Court Opinion

ID: 9963197
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-24 18:05:49.09555+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:24:42.297816
License: Public Domain

2024 IL App (1st) 230139
                                            No. 1-23-0139
                                    Opinion filed April 24, 2024
                                                                                       Third Division

 ______________________________________________________________________________
                                               IN THE
                               APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
                                         FIRST DISTRICT
 ______________________________________________________________________________
 STEPHEN EBERHARDT,                      )                          Appeal from the
                                         )                          Circuit Court of
       Plaintiff-Appellant,              )                          Cook County.
                                         )
    v.                                   )                          No. 21 L 65042
                                         )
 THE VILLAGE OF TINLEY PARK, MICHAEL     )
 GLOTZ, KRISTIN THIRION, WILLIAM BRADY,  )
 WILLIAM BRENNAN, MICHAEL MUELLER, DAVID )
 NIEMEYER, PATRICK CARR JR., and PATRICK )
 WALSH,                                  )                          Honorable
                                         )                          Mary Kathleen McHugh,
       Defendants-Appellees.             )                          Judge, presiding.

           JUSTICE LAMPKIN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
           Justices D.B. Walker and R. Van Tine concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                            OPINION

¶1     Plaintiff Stephen Eberhardt, an attorney representing himself pro se, 1 filed a lawsuit

against the Village of Tinley Park (Village), several of its officials and employees, and its outside

counsel. Plaintiff alleged that defendants (1) violated the Illinois Constitution by enacting an

       1
          According to the records of the Illinois Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Commission,
plaintiff has retired and is not authorized to practice law. His last registered year was 2024.
No. 1-23-0139

ordinance that required public comments of special Village board meetings to be germane to

agenda items, (2) are liable under section 1983 of the federal Civil Rights Act (42 U.S.C. § 1983

(2018)) for violating his federal free speech and due process rights by requesting an investigation

of plaintiff with the Illinois Attorney and Registration Commission (ARDC), and (3) unlawfully

appointed outside counsel as their representative. The trial court granted, with prejudice, the

defendants’ motions to dismiss plaintiff’s complaint pursuant to section 2-619.1 of the Code of

Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-619.1 (West 2020)).

¶2     On appeal, plaintiff argues that the circuit court erred in granting the defendants’ motions

to dismiss with prejudice because he alleged sufficient facts to set out the essential elements of his

alleged causes of action and no affirmative defense or other matter defeated his claims.

¶3     For the reasons that follow, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court. 2

¶4                                      I. BACKGROUND

¶5     The operative pleading here is plaintiff’s second amended complaint, filed April 13, 2022,

wherein plaintiff alleged that at all relevant times he was a resident and taxpayer of the Village, a

self-employed attorney with offices in the Village, and a well-recognized local voice speaking

often at Village meetings in support of open and honest government and against government

secrecy and corruption. He sued the Village; Michael Glotz, a former Village trustee and mayor,

in his individual capacity; Kristin Thirion, a former Village clerk and executive administrative

assistant, in her individual capacity; William Brady, a Village trustee, in his individual capacity;

       2
         In adherence with the requirements of Illinois Supreme Court Rule 352(a) (eff. July 1, 2018),
this appeal has been resolved without oral argument upon the entry of a separate written order.

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No. 1-23-0139

William Brennan, a Village trustee, in his individual capacity; Michael Mueller, a Village trustee,

in his individual capacity; David Niemeyer, a former Village manager, in his individual capacity;

Patrick Carr Jr., a former Village assistant manager, 911 coordinator, and Village manager, in his

individual capacity (collectively, the Village defendants); and Patrick Walsh, individually and in

his capacity as the agent and president of the Walsh Law Group, P.C. The Village defendants and

defendant Walsh have separate counsel.

¶6      In his second amended complaint, 3 plaintiff alleged that the Village defendants executed

their plan to take control of the Village board after the April 2019 election by silencing critical

speech during the public comment portion of Village meetings; using social media to spread false

information, post derogatory comments, and bully and harass people to deter them from speaking

at Village meetings; blocking plaintiff and others from commenting on the Village defendants’

social media pages; engaging in retaliatory actions for critical comments; erasing electronic

messages that were potentially public records; and using taxpayer funds to support the Village

defendants’ political and personal interests. Plaintiff also alleged that the Village defendants

appointed defendant Walsh as their counsel to assist them in their unlawful actions, including

refusing proper requests to produce public records, in violation of the Freedom of Information Act

(FOIA) (5 ILCS 140/1 et seq. (West 2020)), fabricating and enforcing restrictive rules for public

        3
         Although this operative pleading is entitled as plaintiff’s second amended complaint, it is
actually his corrected second amended complaint. This complaint’s title caused some confusion regarding
the Village defendants filing their responsive motion to dismiss to the correct complaint. The Village
defendants, however, informed the trial court during argument that plaintiff’s two most recent complaints
were substantially the same (except for the facts upon which plaintiff’s section 1983 civil rights claim was
predicated) and the Village defendants’ arguments as to both pleadings were the same.

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No. 1-23-0139

comment, in violation of the Open Meetings Act (5 ILCS 120/1 et seq. (West 2020)), and

interfering with plaintiff’s actions regarding FOIA matters and litigation and his clients’ access to

the courts.

¶7     Specifically, plaintiff alleged that when the Village defendants, in December 2019, enacted

ordinance No. 2019-O-077, which required public comments at special Village board meetings,

special commission, or special committee meetings to be germane to items on that particular

special meeting agenda, they imposed content-based restrictions on public comments that violated

the Open Meetings Act and the free speech and peaceful assembly rights of plaintiff and others

under the Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, §§ 4-5). See Tinley Park Ordinance No.

2019-O-077 (approved Dec. 3, 2019) (codified at Tinley Park Code of Ordinances § 43.01).

Plaintiff alleged that it was part of defendants’ plan to thereafter unlawfully reschedule regular

meetings as special meetings to trigger the use of the unconstitutional content-based restrictive

rules on public comment.

¶8     Plaintiff also alleged that defendant Niemeyer, without authority but acting under color of

law, filed with the ARDC a request for an investigation against plaintiff, which contained

intentional and knowing false facts and misrepresentations. According to plaintiff, this

investigation request was intended to harass him, retaliate against him for suing defendants in

federal court, and interfere with and suppress his freedom of speech, which was critical of

defendants’ conduct or fitness for office. Plaintiff alleged that defendant Walsh drafted the request

for investigation and defendant Carr submitted a reply to the ARDC. Plaintiff alleged that the then-

mayor neither authorized the filing of the request for investigation nor was consulted about it.

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No. 1-23-0139

¶9     Furthermore, plaintiff alleged that the Village defendants, without authority, appointed

defendant Walsh to represent the Village and its officials and employees as their attorney and

thereby obligated the taxpayers to pay for defendants’ personal and professional attacks on plaintiff

and not for any proper purpose of the Village. Plaintiff alleged that the then-mayor did not sign

the resolution appointing Walsh as an attorney for the Village.

¶ 10   Plaintiff sought the following relief: (1) as against the Village, a declaration that ordinance

No. 2019-O-077, which restricted speech at special Village board meetings, violated the Open

Meetings Act and was unconstitutional facially and as applied under the rights guaranteed by the

Illinois Constitution, and an injunction against the enforcement of this ordinance (count I); (2) as

against all the individual defendants, damages under the guarantees of section 1983 of the Civil

Rights Act for alleged violations of plaintiff’s free speech rights under the first amendment and

due process and equal protection rights under the fourteenth amendment of the United States

Constitution (U.S. Const., amends. I, XIV) based on defendants’ ARDC investigation request

(count II), and (3) as against the Village, Glotz, Thirion, Brady, Brennan, Mueller, and Walsh,

declaratory and injunctive relief for their alleged unlawful appointment of defendant Walsh as

their attorney and an order for Walsh to reimburse the Village for any taxpayer funds paid to him

or his law firm (count III).

¶ 11   The Village defendants moved under section 2-619.1 of the Code to dismiss plaintiff’s

second amended complaint. In their motion and supporting pleadings, they argued that

(1) plaintiff’s complaint was “lengthy, incoherent, protracted and chock full of superfluous

statements, inuendo and conclusory allegations,” in violation of section 2-603(a) of the Code (735

                                                -5-
No. 1-23-0139

ILCS 5/2-603(a) (West 2020)), (2) res judicata barred counts I and II to the extent plaintiff sought

to resurrect his first amendment and fourteenth amendment equal protection and due process

claims, which had already been litigated in federal court, 4 (3) plaintiff pled multiple causes of

action in single counts, in violation of section 2-603(b) of the Code (id. § 2-603(b)), (4) plaintiff

failed to plead taxpayer standing regarding his count III claim, and (5) defendants were immune

from liability.

¶ 12    In response, plaintiff moved to strike the motion to dismiss, arguing, inter alia, that it was

full of improper and undeveloped arguments, his claims withstood section 2-603 scrutiny, the

equitable doctrine of res judicata should be relaxed in the interest of justice and did not apply to

his constitutional claims predicated on the Illinois Constitution, and the Village defendants failed

to support their immunity claims with affidavits regarding their acts being within the scope of their

employment as Village officials and employees.

¶ 13    Meanwhile, defendant Walsh also moved under section 2-619.1 of the Code to dismiss

counts II and III of plaintiff’s second amended complaint, arguing that (1) plaintiff, who was not

a current taxpayer in the community and never owned any property in the Village, lacked standing

to bring his taxpayer lawsuit, (2) there was no basis for individual liability against defendant Walsh

because the Village engaged the Walsh Law Group, P.C., and not defendant Walsh individually,

        4
         In Eberhardt v. Village of Tinley Park, No. 1:20-cv-01171 (N.D. Ill. Sept. 2, 2021), the court
dismissed with prejudice plaintiff’s federal constitutional claims for lack of standing and jurisdiction and
dismissed without prejudice plaintiff’s remaining state law claims. The federal case was filed against all
the defendants in the case before this court except for defendants Brennan, Mueller, and Carr. The federal
case also included five other individuals who are not defendants in the case before this court.

