Court Opinion

ID: 561241
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2011-08-23 10:11:13+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:04:11.426394
License: Public Domain

933 F.2d 1
Stacy EVANS, et al., Plaintiffs, Appellees,v.COMMISSIONER, MAINE DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES, Defendant,Appellant.Stacy EVANS, etc., et al., Plaintiffs, Appellees,v.COMMISSIONER, MAINE DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES, Defendant, Appellee,Louis W. Sullivan, Secretary of U.S. Department of Healthand Human Services, Third-Party Defendant, Appellant.
Nos. 90-1834, 90-2019.
United States Court of Appeals,First Circuit.
Heard Feb. 4, 1991.Decided May 6, 1991.

Joyce Elise McCourt, Asst. Regional Counsel, with whom Richard S. Cohen, U.S. Atty., and David R. Collins, Asst. U.S. Atty., were on brief for Dr. Louis W. Sullivan, Secretary of U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services.
Thomas D. Warren, Deputy Atty. Gen., with whom James E. Tierney, Atty. Gen., was on brief for H. Rollin Ives, Com'r of the Maine Dept. of Human Services.
Linda Christ, with whom Patrick Ende, Jack Comart, and Pine Tree Legal Assistance, Inc. were on brief for Stacy Evans.
Before BREYER, Chief Judge, BOWNES, Senior Circuit Judge, and SELYA, Circuit Judge.
BREYER, Chief Judge.

1
This appeal presents a narrow question of statutory interpretation affecting the eligibility for federal welfare payments of a small class of persons.  The statute in question imposes a limitation upon the use of the "earned income disregard" (EID), see 42 U.S.C. Sec. 602(a)(8)(A)(iv), a provision of welfare law that tells a state not to count a certain amount of earned income (for present purposes $30 plus one-third of the remainder of the monthly amount earned) when it considers whether or not a family is eligible for Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC).  See Social Security Act Secs. 401-410, 42 U.S.C. Sec. 601-610.  The class in question is typified by a family in which a woman with a child receiving AFDC payments, then marries a man (a "stepfather"), who is not receiving AFDC but instead is working and earning a rather small salary.  Is this family (or "assistance unit" in welfare jargon) still eligible for AFDC payments?    If the stepfather's salary is low, such that the family's total income still falls below the state's "standard of need" for a family of three, they will be eligible.  If the stepfather's salary is high, they will likely not be eligible.  But, suppose, as is true in this case, that the salary is just enough so that, if one applied the EID, the family remains eligible, but otherwise it does not?

2
The Government tells us that the purpose of the EID is to encourage those currently on welfare to go to work, not to make eligible for welfare those already working.  And, with this purpose in mind, they read the relevant statute as making this family ineligible for AFDC.  After reading the statute, see 42 U.S.C. Sec. 602(a), and considering the arguments, we conclude that the Government is correct, that indeed Congress did intend to make this family ineligible, and we reverse a district court judgment to the contrary.  See also Bradstreet v. Commissioner of Human Services, 522 A.2d 1313 (Me.1987) (interpreting the statute as did the district court here).

3
* Background

4
A. Statutory Background.    To understand the narrow statutory question before us, the reader must keep in mind the broader statutory universe within which this narrow question arises.  The reader must understand how eligibility for AFDC payments is determined and how, basically, the EID is applied.  (For a more complete discussion of the operation of this statute see Drysdale v. Spirito, 689 F.2d 252 (1st Cir.1982).)

5
AFDC is a joint state-federal program aimed primarily at helping needy children, under which the federal government offers the states considerable funding provided that the states meet federal standards and requirements.  Id. at 253;  Dickenson v. Petit, 692 F.2d 177, 179 (1st Cir.1982).  In deciding who is eligible for assistance the state must look at the income and assets, first of potentially needy children within a family, second of a child's "caretaker relative," say the child's mother, and third of any person whose presence in the household is very helpful to the child, say a stepfather, or sometimes an older adult brother or sister, a person whom the welfare community calls an "essential person."    If the combined income (and assets) of these persons, whom together the welfare law calls an "assistance unit," falls below a state "standard of need," the state sends them a check for the difference.  For example, in Maine at the time this lawsuit began, the standard of need for a three-person assistance unit was $632 per month.  If the combined income of a child plus its caretaker relative (say, its mother), plus another essential person (say, a stepfather), amounted to $500, the state, in principle, would send them a check for $132.

