Court Opinion

ID: 9589924
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-21 23:50:17.251572+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:07:22.818374
License: Public Domain

Eldridge, Judge.
Appellant brought an action against the City of Warner Robins in nuisance, trespass, and inverse condemnation. From 1972 until 1976, Warner Robins operated a sanitary landfill.
There exists a three-foot layer of soil as a ground covering for the landfill; beneath this layer, household garbage exists from a depth of three feet to thirty feet.
Most sanitary landfills contain organic waste, such as household garbage, which decays with time. The rate of decay varies with time at a rate which can be represented by a bell curve. However, since there exists no uniformity in content of the landfill or time and depth of a waste deposit, then there exist multiple rates of decay which would be represented by overlapping bell curves for each layer of waste. Anaerobic decay, in the absence of air, produces methane gas and water.
*685Methane gas is an odorless, colorless, organic compound that is lighter than air so that it has a tendency to migrate to an environment where it will be under less pressure. If ventilated vertically to the ground surface, methane gas will dissipate into the atmosphere. Methane seeks the course of least resistance through the soil; it will migrate vertically through decaying waste if there exists no clay cap as a barrier or will migrate laterally under normal conditions, depending upon the geological composition of the soil. Methane generation or water saturation can increase the pressure buildup that, along with an impervious soil condition, such as clay, can cause a downward and lateral movement of the gas along porous soil. Methane gas will collect in voids in the soil, cracks in rocks, or areas beneath structures, such as crawl spaces. When the ground surface dries out and cracks, methane gas can seep out of the ground through such opening. The gas can move laterally through gravel, silt, sand, and geological faults, seeking to escape to the atmosphere. This means that methane can move along and above groundwater tables, because the soil is porous enough to allow water collection and flow; during droughts, when the water level falls, these voids become empty, allowing the invasion of methane gas. When methane gas concentrations reach five percentage or greater, which is 50,000 ppm, the gas becomes explosive if ignited. At higher concentrations, it can be harmful to human health; often vegetation near escaping methane gas dies.
Landfills often contain other organic chemicals, such as cleaning fluids, paint, paint remover, and industrial solvents, which may settle into ground water or decompose into organic gases. Many of these organic compounds are either toxic to tissue, carcinogenic, or both.
Springwood Subdivision was built next to the landfill after it closed in 1976. Some lots abutted the east boundary line of the landfill, which exists at a higher elevation than the subdivision. Since the landfill sits at a higher elevation and extends to a depth of 30 feet, the bottom of the landfill lies close to the level of the ground water table in the subdivision.
Appellant bought her house in the subdivision at 102 Prado Court in 1985 for $80,000. Prado Court lies parallel to the east side of the landfill, approximately 150 feet away from the landfill. Appellant’s property is approximately 175 feet east of the landfill across Prado Court. Mr. Holt’s property, 103 Prado Court, lies between Prado Court and the landfill, across from appellant.1
*686Appellant lived in the house at 102 Prado Court for approximately one year prior to her marriage, when she moved out. She has leased out the property ever since. In 1988, appellant sought to refinance the property loan, but the lender declined to make the loan because of the risk of methane gas. From this loan rejection, appellant first learned of the potential methane problem. Since then, she has been unable to sell the property. While refinancing has been a problem, a factual dispute exists as to whether the property can be refinanced or not.
Methane gas was detected at 103 Prado Court (Mr. Holt’s property) by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division, but the gas was not found at 102 Prado Court. Tests conducted by engineers retained by the city have been unable to find methane gas on appellant’s property, but the test hole went only to a depth of two and one-half feet.
After testing, the City of Warner Robins engaged in a methane gas abatement program along Prado Court and Springwood Drive; a drainage swale was constructed with a 12-foot trench at the bottom filled with clay to form a passive barrier; methane gas vents to a depth of 15 feet were installed and a line of gas monitor holes were dug along Prado Court to the same depth.
Appellant joined with three other litigants in the subdivision to pay $16,000 for deep test wells to be drilled at 103 Prado Court, Mr. Holt’s property, below the ground water table. Such wells went five feet below the water table, to a depth of between 35 and 40 feet. Tests at these depths showed high concentrations of methane gas where the soil was either moist silt or very moist sand that provided a good porous soil condition for lateral migration. The test well at MW-3 was approximately 130 feet from 102 Prado Court and was the closest well to this address. The report showed test results in methane gas present in parts per million (ppm): no gas present at 5 and 10 feet; 4 ppm at 15 feet; 8,990 ppm at 20 feet; and more than 10,000 ppm at 25 through 35 feet. The water table was determined to lie at MW-1 at 36.86 feet; at MW-2 at 33.53 feet; at MW-3 at 29.47 feet; and at MW-4 at 32.67 feet.
