Court Opinion

ID: 9401255
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-12 15:06:12.258563+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:19:51.041218
License: Public Domain

2023 IL App (1st) 1220950

                                         No. 1-22-0950

                                  Opinion filed June 12, 2023.

                                                                                    First Division

______________________________________________________________________________

                                            IN THE

                             APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                       FIRST DISTRICT

______________________________________________________________________________

ELIZABETH M. ANDREWS and WORLDOLUXE,            )     Appeal from the
LLC, an Illinois Limited Liability Company,     )     Circuit Court of
                                                )     Cook County.
       Plaintiffs-Appellants,                   )
                                                )
       v.                                       )
                                                )     No. 21 L 11159
AT WORLD PROPERTIES, LLC, an Illinois           )
Limited Liability Company; THADDEUS J.R.        )
WONG; and MICHAEL P. GOLDEN,                    )     The Honorable
                                                )     Thomas More Donnelly,
       Defendants-Appellees.                    )     Judge Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________

       PRESIDING JUSTICE LAVIN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
       Justices Pucinski and Coghlan concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                           OPINION

¶1     In 2021, plaintiffs Elizabeth M. Andrews and her company, WorldOLuxe, LLC, filed a

complaint against defendants At World Properties, LLC (d/b/a @properties), a real estate

company, and its chief executive officers, Thaddeus J.R. Wong and Michael P. Golden, alleging

defamation and intentional interference with a business expectancy. The suit was filed after

defendants publicly announced Andrews’ termination from @properties as a real estate agent in
No. 1-22-0950

response to her social media postings regarding the January 6, 2021, Capitol riot in Washington,

D.C. Pursuant to the defendants’ motion (see 735 ILCS 5/2-619.1 (West 2020)), the trial court

dismissed the complaint, and plaintiffs now appeal. Plaintiffs argue as they did below that

defendants’ publication was false, it was not substantially true, and it was not subject to an

innocent construction. We affirm.

¶2                                     BACKGROUND

¶3     The following factual recitation has been gleaned from the pleadings. On January 6,

2021, Andrews, an independent contractor real estate broker associated with @properties,

attended former President Donald Trump’s “Save America” rally in Washington, D.C. Following

Trump’s live speech, Andrews proceeded to the Capitol, where Vice President Mike Pence and

Congress were certifying the 2020 presidential election results. Andrews, along with a crowd,

was present on the east side of the Capitol building from 1:30 p.m. to about 3:15 p.m. Andrews

posted several photographs to her Facebook account, which identified her as an @properties real

estate broker and linked to her @properties website. One photograph (Photo 1) features Andrews

smiling happily, clad in a Trump stocking cap, and facing the camera some feet from the Capitol

building. See infra ¶ 39. She holds both hands in the air, donning bunny ears as the crowd behind

her throngs at the open doors of the building, pressing towards it. Some appear to be entering the

building through the door. In a split screen (Photo 2), she posted this image, alongside another

photograph of protesters with flags on a fenced veranda overlooking a bigger crowd below with

the caption, “History! It’s not done yet!” 1 Infra ¶ 39. Last, around 3:15 p.m., Andrews posted a

photograph (Photo 3) from a hotel patio bar depicting a glass of champagne, a patio with tables,

       1
         Per the pleadings, @properties reviewed reposts of Andrews’ Photo 2. We describe Photos 1 and
2 separately for the sake of clarity.

                                                  2
No. 1-22-0950

and unidentified buildings in the background with the caption, “After storming the capital a good

glass of champagne is needed!” (Emphasis added.) Infra ¶ 39.

¶4      The next day, on January 7, @properties received and/or was mentioned in a number of

negative communications regarding Andrews’ postings. For example, in a Facebook posting

directed to @properties and reposting Andrews’ social media account along with the

aforementioned splitscreen Photo 2, one individual commented, “Well, I, for one, will never use

the services of a real estate company that employs a person that wants to violently storm the

Capital.” In another Facebook posting, also directed to @properties, a separate individual again

reposted Andrews’ social media account along with Photo 2, then stated “Dont [sic] give these

folks your business!” after noting that Andrews had participated in “the domestic terrorist

insurgencyand [sic] posted photos of herself at it.” In response to this adverse publicity,

@properties sent a message via e-mail, Facebook, and Twitter, stating:

                 “Over the past several hours, @properties has received a tremendous amount of

        outreach regarding the actions of one of our agents, Libby Andrews, yesterday in

        Washington, DC. [sic] Effective immediately, @properties is terminating this agent, who

        acknowledged on social media, that she took part in ‘storming the Capitol.’ @properties

        does not condone violence, destruction or illegal activities.” 2 (Emphasis added.)

Plaintiffs alleged this message, which was entitled “@properties’ official statement on former

agent, Libby Andrews,” was sent to clients, business associates, and agents of @properties, as

well as the general public.

