Court Opinion

ID: 4121011
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-01-30 22:02:27.408365+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:01:15.121434
License: Public Domain

U NITED S TATES AIR F ORCE
            C OURT OF C RIMINAL APPEALS
                       ________________________

                            No. ACM 38858
                       ________________________

                          UNITED STATES
                              Appellee
                                  v.
                          Sean M. OLIVER
            Staff Sergeant (E-5), U.S. Air Force, Appellant
                       ________________________

       Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary
                       Decided 27 January 2017
                       ________________________

Military Judge: Donald R. Eller, Jr.
Approved sentence: Dishonorable discharge, confinement for life with
eligibility for parole, and reduction to E-1. Sentence adjudged 30 Jan-
uary 2015 by GCM convened at Ramstein Air Base, Germany.
For Appellant: Major Isaac C. Kennen, USAF and Brian L. Mizer, Es-
quire.
For Appellee: Major Jeremy D. Gehman, USAF; Major J. Ronald
Steelman III, USAF; Captain Tyler B. Musselman, USAF; and Gerald
R. Bruce, Esquire.
Before DUBRISKE, HARDING, and C. BROWN, Appellate Military
Judges.
Judge HARDING delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Senior
Judge DUBRISKE and Judge C. BROWN joined.
                       ________________________

   This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as
   precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 18.4.
                      ________________________
                     United States v. Oliver, No. ACM 38858

HARDING, Judge:
    Officer and enlisted members sitting as a general court-martial convicted
Appellant, contrary to his pleas, of making false official statements, murder
with intent to kill, assault consummated by a battery, and obstruction of jus-
tice in violation of Articles 107, 118, 128, and 134, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 907,
918, 928, 934. He was found not guilty of the greater offenses of premeditated
murder and aggravated assault. The adjudged and approved sentence was a
dishonorable discharge, confinement for life with eligibility for parole, and
reduction to the grade of E-1.
    Appellant raises eight assignments of error: (1) the military judge erred in
concluding that Appellant’s oral and written statements to the Air Force Of-
fice of Special Investigations (AFOSI) were voluntary; (2) Appellant’s Fifth
Amendment 1 right to counsel was violated; (3) Appellant’s Sixth Amendment 2
right to counsel was violated; (4) Specifications 1 and 2 of Charge I are multi-
plicious and an unreasonable multiplication of charges; (5) the military judge
erred when he failed to give a “leniency” instruction regarding a witness’s
testimony; (6) the military judge erred when he failed to give a defense of ac-
cident instruction; (7) trial counsel committed prosecutorial misconduct dur-
ing findings argument; and (8) seven minutes of missing trial transcript of
discussion of findings instructions is a substantial omission requiring a new
trial. We find no prejudicial error and affirm.

                               I. BACKGROUND
   In the early morning of hours of 14 December 2013, Appellant was pulled
over by the German police just outside of Kaiserslautern, Germany, near the
Vogelweh military installation. While one officer advised Appellant of the
reason for the stop and examined Appellant’s identification, his fellow officer
noticed a passenger seated awkwardly and motionless in Appellant’s vehicle.
When asked about the condition of his passenger, Appellant replied that his
passenger was merely passed out. Upon closer examination, the police deter-
mined that the passenger, Petty Officer Second Class (PO2) DC, was not
breathing. The officers, with Appellant’s assistance, quickly removed PO2 DC
from the vehicle and attempted to revive him. PO2 DC was unresponsive and
soon pronounced dead. An autopsy conducted by the German authorities that
same day concluded that PO2 DC had died from manual strangulation. The

1   U.S. CONST. amend V.
2   U.S. CONST. amend VI.

                                       2
                   United States v. Oliver, No. ACM 38858

German police immediately arrested Appellant and placed him in a German
confinement facility.
    The night before, PO2 DC had joined Appellant and Specialist (SPC) CK
at the apartment of Staff Sergeant (SSgt) TS in downtown Kaiserslautern,
Germany. All four were assigned to the American Forces Network (AFN) Eu-
rope and had gathered for the purposes of a “guys’ night out” at a bar in Kai-
serslautern. Additionally, Appellant intended to talk to PO2 DC about the
state of his marriage. PO2 DC and his spouse were discussing divorce and
Appellant, with the full knowledge of PO2 DC, had befriended and engaged in
a sexual relationship with PO2 DC’s spouse. After consuming one or two
drinks each at SSgt TS’s apartment, the group walked approximately 15
minutes from the residence to the bar. During the walk to the bar, Appellant
and PO2 DC discussed PO2 DC’s spouse. Once at the bar, all four service-
members became intoxicated. While there, another co-worker, SSgt SP,
joined the group for the evening. Hours later—early into the next morning—
all five servicemembers departed the bar and walked back to SSgt TS’s down-
town apartment. At some point while out at the bar and prior to returning to
the apartment, SPC CK confronted PO2 DC about a racial slur PO2 DC had
made about another AFN co-worker at a Thanksgiving gathering. Once back
at the apartment, the confrontation between SPC CK and PO2 DC continued,
and Appellant intervened. The witnesses at trial, to include Appellant, of-
fered differing versions of what happened next, but at some point PO2 DC
was lifeless on the floor and bleeding from his ear.
    During his oral interview with AFOSI and later in his written statement,
Appellant claimed that he was breaking up the fight between SPC CK and
PO2 DC and inadvertently pushed PO2 DC causing him to fall to the ground
possibly hitting his head on a kitchen counter. During his testimony at trial,
Appellant revised his version of events claiming for the first time that SPC
CK struck PO2 DC on the head with a glass whiskey bottle. In both versions,
Appellant claims that he moved PO2 DC to the bathroom unconscious but
still alive. Appellant claims he then left SSgt TS’s apartment to go to his
home. Concerned that PO2 DC might wake up disoriented and belligerent,
Appellant returned to SSgt TS’s apartment to revive PO2 DC and to take him
home. Appellant claimed that once revived, PO2 DC became angry with him
and struck Appellant. Appellant responded by placing PO2 DC in a choke-
hold. Appellant testified that he released the chokehold once PO2 DC became
unconscious and that he did not intend to kill PO2 DC. Appellant maintained
that PO2 DC was still alive at this point. The other witnesses, SPC CK and
SSgt SP, testified that Appellant and PO2 DC were alone in the kitchen when
they overheard a fight. SPC CK testified that shortly after the fight in the
kitchen, Appellant told him that PO2 DC was dead. SSgt SP testified that he
overheard Appellant tell SPC CK that PO2 DC was dead.

                                      3
                   United States v. Oliver, No. ACM 38858

    At trial, Appellant described how he got PO2 DC’s body into his car and
admitted that his intent was to dump PO2 DC’s body in a remote area out-
side of Kaiserslautern. Appellant was on his way to do so when he was pulled
over by the German police. Appellant spent approximately three days in a
German confinement facility prior to being released to United States military
authorities. While in the German confinement facility, Appellant was inter-
viewed and gave a statement to German investigators, had a German attor-
ney appointed to represent him, and appeared at a preliminary hearing. Up-
on release, Appellant was permitted to stay at his own residence and work
his normal duty schedule prior to being taken to AFOSI for an interview on
20 December 2013.

                                II. DISCUSSION
A. Voluntariness of Appellant’s Confession.
   Appellant asserts that on multiple occasions during his interrogation,
agents employed tactics that resulted in an unlawfully induced confession
and that the confession was involuntary under the totality of the circum-
stances. The military judge found that “the agent’s interrogation tactics, alt-
hough problematic in several instances, were not inherently coercive overall
and did not overcome the accused’s will to resist.” The military judge found
that both the accused’s oral and written statements were voluntary. We
agree.

    “A military judge’s denial of a motion to suppress a confession is reviewed
for an abuse of discretion.” United States v. Chatfield, 67 M.J. 432, 437
(C.A.A.F. 2009) (citing United States v. Pipkin, 58 M.J. 358, 360 (C.A.A.F.
2003)). The military judge‘s findings of fact are upheld unless they are clearly
erroneous or unsupported by the record; however, we review de novo any con-
clusions of law in a denial of a motion to suppress a confession. Id. “A mili-
tary judge abuses his discretion when: (1) the findings of fact upon which he
predicates his ruling are not supported by the evidence of record; (2) if incor-
rect legal principles were used; or (3) if his application of the correct legal
principles to the facts is clearly unreasonable.” United States v. Ellis, 68 M.J.
341, 344 (C.A.A.F. 2010) (citing United States v. Mackie, 66 M.J. 198, 199
(C.A.A.F. 2008)).