Appellant’s expert, Dr. Ronald Huggins, interpreted the test results to show that methane gas had migrated from the landfill through the porous zone of soil at and above the water table in high concentrations. In Dr. Huggins’ opinion, the methane gas migrated beyond the test wells along the course of least resistance and under appellant’s property. The existence of high concentrations of methane gas presented not only a physical hazard but also a potential health hazard, although Dr. Huggins admitted on cross-examination that the levels of methane found at 102 Prado Court in June 1994 were not physically dangerous at that time, but its presence posed a *687health risk. He also opined that the testing methodology employed by Warner Robins’ experts was deficient in that it did not drill deep enough, and that the passive barrier, methane vents, and monitor holes at a depth of 15 feet or less allowed methane gas to migrate underneath these installations without detection. He concluded that the methane gas came from the landfill.
Appellee’s expert, Mr. Hodges, stated in contradiction that, in his opinion, the methane gas detected at 103 Prado Court was either caused by construction debris from the subdivision or by the decay of such materials providing a pathway for methane gas to migrate from the landfill. In his opinion, it would be highly improbable that methane gas could migrate from the landfill to 102 Prado Court. Mr. Hodges also had a problem with the methodology used by Dr. Huggins. However, the only test done on appellant’s property by appellee’s experts was at a depth of two and one-half feet.
During May and June of 1994, appellant and the three other litigants spent another $16,000 to actually drill test wells on their own property to provide direct evidence of the subsoil presence of methane gas from the landfill. The test wells at OW-2 and OW-4 were on the north and south property lines of 102 Prado Court, appellant’s property.
The June 30, 1994 test report showed methane gas concentrations (in parts per million) at the test depths:
Depth in feet Soil Type Soil Type
3 to 5 10 ppm clay clay
8 to 10 15 ppm silt 25 ppm silt
13 to 15 18 ppm silt 12 ppm silt
18 to 20 8 ppm silt 12 ppm silt
20 to 25 95 ppm moist silt 13 ppm silt
28 to 30 40 ppm very moist 12 ppm moist silt
33 to 35 N/A sand 26 ppm moist silt
38 to 40 N/A 15 ppm very moist clay
In addition, measurable amounts of other organic gases were found, including: dichlorodifluoromethane; tetrachloroethane; tridecane; chloroform; methylene chloride; eicosane, 10-methyl-; and styrene.
Appellant’s real estate appraiser gave an appraisal that the property had an $82,000 fair market value, but that it should be discounted 40 percent to reflect the effect of contamination on the market price, so that the actual fair market value was $48,840. Appellee’s real estate expert agreed as to the fair market value without the discount, and questioned the use of the 40 percent figure.
The trial court denied appellee’s initial motion for summary judgment; upon the renewed motion for summary judgment before a senior judge, the motion was granted.
*6881. Appellant’s first enumeration of error is that the trial court erred in finding that a physical invasion and physical damage were necessary to support a claim of nuisance.
Appellee’s expert witnesses testified that methane gas and other organic compounds were stopped by the passive clay barrier on 103 Prado Court, and that, because of such barriers, it was highly improbable that methane gas could migrate from the landfill underground across 103 Prado Court (Mr. Holt’s property), cross Prado Court, which was built upon a clay base, and invade appellant’s property at 102 Prado Court.
However, appellant’s expert dug deep test wells below the water table on 103 Prado Court and found methane gas in the porous layer of soil above the water table at a depth of 20 to 30 feet. He testified that, in his opinion, methane gas would continue to migrate the additional approximate distance of 175 feet to appellant’s property by passing under the passive barrier which extended to only a depth of 15 feet.
In May and June of 1994, when test wells were finally drilled at 102 Prado Court (appellant’s property) at a depth of 20 to 30 feet, it was found that methane gas, as well as other organic gases, had, in fact, invaded appellant’s property and were detectable between both the north and south property lines above the water table. This meant that such gases had invaded the entire property through the porous area or zone extending upward through the silty soil layer. In fact, trace amounts were detectable in the clay three to five feet below the surface of the ground.
