Court Opinion

ID: 2824080
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-08-11 04:26:55.0657+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:34:20.678475
License: Public Domain

FIRST DIVISION
                                                                             August 3, 2015

                                          No. 1-14-2919
                                     2015 IL App (1st) 142919

                                          IN THE
                               APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
                                 FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT

DOCTORS DIRECT INSURANCE, INC.,                      )       Appeal from the
                                                     )       Circuit Court of
               Plaintiff-Appellee,                   )       Cook County.
                                                     )
                         v.                          )
                                                     )
DAVID BOCHENEK,                                      )
                                                     )
              Defendant-Appellant                    )       No. 13 CH 26258
                                                     )
                         and                         )
                                                     )
Beaute’e’mergente, LLC, doing business               )
as McAdoo Comestic Surgery,                          )       Honorable
                                                     )       Franklin Ulyses Valderrama,
                                                     )       Judge Presiding.
               Defendant.                            )
                                                     )

       JUSTICE CONNORS delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
       Presiding Justice Delort and Justice Harris concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                           OPINION

¶1         Defendant, David Bochenek (Bochenek), appeals from an order of the circuit court

that granted the motion of plaintiff, Doctors Direct Insurance, Inc. (Doctors Direct), for judgment

on the pleadings pursuant to section 2-615(e) of the Code of Civil Procedure (the Code) (735

ILCS 5/2-615(e) (West 2012)). The circuit court found that Doctors Direct did not have a duty
No. 1-14-2919

to defend or indemnify defendant Beaute'E'mergente, LLC, doing business as McAdoo Cosmetic

Surgery (McAdoo), in a federal class action lawsuit filed by Bochenek. On appeal, Bochenek

contends that McAdoo's insurance policy with Doctors Direct covers the claims in Bochenek's

federal lawsuit. We affirm.

¶2         This matter involves two federal complaints apparently filed by Bochenek—an

original complaint and a first amended complaint. The two complaints are nearly the same, but

the first amended complaint added an allegation that will be noted below. In his original federal

complaint, in which McAdoo and others who are not parties to this appeal were named as

defendants, Bochenek alleged that in September and October 2013, he received unsolicited text

messages on his cellular phone. The text messages read as follows:

           "50% off Rockford area Botox,
           now $7/unit. Call within 4
           weeks (815) 397-3373 McAdoo
           Cosmetic Surgery Reply STOP to opt-out.

           25% off filler, Juvederm now
           $450/syringe when you schedule
           in the next 4
           weeks. 815 397-3373 McAdoo
           Cosmetic Surgery Reply STOP to
           opt-out.

           McAdoo Cosmetic Surgery
           815-397-3373:
           Please reply VIP to receive inside
           privileged offers: Botox, fillers,
           product, etc. Reply STOP to opt-
           out."

¶3         Bochenek further alleged in his original federal complaint that McAdoo was

"responsible for making or causing the making of the text message calls," Bochenek had not

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No. 1-14-2919

authorized the calls, and Bochenek had not provided McAdoo with his cellular phone number.

According to Bochenek, the text messages came from an email address associated with

SolutionReach, which was "engaged in the business of marketing and selling electronic

communication solutions to healthcare practices." Bochenek stated that on information and

belief, the text messages were part of a "mass broadcasting."

¶4     In his original federal complaint, Bochenek asserted that defendants violated the

Telephone Consumer Protection Act (47 U.S.C. § 227 (2012)). In addition, Bochenek alleged

that defendants "engaged in unfair acts and practices" that violated section 2 of the Consumer

Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act (the Consumer Fraud Act) (815 ILCS 505/2 (West

2012)). According to Bochenek, the text message calls were contrary to Illinois public policy

and public policy as established by the Telephone Consumer Protection Act.

¶5     McAdoo had medical professional liability insurance coverage with Doctors Direct. The

policy included a cyber claims endorsement, which stated:

                "Subject to all terms, conditions, definitions and exclusions of the Policy, we

                agree to reimburse protected parties, up to the applicable limit indicated in this

                endorsement, for costs protected parties become legally obligated to pay as a

                result of a Cyber Claim for any Network Security Wrongful Act or Privacy

                Wrongful Act including Patient Notification Costs and Credit Monitoring Costs

                incurred for any Privacy Wrongful Act and for Data Recovery Costs incurred due

                to a Data Interference Act, including Defense Costs of a Government

                Investigation for a Privacy Wrongful Act." (Emphases in original.)

