Court Opinion

ID: 6336489
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-04-29 17:10:11.119743+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:24:13.909526
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Washington, 2022-Ohio-1426.]

                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                       MIAMI COUNTY

 STATE OF OHIO                                        :
                                                      :
         Plaintiff-Appellee                           :   Appellate Case No. 2020-CA-18
                                                      :
 v.                                                   :   Trial Court Case No. 2019-CR-374
                                                      :
 JE-TARRE A. WASHINGTON                               :   (Criminal Appeal from
                                                      :   Common Pleas Court)
         Defendant-Appellant                          :
                                                      :

                                                 ...........

                                                 OPINION

                             Rendered on the 29th day of April, 2022.

                                                 ...........

PAUL M. WATKINS, Atty. Reg. No. 0090868, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, Miami
County Prosecutor’s Office, Appellate Division, Safety Building, 201 West Main Street,
Troy, Ohio 45373
       Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee

KYLE J. LENNEN, Atty. Reg. No. 0085726, 120 West Second Street, Suite 820, Dayton,
Ohio 45402
      Attorney for Defendant-Appellant

                                             .............

EPLEY, J.
                                                                                          -2-

       {¶ 1} Je-Tarre A. Washington was found guilty after a jury trial in the Miami County

Court of Common Pleas of two counts of having weapons while under disability and one

count each of aggravated burglary, aggravated robbery, felonious assault, abduction,

burglary (with a gun specification), receiving stolen property (with a gun specification),

failure to comply with an order or signal of a police officer (with a gun specification), and

possession of cocaine. The trial court imposed an aggregate sentence of a minimum of

24 years and a maximum of 28 years in prison, suspended Washington’s driver’s license

for 25 years, and ordered him to pay court costs totaling $11,520. The court found

Washington to be a repeat violent offender, but it did not impose an additional penalty.

For the following reasons, the trial court’s judgment will be affirmed.

                            I. Facts and Procedural History

       {¶ 2} Washington’s convictions stem from a series of incidents on June 24-25,

2019, in Miami County. The State’s evidence at trial established the following facts.

       Theft of Jeep Cherokee

       In the early afternoon of June 24, David Hecker drove his girlfriend’s blue 2002

Jeep Cherokee to the residence of Christopher Reedy near the old Piqua Motel on North

County Road 25A in Piqua. Hecker intended to pick up Reedy and drive him to a

different location to purchase drugs, but when Hecker arrived, he found Reedy to be

incapacitated from drug use already.       Washington, who was known as “T,” was at

Reedy’s residence and asked Hecker for a ride to Cashland. Washington offered $10

as gas money. Hecker agreed. Washington and Hecker assisted Reedy to the Jeep
                                                                                         -3-

and placed him in the back seat. Washington then placed several items in the Jeep and

sat in the front passenger seat.

       {¶ 3} Shortly after leaving Reedy’s residence, at approximately 12:20 p.m., Hecker

stopped at the nearby Sunoco gas station to purchase fuel. Hecker alone exited the

vehicle. When he went into the Sunoco to pay for the gas, the Jeep drove off without

him. At that time, the Jeep had a permanent license plate, and the title and registration,

which had been issued to Holly Cantrell (Hecker’s girlfriend), were in the glove

compartment. Hecker called 911 and reported the Jeep as stolen. Hecker identified

Reedy and “T” as suspects to Officer Joshua May, the responding police officer. (In his

911 call, Hecker identified Reedy as the driver, but at trial, he testified that he had been

mistaken.) Hecker provided a physical description of “T,” which matched Washington.

       {¶ 4} Officer May continued the investigation of the stolen Jeep. In the morning

of June 25, he received information that the Jeep might be at the apartments by the old

Piqua Motel. May responded to the apartments but did not see the Jeep. Officer May

returned around noon on a complaint by Reedy of a disturbance; Reedy allegedly was

having an argument with a male across the street. May searched the area but did not

locate Reedy or the other male. During the day, Cantrell informed Officer May that a

family member had identified “T” as Washington.

       Incident at David Beard’s Residence

       {¶ 5} At approximately 7:15 a.m. on June 25, David Beard returned to his

apartment on Hilltop Circle in Troy after completing his 11 p.m. to 7 a.m. shift at work.

When he arrived home, he saw a Jeep Cherokee parked in his usual parking spot outside
                                                                                        -4-

his apartment. Beard climbed the stairs leading to a deck at the rear of his second-story

apartment and noticed that a window screen had been raised. He assumed that his

estranged wife, Shannon Yohey, was in his apartment.             Beard testified that his

relationship with Yohey had deteriorated because she was addicted to heroin, and they

had used separate bedrooms prior to her moving out.

       {¶ 6} Beard entered the apartment and walked down the hallway toward the two

bedrooms. While in the hallway, he was assaulted by Washington, who came out of the

bedroom Yohey had used. Although Washington’s face was masked from his nose

down, Washington was an acquaintance of Yohey, and Beard recognized him from his

voice and mannerisms, as well as a decorative script tattoo above his eye. Beard was

hit repeatedly on the head. When Beard resisted, another man called Diego, whom

Beard did not recognize, punched him in the face. A third person, a woman called

“Shorty,” was present but did not participate in the assault.

       {¶ 7} After Beard ceased resisting, he was taken to the living room and forced to

kneel with his face on his couch. He repeatedly was asked, “Where is it?” Beard did

not know what they were looking for. Washington told Shorty to bind Beard’s ankles and

wrists with masking tape, and Beard was hit in the head with a clay pot from his television

stand. The group took several items from Beard’s person and apartment (a $20 bill, a

cell phone, car keys, a television, and other items) and stole Beard’s gray Chevy Cobalt

from the parking lot.

       {¶ 8} Beard contacted the police and was transported by ambulance to the

hospital, where he was treated for several lacerations to his head and face and then taken
                                                                                      -5-

to a plastic surgeon, who repaired an extensive laceration to his ear.     While at the

hospital, Beard spoke with Detective Chris Baker and Detective Captain Jeff Kunkleman

of the Troy Police Department. Beard initially reported that he had been carjacked; then

he indicated that the assault had occurred on the steps to his apartment. Upon further

questioning, Beard ultimately told the detectives that the assault occurred within his

apartment.   With Beard’s consent, Troy officers searched Beard’s apartment, where

masking tape, a broken pot, blood, and other evidence was located. Yohey’s bedroom

showed signs of drug use.

      Incident at Harry Milby’s Residence

      {¶ 9} Between 11:30 a.m. and 2:30 p.m. on June 25, the home of Harry Milby on

North Piqua-Lockington Road in Springcreek Township was burglarized. The stolen

items included (1) a large, very heavy gun safe containing seven firearms and several

rounds of ammunition from the master bathroom closet, (2) Milby’s chainsaw, crossbow,

and drill from the detached garage, (3) a Ruger 10/22 rifle with a scope from behind the

dresser in the master bedroom, (4) the hard drive for Milby’s security system from a

computer desk in the kitchen/dinette area, and (5) ear protection.

      {¶ 10} Milby was at work when the burglary occurred. According to Milby, when

he left for work, Andrea Fergerson, who did cleaning and gardening for him and

sometimes stayed overnight at his home, was there.          Fergerson testified that her

boyfriend, Simuel Hummins (aka Neal, 6, or 600) also was there, and they left Milby’s

residence at around 11:30 a.m.; her mother, Rosalind Fergerson, had picked them up.

Fergerson said that she first went to purchase drugs from Washington at a residence near
                                                                                        -6-

Downing Street in Piqua.     Fergerson’s mother returned Fergerson to Milby’s home

around 2:45 p.m. Sometime after 3:00 p.m., Fergerson noticed that items in the house

had been disturbed. She contacted Milby, who told her to call the police.

       {¶ 11} Miami County Deputy Joseph Martin responded to Milby’s home. As part

of his investigation, he collected fingerprints from a dolly in Milby’s garage, which Milby

thought could have been used to move the safe; the dolly had been inside the home when

Milby left for work, and tire tracks led from the back door to the detached garage.

Analysis by the Miami Valley Regional Crime Lab later determined that one of the

fingerprints on the dolly came from Washington’s right middle finger. Milby testified that

he did not know Washington, but Fergerson testified that the night before the burglary,

Washington had come to Milby’s driveway to sell her drugs.

       Investigation of Vehicles and Apprehension of Washington

       {¶ 12} During the afternoon of June 25, Troy Detective Baker and Detective

Captain Kunkleman went to Piqua to search for Beard’s stolen Chevy Cobalt. As part of

their search, they looked on North County Road 25A near where the Jeep Cherokee had

been stolen the day before. The Troy detectives located Beard’s Cobalt in the parking

lot of Reedy’s apartment complex by the old Piqua Motel. The Cobalt had a temporary

tag, but the detectives confirmed that the car was Beard’s by its vehicle identification

number. The Troy detectives contacted the Piqua police, and Piqua Officers May and

Weber responded to the scene. At that time, Officer May learned that Washington was

a suspect in the Troy investigation. With the agreement of the Piqua officers, the Troy

detectives had the Cobalt towed to their police department for processing.
                                                                                        -7-

      {¶ 13} While at the old Piqua Motel, the officers noticed a blue Jeep Cherokee

matching the description of the stolen Jeep drive by. The driver matched Washington’s

description, and Detective Captain Kunkleman (Troy PD) and Officer Weber (Piqua PD)

recognized the driver as Washington. Officer Weber, who was seated in his cruiser,

activated his overhead lights and siren and drove after the Jeep to stop it. The Troy

detectives followed in their unmarked vehicle with lights and siren also activated. Officer

May, whose cruiser was parked farther away, ran to his cruiser and also pursued. A

high-speed chase ensued, which ended when the Jeep, driven by Washington, crashed

into a trailer hitched to a pick-up truck that was waiting to turn onto North County Road

25A from the exit ramp of northbound Interstate 75. Washington fled on foot but was

quickly apprehended and informed of his Miranda rights. Officers located a $20 bill, a

cell phone, and a pen barrel with white residue on Washington’s person.

      {¶ 14} Because Washington complained of not being able to breath, officers called

for an ambulance. During the drive to the hospital, Washington told Kunkleman that he

wanted to cooperate, to which Kunkelman responded that Washington would have to

establish some trust by telling him who was with Washington at Beard’s apartment that

morning. Washington responded that he would talk off-the-record. When Kunkleman

stated that nothing could be off-the-record, Washington declined to speak. After several

hours at the hospital, Washington was discharged and transported to jail.

      {¶ 15} Officer Weber returned to the crash scene after Washington was in custody.

He looked in the Jeep to ensure that no one else was inside who might be injured. Upon

peering in the open driver’s door of the Jeep, he saw a pipe used to smoke cocaine, a
                                                                                      -8-

baggie with white residue that appeared to be some type of cocaine or rock cocaine, and

fake money on the floorboard. Weber stated that the vehicle was “packed” with property,

including a large gun safe, and items appeared to have been thrown forward in the crash.

The butt of a gun was protruding from the center console, which was broken. For safety

reasons, Weber took the revolver from the console and placed it in his cruiser. Officer

Weber ran the registration for the Jeep and learned that the temporary tag had been

issued to Khalid Owings, Washington’s nephew. Weber later spoke with Owings, who

never claimed ownership of the Jeep.

        Continued Investigation

        {¶ 16} Additional examination of the Jeep confirmed that the vehicle was the one

reported stolen by Hecker and registered to Cantrell, although the Jeep had a temporary

tag rather than a permanent license plate.      In the vehicle, officers located Milby’s

unopened gun safe, Ruger 10/22 rifle, crossbow, chainsaw, and other items belonging to

Milby. The Jeep also contained, among other items, Beard’s medical insurance card, a

television from Beard’s apartment, and a Michael Kors purse belonging to Yohey, Beard’s

wife.

        {¶ 17} Detective Nate Jessup of the Miami County Sheriff’s Office was assigned

to conduct a follow-up investigation of the Milby burglary. Detective Jessup showed

photographs of the items recovered from the Jeep to Milby, who identified several items

as his. Milby provided keys to his gun safe, which were used to open the gun safe

recovered from the Jeep. Detective Jessup interviewed Fergerson on August 27, 2019.

He testified that there was no evidence that Fergerson was involved in the burglary of
                                                                                        -9-

Milby’s home.

      {¶ 18} Detective Jessup took possession the cell phone recovered from

Washington. Although he obtained a search warrant for the phone, he initially could not

access its contents because the phone was password-protected. During a recorded

telephone conversation on September 14, 2020, Washington provided the password for

a previous phone to his girlfriend. Detective Jessup tried that password on the cell phone

for which he had a search warrant and found that it unlocked the phone. The phone

contained a photo of Washington holding a revolver that looked the same as the gun

found in the Jeep’s console.

      {¶ 19} The call log from Washington’s cell phone showed that he had made and

received numerous phone calls during the overnight hours on June 24-25, 2019. A

health application on the phone included a step counter and information about flights of

stairs climbed. A report from the app showed that the phone repeatedly was in motion

during the overnight hours, and the phone had climbed one flight of stairs at 5:14 a.m. on

June 25, 2019.

      {¶ 20} Firearm experts test-fired the two guns found in the Jeep: the Ruger 22-

caliber carbine model 10/22 rifle and the Model 10 .38 Special black revolver with a

wooden handle. Both were operable. In addition, the Piqua Police Department sent the

suspected drugs to the Miami Valley Regional Crime Lab for analysis. The substance

was determined to be 2.10 grams +/- .02 grams of cocaine, a Schedule II controlled

substance. Cantrell and Hecker both testified that they did not have firearms or illegal

drugs in the Jeep.
                                                                                            -10-

        {¶ 21} At the time of the offenses, Washington had two prior convictions: (1) a 2010

conviction in Clark County for felonious assault, Clark C.P. No. 2009-CR-988, and (2) a

2019 conviction in Montgomery County for aggravated possession of drugs, Montgomery

C.P. No. 2018-CR-4639/1. Detective Baker testified that on November 9, 2020 (the first

day of trial), he heard Washington tell the trial court that he was guilty of failure to comply,

but “that’s all I’m guilty for.”

        Procedural History

        {¶ 22} Washington initially was charged in Miami County Municipal Court, and

upon being bound over to common pleas court, the offenses were separated into five

cases: Miami C.P. Nos. 2019-CR-374 to 2019-CR-378. On August 13, 2019, a grand

jury indicted Washington in an eight-count indictment for aggravated burglary, aggravated

robbery, felonious assault, abduction, burglary, failure to comply with an order or signal

of a police officer, possession of cocaine, and having weapons while under disability.

