Court Opinion

ID: 9408398
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-12 17:05:44.833474+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:43.689983
License: Public Domain

Filed 7/12/23 G.G. v. B.E. CA2/4

   NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                              SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                            DIVISION FOUR

 G.G.,                                                        B312668

       Plaintiff and Appellant,                               Los Angeles County
                                                              Super. Ct. No. BF059347
       v.

 B.E.,

       Defendant and Respondent.

      APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Los
Angeles County, Doreen B. Boxer, Commissioner. Reversed in
part, affirmed in part, and remanded with directions.
      Reuben Raucher & Blum, Timothy D. Reuben, Stephanie I.
Blum, and Andrew J. Ahn for Plaintiff and Appellant.
      Walzer Melcher & Yoda, Christopher C. Melcher and
Steven K. Yoda for Defendant and Respondent.
            _______________________________________
                        INTRODUCTION

       In California, a parent’s overriding duty is to support his or
her minor children according to the parent’s ability and station in
life. (Fam. Code,1 § 4053, subd. (a).) Although parents may
stipulate to appropriate child support, such agreements must
comport with state guidelines and are subject to judicial review.
Modifications to child support orders are also subject to judicial
oversight. For this reason, child support orders may not contain
“future contingencies”—adjustments to the amount or type of
support, triggered by the occurrence of some future event—that,
by virtue of being automatic, circumvent statutory modification
procedures or judicial oversight.
       Ten years ago, respondent B.E. (father) and appellant G.G.
(mother) had a child, E.P..2 Mother brought a paternity action,
which she and father resolved by stipulated judgment.3 The
agreement purported to set varying levels of child support and
reimbursable expenses keyed to events that could arise in the
future, such as a change in mother’s employment status or E.P.’s
age.

      1Undesignated statutory references are to the Family
Code unless otherwise noted.
      2 We refer to the parties as “father” and “mother” to
preserve their privacy; we intend no disrespect in doing so. (See
In re Marriage of Cheriton (2001) 92 Cal.App.4th 269, 280, fn. 1
(Cheriton).)
      3 We refer to the agreement that formed the basis of the
stipulated judgment as the “settlement agreement,” “settlement,”
or “agreement.”

                                  2
      When mother lost her job, she sought increased child
support. Father asserted he should only have to pay the extra
$123 per month contemplated in the settlement. As relevant
here, the trial court agreed that the settlement controlled; it
concluded mother’s unemployment did not constitute a “change in
circumstances that would support a modification of the child
support order” because the order had anticipated that mother
might lose her job or change careers and had established a
corresponding level of support under those circumstances. The
court did not explicitly determine the parties’ current incomes.
      We conclude the trial court erred by adopting the
provisions of the stipulated judgment without exercising its
independent judgment as required by the Family Code and public
policy. We also conclude that some of the court’s orders limiting
mother’s need-based attorneys’ fees and imposing discovery
sanctions on her were an abuse of discretion. We therefore affirm
in part, reverse in part, and remand with directions.

                        BACKGROUND

A.    The Parties’ Background
       Father is a successful writer who has published numerous
novels and short stories. Father is married to L.R., who currently
works as a literary agent. They have a daughter in her mid-20s.
       In February 2013, after meeting at a conference, father and
mother began a relationship that lasted for nearly two years. At
the time, mother lived in Florida; she was also married. In
November 2013, mother gave birth to E.P. An unofficial DNA
test indicated that father was the likely father. The relationship
continued, and a year later, in November 2014, mother became
pregnant a second time. The second pregnancy prompted father

                                3
to disclose the relationship to his wife. Father also told L.R. that
he had been supporting E.P. informally, paying mother about
$1,000 per month.
       In December 2014, father and mother began negotiating a
private child support agreement. Meanwhile, in February 2015,
father emailed his accountant to report that his wife had been
informally serving as his literary agent since 2011. He explained
that even though the “money is going to the same household
(indeed, it goes into the same joint bank account),” he wanted to
formalize the arrangement by paying his wife a 15 percent
commission on all of his earnings, retroactive to the beginning of
2014.
       On April 28, 2015, father signed a book contract with a
large publisher in which his wife was designated as his agent.
The contract provided that L.R. was to receive a 15 percent
commission on father’s earnings. Before paying father, the
publisher was to pay this commission directly to L.R.
       Two days later, father and mother signed a private
settlement agreement, governed by the laws of Florida, where
mother still lived. Under the settlement, father agreed to pay
$3,000 per month in child support for E.P. Upon the birth of the
second child, and contingent upon paternity testing, father would
increase his monthly payment to $3,500 for both children. He
would also maintain a life insurance policy for the benefit of the
children. Mother would have full custody of E.P. and any
additional child; father would have no parental responsibility.
Mother waived all claims for retroactive support.
       Once the agreement was signed, father ceased all contact
with E.P. Mother miscarried soon thereafter.

                                 4
       In July 2015, mother and her husband began divorce
proceedings; the divorce was finalized in December 2016. As part
of the divorce settlement, mother agreed to “an order of
disestablishment of paternity” of E.P.
B.    Mother and E.P. move to California
       In February 2017, mother accepted a job as a writer for a
network television program and moved to California with E.P..
In light of the higher cost of living in California, mother reached
out to father for financial assistance. He was not receptive.
       On May 15, 2017, mother filed a petition to establish
paternity in California. Although father and mother tried to
negotiate a settlement, their efforts were unsuccessful. On July
19, 2017, father sued mother in Florida for fraud, claiming she
had violated the private settlement agreement. Father sought
rescission of the Florida agreement, return of all payments made
for E.P.’s support pursuant to the agreement, attorneys’ fees, and
punitive damages.
       At some point thereafter, father and his wife signed a
formal agreement under which she would work as his literary
agent. The contract is undated, but purports to be effective as of
August 20, 2017. The agreement acknowledged that “the parties
are married to each other and have not previously felt the need to
account for” L.R.’s work on father’s behalf, but stated that “for
various financial reasons, they wish to do so now.” As
compensation, father agreed to pay his wife “an irrevocable
commission of 35% on all amounts [father] receives directly or

                                 5
indirectly from the Works, both new and existing.”4 Therefore,
L.R.’s 35 percent commission extends to any royalties father
receives pursuant to existing contracts.
       Meanwhile, father and mother continued to negotiate in
the paternity action and ultimately reached a child support
agreement, which mother signed on October 31, 2017. Father
signed it the following day. According to the agreement, mother’s
monthly income at the time was $4,147 and father’s was $43,942.
The settlement voided the earlier private agreement and
provided that upon entry of judgment, father would dismiss the
Florida lawsuit.
       Two days later, on November 3, 2017, father signed a new
book contract with the same large publisher. The contract
identified L.R. as father’s literary agent and stipulated that she
was to receive a 35 percent commission on all of his earnings.
The publisher is to pay L.R. directly. Thus, for every dollar
father earns under the contract, the publisher pays L.R. $0.35
and pays father $0.65.
       The settlement agreement was entered as a stipulated
judgment in the paternity action on December 22, 2017.
C.    Mother Seeks Modification
     On August 12, 2019, mother filed a motion to increase child
support.5 Mother alleged that since entry of the stipulated
judgment, her income had declined because she had lost her job,

      4 The contract defines the “Works” as father’s “novels,
short stories, screenplays, and teleplays.”
      5   The order resolving that motion is the subject of this
appeal.

                                   6
and father’s income had increased. Mother claimed her expenses
had also increased because E.P. had been diagnosed as “twice
exceptional,” meaning she was an intellectually gifted child who
had also been diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder, thus requiring special educational support. Mother
sought increased child support, increased childcare expenses,
expenses for extracurricular activities, and private school
tuition.6 Finally, mother asked the court to award her $15,000 in
need-based attorneys’ fees—both to reimburse her for past fees
and to provide pendente lite fees going forward.7
       In response, father asked the court not only to deny
mother’s request to increase child support, but also to decrease
the amount of his child support because his income had declined
in 2018. Father argued that mother’s unemployment was not a
changed circumstance justifying a modification to the stipulated
judgment because the settlement agreement expressly
anticipated that she might become unemployed and had provided
for that eventuality. Father also asked the court to deny
mother’s request for need-based attorneys’ fees and to require
her, instead, to pay his attorneys’ fees under the prevailing-party
provision in their settlement agreement.

      6   Mother later withdrew the tuition request.
      7 A request by a party in a parentage proceeding for an
award of fees that have not yet been—but are expected to be—
incurred is referred to as a request for “pendente lite” fees.
Pendente lite is a Latin phrase meaning “while the action is
pending.” (Garner, Dict. of Modern Legal Usage (3d ed.2011) p.
665.)

                                 7
      The court called the matter for hearing on October 7, 2019.
But mother, who is hard of hearing, had not requested a CART
reporter in advance, and no one was available to assist on short
notice.8 Accordingly, the court continued the hearing to February
3, 2020.
      On December 11, 2019, with mother’s fee application still
pending, attorney Mark Karney substituted out as counsel of
record and was replaced by attorney Maryam Atighechi.
D.    Discovery
      After the court continued the hearing, the parties
propounded numerous discovery requests on one another.9
Ultimately, father’s counsel and mother’s new lawyer filed—and
extensively litigated—ten motions between them to enforce or
block various requests.
      The court appointed retired Judge Reva Goetz to serve as
discovery referee. After a hearing on February 19, 2020, Judge
Goetz recommended that the court grant all of father’s motions,

      8 Communication Access Real-time Translation (CART)
converts the spoken word into instant text. (Technology Credit
Union v. Rafat (2022) 82 Cal.App.5th 314, 318.) Using that
technology, CART reporters act as court interpreters for the deaf
or hearing-impaired.
      9  The continuance had the effect of reopening discovery,
which had closed 30 days earlier. (See Code Civ. Proc.,
§ 2024.020, subd. (a) [discovery deadline]; § 218 [defining “date
initially set for trial of the action” in family law cases.)

