Court Opinion

ID: 6498218
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-06 18:10:14.292822+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:50:49.366988
License: Public Domain

07/06/2022
                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                            AT NASHVILLE
                                 March 31, 2022 Session

              PEGGY MATHES ET AL. v. 99 HERMITAGE, LLC

                Appeal from the Chancery Court for Davidson County
                   No. 17-52-IV Russell T. Perkins, Chancellor
                      ___________________________________

                           No. M2021-00883-COA-R3-CV
                       ___________________________________

This appeal involves a real property dispute. Resolution of the competing interests
ultimately turns on the propriety of certain adverse possession claims that have been
asserted. Following a bench trial, the trial court determined that there was no adverse
possession established due to its finding that Mr. Whiteaker, a former record owner of the
property, had “acquiesced in, and permitted” the possession of Mr. Eads, an original
plaintiff in this action who is now deceased. Judgment was accordingly entered in favor
of the Appellee herein, an entity that purchased the property at a sheriff’s sale. The
Appellants, who assert rights to the property by dint of Mr. Eads’ alleged adverse
possession, submit that there is no evidence to support the trial court’s view that Mr. Eads’
possession was subservient to Mr. Whiteaker. For its part, the Appellee maintains that
several considerations countenance against the assertion of adverse possession rights.
Having considered the various issues and arguments raised by the parties, we hold that the
judgment of the trial court should be reversed, as we conclude that Mr. Eads previously
acquired title to the property by common law adverse possession.

      Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court
                            Reversed and Remanded

ARNOLD B. GOLDIN, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which J. STEVEN STAFFORD,
P.J., W.S., and KENNY ARMSTRONG, J., joined.

James C. Bradshaw, III, and Frank H. Reeves, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellants.

Charles Michels and L. Gino Marchetti, Jr., Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellee.
                                              OPINION

                    BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       The real property in dispute in this case, which the trial court described as
“commercial property near downtown Nashville,” was previously owned by Raymond
Whiteaker. Moreover, as is of relevance to the present dispute, the property was at one
time the site of operations for Brake-Tech, Auto Brake Centers, Inc. (“Brake-Tech”), a
business that was incorporated by Ora Eads and Gary Duplex in 1984. According to the
deposition testimony of Mr. Eads,1 who is now deceased, his wife, Eleanor, was never a
shareholder in Brake-Tech. According to him, shares in Brake-Tech were initially issued
to him and Mr. Duplex. When Mr. Duplex later left the business, Mr. Eads claimed he
became the sole shareholder of Brake-Tech. Stock certificates in the record, which on their
face reflect 40,000 shares originally each being issued to Mr. Eads and Mr. Duplex, contain
notations of assignment on their back reflecting that these shares were all ultimately
transferred to Mr. Eads. Mr. Eads testified that he did not remember any other shares ever
being issued.

       Following Mr. Duplex’s exit from the business, in July 1986, Mr. Whiteaker
executed an installment deed conveying the real property at issue to Brake-Tech. The
corresponding promissory note associated with this transaction was signed by Mr. and Mrs.
Eads. Both sides acknowledge that Brake-Tech was administratively dissolved in 1988
before the promissory note was satisfied. Later, in December 1990, Mr. Whiteaker made
a notation on the promissory note indicating that the obligation had been paid in full.

        Of note, the installment deed was not recorded incident to its execution. In fact, Mr.
Whiteaker held onto the deed until after the promissory note was satisfied. However, even
after the note was satisfied in 1990, there was no contemporaneous recording of the deed.
It was not until 2016 that Mr. Eads pursued efforts to record the deed.

        Although Mr. Eads was not a record owner of the property during the period at issue
in this appeal,2 he treated the property as his own and held it out to the public as such.
Indeed, following Brake-Tech’s cessation of operations and during the period of time in
dispute, Mr. Eads leased the property out to multiple tenants. Further, he paid for the
property’s utilities during tenant vacancies, paid for multiple repairs and upkeep to the
building located on the property such as bringing the electrical system up to code, while
also using the building for storage and as an office space when not occupied by tenants.

