Court Opinion

ID: 3071058
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-16 00:32:11.547547+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:13:05.095669
License: Public Domain

NO. 12-14-00007-CV

                          IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

              TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT

                                    TYLER, TEXAS

REX SMITH AND NANCY SMITH,                      §       APPEAL FROM THE 294TH
APPELLANTS

V.                                              §       JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT

KELLY DAVIS AND AMBER DAVIS,
APPELLEES                                       §       VAN ZANDT COUNTY, TEXAS

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION
       Rex Smith and Nancy Smith appeal the trial court‟s judgment in favor of Kelly Davis and
Amber Davis based on Texas Property Code Section 5.077. The Smiths raise fourteen issues on
appeal. We affirm.

                                         BACKGROUND
       The Smiths own the Tall Oaks Estates Subdivision in Van Zandt County, Texas. In 2003,
Rex Smith signed a contract with the Davises to allow them to purchase lot nine of the
subdivision for $43,750.00 with payments to be made over 180 months. In 2004, the Davises
executed a vendor‟s lien note and deed of trust made payable to the Smiths, after which the
Smiths executed a warranty deed with vendor‟s lien conveying lot nine to the Davises.
       In March 2005, lot seven in the subdivision became available for purchase. After a
meeting between Rex Smith and the Davises, they executed another contract in which the
Davises agreed to purchase lot seven for $65,100.00, with payments to be made over a 360
month period. The payments that the Davises had made to the Smiths for lot nine were applied
to the purchase price for lot seven. Additionally, the Davises reconveyed lot nine to the Smiths.
       As 2007 came to a close, the Davises requested that the Smiths give them a deed to lot
seven, as had been done on lot nine. Before sending the Davises the requested deed to lot seven,
Rex Smith sent a vendor‟s lien note and deed of trust to the Davises to sign. In response, the
Smiths received the following letter from S. Gary Werley, the attorney for the Davises:

                                               January 15, 2008

       Rex Smith and wife, Nancy Smith
       P. O. Box 536
       Eustace, TX 75214

       Re:      Lots #7 Tall Oaks Estates
                Van Zandt County

       Dear Mr. and Mrs., Smith:

               I represent Kelly and Amber Davis in reference to the executory contract for Lot #7 of
       Tall Oaks Estates Subdivision, dated March 22, 2005.

                 You furnished a Deed of Trust and Promissory Note pursuant to Section 5.081 of the
       Texas Property Code. The section is only available [sic] to the purchaser, who is not responsible
       for any costs and requires you to execute and record a warranty deed. Also the note is to be equal
       to the balance owed under the contract-not the contract total.

                I inquired about the balance and was informed that you had not furnished the Annual
       Accounting Statement required by Section 5.077. Pursuant to Section 5.077(d) you are liable for
       liquidated damages in the amount of $250.00 a day since January 31, 2006 and $500.00 a day
       since January 31, 2007 for a total of $273,750.00, limited by the fair market value of the property
       being $90,000.00.

                Please send the sum to me, made payable to Kelly and Amber Davis.

                                                             Yours truly,

                                                             /s/ S. Gary Werley

                                                             S. Gary Werley

       When the Smiths did not meet their demands, the Davises filed suit against the Smiths
alleging various statutory violations based on the contract to convey lot seven. Eventually, the
case was tried to a jury. The jury made findings in favor of the Davises based on statutory fraud
in a real estate transaction under Texas Business and Commerce Code Section 27.01, and failure
to provide annual statements under Texas Property Code Section 5.077, as well as various other
violations of the Texas Property Code.
       Before judgment was rendered, the Davises elected to take the relief found by the jury
pertaining to statutory fraud in a real estate transaction. The Smiths appealed to this court, and
we reversed the trial court‟s judgment based on that theory. See Smith v. Davis, No. 12-12-

                                                       2
00169-CV, 2013 WL 2424266, at*1 (Tex. App.—Tyler June 5, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op.). We
also remanded the case to the trial court, so that the Davises could elect another remedy. Id. at
*7.
       On remand, the Davises elected the relief awarded by the jury for the Smiths‟ failure to
provide the annual statements required by Texas Property Code Section 5.077. The trial court
rendered a new judgment awarding the Davises $65,100.00, plus prejudgment interest and
attorney‟s fees. The new judgment also included other alternative remedies in the event the
Section 5.077 award was reversed. In this appeal, the first three of fourteen issues brought
forward by the Smiths relate to the judgment granting the Davises relief under Section 5.077 of
the Texas Property Code.

