Court Opinion

ID: 4645819
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-23 01:00:17.59305+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:00:54.745028
License: Public Domain

Case: 19-30159     Document: 00515682980          Page: 1    Date Filed: 12/22/2020

              United States Court of Appeals
                   for the Fifth Circuit                        United States Court of Appeals
                                                                         Fifth Circuit

                                                                       FILED
                                                                December 22, 2020
                                   No. 19-30159                   Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                       Clerk

   United States of America,

                                                             Plaintiff—Appellee,

                                       versus

   Jarvis Hardy,

                                                         Defendant—Appellant.

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Eastern District of Louisiana
                            USDC No. 2:16-CR-26-1

   Before Dennis, Southwick, and Ho, Circuit Judges.
   Per Curiam:*
          Jarvis Hardy appeals from the district court’s denial of his motion to
   withdraw his guilty plea. For the reasons that follow, we AFFIRM.
                                            I.
          Following a months-long Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)
   investigation into the drug-trafficking activities of Jarvis Hardy, law

          *
            Pursuant to 5th Circuit Rule 47.5, the court has determined that this
   opinion should not be published and is not precedent except under the limited
   circumstances set forth in 5th Circuit Rule 47.5.4.
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   enforcement officers secured an arrest warrant for Hardy and a search
   warrant for his residence. On the morning of January 26, 2016, officers went
   to Hardy’s house to execute the warrants. After knocking and announcing
   their presence at Hardy’s home and receiving no response, the officers used
   a battering ram to forcibly gain entry.         Upon entry, the officers again
   announced their identity as “police.”
          As the officers approached his bedroom, Hardy fired several shots,
   striking DEA Task Force Officer Stephen Arnold1 in the neck and arm.
   Officers arrested Hardy at the scene and recovered the following items from
   his home: crack cocaine; currency in a safe in Hardy’s bedroom; drug
   trafficking paraphernalia; and two firearms, including the weapon used to
   shoot Officer Arnold. Office Arnold survived the shooting but is completely
   incapacitated, requiring twenty-four-hour care in an assisted-living facility.
          Hardy was charged in a superseding indictment with the following
   nine counts: conspiracy to distribute controlled substances (count 1), four
   counts of distribution of cocaine base (counts 2-5), attempted murder of a
   federal agent (count 6), discharge of a firearm during and in relation to a
   crime of violence and a drug trafficking crime in violation of 18 U.S.C. §
   924(c)(1)(A) (count 7), possession with intent to distribute cocaine base
   (count 8), and possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking
   crime in violation of § 924(c)(1)(A) (count 9). Several charges carried
   mandatory minimum sentences. Specifically, count 1 carried a ten-year
   mandatory minimum, count 7 carried a consecutive ten-year mandatory
   minimum, and count 8 carried five years. Under the law at the time of
   Hardy’s superseding indictment, had he been convicted of the § 924(c)

          1
          Arnold was a Jefferson Parish Sheriff’s Detective who had been deputized as a
   DEA Task Force Officer.

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   violation under count 7, a second § 924(c) conviction under count 9 would
   have triggered an additional, consecutive sentence of at least twenty-five
   years. Compare § 924(c)(1)(C)(i) (2006), with §924(c)(1)(C)(i) (2018); see
   United States v. Chapman, 851 F.3d 363, 373 (5th Cir. 2017) (citing Deal v.
   United States, 508 U.S. 129, 133 n.1 (1993)). In total, then, Hardy faced a
   mandatory minimum sentence of forty-five years if convicted on all counts.
           Hardy eventually entered into a Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure
   11(c)(1)(C) plea agreement. Under the terms of the agreement, Hardy
   pleaded guilty to counts 1-5, 7 and 8.2 The Government in turn dismissed
   counts 6 and 9. The parties agreed that a total sentence of thirty-five-years
   was appropriate.
           In light of the plea agreement, the district court held a rearraignment
   hearing on August 6, 2018. At the hearing, the court found Hardy competent
   to proceed and then engaged in the Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11
   (Rule 11) colloquy before accepting Hardy’s guilty plea. During questioning,
   Hardy stated that he was satisfied with his counsel and that he was knowingly
   and voluntarily waiving the right to trial. The court also summarized each
   count to which Hardy was pleading guilty and reviewed the applicable

