Court Opinion

ID: 3153636
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-11-10 20:19:38.894644+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:42:41.372481
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA

                               September 2015 Term
                                                                 FILED
                                                            November 10, 2015
                                                                released at 3:00 p.m.
                                    No. 14-0343                 RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK
                                                              SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                  OF WEST VIRGINIA

                 THE TRAVELERS INDEMNITY COMPANY,
                        Defendant Below, Petitioner

                                         V.

                              U.S. SILICA COMPANY,

                             Plaintiff Below, Respondent

                Appeal from the Circuit Court of Morgan County

                    Honorable Andrew N. Frye, Jr., Judge

                            Civil Action No. 06-C-2

                        REVERSED AND REMANDED

                         Submitted: September 15, 2015

                           Filed: November 10, 2015

Jeffrey M. Wakefield                                Charles F. Printz, Jr.
Erica M. Baumgras                                   J. Tyler Mayhew
Flaherty Sensabaugh Bonasso PLLC                    Bowles Rice LLP
Charleston, West Virginia                           Andrew R. Stanton
Frank Winston, Jr.                                  John T. Waldron, III
John R. Casciano                                    Paul C. Fuener
Christopher M. Dougherty                            K&L Gates LLP
Steptoe & Johnson LLP                               Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Washington, District of Columbia                    Attorneys for the Respondent
Attorneys for the Petitioner

Herschel H. Rose, III                               David L. Yaussy
Rose Law Office                                     Robinson & McElwee PLLC
Charleston, West Virginia                           Charleston, West Virginia
Attorney for Amici Curiae,                          Attorney for Amicus Curiae,
Complex Insurance Claims Association           West Virginia Manufacturers
 and American Insurance Association             Association

Jill Cranston Rice
Andrew T. Kirkner
Dinsmore & Shohl, LLP
Charleston, West Virginia
Attorneys for Amicus Curiae,
West Virginia Insurance Federation

JUSTICE DAVIS delivered the Opinion of the Court.
                             SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

              1.     The satisfaction of the notice provision in an insurance policy is a

condition precedent to coverage for the policyholder.

              2.     “In cases which involve liability claims against an insurer, several

factors must be considered before the Court can determine if the delay in notifying the

insurance company will bar the claim against the insurer. The length of the delay in notifying

the insurer must be considered along with the reasonableness of the delay. If the delay

appears reasonable in light of the insured’s explanation, the burden shifts to the insurance

company to show that the delay in notification prejudiced their investigation and defense of

the claim. If the insurer can produce evidence of prejudice, then the insured will be held to

the letter of the policy and the insured barred from making a claim against the insurance

company. If, however, the insurer cannot point to any prejudice caused by the delay in

notification, then the claim is not barred by the insured’s failure to notify.” Syllabus point

2, Dairyland Insurance Co. v. Voshel, 189 W. Va. 121, 428 S.E.2d 542 (1993).

                                              i
Davis, Justice:

              The petitioner herein and defendant below, the Travelers Indemnity Company

(“Travelers”), appeals from an order entered March 5, 2014, by the Circuit Court of Morgan

County. By that order, the circuit court denied Travelers’ alternative post-trial motions for

judgment as a matter of law or a new trial following the court’s entry of a jury verdict against

Travelers, and in favor of the respondent herein and plaintiff below, U.S. Silica Company

(“U.S. Silica”), in the amount of $8,037,745. By its March 5, 2014, order, the circuit court

also awarded U.S. Silica attorney’s fees and prejudgment interest. On appeal to this Court,

Travelers raises numerous assignments of error. Upon a review of the parties’ arguments,

the record designated for appellate consideration, and the pertinent authorities, we reverse

the decision of the Morgan County Circuit Court and remand this case for entry of an order

granting Travelers’ post-trial motion for judgment as a matter of law. In summary, we

conclude that the circuit court erred by not finding that the late notice provided by U.S. Silica

precluded coverage under the subject Travelers policies.

                                               I.

                      FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

              U.S. Silica mines and processes silica sand. During its history, U.S. Silica has

been owned and operated by various entities: Pittsburgh Glass Sand Company (“PGS”),

International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation (“ITT”), Pacific Coast Resources

                                               1

Company (“Pacific Coast”), and U.S. Borax, Incorporated (“Borax”). Its current name, U.S.

Silica, was adopted in 1986.

