Court Opinion

ID: 6323024
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-03-14 20:01:21.751977+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:21:20.699472
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               File Name: 22a0114n.06

                                       Case No. 21-1309

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

 JEFFREY LAPINSKE; JEROLD LAPINSKE; )                              FILED
                                             )
 CASSANDRA           LAPINSKE;    ALYSSA                         Mar 14, 2022
                                             )
 MARTORANO; JAMES LAPINSKE                                  DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                                             )
       Plaintiffs - Appellants,              )
                                             )
 v.                                          ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                             ) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
 CITY OF GRAND HAVEN, MICHIGAN,              ) WESTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
       Defendant - Appellee                  )
                                             )
 DANA NESSEL, ex rel. People of the State of )                        OPINION
 Michigan,                                   )
                                             )
       Intervenor - Appellee                 )
                                             )

BEFORE: GIBBONS, ROGERS, and NALBANDIAN, Circuit Judges.

       JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge. More than a century ago, Martha Duncan created

Duncan Park in Grand Haven, Michigan in 1913 through a Trust Deed and a city ordinance. The

Trust Deed contained nine Sections outlining obligations for Grand Haven, including the creation

of the Duncan Park Commission. In 2009, an eleven-year-old boy died after a sledding accident

in the park. Following litigation by the child’s estate, each of the Duncan Park Commission

trustees resigned in 2013 and Grand Haven passed a new ordinance reforming the Commission’s

structure (the “2013 Ordinance”). In 2015, a probate court granted Grand Haven’s petition to

reform the Duncan Park Trust and appoint the City as sole trustee.
No. 21-1309, Lapinske, et al. v. City of Grand Haven, Mich., et al.

       Duncan’s descendants (“the heirs”), the plaintiffs-appellants in this case, filed a complaint

in the Western District of Michigan in 2019 alleging that Grand Haven’s adoption of the 2013

Ordinance and reformation of the Duncan Park Commission triggered the Trust Deed’s reverter

provisions. After the parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment, the district court held

that, reading the Trust Deed in its entirety, Duncan’s clear intent was for Duncan Park to continue

in perpetuity. Accordingly, the court granted Grand Haven’s and the Attorney General’s motion

for summary judgment and denied the heirs’ motion for summary judgment. Because it is

unambiguous that Duncan’s intent was to create a public park in perpetuity, we affirm.

                                                 I

       Martha Duncan (the “Grantor” or “settlor”) inherited approximately forty acres of

“unspoiled virgin forest” from her late husband, Robert. DE 72-3, McGinnis Decl., Page ID 639.

In 1913, she created a public park on the land, located in the Grand Haven, Michigan to perpetuate

the Duncan name. Martha Duncan instructed her attorney to draft two documents: (1) a Trust

Deed and (2) a proposed ordinance that the City of Grand Haven was required to adopt as a

precondition of receiving the property. The Trust Deed contained a legal description of the forty-

acre property and conveyed it to three individuals as “trustees for and in behalf of the people of

the City of Grand Haven, Michigan.” DE 6-1, Trust Deed, Page ID 40, 45–47. It required the

land, forever to be known as Duncan Park, to function solely “as a public park, for the [people’s]

use and enjoyment.” Id. at 41.

       Following the Trust Deed’s habendum clause conveying the property to the named trustees

are nine Sections. The First Section provides that the premises shall be accepted by Grand Haven’s

Common Council or its controlling body and provides for “prompt appointment by the Mayor of

a successor of any Trustee.” DE 6-1, Trust Deed, Page ID 40–41. The Second Section requires

                                               -2-
No. 21-1309, Lapinske, et al. v. City of Grand Haven, Mich., et al.

Grand Haven to immediately create “The Duncan Park Commission,” which would initially

consist solely of the named trustees. Id. at 41. The Commission members were to serve without

pay, and the Commission would “make its own rules and regulations and . . . have entire control

and supervision of [] Duncan Park.” Id.

       The Third Section required the premises be named Duncan Park, providing:

               Third: The above-described premises shall be at all times known
               and described as “DUNCAN PARK” and said described parcel of
               land shall always be held and occupied by said grantees for and in
               behalf of the Citizens of the City of Grand Haven as a public park,
               for the use and enjoyment of the citizens or inhabitants of Grand
               Haven, and for no other purpose, and this gift and grant hereby made
               is subject to the express limitations and is on the express conditions
               that such parcel of land shall always be held and used as a public
               park as aforesaid, and shall always be called, known and designated
               as “DUNCAN PARK,” and should said parcel of land cease to be
               so held and used as a public park, and in case the Council or said
               Trustees shall neglect or refuse to carry out in good faith all of the
               terms and conditions herein specified, then the premises so
               dedicated as above, with all improvements, shall revert to the first
               party herein, her heirs, executors or assigns and become again vested
               in her, or her heirs, as fully as if such dedication had never been
               made; and she, her heirs, or executors, may then enter upon and take
               possession of said premises and thenceforward hold the same as
               fully as if this dedication had never been made.

