Court Opinion

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Date Created: 2015-10-13 23:18:06.196278+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:10:37.321702
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Opinions of the United
2009 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit

4-8-2009

Williams v. United States
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 07-3932

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                                                               NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                          FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

                                    No. 07-3932

                               SHIRLEY WILLIAMS,
                                        Appellant

                                          v.

                             UNITED STATES;
                      THE BOROUGH OF NATIONAL PARK

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                             for the District of New Jersey
                             (D.C. Civil No. 06-cv-00834)
                   District Judge: Honorable Joseph H. Rodriguez

                     Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                on February 5, 2009

                   Before: RENDELL and ROTH, Circuit Judges,
                           and PADOVA, District Judge.

                                (Filed: April 8, 2009)

                            OPINION OF THE COURT

RENDELL, Circuit Judge.

   * Honorable John R. Padova, Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the
     Eastern District of Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
       Appellant Shirley Williams owns and resides in a home in National Park, New

Jersey that is adjacent to a site designed, owned, and maintained by the U.S. Army Corps

of Engineers (“Corps of Engineers”) for depositing materials occasionally dredged from

the Delaware River. Williams filed suit against the United States and the local

government alleging that the defendants were liable, on negligence and other theories, for

flood damage to her home that began in 2003. The District Court dismissed Appellant’s

claims against the United States for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, and then dismissed

her remaining claims against the local government after declining to exercise

supplemental jurisdiction. For the reasons discussed below, we will AFFIRM.

                                     I. Background

       One of the responsibilities of the Corps of Engineers is to develop and maintain the

navigable waterways of the United States, and this includes the regular dredging of the

Delaware River. In furtherance of this responsibility, the Corps of Engineers operates

and maintains the National Park Contained Disposal Facility (“NPCDF”) located in

National Park, New Jersey. The NPCDF is undeveloped property with various channels

and devices used to manage the drainage of water from dredging deposits left in the

facility. The Corps of Engineers has operated the NPCDF since 1961, acquired title in

1971, and made improvements to the facility in the 1970s and 1980s. Dredged material is

comprised mostly of water, and the Corps of Engineers uses disposal facilities, such as

NPCDF to allow the material to dry over a period of years. The NPCDF has not been

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used for the disposal of dredged materials since 2001.

       Appellant built her home near the northeast corner of the NPCDF in 1976. From

1976 until 2003, she had no problems with regard to water infiltration. However,

Appellant claims that, since 2003, she has experienced ongoing flooding in her basement

and related moisture problems. The Corps of Engineers investigated the matter at her

request, and performed certain work on the drainage ditch behind her house in 2003.

When the flooding problem persisted, Appellant filed suit in 2006 against both the United

States1 and Borough of National Park.

       Williams offered reports made by Horace Albert Reeves, Jr., a civil engineer and

architect, (“Reeves Reports”) as expert opinions on her behalf regarding the causes for the

flooding. The United States moved to strike these reports, and for summary judgment on

several grounds. The District Court granted the motion to strike the Reeves Reports

pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 702. After striking the reports, the Court concluded that

Appellant failed to produce evidence to demonstrate that the Corps of Engineers’ conduct

was not immune from suit, and dismissed the claims against the United States for lack of

subject matter jurisdiction. The Court then dismissed the remaining claims against the

Borough of National Park after declining to exercise supplemental jurisdiction. In her

brief, Appellant concentrates her arguments almost entirely on challenging the District

  1
   Williams originally filed suit against the Corps of Engineers, but the District Court
recharacterized the claim as one against the United States pursuant to a motion to amend
under Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a).

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Court’s order striking the Reeves Reports.

                                       II. Discussion

       We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 over an appeal from an order

dismissing a claim for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, and exercise plenary review.

See Taliaferro v. Darby Twp. Zoning Bd, 458 F.3d 181, 188 (3d Cir. 2006). We review a

District Court’s order excluding expert testimony for abuse of discretion. Flemming ex

rel. Estate of Flemming v. Air Sunshine, Inc., 311 F.3d 282, 297 n.10 (3d Cir. 2002). We

also review a District Court’s exercise of supplemental jurisdiction for abuse of

discretion. De Asencio v. Tyson Foods, Inc., 342 F.3d 301, 311 (3d Cir. 2003).

       In exercising its “gatekeeper” role under Daubert v. Merrel Dow Pharmaceuticals,

Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993), the District Court granted a motion by Appellees to strike the

Reeves Reports pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 702. As a result of this decision, the Court did

not consider the reports in deciding the key issue of whether the Corps of Engineers’

alleged tortious conduct resulted from discretionary functions that were immune from

suit. Prior to admitting an expert opinion, a district court must be satisfied that the

proffered expert is qualified, and that his or her opinion is reliable. Oddi v. Ford Motor

Co., 234 F.3d 136, 145 (3d Cir. 2000). In assessing reliability, we have directed district

courts to ask

       “(1) whether a method consists of a testable hypothesis; (2) whether the
       method has been subjected to peer review; (3) the known or potential rate of
       error; (4) the existence and maintenance of standards controlling the
       technique’s operation; (5) whether the method is generally accepted; (6) the
       relationship of the technique to methods which have been established to be

                                              4
       reliable; (7) the qualifications of the expert witness testifying based on the
       methodology; and (8) the non-judicial uses to which the method has been
       put.”

