Court Opinion

ID: 4392092
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-04-30 16:03:57.346899+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:26:53.220594
License: Public Domain

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),                                           FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
                                                                          Apr 30 2019, 10:26 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of establishing                                     CLERK
                                                                           Indiana Supreme Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral                                       Court of Appeals
                                                                                and Tax Court

estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                                   ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
F.B. (MOTHER)                                             Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Jennifer A. Joas                                          Attorney General of Indiana
Madison, Indiana                                          Katherine A. Cornelius
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                                   Deputy Attorney General
J.B. (FATHER)                                             Robert J. Henke
R. Patrick Magrath                                        Deputy Attorney General
Madison, Indiana                                          Indianapolis, Indiana

                                            IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

In the Matter of the Termination                          April 30, 2019
of the Parent-Child Relationship                          Court of Appeals Case No.
of K.N.B. (Minor Child),                                  18A-JT-2567
and                                                       Appeal from the Dearborn Circuit
                                                          Court
F.B. (Mother) and J.B. (Father),                          The Honorable James D.
Appellant-Respondents,                                    Humphrey, Judge
                                                          Trial Court Cause No.
        v.                                                15C01-1802-JT-0011
                                                          15C01-1804-GU-21
The Indiana Department of
Child Services,
Appellee-Petitioner.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-2567 | April 30, 2019                     Page 1 of 24
      Tavitas, Judge.

                                                    Case Summary

[1]   F.B. (“Mother”) and J.B. (“Father”) appeal the termination of their parental

      rights to K.N.B. (the “Child”). We affirm.

                                                          Issues

[2]   Mother and Father, collectively 1, raise three issues on appeal, which we restate

      as:

                 I.       Whether the trial court erred in finding termination of
                          parental rights was in the Child’s best interests.

                 II.      Whether the trial court erred in finding the conditions
                          which resulted in removal of the child had not been
                          remedied.

                 III.     Whether the trial court abused its discretion in denying the
                          petition for guardianship.

                                                           Facts

[3]   The Child was born in February 2007 to Mother and Father. The Child is the

      youngest of Mother’s three children; however, Father is not the father of

      Mother’s other two children. According to Mother, the Indiana Department of

      1
          Mother and Father have filed separate briefs in support of their arguments.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-2567 | April 30, 2019    Page 2 of 24
      Child Services (“DCS”) only sought to terminate Mother’s parental rights as to

      the Child and not Mother’s other two children. 2

[4]   DCS became involved in the Child’s life after learning of Mother’s and Father’s

      methamphetamine use, and the Child was removed from Mother and Father in

      December 2016. Subsequently, DCS filed a petition alleging the Child was a

      Child in Need of Services (“CHINS”) in January 2017. The petition alleged:

                 a. Mother has substance abuse issues and on January 6, 2017, she
                 tested positive for methamphetamine on a drug screen
                 administered by DCS.

                 b. Due to mother’s substance abuse issues she cannot properly
                 care for and supervise the child.

                 c. Father knew or should have known of mother’s substance
                 abuse issues and allows mother to have unsupervised contact
                 with the child.

      Petitioner’s Ex. 1. 3 The trial court adjudicated the Child a CHINS on March 6,

      2017, removed the Child from Mother and Father, and granted wardship to

      DCS.

[5]   The trial court entered a dispositional order requiring that Mother and Father,

      among other things: (1) participate in programs that are recommended by the

      2
          Mother’s other two children did not live with Mother at the time of the termination hearing.
      3
        Although the CHINS petition did not discuss Father’s drug use, the record before us and Father’s brief
      includes evidence that Father also struggled with drug use.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-2567 | April 30, 2019                     Page 3 of 24
      family case manager (“FCM”); (2) maintain “suitable, safe and stable housing”

      for the Child; (3) not “use, consume, manufacture, trade, distribute or sell any

      illegal controlled substances”; (4) complete a parenting assessment and

      complete all recommendations developed as a result of the assessment; (5)

      complete a substance abuse assessment and complete all recommendations

      developed as a result of the assessment; (6) submit to random drug screens; (7)

      attend all schedule visitations with the Child; and (8) follow all terms of

      probation. Petitioner’s Ex. 4.

[6]   Mary Wring, a therapist with Community Mental Health Center (“CMHC”)

      served as Mother’s mental health therapist for approximately six months.

      Wring only completed eight sessions with Mother; however, Mother was

      scheduled to meet with Wring weekly for those six months. Wring testified that

      Mother denied her substance abuse issues.

