Court Opinion

ID: 2686006
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-07-28 22:01:06.301923+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:12:24.840573
License: Public Domain

Filed 7/28/14 Longmire v. City of Oakland CA1/1

                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION ONE

DERWIN LONGMIRE,
         Plaintiff and Appellant,
                                                                     A137344
v.
CITY OF OAKLAND,                                                     (Alameda County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. RG11583958)
         Defendant and Respondent.

         Plaintiff Derwin Longmire was a sergeant with the Oakland Police Department’s
(OPD) homicide section initially involved in the investigation of the murder of Chauncey
Bailey, a prominent African-American journalist who was killed because he was writing
an unfavorable article about Your Black Muslim Bakery (Bakery). This lawsuit stems, in
part, from Longmire’s conduct as the lead homicide detective in the days following the
murder. Longmire eventually came under heavy media and departmental scrutiny for his
handling of the investigation and for his personal relationship with the suspected
mastermind of the murder, Yusuf Bey IV (Bey IV), the 21-year-old chief executive
officer of the Bakery.
         After one Bakery member was charged with the murder, and with public suspicion
mounting that Bey IV was also involved, newspapers reported that Longmire had
intentionally compromised the investigation to deflect suspicion away from Bey IV due
to his preexisting relationship with Bey IV and his family. When a lower-ranking police

                                                             1
officer also accused Longmire of interfering in his investigation of other Bakery crimes,
an internal affairs investigation was initiated. When it appeared termination would be
likely, Longmire was placed on paid administrative leave. But the allegations against
Longmire relating to the Bailey investigation and his Bakery ties eventually were not
sustained, no discipline was imposed, and he was ultimately returned to work.
       However, while that investigation was ongoing, additional allegations of
insufficient investigative work on Longmire’s part were raised by a new commander of
the homicide section in connection with ten other unrelated investigations conducted by
Longmire. Longmire was suspended for eight days as a result.
       Longmire filed suit against the City of Oakland (City) alleging violations of the
California Fair Employment and Housing Act (Gov. Code, § 12920 et. seq.; FEHA),
claiming he was discriminated against based on his superiors’ perception he was a Black
Muslim. The superior court granted the City’s motion for summary judgment because
the City presented evidence of nondiscriminatory reasons for its actions, and Longmire
presented no substantial evidence of pretext.
       Because he could not substantiate his claims with evidence (1) of the decision
makers’ perception of him as a Black Muslim, (2) that an adverse employment action was
taken against him with respect to the Bailey investigation, or (3) that the City’s
nondiscriminatory explanations were pretextual, we affirm the judgment.
            STATEMENT OF FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
       Longmire’s Relationship with Your Black Muslim Bakery
       Bakery, once located on San Pablo Avenue in Oakland, for decades had been
controlled by its founder, Yusuf Bey, Sr., (Bey, Sr.), serving up a combination of baked
goods, its own brand of Islam, and promotion of self-empowerment for the Black
community. But the Bakery also came under the scrutiny of the police, who for years had
investigated it for crimes ranging from welfare fraud and auto theft to sex crimes and
weapons violations. In fact, the intelligence section of the OPD considered the Bakery a
dangerous criminal enterprise and had kept it under investigation and surveillance for as
much as 30 years.

                                              2
        After the death of Bey, Sr., in 2003, a struggle for power at the Bakery ensued,
with Bey, Sr.’s immediate successor, Waajid Bey, being murdered. The next leader of
the Bakery was Antar Bey (Antar), Bey, Sr.’s 24-year-old son, who also was killed in
2005.
        After Antar’s death, 19-year-old Bey IV (Bey, Sr.’s son) emerged as the Bakery’s
leader. Following Bey IV’s takeover, the Bakery’s involvement in crime and violence
escalated. Bey IV was suspected of personal involvement in the vandalism of two liquor
stores, fraud, assault, battery, kidnapping, torture, and two additional murders prior to
Bailey’s murder. Of particular significance to this case, besides the Bailey murder, was
Bey IV’s suspected involvement in the kidnapping of two women and torture of one of
them in May 2007 in an attempt to get money from them.
        Despite the rumors of the Bakery’s criminality, Longmire had been a long-time,
frequent patron of the Bakery for its baked goods. He often talked and joked with Bakery
members, especially Mustafa Bey, an older member. By 2002 and 2003, when Longmire
supervised the OPD’s intelligence section, he had come to realize the Bakery was a
criminal enterprise, but he continued to patronize it.
        In 2005, while assigned to the homicide section, Longmire investigated the murder
of Antar, who was Bey IV’s older brother. Longmire met Bey IV during that
investigation and also came to know his mother, Daulet Bey, and other Bey family
members. During their acquaintance, Bey IV took Longmire to the upstairs, private area
of the Bakery, where he sought Longmire’s advice on obtaining contracts with the City to
open a bakery at the Oakland airport. On another occasion, when Bey IV was under
investigation for liquor store vandalism in 2005, Daulet Bey called Longmire and asked
him to become a mentor to Bey IV to stem the tide of his increasing criminality.
        Longmire considered his relationship with Bey IV and other Bakery members
simply to be good community policing. He maintains it helped him develop a rapport
with the community that could and did serve him well in handling criminal
investigations.

                                              3
       At least three OPD officers―Jesse Grant (who investigated the May 2007 kidnap-
torture case), André Rachal (an officer in the intelligence section who specialized in
monitoring the Bakery), and Dominique Arotzarena (who investigated the two 2005
incidents of liquor store vandalism)―thought Longmire’s relationship with Bey IV was
unprofessional and suspect. During the investigation of Longmire’s conduct of the
Bailey investigation Assistant Chief of Police Howard Jordan1 also developed some
concerns about whether Longmire could effectively and objectively conduct the Bailey
investigation. Jordan explained his concerns arose out of “rumors and innuendos” about
Longmire’s involvement with the Bakery, as well as information he had received from
lower-ranking officers such as those just named. Jordan mentioned that Longmire had at
times dressed in a suit and bowtie at work, the trademark garb of the Bakery members,
and some people at OPD may have “drawn their own inference.” It was “common
knowledge” within OPD that Longmire was associated with the Bakery. Jordan did not
think it was appropriate for an OPD officer to have a personal relationship with Bakery
members because he regarded the Bakery as a “criminal organization.”
       Longmire’s Reputation before the Bailey Murder
       Longmire was a 22-year veteran of the OPD who had served without discipline
before the Bailey murder. It is undisputed that Longmire had an excellent reputation as
an investigator prior to the Bailey case. He was dedicated to his work and was well
respected in the district attorney’s (DA) office. In fact, he was regarded as the best
interviewer in the homicide section, with a particular talent for getting confessions.
Several interviewees mentioned, however, that he was less consistent with follow-up and
thoroughness.

       1
         Jordan was assistant police chief from July 1, 2007 until February 28, 2009.
From then until October 19, 2009, he was acting chief of police. On that date, Anthony
Batts was hired as chief of police. Jordan was again appointed acting chief of police two
years later when Batts resigned. Jordan was promoted to chief of police in February
2012. We attempt to designate his rank at the time of each of the statements or actions
recorded in the text. Our use of last names of officers without designating their rank is
not intended as a sign of disrespect.

                                             4
         The parties agree that the job of a police officer includes creating relationships
with people in the community, and Longmire was good at that. Longmire admitted he
had established a relationship with Bey IV and other members of the Bakery based on
prior police contacts. But he believed, after building rapport with Bakery members, he
could use them to monitor the criminal element and get confessions or other information
helpful to the police.
         The Bailey Murder and Its Investigation
         On the morning of August 2, 2007, Chauncey Bailey was gunned down on an
Oakland sidewalk on his way to work. Longmire was assigned as the primary
investigator based on a scheduled rotation, with Inspector Louis Cruz assigned as his
partner.
         By the afternoon of August 2, members of the Bakery were considered suspects in
the murder. Bailey, police discovered, had written stories about problems at the Bakery
in the past and was working on another story that would portray the Bakery in an
unfavorable light, possibly “exposing the bakery and their financial dealings and fraud
with city officials.”
         In the early morning hours of August 3, 2007, Oakland police conducted a
massive raid on the Bakery based on search warrants issued in connection with
investigations that were underway before the Bailey murder. The shotgun used to kill
Bailey, as well as evidence relating to other crimes were recovered in the raid. Bey IV,
Bakery handyman Devaughndre Broussard, and others were taken into custody.
         While conducting custodial interviews, Longmire and Cruz made a joint decision
to place Bey IV and Broussard in a room alone together, without recording or monitoring
the conversation. Cruz described this as a “last gasp tactic” he had used in the past.
After approximately six minutes alone with Bey IV, Broussard confessed to Bailey’s
murder, claiming to have acted alone. Longmire suggests Bey IV talked Broussard into
taking the fall for Bailey’s murder by convincing him the Bakery was “bigger than all of
them.”