¶6     The endorsement defined a cyber claim as:

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No. 1-14-2919

                "a demand for money or services as compensation, such as a claim letter, notice

                of attorney's lien, or a civil suit, administrative proceeding, arbitration or

                mediation seeking to compel such compensation in which protected parties must

                participate."

Additionally, a privacy wrongful act was defined as:

                "any breach or violation of U.S. federal, state, or local statutes and regulations

                associated with the control and use of personally identifiable financial, credit or

                medical information, whether actual or alleged, but only if committed or allegedly

                committed by protected parties."

¶7     On October 30, 2013, McAdoo notified Doctors Direct of the federal lawsuit and asserted

that Bochenek's allegations triggered Doctors Direct's obligation to defend and indemnify

McAdoo. McAdoo further stated that coverage was triggered by the cyber claims endorsement

and the definition of a privacy wrongful act.

¶8     On November 22, 2013, Doctors Direct filed a complaint for declaratory relief in the

Cook County circuit court. Doctors Direct contended that the policy did not cover McAdoo for

the claims raised in the federal lawsuit and moreover, the federal complaint failed to allege a

privacy wrongful act under the policy. Doctors Direct sought a declaration that it did not have to

provide a defense to McAdoo in the federal lawsuit or indemnify McAdoo for any damages

awarded.

¶9     On January 14, 2014, McAdoo filed a petition for bankruptcy in the United States

Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Illinois. Ultimately, the bankruptcy court limited

Bochenek's recovery against McAdoo to the proceeds of Doctors Direct's insurance policy.

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No. 1-14-2919

¶ 10   On March 28, 2014, Bochenek filed his answer to Doctors Direct's complaint, stating that

his lawsuit constituted a privacy wrongful act under the cyber claims endorsement of the Doctors

Direct policy.

¶ 11   On April 4, 2014, Doctors Direct filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings pursuant

to section 2-615(e) of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2-615(e) (West 2012)). Doctors Direct contended

that Bochenek's claims under the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (47 U.S.C. § 227 (2012))

and Consumer Fraud Act (815 ILCS 505/1 et seq. (West 2012)) were not based on a privacy

wrongful act because neither statute was applied or associated with the control and use of

personally identifiable financial, credit, or medical information. Doctors Direct asserted that as a

result, the court should enter a judgment declaring that Bochenek's federal lawsuit was not

covered under the policy.

¶ 12   In his response, Bochenek asserted that the Doctors Direct policy covered McAdoo for

the federal lawsuit because the conduct complained of involved the control and use of personally

identifiable financial, credit, and medical information. Bochenek asserted that the Doctors

Direct policy was ambiguous as to whether the " 'breach or violation' " or the " 'U.S. federal,

state or local statutes and regulations' " must be associated with the control and use of personally

identifiable financial, credit, or medical information. Regardless, Bochenek stated that both the

particular conduct at issue and the laws violated were associated with the control and use of

personally identifiable financial, credit, or medical information, and that any ambiguity must be

resolved in favor of coverage. Additionally, Bochenek asserted that discovery had revealed that

McAdoo had acquired customer information, including names and cellular phone numbers, from

the owner of a spa. Bochenek contended that "[b]eing identified as someone who might

consume cosmetic surgery is as stigmatizing as being identified as part of a group that would

                                                -5-
No. 1-14-2919

participate in, for example, psychotherapy" and that McAdoo's actions implicated privacy

concerns. Bochenek further asserted that a list of people "believed to be prospects for medical

procedures and their cell phone numbers" was " 'personally identifiable financial, credit or

medical information.' "

¶ 13   In its reply, Doctors Direct asserted that Bochenek had construed the definition of a

privacy wrongful act in a way that was at odds with plain, ordinary English. Additionally,

Doctors Direct contended that neither the Telephone Consumer Protection Act nor the Consumer

Fraud Act were concerned with the secrecy of personally identifiable financial, credit, or medical

information. Doctors Direct also stated that the court could disregard Bochenek's reference to

information learned from discovery because discovery was irrelevant on a motion for judgment

on the pleadings and even if it was relevant, Bochenek had not presented the supposed discovery

responses to the court.