[7]   Alec Dalton, a therapist with CMHC, worked with Father at the individual

      outpatient program (“IOP”). Dalton testified that, while Father completed the

      group portion of the program, Father did not complete his additional individual

      counseling. He appeared for one session, but he failed to appear for his

      subsequent appointments in November 2017. 4

      4
        Father disputes that this additional individual counseling was required. See Father’s Br. p. 18. Dalton
      testified, however, that Father was contacted after his first missed appointment, and a staff member of the
      IOP called and re-scheduled a second appointment with Father, which Father did not attend. Dalton also
      testified that he notified Father about the additional individual counseling when Dalton “spoke to [Father]
      face to face in [the] one-on-one session on October 26th. . . .” Tr. Vol. I p. 24.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-2567 | April 30, 2019                   Page 4 of 24
[8]   On January 20, 2018, Officer Jonathon Kolb with the Aurora Police

      Department attempted to locate Father at his mother’s house because Father

      had two active arrest warrants. When the officers arrived to arrest Father, they

      observed scales, baggies, and an orange syringe cap in what appeared to be

      Father’s room. Father then cooperated and helped police locate syringes,

      additional baggies with a crystal-like substance that officers believed to be

      methamphetamine, and a green bottle cap with a tan substance officers believed

      to be heroin. As officers were collecting evidence, Father ran away from the

      officers. After the officers located Father and transported him to jail, the jail

      staff found additional items inside Father’s pants, including a tablet of

      buprenorphine, an additional crystal-like substance believed to be

      methamphetamine, and a tan substance believed to be heroin. At the time of

      the termination hearing, Father’s charges for possession of these items were

      pending. 5

[9]   On February 28, 2018, DCS filed a petition to terminate the parents’ parental

      rights to the Child. On May 14, 2018, Donald and Debra Campbell filed a

      motion to intervene regarding guardianship, which the trial court granted.

      Mother and Father both consented to the Campbells’ request for appointment

      of guardianship.

      5
        Relatedly, during the underlying CHINS proceeding, the Child was placed with the Father’s mother, but
      was ultimately removed because the Father’s mother tested positive for methamphetamine. The Father’s
      mother also, during the January 2018 incident, precluded the officers from further investigation without a
      search warrant after the officers located Father.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-2567 | April 30, 2019                   Page 5 of 24
[10]   The trial court held a hearing on the termination petition over several days,

       including April 11, May 15, May 23, July 18, and August 21, 2018. During the

       May 15, 2018, and May 23, 2018, portion of the termination hearing, the trial

       court focused on the guardianship petition filed by the Campbells.

[11]   Debra testified that, although the Campbells are not related by blood to the

       Child, the Campbells have “kind of been like grandparents to [the Child] for –

       since she was about one (1) year old. . . .” Tr. Vol. I p. 39. The Campbells’ son

       is engaged to be married to the Child’s aunt; 6 and they have been in a

       relationship for eleven years, with two children together. Debra testified about

       the friendship between her grandchildren and the Child and testified that the

       Child typically visits the Campbells on her breaks from school. Debra testified

       that she would be financially able to support the Child, and because she and

       Donald are retired, they would be able to supervise the Child.

[12]   Debra also testified that, if she and Donald were granted guardianship, they

       would try to keep the Child close with the Child’s siblings. Debra’s son and the

       Child’s aunt have lived on the Campbells’ property; however, at the time of the

       hearing, the Child’s aunt was incarcerated. Debra testified that the Child’s aunt

       would be living on the Campbells’ property “if she can come home and not use

       anymore.” 7 Id. at 52. Both Mother and Father consented to the guardianship

       6
        At the time of a subsequent hearing in August, Father testified that he believed the Campbells’ son and the
       Child’s aunt were “going through a breakup.” Tr. Vol. I p. 201.
       7
         After Debra’s testimony, the Campbells’ attorney reviewed the child’s aunt’s records, and stated that the
       reason the Child’s aunt was incarcerated was due to “just a probation violation, . . . where she failed to

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-2567 | April 30, 2019                    Page 6 of 24
       by the Campbells and testified that they wanted the Campbells to be granted

       guardianship.