                                 8
deny all of mother’s motions, and impose $14,000 in sanctions on
mother and her lawyer.10
      On March 13, 2020, the trial court ruled on the discovery
motions in accordance with Judge Goetz’s recommendations but
reserved ruling on most of the sanctions issues. A month later,
on April 13, 2020, with mother’s application for need-based
attorneys’ fees still unresolved, Atighechi substituted out as
mother’s attorney of record.
E.    Mother Represents Herself
       On June 10, 2020, mother, now acting in propria persona,
filed an ex parte application for need-based pendente lite
attorney’s fees. Father opposed the motion. Among other things,
father argued that because the stipulated judgment contained a
fee-shifting provision, fees could not be awarded until a
prevailing party could be determined. The court initially
continued the ex parte hearing to September 1, 2020, to be heard
with the related request for order, but ultimately granted father’s
motion to strike mother’s entire memorandum and supporting
declaration because they violated the court’s typography
requirements. It does not appear that the court struck the
application itself, however.
       On June 26, 2020, mother filed an ex parte request for
emergency childcare expenses. Father opposed the motion,
arguing that the settlement agreement already addressed

      10 Specifically, Judge Goetz recommended the court impose
$6,000 to be paid by attorney Atighechi individually, $3,000 to be
paid by mother individually and $5,000 to be paid jointly and
severally. We address the discovery motions and sanctions
recommendations in detail below.

                                 9
childcare payments in the event mother lost her job, and,
regardless, because E.P. had started kindergarten a year earlier
than forecast in the agreement, father had been overpaying for
childcare. The court denied mother’s request. It held that
mother had “failed to make affirmative showing of the need for
orders to help prevent an immediate danger or irreparable harm
to a party or to the children, or to prevent immediate loss or
damage to property subject to disposition in this case, and has
failed to support any other basis for this court to grant relief ex
parte.” It held, however, that mother could bring the claims via a
regularly-noticed Request for Order.
       On August 5, 2020, attorney Stephanie Blum substituted in
as mother’s attorney of record.
F.    Court’s Order
      On September 1, 2020, the trial court held an evidentiary
hearing on the request for order, the original request for need-
based attorneys’ fees, and the deferred requests for discovery
sanctions. The court took the issues under submission and
ordered the parties to submit written closing arguments. The
court later vacated this submission and indicated it would
resubmit the matter on February 1, 2021.
      The court issued a written order and statement of decision
on March 19, 2021. The court denied mother’s request to
increase child support, holding that because the stipulated
judgment contemplated and provided for mother’s possible
unemployment, mother had not established a change in
circumstances. It also denied father’s request to decrease child
support.
      As for mother’s request for need-based attorneys’ fees, the
court found that mother was entitled to need-based fees under

                                10
section 7605 but granted her request only as to Karney’s work—
and then only in part. The court declined to award any fees for
Atighechi’s work on the ground that Atighechi had overlitigated
the case and was responsible for all of the discovery abuses. The
court concluded that at least some of Blum’s work was necessary
to bring the case to a close, but nonetheless denied the fee
request for her work in its entirety because her settlement efforts
were unsuccessful, and she had not provided sufficiently detailed
billing records. In sum, although the court calculated that
mother had generated $145,413.50 in attorneys’ fees, it awarded
her only $4,720.50.11
       Finally, the court ordered mother to personally pay
sanctions to father for unsuccessfully opposing two of his
discovery motions, thereby requiring father to file motions to
compel, and refusing to withdraw two facially-defective
subpoenas, thereby requiring him to file motions to quash. The
amount of sanctions totaled $24,600, the sum of attorneys’ fees
father incurred in relation to the motions.
       Mother filed a timely notice of appeal.

                         DISCUSSION

A.    The trial court abused its discretion by denying
      mother’s modification request based on invalid future
      contingencies in the stipulated judgment.
     When father and mother reached their settlement
agreement, father was a successful novelist, and mother was
working as a first-time writer on a network television show.

      11The court noted that father had generated $491,511 in
attorneys’ fees as of December 31, 2020.

                                11
Father is still a successful novelist, but mother’s show was
canceled, and she is now unemployed. When mother asked for an
increase in child support and childcare payments, however,
father pointed to the agreement, which had contemplated that
mother might lose her job or change careers and provided for
various adjustments to father’s payments if she did. The court
held that mother’s new employment status did not constitute a
change in circumstances sufficient to modify the child support
award because the parties’ 2017 agreement accounted for the
possibility that mother might become unemployed in the future.
On appeal, mother contends this was error because the provisions
purporting to predict and respond to possible future events were
“future contingencies,” which are invalid under California law.
We agree.
      1.    Forfeiture
       As an initial matter, father argues that mother has
forfeited her appellate claim that the unemployment provisions
are invalid future contingencies because she failed to challenge
the stipulated judgment on this basis below. Mother contends
her arguments in the trial court were sufficient to preserve the
issue but asks us, in the alternative, to exercise our discretion to
consider the issue on appeal notwithstanding forfeiture.
Although we find that mother did not clearly raise the issue
below, we address it on the merits because it involves a pure
question of law and implicates important matters of public policy.
       Typically, a party forfeits any claim of error that he or she
fails to raise in the trial court. (In re Marriage of Brewster &
Clevenger (2020) 45 Cal.App.5th 481, 512.) “The purpose of this
rule is to encourage parties to bring errors to the attention of the
trial court, so that they may be corrected. [Citation.]” (In re S.B.

                                12
(2004) 32 Cal.4th 1287, 1293.) But neither forfeiture nor
application of the forfeiture rule is automatic. (Ibid.) Thus, the
“rule does not apply when the theory raised for the first time on
appeal is a pure question of law applied to undisputed facts.
[Citations.]” (Martorana v. Marlin & Saltzman (2009) 175
Cal.App.4th 685, 699–700.) “[I]n cases presenting an important
legal issue,” we may exercise our discretion to consider the claim
notwithstanding failure to present it below. (In re S.B., at
p. 1293.)
       Mother did not provide the trial court in this case with
clear, reasoned legal argument about California’s prohibition of
future contingencies in child support orders. In an effort to save
her claim, mother points to several remarks in the record below,
which she argues adequately alerted the trial court to the future-
contingency problem. We are not persuaded.
       Mother notes that her initial moving papers and written
closing argument challenged the stipulated judgment’s
unemployment provision. These discussions, however, did not
claim that future contingencies were invalid in general. Mother
also argues that father placed the issue before the court in his
written closing argument and his reliance on In re Marriage of
Khera & Sameer (2012) 206 Cal.App.4th 1467, 1476, a spousal
support case. However, neither this case nor father’s argument
directly address the validity of future contingencies in child
support agreements.
       Thus, we agree with father that the issue of future
contingencies was not squarely before the court below.
Nevertheless, we exercise our discretion to resolve the issue on
the merits. Mother contends the stipulated judgment contains
provisions that are void as a matter of law. This is a legal

                                13
question based upon the undisputed contents of the stipulated
judgment in evidence before the trial court. (See County of Kern
v. T.C.E.F., Inc. (2016) 246 Cal.App.4th 301, 326–327 [appellate
courts may address issues not raised in the trial court when the
appellate theory involves a legal question determinable from
facts that are uncontroverted in the record and could not have
been altered by the presentation of additional evidence].)
       The issue also implicates important public policy concerns.
“‘California has a strong public policy in favor of adequate child
support,’ ” as expressed in the statutes that embody the statewide
uniform child support guideline and place the interests of
children as the state’s top priority. (In re Marriage of Bodo
(2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 373, 385; § 4053, subd. (e) [uniform child
support guideline “seeks to place the interests of children as the
state’s top priority”]; see §§ 4050–4076 [statewide uniform
guideline].) “A parent’s first and principal obligation is to
support his or her minor children according to the parent’s
circumstances and station in life.” (§ 4053, subd. (a).) Mother
argues the parties reached a private agreement containing illegal
terms that deprived E.P. of support to which she was legally
entitled. In our view, the importance of the public policy at issue
warrants an exercise of discretion to consider the matter on the
merits.
      2.    Standard of Review
      Child support orders are reviewed for abuse of discretion.
(Cheriton, supra, 92 Cal.App.4th ap pp. 282, 304.) Under that
standard, we determine “‘whether the court’s factual
determinations are supported by substantial evidence and
whether the court acted reasonably in exercising its discretion.’
[Citation.] We do not substitute our own judgment for that of the

                                14
trial court, but determine only if any judge reasonably could have
made such an order. [Citation.]” (In re Marriage of Schlafly
(2007) 149 Cal.App.4th 747, 753 (Schlafly).) In so doing,
however, we must bear in mind that “California has a strong
public policy in favor of adequate child support,” that
“‘determination of a child support obligation is a highly regulated
area of the law,’” and that “‘the only discretion a trial court
possesses is the discretion provided by statute or rule.
[Citations.]’ [Citation.]” (Cheriton, at p. 283.) Thus, in
exercising its discretion, a court must not only base its findings
on substantial evidence but must also follow established legal
principles. (Schlafly, at p. 753.) The failure to do so constitutes
an abuse of discretion. (In re Marriage of Cohn (1998) 65
Cal.App.4th 923, 931.)
      3.    Legal Principles of Child Support
       In California, child support is based on a statutory
algebraic formula whose main variables are the parents’
disposable incomes and their respective shares of time with
primary physical responsibility for the children. (§ 4055.) “Every
trial judge making a child support order must begin by ‘making a
formula calculation pursuant to section 4055.’ [Citation.] The
provision ‘sets forth a statewide uniform guideline for
determining the appropriate amount of child support. The term
“guideline,” however, is a euphemism. The support amount
rendered under the guideline’s algebraic formula “is intended to
be presumptively correct in all cases, and only under special
circumstances should child support orders fall below the child
support mandated by the guideline formula.”’ ([Citation], quoting
§ 4053, subd. (k).)” (Y.R. v. A.F. (2017) 9 Cal.App.5th 974, 983.)

