Court Opinion

ID: 2829074
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-08-20 20:16:14.000232+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:25:06.563683
License: Public Domain

J-A13011-15

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

PR FINANCING LIMITED PARTNERSHIP                  IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                        PENNSYLVANIA
                         Appellant

                    v.

PAUL ELIAS T/A YUM-YUM TASTY
DONUTS

                         Appellee                    No. 1446 WDA 2014

          Appeal from the Judgment Entered September 26, 2014
             In the Court of Common Pleas of Fayette County
                  Civil Division at No(s): 3070 of 2007 GD

BEFORE: PANELLA, J., SHOGAN, J., and OTT, J.

MEMORANDUM BY PANELLA, J.                    FILED: AUGUST 20, 2015

      Appellant, PR Financing Limited Partnership (“PR”), appeals from the

judgment entered after the trial court found that Appellee, Paul Elias, trading

as Yum-Yum Tasty Donuts, had breached his lease with PR, but concluded

that the accelerated rent provisions of the lease were unconscionable. We

affirm in part, and reverse and vacate in part.

      The factual findings of the trial court are largely undisputed, for

purposes of this appeal, regarding the period of time prior to the morning of

January 1, 2006.    In 1984, a predecessor in interest of Elias leased the

subject premises from a predecessor in interest of PR. The lease was for a

term of 25 years, ending on January 31, 2011.         In 1990, the lease was
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assigned to Elias, after he had unsuccessfully sought to modify the

provisions of the lease to allow him to terminate the lease after 5 years.

      In 1999, Elias desired to invest in improvements to the leased

property, and therefore requested a 10-year extension of the lease term to

justify   the    investment.     Once    again,   Elias   unsuccessfully    sought   a

modification of the lease to allow him to terminate after 5 years, and

ultimately agreed to the 10-year extension of the term with all other

provisions      remaining   intact.     Elias   proceeded    to   finance   extensive

improvements to the property.

      On December 21, 2005, Elias requested a copy of the lease from PR.

PR provided a copy of the lease to Elias on December 23, which provided for

an increase in annual rent from $28,000 to $30,000, starting on February 1,

2006. At this time, Elias was several months behind in his rental payments

to PR.

      In the morning of January 1, 2006, a fire caused by arson destroyed

the premises of Yum-Yum Tasty Donuts.             The building and the equipment

inside were determined to be a total loss, and Elias received a full payout

from his property insurance policy, totaling $445,753.96, by May 4, 2006.

After reviewing several proposals to rebuild and re-outfit the premises, Elias

concluded that he could not pay the rent due while at the same time re-

building the premises. Instead, Elias used the insurance policy proceeds to

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pay off debts, including debts owed to family members, as well as loaning

$105,411.81 to his wife’s business in 2006 and $197,500 in 2009.

      Elias stopped making rent payments to PR in September 2006.            In

November 2007, PR filed a complaint against Elias, asserting a cause of

action in breach of contract based upon Elias’s failure to pay rent and failure

to rebuild the premises as required by the lease. In particular, PR sought

accelerated damages in an amount equal to the rent due for the remaining

15 years of the lease term.     Elias filed an answer asserting defenses of

impossibility, Act of God, and failure to mitigate damages.

      After extensive discovery, the parties proceeded to a non-jury trial in

December 2012. The trial court found Elias to be in breach of the lease, but

found that Elias was not required to rebuild the premises. Furthermore, the

trial court found that accelerated rent provisions of the lease constituted an

unconscionable contract of adhesion, and therefore only awarded damages

based upon unpaid rent prior to December 2007.        After the denial of PR’s

post-trial motions and the entry of judgment, this timely appeal followed.

      On appeal, PR raises four issues for our review. The first two issues

concern the trial court’s limitation of damages, the third attacks the trial

court’s finding that the accelerated rent provision was unconscionable, and

the fourth and final issue challenges the trial court’s treatment of Elias’s

defenses of financial impossibility and vis major.     We will address these

issues in sequence.

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      We begin with our standard of review.