                                                5
       Broussard was charged with Bailey’s murder on August 7, 2007. After that,
Longmire contends, the DA’s office took over the investigation of the Bailey murder.
Assistant DA Thomas Rogers was initially assigned to the case. Based on Rogers’s
testimony, Longmire contends it was DA Tom Orloff who decided to charge Broussard
for the Bailey murder, but not Bey IV. The DA’s office saw no urgency to further
investigate any link between Bey IV and the Bailey murder, as Bey IV was being
prosecuted for the kidnap-torture case. Rogers believed Bey IV and Broussard both
would be in prison for the rest of their lives.
       On August 6, 2007, in response to Rogers’s suggestion, Inspector Jesse Grant,
then a robbery investigator in the criminal investigations division of the OPD who was in
charge of the kidnap-torture case, placed Bey IV in an interview room with other Bakery
members who were also suspects in that case. Bey IV not only implicated himself in the
kidnap-torture case on a video recording of their conversation, but also made statements
showing he knew details of the Bailey murder.
       The Chauncey Bailey Project
       Because Bailey was a journalist killed for reporting on a controversial topic, the
case received heavy media attention. A coalition of about three dozen journalists formed
the “Chauncey Bailey Project” (the Project), which actively worked to investigate and
expose the circumstances of Bailey’s murder and its investigation. Over the ensuing
months and years, the Project published numerous articles on related topics.
       The Broussard Complaint
       Broussard’s belatedly devised defense strategy was to distance himself from his
initial confession. To that end, Broussard’s attorney, LeRue Grim, publicly challenged
the legality of his client’s confession, contending it was coerced. Grim further charged
that Longmire was protecting Bey IV from prosecution. On August 9, 2007, a citizen’s
complaint was made on Broussard’s behalf to the internal affairs division (IAD) of the
OPD that Longmire beat a confession out of Broussard to protect Bey IV.
       Both Grim and the Project widely publicized claims that Longmire had botched
the investigation. Grim released Longmire’s homicide investigation file to the media.

                                                  6
This ignited public scrutiny of the investigation and raised questions about Longmire’s
relationship with Bey IV. For instance, the homicide file included a taped custodial
interview of Bey IV on August 3, 2007 in which Bey IV described Longmire as a
longtime patron of the Bakery and a “good supporter.” At the same time, the file did not
include a copy of the August 6 video recording in which Bey IV made damaging
admissions, and there was no documentation of GPS tracking evidence that showed
Bey IV’s car was parked in front of Bailey’s house the night before the murder and was
at the murder scene 20 minutes after it happened. Jordan had concerns, too, about
whether there had been adequate follow-up on the Bailey investigation.
       By late 2007, the investigation into Broussard’s allegations of misuse of force by
Longmire showed them to be unfounded. No disciplinary action was taken against
Longmire, and he was not placed on administrative leave based on Broussard’s
allegations.
       The Grant Complaint
       Grant was one of the OPD officers who, even prior to the Bailey murder, was
suspicious of Longmire’s relationship with members of the Bakery based on what he
perceived to be Longmire’s overly friendly interactions with Bey IV and others at the
Bakery. In Grant’s eyes this was inappropriate and unprofessional.
       Grant’s suspicions were further aroused during his investigation of the Bakery-
related kidnap-torture case. During that investigation, Grant became increasingly
concerned that Longmire, who was assigned to the homicide section, had taken an
unusually keen interest in Grant’s kidnap-torture investigation and the Bakery members
that Grant brought in for questioning. Grant’s concerns intensified after the August 6,
2007 video recorded conversation between Bey IV and other Bakery members in which
Bey IV discussed details of the Bailey homicide and boasted that Longmire was
protecting him from prosecution for its commission.
       In September 2007, Grant approached Captain Jeffrey Loman, head of the
criminal investigations division, to express his concerns, but no action was taken. Grant
continued to observe through late 2007 and early 2008 that Longmire had a close

                                            7
relationship with Bey IV: (1) Longmire continued to take a special interest in Bakery
members Grant brought in for interrogation on other cases; (2) Longmire allegedly poked
his head into Grant’s interview room while he was questioning a Bakery member and
allegedly tried to eavesdrop on Grant’s interviews; (3) Longmire advocated on behalf of
Alaia Bey, Bey IV’s wife, for return of property seized during the raid on August 3,
2007; and (5) Bey IV communicated with Longmire from jail, asking him to find out why
Grant was pursuing him on the kidnap-torture case. Grant believed Longmire’s
relationship with Bey IV led him to interfere with Grant’s investigations and,
inferentially, compromised Longmire’s objectivity in connection with crimes committed
by Bakery members. Longmire disputes Grant’s accusations, inferences and
interpretations. Nevertheless, in April 2008, Grant reported his concern about Longmire
to Assistant Chief Jordan. Grant ultimately declared under oath that he knew nothing
about Longmire’s religious affiliation and did not believe Longmire was a Muslim.
       The Initial Internal Investigation of the Grant Complaint
       Upon hearing Grant’s complaint, Jordan initiated an IAD investigation, in
accordance with OPD policy. Longmire agrees Grant’s allegations were serious and it
was proper for Jordan to refer them to IAD. He does not claim conducting an
investigation in and of itself was discriminatory.
       Sergeant Robert Chan of OPD’s IAD was initially assigned to investigate Grant’s
allegations on April 9, 2008. Chan reported his preliminary findings to Assistant Chief
Jordan in a memorandum dated June 27, 2008. He also wrote additional reports to Jordan
on August 14, 2008 and October 4, 2008.
       Longmire was not satisfied with that investigation. He complains Chan never
interviewed him and did not obtain a copy of his Bailey homicide investigation file.
Longmire also points out that Chan failed to determine (1) if Longmire was still assigned
the Bailey case after Broussard was charged, (2) if the DA’s office was in charge of the
investigation after Broussard was charged, or (3) if the DA’s office was still investigating
the case. Yet, Chan met with members of the Project on three occasions during his
investigation. Longmire further complains that Chan also interviewed other officers who

                                             8
were suspicious of Longmire, even though they had no knowledge of the Bailey
investigation, and yet he did not interview Longmire’s supervisor Lieutenant Ersie Joyner
or Assistant DA Rogers, who were supportive of Longmire.
       Chan also met with Inspector Cruz, Longmire’s partner on the Bailey
investigation, on or about October 2, 2008. During the interview, Cruz got the
impression that Chan thought Longmire was a Muslim because Chan asked Cruz about
Longmire’s having sometimes worn bowties to work, and Chan also directly asked Cruz
whether Longmire was a Muslim. Longmire claims Cruz “knew” Longmire had not
compromised the Bailey investigation. An investigation later conducted by the California
Department of Justice (DOJ) included some observations by Cruz suggesting Cruz was
not as fully supportive of Longmire as Longmire thinks he was. Cruz did, however,
testify at his deposition that he did not believe Longmire had compromised the
investigation up to the point when the warrant was served; he said he could not express
an opinion about what happened thereafter.
       Intensified Media Scrutiny
       In June 2008, the Project posted on the Internet a copy of the August 6, 2007
video-recorded conversation between Bey IV and other suspects in the Bakery-related
kidnap-torture case. On October 25–27, 2008, a three-part front page exposé by the
Project appeared in the Oakland Tribune and Contra Costa Times alleging that Longmire
compromised the Bailey murder investigation to protect Bey IV from prosecution. The
articles included confidential information (which Longmire believes was provided by
Grant), coupled with information probably leaked by Grim regarding the homicide
investigation.
       On October 27, 2008, Rogers left a voicemail message for Lieutenant Joyner in
reaction to the articles, reassuring Joyner that Rogers was not the source of the
information contained in those articles. Joyner played the voicemail for his supervisor,
Captain Jeffrey Israel, and both men then met with Jordan and played the voicemail for
him. Longmire places great emphasis on this voicemail, characterizing it as
“exculpatory” evidence. Rogers did say in the message that the newspaper articles were

                                             9
“unfair,” that it was “good police work” to get a confession from Broussard, and that
Rogers believed “every individual” in the “homicide department” was “very
professional.”
       As public scrutiny of the Bailey homicide investigation and Longmire’s
relationship with Bey IV intensified, Jordan defended Longmire’s performance. First,
during an interview on the Bailey homicide conducted by the CBS news program “60
Minutes,” which aired in February 2008, Jordan defended Longmire when he was
questioned about Longmire’s relationship with Bey IV and the Bakery. Jordan explained,
“I don’t have any problem with Sergeant Longmire’s relationship with members of the
Bakery. I trust his integrity, I trust his credibility.”
       Second, in November 2008, upon Joyner’s request, Jordan authorized a press
release that set out the reasons the OPD (up to that point) did not believe Longmire had
compromised the Bailey investigation.2 As part of that press release Jordan denied there
had been any impropriety in Longmire’s not having the GPS tracking evidence in the
Bailey investigation file, denied that the search warrants for Bey IV’s phone had been
inadequate, and denied that Longmire had interfered with other police investigations of
the Bakery.
       Throughout the initial phase of the investigation by IAD, Longmire remained on
duty as a homicide detective, but he was transferred to patrol duty on February 1, 2009.
OPD claims this move was in accordance with OPD transfer policy because Longmire
had “termed out” of his homicide assignment. Longmire disputes the policy is routinely
enforced but does not contend his transfer was an adverse employment action.
       The Department of Justice and Outside Internal Affairs Investigations of the
       Bailey Case
       In late October 2008, as public scrutiny intensified, then Oakland Mayor Ron

       2
         Despite the confidence expressed by Jordan, Longmire complains that a
department-wide gag order, imposed in October 2007, precluded any OPD personnel
other than the chief or assistant chief from talking about the Bailey case. This, he
contends, resulted in harm to his reputation and prevented him from responding to
challenges to his integrity.