The indictment was filed under Case No. 2019-CR-374, and the additional four cases

were dismissed. A superseding indictment, filed in September 2019, added a charge of

receiving stolen property (motor vehicle), an additional count of having weapons while

under disability, three firearm specifications, and a repeat violent offender specification.

        {¶ 23} Washington filed numerous motions during the pendency of his case. Of

relevance to this appeal, in September 2019, he filed separate motions to suppress and

for separate trials (to sever the offenses). The trial court conducted a hearing on the

motion to suppress on October 17, 2019. The following month, it denied the motion to

suppress as well as the motion for separate trials. Washington sought reconsideration
                                                                                         -11-

of the denial of his motion for separate trials, but that request was denied.

       {¶ 24} On March 23, 2020, Washington moved for the appointment of co-counsel.

Four days later, he withdrew the motion, but the trial court nevertheless appointed the co-

counsel that had been requested. Throughout the pendency of his case, Washington

also brought multiple motions to dismiss on speedy trial grounds. The court denied each

of them.

       {¶ 25} On August 19, 2020, Washington escaped from custody while he was on a

medical furlough. It is undisputed that he was arrested in Oklahoma on September 3,

waived extradition on September 4, and returned to Miami County on September 7. The

trial court rescheduled the jury trial for September 15, 2020. However, on that date,

Washington engaged in disruptive behavior and misbehavior in the presence of jurors.

Consequently, the trial court dismissed the jury and set a new trial date.

       {¶ 26} On three occasions following Washington’s return from Oklahoma, his

primary defense counsel moved to withdraw; co-counsel did not join the motions. The

last of these motions was made orally on the morning of the November 9, 2020 trial date.

Each motion was denied.

       {¶ 27} The matter proceeded to a jury trial on November 9, 2020. During the trial,

the State presented 30 witnesses in its case-in-chief, as well as two witnesses in rebuttal.

Washington testified on his own behalf and presented two other witnesses.             After

deliberations, the jury found Washington guilty of all counts and specifications.

       {¶ 28} At sentencing, the trial court determined that none of the offenses or firearm

specifications merged for sentencing, and it imposed a combination of consecutive and
                                                                                           -12-

concurrent sentences totaling a minimum of 24 years to a maximum of 28 years in prison.

The court found that Washington was a repeat violent offender, but it imposed no

additional penalty. The court suspended Washington’s driver’s license for 25 years and

ordered him to pay court costs of $11,520.

       {¶ 29} Washington appeals from his convictions, raising nine assignments of error.

We will address them in an order that facilitates our analysis.

                                  II. Motion to Suppress

       {¶ 30} In his sixth assignment of error, Washington claims that the trial court erred

in denying his motion to suppress.

       {¶ 31} An appeal from a ruling on a motion to suppress presents a mixed question

of fact and law. State v. Ojezua, 2016-Ohio-2659, 50 N.E.3d 14, ¶ 15 (2d Dist.). When

considering a motion to suppress, the trial court takes on the role of trier of fact and is in

the best position to resolve factual questions and assess the credibility of witnesses.

State v. Turner, 2015-Ohio-4612, 48 N.E.3d 981, ¶ 10 (2d Dist.). As a result, we must

accept the trial court’s findings of fact if they are supported by competent and credible

evidence. Id. “Accepting these facts as true, the appellate court must then independently

determine, without deference to the conclusion of the trial court, whether the facts satisfy

the applicable legal standard.” Id., quoting State v. Koon, 2d Dist. Montgomery No.

26296, 2015-Ohio-1326, ¶ 13. The trial court’s application of law to the findings of fact

is subject to a de novo standard of review. State v. Shepherd, 2d Dist. Montgomery No.

29123, 2021-Ohio-4230, ¶ 10.

       {¶ 32} In his motion, Washington sought the suppression of all evidence obtained
                                                                                          -13-

as a result of the stop of the Jeep, including items located within the vehicle and any

statements he made following his apprehension. He claimed that the officers lacked

probable cause to stop and search the Jeep and that his statements were obtained

contrary to Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966) and

were involuntary. Prior to the suppression hearing, defense counsel informed the trial

court that the only issue to be addressed at the hearing was Washington’s alleged

statement.

          {¶ 33} Under the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, no person

shall be compelled to be a witness against himself or herself.         To ensure that this

constitutional right is protected, statements resulting from custodial interrogations are

admissible only after a showing that the procedural safeguards described in Miranda have

been followed. State v. Earnest, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26646, 2015-Ohio-3913, ¶ 21.

Miranda held that prior to questioning, a suspect “must be warned that he [or she] has a

right to remain silent, that any statement he [or she] does make may be used as evidence

against him [or her], and that he [or she] has a right to the presence of an attorney, either

retained or appointed.” In re M.H., 163 Ohio St.3d 93, 2020-Ohio-5485, 168 N.E.3d 439,

¶ 18, quoting Miranda at 444. Custodial interrogation occurs when an officer, by words

or action, seeks information from a suspect that he knows is reasonably likely to be

incriminating. Rhode Island v. Innis, 446 U.S. 291, 300-301, 100 S.Ct. 1682, 64 L.Ed.2d

297 (1980); State v. Thompson-Shabazz, 2017-Ohio-7434, 96 N.E.3d 1146, ¶ 17 (2d

Dist.).

          {¶ 34} But “[p]olice officers are not responsible for unforeseeable incriminating
                                                                                         -14-

responses.” State v. Waggoner, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 21245, 2006-Ohio-844, ¶ 14;

State v. Strozier, 172 Ohio App.3d 780, 2007-Ohio-4575, 876 N.E.2d 1304, ¶ 20 (2d

Dist.). “A suspect who volunteers information, and who is not even asked any questions,

is not subject to a custodial interrogation and is not entitled to Miranda warnings.” State

v. Fair, 2d Dist. Montgomery 24120, 2011-Ohio-3330, ¶ 39.

       {¶ 35} A suspect may effectively waive his or her Miranda rights only if the waiver

is made voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently. State v. Dailey, 53 Ohio St.3d 88, 91,

559 N.E.2d 459 (1990), citing Miranda at 444. The waiver of Miranda rights is valid only

if (1) the waiver was “the product of a free and deliberate choice rather than intimidation,

coercion, or deception[,]” and (2) the person had “a full awareness of both the nature of

the right[s] being abandoned and the consequences of the decision to abandon [them].”

Moran v. Burbine, 475 U.S. 412, 421, 106 S.Ct. 1135, 89 L.Ed.2d 410 (1986); State v.

Marejka, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 27662, 2018-Ohio-2570, ¶ 14. Courts examine the

totality of the circumstances to determine whether a suspect has knowingly, intelligently,

and voluntarily waived his or her Miranda rights. State v. Clark, 38 Ohio St.3d 252, 261,

527 N.E.2d 844 (1988); State v. White, 2018-Ohio-3076, 118 N.E.3d 410, ¶ 17 (2d Dist.).

       {¶ 36} No express written or oral waiver of Miranda rights is required.        North

Carolina v. Butler, 441 U.S. 369, 373, 99 S.Ct. 1755, 60 L.Ed.2d 286 (1979); State v.

Dillon, 2016-Ohio-1561, 63 N.E.3d 712, ¶ 59 (2d Dist). “Instead, waiver can be inferred

where a defendant proceeds to speak after being advised of his rights and indicating an

understanding of them.” Dillon at ¶ 59; see Berghuis v. Thompkins, 560 U.S. 370, 388-

389, 130 S.Ct. 2250, 176 L.Ed.2d 1098 (2010) (“a suspect who has received and
                                                                                      -15-

understood the Miranda warnings, and has not invoked his Miranda rights, waives the

right to remain silent by making an uncoerced statement to the police”).

       {¶ 37} At the suppression hearing, the State presented the testimony of Detective

Captain Kunkleman of the Troy Police Department. According to Kunkleman, on June

25, 2019, he and Detective Baker were investigating an aggravated burglary, aggravated

robbery, and theft of a vehicle belonging to Beard.      During the afternoon, the two

detectives located the stolen vehicle in front of a monthly apartment rental in Piqua.

Their investigation led them to suspect Washington of the offenses.

       {¶ 38} While he, Detective Baker, and two Piqua officers (Officers Weber and May)

were at the location where the stolen vehicle was found, they observed Washington

driving past in another stolen vehicle. Officer Weber pursued Washington in a cruiser

with his overhead lights activated. Officer May followed. Detectives Kunkleman and

Baker also pursued in their unmarked SUV. Kunkleman testified that their SUV had

lights and a siren, and their lights were activated.

       {¶ 39} Washington’s vehicle collided with another vehicle near the ramp to

Interstate 75. When Kunkleman drove past, Washington was on foot and had climbed

over a fence; Officer Weber was climbing over the fence in pursuit. The Troy detectives

aptly drove around to the church parking lot on the other side of the fence. When the

detectives stopped in the lot, Washington ran into the side of their SUV, slid across the

back of their vehicle, and kept running. Detectives Kunkleman and Baker exited their

vehicle and rushed after him. They caught up to Washington and took him to the ground.

Washington continued to struggle until Officer Weber threatened to use a Taser on him.
                                                                                       -16-

Detective Kunkleman testified that he placed Washington in handcuffs and then read him

his Miranda rights from a card that he (Kunkleman) carries with his badge. A copy of the

card was offered into evidence. Washington did not sign a written waiver of his Miranda

rights.

          {¶ 40} Washington complained that the asphalt was hot and that he could not

breathe.      The officers raised him to a seated position and called for medics.

Washington did not lose consciousness, and Kunkleman did not observe any bleeding or

any head injury. Kunkleman stated that he tried to speak with Washington about the

case they were investigating.        Washington responded but did not provide any

information. While waiting for the ambulance, they also spoke about a prior interaction

they had had, and Kunkleman stated that Washington’s recollection of the prior encounter

was accurate. Kunkleman further testified that Washington indicated that he wanted to

help or “be on our side” about the charges he was facing.

          {¶ 41} According to Detective Captain Kunkleman, Washington did not appear to

be confused by any of the questions or comments, and his responses were appropriate.

Although Washington had indicated that he was a drug user, he did not appear to be

under the influence at that time, nor did not appear to be dizzy or disoriented. Kunkleman

did not recall if Washington had slurred speech. When the medics arrived, Washington

was able to explain to them what and how he was feeling.

          {¶ 42} Kunkleman accompanied Washington to the hospital. Washington was

seated upright during transport, and Kunkleman did not recall the use of any medical

intervention, such as an IV, oxygen, neck stabilizer, or other medical equipment.
                                                                                         -17-

      {¶ 43} While in the ambulance, Kunkleman and Washington had another

conversation about the case they were investigating. Washington expressed that he

wanted to help himself out, to which the detective responded that Washington had to be

honest and tell the detective who else was involved in the Troy incident.          When

Washington replied that he would talk off-the-record, Kunkleman explained that nothing

was off-the-record. The conversation then ended.

      {¶ 44} Once at the hospital, Washington spoke coherently with hospital personnel.

He stated that he did not want a blood draw because he did not like needles. Washington

asked the detectives to contact his mother. He mostly slept. The detectives stayed at

the hospital for at least a couple of hours and left before Washington was discharged.

      {¶ 45} Washington testified on his own behalf. He stated that he had been driving

his nephew’s Jeep, with his nephew’s permission, at approximately 60 mph when he

crashed into a steel trailer hitch. He was not wearing a seatbelt and, upon crashing, hit

his head on “the thing that separates the driver window.”         Washington said that

“everything was looking fuzzy,” and he recalled an SUV speeding past, someone pulling

out a gun, his trying to jump over a fence, and staggering through the parking lot.

Washington stated that the SUV then cut him off, and he smacked into it, bounced off,

and fell to the ground. Washington saw “two guys in plain clothes drawing guns, so I

tried to get up and stagger away and that’s when they slammed me to the ground on my

face.” The officers had their knees in his back and on his head, and he was bleeding.

Washington told them that he could not breathe. He testified that he recalled seeing

spots, being strapped to something in an ambulance, and then being at the hospital.
                                                                                        -18-

       {¶ 46} Washington testified that he had never been informed of his Miranda rights,

and he did not recall talking to Kunkleman in the ambulance. He said he was “out of it.”

He recalled being poked and awakened at the hospital, but “at this point I don’t even know

what’s going on.”    Washington remembered being awakened and told to stand up

because he was going to jail.

       {¶ 47} In denying Washington’s motion to suppress, the trial court found Detective

Captain Kunkleman’s testimony to be credible and Washington’s testimony not to be

credible. Although the trial court found that Washington had been in custody after he

was apprehended and handcuffed, it concluded that Washington’s statements were not

the product of an interrogation by the detective. Rather, Washington had made voluntary

statements in an attempt to aid himself. The trial court further concluded, alternatively,

that Washington had knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waived his Miranda rights.

The court rejected Washington’s claim that the totality of the circumstances, primarily his

alleged head injury, rendered his statements involuntary.

       {¶ 48} On appeal, Washington claims that a custodial interrogation occurred while

he was being transported by ambulance to the hospital. He argues that the trial court

should not have believed Kunkleman’s testimony that he informed Washington of his

Miranda rights and, instead, should have credited Washington’s testimony that the

detective did not read him those rights. Washington notes that he did not sign a written

waiver of his Miranda rights.

       {¶ 49} We reiterate that the weight of the evidence and the credibility of the

witnesses at a suppression hearing are primarily for the trial court to determine. State v.
                                                                                      -19-

Moore, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 29143, 2022-Ohio-283, ¶ 8, citing State v. Brinkley, 105

Ohio St.3d 231, 2005-Ohio-1507, 824 N.E.2d 959, ¶ 58. The trial court expressly found

that Kunkleman’s testimony was believable and that Washington’s conflicting testimony

was not. In doing so, the trial court devoted a paragraph of its decision to describing

inconsistencies in Washington’s testimony.          Kunkleman testified that he read

Washington his Miranda rights from a card that he keeps with his badge, and a copy of

that card was submitted into evidence. Although Washington disputes that his rights

were read to him, the trial court reasonably found that Kunkleman informed Washington

of his Miranda rights.