While each of the opposing party’s experts challenge the methodology and test results of the other and question the extent of damages resulting from such invasion of methane and other organic gases from the landfill, such conflicts not only raise material issues of fact, but also raise issues of weight and credibility of the evidence and expert opinions.
The legal issue presented is whether the subsurface contamination of soil with methane gas or organic man-made compounds in trace amounts constitutes a nuisance upon which an action for damages can be based. “ ‘ “Under some factual situations, it can be held as a matter of law that no nuisance exists; however, that question ordinarily is a question for the jury.” (Cits.)’ [Cit.]” Grier v. City of Atlanta, 200 Ga. App. 575, 576 (408 SE2d 794) (1991), citing Whiddon v. O’Neal, 171 Ga. App. 636, 638 (320 SE2d 601) (1984).
This Court, on almost identical facts, has already found that a jury issue of permanent nuisance and damages arises. City of Warner Robins v. Holt, 220 Ga. App. 794 (470 SE2d 238) (1996). In Holt, the property involved was 103 Prado Court, which lies directly across the street from appellant’s property and had the nearest test well *689approximately 130 feet away; the test levels of methane were higher and the property abutted the landfill in Holt, and the expert witness for the plaintiff in Holt is also appellant’s expert. Therefore, the differences between the two cases lie in the level of methane and other organic gas invasion, and not on the question of whether or not subsurface contamination can give rise to a nuisance, because Holt held that “the evidence presented a jury issue concerning whether there was a nuisance, and, if so, whether it was permanent or abatable.” Id.
The evidence shows the ability of methane and other gases to migrate from the landfill, despite abatement efforts, across the Holt property and the street to physically invade appellant’s property; the measurements of the methane and other gases on appellant’s property have varied with time and location; the expert testimony shows that the output of methane gas by the landfill can increase, which could also cause the levels of measurable methane gas on appellant’s property to increase and which could increase to safety hazard levels. Whether or not the methane gas will increase or could increase to safety hazard levels in the foreseeable future are questions for jury determination based upon expert testimony. If a jury determines that the physical invasion of methane gas is de minimis or is unlikely to increase in the future, then the jury would determine what actual effect that level of methane would have on the fair market value of the property; however, if the methane level at the time of trial has substantially increased or is found by the jury to have a future likelihood of increasing, then the jury would determine what effect that level of methane would have on the fair market value. At trial, the jury must determine whether the nuisance is permanent or abatable. In light of Holt, it appears highly unlikely that the methane and other gas can be abated because of the passage of time since the prior abatement efforts were undertaken and the subsequent methane levels on appellant’s property, but the determination of whether the nuisance is permanent or abatable would be a matter for the jury to decide. “What constitutes the proper measure of damages recoverable by the owner of real property damaged by a nuisance turns upon the issue of whether the nuisance is permanent or abatable. If the nuisance is permanent, the measure of damages is the diminution of fair market value of the property. If the nuisance is abatable, the measure of damages is the lost rental value for so long as the nuisance is allowed to continue.” Holt, supra at 796. Under OCGA § 41-1-3 or § 41-1-4, if an individual has “special damages,” then the individual has a right of action. If a nuisance is found to exist although there has been only de minimis damage to the property interest, appellant may seek damages for “annoyance and discomfort” caused by such nuisance as a result of the maintenance of the nuisance. Shepherd Constr. Co. v. Vaughn, 88 Ga. App. 285, 291-292 (5) (76 *690SE2d 647) (1953); Sam Finley Incorporated v. Russell, 75 Ga. App. 112, 118 (3) (42 SE2d 452) (1947); see also Central Ga. Power Co. v. Parker, 141 Ga. 198 (80 SE 648) (1913); Swift v. Broyles, 115 Ga. 885 (42 SE 277) (1902). Damages for discomfort and annoyance are separate and distinct damages from any damage to realty. City of Atlanta v. Murphy, 194 Ga. App. 652 (391 SE2d 474) (1990). The measure of damages for discomfort, unhappiness, and annoyance is in the enlightened conscience of the jury. Holt, supra at 797-798 (3), (4).
