Court Opinion

ID: 2703937
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-04 20:17:20.166369+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:57:01.907270
License: Public Domain

[Cite as Lachman v. Farmers Ins. of Columbus, 2012-Ohio-85.]

               Court of Appeals of Ohio
                             EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

                            JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                     No. 96904

                     BARBARA A. LACHMAN, ET AL.

                                                         PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTS

                                                  vs.

              FARMERS INSURANCE OF COLUMBUS
                                                         DEFENDANT-APPELLEE

                                         JUDGMENT:
                                          AFFIRMED

                                    Civil Appeal from the
                             Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court
                             Case Nos. CV-729525 and CV-733943

        BEFORE: E. Gallagher, J., Kilbane, P.J., and Stewart, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED:                         January 12, 2012
                                          2

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANTS

James D. Shelby
556 City Park Ave.
Columbus, Ohio 43215

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Peter C. Munger
Nathan R. Boyd
Munger Company, L.P.A.
626 Madison Avenue
Suite 400
Toledo, Ohio 43604

EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, J.:

       {¶ 1} Appellants, Barbara A. Lachman, Craig Lachman, Victoria Greenleaf, and

Christopher Hanczrik, appeal from the decision of the trial court granting summary

judgment in favor of Farmers Insurance of Columbus. Appellants argue that the trial

court erred in determining that the intentional act exclusion applied, that they were not

entitled to a defense on a subrogation claim, and that Greenleaf and Hanczrik were not

covered insureds under the policy. For the following reasons, we affirm the decision of

the trial court.

       {¶ 2} This appeal involves a fire that Barbara Lachman deliberately set on March

24, 2009 to the home in which she lived with her husband, Craig, located at 1570

Woodward Avenue, Lakewood, Ohio. On that evening, Barbara admittedly set fire to
                                           3

the comforter located in the master bedroom on the second floor of the residence1. She

did so in what appellants characterize as a misguided attempt to have her husband

become a hero by extinguishing the fire before any damage beyond the loss of the

comforter occurred. Barbara used a cigarette lighter to ignite the blaze and then called

to her husband to get a fire extinguisher. Craig did bring a fire extinguisher to the

bedroom but was unable to extinguish the fire, which rapidly spread to other flammable

objects and went out of control. Both Barbara and Craig fled the residence as the fire

spread.

          {¶ 3} Although Barbara initially told investigating authorities that she was

smoking in bed at the time of the fire, she later admitted deliberately setting the fire.

The fire caused a total loss to the structure as well as to most of the contents contained

therein. Additionally, the fire spread to the home located at 1574 Woodward Avenue,

causing damage to the exterior of that residence.

          {¶ 4} The Lachman’s residence was originally owned by Judith Hanczrik, the

mother of Barbara, and her siblings, Victoria Greenleaf and Christopher Hanczrik. At

the time of her passing in 2003, Judith Hanczrik’s estate passed to her three children in

equal shares, leaving each adult child with a one-third interest in fee simple. From 2003

onward, both Barbara and Craig lived in the residence. Neither Victoria nor Christopher

      Barbara Lachman pleaded guilty to two counts of arson related to this fire
      1

on April 13, 2009 in Cuyahoga County Case No. CR-522000 and was sentenced on
May 11, 2009.
                                           4

lived in the residence from 2003. Although Judith Hanczrik died in 2003, Barbara and

her siblings continued to pay the premiums on the Farmer’s Insurance of Columbus

homeowner’s policy, which remained in Judith Hanczrik’s name.

      {¶ 5} Subsequent to the fire, appellants filed an insurance claim seeking

insurance proceeds for damage to the property as well as proceeds for lost personal

property, contents, and living expenses. On September 25, 2009, Farmers Insurance

issued a response, denying appellants’ claim. Specifically, Farmers Insurance determine

that because neither Victoria nor Christopher were permanent residents of the property,

they were not insured under the policy. Additionally, as it related to Barbara’s claim for

insurance proceeds, Farmers determined the following:

      Farmers Insurance of Columbus denies your claim for insurance proceeds
      for damage to the property located at 1570 Woodward Avenue, Lakewood,
      OH 44107 as a result of a fire on or about March 24, 2009. These claims
      were submitted under Farmers Insurance of Columbus, Policy No.
      0916010504 and also deny any further claims for personal
      property/contents and Additional Living Expenses. Your claim for
      coverage for damage to the dwelling and personal property located at 1570
      Woodward Avenue, Lakewood, OH 44107 is denied because the fire was
      intentionally set by Barbara Lachman, an insured under the policy.

      {¶ 6} In particular, Farmers Insurance of Columbus determined that the

Intentional Acts exclusion provision of the policy applied to bar Barbara’s claims for

proceeds.