                                                   -6-
No. 1-23-0139

(3) FOIA did not provide for a private right of action against an individual, (4) purported violations

of state law do not infringe upon the United States Constitution as pled by plaintiff, (5) Illinois

Supreme Court Rule 775 (eff. Dec. 7, 2011) provides absolute immunity to defendant Walsh for

drafting a request for investigation to the ARDC, (6) plaintiff failed to adhere to the formal

pleading requirements under section 2-603 of the Code, and (7) the appointment of the Walsh Law

Group, P.C., complied with the Village code, pursuant to the Village’s purchasing ordinance, and

that appointment was later ratified by the full board of trustees. Walsh attached as exhibits to his

motion Village public records, including a resolution and purchasing ordinance.

¶ 14   Plaintiff moved to strike defendant Walsh’s motion and supporting pleadings, arguing,

inter alia, that (1) plaintiff had standing to sue as a taxpayer because he had paid his wife’s

property taxes, (2) taxpayer standing was irrelevant to his section 1983 claim, (3) he had taxpayer

standing to challenge the hiring of Walsh because plaintiff had paid phone bill communications

taxes and the funds he paid for the water bill, vehicle sticker tax, sales tax, motor fuel tax, and

income tax were forwarded to the general fund of the Village, (4) the Village’s purchasing

ordinance was superseded by the time of the appointment of defendant Walsh’s law firm in July

2019, (5) Walsh did not submit any affidavit stating that he was immune based on communications

with the ARDC, (6) Walsh did not submit any affidavit compliant with Illinois Supreme Court

Rule 191 (eff. Jan. 4, 2013) and section 2-619 of the Code, swearing to the truth of the alleged

facts he argued, (7) Walsh’s exhibits on the standing issue violated Illinois Supreme Court Rule

138 (eff. Jan. 1, 2018) by putting plaintiff’s personal identity information on the public portal, and

(8) Rule 775 did not immunize defendants’ unconstitutional actions.

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No. 1-23-0139

¶ 15   After briefing and oral argument, the trial court, on January 6, 2023, granted defendants’

motions to dismiss with prejudice. The written dismissal order indicated that the trial court stated

its reasons for the dismissal on the record; however, no court reporter was present for the January

6, 2023, court date. The court also denied plaintiff’s motions to strike. Plaintiff timely appealed.

¶ 16                                      II. ANALYSIS

¶ 17   Defendants moved to dismiss plaintiff’s complaint pursuant to section 2-619.1 of the Code

(735 ILCS 5/2-619.1 (West 2020)). Section 2-619.1 provides that motions with respect to

pleadings pursuant to sections 2-615 and 2-619 of the Code (id. §§ 2-615, 2-619) may be filed

together as a single motion. Id. § 2-619.1; Edelman, Combs & Latturner v. Hinshaw & Culbertson,

338 Ill. App. 3d 156, 164 (2003).

¶ 18   A section 2-615 motion to dismiss challenges the legal sufficiency of a complaint based on

defects apparent on its face. 735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2020); Marshall v. Burger King Corp., 222

Ill. 2d 422, 429 (2006). In ruling on a section 2-615 motion to dismiss, all well-pleaded facts and

all reasonable inferences that may be drawn from those facts are accepted as true. Rockford

Memorial Hospital v. Havrilesko, 368 Ill. App. 3d 115, 120 (2006). However, a plaintiff may not

rely on mere conclusions of law or fact unsupported by specific factual allegations. Pooh-Bah

Enterprises, Inc. v. County of Cook, 232 Ill. 2d 463, 473 (2009). The critical inquiry is whether the

allegations of the complaint are sufficient to establish a cause of action under which relief may be

granted. Malinksi v. Grayslake Community High School District 127, 2014 IL App (2d) 130685,

¶ 6. Thus, only those facts apparent from the face of the pleadings, documents attached to a

complaint (including exhibits, depositions, and affidavits), matters of which the court can take

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No. 1-23-0139

judicial notice, and judicial admissions in the record may be considered in ruling on a section 2-

615 motion. Bruss v. Przybylo, 385 Ill. App. 3d 399, 405 (2008). A court may also consider

documents attached to a motion to dismiss where the plaintiff put their contents at issue but failed

to attach them to the complaint. See Perkaus v. Chicago Catholic High School Athletic League,

140 Ill. App. 3d 127, 134 (1986). Where allegations made in the body of the complaint conflict

with facts disclosed in the exhibits, the exhibits control and the allegations will not be taken as true

in evaluating the sufficiency of the complaint. Bajwa v. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., 208 Ill.

2d 414, 430-31 (2004).

¶ 19   In contrast, a motion to dismiss based on section 2-619 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2-619

(West 2020)) admits the legal sufficiency of the complaint but raises defects, defenses, or other

affirmative matter, appearing on the face of the complaint or established by external submissions,

that defeat the claim. Orlak v. Loyola University Health System, 228 Ill. 2d 1, 6-7 (2007). An

“affirmative matter” for the purposes of a section 2-619 motion is something in the nature of a

defense that negates the cause of action completely or refutes crucial conclusions of law or

conclusions of material fact contained in or inferred from the complaint. Cwikla v. Sheir, 345 Ill.

App. 3d 23, 29 (2003). The purpose of section 2-619 is to afford litigants a means to dispose of

issues of law and easily proven issues of fact at the outset of litigation. Brummel v. Grossman,

2018 IL App (1st) 162540, ¶ 22.

¶ 20   In considering a combined motion to dismiss pursuant to section 2-619.1, we accept all

well-pleaded facts in the complaint as true, drawing all reasonable inferences from these facts in

favor of the nonmoving party. Marshall, 222 Ill. 2d at 429. Our review under either section 2-615

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No. 1-23-0139

or section 2-619 of the Code is de novo. Hadley v. Doe, 2015 IL 118000, ¶ 29. Further, we may

affirm the trial court’s judgment on any basis in the record, regardless of the court’s reasoning.

O’Callaghan v. Satherlie, 2015 IL App (1st) 142152, ¶ 17.

¶ 21                     A. Free Speech and Village Ordinance No. 2019-O-077

¶ 22    Plaintiff argues that when the Village enacted ordinance No. 2019-O-077, which required

public comments at special Village board meetings to be germane to items on the agenda, the

Village imposed content-based restrictions on public comments that violated the Open Meetings

Act 5 and the free speech and peaceful assembly rights of plaintiff and others under the Illinois

Constitution. Plaintiff sought a declaration against the Village that ordinance No. 2019-O-077

violated the Open Meetings Act and was unconstitutional facially and as applied to him and others

under the Illinois Constitution. Plaintiff alleged the ordinance was facially unconstitutional

because it was content based, was not reasonably necessary to protect a significant government

interest, and unreasonably restricted rather than accommodated the right to address public officials.

Plaintiff also alleged that the ordinance was unconstitutional as applied to him because the Village

manipulated the meeting schedules to unlawfully characterize rescheduled regular meetings as

special meetings and the ordinance was enforced only against him “at all relevant times herein.”

Plaintiff also sought an injunction against the enforcement of this ordinance.

        5
          Plaintiff states that his reference to the Open Meetings Act in count I of his complaint does not
violate section 2-603 of the Code by seeking multiple theories of relief in a single count. Plaintiff explains
that he refers to the Open Meetings Act to show that its purpose and the legislature’s intent in enacting it
support his claim that defendants violated his constitutional right to free speech.

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No. 1-23-0139

¶ 23    If a plaintiff prevails in an as-applied claim, he may enjoin the objectionable enforcement

of the enactment only against himself, while a successful facial attack voids the enactment in its

entirety and in all applications. Lamar Whiteco Outdoor Corp. v. City of West Chicago, 355 Ill.

App. 3d 352, 365 (2005). An “as applied” challenge requires the challenging party to show that a

statute is unconstitutional as it applies to him or her. People v. Garvin, 219 Ill. 2d 104, 117 (2006).

Thus, the particular facts and circumstances surrounding the challenging party become relevant.

In re M.A., 2015 IL 118049, ¶¶ 39-40; Napleton v. Village of Hinsdale, 229 Ill. 2d 296, 305-06

(2008). Plaintiff, however, failed to allege any facts to support his conclusory as-applied

allegations.

¶ 24    A facial challenge to the constitutionality of a legislative enactment is the most difficult

challenge to mount successfully. Napleton, 229 Ill. 2d at 305. In a typical facial challenge, the

challenging party would have to establish that there is no set of circumstances under which the law

would be valid. The fact that the law could be found unconstitutional under some circumstances

would not establish its facial invalidity. In re M.A., 2015 IL 118049, ¶ 39. However, a facial

challenge based on first amendment overbreadth is provided out of concern that the threat of

enforcement of an overbroad law may chill or deter constitutionally protected speech, especially

when the law imposes criminal penalties. Virginia v. Hicks, 539 U.S. 113, 118-19 (2003); People

v. Clark, 2014 IL 115776, ¶ 11; People v. Bailey, 167 Ill. 2d 210, 226 (1995). Yet, invalidating a

law that in some of its applications is perfectly constitutional has harmful social costs. Recognizing

that overbreadth invalidation is “strong medicine,” a law may be invalidated as overbroad only if

                                                - 11 -
No. 1-23-0139

a substantial number of its applications to protected speech are unconstitutional, judged in relation

to the statute’s plainly legitimate sweep. United States v. Williams, 553 U.S. 285, 292-93 (2008);

Hicks, 539 U.S. at 119-20; People v. Williams, 235 Ill. 2d 178, 199-200 (2009).

¶ 25   On appeal, plaintiff makes no argument regarding, and cites no authority to support, his

count I claim that the Village’s germaneness requirement violated the right to peaceful assembly

under the Illinois Constitution and thus has forfeited review of that claim. It is a “well-established

principle of appellate review” that “failure to argue an issue in the opening brief waives that issue

on appeal.” Fink v. Banks, 2013 IL App (1st) 122177, ¶ 15; see Illinois Supreme Court Rule

341(h)(7) (eff. Oct. 1, 2020) (the rule prevents the appellant from depriving the appellee of an

opportunity to respond to appellant’s argument in writing, and failure to cite authority in support

of appellate argument waives or forfeits the contention on appeal). Therefore, we will not address

plaintiff’s claim that the germaneness requirement violated the peaceful assembly provision of the

Illinois Constitution.

¶ 26   The Village’s ordinance No. 2019-O-077 provides, in pertinent part, as follows.

