Court Opinion

ID: 2978085
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 18:19:07.869734+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:16:40.074496
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                           File Name: 09a0451n.06

                                         Case No. 08-3293                                  FILED
                                                                                        Jul 01, 2009
                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                  LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

 JUAN MARTINEZ-MARROQUIN,                              )
                                                       )
         Petitioner,                                   )
                                                       )       ON APPEAL FROM THE
                v.                                     )       BOARD OF IMMIGRATION
                                                       )       APPEALS
 ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., UNITED STATES                    )
 ATTORNEY GENERAL,                                     )
                                                       )
         Respondent.                                   )
                                                       )
 _______________________________________               )

BEFORE: NORRIS, BATCHELDER, and ROGERS, Circuit Judges.

       ALICE M. BATCHELDER, Circuit Judge. Juan Martinez-Marroquin (“Martinez”) seeks

review of an order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) dismissing his appeal from an

immigration judge’s denial of his motion to reopen removal proceedings. Martinez argues that the

BIA abused its discretion in finding that he had failed to show that he had not received notice of his

removal hearing. We disagree and DENY the petition for review.

                                                  I.

       Martinez, a citizen of Guatemala, illegally entered the United States in March 2005. On July

5, 2005, while Martinez was in jail in Wayne County, Michigan, the Department of Homeland

Security (“DHS”) personally served him with a Notice to Appear (“NTA”) alleging that he was

subject to removal. The NTA listed Martinez’s address as 4019 Porter Street in Detroit. On July

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15, 2005, Marilyn Reyes, Martinez’s cousin, posted a $3,000 bond for the release of Martinez,

Martinez’s brother, and another individual. On the “Bond Information Worksheet,” Reyes listed

Martinez’s address as 13136 Moenart in Detroit. Form I-830, “Notice to EOIR: Alien Address,”

also dated July 15, 2005, and signed by a DHS officer, provided: “Upon release from [DHS]

custody, the respondent reported his/her address . . . will be 13136 Moenart . . . .” Form I-830 was

not signed by Martinez or Reyes.

       On July 18, 2005, the Immigration Court sent Martinez a Notice of Hearing informing him

that his case was scheduled for a master hearing on October 21, 2005. The Notice of Hearing was

sent by regular mail to 13136 Moenart. Martinez did not appear at the hearing, and the immigration

judge (“IJ”) entered an in absentia order of removal.

       On January 22, 2006, border patrol agents arrested Martinez’s brother in Detroit. When

Martinez consulted an attorney about the reason for his brother’s arrest, the attorney informed him

that removal orders had been entered against him and his brother on October 21 of the previous year.

On March 21, 2006, Martinez filed a motion to reopen the removal proceedings and to rescind the

prior removal order. Martinez claimed that he had never received the Notice of Hearing. On April

20, 2006, the IJ denied the motion, finding it sufficient that “the written hearing notice was

forwarded to the last address provided by [Martinez],” as evidenced by the bond paperwork and

Form I-830.

       On September 21, 2006, the BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision and held that “the last address

provided by [Martinez] was the Form I-830, and therefore it was proper to use that address to send

notice of hearing.” Martinez petitioned this court for review, and on June 7, 2007, upon the Attorney

General’s motion, we remanded the case to the BIA to determine “whether [Martinez] carried his

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burden to demonstrate that the in absentia order of removal should be rescinded . . . because he did

not receive notice of the removal hearing.”

          On remand, the BIA on March 10, 2008, again dismissed Martinez’s appeal of the IJ’s denial

of his motion to reopen. The BIA found that the address listed on Form I-830 served as Martinez’s

last-provided address and that Martinez had not overcome the presumption that the use of regular

mail resulted in delivery. The BIA noted that although Reyes could have explained why the Moenart

address was listed on the bond worksheet and Form I-830, Martinez had not provided any statement

from Reyes and had not explained his failure to do so. Martinez again petitioned this court for

review.

                                                      II.

          We review for abuse of discretion the BIA’s denial of a motion to reopen. See Denko v. INS,

351 F.3d 717, 723 (6th Cir.2003). “‘In determining whether the [BIA] abused its discretion, this

Court must decide whether the denial of [the] motion to reopen . . . was made without a rational

explanation, inexplicably departed from established policies, or rested on an impermissible basis

such as invidious discrimination against a particular race or group.’” Sako v. Gonzales, 434 F.3d
857, 863 (6th Cir.2006) (quoting Allabani v. Gonzales, 402 F.3d 668, 675 (6th Cir.2005)).

                                                     III.

          Under the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”), a NTA must specify, among other

things, “the time and place at which [removal] proceedings will be held.”                         8 U.S.C. §

1229(a)(1)(G)(i). Written notice of a change1 in the time or place of removal proceedings “shall be

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         The NTA served upon Martinez at the W ayne County jail indicated that the date and time of his removal
proceedings were “to be set.” The Notice of Hearing mailed to Martinez thus did not “change” the time of his
proceedings but provided the initial and sole notice of when those proceedings would occur. Although DHS appears

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given in person to the alien (or, if personal service is not practicable, through service by mail to the

alien . . . .).” 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a)(2)(A). Service by mail “shall be sufficient if there is proof of

attempted delivery to the last address provided by the alien . . . .” 8 U.S.C. § 1229(c).

