Court Opinion

ID: 3118464
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-16 08:03:47.748338+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:20:11.608080
License: Public Domain

\FIiHil; Opinion issne(l December 21, 2012.

                                               In The
                                     øurt øf Appiats
                         FiftI! Jifrirt tif rxzu ut iJallwa
                                       No. 05- 10-00843-CV

         GROCERS SUPPLY, INC. AND .JOSE NARCISO SANCHEZ, Appellants

                                                 V.

   JOSE LIJIS CARELLO. ANGEL CABELLO, AND RAMIRO CAHELLO, Appellees

                        On Appeal from the 68th Judicial District Court
                                    Dallas County, Texas
                             Trial Court Cause No. 08-11463-C

                                           OPINION
                        Before Justices FitzGerald. Murphy, and Fillmore
                                   Opinion By Justice Murphy

       Grocers Supply, Inc. and its driver, Jose Narciso Sanchez, appeal a jury award of damages

to brothers Jose, Angel, and Ramiro Cahello resulting from the collision of Grocers’s tractor trailer

with Angel’s and Jose’s pickup trucks. They contend federal law preempts submission of lost-wage

claims of litigants who do not have the legal right to work in the United States. In three additional

issues, they argue there was a lack of evidence to support future medical damages for Angel, a lack

of evidence to support property damages for the Cabellos’ trucks, and a failure of the trial court to

award litigation costs based on an amended offer of settlement. in two cross-points, the Cabelios

request sanctions for a frivolous appeal and reformation of the judgment due to a claimed

typographical error. We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
                                          BACKGROUND

       The collision occurred on an interstate highway during the morning of June 15, 2008. Angel

had just entered the freeway when he realized one of the tires on his Ford Ranger truck was flat, He

turned on his emergency lights and pulled over to the right shoulder of the highway. He called his

brothers Jose and Ramiro to help, and they arrived within ten to fifteen minutes in Jose’s Ford F-150

truck. Angel’s spare tire was already in use, so all three men left in Jose’s truck to find a tire shop.

When they returned, Jose turned on his emergency lights and parked his truck on the shoulder behind

Angel’s truck. The three men began changing the tire.

       Just as they were finishing the tire change, the 1 8-wheel tractor-trailer driven by Sanchez

struck the rear of Jose’s truck. The impact pushed Jose’s truck forward, causing it to collide with

Angel’s truck. Jose saw the tractor-trailer coming and was able to jump away from the truck, but

he did not have time to warn his brothers. Angel and Ramiro were struck by one of the trucks. All

three men suffered injuries, and the three vehicles caught fire and were damaged extensively. The

freeway remained closed for several hours because of the accident.

       The Cabellos filed a negligence suit against Grocers and Sanchez. The case was tried to a

jury, which apportioned 85% of the liability to Sanchez and 15% to Jose. The damages questions

answered by the jury included findings of $6,000 for lost wages and $5,000 for loss of earning

capacity for Angel, $1,500 for loss of earning capacity for Ramiro, and $100 for lost wages to Jose

(reduced to $85 based on the liability finding). The trial court rendered judgment based on the jury’s

liability and damages findings. This appeal followed.

                                           DISCUSSION

                                     ISSUE ONE: PREEMPTION

       We begin our analysis with Grocers’s first issue and will not distinguish between Grocers

                                                  —2—
and Sanchez unless context requires otherwise, Grocers frames the issue as “[wjhether federal law

precludes the submission of lost wage claims of litigants who do not have the right to legally work

in the United States.” It argues under that issue that the trial court erred by excluding evidence of

the Cabellos’ “ineligibility to legally earn wages in the United States” and by submitting a jury

question on lost past and future wages. The parties agree for purposes of our analysis of Grocers’s

first issue that the Cabellos were present in the United States illegally.

       Grocers relies on the immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA), as interpreted by the

United States Supreme Court’s decision in 1-Joffinan Plastic Compounds, Inc. v. NLRB, 535 U.S. 1 37

(2002), for purposes of its preemption argument. Specifically, it argues IRCA preempts Texas tort

law and precludes any damage awards to the Cabellos for lost wages and loss of earning capacity

because of their undocumented status. In supplemental brietng following oral submission, it also

relies on the recent Supreme Court decision in Arizona v. United States, 567 U.S.   —,   132 S. Ct. 2492

(2012), to argue that “IRCA has preempted the field of regulation of employment of illegal aliens.”

We conclude IRCA does not preempt Texas tort law in the context presented.

                            Standard of Review and Applicable Law

       Federal preemption of state law is an affirmative defense, which presents a legal question for

de novo review. See Comcast Cable of Piano, Inc. v. City of Piano, 315 S.W.3d 673, 677 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2010, no pet.) (affirmative defense); Skilled Craftsmen of Tex., inc. v. Tex. Workers’

Comp. Co,nm’n, 158 S.W.3d 89, 93 (Tex. App.—Austin 2005, pet. dism’d) (de novo review).

Grocers, as the party asserting preemption, has the difficult burden of demonstrating the defense

applies and overcoming the presumption against preemption. Great Dane Trailers, Inc. v. Estate

of Wells, 52 S.W.3d 737, 743 (Tex. 2001).
        The relevant imluirv for this ( ‘ourt is whether Congress intended to preempt tort—based

damage awards for lost wages and loss of earning capacity when it enacted IRCA. We begin our

analysis with a review of the relevant preempt ion principles followed by a review of IRCA and the

relevant Supreme Court decisions in            IIo//nunz   and 1ri:ona.

                                                   Preemption   Prim iples

        The preemption defense is predicated on the Supremacy Clause of the United States

Constitution and the sovereignty of the States in our federal system. That clause l3rox’ides that the

“Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall he made in Pursuance thereof... shall

be the supreme Law of the Land         .   .   .   any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the

Contrary notwithstanding.” U.S. C0NsT. art. VI, ci. 2. As a result, a state law is preempted and

without effect if it falls within an area reserved to federal law. Mary/and i’. Louisiana, 45 1 U.S. 725,

746 (1981); ]!vundai Motor Co. v. Alearado, 974 S.W.2d 1, 4 (Tex. 1998).

        Courts have identified three ways in which federal law may preempt state law—express

preemption, field preemption, and conflict preemption. Express preemption occurs when Congress

enacts a statute explicitly preempting state law. See, e.g., (ipollone         i’.   Liggeit Grp., Inc., 505 U.S.
504, 516 (1992); Great Dane Trailers, 52 S.W.3d at 743. Field and conflict preemption result from

implicit congressional action. Specifically, field preemption exists when the federal scheme is so

pervasive it gives rise to a reasonable inference that Congress left no room                    for the state to

supplement the law or when federal law touches a field in which the federal interest is so dominant

that we will assume enforcement of state laws on the same subject is precluded. Hyundai Motor Co.,
974 S.W.2d at 9 (quoting Rice    i’.   Santa Fe Elevator Corp., 331 U.S. 218, 230 (1947)). Conflict

preemption exists when a federal law preempts state law either because it is impossible for a private

party to comply with both state and federal requirements or because state law stands as an obstacle

                                                           -4-
to the accOm[)Ilshmeflt and execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress. Freight/iiu’r

Goip. v. Myrick, 514 U.S. 280, 287 (1995); Hyundai Motor Go., 974 S.W.2d at 4. Judicial action

that undermines federal law is subject to the same preemption principles. See Macmillan        i’.   Redman

Honies. Inc., 818 S.W.2d 87, 95 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1991 writ denied).
                                                                        .

                                        Presumption against Preemption

        All preemption cases begin with the presumption that Congress did not preempt state law.

(iraber r. Euqua, 279 S.W.3d 608.611 (Tex. 2009). “Because the States are independent sovereigns

in our federal system. courts have long presumed that Congress does not cavalierly preempt state law

causes of action.” Medtronic, Inc. v. Lohr, 5 18 U.S. 470, 485 (1996); Graher, 279 S.W.3d at 611.

Congress’s power to impose its will on the States and supplant state law is “an extraordinary power

in a federalist system.” Gregory r. Ashcroj!, 501 U.S. 452, 460 (1991 ). Thus, the Supreme Court

has mandated that courts are not to conclude congressional ouster of state law in the absence of an

unambiguous mandate to that effect. Hyundai Motor Co., 974 S.W.2d at 13 (quoting Fla. Lime &

Avocado        ‘e,ç inc.   i’.   Paul. 373 U.S. 132. 146—47 (1963)). This analytical framework is crucial

in our federal system, “for if in close or uncertain cases a court proceeds to preempt state laws where

that result was not clearly the product of Congress’s considered judgment, the court has eroded the

dual system of government that ensures our liberties, representation, diversity, and effective

governance.” H undai Motor Co., 974 S.W.2d at5(quoting KENNETH STARR ETAL., THE LAWOF

PREEMPTION: A REPORT OF THE APPELLATE JUDGES CONFERENCE (American Bar Association,

1991)) (internal quotations omitted).           Consequently, congressional intent is paramount in a

preemption analysis. MCI Sales & Serv., Inc. v. Hinton, 329 S.W.3d 475, 482 (Tex. 2010); Comcast

Cable of PIano, 315 S.W.3d at 677. Congress’s intent is discerned primarily from the language of

the statute claimed to preempt state law and the statutory framework surrounding it. Medtronic, 518

                                                      —5—
1 .S at ‘6. (ak’ r. Nat ‘I Solid Wastes Mç’mt. .1.s ‘ii.. 505 U.S. 88, I I I (I 992) (Kennedy. J..

concurring in           and concurring in judgment). Also relevant is the structure and purpose of the

statute as a whole, as revealed not only in the text, hut through the reviewing court’s reasoned

understanding of the way in which Congress intended the statute and its surrounding regulatory

scheme to affect business, consumers, and the law.           M(’dII-onic,   5 1 8 U.S. at 486.

             l3ased on a state’s sovereignty and its power to regulate public health and said                ,   the

presumption against preemption can be no stronger than where a state exercises its authority in those

matters. See id. at 485 (based on state sovereignty, courts have long presumed “Congress does not

cavalierly preempt state law causes of action”):       see    also ililisborough cntv. v.        Automated   Med.

