Court Opinion

ID: 7341228
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-25 23:52:54.994711+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:20:15.974807
License: Public Domain

INGRAHAM, J.
The plaintiff, a foreign corporation, sought to-recover in this action the damages sustained by the breach of a contract to sell "German mirror plates” made with the defendants’ co-partners doing business under the firm name of United Bavarian. Looking-Glass Works. The contract in question was dated February 8, 1897, and was as follows:
*782“It is hereby agreed that, in consideration of W. P. Fuller & Co. buying all their supply of German mirror plates from the United Bavarian Looking-Glass Works for a period of six months from this date, the said United Bavarian Looking-Glass Works agree to the following: To sell delivered f. o. b. New York” certain plain and beveled mirrors at prices named.
The execution of this contract was admitted, and the defendants filled all orders given by the plaintiff up to the 15th of June, 1897. Upon the 15th of June and subsequent days the plaintiff sent to the defendants certain additional orders, which the defendants refused to fill, the last order being dated July 19, 1897; and it is to recover for a failure to fill these orders that this action is brought. The plaintiff’s manager testified as to the giving of these orders; that all of the goods ordered of the defendants had been actually resold by the plaintiff, except a small portion; that these amounts ordered by the plaintiff were for the supply of the plaintiff for the six months subsequent to the date of the contract; that, prior to the time these orders were given, most of the goods ordered from the defendants had been sold, and had to be delivered as soon as received; and that such sales which had been made by the plaintiff were not outside of the ordinary business of the plaintiff’s house. The court directed a verdict for the plaintiff for the difference in the value of the articles ordered and the market price at the time of the failure of the defendants to perform their contract, to which the defendants excepted. There was a general request by the defendants to go to the jury, but no question to be submitted to the jury was specified.
The defendants moved to dismiss the complaint upon two grounds: First, that the plaintiff cannot recover because it has not been shown that this plaintiff, a foreign corporation, has complied with the requirements of law permitting it to do business in this state or to bring an action in this state; and, second, that there was no mutuality in the contract, as the plaintiff was not bound to give an order during the whole six months.
As to the first ground, the illegality of the contract is not pleaded. No such defense is raised in the answer. The statute relied on is section 15 off the stock corporation law (chapter 687 of the Laws of 1892). That statute provides that:
“No foreign, stock corporation, other than a monied corporation, shall do business in this state without having first procured from the secretary of state a certificate that it has complied with all the requirements of law to authorize it to do business in this state. * * * No foreign stock corporation doing business in the state without such certificate shall maintain any action in’ this state upon any contract made by it in this state until it shall have procured such certificate.”
The only penalty for a violation of this provision is that a corporation doing business without such certificate is prohibited from maintaining an action in this state upon a contract made by it in this state until it shah have procured such certificate. The contract is not abrogated or made incapable of enforcement because of a failure to comply with the provisions of the statute. The right of a corporation to maintain an action to enforce such a contract is suspended until such a certificate is procured. The objection to the maintenance of such an action to. enforce a legal cause of action is an *783affirmative defense, which must be pleaded to be made available. The general rule is that a defendant who intends to avail himself of the benefit of a statute as a defense to an action for damages for breach of an agreement must specifically plead it; A familiar example is the statute of limitations. It has been held that where a defense rests upon-a statute, and the fact of a violation of the statute does not appear upon the face of the complaint, the objection must be taken by answer, or the defense is waived. Crane v. Powell, 139 N. Y. 379, 34 N. E. 911; Wells v. Monihan, 129 N. Y. 161, 29 N. E. 232. We think, therefore, the court was right in refusing to dismiss the complaint upon this ground.
We think the second ground of the motion to dismiss the complaint was equally without merit. The contract signed by both of the .contracting parties provides that:
“It is hereby agreed that, in consideration of W. P. Puller & Co. buying all their supply of German mirror plates from the United Bavarian Looking-Glass Works for a period of six months from this date, the said United Bavarian Looking-Glass Works agree to the following: To sell delivered f. o. b. New York” the articles mentioned.
Thus the contract is that, in consideration of the plaintiff buying all its supplies of the German mirror plates from the defendants, the defendants agree to sell to the plaintiff. The mutual covenant implied in such contract is that the plaintiff will buy and. the defendant will sell, and the law thereby implies an expressed agreement of the plaintiff to buy, as the basis of the agreement of the defendant to sell. The form of the obligation is not material, so long as the intention of the parties can plainly be gathered from the instrument. The phrase "in consideration of the plaintiff buying” clearly implies an agreement of the plaintiff to buy, as a consideration of the promise of the defendant to sell; and thus the cqntract becomes a mutual contract, executory in its nature, but imposing upon the buyer the obligation to buy and the seller the obligation to sell. This question was considered by this court in Baker Transfer Co. v. Merchants’ Refrigerating & Ice Mfg. Co., 1 App. Div. 507, 37 N. Y. Supp. 276, and the determination in that case sustains the rulings of the court in this case.
