Court Opinion

ID: 4528135
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-04-23 15:05:07.689833+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:26:40.801537
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                     Apr 23 2020, 9:42 am

                                                                         CLERK
                                                                     Indiana Supreme Court
                                                                        Court of Appeals
                                                                          and Tax Court

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                      ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Heather M. Schuh-Ogle                                       Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Thomasson Thomasson Long &                                  Attorney General of Indiana
Guthrie, P.C.
                                                            Robert J. Henke
Columbus, Indiana
                                                            Abigail Recker
                                                            Deputy Attorneys General
                                                            Indianapolis, Indiana

                                             IN THE
     COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

In the Matter of:                                           April 23, 2020

L.T.                                                        Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                            19A-JC-2667
And
                                                            Appeal from the Bartholomew
S.T. (Mother),                                              Circuit Court
Appellant-Respondent,                                       The Honorable Heather Mollo,
                                                            Magistrate
        v.                                                  Trial Court Cause No.
                                                            03C01-1811-JC-6543
Indiana Department of Child
Services,
Appellee-Petitioner.

Riley, Judge.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JC-2667 | April 23, 2020                           Page 1 of 19
                                 STATEMENT OF THE CASE
[1]   Appellants-Respondents, S.T. (Mother) and J.T. (Father) (collectively, Parents),

      appeal the trial court’s adjudication of their minor child, L.T (Child), to be a

      Child in Need of Services (CHINS).

[2]   We affirm.

                                                     ISSUES
[3]   Parents present this court with three issues on appeal, which we consolidate

      and restate as the following two issues:

          (1) Whether the trial court abused its discretion when it admitted telephonic

              evidence and evidence of Father’s past convictions; and

          (2) Whether the trial court erred by adjudicating Child to be a CHINS.

                       FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
[4]   Mother and Father are the biological parents to I.T., born on July 21, 2012,

      R.A., born on January 5, 2015, E.T., born on November 15, 2016, and L.T.,

      born on September 4, 2018. The Department of Child Services (DCS) became

      involved with the family prior to L.T.’s birth. In June 2017, I.T., R.A., and

      E.T. were adjudicated CHINS due to physical abuse to I.T. and domestic

      violence between the Parents. In its adjudication, the trial court found that I.T.

      had bruising that was not consistent from a fall from a bicycle but instead was

      “consistent with an inflicted injury from a belt.” (Exh. Vol. p. 49). Father

      admitted to “whoop[ing]” I.T. as punishment. (Exh. Vol. p. 48). Because the

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JC-2667 | April 23, 2020        Page 2 of 19
      trial court decided that “the injuries [were] not consistent with reasonable

      discipline given the child’s age of four, the nature of the child’s misdeed, and

      the extent of the bruising on both the child’s thigh and buttocks,” the court

      ordered Parents to participate in services. (Exh. Vol. p. 50). By September

      2018, Father was allowed to reside back in the home for a trial home visit.

[5]   In October 2018, DCS received a report alleging that E.T. had a bruise on her

      face and bruising on her bottom that was claimed to have been inflicted by

      Father and that Father used marijuana. After receiving the report, Family Case

      Manager Kimberly Miller (FCM Miller) visited Maternal Grandmother’s home

      where Mother, E.T. and L.T. were residing for the weekend. FCM Miller

      observed a bruise on E.T.’s cheekbone, along with bruising on her bottom and

      thigh. Mother explained to FCM Miller that she was in the other room

      breastfeeding L.T., while E.T. had climbed out of the pack ’n play and gotten

      hurt. Mother was unaware of the bruising on E.T.’s bottom, but clarified that

      E.T. falls a lot. Mother said she planned to return home on Sunday evening.

[6]   After speaking with Mother, FCM Miller visited Maternal Grandfather’s home

      where I.T. and R.A. were staying. Besides a faint bruise on R.A.’s face which

      the child explained as a result from a fall on the stairs, FCM Miller did not

      observe any physical injuries on the children. FCM Miller was told that Father

      spanks the children and punches I.T. in “the belly” which “hurt[s].”

      (Transcript p. 52). After conducting her assessment, FCM Miller called in a

      “Peds referral,” recommending that E.T. receive a full physical and skeletal as

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JC-2667 | April 23, 2020        Page 3 of 19
      well as a head CT. (Tr. p. 53). Mother agreed to stay with the children at

      Maternal Grandmother’s place until the recommendation could be completed.

