Court Opinion

ID: 4200350
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-08-31 13:13:03.97508+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:46:55.733986
License: Public Domain

#27946-r-GAS
2017 S.D. 53

                           IN THE SUPREME COURT
                                   OF THE
                          STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA

                                       ****

LOWERY CONSTRUCTION &
CONCRETE, LLC,                                Plaintiff and Appellant,

      v.

OWNERS INSURANCE COMPANY,                     Defendant and Appellee.

                               ****
                  APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF
                    THE SEVENTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT
                  PENNINGTON COUNTY, SOUTH DAKOTA

                                       ****

                     THE HONORABLE WALLY EKLUND
                             Retired Judge
                                 ****

HEATHER M. LAMMERS BOGARD
STEPHEN C. HOFFMAN of
Costello, Porter, Hill, Heisterkamp,
 Bushnell & Carpenter, LLP
Rapid City, South Dakota                      Attorneys for plaintiff and
                                              appellant.

HILARY L. WILLIAMSON
MOLLY K. BECK of
Fuller & Williamson, LLP
Sioux Falls, South Dakota                     Attorneys for defendant and
                                              appellee.

                                       ****

                                              CONSIDERED ON BRIEFS
                                              FEBRUARY 13, 2017
                                              OPINION FILED 08/30/17
#27946

SEVERSON, Justice

[¶1.]        Lowery Construction & Concrete, LLC appeals the circuit court’s

determination that Owners Insurance Company did not have a duty to defend

Lowery in an action filed by homeowners Tony and Stephanie Hague. The circuit

court concluded that coverage was excluded because the damage to the Hagues’

home was caused by Lowery’s defective work. Lowery argues the policy only

excludes the defective work itself, not damage to other nondefective work. We

reverse.

                           Facts and Procedural History

[¶2.]        Around September 28, 2012, the Hagues hired Lowery to serve as the

general contractor in the construction of their new home in Piedmont, South

Dakota. The ranch-style home was built with a basement, which included a

walkout entrance on the north side. The basement walkout exited onto a concrete

patio. Lowery installed drain tile along the perimeter of the home’s foundation but

not along the patio and northeast corner of the home. Lowery substantially

completed construction of the home on August 13, 2013, and then the Hagues

immediately occupied the home.

[¶3.]        On February 24, 2015, the Hagues sued Lowery for breach of contract,

breach of implied warranty, and negligent construction. In their complaint, the

Hagues alleged that prior to moving in, they noticed: cracks forming in the walls,

ceilings, and windows; several doors and windows would not open, and their frames

were cracked; and the basement floor heaved near the walkout entrance. The

Hagues also identified that the patio’s concrete slab had previously heaved and been

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replaced in July 2013, and ultimately, Lowery removed it in November 2013

because it again heaved.

[¶4.]         The Hagues’ theory of liability centered on Lowery’s failure to install

drain tile at one corner of the foundation. According to the Hagues, Lowery and its

subcontractor Geidel Excavation LP determined that installing the missing drain

tile would prevent the patio slab from heaving again. However, once Geidel began

excavating, it became concerned that the house was not level and stopped digging.

The Hagues alleged that the missing drain tile permitted water to reach expanding

soil beneath the home, which caused the heaving and resulting damage.

[¶5.]         Lowery was insured by Owners with commercial general liability

(CGL) and inland marine coverage. In response to the Hagues’ complaint, Lowery

submitted a claim to Owners, which agreed to defend Lowery but reserved the right

to withdraw the defense. Owners defended while Lowery and the Hagues

attempted mediation, which proved unsuccessful. Owners ultimately withdrew its

defense after determining that several policy exclusions applied.

[¶6.]         On December 17, 2015, Lowery filed a declaratory judgment action

against Owners, seeking a declaration that Owners had a duty to defend Lowery.

Lowery also requested attorney fees, 1 alleging Owners’ refusal to provide coverage

for Lowery’s claim was vexatious and without reasonable cause. Lowery filed a

motion for summary judgment, which the circuit court denied. The court

determined that as a matter of law, Owners had no duty to defend Lowery from the

Hagues’ action. Lowery appeals.

