Court Opinion

ID: 9913240
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-27 15:05:47.341555+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:08:01.473670
License: Public Domain

RECORD IMPOUNDED

                                NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                        SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                        APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                        DOCKET NO. A-3634-21

JOHN DOE,

          Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

ARCHDIOCESE OF
PHILADELPHIA,

     Defendant-Respondent.
________________________

                   Argued November 13, 2023 – Decided December 27, 2023

                   Before Judges Gilson, Berdote Byrne, and Bishop-
                   Thompson.

                   On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                   Division, Ocean County, Docket No. L-2963-19.

                   M. Stewart Ryan argued the cause for appellant (Laffey
                   Bucci & Kent, LLP, attorneys; Brian Dooley Kent and
                   M. Stewart Ryan, on the briefs).

                   Nicholas M. Centrella (Clark Hill PLC) argued the
                   cause for respondent.

PER CURIAM
      In 2019, plaintiff sued the Archdiocese of Philadelphia (the Archdiocese)

in New Jersey.1 He alleged that in the early 1980s, when he was approximately

twelve years old, Father John P. Schmeer, a priest of the Archdiocese, sexually

abused him, and that some of the abuse occurred at a personal home co-owned

by Schmeer and another priest in Mystic Island, New Jersey.

      Plaintiff appeals from an order dismissing his complaint against the

Archdiocese for lack of personal jurisdiction. We affirm because jurisdictional

discovery established that the Archdiocese did not purposefully avail itself of

any benefits in New Jersey related to Schmeer's alleged abuse of plaintiff. Thus,

New Jersey does not have personal jurisdiction over the Archdiocese related to

this lawsuit.

                                     I.

      We discern the facts from the record developed during jurisdictional

discovery.      The Archdiocese is an unincorporated, religious, non-profit

association that operates in Pennsylvania. Its principal place of administration

is in Philadelphia, and it oversees Catholic parishes in five Pennsylvania

counties. The Archdiocese does not oversee or operate any churches, parishes,

1
  Plaintiff identifies himself as "John Doe" in his complaint. We refer to him
as plaintiff to protect privacy interests concerning allegations of child sexual
abuse. See R. 1:38-3(c)(9); see also N.J.S.A. 2A:61B-1(f).
                                                                           A-3634-21
                                          2
or religious facilities in New Jersey. It also does not assign priests to any

parishes in New Jersey.

      The Archdiocese does not currently own any real property in New Jersey.

In the past, the Archdiocese did own several properties in New Jersey that were

given to it, but those properties were sold before 2013. The Archdiocese also

owned and operated two properties in Ventnor, New Jersey, which it used as

vacation homes for priests. The Ventnor properties were acquired in 1963 an d

sold in 2012 and 2013.

      Schmeer was ordained as a Catholic priest in the Archdiocese in 1964.

Thereafter, he served as a priest and teacher in the Archdiocese until 2004, when

the Archdiocese restricted his activities.

      Plaintiff is a resident of Pennsylvania. During his childhood, he attended

St. Titus Parish (St. Titus) in East Norriton, Pennsylvania. While attending St.

Titus, plaintiff met Father Francis Trauger and Schmeer, both of whom served

as priests at St. Titus. Plaintiff alleges that in 1981, he was sexually abused by

Trauger at a seminary in Pennsylvania.        When plaintiff's father suspected

plaintiff was abused by Trauger, he sent him to Schmeer for counseling.

Thereafter, Schmeer sexually abused plaintiff on numerous occasions.

                                                                            A-3634-21
                                         3
      Plaintiff testified that most of the abuse by Schmeer occurred in

Pennsylvania in the parish rectory or church. He also alleged that in the early

1980s, Schmeer sexually abused him twice at a home Schmeer co-owned in

Mystic Island, New Jersey. Plaintiff explained that he would not have gone to

New Jersey alone with Schmeer if his parents had not recommended he seek

counseling from Schmeer concerning the alleged sexual abuse by Trauger.

      In December 2019, plaintiff sued the Archdiocese in the Law Division in

Ocean County.     Plaintiff alleged that the Archdiocese was responsible for

Schmeer's sexual abuse of him based on theories of vicarious liability,

negligence, negligent supervision, and negligent hiring and retention.

      The Archdiocese moved to dismiss plaintiff's complaint for lack of

personal jurisdiction. Initially, the trial court denied that motion and directed

the parties to engage in jurisdictional discovery. Following the completion of

that discovery, the Archdiocese again moved to dismiss the complaint.

      After hearing argument, on June 20, 2022, the trial court issued a written

opinion and order granting the motion and dismissing plaintiff's complaint for

lack of personal jurisdiction over the Archdiocese. Plaintiff now appeals.

                                                                             A-3634-21
                                       4
                                     II.

      On appeal, plaintiff makes two arguments.           He contends that the

Archdiocese is subject to specific jurisdiction in New Jersey because Schmeer

was an agent of the Archdiocese. He also argues that the Archdiocese had

sufficient minimum contacts with New Jersey at the time of the alleged sexual

abuse of plaintiff and, therefore, New Jersey can exercise jurisdiction consistent

with due process.

