Court Opinion

ID: 4127902
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-02-18 00:34:17.59134+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:05:39.052464
License: Public Domain

TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

                                   OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL

                                             State of California

                                               DANIEL E. LUNGREN

                                                 Attorney General

                                 ______________________________________

                      OPINION           :

                                        :            No. 94-1007

                   of                   :

                                        :          May 11, 1995

          DANIEL E. LUNGREN             :

            Attorney General            :

                                        :

         ANTHONY S. Da VIGO             :

         Deputy Attorney General        :

                                        :
________________________________________________________________________________

           THE HONORABLE DANIEL E. BOATWRIGHT, MEMBER                                            OF    THE
CALIFORNIA STATE SENATE, has requested an opinion on the following question:

                  May a clinical psychologist holding membership on the medical staff of a health facility
designated as an intermediate care facility for the developmentally disabled, an intermediate care
facility for the developmentally disabled - habilitative, or a psychiatric health facility, order temporary
restraint and seclusion to protect the patient from injury to self or others?

                                                    CONCLUSION

                A clinical psychologist holding membership on the medical staff of a health facility
may, subject to the rules of the facility, and in order to protect the patient from injury to self or others,
order temporary restraint but not seclusion in the case of an intermediate care facility for the
developmentally disabled or intermediate care facility for the developmentally disabled - habilitative,
and both restraint and seclusion in the case of a psychiatric health facility.

                                                      ANALYSIS

                Under the provisions of Health and Safety Code sections 1250-1339.61,1 any person,
political subdivision of the state, or governmental agency intending to operate a health facility is
    1
     All references hereafter to the Health and Safety Code are by section number only.

                                                             1.                                     94-1007

required to apply for and obtain a license from the State Department of Health Services
("Department"). A "health facility" includes "any facility, place, or building that is organized,
maintained, and operated for the diagnosis, care, prevention, and treatment of human illness, physical
or mental, including convalescence and rehabilitation and including care during and after pregnancy, or
for any one or more of these purposes, for one or more persons, to which the persons are admitted for a
24-hour stay or longer . . . ." (' 1250.)

                  In connection with the execution of its duty to license and regulate health facilities, the
Department is authorized to adopt and enforce rules and regulations. The Department "shall adopt,
amend, or repeal . . . any reasonable rules and regulations as may be necessary or proper to carry out the
purposes and intent of ['' 1250-1339.61] and to enable the state department to exercise the powers and
perform the duties conferred upon it by ['' 1250-1339.61] not inconsistent with any statute of this state
. . . ." (' 1275, subd. (a).)

                  The present inquiry concerns the Department's references to clinical psychologists in
three of its administrative regulations, one governing intermediate care facilities for the
developmentally disabled (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 22, ' 76327), 2 one governing intermediate care
facilities for the developmentally disabled - habilitative (Reg. 76867), and one governing psychiatric
health facilities (Reg. 77103). Specifically, we are asked whether a clinical psychologist holding
membership on the medical staff of a health facility may be given authority pursuant to these
regulations to order temporary restraint and seclusion to protect a patient from injury to self or others.
We conclude that the regulations are valid.

                   Subdivision (a) of regulation 76327 provides in part:

                  "Restraints shall only be used as measures to protect the client from injury to
         self or others and only upon a physician's or clinical psychologist's written or telephone
         order."

Subdivision (a) of regulation 76867 provides in part:

                  "Restraints shall only be used as temporary emergency measures to protect the
         client from injury to self or others and only upon a written or telephone order of a
         physician or clinical psychologist."

Regulation 77103 provides in part as follows:

                  "(a) Behavioral restraint and seclusion shall only be used as a measure to
         protect the patient from injury to self or others.

                  "(b) Behavioral restraint and seclusion shall only be used upon a physician's or
         clinical psychologist's written or verbal order, except under emergency circumstances."