    When analyzing the voluntariness of Appellant’s statements to investiga-
tors, we review the totality of the circumstances to determine whether his
“will was overborne and his capacity for self-determination was critically im-
paired.” Chatfield, 67 M.J. at 439 (quoting United States v. Bubonics, 45 M.J.
93, 95 (C.A.A.F. 1996)) (internal quotation marks omitted). We evaluate “both
the characteristics of the accused and the details of the interrogation.” Id.
(quoting Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 226 (1973)) (internal quo-

                                       4
                   United States v. Oliver, No. ACM 38858

tation marks omitted). We consider an appellant’s “age, education, experi-
ence, and intelligence as part of the circumstances bearing on the question
whether a statement was voluntary.” Id. at 439–40 (citing United States v.
Freeman, 65 M.J. 451, 454 (C.A.A.F. 2008)).
    In this case, the military judge made detailed findings of fact regarding
Appellant’s characteristics and concluded that the “accused who was a 34
year old NCO clearly understood his rights and knowingly waived those
rights at the outset of the interview.” The military judge further detailed Ap-
pellant’s education, prior experience with law enforcement, family history,
and self-reported mental health history. Regarding the interview, the mili-
tary judge found that “at no time . . . did the accused give any indication that
he was ill or tired, and he appeared to be coherent, able to interact, oriented
as to time and place, acknowledged questions, and provided contextually ap-
propriate responses.” Overall, Appellant’s characteristics weigh in favor of his
statement being voluntary.
    Turning to the interrogation itself, Appellant points to three statements
by the interviewing agents, arguing each was an unlawful inducement that
could serve as the basis for suppression of the confession that followed. These
statements are:
   • “When [commanders] see [their airmen] are truthful, especially when
     you have a female commander, they tend to go into mommy mode, and
     they try to protect them.”
   • “You’re not going to incriminate yourself in this. There is no way you
     can incriminate yourself.”
   • “After this, after you tell us the truth, okay, we’re going to call your
     first shirt and you are going home. That’s the end of it.”
    We will briefly address each in turn, but first we must provide the context
of each statement within the overall interrogation. As the military judge not-
ed in his written ruling, the initial 30 minutes of the interrogation consisted
of rapport-building prior to advisement of Appellant’s Article 31(b), UCMJ, 10
U.S.C. § 831(b) rights. When asked whether he wanted a lawyer, Appellant
replied “not right now.” When asked whether he was willing to answer ques-
tions, he answered “yes.” Appellant does not challenge the validity of the ini-
tial waiver of his rights. Following the waiver of Appellant’s rights to counsel
and silence, an approximately three-hour discussion ensued. During this dis-
cussion, Appellant freely shared his initial version of events with minimal
questioning by the agents. Appellant claimed that he had gone out searching
for PO2 DC and found him in a “zombie-like” state walking the streets of
Kaiserslautern carrying a bathmat and towel. This was followed by a 30-
minute break where Appellant was left alone.

                                       5
                   United States v. Oliver, No. ACM 38858

    When the agents returned from the break, they began to challenge ele-
ments of Appellant’s story and his claims of lack of recollection as to key de-
tails. Appellant stated earlier that he had not noticed any injuries on the de-
ceased. One of the agents asked whether Appellant would be shocked if the
decedent had a large cut on him. Appellant denied any knowledge of a cut.
The agents next informed Appellant that there was blood all over SSgt TS’s
apartment. Appellant stated that he had “no idea” how the blood got there.
The agents then told Appellant that his story was “slightly off” and that they
believed the “whole situation happened from one giant accident.” Appellant
maintained his lack of knowledge of any cut or blood.
    The agents then informed Appellant that video from the bar indicated an
altercation had happened there. Appellant then, for the first time during the
interview, began to acknowledge the possibility that “I did something and I
don’t remember it, and now I have some invented memory about the events of
that night.” The agents raised the manner of death as being “choked out” and
asked Appellant for a response to that. Appellant replied: “I would say that
I’m really afraid of myself right now.” The agents continued to frame ques-
tions and statements in terms of an accident that had happened. Appellant
raised the possibility of the deceased’s injury to his throat being caused or
compounded by Appellant placing him in the car. Appellant quickly acknowl-
edged that the presence of blood at the apartment and lack of blood in the car
made that scenario unlikely.
   The agents then asked a series of questions concerning Appellant’s story
about where and how he found the deceased. The agents continued to press
Appellant for details and made the first statement that Appellant claims was
an unlawful inducement.
       Appellant: Well I am afraid something bad is going to happen
       to me. I -- I -- I --
       SA DH: Well, you need to get past that here, and you need to
       tell us exactly what happened. Like we told you before, the way
       it works out is -- so we’re going to do the report, all right, and
       we present it to the authorities, all right, the action authorities.
       So your commander is going to read it. She’s going to figure out
       what she wants to do with it. If she sees that you’ve been lying
       the entire time or less than truthful, 99 percent of the time
       commanders get irritated that their troops were not truthful
       whether it was something big or something small, so they try to
       hammer them. When they see they are truthful, especially when
       you have a female commander, they tend to go instinct and into
       mommy mode, and they try to protect them.

                                        6
                   United States v. Oliver, No. ACM 38858

    Appellant marshals this and other similar statements made by the agents
as an impermissible promise of false leniency. The substance conveyed to Ap-
pellant, however, was only that lying is typically viewed as an aggravating
factor and that being truthful was generally a mitigating factor regarding a
disposition or punishment decision by a commander. There was no express
promise of leniency. Further, this appeal, focusing on how his commander
would view him, had no immediate impact on Appellant as he steadfastly
maintained his lack of memory.
   At this point, the agents directly told Appellant, “Dude, I’m not buying it,
brother.” They specifically confronted him about the implausibility of the
“zombie” story and, while Appellant agreed that the story sounded ridiculous,
he did not abandon it at this time.
     The agents continued to challenge Appellant’s claimed lack of memory by
pointing out that the forensic testing would show what happened and how
Appellant’s story implicated his friends. Still maintaining his lack of memory,
Appellant relayed that he was afraid what was going to happen to him. He
then acknowledged a perfect understanding of his commander’s limited role
in determining his case. “Even if my commander wants to be lenient, I mean,
it’s not my commander’s call.” Appellant’s statement relates back to the prior
discussion about his commander and rebuts any notion that Appellant was
induced to confess by reliance on a shield of protection or leniency provided
by his commander.
    The agents next suggested that Appellant should worry about what other
people were going to think of him to include what his kids would think by
presenting an accidental death contrasted with a “vicious murderer.” Appel-
lant still maintained his initial version. The agents then asked whether the
deceased’s wife was involved or if Appellant “masterminded” it all by himself.
Appellant denied that she was involved and told the agents that they were
being ridiculous to suggest “masterminding.” The agents told Appellant they
were irritated with him and that they knew he was lying. Appellant then ab-
ruptly asked: “Was the cut on his ear?” The agents followed up on what Ap-
pellant meant by that and asked where the cut came from. Appellant then
responded by asking whether this would end up in the military newspaper.
The agents told Appellant to focus on the ear. The precise exchange went as
follows:
       SA DH: -- if you keep going back and forth on this, you’re going
       to wind up making this all fuzzy again on yourself instead of
       trying to recollect what you just remembered now, so focus on –
       Appellant: No, I’m focusing on like my fear of incriminating
       myself in this and I’m debating on whether or not I should.

