Court Opinion

ID: 4364947
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-02-06 13:01:22.123944+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:30:43.890329
License: Public Domain

United States Navy-Marine Corps
          Court of Criminal Appeals
                         _________________________

                           UNITED STATES
                              Appellee

                                      v.

                         Hugo J. SPINOZA
                    Lieutenant, (O-3), U.S. Navy
                            Appellant
                         _________________________

                              No. 201700236
                         _________________________

     Appeal from the United States Navy-Marine Corps Trial Judiciary
            Argued: 13 August 2018—Decided: 4 February 2019
                         _________________________

                            Military Judges:
         Captain Beth Payton-O’Brien, JAGC, USN (arraignment);
               Captain Paul C. Leblanc, JAGC, USN (trial).
    Approved Sentence: Dismissal and a reprimand. 1 Sentence adjudged
    21 March 2017 by a general court-martial convened at Naval Station
           San Diego, California, consisting of officer members.
                             For Appellant:
                Major Maryann N. McGuire, USMC (argued).
                                For Appellee:
                  Captain Luke Huisenga, USMC (argued);
                   Major Kelli A. O’Neil, USMC (on brief).
                         _________________________

1   In our decretal paragraph, we disapprove the reprimand.
                      United States v. Spinoza, No. 201700236

             This opinion does not serve as binding precedent,
              but may be cited as persuasive authority under
               NMCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 30.2
                             _________________________

                   Before WOODARD, TANG, and HITESMAN, 2
                           Appellate Military Judges

TANG, Judge:
    A general court-martial convicted the appellant, contrary to his pleas, of
stalking, assault, communicating a threat, fraternization, and unlawful entry
in violation of Articles 120a, 128, and 134, Uniform Code of Military Justice
(UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. §§ 920a, 928, and 934. After findings, the military judge
conditionally dismissed the assault and communicating a threat charges as
unreasonably multiplied with the stalking charge. 3 The panel sentenced the
appellant to a reprimand and a dismissal. The convening authority approved
the adjudged sentence and, except for the dismissal, ordered it executed.
    The appellant asserts three assignments of error, which we have reor-
dered: (1) the evidence is factually insufficient for his unlawful entry convic-
tion; (2) the evidence is factually insufficient for his stalking conviction; and
(3) his defense counsel were ineffective for failing to seek suppression of
evidence from his cell phone. We disagree. Additionally, although not raised
by the parties, we note multiple errors in the Court-Martial Order (CMO).
After careful consideration of the entire record, and in the interest of judicial
economy, we will take appropriate action in our decretal paragraph.

                                  I. BACKGROUND

   In July 2015, the appellant, a commissioned officer, met Sonar Technician
Surface Third Class (STG3) AI while working as an Uber driver. He subse-
quently engaged in two separate consensual sexual encounters with her even
though he knew she was a junior enlisted Sailor. In August 2015, while out
drinking with STG3 AI, the appellant became heavily intoxicated. After
STG3 AI helped the appellant back to his residence, she claims he sexually
assaulted her. 4

   2 Senior Judge Jones participated in the oral argument. However, final action
was not taken in this case until after he detached from the court.
   3   Appellate Exhibit (AE) XXVII; Record at 996-98.
   4   The appellant was acquitted of this charge.

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                        United States v. Spinoza, No. 201700236

      The Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS) opened an investigation
into the alleged sexual assault. On 9 September 2015, Special Agent M
sought and received a Command Authorization for Search and Seizure
(Command Authorization) of: (1) the appellant’s cell phone for digital evi-
dence of his improper relationship with STG3 AI; and (2) his person for his
DNA. 5 Later that same day, Special Agent M interrogated the appellant. 6
Near the end of the interview, knowing that he had already secured the
Command Authorization, Special Agent M sought consent from the appellant
to search his phone. Special Agent M told the appellant, “Because your
primary method of communication with [STG3 AI] was through your phone
. . . I’d like to go through your phone, and search your phone . . . and conduct
a thorough search.” 7 The appellant asked “Are you just going to look at text
messages between [STG3 AI] and I or―” 8 Special Agent M responded:
            I’m going to look for digital evidence of your relationship.
         Everything from . . . the Uber app when you guys met, to refine
         down when that happened, to anything that pertains to the in-
         vestigation. But your phone is going to hold digital evidence of
         your communications with her and all those things. 9
   The appellant replied, “That’s fine.” 10 After he orally consented to a
search of his phone, the appellant signed a Permissive Authorization for
Search and Seizure form (Permissive Authorization).
    After digital extraction of the appellant’s phone proved unsuccessful,
NCIS investigators conducted a manual review of the phone. During the
review, investigators took over 140 screen shots of text message conversa-
tions between the appellant and ten other women. These conversations
occurred during the same time period of the appellant’s interactions with
STG3 AI—July to September 2015. None of the texts were responsive to the
allegations of sexual assault made by STG3 AI. But the texts did describe the

   5 The Command Authorization did not explicitly incorporate Special Agent M’s
request to search the appellant’s cell phone, as Special Agent M had detailed in his
supporting affidavit. However, we need not evaluate the validity of the Command
Authorization because the appellant consented to a search of his cell phone.
   6 The video recording of this interview was entered into evidence as Prosecution
Exhibit (PE) 13.
   7   PE 13 at 39:55.
   8   Id. at 40:20.
   9   Id. at 40:23.
   10   Id. at 40:40.