                                  VOID EXECUTORY CONTRACT
       In their first issue, the Smiths claim that the executory contract is void because it violates
Texas Property Code Section 5.072. Specifically, the Smiths argue in their brief that “the written
agreement on which [the Davises] base their claims is void, [which] would eliminate the claims
based on Texas Property Code Section . . . 5.077.” The Smiths claim that the executory contract
violates Section 5.072 in two respects: (1) the contract required Nancy‟s signature because the
property was Rex and Nancy‟s joint community property, yet her signature was absent from the
agreement; and (2) there were oral agreements between the parties at the time the contract was
executed.
Standard of Review and Applicable Law
       An executory contract for the conveyance of real property, also known as a contract for
deed, is one method to effectuate a real estate transaction. See Flores v. Millennium Interests,
Ltd., 185 S.W.3d 427, 429 (Tex. 2005). Unlike a traditional mortgage, an executory contract
“allows the seller to retain title to the property until the purchaser has paid for the property in
full.” Id.; see also Shook v. Walden, 368 S.W.3d 604, 625 (Tex. App.—Austin 2012, pet.
denied) (“A contract for deed differs from a conventional contract for sale of realty, in which the
seller and purchaser mutually agree to complete payment and title transfer on a date certain (the
„closing date‟)”). Said another way, in an executory contract, “legal title to the property does not
transfer until after all purchase payments have been made.” Flores, 185 S.W.3d at 435
(Wainwright, J., concurring).

                                                 3
       Executory contracts covering property to be used as a residence must satisfy numerous
requirements, and are highly regulated by the legislature. See TEX. PROP. CODE ANN. §§ 5.061-
.085 (West 2004). Section 5.072, entitled “Oral Agreements Prohibited,” states in pertinent part
that

             (a) An executory contract is not enforceable unless the contract is in writing and signed by
                  the party to be bound or by that party‟s authorized representative.

             (b) The rights and obligations of the parties to a contract are determined solely from the
                  written contract, and any prior oral agreements between the parties are superseded by
                  and merged into the contract.

             (c) An executory contract may not be varied by any oral agreements or discussions that occur
                  before or contemporaneously with the execution of the contract.

TEX. PROP. CODE ANN. § 5.072(a)-(c) (West 2004). This section creates a specific statute of
frauds and parol evidence rule for executory contracts. See id.
       The contention that a contract is void means that it was never of any legal effect and
therefore a nullity. Swain v. Wiley Coll., 74 S.W.3d 143, 146 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2002, no
pet.). An allegation that a contract is void is a matter in the nature of avoidance and must be
affirmatively pleaded. See 950 Corbindale, L.P. v. Kotts Capital Holdings Ltd. P’ship, 316
S.W.3d 191, 196 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, pet. denied); see also TEX. R. CIV. P.
94 (noting party must affirmatively plead any matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative
defense). An affirmative defense is defined as a denial of the plaintiff‟s right to judgment even if
the plaintiff establishes every allegation in his pleadings. Hassell Constr. Co., Inc. v. Stature
Commercial Co., Inc., 162 S.W.3d 664, 667 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.). If
a party fails to plead an affirmative defense, such as a contention that a contract is void, it is
waived. See Parks v. Developers Sur. & Indem. Co., 302 S.W.3d 920, 923-24 (Tex. App.—
Dallas 2010, no pet.).
Discussion
       The Smiths contend that the executory agreement signed in 2005 by Rex Smith and the
Davises for the purchase of lot seven violated Section 5.072, rendering the contract void. First,
the Smiths argue that because Nancy did not sign the executory contract, the agreement is a void
oral contract. Also, they contend that the Davises agreed to sign the promissory note and deed of
trust in order to receive a warranty deed with vendor‟s lien from the Smiths, which was a prior or

