Court Opinion

ID: 9754677
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-28 20:09:35.537066+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:27:56.329022
License: Public Domain

REIF, J.;
This case presents important issues regarding the right to jury trial guaranteed by Article 2, Section 19 of the Oklahoma Constitution. The primary issue is whether this right has been violated by a juror who concealed bias against one of the parties during voir dire, and revealed such bias of his own accord after a verdict has been rendered. The second but equally important issue is the standard of review to be employed in deciding a claim of error of this nature. One of the well settled tenets of the right to jury trial is that jurors must be impartial, and bias or prejudice in a case disqualifies one as a juror thereon. Parrish v. Lilly, 1993 OK 80, ¶ 10, 883 P.2d 158, 160. Considering this fundamental tenet with the specific constitutional command that justice shall be administered without prejudice, Article 2, Section 6,1 as well as the general constitutional mandate of due process of law, Article 2, Section 7,2 this Court must conclude that participation by a juror under such cireumstances presents a claim of error of constitutional dimension. Error of this nature calls for independent, non-deferential de novo review.3
T2 In the case at hand, a jury returned verdicts in favor of the defendants on plaintiffs' medical malpractice claims. Plaintiffs raised the issue of juror bias for the first time in their motion for new trial The record of the evidentiary hearing on the motion for new trial reveals that plaintiffs did not learn of the bias on the part of a particular juror until after the verdicts were rendered and the jury discharged. The record reflects that the juror in question went to an Oklahoma City bar later in the day after the *580trial was concluded. It is undisputed that the juror talked to another individual at the bar about his service on the jury in this case. The other individual was an attorney and a member of the Oklahoma Bar Association. This attorney was employed as a deputy general counsel for an agency of the State of Oklahoma and had no connection to the case or the attorneys for the parties.
18 According to this attorney, the juror related, inter alia, that (1) the plaintiffs would have never won the case with him (the juror) serving in the case, (2) he (the juror) was not impartial despite stating in voir dire he could be, and (8) he (the juror) wanted to "play the judicial system" and believed plaintiffs had the burden to prove the defendants intended harm beyond a reasonable doubt before they could recover. The attorney also related that the juror expressed his dislike for African Americans. The plaintiffs in this case are African Americans.4
14 In addition to the statements related by the attorney, it is undisputed that the Juror provided inaccurate and incomplete information about his criminal convictions on the juror questionnaire used in voir dire. The juror reported that he had misdemeanor convictions from Linn County, Oregon, and Ventura County, California, but omitted another misdemeanor conviction for theft in the Kirkland Municipal Court, King County, Washington. As concerns the Linn County, Oregon conviction, the juror reported his sentence was three days, when he served 168 hours (seven days) and was placed on thirty-six months of supervised probation. The juror failed to disclose that he was serving the probationary portion of his sentence at the time of trial.
T5 The juror acknowledged that he did talk about his jury service at the place and time as related by the attorney. He denied, however, making any of the statements regarding bias against plaintiffs' right to recover or their race. He acknowledged that his answers on the questionnaire may have been incomplete, but explained that he gave answers in the space allotted on the questionnaire. He stated that he had no bias against the plaintiffs.
16 Upon de novo review of the record,5 this Court finds that the juror in question entertained bias against the plaintiffs' race and their right to recover under the appropriate burden of proof. In reaching this conclusion, we first note that this is not a case where dissenting or minority jurors are attempting to impeach a verdiet with which they do not agree by breaching the sanctity of the jury deliberations. This is a case where a juror voluntarily revealed, after verdicts were returned, that (1) the juror entertained disqualifying bias against one *581party's race and right to recover under the appropriate burden of proof, and (2) deliberately concealed such bias upon voir dire in order to participate in rendering verdicts consistent with such bias.