        2
          Plaintiffs attached this statement, which was contained in a Tweet on Twitter, to their complaint.
In their response to the motion to dismiss, plaintiffs attached the same statement, sent via e-mail, but it is
signed “Mike & Thad” and is instead entitled, “Agent Termination.”

                                                      3
No. 1-22-0950

¶5     Plaintiffs then filed the present complaint alleging six counts of defamation, insofar as the

statement inferred that Andrews had engaged in violence, property destruction, and criminal

activity, and also that she lacked the character to perform her professional duties. They asserted

@properties’ statement harmed Andrews’ reputation. Andrews and her company also alleged

two counts of intentional interference with a business expectancy against @properties. As to

defamation, plaintiffs alleged that Andrews did not engage in any illegal, violent, or criminal

behavior, and therefore, @properties’ message was false.

¶6     Instead, plaintiffs maintained Andrews exercised her right to free speech and association

by attending the rally. In the complaint, Andrews acknowledged walking to the hotel patio bar

after the presidential speech and posting Photo 3, taken from that bar, on social media. Indeed, an

enlarged Photo 3 is attached to the complaint, along with the Tweet containing @properties’

January 7 statement. Plaintiffs nonetheless alleged Andrews’ statement—“After storming the

capital a good glass of champagne is needed!”—was “innocuous” and simply reflected her

“having rushed that day to the nation’s capital” (emphasis in original) and her “participation,

along with over a hundred thousand other Americans [sic] citizens, in the dynamic convergence

upon the nation’s capital, Washington, D.C., to attend a live Presidential Address.” They

maintained that @properties’ use of the word “Capitol” thus materially altered Andrews’

statement to convey that she was a lawless rioter, committing “violent, illegal criminal activity”

at the Capitol building. Last, plaintiffs alleged that when Andrews posted Photo 3, she was

unaware “certain individuals had engaged in unlawful activities” in Washington, D.C. on

January 6.

¶7     Defendants filed a section 2-619.1 motion to dismiss arguing inter alia that @properties’

statement was substantially true and subject to innocent construction. Defendants relied on

                                                 4
No. 1-22-0950

various exhibits attached to their motion, including Andrews’ federal court defamation complaint

against NBCUniversal Media, LLC (NBC), wherein she admitted to being present on the east

side of the Capitol building on January 6, 2021, from 1:30 p.m. to about 3:15 p.m. Defendants

attached Photos 1 through 3, which Andrews posted, as well as an affidavit from Alexis

Albertson, @properties’ director of corporate branding and digital marketing. Albertson verified

that she reviewed @properties’ Facebook account on January 7, 2021, which contained social

media posts mentioning @properties and Andrews, as an affiliated broker. Albertson averred that

the attached Facebook posts from the public (which defendants called Exhibit A) were “a small

subset” of many more communications to or about @properties complaining of Andrews’ own

Facebook posts advertising her participation in January 6. See supra ¶ 4.

¶8      Last, defendants cited a federal district court case, United States v. Griffin, 549 F. Supp.

3d 49 (D.C. 2021), discussing the federal statute criminalizing knowingly and unlawfully

entering or remaining in a restricted area, like the Capitol building and its grounds, and

knowingly engaging in disorderly or disruptive conduct that impedes or disrupts government

business in that area. See 18 U.S.C. § 1752 (2018). 3 In addition, defendants attached the criminal

complaint in that case, attested to by Metropolitan Police Department Detective Scott Brown.

Detective Brown averred that he was on duty on January 6 and barriers were placed at the east

side of the Capitol grounds to delineate the area of permissible first amendment activity from the

prohibited, secure areas protecting the governmental process. Congress’s joint session to certify

the vote for the 2020 presidential election began around 1 p.m. with the exterior doors of the

        3
         A violation of this statute may be charged as either a misdemeanor or felony depending on
whether the offender uses or carries a dangerous weapon or the offense results in bodily injury. See 18
U.S.C. § 1752(b) (2018) (identifying the punishments); United States v. Chrestman, 525 F. Supp. 3d 14,
18 (D.C. 2021) (charging a felony enhancement); Griffin, 549 F. Supp. 3d at 52 (charging a
misdemeanor).

                                                   5
No. 1-22-0950

Capitol building otherwise locked or secured. While the Capitol police attempted to maintain

order, around 2 p.m., individuals in the crowd entered restricted grounds and forced entry into

the Capitol building by breaking windows and assaulting police officers. The congressional

session was suspended around 2:20 p.m.

¶9     Plaintiffs did not file a counteraffidavit or move to strike Albertson’s affidavit or any of

the attached exhibits from defendants’ motion to dismiss. Plaintiffs, in their responsive

pleadings, did not dispute that Photos 1 through 3 were taken on January 6, during Andrews’

time at the Capitol between 1 p.m. and 3:15 p.m. or that Photos 1 and 2 depicted the door to the

Capitol building being breached. Likewise, they did not dispute Andrews’ location on the east

side near the Capitol building on January 6.