                                      7
                   United States v. Oliver, No. ACM 38858

       SA DH: You’re not going to incriminate yourself in this. There’s
       no way you can incriminate yourself in this. The fact is you ei-
       ther did it or you didn’t do it, and we’re trying to give you the
       benefit of the doubt to figure out exactly how that happened.
       Appellant: If my memory is that --
       SA DH: The memory, like I said before, is a fabricated memory
       and we need to get to the bottom of it. You yourself said that
       you fabricated this memory. And now you’re starting to identify
       that he had a cut on his ear.
    The agents once again confronted Appellant with the incredible nature of
the “zombie” story and continued to try to reorient Appellant to describe the
cut on the ear. The following exchange ensued:
       Appellant: And now I’m really f---ing scared, because if I tell
       you --
       SA DH: Scared of what?
       Appellant: Because if I tell you these things, if I tell you what I
       remember.
       SA DH: Do you understand what’s going to happen to you after
       this?
       Appellant: No, I don’t.
       SA DH: After this, after you tell us the truth, okay, we’re going
       to call your first shirt and you are going home. That’s the end of
       it. That’s it. We’re not going to throw you in a German jail or
       anything else like that.
       Appellant: No, but --
       SA DH: We’re not taking away your rights or anything, but
       we’re just trying to give you the opportunity to tell the truth.
       Whether you tell us exactly what happened or not, the investi-
       gation is going to show exactly what happened, so whether you
       continue with this fabricated lie or anything else.
    The military judge found that the agent’s statement that Appellant could
not incriminate himself was clearly improper and erroneous. It was. The
statement was completely at odds with the express advisement required by
Article 31(b), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 831(b), that any statement made by a per-
son accused or suspected of a crime may be used as evidence against him.
Whether this statement by the agents rendered any subsequent statements
made by Appellant involuntary depends on whether Appellant was in fact
induced by it or otherwise relied on it in deciding to change his initial version

                                       8
                   United States v. Oliver, No. ACM 38858

of what happened. The military judge considered the impact of the agent’s
statement in the totality of the circumstances in assessing whether the ac-
cused’s statements were voluntary and also analyzed whether the agent’s
statement provided a basis to find de facto immunity.
   Important to the military judge’s analysis was that shortly after the ex-
changes above and prior to Appellant admitting to placing PO2 DC in a
chokehold, Appellant requested and was granted a 10 minute break. Even
more critical was the discussion after the break wherein the potential maxi-
mum punishments were discussed and it was reiterated that decisions about
whether to prosecute were in the discretion of Appellant’s chain of command
and their legal staff. The military judge found that Appellant did not perceive
the agent’s statement as an offer of immunity and that the statement did not
entice Appellant to provide “his modified version of events.”
    The military judge also took issue with the “moment when the agents in-
sinuated that [Appellant’s] release was contingent on admitting to something
which the agents could identify as being the truth.” The military judge found
this to be an improper tactic but not an unlawful inducement as the release
was not conditioned upon a particular version of events and as the release to
his first sergeant reflected “the normal processing of the investigation.” Not-
withstanding his concerns, the military judge reasoned that the interrogation
techniques used in the interview of Appellant did not overcome his will to re-
sist.
    None of the military judge’s findings of fact are clearly erroneous and in-
stead are fully supported by the record. Further, based on our review of the
totality of the circumstances, we agree with his conclusion that Appellant’s
statements were voluntary, his will was not overborne, and his capacity for
self-determination was not critically impaired.
B. Equivocal Fifth Amendment Request for Counsel.
    Appellant asserts that he requested counsel prior to abandoning the
“zombie” story and admitting that he had placed PO2 DC in a chokehold. In-
terrogation of a suspect in custody must cease if the suspect requests counsel
unless counsel is present for the interrogation. Mil. R. Evid. 305(c)(4). Invoca-
tion of the right to counsel “requires, at a minimum, some statement that can
reasonably be construed to be an expression of a desire for the assistance of
an attorney.” McNeil v. Wisconsin, 501 U.S. 171, 178 (1991). “Where nothing
about the request for counsel or the circumstances leading up to the request
would render it ambiguous, all questioning must cease.” Smith v. Illinois, 469
U.S. 91, 98 (1984). Statements subsequent to a clear invocation of counsel
may not be considered in determining whether the invocation was ambigu-
ous. Id. Reviewing courts may, however, consider statements and events im-

                                       9
                   United States v. Oliver, No. ACM 38858

mediately preceding the invocation, as well as “nuances inherent in the re-
quest itself.” Id. at 100; United States v. Delarosa, 67 M.J. 318, 324 (C.A.A.F.
2009).
    An ambiguous comment or request, however, does not require that inter-
rogation cease. A request for counsel must be articulated “sufficiently clearly
that a reasonable police officer in the circumstances would understand the
statement to be a request for an attorney.” Davis v. United States, 512 U.S.
452, 459 (1994). If the mention of an attorney “fails to meet the requisite level
of clarity,” questioning may continue. Id. “If the suspect’s statement is not an
unambiguous or unequivocal request for counsel, the officers have no obliga-
tion to stop questioning him.” Id. at 461–62. The determination of whether an
invocation is unambiguous (requiring the agents to immediately terminate
the questioning) or ambiguous (permitting further clarifying questions) is an
objective inquiry based upon how a “reasonable police officer” would view the
comments. Although not raised at trial, the military judge in his ruling on
the suppression motion found Appellant’s statement about counsel to be an
ambiguous request. We agree.
    During the interview the agents repeatedly pressed Appellant for details
about the cut on the ear. Appellant, however, continued to deny or claim a
lack of recall as to any specific knowledge. After a series of questions along
this line, the following exchange took place:
       Appellant: And just everything is screaming at me that I – I
       need to like stop and ask for a lawyer.
       SA DH: You will be perfectly fine.
       Appellant: Or that this is all just me admitting guilt and some-
       thing.
       SA DH: You are only -- I’m trying to think how to say this --
       you are not admitting guilt unless it actually happened.
       SA JT: Look, man, you know, there’s of course, you know, he
       explained your rights to you. You know you can ask for a law-
       yer any time. We can’t, you know, we’re not lawyers. We can’t
       advise you on that.
       SA DH: It’s up to you.
    The evidence establishes by a preponderance of the evidence that Appel-
lant made a knowing and intelligent waiver of his right to counsel and his
right to remain silent at the initiation of the interview. When asked whether
he wanted a lawyer, Appellant replied “not right now.” For the first time on
appeal, Appellant claims that his later statement “And just everything is
screaming at me that I – I need to like stop and ask for a lawyer” was an un-

                                       10
                   United States v. Oliver, No. ACM 38858

ambiguous request for counsel that was not honored by the agents. We disa-
gree.
     Appellant’s statement is more accurately characterized as thinking out
loud about whether or not he should ask for a lawyer. This was an ambiguous
comment by Appellant that reflected his internal thought process as he
weighed his choices at that time. This was not an unambiguous or unequivo-
cal request for counsel. The agents were not required to stop the interview or
seek a clarification.
    We do, however, find it concerning that one of the agents immediately re-
sponded even before Appellant could complete his thought, telling Appellant
“you will be perfectly fine”—the implication being that Appellant did not need
an attorney. The Supreme Court has recognized that “it will often be good
police practice for interviewing officers to clarify whether or not [a suspect]
actually wants an attorney.” Davis, 512 U.S. at 461. But this statement, ra-
ther than seeking clarification, instead implied that Appellant did not need
counsel. This impulsive statement by the agent can hardly be condoned. But
apparently aware of his partner’s statement and its potential to undermine
Appellant’s waiver of counsel, the other agent only moments later told Appel-
lant that he could ask for a lawyer at any time but that the agents could not
advise him about whether he should or should not do so. Following his part-
ner’s lead, the other agent then informed Appellant that it was up to him
whether to request counsel.
    In sum, while Appellant could have concluded that the agents did not
want him to request counsel, the agents had clearly informed Appellant of his
rights and he understood that he could make a request for counsel at any
time. Appellant did not immediately respond to the agents. The agents then
continued their questioning of him. Appellant did not make any further
statements about counsel during the course of the remaining interview. Hav-
ing considered the totality of the circumstances from the view of a reasonable
police officer, the statement was ambiguous. We find that Appellant did not
make an unambiguous or unequivocal request for counsel and we remain
convinced by a preponderance of the evidence that Appellant made a knowing
and intelligent waiver of his right to counsel that continued for the duration
of the interview.
C. Sixth Amendment Right to Presence of Counsel.
   Appellant argues that notwithstanding affirmatively declining his right to
counsel after rights advisement, the AFOSI agents violated both his Sixth
Amendment right to counsel and his right to counsel’s presence for post-
preferral interrogation pursuant to Mil. R. Evid. 305(c)(3) when they inter-
viewed him outside of the presence of his appointed German counsel. Essen-