       “The purpose of this policy is to ensure that citizens are allowed time to present their views

       pertaining to issues concerning the village while permitting the board, committee or

       commission to conduct their meetings in an effective manner. ***:

                         ***

                         (B) All public comments are limited to six minutes, and each person shall

                only be permitted to speak once; however, at regular and special village board

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                meetings, each person shall be allowed to speak once in accordance with this policy,

                on each agenda item other than consent agenda items that are presented for final

                adoption. All public comment at special village board, special commission, or

                special committee meetings must be germane to items on that particular special

                meeting [sic]. At the discretion of the Chairperson, the person providing public

                comment may be allowed to comment further than six minutes or speak more than

                once. ***.

                                                        ***

                       (E) The Chairperson shall preserve order and decorum. Any person who

                engages in threatening or disorderly behavior when addressing a board,

                commission, or committee shall be deemed out-of-order by the Chairperson and

                their time ceased to address the board, commission, or committee at said meeting.”

                (Emphasis added.) Tinley Park Code of Ordinances § 43.01 (approved Dec. 3,

                2019) (codifying ordinance No. 2019-O-077).

This court notes that the Village’s requirement that public comments be germane to meeting

agenda items applies only to special, and not regular, meetings. Thus, residents may talk on any

topic during the public comment portion of regular meetings.

¶ 27                                   1. Collateral Estoppel

¶ 28   On September 2, 2021, the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois,

Eastern Division, in Eberhardt v. Village of Tinley Park, No. 1:20-cv-01171 (N.D. Ill. Sept. 2,

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No. 1-23-0139

2021), dismissed with prejudice plaintiff’s claim that the Village’s germaneness requirement

violated his first amendment free speech rights. In reaching this conclusion, the federal court found

that the special Village board meetings were not designated public forums and, thus, the

germaneness requirement was subject to the lowest level of scrutiny.

¶ 29    Plaintiff argues that res judicata should not apply because that decision never addressed

his claim under the Illinois Constitution. Plaintiff also argues that the application of res judicata

would be fundamentally unfair because the federal court’s finding was based on the court’s

erroneous conclusion that municipal council meetings like the Village board’s meetings were not

designated public forums. Plaintiff asserts that the special Village board meetings at issue are

designated public forums subject to the strict scrutiny standard.

¶ 30    Under Illinois law, collateral estoppel generally applies when

        “(1) the issue decided in the prior adjudication is identical with the one presented in the

        suit in question; (2) there was a final judgment on the merits in the prior adjudication; and

        (3) the party against whom the estoppel is asserted was a party or in privity with a party to

        the prior adjudication.” Bajwa, 208 Ill. 2d at 433.

Per Illinois law, in addition to the foregoing requirements, the party against whom collateral

estoppel is asserted must have had an effective and fair opportunity to litigate the issue in the prior

proceedings. Chas. Ind Co. v. Cecil B. Wood, Inc., 56 Ill. App. 2d 30, 36-37 (1965). To that end,

Illinois courts have noted that “while the purpose of the doctrine is to prevent a party from litigating

the same issue twice, it should not be used to preclude a party from litigating the matter at all.”

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Gay v. Open Kitchens, Inc., 100 Ill. App. 3d 968, 972 (1981). Further, it must not be an injustice

to apply the doctrine. Fred Olson Motor Service v. Container Corp. of America, 81 Ill. App. 3d

825, 830 (1980). In determining whether an issue has been raised and considered in a prior

proceeding for collateral estoppel purposes, pleadings, testimony, jury instructions, findings,

verdicts, and any other pertinent sources of information sensibly helpful to the inquiry may be

examined. Chas. Ind Co., 56 Ill. App. 2d at 37-38.

¶ 31    We find that all the foregoing criteria are satisfied in this case. Our review of the ruling in

Eberhardt, No. 1:20-cv-01171, makes clear that plaintiff has already unsuccessfully presented to

another court the arguments that the special Village board meetings in question were designated

public forums and the constitutionality of the Village’s germaneness requirement was subject to

strict scrutiny. Those issues were already adjudicated in 2021 in Eberhardt, and may not be

litigated again in this case. Furthermore, it cannot be said that the application of collateral estoppel

against plaintiff is unjust when he had an ample and robust opportunity to litigate the issue in his

first amendment claim in Eberhardt, No. 1:20-cv-01171. Accordingly, we summarize the law on

this issue and the federal court’s written analysis in Eberhardt because they are relevant to our

consideration of plaintiff’s claims under the Illinois Constitution.

¶ 32                           2. First Amendment Forum-Based Approach

¶ 33   “[T]he First Amendment does not guarantee the right to communicate one’s views at all

times and places or in any manner that may be desired.” Heffron v. International Society for

Krishna Consciousness, Inc., 452 U.S. 640, 647 (1981). Rather, it is permissible that some

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No. 1-23-0139

expression be subject to “reasonable time, place, and manner restrictions.” Id. Such restrictions

have been upheld “provided that they are justified without reference to the content of the regulated

speech, that they serve a significant governmental interest, and that in doing so they leave open

ample alternative channels for communication of the information.” Id. at 647-48.

¶ 34   Moreover, it is “well settled that the government need not permit all forms of speech on

property that it owns and controls.” International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. v. Lee,

505 U.S. 672, 678 (1992). A forum-based approach is used “for assessing restrictions that the

government seeks to place on the use of its property.” Id. Traditionally, the United States Supreme

Court has recognized “three types of government-controlled spaces: traditional public forums,

designated public forums, and nonpublic forums.” Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky, 585 U.S.

1, 11 (2018).

       “In a traditional public forum—parks, streets, sidewalks, and the like—the government

       may impose reasonable time, place, and manner restrictions on private speech, but

       restrictions based on content must satisfy strict scrutiny, and those based on viewpoint are

       prohibited. [Citation.] The same standards apply in designated public forums—spaces that

       have not traditionally been regarded as a public forum but which the government has

       intentionally opened up for that purpose. [Citation.] In a nonpublic forum, on the other

       hand—a space that is not by tradition or designation a forum for public communication—

       the government has much more flexibility to craft rules limiting speech. [Citation.] The

       government may reserve such a forum for its intended purposes, communicative or

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       otherwise, as long as the regulation on speech is reasonable and not an effort to suppress

       expression merely because public officials oppose the speaker’s view. [Citation.]

                [The Supreme] Court employs a distinct standard of review to assess speech

       restrictions in nonpublic forums because the government, no less than a private owner of

       property, retains the power to preserve the property under its control for the use to which

       it is lawfully dedicated. [Citation.] Nothing in the Constitution requires the Government

       freely to grant access to all who wish to exercise their right to free speech on every type of

       Government property without regard to the nature of the property or to the disruption that

       might be caused by the speaker’s activities. [Citation.] Accordingly, [Supreme Court]

       decisions have long recognized that the government may impose some content-based

       restrictions on speech in nonpublic forums, including restrictions that exclude political

       advocates and forms of political advocacy.” (Internal quotation marks omitted). Id. at 11-

       12.

¶ 35   Examples of nonpublic forums include the interior of a building used as a polling place (id.

at 12), an airport terminal (Lee, 505 U.S. at 678-79), the sidewalk leading from a post office’s

parking lot to its front door (United States v. Kokinda, 497 U.S. 720, 726-27 (1990) (plurality

opinion)), a charity drive aimed at federal employees (Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense &

Educational Fund, Inc., 473 U.S. 788, 805 (1985)), a public school’s interschool mail system and

teacher mail boxes (Perry Education Ass’n v. Perry Local Educators’ Ass’n, 460 U.S. 37, 45-46

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(1983)), a military base (Greer v. Spock, 424 U.S. 828, 838 n.10 (1976)), and advertising on a city

transit system (Lehman v. City of Shaker Heights, 418 U.S. 298, 302-03 (1974) (plurality opinion)).

¶ 36   The Seventh Circuit in DeBoer v. Village of Oak Park, 267 F.3d 558 (7th Cir. 2001), noted

that

       “in recent cases, the Supreme Court has employed the term limited public forum to refer

       to a forum that the state has reserved for certain groups or for the discussion of certain

       topics; the Court has stated that, in such forums, any restriction must be viewpoint-neutral

       and reasonable in light of the purpose served by the forum.” (Internal quotation marks

       omitted.) Id. at 566 (citing Good News Club v. Milford Central School, 533 U.S. 98, 106-

       07 (2001) (where the Court, based on the parties’ agreement, considered school facilities

       open for a wide, but not unlimited, range of expressive activity to be a limited public forum)

       and Rosenberger v. Rector & Visitors of University of Virginia, 515 U.S. 819, 829 (1995)

       (which described the activities fund open to various student groups as a limited forum)).

DeBoer stated that the Court’s “use of this terminology in this context has introduced some

analytical ambiguity because the Court previously had employed the term ‘limited public forum’

as a subcategory of the designated public forum, subject to the strict scrutiny governing restrictions

to designated public forums.” Id.

¶ 37   Generally, courts have treated the public comment portion of municipal council meetings

where any member of the public may talk on any subject as a designated public forum, which is

subject to strict scrutiny. See, e.g., City of Madison Joint School District No. 8 v. Wisconsin

                                                - 18 -
No. 1-23-0139

Employment Relations Comm’n, 429 U.S. 167, 176 (1976) (“when the board sits in public meetings

to conduct public business and hear the views of citizens, it may not be required to discriminate

between speakers on the basis of *** their speech”); Surita v. Hyde, 665 F.3d 860, 869 (7th Cir.

2011) (involving a city council meeting where any member of the public could talk on any subject

during the audience time); Mesa v. White, 197 F.3d 1041, 1044 (10th Cir. 1999) (noting a lack of

dispute regarding whether the public comment period of a county commission meeting was a

designated public forum); Collinson v. Gott, 895 F.2d 994, 1000 (4th Cir. 1990) (per curiam)

(Phillips, J., concurring) (“Speech at public meetings called by government officials for discussion

of matters of public concern is entitled to normal first amendment protections against general

restrictions or ad hoc parliamentary rulings by presiding officials.”); Musso v. Hourigan, 836 F.2d

736, 742 (2nd Cir. 1988) (noting that an open school board meeting is a place where public speech

is usually allowed); cf. Arkansas Educational Television Comm’n v. Forbes, 523 U.S. 666, 680

(1998) (contrasting a nonpublic forum candidate debate with “an open-microphone format”).

