Court Opinion

ID: 9953425
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-03-22 05:06:22.024328+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:03:17.532176
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

                                                                     UNPUBLISHED
In re LEWIS-SYKES/PETERSON-SYKES, Minors.                            March 21, 2024

                                                                     Nos. 365661; 365663
                                                                     Oakland Circuit Court
                                                                     Family Division
                                                                     LC No. 2020-882017-NA

Before: O’BRIEN, P.J., and BORRELLO and HOOD, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

         In Docket No. 365661, respondent-mother, P. Sykes, appeals as of right the trial court’s
order terminating her parental rights to DLS and DPS under MCL 712A.19b(3)(e), (f), (g), and (j).
In Docket No. 365663, respondent-father, D. Peterson, appeals as of right the same order, which
terminated his parental rights to DPS under the same statutory grounds. Respondents pleaded no
contest to these statutory grounds for termination, but argue that the trial court clearly erred by
finding that termination of their parental rights was in the children’s best interests. Respondent-
father also asserts that he was denied the effective assistance of counsel. For the reasons set forth
in this opinion, we affirm.

                     I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

         Co-petitioners, J. Grasl and H. Grasl, helped start a nonprofit to assist children who had
aged out of the foster care system. They helped purchase and renovate a home intended to provide
semi-independent living for four-boys. H. Grasl was a foster care worker by training and
profession. After the home opened in 2013, respondent-father, then 20 years old, was one of the
first individuals selected to reside in the home. However, after a few months, respondent-father
was asked to leave the home. At that point, in July 2013, petitioners invited respondent-father to
move into their family’s home. Respondent-father lived in petitioners’ home until December 26,
2013, when he moved out. It appears that respondent-father moved into a home with respondent-
mother and her three-year-old son DLS.

       In March 2014, respondent-mother, then 20 years old, gave birth to respondent-father’s
daughter, DPS. At this time, respondents’ relationship was “on and off.” According to petitioners,

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immediately after DPS’s birth, they supported the new parents and assumed the role of
grandparents to the children. When respondent-mother did not have a safe place for the children,
the children frequently stayed for weeks at a time with petitioners. In addition to providing care
for the children, petitioners responded to calls from respondent-mother indicating a need for food,
formula, or diapers.

        According to H. Grasl, in March 2015, she and J. Grasl helped respondents find a house
and furnish it. Petitioners also transported respondents to the grocery store and appointments.
They also took DLS to preschool and would pick up the children to stay with them for long
weekends. H. Grasl testified that in 2016 they even helped respondents plan a wedding when they
indicated that they had reconciled and wanted to get married.

        In February 2017, following an incident of domestic violence between respondents,
petitioners took the children into their home. Later that same weekend, events escalated and
respondent-mother was arrested and spent the remainder of the weekend in jail. Around this time,
H. Grasl was concerned for both respondents and the children. The children reported to H. Grasl
that they were afraid in respondents’ home, that they were being left alone, that they witnessed
fights in the home, and that they observed others staying at the house.

        During the months that followed, the children remained in petitioners’ care. According to
H. Grasl, she and J. Grasl spoke to respondents in April and May 2017 about a limited
guardianship. Both respondents agreed to the suggestion and signed paperwork to create the
guardianship. In May 2017, J. Grasl and H. Grasl petitioned the probate court to be appointed
limited guardians of DLS and DPS. The court denied a limited guardianship, and instead ordered
a full guardianship. Consequently, on July 19, 2017, the probate court appointed petitioners as co-
guardians of the children. The probate court’s court-structured plan that governed the guardianship
granted respondents supervised parenting time and required, among other things, that respondents
obtain and maintain suitable housing and employment, pay reasonable child support to petitioners,
and abstain from alcohol and illegal substances. The probate court apparently amended the court-
structured plan in 2018 to require respondents to also submit to weekly random drug screens,
participate in mental health evaluations, and attend family therapy. In March 2018, the court
suspended respondents’ parenting time for failure to comply with its orders. As a consequence,
respondents last visited the children in March 2018.

        In June 2020, with the probate court’s permission, petitioners moved with the children to
Tennessee. In July 2020, approximately three years into the guardianship, petitioners filed a
petition requesting that the court take jurisdiction over DLS and DPS and terminate respondents’
parental rights to their respective children under MCL 712A.19b(3)(e), (f), (g), and (j).1 The

1
  The petition also sought to terminate the parental rights of JL, DLS’s father. At the time of the
filing of the petition, it had been five years since he had seen his son. JL did not participate in any
of the lower court proceedings. In addition to requesting termination of parental rights under MCL
712A.19b(3)(e), (f), (g), and (j), the petition also sought to terminate JL’s parental rights under
MCL 712A.19b(3)(a)(ii) (desertion).