¶ 10   Following briefing, the circuit court struck the oral argument hearing date and granted

defendants’ motion to dismiss, finding @properties’ statement was not defamatory. This appeal

followed.

¶ 11                                       ANALYSIS

¶ 12   Section 2-619.1 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-619.1 (West 2020)) allows

a party to file a combined section 2-615 and section 2-619 motion to dismiss. Henderson Square

Condominium Ass’n v. LAB Townhomes, LLC, 2015 IL 118139, ¶ 32. Here, we focus on section

2-619(a)(9) (735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(9) (West 2020)), which we find dispositive. A motion to

dismiss filed pursuant to section 2-619(a)(9) admits as true all well-pleaded facts, along with the

reasonable inferences that can be gleaned from those facts, but asserts an affirmative defense or

other matter that avoids or defeats the claim. LAB Townhomes, LLC, 2015 IL 118139, ¶ 34; Carr

v. Koch, 2012 IL 113414, ¶ 27. The “affirmative matter” must be apparent on the face of the

complaint or supported by affidavits or certain other evidentiary materials. Doe v. University of

                                                 6
No. 1-22-0950

Chicago Medical Center, 2015 IL App (1st) 133735, ¶ 37. If facts within an affidavit dispute the

allegations of the complaint and are not contradicted by a counteraffidavit, the court must accept

the facts in the affidavit as true. Goldberg v. Brooks, 409 Ill. App. 3d 106, 112 (2011); see also

Piser v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co., 405 Ill. App. 3d 341, 352 (2010) (noting

a plaintiff cannot rely on the allegations in his own complaint to refute a section 2-619 affidavit).

¶ 13   Once a defendant satisfies the initial burden of establishing an affirmative matter to

defeat the plaintiff’s claim, the burden then shifts to the plaintiff to demonstrate that the

proffered defense is unfounded or requires the resolution of a material fact. Doe, 2015 IL App

(1st) 133735, ¶ 37. If the plaintiff fails to carry the shifted burden of going forward, the

complaint will be dismissed. Id. We interpret the pleadings and supporting documents in the light

most favorable to the nonmoving party. LAB Townhomes, LLC, 2015 IL 118139, ¶ 34. We

review the trial court’s granting of a motion to dismiss de novo. Illinois Ass’n of Realtors v.

Stermer, 2014 IL App (4th) 130079, ¶ 16.

¶ 14   On appeal, plaintiffs challenge the circuit court’s dismissal contending that defendants’

publication was defamatory per se, meaning the injury was obvious and apparent on its face. See

Benton v. Little League Baseball, Inc., 2020 IL App (1st) 190549, ¶ 43. To prove

defamation per se, a plaintiff must present facts showing that the defendant made a false

statement about the plaintiff, the defendant made an unprivileged publication of that statement to

a third party, and the publication caused damages. Seitz-Partridge v. Loyola University of

Chicago, 2013 IL App (1st) 113409, ¶ 21. A defamatory statement is one that harms a person’s

reputation to the extent that it lowers the person in the eyes of the community or deters others

from associating with that person. Moore v. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, Inc.,

402 Ill. App. 3d 62, 68 (2010).

                                                   7
No. 1-22-0950

¶ 15   There are five categories of such statements, only several of which are relevant in this

case. Those include words that impute the commission of a criminal offense, words that impute a

person lacks the integrity to perform her employment duties, and words that impute a person

lacks ability or otherwise prejudice the person in her profession. Green v. Rogers, 234 Ill. 2d

478, 491-92 (2009). Under the first category, generally the crime must be an indictable one

involving moral turpitude, with death or imprisonment as punishment. Dobias v. Oak Park &

River Forest High School District 200, 2016 IL App (1st) 152205, ¶ 87. If a defamatory

statement is actionable per se, the plaintiff need not plead or prove actual damage to her

reputation to recover. Bryson v. News America Publications, Inc., 174 Ill. 2d 77, 87 (1996).

Rather, those statements that fall in the actionable per se categories are considered so obviously

and materially harmful to the plaintiff that injury to her reputation is presumed. Id. As a result, a

defamation per se claim must be pled with a heightened level of precision and

particularity. Green, 234 Ill. 2d at 495.

¶ 16   However, even if a statement falls into one of the five categories of defamation per se, it

will not be actionable if it is reasonably capable of an innocent construction. Hadley v. Doe,

2014 IL App (2d) 130489, ¶ 21. This occurs if the words and their implications, when considered

in context and given their natural, obvious meaning, are reasonably capable of an innocent

interpretation or construction. Tuite v. Corbitt, 224 Ill. 2d 490, 502 (2006); Bryson, 174 Ill. 2d at

90. Whether a statement is susceptible to such interpretation is a question of law for the court to

decide. Kapotas v. Better Government Ass’n, 2015 IL App (1st) 140534, ¶ 58. Similarly, truth is

an absolute defense to defamation, and only the “substantial truth” is required for this defense.

