Court Opinion

ID: 4106886
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-12-13 20:12:43.044709+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:33:45.360585
License: Public Domain

J-S86042-16

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    IN RE: S.L.                                :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                                               :
                                               :
                                               :
    APPEAL OF: D.L., BIRTH FATHER              :       No. 1083 WDA 2016

                           Appeal from the Order July 1, 2016
                  In the Court of Common Pleas of Washington County
                       Orphans’ Court at No(s): 63-OC-2015-0717

BEFORE: GANTMAN, P.J., MOULTON, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY GANTMAN, P.J.:                         FILED DECEMBER 13, 2016

        Appellant, D.L. (“Father”), appeals from the order entered in the

Washington County Court of Common Pleas Orphans’ court, which granted

the petition of the Washington County Children and Youth Social Services

Agency (“CYS”) for involuntary termination of the parental rights Father and

K.G. (“Mother”) to their minor child, S.L. (“Child”). We affirm.

        The Orphans’ court correctly sets forth most of the relevant facts and

procedural history of this case.         Therefore, we have no reason to restate

them.1 We add Child is two years old and was born in October 2014. At the

time Child was born, Father’s and Mother’s other children, Child’s siblings,

had already been adjudicated dependent. On October 17, 2014, CYS filed
____________________________________________

1
 We make one small correction to the court’s opinion at page 1. The court
held termination hearings on November 18, 2015, and March 21, 2016.

_____________________________

*Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S86042-16

an emergency shelter care motion, which the Court granted. Upon Child’s

discharge from the hospital after birth, CYS placed Child in foster care.

      Procedurally, by memorandum and order dated July 1, 2016, the court

granted CYS’ petition for involuntary termination of Mother’s and Father’s

parental rights to Child.   On July 22, 2016, Father filed a timely notice of

appeal and a concise statement of errors complained of on appeal, pursuant

to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i). On August 16, 2016, the court filed a statement,

per Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(ii), through which the court incorporated by

reference its July 1, 2016 memorandum and order.           Mother did not file a

notice of appeal, and she is not a party to this appeal.

      Father raises two issues for our review:

         DID THE [ORPHANS’] COURT ERR IN TERMINATING
         [FATHER’S] PARENTAL RIGHTS WHERE THE EVIDENCE
         WAS INSUFFICIENT TO SUSTAIN SUCH A FINDING?

         DID THE [ORPHANS’] COURT ERR IN CONCLUDING IT WAS
         IN…CHILD’S BEST INTERESTS FOR [FATHER’S] PARENTAL
         RIGHTS TO BE TERMINATED WHERE THERE WAS
         INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE FROM WHICH THE TRIAL COURT
         COULD MAKE ANY CONCLUSIONS ABOUT THE BOND
         BETWEEN FATHER AND [CHILD]?

(Father’s Brief at 7).

      Appellate review in termination of parental rights cases implicates the

following principles:

         In cases involving termination of parental rights: “our
         standard of review is limited to determining whether the
         order of the trial court is supported by competent
         evidence, and whether the trial court gave adequate
         consideration to the effect of such a decree on the welfare

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        of the child.”

In re Z.P., 994 A.2d 1108, 1115 (Pa.Super. 2010) (quoting In re I.J., 972
A.2d 5, 8 (Pa.Super. 2009)).

           Absent an abuse of discretion, an error of law, or
           insufficient evidentiary support for the trial court’s
           decision, the decree must stand.       …    We must
           employ a broad, comprehensive review of the record
           in order to determine whether the trial court’s
           decision is supported by competent evidence.

        In re B.L.W., 843 A.2d 380, 383 (Pa.Super. 2004) (en
        banc), appeal denied, 581 Pa. 668, 863 A.2d 1141 (2004)
        (internal citations omitted).

           Furthermore, we note that the trial court, as the
           finder of fact, is the sole determiner of the credibility
           of witnesses and all conflicts in testimony are to be
           resolved by [the] finder of fact. The burden of proof
           is on the party seeking termination to establish by
           clear and convincing evidence the existence of
           grounds for doing so.

        In re Adoption of A.C.H., 803 A.2d 224, 228 (Pa.Super.
        2002) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).
        The standard of clear and convincing evidence means
        testimony that is so clear, direct, weighty, and convincing
        as to enable the trier of fact to come to a clear conviction,
        without hesitation, of the truth of the precise facts in issue.
        In re J.D.W.M., 810 A.2d 688, 690 (Pa.Super. 2002). We
        may uphold a termination decision if any proper basis
        exists for the result reached. In re C.S., 761 A.2d 1197,
        1201 (Pa.Super. 2000) (en banc). If the court’s findings
        are supported by competent evidence, we must affirm the
        court’s decision, even if the record could support an
        opposite result. In re R.L.T.M., 860 A.2d 190, 191[-92]
        (Pa.Super. 2004).

In re Z.P., supra at 1115-16 (quoting In re Adoption of K.J., 936 A.2d
1128, 1131-32 (Pa.Super. 2007), appeal denied, 597 Pa. 718, 951 A.2d
1165 (2008)).

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     CYS sought involuntary termination of Father’s parental rights on the

following grounds:

        § 2511. Grounds for involuntary termination

        (a) General Rule.―The rights of a parent in regard to a
        child may be terminated after a petition filed on any of the
        following grounds:

           (1) The parent by conduct continuing for a period of
           at least six months immediately preceding the filing
           of the petition either has evidenced a settled purpose
           of relinquishing parental claim to a child or has
           refused or failed to perform parental duties.

           (2) The repeated and continued incapacity, abuse,
           neglect or refusal of the parent has caused the child
           to be without essential parental care, control or
           subsistence necessary for his physical or mental
           well-being and the conditions and causes of the
           incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal cannot or will
           not be remedied by the parent.

                                *    *    *

           (5) The child has been removed from the care of the
           parent by the court or under a voluntary agreement
           with an agency for a period of at least six months,
           the conditions which led to the removal or placement
           of the child continue to exist, the parent cannot or
           will not remedy those conditions within a reasonable
           period of time, the services or assistance reasonably
           available to the parent are not likely to remedy the
           conditions which led to the removal or placement of
           the child within a reasonable period of time and
           termination of the parental rights would best serve
           the needs and welfare of the child.

