Court Opinion

ID: 3003510
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-24 22:28:23.738102+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:55:12.387451
License: Public Domain

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
                           To be cited only in accordance with
                                    Fed. R. App. P. 32.1

              United States Court of Appeals
                                  For the Seventh Circuit
                                  Chicago, Illinois 60604

                                Submitted August 18, 2009*
                                 Decided August 20, 2009

                                           Before

                            ANN CLAIRE WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge

                            DIANE S. SYKES, Circuit Judge

                            JOHN DANIEL TINDER, Circuit Judge

No. 09-1560

SAMUEL DURAND,                                      Petition for Review of an Order of the
    Petitioner,                                     Board of Immigration Appeals.

       v.

ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., Attorney                       No. A046 029 015
General of the United States,
      Respondent.

                                         ORDER

        Samuel Durand, a citizen of Haiti, contested his removal on the ground that he was
eligible for citizenship through his father, a naturalized United States citizen. The
immigration judge rejected Durand’s arguments and ordered him removed. The Board of

       *
        After examining the briefs and the record, we have concluded that oral argument is
unnecessary. Thus, the appeal is submitted on the briefs and the record. See FED. R. A PP. P.
34(a)(2).
No. 09-1560                                                                              Page 2

Immigration Appeals affirmed, and Durand now petitions for review. We deny the
petition.

        Durand was born in Haiti on June 19, 1980 to Haitian parents. He does not know if
his parents were married at the time of his birth, but he believes that they married before
he turned eighteen. In 1995, Durand’s father, who has since died, became a naturalized
citizen of the United States. Durand and his mother followed his father to the United States
the next year and later became lawful permanent residents. In 2007, Durand was convicted
of robbery and aggravated battery under Illinois law and sentenced to four years’
imprisonment. See 720 ILL. COMP. STAT. 5/18-1(a); 5/12-4(b)(8). That year Durand was also
convicted of manufacturing and delivering cannabis and sentenced to an additional two
years in prison. See 720 ILL. C OMP. STAT. 550/5(d). Based on these convictions for
aggravated felonies, the Department of Homeland Security initiated removal proceedings
against him. See 8 U.S.C. §§ 1101(a)(43)(F), (G); 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii). In addition to claiming
that he could not be removed because he was eligible for derivative citizenship through his
father, Durand also applied for relief under the Convention Against Torture.

        At his removal hearing, an immigration judge (IJ) explained on the record that,
although current law provides that alien children under eighteen qualify for citizenship if
either of their parents become citizens, that law’s application is limited to children who
were under eighteen in or after 2001, when the law became effective. Because Durand
turned eighteen in 1998, the IJ reasoned that he was foreclosed from establishing
citizenship through his father. The IJ therefore rejected Durand’s claim of derivative
citizenship. The IJ also denied Durand relief under the CAT because he had not shown that
he was tortured in Haiti and had not presented any credible evidence that he would be
mistreated if he returned to Haiti.

        On appeal Durand principally challenges the IJ’s conclusion that he was statutorily
ineligible for citizenship through his father. Where, as here, the Board adopts the IJ’s
decision without further analysis of its own, we review the IJ’s decision directly. See
Castilho de Oliveira v. Holder, 564 F.3d 892, 896 (7th Cir. 2009). Although Durand’s
aggravated felonies limit the scope of our review of his removal order to constitutional and
legal questions, his contention that the IJ applied the wrong statute to resolve his eligibility
for citizenship is a question of law which falls within the scope of our jurisdiction. See
Bosede v. Mukasey, 512 F.3d 946, 950-51 (7th Cir. 2008); Hamid v. Gonzales, 417 F.3d 642, 647
(7th Cir. 2005).

