Court Opinion

ID: 2696347
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-04 15:37:58.536214+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:27:15.871733
License: Public Domain

[Cite as In re M.R., 2013-Ohio-1302.]

                      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                          THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                              DEFIANCE COUNTY

IN THE MATTER OF:
                                                            CASE NO. 4-12-18
        M.R.

A DEPENDENT CHILD,
                                                            OPINION
[KIMBERLY PANNELL - APPELLANT],
[DAVID RATLIFF - APPELLANT].

                Appeal from Defiance County Common Pleas Court
                                Juvenile Division
                             Trial Court No. 30252

                                        Judgment Affirmed

                              Date of Decision: April 1, 2013

APPEARANCES:

        Jeffrey J. Horvath for Appellant, David Ratliff

        Timothy C. Holtsberry for Appellant, Kimberly Pannell

        Russell R. Herman for Appellee, State of Ohio

        Katrina M. Kight Guardian Ad Litem
Case No. 4-12-18

SHAW, J.

        {¶1} Mother-appellant, Kimberly Pannell (“Kim”), and father-appellant,

David Ratliff (“David”), appeal the July 30, 2012 judgment of the Defiance

County Juvenile Court granting permanent custody of their child, M.R., to the

Defiance County Department of Job and Family Services, (“the Agency”).

        {¶2} On October 13, 2010, Kim gave birth to M.R. while Kim was an

inmate at the Ohio Reformatory for Women. On the same day, the Agency filed

an emergency ex-parte order requesting emergency custody of M.R, which the

trial court granted. M.R. was placed with foster-to-adopt parents who picked her

up from the hospital after the delivery. 1

        {¶3} On October 20, 2010, the Agency filed a complaint, alleging M.R. to

be a dependent child as defined in R.C. 2151.04(A),(C) and requested that M.R. be

placed in the temporary custody of the Agency or in the alternative legal custody

be granted to a suitable relative. As the grounds for the complaint, the Agency

alleged that M.R. was “homeless or without adequate parental care through no

fault of her parents and/or her condition or environment was such as to warrant the

State, in the interests of the child, in assuming the child’s guardianship.”

(Complaint at 2). The complaint specified that the child’s mother, was currently

1
  The record indicates that Kim was initially approved to participate in the ABC Nursery program, which
would have allowed her to keep M.R. with her while she served the remainder of her prison sentence. Prior
to M.R.’s birth, Kim withdrew from the ABC program and enrolled in the Intensive Prison Program,
through which she could earn early release from prison upon successful completion of the program, but
could no longer keep M.R. with her in prison.

                                                  -2-
Case No. 4-12-18

incarcerated and M.R.’s putative father had yet to be legally established as her

biological father.

       {¶4} On November 18, 2010, a hearing was held before the trial court.

David appeared on his own behalf as M.R.’s putative father. Kim remained

incarcerated. The Agency represented to the trial court that it was exploring

suitable relative placements.

       {¶5} On November 22, 2010, the trial court appointed a Guardian ad-litem

(“GAL”) to the case.

       {¶6} On December 6, 2010, David was legally established as M.R.’s

biological father. On the same day, the trial court issued a judgment entry finding

that it was in M.R.’s best interest to remain in the temporary custody of the

Agency.

       {¶7} On February 1, 2011, the parties appeared for a hearing. Kim had

been recently released from prison. Kim and David entered a plea of “not true” to

the allegations contained in the Agency’s complaint. The parties agreed that it

was in M.R.’s best interest to continue the Agency’s temporary custody.

       {¶8} On March 23, 2011, the Agency filed a case plan addressing its

concerns with Kim and David’s ability to provide for M.R.’s basic needs on a

regular and ongoing basis. The case plan set forth specific objectives for Kim and

David to develop a stable environment for their family.

                                        -3-
Case No. 4-12-18

      {¶9} On May 31, 2011, after a hearing, the trial court found by clear and

convincing evidence M.R. to be a dependent child and adjudicated her as such.

      {¶10} On June 28, 2011, the trial court held the dispositional hearing. In its

July 8, 2011 Judgment Entry, the trial court stated that the parties agreed that it

was in the best interests of M.R. to continue the Agency’s temporary custody, and

accordingly, ordered M.R. to remain in the temporary custody of the Agency.

      {¶11} Both Kim and David appealed, challenging the trial court’s finding

of dependency and specifically asserting that the Agency failed to meet its burden

in establishing that it had used reasonable efforts to prevent M.R.’s continued

removal from the home. See In re M.R. I, 3d Dist. No. 4-11-12, 2011-Ohio-6528,

¶ 9. This Court overruled Kim’s and David’s assignments of error and affirmed

the trial court’s finding of dependency, concluding that the Agency used

reasonable efforts and that the judgment of the trial court was supported by clear

and convincing evidence. Id. at ¶¶ 17-19.

      {¶12} On September 26, 2011, the Agency filed a motion to extend

temporary custody of M.R. on the grounds that Kim and David had not yet

completed the objectives in the case plan and their lives continued to be unstable.

The Agency’s motion requested an additional six months of temporary custody to

allow Kim and David time to show compliance with the case plan.

                                        -4-
Case No. 4-12-18

       {¶13} On October 4, 2011, the parties appeared before the trial court for the

annual review of the case and the Agency’s motion to extend temporary custody.

On October 6, 2011, the trial court issued a judgment entry granting the Agency’s

motion and extending the Agency’s temporary custody of M.R. for an additional

six months.

       {¶14} On March 20, 2012, the Agency filed a motion for permanent

custody. As the grounds for the motion, the Agency alleged that:

       [M.R.] has been in the temporary custody of the Agency for over
       twelve (12) of the past twenty-two (22) consecutive months. The
       parents have been working on some of the case plan objectives
       but have failed to make the changes necessary to provide a
       stable home for M.R. Recently, a second child was removed
       from the parents in Williams County, due to an incident in that
       county, and the Agency believes that it is in this child’s best
       interest to be placed in the permanent custody of the Agency so
       that she may be made available for adoption, as she needs a
       legally secure, safe, stable home.

(Mot. Mar. 20, 2012 at 2).

       {¶15} On April 25, 2012, Kim filed a “Motion for Expansion of

Companionship Time or in the Alternative Motion to Return the Child.” In this

motion, Kim alleged that she had substantially complied with case plan and that

the Agency had failed to allow her expanded and/or unsupervised companionship

with M.R.

