Court Opinion

ID: 7799105
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-08-09 13:03:52.228874+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:28:54.645148
License: Public Domain

NOTICE: This opinion is subject to modification resulting from motions for reconsideration under Supreme Court
  Rule 27, the Court’s reconsideration, and editorial revisions by the Reporter of Decisions. The version of the
  opinion published in the Advance Sheets for the Georgia Reports, designated as the “Final Copy,” will replace any
  prior version on the Court’s website and docket. A bound volume of the Georgia Reports will contain the final and
  official text of the opinion.

In the Supreme Court of Georgia

                                                  Decided: August 9, 2022

                       S22A0675. HARRIS v. THE STATE.

      PETERSON, Presiding Justice.

      Juan Keon Harris was convicted of murder and other crimes

committed against Tony Morris. 1 On appeal, Harris argues that the

      1The crimes took place on September 29, 2001. Harris was first indicted
by a Fulton County grand jury on January 15, 2002. He was reindicted on May
5, 2006. The 2006 indictment, on which Harris was tried, charged him with
malice murder (Count 1), two counts of felony murder, predicated on criminal
attempt to commit armed robbery and aggravated assault (Counts 2-3),
aggravated assault with a deadly weapon (Count 4), and possession of a
firearm during commission of a felony, predicated on aggravated assault
(Count 5). Harris filed a motion to dismiss the indictment on May 9, 2007,
claiming that his rights to a speedy trial had been violated. The trial court
denied the motion on June 18, 2007. This Court affirmed. See Harris v. State,
284 Ga. 455 (667 SE2d 361) (2008). Harris was tried by a jury in December
2008. He was acquitted of felony murder predicated on attempted armed
robbery (Count 2), but found guilty of the other charges. The trial court
sentenced Harris to life imprisonment on Count 1 and merged Count 4 into it;
Count 3 was vacated by operation of law. On Count 5, the court imposed a
sentence of five years to be served consecutively.
      Harris timely filed a motion for new trial on January 12, 2009. New
counsel amended the motion in October 2018 and March 2020. Following a
hearing, the trial court denied Harris’s motion in a written order dated
January 4, 2022. Harris timely filed a notice of appeal to the Court of Appeals,
trial court should have granted him a continuance to call missing

witnesses and that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance

for several reasons related to witness preparations and for

withdrawing requests for jury charges. Harris had not subpoenaed

the missing witnesses and did not know where they were, so the trial

court did not abuse its discretion in denying the continuance. Harris

has failed to show what helpful testimony he would have elicited had

his counsel prepared better, and so he cannot show any prejudice.

Harris has failed to show that his counsel was deficient in

withdrawing requests for jury charges that the trial court

reasonably understood would have required that Harris admit the

shooting. And Harris has failed to show cumulative prejudice. We

affirm.

      Tony Morris 2 was shot four times and killed in the early

which transferred the case to this Court. The case was docketed to our April
2022 term and submitted for a decision on the briefs.
       2 The biologically male victim identified as a woman and went by “Erica

Morgan” at the time of the crimes. According to representations made by a
prosecutor to the trial court, the victim’s legal name was “Tony Morris,” and
this is the name used in the indictment.
                                      2
morning hours on September 29, 2001. Using phone records, police

identified Harris as someone Morris had spoken to using a phone

chat line service the night Morris was killed. Talking with police

during a search of his property, Harris, trembling and breathing

quickly, denied owning a gun, and uttered, “[I]f I had a gun used to

kill someone, I would have done thrown it in the lake.” There was a

lake across the street from Harris’s home. Police found a half-empty

box of Magtech 9mm ammunition in Harris’s car; Harris claimed

that a friend had left it there. Investigators found Magtech 9mm

shell casings at Morris’s home.

     Police later contacted the friend and asked him to call Harris.

During that call, the friend asked Harris whether Harris had given

his gun to anyone, and Harris indicated that he had not. Questioned

again by police, Harris said that he owned a BB gun that he had

given to his half-brother, Antravous Favors. Harris denied ever

having owned or held a 9mm handgun. But when the questioning

officer implied that the police knew more about a firearm than he

had previously told Harris, Harris’s lip began to quiver, his eyes

                                  3
watered, and he slumped forward, but did not say anything. Favors

later told police he had seen Harris with a Hi-Point 9mm handgun,

which a ballistics expert testified could have ejected the casings

found in Morris’s home.