¶ 14   Subsequently, in June 2014, Bochenek filed a motion for leave to file a surreply, noting

Doctors Direct's claims that the court could not consider discovery in the federal case and that

Bochenek's federal complaint did not allege any violation or breach associated with the control

and use of personally identifiable financial, credit, or medical information. Bochenek stated that

he had filed a motion for leave to file an amended complaint in federal court, and that this

amended complaint added allegations that McAdoo "obtained a list of personally identifiable

financial, credit or medical information of customers of a spa without their consent and used that

information to send spam text messages to them."

¶ 15   On June 23, 2014, the court denied Bochenek's motion for leave to file a surreply.

¶ 16   The record reflects that on June 30, 2014, Bochenek filed a notice of filing and a copy of

a first amended federal complaint (amended complaint). The notice of filing is date-stamped by

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No. 1-14-2919

the Cook County clerk's office. The amended complaint added an allegation that McAdoo

"obtained a list of personally identifiable financial, credit or medical information of customers

from a spa—including their names and telephone numbers—without the customers' consent and

used that personally identifiable information to send advertising text messages to those

customers believing they would be likely to purchase cosmetic surgery products."

¶ 17    On September 15, 2014, the court issued a memorandum opinion and order that granted

Doctors Direct's motion for judgment on the pleadings. The court acknowledged that Bochenek

had filed an amended complaint on June 30, 2014, but stated that "neither party asserts that the

amendment in the Bochenek Lawsuit affects [Doctors Direct's] Motion for Judgment on the

Pleadings." Construing the insurance policy, the court stated in its order that under a plain

reading of the privacy wrongful act provision, the phrase " 'associated with the control and use of

personally identifiable financial, credit, or medical information' " qualified the phrase

immediately preceding it, " 'of U.S. federal, state or local statute or regulation.' "

¶ 18    The court's order also addressed whether Doctors Direct had to cover Bochenek's claim

under the Telephone Consumer Protection Act and stated that the Telephone Consumer

Protection Act was intended to protect consumers from certain forms of undesirable

communication. The court found that nothing in the plain language of the statute indicated an

intent to protect against the compilation of consumers' names and phone numbers for use in

telemarketing. The court stated that because "the statute does not regulate actions that may be

taken to prepare for the placement of these automated phone calls," the Telephone Consumer

Protection Act was not " 'associated with the control and use of personally identifiable financial,

credit, or medical information.' "

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No. 1-14-2919

¶ 19   The court also found that even if it accepted Bochenek's interpretation that the Telephone

Consumer Protection Act was associated with the control and use of personally identifiable

financial, credit, or medical information, Bochenek had nonetheless failed to establish "that the

collection of names and telephone numbers implicates the control and use of personally

identifiable financial, credit, or medical information." Based on its review of federal regulations

referenced by Bochenek, the court disagreed with Bochenek's assertion that a list of prospective

customers for cosmetic surgery services constituted personally identifiable financial information.

¶ 20   The court further stated in its order that the Doctors Direct policy did not cover violations

of the Consumer Fraud Act. The court found there was nothing in the plain language of the

Consumer Fraud Act to indicate that the statute intended to protect against the disclosure of

personally identifiable financial, credit, or medical information. The court added that "[t]o the

extent that the [Consumer Fraud Act] does prohibit the violation of other state statutes that are

associated with the control and use of personally identifiable financial, credit, or medical

information," that provision was irrelevant because Bochenek's federal lawsuit did not allege a

violation of those other state statutes. The court found overall that Doctors Direct had no duty to

defend or indemnify McAdoo and dismissed the matter in its entirety.

¶ 21   On appeal, Bochenek contends that his federal claim under the Telephone Consumer

Protection Act alleged a privacy wrongful act under the Doctors Direct policy. According to

Bochenek, the phrase "associated with" is expansive, and both the conduct at issue and the

statutes and regulations prohibiting the conduct are necessarily associated with the control and

use of personally identifiable financial, credit, or medical information. Bochenek also asserts

that the policy language for a privacy wrongful act is ambiguous, and therefore should be

construed against Doctors Direct. Additionally, Bochenek argues that the Doctors Direct policy

                                                -8-
No. 1-14-2919

does not require that a statute or regulation expressly state an intent to regulate the control and

use of personally identifiable financial, credit, or medical information. Bochenek further

contends that the Telephone Consumer Protection Act as a whole regulates telemarketing lists,

and that the statute and its corresponding Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

regulations regulate actions that may be taken to prepare for placing automated phone calls.