        1
          Mr. Eads’ deposition testimony was played at trial, and the corresponding transcripts were also
admitted into evidence. Mr. Eads, who was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer a few months before his
December 2017 deposition, died in January 2018.
        2
          As discussed in more detail later, the Appellants are attempting to establish that adverse
possession by Mr. Eads occurred for a period of twenty years from February 7, 1991.
                                                  -2-
       Mr. Whiteaker, who was the record owner of the property, died in April 2014.
According to the deposition testimony of his estate administrator, which was admitted into
evidence at the eventual trial of this matter, the property at issue was not referenced in Mr.
Whiteaker’s will. Moreover, the estate administrator found no reference to the property
when marshalling the assets of the estate. It was the administrator’s understanding that
neither of Mr. Whiteaker’s children had any recollection of the property or that their father
had owned it.

       Of note to the present dispute, several years before Mr. Whiteaker’s death, on
September 4, 2009, a foreign judgment was enrolled against him in the Davidson County
Circuit Court. This order was then subsequently recorded in the Davidson County
Register’s office on September 11, 2009. Both sides acknowledge that this created a
judgment lien on any real property owned by Mr. Whiteaker in Davidson County, but as is
of much dispute among the parties, the holder of the judgment lien, SPCP Group, LLC, did
not commence an action3 to enforce the judgment lien and sell the property until June 17,
2016. The Appellee in this appeal, 99 Hermitage, LLC (“99 Hermitage”), later purchased
the property on January 19, 2017, at a sheriff’s sale.4

        The present litigation, which was originally commenced by Mr. and Mrs. Eads in
the Davidson County Chancery Court the day before the aforementioned sheriff’s sale,
initially sought, among other things, a determination that 99 Hermitage had no right or
claim against them with respect to the property.5 For its part, 99 Hermitage ultimately
asserted claims for trespass and ejectment in the trial court proceedings.6 In an amended
complaint filed by Mr. and Mrs. Eads, it was specifically asserted that Mr. Eads had
adversely possessed the property for over twenty years such that a grant of the property
“should be presumed” in his favor under the common law. Further, the amended complaint
specifically asserted defensive rights pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated section 28-2-
103.

       Many issues were vigorously contested in connection with the parties’ competing
claims to the property, including pertaining to what effect, if any, should be given to an
individual bankruptcy proceeding pursued by Mrs. Eads in 2010. Trial in the case occurred
in the fall of 2018, and upon the conclusion of the proof, the matter was taken under
advisement. By the time the trial court entered its “Memorandum and Final Order” in July
2021, both Mr. and Mrs. Eads were deceased,7 and their representatives, the Appellants

        3
          It does not appear that the Eadses were parties to this enforcement action.
        4
           A few months after the enforcement action was commenced, on November 16, 2016, the
installment deed to Brake-Tech was recorded.
        5
          The complaint anticipated that 99 Hermitage would bid at the sheriff’s sale.
        6
         Although other parties were originally named in this litigation, and other claims were asserted by
99 Hermitage at one time, we restrict our discussion herein to that which is relevant to the issues on appeal.
        7
          Mr. Eads passed away in January 2018, which was many months before the trial commenced.
According to the trial court’s July 2021 order, Mrs. Eads passed away in August 2020.
                                                    -3-
herein, had been substituted as parties.

        In its July 2021 final order, the trial court granted relief in favor of 99 Hermitage,
albeit while rejecting several arguments 99 Hermitage had offered in support of its position.
In articulating the basis for its conclusion that Mr. Eads’ adverse possession claims were
ultimately without merit, the trial court held that his possession was not sufficiently proven
to be adverse or hostile because, allegedly, “Mr. Whiteaker acquiesced in, and permitted,
Mr. Eads’ possession of the Property during his lifetime.” This appeal followed.

