Court Opinion

ID: 9955350
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-03-28 14:07:58.054253+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:15:35.082979
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                        SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                        APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                        DOCKET NO. A-0768-22

SAKINAH RICE, individually, and
as administrator ad prosequendum
of the Estate of CHRISTOPHER
RICE,

          Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

GOLD MEDAL
ENVIRONMENTAL OF NJ, INC.,
GOLD MEDAL SERVICES, LLC,
GOLD MEDAL GROUP, LLC,
GOLD MEDAL DISPOSAL, INC.,
GOLD MEDAL, LLC, GOLD
MEDAL ENVIRONMENTAL OF
PA, INC., and MACK TRUCKS,
INC.,

          Defendants,

and

MCNEILUS TRUCK AND
MANUFACTURING, INC.,

     Defendant-Respondent.
______________________________
            Argued November 9, 2023 – Decided March 28, 2024

            Before Judges Accurso, Gummer and              Walcott-
            Henderson.

            On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
            Division, Camden County, Docket No. L-1906-19.

            Brett McPherson Furber argued the cause for appellant
            (Messa & Associates, PC, attorneys; Brett McPherson
            Furber, on the briefs).

            Dennis P. Ziemba argued the cause for respondent
            (Dilworth Paxson, LLP, attorneys; Dennis P. Ziemba
            and Robert P. Zoller, on the brief).

PER CURIAM

      In this wrongful-death and survival case, plaintiff Sakinah Rice,

administratrix ad prosequendum for the estate of her deceased husband,

Christopher Rice, appeals a December 17, 2021 order granting defendant

McNeilus Truck and Manufacturing Inc. summary judgment as to all claims on

the basis that plaintiff's liability expert's report constitutes a net opinion.

Plaintiff argues the court abused its discretion when it ruled the expert had

offered a net opinion and granted defendant's motion. Plaintiff also argues that

the court erred in denying the motion for reconsideration in a November 9, 2022

order. Because we discern no error, we affirm.

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                                       2
      The relevant facts are undisputed.       Gold Medal Services employed

Christopher Rice as a trash collector. On June 6, 2017, Rice was standing on

the passenger-side rear platform of a refuse truck designed by defendant when

the rear of the truck collided with a telephone pole located on the side of the

roadway, pinning Rice. Rice suffered injuries and died at the scene.

      At the time of Rice's death, Marcus Stotts, a fellow employee, was driving

the refuse truck. Stotts was familiar with the route they were scheduled to work

on the day of Rice's death. He testified he had met Rice for the first time on the

morning of the accident, and Rice was scheduled to be his helper.

      According to Stotts, as they began their route that morning, Rice was

standing on the rear side step, only getting off to pick up trash and throw it into

the back of the truck. He testified he had told Rice to get off the rear side step

and to "get in the truck" at least four times that day "for safety reasons" because

of the distance between the trash pickup locations. Gold Medal's Driver &

Helper Safety Rules & Procedures manual directs that "[w]hen the truck is

traveling a long distance (more than [two-tenths of one mile] or over [ten miles

per hour]), ride in the cab and wear the seatbelt." The truck Stotts was driving

that day had clear warning labels affixed above the rear step with instructions in

both English and Spanish on how to use the rear step safely and warning users

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                                        3
not to "use riding step when speeds are expected to exceed [ten miles per hour]

or when distance traveled is in excess of two-tenths of one mile. Riding step

shall not be used when vehicle is moving backwards."

      Despite these warnings and instructions to get into the cab of the truck,

Rice stayed on the rear side step. Stotts drove the route with Rice standing on

the rear step. Stotts testified he had heard Rice on the phone arguing with his

wife prior to the accident, and he had exited of the cab of the truck and picked

up the trash while Rice remained on the step talking on the phone. Before

proceeding to the next trash pickup stop, which was "more than a mile" away,

Stotts again told Rice to get in the truck because he knew they would be going

over twenty miles per hour. Rice, however, remained on the rear side step, when

the truck struck the utility pole.

      Stotts testified the accident happened because "I got too close to the pole."