       {¶ 50} Even if we were to accept Washington’s assertion that he was not read his

Miranda rights, we agree with the trial court that no interrogation occurred in the

ambulance. Kunkleman testified that Washington initiated the conversation about the

investigation, indicating that he wanted to him get himself out of trouble and “be on our

side.” Kunkleman responded that Washington had to be honest and needed to identify

the other individuals who were involved in the incident in Troy earlier in the day.

Washington replied that he would talk off-the-record. When Kunkleman indicated that

nothing would be off-the-record, Washington made no further statements. Washington’s

statements were voluntary, spontaneous statements and not in response to any police

questioning. Nothing in the brief conversation between Washington and Kunkleman

involved express questioning by the detective, nor were Kunkleman’s responses to

Washington likely to elicit an incriminating response.

       {¶ 51} Washington’s sixth assignment of error is overruled.
                                                                                         -20-

                                     III. Speedy Trial

       {¶ 52} In his third assignment of error, Washington claims that the trial court erred

in denying his motion to dismiss on the ground that his speedy trial rights were violated.

       {¶ 53} The right to a speedy trial is guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment to the

United States Constitution and Article I, Section 10 of the Ohio Constitution. Ohio’s

speedy trial statute, R.C. 2945.71, “was implemented to incorporate the constitutional

protection of the right to a speedy trial.” Brecksville v. Cook, 75 Ohio St.3d 53, 55, 661

N.E.2d 706 (1996). Accordingly, the speedy trial statutes must be strictly construed

against the government. Id.

       {¶ 54} R.C. 2945.71 designates specific time requirements for the government to

bring an accused to trial. Under that statute, a felony defendant must be brought to trial

within 270 days of arrest. R.C. 2945.71(C). Each day during which the accused is held

in jail in lieu of bail on the pending charge is counted as three days. R.C. 2945.71(E).

“When multiple charges arise from a criminal incident and share a common litigation

history, pretrial incarceration on the multiple charges constitutes incarceration on the

‘pending charge’ for the purposes of the triple-count provision of the speedy-trial statute,

R.C. 2945.71(E).” State v. Parker, 113 Ohio St.3d 207, 2007-Ohio-1534, 863 N.E.2d

1032, paragraph one of the syllabus.

       {¶ 55} A defendant can establish a prima facie case for a speedy trial violation by

demonstrating that the trial was held past the time limit set by statute for the crime with

which the defendant is charged. State v. Gray, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 20980, 2007-

Ohio-4549, ¶ 15. “If the defendant can make this showing, the burden shifts to the State
                                                                                          -21-

to establish that some exception[s] applied to toll the time and to make the trial timely. If

the State does not meet its burden, the defendant must be discharged. R.C. 2945.73.”

Id.

       {¶ 56} The time within which a defendant must be brought to trial may be extended

only for the reasons specifically enumerated in R.C. 2945.72. State v. Brewer, 2d Dist.

Montgomery Nos. 22159, 22160, 2008-Ohio-2715, ¶ 37, citing State v. Palmer, 84 Ohio

St.3d 103, 702 N.E.2d 72 (1998). Those reasons include:

       (A) Any period during which the accused is unavailable for hearing or trial,

       by reason of other criminal proceedings against him, within or outside the

       state, by reason of his confinement in another state, or by reason of the

       pendency of extradition proceedings, provided that the prosecution

       exercises reasonable diligence to secure his availability;

       ***

       (C) Any period of delay necessitated by the accused’s lack of counsel,

       provided that such delay is not occasioned by any lack of diligence in

       providing counsel to an indigent accused upon his request as required by

       law;

       ***

       (D) Any period of delay occasioned by the neglect or improper act of the

       accused;

       (E) Any period of delay necessitated by reason of a plea in bar or

       abatement, motion, proceeding, or action made or instituted by the accused;
                                                                                         -22-

        ***

        (G) Any period during which trial is stayed pursuant to an express statutory

        requirement, or pursuant to an order of another court competent to issue

        such order;

        (H) The period of any continuance granted on the accused’s own motion,

        and the period of any reasonable continuance granted other than upon the

        accused’s own motion;

R.C. 2945.72.

        {¶ 57} Sua sponte continuances fall within continuances “granted other than on

the accused’s own motion.” R.C. 2945.72(H). When continuing a case sua sponte, the

trial court must enter the order of continuance and the reasons for the order by journal

entry prior to the expiration of the time limits prescribed in R.C. 2945.71 for bringing a

defendant to trial. State v. Ramey, 2012-Ohio-6187, 986 N.E.2d 462, ¶ 12 (2d Dist.);

State v. Mincy, 2 Ohio St.3d 6, 9, 441 N.E.2d 571 (1982). “The journalization of reasons

is necessary to permit the appellate court to determine whether, on the accused’s claim

that his statutory speedy trial rights were violated, the period of delay resulting from the

sua sponte continuance was nevertheless ‘reasonable.’ R.C. 2945.72(H).” Ramey at

¶ 13.

        {¶ 58} Washington was arrested on June 25, 2019. On February 17, 2020, he

filed the first of several motions to dismiss the case on speedy trial grounds. The trial

date was vacated, and the court set a hearing on the motion for March 17, 2020. That

hearing date was continued at defense counsel’s request, and Washington withdrew his
                                                                                        -23-

motion to dismiss on March 27, 2020. That same day, the court set a new hearing date

(April 14) for the motion to dismiss. Although the motion had been withdrawn, the court

nevertheless issued a decision on the speedy trial motion on April 13, 2020.          After

providing a detailed timeline of Washington’s case, the court concluded that, as of March

27, 2020, a total of 211 speedy trial days were assessed to the State and, therefore, the

State had 59 days remaining to bring him to trial.           The court determined that

Washington’s speedy trial time was set to expire on May 24, 2020.

       {¶ 59} At a hearing on June 11, 2020, the trial court and the parties addressed

Washington’s speedy trial time in light of H.B. 197, the COVID-19 emergency relief bill

which, among other things, tolled certain time limitations and deadlines. Am.Sub.H.B.

197. In a decision filed on July 6, 2020, the court concluded that, as of June 19, 2020,

the State had 24 days within which to bring Washington to trial and that time would expire

on July 12, 2020. Under its interpretation of H.B. 197’s tolling provision, the trial court

concluded (contrary to the positions of both the State and Washington) that the speedy

trial time did not stop between March 9 and July 30, the tolling period under H.B. 197, but

rather that the State had an additional 126 days (representing March 9 to July 12) to bring

Washington to trial, resulting in a speedy trial deadline of December 3, 2020.

       {¶ 60} Washington absconded on August 19, 2020, and he was returned to Miami

County on September 7, 2020. On September 11, Washington again moved to dismiss

on speedy trial grounds. He claimed that 250 days had expired prior to March 9, that he

was entitled to an additional 21 days from July 30 to August 19, and that he should have

been credited with another 8 days from September 4 to September 11. The trial court
                                                                                         -24-

denied the motion, concluding that the State had 99 days remaining as of September 11,

2020. Washington’s jury trial began on November 9, 2020.

       {¶ 61} It is apparent that, without tolling, Washington’s case was pending beyond

the 270-day statutory speedy trial time. Washington was arrested on June 25, 2019, and

his trial commenced on November 9, 2020, more than 270 days later. We note that

Washington filed numerous motions during the pendency of his case, including motions

for a bond reduction, a motion to suppress, a motion to sever, a motion for

reconsideration, motions for continuance, a motion for co-counsel, motions for recusal,

affidavits of disqualification, motions for medical furlough, and others.

       {¶ 62} On appeal, Washington asserts that 281 speedy trial days elapsed prior to

his trial. He calculates that 250 speedy trial days elapsed between June 26, 2019 (the

day after his arrest) and February 18, 2020, when he states that his motion to dismiss on

speedy trial grounds was filed. (The motion was, in fact, filed on February 17.) He

states that his speedy trial time began to run again on July 30, 2020, and continued until

August 19, 2020 (when he absconded), bringing his total to 271 days. In addition, he

argues that he was entitled to 10 days for the period between September 4, 2020 and

September 11, 2020, a portion of which, he states, qualified under the triple-count

provision. Washington implicitly concedes that the remaining time between the day after

his arrest and his trial were tolled.

       {¶ 63} The State disputes a few portions of Washington’s calculation. It asserts

that the following time periods also should not count against the State for speedy trial

purposes: (1) July 2, 2019 to July 8, 2019 – 21 speedy trial days; (2) July 19, 2019 to July
                                                                                      -25-

22, 2019 – 12 speedy trial days; and (3) September 4, 2020 to September 7, 2020 – 12

speedy trial days.   The State thus asserts that Washington’s calculation should be

reduced by 45 days.     For purposes of our analysis, we will accept the undisputed

portions of Washington’s calculation.

        {¶ 64} The period from July 2, 2019 to July 8, 2019 occurred when the charges

were pending in Miami County Municipal Court. (See Exhibits to State’s Mar. 2, 2020

Mem.)    Washington’s preliminary hearing originally was scheduled for July 2, 2019.

However, defense counsel had been appointed earlier that day, and counsel had not had

an opportunity to review the materials necessary to proceed.       At defense counsel’s

request and pursuant to Crim.R. 5(B)(1), the municipal court granted a continuance of the

preliminary hearing until July 9, 2019.   (State’s Suppl. Response, Ex. 39). Based on

the record, the seven-day continuance of the preliminary hearing was done on behalf of

defense counsel and was reasonable.       Those seven days were chargeable against

Washington for speedy trial purposes and do not count toward his speedy trial time.

        {¶ 65} The State next focuses on July 19 to 22, 2019.        On July 18, 2019,

Washington was arrested on an unrelated charge of harassment with a bodily substance

based on conduct at the jail. See State v. Washington, Miami M.C. No. 2019 CR A 2541.

Washington was scheduled to be arraigned on the new charge on July 19, 2019, but he

refused to appear. His arraignment was held on July 23, 2019. The State asserts that

the four-day delay should be charged against Washington. However, we fail to see (and

the State fails to explain) how Washington’s conduct in his unrelated case tolled his

speedy trial time in this case. These four days are chargeable to the State in this case.
                                                                                          -26-

         {¶ 66} Finally, the State claims that the time from September 4, 2020, when he

waived extradition from Oklahoma, until September 7, 2020, when he was returned to

Miami County, do not count toward Washington’s speedy trial time. We agree with the

State.

         {¶ 67} Speedy trial time is extended for any period during which Washington was

unavailable for hearing or trial “by reason of his confinement in another state, or by reason

of the pendency of extradition proceedings.”       R.C. 2945.72(A). We have held that,

following a waiver of extradition, a defendant’s speedy trial time does not begin to run

until he or she is returned to Ohio. State v. Wilson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24577,

2012-Ohio-3098, ¶ 11. Other Ohio appellate courts have held similarly. E.g., State v.

Helms, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 14 MA 96, 2015-Ohio-1708, ¶ 24 (“Where the prosecution

did not unreasonably delay extradition, arrest in another state on an Ohio warrant and

confinement awaiting extradition does not count toward the speedy trial clock and the

time is tolled until the defendant arrives in Ohio.”); State v. Wilson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 107926, 2019-Ohio-2741, ¶ 10. In addition, the date of the defendant’s re-arrest in

Ohio is not counted as part of the speedy trial time. Wilson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No.

24577, 2012-Ohio-3098, at ¶ 10. Accordingly, the period from September 4, 2020, when

Washington waived extradition, through September 7, 2020, when he was returned to

Ohio, was tolled.

         {¶ 68} In summary, Washington’s speedy trial time was tolled for the periods

between July 2 and July 8, 2019, and September 4 and September 7, 2020. Those

periods constituted a total of 25 speedy trial days.         Upon reducing Washington’s
                                                                                           -27-

calculated speedy trial time by those days, only 256 speedy trial days had elapsed when

Washington’s trial began. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in denying Washington’s

motion to dismiss based on a violation of his speedy trial rights.

       {¶ 69} Washington’s third assignment of error is overruled.

                              IV. Motion for Separate Trials

       {¶ 70} In his fourth assignment of error, Washington claims that the trial court erred

in denying his motion for separate trials.       He emphasizes that the charges in the

indictment “were allegedly committed in three separate cities against four different alleged

victims.” He argues that, if the charges had been severed, the evidence in each count

would not have been admissible in the other cases.

       {¶ 71} Multiple offenses may be charged in the same indictment if the offenses

“are of the same or similar character, or are based on the same act or transaction, or are

based on two or more acts or transactions connected together or constituting parts of a

common scheme or plan, or are part of a course of criminal conduct.” Crim.R. 8(A).

Joinder of such charges is favored as it conserves judicial resources, minimizes the

possibility of incongruous results that can occur in successive trials before different juries,

and diminishes the inconvenience to witnesses. State v. Broadnax, 2d Dist. Montgomery

No. 21844, 2007-Ohio-6584, ¶ 33; State v. Hamblin, 37 Ohio St.3d 153, 158, 524 N.E.2d

476 (1988).

       {¶ 72} Nevertheless, a defendant may request separate trials on the ground that

he or she is prejudiced by the joinder of offenses. Crim.R. 14. The defendant “has the

burden of furnishing the trial court with sufficient information so that it can weigh the
                                                                                           -28-

considerations favoring joinder against the defendant’s right to a fair trial.” State v. Ford,

158 Ohio St.3d 139, 2019-Ohio-4539, 140 N.E.3d 616, ¶ 104, quoting State v. Torres, 66

Ohio St.2d 340, 343, 421 N.E.2d 1288 (1981).

       {¶ 73} Even if the equities support severing the charges, the State can overcome

the defendant’s claim of prejudicial joinder in two ways. First, the State can show that it

could have introduced evidence of the joined offenses as other acts under Evid.R. 404(B).

Ford at ¶ 104. Alternatively, the State can show that the evidence of each crime joined

at trial is “simple and direct.” Id., quoting State v. Lott, 51 Ohio St.3d 160, 163, 555

N.E.2d 293 (1990); Broadnax at ¶ 38. The “simple and direct” test is satisfied if the trier

of fact would not confuse the offenses or improperly cumulate the evidence of the various

crimes. Lott at 164; Broadnax at ¶ 38. “[W]hen simple and direct evidence exists, an

accused is not prejudiced by joinder regardless of whether the evidence is admissible as

other-acts evidence.” (Citations omitted.) State v. Coley, 93 Ohio St.3d 253, 260, 754

N.E.2d 1129 (2001), citing Lott at 163.