Id. at 41–42. The Fourth Section barred alcohol from being sold or used on the premises. The

Fifth Section required Grand Haven to provide for the “care and improvement” of the park,

specifically stating, “[i]t is the desire and intention of the Grantor that the natural beauty of the

forest . . . shall be preserved as far as possible.” Id. at 42. The Sixth Section provided that the

Grantor would not be taxed for improvements made north of the park.

       The Seventh Section outlined details about the park’s governing body, describing how

successors of the trust would be selected:

                                                -3-
No. 21-1309, Lapinske, et al. v. City of Grand Haven, Mich., et al.

               Seventh: The said Trustees, above-named, shall constitute “THE
               DUNCAN PARK COMMISSION”, as aforesaid, and shall select
               their own successors to office, and they and their successors shall
               have the exclusive supervision, management and control of said
               “DUNCAN PARK” and their action in regard to the management,
               supervision and control of said “DUNCAN PARK” shall be final;
               and the successor of any member vacating office upon said Board
               of Trustees, who has been selected by the remaining members of
               said “DUNCAN PARK COMMISSION”, and no other person, shall
               be appointed upon the DUNCAN PARK COMMISSION, by the
               Mayor of the City of Grand Haven, and each and every member of
               said Commission must be a resident of the City of Grand Haven.

Id. at 43. In the Eighth Section, the grant of property was expressly conditioned on Grand Haven’s

adoption of an ordinance creating the Duncan Park Commission, as envisioned by Martha Duncan:

               Eighth: This Deed is given on the express condition that the
               Common Council of the City of Grand Haven shall, on the
               acceptance thereof, pass an Ordinance satisfactory to the Grantor,
               creating a “DUNCAN PARK COMMISSION” as herein provided,
               and providing for its perpetuation in the manner herein specified;
               also providing for the care and maintenance of said DUNCAN
               PARK. The repeal of said Ordinance, or any part thereof, at any
               future time, shall render this Deed null and void and make the same
               of no effect.

Id. Finally, the Ninth Section provided instructions in the event the Duncan Park Commission

should end:

               Ninth: If at any time in the future the “DUNCAN PARK
               COMMISSION” shall cease to exist, the Circuit Court for the
               County of Ottawa in Chancery, or such Court as shall succeed the
               same, shall, on the application of any Citizen of the City of Grand
               Haven, take charge of this trust and appoint a suitable “DUNCAN
               PARK COMMISSION” to fulfill and carry out the terms of the trust
               for the benefit of the Citizens of the City of Grand Haven; and the
               Commission so appointed shall thereafter choose its own successors
               in the same manner as herein provided.”

Id.

       On October 13, 1913, Martha Duncan sent the Grand Haven City Clerk an unexecuted copy

of the Trust Deed and a proposed ordinance that she approved. The Grand Haven Common
                                               -4-
No. 21-1309, Lapinske, et al. v. City of Grand Haven, Mich., et al.

Council enacted the ordinance exactly as submitted on October 20, 1913. The ordinance created

a Duncan Park Commission, whose governing structure met the Trust Deed’s requirements: it

named the three designated trustees, declared the Commission autonomous, and implemented the

desired appointment process for successor trustees. On October 22, 1913, after Grand Haven

adopted the ordinance, Duncan executed the Trust Deed. The 1913 Ordinance was readopted in

1994 when Grand Haven obtained liability insurance for the park, the Commission, and the

trustees.

        In December 2009, eleven-year-old Chance Nash died following a sledding accident in the

park. His death prompted extensive litigation in Michigan’s state courts regarding liability for the

accident. In relevant part, Diane Nash, Chance’s mother, filed two lawsuits: one against the

Duncan Park Commission, and another against the three individual trustees of the Duncan Park

Commission. See Est. of Nash by Nash v. City of Grand Haven, 909 N.W.2d 862, 865 (Mich. Ct.

App. 2017); DE 72-10, Mich. Ct. App. Op. and Order, Page ID 684–91. After the Michigan court

determined that neither the Commission nor the trustees could be sued, Nash’s mother appealed

both decisions. The Michigan Court of Appeals consolidated the cases.

        As the appeals were pending, on March 4, 2013, Grand Haven adopted Ordinance 13-01,

repealing two sections of the 1913 Ordinance and amending the remaining sections. The 2013

Ordinance repealed Section 25-66 of the 1913 Ordinance, governing the filling of vacancies in the

Duncan Park Commission, and Section 25-67, governing selection by lot. It amended the

remaining sections of the 1913 Ordinance, including “Duncan Park Commission,” “Organization,”

“Duties,” “Funding,” and “Commissioners.” DE 72-11, 2013 Ordinance, Page ID 745–46. One

of the 2013 amendments included a provision that five, rather than three, individuals would

comprise the Commission and would serve in staggered five-year terms. Another amendment

                                               -5-
No. 21-1309, Lapinske, et al. v. City of Grand Haven, Mich., et al.

provided that individuals serving on the Commission “may be removed by the City Council for

misfeasance, malfeasance or nonfeasance in office.” Id. at 746. Additionally, the 2013 Ordinance

outlined new methods for appointing Commission members and filling vacancies.

