Court Opinion

ID: 181502
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-12-21 20:52:52+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:25:55.756882
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                   ______

                                     No. 09-4690
                                       ______

                            JENEKA PEACE-WICKHAM
                                             Appellant

                                           v.

                     JAMES WALLS, in his individual capacity,
                     DELAWARE RIVER & BAY AUTHORITY
                                  ______

                    On Appeal from the United States District Court
                             for the District of Delaware
                             (D.C. Civil No. 07-cv-598)
                       Magistrate Judge: Hon. Mary Pat Thynge
                                       ______

                  Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                December 17, 2010

      Before: JORDAN, HARDIMAN, and VAN ANTWERPEN, Circuit Judges.

                              (Filed: December 21, 2010)
                                        ______

                              OPINION OF THE COURT
                                      ______

VAN ANTWERPEN, Circuit Judge.

      Appellant Janeka Peace-Wickham filed a complaint in the United States District

Court for the District of Delaware against the Delaware River & Bay Authority

(“DRBA”) and its Chief Operating Officer James Walls, alleging, as relevant here,
violations of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e, et seq., and

42 U.S.C. §§ 1981 and 1983. The District Court granted Appellees‟ motion for summary

judgment on all claims and Peace-Wickham appealed. For the reasons that follow, we

will affirm.

                                              I.

       The parties are well acquainted with the factual and procedural background of this

case, and therefore we will limit our discussion of the record to those facts bearing

directly on our disposition of this appeal.

       In December of 2005, Peace-Wickham, who is an African-American, began

working for the DRBA as the Food and Retail Supervisor at the Delaware Memorial

Bridge Facility Café. Her job duties include ordering and purchasing inventory,

supervising staff, ensuring timely food service, cooking and working at the cash register

when needed, and assisting the Food and Retail Manager. At the time of Peace-

Wickham‟s hiring, a woman named Juanita Molletta, also an African-American, held the

position of the Food and Retail Manager. Molletta reported directly to Food and Retail

Superintendant George Iannetta, a Caucasian, who oversaw all food and retail operations

at the DRBA until his resignation on July 3, 2007. Iannetta, in turn, reported to Chief

Operating Officer Jim Walls, also a Caucasian.

       Peace-Wickham points to events preceding her start at the DBRA as the source of

ongoing racial tensions in the Café. Peace-Wickham was hired to replace a former Café

supervisor named Susan Clayton, a Caucasian. Clayton was fired for organizing a work-

stoppage in response to the DRBA‟s decision to hire Molletta, an outside candidate,

                                              2
rather than promote her to the position. Peace-Wickham believes that this work-stoppage

elevated racial tensions at the Café, and that many of her white coworkers were

disobedient and disrespectful to her and other black employees as a result.

       Shortly after Peace-Wickham started, the Café‟s regular cook went on medical

leave. In her absence, Peace-Wickham was assigned to cooking duties on a full-time

basis. Molletta and Anna Cheers, also an African-American, were chosen to assist. This

arrangement lasted approximately three months, during which the three were too busy to

take allotted work breaks. In response, Peace-Wickham complained to the DRBA‟s

Equal Employment Officer, Consuela Petty-Judkins, also an African-American, that

working full-time as a cook fell outside of her responsibilities as a supervisor. Moreover,

she was troubled that she and the two other African-American employees assigned to

cover cooking duties were frequently unable to take breaks while other white employees

at the Café were able to. Following discussions with Walls and the DRBA‟s Chief of

Human Resources, Petty-Judkins authorized Peace-Wickham to contact an outside temp

agency for additional help in the Café. Despite this decision, Peace-Wickham and the

other two employees assigned to cover for the cook often remained too busy to take their

breaks during this three-month period. According to Peace-Wickham, when Iannetta

learned that she had complained to Petty-Judkins, he confronted her and Molletta and

“hollered” at them for not handling the issue on their own.

       Over the course of her employment, Peace-Wickham experienced a number of

incidents she believes are indicative of a racially charged work environment at the

DRBA. On February 9, 2006, seasonal worker Amy Moriarty, a Caucasian female, filed

                                             3
an internal harassment complaint alleging that Peace-Wickham threatened to “beat [her]

white ass down.” After filing the complaint, which was dismissed later that month for

lack of evidence, Moriarty took leave for several days. Peace-Wickham filed her own

internal complaint on February 23, 2006 denying Moriarty‟s allegations and claiming that

Moriarty made racially discriminatory comments about her to coworkers. Upon

Moriarty‟s return, she was assigned to a different work location. Although the DRBA

immediately reassigned Moriarty in response to Peace-Wickham‟s complaint, it did not

finalize its investigation for several months.

