Court Opinion

ID: 8760817
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-26 12:05:13.48264+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:01:32.936097
License: Public Domain

WOLVERTON, District judge
(after stating the facts). Two reasons, it will be seen, are assigned by Collins why he should not be required to bring the records, books, etc., called for by the subpoena: First, that they are in the hands of a partnership, of which he is a member only; and, second, that if produced they will constitute evidence, the tendency of which will be to incriminate him, or to render him subject to prosecution for a crime against the United States. Of these, in their order, it is fámiliar law that every member of a firm is an agent thereof; but not only this, he is ordinarily as much entitled to the records, books, files, etc., of the firm as any other member; and the simple fact, as alleged here, in effect, that the records, etc., are in the possession and under the control of the firm does not hinder the defendant in the least from bringing them away. He says they are not under his control or in his custody except as one* of the members of the firm; thus leaving the palpable inference that they are under the control of the firm — he haying as much right to their possession as any other member. Such a state of facts manifestly does not, without further showing that he is unable for some pertinent reason to bring them, excuse his refusal. ,The firm has not denied him the right, or taken the books and records away out of his reach, and, being a member, he is able to bring them for aught that is shown.
As to the second reason urged why defendant should be excused from producing the documents, the showing made is manifestly insufficient, for two reasons: First, the act solely of bringing the papers, conceding that they do contain matters tending to the witness’s incrimination, will not subject him to prosecution and conviction of a crime; and, second, his mere statement that such records and papers' do contain matters that, *711if disclosed, would tend to his incrimination, is insufficient to excuse him. The constitutional guaranty tinder the fifth amendment is that “no person * * * shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself.” It has been determined that the object of this guaranty, broadly construed, “was to insure that a person should not be compelled, when acting as a witness in any investigation, to give testimony which might tend to show that he himself had committed a crime.” Counselman v. Hitchcock, 142 U. S. 547, 562, 12 Sup. Ct. 195, 35 L. Ed. 1110. And so it was said in Boyd v. United States, 116 U. S. 616, 6 Sup. Ct. 324, 29 L. Ed. 746, construing the fourth amendment in connection with the fifth that “any compulsory discover}- by extorting the party’s oath, or compelling the production of his private books and papers, to convict him of crime, or to forfeit his property, is contrary to the principles of a free government.” Under the fifth amendment, therefore, it would seem that the party invoking its aid by way of claiming exemption, must first be a witness; and under the fourth, the compulsory production of his papers must be for the purpose of convicting him of a crime. Now, a party is not properly a witness, qualified to testify, until he has taken the prescribed oath, and it is only as a witness that he can claim the exemption, so that until he has become a witness, the guaranty that the amendment affords him is not being impinged upon, and he is not in a position to assert that he is being compelled to testify against himself. It was conceded, and so held by the court, in United States v. Kimball (C. C.) 117 Fed. 156, that:
“It is well settled that a witness cannot claim his constitutional privilege until he is sworn. lie must take the oath, so that his assertion of privilege shall be made under that sanction.”
After citing authorities in support of the principle, the court proceeds as follows:
“If a person cannot claim his privilege until he has been sworn, it logically follows that the constitutional provision cannot until that time be violated. It cannot be violated before it can be invoked for his protection; hence the conclusion is that compulsion, within the meaning of the Constitution, does not arise from mere summoning and swearing the witness.”
Such being the law, and the reason of it, a priori, it would not he an infraction of the Constitution to require the party by subpoena duces tecum, while not under oath or a qualified witness, to bring his papers containing incriminating evidence. Until he is called upon to disclose the incriminating matter involving himself in a transgression of law for which he might be subject to prosecution, he is not in a position to claim the exemption.
Proceeding to the second reason, it was held by Lord Chief Justice Cockburn, in Queen v. Boyes, 1 B. & S. 311, 321, that:
“To entitle a party called as a witness to the privilege of silence, the court must see, from the circumstances of the case and the nature of the evidence which the witness is called to give, that there is reasonable ground to apprehend danger to the witness from his being compelled to answer, although if the fact of the witness being in danger 'be once made to appear, great latitude should be allowed to him in judging for himself of the effect of any *712particular question. * * * The object of the law is to afford to a party, called upon to give evidence in a proceeding inter alios, protection against being brought by means of his own evidence within the penalties of the law.”
I have quoted the above from Brown v. Walker, 161 U. S. 591, 599, 600, 16 Sup. Ct. 644, 40 L. Ed. 819, without verifying the English case. So it was said in United States v. McCarthy (C. C.) 18 Fed. 87:
“It is not sufficient to excuse the witness from answering that he. may in his own mind think his answer to the question might by possibility lead to some criminal charge against him, or tend to convict him of it, if made. The court must be able to perceive that there is reasonable ground to apprehend danger to the witness from his being compelled to answer.”
While this case is overruled in the main by Counselman v. Hitchcock, supra, yet as to this announcement of the law, it is approved by the case of Brown v. Walker, supra, in making the quotation from Ford Chief Justice Cockbum above given.
Now, the axxswer of Collins goes no further than to declare that these' records, books, papex-s, etc., if px-oduced, will constitute such evidence as would texid to incrimixiate hixn; it does not appear how, and in what way. The subject-matter of the investigation under way before the grand jury is not given; nor is it shown what relatioxt he sustains thereto, or how, or in what xnanner, the subject-xnatter of the records will affect hum, except by the sheerest coxiclusion. If the mere assertion of a witness required to bring with him documents under a subpcexia, that they contain matter incriminatixig hixn, were sufficient to exonerate him from obeying the mandate of the coxxrt, it would be useless to attempt to obtain any sxxch documentary evidence in many instances, as a party’s interest would overcome his veracity in statemexit, he not being subject to the penalties of the violation of an oath. The real situation is strongly stated in Brown v. Walker, supra. The court says:
“The danger of- extending the principle anxxounced ixi Counselman v. Hitchcock is that the privilege may be put forward for- a sentixnental reason, or for a purely fanciful protection of the witness against an imaginary danger, and for the real purpose of securing immunity to some third person, who is interested in concealing the facts to which he would testify. Every good citizen is bound to aid in the enforcemexit of the law, and has no right to permit himself, under the pretext of shielding his own good naxne, to be made the tool of others, who are desirous of seeking shelter behind his privilege.”
T am of the opinion that the witness has not excused his refusal to obey the mandate of the subpoena. Fie will therefore be required to produce the papers called for by tomorrow morning at 11 o’clock, under the subpoena, and in default thereof, will be committed to the county jail of Multnomah county, Or., until he shall produce the same.
And it is further ordered that he pay the costs of this proceedixig.