    2
     All references hereafter to title 22 of the California Code of Regulations are by regulation number only.

                                                              2.                                                 94-1007

                It is contended that these regulations are in conflict with the scope of practice of a
psychologist as defined by the Legislature and hence are invalid to that extent. In particular, it is
argued that the authority to order restraint and seclusion does not fall within the practice of psychology
as described and limited in Business and Professions Code section 2903, which states:

                "No person may engage in the practice of psychology, or represent himself to
        be a psychologist, without a license granted under this chapter, except as otherwise
        provided in this chapter. The practice of psychology is defined as rendering or offering
        to render for a fee to individuals, groups, organizations or the public any psychological
        services involving the application of psychological principles, methods, and procedures
        of understanding, predicting, and influencing behavior, such as the principles pertaining
        to learning, perception, motivation, emotions, and interpersonal relationships; and the
        methods and procedures of interviewing, counseling, psychotherapy, behavior
        modification, and hypnosis; and of constructing, administering, and interpreting tests of
        mental abilities, aptitudes, interests, attitudes, personality characteristics, emotions, and
        motivations.

               "The application of such principles and methods includes, but is not restricted
        to: diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and amelioration of psychological problems and
        emotional and mental disorders of individuals and groups.

                "Psychotherapy within the meaning of this chapter means the use of
        psychological methods in a professional relationship to assist a person or persons to
        acquire greater human effectiveness or to modify feelings, conditions, attitudes and
        behaviors which are emotionally, intellectually, or socially ineffectual or maladjustive.

                "As used in this chapter, `fee' means any charge, monetary or otherwise,
        whether paid directly or paid on a prepaid or capitation basis by a third party, or a
        charge assessed by a facility, for services rendered."

Two other statutes are relevant to the issue of a psychologist's scope of practice. Business and
Professions Code section 2903.1 states:

               "A psychologist licensed under this chapter may use biofeedback instruments
        which do not pierce or cut the skin to measure physical and mental functioning."

Business and Professions Code section 2904 provides:

                "The practice of psychology shall not include prescribing drugs, performing
        surgery or administering electroconvulsive therapy."

                                                     3.                                             94-1007

                  In our view, however, the issue presented for consideration does not concern a
psychologist's scope of practice,3 but rather whether the Department may, under the statutory scheme,
enact regulations authorizing and limiting the imposition of restraint and seclusion by anyone within a
health facility, not as a modality of treatment but in order to protect the patient from injury to self or
others. It is in this context, then, that we examine Regulations 76327, 76867, and 77103.

                  Preliminarily we note that a clinical psychologist may serve as a member of the medical
staff of a health facility. Subdivision (a) of section 1316.5 provides in part:

                   "The rules of a health facility may enable the appointment of clinical
          psychologists on such terms and conditions as the facility shall establish. In such
          health facilities, clinical psychologists may hold membership and serve on committees
          of the medical staff and carry professional responsibilities consistent with the scope of
          their licensure and their competence, subject to the rules of the health facility.

                   "Nothing in this section shall be construed to require a health facility to offer a
          specific health service or services not otherwise offered. If a health service is offered
          by a health facility with both licensed physicians and surgeons and clinical
          psychologists on the medical staff, which both licensed physicians and surgeons and
          clinical psychologists are authorized by law to perform, such service may be performed
          by either, without discrimination." (See also ' 1275, subd. (f); California Assn. of
          Psychology Providers v. Rank, supra, 51 Cal. 3d 1.)4

                When reviewing the validity of state administrative regulations, the Supreme Court has
applied a uniform set of rules which we summarized in 72 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 173, 179-180 (1989) as
follows:

                 ". . . `Where a statute empowers an administrative agency to adopt regulations,
          such regulations "must be consistent, not in conflict with the statute, and reasonably
          necessary to effectuate its purpose."' (Ontario Community Foundation, Inc. v. State
          Bd. of Equalization (1984) 35 Cal. 3d 811, 816.) `[T]here is no agency discretion to
          promulgate a regulation which is inconsistent with the governing statute.' (Woods v.

     3
      Insofar as the ordering of restraint or seclusion may be deemed an element of treatment, the Supreme Court in California
Assn. of Psychological Providers v. Rank (1990) 51 Cal. 3d 1, 21-22, held that ". . . under California law a hospital that admits
clinical psychologists to its staff may permit such psychologists to take primary responsibility for the admission, diagnosis,
treatment, and discharge of their patients. The 1983 Department regulations requiring a psychiatrist to supervise diagnosis
and treatment of all admitted mental patients are therefore invalid."

