Court Opinion

ID: 9323136
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-12-06 16:00:33.639074+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:14:45.740992
License: Public Domain

21-1585 (L)
    Hodge v. Oriska Corp Gen. Contracting

                                UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                    FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                      SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY
ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF
APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER
IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN
ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY
ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

           At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at
    the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York,
    on the 6th day of December, two thousand twenty-two.

    PRESENT:
                    GUIDO CALABRESI,
                    GERARD E. LYNCH,
                    JOSEPH F. BIANCO,

                      Circuit Judges.
    _____________________________________

    Annette Hall, Karen Grant Williams,
    Alexi Arias,

                            Plaintiffs,

    Donna Hodge, Albert E. Percy, Percy Jobs
    and Careers Corporation, an IRC 501(c)(3)
    non-profit, as Class Representative

                            Plaintiffs-Appellants,
                    v.                                                     21-1564, 21-1570,
                                                                           21-1572, 21-1573,
                                                                           21-1574, 21-1575,
                                                                           21-1577, 21-1578,
                                                                           21-1585, 21-1587,
                                                                           21-1597

    Oriska Corp General Contracting, 100 Percent
Fun, 11 Enviro Group, Andrew M. Cuomo,
Roberta Reardon, New York State Department
of Labor, I Grace Co, I M Robbins Consulting
Engineers, I Perceptions, S & E Azrlliant P C,
S & J Sheet Metal Supply Inc, S & L Aerospace
Metals LLC, F & E Maintenance Inc, FDR Svc
Corp, FI Electric, Manhattan
Telecommunications Corporation, Manhattan
Youth, Manhattan’s Physicians Group,
Allstate Administrators, Inc., Allstate ASO,
All American School Bus Corp., D & D Metal
Work Inc, D & F Development Group,
D & J Concrete Corp., Children’s Law Center,
Chilmark Builders Inc, Chimera Securities,
LLC, P & H Painting Inc., P & K Contracting
Inc., P & T II Contracting Corp, U & I
Mechanical Corporation, U A Construction,
U Arias Corp,
                       Defendants-Appellees.
_____________________________________

FOR PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTS:                          Anthony Robinson, Law Office of Anthony
                                                    Robinson, Baltimore, MD.

       Appeal from the orders of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New

York (Garaufis, J.).

       UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the orders of the district court are AFFIRMED.

       Plaintiffs-appellants Donna Hodge, Albert E. Percy, and Percy Jobs and Careers

Corporation appeal the orders of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New

York, entered on May 27, 2021, in each of these eleven cases that have been consolidated for

purposes of appeal. Those eleven cases were all filed in federal court (the “Federal Actions”) and

were among twenty-nine related cases that were pending in the district court, with the remaining

eighteen cases having been removed to the district court from state court (the “Removed Actions”).

Attorney James M. Kernan represented appellants as putative class representatives in both the
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Federal Actions and the Removed Actions and filed the notices of removal in the Removed

Actions. Kernan is a former owner, founder, and executive of Oriska Corporation, a New York-

based property and casualty insurer that, through its former subsidiary Oriska Insurance Company

(together, “Oriska”), provides workers’ compensation insurance policies. As outlined by the

district court, all of the Federal Actions—which collectively name almost 9,000 defendants—focus

on an on-the-job training and apprenticeship program created by Kernan and delivered exclusively

through Oriska’s workers’ compensation insurance coverage. The putative class representatives,

including appellants, claim that the defendants’ failure to adopt the training and apprenticeship

program offered by Oriska violated their rights under 18 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(k)(1), and they seek

various forms of relief in connection with the alleged violations. The Removed Actions are

shareholder derivative suits seeking reimbursement of unpaid insurance premiums allegedly owed

to Oriska’s former subsidiary.

        The district court remanded the Removed Actions to state court, sua sponte dismissed the

Federal Actions, and granted attorneys’ fees and costs in favor of the parties in the Removed

Actions who moved for remand. After initially filing notices of appeal in all twenty-nine cases,

appellants withdrew the notices of appeal in the Removed Actions. Therefore, in this consolidated

appeal, appellants challenge only the district court’s sua sponte dismissal of the Federal Actions. 1

The district court dismissed each of the eleven Federal Actions on the following grounds:

        Kernan has filed eleven nearly-identical actions in this district against at least 8,773
        defendants. The complaints provide general descriptions of the defendants as a
        class, but do not explain the significance of the specific defendants that are named
        . . . . The apparently baseless identification of defendants suggests that there is no
        genuine connection between the allegations in the complaints and the thousands of
        defendants identified in the case captions. Without a legitimate foundation for

1
  In their appellate brief, appellants also seek to challenge the district court’s award of attorneys’ fees and
costs in the Removed Actions. However, because that award was only granted in the Removed Actions
and appellants have withdrawn their notices of appeal in the Removed Actions, we lack jurisdiction to
review that determination in this consolidated appeal of the Federal Actions.

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        naming such an extensive list of defendants, [counsel’s] conduct appears to rise to
        the level of harassment against them, and at least one named defendant has
        contacted the court with concerns about being scammed. Further, [counsel’s]
        conduct has imposed a substantial and unnecessary burden on the court’s
        administrative procedures, its staff, and its filing system. This harassing and
        burdensome conduct alone supports dismissal of the Federal Actions pursuant to
        this court’s inherent authority to “achieve the orderly and expeditious disposition
        of cases.”

