Court Opinion

ID: 4173605
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-06-01 16:03:39.082031+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:24:05.115478
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                            File Name: 17a0303n.06

                                        Case No. 16-3463

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

                                                         )
                                                                                   FILED
                                                                             Jun 01, 2017
ARROWOOD INDEMNITY COMPANY,                              )
                                                         )               DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
       Plaintiff-Appellee,                               )
                                                         )
v.                                                       )
                                                         )      ON APPEAL FROM THE
LUBRIZOL CORPORATION,                                    )      UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                         )      COURT FOR THE
       Defendant-Third Party Plaintiff-Appellant,        )      NORTHERN DISTRICT OF
                                                         )      OHIO
v.                                                       )
                                                         )              OPINION
UNITED STATES FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY,                    )
                                                         )
       Third Party Defendant-Appellee.                   )
                                                         )
                                                         )
                                                         )

BEFORE: DAUGHTREY, MOORE, and GIBBONS, Circuit Judges.

       JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge. Both Arrowood Indemnity Company and

United States Fire Insurance Company (“USF”) insure The Lubrizol Corporation, a chemical

manufacturer. In 2002, the Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) notified Lubrizol of the

potential for liability at the EPA-designated Patrick Bayou Site, which lies adjacent to Lubrizol’s

Deer Park Facility. Lubrizol did not file any claims with Arrowood or USF arising out of the

EPA’s investigation until 2009.      In 2010, Arrowood filed this suit seeking a declaratory

judgment that, pursuant to a 1994 settlement agreement between Lubrizol and Arrowood’s

predecessor-in-interest, it had no obligation to defend or indemnify Lubrizol with respect to the
Case No. 16-3463, Arrowood Indemnity Co. v. Lubrizol Corp., et al.

EPA’s investigation. Lubrizol joined USF as a third party defendant, requesting a declaratory

judgment that USF is obligated to defend and indemnify Lubrizol pursuant to an insurance

policy.

          On cross-motions for summary judgment, the district court found that the 1994

agreement unambiguously released Arrowood from any liability at the Patrick Bayou Site arising

out of Lubrizol’s activities at its Deer Park Facility. The district court also granted partial

summary judgment to USF based on its similar 1995 release agreement with Lubrizol. Lubrizol

proceeded to trial against Arrowood for handling its claims in bad faith, and a jury found for

Lubrizol.

          Lubrizol appeals the grant of partial summary judgment, arguing that the Patrick Bayou

Site is not covered by the settlement agreements, and therefore Arrowood and USF are liable to

defend and indemnify Lubrizol against the EPA. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the

decision of the district court.

                                                 I.

          The Lubrizol Corporation manufactures specialty chemicals at its facility in Deer Park,

Texas. Arrowood Indemnity Company is the successor-in-interest to an insurer that issued a

primary general-liability policy to Lubrizol. USF issued umbrella insurance policies to Lubrizol.

Underlying this litigation are two settlement agreements entered into by Lubrizol—the first with

Arrowood, the second with USF. The parties agree that our interpretation of these agreements is

dispositive in this appeal.

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Case No. 16-3463, Arrowood Indemnity Co. v. Lubrizol Corp., et al.

           In 1994, Lubrizol brought a declaratory judgment action against Arrowood’s

predecessor-in-interest1 to resolve the scope of the insurer’s duties. The parties entered into a

settlement agreement, which provided:

               . . . Lubrizol hereby irrevocably and unconditionally releases all claims that
               Lubrizol has or could have arrested against [Arrowood] under the Insurance
               Policies in connection with:

                    (a) liability, expenses, and losses arising out of claims, proceedings and
               actions made, or which may in the future be made, asserted or filed against
               Lubrizol by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, other
               federal, state, local or other environmental agencies and private parties for
               environmental liabilities including bodily injury and property damage
               liabilities, arising out of Lubrizol’s alleged acts or omissions as a generator,
               disposer, owner/operator or transporter of alleged hazardous substances,
               including, without limitation, environmental claims as those more fully
               described in the lawsuit;

                   (b) the cost of defending any and all claims of liability specified in the
               preceding clause . . . .