[7]   On October 30, 2018, Angela Blum, the general pediatrician and chief of

      pediatric services at MHP Medical Center in Shelbyville (Dr. Blum), examined

      E.T. at DCS’s request. She observed “a bluish green bruise under [E.T.’s] left

      eye, that ran along the cheekbone, and extended both laterally and medially.”

      (Tr. p. 9). E.T. also had a “multicolored bruise on her right posterior thigh and

      lateral buttock, just kind of under the diaper area.” (Tr. p. 9). Dr. Blum opined

      that the fall from a pack ‘n play was not “the mechanism of injury” likely to

      have caused E.T.’s injuries. (Ex. Vol. p. 4). Dr. Blum testified that when

      children fall, they typically sustain injuries to the harder parts of the body; it

      takes more impact to sustain injuries to soft tissue areas.

[8]   On November 1, 2018, FCM Miller met with Mother. During this meeting,

      Mother stated that a week before Child was born, Father “had picked her up by

      the arms and thrown her on the couch.” (Tr. pp. 54-55). Mother added that

      the bruises were still visible when she went into labor with Child. She narrated

      that Father had “shoved her into a tub, with her first pregnancy, and also spoke

      of [I.T.] having a breast pad shoved in his mouth when he was a baby.” (Tr. p.

      54).

[9]   On November 27, 2018, FCM Miller discussed the allegations with Father. He

      explained that E.T. was in the pack ‘n play, trying to take off her diaper. After

      having to put the diaper back on several times, Father was getting frustrated

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JC-2667 | April 23, 2020          Page 4 of 19
       and moved the pack ‘n play to another room while he tried to get some sleep.

       After hearing some noises, he checked on E.T. and found her out of the pack ‘n

       play near the stairs, so he spanked her. He admitted that “he may have used

       more force than he needed because he didn’t want her to fall down the stairs.”

       (Tr. p. 56). Father submitted to a drug screen, which came back negative.

[10]   That same day, DCS filed a petition alleging that Child was a CHINS because

       there was physical abuse in the home directed toward the Child’s siblings. The

       petition also alleged that Father smoked marijuana was abusive towards

       Mother, had been previously arrested due to harming Mother and Child’s older

       sibling, and the three older siblings had been previously adjudicated CHINS

       due to physical abuse in April 2017. On January 22, 2019, four days before the

       factfinding hearing, DCS filed a motion for telephonic testimony to permit Dr.

       Blum to testify by phone. The next day, Mother filed an objection.

[11]   On January 25, 2019, the trial court conducted a factfinding hearing. Prior to

       the hearing, the trial court granted DCS’s motion for Dr. Blum to testify by

       phone. At the factfinding hearing, Mother admitted that there have been three

       incidents of domestic violence while she was pregnant—in 2010, 2012, and

       2018. Mother noted that, “we’ve had a lot of no contact orders.” (Tr. p. 35).

       At the time of the hearing, Father had two pending Level 6 felony domestic

       battery charges. The first Count was due to Father throwing Mother on the

       couch, with the second Count due to Father allegedly battering E.T. Mother

       admitted that she had been battered by Father on “multiple occasions.” (Exh.

       Vol. p. 12). Also, at the time of the hearing, protective orders prohibiting

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JC-2667 | April 23, 2020       Page 5 of 19
       Father to contact Mother and E.T. were in place. Mother had not requested the

       protective orders as she did not think these were necessary. Father noted that

       without the protective orders, he and Mother would continue to live together.

[12]   At the time of the hearing, Mother and the children were residing with

       Maternal Grandmother. The ongoing case manager, Brittany Turner (FCM

       Turner), testified that she was concerned that without the protective order in

       place, Mother would allow Father to be around the children. Mother is

       participating in domestic violence services through the other CHINS cases, but

       she has yet to complete the services. Mother is also participating in individual

       therapy. Although DCS had put services in place for Father, other than

       visitation with I.T. and R.A., Father was not willing to participate and insisted

       that he did not need them. On June 27, 2019, the trial court entered its Order

       adjudicating Child to be a CHINS.

[13]   Parents now appeal. Additional facts will be provided if necessary.

