Court Opinion

ID: 6474345
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-06-26 22:33:41.022394+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:53:55.266398
License: Public Domain

ROSS, C. J.
An initiated act adopted at the November, 1914, election undertook to impose the duty upon the board of control of the state of Arizona of ordering the payment of warrants issued by the boards of supervisors of the various, counties of the state in the payment of pensions to certain persons therein mentioned. The act, including the title, reads as follows:
“An act providing for an old age and mothers’ pension and making appropriation therefor.
“Be it enacted by the people of the state of Arizona:
“Section 1. All almshouses within the state shall be abolished, their grounds and buildings shall be sold for the best obtainable price, and the proceeds shall be devoted for the purpose hereafter set forth in this act.
“Sec. 2. In the absence of almshouses, and in order to care for aged people and people incapable of earning a liveli*279hood by reason of physical infirmities, and widows or wives whose husbands are in penal institutions or insane asylums, they being mothers of children who are under the age of sixteen (16) years, a system of pensioning is hereby established.
“ (a) The Arizona State Board of Control shall have entire charge of all funds provided for the purpose mentioned, and shall order the same paid by the state treasurer to persons entitled, upon warrants issued by the boards of supervisors of the various counties in the state of Arizona. These boards shall also act as examining boards on the fitness and eligibility of applicants for pensions.
“Sec. 3. The state shall pay to each man and woman sixty (60) years of age and upward the sum of fifteen ($15.00) dollars per month, as long as such pensioners shall continue to live within this state; provided, always, that said recipients shall be citizens of the United States and residents of Arizona for five (5) years last preceding application; to be entitled to this pension they must also be without visible means of support.
“Sec. 4. All widows who are mothers of dependent children, also wives whose husbands have been consigned to penal institutions or insane asylums and who have children under the age of sixteen (16) years looking to them for support, shall each be entitled to fifteen ($15,00) dollars per month, and an additional six ($6.00) dollars per month for each child in their keeping under the age above mentioned, irrespective of the mother’s age, provided they are citizens of the United States and residents of Arizona five (5) years last past preceding application.
“Sec. 5. There is hereby appropriated out of the general fund of the state treasury a sufficient amount each year to carry out and put into effect the provisions of this act.
“Sec. 6. All acts or parts of acts in conflict with the provisions of this act are hereby repealed.” Laws 1915, p. 10.
The board of supervisors of Gila county, under the provisions of this act, issued its warrant in favor of Catherine Bramham for $15 per month for herself and $6 per month each for her six children, a total of $51 per month; it being made to appear to the said board of supervisors that Catherine Bramham was a widow and the mother of six children under *280the age of sixteen. Said board also allowed the claim of Bus Wolf for $15 per month upon the showing to it that he was upward of sixty years old and without visible means of support. This action was brought by appellee as a resident taxpayer to restrain the board of control from ordering the said sums to be paid by the state treasurer, it being contended by appellee that said act was without force or effect for various reasons. The appellant board of control demurred to the complaint on the ground that it failed to state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action, the demurrer was overruled, and, the appellants refusing and failing to further answer, judgment was entered, restraining the board of control as prayed for in the complaint. From this judgment an appeal is prosecuted.
At the outset we will say that it is not our purpose to take up and dispose of all of the objections urged by appellee against this act. We think it apparent that the judgment of the lower court was correct, although we may not agree with all of his conclusions, nor with all of the propositions advanced by the appellee.
It will readily be seen that the purpose and intent of the act is to introduce into the laws of Arizona a pension system for the benefit of certain citizens and persons designated in the act. The purpose is single and easily discernible when the act is held up before the light of reason; no words in explanation of the purpose of the lawmaker can be employed that will make it plainer than the title of the act, “Providing for an old age and mothers’ pension and making appropriation therefor.” While the object of the act is easily determinable from its title and context, the lack of a clear statement of the means and methods of its enforcement, we think, must necessarily result in its defeat. Standing alone, it is not a complete act, and unless the existing laws supply its defects or omissions, it is difficult to see how it may be carried into effect.
With these observations in mind, let us look into sections 1 and 2 of the act. It is provided in section 1 that ‘ ‘ all almshouses within the state shall be abolished.” Various definitions of almshouses are given in 2 Corpus Juris, 1160, as follows:
*281“A house appropriated for the poor; a home provided for the reception or relief of poor persons; a house appropriated for the use of the poor, who are supported hy the public or by a revenue derived from private endowment; a place where the poor are maintained at the public expense; an institution supported by charity, which makes no charge whatever for the benefits rendered; any institution whose inmates are supported wholly by charity.”