                                *    *    *

        (b) Other considerations.―The court in terminating
        the rights of a parent shall give primary consideration to
        the developmental, physical and emotional needs and

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        welfare of the child. The rights of a parent shall not be
        terminated solely on the basis of environmental factors
        such as inadequate housing, furnishings, income, clothing
        and medical care if found to be beyond the control of the
        parent. With respect to any petition filed pursuant to
        subsection (a)(1), (6) or (8), the court shall not consider
        any efforts by the parent to remedy the conditions
        described therein which are first initiated subsequent to
        the giving of notice of the filing of the petition.

23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(1), (a)(2), (a)(5), and (b). “Parental rights may be

involuntarily terminated where any one subsection of Section 2511(a) is

satisfied, along with consideration of the subsection 2511(b) provisions.” In

re Z.P., supra at 1117.

        Initially, the focus is on the conduct of the parent. The
        party seeking termination must prove by clear and
        convincing evidence that the parent’s conduct satisfies the
        statutory grounds for termination delineated in Section
        2511(a). Only if the court determines that the parent’s
        conduct warrants termination of his…parental rights does
        the court engage in the second part of the analysis
        pursuant to Section 2511(b): determination of the needs
        and welfare of the child under the standard of best
        interests of the child.

In re L.M., 923 A.2d 505, 511 (Pa.Super. 2007) (internal citations omitted).

     Termination under Section 2511(a)(1) involves the following:

        To satisfy the requirements of [S]ection 2511(a)(1), the
        moving party must produce clear and convincing evidence
        of conduct, sustained for at least the six months prior to
        the filing of the termination petition, which reveals a
        settled intent to relinquish parental claim to a child or a
        refusal or failure to perform parental duties. In addition,

           Section 2511 does not require that the parent
           demonstrate both a settled purpose of relinquishing
           parental claim to a child and refusal or failure to
           perform parental duties. Accordingly, parental rights

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            may be terminated pursuant to Section 2511(a)(1) if
            the parent either demonstrates a settled purpose of
            relinquishing parental claim to a child or fails to
            perform parental duties.

         Once the evidence establishes a failure to perform parental
         duties or a settled purpose of relinquishing parental rights,
         the court must engage in three lines of inquiry: (1) the
         parent’s explanation for his…conduct; (2) the post-
         abandonment contact between parent and child; and (3)
         consideration of the effect of termination of parental rights
         on the child pursuant to Section 2511(b).

In re Z.S.W., 946 A.2d 726, 730 (Pa.Super. 2008) (internal citations

omitted) (emphasis added). Regarding the six-month period prior to filing

the termination petition:

         [T]he trial court must consider the whole history of a given
         case and not mechanically apply the six-month statutory
         provision.     The court must examine the individual
         circumstances of each case and consider all explanations
         offered by the parent facing termination of his…parental
         rights, to determine if the evidence, in light of the totality
         of the circumstances, clearly warrants the involuntary
         termination.

In re B.,N.M., 856 A.2d 847, 855 (Pa.Super. 2004), appeal denied, 582 Pa.
718, 872 A.2d 1200 (2005).

      The   grounds   for   termination   of   parental   rights   under   Section

2511(a)(2), due to parental incapacity that cannot be remedied, are not

limited to affirmative misconduct; to the contrary, those grounds may

include acts of refusal as well as incapacity to perform parental duties. In

re A.L.D., 797 A.2d 326 (Pa.Super. 2002). “Parents are required to make

diligent efforts towards the reasonably prompt assumption of full parental

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responsibilities.”   Id. at 340.    The fundamental test in termination of

parental rights under Section 2511(a)(2) was long ago stated in the case of

In re Geiger, 459 Pa. 636, 331 A.2d 172 (1975), where the Pennsylvania

Supreme Court announced that under what is now Section 2511(a)(2), “the

petitioner for involuntary termination must prove (1) repeated and continued

incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal; (2) that such incapacity, abuse,

neglect or refusal caused the child to be without essential parental care,

control or subsistence; and (3) that the causes of the incapacity, abuse,

neglect or refusal cannot or will not be remedied.” In Interest of Lilley,

719 A.2d 327, 330 (Pa.Super. 1998).

      “Termination of parental rights under Section 2511(a)(5) requires

that: (1) the child has been removed from parental care for at least six

months; (2) the conditions which led to removal and placement of the child

continue to exist; and (3) termination of parental rights would best serve the

needs and welfare of the child.” In re Z.P., supra at 1118.

      Under Section 2511(b), the court must consider whether termination

will meet the child’s needs and welfare.    In re C.P., 901 A.2d 516, 520

(Pa.Super. 2006). “Intangibles such as love, comfort, security, and stability

are involved when inquiring about the needs and welfare of the child. The

court must also discern the nature and status of the parent-child bond,

paying close attention to the effect on the child of permanently severing the

bond.” Id. at 520. Significantly:

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        In this context, the court must take into account whether a
        bond exists between child and parent, and whether
        termination would destroy an existing, necessary and
        beneficial relationship.     When conducting a bonding
        analysis, the court is not required to use expert testimony.
        Social workers and caseworkers can offer evaluations as
        well. Additionally, Section 2511(b) does not require a
        formal bonding evaluation.

In re Z.P., supra at 1121 (internal citations omitted).

     “The statute permitting the termination of parental rights outlines

certain irreducible minimum requirements of care that parents must provide

for their children, and a parent who cannot or will not meet the requirements

within a reasonable time following intervention by the state, may properly be

considered unfit and have his…parental rights terminated.”      In re B.L.L.,

787 A.2d 1007, 1013 (Pa.Super. 2001). This Court has said:

           There is no simple or easy definition of parental
           duties. Parental duty is best understood in relation
           to the needs of a child.        A child needs love,
           protection, guidance, and support. These needs,
           physical and emotional, cannot be met by a merely
           passive interest in the development of the child.
           Thus, this court has held that the parental obligation
           is a positive duty which requires affirmative
           performance.

           This affirmative duty encompasses more than a
           financial obligation; it requires continuing interest in
           the child and a genuine effort to maintain
           communication and association with the child.

           Because a child needs more than a benefactor,
           parental duty requires that a parent exert himself to
           take and maintain a place of importance in the
           child’s life.

