Court Opinion

ID: 2977872
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Date Created: 2015-09-22 18:15:25.050154+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:16:39.284824
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                                       File Name: 09a0156p.06

                 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                     _________________

                                                 X
                           Plaintiff-Appellee, -
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                  -
                                                  -
                                                  -
                                                      No. 07-2143
           v.
                                                  ,
                                                   >
                                                  -
                        Defendant-Appellant. -
 ALVIN PIERRIE BOUDREAU,
                                                  -
                                                 N
                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                  for the Eastern District of Michigan at Detroit.
                 No. 99-81073—George C. Steeh, District Judge.
                                   Argued: December 4, 2008
                               Decided and Filed: April 23, 2009
                                                                                             *
         Before: CLAY and GIBBONS, Circuit Judges; STAMP, District Judge.

                                       _________________

                                            COUNSEL
ARGUED: Margaret Sind Raben, GUREWITZ & RABEN, PLC, Detroit, Michigan,
for Appellant. Kathleen Moro Nesi, ASSISTANT UNITED STATES ATTORNEY,
Detroit, Michigan, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Margaret Sind Raben, GUREWITZ &
RABEN, PLC, Detroit, Michigan, for Appellant. Kathleen Moro Nesi, ASSISTANT
UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Detroit, Michigan, for Appellee.
     GIBBONS, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which STAMP, D. J., joined.
CLAY, J. (pp. 12-16), delivered a separate dissenting opinion.

         *
         The Honorable Frederick P. Stamp, Senior United States District Judge for the Northern District
of West Virginia, sitting by designation.

                                                   1
No. 07-2143        United States v. Boudreau                                        Page 2

                                 _________________

                                       OPINION
                                 _________________

       JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge. Defendant Alvin Boudreau appeals
from the 240-month mandatory minimum sentence the district court imposed upon
remand from this court for resentencing in light of the Supreme Court’s decision in
United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005). Boudreau asserts that the government
improperly filed its information to enhance Boudreau’s sentence under 21 U.S.C.
§ 851(a) because of his two prior drug-offense convictions, rendering the enhancement
inapplicable. We disagree and hold that under our well-established case law, the
government’s filing of the information in open court coupled with personal service upon
the defendant prior to trial satisfied the statutory requirements. Consequently, we affirm
the judgment of the district court.

                                            I.

       On July 19, 2000, a federal grand jury returned a superseding indictment
charging Boudreau with conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute heroin in
violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841 and § 846 and conspiracy to manufacture with intent to
import heroin in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 936, § 952(a), § 959(a)(1)-(2), and § 960. As
Boudreau prepared to reject formally the government’s plea offer of a 196-month
sentence on January 17, 2002, the Assistant United States Attorney (“AUSA”) made the
following statement in open court:

       I have in my hand an information for enhanced statutory penalties
       pursuant to Title 21 United States Code Section 851, given Mr.
       Boudreau’s history in this matter his change of attorneys, I have withheld
       filing that until today’s date to offer him the opportunity to accept the
       government’s plea offer. I will be tendering this to the Court however
       and upon filing Mr. Boudreau will face a mandatory ninimum [sic] of
       240 months imprisonment . . . .
(Jury Selection Tr. at 3-4.) Following Boudreau’s formal rejection of the plea offer, the
AUSA again addressed the court:
No. 07-2143        United States v. Boudreau                                         Page 3

       Your Honor, with Mr. Boudreau’s rather emphatic rejection of the
       government’s offer I have previously provided him a copy and I will now
       again serve him in open court with a copy of the government’s
       Information for enhancement for penalties and I will file the original with
       the Court’s Clerk.
(Jury Selection Tr. at 8.) The district court acknowledged “receipt of that notice,” as did
Boudreau’s counsel. (Jury Selection Tr. at 8-9.)