     Favors told the police and, during trial, testified that Harris

had confessed to the murder. On direct examination, Favors

admitted to a past conviction for armed robbery. Favors said Harris

called and said “[h]e had something to tell me.” The two met, and

Harris admitted that he killed someone (whom he did not name).

Harris said he had met this person on a phone chat line service, and

the person invited Harris over. The person was wearing women’s

lingerie when Harris arrived, but Harris noticed that the person had

male physical characteristics. Harris asked for the person’s phone

number, and the person stepped away to get something to write

with. When the person returned, Harris pulled out a gun and said

“you already know what it is,” by which Harris meant that it was a

robbery. The person began running at Harris and screaming, so

Harris shot the person repeatedly until his gun was empty. Harris

                                 4
told Favors that the person had only a pencil in hand, he shot the

person in the chest and stomach, and he threw the gun into a lake

after speaking with the police for the first time. Favors, who was in

jail when Morris was killed but had been released before speaking

to Harris, did not contact the police and initially denied knowing

anything when questioned, testifying that he had wanted to protect

Harris.

     Before cross-examining Favors, Harris’s counsel said, “I didn’t

think he was testifying until today.” He had Favors stand to show

the jury that he was wearing a county jail inmate uniform (not, as

he had testified on direct examination, a state prison uniform).

Favors admitted that his convictions included numerous felonies.

Favors testified that he told the police about Harris’s confession only

after the police said Harris had identified Favors as the person who

killed Morris, angering him, but the questioning officer denied

telling Favors this. Favors denied telling Harris’s previous counsel

that Favors had fabricated his story, and denied writing a letter to

his grandmother expressing animus toward Harris.

                                  5
     Harris presented alibi evidence from his grandmother and

mother. He also sought a self-defense jury instruction. During the

jury charge conference, the trial court said it would instruct the jury

as to alibi and self-defense. When the trial court indicated that it

also intended to give an instruction on affirmative defenses

generally, Harris objected, noting that the intended instruction

“admits the doing of the act,” whereas in his case the issue of self-

defense was raised by Favors’s testimony, not by any admission on

Harris’s part. The court responded that Harris could not raise self-

defense or justification without an admission, although it did note

Harris’s ability to argue inconsistent defenses. Over Harris’s

objection, the trial court stated that it would charge the jury on both

self-defense and affirmative defenses, denying Harris’s request for

an additional charge on inconsistent defenses. Counsel then said

that he would “involuntarily withdraw” his request for a charge on

self-defense or any other justification charge, because he could not

“permit the jury to hear in any shape, manner or fashion that Mr.

Harris is admitting that he did anything.” When trial resumed the

                                  6
following Monday, the trial court denied Harris’s supplemental

request for modified versions of these charges. Harris renewed his

objections after the trial court’s charge, which lacked any instruction

on affirmative defenses, self-defense, or justification.

     Immediately after the trial court denied his supplemental

request, Harris’s counsel said that he had been negligent in failing

to watch the videotaped interviews of Favors and Julius Martin (a

co-defendant of Harris and Favors in an unrelated case); he said the

videos would “substantially further any claim of self-defense” and

help him impeach Favors. He moved to reopen the evidence, but

conceded that Martin was unavailable, and that prosecutors had

indicated to him that they would not agree to admission of the

videotapes without the proper foundation being laid and Martin

being available for questioning. The trial court responded that

counsel was “intentionally trying to inject error” and it would

“overrule” his “objections.”

     Harris’s closing arguments pointed to alibi evidence and urged

the jury to find Favors’s testimony not credible. Alternatively,

                                   7
counsel argued that the jury should find Harris guilty of voluntary

manslaughter if it believed Favors, but did not argue self-defense.

The jury acquitted Harris of felony murder predicated on attempted

armed robbery, but found him guilty of the remaining counts.

     1. There was no error in denying Harris’s continuance motion.

     Harris first argues that the trial court erred in not granting the

continuance motion that he made on the morning that trial began.