                                       DISCUSSION

       As the Tennessee Supreme Court has noted, the doctrine of adverse possession can
operate “not only as a bar to recover adversely possessed property but it may also vest the
adverse holder with title.” Cumulus Broad., Inc. v. Shim, 226 S.W.3d 366, 375 (Tenn.
2007). Here, the latter aspect of adverse possession is certainly at issue, as the Appellants
contend that Mr. Eads acquired title to the property by adversely possessing the land for
over twenty years. However, the Appellants also offer arguments in relation to the
doctrine’s role as a limiting principle on attempts to recover land. Indeed, two forms of
adverse possession are at issue in this appeal: (1) common law adverse possession and (2)
defensive, statutory adverse possession under Tennessee Code Annotated section 28-2-
103. “[C]ommon law adverse possession rests upon the proposition ‘that, where one has
remained in uninterrupted and continuous possession of land for 20 years, a grant or deed
will be presumed.’” Id. at 376-77 (quoting Ferguson v. Prince, 190 S.W. 548, 552 (Tenn.
1916)). Under Tennessee Code Annotated section 28-2-103, “No person or anyone
claiming under such person shall have any action, either at law or in equity, for the recovery
of any lands, tenements or hereditaments, but within seven (7) years after the right of action
accrued.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 28-2-103.

       “In order to establish adverse possession under [the common law], or in any
statutorily based claim, the possession must have been exclusive, actual, adverse,
continuous, open, and notorious for the requisite period of time.” Cumulus Broad, Inc.,
226 S.W.3d at 377. As for common law adverse possession, upon which the Appellants
primarily stake their claim for recovery, “[c]olor (or assurance) of title is not required.” Id.
The burden of proof is on the one claiming ownership by adverse possession, “and the
quality of the evidence must be clear and convincing.” Id. Title vests when the adverse
possessor holds the land for a period of twenty years. Id.

        As noted earlier, in connection with its decision to deny relief to the Appellants, the
trial court held that Mr. Whiteaker had “acquiesced in, and permitted, Mr. Eads’ possession
of the Property during his lifetime.” The Appellants no doubt challenge the trial court’s
conclusion in this regard, but for its part, 99 Hermitage argues in its brief that there is not
even the potential for an adverse possession claim in this context inasmuch as Mr. Eads

                                             -4-
possessed the property under an unrecorded deed.8 We address this concern first before
reviewing the trial court’s holding pertaining to an alleged acquiescence on the part of Mr.
Whiteaker and turning to other arguments 99 Hermitage has asserted in opposition to the
Appellants’ claims.

       Theoretical Viability of an Adverse Possession Claim?

        99 Hermitage insists that, because of the unrecorded deed in this case, there can be
no adverse possession. Its reasoning is predicated on the notion that, vis-à-vis a grantor, a
grantee who possesses under an unrecorded deed has superior ownership rights, and
therefore, being the “true owner in such situation,” the grantee cannot be said to possess
adversely. Based on the case law emanating from the Tennessee Supreme Court, however,
it is clear to us that adverse possession is a tenable theory that grantees possessing land
under an unrecorded deed may assert to overcome competing interests from third parties.
In City National Bank & Trust Co. of Miami, Fla. v. City of Knoxville, 11 S.W.2d 853
(Tenn. 1928), an individual, one J. T. Toms, conveyed by deed a lot to the city of Knoxville
in May 1918. Id. at 853. The city immediately possessed and fenced the lot, but the deed
for the property transaction was not recorded. Id. Later, in July 1926, a bank loaned Mr.
Toms money, but Mr. Toms defaulted on the note. Id. The bank obtained a judgment
against Mr. Toms in 1927, and in April 1928, a levy was made on the lot possessed by the
city, “as the property of Toms.” Id. at 853-54. In affirming an ensuing chancellor’s decree
in favor of the city, the Tennessee Supreme Court reasoned in relevant part as follows:

       1 Section 2, c. 28 of the Acts of 1819, carried into Thompson’s Shannon’s
       Code at section 4458, is as follows:

       “No person, or anyone claiming under him, shall have any action, either at
       law or in equity, for any lands, tenements, or hereditaments, but within seven
       years after the right of action has accrued.”