                                                       4
contemporaneous oral agreement in violation of Section 5.072. The Davises respond that the
argument that the contract is void has been waived. We agree.
         The contract signed by Rex Smith and the Davises was an executory contract for the
conveyance of real property that the Davises testified was to be used as their residence. The
Smiths pleaded the statute of frauds generally, and also pleaded that Nancy did not sign the
agreement. However, the Smiths never pleaded or contended at trial that the contract was void
as a result. As we have stated, whether a contract is void is an affirmative defense that must be
pleaded or tried by consent, or else it is waived.1                 See TEX. R. CIV. P. 94; see also 950
Corbindale, L.P., 316 S.W.3d at 196; Parks, 302 S.W.3d at 923-24.
         Because the Smiths failed to assert in the trial court that the contract was void and
therefore never came into existence, we may not now consider their argument for purposes of
reversing the trial court‟s judgment based on Section 5.077 of the Texas Property Code.2 See
TEX. R. CIV. P. 94.
         The Smiths‟ first issue is overruled.

             APPLICABILITY OF TEXAS CIVIL PRACTICE AND REMEDIES CODE CHAPTER 41
         In their third issue, the Smiths contend that the trial court was required to apply Texas
Civil Practice and Remedies Code Chapter 41 in awarding damages under Texas Property Code
Section 5.077 and it failed to do so.

         1
          We are aware that Section 5.072 states that a violation renders the contract “unenforceable.” But whether
the contract is “unenforceable” for violating Section 5.072 does not resolve the separate and distinct issue of
whether the violation renders the contract void, or merely voidable. The Texas Supreme Court has not resolved the
issue of whether a real estate transaction is void or voidable when one spouse did not sign the necessary documents,
and the real estate is jointly managed and controlled community property. See 1 Thomas M. Featherston, Jr. et al.,
Texas Practice Guide Probate § 2:87 (2013) (citing Dalton v. Don J. Jackson, Inc., 691 S.W.2d 765 (Tex. App.—
Austin 1985, no writ); Vallone v. Miller, 663 S.W.2d 97 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1983, writ ref‟d n.r.e.);
Williams v. Portland State Bank, 514 S.W.2d 124 (Tex. Civ. App.—Beaumont 1974, writ dism‟d)).
         2
           We note that the evidence before the jury showed the Smiths had received a total of $27,600.00 in
payments from the Davises that was applied to the purchase of lot seven. The Davises did not assert that the
doctrine of quasi-estoppel barred the Smiths from making an appellate argument that the contract was void.
However, that theory would certainly be applicable to the facts of this case.
         Quasi-estoppel (estoppel by contract) is a term applied to certain legal bars such as ratification, election,
acquiescence, or acceptance of benefits. Forney 921 Lot Dev. v. Paul Taylor Homes, 349 S.W.3d 258, 268 (Tex.
App.—Dallas 2011, no pet.). It is a longstanding doctrine applied to preclude contradictory positions: it precludes a
person from asserting to another‟s disadvantage, a right inconsistent with a position previously taken. Id. The
doctrine applies when it would be unconscionable to allow a person to maintain a position inconsistent with one in
which he acquiesced. Id.