The material question, however, arises from the refusal of the court to allow the defendants to prove the negotiations and conversations between the plaintiff’s manager and the agent of the defendants prior to and at the time of the execution of this contract. After the plaintiff had rested, the agent who signed this contract on behalf of the defendants was called as a witness, and asked to state what conversation he had with the plaintiff’s manager on February 8,1897, the day the contract was signed. That was objected to on the ground that the defense set up bv the defendants as a second defense does not constitute any defense, or any ground for a reformation of the contract. That objection was sustained, and the defendants excepted. Various other questions were asked, tending to show the negotiation which led up to this contract, and the representations made by the plaintiff’s manager at the time of the execution of the contract, all of which were excluded upon the objection of the plaintiff. *784The defendants claim that this evidence was admissible upon two-grounds : First, to prove the affirmative defense set' up in the answer, upon which is based their demand for a reformation of the contract; and, second, to prove contemporaneous oral agreements by which it was agreed that the purchases that were to be made under this contract were not to exceed the quantity equal'to that purchased by the plaintiff in any previous season of six months. The allegations upon which the demand for affirmative relief is based are: That, when the contract prepared by the manager was submitted to-the defendants’ agent, he refused to sign it unless the quantity of goods to be ordered by the plaintiff from the defendants during the season named in the contract was specified. The plaintiff’s manager thereupon agreed with the defendants’ agent that the supply referred to in the paper writing meant, and was intended to mean, a quantity equal to the quantity purchased by the plaintiff in any previous season of six months, and that plaintiff would not need or use any more, and that the term used in the paper, to wit, “supply,” had no other meaning and was intended to have no other meaning or effect; that, if the defendants’ agent signed the paper as it was prepared, the plaintiff could not order or ask from the defendants any more than the quantity which the plaintiff had been in the habit of ordering from said firm in any previous season of six months; that the supply named in the said paper meant such average quantity as the plaintiff had been in the habit of purchasing from said firm in a previous season of six months, and no more. That- thereupon, relying upon such statements and assertions of the plaintiff’s manager, and upon the truthfulness and correctness of his said statements and assertions, the defendants’ agent signed the said paper writing, relying solely and entirely upon the said assertions and statements of plaintiff’s manager, and that defendants’ agent did not understand the meaning of the expression used in the paper writing, except as the plaintiff’s manager so explained it. If upon "establishing the truth of these allegations the defendants were entitled to have the contract reformed, then it was error to exclude the testimony offered by the defendants. The contract in form is clear and unambiguous: By it the defendants agree to sell and deliver in ISTew York these mirrors at a certain price, and the plaintiff agreed to order from the defendants “all their [plaintiff’s] supply of German mirror plates.” The defendants ask to reform this contract by inserting a clause limiting the amount that the plaintiff can order to a “quantity not exceeding their average purchase of any previous season of six months”; and this is asked upon the allegation that the plaintiff’s representative stated that such was the meaning of the words “all plaintiff’s supplies of German mirrors.” The language used in the contract are words of ordinary use in the English language, and having a well-defined meaning. Thus the word “supply” is defined in the Standard Dictionary as “that which is or can be supplied; available aggregate of things needed or demanded; an amount sufficient for a givén use or purpose,—and in the Imperial Dictionary, “that which is supplied; sufficiency of things for use or want; a quantity of something furnished or on hand.” Thus the plaintiff’s “supply” for a given period, giving to the *785words their usual significance, could have no relation to the amount that had been ordered for a prior period, but could relate only to the period covered by the contract. The substance of this claim, therefore, is, because plaintiff’s representative stated that this term was intended to mean something entirely different from what it expressed, and the defendants’ agent, relying upon that statement, signed the contract, that the defendants are now entitled to have this contract reformed by adding a clause which is contradictory to the meaning of the contract as executed. In the answer the defendants allege that for over four months they complied with the contract. „ During all this time there was no claim that the contract did not express the understanding of the parties; and, admitting that the defendants’ agent misunderstood the meaning of the term used, there is no allegation that these defendants, when they accepted and proceeded to carry out this contract, were under any illusion as to its meaning, or that they relied upon any representation made by the plaintiff’s manager. If the defendants had promptly repudiated the contract upon the ground that as it stood it did not express their real intention, a different question would have been presented. They, however, accepted the contract, as executed by their agent, as it stood, and proceeded to perform it so long as it was profitable for them to do so; and only when, in consequence of a change of price of the articles to be furnished, it became unprofitable, was the obligation repudiated. It was then too late for the defendants to come in and allege that their agent, when he executed the contract, executed it under a misapprehension as to its meaning induced by the representations made by the plaintiff’s manager. I think, therefore, the allegations of this answer, taken as a whole, do not present a case in which a court of equity would be justified in reforming the contract. Nor do I think the defendants could prove a contemporaneous oral agreement that the plaintiff would not order or ask from the defendants more than a quantity that the plaintiff was in the habit of buying from the defendants in any previous season of six months. This contract is complete. On its face the obligations of the contracting parties are plainly and specifically set forth. The plaintiff agrees to purchase from the defendants all their supply of German mirror plates for six months, and the defendants agree to sell to the plaintiff all their supply of such mirror plates for that period, at a price named. The oral agreement that the defendants seek to enforce is one that expressly contradicts the agreement as thus construed. By “all their supplies” is clearly meant all the German mirrors that were necessary for the plaintiff’s business for that period. The period is definitely fixed, namely, six months from the date of the instrument. It is not as to the amount of supplies that the plaintiff required or had on hand during a previous period, and to allow evidence of such an oral agreement would clearly allow the defendants to contradict the terms of the written contract by an oral contemporaneous understanding. To allow a party to such a contract to prove such a * contemporaneous agreement would be to vary a written instrument, and import into the contract a meaning inconsistent with the provisions therein expressed.