                                DISCUSSION AND DECISION
                                              I. Admission of Evidence

[14]   Parents contend that the trial court abused its discretion by allowing Dr. Blum

       to testify by phone and by admitting evidence of Father’s past domestic

       violence charges. We review a trial court’s admission or exclusion of evidence

       for an abuse of discretion. See In re Des.B, 2 N.E.3d 828, 834 (Ind. Ct. App.

       2014). This court will reverse only where the trial court’s discretion is clearly

       against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before the court. Id.
       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JC-2667 | April 23, 2020        Page 6 of 19
       It is well-established that errors in the admission of evidence are to be

       disregarded as harmless error unless they affect the substantial rights of a party.

       Id.

                                              A. Telephonic Evidence

[15]   First, Parents argue that the trial court erred in permitting Dr. Blum to testify

       telephonically during the CHINS factfinding hearing. Admin. R. 14(B)

       provides as follows:

               [A] trial court may use telephone or audiovisual communications
               subject to:

               (1) the written consent of all the parties, entered on the
               Chronological Case Summary; or

               (2) upon a trial court's finding of good cause, upon its own
               motion or upon the motion of a party. The following factors shall
               be considered in determining “good cause”:

                        (a) Whether, after due diligence, the party has been unable
                        to procure the physical presence of the witness;

                        (b) Whether effective cross-examination of the witness is
                        possible, considering the availability of documents and
                        exhibits to counsel and the witness;

                        (c) The complexity of the proceedings and the importance
                        of the offered testimony in relation to the convenience to
                        the party and the proposed witness;

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JC-2667 | April 23, 2020            Page 7 of 19
                 (d) The importance of presenting the testimony of the
                 witness in open court, where the fact finder may observe
                 the demeanor of the witness and impress upon the witness
                 the duty to testify truthfully;

                 (e) Whether undue surprise or unfair prejudice would
                 result; and

                 (f) Any other factors a trial court may determine to be
                 relevant in an individual case.

        (3) A party or a trial court if it is acting on its own motion must
        give notice of the motion to use telephone or audiovisual
        telecommunication as follows:

                 (a) Any motion for testimony to be presented by telephone
                 or audiovisual telecommunication shall be served not less
                 than thirty (30) days before the time specified for hearing
                 of such testimony;

                 (b) Opposition to a motion for testimony to be presented
                 by telephone or audiovisual telecommunication shall be
                 made by written objection within seven (7) days after
                 service;

                 (c) A trial court may hold an expedited hearing no later
                 than ten (10) days before the scheduled hearing of such
                 testimony to determine if good cause has been shown to
                 present testimony by telephone or audiovisual
                 telecommunication;

                 (d) A trial court shall make written findings of fact and
                 conclusions of law within its order on the motion for

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JC-2667 | April 23, 2020            Page 8 of 19
                        testimony to be presented by telephone or audiovisual
                        telecommunication; and

                        (e) For cause found, a trial court may alter the time
                        deadlines set forth in paragraphs (a) through (c) upon
                        motion made prior to the expiration of the time for the
                        required action.

       (Emphases supplied).

[16]   DCS does not dispute that its motion was filed less than thirty days before the

       hearing and that the trial court did not enter written findings of fact and

       conclusions of law in its order granting DCS’s request to present Dr. Blum’s

       testimony via telephone. Clearly, the trial court did not comply with the clear

       dictates of Admin. R. 14. We therefore conclude that the trial court erred in

       permitting Dr. Blum to testify telephonically. See also Matter of R.G., 130 N.E.

       3d, 1171, 1178 (Ind. Ct. App. 2019), trans. denied. However, as DCS presented

       other evidence of probative value to support the CHINS determination, the trial

       court’s error in this regard is harmless. See Ind. Appellate R. 66 (providing that

       we shall not reverse on appeal if an error’s “probable impact, in light of all the

       evidence in the case, is sufficiently minor so as not to affect the substantial

       rights of the parties.”)

                                             B. Father’s Prior History

[17]   Next, Parents contend that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting an

       investigative report attached to a probable cause affidavit of Father’s 2010

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JC-2667 | April 23, 2020         Page 9 of 19
       criminal conviction as the document contained inadmissible hearsay

       statements.