¶ 22   As noted above, this appeal concerns a motion for judgment on the pleadings. According

to section 2-615(e) of the Code, "[a]ny party may seasonably move for judgment on the

pleadings." 735 ILCS 5/2-615(e) (West 2012). Judgment on the pleadings is proper "where the

pleadings disclose no genuine issue of material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment

as a matter of law." Gillen v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co., 215 Ill. 2d 381, 385

(2005). A motion for judgment on the pleadings tests the sufficiency of the pleadings by

determining whether the plaintiff is entitled to the relief sought by its complaint, or in the

alternative, whether the defendant by his answer has "set up a defense that would entitle him to a

hearing on the merits." Continental Casualty Co. v. Cuda, 306 Ill. App. 3d 340, 346 (1999). A

party who moves for judgment on the pleadings concedes the truth of the well-pled facts in the

respondent's pleadings. Parkway Bank & Trust Co. v. Meseljevic, 406 Ill. App. 3d 435, 442

(2010). In ruling on a motion for judgment on the pleadings, the court considers only the facts

apparent from the face of the pleadings, matters subject to judicial notice, and judicial

admissions in the record. Gillen, 215 Ill. 2d at 385. "[I]f the pleadings put in issue one or more

material facts, evidence must be taken to resolve such issues and judgment may not be entered

on the pleadings." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Continental Casualty Co., 306 Ill. App.
3d at 347. On review, we determine whether any issues of material fact exist, and if not, whether

the movant was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Gillen, 215 Ill. 2d at 385. We review a

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No. 1-14-2919

circuit court's order granting judgment on the pleadings de novo. Parkway Bank & Trust Co.,
406 Ill. App. 3d at 442.

¶ 23   Our analysis below considers both Bochenek's original and amended federal complaints.

It is unclear from the record whether the circuit court considered the amended complaint in

making its ruling, having stated in its order that "neither party asserts that the amendment in the

Bochenek Lawsuit affects [Doctors Direct's] Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings." The record

does not contain a report of proceedings for the date on which the court heard arguments on

Doctors Direct's motion for judgment on the pleadings. Further, the record does not indicate

whether Bochenek's original federal complaint or amended complaint was pending before the

federal court. Given this uncertainty, we consider both complaints.

¶ 24   To determine whether the Doctors Direct policy covers the federal lawsuit, we must first

construe the definition of a privacy wrongful act in the insurance policy. As noted above, the

policy defines a privacy wrongful act as:

                "any breach or violation of U.S. federal, state or local statutes and regulations

                associated with the control and use of personally identifiable financial, credit or

                medical information, whether actual or alleged, but only if committed or allegedly

                committed by protected parties."

¶ 25   The rules that apply to contract interpretation govern the interpretation of an insurance

policy. Gaudina v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co., 2014 IL App (1st) 131264, ¶

17. When construing an insurance policy, our primary objective is to ascertain and give effect to

the parties' intent, as expressed in the policy language. Gillen, 215 Ill. 2d at 393. Further, we

should give a natural and reasonable construction to an insurance policy. Id. "If the terms in the

policy are clear and unambiguous, the court must give them their plain, ordinary, [and] popular

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No. 1-14-2919

meaning." Outboard Marine Corp. v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., 154 Ill. 2d 90, 119 (1992).

A term is ambiguous, and construed against the drafter of the policy, if it is subject to more than

one reasonable interpretation within the context in which it appears. Id. To determine whether

the insurer has a duty to defend, a court must compare the allegations in the underlying

complaint to the policy language. General Agents Insurance Co. of America, Inc. v. Midwest

Sporting Goods Co., 215 Ill. 2d 146, 154-55 (2005). If the underlying complaint alleges facts

within or potentially within policy coverage, the insurer must defend the insured even if the

allegations are groundless, false, or fraudulent. Id. at 155.

¶ 26    Turning to the definition of a privacy wrongful act, the parties' disagreement concerns the

definition of the phrase "associated with" and what that phrase modifies. Under our reading of

the definition's plain language, it is the U.S. federal, state, or local statute or regulation that must

be associated with the control and use of personally identifiable financial, credit, or medical

information. Though Bochenek questions its applicability, the parties note the last antecedent

rule, in which a qualifying phrase is confined to the last antecedent unless there is something in

the instrument that requires a different construction. Illini Federal Savings & Loan Ass'n v.

Elsah Hills Corp., 112 Ill. App. 3d 356, 359 (1983). As here, "[w]here the text of the statute is

clear and unambiguous, there is no need to resort to canons of statutory construction such as the

last-antecedent rule." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Department of Transportation v.