6
In practice, the calculation of eligibility and need, and the amount of assistance, is complicated by a host of statutory rules and regulations that define, among other things, who is a "child," a "caretaker relative," or an "essential person," and what income or assets (and how much) the state should count in determining "need."    See, e.g., 42 U.S.C. Sec. 606(a) (defining who is a needy child);  id. at Sec. 606(b) (identifying who may be included in an assistance unit);  id. at Sec. 602(a)(8) (specifying which disregards apply to income);  id. at Sec. 602(a)(7)(B) (identifying which assets must be considered in determining need).

7
For present purposes, we focus on one such set of statutory complexities, namely the "earned income disregard" provisions that, in effect, say that the state shall not count as "income" a certain portion of the income that an assistance unit member earns, in particular, a provision telling the state not to count the first $30 plus one-third of the remainder of the member's monthly earned income.  (There are other disregards, but we shall simplify by ignoring them.)    To take an example, assume that a stepfather (or essential person) married to a mother (a caretaker relative) with one child earned $690 per month.  This amount, counted because the stepfather is included in the assistance unit, seems to exceed Maine's $632, three-person standard of need.  But, if one subtracts $30 (leaving $660) and then subtracts one-third of the remainder ($220), the assistance unit is left with $440 of counted income, making it eligible to receive a check for $192 each month.  Of course, applying this disregard and sending this check means that the family will actually have $822 per month in income, while a needier three person family with no earned income would receive only $632 per month.  However, that result is not necessarily anomalous because the first family's higher income has been adjusted to reward one of its members for finding a job.

8
Now consider an EID complication that Congress has enacted in order to prevent expansion of the welfare rolls.  Basically, Congress has said that the state cannot use the EID when it decides whether or not a family not now on welfare is eligible for AFDC.  Rather it must use it only in deciding the amount of the payment it will send such a family.  Thus, the family just described, with earned income of $690, newly applying for AFDC, normally would not be eligible.  See 42 U.S.C. Sec. 602(a)(8)(B)(ii)(I).  If that same family already was receiving AFDC, however, it would continue to remain eligible at least for a time.  Again, Congress understood this unfairness and consciously decided to create it, for it wished to use the EID solely to encourage those who would receive welfare without it to go to work.  Congress wanted:  (1) to encourage those already on welfare to find a job;  and (2) not to expand the welfare rolls.  See S.Rep. No. 744, 90th Cong., 1st Sess., reprinted in 1967 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News, 90th Congress 2834, 2994, 2994-95 ("[I]n the opinion of the committee ... the number of recipients who seek and obtain employment will be greatly increased ... [The bill] is designed to get people off AFDC rolls, not put them on.").

9
The fact that Congress forbids use of the EID to determine eligibility for a family not already receiving welfare creates a second, related unfairness.  As we have pointed out, a three-person family with an income of $650 per month, newly applying for welfare, could not obtain it.  But a newly applying family with a slightly smaller income, an income that qualifies it without the EID, would qualify and would receive the EID in determining the amount of the grant.  Thus, a family with $630 of earned income, which is newly applying for AFDC, would be eligible (because $630 is less than the need standard of $632), and, in calculating the assistance check for the second family, the state would disregard $30 (leaving $600) plus one-third of the rest ($200), thereby leaving a counted income of $400, and resulting in a monthly payment of $232.  This last mentioned family would thereby have a monthly income which amounted to $832 (the combination of the earned income and the AFDC check), considerably more than the first family's income of $690.  Again, this unfairness flows from the Congressional decision to use the EID to encourage those otherwise eligible for, or already on, welfare to work.

10
Congress added two further complications to its "Apply EID only to those receiving welfare without it" rule.  First, it did not simply say (as to eligibility in any given month), "Apply the EID in determining the eligibility for welfare only of those currently receiving welfare."    Rather, it was a little more generous.  It said "Apply the EID in determining the eligibility only of those now on welfare or those who have received welfare at any time in the past four months."    See 42 U.S.C. Sec. 602(a)(8)(B)(ii)(I).  At the same time, Congress also severely limited the use of the disregard, for it added that a family, for eligibility purposes, could take advantage of the $30 portion of the EID for not more than eight months, and of the one-third portion for not more than four months.  See id. at Sec. 602(a)(8)(B)(ii)(II).

11
We are left with a set of complicated rules about how a state is to apply the EID when determining a family's eligibility for AFDC in any given month.  Basically, Congress designed the EID to encourage families receiving welfare to try to find jobs.  Congress said the states could not use the EID to make eligible for welfare those not already receiving welfare (defined to include those who now receive, or in the past four months have received, welfare) and Congress said that even a family already receiving welfare could use the EID only for a few months to remain eligible.  In sum, the EID prevents a family that finds a low paying job from losing its welfare eligibility if that family has received welfare in the last four months but it limits use of the disregard (for eligibility purposes) to a brief period of time.