Seitz-Partridge, 2013 IL App (1st) 113409, ¶ 21; see also Vachet v. Central Newspapers, Inc.,

816 F.2d 313, 316 (7th Cir. 1987) (noting it is not necessary to establish the literal truth of the

                                                  8
No. 1-22-0950

statement). Such demonstration is made where the defendant shows that the “gist” or “sting” of

the allegedly defamatory material is true. Harrison v. Chicago Sun-Times, Inc., 341 Ill. App. 3d

555, 563 (2003). The “gist” or “sting” of the alleged defamation means the heart of the matter in

question—the hurtfulness of the utterance. Vachet, 816 F.2d at 316. Additionally, where no

reasonable jury could find that substantial truth had not been established, the question is one of

law, and the matter may be raised in a motion to dismiss. Seitz-Partridge, 2013 IL App (1st)

113409, ¶ 21; Lemons v. Chronicle Publishing Co., 253 Ill. App. 3d 888, 890 (1993).

¶ 17   While plaintiffs maintain the statement at issue by @properties was false, not

substantially true, and not subject to an innocent construction, for the reasons to follow, we

disagree. Here, @properties initially wrote, “Over the past several hours, @properties has

received a tremendous amount of outreach regarding the actions of one of our agents, Libby

Andrews, yesterday in Washington, D.C.” In their motion to dismiss, defendants provided the

affidavit by Albertson, director of their social media, averring that she had received numerous

communications to or about @properties complaining of Andrews’ own Facebook posts, which

advertised her presence and activity at the Capitol on January 6. Albertson then attached exhibits

of Facebook posts from the public referencing Andrews’ social media account and postings

(including Photo 2). Defendants thus established the statement by @properties was true—they

received a high volume of communications regarding Andrews’ actions in Washington, D.C. See

Seitz-Partridge, 2013 IL App (1st) 113409, ¶¶ 21, 25-26.

¶ 18   The company @properties next wrote, “Effective immediately, @properties is

terminating this agent, who acknowledged on social media, that she took part in ‘storming the

Capitol.’ ” (Emphasis added.) Plaintiffs do not dispute that Andrews was terminated from

@properties as a real estate agent, so that too is true. Moreover, it was Andrews who first

                                                 9
No. 1-22-0950

reported around 3:15 p.m. on her Facebook page that, “After storming the capital a good glass of

champagne is needed!” (emphases added), along with a photo depicting a glass of champagne on

a patio and unidentified buildings in the background. See infra ¶ 39 (Photo 3). Where, as here,

Andrews’ own characterization is not substantially different from the allegedly defamatory

language, that language may be deemed substantially true. See Harrison, 341 Ill. App. 3d at 563;

see also Masson v. New Yorker Magazine, Inc., 501 U.S. 496, 517 (1991) (“Put another way, the

statement is not considered false unless it ‘would have a different effect on the mind of the

reader from that which the pleaded truth would have produced.’ ” (quoting Robert D. Sack,

Libel, Slander, and Related Problems 138 (1980)); Hnilica v. Rizza Chevrolet, Inc., 384 Ill. App.

3d 94, 97 (2008) (“Harmful statements are defamatory only if they are false.”).

¶ 19   The evidence attached to defendants’ section 2-619 motion further defeats and negates

plaintiffs’ conclusory allegations of falsity and support defendants’ substantial truth defense. See

Economy Fire & Casualty Co. v. GAB Business Services, Inc., 155 Ill. App. 3d 197, 201 (1987).

Plaintiffs, for example, conveniently omitted from Andrews’ state defamation action a number of

facts, including that Andrews was present on the east side of the Capitol building from 1:30 p.m.

to 3:15 p.m. and posted Photos 1 and 2 of herself there. See infra ¶ 39. During that time, the

crowds entered prohibited areas by the Capitol and, around 2 p.m., breached the previously

secured doors of the building, leading to the disruption and suspension of official governmental

proceedings. These details have been gleaned from Andrews’ federal defamation complaint

against NBC, supplied by defendants, and the other exhibits. See infra ¶ 30; American

Federation of State, County, & Municipal Employees, Council 31 v. Illinois Labor Relations

Board, State Panel, 2017 IL App (5th) 160046, ¶ 18 (noting a court may take judicial notice of

documents in the records of other courts or administrative tribunals); O’Callaghan v. Satherlie,

                                                 10
No. 1-22-0950

2015 IL App (1st) 142152, ¶ 18 (noting, the court can also consider judicial admissions in the

record and matters of which the court is entitled to take judicial notice); Village of Riverwoods v.

BG Ltd. Partnership, 276 Ill. App. 3d 720, 724 (1995) (noting a court may take judicial notice of

public record documents for a section 2-619 motion).

