Court Opinion

ID: 4686986
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-05-14 16:15:07.543884+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:04:37.677379
License: Public Domain

J-S45027-20

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    LEE RICHARD ENDERLE                        :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 971 EDA 2020

             Appeal from the PCRA Order Entered March 5, 2020,
               in the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County,
             Criminal Division at No(s): CP-15-CR-0002900-2013.

BEFORE: BOWES, J., KUNSELMAN, J., and MURRAY, J.

MEMORANDUM BY KUNSELMAN, J.:                            FILED: MAY 14, 2021

       Lee Richard Enderle appeals pro se from the order denying in part and

granting in part his first petition filed pursuant to the Post Conviction Relief

Act (“PCRA”). 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9541-46. We reverse the PCRA court’s order,

and remand for an evidentiary hearing.

       The pertinent facts and protracted procedural history1 are as follows:

Enderle was charged with multiple sexual offenses following an incident with

his seven-year old neighbor. The trial court appointed a public defender to

represent Enderle, and trial counsel entered her appearance as Enderle’s
____________________________________________

1 Throughout these proceedings, Enderle has been at odds with his appointed
counsel, and has filed multiple pro se motions, at times sending them directly
to the trial court. This has made our review of the certified record difficult.
In the above summary, we highlight only these filings, as well as those filed
by counsel, that are relevant to the issues Enderle raises on appeal.
J-S45027-20

counsel on August 29, 2013. Thereafter, the parties engaged in discovery and

plea negotiations.

       On April 18, 2014, trial counsel filed a habeas corpus petition on

Enderle’s behalf, in which Enderle claimed the evidence presented by the

Commonwealth at his preliminary hearing did not establish a prime face case

as to some of his charges. On May 6, 2014, the Commonwealth filed a motion

to permit the victim to testify by contemporaneous alternative method

pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S.A. section 5985. The trial court scheduled a hearing on

both motions for May 7, 2014.

       At this hearing, the trial court decided that it would first determine the

Commonwealth’s motion.2            The victim’s mother testified about how the

victim’s behavior had changed since the incident, and the trial court

interviewed the victim.3        Considering all of this evidence, the trial court

concluded that if the victim “had to testify in the presence and full view of

____________________________________________

2 Initially, the trial court discussed with the parties a letter it received from
Enderle in which Enderle complained about trial counsel. At that time, Enderle
informed the court of his concerns. Ultimately, he informed the court that,
“at this moment,” he was satisfied being represented by trial counsel. N.T.,
5/7/14, at 74. However, after trial counsel stated that she would not contest
some of the charges, Enderle objected and requested a change of counsel.
Id. at 77-78. The trial court denied this request, but later informed Enderle
“to think long and hard” about proceeding without a lawyer. Id. at 96.

3 The Commonwealth also informed the trial court of the substance of the
victim’s therapist proposed testimony. The Commonwealth had not asked her
to appear given its belief that its motion was unopposed. See N.T., 5/7/14,
at 29-30.

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[Enderle] it would result in her suffering serious emotional distress that would

substantially impair her ability to communicate.” N.T., 5/7/14, at 30. The

trial court then allowed the victim to testify via a contemporaneous alternative

method for the purpose of considering Enderle’s habeas motion.           At the

hearing’s conclusion, the trial court denied Enderle’s motion.

      On June 4, 2014, the trial court held a pre-trial hearing on several

matters, including a pro se “PCRA Ineffective Assistance of Counsel” motion

filed by Enderle, in which he expressed his desire to dismiss trial counsel and

have a different attorney appointed. Following a thorough colloquy by the

trial court, Enderle was permitted to proceed pro se. See N.T., 6/4/14, at 29.

The court and the parties then discussed the possibility of Enderle personally

cross-examining the witness at trial.    The trial court asked the parties to

research the topic and determined the issue would be revisited at trial.

      On July 31, 2014, the court held a pre-trial hearing to determine

whether the victim would be allowed to testify via a contemporaneous

alternative method at trial. At this hearing, the Commonwealth presented the

testimony of the victim’s mother and Kathy O’Connell, a therapist who had

been treating the victim for eight months. Ms. O’Connell testified that the

victim was referred to her for treatment after a psychiatrist diagnosed as

suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder.     See N.T., 7/31/14, at 28.