He stated that before driving away, he had checked the side mirror and "didn't

notice anything," although he also testified he had "seen the pole there" and

"tried to avoid the pole." According to Stotts, right before impact, he saw Rice

in his side mirror "facing towards the rear of the truck," holding onto the grab

bar above the rear step with both feet planted on the step. When Stotts ran to

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the back of the truck to check on Rice, he was on the ground, "bleeding out the

nose, bleeding out the mouth" and "unresponsive."

      The chassis of the refuse truck Rice and Stotts were using was built,

designed and manufactured by Mack Trucks. However, the truck's body was

built, designed, and manufactured by defendant McNeilus. Plaintiff filed suit

against Gold Medal, Mack Trucks, and McNeilus, alleging various claims in

violation of New Jersey's Products Liability Act, N.J.S.A. 2A:58C-1 to 7, related

to the defective design of the refuse truck, which plaintiff claims caused Rice's

death. Specifically, plaintiff alleged that defendants' truck contained design and

manufacturing defects that rendered it unreasonably dangerous when used in its

"ordinary and foreseeable ways." The defects purportedly included "defendants'

failure to equip the truck with cameras, including side cameras, the failure to

equip the truck with [a] lane departure alert and the failure to equip the truck

with a safe platform for riders."

      Plaintiff settled with Gold Medal, and the court entered final judgment

dismissing the complaint against it prior to granting McNeilus's motion for

summary judgment.

      Plaintiff retained Christopher Ferrone, a mechanical engineer, as an expert

in the design of large commercial vehicles. Ferrone opined that the design of

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the truck was defective due to the hazard of placing a human being on the rear

side step—outside the width of the truck—exactly where Rice was located when

he struck the roadside utility pole:

            McNeilus XC3213 rear-loading waste collection body
            was defectively designed and manufactured by
            McNeilus while in their control. The defective and
            dangerous design was a cause of Mr. Rice's injuries and
            death. The design requires a user to stand on the back
            of a moving vehicle, on a platform that extends beyond
            the body of the truck, in a blind-spot, with no protection
            for that user. The user who stands on the rear step(s) is
            exposed to the following foreseeable situations, all of
            which create a likelihood of serious injury;

                   being struck by objects
                   being swiped off the step
                   being hit by another vehicle
                   being partially dragged by the waste truck
                   falling off the step.

      In his report, Ferrone did not specifically reference any engineering

standards. Although he reviewed several documents including a "Review of

Safety Strategies According to the Safety Hierarchy," nowhere does he define

or analyze safety standards that support his conclusion. At his deposition,

Ferrone relied on the "design safety hierarchy" and testified that the hierarchy

is a multi-step analysis: first, the manufacturer must determine if the hazard can

be eliminated by an alternate design and, if not, the manufacturer must take steps

to "guard" against the hazard, and only if that too proves unfeasible, to warn

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against it. However, "[i]f you can't warn about it, you try to train it out with

administrative steps, and if you can't do that you provide personal protection. "

      Applying the "design safety hierarchy" to the particular truck model with

rear side step designed by defendant, Ferrone maintained that the rear step

hazard can be designed out, stating "can I design out this one hazard, and the

answer is yes. The design out feature [is] don't include the step."

      Ferrone further opined that because defendant already sold trucks with

alternative designs without the step that "performed the exact same function,"

the truck designed with a rear step violated the safety hierarchy. He concluded

that "[defendant] failed [] the first step [of the hierarchy] and they did not even

conduct their own hazard analysis" and "[t]hey failed the second step [of the

hierarchy] as well, as they didn't account for foreseeable uses and misuses of the

product."

      Ferrone also opined defendant should have provided a camera system, as

that "would provide the driver with a view of the user on the rear platform." He

maintained that a camera system was readily available, inexpensive, and would

have helped to prevent the accident and Rice's death. Ferrone concluded that

defendant's defectively-designed truck was a cause of Rice's death.

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      Following oral argument on defendant's motion for summary judgment,

the court found Ferrone had presented a "classic net opinion." Although taking

judicial notice that the hierarchy of product design is accepted in the field of

engineering, the court determined Ferrone's opinion on the design of the rear

step was baseless, stating:

            [Ferrone] doesn't rely on any standards. He didn't do
            any testing. He didn't do any utility testing. He doesn't
            address what standards there are in the industry. He's
            basically saying because of what I find, because of what
            I believe, because of how I would have done it.

