Court Opinion

ID: 4528550
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-04-24 15:00:37.533948+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:44:16.063529
License: Public Domain

Case: 19-11053     Date Filed: 04/24/2020   Page: 1 of 12

                                                             [DO NOT PUBLISH]

               IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                        FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

                          ________________________

                                No. 19-11053
                            Non-Argument Calendar
                          ________________________

                   D.C. Docket No. 6:16-cv-01360-CEM-TBS

JOSE RIVERA,
as parent and natural Guardian of C.R., a minor,

                                                                Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                      versus

MATTHEW RING,
K-9 sergeant, Badge number 15099,
in his individual capacity,

                                                              Defendant-Appellee.

                          ________________________

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Middle District of Florida
                         ________________________

                                (August 24, 2020)

Before LUCK, LAGOA, and HULL, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
              Case: 19-11053     Date Filed: 04/24/2020    Page: 2 of 12

      C.R. appeals the unfavorable jury verdict in his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 excessive

force suit against K-9 Sergeant Matthew Ring. We have thoroughly reviewed the

record and conclude that no reversible error has occurred; we affirm.

        FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

      C.R. and two other minors burglarized an elementary school, and accidentally

tripped the alarm. Police officers arrived on scene, including Sergeant Ring and his

dog Diesel. Ring spotted the boys, yelled for them to halt, and warned them that if

they did not surrender, they would be bitten. The boys did not comply and, instead,

ran away. Ring chased them and eventually pursued only C.R. Ring again ordered

C.R. to stop, which he ignored. Ring commanded Diesel to apprehend C.R. While

running away, C.R. tripped and fell to the ground, allowing Diesel to apprehend him

by biting his arm. During the scuffle, C.R. tried to pry Diesel’s mouth off his arm,

forcing Diesel to readjust his bite. Ring told C.R. to stop resisting. Once C.R.

complied, Diesel let go. Diesel was on C.R. for nine seconds, leaving C.R. with

multiple lacerations. Although C.R. was arrested, the criminal charges were later

dismissed.

      Jose Rivera, on behalf of C.R., brought a section 1983 action against Ring,

alleging, among other things, excessive force. Before, during, and after trial, the

district court made certain decisions that are relevant to this appeal.

                                           2
                 Case: 19-11053      Date Filed: 04/24/2020      Page: 3 of 12

      The district court, in its case management role, set a deadline of six months

before trial to file any Daubert 1 motions. During that timeframe, Ring sought to

introduce the expert testimony of Dr. Richard Hough. Rivera did not file a Daubert

motion but, instead, waited until after opening statements to object to Dr. Hough’s

testimony. The district court stated that such an objection should have been made

in a Daubert motion before trial. Nonetheless, the district court was willing to

entertain Rivera’s objection to Dr. Hough’s testimony, stating that “if [Rivera]

want[ed] to do an ore tenus motion in limine, [it would] consider it.” “I feel like I’m

winging it now,” the district court continued, “because I’m going . . . to make a

decision” as to Dr. Hough’s testimony. The district court ultimately, over Rivera’s

objections, allowed Dr. Hough to testify as an expert witness.

      Before trial, Rivera sought to admit evidence of Diesel’s previous

apprehensions of suspects. Ring moved in limine to exclude such evidence. Rivera

objected, but the district court granted Ring’s motion.

      During jury selection, Ring attempted to use one of his peremptory challenges

on an African-American panel member. Rivera requested a race-neutral reason for

the strike. The district court denied Rivera’s request, finding that Rivera had not

established a prima facie case, and excused the juror.

      1
          See Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993).

                                               3
                Case: 19-11053       Date Filed: 04/24/2020    Page: 4 of 12

      After a three-day jury trial, the jury returned a verdict in favor of Ring. Rivera

then moved for judgment notwithstanding the verdict or, alternatively, a new trial.

The district court denied both motions. Rivera appealed.