Stigma to realty, in and of itself, is too remote and speculative to be a damage and is of first impression; the closest area in tort comes under OCGA § 51-9-11, slander to title, which is analogous to a stigma. A stigma may arise when there exists a minimal physical invasion through nuisance, which would not rise to the level of actual hazard to health or safety, and which cannot be abated or which abated has a negative effect on the property in public perception, i.e., there is a demonstrable effect on the fair market value. Special damages proximately flowing from such nuisance must be shown. See Copeland v. Carpenter, 203 Ga. 18, 19 (1) (45 SE2d 197) (1947); Schoen v. Maryland Cas. Co., 147 Ga. 151, 153 (93 SE 82) (1917); Daniels v. Johnson, 191 Ga. App. 70, 73 (2) (381 SE2d 87) (1989). Inability to obtain loans or refinancing the realty does not constitute a special damage. Hicks v. McLain’s Bldg. Materials, 209 Ga. App. 191, 192 (1) (433 SE2d 114) (1993); Harmon v. Cunard, 190 Ga. App. 19, 20 (378 SE2d 351) (1989). Costs of litigation including attorney fees do not constitute special damages. Hicks, supra at 192. In Harmon, supra, appellant alleged “that the lien prevented her from obtaining funds necessary to complete her house and prevented her from selling her house, without offering specific figures for the damage allegedly suffered.” Id. at 20. In the case sub judice, the appellant has produced some evidence as to the value before the nuisance was discovered as well as some opinion evidence as to the value after the nuisance was discovered, which would provide the measure of damages for the jury to determine damages, if any. Thus, even if at trial appellant fails to be able to prove anything more than nominal damages to her realty interests, she has a right to seek the above damages from a jury.
The Supreme Court has disapproved the holding in Austin v. Augusta Terminal R. Co., 108 Ga. 671 (34 SE 852) (1899), defining the nature of a property interest too narrowly. Duffield v. DeKalb County, 242 Ga. 432, 433-434 (249 SE2d 235) (1978). Austin v. Augusta Terminal R. Co., supra, even in its narrow definition of real property interests, stands for the fundamental proposition that any repeated and continuous physical invasion of the real property of another constitutes a private nuisance; a physical invasion has occurred in the case sub judice, as well, yet the trial court has *691granted summary judgment. In Duffield, supra, the Supreme Court held that “[t]he term (property) comprehends not only the thing possessed, but also, . . . means the rights of the owner in relation to land or a thing; the right of a person to possess, use, enjoy and dispose of it. . . . Therefore, no physical invasion damaging property need be shown, only an unlawful interference with the right of the owner to enjoy his possession.” Id. at 433-434. A municipality, unlike a county, can be held liable for a private nuisance, whether it arises from a governmental or ministerial function which damages property (City of Rome v. Turk, 235 Ga. 223 (219 SE2d 97) (1975)) or which causes health hazards (Kea v. City of Dublin, 145 Ga. 511 (89 SE 484) (1916); Ingram v. City of Acworth, 90 Ga. App. 719 (84 SE2d 99) (1954)). Duffield, supra at 434, n. 2.
In the case sub judice, a physical invasion of appellant’s property has occurred even though it may be 23 feet below ground; it cannot be said as a matter of law that this caused no damages, which would be for jury determination. Where a governmental entity causes damage to property in carrying out a governmental function, such invasion of an individual’s property interest would not only be a private nuisance but would also be an inverse condemnation of the property, either permanently or temporarily. Duffield, supra at 432-434.
While it appears unfair for a municipality to be liable to subsequent adjacent property owners for any pre-existing nuisance to their acquiring the property, the nuisance is a continuing tort, which injures them anew each day of its existence, and to the extent that it is a damage to property interests, such would be a chose in action, assignable, which would pass to successors in title. OCGA §§ 44-12-20; 44-12-22; 44-12-24; McLanahan v. Keith, 135 Ga. App. 117, 119 (2) (217 SE2d 420) (1975). Under the facts of both Duffield, supra, and Holt, supra, the nuisance preceded the ownership of each property owner.
In the case sub judice, the gas is trapped into the very body of the property and is not merely moving across the surface of the property, based upon the direction of the wind, so that it is a physical invasion of the property, so that a finding of a partial condemnation is not a condition precedent to recovery, although appellant does, in fact, contend that there has been such taking by inverse condemnation. In Hoffman v. Atlanta Gas Light Co., 206 Ga. App. 727, 730 (426 SE2d 387) (1992), this Court held that “[t]he ‘damages growing out of (the) nuisance’ . . . [is] the continuing ‘hurt, inconvenience, or damage’ caused by the hydrocarbon contamination, for which OCGA § 41-1-1 gives a cause of action . . .,” and treated the contamination as a physical invasion of the property. Here, the hydrocarbon was a gas instead of a liquid, which nonetheless has contaminated the soil within which it is trapped and continues to infiltrate.