                                15
       Formula child support is a share of the parents’ “net
monthly disposable income” (§ 4055, subds. (a) & (b)), computed
by totaling “annual gross income” (§ 4058 [income from whatever
source derived subject to certain exceptions]), less allowable
deductions, to arrive at “annual net disposable income” (§ 4059),
then dividing by 12 to yield “monthly net disposable income”
(§ 4060). (Marriage of LaBass & Munsee (1997) 56 Cal.App.4th
1331, 1336.) The amount must be set using each parent’s income,
expressed in fixed dollar amounts, as of the time of the hearing.
(In re Marriage of Hall (2000) 81 Cal.App.4th 313, 317–318.) In
other words, child support is limited by the conditions and
circumstances existing at the time the order is made—and the
court cannot speculate about what might happen later by
providing for automatic adjustments based on future
contingencies. (Cheriton, supra, 92 Cal.App.4th at p. 298.)
       Because of this limitation, a permanent child support order
may be modified when changed circumstances affect a party’s
financial status. (§ 3651, subd. (a); Cheriton, supra, 92
Cal.App.4th at p. 298; In re Marriage of Laudeman (2001) 92
Cal.App.4th 1009, 1015 [modification appropriate where there
has been a significant change in a party’s net income].) Typically,
the party seeking modification must establish that there has
been a material change in circumstances since the prior support
order. (Cheriton, at p. 298.) Once changed circumstances are
established, the trial court, as with an initial order, must
calculate child support under the guideline formula. The
resulting order “may be made retroactive to the date of filing the
petition, complaint, or other initial pleading.” (§§ 4009, 3651,
subd. (c)(1); In re Marriage of Murray (2002) 101 Cal.App.4th

                                16
581, 595 [filing date establishes the outermost limit of
retroactivity].)
      The Legislature has also enacted detailed guidelines for
modification of child support, a process that likewise requires
judicial approval. (See §§ 3650–3693, 3651, subd. (a) [court may
terminate or modify child support orders “at any time as the
court determines to be necessary”].) “Those procedures require a
party to introduce admissible evidence of changed circumstances
as a necessary predicate for modification. [Citations.]” (Cheriton,
supra, 92 Cal.App.4th at p. 298.) Where the parties cannot agree,
“‘contested factual issues . . . require an evidentiary hearing.’
[Citation.]” (Ibid.) Taken together, “the statutes contemplate
that the determinations necessary to support a child support
modification will be made by a judge” and “based on the parties’
then current circumstances.” (Ibid.) Although parents “may
stipulate to a child support amount,” any agreement is “subject to
approval of the court.” (§ 4065, subd. (a).)
      4.    Because the stipulated judgment circumvented
            the required statutory procedures for
            modification of child support, the trial court
            erred by restricting its review to the future
            contingencies specified in the agreement.
       Whether crafted by the parties or by the courts, child
support orders must be limited to the conditions and
circumstances that exist at the time they are made. In Cheriton,
the trial court was called upon to craft a child support order for a
family in which both parents had fluctuating incomes based on
interest, dividends, capital gains, and bonuses. (Cheriton, supra,
92 Cal.App.4th at p. 295.) Each parent also had stock options
that, when exercised over time, would create substantial new

                                 17
income. (Ibid.) In an attempt to avoid future litigation via
successive modification motions, the court fashioned a system in
which the parties were ordered to exchange proof of income each
year, then meet and confer to revise guideline support and pay
arrearages for the previous year. (Ibid.) The appellate court
reversed.
       Although the trial court’s approach may have avoided
future litigation, it came at the cost of judicial supervision of a
vitally important matter. (Cheriton, supra, 92 Cal.App.4th at
pp. 298–299.) The yearly income exchange and recalculation
method amounted to a series of automatic changes to the child
support order—future contingencies—that might not meet
statutory guidelines. Any violations would evade detection,
however, because under the order, the changes were triggered
automatically and implemented without judicial approval. (Ibid.)
With no explanation by the trial court of the variables involved,
there would be no adequate record on appeal, thereby stymying
appellate review as well. (Ibid.) Accordingly, the Cheriton court
concluded that the future contingencies were invalid.
       Although Cheriton involved future contingencies crafted by
a trial court, its ruling applies with equal force to parties who
provide for future events in stipulated judgments. Parents “do
not have the power to agree between themselves to abridge their
child’s right to support. [Citation.] Nor can they restrict the
court’s power to act on behalf of the child in support, custody, or
parentage proceedings. [Citations.] ‘Agreements and
stipulations compromising the parents’ statutory child support
obligation or purporting to divest the family court of jurisdiction
over child support orders are void as against public policy.
[Citations.]’ [Citation.]” (In re Marriage of Lusby (1998) 64

                                18
Cal.App.4th 459, 469; accord In re Marriage of Bereznak (2003)
110 Cal.App.4th 1062, 1069 [child support “agreements, to the
extent that they purport to restrict the court’s jurisdiction over
child support, are void as against public policy”]; In re Marriage
of Alter (2009) 171 Cal.App.4th 718, 727 [“parents cannot, by
agreement, prevent the court from increasing a child support
order or otherwise limit the right of their minor children to
support”]; In re Marriage of Lambe & Meehan (1995) 37
Cal.App.4th 388, 392 [“Parents cannot agree to limit the power of
the family law court with respect to the welfare of children”].)
“That is because ‘the law puts the child’s interests before the
contractual expectations of the parents. Courts will not respect
agreements that have the effect of contracting away the child’s
right to support. [Citations.]’ [Citations.]” (Cheriton, supra, 92
Cal.App.4th at p. 294.)
       In this case, as father acknowledges, the stipulated
judgment was explicitly structured to account for and respond to
a number of future possible alternatives. Section III.A. of the
agreement explains its tiered structure for child support:
        “The parties have structured this Section III to account
        for three possibilities they can foresee for [mother]’s
        career: writers’ room employment, non-writers’ room
        employment, and unemployment. For each possibility,
        the parties have accounted for: (i) child support;
        (ii) [E.P.]’s uncovered medical expenses; (iii) the cost of
        [E.P.]’s health insurance; and (iv) the cost of childcare
        for [E.P.] They have also attempted to account for
        [E.P.]’s changing needs as she enters kindergarten,
        first grade, and beyond. The parties have agreed on
        this structure in recognition of: (i) the volatile nature

                                 19
        of the television writing industry in which [mother] is
        newly employed; (ii) the different levels of childcare
        [E.P.] will need depending on [mother’s] employment
        and [E.P.]’s age; and (iii) the parties’ mutual intention
        of minimizing contact or consultation with each other
        and of minimizing the likelihood of future litigation.”
      The agreement then addressed these various possibilities.
For example, if mother remained “employed in a television show
writers’ room,” father would pay her $3,817 per month in child
support. If she took a position in some other field, child support
payments and health insurance contributions would stay the
same, but reimbursable childcare expenses would drop—from
$1,250 per month to $500 per month if mother changed jobs
before September 2019 or from $625 to $350 if she changed jobs
after September 2019 but before September 2020. If she changed
jobs after September 2020, however, childcare reimbursements
would hold steady at $300 per month.
      The agreement also offered various scenarios for mother’s
possible unemployment. Should mother become unemployed,
monthly child support was to increase by $123 (from $3,817 to
$3,940) and father’s maximum contribution to E.P.’s health
insurance premiums would increase from $100 to $200. On the
other hand, father’s responsibility for E.P.’s uninsured healthcare
expenses would remain the same regardless of mother’s
employment status, and his contribution to childcare expenses
would be reduced to either $350 or $300, depending on when
mother lost her job.
      Read as a whole, the agreement offered a plethora of
caveats and predictions about the impacts of future contingencies
on E.P.’s needs. In California, “jurisdiction to make child support

                                20
orders ‘is limited to the conditions and circumstances existing at
the time they are made, and the court [and the parties] cannot
then anticipate what may possibly thereafter happen and provide
for future contingencies. [Citations.]’ [Citations.]” (Cheriton, 92
Cal.App.4th at p. 298.) Thus, insofar as it attempts to provide for
future contingencies, the stipulated judgment is void because it
limits the court’s jurisdiction. (Ibid.)
       Father emphasizes that he “does not dispute [mother]’s
theoretical point—namely, that child support orders should not
provide for future contingencies.” He insists, however, that the
rule does not apply in this case. He argues that the portions of
the stipulated judgment in which different amounts of child
support, childcare, and health insurance are triggered by a
variety of theoretical events are not “future contingencies.”
Instead, he asserts, those provisions simply account for the
parties’ “‘reasonable expectations’ supported by the evidence.” In
other words, “[mother]’s unemployment was not a ‘future
contingency’ but rather a ‘reasonable expectation’ based on facts.”
Unlike “future contingencies,” father argues, agreements about
possible future events are allowed if they are based on
“reasonable expectations.”
       Father cites no authority to support his claim that parents
may limit child support and avoid the supervision of the courts
based on their “reasonable expectations” about what may occur in
the future and how such possible alternatives may affect their
child support obligations—and our research has revealed none.
Instead, father relies on cases considering spousal support, not
child support.
       For example, in Marriage of Dietz, the court held that when
determining whether a “material change” had occurred to justify

                                21
modification of spousal support, the trial court was required to
give effect to the marital settlement agreement, a stipulated
judgment that reflected a “bargained-for exchange through which
[the parties] agreed how they would divide their assets, including
their community property interests in the retirement accounts.”
(In re Marriage of Dietz (2009) 176 Cal.App.4th 387, 399.)
Although it appears the parties had a son for whom the husband
paid child support, the case did not address any dispute about the
child support payments. (Id. at p. 391.)
       Although the cases father relies on all involve disputed
spousal support, which is not at issue here, father asks us to
apply the analytical framework used in those cases to determine
his child support obligations. We decline to do so.
       Child support and spousal support serve different purposes,
implicate different policies, and are governed by different rules.
(Compare § 4053, subd. (e) [concerning child support, the
legislative policy is to treat “the children’s interests as the state’s
top priority”] with § 4320, subd. (l) [concerning spousal support,
the legislative policy is for the supported spouse to become “self-
supporting within a reasonable period of time”]; compare § 4052
[for child support, “court shall adhere to the statewide uniform
guideline”] with § 4320, subd. (n) [for spousal support, court shall
consider enumerated circumstances including “other factors the
court determines are just and equitable”]; see also, e.g., In re
Marriage of Pendleton & Fireman (2000) 24 Cal.4th 39, 49 [public
policy prohibits waiver of child support but not spousal support];
In re Marriage of Lynn (2002) 101 Cal.App.4th 120, 130, fn. 7
[same]; Cheriton, supra, 92 Cal.App.4th at p. 308 [when imputing
income to the payee spouse, child support order must “consider
the children’s best interests” but no such requirement applies to