                                       DISCUSSION

      On appeal, Rivera claims that the district court erred when it (1) admitted the

expert testimony of Dr. Hough, (2) excluded evidence of Diesel’s prior attacks, (3)

denied his Batson2 challenge, and (4) denied his motion for new trial. We disagree.

                           Admission of Dr. Hough’s Testimony

      Rivera contends the district court erred in refusing to exclude Dr. Hough’s

expert testimony because: (a) although Dr. Hough was qualified in the general area

of the use of force, he was not qualified in the specialized area of the use of force

relating to police-trained dogs; (b) Dr. Hough’s testimony that Ring’s actions

comported with Florida police practices and procedures was not helpful to the jury

and was a matter of common sense, not requiring any expertise; and (c) the

conclusions Dr. Hough drew in his testimony improperly supplanted the jury’s fact-

finding role. Having reviewed the district court’s decision for an abuse of discretion,

see Prieto v. Malgor, 361 F.3d 1313, 1317 (11th Cir. 2004), we see no error.

      A trial judge has broad discretion in determining whether expert testimony

should be admitted or excluded. United States v. Costa, 691 F.2d 1358, 1361 (11th

      2
          See Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 95–98 (1986).
                                               4
              Case: 19-11053     Date Filed: 04/24/2020    Page: 5 of 12

Cir. 1982). The admissibility of expert testimony is governed by Federal Rule of

Evidence 702. When evaluating the admissibility of expert testimony, this court

engages in a three-part inquiry that addresses the expert’s qualifications, reliability,

and helpfulness. United States v. Frazier, 387 F.3d 1244, 1260 (11th Cir. 2004)

(en banc).

      An expert is qualified when he is able “to testify competently regarding the

matters he intends to address.” Id. at 1260 (internal quotation marks omitted).

Dr. Hough was qualified in the sub-area of police-trained dogs by virtue of his

“knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education.”          Fed. R. Evid. 702.

Dr. Hough holds multiple degrees in public administration and law enforcement,

was a law enforcement officer for decades, and has taught and trained new officers

in Florida on the use of force since 1984. This includes instructing officers regarding

the proper times to use a police dog to apprehend a fleeing suspect. Further, Dr.

Hough has taught classes at universities on the use of force and published five peer-

reviewed articles and a textbook on the use of force. Although there may be experts

with more experience in police-trained dogs, Dr. Hough was certainly qualified to

testify as to Ring’s conduct in light of his knowledge, skill, experience, training, and

education. See id.

      An expert’s testimony is helpful if it “assists the trier of fact, through the

application of scientific, technical, or specialized expertise, [(1)] to understand the

                                           5
              Case: 19-11053    Date Filed: 04/24/2020   Page: 6 of 12

evidence or [(2)] to determine a fact in issue.” Frazier, 387 F.3d at 1260 (internal

quotation marks omitted). We have held that the standard to determine helpfulness

is whether the expert testimony “concerns matters that are beyond the understanding

of the average lay person.” Id. at 1262–63. Here, a lay juror would not know

Florida’s practices and procedures regarding the use of force and whether Ring’s

actions were consistent with those practices and procedures. Dr. Hough’s testimony

provided such knowledge. Dr. Hough, for example, laid out the extensive training

requirements an officer and a police dog must undergo to be certified for the K-9

unit. Dr. Hough’s testimony helped the jury determine the ultimate fact at issue:

whether Ring’s actions were reasonable––the crux of any excessive-force case. See

Kesinger v. Herrington, 381 F.3d 1243, 1248 (11th Cir. 2004) (noting that, for

excessive-force cases, “the question is whether the officer’s actions are objectively

reasonable in light of the facts and circumstances confronting him” (internal

quotation marks omitted)). Accordingly, Dr. Hough’s testimony was admissible

because he was qualified, the methodology he used was reliable, and his testimony

was helpful to the jury.