This agreement applied to claims arising out of a list of “Subject Sites” attached to the agreement

as Exhibit B. Listed among the Subject Sites was “Lubrizol’s Deer Park Facility[,] Deer Park,

TX.”

           Similarly, in 1995 Lubrizol sought a declaratory judgment against USF to resolve USF’s

duties to defend and indemnify Lubrizol under numerous insurance policies. The settlement

agreement between Lubrizol and USF “extinguish[ed] any and all obligations that U.S. Fire has

or may have to Lubrizol under the Policies in connection with Environmental Claims arising

from the Subject Sites . . . .” It stated:

                   Lubrizol hereby fully releases and forever discharges U.S. Fire of and
               from any and all claims, duties, rights, actions, causes of action, liabilities,
               obligations and demands of every kind and nature, whether known or
               unknown, whether past, present or future, whether asserted or unasserted,
               whether at law or in equity, that Lubrizol has ever had, now has, or may
               have in the future, for damages and costs of any kind . . . in connection with
1
    We refer to Arrowood as the party to this agreement with Lubrizol instead of Arrowood’s predecessor in interest.

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Case No. 16-3463, Arrowood Indemnity Co. v. Lubrizol Corp., et al.

            Environmental Claims from the Subject Sites . . . . It is expressly agreed and
            understood by and between the parties that, should any future obligation
            arise or be alleged to arise in connection with the Policies with respect to
            Environmental Claims arising from the Subject Sites . . . , Lubrizol will not
            assert that those obligations must be met by U.S. Fire, because this
            agreement is full, complete, and final.

The agreement defined “Environmental Claims” as “any and all past, present, and future Claims

arising from Lubrizol’s involvement at the Subject Sites involving, without limitation, actual,

alleged, threatened . . . damage to natural resources” as well as “any and all past, present and

future claims to recover costs . . . incurred and sums expended . . . for investigation, removal,

monitoring, treatment, disposal or containment of contaminants or pollutants of any kind . . . .”

The “Lubrizol Deer Park Facility” is listed as a Subject Site.2

        In October 2002, the EPA sent Lubrizol a General Notice Letter, notifying Lubrizol of

the potential for liability under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and

Liability Act (“CERCLA”), 42 U.S.C. §§ 9606(a) and 9607(a), at the EPA’s Patrick Bayou Site,

a three-mile long tidal bayou located in Deer Park, Texas. The Site sits adjacent to many

industrial plants, including the Lubrizol Deer Park Facility, as well as the surrounding wetlands

and bodies of water that receive discharge from that facility. The letter explained that Lubrizol

may be a responsible party for the “release or threatened releases of hazardous substances,

pollutants, or contaminants at the Site.”

        Lubrizol notified Arrowood of the letter in December 2002. Arrowood acknowledged

receipt of the letter and informed Lubrizol that it would investigate the claim under a full

reservation of rights.

2
 Although the Arrowood and USF releases are similar, they are not identical. The Arrowood agreement releases
“all claims . . . made, or which may in the future be made, asserted or filed against Lubrizol by the [EPA or other
governmental agencies].” The USF agreement releases “any and all claims . . . of every kind and nature, whether
known or unknown, whether past, present or future, whether asserted or unasserted, . . . that Lubrizol has ever had,
now has, or may have in the future, for damages and costs of any kind” but further clarifies the parties’ assumption
of risk that future claims will be covered by the release.

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Case No. 16-3463, Arrowood Indemnity Co. v. Lubrizol Corp., et al.

       In January 2006, Lubrizol and other responsible parties entered into an Administrative

Order on Consent (“AOC”) with the EPA to conduct a Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study

(“RI/FS”) of the Patrick Bayou Site. In the AOC, Lubrizol admitted it was a “responsible party”

under CERCLA. Lubrizol estimates approximately $2.9 million in CERCLA liability at Patrick

Bayou. Arrowood learned of the AOC in early 2008, when it followed up with Lubrizol on the

status of the investigation. Lubrizol did not request indemnification or assistance at that time.