       The DRBA took a number of actions to respond to the work-stoppage and racial

tensions at the Café. For about a year, beginning in April 2006, Walls held regular

meetings with Molletta and Iannetta, during which he reviewed the performance,

complaints, and interactions of all employees at the Café. The DRBA additionally

provided third-party counseling for Peace-Wickham and Molletta, assigned a Human

Resource Generalist to provide onsite support, and consulted with them regularly

concerning any ongoing problems.

       In spite of these actions, several other incidents occurred. Molletta reported that

she heard a white DRBA employee make a statement about “lynching” directed at Peace-

Wickham. Peace-Wickham also overheard two DRBA employees who were purchasing

food from the Café comment in response to apparent dissatisfaction that “back in the day,

down South, blacks would have been hung for things like this.” Peace-Wickham

reported this comment to Iannetta and Walls on April 7, 2006. Iannetta and Walls asked

Peace-Wickham if she could identify the individuals involved. Additionally, Iannetta

                                                 4
asked her to immediately let him know if she saw them again. Peace-Wickham was

unable to provide sufficient information, and she heard nothing further from Iannetta or

Walls. Additionally, Peace-Wickham did not inform either individual when she later

spotted one of the two employees again.

      Around the same time, a white DRBA police officer named Denise Wise told

Peace-Wickham that the Café had “changed” since Peace-Wickham‟s arrival and that she

wanted Clayton back as a supervisor. Peace-Wickham believed these comments were

motivated by racial animus based on prior indications that Wise thought there were too

many blacks working in the Café. Peace-Wickham reported these comments to several

people including Iannetta and Wise‟s supervisor. Wise was counseled about the

sensitivity surrounding Clayton and informed that the incident would be formally

addressed in her annual performance review. Wise was asked to apologize; however, she

never did. No further incidents involving Wise were reported.

      Sometime thereafter, Brenda Kennedy, a Caucasian employee who was a friend of

Moriarty, crumpled up a receipt and threw it at Peace-Wickham‟s head. Peace-Wickham

complained to Iannetta and others. Nonetheless, Kennedy reportedly threw a receipt a

second time. Peace-Wickham communicated this incident once again. Iannetta stated

that he spoke to Kennedy and made it clear that such conduct would not be tolerated.

      On May 3, 2006, Peace-Wickham filed a Charge of Discrimination against the

DRBA with the Delaware Department of Labor (DDOL) alleging the existence of a

racially hostile work environment. Peace-Wickham objected to the comparative speed

with which the DRBA resolved Moriarty‟s complaint as opposed to the delay she

                                            5
experienced with final resolution of her own. She also objected to her continued

assignment to “lesser duties.” After considering Peace-Wickham‟s charge, the DDOL

issued a Right to Sue Notice.

      On May 19, 2006, Petty-Judkins forwarded Peace-Wickham‟s complaint to the

DRBA‟s internal Discrimination/Harassment Complaint Committee. The Committee

scheduled an interview with Peace-Wickham, though she called in sick that day. The

meeting was instead held on June 8, 2006, the first possible time when all Committee

members could meet. By that point, Moriarty had resigned. During the June 8 meeting,

Peace-Wickham read a prepared statement, provided notes, and discussed recent

incidents experienced in the Café. The Committee did not offer a formal opinion or

recommendation due to reluctance by Peace-Wickham to amend the complaint or pursue

a further investigation. Peace-Wickham challenges this characterization, and maintains

that she was willing to cooperate with any additional action by the Committee.

      Thereafter, Peace-Wickham expressed dissatisfaction with the process to Walls.

In response, Walls asked for her input on how to better address her complaint. Peace-

Wickham asked Walls to post anti-harassment signs and institute diversity training at the

Café. The DRBA fulfilled both requests, and additionally required all employees to

attend anti-harassment classes.

      Several other incidents occurred in spite of these measures. In January 2007, a

white Café employee named Bill Gilbert cleared every table in the premise except the one

where Peace-Wickham and another black employee named Sandra McKinney were

eating. McKinney filed a complaint, and Gilbert was subsequently transferred to a

                                            6
different department. On April 9, 2007, Peace-Wickham returned to the Café to find an

anonymous sign posted on the door reading “free at last, free at last, thank God we are

free at last.” The sign clearly referenced a famous quote by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

Peace-Wickham interpreted the sign as a personal attack, and refused take it down. Walls

and others met with Peace-Wickham and conducted an immediate investigation that

included interviews and a formal report; however, they were ultimately unable to identify

the persons responsible.

       In February 2007, Molletta cited Peace-Wickham for failing to abide by cash

handling procedures after discovering a $68.14 shortage in bank deposits after Peace-

Wickham worked the register. The missing amount was found the next day in a cash bag

inside the register drawer. Peace-Wickham refused to sign the citation form. Molletta

also did not sign the form, and never placed it in Peace-Wickham‟s official personnel file.