      Personal jurisdiction is a "'mixed question of law and fact' that must be

resolved at the outset, 'before the matter may proceed.'" Rippon v. Smigel, 449

N.J. Super. 344, 359 (App. Div. 2017) (quoting Citibank, N.A. v. Est. of

Simpson, 290 N.J. Super. 519, 532 (App. Div. 1996)). We review a trial court's

findings of fact with respect to jurisdiction "to determine if those findings are

supported by substantial, credible evidence in the record," but conclusions of

law are reviewed de novo. Id. at 358. "A trial court's interpretation of the law

and the legal consequences that flow from established facts are not entitled to

any special deference." Manalapan Realty, L.P. v. Twp. Comm. of Manalapan,

140 N.J. 366, 378 (1995).

      Having considered plaintiff's arguments in light of the record and

governing law, we reject them.       The facts disclosed during jurisdictional

                                                                            A-3634-21
                                           5
discovery established that the Archdiocese is not subject to jurisdiction in New

Jersey because it did not purposefully avail itself of activities in New Jersey

sufficient to satisfy the "minimum contacts" required for personal jurisdiction.

See Int'l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316-17 (1945).

      We have recently published two opinions that set forth the law on when a

non-resident diocese is subject to personal jurisdiction in New Jersey for the

alleged past sexual abuse of a minor by a priest. See D.T. v. Archdiocese of

Phila., ___ N.J. Super. ___ (App. Div. 2023); JA/GG Doe 70 v. Diocese of

Metuchen, ___ N.J. Super. ___ (App. Div. 2023). Like in those cases, plaintiff

concedes that he must show New Jersey has specific personal jurisdiction over

the Archdiocese.

      To determine whether a non-resident defendant may be subject to specific

personal jurisdiction, courts examine the "relationship among the defendant, the

forum, and the litigation." Lebel v. Everglades Marina, Inc., 115 N.J. 317, 323

(1989) (quoting Shaffer v. Heitner, 433 U.S. 186, 204 (1977)). "In order for a

state court to exercise [specific] jurisdiction over a non[-]resident defendant, the

lawsuit 'must aris[e] out of or relat[e] to the defendant's contacts with the

forum.'" Jardim v. Overley, 461 N.J. Super. 367, 376 (App. Div. 2019) (third

and fourth alterations in original) (quoting Daimler AG v. Bauman, 571 U.S.

                                                                              A-3634-21
                                         6
117, 127 (2014)); accord Waste Mgmt., Inc. v. Admiral Ins. Co., 138 N.J. 106,

119 (1994), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1183 (1995); see also Ford Motor Co. v. Mont.

Eighth Jud. Dist. Ct., 592 U.S. ___, 141 S. Ct. 1017, 1025 (2021).

      "The 'minimum contacts' requirement is satisfied so long as the contacts

resulted from the defendant's purposeful conduct and not the unilateral activities

of the plaintiff." Lebel, 115 N.J. at 323 (citing World-Wide Volkswagen Corp.

v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 297-98 (1980)); see also Waste Mgmt., 138 N.J. at

126 (explaining that "the existence of minimum contacts turns on the presenc e

or absence of intentional acts of the defendant to avail itself of some benefit of

a forum state"). The contacts "must be the defendant's own choice and not

'random, isolated, or fortuitous.'" Ford, 141 S. Ct. at 1025 (quoting Keeton v.

Hustler Mag., Inc., 465 U.S. 770, 774 (1984)). Moreover, courts determine,

based on the defendant's "'conduct and connection' with the forum state . . .

whether the defendant should 'reasonably anticipate being haled into court [in

the forum state].'" Bayway Refin. Co. v. State Utils., Inc., 333 N.J. Super. 420,

429 (App. Div. 2000) (alteration in original) (quoting World-Wide Volkswagen,

444 U.S. at 297).

      A court "must consider the burden on the defendant, the interests of the

forum State, and the plaintiff's interest in obtaining relief." Asahi Metal Indus.

                                                                            A-3634-21
                                        7
Co. v. Superior Ct., 480 U.S. 102, 113 (1987). So, a court weighs "the interstate

judicial system's interest in obtaining the most efficient resolution of

controversies; and the shared interest of the several States in furthering

fundamental substantive social policies."            Ibid. (quoting World-Wide

Volkswagen, 444 U.S. at 292).

      Neither the Archdiocese's former ownership of properties in New Jersey

nor its supervision over Schmeer as one of its priests established specific

jurisdiction over the Archdiocese in New Jersey related to Schmeer's alleged

sexual abuse of plaintiff in New Jersey.          There is no evidence that the

Archdiocese's former ownership of real properties in New Jersey had any

relation to plaintiff's allegations of abuse by Schmeer. Plaintiff has testified that

he was abused by Schmeer in the early 1980s at a private home Schmeer co-

owned in Mystic Island, New Jersey. The Archdiocese's former ownership of

other properties in New Jersey was not related to Schmeer's use of the home in

Mystic Island. Specific jurisdiction requires "a connection between the forum

and the specific claims at issue." Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. v. Superior Ct., 582

U.S. 255, 265 (2017).

      Moreover, there was no evidence that the Archdiocese knew of, approved,

or sanctioned Schmeer taking plaintiff to a private home in Mystic Island.

                                                                              A-3634-21
                                         8
Accordingly, there is no evidence demonstrating that the Archdiocese

purposefully availed itself of any benefit or activity in New Jersey in connection

with plaintiff's allegations of abuse by Schmeer.

      For the reasons we detailed in D.T., we reject plaintiff's argument that

Schmeer was acting as an agent of the Archdiocese when Schmeer sexually

abused plaintiff. ___ N.J. Super. at ___ (slip op. at 14-19). In short, there is no

evidence that Schmeer was acting within the scope of his responsibilities as a

priest when he sexually assaulted plaintiff. See Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 582

U.S. at 265; Shaffer, 433 U.S. at 204; Lebel, 115 N.J. at 323.

      Affirmed.

                                                                             A-3634-21
                                        9