       Boudreau’s trial commenced before the district court that same day; and on
January 28, 2002, the jury found Boudreau guilty on both counts alleged in the
indictment. On September 26, 2002, the district court, after calculating the sentencing
range under the then-mandatory guidelines, sentenced Boudreau to concurrent terms of
360 months imprisonment on each count. Boudreau appealed both his jury convictions
and sentence to this court. On April 18, 2005, we affirmed Boudreau’s convictions on
both counts but vacated his sentence and remanded to the district court for resentencing
in light of the Supreme Court’s intervening decision in Booker. United States v. Makki,
129 F. App’x 185, 193 (6th Cir. 2005).

       Upon remand, Boudreau’s new counsel challenged the adequacy of the
government’s 2002 filing of its Section 851(a) notice. At a July 20, 2007 hearing,
Boudreau alleged – and the government did not dispute – that the notice never appeared
on the district court’s docket sheet. Boudreau also noted that the case file lacked an
original copy of the government’s Section 851(a) notice. Pointing to the transcript,
Boudreau recalled that the AUSA had said “I will file the original with the Court’s
Clerk.” (Jury Selection Tr. at 8 (emphasis added).) Boudreau argued that this indicated
that the AUSA’s actions in court did not constitute filing within the meaning of Section
851(a) and that the absence of an original copy in the clerk’s file supported Boudreau’s
contention that the government never filed the required notice. Consequently, Boudreau
argued that the district court was without authority to sentence Boudreau to a twenty-
year mandatory minimum sentence.

       The same AUSA who prosecuted Boudreau’s original case appeared for the
government at the July 20 hearing. The government argued that the transcript was not
No. 07-2143        United States v. Boudreau                                        Page 4

ambiguous, noting that both the district court and Boudreau’s counsel at the time
acknowledged receipt of the Section 851(a) information in open court. Further, the
transcript revealed that the AUSA had said he was filing the original with the “Court’s
clerk, not clerk’s office with the Court’s clerk.” (Motion Hearing Tr. at 12.) The AUSA
then recalled having personally handed the information to the deputy clerk stationed in
the district courtroom that day. The government asserted that this constituted proper
filing within the meaning of the statute.

       The district court allowed Boudreau to call the deputy clerk who had been on
duty in the courtroom on January 17, 2002, to testify. The clerk, Marcia Beauchemin,
testified that she had indeed been unable to find the original copy of the Section 851(a)
information. Beauchemin further stated that had she received such an original copy in
open court she would have “[p]hysically walked it to the clerk’s office . . . for filing.”
(Motion Hearing Tr. at 25.) Upon later cross-examination, Beauchemin revealed that
handwritten notes she kept during the proceedings confirmed that she had accepted the
Section 851(a) information in open court from the AUSA. She further clarified, “To me,
I – if I wrote it down, that means to me that was filed. I don’t know how it was filed, but
it was suppose [sic] to be filed.” (Motion Hearing Tr. at 31.) Beauchemin noted,
however, that in her thirty years of working for the clerk’s office, she had witnessed
occasions where office staff had inadvertently misplaced a document.

       After hearing this testimony, the district court ruled that the government had
properly filed the Section 851(a) information. The district court credited the recollection
of the AUSA that he had filed the information with the deputy clerk in open court. As
to the issue of why the original document was missing, the district court concluded that
“it isn’t the first and I’m sure not the last time that a document has not been ultimately
included in the court file.” (Motion Hearing Tr. at 27.) United States District Judge
George Steeh, who had also presided over the original January 17, 2002, proceeding at
issue, also found that the AUSA’s recollection “is consistent with my own recollection.”
Id. Judge Steeh said he clearly remembered the AUSA’s “handing a document to the
clerk.” Id.
No. 07-2143        United States v. Boudreau                                      Page 5