¶ 20   As set forth, Photos 1 and 2 show Andrews some feet from the Capitol building, smiling

and holding two sets of bunny fingers in the air while wearing a Trump hat, as the crowd behind

her throngs at the open doors of the building and presses towards it, with some appearing to enter

the building. See infra ¶ 39. Photo 2 also shows protesters with flags on a fenced veranda

overlooking a larger crowd below with the caption, “History! It’s not done yet!” See infra ¶ 39.

These photos, their captions, and the facts further demonstrate defendants’ language was

substantially true: Andrews “acknowledged on social media, that she took part in ‘storming the

Capitol.’ ” And, it was for that reason that defendants terminated Andrews.

¶ 21   Plaintiffs nonetheless argue that Andrews’ statement—“After storming the capital a good

glass of champagne is needed!” (see infra ¶ 39 (Photo 3))—conveyed she “was part of a heavy

influx of people rushing” to the “capital” of Washington, D.C., on January 6 to simply attend an

event. They alleged @properties’ substitution of the word “Capitol,” the building, when

considered with the balance of defendants’ statement, altered the meaning of Andrews’ post to

falsely convey that she had engaged in violence, destruction, or other illegal criminal acts. See

infra ¶ 39 (Photo 3). Plaintiffs complain that latter message was the gist or sting of defendants’

defamatory per se statement.

¶ 22   Plaintiffs’ proposed inferences and arguments are unreasonable for several reasons. See

LAB Townhomes, LLC, 2015 IL 118139, ¶ 34. Again, it was Andrews’ own social media

postings and words that imputed a crime or at least that she was part of the agitating crowd on

                                                 11
No. 1-22-0950

January 6 and therefore condoned its activity of impeding official government proceedings. See

18 U.S.C. § 1752 (2018) (prohibiting knowingly engaging in disorderly or disruptive conduct

that impedes or disrupts government business in that area); Restatement (Second) of Torts § 583

(1977) (noting “the consent of another to the publication of defamatory matter concerning [her]

is a complete defense to [her] action for defamation”). Defendants’ affidavit and corresponding

attachments betray the reasonable readers’ view of Andrews’ social media postings. Several

individuals wrote: “Well, I, for one, will never use the services of a real estate company that

employs a person that wants to violently storm the Capital” and “Dont [sic] give these folks your

business!” after noting that Andrews had participated in “the domestic terrorist insurgencyand

[sic] posted photos of herself at it.” Notably, Andrews’ post did not state, “After a peaceful

protest in Washington, D.C., a good glass of champagne is needed!” or “After exercising one’s

first amendment rights in Washington, D.C., a good glass of champagne is needed!” Rather, she

used the word “storm.” Excluding any reference to weather, the word “storm” when used as a

transitive or intransitive verb means “to attack by storm,” as in “stormed ashore at zero hour,”

“to be in or to exhibit a violent passion: RAGE,” such as “storming at the unusual delay,” “to

rush about or move impetuously, violently, or angrily,” as in “the mob stormed through the

streets,” and “to attack, take, or win over by storm,” as in “storm a fort.” Merriam-Webster

Online Dictionary, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/storming (last visited May 23,

2023) [https://perma.cc/NVN8-DZ8Q].

¶ 23   Simply put, storming the seat of government, whether it is the city (capital) or building

and its grounds (Capitol) signifies an agitation, violent disruption, or forced taking. Andrews

reported that she partook in that storm and was present at the Capitol on January 6,

notwithstanding plaintiffs’ contention that Andrews herself did not specifically engage in any

                                                12
No. 1-22-0950

violent or criminal activity. The slight inaccuracy in defendants’ statement (using Capitol instead

of capital) therefore did not substantively alter Andrews’ own statement. Indeed, the common

law of libel takes but one approach to the question of falsity, insofar as it overlooks minor

inaccuracies to concentrate upon substantial truth; a defendant need not “justify every word of

the alleged defamatory matter; it is sufficient if the substance of the charge be proved true,

irrespective of slight inaccuracy in the details.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Masson, 501

U.S. at 516-17; see also Coghlan v. Beck, 2013 IL App (1st) 120891, ¶ 42 (noting that as to

substantial truth, “allegedly defamatory material is not actionable even where it is not technically

accurate in every detail”). Regardless, the issue in this case is not whether Andrews actually

committed destructive or criminal acts on January 6 but rather whether she acknowledged on

social media participating in an event wherein such acts were committed.

¶ 24   In that sense, this case may be likened to Vachet, wherein the court found a newspaper

stated the substantial truth as to the plaintiff Michael Vachet, even though the paper incorrectly

reported he was arrested on a warrant, when no warrant had issued. The court wrote:

                “Here, the ‘gist’ or ‘sting’ of which Vachet complains is his association with a

       suspected rapist of an elderly woman because he was arrested for harboring a fugitive.