[13]   FCM Paige Cruey, testified that DCS’s policy regarding finding an appropriate

       family for a child is to first look at “appropriate family members” and if none

       are “within the appropriate distance or have the appropriate background,” 8

       DCS will look elsewhere “as in foster parents.” Id. at 77. Cruey’s

       understanding of the term “family” was “blood relatives.” Id. When asked

       DCS’s position on the Campbell’s guardianship position, Cruey stated,

       “[DCS’s] proposed permanency plan is adoption. I can’t make

       recommendations at this time on that other than that our proposed permanency

       plan is adoption. If the Campbells were willing to do adoption, then that’s

       something we could look at or have a viewpoint on.” 9 Id. at 78.

[14]   Cruey also testified that the Child would likely be affected if the Child was not

       allowed to see her family, but stated that the Child “is still seeing her [siblings]

       through her current foster placement.” Id. at 84. The guardian ad litem

       (“GAL”), Patricia Coghill, stated that the Child considers the Campbells to be

       maintain employment and not attending counseling.” Tr. Vol. I p. 69. The underlying offense, according to
       the Campbells’ attorney, was a 2015 conviction for possession of a narcotic drug, a Level 6 felony.
       8
           The FCM did not have any concerns regarding the Child’s safety with the Campbells.
       9
         The petition for termination states that, on December 21, 2017, the permanency plan changed to
       reunification, adoption, and guardianship. That same petition, however, listed the satisfactory plan as
       adoption.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-2567 | April 30, 2019                    Page 7 of 24
       her grandparents. Coghill’s understanding was that the last school break the

       Child spent with the Campbells was Christmas 2016.

[15]   At the end of the hearing on the guardianship petition, the trial court took the

       petition under advisement. The trial court denied the Campbells’ petition for

       guardianship on June 20, 2018, concluding “that insufficient evidence has been

       presented to show sufficient contacts in the relationship between the child and

       the [Campbells] in order to grant the guardianship petition at this time.”

       Mother’s App. Vol. II p. 73. 10

[16]   Returning to July 18, 2018, evidence on the termination petition continued.

       Cruey testified that the Child had been removed from her parents for

       approximately nineteen months and that the conditions that led to the Child’s

       removal from the parents had not been remedied. Cruey also testified that, at

       no time in her handling of the case, did she ever recommend placement of the

       Child with either parent due to parents’ continued non-compliance 11 with

       services and parent’s continued methamphetamine use. Cruey testified that

       services for Mother ended when Mother “stated to [DCS] she no longer wanted

       to comply with the services.” Tr. Vol. I p. 109. Cruey also testified that

       10
          The Campbells later filed a “Motion for Hearing on Renewal of Appointment of Guardian,” which the
       trial court granted on July 16, 2018. Mother’s App. Vol. II p. 74. The trial court again denied the
       guardianship petition on September 21, 2018, finding “the lack of relationship and lack of consistent contact
       over the years make the granting of [the Campbells’] guardianship to not be in the child’s best interest. Id. at
       76 (emphasis supplied).
       11
            Cruey later testified that Mother and Father were “[s]omewhat compliant” with services. Tr. Vol. I p. 108.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-2567 | April 30, 2019                      Page 8 of 24
       Mother tested positive for methamphetamine on October 5, 2017, October 10,

       2017, and October 18, 2017. 12

[17]   Cruey testified that Mother was offered “home-based case work, CMHC

       services such as individual counseling for substance abuse, as well as parenting

       classes and random drug screens.” Id. at 108. For Father, Cruey testified that

       he was offered “home-based case work[,] . . . parenting classes, random drug

       screens, individual counseling and IOP at CMHC.” Id. Cruey testified that

       Mother had supervised visits with the Child but that Mother did not attend all

       the visits. Id. at 113. Cruey also stated that Mother was held in contempt of

       court during the CHINS proceeding for not complying with services. 13

[18]   As to Father, Cruey testified that he was not compliant at the beginning of his

       home-based case work but that Father was more compliant towards the end of

       services. Father did complete his parenting education classes. Cruey also

       testified that Father was incarcerated twice during the CHINS proceeding and

       that he appeared to be under the influence at one visit with the child, but Father