         An alien in removal proceedings who ignores duly mailed notices faces grave consequences:

         Any alien who, after written notice required under paragraph (1) or (2) of section
         1229(a) of this title has been provided to the alien or the alien’s counsel of record,
         does not attend a proceeding under this section, shall be ordered removed in absentia
         if [DHS] establishes by clear, unequivocal, and convincing evidence that the written
         notice was so provided and that the alien is removable (as defined in subsection
         (e)(2) of this section). The written notice by the Attorney General shall be considered
         sufficient for purposes of this subparagraph if provided at the most recent address
         provided under section 1229(a)(1)(F) of this title.

8 U.S.C. § 1229a(b)(5)(A). Such a removal order may be rescinded “upon a motion to reopen filed

at any time if the alien demonstrates that the alien did not receive notice in accordance with

paragraph (1) or (2) of section 1229(a) of this title . . . .” 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(b)(5)(C)(ii). This

provision places the burden on the alien to demonstrate improper notice. See Scorteanu v. I.N.S.,

339 F.3d 407, 411 (6th Cir. 2003).

         The issue here is whether Martinez received notice in accordance with 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a)(2)

when the Immigration Court sent the Notice of Hearing to the Moenart address listed on the bond

worksheet and Form I-830. Martinez claims that he carried his burden of proving improper notice

by showing that the Notice of Hearing was sent to the wrong address. He insists that: he had always

listed Porter Street as his address; he did not provide the Moenart address to the officer who signed

to equate this type of initial notice with a “notice of change” under 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a)(2)(A), such a practice is not
entirely faithful to the statutory framework. Even so, our analysis here would be no different if DHS had listed a certain
hearing time on the NTA and later mailed a notice of a time change. W e thus focus on whether Martinez received the
notice, despite the government’s deviation from the statutory procedure.

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Form I-830; and he did not receive the notice. The only evidence Martinez submitted for these

claims was his own affidavit and a copy of his driver’s license bearing the Porter Street address.

       The BIA held that “notice of hearing mailed to the address in the Form I-830 was sufficient

to constitute notice” to Martinez. Citing Beltran v. I.N.S., 332 F.3d 407, 413 (6th Cir. 2003), the

BIA held that “even if someone not authorized to represent the alien provided a change of address,

that change of address should have been used to send notice of hearing.” The BIA further found that

Form I-830 bore “indicia of reliability” indicating that Martinez had provided the address listed

therein. Specifically, the BIA noted that the form was dated July 15, 2005, the day Martinez was

released from custody, was signed by a DHS officer, and recited that “the respondent reported his/her

address” as 13136 Moenart.

       Although Martinez argued that he never received notice of the removal hearing, it was

appropriate in this case for the BIA to determine whether 13136 Moenart was Martinez’s most

recently provided address.     True, when considering a motion to reopen under 8 U.S.C. §

1229a(b)(5)(C)(ii), we “focus[] on whether the alien actually received notice, rather than on whether

[DHS] sent sufficient notice to the proper address.” Gurung v. Ashcroft, 371 F.3d 718, 722 (10th

Cir. 2004); see also Silva-Carvalho Lopes v. Gonzales, 468 F.3d 81, 84 (2nd Cir. 2006) (“[W]hen

considering the motion to reopen, the central issue no longer is whether the notice was properly

mailed . . . but rather whether the alien actually received the notice.”); Joshi v. Ashcroft, 389 F.3d
732, 736 (7th Cir. 2004) (With motions to reopen, “the issue is not notice but receipt, because the

statute allows an alien ordered removed in an absentia proceeding to reopen the proceeding . . . even

if the notice that was sent . . . satisfied statutory and constitutional requirements . . . .”). Here,

however, Martinez’s sole argument was that he never received the notice because it was sent to the

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wrong address — making the issue of receipt hinge on the propriety of the notice, which in turn

depends on whether Martinez provided the 13136 Moenart address.

        The NTA personally served on Martinez and signed by him listed his current residence as

4019 Porter Street in Detroit. The NTA indicated that the date and time of Martinez’s removal

hearing were to be determined. In accordance with the requirements of the INA, 8 U.S.C. §

1229(a)(1)(F), the NTA also provided, in a paragraph entitled “Failure to appear”:

        You are required to provide [DHS], in writing, with your full mailing address and
        telephone number. You must notify the Immigration Court immediately by using
        Form EOIR-33 whenever you change your address or telephone number during the
        course of this proceeding. You will be provided with a copy of this form. Notices
        of hearing will be mailed to this address. If you do not submit Form EOIR-33 and
        do not otherwise provide an address at which you may be reached during
        proceedings, then the Government shall not be required to provide you with written
        notice of your hearing. If you fail to attend the hearing at the time and place
        designated on this notice, or any date and time later directed by the Immigration
        Court, a removal order may be made by the immigration judge in your absence, and
        you may be arrested and detained by [DHS].

