Court Opinion

ID: 9401948
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-14 19:00:33.166944+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:19:56.413770
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ____________

                                       No. 21-3099
                                         ______

                                  STEPHEN BRANCH,
                                              Appellant
                                             v.

              TEMPLE UNIVERSITY; SEAN OUNAN; SHARON BOYLE
                                  _____

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                               (D.C. No. 2-20-cv-02323)
                         District Judge: Hon. Chad F. Kenney
                                     ____________

                   Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                    May 17, 2023
                                   ____________

    Before: CHAGARES, Chief Judge, GREENAWAY, JR., and PHIPPS, Circuit Judges.

                              (Opinion filed: June 14, 2023)
                                     ___________

                                        OPINION*
                                       ___________

PHIPPS, Circuit Judge.

        On January 29, 2020, Temple University fired Stephen Branch, an African

American male, who had worked there as a roving facilities engineer for sixteen years.

Temple’s stated reason for terminating Branch’s employment was that he skipped work

for three consecutive days in January 2020 and lied about his absence. Challenging that
*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
stated ground as pretextual, Branch initiated this suit against Temple, his direct
supervisor, and a human resources manager for race discrimination and retaliation under

federal and state civil rights laws, see 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981, 2000e-2(a); 43 Pa. Stat.

§ 955(a), and for interference and retaliation under the Family and Medical Leave Act,
see 29 U.S.C. § 2612. In exercising jurisdiction over those claims, see 28 U.S.C.

§§ 1331, 1343, 1367, the District Court permitted discovery, denied Temple’s motion for

summary judgment, see Branch v. Temple Univ., 554 F. Supp. 3d 642, 665 (E.D. Pa.

2021), and held a jury trial.

       Shortly before trial, Branch moved in limine to exclude after-acquired evidence, or

alternatively, to bifurcate the trial into liability and damages phases. Branch did not
dispute that Temple could support its case with material it reviewed before terminating

Branch, such as Temple’s logbooks, swipe card records, and surveillance footage

showing Branch leaving campus during his shift. But through his motion, Branch argued

that Temple could not rely on evidence acquired after it terminated him. That evidence,

obtained in discovery, included time records from a second employer showing that, at

various times over the years, Branch simultaneously worked a second job during his

Temple shift. It also included incriminating text messages from Branch.

       The District Court denied Branch’s requests and permitted Temple’s Director of

Labor Relations to testify about the after-acquired evidence, subject to limiting
instructions. The jury returned a verdict for Temple.

       Through a timely appeal, Branch invoked this Court’s appellate jurisdiction. See

28 U.S.C. §§ 1291, 2107(a). He now disputes the District Court’s rulings on the
introduction of the after-acquired evidence and the testimony of Temple’s Director of

                                              2
Labor Relations. For the reasons below, we will affirm the judgment of the District
Court.

    I.   The Limited Relevance of After-Acquired Evidence in a Discrimination
         Case
         As a general matter, a claim of race discrimination in employment rests on proof

that race caused or motivated an employer to take an adverse employment action against
an employee. See Connelly v. Lane Const. Corp., 809 F.3d 780, 787–88 (3d Cir. 2016)

(recognizing but-for and mixed-motive causation standards under Title VII).1 Thus, such

claims hinge on the employer’s mindset at the time of the adverse employment action.
See Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228, 241 (1989) (plurality opinion)

(explaining that Title VII claims focus on the employer’s mindset “at the moment” of the

employment decision); see also McKennon v. Nashville Banner Publ’g Co., 513 U.S.
352, 360 (1995); Geraci v. Moody-Tottrup, Int’l, Inc., 82 F.3d 578, 581 (3d Cir. 1996).

         Sometimes, however, in litigating an employment discrimination claim, an

employer discovers information that would support or independently justify its adverse

employment action. See McKennon, 513 U.S. at 359–60; Mardell v. Harleysville Life

Ins. Co., 65 F.3d 1072, 1073 n.1 (3d Cir. 1995). But because that after-acquired evidence

cannot retroactively affect the employer’s basis for the decision, it is not material to the
employer’s adverse employment decision. See McKennon, 513 U.S. at 360 (“The

employer could not have been motivated by knowledge it did not have and it cannot now

claim that the employee was fired for the nondiscriminatory reason.”); Mardell, 65 F.3d

at 1073 n.1 (similar). The after-acquired evidence, especially when it supplies a ground

1
  See also Jones v. Sch. Dist. of Phila., 198 F.3d 403, 410 (3d Cir. 1999) (applying the
same standard to discrimination claims under the Pennsylvania Human Relations Act); cf.
Comcast Corp. v. Nat’l Ass’n of Afr. Am.-Owned Media, 140 S. Ct. 1009, 1019 (2020)
(clarifying that the § 1981 race discrimination standard is but-for causation).