       12
         Petitioner’s exhibits also show that Mother tested positive for amphetamine and methamphetamine on
       May 9, 2017, July 10, 2017, September 13, 2017, September 22, 2017, and September 28, 2017; positive for
       amphetamine, methamphetamine, and THC on March 21, 2017, May 1, 2017, June 26, 2017, July 31, 2017,
       and August 3, 2017; positive for THC on April 25, 2017, June 20, 2017, June 30, 2017, and July 27, 2017;
       positive for tramadol on March 31, 2017; and positive for cocaine on March 13, 2017. See Petitioner’s Ex.
       11.
       13
          On June 21, 2017, an order on the rule show cause was issued after Mother failed to comply with several
       services and had “several positive screens for methamphetamine and THC.” Petitioner’s Ex. 6. Mother also
       failed to complete her weekly counseling sessions, comply with home-base casework, and either cancelled or
       did not appear for some of the supervised visits with her children.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-2567 | April 30, 2019                Page 9 of 24
       refused a drug screening at the visit. 14 Cruey also testified that Mother’s and

       Father’s habitual incarceration causes “a big concern for stability.” Id. at 121.

[19]   At the August hearing on the termination petition, there was additional

       testimony regarding potential guardianship of the Child by the Campbells.

       Cruey testified that DCS conducted a court-ordered home study with the

       Campbells to determine if they were an adequate placement for the Child.

       Cruey testified that she did not have safety concerns with the Campbells’

       residence as a result of the home study. Shortly before the July portion of the

       termination hearing, Cruey stated that she asked the Child whether she would

       want to live with the Campbells or her foster family, and the Child’s response

       was, “I don’t know.” Id. at 139.

[20]   At the time of the termination hearing, Father was on probation and had fifteen

       months of probation remaining. Mother, also at the time of the hearing, was

       incarcerated in Dearborn County. On September 21, 2018, the trial court

       entered an order terminating Mother’s and Father’s parental relationship with

       the Child. Mother and Father now appeal.

                                                     Analysis

[21]   Mother and Father challenge the termination of their parental relationships

       with the Child. The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

       14
         According to DCS’s exhibits, Father tested positive for amphetamine and methamphetamine on February
       15, 2017. Petitioner’s Ex. 12.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-2567 | April 30, 2019           Page 10 of 24
       protects the traditional right of parents to establish a home and raise their

       children. In re K.T.K. v. Indiana Dept. of Child Services, Dearborn County Office, 989
N.E.2d 1225, 1230 (Ind. 2013). “[A] parent’s interest in the upbringing of [his

       or her] child is ‘perhaps the oldest of the fundamental liberty interests

       recognized by th[e] [c]ourt[s].’” Id. (quoting Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65,

       120 S. Ct. 2054 (2000)). We recognize, of course, that parental interests are not

       absolute and must be subordinated to the child’s interests when determining the

       proper disposition of a petition to terminate parental rights. Id. Thus,

       “‘[p]arental rights may be terminated when the parents are unable or unwilling

       to meet their parental responsibilities by failing to provide for the child’s

       immediate and long-term needs.’” In re K.T.K., 989 N.E.2d at 1230 (quoting In

       re D.D., 804 N.E.2d 258, 265 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied).

[22]   When reviewing the termination of parental rights, we neither reweigh the

       evidence nor judge witness credibility. In re C.G., 954 N.E.2d 910, 923 (Ind.

       2011). We consider only the evidence and reasonable inferences that are most

       favorable to the judgment. Id. We must also give “due regard” to the trial

       court’s unique opportunity to judge the credibility of the witnesses. Id.

       (quoting Ind. Trial Rule 52(A)).

[23]   Pursuant to Indiana Code Section 31-35-2-8(c), “The trial court shall enter

       findings of fact that support the entry of the conclusions required by subsections

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-2567 | April 30, 2019   Page 11 of 24
       (a) and (b)” when granting a petition to terminate parental rights. 15 Here, the

       trial court did enter findings of fact and conclusions of law in granting DCS’s

       petition to terminate Father’s and Mother’s parental rights. When reviewing

       findings of fact and conclusions of law entered in a case involving the

       termination of parental rights, we apply a two-tiered standard of review. First,

       we determine whether the evidence supports the findings, and second, we

       determine whether the findings support the judgment. Id. We will set aside the

       trial court’s judgment only if it is clearly erroneous. Id. A judgment is clearly

       erroneous if the findings do not support the trial court’s conclusions or the

       conclusions do not support the judgment. Id.

[24]   Indiana Code Section 31-35-2-8(a) provides that “if the court finds that the

       allegations in a petition described in [Indiana Code Section 31-35-2-4] are true,

       the court shall terminate the parent-child relationship.” Indiana Code Section

       31-35-2-4(b)(2) provides that a petition to terminate a parent-child relationship

       involving a child in need of services must allege, in part:

       15
         Indiana Code Sections 31-35-2-8(a) and (b), governing termination of a parent-child relationship involving
       a delinquent child or CHINS, provide as follows:

               (a) Except as provided in section 4.5(d) of this chapter, if the court finds that the
                   allegations in a petition described in section 4 of this chapter are true, the court shall
                   terminate the parent-child relationship.