                                                          5
Standard of Review and Applicable Law
        The meaning of a statute is a question of law, which we review de novo to ascertain and
give effect to the legislature‟s intent. Entergy Gulf States, Inc. v. Summers, 282 S.W.3d 433,
437 (Tex. 2009); Hong Kong Dev., Inc. v. Nguyen, 229 S.W.3d 415, 457 (Tex. App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.). When construing a statute, we begin with its language. Our primary
objective is to determine the legislature‟s intent, which, when possible, we discern from the plain
meaning of the words chosen. State v. Shumake, 199 S.W.3d 279, 284 (Tex. 2006). We
presume the legislature intended a just and reasonable result by enacting the statute. City of
Rockwall v. Hughes, 246 S.W.3d 621, 626 (Tex. 2008). Where text is clear, it is determinative
of that intent. Entergy Gulf States, 282 S.W.3d at 437. When a statute‟s language is clear and
unambiguous, it is inappropriate to resort to rules of construction or extrinsic aids to construe the
language. City of Rockwall, 246 S.W.3d at 626.
Discussion
        The Smiths contend that the trial court was required to apply Chapter 41 because of the
Texas Supreme Court‟s holding in Flores v. Millennium Interests, Ltd., 185 S.W.3d 427 (Tex.
2005). They also contend that we should consider the discussion on this issue in Henderson v.
Love, 181 S.W.3d 810 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2005, no pet.). The Davises reply that these two
cases involve a prior version of Texas Property Code Section 5.077, and therefore are not
applicable to the facts of this case.
        The current version of Section 5.077 states as follows:

        § 5.077. Annual Accounting Statement

        (a) The seller shall provide the purchaser with an annual statement in January of each year for
            the term of the executory contract. If the seller mails the statement to the purchaser, the
            statement must be postmarked not later than January 31.

        (b) The statement must include the following information:
                (1) The amount paid under the contract;
                (2) The remaining amount owed under the contract;
                (3) The number of payments remaining under the contract;
                (4) The amounts paid to taxing authorities on the purchaser‟s behalf if collected by the
                     seller;
                (5) The amounts paid to insure the property on the purchaser‟s behalf if collected by the
                     seller;
                (6) If the property has been damaged and the seller has received insurance proceeds, an
                     accounting of the proceeds applied to the property; and
                (7) If the seller has changed insurance coverage, a legible copy of the current policy,
                     binder, or other evidence that satisfies the requirements of Section 5.070(a)(2).

                                                       6
        (c) A seller who conducts less than two transactions in a 12-month period under this section who
            fails to comply with Subsection (a) is liable to the purchaser for:

                 (1) Liquidated damages in the amount of $100 for each annual statement the seller fails
                     to provide to the purchaser within the time required by subsection (a); and
                 (2) Reasonable attorney‟s fees.

        (d) A seller who conducts two or more transactions in a 12-month period under this section who
            fails to comply with Subsection(a) is liable to the purchaser for:

                 (1) Liquidated damages in the amount of $250 a day for each day after January 31 that
                     the seller fails to provide the purchaser with the statement, but not to exceed the fair
                     market value of the property; and
                 (2) Reasonable attorney‟s fees.

TEX. PROP. CODE ANN. § 5.077 (West Supp. 2014). The pre-2005 version of Section 5.077 did
not include the limitation in (d)(1), which states “but not to exceed the fair market value of the
property.” See Act of June 18, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 978, § 5, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 3282,
3284.
        In Flores, the Texas Supreme Court answered certified questions from the United States
Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit. The court concluded that (1) Section 5.077 is penal in
nature, (2) a deficient annual statement representing a good faith effort to provide the statement
does not trigger the liquidated damages provision in Section 5.077, and (3) that if the provision is
triggered, the statutory damages do not require actual harm as a predicate to recovery. See
Flores, 185 S.W.3d at 434. The court went on to state that “because the incomplete annual
statement here did not invoke the liquidated damages provision of Section 5.077(c), we decline
to decide at this time whether these statutory damages are also „exemplary damages‟ within the
meaning of Chapter 41.” Id. Since the court did not decide whether Chapter 41 applied in this
circumstance, Flores is not instructive in our analysis.
        In Henderson, the Texarkana court of appeals determined that the pre-2005 “liquidated
damages” version of Section 5.077 without any limitation on the amount of damages fell
squarely within Chapter 41‟s definition of exemplary damages. Henderson, 181 S.W.3d at 817.
Unlike Henderson, however, the current version of Section 5.077 applies to this case.3 Texas
Civil Practice and Remedies Code Section 41.002 states in pertinent part that

        3
          At least one court has questioned whether Henderson was correctly decided, specifically on the issue of
whether the 2005 amendment to Section 5.077 was retroactive in nature. See McGee v. Caulfield, No. 01-07-
00055-CV, 2009 WL 1161819, at *5 n.14 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Apr. 30, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op.)