                                                10
Dellums requested that the DOJ conduct a concurrent investigation of OPD’s handling of
the Bailey murder investigation. The DOJ assigned Special Agent Supervisor John
Porbanic to conduct the investigation. Porbanic described in a declaration his complete
independence in conducting his investigation.
       Porbanic reviewed volumes of documents, as well as five prior witness interviews;
and personally conducted seven more interviews. On February 19, 2009, Porbanic
interviewed Assistant Chief Jordan. Jordan expressed the view that Longmire had
compromised the Bailey investigation because of his association with the Bakery,
although he “could never prove” it. He said that “a year ago” he might have had a
different opinion. Jordan told Porbanic, “. . . I don’t see how you can form the
conclusion that it’s not affecting his ability to investigate the case thoroughly.” Longmire
complains that in the interview Jordan concealed (1) his supposed knowledge that the
DA’s office, not the OPD, made the decision not to further investigate Bey IV; (2) the
October 2008 voicemail from Rogers to Joyner; and (3) other (unspecified) exculpatory
information.
       On February 26, 2009, Porbanic interviewed Longmire for approximately eight
hours, during which time Longmire was represented by counsel and was unrestricted in
his ability to share information with Porbanic. Porbanic also interviewed Joyner in
connection with his investigation.
       Around the time Mayor Dellums requested a DOJ investigation, the OPD also
decided to turn its IAD investigation over to a neutral, outside investigator in order to
safeguard public confidence in the OPD. OPD retained Wendell “Pete” France, an
independent internal affairs investigator located in Baltimore who had previously been a
police commander, to finish its investigation. France received no direction from OPD on
how to analyze the evidence or what conclusions to reach. He reviewed and analyzed all
of the evidence collected by the IAD and the DOJ, as well as conducting a limited
number of independent interviews.

                                             11
       The Results of the Investigations
       In April 2009, Porbanic and France both completed their investigations. The
results of the Porbanic investigation were submitted in a 65-page report to IAD Captain
Whent on April 8, 2009. The France investigation resulted in a 19-page report also
presented to the OPD in April 2009.
       Both investigators concluded Longmire had compromised the investigation of the
Bailey murder, probably as a result of his personal relationship with Bey IV. Both
reports also sustained the allegation of “insubordination” or the equivalent3 based on
findings that Lieutenant Joyner had ordered Longmire to document each contact he had
with Bey IV, and Longmire failed to do so.4 There were several other allegations in the
Porbanic investigation that were “not sustained.”
       Longmire points out that on April 13, Whent met with Jordan and told Jordan that,
based on the “written documentation” alone, Whent had concerns whether the Porbanic
and France findings were “well supported.” Nevertheless, on the two items upon which
both investigators concurred, Whent told Jordan “the preponderance of the evidence was
there.” Jordan sustained two allegations: compromising a criminal case and
insubordination. Whent subsequently prepared a written memo summarizing the basis
for Jordan’s decision to sustain the two allegations.
       With regard to compromising a criminal case, Jordan stated in a declaration that he
relied on the following factors:
       – Longmire failed to include evidence in his Bailey murder investigation file that
implicated Bey IV. Specifically, Longmire’s file included no indication of the GPS

       3
         An allegation of insubordination had not been included in the DOJ investigation,
but the subject matter of the complaint was covered, with a “performance of duty”
allegation being sustained on the same basis as the insubordination claim in the IAD
investigation.
       4
         Longmire submitted evidence at the Skelly hearing (Skelly v. State Personnel
Board (1975) 15 Cal. 3d 194; Skelly) and in opposition to the summary judgment motion
that he kept a record of his communications with Bey; the parties disagree whether he
documented all contacts.

                                             12
tracking on Bey IV’s car which had put Bey IV in front Bailey’s house the night before
the murder and at the scene of the murder 20 minutes after it happened.
       – Longmire’s file also included no evidence reflecting Bey IV’s video-recorded
statements while talking with his Bakery friends on August 6th, even though that
recording included Bey IV’s recitation of specific details of Bailey’s murder (e.g., how
Bailey’s body reacted to the shotgun blasts), the location of the murder weapon, and the
details of Broussard’s confession.
       – Longmire failed to take basic investigatory steps in the preparation of a search
warrant for Bey IV’s cellular telephone by failing to list his phone number and failing to
request any cell site information that could have identified the location of the cell
phone user.
       – Longmire failed to take basic investigatory steps in the execution of the search
warrant for Bey IV’s cell phone by not actually searching for the phone when the search
warrant was executed, instead relying on Bey IV’s wife’s statement that she did not know
where the phone was.
       With regard to insubordination, Jordan relied on the following factors:
       – Longmire had been ordered to document all of his contacts with Bey IV from
jail. This order arose after Longmire engaged in a three-way phone call with Bey IV and
his wife in June 2008 during which Bey IV expressed concern that Longmire was
succumbing to media pressure. After Longmire hung up, Bey IV told his wife that
any other investigator would have charged him with Bailey’s murder.
       – After receiving an order to document all of his contacts with Bey IV from jail,
Longmire continued to fail to do so. Longmire also admittedly had an undocumented
communication with Bey IV in which Longmire permitted Bey IV to discuss their
friendship on a “Free the Bakery Brothers” Web site and to post Longmire’s picture.5

       5
        Longmire denies authorizing Bey IV to post his photograph, but admits he
authorized Bey IV to write about their relationship on the Web site. Jordan found
Longmire’s appearance on Bey IV’s Web site brought the OPD into “disrepute.”

                                             13
       Whent sent a letter to Longmire dated April 13, 2009, notifying him of the internal
affairs findings sustained by Jordan.
       Longmire disputes the foregoing reasons for imposing an administrative leave by
providing explanations and excuses for his alleged failings. He also criticizes the
investigations in general, pointing out that Porbanic and France both failed to interview
the two prosecutors who supervised the DA’s Bailey homicide investigation (Rogers and
Deputy DA Christopher Lamiero) and failed to get their opinions on whether Longmire’s
activities compromised the investigation or the prosecution. Had Rogers been
interviewed, Longmire claims, he would have told investigators that Longmire should
have been given more credit for having obtained the Broussard confession, rather than
being criticized for his work on the case.
       But in his declaration, Porbanic described a meeting he attended with DA Tom
Orloff, Lamiero and two investigators from the DA’s office. During that meeting the
investigators informed Porbanic that “Longmire had a history of lack of thoroughness and
follow-up with his cases . . . .” Porbanic’s “impression” was that “they were attempting
to largely re-create the investigation so as to minimize Longmire’s involvement at trial.”
On the other hand, Rogers in his deposition was somewhat critical of the upper command
at OPD during that time, and felt the investigation of Longmire was “unfair” and possibly
“politically motivated.”
       The Administrative Leave and Proposed Termination on the Bailey
       Investigation
       Effective April 13, 2009, Jordan, in the exercise of his discretion, placed Longmire
on paid administrative leave pending disciplinary procedures. On May 1, 2009, Jordan
sent Longmire a letter informing him that Jordan intended to recommend to the city
administrator that Longmire be terminated. Jordan based his recommendation on the
OPD’s discipline matrix, which (Longmire does not dispute) identified termination as the
appropriate level of discipline.

                                             14
       The Skelly Hearing in the Bailey Internal Affairs Case
       Longmire exercised his right to a pretermination due process hearing under Skelly,
supra., 15 Cal. 3d 194. OPD Captain Anthony Toribio was appointed as the Skelly
hearing officer.
       Longmire’s attorney for the Skelly hearing, Michael Rains, prepared a 60-page,
single-spaced letter on July 9, 2009 to Toribio outlining various complaints about alleged
procedural irregularities in the investigations. Rains’s letter also included a factual
argument that Longmire did not compromise the Bailey investigation.
       After reviewing the evidence in light of Rains’s letter, Toribio concluded the IAD
and DOJ investigations failed to support the findings. Toribio commented in his
deposition that there was no analysis of the evidence, no credibility assessment, and some
witnesses were not interviewed.
       On July 23, 2009, Toribio met with Jordan and informed him of his opinion that
the findings should be changed to “not sustained” and Longmire should not be
terminated. That same day, Jordan adopted Toribio’s recommendation and informed the
city administrator that he was withdrawing his recommendation for Longmire’s
termination. He then awaited the city administrator’s decision, since in cases of potential
termination the decision is made at that level.
       Longmire claims he should have been notified within 30 days that the Skelly
hearing on the Grant complaint resulted in a finding that the allegations with regard to the
Bailey investigation were not sustained. This, he argues, should have resulted in his
being returned to work by August 23, 2009. He was not returned to work until December
23, 2009. He claims he did not in fact learn of Jordan’s “not sustained” finding until
sometime in 2010. Longmire was never disciplined for his conduct in the Bailey
investigation.
       The Medeiros Complaint
       In February 2009, while the Bailey investigations into Longmire’s performance
were ongoing, Lieutenant Brian Medeiros replaced Lieutenant Joyner as supervisor of the
homicide section. Entering his new command, Medeiros reviewed open files left by