                                              3
for discipline wholly unrelated to the employer’s contemporaneous justification, cannot
be used to negate liability. See Delli Santi v. CNA Ins. Cos., 88 F.3d 192, 205 (3d Cir.

1996) (recognizing that after-acquired evidence is inadmissible where it presents a

“different and legitimate reason for discharge”).2
       Still, the overall relevance of a piece of evidence depends on the purpose for

which it is offered. See United States v. Morley, 199 F.3d 129, 133 (3d Cir. 1999)

(“Here, as in so many cases, inquiries of relevance and proper purpose are intimately

intertwined.”); see also United States v. Hamann, 33 F.4th 759, 769 (5th Cir. 2022)

(“Evidence can be relevant for multiple purposes.”); United States v. Davis, 596 F.3d

852, 860 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (same); Lopez v. Tyson Foods, Inc., 690 F.3d 869, 882–83 (8th
Cir. 2012) (same). And although after-acquired evidence is not relevant to an employer’s

state of mind at the time of the adverse employment action, it may be relevant for other

purposes. It may be material to damages because it may justify the denial of

reinstatement and front pay as well as back pay to start from the date of the employer’s

discovery of the new evidence. See McKennon, 513 U.S. at 361–62 (explaining how

after-acquired evidence may limit damages); Anthony v. Trax Int’l Corp., 955 F.3d 1123,

1133 (9th Cir. 2020) (“[A]t the very least, McKennon permits the use of after-acquired

evidence to limit damages.”). Similarly, after-acquired evidence may be used to rebut or

impeach contrary testimony, see Vichare v. AMBAC Inc., 106 F.3d 457, 467–68 (2d Cir.
1996), or to corroborate facts associated with the employer’s contemporaneously-asserted

2
  See also McKennon, 513 U.S. at 355, 360 (precluding employer from justifying
termination on new, unrelated ground: misuse of confidential documents); Wallace v.
Dunn Const. Co., 62 F.3d 374, 379 (11th Cir. 1995) (en banc) (similar: résumé fraud);
Nieves-Villanueva v. Soto-Rivera, 133 F.3d 92, 101 (1st Cir. 1997) (similar: hiring
irregularities); Cullen v. Olin Corp., 195 F.3d 317, 324 (7th Cir. 1999) (similar: job
performance); Rivera v. NIBCO, Inc., 364 F.3d 1057, 1071 (9th Cir. 2004) (similar:
immigration status).

                                             4
justification for the adverse employment action, see Gant ex rel. Gant v. Wallingford Bd.
of Educ., 195 F.3d 134, 147 n.17 (2d Cir. 1999).

       Several rules pertain generally to evidence that is relevant for one purpose but not

another, and those apply with equal force to after-acquired evidence. The Federal Rules
of Evidence enable a judge, upon a party’s objection, to issue a limiting instruction to

“restrict the evidence to its proper scope,” Fed. R. Evid. 105, or to exclude the evidence

“if its probative value is substantially outweighed by a danger of . . . unfair prejudice,” id.

403. Similarly, when the purpose of evidence relates to separate issues, the Federal Rules

of Civil Procedure allow district judges, at their discretion, to hold separate trials on those

issues “to avoid prejudice.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 42(b).

  II. The Challenged Rulings Related to the Alleged Prejudicial Effects of
      After-Acquired Evidence
       The District Court permitted Temple’s use of after-acquired evidence at trial

subject to several limiting instructions to the jury. On appeal, Branch disputes the

adequacy of these instructions and contends that a more protective measure was required:

either bifurcation or exclusion of the after-acquired evidence.

       A. The Denial of Branch’s Motion to Bifurcate
       Through his pretrial motion, which Temple opposed, Branch requested bifurcation
of the trial into liability and damages phases. He did so in effort to prevent the after-

acquired evidence from influencing the jury’s decision on whether Temple discriminated

against him.