                                                         7
         (a) This chapter applies to any action in which a claimant seeks damages relating to a cause of
             action.
         (b) This chapter establishes the maximum damages that may be awarded in an action subject to
             this chapter, including an action for which damages are awarded under another law of this
             state. This chapter does not apply to the extent another law establishes a lower maximum
             amount of damages for a particular claim.

TEX. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 41.002(a), (b) (West 2008). In accordance with Section
41.002(b), the current version of Section 5.077 is “another law” that “establishes a lower
maximum amount of damages” for this “particular claim.” For that reason, Henderson does not
apply to the facts of this case.
        At trial, Rex Smith testified that the fair market value of lot seven was $65,100.00. The
jury found that the Smiths failed to provide the annual statements to the Davises in 2006, 2007,
and 2008. The evidence established that the $250.00 per day payment was applicable to the
Smiths. The jury answered in special issue number 17 that the value of lot seven at the time of
sale was $65,100.00. The trial court rendered judgment for damages under Section 5.077 in the
amount of $65,100.00. This complies with Section 5.077(d)(1).
        Under Chapter 41, exemplary damages are limited to the greater of (1) twice the amount
of economic damages plus an amount equal to noneconomic damages found by the jury, not to
exceed $750,000; or (2) $200,000. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 41.008(b) (West Supp.
2014). Since twice the amount of economic damages plus noneconomic damages here is less
than $750,000.00, the cap on exemplary damages in this case if Chapter 41 applied would be
$200,000.00. See id. As we have stated, the jury awarded $65,100.00 for the Section 5.077
violations, which is less than $200,000.00.
        Because Section 5.077 is “another law” establishing a lower amount of damages for this
“particular claim,” the damages provision in Section 5.077 controls, and Chapter 41 is
inapplicable to this suit. See TEX. PROP. CODE ANN. § 5.077(d)(1); TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.
CODE ANN. § 41.002(b); see also In re Dodson, No. 06-11952-CAG, 2008 WL 4621293, at *9-
11 (Bankr. W.D. Tex. Oct. 16, 2008) (mem. op.) (applying same analysis).
        The Smiths‟ third issue is overruled.

(noting that Henderson may be incorrect because court did not address applicability of Texas Government Code
Section 311.031(b) in its retroactivity analysis).

                                                       8
                                 SUFFICIENCY OF THE      EVIDENCE

       In their second issue, the Smiths contend that the evidence is legally and factually
insufficient to support an award of damages under Texas Property Code Section 5.077 and Texas
Civil Practice and Remedies Code Chapter 41. As we explained in addressing the Smiths‟ third
issue, Chapter 41 is inapplicable here.      Therefore, we will examine the legal and factual
sufficiency of the evidence only as it relates to Section 5.077.
Standard of Review
       When confronted with both a legal and factual sufficiency challenge, an appellate court
should first review the legal sufficiency of the evidence. Glover v. Tex. Gen. Indem. Co., 619
S.W.2d 400, 401 (Tex. 1981) (per curiam); May v. Barton’s Pump Serv., Inc., 153 S.W.3d 469,
475 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2004, no pet.). The test for legal sufficiency is whether the evidence
at trial “would enable reasonable and fair minded people to reach the verdict under review.” City
of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 827 (Tex. 2005). In making this determination, we must
view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, crediting any favorable evidence if a
reasonable fact finder could and disregarding any contrary evidence unless a reasonable fact
finder could not. Id. We assume jurors made all inferences in favor of their verdict if reasonable
minds could and disregard all other inferences. Id. at 820.
       When considering a factual sufficiency challenge to a jury‟s verdict, we must review and
weigh all of the evidence, not just the evidence that supports the verdict. Maritime Overseas
Corp. v. Ellis, 971 S.W.2d 402, 406-07 (Tex. 1998). After considering and weighing all of the
evidence, we set aside the fact finding only if it is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the
evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust. Id. at 407. The trier of fact is the exclusive judge of
the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony. Nordstrom v.
Nordstrom, 965 S.W.2d 575, 580 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, pet. denied).
Applicable Law and Discussion
       Section 5.077 requires the seller to provide the purchaser with an annual statement in
January of each year for the term of the executory contract. TEX. PROP. CODE ANN. § 5.077(a).
The statement must include the information required by statute. See id. § 5.077(b). A seller
conducting two or more transactions in a twelve month period who entirely fails to send the
statement is liable to the purchaser for statutory liquidated damages in the amount of $250.00 per