According to Ms. McConnell, requiring the victim to testify in Enderle’s

presence, or permit him to cross-examine her would act as a “trigger” and

cause her to relive her trauma. See id. at 40-41.

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      After   hearing   this   evidence,   and   hearing   argument    from   the

Commonwealth and pro se argument from Enderle, the trial court concluded:

         I find that their testimony has established that for this victim
         to testify in [Enderle’s] presence, that would result in this
         child victim suffering serious emotional distress, that would
         substantially, impair this child victim’s ability to reasonably
         communicate and the interfering with her ability to
         communicate. Both witnesses felt that she would not be
         able to testify about what she allegedly experienced. If she
         was in front of [Enderle], or if he were allowed to ask
         her questions, she would not be able to reasonably
         communicate.

                                      ***

            So having found the child [victim] will suffer serious
         emotional distress, and that would substantially impair the
         child victim to reasonably communicate, I am granting the
         Commonwealth’s motion for testimony by contemporaneous
         alternative method.

N.T., 7/31/14, at 75-77 (emphasis added).

      The trial court informed Enderle that he “still [had] the right to present

questions to [the victim]. It’s just she will not her your voice.” Id. at 77-78.

The court then appointed prior trial counsel to act as standby counsel, and a

method was determined whereby any questions Enderle wished to ask the

victim would be communicated to standby counsel.           In response, Enderle

persisted that refusing to permit him to cross-examine the victim directly

violated his constitutional rights of confrontation and due process.

      When Enderle’s trial began, he requested that trial counsel represent

him. Trial counsel requested a continuance so that she could further prepare.

The trial court denied this request, and Enderele’s trial began with trial counsel

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and another assistant public defender acting as co-counsel. Following a four-

day trial, a jury convicted him on all of the charges. On March 6, 2015, the

trial court sentenced him to an aggregate term of nine to eighteen years of

imprisonment and a consecutive ten-year probationary term. The trial court

denied Enderle’s timely post-sentence motion.       Although Enderle originally

filed a notice of appeal to this Court, he later discontinued it by order entered

August 5, 2016.

      On April 20, 2017, Enderle filed a timely pro se PCRA petition in which

he raised multiple claims of trial court error, asserted that 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5985

(relating to    testimony by contemporaneous alternative method) was

unconstitutional,   and   claimed   the   Commonwealth     violated   Brady   v.

Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963).        In addition, he claimed trial counsel was

ineffective for: 1) failing to impeach the victim with inconsistent statements;

2) not objecting to testimonial hearsay and videos of forensic interviews by

police; and 3) not objecting to a Commonwealth’s witness reading his police

statement out loud as part of his trial testimony. The PCRA court appointed

counsel.

      On August 18, 2017, PCRA counsel filed a motion to withdraw and “no-

merit” letter pursuant to Commonwealth v. Turner, 544 A.2d 927 (Pa.

1988), and Commonwealth v. Finley, 550 A.2d 213 (Pa. Super. 1988) (en

banc).     Enderle filed a pro se response.   By order entered September 20,

2017, the PCRA court directed PCRA counsel to review Enderle’s response and

then either file an amended petition or a supplemental Turner/Finley letter.

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PCRA counsel filed a second motion to withdraw and supplemental

Turner/Finley letter on October 20, 2017. Thereafter, Enderle filed another

pro se response.

      On November 5, 2018, the PCRA court issued a Pa.R.A.P. 907 notice of

its intent to dismiss Enderle’s PCRA petition without a hearing. Enderle filed

a timely response.

      On April 29, 2019, Enderle filed a pro se supplemental PCRA petition in

which he asserted that his designation as a sexually violent predator (SVP)

was unconstitutional given this Court’s decision in Commonwealth v. Butler,

173 A.3d 1212 (Pa. Super. 2017), reversed 226 A.3d 972 (Pa. 2020). In this

filing, Enderle further contended that his trial counsel was ineffective for

conceding his guilt of some of the charges during her closing argument without

his consent, pursuant to McCoy v. Louisiana, 138 S. Ct. 1500 (2018). Once

again, the PCRA court directed PCRA counsel to review Enderle’s pro se filing

and either file an amended PCRA petition or proceed with his petition to

withdraw and submit another supplemental Turner/Finley letter.