       On May 1, 2007, Molletta resigned from the DRBA leaving the Food and Retail

Manager position temporarily vacant. Soon after, Iannetta left the DRBA as well, leaving

Walls temporarily in charge of Café operations. Thereafter, Peace-Wickham claims to

have unofficially assumed Molletta‟s managerial duties at the request of Walls. As the

next most senior employee, Peace-Wickham asked Walls on several occasions to

officially reclassify her as the acting Food and Retail Manager, consistent with past

practice, and in spite of the fact that she had been assigned to full time cashiering duties

since February of 2007. Walls declined her request and informed her that the DRBA

“would move forward in another direction” even though another manager advised him

that Peace-Wickham could handle the job with additional training. During this time

                                              7
period, Walls visited the Café more frequently, and according to Peace-Wickham,

subjected her to increased scrutiny.

       On June 4, 2007, Peace-Wickham filed a second Charge of Discrimination with

the DDOL asserting retaliation for her prior complaints in the form of demotions,

disciplinary actions, restricted duties, denied promotions, and harassment. Peace-

Wickham pointed to her alleged violation of the cash handling policy as a pretext for the

DRBA‟s actions. The DDOL dismissed the charge without making a finding, but issued

another Right to Sue Notice. Additionally, on August 9, 2007, Peace-Wickham filed an

internal grievance against Walls alleging that he “harassed and disrespected” her in

retaliation for her prior complaints. Peace-Wickham also complained that Walls was

restricting her duties and subjecting her to unwarranted scrutiny. The DRBA investigated

this complaint by conducting separate interviews and ultimately concluded that Walls‟

actions were justified and not motivated by discriminatory intent.

       Several months after Molletta‟s resignation, Walls hired an outside candidate

named Mike Cattalo to manage the Café starting on August 15, 2007 and lasting until the

position could be permanently filled. Walls maintained that he hired Cattalo rather than

reclassifying Peace-Wickham because the Café was experiencing serious financial

problems that required specific skills in retail restaurant management that Peace-

Wickham lacked and Cattalo possessed. He also pointed to various performance

concerns, including her: (1) failure to address employee performance issues when she

witnessed them; (2) violation of the cash handling policy; (3) her decision not to take

                                             8
down the “free at last” sign; and (4) frequent absences without notice during the work

day.

       On January 14, 2008, the DRBA formally posted the permanent Food and Retail

Manager position and began accepting applications. Both Peace-Wickham and Cattalo

applied and interviewed. Neither individual received an offer, and instead, the DRBA

hired an outside candidate named Dana Herbert, an African-American, to fill the position.

On March 31, 2008, Herbert began work as Peace-Wickham‟s direct supervisor.

       Peace-Wickham reports that since July of 2008 DRBA management has shunned

her, making performance of her job duties difficult. In addition, she asserts that

management continues to ignore her concerns about understaffing and that the Café

continues to require her to fill in as a cook and cashier.

       On September 27, 2007, Peace-Wickham filed this civil action against the DRBA

and Walls pursuant to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e, et

seq., and 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981 and 1983. Peace-Wickham alleged, as relevant here, that the

DRBA and Walls violated her civil rights by: (1) subjecting her to a hostile work

environment; (2) retaliating against her when she complained about racial discrimination;

and (3) denying her a promotion due to her race. On August 17, 2009, both defendants

moved for summary judgment on all counts. In a Memorandum of Decision and Order

dated November 23, 2009, the District Court granted summary judgment in favor of the

DRBA and Walls. Peace-Wickham timely filed an appeal on December 21, 2009.

       The District Court exercised jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, and we have

appellate jurisdiction over the final order under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

                                              9
                                             II.

       We review the District Court‟s grant of summary judgment de novo. Sempier v.

Johnson & Higgins, 45 F.3d 724, 727 (3d Cir. 1995). Summary judgment is proper only

if “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law.” FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a). Upon a motion for summary

judgment, the non-moving party, to prevail, must “make a showing sufficient to establish

the existence of [every] element essential to that party‟s case, and on which that party

will bear the burden of proof at trial.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106

S. Ct. 2548, 2552, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). We must grant all reasonable inferences from

the evidence to the non-moving party. See Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio

Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 106 S. Ct. 1348, 89 L. Ed. 2d 538 (1986). A party opposing

summary judgment “must present more than just „bare assertions, conclusory allegations

or suspicions‟ to show the existence of a genuine issue.” Podobnik v. U.S. Postal Serv.,

409 F.3d 584, 594 (3d Cir. 2005) (quoting Celotex, 477 U.S. at 325). Moreover,

“[w]here the record taken as a whole could not lead a reasonable trier of fact to find for

the non-moving party, there is no „genuine issue for trial.‟” Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587.