       Yet, he admits that he was arrested on the charge of harboring Saucerman, who was

       suspected of committing such an act. Likewise, Vachet’s arrest for harboring a fugitive is

       the highlight of the articles as they relate to him.” Vachet, 816 F.2d at 316.

Similarly, here, plaintiffs’ essentially admitted the gist or sting of the hurtful utterance, of which

they now complain. See also Parker v. Bank of Marion, 296 Ill. App. 3d 1035, 1038 (1998)

(noting the truth barred the plaintiff’s defamation action against his employer for stating he was

“fired for touching women,” where the plaintiff admitted to touching women, albeit not in a

                                                  13
No. 1-22-0950

sexual manner). We thus decline Andrews’ invitation to innocently construe her own language

and then hold the defendants’ legally accountable for any negative implications that might have

arisen from it.

¶ 25    As such, the final sentence in the statement at issue—“@properties does not condone

violence, destruction or illegal activities”—can likewise be interpreted as substantially true. 4

This sentence conveyed that @properties did not regard as acceptable, forgivable, or harmless

the representations conveyed by Andrews on her social media posts. See Condone, Merriam-

Webster Online Dictionary, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/condone (last visited

May 24, 2023) [https://perma.cc/7WCF-EZDQ]. The sentence also could be considered

nonactionable opinion. See Seitz-Partridge, 2013 IL App (1st) 113409, ¶ 29 (noting statements

that are capable of being proven true or false are actionable, whereas opinions are not); Brennan

v. Kadner, 351 Ill. App. 3d 963, 969 (2004) (noting where the writer is exploring a subjective

view or an interpretation, the statement is nonactionable opinion).

¶ 26    Alternatively, the statement, when considered in context and given its natural and

obvious meaning, may be innocently construed. 5 See Tuite, 224 Ill. 2d at 502; Bryson, 174 Ill. 2d

at 90. “ ‘[I]f, as so construed, the statement may reasonably be innocently interpreted or

reasonably be interpreted as referring to someone other than the plaintiff it cannot be actionable

per se.’ ” Tuite, 224 Ill. 2d at 503 (quoting Chapski v. Copley Press, 92 Ill. 2d 344, 352 (1982)).

        4
           We note that the cornerstone of defamation is the issuance of a false statement. See Seitz-
Partridge, 2013 IL App (1st) 113409, ¶ 21 (“true statements cannot support a claim of defamation”).
Whether a statement imputes a criminal offense, that a person lacks integrity in her employment duties, or
a person lacks ability or otherwise prejudice her in her profession are matters relevant only as to the
damages that must be proven. See Benton, 2020 IL App (1st) 190549, ¶ 43 (distinguishing per se and per
quod actions). How a statement qualifies as per se defamation becomes irrelevant if the substantial truth
of the statement is established, as in this case.
         5
           We note that whether a statement can be innocently construed may also be considered under
section 2-619. Bryson, 174 Ill. 2d at 92.

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In other words, if a statement is reasonably capable of a nondefamatory interpretation in context,

it must be so interpreted. Green, 234 Ill. 2d at 500; Harrison, 341 Ill. App. 3d at 570 (same); see

also Jacobsen v. Gimbel, 2013 IL App (2d) 120478, ¶ 30 (noting, such statements are not

actionable per se). There is no balancing of reasonable constructions. Dubinsky v. United

Airlines Master Executive Council, 303 Ill. App. 3d 317, 324 (1999). This tougher standard is

warranted because of the presumption of damages in per se actions. Id.

¶ 27    Here, this final sentence says nothing about Andrews specifically and generally

repudiates violence, destruction, and illegal activity. Thus, to the extent it refers to anyone, it

could be someone other than Andrews. See Patlovich v. Rudd, 949 F. Supp. 585, 591 (N.D. Ill.

1996). Given the public accusations against @properties and the violence, destruction, and

illegal activity that ensued on January 6, which plaintiffs do not dispute, the statement may

reasonably be construed innocently in defense of @properties’ reputation, rather than an attempt

to defame Andrews. See Jacobsen, 2013 IL App (2d) 120478, ¶ 32; Dubinsky, 303 Ill. App. 3d at

327 (statements that do not make a direct accusation of crime against the plaintiff may be

innocently construed).

¶ 28    Also, given the import of the entire statement (see Harrison, 341 Ill. App. 3d at 570),

together with the photos, the statement may be innocently construed to convey @properties’

termination of Andrews due to her social media posts and actions in celebrating the storming of

the capital/Capitol, rather than accusing her of specifically engaging in any criminal or

destructive acts herself. See, e.g., id. at 569-71 (mother’s alleged “kidnapping” of her child may

be reasonably capable of an innocent construction and not the commission of a criminal act). The

precedent of our supreme court requires us to interpret statements that are reasonably capable of

an innocent construction as nondefamatory, instead of balancing a reasonable innocent

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construction of a statement against a reasonable defamatory construction. See Tuite, 224 Ill. 2d at

504. For the reasons stated, plaintiffs have failed to establish an actionable claim of defamation

as a matter of law.

