Court Opinion

ID: 8482320
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-08 16:07:51.289117+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:49:37.766146
License: Public Domain

IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Pennsylvania Environmental Defense :
Foundation,                             :
                     Petitioner         :
                                        :
              v.                        :   No. 447 M.D. 2021
                                        :   Argued: September 12, 2022
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania; The :
Pennsylvania House of                   :
Representatives and Bryan Dean          :
Cutler, in his official capacity as its :
Speaker; The Pennsylvania Senate        :
and Jake Corman, in his official        :
capacity as the Senate President        :
Pro Tempore; and Tom Wolf,              :
in his official capacity as Governor :
of Pennsylvania,                        :
                     Respondents        :

BEFORE:      HONORABLE MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge
             HONORABLE LORI A. DUMAS, Judge
             HONORABLE MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, Senior Judge

OPINION
BY SENIOR JUDGE LEAVITT                             FILED: November 8, 2022

             Before the Court are the preliminary objections of the Commonwealth
of Pennsylvania, the Governor of Pennsylvania, Tom Wolf, the Pennsylvania House
of Representatives and the Pennsylvania Senate (General Assembly), and House
Speaker Bryan Cutler and Senate President Pro Tempore Jake Corman (Legislative
Leadership) (collectively, Respondents) that were filed in response to the petition
for review of the Pennsylvania Environmental Defense Foundation (Foundation).
The petition for review seeks a declaratory judgment that the Snowmobile and All-
Terrain Vehicle Law1 and Section 1720-E(a) and (b) of The Fiscal Code2 violate the
Environmental Rights Amendment of the Pennsylvania Constitution. PA. CONST.
art. I, §27.3 Respondents, in separate responsive pleadings, assert, inter alia, that the
petition fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. We sustain the
demurrers.
                                    Petition for Review
               The Foundation is a non-profit organization incorporated under the
laws of Pennsylvania for the purpose of protecting and preserving the environmental
interests of its members in Pennsylvania. Members of the Foundation have filed
affidavits in support of the petition for review.
               The petition for review identified the named Respondents as trustees of
a trust established by the Environmental Rights Amendment to the Pennsylvania
Constitution. State forests and state parks constitute the corpus of this trust. The
state forest in northcentral Pennsylvania, approximately 1.4 million acres, is “one of
the most extensive intact forest ecosystems in the eastern United States.”4 Petition
for Review (Petition) at 27, ¶61.
               In 1971, the General Assembly enacted the Snowmobile Law5 to
require snowmobiles to be titled and registered and to authorize registered

1
  75 Pa. C.S. §§7701-7753.
2
  Act of April 9, 1929, P.L. 343, as amended, added by the Act of July 17, 2007, P.L. 141. Section
1720E-(a) was added by the Act of June 22, 2018, P.L. 281, and Section 1720E-(b) was added by
the Act of November 23, 2020, P.L. 114, 72 P.S. §1720-E(a), and (b).
3
  The text of the Environmental Rights Amendment is set forth in the opinion, infra.
4
  According to the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, the state forest system
comprises 2.2 million acres of forestland in 50 of Pennsylvania’s 67 counties. See PENNSYLVANIA
DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION & NATURAL RESOURCES, PENNSYLVANIA STATE FOREST
DISTRICTS, https://www.dcnr.pa.gov/StateForests/Pages/default (last visited November 7, 2022).
5
  Act of August 12, 1971, P.L. 299, No. 75 (Act 75). The Act of June 17, 1976, P.L. 162, No. 81
(Act 81) repealed Act 75 and reenacted the Snowmobile Law, codifying it in Title 75 of the Vehicle
                                                2
snowmobiles to use trails in state forests developed for that purpose. In 1985, the
Snowmobile and All-Terrain Vehicle Law, 75 Pa. C.S. §§7701-7753, added all-
terrain vehicles (ATVs) to the titling and registration regime and authorized their
use on designated trails in state forests and state parks. Some ATV trails were placed
on the preexisting illegal trails. Petition at 8, ¶20.
             In 1995, the Department of Environmental Resources was reorganized
into two agencies. The General Assembly created the Department of Conservation
and Natural Resources (Department or DCNR) to conserve state forests and state
parks and manage their use. In that regard, the Department is required to deposit all
revenue generated by the ATV program into restricted accounts and to use those
accounts for such ATV-related purposes as “registration and certificate of title
activities, training, education, enforcement activities, construction and maintenance
of snowmobile and ATV trails and acquisition of equipment, supplies and interests
in land[.]” Petition at 7, ¶17 (quoting 75 Pa. C.S. §7706(a)(2)).
             On March 16, 2000, in response to the increased demand for more ATV
trails, the Secretary of Conservation and Natural Resources directed the
development of a five-year plan for their use in state forests. Petition at 9, ¶22. The
Department’s survey found that approximately 222 miles of ATV trails had been
approved for use in state forests, but over 2,500 miles of illegal trails had been
created by ATV users. Petition at 10, ¶24. In response, the Department adopted
enforcement policies in 2001 and 2003 to restrain ATV use in state forests. Under
pressure, however, the Department agreed to consider “strategic connector” trails in
state forests “in part to support local economic interest.” Petition at 10, 12, ¶¶25-26,
29. By 2015, the authorized ATV trails in the state forest had increased to 265 miles.