                                      11
                   United States v. Oliver, No. ACM 38858

tially, Appellant argues that his waiver of counsel should be presumed inva-
lid because he had a German attorney and an adverse judicial proceeding in
the German court system had begun triggering both his Sixth Amendment
and Mil. R. Evid. 305 right to presence of counsel for the AFOSI interroga-
tion. We disagree and conclude that his waiver of counsel was made freely,
knowingly, and intelligently.
   The Sixth Amendment provides, “In all criminal prosecutions, the accused
shall enjoy the right . . . to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense.”
The Supreme Court has interpreted this to mean “that the right to counsel
does not attach until the initiation of adversary judicial proceedings . . . .”
United States v. Gouveia, 467 U.S. 180, 188 (1984). Adversary judicial pro-
ceedings commence for an accused “at or after the time that judicial proceed-
ings have been initiated against him—‘whether by way of formal charge, pre-
liminary hearing, indictment, information, or arraignment.’” Brewer v. Wil-
liams, 430 U.S. 387, 398 (1977) (quoting Kirby v. Illinois, 406 U.S. 682, 689
(1972)).
   In the military, preferral of charges initiates adversary judicial proceed-
ings and causes the Sixth Amendment right to counsel to attach. United
States v. Wattenbarger, 21 M.J. 41, 43 (C.M.A. 1985). Mil. R. Evid. 305(c)(3)
provides that:
       if an accused against whom charges have been preferred is in-
       terrogated on the matters concerning the preferred charges . . .
       and the accused requests counsel, or if the accused has ap-
       pointed or retained counsel, any statement made in the inter-
       rogation . . . is inadmissible unless counsel was present for the
       interrogation.
    The initial inquiry is to determine whether or not adversary judicial pro-
ceedings had begun for the purposes the Sixth Amendment or Mil. R. Evid.
305(c)(3). After being stopped in the early morning hours of 14 December
2013, Appellant was arrested by German authorities and taken to a German
confinement facility where he remained in their custody until 16 December
2013. Appellant was eventually questioned by German police. After being ad-
vised that he had the right to consult with an attorney, Appellant voluntarily
waived that right and provided a statement to the German authorities. While
still in the custody of the German authorities and in pretrial confinement,
Appellant appeared at a preliminary hearing. As part of this process, Appel-
lant was appointed a German attorney. The record lacks detail as to what
matters were addressed at the hearing or what if anything Appellant said or
did. What can be determined is that the hearing took place during the three
days that Appellant was in a German jail and therefore would have occurred
on or before 16 December 2013, the day Appellant was released to U.S. mili-

                                      12
                   United States v. Oliver, No. ACM 38858

tary authorities. The military judge in his findings of fact on the suppression
motion found that “at the hearing, the accused was informed that he was be-
ing held on a charge of homicide and that he would be going to prison for an
undetermined length of time.”
     Based on the celerity with which the hearing occurred, the fact Appellant
was in a German jail at the time, and that he was informed that he was being
held on a charge of homicide, it is likely the hearing would have at least ad-
dressed the propriety of his continued pretrial confinement but there is noth-
ing in the record to strongly suggest that any other procedural step such as a
probable cause-type hearing or arraignment occurred. Likewise, there is
nothing in the record to establish that Appellant had been formally charged
within the German criminal judicial system by means of a written legal in-
strument; the functional equivalent of an information, indictment or prefer-
ral.
    Following his release from the German confinement facility, Appellant
was allowed to go home and he performed his normal duties on 17 and 18 De-
cember 2013. On 19 December 2013, Appellant was interviewed by the
AFOSI. The AFOSI agents had prepared for the interview by reviewing in-
formation gathered by the German investigators and were aware of Appel-
lant’s claim as to how he had found PO2 DC on a street in Kaiserslautern in a
“zombie-like” state carrying a bathmat and towels. The agents were also
aware that Appellant had been appointed a German counsel. The agents did
not notify the German counsel of their plan to question Appellant on 19 De-
cember 2013. Prior to being questioned about the death of the decedent, Ap-
pellant was advised of his right to counsel by the AFOSI agents and acknowl-
edged that he understood his rights. When asked if he wanted a lawyer, he
responded “not right now.” He was then asked whether he was willing to an-
swer questions to which he answered “yes.” At no time while in the custody of
the German or United States authorities did Appellant express an unwilling-
ness to be questioned.
    As discussed above, the record does not establish with precision whether
Appellant had been formally charged with an offense by the German authori-
ties or whether the preliminary hearing addressed matters other than review
of pretrial confinement. Putting aside for the moment the question of whether
the Sixth Amendment right to counsel attaches at the initiation of a foreign
judicial proceeding, we are not persuaded that sufficient adverse judicial pro-
ceedings had commenced as of 19 December 2013 such that the Sixth
Amendment right to counsel attached. Further, even if the analogous actions
taken by the German authorities as of 19 December 2013 would have trig-
gered a Sixth Amendment right to counsel in a United States jurisdiction, we
are not convinced that foreign judicial proceedings would ever be a trigger for

                                      13
                   United States v. Oliver, No. ACM 38858

the Sixth Amendment right to counsel. “Generally the actions and knowledge
of officials of a foreign nation are not imputed to American authorities in
connection with application of American constitutional guarantees.” United
States v. Vidal, 23 M.J. 319, 323 (C.M.A. 1987).
   In any event, the Supreme Court’s holding in Montejo v. Louisiana, 556
U.S. 778 (2009), stands for the proposition that an investigator is free to
question a suspect even after the initiation of criminal proceedings and after
the suspect has consulted with an attorney, as long as the suspect voluntarily
waives his or her right to the presence of counsel. As the Court expressed:
       [W]hen a defendant is read his Miranda rights (which includes
       the right to have counsel present during interrogation) and
       agrees to waive those rights, that typically does the trick, even
       though the Miranda rights purportedly have their source in the
       Fifth Amendment. As a general matter an accused who is ad-
       monished with the warnings prescribed by the U.S. Supreme
       Court in Miranda has been sufficiently apprised of the nature
       of his Sixth Amendment rights, and of the consequences of
       abandoning those rights, so that his waiver on this basis will be
       considered a knowing and intelligent one.
Id. at 786–87 (internal quotation marks, elisions, and citations omitted).
    So even if Appellant’s Sixth Amendment right to counsel had attached as
of 19 December 2013, the agents were not required to contact Appellant’s
German-appointed attorney before they interviewed him and were not other-
wise precluded from initiating questioning.
    Distinct from his Sixth Amendment right to counsel, Appellant also ar-
gues that because he was represented by his German counsel for the murder
of PO2 DC, Mil. R. Evid. 305 required that his statements taken outside the
presence of counsel be suppressed.
    By its terms, the right to the presence of counsel at interrogation under
Mil. R. Evid. 305(c)(3) only applies to interrogation conducted subsequent to
preferral of charges. Turning to the case at hand, the charges were not pre-
ferred until 10 March 2014, well after the AFOSI interrogation of Appellant
on 19 December 2013. Thus, as of that date, the presence of the German
counsel was not required by Mil. R. Evid. 305 before the interrogation of Ap-
pellant regarding the death of PO2 DC.
    In summary, neither the Sixth Amendment nor Mil. R. Evid. 305 required
notice to the German attorney nor his presence in order for the AFOSI special
agents to question Appellant. All that was required was a rights advisement
and valid waiver of those rights by Appellant prior to the interrogation. That
is precisely what occurred.