      As to Rivera’s argument that Dr. Hough’s testimony replaced the jury’s

decision-making function, this, too, lacks merit. The jury’s role in this excessive-

force case was to determine whether the amount of force Ring authorized Diesel to

use was reasonable. Dr. Hough never made such a determination. Rather, he

                                         6
              Case: 19-11053     Date Filed: 04/24/2020    Page: 7 of 12

summarized Florida police practices of K-9 officers and concluded that Ring’s

actions adhered to those practices. The district court did not abuse its discretion in

refusing to exclude Dr. Hough’s testimony.

                               Diesel’s Prior Attacks

      Prior to trial, the district court granted Ring’s motion in limine to preclude any

reference to a 2013 report detailing the injuries Diesel inflicted upon suspects that

year and photographs showing the injuries Diesel inflicted upon a suspect within a

month of this incident. Rivera claims that the district court’s decision was erroneous

because such evidence was relevant for two reasons: (1) the evidence would have

demonstrated that Ring was on notice that Diesel was prone to biting a fleeing

suspect; and (2) Dr. Hough’s report would have been different had he been apprised

of this information. We review the grant of a motion in limine for an abuse of

discretion. Mercado v. City of Orlando, 407 F.3d 1152, 1156 (11th Cir. 2005).

Because Rivera’s arguments are unavailing, we see no abuse in the district court’s

decision.

      Evidence is relevant if it “has any tendency to make a fact more or less

probable than it would be without the evidence” and “is of consequence in

determining the action.” Fed. R. Evid. 401. The photographs and the report do not

establish that Ring was on notice of Diesel’s propensity to bite fleeing suspects. The

photographs only show an injury caused by Diesel and say nothing about whether

                                           7
              Case: 19-11053     Date Filed: 04/24/2020   Page: 8 of 12

Ring acted unreasonably under the circumstances of that arrest. And the 2013 report

detailed Diesel’s apprehensions while assigned to another officer. The evidence was

not relevant to whether Ring acted reasonably in handling Diesel.

      Rivera next argues that Diesel’s previous apprehensions were relevant

because they could have altered Dr. Hough’s report. This argument, too, is refuted

by the record. Dr. Hough testified that proof of Diesel’s previous apprehensions

would not have changed his report, stating that no study has shown that if a police

dog has bitten someone, then “there [is] an increased propensity to bite.” Not only

that, Dr. Hough stated that he looked at all the training logs for Diesel and

determined that Diesel’s “bite ratio is actually less than several national studies.”

The evidence of other bites would not have changed Dr. Hough’s opinion.

                                 Batson Challenge

      During voir dire, Ring exercised one of his peremptory strikes on an African-

American panel member. Rivera requested that Ring provide a race-neutral reason

for the strike. The district court denied Rivera’s request and excused the juror,

finding that Rivera had not made a prima facie showing of discrimination needed to

compel Ring to provide a race-neutral reason for the strike. On appeal, Rivera claims

that the district court applied the wrong legal standard in determining whether Rivera

established a prima facie case of discrimination. “We review the district court’s

resolution of a Batson challenge under the clearly erroneous standard.” Cent. Ala.

                                          8
              Case: 19-11053      Date Filed: 04/24/2020    Page: 9 of 12

Fair Hous. Ctr. v. Lowder Realty, 236 F.3d 629, 635 (11th Cir. 2000). “As part of

that review, we give great deference to the district court’s finding as to the existence

of a prima facie case.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

      Under Batson, a party establishes a prima facie case that the juror was struck

because of race where he shows that “‘relevant circumstances raise an inference’

that his opponent ‘has exercised peremptory challenges to remove from the venire

members’” of a protected group. Fludd v. Dykes, 863 F.2d 822, 829 (11th Cir. 1989)

(quoting Batson, 476 U.S. at 96). Relevant circumstances include: (a) “the striking

party’s pattern of striking venire members of a particular race”; (b) the striking

party’s “questions or statements during voir dire to members of a particular race that

support the inference of a discriminatory purpose”; (c) “the subject matter of the

case being tried”; (d) “the race and ethnicity of the defendant”; and (e) “the racial

composition of the pool of remaining potential jurors.” United States v. Robertson,