[18]   During the factfinding hearing, DCS moved to admit, over Parents’ hearsay

       objection, Exhibit 7 which was an affidavit of probable cause related to Father’s

       pending criminal charges. Attached to the affidavit—and included in Exhibit

       7—was an investigative report narrating statements allegedly made by a DCS

       caseworker, Dr. Blum, and a nurse. In response to Parents’ objection, DCS

       clarified that the report was relevant and foundational to the criminal charges

       pending against Father. The trial court overruled the objection and admitted

       the investigative report included in Exhibit 7.

[19]   Hearsay is defined as a statement that “(1) is not made by the declarant while

       testifying at the trial or hearing; and (2) is offered in evidence to prove the truth

       of the matter asserted.” Ind. Evidence R. 801(c). Here, the record reflects that

       the investigative report was admitted to support the reason the State charged

       Father with domestic battery; it was not admitted for the truth of the statements

       contained in the report. Accordingly, as the investigative report was not

       admitted to prove the truth of the matter asserted, it cannot be characterized as

       hearsay. See Dixon v. State, 869 N.E.2d 516, 519 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007) (a

       statement offered for a purpose other than to prove the truth is the matter

       asserted is not hearsay).

[20]   With respect to Father’s 2010 criminal conviction, Parents argue that the

       evidence amounted to inadmissible character evidence pursuant to Indiana

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JC-2667 | April 23, 2020         Page 10 of 19
       Rule of Evidence 404(b) as it was admitted solely “to establish a pattern of

       ongoing domestic violence and physical abuse towards Mother.” (Appellant’s

       Br. p. 18).

[21]   Indiana courts have found that when children are alleged to be CHINS under

       Indiana Code section 31-34-1-1, which is the statute relied upon in the present

       case, a parent’s character is a material issue in the proceeding. Matter of J.L.V.,

       Jr., 667 N.E.2d 186, 190 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996). To that end, the court in Matter

       of J.L.V., Jr. reasoned that Indiana Rule of Evidence 405(b) allows admission of

       specific instances of a parent’s character because “a parent’s past, present, and

       future ability to provide sufficient care for his or her child forms the basis for a

       CHINS adjudication” and “a parent’s character is an integral part of assessing

       that ability.” Id. at 190-91. In Matter of Eq.W., 214 N.E.3d 1201, 1210 (Ind.

       2019), our supreme court agreed with the general proposition that past acts by

       parents in CHINS proceedings can be relevant, but qualified this practice to

       “new CHINS filings involving the same parents and children.” See also, I.C. §

       31-34-12-5. The nature of a CHINS proceeding is such that a trial court must

       consider a broad range of evidence to ensure the State has met its burden in

       proving its case, including “consider[ing] the family’s condition not just when

       the case was filed, but also when it is heard.” In re D.J., 68 N.E.3d 574, 580

       (Ind. 2017). As this is the first CHINS proceeding pertaining to Child, we

       conclude that the trial court properly admitted Father’s 2010 criminal

       conviction.

                                              II. CHINS Adjudication

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JC-2667 | April 23, 2020         Page 11 of 19
[22]   Parents contend that the trial court abused its discretion in finding Child to be a

       CHINS. In order to adjudicate a child as a CHINS, DCS must prove by a

       preponderance of the evidence that:

               (1) The child’s physical or mental condition is seriously impaired
                   or seriously endangered as a result of the inability, refusal, or
                   neglect of the child’s parent . . . to supply the child with
                   necessary food, clothing, shelter, medical care, education, or
                   supervision; and

               (2) The child needs care, treatment or rehabilitation that:

                    (A)          The child is not receiving; and

                    (B)          Is unlikely to be provided or accepted without the
                          coercive intervention of the court.

       I.C. § 31-34-1-1. In making its determination, the trial court should consider

       the family’s condition not just when the case was filed, but also when it was

       heard. In re S.D., 2 N.E.3d 1283, 1290 (Ind. 2014). A CHINS adjudication

       cannot be based solely on conditions that have ceased to exist. In re S.A., 15

       N.E.3d 602, 6011 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014), trans. denied. The adjudication must be

       based on the evidence presented in court and not on the allegations in the

       pleadings. Maybaum v. Putnam Co. O.F.C., 723 N.E.2d 951, 954 (Ind. Ct. App.

       2000). In reviewing a CHINS determination, we do not reweigh evidence or

       assess witness credibility. Matter of N.C., 72 N.E.3d 519, 523 (Ind. Ct. App.