       Under the foregoing, a naked trespasser who may have taken and held
       possession of land, or land of another adversely for seven years, without any
       color or pretense of right, is protected in that possession to the extent of his
       inclosures. Dyche v. Gass, 11 Tenn. (3 Yerg.) 397; Wallace v. Hannum, 20
       Tenn. (1 Humph.) 443, 34 Am. Dec. 659; Hammett v. Blount, 31 Tenn. (1
       Swan) 385.

       This possessory right, or defensive title as it is sometimes called, continues
       as long as the actual possession is maintained.

       8
          As discussed herein, the deed was made out to Brake-Tech. Yet, the trial court found that Mr.
Eads, the sole owner of Brake-Tech at its dissolution, received whatever interest Brake-Tech had in the
property.
                                                 -5-
       The indebtedness of Toms to the bank, as before stated, was incurred . . .
       more than eight years after his deed to the city was made and the possession
       of the city began.

       ....

       An unregistered deed is held void as against creditors of the vendor,
       notwithstanding they are creditors subsequent to such deed and have actual
       knowledge thereof.

       ....

       But suppose, as to the bank, the deed herein is absolutely void and treated as
       nonexistent. Nevertheless the bank is profited little, if at all. The right of the
       city to hold this land does not depend on the deed so long as its possession is
       maintained. The possessory right of the city is complete by reason of the
       statute without any deed at all. Until the possession of the city is surrendered,
       the right to possession of said lot is not remitted to the holder of the legal
       title.

Id. at 854 (emphasis added).

       The year following the City of Knoxville decision, the Supreme Court again
considered the concept of adverse possession by one holding land under an unregistered
instrument, this time in relation to a bond for title. See Moore v. Dinning, 13 S.W.2d 798
(Tenn. 1929). In Moore, when litigation ensued over rights to the land as a result of
judgments obtained by the vendor’s creditors, an adverse possession defense was
interposed on behalf of those who had held under a bond for title. Id. A chancellor entered
a judgment generally in favor of the judgment creditors, and this Court affirmed, holding
that the vendees’ possession under a bond for title was not adverse to their vendor or the
vendor’s judgment creditors. Id. 798-99. We regarded there to be a possession of a
subordinate character in the particular factual context of the case. Id. at 799. In relaying
this Court’s decision, the Supreme Court noted in part as follows:

       The [Court of Appeals] held applicable to a vendor and his creditors the same
       principle which applies to mortgagors and mortgagees; that is, that adverse
       possession by a mortgagor will not defeat the mortgagee’s rights. While
       recognizing that, where the purchaser “is in possession under a deed
       purporting to convey an absolute title to the land, he will be considered as
       holding adversely to the grantor,” citing authorities, the [Court of Appeals]
       says:

                                             -6-
         “But where one enters and holds possession under an executory
         contract of purchase (Knox v. Thomas, 24 Tenn. [5 Humph.] 573) or
         bond for title, the entry and possession are in subordination to the
         vendor, and such a privity exists which precludes the idea of a hostile
         possession pending the completion of the contract, which could
         silently ripen into title by adverse possession under the statute of
         limitations. Such possession retains its subordinate character until
         payment, or until the vendee has distinctly and unequivocally
         repudiated the title of his vendor and has given the vendor notice to
         this effect. 2 C. J. 151, §§ 268, 269; Gudger v. Barnes, 51 Tenn. (4
         Heisk.) 570; Shannon’s New 1917 Code, § 4461, and note 5.

Id. (emphases added).

      The Supreme Court reversed, favorably cited to City of Knoxville, and held as
follows:

      The case before us presents but one question, and that one of law: Is the
      possession of lands by a vendee, holding under a bond for title, pending
      payment of the balance purchase money, adverse to that of his vendor? We
      are unable to agree with the learned Court of Appeals in holding that such a
      possession is “in subordination to the vendor,” and that, on the theory of an
      existing privity, “such possession retains its subordinate character until
      payment, or until the vendee has distinctly and unequivocally repudiated the
      title of his vendor and has given the vendor notice to this effect,” except in
      so far as the lien of the vendor for balance purchase money is concerned, and
      his right to enforce this lien against the land.