       {¶ 74} We review a trial court’s denial of a Crim.R. 14 motion for an abuse of

discretion. State v. Pate, 2021-Ohio-1838, 173 N.E.3d 567, ¶ 36 (2d Dist.); Ford at

¶ 106. “A trial court abuses its discretion when it makes a decision that is unreasonable,

unconscionable, or arbitrary.” (Citation omitted.) State v. Darmond, 135 Ohio St.3d 343,

2013-Ohio-966, 986 N.E.2d 971, ¶ 34. In order to meet this standard, a defendant must

“affirmatively demonstrate (1) that his [or her] rights were prejudiced, (2) that at the time

of the motion to sever he provided the trial court with sufficient information so that it could

weigh the considerations favoring joinder against the defendant’s right to a fair trial, and
                                                                                          -29-

(3) that given the information provided to the court, it abused its discretion in refusing to

separate the charges for trial.” Ford at ¶ 106, quoting State v. Schaim, 65 Ohio St.3d

51, 59, 600 N.E.2d 661 (1992).

       {¶ 75} The State claims that it can overcome Washington’s claim of prejudicial

joinder under either test. We agree with the State that Washington was not prejudiced

by the joinder of the various offenses because the evidence pertaining to each group of

offenses was simple and direct. Although the events from the separate incidents flow

from one to another, the incidents themselves – the theft of the Jeep, the offenses at

Beard’s home, the burglary of Milby’s home, and the offenses stemming from the car

chase – are easily differentiated and uncomplicated. The jury was capable of discerning

the evidence relevant to each charge, and there was little possibility that the jury would

confuse the various incidents to Washington’s prejudice. Accordingly, the trial court did

not abuse its discretion in denying Washington’s motion for separate trials.

       {¶ 76} The State further asserts that the evidence regarding the various incidents

would be admissible at the other trials if the offenses were severed. Because we have

concluded that Washington did not demonstrate prejudice under the “simple and direct”

evidence test, we need not address the State’s additional argument.

       {¶ 77} Washington’s fourth assignment of error is overruled.

                       V. Defense Counsel’s Motion to Withdraw

       {¶ 78} In his ninth assignment of error, Washington claims that the trial court erred

in denying his attorney’s motion to withdraw prior to the start of trial. He argues that his

defense counsel had a conflict of interest that required new counsel.
                                                                                            -30-

       {¶ 79} An indigent defendant is entitled to competent representation by the

attorney that the trial court appoints to represent him or her. State v. Brock, 2017-Ohio-

759, 85 N.E.3d 1072, ¶ 25 (2d Dist.). A defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to counsel

includes the “correlative right to representation that is free from conflicts of interest.”

Wood v. Georgia, 450 U.S. 261, 271, 101 S.Ct. 1097, 67 L.Ed.2d 220 (1981); State v.

Gillard, 64 Ohio St.3d 304, 311, 595 N.E.2d 878 (1992).

       {¶ 80} When an objection is made by the defendant based on a conflict of interest,

the trial court is constitutionally required to conduct an inquiry into the possible conflict of

interest to determine if an actual conflict exists. State v. Dillon, 74 Ohio St.3d 166, 168,

657 N.E.2d 273 (1995); Gillard at syllabus; Holloway v. Arkansas, 435 U.S. 475, 484, 98

S.Ct. 1173, 1178, 55 L.Ed.2d 426 (1978) (when defense counsel informs the trial court of

a potential conflict of interest, a trial court should either appoint new counsel or “take

adequate steps to ascertain whether the risk was too remote to warrant separate

counsel”). A trial court may explore the “adequacy of the basis of defense counsel’s

representations regarding a conflict of interests.” Holloway at 487.

       {¶ 81} Additionally, it is well established that a defendant has no right to

representation by a particular attorney. Id.; State v. Johnson, 2d Dist. Champaign No.

2019-CA-7, 2019-Ohio-4595, ¶ 27. To justify the discharge of a court-appointed attorney

based on a breakdown in the attorney-client relationship, the defendant generally must

show that the breakdown is of such magnitude as to jeopardize the defendant’s Sixth

Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel. Brock at ¶ 25; State v. Coleman,

37 Ohio St.3d 286, 292, 525 N.E.2d 792 (1988).
                                                                                          -31-

       {¶ 82} “[S]ubstitution of counsel is not warranted due to disagreements about trial

strategy or tactics.” State v. Monahan, 2d Dist. Darke No. 2018-CA-2, 2018-Ohio-4633,

¶ 58. Moreover, “mere hostility, tension and personal conflicts between attorney and

client do not constitute a total breakdown in communication if those problems do not

interfere with the preparation and presentation of a defense.” State v. Furlow, 2d Dist.

Clark No. 2003-CA-58, 2004-Ohio-5279, ¶ 12, citing State v. Gordon, 149 Ohio App.3d

237, 2002-Ohio-2761, 776 N.E.2d 1135, ¶ 12 (1st Dist.). “Competent representation

does not include the right to develop and share a ‘meaningful attorney-client relationship’

with one’s attorney.” Gordon at ¶ 12; see State v. Ware, 2d Dist. Darke No. 2018-CA-8,

2019-Ohio-2595, ¶ 36.

       {¶ 83} When reviewing whether a trial court erred in denying a motion for new

counsel, an appellate court should consider: (1) the timeliness of the motion, (2) the

adequacy of the trial court’s inquiry into the matter, (3) the extent of the conflict between

the attorney and client and whether it was so great that it resulted in a total lack of

communication preventing an adequate defense, and (4) the balancing of these factors

with the public’s interest in the prompt and efficient administration of justice. State v.

Jones, 91 Ohio St.3d 335, 342, 744 N.E.2d 1163 (2001), citing United States v. Jennings,

83 F.3d 145, 148 (6th Cir.1996); State v. Lawson, 2020-Ohio-6852, 164 N.E.3d 1130,

¶ 40 (2d Dist.).

       {¶ 84} The decision whether to remove court-appointed counsel and allow

substitution of new counsel is addressed to the sound discretion of the trial court, and its

decision will not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. Furlow at ¶ 13.
                                                                                         -32-

       {¶ 85} Prior to the commencement of trial on Monday, November 9, 2020,

Washington’s lead attorney made a motion to withdraw as counsel. This was defense

counsel’s third request to withdraw; he previously had made an oral motion to withdraw

on September 15, 2020 (a prior scheduled trial date) and filed a written motion to withdraw

on October 29, 2020. Counsel’s October 29, 2020 motion did not mention a conflict of

interest. The trial court held a hearing on the written motion on November 2, 2020,

before the final pretrial conference.

       {¶ 86} On November 4, 2020, the trial court issued a detailed decision denying

Washington’s October 29, 2020 motion. In that decision, the trial court indicated that the

primary basis for both the September 15 and October 29 requests to withdraw was that

counsel and Washington were not seeing “eye-to-eye.” The court noted that defense

counsel stated at a September 18 status conference that the two had “cleaned up our

differences” and that there was not, at that time, any issue with counsel’s continued

representation. At the status conference, the State had sought to submit a disc of a jail

phone call made approximately 30 minutes after the jury had been released on

September 15 and it was clear that the trial would not proceed; Washington had

expressed on that call that he and his attorney had discussed how they would not be able

to go forward with trial if Washington fired his attorney. The court commented in its

decision on how Washington had repeatedly filed motions that had caused his trial dates

to be delayed, and it detailed the numerous filings and “constant contact” defense counsel

had with Washington, despite their claim that their communication had deteriorated. The

court found the motion to be “just another trial tactic to cause delay” and found “no reason
                                                                                          -33-

that Counsel is not competent and able to proceed with trial.” The court stated, in

summary:

              There is no indication that [defense counsel] is not able to provide

       effective representation to the Defendant as he has thoroughly prepared for

       trial at each of its four settings. Additionally, the disagreements appear to

       be the Defendant refusing to communicate within a few days prior to trial

       and his dispute being with Counsel’s trial procedures and tactics. The

       Defendant failed to establish “good cause” to substitute counsel. When

       evaluating the [relevant] factors, the Court notes: (1) the time of the motion

       being within days before trial and only 24 hours after Counsel was

       continuing to file motions on the Defendant’s behalf; (2) the Court inquired

       of Counsel whether he was prepared for trial and gave the Defendant an

       opportunity to explain the conflict; (3) the conflict over not seeing eye-to-eye

       and when motions should be filed do not constitute such a conflict as to

       prevent an effective representation; and (4) the public’s interest in efficient

       administration of justice outweighs the delay caused by a substitution of

       counsel. The Defendant is not denied effective representation. Counsel’s

       motion to withdraw is denied.

(Footnotes omitted.) In a discursive footnote, the trial court commented that the (at that

point) November 6, 2020 trial date was the fourth trial setting, that there were “10 counts

in the superseding indictment, including qualifying offenses and specifications,” and a

“substantial delay would be required with a substitution of counsel.” The decision did not
                                                                                         -34-

reference or address an actual or potential conflict of interest between Washington and

his attorney.

       {¶ 87} Prior to the beginning of trial on November 9, 2020, defense counsel

renewed his motion to withdraw. At that time, both counsel and Washington expressed

that they believed counsel was under criminal investigation. Defense counsel stated that

the investigation was related to Washington’s escape. (Trial Tr. 25.) Defense counsel

told the court that when they called the investigating detective, the detective would not

provide information about the case because it was an open investigation.           Defense

counsel declared that the pending investigation “hurts my ability to represent my client as

I could possibly be a co-defendant and possibly at odds with him in another case,” in

addition to the previously-raised communication breakdown. (Trial Tr. 25.) Washington

added that he and counsel had “bickered” ever since learning of the investigation and that

it was “corrupt” to force him to be represented by someone who could become a co-

defendant. Washington also said that he was called to talk to detectives on the previous

Thursday about whether counsel was providing him drugs. (Trial Tr. 27-29.)

       {¶ 88} In its follow-up questioning, the trial court asked Washington, “Whatever

investigation is going on, you would agree that’s unrelated to any of the charges in this

case?” (Trial Tr. 27.) The court also asked him, “In relation to your counsel, if he’s being

investigated, it is not in regards to this case, correct?” (Id.) Washington did not concede

that the matters were unrelated. The court further inquired, “So, your position is there’s

a conflict because the same detective or investigator is involved in both cases?” (Trial

Tr. 28.) Washington replied, “No, that, too, but we’re not seeing eye to eye. * * *” (Id.)
                                                                                        -35-

        {¶ 89} When asked for the State’s position, the prosecutor responded that the

pending investigation, the details of which she did not know, had been raised “the last

time this issue was addressed” and nothing new had been presented that day. (Trial Tr.

29-30.)   She continued, “[S]o I don’t think there is new information for the court to

consider, but it is information that should be considered.” (Trial Tr. 30.)

        {¶ 90} Defense counsel contested the prosecutor’s characterization, saying that

he had just found out that Washington had been questioned by a detective and could

have made incriminating statements against him. Counsel stated that he was unaware

that Washington had been questioned by Detective Jessup if it happened on Thursday.

(Id.)   After Washington commented that he told counsel on the phone, counsel

continued:

        I know, but it wasn’t part of our Motion. Our Motion was on Monday. I get

        that; you’re right, but I mean, that’s an issue. First of all, why are they

        talking to my client without me present, and did they ask him if he wanted

        an attorney. Second of all, I don’t know [what] he said, and that could

        further lead to the issues between me and him. I mean, how can I properly

        represent someone who may be testifying against me? I think that’s an

        issue even though it’s a different case, it’s the same detective, and I think

        that’s definitely a problem.

(Id.)   The trial court asked counsel, “The investigation clearly is unrelated to the

indictment in this case, correct?” Counsel replied, “It’s the same detective, but it’s a

different case, that is correct.” (Id.) The trial court then asked defense counsel several
                                                                                          -36-

questions related to his preparation for trial and the amount of his communications with

his client.

       {¶ 91} The trial court denied the oral motion, concluding that no conflict of interest

existed because the alleged investigation of defense counsel did not involve the case

presently before the trial court and, further, that none of the considerations relevant to a

motion to withdraw favored substitution of counsel. The court stated: “There comes a

point where the Defendant, I get you don’t like what things go on, how you think things

appear, but the case law is very clear that the Defendant does not get to choose his

lawyer. Being that the facts of the case are regarding the investigation are something

unrelated to this case, even if you became a co-defendant, which this court has no

information on, you would presumably be on the same side as your client and the court

does not see the conflict for that.”     (Trial Tr. 33.)   After an extended outburst by

Washington and his removal from the courtroom, the trial court orally reiterated the

substance of its November 4, 2020 decision denying the prior motion to withdraw.

       {¶ 92} On appeal, Washington claims that the trial court erred in denying defense

counsel’s motion to withdraw, because the pending investigation created a conflict of

interest that required counsel’s substitution. In its response, the State argues that there

is no evidence on record about any investigation regarding Washington’s primary defense

counsel, only counsel’s statement that he believed an investigation was ongoing. The

majority of the State’s argument reiterates the rationale provided by the trial court in its

November 4, 2020 decision and repeated orally on November 9, 2020.

       {¶ 93} On the record before us, we cannot conclude that the trial court abused its
                                                                                         -37-

discretion in denying defense counsel’s motion to withdraw based on a conflict of interest.

At the outset, we find no reference to a criminal investigation of defense counsel or

counsel’s claim of a conflict of interest prior to November 9, 2020. The issue apparently

had been raised in conjunction with defense counsel’s prior motion to withdraw, as

reflected in the prosecutor’s comment that “nothing new” had been said on November 9.

Washington asserted on November 9 that defense counsel had been saying “for two

weeks straight he’s under investigation.” (Trial Tr. 26.) However, any prior claim of a

conflict of interest was not memorialized in the record.

       {¶ 94} The record does not clearly demonstrate that defense counsel was, in fact,

subject to a criminal investigation. Although defense counsel stated, as an officer of the

court, that he believed that he was subject to a criminal investigation arising out of

Washington’s escape, that suspicion was not corroborated by the prosecutor or a law

enforcement officer. Defense counsel told the court that when he called the detective,

the detective would not talk about the case because it was an open investigation. The

prosecutor indicated that she had no details about an investigation. In his remarks,

Washington told the court that he had been questioned by Detective Jessup about his

defense counsel on the previous Thursday (presumably November 5). The trial court

gave no indication whether it believed or disbelieved Washington’s statements about the

alleged investigation.