       {¶16} On May 2, 2012, an initial hearing was held. The judgment entry

following the hearing indicates that the parties “agreed that it is in the best interest

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Case No. 4-12-18

of the child that she remain in the temporary custody of the Agency pending

further hearing in the matter[.]” (JE, May 9, 2012 at 1).

       {¶17} On June 21, 2012, the GAL filed a report recommending that

permanent custody of M.R. be granted to the Agency.

       {¶18} On July 2, 2012, the trial court conducted an evidentiary hearing on

the Agency’s motion for permanent custody. Several witnesses testified, including

Kim and David.

       {¶19} On July 30, 2012, the trial court issued a judgment entry making

numerous factual findings, including that the evidence established that M.R. has

been in the foster care for more than twelve of the past twenty-two months. See

R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d).      The trial court also found by clear and convincing

evidence that it was in M.R.’s best interest to grant the Agency’s motion for

permanent custody and thus, terminated Kim and David’s parental rights,

responsibilities and privileges.

       {¶20} Kim and David now appeal, each asserting the following

assignments of error.

                   KIM’S ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. I

       THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN THERE WAS NOT A
       FINDING BY CLEAR AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE THAT
       ONE OF THE STATUTORY FACTORS IN R.C. 2151.414(E)
       WERE [SIC] MET BEFORE GRANTING PERMANENT
       CUSTODY TO THE AGENCY.

                                        -6-
Case No. 4-12-18

                   KIM’S ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. II

      THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN THERE WAS NOT A
      FINDING BY CLEAR AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE THAT
      THE STATUTORY FACTORS IN R.C. 2151.414(D) WERE
      MET BEFORE GRANTING PERMANENT CUSTODY TO
      THE AGENCY.

                   KIM’S ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. III

      THE TRIAL COURT ERRED GRANTING PERMANENT
      CUSTODY TO THE AGENCY WHEN THE INITIAL CAUSE
      OF DEPENDENCY WAS REMEDIED AND THE CASE PLAN
      HAD BEEN SUBSTANTIALLY COMPLIED WITH.

                   KIM’S ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. IV

      THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING PERMANENT
      CUSTODY TO THE AGENCY WHEN THE AGENCY DID
      NOT USE REASONABLE CASE PLANNING AND DILIGENT
      EFFORTS AT REUNIFICATION.

                   KIM’S ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. V

      THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN NOT GRANTING
      MOTHER’S MOTION FOR EXTENDED VISITATION IN AN
      EFFORT TO EFFECTUATE THE REUNIFICATION.

               DAVID’S ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. I

      THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN AWARDING PERMANENT
      CUSTODY TO DCJFS WHEN THE STATE’S MOTION FOR
      PERMANENT CUSTODY WAS UNTIMELY FILED.

               DAVID’S ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. II

      THE TRIAL COURT DID NOT SPECIFICALLY ADDRESS
      THE FACTORS SET FORTH IN R.C. 2151.414(D)(1) IN
      GRANTING DCJFS PERMANENT CUSTODY

                                  -7-
Case No. 4-12-18

                  DAVID’S ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. III

       THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN AWARDING PERMANENT
       CUSTODY TO DCJFS WHEN THE PARENTS REMEDIED
       THE   INITIAL  CAUSE   OF  DEPENDENCY    AND
       SUBSTANTIALLY COMPLIED WITH THE CASE PLAN.

                  DAVID’S ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. IV

       THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ADMITTING AND
       CONSIDERING INADMISSIBLE EVIDENCE OVER THE
       OBJECTION OF COUNSEL.

       {¶21} For ease of discussion we elect to discuss some of Kim’s and

David’s assignments of error together.

                       Kim’s third assignment of error and
                    David’s first and third assignments of error

       {¶22} In these assignments of error, Kim and David both challenge the

adequacy of the trial court’s ruling granting the Agency’s motion for permanent

custody of M.R.

       {¶23} As an initial matter, we note that “[i]t is well recognized that the

right to raise a child is an ‘essential’ and ‘basic’ civil right.” In re Franklin, 3d

Dist. Nos. 9–06–12, 9–06–13, 2006–Ohio–4841, ¶ 9, citing In re Hayes, 79 Ohio

St.3d 46, 48 (1997). The Supreme Court of Ohio has held that a parent “must be

afforded every procedural and substantive protection the law allows.”          In re

Hayes, supra, quoting In re Smith, 77 Ohio App.3d 1, 16 (1991). Thus, it is with

                                         -8-
Case No. 4-12-18

these constructs in mind that we proceed to determine whether the trial court erred

in granting permanent custody of the child to the Agency.

       {¶24} Permanent custody determinations made under R.C. 2151.414 must

be supported by clear and convincing evidence. In re Baby Girl Doe, 149 Ohio

App.3d 717, 2002–Ohio–4470, ¶ 89 (6th Dist.), citing In re Hiatt, 86 Ohio App.3d

716, 725 (4th Dist.1993). The Supreme Court of Ohio has held that “[c]lear and

convincing evidence is that measure or degree of proof which will produce in the

mind of the trier of facts a firm belief or conviction as to the allegations sought to

be established.” Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469, 477 (1954). Further, “[i]t is

intermediate; being more than a mere preponderance, but not to the extent of such

certainty as is required beyond a reasonable doubt as in criminal cases. It does not

mean clear and unequivocal.” Id., citing Merrick v. Ditzler, 91 Ohio St. 256

(1915). In addition, when “the degree of proof required to sustain an issue must

be clear and convincing, a reviewing court will examine the record to determine

whether the trier of facts had sufficient evidence before it to satisfy the requisite

degree of proof.” Cross, supra (citations omitted); see, also, In re Adoption of

Holcomb, 18 Ohio St.3d 361, 368 (1985).

       {¶25} “Once a child has been adjudicated dependent, neglected, or abused

and temporary custody has been granted to a children services agency, the agency

may file a motion for permanent custody * * *.” In re Esparza, 3d Dist. Nos. 9–

                                         -9-
Case No. 4-12-18

06–25, 9–06–27, 2007–Ohio–113, ¶ 25. In determining whether to grant the

agency permanent custody, the trial court must conduct a two-pronged analysis.

In re D.M., 3d Dist. Nos. 5–09–12, 5–09–13, 5–09–14, 2009–Ohio–4112, ¶ 31.

The first prong requires the trial court to determine, by clear and convincing

evidence, whether any of the grounds for permanent custody enumerated in R.C.