              As a producer of silica sand, U.S. Silica, as well as its predecessors, has been

named as a defendant in numerous silica claims seeking damages for injuries allegedly

caused by exposure to silica sand. The first silica claims were filed against U.S. Silica when

it was known as PGS in 1975. Thereafter, when ITT sold the company to Pacific Coast on

September 12, 1985, ITT provided an indemnity agreement to indemnify Pacific Coast for

these, and other, silica claims. Under the terms of the indemnity agreement, ITT agreed to

(1) reimburse 100% of the defense and settlement costs for silica claims with exposure

entirely before September 12, 1985, and (2) reimburse a portion of the defense and settlement

costs for silica claims with exposure both before and after September 12, 1985. For silica

claims with exposure entirely after September 12, 1985, ITT provided no indemnity. On

September 12, 1995, ITT’s indemnity agreement was assigned to U.S. Silica. Although the

original indemnity agreement expired on this date, it was extended for an additional ten

years, with a new expiration date of September 12, 2005. Throughout this period, numerous

silica claims were filed in which U.S. Silica, and/or its predecessors, was named as a

defendant. From the record in this case, it appears that U.S. Silica incurred the majority of

its unreimbursed defense and settlement costs related to silica claims between 2001 and

2005.

                                              2

              Upon the expiration of the ITT indemnity agreement, U.S. Silica reviewed its

policies of insurance to determine whether any coverage existed to pay its unreimbursed

silica claims costs. Although due diligence searches had been performed at various points

during U.S. Silica’s history in conjunction with its ownership changes, three policies of

comprehensive general liability insurance purchased by PGS from the Travelers Insurance

Company and the Travelers Indemnity Company were not discovered in U.S. Silica’s

insurance files until September 2005. The first policy was in effect from April 1, 1949, until

April 1, 1952; the second policy period ran from April 1, 1952, until April 1, 1955; and the

third policy was in effect from April 1, 1955, until April 1, 1958. Upon discovery of these

policies, U.S. Silica sent Travelers a letter on September 20, 2005, informing Travelers of

the silica claims and requesting coverage under these Travelers policies for out-of-pocket

expenses. On November 22, 2005, U.S. Silica sent Travelers another letter; in this

correspondence, U.S. Silica sought reimbursement of its pre-September 12, 2005, settlement

and defense costs and requested a defense for newly-filed silica claims. Having received no

response, U.S. Silica filed the instant declaratory judgment action against Travelers1 on

January 6, 2006, in the Circuit Court of Morgan County.

              As a result of similar litigation pending in New York and California, the instant

              1
                 U.S. Silica also named other insurance companies as defendants in its
declaratory judgment action, but those entities settled their coverage disputes and are not
parties to this appeal.

                                              3

proceeding was stayed. During this time, however, U.S. Silica provided Travelers with

claims data regarding the silica claims for which it had requested coverage and sent Travelers

copies of complaints in newly filed silica claims. Continued requests for coverage ensued,

and, on September 24, 2008, U.S. Silica sent Travelers copies of the complaints filed in the

hundreds of silica claims for which it seeks coverage in the case sub judice. On August 3,

2010, Travelers sent U.S. Silica a reservation of rights letter denying coverage and a defense

for all of the pre-2010 silica claims citing numerous grounds, including questioning the

authenticity of the insurance policies and U.S. Silica’s status as a successor to PGS. In this

letter, Travelers also cited U.S. Silica’s failure to comply with the policies’ assistance and

cooperation clause and notice provision.2

              In April 2012, the circuit court lifted the stay, and, in August 2013, the circuit

court denied both parties’ motions for summary judgment. A jury trial was held in

September 2013, resulting in a jury verdict in favor of U.S. Silica. As noted in the circuit

court’s October 15, 2013, “Order of Judgment,” the jury found as follows:

              Question No. 1:	      Do you find that Travelers breached its
                                    insurance policies when it refused to pay
                                    U.S. Silica’s claims for insurance coverage
                                    for the silica lawsuits?

              2
               By this letter, Travelers agreed to provide a defense to U.S. Silica for post­
2010 silica claims; however, coverage for those claims is not at issue herein.

                                              4

                                       T
                                     YES                         NO

              Question No. 2:        If “YES” to Question No. 1, what amount
                                     of damages does Travelers owe to U.S.

                                     Silica as a result?