        Parental duty requires that the parent act affirmatively

                                    -8-
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        with good faith interest and effort, and not yield to every
        problem, in order to maintain the parent-child relationship
        to the best of his…ability, even in difficult circumstances.
        A parent must utilize all available resources to preserve
        the parental relationship, and must exercise reasonable
        firmness in resisting obstacles placed in the path of
        maintaining the parent-child relationship. Parental rights
        are not preserved by waiting for a more suitable or
        convenient time to perform one’s parental responsibilities
        while others provide the child with his…physical and
        emotional needs.

In re B.,N.M., supra at 855 (internal citations omitted). “[A] parent’s basic

constitutional right to the custody and rearing of his…child is converted,

upon the failure to fulfill his…parental duties, to the child’s right to have

proper parenting and fulfillment of [the child’s] potential in a permanent,

healthy, safe environment.” Id. at 856.

     “While a parent’s emotional bond with his…child is a major aspect of

the subsection 2511(b) best-interest analysis, it is nonetheless only one of

many factors to be considered by the court when determining what is in the

best interest of the child.” In re N.A.M., 33 A.3d 95, 103 (Pa.Super. 2011).

“The mere existence of an emotional bond does not preclude the termination

of parental rights.” Id. Rather, the court “must examine the status of the

bond to determine whether its termination would destroy an existing,

necessary and beneficial relationship.” Id. (internal citations and quotation

marks omitted). “Above all else[,] adequate consideration must be given to

the needs and welfare of the child.    A parent’s own feelings of love and

affection for a child, alone, do not prevent termination of parental rights.”

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In re Z.P., supra at 1121.

     Importantly, “this Court has recognized a connection between the

involuntary termination of parental rights and the Adoption and Safe

Families Act (“ASFA”)…”      In re R.M.G., 997 A.2d 339, 349 (Pa.Super.

2010), appeal denied, 608 Pa. 648, 12 A.3d 372 (2010). The stated policy

of the ASFA is:

           [T]o remove children from foster placement limbo
           where they know neither a committed parent nor can
           [they] look toward some semblance of a normal
           family life that is legally and emotionally equivalent
           to a natural family…. States such as Pennsylvania,
           which participate in the program, are required to
           return the child to its home following foster
           placement, but failing to accomplish this due to the
           failure of the parent to benefit by such reasonable
           efforts, to move toward termination of parental
           rights and placement of the child through adoption.
           Foster home drift, one of the major failures of the
           child welfare system, was addressed by the federal
           government by a commitment to permanency
           planning, and mandated by the law of Pennsylvania
           in its participation in the Adoption and Safe Families
           Act of 1997. Succinctly, this means that when a
           child is placed in foster care, after reasonable efforts
           have been made to reestablish the biological
           relationship, the needs and welfare of the child
           require [the Agency] and foster care institutions to
           work toward termination of parental rights, placing
           the child with adoptive parents. It is contemplated
           this process realistically should be completed
           within 18 months.

        Essentially, this legislation shifted away from an
        inappropriate focus on protecting the rights of parents to
        the priority of the safety, permanency and well-being of
        the child. While this 18-month time frame may in some
        circumstances seem short, it is based on the policy that a
        child’s life simply cannot be put on hold in the hope that

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         the parent will summon the          ability   to   handle   the
         responsibilities of parenting.

Id. (internal citations and quotation marks omitted) (emphasis in original).

      Instantly, after a thorough review of the record, the briefs of the

parties, the applicable law, and the well-reasoned opinion of the Honorable

Michael J. Lucas, we conclude Father’s issues merit no relief. The Orphans’

court opinion comprehensively discusses and properly disposes of Father’s

issues (See Orphans’ Court Opinion, filed July 1, 2016, at 16-23) (finding:

(1) from Child’s birth through age of eight months, Father failed to perform

regular parental duties; during supervised visits, CYS aide consistently had

to prompt Father to care for Child; Father refused to participate fully in

interactional evaluation with clinical psychologist; caseworker testified that

Father was not compliant with permanency plan; Father failed to avail

himself of available services to alleviate conditions which required Child’s

removal; Father failed to obtain safe, stable, and appropriate housing;

Father did not verify he was undergoing mental health treatment for his

conditions; no evidence established Father had completed appropriate sex

offender course of treatment; caseworker testified that Child would not be

safe in Father’s care; totality of circumstances warranted involuntary

termination of Father’s parental rights to Child under 23 Pa.C.S.A. §§

2511(a)(1), (a)(2), and (a)(5); (2) no credible evidence demonstrated

beneficial bond existed between Father and Child; testimony of case worker

demonstrated that, with exception of small number of instances, Father

                                    - 11 -
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consistently attended supervised visits with Child; nevertheless, Father

attempted to feed Child foods inappropriate for Child’s age; Father’s

interactions with Child indicated he does not have appropriate expectations

for Child, given Child’s age and limitations; Father was often inattentive to

Child during visits, and chose instead to use his cell phone and engage in

unwelcome interactions with CYS staff; Father made threatening remarks

toward CYS staff; clinical psychologist performed interaction evaluation of

Child and his foster parents, who also have custody of Child’s siblings; Child

has beneficial attachment to his siblings; clinical psychologist opined that

Child is healthy and thriving in foster placement; foster mother provides

exceptional level of care to Child; termination of Father’s parental rights

would best serve needs and welfare of Child).       The record supports the

court’s decision. Thus, we affirm on the basis of the Orphans’ court opinion.

      Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 12/13/2016

                                    - 12 -
                                                                           Circulated 11/21/2016 11:04 AM

                    IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF
                   WASI-IlNGTON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
                          ORPHANS COURT DIVISION

IN THE INTEREST OF:

                                                          NO. 63-15-0717

                          MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

       Before the court is the petition of the Washington County Children and

Youth Social Services Agency (CYS). CYS seeks to involuntarily terminate the

parental rights of D ..    L•     ("Father") and K   11       G ..     ("Mother") to

S•     . L.   (''S .L."), age 20 months.

PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       On June 11, 2015 CYS filed a petition seeking termination. In its petition,

CYS alleged grounds for termination pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A. §2511 (a)(1)(2) and

(5). Both parents contested the termination. Hearings in this matter occurred on

November 18, 2015 and March 21, 2015.1

I
 Due to the medical unavailability of CYS Counsel, an extended recess occurred as CYS had to
engage new counsel to complete the case. During that recess, Mother's Counsel also changed.