       In Grand Haven’s 2015 Petition for Reformation of the Duncan Park Trust, filed in and

granted by the Ottawa County Probate Court, the City explained that the 2013 Ordinance was

enacted in response to the Ottawa County Circuit Court’s rulings regarding potential liability for

the Commission and its trustees. Additionally, Grand Haven asserted that the Trust Deed did not

comport with the “transparency and accountability mechanisms that typically apply to governing

bodies that oversee public property” because a three-member, self-appointed governing body can

cause gridlock, undervaluing a dissenting view, and an inability to fill vacancies. DE 72-13, Pet.

for Reformation of the Duncan Park Trust, Page ID 753. Grand Haven’s City Attorney, Scott

Smith, further indicated the 2013 Ordinance was “[i]n response to the Ottawa County Circuit

Court’s ruling and the inability of the then-current Duncan Park Commission to govern Duncan

Park in the midst of pending litigation.” DE 72-9, Smith Decl., Page ID 667.

       In March 2013, around the time Grand Haven passed the 2013 Ordinance, the three trustees

who comprised the Duncan Park Commission—all of whom were named defendants in the 2012

Nash lawsuit—resigned. Grand Haven’s City Attorney stated that the resignations were because

of the Nash litigation and “fear of potential personal exposure,” as well as an inability “to govern

as a result of disagreements between remaining trustees.” DE 72-9, Smith Decl., Page ID 667.

Former trustee Ed Lystra explained, in response to a Nash interrogatory as to why he resigned, that

“[a]n ordinance was adopted by the City of Grand Haven on 3-24-13 creating a new Commission

comprised of five newly appointed Commissioners.” DE 72-10, Lystra Resp., Page ID 731.

                                               -6-
No. 21-1309, Lapinske, et al. v. City of Grand Haven, Mich., et al.

Although the 2013 Ordinance provided an appointment process for the Duncan Park Commission,

no trustees were appointed to replace the three that resigned in March 2013.

        Meanwhile, the Nash litigation continued. In March 2014, the Michigan Court of Appeals

issued an opinion addressing the two pending appeals. See Nash v. Duncan Park Comm’n,

848 N.W.2d 435 (Mich. Ct. App. 2014). The panel ruled that the Trust Deed created a valid

charitable trust, the trustees held fee simple title to the park, and the Duncan Park Commission and

trustees were not entitled to governmental immunity. Id. at 446–50, 453–54, 454–55. The

Michigan Supreme Court did not disturb these aspects of the opinion in Nash v. Duncan Park

Commission, 862 N.W.2d 417 (Mich. 2015). Because the trustees comprising the Duncan Park

Commission resigned in 2013 and were never replaced, in December 2015, Nash’s mother filed a

Petition for Appointment of Successor Trustee in Ottawa County Probate Court to fill the still-

vacant Commission. Simultaneously, Grand Haven filed its 2015 Petition for Reformation of the

Duncan Park Trust.

        The probate court addressed both petitions in one opinion granting Grand Haven’s petition

to reform the trust and denying Nash’s petition to appoint new trustees. The court noted the Nash

Estate’s failure “to find anyone . . . willing to serve as successor trustee.” DE 72-14, Probate

Opinion, Page ID 777. Because the trustees, under the original trust structure, would face exposure

to personal liability for park injuries, the court concluded “it is wishful thinking to believe that the

Estate will ever be able to find anyone willing to serve as successor trustee.” Id. The court added

that the then-current trust was “stuck in a legal purgatory” in which the park would forever be

ungoverned unless it granted reformation. Id. at 777–78. After outlining several reasons why it

was “highly impracticable” for the Duncan Park Trust to continue in its then-current form, the

probate court granted Grand Haven’s petition to reform the Trust and name the City as trustee. Id.

                                                 -7-
No. 21-1309, Lapinske, et al. v. City of Grand Haven, Mich., et al.

The Michigan Court of Appeals affirmed the probate court’s opinion and order, and the Michigan

Supreme Court denied Nash’s application for leave to appeal. Nash v. Duncan Park Comm’n.,

2017 WL 3441404 (Mich. Ct. App. August 10, 2017), leave to app. den’d, 904 N.W.2d 864 (Mich.

2018). Grand Haven again amended the Duncan Park Commission ordinance in April 2016 to

reflect that the City was appointed sole trustee of the charitable Duncan Park Trust by the Ottawa

County Probate Court’s February 29, 2016 opinion.

       The winding history of Duncan Park and the Nash litigation bring us to the current case.

Plaintiffs-appellants Jeffrey Lapinske, Jerold Lapinske, Cassandra Lapinske, Alyssa Martorano,

and James Lapinske are descendants of Martha Duncan.1 The heirs filed a complaint in the

Western District of Michigan in March 2019, alleging that Grand Haven’s adoption of the 2013

and 2016 Ordinances pertaining to Duncan Park triggered the Trust Deed’s reversionary

provisions. The only named defendant in the complaint is the City of Grand Haven, but Michigan

Attorney General Dana Nessel successfully moved to intervene as a third-party defendant. The

parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment.