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petition alleged that respondents had failed, without good cause, to comply with the probate court’s
court-structured plan, failed to provide regular and substantial support for their children for a
period of two years or more before the filing of the petition, and failed to have regular and
substantial contact with the children.

        In August 2021, respondents entered no-contest pleas to jurisdiction and to the alleged
statutory grounds for termination. Records from the probate court proceedings were used to
establish a factual basis for the pleas, including several orders in which the probate court repeatedly
found that respondents were completely noncompliant with the court-structured plan.2

       Following a best-interest hearing, the trial court found that termination of respondents’
parental rights was in the children’s best interests. These appeals followed.

                                           II. ANALYSIS

                                       A. BEST INTERESTS

       Both respondents argue that the trial court clearly erred by finding that termination of their
parental rights was in the children’s best interests.

        “If the court finds that there are grounds for termination of parental rights and that
termination of parental rights is in the child’s best interests, the court shall order termination of the
parental rights and order that additional efforts for reunification of the child with the parent not be
made.” MCL 712A.19b(5). When considering whether termination of parental rights is in a
child’s best interests, a court may consider a variety of factors. In re White, 303 Mich App 701,
713; 846 NW2d 61 (2014). These factors include the bond between the child and the parent, the
parent’s ability to parent the child, the child’s need for permanency and stability, the advantages
of a foster home over the parent’s home, the parent’s compliance with the case service plan, the
parent’s visitation history with the child, the child’s well-being, and the possibility of adoption.
Id. at 713-714. In addition, the trial court should consider the child’s safety and well-being,
including the risk of harm a child might face if returned to the parent’s care. See In re VanDalen,
293 Mich App 120, 142; 809 NW2d 412 (2011). The court may also consider psychological
evaluations, the child’s age, continued involvement in domestic violence, and a parent’s history.
In re Jones, 286 Mich App 126, 131; 777 NW2d 728 (2009).

        “The trial court should weigh all the evidence available to determine the children’s best
interests.” In re White, 303 Mich App at 713. The court’s focus must be on the child and not the
parent. In re Moss, 301 Mich App 76, 87; 836 NW2d 182 (2013). When more than one child is
involved, a trial court must consider each child’s best interests separately, In re Olive/Metts, 297
Mich App 35, 42; 823 NW2d 144 (2012), but a court need not make “individual” and “redundant
factual findings” if the children’s interests do not significantly differ, In re White, 303 Mich App

2
 After the court considered respondents’ no-contest pleas, an adjudication trial was held regarding
father JL. The court found statutory grounds to assume jurisdiction over DLS and found clear and
convincing evidence to terminate JL’s parental rights under MCL 712A.19b(3)(a)(ii), (e), (f), (g),
and (j). JL has not appealed that decision and is not a party to this appeal.

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at 715-716. Whether termination of parental rights is in a child’s best interests must be proven by
a preponderance of the evidence. In re Moss, 301 Mich App at 90. This Court reviews for clear
error a trial court’s finding that termination of parental rights is in a child’s best interests. In re
Jones, 286 Mich App at 129.

        The trial court did not clearly err when it found that termination of respondents’ parental
rights was in the children’s best interests. The evidence established that DLS was 6½ years old
and DPS was 3 years old when petitioners were granted a full guardianship over them in July 2017.
Before the guardianship, while in respondents’ care, the children were exposed to, among other
things, domestic violence, physical neglect, food insecurity, and educational neglect. By the time
the court terminated respondents’ parental rights in February 2023, the children had been in
petitioners’ care for more than five years. During that time, respondents failed to comply with the
court-structured plan. Respondents did not regularly pay child support and they did not
consistently visit their children. With regard to the later transgression, although the court presiding
over the guardianship suspended respondents’ parenting time, it did so because respondents
refused to submit to court-ordered drug screens, failed to attend hearings, and failed to submit to
a psychological evaluation and attend therapy.