       A ruling on a request to bifurcate trial receives abuse-of-discretion review, see

Thabault v. Chait, 541 F.3d 512, 529 (3d Cir. 2008), and here the District Court was well

within its discretion to deny Branch’s request, see Vichare, 106 F.3d at 467. Separating
trials “is not to be the usual course,” Arthur R. Miller, 9A Federal Practice & Procedure

                                              5
§ 2388 (3d ed. 2023), and even if the trial were bifurcated, after-acquired evidence could
be permissibly used at the liability phase to rebut or impeach any contrary testimony by

Branch, see United States v. Verdugo, 617 F.3d 565, 578 (1st Cir. 2010) (“A party

ordinarily may introduce extrinsic evidence to impeach testimony by contradiction if the
extrinsic evidence concerns a subject that is not collateral to the issues being tried.”). See

generally Daniel R. Coquillette et al., 8 Moore’s Federal Practice § 42.20[4][a] (2023);

Fed. R. Civ. P. 42(b), advisory committee’s note to 1966 amendment. And in this case,

the distinctions between the permissible and impermissible purposes of after-acquired

evidence are not so bewildering or unfairly prejudicial as to exceed the prophylactic

power of a limiting instruction. See Mardell, 65 F.3d at 1073 n.2 (“While bifurcation
may sometimes be advisable as a vehicle to insure that after-acquired evidence not be

improperly used during the liability phase, in other cases cautionary instructions or

stipulations may render it unnecessary.”).

       B. The Denial of Branch’s Motion to Exclude and the Overruling of
          his Trial Objections
       Branch next argues that the District Court’s instructions in this case were deficient

and did not overcome the prejudicial effects of the after-acquired evidence.

          1. Temple’s Use of After-Acquired Evidence to Impeach Branch
       Branch’s trial testimony prompted Temple’s initial use of the after-acquired

evidence. After Branch stated that his second job did not interfere with his work, Temple

cross-examined him with time records in direct rebuttal: they showed that his second job

took time away from his shift at Temple. Similarly, when Branch testified that he did not

sleep on the job, Temple offered text messages to contradict him. As this information

came before the jury, the District Court marked a clear line: that evidence “goes to
impeachment” but “not the reason for firing.” Limiting Instruction (SA46:17–19); see

                                              6
also Limiting Instruction (A239:15–17) (“[I]t doesn’t go to say, oh, there’s evidence that
he left campus back then so they had a right to fire him there.”). And later, in charging

the jury before its deliberations, the District Court was similarly emphatic: “You are not

to consider any such evidence as to employer’s intent or that such evidence was relied
upon in any way by the employer as a basis for termination and/or discipline.” Jury

Instruction (SA126:23, 129:3–6). Nothing about the District Court’s ruling was an abuse

of discretion. The contents of its instructions were not deficient. Nor did the danger of

unfair prejudice substantially outweigh the probative value of the after-acquired evidence

in cross-examining Branch. See Fed R. Evid. 403.

          2. Temple’s Introduction of After-Acquired Evidence
       Beyond cross-examining Branch, Temple also introduced after-acquired evidence

as part of its case. It did so over Branch’s objections during the testimony of Monica

Washington, Temple’s Director of Labor Relations. In reviewing time records – both

from Temple and from Branch’s other employer – as well as Branch’s text messages,

Washington opined that Temple would have fired Branch earlier, had it learned of that

information beforehand. Although the use of the evidence to limit a potential damages

award was permissible, see McKennon, 513 U.S. at 362, Branch contends that the

evidence was unfairly prejudicial, see Fed. R. Evid. 403. But to limit damages, Temple

had to “establish that the wrongdoing was of such severity that the employee in fact
would have been terminated.” McKennon, 513 U.S. at 362–63. Washington’s testimony

sought to meet that standard. And the limiting instructions repeated by the District Court

during Washington’s testimony struck the right balance, such that the introduction of the
after-acquired evidence was not unfairly prejudicial. See United States v. Finley,

726 F.3d 483, 494 (3d Cir. 2013) (emphasizing that Rule 403 applies to evidence that is

                                             7
“unfairly prejudicial”).3
       Branch also argues that the after-acquired evidence constituted impermissible

other-acts evidence. See Fed. R. Evid. 404(b). But Temple was not relying on the after-

acquired evidence to prove character and conformity therewith. The purpose of that
evidence was not so elaborate: the after-acquired time records and text messages were

used to cut off damages based on Branch’s absenteeism, as reflected by those documents.

That purpose is far removed from using the documents to prove character and then

conformity therewith. Thus, the District Court did not abuse its discretion in allowing the

introduction of after-acquired evidence as part of Temple’s case at trial.

    III. The Challenges to the Testimony of Temple’s Director of Labor
         Relations
       Temple’s only witness to testify about the after-acquired evidence was
Washington, Temple’s Director of Labor Relations. Branch objected to her testimony on

two primary grounds – failure to identify her on initial disclosures and speculation –

either of which would prevent the introduction of the after-acquired evidence. Neither of

those succeeds.

