Court Opinion

ID: 4555316
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-08-13 16:15:50.214454+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:20:42.224241
License: Public Domain

FILE                                                              THIS OPINION WAS FILED
                                                                             FOR RECORD AT 8 A.M. ON
       IN CLERK’S OFFICE                                                          AUGUST 13, 2020
SUPREME COURT, STATE OF WASHINGTON
        AUGUST 13, 2020
                                                                                SUSAN L. CARLSON
                                                                              SUPREME COURT CLERK

        IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

        WASHINGTON STATE NURSES          )         No. 97532-9
        ASSOCIATION,                     )
                                         )
             Respondent/Cross Appellant, )
                                         )
        v.                               )         EN BANC
                                         )
        COMMUNITY HEALTH                 )
        SYSTEMS, INC., d/b/a YAKIMA      )
        HMA, LLC, d/b/a YAKIMA           )
        REGIONAL MEDICAL AND             )
        CARDIAC CENTER,                  )
                                         )               August 13, 2020
                                                   Filed __________________
             Appellant/Cross Respondent, )
                                         )
        VERONICA KNUDSON and             )
        BRIAN BRAEGGER,                  )
                                         )
             Defendants.                 )
        ______________________________ )

               MONTOYA-LEWIS, J.—Washington State Nurses Association (WSNA)

        seeks damages on behalf of its member nurses for unpaid working hours, overtime

        hours, and missed meal periods. We are asked to decide whether an association has

        standing to bring a claim on behalf of its members when it must rely on
Wash. State Nurses Ass’n v. Yakima HMA, LLC
No. 97532-9

representative testimony in order to establish the amount and extent of damages that

its members suffered. Since these damages established through representative

testimony were not certain, easily ascertainable, or within the knowledge of the

defendant, we hold that WSNA does not have standing to bring such a claim.

                    I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

      A.     Factual Background

      Yakima HMA LLC (Yakima Regional) is a general medical and surgical

hospital in Yakima, Washington. Yakima Regional has a home care agency, which

includes its home health and hospice programs. The home care agency provides

home care services to individuals with postsurgical needs, long-term health

conditions, and terminal illnesses. The nurses who work in the home health and

hospice programs travel individually to patients’ residences to provide home care

nursing services. WSNA is a statewide labor organization and was the exclusive

bargaining representative of Yakima Regional’s home care and hospice nurses

during the time period at issue.

      Yakima Regional assigned home health and hospice nurses to territories with

the goal of aligning patient assignments with the geographic area in which the nurse

lived. The nurses had a relatively independent schedule but had productivity

requirements set by Yakima Regional. The nurses were required to reach five to six

“stats” per day, which included the time it took to drive to the patient, the patient

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visit itself, the documentation and charting, and any follow-up coordination with

other services—such as pharmacy, occupational therapy, or chaplaincy.

Documentation and charting needed to be finished for each visit within 24 hours so

that on-call nurses could access the patient charting information. Yakima Regional

expected nurses to meet the productivity requirements—five or six stats—within an

8-hour working day. If a nurse needed to work overtime in order to complete their

stats, they were required to call in advance to seek overtime approval. Additionally,

the nurses were entitled to a 30-minute unpaid, uninterrupted meal period.

       Nurses regularly could not complete the productivity requirements within an

8-hour working day and often spent hours on documentation and charting at the end

of the day, during their lunch time, and in the early mornings. Nurses were also rarely

able to take a 30-minute uninterrupted meal break. When nurses tried to request

overtime to complete their charting, the request was often denied. On the rare

occasion when overtime was approved, it was for only a number of hours insufficient

to finish the documentation. Multiple nurses attempted to discuss the impossible

productivity requirements with their supervisor, but they were told it was Yakima

Regional’s expectation that nurses finish their five or six stats in an 8-hour working

day.

       In April 2015, WSNA filed suit against Yakima Regional on behalf of 28

home health and hospice nurses seeking damages under the Washington Minimum

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Wage Act 1 and the industrial welfare act2 for unpaid working hours, overtime hours,

and missed meal periods.

       B.     Procedural History and Trial

       In 2017, the parties filed cross motions for summary judgment. WSNA sought

partial summary judgment on liability, and Yakima Regional sought summary

dismissal on the grounds that WSNA lacked associational standing to bring its claim.

The trial court denied both motions, but it certified its order denying Yakima

Regional’s motion for summary judgment for interlocutory discretionary review

under RAP 2.3(b)(4) because there was substantial ground for a difference of

opinion on the standing issue. The Court of Appeals denied the motion for

discretionary review because more factual development was necessary to determine

what evidence WSNA would rely on to establish damages.

       A nine-day bench trial began in January 2018. At trial, nine nurses testified

about the work environment, the hours they worked without pay, and missed meal

periods. Some nurses testified that they worked one or two hours of overtime each

day, while others testified they worked up to six hours of overtime each day in order

to finish documentation. The nurses also testified that they rarely got a 30-minute

       1
          Ch. 49.46 RCW.
       2
          Ch. 49.12 RCW; WAC 296-126-092(1)-(2) (“Employees shall be allowed a meal period
of at least thirty minutes which commences no less than two hours nor more than five hours from
the beginning of the shift.”).
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uninterrupted meal period. They told their supervisors repeatedly about this required

overtime work: verbally, in arranged meetings, in exit interviews, and in notations

on their daily time sheets. Despite this notice, Yakima Regional supervisors often

denied the nurses’ requests for overtime, and the policies surrounding reporting time

did not change.

       WSNA presented a damages calculation chart that was created by its expert,

Dr. Jeffrey Munson. This chart contained the total amount of back pay and the total

interest owed to the nurses, assuming varying rates of off-the-clock hours worked

and varying rates of missed meal breaks. All of the data that Dr. Munson used to

develop the chart came from Yakima Regional’s payroll wages and hours records.

However, in order to use the chart and come to a final damage calculation, the court

itself would need to decide the average hours of overtime the nurses worked and the

percentage of meal periods the nurses missed. The court was required to weigh the

testimony of the nurses and make these two separate rate determinations as the finder

of fact.

       In its findings of fact and conclusions of law, the trial court held that WSNA

had associational standing to bring the claims. Based on the nurses’ testimony, the

court found that the nurses missed 90 percent of their statutorily mandated meal

periods. Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 2891. The court also found that “[f]rom April 21,

2012, through April 1, 2014, the nurses were not paid for 22% of the hours they

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worked” and “[f]rom April 2, 2014 through August 31, 2017, the nurses were not

paid for 37.5% of the hours they worked.” CP at 2893. 3 The court found total

damages to be $1,447,758.09 and awarded WSNA attorney fees and court costs.