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                         United States v. Spinoza, No. 201700236

appellant’s aggressive sexual behavior, his behavior while intoxicated, and
his use of Uber customer information for personal purposes. The investiga-
tors used the information gleaned from the texts to identify and interview
two women, LTJG MM and SM.
    The appellant met LTJG MM through mutual friends, and the two social-
ized in group settings. One evening in April or May 2014, the appellant
showed up uninvited at LTJG MM’s apartment where she was hosting a
party for a friend. LTJG MM did not invite the appellant into her apartment
but told him she would see him later at some local bars she planned to
patronize with her friends. But when the appellant approached LTJG MM at
one of the bars that night, she gave him, as she termed it, the cold shoulder.
Ultimately, LTJG MM returned to her apartment with another man she met
that evening. The two retired to her bedroom. Sometime later, the appellant
burst into LTJG MM’s apartment and rushed up the stairs toward LTJG
MM’s bedroom. LTJG MM’s roommate, a female junior Naval Officer, tried
blocking the appellant from getting into LTJG MM’s room, but he kept trying
to push past her. The appellant was very angry that LTJG MM was in bed
with the man. He repeatedly yelled at her, calling her a “slut[,] and a bitch[,]
and a whore.” 11 The two women and LTJG MM’s male companion responded
by repeatedly yelling and cursing at the appellant to leave. Finally, the
appellant “stormed out of the apartment.” 12 Both women testified the inci-
dent terrified them.
    The NCIS investigators identified SM from a text the appellant had sent
her apologizing for his behavior while intoxicated. When interviewed by
NCIS, SM related that she had engaged in a “casual romantic relationship”
with the appellant from June through August of 2015, and that he assaulted
her in July 2015. 13 SM told investigators that she had been walking down the
street with another man when the appellant saw her and aggressively
grabbed her arm, trying to pull her away from her date, and told her in a loud
voice that she had to go home with him. SM’s date came to her defense.
Eventually, nearby police intervened to separate the appellant and SM’s
date. SM testified the incident left her “scared and nervous.” 14 But the
appellant was not done.

   11   Record at 446.
   12   Id. at 459.
   13   Id. at 740.
   14   Id. at 742.

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                  United States v. Spinoza, No. 201700236

    Over the rest of the night and into the morning, the appellant called and
texted SM more than thirty times. Among other things, he called her vile
names, threatened to tell her son she was a “whore,” and threatened to break
a window in her house and kill whomever she was in bed with. His threats
left SM horrified and shaking. At one point, she texted the appellant warning
him not to come to her house or she would call the police. SM finally went
home around 2:30 a.m. Soon thereafter, the appellant showed up and began
yelling at her and pounding on her door trying to get her to talk to him.
Ultimately, he left—but only after SM pacified him by agreeing to see him
again.
   Additional facts necessary to resolution of the AOEs are included below.

                              II. DISCUSSION

A. Factual Sufficiency
    The appellant asserts his convictions for unlawful entry and stalking are
factually insufficient. We disagree.
    We review questions of factual sufficiency de novo. Art 66(c), UCMJ; Unit-
ed States v. Washington, 57 M.J. 394, 399 (C.A.A.F. 2002). The test for factual
sufficiency is whether “after weighing the evidence in the record of trial and
making allowances for not having personally observed the witnesses, [this
court is] convinced of appellant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” United
States v. Rosario, 76 M.J. 114, 117 (C.A.A.F. 2017) (citation, internal quota-
tion marks, and emphasis omitted). In conducting this unique appellate
function, we take “a fresh, impartial look at the evidence,” applying “neither
a presumption of innocence nor a presumption of guilt” to “make [our] own
independent determination as to whether the evidence constitutes proof of
each required element beyond a reasonable doubt.” Washington, 57 M.J. at
399. Proof beyond a reasonable doubt does not mean, however, that the
evidence must be free from conflict. United States v. Goode, 54 M.J. 836, 841
(N-M. Ct. Crim. App. 2001).

   1. Unlawful entry
    The appellant was convicted of unlawfully entering LTJG MM’s residence
in violation of Article 134, UCMJ. The government was required to prove:
         (1) That the appellant entered the dwelling house of LTJG
       MM;
          (2) That such entry was unlawful; and

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                         United States v. Spinoza, No. 201700236

            (3) That, under the circumstances, the conduct of the appel-
         lant was of a nature to bring discredit upon the armed forces. 15
    The appellant does not dispute that he entered the dwelling house of
LTJG MM. Instead, he argues his entry was neither unlawful nor service
discrediting.
    “An entry is ‘unlawful’ if made without the consent of any person author-
ized to consent to entry or without other lawful authority.” 16 The appellant
contends his entry was lawful because he entered LTJG MM’s apartment to
prevent a crime—the sexual assault of a drunken LTJG MM by her male
companion. This claim is not supported by the record. Both LTJG MM and
her roommate testified that LTJG MM only consumed a few drinks that
entire evening and was not overly intoxicated. More importantly, the record
shows the appellant acted out of possessiveness and rage, not concern for
LTJG MM’s well-being. After repeatedly being told to get out of LTJG MM’s
apartment, he yelled at her, calling her “a slut and a bitch and a whore”
before eventually leaving. 17 We conclude from these statements that the
appellant’s motive in unlawfully entering LTJG MM’s apartment was jeal-
ousy and not to protect her from a sexual assault.
    The appellant next avers his actions were not service discrediting because
“[t]here is no evidence [his] conduct ever made its way into the public do-
main.” 18 This is factually incorrect. LTJG MM’s male companion was a
civilian. Regardless, our superior court has held that, when proving that
conduct is service discrediting, public awareness of the conduct is not always
required.
             [E]vidence that the public was actually aware of the con-
         duct is not necessarily required. Furthermore, proof of the con-
         duct itself may be sufficient for a rational trier of fact to con-
         clude beyond a reasonable doubt that, under all the circum-
         stances, it was of a nature to bring discredit upon the armed
         forces.
United States v. Phillips, 70 M.J. 161, 163 (C.A.A.F. 2011) (emphasis in
original).