                                      14
                   United States v. Oliver, No. ACM 38858

D. Multiplicity and Unreasonable Multiplication of Charges.
    Appellant next avers that Specifications 1 and 2 of Charge I for false offi-
cial statements are multiplicious and an unreasonable multiplication of
charges because they arose out of the same continuous interrogation. At trial,
the military judge denied a Defense motion to dismiss on these bases as well
as a later motion to merge the specifications for sentencing purposes.
    We review whether two offenses are multiplicious de novo. United States
v. Hudson, 59 M.J. 357, 359 (C.A.A.F. 2004). The test to determine whether
an offense is factually the same as another offense is the “elements” test.
Hudson, 59 M.J. at 359 (citing United States v. Foster, 40 M.J. 140, 142
(C.M.A. 1994)). “Under this test, the court considers ‘whether each provision
requires proof of a fact which the other does not.’” Id. (quoting Blockburger v.
United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304 (1932)). “To determine whether the offenses
are factually the same, we review the ‘factual conduct alleged in each specifi-
cation.’” Id. (citations omitted).
    Here, each specification alleges distinct and different falsehoods. Specifi-
cation 2 alleges six false statements that Appellant made orally as he gener-
ally described how the decedent departed SSgt TS’s apartment under his own
power, how Appellant found the decedent wandering the streets of Kaisers-
lautern, and the decedent’s condition when Appellant found him. At some
point during the interrogation, after being confronted with the inherent im-
probability and incredible nature of the “zombie” narrative, Appellant admit-
ted to fabricating that story and went on to describe confrontations that oc-
curred at the apartment. The confrontations at the apartment provide the
context for the five subsequent false statements written on an official docu-
ment signed by Appellant and alleged in Specification 1. As each specification
required proof of different facts, we hold they are not multiplicious.
    We review a military judge’s decision to deny relief for unreasonable mul-
tiplication of charges for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Campbell, 71
M.J. 19, 22 (C.A.A.F. 2012); United States v. Pauling, 60 M.J. 91, 95 (C.A.A.F.
2004). “[E]ven if offenses are not multiplicious as a matter of law with respect
to double jeopardy concerns, the prohibition against unreasonable multiplica-
tion of charges has long provided courts-martial and reviewing authorities
with a traditional legal standard—reasonableness—to address the conse-
quences of an abuse of prosecutorial discretion in the context of the unique
aspects of the military justice system.” United States v. Quiroz, 55 M.J. 334,
338 (C.A.A.F. 2001). Even when specifications are not an unreasonable mul-
tiplication of charges for findings, they may be for sentencing. Campbell, 71
M.J. at 23.

                                      15
                   United States v. Oliver, No. ACM 38858

    The following non-exclusive factors guide our determination of whether
there has been an unreasonable multiplication of charges: (1) whether an ob-
jection for unreasonable multiplication of charges was made at trial; (2)
whether the specifications are aimed at distinct criminal acts; (3) whether the
number of charges and specifications misrepresent or exaggerate the charged
criminality; (4) whether the number of charges and specifications unreasona-
bly increase the punitive exposure; and (5) whether the evidence shows pros-
ecutorial overreaching or abuse in drafting the charges. Pauling, 60 M.J. at
95 (citing Quiroz, 55 M.J. at 338).
    Here, we find no unreasonable multiplication of charges for findings or
sentencing purposes. While the trial defense counsel did object to the charg-
ing at trial, the remaining factors weigh against Appellant. Specifically, we
note that: (1) although arising under the same interrogation, the specifica-
tions of Charge I are aimed at distinctly different criminal acts—distinct and
different false official statements that correspond to differing versions of
events given by Appellant in a homicide investigation; (2) the number of
charges and specifications do not misrepresent or exaggerate Appellant’s
criminality—as noted, Specification 1 reflects Appellant’s second false version
of events that he put in writing after being challenged on his fabricated
“zombie” narrative; (3) the number of charges and specifications do not un-
reasonably increase Appellant’s punitive exposure—indeed, in this murder
trial, it had no impact on the maximum punishment; and (4) there is no evi-
dence of prosecutorial overreaching—to the contrary, the two specifications
complained of alleged eleven distinct false statements. In short, the military
judge did not abuse his discretion by finding no unreasonable multiplication
of charges for findings or sentencing purposes.
E. Findings Instructions.
    Appellant asserts the military judge committed reversible error by declin-
ing to provide two sets of requested findings instructions: tailored accomplice
and immunized testimony instructions that included the word “leniency”; and
an instruction on the defense of accident. We disagree.
    We review a military judge’s decision to provide a non-mandatory instruc-
tion for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Barnett, 71 M.J. 248, 249
(C.A.A.F. 2012). We review the propriety of the instructions given by a mili-
tary judge de novo. United States v. Quintanilla, 56 M.J. 37, 83 (C.A.A.F.
2001). A “military judge has an independent duty to determine and deliver
appropriate instructions.” Barnett, 71 M.J. at 249 (quoting United States v.
Ober, 66 M.J. 393, 405 (C.A.A.F. 2008)). While counsel may request specific,
“non-mandatory” instructions from the military judge, the judge has substan-
tial discretionary power in deciding on the instructions to give. Id. Applying
an abuse of discretion standard, the test to determine if a military judge’s de-

                                      16
                   United States v. Oliver, No. ACM 38858

cision not to give a requested instruction constitutes reversible error is
whether the requested instruction: (1) is correct; (2) is not substantially cov-
ered in the main instructions; and (3) is on such a vital point in the case that
the failure to give it deprived the accused of a defense or seriously impaired
its effective presentation. United States v. Damatta-Olivera, 37 M.J. 474, 478
(C.M.A. 1993).
   1. Accomplice and Immunized Testimony Instructions.
    The United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces set forth the
necessary elements of an accomplice testimony instruction in United States v.
Gillette, 35 M.J. 468, 470 (C.M.A. 1992):
       [W]henever the evidence raises a reasonable inference that a
       witness may have been an accomplice or claims to have been an
       accomplice of the accused, and upon request of either the Gov-
       ernment or defense, the military judge shall give the members
       a cautionary instruction regarding accomplice testimony. First,
       the members shall be instructed how to determine whether a
       witness is an accomplice. Second, they shall be given the
       standard instruction regarding the suspect credibility of ac-
       complice testimony.
    We have subsequently expressed that we “view the decision whether to
give an accomplice instruction and its wording as discretionary” and that the
form accomplice instruction contained in Department of the Army Pamphlet
27-9, Military Judges’ Benchbook, Instruction 7-10, is not “imbue[d] with tal-
ismanic qualities.” United States v. Bigelow, 55 M.J. 531, 534 (A.F. Ct. Crim.
App. 2001), aff’d, 57 M.J. 64 (C.A.A.F. 2002). Rather than parsing an instruc-
tion given by a military judge for its fidelity to a particular form or model in-
struction, we evaluate whether the fundamental principle that accomplice
testimony should be viewed with caution and skepticism was clearly made
known to the court members by the instructions taken as a whole.
    Here, the military judge gave both the accomplice and immunized witness
testimony instructions concerning the testimony of SPC CK. Appellant none-
theless asserts that “the military judge erred when he modified the standard
Benchbook instructions to remove any reference to the significant leniency
that SPC CK had obtained in exchange for his testimony.” Appellant points to
three instances where the military judge deviated from the Benchbook form
instructions and omitted a specific mention of “leniency” or a “promise of le-
niency” as a motivation to falsify testimony. Instead of using the term “leni-
ency,” the military judge instructed the members that SPC CK testified un-
der a grant of immunity as part of a pretrial agreement which affected the
processing of his court-martial and specifically instructed the members that

                                       17
                    United States v. Oliver, No. ACM 38858

“in determining the credibility of this witness [SPC CK], you should consider
the fact that this witness testified under a grant of immunity.” As it regards
his pretrial agreement and the processing of his case, SPC CK testified that
in exchange for his pleading guilty to a charge of false official statements, his
cooperation with investigators and attorneys, and his testifying at trial, his
testimony was immunized and charges for premeditated murder and obstruc-
tion of justice were dropped. SPC CK also testified that he was already out of
jail raising an inference that, in addition to not facing prosecution for mur-
der, there was a limitation of the period of confinement that could be imposed
as punishment. We find the accomplice and immunized testimony instruc-
tions given in this case, taken as a whole, more than sufficiently addressed
the issues presented by the evidence. The military judge crafted instructions
that were correct and provided the members an appropriate framework to
evaluate SPC CK’s testimony.
    This conclusion is buttressed by our superior court’s decision in United
States v. Carruthers, 64 M.J. 340 (C.A.A.F. 2007). There, the court reviewed
whether the military judge—who substantially provided the standard Bench-
book instruction regarding potential accomplices—nonetheless abused his
discretion by declining to give a leniency instruction. Although the court ob-
served that “it would have been better to give the Benchbook leniency in-
struction once the issue was raised,” the court found that “the military judge
did not err because the instruction he gave covered its ‘critical principles.’” Id.
at 346 (quoting Bigelow, 57 M.J. at 67-68). As the instructions given in this
case also covered the critical principles of the accomplice and leniency in-
struction, we too find that the military judge did not abuse his discretion and
that the instructions taken as a whole were legally sufficient.
   2. Defense of Accident Instruction.
    Pursuant to Rule for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) 916(f), “[a] death, injury, or
other event which occurs as the unintentional and unexpected result of doing
a lawful act in a lawful manner is an accident and excusable.” If the special
defense of accident is reasonably raised by the evidence, the military judge
has an affirmative duty to instruct the members on the defense. United
States v. Davis, 53 M.J. 202, 205 (C.A.A.F. 2000). The defense of accident has
three parts. First, the accused’s acts resulting in the death must have been
lawful. Second, the accused must not have been negligent. In other words, the
accused must have been acting with the amount of care for the safety of oth-
ers that a reasonably prudent person would have used under the same or
similar circumstances. Third, the death must have been unforeseeable and
unintentional. United States v. Rodriguez, 31 M.J. 150, 157 (C.M.A. 1990).
   A military judge must instruct the members concerning the defense if the
record contains “some evidence on each of these elements.” United States v.

