Court Opinion

ID: 9460576
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-04 21:54:59.034644+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:36:41.544873
License: Public Domain

KOELSCH, Circuit Judge
(concurring specially):
I reach the same result as my brothers, but by a shorter route. Had the charge been conspiracy (18 U.S.C. § 371) to violate 8 U.S.C. § 1325, this conviction would have been invulnerable. But Congress has not made penal the acts which Oscar aided and abetted. 8 U.S.C. § 1325 does not in terms include attempts to enter, nor is there a general federal statute which fills this gap. (See, for example, Cal.Penal Code § 663; Oregon Rev.St. § 161.405(1); Rev.Code Wash.Anno. § 9.01.070; Idaho Code Anno. § 18-306.) Thus here there was no “underlying offense.”
Accordingly, I perceive no need to pass upon the meaning of “entry” and “eluding”.