2151.414(B)(1) exist. In re Goodwin, 3d Dist. No. 17–08–12, 2008–Ohio–5399, ¶

21. R.C. 2151.414(B)(1) states, in relevant part:

      the court may grant permanent custody of a child to a movant if
      the court determines at the hearing held pursuant to division (A)
      of this section, by clear and convincing evidence, that it is in the
      best interest of the child to grant permanent custody of the child
      to the agency that filed the motion for permanent custody and
      that any of the following apply:

      (a) The child is not abandoned or orphaned, has not been in
      the temporary custody of one or more public children services
      agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve or more
      months of a consecutive twenty-two-month period, or has not
      been in the temporary custody of one or more public children
      services agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve or
      more months of a consecutive twenty-two-month period if, as
      described in division (D)(1) of section 2151.413 of the Revised
      Code, the child was previously in the temporary custody of an
      equivalent agency in another state, and the child cannot be
      placed with either of the child's parents within a reasonable time
      or should not be placed with the child's parents.

      (b) The child is abandoned.

      (c) The child is orphaned, and there are no relatives of the
      child who are able to take permanent custody.

                                       -10-
Case No. 4-12-18

       (d) The child has been in the temporary custody of one or more
       public children services agencies or private child placing
       agencies for twelve or more months of a consecutive twenty-two-
       month period, or the child has been in the temporary custody of
       one or more public children services agencies or private child
       placing agencies for twelve or more months of a consecutive
       twenty-two-month period and, as described in division (D)(1) of
       section 2151.413 of the Revised Code, the child was previously in
       the temporary custody of an equivalent agency in another state.

       {¶26} If the trial court determines that any provision enumerated in R.C.

2151.414(B)(1) applies, then the trial court’s analysis proceeds to the second

prong which requires the trial court to determine, by clear and convincing

evidence, whether granting the agency permanent custody of the child is in the

child’s best interest.   In making the “best interest” determination, R.C.

2151.414(D)(1) directs the trial court to consider the following non-exclusive

factors:

       (a) The interaction and interrelationship of the child with the
       child's parents, siblings, relatives, foster caregivers and out-of-
       home providers, and any other person who may significantly
       affect the child;

       (b) The wishes of the child, as expressed directly by the child or
       through the child's guardian ad litem, with due regard for the
       maturity of the child;

       (c) The custodial history of the child, including whether the
       child has been in the temporary custody of one or more public
       children services agencies or private child placing agencies for
       twelve or more months of a consecutive twenty-two-month
       period, or the child has been in the temporary custody of one or
       more public children services agencies or private child placing
       agencies for twelve or more months of a consecutive twenty-two-

                                      -11-
Case No. 4-12-18

      month period and, as described in division (D)(1) of section
      2151.413 of the Revised Code, the child was previously in the
      temporary custody of an equivalent agency in another state;

      (d) The child's need for a legally secure permanent placement
      and whether that type of placement can be achieved without a
      grant of permanent custody to the agency;

      (e) Whether any of the factors in divisions (E)(7) to (11) of this
      section apply in relation to the parents and child.

      {¶27} In the instant case, trial court applied R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d) in

determining the first prong of the analysis was met and found that M.R. had been

in the Agency’s temporary custody for twelve or more months of a consecutive

twenty-two-month period. On appeal David disputes this finding by the trial

court. Specifically, in his first assignment of error, David claims the Agency’s

motion for permanent custody was premature because at the time M.R. had not

been in the Agency’s temporary custody for twelve months within the meaning of

the statute. David points to the following provision contained in R.C. 2151.414(B)

in support of his argument.

      For the purposes of division (B)(1) of this section, a child shall be
      considered to have entered the temporary custody of an agency
      on the earlier of the date the child is adjudicated pursuant to
      section 2151.28 of the Revised Code or the date that is sixty days
      after the removal of the child from home.

      {¶28} It is apparent from the record that both the trial court and the Agency

calculated the twelve months as commencing sixty days after M.R.’s birth on

October 13, 2010—the date when the trial court initially granted the Agency

                                      -12-
Case No. 4-12-18

temporary custody of M.R. However, David argues that the twelve-month period

could not have commenced at the time calculated by the Agency and the trial court

because M.R. was not removed from “home,” as stated in the statute, but instead

was removed from Kim’s custody when Kim was in prison and when M.R. was in

the hospital.        David argues that neither a prison nor a hospital constitute a

“home.”2          Instead, David contends that the twelve-month statutory period

commenced on May 31, 2011, the date of the trial court’s adjudication of M.R. as

a dependent child, thus twelve months had not elapsed when the Agency’s motion

for permanent custody was filed on March 20, 2012.

           {¶29} The Supreme Court of Ohio has stated the following regarding the

overriding purpose of the statutory provisions at issue.

           The “12 of 22” provisions set forth in R.C. 2151.413(D)(1) and
           R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d) balance the importance of reuniting a
           child with the child’s parents against the importance of a speedy
           resolution of the custody of a child. See In re K.G., 2004-Ohio-
           1421 at ¶ 19. Through the “12 of 22” provisions in the
           permanent-custody statutes, the legislature provides parents
           with 12 months to work toward reunification before an agency
           can institute a permanent-custody action asserting R.C.
           2151.414(B)(1)(d) grounds. Id . at ¶ 21; In re Workman, 4th Dist.
           No. 02CA574, 2003-Ohio-2220, ¶ 40.

In re C.W., 104 Ohio St.3d 163, 2004-Ohio-6411, ¶ 22. Moreover, in enacting

R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d), it appears that the Ohio General Assembly intended to

provide a presumption that a parent who is unable to be reunified with the child

2
    Chapter 2151 does not define the term “home.”

                                                    -13-
Case No. 4-12-18

within the twelve month period is necessarily unable, unsuitable, or unfit to care

for the child. See In the Matter of Workman, 4th Dist. No. 02CA574, 2003-Ohio-

2220, ¶ 39. See, also, In re Fricke, Allen App. Nos. 1–02–75, 1–02–76, 1–02–77,

2003–Ohio–1116 (“Once the children have been in custody for 12 of the previous

22 months, the parents are presumed to be unfit and all the trial court must find is

that granting permanent custody is in the best interests of the children.”).

       {¶30} In arguing that the entire purpose of R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d) is

controlled solely by the construction of the word “home,” David essentially urges

us to rule that whenever the mother is incarcerated at the time of birth, the “12 of

22” provision of subsection (d) must be tolled as a matter of law until such time as

the child is adjudicated abused, neglected or dependent—or the mother is released

from prison, given the child back in some sort of “home” context and then has the

child removed from that “home.”