                                     $ 8,037,745.00

Following this adverse judgment, Travelers filed a motion to alter or amend the judgment or

for a new trial. By order entered March 5, 2014, the circuit court denied Travelers’ post-trial

motions, granted U.S. Silica’s request for attorney’s fees and expenses, and awarded U.S.

Silica prejudgment interest on the jury’s verdict and its award of attorney’s fees. From these

unfavorable rulings, Travelers appeals to this Court.

                                              II.

                                 STANDARD OF REVIEW

              Travelers filed post-trial motions for judgment as a matter of law or, in the

alternative, for a new trial, pursuant to Rule 50(b) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil

Procedure.3 We previously have held that “[t]he appellate standard of review for an order

              3
                  West Virginia Rule of Civil Procedure 50(b) provides:

                       Renewal of motion for judgment after trial; alternative
              motion for new trial. — If, for any reason, the court does not
              grant a motion for judgment as a matter of law made at the close
              of all the evidence, the court is considered to have submitted the
              action to the jury subject to the court’s later deciding the legal
                                                                                   (continued...)

                                               5

granting or denying a renewed motion for a judgment as a matter of law after trial pursuant

to Rule 50(b) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure [1998] is de novo.” Syl. pt. 1,

Fredeking v. Tyler, 224 W. Va. 1, 680 S.E.2d 16 (2009). Furthermore,

                     [w]hen this Court reviews a trial court’s order granting or
              denying a renewed motion for judgment as a matter of law after
              trial under Rule 50(b) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil
              Procedure [1998], it is not the task of this Court to review the
              facts to determine how it would have ruled on the evidence
              presented. Instead, its task is to determine whether the evidence
              was such that a reasonable trier of fact might have reached the
              decision below. Thus, when considering a ruling on a renewed
              motion for judgment as a matter of law after trial, the evidence
              must be viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving
              party.

Syl. pt. 2, Fredeking, 224 W. Va. 1, 680 S.E.2d 16.

              With respect to a circuit court’s ruling denying a party’s motion for a new trial,

              3
               (...continued)
              questions raised by the motion. The movant may renew the
              request for judgment as a matter of law by filing a motion no
              later than 10 days after entry of judgment and may alternatively
              request a new trial or join a motion for a new trial under Rule
              59. In ruling on a renewed motion, the court may:

                     (1) If a verdict was returned:
                     (A) allow the judgment to stand,
                     (B) order a new trial, or
                     (C) direct entry of judgment as a matter of law; or
                     (2) if no verdict was returned:
                     (A) order a new trial, or
                     (B) direct entry of judgment as a matter of law.

                                              6

we have held that,

                    [a]lthough the ruling of a trial court in granting or
              denying a motion for a new trial is entitled to great respect and
              weight, the trial court’s ruling will be reversed on appeal when
              it is clear that the trial court has acted under some
              misapprehension of the law or the evidence.

Syl. pt. 2, Sanders v. Georgia-Pacific Corp., 159 W. Va, 621, 225 S.E.2d 218 (1976).

Therefore,

                     [t]his Court reviews the rulings of the circuit court
              concerning a new trial and its conclusion as to the existence of
              reversible error under an abuse of discretion standard, and we
              review the circuit court’s underlying factual findings under a
              clearly erroneous standard. Questions of law are subject to a de
              novo review.

Syl. pt. 1, Burke-Parsons-Bowlby Corp. v. Rice, 230 W. Va. 105, 736 S.E.2d 338 (2012).

              Finally, with respect to rulings regarding the proper interpretation of a policy

of insurance, we have held that “[t]he interpretation of an insurance contract, including the

question of whether the contract is ambiguous, is a legal determination that, like a lower

court’s grant of summary judgment, shall be reviewed de novo on appeal.” Syl. pt. 2, Riffe

v. Home Finders Assocs., Inc., 205 W. Va. 216, 517 S.E.2d 313 (1999). See also Syl. pt. 1,

Tennant v. Smallwood, 211 W. Va. 703, 568 S.E.2d 10 (2002) (“Determination of the proper

coverage of an insurance contract when the facts are not in dispute is a question of law.”).

              Guided by these standards, we proceed to consider the errors assigned by the

                                              7

parties.

                                               III.