       In February 2009, Lubrizol made its first request that Arrowood provide coverage related

to the RI/FS at the Patrick Bayou Site. Arrowood responded, requesting further information

about the AOC, and again reserving its rights. Lubrizol provided additional information about

the AOC in April 2009.

       Arrowood filed this suit in December 2010, seeking a declaratory judgment that it did not

have to defend or indemnify Lubrizol for CERCLA liability at the Patrick Bayou Site. Lubrizol

filed counter-claims for breach of contract and bad-faith claim handling and sought a declaratory

judgment that Arrowood was liable to defend and indemnify Lubrizol for liability at the Patrick

Bayou Site. Lubrizol also filed a third-party complaint for a similar declaratory judgment

against USF. Lubrizol moved for partial summary judgment on the issue of Arrowood’s duty to

defend Lubrizol with respect to the Patrick Bayou Site. Arrowood and USF also moved for

partial summary judgment, asserting that they had no such obligations under the 1994 and 1995

settlement agreements.

       The district court granted partial summary judgment in favor of Arrowood and USF. The

court found that the agreements unambiguously released the insurers from their obligations to

Lubrizol for Patrick Bayou Site liability. The court relied on the agreement language that

released Arrowood and USF from any and all claims “arising out of” and “arising from” the

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Case No. 16-3463, Arrowood Indemnity Co. v. Lubrizol Corp., et al.

Subject Sites. The parties did not dispute that the contamination at the Patrick Bayou Site was a

result of Lubrizol’s activity at its Deer Park Facility. It is also undisputed that the “Deer Park

Facility” is included as a Subject Site in the 1994 and 1995 agreements. Because Lubrizol

released Arrowood and USF from any claims arising from the Deer Park Facility, the court

dismissed Lubrizol’s claims for defense and indemnification at the Patrick Bayou Site.

       The district court denied Lubrizol’s motion to reconsider pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(d). It held that Lubrizol’s additional evidence was immaterial extrinsic evidence because the

1994 and 1995 agreements unambiguously released any right to coverage.

       Lubrizol proceeded to trial against Arrowood for handling its claims in bad faith. A jury

found for Lubrizol and awarded compensatory and punitive damages. The court entered final

judgment on March 31, 2016. Lubrizol now appeals the district court’s grant of partial summary

judgment in favor of Arrowood and USF.

                                                 II.

       We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Rose v. State Farm Fire

& Cas. Co., 766 F.3d 532, 535 (6th Cir. 2014). “Summary judgment is appropriate ‘if the

pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the

affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party is

entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’” Meridia Prods. Liab. Litig. v. Abbott Labs., 447 F.3d

861, 866 (6th Cir. 2006) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)). We construe all reasonable inferences

in favor of the nonmoving party. Ramsey v. Penn Mut. Life Ins. Co., 787 F.3d 813, 818 (6th Cir.

2015) (citing Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986)).

                                                 6
Case No. 16-3463, Arrowood Indemnity Co. v. Lubrizol Corp., et al.

                                                 A.

       The parties agree that Ohio law governs any dispute regarding the terms of the settlement

agreements. A settlement agreement is a contract and its terms are construed according to the

“usual method[s] of contract construction.” State ex rel. Petro v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co.,

820 N.E.2d 910, 915 (Ohio 2004).          The primary objective of contract interpretation is to

determine the intent of the parties at the time of contracting. Id. (citation omitted); Westfield Ins.

Co. v. Galatis, 797 N.E.2d 1256, 1261 (Ohio 2003). We look first to the plain, ordinary meaning

of the contractual language in order to determine the parties’ intent. Galatis, 797 N.E.2d at

1261. If the language is clear, we “may look no further than the writing itself to find the intent of

the parties.” Id. We consider extrinsic evidence to determine the parties’ intent only if a

contract is ambiguous. Id. A contract is ambiguous where a provision at issue is susceptible to

more than one reasonable interpretation. Eastham v. Chesapeake Appalachia, L.L.C., 754 F.3d

356, 361 (6th Cir. 2014).