1.      Attorney fees are not an issue on appeal.

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                                 Standard of Review

[¶7.]        The interpretation of an insurance contract presents a question of law,

which we review de novo. N. Star Mut. Ins. v. Korzan, 2015 S.D. 97, ¶ 13,

873 N.W.2d 57, 61. Likewise, we review a court’s decision to grant summary

judgment de novo. Highmark Fed. Credit Union v. Hunter, 2012 S.D. 37, ¶ 7,

814 N.W.2d 413, 415. “We view the evidence ‘most favorably to the nonmoving

party and resolve reasonable doubts against the moving party.’” Pitt-Hart v.

Sanford USD Med. Ctr., 2016 S.D. 33, ¶ 6, 878 N.W.2d 406, 409 (quoting Gades v.

Meyer Modernizing Co., 2015 S.D. 42, ¶ 7, 865 N.W.2d 155, 158). However, in

determining whether an insurance company has a duty to defend its insured, we

accept as true facts alleged in the underlying action against the insured. See

Hawkeye-Sec. Ins. Co. v. Clifford ex rel. Clifford, 366 N.W.2d 489, 491-92 (S.D.

1985).

                                Analysis and Decision

[¶8.]        It is important to note that the question in this case is not whether the

policy requires Owners to indemnify Lowery; rather, the question is whether

Owners has a duty to defend Lowery against the Hagues’ action. An insurer’s duty

to defend is distinct from—and broader than—its duty to indemnify.

Hawkeye-Security, 366 N.W.2d at 490. “The duty to defend arises prior to the

completion of litigation, and therefore insurers are required to meet their defense

obligation before the scope of the insured’s liability has been determined.”

14 Steven Plitt et al., Couch on Insurance § 200:3 (3d ed.), Westlaw (database

updated June 2017). Thus, “[i]t is the general rule that the duty of an insurance

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company to defend its insured is to be determined by the allegations of the

complaint or petition in the action brought against the insured.” 2 Hawkeye-

Security, 366 N.W.2d at 491 (quoting U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co. v. Louis A. Roser Co.,

585 F.2d 932, 936 (8th Cir. 1978)). “The burden of showing no duty to defend rests

on the insurer[,]” which “must show the claim clearly falls outside of policy

coverage.” Id. at 492 (emphasis added). If it at least “arguably appears from the

face of the pleadings in the action against the insured that the alleged claim, if true,

falls within policy coverage, the insurer must defend.” Id. at 491. “Under this

position, the duty prevails notwithstanding that ambiguous language reveals other

claims not covered in the policy, and even though extraneous facts indicate the

claim is false, groundless, or even fraudulent.” Id.

[¶9.]         The Hagues’ complaint alleges claims for breach of contract, breach of

implied warranty, and negligent construction based on Lowery’s failure to install

drain tile around the home and patio. The complaint asserts that because Lowery

failed to install a drain tile, water reached expanding soil beneath the home and

caused heaving, damage to the walls, ceiling, windows, etc. Because this case

2.      Although the general rule is to compare the four corners of the underlying
        complaint against the four corners of the insurance policy to determine
        whether a duty to defend exists, some courts “look to [an insurer’s] actual
        knowledge of facts or extrinsic facts” because “[a] modern trend is for insurers
        to conduct a reasonable investigation of the claims prior to making a
        determination on the duty to defend a particular lawsuit.” 14 Steven Plitt et
        al., Couch on Insurance § 200:17 (3d ed.), Westlaw (database updated June
        2017). This could mean, then, that “an insurer has a duty to defend its
        insured in a pending lawsuit where the pleadings do not allege a covered
        occurrence, but the insurer knows or could reasonably ascertain facts
        establishing a reasonable possibility of coverage.” Id. at § 200:22.
        Nonetheless, some courts restrict review to the original complaint, and the
        allegations in the complaint, alone, determine the duty to defend.

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involves a duty to defend, we accept as true the facts alleged in the action and

examine the insurance policy to determine whether Owners owed Lowery a duty to

defend. Hawkeye-Security, 366 N.W.2d at 492.