                                            III.

       On appeal, Peace-Wickham challenges the District Court‟s grant of summary

judgment in favor of the DRBA and Walls. As relevant here, Peace-Wickham alleges

that the DRBA violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e, et

seq., by: (1) subjecting her to a hostile work environment; (2) retaliating against her when

she complained about racial discrimination; and (3) denying her a promotion due to her

                                             10
race. Based on these same allegations, Peace-Wickham alleges that the DRBA violated

42 U.S.C. § 1981, and that Walls, acting in his individual capacity, violated 42 U.S.C. §

1983. We will address each claim in turn.

                              A. Hostile Work Environment

       Peace-Wickham first contends that the District Court erred in granting summary

judgment on her hostile work environment claim. To establish a Title VII claim for

employment discrimination based on race and due to a hostile work environment, the

appellant must show that: (1) she suffered intentional discrimination because of her race;

(2) the discrimination was severe or pervasive; (3) the discrimination detrimentally

affected her; (4) the discrimination would have detrimentally affected a reasonable

person of the same race in her position; and (5) the existence of respondeat superior

liability. See Jensen v. Potter, 435 F.3d 444, 448 (3d Cir. 2006) (internal quotations and

citations omitted), overruled in part on other grounds by Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry.

Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 126 S. Ct. 2405, 165 L. Ed. 2d 345 (2006); Caver v. City of

Trenton, 420 F.3d 243, 262 (3d Cir. 2005).

       Accordingly, to prove her hostile work environment claim, Peace-Wickham must

show, inter alia, that her workplace was “permeated with discriminatory intimidation,

ridicule, and insult that is sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of [her]

employment and create an abusive working environment.” Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v.

Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 116, 122 S. Ct. 2061, 153 L. Ed. 2d 106 (2002) (quotations

omitted). Factors which may indicate a hostile work environment include: “the

frequency of the discriminatory conduct; its severity; whether it is physically threatening

                                              11
or humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance; and whether it unreasonably interferes with

an employee‟s work performance.” Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 23, 114

S. Ct. 367, 126 L. Ed. 2d 295 (1993). “[O]ffhanded comments and isolated incidents

(unless extremely serious) are not sufficient to sustain a hostile work environment claim.

Rather, the conduct must be extreme to amount to a change in the terms and conditions of

employment.” Caver, 420 F.3d at 262 (internal quotations and citations omitted). In

assessing the severity of alleged discriminatory treatment, “we consider the totality of the

circumstances,” and our analysis “must concentrate not on individual incidents, but on

the overall scenario.” Id. at 262-63 (internal quotations and citations omitted).

       In this case, the District Court concluded that Peace-Wickham failed to establish a

prima facie case because she did not present evidence on which a reasonable jury could

find vicarious liability on the part of the DRBA. As an initial matter, the court

determined that a reasonable jury could find that severe or pervasive discrimination

existed at the DRBA. Nonetheless, it concluded that Peace-Wickham‟s claim failed

because she presented no evidence to support an inference of racial discrimination by her

supervisors or a legally inadequate response on their part to remedy harassment by her

coworkers. Although we do not as readily conclude that the evidence presented could

support a determination that the discrimination at the DRBA was severe or pervasive, we

need not definitively address this element as we agree with the District Court that Peace-

Wickham cannot establish liability on the part of her employer.

       As this Court has previously recognized, “[u]nder Title VII, much turns on

whether the harassers are supervisors or coworkers. If supervisors create the hostile

                                             12
environment, the employer is strictly liable, though an affirmative defense may be

available where there is no tangible employment action.” Jensen, 435 F.3d at 448

(internal quotations and citations omitted). Alternatively, an employer will be liable for

harassing conduct committed by a victim‟s coworkers if the employer was “negligent or

reckless in failing to train, discipline, fire or take remedial action upon notice of

harassment.” Bonenberger v. Plymouth Twp., 132 F.3d 20, 26 (3d Cir. 1997) (citing

Bouton v. BMW of N. Am., Inc., 29 F.3d 103, 106 (3d Cir. 1994)). An employer is

negligent if it “knew or should have known about the harassment, but failed to take

prompt and adequate remedial action.” Jensen, 435 F.3d at 453 (internal quotations

omitted). Importantly, even if a remedial action does not effectively end the alleged

harassment, it may still be legally “adequate” if it was “reasonably calculated” to do so.

See id. (quoting Knabe v. Boury Corp., 114 F.3d 407, 412-13 (3d Cir. 1997)).