               (b) If the court does not find that the allegations in the petition are true, the court shall
                   dismiss the petition.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-2567 | April 30, 2019                          Page 12 of 24
                 (B) That one (1) of the following is true:

                     (i)           The child has been removed from the parent for
                                   at least six (6) months under a dispositional
                                   decree.

                     (ii)          The court has entered a finding under IC 31-34-
                                   21-5.6 that reasonable efforts for family
                                   preservation or reunification are not required,
                                   including a description of the court’s finding, the
                                   date of the finding, and the manner in which the
                                   finding was made.

                     (iii)         The child has been removed from the parent and
                                   has been under the supervision of a local office
                                   or probation department for at least fifteen (15)
                                   months of the most recent twenty-two (22)
                                   months, beginning with the date the child is
                                   removed from the home as a result of the child
                                   being alleged to be a child in need of services of a
                                   delinquent child.

                 (C) that one (1) of the following is true:

                            (i)       There is a reasonable probability that the
                                      conditions that resulted in the child’s removal
                                      or the reasons for placement outside the
                                      home of the parents will not be remedied.

                            (ii)      There is a reasonable probability that the
                                      continuation of the parent-child relationship
                                      poses a threat to the well-being of the child.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-2567 | April 30, 2019      Page 13 of 24
                                 (iii)   The child has, on two (2) separate occasions,
                                         been adjudicated a child in need of services;

                        (D)      that termination is in the best interests of the child;
                                 and

                        (E)      that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and
                                 treatment of the child.

       DCS must establish these allegations by clear and convincing evidence. In re

       V.A., 51 N.E.3d 1140, 1144 (Ind. 2016).

[25]   Mother and Father essentially raise three issues on appeal. As noted above,

       Mother and Father have filed separate briefs, and while some of their

       arguments are similar, their arguments differ in some respects. We address the

       differences and similarities in our analysis below.

                                             A. Child’s Best Interests

[26]   Both Mother and Father argue that it was not in the Child’s best interests to

       terminate their parental rights. In determining what is in the best interests of a

       child, the trial court is required to look at the totality of the evidence. See In re

       A.B., 887 N.E.2d 158, 167-68 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008). In doing so, the trial court

       must subordinate the interests of the parents to those of the child involved. Id.

       at 168. Termination of a parent-child relationship is proper where the child’s

       emotional and physical development is threatened. In re K.T.K. v. Indiana Dept.

       of Child Services, Dearborn County Office, 989 N.E.2d 1225, 1235 (Ind. 2013). A

       trial court need not wait until a child is irreversibly harmed such that his or her

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-2567 | April 30, 2019   Page 14 of 24
       physical, mental, and social development is permanently impaired before

       terminating the parent-child relationship. Id. Additionally, a child’s need for

       permanency is a “central consideration” in determining the best interests of a

       child. Id.

                                                    i.       Mother

[27]   Mother argues that sufficient evidence did not exist to support the conclusion

       that termination of Mother’s parental rights was in the Child’s best interests.

       Specifically, Mother contends that DCS “did not demonstrate why termination

       of parental rights was in the minor child’s best interests as opposed to

       guardianship by the Campbell[]s.” Mother’s Br. p. 13. Mother argues that this

       was problematic because “[t]ermination of parental rights is a last resort when

       no other options exist. In this case, there were other options.” Id.

[28]   DCS responds that this argument “is an indirect challenge to the plan, which

       parents allege they are not challenging. . . .” DCS’s Br. p. 31. DCS also argues

       that there was testimony regarding concern for placement of the Child with the

       Campbells “because of the likelihood Child’s Aunt would return to live with

       [the Campbells’ son] and their two children without being cured of her heroin

       addiction.” Id. at 33. Finally, DCS argues that the proposed plan for the Child

       was adoption and that foster parents wanted to adopt the Child. DCS

       articulates that this was important for the Child because “[a]doption offers a

       higher level of permanency for [the] child.” Id.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-2567 | April 30, 2019   Page 15 of 24
[29]   Sufficient evidence existed to terminate Mother’s parental rights. As the trial

       court articulated, the evidence supports that

               Mother . . . has made no effort to deal with her substance abuse
               issue and maintain sobriety. The Court found her in contempt of
               court in August 2017, due to non-compliance with services, and
               she requested that all services cease in October 2017. Further,
               she has not seen the child since September 2017.