¶ 38   The instant case, however, involves a forum where the public comment portion of the

special Village board meeting is limited to members of the public talking about matters listed on

the meeting’s agenda. Regarding agenda items, public bodies do not violate the first amendment

when they “confine their meetings to specified subject matter.” City of Madison Joint School

District No. 8, 429 U.S. at 175 n.8; see Cornelius, 473 U.S. at 802 (public forum may be created

by government designating “place or channel of communication *** for the discussion of certain

subjects” (emphasis added)). “While a speaker may not be stopped from speaking because the

                                               - 19 -
No. 1-23-0139

moderator disagrees with the viewpoint he is expressing, see [Perry Education Ass’n, 460 U.S. at

60-61 (Brennan, J., dissenting, joined by Marshall, Powell, and Stevens, JJ.)], it certainly may stop

him if his speech becomes irrelevant or repetitious.” (Emphasis added.) White v. City of Norwalk,

900 F.2d 1421, 1425 (9th Cir. 1990) (“the [c]ouncil does not violate the first amendment when it

restricts public speakers to the subject at hand”).

¶ 39   Some courts have designated this type of forum, where the public comment is confined to

agenda items, as a limited public forum, which is subject to the same scrutiny as nonpublic forums,

i.e., reasonableness and viewpoint neutrality. See Reza v. Pearce, 806 F.3d 497, 502-03 (9th Cir.

2015) (stating that city council meetings are dedicated solely to the discussion of certain topics

and, therefore, are a limited public forum); Rowe v. City of Cocoa, 358 F.3d 800, 803 (11th Cir.

2004) (per curiam) (“As a limited public forum, a city council meeting is not open for endless

public commentary speech but instead is simply a limited platform to discuss the topic at hand.”);

Hotel Employees & Restaurant Employees Union, Local 100 v. City of New York Department of

Parks & Recreation, 311 F.3d 534, 545, 553 (2nd Cir. 2002) (a limited public forum exists

“ ‘where the government opens a non-public forum but limits the expressive activity to certain

kinds of speakers or to the discussion of certain subjects,’ ” (quoting New York Magazine v.

Metropolitan Transportation Authority, 136 F.3d 123, 128 n.2 (2nd Cir. 1998)) and a designated

public forum is defined as “a non-public forum that the government has opened for all types of

expressive activity”); Travis v. Owego-Apalachin School District, 927 F.2d 688, 692 (2nd Cir.

1991) (referring to the “limited public forum” as a subcategory of the designated public forum,

where the government “opens a nonpublic forum but limits the expressive activity to certain kinds

                                                - 20 -
No. 1-23-0139

of speakers or to the discussion of certain subjects”); White, 900 F.2d at 1425 (“City Council

meetings *** where the public is afforded the opportunity to address the Council, are the focus of

highly important individual and governmental interests.” “[S]uch meetings, once opened, have

been regarded as public forums, albeit limited ones.”); Deeper Life Christian Fellowship, Inc. v.

Board of Education of City of New York, 852 F.2d 676, 679-80 (2nd Cir. 1988) (“[u]nder the

limited public forum analysis, property remains a nonpublic forum as to all unspecified uses

[citations], and exclusion of uses—even if based upon subject matter or the speaker’s identity—

need only be reasonable and viewpoint-neutral to pass constitutional muster” (citing Cornelius,

473 U.S. at 802, 806, and Perry Education Ass’n, 460 U.S. at 48)).

¶ 40   In I.A. Rana Enterprises, Inc. v. City of Aurora, 630 F. Supp. 2d 912, 919, 924 (N.D. Ill.

2009), the court categorized a council meeting where public comments were subject to a relevancy

requirement as a designated public forum but upheld its content-based relevancy restriction not

under the strict scrutiny standard applicable to designated public forums but, rather, under the

standard applicable to nonpublic forums, i.e., reasonable in light of the purpose served by the

forum and viewpoint neutral. However, in Eberhardt, No. 1:20-cv-01171, the federal district court

disagreed with I.A. Rana Enterprises, Inc.’s categorization of the forum, but agreed with the level

of scrutiny applied and the result. Specifically, the court in Eberhardt designated the forum subject

to the Village’s germaneness requirement as a nonpublic forum and thus subject to the

requirements of reasonableness and viewpoint neutrality.

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No. 1-23-0139

¶ 41   In Illinois Dunesland Preservation Society v. Illinois Department of Natural Resources,

584 F.3d 719 (7th Cir. 2009), a nonprofit organization alleged the defendants violated the

organization’s free speech rights by refusing to display in display racks in the park the

organization’s pamphlet about avoiding asbestos contamination. The district court granted

summary judgment in favor of the defendants, ruling that the display racks were not a public forum

but instead were “ ‘a mini-library of resources for the public.’ ” Id. at 721, 724. The Seventh

Circuit, noting that the forum analysis does not apply to libraries, affirmed the lower court’s award

of summary of judgment in favor of the defendants. Id. at 724, 726. In so ruling, the Seventh

Circuit stated that the lawyers, in framing their arguments in language taken from Supreme Court

opinions, “have treated [the court] to a barrage of unhelpful First Amendment jargon.” Id. at 722.

Regarding the Supreme Court’s forum-based analysis, the Seventh Circuit stated that it is difficult

to see what difference there is between the fora restrictions and the decision a government actor

(like a director of a state theater) must make among the groups (theater groups) clamoring for

access to a particular forum (the stage). Id. at 724. The Seventh Circuit added that “it is rather

difficult to see what work ‘forum analysis’ in general does.” Id.

       “It is obvious both that every public site of private expression has to be regulated to some

       extent and that the character of permitted regulation will vary with the differences among

       the different types of site. *** The constant (applicable even to nonpublic forums

       [citation]) is that regulation is not to be used as a weapon to stifle speech.” Id.

                                                - 22 -
No. 1-23-0139

¶ 42   Regardless of any discrepancies among the federal courts regarding the designation of

council meetings that limit public comment to agenda items, we conclude, consistent with City of

Madison Joint School District No. 8 and Cornelius, that such meetings are subject to the scrutiny

standard of reasonableness and viewpoint neutrality because public bodies do not violate the first

amendment when they “confine their meetings to specified subject matter.” City of Madison Joint

School District No. 8, 429 U.S. at 175 n.8. With respect to viewpoint neutrality, the government

may exclude a speaker

       “if he wishes to address a topic not encompassed within the purpose of a forum [citation],

       or if he is not a member of the class of speakers for whose especial benefit the forum was

       created [citation], [but] government violates the First Amendment when it denies access to

       a speaker solely to suppress the point of view he espouses on an otherwise includible

       subject.” Cornelius, 473 U.S. at 806.

“Government discrimination among viewpoints—or the regulation of speech based on ‘the specific

motivating ideology or the opinion or perspective of the speaker’—is a ‘more blatant’ and

‘egregious form of content discrimination.’ ” Reed v. Town of Gilbert, 576 U.S. 155, 168-69 (2015)

(quoting Rosenberger, 515 U.S. at 829).

¶ 43   As discussed below, the federal court’s decision in Eberhardt, No. 1:20-cv-01171, is

consistent with our conclusion that relevancy restrictions on council meetings are subject to

reasonableness and viewpoint neutrality scrutiny.

                                               - 23 -
No. 1-23-0139

¶ 44                   3. First Amendment Ruling in Eberhardt, No. 1:20-cv-01171

¶ 45   According to the federal court’s written order, the court categorized the special Village

board meetings as a nonpublic forum and ruled that the Village could reserve its special meetings

for the intended purpose of discussing certain subjects as long as the regulation on speech was

reasonable and not an effort to suppress expression merely because public officials opposed the

speaker’s view. The court found that the Village’s germaneness requirement for the special Village

board meetings was content based. Unlike traditional and designated public forums, where

content-based restrictions on speech by the government must satisfy strict scrutiny—they must be

narrowly tailored to serve compelling state interests, the special Village board meetings were

nonpublic forums because they occurred on government controlled property set aside for the

purpose of conducting certain specified business of the Village. As nonpublic forums, the special

Village board meetings, which had content-based relevancy restrictions, need only satisfy the

standard of reasonable in light of the purpose served by the forum and viewpoint neutrality.

¶ 46   The federal court found that the Village and its board have a significant government interest

in ensuring that the public comment period of its special Village board meetings proceeded in an

orderly and efficient manner. Moreover, the Village’s regulation of the public comment portion of

its regular board meetings, where members of the public could address the board on any topic, left

open plenty of ways for Village residents like plaintiff to communicate.

¶ 47   Regarding the requirement of section 2.06(g) of the Open Meetings Act (5 ILCS

120/2.06(g) (West 2020)), (i.e., that members of the public have an opportunity to address public

officials like the Village board), the federal court stated that, as a constitutional matter, there was

                                                - 24 -
No. 1-23-0139

no right of public participation at government proceedings like the special Village board meetings.

Moreover, section 2.06(g) did not transform the public comment portion of the special Village

board meetings from a nonpublic forum to a designated public forum because, even though the

Open Meetings Act required the Village to allow individuals to address Village officials, the

Village may nevertheless impose rules for doing so under that statute. The federal court also cited

the opinions of the Illinois Attorney General, which concluded that a municipality’s restrictions

on the right to address public officials under section 2.06(g) of the Open Meetings Act must only

be reasonably necessary to further a significant government interest. See 2019 Ill. Att’y Gen. Pub.

Access       Op.      No.       19-002,       at          5,      https://illinoisattorneygeneral.gov/Page-

Attachments/FOIAPAC/2019-Binding-PAC-Opinions/19-002.pdf                         [https://perma.cc/9QX4-

M8AQ];       2014    Ill.   Att’y   Gen.           Pub.        Access   Op.    No.    14-012,    at   5-7,

https://illinoisattorneygeneral.gov/Page-Attachments/FOIAPAC/2014-Binding-PAC-

Opinions/14-012.pdf [https://perma.cc/75JQ-YCAP].

¶ 48     In light of the purpose of special Village board meetings, the federal court held that the

Village’s germaneness requirement for public comment at special board meetings was reasonable

under the United States Constitution because, consistent with the conclusion assumed by courts

for decades as stated in City of Madison Joint School District No. 8, 429 U.S. at 175 n.8, “[p]lainly,

public bodies may confine their meetings to specified subject matter.” The court concluded that

plaintiff’s first amendment claim based on the Village’s germaneness requirement was dismissed

with prejudice for failure to state a plausible claim for relief.

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No. 1-23-0139

¶ 49    Our review of federal law, as discussed above, establishes that the federal court’s

conclusion is Eberhardt, No.1:20-cv-01171, is consistent with other federal courts that have

addressed similar claims.