Id. at 145 (quoting In re Paoli R.R. Yard PCB Litigation, 35 F.3d 717 (3d Cir.1994)).

       The District Court struck the Reeves Reports upon concluding that Appellant

failed to establish both Reeves’ qualifications and his methodology. We need look no

further than Reeves’ asserted methodology to conclude that the District Court acted

within its discretion. Even assuming arguendo that Reeves was qualified to render an

expert opinion regarding the design and maintenance of the NPCDF, his reports are

replete with conclusory statements with no scientific method tying an alleged cause to an

alleged effect. ( E.g. App. 233 (“The Army constructed the discharge piping at the tide

gates too high to drain the site.”; “The Army deviated from generally accepted standards

in their failure to provide drainage to carry seepage water from the Disposal Site to a safe

discharge point,” with no reference to the allegedly applicable standards.)). Nowhere in

the Reeves Reports can we discern a testable hypothesis to support his opinions, nor can

we discern any standards governing Reeves’ analysis. On this basis, we conclude that the

District Court was well within its discretion to grant Appellees’ motion to strike the

Reeves Reports.

       With the applicable record so limited by the exclusion of the Reeves Reports, we

next consider the gravamen of this case; whether the United States is immune from tort

liability. Section 2680 of Title 28 exempts the United States from claims “based upon the

exercise or performance or the failure to exercise or perform a discretionary function or

                                              5
duty on the part of a federal agency.” 28 U.S.C. § 2680(a). The District Court dismissed

Appellant’s claims after concluding that the government was immune from liability for

the conduct alleged. Appellant’s brief contains but one page challenging the District

Court’s conclusion on this crucial issue.

       The purpose of discretionary immunity is to “prevent judicial ‘second guessing’ of

legislative and administrative decisions grounded in social, economic, and political policy

through the medium of an action in tort.” United States v. Gaubert, 499 U.S. 315, 323

(1991). Appellant raised three general theories of negligence in its claim against the

United States; negligent design of the NPCDF, negligent violation of regulations in

design, and negligent maintenance of the NPCDF. In determining whether the Corps of

Engineers’ actions in building, operating, and maintaining the NPCDF were protected as

discretionary functions, the District Court correctly noted that, where a government

policy established “by statute, regulation, or agency guidelines, allows a Government

agent to exercise discretion, it must be presumed that the agent’s acts are grounded in

policy when exercising that discretion.” Gaubert, 499 U.S. at 324.

       The District Court correctly concluded that Congress conferred discretion on the

Corps of Engineers to maintain navigable waterways, and specifically the discretion to

plan for and conduct dredging operations. E.g. 33 U.S.C. § 622 (“The Secretary of the

Army, acting through the Chief of Engineers . . . , in carrying out projects for

improvement of rivers and harbors . . . shall, by contract or otherwise, carry out such

work in the manner most economical and advantageous to the United States.”). We agree

                                              6
with the District Court that, in light of this statutory grant of discretion, Appellants fail to

raise any credible argument sufficient to defeat the presumption that the design of the

NPCDF was not grounded in policy. Furthermore, Appellant alleges that the Corps of

Engineers violated its own regulations in designing the NPCDF, but Appellant failed to

produce any evidence as to specific procedures or engineering principles that were

violated. We likewise agree with the District Court that Appellant failed to produce any

evidence that would defeat the presumption that the Corps of Engineers’ exercise of its

statutory and regulatory responsibilities in maintaining the NPCDF was not also grounded

in policy. For these reasons, we conclude that the District Court correctly determined that

the United States was immune from Appellant’s claims regarding the design and

maintenance of the NPCDF.

       Appellant also sought to characterize her claims in alternate terms that would

arguably not be subject to discretionary immunity. We reject these claims for the same

reasons relied on by the District Court. We note in particular that the flooding, even if

caused by the Corps of Engineers, could not be deemed a taking. The result was not

permanent, but was at best a consequential and incidental result of government activity.

See Miller v. United States, 583 F.2d 857, 863-64 (6th Cir. 1978). We also note that the

District Court had no jurisdiction over Appellant’s claim under the Clean Water Act, as

codified in 33 U.S.C. § 1365, because she failed to file the requisite notice. See Public

Interest Research Group of N.J. v. Windall, 51 F.3d 1179, 1189 n.15 (3d Cir. 1995).

       After dismissing all claims against the United States, the District Court also

                                               7
dismissed Appellant’s claims against the Borough of National Park. The Court concluded

that “the interests of judicial economy, convenience, or fairness to the litigants d[id] not

warrant review” of the remaining claims in the federal forum. (App. 25) Section 1367

expressly provides that a district court “may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction

over a” state claim if it “has dismissed all claims over which it has original jurisdiction.”

28 U.S.C. § 1367(c). Since we conclude that the District Court properly dismissed

Appellant’s claims against the United States, we cannot say that the Court abused its

discretion in also dismissing her remaining claims against the Borough of National Park.

                                   III. CONCLUSION

       For the reasons set forth above, we will AFFIRM the Order of the District Court.

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