Court Opinion

ID: 3063155
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-14 20:56:51.027164+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:49:35.713714
License: Public Domain

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                 FILED
                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUITU.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                       ________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                               MAR 8, 2010
                             No. 08-16780                      JOHN LEY
                         Non-Argument Calendar                   CLERK
                       ________________________

               D. C. Docket No. 07-00508-CV-FTM-34-DNF

TIMOTHY E. TRIMBLE,

                                                           Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                  versus

UNITED STATES SOCIAL SECURITY,

                                                          Defendant-Appellee.

                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Middle District of Florida
                     _________________________

                              (March 8, 2010)

Before BLACK, PRYOR and FAY, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
      Timothy Trimble, proceeding pro se, appeals from the district court’s order

dismissing his complaint under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(1) for lack of subject-matter

jurisdiction. Trimble brought his complaint under the Fifth Amendment to the

U.S. Constitution and various statutes, including 5 U.S.C. §§ 701-706 (the

Administrative Procedure Act), 28 U.S.C. § 1346 (the Federal Tort Claims Act),

and 42 U.S.C. § 405 (permitting, in certain situations, judicial review of final

decisions by the Commissioner of Social Security). On appeal, Trimble argues

that, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 659, the court had jurisdiction to consider his claims

that the Social Security Administration (“SSA”): (1) violated his right to

procedural due process by garnishing his Social Security benefits pursuant to a

state court order without first providing him with an opportunity to challenge the

garnishment; and (2) wrongfully garnished his benefits pursuant to a state court

order that was not regular on its face. In addition, Trimble argues that the district

court erred by failing to hold a hearing in his case. In his reply brief, Trimble

contends that the district court violated his First Amendment rights by failing to

hold a hearing, and that the SSA also violated his First Amendment rights by

failing to hold a hearing regarding the garnishment of his benefits.

                                          II.

      In August 2007, Trimble, proceeding pro se, began this action by filing in

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the district court a “Motion for Injunctive Relief Sought” pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P.

65. In his motion, Trimble alleged that the SSA violated his right to procedural

due process by garnishing $600 each month from his Social Security benefits

without first providing him with an opportunity to challenge the garnishment. He

explained that a Pennsylvania state court had ordered that his benefits be garnished

because his child support payments were past due. He alleged that he received a

letter from the SSA on March 28, 2007, which informed him that the SSA would

garnish his benefits beginning on April 1, 2007. He asserted that he did not wish

to challenge the substantive validity of the garnishment order. Instead, he

challenged the fact that the SSA did not provide him with adequate notice or an

opportunity to challenge the garnishment.

      Trimble filed evidentiary exhibits in support of his motion. These exhibits

included a copy of the state court garnishment order. This order, which was

labeled “Order/Notice to Withhold Income for Support,” directed the SSA office in

Ambridge, Pennsylvania to withhold $600 each month from Trimble’s benefits. It

was dated and bore the state court judge’s electronic signature. The order did not

contain any apparent irregularities.

      Thereafter, Trimble filed a complaint pursuant to 5 U.S.C. §§ 702 and 705,

28 U.S.C. § 1346, and the U.S. Constitution. In his complaint, he made

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substantially the same allegations as in his motion for injunctive relief. He also

alleged that the Pennsylvania court that had rendered the child support order lacked

jurisdiction over the parties involved in the suit because he, his ex-wife, and his

daughter had not lived in Pennsylvania for years. He appeared to assert that the

SSA had erred by failing to provide him with an administrative hearing regarding

the garnishment. Trimble subsequently filed a motion seeking a restraining order

pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 65(b), in which he requested that the court restrain the

SSA from garnishing his disability benefits.

      The SSA moved to dismiss Trimble’s complaint and his motion seeking

injunctive relief. Rather than respond to the motion to dismiss, Trimble filed an

amended “Complaint for Injunctive Relief Sought,” raising the same grounds for

relief that he raised in his initial complaint and motion for injunctive relief. He

added that he brought his claims pursuant to 5 U.S.C. §§ 702 and 705, 28 U.S.C.

§ 1346, 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), and the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

Trimble alleged that the SSA had violated its own policy provision, GN

03001.005, which set forth “operating procedures for providing due process.” He

asked that the court: (1) enter an injunction against the SSA; (2) order the SSA to

reimburse him for the garnished funds; and (3) order the SSA to conduct a hearing

so that he could “contest the claims made against [his] disability benefit[s].” In

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addition, Trimble filed an amended motion for injunctive relief, which was

virtually identical to his initial motion for injunctive relief.

       Because Trimble had filed an amended complaint, the court denied as moot

the SSA’s motion to dismiss the original complaint. The court dismissed

Trimble’s motions for an injunction and a restraining order because he failed to

submit affidavits or a verified complaint demonstrating that the SSA’s actions

would cause him to suffer immediate and irreparable loss.

       The SSA then filed a motion to dismiss Trimble’s amended complaint,

arguing that the district court should dismiss the complaint under Fed.R.Civ.P.