           2
             The plea agreement contains a provision that waives, inter alia, Hardy’s right to
   contest his guilty plea. The Government, however, has not invoked it. United States v.
   Rangel, 108 F. App’x 162, 164 (5th Cir. 2004) (“Although the plea agreement contained a
   waiver of [defendant]’s right to appeal, the Government does not invoke that waiver;
   accordingly, we will not consider the waiver.”). Moreover, the waiver does not preclude
   Hardy from contesting whether he knowingly and voluntarily entered into the plea
   agreement in the first place. See United States v. Bond, 414 F.3d 542, 544 (5th Cir. 2005)
   (appeal waiver pursuant to plea agreement does not bar challenge to whether waiver was
   “knowing and voluntary”).

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   mandatory minimum sentences for these counts. Hardy indicated that he
   understood the penalties.
          On August 20, 2018, two weeks after he entered his plea, Hardy
   mailed a letter to the district court wherein he claimed that counsel had
   coerced him into accepting the plea deal, that he accidentally shot Officer
   Arnold because the officer did not identify himself as such, and that the
   officers’ entry to his home was not made pursuant to a valid search warrant.
   He asked “to take [his] plea back.” He also stated, however, that he “only
   want[ed]to take [his] plea back once” the judge went through his case and
   saw that the officers “did an illegal search and s[ei]zure.” “If” the district
   court determined that the officers’ entry into his home was illegal, then,
   Hardy wrote, he would “like to take [his] plea back.”
          On December 21, 2018, the First Step Act of 2018, Pub. L. No. 115-
   391, 132 Stat. 5194 (2018) (“FSA” or “Act”), was signed into law. Section
   403 of the Act amended 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). Under § 403 of the Act, the
   twenty-five-year mandatory minimum sentence for a second or subsequent
   § 924(c) violation is now triggered only if the second violation occurs after
   the defendant’s prior § 924(c) conviction becomes final. First Step Act of
   2018, Pub. L. No. 115-391, § 403, 132 Stat. 5194, 5221-22. The amendment
   applies to any offense committed before the First Step Act’s enactment if a
   sentence has not yet been imposed. Id. § 403, 132 Stat. at 5222. Therefore,
   if convicted of all nine counts in the superseding indictment, Hardy would
   have faced a total mandatory minimum of twenty-five years after the FSA,
   rather than the forty-five years under the law at the time of his rearraignment.
          On January 11, 2019, the district court received another letter from
   Hardy, alleging for the first time that he accepted the plea agreement because

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   of the “vague possibility of [§] 924c stacking.”3 Hardy mentioned the First
   Step Act’s directive to “do away with [§] 924c stacking” and said that his
   “plea agreement should be renegotiated [be]cause this case can be brought
   to trial[, and] I could get the same amount or less.” He also again complained
   that he shot Officer Arnold accidentally and that the search was invalid.
          Less than a week later, the district court held a status conference to
   clarify whether Hardy wanted to withdraw his guilty plea. At the hearing,
   Hardy stated that his attorneys had convinced him that if he were found
   guilty, he would receive sixty to seventy years in prison. Hardy also stated,
   “one of the main reasons for me accepting this plea agreement was because
   of the laws concerning the [§] 924(c) stacking, which ha[ve] now been
   changed. So this is the main purpose. I’ve never agreed with the plea
   agreement . . . .” Hardy then asked to withdraw his plea. The district court
   appointed another lawyer to represent Hardy for the limited purpose of filing
   a motion to withdraw his guilty plea.
          In February 2019, via his newly appointed counsel, Hardy filed a
   motion to withdraw his guilty plea. He contended that the prospect of a
   cumulative mandatory minimum sentence of forty-five years imprisonment
   under then-governing law motivated his decision to accept the plea deal.
   Hardy argued that the First Step Act’s amendment to § 924(c)’s stacking
   provision provided a fair and just reason to withdraw his plea. In connection
   with his discussion of whether his plea was knowing and voluntary, Hardy
   stated that “it appears certain that neither [he] nor his counsel took note of
   the impending passage of the First Step Act and its enormous impact on plea
   and sentencing considerations.”