Code, 75 Pa. C.S. §§7701-7753. Act 81 was amended by the Act of July 11, 1985, P.L. 225, to
include all-terrain vehicles (ATVs).
                                            3
The Department’s 2015 policy reiterated that except for “limited development of
connectors, as deemed appropriate by the Department[,]” the ATV trail system
should not be further expanded. Petition at 13, ¶33. That policy also stated that the
Department “does not consider state forest roads to be an option for connectors
between trails systems” due to visitor safety concerns. Petition at 14, ¶34 (emphasis
in original omitted).
              One connector considered was a new ATV trail through the Sproul
State Forest District to connect the existing Bloody Skillet ATV Trail in northern
Centre County and the Whiskey Springs ATV Trail in western Clinton County.
Petition at 14, ¶35. The Department retained the Larson Design Group to evaluate
the feasibility of such a connection, but it was “unable to identify a connector ATV
route that would not impact on sensitive State Forest resources[.]” Petition at 15,
¶37.
              In 2018, shortly before the Larson Design Group completed its study,
the General Assembly amended The Fiscal Code to add Section 1720-E(a). It states
as follows:
              (a) Appropriations.--The following shall apply to appropriations
              for the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources:
                    (1) The department shall, in consultation with the
                    Department of Transportation, develop, open and maintain
                    an ATV trail connecting the Whiskey Springs ATV trail
                    to the Blood Skillet ATV trail by utilizing existing State
                    roads and State forest roads by April 1, 2020.
                    (2) The department shall, in consultation with the
                    Department of Transportation, implement the full
                    Northcentral Pennsylvania ATV initiative and create a
                    network of ATV trails connecting Clinton County to the
                    New York State border by utilizing existing State roads
                    and State forest roads by April 1, 2024.

                                          4
72 P.S. §1720-E(a) (emphasis added).
             On May 10, 2019, the Secretary of Conservation and Natural Resources
advised the Governor that the Department could not meet the April 1, 2020, deadline
in Section 1720-E(a) because it lacked the necessary funding and had concerns for
“user safety, environmental consequences, user satisfaction and legality, among
others.” Petition at 17, ¶41. In response, on August 14, 2019, Senator Joe Scarnati,
then President Pro Tempore of the Senate, met with an ATV association as well as
representatives of the Department and the Department of Transportation
(PennDOT). The senator informed them that his office planned to discuss with the
Governor why the Department and PennDOT “were not complying with the
Governor’s directive to change their policies” to implement the law authorizing the
use of state roads to connect ATV trails. Petition at 17-18, ¶42.
             On November 18, 2020, the Department issued a policy that stated,
inter alia, that the Department is “working to ensure that registered ATV owners
receive sufficient benefits for their registration funds while balancing the protection
of our natural resources and the needs of all recreational uses on state lands.”
Petition at 18, ¶43 (emphasis in original omitted). The policy recognized the
growing popularity of ATVs, which impacted “the core functions that state forest
lands were acquired to address” including “protection of clean water, clean air,
wildlife habitat, scenic beauty, rare and significant ecosystems, and wild plants.” Id.
The policy stated that the Department did not “consider state forest roads to be a
viable option for ATV connectors or trail systems mainly because they may not be
conducive for ATV riding.” Id.
             On November 23, 2020, the General Assembly amended The Fiscal
Code to add Section 1720-E(b), which states, in pertinent part, as follows:
             (b) Regional ATV pilot program for department lands.--
                                          5
                       (1) The department shall establish a regional pilot program
                       for ATV use on department lands.
                       (2) As part of the pilot program, by December 31, 2020,
                       the department shall:
                              (i) evaluate department forest districts, including
                              Elk, Moshannon, Sproul, Susquehannock and
                              Tioga, for roads and trails to serve as potential
                              regional connectors and to provide local access or
                              serve as a trail complex for ATV use; and
                              (ii) perform an assessment regarding charging fees
                              for access to the department ATV pilot area.
                                                ****
                       (5) The department shall provide access to the department
                       ATV pilot area for the 2021 summer ATV riding season
                       from the Friday before Memorial Day through the last full
                       weekend in September, in addition to an extended season
                       to be determined by the department based on local
                       conditions.

72 P.S. §1720-E(b)(1)-(2), (5).
                To comply with Section 1720-E(b) of The Fiscal Code, the Department
developed the 2021 ATV Regional Connector Trail Pilot (2021 ATV Pilot) on 59
miles of ATV trails (45.4 miles of existing trails and 13.6 miles of new trails). The
2021 ATV Pilot “reflects plans for an initial phase of a potential larger project, plans
for which will be submitted later. In future years the trail network may be expanded.
Any expansions of the system will be covered by subsequent SFERs.”6 Petition at
20, ¶46 (citing Exhibit N) (emphasis in original omitted). In conjunction with the
2021 ATV Pilot, the Department’s Bureau of Forestry did an environmental
assessment of the impact of the increased ATV use on erosion and sedimentation;
water quality; state forest roads; and the risk of fuel spills. Petition at 20-21, ¶48.