       {¶31} At the outset however, David overlooks the fact that in this case the

initiation of the Agency’s temporary custody of M.R. was not solely because Kim

was incarcerated at M.R.’s birth. Rather, the record demonstrates that Kim had

already been approved to participate in a nursery program which would have

allowed her to keep M.R. in her custody while she finished her prison term.

Nevertheless, Kim specifically declined this opportunity and chose to participate

in a program that accelerated her prison term and allowed her to be released early.

                                         -14-
Case No. 4-12-18

Consequently, Kim made the election to voluntarily relinquish custody of M.R.

and because there was no suitable alternative family placement, the Agency was

required to take temporary custody of M.R.

      {¶32} Thus as applied to this case, David’s argument would essentially

permit Kim to use her own criminal conduct and her own election to voluntarily

relinquish custody of M.R. to the Agency to extend the time before the

presumption of parental unfitness takes effect, thereby extending the time for a

parent to demonstrate parental fitness and also forcing M.R. to linger in custodial

limbo for an unspecified amount of time quite possibly for a longer period of time

than in those instances where a parent is not incarcerated; none of which, in our

view, is consistent with the purposes of R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d).

      {¶33} While we agree with David that one of the competing interests

contemplated by the permanent custody statutes is to provide the parents with

strict due process guarantees, the parental interest must be balanced with

determining what is in the best interest of the child. Therefore, in this case, we

conclude that the placement of M.R. outside Kim’s custody, which was

necessitated at M.R.’s birth by Kim’s criminal conduct and incarceration, her

voluntarily relinquishment of alternative custody arrangements in the prison

system, and the lack of a suitable alternative family placement, all marked the

commencement of “the sixty days” for purposes of calculating the twelve-month

                                       -15-
Case No. 4-12-18

period of temporary custody. 3 We further conclude that our interpretation of the

statute in this case is both consistent with the overriding purpose of the “12 of 22”

provisions and our prior opinion construing of the concept of “home” in In re M.R.

I, 3d Dist. No. 4-11-12, 2011-Ohio-6528, ¶ 15.4

        {¶34} Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court’s finding that M.R. had

been in the temporary custody of the Agency in excess of twelve or more months

of a consecutive twenty-two-month period at the time the Agency filed its motion

for permanent custody was supported by clear and convincing evidence.

        {¶35} We next move to address the second prong of the analysis and

review the trial court’s finding that it is in M.R.’s best interest to grant the

Agency’s motion for permanent custody. The following testimony relevant to this

consideration was elicited at the evidentiary hearing.

        {¶36} Nikki Delaney, the ongoing caseworker from the Agency, testified

that the Agency became involved with M.R. upon receiving a phone call from a

correctional facility explaining that Kim, a Defiance County resident, had given

birth to M.R. and declined to participate in a program that would allow her to keep

3
  We note that even if we were to conclude that prison tolled the beginning of the twelve month period to
demonstrate parental fitness, the record indicates that in this case Kim was released from prison more than
twelve months before the Agency moved for permanent custody.
4
  In In re M.R. I, Kim and David appealed the trial court’s adjudication of M.R. as a dependent child and
also raised an argument regarding the term “home” in the context of the mother’s incarceration. However,
our prior case the addressed the term “home” in the context of R.C. 2151.419(A)(1), which concerns the
Agency’s reasonable efforts to prevent the continued removal of the child from the home. Nevertheless,
with regard to the “12 of 22” provisions raised here, we believe our ruling is consistent with our prior
opinion.

                                                  -16-
Case No. 4-12-18

her child while incarcerated. Therefore, the Agency needed to arrange for a legal

custodial placement for M.R.

       {¶37} Nikki explained that the Agency attempted to place M.R. with Kim’s

mother, but she declined. At the time, David was not established as M.R.’s father,

nevertheless David was not a suitable placement because he was still in high

school and he was also involved in an open investigation regarding an alleged rape

of a teenage girl. Consequently, on October 13, 2010, the day of M.R.’s birth, the

Agency sought an ex-parte order to be granted emergency temporary custody of

M.R, which was granted by the trial court the same day. Nikki testified that the

foster parents picked M.R. up from the hospital and that M.R. still remained in

their care at the time of the permanent custody hearing.

       {¶38} Nikki testified that a case plan was developed in March of 2011 and

was signed by both parents, who agreed to the goals set forth in the case plan. The

case plan goals focused on Kim and David demonstrating an ability to create a

stable and safe environment for their family, which included obtaining and

maintaining steady employment and housing, attending parenting and budgeting

classes, and going to counseling.

       {¶39} Nikki testified that Kim failed to obtain employment until March of

2012, a year after the case plan was developed. At the permanent custody hearing,

Nikki explained that she did not consider Kim’s delayed effort to obtain

                                       -17-
Case No. 4-12-18

employment to be in compliance with the case plan because Kim had yet to

demonstrate she can maintain employment for a six month period or longer.

Moreover, when Kim was not employed, she failed to complete the required

paperwork through the Agency to obtain food stamps, which demonstrated Kim’s

inability to provide herself with the basic necessities. David on the other hand,

was able to obtain and maintain steady employment throughout the pendency of

the case. However, Nikki expressed concern with the adequacy of David’s income

to support his family given the fact that, at the time, he had fathered five children

under the age of two with four different women and had child support orders for

each of them which resulted in the garnishment of a substantial portion of his

paycheck.5 Nikki’s testimony on this point was corroborated by the testimony of

Sandra Schappert, the Director of the Defiance County Child Support

Enforcement Agency, who testified that as of the permanent custody hearing there

were five child support orders for David’s dependents and that his total monthly

obligation was $1,199.61 and he owed $6,044.00 in arrears.

        {¶40} Regarding the counseling requirement, Nikki noted that Kim

completed the initial counseling assessment in July of 2011, but only attended five

of seventeen scheduled appointments.

5
 At the permanent custody hearing in July 2012, Kim was pregnant with the couples’ third child due in
September 2012.

                                               -18-
Case No. 4-12-18

       {¶41} As for other objectives in the case plan, Nikki explained that the

Agency arranged for Kim and David to participate in budgeting and parenting

classes with an instructor who would come to their home and teach them the

appropriate skills. However, Kim and David were “unsuccessfully discharged”

from the program after three no call/no shows when the instructor arrived at their

home and they were either not at the residence or unwilling to participate in the

class at that time. Kim and David’s failure to complete the first budgeting and

parenting program was confirmed by the testimony of Diana Owens, the

instructor, who testified to the couple’s absenteeism and neglect in rescheduling

appointments. Nikki also recalled referring Kim and David to a second parenting

and budgeting program at a pregnancy center, which they also failed to complete.