       Lubrizol “irrevocably and unconditionally” released Arrowood from paying on all EPA

claims that is “has or could have asserted” for “environmental liabilities” that arise out of

Lubrizol’s activity as a “generator, disposer, owner/operator or transporter” of “hazardous

substances” at the Deer Park Facility. This extended to claims “made” as well as those “which

may in the future be made.”

       The dispositive question is whether the Patrick Bayou Site contamination “arises out of”

Lubrizol’s activities at the adjacent Deer Park Facility. In its AOC with the EPA, Lubrizol

acknowledges that it owns and operates a facility “which released hazardous substances or

arranged for the disposal or treatment of hazardous substances at the [Patrick Bayou] Site.” The

Deer Park Facility lies adjacent to the Patrick Bayou waterway, and contaminants flowed into the

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Case No. 16-3463, Arrowood Indemnity Co. v. Lubrizol Corp., et al.

Site from the Deer Park Facility. Thus, we find it reasonable to conclude that Patrick Bayou Site

contamination arises out of Lubrizol’s conduct at Deer Park.

       Lubrizol argues that its claim should survive summary judgment because there is another

reasonable interpretation of the settlement agreement. It asserts that the agreement reserves

Lubrizol’s rights to any claims not arising out of the Exhibit B Subject Sites and that because

Patrick Bayou is not listed as a Subject Site, its claims related to Patrick Bayou were reserved.

This interpretation, however, limits the 1994 agreement to contamination at the Subject Sites,

effectively deleting the phrase “arising out of” from the agreement. The parties agreed to release

any claims that resulted from Lubrizol’s activities at a list of sites. They did not agree to limit

claims to only those at the Subject Sites. Instead, they specifically selected the language “arising

out of” for the release. The reservation of rights clause that Lubrizol cites echoes the “arising out

of” phrase used in the release—the parties reserved “all claims arising from sites not listed on

Exhibit B.” Lubrizol’s interpretation contorts the intent of the parties and attempts to create an

ambiguity out of clear and unequivocal language. We decline to adopt it as a reasonable

interpretation.

       Lubrizol also argues that because eight of the fourteen Subject Sites could be described as

“arising out of” the Deer Park Facility, interpreting the agreement as a release of any claim

“arising out of” Deer Park makes the inclusion of those additional sites unnecessary. Lubrizol

fails to recognize the likely reason those sites were listed out in Exhibit B: the agreement

includes an expansive release of rights. Given the fact that contamination at one Subject Site

might arise out of activity at the Deer Park Facility, it is equally likely that contamination may

arise out of the other Subject Sites and contaminate a third location. The Exhibit B list of

Subject Sites thus echoes the expansive language of the agreement.

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Case No. 16-3463, Arrowood Indemnity Co. v. Lubrizol Corp., et al.

          Finally, we decline to adopt Lubrizol’s argument that because the Patrick Bayou claim

did not exist in 1994, it could not be extinguished through the settlement agreement. The plain

language of the release explicitly includes future claims. There is no reason to contort the clear

language releasing “claims . . . which may in the future be made”—the intent of the parties is

clear. Lubrizol and Arrowood contemplated future liability in their agreement and Arrowood

was released from future claims.

          For these reasons, we conclude that under the plain language of the agreement, Arrowood

is not responsible to Lubrizol for any potential liability or expenses from the EPA Patrick Bayou

action.

                                                 B.

          Lubrizol’s 1995 settlement agreement with USF contains a similar release of coverage for

any claims “arising from” Lubrizol’s action or inaction at a list of Subject Sites, including the

Deer Park Facility. Lubrizol again argues that the settlement agreement does not apply to the

Patrick Bayou claim because “Patrick Bayou” is not listed as a Subject Site. But contamination

does not have to occur at the Deer Park Facility—it just has to arise from it to be covered under

the agreement. To adopt the narrow interpretation offered by Lubrizol would be to circumvent

the intent of the parties and twist the contractual language to mean something other than its plain

meaning.

          Additionally, the USF settlement agreement supports an even stronger conclusion that

future claims were included in the release. The agreement states:

            It is expressly agreed and understood . . . between the parties that, should
            any future obligation arise or be alleged to arise in connection with the
            Policies with respect to Environmental Claims arising from the Subject
            Sites . . . , Lubrizol will not assert that those obligations must be met by
            U.S. Fire, because this agreement is full, complete, and final.