                                  22
spousal support order]; In re Marriage of Schulze (1997) 60
Cal.App.4th 519, 527–528 [guideline child support is highly
regulated and “relatively fixed” whereas permanent spousal
support orders must be “the product of a truly independent
exercise of judicial discretion”].) In sum, under California law,
parents may not contractually compromise their children’s right
to support. (Cheriton, supra, 92 Cal.App.4th at p. 294.)
       Perhaps recognizing this distinction, father focuses on
Philbin v. Philbin (1971) 19 Cal.App.3d 115 (Philbin), which
involved both child and spousal support. In that case, the
husband, a famous television personality, moved to decrease
spousal and child support after his income declined by about 70
percent in a single year. (Id. at pp. 118–119.) The trial court
agreed to decrease both types of support payments—but only for
six months, after which they would automatically revert to their
previous level. Because nothing in the record supported an
inference that the husband’s income would rebound in six
months, the reviewing court deleted the snap-back provision,
leaving the support order at the lower amount. (Id. at p. 121.)
The Philbin court emphasized that when ordering support, the
trial court “cannot anticipate what may possibly happen in the
future or provide for future contingencies in making an order but
is limited to the facts and circumstances existing at the time the
same is made.” (Id. at p. 122.)
       But father does not rely on that holding, which is consistent
with the holding in Cheriton. Instead, he depends on an
observation the court made about its holding. The Philbin court
noted that its disposition rested on the lack of record support for
a “reasonable expectation” concerning the husband’s future
income. (Philbin, supra, 19 Cal.App.3d at p. 121.) Philbin’s

                                23
entire discussion of the point is: “If the record supports such
limitation, of course an order of this kind is proper, but the
restoration of the original payments in six months is here based
on a finding of a reasonable expectation that in the near future
respondent’s finances will rise to their former level ($55,000 in
1968, $95,000 in 1969), wholly unsupported by the evidence.”
(Ibid.) Father insists this statement makes it “crystal clear” that
“child support orders can account for the parties’ reasonable
expectations.” We disagree.
       The Philbin court’s comment was unnecessary to its
conclusion, and was therefore dictum. (See Gogri v. Jack In The
Box Inc. (2008) 166 Cal.App.4th 255, 272 [“‘Only statements
necessary to the decision are binding precedents . . . .’ [Citation.]
‘The doctrine of precedent, or stare decisis, extends only to the
ratio decidendi of a decision, not to supplementary or explanatory
comments which might be included in an opinion.’”].)
       In sum, we conclude that, under Cheriton, the stipulated
judgment is void to the extent it purports to adjust father’s
payment obligations to account for hypothetical events that had
not occurred when the agreement was signed, thereby
circumventing judicial oversight of child support obligations.
Accordingly, the court erred by restricting its review to the future
contingencies specified in the agreement.
      5.    Mother was prejudiced by the trial court’s
            reliance on the stipulated judgment and its
            subsequent failure to independently review the
            parties’ current circumstances.
     To be reversible, an error must be prejudicial, resulting in
harm or a miscarriage of justice. (In re Marriage of Zucker (2022)
75 Cal.App.5th 1025, 1029; Cal. Const., art. VI, § 13.) Thus, in

                                 24
addition to demonstrating that the stipulated judgment contains
invalid future contingencies, mother must also establish that the
court’s order harmed her. An error of state law is prejudicial if “it
is reasonably probable that a result more favorable to the
appealing party would have been reached in the absence of the
error.” (People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836.) We
conclude that it is reasonably probable mother would have
obtained a more favorable result if the court had evaluated the
parties’ current circumstances instead of relying on the invalid
future-contingency provisions.
      As discussed, when mother lost her job, she sought
increased child support and childcare expenses. To adjudicate
mother’s request, the court was required to determine whether
there had been a material change in the parties’ circumstances
since the previous order. (Cheriton, supra, 92 Cal.App.4th at
p. 298; § 3651, subd. (a).) To do that, the court needed to
calculate each party’s current “net monthly disposable income”
under section 4055 and compare it to their incomes at the time
they entered into the agreement. That is, the court was required
to determine what mother and father currently earned and spent,
compare it with the amount they earned and spent when the
stipulated judgment was entered, and decide if any differences
were material. The court was also required to consider other
relevant circumstances, such as the impact of the Covid-19
pandemic on E.P.’s childcare needs and mother’s employment
prospects.
      The court did not do this. When she signed the agreement,
mother’s income was $4,167 per month; when she sought
modification, she alleged she was unemployed, and that her
income had declined by at least half. On the other hand,

                                 25
immediately after signing the stipulated settlement, father
signed a new publishing contract—for which he was paid a one
million dollar advance—that diverted 35 percent of his pretax
earnings to his wife as an “agent commission” before the
remaining 65 percent was paid to him. Father’s current net
income, therefore, depended in part on whether that commission
was valid. (See § 4059 [state and federal tax liability for
computing child support based on gross income].) Instead of
ascertaining the parties’ present incomes and circumstances, the
court limited its assessment of alleged events to whether they fell
within the scope of the stipulated judgment’s invalid future-
contingencies provisions.
       Thus, the court held mother’s “claimed reduction in income
is not a change in circumstances that would support modification
of the child support order because the existing child support order
includes provisions that anticipate and address such fluctuations
in petitioner’s income.” As for mother’s claim of increased
childcare costs, the court stated, “The existing child support order
includes a provision for payments in support of child care in the
event that petitioner is unemployed, which is the circumstance in
which petitioner currently finds herself regardless of the
circumstances of her unemployment. There is not a change in
circumstances that would support a change in the child support
order simply because this already-anticipated need emerged;
consequently, there is no basis upon which this court can change
the existing orders in the parties’ Judgment.”
       Given mother’s asserted loss of income and need for
additional childcare to allow her to search for a new job, as well
as other factors argued, such as the impact of the Covid-19
pandemic, we conclude mother was prejudiced by the court’s

                                26
adoption of the future contingency provisions of the stipulated
judgment and its failure to conduct an independent review of the
conditions and circumstances that existed at the time of the
hearing.
B.    Attorneys’ Fees
       “[A]ccess to the family law courts through adequate
representation is critical. [Citations.] Judicial access is
particularly vital where child support issues are concerned.
[Citation.]” (Cheriton, supra, 92 Cal.App.4th at p. 318.) Thus,
when there is a disparity between the parties’ respective financial
positions, the Family Code requires courts to order need-based
fee shifting to achieve parity between them. (§ 7605, subds. (a),
(b); N.S. v. D.M. (2018) 21 Cal.App.5th 1040, 1053 (N.S.).) “ ‘The
idea is that both sides should have the opportunity to retain
counsel, not just (as is usually the case) only the party with
greater financial strength.’ [Citation.]” (Ibid.)
       From the outset of this case, mother sought need-based
attorneys’ fees from the trial court, arguing that she lacked the
financial resources to hire and keep lawyers. The court did not
rule on mother’s request for 18 months.12 When it ultimately
reached the issue, the court held that mother was entitled to

      12 Although mother asserts that this lengthy delay was
error, she has forfeited her appellate challenge to the timing—
rather than the amount— of the court’s fee award by failing to
support her claim with reasoned legal argument and based on
authority. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.204(a)(1)(B); see Benach v.
County of Los Angeles (2007) 149 Cal.App.4th 836, 852 [failure to
develop claim with reasoned legal argument and supporting
authority forfeits the issue].)

                                27
need-based fees under section 7605. Although it calculated that
mother had generated $145,413.50 in attorneys’ fees and costs, it
awarded her only $4,720.50.13 The award covered a portion of the
work performed by attorney Karney, who initiated the request for
order. The court did not award any fees for work performed by
attorney Atighechi, who conducted discovery and drafted the
reply brief. Nor did the court award any fees for work performed
by attorney Blum, who represented mother for the remainder of
the case.
      Mother contends these choices were an abuse of discretion.
We conclude that the court should have awarded mother
additional need-based fees to pay for work performed by Karney
and Blum, but that the court acted within its discretion in
declining to award fees to Atighechi.
      1.    Legal Principles and Standard of Review
       In child custody matters, courts must “ensure that each
party has access to legal representation” by, where necessary,
ordering “one party . . . to pay to the other party, or to the other
party’s attorney, whatever amount is reasonably necessary for
attorney’s fees and for the cost of maintaining or defending the
proceeding during the pendency of the proceeding.” (§ 7605,
subd. (a).) When a party requests attorneys’ fees and costs under
section 7605, “the court shall make findings on whether an award
of attorney’s fees and costs is appropriate, whether there is a
disparity in access to funds to retain counsel, and whether one
party is able to pay for legal representation of both parties. If the

      13Father had generated $491,511 in attorneys’ fees during
the same period.