The Certificate of Service on the NTA recited: “The alien was provided oral notice in the Spanish

language of the time and place of his or her hearing and of the consequences of failure to appear as

provided in section 249(b)(7) of the Act.”

        It is undisputed that Martinez never submitted Form EOIR-33 and that Form I-830, listing

his address as 13136 Moenart, was not signed by Martinez. Under 8 U.S.C. § 1229(c), a Notice of

Hearing “shall be sufficient if there is proof of attempted delivery to the last address provided by the

alien in accordance with subsection (a)(1)(F) of this section.” Although subsection 1229(a)(1)(F)

requires the NTA to inform the alien of his duty to notify the Immigration Court in writing of any

change in his address, it does not require that a written address change be signed by the alien to

constitute the alien’s last-provided address.

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       In fact, this was the point of our holding in Beltran. There, Beltran did not change his

address via the official Form EOIR-33; instead, a “non-lawyer law graduate” who worked for the

legal clinic representing Beltran mailed a change-of-address letter to the INS. Beltran, 332 F.3d at

412-13. The Immigration Court sent the Notice of Hearing to Beltran’s old address; he did not show

up, and the IJ entered an in absentia removal order against him. We held that the Notice of Hearing

was insufficient because it was not sent to Beltran’s last-provided address. Id. at 413. We found that

the letter from the legal clinic bore “indicia of reliability” because it appeared on the clinic’s

letterhead, the INS had previously served the clinic with case documents, and Beltran’s last change

of address form was attached to the letter. Id. These facts served to put the INS on notice that,

although Beltran had not signed the address change, he had authorized it. The letter thus supplied

the “last address provided by” Beltran under 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a).

       We disagree with the BIA that under Beltran, even an unauthorized representative may

change an alien’s address on his behalf. Beltran cannot be read so broadly: The point there was that

a representative who was technically unqualified to represent the alien could nonetheless effectively

change his address if there were “indicia of reliability” indicating the representative was authorized

by the alien to do so.

       We nonetheless agree with the BIA that such indicia of reliability were present in this case.

Here, a DHS officer rather than Martinez’s attorney or some other personal representative submitted

Form I-830. But it was dated the same day Martinez was released from jail and indicated that he was

the one who provided the address. Martinez has presented no corroborating evidence for his claim

that he never provided this address to the DHS officer. See generally Joshi, 389 F.3d at 735 (“[A]

bare, uncorroborated, self-serving denial of receipt, even if sworn, is weak evidence.”). Although

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the NTA listed Martinez’s residence as 4019 Porter Street and Martinez signed the Certificate of

Service affixed to the NTA, that Certificate verified only that he had received the NTA — not that

he had provided or otherwise confirmed the information in the NTA. The BIA observed that Reyes,

Martinez’s cousin and bond obligor, would have been able to “shed some light on who provided the

address, whether [Martinez] was aware of the address inserted in the Form I-830, and to whom the

address belonged.” Martinez, however, did not proffer a statement from Reyes or attempt to explain

why he was unable to do so. It was Martinez’s burden to show that he had not reported the Moenart

address to DHS, and the BIA did not abuse its discretion in holding that he had failed to shoulder

that burden.

        Although in Beltran we vacated the in absentia removal order because the hearing notice was

not sent to the address provided on Beltran’s behalf, applying the same reasoning leads us to affirm

Martinez’s in absentia removal order. Just as the Immigration Court cannot ignore an alien’s notice

of address change, an alien cannot ignore hearing notices sent to the address he has provided.

        Moreover, Martinez never asserted or offered any evidence that the Moenart address was not

one where he could receive mail. Despite having opportunity to do so, Martinez never explained

why Reyes provided that address. He did not disavow a connection to that address. He asserted only

that he did not live there, a fact that is not inconsistent with his ability to receive mail there. Because

the BIA relied in part on Martinez’s failure to provide readily available explanatory evidence, the

BIA’s decision has a rational explanation and is entitled to deference.

        Finally, the BIA did not abuse its discretion in holding that Martinez had provided no

evidence to rebut the presumption that the Immigration Court’s use of regular mail to send the Notice

of Hearing to the address on Form I-830 resulted in delivery. See Silva-Carvalho Lopes, 468 F.3d
8
at 84-86. As the BIA noted: Martinez did not initiate the removal proceedings; he did not show that

he had appeared at prior hearings or that he had a lack of motive to avoid attending the hearing; and

the Notice of Hearing was not returned as undeliverable by the postal service. See id.

                                                IV.

       The BIA’s decision not to reopen Martinez’s removal proceedings had a rational explanation

and was not an abuse of discretion. Accordingly, we DENY his petition for review.

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