6
    “SFERs” stands for State Forest Environmental Reviews.
                                               6
             The petition avers that the ATV trails, which are 12 feet wide to allow
passing in the opposite direction, “fragment the forest, compact the soil, concentrate
water flow causing erosion and sedimentation, and degrade high quality and
exceptional value headwater stream.” Petition at 27, ¶63. It further avers that ATV
use “generates dust and destroys habitats for sensitive species in wetlands and vernal
pools[,]” and “[e]ven more extensive impacts result from illegal ATV use of the
State Forest beyond designated ATV trails[.]” Petition at 27, ¶¶63-64. Finally,
ATVs are “loud with a noise level more akin to heavy industrial equipment[.]”
Petition at 28, ¶65. The petition avers that state forest district managers do not have
the staff and resources necessary to inventory and remedy the degradation of the
state forest by ATV use. Petition at 29, ¶68. The petition avers that the challenged
statutes have forced the Department to violate its constitutional duty to “conserve
and maintain the public natural resources.” Petition at 30, ¶70.
             Based on these allegations, the petition for review seeks a judgment that
declares
             the following legislative acts and actions taken pursuant to those
             acts are unconstitutional under the [Environmental Rights
             Amendment] and that the Respondents violated their
             constitutional duties as trustees under the [Environmental Rights
             Amendment] in mandating them:
             (a)    The legislatively forced use of ATVs on our State Forest
                    and State Parks by the provisions in the Snowmobile and
                    ATV Law that require DCNR to title and register ATVs
                    within the Commonwealth, authorize the use of ATVs on
                    our State Forest and State Parks, and thus create the
                    expectation among ATV users that DCNR will use the
                    revenue generated by ATV titling and registration
                    activities to provide ATV trails for their use on our State
                    Forest and State Parks.

                                          7
             (b)   The legislatively forced use of ATVs on our State Forest
                   and State Parks by Section 1720-E(a) of the Fiscal Code
                   enacted in 2018 that requires DCNR to develop, open and
                   maintain new ATV trails in the Sproul State Forest District
                   to connect the existing Whiskey Springs and Bloody
                   Skillet ATV trails, to authorize the use of State Forest
                   roads as part of this new ATV trail system, and to create a
                   network of ATV trails connecting Clinton County to the
                   New York State border.
             (c)   The legislatively forced use of ATVs on our State Forest
                   and State Parks by Section 1720-E(b) of the Fiscal Code
                   enacted in 2020 that requires DCNR to implement a
                   regional ATV connector trail pilot program during the
                   summer of 2021.
             (d)   The [2021 ATV Pilot] opened during the summer of 2021
                   to comply with Section 1720-E(b) of the Fiscal Code that
                   further expands ATV trails on our State Forest and State
                   Parks, thus increasing the use of our State Forest and State
                   Parks by ATVs.

Petition at 41-42, ¶82 (grammatical errors not corrected).
                              Preliminary Objections
             The General Assembly has filed preliminary objections to the petition
for review asserting insufficient specificity to the pleading, untimeliness, and legal
insufficiency (demurrer).     The Legislative Leadership has filed preliminary
objections in the nature of a demurrer.       The Governor has filed preliminary
objections asserting misjoinder.      The Commonwealth has filed preliminary
objections asserting untimeliness, a demurrer, and sovereign immunity.
             In ruling on preliminary objections, we accept as true all well-pleaded
material allegations in the petition for review and any reasonable inferences
therefrom. Thomas v. Corbett, 90 A.3d 789, 794 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2014). “The Court,
however, is not bound by legal conclusions, unwarranted inferences from facts,

                                          8
argumentative allegations, or expressions of opinion encompassed in the petition for
review.” Id. We may sustain preliminary objections where the law makes clear that
the petitioner cannot succeed on his claim, and we must resolve any doubt in favor
of the petitioner. Id.
                                        I. Misjoinder
               We begin with the Governor’s preliminary objection asserting
misjoinder.7 The Governor argues that he is not a proper party to this action merely
because he signed into law two of the challenged statutes. The Governor contends
that “the proper party in interest to a challenged law is the government official that
implements the law,” which is not the Governor. Governor Brief at 10.
               In response, the Foundation argues that the Governor is a proper party
because he directed the Department to revoke the moratorium on new ATV trails in
state forest lands and the use of state forest roads to connect existing trails.
Foundation Brief at 56. The Foundation further contends that the Department “has
little choice” when “facing the mandate by the Governor to take an action that
degrades our State Forest and State Parks.” Id. at 57. These claims about the
Governor’s directives and mandates were not alleged in the petition for review and
cannot be considered.
               The allegations that are included in the petition for review are oblique
and limited as to the Governor. One allegation states that on August 14, 2019,

7
 Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 1028(a)(5) states:
      (a) Preliminary objections may be filed by any party to any pleading and are limited
      to the following grounds:
                                              ****
              (5) lack of capacity to sue, nonjoinder of a necessary party or misjoinder of
              a cause of action[.]
PA.R.Civ.P. 1028(a)(5).
                                                9
Senator Joe Scarnati pledged to discuss with the Governor’s Office why the
Department and PennDOT “were not complying with the Governor’s directive to
change their policies [regarding use of roads for ATVs] as was signed into law.”
Petition at 17-18, ¶42 (emphasis added). Another allegation states that in 2020, the
Department’s policy office, described as “an extension of the Governor’s Policy
Office,” rescinded the ATV moratorium. Petition at 18, ¶43. These passing
references to the Governor are inadequate to demonstrate his responsibility for
legislation on ATV trails in state forests and parks.
              The Governor is not a proper party merely because he signed into law
The Fiscal Code amendments that are alleged to violate the Environmental Rights
Amendment in this declaratory judgment action.             See Phantom Fireworks
Showrooms, LLC v. Wolf, 198 A.3d 1205, 1217 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2018). Further, the
merits of the Foundation’s constitutional challenge can be decided without the
Governor’s participation. Pennsylvania State Education Association v. Department
of Education, 516 A.2d 1308, 1310 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1986) (holding that the Department
of Education’s involvement in the implementation of the tuition agreement in
question was “minimal” and that “meaningful relief can readily be afforded without
the inclusion of the Department in the instant matter”).
              We sustain the Governor’s preliminary objection asserting misjoinder
under PA.R.Civ.P. 1028(a)(5).
                                    II. Demurrer
              Next, we address the preliminary objection of the remaining
Respondents that the petition for review fails to state a claim upon which relief may
be granted.    The General Assembly, the Commonwealth, and the Legislative
Leadership assert that the allegations in the petition for review are inadequate to