       {¶ 95} Regardless, the possible existence of a criminal investigation of defense

counsel created a potential conflict of interest. However, an actual conflict of interest is

required to find that Washington’s Sixth Amendment rights were violated. E.g., State v.
                                                                                        -38-

Johnson, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2009-CA-16, 2010-Ohio-2838, ¶ 44.

       {¶ 96} The trial court’s thorough inquiry into the nature of the conflict focused on

whether the investigation of defense counsel related to the case for which defense

counsel had been appointed as counsel for Washington. The inquiry confirmed that,

although the alleged investigation stemmed from defense counsel’s representation of

Washington in the case before the court, it involved conduct unrelated to the issues to be

presented at trial. The court questioned defense counsel as to whether the investigation

related to a different case, and defense counsel’s acknowledged that it did. The court

determined that no actual conflict of interest existed.

       {¶ 97} It is apparent that the alleged investigation further fueled the distrust and

animosity between Washington and defense counsel. And while it is conceivable that a

substantial risk existed that defense counsel’s cross-examination of Detective Jessup

would be affected by the pending investigation, defense counsel was not Washington’s

sole attorney; co-counsel was available to conduct the cross-examination of that

particular witness if concerns existed.        The trial court was able to weigh that

consideration, along with the other information available to it, as to whether defense

counsel could effectively represent Washington at trial. We cannot say that the trial court

abused its discretion in determining that the potential conflict of interest created by the

pending investigation did not render defense counsel unable to effectively represent

Washington at trial.

       {¶ 98} Moreover, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that the

relationship between Washington and his attorney did not warrant substitution of counsel.
                                                                                        -39-

The motion was filed on the morning of trial, with prospective jurors waiting. This was

the third such motion in less than two months, and it was made on the fourth trial date.

Jurors had been called to the courthouse and released on two of the prior scheduled trial

dates.     Although defense counsel told the court that the relationship between

Washington and him had deteriorated even further, the court reasonably concluded that

defense counsel was prepared for trial and that the condition of their relationship would

not result in the denial of Washington’s Sixth Amendment right to counsel. The trial court

had reason to be suspicious of the motion to withdraw, as Washington had indicated in a

September 15 jail phone call that such a motion could be used to delay trial. The trial

court reasonably concluded that the interests of justice favored proceeding with trial that

day with current counsel.

         {¶ 99} Washington’s ninth assignment of error is overruled.

                   VI. Sufficiency and Manifest Weight of the Evidence

         {¶ 100} Washington’s fifth assignment of error claims that his convictions were

against the manifest weight of the evidence.       Although not specifically stated in his

assignment of error, he also argues that the State’s evidence was insufficient to support

his convictions.

         A. Standards of Review

         {¶ 101} “A sufficiency of the evidence argument disputes whether the State has

presented adequate evidence on each element of the offense to allow the case to go to

the jury or sustain the verdict as a matter of law.” State v. Wilson, 2d Dist. Montgomery

No. 22581, 2009-Ohio-525, ¶ 10, citing State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386, 678
                                                                                           -40-

N.E.2d 541 (1997). The relevant inquiry is whether any rational finder of fact, viewing

the evidence in a light most favorable to the State, could have found the essential

elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Dennis, 79 Ohio

St.3d 421, 430, 683 N.E.2d 1096 (1997). A guilty verdict will not be disturbed on appeal

unless “reasonable minds could not reach the conclusion reached by the trier-of-fact.” Id.

       {¶ 102} In contrast, “[a] weight of the evidence argument challenges the

believability of the evidence and asks which of the competing inferences suggested by

the evidence is more believable or persuasive.” (Citation omitted.) Wilson at ¶ 12; see

Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 2012-Ohio-2179, 972 N.E.2d 517, ¶ 19. When

reviewing an argument challenging the weight of the evidence, an appellate court may

not substitute its view for that of the trier of fact. Rather, we review the entire record,

weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of witnesses,

and determine whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the finder of fact clearly lost

its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be

reversed and a new trial ordered. Thompkins at 387, quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio

App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983).

       {¶ 103} Because the trier of fact sees and hears the witnesses at trial, we must

defer to the factfinder’s decisions whether, and to what extent, to credit the testimony of

particular witnesses.    State v. Lawson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 16288, 1997 WL

476684, *4 (Aug. 22, 1997).         The fact that the evidence is subject to different

interpretations does not render the conviction against the manifest weight of the evidence.

Wilson at ¶ 14. A judgment of conviction should be reversed as being against the
                                                                                       -41-

manifest weight of the evidence only in exceptional circumstances. Martin at 175.

      {¶ 104} “The legal concepts of sufficiency of the evidence and weight of the

evidence are both quantitatively and qualitatively different.” Thompkins at 386.

However, where an appellate court determines that a conviction is not against the

manifest weight of the evidence, the conviction is necessarily based on legally sufficient

evidence. State v. McLoughlin, 2d Dist. Champaign No. 2017-CA-22, 2018-Ohio-2426,

¶ 8; State v. Million, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24744, 2012-Ohio-1774, ¶ 23.

      {¶ 105} We note that, in other assignments of error, Washington has challenged

the trial court’s admission of certain evidence at trial. In reviewing claims based on the

sufficiency and/or manifest weight of the evidence, we are required to consider all of the

evidence admitted at trial, regardless of whether it was admitted erroneously. State v.

Brewer, 121 Ohio St.3d 202, 2009-Ohio-593, 903 N.E.2d 284; State v. Lawson, 2020-

Ohio-6852, 164 N.E.3d 1130, ¶ 86 (2d Dist.); State v. Rosales, 2d Dist. Montgomery No.

27117, 2018-Ohio-197, ¶ 16, citing State v. Johnson, 2015-Ohio-5491, 55 N.E.3d 648,

¶ 95 (2d Dist.). Accordingly, the outcome of those assignments of error has no bearing

on whether the evidence at trial supported Washington’s convictions.

      B. Offenses Involving David Beard

      {¶ 106} Washington was convicted of aggravated burglary, aggravated robbery,

felonious assault, and abduction related to his conduct involving David Beard.         He

asserts that the jury lost its way in convicting him of those offenses, because he was not

present when they occurred. Washington emphasizes that Beard repeatedly changed

his story about what occurred on the morning of June 25 and that he (Washington) had
                                                                                      -42-

an alibi for when the offenses occurred.

      {¶ 107} According to the State’s version of events, Washington and two others

entered Beard’s home without permission, likely through a kitchen window off of the back

deck. After Beard returned home for work, Washington and another male repeatedly hit

him in the hallway of the apartment. Beard was forced into his living room and restrained

with masking tape. Multiple personal items were stolen. As a result of the assault,

Beard briefly lost consciousness, and he suffered lacerations to his head and face and

severe lacerations to his ear, which required treatment from a plastic surgeon.

      {¶ 108} Beard identified “T” as one of the people involved in the offenses. Beard

was familiar with “T” through his estranged wife, Shannon Yohey, and indicated that “T”

had previously been to the apartment.      Although the perpetrators wore masks that

obscured their faces below the bridge of the nose, Beard stated that he recognized “T’s”

voice and the tattoo over his eye. Several witnesses identified “T” as Washington, and

Washington called himself “T” in a recorded jail phone call. Beard consistently stated

the three perpetrators were African-American, which eliminated Reedy (who is

Caucasian) as a suspect; Washington is African-American.

      {¶ 109} Later in the day on June 25, police officers saw Washington driving a

stolen Jeep, which was found to contain Yohey’s Michael Kors purse, Beard’s medical

insurance card (found within a woman’s wallet), and a television that Beard identified as

stolen from his apartment. Beard’s Cobalt was located near Reedy’s apartment, where

Washington had been the previous day.

      {¶ 110} Beard acknowledged at trial (and Detectives Kunkleman and Baker
                                                                                        -43-

likewise testified) that he was not initially forthcoming about what had occurred. Beard

first told the police that he had been carjacked and next said that the assault occurred on

the stairs to his apartment. At trial, Beard explained that he was worried about being

evicted for having cats and police activity at his apartment. Beard had provided the same

explanation to Kunkleman while at the hospital. Kunkleman testified that Beard was

afraid of losing his apartment and cats and was “kind of emotional about it.”

       {¶ 111} Although there was no fingerprint or DNA evidence placing Washington in

Beard’s apartment when the incident occurred, the State presented additional evidence

to corroborate that the events occurred in Beard’s apartment as he testified. Troy Police

Officer Chris Madigan and Detective Nicholas Freisthler searched Beard’s apartment with

Beard’s consent and found physical evidence of the crimes. There appeared to be signs

of a struggle by the back door and a window appeared to be disturbed. In the living

room, officers located masking tape, a broken flower pot, and blood on the couch. A

bloody shirt was positioned on the back deck. The kitchen cabinets were open. Officer

Madigan, Detectives Kunkleman and Baker, and emergency room physician Dr.

Christopher Miller all testified to Beard’s injuries.

       {¶ 112} Beard acknowledged on cross-examination that he smoked marijuana.

However, he denied that he took heroin, and he testified on direct examination that he

and Yohey were estranged due to her addiction to heroin.

       {¶ 113} In his own testimony, Washington denied being at Beard’s apartment on

the morning of June 25, 2019, and he claimed that he had been at his mother’s home in

Dayton since the afternoon of June 24, 2019. The mother of Washington’s teenaged
                                                                                       -44-

children, Jessica Mail, stated that she had spent the night with Washington at the home

of Karen Hinders Nelson, Washington’s mother. When Mail left the residence around

10:00 a.m. on June 25, Washington was still there. Nelson also testified that she awoke

around 7:00 a.m. on June 25 and Washington was still there; she stated that he left

around 11:00 a.m.

        {¶ 114} Washington’s alibi evidence was undermined by other evidence. Mail

testified that she believed Washington had not been on his phone or moving around

throughout the night, but Washington’s phone reflected that he had made and received

phone calls during the early morning hours of June 25, 2019, and his phone had recorded

multiple step counts. In addition, the phone showed an elevation change amounting to

one flight of stairs at 5:14 a.m. that morning; Nelson’s home was a single story and did

not have a flight of stairs. Mail also testified that Washington had had a video chat with

his children after 2:30 p.m. on June 25. However, the car chase on North County Road

25A occurred about that time, and Washington was in police custody thereafter. Nelson

provided inconsistent testimony about whether Washington had been awake when she

woke up on June 25, and neither Mail nor Nelson had provided alibi information to the

police prior to trial.

        {¶ 115} During   his   testimony,   Washington    also   provided    a   different

characterization of his relationship with Beard and Yohey. He stated that Beard was a

drug addict who would call his phone, and Beard had given him property, such as a

hookah pipe, in exchange for drugs. Washington said he had been to Beard’s apartment

as recently as June 19 or 20, 2019 to bring him or Yohey drugs. Washington described
                                                                                           -45-

Beard’s apartment as a “drug house everybody would get high at.” (Trial Tr. 896.) He

stated that he would sometimes go to the apartment three times a day, but he would meet

people either outside or at the kitchen and then leave. He testified that he had last spent

time inside the residence in early 2019.        Washington denied that Yohey was his

girlfriend, but he indicated that they had sexual relations, he “had love for her,” and he

had been in her bedroom at Beard’s apartment. Washington claimed not to have any

issues with Beard in June 2019.

       {¶ 116} After the incident, Officer Madigan spoke with Beard’s downstairs

neighbor, who reported that he had heard a man and a woman arguing earlier in Beard’s

apartment.

       {¶ 117} It was the province of the jury, as the trier of fact, to assess the witnesses’

credibility and determine whether the State had proved, beyond a reasonable doubt, that

Washington had committed the charged offenses. In reaching its verdicts, the jury was

free to believe all, part, or none of each witness’s testimony. State v. Peterson, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 29061, 2021-Ohio-3947, ¶ 27.            Although there was evidence from

which the jury could have reached a different verdict on the charges related to Beard, we

cannot conclude that the jury lost its way when it ostensibly credited the State’s version

of events and found that Washington had committed the offenses in Beard’s apartment

on the morning of June 25, 2019. Washington’s convictions for aggravated burglary,

aggravated robbery, felonious assault, and abduction were not against the manifest

weight of the evidence and, given that conclusion, were necessarily based on sufficient

evidence.
                                                                                      -46-

      C. Burglary of Milby’s Residence

      {¶ 118} Washington next claims that there was insufficient evidence that he

entered Milby’s residence and that his conviction for burglary was against the manifest

weight of the evidence.

      {¶ 119} Under R.C. 2911.12(A)(3), the State was required to prove that

Washington “[t]respass[ed] in an occupied structure or in a separately secured or

separately occupied portion of an occupied structure, with purpose to commit in the

structure or separately secured or separately occupied portion of the structure any

criminal offense.”   Washington’s argument challenges the jury’s conclusion that he

trespassed in Milby’s home.

      {¶ 120} No one saw Washington inside of Milby’s home, and the State, instead,

relied on circumstantial evidence that Washington had committed the burglary.

Circumstantial evidence has the same probative value as direct evidence.        State v.

Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 272, 574 N.E.2d 482 (1991), citing State v. Nicely, 39 Ohio

St.3d 147, 529 N.E.2d 1236 (1988); State v. St. John, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 27988,

2019-Ohio-650, ¶ 49. In some cases, “circumstantial evidence may be more certain,

satisfying, and persuasive than direct evidence.” State v. Jackson, 57 Ohio St.3d 29, 38,

565 N.E.2d 549 (1991).

      {¶ 121} Milby’s and Fergerson’s testimony, if believed, established that Milby’s

home was burglarized during the early afternoon of June 25, 2019. Milby lived in a rural

area on Piqua-Lockington Road. He was self-employed and left for work between 6:20

and 6:30 a.m. on June 25, 2019. Milby testified that Fergerson was at the house when
                                                                                      -47-

he left for work. At approximately 3:00 p.m., Fergerson contacted Milby and told him that

“somebody had been in the house and things were all messed up.” (Trial Tr. 440.)

When Milby returned home, a closet had been ransacked, the gun safe was missing, and

a bedroom dresser had been moved. The security system and other items from the

house had been taken and several additional items had been stolen from the detached

garage. Milby noticed that a dolly, which had been in his dining room and loaded with

cases of bottled water, had been moved to the garage.