      The Court of Appeals cites 2 C. J. p. 151, §§ 268, 269, from which the
      language employed has been substantially taken; also Knox v. Thomas, 24
      Tenn. (5 Humph.) 573, Gudger v. Barnes, 51 Tenn. (4 Heisk.) 570, and
      section 4461 of Shannon’s Code. The two Tennessee cases, supra, are those
      cited from this state by Corpus Juris to sustain the text. A careful review of
      the decisions in this state fails to sustain the distinction taken by the learned
      Court of Appeals between the effect of the possession of a vendee holding
      under a deed and one holding under a bond for title. The first headnote to
      Gudger v. Barnes, supra, reads as follows: “The possession of a purchaser of
      land by title bond is not adverse to the claim of the vendor to a lien on the
      land for his purchase money.” We italicize the distinguishing words, the
      force of which has been perhaps overlooked by the author of Corpus Juris
      and by the learned Court of Appeals, for an examination of the opinion in
      that case shows that the court, while holding that the possession of the vendee
      under a title bond is “not adverse to the lien or right contracted for by the
                                             -7-
       vendor,” overruling Ray v. Goodman, 33 Tenn. (1 Sneed) 586, on this point,
       quite emphatically declared that “so far, then, as the possession of the land
       under the title bond goes, it is a possession for himself [the vendee], and
       adverse to the right of possession of the vendor, so that, if such vendee shall
       hold possession under the title bond, and purchase evidenced by it, seven
       years, he would be protected against any possessory action, or action in law
       or equity, on the part of the vendor,” and therefore of the vendor’s creditors,
       “in which the vendor should seek to oust him of his possession, and obtain it
       for himself.”

       ....

       In the instant case the vendees under title bond had held possession for seven
       years, and the complainants acquired no lien upon the land in question by
       reason of their judgments against Dinning and the filing of their bill, which
       takes priority over the defendant Lockeridge’s possessory right to the land.
       See City Nat. Bank & Trust Co. v. Knoxville (Tenn.) 11 S.W.(2d) 853.

Id. at 799–800. The theoretical propriety of an adverse possession claim for possessors
under unregistered instruments has since been countenanced by this Court, heeding the
clear direction from our Supreme Court. See Hames v. Archer Paper Co., 319 S.W.2d 252,
257 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1958) (acknowledging City of Knoxville as valid but observing that no
relief was available to party who held under the authority of unrecorded deed because
possession had existed “only a little more than four years”); Jones v. Mosley, 198 S.W.2d
652, 655-56 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1946) (citing favorably to City of Knoxville, noting that
adverse possession under an unregistered deed had been sufficiently proven, but holding
that the defense was unavailable for failure to timely plead). In short, the concept of
“adversity,” which is of course applicable to both common law and statutory forms of
adverse possession, is not undermined simply because an alleged adverse possessor
possesses property under an unrecorded instrument.

       Was Mr. Eads’ Possession Subservient?

       As already noted, the trial court ultimately rejected the claims of adverse possession
in this case upon finding that Mr. Eads’ possession was not adverse because of Mr.
Whiteaker’s alleged acquiescence in it. Indeed, the court found that Mr. Eads’ possession
had merely been “permitted.” The record simply does not support the trial court’s finding
about the character of Mr. Eads’ possession. Indeed, there does not appear to be anything
to support a conclusion that Mr. Eads’ possession during the period at issue was with the
permission of anyone.

       The trial court placed some emphasis on the fact that there had been an installment
deed transaction, as it referenced this in support of its conclusion that there was permission
                                            -8-
to possess the land, noting that “[t]here was the Deed, the installment note.” It went on to
further reference the “apparent understanding that Mr. Whiteaker would hold the Deed
pending full payment.” Assuming arguendo that Mr. Whiteaker’s initial physical
possession of the deed prior to satisfaction of the debt somehow connoted mere
“permission” for Mr. Eads to possess at that time (a notion that the trial court seems to be
postulating in its order), the record reflects that the debt was satisfied before the period the
Appellants claim Mr. Eads established adverse possession.9