       Mother’s App. Vol. II p. 37. Mother “does not argue these particular findings”

       are erroneous, but instead Mother argues that the possibility of guardianship by

       the Campbells made termination inappropriate. Mother’s Br. p. 16. More

       specifically, Mother frames guardianship as an alternative to termination.

[30]   “On appeal, it is not enough that the evidence might support some other

       conclusion, but it must positively require the conclusion contended for by the

       appellant before there is a basis for reversal.” Best v. Best, 941 N.E.2d 499, 503

       (Ind. 2011). Here, the trial court’s decision to terminate Mother’s parental

       rights included the trial court’s findings and conclusions that Mother’s

       continued drug use, lack of interest in remedying her drug addiction, and lack

       of interest in complying generally with DCS services warranted termination of

       her parental relationship with the Child. The trial court also found that a

       satisfactory placement plan was in place for the Child. The evidence supported

       those findings.

[31]   As Cruey testified, permanency is the key consideration when considering what

       is best for the Child. See e.g., K.T.K., 989 N.E.2d at 1235. Although the Child

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-2567 | April 30, 2019   Page 16 of 24
       seemingly enjoyed the time she spent with the Campbells, and especially her

       cousins, the trial court ultimately concluded that the foster parents, through

       adoption, could provide the permanency that is in the best interests of the

       Child. Mother’s request that we reconsider that conclusion would require us to

       re-weigh the evidence, which we cannot do. 16

[32]   DCS met its burden with regard to the termination of Mother’s parental rights. 17

       Mother cannot now attempt to argue that termination was not in the best

       interests of the Child merely because there was an alternative, but less ideal,

       plan available for the Child that Mother preferred. The trial court’s conclusion

       was not clearly erroneous.

                                                       ii.      Father

[33]   Father also argues that termination was not in the Child’s best interests;

       however, Father’s argument appears to focus more on the trial court’s final

       conclusion that termination was in the Child’s best interests. Specifically,

       Father argues,

                Father may not have fully completed or complied with every
                item on the dispositional order. However, Father has never

       16
         Mother argues that the Child has expressed some concern with her current placement. While the Child did
       report that the foster home is loud because “there’s a lot of kids in the home” and that the Child “shares a
       room,” we, again, will not reweigh the evidence with regard to the Child’s placement. Tr. Vol. I p. 95.
       17
          Mother also directs us to certain testimony that “FCM Cruey admitted that it would be emotionally
       damaging to [the Child] if her parents’ rights were terminated.” Mother’s Br. p. 19. We disagree with that
       characterization by Mother. Cruey’s testimony was instead that, “I think it would affect her if she wasn’t
       allowed to see her family. But I do know there’s – she is still seeing her brothers and sisters through her
       current foster placement.” Tr. Vol. I p. 84.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-2567 | April 30, 2019                  Page 17 of 24
               abandoned his relationship with his daughter. Father’s
               consistent visitation with the Child, even while incarcerated,
               speaks volumes about the nature of his relationship with his
               child. The fact that every witness recognized how much Father
               loved his child and how much the Child loved her Father is the
               best evidence of the Child’s best interests. Father and the Child
               are very well bonded and even the DCS admitted that severing
               that tie would harm the mental wellbeing of the Child. Beyond
               maintaining her ties to Father, allowing the parent-child
               relationship to continue also keeps her connected to her siblings,
               her cousins, and other family and friends that the record
               undisputedly showed the Child was deeply connected to.

       Father’s Br. p. 21. Father also argues that termination was not necessary

       because “[t]he Child was in a uniquely positive position for a child of parents

       who are struggling with addiction. Rather than having no good place to go, the

       Child had an abundance of caring loving adults in her life who wanted to care

       for and provide for her.” Id.

[34]   To the extent Father makes the same argument as Mother, namely, that the

       trial court should have granted guardianship to the Campbells rather than

       terminate Mother’s and Father’s parental rights, we have already stated that we

       will not reweigh the evidence. To the extent Father argues that the evidence

       did not support the termination of his parental right as in the Child’s best

       interests, we disagree.