       The district court granted summary judgment to Grand Haven and the Attorney General.

Although the court recognized that the administrative structure of the trust had changed, it held

that the Trust Deed provided a mechanism for such changes to ensure the settlor’s “charitable

intention could be honored in perpetuity.” DE 93, Op. and Order, Page ID 1285–86. By

petitioning the Michigan courts for appropriate relief, which the district court noted “is exactly

what happened,” the trust could be modified without triggering its reverter provisions. Id. at 1286.

Therefore, the court held no reverter provisions were triggered and granted summary judgment to

1
  The parties are very familiar with the case’s history: the attorney representing the Duncan heirs
is the same who represented the Nash Estate in the previous litigation.
                                               -8-
No. 21-1309, Lapinske, et al. v. City of Grand Haven, Mich., et al.

Grand Haven and the Attorney General. The district court noted in a footnote that, alternatively,

any reverter would be unenforceable under the doctrine of cy pres, citing Mich. Comp. Laws Ann.

§ 700.7413.

                                                 II

       We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment. Equitable Life Assur.

Soc’y of the United States v. Poe, 143 F.3d 1013, 1015 (6th Cir. 1998). We affirm the district

court if the “movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant

is entitled to judgment as a matter of law,” viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the

nonmoving party. Fed. R. Civ. Pro. 56(a); Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475

U.S. 574, 587 (1986). “A genuine issue of material fact exists when there are ‘disputes over facts

that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law.’” V & M Star Steel v. Centimark

Corp., 678 F.3d 459, 465 (6th Cir. 2012) (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242,

248 (1986)). “The mere existence of a scintilla of evidence in support of the [nonmoving party’s]

position will be insufficient; there must be evidence on which the jury could reasonably find for

[that party].” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252.

       Federal courts sitting in diversity jurisdiction “are to apply state substantive law and federal

procedural law.” Hanna v. Plumer, 380 U.S. 460, 465 (1965). Here, Michigan substantive law

applies. Under Michigan law, a deed is a contract, and its interpretation is reviewed de novo on

appeal. In re Rudell Est., 780 N.W.2d 884, 891 (Mich. Ct. App. 2009) (citing Negaunee Iron Co.

v. Iron Cliffs Co., 96 N.W. 468, 473 (Mich. 1903)).

                                                 III

       The clear intent of the Trust Deed was to create a public park in perpetuity. Considering

this intent and the Trust Deed’s provision of a mechanism to modify the trust terms, neither the

                                                -9-
No. 21-1309, Lapinske, et al. v. City of Grand Haven, Mich., et al.

2013 Ordinance nor the reformation of the Duncan Park Commission triggered the Trust Deed’s

reverter provisions. Alternatively, Michigan’s cy pres statute would render the reverter provisions

unenforceable. We affirm the district court’s decision to grant Grand Haven’s and the Michigan

Attorney General’s motions for summary judgment.

                                                 A

       The outcome of this case hinges on interpretation of the Trust Deed. Under Michigan law,

a deed is interpreted as a contract. See In re Rudell Est., 780 N.W.2d at 891; Bloomfield Ests.

Improvement Ass’n, Inc. v. City of Birmingham, 737 N.W.2d 670, 674–75 (Mich. 2007); Penrose

v. McCullough, 862 N.W.2d 674, 677 (Mich. Ct. App. 2014) (“[B]ecause deeds are contracts, the

interpretation of their language is an issue of law.”). “The language of a contract must be construed

according to its plain and ordinary meaning, rather than technical or constrained constructions.”

Solo v. United Parcel Serv. Co., 819 F.3d 788, 794 (6th Cir. 2016) (citing Dillon v. DeNooyer

Chevrolet Geo, 550 N.W.2d 846, 848 (Mich. Ct. App. 1996)).

       A court’s sole objective in resolving a dispute concerning the meaning of a trust is “to

ascertain and give effect to the intent of the settlor.” In re Kostin, 748 N.W.2d 583, 589 (Mich.

Ct. App. 2008) (citation omitted). “The intent of the settlor is to be carried out as nearly as

possible.” Id. (citing In re Maloney Trust, 377 N.W.2d 791, 793 (Mich. 1985)). A settlor’s intent

is to be “gauged from the trust document itself, unless there is ambiguity.” Id. If the trust

document is ambiguous, the court may “consider the circumstances surrounding the creation of

the document and the general rules of construction” to carry out the settlor’s intent. Id. (citing In

re Butterfield Est., 275 N.W.2d 262, 266 (Mich. 1979)). The court must attempt to construe the

instrument so that each word has meaning. Detroit Bank & Tr. Co. v. Grout, 289 N.W.2d 898,

905 (Mich. Ct. App. 1980).

                                               - 10 -
No. 21-1309, Lapinske, et al. v. City of Grand Haven, Mich., et al.