    10 U.S.C. § 934; MANUAL FOR COURTS-MARTIAL, UNITED STATES (2016 ed.)
   15

(MCM), Part IV, ¶ 111.b; AE CIII at 9; Charge Sheet.
   16   MCM, Part IV, ¶ 111.c.
   17   Record at 446.
   18   Appellant’s Brief of 5 Jan 2018 at 46.

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                      United States v. Spinoza, No. 201700236

    Here, the appellant unlawfully entered LTJG MM’s home in the middle of
the night. He shoved past LTJG MM’s roommate to get to LTJG MM, eventu-
ally bursting into her bedroom. He refused to leave the home and shouted
profanities. We concur with the government that this “vulgar, terrifying
violation of a female officer’s privacy is the sort of gross personal misconduct
the very nature of which is service discrediting.” 19 After weighing all the
evidence and making allowances for not having personally observed the
witnesses, we are convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the appellant is
guilty of unlawful entry.

   2. Stalking
  The appellant was convicted of stalking SM in violation of Article 120a,
UCMJ. The government was required to prove:
             (1) That the appellant wrongfully engaged in a course of
         conduct directed at SM that would cause a reasonable person to
         fear bodily harm, to wit: unlawfully grabbing SM on the arm
         with his hand, sending her text messages threatening to break
         into her home, and going to her home and attempting to enter
         it;
            (2) That the appellant knew or reasonably should have
         known that SM would be placed in a reasonable fear of bodily
         harm; and
             (3) That the appellant’s acts did induce SM to feel reasona-
         ble fear of bodily harm. 20
   The appellant asserts that the government failed to prove any of the three
elements.
    The appellant contends the government did not prove the first element
because there was no evidence he attempted to enter SM’s home. While the
appellant did repeatedly bang on her door, yell at her to come outside and
talk to him, and called her on the phone, we agree that there is no evidence in
the record that he ever attempted to enter the home. Accordingly, we disap-
prove the finding of guilty to the language “and attempting to enter it.” We
will take appropriate action on this language in our decretal paragraph.
    Even with this exception, we still find that the government proved beyond
a reasonable doubt the first element—that the appellant engaged in a course

   19   Appellee’s Brief of 15 May 2018 at 38.
   20   10 U.S.C. § 920a; MCM, Part IV, ¶ 45a.b.; AE CIII at 5; Charge Sheet.

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                         United States v. Spinoza, No. 201700236

of conduct directed at SM that would cause a reasonable person to fear bodily
harm. A course of conduct includes “a repeated conveyance of verbal threats,
written threats, or threats implied by conduct, or a combination of such
threats, directed at or towards a specific person.” 21 And “[t]he term ‘repeated,’
with respect to conduct, means two or more occasions of such conduct.” 22
Here, the appellant accosted SM while she was on a date with another man,
grabbed her arm, and escalated the confrontation to the point that law
enforcement officials had to intervene. He repeatedly sent her text messages
threatening to break her window, and to break into her home and kill whom-
ever she was with. Further, he then traveled to her home, beat on her door,
and yelled at her. SM testified she was “terrified,” and “shaking” because she
“[a]bsolutely” feared the appellant was going to hurt her. 23 We conclude her
fear of bodily harm was reasonable.
    The appellant also asserts the government failed to prove the second ele-
ment—that the appellant knew, or should have known, that his actions
would place SM in reasonable fear of bodily harm. The appellant makes three
assertions. First, he claims that the misspellings in his texts that night prove
he was so drunk he did not know—or could not have known—the conse-
quences of his actions. We disagree. His course of conduct spanned several
hours. The content of his threatening texts, his behavior at SM’s home, and
his later expressions of remorse all show the appellant knew or should have
known the consequences of his actions towards SM. Second, the appellant
claims that because he had been engaged in a relationship with SM, his
actions could not cause SM to reasonably fear him. And third, the appellant
avers that SM was only concerned for the safety of her son and nephew, who
were present in the home, not her own safety. We reject these claims as not
supported by the record.
    Finally, the appellant argues that the government failed to prove the
third element—that SM actually feared bodily harm. He claims that because
SM used profanity directed at him that night, never called the police, eventu-
ally went to sleep, and continued to correspond with him after the incident,
she did not fear him. But SM testified to the contrary—that the appellant’s
actions toward her caused her to be “terrified,” and “shaking” because she
“absolutely feared the appellant was going to hurt her.” 24 In fact, their
encounter began with the appellant assaulting her by grabbing her arm in

   21   MCM, Part IV, ¶ 45a.(b)(1)(B).
   22   Id. at ¶ 45a.(b)(2).
   23   Record at 745.
   24   Record at 745.

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                  United States v. Spinoza, No. 201700236

downtown San Diego, and then the appellant texted SM, before arriving at
her house, that three of his friends died that week and he hoped she would
suffer the same misfortune. We find SM’s testimony compelling and support-
ed by the evidence in the record. After weighing all the evidence and making
allowances for not having personally observed the witnesses, we are con-
vinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the appellant is guilty of stalking SM.