         Respondents argue that they could not financially afford to comply with the court’s orders
because they lacked the funds to submit to the ordered drug screens. The record does not support
these assertions. Respondent-father testified that in 2018, he and respondent-mother were living
in a home that they thought they would have an opportunity to buy. They invested $6,000 into
home repairs before discovering that the purchase potential was a scam. They then purchased a
different home in 2019. Because this home was in disrepair, they invested more than $9,000 into
the home to make it livable. Then, between 2019 and 2021, they paid off the $22,000 balance
owed on the land contract. Respondent-father further explained that he did not use any of the
money that they invested in the homes to pay for drug screening because the ultimate goal was to
have a home for the children. According to respondents, this same thought process was why they
never sought to reinstate parenting time. Both respondents testified that they did not file a petition
to reinstate parenting time during the guardianship matter because they did not want to simply just
visit their children. Instead, they wanted to wait until they had secured housing, so they would be
in a better position to terminate the guardianship.

        From this record the trial court was correct to conclude that respondents reasoning for their
actions does not support their claims that they failed to participate in drug screening because they
could not afford it. By pursuing the course they took, respondents intentionally missed
opportunities to spend time with the children and ensure that the parent-child bond remained intact.
Indeed, at the time of termination, it had been almost five years since respondents last saw their
children. Further, their failure to maintain contact with their children caused the children
significant emotional harm. In particular, DPS developed an attachment disorder that was still
being addressed by the children’s therapist. Further, she told others that her parents were dead.
The therapist explained this was a coping mechanism. Respondents’ actions also evidenced an
inability to recognize their children’s overarching needs and then to act accordingly. Further, they
clearly lacked insight into how their actions affected the children’s mental and emotional well-
being.

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        By contrast, the children were placed with petitioners, who were attending to all of their
needs and giving them the opportunity to flourish. Both children were diagnosed with emotional
or mental health disorders. From the outset, petitioners sought out therapists to address the
children’s emotional and mental health needs. Similarly, petitioners insured that the children
regularly attended school. The also provided the children with the opportunity to participate in
extracurricular activities, including sports and summer camps.

        Petitioners were also addressing the children’s special medical needs. DPS exhibited some
orthopedic issues related to her back and legs. She had been referred to a pediatric orthopedic
surgeon, but respondents failed to follow through with this referral. DLS had significant dental
issues related to a lack of care and nutrition as an infant. DLS also suffered from a Vitamin D
deficiency, asthma, high blood sugar, high cholesterol, and a history of lead poisoning. Petitioners
ensured that he was following a diet that would address several of these concerns.

        On this record, it is clear that the home offered by petitioners was preferable to the home
that respondents had provided and would be able to provide in the future. When balancing the
best-interest factors, a court may consider the advantages of a foster home over the parent’s home
and the possibility of adoption. In re Olive/Metts, 297 Mich App at 41-42.

        Several witness, including petitioners, the children’s former guardian ad litem, and their
therapists, all testified that a strong bond existed between petitioners and the children. By contrast,
there was testimony that no bond existed between DPS and respondents and that any bond that had
existed between DLS and respondent-mother had been damaged by the amount of time that had
passed since respondents visited the children. In the event that the trial court terminated
respondents’ parental rights, petitioners wished to adopt both children and provide them with the
permanency and stability they required.

       The children’s needs for permanency and finality is readily apparent from the record.
There was testimony that DPS frequently asked petitioners when they would be her parents. DLS
frequently expressed a desire to have petitioners’ last name. There was also testimony that the
children had clearly and consistently expressed a desire to remain in petitioners’ care and they had
been equally vocal about never returning to respondents’ home.

        The therapist and psychologist from the Court Psychological Clinic also provided
compelling testimony regarding the children’s best interests. The court psychologist testified that
the children had gained a sense of stability and safety in their placement with petitioners, which
they did not have while in respondents’ care, and that this progress had led to a decrease in the
children’s anxiety and maladaptive coping techniques. The psychologist opined that disrupting
the children’s current stability would likely create a significant amount of anxiety for both children
and disrupt their functioning. Ultimately, the psychologist opined that remaining in petitioners’
permanent custody would be in the children’s best interests.

       Similarly, the therapist who treated the children from 2017 until 2020 testified that a strong
bond existed between petitioners and the children, and that the children looked to petitioners to
meet their needs. The therapist testified that removing the children from petitioners’ home would
be extremely detrimental to both children, but especially to DPS, because uprooting the children
would be very traumatic.

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         Considering this record, the trial court did not clearly err when it found that termination of
respondents’ parental rights was in the children’s best interests. At the time of termination, the
children were residing with guardians who had provided a safe and stable home where all of their
needs were being met and would continue to be met. Further, continuing a parent-child
relationship with respondents would have been detrimental to the children’s physical, educational,
and emotional well-being. The trial court properly weighed appropriate factors when considering
all of the children’s best interests. Termination of respondents’ parental rights was the only avenue
by which the children had the possibility of achieving the permanency offered by petitioners.
Accordingly, the trial court did not clearly err when it found that termination of respondents’
parental rights was in the children’s best interests.