                                             15
officers who had recently transferred out of homicide. Medeiros noticed a “systematic
lack of follow-up” investigation in ten homicide cases that had been assigned to
Longmire and that remained open.
       In March 2009, Medeiros referred the matter to IAD. IAD initiated an
investigation into Longmire’s handling of those cases. Although Jordan had “sustained”
the Medeiros allegations on July 3, 2009, the question of discipline was still pending in
July 2009, when Jordan decided to withdraw his recommendation for termination of
Longmire on the Bailey investigation. Longmire was maintained on paid administrative
leave pending completion of the Medeiros matter, at which time the OPD would decide
whether any discipline was warranted for one or both cases.
       The Juarez Investigation of the Medeiros Internal Affairs Complaint
       The Medeiros complaint was assigned to Sergeant Ed Juarez of IAD for
investigation. Juarez determined that Lieutenant Joyner was satisfied with Longmire’s
performance during the entire period Longmire was supervised by Joyner. Longmire
argues, based on Juarez’s deposition testimony, that it was highly unusual for a
transferred officer to be investigated for misconduct based on a new supervisor’s
dissatisfaction with the officer’s performance under a previous supervisor.
       Longmire defends his work on the 10 cases questioned by Medeiros, arguing that
(like all homicide investigators at the OPD) he had a high case load and had to prioritize
his activities. Longmire further claims that, unlike other investigators who were
transferred out of the homicide section, he was not allowed to continue working on his
homicide cases after he left, implying he would have completed more work on the 10
cases if he had been allowed to do so.
       On June 17, 2009, Juarez turned in his report on the Medeiros complaint. Juarez
concluded Longmire had violated the OPD manual of rules pertaining to performance of
duty because he did not complete basic investigatory follow-up in a timely manner.
Specifically, Longmire did not process latent fingerprints in three cases, did not enter
ballistics evidence into a database for potential matching to weapons used in other crimes
in eight cases, and did not request records of 911 calls in five cases.

                                             16
       On July 3, 2009, Lieutenant Whent presented the case to Acting Chief Jordan. On
the same date, Jordan approved the findings and sustained the complaint. Longmire
contends, under OPD policy and practice, he should have been notified within 30 days
that the allegations were sustained, but he was not notified until after he had been
returned to work several months later.
       Discipline Imposed Under the Medeiros Complaint
       The City explains that Longmire was kept on administrative leave while
settlement discussions were conducted between the OPD, the City and Rains to negotiate
a resolution with Longmire on the appropriate discipline. Longmire contends the City’s
representatives were focused on getting Longmire to sign a release, while withholding
from him information about Jordan’s disposition of the Grant and Medeiros allegations.
In December 2009, Longmire refused to sign a proposed agreement that would have
included a release of liability for the City and a five-day suspension for Longmire.
       According to the City, when the discussions proved unsuccessful, Longmire was
ordered back to work by the new police chief, Anthony Batts, in a letter dated December
21, 2009, with notice of a proposed 20-day suspension on the Medeiros complaint.
       Again Longmire requested a Skelly hearing. Deputy Chief Brian Breshears was
appointed as the Skelly hearing officer. That hearing, held February 11, 2010, resulted in
the recommended discipline being reduced from 20 days’ suspension to eight days. This
conclusion was memorialized in a report dated September 24, 2010. On November 2,
2010, Chief Batts suspended Longmire for eight days without pay for investigatory
neglect on eight of the 10 open cases.
       Longmire contends that if the OPD’s Discipline Matrix had been followed, he
should have received discipline ranging from counseling at the low end to a one-day
suspension at the high end. Whent, who testified in his deposition about the suspension,
pointed out there was not just one violation, but violations in eight open cases, thus
justifying a longer suspension. He testified Chief Batts was, in any case, authorized to
exceed the recommended disposition under the Matrix. We assume for purposes of this
appeal that the punishment was inconsistent with the Matrix.

                                             17
       Longmire’s Lawsuits
       In Apri1 2010, Longmire filed suit against the City, Jordan and Whent in federal
district court alleging violations of title 42 of the United States Code sections 1981 and
1983 based on Longmire’s treatment in connection with the Bailey and Medeiros
investigations, claiming that his rights under the First, Fourth, Ninth and Fourteenth
Amendments to the United States Constitution had been violated. Specifically, Longmire
alleged the City subjected him to disparate treatment based on his race and “perceived
religion and association with the Bakery.” He based his claims on the theory that he had
been “perceived as” a Black Muslim by his superiors and discriminated against for that
reason. This claim was dismissed at the pleading stage because such a theory is not
recognized under federal law. (Guthrey v. Cal. Dep’t of Corr. & Rehab. (E.D.Cal. Aug.
7, 2012, No. 1:10-cv-02177-AWI-BAM) 2012 U.S.Dist. Lexis 89174, p. *16, fn. 2; El v.
Max Daetwyler Corp. (W.D.N.C. May 9, 2011, No. 3:09cv415) 2011 U.S.Dist. Lexis
49645, p. *16 [“. . . Congress has not enacted laws that would make adverse employment
actions based on someone being perceived as having a religious affiliation, be it Catholic,
Muslim, or any other religion, actionable under Title VII.”].)
       The remaining claims, based in part on racial discrimination, were disposed of by
summary judgment in favor of the City on grounds, inter alia, that Longmire failed to
show he had suffered an “adverse employment action” and failed to put forth evidence of
pretext in response to the City’s “undisputed facts demonstrat[ing] that the City had
legitimate reasons for its conduct.” (Longmire v. City of Oakland (N.D.Cal. Nov. 11,
2011, No. C 10-01465 JSW) 2011 U.S.Dist. Lexis 131183, at pp. *11, *17–19.)
       Longmire filed the current action in July 2011, again complaining about his
treatment in connection with the Grant and Medeiros investigations. He named the City
and 50 Doe defendants. The complaint asserted two claims under the FEHA:
(1) discrimination and harassment based on perceived religion, and (2) retaliation for
internal complaints about due process violations and discrimination.
       On May 25, 2012, the City filed a motion for summary judgment and summary
adjudication. Longmire filed opposing papers on September 20, 2012, but he did not

                                             18
oppose the City’s motion on the harassment theory or the retaliation claim. The trial
court granted City’s motion for summary judgment. The harassment theory and
retaliation claim have also not been briefed on appeal. We therefore address only the
discrimination cause of action based on perceived religious affiliation.
       The Ruling on Summary Judgment
       On October 11, 2012, the Honorable John M. True III granted the City’s motion
for summary judgment.6 The trial court’s order reflected skepticism about the strength of
Longmire’s prima facie case and specifically rejected Longmire’s contention that his
placement on paid administrative leave qualified as an adverse action. The trial court
further held that Longmire did not provide substantial responsive evidence that the
reasons given by the City for his eight-day suspension were a pretext for discrimination.
       The court ruled, “In this case, Plaintiff has not presented specific and substantial
evidence from which a reasonable jury could find that the reasons given by Defendant for
his suspension were not only false, but were proffered to cover up its discriminatory
motive. If the evidence presented by Plaintiff is viewed in its most favorable light, a
reasonable jury could find at most that those in leadership positions within the
Department, and possibly also the DA’s Office, were interested in framing him as the
scapegoat when the public concluded that the Bailey investigation had not been properly
handled. Plaintiff simply has not provided the Court with any evidence that would
support a reasonable inference that Defendant subjected Plaintiff to an adverse
employment action because of his perceived religion. Finally, the Court does not accept
Plaintiff’s assertion that Defendant’s decision to place him on paid administrative leave
during the IAD investigations constitutes an adverse employment action. (See McRae v.
Department of Corrections & Rehabilitation (2006) 142 Cal. App. 4th 377, 386 (McRae).)

       6
         It may not be technically correct to say this judge “wrote the book” on the
FEHA, but he did co-author a chapter entitled, “Discrimination Claims—In General” in
Wrongful Employment Termination Practice: Discrimination, Harassment, and
Retaliation (Cont.Ed.Bar 2d ed. 2013), as well as two other chapters dealing with
disability and age discrimination. (Id. at pp. vii, 1.)

                                             19
The recent decision of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in Dahlia v. Rodriguez
(9th Cir. 2012) 689 F.3d 1094, 1107, does not reflect a change in existing law. In Dahlia,
the court of appeals clearly indicated that its statements constitute dicta because it was
expressly not deciding whether the plaintiff was subjected to an adverse employment
action.”
       Judgment was entered for the City on October 19, 2012, and Longmire timely
appealed.
                                        DISCUSSION
       The Legal Standard Governing Motions for Summary Judgment
       A defendant moving for summary judgment is entitled to the requested relief if
“there is no triable issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a
judgment as a matter of law” and is also entitled to summary adjudication of any cause of
action that “has no merit.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subds. (c), (f).) A defendant may
meet its burden by showing that one or more essential elements of a cause of action
cannot be established. (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subds. (o)(1), (p)(2).)
       A triable issue exists if “the evidence would allow a reasonable trier of fact to find
the underlying fact in favor of the party opposing the motion in accordance with the
applicable standard of proof.” (Aguilar v. Atlantic Richfield Co. (2001) 25 Cal. 4th
826, 850 (Aguilar).) If the defense sustains its initial burden, the burden then shifts to the
plaintiff to produce evidence of “specific facts” showing a triable issue exists. (Code
Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (p)(2); Aguilar, at p. 850.)
       A defendant may also prevail on summary judgment if it makes a showing there
was a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the complained-of employment decision
and if the plaintiff fails to rebut that showing. “A reason is ‘ “legitimate” ’ if it is
‘facially unrelated to prohibited bias, and which if true, would thus preclude a finding of
discrimination.’ [Citation.] If the employer meets this burden, the employee then must
show that the employer’s reasons are pretexts for discrimination, or produce other
evidence of intentional discrimination.” (Reid v. Google, Inc. (2010) 50 Cal. 4th 512,
520, fn. 2, italics omitted; see also Mamou v. Trendwest Resorts, Inc. (2008)