                                          10
overcome the presumed constitutionality of the statutes challenged by the
Foundation.
              The General Assembly argues that on its face the Snowmobile and ATV
Law demonstrates a “reasonable legislative attempt to limit and control unauthorized
ATV riding and hence limit environmental harm.” General Assembly Brief at 29.
In 1985, challenges raised under the Environmental Rights Amendment were
reviewed under the three-factor test set forth in Payne v. Kassab, 312 A.2d 86, 94
(Pa. Cmwlth. 1973), which is (1) whether the respondent complied with the
Commonwealth’s environmental laws; (2) whether the record showed a reasonable
effort to reduce the environmental incursion to a minimum; and (3) whether the
environmental harm so clearly outweighed the benefits to be derived so that allowing
the action would be an abuse of discretion. Id. The General Assembly argues that
the Snowmobile and ATV Law should be reviewed under the Payne test, which was
in effect when the statute was enacted, and not under the test announced in
Pennsylvania Environmental Defense Foundation v. Commonwealth, 161 A.3d 911
(Pa. 2017) (PEDF II).8 Even so, the Snowmobile and ATV Law meets the PEDF II
standard because it reflects a “reasonably balanced legislative effort to channel and
control growing and difficult-to-manage ATV traffic.” General Assembly Brief at
31. As explained in Robinson Township, Washington County v. Commonwealth, 83
A.3d 901, 953 (Pa. 2013), the Environmental Rights Amendment prohibits a
government act that “unreasonably causes actual or likely deterioration” of public
natural resources. Further, “Section 27 rights belong to all of the People,” including
those who “choose to enjoy the Commonwealth’s natural, scenic, historic, and

8
  In PEDF II, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court reversed this Court’s decision in Pennsylvania
Environmental Defense Foundation v. Commonwealth, 108 A.3d 140 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2015) (PEDF
I).
                                            11
esthetic values by way of [an] ATV.” General Assembly Brief at 31. The General
Assembly has to balance these diverse interests, and it did so in the Snowmobile and
ATV Law. The General Assembly does not have to make “specific Section 27
findings before passing its enactments.” General Assembly Brief at 27 (citing
Frederick v. Allegheny Township Zoning Hearing Board, 196 A.3d 677, 701 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2018)).
             With respect to the 2018 and 2020 amendments to The Fiscal Code, the
General Assembly argues that the 2018 amendment directs the Department to
develop ATV trails “by utilizing existing State roads and State forest roads;” new
trail construction is not required. Section 1720-E(a) of The Fiscal Code, 72 P.S.
§1720-E(a) (emphasis added). The 2020 amendment calls for an ATV “pilot
program” that is experimental, not permanent, and gives the Department flexibility
to address environmental concerns that arise in the course of implementing the pilot
program. The 2020 amendment directs the Department to “perform outreach to
affected communities and stakeholders,” which includes environmental groups, such
as the Foundation. 72 P.S. §1720-E(b)(3)(ii). It also requires the Department to
collect fees from pilot program users and deposit them into the restricted account to
fund “ATV activities, enforcement and maintenance on department lands.” 72 P.S.
§1720-E(b)(8) (emphasis added).        Finally, the 2020 amendment directs the
Department to “monitor the use, enforcement, maintenance needs and any associated
impacts to State Forest land resources” and submit a report to the legislature. 72
P.S. §1720-E(b)(9). In short, the 2018 and 2020 amendments to The Fiscal Code
“reasonably account for the environmental features of the affected locale” and, thus,
satisfy the Environmental Rights Amendment. General Assembly Brief at 34
(quoting Murrysville Watch Committee v. Municipality of Murrysville Zoning

                                         12
Hearing Board (Pa. Cmwlth., No. 579 C.D. 2020, filed January 24, 2022), slip op.
at 22 (unreported),9 appeal denied, __ A.3d __ (Pa., No. 56 WAL 2022, filed August
10, 2022) (emphasis added)).
               The Commonwealth makes arguments in support of a demurrer that are
substantially the same as those of the General Assembly.
               In support of its demurrer, the Legislative Leadership notes that the
petition for review recites that the 2021 ATV Pilot program is sited entirely on
existing roads and trails on state forest lands. Legislative Leadership Brief at 25.
Because The Fiscal Code amendments “maximiz[e] the use of existing resources
rather than using new ones,” they meet the “ordinary prudence” standard by which
a trustee’s actions are evaluated under the Environmental Rights Amendment.
Legislative Leadership Brief at 18. Likewise, the Snowmobile and ATV Law
satisfies the constitutional standard of ordinary prudence announced in PEDF II.10
Contrary to the Foundation’s assertion, the legislature need not defer to an agency’s
opinion “on the merits” of proposed legislation. Legislative Leadership Brief at 20.
Further, the Environmental Rights Amendment does not prohibit normal and
customary outdoor recreational use of a public resource. Indeed, at the time of the
adoption of the Environmental Rights Amendment, the settlors of the public trust
were aware that some beneficiaries “chose to exercise their rights through the use of
mechanical equipment” and, thus, were developing trails for snowmobiles. Id. at
29.