Singh, 393 Ill. App. 3d 458, 465 (2009). However, using the last antecedent rule here helps

illustrate the proper construction of the definition of a privacy wrongful act. The phrase

immediately preceding "associated with" is "U.S. federal, state or local statutes or regulations."

As such, "associated with" only applies to "U.S. federal, state or local statutes or regulations,"

and not to "any breach or violation." The last antecedent rule underscores that it is the statute or

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No. 1-14-2919

regulation that must be associated with personally identifiable financial, credit, or medical

information.

¶ 27   Our next task is to define "associated with," which will clarify the required relationship

between "U.S. federal, state or local statues and regulations" and "control and use of personally

identifiable financial, credit or medical information." Where a term in an insurance policy is not

defined, we afford that term its plain, ordinary, and popular meaning—that is, we look to its

dictionary definition. Gaudina, 2014 IL App (1st) 131264, ¶ 18. "Associate" is defined as "to

join (things) together or connect (one thing) with another: COMBINE," "to join or connect in

any of various intangible or unspecified ways (as in general mental, legendary, or historical

relationship, in unspecified causal relationship, or in unspecified professional or scholarly

relationship)," and "to combine or join with another or others as component parts: UNITE."

Webster's Third New International Dictionary 132 (1993).

¶ 28   The Telephone Consumer Protection Act is not joined, combined, united, or connected

with the control and use of personally identifiable financial, credit, or medical information. The

Telephone Consumer Protection Act outlaws four practices: (1) making a call using an

automated dialing system or artificial or prerecorded voice, without the prior express consent of

the called party, to any emergency telephone line, guest or patient room of a hospital, health care

facility, elderly home, or similar establishment, or to any telephone number assigned to a paging

service, cellular telephone service, specialized mobile radio service, other radio common carrier

service, or any service for which the called party is charged for the call; (2) initiating any

telephone call to any residential telephone line using an artificial or prerecorded voice to deliver

a message without prior express consent; (3) using a fax machine, computer, or other device to

send unsolicited advertisements to a fax machine, subject to certain exceptions; (4) using an

                                                 -12-
No. 1-14-2919

automatic telephone dialing system such that two or more telephone lines of a multi-line business

are engaged at the same time. 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(1)(A) to (D) (2012); Standard Mutual

Insurance Co. v. Lay, 2013 IL 114617, ¶ 28. Of note, a "call" includes both voice calls and text

messages. Scatterfield v. Simon & Schuster, Inc., 569 F.3d 946, 954-55 (9th Cir. 2009); Lozano

v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp., 702 F. Supp. 2d 999, 1009 (N.D. Ill. 2010).

¶ 29   The plain language of the Telephone Consumer Protection Act illustrates that the statute

only prohibits the actual making of certain kinds of calls. The statute does not address how a

caller might control or use personally identifiable financial, credit, or medical information either

before or after the call is made. Although other tools of statutory construction are unnecessary

when the meaning of a statute is plain on its face (General Motors Corp. v. Pappas, 242 Ill. 2d
163, 180 (2011)), we note that Congress enacted the Telephone Consumer Protection Act to

address telemarketing abuses related to the use of automated telephone calls to telephones,

cellular telephones, and fax machines, and that the purposes of this statute are to "protect the

privacy interests of residential telephone customers by restricting unsolicited automated

telephone calls to the home, and facilitat[e] interstate commerce by restricting certain uses of fax

machines and automatic dialers" (Standard Mutual Insurance Co., 2013 IL 114617, ¶ 27).

Congress also found that unrestricted telemarketing could be an intrusive invasion of privacy and

that automated or prerecorded telephone calls to private residences were regarded by recipients

as an invasion of privacy. Mims v. Arrow Financial Services, LLC, 565 U.S. __, __, 132 S. Ct.
740, 745 (2012). Along with the plain language of the statute, these purposes illustrate that the

Telephone Consumer Protection Act focuses on the calls themselves, and is not joined,

combined, united, or connected to the control and use of personally identifiable financial, credit,

or medical information to make the calls.