{7 In rejecting the juror's denials that he entertained such bias or made statements that revealed the bias, we first observe that jurors' assurances that they are unbiased are not dispositive or the sole test. Bickell v. State, 1928 OK CR 285, 41 Okla.Crim. 35, 270 P. at 89. As the court in Bickell pointed out: "Prejudice is a subtle thing [that] exist[s] in the mind of an individual [and often] cannot be discovered, except by the conduct of some expression of the person entertaining it." Bickell, 1928 OK CR 285, 41 Okla.Crim. 35, 270 P. at 89. The Bickell court went on to say that "the cireumstances surrounding the juror should be considered in determining his competency." Id. We find that the juror's misleading answers on the voir dire questionnaire and his revelation of bias to the attorney are sufficient cireum-stances or expressions upon which to conclude the juror entertained disqualifying bias.
T8 We also think it important to explain why we have given great weight to the testimony of the attorney to whom the juror revealed his bias. This attorney is a member of the bar of the State of Oklahoma who has sworn to reform falsehoods done in court when the attorney has knowledge of such falsehoods. 5 O.S.2011, § 2. The juror's concealment of his bias and admission that he deliberately did so to participate in returning verdicts consistent with his bias constituted a "falsehood done in court" that the attorney was duty bound to bring to the attention of court.
T9 Oklahoma jurisprudence has long recognized the general rule that "[ilf the objection [to a juror] relates to the moral capacity or impartiality of the juror [even] if not discovered until after the verdict, it would no doubt be as good a ground for new trial as a cause of challenge before." Carr v. State, 1938 OK CR 106, 65 Okla.Crim. 201, 84 P.2d 42, 46. The syllabus of the case indicates this rule applies to the discovery of a ground to disqualify a juror after verdict when the juror falsely qualifies on voir dire, knowing of the disqualifying ground.
110 It is well settled that "Courts have a duty to enforce strict observance of the constitutional and statutory provisions designed to preserve inviolate [the] right to, and purity of jury trial." Jackson v. General Finance Corp., 1953 OK 22, ¶ 7, 208 Okla. 44, 253 P.2d 166, 168. As the appellate courts of this State have previously observed, every citizen is "entitled to jurors who [are] unbiased and qualified and 'not only of one such juror, nor eleven but twelve of such class'" State v. Smith, 1958 OK CR 6, ¶ 12, 320 P.2d 719, 724 (cited approvingly in Parrish, 1993 OK 80, at ¶¶ 11, 14 n. 3, 883 P.2d at 161).
T11 In the Parrish ease, this Court squarely held that "[elach and every person who sits on a jury, regardless of the number of jurors required to render a verdict, must satisfy the constitutional and statutory requirements of impartiality." Parrish, 1993 OK 80 at ¶ 15, 883 P.2d at 162. This Court also said that when an individual with disqualifying bias has served on a jury, "this Court will not engage in speculation regarding the influence such juror may or may not have had on the other members of the jury." Id. at ¶ 16, 883 P.2d at 162.
¶ 12 "Subjecting a party to anything less than twelve impartial jurors, where twelve jurors are guaranteed, will not survive judicial serutiny." Id. at ¶ 15, 883 P.2d at 162. The error in such cases cannot be considered harmless and will result in reversal. Id. at ¶ 16, 883 P.2d at 162.6
T 13 In reaching this conclusion, we think it is important to stress that this is a fact specific case of juror bias and not a case of a juror impeaching a verdict. In the case of bias, prejudice is presumed, and the *582impact of the bias on the verdict need not be proven. Parrish, ¶ 16. Such bias presents a fundamental constitutional issue involving violation of the absolute right to a fair trial and an impartial jury. Such an issue is reviewable de novo.
" 14 One of the significant facts in this case is that the disqualifying bias was disclosed by the juror himself, and not by other jurors repeating statements made by the juror during deliberations. Another significant fact is that the juror spontaneously disclosed the bias to a person unconnected to the parties and their counsel, and not in response to prying questions by the parties or their counsel. We stress these points to limit our holding in this case to cases with comparable circumstances.
" 15 We also stress these points to make it clear that this Court does not condone jurors impeaching verdicts, or disclosing statements made by other jurors during deliberations. Neither do we endorse efforts by the parties or their counsel to discover a juror's thoughts or personal decision-making process. In a few words, the shocking cireum-stances of this rogue juror are an absolute factual anomaly that we hope is never to be seen again in Oklahoma jurisprudence. We caution that we will not permit the holding in this case to be used to manufacture a ground for new trial, but we are likewise not hesitant to afford the remedy of new trial free from bias, if such circumstances are ever repeated.
CERTIORARI PREVIOUSLY GRANTED; COURT OF CIVIL APPEALS OPINION VACATED; JUDGMENT OF THE TRIAL COURT REVERSED AND REMANDED.7
T16 TAYLOR, C.J., COLBERT, V.C.J., EDMONDSON, REIF, and COMBS, JJ., concur.
T 17 WINCHESTER, J., dissent.
118 KAUGER, J., not participating.
1 19 WATT, J., disqualified.
20 GURICH, J., recused.