In the meantime, Kim and David had moved from Defiance County to Williams

County. Nikki explained that through some difficulty she was able to arrange a

third parenting and budgeting program in Williams County for Kim and David to

participate in so they could complete the objectives in the case plan. Kim and

David eventually completed the budgeting class in January of 2012 and the

parenting class in April of 2012.

       {¶42} Nikki testified that maintaining stable housing was consistently

problematic for Kim and David throughout the Agency’s involvement with them.

In June of 2011, shortly after M.R. was adjudicated dependent, the Agency found

                                      -19-
Case No. 4-12-18

suitable housing for Kim and David in Defiance County, and agreed to pay the

security deposit and two months’ rent to help them get established. However, Kim

and David failed to pay rent when it became their responsibility to do so. Nikki

testified that they were eventually evicted. Nikki’s testimony regarding Kim and

David’s eviction from this home was corroborated by the testimony of Donna

Baldwin, the landlord of the property. Donna testified that she “had nothing but

problems” with Kim and David while they lived there.         Specifically, Donna

testified that after the Agency’s payments stopped, Kim and David failed to pay

any rent. Donna also testified that she was called down to the residence by the

police at least twice a week concerning various disturbances reported to law

enforcement.

      {¶43} Nikki testified that after the eviction from the Defiance home, Kim

and David moved in with some friends, but were then uprooted again after two

weeks when they had an incident with the homeowners. Nikki testified that Kim

and David then stayed in two different motels for a week at a time. Incidentally,

Kim had just given birth to the couple’s second daughter, H.R., during this time.

From the motels, Kim and David moved into a trailer in Williams County, which

was owned by Kim’s family.

      {¶44} On February 1, 2012, the couple had lived in the trailer for

approximately three months when an incident occurred at the home, where in the

                                      -20-
Case No. 4-12-18

midst of a dispute David allegedly threw a lamp at Kim, hitting her in the face and

then took three-month-old H.R. from the home. Kim subsequently contacted the

Agency and the Williams County Sheriff’s office. As a result, H.R. was removed

from Kim and David’s care and placed in the temporary custody of the Agency in

Williams County. Kim was later evicted from the trailer and lived in a homeless

shelter for a short period of time. David lived with a friend and eventually found a

place to rent in April of 2012. At the beginning of May 2012, Kim again moved

in with David. At the time of the permanent custody hearing, Kim and David

continued to reside at that location.

       {¶45} Nikki also testified that both Kim and David had been in jail during

the pendency of the case. Kim was in jail three times, twice due to failure to pay

court costs and/or to appear in court, and once for an attempted theft at Wal-Mart.

David was in jail once for failure to appear at a pre-trial hearing.

       {¶46} With regard to the couples’ interaction with M.R., Nikki testified that

Kim and David have regularly visited M.R. She also testified that the reason

visitations had not been extended was because the Agency was concerned with

safety issues.   Nikki recalled an incident when the Agency had to call law

enforcement during a visitation due to an altercation between David and the

visitation monitor, and another time when the Agency had to separate David and

another client of the Agency in the lobby. Nikki also recalled that during the

                                         -21-
Case No. 4-12-18

pendency of the case, she had received several notifications of David’s and Kim’s

involvement with law enforcement.

       {¶47} Regarding M.R.’s placement in foster care, Nikki testified that she

visits M.R. once a month and that M.R. is doing “excellent” in the foster home.

Nikki explained that H.R. is also living in the home. In exploring potential

relative placements for M.R., Nikki testified that the Agency contacted both Kim’s

and David’s family members. Kim’s parents declined and David’s mother at one

point expressed interest, but after observing M.R. interact with her foster parents,

withdrew her consideration because she did not want to disrupt the bond M.R. had

with that family. Nikki testified that M.R.’s foster parents are willing to adopt her.

       {¶48} Nikki testified that she believes it is in M.R.’s best interest for

permanent custody to be granted to the Agency because M.R. has developed a

very close relationship with her foster family and Kim and David have failed to

maintain stability in their lives by a chronic lack of stable housing and continuous

involvement with law enforcement.

       {¶49} Tim Stull, Kim’s father, also testified for the Agency. He testified

that in January 2011 when Kim was released from prison, he and his wife

provided Kim with a place to stay in an effort to help her gain custody of M.R.

However, Kim’s stay at the residence was conditioned on her staying away from

David, a condition that Kim broke a month after her release from prison. Tim

                                        -22-
Case No. 4-12-18

expressed that at the time his main concern was that Kim and David were not the

same race and he did not believe in the “mixing of colors.” Tim stated that he did

not again have contact with Kim or David until after H.R. was born in November

of 2011, and at that time he tried to put his personal views aside for the sake of his

grandchildren. Tim allowed David, Kim and H.R. to live in a trailer owned by his

wife. However, their stay ended when Kim and David had the altercation in

February of 2012.

       {¶50} Tim testified that, on the night of the incident, Kim called and

informed him that David had beaten her and took H.R. from the home. Tim

recalled seeing a hole in the wall of the trailer and Kim showed him the lamp that

she claimed David threw at her. Tim remembered seeing a mark on Kim from

where the lamp allegedly hit her. Tim stated that the Sheriff was called to the

trailer to investigate and he took Kim to the Agency to retrieve H.R. Tim recalled

that when they reached the Agency, Kim changed her story about what had

occurred during the altercation and denied David hit her. However, Kim told the

same version of events that she relayed to her father to Deputy Ken Jacobs, the

Williams County Agency caseworker, and David’s mother.

       {¶51} Tim testified that after the incident Kim was permitted to live at the

trailer so long as David did not stay or come onto the property. However, Kim

again chose to be with David and Tim began the process to evict her. Tim stated

                                        -23-
Case No. 4-12-18

that he believes Kim could be a good mother, but she does not know how to

protect herself and her children from David and “David comes first.” (Tr. at 92).

          {¶52} Another witness for the Agency, Kim Jackson, the visitation monitor

at the Agency, testified that she began observing Kim and David’s visits with

M.R. in January of 2011, shortly after Kim’s release from prison. Ms. Jackson

recalled that Kim and David regularly visited M.R. Ms. Jackson was concerned

by Kim and David’s propensity to argue in the visitation room. She testified that

they initially treated M.R. well, but after H.R. was born they focused their

attention more on H.R. than M.R. during the visits. Ms. Jackson also testified that

she had problems with David yelling at her during the visits because he was

frustrated by the Agency’s involvement with his life. Ms. Jackson stated that she

observed a strong bond between M.R. and her foster parents, especially her foster

father.