¶ 29    In reaching this conclusion, we reject plaintiffs’ argument that the third sentence in

defendants’ statement must first be considered under the innocent construction rule without

regard to whether the remainder of the sentences are substantially true. Plaintiffs’ suggestion that

we do so turns on its head the requirement that we consider the statement as a whole and the

words in context.

¶ 30    We also reject plaintiffs’ challenge to Albertson’s affidavit and its exhibits. Plaintiffs

argue the exhibits of the public’s Facebook postings lacked any foundation and should have been

disregarded as inadmissible and therefore improper under section 2-619(a)(9). 6 However, a party

cannot attack the sufficiency of an affidavit for the first time on appeal. Stone v. McCarthy, 206

Ill. App. 3d 893, 899-900 (1990). Plaintiffs did not move to strike the affidavit or object to it

before the circuit court. Likewise, they did not file a counteraffidavit, and thus the court accepted

the facts in Albertson’s affidavit and referenced exhibits as true. See Goldberg, 409 Ill. App. 3d

at 112; see also Fayezi v. Illinois Casualty Co., 2016 IL App (1st) 150873, ¶ 44 (noting as to a

section 2-619 motion, a plaintiff’s failure to submit a counteraffidavit is “fatal to [her] cause of

        6
          Plaintiffs argue, without adequate citation to the record or law, that the Facebook documents
attached to the affidavit were inadmissible as business records and inadmissible hearsay. Plaintiffs
thereby violate Illinois Supreme Court Rule 341(h)(7) (eff. Oct. 1, 2020), which requires an appellant to
support her contentions with citation to legal authority and the record relied on. “A reviewing court is
entitled to have the issues clearly defined and supported by pertinent authority and cohesive arguments; it
is not merely a repository into which parties may dump the burden of argument and research, nor is it the
obligation of this court to act as an advocate.” See v. Illinois Gaming Board, 2020 IL App (1st) 192200,
¶ 24. We reach the same conclusion regarding plaintiffs’ statement in their brief: “No Defendant took the
time to confirm with Andrews what exactly happened on January 6, 2021 or what her participation in any
of those events were.” They fail to cite any legal authority for the proposition that a defendant must
investigate the factual basis underlying a plaintiff’s own public representations before commenting on
them. See id.; Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. Oct. 1, 2020).

                                                    16
No. 1-22-0950

action” (internal quotation marks omitted)); Piser, 405 Ill. App. 3d at 352 (noting the failure to

challenge or contradict supporting affidavits filed with a section 2-619 motion results in

admission of the facts stated therein).

¶ 31   Plaintiffs now claim that they intended to argue the matter orally in court at the scheduled

hearing on May 17, 2022. The “case summary” in the common law record, which is the only

record before this court, suggests that the oral argument was canceled and stricken on May 17.

There was a “continued case management.” The court’s own final written order, entered May 27,

also demonstrates that the court struck the hearing date, which was certainly within its discretion.

See CitiMortgage Inc. v. Lewis, 2014 IL App (1st) 131272, ¶ 42. We presume the circuit court’s

ruling was in conformity with the law and the facts, and an appellant bears the burden of

overcoming that presumption. McCann v. Dart, 2015 IL App (1st) 141291, ¶ 15. Plaintiffs have

not done so. Plaintiffs also had ample time to challenge the affidavit prior to the court’s final

judgment, and they could have filed a motion to reconsider the stricken hearing date. See Ill. S.

Ct. R. 303(a)(1) (eff. July 1, 2017). As they did nothing, we cannot countenance their claims on

appeal. They are forfeited. See Helping Others Maintain Environmental Standards v. Bos, 406

Ill. App. 3d 669, 695 (2010) (noting, generally, a party who does not raise an issue in the trial

court forfeits the issue and may not raise it for the first time on appeal).

¶ 31   Forfeiture aside, Albertson’s affidavit, including the attached exhibits and the photos

referenced therein, was admissible. See Ill. S. Ct. 191(a) (eff. Jan. 4, 2013) (requiring that an

affiant in an involuntary dismissal be able to testify competently about facts admissible in

evidence). A party must lay a proper foundation for the introduction of documentary evidence,

which occurs when the evidence is identified and authenticated. See People v. Ziemba, 2018 IL

App (2d) 170048, ¶ 51; Piser, 405 Ill. App. 3d at 348. Authentication requires a party to present

                                                  17
No. 1-22-0950

evidence demonstrating the document is what the party claims it to be. Ziemba, 2018 IL App

(2d) 170048, ¶ 51; Piser, 405 Ill. App. 3d at 348; see also People v. Curry, 2020 IL App (2d)

180148, ¶ 56 (same). The proponent need prove only a rational basis upon which the fact finder

can conclude the documents accurately portray what they purport to show, and the proponent can

meet this burden by using circumstantial evidence of authenticity such as content, substance, and

surrounding circumstances. Ziemba, 2018 IL App (2d) 170048, ¶¶ 51-52; People v. Vaden, 336

Ill. App. 3d 893, 899 (2003).