B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
    The appellant next claims that he received ineffective assistance of coun-
sel because his trial defense counsel failed to seek suppression of evidence
obtained from his cell phone. Specifically, the appellant claims his counsel
were deficient because he claims a suppression motion would have resulted in
the exclusion of all evidence that related to the offenses of stalking SM,
assaulting SM, and threatening SM. The appellant makes this claim because
NCIS agents had no knowledge of the appellant’s relationship with SM before
they searched the appellant’s cell phone. After reading the appellant’s mes-
sages with SM, agents interviewed her. SM described her relationship with
the appellant and his offenses, and she provided screenshots of threatening
messages the appellant sent her. Those messages, which were not found on
the appellant’s phone, were later admitted at trial. We do not find the counsel
were ineffective.
    We review claims of ineffective assistance of counsel de novo. United
States v. Akbar, 74 M.J. 364, 379 (C.A.A.F. 2015). The appellant bears the
burden and must clear “a high bar” to prevail on such a claim. Id. at 371. He
must show: (1) that his counsel’s performance was deficient and (2) that, but
for his counsel’s deficient performance, there is a reasonable probability that
the result of the proceeding would have been different. Id. (citing Strickland
v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688, 694 (1984)).
    When a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel arises from counsel’s
failure to move to suppress evidence, the appellant must show: (1) “that there
is a reasonable probability that such a motion would have been meritorious;”
and (2) “that there is a reasonable probability that the verdict would have
been different absent the excludable evidence.” United States v. Harpole, 77
M.J. 231, 236 (C.A.A.F. 2018) (internal quotations omitted) (citing United
States v. McConnell, 55 M.J. 479, 482 (C.A.A.F. 2001); United States v.
Loving, 41 M.J. 213, 244 (C.A.A.F. 1994) (internal citations omitted)). Under
the circumstances of this case, the appellant prevails only if he can show the
military judge would have suppressed the results of the cell phone search—
holding that neither the command authorization nor the appellant’s consent
justified the search—and he must show that the military judge would also

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                        United States v. Spinoza, No. 201700236

have prohibited SM’s live witness testimony and admission of the text mes-
sages from her cell phone. 25 We find the appellant’s claim of error fails.

   1. The scope of appellant’s consent to search
    The Fourth Amendment guarantees “[t]he right of the people to be secure
in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches
and seizures . . . .” U.S. CONST. amend IV. A warrantless search is “per se
unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment—subject only to a few specifical-
ly established and well-delineated exceptions.” Katz v. United States, 389
U.S. 347, 357 (1967). Voluntary consent to search is one exception to the
warrant requirement. Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218 (1973).
    A person giving consent to search may limit his consent by placing limita-
tions on “time, place, or property.” MILITARY RULE OF EVIDENCE 314(e)(2),
MANUAL FOR COURTS-MARTIAL, UNITED STATES (2016 ed.). A person may also
limit the scope of consent to search. However, the onus is on the appellant to
expressly limit the scope of his consent. Limitations will not be inferred, and
the appellant’s subjective intent does not control. See United States v. Wal-
lace, 66 M.J. 5, 8 (C.A.A.F. 2008). “The scope of a search is generally defined
by its expressed object.” Florida v. Jimeno, 500 U.S. 248, 251 (1991) (quoting
United States v. Ross, 456 U.S. 798, (1982)). The scope of consent is deter-
mined by “objective reasonableness,” asking “what would the typical reason-
able person have understood by the exchange between the officer and the
suspect?” Id. at 251 (internal quotations and citations omitted). A person may
withdraw consent “at any time.” MIL. R. EVID. 314(e)(2). However, the law
enforcement official is “entitled to clear notice that this consent has been
withdrawn.” United States v. Stoecker, 17 M.J. 158, 162 (C.M.A. 1984). The
appellant, through counsel, withdrew consent on 30 October 2015—after
Special Agent M had already manually searched his cell phone. 26
   The appellant further contends he limited the scope of his consent to “his
communications” with STG3 AI and information from the Uber application. 27
We disagree.
   When Special Agent M asked the appellant for consent to search his cell
phone, he told the appellant he intended to conduct a “thorough search.” 28

   25 The government did not present any text messages from the appellant’s cell
phone. The government’s case was based on SM’s testimony and text messages she
provided from her cell phone.
   26   Appellant’s Motion to Attach, Appendix at 10.
   27   Appellant’s Brief of 5 Jan 2018 at 16.
   28   Id. at 40:23.

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                      United States v. Spinoza, No. 201700236

The appellant specifically asked, “Are you just going to look at text messages
between [STG3 AI] and I or―” to which Special Agent M responded, that he
intended to look for “digital evidence” of their relationship, including infor-
mation in the Uber application and “anything that pertains to the investiga-
tion.”
    At that time, the investigation related to the appellant’s actions in using
his position as an Uber driver to meet STG3 AI, cultivating an improper but
consensual sexual relationship with her, and ultimately allegedly sexually
assaulting her after he became belligerently drunk in public. At no time did
Special Agent M state he would only review communications between the
appellant and STG3 AI. Nor did the appellant, a Lieutenant and a graduate
of the United States Naval Academy, ever expressly limit his consent to just
the search of his phone for his messages with STG3 AI or his Uber applica-
tion. After this exchange, the appellant completed a written consent form,
authorizing Special Agent M to search his cell phone in relation to an investi-
gation into “Article 120.” Further, when completing the consent form, he did
not write any limitations on the consent form.
    It was within the scope of the appellant’s consent, therefore, for Special
Agent M to look for any witnesses who may have been present with the
appellant and STG3 AI on the night of the alleged sexual assault. The record
indicates STG3 AI kept trying to find the appellant’s friends when she
encountered him intoxicated in public in downtown San Diego. It was also
reasonable for Special Agent M to search for any statements the appellant
may have made to others about his relationship with STG3 AI or her allega-
tion of sexual assault. Such statements could be consistent or inconsistent
with his statements to NCIS, and could be inculpatory or exculpatory.
    Although the appellant claims Special Agent M engaged in a general
search, “indiscriminately rummag[ing]” though the appellant’s cell phone,
Special Agent M’s reporting indicates he confined his search to the timeframe
of the appellant’s relationship with STG3 AI. The appellant submitted to this
court Special Agent M’s report documenting his review of the appellant’s cell
phone. 29 All entries describe messages sent between July 2015 and Septem-
ber 2015. 30 The appellant was convicted of having an improper relationship
with STG3 AI beginning in July 2015, and STG3 AI accused him of sexually
assaulting her on 1 August 2015. All screenshots of text messages with SM
were dated in July and early August 2015. The screenshots were arranged in
reverse chronological order, the way they would have been presented in the