9
   Pursuant to Section 414(a) of this Court’s Internal Operating Procedures, 210 Pa. Code
§69.414(a), an unreported panel decision of this Court issued after January 15, 2008, may be cited
for its persuasive value, but not as binding precedent.
10
   Notably, the Snowmobile and ATV Law was enacted in 1971 before the service of either the
House Speaker or the Senate President Pro Tempore in the General Assembly.
                                               13
             The Foundation responds that its petition for review states a claim. The
petition challenges the statutes’ authorization of “ATV use” in state forests and state
parks because “such use degrades these constitutionally protected resources.”
Foundation Brief at 22. The duty of Respondents to “conserve and maintain” is
antithetical to “the degradation, diminution and depletion” of our public natural
resources authorized by the challenged statutes. Id. at 36. The Foundation contends
that whether the level of environmental degradation authorized by the
unconstitutional statutes is “minimal” requires evidence and a factual finding. Id. at
29.
             The Foundation argues that Frederick, 196 A.3d 677, and Murrysville
Watch Committee, No. 579 C.D. 2020, are inapposite.                 They involved a
constitutional challenge to a zoning ordinance that allowed oil and gas development
in all zoning districts, provided certain conditions were met. This case, by contrast,
involves the constitutionality of state statutes that have violated the trustee’s duties
with respect to public lands. Respondents’ claim that they have “balanced” the
protection of trust assets with the recreational interests of ATV riders is not enough
to escape judicial review. Foundation Brief at 19. The General Assembly in 1985
had a fiduciary duty as trustee to conserve and maintain the public natural resources
when, for the first time, it authorized the use of ATVs in state forests. Prior thereto,
ATVs were not allowed on state forest roads due to concerns for the ecology and
safety. Petition at 14, 18, ¶¶34, 43.
             The Department, which is the General Assembly’s “co-trustee with
expertise in conserving and maintaining the public natural resources,” has repeatedly
issued reports and policy statements opposing ATV use on state forest roads or any
new trails on state forest land. Foundation Brief at 25; Petition at 10-12, ¶¶25-28.

                                          14
The enactment of legislation mandating the 2021 ATV Pilot program was contrary
to the Department’s advice.
              The Foundation argues that the challenged statutes violate the
legislature’s duty of loyalty and impartiality because they prioritize “the desires (not
the needs) of current ATV enthusiasts and local businesses and officials interested
in economic development[.]” Foundation Brief at 29. The duty of loyalty requires
a trustee to “administer the trust solely in the interest of the beneficiaries,” which
include future generations. PEDF II, 161 A.3d at 934. The petition’s averment that
the statutes in question have reduced the value of state parks and forests for current
and future generation beneficiaries is sufficient to state a claim under the
Environmental Rights Amendment.
              The Foundation’s petition for review asserts that legislation that
authorizes any ATV and snowmobile use in state forests and state parks violates the
Pennsylvania Constitution. Here, the challenged statutes have authorized 265 (or
so) miles of trails on over 2 million acres of state forest lands. The Foundation seeks
a declaratory judgment that the Snowmobile and ATV Law and Sections 1720-E(a)
and 1720-E(b) of The Fiscal Code violate the Environmental Rights Amendment.11
              In addressing the parties’ demurrer, we first consider the nature of the
Foundation’s constitutional challenge and whether it is a facial or “as-applied”
challenge. We conclude that it is the former.

11
   A declaratory judgment is not granted as a matter of right. Ronald H. Clark, Inc. v. Township
of Hamilton, 562 A.2d 965, 968-69 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1989). Whether a court should grant a
declaratory judgment is a matter committed to the discretion of a court of original jurisdiction.
Gulnac by Gulnac v. South Butler County School District, 587 A.2d 699, 701 (Pa. 1991). See also
Declaratory Judgments Act, 42 Pa. C.S. §§7531-7541.

                                               15
             First, the petition for review did not name the Department, which is the
agency created by the legislature to enforce the challenged statutes. An as-applied
challenge “does not contend that a law is unconstitutional as written but that its
application to a particular person under particular circumstances deprived that
person of a constitutional right[.]” Johnson v. Allegheny Intermediate Unit, 59 A.3d
10, 16 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2012) (quoting Commonwealth v. Brown, 26 A.3d 485, 493 (Pa.
Super. 2011)). To present an as-applied challenge, it is necessary to name the agency
responsible for the enforcement of the statute in question that has implemented the
statute in an unconstitutional manner. The Foundation’s petition does not name the
Department, let alone assert that it has misapplied the statutes in question. Rather,
the pleading contends that the Department has been “legislatively forced” to accept
ATV use in state forests.
             Second, the petition for review named the General Assembly and its
leadership as respondents. The legislative branch of the government has no role to
play in the implementation and enforcement of the laws it enacts. It is responsible
only for the language of its legislation.
             We conclude that the Foundation’s pleading has lodged a facial
challenge to the statutes in question.           A facial challenge “tests a law’s
constitutionality based on its text alone and does not consider the facts or
circumstances of a particular case.” Johnson, 59 A.3d at 16 (quoting Brown, 26
A.3d at 493).     “A statute is facially unconstitutional only where no set of
circumstances exist[s] under which the statute would be valid.” PEDF II, 161 A.3d
at 938 n.31 (quoting Clifton v. Allegheny County, 969 A.2d 1197, 1222 (Pa. 2009)).
“In determining whether a statute is facially invalid, courts do not look beyond the
statute’s explicit requirements or speculate about hypothetical or imaginary cases.”