¶ 32   Here, Albertson averred that the exhibits attached to her affidavit were Facebook posts

from the public that appeared on @properties’ Facebook account, which she copied from

Facebook. In them, the public references and reposts Andrews’ social media and postings.

Similarly, in her affidavit, Albertson wrote that the public reposted “Facebook posts by Andrews

depicting her in front of the United States Capitol on January 6, 2021,” and the posts “related to

her [Andrews] participation in the events of January 6, 2021, in Washington, D.C.” This was

sufficient to authenticate the exhibits of the public commentary, and it also established the

photos were what defendants claimed them to be, images of Andrews’ activities and actions on

January 6. See People v. Brand, 2021 IL 125945, ¶ 41 (noting social media messages may

constitute documentary evidence for admissibility purposes, despite the digital nature).

¶ 33   We thus reject plaintiffs’ argument that Photos 1 and 2 depicting Andrews lacked a

proper foundation because Albertson did not, for example, identify the time they were taken or

aver they were true and accurate representations of “the scene itself.” See Ill. S. Ct. 191(a) (eff.

Jan. 4, 2013). Again, Andrews did not move to strike these photo exhibits or file a

counteraffidavit. In her responsive pleadings, Andrews did not dispute these were her own

Facebook posts on January 6, or that they depicted her standing nearby the Capitol building then,

                                                 18
    No. 1-22-0950

    where she was admittedly present from 1 p.m. to about 3:15 p.m. on the east side. The photos
F

    were properly referenced and plaintiffs regardless have forfeited any challenge to them by failing

    to raise the matter before the circuit court. See Bos, 406 Ill. App. 3d at 695.

    ¶ 34   Last, plaintiffs contend defendants refuted only factual pleadings in the complaint and did

    not introduce an affirmative matter to defeat their claim, as required by section 2-619(a)(9). They

    argue dismissal was therefore inappropriate. We disagree. Defendants presented evidence

    demonstrating that their statement, when viewed in light of Andrews’ own representations, was

    substantially true and also could be innocently construed. These defenses negated the defamation

    claim and, at the very least, refuted crucial conclusions of law and unsupported material facts in

    the complaint. See Glass Specialty Co. v. Litwiller, 147 Ill. App. 3d 653, 655 (1986). No

    reasonable jury could find plaintiffs presented an actionable claim as a matter of law. See Seitz-

    Partridge, 2013 IL App (1st) 113409, ¶ 21; Kapotas, 2015 IL App (1st) 140534, ¶ 58.

    Defendants therefore fulfilled their burden of defeating plaintiffs’ claim, and plaintiffs did not

    demonstrate the defense was unfounded or required resolution of a material fact. See Doe, 2015

    IL App (1st) 133735, ¶ 37.

    ¶ 35   As plaintiffs’ defamation claim fails, so too does their claim of intentional interference

    with business expectancy against @properties. See Antonacci v. Seyfarth Shaw, LLP, 2015 IL

    App (1st) 142372, ¶ 33. Plaintiffs also have not argued that claim, thus forfeiting it. See Ill. S. Ct.

    R. 341(h)(7) (eff. Oct. 1, 2020).

    ¶ 36                                       CONCLUSION

    ¶ 37   For the reasons stated, we affirm the circuit court’s dismissal of plaintiffs’ complaint.

    ¶ 38   Affirmed.

                                                      19
No. 1-22-0950

¶ 39                                        APPENDIX

                                              Photo 1
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                                                 20
No. 1-22-0950

                                               Photo 2

                a       Crystal A Sahler ► @properties
             ......J'   7h ·0
            Thought you should know one of your employees went to DC for a Covid
            super spreader event then st ormed the capital.

                        rfJ Like               Q   Share

                    Libby McCarten Andrews
                    6 hrs· 0

           History! It's not done yet!

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                                                   21
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                Photo 3

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No. 1-22-0950

                Andrews v. At World Properties, LLC, 2023 IL App (1st) 220950

Decision Under Review:         Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 21-L-11159;
                               the Hon. Thomas More Donnelly, Judge, presiding.

Attorneys                      Michael R. Pieczonka, of Pieczonka Law LLC, and Tim Biasiello,
for                            both of Park Ridge, for appellants.
Appellant:

Attorneys                      Aaron H. Stanton, Victoria R. Collado, Joshua J. Cauhorn, and
for                            Brittany A. Martin, of Burke, Warren, MacKay & Serritella, P.C.,
Appellee:                      of Chicago, for appellees.

                                              23