          {¶53} Deputy Ken Jacobs testified for the Agency and stated that he first

encountered Kim on October 8, 2011, when he received a call from dispatch that

Kim had called in and stated that she was stranded on the side of the road and

needed a ride to a funeral home. Deputy Jacobs testified that when he reached

Kim he observed her to be seven or eight months pregnant and crying. He stated

that Kim told him that she had been in an argument with her boyfriend and that he

                                         -24-
Case No. 4-12-18

left her on the side of the road. Deputy Jacobs recalled that Kim would not give

him her boyfriend’s name.

      {¶54} Deputy Jacobs testified that his next encounter with Kim was on

February 1, 2012, when he responded to a dispatch call regarding a domestic

situation at Kim’s family’s trailer. Deputy Jacobs confirmed that David was living

in the trailer at the time. Deputy Jacobs recalled meeting Kim at the front door,

where she told him that she and David had been in an argument around midnight,

a physical altercation had ensued, and David took their three-month-old child,

H.R., from the home. Specifically, Deputy Jacobs testified that Kim recounted to

him the events that had transpired that night. Kim stated that the argument was

sparked by an incident that happened three or four years ago. David picked up a

lamp, threw it and struck her. David placed H.R. in her car seat to take her from

the home, but she tried to stop him. David then slapped her in the face and left

with H.R. Deputy Jacobs observed red marks on Kim’s face. However, he

recalled that Kim did not want to press charges against David, and that she only

wanted the Deputy’s help in getting H.R. back.

      {¶55} Deputy Jacobs located David and H.R. and contacted the Agency in

Williams County, which took emergency temporary custody of H.R. He recalled

that after speaking with the Agency, Kim decided it would be in her best interest

to cooperate with filing Domestic Violence charges. However, Kim continuously

                                      -25-
Case No. 4-12-18

changed her story to the point where Deputy Jacobs did not believe he had the

requisite probable cause to make an arrest.

       {¶56} Cindy Brinkman, a caseworker with the Williams County Agency,

testified for the Agency and confirmed that the Agency became involved with Kim

after the alleged domestic violence incident in February 2012. Cindy testified that

on the night of the incident she spoke to Kim, who stated that David threw a lamp

at her while the baby was in the room, fastened in the car seat. Cindy recalled that

throughout the course of their hour-long conversation, Kim changed her story

regarding the altercation with David three times that night. Cindy testified that

Kim also indicated that David had beaten her throughout her pregnancy with H.R.

Cindy testified that as a result of the incident, H.R. was placed in the Agency’s

temporary custody and sent to live in the same foster home as M.R.

       {¶57} Cindy further testified that she had known David since he was a

juvenile and that she was involved in placing him in foster care. Cindy recalled

that David had a history of aggression issues and was involved in physical

altercations on a regular basis. In comparing, the now twenty-year-old David to

the juvenile she knew a few years ago, Cindy opined that he was now less willing

to accept responsibility for his actions and gets angry very quickly.

       {¶58} Another witness for the Agency, Tiffany Kime, the ongoing

caseworker for H.R.’s case in Williams County, testified that during Kim and

                                        -26-
Case No. 4-12-18

David’s visits with M.R. and H.R., she observed that Kim and David tend to

interact more with H.R. and that David did a better job of interacting with M.R.

than Kim. Tiffany stated that she believed Kim and David had a stronger bond

with H.R. because they lived with her after she was born. Tiffany explained that

she addressed this issue with Kim and David.

      {¶59} Tiffany also testified that she had observed M.R. at the foster home

and noticed that both M.R. and H.R. are very attached to their foster mother.

Tiffany confirmed that in her four-month involvement with Kim and David, they

had been working on the objectives in the case plan regarding H.R. and regularly

attending visitation with both children. However, she explained that the Agency

would likely wait until Kim gave birth to their third child to see how the couple

handles the stress of the new baby and then assess if they can maintain a stable

environment before the Agency considers placing H.R. back in the home.

      {¶60} Deborah J.R., David’s adoptive mother, provided testimony that she

adopted David and his brother when they were eight and nine-years-old. Deborah

testified that she was not willing to take custody of M.R. when she was born due

to some conflict she had with Kim. However, when M.R. was nine-months-old,

Deborah expressed to the Agency that she would be willing to consider taking

custody of M.R. As a result, Deborah had visitation with M.R. at the Agency, at

her home, and then eventually she began doing overnights visits.         Deborah

                                      -27-
Case No. 4-12-18

testified that she felt getting custody of M.R. was no longer a good idea when she

observed M.R. with her foster family a month after M.R turned one-year-old, and

noticed the strong attachment between M.R and her foster parents. At that point,

Deborah felt that “it was the wrong thing to take [M.R] away from the only

parents she knew.” (Tr. at 209).

       {¶61} Deborah also recalled receiving a phone call from Kim the morning

after the alleged domestic violence incident during which Kim stated to her that

David had beaten her again and took H.R. Deborah remembered Kim telling her

that David threw a lamp at her and hit her. She recalled Kim telling her that H.R.

was positioned in between her legs when the physical altercation occurred.

Deborah testified to her concerns about David and Kim parenting their children; in

particular she was concerned with David’s anger issues and the fact that Kim

knows how to trigger his anger. She also testified that she has not seen a positive

change in David over time.

       {¶62} Regarding M.R.’s current status in foster care, Mary Werner, M.R.’s

foster mother, testified that she and her husband were certified as foster parents in

October 2010 immediately prior to M.R. being placed in their care and that M.R.

was their first foster child. She testified that they went to the hospital to pick up

M.R. after she was born. Mary explained that she and her husband have a twenty-

year-old and an eight-year-old daughter in their home and that M.R. “idolizes”

                                        -28-
Case No. 4-12-18

their eight-year-old daughter. She also confirmed that H.R. was placed in her

home in February 2012. Mary testified that she would be willing to adopt M.R.

        {¶63} Finally, both Kim and David testified. They both denied that there

was any physical violence during the February 1, 2012 incident which resulted in

H.R.’s removal from their custody. They also both denied that H.R. was present

during the altercation. Kim denied stating that David had beaten her through any

of her pregnancies. However, Kim did admit she and David lived in nine different

places during a seventeen-month period. When asked about being the subject of

approximately forty-four different police reports,6 David simply dismissed the

incidents as being targeted because of his race.