¶ 50                                4. The Illinois Constitution

¶ 51    The freedom of speech provision of the Illinois Constitution guarantees that “[a]ll persons

may speak, write and publish freely, being responsible for the abuse of that liberty.” Ill. Const.

1970, art. I, § 4.

        “The relationship between article I, section 4, of the Illinois Constitution and the first

        amendment of the United States Constitution was discussed by [the supreme court] in

        People v. DiGuida, 152 Ill. 2d 104 (1992). After reviewing the history of the provision and

        the discussion of its terms at the 1970 Constitutional Convention, [the supreme court]

        concluded that the framers recognized that the Illinois Constitution may provide greater

        protection to free speech than does its federal counterpart. [Id.] at 121. [The supreme court]

        therefore rejected ‘any contention that free speech rights under the Illinois Constitution are

        in all circumstances limited to those afforded by the Federal Constitution.’ [Id.] at 122. ***

                [However, that the freedom of speech provision of the Illinois Constitution] may

        afford greater protection than the first amendment in some circumstances does not mean

        that greater protection is afforded in every context.” City of Chicago v. Pooh Bah

        Enterprises, Inc., 224 Ill. 2d 390, 446-47 (2006).

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No. 1-23-0139

¶ 52    In assessing plaintiff’s claim that the Village’s relevancy requirement for special Village

board meetings violates the free speech provision of the Illinois Constitution, we have looked for

other jurisdictions applying state constitutional provisions that are similar to article I, section 4, of

the Illinois Constitution and whether those jurisdictions likewise held that their state constitutions

provide no greater protection to speech at council meetings confined to certain subjects than is

conferred by the first amendment.

¶ 53    In Barron v. Kolenda, 203 N.E.3d 1125, 1133, 1136 (Mass. 2023), the Massachusetts

Supreme Judicial Court addressed whether a town’s public comment civility code—which

provided that “[a]ll remarks and dialogue in public meetings must be respectful and courteous, free

of rude, personal, or slanderous remarks. Inappropriate language and/or shouting will not be

tolerated.” (internal quotation marks omitted)—violated, inter alia, the free speech provision of

article 16 of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights, as amended in 1948 by article 77 of the

Articles of Amendments to the Massachusetts Constitution. 6 Mass. Const. pt. 1, art. XVI (as

amended by Mass. Const. Arts. of Amend., art. LXXVII). In reaching its conclusion that the

town’s civility code violated its state constitution, the court stated that it need not survey the

contested federal case law distinguishing limited and designated public forums and the different

standards of review applicable to those forums under the first amendment. Barron, 203 N.E.3d at

1137. The court did not need to decide whether it would find the Supreme Court’s public,

        6
          Article XVI of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights provides, in relevant part, that “[t]he
right of free speech shall not be abridged.” Mass. Const. pt. 1, art. XVI (as amended by Mass. Const.
Arts. of Amend., art. LXXVII).

                                                 - 27 -
No. 1-23-0139

nonpublic, and limited public forum classifications instructive in resolving free speech rights under

its own constitution because, under Massachusetts’s constitution, the appliable standard for

content-based restrictions on political speech is clearly strict scrutiny. Id. at 1138 & n.12 (noting

that “the protection provided by the [Massachusetts] Constitution is at least as great if not greater

than the protection provided by the First Amendment for content-based governmental

restrictions”).

¶ 54     The court, however, acknowledged that its case did not involve meetings where the

public’s comments were limited to particular agenda items. Id. at 1137 n.10, 1138 n.12. The court

recognized “that even though a public meeting limited to a particular purpose may require a

content-based restriction on comments, government must be able to hold such meetings to function

efficiently.” Id. at 1138 n.12. Also, the court did not decide what standard of scrutiny applied to

such meetings. Id.

¶ 55    Consistent with the persuasive constitutional analysis, as set forth above, of the federal

courts that have addressed the constitutionality under the first amendment of relevancy

requirements on public comment at municipal meetings and concluded that such requirements are

subject to the reasonableness and viewpoint neutrality standard of scrutiny, we find no basis for

concluding that article I, section 4, of the Illinois Constitution affords greater protection to public

speech at municipal meetings limited to agenda items than is provided by the federal constitution.

                                                - 28 -
No. 1-23-0139

¶ 56   We also find that the Village’s germaneness requirement, even though it is content based,7

satisfies reasonableness and viewpoint neutrality scrutiny. In light of the purpose of special Village

board meetings to effectively conduct business on specified matters and ensure that citizens are

allowed time to present their views on matters pertaining to issues concerning the Village, the

Village’s germaneness requirement is reasonable under the Illinois Constitution because,

consistent with the conclusion assumed by courts for decades, “[p]lainly, public bodies may

confine their meetings to specified subject matter.” City of Madison Joint School District No. 8,

429 U.S. at 175 n.8. (recognizing the significance of the government’s interest in conducting

orderly, efficient meetings of public bodies). Furthermore, the germaneness requirement is

viewpoint neutral. The circumstances of this case are that plaintiff wishes to discuss non-agenda

topics such as bribery, corruption, and campaign contributions at special Village board meetings

that have a specific agenda. Even though the germaneness requirement would prohibit plaintiff’s

comments on non-agenda items, it is a blanket prohibition. The germaneness requirement does not

selectively prohibit or suppress speech as concerns any singular viewpoint or message or

individual speaker but, rather, simply bars discussion of non-agenda items across the board. See,

e.g., Weinberg v. Village of Clayton, 537 F. Supp. 3d 344, 364 (N.D.N.Y. 2021) (holding that rules

prohibiting public comment about matters under current litigation at municipal board meetings

were permissible restrictions of speech under the first amendment). Also, members of the public

may address the Village board on any topic at regular Village board meetings.

        7
         “Government regulation of speech is content based if a law applies to particular speech because
of the topic discussed or the idea or message expressed.” Reed, 576 U.S. at 163.

                                                 - 29 -
No. 1-23-0139

¶ 57   The Village’s germaneness requirement at special Village board meetings makes content-

based exclusions of speech that does not fall within the category of uses to which the forum has

been opened, and those exclusions satisfy the viewpoint-neutral and reasonableness criteria. Thus,

count I of plaintiff’s second amended complaint—that Village ordinance No. 2019-O-077 is

invalid under article I, section 4, of the Illinois Constitution—fails to state a cause of action for

which relief can be granted. Therefore, pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code, the trial court

properly dismissed count I with prejudice.

¶ 58                                5. The Open Meetings Act

¶ 59   Plaintiff contends that free speech rights should be construed more broadly under the

Illinois Constitution than under the United States Constitution because the purposes and legislative

intent of the Open Meetings Act (5 ILCS 120/1 et seq. (West 2020)), as well as FOIA (5 ILCS

140/1 et seq. (West 2020)), “and the interplay of the statutory mandates contained therein ***

support the exercise of bedrock Constitutional rights under both the federal and State

Constitutions.” Plaintiff, however, cites no relevant legal authority to support this contention.

¶ 60   “[A] reviewing court is entitled to have the issues on appeal clearly defined with pertinent

authority cited and a cohesive legal argument presented. The appellate court is not a depository in

which the appellant may dump the burden of argument and research.” (Internal quotation marks

omitted.) Gandy v. Kimbrough, 406 Ill. App. 3d 867, 875 (2010). Illinois Supreme Court Rule

341(h)(7) (eff. Oct. 1, 2020) requires a clear statement of contentions with citation of the

authorities relied on. This rule is not merely a suggestion, but is necessary for the proper and

                                               - 30 -
No. 1-23-0139

efficient administration of the courts. First National Bank of Marengo v. Loffelmacher, 236 Ill.

App. 3d 690, 691-92 (1992). We will not complete legal research to find support for this issue.

Issues that are ill-defined and insufficiently presented do not satisfy the rule and are considered

forfeited. Express Valet, Inc. v. City of Chicago, 373 Ill. App. 3d 838, 855 (2007).

¶ 61   Forfeiture notwithstanding, section 2.06(g) of the Open Meetings Act (5 ILCS 120/2.06(g)

(West 2020)) provides that “[a]ny person shall be permitted an opportunity to address public

officials under the rules established and recorded by the public body.” (Emphasis added.) Section

2.06(g) inherently recognizes that there can be rules, and it does not confer a right on plaintiff to

be able to speak at all meetings about all subjects.

¶ 62   Even if we assumed that the Village’s germaneness requirement violated section 2.06(g),

the Open Meetings Act does not define the scope of the free speech right under the Illinois

Constitution, and a violation of that statute would not itself establish that the Village’s

germaneness requirement also deprived plaintiff of his free speech rights under the Illinois

Constitution. See, e.g., Davis v. Scherer, 468 U.S. 183, 194-96 (1984) (rejecting the contention

that a violation of a related state statute or regulation necessarily renders the state actor’s actions

unreasonable for purposes of determining qualified immunity). The right afforded under section

2.06(g) simply establishes that the Village must allow public comments at board meetings to some

extent. Consistent with section 2.06(g), the Village’s germaneness requirement allows public

comment on agenda items at special Village board meetings and public comment on any topic at

                                                - 31 -
No. 1-23-0139

regular Village board meetings. As discussed above, the Village’s germaneness requirement does

not violate plaintiff’s free speech rights.

¶ 63                                    B. Section 1983 Claim

¶ 64    Plaintiff, in count II of his second amended complaint, alleged that defendants, without

authority but acting under color of law, filed with the ARDC a request for an investigation against

him, which contained intentional and knowing false facts and misrepresentations. According to

plaintiff, this investigation request was intended to harass him, retaliate against him for filing

Eberhardt, No. 1:20-cv-01171, in federal court, and interfere with and suppress his freedom of

speech, which was critical of defendants’ conduct or fitness for office. Plaintiff sought damages

against all the individual defendants under the guarantees of the Civil Rights Act (42 U.S.C. § 1983

(2018)) for alleged violations of his free speech rights under the first amendment and due process

and equal protection rights under the fourteenth amendment of the United States Constitution

based on defendants’ ARDC investigation request.

¶ 65    Initially, we note that plaintiff makes no argument regarding, and cites no authority to

support, his claims of due process and equal protection violations and thus has forfeited review of

those claims. See Fink, 2013 IL App (1st) 122177, ¶ 15; Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. Oct. 1, 2020).