                                         DISCUSSION

               On appeal to this Court, Travelers argues that the circuit court committed

numerous errors in upholding the jury’s verdict and in rendering its various rulings.4 We

find dispositive, however, Travelers’ assignment of error regarding notice. Each of the three

Travelers policies of insurance at issue herein contained a notice provision requiring the

insured, i.e., U.S. Silica and/or its predecessor(s), to notify its insurer, i.e., Travelers, as

follows:

                      If claim is made or suit is brought against the insured, the
               insured shall immediately forward to the company every
               demand, notice, summons or other process received by him or
               his representative.

With respect to this type of notice provision, we previously have observed, and now

               4
                Specifically, Travelers raises seven assignments of error in the instant appeal:
(1) the circuit court erred by finding that the subject insurance policies’ assistance and
cooperation clause did not preclude coverage for the expenses incurred by U.S. Silica; (2)
the circuit court erred by ruling that U.S. Silica’s failure to provide immediate notice of
claims as required by the subject policies’ notice provision did not preclude coverage; (3) the
circuit court erroneously instructed the jury; (4) the circuit court erred by applying a joint and
several allocation to U.S. Silica’s claims rather than a pro rata allocation; (5) the circuit court
erred by awarding U.S. Silica prejudgment interest; (6) the circuit court erred by awarding
U.S. Silica attorney’s fees, some of which were incurred in litigation other than in the case
sub judice; and (7) the circuit court failed to correct the jury’s erroneous verdict through
remittitur.

                                                8

expressly hold, that “[t]he satisfaction of the notice provision in an insurance policy is a

condition precedent to coverage for the policyholder.” Colonial Ins. Co. v. Barrett, 208
W. Va. 706, 711, 542 S.E.2d 869, 874 (2000) (citations omitted). Accord Syl. pt. 1, Maynard

v. National Fire Ins. Co. of Hartford, 147 W. Va. 539, 129 S.E.2d 443 (1963) (“The

furnishing of a preliminary proof of loss as required by the conditions of a fire insurance

policy is a condition precedent to any right of action by the insured thereon and, unless proof

of loss is waived, an action on the policy does not accrue to the insured until after such proof

of loss has been furnished.”), overruled on other grounds by Smithson v. United States Fid.

& Guar. Co., 186 W. Va. 195, 411 S.E.2d 850 (1991); Syl. pt. 5, in part, Adkins v. Globe Fire

Ins. Co., 45 W. Va. 384, 32 S.E. 194 (1898) (“The furnishing of such proof [of loss] is a

precedent condition to action of recovery if not waived, and the plaintiff carries the burden

of showing that such proof was furnished[.]”). See also Didion v. Auto-Owners Ins. Co., 999
N.E.2d 108, 113 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013) (“The duty to notify an insurance company of potential

liability is a condition precedent to the company’s liability to its insured.” (internal quotations

and citations omitted)); Vale v. Vermont Mut. Ins. Grp., 977 N.Y.S.2d 117, 119, 112 A.D.3d
1011, 1012 (2013) (“Where a policy of liability insurance requires that notice of an

occurrence be given ‘as soon as practicable,’ such notice must be accorded the carrier within

a reasonable period of time. The insured’s failure to satisfy the notice requirement

constitutes a failure to comply with a condition precedent which, as a matter of law, vitiates

the contract.” (internal quotations and citations omitted)). Given that compliance with such

                                                9

a notice provision is a condition precedent to the existence of coverage under the subject

policy, resolution of the notice issue necessarily determines the outcome of the instant

declaratory judgment proceeding. In other words, if U.S. Silica failed to comply with the

subject notice provision, such lack of notice is a bar to coverage, and Travelers has no duty

to provide insurance for the losses claimed by U.S. Silica. However, if U.S. Silica properly

notified Travelers of its claims for which it seeks coverage, Travelers would be required to

provide the requested insurance unless another policy exclusion operates to preclude

coverage.

              During the proceedings below, the circuit court concluded that the evidence

was sufficient to allow the jury to determine whether U.S. Silica had failed to notify

Travelers of its claims as required by the governing policy provisions and/or whether

Travelers had breached its duty to provide coverage to U.S. Silica. Before this Court,

Travelers contends that U.S. Silica’s delay in providing notice of its claims was

unreasonable, and, further, that Travelers was prejudiced by the late notice. U.S. Silica

responds that the notice of its claims that it provided to Travelers was timely and did not

prejudice Travelers.