12
B. The Statute.    The relevant portions of the statute, 42 U.S.C. Sec. 602(a) are the following:

13
(8)(A) ... [T]he state agency

14
(ii) shall disregard from the earned income of any child or relative applying for or receiving [AFDC], or of any other individual (living in the same home as such relative and child) whose needs are taken into account in making such determination, the first $90 of the total of such earned income for such month;  ...

15
[In order to simplify, we have not discussed the above-mentioned $90 disregard, but we need to set forth this provision because of the cross-reference in (B)(ii)(I).]

16
(iv) shall disregard from the earned income of any child or relative receiving [AFDC], or of any other individual (living in the same home as such relative or child) whose needs are taken into account in making such determination, an amount equal to (I) the first $30 of the total of such earned income not disregarded under any other clause of this subparagraph plus (II) one-third of the remainder thereof ... [.]

17
(B)(ii)(I) [The state agency shall not disregard] ... any earned income of any of the persons specified in subparagraph (a)(ii), if, with respect to [the month of application] the income of the persons so specified was in excess of their need, ... unless the persons received aid under the plan in one or more of the four months preceding such month;  and

18
(II) in the case of the earned income of a person with respect to whom subparagraph (A)(iv) has been applied for four consecutive months, shall not apply the provisions of subclause (II) of such subparagraph to any month after such month, or apply the provisions of subclause (I) of such subparagraph to any month after the eighth month following such month....

19
42 U.S.C. Sec. 602(a) (emphasis added).

20
C. This Case.    The issue in this case concerns the meaning of the word "persons" in the next to last line in paragraph (8)(B)(ii)(I), a word which we have underlined.  The plaintiff, Stacy Evans, has one child.  She married Donald, who became the child's stepfather.  All of them are "persons" whose assets and income the state must take into account when computing their AFDC eligibility.  The child is a dependent child, Stacy is a caretaker relative, and Donald is an essential person.  (Under current federal regulations Donald may not qualify as an essential person, see 54 Fed.Reg. 3448-49 (effective date August 1, 1989), but he did so qualify under the Maine regulations in effect at the time of their January, 1989 application, see Final AFDC Policy Changes--Essential Persons, Memorandum of July 31 1989, thus entitling the Evanses to several months of assistance payments if their legal argument is correct.)

21
Donald earned just enough money at work so that he, Stacy and the child are eligible for assistance only if Maine applies the EID and disregards $30 plus one-third of the remainder of his monthly income.  Maine refused to do so because Donald had not personally received AFDC in any of the four months prior to the application (although Stacy and the child had received AFDC).  In its view, that fact meant that Donald was outside the scope of the word "persons" in the proviso--a proviso designed to distinguish those who had received AFDC within the last four months, and thus were "on welfare," from those who were not.

22
Stacy then filed this lawsuit, on behalf of herself, the child, Donald and a class of all those similarly situated, against Maine, which removed to federal court and joined the Secretary of Health and Human Services as a third-party defendant.  See Fed.R.Civ.P. 14 ("[A] defending party, as a third-party plaintiff, may cause a summons and complaint to be served upon a person not a party to the action who is or may be liable to the third-party plaintiff....").  The district court agreed with Stacy's argument that the word "persons" in the proviso means "any of the persons," (namely the child, the caretaker relative, or an essential person) in the family (or assistance unit) currently applying for AFDC.  Since Stacy and the child had received AFDC in "one or more of the four months preceding such month," (even though Donald had not), the court held the disregard applied, and the family was eligible.  See Bradstreet v. Commissioner of Human Services, 522 A.2d 1313 (Me.1987) (reaching same result);  but see Taylor v. Commonwealth Dept. of Public Welfare, 75 Pa.Commw. 169, 461 A.2d 642 (1983).  The district court also declared the federal Secretary of Health and Human Services's interpretation of the statute invalid.

23
Both Maine and the Secretary appeal this determination.  Maine has joined in the brief of the Secretary.  See Fed.R.App.P. 28(i) (permitting parties to adopt by reference brief of other parties).  We agree with the state and federal governments that the word "persons" in the proviso does not mean "any of the persons" but rather refers to the person who earns the income to which the "earned income disregard" might apply.  We therefore reverse the judgment of the district court (without reaching other issues raised, such as whether or not the Eleventh Amendment bars a judgment against the state).