. In applying Article 2, Section 6, the Court of Criminal Appeals has declared that "trial before an unprejudiced and impartial jury ... is a basic principle underlying our jury system." Bickell v. State, 1928 OK CR 285, 41 Okla.Crim. 35, 270 P. 88, 89.

. "A fundamental requirement of due process is a fair and impartial trial." Clark v. Board of Education of Ind. Sch. Dist. No. 89, 2001 OK 56, ¶ 6, 32 P.3d 851, 854 (footnote omitted). The same general principles to ensure the impartiality of a judge acting as a trier of the fact would apply with equal force to a juror performing that role. Personal bias or prejudice concerning a party makes a judge ineligible to act either as a trier of fact or a trier of law, and requires disqualification. Rule 2.11(A)(1) and (C), 5 O.S. 2011, App. 4. Also, "[a] challenge to an assigned judge for want of impartiality presents an issue of constitutional dimension." Clark, 2001 OK 56 at ¶ 7, 32 P.3d at 854 (italics omitted).

. The United States Supreme Court has said "lits] duty is not limited to the elaboration of constitutional principles [but the Court] must also in proper cases review the evidence to make certain that those principles have been constitutionally applied." New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 285, 84 S.Ct. 710, 11 L.Ed.2d 686 (1964). In such cases, "it [is] only natural that [the Court] should conduct an independent review of the evidence on the dispositive constitutional issue." Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union, 466 U.S. 485, 508, 104 S.Ct. 1949, 80 L.Ed.2d 502 (1984); see Tsotaddle v. Absentee Shawnee Housing Authority, 2001 OK CIV APP 23, ¶ 15, 20 P.3d 153, 159 ("'Where a case involves a violation of constitutional rights, an appellate court shall exercise its own independent judgment on questions of both law and interpretation of facts." (citation omitted)).

. In his testimony at the evidentiary hearing, the attorney quoted the juror as saying "he (the juror) wasn't going to let that black lady get a verdict." The attorney related that the juror also talked about a black juror and stated, "She was really hard for us to bring around" and "We had a hard time winning that ... black lady over. We knew she was a liberal." On cross-examination, the attorney acknowledged that the juror did not use any "expletives" regarding race, but expressed a dislike for African-Americans by the tone of voice the juror used in referring to the plaintiff as "that black lady" and the African-American juror as "that black juror." When asked by the trial judge whether the juror was expressing dislike for the plaintiff African-American, as opposed to expressing dissatisfaction with the juror who was African-American, the attorney replied that the juror "spoke of two African-Americans, the plaintiff and what I believe he said was another woman juror. And he talked about them at separate times, and he used the same words and the same inflection and I-I was left with an impression that he disliked African-Americans."

. In general, a trial court's denial of a motion for new trial is reviewed on appeal for abuse of discretion. Bank of Oklahoma, N.A. v. Red Arrow Marina Sales & Service, Inc. 2009 OK 77, ¶ 11, 224 P.3d 685, 693. However, the standard of review to be employed by an appellate court in review of a claim of error is not determined by the procedural device by which an issue is presented for decision. A standard of review is the legal scale to be used by an appellate court in weighing a claim of error. Unified School District No. 500 v. Robinson, 262 Kan. 357, 940 P.2d 1 (1997) (syllabus 3). A standard of review provides the degree of deference the decision under review should receive. Unified, 940 P.2d at 4. A trial court's decision on the issue of juror bias is an issue of constitutional dimension that implicates the right to a fair trial guaranteed by no less than three constitutional provisions as more fully discussed in 11 and its footnotes. An issue of this magnitude, like the issue of jurisdiction, calls for independent, non-deferential de novo review as explained in footnote 3.

. Our decision on the issue of juror bias is dis-positive of this appeal and we do not address plaintiffs' claim of error regarding the trial court's refusal to instruct on res ipsa loquitur. At trial on remand, the trial court is free to decide whether a res ipsa loquilur instruction should be given based on the evidence adduced at trial.

. Plaintiffs only appealed the denial of their motion for new trial in regard to their claims against defendants Kristi M. Saunders, M.D., and Kathryn Reilly, M.D. The trial court's judgment is reversed and remanded only as to these defendants. The judgment is otherwise final and undisturbed as to the other named defendants.