Finally, the court ruled that Yakima Regional knowingly and willfully deprived the

nurses of their pay and ordered double damages pursuant to RCW 49.52.070.

       Yakima Regional appealed, arguing, among other things, that WSNA lacked

associational standing; WSNA cross appealed. 4 Division Three of the Court of

Appeals certified the case for transfer to this court, which we accepted.

                                       II. ANALYSIS

        This decision does not condone Yakima Regional’s employment practices

that the nurses testified to throughout trial. The nurses’ claims are not without merit.

WSNA chose to bring these claims using associational standing, which has

limitations under our case law. Associational standing requires that damages be

certain, easily ascertainable, and within the knowledge of the defendant. We

conclude that WSNA’s claim cannot survive this test for damages. We decline to

       3
          In 2014, Community Health Systems acquired the home care agency. The trial court’s
determination that the damages were distinct for two different time periods reflects the 2014
change in ownership and procedures. Report of Proceedings at 1885-86.
        4
          Because we decide the case on the standing issue, we do not reach Yakima Regional’s
other arguments. For the same reason, we do not reach WSNA’s cross appeal regarding
prejudgment interest. Further, because we reverse the trial court as to the standing issue, WSNA
is not entitled to attorney fees under RAP 18.1 and RCW 49.46.090(1), 49.48.030, or 49.52.070.
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make an exception to this test in order to allow representative testimony to establish

damages in wage and hour claims.

      A.     Associational Standing

      WSNA lacks associational standing in this case because the damages

established through representative testimony are not certain, easily ascertainable,

and within the knowledge of the defendant. In general, cases should be brought and

defended by the parties whose rights and interests are at stake. Riverview Cmty. Grp.

v. Spencer & Livingston, 181 Wash. 2d 888, 893, 337 P.3d 1076 (2014). However, an

association has standing to bring suit on behalf of its members when “(1) the

members of the organization would otherwise have standing to sue in their own

right; (2) the interests that the organization seeks to protect are germane to its

purpose; and (3) neither claim asserted nor relief requested requires the participation

of the organization’s individual members.” Int’l Ass’n of Firefighters, Local 1789

v. Spokane Airports, 146 Wash. 2d 207, 213-14, 45 P.3d 186 (2002) (citing Hunt v.

Wash. State Apple Advert. Comm’n, 432 U.S. 333, 343, 97 S. Ct. 2434, 53 L. Ed. 2d
383 (1977)). The first two prongs of our associational standing test are constitutional.
Id. at 215. The third prong is prudential and is designed to serve administrative

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convenience and efficiency. Id. The parties do not dispute that the first two prongs

are satisfied here.

      Under the third prong, the type of relief a plaintiff-association seeks often

dictates whether an individual member’s participation is necessary. Hunt, 432 U.S.

at 343. When an association seeks an injunction or some form of prospective relief,

associational standing is more easily established because the relief is uniform. See
id. In an injunction case, “‘the remedy, if granted, will inure to the benefit of those

members of the association actually injured.’” Id. (quoting Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S.
490, 515, 95 S. Ct. 2197, 45 L. Ed. 2d 343 (1975)). In Riverview Community Group,

we noted that the equitable or injunctive relief requested did not require the

individual participation of the members. 181 Wash. 2d at 894. Although individual

members may be called on to testify regarding liability, the viability of the claim

does not necessarily depend on the participation of each member, and, if successful,

all benefit equally. See id. Permitting associational standing when seeking uniform

relief serves the third prong’s purpose of “‘administrative convenience and

efficiency.’” Firefighters, 146 Wash. 2d at 215 (quoting United Food & Commercial

Workers Union Local 751 v. Brown Grp., Inc., 517 U.S. 544, 557, 116 S. Ct. 1529,

134 L. Ed. 2d 758 (1996)).

      Damages claims pose a much more difficult problem. Associational standing

is improper when the injury suffered “is peculiar to the individual member

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concerned, and both the fact and extent of injury would require individualized

proof.” Warth, 422 U.S. at 515-16. Central to this proposition is that “‘claims for

monetary relief necessarily involve individualized proof and thus the individual

participation of association members.’” Firefighters, 146 Wash. 2d at 215 (quoting

United Union of Roofers, Waterproofers & Allied Trades No. 40 v. Ins. Corp. of Am.,

919 F.2d 1398, 1400 (9th Cir. 1990)).

      In Firefighters, we discussed the scope of associational standing and when an

association may bring a suit for damages on behalf of its members. Federal courts

do not allow standing for an association to seek damages on behalf of its members

because a claim for member damages requires individual proof and member

participation. Id. at 214-15. However, we recognized that if we adhered strictly to

the federal standard, “we would likely burden individual members of the employee

association economically and would almost certainly burden our courts with an

increased number of lawsuits arising out of identical facts.” Id. at 216. Therefore,

we decided on a practical limitation to the strict damages rule. If the damages are

“certain, easily ascertainable, and within the knowledge of the defendant,” then the

association may proceed because the “individual association member’s participation

is not necessary to prove the damages.” Id. at 215-16. Under this framework, an

association can bring a claim for damages to individual members and satisfy the

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third prong of the associational standing test only if the damages are certain, easily

ascertainable, and within the knowledge of the defendant.5

        We concluded that the union in Firefighters had standing to pursue the

damages claim on behalf of its members. Id. at 217. There, a union sought the

matching contributions that an airport paid into its employees’ Social Security and

Medicare accounts. Id. at 211-12. The airport matched employee contributions dollar

for dollar and had already refunded the employees’ initial contribution. Id. We

recognized that once the legal question of liability was decided, the “amount of

monetary relief requested on behalf of each employee [was] certain, easily

ascertainable, and within the knowledge of [the employer]” because the exact

amount of relief due to each individual employee—the dollar for dollar match—was

known and no speculation on the part of the trier of fact would be necessary. Id. at

216.

       Similarly, in Teamsters Local Union No. 117 v. Department of Corrections,

145 Wash. App. 507, 513, 187 P.3d 754 (2008), the Court of Appeals allowed

       5
          The dissent focuses on the fact that associational standing hedges against the risk of
retaliation against a named plaintiff. Dissent at 2-3. When damages are certain, easily
ascertainable, and within the knowledge of the defendant, a member can still mitigate the risk of
retaliation by pursuing their claims through their association. However, if the damages are not
certain or easily ascertainable, the persuasive value of remaining unnamed diminishes. If a finder
of fact must determine the extent and amount of damages, they must discern who is damaged and
by how much. Anonymity may not be practicable in these determinations.