        {¶64} On appeal, Kim and David do not specifically contest any specific

best interest factors relating to the trial court’s finding that it is in M.R.’s best

interest to grant the Agency’s motion for permanent custody. Rather, Kim and

David attempt to oversimplify the issue by arguing that the trial court’s grant of

permanent custody to the Agency is not supported by clear and convincing

evidence because the initial causes—Kim’s incarceration and David’s putative

paternity—have been remedied. Kim and David also argue that the trial court

erred in granting the Agency’s motion for permanent custody because they

substantially complied with the case plan.

6
  At the permanent custody hearing, David and other witnesses were generally questioned about David’s
repeated involvement with law enforcement. Several of these police incident reports were made a part of
the record, but were not introduced as exhibits at the hearing.

                                                -29-
Case No. 4-12-18

       {¶65} At the outset, we note that while the record does indicate that

eventually Kim and David completed several of the case plan objectives, they

failed to demonstrate that they can maintain an adequate, stable and safe home

environment for their family, despite having ample opportunity to do so. On

appeal, Kim argues that stable housing was never specifically set out as an

objective in the case plan and, therefore, apparently suggests that she should bear

no responsibility for her failure to demonstrate that she can provide her child with

a stable and safe home. To the contrary, Nikki, the Agency’s ongoing caseworker,

testified that she verbally addressed the Agency’s concerns with Kim and David’s

unstable housing situation on a continual basis and that the Agency’s effort to

secure a suitable home, by paying the initial deposit and two months’ rent on a

home, was further proof of the parties’ acknowledgment of this objective.

       {¶66} Furthermore, the conditions alleged by the Agency in its complaint

which lead to M.R. being adjudicated dependent were that Kim and David were

unable to provide M.R. with a home and adequate parental care. See 2151.04(A).

The evidence in this case demonstrates that not only were Kim and David unable

to provide a stable home for M.R., but the evidence also establishes that during the

pendency of the case there were multiple allegations of David committing

domestic violence against Kim, one of which resulted in the removal of M.R.’s

sister from Kim and David’s custody.          These incidents of alleged domestic

                                       -30-
Case No. 4-12-18

violence combined with the couples’ continual involvement with law enforcement,

both suggest that Kim and David are still unable to provide a home environment

that ensures M.R.’s health and physical safety.

       {¶67} Notwithstanding Kim and David’s narrow focus on their own efforts

in this case, there is ample evidence in the record to support the trial court’s

decision that it is in M.R.’s best interest to grant the Agency permanent custody.

The testimony at the permanent custody hearing and the recommendation of the

GAL show that M.R. is thriving in her foster home and has a strong bond with her

foster parents—the only parents and home she has ever known—and that

removing her from that environment would be detrimental to her. The record

supports the trial court’s finding that Kim and David were afforded more than

enough time to demonstrate their parental fitness and that M.R. is in need of a

legally secure permanent placement, which M.R.’s foster parents indicated that

they are willing to provide through adoption.

       {¶68} For all these reasons, we conclude that the trial court’s ruling

granting the Agency’s motion for permanent custody of M.R. was supported by

clear and convincing evidence. Accordingly, Kim’s third assignment of error and

David’s first and third assignments of error are overruled.

                                        -31-
Case No. 4-12-18

                   Kim’s Fourth and Fifth Assignments of Error

       {¶69} In her fourth and fifth assignments of error, Kim claims that the trial

court erred when it determined that the Agency had used reasonable efforts to

reunify her with M.R. Kim also asserts the Agency erred when it failed to grant

her motion for extended visitation.

       {¶70} The Revised Code imposes a duty on the part of children services

agencies to make reasonable efforts to reunite parents with their children where

the agency has removed the children from the home. R.C. 2151.419; see, also, In

re Brown, 98 Ohio App.3d 337, 344 (1994). Further, the agency bears the burden

of showing that it made reasonable efforts. R.C. 2151.419(A)(1). “Case plans are

the tools that child protective service agencies use to facilitate the reunification of

families who * * * have been temporarily separated.” In re Evans, 3d Dist. No. 1–

01–75, 2001–Ohio–2302.         To that end, case plans establish individualized

concerns and goals, along with the steps that the parties and the agency can take to

achieve reunification. Id. Agencies have an affirmative duty to diligently pursue

efforts to achieve the goals in the case plan. Id. “Nevertheless, the issue is not

whether there was anything more that [the agency] could have done, but whether

the [agency’s] case planning and efforts were reasonable and diligent under the

circumstances of this case.” In re Leveck, 3d Dist. Nos. 5–02–52, 5–02–53, 5–02–

54, 2003–Ohio–1269, ¶ 10.

                                         -32-
Case No. 4-12-18

       {¶71} The evidence at the permanent custody hearing revealed that the

Agency made several attempts to assist Kim and David in completing the case

plan objectives, which were reasonable and required a minimal effort on Kim and

David’s part to demonstrate that they can provide for their family’s basic needs.

Nevertheless, Kim seeks to blame the Agency’s budget constraints, which

restricted the Agency’s hours of operation, for her and David’s persistent inability

to complete the case plan objectives in a manner satisfactory to the Agency.

However, Kim overlooks the fact that despite budget constraints, the Agency still

managed to dispense over a $1,000.00 to assist Kim and David in establishing and

maintaining a stable, safe home for M.R., but it was Kim and David who lacked

the initiative and follow through to continue to pay rent to keep the home.

       {¶72} Moreover, when Kim and David failed to complete the parenting and

budgeting classes, despite having the instructor come to their home, the Agency

arranged for them to participate in two more programs, notwithstanding the fact

that Kim and David had moved outside the Agency’s jurisdiction, which made it

more difficult for the Agency to set-up the classes. The Agency also provided

Kim and David with transportation to visitations with M.R., but the Agency-

sponsored transportation ended when David continued to have altercations with

the drivers.

                                        -33-
Case No. 4-12-18

      {¶73} Finally, the Agency moved for a six-month extension of temporary

custody to allow Kim and David additional time to show compliance with the case

plan, which was granted by the trial court. It was only after Kim and David failed

to show any progress in demonstrating that they can provide M.R. adequate

parental care that the Agency then moved for permanent custody.

      {¶74} Kim also complains that the Agency refused to expand her visitations

without a court order. However, despite having ample opportunity to do so, Kim

did not file a motion requesting extended visitation until a month after the Agency

filed its motion for permanent custody. Furthermore, the ongoing caseworker

testified that the primary reason why visitations with M.R. were not extended was

due to the Agency’s concern about safety issues in Kim and David’s household.