      {¶ 7} The intentional acts exclusion provides as follows:

      “If any insured directly causes or arranges for a loss to covered property in order
      to obtain insurance benefits, this policy is void. We will not pay you or any other
      insured for this loss.”
                                           5

       {¶ 8} On June 17, 2010, appellants filed the instant complaint for declaratory

judgment, seeking to recover policy proceeds and coverage for damages resulting from

the fire as well as defense coverage for property damage sustained by the neighbor’s

house and presented for recovery by that homeowner’s insurance carrier, Westfield

Insurance Company. Shortly after the filing, Westfield Insurance Company initiated a

subrogation lawsuit against Barbara Lachman for reimbursement of money it expended

to repair that homeowner’s home. Farmers intervened in the Westfield subrogation

action and the two separate lawsuits were consolidated. After consolidation, Farmers

moved for summary judgment on the first-party and indemnification/subrogation claims.

 Appellants opposed the motion and on May 25, 2011, the trial court granted Farmers’

motion for summary judgment.

       {¶ 9} The trial court found that Victoria Greenleaf and Christopher Hanczrik

were not entitled to coverage because they were not insureds under the insurance policy.

Additionally, the court determined that Barbara and Craig Lachman were not entitled to

coverage because Barbara’s conduct in setting the fire fell under the intentional act

exclusion of the policy pursuant to the doctrine of transferred intent. Specifically, the

court held as follows:

       The court concludes as a matter of law that the act of [a] person setting fire
       to [a] comforter inside a bedroom, failing to take the proper precautions to
       prevent the fire from spreading is intrinsically tied with the resulting fire
       damage. Playing with fire is no laughing matter. Fire by its very nature
       is harmful, destructive, and extremely difficult to control. And one should
       not be rewarded for partaking in an inherently dangerous situation.
                                           6

       {¶ 10} Lastly, the court determined that Farmers did not owe Barbara a defense or

indemnification in connection with Westfield’s subrogation claim because her actions

were: (1) excluded under the policy and (2) reasonably foreseeable to cause damage to

the neighbor’s property.

       {¶ 11} Appellants appeal the trial court’s grant of summary judgment, raising the

three assignments of error contained in the appendix to this opinion.

       {¶ 12} We review an appeal from summary judgment under a de novo standard of

review. Frost v. Cleveland Rehab. & Special Care Center, Inc., 8th Dist. No. 89694,

2008-Ohio-1718, 2008 WL 963124; Baiko v. Mays, 140 Ohio App.3d 1, 746 N.E.2d 618

(8th Dist. 2000). Accordingly, we afford no deference to the trial court’s decision and

independently review the record to determine whether summary judgment is appropriate.

 Frost; Baiko; Brown v. Scioto Bd. of Commrs., 87 Ohio App.3d 704, 622 N.E.2d 1153

(8th Dist. 1993). Under Civ.R. 56, summary judgment is appropriate when: (1) no

genuine issue as to any material fact exists, (2) the party moving for summary judgment

is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, and (3) viewing the evidence most strongly in

favor of the non-moving party, reasonable minds can reach only one conclusion, which is

adverse to the non-moving party. Frost; Temple v. Wean United, Inc., 50 Ohio St.2d

317, 364 N.E.2d 267 (1977).

       {¶ 13} The moving party carries an initial burden of setting forth specific facts

that demonstrate his or her entitlement to summary judgment. Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio
                                              7

St.3d 280, 1996-Ohio-107, 662 N.E.2d 264. If the movant fails to meet this burden,

summary judgment is not appropriate; if the movant does meet this burden, summary

judgment will be appropriate only if the non-movant fails to establish the existence of a

genuine issue of material fact. Id. at 293.

       {¶ 14} It is with this standard of review in mind that we review appellants’ three

assignments of error.

       {¶ 15} In their first assignment of error, appellants argue that the trial court erred

in holding that the intentional acts exclusion applies to bar Barbara and Craig Lachman

from insurance proceeds for losses sustained in the fire. We disagree.

       {¶ 16} In support of their motion for summary judgment, Farmers Insurance of

Columbus cites the intentional acts exclusion of the policy, which provides as follows:

       “Intentional Acts. If any insured directly causes or arranges for a loss to covered
       property in order to obtain insurance benefits, this policy is void. We will not
       pay you or any other insured for this loss.”

       {¶ 17} Additionally, Farmers cites the Statement Under Oath of Barbara

Lachman, wherein she admits to deliberately setting fire to the comforter in her bedroom.

 In particular, Barbara stated as follows:

       And so I decided that I would make a symbolic gesture to kind of rally the
       troops, and so I thought what I would do is start a controlled fire and that
       we would put the fire out and then say, well, you know, come on, you
       know, things looked bad for a moment, we got that under control, we can,
       we can do this. So, but it got out of control more quickly than I had
       assumed, and my husband brought a fire extinguisher up to me, ran back
       down to get another fire extinguisher. By the time he came up with the
       second fire extinguisher, they, the room had gone up, and so we just got
       ourselves and the dogs out of the house. (Statement, 39-40.)
                                            8

       {¶ 18} Barbara further admitted that she had been drinking that evening and that

she got the idea to start the fire to raise her husband’s spirits. (Statement 41.)