[35]   The trial court concluded that,

               Father . . . has made minimal effort to address his own substance
               abuse, and he continues to be involved in criminal activity. He

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-2567 | April 30, 2019   Page 18 of 24
                was arrested for a probation violation, as well as faced new
                criminal charges for possession [offenses]. The evidence suggests
                that the only reason father is participating in services is because
                he is on probation. Based upon father’s long history of
                noncompliance, the Court does not believe that father will
                continue his current compliance into the future and be able to
                parent his child.

       Mother’s App. Vol. II pp. 37-38. The evidence supports these conclusions.

       Father’s continued substance use has been a long standing problem for Father.

       When Father had custody of the Child, they lived with Father’s mother, who

       also tested positive for methamphetamine. Father’s most recent arrest for drug

       use was January 2018, which was just five months before the termination

       proceedings began. Based on the evidence presented at the termination

       proceeding, we cannot say that that the trial court’s conclusion was clearly

       erroneous.

                                                B. Reasons for Removal

[36]   Father challenges the trial court’s conclusion that the reasons for the Child’s

       removal were not likely to be remedied and, in fact, argues that the reasons for

       the Child’s removal had already been remedied. 18 Specifically, Father argues

       18
         Mother does not argue this point, and instead concedes “that the [DCS] proved by clear and convincing
       evidence that there is a reasonable probability that the condition that resulted in the child’s removal or the
       reasons for placement outside the home of the parents will not be remedied, . . .” Mother’s Br. p. 15. We,
       therefore, only address whether the conditions that led to removal were remedied as to Father.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-2567 | April 30, 2019                     Page 19 of 24
       the evidence shows that “Father has made substantial progress and shows a

       high likelihood of continuing to make such progress.” Father’s Br. p. 20.

[37]   As it relates to Father, the trial court found that the conditions that resulted in

       the Child’s removal would not be remedied due to the following:

                                                     *****

               i. Father was not compliant with services throughout the case.
               Father did not become compliant with home based casework
               until July 2017. He was participating in parenting classes
               through probation and attended most of his visits with the child.
               Father only submitted to nine (9) drug screens for the
               Department, one (1) of which came back positive for
               methamphetamine and amphetamine. (Exhibit 12) Father did
               not submit to any other drug screens for the Department, but did
               submit to drug screens for probation.

               j. Father attended individual counseling and IOP through
               Community Mental Health Center with Alec Dalton. Mr.
               Dalton was father’s therapist, specifically working with him as a
               group leader and individual counseling with IOP. Father was
               recommended to participate in IOP for an addiction to heroin,
               and he did complete the group counseling. Mr. Dalton
               recommended that father complete additional individual
               counseling sessions, which did not occur. Mr. Dalton only met
               with father once, and father no-showed to two (2) additional
               appointments.

               k. Officer Kolb with the Aurora Police Department arrested
               father in January 2018. At that time, father was charged with a
               variety of possession charges, which included possession of
               illegal substances.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-2567 | April 30, 2019   Page 20 of 24
               l. Father was recently released from incarceration and is currently
               on probation with Donna Harman through Community
               Corrections. His previous probation officer, Karissa Simpson,
               worked with father from October 2017 to January 2018, when he
               was arrested. She was supervising him for Hamilton County,
               Ohio, where he was ordered to participate in Nurturing Fathers
               and submit to random drug screens. His drug screens were
               random, and he submitted to fifteen (15), all of which were
               negative for illegal substances. He did test positive for alcohol in
               September 2017, which violated his probation.

       Mother’s App. Vol. II pp. 36-37.

[38]   “In determining whether ‘the conditions that resulted in the [Child’s] removal .

       . . will not be remedied,’ we ‘engage in a two-step analysis.’” In re E.M., 4
N.E.3d 636, 642-43 (Ind. 2014) (quoting K.T.K. v. Indiana Dep’t of Child Servs.,

       989 N.E.2d 1225, 1231 (Ind. 2013)). “First, we identify the conditions that led

       to removal; and second, we ‘determine whether there is a reasonable probability

       that those conditions will not be remedied.’” Id. In analyzing this second step,

       the trial court judges the parent’s fitness “as of the time of the termination

       proceeding, taking into consideration evidence of changed conditions.” Id.

       (quoting Bester v. Lake Cty. Office of Family & Children, 839 N.E.2d 143, 152 (Ind.