                                              1
      Six (6) days after S.L.'s birth, upon the recommendation of Master Jessica

Roberts, this court found that permitting S.L. to remain in the care of his parents

was contrary to his best interests and welfare. (See Exhibit 2) In the Shelter Care

Order, Master Roberts detailed: i) the dependent status of S.L. 's siblings; ii)

Mother's failure to complete ordered services; iii) both parents' mental health

treatment needs; iv) Father's status as a registered sexual offender under "Megan's

Law;" ; v) Mother's intellectual limitations; vi) the unsanitary condition of Mother

and Father's home; vii) Father's reporting that his wife, from North Carolina, had

tried to shoot him and his children; viii) Father's threats made to both CYS and to

medical providers for Mother; ix) and Mother's inability to understand "basic

baby instructions."

      On November 13, 2014 Master John Richards conducted a merit hearing that

determined issues of dependency and then disposition. Master Richards found that

S.L. 's siblings were placed outside the home of Mother and Father and that

termination hearings were ongoing with regard to those children. Master Richards

found that Mother and Father's home was not safe; that medical providers

expressed concerns regarding Mother's understanding of how to care for an infant;

that Mother had "unresolved mental health issues;" Father was a registered sex

offender who had not completed sexual offender's treatment and had only recently

begun mental health treatment. On the basis of Master Richards' recommendation,

                                           2
• ,L   I,·\.

               this Court found that S.L. is a dependent child pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S. § 6302 (1).

               Master Richards also recommended and the court found that continuing in the

               home of Mother and Father would be contrary to welfare, health or safety of S.L.

               Both parents were directed to maintain safe and stable housing. Mother was

               specifically ordered to undergo a mental health evaluation and an assessment of

               her intellectual functioning. Father was directed to participate in mental health and

               sexual offender's treatment. S.L. was placed, with his siblings, into undisclosed

               CYS Foster Care.

                        Over the course of the next nine (9) months Master Richards conducted

               three (3) permanency review hearings.2 Master Richards found that both Mother

               and Father were minimally to moderately compliant with the permanency plan for

               the S.L. Both parents attended in excess of seventy percent (70%) of scheduled

               visits. Mother was more consistent in visitation with S.L. and during visits she

               "attended" to S.L. more than Father.          However, according to Master Richards the

               evidence showed that Mother did not always know how to address S.L. 's needs.

               According to Master Richards concerns persisted with the cleanliness of the

               parents' home and Father's excessive cell phone use during visits. (See Exhibit 2

               Permanency Review Order of 2/12/15 and 5/7/2015). The record of the
                                                         -
               Permanency Review Hearings did not indicate that either Mother or Father had

               2
                   Hearings occurred on February 12, 2015, May 7, 2015 and August 6, 2015.

                                                               3
,•

     complied with orders directing them to undergo mental health treatment and Father

     to complete sexual offenders counseling.

           On April 15, 2015, Honorable Katherine B. Emery issued an opinion and

     order involuntarily terminating the parental rights of Mother and Father to S.L. 's

     siblings. In her opinion and order, President Judge Emery detailed Mother and

     Father's history of parental incapacity. Such history included the deplorable

     condition of the parents' housing dating back to October of 2012; Father's need for

     mental health treatment as early as 2003; Father's controlling behavior of Mother

     as reported by hospital personnel; and Father's status as a Tier I Megan's law

     Offender. President Judge Emery found that neither Mother nor Father "worked-.

     with the requisite speed" to achieve reunification.     With regard to Father,

     President Judge Emery found "particularly problematic" his personality disorder

     which was not responsive to treatment and was "ingrained and lifelong." With

     regard to Mother, President Judge Emery found that she showed no ability to

     "independently care for herself' and no capability to "care for two small children."

     Judge Emery found clear and convincing evidence supported such termination

     pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. §2511 (a)(l), (2), (5) and (8).3 (See Exhibits 3 and 4).

     3
      In an unreported Memorandum Decision a panel of the Superior Court, being Judges Bowes,
     Donahue and Fitzgerald, affirmed President Judge Emery's decision on September 24, 2015.
     (See Exhibits 5 and 6)

                                                  4
.~

           Following that decision, the Agency requested a finding of Aggravated

     Circumstances with regard to S.L. On May 7, 2015 Master Richards conducted a

     permanency review hearing which included consideration of CYS' motion for

     aggravating circumstances. Mother and Father were found to be minimally

     compliant with the permanency plan. Master Richards found that Mother and

     Father had attended twenty-one (21) of twenty-three (23) visits. However, Mother

     continued to lack knowledge with regard to addressing S.L. 's needs. Master

     Richards found that Father continued to "play on his cell phone" during visits and

     lacked knowledge in attending to S.L. when S.L. was "fussy." Master Richards

     found that both parents had achieved only minimal progress towards alleviating the

     circumstances which necessitated placement. Intellectual testing of Mother

     revealed that she has an IQ of 58 and that her judgment and insight is consistent

     with that level of intellectual functioning. Though Father reported a new address

     in Waynesburg, Pennsylvania, mail directed there had been returned to CYS with

     the postal markings "no such number." Having been informed of President Judge

     Emery's decision in the termination proceedings, Master Richards recommended

     and this Court found that aggravating circumstances existed. CYS was relieved of

     the obligation to make efforts to reunify S.L. with his parents.

            On June 10, 2015, CYS filed a petition for involuntary termination of

     parental rights for both Mother and Father. CYS alleged that: Mother and Father's

                                                5
parental incapacity had persisted; they had failed to perform parental duties: due to

parental incapacity S .L. has been without essential parental care; and that Mother

and Father could not or would not "remedy" those conditions within a reasonable

time ..

          On August ·6, 2015 a third permanency review hearing occurred. Despite

notice, neither Mother nor Father, attended the hearing. Master Richards found

that both parents continued to attend visits with S.L. However, Master Richards

also reported both parents required prompting from case aides during visits. On

three (3) separate occasions the parents "had to be told" that S.L. needed sunscreen

when the parents wished to take him outside. At another visit, Mother attempted to

clean S.L's baby teeth with an electric toothbrush which was too hard for him. The

parents attempted to feed S.L, an infant between the ages of seven (7) and ten (10)

months an assortment of "junk food" to include Twinkies®, french fries and little

huggie® drinks. At visits, Father continued to spend significant periods of time

on his cell phone and a laptop. Master Richards recommended continued

placement of S.L. and supervised visitation for both parents. (See Exhibit 2,

August 6, 2015 Order).