                                 28
findings demonstrate disparity in access and ability to pay, the
court shall make an order awarding attorney’s fees and costs.”
(Id., subd. (b).) Thus, “the court must first assess whether a fee
award is necessary to ensure access to legal representation and
then, based on that assessment, award that amount which is
reasonably necessary to ensure ‘each party has access to legal
representation.’” (Kevin Q. v. Lauren W. (2011) 195 Cal.App.4th
633, 642.)
       “‘The “burden is on the party seeking attorney fees to prove
that the fees it seeks are reasonable. [Citation.]”’” (Gonzalez v.
Santa Clara Department of Social Services (2017) 9 Cal.App.5th
162, 169 (Gonzalez).) Our “review of the amount of attorney fees
awarded is deferential. [Citation.] Because the ‘experienced trial
judge is the best judge of the value of professional services
rendered in his [or her] court,’ we will not disturb the trial court’s
decision unless convinced that it is clearly wrong, meaning that it
is an abuse of discretion. [Citations.]” (In re Vitamin Cases
(2003) 110 Cal.App.4th 1041, 1051–1052.)
       “The abuse of discretion standard is ‘deferential,’ but it ‘is
not empty.’ ” (Gonzalez, supra, 9 Cal.App.5th at p. 169.) The
“ ‘scope of discretion always resides in the particular law being
applied, i.e., in the “legal principles governing the subject of [the]
action … .” Action that transgresses the confines of the
applicable principles of law is outside the scope of discretion and
we call such action an “abuse” of discretion.’ ” (Lealao v.
Beneficial California, Inc. (2000) 82 Cal.App.4th 19, 25.) As
relevant here, a “‘trial court’s award of attorney fees must be able
to be rationalized to be affirmed on appeal. . . . When a trial
court makes an award that is inscrutable to the parties involved
in the case, and there is no apparent reasonable basis for the

                                 29
award in the record, the award itself is evidence that it resulted
from an arbitrary determination.” (Roe v. Halbig (2018) 29
Cal.App.5th 286, 312–313.)
      2.    Attorney Karney
       On August 12, 2019, attorney Karney filed mother’s request
to modify child support and a request for need-based attorneys’
fees and costs. He indicated that as of July 31, 2019, mother had
incurred $4,720.50 in fees and costs, and he anticipated billing an
additional $10,000 in the case. Therefore, Karney asked the
court to award mother a total of $15,000.
       When the court decided the request in March 2021,
however, the court awarded mother only $4,720.50 for Karney’s
work—the amount incurred as of July 31, 2019. As discussed
below, the court did not provide any explanation for its decision
not to award any fees for Karney’s work between August 1, 2019,
the first day of the next billing cycle, and December 11, 2019,
when he substituted out as attorney of record.
       First, the court agreed that it was required to award
mother need-based fees under section 7605. It noted that “a
disparity exists in ability to pay for, and access to funds to retain,
counsel.” In particular, mother was “a working mother who is
solely responsible for caring for the parties’ child. [Father] earns
more than double petitioner’s income and has other assets in
addition to his income.” After reviewing father’s financial
circumstances, the court concluded father had “sufficient assets
to pay both parties’ attorneys’ fees.”
       Next, the court observed that “Mr. Karney has over
26 years of experience in family law, is a Certified Family Law
Specialist, and has a great deal of practical experience in cases
like the present matter. Mr. Karney’s hourly rate of $450 is

                                 30
reasonable.” The court did not express any reservations about
Karney’s hourly rate, the quality of his work, or his billing
records.
       The court failed to give any explanation for why it limited
its fee award to work performed before August 1, 2019. The
evidence shows that Karney generated almost half of the
anticipated fees soon after mother’s request for order and fee
request were filed on August 12, 2019. Billing records indicate
that mother incurred an additional $4,397.50 for a total of $9,118
in fees and costs between August 1 and August 14, 2019. The
record does not indicate how much Karney generated in fees and
costs between August 14, 2019, and December 11, 2019, when he
substituted out as mother’s attorney. At minimum, however,
Karney would have had to review father’s 220-page responsive
declaration filed on September 24, 2019, prepare for the
October 7, 2019 hearing, and attend the hearing. In short, the
court had ample information about the work Karney performed.14
       Based on the record before us, we are unable to discern a
reasonable basis for the court’s choice to limit the fee award for
Karney’s work to fees incurred as of July 31, 2019 is not
supported by the evidence in the record. Accordingly, we
conclude the court abused its discretion. (Roe v. Halbig, supra,
29 Cal.App.5th at pp. 312–313.)

      14  As we discuss in detail in section 2.4, post, even without
billing records, courts may rely on their own experience and
knowledge in determining the reasonable value of an attorney’s
services. (Cheriton, supra, 92 Cal.App.4th at p. 316.)

                                 31
      3.    Attorney Atighechi
       On December 11, 2019, Karney substituted out as mother’s
attorney of record, and attorney Atighechi substituted in.
Atighechi was responsible for the discovery phase of the case.
Based on the court’s finding that Atighechi over-litigated and
abused the discovery process, the court denied mother’s request
for Atighechi’s fees in its entirety.
       The court acknowledged that one claim in the case, “that
respondent is wrongfully diverting his income by paying
excessive sums to his wife for her professional services, [was] a
complicated claim that required significant discovery.”
Nevertheless, it concluded that “the amount of work the
attorneys expended in this litigation was not reasonable.”
Specifically, the court agreed with father that the modification
request was ready to be heard on October 7, 2019, but had to be
continued because mother requested a CART reporter on the day
of the hearing, and no CART reporter was available on such short
notice. Following the continuance and Karney’s departure from
the case, Atighechi “propounded multiple discovery requests,
causing both parties substantial attorney fees and result[ing] in
significant sanctions ordered against petitioner and Ms.
Atighechi.” Because mother “over-litigated this case,” and in
light of “the many difficulties petitioner had during the phase of
the case with Ms. Atighechi,” the court did not find any of
Atighechi’s fees reasonable.
       Atighechi’s discovery conduct was a proper consideration.
Financial resources, though important, are not the only factor the
court may consider when making a need-based fee award. (In re
Marriage of Falcone & Fyke (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 964, 975.)
“The trial court may also consider the other party’s trial tactics.

                                32
[Citations.]” (Ibid.; In re Marriage of Tharp (2010) 188
Cal.App.4th 1295, 1314.) Here, the court concluded that the
majority of Atighechi’s fees were not incurred litigating necessary
issues or in a reasonable manner and, in many instances, were
incurred in a way that increased the fees for both parties. The
court reasoned that requiring father to pay mother’s fees under
those circumstances would be unjust. (See Darab Cody N. v.
Olivera (2019) 31 Cal.App.5th 1134, 1142–1145 [party’s tactics in
child custody dispute were relevant to evaluate the relative need-
based fees between the parties and supported the trial court’s
decision to deny such]; In re Marriage of Turkanis & Price (2013)
213 Cal.App.4th 332, 356 [“ ‘services which have no apparent
effect other than to prolong and to complicate domestic litigation
cannot be deemed “reasonably necessary” [citation] “to properly
litigate the controversy”’”].)
       We conclude mother has not established that the court
abused its discretion in declining to award fees for Atighechi’s
work. The discovery process in this case was contentious and
protracted. Between them, the parties filed ten discovery
motions—three motions to quash, six motions to compel, and one
motion for a protective order. Father prevailed on all ten. The
discovery referee recommended that the court impose $14,000 in
sanctions on mother and her lawyer, with $11,000 to be paid by
Atighechi either personally or jointly and severally. Although
some of Atighechi’s work—such as responding to father’s
discovery demands and drafting the reply brief to the
modification request—appears to have been necessary, when that
work is balanced against the extensive fees father incurred to
counter Atighechi’s problematic discovery tactics, we cannot find

                                33
that the court’s ruling denying Atighechi’s fees constituted an
abuse of its discretion.
      4.    Attorney Blum
       Atighechi substituted out as counsel of record on April 13,
2020. On June 10, 2020, mother, acting in propria persona, filed
an ex parte application for need-based attorney’s fees. On her
income and expense declaration, mother stated that she had
incurred $81,801 in attorneys’ fees to date, of which she had paid
$53,000 by charging the fees to at least five different credit cards.
She asked the court to order father to pay all of those fees plus an
additional $10,000 in pendente lite fees to allow her to retain and
pay counsel going forward.15
       On August 5, 2020, after four months in which mother
represented herself, attorney Blum substituted in as mother’s
attorney of record. In her time as mother’s attorney, Blum and
her colleagues attempted to negotiate a settlement agreement,
filed several concluding briefs, attended the September 1, 2020
hearing on the modification request, and prepared the filings
needed to bring the matter to a close. Blum detailed the cost of
some—but not all—of that work in a declaration filed on
August 25, 2020, in support of mother’s fee request.16

      15  Although the court later granted father’s motion to
strike mother’s memorandum and supporting declaration because
they violated the court’s typography requirements, it did not
strike either the application itself or the supporting exhibits.
      16  Specifically, Blum declared that mother had incurred
$23,425 in connection with three filings: (1) ex parte request for
leave to file a sur-reply in support of the request to modify child
support, (2) sur-reply in support of the request to modify child

                                 34
        The court declined to award any attorneys’ fees for Blum’s
work. It held that the work performed between the original
hearing date of October 7, 2019, which was continued for lack of a
CART reporter, and the ultimate hearing date of September 1,
2020, “added nothing valuable to petitioner’s case.” As such, it
found that the attorneys’ fees generated for that work were not
reasonably necessary. The court also declined to award any fees
for time spent appearing at the September 1, 2020 hearing itself
or preparing the post-hearing filings the court had ordered
because Blum had provided insufficient billing records. We
conclude both rulings were an abuse of discretion.
        First, the court held that most of Blum’s work was
unnecessary because the matter was ready for hearing on
October 7, 2019, and “none of the subsequent work added any
support to petitioner’s claims.” It also noted that “petitioner
spent more than $80,000 in attorney’s fees before hiring Ms.
Blum,” and “[d]espite Ms. Blum’s extensive efforts, petitioner
never found a firm ground for her various claims . . . .” In
particular, the court declined to order fees for the time Blum
spent preparing and following up on a settlement proposal
because it “brought no apparent beneficial result.” The court did
not address any other pre-hearing filings prepared by Blum’s
office.

support, and (3) reply to request for need-based attorneys’ fees.
Taken together, those filings required 35 hours of associate time
(at $305 per hour) and 15 hours of Blum’s time (at $850 per
hour). In addition, Blum spent 4.25 hours (for a total of
$3,612.50) preparing and attempting to negotiate a settlement
proposal and expected to spend 30 to 40 hours (up to $34,000)
preparing for and attending the hearing on the matter.

