Court Opinion

ID: 2894951
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-07 23:46:39.400257+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:32:10.499750
License: Public Domain

NO. 07-07-0265-CR

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

AT AMARILLO

PANEL B

OCTOBER 19, 2007
______________________________

JUSTIN CURTIS OEHLERT,

			Appellant

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, 

			Appellee

 _________________________________

FROM THE 251st DISTRICT COURT OF RANDALL COUNTY;

NO. 15,547-C; HON. ANA ESTEVEZ, PRESIDING
_______________________________

ON ABATEMENT AND REMAND
_______________________________

Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and HANCOCK, JJ.
	Appellant appeals from his conviction for aggravated robbery.  On October 1, 2007,
the clerk's record was filed.  The reporter's record was due on September 28, 2007.  No
extension motion or record was filed.  On October 5, 2007, this court directed the court
reporter by letter "to advise the Court of the status of the reporter's record on or before
Monday, October 15, 2007."  To date, no record or extension motion has been filed with
this Court.
	Accordingly, we abate this appeal and remand the cause to the 251st District Court
of Randall County (trial court) for further proceedings.  Upon remand, the trial court shall
immediately cause notice of a hearing to be given and, thereafter, conduct a hearing to
determine the following:
	1.  	why the reporter's record has not been filed,

	when the reporter's record can reasonably be filed in a manner that
does not further delay the prosecution of this appeal or have the
practical effect of depriving the appellant of his right to appeal, and,
 	whether an alternate or substitute reporter should or can be appointed
to complete the record in a timely manner. 

 
	The trial court shall cause the hearing to be transcribed.  So too shall it 1) execute
findings of fact and conclusions of law addressing the foregoing issues, 2) cause to be
developed a supplemental clerk's record containing its findings of fact and conclusions of
law and all orders it may issue as a result of its hearing in this matter, and 3) cause to be
developed a reporter's record transcribing the evidence and arguments presented at the
aforementioned hearing, if any.  Additionally, the district court shall then file the
supplemental clerk's and reporter's records transcribing the hearing with the clerk of this
court on or before November 19, 2007.  Should further time be needed by the trial court
to perform these tasks, then same must be requested before November 19, 2007.
	It is so ordered.
							Per Curiam
Do not publish.

er concluded appellant was intoxicated, and he administered the
HGN  test. (2)  According to the officer, appellant failed the HGN test.
	Freeman averred that he was trained in administering the HGN test at a Texas
Commission on Law Enforcement Standards and Education (TCLOSE) sanctioned course
at Texas A & M University, which he successfully completed.  In accordance with his
training, he testified, he first made sure that appellant could clearly see the pen used as
a stimulus.  He then moved the pen from right to left for the purpose, he said, of checking
the tracking of the movement.  Making approximately four passes with each eye, he
checked the maximum deviation nystagmus, as well as whether the onset angle of
nystagmus was 45 degrees or less.  In performing the test, he said he looked for six signs
or "clues" from both eyes that indicate intoxication.  All six "clues" were present during
appellant's performance in the test.  Freeman conceded he did not ask if appellant had
received a head injury or had eye trouble.
	Generally, a ruling on a motion to suppress is reviewed on an abuse of discretion
standard.  Oles v. State, 993 S.W.2d 103, 106 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).  The amount of
deference a reviewing court affords to a trial court's ruling on a mixed question of law and
fact, such as the issue of probable cause, is often determined by which judicial actor is in
a better position to decide the issue.  Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 87 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1997).  The reviewing court should afford almost total deference to the trial court's
determination of historical facts, especially when the trial court's fact findings are based
upon an evaluation of witness credibility and demeanor.  Id. at 89.  In such cases, when
the trial court made no explicit findings of historical fact, we presume it made those
findings necessary to support its rulings, if supported by the record and the evidence
viewed in a light most favorable to the trial court's ruling.  State v. Ballard, 987 S.W.2d
889, 891 (Tex. Crim. App.1999).  However, in instances involving mixed questions of law
and facts that do not involve evaluations of credibility and demeanor, appellate review may
be de novo.  Guzman, 955 S.W.2d at 89.  Thus, an appellate court should conduct a de
novo review in instances in which the facts related to the ruling are undisputed. 	
	In Carmouche v. State, 10 S.W.3d 323 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000), after reciting the
general rules of appellate review we have cited above, the court explicated that in an
instance in which a videotape "presents indisputable visual evidence" that contradicted
essential parts of the State's evidence, in "these narrow circumstances, we cannot blind
ourselves to the videotape evidence," even though the State's evidence could be read to
support the trial court's ruling.  Id. at 332.  Relying upon the Caramouche teaching,
appellant argues that because the events immediately surrounding his arrest were
captured on videotape, it is our duty to review that tape in a de novo review conducted
without any deference to the trial court's ruling.  The videotape certainly must be
considered in our review; however, because there is other evidence, the tape must be
considered with all the evidence before the trial court.
	Appellant contends that the results of the HGN test may not be considered because
the State did not establish Officer Freeman was a certified practitioner.  In the seminal
case of Emerson v. State, 880 S.W.2d 759 (Tex. Crim. App.), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 931,
115 S. Ct. 323, 130 L. Ed. 2d 284 (1994), the Court determined that test was sufficiently
reliable to be admitted if a proper predicate was laid, and in order for testimony concerning
a defendant's performance on the test to be admissible:
	. . . it must be shown that the witness testifying is qualified as an expert on
the HGN test, specifically concerning its administration and technique.  In
the case of a police officer or other law enforcement official, this requirement
will be satisfied by proof that the officer has received practitioner certification
by the State of Texas to administer the HGN.
Id. at 769.
	In Kerr v. State, 921 S.W.2d 498 (Tex. App.- Fort Worth 1996, no pet.), the court
in considering the Emerson explication opined:
	. . . [W]e do not interpret the quoted portion of Emerson to require that an
expert must be certified by the State of Texas before his testimony on the
subject of an HGN test will be admissible.
 