II
Analysis

24
Our conclusion rests primarily upon the language of the statute as read in the context of its structure and in light of its purposes.  To understand how we interpret the statute and our reasons for doing so, we shall set forth several related provisions, simplifying the language somewhat.  In particular we shall use the term "essential person" as a substitute for the awkward statutory phrase "any other individual (living in the same home as such child and relative) whose needs the state determines should be considered in determining the need of the child or relative claiming such aid."

25
As modified in unessential ways for clarity, the statutory provisions say the following.

1. 42 U.S.C. Sec. 602(a)(7) says:

26
The state agency (A) shall, in determining need, take into consideration any other income and resources of any child or [caretaker relative claiming aid] or of [any essential person]....

27
2. 42 U.S.C. Sec. 602(a)(8)(A)(iv) says that in determining income, the state agency

28
shall disregard from the income of any child or [caretaker] relative receiving aid ... or of [any essential person] ... an amount equal to (I) the first $30 ... plus (II) one-third of the remainder ...

29
3. Section 8(B)(ii)(I) then says that the disregard applies only to those who currently receive welfare or have received welfare within the past four months.  Specifically, it says

30
provided that (with respect to any month) the state shall not disregard ... any earned income of any of the persons 1  specified in (a)(ii) [namely any child, caretaker relative or essential person] if with respect to such month the income of the persons 2  so specified was in excess of their need [as calculated without the disregard] ... unless the persons 3  received aid under the plan in one or more of the four months preceding such month....

31
The question before us is what the word "persons" means the three times it appears in this last sentence.  What individual or group does that word pick out?

32
The first use of the word "persons" (which we label "persons1 ") could have only one meaning.  It indicates that the agency will look at the income of the group of people in the relevant family or assistance unit.  These persons may include the child, a caretaker relative, and an essential person--the people specified in (8)(A)(ii).  In examining the income of all these people, the agency will take note of any income that is earned by any of them.

33
The second use of the word "persons," which we have labeled "persons2 " seems reasonably precise.  It must refer to the combined income of all the persons in the family or the assistance unit (for that is the income that the agency considers when determining if there is need).  The agency is to ask whether the total income of all these people--including earned income (without the benefit of the disregard)--exceeds the standard of need.  If so, they are not eligible for AFDC.

34
The third use of the word "persons," which we label "persons3 " is ambiguous.  It might mean (a) "unless [any of] the persons [in the family or assistance unit] received aid in one or more of the previous four months" (which is what the Evans' argue).  Or, it might mean (b) "unless the [particular] persons [to whose earned income the agency is considering applying the disregard] received aid in one or more of the previous four months" (which is what the state and federal government argue).  In our view the second of these interpretations is correct.

35
Our reasons for believing this second interpretation is the correct one are the following:  First, the language of the statute permits this interpretation.  Linguistically speaking, this interpretation is as reasonable as any other.

36
Second, this interpretation is more consistent than the first with Congress's basic purpose.  The basic purpose of this complicated statute is to restrict use of the disregard to those instances where its presence will encourage those now receiving (or who have recently received) AFDC to look for work.  The legislative history of the EID provisions explains that Congress hoped to increase the "number of recipients who seek and obtain employment," and that the "bill contains provisions which will prevent increasing the number of persons receiving AFDC as a result of the earnings exemptions....  In short, the various provisions included in the committee's bill are designed to get people off AFDC rolls, not put them on."    S.Rep. No. 744, 90th Cong., 1st Sess., reprinted in 1967 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News, 90th Congress 2995-96.  Stacy Evans's interpretation would permit a mother with children to remain on welfare despite having married a man with an earned income higher than the state standard of need.  Thus, it would (1) permit the stepfather, who is not, and was not recently, on welfare but who is in fact working, to qualify for welfare simply because of his marriage and (2) permit Stacy to remain on welfare and at the same time to receive an extra benefit in the form of a larger monthly check without requiring her to go to work.  On the other hand, the Government's interpretation restricts use of the EID to instances in which a person currently receiving welfare goes to work, as Congress seems to have intended.

