Court Opinion

ID: 9376940
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-06 15:01:00.035034+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:10.542274
License: Public Domain

22-1411
     Pattanayak v. Mastercard Inc.

                             UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                        SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY
ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF
APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER
IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN
ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY
ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

 1                 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit,
 2   held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of
 3   New York, on the 6th day of March, two thousand twenty-three.
 4
 5   PRESENT:
 6               DENNIS JACOBS,
 7               MICHAEL H. PARK,
 8               WILLIAM J. NARDINI,
 9                     Circuit Judges.
10   _____________________________________
11
12   Sambit Pattanayak,
13
14                               Plaintiff-Appellant,
15
16                      v.                                          22-1411
17
18   Mastercard Inc.,
19                     Defendant-Appellee.
20   _____________________________________
21
22   FOR PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT:                                       ALAN GENITEMPO (Todd M.
23                                                                  Galante, on the brief), Piro
24                                                                  Zinna Cifelli Paris &
25                                                                  Genitempo LLC, Nutley, NJ.
26
27   FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLEE:                                        DIANE WINDHOLZ (Laura
28                                                                  Victorelli, on the brief),
29                                                                  Jackson Lewis P.C., New
30                                                                  York, NY.
31
 1          Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of

 2   New York (Daniels, J.).

 3          UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

 4   DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

 5          Plaintiff-Appellant Sambit Pattanayak appeals the district court’s (1) February 24, 2022

 6   order dismissing his First Amended Complaint (“FAC”) against his former employer Defendant-

 7   Appellee Mastercard Inc. for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6); and (2) June 6, 2022

 8   order denying as futile his motion for leave to file a Proposed Second Amended Complaint

 9   (“PSAC”). See Pattanayak v. Mastercard Inc., No. 21-cv-2657, 2022 WL 564047 (S.D.N.Y. Feb.

10   24, 2022); Pattanayak v. Mastercard Inc., No. 21-cv-2657, 2022 WL 2003317 (S.D.N.Y. June 6,

11   2022). Pattanayak brought discrimination, retaliation, and hostile work environment claims

12   against Mastercard under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”), 42 U.S.C. § 2000e

13   et seq.; the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (“ADA”), 42 U.S.C.A. § 12101 et seq.; and

14   the New York State Human Rights Law (“NYSHRL”), N.Y. Exec. Law § 290 et seq. On appeal,

15   Pattanayak argues that the district court erred by improperly applying a heightened pleading

16   standard and by concluding that the PSAC cannot withstand a motion to dismiss for failure to state

17   a claim. 1 We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of

18   the case, and the issues on appeal.

            1
                Pattanayak does not raise his NYSHRL claims on appeal, so we deem them abandoned,
     see Schwapp v. Town of Avon, 118 F.3d 106, 112 (2d Cir. 1997), and we do not decide whether the district
     court erred by declining to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over these claims.

                                                        2
 1           “We review de novo a district court’s grant of a defendant’s motion to dismiss, accepting

 2   all factual allegations in the complaint as true, and drawing all reasonable inferences in the

 3   plaintiff’s favor. A district court’s legal conclusions, including its interpretation and application

 4   of a statute of limitations, are likewise reviewed de novo.” City of Pontiac Gen. Emps.’ Ret. Sys.

 5   v. MBIA, Inc., 637 F.3d 169, 173 (2d Cir. 2011) (cleaned up). “[W]hen denial of leave to file a

 6   revised pleading is based on a legal interpretation, such as futility, a reviewing court conducts a de

 7   novo review.” Balintulo v. Ford Motor Co., 796 F.3d 160, 164 (2d Cir. 2015) (citation omitted).

 8   I.      Pleading Standard

 9           Pattanayak contends that several of the district court’s comments during oral argument

10   went “far beyond the plausibility standard which is to be applied at the pleading stage.”