                                35
      The court’s conclusion that the matter could have been
decided in October 2019 rested on the assumption that the
stipulated judgment restricted the court’s ability to make
findings about the parties’ current incomes and expenses. As we
have explained, however, the agreement’s future-contingency
provisions are invalid. Thus, the court was required to ascertain
the parties’ current incomes and expenses, which, in father’s
case, would have rested in part on the validity of the 35 percent
commission paid to his wife. The court acknowledged that was a
“complicated” issue “that required significant discovery.” Indeed,
it was only through discovery conducted after the October 2019
hearing was continued that mother first learned about the
commission.17
      Second, the court held that although Blum had filed
documents that were needed to bring the case to a close, she had
not provided “information about the amount of time spent in
connection with any of this work, and the court declines to

      17  Father’s initial responsive filing noted that his current
income included “a portion of an advance on royalties (less agent
commissions)” from the new publishing contract but did not
reveal the amount of the commission. Although father attached
the first page of the publishing contract to his supporting
declaration, neither the declaration nor the single page of the
contract referred to the 35 percent commission. Indeed, the
commission is not mentioned anywhere in the record until
December 24, 2019, in connection with a motion to compel. And
it appears father did not disclose until January 2, 2020 that his
publisher pays the 35 percent commission to his wife directly
before paying him the remaining 65 percent.

                                36
speculate on the amount of attorney fees charged or paid for it.”18
We conclude the court abused its discretion by declining to award
any fees for this work based on a failure of proof.
       Again, Cheriton is instructive. (Cheriton, supra, 92
Cal.App.4th at pp. 315–318.) In that case, as in this one, the wife
requested need-based attorneys’ fees. On the day of trial, the
wife’s attorney submitted a declaration that “failed to show ‘the
amount of fees incurred, the costs, the time expended, or even the
hourly rates of counsel.’” (Id. at p. 315.) In response, the trial
court denied the request for need-based fees based on a
“‘significant absence of proof on the issues.’” (Ibid.)
       The Cheriton court stated that in child support matters, the
trial court has “a duty to make a just and reasonable award of
attorneys’ fees and costs, if warranted under the circumstances of
the case before it.” (Cheriton, supra, 92 Cal.App.4th at p. 318.)
Those circumstances include mother’s need for representation
and father’s ability to pay her attorneys’ fees. (Ibid.) The court
below “considered the relevant circumstances . . . . But its
decision [to deny fees] clearly was based on its determination that
[the moving party] had failed to carry her burden of proof.”
(Ibid.) The lower court “abused its discretion” by deciding the
matter based on evidentiary failings, and “refusing to consider
the fee request on its merits.” (Ibid.)

      18  Specifically, the court noted that Blum did not account
for the time she spent attending the hearing on the modification
request or preparing mother’s reply declaration concerning
attorneys’ fees, the written closing argument requested by the
court, the compendium of documents requested by the court, and
objections to the tentative statement of decision.

                                37
         The same is true here. Although Blum did not detail the
time she spent bringing the case to a close, this was work the
court acknowledged “arguably, could be reasonably necessary
 . . . .” The court, having overseen the case from its inception, had
sufficient information to evaluate the request.19 Because it was
necessarily aware of the extent and nature of the services Blum
had rendered, the court could have relied on its own experience
and knowledge in determining their reasonable value. (Cheriton,
supra, 92 Cal.App.4th at p. 316, quoting 2 Kirkland et al., Cal.
Family Law: Practice and Procedure (2d ed. 2001) Attorney’s Fee
Awards, § 62.05[3][a], pp. 62-32.2 to 62-32.3.) Alternatively, if
the court felt it lacked sufficient information to make this
calculation itself, it could have reopened evidence to seek more
detailed records. (Cheriton, at pp. 317–318.) Either way,
refusing to award mother any need-based fees for reasonably
necessary work because it found Blum’s declaration lacking in
detail was an abuse of discretion. (Id. at p. 318.)
C.    Discovery Sanctions
     The court imposed $27,600 in discovery sanctions on
mother to compensate father for attorneys’ fees and costs

      19  For example, the court stressed that Blum had “attended
the court hearing on September 1, 2020, but petitioner provided
no information about the amount of time charged or paid for this
appearance.” Thus, the court “deni[ed] petitioner’s request to
have respondent pay for the undefined amount of time Ms. Blum
spent appearing on September 1, 2020.” The court personally
conducted that hearing, however. It knew both Blum’s hourly
billing rate, which it found was not excessive, and the length of
the hearing. Therefore, it could have calculated at least some of
the fees incurred for that appearance.

                                 38
associated with various discovery disputes.20 Mother challenges
three of these awards: $11,095 relating to father’s motions to
quash subpoenas to Citibank and Marcum LLP (Marcum); $6,415
relating to father’s motion to compel compliance with his second
set of inspection demands; and $7,090 relating to father’s motion
to compel further responses to his second set of inspection
demands.21
       We conclude the court abused its discretion by sanctioning
mother for opposing the motions to quash because any sanctions
for opposing those motions should have been imposed on mother’s
attorney. As to the sanctions for opposing the two motions to
compel, we conclude the court acted within its discretion by
sanctioning mother, but it made a legal error, and, therefore,
abused its discretion, when it double-counted the time father’s
counsel spent arguing the motions.

      20  On appeal, mother challenges only the $24,600 in
sanctions the court imposed in its March 19, 2022 order. She
does not challenge the $3,000 in sanctions the court imposed on
her in its March 13, 2020 minute order—$1,500 for opposing
father’s motion to compel further responses to a second set of
special interrogatories and $1,500 for opposing father’s motion to
compel further responses to a second set of requests for
admission. Nor do we address the $1,500 in sanctions the court
imposed on mother’s attorney for bringing an unsuccessful
motion to compel further responses to a second set of family law
form interrogatories.
      21We refer to the latter two motions, respectively, as the
motion to compel compliance and the motion to compel further
responses.

                                39
      1.    Standard of Review
        “We review an order imposing discovery sanctions under
the abuse of discretion standard. [Citation.] An abuse of
discretion occurs if, in light of the applicable law and considering
all of the relevant circumstances, the court’s decision exceeds the
bounds of reason and results in a miscarriage of justice.
[Citations.] The abuse of discretion standard affords considerable
deference to the trial court, provided that the court acted in
accordance with the governing rules of law.” (New Albertsons,
Inc. v. Superior Court (2008) 168 Cal.App.4th 1403, 1422.) “We
recognize that our review of the trial court’s sanctions award is
deferential, but we must ensure the trial court has followed the
applicable statute.” (Kwan Software Engineering, Inc. v.
Hennings (2020) 58 Cal.App.5th 57, 76.) “A decision ‘that
transgresses the confines of the applicable principles of law is
outside the scope of discretion’ and is an abuse of discretion.
[Citation.]” (New Albertsons, supra, at p. 1422.)
        “[W]e may affirm the court’s sanctions order on any ground
supported by the record. [Citations.]” (In re Marriage of Corona
(2009) 172 Cal.App.4th 1205, 1225.) We review any factual
findings that formed the basis of the sanctions award for
substantial evidence. (In re Marriage of Rossi (2001) 90
Cal.App.4th 34, 40.)
      2.    Motions to Quash
      Mother contends the $11,095 in sanctions imposed on her
for opposing father’s two motions to quash exceeded the court’s
jurisdiction because the notices of motion were procedurally
defective and, in any event, the sanctions were an abuse of
discretion. She argues that the court abused its discretion by

                                40
refusing to adopt the discovery referee’s recommendation that it
impose sanctions of $1,500 per motion ($3,000 total) on mother’s
attorney rather than mother herself, and the amount of sanctions
awarded exceeded the total fees and costs for these motions
requested in father’s papers. We reject mother’s jurisdictional
argument but agree with her that the court abused its discretion
by imposing sanctions on her rather than on counsel. Because
counsel lacked constitutionally adequate notice, however, we
reverse this portion of the sanctions order.
            a.    Proceedings Below
      Discovery in this matter opened on October 7, 2019. On
December 19, 2019, mother’s attorney issued a subpoena to
Citibank for all documents in its possession relating to father.
The same day, counsel issued a subpoena to Marcum for father’s
complete, unredacted tax returns for the previous three years.
      On December 23, 2019, father’s attorney sent two letters to
mother’s attorney asserting various defects in the subpoenas.
However, since the Citibank subpoena had set a compliance date
of January 10, 2020, and the Marcum subpoena had set a
compliance date of January 17, 2020, discovery could not be
completed before the discovery deadline.22 (See Code Civ. Proc.,
§ 2024.010 [“discovery is considered completed on the day a
response is due”].)23 Father’s counsel also argued that father had

      22The discovery cut-off was actually January 6, 2020.
Regardless, the motions to quash cited the correct date, and each
subpoena still set a compliance date beyond the deadline.
      23 Undesignated statutory references in section 3 of the
discussion are to the Code of Civil Procedure.

                                41
already produced the documents mother was attempting to
obtain with the Citibank subpoena, and the parties were still
meeting and conferring about the tax returns demanded by the
Marcum subpoena. She therefore asked mother’s attorney to
withdraw the subpoenas.
      Mother’s attorney neither responded to the claims of
procedural defects–nor withdrew the subpoenas. After father’s
counsel raised the issue of the defective Citibank subpoena again,
and again tried, unsuccessfully, to get mother’s attorney to
withdraw it, father moved to quash both subpoenas. Counsel for
mother filed an omnibus opposition that addressed mother’s need
for the documents but did not address the deadline issue.
      After a hearing, the discovery referee recommended that
the court award father $1,500 in sanctions for each subpoena
($3,000 total) against counsel only. Mother’s attorney objected to
these recommendations, both in person at the hearing and, later,
in writing, contending she had not received notice that she could
be sanctioned. She also argued that mother could not be
sanctioned in her place: “At the hearing, sanctions [were] heard
only against counsel[,] who raised lack of notice that went
completely ignored. This court cannot sanction [mother] to
compensate for the lack of notice against counsel as the issue of
sanctions against [mother] for the Motion[s] to Quash was not
raised at the hearing.”
      In a minute order dated March 13, 2020, the trial court
concluded that mother’s attorney had not received adequate
notice that father sought sanctions against her personally. It
therefore rejected the discovery referee’s recommendation that it
impose sanctions on counsel but reserved ruling on whether to
sanction mother.