37
Third, the Supreme Court has said that where a regulatory statute is ambiguous, we are to give considerable weight to the views of the agency charged with that statute's administration.  See Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, 467 U.S. 837, 844-45, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 2782-83, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984).  This admonition seems particularly appropriate in this situation, where the statute is highly technical and complex, and the interpretive issue has only minor general significance.  Under these circumstances it is reasonable to conclude that Congress would have wanted the agency to enjoy a degree of legal leeway in specifying the scope of the language's application.  Hence, Congress may have delegated a degree of interpretive power to the agency, see National Labor Relations Board v. Hearst Publications, Inc., 322 U.S. 111, 130, 64 S.Ct. 851, 860, 88 L.Ed. 1170 (1944), or, at least, we can surmise that the agency (the staff of which likely helped with the statute's drafting and has also learned how best to administer it) has special insight into the kind of interpretation that overall will make "sense" of the statute, thereby giving it additional "persuasive" power with the court.  Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134, 139-40, 65 S.Ct. 161, 164, 89 L.Ed. 124 (1944);  Mayburg v. Secretary of Health and Human Services, 740 F.2d 100, 105-06 (1st Cir.1984).

38
The relevant agencies in this case are the federal Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the Maine Department of Human Services.  And, these agencies basically support the interpretation we have adopted.  Maine has specifically adopted the interpretation we have advanced here.  HHS has regulations that embody the interpretation we have adopted.  These regulations specify the following:

39
(11)....    For purposes of eligibility determination, the State must disregard from the monthly earned income ... of each individual whose needs are included in the eligibility determination

40
(D) Where appropriate, an amount equal to $30 plus one-third of the earned income not already disregarded ... of an individual who received assistance in one of the four prior months.

41
45 C.F.R. Sec. 233.20(a)(11) (emphasis added).  If the individual who is earning income did not receive AFDC in one of the previous four months, this section does not authorize application of the disregard.  And, we can find no other section of the regulations that would authorize it.

42
We have hedged our statement of HHS's position because of certain other language in the regulations.  Stacy Evans points to another section of the regulations which states the following:

43
(7) Disregard of earned income;  method ...

44
(ii) In applying [the disregard] to an applicant for AFDC, there will be a preliminary step to determine whether the assistance unit in which he or she is a member is eligible without the application of any AFDC provisions for the disregard ... by applying the unit's gross earnings ... and all other income to the State's standard of need.  This preliminary step does not apply if the assistance unit received assistance in one of the four months prior to the month of application.

45
45 C.F.R. Sec. 233.20(a)(7)(ii) (emphasis added).  Stacy Evans argues that this regulation shows that the third use of the word "persons" in the statute means "any of the persons in an assistance unit."    Otherwise, why would the regulation not say something like "this preliminary step does not apply if the member of the assistance unit who seeks application of the disregard received assistance in one of the four months prior to the month of application?"

46
The obvious answer to this question is that this particular sentence, contained in an introductory paragraph, is explaining in general terms that the EID may be used to establish eligibility, but only if the assistance unit received AFDC within the last four months.  It does not purport to specify in detail just how this limitation works.  Rather, it leaves Sec. 233.20(a)(11)(D), quoted above, to explain the specific application of the EID.

47
Even if the state were to apply this introductory section literally, it would not help Stacy Evans.  The state would still have to use Sec. 233.20(a)(11) to determine if the EID can in fact be applied to a particular individual's income.  The state would follow the regulation's initial introductory advice and it would not take the preliminary step of measuring total income without the EID against the standard of need.  But, it still could not find the family eligible until it applied the EID.  And, the only regulation that tells how to do this is the later regulation that instructs the agency to apply the EID only to those individuals who had personally received aid in the last four months.  Therefore, following the regulations literally, the state would ultimately apply the EID only to those members of the assistance unit receiving AFDC within the last four months, and not to new members of the assistance unit.

48
For these reasons, we agree with the Government about the meaning of "persons 3 ."  But, before concluding, we wish to point out what the Government's argument is not.    In her brief Stacy Evans characterizes the Government as adopting yet a third interpretation of the word "persons3 ."  She believes the Government has said that "persons" means "all the persons now in the family or assistance unit currently applying for aid" so that the proviso would not apply unless the entire assistance unit--child, caretaker relative and the essential person--had received aid within the last four months.  This interpretation seems bizarre, for it would deny the proviso to a mother with a child on AFDC who has another child and then obtains work.  The second child, now in the family, was not receiving aid before.  Similarly, it would deny the EID to a mother who marries a stepfather who has no job, and then she obtains work.  We can find no support in the regulations or legislative history for this interpretation, it seems contrary to Congress's basic purposes, it is more difficult to square with the language of the statute and the regulations, and we do not believe the Government has really offered this interpretation.