       2017). We consider only the evidence in favor of the trial court’s judgment,

       along with any reasonable inferences arising therefrom. Id.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JC-2667 | April 23, 2020             Page 12 of 19
[23]   Parents maintain that the trial court erred in adjudicating Child a CHINS

       because there was no evidence Child is in any danger, or that his needs would

       go unmet in the absence of the coercive intervention of the trial court. The

       purpose of a CHINS inquiry is to determine whether a child’s circumstances

       require services that are unlikely to be provided without the intervention of the

       court, and thus, the focus of a CHINS adjudication is on the condition of the

       child alone, not on the culpability of one or both parents. In re N.E., 919

       N.E.2d 102, 105-06 (Ind. 2010). Nonetheless, “[n]ot every endangered child is

       a child in need of services, permitting the State’s parens patriae intrusion into the

       ordinarily private sphere of the family.” In re S.D., 2 N.E.3d at 1287. Rather, a

       CHINS adjudication under Indiana code section 31-34-1-1 requires proof of

       three basic elements: the parent’s actions or inactions have seriously

       endangered the child; the child’s needs are unmet; and “perhaps most

       critically,” those needs are unlikely to be met unless the State intervenes. Id. It

       is the last element that guards against unwarranted State interference in family

       life. Id. State intrusion is warranted only when parents lack the ability to

       provide for their children. Id. In other words, the focus is on the best interests

       of the child and whether the child needs help that the parent will not be willing

       or able to provide. Id. Despite a “certain implication of parental fault in many

       CHINS adjudications, the truth of the matter is that a CHINS adjudication is

       simply that—a determination that a child is in need of services. In re N.E. 919

       N.E.2d at 105.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JC-2667 | April 23, 2020         Page 13 of 19
[24]   Parents’ main contention revolves around the trial court’s reliance on Dr.

       Blum’s inadmissible telephone testimony when issuing its Order. However,

       disregarding Dr. Blum’s testimony, there is sufficient evidence in the record to

       support DCS’s CHINS petition by a preponderance of the evidence. The

       evidence reflects that Parents have a lengthy history of domestic violence in

       which Father has physically abused Mother. Mother admitted that there have

       been three incidents of domestic violence while she was pregnant—in 2010,

       2012, and 2018. No-contact orders were issued after each incidence and

       Mother noted that, “we’ve had a lot of no contact orders.” (Tr. p. 35). At the

       time of the hearing, Father had two pending Level 6 felony domestic battery

       charges. The first Count was due to Father throwing Mother on the couch,

       with the second Count due to Father allegedly battering E.T. Mother’s bruises

       were still visible at the time she went into labor with Child.

[25]   Father also directed his physical violence toward the children. In 2017, prior to

       Child’s birth, his siblings were adjudicated CHINS after Father had left bruises

       on I.T. that were not consistent with reasonable discipline. Approximately one

       month after Father was allowed to reside at the home with the children on a

       trial home visit basis, E.T. was found to have bruising under her eye, as well as

       on her bottom and thigh. As a result, Father was charged with domestic

       battery. Also, FCM Miller was told that Father spanks the children and

       punches I.T. in “the belly” which “hurt[s].” (Tr. p. 52).

[26]   At the time of the factfinding hearing, protective orders were in place

       prohibiting Father from having contact with Mother and E.T. Mother testified

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JC-2667 | April 23, 2020        Page 14 of 19
       that she believed these orders to be unnecessary and was not convinced the

       children were in danger. Father admitted that without the no-contact orders, he

       and Mother would be living together as a family. FCM Turner informed the

       trial court that she was concerned that in the absence of a no-contact order,

       Mother would allow Father to be around the children. While Mother was

       participating in services through the CHINS cases of the older children, FCM

       Turner believed that Mother would not participate without a court order.

[27]   In light of the family’s history of domestic violence and physical abuse of the

       children, we cannot conclude that the trial court’s order is clearly erroneous.

       Even though the evidence is focused on the other children, we are concerned

       that with the Child’s exposure to domestic violence in the house, the Child’s

       mental health is endangered and without the trial court’s coercive intervention,

       the Child will not receive the protection he needs.