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No. 1-14-2919

¶ 30    We are not persuaded by Bochenek's contention that, based on provisions in the

Telephone Consumer Protection Act and certain FCC regulations, the statute and regulations

address the manner in which people are selected for marketing. Specifically, Bochenek points to

three regulations: (1) no person or entity may initiate a telephone solicitation to someone who

has put his telephone number on the national do-not-call list (47 C.F.R. § 64.1200(c)(2) (2012));

(2) no person or entity may call a residential subscriber for telemarketing purposes unless that

person or entity has its own do-not-call list (47 C.F.R. § 64.1200(d) (2012)); and (3) no person or

entity may use any technology to dial a telephone number to determine whether the line is a fax

or voice line (47 C.F.R. § 64.1200(a)(8) (2012)). None of these regulations are connected with

the control or use or personally identifiable financial, credit, or medical information. The first

two regulations require telemarketers to ascribe to or maintain systems that allow people to stop

receiving calls, and the third regulation prohibits another kind of call. These regulations, like the

rest of the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, are focused on the act of making calls and are

not connected to the use of personally identifiable financial, credit, or medical information in

service of the calls.

¶ 31    As noted above, a court must compare the allegations in the underlying complaint to the

policy language to determine whether the insurer has a duty to defend. General Agents

Insurance Co. of America, 215 Ill. 2d at 154-55. Here, Bochenek's complaints alleged a

violation of the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, but because this statute is not associated

with the control and use of personally identifiable financial, credit or medical information, the

allegation is not covered by the Doctors Direct policy as a privacy wrongful act. As a result, the

Doctors Direct policy does not cover this part of Bochenek's claim.

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No. 1-14-2919

¶ 32   Bochenek next contends that the Doctors Direct policy covers his claim under the

Consumer Fraud Act (815 ILCS 505/1 et seq. (West 2012)). Bochenek argues that the Consumer

Fraud Act prohibits conduct that violates public policy as established by other state and federal

statutes, including the Telephone Consumer Protection Act. Bochenek contends that,

accordingly, the same analysis applies to coverage under both the Telephone Consumer

Protection Act and the Consumer Fraud Act. Bochenek also notes that the Consumer Fraud Act

states that violating certain other state statutes is a violation of the Consumer Fraud Act, and the

list of these statutes indicates that the General Assembly thought that protecting consumers

against improper telemarketing was a matter of concern and was covered by the Consumer Fraud

Act.

¶ 33   Similar to our analysis of Bochenek's claim under the Telephone Consumer Protection

Act, we must determine whether the Consumer Fraud Act is associated with the control and use

of personally identifiable financial, credit, or medical information. Section 2 of the Consumer

Fraud Act prohibits "[u]nfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts or practices,

including *** the use or employment of any deception, fraud, false pretense, false promise,

misrepresentation or the concealment, suppression or omission of any material fact" with the

intent that someone rely on that concealment, suppression, or omission. 815 ILCS 505/2 (West

2012). In addition, section 2Z of the Consumer Fraud Act provides that a knowing violation of

certain other statutes, including the Automatic Telephone Dialers Act (815 ILCS 305/1 et seq.

(West 2012)), the Telephone Solicitations Act (815 ILCS 413/1 et seq. (West 2012)), the

Electronic Mail Act (815 ILCS 511/1 et seq. (West 2012)), the Internet Caller Identification Act

(815 ILCS 517/1 et seq. (West 2012)), and the Personal Information Protection Act (815 ILCS

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No. 1-14-2919

530/1 et seq. (West 2012)), are also violations of the Consumer Fraud Act. 815 ILCS 505/2Z

(West 2012).

¶ 34    Under the Consumer Fraud Act, a party may recover for unfair as well as deceptive

conduct. Robinson v. Toyota Motor Credit Corp., 201 Ill. 2d 403, 417 (2002). In determining

whether a course of conduct or act is unfair, the Consumer Fraud Act "mandates that

consideration shall be given to the interpretations of the Federal Trade Commission and the

federal courts relating to Section 5(a) of the Federal Trade Commission Act." (Internal quotation

marks omitted.) Id. (quoting 815 ILCS 505/2 (West 1992)). In Federal Trade Comm'n v. Sperry

& Hutchinson Co., 405 U.S. 233, 244 n.5 (1972), the United States Supreme Court cited with

approval the factors that the Federal Trade Commission considers in determining whether a

practice is unfair: (1) whether it offends public policy "as it has been established by statutes, the

common law, or otherwise—whether, in other words, it is within at least the penumbra of some

common-law, statutory, or otherwise established concept of unfairness; (2) whether it is

immoral, unethical, oppressive, or unscrupulous; [and] (3) whether it causes substantial injury to

consumers." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) See also Robinson, 201 Ill. 2d at 417-18. Not

all three criteria need to be satisfied for a practice to be found unfair. Id. at 418.