      On July 1, 2019, PCRA counsel filed an amended petition in which

Enderle raised the sole contention that his designation as an SVP constituted

an illegal and unconstitutional sentence. In a footnote, PCRA counsel also

discussed Enderle’s reliance upon McCoy, supra, for the proposition that “a

defendant has a right under the Sixth Amendment of the United States

Constitution to insist that his counsel refrain from admitting his guilt, even if

counsel had a reasonable strategy for doing so.”        See Amended Petition,

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7/1/19, at 7 n.3. According to PCRA counsel, this claim had no merit because

an attorney cannot be declared ineffective for failing to anticipate a change in

the law, and because neither the federal or state supreme court has held that

the McCoy ruling applies retroactively. See id.

       On July 12, 2019, Enderle filed a motion to compel a hearing, in which

he essentially asserted PCRA counsel’s ineffectiveness and his desire to have

a Grazier hearing.4 In a supplemental answer, the Commonwealth conceded

that Enderle’s SVP designation should be vacated and a hearing held for the

sole purpose of issuing the appropriate registration notice. Enderle filed a

response.

       Following a Grazier hearing on October 18, 2019, the PCRA court

permitted PCRA counsel to withdraw and appointed new counsel (“second

PCRA counsel”). On February 18, 2020, second PCRA counsel filed a petition

to withdraw and a Turner/Finley “no-merit” letter. In an order entered March

5, 2020, the PCRA court denied Enderle post-conviction relief.5 Additionally,
____________________________________________

4   Commonwealth v. Grazier, 713 A.2d 81 (Pa. 1998).

5  The PCRA court issued its order denying Enderle’s PCRA petition without
again issuing a Rule 907 notice of its intent to do so. On March 18, 2020,
Enderle filed a document entitled “Nuc [sic] Pro Tunc” in which he noted that
the PCRA court did not issue Rule 907 notice, and reiterated claims regarding
first PCRA counsel. On that same date, Enderle also filed a motion for another
Grazier hearing, as well as a Rule 907 response, in which he asserted that
second PCRA counsel was ineffective for failing to raise four issues in an
amended PCRA. Enderle attached to his response a letter he had sent second
PCRA counsel identifying these issues. Enderle also filed a pro se amended
PCRA petition.
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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upon the agreement of the Commonwealth, the PCRA court granted Enderle’s

amended petition insofar as the court vacated Enderle’s SVP designation and

scheduled a hearing for April 27, 2020. Finally, the PCRA court granted second

PCRA counsel’s request to withdraw. This timely pro se appeal followed. The

PCRA court did not require Pa.R.A.P. 1925 compliance.

       Enderle raises the following five issues on appeal:

          1) Was [second PCRA counsel] ineffective for not raising
             four (4) issues in [Enderle’s PCRA]?

          2) Were both post-sentencing and direct appeal [counsel]
             ineffective for not raising a structural error in [Enderle’s]
             appeal proceeding?

          3) Were both post-sentencing and direct appeal [counsel]
             ineffective for not raising how 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5985 is
             unconstitutional to a [pro se] litigant in [Enderle’s]
             appeal proceeding[?]

          4) Was trial counsel ineffective for conceding guilt upon
             [Enderle] during closing argument, violating A.B.A.
             Model Rule of Professional Conduct 1.2(a) which violated
             [his] autonomy rights and denied [Enderle] a fair trial
             under [the federal and state constitutions]?

          5) Did the trial court [err] by forcing [Enderle] to trial
             without the effective aid and assistance of counsel?

Enderle’s Brief at unnumbered 7 (excess capitalization and citations to brief

omitted).

____________________________________________

        By order entered April 29, 2020, the PCRA court issued Rule 907 notice
of its intent to dismiss Enderle’s amended petition as an untimely second PCRA
petition. In addition, the PCRA court denied Enderle’s additional filings.

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      Our scope and standard of review is well settled:

         In PCRA appeals, our scope of review is limited to the
         findings of the PCRA court and the evidence on the record
         of the PCRA court's hearing, viewed in the light most
         favorable to the prevailing party. Because most PCRA
         appeals involve questions of fact and law, we employ a
         mixed standard of review. We defer to the PCRA court's
         factual findings and credibility determinations supported by
         the record. In contrast, we review the PCRA court's legal
         conclusions de novo.

Commonwealth v. Reyes-Rodriguez, 111 A.3d 775, 779 (Pa. Super. 2015)

(citations omitted).