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associational standing for a damages claim for unpaid on-call wages. There, the

Department of Corrections (DOC) required that Special Emergency Response Team

(SERT) members carry a pager while off duty to ensure they could be reached if the

need arose. Id. at 510. The court recognized that calculating SERT members’ unpaid

on-call wages was certain, easily ascertainable, and within the DOC’s knowledge

because the SERT team was required to be on call at all times they were not on active

duty. Id. at 513. The damages could be easily ascertained by subtracting the time the

members were on shift, on overtime, on leave, or on official standby from a 24-hour

period. Id. Proving damages did not require the individual participation of the

members; it was “nothing more than a mathematical exercise.” Id. Again, no

speculation by the trier of fact was necessary in that situation.

      WSNA argues that Pugh v. Evergreen Hospital Medical Center, 177 Wn.

App. 363, 312 P.3d 665 (2013), is dispositive of the associational standing issue.

However, Pugh is distinguishable from this case. In Pugh, the association and

employer stipulated as to how damages would be calculated and entered into a

settlement agreement, so no speculation by the trier of fact was necessary.

      In Pugh, WSNA brought an associational case against Evergreen Hospital on

behalf of its member nurses seeking injunctive relief and back pay for missed rest

breaks. Id. at 365. After WSNA and Evergreen entered into a settlement agreement,

the nurses sought to invalidate the agreement based in part on the argument that

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WSNA lacked standing. See id. at 368-69. The Court of Appeals held that WSNA

had associational standing, stating, “WSNA need show only that it was prepared to

establish damages that did not require participation of the individual members.” Id.

at 368. In that case, the parties agreed on the methodology to reach the settlement

and no court was required to make factual findings as to the rate at which nurses

missed breaks. Id. at 368 n.8 (“[T]hey used the number of hours worked per week

over the alleged time period, the hourly rate, and the number of breaks to which they

were entitled.”). The court noted that WSNA and Evergreen “in fact determined

damages owed to the nurses for the settlement agreement without requiring the

participation of the individual nurses” and that “WSNA’s lawsuit also sought

injunctive relief, which does not require proof of individual damages.” Id. at 368.

      In this case, there is no agreement between the parties on damages, and the

rate of unpaid overtime and missed meal breaks could be decided by a finder of fact

only after hearing from individual nurses at trial and then applying an extrapolation

based on disputed expert testimony. Further, the nurses do not seek injunctive relief.

Pugh does not dictate the outcome in this case.

      Here, damages were established by the individual testimony of nurses and the

trial court’s speculative determinations. The trial court determined damages after

listening to individual testimony from nine nurses. The nurses’ representative

testimony determined the percentage of missed meal breaks and percentage of hours

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worked without pay. WSNA presented a chart to calculate damages, but to make use

of the chart, the trial court had to make factual findings after trial about the

percentage of missed meal periods and the percentage of hours worked without pay.

Unlike in Firefighters, 146 Wash. 2d at 216, where the damages were known to both

parties, or Teamsters, 145 Wash. App. at 513, where the calculation of damages was a

simple mathematical exercise, here the damages were unknown until after trial and

the trial court’s order. No mathematical formula could be applied until the trial court,

as fact finder, ruled on the extent of the damages based on its understanding of the

nurses’ and expert’s testimony. Damages were not certain: it took an entire trial to

ascertain their extent, and even then, the damages were speculative and an

approximation. WSNA’s claim for damages on behalf of their members fails the

third prong of the associational standing test because the damages are not certain,

easily ascertainable, or within the knowledge of the defendant.

      The dissent’s reading of the third prong of the associational standing test

would undermine our decision in Firefighters. First, the dissent suggests that

whether individual participation of the association’s members is necessary under the

third prong is determined by whether the individual injured is an indispensable party.

Dissent at 5. However, this limited definition of participation cannot be squared with

our rule in Firefighters. Under the Civil Rules, if a party is indispensable and cannot

be joined, the case is dismissed. CR 19(b). If associational standing is proper except

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when the individual members are indispensable parties, then associational standing

is always proper in damages cases. This rule would eclipse our decision in

Firefighters.

      The dissent also claims that our decision fails to account for a key purpose of

standing, to ensure the adversarial relationship between the parties. Dissent at 9. We

disagree. The parties are still adverse when the damages are certain, easily

ascertainable, and within the knowledge of the defendant. The adverseness will

likely focus on liability, rather than conflicting evidence regarding the amount or

extent of damages, which serves the purpose of our rule as laid out in Firefighters—

to allow associations to bring damages claims on behalf of their members when

individual member participation is not required. 146 Wash. 2d at 216. The dissent’s

argument that there is no adverseness when damages are certain, easily

ascertainable, and within the knowledge of the defendant is an argument against

Firefighters itself. However, we were not asked to overturn, nor do we consider

overturning, Firefighters.

      Notably, WSNA does not argue that the damages were certain or easily

ascertainable. WSNA relies on language from Pugh that suggests that in wage and

hour cases, the third prong of the associational standing test can be satisfied through

representative testimony. For the reasons stated below, we reject the invitation to

alter or create an exception to the third prong of the associational standing test.

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      B.     Representative Testimony

      Relying on Pugh, WSNA argues for more lenience to allow representative

testimony to prove damages in wage and hour cases. Specifically, Pugh states:

      Our courts have recognized that in wage and hour cases where
      employers have failed to keep adequate records, damages may be
      established by “just and reasonable inference.” Such inferences can be
      established by “representative testimony[]” . . . . Similarly here,
      representative testimony from each department could serve as proof of
      the damages.

177 Wash. App. at 368 (footnote omitted) (quoting Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery

Co., 328 U.S. 680, 687, 66 S. Ct. 1187, 90 L. Ed. 1515 (1946); McLaughlin v. Ho

Fat Seto, 850 F.2d 586, 589 (9th Cir. 1988)).

      Representative testimony is a well-established tool in collective and class

actions brought under wage and hour laws. WSNA argues that the use of

representative testimony for wage and hour associational cases is proper. Amici,

Washington Employment Lawyers Association and the Washington State Labor

Council, support that view, arguing that the same objectives the third prong of the

associational standing test serves, convenience and efficiency, also underlie

Washington’s class action procedures.