          3
              The mailing date of Hardy’s second letter cannot be discerned from the record.

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          The Government opposed Hardy’s motion, arguing, inter alia, that
   the six-month delay between Hardy’s August 2018 plea and his January 2019
   letter seeking to withdraw his plea based upon the First Step Act weighed
   against granting the motion to withdraw. The Government also asserted
   that, at the time of Hardy’s August 2018 plea, there was no reason to think
   that significant criminal justice reform like the First Step Act would be passed
   later that year.
          Several days after the Government filed its opposition, Hardy mailed
   another letter to the district court, writing, “I am not asking to withdraw my
   plea because th[ere] was a change in the law. I am asking to withdraw my
   plea because my attorneys brought und[ue] pressure upon me.”
          The district court held a hearing on the motion at which both Hardy
   and his two previous attorneys testified. Hardy stated that he wanted to
   withdraw his plea because his attorneys coerced him into entering the thirty-
   five-year plea agreement. Hardy also believed his home was illegally raided,
   but he stated that was “not specifically the reason why [he] wanted to
   withdraw [his] plea.” Rather, it was the undue pressure from his attorneys.
          Hardy’s prior attorneys testified that they believed the thirty-five-year
   plea deal was in Hardy’s best interest because, if he went to trial and were
   convicted, he faced a mandatory minimum sentence of forty-five years and a
   possible maximum sentence of life in prison. One of his attorneys also stated
   that the case for Hardy would have been difficult to win because Hardy had
   admitted most of the facts the Government had to prove to convict him,
   “other than the shooting being intentional.”
          After considering the factors specified in United States v. Carr, 740
   F.2d 339 (5th Cir. 1984), as relevant to deciding whether a defendant may
   withdraw a guilty plea, the district court denied Hardy’s motion.             It
   determined that Hardy had equivocated on withdrawing his plea in his first

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   and second letters following the guilty plea, and that Hardy did not make his
   desire to withdraw his plea clear until the January 2019 status hearing. The
   court also concluded that, even if Hardy had not been dilatory in filing his
   motion, the other Carr factors weighed against granting his motion to
   withdraw his plea. With respect to whether the plea was knowing and
   voluntary, the district court found that Hardy’s allegations of coercion by
   counsel were not credible. The court further determined that if Hardy was
   seeking to withdraw his plea because of the First Step Act, that change in the
   law was “not a sufficient basis” to withdraw a plea that was entered into
   knowingly and voluntarily.
          The district court subsequently accepted the Rule 11(c)(1)(C) plea
   agreement, and sentenced Hardy to the thirty-five-year term of
   imprisonment specified therein, as well as five years of supervised release.
   Hardy timely appealed.
                                             II.
          After a plea is accepted but before sentencing, a district court may
   allow the plea to be withdrawn if “the defendant can show a fair and just
   reason for requesting the withdrawal.” FED R. CRIM. P. 11(d)(2)(B). A
   district court’s denial of a motion to withdraw a plea is reviewed only for
   abuse of discretion. Carr, 740 F.2d at 344. “[A] district court abuses its
   discretion if it bases its decision on an error of law or a clearly erroneous
   assessment of the evidence.” United States v. Lord, 915 F.3d 1009, 1013-14
   (5th Cir. 2019) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
                                             III.
          On appeal, Hardy argues that the district court abused its discretion
   in denying his motion to withdraw his guilty plea based on the FSA. He
   contends that his plea was rendered unknowing and involuntary by the post-