       {¶ 19} Lastly, Farmers Insurance references Barbara’s two convictions for arson

in connection with her actions on March 24, 2009. Specifically, Barbara pleaded guilty

to two counts of arson, which R.C. 2903.03(A)(1) defines as follows:

       “(A) No person, by means or fire or explosion, shall knowingly do any of the
following:

       (1) Cause, or create a substantial risk of physical harm to any property of another
       without the other person’s consent.”

       {¶ 20} Accordingly, we conclude that Farmers Insurance met its initial burden of

setting forth specific facts that demonstrate its entitlement to summary judgment. In

response, appellants argue that the specific language of the intentional acts exclusion

requires proof of two elements, that an insured: (1) directly caused the loss to the

property, and (2) did so in order to obtain insurance benefits.          And thus, because

Barbara set the fire only to raise her husband’s spirits and not to collect insurance

proceeds, there exists a genuine issue of material fact that precludes the grant of

summary judgment.       The “logic” behind appellants’ argument is that, because Barbara

never intended for the fire to spread to the rest of the house, she merely intended to set a

controlled fire to the comforter in her bedroom.

       {¶ 21} We disagree with appellants’ argument. In Allstate Ins. Co. v. Campbell,

128 Ohio St.3d 186, 2010-Ohio-6312, 942 N.E.2d 1090, the Ohio Supreme Court held
                                             9

that the doctrine of inferred intent invokes an insurance policy’s intentional action

exclusion when the intentional act of an insured and the resulting harm are intrinsically

tied together.

       It is clear that as applied to an insurance policy’s intentional-act exclusion,
       the doctrine of inferred intent applies only in cases in which the insured’s
       intentional act and the harm caused are intrinsically tied so that the act has
       necessarily resulted in the harm. Limiting the scope of the doctrine is
       appropriate because the rule is needed only in a narrow range of cases –
       those in which the insured’s testimony on harmful intent is irrelevant
       because the intentional act could not have been done without causing harm.
        Thus, an insured’s intent to cause injury or damage may be inferred only
       when that harm is intrinsically tied to the act of the insured – i.e., the action
       necessitates the harm. The doctrine of inferred intent does not apply only
       to cases arising from acts of murder or sexual molestation. * * *
       [H]owever, courts should be careful to avoid applying the doctrine in cases
       where the insured’s intentional act will not necessarily result in the harm
       caused by that act.

       {¶ 22} In Allstate, the court held that the doctrine of inferred intent did not apply

to the circumstances in its case, where the harm was not intrinsically tied to the act, and

remanded the matter to the trier of fact to conduct a factual inquiry to determine whether

harm was intended or expected that resulted from their actions. Id. Nonetheless, the

court did conclude that when intent may be inferred as a matter of law, i.e., the act

necessitates the harm, an insurer’s motion for summary judgment may be properly

granted. Id.

       {¶ 23} Applying the rule of law announced in Allstate to the facts of the present

case, we agree with the trial court’s conclusion that, as a matter of law,

       the act of [a] person setting fire to [a] comforter inside a bedroom, failing
       to take the proper precautions to prevent the fire from spreading is
                                             10

         intrinsically tied with resulting fire damage.

Here, there is no other conclusion at which to arrive. The intentional act of setting fire

to a comforter can only result in harm. Whether Barbara intended the fire to spread to

the remainder of the home is irrelevant; the damage caused by a fire cannot be separated

from the act of intentionally setting that fire. Additionally, Barbara’s claim that she did

not set the fire in order to recoup insurance proceeds is misplaced, because insurance

proceeds are exactly what this lawsuit seeks to recover. As stated concisely by the trial

court,

         [p]laying with fire is no laughing matter. Fire by its very nature is
         harmful, destructive, and extremely difficult to control. And one should
         not be rewarded for partaking in an inherently dangerous situation.

         {¶ 24} Accordingly, we find that the trial court did not err in finding the

intentional act exclusion applied to bar coverage for Barbara and Craig Lachman.

Appellants’ first assignment of error is overruled.

         {¶ 25} In their second assignment of error, appellants argue the trial court erred in

holding that Farmers Insurance of Columbus did not owe Barbara Lachman a defense or

indemnification in connection with Westfield Insurance’s subrogation claim.               We

disagree.