       Durand wants us to assess his citizenship claim under the Child Citizenship Act of
2000, which provides that a child born outside of the United States automatically becomes a
No. 09-1560                                                                                Page 3

citizen when several conditions have been fulfilled, including that the child has at least one
citizen parent, is under eighteen, and lives in the United States in the custody of the citizen
parent. 8 U.S.C. § 1431(a). Durand assumes that this Act necessarily applies to him
because he met these three requirements in the past—he moved to the United States to live
with his father, a naturalized United States citizen, in 1996, two years before he turned
eighteen—and thus, he says, he cannot be removed. See, e.g., Wedderburn v. INS, 215 F.3d
795, 797 (7th Cir. 2000) (noting that citizenship is defense against removal). Unfortunately
for Durand, as the IJ correctly stated, he had to establish that he satisfied the statutory
requirements after the Act’s effective date, February 26, 2001, to be eligible for citizenship
under the law. See 8 C.F.R. § 320.2(a); see also Pina v. Mukasey, 542 F.3d 5, 7 (1st Cir. 2008);
Dave v. Ashcroft, 363 F.3d 649, 654 (7th Cir. 2004). And Durand turned eighteen in 1998,
three years before the Act took effect.

        His claim to citizenship is therefore resolved under the legal regime that preceded
the Child Citizenship Act. See Dave, 363 F.3d at 654; see also Poole v. Mukasey, 522 F.3d 259,
264 (2d Cir. 2008) (claims of derivative citizenship are decided by looking to the law in
effect when a petitioner fulfilled the last requirement for citizenship). The prior test for
derivative citizenship provided that a child born outside the United States to alien parents
was a citizen if one of the following conditions applied:

       (1) the naturalization of both parents; or

       (2) the naturalization of the surviving parent if one of the parents is deceased;
       or

       (3) the naturalization of the parent having legal custody of the child when
       there has been a legal separation of the parents or the naturalization of the
       mother if the child was born out of wedlock and the paternity of the child has
       not been established by legitimation; and if

       (4) such naturalization takes place while such child is unmarried and under
       the age of 18 years; and

       (5) such child is residing in the United States pursuant to a lawful admission
       for permanent residence at the time of the naturalization of the parent last
       naturalized under clause 8 U.S.C. § 1432(1), or the parent naturalized under
       clause (2) or (3), or thereafter begins to reside permanently in the United
       States while under the age of 18 years.
No. 09-1560                                                                            Page 4

8 U.S.C. § 1432(a) (repealed). Durand meets the conditions in subsections (4) and (5)—his
father was naturalized when Durand was single and under 18, and he thereafter began
residing permanently in the United States—so he is eligible for derivative citizenship if any
of clauses (1) to (3) applies. See Poole, 522 F.3d at 265; Wedderburn, 215 F.3d at 797.
Subsections (1) and (2) are inapplicable, since only Durand’s father was naturalized and his
mother is still alive. And Durand similarly does not satisfy either of the two options
presented by subsection (3): his parents were never legally separated, and although he
believes that he was born out of wedlock, his mother has not been naturalized. Durand is
therefore ineligible for citizenship, and the IJ correctly denied his claim.

        In the issue section of his brief, Durand also asserts that he was denied due process
when the IJ rejected his claim for relief under the CAT. Durand never develops the
argument, however, and so it is abandoned. See Ogayonne v. Mukasey, 530 F.3d 514, 522 (7th
Cir. 2008); Haxhiu v. Mukasey, 519 F.3d 685, 692 (7th Cir. 2008). But in any event, we see
nothing in the record that demonstrates legal error. Applicants seeking relief under the
CAT must show that it is “more likely than not” that they will be tortured if removed. 8
C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2); see Rapheal v. Mukasey, 533 F.3d 521, 526-27 (7th Cir. 2008). And here
the IJ applied the correct legal standard and ruled that Durand failed to present any
credible evidence in support of his claim that he would likely be tortured if he returned to
Haiti, a conclusion that is insulated from appellate review. See Hamid, 417 F.3d at 647.

                                                                                    DENIED.