       The formal resentencing took place on September 4, 2007. The district court
found than an error had occurred in its original sentencing calculation and that Boudreau
could no longer be sentenced as a career offender. The error occurred because the
probation officer had incorrectly classified one of Boudreau’s Michigan state convictions
as a delivery charge rather than a possession charge. See U.S.S.G. §§ 4B1.1-1.2(b)
(stating that a career offender must have “two prior felony convictions of either a crime
of violence or a controlled substance offense,” where “a controlled substance offense”
is defined so as to exclude simple possession). With the removal of the career-offender
enhancement, Boudreau’s new advisory Guidelines range was a much reduced 188-235
months imprisonment.      However, because of the district court’s ruling that the
government had properly filed the Section 851(a) information, a mandatory minimum
sentence of 240 months was required. The district court declined to depart upward from
the mandatory minimum, despite the court’s initial inclination to do so because of the
violent nature of Boudreau’s past offenses. Boudreau thus received a concurrent 240-
month sentence on each count followed by concurrent 10-year terms of supervised
release. Boudreau timely filed his appeal.

                                           II.

                                           A.

       Before we can reach the merits of Boudreau’s claims, we must first address the
government’s assertion that Boudreau has waived his right to appeal the propriety of the
government’s filing of the Section 851(a) information. The government argues that
Boudreau should have raised his objections to the government’s filing of the information
during his prior appeal. Because Boudreau did not, the government reasons, traditional
waiver principles bar Boudreau from now asserting the issue. Boudreau responds that
it is the government that has waived the right to contest this issue. Noting that the
government did not object to the district court’s consideration of Boudreau’s arguments
concerning the Section 851(a) filing on remand, Boudreau argues that the government
has waived its waiver argument.
No. 07-2143             United States v. Boudreau                                                    Page 6

         “[T]he question of waiver is a mixed question of law and fact.” Karam v.
Sagemark Consulting, Inc., 383 F.3d 421, 426 (6th Cir. 2004). Consequently, we will
“review any determination of underlying facts under the clearly erroneous standard of
review, and make a de novo determination of whether those facts constitute legal
waiver.” Id. “A finding is clearly erroneous when the reviewing court on the entire
evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.”
United States v. Gilpatrick, 548 F.3d 479, 484-85 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting Heights Cmty.
Cong. v. Hilltop Realty, Inc., 774 F.2d 135, 140 (6th Cir. 1985)).

         We have held that “as with any other argument, the government can forfeit a
waiver argument by failing to raise it in a timely fashion.” Hunter v. United States, 160
F.3d 1109, 1113 (6th Cir. 1998); see also United States v. Canady, 126 F.3d 352, 359
(2d Cir. 1997). The transcript of the district court’s July 20, 2007, hearing reveals no
instance where the government lodged an objection to the district court’s consideration
of Boudreau’s motion to strike the government’s filing of the Section 851(a)
information. Instead of noting its objection, the government remained silent and
participated in an extensive hearing that included calling witnesses and multiple rounds
of cross examination. The government obviously could have made this objection and
allowed the district court the opportunity to rule on it before the hearing commenced.
If successful, the government’s objection would have obviated the need for further
consideration of Boudreau’s argument. We therefore hold that the government has
waived its waiver argument, and we will next turn to the merits of Boudreau’s appeal.1

         1
            We note that even if the government had not waived its waiver argument, the district court did
not err by considering Boudreau’s objections on remand. In prior sentencing appeals, we have allowed
parties to address issues on remand not addressed during the initial sentencing appeal if the moving party
had been either unable to assert the issue initially or the issue only became logically relevant following
remand. United States v. Hebeka, 89 F.3d 279, 284 (6th Cir. 1996) (declining to find waiver and allowing
the government to “reasonably change direction” and pursue a new argument during a subsequent appeal
when presenting the argument in the original appeal would not have been logical). The government
therefore is correct that generally the “law-of-the-case doctrine bars challenges to a decision made at a
previous stage of the litigation which could have been challenged in a prior appeal but were not.” United
States v. Adesida, 129 F.3d 846, 850 (6th Cir. 1997). What the government misses is that Hebeka
established a narrow exception to this general principal. In Hebeka, this exception allowed the government
to raise an issue concerning the district court’s application of the Guidelines that the government had failed
to raise in the prior appeal. 89 F.3d at 284-85. Here, the exception allows Boudreau to raise his Section
851(a) issue.
        While Boudreau could have challenged the filing of the information during his initial appeal, it
would not have been logically relevant because the district court originally sentenced Boudreau as a career
No. 07-2143              United States v. Boudreau                                                       Page 7
Barb.
1.