         The PCRA court has discretion to dismiss a petition without
         a hearing when the court is satisfied that there are no
         genuine issues concerning any material fact, the defendant
         is not entitled to post-conviction collateral relief, and no
         legitimate purpose would be served by further proceedings.
         To obtain a reversal of a PCRA court’s decision to dismiss a
         petition without a hearing, an appellant must show that he
         raised a genuine issue of material fact which, if resolved in
         his favor, would have entitled him to relief, or that the court
         otherwise abused its discretion in denying a hearing.

Commonwealth v. Blakeney, 108 A.3d 739, 750 (Pa. 2014) (citations

omitted).

      To be eligible for relief pursuant to the PCRA, a petitioner must establish,

inter alia, that his conviction or sentence resulted from one or more of the

enumerated errors or defects found in 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9543(a)(2). In his first

four issues, Enderle raises claims involving the ineffective assistance of

counsel. To obtain relief under the PCRA premised on a claim that counsel

was ineffective, a petitioner must establish by a preponderance of the

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evidence that counsel’s ineffectiveness so undermined the truth determining

process that no reliable adjudication of guilt or innocence could have taken

place.     Commonwealth v. Johnson, 966 A.2d 523, 532 (Pa. 2009).

“Generally, counsel’s performance is presumed to be constitutionally

adequate, and counsel will only be deemed ineffective upon a sufficient

showing by the petitioner.” Id. This requires the petitioner to demonstrate

that:     (1) the underlying claim is of arguable merit; (2) counsel had no

reasonable strategic basis for his or her action or inaction; and (3) petitioner

was prejudiced by counsel's act or omission. Id. at 533.      A finding of

"prejudice" requires the petitioner to show "that there is a reasonable

probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the

proceeding would have been different." Id. A failure to satisfy any prong of

the     test   for   ineffectiveness   will   require   rejection   of   the   claim.

Commonwealth v. Martin, 5 A.3d 177, 183 (Pa. 2010).

         Central to Enderle’s first three claims of ineffectiveness of counsel, is

the assertion that prior counsel, including second PCRA counsel, were

ineffective for failing to raise and/or preserve his assertion that refusing to

permit him to cross-examine the victim at trial violated his constitutional

rights of confrontation, as well as challenging as unconstitutional 42 Pa.C.S.A.

section 5985 when applied to a pro se litigant. As to second PCRA counsel’s

ineffectiveness, we note that Enderle arguably preserved this claim below.

See n.5, supra. Regarding post-sentence and direct appeal counsel, Enderle

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has not properly raised a layered claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.

See generally, Commonwealth v. McGill, 832 A.2d 1014 (Pa. 2003).

      Nevertheless, we conclude that Enderle has failed to establish that either

of his substantive claims are of arguable merit.

      Enderle asserts his right to confrontation and due process was violated.

In Commonwealth v. Tighe, 184 A.3d 560 (Pa. Super. 2018), the defendant

represented himself at trial and was found guilty of various sex offenses

perpetuated against a fifteen-year-old victim. As was proposed in this case,

the trial court required standby counsel to cross-examine the victim and ask

her all questions on Tighe’s behalf by using written questions prepared in

advance by Tighe prior to cross-examination.

      Among the multiple issues he raised in a counseled appeal, Tighe

asserted that the trial court violated his Sixth Amendment under both the

United States Constitution and Article I, Section 9 of the Pennsylvania

Constitution by refusing to allow him to personally cross-examine the victim.

This Court recognized the constitutional right at issue as the right of self-

representation:

          Succinctly stated, [Tighe] argues that the right to
         represent himself necessarily includes the right to act as
         attorney for all purposes, and cannot be limited. [Tighe]
         also notes that requiring [standby] counsel to ask the
         questions amounts to hybrid representation, which is
         impermissible.

Tighe, 184 A.3d at 566.

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      Before addressing Tighe’s substantive claim, this Court noted that

“[Tighe] explicitly distance[d] himself from the analysis offered by the

Commonwealth and the trial court, which focused on the Sixth Amendment

right of confrontation.” Id.   Nevertheless, because “other jurisdictions that

have considered this issue has drawn parallels to that right, we begin our

analysis there.” Id.