It will be thus seen that an almshouse may be a public institution kept up by the public revenues, or it may be an institution maintained by private endowment and contributions. The central idea is that it is a house appropriated for the poor. The act fails to define almshouses, and we must assume that it is intended to have the meaning ordinarily understood by its use; that is, a house or institution where the indigent sick and poor are cared for without cost to themselves.
We have now in this state, and have had for a great many years, a statutory system for the caring and keeping of our unfortunate poor. The institutions founded under this system have commonly been known and designated as county hospitals or poor farms, the law having cast the burden and duty of looking after and caring for the poor upon the counties. Some of the counties have purchased lands and erected thereon commodious, modern and comfortable buildings in which to house and care for their poor; in others, we believe, the contract for the care and keeping of the indigent sick and poor has usually been awarded to the lowest and best bidder. It is, we apprehend, these institutions that the act was intended to abolish; it was doubtless directed at the system of poor farms and county hospitals throughout the different counties of the state. It is, however, broad enough in its language to include private institutions for the poor and state charitable institutions, but if it was intended to reach state institutions, it would be violative of the mandate contained in section 15, article 22, of the Constitution. That section provides:
“Reformatory and penal institutions, and institutions for the benefit of the insane, blind, deaf, and mute, and such other institutions as the public good may require, shall be *282established and supported by the state in such manner as may be prescribed by law.”
Assuming that the almshouses proposed to be abolished were county hospitals and county poor farms and nothing else, who, in the first instance, under the act, is to determine that question? Is it the board of supervisors of the different counties, or is it the board of control? It is certainly not the board of control, for there is no general law giving this body any power over the charitable institutions of the different counties, and this act does not purport to do so. If it is the board of supervisors whose duty it is to determine, if they have any almshouses, is it also their duty to sell the same and, if so, what disposition shall they make of the purchase price received ? Section 1 says:
“The grounds and buildings shall be sold for the best obtainable price, and the proceeds shall be devoted for the purpose hereinafter set forth in this act.”
Looking to the general statutes, we find that the “board of supervisors . . . have jurisdiction and power, under such limitations and restrictions, as are prescribed by law: . . . (10) To sell at public auction at the courthouse door, after thirty days’ previous notice given by publication in a newspaper of the county, and convey to the highest bidder, for cash, any property, real or personal, belonging to the county, paying the proceeds into the county treasury for the use of the county.” Paragraph 2418, Civil Code 1913.
The board of supervisors can exercise no powers except those specifically granted by the statute and in no other way than that fixed by the statute. The law is well settled that, where the method of exercising powers conferred by statute upon municipal corporations is specifically prescribed, that method must be followed. City of Nevada v. Eddy, 123 Mo. 546, 27 S. W. 471; Lincoln St. Ry. Co. v. City of Lincoln, 61 Neb. 109, 84 N. W. 802; 2 Dillon on Municipal Corporations, §§ 571, 572; City of Fort Scott v. W. G. Eads & Co., 117 Fed. 51, 54, 54 C. C. A. 437. And when any other method than that prescribed is followed, such acts are without jurisdiction and wholly void. City v. Eads, supra. Under the law, then, if the board of supervisors should sell a county hospital or poor farm, it would become their duty to pay “the proceeds into the county treasury for the use of the county.” They *283must also sell at public auction to the highest bidder for cash •and after thirty days’ previous notice.
There is another very interesting question involved in the sale of these institutions by the different counties and paying the proceeds into the state treasury, which we do not pass upon, but advert to, and that is this: These institutions are the property of the county in which they are located. They have been bought and paid for by the citizens and taxpayers of that political subdivision. Some of the counties have poor farms and some, we have found, have none. In some of the counties they are worth large sums of money, and in others they are of little value. Now, it is true that counties are mere agents of the state, invested with certain subordinate governmental functions for reasons of convenience and public policy, and they have no vested rights in their offices, their charters, their corporate powers, or even their corporate existence, yet as long as they remain existent and are performing the functions for which they were created, it is questionable in our minds whether the state can, in one word, take from them the institutions that they have built and paid for, for the purpose of performing the duties imposed upon them by law. The burdens of government should fall equally upon all of the citizens. This equality would not be maintained unless all of the counties had almshouses to convert into money for the state treasury in aid of this pensioning act.
It was not intended that the abolishment of almshouses should be at the taking effect of the act, but upon the sale of the grounds and buildings and turning the proceeds thereof into the state treasury. This is evidenced in that the language used in section 1 is “shall be abolished,” “shall be sold,” and “shall be devoted,” words of future potentiality. The pension system was not intended to take effect until after the abolishment of all almshouses. It is postponed until then, for in section 2 it is said: “In the absence of almshouses ... a system of pensioning is hereby established.” Before the state board of control would be authorized to order the payment of warrants issued by the boards of supervisors cf the various counties in the state it must be made to appear that all almshouses within the state have been abolished, their grounds and buildings sold, and the proceeds *284passed into the treasury of the state. No such showing was made, or attempted to be made, by the appellants. It was not intended by the act that the system of county hospitals and poor farms that have so long been used to care for aged people and people incapable of earning a livelihood by reason of physical infirmities should subsist, side by side, with the pension system. The latter was intended as a substitute for almshouses; and until the almshouses were actually converted into cash, and thus completely abolished as institutions for the care of the indigent sick and poor, the pensioning system, by the very terms of the act, is held in abeyance pending the transition.