       The District Court concluded that Peace-Wickham‟s supervisors did not create a

hostile work environment at the DRBA. We agree. Even viewing all of the facts in a

light most favorable to Peace-Wickham, and considering the totality of the

circumstances, we believe that no reasonable jury could find that her supervisors

discriminated against her in the ways required to create a hostile work environment. In

arguing otherwise, Peace-Wickham points to several acts by management, including: her

reassignment to cooking and cashiering duties for an extended period of time; her and

other African-American employees‟ frequent inability to take allotted breaks; the relative

delay she experienced in final resolution of her complaint against Moriarty; Walls‟

refusal to reclassify her to the Acting Food and Retail Manager position; and finally, the

                                              13
fact that her supervisors continue to ignore her complaints about understaffing and other

work related issues. According to Peace-Wickham, each of these incidents gives rise to

at least a genuine issue of material fact as to whether she suffered severe or pervasive

discrimination by her supervisors. We disagree.

       None of these incidents are sufficiently probative of racial animus to permit a

reasonable jury to find her supervisors directly liable for creating a racially hostile work

environment. Upon hiring, Peace-Wickham was well aware that her duties included

cashiering and cooking on an as-needed-basis. Additionally, these reassignments were

clearly tied to unanticipated departures of other employees. In the first instance, Peace-

Wickham began filling in for a cook who was out on medical leave. In the second

instance, Peace-Wickham filled in as a cashier due to similar understaffing issues,

exacerbated by Moriarty‟s reassignment and subsequent resignation. Peace-Wickham‟s

deposition testimony also indicated numerous occasions wherein she performed other

tasks above and beyond cooking and cashiering, consistent with the broad scope of her

position as a Café supervisor. For example, she described spending sometimes two to

three hours each day formulating menus for upcoming weeks, corresponding with Human

Resources regarding employee time recording issues, and running various errands to

obtain supplies and other items for the Café. When she complained of an inability to take

breaks, the DRBA gave her permission to hire additional labor from an outside agency.

       The other incidents she points to are similarly lacking. Even though the DRBA

took more time to finalize Peace-Wickham‟s complaint than her white coworker

Moriarty‟s, it nonetheless took immediate action to address the underlying problem.

                                             14
Additionally, Peace-Wickham presents no evidence to establish a discriminatory motive

behind her supervisor‟s experience-and performance-based reasons for refusing to

reclassify her to the Acting Food and Retail Manager position. Finally, the DRBA‟s

continued inattention to understaffing issues is not independently probative of racial

animus. Nor does it become so when considered in light of the overall circumstances

alleged by Peace-Wickham.1 For these reasons, we agree with the District Court‟s

determination that Peace-Wickham cannot show discrimination on the part of her

supervisors.

       We next address whether Peace-Wickham is able to establish respondeat superior

liability by showing that the DRBA provided an inadequate remedial response to racial

harassment by her coworkers. See Bonenberger, 132 F.3d at 26. Here, the record

convinces us that the DRBA‟s remedial measures were adequate as a matter of law. As

1
        Notably, the record is devoid of any overtly discriminatory statements or conduct
by her supervisors. We acknowledge that overt racial harassment is not required to show
intentional discrimination. In Aman v. Cort Furniture Rental Corp., this Court indicated
that acts of harassment need not be “accompanied by racially discriminatory statements.”
85 F.3d 1074, 1083 (3d Cir. 1996). Nonetheless, the presence or absence of such conduct
often proves helpful when evaluating whether facially neutral conduct is driven by
invidious motives. See Cardenas v. Massey, 269 F.3d 251, 262 (3d Cir. 2001) (reasoning
that in light of a supervisor‟s overtly discriminatory comments, the facially neutral
management decisions complained of constituted evidence “from which a jury might find
ethnic animus underlying other ostensibly nondiscriminatory incidents.”); Caver v. City
of Trenton, 420 F.3d 243, 263 (3d Cir. 2005) (finding that a plaintiff could not meet the
first element of a hostile work environment claim where the plaintiff was neither on the
receiving end nor the subject of any overt comments). As in Cardenas and Caver, Peace-
Wickham points only to facially neutral conduct on the part of her supervisors in alleging
that they treated her in a racially discriminatory manner. The fact that she cannot point to
any overtly discriminatory conduct on the part of her supervisors lends further support to
our conclusion that she cannot show their direct responsibility for any hostile work
environment that might have existed at the DRBA.

                                            15
noted, when Peace-Wickham filed a complaint against her coworker Moriarty, the DRBA

promptly transferred Moriarty to another post, effectively addressing the substance of her

complaint in a manner reasonably calculated to stop further harassment. The fact that the

DRBA took several months to finalize its investigation does not render the response

legally inadequate, especially given that they reassigned Moriarty immediately upon her

return. See Jensen, 435 F.3d at 453 (denying summary judgment in favor of an

employer where a nineteen month delay occurred between notification and remedial

action); Bonenberger, 132 F.3d at 26 (denying summary judgment in favor of an

employer when evidence indicated that the employer took no action whatsoever for three

months). Moreover, the DRBA revised its internal policies in an effort to improve the

consistency and speed with which it dealt with such complaints.