                                        18
                   United States v. Oliver, No. ACM 38858

Jenkins, 59 M.J. 893, 898 (Army Ct. Crim. App. 2004) (quoting United States
v. Ferguson, 15 M.J. 12, 17 (C.M.A. 1983)). A defense is reasonably raised
when “some evidence, without regard to its source or credibility, has been
admitted upon which members might rely if they chose.” United States v.
Stanley, 71 M.J. 60, 61 (C.A.A.F. 2012) (internal quotation marks and cita-
tions omitted); United States v. Watford, 32 M.J. 176, 178 (C.M.A. 1991) (not-
ing a defense is reasonably raised when there is “some evidence” to which the
panel members “might attach credence”). The accused’s statements, without
any additional evidence, may be sufficient to require an instruction on a spe-
cial defense. Ferguson, 15 M.J. at 17 (citing United States v. Tucker, 38
C.M.R. 349, 352 (C.M.A. 1968)); see United States v. Moore, 36 C.M.R. 531,
534-35 (C.M.A. 1966). Any doubt regarding whether an affirmative defense
instruction is in order should be resolved in favor of the accused. Davis, 53
M.J. at 205.
   The adequacy of a military judge’s instructions is reviewed de novo. Unit-
ed States v. Dearing, 63 M.J. 478, 482 (C.A.A.F. 2006). “The military judge
bears the primary responsibility for ensuring that mandatory instructions . . .
are given and given accurately.” United States v. Miller, 58 M.J. 266, 270
(C.A.A.F. 2003); see also R.C.M. 920(a).
    “Where an instructional error raises constitutional implications, this
Court has traditionally tested the error for prejudice using a ‘harmless be-
yond a reasonable doubt’ standard.” United States v. Davis, 73 M.J. 268, 271
(C.A.A.F. 2014) (quoting United States v. Wolford, 62 M.J. 418, 420 (C.A.A.F.
2006)). The test for determining if the constitutional error is harmless is
“whether it appears ‘beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of
did not contribute to the verdict obtained.’” United States v. McDonald, 57
M.J. 18, 20 (C.A.A.F. 2002) (quoting Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 24
(1967)). “Whether the error is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt is a ques-
tion of law that we review de novo.” United States v. Simmons, 59 M.J. 485,
489 (C.A.A.F. 2004).
    Appellant testified in his own defense that he put his hands on PO2 DC’s
neck and applied pressure but denied that he had planned to kill PO2 DC. He
claimed he only intended “to knock him out.” Appellant stated that prior to
this interaction, SPC CK hit PO2 DC in the head with a whiskey bottle, ren-
dering PO2 DC unconscious. According to Appellant, he moved PO2 DC from
the kitchen to the bathroom and then decided to wake PO2 DC and take him
home in order to avoid further confrontation. PO2 DC “seemed fuzzy at first”
but then became upset. Specifically, Appellant testified that PO2 DC threat-
ened to rape his wife, who was now Appellant’s paramour, and speculated
that such an act might cause her to commit suicide. As to how the physical

                                      19
                   United States v. Oliver, No. ACM 38858

altercation transpired between Appellant and PO2 DC, Appellant testified as
follows:
       He wasn’t just saying those things. He was slapping me in the
       head, and I was trying to get him to stop. I was telling him to --
       to -- to -- to -- to “Shut up and stop, please. Just calm down.”
       And I’d -- I’d -- I started -- I -- I pushed him into the corner.
       And then he started laughing. And that upset me even more.
       And so I -- I grabbed the front of his sweater and backed up.
       Quickly backed up with him, and then drove forward and drove
       us both to the ground. He was -- he wasn’t hitting me hitting
       me when we were standing up, but at this point, now, he’s ac-
       tually increased the force that he’s hitting me with. I’m lying
       on top of him. We’re squirming on the floor. I have my head
       against his chest, and I -- I want the whole situation to -- to
       stop. I want -- I have -- I -- it was completely out of my control.
       I just wanted it to stop. And so the only way that I knew to do
       that was to try to choke him out, to not choke him choke him
       out, but to get him to stop by knocking him out. I -- I tried to
       get ahold onto the side of his neck with my hands, but he was
       fighting back and it took -- it took it a -- awhile for me to actu-
       ally get to a point where I had a hold where I could -- could ap-
       ply the pressure that I needed to knock him out. Like I would
       get ahold with my left hand and then he would start pulling
       that away and then I moved my right hand up and he pulled
       that away, then he was hitting me, and it was -- it was just -- it
       was a lot of effort to -- to actually do it.
    Appellant testified during cross-examination that as soon as PO2 DC be-
came unconscious, he let go of his neck. Appellant stated that he had taken
combatives training as part of unit physical training and had been instructed
on various holds or maneuvers that would render a person unconscious by
restricting blood flow to the head. Appellant testified later on redirect that he
only intended to incapacitate PO2 DC, not kill him.
    During the discussion on findings instructions the defense counsel specifi-
cally requested that the defense of accident instruction be given. When asked
by the military judge to identify the lawful act required for the defense of ac-
cident, the defense counsel replied that Appellant was lawfully attempting to
de-escalate the situation by rendering PO2 DC unconscious, that Appellant
had reverted back to his training, and, implicitly, that death was neither in-
tended nor expected. The military judge stated that he was not persuaded
that there was any evidence in front him “that the accused was acting in a
lawful manner exercising lawful means, set aside the issue of self-defense”

                                       20
                   United States v. Oliver, No. ACM 38858

and that “even if it was appropriate, it [accident instruction] seemed con-
tained within either the elements of the offenses or within the self-defense
instruction.” The military judge instructed the members on self-defense in
that there was evidence which indicates the death may have occurred as an
unintended result of the accused’s lawful use of force in defense of himself.
The military judge provided the following elements for self-defense:
       Self-defense is a complete defense to the death of PO2 DC if:
       first, the accused had a reasonable belief that bodily harm was
       about to be inflicted on himself; second, the accused actually
       believed that the force he used was necessary to protect him-
       self; third, deadly force was not used by the accused; fourth, the
       death of PO2 DC was not intended by the accused; and fifth,
       the death of PO2 DC was not a reasonably foreseeable result of
       the accused’s act.
    Appellant’s testimony did provide some evidence as to each of the ele-
ments of an accident defense and for self-defense. First, Appellant testified
that after he revived PO2 DC, that PO2 DC began making threats to rape
Appellant’s paramour and that PO2 DC was slapping Appellant in the head.
The testimony at face value was that PO2 DC was inflicting bodily harm on
Appellant prior to the use of force by Appellant. Appellant told PO2 DC to
“shut up and stop” but this did not result in PO2 DC stopping. Appellant then
pushed PO2 DC into the corner and subsequently took PO2 DC to the ground.
While on the ground, PO2 DC was hitting Appellant as Appellant lay on top
of him. It is at this point that Appellant decided to “choke” and render PO2
DC unconscious in order to get him to stop. Whether the resulting death by
manual strangulation could constitute an accident is dependent on whether
or not self-defense could apply. If self-defense applies, then the acts of Appel-
lant were lawful and done in a lawful matter. Based on the testimony of Ap-
pellant, the only legal justification for the use of force would be self-defense.
Further, Appellant testified that he only intended to render PO2 DC uncon-
scious, not to kill him. Therefore, there was evidence that the death was un-
intentional. Finally, Appellant testified that he let go of the neck once PO2
DC was unconscious and that this was consistent with his combatives train-
ing.
    We thus find that a defense of accident was raised but only in the context
of a claim of self-defense. The self-defense instruction given was specifically
tailored to the evidence indicating that the death of PO2 DC may have oc-
curred as an unintended result of Appellant’s lawful use of force and there-
fore the essential elements of an accident defense were provided to the fact-
finder. In light of the tailored self-defense instruction, we conclude that a
separate, stand-alone accident instruction was not required. The instruction