It is contended by appellee that the act violates the provisions of section 13, article 4, of the Constitution. That section reads:
“Every act shall embrace but one subject and matters, properly connected therewith, which subject shall be expressed in the title; but if any subject shall be embraced in an act which shall not be expressed in the title, such act shall be void only as to so much thereof as shall not be embraced in the title.”
It is said that the legislation is very much broader than the subject expressed in the title; that the title is a notification that the purpose of the act is to create a pensioning system for old-aged persons and mothers; that the title contains nn suggestion that the system of county hospitals existing in the state would be abolished, or that any existing laws would be repealed, and that, in so far as the legislation attempted to abolish almshouses and to repeal existing laws, it is unconstitutional. This section of our Constitution, or sections of similar import, are common to the Constitutions of the different states of the Union. The purpose of these constitutional provisions, it may be said generally, is to prevent surprises that were frequent in legislation prior to their adoption. There was a time when titles of acts were of little importance, and not infrequently bore no relation to the legislation that followed. Omnibus, hodgepodge and log-rolling legislation with all their evils were more or less prevalent. It is said:
“These provisions are intended to prevent the evils of ‘omnibus bills’ and surreptitious legislation.” 36 Cyc. 1017.
*285By confining the legislation to the subject contained in the title, neither the members of the legislature nor the people can be misled to vote for something not known to them or intended to be voted for.
This provision of the Constitution does not require that the title of an act should minutely and in great detail describe the legislation proposed; it is not necessary that the title be a synopsis or a complete index to the legislation. The title of the act, however, should be sufficiently full and comprehensive as to indicate, in a general way at least, what is to follow in the way of legislation. It should not be so meager as to mislead or tend to avert inquiry into the contents thereof. As was said by Justice CHAMPLIN in Re Hauck, 70 Mich. 396, 38 N. W. 269:
“In testing acts of the legislature by this clause of the Constitution, we should not, on the one hand, be so hypercritical as to require every matter of detail to be stated in the title, nor, on the other hand, so liberal as to render the constitutional provision nugatory. But regard should be had to the letter and spirit of the Constitution, the evils it was intended to prevent, the rights it was intended to preserve, and, so regarding it, to test the act which is claimed to be repugnant to this clause candidly and justly, and, if it shall appear that the constitutional provision has been disregarded,. to perform the duty enjoined on us by our oath of office, and declare the act unconstitutional and void.”
The requirements of this constitutional provision are liberally construed by the courts. There is no purpose to hamper or defeat or embarrass legislation by putting a strained or technical construction upon it. Black’s Constitutional Law, 329. And if the courts entertain any reasonable doubt as to the validity of the law, they would sustain it. Under this provision, the title of an act plays a very important part. It is necessary because, without it, there can be no legislation. It may be made narrow and restricted, in which case the legislation must likewise he narrow and restricted, or it may be made broad and comprehensive, extending the legislation, providing it is germane to the subject mentioned in the title. As is said by Justice COOLEY on Constitutional Limitations, seventh edition, page 212:
*286“As the legislature may make the title to an act as restrictive as they please, it is obvious that they may sometimes so frame it as to preclude many matters being included in the act which might with entire propriety have been embraced in one enactment with the matters indicated by the title, but which must now be excluded because the title has been made unnecessarily restrictive. The courts cannot enlarge the scope of the title; they are vested with no dispensing power. The Constitution has made the title the conclusive index to the legislative intent as to what shall have operation. It is no answer to say that the title might have been made more comprehensive, if in fact the legislature have not seen fit to make it so.”
Bearing in mind what we have said about the purpose and' requirements of this constitutional provision and the efforts of the courts to sustain and uphold legislation when challenged as violative of its prohibitions, let us look into the act in question. The provision requires that the subject of every act shall be expressed in its title, and shall be single, and limits legislation to that subject and matters germane thereto' or properly connected therewith. The subject of this act is i. “Old age and mothers’ pension and making appropriation therefor. ’ ’ The body of the act limits the beneficiaries to men and women sixty years of age and upward who are eitizensof the United States and have resided in Arizona for five-years and who are without visible means of support; all widows, also wives whose husbands have been consigned to penal institutions or insane asylums, who have dependent, children, or children looking to them for support, under the age of sixteen years. A continuous blanket appropriation-out of the general fund of the state treasury is made to take care of these pensions.