       The DRBA took similarly adequate measures to respond to Peace-Wickham‟s

complaints about other employees, including investigations and formal reprimands. In

addition to conducting timely investigations, reprimanding employees, and transferring

employees as needed, the DRBA instituted weekly meetings with Peace-Wickham‟s

supervisors to ensure that all issues would be appropriately communicated and timely

addressed. Additionally, the DRBA provided third-party counseling. When Peace-

Wickham proposed further steps, the DRBA not only responded by posting warnings and

arranging mandatory diversity training, but also required all employees to attend anti-

harassment classes. Taken together, these steps fall comfortably within the realm of

legally adequate remedial measures.

                                            16
       Finally, we reject Peace-Wickham‟s insinuation that the legal adequacy of the

DRBA‟s remedial measures should be judged according to whether they effectively

prevented future instances of workplace harassment. As we made clear in Knabe, the

legal adequacy of remedial measures is not solely dependent upon their ultimate effect,

but rather whether they were “reasonably calculated” to end the harassment. Knabe, 114

F.3d at 413. Moreover, we are unwilling to step into the shoes of DRBA management, as

urged by Peace-Wickham, and make highly particularized judgments as to whether the

DRBA should have docked pay, demoted, or withdrawn certain fringe benefits instead of

following the course of action chosen here. See id. at 414 (“[T]aking punitive action

against the harassing employee, e.g., reprimand, suspension or dismissal, is not necessary

to insulate the employer from liability for a hostile work environment.”) Title VII does

not mandate a specified course of action for all instances of workplace harassment, and

neither will we. See id.

       Because Peace-Wickham fails to present evidence on which a reasonable jury

could find the DRBA vicariously liable, we will affirm the District Court‟s grant of

summary judgment on her hostile work environment claim.

                                      B. Retaliation

       Peace-Wickham also contends that the District Court erred in granting summary

judgment on her retaliation claim. To establish a prima facie case of retaliation, Peace-

Wickham must demonstrate that: (1) she engaged in a protected employee activity; (2)

the employer took an adverse employment action after or contemporaneous with the

protected activity; and (3) a causal link exists between the protected activity and the

                                             17
adverse action. See Abramson v. William Paterson College of New Jersey, 260 F.3d 265,

286 (3d Cir. 2001); Kachmar v. Sungard Data Sys., Inc., 109 F.3d 173, 177 (3d Cir.

1999). A causal link between protected activity and adverse action may be inferred from

an unusually suggestive temporal proximity between the two, an intervening pattern of

antagonism following the protected conduct, or the proffered evidence examined as a

whole. Kachmar, 109 F.3d at 177.

       Here, neither party disputes that Peace-Wickham engaged in protected activity by

filing various complaints for allegedly discriminatory conduct. Instead, the relevant

inquiry centers on whether Peace-Wickham established a prima facie case by satisfying

the second and third element described above. If she is able to satisfy these elements, we

must then ask whether she is able to rebut the legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons

presented by the DRBA, as required by the familiar McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting

framework applicable to this claim. McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792,

802, 93 S. Ct. 1817, 36 L. Ed. 2d 668 (1973).

       The District Court concluded that Peace-Wickham failed to make a prima facie

case for retaliation, and reasoned further that even assuming she did, that she presented

insufficient evidence to counter the legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons provided by

the DRBA and Walls. We agree.

       Peace-Wickham alleges that the DRBA retaliated against her in the following

ways: through a hostile work environment; by reassigning her to menial tasks including

cooking and cashiering; by failing to investigate or conducting an intentionally

ineffective and negligently indifferent investigation into her complaints of racial

                                             18
harassment; by shunning her and ignoring her ongoing concerns; by refusing to reclassify

her to the acting Food and Retail Manager position; and by subjecting her to increased

scrutiny following Molletta‟s departure.

       Although creating or permitting a hostile work environment can constitute a

materially adverse employment action, see Jensen, 435 F.3d at 448, vicarious liability

remains necessary to establish this basis, see Kunin v. Sears Roebuck & Co., 175 F.3d

289, 293 (3d Cir. 1999). For the reasons discussed, supra II. A., Peace-Wickham cannot

establish vicarious liability on the part of the DRBA, and therefore she cannot base her

retaliation clam upon the alleged hostile work environment.

       Moreover, we agree with the District Court that Peace-Wickham cannot establish a

sufficient causal relationship between her protected activities and her reassignment to

cooking and cashiering duties. As the District Court noted, Peace-Wickham‟s

reassignment to cooking duties predated all of her protected activities. Similarly, we

agree that the reassignment to cashiering in February of 2007, eight months after her

most recent complaint, is too attenuated of a link to establish causality, especially in light

of the dearth of evidence suggesting that this decision was motivated by retaliatory intent.