      Our appellate role in cases arising from non-jury trial verdicts is
      to determine whether the findings of the trial court are
      supported by competent evidence and whether the trial court
      committed error in any application of the law. The findings of
      fact of the trial judge must be given the same weight and effect
      on appeal as the verdict of a jury. We consider the evidence in a
      light most favorable to the verdict winner. We will reverse the
      trial court only if its findings of fact are not supported by
      competent evidence in the record or if its findings are premised
      on an error of law. However, where the issue … concerns a
      question of law, our scope of review is plenary.

Stephan v. Waldron Elec. Heating and Cooling, LLC, 100 A.3d 660,

664-665 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citation and brackets omitted).

      First, PR contends that the trial court erred in concluding that Elias had

no duty to rebuild the premises under the lease. A “lease is in the nature of

a contract and is controlled by principles of contract law.”           Willison v.

Consolidation Coal Co., 637 A.2d 979, 982 (Pa. 1994) (citation omitted).

Interpretation of a contract poses a question of law and our review is

plenary.    See Charles D. Stein Revocable Trust v. General Felt

Industries, Inc., 749 A.2d 978, 980 (Pa. Super. 2000).         “In construing a

contract, the intention of the parties is paramount and the court will adopt

an   interpretation   which   under   all   circumstances   ascribes    the   most

reasonable, probable, and natural conduct of the parties, bearing in mind the

objects manifestly to be accomplished.” Id. (citation omitted).

      To give effect to the intent of the parties, we must start with the

language used by the parties in the written contract.       See Szymanski v.

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Brace, 987 A.2d 717, 722 (Pa. Super. 2009).               Generally, courts will not

imply a contract that differs from the one to which the parties explicitly

consented. See Kmart of Pennsylvania, L.P. v. M.D. Mall Associates,

LLC, 959 A.2d 939, 944 (Pa. Super. 2008). We are not to assume that the

language of the contract was chosen carelessly or in ignorance of its

meaning. See id.

      Where the language of the contract is clear and unambiguous, a court

is required to give effect to that language. See Prudential Property and

Casualty Ins. Co. v. Sartno, 903 A.2d 1170, 1174 (Pa. 2006). Contractual

language    is   ambiguous   “if   it   is   reasonably   susceptible   of   different

constructions and capable of being understood in more than one sense.”

Hutchison v. Sunbeam Coal Co., 519 A.2d 385, 390 (Pa. 1986) (citations

omitted).

      At issue in this matter is a specific provision of the lease addressing

fire damage to the leasehold during the term of the lease. The provision

provides as follows.

      (a) If the demised premises shall be damaged or destroyed by
      fire or other casualty, Tenant shall promptly commence the
      repair of the demised premises to the condition which existed
      prior to such damage. There will be no abatement of rentals due
      hereunder and no cancellation of this Lease Agreement during
      the period such repairs are being made by Tenant.

      (b) Tenant covenants and agrees that Tenant’s mortgage of
      the improvements to be erected upon the demised premises
      shall provide that any proceeds of insurance policies paid for the
      destruction, in whole or in part, by fire or other cause, of the
      improvements shall be made available for repair of the premises.

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      (c)   Notwithstanding anything contained herein, if a substantial
      loss or destruction to the improvements to be erected upon the
      demised premises shall occur within the last two years of the
      original term, or during any renewal term, Tenant may, at is
      option, terminate this Lease as of the date of such occurrence by
      written notice mailed to Landlord within ten (10) days after such
      occurrence and direct all insurance proceeds to Landlord as
      consideration for such termination. At such time, the rights of
      the parties under this Lease shall cease, rent shall be
      apportioned, and Landlord and Tenant shall be released from
      any further liability hereunder.

Lease, § 16.01(a)-(c).

      Elias argued, and the trial court agreed, that the term “repair” in

section 16.01(a) was ambiguous as to whether it required Elias to

completely rebuild the premises in the event of a total loss. See Trial Court

Opinion, 12/31/13, at 6. As a result, it construed the term against PR as the

successor in interest to the drafting party, and concluded that section 16.01

did not require Elias to rebuild the premises in the event of a total loss. See

id.