Labs., liu,, 471 U.S. 707. 719 (1985) (“[TIhe regulation of health and safety matters is primarily.

and historically, a matter of local concern.”). Common law negligence actions involve the state’s

power to regulate health and safety. Great Dane Trailers, 52 S.W.3d at 743. Thus, courts assume

that a federal statute has not supplanted state law in these areas unless Congress has clearly

manifested such intent. N. Y. $tale Conference of Blue         Cross   & Blue Shield Plans r. Trareh’rs Ins.

Co., 514 U.S. 645, 655 (1995).

                         The Immigration Reform and control Act of] 986—4RcA

             Under pre-1986 federal immigration law, it was not unlawful for an employer to hire an alien

who was present or working in the United States without appropriate authorization. See Sure-Tati,

Inc.   i’.   NLRB, 467 U.S. 883, 892—93 (1984).              But “[cjonfronting a large-scale influx of

undocumented aliens, Congress concluded that the most humane, credible and effective way to

respond to the problem was to penalize those employers who hired illegal aliens.” Madeira v.

Affordable Hous. Found., Inc., 469 F.3d 219, 231 (2d Cir. 2006) (internal quotations omitted).

IRCA thus was designed by Congress to he a comprehensive scheme prohibiting the employment

                                                     —6—
of illegal aliens in the United States. Uqifinun, 535 U.S. at 147. In enacting IRCA, Congress

forcefully male combating the employment of illegal aliens central to the policy of immigration law.

Id. Under section l324a of the Act, employers may not knowingly hire, recruit, refer, or continue

to employ unauthorized workers; if an employer discovers that an employee is an undocumented

alien, the employer must flit that person. S U.S.C.       §   1 324a(1)(A), (a)(2); Arigona, 1325. Ct. at

2504. These employer sanctions weie intended to ‘teduce the flow of illegal immigration into the

United Stales by removing the employment ‘magnet’ that draws undocumented aliens into the

country.” Moniem v. LN.S.. 124 F.3d 381, 384 (2d Cir. 1997) (quoting H.R. REP. No. 99-682(1), at

45-46(1986), reprinted in 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5649,5649-50).

       Central to IRCA’s regulatory scheme is an employment verification system designed to deny

employment to aliens who (1) are not lawfully present in the United States, or (2) are not lawfully

authorized to work in the United States. 8 U.S.C.     §   1324a(hX3); Hoffman, 535 U.S. at 147. All

employers must verify the identity and eligibility of all new lilies by examining specified documents

before they begin work. 8 U.S.C. § l324a(b); Hoffman, 535 U.S. at 148. A person who is unable

to provide proper documentation cannot be hired. 8 U.S.C. § 1324a(a)( 1); Hoffman, 535 U.S. at 148.

Congressional focus in establishing this regulatory scheme was primarily on the employer. Bollinger

Shipyards, Inc. v. Dir., Office of Worker’s Comp. Programs, 604 F.3d 864,874(5th Cir. 2010).

Thus, IRCA’s requirements are enforced through criminal penalties and an escalating series ofcivil

penalties tied to the number of tints an employer has violated HICA’s provisions. Arizona, 132 S.

Ct at 2504. While employers may face criminal penalties under IRCA, only civil penalties may be

imposed on aliens who seek, or engage in, unauthorized employment. Id. Criminal penalties for

employees are limited to those employees that obtain employment through fraudulent means. Id.

                                                —7—
                            Hoj/niun     PICLVIu CollIpoUnds, Inc. v. NLRB

        The Supreme Court in f/of/man addressed the relationship hetween IRCA and the National

I .abor Relations Act, two Federal staIute. Sped I icallv, the lower court had denied an employers

petition for review of an order from the National Labor Relations Board in favor of an undocumented

alien. Hoffman, 535 U.S. at 142. The employer had tired the employee when he began supporting

uniona/ation efforts. 1(1 at I 40. Finding this was       an   unlawful   termination,   the NLRB awarded

backpay to the employee. On review, the Supreme Court vacated the NLRB’s order. In doing so,

it concluded that “awarding hackpay to illegal aliens runs counter to policies underlying IRCA.

policies the NLRB has no authority to enforce or administer.” Id. at 149. The award therefore lay

beyond the Board’s remedial discretion. Id.

                                         Ari:onu v.   (Inited .Shites

        Four provisions of state law affecting illegal immigration were at issue in Arizona, but only

one provision implicated IRCA preemption claims by the government—Arizona’s provision making

it a criminal misdemeanor for “an unauthorized        alien   to knowingly apply For work, solicit work in

a public place or perform work as   an   employee or independent contractor              Arizona, 132 S. Ct.

at 2503. in its review, the Supreme Court determined that IRCA’s legislative background clearly

demonstrated that Congress made a deliberate choice not to impose criminal penalties on aliens who

seek, or engage in, unauthorized employment. See id. at 2504. The Court therefore held this part

of the Arizona law to be preempted, concluding the state criminal penalties would “interfere with

the careful balance struck by Congress with respect to unauthorized employment of aliens.” Id. at

2505. The Court determined the criminal penalties were in direct conflict with express IRCA

provisions that allowed only civil penalties against unauthorized workers and, accordingly, the state

law “to the contrary [wasi an obstacle to the regulatory system Congress chose.” Id.

                                                  —8---
                                               Analysis

        With this backdrop. we address the issue of whether IRCA preempts Texas tort law to

preclude awards [or lost wages and lost earning capacity to the Cahellos. •l’hat analysis requires that

we consider express and implicit methods of preemption, apply a     presumption   against preemption.

and remain   mindlul   that the ultimate goal of our search is to determine if Congress intended to

preempt state tort law when it enacted IRCA. See Comcast cable a! PIano, 315 S,W.3d at 677

(intent).

                                        Express Preemption

        Grocers concedes that IRCA contains no language that expressly preempts the Cabeflos’

awards for lost wages and loss of earning capacity. IRCA does contain an express preemption

clause. but the clause is narrow and preempts only “State or local law imposing civil or criminal

sanctions (other than through licensing and similar laws) upon those who    employ,   or recruit or refer

for a fee for employment, unauthorized aliens.” See S U.S.C. § 1324a(h)(2). Grocers does not

suggest the Cahellos’ damage awards for lost wages and lost earning capacity constitute civil or

criminal sanctions or that the preemption clause is applicable. Likewise, we conclude express

preemption does not apply to the preemption issue before this Court.

                                        Implicit Preemption

        Grocers does not explicitly identify in its initial briefing the type of implicit preemption it

claims. In its supplemental brief, Grocers relies on Arizona to argue that field preemption applies

to preclude the Cahellos’ awards for lost wages and lost earning capacity. In doing so, it quotes part

of the Court’s statement in Arizona that the state law that imposed criminal penalties on aliens was

“an obstacle to the regulatory system Congress chose.” But “obstacle” preemption is traditionally

a prong of conflict preemption, not field preemption, and we construe the Supreme Court’s

                                                 —9—
conclusion in Arizona—that the Arizona-imposedcriminal penalties against aliens themselves were

“an obstacle” lo Congress’s regulatory system—-as resting on conflict preemption principles rather

than field preemption principles as urged by Grocers. While field and conflict preemption ate

distinct concepts, we recognize the categories are “not rigidly distinct” and semantics do not always

control a court’s analysis in this area. Graber, 279 S.W.3d at 611. We thus decline to apply a rigid

analysis to Grocers’s framing of its preemption issue and will examine whether IRCA preempts state

tort law under both categories of implicit preemption.

        Under established preemption principles, we first indulge a presumption that Congress did

not intend to preempt state law. Medironic, 518 U.S. at 485; Graber, 279 S.W.3d at 611. In that

context—and because the purpose of Congress is the ultimate touchstone in every preemption

case—we must examine Congress’s purpose in enacting IRCA. See generaliyMedtronic, 518 U.S.

at 485 (Congress’s purpose is the ultimate touchstone in every preemption case); United States v.

Alabama, 691 F.3d 1269, 1285(11th Cir. 2012) (noting courts must first examine Congress’s intent);

Comcast Cable           of   Piano, 315 S.W.3d at 677 (“A preemption analysis is an inquiry into

congressional intent.”).

       Courts that have discussed IRCA have described its purposes similarly. The Supreme Court

has stated that, by enacting IRCA, Congress forcefully made combating the employment of illegal

aliens central to the policy of immigration law. Hoffman, 535 U.S. at 147; see also Arizona, 132 S.

Ct. at 2505 (identifying the deterrence of unlawful employment as one of the goals of IRCA). The

Second Circuit Court of Appeals has emphasized IRCA’s legislative Mstory stating its “primary

purpose.   .   .   was to reduce the flow of illegal immigration into the United States by removing the

employment ‘magnet’ that draws undocumented aliens into the country.” Montero, 124 F.3d at 384

(quoting House Report discussing passage of IRCA). The Court of Appeals of New York, quoting

                                                    -10-
President Ronald Reagan when he signed IRCA into law, stated that the IRCAestahlished employer

sanctions were “intended to remove the incentive for illegal immigration by eliminating the job

opportunities which draw illegal aliens into the country” Ba/buena v. JDR Rca/tv LLC, 6 NY3d

338. 353, 845 NE.2d 1246, 1253 (2006); see a/so United States v. Todd CorJL, 900 F.2d 164, 165

(9th Cir, 1990) (noting the provisions of IRCA that were intended to discourage the employment of

unauthorized aliens).