              The pivotal issue in this assignment of error is whether U.S. Silica complied

with the notice provision in its policies of insurance when it requested Travelers to provide

                                             10

coverage for silica claims on September 20, 2005, by way of reimbursement for settlement

and defense costs U.S. Silica had incurred before that date. We previously have held that

“[t]he interpretation of an insurance contract, including the question of whether the contract

is ambiguous, is a legal determination.” Syl. pt. 2, Riffe v. Home Finders Assocs., Inc., 205
W. Va. 216, 517 S.E.2d 313. Moreover, “[l]anguage in an insurance policy should be given

its plain, ordinary meaning.” Syl. pt. 1, Soliva v. Shand, Morahan & Co., Inc., 176 W. Va.
430, 345 S.E.2d 33 (1986), overruled on other grounds by National Mut. Ins. Co. v.

McMahon & Sons, Inc., 177 W. Va. 734, 356 S.E.2d 488 (1987), overruled on other grounds

by Potesta v. United States Fid. & Guar. Co., 202 W. Va. 308, 504 S.E.2d 135 (1998). Thus,

“[w]here the provisions of an insurance policy contract are clear and unambiguous they are

not subject to judicial construction or interpretation, but full effect will be given to the plain

meaning intended.” Syl., Keffer v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 153 W. Va. 813, 172 S.E.2d
714 (1970). But see Syl. pt. 4, McMahon & Sons, Inc., 177 W. Va. 734, 356 S.E.2d 488 (“It

is well settled law in West Virginia that ambiguous terms in insurance contracts are to be

strictly construed against the insurance company and in favor of the insured.”), overruled on

other grounds by Potesta, 202 W. Va. 308, 504 S.E.2d 135. Finally, “[a]n insurance policy

should never be interpreted so as to create an absurd result, but instead should receive a

reasonable interpretation, consistent with the intent of the parties.” Syl. pt. 2, D’Annunzio

v. Security–Connecticut Life Ins. Co., 186 W. Va. 39, 410 S.E.2d 275 (1991).

                                               11

              The policies’ notice provision at issue herein succinctly provides that,

                     [i]f claim is made or suit is brought against the insured,
              the insured shall immediately forward to the company every
              demand, notice, summons or other process received by him or
              his representative.

Having previously considered similar policy language, we have adopted the following test

to determine whether late notice of a claim forecloses insurance coverage:

                      In cases which involve liability claims against an insurer,
              several factors must be considered before the Court can
              determine if the delay in notifying the insurance company will
              bar the claim against the insurer. The length of the delay in
              notifying the insurer must be considered along with the
              reasonableness of the delay. If the delay appears reasonable in
              light of the insured’s explanation, the burden shifts to the
              insurance company to show that the delay in notification
              prejudiced their investigation and defense of the claim. If the
              insurer can produce evidence of prejudice, then the insured will
              be held to the letter of the policy and the insured barred from
              making a claim against the insurance company. If, however, the
              insurer cannot point to any prejudice caused by the delay in
              notification, then the claim is not barred by the insured’s failure
              to notify.

Syl. pt. 2, Dairyland Ins. Co. v. Voshel, 189 W. Va. 121, 428 S.E.2d 542 (1993). Thus, it is

apparent that a two-step inquiry determines whether late notice precludes coverage. First,

we must consider the length of the delay and whether the delay was reasonable. If the delay

was not reasonable, the inquiry ends, and coverage will be foreclosed. However, if the delay

was reasonable, then the burden shifts to the insurer under the second part of the analysis.

If the insurer can demonstrate prejudice from the late notice, coverage is precluded. If the

insurer cannot show that it was prejudiced by the late notice of its insured’s claim, though,

                                              12

coverage is not barred by the insured’s failure to provide timely notice.