         {¶ 26} In support of their motion for summary judgment on this portion of

appellants’ declaratory judgment action, Farmers Insurance refers to the following

language of the policy:

                Applying to Coverage E and F - Personal Liability and Medical
                                           11

      Payments to Others

             We do not cover bodily injury or property damage which:

             ***

             3. is either:

                    a. Caused intentionally by or at the direction of an
             insured; or

                    b. Results from any occurrence caused by an intentional act
             of any insured where the results are reasonably foreseeable.

      {¶ 27} Farmers Insurance claims that Barbara’s act of setting fire to the comforter

in her bedroom is intrinsically tied to the resulting damage to Ms. McPherson’s

residence. Thus, the doctrine of inferred intent applies and removes any legal obligation

on the part of Farmer’s Insurance to provide a defense or indemnification to Barbara on

Westfield Insurance’s subrogation claim.

      {¶ 28} In response, appellants once again argue that Barbara only intended to set

fire to the comforter in her bedroom and that any damage that occurred to Ms.

McPherson’s residence as a result was not foreseeable. We find this argument does not

raise a genuine issue of material fact to preclude the grant of summary judgment.

      {¶ 29} In our analysis of appellants’ first assignment of error, we found the

doctrine of inferred intent applied. Similarly, we find the doctrine of inferred intent

equally applies to the damage suffered by Ms. McPherson. Barbara’s act of setting fire

to her home cannot be separated from the damage suffered not only to her home, but to

the residence of Ms. McPherson. Barbara’s claim that she did not intend the resulting
                                              12

damage simply does not matter in this case. The act is intrinsically tied with the harm.

Allstate. Moreover, we agree with the trial court that it was reasonably foreseeable that

property damage to Ms. McPherson’s home would result from Barbara’s actions in

setting fire to her home.

          {¶ 30} The plain language of appellants’ insurance policy precludes Farmers

Insurance from providing a defense or indemnification in instances of intentional acts

where the results are reasonably foreseeable. Appellants have failed to raise any set of

facts whereby Farmers Insurance would owe Barbara a defense or indemnification and,

as such, they have failed to raise a genuine issue of material fact to preclude the grant

of summary judgment.

          {¶ 31} Appellants’ second assignment of error is overruled.

          {¶ 32} In their third and final assignment of error, appellants argue the trial court

erred in determining that Victoria Greenleaf and Christopher Hanczrik were not insureds

under the Farmers Insurance policy. This argument lacks merit.

          {¶ 33} In moving for summary judgment, Farmers Insurance argued that neither

Victoria Greenleaf nor Christopher Hanczrik were named insureds under the policy.

Specifically, Farmers cited language in the definitions section of the policy that defined

insured as “you and the following persons if permanent residents of your household: a.

your relatives, b. anyone under the age of 21.” Additionally, Farmers points to the

declarations page of the policy, which listed Judith Hanczrik as the named insured on the

policy.     Lastly, Farmers cites Barbara’s sworn statement wherein she reported that
                                          13

neither Victoria nor Christopher lived permanently at the residence. Accordingly, we

conclude that Farmers met its initial burden of setting forth specific facts that

demonstrate its entitlement to summary judgment.

      {¶ 34} In response, appellants argue it was unconscionable for Farmers to receive

full payment of the insurance premiums and then not provide coverage when it was

requested. Appellants also claim that Farmers should have changed the named insured

on the policy after Barbara provided them with Judith’s death certificate. Appellants

Victoria and Christopher offer no evidence that they attempted to modify the insurance

policy to include themselves as named insureds, nor do they attempt to argue that they

were permanent residents of the property. In the absence of such evidence, appellants

have failed to set forth any genuine issue of material fact to preclude the grant of

summary judgment. The policy language is clear, and under that language, neither

Victoria nor Christopher can be considered named insureds.

      {¶ 35} Appellants’ third and final assignment of error is overruled.

      {¶ 36} The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

      It is ordered that appellee recover from appellants costs herein taxed.

      The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to said lower court to carry this

judgment into execution.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
                                      14

EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, JUDGE

MARY EILEEN KILBANE, P.J., CONCURS;
MELODY J. STEWART, J., CONCURS IN
JUDGMENT ONLY
                              Appendix

Assignments of Error:

      “I. The trial court erred in holding that appellants Barbara Lachman and
      Craig Lachman are not entitled to coverage under the pertinent insurance
      policy because Mrs. Lachman’s conduct falls under the intentional acts
      exclusion of the policy and therefore denying appellants’ motion for
      summary judgment and granting appellee’s motion for summary judgment.

      “II. The trial court erred in holding that appellee Farmers Insurance of
      Columbus, Inc. does not owe appellant Barbara Lachman a defense or
      indemnification in connection with Westfield Insurance Company’s
      subrogation claim.

      “III. The trial court erred in holding that appellants Victoria Greenleaf and
      Christopher B. Hanczrik are not entitled to coverage because they are not
      insureds under the pertinent insurance policy.”