12(b)(1) for lack of subject-matter of jurisdiction. The SSA argued that the district

court lacked jurisdiction over Trimble’s complaint because the United States had

not waived its sovereign immunity as to the claims Trimble sought to raise. The

SSA further argued that, even if the court had jurisdiction, the SSA had not

violated Trimble’s right to procedural due process because: (1) 42 U.S.C. § 659

authorized it to garnish Trimble’s Social Security benefits in order to fulfill his

support obligations; and (2) under § 659(f)(1), SSA officers were immune from

liability for garnishing disability benefits as long as the garnishment was made

pursuant to “legal process regular on its face” and the regulations set forth in

§ 659. The SSA also contended that the only procedural due process requirement

                                             5
that it was required to satisfy was § 659(a)’s requirement that it give Trimble 15

days’ notice of the garnishment.

      Trimble responded to the SSA’s motion to dismiss, arguing that the court

possessed subject-matter jurisdiction over his claims pursuant to the Fourteenth

Amendment and 5 U.S.C. §§ 702, 703, and 705. He argued that Congress waived

the SSA’s immunity from procedural due process claims in 5 U.S.C. §§ 702, 703,

and 705. Trimble also argued that the state court’s garnishment order was invalid

because: (1) his child was currently 27 years’ old; (2) the order was not

accompanied by a service document, such as a certificate of service; and (3) the

state court lacked jurisdiction to enter the order. He contended that future benefits,

such as his future disability benefits, were not properly subject to garnishment.

Construing Trimble’s response broadly, he argued finally that the SSA’s actions

were separate and distinct from the state court proceedings, and that he could

challenge the SSA’s unlawful actions without raising a challenge to the state court

proceeding. In this pleading, as in his previous pleadings in this case, Trimble

failed to request a hearing.

      The district court granted the SSA’s motion to dismiss. The court first found

that the federal government is immune from suit absent an express waiver of its

immunity. Addressing 42 U.S.C. § 659, the court determined that this statute sets

                                           6
forth a limited waiver of sovereign immunity to allow for the garnishment of

proceeds, such as social security benefits for the enforcement of child support and

alimony payments. The court found that this waiver permits only the enforcement

of garnishment orders, and does not provide federal courts with jurisdiction to

entertain an action against the government regarding its garnishment of federal

benefits. The court discussed § 659(f), finding that this provision makes clear that

the government is not liable for its garnishment of benefits where the garnishment

was made pursuant to legal process that is regular on its face. In addition, the

district court addressed each of the statutes relied upon by Trimble in his

pleadings, finding that these statutes also did not provide it with subject-matter

jurisdiction to address his claims against the SSA.

                                          III.

      We review de novo a district court’s dismissal of a complaint for lack of

subject-matter jurisdiction. Sinaltrainal v. Coca-Cola Co., 578 F.3d 1252, 1260

(11th Cir. 2009). We construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the

plaintiff and accept as true all of the factual allegations in the complaint. Id. In

addition, we liberally construe a pro se litigant’s pleadings. Powell v. Lennon,

914 F.2d 1459, 1463 (11th Cir. 1990). We review de novo a district court’s

determination as to whether the government is entitled to sovereign immunity.

                                            7
United States v. 1461 W. 42nd St., Hialeah, Fla., 251 F.3d 1329, 1334 (11th Cir.

2001).

         The United States government may not be sued without its consent, and this

immunity extends to federal government agencies. Asociacion de Empleados del

Area Canalera (“ASEDAC”) v. Panama Canal Comm’n, 453 F.3d 1309, 1315

(11th Cir. 2006). “[T]he existence of [the government’s] consent is a prerequisite

for jurisdiction.” Id. “A waiver of the Federal Government’s sovereign immunity

must be unequivocally expressed in statutory text.” Id. (quotation omitted).

         Under 42 U.S.C. § 659(a), moneys, including social security benefits, paid

by the government or a government agency “shall be subject, in like manner and to

the same extent as if the United States or the District of Columbia were a private

person, to withholding in accordance with State law . . . to enforce the legal

obligation of the individual to provide child support or alimony.” 42 U.S.C.

§ 659(a); United States v. Morton, 467 U.S. 822, 826-27, 104 S.Ct. 2769, 2772, 81

L.Ed.2d 680 (1984). The statute directs that any federal agency who is served with

such a state court order must, within 15 days of service, send the obligor a notice

that it will garnish his wages or benefits. 42 U.S.C. § 659(c)(2)(A). Within

30 days of service, the agency must begin withholding sums from the obligor’s

wages or benefits in compliance with the state court order. 42 U.S.C.

                                           8
§ 659(c)(2)(C). The statute further provides that:

      Neither the United States, nor the government of the District of
      Columbia, nor any disbursing officer shall be liable with respect to
      any payment made from moneys due or payable from the United
      States to any individual pursuant to legal process regular on its face, if
      the payment is made in accordance with this section and the
      regulations issued to carry out this section.

42 U.S.C. § 659(f)(1). Under § 659, the term “legal process” includes any

garnishment order issued by a state court of competent subject-matter jurisdiction.