       What all these descriptions of IRCA’s purpose make clear is that Congress—in deciding the

best way to combat illegal immigration—chose to focus on the employment of undocumented aliens,

hoping to remove the incentive for illegal immigration by eliminating the job opportunities that draw

illegal aliens into the country. As the Supreme Court stated in Hoffman, “[u]nder the IRCA regime,

it is impossible for an undocumented alien to obtain employment in the United States without some

party directly contravening explicit congressional policies.” Hoffman, 535 U.S. at 148.

       We thus turn to the question of whether Congress’s goal of combating illegal immigration

by removing employment opportunities pursuant to IRCA included the intent to preempt state tort

laws that allow recovery for wagerelated injuries when the injured person is present in the United

States illegally. First looking to whether field preemption applies, we must determine whether

Congress, by enacting IRCA, so thoroughly occupied a legislative field that there is no room left for

the States to supplement the law. Cipo/lone, 505 U.S. at 516. Grocers states that the federal

government’s power to “regulate issues relating to immigration and naturalization is so

comprehensive that a state may not interfere with that regulation.” As for the field of immigration,

we agree with Grocers that the power to regulate immigration is unquestionably a federal power.

DeCanas v. Bica, 424 U.S. 351, 354 (1976), superseded by statute, IRCA, as recognized in chamber

of Commerce of U.S. v. Whiting, 131 S. Ct. 1968, 1975 (2011). And the Supreme Court has

                                               —11—
reiterated that Congress has broad, “undoubted” power over the subject of immigration and the status

ot aliens. leavin liii Ic room for the States to maneuver in that field. S’ce A rL:iui. I 32 S. Ci. at 2495,

But while Congress may thoroughly regulate immigration and naturalization law, immigration is a

distinct and separate held from state tort law. See Aiadeiai, 469 F.3d at 240          (“I limmigration is
plainly a field in which the federal interest is dominani ....S late tort and labor laws, however,

occupy an entirely different field.”); Vargus   ‘.   Kiewit La. Co., No. H4)9252 1, 2012 WL 2952171,

at *3 (S.D. Tex. July 18, 2012) (“[A]lthough Congress’s interest is pervasive and dominant in

immigration, tort and labor are areas that traditionally have been left to the states to regulate.”).

Texas tort law does not attempt to supplement the immigration and naturalization field. Thus, we

cannot conclude Congress has implicitly preempted the field of stale tort law by enacting IRCA.

        Grocers also argues in its supplemental brief that IRCA has preempted the “field of

regulation of employment’ of illegal aliens. Assuming such a defined field exists, it would not apply

here. This case does not involve the regulation of the Cahellos’ or Grocers’s employment. Rather,

it involves the Cabellos’ recovery of damages as the result of being injured in a vehicular accident

not involving their employment or their employer. Accordingly, field preemption is inapplicable to

our resolution of Grocers’s issue.

        Next considering conflict preemption as part of our analysis, we must determine whether

state tort law presents an actual conflict with IRCA because either (1) compliance with IRCA and

allowing lost wages to illegal aliens is a “physical impossibility” or (2) Texas tort law stands as an

obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress.

Arizona. 132 S. Ct. at 2501. Grocers argues that “when the statute or common law at issue is

incongruous with the goals and objectives of federal legislation, there can he no other conclusion

than that the statute or common law principle is preempted by the action of Congress.” It also argues

                                                      12—
that “permitting an award Lot lost wages and lost earning capacityj would stand as an obstacle to the

regulatory system Congress chose.”

       The first conflict prong. or “impossibility preemption, is a demanding defense. Wyeth v.

teethe .555 U.S .555,573 2009L We start again with the assumption that slate police powers are

not superseded absent acicar mandate from Congress. MCI Sales & Se re..329 S.W.3d at487 (citing

Rice, 331 U.S. at 230). State law will be superseded only where the repugnance or conflict is so

direct and positive that the two acts cannot be reconciled or consistently stand together. Graber, 279
S.W.3d at 61 1l2 (quoting Kelly v. Wash, cx rd. Foss Co., 302 U.S. 1, l01 1 (1937)).

        in this context, we address the question presented by impossibility preemption—whether a

private party can independently do under federal law what state law requires of it. PIJVA, Inc. e.

Mensing. 131 5. Ct. 2567. 2579 (2011 L        It is not physically impossible for IRCA provisions

prohibiting the employment of illegal aliens to stand with Texas law allowing all persons to recovei

damages for torts legally caused by the conduct of another. See Vargas. 2012 WL 295217 I, at *3,

Stated differently. providing damages for lost wages and loss of earning capacity and complying with

IRCA are not physically impossible.       See id.; Madeira, 469 F.3d at 247.        Here, Grocers’s

responsibility for the Cabellos’ wage-related damages resulting from its negligence does not require

Grocers to violate or continue violating IRCA. See Madeira, 469 F.3d at 247. The Cabellos’ tort

case does not arise out of or relate in any way to Grocers’s employment of illegal workers. While

IRCA makes it unlawful for Grocers knowingly to hire an illegal alien, Grocers’s payment of

damages to these third parties resulting from Grocers’s negligence—even lost wages and lost earning

capacity—does not violate IRCA. Physical impossibility is thus not present here.

       Contrast the Cahellos’ claim with a situation where a trial court orders reinstatement of an

undocumented worker who was fired for reporting illegal activity of the employer. In that situation,

                                                —13—
it would be impossible for the employer to comply with both the trial court’s judgment and IRCA

bccause the rehiring of the illegal worker would violate IRCA. See, e.g., Madeira, 469 F.3d at

242—43. No such physical impossibility exists here. Thus, under this prong of preemption analysis,

Texas tort law allowing the Cabellos’ awards for lost wages and lost earning capacity is not in

conflict with IRCA.

        Divining congressional intent can be more challenging when preemption is premised on the

second conflict prong, which is where a state law stands as an obstacle to accomplishing a federal

purposa MCI Sales & Serv, 329 S.W.3d at 48243. We are guided in our analysis by the United

States Supreme Court. The Court has specifically instructed that “[1implied preemption analysis

does not justify a freewheel ing judicial inquiry into whether a state statute is in tension with federal

objectives; such an endeavor would undercut the principle that it is Congress rather than the courts

that preempts state law.” Whiting, 131 S. Ct. at 1985 (quoting Guile, 505 U.S. at Ill); see also MCI

Sales & Sen., 329 S.W.3d at 483. Courts therefore must approach this interpretive task cautiously,

applying a high threshold for concluding a state law is to be preempted for conflicting with the

purposes ofa federal statute. Gade, 505 U.S. at 110 (Kennedy, J., concurring in part and concurring

in judgment).

        Congress’s purpose in enacting IRCA has been quoted extensively as combating illegal

immigration by halting employer incentives, both by criminal penalties and an escalating series of

civil penalties. Arizona, 132 S. Ct. at 2504. Damage awards to tort victims in Texas, however, do

not implicate the number ofjob opportunities available to undocumented aliens and neither increase

nor decrease the opportunities for undocumented aliens to find employment in the United States.

If anything, it could be argued employers might have a higher incentive for hiring illegal aliens if

Congress superseded liability for those individuals’ injuries. See, e.g., Balbuena, 6 N.Y.3d at 359,

                                                 -14-
845 N.E2d at 1257 (“An ahsolutc bar to recovery of lost wages by an undocumented worker would

lessen the unscrupulous employer’s potential liability to its alien workers and make it more

financially attractive to hilt undocumented aliens.”).

        We havc found no evidence Congress intended IRCA to combat illegal immigration by

encroaching into the States’ authority to regulate health and safeLy matters, and Grocers has

presented none. See Great Dane Trailers, 52 S.W.3d at 743. Similarly, Grocers has not provided

any evidence that damage awards in tort actions have any impact on the employment opportunities

available to undocumented aliens. Any link between tort awards and job opportunities is thus

speculative at best, and a speculative link will not support a preemption defense. See Rice v. Norman

Williams Co., 458 U.S. 654,659(1982) (“The existence of a hypothetical or potential conflict is

insufficient to warrant the pre-emption of the state statute.”); English it. Gen. Elec. Ca, 496 U.S. 72,

90(1990) (“[PIre-emption is ordinarily not to be implied absent an ‘actual conflict.”); see also

Carlisle v. Philip Morris, Inc., 805 S.W.2d 498, 510 (Tex. App.—Austin 1991, writ denied)

(concluding that a potential conflict “is too speculative to warrant preemption”).

        Most courts considering the issue of whether damage awards under state law thwart

Congress’s purpose have concluded similarly that potential damage awards are not meaningful

incentives to draw illegal immigrants into this country. See, ag., Patel v. Quality Inn S., 846 F.2d

700,704(11th Cir. 1988) (“We doubt, however, that many illegal aliens come to this country to gain

the protection of our labor laws. Rather it is the hope of getting ajob at any wage that prompts most

illegal aliens to cross our borders.”); Ma]linger v. Cassino Contracting Corp., 25 A.D.3d 14,23 n. 1,

802 N.Y.S.2d 56,66 (N.Y. App. Div. 2005), aff’d sub nom. Balbuena, 6 N.Y.3d 338, 845 N.E2d

1246(2006) (“Undocumented workers who immigrate to this country are motivated by the prospect

of earning wages, not the prospect of being awarded back pay as a result of an illegal termination or

                                                -15-
lost wages as a result of an injury.”); Asylsun Co. v. Dix!.   4 columbia Dep ‘I. of Emp ‘I Sen’s.,   10

A.3d 619,633 (D.C. 2010) (‘We think it unlikely that the availability of workers’ compensation

benefits in the event of a debilitating work injury in the United States would significantly affect an

alien worker’s dccision about whether to enter this country in response to the already ‘magnetic’

force of the job market.”).

