Court Opinion

ID: 8637694
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-24 19:47:59.111058+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:55:59.139307
License: Public Domain

CLIFFORD, Circuit Justice.
Notice was given to the libellants of the arrival of the-vessel, and of the master's readiness to deliver the cotton at the same time, and by the same messenger who notified the other-consignees. Some twenty-seven bales or more of the libellants’ cotton were discharged on Monday and Tuesday, before the work was suspended by the stevedore. After the notice was received by the libellants, they employed a truckman to attend to the business of removing the cotton from the wharf, and gave him directions in regard to-the whole consignment. None of the cotton, however, was removed on Monday, and on Tuesday they were again notified and told that the cotton was out and ready, and that the stevedore had been obliged to suspend the work because the wharf was blocked up. Failing to get the cotton removed, the master went to their counting-room on Wednesday morning, and told one of the firm that the cotton was lying on the wharf. On that occasion the truckman was sent for, and the master was referred to him for the necessary explanations; and, as an excuse for his remissness, he said, in effect, that. *683being much pressed with business, he supposed that he could delay this work for a while. He was examined as a witness, and testified that he went to the wharf on Tuesday, but found none of the cotton, except two bales, which were not accessible, and that he went again on Wednesday, after the interview at the counting-room, and took away twenty-five bales, which were all he could find on the wharf. Near sunset of that day the master says he saw the truck-man on the wharf, and that the truckman told him that he would come the next day and take the cotton away, if the stevedore would put it on the wharf. But the truck-man expressly denies that he ever held any such conversation. Be that as it may, it is nevertheless clearly to be inferred, from all the circumstances, that he must have known that the work of discharging the vessel would be resumed as soon as the obstacles which had occasioned it to be suspended were removed. All of the other facts respecting the unloading of the vessel are substantially the same as those exhibited in the case appealed to the supreme court. Assuming that Thursday was a suitable time for the unlading of the bark and for the delivery of the consignment, it is quite obvious that the acts performed by the master were fully equivalent to an actual delivery of the goods, within the principles laid down in that case. He gave due and reasonable notice of the arrival of the vessel, and of his readiness to deliver .the consignment. All the goods were prop.erly discharged from the vessel, and duly landed on a suitable wharf and at a suitable time, and the consignment was properly separated from the others, and the goods so placed upon the wharf as to be conveniently accessible for the purpose of removal. But it is insisted by the libellants that Thursday, being the annual fast of the state for that year, was not a suitable day for the performance of those acts; and that is the only remaining question to be considered. Much discrepancy exists in the testimony of the witnesses upon this point. Some affirm that the custom of the port is not to unlade, deliver, or receive goods on that day. Others state the proposition either with many exceptions or with material qualifications. But the weight of the evidence fully sustains the conclusion that there is no such general custom to abstain from labor on that day as forbids the master of a merchant vessel, in a ease where he has previously commenced to discharge his vessel, from completing the unlading on fast day, and delivering the consignment. On the contrary, the evidence taken as a whole clearly shows that the custom is not to suspend under such circumstances, but that the stevedores almost invariably continue the work, and when practicable complete it. Such being the state of the evidence, it is clear that the question is closed by the decísion of the supreme court. Richardson v. Goddard, 23 How. [64 U. S.] 28. Whatever differences of opinion there may be as to the true interpretation of the judgment of the court in that case, all must agree that the master of a merchant vessel, within the principles there laid down, is fully authorized to continue and complete the discharge of the cargo and the delivery of the respective consignments on fast-day, in a case where he had commenced the work prior to the occurrence of that day. To that extent the decision clearly goes; and in the .judgment of this court it goes much further, and fully justifies the position assumed by the counsel of the respondents, that, for the purpose of lading or unlading ships engaged in maritime commerce, fast-day, in the absence of any statute to the contrary or established general usage, must be considered as an ordinary working-day. Nothing less can be inferred from the language of the court when they say: “This inquiry involves the right of the carrier to labor on that day and discharge cargo, and not the right of the consignee to keep a voluntary holiday, and to postpone the removal of the goods to his warehouse to a more convenient season. The policy of the law holds the carrier to a rigorous liability; and in the discharge of it he is not bound to await the convenience or accommodate himself to the caprice or conscientious scruples of the consignee. The master of the ship usually has a certain number of lay-days. He is bound to expedite the unlading of his vessel in order to relieve the owners from the expense of demurrage, and to liberate the ship from the onerous liability of the contract of affreightment as soon as possible. He has six days of the week in which to perform this task, and has a right to demand the acceptance of his freight by the consignee. The consignee may think proper to keep Saturday as his Sabbath, and to observe Friday as a fast-day, or other church festival, or he may postpone the removal of the goods because his warehouse is not in order to receive them; but he cannot exercise his rights at the expense of others, and compel the carrier to stand as an insurer of his property to suit his convenience or conscience.” Other parts of the opinion are to the same effect, and even more decisive; as, for example, the court say: “The proclamation of the govern- or is but a recommendation. It had not the force of law, nor was it so intended. The duties of fasting and prayer are voluntary and not of compulsion, and holiday is a privilege and not a duty. In almost every state in the Union a day of thanksgiving is appointed in the fall of the year, by the governor, because there is no ecclesiastical authority which would be acknowledged by the different denominations. It is an excellent custom, but it binds no man’s conscience, or requires him to abstain from labor. Nor is it necessary to a literal com*684pliance with the recommended fast-dáy, that all labor should cease, and the day be observed as a Sabbath or a holiday. It is not so treated by those who conscientiously observe every Friday as a fast-day.” Having come to the conclusion that the question is controlled by the decision of the supreme court, it is unnecessary to enter into any further discussion upon the subject. It being understood that a new hearing was granted at the last term, the proper decree is, that the decree of the district court be affirmed, with costs.