                                               20
165 Cal. App. 4th 686, 715.) Although this imposes on the employee a burden of
production, the burden of persuasion remains with the moving party. (Aguilar, supra, 25
Cal.4th at pp. 850–851.)
       An appellate court must conduct a de novo review of the record to determine
whether there are any triable issues of material fact and whether the moving party is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law. (Conte v. Wyeth, Inc. (2008) 168 Cal. App. 4th 89,
97; Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (c).) The appellate court may affirm a summary
judgment on any correct theory, even if the trial court relied on a different theory.
(Carnes v. Superior Court (2005) 126 Cal. App. 4th 688, 694.)
       In reviewing the record we must “liberally construe the evidence in support of the
party opposing summary judgment and resolve doubts concerning the evidence in favor
of that party.” (Yanowitz v. L’Oreal USA, Inc. (2005) 36 Cal. 4th 1028, 1037 (Yanowitz).)
While we draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party, a reasonable
inference “ ‘ “ ‘may not be based on suspicion alone, or on imagination, speculation,
supposition, surmise, conjecture, or guess work’ ” . . . [but] must logically flow from
other facts established in the action.’ ” (Wilcox v. Superior Court (1994) 27 Cal. App. 4th
809, 828, disapproved on other grounds in Equilon Enterprises v. Consumer Cause, Inc.
(2002) 29 Cal. 4th 53, 68, fn. 5; Evid. Code § 600, subd. (b).)
       “[T]o avoid summary judgment, an employee claiming discrimination must offer
substantial evidence that the employer’s stated nondiscriminatory reason for the adverse
action was untrue or pretextual, or evidence the employer acted with a discriminatory
animus, or a combination of the two, such that a reasonable trier of fact could conclude
the employer engaged in intentional discrimination.” (Hersant v. Department of Social
Services (1997) 57 Cal. App. 4th 997, 1004–1005.) “[T]he employee [cannot] simply
show the employer’s decision was wrong, mistaken, or unwise. Rather, the employee
‘ “must demonstrate such weaknesses, implausibilities, inconsistencies, incoherencies, or
contradictions in the employer’s proffered legitimate reasons for its action that a
reasonable factfinder could rationally find them ‘unworthy of credence,’ [citation], and
hence infer ‘that the employer did not act for the [asserted] non-discriminatory reasons.’ ”

                                             21
(Horn v. Cushman & Wakefield Western, Inc. (1999) 72 Cal. App. 4th 798, 807 (Horn),
italics omitted; see also Reeves v. MV Transportation, Inc. (2010) 186 Cal. App. 4th 666,
674.)
        We may not weigh the evidence or make credibility determinations. (Aguilar,
supra, 25 Cal.4th at pp. 850, 854–856; Horn, supra, 72 Cal.App.4th at p. 805; Code Civ.
Proc., § 437c, subd. (e).) We must nevertheless determine whether the evidence is
sufficient to allow a reasonable trier of fact to find in the plaintiff’s favor. (Aguilar, at
p. 850.) In that regard, an inference from the evidence is reasonable only if it implies the
existence of an element more likely than the non-existence of that element. (Leslie G. v.
Perry & Associates (1996) 43 Cal. App. 4th 472, 483; see Aguilar, at pp. 851–852.)
        The Elements of a Prima Facie Case of Discrimination Cannot Be Established
        The FEHA makes it unlawful for an employer to discriminate against an employee
because of, among other things, his or her “religious creed,” an employer’s “perception”
about an employee’s “religious creed,” or an employee’s “associat[ion]” with those of a
particular religious creed.7 (Gov. Code, §§ 12926, subd. (o), 12940, subd. (a).) Thus,
elements of a prima facie case of employment discrimination under FEHA’s protection of
religious freedom are (1) membership (or perceived membership) in a protected class
based on “religious creed”, (2) competent job performance, (3) an adverse employment
action, and (4) some circumstance suggesting a discriminatory motive for the adverse
action. (Guz v. Bechtel National, Inc. (2000) 24 Cal. 4th 317, 355 (Guz).)
        Longmire’s evidence falls short of demonstrating a triable issue of material fact on
at least two elements of his prima facie case: (1) his membership in or perceived
membership in a protected religious classification, and (2) an adverse employment action
with respect to the Grant complaint.

        7
        Although it is forbidden under FEHA to take an adverse action against an
employee based on the employee’s being “associated with a person who has, or is
perceived to have” protected characteristics (Gov. Code, § 12926, subd. (o)), Longmire
does not appear to rely on such a theory.

                                               22
       1.     Longmire possesses no substantial evidence the decision makers perceived
              of him as a Black Muslim

       Longmire is not a Muslim. The record also does not support a reasonable
inference that Longmire was mistakenly perceived to be a Black Muslim by his superiors
who initiated the IAD investigations (Jordan and Medeiros), who placed or maintained
him on administrative leave and threatened to terminate him (Jordan), or who
recommended the 20-day suspension and ultimately imposed the eight-day suspension
(Batts). Though Longmire attempts to raise an inference that Chan, Porbanic and Grant
all were under the mistaken impression that Longmire was a Black Muslim, such an
inference is unfounded.8 In his deposition, Chan flatly denied believing Longmire was a
Black Muslim. And although Grant was critical of Longmire’s relationship with Bakery
members because he viewed them as dangerous criminals, he also filed a declaration
denying he perceived Longmire to be a Muslim. The evidence overall does not lead to a
reasonable inference that the investigators themselves perceived Longmire to be a Black
Muslim.
       Longmire claims Jordan, too, believed he was a Black Muslim, but there was no
substantial evidence that either he or any of the other actual decision makers had that
impression. Significantly, the City filed a declaration by Jordan in support of its
summary judgment motion that was directly probative of Jordan’s lack of such a
perception, stating flatly, “I have never believed that Longmire was a Muslim or a
member of the Bakery. I did, however, come to believe that his judgment may have been
compromised because of his relationship with Bey IV.” The City also showed through
the Porbanic report, the France report , the Medeiros complaint, and the Juarez report

       8
         With respect to Chan and Porbanic, Longmire rests his conclusion on the fact
that they asked questions of interviewees about whether the interviewees thought
Longmire was a Black Muslim and about his wearing a bowtie on occasion. Such
questions asked by investigators does not raise a reasonable inference that the
investigators themselves held such a belief.

                                             23
there were legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for putting Longmire on administrative
leave and eventually suspending him for eight days.
       In response, Longmire quotes one question and answer from Jordan’s deposition
testimony, including only the italicized portion of the following excerpt:
       “Q: At those meetings [about the Bailey investigation], did the issue ever come up
regarding concerns about Sergeant Longmire being assigned to do the investigation
because of his perceived association with the Black Muslim religion?
       “A: No.
       “Q: Did it ever come up that there were concerns because of his perceived
association with the Black Muslim Bakery?
       “A: No.
       “Q: At the time of the Chauncey Bailey murder, did you believe that Sergeant
Longmire was associated with the Black Muslim religion?
       “A: Yes.
       “Q: Why?
       “A: I had spoken to André Rachal in the past, who is our intelligence officer
assigned to intel, and he was our subject matter expert on the bakery. I had spoken to Jeff
Loman in the past about his association . . . and Derwin’s association with the bakery.
       “Q: What were you told?
       “A: That Derwin is friends with members of the bakery.
       “Q: And what did you understand that to mean?
       “A: That he is friends with them.
       “Q: There is friends and there is friends. Did you understand that there was some
special relationship here?
       “A: I was not aware of that.”
       This was the only evidence Longmire presented to show he was perceived to be a
Black Muslim by any of those who contributed to the decision to discipline him.
Jordan’s answer reflected the ambiguity of the question, which asked only whether
Jordan perceived that Longmire was “associated with” the “Black Muslim religion.” The

                                            24
question did not ask whether Jordan thought Longmire “was a Black Muslim,” was a
“member” of a Black Muslim organization, or subscribed to the “religious creed” of
Black Muslims.9 Jordan’s deposition standing alone makes it reasonably clear that
Jordan perceived of Longmire as being “associated with” the “Black Muslim religion”
only because of what others told him, which amounted to nothing more than that
Longmire was friends with Bakery members.
       On the other hand, when Jordan was asked more pointedly during his deposition
whether he believed Longmire “was a member of Your Black Muslim Bakery,” he
responded that he “never believed” that. The next question was, “What about the Black
Muslim religion or Nation of Islam?” Jordan responded, “I had no opinion about that.”
       The evidence considered in its entirety did not raise a triable issue that Jordan or
any other decision maker at OPD thought Longmire was a Black Muslim. It would be
unreasonable to draw such an inference in light of the whole record. (See Horn, supra,
72 Cal.App.4th at p. 805.)
       Nor was there evidence that another decision maker at OPD, such as Batts or
Medeiros,10 believed Longmire was a Black Muslim.11 Longmire presented no evidence

       9
         In the realm of religious discrimination, it is the employee’s subscription to
particular religious principles, or a “religious creed,” that triggers the protection afforded
by FEHA. (See Friedman v. Southern Cal. Permanente Medical Group (2002)
102 Cal. App. 4th 39, 70 [veganism not a “religious creed”].) California Code of
Regulations, title 2, section 7293.1 defines “religious creed” as follows, “ ‘Religious
creed’ includes any traditionally recognized religion as well as beliefs, observations, or
practices which an individual sincerely holds and which occupy in his or her life a place
of importance parallel to that of traditionally recognized religions.”
       10
         Longmire appears to argue that the discipline was discriminatory because his
previous supervisor, Lieutenant Joyner, was satisfied with his performance, while
Medeiros found reason for dissatisfaction. But evidence of different performance
standards between supervisors does not raise a reasonable inference that the stricter
supervisor was motivated by discriminatory animus. (See McCann v. Tillman (11th Cir.
2008) 526 F.3d 1370, 1377.) “Different supervisors may insist upon different standards
of behavior, and a new supervisor may decide to enforce policies that a previous
supervisor did not consider important.” (Ibid.)