          At the November 18, 2015 hearing,    f~t.r   objected to the admission of

the procedural record ofS.L.'s dependency proceedings. In a very broad

objection, "Fo.+-"ne.r asserted that his Due Process rights were violated in those
                                           6
-,,

      proceedings by the admission of evidence pursuant to Pa.R.J.C.P. 1608(c). t=tl\~e.r

           argued that admission of the court's orders from permanency review hearings

      included the admission of factual findings that are not admissible in either an

      adjudicatory hearing or a termination of parental rights proceeding. Further,

      throughout the hearings in this matter, both Mother and Father argued that grounds

      for the termination of their parental rights had not been established by clear and

      convincing evidence.

            Before the court are three (3) issues for determination:

         1) Whether the court may properly admit and give consideration to the court

            orders issued in S.L. 's dependency proceedings?

         2) Whether CYS proved by clear and convincing evidence grounds for the

            termination of parental rights pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A. § (a)(l), (2) and/or

            (5)?

         3) If the Agency has met its burden of proof regarding involuntary termination

            of parental rights, then whether termination serves the needs and welfare of

            S.L., pursuant to Section 251 l(b)?

      ADMISSIBILTY OF PERMANENCY REVIEW ORDERS

            In a termination proceeding the Orphans' court must examine competent,

      relevant evidentiary resources. In re Adoption ofB.G.S., 418 Pa.Super. 588, 614

                                                  7
A.2d 1161 (1992), appeal discontinued, 535 Pa. 628, 631 A.2d 1002 (1993).

Pennsylvania law allows the admission in such proceedings of a lay witness'

testimony on a party's parental capability, when that testimony is based on personal

observation. For instance, evidence of the parent's family history of mental illness

and involvement with the welfare system is also relevant and admissible regarding

issues of family stability or lack of a social support system to assist the parent with

the child. In re A.L.D., 2002 Pa. Super. 104, 797 A.2d 326, 337-38 (Pa. Super.

2002) ( citations omitted) Further, evidence of a parent permitting a convicted drug

offender to have access to a child's home is relevant in a termination proceeding.

In re Adoption ofM.A.R., 405 Pa.Super. 131, 591 A.2d 1133 (1991).

      Pa.R.E. 201 (b) provides that "a judicially noticed fact must be one not

subject to reasonable dispute in that it is either (1) generally known within the

territorial jurisdiction of the trial court or (2) capable of accurate and ready

determination by resort to sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be

questioned. Pursuant to Pa.R.E. 201 (b) a court may take judicial notice of another

case to include rulings made by the court in another proceeding.

      In this case, CYS requested that this court take judicial notice of the orders

issued by this court in the dependency proceeding involving the same parties. No

appeal of the orders were taken by any party to include Mother and Father. This

court issued those orders upon recommendation of the assigned hearing masters.

                                            8
The existence of the contents of such orders were capable of ready and accurate

determination by review of the Clerk of Courts file and the CPCMS database.

       A Court may not take judicial notice that the factual findings that led to the

prior rulings are true unless the party against whom judicial notice is taken was a

party to the prior litigation. In such cases, judicial or collateral estoppel may

apply. See Binder on Pennsylvania Evidence §2.0l(b). For instance, a trial court's

ruling to take judicial notice of the fact that it ruled against a party in a prior

custody dispute is not erroneous. V.B. v. J.E.B., 55 A.3d 1193, 1206-07 (Pa. Super.

2012). However, in contrast to merely taking judicial notice of its prior ruling, a

trial court commits reversible error by incorporating the entire file of an unrelated

custody litigation into a new dispute by reference and by relying upon its prior

findings of facts to reach its determination. See 220 Partnership v. Philadelphia

Blee. Co., 437 Pa.Super. 650, 650 A.2d 1094, 1097 (1994) ("Where material facts

are in dispute, judicial notice may not be used to deny a party an opportunity to

present contrary evidence").4

4
  220 Partnership involved a trial court's dismissal of a complaint upon preliminary objections.
In that case the Superior Court directed that the defense of collateral estoppel should have been
raised in an answer on the merits. Cf. Pa.R.C.P. 1030 (res judicata). The Superior Court
cautioned "if there be any dispute as to the facts supporting such a defense, they can be raised
and adjudicated in an appropriate manner in the litigation. The trial court should not, at the
preliminary objection stage of this action, have accepted as true facts which were in direct
conflict with the well pleaded facts of the complaint. Where material facts are in dispute, judicial
notice may not be used to deny a party an opportunity to present contrary evidence." See: Wells
v. Pittsburgh Board of Public Education, supra 31 Pa.Commw. at 5, 374 A.2d at 1011.

                                                  9
.'•

             In this case, this court admitted as Exhibit 2 the court orders issued in the

      dependency proceeding involving S.L. Such proceedings are not unrelated to the

      present action to pursue a termination of parental rights. The parties are the same.

      The issues are related. Such evidence is relevant because it informs the trier of fact

      as to the reasons that necessitated S.L. 's removal from care; to show what if any

      parental incapacity has existed; what progress towards reunification was made and·

      whether S.L. has been safe in foster placement.

             Judicial notice may not be carried so far as to make it impossible for an

      appellate court to determine upon what basis factual findings were made. This,

      coupled with a denial of opportunity to introduce contrary evidence or engage in

      cross-examination, would be a denial of due process. Aiko Express Lines v.

      Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission, 152 Pa.Super. 27, 30 A.2d 440 (1943) as

      cited in Wells v. Pittsburgh Bd. of Pub. Ed., 31 Pa.Cmwlth. 1, 5, 374 A.2d 1009,

      1011 (1977).