        We are tasked with determining Martha Duncan’s intent in executing the Trust Deed. This

intent is straightforward: she wished to create a public park for the citizens of Grand Haven that

would “at all times known and described as ‘DUNCAN PARK.’” DE 6-1, Trust Deed, Page ID

41–42. All parties agree the property has been continuously maintained and operated as a public

park known as Duncan Park. At issue then is not Martha Duncan’s intent in creating the park, but

her intent as to the circumstances that would trigger a reverter provision. The Trust Deed’s Third

Section contains a provision stating, “in case the Council or said Trustees shall neglect or refuse

to carry out in good faith all of the terms and conditions herein specified, then the premises . . .

shall revert to the first party herein, her heirs, executors or assigns. . . .” DE 6-1, Trust Deed, Page

ID 41–42. The heirs argue the City breached the conditions required of it by the Trust Deed and

triggered this reverter provision by adopting new ordinances to replace the 1913 Ordinance and

reforming the Commission’s structure. Neither argument can prevail because the Trust Deed’s

Ninth Section expressly provides a mechanism for future changes so that the park could exist in

perpetuity.

        The heirs argue the City breached its obligations under the Trust Deed by enacting the 2013

Ordinance, asserting that language in the Third Section proves Martha Duncan’s intent for Duncan

Park to presently be returned to her heirs. Specifically, the heirs point to the Trust Deed’s Third

Section, which provides:

                . . . and should said parcel of land cease to be so held and used as a
                public park, and in case the Council or said Trustees shall neglect
                or refuse to carry out in good faith all of the terms and conditions
                herein specified, then the premises so dedicated as above, with all
                improvements, shall revert to the first party herein, her heirs,
                executors or assigns and become again vested in her, or her heirs,
                as fully as if such dedication had never been made; and she, her
                heirs, or executors, may then enter upon and take possession of said
                premises and thenceforward hold the same as fully as if this
                dedication had never been made.
                                                 - 11 -
No. 21-1309, Lapinske, et al. v. City of Grand Haven, Mich., et al.

CA6 R. 29, Appellant Br., 33 (citing DE 6-1, Trust Deed, Page ID 41–42). The heirs also point to

the Trust Deed’s Eighth Section, which details an “express condition” requiring Grand Haven to

pass an ordinance creating the Duncan Park Commission, and explaining: “The repeal of said

Ordinance, or any part thereof, at any future time, shall render this Deed null and void and make

the same of no effect.” Id. at 43.

       The heirs assert that the City originally complied with this requirement by enacting the

1913 Ordinance, but later failed to carry out its obligations by enacting the 2013 Ordinance, which

changed the administrative structure of the Duncan Park Commission. The heirs contend that

“[t]he establishment of the new Commission was in contravention of Mrs. Duncan’s intent in

donating the land for Duncan Park” because “the City was charged with ‘faithful fulfillment of the

conditions’ of the Trust Deed,” which includes keeping “the very structure of the Duncan Park

Commission that Mrs. Duncan had insisted on in the Trust Deed and the 1913 ordinance.” CA6 R.

29, Appellant Br., at 35–37. Because Grand Haven enacted ordinances to update the Commission’s

structure, the heirs argue, the City “breached the obligations that Mrs. Duncan had imposed as a

precondition to her largess.” Id. at 38.

       At first blush, the language to which the heirs point complicates Martha Duncan’s intent.

Read apart from the rest of the Trust Deed, the Eighth Section indicates Grand Haven’s adoption

of the 2013 Ordinance—which explicitly repealed part of the 1913 Ordinance—renders the deed

null and void. Compare DE 6-1, Trust Deed, Page ID 43, with DE 72-11, 2013 Ordinance, Page

ID 745–46. But Michigan law regards deeds as contracts, and it is a well-established principle of

contract interpretation that portions of a contract are not read in isolation. See Klapp v. United Ins.

Grp. Agency, Inc., 663 N.W.2d 447, 453 (Mich. 2003) (“[C]ontracts must be construed so as to

give effect to every word or phrase as far as practicable.” (internal quotation omitted)); Dobbelaere

                                                - 12 -
No. 21-1309, Lapinske, et al. v. City of Grand Haven, Mich., et al.

v. Auto–Owners Ins. Co., 740 N.W.2d 503, 505 (Mich. Ct. App. 2007) (noting the objective of

contract interpretation “is to determine and enforce the parties’ intent by reading the agreement as

a whole and applying the plain language used by the parties to reach their agreement”). Here, the

Trust Deed’s Third and Eighth Sections must be read in conjunction with the Ninth Section, in

which Martha Duncan expressly recognized that for a park to exist in perpetuity, flexibility is

essential. The Ninth Section provides:

               If at any time in the future the “DUNCAN PARK COMMISSION”
               shall cease to exist, the Circuit Court for the County of Ottawa in
               Chancery, or such Court as shall succeed the same, shall, on the
               application of any Citizen of the City of Grand Haven, take charge
               of this trust and appoint a suitable “DUNCAN PARK
               COMMISSION” to fulfill and carry out the terms of the trust for the
               benefit of the Citizens of the City of Grand Haven; and the
               Commission so appointed shall thereafter choose its own successors
               in the same manner as herein provided.”