11   Appellant’s Br. at 11. We need not review those comments because, having reviewed the orders

12   from which Pattanayak appeals, we see nothing to suggest that the district court’s decision,

13   memorialized in its written rulings, relied upon a heightened pleading standard. Even if the

14   district court’s comments during oral argument were properly part of our review, we would reject

15   Pattanayak’s argument that they suggested that the district court was applying a heightened

16   pleading standard. Many of the comments Pattanayak points to were nothing more than examples

17   of the district court properly applying the retaliation pleading standard, 2 ascertaining whether the

18   FAC alleged, on one hand, “protected activity” complaining of conduct prohibited under federal

             2
                “[F]or a retaliation claim to survive . . . a motion to dismiss, the plaintiff must plausibly allege
     that: (1) defendants discriminated—or took an adverse employment action—against him, (2) because he
     has opposed any unlawful employment practice.” Vega v. Hempstead Union Free Sch. Dist., 801 F.3d 72,
     90 (2d Cir. 2015) (cleaned up). To oppose an unlawful employment practice, a plaintiff must do more than
     make a “generalized” complaint; rather, the plaintiff must complain in a manner so that her employer
     “reasonably . . . understood that she was complaining of conduct prohibited by Title VII.” Rojas v. Roman
     Cath. Diocese of Rochester, 660 F.3d 98, 108 (2d Cir. 2011) (cleaned up).

                                                           3
 1   law or, on the other hand, “generalized” grievances. See, e.g., Joint App’x at A-434 (“[W]hen

 2   [Pattanayak] complained, I don’t see anything that referenced a complaint about race, a complaint

 3   about national origin, or even a complaint about disability.”); id. at A-439 (“What did he complain

 4   about? . . . You will have to show a jury what it is that he complained about that will give them a

 5   basis on which to say that he has the right to complain about this racial discrimination.”); id. at A-

 6   442 (characterizing as “conclusory” the FAC’s allegation that Pattanayak “complained about

 7   discrimination” generally).

 8           Moreover, the district court did not err by noting that Pattanayak cannot use “as evidence

9    of racial discrimination” the FAC’s allegations that Mastercard was “motivated by their perception

10   of my health.” Id. at A-449. The district court properly declined to stretch the FAC’s allegations

11   about disability discrimination to cover race-discrimination claims. We thus reject Pattanayak’s

12   argument that the district court erred by applying a heightened pleading standard.

13   II.     Title VII and ADA Claims

14           The district court properly concluded that the PSAC fails to state a claim under Title VII

15   and the ADA. 3

16           A.       Discrimination Claims

             3
                The parties dispute when Pattanayak filed his Charge of Discrimination with the EEOC, which is
     not available in the record. We take as true the PSAC’s allegation that “[o]n or around November 26,
     2018, Plaintiff filed a complaint with the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.” App’x at
     A-509. Three-hundred days prior to the filing date is January 30, 2018, so any claims that accrued before
     that date are not timely. For the reasons stated infra, however, any error by the district court in calculating
     the statute of limitations was harmless because the PSAC fails to state a claim under Title VII and the ADA,
     even if the time-barred allegations were included.
              Although the district court likely applied the continuing-violation doctrine correctly, we do not
     decide this issue because we find the PSAC, including time-barred allegations, failed to state a Title VII or
     ADA claim and Pattanayak’s motion for leave to amend was thus futile.

                                                           4
 1                  1.      Title VII Claims

 2          To plead racial or national-origin discrimination under Title VII, a plaintiff must allege

 3   facts demonstrating that “the plaintiff is a member of a protected class, was qualified, suffered an

 4   adverse employment action, and has at least minimal support for the proposition that the employer

 5   was motivated by discriminatory intent.” Littlejohn v. City of New York, 795 F.3d 297, 311 (2d

 6   Cir. 2015). The PSAC fails to supply “minimal support” for the inference that Mastercard was

 7   “motivated by discriminatory intent” based on Pattanayak’s race or national origin. Id. First, as

 8   the district court correctly observed, Pattanayak fails to connect his superior’s March 2016

 9   comments, his April 2017 transfer, his February 2018 compensation reduction, or his August 2018

10   termination with any allegations supporting an inference of discriminatory intent. 4         These

11   allegations do no more “than recite conclusory assertions” of discrimination based on race or

12   national origin without alleging any “circumstances giving rise to a plausible inference of racially

13   discriminatory intent.” Yusuf v. Vassar Coll., 35 F.3d 709, 713 (2d Cir. 1994). Moreover, the

14   fact that Pattanayak was the only employee of a protected class in a department does not, standing

15   alone, give rise to an inference of discriminatory motive.