      We reject WSNA’s invitation to adopt this more lenient standard in

associational standing cases because it offers neither the protections built into the

current test nor the procedural protections built into class actions and collective

actions under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA), 29 U.S.C. §§ 201-219.
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The use of representative testimony in order to establish the extent of damages is

inappropriate in associational cases.

      The requirement for certain and easily ascertainable damages provides

protection to both plaintiffs and defendants. Damages that are certain, easily

ascertainable, and within the knowledge of the defendant ensure that the

associational plaintiff does not lack “evidence necessary to show the harm with

sufficient specificity.” Local 751, 517 U.S. at 556. While representative testimony

has long been allowed in class action suits, existing protections for plaintiffs in class

action suits do not exist in associational standing cases. Damages recovered by an

association are awarded to the association, not the association’s members. Class

actions ensure that damages are paid to association members; here, no such

assurances exist. See id. Damages that are certain and easily ascertainable protect an

association member’s individual interest in an associational standing case because

their interest is certain and requires no speculation to determine.

      Protections are also built into the procedures of the class action rules under

CR 23 and in collective actions under section 216 of the FLSA. See 29 U.S.C. §

216(b)-(c). Before a class action can proceed, CR 23 requires that a court determine

whether a class action is the proper route to maintain the suit. CR 23(c)(1). The court

may certify the class after a showing that (1) the class is so numerous that joinder of

all members is impracticable, (2) there are questions of law or fact common to the

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class, (3) the claims or defenses of the representatives are typical of the class, and

(4) the representatives will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.

CR 23(a). Class actions seeking damages must establish that common questions of

law or fact predominate. CR 23(b)(3). CR 23 requires notice to class members

seeking damages and requires court approval for dismissal or settlement agreements.

CR 23(c)(2), (e). Moreover, class actions allow for motions to decertify after

evidence is heard. See Miller v. Farmer Bros. Co., 115 Wash. App. 815, 820, 64 P.3d

49 (2003) (courts review class certification decisions liberally because “the class is

always subject to later modification or decertification by the trial court”).

      Section 216 of the FLSA requires that plaintiffs be “similarly situated” and

has an opt-in provision for affected plaintiffs. Campbell v. City of Los Angeles, 903

F.3d 1090, 1100 (9th Cir. 2018); see also Ho Fat Seto, 850 F.2d at 589. It also allows

defendants to move for decertification at a later stage. Campbell, 903 F.3d at 1101-

02. Specifically, section 216(b) does not allow representative claims; instead, each

plaintiff must be a named party through the opt-in procedures. Tyson Foods, Inc. v.

Bouaphakeo, 577 U.S. __, 136 S. Ct. 1036, 1043, 194 L. Ed. 2d 124 (2016).

Alternatively, under section 216(c), the secretary of labor can bring an FLSA

enforcement action and present testimony that is “fairly representational” of other

employees in order to obtain relief. Reich v. S. Md. Hosp., Inc., 43 F.3d 949, 951

(4th Cir. 1995); see also Sec’y of Labor v. DeSisto, 929 F.2d 789, 793-94 (1st Cir.

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1991) (discussing the bounds of fairly representative testimony). Any money

recovered by the secretary of labor on behalf of an employee is held in a separate

fund and paid directly to the employee; any sums not paid out to employees roll into

the Treasury of the United States as miscellaneous receipts. 29 U.S.C. § 216(c). The

secretary of labor also supplements employee testimony with its own investigation

of the employer. Espenscheid v. DirectSat USA, LLC, 705 F.3d 770, 776 (7th Cir.

2013).

      These procedural protections exist in a class action or collective action to

ensure a balance between protecting the interests of defendants and ensuring

plaintiffs have a clear path to recovery. The class has been certified before testimony

is heard. The defendant can move for decertification if the testimony is not

representative. In the FLSA context, the circuits rely on the secretary of labor and

their investigations to ensure that the testimony will indeed be representative, and

courts require the secretary to show that the testimony is “fairly representational.”

See Ho Fat Seto, 850 F.2d at 589 (relying on the secretary’s representations); Reich,

43 F.3d at 951 (“Although the Secretary’s initial burden under Mt. Clemens is

minimal, it is not non-existent.”). Plaintiffs are protected by notice and are able to

opt out of or opt in to the suit. Further, money recovered by the secretary of labor is

paid out to the employees, and the FLSA discusses what happens with excess funds

that are not distributed. These procedures ensure that representative testimony is, in

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fact, representative of the plaintiffs’ injuries while also protecting the plaintiffs’

individual interests in the claims and damages recovered.

      Associational standing cases do not have the same protections. Associational

cases have no certification process to assess commonality and typicality at the

beginning of the suit or a requirement that the common issues predominate. There is

no notice or opt-out requirement to benefit plaintiffs. Courts do not have to approve

settlement agreements that associations come to on behalf of their members, nor is

there a procedure for ensuring that the money an association collects makes its way

to the injured members. WSNA does not offer a test or limiting principle that would

address the absence of these protections. As a result, we protect association members

in associational cases that seek damages by requiring that the damages are certain,

easily ascertainable, and within the knowledge of the defendant.

      Additionally, an expansion of standing would not necessarily serve the values

of convenience and efficiency that the prudential nature of the third prong seeks to

advance. WSNA does not address how standing could be determined early on in

litigation. As discussed above, associational cases do not have a certification process

at the start of litigation to determine whether it is the appropriate route to bring the

claim. Instead, an expansion would leave courts guessing about whether an

association has standing at the beginning of a case and would often leave the

determination until after a trial.

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      This case exemplifies this problem. The court had to wait until a nine-day trial

was complete and it had heard the representative testimony of 9 of the 28 nurses to

see if they adequately established the average rates of unpaid time and missed meal

periods before it could decide if the association had standing. This process would

have occurred before trial in the other avenues for recovery discussed above.

       Other routes to collective action against the egregious conduct of this

employer were not foreclosed for the nurses. If no other such route existed, the

prudential nature of the third prong might be served by expanding its application.

However, it is undisputed that the nurses could pursue a class action claim against

Yakima Regional. The dissent suggests that our above observation precludes an

injured party from proceeding with an associational standing claim when a class

action is available. Dissent at 8. We do not so hold. The cause of action remains up

to the litigants; class actions are an option under circumstances like the instant case,

but they are also available when all of the elements of associational standing are met.

