 2017). “If the government

proves the violation, the period of incarceration is determined by the grade level of the violation,

as set by USSG § 7B1.1.” United States v. Williams, 473 F. App’x 481, 484 (6th Cir. 2012).

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Case No. 20-1779, United States v. Williams

                                                 III.

       Williams argues that the evidence was insufficient to prove that he violated the conditions

of his supervised release. Specifically, Williams focuses on Miah’s on-scene identification and

S.S.’s in-court identification, contending that they were unreliable and that the district court erred

by considering them in assessing whether the government met its burden. We disagree.

       First, Williams contends that the district court should not have considered Miah’s on-scene

identification of Williams because it was the product of a suggestive show-up. Although Williams

contends that this technique was improper, we have held that on-the-scene show-ups are not always

unnecessarily suggestive. See, e.g., United States v. Craig, 198 F. App’x 459, 467 (6th Cir. 2006)

(holding that a victim’s identification less than twenty minutes after the defendant’s arrest was not

unduly suggestive because the victim viewed the defendant’s face, gave an accurate description of

the defendant to the police, and did not hesitate when identifying the defendant); Stidham v. Wingo,

482 F.2d 817, 818–19 (6th Cir. 1973) (finding that a “show-up” identification was permissible

where the victim was immediately brought to the scene of the arrest and positively identified the

defendant).

       Here, less than 45 minutes after Miah was robbed, the police brought him to the gas station

where they had detained Williams and Bailey, two blocks from where Miah had been robbed. The

police told Miah that they had caught two suspects and asked if Miah would confirm that they

were the individuals who robbed him. After the police individually removed Williams and Bailey

from the police car, Miah confirmed to the police that they were, in fact, the assailants. Williams

has not identified any particular facts to indicate that this technique was unduly suggestive, and

we therefore conclude that Miah’s identification was reliable. Furthermore, even if the police had

violated Williams’ constitutional rights by using this technique, it would not bear on the

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Case No. 20-1779, United States v. Williams

admissibility of Miah’s on-scene identification, because “as a general matter, the exclusionary rule

is inapplicable to probation or supervised release revocation proceedings[.]” United States v.

Blackshear, 1 F.3d 1242, at *4 (6th Cir. 1993) (unpublished table decision).

       Second, Williams argues that the district court should not have considered S.S.’s

identification of Williams, because Williams does not have “light brown skin and freckles,” as

S.S. suggested he did at the preliminary hearing. However, a more thorough reading of the

preliminary hearing transcript reveals that S.S.—who was only 14 years old at the time in

question—might have confused “freckles” with beard stubble:

       PROSECUTOR:                    Okay. And the other person, what about their build?
                                      The one that got out of the passenger side.
       S.S.:                          Same thing a little bit, but with like freckles.
       PROSECUTOR:                    Excuse me, what did you say?
       S.S.:                          Freckles around like --
       THE COURT:                     So, Mr. [S.S.], you’re gesturing with your hand,
                                      okay.
       S.S.:                          Sorry.
       THE COURT:                     I know what you mean, you’re gesturing to like a
                                      goatee or beard --
       S.S.:                          Yeah.
       THE COURT:                     But this is being recorded and then it’ll be typed up.
       S.S.:                          I’m sorry.
       THE COURT:                     So you have to describe everything, not just gesture
                                      to it, okay?
       S.S.:                          Okay.
       S.S.:                          Yeah, he had like freckles on his beard.
       PROSECUTOR:                    Freckles on his beard?
       S.S.:                          I don’t know, like dots.
       PROSECUTOR:                    But the person had a beard?
       S.S.:                          Yes.

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Case No. 20-1779, United States v. Williams

       PROSECUTOR:                    Are you talking about different color hair?
       S.S.:                          No, no, no. It was like a regular beard, like regular-.
       PROSECUTOR:                    Yeah.
       S.S.:                          But like --
       PROSECUTOR:                    Stubble?
       S.S.:                          Yes, yes, that’s how you say it.

       The preliminary hearing transcript also reveals that S.S. never affirmatively testified that

Williams was “light-skinned.” Rather, Williams seems to place undue emphasis on the following

exchange between defense counsel and S.S.:

       DEFENSE COUNSEL:               Okay. So now, the freckles obviously were a darker
                                      color than the rest of his skin on his face, correct?
       S.S.:                          Can you repeat that, please?
       DEFENSE COUNSEL:               The freckles were a darker color than the actual skin
                                      on his face, meaning he might have a light brown
                                      face but the freckles were dark brown, is that correct?
       S.S.:                          Yes.

       At the revocation hearing, the district court acknowledged that S.S. might have also meant

“freckles” to refer to “acne scars or discolorations,” both of which the district court identified on

Williams’ face in the pictures provided:

       And more to the point, the intake, both the intake photo and the MDOC photo, but
       one more than the other, carefully viewed, in fact, shows Mr. Williams was having
       what appeared to me to be acne scars or discolorations on at least one if not both
       cheeks. Darker spots of pigmentation are visible on either one or both cheeks. And
       I think that it is entirely understandable that a lay witness would, especially a young
       one like this at age 14, with let’s say not a perfectly formed educated vocabulary,
       could seize upon the word “freckle” as being indicative of what he saw on the face
       of the one perpetrator. And so I think that all is additionally supportive of the
       identification made.

                                                 -9-
Case No. 20-1779, United States v. Williams

Although S.S.’s in-court identification suffers from some other infirmities, such as his admission

that he could not see very well during the incident, we do not find that the district court’s line of

reasoning amounts to an abuse of discretion.3

         In any event, even discounting S.S.’s in-court identification and Miah’s on-scene

identification, the remaining evidence that the district court considered is sufficient to establish

Williams’ participation in the robberies by a preponderance of the evidence. First, A.T. and Miah

provided unqualified in-court identifications of Williams. Second, the police found Williams only

a few blocks from the second robbery shortly after it occurred, and Williams was in a vehicle that

matched the one described in the first robbery. Third, the police found two long guns around the

center console of the front seat compartment of the vehicle—one on the driver’s side and one on

the passenger’s side.4 Finally, the police found Miah’s keys in the front compartment of the

vehicle.

         Based on this evidence, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in

finding by a preponderance of the evidence that Williams violated a condition of his supervised

release by committing armed robberies.

                                                           IV.

         For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

         3
            Williams also makes a cursory argument that the government utilized a “highly suggestive practice that
results in wrongful convictions” by asking A.T. and S.S. to identify Williams for the first time in open court when 25
days had passed since the alleged robberies. Williams does not elaborate as to this argument, and a 25-day lapse in
time between the robberies and the in-court identifications, standing alone, does not give us reason to doubt the
reliability of A.T.’s or S.S.’s identifications. See United States v. Hill, 967 F.2d 226, 230 (6th Cir. 1992) (finding that
in-court identification of robber was reliable, even though five years had passed between the incident and trial).
         4
           Williams contends that the police officers provided “inconsistent testimony” at the preliminary hearing as
to whether Williams was in the driver’s seat or the passenger’s seat. It is true that one officer testified that it was
Bailey who was in the passenger seat. However, both officers testified that Williams was in the front compartment of
the vehicle, and all three of the victims identified Williams as the robber who was on the passenger side. Further, it
does not appear that the district court’s analysis turned specifically on whether Williams was seated on the driver’s
side or passenger side of the vehicle. Thus, any inconsistency as to the testimony of the officers is immaterial as to
whether the government met its burden to demonstrate Williams’ commission of the robberies.

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