     4
      A clinical psychologist is defined as "a psychologist licensed by this state and (1) who possesses an earned doctorate
degree in psychology from an educational institution meeting the criteria of subdivision (c) of Section 2914 of the Business
and Professions Code and (2) has not less than two years clinical experience in a multidisciplinary facility licensed or operated
by this or another state or by the United States to provide health care, or, is listed in the latest edition of the National Register
of Health Service Providers in Psychology, as adopted by the Council for the National Register of Health Service Providers in
Psychology." (' 1316.5, subd. (c).)

                                                                 4.                                                       94-1007

        Superior Court (1981) 28 Cal. 3d 668, 678.) `Administrative regulations that violate
        acts of the Legislature are void and no protestations that they are merely an exercise of
        administrative discretion can sanctify them.' (Morris v. Williams (1967) 67 Cal. 2d
733, 737.) `Administrative regulations that alter or amend that statute or enlarge or
        impair its scope are void and courts not only may, but it is their obligation to strike
        down such regulations.' (Ontario Community Foundation, Inc. v. State Bd. of
        Equalization, supra, 35 Cal.3d at 816-817, emphasis added.) `It is fundamental that an
        administrative agency may not usurp the legislative function, no matter how altruistic
        its motives are.' (Agricultural Labor Relations Board v. Superior Court (1976) 16
Cal. 3d 392, 419.)" (See also 77 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 153, 155 (1994).)

                 Looking first at Regulation 77103 governing psychiatric health facilities, we find that it
authorizes both behavioral restraint and seclusion. "Behavioral restraint," as distinguished from
"treatment restraint" which is applied during a medically prescribed treatment or diagnostic procedure
(Reg. 77033), is directed to a specific maladaptive behavior. However, no physical restraint with
locking devices may be used in a psychiatric health facility unless approved by the State Fire Marshal.
(Reg. 77101, subd. (a).) The term "seclusion" means the isolation of a patient in a locked area for the
purpose of modifying a behavior. (Reg. 77029.) Accordingly, as authorized by the Department, a
clinical psychologist may, subject to several conditions and limitations (Reg. 77103), order behavioral
restraint and seclusion in a psychiatric health facility in order to protect a patient from injury to self or
others.

                Regulation 77103 falls plainly within the scope and language of section 1275.1,
subdivision (f), authorizing the Department to adopt standards in connection with psychiatric health
facilities:

                 "Standards for involuntary patients shall include provisions to allow for
        restraint and seclusion of patients. Such standards shall provide for adequate
        safeguards for patient safety and protection of patient rights."

                 In contrast, the regulations governing intermediate health facilities for the
developmentally disabled and intermediate care facilities for the developmentally disabled -habilitative
provide that restraint but not seclusion may be employed. (Regs. 76327, 76867.) The term "restraint"
connotes control of a patient's behavior or activity by physical means. (Regs. 76147, 76827.)
However, no restraint with locking devices or placement in a locked room is permitted. (Regs. 76327,
76867.) Accordingly, as authorized by the Department, a clinical psychologist may, subject to several
conditions and limitations (Regs. 76327, 76329, 76867, 76868), order physical restraint but not
seclusion in either category of intermediate care facility for the developmentally disabled in order to
protect the patient from injury to self or others.

                 Unlike the express statutory provision pertaining to psychiatric health facilities ('
1275.1, subd. (f)), no concomitant legislative reference respecting either category of intermediate care
facilities for the developmentally disabled authorizes or prohibits the promulgation of regulations
governing restraint and seclusion. Moreover, no statutory reference concerning the Department's

                                                     5.                                             94-1007

designation of personnel authorized to order restraint and seclusion may be found in connection with
any of the three subject health facilities.

               Nevertheless, as observed in an analogous situation in Ferdig v. State Personnel Board
(1969) 71 Cal. 2d 96, 106, regarding the implied administrative authority of the State Personnel Board:

                 "We conclude, therefore, that when the matter was brought to its attention, the
         Board had jurisdiction to inquire into and review the certification as to veterans'
         reference credits made by the Department of Veterans Affairs and having determined
         that appellant was not entitled to such credits, to take the corrective action which it did
         by revoking appellant's appointment. While this jurisdiction does not appear to have
         been conferred upon the Board in so many words by the express or precise language of
         constitutional or statutory provision, there can be no question that it is implicit in the
         constitutional and statutory scheme which empowers the Board to administer and
         enforce the civil service laws." (Cf. 72 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen., supra, 180.)