        As for the specific period at issue, the Appellants’ adverse possession claims are, as
mentioned in an earlier footnote, temporally predicated on Mr. Eads’ adverse possession
beginning on February 7, 1991.10 Not only does there appear to be no evidence to support
a finding that Mr. Eads’ possession in the succeeding twenty years was with the permission
of anyone,11 he clearly exercised dominion over the property during that period and treated
it as his own, leasing it out in his own name to multiple tenants, using it for storage and as
an office space, and paying for upkeep on the building. The trial court’s articulated basis
for rejecting the adverse possession claims in this case, i.e., an alleged lack of adversity, is
simply not supported for the reasons detailed above, and the evidence in the record
otherwise sufficiently established that Mr. Eads adversely possessed the land in question
for a period of over twenty years without any effort to eject him. We therefore conclude
that Mr. Eads acquired title to the property under Tennessee law.12 In reaching this
conclusion, and as discussed further below, we necessarily find no favor in certain other
arguments 99 Hermitage has raised in an attempt to defeat Mr. Eads’ establishment of
adverse possession claims regarding the property.

        9
            Even accepting the trial court’s apparent view that the installment transaction and Mr. Whiteaker’s
initial physical possession of the deed somehow evidenced mere “permission” for Mr. Eads’ possession, it
is somewhat unclear on what basis the trial court believed that the alleged permissive nature of Mr. Eads’
possession continued. Indeed, the trial court itself noted that Mr. Whiteaker delivered the deed to Mr. Eads
after the debt was satisfied. As an aside, the trial court’s noted reliance on the installment deed transaction
itself is somewhat curious, in light of other observations in its order, as it relates to its conclusion on an
alleged lack of adversity. Indeed, the trial court, upon referencing the previously-cited Moore decision that
discussed how vendees holding under a bond for title possess adversely to their vendor, stated as follows:
“A bond for title appears to be roughly equivalent to an installment deed. In any event, the parties have not
pointed to any operative distinction between these two kinds of purchase money real estate transactions.”
          10
             No arguments are pursued on appeal to establish an earlier commencement of adverse possession.
The February 1991 date is tied to the ending of bankruptcy proceedings in which Mr. Eads was involved.
          11
             Again, although the trial court specifically concluded that Mr. Whiteaker had permitted and
acquiesced in Mr. Eads’ possession, any semblance of such a relationship between Mr. Eads and Mr.
Whiteaker regarding the property is totally absent based on our review of the record, certainly insofar as
the twenty-year period at issue is concerned.
          12
             In light of our ultimate conclusion on this issue, i.e., that title was acquired to the property, we
pretermit examination into the question of 99 Hermitage’s raised issue as to whether, if only defensive
rights to the property had been acquired by Mr. Eads, that these defensive rights were extinguished, at the
latest, at Mrs. Eads’ death, and would not inure to the benefit of the Appellants.
                                                     -9-
       Continuity of Mr. Eads’ Exclusive Adverse Possession

       In addition to 99 Hermitage’s general concern noted earlier in this Opinion about
the potential viability of an adverse possession theory for Mr. Eads due to the unrecorded
deed that was made out to Brake-Tech, which we have rejected, 99 Hermitage has argued
that any adverse possession that occurred was interrupted and tolled at various points
during the time period in question. The first event it relies upon is the 2009 recording of
the judgment lien by SPCP Group, LLC, which according to 99 Hermitage, having
occurred “prior to 20 years passing” relative to the period at issue, ended any claim to
common law adverse possession.13 In support, it relies upon Tennessee Code Annotated
section 66-24-119, which states in pertinent part as follows:

               Judgments, attachments, orders, injunctions, and other writs affecting
       title, use or possession of real estate, issued by any court shall be effective
       against any person having, or later acquiring, an interest in such property
       who is not a party to the action wherein such judgment, attachment, order,
       injunction, or other writ is issued only after an appropriate copy or abstract,
       or a notice of lis pendens, is recorded in the register’s office of the county
       wherein the property is situated.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 66-24-119.