      {¶ 122} Fergerson’s testimony differed from Milby’s in that she testified that her

boyfriend, Hummins, also was at Milby’s home on June 24, 2019 and continuing until

approximately 11:30 a.m. on June 25, when Fergerson’s mother picked them

up. Fergerson was unsure if the kitchen door had been locked when she left. Fergerson

stated that her mother dropped off Hummins and then drove her to buy drugs from

Washington near his Downing Street residence. Afterward, Fergerson and her mother

were together until 2:45 or 3:00 p.m., when Fergerson’s mother returned her to Milby’s

home. Fergerson discovered that something was awry soon after.

      {¶ 123} According to Milby and Fergerson, no one had permission to be at Milby’s

house when they were not there, and no one was home between approximately 11:30

a.m. and 2:30 p.m. on June 25. Based on Milby’s and Fergerson’s testimony, the jury

could have reasonably concluded that someone had burglarized Milby’s home.

      {¶ 124} Although no direct evidence placed Washington inside the residence

during the burglary, a fingerprint from Washington’s right hand was located on the dolly

found in the garage. Milby believed the dolly likely was used to move the gun safe, which
                                                                                     -48-

weighed in excess of 400 pounds. Fergerson testified that Washington had previously

been to Milby’s residence to sell her drugs, including on June 24 when she met

Washington in Milby’s driveway. In addition, shortly after the burglary, Washington was

found in possession of numerous items that had been stolen from Milby’s home. Milby

testified that he had not given Washington permission to enter his home or garage or to

use his dolly, and that there was no lawful reason why Washington had possession of his

property. Construing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, there was

sufficient evidence that Washington trespassed in Milby’s home, used the dolly to steal

the gun safe, and stole other personal property from Milby’s house and garage.

      {¶ 125} Washington denied being at Milby’s residence on June 25, 2019, and

stated that he had never entered Milby’s home. He testified that he had come into

contact with the dolly when Fergerson came to Downing Street to purchase crack cocaine

from Owings on June 25. According to Washington, Fergerson drove up in a white truck

with Hummins and another man (not Milby), and she wanted to trade the property inside

for drugs. Washington stated that he used the dolly to help move a big safe from the

truck into Owing’s Jeep. Washington testified that he saw Fergerson “about 20 times” in

a week, and both Fergerson and Milby had exchanged property for drugs in the past.

Washington indicated that he had been to Milby’s home on several occasions to sell drugs

to both Fergerson and Milby, but had never been inside the home.

      {¶ 126} The jury heard both versions of events and was able to assess each

witness’s credibility. Although the jury could have determined otherwise, it evidently

believed that Washington had burglarized Milby’s home. Upon review of the entire trial,
                                                                                       -49-

this case does not present the exceptional circumstance where Washington’s burglary

conviction is against the manifest weight of the evidence, and thus, it was based on

sufficient evidence.

       D. Receiving Stolen Property

       {¶ 127} Washington further claims that his conviction for receiving stolen property

should be reversed, because the State failed to prove that he knew the Jeep Cherokee

was stolen.

       {¶ 128} Washington acknowledged at trial that he was in the Jeep at the Sunoco

gas station on June 24, 2019. He stated that Hecker was selling the Jeep to his nephew,

Owings, and the transfer of title had been completed and notarized. Washington initially

testified that Reedy drove to the Sunoco station with Hecker in the passenger seat; he

and Owings were in the back seat. (Trial Tr. 888.) On cross-examination, Washington

stated that he was not sure if Hecker was seated in the front passenger seat or in the

back seat, but he was confident that Reedy was driving.        Washington testified that

Hecker did not want to go to Dayton with the others and asked to be dropped off at the

gas station. Washington said that Reedy dropped him off at his mother’s house in

Dayton at around 3:30 p.m. that day.

       {¶ 129} In contrast, Hecker testified that he drove his girlfriend’s Jeep to the

Sunoco gas station with Washington in the passenger seat and an incapacitated Reedy

in the back seat. When he went into the Sunoco to pay for gas and buy a beverage, the

vehicle was stolen. Hecker reported to the police that “T” and Reedy had driven off with

the vehicle without permission. At trial, Hecker stated that he did not see who was
                                                                                      -50-

driving, but Washington had been in the front passenger seat.          The State played

Hecker’s 911 call reporting the theft and presented a surveillance video from the Sunoco,

which showed Hecker exiting the Jeep from the driver’s side and heading to the store

area. No one else exited or entered the Jeep before it left the gas station.

       {¶ 130} The next day, Washington was found driving the Jeep. At that time, the

Jeep had a temporary tag that was registered to Owings. However, when Lieutenant

Weber talked with Owings about the Jeep, Owings never claimed ownership of the

vehicle.

       {¶ 131} The jury was free to believe Hecker’s testimony that the Jeep was stolen

at the gas station, and upon review of the evidence, the jury could have reasonably

concluded that Washington knew that the Jeep was stolen, including that Washington

himself had stolen the vehicle. Washington’s conviction for receiving stolen property was

based on sufficient evidence and was not against the manifest weight of the evidence.

       E. Failure to Comply

       {¶ 132} Finally, Washington claims that his conviction for failure to comply was

based on insufficient evidence and against the manifest weight of the evidence. He

emphasizes that he saw the police behind him but did not see or hear a signal (lights or

siren) from the police officer. Washington further argues that the police lacked a reason

to stop him as the Jeep was registered to Owings and he had Owing’s permission to

operate the vehicle.

       {¶ 133} According to the State’s evidence, Officer May responded to the Sunoco

gas station on Hecker’s theft complaint. He testified that he contacted dispatch for the
                                                                                        -51-

Jeep to be listed as stolen in the LEADS (Law Enforcement Automated Data System)

database and a BOLO (Be on the Lookout) alert also was issued for the vehicle. Hecker

told Officer May that Reedy and “T” were suspects in the theft.

          {¶ 134} As Officer Weber, Officer May, Detective Baker, and Detective Captain

Kunkleman were at the old Piqua Motel area regarding Beard’s Chevy Cobalt, Officer

Weber observed a Jeep Cherokee driving northbound on North County Road 25A.

Weber asked May, “Is that your Jeep coming this way?” As the Jeep drove by, the driver

looked toward the officers, and Weber and Kunkleman recognized Washington as the

driver.

          {¶ 135} Weber in his marked vehicle, Baker and Kunkleman in their unmarked

SUV, and May in his cruiser all pursued the Jeep. Weber left first and tried to catch up

with the Jeep. He testified that he activated his cruiser’s lights and siren. Instead of

stopping, the Jeep accelerated, zigzagged in traffic, and reached 60 to 80 mph in a 40

mph zone.

          {¶ 136} Baker and Kunkleman’s SUV was the second vehicle in pursuit, and Baker

testified that he could see Weber’s cruiser’s lights in the distance. The Troy detectives’

unmarked vehicle also had lights and a siren, and they employed them while they drove

after the Jeep. Officer May followed, and when he caught up, he noticed the Jeep had

hit the truck trailer on the Exit 83 ramp. Officer Weber’s cruiser was stopped at the ramp,

and neither Washington nor Weber was there. The overhead lights and siren of Weber’s

cruiser were still activated. The video from Officer May’s cruiser showed Weber’s parked

police vehicle on the I-75 on-ramp with its overhead lights still activated.
                                                                                        -52-

       {¶ 137} Washington claimed that he did not see or hear any signal to stop from the

police officers.   However, the jury could have sensibly rejected his testimony and

believed the testimony of the law enforcement officers. Washington’s conviction for

failure to comply was based on sufficient evidence and was not against the manifest

weight of the evidence.

       {¶ 138} Washington’s fifth assignment of error is overruled.

                                 VII. Prejudicial Testimony

       {¶ 139} In his seventh assignment of error, Washington contends that the trial

court erred in permitting the jury to hear prejudicial testimony. Specifically, Washington

argues that the court should not have allowed the jury to hear a recording of an irrelevant

phone call from the jail and that police officers should not have been allowed to testify

about the functioning of a “Fitbit.”

       A. Jail Phone Call

       {¶ 140} Washington first challenges the admission of State’s Exhibit 123, a

recording of a portion of a phone call placed by Washington from the jail on July 4, 2019.

       {¶ 141} During Detective Jessup’s testimony, the detective stated that he had

listened to some of Washington’s recorded telephone calls and that the beginning of each

call indicated that the call was subject to monitoring and recording. (Trial Tr. 617.)

Jessup further testified that he was familiar with Washington’s voice and recognized it

when he heard it. When the prosecutor sought to play State’s Exhibit 123, defense

counsel asked to approach.        The sidebar conversation was not transcribed, but the

recorded call was played immediately after the sidebar concluded.
                                                                                       -53-

      {¶ 142} State’s Exhibit 123 is 4 minutes and 28 seconds long.           During the

conversation, Washington spoke with an unidentified woman. The woman complained

that someone was “putting their hands” on her and “running their mouth” and she was

getting tired of it. After Washington said he knew someone who could beat up the

offending person, the woman asked who she was talking to. Washington identified

himself as “T.” The woman responded she thought she was talking to someone else.

Washington asked if she knew Fergerson and “600,” who Washington described as

Fergerson’s “dude” and his “brother.”      Washington advised to her contact “600.”

Washington then asked the woman to look up 600’s telephone number on Messenger,

which listed it under the account of someone named Abby; he provided his

(Washington’s) email address and password so she could do so. Washington further

asked the woman to send Abby a message saying, “Tell bru make sure dude doesn’t

come to court Tuesday at 1.” (Washington’s preliminary hearing in this case was

scheduled for Tuesday, July 9, 2019, at 1:00 p.m.) Washington also told the women to

call 600’s number and say something similar.

      {¶ 143} Detective Jessup testified that the phone number mentioned during the

phone call belonged to Hummins.

      {¶ 144} Three witnesses later, the State called Dawn Thomas, the assistant jail

administrator for the Miami County Sheriff’s Office, as the last witness of the day. One

of Thomas’s duties was to administer Securis, the system used by the county jail to record

calls placed by inmates. (Trial Tr. 648.) Thomas described how inmate calls are made

and stored on a computer server, and she indicated that they are searchable. State’s
                                                                                          -54-

Exhibit 123 again was played for the jury, and Thomas acknowledged the phone call as

a call placed on July 4, 2019, and that the exhibit was a fair and accurate recording of the

call.

        {¶ 145} After the jurors were released for the day, the court put on the record that,

during Detective Jessup’s testimony, “[w]e did do a sidebar on the issue, but I told the

parties after the jury was released we would put the full objection on the record.” (Trial

Tr. 652.) Defense counsel then argued that the prejudicial nature of State’s Exhibit 123

outweighed its probative value, and it should have been excluded. He stated: “It doesn’t

tend to prove any element of any of the crimes my client’s charged with in this matter. It

doesn’t even say who the alleged witness is that he’s saying to go talk to or whatever, so

based on that that is the extent of our objection to Exhibit 123, your honor.” (Id.)

        {¶ 146} The State responded that the purpose of the exhibit was to show

consciousness of guilt, specifically that Washington was making efforts to prevent a

witness from appearing at court.       The prosecutor indicated that additional evidence

would be presented to “bookend that call” and explain the court hearing to which

Washington was referring. The State further argued that the call served to substantiate

that Washington referred to himself as “T” and to demonstrate the relationship between

Washington and Hummins, who was anticipated to be a defense witness. (Trial Tr. 652-

653.) In response, defense counsel raised that Hummins and Washington, if he testified,

could be questioned directly about their relationship and the recorded call was not the

“best way to get that evidence in.”

        {¶ 147} The trial court overruled the objection, finding the call relevant to
                                                                                         -55-

Washington’s identification and to the relationship between Washington and Hummins.

Although the evidence did not directly relate to an element of the offense, the court

reasoned that it was relevant to credibility. The court found that the probative value

outweighed the prejudicial impact.

       {¶ 148} “A trial court has broad discretion to admit or exclude evidence, and its

exercise of that discretion will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion.”

State v. Hunt, 2d Dist. Darke No. 2018-CA-9, 2019-Ohio-2352, ¶ 27. A trial court abuses

its discretion if it makes an unreasonable, unconscionable, or arbitrary decision. Id.

       {¶ 149} When engaging in this gatekeeper capacity, the trial court must determine

if potential evidence is relevant. State v. Sutherland, 2021-Ohio-2433, 173 N.E.3d 942,

¶ 24 (2d Dist.). To be relevant, evidence must have a “tendency to make the existence

of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more or less probable

than it would be without the evidence.” Evid.R. 401. In other words, there must be

some probative value to the evidence. Evid.R. 402.

       {¶ 150} A trial court may still exclude relevant evidence if its probative value is

substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Evid.R. 403. “Exclusion on

the basis of unfair prejudice involves more than a balance of mere prejudice. If unfair

prejudice simply meant prejudice, anything adverse to the litigant's case would be

excludable under Rule 403. Emphasis must be placed on the word ‘unfair.’ Unfair

prejudice is that quality of evidence which might result in an improper basis for a jury

decision.” Oberlin v. Akron Gen. Med. Ctr., 91 Ohio St.3d 169, 172, 743 N.E.2d 890

(2001); State v. Hatfield, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 28990, 2022-Ohio-148, ¶ 89. If the
                                                                                         -56-

evidence arouses the emotions or sympathies of the jury, evokes a sense of horror, or

appeals to an instinct to punish, the evidence is likely unfairly prejudicial and should be

excluded. Id.

         {¶ 151} “[W]hen determining whether the relevance of evidence is outweighed by

its prejudicial effects, the evidence is viewed in a light most favorable to the proponent.”

State v. Lakes, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 21490, 2007-Ohio-325, ¶ 22. Courts have

characterized Evid.R. 403 as an “extraordinary remedy” which should only be used

“sparingly because it permits the exclusion of otherwise relevant evidence.” Sutherland

at ¶ 29, quoting United States v. Meester, 762 F.2d 867, 875 (11th Cir.1985). The major

function of Evid.R. 403 is “limited to excluding matter of scant or cumulative probative

force, dragged in by the heels for the sake of its prejudicial effect.” Id., quoting United

States v. McRae, 593 F.2d 700, 707 (5th Cir.1979).