   29   Appellant’s Motion to Attach, Enclosure (3), at 9-10.
   30   Id.

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                       United States v. Spinoza, No. 201700236

appellant’s cell phone. The screenshots contained messages indicating a
possible romantic and sexual relationship between the appellant and SM and
showed that SM felt “insecure” about the idea of sleeping with the appel-
lant. 31 Conducting an “ex post reasonableness” analysis, we find Special
Agent M’s search to be reasonable within the scope of the appellant’s consent.
United States v. Richards, 76 M.J. 365, 370 (C.A.A.F. 2017).
   Having determined that Special Agent M’s search of the appellant’s cell
phone was conducted within the scope of the appellant’s consent, we need not
evaluate the validity of the Command Authorization. Even assuming arguen-
do, the trial defense counsel could have successfully moved the court to
suppress the search of the appellant’s cell phone—rejecting both the Com-
mand Authorization and the appellant’s consent as bases for the search—it
does not follow that the court would also suppress the testimony of SM and
disallow presentation of evidence from her cell phone.

   2. Suppression of live witness testimony
    The appellant’s counsel argues that if trial defense counsel moved to sup-
press the search of the appellant’s cell phone, there would be no evidence to
support three of the specifications, necessarily resulting in acquittal for
stalking, assault, and communicating a threat. 32 We disagree.
    If a military judge suppresses evidence as a result of a Fourth Amend-
ment violation, the judge must determine whether derivative evidence must
likewise be suppressed. The general test is whether the taint of the initial
illegality has been sufficiently attenuated. The Supreme Court elucidated the
test for fruit of the poisonous tree in Wong Sun v. United States as: “whether,
granting establishment of the primary illegality, the evidence . . . has been
come at by exploitation of that illegality or instead by means sufficiently
distinguishable to be purged of the primary taint.” 371 U.S. 471, 488 (1963)
(internal quotations and citation omitted). MILITARY RULE OF EVIDENCE 311
governs military practice and contains our exclusionary rule, which excludes
evidence if “exclusion . . . results in appreciable deterrence of future unlawful
searches or seizures and the benefits of such deterrence outweigh the costs to
the justice system.”

   31   Id., Enclosure (4), at 58.
   32  Although the appellant was convicted of stalking, assault and battery, and
communicating a threat, all in relation to SM, the military judge conditionally
dismissed the specifications alleging assault and battery and communicating a threat
on the basis that they constituted an unreasonable multiplication of charges with
stalking.

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                    United States v. Spinoza, No. 201700236

    When evaluating whether witness testimony must be suppressed as fruit
of an illegal search, the court must apply the factors described by the Su-
preme Court in United States v. Ceccolini. 435 U.S. 268 (1978). The test is not
but-for causation. See id. at 275. “Witnesses are not like guns or documents
which remain hidden from view until one turns over a sofa or opens a filing
cabinet.” Id. at 276.
   In evaluating whether witness testimony should be suppressed as fruit of
the poisonous tree, the court must consider:
    (1) The “degree of free will exercised by the witness,” examining whether
the witness testified of her own free will or whether her testimony was
“coerced or even induced by official authority” as a result of the illegal search.
Ceccolini, 435 U.S. at 276, 279.
    (2) Whether “[s]ubstantial periods of time elapsed between the time of the
illegal search and the initial contact with the witness, on the one hand, and
between the latter and the testimony at trial on the other;” Id. at 279.
   (3) Whether illegally seized evidence was used to question the witness; Id.
   (4) Whether the law enforcement officer deliberately conducted an illegal
search; See id. at 280. 33
   (5) And the court must weigh the “cost of permanently silencing” the wit-
ness balanced against the deterrent effect against law enforcement miscon-
duct. Id. at 280.
    In assessing these factors, we find it unlikely that the military judge
would have suppressed SM’s testimony even if he had suppressed the results
of the search of the appellant’s cell phone. First, SM testified out of her own
free will. In fact, SM told NCIS agents the appellant contacted her even
before NCIS agents interviewed her. The appellant informed her she was free
not to cooperate with law enforcement. Not only did she elect to submit to an
interview, she revealed the appellant’s prior contact with her. Second, nearly
three months passed between the search of the appellant’s phone and SM’s
first interview with NCIS in December 2015, and an even longer period of

   33  Our sister service courts have summarized this factor as the “purpose and fla-
grancy” of the law enforcement conduct. See United States v. Jones, 64 M.J. 596 (A.
Ct. Crim. App. 2007), United States v. Mancini, No. 38783, 2016 CCA LEXIS 660
(A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 7 Nov 2016) (unpub. op.). The Supreme Court evaluated whether
the law enforcement agent “entered the shop or picked up the envelope with the
intent of finding tangible evidence bearing on an illicit gambling operation,” or with
“the intent of finding a willing and knowledgeable witness to testify against respond-
ent.” Ceccolini, 435 U.S. at 280.

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                     United States v. Spinoza, No. 201700236

time until she testified at trial on 15 March 2017. 34 Third, the agents did not
confront SM with the threatening text messages that were ultimately admit-
ted at trial as Prosecution Exhibit 11A—the threatening text messages were
not found on the appellant’s cell phone, but rather on SM’s cell phone. The
NCIS report documenting the agents’ interview with SM does not indicate
that they showed SM any messages at all, but shows that they interviewed
her and that she gave them screenshots of her messages with the appellant. 35
Having found the search was validly conducted within the scope of the
appellant’s consent, we conclude there is no flagrant police misconduct.
Finally, conducting a cost-benefit analysis, we do not believe any possible
good resulting from “permanently silencing” SM justifies any theoretical
deterrent effect. Accordingly, we do not believe the trial outcome would have
been different if the trial defense counsel had raised this motion. Therefore,
we find the appellant’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel fails.