      Read in isolation, the trial court’s conclusion is plausible.          But when

read in the context of the entirety of the section, as we must, it is clear that

“repair” includes a complete rebuild in the event of a total loss.               Section

16.01(a) begins with the statement that in the event the premises are

“damaged or destroyed by fire,” the tenant was required to repair the

premises.      Furthermore, section 16.01(b) explicitly requires repair of the

premises using insurance proceeds paid to the tenant pursuant to “the

destruction,    in   whole   or   in   part,   by   fire   or   other   cause,   of   the

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improvements[.]”     The inclusion of the explicit terms “destroyed” and

“destruction, in whole” in setting forth the scope of the tenant’s duty to

repair the premises renders the term unambiguous. When read in context,

the term “repair” is not reasonably susceptible of being understood in more

than one sense. Obviously, the parties intended for the tenant to repair the

property—even in the event of a total loss. Thus, we conclude that the trial

court erred in holding that the term was ambiguous and interpreting it to

exclude a duty to rebuild in the event of a total loss.

      Apparently in the alternative, the trial court further found that it was

impossible to rebuild the premises pursuant to the lease agreement “when

[Elias’s] monthly payments on the mortgage and rent would have been in

excess of [$7,500] and there was no reasonable possibility that a rebuilt

donut shop … could generate enough income to pay that amount.”            Trial

Court Opinion, 12/31/13, at 21-22.        The defense of legal impossibility,

however, is premised upon an objective standard.          See Luber v. Luber,

614 A.2d 771, 774 (Pa. Super. 1992). Thus, it does not apply if it is merely

beyond the party’s ability to perform; it must be beyond any person’s ability

to perform.    See id.     “[A] party generally assumes the risk of his own

inability to perform his contractual duties.” Id. (citations omitted).

      Elias has not, indeed cannot, establish that it is impossible for anyone

to rebuild the premises.    He has not identified any physical feature of the

leased premises or legal impediment that prevents rebuilding.        Rather, he

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has established, at best, that he cannot afford to rebuild the premises. This

does not rise to the level of legal impossibility. See id. The trial court erred

in concluding that rebuilding of the leased premises was impossible.

      Next, PR argues that the trial court erred in holding that it had a duty

to mitigate the damages it suffered from Elias’s breach. Section 19.05(b) of

the lease provides that in the event of a default by Elias, PR was entitled “to

recover … as liquidated damages for loss of the bargain and not as a

penalty, a sum equal to the Fixed Minimum Rent multiplied by the number of

months and fractional months which would have constituted the balance of

the term, together with costs and attorneys’ fees.” In other words, Section

19.05(b) provided that in the event that Elias breached the lease, PR was

entitled to damages in an amount equal to the rental payments that it would

have received until January 31, 2021, the end of the lease term.             PR

calculated the liquidated damages due under the lease to be $472,711.51.

      In contrast, the trial court found that PR had intentionally failed to re-

let the property in order to increase its claim against Elias. As a result, the

trial court limited the damages for which Elias was liable to such rent that

was due and unpaid as of December 31, 2007, or $40,000.00.

      The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania has ruled that “a non-breaching

landlord whose tenant has abandoned the property in violation of the lease

has no duty to mitigate damages.” Stonehedge Square Ltd. Partnership

v. Movie Merchants, Inc., 715 A.2d 1082, 1084 (Pa. 1998). The Supreme

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Court provided five reasons for this rule. First, that the rule has been firmly

established in Pennsylvania jurisprudence for over 100 years.         See id.

Second, that the “rule has the virtue of simplicity.”    Id.   Third, that the

legislature’s 1951 comprehensive overhaul of landlord/tenant law did not

seek to modify this rule.       See id., at 1085.       Fourth, that it was

fundamentally unfair for a breaching tenant to require a non-breaching

landlord to expend time, effort, and money to mitigate the damages arising

from the breach.    See id.   Finally, the Court recognized that in the case

before it the tenant had the right to sublet the property with the landlord’s

approval, which could not be unreasonably withheld. See id.

      The trial court attempted to distinguish Stonehedge from the present

case with the following reasoning.