         Boudreau asserts two alternative arguments in his effort to explain why the
district court erred in its holding that the government properly filed the Section 851(a)
sentencing enhancement information. We will address each contention in turn. First,
Boudreau argues that while the government tendered the Section 851(a) notice to him
in open court and made him aware of its contents, the fact that the information never
appeared on the court’s docket precludes as a matter of law the district court’s holding
that the government filed the information. To support his argument, Boudreau cites the
Eleventh Circuit case of United States v. Weaver, 905 F.2d 1466, 1481 (11th Cir. 1990),
for the proposition that courts should construe the procedural requirements of Section
851(a) strictly. Boudreau argues that without a proper filing the district court was
without authority to subject him to the 240-month mandatory minimum sentence.

         “The sufficiency of the government’s filing of an information pursuant to section
851(a) is a question of law that this Court reviews de novo.” United States v. Pritchett,
496 F.3d 537, 541 (6th Cir. 2007) (citing United States v. King, 127 F.3d 483, 487 (6th
Cir. 1997)). We faced a similar issue to that Boudreau raises in Pritchett, where the
defendant argued both that the failure to abide by Section 851(a)2 deprived the district

offender, resulting in a term of 360 months to life imprisonment. Thus, the then mandatory Guidelines
range was much greater than the mandatory minimum sentence of 240 months required by Section 851(a).
When we remanded Boudreau’s original appeal to the district court for resentencing in light of Booker,
the district court recalculated Boudreau’s sentence and determined that it had erred in applying the
enhancement. Boudreau had raised the propriety of the enhancement on appeal; and the government did
not object to Boudreau’s again raising the issue before the district court. See Makki, 129 F. App’x at 190-
92. With the career-offender enhancement removed, Boudreau’s now advisory Guidelines range was only
188-235 months – less than the mandatory minimum of 240 months required by Section 851(a). The
Section 851(a) enhancement therefore became relevant in a way that it was not at the time of the prior
appeal. Cf. Hebeka, 89 F.3d 284-85.
         2
             The text of 21 U.S.C. § 851(a)(1) provides:
         No person who stands convicted of an offense under this part [21 U.S.C. §§ 841 et seq.]
         shall be sentenced to increased punishment by reason of one or more prior convictions,
         unless before trial, or before entry of a plea of guilty, the United States attorney files an
         information with the court (and serves a copy of such information on the person or
         counsel for the person) stating in writing the previous convictions to be relied upon.
         Upon a showing by the United States attorney that facts regarding prior convictions
         could not with due diligence be obtained prior to trial or before entry of a plea of guilty,
         the court may postpone the trial or the taking of the plea of guilty for a reasonable
No. 07-2143           United States v. Boudreau                                                    Page 8

court of jurisdiction to sentence a defendant and that even if the district court had
jurisdiction, the government filed the information improperly so as to deprive the district
court of the ability to enhance the defendant’s sentence. 496 F.3d at 538. The defendant
in Pritchett pled guilty to several drug charges at a hearing. Id. The plea agreement
unambiguously provided that the defendant was subject to a sentencing enhancement
based upon his prior convictions such that he would receive a mandatory minimum
sentence of 120 months.           Id. at 539.      The defendant objected that because the
government did not file the information until after the change in plea, in violation of the
plain language of the statute, the government could not seek the mandatory minimum
sentence. Cf. 21 U.S.C. § 851(a)(1) (requiring the government to file its notice “before
trial, or before entry of a plea of guilty”). The district court found that the defendant was
aware of the terms of the enhancement prior to his plea and therefore rejected the
defendant’s contention. Pritchett, 496 F.3d at 540.