[¶10.]         This case involves two exclusions in Lowery’s CGL policy; in particular,

exclusions 2(j)(6) and 2(j)(7). Those provisions exclude coverage for

               “[p]roperty damage” to:
               ....
               (6) That particular part of real property on which any insured
               or any contractors or subcontractors working directly or
               indirectly on your behalf are performing operations, if the
               “property damage” arises out of those operations; or
               (7) That particular part of any property that must be restored,
               repaired or replaced because “your work” was incorrectly
               performed on it.
               ....
               Paragraph (7) of this exclusion does not apply to “property
               damage” included in the “products-completed operations
               hazard.”

Under the policy, the phrase property damage includes “physical injury to tangible

property, including all resulting loss of use of that property[,]” as well as “loss of use

of tangible property that is not physically injured.” The policy defines the phrase

your work as “[w]ork or operations performed by you or on your behalf” and

“[m]aterials, parts or equipment furnished in connection with such work or

operations.”

[¶11.]         Lowery argues the phrase that particular part limits application of the

exclusions to work that is itself performed in a defective manner. Under Lowery’s

argument, the exclusions do not apply to otherwise nondefective work that is

nevertheless damaged by another defective component of a larger construction

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project. Owners, in response, argues that Lowery was contractually obligated to

deliver a completed home to the Hagues, and its failure to do so is a contractual

issue—not a coverage issue under a CGL policy. To conclude otherwise, Owners

argues, would treat its CGL policy as a performance bond.

[¶12.]         Our analysis begins with an examination of the language in the

specific policy at issue. Although courts interpreting CGL policies have reached

conflicting conclusions on the implications of that particular part language, those

cases do not alone render the policy in this case to be ambiguous. In fact, in

Swenson v. Auto-Owners Ins. Co., we interpreted this exact contract language and

held that no ambiguity existed. 3 2013 S.D. 38, ¶¶ 21-32, 831 N.W.2d 402, 409-12.

Nevertheless, coverage in each particular case must be determined by the plain

meaning of the language of each specific policy and the scope of coverage as applied

to the unique facts of the case. 4 Quinn v. Farmers Ins. Exch., 2014 S.D. 14, ¶ 16,

3.       Swenson is factually distinguishable and not controlling. In Swenson, the
         contractor used defective materials throughout the home. More importantly,
         unlike Swenson, the present case deals only with the duty to defend.
         Nevertheless, our interpretation of the exact same contract language in
         Swenson aids our interpretation of 2(j)(6) and 2(j)(7) today.

4.       In Am. Fam. Mutual Insurance Company v. Elliot, we said:

         An insurance policy is ambiguous when it “is fairly susceptible to two
         constructions.” Sunshine Ins. Co. v. Sprung, 452 N.W.2d 782, 784 (S.D. 1990)
         (quoting McGriff v. U.S. Fire Ins. Co., 436 N.W.2d 859 (S.D. 1989)).
         Ambiguity in an insurance policy is determined with reference to the policy
         as a whole and the plain meaning and effect of its words. Id. If the language
         of the policy is ambiguous, the policy should be construed liberally in favor of
         the insured and strictly against the insurer. Pete Lien & Sons, Inc. v. First
         Am. Title Ins. Co., 478 N.W.2d 824, 827 (S.D. 1991); Tri-State Ins. Co. v.
         Bollinger, 476 N.W.2d 697, 701 (S.D. 1991); McGriff, 436 N.W.2d at 862. If
         the policy is unambiguous, however, its terms are to be construed according
                                                                    (continued . . .)
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844 N.W.2d 619, 623. Indeed, CGL policies do not all contain the same coverage

language, the same exclusions, or the same endorsements.