Egregious employment practices, like the practices that the nurses testified about in

this case, should be confronted. We do not state that redress is not available; we state

merely that an associational standing case was not the proper route to seek that

redress.

      We decline to alter the third prong of the associational standing test in wage

and hour cases. We hold that the third prong of the associational standing test—

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Wash. State Nurses Ass’n v. Yakima HMA, LLC
No. 97532-9

“neither claim asserted nor relief requested requires the participation of the

organization’s individual members”—is met in a claim for damages when the

damages are “certain, easily ascertainable, and within the knowledge of the

defendant”; uncertain damages established through representative testimony do not

meet that standard. Firefighters, 146 Wash. 2d at 214-16.

                                    III. CONCLUSION

      An association has standing to bring a claim for damages on behalf of its

individual members if the damages are certain, easily ascertainable, and within the

knowledge of the defendant. The damages in this case were not certain or easily

ascertainable. WSNA could not satisfy the third prong of our associational standing

test, and therefore lacked standing to bring the claim. Accordingly, we reverse the

trial court and dismiss the case.

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Wash. State Nurses Ass’n v. Yakima HMA, LLC
No. 97532-9

                                              ____________________________

WE CONCUR:

_____________________________                 ____________________________

_____________________________                 ____________________________

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_____________________________                 ____________________________

                                          22
Wash. State Nurses Ass’n v. Yakima HMA, LLC, No. 97532-9
(Yu, J., dissenting)

                                     No. 97532-9

      YU, J. (dissenting) — The doctrine of standing acts as a gatekeeper that

determines who can and cannot access justice. Courts have long recognized

various types of third party standing to ensure that meritorious claims may be

heard, despite the barriers to justice that injured individuals may face when seeking

to obtain justice on their own behalf. The third party standing doctrine at issue in

this case is associational standing, a well-established doctrine that is necessary to

ensure there is a path to justice for individuals who might lack the resources or

expertise to litigate their cases individually, or who might face retaliation from

being a named plaintiff.

      I would hold that the nurses employed by Yakima HMA LLC (Yakima

Regional) face such barriers to recovery on their wage and hour claims and the

Washington State Nurses Association (WSNA) has associational standing to bring
Wash. State Nurses Ass’n v. Yakima HMA, LLC, No. 97532-9
(Yu, J., dissenting)

those claims on their behalf. The majority’s holding to the contrary takes an overly

restrictive view of associational standing that is not required by our precedent and

that contravenes the purposes of judicially imposed limits on associational

standing. Restricting the availability of associational standing limits the

opportunity to be heard, and thus, I must respectfully dissent.

                                     ANALYSIS

A.    Associational standing

      Standing asks “whether the litigant is entitled to have the court decide the

merits of the dispute or of particular issues.” Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 498,

95 S. Ct. 2197, 45 L. Ed. 2d 343 (1975). Associational standing has its roots in the

civil rights movement, in a case involving the State of Alabama’s efforts to obtain

the names and addresses of directors, staffers, and members of the National

Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Nat’l Ass’n for

Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama ex rel. Patterson, 357 U.S. 449, 452-

53, 78 S. Ct. 1163, 2 L. Ed. 2d 1488 (1958). The NAACP refused to produce this

information, citing threats of physical violence and reprisals that its members

would face. Id. at 453, 462-63. Rather than requiring the NAACP members to

bring claims in their own names (which would have required disclosure of the very

information they sought to protect), the United States Supreme Court permitted the

NAACP to bring a claim asserting its members’ First Amendment rights, without

                                           2
Wash. State Nurses Ass’n v. Yakima HMA, LLC, No. 97532-9
(Yu, J., dissenting)

requiring any showing of injury to the NAACP itself. Id. at 458-60. This seminal

case represents the foundations of the associational standing doctrine—a method of

allowing the injured to seek justice while mitigating the risk of retaliation, and a

recognition by the courts of associations as vehicles for shared interests.

      Building on this precedent, the United States Supreme Court formally

recognized and refined the modern doctrine of associational standing in the 1970s.

See Warth, 442 U.S. 490; Hunt v. Wash. State Apple Advert. Comm’n, 432 U.S.

333, 97 S. Ct. 2434, 53 L. Ed. 2d 383 (1977). These cases gave rise to a three-

pronged analysis for assessing associational standing (the Hunt test), which this

court adopted in 2002. See Int’l Ass’n of Firefighters, Local 1789 v. Spokane

Airports, 146 Wash. 2d 207, 45 P.3d 186 (2002). The Hunt test provides that an

association has standing to bring suit on behalf of its members when “(1) the

members of the organization would otherwise have standing to sue in their own

right; (2) the interests that the organization seeks to protect are germane to its

purpose; and (3) neither claim asserted nor relief requested requires the

participation of the organization’s individual members.” Id. at 213-14.

      As the majority notes, it is undisputed that prongs (1) and (2) of the Hunt

test are met here. Majority at 7-8. The only prong at issue here is prong (3), a

judicially imposed prudential standard intended to serve interests such as

“promot[ing] adversarial intensity,” preventing a case from proceeding to trial

                                           3
Wash. State Nurses Ass’n v. Yakima HMA, LLC, No. 97532-9
(Yu, J., dissenting)

without sufficient evidence, “hedg[ing] against any risk that the damages recovered

by the association will fail to find their way into the pockets of the members,” and

focusing on “administrative convenience and efficiency.” United Food &

Commercial Workers Union Local 751 v. Brown Grp. Inc., 517 U.S. 544, 556-57,

116 S. Ct. 1529, 134 L. Ed. 2d 758 (1996); see also Firefighters, 146 Wash. 2d at

215. Because this purely prudential prong has no basis in the state or federal

constitution, it may be refined, limited, and even eliminated by the courts or the

legislature to ensure that the limits on associational standing serve their intended

purpose without arbitrarily or unnecessarily restricting access to justice in

meritorious cases. Local 751, 517 U.S. at 558; Firefighters, 146 Wash. 2d at 215.

      The ultimate question in analyzing whether an associational standing claim

survives the third Hunt prong is “‘whether the circumstances of the case and the

relief requested make individual participation of the association’s members

indispensable.’” Firefighters, 146 Wash. 2d at 215 (quoting Int’l Ass’n of

Firefighters, Local 1789 v. Spokane Airports, 103 Wash. App. 764, 770, 14 P.3d 193

(2000)). If so, then associational standing cannot be found. However, “[w]e have

never held that ‘testimony’ is the equivalent of ‘participation’ for the purposes of

the third prong of the standing analysis.” Riverview Cmty. Grp. v. Livingston, 181

Wash. 2d 888, 894 n.1, 337 P.3d 1076 (2014). Equating the two “would not further

the purpose of the third prong.” Id.; see also Teamsters Local Union No. 117 v.