736 F.3d 1317, 1326 (11th Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks omitted).

      Here, the “relevant circumstances” show that the district court did not clearly

err in finding that Rivera did not establish a prima facie case that the juror was struck

because of his race. There is no record evidence that Ring had a “striking pattern”

of striking African-American panel members from the venire. See Robertson, 736
F.3d at 1326. The questions and statements made to this panel member during voir

dire were no different than any other prospective panel member. Rivera, the

                                           9
             Case: 19-11053     Date Filed: 04/24/2020    Page: 10 of 12

plaintiff, was not African-American. And the subject matter of the case was not

“racially motivated.” See id.

                                Motion for New Trial

      Rivera next contends that the district court should have granted his motion for

new trial due to the improper admission of evidence––specifically, portions of

Dr. Hough’s testimony. In particular, he argues that Dr. Hough’s testimony: (a) was

unresponsive; (b) was perjurious and misleading; (c) contained assertions that were

not included in his report; and (d) suggested that he prepared a second and

individualized expert report. We review a district court’s denial of a motion for new

trial for an abuse of discretion. Lambert v. Fulton Cty., 253 F.3d 588, 595 (11th Cir.

2001). A new trial is warranted if an evidentiary error affected “substantial rights”

or caused “substantial prejudice.” Peat, Inc. v. Vanguard Research, Inc., 378 F.3d
1154, 1162 (11th Cir. 2004). Because no evidentiary error occurred, we agree with

the district court’s decision to deny Rivera’s motion for new trial.

      Rivera never argued in his motion for new trial that Dr. Hough’s testimony

was unresponsive, perjurious, or misleading. He cannot raise these arguments “for

the first time on appeal.” See Knight ex rel. Kerr v. Miami-Dade Cty., 856 F.3d 795,

818 (11th Cir. 2017) (“The plaintiffs challenge the closing statements for the first

time on appeal,” but “[t]he plaintiffs did not . . . raise any claims regarding the

                                          10
             Case: 19-11053     Date Filed: 04/24/2020   Page: 11 of 12

closing statements in their motion for a new trial. . . . The plaintiffs have waived

this argument.”).

      Rivera asserts that Dr. Hough made certain statements that were not included

in his report. The district court noted that these alleged remarks were made to rebut

certain inadmissible questions posed by Rivera. In other words, Rivera opened the

door to Ring’s line of questioning. “Opening the door,” also known as “curative

admissibility,” occurs when a party offers inadmissible evidence before a jury.

Bearint ex rel. Bearint v. Dorell Juvenile Grp., Inc., 389 F.3d 1339, 1349 (11th Cir.

2004). To correct any unfair prejudice caused by the inadmissible evidence, the

district court “may in its discretion allow the opposing party to offer otherwise

inadmissible evidence on the same matter.” Id. After reviewing the record, we

conclude that the district court acted within its discretion in allowing Dr. Hough to

answer certain questions not included in his report because the door had been opened

by Rivera.

      Rivera lastly asserts that Dr. Hough produced at least two versions of his

report but provided Rivera with only one version. During his testimony, Dr. Hough

stated that he brought the “wrong copy” of his report. But after finding out this

information, Rivera never asked any follow-up question or otherwise attempted to

ferret out the contents of this “second report.” Whether the report Dr. Hough

possessed had minor variations, large differences, or was the same as the report Ring

                                         11
                Case: 19-11053    Date Filed: 04/24/2020   Page: 12 of 12

provided Rivera, the record is silent. Because there is no basis in the record to

conclude there was a second, undisclosed report, there is no basis for us to reverse.

The district court did not abuse its discretion when it denied Rivera’s motion for new

trial.

                                    CONCLUSION

         For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court.

         AFFIRMED.

                                           12