49
In sum, given the Congressional purposes, the statute's structure, and the basic administrative interpretation, we believe "persons3 " must refer to each individual whose earned income is at issue.    That being so, the judgment of the district court is

50
Reversed.

51
APPENDIX
PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE
  SUBCHAPTER IV--GRANTS TO STATES FOR AID AND SERVICES TO NEEDY FAMILIES WITH
                    CHILDREN AND FOR CHILD  WELFARE SERVICES
                PART A--AID TO FAMILIES WITH DEPENDENT CHILDREN
Sec. 601.  Authorization of appropriations
       Law Review Commentaries
 California Workfare Legislation and    Effect of the federal availability
the right of privacy. 13               principle on state AFDC
Hast.Const.L.Q. 761 (1986).            asset-transfer rules. 89 Columbia
 Child support enforcement: Balancing  L.Rev. 580 (1989).
increased federal involvement with      Rewriting the fiscal constitution: The
procedural due process. 19 Suffolk     case of Gramm-Rudman-Hollings.  Kate
U.L.Rev. 687 (1985).                   Stith, 76 Cal.L.Rev. 593 (1988).
 Congress demands stricter             Steprelationships in Connecticut.
child-support enforcement: Florida     Shirley R. Bysiewicz, 60 Conn.B.J.
requires major reforms to comply. 10   378 (1986).
Nova L.J. 1371 (1982).
Notes of Decisions
2.  Purpose--Generally                  7. ---- Protection of dependent children
 Interpretation of regulation to        Turner v. Woods, 559 F.Supp. 603 [main
limit recipients to one nonrecur-      volume] reversed 105 S.Ct. 1138, 470
ring grant of $200 towards purchase    U.S. 184, 84 L.Ed.2d 138, on remand
or maintenance of automobile was       764 F.2d 1325.
not inconsistent with purposes of      10.  Necessity of state compliance
AFDC program.  Rowe v. Cohen, Pa.        Simpson v. Miller, 535 F.Supp. 1041
Cmwlth.1985, 495 A.2d 979.             [main volume].
Sec. 602.  State plans for aid and services to needy families with children;
          contents; approval by Secretary; records and reports; treatment of
          earned income advances
(a) Contents
 A State plan for aid and services to needy families with children must--
 (1) provide that it shall be in effect in all political subdivisions of the
  State, and, if administered by them, be mandatory upon them;
 (2) provide for financial participation by the State;
 (3) either provide for the establishment or designation of a single State
  agency to administer the plan, or provide for the establishment or
  designation of a single State agency to supervise the administration of the
  plan;
 (4) provide for granting an opportunity for a fair hearing before the State
  agency to any individual whose claim for aid to families with dependent
  children is denied or is not acted upon with reasonable promptness;
 (5) provide such methods of administration (including after January 1, 1940,
  methods relating to the establishment and maintenance of personnel standards
  on a merit basis, except that the Secretary shall exercise no authority with
  respect to the selection, tenure of office, and compensation of any
  individual employed in accordance with such methods) as are found by the
  Secretary to be necessary for the proper and efficient operation of the plan;
 (6) provide that the State agency will make such reports, in such form and
  containing such information, as the Secretary may from time to time require,
  and comply with such provisions as the Secretary may from time to time find
  necessary to assure the correctness and verification of such reports;
 (7) except as may be otherwise provided in paragraph (8) or (31) and section
  615 of this title, provide that the State agency--
    (A) shall, in determining need, take into consideration any other income
     and resources of any child or relative claiming aid to families with
     dependent children, or of any other individual (living in the same home as
     such child and relative) whose needs the State determines should be
     considered in determining the need of the child or relative claiming such
     aid;
    (B) shall determine ineligible for aid any family the combined value of
     whose resources (reduced by any obligations or debts with respect to such
     resources) exceeds $1,000 or such lower amount as the State may determine,
     but not including as a resource for purposes of this subparagraph (i) a
     home owned and occupied by such child, relative, or other individual and
     so much of the family member's ownership interest in one automobile as
     does not exceed such amount as the Secretary may prescribe, (ii) under
     regulations prescribed by the Secretary, burial plots (one for each such
     child relative, and other individual), and funeral agreements or (iii) for
     such period or periods of time as the Secretary may prescribe, real
     property which the family is making a good-faith effort to dispose of, but
     any aid payable to the family for any such period shall be conditioned
     upon such disposal, and any payments of such aid for that period shall (at
     the time of the disposal) be considered overpayments to the extent that
     they would not have been made had the disposal occurred at the beginning
     of the period for which the payments of such aid were made; and
    (C) may, in the case of a family claiming or receiving aid under this part
     for any month, take into consideration as income (to the extent the State
     determines appropriate, as specified in such plan, and notwithstanding any
     other provision of law--
       (i) an amount not to exceed the value of the family's monthly allotment
        of food stamp coupons, to the extent such value duplicates the amount
        for food included in the maximum amount that would be payable under the
        State plan to a family of the same composition with no other income,
        and
       (ii) an amount not to exceed the value of any rent or housing subsidy
        provided to such family, to the extent such value duplicates the amount
        for housing included in the maximum amount that would be payable under