             However, the record of this termination proceeding and in particular the case

      in chief offered by CYS did not merely present the record of the prior dependency

      proceedings. Substantial competent testimony, from a clinical psychologist, a case

      aide, the foster placement provider, the caseworker, Mother and Father was

      220 P'ship v. Philadelphia Elec. Co., 437 Pa.Super. 650, 656-57, 650 A.2d 1094, 1097 (1994)

                                                    10
presented by CYS in this termination proceeding. Mother and Father, each, were

given the opportunity to present evidence that contradicted the specific factual

findings made in the dependency proceeding.             In reaching a decision, this court

does not merely rely upon the record of the dependency proceeding. As discussed

below, consideration was given to all testimony and evidence presented in the

termination hearing.

         When making a decision as to the current best interests of the children, a

trial judge can consider the history of the parties. Incorporating the prior testimony

between the parties from prior proceedings "is an intelligent and efficient way to

proceed." Jones v. Jones, 2005 Pa. Super. 337, 884 A.2d 915, 916-17 (Pa. Super.

2005).

         Furthermore, this court has not credited nor relied upon the reports of Stacy

Frye, a sexual offender counselor. Ms. Frye did not appear and testify at any

dependency proceeding. Though Master Richards discussed Ms. Frye's reported

opinions in making findings regarding compliance and progress, this court in

deciding this case gave Ms. Frye's opinion no weight. 5

5
 Such a determination should not surpriseCv'S, the Guardian Ad Litem and counsel for both
parties. At the March 21, 2016 hearing, the court took considerable effort to identify the precise
scope of Father's objection to the Dependency Court Orders. Based upon statements of Father's
Counsel such objection was to any reliance this court would place on findings from the
Dependency orders that were based upon Stacy Frye's reports. At the conclusion of that hearing,

                                                11
       ,
·.1-   ·'

                   An evidentiary ruling which does not affect the decision will not provide a

            basis for disturbing the fact-finder's judgment. Hart v. W.H. Stewart, Inc., 523 Pa.
13, 16, 564 A.2d 1250, 1252 (1989) as cited in In re M.T., 414 Pa.Super. 372, 392,

            607 A.2d 271, 281 (1992).

                   For these reasons, the court orders issued in the underlying dependency

                                           6
            proceeding were admitted.

            BURDEN OF PROOF

                   The burden of proof is on the party seeking termination to establish by clear

            and convincing evidence the existence of grounds for doing so. In re Adoption of

            A.C.H .• 803 A.2d 224, 228 (Pa.Super.2002) (internal citations and quotation marks

            omitted). The standard of clear and convincing evidence means testimony that is so

            clear, direct, weighty, and convincing as to enable the trier of fact to come to a

            clear conviction, without hesitation, of the truth of the precise facts in issue. In re

            Father's counsel indicated that he did not know if his client had been successfully discharged
            from offender's treatment. Father's Counsel persisted in making this argument despite the
            testimony of Mother, Ms. Everly, Father and Caseworker Smith. Father's Counsel appeared to
            misapprehend that Father's testimony was presented as part of CYS' case in chief. Such
            argument clearly is not supported by the record presented during the termination proceedings.
            Further, such argument by Father's Counsel misstated the testimony that Father had given only
            minutes earlier in the proceeding. Father specifically admitted he had not completed any sexual
            offender treatment and added he only had three more years of registry.
            6
              Additionally, Father's Counsel could not point to any record of timely objections made to
            factual findings of the Court during those proceedings. Father did not request reconsideration of
            those orders and did not file an appeal regarding those orders.
                                                            12
J.D. WM, 810 A.2d 688, 690 (Pa.Super.2002) as cited in In re Z.P., 2010 PA

Super 56, 994 A.2d 1108, 1116 (Pa. Super. 2010).

      Parental rights may be involuntarily terminated where any one subsection of

Section 251 l(a) is satisfied, along with consideration of the subsection 251 l(b)

provisions. In re Adoption of R.J.S., 901 A.2d 502, 508 n. 3 (Pa.Super.2006).

      The statute permitting the termination of parental rights outlines certain

irreducible minimum requirements of care that parents must provide for their

children, and a parent who cannot or will not meet the requirements within a

reasonable time following intervention by the state may properly be considered

unfit and have his parental rights terminated." In re B.L.L., 787 A.2d 1007, 1013

(Pa.Super.2001) as cited in In re Z.P., 2010 Pa. Super. 56, ~ 15, 994 A.2d 1108,

1118 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2010).

(A)(l) TERMINATION

      A court may terminate parental rights under Section 2511 (a)( 1) where the

parent demonstrates a settled purpose to relinquish parental claim to a child or fails

to perform parental duties for at least the six months prior to the filing of the

termination petition. The court should consider the entire background of the case

and not simply: mechanically apply the six-month statutory provision. The court

must examine the individual circumstances of each case and consider all

                                           13
explanations offered by the parent facing termination of his ... parental rights, to

determine if the evidence, in light of the totality of the circumstances, clearly

warrants the involuntary termination. In re Z.P., 994 A.2d 1108, 1117 (Pa. Super.

2010) (citations omitted).

(A)(2)

         The grounds for termination of parental rights under Section 2511 (a)(2), due

to parental incapacity that cannot be remedied, are "not limited to affirmative

misconduct." In re A.L.D., 797 A.2d 326, 337 (Pa.Super.2002).

Unlike subsection (a)(l), subsection (a)(2) does not emphasize a parent's refusal or

failure to perform parental duties, but instead emphasizes the child's present and

future need for essential parental care, control or subsistence necessary for his

physical or mental well-being. Therefore, the language in subsection (a)(2) should

not be read to compel courts to ignore a child's need for a stable home and strong,

continuous parental ties, which the policy of restraint in state intervention is

intended to protect. This is particularly so where disruptionof the family has

already occurred and there is no reasonableprospectfor reuniting it.

In re E.A.P., 944 A.2d 79, 82 (Pa.Super.2008) (internal citations and quotation

marks omitted) (emphasis added). Thus, while "sincere efforts to perform parental

duties," can preserve parental rights under subsection (a)(l), those same efforts

                                           14
may be insufficient to remedy parental incapacity under subsection (a)(2). In re

Adoption of M.J.H., 348 Pa.Super. 65, 501 A.2d 648 (1985). See also Matter of

Adoption of C.A.W .. 453 Pa.Super. 277, 683 A.2d 911, 916 (1996). "Parents are

required to make diligent efforts toward the reasonably   * 1118 prompt   assumption

of full parental responsibilities." In re A.L.D., supra at 340. A "parent's vow to

cooperate, after a long period of uncooperativeness regarding the necessity or

availability of services, may properly be rejected as untimely or disingenuous." Id.