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Case No. 16-3463, Arrowood Indemnity Co. v. Lubrizol Corp., et al.

It further defines “environmental claims” covered by the agreement to specifically include “any

and all past, present, and future Claims arising from Lubrizol’s involvement at the Subject

Sites.” This language unequivocally releases USF from future liability.

       Accordingly, we find that USF has been released from any obligation to cover Lubrizol’s

liability or expenses relating to the disputed EPA claim.       And because the agreement is

unambiguous, extrinsic evidence is not necessary. This makes Lubrizol’s Rule 56(d) motion to

extend discovery futile. No additional discovery is required with respect to the terms of the

agreement.

                                                  C.

       Although the language in the Arrowood and USF settlement agreements is not identical,

we do not read the two agreements to require different outcomes. The Arrowood agreement

releases “all claims . . . made, or which may in the future be made, asserted or filed against

Lubrizol by the [EPA or other governmental agencies].” The USF agreement goes further. It

(1) releases USF “of and from any and all claims . . . of every kind and nature, whether known or

unknown, whether past, present or future, whether asserted or unasserted, . . . that Lubrizol has

ever had, now has, or may have in the future, for damages and costs of any kind”; (2) contains an

express assumption of risk by Lubrizol that claims released by the agreement could be unknown

and that future claims would be covered; and (3) includes, in its definition of “Environmental

Claims,” specific language about future claims.

       The additional clarity in the USF agreement, however, does not weaken the impact of the

release language in the Arrowood agreement with respect to future claims. As discussed in Part

II.A. supra, the language “all claims . . . which may in the future be made” is sufficient to

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Case No. 16-3463, Arrowood Indemnity Co. v. Lubrizol Corp., et al.

effectuate a broad release of all future claims.        Therefore, we find that both agreements

unequivocally released the insurers from liability.

                                                 D.

       Because the language in the agreements was clear and unambiguous, we need not

consider extrinsic evidence.    See Galatis, 797 N.E.2d at 1261.      Furthermore, the extrinsic

evidence offered by Lubrizol against Arrowood relates to interpretations of the agreement many

years after it had been signed. The evidence does not cast into doubt what the parties intended at

the time they signed the settlement agreement.

                                                 III.

       We review a district court’s decision not to consider extrinsic evidence presented for the

first time on a motion for reconsideration for an abuse of discretion.             Shah v. NXP

Seminconductors USA, 507 F. App’x 483, 487 (6th Cir. 2012) (citing Huff v. Metro. Life Ins.

Co., 675 F.3d 119, 123 (6th Cir. 1982)).

                                                 A.

       Lubrizol argues that the district court abused its discretion when it denied a motion for

reconsideration offering “new evidence” of the settlement agreement language. Motions for

reconsideration are not to be used as “an opportunity to re-argue a case” or to “introduce

evidence for the first time . . . where that evidence could have been presented earlier.” Id. at

495. In order for Lubrizol to succeed, it must show that the district court committed a “clear

error of judgment” that rendered its decision “arbitrary, unjustifiable, or clearly unreasonable.”

FTC v. E.M.A. Nationwide, Inc., 767 F.3d 611, 623 (6th Cir. 2014). It cannot do so here.

       The 1994 Settlement Agreement is facially unambiguous making extrinsic evidence

unnecessary and even if needed, the evidence Lubrizol attempted to admit is improper to discern

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Case No. 16-3463, Arrowood Indemnity Co. v. Lubrizol Corp., et al.

the intent of the parties. For example, Lubrizol offers a November 4, 1993 lettered authored by

Lubrizol discussing the agreement. The 1994 agreement does not incorporate the November 4,

1993 letter, does not allude to it in any way, and there is not strong evidence that the letter even

supports the reading Lubrizol suggests Therefore, the district court did not abuse its discretion in

refusing to consider this as well as other evidence.

                                                 B.