DE 6-1, Trust Deed, Page ID 43.

       The language of the Ninth Section is important to fully understand Martha Duncan’s intent.

Although she required the City of Grand Haven to enact an ordinance establishing the Duncan

Park Commission and provided parameters for its administrative structure, she openly recognized

that, for various unnamed reasons, the Duncan Park Commission she envisioned could cease to

exist. In that event, she indicated that bringing the matter to the Michigan court system was the

appropriate solution. And that is precisely what happened: following the tragic 2009 sledding

accident, litigation ensued in Michigan’s state and probate courts. The Michigan Court of Appeals

ruled that Martha Duncan’s Trust Deed created a legitimate trust, Nash v. Duncan Park Comm’n,

848 N.W.2d 435, 443 (Mich. Ct. App. 2014), and the Michigan Supreme Court left this part of the

decision undisturbed. See Nash v. Duncan Park Comm’n, 862 N.W.2d 417, 418 (Mich. 2015)

(vacating in part and otherwise denying leave to appeal). Duncan’s foresight that the Duncan Park

                                               - 13 -
No. 21-1309, Lapinske, et al. v. City of Grand Haven, Mich., et al.

Commission could cease to exist proved fateful: as the Commission and its trustees faced legal

liability for the accident, each of the trustees resigned.2 The 2013 Ordinance provided an

appointment process for members of the Duncan Park Commission, but no trustees were appointed

to replace the three that resigned in March 2013.

       With no trustees, the Duncan Park Commission essentially ceased to exist, just as Martha

Duncan envisioned when penning the Ninth Section. In 2015, a Michigan probate court addressed

this problem by granting Grand Haven’s petition to reform the trust and denying Nash’s petition

to appoint new trustees. The Ottawa County Probate Court pointed out that the Nash Estate had

been unable to locate anyone who would be willing to serve as a future trustee and held it was

“highly impracticable” for the Duncan Park Trust to continue in its then-current form. DE 72-14,

Probate Opinion, Page ID 777. The probate court granted Grand Haven’s petition to reform the

Trust and name the City as trustee.3 The Trust Deed provided a mechanism in which the Duncan

Park Commission ceased to exist, and Grand Haven used Michigan’s courts to “take charge of this

trust and appoint a suitable ‘DUNCAN PARK COMMISSION’ to fulfill and carry out the terms

2
  The facts must be viewed in the light most favorable to the heirs, who argue the trustees resigned
because Grand Haven passed the 2013 Ordinance. Appellees, however, frame the resignations as
caused by the Nash litigation, the trustee’s fear of personal liability, and the Commission’s
inability to govern efficiently due to internal disagreements. But the two purported reasons for
resignation are not inconsistent. Appellants do not dispute that the 2013 Ordinance was enacted
in direct response to the Nash litigation and the Commission’s breakdown. Whether the
resignations were a direct response to the litigation, or a second-order effect of the 2013 Ordinance
is immaterial to the issues here on appeal. The 2013 Ordinance did not force the end of the
Commission, but rather was in response to the same series of events as the resignations themselves.
3
 The Michigan Court of Appeals affirmed the probate court’s opinion and order and the Michigan
Supreme Court denied Nash’s application for leave to appeal. Nash v. Duncan Park Comm’n.,
2017 WL 3441404 (Mich. Ct. App. Aug. 10, 2017), leave to app. den’d, 904 N.W.2d 864 (Mich.
2018).
                                               - 14 -
No. 21-1309, Lapinske, et al. v. City of Grand Haven, Mich., et al.

of the trust for the benefit of the Citizens of the City of Grand Haven”—exactly as the Ninth

Section required. DE 6-1, Trust Deed, Page ID 43.

       The district court concluded that the City’s actions in enacting the 2013 Ordinance did not

trigger the reverter provision in the Trust Deed’s Third Section. It held that although the Duncan

Park Commission’s administrative structure changed, with the City serving as trustee instead of

individual people, the new structure was permitted by the Trust Deed’s Ninth Section. The court

emphasized Duncan’s “overriding goal” to maintain a public park bearing her name in perpetuity

and held that this charitable intention was enabled by the state courts’ decisions to reform the trust

and keep Duncan Park intact. DE 93, Op. and Order, Page ID 1286. The court stated the Ninth

Section “provided for the road map” to allow “the appropriate public authority” to maintain the

park, holding that “[a] ruling for Plaintiffs would upset that vision and risk continued operation of

the park for the first time in 107 years. In the Courts’ [sic] view, nothing in the Trust Deed could

be clearer than that Ms. Duncan did not and would not want that to happen.” Id.