        The structure of IRCA, and recent decisions interpreting the Act, also suggest Congress did

not intend to preempt state tort law. Specifically, Congress deliberately chose a regulatory

framework in which it carefully weighed and balanced the penalties to impose. As part of that

balance, Congress chose only those solutions determined to be most workable. See Arizona, 132 S.

Ct. at 2504. For example, many courts have noted IRCA focuses primarily on the employer, and

Congress chose sanctions on employers as the principal means ofcurtailing illegal immigration. See

Bollinger Shipyards, 604 F.M at 874 (noting primary focus on employer); Madeira, 469 F.3d at 231

(noting employer sanctions were centerpiece of imniigration-refonn effort; sanctions added only later

for employees who knowingly or recklessly use false documents to obtain employment). Also,

Congress specifically considered criminal penalties for aliens who sought or engaged in unauthorized

work and rejected that option as unworkable. Arizona, 132 S. Ct. at 2504. Instead, IRCA’s criminal

sanctions for employees are reserved for those that use false documents to acquire their jobs. Id.

Even when employees use false or fraudulent documents for purposes of obtaining employment,

1RCA subjects those persons to fines and criminal prosecution but “provid[es] nothing regarding

civil effects.” Bollinger Shipyards, 604 P.3d at 874. Congress chose express preemption of state

and local laws only as to employer sanctions for hiring unauthorized aliens. It is telling, given this

carefully considered framework, that nowhere did Congress suggest that it was preempting, or even

attempting to affect state tort law claims to remove incentives for illegal aliens to enter the United

                                                -16-
States. See Medrronw, 51 8 US. at 491 (concluding congressional silence regarding the preemption

of common law remedies indicated that Congress did not preempt state law).

         Given that IRCA sought to limit job opportunities for illegal aliens, a preemption defense as

especially attenuated where, as here, the party arguing preemption is not an employer or possible

employer, but a third-party tortfeasor, “Nothing in IRCA demands, or even implies, that tortfeasors

should not he held liable for their negligence if the person whom they harm is working in this

country illegally or has violated IRCA.” Vargas, 2012 WL 2952171, at *3; see also Madeira, 469

R3d at   242 (noting duties of tortfeasor under common law are unrelated to, and do not depend on,

a worker’s compliance with federal immigration laws). Simply stated, the immigration status of the

Cabellos does not change Grocers’s duty of care or the damages resulting from its negligence.

Requiring Grocers, a third-party tortfeasor with no employment connection to the Cabellos, to pay

damages—including damages based on lost wages and lost earning capacity—creates no obstacle

to congressional purpose, because that requirement will neither increase nor decrease the

employment opportunities afforded to illegal aliens. Similarly, there is no suggestion that potential

damages resulting from third-party torts create incentives for illegal immigration.

         While we recognize some tension between allowing illegal aliens to recover wage-related

damages while imposing penalties under IRCA for illegal employment of aliens, IRCA’s legislative

history shows that Congress anticipated some conflict. See Montero, 124 F.3d at 384 (quoting House

Report discussing passage of IRCA that noted “[i]t is not the intention of the Committee that the

employer sanctions provisions of the bill be used to undermine or diminish in any way labor

protections in existing law.   . . .“).   Tension, however, is not obstruction. “The mere fact of ‘tension’

between federal and state law is generally not enough to establish an obstacle supporting preemption,

particularly when the state law involves the exercise of traditional police power.” Madeira, 469 F.3d

                                                      —1 7—
at 241: see a/so Silkwood e, Kerr-McGee Corp.. 164 U.S. 238, 256 (1984) (recognizing tension

between state arid federal law hut nonetheless finding federal law did not preempt slate tori law).

Instead, when Congress has recognized the potential for tension between state law and federal

statutes and has decided to accept whatever tension may exist, courts likewise must accept that

tension.     See Si/kwood. 464 U.S. at 256. Here, whatever tension may exist between penalizing

employers who hire illegal aliens and allowing wage-based tort damages to illegal aliens who are the

victims of third-party tortious conduct is not so substantial that these damage awards frustrate

Congress’s goal.

           For its preemption argument. Grocers relies predominantly on Hoff inaii and some federal and

state court opinions in which courts have concluded lost wages are barred or otherwise preempted

by IRCA. We recognize that courts are not uniform on this issue. See genera//v Wielgus        i.   Rvobi

Tee/is., inc., No.08 CV 1597, 2012 WL 2367883, at *5 (N.D. 111. June 21, 2012) (citing cases). We

conclude, based on our analysis, that Hoffman does not mandate preemption of the Cabellos’ lost

wage and earning capacity claims. First, Hoffinati was not a preemption case. The Supreme Court

in that case was addressing the relationship between IRCA and the NLRA, two federal statutes, and

an employer’s illegal firing of an illegal alien. Federalism concerns were neither at issue nor

addressed. See Tyson Foods,       Inc. i’.   Gu:man,   116 S.W.3d 233, 244 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2003, no

pet.); Madeiru, 469 F.3d at 237.

       Hoffman also was decided on limited grounds. The question before the Supreme Court was

whether the NLRB had the discretion to “select and fashion remedies for violations of the NLRA”

that were in conflict with “policies underlying IRCA.” Hoffman, 535 U.S. at 142, 149. In that case,

the NLRB had fashioned a remedy of awarding back pay to an employee after his illegal firing.

Discussing the history of NLRB remedies that were “generally broad,” the Court noted that the

                                                   —18—
NLRI3’s discretion was not unlimited. Id. at 142—43, Central to the Supreme Court’s decision was

the principle that the NLRB “had      no   authority   to entorce or   administer” policies underlying

IRCA—a statute far removed    from   its expertise—and its award of hack pay lay “beyond the bounds

of the Board’s remedial discretion.” Id. at 149. The Court reemphasized that “any perceived

de1icienc[y in the NLRA’s existing remedial arsenal’ must be addressed by congressional action,’

not the courts,” Id. at 152 (quoting SureTan, 467 U.S. at 904).

      Contrast Hoffman with the Cabellos’ tort claims and the jury’s awards. We are not presented

with a question of discretionary authority of a federal agency such as the NLRB to fashion remedies

for violation of a federal act—discretion the Supreme Court previously had held to be limited, We

are instead presented with the question of federal preemption of the field of common law torts—a

field where States are traditionally given great latitude on state sovereignty grounds. See Medtronic,
518 U.S. at 475. In Hoffman, the Supreme Court emphasized its consistent holdings giving little or

no deference to NLRB-fashioned remedies that exceeded the Board’s remedial discretion. Hofftnan,
535 U.S. at 149. The threshold we must apply for determining that IRCA has implicitly preempted

Texas common law is far higher than the threshold for determining whether a federal agency acted

beyond its remedial discretion. Hoffman is not controlling here.

     Most courts examining the decision in Hoffman—including Texas courts addressing the issue

of preemption—have given it a narrower reading than Grocers urges. See, e.g., Tyson Foods, 116
S.W.3d at 244; Balbuena, 6 N.Y.3d at 357, 845 N.E.2d at 1256; Cont’lPET Techs., Inc. v. Palacias,

269 Ga. App. 561, 562-63, 604 S.E.2d 627, 630 (Ga. Ct. App. 2004). As the Tyler Court of Appeals

concluded in Tyson Foods, Hoffman “only applies to an undocumented alien worker’s remedy for

an employer’s violation of the NLRA and does not apply to common-law personal injury damages.”

Tyson Foods, 116 S.W.3d at 244. The Georgia court in Palacias also noted that, “[a]lthough the

                                                —19—
 IRIA and accompanying regulations address in detail the hiring of undocumented aliens, they do

not purport to intrude into the area of what protections a State may allord these aliens.’’ Palo ias,
604 S.E.2d at 630. Similarly, the New York court observed and concluded that “IRCA and related

statutes [thoroughly] occupy the spectrum of immigration laws. But there is nothing in those

provisions indicating that Congress meant to affect state regulation of occupational health and safety.

or the types of damages that may be recovered in a civil action arising from those laws.” Baihuena,
6 N.Y.3d at 357, 845 N.E.2d at I 256 see aho Wielgus, 2012 Wi, 2367883, at *7 (concluding

Congress, by passing IRCA, did not implicitly preempt state law by entirely occupying the field of

common law torts).

        The Supreme Court’s recent decision in Arizona does not alter our conclusion, While

Arizona was a L)ree1iption case, the challenged state—law provision was in direct conflict with IRCA.

Specifically, the questioned Arizona law made it a criminal misdemeanor for an unauthorized alien

knowingly to apply for work, solicit work in a public place, or perform work as an employee or

independent contractor in Arizona, Arizona, 132 S. Ct. at 2497—98. In its review, the Supreme

Court determined that IRCA ‘s legislative background clearly demonstrated Congress’s deliberate

choice not to impose criminal penalties on aliens who seek, or engage in. unauthorized employment.

See Id. at 2504. It concluded that the Arizona provision imposing criminal penalties would “interfere

with the careful balance struck by Congress with respect to unauthorized employment of aliens.”

Id. at 2505. Because Congress had, after substantial debate, determined that criminal penalties

against aliens who seek unauthorized employment would he inappropriate, “it follows that a state

law to the contrary is an obstacle to the regulatory system Congress chose.” Id. The Court thus

concluded the criminal penalties provision was preempted by IRCA.