*692On motion for summary judgment, the burden is on the movant to establish the absence of an element of plaintiffs claim, and to show that the evidence, viewed most favorably to the non-movant, warrants judgment as a matter of law. Lau’s Corp. v. Haskins, 261 Ga. 491 (405 SE2d 474) (1991). In the case sub judice, there is conflicting evidence regarding the elements of a nuisance, and summary judgment should be denied.
Further, opinion evidence in opposition to a motion for summary judgment can be sufficient to preclude a grant of summary judgment. Barlow v. Orkin Exterminating Co., 196 Ga. App. 822, 823 (397 SE2d 170) (1990), citing Brygider v. Atkinson, 192 Ga. App. 424, 426 (385 SE2d 95) (1989); see also Davidson Mineral Properties v. Gifford-Hill & Co., 235 Ga. 176, 177 (219 SE2d 133) (1975). In the case sub judice, the expert opinion evidence conflicts not only as to the existence of a nuisance, but also as to damages. When movant’s expert opinion has been contradicted, summary judgment should be denied. Haire v. City of Macon, 200 Ga. App. 744 (409 SE2d 670) (1991).
The trial court erred in the grant of summary judgment on the issue of the existence of a nuisance under the facts of this case.
2. The second enumeration of error is that the trial court erred in dismissing the appellant’s claim for inverse condemnation. Where there has been a physical invasion, either temporarily or continuously, of the property of a person by a governmental entity that causes damage, such invasion of the property rights may give rise to inverse condemnation where no compensation has first been paid for such governmental damage. Duffield v. DeKalb County, supra; Fulton County v. Baranan, 240 Ga. 837 (242 SE2d 617) (1978). Generally, such physical invasion is either in the form of solids or liquids, but may also be in the form of gases. The physical property of gases is such that, if not confined, gases diffuse in all directions to equalize pressure; gases that are lighter than air will rapidly dissipate or move upward into the atmosphere, but gases that are heavier than air will pool on the surface and slowly diffuse laterally like water. Gases that are lighter than air may cause danger by being noxious in odor, explosive, corrosive, or toxic, causing damage depending on whether they are transitory or a continuous physical invasion; such gases are subject to wind and rain, which may accelerate or delay the movement of the gas over the property. In contrast, gases that are heavier than air will move like a liquid at or above the surface of the ground until the gas has diffused or been blown away by wind or rain. It is in recognition of that fact that odor or smoke, as well as more harmful gases, may, depending upon the facts and circumstances, constitute a public taking through inverse condemnation. See Duffield, supra. The constitution “does not, however, give these authorities the power to damage property without a taking. The *693‘damage’ clause gives the injured citizen a constitutional cause of action against a public authority for injury to his property interests regardless of whether there is also a ‘taking.’ ” MARTA v. Trussell, 247 Ga. 148, 149 (1) (273 SE2d 859) (1981). Where private property has been damaged negligently for public purposes, under the constitutional provisions for eminent domain the property owner can recover for such damages. Woodside v. Fulton County, 223 Ga. 316 (155 SE2d 404) (1967).
In the case sub judice, there is not a surface presence of gases which are moving across the surface of the property but an actual subsurface invasion of appellant’s property, so that the gases diffuse throughout the soil and become trapped in any faults, voids, or fissures in the property. Under such circumstances, the trapped gases present a physical invasion which is similar to a solid or liquid. The nature and extent of damage presents a factual question for jury determination. See Holt, supra at 796 (2). A party is entitled to one complete recovery for their damages; therefore, if the appellant recovers for a temporary or permanent nuisance, then there could be no additional recovery under the theory of. inverse condemnation; conversely, if there is a full recovery under the theory of inverse condemnation, then there can be no recovery for nuisance. Since the permitted damages under nuisance are broader, then there can be no recovery under both theories for the same damages, but could be a recovery under each theory for different damages.
For the reasons set forth not only in Division 1 but also herein, the trial court erred in dismissing the claim or in granting summary judgment.

Judgment reversed.

McMurray, P. J., Birdsong, P. J., Pope P. J., Johnson and Smith, JJ., concur. Andrews, C. J., and Ruffin, J., concur in the judgment only. Beasley, J., dissents.

 Mr. Holt’s property was the subject of a similar suit, City of Warner Robins v. Holt, 220 Ga. App. 794 (470 SE2d 238) (1996).