       The district court also did not abuse its discretion when it refused to consider evidence

presented for the first time on a motion for reconsideration regarding waiver, laches, and unclean

hands. Lubrizol initially raised these defenses in its answer, but then abandoned them by filing

for partial summary judgment without requesting further discovery on these issues.            Now,

Lubrizol attempts to argue that it did not have enough evidence at the time to raise these

defenses. Lubrizol, however, “is not entitled to reserve particular issues and arguments until

after a court rules against it.” Longs v. Wyeth, 621 F. Supp. 2d 504, 512 (N.D. Ohio 2009), aff’d

in part, rev’d in part on other grounds, Wimbush v. Wyeth, 619 F.3d 632 (6th Cir. 2010). The

district court was thus well within its discretion to deny these defenses in deciding the motion for

reconsideration.

                                                IV.

       For the reasons stated above, we affirm the judgment of the district court.

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Case No. 16-3463, Arrowood Indemnity Co. v. Lubrizol Corp., et al.

       KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in

part. I concur with the majority opinion with respect to the settlement agreement between The

Lubrizol Corporation (“Lubrizol”) and United States Fire Insurance Company (“USF”).

However, I respectfully dissent from the majority opinion with respect to the settlement

agreement between Lubrizol and Orion, Arrowood Indemnity Company’s predecessor in interest.

       The root of my dissent is the difference between the two agreements. The Lubrizol-USF

agreement is expansive and clear. It unambiguously releases USF from all claims “whether

known or unknown, whether past, present or future, whether asserted or unasserted, . . . that

Lubrizol has ever had, now has, or may have in the future . . . in connection with Environmental

Claims arising from the Subject Sites.” R. 50-2 (Lubrizol-USF Settlement Agreement § 4.2)

(Page ID #1567–68).

       By contrast, The Lubrizol-Orion agreement is not so clear. In that November 21, 1994

agreement, Lubrizol released “all claims that Lubrizol has or could have asserted against Orion

. . . in connection with . . . claims . . . which may in the future be made . . . against Lubrizol by

the United States Environmental Protection Agency . . . for environmental liabilities . . . arising

out of Lubrizol’s alleged acts or omissions as a generator . . . of alleged hazardous substances.”

R. 47-11 (Lubrizol-Orion Settlement Agreement at 2) (Page ID #1442). Had Lubrizol and Orion

not included the first clause of this release, their agreement would be essentially the same as the

Lubrizol-USF agreement. That hypothetical agreement would read, “Lubrizol releases all claims

which may in the future be made against Lubrizol by the United States Environmental Protection

Agency for environmental liabilities arising out of Lubrizol’s alleged acts or omissions as a

generator of alleged hazardous substances.” Such a statement would clearly release future

claims that the EPA may bring against Lubrizol.

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Case No. 16-3463, Arrowood Indemnity Co. v. Lubrizol Corp., et al.

       However, this is not the agreement into which the parties entered. Instead, the parties

confusingly added the first clause, which refers to “all claims that Lubrizol has or could have

asserted against Orion.” Id. The inclusion of this first clause renders the release as written

logically impossible. A company does not presently have a claim against an insurer for a claim

that the EPA may make in the future. Nor could a company presently assert a claim against an

insurer for a claim that the EPA may make in the future. All the same, Lubrizol could not have

had and could not have asserted a claim against Orion on November 21, 1994 for a claim that

the EPA might make against Lubrizol after that date. “When this kind of absurdity exists, the

court should engage in fact-finding to give the contract the most sensible and reasonable

interpretation.” Laboy v. Grange Indem. Ins. Co., No. 100116, 2014 WL 1408142, at *2 (Ohio

Ct. App. Apr. 10, 2014) (citing Kelly v. Med. Life Ins. Co., 509 N.E.2d 411 (Ohio 1987)), rev’d

on other grounds, 41 N.E.3d 1224 (Ohio 2015). Therefore, I would reverse the judgment with

respect to the Lubrizol-Orion agreement and remand for further proceedings to determine

whether the Lubrizol-Orion release applies to claims that the EPA brought after November 21,

1994. I would affirm the district court’s judgment with respect to the Lubrizol-USF agreement.

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