        the State plan to a family of the same composition with no other
        income;
 (8) (A) provide that, with respect to any month, in making the determination
  under paragraph (7), the State agency--
       (i) shall disregard all of the earned income of each dependent child
        receiving aid to families with dependent children who is (as determined
        by the State in accordance with standards prescribed by the Secretary)
        a full-time student or a part-time student who is not a full-time
        employee attending a school, college, or university, or a course of
        vocational or technical training designed to fit him for gainful
        employment;
       (ii) shall disregard from the earned income of any child or relative
        applying for or receiving aid to families with dependent children, or
        of any other individual (living in the same home as such relative and
        child) whose needs are taken into account in making such determination,
        the first $90 of the total of such earned income for such month;
       (iii) after applying the other clauses of this subparagraph shall
        disregard from the earned income of any child, relative, or other
        individual specified in clause (ii), an amount equal to expenditures
        for care in such month for a dependent child, or an incapacitated
        individual living in the same home as the dependent child, receiving
        aid to families with dependent children and requiring such care for
        such month, to the extent that such amount (for each such dependent
        child or incapacitated individual) does not exceed $175 (or such lesser
        amount as the Secretary may prescribe in the case of an individual not
        engaged in full-time employment or not employed throughout the month),
        or, in the case such child is under age 2, $200;
       (iv) shall disregard from the earned income of any child or relative
        receiving aid to families with dependent children, or of any other
        individual (living in the same home as such relative and child) whose
        needs are taken into account in making such determination, an amount
        equal to (I) the first $30 of the total of such earned income not
        disregarded under any other clause of this subparagraph plus (II)
        one-third of the remainder thereof (but excluding, for purposes of this
        subparagraph, earned income derived from participation on a project
        maintained under the programs established by section 632(b)(2) and (3)
        of this title);
       (v) may disregard the income of any dependent child applying for or
        receiving aid to families with dependent children which is derived from
        a program carried out under the Job Training Partnership Act (as
        originally enacted) [29 U.S.C.A. Sec. 1501 et seq.], but only in such
        amounts, and for such period of time (not to exceed six months with
        respect to earned income as the Secretary may provide in regulations.
       (vi) shall disregard the first $50 of any child support payments for
        such month received in that month, and the first $50 of child support
        payments for each prior month received in that month if such payments
        were made by the absent parent in the month when due, with respect to
        the dependent child or children in any family applying for or receiving
        aid to families with dependent children (including support payments
        collected and paid to the family under section 657(b) of this title).
       (vii) may disregard all or any part of the earned income of a dependent
        child who is a full-time student and who is applying for aid to
        families with dependent children, but only if the earned income of such
        child is excluded for such month in determining the family's total
        income under paragraph (18); and
       (viii) shall disregard any refund of Federal income taxes made to a
        family receiving aid to families with dependent children by reason of
        section 32 of Title 26 (relating to earned income tax credit) and any
        payment made to such a family by an employer under section 3507 of
        Title 26 (relating to advance payment of earned income credit); and
    (B) provide that (which respect to any month) the State agency--
       (i) shall not disregard, under clause (ii), (iii), or (iv) of
        subparagraph (A) any earned income of any one of the persons specified
        in subparagraph (A)(ii) if such person--
            (I)terminated his employment or reduced his earned income without
             good cause within such period (of not less than thirty days)
             preceding such month as may be prescribed by the Secretary.
            (II) refused without good cause, within such period preceding such
             month as may be prescribed by the Secretary, to accept employment
             in which he is able to engage which is offered through the public
             employment offices of the State, or is otherwise offered by an
             employer if the offer of such employer is determined by the State
             or local agency administering the State plan, after notification
             by the employer, to be a bona fide offer of employment; or
            (III) failed without good cause to make a timely report (as
             prescribed by the State plan pursuant to paragraph (14)) to the
             State agency of earned income received in such month; and
       (ii) (I) shall not disregard--
       (a) under subclause (II) of subparagraph (A)(iv), in a case where such
        subclause has already been applied to the income of the persons
        involved for four consecutive months while they were receiving aid
        under the plan, or
       (b) under subclause (I) of subparagraph (A)(iv), in a case where such
        subclause has already been applied to the income of the persons
        involved for twelve consecutive months while they were receiving aid
        under the plan,
   any earned income of any of the persons specified in subparagraph (A)(ii),