42 U.S.C. § 659(i)(5). We note that the Former Spouse Protection Act, 10 U.S.C.

§ 1408 (“FSPA”), a statute similar to 42 U.S.C. § 659, provides that judicial

process is “‘regular on its face’ if it is issued by a court of competent jurisdiction,

is legal in form, and includes nothing that indicates it is issued without authority of

law.” Simanonok v. Simanonok, 787 F.2d 1517, 1519 & n.4, 1521 (11th Cir. 1986);

10 U.S.C. § 1408(b)(2).

      Under § 659(f), “the Government cannot be held liable for honoring a writ

of garnishment which is ‘regular on its face’ and has been issued by a court with

subject-matter jurisdiction to issue such orders.” Morton, 467 U.S. at 836, 104

S.Ct. at 2777. This principle furthers the need “to facilitate speedy enforcement of

garnishment orders and to minimize the burden on the Government.” Id.

at 835-36, 104 S.Ct. at 2776-77. In Morton, the Supreme Court applied this

principle to hold that the government is not permitted to consider whether a

                                            9
garnishment order was entered by a court with personal jurisdiction over the

parties, because this would require the government to look beyond the face of the

court order. Id. at 829-36, 104 S.Ct. at 2773-77.

       Under the Rooker/Feldman1 doctrine, federal courts generally lack subject-

matter jurisdiction to review final judgments rendered by state courts. Goodman

ex rel. Goodman v. Sipos, 259 F.3d 1327, 1332 (11th Cir. 2001). The doctrine bars

federal jurisdiction where all of the following criteria are met:

       (1) the party in federal court is the same as the party in state court;
       (2) the prior state court ruling was a final or conclusive judgment on
       the merits; (3) the party seeking relief in federal court had a
       reasonable opportunity to raise its federal claims in the state court
       proceeding; and (4) the issue before the federal court was either
       adjudicated by the state court or was inextricably intertwined with the
       state court’s judgment.

Storck v. City of Coral Springs, 354 F.3d 1307, 1310 n.1 (11th Cir. 2003)

(quotation omitted). “A federal claim is inextricably intertwined with a state court

judgment if the federal claim succeeds only to the extent that the state court

wrongly decided the issues before it.” Goodman, 259 F.3d at 1332.

       We have applied the Rooker-Feldman doctrine to a case similar to the one

presented here, where a state trial court, acting pursuant to the FSPA, entered a

       1
         Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co., 263 U.S. 413, 44 S.Ct. 149, 68 L.Ed. 362 (1923), and
District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462, 103 S.Ct. 1303, 75 L.Ed.2d
206 (1983).

                                              10
garnishment order directing the U.S. Navy to withhold a portion of the appellant’s

retirement pay. See Powell v. Powell, 80 F.3d 464, 466-67 (11th Cir. 1996). The

appellant filed a complaint in the federal district court, alleging that the FSPA was

unconstitutional as applied to him. Id. at 466. We held that, under the Rooker-

Feldman doctrine, the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the

claim, because a judgment that the FSPA was unconstitutional as applied to the

appellant would “effectively nullify” the state court’s judgment that his former

wife should receive a portion of his retirement pay. Id. at 467.

      Here, the state court order directing that the SSA garnish Trimble’s benefits

was entered by a state court that was competent to adjudicate matters involving

child support. In addition, the order was dated, bore the judge’s electronic

signature, and lacked any indication that it was not valid legal process. Thus, the

record demonstrates that the state court order at issue here was regular on its face.

Accordingly, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 659(f)(1) and (i)(5), the SSA was immune

from liability because it garnished Trimble’s benefits pursuant to a state court

order entered by a court of competent subject-matter jurisdiction. While Trimble

argued to the district court that the state court had lacked personal jurisdiction over

the parties, the government was not permitted to look beyond the face of the

garnishment order in an attempt to discern whether the ordering court had personal

                                           11
jurisdiction. For these reasons, the district court correctly determined that,

pursuant to § 659(f), it lacked subject matter jurisdiction over Trimble’s claims.

      Although the district court did not address the applicability of the

Rooker/Feldman doctrine, we note that Trimble’s complaint appears to raise claims

that should be adjudicated by the state court that entered the garnishment order. A

judgment that 42 U.S.C. § 659 is unconstitutional as applied to Trimble would

have the effect of nullifying the state court’s garnishment order. Moreover,

Trimble does not point to, and the record does not reveal, any reason why he could

not have brought his challenges to § 659 and the garnishment order in state court.

                                           IV.

      We do not consider on appeal arguments that a litigant failed to present to

the district court. Eagle Hosp. Physicians, LLC v. SRG Consulting, Inc., 561 F.3d

1298, 1303 (11th Cir. 2009). In addition, we do not consider an argument that a

pro se litigant raises for the first time in his reply brief. Lovett v. Ray, 327 F.3d

1181, 1183 (11th Cir. 2003).

      Even under a liberal construction of Trimble’s pleadings below, he did not

request that the district court grant him a hearing. In addition, he presents his First

Amendment arguments for the first time in his reply brief. Accordingly, we do not

consider these arguments on appeal, and affirm as to this issue.

      AFFIRMED.

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