                               42
      The parties did not substantively address discovery
sanctions at the final hearing on September 1, 2020.24 Nor did
they address them in detail in their written closing arguments.
However, mother’s attorney urged the court not to impose
sanctions because mother lacked the ability to pay them.
Father’s attorney asked the court to impose the full $32,160
requested in the six outstanding sanctions motions against
mother. That total included $15,610 for the motions to quash.25
      The court imposed sanctions of $11,095 on mother alone.26
The court held: “The court finds that petitioner opposed both

      24 By that point, mother was represented by a different
attorney.
      25 Father originally requested $16,820 in sanctions for
three motions to quash: $6,615 for Citibank, $5,690 for Marcum,
and $4,515 for a Morgan Stanley subpoena that was later
withdrawn. Each request included $1,050 in anticipated fees to
prepare a reply brief, for a total of $3,150 across the three
motions. Because father filed an omnibus reply, however, he
incurred only $1,840 in reply brief fees for the three motions. As
such, father reduced his fee request by $1,310 ($3,150 anticipated
− $1,840 actual). Although the adjusted total for the three
motions should have been $15,510 rather than $15,610, the
higher number appears to be a typographical error.
      26 As noted, father had filed a motion to quash a subpoena
to Morgan Stanley, which contained its own request for $4,515 in
sanctions. Because mother withdrew the subpoena and did not
oppose the motion, no sanctions were ultimately imposed for it.
Thus, it appears the court arrived at the $11,095 total by
subtracting the originally-requested $4,515 in Morgan Stanley
sanctions from father’s adjusted total request of $15,610 in
sanctions for the three motions to quash.

                               43
motions without substantial justification and failed to withdraw
the subpoenas even after being advised repeatedly that they were
fatally flawed. Petitioner’s unreasonable actions caused
respondent to incur at least $11,095, which the court finds is a
reasonable amount of attorneys’ fees for the work described in the
attorney’s declaration attached to respondent’s filings. The court
finds that monetary sanctions are warranted and just, despite
petitioner’s financial position relative to respondent’s, and hereby
ORDERS petitioner to pay respondent $11,095 for these two
motions. [Citation.]”
            b.    The sanctions notices for the motions to
                  quash were not procedurally defective as to
                  mother.
      Father filed two motions to quash and requests for
sanctions, each with a supporting memorandum of points and
authorities. Each notice of motion utilized Judicial Council Form
FL-300 (Request for Order). In the “Notice of Hearing” section,
notice was directed “To Petitioner [Mother] and her Attorney of
Record.” The Request for Order section requested monetary
sanctions but did not identify a target of the sanctions. Mother
contends the notices of motion were procedurally defective
because they failed to identify her as a person “against whom the
sanctions are sought” under section 2023.040. Thus, she argues,
the court’s sanctions award exceeded its jurisdiction. We
disagree.
      Although section 2023.040 sets forth the procedural
requirements for sanctions motions brought under
section 2023.010, father did not move for sanctions under
section 2023.010. Instead, he sought sanctions under
section 1987.2, subdivision (a), which authorizes sanctions in

                                44
connection with successful motions to quash brought under
section 1987.1. (See City of Los Angeles v. Superior Court (2003)
111 Cal.App.4th 883, 888 [procedural remedy for a defective
subpoena is generally a motion to quash under § 1987.1].)
Section 1987.2 does not contain particularized procedural
requirements.27 (First City Properties, Inc. v. MacAdam (1996) 49
Cal.App.4th 507, 514–516.) Thus, sanctions imposed under
section 1987.2 must comport only with general principles of due
process. (Id. at p. 515; In re Marriage of Fuller (1985) 163
Cal.App.3d 1070, 1077 [notice prior to imposition of sanctions
required by the due process clauses of both state and federal
constitutions].)
      “Due process mandates adequate notice and opportunity to
be heard prior to the imposition of sanctions. [Citation.]”
(Barrientos v. City of Los Angeles (1994) 30 Cal.App.4th 63, 70.)
“The purpose of the notice requirement ‘is to cause the moving
party to “sufficiently define the issues for the information and
attention of the adverse party and the court.”’ [Citations.]”
(Kinda v. Carpenter (2016) 247 Cal.App.4th 1268, 1277.) Even
where a notice contains an omission, this purpose may be met
where the supporting papers provide the information that was
omitted from the notice. (Luri v. Greenwald (2003) 107

      27 That statute provides that in “making an order pursuant
to motion made . . . under Section 1987.1, the court may in its
discretion award the amount of the reasonable expenses incurred
in making or opposing the motion, including reasonable
attorney’s fees, if the court finds the motion was made or opposed
in bad faith or without substantial justification or that one or
more of the requirements of the subpoena was oppressive.”
(§ 1987.2, subd. (a).)

                               45
Cal.App.4th 1119, 1125 [“An omission in the notice [of motion]
may be overlooked if the supporting papers make clear the
grounds for the relief sought”].) “That ‘notice must be given
before findings are made and at a time preceding the trial judge’s
decision whether, in fact, to impose sanctions.’ [Citation.] ‘[The]
adequacy of notice should be determined on a case-by-case basis
to satisfy basic due process requirements. . . .’ [Citation.]”
(Barrientos, supra, at p. 70.)
       Here, mother does not contend that she lacked
constitutionally adequate notice or suffered prejudice from
father’s failure to highlight her as the target of the proposed
sanctions in his notices of motion. To the contrary, while the
notices of motion did not explicitly identify mother as a sanctions
target, the points and authorities supporting each motion to
quash did: They stated that “[m]onetary sanctions against
[mother] are warranted here”; “[mother] should be sanctioned”;
and “the Court should award monetary sanctions against
[mother].” Because mother does not explain how including her by
name in the notices of motion as well as in the memoranda of
points and authorities might have altered her response or
impacted the outcome, we conclude the court’s sanctions order did
not violate either the state or federal due process principles.
            c.    The court abused its discretion by
                  sanctioning mother in lieu of her attorney.
       Although mother received adequate notice that she could be
sanctioned, the court nonetheless abused its discretion in finding
her responsible for the legal defects in the subpoenas. The
parties recognized below that whether the subpoenas were fatally
defective because they set the document production deadline for
after the close of discovery was a purely legal question that

                                46
mother should not have been expected to determine. Counsel—
not mother—miscalculated the deadline. Counsel—not mother—
refused to withdraw the subpoenas when the defect was brought
to her attention. Notwithstanding father naming mother, rather
than her attorney, as the target of sanctions in his moving
papers, at the discovery hearing, he sought sanctions only
against counsel. Father’s attorney explained: “As to the motions
to quash, I think that’s counsel’s responsibility; so I think those
[sanctions] should be ascribed to counsel.”
       When mother’s lawyer objected that she had not received
notice that she was a sanctions target and asked the discovery
referee to impose sanctions on her client instead, father’s
attorney intervened: “This was clearly a motion filed after
discovery cutoff. As much as I would like for the petitioner to
learn her lesson—and there are certain requests in here where I
do think it’s proper for the petitioner to learn her lesson—on this
one it was counsel’s responsibility to explain to her, look, the
deadline’s been missed; we shouldn’t file this; we missed our
window to enforce. This is something exclusively in the control of
counsel.” After further discussion, father’s attorney concluded:
“There is no question that these were subpoenas that were
untimely, period, end of story. Any responsible counsel would
have not pressed on them, and so we were forced to quash them,
period.” Judge Goetz agreed and recommended that the court
impose $3,000 solely against counsel for opposing the two
motions.
       Notwithstanding that recommendation, the trial court was
correct that, as a due process matter, it could not sanction
counsel because father had not provided her with adequate
notice. (See Blumenthal v. Superior Court (1980) 103 Cal.App.3d

                                47
317 [sanctions against attorney reversed based on lack of notice
where moving papers sought sanctions only against client].)
Counsel objected repeatedly on that basis, both at the discovery
hearing and in written responses to the referee’s report.
Nevertheless, the court’s inability to impose sanctions on the
attorney responsible for the discovery abuses did not justify the
imposition of sanctions on her client instead. We therefore
conclude the court abused its discretion by imposing $11,095 in
sanctions against mother for the motions to quash.
      3. Motions to Compel
      Father brought two motions to compel in connection with
his second set of inspection demands. His motion to compel
further responses sought various medical records that mother
had, for privacy reasons, refused to produce. His motion to
compel compliance sought documents mother had agreed to
produce but had not actually provided. Mother argues that the
court abused its discretion by sanctioning her for opposing the
motion to compel further responses because she was
substantially justified in seeking to withhold medical records
relating to her gynecological history. As to both motions to
compel, mother argues that the sanctions should have been
imposed on her attorney rather than on her and that the
combined sanctions award was excessive because the court
double-counted the time father’s attorney spent at the discovery
hearing.
      We conclude mother has not established that her opposition
was substantially justified or that the court should have
sanctioned mother’s lawyer instead of mother. Accordingly, the
sanctions awards were within the court’s discretion. We agree
with mother, however, that the court double-counted the time

                                48
father’s lawyer spent at the consolidated discovery hearing.
Accordingly, we order the court to reduce the total sanctions
award by $1,750.
            a.    Proceedings Below
      Father’s motion to compel further responses challenged
mother’s attempt to shield various medical records from
discovery, including records relating to her pregnancies,
miscarriages, and treatments for ovarian cancer. Father sought
an order compelling production of the disputed documents and
awarding him $7,090 in sanctions. Mother filed a consolidated
opposition to both motions to compel. As to the motion to compel
further responses, she argued that her medical records were
protected private information, that the records were irrelevant to
the issue of child support, and that father’s attorneys had not
complied with meet and confer requirements.
      The discovery referee recommended that the court grant
the motion to compel further responses. As relevant here,
although mother had objected on privacy grounds, she did not
invoke the doctor–patient privilege explicitly, as required by
statute. Likewise, the cases mother cited for the proposition that
father was required to demonstrate a compelling need for the
information had all been overruled. Finally, the requested
discovery was directly relevant to mother’s credibility. The
referee recommended that the court impose $2,500 in sanctions to
be paid jointly and severally by mother and her attorney for
opposing the motion. Ultimately, the court imposed $7,090 on
mother alone.28