16          Second, we decline to infer discriminatory motive based on disparate treatment between

17   Pattanayak and Ed Lee, who also ran one of Mastercard’s regional offices but received more

18   resources than Pattanayak. A plaintiff raising a disparate-treatment claim must show “she was

19   similarly situated in all material respects to the individuals with whom she seeks to compare

20   herself,” including “whether the plaintiff and those [she] maintains were similarly situated were

            4
              Pattanayak’s manager’s “outwardly disappointed” appearance in July 2018 upon learning that
     Pattanayak is not Indian does not support an inference of discriminatory motive. PSAC ¶ 158.

                                                      5
 1   subject to the same workplace standards.” Brown v. Daikin Am., Inc., 756 F.3d 219, 230 (2d Cir.

 2   2014) (cleaned up). But Lee was a Senior Vice President, and Pattanayak was a Vice President.

 3   See PSAC ¶¶ 86, 139. Indeed, the PSAC concedes that Pattanayak was not “on par with Lee and

 4   other APT regional leads.” Id. ¶ 86. This difference defeats Pattanayak’s disparate-treatment

 5   claim. So we affirm the district court’s dismissal of Pattanayak’s Title VII discrimination claims.

 6                  2.     ADA Claims

 7          The district court correctly dismissed Pattanayak’s ADA discrimination claims. “The

 8   elements of a [discrimination] claim under the ADA are that: (1) the employer is subject to the

 9   ADA; (2) the plaintiff is disabled within the meaning of the ADA or perceived to be so by her

10   employer; (3) she was otherwise qualified to perform the essential functions of the job with or

11   without reasonable accommodation; (4) she suffered an adverse employment action; and (5) the

12   adverse action was imposed because of her disability.” Davis v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ., 804 F.3d

13   231, 235 (2d Cir. 2015). At the pleading stage, a plaintiff “need only give plausible support to a

14   minimal inference of discriminatory motivation.” Vega, 801 F.3d at 84 (cleaned up).

15          The PSAC fails to provide “plausible support” permitting even a “minimal inference” of

16   discriminatory motive. Id. First, we reject Pattanayak’s argument that the October 2017 denial

17   of his request for an extended medical leave gives rise to an inference of discriminatory motive

18   based on disparate treatment. Pattanayak argues that a similarly situated colleague received a

19   longer period of medical leave for “health/personal” reasons. PSAC ¶¶ 96-97. But the PSAC

20   offers no allegations that Pattanayak met the requirements for an extended medical leave or that

21   his colleague’s “health/personal condition” was comparable to or less severe than Pattanayak’s.

                                                     6
 1   Id. ¶ 96. So the PSAC does not permit an inference that Pattanayak and his colleague were in fact

 2   similarly situated.

 3          Second, the denial of Pattanayak’s requests for additional resources in October 2017 and

 4   April 2018 do not permit an inference of discriminatory motive.            Pattanayak alleges that

 5   “Lee . . . informed [him] that he was not given new resources directly as a result of [his] health

 6   condition and its impact on [his] long-term future in his role.” Id. ¶ 142. But as the PSAC

 7   alleges, Pattanayak requested additional resources from his manager, not Lee, so we cannot infer

 8   that the denial of new resources was motivated by discrimination based solely on Lee’s comment.

 9   Any inference of discriminatory motive is further weakened by the PSAC’s allegation that in 2018

10   Mastercard transferred into Pattanayak’s department at least two employees who remained there

11   after his return from paternity leave.      See id. ¶¶ 131-132, 143, 146.       This suggests that

12   Pattanayak’s requests for additional resources were not in fact ignored or denied.

13          Third, Pattanayak’s termination in August 2018 does not give rise to an inference of

14   discriminatory animus.       Pattanayak alleges that Mastercard “communicated within the

15   organization that [his] termination was due to ‘health’ issues. . . . Yet, when [Pattanayak] received

16   his termination letter, no reason for termination was provided.” Id. ¶¶ 170-171. Without any

17   other factual allegations, such as the date, medium, author, or recipient of the alleged

18   communications, Pattanayak has not provided “enough facts to state a claim” for discrimination

19   on the basis of disability. Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007).