It may be admitted, we think, that so far the legislation-falls well within the subject mentioned in the title. The title is limited to providing pensions for old-aged persons and mothers — it does not directly or indirectly refer to the subject of almshouses or county hospitals. The title of the act, gave no notice to the voter (it being an initiated measure) that the statutory system of county hospitals or poor farms, so long an institution in this jurisdiction, was to be wiped out of existence and the different counties of the state left *287without any means or provisions for the care of their indigent sick and poor, not entitled to pensions. All those men and women under sixty years of age, and those sixty years and upward who are not citizens of the United States, and who have not resided in the state for five years, and all needy and indigent mothers except those enumerated, and all orphans, however needy and deserving of help, if this act he declared valid, would be left unprovided for. A more numerous class would be deserted and forsaken under the terms of this act, if effective, than would be cared for. Those excluded from its benefactions would be driven to the life of mendicants, and be compelled to beg from door to door for shelter, food and medical care. Such unfortunate and calamitous results, a reading of the title of this act, would not portend. Of course, the proponents of the act did not contemplate such results or appreciate the limited number that would be benefited and the numerous class that would be so injuriously affected. It was the generous and philanthropic title of the act that caught the eye and mind and heart of the voter — old age, motherhood and childhood to be protected from want and almshouses — these were the thoughts that influenced and prompted the voter in favor of this piece of legislation. We dare venture that it is not putting it too strong to say that not one voter in a hundred who east their votes for the measure knew or believed that all of our county hospitals would be abolished, and that so many of the indigent sick and poor would be left without any place for their care or keeping. The very fact that none of the charitable institutions of the state were ever known or designated in the law or in the ordinary intercourse of its citizens as “almshouses” doubtless put the voters off their guard, whereas, if the act had provided in direct and explicit terms that the county poor farms and hospitals throughout the state were to be abolished and sold, the proceeds paid into the state tieasury, the voters, being advised of the purpose, would have registered their votes against the measure. If the title of the act had been: “An act to abolish county hospitals or poor farms, to abolish the contracting of the care of the indigent sick and poor and to provide in lieu thereof a pensioning system for the aged, the indigent sick and poor and for widows with dependent children and wives of husbands in prison and insane asylums *288with children looking to them for support and making appropriations therefor,” it would have been as broad as the legislation, and would have been notice to the voters, and not calculated to mislead them. It would seem that this act, in attempting to abolish the county hospital system for the sick and needy, is palpably a violation of that provision of the Constitution that requires the subject to be set out in the title of the act, and that the legislation shall be confined to that subject and matters properly connected therewith, inasmuch as no reference is made to such institutions by name or as almshouses or otherwise in the title.
The language of the act makes widows and wives of husbands in prison or in insane asylums, who are the mothers of •children dependent upon them for support, pensioners, regardless of their financial condition. A mother with the ■qualification of being a widow or having a husband in prison •or in an insane asylum, and having children under sixteen years of age, a citizen of the United States and five years a resident of Arizona, may be a pensioner under this act, even -though she may be as rich as Croesus. Her poverty or financial independence do not enter into the question as factors; her fitness and eligibility for pension are not made to depend in any way upon her fortune or lack of fortune, her ability ■or inability to maintain herself against want. I cannot think that it was the intention of the proponents of this measure "that mothers of children under sixteen years of age, possessing independent fortunes or a competency, should be made beneficiaries of this law, yet the language used is broad enough to include all mothers of the designated classes, regardless of "their financial ability.
I think the theory upon which a pension system of this kind must be sustained is that the state owes a duty to take care of the unfortunate members of society who, by reason of age or mental or physical infirmity, are unable to care for themselves, and are not the owners and possessors of property -.sufficient to sustain them from want and beggary. Certainly .a citizen and taxpayer ought not to be made or required to .help pay pensions to those who have enough and to spare of "this world’s goods. I can think of no principle of law or .justice that could be invoked to sustain a law that required Aim to do so.
*289The architects of this act evidently did not take into consideration the structure or system of laws of which it was intended to form a part. It seems to have been drafted without reference to existing laws or the provisions of the Constitution. Its failure to accomplish the purpose intended illustrates the importance that should be observed and exercised by the writers and proponents of laws to be submitted to the legislative branch of government for enactment.
I am persuaded that the strongest advocate of the principle contained in the act in question must admit its inadequacy, not only to effect its object, but that it is actually vicious in attempting to leave out of its protection, and uncared for otherwise, such a numerous class of worthy and dependent people.
Judgment of the lower court is affirmed.
FRANKLIN, J., concurs.