1516 Moreover, a court may terminate parental rights under subsection (a)(2),

even where the parent has never had physical custody of the child. In re Adoption

of Michael J.C., 506 Pa. 517, 525, 486 A.2d 371, 375 (1984). As our Supreme

Court explained, if the statute required physical custody as a prerequisite,

termination of parental rights would only result after a child has suffered physical,

emotional or mental damage. We cannot agree. Neither the language of the Act,

nor our case law, supports appellee's position that Section 251 l(a)(2) requires a

showing that a putative parent have an opportunity to inflict substantial physical or

mental harm upon a child before the state can intervene. Rather, a more appropriate

reading of the statute is that when a parent has demonstrated a continued inability

to conduct his ... life in a fashion that would provide a safe enviromnent for a child,

whether that child is living with the parent or not, and the behavior of the parent is

                                           15
·'

     irremediable as supported by clear and competent evidence, the termination of

     parental rights is justified. In re Z.P., 994 A.2d 1108, 1117-18 (Pa. Super. 2010)

     (A)(S)

              Termination of parental rights under Section 251 l(a)(5) requires that: (1) the

     child has been removed from parental care for at least six months; (2) the

     conditions which led to removal and placement of the child continue to exist; and

     (3) termination of parental rights would best serve the needs and welfare of the

     child. 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511 ( a)(5). In re Z.P ., , 994 A.2d 1108, 1118 (Pa. Super.

     2010).

              With regard to S.L., CYS has met its burden by clear and convincing

     evidence with regard to subsections (a)(l), (a) (2) and (a) (5). From S.L's birth

     through the age of 8 months, neither Mother nor Father performed regular parental

     duties for S.L. Following his birth and discharge from the hospital, S.L. was

     placed into foster care S.L. and at the time of the first hearing had remained in that

     care of thirteen (13) months. (H.T. 11/18/15     p. 170) On multiple occasions, upon a

     hearing Master's recommendation, the court determined that S.L. could not safely

     be within Mother and Father's care. (H.T. (See Exhibit 2) In visits, Mother and

     Father consistently had to be prompted in their care for S.L. Mother and Father

                                                 16
~   .   \

            refused to fully participate in an interactional evaluation with Dr. Neil Rosenblum,

            a clinical psychologist. (H.T. 11/18/15,p. 35-36)

                   As Caseworker Dawn Smith testified, Mother and Father were not

            compliant with the permanency plan for S.L. Services were made reasonably

            available to the parents to assist them in alleviating the conditions that required

            S.L. 's removal. However, the parents did not avail themselves of those services in

            a timely manner. A reasonable period of time has passed for the parents to

            otherwise alleviate the circumstances that caused S.L.'s removal.

                  Unfortunately, the parents have failed to otherwise remedy those conditions.

            (H.T. 11/18/2015 p. 204-205, Exhibit 2) Neither parent timely obtained safe,

            stable and appropriate housing. (H.T. 11/15/2015      p. 191-192) As ofNovember

            18, 2015 Father had not provided CYS or the court with any information verifying

            that he was undergoing mental health treatment. (H.T. 11/15/2015 p. 188).

            Father's testimony confirmed that he has been diagnosed with "multiple different

            things." At the March 21, 2016 hearing Father presented the testimony of a

            counselor, Emma Everly, from whom he had sought treatment At the time of the

            hearing, Ms. Everly was not a licensed clinical psychologist. Ms. Everly indicated

            that she began treating Father in April of 2015 and that such treatment included

            cognitive behavior therapy and eye movement desensitization processing. Ms.

            Everly reported that Father's thoughts were stimulated by his post-traumatic stress

                                                       17
·,

       disorder. Ms. Everly also indicated that Father suffers from bi-polar disorder.

     fc,.the r confirmed he underwent no other treatment than the counseling      provided by

      Ms. Everly. No evidence credibly and persuasively established that Father, a

      convicted sexual offender subject to Megan's Law, completed an appropriate

      course oftreatment for sexual offenders. (H.T. 11/18/2015        p. 195) Ms. Everly and

      Mother both confirmed that Father had not completed sexual offenders' treatment.

      (H.T. 11/18/2015   p. 296).   ·~+ne..r   testified that he "only has three (3) more years

      of registry."

             Mother similarly did not alleviate the conditions which prompted S.L. 's

      removal form her care. Mother testified that an FBI Agent placed her in Father's

      custody. (H.T. 11/18/2015 p. 333) She conceded that she suffers panic attacks and

      did not undergo a mental health evaluation as directed. (H.T. 11/18/2015       p. 190

      and 323-324). In visitations, Mother did not exhibit a necessary understanding of

      S.L. 'sage and developmental limitations. (H.T. 11/18/2015        p. 196) Mother has

      no consistent source of income, lacks a birth certificate, is intellectually limited is

      very reliant upon Father, a convicted sex offender, for guidance and support. (H.T.

      11/1'8/2015 p. 195-200, 313 and 362) Mother admitted to feeling "trapped in her

      current situation." (H.T. 11/18/2015     p. 314) During her testimony she misstated

      S.L. 's birth date. (H.T. 11/18/2015     p. 294 and 339) Mother acknowledged having

      given birth to three (3) other children, none of whom are in her care. (H.T.

                                                   18
11/18/2015 p. 294-295) Mother conceded that S.L. gained a benefit by being with

his siblings. (H. T. 11/18/2015 p. 315) In response to a question whether breaking

S.L. 's bond with Father would be detrimental, Mother responded that she believed

that if that occurred S.L. would need counseling. (H.T. 11/18/2015 p. 348)

      Ms. Smith unequivocally and credibly testified that S.L. 's needs and welfare

would be best served by termination of his parents' parental rights. (H.T.

11/18/2015 p. 205) Caseworker Smith indicated that S.L. would not be safe in the

care of Mother and Father. (H.T. 11/18/2015 p. 205 lines 11 to p.206 line 4) Ms.

Smith testified that no beneficial relationship existed between the S.L. and his birth

parents. She added S.L. would suffer no detrimental effect if parents' rights were

terminated. (H.T. 11/18/205 p. 206-209)

      The totality of the circumstances presented warrants the involuntary

termination of both Mother and Father's rights to S.L. pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A. §

2511 (a)(l),(2) and (5).