See Kachmar, 109 F.3d at 177.

       Additionally, there is no evidence on which a reasonable jury could conclude that

the DRBA failed to investigate or conducted an intentionally ineffective and negligently

indifferent investigation into her complaints of racial harassment. To the contrary, the

record indicates that the DRBA took steps to investigate and address Peace-Wickham‟s

complaints at each turn. Even if their efforts at times failed to prevent future incidents of

                                              19
harassment, there is no indication that the DRBA or Walls acted in an intentionally

ineffective or negligently indifferent manner. We also conclude that Peace-Wickham‟s

allegations of shunning do not amount to an adverse employment action. Even treating

these allegations as true, she cannot show that the lack of receptiveness to her complaints

of continued understaffing and other unspecified issues “might well have dissuaded a

reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of discrimination.” Burlington,

548 U.S. at 68.

       Finally, we also agree with the District Court that even if Walls‟ refusal to

designate Peace-Wickham Acting Food and Retail Manager along with his increased

scrutiny of her support a prima facie case for retaliation, Peace-Wickham cannot rebut the

legitimate, non-retaliatory explanations provided for his actions.2 In defense of his

decision, Walls pointed to a number of performance-and experience-based reasons that

Peace-Wickham asserts are pretextual. Peace-Wickham attacks Walls‟ averred reasons

by disagreeing with his performance assessments, questioning his judgment and

professional experience, and by offering alternative explanations for her conduct. In

2
        We note that contrary to Peace-Wickham‟s characterization (Reply Br. at 4.), the
District Court never conclusively determined that Walls‟ decision against reclassifying
her to the Acting Manager position satisfied each of the elements required to establish a
prima facie case. Instead, the court simply noted that “there [was] stronger temporal
evidence” to suggest a causal link between Peace-Wickham‟s complaint about the “free
at last” sign and Walls‟ decision not to reclassify her. (App. at 25-26.) The court then
reasoned, “even assuming this evidence to establish a causal link, however, Peace fails to
answer Walls‟ legitimate, non-retaliatory explanations for his actions.” (Id.) Thus, rather
than determining that a prima facie case had been established, the court simply assumed
this conclusion in order to reach her pretext arguments. Because we conclude that Peace-
Wickham cannot discredit Walls‟ legitimate non-retaliatory reasons, we need not
definitively resolve whether she has satisfied each element of the prima facie case for
retaliation.

                                             20
order to discredit an employer‟s proffered reasons, “the non-moving plaintiff must

demonstrate such weaknesses, implausibilities, inconsistencies, incoherencies, or

contradictions in the employer‟s proffered legitimate reasons for its action that a

reasonable factfinder could rationally find them unworthy of credence, and hence infer

that the employer did not act for [the asserted] non-discriminatory reasons.” Fuentes v.

Perskie, 32 F.3d 759, 765 (3d Cir. 1994) (internal citations and quotations omitted). The

evidence presented by Peace-Wickham consists largely of her own bare assertions and

unsupported opinions offered to contradict Walls‟ explanations. Unsupported retorts do

not cast sufficient doubt to overcome the threshold we articulated in Fuentes. See id.

Even considered in aggregate, Peace-Wickham fails to sufficiently discredit the

performance- and experience-based reasons provided by Walls and DRBA.3

       Similarly, Peace-Wickham cannot discredit Walls‟ explanations for why he

subjected her to increased scrutiny. Walls was temporarily assigned to oversee Café

operations after Molletta and Iannetta departed. As a result, he assumed direct

managerial responsibilities over Peace-Wickham and other Café employees. It is no

surprise that he would more closely scrutinize Peace-Wickham after assuming

supervisory responsibility over her. Moreover, the Café was experiencing significant

financial problems, further substantiating Walls‟ explanations for the increased scrutiny.

3
       Peace-Wickham asserts that the District Court erred by requiring her to directly
contradict each proffered reason offered by Walls and the DRBA. If the court had indeed
held Peace-Wickham to such a burden, it would have committed error. See Fuentes, 32
F.3d at 764 n.7. We find no indication, however, that the District Court required Peace-
Wickham to cast doubt on each and every legitimate, non-retaliatory explanation offered
by Walls and DRBA.

                                             21
       Accordingly, we will affirm the District Court‟s grant of summary judgment on

Peace-Wickham‟s retaliation claim as well.