     if, with respect to such month, the income of the persons so specified was
     in excess of their need, as determined by the State agency pursuant to
     paragraph (7) (without regard to subparagraph (A)(iv) of this paragraph),
     unless the persons received aid under the plan in one or more of the four
     months preceding such month; and
           (II)in the case of the earned income of a person with respect to
             whom subparagraph (A)(iv) has been applied for four consecutive
             months, shall not apply the provisions of subclause (II) of such
             subparagraph to any month after such month, or apply the
             provisions of subclause (I) of such subparagraph to any month
             after the eighth month following such month, for so long as he
             continues to receive aid under the plan, and shall not apply the
             provisions of either such subclause to any month thereafter until
             the expiration of an additional period of twelve consecutive
             months during which he is not a recipient of such aid; and
                        45 CFR Ch. II (10190 Edition)
   PART 233--COVERAGE AND CONDITIONS OF ELIGIBILITY IN FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE
                                   PROGRAMS
Sec. 233.20 Need and amount of           student who is not a full-time employee.
  assistance.                           A
 (a) Requirements for State Plans.    student is one who is attending a school,
A State Plan for OAA, AFDC, AB, APTD  college, or university or a course of
                                        vocational
or AABD must, as specified below:      or technical training designed to
                                        fit
                                      him or her for gainful employment and
. . .                                 includes a participant in the Job Corps
                                        program
                                       under the Job Training Partnership
 (7) Disregard of earned income       Act (JTPA).
  method.
(i) Provide that for other than        (B) The first $75.
  AFDC,
the following method will be used      (C) An amount equal to the actual cost,
  for
disregarding earned income: The       but not to exceed $160 (or a lesser
  applica                               amount
ble amounts of earned income to be    in the case of an individual not engaged
  dis                                   in
regarded will be deducted from the    full-time employment or not employed
  gross
amount of "earned income," and all    throughout the month), for the care of
  work                                  each
expenses, personal and non-personal,  dependent child or incapacitated adult
  will                                  living
then be deducted.  Only the net        in the same home and receiving AFDC.
  amount
remaining will be applied in          The State agency shall have in place a
  determining
need and the amount of the            procedure under which it determines and
  assistance
payment.                              applies a disregarded amount less than
 (ii) In applying the disregard of    $160.
  income
under paragraph (a)(11)(ii)(B) of      (D) Where appropriate, an amount equal
  this section
to an applicant for AFDC, there will  to $30 plus one-third of the earned
  be a                                  income
preliminary step to determine         not already disregarded under paragraphs
  whether the
assistance unit in which he or she    (a)(11)(i) and (a)(11)(v) of this section
  is a                                  of an
member is eligible without the        individual who received assistance in one
  application                           of
of any AFDC provisions for the        the four prior months.
  disregard
in (a)(11)(ii)(B) by applying the      (ii) For purposes of benefit calculation
  unit's gross
earnings (less the disregards in      for individuals found eligible under
  (a)(11)(i)                            paragraph
and (a)(11)(iv)) and all other         (a)(11)(i) of this section, the
  income to the                         following
State's standard of need.  This        disregards must be made by the State:
  preliminary
step does not apply if the             (A) Disregard all of the monthly earned
  assistance unit
received assistance in one of the     income of each child receiving AFDC if
  four                                  the
months prior to the month of          child is a full-time student or is a
  application.
                                      part-time student who is not a full-time
. . .                                 employee.  A student is one who is
                                      attending a school, college, or
                                        university or
 (11) Disregard of income and         a course of vocational or technical
  resources                             training
applicable only to AFDC.  (i) For      designed to fit him or her for gainful
  pur-                                  employment
poses of eligibility determination,    and includes a participant in
  the State                             the
must disregard from the monthly       Job Corps program under the Job Training
  earned
income, i.e., earned income as        Partnership Act (JTPA).
  defined in
Sec. 233.20(a)(6)(iii), of each           (B) Disregard from any other individual's
  individual whose
needs are included in the             earned income the amounts specified
  eligibility determi-                  in
nation.                               paragraphs (a)(11)(i)(B) and (C) of this
                                        section
 (A) Disregard all of the monthly     , and $30 plus one-third of his
  earned                                earned
income of each child receiving AFDC   income not already disregarded under
  if the                                paragraphs
child is a full-time student or is a   (a)(11)(ii) and (a)(11)(v) of this
  part-time                             section
                                       . . .