[28]   In addition, the Parents also contend that the trial court’s Order which

       adjudicated Child a CHINS pursuant to Indiana Code section 31-34-1-2 is not

       supported by the evidence. Indiana Code section 31-34-1-2(c) provides that a

       child is a CHINS if the Child lives in the same household as an adult who has

       been charged with a domestic battery offense committed against another child

       living in the home. The evidence reflects that Father was charged with a Count

       of domestic violence against E.T. while Father was residing with Mother in the

       home during a DCS-approved trial home visit. As there is a concern that Child

       will not receive the needed protection without the coercive intervention of the

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JC-2667 | April 23, 2020      Page 15 of 19
       trial court, we conclude that DCS satisfied the statutory requirements of I.C. §

       31-34-1-2 by a preponderance of the evidence.

                                               CONCLUSION
[29]   Based on the foregoing, we hold that the trial court’s admission of telephonic

       testimony amounted to harmless error; the trial court properly admitted the

       investigative report of Father’s 2010 criminal conviction; and the trial court

       properly adjudicated Child to be a CHINS.

[30]   Affirmed.

[31]   Mathias, J. concurs

[32]   Tavitas, J. concurs in result with separate opinion

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JC-2667 | April 23, 2020      Page 16 of 19
                                                    IN THE
            COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

       In the Matter of: L.T.                                      Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                                   19A-JC-2667
       and
       S.T. (Mother),
       Appellant-Respondent,

               v.

       Indiana Department of Child
       Services,
       Appellee-Petitioner.

       Tavitas, Judge, concur in result.

[33]   I concur with the result reached by the majority. I respectfully part ways

       regarding the majority’s conclusion that the probable cause affidavit, Exhibit 7,

       was properly admitted into evidence after it was submitted by DCS in its case in

       chief and the trial court overruled Parents’ objection.

[34]   In its Appellee’s Brief, DCS argues: “The investigative report is not hearsay

       because it was not used for the truth of the matter asserted, but rather to show

       why Father was charged with the two counts of domestic battery.” Appellee’s

       Brief p. 15. The majority agrees with DCS and does not address Indiana

       Evidence Rule 803 in its analysis. I disagree that the probable cause affidavit

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JC-2667 | April 23, 2020                      Page 17 of 19
       was not used for the truth of the matter asserted. Accordingly, the admission of

       the document is controlled by Evidence Rule 803.

[35]   Indiana Evidence Rule 803(8)(B) specifically prohibits admission of the

       probable cause affidavit. Rule 803 provides:

               The following are not excluded by the rule against hearsay,
               regardless of whether the declarant is available as a witness:

                                                       *****

               (8) Public Records.

               (A) A record or statement of a public office if:

                        (i) it sets out:

                                 (a) the office’s regularly conducted and regularly
                                 recorded activities;

                                 (b) a matter observed while under a legal duty to
                                 [observe and] report; or

                                 (c) factual findings from a legally authorized
                                 investigation; and

                        (ii) neither the source of information nor other
                        circumstances indicate a lack of trustworthiness.

               (B) Notwithstanding subparagraph (A), the following are not
               excepted from the hearsay rule:

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JC-2667 | April 23, 2020             Page 18 of 19
                        (i) investigative reports by police and other law
                        enforcement personnel, except when offered by an accused
                        in a criminal case;

                        (ii) investigative reports prepared by or for a public office,
                        when offered by it in a case in which it is a party;

                        (iii) factual findings offered by the government in a
                        criminal case; and

                        (iv) factual findings resulting from a special investigation
                        of a particular complaint, case, or incident, except when
                        offered by an accused in a criminal case.

[36]   Furthermore, the probable cause affidavit contains hearsay within hearsay.

       Indiana Evidence Rule 805 states: “Hearsay within hearsay is not excluded by

       the rule against hearsay if each part of the combined statements conforms with

       an exception to the rule.” The probable cause affidavit itself is inadmissible

       hearsay under Evidence Rule 803(8)(B), and the statements of others to the

       investigative officer, including statements by DCS, are also inadmissible

       hearsay. Accordingly, the trial court erred in admitting the probable cause

       affidavit and the hearsay within hearsay statements. See, e.g., Rhone v. State, 825

       N.E.2d 1277, (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (holding that the probable cause affidavit

       was inadmissible), trans. denied.

[37]   Although the trial erred in admitting the probable cause affidavit, the error was

       harmless due to the overwhelming evidence that the Child was a CHINS.

       Accordingly, I concur in result.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JC-2667 | April 23, 2020              Page 19 of 19