                                               —20—
        Art z.ona did not involve, and the Supreme Court did not address, state tort laws allowing

damages to persons injured as a result of anothers negligence. Texas law allows such recovery

without reference to citizenship or work permits. See I vson Foods, 116 S.W.3d at 244 (“Texas law

does not require citizenship or the possession of immigration work authorization permits as a

prerequisite to recovering damages for lost earning capacity.’); Wal4lurt Stores. Inc. v. Coo/nra,

85( S.W.2d 76g. 770 n. I (Tex. App.—EI Paso 1993, writ denied) (“The current state of Texas law

dues not require citizenship or the possession of immigration work authorization permits as a

prerequisite to recovering damages for loss of earning capacity, nor will this Court espouse such a

theory.”). Sinificantlv, the Court did not purport to alter its prior recognition that the mere fact that

aliens are subject to state law does not mean such laws regulate immigration and thus are preempted

under Congresss exclusive power to legislate and regulate immigration and naturalization. See

Decanas, 424 U.S. at 355. Instead, it is well recognized that state tort law occupies an entirely

different field from immigration and natLiralization. Madeira, 469 F.3d at 240.

       The concerns that formed the “background for the formal legal analysis” performed by the

Supreme Court in Arizona also were not tied to employment of illegal aliens. Arizona, 132 S. Ct.

at 2500. The Court cited the concerns as an “epidemic of crime, safety risks, serious property

damage, and environmental problems’ associated with the influx of illegal migration across private

land near the Mexican border.”       Id. The issue addressed by the Court was “whether, under

preemption principles, federal law permits Arizona to implement the statelaw provisions in

dispute.” Id. There were four separate provisions, only three of which the Court determined were

preempted.

       One of the provisions created a new state misdemeanor for “willful failure to complete or

carry an alien registration document    .   .   .   in violation of 8 United States Code section 1304(e) or

                                                        --2 1—
 306(a).” Id. at 2501 (citations omitted). The Court concluded, as it had in prior cases, that federal

law has preempted “the field of alien registration.” Id. at 2502. The second provision in dispute was

the misdemeanor described above, which the Court concluded was in direct conflict with IRCA and

an ‘obstacle to the regulatory system Congress chose.” Id. at 2505. The third provision provided

that a state officer. “without a warrant, may arrest a person if thc officer has probable cause to

believe... [the personj has committed any public offense that makes [himi removable from the

United States.” Id. (citations omitted). The Court observed that federal law specifies limited

circumstances in which state officers may perfonn the functions of immigration officers. Id. at 2506.

Emphasizing that “Congress has put in place a system in which state officers may not make

warrantless arrests of aliens based on possible removability except in specific, limited

circumstances.” the Court concluded that the state law created “an obstacle to the full purposes and

objectives of Congress” and thus was preempted. Id. at 2507 (citations omitted). The fourth

provision required state officers to conduct a status check during a lawful detention or after release

of a detainee. Because the law was not yet in effect and could be interpreted in different ways, the

Court determined there was no need to address whether a proffered, but not yet applied,

interpretation was preempted by federal law. Id. at 2509. It reasoned, based on state sovereignty and

the presumption that state laws will be construed in such a way as to avoid doubtful constitutional

questions, that the United States could not prevail in its pending challenge. Id. at 2510.

       Contraiy to Grocers’s assertion that the Supreme Court inArizona “made clear that the IRCA

has preempted the field of regulation of employment of illegal aliens, and that state laws that pertain

to that field are preempted,” the only employment question addressed was whether Arizona law

could create criminal penalties in direct contravention of IRCA. The Court’s decision was limited

to the conclusion the state law was an obstacle to congressional intent because of the express

                                                —22—
(IIChOlOIflV   ol civil and criminal penalties.

        Were we      It) I   nore preemption principles in our analysis and give lb//ma,, or Auioflu a

hroader readin—- a reading that IRCA preempted Texas law that does not require citizenship as a

prerequisite to recovering damages for lost wages or lost earning capacity—the impact on our

jurisprudence could he immense. The conclusion that IRCA preempts Texas law and precludes

awards for lost wages and loss of earning capacity in this context could render many other laws

suspect. As cautioned by the Supreme Court, courts must defer to Congress to state its clear and

manifest intent to preempt state law, which it has not done in the context we have before us. To

conclude otherwise would be a treewheeling”judicial inquiry that would undercut the principle that

it is Congress, not the courts, that preempts state law. Whiting, 131 S. Ct. at 1985.

        In sum, nothing presented to this Court shows that Congress, by enacting IRCA, expressed

a clear and manifest intent to supersede Texas tort law allowing recovery in the instance presented.

Congress’s power to regulate immigration cannot imply that every state law that might impact or

touch on an undocumented alien is necessarily preempted. The Supreme Court acknowledged in

DeCanas that not every state enactment that deals in some way with aliens is a regulation of

immigration and thus per se preempted by Congress’s power to regulate immigration. DeCanas, 424
U.S. at 355 (reviewing a line of cases standing for the proposition that ‘the fact that aliens are the

subject of a state statute does not render it a regulation of immigration    .   .
                                                                                     .   .“).   For this Court to

conclude otherwise would run roughshod over state sovereignty and the Supreme Court’s mandates

for protecting the States’ authority in our federal system. We overrule Grocers’s first issue as to

preemption.

        We observe that Grocers also argues under its first issue that the trial court erred by excluding

evidence of the Cabellos’ “ineligibility to legally earn wages in the United States.” A trial court’s

                                                    —23—
decision to admit or exclude evidence is reviewed tinder an abuse of discretion standard. A trial

court abuses its discretion when it acts arbitrarily, unreasonably, or without reference to any guiding

rules and principles. Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241—242 (Tex.

I 985). Texas law does not require citizenship or the possession of immigration work authorization

permits as a prerequis tie to recovering tort damages ..See tyson Foods, 116 S.W.3d at 244; Wa!

Mart Stores. 856 S.W.2d at 770 n.j. The sole basis urged by Grocers for admission of evidence of

the Cabellos’ legal status was that they were prohibited from legally earning income in the United

States. It did not, for example, argue the evidence was relevant because the Cabellos were in danger

of immediate deportation and the effect, if any, such deportation might have on future earning

capacity.   See, e.g.. Republic Waste Sen’s., Lid. r. Martine:. 335 S.W.3d 401, 409 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 201 1, no pet.) (concluding that while immigration status can be arelevant

consideration in determining future earning capacity. the probative value of such evidence is

outweighed by its prejudicial effect without a showing that plaintiff will likely he deported in his

working lifetime).

       A party seeking to reverse ajudgrnent based on evident iary error need not prove that hut for

the error a different judgment necessarily would have been rendered, but it must show that the error

probably resulted in an improper judgment. City of Brownsville v. Alvarado, 897 S.W.2d 750. 753

(Tex. 1995). A successful challenge to evidentiary rulings usually requires the complaining party

to show the judgment turns on the particular evidence excluded or admitted.            Id. at 753—54.

Grocers’s appellate record is not clear regarding exactly what evidence it sought to introduce to the

jury. Nor does it indicate, by offer of proof or otherwise, that Grocers attempted to introduce

evidence that the Cabellos would likely be deported in their working lifetimes, see Republic Waste

Sert’s., Ltd., 335 S.W.3d at 409, or even that they were deportable.        Given Grocers’s limited

                                                —24—
argumel.iLt that t:h.C C hellos were. entitled: to no lc.t   i.g.e d.arna.ges as a matter of ia.w and the record.

it. has p resen.t.. d we cannc.t conclude the t.ria.1 court abused i.ts discretion. by excluding unspecified

cvIdence of the. Cabeilos’ lega 1 status in the United. States.

        SSUE Two:. SuFFIcIENCY OF EvIDENcF REGAR NG FtIuRE MEDIcAl. EXPENSES

        The jury awarded $12,400 for future medical expenses to Angel. Grocers contends in its

second issue that the trial court erred by submitting a question on future medical expenses because

there was no competent evidence to support that submission. Grocers relies on the lack of medical

testimony and asserts that testimony by Angel’s psychologist regarding recommended counseling

was insufficient to show the requirement or cost of any future sessions. The Cabellos argue that

Grocers waived this issue by failing to object. We conclude that Grocers waived this issue.

                                               Applicable Law

        To preserve a legal sufficiency challenge for appeal after ajury trial, Grocers must have done

one of the following: (1) moved for an instructed verdict; (2) moved for judgment notwithstanding

the verdict; (3) objected to the submission of ajury question; (4) moved to disregard the jury finding;

or (5) moved for a new trial. Cecil v. Smith, 804 S.W.2d 509, 510—lI (Tex.l991); City of Dallas

v. Redbird Dev. Corp., 143 S.W.3d 375, 385 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, no pet.). In a legal

sufficiency review, we ask whether the evidence as a whole rises to a level that would enable

reasonable and fair-minded people to differ in their conclusions. Z’oiumbia Med. Ctr. Subsidiary,

L.P. v. Meier, 198 S.W.3d 408, 414 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, pet. denied). Anything more than a

scintilla of evidence is legally sufficient to support a challenged finding. Walker v. Cotter Props.,

Inc., 181 S.W.3d 895, 899 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.).

        To complain on appeal about the factual sufficiency of the evidence after ajury trial, the party

must present the specific complaint to the trial court in a motion for new trial. TEx. R. CIV. P.

                                                     —25—
324(bX2), (3); Cecil, 804 S.W.2d at 510. When we review a finding for factual sufficiency, we

consider all of the evidence and will set aside a finding only if ills so contrary to the overwhelming

weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust Edwards v. Mid—Continent Office Distrib.,

I. P., 252 S.W.3d 833, 836 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, pet. denied).

                                                    Analysis

        It is not entirely clear whether Grocers is nmking a factual or legal sufficiency challenge to

the award of future medical damages. We note, however, that Grocers did not file a motion for new

trial, which is a prerequisite for a factual sufficiency challenge. Tn. R. Civ. P. 324(b)(2), (3); Cecil,
804 S.W.2d at 510. It therefore failed to preserve any factual sufficiency issues on appeal.