              Under the specific facts of the case sub judice, it is impossible to calculate the

precise length of U.S. Silica’s delay in notifying Travelers of the claims for which it seeks

coverage. It is undisputed that U.S. Silica first requested coverage from Travelers on

September 20, 2005, for silica claims that it previously had defended and settled before this

date.5 However, given that the plain language employed by the notice provision requires an

insured to “immediately forward to the company every demand, notice, summons or other

process received by him or his representative,” it appears that the delay is even more

substantial than that suggested by Travelers. In its brief to this Court, Travelers complains

that over three years elapsed between the time that U.S. Silica first demanded coverage, on

September 20, 2005, and the date upon which U.S. Silica provided the complaints for such

claims to Travelers, i.e., September 24, 2008. However, these are not the operative dates

contemplated by the pertinent policy language. Rather, notice is required to be provided

when the insured, i.e., U.S. Silica, received a “demand, notice, summons or other process”

in the silica claims for which it now seeks coverage. Therefore, U.S. Silica, or its

              5
                 In fact, the jury’s $8,037,745 verdict in favor of U.S. Silica is comprised of
these settlement and defense costs that U.S. Silica had incurred before it ever notified
Travelers of these claims or requested coverage therefor. We note that this fact pattern is
entirely different than when an insured properly notifies his/her insurer of a claim, and the
insurer thereafter fails or outright refuses to provide coverage or a defense to its insured.
See, e.g., State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. Scott, 236 Va. 116, 372 S.E.2d 383 (1988); Colonial
Ins. Co. v. Barrett, 208 W. Va. 706, 542 S.E.2d 869 (2000).

                                              13

predecessor, was required to notify Travelers of such claims when it first received them,

which, as supported by the record evidence in this case, occurred as early as 1975 and

continued through the date that U.S. Silica first contacted Travelers in 2005. Thus, with

respect to some of these claims, it is apparent that approximately thirty years elapsed

between U.S. Silica’s receipt of the silica claims, which sought damages for injuries

allegedly caused by silica exposure, and U.S. Silica’s notice to Travelers of the silica claims’

existence. It is difficult to fathom how such a substantial delay in providing notice could be

perceived as reasonable.

              Nevertheless, our prior cases also have concluded that such a determination of

reasonableness is a question of fact for the jury. See, e.g., Colonial Ins. Co. v. Barrett, 208
W. Va. at 712, 542 S.E.2d at 875 (“The question of whether an insurance company was

notified within a reasonable time period is, generally, a question for the finder of fact.”

(citations omitted)); State Auto. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Youler, 183 W. Va. 556, 561, 396 S.E.2d
737, 742 (1990) (“Generally, whether notice has been given to an automobile insurer within

a reasonable period of time is an issue to be resolved by the fact finder.” (citations omitted)).

Although the issue of reasonableness is typically a jury question, where, as here, the length

of the delay is substantial or the proffered reason for the delayed notice is simply untenable,

reasonableness “may be determined as a matter of law where the evidence, construing all

inferences in favor of the insured, establishes that the [delay] was unreasonable or in bad

                                               14

faith.” Vale v. Vermont Mut. Ins. Grp., 977 N.Y.S.2d 117, 120, 112 A.D.3d 1011, 1013

(2013) (internal quotations and citations omitted). Accord Syl. pt. 2, Milam v. The Equitable

Life Assurance Soc’y of the United States, 117 W. Va. 77, 183 S.E. 865 (1936) (“What is a

reasonable time for presenting proof of claim is a question of law when the facts are

undisputed and the inferences certain.”). See also Didion v. Auto-Owners Ins. Co., 999
N.E.2d 108, 113 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013) (“When the facts of the case are not in dispute, what

constitutes reasonable notice is a question of law for the court to decide.” (internal quotations

and citations omitted)). While we do not intend to change the customary determination of

reasonableness by the fact finder, it is appropriate, given the undisputed and egregious facts

giving rise to the subject claims and the sophisticated nature of the parties involved in this

proceeding, for this Court to consider whether the condition precedent to coverage, i.e.,

notice, has been satisfied in order to ascertain the extent of coverage provided by the subject

Travelers policies. See Syl. pt. 1, Tennant, 211 W. Va. 703, 568 S.E.2d 10 (“Determination

of the proper coverage of an insurance contract when the facts are not in dispute is a question

of law.”).