        After finding that failure to follow Section 851(a) cannot divest a district court
of its jurisdiction, we moved in Pritchett to the issue of whether, under the facts of the
case, the government had satisfied the requirements of the section. Id. at 547. We noted
that the requirements of Section 851(a) are mandatory; however, the statutory
requirements were “designed to satisfy the requirements of due process and provide the
defendant with reasonable notice and an opportunity to be heard regarding the possibility
of an enhanced sentence for recidivism.” Id. at 548 (quoting United States v. King, 127
F.3d 483, 487 (6th Cir. 1997)). The district court in Pritchett had reviewed the key
portions of the defendant’s plea agreement in open court, including those terms covering
the mandatory minimum sentence. Id. at 539. Because of this, the defendant could not
rationally claim not to have received notice and an opportunity to be heard. We
consequently concluded that the government had satisfied the requirements of Section
851(a). Id. at 550.

        period for the purpose of obtaining such facts. Clerical mistakes in the information may
        be amended at any time prior to the pronouncement of sentence.
No. 07-2143         United States v. Boudreau                                         Page 9

        Indeed, we have regularly held that actual notice satisfies the requirements of
Section 851(a). In United States v. Butler, 137 F. App’x 813, 815 (6th Cir. 2005), the
government filed “in open court” prior to trial its Section 851(a) information. Defense
counsel received service that same day, but the information did not appear on the district
court’s docket until after the trial had commenced. Id. Butler argued, like Boudreau,
that even though the government “tendered” the information to him prior to trial, the fact
that it was not actually “filed” until after the trial began precluded the district court from
being able to enhance Butler’s sentence. Id. at 816 (emphasis in original). We found
that because Butler received actual personal service in open court, the government had
complied with the section. Id.

        Our sister circuits have agreed with our interpretation of what Section 851(a)
requires. One of the most frequently cited examples is exactly the case Boudreau cites
– the Eleventh Circuit’s decision in Weaver. The defendant in Weaver received personal
service in open court of the government’s Section 851(a) information. 905 F.2d at 1481.
The information was not placed on the docket until after the trial began, and the
information itself had a filing date four days after the trial commenced. Id. While
noting that “[t]his circuit has insisted upon strict compliance with the mandatory
language of the procedural requirements of section 851(a),” id. (citation omitted), the
Eleventh Circuit nonetheless held that “[b]y personally serving Sikes and his counsel
with a copy of the information prior to trial, and by advising the court orally that it was
filing an information for purposes of sentence enhancement, the government complied
with the mandatory requirements of section 851(a).” Id. The Eleventh Circuit made
special note of the fact that neither the defendant nor his counsel had objected “to the
timing or form of the government’s notice” in open court. Id.

        We find that Pritchett and its progeny control Boudreau’s case. The transcript
of the January 17, 2002, hearing reveals that the government served notice upon
Boudreau in open court. The government specifically noted that the information allowed
the government to seek a mandatory minimum sentence of 240 months. The district
court asked Boudreau if he understood that by rejecting the plea agreement and going
No. 07-2143        United States v. Boudreau                                     Page 10

to trial he would now be subject to this enhanced sentence if the jury convicted him.
Boudreau responded that he understood that he now faced “an extra 10 years or more in
prison.” (Jury Selection Tr. at 4.) Boudreau’s trial counsel acknowledged service of the
notice and raised no objections. Cf. Weaver, 905 F.2d at 1481 (noting that trial counsel
did not object to the government’s open-court notice). Boudreau thus received all that
due process and Section 851(a) require: “reasonable notice and an opportunity to be
heard regarding the possibility of an enhanced sentence.” Pritchett, 496 F.3d at 548
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). We therefore hold that the government’s
on-the-record notice in open court combined with personal service upon the defendant
prior to trial satisfied the requirements of Section 851(a) regardless of whether or when
the notice appeared upon the district court’s docket sheet. See, e.g., id. (notice and
opportunity to be heard cure failure to docket until after guilty plea); Butler, 137 F.
App’x at 816 (tendering notice to defendant in open court satisfies Section 851(a) even
when notice did not appear upon the docket until after trial).