        We also conclude Grocers waived any challenge to the legal sufficiency of the evidence. It

did not file a motion for instructed verdict, forjudgment notwithstanding the verdict, or for new trial

based on a claim of legal insufficiency of the evidence. It did file a motion to disregard jury answers,

but made no mention of future medical expenses. At the time of the charge conference, Grocers not

only failed to object to the submission of a jury question on future medical damages for Angel, but

its counsel specifically stated that “I do think there was evidence to support (future medicalj for

Angel.” Additionally, counsel for Grocers notified the trial court in a letter following a post-trial

hearing that she “should clarify that.   .   .   our complaints are primarily with application of the law

rather than the sufficiency of the evidence itself, except with regard to the issue of lost wages. We

do not believe the evidence was factually or legally sufficient to support an award of lost wages.”

Grocers made no mention in this letter of any issue with future medical damages. While this letter

does not constitute one of the recognized methods of preserving a legal sufficiency challenge

mentioned in Cecil, it does demonstrate that Grocers was not considering Angel’s award of future

medical damages to be an issue. We overrule Grocers’s second issue.

                                                     -26-
                     1SSt!F ‘l’iiiwi:: SEPA RAW TRIAL ON PROPFR[v l)ANI ACE

        Grocers frames its third issue as “I w ]hether the I na! court erred in entering property damages

in its final judgment despite the fact that no evidence of these damages was shown during trial.” In

its brief, however, Grocers arues the trial court abused its discretion when, instead of excluding an

undisclosed witness, it “created its own procedure 1w giving Grocers “two prejudicial options of

either trying property damages to the trial court after the jury’s verdict or deposing the undisclosed

witness during trial. Also, in the last paragraph of its argument, Grocers includes one sentence

stating: “By forcing this choice upon [Grocers], [Grocers was] deprived of [its] constitutional right

to a jury trial.” We construe issue three as a procedural issue rather than a legal sufficiency challenge

and will also address Grocers’s argument concerning a constitutional right to a jury trial.

                             Standard of Review and Applicable Law

        Grocers’s complaint implicates two different rules of civil procedure. First, under rule 193.6,

a party who fails to make, amend, or supplement a discovery response in a timely manner may not

use the undisclosed information unless the trial court finds (I) good cause for the failure, or (2) the

failure will not unfairly surprise or prejudice the other parties. See TEx. R. (‘iv. P. 193.6(a). The

party seeking to call an undisclosed witness has the burden of establishing good cause or the lack

of unfair surprise or unfair prejudice. Id. 193.6(b). The trial court has discretion to determine

whether the proponent has met its burden. Brune/le    i’.   TXVTLrd. P ‘ship, 198 S.W.3d 476,477 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.). If the proponent fails to meet its burden, the undisclosed evidence or

witness is excluded. TEx. R. Civ. P. 193.6(a), The trial court also has discretion under subsection

(c) to grant a continuance or temporary postponement of trial to allow additional discovery, even in

those circumstances where the proponent fails to meet its burden of establishing good cause, lack

of unfair surprise, or unfair prejudice. See TEx. R. Civ. P. 193.6(c). The trial court’s ruling under

                                                 —27—
rule 193.6 should not he (hsturhed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. See ,State               i. larget

Corp., 194 S.W.3d 46, 49 Tex. App—Waco 2006, no pet.) (citations omitted).

               The second rule implicated by Grocers’s issue is rule 174(b), which permits a trial court to

order separate trials for any claim or separate issue “in furtherance of convenience or to avoid

prejudice.          See TEX. R. Civ, P. 174(h). An order for a separate trial leaves the lawsuit intact but

enables the court to hear and determine one or more issues without trying all controverted issues at

the same hearing. Hall v. City         qf Austin. 450 S.W.2d 836, 838 (Tec 1970), An issue that is tried

separately under rule 174 need not constitute a complete lawsuit in itself. Kan. Univ. Endowment

Ass ‘ii   e.   Kini.,’, 350 S.W.2d 11, 19 (1961). The trial court’s decision to grant a separate trial also is

reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. Van Dyke v. Boswell, O’Toole, Davis & Pickering,

697 S.W.2d 381, 384 (Tex. 1985).

                                                     Analysis

           Before the third day of trial began, the trial court heard argument outside the presence of the

jury regarding the Cabellos’ designation of a witness prepared to testify regarding the property value

of their trucks, which were destroyed in the collision. The witness, Loren Joseph Weinstein, was

not on the Cahellos’ list of trial witnesses. Weinstein had been designated as a fact witness in

amended and supplemental responses to Grocers’s request for disclosure regarding the Cabellos’

property damages. Grocers opposed the testimony, arguing Weinstein had not been designated as

an expert, he was not on the witness list, and it “had no idea what his testimony will be based on to

refute or rebut it to the jury.”

           The trial court determined that Grocers was “on notice that [the Cabellos] were making the

claim, [Grocers] may not have known the exact amount but [it] knew that there was going to be a

potential witness testifying,” and then discussed options with the parties. The first option was to

                                                       —28—
allow Grocers to take Weinstein’s deposition at lunch or later that night and then allow it to

designate a rebuttal witness. The second option was to hold a separate trial on property damages,

allow Grocers to get a rebuttal witness, and try the property damages to the court in a couple of

weeks (or whatever time Grocers needed) if the jury found in favor of the Cahellos on liability.

Grocers indicated it preferred the second option, and the Cabellos agreed. When the trial court then

asked counsel for Grocers if she agreed to the procedure, she responded that “[s]ubject to the

objection that we don’t believe it’s proper at all, that is our second alternative.” After the jury

returned a liability verdict in favor of the Cabeflos, the parties filed a rule 11 agreement, see TEX.

R. Civ. P. 11, identifying the property values for the trucks pursuant to Grocers’s estimates.

       Grocers does not cite or rely on rule 193.6 as the basis for its argument in its appellate brief.

It does, however, cite cases relating to exclusion of expert testimony based on rule 193.6. According

to Grocers, the trial court gave the Cabellos a choice between “two options that are not supported

by Texas law” rather than follow proper procedure and require them to demonstrate good cause or

lack of unfair surprise or prejudice.

       Prior to giving the parties two options regarding how to handle the issue of property damages,

the trial court heard the arguments of the parties, including the Cabellos’ arguments regarding the

previous disclosures, the pleadings, and the discussions of the parties regarding property damage.

The trial court then found that it did not know how Grocers could argue surprise, as follows:

       The issue is whether or not there’s surprise. Obviously, if there was a designation of
       an individual who’s going to testify about this, and it’s in the pleadings, and the fact
       there obviously was property damage, I’m not sure what the argument is going to be
       on surprise on this.

The trial court added, after offering Grocers the opportunity to depose Weinstein:

       And if they had just—if there had been no pleadings on this—if there had been no
       designation of the witness, I would probably have struck it. But given that you guys
       were on notice that they were making the claim, you may not have known the exact

                                                —29—
        amount but you knew that there was going to he a potential witness testifying.

        The trial court had both the discretion to determine whether the Caheflos met their burden

of showing lack of unfair surprise and, if not, to grant a continuance or temporary postponement of

trial to allow additional discovery. The trial court found lack of unfair surprise. It also offered

Grocers the option of deposing Weinstein and, if necessary, designating a rebuttal witness. When

it offered Grocers that option, Grocers chose the option of submitting property damages to the trial

court following the jury verdict. We conclude based on this record that Grocers has failed to show

an abuse of discretion regarding the trial court’s decision not to exclude Weinstein as a witness.

        Our analysis does not end with whether the trial court abused its discretion by not excluding

Weinstein as a witness. Grocers also argues that the separate trial on property damages was not

permissible under the rules of civil procedure and that the choice it was “forced” into deprived it of

its constitutional right to a jury trial. The Cabellos respond that the trial court had discretion to order

a separate trial on damages and that any objection based on deprivation of a jury trial on that issue

was waived.

        Rule 174(b) permits a trial court to order a separate trial on any claim or issue in furtherance

of convenience or to avoid prejudice. TEx. R. CIV. P. 174(b). That ruling should not be disturbed

on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. hey v. Hughes, 311 S.W.2d 648, 650 (Tex. 1958). Citing

rule 193.6 for the first time in its reply brief, Grocers argues that the cases allowing for a separate

trial “predate Rule 193.6” and “are rendered irrelevant by the creation of that rule.” It argues the trial

court’s only option under rule 193.6 was exclusion or a continuance. We have resolved the portion

of Grocers’s issue regarding the trial court’s discretion under rule 193.6 against it and therefore need

not address its contention that rule 193.6 precludes a separate trial under rule 174(b). Grocers does

not otherwise assert that the trial court abused its discretion by ordering a separate trial on property

                                                  —30—
damages pursuant to rule 1 74.

             Grocers’s rernaini nv assertion under issue three, stated               in one   sentence in the last parigiiph

of   its   ar$ument, is that the trial court deprived         it   of its constitutional right to a jury trial on the issue

of piopet t darn tg s           I h right to   i iii   ii h    jut ‘     is   gu ir 1ntLd h   thL   I ix   is    md I. ‘ntk.d SLiks

Constitutions            See U.S. CONsT. amend. VII (“In Suits at common law, where the value in

controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved                                        Tix.

CONST.       art.   I,   15 (“The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate”). That right includes having

the jury, as fact finder, decide both the question of damages and the amount of damages .5cc Golden

Eagle Archery v..Jackson, 116 S.W.3d 757, 772 (Tex. 2003) (jury decides question of damages);

Barrel! Eng ‘g & Consir. Co. v. Grisier, 240 S.W. 899, 900 (Tex. 1922                               (jury       decides amount of

damages).