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   plea enactment of the FSA.4 A “material reason” for accepting the plea
   agreement, he avers, was his understanding—later proven incorrect
   following the enactment of the FSA—that, under count 9 of the superseding
   indictment, he could receive a consecutive mandatory minimum sentence of
   twenty-five years, in addition to the mandatory minimum sentences attaching
   to the other charges. He also asserts that the statutory change between his
   plea and sentencing constituted a “fair and just reason” to withdraw his plea.
           In evaluating the denial of a motion to withdraw a plea, we consider
   the totality of circumstances, including the seven Carr factors:
           (1) whether or not the defendant has asserted his innocence;
           (2) whether or not the government would suffer prejudice if the
           withdrawal motion were granted; (3) whether or not the
           defendant has delayed in filing his withdrawal motion; (4)
           whether or not the withdrawal would substantially
           inconvenience the court; (5) whether or not close assistance of
           counsel was available; (6) whether or not the original plea was

           4
             In his briefing, Hardy appears at times to treat the question of whether his plea
   was knowingly and voluntarily entered into as overlapping with but distinct from the issue
   of his request to withdraw his plea. He notes, for instance, that different standards of
   review apply to the validity of a guilty plea versus the denial of a motion to withdraw a plea,
   and that some of the factors relevant to assessing a plea’s validity “similarly inform” the
   analysis of whether a defendant may withdraw his plea. Whether a plea is knowing and
   voluntary implicates both due process and Rule 11, which enumerates procedures “meant
   to ensure that a guilty plea is knowing and voluntary.” United States v. Vonn, 535 U.S. 55,
   58 (2002); see also McCarthy v. United States, 394 U.S. 459, 65-66 (1969) (same). But
   beyond asserting generally that pleas must be knowing and voluntary, Hardy does not press
   any distinct argument that the district court violated Rule 11 and nowhere mentions due
   process. See United States v. Scroggins, 599 F.3d 433, 446 (5th Cir. 2010) (explaining that a
   “party must press its claims” or they will be “deemed to have been waived”). In any event,
   the Carr factors relevant to analyzing the denial of a motion to withdraw a plea expressly
   include consideration of whether the plea was knowing and voluntary, 740 F.2d at 345, and
   if the plea was involuntary or unknowing, then the district court would have committed
   reversible error. We therefore consider Hardy’s arguments as to whether his plea was
   knowing and voluntary as part of our review of the denial of his motion to withdraw.

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          knowing and voluntary; and (7) whether or not the withdrawal
          would waste judicial resources.
   740 F.2d at 343-44 (footnotes omitted). “[N]o single factor or combination
   of factors mandates a particular result,” United States v. Still, 102 F.3d 118,
   124 (5th Cir. 1996), and “[t]he burden of establishing a fair and just reason
   for withdrawing a guilty plea remains at all times on the defendant.” Id.
          Carr Factor 1: Innocence
          The district court determined that this factor weighed against Hardy
   because he “never really asserted his innocence in any way.” At his hearing
   on his motion to withdraw, Hardy claimed, for the first time, that he was
   innocent of count 1, conspiracy to distribute crack cocaine. On appeal,
   however, Hardy does not claim he is innocent of any of the counts to which
   he pleaded guilty. Moreover, “[d]uring rearraignment, [Hardy] made . . .
   affirmative declarations that he was guilty as charged. Because ‘solemn
   declarations in open court carry a strong presumption of verity,’ the district
   court did not abuse its discretion in placing little weight on [Hardy]’s
   assertion of innocence.” See United States v. McKnight, 570 F.3d 641, 649
   (5th Cir. 2009) (quoting United States v. Lampazianie, 251 F.3d 519, 524 (5th
   Cir. 2001)).
          Carr Factors 2, 4, and 7: Prejudice to the Government, Inconvenience
   to the Court, and Waste of Judicial Resources
          The district court determined that the Government would be
   prejudiced and that the court would be inconvenienced by withdrawal of the
   plea considering “all the time, effort, and difficulty that the [c]ourt and the
   parties put into resolving this case,” and that a withdrawal “would waste a
   lot of judicial resources.” On appeal, Hardy concedes that withdrawing his
   plea would impact the Government, the court, and judicial resources, but he