      This Court then discussed thoroughly federal decisions stating that the

constitutional right to confrontation is not absolute and discussing limitations

that could be placed on that right.    In particular, we discussed the United

States Supreme Court in Maryland v. Craig, 497 U.S. 836 (1990):

            Craig determined that a “State’s interest in the
            physical and psychological well-being of child abuse
            victims may be sufficiently important to outweigh, at
            least in some cases, a defendant’s right to face his or
            her accusers in court.” [Craig, 497 U.S. at 853].
            Simultaneously, the Court required “an adequate
            showing of necessity” to justify the use of the
            procedure, which “of necessity must of course be a
            case-specific one[.]” Id. at 855[.] The mere fact that
            face-to-face confrontation is generically traumatic and
            unpleasant was not sufficient. As to the second
            component, that the reliability of the testimony is
            otherwise assured, the Court determined that the
            [Maryland statute at issue] protected

               all of the other elements of the confrontation
               right: The child witness must be competent to
               testify and must testify under oath; the
               defendant     retains  full  opportunity    for
               contemporaneous cross-examination; and the
               judge, jury, and defendant are able to view
               (albeit by video monitor) the demeanor (and
               body) of the witness as he or she testifies.
               Although we are mindful of the many subtle

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                  effects face-to-face confrontation may have on
                  an adversary criminal proceeding, the presence
                  of these other elements of confrontation—oath,
                  cross-examination and observation of the
                  witness’ demeanor—adequately ensures that
                  the testimony is both reliable and subject to
                  rigorous adversarial testing in a manner
                  functionally equivalent to that accorded live, in-
                  person testimony.
Id. at 851[.]

Tighe, 184 A.3d at 567-68 (footnote omitted).

       In Tighe, this Court recognized that Craig was a case involving the

confrontation clause and did not address the right to self-representation. We

then discussed Fields v. Murray, 49 F.3d 1024 (4th Cir. 1995) (en banc), in

which the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit “held that a

court could properly prevent a pro se defendant from cross-examining the

child victims where the defendant conceded that the motivation for

representing himself was to cross-examine the victims.” Tighe, 184 A.3d at

568.    This Court then cited Fields’ reasoning that “[i]f a defendant’s

Confrontation Clause right can be limited in the manner provided in Craig, we

have little doubt that a defendant’s self-representation right can be similarly

limited.” Id. We then quoted the following from Fields:

            Fields’ self-representation right could have been properly
            restricted by preventing him from cross-examining
            personally some of the witnesses against him, which is one
            “element” of the self-representation right, if, first, the
            purposes of the self-representation would have otherwise
            been assured and, second, the denial of such personal
            cross-examination was necessary to further an important
            public policy.

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Id.

      In Tighe, this Court further recognized that the Fields court “noted that

the purpose of self-representation was ‘to allow the defendant to affirm [his]

dignity and autonomy’ and to present what he believes is his best possible

defense.” Tighe, 184 A.3d at 568 (quoting Fields, 49 F.3d at 1035). As we

explained, however:

         [Fields] recognized that the defendant’s dignity and
         autonomy were obviously limited by preventing personal
         cross-examination, thus affecting the jury’s perception that
         he was representing himself.          However, the court
         determined that this restriction only “reduced slightly” his
         ability to present a chosen defense. That ability was

            otherwise assured because he could have personally
            presented his defense in every other portion of the
            trial and could have controlled the cross-examination
            by specifying the questions to be asked. As a result,
            we are convinced that the purposes of the self-
            representation right were better “otherwise assured”
            here, despite the denial of personal cross-
            examination, than was the purpose of the
            Confrontation Clause right in Craig when the
            defendant was denied face-to-face confrontation with
            the witnesses.
Id. at 1035-36.

Tighe, 184 A.3d at 568-69.

      In Tighe, we further noted that, in “[a]ddressing the second aspect of

Craig, the State’s interest, the court determined that since Craig held that

the interest in the physical and psychological well-being of child abuse victims

could outweigh the right to face-to-face confrontation, it followed that the

right to self-representation could be limited for the same reason. Id. at 569.

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      After discussing the above holdings, this Court in Tighe again noted

that, because Tighe did not claim a deprivation of his Confrontation Clause

rights, the only question to be addressed was “whether the principle

announced in Craig, which permitted a procedure that limited the

Confrontation Clause rights due to the countervailing interests of the victim

when the procedure otherwise preserved the reliability of the cross-

examination, should be adopted in this Commonwealth as a permissible

restriction on the right of self-representation.” Tighe, 184 A.3d at 569.