                                              25
to satisfy his burden of production on the alleged fact that he was a member of a
protected class, namely a follower or perceived follower of the Islamic faith.
       2.     Adverse employment action with respect to the Grant complaint

       Under the FEHA, an employee seeking to recover for unlawful discrimination
must demonstrate he was subject to an adverse employment action that materially
affected the terms, conditions and privileges of employment. (McRae, supra, 142
Cal.App.4th at p. 386.) “ ‘A change that is merely contrary to the employee’s interests or
not to the employee’s liking is insufficient.’ ” (Ibid.) Rather, the employee must show
that the employer’s actions had a substantial and detrimental effect on the plaintiff’s
employment. (Ibid.)
       The actions about which Longmire complains are that he was (1) put on paid
administrative leave and kept on administrative leave longer than warranted under OPD
policy, (2) threatened with termination based on the France and Porbanic reports (even
though the termination never occurred), and (3) threatened with a 20-day suspension and
actually suspended for eight days after the Medeiros investigation, in violation of OPD
policy. He further complains that the City tried to extract from him a release of liability
following the investigations, and during the administrative leave, evidently withholding
from him the outcome of the investigations during the negotiating process. The only one
of these decisions that would generally be considered actionable is the eight-day
suspension.
       The case most closely on point is our own prior decision in McRae, supra,
142 Cal. App. 4th 377. There we reversed a jury verdict for the employee on a FEHA
retaliation claim, holding she was not subjected to an adverse employment action as a

       11
         Medeiros ultimately filed a declaration stating he did not believe Longmire was
a Black Muslim, and perceived religion played no part in his complaint about Longmire’s
investigational oversights. The trial court did not consider this evidence, however,
because it was submitted with defendant’s reply papers. (San Diego Watercrafts, Inc. v.
Wells Fargo Bank (2002) 102 Cal. App. 4th 308, 316.) We also need not consider it to
reach our conclusion.

                                             26
matter of law. (McRae, at p. 386.) The employee, an African-American surgeon
employed within the state prison system, claimed she was aggrieved by a series of
employment decisions over the course of a year that included (1) two memoranda
criticizing the doctor for leaving her post at the emergency room unattended; (2) a
nonpunitive “letter of instruction” on attendance issues; (3) an internal affairs
investigation for disobeying a direct order from her supervisor to contact a patient’s
distraught family, and for her reported order to withhold antibiotics from an HIV patient
who had been admitted with pneumonia, without first examining the patient; (4) a
recommended 30-day suspension based on the results of the investigation, which was
never implemented; and (5) an involuntary transfer to a different facility nearby. (Id. at
pp. 383–385.) McRae claimed these acts were in retaliation for her having filed a
complaint about race discrimination with the Department of Fair Employment and
Housing when she had not been selected for the position of chief medical officer at a
nearby facility. (Id. at p. 382.)
       We held, whether considered individually or as part of a continuous course of
conduct12 (see Yanowitz, supra, 36 Cal.4th at p. 1055), the foregoing actions did not

       12
          Longmire cites Yanowitz, supra, 36 Cal.4th at page 1055 in support of his
argument that the series of acts by his superiors at OPD constituted an adverse
employment action. But in Yanowitz, two specific superiors in the employer’s company
embarked on a “campaign” of retaliatory acts “meant to punish [the employee] for her
failure to carry out her supervisor’s [illegal] order, [and thereby] placed her career in
jeopardy.” (Id. at p. 1060.) The combined actions involved public ridicule, unwarranted
negative performance evaluations, and undermining the employee’s relationships with
those she supervised, which created a hostile or abusive work environment (id. at
pp. 1052–1053), leading her to eventually leave her job and sue. (Id. at pp. 1035, 1065.)
       We find Yanowitz distinguishable on some of the same grounds we recited in
McRae, including that the discipline in this case resulted from the accusations,
investigations, findings, and recommendations of numerous individuals within and
outside of the OPD. (See McRae, supra, 142 Cal.App.4th at p. 391.) Longmire
submitted no evidence that he was forced to undergo public humiliation at the hands of
his superiors or that his work environment became hostile or abusive, as did Yanowitz.
Nor was Longmire’s career “placed in jeopardy” by the eight-day suspension, as was
Yanowitz’s. We find McRae more comparable to this case than Yanowitz. There was

                                             27
amount to an adverse employment action. (McRae, supra, 142 Cal.App.4th at p. 390.)
We specifically rejected the proposition that an investigation and a recommendation for
discipline that was not implemented amounted to an adverse action. (Id. at p. 392.) That
holding governs our decision that the internal affairs investigations and threatened
termination could not support his discrimination claim.
       The great weight of federal authority also rejects the notion that placement on
administrative leave during an internal investigation into misconduct, without attendant
discipline, amounts to an “adverse employment action.”13 (See, e.g., Kuhn v. Washtenaw
County (6th Cir. 2013) 709 F.3d 612, 625–626 [internal investigation into rape allegation
was not adverse action]; Brown v. City of Syracuse (2d Cir. 2012) 673 F.3d 141, 150
[paid administrative leave and loss of overtime pay not adverse action unless “ ‘the
employer takes actions beyond an employee’s normal exposure to disciplinary
policies’ ”]; Higgins v. Gonzales (8th Cir. 2007) 481 F.3d 578, 587 [recommendation of
termination that was not implemented was not adverse employment action]; Joseph v.
Leavitt (2d Cir. 2006) 465 F.3d 87, 91–92 [paid leave during internal affairs investigation
and continuation on paid leave after criminal charges were dismissed were not adverse
actions]; Singletary v. Missouri Dept. of Corrections (8th Cir. 2005) 423 F.3d 886, 889,
891–892 [three months’ paid leave pending internal affairs investigation and extension of
employee’s probationary period after return to work were not adverse actions]; Peltier v.
United States (6th Cir. 2004) 388 F.3d 984, 988–989 [paid leave during internal
investigation, including greater scrutiny on female employee than on male, were not
adverse actions]; Breaux v. City of Garland (5th Cir. 2000) 205 F.3d 150, 157–158 [paid

also the issue of press coverage in this case―which led to much of Longmire’s
misery―but which was beyond the control of his employer.
       13
         We also note that Dahlia v. Rodriguez (9th Cir. 2013) 735 F.3d 1060 (en banc)
(Dahlia II) applied a “deterrence test”—which identifies a broader scope of actions as
“adverse” in federal retaliation claims. (Id. at p. 1078.) The California Supreme Court,
however, expressly rejected that test in Yanowitz, supra, 36 Cal.4th at pp. 1051–1052; see
McRae, supra, 142 Cal.App.4th at p. 386.) We, of course, are bound by California
Supreme Court authority. (Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal. 2d
450, 455.)

                                            28
leave and investigation of police officer’s misconduct based on purportedly false
accusations]; McInnis v. Town of Weston (D.Conn. 2005) 375 F. Supp. 2d 70, 84–85
[internal investigation into police officer’s handling of criminal investigations].)
       Longmire argues, however, that his placement on paid administrative leave―or at
least being kept on administrative leave for an unduly long time―was an adverse action
under a recent Ninth Circuit decision, Dahlia II, supra, 735 F.3d 1060. Dahlia was a
police officer who filed a First Amendment retaliation complaint under title 42 of the
United States Code section 1983, alleging he had been retaliated against for voicing
objections to physical assaults of robbery suspects undertaken by other police officers
who outranked him. (Dahlia II, at pp. 1063–1065 & fn. 2.) He alleged a number of
retaliatory acts besides being placed on administrative leave, including physical threats
and intimidation by superiors. (Id. at pp. 1064–1065.) The federal district court
dismissed Dahlia’s case under rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28
U.S.C.), for failure to state a claim because (1) his speech “was not subject to First
Amendment protection because he had a professional duty, as a matter of California case
law, to report misconduct”; and (2) “Dahlia’s placement on administrative leave did not
constitute an ‘adverse employment action.’ ” (Dahlia II, at p. 1063.)
       The Ninth Circuit panel that heard the case “reluctantly affirmed,”14 opining in
dicta that placement on administrative leave and the resulting consequences, “if proven,
. . . may very well constitute an adverse employment action.” (Dahlia v. Rodriguez,
supra, 689 F.3d at p. 1107.) A rehearing en banc was granted, with the opinion being
filed after the appellant’s opening brief was filed in this case. The Ninth Circuit en banc
held: “We have not previously decided whether placement on administrative leave

       14
          The panel considered itself bound by Huppert v. City of Pittsburg (9th Cir.
2009) 574 F.3d 696 (Huppert), which narrowly defined the scope of First Amendment
rights of police officers whose speech may be deemed to have been made in their
professional capacities. (Dahlia II, supra, 735 F.3d at p. 1066.) The panel voiced the
opinion that Huppert was wrongly decided, and further disagreed (in dicta) with the
second ground upon which the dismissal had been predicated, namely, that placement on
administrative leave was not an “adverse employment action.” (Dahlia II, at p. 1066.)