                                           2.

       Boudreau also challenges the district court’s factual findings that the AUSA filed
the Section 851(a) notice with the district clerk in court and that the clerk’s office
misplaced the original copy and thereby did not formally enter the notice on the docket.
We review the factual determinations underpinning the district court’s legal conclusions
for clear error. See United States v. Greer, 532 F.3d 538, 546 (6th Cir. 2008). Boudreau
can point to no facts to refute the district court’s finding that the AUSA tendered the
notice in open court. The transcript of the hearing clearly indicates that the AUSA
intended to “file the original with the Court’s Clerk.” (Jury Selection Tr. at 8.) Judge
No. 07-2143             United States v. Boudreau                                                   Page 11

Steeh also recalled the AUSA’s passing the information to the clerk present in court.3
The district court’s factual findings are clearly not erroneous.

         As to Boudreau’s contention regarding whether the district court clerk’s office
actually lost the original information and failed to enter the notice on the docket, we note
that this issue is mooted by our holding above that Boudreau received all the notice that
Section 851(a) requires. Whether the clerk’s office mistakenly forgot to add the notice
to the formal docket is irrelevant.

                                                    III.

         For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court and hold
that on-the-record notice in open court combined with personal service upon the
defendant prior to trial satisfies the requirements of Section 851(a) regardless of whether
or when the notice appeared upon the district court’s docket sheet.

         3
            Contrary to the dissent’s assertions, there is nothing improper about a district judge’s recalling
relevant past events that occurred in his own courtroom when ruling on a pending motion as long as the
district judge also has allowed both parties adequate time to argue their positions. Compare Dissent at 1
with Smith v. United States, 348 F.3d 545, 554 (6th Cir. 2003) (refusing to remand the case to a different
judge where the same judge presided over both the trial and the collateral attack upon the conviction
because it is entirely appropriate for the “judge [to] rely on his or her memory of the trial when relevant
to the issues” on review). Furthermore, neither party to this appeal raises the fact that the district judge
cited to his own memory as error.
No. 07-2143            United States v. Boudreau                                                  Page 12

                                        _________________

                                               DISSENT
                                        _________________

         CLAY, Circuit Judge, dissenting. It should be noted at the outset that this case
is somewhat unusual in that the district court judge below acted both as a witness to the
events in question and as the factfinder who assessed his own credibility and the
reliability of his own memory (after a lapse of more than five years)—notwithstanding
that any impartial observer would likely describe the district judge’s version of events
as entirely baseless. Indeed, there is a troubling aspect to the district judge’s willingness
to engage in factual assertions with such certainty in the complete absence of any
indication that the events he describes ever occurred. It is unfortunate that the district
judge did not refer this matter to another district judge who could have viewed the events
in question with the benefit of a fresh set of eyes.1

         The sole issue on appeal is whether the district court erred in finding that the
government “filed” the information, as 21 U.S.C. § 851(a) requires the government to
do before the court can enhance a defendant’s sentence based on a prior drug conviction.
Notwithstanding the narrow issue presented, the majority devotes much of its opinion
to a discussion of unrelated cases that involve facts very different from those presented
in this case. Further, in its analysis of the central issue, the majority makes only a
conclusory assertion that the government filed the information. Despite the majority’s
unsupported conclusions, the record indicates that the government failed to file the
information, and the district court’s finding to the contrary was clearly erroneous.