Explaining the basis for the motion, Harris’s trial counsel

represented to the court that he had “been unable to locate a number

of material witnesses” or “secure any current address or contact

information for them.” He wanted “another week or two to try to find

these people,” possibly by “serving a subpoena for the production of

evidence, perhaps on the Georgia Department of Driver Services, to

see if they have addresses for any of these individuals.” The trial

court denied the motion.

     “All applications for continuances are addressed to the sound

legal discretion of the court[,]” and we review a trial court’s denial of

a continuance motion for an abuse of discretion. OCGA § 17-8-22;

                                   8
see also Geiger v. State, 295 Ga. 648, 651 (3) (763 SE2d 453) (2014).

None of the alleged missing witnesses had been subpoenaed by the

defense and counsel was unable to say where the witnesses were.

And there had already been a long delay due to Harris filing a

speedy trial motion, and then unsuccessfully appealing its denial.

See Harris v. State, 284 Ga. 455 (667 SE2d 361) (2008). Accordingly,

“we see no abuse of discretion in the denial of a continuance.” Cain

v. State, 277 Ga. 309, 311 (3) (588 SE2d 707) (2003), overruled in

part on other grounds by Dickens v. State, 280 Ga. 320, 323 (2) (627

SE2d 587) (2006). See also Dillingham v. State, 275 Ga. 665, 667 (2)

(571 SE2d 777) (2002) (holding no abuse of discretion in denying

continuance where “[t]here was no indication made to the trial court

that the witness could be located if an additional continuance was

granted”).

     2. Harris has not shown ineffective assistance of counsel.

       (a)   Harris failed to show any prejudice as to two
             ineffectiveness claims arising from his trial counsel’s
             witness preparations.

     Harris argues that his trial counsel provided ineffective

                                 9
assistance by not viewing the videos of Martin’s and Favors’s police

interviews and by failing to prepare for Favors’s testimony. To

prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant

must prove both that his counsel’s performance was deficient and

that the deficient performance prejudiced him. See Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (104 SCt 2052, 80 LE2d 674) (1984).

Deficiency means that “no reasonable lawyer would have done” what

trial counsel did, while prejudice means there is a reasonable

likelihood that the outcome of the trial would have been different

but for the deficient performance. Wells v. State, 295 Ga. 161, 164

(2) (a) (758 SE2d 598) (2014). A defendant claiming that his counsel

was underprepared must show that more preparation “might have

produced [something] that would have made a difference in the

outcome of his trial.” Roberts v. State, 305 Ga. 257, 266 (5) (c) (824

SE2d 326) (2019) (citation and punctuation omitted).

     Even assuming deficiency, Harris has failed to establish any

prejudice resulting from either of these alleged failures. Regarding

the videos, Harris’s trial counsel testified at the motion for new trial

                                  10
hearing that he did not know whether reviewing them would have

affected his trial strategy. Harris has not explained how his trial

counsel’s approach would have been different if counsel had viewed

the interviews, and has not explained how that different approach

was reasonably likely to lead to a difference in the outcome of the

trial. Harris has therefore not shown any prejudice as to his trial

counsel’s failure to watch the videos, and so he cannot establish

ineffective assistance of counsel on this basis.

     Turning to Harris’s contention that his trial counsel did not

adequately prepare for Favors’s testimony, Harris has not even

suggested what avenues his trial counsel left unexplored in his

cross-examination, and Favors did not testify at the hearing on

Harris’s motion for new trial. At the motion for new trial hearing,

trial counsel enumerated ways in which he did prepare to examine

Favors. Harris has not shown any prejudice arising from any lack of

preparation on counsel’s part. Harris’s failure to show any prejudice

again dooms his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. See Porter

v. State, 292 Ga. 292, 295 (3) (c) (736 SE2d 409) (2013) (claim of

                                  11
ineffective assistance of counsel based on counsel’s alleged failure to

prepare appellant and his alibi witnesses to testify fails where

appellant “offered no evidence to show a reasonable probability that

more preparation would have changed the outcome at trial”).

          (b)   Trial counsel did not perform                deficiently    in
                withdrawing jury charge requests.