              Throughout these proceedings, U.S. Silica repeatedly has explained that it

failed to provide timely notice to Travelers because it simply did not know that it had policies

of insurance that would have provided coverage for the defense and settlement costs it

incurred in the silica claims. U.S. Silica also contends that, despite repeated due diligence

                                               15

inquiries conducted in conjunction with its several changes of ownership, the subject

Travelers policies were not discovered—until U.S. Silica searched its own insurance files

upon the expiration of the ITT indemnity agreement in September 2005. An insured’s lack

of knowledge of its own policies of insurance does not, however, provide reasonable grounds

to justify its late provision of notice to its insurer. In other words,

              a lack of knowledge of an insurance policy does not excuse a
              delay in notification of an occurrence. It is true that “delay . . .
              may be excused if there was a justifiable lack of knowledge of
              coverage.” Scala v. Scala, 19 A.D.2d 559[, 559], 241 N.Y.S.2d
23, 24 (1963). A justifiable lack of knowledge of coverage,
              however, is to be distinguished from a lack of knowledge of the
              existence of a policy. Notice of the content of coverage is
              within the control of an insurer, and it will thus generally bear
              some of the responsibility for an insured’s lack of knowledge of
              coverage. See, e.g., Padavan v. Clemente, 43 A.D.2d 729[,
              729], 350 N.Y.S.2d 694, 696 (1973) (insurance company’s
              failure to explain coverage provision of policy to insured led to
              finding that insured’s seven-month delay in giving notice was
              excusable). An insurer has no power over an insured’s retention
              of a policy, however, and bears none of the responsibility for an
              insured’s loss of a policy. That being the case, we believe that
              it is the responsibility of the insured, not the insurance company,
              to keep track of which carriers have provided it with liability
              insurance. Although toxic torts may expose insurers to liability
              founded on acts that occurred decades before and cause their
              loss reserves to be inadequate, we see no reason to increase that
              burden by allowing insureds to give late notice because they lost
              the relevant policies.

Olin Corp. v. Insurance Co. of N. Am., 966 F.2d 718, 724-25 (2d Cir. 1992) (emphasis

added). Accord Syl. pt. 6, Munson v. German-Ins. Co., 55 W. Va. 423, 47 S.E. 160 (1904)

(“Loss of a policy of fire insurance will not excuse compliance with the imperative

                                               16

requirements of the policy as to notice and proof of loss.”). See also Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co.

v. Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co., 598 N.Y.S.2d 924, 926, 157 Misc. 2d 886, 888 (Sup. Ct.

1993) (“In the matter at bar it is no excuse that [the insured] belatedly discovered it had a

policy covering the loss issued by Lumbermens, especially when the discovery took place

two and one half years after the event. The court cannot accept the excuse that an insured,

who claims the benefits of an insurance policy, did not know for more than two and one half

years that such a policy existed. The insurance company is severely prejudiced by this delay.

It would be difficult, at this stage, to make the kind of investigation that it could have made

. . . when the loss occurred. Without such timely notice, Lumbermens has been deprived of

the opportunity to investigate the claim[.]”); Melnick v. American Cas. Co. of Reading, 192
Pa. Super. 116, 116, 159 A.2d 744, 746 (1960) (“The averment that the policy was lost or

misplaced and its existence unknown to the plaintiff does not operate to relieve the plaintiff

of his obligations under the policy[.]” (citations omitted)). Thus, an insured’s loss of its own

insurance policy, or its failure to thoroughly search its own files to ascertain whether it might

have a policy of insurance that provides coverage for a particular loss, does not excuse the

insured of its duty to notify its insurer of claims for which it seeks coverage, particularly

when such notice is a condition precedent to coverage.

              In the case sub judice, we conclude that U.S. Silica has failed to demonstrate

that its explanation for its significant delay in notifying Travelers of the silica claims was

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reasonable—both because the delay was substantial and because its proffered reason to

excuse its delay, i.e., that it was unaware of the subject policies, is not reasonable. Absent

a demonstration of reasonableness, the burden does not shift to the insurer to prove that it

was prejudiced by the delayed notice, and the inquiry necessarily ends with a finding that

coverage is precluded by the insured’s failure to comply with the policy’s notice provision.

See Syl. pt. 2, Voshel, 189 W. Va. 121, 428 S.E.2d 542. Accordingly, we find that U.S.

Silica is not entitled to coverage under the subject Travelers policies and, therefore, reverse

the circuit court’s contrary ruling.6 We further remand this case to the circuit court with

directions to enter an order granting Travelers’ post-trial motion for judgment as a matter of

law.

              6
              Insofar as resolution of notice is dispositive, we need not address the
remaining assignments of error.

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                                           IV.

                                     CONCLUSION

              For the foregoing reasons, we hereby reverse the March 5, 2014, order of the

Circuit Court of Morgan County and remand this case for entry of an order granting

Travelers’ post-trial motion for judgment as a matter of law.

                                                                Reversed and Remanded.

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