        As an additional argument, respondent-mother asserts that the trial court’s best-interest
decision was flawed because it failed to consider continuation of the guardianship as an alternative
to termination of their parental rights.

        Typically, the appointment of a guardian is done in an effort to avoid termination of
parental rights. In re TK, 306 Mich App 698, 705; 859 NW2d 208 (2014). “[T]he appointment of
a guardian is only appropriate after the court has made a finding that the child cannot be safely
returned to the home, yet initiating termination of parental rights is clearly not in the child’s best
interests.” Id. at 707 (citation omitted). But under any circumstance, a trial court may only appoint
a guardian if “it is in the child’s best interests to appoint a guardian.” Id. (citations omitted). A
guardianship may be appropriate when “an ongoing relationship with [the parent]—rather than
termination—is in the children’s best interests.” In re Mason, 486 Mich 142, 169; 782 NW2d 747
(2010).

        Here, the children had already been in a guardianship with petitioners for the preceding
five years and respondents failed to comply with the court-structured plan, something the trial
court obviously knew. The trial court rejected the possibility of continuing the guardianship
because it found more compelling the children’s needs for stability, permanency, and finality.
Moreover, the court psychologist specifically testified that a guardianship would not be in the
children’s best interests because the children had disclosed a desire for permanence and they would
like to know that they were permanently staying with petitioners. From this record, the trial court
properly concluded that continuing the guardianship in lieu of terminating respondents’ rights was
not a viable option.3

3
  Respondent-mother relies on In re Affleck/Kutzleb/Simpson, 505 Mich 858, 935 NW2d 316
(2019), to suggest that the trial court was required to consider guardianship. In that case, our
Supreme Court vacated this Court’s decision and remanded to the trial court in lieu of granting
leave “for reconsideration of whether terminating respondent’s parental rights is in the best
interests of each child.” Id. The Court noted: “Petitioner did not consider recommending a
guardianship for [the minor children] with respondent’s mother because of a purported
departmental policy against recommending guardianship for children under the age of 10. Absent
contrary statutory language, such a generalized policy is inappropriate.” Id. Thus, it was a

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                        B. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL

        As an alternative basis for reversal, respondent-father argues that his counsel was
ineffective for advising him to enter a plea to the existence of statutory grounds for termination of
his parental rights. Specifically, he argues that the evidence presented during the best-interest
hearing failed to support a finding by clear and convincing evidence that statutory grounds for
termination existed.

        This Court applies criminal law principles to claims of ineffective assistance of counsel in
child protective proceedings. In re Martin, 316 Mich App 73, 85; 896 NW2d 452 (2016). The
issue of ineffective assistance of counsel is a mixed question of fact and law. People v Heft, 299
Mich App 69, 80; 829 NW2d 266 (2012). Effective assistance of counsel is presumed and a
defendant bears a heavy burden to prove otherwise. People v Putman, 309 Mich App 240, 248;
870 NW2d 593 (2015). “To establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant
must show both that counsel’s performance was deficient and that counsel’s deficient performance
prejudiced the defense.” People v Riley, 468 Mich 135, 140; 659 NW2d 611 (2003), citing
Strickland v Washington, 466 US 668, 687; 104 S Ct 2052; 80 L Ed 2d 674 (1984); see also People
v Pickens, 446 Mich 298, 302-303; 521 NW2d 797 (1994). “In order to demonstrate that counsel’s
performance was deficient, the defendant must show that it fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness under prevailing professional norms. In so doing, the defendant must overcome a
strong presumption that counsel’s performance constituted sound trial strategy.” Riley, 468 Mich
at 140. Establishing prejudice necessarily requires demonstrating a reasonable probability that the
result of the proceeding would have been different but for counsel’s error. People v Nix, 301 Mich
App 195, 207; 836 NW2d 224 (2013). Further, the defendant bears the burden of establishing the
factual predicate for his claim. Putman, 309 Mich App at 248. Because respondent-father did not
move for a new trial or a Ginther4 hearing in the trial court, and because this Court denied his
motion to remand, our review of respondent-father’s ineffective-assistance claim is limited to
mistakes apparent on the record. See People v Abcumby-Blair, 335 Mich App 210, 227; 966
NW2d 437 (2020); People v Solloway, 316 Mich App 174, 188; 891 NW2d 255 (2016).