      This Court answered this question in the affirmative. After discussing

and rejecting arguments from case law relied upon by Tighe, this Court

concluded:

         We are persuaded by the analysis set forth in Fields that, if
         the constitutional right of confrontation can be limited on
         the basis of emotional trauma to the victim, then it follows
         that the same State interest serves to justify the restriction
         at issue. Indeed, the fact that Craig permitted a limitation
         of actual face-to-face confrontation suggests that the lesser
         intrusion herein, where [the victim] was subjected to [cross-
         examination by standby counsel, while in the same
         courtroom as Tighe,] is permissible. Additionally, we find
         that this intrusion did not affect the jury’s perception that
         [Tighe] was representing himself[.] With the exception of
         this one witness, [Tighe] cross-examined all other
         witnesses, made opening and closing statements, and
         otherwise presented his own defense according to his
         wishes.

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Tighe, 184 A.3d at 571 (footnote omitted). Because this Court determined

that Tighe’s constitutional rights were not violated, we held that the trial court

did not err in preventing him from personally cross-examining the victim.6

       Here, by contrast, Enderle chose to have trial counsel represent him,

and trial counsel and co-counsel always represented him prior to the jury’s

verdicts.   Enderle challenges the denial of his ability to cross-examine the

victim as violative of both his confrontation rights and his right to self-

representation.      Unlike the facts of Tighe, however, there exists ample

evidence in the certified record to support the trial court’s ruling that the

seven-year-old victim suffered from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder following

the incident such that permitting Enderle to personally cross-examine the

victim would cause further emotional trauma to her. Thus, the facts of this

case present even a stronger basis to affirm the proposed limitations placed

upon Enderle’s pro se right to confront and cross-examine the victim.

       Moreover, since the same method would have been used had Enderle

chose to represent himself at trial, his right to self-representation was not

violated. Tighe, supra. Unlike the situation in Enderle’s trial, the fifteen-

____________________________________________

6 Our Supreme Court granted allowance of appeal in Tighe, and, in a plurality
decision, affirmed, albeit on an alternative basis—that no constitutional
violation occurred because Tighe forfeited his right to personally cross-
examine the victim after he willfully violated his bail conditions by contacting
her prior to trial and imploring her not to pursue his prosecution of sex
offenses he committed upon her. Commonwealth v. Tighe, 224 A.3d 1268,
1280-82 (Pa. 2020).

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year-old victim in Tighe did not testify via an alternative contemporaneous

method. Nevertheless, given the discussion of the right to confrontation and

self-representation by this Court in Tighe, supra, Enderle’s related claim of

ineffectiveness regarding the unconstitutional application of 42 Pa.C.S.A.

section 5985 to a pro se litigant is also is without merit.    Thus, Enderele’s

first three issues fail.

      In his fourth issue, Enderle asserts that trial counsel was ineffective for

conceding his guilt during her closing argument. Although Enderle raised this

issue in his supplemental PCRA motion, both his second PCRA counsel, and

the first attorney who filed two Turner/Finley letters previously, see infra,

concluded that this claim lacked merit because the case Enderle relied upon

to support his claim, McCoy v. Louisiana, 138 S. Ct. 1500 (2018), was

decided after his jury trial. The PCRA lawyers believed trial counsel could not

be found ineffective for failing to anticipate a change in the law. In addition,

both attorneys asserted that neither the federal nor state supreme court have

applied McCoy retroactively.    The Commonwealth and the PCRA court reach

the same conclusion.

      We disagree. As explained more fully below, McCoy did not constitute

a change in the law, and Enderle had raised his claim of ineffectiveness

regarding a violation of his right to autonomy in a timely PCRA petition. Thus,

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we address the merits of the claim. See generally Commonwealth v. Ruiz,

131 A.3d 54 (Pa. Super. 2015).7

       In McCoy, supra, the United States Supreme Court held that under the

Sixth Amendment, a defendant has a right to insist that his counsel refrain

from conceding guilt during the guilt phase of a capital trial, even when the

attorney reasonably believes the concession is an essential part of a strategy

to avoid the death penalty. McCoy, 138 S. Ct. at 1509. The McCoy court also

determined that allowing a defendant’s attorney to proceed with that strategy

over his client’s objections was a structural error on the part of the trial court

that entitled McCoy to a new trial and did not necessitate a finding of

prejudice. Id. at 1511.