                   ....

            [I]f that expert goes out and does testing and
            demonstrates by way of physical analysis, by way of
            physics, by way of biology, by way of human element
            factors, all the factors involved to establish that his
            design should be utilized, and he gets to argue that, and
            economic factors, and manufacturing standards, and if
            the lone voice in the woods, you know, pushes the
            industry to a more safe standard that's how it happens,
            but not in this case where he hasn't done that legwork,
            he hasn't done that legwork, he's just saying it's because
            of me, because I think so, and that is a classic net
            opinion.

      As to Ferrone's opinion on the feasibility of a camera system, the court

stated:

            [Ferrone] doesn't cite any standards for cameras, he
            doesn't cite any standards for internal cabs and the
            elimination of rear steps in all respects, and that your

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                                        8
            truck had the proper warnings, and that the mirrors gave
            all the information to [Stotts] that he needed, because
            he in fact actually saw the decedent.

The court found that as to the camera system, Ferrone essentially presented a

lay opinion and that its potential aid to a juror was dubious:

            even putting that aside [Stotts] used the mirror and he
            saw [plaintiff], and he doesn't unsee [plaintiff] at any
            point. His testimony is clear. And even if there's
            nothing, it's uncontroverted testimony that at all
            relevant points in time related to this accident Mr.
            [Stotts] knew that Mr. Rice was on the rear and that he
            began to drive with Mr. Rice on the rear step.

      Based on those findings, the court granted defendant's summary-judgment

motion, dismissed plaintiff's complaint, and denied the subsequent motion for

reconsideration. This appeal followed.

      Plaintiff asserts the court erred in finding Ferrone's report constituted a

net opinion because Ferrone "relied upon [an] accepted design principle as the

basis for concluding that the rear riding step should not be a part of the truck's

design." Plaintiff highlights that the court took judicial notice of the hierarchy

of product design and noted it is an accepted engineering principle. She argues

Ferrone established "a sufficient basis and logically support[ed] his opinion."

Plaintiff further maintains the court's "issues regarding testing and industry

standards are relevant for cross examination but not admissibility," and the court

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                                         9
abused its discretion when it relied on the product's design being consistent with

an industry standard 1 as a reason to disqualify Ferrone—arguing the Appellate

Division has rejected the idea that industry standards form the basis for

admissible design opinions. Additionally, plaintiff argues the court ignored that

defendant sold another model of the refuse truck without the rear step and with

a camera, undercutting the court's finding that Ferrone failed to conduct testing

on the "feasibility of an alternative design when one already exists."

      Defendant contends the court properly determined plaintiff had failed to

provide any evidence to establish that any aspect of the design of the refuse truck

proximately caused Rice's injuries. As to Ferrone's opinion about the need for

a camera system, it countered that Rice had decided to remain on the rear step

of the truck prior to the accident despite his training, multiple posted warnings

on the truck about the hazard of staying on the rear step when the truck was

traveling in excess of ten miles per hour, and at least four requests from Stotts

that he get into the cab.

1
  McNeilus contended the truck with rear side step complies in all respects with
the "Mobile Waste and Recyclable Materials Collection, Transportation, and
Compaction Equipment" American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
standard.
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                                       10
      We review de novo a ruling on summary judgment, applying the same

legal standard as the trial court. Branch v. Cream-O-Land Dairy, 244 N.J. 567,

582 (2021).    A trial judge's decision concerning the admission of expert

testimony into evidence is entitled to our deference and is reviewed under an

abuse-of-discretion standard. See Townsend v. Pierre, 221 N.J. 36, 52 (2015)

(finding the decision to admit or exclude expert testimony is "committed to the

sound discretion of the trial court").

      "New Jersey Rules of Evidence 702 and 703 control the admission of

expert testimony." In re Accutane Litig., 234 N.J. 340, 348 (2018). N.J.R.E.