      This is a lease with nearly fifteen years remaining on its term,
      and sums claimed to be due amounting to nearly $500,000.00 in
      rent, plus the illusory claimed residual value of the donut shop
      structure. Unlike Stonehedge, the leasehold improvements in
      this case were completely demolished as the result of a fire. The
      lot was cleared and available for a new tenant to make
      improvements for any viable business. It is impossible for the
      Tenant in this case to reconstruct a donut shop that [can]
      conceivably generate enough income to pay a mortgage and the
      rent due under the terms of the pre-existing lease. Adjacent
      structures owned by Landlord – that were larger and more
      valuable “as-is” than the tiny donut shop that was destroyed by
      arson here – were deliberately demolished to make way for one
      or more new business (most notably an Olive Garden restaurant)
      and parking lots for the new business.

Trial Court Opinion, 12/31/13, at 21.

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        The trial court’s attempt to distinguish Stonehedge is simply

untenable.     Initially, we observe that the amount in controversy or the

remaining term of the lease is not relevant to the Supreme Court’s explicit

reasoning in adopting the Stonehedge rule. These circumstances therefore

do not support distinguishing the present case from Stonehedge.

        The remainder of the trial court’s explicit reasoning centers on the fact

that the leased premises were destroyed by arson.           However, as noted

above, the plain language of the lease agreement imposed the duty to

rebuild the premises in the event of a fire upon Elias.              Thus, this

circumstance cannot favor Elias in his attempt to escape the Stonehedge

rule.

        We therefore conclude that the trial court erred when it held that

Stonehedge was not controlling.        As a matter of law, PR had no duty to

mitigate the damages that arose from Elias’s failure to rebuild the property

and his abandonment of the property.

        In the alternative, the trial court found that the liquidated damages

clause of the lease agreement was an unconscionable contract of adhesion.

        [A] contract or term is unconscionable, and therefore avoidable,
        where there was a lack of meaningful choice in the acceptance of
        the challenged provision and the provision unreasonably favors
        the party asserting it. The aspects entailing lack of meaningful
        choice and unreasonableness have been termed procedural and
        substantive unconscionability, respectively. The burden of proof
        generally concerning both elements has been allocated to the
        party challenging the agreement, and the ultimate determination
        of unconscionability is for the courts.     Nevertheless, where
        material facts are disputed, for example, concerning the general

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      commercial background underlying a challenged transaction
      and/or the commercial needs of a particular trade, fact finding
      may be necessary.

Salley v. Option One Mortgage Corp., 925 A.2d 115, 119-120 (Pa. 2007)

(citations omitted).   Even if a contract is determined to be procedurally

unconscionable, or a contract of adhesion, a court must still analyze the

terms at issue to determine if they unreasonably favor the opposing party.

See Bayne v. Smith, 965 A.2d 265, 270 (Pa. Super. 2009).

      Here, even assuming that the lease agreement was procedurally

unconscionable, we conclude that Elias has not met his burden of

establishing that the liquidated damages provision of the lease was

substantively unconscionable. The liquidated damages provision reflects the

law of Pennsylvania as set forth in Stonehedge. Accordingly, as a matter of

law, it cannot be found to unreasonably favor PR.

      We therefore conclude that the trial court erred in finding the

liquidated damages provision to be unconscionable.      Furthermore, to the

extent that the trial court’s finding of legal impossibility applies to the

liquidated damages provision, we conclude that such a finding is in error for

the same reasoning we applied above regarding Elias’s duty to rebuild the

premises.

      The only remaining issue involves the trial court’s award of attorneys’

fees to PR.   The trial court limited the legal fees awarded to PR to the

amount of $5,000 pursuant to its finding that PR had improperly failed to

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mitigate damages in this matter. As we have concluded that PR had no such

duty, we vacate the award of attorneys’ fees and remand for the trial court

to calculate a reasonable award based upon the appropriate law and

circumstances.

      In summary, we affirm the trial court’s finding that Elias breached the

lease; we reverse and vacate the remainder of the judgment.

      Judgment affirmed in part, reversed and vacated in part.          Case

remanded for proceedings consistent with this memorandum.        Jurisdiction

relinquished.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 8/20/2015

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