       Moreover, the McCoy decision did not constitute a change in the law.

As our Supreme Court has stated:

          [O]nly a criminal defendant has the authority to concede
          criminal liability and authorize counsel to present a defense
          of diminished capacity. Counsel cannot do so over the
          objections of a client who maintains his innocence.
          Commonwealth v. Weaver, ___ Pa. ___, 457 A.2d 505,
          506-7 (1983) (holding that even if diminished capacity was
          the only viable defense, trial counsel would be deemed
          ineffective for presenting this defense without consent of the
          defendant).

____________________________________________

7  We reject the Commonwealth’s claim that Enderle has waived this issue
because he never raised this issue with the PCRA court during his PCRA
proceedings. As summarized above, however, Enderle did raise the issue, but
both PCRA counsel found it to be without merit. Additionally, we note that the
PCRA court addressed the issue. Given these circumstances, we decline to
find waiver.

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Commonwealth v. Weiss, 81 A.3d 767, 798 (Pa. 2013). Further, a recent

panel of this Court explained:

          [A] defendant’s “secured autonomy” under the Sixth
          Amendment is not a “new” constitutional right. See, e.g.,
          Florida v. Nixon, [543 U.S. 175 (2004)] (recognizing
          defendant’s ultimate authority to decide whether to plead
          guilty, waive jury trial, testify in his own defense, or take
          appeal); Faretta v. California, [422 U.S. 806 (1975)]
          (explaining Sixth Amendment grants to accused personally
          right to make his own defense; Sixth Amendment speaks of
          “assistance” of counsel; “assistant,” however expert, is still
          assistant). McCoy simply applied a defendant’s well-rooted
          Sixth Amendment right to autonomy to a new set of
          circumstances.

Commonwealth v. Hoffman, 2020 WL 200838 at *2 (Pa. Super. 2020)

(unpublished memorandum).8

       Finally, because a concession of guilt by counsel over a defendant’s

objection constitutes “structural error,” Enderle’s issue poses a pure question

of law, to which we apply a de novo standard of review. See Commonwealth

v. Tejada, 188 A.3d 1288, 1292-93 (Pa. Super. 2018).

       Here, Enderle did not testify at trial. Our review of his multiple filings

in this case establishes that Enderle has consistently maintained his innocence

of all the charges, and at no time authorized trial counsel to concede

otherwise. In her closing argument, however, trial counsel stated:

____________________________________________

8See Operating Procedures of the Superior Court, § 65.37B (providing “[n]on-
precedential decisions filed after May 1, 2019, may be cited for their
persuasive value).

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             At the beginning of this case, I also told you that Mr.
          Enderle was innocent unless the prosecution proves beyond
          a reasonable doubt that he is not, and that was true. And
          what I will say to you now is I believe the Commonwealth
          has met their burden on some of these charges, but
          certainly not all of the charges.

N.T., 8/7/14, at 74. A violation of Enderle’s “secured autonomy” under the

Sixth Amendment could not be clearer.

       Thus, we conclude that Enderle has raised a material issue of fact—

whether he consented to trial counsel’s concession of guilt to some of the

charges the Commonwealth filed against him. Because resolution of this fact

involves a credibility assessment, and the PCRA court dismissed the claim

without a hearing, we remand this matter so that the PCRA court can hold an

evidentiary hearing, as to only this issue, after which it can make the required

factual and credibility determinations, and grant post-conviction relief if

appropriate.    See Commonwealth v. Shaw, No. 21 MAP 2020, at 15-16

(Pa., March 25, 2021) (reversing this Court’s grant of a new trial based upon

a meritorious post-conviction issue, and remanding to the PCRA court as the

proper “forum for the evidentiary and factual development” of the claim).9

The PCRA court shall appoint new counsel for Enderle.

       Order reversed. Case remanded for proceedings consistent with this

memorandum. Jurisdiction relinquished.

____________________________________________

9Given this disposition we need not address Enderle’s fifth issue, in which he
essentially reiterates his claim regarding trial counsel conceding his guilt to
some of the charges.

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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 5/14/21

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