                                           4
Wash. State Nurses Ass’n v. Yakima HMA, LLC, No. 97532-9
(Yu, J., dissenting)

Dep’t of Corr., 145 Wash. App. 507, 513-14, 187 P.3d 754 (2008). Instead,

“participation” refers to “the individual participation of each injured party

indispensable to proper resolution of the cause.” Warth, 442 U.S. at 511. Thus,

the question addressed by the third prong of the Hunt test is whether each allegedly

injured person is an indispensable party to the just resolution of the case.

      The majority is correct that the third Hunt prong places limits on

associational standing to bring claims seeking monetary damages rather than

injunctive relief because monetary damages “may vary from [person] to [person].”

Firefighters, 146 Wash. 2d at 214. The majority also correctly recites the rule that

Washington courts allow associational standing to seek monetary relief when the

damages requested are “certain, easily ascertainable, and within the knowledge of

the defendant.” Id. at 215-16. However, the majority’s strict and rigid application

of that rule here is not required by our precedent, does not serve many of the

purposes for limiting associational standing, and unnecessarily prevents WSNA

from seeking access to justice on its members’ meritorious claims.

B.    WSNA has met Washington’s associational standing requirements

      Even though testimony is not the same as participation for purposes of the

third Hunt prong, the majority holds that WSNA has no standing in this case

because the need for representational testimony means the damages were not

“certain, easily ascertainable, and within the knowledge of the defendant.” Id.

                                           5
Wash. State Nurses Ass’n v. Yakima HMA, LLC, No. 97532-9
(Yu, J., dissenting)

However, we have never held that this requirement prohibits all fact-finding or

mathematical formulation of damages. And in cases like this one, where the

dispute over damages is attributable to the defendant’s own failure to comply with

its duty to keep accurate records of its employees’ hours, the need for

representational testimony to establish damages should not be an automatic barrier

to associational standing.

      “[T]he fact that the parties disagree about the amount of damages does not

mean that there is no ascertainable amount of damages.” Pugh v. Evergreen Hosp.

Med. Ctr., 177 Wash. App. 363, 368, 312 P.3d 665 (2013), review denied, 180

Wash. 2d 1007 (2014). In cases such as this, where the amount of damages is

disputed due to lack of (or falsified) records kept by the employer, representative

testimony may be the only way to establish damages. Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 2888;

Pugh, 177 Wash. App. at 368. In such cases, the employer’s failure to keep adequate

records is not fatal to establishing standing in wage and hour cases because

damages can be established by “‘just and reasonable inference’” through

“‘representative testimony.’” Pugh, 177 Wash. App. at 368 (quoting Anderson v. Mt.

Clemens Pottery Co., 328 U.S. 680, 687, 66 S. Ct. 1187, 90 L. Ed. 1515 (1946);

McLaughlin v. Ho Fat Seto, 850 F.2d 586, 589 (9th Cir. 1988), cert. denied, 488

U.S. 1040 (1989)). To hold otherwise would serve only to encourage employers to

                                           6
Wash. State Nurses Ass’n v. Yakima HMA, LLC, No. 97532-9
(Yu, J., dissenting)

falsify or fail to keep records, in the hopes of avoiding meritorious litigation from

injured employees who face barriers to bringing claims in their own names.

      Contrary to the majority’s assertion, holding that WSNA has associational

standing in this case would not undermine Firefighters but would simply account

for a situation not presented by Firefighters. In this case, representational

testimony was already necessary to establish Yakima’s practice of willfully failing

to pay nurses for all their hours worked. See majority at 3-4. The fact that some of

the testimony also touched on the amount of damages, and that the trial court

considered that testimony due to Yakima’s own failure to keep accurate records, is

not an automatic barrier to associational standing. WSNA offered representative

testimony to establish damages by just and reasonable inference because Yakima

Regional failed to keep accurate records of hours worked. CP at 2888. WSNA

also provided an expert witness who developed a chart to calculate damages based

on percentages of missed breaks and meal periods. After engaging in its own

calculation of damages based on the representative testimony and other evidence

presented, the trial court used this chart as a reference point to verify the accuracy

of its calculation. Though the amount in damages may not have been as obvious as

it was in Firefighters, it was nevertheless certain, easily ascertainable, and within

the knowledge of the defendant.

                                           7
Wash. State Nurses Ass’n v. Yakima HMA, LLC, No. 97532-9
(Yu, J., dissenting)

C.    The majority’s refusal to recognize WSNA’s standing in this case does not
      advance the purposes underlying the limits on associational standing

      Finally, the majority justifies its strict reading of the third Hunt prong by

pointing to the purposes of limits on associational standing and the procedural

protections provided by other avenues to relief, such as class actions. However,

this court has never imposed an “ironclad rule that has the effect of denying relief

to members of an association based upon an overly technical application of the

standing rules.” Firefighters, 146 Wash. 2d at 216. We should not adopt such an

ironclad rule now because doing so would economically burden individual

members of the association and burden our courts with cases containing the same

allegations, arguments, and evidence.

      To the extent that the majority suggests the nurses should have pursued a

class action, or that the availability of a class action should preclude associational

standing, the United States Supreme Court discussed exactly how the conflation of

associational standing and class actions fails to recognize the special features that

distinguish the two:

         While a class action creates an ad hoc union of injured plaintiffs
         who may be linked only by their common claims, an association
         suing to vindicate the interests of its members can draw upon a pre-
         existing reservoir of expertise and capital. “Besides financial
         resources, organizations often have specialized expertise and
         research resources relating to the subject matter of the lawsuit that
         individual plaintiffs lack.” Note, From Net to Sword:
         Organizational Representatives Litigating Their Members’ Claims,

                                           8
Wash. State Nurses Ass’n v. Yakima HMA, LLC, No. 97532-9
(Yu, J., dissenting)

         1974 U. Ill. L. Forum 663, 669. These resources can assist both
         courts and plaintiffs.

Int’l Union, United Automobile, Aerospace & Agric. Implement Workers v. Brock,

477 U.S. 274, 289, 106 S. Ct. 2523, 91 L. Ed. 2d 228 (1986). It has never been a

requirement that a party seeking associational standing must prove that a class

action is unavailable or unduly burdensome. Creating such a requirement in this

case would not serve the prudential considerations of the third Hunt prong.