         When termination of parental rights is contested, a petitioner has the burden of establishing
at least one of the statutory grounds for termination in MCL 712A.19b(3) by clear and convincing
evidence. In re Trejo, 462 Mich 341, 355; 612 NW2d 407 (2000). In this case, however,
respondent-father pleaded no contest to the existence of statutory grounds for termination under
MCL 712A.19b(3)(e), (f), (g), and (j), which permit termination of parental rights under the
following circumstances:

                 (e) The child has a guardian under the estates and protected individuals
         code, 1998 PA 386, MCL 700.1101 to 700.8206, and the parent has substantially
         failed, without good cause, to comply with a court-structured plan described in
         section 5207 or 5209 of the estates and protected individuals code, 1998 PA 386,

generalized policy against guardianships that was at issue in In re Affleck, and there is nothing in
the record to suggest that any such policy was a factor here.
4
    People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436; 212 NW2d 922 (1973).

                                                 -7-
       MCL 700.5207 and 700.5209, regarding the child to the extent that the
       noncompliance has resulted in a disruption of the parent-child relationship.

              (f) The child has a guardian under the estates and protected individuals
       code, 1998 PA 386, MCL 700.1101 to 700.8206, and both of the following have
       occurred:

                (i) The parent, having the ability to support or assist in supporting the minor,
       has failed or neglected, without good cause, to provide regular and substantial
       support for the minor for a period of 2 years or more before the filing of the petition
       or, if a support order has been entered, has failed to substantially comply with the
       order for a period of 2 years or more before the filing of the petition.

               (ii) The parent, having the ability to visit, contact, or communicate with the
       minor, has regularly and substantially failed or neglected, without good cause, to
       do so for a period of 2 years or more before the filing of the petition.

               (g) The parent, although, in the court's discretion, financially able to do so,
       fails to provide proper care or custody for the child and there is no reasonable
       expectation that the parent will be able to provide proper care and custody within a
       reasonable time considering the child's age.

                                               * * *

               (j) There is a reasonable likelihood, based on the conduct or capacity of the
       child's parent, that the child will be harmed if the child is returned to the home of
       the parent.

        Respondent-father’s reliance on the evidence at the best-interest hearing to support his
argument that there was no factual support for a statutory ground for termination is misplaced.
Because respondents pleaded no contest to the existence of statutory grounds for termination,
petitioners were relieved of their burden of presenting evidence to establish a statutory ground for
termination by clear and convincing evidence. Therefore, even if we were to agree with
respondent-father’s argument that the evidence at the best-interest hearing failed to support a
statutory ground for termination, given that petitioners did not have an obligation to present such
evidence after respondents’ pleas, the absence of such evidence at the best-interest hearing,
standing alone, would not demonstrate that it was objectively unreasonable for counsel to advise
respondent-father to enter a no-contest plea to the statutory grounds for termination. However,
even though the hearing that followed focused on the children’s best interests, there was also an
abundance of evidence demonstrating factual support for the existence of the statutory grounds for
termination.

       Testimony was presented that before the creation of the guardianship, the children, while
in respondents’ care, were exposed to domestic violence, physical discipline, physical and
education neglect, substance abuse, and food insecurity. Then, after the implementation of the
guardianship, respondents failed to comply with the court-structured plan, and during the two years
preceding the filing of the petition, respondents neglected to financially support their children and

                                                 -8-
failed to visit, contact, or communicate with the children. Further, the evidence supported a finding
that there was no good cause for respondents’ omissions. These salient facts support termination
of respondents’ parental rights under MCL 712A.19b(3)(e), (f), (g), and (j). Given the
overwhelming evidence supporting these statutory grounds, we cannot conclude that respondent-
father’s counsel made an unreasonable strategic decision by advising respondent-father to enter a
no-contest plea to the statutory grounds. It was objectively reasonable for respondent-father’s
counsel to decide not to contest the statutory grounds and instead focus on the best interests of the
children. Further, counsel’s trial strategy limited further development of respondent-father’s
shortcoming and omissions. Given the extensive record supporting the plea, there was not a
reasonable probability that a challenge to the statutory grounds would have been successful.
Accordingly, respondent-father’s claim that he was denied the effective assistance of counsel is
without merit.

       Affirmed.

                                                              /s/ Colleen A. O’Brien
                                                              /s/ Stephen L. Borrello
                                                              /s/ Noah P. Hood

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