                                            16
Germantown Cab Company v. Philadelphia Parking Authority, 206 A.3d 1030, 1041
(Pa. 2019). As these standards plainly reflect, “facial challenges are generally
disfavored,” Clifton, 969 A.2d at 1223 n.37, and they are “the most difficult
challenge to mount successfully[.]” Commonwealth v. Pownall, 278 A.3d 885, 905
(Pa. 2022) (quoting United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745 (1987)).
             In PEDF II, 161 A.3d 911, the Foundation, the petitioner in this case,
challenged the constitutionality of several provisions of The Fiscal Code that
directed revenue generated by the lease of state forest and park lands for oil and gas
extraction to be used to fund state government operations. The Foundation sought a
declaratory judgment that these provisions of The Fiscal Code violated the
Environmental Rights Amendment because they allowed public trust assets to be
used for purposes other than preservation of these public assets. The Supreme Court
held that some of the challenged Fiscal Code provisions, on their face, violated the
Environmental Rights Amendment.
             In so holding, the Supreme Court analyzed each sentence of the
Environmental Rights Amendment, which states as follows:
             The people have a right to clean air, pure water, and to the
             preservation of the natural, scenic, historic and esthetic values of
             the environment. Pennsylvania’s public natural resources are the
             common property of all the people, including generations yet to
             come. As trustee of these resources, the Commonwealth shall
             conserve and maintain them for the benefit of all the people.

PA. CONST. art. I, §27. The Court explained that the first sentence is “a prohibitory
clause declaring the right of citizens to clean air and pure water, and . . . the
preservation of natural, scenic, historic and esthetic values of the environment.”
PEDF II, 161 A.3d at 931. In other words, it prohibits the Commonwealth from
acting in a way that “unreasonably impairs” citizens’ rights to a clean environment.

                                          17
Id. The second sentence confers ownership of the state’s “public natural resources”
upon Pennsylvania’s citizens, including future generations. Id. The third sentence
makes the natural resources the corpus of a public trust and names the
Commonwealth as trustee and its citizens as the beneficiaries of the trust. Id. at 931-
32. The Supreme Court held that “[a]s a fiduciary, the Commonwealth has a duty
to act toward the corpus of the trust–the public natural resources–with prudence,
loyalty, and impartiality.” Id. at 932 (quoting Robinson Township, 83 A.3d at 957)
(emphasis added). This involves two duties: “a duty to prohibit the degradation,
diminution, and depletion” of our public resources and a duty to “act affirmatively
via legislative action to protect the environment.” PEDF II, 161 A.3d at 933.
               Finding the minerals under state parks and forests to be “part of the
corpus of Pennsylvania’s environmental public trust,” id. at 916, the Court held that
the Commonwealth serves as a trustee, rather than as a proprietor, of its “public
natural resources.” Id. at 935. The royalties generated from the lease of state land
for oil and gas extraction must be committed to “furthering the purposes, rights, and
protections” of the Environmental Rights Amendment.                    Id. at 928 (quotation
omitted). The Supreme Court ruled that Sections 1602-E and 1603-E of The Fiscal
Code12 were facially unconstitutional because they allocated the royalties from the
sale of oil and gas to the General Fund, i.e., to a “non-trust purpose.” PEDF II, 161
A.3d at 938-39.13

12
  Added by the Act of October 9, 2009, P.L. 537, as amended, 72 P.S. §§1602-E, 1603-E.
13
  The Supreme Court remanded the matter to the Commonwealth Court to decide whether bonuses
and rental payments deposited into the General Fund to pay for government operations in 2009
and 2010 pursuant to two fiscal enactments were part of the trust corpus. On July 29, 2019, this
Court held that bonuses and rental payments were not for the severance of natural resources and,
therefore, not part of the trust corpus. This Court held that Sections 1604-E and 1605-E of The
Fiscal Code, added by the Act of October 9, 2009, P.L. 537, and the Act of July 6, 2010, P.L. 279,
72 P.S. §§1604-E, 1605-E, and Section 1912 of the Supplemental General Appropriations Act of
                                               18
               In Frederick, 196 A.3d at 684-85, township residents appealed a zoning
hearing board’s denial of their substantive validity challenge to an ordinance that
allowed oil and gas operations in all zoning districts. The township residents argued,
inter alia, that the zoning ordinance violated the Environmental Rights Amendment
because placing an “industrial use,” such as an unconventional gas well, in
agricultural areas “degrades the local environment in which people live, work, and
recreate, including the public natural resources on which people rely.” Id. at 691
(quotation omitted). The residents argued, relying on PEDF II, that the township
breached its trustee duty in the enactment of the zoning ordinance. The trial court
affirmed the zoning hearing board.
               In affirming the trial court, we relied upon the Supreme Court’s
holdings in PEDF II and Robinson Township to hold that the township residents did
not prove that the zoning ordinance “unreasonably” impaired their rights under the
Environmental Rights Amendment. Frederick, 196 A.3d at 697. Credited expert
testimony proffered in the residents’ substantive validity challenge established that
there was a long history of oil and gas development safely coexisting with
agricultural uses in the township. Further, unconventional gas development would
help preserve the ability of landowners to continue farming, thereby advancing the
object of the Environmental Rights Amendment.
               We further noted that balancing the interest of private property owners
with the public health, safety, and welfare of the community goes into the enactment