       No doubt, this statute predicates the attachment of a lien upon the recording of
various writs affecting real estate, but it is unclear to us how it affects the principles of
adverse possession at issue here so as to thwart the ripening of title. After all, a mere
recording of a lien in no way works to challenge a person’s possession, as a legal action
regarding the property, for example, would. See, e.g., Frinks v. Horvath, No. E2016-
00944-COA-R3-CV, 2017 WL 782720, at *11 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 28, 2017) (noting that
“the determinative time period tolls with commencement of the action”).

        As cautioned in American Jurisprudence, “[t]he recordation of the judgment during
the adverse occupancy does not halt the running of the statute.” 3 Am. Jur. 2d Adverse
Possession § 158 (May 2022 Update); see also Hillsborough Inv. Co. v. Lawyers Trust Co.,
3 So.2d 870, 871 (Fla. 1941) (noting that it “would be illogical to hold that the effect of the
adverse possession was halted by the recordation of the judgment”). Consistent with that
warning, American Jurisprudence notes that “[a]dverse possession may run against a
judgment creditor of the titleholder to land” and that “where a judgment creditor sits by
and fails to enforce a judgment while the actual possession of an adverse claimant ripens
into title, the latter has the superior right.” 3 Am. Jur. 2d Adverse Possession § 158 (May
2022 Update).

       13
            As noted earlier, enforcement proceedings regarding the lien did not occur until 2016.
                                                   - 10 -
       Here, within the twenty-year period at issue concerning Mr. Eads’ claim for title by
adverse possession, no person or entity took efforts to disrupt or disturb Mr. Eads’
exclusive possession of the property, and as noted above, we regard 99 Hermitage’s
reliance on the 2009 lien recording to be immaterial. Because Mr. Eads’ adverse
possession went unchallenged and was uninterrupted for over twenty years, he acquired
title.

       In reaching this conclusion, we also reject 99 Hermitage’s reliance on another event,
specifically the individual bankruptcy proceeding pursued by Mrs. Eads in 2010. The
alleged relevance of this event is implicated through the last issue raised in 99 Hermitage’s
principal brief: whether the trial court erred in finding that Mr. Eads was the sole adverse
possessor of the real property. According to 99 Hermitage, Mrs. Eads should have been
considered as a co-tenant, and because of that, it further argues that her bankruptcy cut off
“any common law adverse possession that was accruing, and further terminated any
defensive, possessory interest held by Eleanor or Ora Eads.”

       99 Hermitage’s proffered legal argument is, therefore, predicated at the outset on
the premise that Mrs. Eads should be regarded as an adverse possessor of the property
during the period in question. We agree with the trial court’s effective conclusion that the
proof established Mr. Eads as the adverse possessor in this case.14 Significantly, during
the twenty-year period in question, the record clearly paints a picture of Mr. Eads
exercising dominion and ownership rights with respect to the property, not Mrs. Eads.
Aside from the fact that Mr. Eads used the property building for an office space on
occasion, all leases in the relevant period relied upon were notably entered into by Mr.
Eads alone as lessor/owner of the property.15 Whereas Mr. Eads was therefore exercising
dominion over the property and positioning himself as owner during the period at issue
(and to the exclusion of anyone else), Mrs. Eads was demonstrably not. 99 Hermitage’s
argument about the 2010 bankruptcy is therefore of no moment.

                                            CONCLUSION

       As discussed herein, we find no merit in the arguments 99 Hermitage has offered in
an attempt to establish that the adverse possession that occurred in this case was interrupted
and tolled before the satisfaction of the twenty-year period in question. Indeed, as we have
previously discussed, the record clearly shows that Mr. Eads adversely possessed the
property for twenty years so as to acquire title. The judgment of the trial court in favor of
99 Hermitage is accordingly reversed, and the matter is remanded to the trial court for the
entry of judgment in favor of the Appellant.
        14
           The property itself had been deeded to Brake-Tech, a corporation that the court found Mr. Eads
had been the sole owner of at its dissolution.
        15
           Although the trial court held in the alternative that Mrs. Eads’ bankruptcy otherwise had no effect
to “terminate” adverse possession if both she and Mr. Eads had interests in the property, we pretermit
consideration of the issue.
                                                   - 11 -
           s/ Arnold B. Goldin
         ARNOLD B. GOLDIN, JUDGE

- 12 -