       A. The Omission of Washington from Temple’s Initial Disclosures
       To streamline the exchange of ‘core’ discovery, the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure require the early exchange of initial disclosures between the parties. See Fed.

R. Civ. P. 26(a); see also Richard L. Marcus, 8A Federal Practice & Procedure § 2053

(3d ed. 2023) (discussing the history of initial disclosures in federal civil cases). Among

3
 As part of his unfair-prejudice argument, Branch also asserts that the time records are
unauthenticated hearsay. This contention is not adequately developed, especially here,
where the time records seem to fit readily within the business-records exception to
hearsay, see Fed. R. Evid. 803(6); Starceski v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 54 F.3d 1089,
1098 n.9 (3d Cir. 1995), and contain an accompanying Rule 902(11) certification, see
Fed. R. Evid. 902(11) (setting the certification process for domestic records of regularly
conducted business activity).

                                             8
those required disclosures is the identification of “each individual likely to have
discoverable information—along with the subjects of that information—that the

disclosing party may use to support its claims or defenses, unless the use would be solely

for impeachment.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(1)(A)(i); see also Richard L. Marcus, 8 Federal
Practice & Procedure § 2013 (3d ed. 2023).

       In this case, Temple did not identify Washington in its initial disclosures, and

Branch contends that she should have been barred from testifying on that ground. But

this argument is unrealistic: a party cannot be expected to identify in its initial disclosures

a witness whose knowledge about a defense came from evidence later acquired in

discovery. And here, when Temple submitted its initial disclosures to Branch, it had not
received the time records from Branch’s other employer or Branch’s text messages.

       Most charitably, Branch’s argument seems to fault Temple for not supplementing

its initial disclosures once it received the after-acquired evidence. But supplementation

based on newly discovered information is required only if the “information has not

otherwise been made known to the other parties during the discovery process or in

writing.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(e)(1)(A). Yet, here, Branch knew of Washington – he

produced documents in discovery mentioning her. He also knew about the after-acquired

evidence she discussed at trial: it concerned his whereabouts and related to his text

messages. And once discovery ended, Temple identified Washington on its witness list
25 days before trial. Thus, while it may have been best practices for Temple to have

supplemented its initial disclosures to mention Washington, the District Court did not

abuse its discretion in permitting her to testify without such supplementation here, where
Branch knew all along of Washington and the information that Temple learned in

discovery. See Quinn v. Consol. Freightways Corp. of Del., 283 F.3d 572, 577 (3d Cir.

                                              9
2002) (affirming a ruling permitting a witness to testify about subjects not mentioned in
interrogatory responses as the defendant knew of this testimony in advance); cf. ZF

Meritor, LLC v. Eaton Corp., 696 F.3d 254, 298 (3d Cir. 2012) (holding that District

Court abused its discretion in striking untimely alternative damages calculation under
Fed. R. Civ. P. 26).4

       B. The Speculation Objections to Washington’s Testimony
       As his final point, Branch challenges Washington’s testimony about after-acquired

evidence as speculative. In particular, he argues that Washington should not have been

permitted to interpret the time records from his second employer. But any concerns that

Washington lacked the personal knowledge of the second employer’s time records were
put to rest by the fact that Temple and that other employer used the same timekeeping

system provided by the same vendor. See United States v. Franco, 874 F.2d 1136, 1139

(7th Cir. 1989) (explaining that a ‘qualified witness’ can be anyone “who understands the

system used”); cf. United States v. Console, 13 F.3d 641, 657 (3d Cir. 1993) (holding that

employee “familiar with the office record-keeping system” could testify about office

records). And that suffices for foundation for purposes of Washington’s testimony,

which compared the time records from the two employers and identified overlaps.5

                                            ***

4
 This same analysis applies to Branch’s related contention that Temple did not identify
Washington in response to his first interrogatory request, which was partially redundant
of the initial disclosures in that it sought, among other things, the identities of persons
with information about claims or defenses.
5
 Unrelated to after-acquired evidence, Branch – in a sentence at the end of his brief –
disputes as speculative a line of questioning in which Temple asked whether Washington
had any suspicions, from Temple’s own time records, that Branch was not on the job
when he said he was. In overruling Branch’s objection, the District Court again was well
within its discretion: Washington weighed in on the decision to fire Branch, and thus her
suspicions about Branch’s absenteeism related to Temple’s motivation for terminating his
employment.

                                             10
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the District Court will be affirmed.

                                     11