         1
           In footnote 3 of its opinion, the majority misconstrues the dissent’s argument regarding the
inappropriateness—under the rather unusual circumstances of this case—of the district judge’s actions.
 Although it is not even clear from the record that the judge looked at the pertinent document during the
hearing in question, the judge nonetheless acted as a factfinder on the issue of whether he remembered a
specific document being handed to a deputy clerk during a hearing conducted in his courtroom over five
years ago. Thus, contrary to the majority’s assertions, the point being made here is not that it is
inappropriate for a judge to rely on his own memory, but that there was no basis for the judge to do so
under the circumstances of this case. Similarly, the majority’s reliance on Smith v. United States, 348 F.3d
545 (6th Cir. 2003), is misplaced. Smith noted that a “habeas judge may rely on his or her memory of the
trial when relevant to the issues on collateral review.” Id. at 554. However, nothing in Smith or similar
cases allows a district judge to rely upon his own recollection when there is no factual foundation for that
recollection.
No. 07-2143        United States v. Boudreau                                      Page 13

Because the district court lacked authority to impose the sentencing enhancement in
question, I respectfully dissent from the majority opinion affirming Boudreau’s sentence.

       The majority first makes the erroneous assumption that because Boudreau had
actual notice of the information and its content, the government complied with “all that
due process and Section 851(a) require.” Maj. Op. at 10. However, as other courts have
recognized, “[e]ven when the defendant is not surprised by the enhanced sentence [and]
was aware from the outset that his previous conviction could lead to an enhanced
sentence, . . . the statute prohibits an enhanced sentence unless the government first
seeks it by properly filing an information . . . .” United States v. Weaver, 905 F.2d 1466,
1481 (11th Cir. 1990). Consequently, contrary to the majority’s suggestion, even if
Boudreau had actual notice of the government’s intent to seek a sentencing
enhancement, the government did not comply with § 851(a) unless it “filed” the
information.

       Further demonstrating the mistaken nature of the majority’s analysis, the cases
the majority relies on do not involve a dispute concerning whether an original
information was “filed,” and therefore do not address the specific question at issue in
this case—whether the government “filed” the information. For example, in United
States v. King, 127 F.3d 483 (6th Cir. 1997), the government filed the information, but
the information set forth an incorrect date of conviction with respect to the prior
conviction on which the government sought to rely. Id. at 488. In addressing whether
the government complied with § 851(a) despite this error, the court conducted a detailed
review of two circuit cases addressing defective content—a lack of specificity of the
prior conviction in United States v. Gonzalez-Lerma, 14 F.3d 1479, 1482 (10th Cir.
1994), and a failure to identify the correct enhancement provision in United States v.
Campbell, 980 F.2d 245, 247 (4th Cir. 1992). The court reasoned that, under such
circumstances, the “proper inquiry is whether the government’s information provided
the defendant ‘reasonable notice of [its] intent to rely on a particular conviction and a
meaningful opportunity to be heard.’” King, 127 F.3d at 488-89 (alteration in original)
(quoting Gonzalez-Lerma, 14 F.3d at 1485). The court in King determined that the
No. 07-2143         United States v. Boudreau                                        Page 14

district court erred in finding the information deficient because the defendant had
reasonable notice regarding the possibility of an enhanced sentence. Id. at 489.

        However, the reasoning employed by the court in King is inapplicable to the
circumstances presented in this case. Boudreau does not argue that the government’s
information was deficient based on its content, or that the information failed to set forth
with sufficient specificity the prior conviction invoked to enhance his sentence. Instead,
Boudreau challenges an entirely separate requirement set forth in § 851(a)—that the
government “file” the information. Consequently, whether the government provided
Boudreau with “reasonable notice” is not the “proper inquiry” in determining whether
the government complied with § 851(a).

        The majority’s reliance on United States v. Pritchett, 496 F.3d 537 (6th Cir.
2007), and Weaver is also misplaced. In both Weaver and Pritchett, the court excused
an untimely filing of an information based on the fact that the defendants had actual
notice of the information. In neither case, however, was there a dispute concerning
whether the government had, in fact, “filed” the information. Similarly, in United States
v. Butler, 137 F. App’x 813 (6th Cir. 2005), although the government did not file the
information until the day after the trial had started, the information appeared on the
court’s docket, and neither party contested that the government had “filed” the
information. Id. at 815. Accordingly, the majority’s invocation of these cases is
inappropriate and does not support the conclusion that the government complied with
§ 851(a)’s requirements in this case.