                                  C. Failure to Promote

       Peace-Wickham next asserts that the District Court erred when it concluded that

she failed to present evidence that she was qualified for the position of Acting Food and

Retail Manager, thereby supporting the decision to grant summary judgment on her

failure to promote claim. In order to establish a prima facie case for failure to promote,

Peace-Wickham must show that: (1) she belongs to a protected class; (2) she applied to

and was qualified for an available position; (3) despite her qualifications, she was

rejected; and (4) after she was rejected the position remained open and the DRBA

continued to seek applications from persons with her qualifications. See McDonnell

Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802. The parties dispute whether Peace-Wickham needed to show

that she was more qualified than Cattalo, whom the DRBA ultimately hired, or whether

she only needed to show that she possessed minimum qualifications for the job.

       Although there is support in our prior jurisprudence for both views,4 we need not

resolve this dispute today for Peace-Wickham is unable to show that she possessed even

the minimum qualifications required. Walls testified that the Café was experiencing

serious financial difficulties related to inventory management, portion control, price

4
       Compare Ezold, 983 F.2d at 523 (holding that an attorney who claimed she was
passed over for law firm partnership because of her gender need only show at prima facie
stage that “[s]he was sufficiently qualified to be among those persons from whom a
selection . . . would be made” (citation omitted)) with Jewett v. Int'l Tel. & Tel. Corp.,
653 F.2d 89, 91 (3d Cir. 1981) (holding in failure-to-promote context that plaintiff failed
to make out prima facie case because person who was promoted had “superior
qualifications”).

                                             22
analysis, waste tracking, and manpower utilization and that he sought to hire an

individual to fill the temporary position who possessed a background in restaurant

management. With more than 20 years of experience as a general manager at several

restaurants, Cattalo possessed skills that were directly applicable to the various financial

problems Walls sought to remedy.

         In contrast, Peace-Wickham lacked the skills and experience required to deal with

these issues. Even viewing the facts in a light most favorable to her, the record does not

indicate otherwise. That Peace-Wickham may have essentially acted as the unofficial

Acting Manager in the months between Molletta‟s departure and Cattalo‟s hiring does not

render her qualified to meet the future business needs of the Café. Moreover, Peace-

Wickham‟s reliance on a single Food Service Manager‟s opinion that she would be

qualified for the job with additional training actually undercuts her assertion that she

possessed the minimum qualifications required. When analyzing a Title VII claim for

failure to promote, we look to a candidate‟s qualifications as they existed at the time the

hiring decision was made, not their potential to be qualified at some point in the future.

See McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802.

         Because we conclude that Peace-Wickham cannot establish a prima facie case for

failure to promote, we will affirm the District Court‟s grant of summary judgment on this

claim.

                                  D. Section 1981 Claim

         Peace-Wickham additionally claims that the District Court erred in granting

summary judgment on her claim against the DRBA brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1981,

                                             23
which provides that “all persons . . . shall have the right . . . to make and enforce

contracts, to sue, be parties, give evidence, and to the full and equal benefit of the laws

and proceedings . . . as is enjoyed by white citizens.” As this Court has explained, the

substantive elements of § 1981 claims are generally identical to those of employment

discrimination claims brought forth under Title VII. Brown v. J. Kaz, Inc., 581 F.3d 175,

181-82 (3d Cir. 2009) (citing Schurr v. Resorts Int’l Hotel, Inc., 196 F.3d 486, 499 (3d

Cir. 1999)).

       Because we hold that Peace-Wickham has failed to establish a violation of Title

VII based on the alleged acts of discrimination discussed above, we will affirm the

District Court‟s grant of summary judgment on her § 1981 claims as well.

                                  E. Section 1983 Claim

       Peace-Wickham also contends that the District Court erred in granting summary

judgment on her claim against Walls brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Plaintiffs alleging

claims of racial discrimination under § 1983 must make a showing similar to, but distinct

from, the showing required for race discrimination claims brought under either § 1981 or

Title VII. To present a claim under § 1983, Peace-Wickham needed to show that Walls

intentionally discriminated against her on the basis of her race. Andrews v. City of

Philadelphia, 895 F.2d 1469, 1478 (3d Cir. 1990). Claims that a supervisor participated

in alleged discriminatory behavior must be supported by evidence of personal

involvement by the supervisor, or evidence that the supervisor possessed actual

knowledge of the discriminatory behavior of others and acquiesced to their improper

conduct. Baker v. Monroe Twp., 50 F.3d 1186, 1194 (3d Cir. 1995).

                                              24
      For the reasons discussed supra II. A., we conclude that Peace-Wickham

presented insufficient evidence to show intentional discrimination or acquiescence by

Walls. Accordingly, summary judgment was appropriate with regard to her § 1983 claim

against him.

                                    IV. Conclusion

      For the aforementioned reasons, we will affirm the District Court‟s grant of

summary judgment on each of Peace-Wickham‟s claims against the DRBA and Walls.

                                           25