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   argues that an estimated five-day trial in his case would not be wasteful
   considering the interests of fairness and justice.
          Hardy fails to show that the district court’s assessment of these
   factors was clearly erroneous.      See Lord, 915 F.3d at 1013-14; see also
   McKnight, 570 F.3d at 650 (determining that even a two-day trial “does not
   necessitate a finding that there is no inconvenience to the district court”). In
   addition, the district court’s determination as to the burden on the court “is
   entitled to substantial deference since it is in the best position to determine
   the effect that the withdrawal had on its resources.” See Carr, 740 F.2d at
   345-46. Accordingly, the district court did not abuse its discretion in finding
   that these factors weighed against granting his motion to withdraw his plea.
          Carr Factor 3: Delay in Filing Motion to Withdraw
          Hardy pleaded guilty on August 6, 2018. The district court noted that
   the actual motion to withdraw the guilty plea was not filed until February
   2019, but it stated that, even if Hardy’s August 2018 letter clearly indicated
   an intent to withdraw his plea, this factor did not outweigh all the other
   factors in the case. Accordingly, the district court evidently weighed this
   factor in Hardy’s favor.
          Carr Factor 5: Close Assistance of Counsel
          Hardy does not argue on appeal that he lacked close assistance of
   counsel nor does he maintain his prior position that counsel coerced his plea.
   Hardy has thus forfeited any argument as to this factor. See United States v.
   Scroggins, 599 F.3d 433, 446 (5th Cir. 2010). Regardless, the district court
   did not abuse its discretion in determining he had the close assistance of
   counsel.
          “In weighing this factor, we look to whether counsel was available to
   the defendant throughout the proceedings, including whether counsel

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   negotiated the defendant’s plea agreement, and whether a defendant was sat-
   isfied with his defense counsel.” Lord, 915 F.3d at 1016 (internal citations
   and quotation marks omitted). Here, Hardy was represented by counsel
   throughout the proceedings, including the plea negotiations, and he con-
   firmed at rearraignment that he was satisfied with counsel’s representation
   and that his plea was not the result of threats or force. Hardy’s solemn dec-
   larations of guilt “in open court carry a strong presumption of verity” and
   cast doubt on his later assertions of being coerced by counsel into pleading
   guilty. See Blackledge, 431 U.S. at 74. The district court found Hardy’s latter
   testimony that he was coerced by counsel to be incredible, and we discern no
   clear error in this finding. See United States v. Urias-Marrufo, 744 F.3d 361,
   368 (5th Cir. 2014) (noting that “[t]he district court, having already been in
   charge of the case and familiar with [the defendant], the lawyers, and any
   other relevant actors, was in the best position to evaluate the [defendant’s]
   credibility” regarding her motion to withdraw her guilty plea based upon
   counsel’s alleged failure to advise her of the immigration consequences of her
   plea). In sum, Hardy has not shown that the district court abused its discre-
   tion in determining that he had the benefit of close assistance of counsel. 5 See
   Lord, 915 F.3d at 1016.

           5
             Hardy concedes that the record is insufficiently developed to consider his claim
   of ineffective assistance of counsel and preserves this issue for collateral review. See
   McKnight, 570 F.3d at 646-48 (noting that ineffective assistance of counsel and close
   assistance of counsel are distinct issues and that the proper mechanism for resolving an
   ineffective assistance of counsel claim is a habeas corpus proceeding); see also United States
   v. Isgar, 739 F.3d 829, 841 (5th Cir. 2014) (declining to consider merits of ineffective
   assistance of counsel claim when record was not sufficiently developed). We therefore
   express no opinion as to whether he could succeed on that claim if raised in a collateral
   proceeding.