       2005)). “We entrust that delicate balance to the trial court, which has

       discretion to weigh a parent’s prior history more heavily than efforts made only

       shortly before termination.” Id. “Requiring trial courts to give due regard to

       changed conditions does not preclude them from finding that parents’ past

       behavior is the best predictor of their future behavior.” Id.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-2567 | April 30, 2019   Page 21 of 24
[39]   The Child was removed from Mother’s and Father’s care because of drug use,

       and Father’s knowledge of Mother’s drug use. The evidence supports the fact

       that Mother and Father continue to abuse drugs. Father also did not comply

       with services, including missing counseling appointments, during the CHINS

       proceeding. While Father has made some improvement by more regular

       participation in certain services, Father was arrested on drug charges in January

       2018—shortly before the hearing on the termination of parental rights.

       Relatedly, there was testimony that Father’s recent improvements with regard

       to complying with the drug screening requirements may have more to do with

       Father’s probation status. Father did not take this same approach of

       compliance while the Child was adjudicated a CHINS.

[40]   We note that Father, later in his brief, when arguing in favor of guardianship,

       states: “The need for a non-parental caregiver is self-evident in this matter.

       Father does not deny his history of drug addiction nor his need for Petitioners

       to provide respite care. Thus, the necessity of a guardianship here is all but a

       foregone conclusion.” Father’s Br. p. 22. Father also testified during the trial

       that he “need[s] to get [himself] together anyways.” Tr. Vol. I p. 63. By

       Father’s own account, it appears that Father acknowledges that his drug

       addiction is an ongoing battle that has not yet been remedied. The trial court’s

       conclusion that there is a reasonable probability that the conditions that resulted

       in the Child’s removal will not be remedied is, accordingly, not clearly

       erroneous.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-2567 | April 30, 2019   Page 22 of 24
                                         C. Denial of Guardianship Petition

[41]   Father also argues that the trial court abused its discretion in denying the

       Campbells’ guardianship petition. 19 Father argues that the “DCS policy is to

       seek out family placement before placing a child in foster care.” Father’s Br. p.

       22. Father claims, however, that “DCS never considered any other placement

       prior to filing for termination in this matter[,]” despite Father’s consent and

       request that the Campbells be granted guardianship. Id. Father claims this was

       an abuse of discretion because “[t]he record was replete with evidence leading

       to the inexorable conclusion that” the Campbells “were qualified persons most

       suitable and willing to serve.” Id. at 23.

[42]   DCS argues, and we agree, that Father does not have standing to appeal the

       denial of the Campbells’ petition for guardianship. “Standing is a fundamental,

       threshold, constitutional issue that must be addressed by this, or any, court to

       determine if it should exercise jurisdiction in the particular case before it.”

       Matter of Guardianship of Lamey, 87 N.E.3d 512, 522 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017) (citing

       Alexander v. PSB Lending Corp., 800 N.E.2d 984, 989 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003), trans.

       denied). “To have standing, a party’s ‘interest must be a present, substantial

       interest, as distinguished from a mere expectancy or future contingency

       interest.’” Lamey, 87 N.E.3d at 522 (quoting Inlow v. Henderson, daily, Withrow

       & DeVoe, 787 N.E.2d 385, 395 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003), reh’g denied, trans. denied)

       19
            Mother does not make this argument separately in her brief.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-2567 | April 30, 2019   Page 23 of 24
       (internal citations omitted). See also J.R.W. ex. rel. Jemerson v. Watterson, 877
N.E.2d 487, 490 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007) (“The standing requirement assures that

       litigation will be actively and vigorously contested, as plaintiffs must

       demonstrate a personal stake in the litigation’s outcome and must show they

       have sustained, . . . a direct injury as a result of the defendant’s conduct”)

       (internal citations omitted).

[43]   Although Father was in support of the Campbells’ guardianship, and consented

       to guardianship by the Campbells, he cannot appeal the denial of the

       Campbells’ petition. Even if Father had standing, we reject his arguments for

       the reasons stated above with regard to the Child’s best interests.

                                                   Conclusion

[44]   The trial court’s conclusion that termination of Mother’s and Father’s parental

       relationship was in the Child’s best interests was not clearly erroneous. The

       trial court’s conclusion that the conditions that led to the Child’s removal were

       not likely to be remedied was also not clearly erroneous. Finally, Father lacked

       standing to argue that the trial court abused its discretion in denying the

       Campbells’ petition for guardianship. We affirm.

[45]   Affirmed.

       Crone, J., and Bradford, J., concur.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-2567 | April 30, 2019   Page 24 of 24