       Grand Haven’s adoption of the 2013 Ordinance did not trigger a reverter clause in the Trust

Deed. The chief objective in interpreting trust language is to effectuate the settlor’s intent. See In

re Butterfield Est., 275 N.W.2d at 266. Here, the nine provisions of the Trust Deed must be read

together. Auto Owners Ins. Co. v. Seils, 871 N.W.2d 530, 540 (Mich. 2015) (“[C]ontractual terms

must be construed in context . . . and read in light of the contract as a whole.” (internal citations

omitted)). The heirs assert the district court erred by failing to address “the language of either of

the reversionary provisions contained in Mrs. Duncan’s Trust Deed.” CA6 R. 29, Appellant Br.,

at 27–28. The district court’s opinion is brief and lacks caselaw, but it does address the language

of the reverter provisions in its Facts section. In its analysis, the court directly engaged with the

                                                - 15 -
No. 21-1309, Lapinske, et al. v. City of Grand Haven, Mich., et al.

language by holding that Grand Haven’s management and administrative changes of the Trust and

that the state court’s reformation of the Trust did not trigger the reverter provision.

       The heirs also argue the trustees “neglect[ed] or refuse[d] to carry out in good faith all of

the terms and conditions,” as required by the Trust Deed’s Third Section, and therefore triggered

the reverter provision. While the Third Section does outline circumstances under which the

property should revert to Duncan’s heirs, those conditions are not met here. The Third Section

provides the possibility of reverter only if (1) the land ceases to be a public park, and (2) “the

Council or said Trustees shall neglect or refuse to carry out in good faith all of the terms and

conditions herein specified.” DE 6-1, Trust Deed, Page ID 41–42. The land has continuously

been maintained as a public park named Duncan Park, even during the period in which the

Commission had no trustees. The heirs urge the panel to read the “and” in this Section as an “or”—

such that violating either condition would trigger the reverter clause—pointing to two early

twentieth century cases in which the Michigan Supreme Court held the two words can at times be

interchangeable. CA6 R. 36, Appellant Reply Br., at 4 (citing Gates v. Kenney, 193 N.W. 808,

809 (Mich. 1923); Heckathorn v. Heckathorn, 280 N.W. 79, 81 (Mich. 1938)). Gates and

Heckathorn examine ambiguous language using a treatise, noting that while “or” and “and” are

not “interchangeable, . . . their strict meaning is more readily departed from than that of other

words, and one read in place of the other in deference to the meaning of the context.” Gates,

193 N.W. at 808–09 (citing Lewis’ Sutherland Statutory Construction (2d Ed.), § 397);

Heckathorn, 280 N.W. at 81 (same). Here, the reading the heirs urge us to adapt does not comport

with Duncan’s clear intent to establish a public park in perpetuity. Because the parcel of land

designated in the Trust Deed has continued to be held and used as Duncan Park, the reverter in the

Third Section was not triggered by the resignation of the trustees.

                                                - 16 -
No. 21-1309, Lapinske, et al. v. City of Grand Haven, Mich., et al.

        The heirs next argue the City’s actions to reform the Commission’s administrative structure

are contrary to the Eighth Section of the Trust Deed, rendering the deed “null and void.” CA6 R.

29, Appellant Br., at 38. However, the interpretation the heirs urge is contrary to Duncan’s clear

intent to create Duncan Park in perpetuity, as evidenced when reading the Eighth and Ninth

Sections together. The Eighth Section requires the City to pass an ordinance creating the Duncan

Park Commission as specified in order to perpetuate Duncan Park and provide for its care and

maintenance; the Ninth Section provides the ability to modify the Commission through the

Michigan court system to fulfill the terms of the trust for the benefit of Grand Haven’s citizens.

        In the 2013 Ordinance, Grand Haven preserved certain provisions of the 1913 Ordinance

and repealed and replaced others to better provide for Duncan Park’s perpetuation. Later, in the

City’s 2015 Petition for Reformation of the Duncan Park Trust, the City explained that the

ordinance was prompted by the Nash litigation and the need to modernize the administrative

structure of the Commission. The Commission had been stymied by ongoing litigation and by the

passage of nearly a century since it was first envisioned, argued the City.               Grand Haven

successfully argued to the probate court that the Trust Deed’s proposed structure of the

Commission did not comport with the “transparency and accountability mechanisms that typically

apply to governing bodies that oversee public property.” DE 72-13, Pet. for Reformation of the

Duncan Park Trust, Page ID 753. In light of this context and reading the Trust Deed in its entirety

with the Ninth Section’s mechanism to replace the Duncan Park Commission, Grand Haven’s

enactment of the 2013 Ordinance and its 2015 Petition for Reformation of the Duncan Park Trust

did not render the Trust Deed null and void.

        As our sole objective in resolving a dispute concerning the meaning of a trust is “to

ascertain and give effect to the intent of the settlor,” and “[t]he intent of the settlor is to be carried

                                                  - 17 -
No. 21-1309, Lapinske, et al. v. City of Grand Haven, Mich., et al.

out as nearly as possible,” In re Kostin, 748 N.W.2d at 589, we conclude that Martha Duncan’s

clear intent was to provide a public park bearing her name for the people of Grand Haven to enjoy.