                  Similarly, in connection with the Department's authority to license and regulate health
facilities, the adoption of regulations governing the involuntary restraint or seclusion of patients who
are in imminent danger of injury to self or others, including the designation of professional staff
authorized to order restraint or seclusion in a particular case, are patently necessary and proper to the
carrying out of the purposes and intent of the health facilities statutory scheme. (' 1275, subd. (a).)

                Moreover, it is well settled that the administrative construction of a statute by those
charged with its enforcement is entitled to great weight, and the courts will not depart from such
construction unless it is clearly erroneous or unauthorized. (Dix v. Superior Court (1991) 53 Cal. 3d
442, 460; 77 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 159, 162 (1994).) We may also assume here a legislative confirmation
of the Department's construction of the governing statutes contained in its regulations as to matters
unmodified by subsequent amendatory legislation. (See Coca-Cola Co. v. State Bd. of Equal. (1945)
25 Cal. 2d 918, 922-923; 64 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 74, 81 (1981).) In this regard, Regulations 76327,
76867, and 77103 were adopted in 1983, 1984, and 1987, respectively. Insofar as each of these
provisions authorizes both physicians and clinical psychologists to order restraint or seclusion, such
administrative construction was left unmodified by subsequent legislation in the area governing the
Department's powers to regulate health facilities. ('' 1275 [Stats. 1987, ch. 1171, ' 1], 1275.1 [Stats.
1988, ch. 1047, ' 2].)5

    5
       It has been suggested that the regulations under consideration herein have been "superseded" by the Federal Nursing
Home Reform Law which requires that a medicaid or medicare regulated nursing facility allow restraint or seclusion only
upon the written order of a physician, dentist, podiatrist, optometrist, or chiropractor. (42 U.S.C. '' 1395i-3(c)(1)(A),
1396r(c)(1)(A), 1395x(r).) The federal provisions pertain to skilled nursing facilities and nursing facilities respectively, not
institutions primarily for the care and treatment of mental diseases. (42 U.S.C. '' 1395i-3(a), 1396r(a).) Accordingly, the
federal law would not apply to psychiatric health facilities or to facilities for the developmentally disabled. "Developmental
disability" means a "disabling condition attributable to mental retardation, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, autism or other
neurologically handicapping condition found to be closely related to mental retardation or to require treatment similar to that
required for persons with mental retardation. . . ." (Reg. 76047.)

                                                              6.                                                     94-1007

               In summary, the Department has both designated and limited the authority of
physicians and clinical psychologists to order restraint and seclusion in health facilities regulated by it.
In our view it cannot be said that the Department's regulations to protect patients from injuring
themselves or others alter, amend, enlarge, or impair the scope of the statutory scheme. (See Ontario
Community Foundation, Inc. v. State Bd. of Equalization (1984) 35 Cal. 3d 811, 816-817; 72
Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen., supra, 179-180.)

                  The following distinction, however, must be noted. As previously quoted, subdivision
(a) of section 1316.5 provides that "[i]n such health facilities, clinical psychologists may . . . carry
professional responsibilities consistent with the scope of their licensure and their competence, subject
to the rules of the health facility." (Emphasis added.) We believe that the Legislature used the term
"professional responsibilities" in a general sense as distinguished from only those responsibilities which
fall strictly within the scope of licensure as defined in Business and Professions Code section 2903.
This would include, for example, the responsibility respecting the ordering of restraint or seclusion.
Hence, to the extent that the rules of a facility are more restrictive than the Department's regulations,
the statutorily authorized local facility rules would prevail. (See Ontario Community Foundation, Inc.
v. State Bd. of Equalization, supra, 35 Cal.3d at 816-817; 72 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen., supra, 179-180.)6

                 Accordingly, it is concluded that a clinical psychologist holding membership on the
medical staff of a health facility may, subject to the rules of the facility, and in order to protect the client
from injury to self or others, order temporary restraint but not seclusion in the case of an intermediate
care facility for the developmentally disabled or intermediate care facility for the developmentally
disabled - habilitative and both restraint and seclusion in the case of a psychiatric health facility.

                                                        *****

    6
     We do not mean to suggest that any such health facility rule may be applied in a discriminatory manner against clinical
psychologists. (See ' 1316.5, subd. (a).)

                                                            7.                                                    94-1007