Court Opinion

ID: 5435784
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-08 17:54:09.547158+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:31:49.563667
License: Public Domain

By the Court,
Sawyer, J.
The lands in question constitute a portion of the “beach and water lots” of San Francisco, as defined by the Act of March 26th, 1851, entitled “ An act to provide for the disposition of certain property of the State of California.” (Laws 1851, p. 307.) The defendants are in possession, claiming title under the provisions of said Act, and a grant to William C. Parker from Alcalde Leavenworth, dated September 25th, 1848, confirmed by resolutions of the Ayuntamiento or Town Couhcil of the District of San Francisco, and registered and recorded before the 3d day of April, 1850, in the books of record then in the Alcalde’s office, but afterwards turned over to, and now remaining in the custody of the Recorder of San Francisco, and also constituting a portion of the records of his office.
Plaintiffs seek to recover the lands, and rely upon the same Act and a grant to Thomas Sprague, executed by Alcalde Geary in pursuance of a sale at auction of the beach and water lots by direction of the Ayuntamiento, made on the 3d day of January, 1850. The question is, as to which party acquired the title. •
Section two of the Act provides, that, “ all the lands mentioned in the first section of this Act, which have been sold *148by the authority of the Ayuntamiento, etc., * * *; or which have been sold or granted by any Alcalde, etc., * * [describing the lands in terms sufficiently broad to embrace both of said grants,] shall be and the same are hereby granted and confirmed to the purchaser or purchasers or grantees aforesaid, by the State relinquishing the use and occupation of the same and her interest therein to the said purchasers or grantees, their heirs or assigns, or any person or persons holding under them, for the term of ninety-nine"years.” # * It then exempts the Government reservations, “ except that any estate held by virtue of any lease or leases executed or confirmed by any officer of the United States on behalf of the same, shall be and the same are hereby granted and confirmed to the lessees thereof.” * # *
Section three provides, that “ the original deed or other written or printed instruments of conveyance, by which any of the lands mentioned in the first section of this Act were conveyed or granted by such Common Council, Ayuntamiento or Alcalde * # * may be read in evidence in any Court of justice in this State, * * * and shall be jprima facie evidence of title and possession, to enable the plaintiff to recover the possession of the land so granted.”
It is said that these provisions do not in terms purport to confirm the grants—the instruments executed by the Alcaldes —but, on the contrary, to make an original legislative grant without reference to any equitable rights of the parties claiming under the Alcalde grants; that those sales and grants were referred to, not because it was intended to validate and confirm them, but only to identify the individuals who were to be the recipients of the legislative bounty. It is true, the instruments in writing are not expressly mentioned as the objects to be confirmed. But the instruments are not the grants or things to be confirmed. They are but the evidence of the action of the municipal officers. But the Act does refer to lands “ sold by authority of the Ayuntamiento,” or “ sold or granted by the Alcaldes,” etc., and says that “ the same are hereby granted and confirmed to the purchaser, or purchasers, or *149grantees aforesaid.” The term “ granted ” is used, it is true, but the word “ confirmed” is also used with reference to the prior sales and grants, and the purchasers and vendees under them, which shows that it was the intention to validate and give effect' to the former sales and grants, which were invalid without, such confirmation. When speaking in the same sectian of leases by the Government officers—which were equally invalid—the Legislature say, “ that any estate held by virtue of any lease, etc., shall be and the same is hereby granted and confirmed to the lessees thereof.” These leases did not purport to grant the land, and the Act did not grant or confirm any estate except that which the leases themselves purported to convey. It is evident from the whole object, scope and tenor of the Act, and the circumstances surrounding the subject matter about which the Legislature were then legislating,' that there was something more intended by the language used than the identification of the objects of legislative bounty. Parties had procured grants and leases of lands from the only officers who assumed to act in such matters, upon the consideration usually demanded at that time, and had made valuable improvements on the faith of such contracts. It manifestly seemed to the Legislature that such parties had an equitable claim upon the State to have their grants confirmed, and in consideration of such supposed equitable rights these provisions were introduced into the Act, with the intent not only to grant these lands, but to grant and confirm them to the parties supposed to have the equitable title, and to no others; and to confirm the lands to such parties in the character of purchasers and grantees under the original grants, and not as the recipients of gratuitous favors. Ho other parties are referred to or provided for in the Act, and the word “ confirmed” is an apt and proper one to express that intention. This intent appears the more clearly from the provisions of the third section, where the instruments executed by the Alcalde are mentioned in express terms, and it is provided ” that the original deed or other written or printed instruments of conveyanee by which any lands, etc., were conveyed by such Com*150mon Council, Ayuntamiento or Alcalde, etc., may be read in evidence, etc., and shall be prima facie evidence of title,” etc. These very instruments are here expressly made the evidence of title. Why was this, if it was not intended to ratify, confirm and give them effect; if it was not designed that the legislative grant should relate to, confirm and give vitality to the grants purported to be evidenced by these instruments ? We must not confine ourselves in the interpretation of this statute to the word “ granted ” alone, or adhere too strictly to the mere definition of words. A legislative Act is to be interpreted according to the intention of the Legislature apparent upon its face. Every technical rule as to the construction or force of particular terms must yield to the clear exjwession of the paramount will of the Legislature. (Wilkinson v. Leland, 2 Peters, 662.) The whole Act must be construed together. And, looking to all its provisions, we can give it no other construction than that it was the intention to confirm and give effect to the grants referred to in the Act. The word “ granted ” was properly used, because the title was in fact then in the State, and it might be necessary—it was at. least proper—to make the act of confirmation of the former sales effectual.
Such being the case, the confirmation has relation to the Alcalde grants—the first act in the series upon which the title depends—the consideration, so to speak, upon which the legislative grant and confirmation are based, and the title by reíati on will date from the date of said grants by the Alcalde. The title of the defendants is, therefore, the oldest, and must
In this case the equities also seem to be with the defendants, for at the sale at auction in 1850, when the lot in question wms put up, notice of the prior grant to Parker, and that the parties claimed title under it, was publicly given, and Sprague purchased with actual notice. The last sale had no greater validity than the first; and it equally required the confirmatory grant of the Legislature to give it validity.
There does not appear to us to be any force in the argument *151based upon the order in which the various classes of titles confirmed are mentioned in the Act.
Appellants insist, that if they have not the prior right, the plaintiffs and defendants are, at least, both donees under the statute, standing cequali jure, each taking one half, and that they are entitled to recover to that extent.
Seabury before brought a suit against Field in the United States Circuit Court, to recover the lot now in controversy, and the cause went to the Supreme Court of the United States on a writ of error. Both parties relied upon these same titles. Upon the trial in the Court below, the Judge, in his charge to the jury, among other things, said : “Both parties in the suit' bringing themselves within the classes designated, the defendants being in possession, as has been ascertained by the evidence, would, on principles of law, be entitled to a verdict.” And t¿e Supreme Court of the United States, in reviewing this portion of the charge, said : “ Iii this the Court was correct.” (Seabury et al. v. Field, 19 How. S. C. U. S. 330.) Admitting, then, that both parties are within the classes of grantees designated by the Act, under the law as here laid down, the plaintiffs are not entitled to recover. There is certaiuly no intention manifested on the face of the Act to grant an estate in common to Parker and Sprague, or their respective grantees.
But, if the views before expressed are correct, although both are within the terms of the Act, tl;e title of the defendants originated in a prior grant, and takes the precedence. It must therefore prevail.
Judgment affirmed.