25ll(b)

      The court must consider whether termination serves the needs and welfare of

the child, pursuant to Section 2511 (b). Relative to Section 2511 (b), the Superior

Court has provided the following guidance:

  Intangibles such as love, comfort, security, and stability are involved when
  inquiring about the needs and welfare of the child. The court must also

                                          19
  discern the nature and status of the parent-child bond, paying close attention
  to the effect on the child of permanently severing the bond.

In re C.P .. 901 A.2d 516 (Pa.Super.2006). The court should also consider the

importance of continuity of relationships to the child, because severing close

parental ties is usually extremely painful. The court must consider whether a

natural parental bond exists between child and parent, and whether termination

would destroy an existing, necessary and beneficial relationship. Most importantly,

adequate consideration must be given to the individual needs and welfare of the

child. In re C.L.G., 956 A.2d 999, 1009-10 (Pa. Super. 2008) (citations omitted).

      In this case, no credible and persuasive evidence was presented that

demonstrated the existence of a beneficial bond between S.L. and his parents. Due

to the parents' refusal to fully participate in Dr. Rosenblum's interactional

evaluation, no expert opinion was provided regarding the parents' relationship with

S.L. Testimony from Erin Dixon, CYS case aide, was provided regarding the

parents' supervised visits. The parents with the exception of only a small number

of instances, have consistently participated in supervised visits with S.L. two (2)

times per week for two (2) hours. (H.T. 11/18/2015 p. 88-89) According to Ms.

Dixon, the parents do attend visits with supplies to care for S.L. and brought a toy

and cakes for S.L.'s birthday. However, Ms. Dixon added that the parents

attempted to feed S.L. "Fun-Dip" ,French fries and peanuts which are not age

                                          20
'°'   ,_.   ·...:

                    appropriate for S.L. (H.T. 11/18/2015 p. 94.:96) According to Ms. Dixon, the

                    parents do not have appropriate expectations for S.L. given his age and limitations.

                    (H.T. 11/18/2015 p. 98-99) For instance, at age six (6)months, Mother inquired

                    whether S.L. 's teeth were being brushed. At that time, S.L. had no teeth. (H.T.

                    11/18/2015 p. 105) Case Aide Erin Dixon reported that S.L. does smile when he

                    sees Mother and Father at the start of a visit and smiles when he returns to the Case

                    Aide at the end of a visit. (H. T. 11/28/2015 p. 106) Case Aide Dixon expressed

                    concern regarding unsupervised visits for both parents. Her concerns centered

                    chiefly around the parents providing S.L. inappropriate foods. For instance, on one

                    (1) visit the parents fed S.L. yogurt. S.L. then encountered a severe episode of

                    diarrhea. When the Case Aide Dixon advised the parents how poorly S.L.

                    tolerated the yogurt Father replied that he.would continue giving S.L. yogurt so

                    that the foster parents would have something "to clean up." (H.T. 11/18/2015      p.

                    144-145)

                          During visits, Father is less attentive to S.L., and often chooses.to use his

                    cell phone and interact with CYS staff. Father's discussions with CYS staff were

                    not described as being invited or welcomed by staff. Father attempted to discuss

                    his lawsuit against CYS and the research he has done regarding; S.L.'s undisclosed

                    foster placement. (H.T. 11/18/2015 p. 100-101) Father spends nearly "50%" of

                    time at visits attempting to engage CYS staff in discussions. Such discussions

                                                              21
;   ~   ,,.

              include his disclosure of Facebook research he has done on staff members and their

              families; threats to kill or jail other CYS staff and locations on county grounds that

              would be a "perfect spot" for the placement of a .50 caliber weapon. (H.T. ·

              ll/18/2015p.102-103,     147).

                    Common sense dictates that courts considering termination must also

              consider whether the children are in a pre-adoptive home and whether they have a

              bond with their foster parents. In re T.S.M., 620 Pa. 602, 629, 71 A.3d 251, 268

              (2013). In this case, Dr. Rosenblum performed an interactional evaluation that

              included both he and his foster parents. (J-f.T. 11/18/15 p.44) Dr. Rosenblum

              reported that S.L. 's foster parents also have custody of S.L. 'solder siblings: Dr.

              Rosenblum's evaluation included observations of S.L. 's interaction with his

              siblings. Dr. Rosenblum reported that an attachment between S.L. and his siblings

              is present and beneficial to S.L. (H.T. 11/18/2015 p. 49) Dr. Rosenblum opined
                      4

              that S.L. is a "very healthy child, "thriving in his present placement," who is

              "exceptionally friendly." (H.T. 11/18/2015 p.45) Dr. Rosenblum informed the

              court, thatfoster mother is home on a full-time basis and is very responsive to S.L.

              Dr. Rosenblum described the environment in the foster home which is "very

              supportive and nurturing", which meetshis "needs and welfare" and which

              provides S.L. an exceptional level of care. (H.T. 11/18/2015 p. 45-46 and 48).

              Dr. Rosenblum explained that after the age of 18 months S.L. will find it

                                                         22
increasingly difficult to tolerate separation from his primary caregivers who are his

foster parents. (H.T. 11/18/2015 p. 47) Dr. Rosenblum stressed that "timely"

permanency for S.L. was important for his "psychological needs." (H.T.

11/18/2015 p. 50) Dr. Rosenblum concluded that S.L. is "thriving in his current

environment." (H.T. 11/18/2015 p. 46 lines 16-18)

      For these reasons, the Court finds that termination will best serve the

individual needs and welfare of S.L.

                                       ORDER
                                                                                   0
                                                                                   U'.1
      AND NOW, this 29th day of June, 2016 the court finds that pursuant to 23

Pa.C.S.A. §2511 (a)(l), (2) and (5) CYS has proven, by clear and convincing

evidence, the requisite elements to terminate the parental rights of Mother,

          G.   >   and Father, D,,      L.. , to Child, S "        1"   Further,

pursuant to 23 Pa. C. S .A. § 2511 (b) this Court finds that termination of parental

rights best serves the individual needs and welfare of S.L. Termination is

necessary to provide S.L. with a permanent, healthy and safe environment.

                                         BY THE COURT

                                                              ~-
                                                           CAS

                                           23