2009, were constitutional. Pennsylvania Environmental Defense Foundation v. Commonwealth,
214 A.3d 748, 751 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2019) (PEDF III). The Foundation appealed, and the Supreme
Court reversed. Pennsylvania Environmental Defense Foundation v. Commonwealth, 255 A.3d
289, 293 (Pa. 2021) (PEDF IV) (holding that revenue from upfront bonus payments, rentals, and
penalty interest for leases qualified as income generated by trust assets and could not be used for
non-trust purposes).
                                               19
of any land use regulation. Id. at 693 n.29. Indeed, zoning legislation accounts for
the “natural, scenic, historic and esthetic values of the environment” by placing
compatible uses in the same zoning district, and it is axiomatic that a zoning
ordinance must balance the public interests of the community with the individual
due process rights of private property owners. Id. at 695 (quoting PA. CONST. art. I,
§27). As our Supreme Court explained in Robinson Township, the “‘Environmental
Rights Amendment does not call for a stagnant landscape’ or ‘for the derailment of
economic or social development’ or ‘for a sacrifice of other fundamental values.’”
Frederick, 196 A.3d at 694 (quoting Robinson Township, 83 A.3d at 953).
             We concluded that courts must presume that the township
“‘investigated the question and ascertained what is best for . . . the good of the
people’ when it enacted [the zoning ordinance in question].” Frederick, 196 A.3d
at 701 (quoting Khan v. State Board of Auctioneer Examiners, 842 A.2d 936, 947
(Pa. 2004)). Whether the zoning ordinance “is wise or whether it is [the] best means
to achieve the desired result are matters left to the legislature, and not the courts.”
Frederick, 196 A.3d at 701 (quoting Khan, 842 A.2d at 947).
             To succeed in its facial challenge, the Foundation must show that the
statutes in question cannot be valid under any set of circumstances. Clifton, 969
A.2d at 1222. For example, a statute that authorized unrestricted and unlicensed
snowmobile and ATV use in all state forests and state parks without regard to the
particular locale may be facially invalid. However, that is not the statutory scheme
before the Court. Rather, the statutes limit the development of snowmobile and ATV

                                          20
trails and have set up a regulatory regime to enforce those limits. On their face, they
meet the standards set forth in PEDF II and Robinson Township.14
              The Environmental Rights Amendment requires the trustee to weigh
and balance reasonable use of public lands, and we must presume that, here, the
legislature investigated and balanced the recreational use of state forests and parks
with their environmental protection and preservation. The Environmental Rights
Amendment does not require a “stagnant landscape” or the “sacrifice of other
fundamental values,” such as recreation with mechanical devices.                 Robinson
Township, 83 A.3d at 953; Frederick, 196 A.3d at 694. Further, the General
Assembly is not required to document “some sort of pre-action environmental
impact analysis” as a pre-condition to enactment of a statute, such as the
Snowmobile and ATV Law. Frederick, 196 A.3d at 700 (quotation omitted). It is
presumed that the General Assembly enacts legislation that conforms to any and all
applicable constitutional mandates.
              The Foundation’s pleading does not state facts to show that the statutes,
on their face, unreasonably impair “the environmental features of the affected
locale.” Robinson Township, 83 A.3d at 953. The factual averments are numerous
but, ultimately, conclusory and contradictory.
              The pleading avers, for example, that ATV trails degrade the
environment.     It avers that ATVs are noisy and that their 12-foot-wide trails
“fragment the forest, compact the soil, [and] concentrate water flow.” Petition at 27,
¶63. This broad and conclusory allegation also applies to every paved road that

14
  We reject the General Assembly’s suggestion that the Snowmobile and ATV Law should be
evaluated under Payne, 312 A.2d 86, which governed application of the Environmental Rights
Amendment at the time the 1985 statute was enacted. PEDF II refined our understanding of the
Environmental Rights Amendment and overruled Payne. The principles in PEDF II govern the
Snowmobile and ATV Law.
                                            21
passes through a state forest. Wider than 12 feet, these roads also fragment the forest
and compact the soil. Indeed, footfalls compact the soil. The pleading challenges
neither roads nor hiking trails. The pleading does not identify a particular locale
where an ATV trail is inappropriate; rather, it asserts that any ATV trail, regardless
of its location in an area of 2.2 million acres, violates the Environmental Rights
Amendment.
             The petition for review asserts that the statutes have “legislatively
mandated” the Department to violate its duties as trustee. However, the petition’s
allegations contradict this proposition repeatedly. It states, for example, that the
Department issued a policy that balances “the protection of our natural resources and
the needs of all recreational uses on state lands.” Petition at 18, ¶43. The petition
states that the Department will not undertake any expansion of the ATV trail system
without “subsequent SFERs.” Petition at 20, ¶46. With regard to the 2021 ATV
Pilot, the Department did an assessment of ATV use on erosion, water quality, and
risk of oil spills. Petition at 20-21, ¶48. These allegations all contradict the
Foundation’s claim that the legislative mandates it challenges have robbed the
Department of the ability to protect and preserve our natural resources.
             The petition for review seeks an absolute prohibition against the use of
state forests and parks for ATV use. However, the petition for review also alleges
that the absolute prohibition did not work because miles of illegal trails were created
even before the passage of the Snowmobile and ATV Law. Petition at 8, ¶20.
             The statutes in question limit the development of snowmobile and ATV
trails and have set up a regulatory regime to enforce those limits. The 2020
amendment to The Fiscal Code directs the Department to collect fees from the 2021
ATV Pilot program users and deposit them into the restricted account to fund “ATV