                                       21
                   United States v. Oliver, No. ACM 38858

provided by the military judge was sufficient. Assuming arguendo that a sep-
arate accident instruction was required, we nonetheless find that absence of
such an instruction was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. The self-
defense instruction given permitted Appellant to argue that his application of
force to PO2 DC was lawful and the resultant death was unintentional and
unexpected as a complete defense to the charge and specification of premedi-
ated murder and its lesser included offenses. Appellant was not denied a
meaningful opportunity to mount this defense. As such, we are convinced be-
yond a reasonable doubt that the absence of a separate accident instruction
did not contribute to the verdict.
F. Prosecutor’s Closing Argument.
    Appellant asserts trial counsel engaged in prosecutorial misconduct dur-
ing his closing argument by referring to Appellant as a liar, characterizing
aspects of Appellant’s trial testimony as “ridiculous” and “beyond silly,” ma-
ligning defense counsel, and vouching for the credibility of government wit-
nesses.
    Improper argument is a question of law that is reviewed de novo. United
States v. Pope, 69 M.J. 328, 334 (C.A.A.F. 2011). Because there was no objec-
tion at trial, we review the propriety of trial counsel’s argument for plain er-
ror. United States v. Halpin, 71 M.J. 477, 479 (C.A.A.F. 2013). To prevail un-
der a plain error analysis, Appellant must show “(1) there was an error; (2) it
was plain or obvious; and (3) the error materially prejudiced a substantial
right.” United States v. Erickson, 65 M.J. 221, 223 (C.A.A.F. 2007) (quoting
United States v. Kho, 54 M.J. 63, 65 (C.A.A.F. 2000)).
    Appellant alleges trial counsel impermissibly attacked him during argu-
ment by referring to Appellant as a “practiced liar” and by his persistent
theme of how Appellant tweaked his story when confronted with new facts.
As part of his argument, trial counsel identified multiple statements by Ap-
pellant to law enforcement during the investigation, as well as portions of his
trial testimony, and labeled them as lies. Appellant relies on our superior
court’s frequent admonition repeated in United States v. Fletcher, 62 M.J. 175
(2005), “that calling the accused a liar is a dangerous practice that should be
avoided.” Id. at 182 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
    While the trial counsel did refer to Appellant as a “practiced liar” and
identified his “lies,” the comments by trial counsel have to be assessed in the
context of the trial as a whole with particular attention paid to whether the
language used reflected more of an appropriate commentary on the evidence
and credibility of Appellant rather than improper personal attacks on Appel-
lant. In this regard, we note that Appellant was charged with making false
official statements to AFOSI and with obstruction of justice for making false

                                      22
                   United States v. Oliver, No. ACM 38858

statements to German law enforcement authorities. Those charges are repre-
sentative of Appellant’s statements regarding PO2 DC’s death that the trial
counsel characterized as being “tweaked” by Appellant to conform to new evi-
dence. This was a proper commentary on the evidence and specifically on the
credibility of Appellant who testified, given the prior inconsistent statements
by Appellant and the evidence of specific instances of his untruthfulness. Ap-
pellant himself admitted during his trial testimony that he had lied to both
the German and AFOSI investigators when he provided his “zombie-walk”
story of how he found PO2 DC.
    We also note that the military judge instructed the members regarding
false exculpatory statements and the permissive inference of consciousness of
guilt when a voluntary explanation or statement is shown to be false. Evi-
dence of false exculpatory statements made by Appellant in this case were
hardly in dispute and ever-evolving. Further, it is against this backdrop that
the trial counsel characterized claims made by Appellant during his testimo-
ny in court as “ridiculous” and “beyond silly.” In each instance, trial counsel
made logical appeals to the members as to why those claims were nonsensi-
cal. With the exception of twice characterizing Appellant as a “practiced liar”
and once as “one that cannot be trusted with the truth” statements that we
will analyze more fully below, each of the arguments directly regarded a
statement made by Appellant and were well within the bounds of proper
commentary.
    Regarding trial counsel’s statement that Appellant was a “practiced liar”
and not to be “trusted with the truth,” we cannot discern whether these
comments solely regarded statements surrounding the death of PO2 DC or
were a more general indictment and personal attack on Appellant. It is well
established that while a prosecutor “may strike hard blows, he is not at liber-
ty to strike foul ones. It is as much his duty to refrain from improper methods
calculated to produce a wrongful conviction as it is to use every legitimate
means to bring about a just one.” United States v. Frey, 73 M.J. 246, 248
(C.A.A.F. 2014) (quoting Berger v. United States, 295 U.S. 78, 88 (1935).). As-
suming arguendo that these comments were an improper personal attack, we
do not find these comments were so obviously improper as to merit relief in
the absence of an objection from counsel. Thus, while trial counsel’s word
choices in this regard were perhaps ill-advised given our superior court’s ad-
monition, they do not rise to the level of plain error.
    Appellant also claims that trial counsel maligned his trial defense counsel
during rebuttal argument. Disparaging or derogatory remarks about oppos-
ing counsel tend to not only detract from the dignity of judicial proceedings
but also risk turning a trial into a popularity contest instead of a case decided
solely on the evidence presented. “Disparaging remarks about defense coun-

                                       23
                   United States v. Oliver, No. ACM 38858

sel may cause the jury to believe that the defense’s characterization of the
evidence should not be trusted, and, therefore, that a finding of not guilty
would be in conflict with the true facts of the case.” Fletcher, 62 M.J. at 181
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
    The trial defense counsel, in his closing argument, used the words “elabo-
rate plan” seven times when attacking the government’s proof on the element
of premeditated design to kill and characterized the government as “desper-
ate” in that effort: “And, Members, you have to ask yourself why this desper-
ate grasping at straws. Why is the government telling you out of one side of
its mouth that they don’t have proof of an elaborate plan and out of the other
trying to do it?” The trial defense counsel summarized this part of his argu-
ment by asserting “[t]here was no plan, Members. There was no premedita-
tion. There was no intent.”
   Trial counsel responded during his rebuttal argument with the following:
       [T]here is a rhetorical device. It’s called the straw man argu-
       ment and that’s what the defense counsel talked about for
       about two hours today. What defense counsel did, and I didn’t
       keep track of the numbers, is say over and over again that the
       government wants you to believe there was an elaborate plan
       to kill [PO2 DC] that night. We made it clear originally, we
       have never asserted at any point in this trial that there was an
       elaborate plan to kill PO2 DC that night. You can put a straw
       man up there and knock it out. But if we hadn’t made that ar-
       gument, that’s a waste of your two hours this afternoon.
    Having reviewed the closing arguments of both sides, and with the benefit
of the members’ finding of not guilty on the offense of premediated murder,
we can state with confidence that the defense counsel was effective in equat-
ing the lack of a plan with insufficient proof of a premeditated design to kill.
Trial counsel was certainly within the bounds of proper rebuttal argument to
respond to the “elaborate plan” line of attack and point out what he believed
to be a logical fallacy with that argument. We do, however, find fault with
trial counsel characterizing the defense counsel’s argument as a “waste” of
the members’ time.
    Finally, Appellant asserts that the trial counsel engaged in impermissible
vouching regarding the trial testimony of SPC CK and SSgt SP. SPC CK was
called as witness for the Government and testified that he had seen Appel-
lant straddle PO2 DC and that Appellant admitted to him that PO2 DC was
dead at the hands of Appellant. SPC CK’s credibility was at issue, however,
as he had previously been charged with making false official statements in