There is nothing in the record indicating that these safety concerns had been

remedied.

      {¶75} Based on the foregoing, we find that the Agency satisfied its duty to

diligently pursue efforts to achieve the goals in the case plan. The Agency’s case

planning and efforts were reasonable and diligent under the circumstances of this

case. It is evident that Kim and David’s failure to actively meet the objectives in

the case plan was through no one’s fault but their own. Therefore, we find that the

trial court did not err in determining that the Agency had made reasonable efforts

to prevent the continued removal of M.R. from Kim and David’s custody. We

                                       -34-
Case No. 4-12-18

also find no error in the trial court’s decision to not grant Kim’s motion for

extended visitation. Kim’s fourth and fifth assignments of error are overruled.

                Kim’s First and Second Assignments of Error and
                      David’s Second Assignment of Error

       {¶76} In these assignments of error, both Kim and David claim the trial

court erred when it failed to make specific findings regarding the statutory “best

interest” factors listed in R.C. 2151.414(D) in its judgment entry granting the

Agency’s motion for permanent custody.

       {¶77} This Court has previously discussed whether the trial court’s failure

to specifically address each of the R.C. 2151.414(D) factors in its judgment entry

constitutes reversible error and determined the following:

       [W]e hold that in rendering its judgment, the trial court must
       either specifically address each of the required considerations set
       forth in R.C. 2151.414(D) in its judgment entry, or otherwise
       provide some affirmative indication in the record that the court
       has considered the specific factors listed in R.C. 2151.414(D).

In re D.H., 3d Dist. No. 9-06-57, 2007-Ohio-1762, ¶ 21. (Emphasis added). In its

judgment entry granting the Agency’s motion for permanent custody, the trial

court stated the following:

       It is the finding of the Court that permanent custody should be
       granted to the Defiance County Department of Job and Family
       Services and that this would be in the best interest of this minor
       child [Ohio Revised Code Sections 2151.414(B)(1) and Ohio
       Revised Code Section 2151.414(D)].

                                       -35-
Case No. 4-12-18

(JE, July 30, 2012 at 4). As we stated in In re D.H., “[a]lthough not expressly

required by the statute, the better practice would clearly be for the trial court to

recite its findings in the specific terms of the required factors of R.C.

2151.414(D).” Id. at ¶ 20.

       {¶78} Despite the failure of the trial court to specifically enumerate each of

the requisite findings, we are nevertheless able to construe from the record that the

trial court did provide some affirmative indication that it considered the

appropriate factors. Specifically, the trial court cited to R.C. 2151.414 (B) and (D)

when it made the finding in its judgment entry that it is in M.R.’s best interest to

grant the Agency’s motion for permanent custody. While it is far from the better

practice, we find that the trial court’s citation to the appropriate statute when

making its best interest finding meets its obligation, albeit to the minimum extent

possible, in demonstrating that the R.C. 2151.414(D) factors were considered.

Moreover, as previously discussed, there is clear and convincing evidence in the

record to support the trial court’s finding that it is in M.R.’s best interest to grant

the Agency’s motion for permanent custody.

       {¶79} Kim and David also claim that the trial court was required to

enumerate findings regarding the sixteen statutory factors listed in R.C.

2151.414(E), which relate to the specific statutory finding that the child cannot be

placed with either parent within a reasonable time or should not be placed with

                                         -36-
Case No. 4-12-18

either parent. See R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a) and (E). In making this argument, Kim

and David insist that, in addition to the “12 of 22” finding pursuant to R.C.

2151.414(B)(1)(d), the trial court was also required to make a finding that M.R.

cannot be placed with either Kim or David within a reasonable time or should not

be placed with either parent.

       {¶80} The Supreme Court of Ohio has expressly stated that,

       After H.B. 484’s addition of the “12 of 22” provision to R.C.
       2151.414, an agency need no longer prove that a child cannot be
       returned to the parents within a reasonable time or should not
       be returned to the parents, so long as the child has been in the
       temporary custody of an agency for at least 12 months.

In re C.W., 104 Ohio St.3d at 167, 2004-Ohio-6411, ¶ 21. Consequently, the

findings under R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a) and R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d) are alternative

findings, each is independently sufficient to use as a basis to grant the Agency’s

motion for permanent custody.      See In re Langford Children, 5th Dist. No.

No.2004CA00349, 2005–Ohio–2304, at ¶ 17.

       {¶81} As previously discussed, the record supported the trial court’s

finding that M.R. had been in the temporary custody of the Agency for at least

twelve months pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d). Accordingly, the trial court

was not required to make an additional finding that M.R. could not be returned

within a reasonable time.

                                      -37-
Case No. 4-12-18

       {¶82} Based on the foregoing, Kim’s first and second assignments of error

and David’s second assignment of error are overruled.

                        David’s Fourth Assignment of Error

       {¶83} In his fourth assignment of error, David argues that the trial court

erred when it admitted certain evidence into the record at the permanent custody

hearing. David’s argument under this assignment of error pertains to evidence

introduced by the Agency which demonstrate: David’s anger issues and violent

tendencies; the allegation of domestic violence which resulted in the removal of

the couples’ second child from their home; David and Kim’s subsequent

involvement with the Williams County Agency; David’s numerous and repeated

involvement with law enforcement and; David’s five child support obligations and

his arrearages on those support obligations.

       {¶84} Initially, we note that the record reflects that David’s counsel failed

to object to the admission of this evidence at the permanent custody hearing. It is

well established that if a party fails to object at the trial court level, that party

waives all but plain error. “A ‘plain error’ is obvious and prejudicial although

neither objected to nor affirmatively waived which, if permitted, would have a

material adverse effect on the character and public confidence in judicial

proceedings.” Schade v. Carnegie Body Co., 70 Ohio St.2d 207, 209 (1982). We

do not find that the admission of this evidence rises to the level of plain error.

                                         -38-
Case No. 4-12-18

       {¶85} Moreover, even assuming arguendo that the issue was preserved on

appeal, the majority of this evidence involved incidents that occurred during the

pendency of the Agency’s case and therefore was relevant to the trial court’s

consideration of whether it is in M.R.’s best interest to grant the Agency’s motion

for permanent custody. Accordingly, we do not find that the admission of this

evidence constitutes reversible error and as such David’s fourth assignment of

error is overruled.

       {¶86} For all these reasons, the judgment of the Defiance County Juvenile

Court is affirmed.

                                                              Judgment Affirmed

PRESTON, P.J. and WILLAMOWSKI, J., concur.

/jlr

                                       -39-