Court Opinion

ID: 4328644
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-11-07 20:00:39.774152+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:48:08.368545
License: Public Domain

Case: 16-17106     Date Filed: 11/07/2018   Page: 1 of 5

                                                             [DO NOT PUBLISH]

               IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                        FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                          ________________________

                                No. 16-17106
                            Non-Argument Calendar
                          ________________________

                      D.C. Docket Nos. 9:16-cv-81080-JIC,
                             9:05-cr-80090-JIC-1

LAVELL PHILLIPS,

                                                              Petitioner-Appellant,

                                      versus

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                             Respondent-Appellee.

                          ________________________

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Southern District of Florida
                         ________________________

                               (November 7, 2018)

Before JILL PRYOR, FAY, and JULIE CARNES, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      Petitioner Lavell Phillips appeals the denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion,

in which he challenged his enhanced sentence based on the Supreme Court’s
               Case: 16-17106      Date Filed: 11/07/2018   Page: 2 of 5

decision in Johnson v. United States, 576 U.S. ___, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015). On

appeal, Petitioner contends his convictions for Florida attempted first-degree

murder are not violent felonies under the Armed Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”)

because attempted first-degree murder does not have as an element the use,

attempted use, or threatened use of physical force. After careful review, we affirm.

I.    BACKGROUND

      In 2004, a grand jury returned an indictment charging Petitioner with being a

felon in possession of ammunition, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). Following a

trial, a jury found Petitioner guilty.

      Petitioner’s Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”) indicated that he was

subject to a sentencing enhancement under the ACCA and referred to three prior

convictions for attempted first-degree murder, one conviction for armed robbery,

and one conviction for aggravated battery. Defendant did not object to the armed

career criminal enhancement. The district court adopted the PSR and sentenced

Petitioner to 204 months’ imprisonment. We subsequently affirmed Petitioner’s

conviction. United States v. Phillips, 202 F. App’x 442 (11th Cir. 2006).

      On June 23, 2016, Petitioner, proceeding through counsel, filed a § 2255

motion, arguing he was no longer an armed career criminal because none of the

above-referenced prior convictions qualified as violent felonies in light of Johnson.

A magistrate judge issued a report and recommendation recommending that

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Petitioner’s § 2255 motion be dismissed or denied. Petitioner did not object to the

report and recommendation. The district court adopted the report and

recommendation, dismissed Petitioner’s § 2255 motion as untimely, and, in the

alternative, denied Petitioner’s § 2255 motion on the merits. Petitioner appealed,

and a judge of this Court granted a certificate of appealability on the issue of

whether Petitioner’s convictions for Florida attempted first-degree murder qualify

as violent felonies after Johnson.

II.     DISCUSSION

        “We review de novo constitutional sentencing issues, including the issue of

whether a prior conviction qualifies as a ‘violent felony’ under the ACCA.”

United States v. Joyner, 882 F.3d 1369, 1377 (11th Cir.), petition for cert. filed

(U.S. May 23, 2018) (No. 17-9128).

        Generally, a defendant who violates 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) may receive a

maximum sentence of ten years. 18 U.S.C. § 924(a)(2). But under the ACCA, a

defendant who violates § 922(g) and has three prior convictions for a violent

felony, a serious drug offense, or both, is subject to a mandatory minimum

sentence of fifteen years. 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). The ACCA defines a violent

felony as any crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year

that:

        (i) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of
        physical force against the person of another; or
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      (ii) is burglary, arson, or extortion, involves use of explosives, or
      otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of
      physical injury to another.

18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B). Subsection (i) is referred to as the “elements clause,”

while subsection (ii) contains the “enumerated crimes” and the “residual clause.”

United States v. Seabrooks, 839 F.3d 1326, 1338 (11th Cir. 2016). In 2015, the

Supreme Court held that the residual clause is unconstitutionally vague. Johnson,

576 U.S. at ___, 135 S. Ct. at 2557–58, 2563. Accordingly, a defendant may only

be sentenced as an armed career criminal if he has three prior convictions for

serious drug offenses, enumerated offenses, or crimes that meet the elements

clause.

      The only issue in this case is whether attempted first-degree murder under

Florida law qualifies as a violent felony post-Johnson. Attempted first-degree

murder clearly is not an enumerated offense; it is not burglary, arson, or extortion,

and it (generally) does not involve the use of explosives. The question, then, is

whether attempted first-degree murder is a violent felony under the elements

clause.

      We recently answered this question in the affirmative. Hylor v. United

States, 896 F.3d 1219, 1221 (11th Cir. 2018). Specifically, we concluded “Florida

attempted first-degree murder is a violent felony because it requires the attempted

use of physical force that is capable of causing pain or injury.” Id. We flatly
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rejected one of the arguments Petitioner raises on appeal—that attempted first-

degree murder can be committed without the use, attempted use, or threatened use

of force if, for example, the defendant poisoned the victim. Id. at 1222–23. Our

precedent makes clear that poisoning is a violent felony under the elements clause.

Id. at 1223 (citing United States v. Deshazior, 882 F.3d 1352 (11th Cir.), petition

for cert. filed (U.S. May 1, 2018) (No. 17-8766)).

      Although Petitioner offers other creative examples of ways in which one

might attempt to murder another person—by the use of radiation, infectious

disease, or toxic substances, or by tampering with medication—he has not

provided any Florida cases in which a defendant was convicted of attempted first-

degree murder for such actions. See United States v. St. Hubert, 883 F.3d 1319,

1332 (11th Cir. 2018) (“[A] defendant must at least point to his own case or other

cases in which the courts in fact did apply the statute in the manner for which he

argues.” (alterations and quotations omitted)). And in any event, Hylor dictates the

result in this case, regardless of whether the Hylor Court considered every

argument Petitioner now raises on appeal. See Tippitt v. Reliance Standard Life

Ins. Co., 457 F.3d 1227, 1234 (11th Cir. 2006) (“[A] prior panel precedent cannot

be circumvented or ignored on the basis of arguments not made to or considered by

the prior panel.”).

      Accordingly, the denial of Petitioner’s § 2255 motion is AFFIRMED.

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