We also note that plaintiff filed his second amended complaint against the Village defendants in

their individual capacities and not their official capacities as Village officials and employees. As

the Supreme Court explained in Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159 (1985), “[p]ersonal-capacity

suits seek to impose personal liability upon a government official for actions he takes under color

                                               - 32 -
No. 1-23-0139

of state law. [Citation.] Official-capacity suits, in contrast, ‘generally represent only another way

of pleading an action against an entity of which [a government official] is an agent.’ ” Id. at 165

(quoting Monell v. Department of Social Services of New York, 436 U.S. 658, 690 n.55 (1978));

see Doe v. Calumet City, 161 Ill. 2d 374, 400 (1994), overruled on other grounds by DeSmet v.

County of Rock Island, 219 Ill. 2d 497 (2006) (distinguishing between personal and official

capacity suits). This distinction is important because different requirements exist for establishing

personal and municipal liability in a suit brought under section 1983. In order to establish personal

liability, “it is enough to show that the official, acting under color of state law, caused the

deprivation of a federal right.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Doe, 161 Ill. 2d at 401.

Municipal liability, on the other hand, requires the plaintiff to make an additional “showing that

the underlying deprivation resulted from a municipal policy or custom.” Id.

¶ 66   “Section 1983 establishes a cause of action for ‘the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or

immunities secured by the Constitution and [federal] laws’ by any person acting ‘under color of

any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or Territory.’ ” Fellhauer v. City

of Geneva, 142 Ill. 2d 495, 514 (1991) (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (1982)); see Stahl v. Village of

Hoffman Estates, 296 Ill. App. 3d 550, 558 (1998). “Two allegations must be made to state a claim

under that provision.” Fellhauer, 142 Ill. 2d at 514. “ ‘First, the plaintiff must allege that some

person has deprived him of a federal right. Second, [plaintiff] must allege that the person who has

deprived him of that right acted under color of state or territorial law.’ ” Id. (quoting Gomez v.

Toledo, 446 U.S. 635, 640 (1980)). The purpose of section 1983 is “to ‘deter state actors from

                                               - 33 -
No. 1-23-0139

using the badge of their authority to deprive individuals of their federally guaranteed rights and to

provide relief to victims if such deterrence fails.’ ” Estate of Strocchia v. City of Chicago, 284 Ill.

App. 3d 891, 902 (1996) (quoting Wyatt v. Cole, 504 U.S. 158, 161 (1992)).

¶ 67   As an initial matter, defendants argue that the trial court properly dismissed plaintiff’s

section 1983 claim under section 2-619 of the Code because Illinois Supreme Court Rule 775 (eff.

Dec. 7, 2011) grants them absolute immunity from any civil liability relative to claims arising out

of their submission of a request for investigation to the ARDC. Rule 775 provides:

                “Any person who submits a claim to the Client Protection Program or who

       communicates a complaint concerning an attorney or allegations regarding the

       unauthorized practice of law to the [ARDC], or its administrators, staff, investigators or

       any member of its boards, shall be immune from all civil liability which, except for this

       rule, might result from such communications or complaint. The grant of immunity provided

       by this rule shall apply only to those communications made by such persons to the [ARDC],

       its administrators, staff, investigators and members of its boards.” Id.

Defendants argue that Rule 775 assures that individuals are in no way discouraged from lodging

complaints with the ARDC where attorneys are concerned, and plaintiff is an attorney.

¶ 68   Illinois courts have recognized that persons making reports to the ARDC enjoy absolute

immunity from state law tort liability. Lykowski v. Bergman, 299 Ill. App. 3d 157, 165 (1998)

(involving a defamation claim). However, the same immunity does not apply to alleged federal

                                                - 34 -
No. 1-23-0139

civil rights violations. As the Supreme Court explained in Martinez v. California, 444 U.S. 277

(1980):

          “ ‘Conduct by persons acting under color of state law which is wrongful under 42

          U.S.C.§ 1983 or § 1985(3) cannot be immunized by state law. A construction of the federal

          statute which permitted a state immunity defense to have controlling effect would

          transmute a basic guarantee into an illusory promise; and the supremacy clause of the

          Constitution insures that the proper construction may be enforced.’ ” Id. at 284 n.8 (quoting

          Hampton v. City of Chicago, 484 F.2d 602, 607 (7th Cir. 1973).

See Howlett ex rel. Howlett v. Rose, 496 U.S. 356, 375 (1990) (“The elements of, and the defenses

to, a federal cause of action are defined by federal law.”); Tiemann v. Tul-Center, Inc., 18 F.3d

851, 853 (10th Cir. 1994) (holding that the Oklahoma Governmental Tort Claims Act (Okla. Stat.

Ann. tit. 51, §§ 151-171. (1988 & Supp. 1994)) did not immunize the defendants from liability

under 42 U.S.C. § 1983). Thus, defendants cannot rely on Rule 775 to support dismissal pursuant

to section 2-619 of the Code of plaintiff’s section 1983 claim.

¶ 69      Count II of plaintiff’s second amended complaint is a first amendment retaliation claim.

To that end, the second amended complaint reads, in pertinent part:

                  “74. On February 8, 2020, Plaintiff filed the original Complaint in the United States

          District Court naming Defendant Glotz, Defendant Walsh and others seeking redress for

          violations of Plaintiff’s Constitutional rights.

                                                   - 35 -
No. 1-23-0139

                75. In retaliation for the filing of the same, on April 15, 2020, Defendant Niemeyer

      submitted a Request for Investigation.

                76. Plaintiff submitted a Response to the ‘Request for investigation’ on May 13,

      2020.

                77. Defendant Carr submitted a reply on June 4, 2020.

                78. The Request for Investigation contained purposefully false and misleading

      statements and false statements of fact.

                ***

                80. Defendant Walsh intended that the true authorship of the document be secreted

      because Walsh was aware of the false and misleading statements he had made therein.

                81. It was clear to Plaintiff that Defendant Walsh had been the primary author of

      the Request for Investigation.

                                                   ***

                86. Defendant Niemeyer intentionally disregarded the limits of his lawful authority

      to support Defendant Glotz’s and Defendant Walsh’s plan to retaliate personally and

      professionally against Plaintiff in violation of statutory and Constitutional guarantees.

                                                   ***

                90. Defendants Glotz and Walsh had conferred and drafted the Request for

      Investigation meant to be a one and done to accomplish the goal of ending Plaintiff’s FOIA

      requests as well as FOIA Requests for Review being sent to the Illinois Attorney General

                                               - 36 -
No. 1-23-0139

       Public Access Counselor and the FOIA litigation ***, as well as litigation that had been

       filed against the Village *** all targeted to and that did violate Plaintiff’s Constitutional

       rights.

                                               ***

                 95. Thereafter, on May 28, 2021, Defendant Carr submitted additional information

       with regard to the Request for Investigation that contained purposeful misrepresentations

       and incomplete presentations of fact all intended to further intimidate and prejudice

       Plaintiff as well as further retaliate against Plaintiff for his exercise of statutory and

       Constitutional rights.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)

¶ 70   To bring a first amendment retaliation claim, plaintiff must allege that

       “(1) [he] engaged in constitutionally protected activity; (2) the defendant[s’] actions would

       ‘chill a person of ordinary firmness’ from continuing to engage in the protected activity;

       and (3) the protected activity was a substantial motivating factor in the defendant[s’]

       conduct—i.e., that there was a nexus between the defendant[s’] actions and an intent to

       chill speech.” Arizona Students’ Ass’n v. Arizona Board of Regents, 824 F.3d 858, 867 (9th

       Cir. 2016) (quoting O’Brien v. Welty, 818 F.3d 920, 933 (9th Cir. 2016)).

Plaintiff may make the showing relevant to the third element by relying on direct or circumstantial

evidence. Dempsey v. Johnson, 2016 IL App (1st) 153377, ¶ 26. “For example, the plaintiff may

rely on evidence of temporal proximity between the protected activity and alleged retaliatory

conduct to demonstrate that [defendants’] purported reasons for [their] conduct are pretextual or

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No. 1-23-0139

false.” Id. Further, to prevail on a retaliation claim, plaintiff need only show that defendants

“ ‘intended to interfere’ ” with his first amendment rights and that he suffered some injury as a

result; plaintiff is not required to demonstrate that his first amendment rights were actually

suppressed or inhibited. Arizona Students’ Ass’n, 824 F.3d at 867 (quoting Mendocino

Environmental Center v. Mendocino County, 192 F.3d 1283, 1300 (9th Cir. 1999).

¶ 71   Count II fails from a pleading standpoint in several respects. The second amended

complaint contains no allegations of personal involvement with respect to the request for

investigation submitted to the ARDC against any defendants other than Niemeyer, Glotz, Carr,

and Walsh. Liability under section 1983 requires personal involvement. See Grieveson v.

Anderson, 538 F.3d 763, 778 (7th Cir. 2008). Without factual allegations of personal involvement

by Brennan, Thirion, Brady, and Mueller with respect to the complaint to the ARDC, plaintiff has

not stated, pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code, a section 1983 claim against them. Accordingly,

we affirm, pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code, the trial court’s dismissal with prejudice of

count II against defendants Brennan, Thirion, Brady, and Mueller.

¶ 72   As to the first element of his first amendment retaliation claim, plaintiff seems to allege

that the constitutionally protected activity in which he engaged was the right to access the courts

when he filed on February 8, 2020, his federal lawsuit, Eberhardt, No. 1:20-cv-01171, against

defendants Niemeyer, Glotz, Walsh, and others. (Carr was not a defendant in case No. 1:20-cv-

01171.) See Miskovsky v. Jones, 437 F. App’x 707, 713 (10th Cir. 2011) (holding that it is a

constitutionally protected activity to file pleadings in federal court); Smith v. Maschner, 899 F.2d

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No. 1-23-0139

940, 947 (10th Cir. 1990) (stating that retaliation for exercise of right of access to courts is a

constitutional violation).

¶ 73   As to the third element, plaintiff relies on evidence of temporal proximity between the

alleged protected activity and retaliatory conduct to establish that the activity was a substantial

motivating factor in the conduct of defendants Niemeyer, Glotz, Carr, and Walsh—i.e., that there

was a nexus between those defendants’ requesting an ARDC investigation of plaintiff and an intent

to chill his effort to redress his grievances for alleged violations of his constitutional rights by

filing a lawsuit. As circumstantial evidence of those four defendants’ retaliatory intent, plaintiff

sufficiently alleged that the investigation request was made to the ARDC about two months after

plaintiff filed Eberhardt, No. 1:20-cv-01171, against defendants Niemeyer, Glotz, Walsh, and

others in federal court.