                                             29
constitutes an adverse employment action. See Lakeside–Scott v. Multnomah County,
556 F.3d 797, 803 n.7 (9th Cir. 2009) (noting that ‘being placed on administrative leave
might qualify as an adverse employment action’ but declining to reach the issue because
it had not been properly preserved for appeal). Dahlia’s assertions—that administrative
leave prevented him from taking the sergeant’s exam, required him to forfeit on-call and
holiday pay, and prevented him from furthering his investigative experience—if proved,
would constitute an adverse employment action. The inability to take a promotional
exam, loss of pay and opportunities for investigative experience, as well as the general
stigma resulting from placement on administrative leave appear ‘reasonably likely to
deter employees from engaging in protected activity.’ ” (Id. at pp. 1078–1079.)
       While Dahlia II lends support to Longmire’s theory, we find it is not persuasive
for several reasons. First, Dahlia alleged additional employment impacts that, “if
proved,” would contribute to the establishment of an adverse employment action.
(Dahlia II, supra, 735 F.3d at p. 1079.) While Dahlia II was decided at the pleading
stage, Longmire had the opportunity, and obligation, to produce evidence to support his
allegations, yet he produced none.
       Longmire argues in his opening brief that he, like Dahlia, was prevented from
career advancement by having been placed on administrative leave: “By remaining on
administrative leave he was denied further job opportunities that would give him
additional experience and benefit his career.” Such a conclusory allegation in an
appellate brief, without support in the record, cannot form the basis for finding a triable
issue on the “adverse employment action” element. Longmire also alleged in his
complaint that he sustained “losses of earnings, promotions, bonuses and benefits,” but
he produced no evidence to support that allegation in response to the summary judgment
motion. Once the City had demonstrated that Longmire could not prove at least one
element of his prima facie case, Longmire was required to produce evidence supporting
that element and could not rest on the allegations of his complaint. (Aguilar, supra,
25 Cal.4th at p. 849.)

                                             30
      Finally, Dahlia II decided only that “under some circumstances” paid leave may
be an adverse action; it did not elaborate on what circumstances would be necessary to
make it so. The case before us does not present circumstances similar to those in
Dahlia II. Longmire presented no evidence of actual career ramifications from the
administrative leave, nor did he produce evidence of threats or intimidation by superiors
comparable to those alleged in Dahlia II.
      We conclude the only adverse action at issue in this case was the eight-day
suspension imposed by Chief Batts as a result of the Medeiros complaint. But even if
there were a triable issue on whether the extended period of administrative leave could
constitute an adverse action, the summary judgment in favor of the City would have to be
affirmed based on our holding that Longmire has not shown he was a member of a
protected class, and because the City has presented evidence of legitimate
nondiscriminatory reasons for the actions taken, and Longmire has not borne his burden
of producing countervailing evidence.
      The City Put Forth Evidence of Legitimate, Nondiscriminatory Reasons for the
      Challenged Actions
      The FEHA does not prohibit employers from imposing reasonable discipline for
employee behavior detrimental to the employer’s interests. (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 2,
§§ 7287.6, subd. (d), 7287.8, subd. (b).) Despite Longmire’s claim to the contrary, the
City presented legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for the challenged actions.
      Because we consider the eight-day suspension to be the only adverse action at
issue, we discuss that action first. As the new commander of the homicide section,
Medeiros reasonably undertook to review open homicide cases left behind by officers
who had recently transferred out. There was no evidence that Longmire was singled out
for such review. It is undisputed that Medeiros reviewed the files of other officers who
had recently transferred out, as well as Longmire’s. The Medeiros complaint, the Juarez

                                            31
report,15 and the Breshears report on the Skelly hearing all provided Batts with a solid,
objective basis for the discipline imposed.
       Longmire admitted he failed to perform basic investigatory follow-up on eight of
his 10 open homicide cases in a timely manner. Longmire has failed to show the City’s
nondiscriminatory explanations were false, much less pretextual.
       Even assuming the City’s actions other than the eight-day suspension could
collectively constitute an adverse employment action, we still would find the City
presented legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for the paid administrative leave, the
unimplemented recommendation for termination, and the extension of the administrative
leave beyond the conclusion of the relevant investigations.
       Grant’s complaint raised concerns about whether Longmire was improperly
associating with criminal suspects, whether he had compromised the Bailey investigation,
and whether he had interfered with other officers’ investigations involving Bakery
members. Longmire was not placed on leave at the outset of the investigation, but only
after two separate investigators (France and Porbanic) concluded that he had
compromised the Bailey murder investigation, probably because of his preexisting
relationship with Bey IV. The reports further found Longmire was guilty of
insubordination for failing to document all of his contacts with Bey IV.
       As the lead homicide detective on a high profile murder case, Longmire’s
objectivity and professionalism were naturally of paramount concern to the OPD. Based
on the Porbanic and France reports, Jordan had legitimate grounds to place Longmire on
paid administrative leave pending a Skelly hearing, as well as to warn him of the potential
termination. Jordan’s declaration further indicates Longmire was kept on administrative
leave after Jordan made his findings on the allegations because the city administrator was

       15
         Longmire evidently does not believe IAD investigator Juarez was motivated by
a discriminatory motive; he cites more than once Juarez’s own belief that the deficiencies
in Longmire’s investigative work warranted merely a reprimand or a one-day suspension.
Likewise, Longmire presented no direct evidence that former Chief Batts perceived him
to be a Black Muslim and no circumstances from which a discriminatory motive might
reasonably be inferred.

                                              32
reviewing the case, Jordan was waiting for him to make a decision, and the parties were
negotiating a potential settlement that would allow Longmire to serve any suspension
imposed prior to returning to work. These reasons, like those for putting him on
administrative leave to begin with, were facially neutral and nondiscriminatory, and they
have not been rebutted.
          There Is No Triable Issue of Fact that the City’s Proffered Reasons were a
          Pretext for Discrimination

          1.    Longmire was required to produce evidence not only that the City’s reasons
                were false, but that they were a pretext for discrimination

          The City’s strong showing of legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for the
challenged actions shifted the burden to Longmire to produce evidence that the City’s
stated reasons were pretextual. (Morgan v. Regents of University of California (2000)
88 Cal. App. 4th 52, 69 (Morgan).) “[T]o avoid summary judgment, an employee
claiming discrimination must offer substantial evidence that the employer’s stated
nondiscriminatory reason for the adverse action was untrue or pretextual, or evidence the
employer acted with a discriminatory animus, or a combination of the two, such that a
reasonable trier of fact could conclude the employer engaged in intentional
discrimination.” (Hersant, supra, 57 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1004–1005.) Longmire,
however, offered no evidence that the City’s reason for the eight-day suspension was
contrived, no direct evidence of intentional discrimination, and only the most ambiguous
circumstantial evidence that any of the City’s actions were taken for reasons other than as
stated.
          With respect to the eight-day suspension, Longmire admitted a number of his open
homicide files revealed basic investigatory steps that had not been taken, arguing only
that the neglect was excusable in light of his heavy caseload. And though Longmire
treats the investigation as if it were an overreaction to a minor performance issue rather
than grounds for discipline, he does not contend it was inappropriate for Medeiros to
initiate an IAD investigation and gives no reason to believe Medeiros’s complaint to IAD
was motivated by religious discrimination. Breshears (as to whom Longmire presented

                                              33
no evidence of religious intolerance or a belief that Longmire was a Black Muslim)
emphasized that the investigatory failings, having occurred in unsolved homicide cases,
“could have resulted in very serious harm to the community.” He recommended that “the
discipline [should] exceed[] the matrix ranges.” He recommended an eight-day
suspension. In these circumstances, Longmire offered no evidence that the City’s reasons
for the temporary suspension were pretextual.
       “ ‘[T]he plaintiff may establish pretext “either directly by persuading the court that
a discriminatory reason more likely motivated the employer or indirectly by showing that
the employer’s proffered explanation is unworthy of credence.” ’ ” (Morgan, supra,
88 Cal.App.4th at p. 68.) The plaintiff need produce only “very little” direct evidence of
the employer’s discriminatory intent to move past summary judgment, but when relying
on circumstantial evidence, his showing must be “specific and substantial.” (Id. at p. 69.)
       To show pretext, “[i]t is not enough for the employee simply to raise triable issues
of fact concerning whether the employer’s reasons for taking the adverse action were
sound. What the employee has brought is not an action for general unfairness but for
. . . discrimination.” (Hersant, supra, 57 Cal.App.4th at p. 1005.) The issue is not
“whether the employer is wise, shrewd, prudent, or competent,” but solely whether it
acted from discriminatory animus. (Ibid.) Thus, Longmire cannot simply show that the
City’s decision was “wrong or mistaken.” (Ibid.) Rather, he must “demonstrate such
weaknesses, implausibilities, inconsistencies, incoherencies, or contradictions in the
employer’s proffered legitimate reasons for its action that a reasonable factfinder could
rationally find them unworthy of credence . . . .” (Ibid.)
       In other words, an employee must do more than raise the inference that the
employer’s asserted reason is false. (Hicks v. KNTV Television, Inc. (2008)
160 Cal. App. 4th 994, 1003.) “[A] reason cannot be proved to be a ‘pretext for
discrimination’ unless it is shown both that the reason was false, and that discrimination
was the real reason.” (Ibid., quoting St. Mary’s Honor Center v. Hicks (1993) 509 U.S.
502, 515; accord, Arteaga v. Brink’s, Inc. (2008) 163 Cal. App. 4th 327, 343.) “[A]n
employer is entitled to summary judgment if, considering the employer’s innocent