C. Sentence Reassessment
   Having disapproved language in Charge III, Specification 1, we must now
consider whether we can reassess the sentence. United States v. Winckel-
mann, 73 M.J. 11, 15-16 (C.A.A.F. 2013); United States v. Moffeit, 63 M.J. 40,
41-42 (C.A.A.F. 2006); United States v. Sales, 22 M.J. 305, 307-08 (C.M.A.
1986). After analyzing the four factors laid out by our superior court in
Winckelmann, we can confidently and reliably determine that the appellant’s
sentence would still include a dismissal and a reprimand.
    Although, we believe that the appellant’s sentence of a dismissal and let-
ter of reprimand are appropriate, in the interest of judicial economy, we
nonetheless disapprove the letter of reprimand in our decretal paragraph. We
do so because the letter of reprimand issued to the appellant by the conven-
ing authority references the disapproved language contained in Charge III,
Specification 1. 36

   34  Both time periods are longer than those in United States v. Richards, 2016
CCA LEXIS 285 at *41 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2 May 2016) (unpub. op.) (affirming the
military judge’s denial of a defense motion to suppress live witness testimony when
the witness was first contacted 26 days after an illegal search and testified “over a
year later.”). See also United States v. Mancini, 2016 CCA LEXIS 660 at *33-34 (A.F.
Ct. Crim. App. 7 Nov 2016) (unpub. op.) (finding a military judge would not have
excluded live witnesses’ testimony when witnesses testified of “their own free will”
“over a year after they were identified.”)
   35   See AE XIX, Enclosure (B).
   36Specifically, the letter stated, in pertinent part, “Your misconduct consisted of
wrongfully engaging in a course of conduct towards a civilian that included unlawful-

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                    United States v. Spinoza, No. 201700236

D. Errors in Promulgating Order
    An appellant is entitled to an official record accurately reflecting the re-
sults of his proceedings. United States v. Crumpley, 49 M.J. 538, 539 (N-M.
Ct. Crim. App. 1989). We test error in court-martial orders under a harmless-
error standard. Id.
    At a minimum, a court-martial promulgating order must contain the fol-
lowing information: (1) the type of court-martial and the convening command;
(2) a summary of all charges and specifications on which the appellant was
arraigned; (3) the appellant’s pleas; (4) the findings or disposition of all
charges and specifications on which the appellant was arraigned; (5) if ad-
judged, the sentence; and (6) a summary of the action taken by the CA in the
case. R.C.M. 1114(c)(1).
    Although not raised as error, we note that the promulgating order is in-
correct in the following ways:
    (1) It refers to the charges and specifications based on the numbering re-
flected in the amended cleansed charge sheet 37 rather than the charges and
specifications as numbered in the charge sheets at the time the appellant was
arraigned.
    (2) It fails to reflect all charges and specifications on which the appellant
was arraigned and entered pleas. The appellant entered pleas of not guilty to
all charges and specifications.
    (3) It fails to reflect the merger, consolidation, and dismissal of several
charges and specifications which the military judge found to be an unreason-
able multiplication of charges for findings. Based upon this ruling, the mili-
tary judge dismissed Charge II, Specification 2, Charge IV, Specification 1,
and Additional Charge I and its sole specification. The military judge merged
the operative language of these offenses into a new consolidated sole specifi-
cation of Charge II alleging the appellant’s aggravated sexual contact against
STG3 AI. 38

ly grabbing her arm, threatening her and another individual, and attempting to
enter her home, thereby inducing a reasonable fear of bodily harm.” Punitive Letter
of Reprimand of 17 Jul 2017.
   37   AE CIV.
   38 The consolidated specification read: “In that Lieutenant Hugo J. Spinoza, U.S.
Navy, Mine Countermeasures Squadron Three, on active duty, did, at or near San
Diego, California, on or about 1 August 2015, commit sexual contact upon STG3, A.I.,
U.S. Navy, to wit: biting STG3 A.I.’s lower lip, neck, and nipple with his mouth,
strangling STG3 A.I.’s neck with his hand until she lost consciousness, and biting

                                        15
                    United States v. Spinoza, No. 201700236

   (4) It fails to state that after findings the military judge conditionally
dismissed Charge IV, Specification 2 and Charge VI, Specification 1, finding
them to be an UMC for sentencing with Charge III, Specification 1.
    (5) It does not correctly reflect the members’ finding on the sole specifica-
tion of Additional Charge II, for which the members excepted the word
“March” and substituted the words “on or about May.”
    (6) Finally, it does not reflect that the appellant was arraigned on and en-
tered pleas of not guilty to the sole specification of Charge I and Charge III,
Specification 2. Nor does it reflect that the military judge entered findings of
not guilty to these offenses pursuant to R.C.M. 917. 39
    The failure to reflect the omitted information in the promulgating order
was error; however, the error was harmless as it did not materially prejudice
the appellant’s substantial rights. To ensure the appellant has an official
record which accurately reflects his proceedings, in our decretal paragraph
we will order that the supplemental promulgating order reflect the omitted
information.