	In order for a witness's expert testimony to be admissible under Rule 702,
the witness must qualify as an expert by 'knowledge, skill, experience,
training, or education.'  TEX. R. CRIM. EVID. 702.  Whether a particular
witness qualifies as an expert is a decision to be made by the trial judge . . . 
[citations omitted].  A trial court's decision in this area will not be disturbed
absent a clear showing of abuse.

Id. at 502. See also Singleton v. State, 91 S.W.3d 342, 348 (Tex. App.-Texarkana 2002,
no pet.) (even though the arresting officer lacked HGN certification, the trial court did not
abuse its discretion in receiving his testimony because it was sufficient to justify a
conclusion that the officer was qualified under Texas Rule of Evidence 702).  In Smith v.
State, 65 S.W.3d 332, 344 (Tex. App.-Waco 2001, no pet.), the court noted its agreement
with the Kerr court that Emerson did not require an expert be certified by the State of
Texas before his testimony on the subject of the HGN test would be admissible and it was
within the trial court's discretion to determine whether the witness was qualified to testify
as an expert.  We agree with the holdings in these cases.  The instruction of the Emerson
opinion is that if it be shown that the testifying officer has received practitioner certification,
it is sufficient to justify admission of the evidence.  However, if it is not shown that the
officer has received that certification, the trial court must, within its discretion, determine
if other evidence is sufficient to establish the officer's expertise in administering the test.
	Officer Freemen testified at some length about his training at Texas A & M
University in the theory and implementation of the HGN tests.  We cannot say that the trial
court erred in receiving his testimony.  Moreover, the fact that the officer did not inquire
whether appellant had suffered a head injury prior to administering the test is not sufficient
to show an abuse of discretion in admitting the test.  See Webster v. State, 26 S.W.3d 717,
720 (Tex. App.- Waco 2000, pet. ref'd) (the testing procedures themselves are designed
to screen for medical conditions or medications that may have been taken prior to the test). 
Moreover, appellant made no claim that he had suffered an injury or taken medication that
might have affected the test.
	Appellant does not contest that he was speeding at the time of his stop.  The
videotape shows the visible circumstances surrounding his stop and his activities during
the field sobriety tests.  However, the officer testified about the other circumstances
leading to this decision that appellant was intoxicated, including the odor of alcohol that
might reasonably be attributed to him, his admission that he had been drinking, his slurred
speech, and his "glassy" eyes.  The trial judge could reasonably have concluded that such
testimony, in addition to the testimony about the result of the test, was sufficient to justify
the overruling of the motion to suppress.                                           
	In summary, both of appellant's issues are overruled, and the judgment of the trial
court is affirmed.  

							John T. Boyd
							Senior Justice

Do not publish.                             
 

1. John T. Boyd, Chief Justice (Ret.), Seventh Court of Appeals, sitting by
assignment.  Tex. Gov't Code Ann. §75.002(a)(1) (Vernon Supp. 2003). 
2. In Emerson v. State, 880 S.W.2d 759, 766 n.3 (Tex. Crim. App.), cert. denied, 513
U.S. 931, 115 S. Ct. 323, 130 L. Ed. 2d 284 (1994), the Court related the scientific theory
underlying the HGN test and the technique prescribed by the National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration to correlate nystagmus with intoxication.