¶ 74   However, defendants argue, and we agree, that plaintiff failed to plead any facts to support

the second element of his retaliation claim. As to the second element, in considering whether the

conduct of defendants adversely affected plaintiff’s first amendment rights, courts evaluate

whether the “conduct would likely deter ‘a person of ordinary firmness’ from the exercise of [his]

First Amendment rights.” Constantine v. Rectors & Visitors of George Mason University, 411 F.3d

474, 500 (4th Cir. 2005). The ordinary-firmness test is an objective test that is “designed to weed

out trivial matters from those deserving the time of the courts as real and substantial violations of

the First Amendment.” Garcia v. City of Trenton, 348 F.3d 726, 728-29 (8th Cir. 2003). As such,

courts have held that retaliatory conduct must have resulted in something more than a “de minimis

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No. 1-23-0139

inconvenience” to the exercise of first amendment rights. Constantine, 411 F.3d at 500. “ ‘Merely

encouraging or engaging in action is not an actionable constitutional violation unless it results in

some harm to the plaintiff.’ ” Weise v. Colorado Springs, 421 F. Supp. 3d 1019, 1043 (D. Colo.

2019) (quoting Glover v. Mabrey, 384 F. App’x 763, 770 (10th Cir. 2010)). Applying the ordinary-

firmness test is a “fact intensive” inquiry that focuses on the status of the speaker, the relationship

between the speaker and the retaliator, and the nature of the retaliatory acts. Suarez Corp.

Industries v. McGraw, 202 F.3d 676, 686 (4th Cir. 2000). Reputational injury is generally

insufficient, by itself, to satisfy the second element of a first amendment retaliation claim. See

Eaton v. Meneley, 379 F.3d 949, 956 (10th Cir. 2004).

¶ 75   Here, plaintiff fails to allege facts to support an inference that the request for investigation

to the ARDC constituted an adverse action that deterred his first amendment activity. Nowhere in

the second amended complaint does he allege that the submission of the request for investigation

to the ARDC deterred him from engaging in protected speech. Moreover, the pleadings and

exhibits indicate that plaintiff continued to file lawsuits and speak at Village board meetings

notwithstanding the request for investigation to the ARDC. Specifically, plaintiff filed a second

federal lawsuit in 2020, No. 1:20-cv-03269, against the Village and six of its officials, which the

court dismissed without prejudice in October 2020 for failing to state a short and plain statement

of his claims. Thereafter, plaintiff filed an amended complaint, which the court dismissed in

November 2020, after concluding that it was materially identical to and duplicative of the lawsuit

in federal case No. 1:20-cv-01171. Eberhardt v. Village of Tinley Park, No. 1:20-cv-03269, 2020

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No. 1-23-0139

WL 6565226 (N.D. Ill. Nov. 9, 2020). In May 2021, plaintiff filed in the circuit court of Cook

County the instant case, No. 21-L-65042, which raised issues previously raised in federal case No.

1:20-cv-01171, including the Village’s responses to plaintiff’s FOIA requests, the Village limiting

the time available for public comment at Village board meetings, claims for violations of plaintiff’s

constitutional rights, and the unlawful appointment of Walsh’s law firm as counsel for the Village.

Thereafter, plaintiff amended his complaint in October 2021 and April 2022. Also, in August 2021,

plaintiff filed Eberhardt v. Village of Tinley Park, No. 21-CH-3867 (Cir. Ct. Cook County), which

included claims for alleged FOIA violations, unlawful time restrictions for public comment at

Village board meetings, and the appointment of Walsh’s law firm as counsel for the Village.

Thereafter, plaintiff amended that complaint in September 2021.

¶ 76   Accordingly, we affirm, under section 2-615 of the Code for failure to state a claim, the

trial court’s dismissal with prejudice of count II of plaintiff’s second amended complaint.

¶ 77                           C. Appointment of Outside Counsel

¶ 78   Plaintiff alleged, in count III of his second amended complaint, that the Village and certain

defendants, without authority, appointed defendant Walsh to represent the Village and its officials

or employees as their attorney and obligated the taxpayers to pay for defendants’ personal and

professional attacks on plaintiff and not for any proper purpose of the Village. Plaintiff sought

declaratory and injunctive relief against the Village, Glotz, Thirion, Brady, Brennan, Mueller, and

Walsh for their alleged unlawful appointment of Walsh as their attorney. Plaintiff also sought an

order for Walsh to reimburse the Village for any taxpayer funds paid to him or his law firm.

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No. 1-23-0139

¶ 79   The Village defendants and Walsh argue that the trial court properly dismissed, pursuant

to section 2-619 of the Code, count III with prejudice because (1) plaintiff lacked taxpayer standing

to assert the claim and (2) the Village’s appointment of the Walsh Law Group, P.C., was lawful.

We agree.

¶ 80                                          1. Standing

¶ 81   The doctrine of standing allows courts to “preserve for consideration only those disputes

which are truly adversarial and capable of resolution by judicial decision.” Martini v. Netsch, 272

Ill. App. 3d 693, 695 (1995). Standing consists of an “injury in fact to a legally recognized

interest.” Id. The injury must be (1) “distinct and palpable,” (2) “fairly traceable to the defendant’s

actions,” and (3) “substantially likely to be prevented or redressed by the grant of the requested

relief.” Id. Under Illinois law, the defendant has the burden to both plead and prove the plaintiff’s

lack of standing. Chicago Teachers Union, Local 1 v. Board of Education of Chicago, 189 Ill. 2d

200, 206 (2000).

       “The key to taxpayer standing is the plaintiff’s liability to replenish public revenues

       depleted by an allegedly unlawful governmental action. Such taxpayers have a legally

       cognizable interest in their tax liability, their increased tax liability is a specific injury, and

       their injury is redressable by an injunction against the challenged governmental

       expenditure of tax funds.” Barber v. City of Springfield, 406 Ill. App. 3d 1099, 1102 (2011).

“A plaintiff whose claims rest on his or her standing as a taxpayer must allege such equitable

ownership of funds depleted by misappropriation and his or her liability to replenish them in the

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No. 1-23-0139

complaint; otherwise, the complaint is ‘fatally defective.’ ” Id. (quoting Golden v. City of Flora,

408 Ill. 129, 131 (1951)).

¶ 82   Even assuming that the second amended complaint alleged a “distinct and palpable” injury,

the second amended complaint did not allege that any injury is “fairly traceable” to Walsh. It

cannot reasonably be disputed that Walsh’s law firm was appointed as outside counsel for the

Village, and he was not an officer of the Village as defined and codified in sections 8-1-7 and 3.1-

30-5(a)(5) of the Illinois Municipal Code (65 ILCS 5/3.1-30-5(a)(5), 8-1-7 (West 2020)). See

Thurman v. Department of Public Aid, 25 Ill. App. 3d 367, 370 (1974) (“statutes are a matter of

public knowledge, and when one comes to the attention of the court, it must take judicial notice of

same”). As outside counsel, Walsh did not have the means to commit the acts complained of, such

as setting meeting times or responding to FOIA requests. Plaintiff complained at length about the

alleged procedures used by the Village to appoint Walsh. However, Walsh was not vested with the

statutory authority to appoint his firm as outside counsel for the Village or to adopt procedures

employed by the Village for purposes of appointing outside counsel. The second amended

complaint alleged that Walsh “consulted and counseled” Mayor Glotz on his appointment, but that

allegation, standing alone does not constitute a distinct and palpable injury attributable to Walsh.

Accordingly, we conclude that the second amended complaint does not contain allegations that

could serve as the basis for standing to sue Walsh.

¶ 83   Next, citing public records, defendants argue that plaintiff did not own a home in Tinley

Park during the events of which he complains, or possibly ever, and thus was not a “taxpayer” for

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No. 1-23-0139

purposes of establishing standing. Specifically, plaintiff formerly resided at 7107 177th Place,

Tinley Park, Illinois. According to the recorded warranty deed, the property was owned solely by

Gloria Villanueva. According to property taxes for tax years 2015-20, Ms. Villanueva was the only

individual responsible to pay property taxes on 7107 177th Place. Defendants argue that as the

owner of the real property, Ms. Villanueva was liable to “replenish funds depleted” through

payment of property taxes. Plaintiff was not. See 35 ILCS 200/9-175 (West 2020) (“The owner of

property on January 1 in any year shall be liable for the taxes of that year ***.”)

¶ 84    Plaintiff responds that he was a taxpayer because he paid Ms. Villanueva’s property taxes,

which were based on his senior exemption. Also, as a resident of the Village and self-employed

attorney with offices in the Village, he was subject to the telecommunications tax, local home rule

sales tax, local motor fuel tax, and state income tax, which were all collected by the State of Illinois

and forwarded to the Village for deposit into the general fund. Plaintiff also paid the annual motor

vehicle tax and utility bill. Defendants reply, without citation to any relevant authority, that

nonpossessory residency does not convey standing. See Anderson Dundee 53, L.L.C. v. Terzakis,

363 Ill. App. 3d 145, 160 (2005) (failure to cite any pertinent authority in support of an argument

forfeits review of the issue on appeal).

¶ 85    The record indicates that plaintiff filed his initial complaint in this matter in May 2021 and

filed his first amended complaint in October 2021. Furthermore, according to public records,

plaintiff moved to Clermont, Florida, in or near December 2021 with Ms. Villanueva after she sold

her home in Tinley Park. Plaintiff filed the second amended complaint on April 13, 2022. Plaintiff

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No. 1-23-0139

argues that his taxpayer standing is determined based on his status when he filed his initial

complaint in May 2021 and that his actions after that date are irrelevant to the issue of his standing.

See Lee v. Fosdick, 2014 IL App (4th) 130939, ¶ 16; Deutsche Bank National Trust Co. v.

Iordanov, 2016 IL App (1st) 152656, ¶ 34.

¶ 86   Defendants argue, however, that plaintiff’s amended complaints do not refer to or adopt

the prior complaints and that an “amended complaint controls and supersedes earlier complaints

where the amended complaint does not refer to or adopt the original complaint.” See Foxcroft

Townhome Owners Ass’n v. Hoffman Rosner Corp., 96 Ill. 2d 150, 154 (1983). “Where an

amendment is complete in itself and does not refer to or adopt the prior pleading, the earlier

pleading ceases to be a part of the record for most purposes, being in effect abandoned and

withdrawn.” Bowman v. County of Lake, 29 Ill. 2d 268, 272 (1963).