      The majority also fails to account for a key purpose of standing

requirements: ensuring that the parties are sufficiently adversarial such that the

issues are fully and fairly litigated. Local 751, 517 U.S. at 556. The majority’s

reading of the third Hunt prong requires that there is no adversarial relationship

between an association and a defendant for the association to establish standing,

either because damages are simply a matter of mathematical calculation or because

the parties have agreed on the question of damages. See majority at 10-12 (citing

Firefighters, 146 Wash. 2d at 216; Teamsters, 145 Wash. App. at 513; Pugh, 177 Wn.

App. at 368). By rigidly requiring that the calculation of damages requires no fact-

finding or credibility determinations, the majority effectively sets an associational

standing requirement that is directly contrary to the underlying purposes of all

standing requirements and, indeed, all judicially cognizable claims—truly

adversarial parties.

                                           9
Wash. State Nurses Ass’n v. Yakima HMA, LLC, No. 97532-9
(Yu, J., dissenting)

       In sum, I would hold that WSNA has satisfied the requirements for

associational standing. The majority’s holding otherwise does not serve the

purposes of associational standing requirements, is not required by our precedent,

and places unnecessary barriers in the nurses’ path to justice for their meritorious

claims. I would therefore affirm the trial court and hold that WSNA has standing

in this case.

D.     Other issues on appeal

       1.       The nurses’ testimony was sufficiently representative

       Yakima Regional argues that the trial court erred in finding that the

testifying nurses provided sufficient representational testimony to establish liability

and damages. “Where the trial court has evaluated evidence, our review is limited

to determining whether the findings are supported by substantial evidence.”

Pellino v. Brink’s Inc., 164 Wash. App. 668, 681-82, 267 P.3d 383 (2011). “We

draw reasonable inferences from the facts in favor of the trial court’s

determination.” Id. at 682. In wage and hour cases where employers fail to keep

adequate records, an employee may establish damages by “just and reasonable

inference,” meaning the plaintiffs must “prove[] that [they have] performed work

for which [they were] improperly compensated” and “produce[] sufficient evidence

to show the amount and extent of that work.” Anderson, 328 U.S. at 687.

                                           10
Wash. State Nurses Ass’n v. Yakima HMA, LLC, No. 97532-9
(Yu, J., dissenting)

      Here, the trial court found that “Yakima Regional failed to keep accurate

records of the hours of work actually performed by the nurses.” CP at 2888.

However, Yakima Regional argues that the nurses’ representative testimony was

insufficient because the damage variance between individuals is unknowable.

Yakima Regional relies on Espenscheid v. DirectSat USA, LLC, which found

representative testimony of 42 members of a class of 2341 technicians who were

paid by job type rather than by hour to be insufficient. 705 F.3d 770, 774 (7th Cir.

2013). However, this case is distinguishable. The court here heard from 9 out of

the 28 nurses, which amounts to 32 percent of the represented members.

Furthermore, the nurses were paid hourly and did similar work for similar lengths

of time. Although they were not paid the same hourly rate, WSNA’s expert

witness created a tool for the court to use that incorporated the nurses’ different

rates of pay. Thus, there was substantial evidence to support the trial court’s

finding that the testimony was sufficiently representative to establish both liability

and damages.

      2.     The court did not err in finding meal break violations

      Yakima Regional further contends that the trial court erred in finding that

meal break violations occurred as a matter of law. The industrial workers act, ch.

49.12 RCW, and the Minimum Wage Act, ch. 49.46 RCW, are remedial statutes

protecting employees’ rights and must be liberally construed. Pellino, 164 Wash.

                                           11
Wash. State Nurses Ass’n v. Yakima HMA, LLC, No. 97532-9
(Yu, J., dissenting)

App. at 684. WAC 296-126-092(1) provides that “[e]mployees shall be allowed a

meal period of at least thirty minutes which commences no less than two hours nor

more than five hours from the beginning of the shift.” This provision imposes a

mandatory obligation on the employer to provide WAC-compliant meal breaks and

to “‘affirmatively promote meaningful break time.’” Chavez v. Our Lady of

Lourdes Hosp., 190 Wash. 2d 507, 518, 415 P.3d 224 (2018) (quoting Lopez

Demetrio v. Sakuma Bros. Farms, 183 Wash. 2d 649, 658, 355 P.3d 258 (2015)). “‘A

workplace culture that encourages employees to skip breaks violates WAC 296-

126-092.’” Id. (quoting Lopez Demetrio, 183 Wn.2d at 658).

      Once a plaintiff establishes evidence of a meal break violation, the employer

can rebut this by showing that no violation occurred or by showing that the

employee intentionally and voluntarily relinquished their right to a break. Brady v.

Autozone Stores, Inc., 188 Wash. 2d 576, 584, 397 P.3d 120 (2017). This voluntary

relinquishment can also be shown through explicit statements, or through

“unequivocal acts or conduct evidencing an intent to waive” the right. Pellino, 164

Wash. App. at 697. “[W]aiver will not be inferred from doubtful or ambiguous

factors.” Id.

      Yakima Regional argues that it complied with WAC 296-126-092 because it

had policies and procedures in place to allow nurses to take uninterrupted meal

periods and report missed meal periods. However, the trial court’s uncontested

                                           12
Wash. State Nurses Ass’n v. Yakima HMA, LLC, No. 97532-9
(Yu, J., dissenting)

findings of fact include the finding that Yakima Regional’s productivity

requirements compelled the nurses to work through their meal breaks and,

“[a]lthough Yakima Regional had in place a procedure for requesting payment for

a missed meal break, Yakima Regional discouraged nurses from using that

procedure.” CP at 2891. Therefore, the fact that Yakima Regional had procedures

in place does not protect the hospital from a finding of meal break violations as a

matter of law because it had not meaningfully promoted those breaks and, more

importantly, it created a culture encouraging the nurses to skip the breaks and not

report.

      Yakima Regional alternatively argues that the nurses waived their meal

breaks. However, it does not provide any evidence of an unequivocal waiver

beyond ambiguous testimony from nurses that reporting the missed meal break was

“out of [their] comfort zone” or that they could not take the break without violating

their professional nursing obligations. Verbatim Tr. of Proceedings (VTP) (Jan.