            The right to a jury trial in a civil case is not self—executing. A party requesting a trial by jury

in a civil matter must specifically request a jury and comply with the                        requirements of rule       216 See

TEX. R. Civ, P. 216 (outlining procedures for requesting a jury trial and paying necessary fee);

Sunwest Reliance Acquisitions Grp., Inc. v. Provident Nat’lAssurance Co., 875 S.W.2d 385, 387

(Tex. App.—Dallas 1993, no writ).

            Here, the jury was selected, heard the trial, and rendered a verdict. There is no question that

the right to a jury trial was perfected. See C’itie,is State Bank of Scaly, Tex.                            i.   aney mrs., 746
S.W.2d 477, 478—79 (Tex. 1988) (finding perfected right to a jury trial under rule 216 when a

demand for jury trial was filed and jury fee tendered in accordance with the rules). Once perfected,

neither the judge nor a party may dispense with a jury over the objection of the party or parties

adversely interested. TEx. R. Civ. P.220; Green                    i.   W.E. Grace Mfi,’. Co., 422 S.W.2d 723,725 (Tex.

1968). We therefore must determine whether Grocers forfeited its right to have the jury determine

                                                              —31—
both the fact and aniount ol property damages in this case.

        Although the right   to   a jury trial is inviolate and one of the greaest rights guaranteed by our

Texas and United States Constitutions. Grocers, as the complaining party, had to preserve that right

to complain on appeal. See Sunwest, 875 S.W.2d at 387. In Sunwest. the trial court had deprived

a party of the right to have a jury hear any part of its case. hut the holding applies equally to this case.

As stated:

        Although recognizing a trial Court should safeguard the inviolate constitutional right
        to jury trial, we conclude a party is required to act affirmatively in order to preserve
        the right to complain on appeal that it was denied its perfected right to a trial by jury.
        Therefore, we hold that when a party has perfected its right to a jury trial in
        accordance with rule 216 but the trial court instead proceeds to trial without a jury,
        the party must, in order to preserve any error by the trial court in doing so, either
        object on the record to the trial courts action or indicate affirmatively in the record
        it intends to stand on its perfected right to a jury trial.

hi. at 387.

        We must therefore examine the record to determine whether Grocers objected to the trial

court’s withdrawal of the case from the jury or indicated affirmatively that it intended to stand on

the perfected right to a jury trial. See Id.; see also TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a) (to preserve complaint for

appellate review, party must present timely request, motion, or objection. state specific grounds for

ruling sought, and obtain ruling); Bushel! v. Dean, 803 S.W.2d 711, 712 (Tex. 1991) (failure to make

timely and specific objection waives error).

        First, Grocers failed to include a complaint about a right to jury trial in its stated issues or

summary of the argument. Rather, it appears to be an afterthought stated in one sentence in the last

paragraph of its argument. Further, Grocers’s proposed remedy is to “strike the property damages

awarded” because the trial court “inflicted” prejudice on Grocers by creating “its own procedures

to address [the Cabellos’J violation of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure.” Importantly, Grocers

never presented any complaint to the trial court about the loss of a right to a jury trial.

                                                    —32--
        When the trial court first gave Grocers the options of taking Weinstein’s deposition and

obtaining a rebuttal witness or holding a separate trial on the property damages issue, Grocers chose

a separate trial, “subject to the objection that we don’t believe it’s proper at all.” Later, when

Grocers moved [or a directed verdict as to property damages, its basis was “for all the reasons we

said earlier.’’ Grocers’s counsel also stated: “Although I don’t know that I have the authority to

waive a jury trial on it, I suspect at the end of the day, we could probably agree to something.”

Finally, after the jury returned its verdict, the parties agreed on a value for the Cabellos’ trucks.

Grocers’s counsel stated in its proposed rule 11 letter, later signed by counsel for the Cabellos, that

she “still ohject[sj to the Court’s allowing [the Cahellosi to recover these additional damages due

to [their] failure to timely disclose these damages: she also stated that by agreeing to specific

amounts of damages for the trucks, she “specifically and expressly reservc[d] such right to

dispute/appeal these additional amounts.”

        At no time did Grocers object that it was being deprived of its right to a jury trial on the issue

of property damages. The quoted preface that counsel did not know that she had “the authority to

waive a jury trial on it” was not an objection on which the trial court could have ruled, and the rest

of the sentence was that “at the end of the day, we could probably agree to something.” Specifically,

counsel neither requested a ruling from the trial court nor did the trial court rule. An objection must

not only identify the subject of the objection, hut it also must state specific grounds for the ruling

desired. TEX. R. APP. P. 33. 1. Without a proper and timely presentation of the alleged error to the

trial court, a party does not afford the trial court the opportunity to correct the error.   Birnhauin 1’.

Law Offices ofG. Daild Wesifall, P.C., 120 S.W.3d 470,476 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2003, pet. denied).

        Counsel for Grocers at the most alluded to the question of her right to waive Grocers’s right

to submit the property damages to the jury. She did not object to the loss of Grocers’s right to a jury.

                                                  —33—
And even that allus ion was made alter the (‘abel los had rested their case. Rather than put the trial

coLirl   on notice that Grocers intended to stand on the perfected right to a jury trial, the comment

suggested that Grocers would he able to come to an agreement regarding the issue of property

damages. Even assuming Grocers sufficiently presented an issue on appeal as to its right to a jury

trial, it lailed to 1reser\’e that issue. For all of the above reasons, we overrule Grocers’s third issue.

                                   ISsUE FOUR: IJUCA11ON COSTS UNDER Rui.E 167

            Grocers states in its lourth and final issue that “jt]his matter should be remanded to the trial

court for the award of ‘litigation costs.” In its argument, it states for the first time                                    on appeal       that the

1nal judgment contained an award of damages to Jose that should have triggered the award of

litigation costs under rule 167 of the rules of civil procedure. It also argues the final judgment

contained damage awards that should not have been submitted to the jury and when these damages

are removed from the trial court’s judgment, the amounts awarded to Ramiro fall to a level triggering

Grocers’s rule 167 settlement offer. Based on our resolution of Grocers’s first three issues, we need

not address Grocers’s argument regarding Ramiro. We theret’ore review issue four only as to

Grocers’s arguments regarding Jose. Grocers also asks us to review that offer in the context of an

“amended” offer to settle.’

                                                              Applicable Law

           Chapter 42 of the civil practice and remedies code and rule I 67 of the rules of civil procedure

provide that if a settlement offer made in accordance with the rule and statute is rejected and the

judgment awarded at trial is significantly less favorable than the offer, then the court must award

       Grocers did not provide this Court with the original settlement offer that was presumably atttcnded by the offer Grocers asks us to consider.
The Cabellos contend that the first offer—-the offer not included in the record—was larger than the amended offer and, as a result. Grocers is not
entitled to litigation Costs underrule 167.2)0. SciTEX. R. Ctv. P. 167.2(f) f’A re)eetion ofan offer is subject to imposition of litigation costs under
this rule only if the offer is more favorable to the offeree than any prior offer.”). The Cabellos attached a March 24. 2009 settlement offer from
Grocers to their brief, hut documents attached as appendices to briefs do not constitute part of the record. Sec Green i. Kaiuciu. 152 S.W.3d 839.
841 (Tex. App—Dallas 2005. no pet.). We thus do not consider the substance of that document in our review.

                                                                       —34—
litigation costs to the party that made the offer. See Ttx. R. Civ, P. 167,4(a); TEx. Civ. PRAC. &

REM, CODE ANN,      § 4200l005 (West Supp. 2012). As relevant here, a judgment award is
significantly less favorable than a settlement offer if the judgment is less than 80% of the offer. See

TEx, R. Civ, P. 167,4(b).

                                                Analysis

        As a preliminary matter, we observe that Grocers states its issue as requesting a remand to

the trial court for an award of litigation costs without stating how or if the trial court erred. It argues

under that issue that “[t]he judgment now reflects an award that [is] less than 80% of the settlement

offer made to [Jose I” In its appellate brief, Grocers argues “[t]he trial court did not award litigation

costs for the claim, despite the matter being brought to its attention by [Grocers’s] Motion to

Disregard Jury Answers.” In that motion, Grocers asked the trial court to limit the Cabellos’

damages pursuant to chapter 42 of the civil practice and remedies code, claiming that “because the

judgment to be rendered will be ‘significantly less favorable’ to [the Cabellos] than [Grocers’s] May

8, 2009 Rule 167 Offer of Settlement, [chapter] 42 allows [Grocers] to recover [its] ‘litigation costs’

as an offset against [the Cabellos’] recovery.” Grocers also attached a proposed final judgment

based on the total award for all parties. Grocers’s argument in both the motion to disregard jury

answers and the proposed judgment is premised on the award to “plaintiffs” as a whole, not to Jose

Cabello individually.

        As noted above, rule 33.1 of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure requires as a condition

to review that a party make an objection specific enough to call the trial court’s attention to the

specific error alleged. See TEx. R. App. P. 33.1(a); Hall v. Hubco, Inc., 292 S.W.3d 22, 33 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, pet. denied). Grocers contends that it brought this matter to the

trial court’s attention in its motion to disregard jury answers. Yet in that motion, Grocers requested

                                                  —35—
only that the trial court award litigation costs because the judgment to he rendered will he less

favorable to all the Cahellos than the settlement offer, Assuming a request for litigation costs in a

motion to disregard jury answers is enough to preserve error when a trial court fails to award

litigation costs as required by rule 167, an appeal based on a calculation method never presented to

the trial court does not preserve error. See HaIl, 292 S.W.3d at 33 (in a request for attorney’s fees,

motion for entry of judgment not specific enough to preserve error “where the movant is claiming

error on appeal based on a specific calculation error never pointed out to the trial court”). Grocers

did not seek litigation costs as to any of the Cahellos individually—including Jose. We therefore

question whether Grocers has preserved its request that this Court parse the settlement offer.