¶ 87   Putting aside the issue of whether plaintiff was a homeowner or taxpayer liable to replenish

funds allegedly depleted in Tinley Park before he moved to Florida, he certainly was not liable to

replenish the Tinley Park general fund on April 13, 2022, when he filed the operative complaint

in this case. As such, plaintiff was not saddled with the “liability to replenish public revenues

depleted by an allegedly unlawful governmental action” and his claims are “fatally defective.” See

Barber, 406 Ill. App. 3d at 1102. Accordingly, we conclude that, consistent with section 2-619 of

the Code, the trial court correctly dismissed with prejudice count III of the second amended

complaint against the defendants based on the affirmative defense of lack of standing.

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No. 1-23-0139

¶ 88                    2. The Village’s Appointment of Walsh’s Law Firm

¶ 89    Even assuming that plaintiff has standing to pursue his count III claim, defendants raise

another affirmative defense to support dismissal with prejudice of plaintiff’s claim that the

appointment of the Walsh Law Group, P.C., as outside counsel in July 2019 was unlawful.

Defendants argue the trial court properly dismissed this claim pursuant to section 2-619 of the

Code because the pleadings and properly filed exhibits affirmatively establish that the procedures

the Village used to appoint the Walsh Law Group, P.C., did not violate any law or ordinance.

¶ 90    Plaintiff responds that the Village’s ratification of the Walsh Law Group, P.C.’s

appointment violated Illinois law and the Village’s ordinances. According to plaintiff, the mayor

had to make the original appointment of the Walsh Law Group, P.C., and carry out the ratification

of the engagement of that firm with the advice and consent of the Village board. Defendants,

however, present affirmative matter that completely refutes plaintiff’s allegations.

¶ 91    Village ordinance No. 2017-O-012 (the purchasing ordinance) 8 adopts a purchasing

manual for the Village. Tinley Park Ordinance No. 2017-O-012 (approved Mar. 7, 2017). Section

1 of the purchasing manual expressly states that it applies to “purchases and contracts in amounts

        8
         We reject plaintiff’s claim that Walsh did not “properly file” the purchasing ordinance. It was
attached to Walsh’s motion to dismiss as exhibit No. 5 and constituted an affirmative matter that negated
count III of the second amended complaint. Slay v. Allstate Corp., 2018 IL App (1st) 180133, ¶ 44 (“ ‘An
affirmative matter *** is something in the nature of a defense that negates the cause of action completely
or refutes crucial conclusions of law or conclusions of material fact contained in or inferred from the
complaint.’ ” (quoting Dewan v. Ford Motor Co., 363 Ill. App. 3d 365, 368 (2005)). Also, plaintiff makes
a vague assertion that the filed copy of the purchasing ordinance was superseded, but he does not allege
that any superseding version of the purchasing ordinance altered the Village manager’s purchasing
authority so as to defeat defendants’ argument for dismissal under section 2-619 of the Code.

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No. 1-23-0139

less than $20,000.00.” Section 2 of the purchasing manual (“Authority to Purchase”) provides that

“[t]he Village Manager is authorized to engage the services of engineers, attorneys or other

professional consultants for any matter that will create an obligation for such services not

exceeding $20,000.00 without prior approval of the Village Board.” (Emphasis added.)

Furthermore, section 8-1-7(a) of the Illinois Municipal Code provides that the Village’s corporate

authorities “may authorize heads of departments or other separate agencies of the municipality to

make necessary expenditures for the support thereof upon the basis of the appropriations of the

preceding fiscal year.” 65 ILCS 5/8-1-7(a) (West 2020). Nowhere does plaintiff allege that the

Walsh Law Group, P.C., billed the Village more than $20,000 for the firm’s services prior to

plaintiff initiating this litigation.

¶ 92    Before plaintiff filed his second amended complaint, he was aware of the purchasing

ordinance and knew that the Village manager had the authority to appoint the Walsh Law Group,

P.C., without board approval. Specifically, plaintiff had made the same unlawful appointment

allegations against defendants in the federal district court in Eberhardt, No. 1:20-cv-01171, before

that case was dismissed for lack of standing and jurisdiction. Moreover, Walsh had served on

plaintiff three separate “safe harbor” notices in compliance with Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of

Civil Procedure (Fed. R. Civ. P. 11), informing plaintiff that the purchasing ordinance authorized

the Village manager to appoint outside counsel without approval from the Village board of trustees

and that each iteration of the complaint lacked merit. 9 Despite clear authorization for the Village

        According to the federal court’s August 18, 2022, order in Eberhardt v. Village of Tinley Park,
        9

No. 1:20-cv-01171 (N.D. Ill. Aug. 18, 2022), the court sanctioned Eberhardt for violating Rule 11 of the

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No. 1-23-0139

manager to appoint the Walsh Law Group, P.C., as outside counsel, plaintiff refiled in the instant

case the same allegations challenging the firm’s appointment.

¶ 93    On appeal, plaintiff asserts that Walsh was appointed as an “officer” of the Village and

cites section 3.1-30-5(a)(5) of the Illinois Municipal Code (65 ILCS 5/3.1-30-5(a)(5) (West 2020))

for support. Section 3.1-30-5(a)(5) relates to the appointment of municipal officers. Likewise,

section 31.008 of the Village’s code of ordinances provides that the Village president, with the

advice and consent of the board, appoints “all officers of the village.” Tinley Park Code of

Ordinances § 31.008(A)(1) (adopted 1977). However, as discussed above, Walsh, as outside

counsel, was not an “officer” of the Village. Section 31.115 of the code of ordinances, which was

adopted in 1977, permits the Village president to retain an attorney to advise the Village with the

advice and consent of the board (Tinley Park Code of Ordinances § 31.115 (adopted 1977)), but

the purchasing ordinance notes that “[a]ll Ordinances, or parts of Ordinances in conflict with the

provisions of this Ordinance are hereby repealed to the extent of any such conflict” (Tinley Park

Ordinance No. 2017-O-012 (approved Mar. 7, 2017)).

¶ 94    The court in Sampson v. Graves, 304 Ill. App. 3d 961, 964-65 (1999), distinguished

between appointments of “officers” of the Village, such as a chief of police or the village attorney,

and those of professional consultants, including attorneys. The court underscored that a mayoral

appointment is not required to retain additional, outside legal services. Id. To support his claim on

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and ordered him to pay Walsh $26,951.22 in attorney fees, finding,
inter alia, that Eberhardt neglected to cite a purchasing ordinance that negated his claims regarding the
appointment of the Walsh Law Group, P.C., as outside counsel.

                                                 - 48 -
No. 1-23-0139

appeal, plaintiff cites Village of Westmont v. Lenihan, 301 Ill. App. 3d 1050 (1998), where a board

improperly took unilateral action to hire a village attorney. That case, however, is distinguishable

from the case at bar because here, in contrast to the village in Lenihan, there is no ordinance

granting the mayor the sole authority to hire attorneys for the trustees. See Sampson, 304 Ill. App.

3d at 967.

¶ 95   Even if the trial court here accepted the notion that board approval was required for the

proper appointment of the Walsh Law Group, P.C., dismissal of count III with prejudice was

proper because the Village board of trustees ultimately ratified the appointment on May 19, 2020,

through Village resolution No. 2020-R-058. The minutes of the May 19, 2020, Village board

meeting establish that the Village board of trustees voted to ratify the appointment of the Walsh

Law Group, P.C., and retain the firm for additional services. Resolution No. 2020-R-058 ratified

the Village’s contract with the Walsh Law Group, P.C., and approved expenditures above $20,000,

if necessary. Accordingly, even assuming the initial appointment of the Walsh Law Group, P.C.,

was defective, the Village board’s ratification cured any such defect. See Argo High School

Council of Local 571 v. Argo Community High School District 217, 163 Ill. App. 3d 578 (1987);

Board of Education School District No. 67 v. Sikorski, 214 Ill. App. 3d 945, 952 (1991) (“However,

we further determine that the Board’s violation of the Open Meetings Act was [an] inadequate

basis to render the sales contract between the parties void ab initio and unenforceable, since the

Board’s decision to reschedule public sale of the Hynes School property was ratified in subsequent

                                               - 49 -
No. 1-23-0139

public meetings of the Board.”); Lindsey v. Board of Education of Chicago, 127 Ill. App. 3d 413

(1984); Collinsville Community Unit School District No. 10 v. Witte, 5 Ill. App. 3d 600 (1972).

¶ 96   Plaintiff contends that the board’s May 19, 2020, ratification of its engagement of the

Walsh Law Group, P.C., was somehow improper. He argues that “Mayor Vandenberg has refused

to motion to appoint Mr. Walsh as a Village attorney ***.” Putting aside that Walsh has never

been a “Village Attorney” as codified by statute, Mayor Vandenberg recused himself from the

discussion of resolution No. 2020-R-058, rather than “refused” to act. Mayor Vandenberg’s recusal

left Trustee Glotz to act as mayor pro tem during the meeting and ultimately sign resolution

No. 2020-R-058. The ratification of the Village’s agreement with the Walsh Law Group, P.C., did

not violate any law or ordinance.

¶ 97   We conclude that the trial court properly dismissed with prejudice, under section 2-619 of

the Code, count III of plaintiff’s second amended complaint.

¶ 98                                  III. CONCLUSION

¶ 99   For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court that dismissed

plaintiff’s second amended complaint with prejudice.

¶ 100 Affirmed.

                                              - 50 -
No. 1-23-0139

                Eberhardt v. Village of Tinley Park, 2024 IL App (1st) 230139

Decision Under Review:        Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 21-L-65042;
                              the Hon. Mary Kathleen McHugh, Judge, presiding.

Attorneys                     Stephen E. Eberhardt, of Tinley Park, appellant pro se.
for
Appellant:

Attorneys                     Dominick L. Lanzito, of Peterson, Johnson & Murray, LLC, of
for                           Chicago, for appellees Village of Tinley Park, Michael W. Glotz,
Appellee:                     Kristin A. Thirion, William P. Brady, William A. Brennan,
                              Michael G. Mueller, David J. Niemeyer, and Patrick J. Carr Jr.

                              Patrick M. Griffin, of Griffin Williams McMahon & Walsh, LLP,
                              of Geneva, for other appellee.

                                            - 51 -