                                                  B

       In its opinion, the district court included a final footnote stating that any reverter provision

in the Trust Deed would be unenforceable under the Michigan Estates and Protected Individuals

Code, M.C.L. 700.7413. The court noted:

               Even if the reverter provision had been triggered–—and the Court
               does not believe it has been—the reverter would not be enforceable
               because more than 50 years have passed since the original creation
               of the right, and Ms. Duncan is no longer living. MCLA 700.7413.
               The reverter would fail, and the Michigan Courts would have the
               right and responsibility to apply Cy Pres.

DE 93, Op. and Order, Page ID 1286.

       The heirs argue the district court erred in applying M.C.L. 700.7413(3) in this situation

because that subsection is “based on §413 of the Uniform Trust Code (UTC)” and “has no

application in this context.” CA6 R. 29, Appellant Br., at 42–44. The heirs reassert the argument

that the Trust Deed is null and void due to the 2013 Ordinance and the reformation of the Duncan

Park Commission; therefore, they argue, “there is no trust to be reformed under [the cy pres]

doctrine.” Id. at 44. The heirs argue the language of M.C.L. 700.7413(1) should control and cy

pres is not applicable because Duncan’s charitable purpose never became unlawful, impracticable,

or unachievable. Grand Haven and the Michigan Attorney General argue the district court

correctly noted that the cy pres statute would apply.

       Cy pres “is a saving device applied to charitable trusts so that when the specific purpose of

the settlor cannot be carried out, his charitable intention can be fulfilled as nearly as possible.” In

re Rood’s Est., 200 N.W.2d 728, 734 (Mich. Ct. App. 1972). In M.C.L. 700.7413, Michigan

codified the common law cy pres doctrine. The statute outlines circumstances under which a court

                                                - 18 -
No. 21-1309, Lapinske, et al. v. City of Grand Haven, Mich., et al.

may modify or terminate a trust when a settlor had a general charitable intent. If (1) the settlor’s

charitable purpose “becomes unlawful, impracticable, or impossible to achieve”; (2) there is no

alternative taker identified; and (3) the settlor had a general, rather than specific, charitable intent,

the trust will not fail and will not revert. M.C.L. 700.7413(1). Rather, “[t]he court may apply cy

pres to modify or terminate the trust by directing that the trust property be applied or distributed,

in whole or in part, in a manner consistent with the settlor’s general charitable intent.” M.C.L.

700.7413(1)(c). The statute specifies:

                (3) A provision in the terms of a charitable trust that would result in
                distribution of the trust property to a noncharitable beneficiary
                prevails over the power of the court to apply cy pres to modify or
                terminate the trust only if, when the provision takes effect, either of
                the following applies:
                        (a) The trust property is to revert to the settlor and the settlor
                            is still living.
                        (b) Less than 50 years have elapsed since the date of the
                            trust’s creation.

M.C.L. 700.7413(3).

        The district court’s application of M.C.L. 700.7413(3) was appropriate. The reverter

provision in the Trust Deed’s Third Section provides that if certain conditions in the deed are not

met, the property “shall revert to the first party herein, her heirs, executors or assigns and become

again vested in her, or her heirs, as fully as if such dedication had never been made . . .” DE 6-1,

Trust Deed, Page ID 41. This constitutes a provision in the terms of a charitable trust that would

result in distribution of the trust property to a noncharitable beneficiary.                 Under M.C.L.

700.7413(3), this result prevails over the court’s ability to apply cy pres only if (1) the settlor is

still alive, or (2) less than 50 years have passed since the trust’s creation. The parties do not dispute

that neither of these conditions is met. Martha Duncan died on August 5, 1918, and the Trust Deed

                                                 - 19 -
No. 21-1309, Lapinske, et al. v. City of Grand Haven, Mich., et al.

was executed in 1913. Accordingly, the district court correctly noted the doctrine of cy pres could

be applied to preserve Duncan’s intent that the property be used as a public park.

       The heirs also point to La Fond v. City of Detroit, 98 N.W.2d 530, 533 (Mich. 1959), in

which the Supreme Court of Michigan held “[t]he cy pres doctrine is used to aid the court in

carrying out the true intention of the donor and cannot be used for the purpose of eliminating the

unambiguous words found in deceased’s will.” But this works against the heirs’ position. Martha

Duncan’s express intent in the Trust Deed, read as a whole, is to provide a park for the enjoyment

of the citizens of Grand Haven.

       As we have held above, the reverter provisions were not triggered, and the district court

properly granted summary judgment to Grand Haven and the Michigan Attorney General on those

grounds. However, even if the reverter provisions were triggered, the district court correctly

ascertained that under M.C.L. 700.7413(3), a court could apply the doctrine of cy pres.

                                                IV

       For more than one hundred years, the citizens of Grand Haven have used and enjoyed

Duncan Park. Martha Duncan clearly intended to create this public park in perpetuity when she

executed her Trust Deed, emphasized by the deed’s mechanism to modify the trust terms. We

affirm the district court’s decision to grant Grand Haven’s and the Michigan Attorney General’s

motions for summary judgment.

                                              - 20 -