        More significantly, the majority blithely ignores the lack of support for the
district court’s conclusion that the government “filed” the information. In reviewing the
transcript of the pretrial hearing, it is evident that the district court’s finding is clearly
erroneous.

        Section 851(a) does not define the term “file.” Federal Rule of Criminal
Procedure 49(d), however, defines filing for purposes of criminal cases. Cf. United
States v. Severino, 316 F.3d 939, 945 (9th Cir. 2003) (noting that § 851(a) does not
define service, but assuming that the definition of service in Rule 49(b) controlled).
No. 07-2143           United States v. Boudreau                                    Page 15

Rule 49(d) states that filing in criminal actions must “be made in a manner provided for
in a civil action.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 49(d). Under the civil rules relevant at the time, Rule
5(e) provided that filing of papers “shall be made by filing . . . with the clerk of court,
except that the judge may permit the papers to be filed with the judge, in which event the
judge shall note thereon the filing date and forthwith transmit them to the office of the
clerk . . . .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 5(e). Relying on Rule 5(e), the government argued that it
“filed” the information by providing an original to the deputy clerk in open court.
Boudreau acknowledges that “tendering the original §851 [sic] Notice to the courtroom
deputy or the district court might have been sufficient filing.” (Def.’s Reply Br. 8.)
However, Boudreau appropriately argues, and I agree, that “there is no evidence that the
Government tendered the original notice to the courtroom clerk or the district court for
filing at all.” (Id. at 5.)

        Contrary to the majority’s unsupported conclusion, there is no factual basis for
the district court’s finding that the information was filed. To conclude that the
government filed the information, the district judge purported to rely on his own
recollection and that of the assistant United States Attorney (“AUSA”)—more than five
years after the pretrial hearing—regarding the AUSA’s actions and intentions during the
pretrial hearing. However, neither the transcript of the pretrial hearing nor the testimony
of Ms. Beauchemin, the deputy clerk present during the pretrial hearing, provide any
factual support for the alleged recollection of the AUSA and the district judge that the
AUSA handed the original information to the deputy clerk in open court.

        Although the transcript from the pretrial hearing reveals that the AUSA provided
a copy of the information to Boudreau, it does not indicate that the AUSA in fact
provided an original information to the deputy clerk present in the courtroom. The
AUSA’s statements during the pretrial hearing do not indicate that the government
presented an original information to the deputy clerk. In fact, the only relevant facts
direct a finding that the AUSA’s actions during the pretrial hearing did not constitute a
“filing” of the information. Ms. Beauchemin testified that, had the AUSA provided her
with an original information during the pretrial hearing, she would have delivered it to
No. 07-2143         United States v. Boudreau                                      Page 16

the clerk’s office for filing. She also stated that if the AUSA had handed her only a copy
rather than an original of the document, she would not have believed that the government
intended for the copy to be filed. It is undisputed that the clerk’s office never docketed
the filing of the information, and that the court’s file did not contain an original
information. Accordingly, the record cannot support the finding that the government
filed the information through its actions during the pretrial hearing.

        Perhaps recognizing the lack of any evidence that would corroborate the
government’s assertion that the information was filed, the district court relied on the
absence of any evidence of filing to conclude that the government filed the information.
The district court emphasized that Boudreau could not show that the government did not
provide the deputy clerk with an original information. In addition, the district judge
noted that documents are sometimes lost by deputy clerks or the court, thereby
speculating that such an error might have been the cause of the missing original
information in this case. Because the record lacks any evidence beyond the district
court’s unsupported assumption that the government provided an original information
to the deputy clerk, the district court clearly erred in finding that the government “filed”
the information.     The government obviously failed to comply with § 851(a)’s
requirements, meaning that the district court lacked the authority to impose the enhanced
sentence. I therefore respectfully dissent from the majority’s decision affirming
Boudreau’s sentence.