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          Carr Factor 6: Knowing and Voluntary Guilty Plea
          Because a guilty plea involves the waiver of constitutional rights, it
   “must be voluntary” and “knowing.” Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742,
   748 (1970). To enter a knowing and voluntary guilty plea, a defendant must
   have full knowledge of what the plea connoted and of its consequences.
   Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 244 (1969). The district court concluded
   that this factor weighed in favor of denying Hardy’s motion to withdraw
   because Hardy repeatedly indicated during his Rule 11 colloquy that he
   understood the charges and the plea agreement, had conferred with counsel,
   and was not forced or threatened into pleading guilty.
          Hardy argues that the passage of the First Step Act rendered his guilty
   plea unknowing and involuntary because if he had known Count 9 of the
   indictment would not carry the possibility of a mandatory consecutive
   minimum sentence of 25 years, he would have proceeded to trial. We
   disagree.
          The most analogous case in our circuit is United States v. Trammel, 710
   F. App’x 225 (5th Cir. 2018). There, the defendant pleaded guilty pursuant
   to a plea agreement to a twenty-year sentence but moved to withdraw his plea
   before sentencing. Id. at 225. He contended “that he thought he would face
   [substantially lengthier] sentencing as a career offender but that the career
   offender enhancement turned out to be inapplicable to one of his prior
   offenses” under a case decided after his plea but before his sentence. Id. The
   district court denied the motion to withdraw the plea, and we found no abuse
   of discretion under the Carr factors, explaining that the defendant “was fully
   informed and aware of the possibility, however uncertain, that he might be
   able to challenge his career offender status or that some unforeseeable change
   in the law might lower his sentencing exposure under” the guidelines “after
   he pleaded guilty.”     Id. at 226.   Here, as in Trammell, a potentially

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   “unforeseeable change in the law” arose that “lower[ed]” Hardy’s
   sentencing exposure. Id. Although Hardy’s “choice was difficult, it was not
   involuntary.” Id.
          In concluding that the plea was knowing and voluntary, the Trammell
   court relied on the Supreme Court’s decision in Brady v. United States, 397
   U.S. 742, 757 (1970). Id. In Brady, a habeas case, a prisoner challenged the
   validity of his plea to kidnapping under the federal kidnapping statute. Id. at
   743-45. At the time he pleaded guilty, the offense carried a possible death
   penalty, but the Supreme Court had subsequently held that capital
   punishment for a violation of the kidnapping statute was unconstitutional. Id.
   at 743, 746. In light of the intervening Supreme Court decision, the prisoner
   contended that his plea was not knowing or voluntary. The Court roundly
   rejected this argument, holding that “a voluntary plea of guilty intelligently
   made in the light of the then applicable law does not become vulnerable
   because later judicial decisions indicate the plea rested on a faulty premise.”
   Id. at 757. Though Brady was in the habeas context and considered an
   intervening judicial (as opposed to legislative) decision, Hardy provides no
   reason to conclude that these distinctions alter Brady’s applicability here.
          That Hardy’s plea was not rendered unknowing or involuntary by a
   post-plea change in the law is further supported by caselaw from our sister
   circuits. See, e.g., United States v. Cortez-Arias, 425 F.3d 547, 548 (9th Cir.
   2005) (“[A] favorable change in the law does not entitle a defendant to
   renege on a knowing and voluntary guilty plea.”); United States v. Morgan,
   406 F.3d 135, 137 (2d Cir. 2005) (“[T]he possibility of a favorable change in
   the law after a plea is simply one of the risks that accompanies pleas and plea
   agreements.”); United States v. Bradley, 400 F.3d 459, 463-64 (6th Cir. 2005)
   (“[W]here developments in the law later expand a right that a defendant has
   waived in a plea agreement, the change in law does not suddenly make the
   plea involuntary or unknowing or otherwise undo its binding nature. A valid