                                                  9
day for each day after January 31 that the seller fails to provide the statement, but not exceeding
the fair market value of the property. Id. § 5.077(d).
         Here, as we have already stated, the executory contract covering lot seven is subject to
Section 5.077.       Both Kelly and Amber Davis testified that they never received an annual
accounting from Rex Smith with the information described in Section 5.077. Smith himself
testified that he never sent an annual accounting with the statutory information to the Davises in
the years 2006, 2007, and 2008. The jury answered in special issue 13(a) that Rex Smith did not
send the required accounting to the Davises in the years 2006, 2007, and 2008.
         The jury found that the fair market value of lot seven was $65,100.00. Rex Smith
testified to that fact himself. When no annual statement is supplied to the purchasers under an
executory contract, Section 5.077 is triggered. See Flores, 185 S.W.3d at 429. Smith also
testified that he engaged in two or more executory contract transactions for other properties he
owned in 2003 and 2005, triggering the $250.00 per day penalty provision. We hold that the
evidence here is both legally and factually sufficient to award the Davises $65,100.00 as
damages for the violation of Section 5.077.
         The Smiths‟ second issue is overruled.

                                                     CONCLUSION
         We have overruled the Smiths‟ three issues regarding the trial court‟s judgment based on
the Smiths‟ violation of Texas Property Code Section 5.077. Because issues four through
fourteen of the Smiths‟ brief address alternative theories of recovery, we need not address them.
See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1. We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
                                                                  JAMES T. WORTHEN
                                                                     Chief Justice

Opinion delivered August 20, 2014.
Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J. and Griffith, J.,
Hoyle, J., concurring.

                                                         10
        I concur in the judgment of the court. However, because an allegation that a contract is
void is not an affirmative defense, I do not join in that portion of the court‟s opinion in which it
determines that the Smiths waived their first issue by failing to plead that the contract was void.4

                                       Void Contract - Waiver
        A party is bound by the terms of his contracts unless a term is void, annulled, or set aside
in some other way. Johnson v. Structured Asset Servs., L.L.C., 148 S.W.3d 711, 722 (Tex.
App.—Dallas 2004, no pet.). An allegation that a provision of a contract is void is in the nature
of avoidance and must be affirmatively pleaded. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 94; 950 Corbindale, L.P. v.
Kotts Capital Holdings Ltd. P’ship, 316 S.W.3d 191, 196 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
2010, no pet.). Thus, a party must make an allegation that a provision in a contract is void in
compliance with Rule 94 or the party waives the argument. 950 Corbindale, L.P., 316 S.W.3d at
196.
        A void contract is different. See Watts v. Pilgrim’s Pride Corp., No. 12-04-00082-CV,
2005 WL 2404111, at *3 (Tex. App.—Tyler Sept. 30, 2005, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated
for publication). A void contract is no contract; it binds no one and is a nullity. Id. (citing
Seafarers’ Welfare Plan v. George E. Light Boat Storage, Inc., 402 S.W.2d 231, 234 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1966, writ. ref‟d n.r.e.)). No disaffirmance is required to avoid a void
contract. Id. A void contract is not rendered enforceable through other means such as waiver or
quasi-estoppel. Id.
        In their second amended answer and counterclaim, the Smiths denied that Nancy or
anyone with her authority executed the contract. They further pleaded that the contract violated
the statute of frauds because Nancy did not sign the document. The Smiths then argued at trial
that the contract violated Texas Property Code Section 5.072 because it (1) did not contain
Nancy‟s signature and (2) violated the statute of frauds. Even were the Smiths required to plead
that the contract was void, they raised these two issues in their most recent answer before trial.
They further presented evidence and argument at trial in support of their allegations. Thus, the
Smiths raised their first issue in the trial court.
        Additionally, because the Smiths were not required to plead that the contract was void, I
reach the merits of the Smiths‟ argument that they are not liable to the Davises because the
contract violates the provisions of Section 5.072.