                                             34
explanations for its action, the evidence as a whole is insufficient to permit a rational
inference that the employer’s actual motive was discriminatory.” (Guz, supra, 24 Cal.4th
at p. 361.) Longmire has produced no evidence meeting these criteria.
        2.     Any perceived flaws in the investigations did not amount to evidence of
               pretext
        Longmire contends the investigations of his handling of the Bailey case were
inadequate or incomplete for several reasons, including that the prosecutors on the Bailey
case were not interviewed and that Jordan did not disclose what Longmire considers
“exculpatory” evidence to the investigators. But courts do not require that “the decisional
process used by the employer be optimal or that it left no stone unturned. Rather, the key
inquiry is whether the employer made a reasonably informed and considered decision
before taking adverse employment action.” (Smith v. Chrysler Corp. (6th Cir. 1998)
155 F.3d 799, 807.) Where, as here, the employer puts forth reasons for its employment
decision that are “facially unrelated to prohibited bias,” its “proffered reasons, if
‘nondiscriminatory on their face’ and ‘honestly believed’ by [the] employer, will suffice
even if ‘foolish or trivial or baseless’ . . . .” (Guz, supra, 24 Cal.4th at p. 358, italics
omitted, quoting Kariotis v. Navistar Intern. Transp. Corp. (7th Cir. 1997) 131 F.3d 672,
676.)
        In support of the City’s summary judgment motion, Jordan expressly disavowed
any discriminatory considerations. “My race is African American. Neither Longmire’s
race or religious affiliation played any role in my decision to recommend his termination
on the Bailey [IAD] investigation. I based my recommendation on the fact that two
outside investigators both found evidence of misconduct by Longmire and upon our
Department’s Discipline Matrix which provides guidelines for the appropriate level of
discipline to be imposed for various kinds of misconduct.” Longmire produced no
evidence directly contradicting that statement and only the most ambiguous and
inconclusive evidence that Jordan even thought of Longmire as a Black Muslim.
“Ambiguous evidence or inferences showing or implying conduct that is as consistent

                                               35
with permissible” activity as with unlawful conduct is insufficient. (Aguilar, supra,
25 Cal.4th at p. 852.)
       With respect to the Juarez and Breshears reports Longmire made no corollary
claim of incompleteness. He did not even present any circumstantial evidence of
discrimination by showing the reasons given for the eight-day suspension were false.
       The evidence as a whole simply does not lend itself to a reasonable interpretation
that the City’s stated reasons were untrue or that the City acted with discriminatory
motives. Any perceived weaknesses in the investigations relating to the Bailey case
cannot reasonably lead to an inference that the disciplinary decisions on the Medeiros
case were a pretext for discrimination.
       3.     There is no triable issue of material fact as to pretext based on the City’s
              failure to follow internal policies regarding notice and discipline

       An employee may demonstrate pretext by showing he was treated differently from
other similarly situated individuals outside the protected class (i.e., non-Muslims). (Wills
v. Superior Court (2011) 195 Cal. App. 4th 143, 172.) In order to prevail on such a
showing he would have to identify a non-Muslim (not perceived to be a Muslim) who
was equally negligent in his investigations―in as large a number of cases―who was
disciplined less severely. (Ibid. [similarly situated individual must have “ ‘ “engaged in
the same conduct without any mitigating or distinguishing circumstances” ’ ”].)
Longmire has identified no such individuals.
       He tries to fill this gap by demonstrating that the City deviated from notice
requirements under OPD’s internal policies and standard discipline guidelines. He
contends, “Showing disparate treatment and policy enforcement is a permissible means to
establish pretext.” (Wills, supra, 195 Cal.App.4th at p. 172.) That may be true when
there is some evidence that the disparate treatment was based on plaintiff’s membership
in a protected class. But where, as here, there are other nondiscriminatory explanations
for the policy deviations, plaintiff has made no showing that he even belongs to a
protected class, and his showing of a policy deviation is his only attempt to show pretext,
summary judgment for the employer is appropriate.

                                             36
       Longmire complains he was not notified promptly when Jordan decided not to
sustain the allegations regarding the Bailey investigation, and he was not informed
promptly when the Medeiros allegations were sustained. He argues the City violated
internal policies by failing to notify him within 30 days of the date of each decision. But
a “mere failure to follow formal internal policies does not support a discrimination
claim.” (Guz, supra, 24 Cal.4th at p. 377 (conc. opn. of Chin, J.).) “The employer’s
failure ‘to follow its own Manual . . . does not even hint that the real motive was
. . . discrimination.’ ” (Id. at p. 378; see also Randle v. City of Aurora (10th Cir. 1995) 69
F.3d 441, 454.)
       The City claims the delay in returning Longmire to work was due to its efforts to
negotiate a settlement with him. Even if he was retained on administrative leave longer
than he should have been under OPD policies, the City has presented evidence of a
nondiscriminatory reason for prolonging the leave, and no basis for an inference of
discriminatory motive has been shown by plaintiff. In these circumstances we affirm the
summary judgment for the City.
       For similar reasons, Longmire’s claim that the eight-day suspension was
inconsistent with the OPD discipline matrix fails to demonstrate pretext. The parties
disagree as to whether the suspension was consistent or inconsistent with the Discipline
Matrix. But even if the punishment was inconsistent with the discipline matrix, the City
presented evidence that the chief of police was authorized to impose discipline more
stringent than that recommended in the discipline matrix. Perhaps more importantly,
even if there were a policy violation, that does not raise an inference that the deviation
was the result of religious discrimination.
       It is also significant that the discipline was imposed by a new and different
decision maker, Chief Batts. Plaintiff presented no evidence Batts perceived of Longmire
as a Black Muslim, and no evidence whatsoever of religious intolerance on Batts’s part.
There was also no evidence of anti-Muslim bias on the part of Medeiros, who initiated
the second IAD investigation; Juarez, who conducted the IAD investigation; or
Breshears, the Skelly officer who recommended the eight-day suspension. Longmire’s

                                              37
“cat’s paw” theory―that Jordan used others in the disciplinary process as “tool[s] for
carrying out [Jordan’s] discriminatory action”―also has no evidentiary support.16
       Finally, Longmire argues he should have been given the opportunity to continue to
work on his homicide cases after he transferred out of the homicide section because
others were purportedly allowed to do so. Longmire stated in his declaration in
opposition to the summary judgment motion that it was the practice for every homicide
investigator during the past 20 years to complete work on open homicide cases after they
transferred away. The judge ruled this statement inadmissible based on lack of personal
knowledge. (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (d); see also Wiz Technology, Inc. v.
Coopers & Lybrand (2003) 106 Cal. App. 4th 1, 10–11.) Beyond that Longmire produced
only anecdotal evidence from which a reasonable inference of discrimination could not
be drawn.17
       Because he relied on circumstantial evidence in opposition to summary judgment
Longmire was required to produce “specific” and “substantial” evidence of pretext.
(Morgan, supra, 88 Cal.App.4th at p. 69.) None of his evidence could lead a reasonable
factfinder to conclude the discipline was more likely than not the result of religious bias.
Summary judgment was properly granted in favor of the City.

       16
          Longmire contends in his reply brief that Jordan used the others as a “cat’s paw”
to implement his supposed anti-Muslim bias based on his supposed erroneous perception
that Longmire was a Black Muslim. (See generally, Reeves v. Safeway Stores, Inc.
(2004) 121 Cal. App. 4th 95, 113–116 & fn. 14.) This chain of reasoning amounts to pure
conjecture. Aside from the lack of evidence that Jordan held anti-Muslim attitudes or
perceived of Longmire as a Muslim, Longmire presented no admissible evidence that
Jordan influenced the other decision makers in the Medeiros investigation and resulting
discipline.
       17
          Longmire identified Cruz as one other officer who was allowed to continue to
work on cases after he retired from the homicide section. Joyner also filed a declaration
saying that he and other officers were allowed to “finish up loose ends” on cases after
they transferred out of homicide. Aside from the fact that Longmire’s investigational
deficiencies appear to have involved something more than tying up “loose ends,”
Longmire has not presented substantial evidence this was a regularly followed policy,
and has not presented evidence such a policy had been applied to other officers who were
subject to an internal affairs investigation at the time they transferred out of homicide.

                                             38
                                    DISPOSITION
      The judgment is affirmed.

                                               ______________________
                                                Becton, J.*

We concur:

______________________
 Margulies, Acting P.J.

______________________
 Banke, J.

* Judge of the Contra Costa County Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice
pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.

                                          39