        Assuming Grocers preserved its claim, we cannot conclude the trial court erred. The

Cabellos do not argue that the settlement offer was not made in accordance with rule 167. See TEx.

R. Civ. P. 167.1. (requiring certain litigation costs awarded against a party who rejects an offer if that

offer was “made substantially in accordance with this rule”). Instead, the argument here regards

interpretation of the settlement offer.

        For the first time on appeal, Grocers argues that the settlement offer was not a single

settlement offer, but a set of offers made to each Cabello individually. It argues that because there

were individual offers, we must determine that the award to Jose—as opposed to the total

award—was “significantly less favorable” than the settlement offer provided to him. The Cabellos

argue that the settlement offer was an “aggregated offer of settlement” and must be compared to the

combined final award to all the Cabellos.

        Grocers relies on the statute and rule to argue that the settlement offer was made to each

Cabello individually. It argues that rule 167 and chapter 42 “are predicated on offers made to

individual parties, not aggregated parties.” It points specifically to rule 167.1, which states that

                                                  —36—
‘litigation costs may he awarded against a parry who rejects an offer” (emphasis in Grocers’s brief);

section 42.004, which defines a significantly less favorable judgment as one that is 80% less than

a rejected offer “if the rejecting party is a claimant” (emphasis in Grocers’s brief); and section

42.001(2), which defines “claimant” as “a person making a claim.” See TEx. R. Civ, P. 167; TEx.

Civ, PRAc. & REM. CODE ANN. § 42.001, 42.004.

           We reject Grocers’s reasoning in this case. As the Cahellos correctly note, the applicable

rules and statutes are interpreted so that the singular includes the plural and the plural includes the

singular. See TEx. R. Civ. P. 3; TEx. Civ, PRAc. & REM. CODE ANN. § 1.002 (West 2002); TEx.

Gov’T CODE ANN. § 311 .012 (West 2005). Grocers also ignores statements in rule 167 and chapter

42 that specifically identify offers made to multiple parties. See, e.g., TEx. R. Civ. P. 167.2(b) (“A

settlement offer must            .   .   .       identify the party or parties making the offer and the party or parties to

whom the offer is made;                      .   .   .   [and] be served on all parties to whom the offer is made.”); see also

TEx. Civ. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 42.003, 42.005. That rule 167 refers to a singular party in

some instances does not mean that multiple parties were not considered by the rules and—more

importantly—has no bearing on Grocers’s intent when it made the settlement offer.

           We conclude based on a plain reading of the May 9 amended settlement offer that it was a

single “aggregate settlement offer” made to all the 2
                                                    Cabellos. While the singular may include the

plural and the plural may include the singular for purposes of interpreting rules and statutes, the same

rule of interpretation does not necessarily apply in interpreting whether a settlement offer is a single

offer made to multiple parties or a series of offers made to each party individually. Here, the

settlement offer consistently describes itself as an “offer of settlement” made to the Cabellos

       interpreting the settlement offer, we do not determine whether, as a matter of law, ajoint “lump sum” offer will qualify as an offer under rule
167 .See Elaine A. Carlson. The New Texas Ofir of Settlement Practice—the Newest Steps in the Tort Reform Dance, 44 THE ADvOC. (TEXAS)
104, l07-08 (2008) (noting that “[i]t is not clear whether a joint ‘lump sum’ offer will qualify as an offer under Rule 167,”),

                                                                          —37—
generally, not “ofiers of settlement” made to each Cahello individually. lor example, the May 9

oiler states that (iit cers “makel s this written oiler of settlement’’ to the Cahel los, stating further that

(;rocerss “oHer of settlement also includes all attorney’s fees, interests, and costs incurred by [the

Cahellosj in hrinin this lawsuiL’ It specifies that “[t]he deadline in which j the Cabellosi may

accept this of icr s 5:00   p.m.   on May 25, 2009.” But “IGrocersi retain[sj the right to withdraw this

offer at any time beflrc it is accepted....” While the letter does allocate the total $130.000 award

among the Cabellos, it says nothing regarding whether or how it could he accepted by oniy one of

them. The offer consistently describes itself in the singular, and we interpret it pursuant to its plain

language as a single oiler to multiple parties.

        As an offer made to all the Cabellos, the total settlement offer amount must be compared to

the total monetary award in the final judgment. The total amount recovered by the Cabellos in the

final judgment was $115,433.43, which is not less than 80% of the $ I 30,000 offered to them in the

settlement offer. ‘Fhe final judgment of the trial court was therefore not “significantly less favorable”

than the settlement offer, and we overrule Grocers’s fourth issue.

                                             CROSS-POINTS

                     REFORMATIoN OF THE TRIAL COURT’S FINAL JUDGMENT

        The Cabellos request in their first cross-point that we reform the final judgment to reflect the

correct value for Angel’s truck. The final judgment provided $4,521.00 in property damage for the

value of Angel’s 1996 Ford Ranger, but both the rule 11 agreement and Grocers’s proposed final

judgment provided $4,821.00 for the truck. The Cabellos contend the value of the truck was

inadvertently reduced by $300.00 in the final judgment, most likely due to a typographical error on

the part of the trial court.

                                                    —38—
       A part who seeks to alter the trial court’s judgment must file a notice ol appeal. See TEX.

R APi’ P.   25
                 1(c). The appellate court may not grant a party who does not file a notice of appeal

more lavorable relief than did the trial court except for just cause. Id. The Cabellos did not file a

notice of appeal ind have not shown just cause.” See J?ichardson Indep. Sch. Dist. v. GE capital

(orp.. 58 S.W.3d 290, 292 (Tex. AppDallas 2001, no peE) (finding party waived issue when it

did not file a notice of appeal or show just cause excusing failure to file appeal). We therefore

decline to relorm the award of property damages and overrule the Cahellos’ hrst cross—point.

                                      RIQuEsT FOR SANCTIONS

       The Cabellos argue in their second cross-point that sanctions against Grocers are appropriate.

This court may, on the motion of any party or on its own initiative, award a prevailing party “just

damages” if we determine that the appeal is frivolous. TEX. R. APP. p. 45, An appeal is frivolous

when the record, viewed from the perspective of the advocate, does not provide reasonable grounds

for the advocate to believe the case should he reversed. Smith   i’.   Brawn, SI S.W.3d 376, 381 (Tex.

App.—flouston [I” Dist.] 2001. pet. denied). The decision to grant appellate damages as sanctions

is a matter of discretion that must be exercised with prudence and caution and only after careful

deliberation. Id. We also will impose sanctions only in circumstances that are truly egregious. Id.

       The Cabellos’ entire request for sanctions is comprised of the following two sentences:

       Based on case misrepresentations, clear waivers, concealment of the prior offer, and
       violation of a clear warning earlier issued by this Court of Appeals to the Appellants’
       counsel, this Court of Appeals should issue sanctions against the Appellants. The
       appellees are entitled to the litigation costs as sanctions for defending this frivolous
       appeal.

       After careful consideration of the record, briefs, and papers filed in this Court, we decline

to award sanctions against Grocers in this ease. We overrule the Cabellos’ second cross-point.

                                                 —39—
                                           CONCLUSION

      Grocers has failed to meet its burden of showing that Congress, by enacting IRCA, expressed

a clear and manifest intent to supplant and override the sovereignty of Texas law allowing recovery

for injuries caused by tortious conduct in the context presented. Further, based on the record of this

case, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by excluding evidence of the Cabellos’ legal status

in the United States. We also conclude Grocers has not preserved its factual or legal sufficiency

challenge to medical damages and in fact advised the trial court it was not challenging such evidence.

Regarding its third complaint that the trial court enforced “two prejudicial options” of either trying

property damages to the trial court after the jury’s verdict or deposing an “undisclosed” witness

during trial, we conclude the complaint has merit to the extent the trial court deprived Grocers of the

constitutional right to have the jury decide all fact disputes. Yet Grocers waived that complaint by

failing to object on that basis. To the extent Grocers complains about an “undisclosed” witness who

had been identified only as a person having knowledge of the Cabellos’ property damages, we

conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion by finding lack of unfair surprise. Finally, to the

extent Grocers has raised an issue regarding entitlement to litigation costs based on its amended

settlement offer to the Cabellos, it never asked the trial court to apportion the offer among the

Cabellos and the total amount awarded to them in the final judgment did not meet the test for being

“significantly less favorable” than the settlement offer. Regarding the Cabelios’ cross-points, we

decline to alter the judgment pursuant to the Cabeilos’ request to increase their property damage

award because they did not file a notice of appeal and they have not shown “just cause.” We also

decline their request for sanctions against Grocers for a frivolous appeal. Having overruled all of

the parties’ issues, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                 —40—
                                    1/
                      MARY M9RPHY
                      JUSTICE            0
1 00843 RPO5

               -41-
                                   Q!ni;rt   tif piat
                        1IIftI! ?I1itritt øf     cxa tt        Jatkn
                                       JUDGMENT
GROCERS SUPPLY, INC. AND JOSE                       Appeal from the 68th Judicial District Court
NARCISO SANCHEZ, Appellants                         of Dallas County, Texas. (Tr.Ct.No. 08-
                                                    11463-C).
No, 05-i 1-00843-CV           v                     Opinion delivered by Justice Murphy,
                                                    Justices FitzGerald and Fillmore
JOSE LUIS CABELLO, ANGEL                            participating.
CABELLO, AND RAMIRO CABELLO,
Appellees

       in accordance with this Courts opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is
AFFIRMED. it is ORDERED that appellees Jose Luis Cabello, Angel Cabello, and Ramiro
Cabello recover their costs of this appeal from appellants Grocers Supply, Inc. and Jose Narciso
Sanchez,

Judgment entered December 21, 2012.

                                                     MARY MUPHY
                                                     JUSTICE
                                                                                     0