         {¶ 152} Washington’s recorded jail phone call was relevant to several issues at

trial.   First, while other witnesses had testified that Washington was known as “T,”

Washington corroborated that testimony by identifying himself as “T” during the phone

call. Second, as argued by the State, Washington’s efforts to have a witness in his case

not appear for a court hearing were relevant to Washington’s credibility and

consciousness of guilt.    Third, the conversation illuminated the relationship between

Washington and Hummins, who was Fergerson’s boyfriend in June 2019 and allegedly

had been to Milby’s home, including on the day of the burglary. Washington described

“600” as his “brother” and as someone who could “take care of anything you need to take

care of, guaranteed.” While Washington’s statements were prejudicial to him, they were
                                                                                      -57-

not unduly prejudicial, and the prejudicial nature did not substantially outweigh their

probative value. Even if we were to conclude that a portion of the recorded call was

unduly prejudicial, we would find its admission to be harmless when considered in the

context of the entire trial.

       B. “Fitbit” Evidence

       {¶ 153} Washington next challenges the admission of information from a health

app on his cell phone.

       {¶ 154} In response to Washington’s evidence that he was sleeping at his mother’s

home on the night of June 24, 2019, the State presented two rebuttal witnesses: Detective

Jessup and Detective Sergeant Todd Cooper of the Miami County Sheriff’s Office.

Detective Sergeant Cooper testified that he received an Apple cell phone from Detective

Jessup, and he (Cooper) performed a forensic download of the cell phone onto a thumb

drive using a UFED Touch2 device.        All of the phone’s contents were downloaded.

Cooper then used a Physical Analyzer program by Cellebrite, which analyzed the

information obtained from the cell phone and created a forensic report. (Trial Tr. 985-

987.) The State presented screenshots of a call log report (State’s Ex. 142) and an

“activities” report (State’s Ex. 143) created by the Cellebrite program.

       {¶ 155} Detective Jessup testified about some of the information contained on the

two Cellebrite reports. He discussed the call log, which showed that Washington made

and received phone calls during the overnight hours of June 24-25. Jessup further

testified regarding the activity log from the health app on Washington’s phone, which

showed steps taken, distance walked, flights of stairs climbed, and other data. Jessup
                                                                                      -58-

stated that the data for September 14, 2020 (line 12 on the report) reflected when he

(Jessup) had unlocked the phone and was walking around with it. The entry below that

(line 11) was for 10:47 a.m. to 10:54 a.m. on June 25, 2019. There was no activity

recorded between those two entries.

       {¶ 156} State’s Exhibit 143, the activity log, contained the recorded health data

between 9:49 p.m. on June 24, 2019, and September 14, 2020, when Detective Jessup

unlocked the phone. Between 12:20 a.m. and 6:02 a.m. on June 25, 2019, the phone

had 18 separate step-counter entries, reflecting movement of the phone. In addition, at

5:14 a.m., the phone registered a climb of one flight of stairs, which was defined by the

health app as approximately 10 feet of elevation gain or approximately 16 steps.

(Washington’s mother’s residence was a single-story double-wide trailer, which did not

have a flight of stairs.)

       {¶ 157} On cross-examination, Detective Jessup acknowledged that the phone

data did not include where the phone was located, who had the phone, or what the person

was doing.

       {¶ 158} On appeal, Washington argues that neither Detective Sergeant Cooper

nor Detective Jessup was offered as an expert on “Fitbit” technology. He contends that

without an expert on the functioning of the “Fitbit,” the evidence was offered without a

proper foundation. We disagree with Washington that an expert was required to testify

to the extraction of data from Washington’s cell phone.

       {¶ 159} The Rules of Evidence delineate two forms of witness testimony: lay and

expert. “The distinction between lay and expert witness opinion testimony is that lay
                                                                                        -59-

testimony results from a process of reasoning familiar in everyday life, while expert

testimony results from a process of reasoning which can be mastered only by specialists

in the field.” State v. Wells, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2021-CA-19, 2022-Ohio-30, ¶ 17, quoting

28 Ohio Jurisprudence 3d, Criminal Law: Procedure, Section 1641; see State v. McKee,

91 Ohio St.3d 292, 2001-Ohio-40, 744 N.E.2d 737.

       {¶ 160} A lay witness may testify about opinions or inferences that are “(1)

rationally based on the perception of the witness and (2) helpful to a clear understanding

of the witness’ testimony or the determination of a fact in issue.” Evid.R. 701. In other

words, a witness must have first-hand knowledge of the subject of his or her testimony

and the opinion must be one that a rational person would form based on the observed

facts. It also must help the trier of fact in understanding the testimony of the witness or

determining a fact in issue. Id.

       {¶ 161} Trial courts have considerable discretion in admitting the testimony of lay

witnesses, and we evaluate the court’s decision for abuse of discretion.          Brown v.

Burnett, 2020-Ohio-297, 144 N.E.3d 475, ¶ 28 (2d Dist.).

       {¶ 162} We have historically held that a trial court does not err in allowing an

individual to testify as a lay witness about his or her use of the Cellebrite program to

extract cell phone data. E.g., State v. Hatfield, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 28990, 2022-

Ohio-148, ¶ 111; State v. Hemmelgarn, 2d Dist. Darke No. 2018-CA-7, 2019-Ohio-2034,

¶ 34. In Hemmelgarn, we reasoned in part:

       * * * In the present case, most of [Police Officer] Marion’s testimony did not

       even involve opinions or inferences. He simply testified, factually, about
                                                                                          -60-

       extracting data from Hemmelgarn’s phone using the Cellebrite program and

       listing that data in a generated report. All witnesses may testify as to facts

       within their personal knowledge. Evid.R. 602. To the extent that Marion

       did offer “opinion” testimony, he essentially opined that Cellebrite copies

       data from a phone. He based this “opinion” on knowledge he acquired

       through his own use of the program. Marion’s testimony did not require a

       specialized understanding of the Cellebrite program, as the idea that data

       can be extracted from a cell phone is familiar to most people. Finally, to

       the extent that Marion arguably conducted any “analysis” of the data, he

       merely testified that a generated report showed content that had been

       extracted from the phone and content that had been deleted prior to

       examination. Again, this factual testimony did not involve any real opinions

       requiring specialized knowledge, training, or experience. Therefore, we

       agree with the trial court that Marion did not need to be qualified as an expert

       to testify about his use of the Cellebrite program in this case.

Id. at ¶ 34.

       {¶ 163} As in Hemmelgarn, Detective Sergeant Cooper’s testimony was factual in

nature. He described the method he used to extract data from the Apple cell phone that

he had received from Detective Jessup and identified reports that were generated.

Cooper did not provide any opinions requiring specialized knowledge, training, or

experience. The trial court did not err in permitting Cooper to testify as a lay witness.

       {¶ 164} Detective Jessup’s testimony similarly was factual in nature. Jessup’s
                                                                                            -61-

testimony focused on the numbers of steps taken and the number of flights climbed, as

reflected on the extraction report. The health application itself defined how the “step

count” and “flights climbed” were calculated, and neither concept required a specialized

understanding of the health application. (See State’s Ex. 144.) Detective Jessup did

not conduct an analysis of the data, nor did he offer an opinion on the accuracy of the

information. As with Detective Sergeant Cooper, the trial court reasonably permitted

Detective Jessup to testify as a lay witness regarding the health app reports.

           {¶ 165} Washington’s seventh assignment of error is overruled.

                                    VIII. Intoxicated Witness

           {¶ 166} Washington’s eighth assignment of error claims that the trial court erred in

allowing an intoxicated person, Andrea Fergerson, to testify during the trial. He notes

that Fergerson acknowledged during her testimony that she had used drugs that day, but

the trial court failed to conduct a hearing or other inquiry into Fergerson’s competence to

testify.

           {¶ 167} Fergerson testified on November 12, 2020, the third day of trial. She was

the State’s fifth witness that day, following Deputy Martin, Milby, Tracy Zehringer (latent

print examiner), and Rosalind Fergerson (Andrea’s mother).             The court had a brief

recess between Milby’s and Zehringer’s testimony.

           {¶ 168} At the beginning of her direct examination, Fergerson acknowledged that

she was a drug addict who had been using opiates for 16 years. She was 31 years old

at the time of trial. She testified that she was “currently using” and had last used “[t]his

morning.” (Trial Tr. 529-530.) The State then asked Fergerson about drug treatment
                                                                                         -62-

she had received and the reason for her latest relapse. At no point during Fergerson’s

testimony did defense counsel object or otherwise question Fergerson’s competency to

testify.

           {¶ 169} In general, every person is competent to be a witness. Evid.R. 601(A).

A person may be disqualified as a witness if, among other things, the trial court

determines that the person is “incapable of expressing himself or herself concerning the

matter as to be understood,” Evid.R. 601(B)(1), or is “incapable of understanding the duty

of a witness to tell the truth,” Evid.R. 601(B)(2).

           {¶ 170} Because Washington failed to object to Fergerson’s competency as a

witness, we review the matter for plain error. See State v. Bahns, 185 Ohio App.3d 805,

2009-Ohio-5525, 925 N.E.2d 1025, ¶ 25 (2d Dist.) (“Failure to object waives all but plain

error.”).     To constitute plain error, the error must be an obvious defect in the trial

proceedings, and the error must have affected substantial rights. State v. Norris, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 26147, 2015-Ohio-624, ¶ 22; Crim.R. 52(B). Plain error arises only

when “but for the error, the outcome of the trial clearly would have been otherwise.”

State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 372 N.E.2d 804 (1978), paragraph two of the syllabus.

Plain error should be noticed “with the utmost caution, under exceptional circumstances

and only to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice.” Id. at paragraph three of the

syllabus.

           {¶ 171} With the record before us, we find no plain error in the court’s allowing

Fergerson to testify. Although Fergerson acknowledged that she had used drugs that

morning, there is no indication in the record that she was intoxicated when she testified.
                                                                                            -63-

Fergerson answered the prosecutor’s questions clearly and appropriately. Nothing in

her responses suggested that she either was incapable of appreciating her duties to tell

the truth as a witness or of expressing herself coherently. If Fergerson displayed signs

of intoxication, those signs are not memorialized in the record.

       {¶ 172} Washington cites to Prudential Ins. Co. of Am. v. Hashman, 7 Ohio App.3d

55, 58, 454 N.E.2d 149 (4th Dist.1982) to support his assertion that the trial court should

have conducted an inquiry into Fergerson’s alleged intoxication.           In contrast to the

situation before us, the appellant in Hashman objected to the witness’s testimony on the

ground that he was intoxicated, thus raising the issue with the trial court. In addition,

while the Fourth District found the trial court’s failure to conduct an appropriate inquiry

upon objection to be error, it nevertheless found the failure to be harmless where the

witness’s answers to questions were “responsive and coherent,” and his testimony

revealed the consumption of only one beer with his lunch. Id. at 58-59. Fergerson

similarly testified coherently and responsively, and the record does not show her to be

intoxicated. Thus, the record in this case does not demonstrate error, plain or otherwise,

in the court’s failure to conduct an inquiry sua sponte.

       {¶ 173} Washington’s eighth assignment of error is overruled.

                           IX. Allied Offenses of Similar Import

       {¶ 174} In his first and second assignments of error, Washington claims that the

trial court erred in failing to merge allied offenses of similar import at sentencing. His first

assignment argues that the two counts of having weapons while under disability should

have merged, and his second contends that the aggravated robbery should have merged
                                                                                       -64-

with the felonious assault.

       {¶ 175} The allied-offense statute, R.C. 2941.25, provides:

       (A) Where the same conduct by [a] defendant can be construed to constitute

       two or more allied offenses of similar import, the indictment or information

       may contain counts for all such offenses, but the defendant may be

       convicted of only one.

       (B) Where the defendant’s conduct constitutes two or more offenses of

       dissimilar import, or where his conduct results in two or more offenses of

       the same or similar kind committed separately or with a separate animus as

       to each, the indictment or information may contain counts for all such

       offenses, and the defendant may be convicted of all of them.

This statute implements the protections of the Double Jeopardy Clauses of the United

States and Ohio Constitutions, which prohibit a second punishment for the same offense.

State v. Fritz, 182 Ohio App.3d 299, 2009-Ohio-2175, 912 N.E.2d 650, ¶ 9 (2d Dist.).

       {¶ 176} “As a practical matter, when determining whether offenses are allied

offenses of similar import within the meaning of R.C. 2941.25, courts must ask three

questions when the defendant’s conduct supports multiple offenses: (1) Were the

offenses dissimilar in import or significance? (2) Were they committed separately? and

(3) Were they committed with separate animus or motivation? An affirmative answer to

any of the above will permit separate convictions. The conduct, the animus, and the import

must all be considered.” State v. Ruff, 143 Ohio St.3d 114, 2015-Ohio-995, 34 N.E.3d

892, ¶ 31; State v. Earley, 145 Ohio St.3d 281, 2015-Ohio-4615, 49 N.E.3d 266, ¶ 12
                                                                                        -65-

(quoting Ruff); State v. Davison, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 28579, 2021-Ohio-728, ¶ 29.

Offenses are of dissimilar import within the meaning of the allied-offense statute “when

the defendant's conduct constitutes offenses involving separate victims or if the harm that

results from each offense is separate and identifiable.” Ruff at ¶ 23.

       {¶ 177} The defendant bears the burden of establishing that offenses should be

merged as allied offenses. State v. Albertson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 28722, 2021-

Ohio-2125, ¶ 95. We review the trial court’s merger ruling de novo. State v. Barnes, 2d

Dist. Montgomery No. 28613, 2020-Ohio-4150, ¶ 10.

       A. Having Weapons While Under Disability

       {¶ 178} Washington was charged with two counts of having weapons while under

disability, one in violation of R.C. 2923.13(A)(2) (felony offense of violence – Count 8)

and the other in violation of R.C. 2923.13(A)(3) (drug offense – Count 9). Washington

argues that the two counts should have merged.

       {¶ 179} The trial court rejected Washington’s merger claim, finding that “[w]hile

there were two weapons found in the same vehicle, when looking at the evidence, there

was separate animus for possession of each weapon, including clear and undisputed

evidence that the revolver and rifle were obtained from different locations and on separate

dates.” It further reasoned that the two counts were “based upon different violations

resulting in the prohibition, i.e., offense of violence and drug offense.”

       {¶ 180} Washington challenges both grounds for the trial court’s ruling. First, he

argues that the fact that he was under disability based on two separate prior convictions

did not create multiple disabilities so as to justify multiple counts for a single weapon.
                                                                                       -66-

Second, he contends that the simultaneous possession of multiple weapons constitutes

a single offense of having weapons while under disability.