                                      24
                   United States v. Oliver, No. ACM 38858

connection with the investigation into the death of PO2 DC and had been
granted testimonial immunity by the time of Appellant’s trial.
  Against this backdrop, the trial counsel addressed the testimony of SPC
CK in his closing argument as follows:
       And let’s start with [SPC CK]. And for the record, that’s a deep
       sigh from the trial counsel. [SPC CK], you can’t say anything
       other than he’s a lying liar who lies. I mean, he’s repeatedly
       lied in this case. Every time he’s been confronted with this op-
       portunity to say what happened, he hadn’t completely admitted
       to what happened. . . . And you may imagine in a murder case,
       when a prosecutor calls essentially the best friend of the ac-
       cused and asked him the question, understanding that he un-
       derstands that he could say whatever he wants at the point
       when we asked him the question, “Did you kill PO2 DC?” The
       prosecutor’s heart may skip a beat for a moment, but my heart
       is still going, because he told you the truth about that.
   Appellant also alleges that the trial counsel improperly vouched for SSgt
SP when he asserted that “we don’t have any video of what happened in the
apartment that night, that would be great, but we don’t have it. But we really
have the next closest thing in [SSgt SP].”
    Improper vouching occurs when the trial counsel places the prestige of the
Government behind a witness through personal assurances of the witness’s
veracity. Fletcher, 62 M.J. at 180. Having considered the comment that SSgt
SP was the next closest thing to a video of what happened in the apartment
in the context of trial counsel’s argument, we do not find it to be an instance
of improper vouching. Trial counsel was highlighting the lack of evidence of
any animus by SSgt SP toward Appellant or any interest that SSgt SP had in
the outcome of the case. As he highlighted the evidence of SSgt SP’s lack of
bias for or against Appellant, he analogized the testimony to the objective re-
cording that a video would have provided. This was a proper argument by
analogy designed to orient the members to evidence to consider in weighing
the credibility of SSgt SP.
    In contrast, trial counsel did directly assert that SPC CK told the truth
when he denied killing PO2 DC and couched it in terms of the anxiety and
relief he experienced before and after the answer. While we do not doubt the
drama of the moment, this was an improper personal assurance made by the
trial counsel about the truthfulness of SPC CK on a critical matter and,
therefore, an obvious error.
   To summarize, we find error in trial counsel’s characterization of the de-
fense closing argument as a waste of the members’ time and for the improper

                                      25
                   United States v. Oliver, No. ACM 38858

vouching of SPC CK’s responses as truthful. In assessing prejudice, we eval-
uate the cumulative impact of any prosecutorial misconduct on Appellant’s
substantial rights and the fairness and integrity of his trial. We do so by bal-
ancing three factors: (1) the severity of the misconduct, (2) the measures
adopted to cure the misconduct, and (3) the weight of the evidence supporting
the conviction. Fletcher, 62 M.J. at 184.
    In assessing the severity of the misconduct, we note that these two in-
stances are but a small part of an approximately 57-page findings argument
in the context of a members’ trial that lasted three weeks with 29 witnesses
called and 53 exhibits admitted into evidence during findings. We further
note that the characterization of the Defense closing argument as a waste of
time occurred during rebuttal and was in response to the Defense argument
characterizing the Government as “desperate” to prove premeditation and
speaking out of both sides of their mouth as to the existence of an “elaborate
plan.” There is an undeniable strain of ad hominem attack in this part of the
Defense argument as well. We do not condone any of these types of com-
ments, but this context is important in assessing the severity of the trial
counsel’s comment and its impact. We do not find the comments to be perva-
sive or severe. In assessing curative efforts by the military judge, we note
that that Defense did not object to the comments at trial.
    As far as the trial counsel personally vouching for the credibility of SPC
CK, we note that it was limited to one occasion and that the military judge
provided tailored accomplice and immunized testimony instructions for the
testimony of SPC CK in addition to the standard credibility instructions ap-
plicable to all witnesses. Finally, the improper comments by trial counsel
have no logical relationship to the strength of the Government’s evidence
supporting the findings of guilty which consisted of the physical evidence, fo-
rensic test results, expert testimony, and Appellant’s own pretrial statements
and trial testimony linking him, not SPC CK, to the killing. After balancing
these three factors, we are confident that the improper comments by trial
counsel had no impact and that the members convicted Appellant on the ba-
sis of the evidence alone.
G. Substantially Verbatim Transcript of Discussion on Findings In-
structions.
    During transcription, it was discovered that there were 7 minutes and 33
seconds of missing audio from an Article 39(a) session concerning the discus-
sion about findings instructions. The court reporter’s primary equipment, as
well as her backup, had a malfunction during this portion of the trial. As a
result, the audio relating to the omitted portion of the transcript cannot be
recovered. Appellant argues that this was a substantial omission requiring a
new trial. We disagree.

                                      26
                    United States v. Oliver, No. ACM 38858

    Whether a transcript is verbatim, and a record of trial complete, are ques-
tions of law reviewed de novo. United States v. Davenport, 73 M.J. 373, 376
(C.A.A.F. 2014). Article 54(a), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 854(a), provides that “each
general court-martial shall keep a separate record of the proceedings in each
case brought before it, and the record shall be authenticated by the signature
of the military judge.” Our superior court has long interpreted Article 54(a),
UCMJ, to require a transcript of general court-martial proceedings that is
“substantially verbatim.” United States v. Lashley, 14 M.J. 7, 8 (C.M.A. 1982)
(quoting United States v. Gray, 7 M.J. 296, 297 (C.M.A. 1979)).
    In assessing either whether a record is complete or whether a transcript
is verbatim, the threshold question is “whether the omitted material was
‘substantial,’ either qualitatively or quantitatively.” Id. at 9. Cf. United States
v. Gaskins, 72 M.J. 225, 229 (C.A.A.F. 2013) (stating that a “substantial”
omission makes a record incomplete). The transcript in this case omitted sev-
en minutes and 33 seconds from an Article 39(a) session where finding in-
structions were discussed and ruled upon. Thus, our focus is on the narrow
threshold question whether the omission in the transcript was qualitatively
or quantitatively substantial, which would render it nonverbatim.
    A transcript may be deemed “substantially verbatim” even though it has
certain omissions. Davenport, 73 M.J. at 377. In contrast, omissions are qual-
itatively substantial if the substance of the omitted material “related directly
to the sufficiency of the Government’s evidence on the merits,” and “the tes-
timony could not ordinarily have been recalled with any degree of fidelity.”
Lashley, 14 M.J. at 9. Omissions are quantitatively substantial unless “[t]he
totality of omissions . . . becomes so unimportant and so uninfluential when
viewed in the light of the whole record, that it approaches nothingness.”
United States v. Nelson, 3 C.M.A. 482, 487 (C.M.A. 1953).
    Just prior to the missing audio, the military judge provided a rationale for
not granting a defense counsel’s request that a mistake of fact instruction be
given. In fact, the military judge had considered this request and denied it in
an earlier session but offered the defense counsel “one more shot at it” to as-
sist the military judge to “better understand which element that applies to
and how it applies in this case.” The defense counsel responded, “I don’t have
anything additional, Your Honor” as to why a mistake of fact instruction
should be given. When the audio and transcript resumed, defense counsel
was arguing against the Government’s request for use of evidence of a prior
assault under Mil. R. Evid. 404(b) to prove the premediated murder. The mil-
itary judge had previously considered a pretrial motion in limine on this issue
and ruled that the trial counsel would not be permitted to make those argu-
ments. The military judge again agreed with the defense counsel during this
session and ended the discussion on this issue stating to the trial counsel that

                                        27
                   United States v. Oliver, No. ACM 38858

“[y]our request for reconsideration – I have reconsidered, but I stand by my
prior ruling, so we’re not going to change on that.”
    A post-trial Article 39(a) session was convened to try to reconstruct the
missing audio. The defense objected to the reconstruction effort, but partici-
pated in the proceeding. All the trial participants essentially agreed that the
missing audio concerned the discussion regarding the mistake of fact instruc-
tion and the Government’s request for reconsideration of the Mil. R. Evid.
404(b) evidence. The military judge held that despite the missing audio, the
transcript was substantially verbatim. Appellant argues that as the missing
“audio contained the discussion and ultimate denial of an instruction re-
quested by the defense,” the record is not verbatim.
    Having reviewed the entire record, we find the omission insubstantial and
therefore conclude that the transcript is substantially verbatim. The missing
audio regards a discussion of findings instructions requested by counsel—
specifically mistake of fact by the Defense and use of evidence under Mil. R.
Evid. 404(b) by the Government. For both requests, the missing audio is best
described as a reconsideration ruling by the military judge as he had already
heard arguments on these matters and ruled. There is no mystery as to what
the military judge decided and why or what findings instructions were given
or not given. Therefore, the discussion of the mistake of fact instruction that
may be missing from the record of trial is functionally just a restatement of
the military judge’s earlier analysis and decision. We agree with the military
judge that the transcript is substantially verbatim and the record complete.

                               III. CONCLUSION
   The approved findings and sentence are correct in law and fact, and no
error prejudicial to the substantial rights of Appellant occurred. Article 66(c),
UCMJ. Accordingly, the approved findings and sentence are AFFIRMED.

                 FOR THE COURT

                 KURT J. BRUBAKER
                 Clerk of the Court

                                       28