                                III. CONCLUSION

    After careful consideration of the record and briefs of appellate counsel,
we have determined that the findings and sentence as modified above are
correct in law and fact and that no error materially prejudicial to the appel-
lant’s substantial rights occurred. Art. 59(a) and 66(c), UCMJ. Accordingly,
the findings and sentence, as modified above, are AFFIRMED.
    The supplemental order shall reflect the following: (1) An accurate sum-
mary of all charges and specifications on which the appellant was arraigned
and reflect the pleas he entered to these offenses; (2) An accurate summary of
the findings or disposition of all offenses on which the appellant was ar-
raigned and entered pleas; and (3) the affirmed sentence of this court. Due to
the extensive inaccuracies of the original CMO, the court has provided an
aide in drafting the supplemental CMO in Appendix A to this opinion.
   Chief Judge WOODARD and Judge HITESMAN concur.

STG3 A.I.’s vagina with his mouth, by unlawful force, to wit: grabbing STG3 A.I.’s
hair and pulling her head back, holding STG3 A.I. down on the bed, and applying
pressure on STG3 A.I’s neck with his left hand until she lost consciousness.”
   39The trial counsel improperly noted on the charge sheet that these offenses were
withdrawn and dismissed without prejudice by the military judge. The legal effect of
the military judge’s ruling is a finding of not guilty to the offenses. R.C.M. 917(f).

                                         16
United States v. Spinoza, No. 201700236

            FOR THE COURT:

            RODGER A. DREW, JR.
            Clerk of Court

                  17
                   United States v. Spinoza, No. 201700236

                                   Appendix A
Charge I: Violation of the UCMJ, Article 80
   Plea: Not Guilty
   Finding: Not Guilty pursuant to R.C.M. 917.
   Specification: In that Lieutenant Hugo J. Spinoza, U.S. Navy, Mine Coun-
termeasures Squadron Three, on active duty, did, at or near San Diego,
California, on or about July 2015, unlawfully break and enter the dwelling
house of Ms. S.M., with intent to commit assault therein.
   Plea: Not Guilty
   Finding: Not Guilty pursuant to R.C.M. 917.
Charge II: Violation of the UCMJ, Article 120
   Plea: Not Guilty
   Finding: Not Guilty
    Specification 1: In that Lieutenant Hugo J. Spinoza, U.S. Navy, Mine
Countermeasures Squadron Three, on active duty, did, at or near San Diego,
California, on or about 1 August 2015, commit sexual contact upon STG3 A.I.,
U.S. Navy, to wit: biting her right nipple, by unlawful force, to wit: by stran-
gling STG3 A.I. with his left hand and holding her down on the bed.
   Plea: Not Guilty
    Disposition: The specification was dismissed. However, the military judge
merged the operative language of this specification with the operative lan-
guage from Charge II, Specification 2, Charge IV, Specification 1, and the
sole specification of Additional Charge I, into the following specification
under Charge II, alleging a violation of Article 120, UCMJ.
        **Specification: In that Lieutenant Hugo J. Spinoza, U.S. Navy, Mine
Countermeasures Squadron Three, on active duty, did, at or near San Diego,
California, on or about 1 August 2015, commit sexual contact upon STG3,
A.I., U.S. Navy, to wit: biting STG3 A.I.’s lower lip, neck, and nipple with his
mouth, strangling STG3 A.I.’s neck with his hand until she lost conscious-
ness, and biting STG3 A.I.’s vagina with his mouth, by unlawful force, to wit:
grabbing STG3 A.I.’s hair and pulling her head back, holding STG3 A.I. down
on the bed, and applying pressure on STG3 A.I’s neck with his left hand until
she lost consciousness.
   Finding: Not Guilty.
   Specification 2: In that Lieutenant Hugo J. Spinoza, U.S. Navy, Mine
Countermeasures Squadron Three, on active duty, did, at or near San Diego,
California, on or about 1 August 2015, commit sexual contact upon STG3 A.I.,
U.S. Navy, to wit: biting her vagina, by first rendering her unconscious.
   Plea: Not Guilty
   Disposition: The specification was dismissed. However, the military judge
merged the operative language of this specification with the operative lan-
guage from Charge II, Specification 1, Charge IV, Specification 1, and the

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                   United States v. Spinoza, No. 201700236

sole specification of Additional Charge I, into the specification noted above at
** under Charge II, alleging a violation of Article 120, UCMJ. The finding to
the offense was Not Guilty.
Charge III: Violation of the UCMJ, Article 120a
   Plea: Not Guilty
   Finding: Guilty
    Specification 1: In that Lieutenant Hugo J. Spinoza, U.S. Navy, Mine
Countermeasures Squadron Three, on active duty, who should have known
that Ms. S.M. would be placed in reasonable fear of bodily harm to herself,
did, at or near San Diego, California, on or about July 2015, wrongfully
engage in a course of conduct directed at Ms. S.M., to wit: unlawfully grab-
bing Ms. S.M. on the arm with his hand, sending her text messages threaten-
ing to break into her home, and going to Ms. S.M.’s home and attempting to
enter it, thereby inducing in Ms. S.M. a reasonable fear of bodily harm to
herself.
   Plea: Not Guilty
   Finding: Guilty, except for the words “and attempting to enter it.” Of the
excepted words, Not Guilty. Of the specification as excepted, Guilty.
   Specification 2: In that Lieutenant Hugo J. Spinoza, U.S. Navy, Mine
Countermeasures Squadron Three, on active duty, who should have known
the LTJG M.M., U.S. Navy, would be placed in reasonable fear of bodily harm
to herself, did, at or near San Diego, California, on divers occasions on or
about March 2014, wrongfully engage in a course of conduct directed at LTJG
M.M., to wit: arriving unannounced at her residence on more than one
occasion and breaking into her residence, thereby inducing in LTJG M.M. a
reasonable fear of bodily harm to herself.
   Plea: Not Guilty
   Finding: Not Guilty pursuant to R.C.M. 917.
Charge IV: Violation of the UCMJ, Article 128
   Plea: Not Guilty
   Finding: Guilty
    Disposition: The charge was conditionally dismissed after findings as un-
reasonably multiplicious with the finding of Guilty to Charge III, Specifica-
tion 1.
   Specification 1: In that Lieutenant Hugo J. Spinoza, U.S. Navy, Mine
Countermeasures Squadron Three, on active duty, did, at or near San Diego,
California, on or about 1 August 2015, unlawfully bite STG3 A.I., U.S. Navy
on her lower lip and neck with his mouth.
   Plea: Not Guilty
   Disposition: The specification was dismissed. However, the military judge
merged the operative language of this specification with the operative lan-
guage from Charge II, Specifications 1 and 2, and the sole specification of