                               Texas Property Code Section 5.072
        Section 5.072 states that an executory contract is not enforceable unless it is in writing
and signed by the party to be bound or by that party‟s authorized representative. TEX. PROP.
CODE ANN. § 5.072(a) (West 2004). The Smiths argue that the contract in this case is an
executory contract that fails to comply with Section 5.072 for two reasons. First, they contend
that a portion of the contract is oral because Nancy did not sign the document. Second, they
contend that Nancy is not bound by the agreement because neither she nor her authorized
representative signed the contract.
        The Smiths are correct that Section 5.072 prohibits oral agreements. See id. But the
statute goes on to state that “[t]he rights and obligations of the parties to a contract are

        4
          The Smiths contend in their first issue that the trial court erred in rendering judgment for the Davises
because the executory contract at issue must be in writing and signed by the party to be bound or the party‟s
authorized representative. See TEX. PROP. CODE ANN. § 5.072(a) (West 2004).

                                                       11
determined solely from the written contract, and any prior oral agreements between the parties
are superseded by and merged into the contract.” Id. Thus, Section 5.072 simply restricts our
review of the rights and obligations of the parties to the written contract. Id. Here, the Davises
presented a written contract executed by Rex. The trial court‟s judgment in favor of the Davises
is against Rex alone, and not Nancy. As such, the relief granted the Davises was based on the
written contract, and not based upon any oral agreement involving Nancy.
        The Smiths also are correct that to be bound by an executory contract, the party or his
authorized representative must have signed the contract. See id. However, the Smiths argue that
Nancy is not bound by the contract because the contract lacks her signature. The trial court‟s
judgment is not against Nancy. The trial court‟s judgment is against Rex. The Smiths‟ argument
does not go far enough to establish that the trial court erred. They have provided argument as to
why Nancy should not have had a judgment rendered against her, but there is no such judgment.
They have failed to provide argument as to how Section 5.072 prohibits a judgment against Rex,
a party who did sign the executory contract, and to whom the trial court‟s judgment finds liable
to the Davises.

                                            Conclusion
         The Smiths failed to establish that, under the provisions of Section 5.072, the trial court
erred in its judgment against Rex and for the Davises. Therefore, I would overrule the Smiths‟
first issue for that reason. Because I would reach the merits of the argument, I concur with the
majority‟s opinion rather than join it.

                                                     BRIAN HOYLE
                                                          Justice

                                           (PUBLISH)

                                                12
                                   COURT OF APPEALS

      TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                                           JUDGMENT

                                           AUGUST 20, 2014

                                          NO. 12-14-00007-CV

                                     REX SMITH,
                                       Appellant
                                          V.
                             KELLY DAVIS AND AMBER DAVIS,
                                        Appellee

                                Appeal from the 294th District Court
                        of Van Zandt County, Texas (Tr.Ct.No. 08-00171)

                       THIS CAUSE came to be heard on the appellate record and briefs filed
herein, and the same being considered, it is the opinion of this court that there was no error in the
judgment.
                       It is therefore ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED that the judgment
of the court below be in all things affirmed, and that all costs of this appeal are hereby adjudged
against the appellant, REX SMITH, for which execution may issue, and that this decision be
certified to the court below for observance.

                    James T. Worthen, Chief Justice.
                    Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J. and Griffith, J.
                    Hoyle, J., concurring.