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   plea agreement, after all, requires knowledge of existing rights, not
   clairvoyance.”); United States v. Haynes, 412 F.3d 37, 39 (2d Cir. 2005) (per
   curiam) (“The plea allocution shows Haynes to have been fully informed,
   competent, free of coercion, and cognizant of his rights at the time of the plea.
   While ignorance of then-existing rights can invalidate a plea agreement in
   some cases, ignorance of future rights is unavoidable and not a basis for
   avoiding a plea agreement.”).
           Hardy relies on several inapposite cases. First, he cites our decision
   in United States v. Barrow, 557 F. App’x 362, 366 (5th Cir. 2014). In that case,
   the defendant argued that his guilty plea ought to be vacated because the
   post-plea enactment of the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 substantially reduced
   the mandatory minimum sentence for the offense to which he pleaded. Id. at
   363-64. Although the defendant had been correctly advised by the district
   court during his plea colloquy that his offense carried a twenty-year minimum
   sentence, the Fair Sentencing Act reduced the applicable term to a ten-year
   minimum.       Id.     At sentencing, the district court applied the reduced
   mandatory minimum sentence pursuant to the Fair Sentencing Act. Id. at
   364.    We nevertheless held that the district court violated Rule 11’s
   prescription that a defendant be informed of any mandatory minimum
   penalties before the court accepts a guilty plea. Id. at 366 (citing Fed. R.
   Crim. P. 11(b)(1)(I)).6 In doing so, we stated that“[i]t is well-settled in this
   and other circuits that the district court committed Rule 11 error by advising
   [the defendant] that a higher, pre-F[air] S[entencing] A[ct] minimum
   sentence would apply, even though that was a correct statement of the law at
   the time of [defendant]’s plea agreement.” Id.

           6
            The court held, however, that the error was harmless because the defendant failed
   to show that the error likely affected his willingness to plead guilty. See Barrow, 557 F.
   App’x at 366.

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           Second, Hardy cites United States v. Hughes, 726 F.3d 656, 662 (5th
   Cir. 2013), where we likewise held that the district court committed Rule 11
   error. There, the defendant was informed by the court at his change-of-plea
   hearing that he faced a mandatory minimum of ten-years’ imprisonment and
   a maximum possible penalty of life imprisonment, which were correct
   statements of law at the time. Id. However, like Barrow, post-plea enactment
   of the Fair Sentencing Act lowered the defendant’s mandatory minimum
   penalty to five year’s imprisonment and maximum penalty to forty years’
   imprisonment. Id. The defendant moved to withdraw his plea, which the
   district court denied. Following imposition of his sentence, the defendant
   appealed, alleging, inter alia, that the district court failed to comply with Rule
   11’s requirement that it properly inform the defendant of “any mandatory
   minimum penalty” and “any maximum possible penalty, including
   imprisonment.” Id. at 661 (quoting Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(1)(H),
   11(b)(1)(I)). We explained that, “although the district correctly applied the
   law as it stood in this circuit at the time of the change-of-plea hearing,” its
   “decision [was] rendered erroneous by [the] subsequent change in the law.” 7
   Id. Significantly, we rejected the defendant’s separate challenge to the denial
   of his motion to withdraw his plea. Id. at 662-63 (“We see no errors of law
   or clearly erroneous factual findings in the district court’s decision [to deny
   the motion to withdraw], and we therefore hold that the district court’s
   denial of Hughes’s motion was not an abuse of discretion.”).
           Barrow and Hughes are plainly distinguishable from the present
   matter. First, those cases concerned challenges to the district court’s failure

           7 Applying plain error review though, we held that the defendant was not entitled
   to vacatur of his plea because he could not show that his substantial rights were affected;
   that is, he had “not shown a reasonable probability that, but for the Rule 11 error
   committed, he would not have pleaded guilty.” Hughes, 726 F.3d at 662.