       {¶ 181} It is well established that when a defendant possesses different weapons

at different times, each offense occurs as a result of separate conduct with a different

animus. See, e.g., State v. Dean, 146 Ohio St.3d 106, 2015-Ohio-4347, 54 N.E.3d 80,

¶ 217. Under such circumstances, the multiple convictions are proper. Conversely, we

have held that merger is required when a defendant had “simultaneous, undifferentiated

possession” of multiple weapons. State v. Mitchell, 2014-Ohio-5070, 21 N.E.3d 1124,

¶ 27; State v. King, 2013-Ohio-2021, 992 N.E.2d 491 (2d Dist.).

       {¶ 182} In Mitchell, three guns were located together in the closet of the

defendant’s master bedroom, and no evidence had been presented at trial establishing

when he acquired any of the weapons. Under those facts, we held that the trial court

erred when it failed to merge the three counts of having weapons while under disability.

Mitchell at ¶ 28.

       {¶ 183} Similarly, in King, the defendant had two guns in his possession when he

fled from officers in his vehicle, and the record did not resolve whether he had acquired

the guns at different times. Although the two guns were found by police at different times

– one upon King’s apprehension and the other when he was being booked into the jail ̶

we concluded that King’s continued possession of the second weapon “was not a

separate act with a separate animus. Rather, it was continuation of his possession of

both weapons while under disability.” Id. at ¶ 39. We concluded that King “committed

a single act with a single state of mind when he possessed the two guns” and, thus, the
                                                                                          -67-

trial court erred in failing to merge the two counts of having weapons while under disability

as allied offenses of similar import.

       {¶ 184} In this case, the evidence at trial court established that Washington

simultaneously possessed two operable guns – the .38 Special revolver and the Ruger

22-caliber carbine model 10/22 rifle – in the Jeep when he fled from law enforcement

officers on June 25, 2019. However, in contrast to Mitchell and King, the evidence

further demonstrated that Washington had obtained these weapons at different times.

Washington’s phone contained a photograph, taken on June 20, 2019, of a hand holding

a small revolver. (State’s Exs. 138 & 138a.)          That revolver appeared to match the

revolver located in the console of the Jeep on June 24, 2019. (See State’s Exs. 79-80,

126, 139.) A photo of Washington shows him wearing a watch and ring that appear to

match the ones worn by the hand holding the gun. (State’s Ex. 140.) As for the rifle,

Milby testified that he had kept that rifle behind a dresser in his master bedroom, and it

was missing after the burglary on June 25, 2019. The rifle located behind the driver’s

seat in the Jeep was identified as the rifle stolen from Milby.

       {¶ 185} Accordingly, Washington’s possession of the revolver and rifle was not

simultaneous and undifferentiated. Rather, Washington obtained the weapons through

different conduct at different times, and he possessed each with a different animus.

Consequently, the trial court did not err in failing to merge the two counts of having

weapons while under disability. We need not address the trial court’s second rationale,

i.e., that the different bases for the disability justified separate convictions.

       {¶ 186} Washington’s first assignment of error is overruled.
                                                                                         -68-

       B. Felonious Assault and Aggravated Robbery

       {¶ 187} Washington next argues that the trial court should have merged the

felonious assault (Count 3) and aggravated robbery (Count 2) counts for sentencing. In

support of this argument, he states that the evidence in support of the serious physical

harm for purposes of the aggravated robbery was “essentially identical to” the serious

physical harm caused for purposes of the felonious assault. Washington submits that

the infliction of serious physical harm was a “necessary component” of the aggravated

robbery. In its judgment of conviction, the trial court concluded that the aggravated

robbery, felonious assault, and aggravated burglary counts related to Beard did not merge

because they were each committed with a separate animus.

       {¶ 188} We previously addressed the merge of felonious assault and aggravated

robbery charges in State v. Jefferson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 27135, 2017-Ohio-1192.

Jefferson had a history of doing odd jobs and handyman work for the victim, Reid, and

Jefferson believed he had not been paid for work previously performed. The two men

ran into each other by chance at a grocery store and exchanged words over the money

allegedly owed. When in their own vehicles in the parking lot, Jefferson drove his pick-

up truck into the driver’s side door of Reid’s vehicle; Reid believed he was briefly knocked

unconscious.    Jefferson then choked and beat Reid inside his vehicle.         During the

altercation, Jefferson demanded money from Reid and eventually took a necklace from

Reid’s neck and some lottery tickets from his pants pocket. Jefferson then left the scene.

He pled guilty to two counts of felonious assault and one count of aggravated robbery.

The trial court found that the counts did not merge.
                                                                                         -69-

       {¶ 189} On review, we agreed with the trial court that the felonious assaults did not

merge with the aggravated robbery. We noted that the harm caused by the beating was

different from the harm caused by the robbery, and under Ruff, conduct “can support

multiple convictions if the harm that results from each offense is separate and identifiable

from the harm of the other offense.” Id. at ¶ 14. We further stated that Jefferson’s

conduct, as reflected in a video of the incident, supported the conclusion that he was

motivated by anger and vengeance over non-payment of the debt as well as his desire to

obtain repayment. We reiterated that “the use of force far in excess of that required to

commit a robbery may indicate a separate animus for another offense.” Id., citing State

v. Jackson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24430, 2012-Ohio-2335 (involving aggravated

robbery and murder). We thus concluded that the trial court could have reasonably

concluded that Jefferson had a separate animus for the felonious assaults and the

aggravated robbery, and the court did not err in refusing to merge them. Id.

       {¶ 190} Here, the State’s evidence indicated that Beard returned to his home after

work to find three others had entered his apartment uninvited. The group apparently had

brought drugs into the apartment and used them in Yohey’s bedroom before Beard came

home. (Items consistent with drug use – a blow torch and foil – were in Yohey’s bedroom

which, according to Beard, were not there when he went to work on June 24. Trial Tr.

335; State’s Ex. 9.)   While walking toward the bedrooms, Washington came out of

Yohey’s former bedroom and assaulted Beard, hitting him on his head and face. When

Beard resisted, a second man, identified as Diego, joined the assault. There was no

indication that Washington and his accomplices were waiting for Beard so they could rob
                                                                                        -70-

him.

       {¶ 191} After Beard ceased resisting, he was taken to his living room and

restrained with masking tape. He also was hit in the head with a clay pot, which broke

as a result of the blow. While in the living room, Washington repeatedly asked where “it”

was, a question that Beard could not answer. Upon leaving, the group took several items

from inside the apartment and from Beard’s pockets. Beard’s phone and car keys had

been left outside on the deck, and they also took those items and his car.

       {¶ 192} On this record, the amount of force used during the assault in the hallway

went beyond the force necessary to commit the robbery, and the timing of events

reasonably indicated that the assault was committed with a separate animus from the

robbery. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in failing to merge the felonious assault

with the aggravated robbery.

       {¶ 193} Washington’s second assignment of error is overruled.

                                      X. Conclusion

       {¶ 194} The trial court’s judgment will be affirmed.

                                     .............

WELBAUM, J., concurs.

DONOVAN, J., concurs in part and dissents in part:

       {¶ 195} I believe that an abuse of discretion is demonstrated in the trial court’s

failure to conduct an adequate inquiry into defense counsel’s representation to the court

that a conflict of interest existed in that counsel was subject to an open criminal
                                                                                           -71-

investigation by the State’s law enforcement witness. I would remand the matter to the

trial court for an adequate inquiry into the potential conflict of interest.

       {¶ 196} “[M]ost courts have held that an attorney’s request for the appointment of

separate counsel, based upon his representations as an officer of the court regarding a

conflict of interests, should be granted * * *.” Holloway, 435 U.S. 475, 485, 98 S.Ct. 1173,

55 L.Ed.2d 426 (addressing conflict of interest based on dual representation).       Defense

counsel “ ‘is in the best position professionally and ethically to determine when a conflict

exists or will probably develop at trial.’ ”     Id.   Further, “defense attorneys have the

obligation, upon discovering a conflict of interests, to advise the court at once of the

problem.” Id. at 485-86.      “[A]ttorneys are officers of the court, and ‘when they address

the judge solemnly upon a matter before the court, their declarations are virtually made

under oath.’ ” Id. at 486, quoting State v. Brazile, 226 La. 254, 266, So.2d 856 (1954).

The Holloway court further noted, however, that when an untimely motion for substitute

counsel is made for dilatory purposes, a trial court may “deal with counsel who resort to

such tactics.” Id. at 486-87.

       {¶ 197} “The Sixth Amendment right to counsel includes the ‘correlative right to

representation that is free from conflicts of interest.” State v. Sanchez, 171 Wash. App.

518, 558, 288 P.3d 351 (2012), quoting Wood v. Georgia, 450 U.S. 261, 271, 101 S.Ct.

1097, 67 L.Ed.2d 220 (1981). “A conflict of interest can arise when a defendant’s lawyer

is under criminal investigation or charged with a crime in the same jurisdiction where the

defendant is facing trial.”   Id. “Among the conflicting interests between counsel under

investigation and his client * * * are the lawyer's possible interest in avoiding conflict with
                                                                                          -72-

prosecutors, the lawyer's possible interest in delay, and the lawyer's possible desire to

reserve negotiation tactics for his own criminal proceeding.” Id.; see also Lafuente v.

United States, 617 F.3d 944, 946 (7th Cir.2010) (“If a criminal defendant’s attorney is

under investigation by the prosecutors of her client, there is a conflict.”); State v. Cottle,

194 N.J. 449, 452, 946 A.2d 550 (2008) (“[A]n attorney has a per se conflict of interest

when both he and his client are simultaneously under indictment in the same county and

being prosecuted by the same prosecutor’s office.”); Moss v. United States, 323 F.3d 445,

472 (6th Cir.2003) (“[A] conflict of interest may arise where defense counsel is subject to

criminal investigation. * * * [T]he alleging party must demonstrate a nexus between the

crimes of the client and the attorney.”). Contrast, e.g., State v. Carter, 84 So.3d 499, 511

(La.2012) (“[C]ounsel was under investigation by a different prosecutor and the pending

charges against counsel were not related in any way to the murder charge against the

defendant or counsel’s representation of the defendant; therefore, the risk of a potential

conflict of interest was greatly attenuated.”).

       {¶ 198} There is no evidence on the record that the issue of the criminal

investigation came before the court until defense counsel made a new motion to withdraw

on November 9, 2020.1       While the record does not clearly demonstrate that defense

counsel was subject to an official criminal investigation, counsel stated, as an officer of

the court and with an absolute ethical duty to be truthful, that he was subject to an

investigation arising from Washington’s escape. Significantly, the State did not disavow

1
  In its decision of November 4, 2020, the court indicated that the primary basis for both
the September 15 and October 29 requests to withdraw as counsel was merely that
communications between Washington and defense counsel had deteriorated.
                                                                                          -73-

defense counsel’s representation regarding the investigation.      As noted by the majority,

defense counsel advised the court that he believed he was “under investigation in this

escape case that is a new charge for [Washington],” and that when “we called the

detective, he will not tell me about the case. Says it’s an open investigation.” Counsel

indicated, “I believe there’s new information because I’m just finding out now that

[Washington] got questioned, and he could have made further incriminating statements

against me. I didn’t know he was questioned by Detective Jessup if it happened on

Thursday.”    After Washington indicated that he “told [defense counsel] on the phone”

about being questioned, defense counsel responded, “but it wasn’t part of our Motion.

Our Motion was on Monday. * * * First of all, why are they talking to my client without me

present, and did they ask him if he wanted an attorney. Second of all, I don’t know what

he said, and that could further lead to the issues between me and him.” Defense counsel

asked the court, “how can I properly represent someone who may be testifying against

me?” He indicated, “that’s an issue even though it’s a different case, it’s the same

detective, and I think that’s definitely a problem.”

       {¶ 199} When defense counsel informs the trial court that a potential conflict exists,

the court should either appoint new counsel or “take adequate steps to ascertain whether

the risk was too remote to warrant special counsel.” Holloway, 435 U.S. 475, 484, 98

S.Ct. 1173, 55 L.Ed.2d 426.at 484. “If the trial court fails to undertake either of these

duties, the defendant’s Sixth Amendment rights are violated.” Sanchez at 559.

       {¶ 200} Reviewing the factors set forth by the majority in Jones, and

acknowledging that the matter herein was already subject to repeated delays, I cannot
                                                                                         -74-

conclude that defense counsel’s renewed motion to withdraw based upon the criminal

investigation was for dilatory purposes, given his representation that he had just learned

that Washington had purportedly been questioned by law enforcement, and that law

enforcement advised him that there was an “open investigation.”           While the court

conducted an inquiry on the record, questioning defense counsel and Washington

regarding the renewed motion, it also appeared to conclude that any criminal investigation

of defense counsel was separate, or removed, from counsel’s representation of his client.

The court indicated to defense counsel, “Being that the facts of the case regarding the

investigation are something unrelated to this case, even if you become a co-defendant,

* * * you would presumably be on the same side as your client and the court does not see

a conflict in that.” The trial court should not have presumed that counsel and his client

would be on the same side, and I will not do so.

       {¶ 201} In my view, the potential divergence of interests between counsel’s

continued zealous representation of Washington on the one hand and his being subject

to investigation for possible criminal activity involving his client on the other hand

mandated a more thorough inquiry regarding the nature of the investigation and the risk

of the potential conflict.   In other words, counsel demonstrated a sufficient nexus

between the crimes of the client and the attorney, and I accordingly cannot conclude on

this record that the investigation was not related to counsel’s representation of

Washington, or that the risk of a potential conflict was so greatly attenuated that further

inquiry was unnecessary.     In my view, the balance of the factors in Jones weighed in

favor of the minimal delay required for a thorough inquiry involving Jessop’s investigation,
                                                                                      -75-

since the issue before the court involved more than a breakdown in communication or

disagreement about trial strategy between counsel and Washington. It would have been

simple for the court to request the State to produce Jessop, the State’s own witness, for

direct inquiry about the open investigation before ruling on the motion to withdraw, and

the fact that resolution of the issue would have been straightforward supports the

conclusion that an abuse of discretion occurred.   Accordingly, I would remand for a full

inquiry to take place.

Copies sent to:

Paul M. Watkins
Kyle J. Lennen
Hon. Stacy M. Wall