24, 2018) at 533. Accordingly, the trial court correctly concluded that Yakima

Regional did not comply with WAC 296-126-092 and that it did not meet its

burden to show unequivocal waiver.

      3.     The court did not err in ordering double damages

      Yakima Regional also challenges the award of double damages. RCW

49.52.050(2) makes it illegal to underpay an employee “[w]ilfully and with intent

                                           13
Wash. State Nurses Ass’n v. Yakima HMA, LLC, No. 97532-9
(Yu, J., dissenting)

to deprive the employee of any part of his or her wages.” Pursuant to RCW

49.52.070, the violation of RCW 49.52.050(2) creates civil liability for double

damages. A finding of willfulness may be negated when “‘a “bona fide” dispute

existed between the employer and employee regarding the payment of wages.’”

Wash. State Nurses Ass’n v. Sacred Heart Med. Ctr., 175 Wash. 2d 822, 834, 287

P.3d 516 (2012) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Morgan v. Kingen,

166 Wash. 2d 526, 534, 210 P.3d 995 (2009)). The employer must prove the

existence of a bona fide dispute by demonstrating that it had “a ‘genuine belief’ in

the dispute at the time of the wage violation” and that the “dispute [is] objectively

reasonable—that is, the issue must be ‘fairly debatable.’” Hill v. Garda CL Nw.

Inc., 191 Wash. 2d 553, 562, 424 P.3d 207 (2018) (internal quotation marks omitted)

(quoting Chelan County Deputy Sheriffs’ Ass’n v. County of Chelan, 109 Wash. 2d

282, 301, 745 P.2d 1 (1987); Schilling v. Radio Holdings, Inc., 136 Wash. 2d 152,

161, 961 P.2d 371 (1998)). The subjective, genuine belief component is a question

of fact that we review for substantial evidence, and the objective inquiry “is a legal

question about the reasonableness or frivolousness of an argument that we review

de novo.” Id.

      Substantial evidence supports the finding that there was not a bona fide

dispute at the time of the violations. Despite Yakima Regional claiming that there

was a dispute about the amount of unpaid wages owed because the nurses did not

                                           14
Wash. State Nurses Ass’n v. Yakima HMA, LLC, No. 97532-9
(Yu, J., dissenting)

report their missed hours, the trial court found that Yakima Regional “actually

knew nurses were working hours for which they were not being paid” for the

entirety of the period at issue. CP at 2890. It based this finding on evidence that

the nurses told Yakima Regional that they were working for hours for which they

were not being paid through complaints raised during staff meetings, individual

meetings, exit interviews, and other informal channels. VTP (Jan. 22, 2018) at

132-33; VTP (Jan. 23, 2018) at 507. Yakima Regional cannot use its own failure

to keep accurate records in order to create a bona fide dispute. Thus, the trial court

did not err in awarding double damages.

      4.     Yakima Regional fails to establish bias from the trial court

      Yakima Regional appeals the judge’s evidentiary rulings and trial conduct as

prejudiced. A defendant is entitled to a hearing that is and appears to be fair. In re

Disciplinary Proceeding against King, 168 Wash. 2d 888, 903-04, 232 P.3d 1095

(2010). A proceeding appears to be fair if it would appear fair to “‘a reasonably

prudent and disinterested person.’” Id. at 904 (quoting In re Disciplinary

Proceeding against Haskell, 136 Wash. 2d 300, 314, 962 P.2d 813 (1998)). Judicial

rulings alone almost never constitute a valid showing of bias because there is a

“presumption that a trial judge properly discharged [their] official duties without

bias or prejudice.” In re Pers. Restraint of Davis, 152 Wash. 2d 647, 692, 101 P.3d 1

(2004).

                                           15
Wash. State Nurses Ass’n v. Yakima HMA, LLC, No. 97532-9
(Yu, J., dissenting)

        Yakima Regional alleges bias based on the trial court’s rulings but without

pointing to any specific facts establishing that the trial judge had a personal bias or

any interest in the outcome of the trial. Yakima Regional points only to a

comment about the credibility of a witness’s testimony. However, because this

was a bench trial, the judge’s comment about credibility during his oral ruling was

appropriate. VTP (Feb. 8, 2018) at 1864. Thus, Yakima Regional fails to establish

that the trial court was biased against it.

        5.    WSNA is entitled to prejudgment interest and attorney fees

        WSNA asserts that it is entitled to prejudgment interest and attorney fees.

The trial court said it would have awarded WSNA prejudgment interest if not for

the Court of Appeals decision in Hill v. Garda CL Northwest Inc., 198 Wash. App.

326, 394 P.3d 390 (2017). We have since overruled that decision. Hill, 191

Wash. 2d 553. Accordingly, WSNA is entitled to prejudgment interest and attorney

fees.

        6.    The trial court did not adequately show the method and basis for its
              damages calculations

        Finally, Yakima Regional claims that the trial court erred in entering

findings on damages that do not show the basis or method for its computations. “A

trial court must enter findings showing the basis and method of its computation of

damages.” Shinn v. Thrust IV, Inc., 56 Wash. App. 827, 840, 786 P.2d 285 (1990).

                                              16
Wash. State Nurses Ass’n v. Yakima HMA, LLC, No. 97532-9
(Yu, J., dissenting)

The method and basis of damages computations must give appellate courts enough

information to effectively review the damages award. Id.

      Here, the trial court failed to adequately show the method of its damages

calculation. The court made factual findings regarding the percentages of missed

meal breaks and how many hours worked went unpaid. The court referenced

exhibit 96, which provided an easy-to-use method of damages calculation, but

disavowed actually relying on exhibit 96 to determine the total damages. The

judge later said that exhibit 96 was a helpful and reasonable methodology for

calculating damages, but that he “did not follow [the] methodology in lockstep”

and instead used it to check his calculations to confirm that he was not “wildly out

of the ballpark.” VTP (Apr. 23, 2018) at 1907. The trial court did not provide a

clear description of the method and basis for its damage calculations. On this

issue, I would remand for more specific findings.

                                   CONCLUSION

      The majority opinion erodes the power of associational standing in a way

that is not required by our precedent, encourages employers to fail to keep accurate

records, and does not serve the purposes underlying prudential limitations on

associational standing. I would hold that WSNA has satisfied the requirements for

associational standing. Therefore, I would affirm in part, reverse in part, and

remand for further proceedings. I respectfully dissent.

                                           17
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(Yu, J., dissenting)

                                                ______________________________

                                           18