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   to follow the specific procedures mandated by Rule 11, whereas the Carr
   factor at issue here involves the broader issue of whether Hardy’s plea was
   knowing and voluntary. Second, in Barrow and Hughes, the district courts
   actually violated the Rule 11 procedures governing the plea colloquy, because
   post-plea changes in the applicable sentencing law rendered the district
   courts’ Rule 11 advisements erroneous. Thus, the defendants in those cases
   were incorrectly informed by the respective district courts of the penalties
   they faced for the offenses to which they were pleading guilty—though the
   courts of course could not have known of any error at the time of the plea
   hearing. On the other hand, the district court here correctly advised Hardy—
   and Hardy does not contend otherwise—of the mandatory minimum and
   maximum sentences he faced with respect to the charges which he was
   pleading guilty to under his plea agreement. Pursuant to that agreement,
   count 9 was to be dismissed, and thus the district court did not address any
   penalties attached to it. Accordingly, the district court here did not violate
   Rule 11. Cf. Hughes, 726 F.3d at 661 (“Failure to inform a defendant correctly
   as to the sentencing range he faces as a result of his guilty plea can be grounds
   for vacatur of the plea (emphasis added)); United States v. Adams, 566 F.2d
   962, 968 (5th Cir. 1978) (“Rule 11, as amended, requires that the trial judge
   inform the defendant of the minimum and maximum sentences he faces from
   the charge to which he plead.”) (emphasis added).
          Last, Hardy cites United States v. Presley, 478 F.2d 163, 168 (5th Cir.
   1973). In that case, defendants pleaded nolo contendere to charges of
   violations of the Travel Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1952, but, after their pleas and before
   sentencing, the Supreme Court issued a decision in Rewis v. United States,
   401 U.S. 808 (1971), that called into question whether the Travel Act
   extended to the defendants’ conduct. Id. at 168. On the basis of Rewis, the
   defendants moved to withdraw their pleas prior to sentencing. Id. at 167-68.
   The district court refused, and the defendants appealed. We held that the

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                                    No. 19-30159

   district court abused its discretion, explaining that, in light of Rewis, “it
   should have been clear that the admitted facts may not have been sufficient
   to warrant a federal charge of violation of” the Travel Act. Id. at 167. In
   other words, because the Rewis decision may have placed the defendants’
   conduct “beyond the limits of the criminal jurisdiction” of federal courts, the
   defendants’ pre-Rewis purported waiver of their right to trial was not made
   knowingly, and they therefore “should have been permitted to withdraw
   their pleas.” Id. at 168 (noting that due process requires a waiver of this
   constitutional right to be “intentional” (quoting Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S.
   458, 464 (1938)).
          Presley is distinguishable for two key reasons. First, the intervening
   legal development in that case—the Supreme Court’s decision in Rewis—
   may have rendered the charges inapplicable to the defendants. Id. at 167. In
   other words, Presley considered a situation in which defendants were refused
   the opportunity to revoke their pleas for conduct that, due to legal changes,
   arguably “may not have constituted a federal offense.” Id. By contrast, the
   intervening legal development here—the FSA—did not alter the illegality of
   the conduct underlying count 9; instead, it only affected the applicable
   sentence. Second, unlike the defendants in Presley, Hardy never pleaded
   guilty to the offense that was impacted by changes in the law. This case, then,
   does not present a situation “where intervening law has established that a
   defendant’s actions do not constitute a crime and thus that the defendant is
   actually innocent of the charged offense.” United States v. Andrade, 83 F.3d
   729, 731-32 (5th Cir. 1996) (vacating conviction after guilty plea because,
   following a post-plea Supreme Court decision, the factual basis for
   defendant’s plea was rendered “insufficient to support a conviction”); see
   also United States v. Castro, 73 F. App’x 79 (5th Cir. 2003) (affirming denial
   of motion to withdraw and explaining that, unlike in Andrade, intervening law
   had not rendered the defendant’s conduct innocent).

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          In sum, Hardy has not shown that his plea was involuntary or
   unknowing. See Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. at 748, 757. Under the
   totality of the circumstances, the Carr factors do not weigh in favor of finding
   an abuse of discretion by the district in denying Hardy’s motion to withdraw.
   See Lord, 950 F.3d at 1017; McKnight, 570 F.3d at 650.
                                          * * *
          For these reasons, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

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