20          B.      Retaliation Claims

21          The district court did not err by dismissing Pattanayak’s Title VII retaliation claims. The

22   PSAC alleges that Pattanayak lodged three sets of complaints. But these alleged complaints are

                                                      7
 1   too “generalized” for Mastercard to have “reasonably . . . understood” that Pattanayak was

 2   opposing conduct prohibited by Title VII.            Rojas, 660 F.3d at 108.    Specifically, none of

 3   Pattanayak’s allegations suggests he put Mastercard on notice of unlawful conduct based on his

 4   race or national origin. Moreover, the allegations concerning Pattanayak’s wife are insufficient

 5   because he fails to allege that his wife is a member of a protected class. Pattanayak also points to

 6   no authority to suggest that his wife’s involvement in her own severance negotiations amounts to

 7   his engagement in a protected activity. We thus agree with the district court that Pattanayak’s

 8   allegations do not plausibly plead that his complaints amounted to a protected activity, so we affirm

 9   the dismissal of his Title VII retaliation claims.

10           C.      Hostile Work Environment Claims

11           The district court did not err by concluding that Pattanayak failed to state a claim for hostile

12   work environment under Title VII and the ADA. To establish a hostile work environment, a

13   plaintiff must show that “the workplace is permeated with discriminatory intimidation, ridicule,

14   and insult that is sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of the victim’s employment

15   and create an abusive working environment” and that the conduct is connected to an employee’s

16   protected characteristic. Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 21 (1993) (cleaned up); see

17   Fox v. Costco Wholesale Corp., 918 F.3d 65, 74 (2d Cir. 2019) (applying the same standard to the

18   ADA).     “In determining whether a plaintiff suffered a hostile work environment, we must

19   consider the totality of the circumstances, including the frequency of the discriminatory conduct;

20   its severity; whether it is physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance; and

                                                          8
 1   whether it unreasonably interferes with an employee’s work performance.” Littlejohn, 795 F.3d

 2   at 321 (cleaned up).

 3            Pattanayak alleges a hostile work environment based on a handful of incidents that do not

 4   amount to “severe or pervasive” conduct. Harris, 510 U.S. at 21. First, we recently found

 5   conduct more egregious than Pattanayak’s supervisor’s March 2016 and Lee’s 2017 comments

 6   (PSAC ¶¶ 37-38, 41, 101) to be insufficiently severe to make out a hostile work environment. In

 7   Boyar v. Yellen, for example, we affirmed the dismissal of a hostile work environment claim based

 8   on allegations that a supervisor threatened to “wring [the plaintiff’s] neck,” “ignored him at a

 9   meeting,” “yelled at him very loudly,” and “told him he had 90 minutes to complete two

10   certification exams, when he had 60 minutes to complete each.” No. 21-507, 2022 WL 120356,

11   at *3 (2d Cir. Jan. 13, 2022) (cleaned up). Pattanayak’s allegations fall well short of those in

12   Boyar.

13            Second, Pattanayak’s rejected requests for resources, his heavy workload, and his

14   exclusion by his coworkers in 2017 and 2018 are also insufficient. The PSAC fails to allege that

15   these incidents “unreasonably interfere[d] with an employee’s work performance.” Littlejohn,

16   795 F.3d at 321. Indeed, Pattanayak allegedly “exceed[ed] 2018’s full-year sales targets within

17   just the first six months of 2018” at the same time as the incidents. PSAC ¶ 200; see, e.g.,

18   Littlejohn, 795 F.3d at 321 (rejecting a hostile work environment claim based, in part, on the

19   employer requiring the plaintiff to recreate work, increasing the plaintiff’s hours, “distanc[ing]

20   herself from” plaintiff “when she was nearby,” “declin[ing] to meet with” plaintiff, and

21   “replac[ing] [plaintiff] at meetings”).

                                                      9
 1          In the aggregate, these incidents do not amount to a pervasive hostile work environment.

 2   The alleged incidents occurred over the course of two years and concerned different departments

 3   and supervisors.   “As a general rule, incidents must be more than episodic; they must be

 4   sufficiently continuous and concerted in order to be deemed pervasive.” Feingold v. New York,

 5   366 F.3d 138, 150 (2d Cir. 2004) (cleaned up). Moreover, even though many of Pattanayak’s

 6   allegations reflect the reality that “many bosses are harsh, unjust, and rude,” Pattanayak fails to

 7   link or connect any of these allegations “to the claimed ground of discrimination,” i.e., his race,

 8   national origin, or disability. Alfano v. Costello, 294 F.3d 365, 377 (2d Cir. 2002). So we affirm

 9   the district court’s dismissal of Pattanayak’s hostile work environment claim.

10                                              *     *    *

11          We have considered all of Pattanayak’s remaining arguments and find them to be without

12   merit. For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

13                                                  FOR THE COURT:
14                                                  Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court
15

                                                      10