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                  United States v. Spinoza, No. 201700236

Additional Charge I, into the specification noted above at ** under Charge II,
alleging a violation of Article 120, UCMJ. The finding to the offense was Not
Guilty.
    Specification 2: In that Lieutenant Hugo J. Spinoza, U.S. Navy, Mine
Countermeasures Squadron Three, on active duty, did, at or near San Diego,
California, on or about July 2015, unlawfully grab Ms. S.M. on the arm with
his hand.
   Plea: Not Guilty
   Finding: Guilty
    Disposition: Conditionally dismissed after findings as unreasonably mul-
tiplicious with the finding of Guilty to Charge III, Specification 1.
Charge V: Violation of the UCMJ, Article 133
   Plea: Not Guilty
    Disposition: Withdrawn and dismissed without prejudice. However, as a
result of the findings to Charge II and Charge VI, Specification 2, the legal
effect of these findings renders the dismissal with prejudice.
    Specification: In that Lieutenant Hugo J. Spinoza, U.S. Navy, Mine Coun-
termeasures Squadron Three, on active duty, did, at or near San Diego,
California, on divers occasions between on or about July 2015 and on or about
August 2015 commit misconduct to wit: aggravated sexual contact and
fraternization, which conduct was unbecoming an officer and a gentleman.
   Plea: Not Guilty
    Disposition: Withdrawn and dismissed without prejudice. However, as a
result of the findings to Charge II and Charge VI, Specification 2, the legal
effect of these findings renders the dismissal with prejudice.
Charge VI: Violation of the UCMJ, Article 134
   Plea: Not Guilty
   Finding: Guilty
   Specification 1: In that Lieutenant Hugo J. Spinoza, U.S. Navy, Mine
Countermeasures Squadron Three, on active duty, did, at or near San Diego,
California, on or about July 2015, wrongfully communicate to Ms. S.M. a
threat to injure her date by texting her he would come to her house, break in,
and kill her date, such conduct being of a nature to bring discredit upon the
armed forces.
   Plea: Not Guilty
   Finding: Guilty
    Disposition: Conditionally dismissed after findings as unreasonably mul-
tiplicious with the finding of Guilty to Charge III, Specification 1.
   Specification 2: In that Lieutenant Hugo J. Spinoza, U.S. Navy, Mine
Countermeasures Squadron Three, on active duty, did, at or near San Diego,
California, on or about July 2015, knowingly fraternize with STG3 A.I., U.S.

                                     20
                  United States v. Spinoza, No. 201700236

Navy, an enlisted person, on terms of military equality, to wit: by having
sexual intercourse with STG3 A.I., in violation of the custom of the Naval
Service of the United States that officers shall not fraternize with enlisted
persons on terms of military equality, such conduct being of a nature to bring
discredit upon the armed forces.
   Plea: Not Guilty
   Finding: Guilty
   Specification 3: In that Lieutenant Hugo J. Spinoza, U.S. Navy, Mine
Countermeasures Squadron Three, on active duty, was, at or near San Diego,
California, on or about 26 March 2016, drunk and disorderly, such conduct
being of a nature to bring discredit upon the armed forces.
   Plea: Not Guilty
   Disposition: Withdrawn and dismissed without prejudice.
Additional Charge I: Violation of the UCMJ, Article 128
   Plea: Not Guilty
    Disposition: The charge was dismissed. However, the military judge
merged the operative language of the specification under the charge with the
operative language from Charge II, Specifications 1 and 2, and Charge IV,
Specification 1, into the specification noted above at ** under Charge II,
alleging a violation of Article 120, UCMJ. The finding to the offense was Not
Guilty.
   Specification: In that Lieutenant Hugo J. Spinoza, U.S. Navy, Mine Coun-
termeasures Squadron Three, on active duty, did, at or near San Diego,
California, on or about 1 August 2015, commit an assault upon STG3 A.I.,
U.S. Navy, by strangling her with force likely to produce death or grievous
bodily harm, to wit: applying pressure on her neck with his left hand until
she lost consciousness.
   Plea: Not Guilty
    Disposition: The specification was dismissed. However, the military judge
merged the operative language of this specification with the operative lan-
guage from Charge II, Specifications 1 and 2, and Charge IV, Specification 1,
into the specification noted above at ** under Charge II, alleging a violation
of Article 120, UCMJ. The finding to the offense was Not Guilty.
Additional Charge II: Violation of the UCMJ, Article 134
   Plea: Not Guilty
   Finding: Guilty
   Specification: In that Lieutenant Hugo J. Spinoza, U.S. Navy, Mine Coun-
termeasures Squadron Three, on active duty, did, at or near San Diego,
California, in March 2014, unlawfully enter the dwelling house of LTJG
M.M., U.S. Navy, such conduct being of a nature to bring discredit upon the
armed forces.
   Plea: Not Guilty

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                  United States v. Spinoza, No. 201700236

    Finding: Guilty, except for the word “March,” substituting therefor the
words “on or about May.” Of the except word, Not Guilty. Of the specification
as excepted and substituted, Guilty.

                                     22