Percy v. Oriska Gen. Contracting, No. 20-cv-6131, 2021 WL 2184895, at *8 (E.D.N.Y. May 27,

2021) (quoting Link v. Wabash R.R., 370 U.S. 626, 630–31 (1962)). The district court also held

that the conduct of appellants’ counsel, Kernan, warranted dismissal of the Federal Actions under

Federal Rule of Procedure 41(b) for failure to comply with a court order because his representation

of the parties involved in litigation related to the business of insurance for the benefit of Oriska

violated the terms of his federal conviction as ordered by the Northern District of New York. 2 Id.

        On appeal, appellants argue that the district court erred in dismissing the Federal Actions

sua sponte under both its inherent authority and Rule 41(b). We review a district court’s dismissal

under Rule 41(b) for abuse of discretion. Lewis v. Rawson, 564 F.3d 569, 575 (2d Cir. 2009);

Romandette v. Weetabix Co., 807 F.2d 309, 312 (2d Cir. 1986). We have not decided whether a

district court’s sua sponte dismissal of a complaint pursuant to its inherent authority is reviewed

2
   The district court’s order recounts in detail Kernan’s disciplinary history arising from his 2009 federal
conviction in the Northern District of New York for knowingly permitting a convicted felon to be involved
in the business of insurance in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1033(e)(1)(B). Percy, 2021 WL 2184895, at *4–5.
The consequences of that conviction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1033(a)(1)(A), (e)(2), included “prohibit[ing]
[Kernan] from engaging in the business of insurance in any state unless pre-approved to do so by the
relevant state authority.” Id. at *8. In 2013, the relevant state authority, the New York State Department
of Financial Services (“NYSDFS”), entered a final order denying Kernan permission to engage in the
business of insurance and “directing [ ] Kernan to terminate his ownership capacity at Oriska Insurance
Company, including but not limited to providing legal [services] . . . by himself or by any member of his
family or relative, directly or indirectly, to Oriska.” Id. at *4 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also
Kernan v. Emami, 144 N.Y.S.3d 267, 268 (4th Dep’t 2021) (affirming prohibitions imposed on Kernan by
the 2013 NYSDFS order). The district court found that Kernan violated the terms of his conviction and the
orders of the Northern District of New York and NYSDFS by “attempting to represent parties involved in
litigation related to the business of insurance for the benefit of Oriska in both the Removed and Federal
Actions.” Id. at *8.

                                                      4
de novo or for abuse of discretion. See Williams v. Bronx Cnty. Child Support Customer Serv.

Unit, 741 F. App’x 854, 855 (2d Cir. 2018) (summary order). We need not resolve that issue here,

however, because we determine that the district court’s decision is correct even under de novo

review.

          It is well settled that “courts traditionally have exercised considerable authority ‘to manage

their own affairs so as to achieve the orderly and expeditious disposition of cases.’” Hoffmann–

La Roche Inc. v. Sperling, 493 U.S. 165, 172–73 (1989) (quoting Link, 370 U.S. at 630–31).

Therefore, a district court may—based on both its inherent authority and Rule 41(b)—dismiss an

action sua sponte for failure to prosecute or failure to comply with a court order. See Lewis, 564

F.3d at 575; accord LeSane v. Hall’s Sec. Analyst, Inc., 239 F.3d 206, 209 (2d Cir. 2001); see also

Costello v. United States, 365 U.S. 265, 286–87 (1961) (holding that district court may sua sponte

dismiss an action for plaintiff’s failure to comply with a court order).

          Appellants argue that the district court lacked the authority to dismiss the Federal Actions

sua sponte without first providing them with notice and an opportunity to be heard. To be sure,

we have emphasized that “dismissing a case without an opportunity to be heard is, at a minimum,

bad practice in numerous contexts and is reversible error in others.” Catzin v. Thank You & Good

Luck Corp., 899 F.3d 77, 82 (2d Cir. 2018) (collecting cases). More specifically, because a Rule

41(b) dismissal is “‘the harshest of sanctions,’” we have “insist[ed] that dismissal ‘be proceeded

by particular procedural prerequisites,’ including ‘notice of the sanctionable conduct, the standard

by which it will be assessed, and an opportunity to be heard.’” Baptiste v. Sommers, 768 F.3d 212,

216–17 (2d Cir. 2014) (per curiam) (quoting Mitchell v. Lyons Pro. Servs., Inc., 708 F.3d 463, 467

(2d Cir. 2013)). Although the district court did not provide such notice and opportunity to be heard

to appellants prior to the sua sponte dismissals of the Federal Actions, we can “nevertheless

                                                    5
undertake to address the issues raised on this appeal ourselves” where the parties “have fully

briefed all the questions raised on this appeal” and “those issues are predominantly of a legal

nature.” McGinty v. New York, 251 F.3d 84, 90 (2d Cir. 2001); see also Link, 370 U.S. at 632

(holding that not “every [dismissal] order entered without notice and a preliminary adversary

hearing offends due process”).

       On appeal, appellants point to no facts that they could have presented in the district court

that would have altered or undermined the district court’s analysis, nor do they persuasively

articulate any legal error in that analysis. In short, having now given appellants an opportunity to

be heard and having conducted de novo review of appellants’ arguments, we find them to be

without merit and conclude the dismissals were warranted in the Federal Actions for the reasons

articulated by the district court. Accordingly, any procedural defect regarding a lack of notice and

an opportunity to be heard in the district court prior to the dismissals was harmless under the

particular circumstances present here and does not provide a basis for reversal.

                                         *       *       *

       We have considered appellants’ remaining arguments and conclude that they are without

merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the orders of the district court.

                                                     FOR THE COURT:
                                                     Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court

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