      28    The court’s order states: “The court finds that
petitioner opposed this motion without substantial justification,

                                49
       In the motion to compel compliance with inspection
demands, father argued that mother had agreed to produce
various documents in whole or in part, but had either failed to so
or had provided incomplete responses. He sought an order
compelling production of the documents and awarding $6,415 in
sanctions.
       Although mother purported to file a consolidated opposition
to the two motions to compel, her opposition did not address any
specific demand made in the motion to compel compliance with
inspection demands. At the discovery hearing, mother’s attorney
argued that mother had intended to produce the documents, but
because the meet and confer conference was not held until the
day before the production deadline, mother did not have
sufficient time to gather them. She did not explain why mother
still had not produced them.
       The discovery referee recommended that the court grant
the motion. The referee reasoned that mother had failed to turn
over documents that she had agreed to produce, had not provided

failed to comply with the inspection demands, interposed
unmeritorious objections, provided incomplete and evasive
answers, failed to provide code compliant responses, and failed to
meaningfully meet and confer to resolve the issues. Petitioner’s
unreasonable actions caused respondent to incur at least $7,090,
which the court finds is a reasonable amount of attorneys’ fees for
the work described in the attorney’s declaration attached to
respondent’s filings. The court finds that monetary sanctions are
warranted and just, despite petitioner’s financial position relative
to respondent’s, and hereby ORDERS petitioner to pay
respondent $7,090 for her actions in connection with these two
motions. (CCP § 2031.310(h).)” Although the court referred to
“two motions,” only one motion was at issue.

                                50
specific reasons that she could not comply with some demands,
and had provided “evasive, inadequate, or incomplete” answers to
other demands. The discovery referee recommended that the
court award $2,500 in sanctions to be paid jointly and severally
by mother and her attorney. Ultimately, the court imposed
$6,415 in sanctions on mother alone.29
            b.    Mother was not substantially justified in
                  opposing the motion to compel further
                  responses.
      Section 2031.310, subdivision (h), provides: “the court shall
impose a monetary sanction . . . against any party, person, or
attorney who unsuccessfully makes or opposes a motion to compel
further response to a demand, unless it finds that the one subject
to the sanction acted with substantial justification or that other
circumstances make the imposition of the sanction unjust.”

      29 The court’s order states: “The court finds that petitioner
opposed this motion without substantial justification, failed to
produce documents that she promised to and/or produced
incomplete responsive documents, and/or produced responses
that were not code compliant since she failed to include all
required information. (See, e.g. CCP § 2031.230.) Petitioner’s
unreasonable actions caused respondent to incur at least $6,415,
which the court finds is a reasonable amount of attorneys’ fees for
the work described in the attorney’s declaration attached to
respondent’s filings. The court finds that monetary sanctions are
warranted and just, despite petitioner’s financial position relative
to respondent’s, and hereby ORDERS petitioner to pay
respondent $6,415 for her actions in connection with these two
motions. (CCP § 2031.310 (h).)” Although the order referred to
“two motions,” only one motion was at issue.

                                51
Mother contends the court abused its discretion by sanctioning
her for opposing father’s motion to compel further responses. She
argues that although she “lost on the merits of her objections, her
efforts to protect her sensitive personal information and to seek
the court’s determination of whether her privacy interests
outweighed [father’s] need for discovery were substantially
justified and objectively reasonable.” We disagree.
       “In the absence of contrary court order, a civil litigant’s
right to discovery is broad. ‘[A]ny party may obtain discovery
regarding any matter, not privileged, that is relevant to the
subject matter involved in the pending action . . . if the matter
either is itself admissible in evidence or appears reasonably
calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence.’
(§ 2017.010; see Davies v. Superior Court (1984) 36 Cal.3d 291,
301 [“discovery is not limited to admissible evidence”].)
Section 2017.010 and other statutes governing discovery ‘must be
construed liberally in favor of disclosure unless the request is
clearly improper by virtue of well-established causes for denial.’
[Citation.] This means that ‘disclosure is a matter of right unless
statutory or public policy considerations clearly prohibit it.’
[Citation.]” (Williams v. Superior Court (2017) 3 Cal.5th 531, 541
(Williams), fn. omitted.) Information about a witness’s credibility
is relevant and discoverable. (See Evid. Code, § 710, subd. (e).)
       Mother’s argument to the contrary rests on her assertion
that in opposing the motion to compel, she “sought in good faith
the trial court’s adjudication of the privacy factors set forth in
Williams v. Superior Court[, supra,] 3 Cal.5th 531.” The record
does not support this claim.
       To be sure, the crux of mother’s opposition below was that
“many of the demands at issue request information pertaining to”

                                52
mother’s medical history. This information, she argued, was
protected from disclosure by the California Constitution and the
Evidence Code. Mother failed to cite any valid authority in
support of her arguments, however. For example, mother argued
that “[r]elevance, much less the ‘reasonably calculated’ argument,
is not the standard when privacy rights are at issue.” She went
on to quote: “‘It is not enough that the private medical
information may lead to relevant evidence.’ (Binder v. Superior
Court (1978) 20 Cal.3d 844, 862–864.)”
       Neither the cited case name nor the quoted sentence
appear in that volume of the California Reports—and the case
that does appear at 20 Cal.3d 844 does not stand for the asserted
proposition. Britt v. Superior Court involved personal injury
plaintiffs who had been ordered to disclose their entire lifetime
medical histories, including their psychiatric records. (Britt v.
Superior Court (1978) 20 Cal.3d 844.) The Supreme Court held
that although the plaintiffs could “not withhold information
which relates to any physical or mental condition which they
have put in issue by bringing this lawsuit,” they were “entitled to
retain the confidentiality of all unrelated medical or
psychotherapeutic treatment they may have undergone in the
past.” (Id. at p. 864)
       To the extent mother’s error stemmed from the citation
rather than the case name, she may have intended to cite Binder
v. Superior Court (1987) 196 Cal.App.3d 893. Indeed, language
similar to that quoted in mother’s brief does appear in Binder—
but Binder was overruled six years ago by Williams, supra,
3 Cal.5th at p. 557, fn. 8, the case under which she now claims to
have objected, but did not mention below. Even on appeal,
however, mother does not analyze the Williams factors—or list

                                53
them, or even point to the page on which they might be found—
despite Williams being the only case cited in this section of her
opening brief.
       Based on the record before us, father claimed mother had
lied about various medical issues, and he sought records
substantiating or contradicting her claims. Mother did not timely
object that the information father sought was privileged or
provide any coherent legal argument to support non-disclosure.
On this record, because the information was potentially relevant
to mother’s credibility and mother has not provided any relevant
legal justification for her position, we conclude mother has not
established that she was substantially justified in opposing
father’s motion to compel.
            c.    The court did not abuse its discretion by
                  sanctioning mother personally.
       Mother next contends that the court’s sanctions orders for
the two motions to compel rested on the erroneous belief that
father was seeking sanctions against mother personally, rather
than jointly against mother and her lawyer. Because any
misconduct was counsel’s fault, she argues, the court abused its
discretion by sanctioning her alone. We disagree.
       When father filed his motion to compel further responses,
he sought sanctions against mother “and/or” her attorney. At the
discovery hearing, he requested joint and several sanctions.
Counsel argued: “On [the motion to compel further responses],
I’m kind of on the fence about the sanctions. I think it’s a little
bit of both counsel and the client. I ask for joint and several on
this one.” By the time he filed his written closing argument,
however, father had narrowed his requested sanctions target to
mother only.

                                54
      Father’s motion to compel compliance with inspection
demands initially sought joint and several sanctions as well. At
the discovery hearing, however, he sought sanctions against
mother personally. Counsel argued: “[Mother] could have
produced the documents at any point between then and now to
obviate today’s hearing. This is something where I think
sanctions should be imposed against the party, not counsel.”
Father’s written closing argument maintained this position,
seeking sanctions solely against mother—not counsel.
      Thus, although father initially sought joint and several
sanctions against mother and counsel, that position evolved over
time. By the time the court decided whether—and against
whom—to order sanctions, father was seeking sanctions against
mother alone. Accordingly, it was not an abuse of discretion for
the court to sanction mother for the discovery abuses.
            d.    The court double-counted the hearing fees.
       In his request for sanctions for the motion to compel
compliance with inspection demands, father sought $1,750 for his
attorney to prepare for, travel to, and appear at the hearing on
the motion. He requested fees in the same amount, on the same
basis, for the motion to compel further responses. In both
motions, counsel acknowledged that hearing fees should be
prorated across all of the discovery motions. However, although
all ten discovery motions were heard in one proceeding that
lasted about an hour, the court awarded father the full $1,750
requested for each motion to compel, for a total of $3,500. Mother
contends this was error. We agree. Accordingly, we order the
court to reduce the total sanctions award by $1,750.
                              DISPOSITION

                               55
       The March 19, 2021 order is reversed as to (1) the court’s
denial of mother’s and father’s requests to modify child support;
(2) the court’s denial of mother’s request for additional fees for
attorney Karney and its denial of any fees for attorney Blum; and
(3) the court’s imposition of sanctions on mother for opposing
father’s motions to quash.
       The order is affirmed as to the denial of attorneys’ fees for
work performed by attorney Atighechi. As to the sanctions
imposed on mother for opposing the two motions to compel
related to father’s second set of inspection demands, the order is
affirmed as to the decision to impose the sanctions but reversed
as to the amount of the sanctions.
       Mother’s motion for appellate sanctions, filed July 18, 2022,
is denied. Mother is awarded her costs on appeal. The matter is
remanded for further proceedings consistent with the views
expressed in this opinion.
   NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

                              COLLINS, J.

      We concur:

      CURREY, P.J.

      ZUKIN, J.

                                56