                                          22
activities, enforcement and maintenance on department lands[.]” 72 P.S. §1720-
E(b)(8) (emphasis added). The 2020 amendment also directs the Department to
“monitor the use, enforcement, maintenance needs and any associated impacts to
State Forest land resources” and submit a report to the legislature. 72 P.S. §1720-
E(b)(9). Although the pleading avers that the challenged statutes were enacted to
advance “local economic interest,” Petition at 12, ¶29, economic interests are not
anathema to the Environmental Rights Amendment. Robinson Township, 83 A.3d
at 953. The plain language of the challenged statutes demonstrates the “prudence,
loyalty and impartiality” required by the Environmental Rights Amendment. PEDF
II, 161 A.3d at 931.
             That the Foundation and even the Department staff may disagree with
the balancing done by the legislature in allowing, but regulating, ATV use does not
establish that the statutory scheme is unconstitutional on its face. The General
Assembly cannot delegate its legislative power to an executive branch agency. The
Foundation’s proposition that the General Assembly must “seek and follow the
advice” of the Department before passing laws that have environmental impact, if
adopted, would violate the principle of separation of powers. Foundation Brief at
28. “The legislative power in its most pristine form is the power to make, alter and
repeal   laws[,]”      and   “[i]t   is   axiomatic   that   the   Legislature   cannot
constitutionally delegate the power to make law to any other branch of government
or to any other body or authority.” Blackwell v. State Ethics Commission, 567 A.2d
630, 636 (Pa. 1989) (emphasis in original) (quotations omitted). The Foundation
seems not to appreciate that the Department is a creature of statute subject to the
legislature’s directives.

                                            23
              In short, the petition for review does not allege facts to show that
Respondents have acted in a way that “unreasonably impair[s]” citizens’ rights
protected by the Environmental Rights Amendment. PEDF II, 161 A.3d at 931;
Frederick, 196 A.3d at 697. The challenged statutes have set up a regulatory regime
to limit and manage snowmobile and ATV trails, and courts must presume that the
legislature has “investigated the question and ascertained what is best for . . . the
good of the people[]” when it enacted the statutes in question. Frederick, 196 A.3d
at 701 (quoting Khan, 842 A.2d at 947). The petition for review does not support
the claim that, on their face, the statutes show no respect for the Environmental
Rights Amendment. PEDF II, 161 A.3d at 938 n.31; Clifton, 969 A.2d at 1222. The
Foundation’s claim, if successful, would eliminate the balancing of recreational
interests with the preservation of the forests, which deviates from Robinson
Township, 83 A.3d at 953, and Frederick, 196 A.3d at 694.
              For these reasons, we conclude that the petition for review fails to state
a claim under the Environmental Rights Amendment upon which relief may be
granted. We thus sustain Respondents’ preliminary objections in the nature of a
demurrer.
                                       Conclusion
              Based on the foregoing, we sustain the preliminary objections asserting
misjoinder under PA.R.Civ.P. 1028(a)(5) and demurrer under PA.R.Civ.P.
1028(a)(4) and dismiss the Foundation’s petition for review.15                 Given this

15
  Because we dismiss the petition for review based upon misjoinder and demurrer, we need not
address Respondents’ other preliminary objections.
                                            24
conclusion, the Foundation should consider withdrawing its “Addendum” to this
petition for review and refiling it as a separate pleading.16

                               ____________________________________________
                               MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge Emerita

Judge Covey did not participate in the decision in this case.

Judge Wallace did not participate in the decision in this case.

16
   On August 29, 2022, the Court granted the Foundation’s application to amend its petition for
review with an addendum. The addendum adds the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and
Natural Resources (Department) and Cindy Adams Dunn, in her official capacity as the Secretary
of Conservation and Natural Resources, as Respondents and asserts that the Department’s actions
related to the Renovo ATV Connector Trail violated its trustee duties under the Environmental
Rights Amendment, PA. CONST. art. I, §27. By order dated September 8, 2022, the Court stayed
responsive pleadings to the petition addendum pending disposition of the preliminary objections.
                                              25
          IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Pennsylvania Environmental Defense :
Foundation,                             :
                     Petitioner         :
                                        :
              v.                        :     No. 447 M.D. 2021
                                        :
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania; The :
Pennsylvania House of                   :
Representatives and Bryan Dean          :
Cutler, in his official capacity as its :
Speaker; The Pennsylvania Senate        :
and Jake Corman, in his official        :
capacity as the Senate President        :
Pro Tempore; and Tom Wolf,              :
in his official capacity as Governor :
of Pennsylvania,                        :
                     Respondents        :

                                     ORDER
             AND NOW, this 8th day of November, 2022, the preliminary objection
asserting misjoinder raised by Tom Wolf, in his official capacity as Governor of
Pennsylvania, is SUSTAINED. The preliminary objections in the nature of a
demurrer raised by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, The Pennsylvania House
of Representatives and Bryan Dean Cutler, in his official capacity as its Speaker, and
The Pennsylvania Senate and Jake Corman, in his official capacity as the Senate
President Pro Tempore, are SUSTAINED.             The Pennsylvania Environmental
Defense Foundation’s Petition for Review is DISMISSED.

                            ____________________________________________
                            MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge Emerita