*786If authority is needed to show that such evidence1 was incompetent for such a purpose, the case of Gray v. Shepard, 147 N. Y. 177, 43 N. E. 500, is in point. In that case the court said:
“The plaintiff offered to prove a conversation Between’ Mrnseif and Mr. Shepard, when the contract was presented: to- JMbb amsE before’ execution, in which Mr. Shepard, in reply to an inquiry made By the plaintiff as to the meaning of the word ‘incompatibility’ in the contract, said’ that ‘it meant that he should have the right to discharge you if at any time- you were mssmted to newspaper work or tired of newspaper work, and that is-all’ St meant/ The judge excluded the evidence, and the plaintiff excepted1. The ruling, was proper. The plaintiff, by the evidence offered, sought to- limit tlie meaning of a word in eommon'use, the only indeflniteness' of meaning consisting, io its wide application,”'—and it was held the evidence was not competent..
It was said in Pindar v. Insurance Co.,. 47 N. Y. 117:
“Evidence of surrounding circumstances and’ other parol1 evidence- is, isn some cases, admissible to show the meaning of language employed ira a contract,, or the sense in which it has been used, but never to show the' intent of the parties, as contradistinguished from what the' words express.”'
'See, also, Thomas v. Scott, 127 N. Y. 136, 27 N- E. 961, where this question is discussed; and after an examination of the question the court said that evidence of what was said between the- parties to a valid instrument in writing, either prior or at the time of its execution, cannot be received to contradict its terras. In that ease it was held that where a contract appears on its face to be complete, with mutual obligations to be performed, you can. no more add to or contradict its legal effect by parol stipulations preceding or- accompanying its execution than you can alter it through the same means in any other respect. The evidence of such oral agreement as alleged in this case would not tend to explain what the parties meant by this contract, for that appears on the face of the contract itself, but would introduce a modified and different understanding, which would contradict the written contract, and change it from an absolute contract to furnish the plaintiff with all its supplies for a period of six. months into a contract by which the defendants would furnish, not ill the plaintiff’s supplies for the period, but the amount of such supplies that plaintiff had ordered during a prior period. Such an oral agreement, therefore, would not be one supplementary to the contract as actually made, but would he contradictory thereto; and, as it would not he such evidence as tended to explain an ambiguity or the meaning of some provision in the contract, it is not admissible. Such evidence “is received, where doubt arises on the face of the instrument as to its meaning, not to enable the court to hear what the parties said, but to enable it to understand what they wrote, as they understood it at the time. Such evidence is explanatory, and must be consistent with the terms of the contract.” Thomas v. Scott, supra. We think, therefore, that the evidence was properly excluded,
The defendants insist that the court should have submitted the question of the amount of the plaintiff’s damages to the jury, as the only testimony Ss to the value of the materials at the- time of the purchase was the evidence of an employé of the defendants. There was no request, however, to submit such a question to the jury. No objection seems to have been taken to the testimony offered by the-*787defendants’ manager as to the market value of the goods at the time of the purchase, nor was the attention of the court called to the fact that the plaintiff was entitled to have such a question submitted to the jury. Both parties had made a motion for the direction of a verdict, and a general request to submit the case to the jury is not sufficient to raise the question that the amount of the plaintiff’s damages should have been submitted to the jury because the only evidence in the case as to the facts upon which the damages could be ascertained was given by an interested witness. To render such an objection available, the defendants should have specified the particular question which they desired should be submitted to the jury, to call the attention of the court to the fact that the only evidence upon that question was given by an interested witness; and, in the absence of such a request, the court was justified in accepting the correctness of the evidence as to the value of the articles which the defendants had contracted to sell.
We have thus considered all of the questions presented upon this appeal which require notice. We think no error was committed which justified a reversal of the judgment, and it is affirmed, with costs. All'concur.