[¶13.]       As noted above, exclusion 2(j)(6), in this case, precludes coverage for

physical injury to, or the loss of use of, “[t]hat particular part of real property on

which any insured or any contractors or subcontractors working directly or

indirectly on your behalf are performing operations, if the ‘property damage’ arises

out of those operations[.]” Under the plain and unambiguous language of the policy,

exclusion 2(j)(6), which references “that particular part of real property on which

[the insured] is performing operations,” applies only to “the immediate area

involved in the operations actively being performed at the time of the property

damage[.]” See Scott C. Turner, Insurance Coverage of Construction Disputes

§ 29:7 (2d ed.), Westlaw (database updated June 2017). We agree that “[t]he

exclusion should not apply to property damage to other, non-defective parts of the

insured’s work.” Id.; see also Mid-Continent Cas. Co. v. JHP Dev., Inc., 557 F.3d
207, 213-14 (5th Cir. 2009).

[¶14.]       We turn then to the language of exclusion 2(j)(7). That exclusion

precludes coverage for physical injury to, or the loss of use of, “[t]hat particular part

of any property that must be restored, repaired or replaced because ‘your work’ was

____________________
(. . . continued)
         to their plain and ordinary meaning. Pete Lien & Sons, 478 N.W.2d at 827.
         The terms of an unambiguous insurance policy cannot be enlarged or
         diminished by judicial construction. O’Neill v. Blue Cross, 366 N.W.2d 816,
         818 (S.D. 1985).

523 N.W.2d 100, 102 (S.D. 1994).

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incorrectly performed on it.” (Emphasis added.) This language has been

interpreted to plainly mean “that property damage only to parts of the property that

were themselves the subjects of the defective work is excluded.” JHP Dev., 557 F.3d

at 215; accord Swenson, 2013 S.D. 38, ¶ 28, 831 N.W.2d at 412. To conclude

otherwise would fail to distinguish “the damaged property that was itself the

subject of the defective work from other damaged property that was either the

subject of nondefective work by the insured or that was not worked on by the

insured at all.” JHP Dev., 557 F.3d at 215; Fortney & Weygandt, Inc. v. Am. Mfrs.

Mut. Ins. Co., 595 F.3d 308, 311 (6th Cir. 2010); Mid-Continent Cas. Co. v.

Advantage Med. Elecs., LLC, 196 So. 3d 238, 249 (Ala. 2015); Turner, supra ¶ 13,

§ 32:6.

[¶15.]       The next question, then, is whether the facts alleged by the Hagues in

their complaint against Lowery arguably fall within the above interpretations so

that Owners had a duty to defend Lowery. The Hagues’ complaint alleged that

Lowery’s failure to install drain tile at one corner of the foundation damaged their

home. According to the complaint, Lowery’s failure permitted water to reach

expanding soil below the home, which caused damage to concrete, walls, ceilings,

and windows. The Hagues did not allege that the concrete, walls, ceilings, or

windows were defective themselves (exclusion 2(j)(7)) or that Lowery was presently

working on those areas when the damage occurred (exclusion 2(j)(6)). Therefore,

Owners has not met its burden of establishing that the damage to the Hagues’ home

clearly falls outside policy coverage, see Hawkeye-Security, 366 N.W.2d at 492, and

Owners had a duty to defend Lowery against the Hagues’ action.

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[¶16.]       This does not mean that Owners’ CGL policy is in effect a performance

bond. The purpose of a performance bond is to ensure completion of a contract,

whereas the purpose of a CGL policy is to insure against tort liability. See 9A

Steven Plitt et al., Couch on Insurance § 129:17 (3d ed.), Westlaw (database

updated June 2017). Rather, an insurance contract covers what it covers according

to its terms, and the duty to defend an insured against a third-party complaint is to

be determined by examining the pleadings and the terms of the policy, not extrinsic

evidence of trade customs. See Hawkeye-Security, 366 N.W.2d at 491-92. More

importantly, an insurer has a duty to defend “[i]f even one claim is covered by the

policy[.]” Korzan, 2015 S.D. 97, ¶ 13, 873 N.W.2d at 61.

                                     Conclusion

[¶17.]       We conclude that Owners had a duty to defend Lowery because the

Hagues’ complaint arguably stated a claim covered under Lowery’s CGL policy.

[¶18.]       We reverse.

[¶19.]       GILBERTSON, Chief Justice, and ZINTER and KERN, Justices, and

WILBUR, Retired Justice, concur.

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