702 identifies when expert testimony is permissible and requires the expert to

be qualified in his or her respective field. The purpose of admitting expert

testimony is to "assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine

a fact in issue," N.J.R.E. 702, by presenting testimony "concern[ing] a subject

matter that is beyond the ken of the average juror," Landrigan v. Celotex Corp.,

127 N.J. 404, 413 (1992).

      N.J.R.E. 703 addresses the foundation for expert testimony.            Expert

opinions must "be grounded in 'facts or data derived from (1) the expert's

personal observations, or (2) evidence admitted at the trial, or (3) data relied

upon by the expert which is not necessarily admissible in evidence but which is

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the type of data normally relied upon by experts.'" Townsend, 221 N.J. at 53

(quoting Polzo v. Cty. of Essex, 196 N.J. 569, 583 (2008)). "The net opinion

rule is a 'corollary of [Rule 703] . . . which forbids the admission into evidence

of an expert's conclusions that are not supported by factual evidence or other

data.'" Id. at 53-54 (quoting Polzo, 196 N.J. at 583).

      An expert is required to "'give the why and wherefore' that supports the

opinion, 'rather than a mere conclusion.'" Crispino v. Twp. of Sparta, 243 N.J.

234, 257 (2020) (quoting Townsend, 221 N.J. at 54). The net opinion rule

directs "that experts 'be able to identify the factual bases for their conclusions,

explain their methodology, and demonstrate that both the factual bases and the

methodology are reliable.'" Townsend, 221 N.J. at 55 (quoting Landrigan, 127

N.J. at 417). "An expert's conclusion 'is excluded if it is based merely on

unfounded speculation and unquantified possibilities'" because "when an expert

speculates, 'he [or she] ceases to be an aid to the trier of fact and becomes

nothing more than an additional juror,'" thereby affording no benefit to the fact

finder. Ibid. (first quoting Grzanka v. Pfeifer, 301 N.J. Super. 563, 580 (App.

Div. 1997); then quoting Jimenez v. GNOC, Corp., 286 N.J. Super. 533, 540

(App. Div. 1996)); see also Ehrlich v. Sorokin, 451 N.J. Super. 119, 134 (App.

Div. 2017) ("The net opinion rule is a 'prohibition against speculative

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                                       12
testimony.'" (quoting Harte v. Hand, 433 N.J. Super. 457, 465 (App. Div.

2013))).

      Applying those principles, we conclude the motion court correctly ruled

Ferrone's opinion that the rear-loading refuse truck with rear side step was

defective constitutes a net opinion because Ferrone does not rely on any

standards to support his opinion. Instead, Ferrone simply concluded the truck

could be designed without the step, without considering its utility or whether the

grab bar and the warnings about the use of the step made it safe for its intended

purpose.

      Beyond having no support for his expert opinion, there is no dispute in the

record that defendant's truck design, including the rear step, satisfies the

"Mobile Waste and Recyclable Materials Collection, Transportation, and

Compaction Equipment" ANSI standard proffered by defendant.                Notably,

Ferrone does not disagree with that conclusion.           Despite his concession,

however, he does not address the ANSI standard—or any engineering standard

at all—and does not balance the risk of the rear step against its utility. Thus,

Ferrone's opinion that the rear side step is defective because it exposes the user

to being struck by objects or swept from the step constitutes a net opinion

because it utterly fails to present any support for it, see Crispino, 243 N.J. at 257

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(explaining a net opinion is unsupported by any testing or evidence or standard

and fails to give the "why and wherefore" that would benefit the fact finder).

      Moreover, because Ferrone's testimony was the only avenue plaintiff had

to prove the defective design of the truck proximately caused Rice's death,

plaintiff cannot establish proximate cause—an essential element of any

products-liability case. Without establishing causation, summary judgment was

therefore proper, and defendant is entitled to dismissal of plaintiff's claims as a

matter of law.

      Similarly, Ferrone's opinion that defendant's trucks are, in effect,

defective without a camera system on the rear of the truck is also devoid of

support. This case is not about Stott's failure to observe Rice while he was on

the rear side step of the truck. It is uncontested that Stotts could see Rice in his

side mirror and did so in the seconds before the accident. There is no proof that

defendant's failure to have installed a camera system contributed in any way to

this tragic accident.

      Accordingly, we see no basis to disturb the court's finding that plaintiff's

expert offered a net opinion. Thus, the court's grant of summary judgment in

favor of defendant was proper.

      Affirmed.

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