      Harris next challenges his trial counsel’s decision to withdraw

requests for jury charges on self-defense and justification. 3 Trial

counsel did not perform deficiently in this regard. He withdrew the

requests after the trial court held that it would charge the jury on

both self-defense and affirmative defenses. The trial court relied on

pattern jury charges at the time of the trial, which, although we

have since clarified the law,4 stated: “An affirmative defense is a

      3  Harris does not challenge the trial court’s ruling as to his requests
regarding jury charges on self-defense, affirmative defenses, or inconsistent
defenses. He challenges only trial counsel’s decision to withdraw the requests
after the trial court’s ruling.
       4 Over a decade after Harris’s trial, we made it clear that a criminal

defendant need not admit as true for all purposes anything in order to raise an
affirmative defense:

      [I]n order to raise an affirmative defense, a criminal defendant
      need not “admit” anything, in the sense of acknowledging that any

                                      12
defense that admits the doing of the act charged but seeks to justify,

excuse, or mitigate it.” Suggested Pattern Jury Instructions, Vol. II:

Criminal Cases (2007), § 3.00.00. Harris’s principal defense was

alibi, which would have been completely undermined by admitting

the shooting. Although trial counsel argued in the alternative that

the jury could find him guilty of voluntary manslaughter, at the very

least, we cannot say that no reasonable lawyer would have made the

      facts alleged in the indictment or accusation are true. Rather, in
      asserting an affirmative defense, a defendant may accept certain
      facts as true for the sake of argument, and the defendant may do
      so for the limited purpose of raising the specific affirmative
      defense at issue. A defendant is entitled to a requested jury
      instruction regarding an affirmative defense when at least slight
      evidence supports the theory of the charge, whether in the State’s
      evidence or evidence presented by the defendant, and regardless of
      whether the theory of the affirmative defense conflicts with any
      other theory being advanced by the defendant. It follows that a
      trial court errs in denying a defendant’s request for a jury
      instruction on an affirmative defense solely on the basis that the
      defendant did not admit for all purposes the truth of the
      allegations in the indictment or accusation regarding the allegedly
      unlawful act.

McClure v. State, 306 Ga. 856, 864 (1) (834 SE2d 96) (2019). The current
pattern jury charge simply reads: “The defendant has raised a defense that
even if he committed the act described in the indictment, there are
circumstances that (justify) (excuse) (mitigate) it. Once this defense is raised,
the state must disprove it beyond a reasonable doubt.” Suggested Pattern Jury
Instructions, Vol. II: Criminal Cases (2020), § 3.00.00.

                                       13
strategic decision that trial counsel did here in the light of the

circumstances, and so he did not render deficient performance. See

Welbon v. State, 278 Ga. 312, 313 (2) (602 SE2d 610) (2004) (holding

no deficient performance where trial counsel’s strategy “was

reasonable under the circumstances”).5

            (c)   There is no cumulative prejudice from ineffective
                  assistance of counsel here.

      Finally, Harris contends that the cumulative effect of the

ineffective assistance provided by his trial counsel amounted to

prejudice. See Bates v. State, 313 Ga. 57, 69 (3) (867 SE2d 140)

(2022) (“It is the prejudice arising from counsel’s errors that is

constitutionally relevant, not that each individual error by counsel

should be considered in a vacuum.” (citation and punctuation

omitted)). But we already concluded that Harris failed to show any

prejudice from the assumed deficiencies in the matters challenged

      5 We note that a defendant’s burden of demonstrating prejudice arising
from ineffective assistance of counsel is heavy, whereas a defendant is entitled
to a jury charge regarding a defense as long as “slight evidence” supports it.
See, e.g., McClure, 306 Ga. at 863-864 (1).

                                      14
above in Division (2) (a).6 Cumulative prejudice is therefore not a

ground for reversing Harris’s convictions.

      Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur.

      6 Harris’s brief also enumerates as error that his trial counsel provided
ineffective assistance in not interviewing Jones and not calling Martin as a
witness. But these enumerations are “not supported by argument or citation of
authority in the brief” and so are abandoned. Supreme Court Rule 22.
                                      15