¶ 35    We agree with the circuit court that nothing in the plain language of the Consumer Fraud

Act itself suggests that the statute is associated with personally identifiable financial, credit, or

medical information. Bochenek also relies on a number of federal cases to contend that the

Telephone Consumer Protection Act is one of the statutes that establishes practices offensive to

public policy, and therefore the Consumer Fraud Act and the Telephone Consumer Protection

Act share a purpose. This assertion does not help Bochenek because, as discussed above, the

Telephone Consumer Protection Act is not associated with the control and use of personally

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No. 1-14-2919

identifiable financial, credit, or medical information. Therefore, a claim under the Consumer

Fraud Act that in turn relies on the Telephone Consumer Protection Act is not covered under the

Doctors Direct policy.

¶ 36   Another potential source for answering the question of whether the Consumer Fraud Act

is associated with the control and use of personally identifiable financial, credit, or medical

information is Bochenek's reference to the other state statutes listed in section 2Z of the

Consumer Fraud Act (815 ILCS 505/2Z (West 2012)) that, if violated, are also violations of the

Consumer Fraud Act. We find that four of the statutes Bochenek lists suffer from the same

problem as the Telephone Consumer Protection Act–they focus on the act of calling or reaching

someone, as opposed to the control or use of personally identifiable financial, credit, or medical

information. See the Automatic Telephone Dialers Act (815 ILCS 305/15, 30 (West 2012))

(prohibiting the use of an autodialer to place a telephone call between 9 p.m. and 9 a.m. and to

play a prerecorded message placed by an autodialer without the consent of the third party); the

Telephone Solicitations Act (815 ILCS 413/15 (West 2012)) (prohibiting the solicitation of

goods or services by placing a telephone call between 9 p.m. and 8 a.m.); the Electronic Mail Act

(815 ILCS 511/10 (West 2012)) (prohibiting the sending of unsolicited electronic mail

advertisements that use a third party's Internet domain name without permission, otherwise

misrepresent information in identifying an advertisement's origin or transmission path, or contain

false or misleading information in the subject line); the Internet Caller Identification Act (815

ILCS 517/10 (West 2012)) (prohibiting the use of any Internet caller identification equipment or

Internet phone equipment to make a particular number or name appear on the recipient's caller

identification system).

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No. 1-14-2919

¶ 37   We separately consider a different statute mentioned in section 2Z and noted by

Bochenek—the Personal Information Protection Act (815 ILCS 530/1 et seq. (West 2012)). This

statute requires entities, including privately and publicly held corporations and retail operators,

that for any purpose, handle, collect, disseminate, or otherwise deal with nonpublic personal

information to take certain steps in the event of a breach of the security of system data. 815

ILCS 530/5, 10 (West 2012). The statute defines "personal information" as someone's first name

or first initial and last name in combination with any one or more of the following: (1) social

security number; (2) driver's license number or state identification card number; and (3) account

number or debit card number, or an account number or credit card number in combination with

any required security code, access code, or password that would permit access to an individual's

financial account. 815 ILCS 530/5 (West 2012).

¶ 38   Despite the definition of "personal information" above, and that a violation of the

Personal Information Protection Act is a violation of the Consumer Fraud Act under section 2Z

(815 ILCS 505/2Z (West 2012)), the Consumer Fraud Act is not associated with personally

identifiable financial, credit, or medical information in this case. Again comparing the

allegations of the underlying complaint to the policy language (Outboard Marine Corp., 154 Ill.
2d at 125), Bochenek made no mention of the Personal Information Protection Act in either of

his federal complaints. The federal complaints also do not mention the kind of information in

the Personal Information Protection Act that could be personally identifiable financial or credit

information under the Doctors Direct policy. As a result, he has not alleged a claim under the

Consumer Fraud Act that would be covered under the Doctors Direct policy.

¶ 39   Lastly, Bochenek challenges the circuit court's alternative holding that he failed to

establish "that the collection of names and telephone numbers implicates the control and use of

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personally identifiable financial, credit, or medical information." Bochenek argues that being

placed on a list of prospects for cosmetic surgery services conveys medical information about the

people on the list, as well as financial information, since the services are costly.

¶ 40   As a preliminary matter, Doctors Direct asserts that Bochenek waived the argument that a

list of prospects could be personally identifiable medical information. We disagree. In his

response to Doctors Direct's motion for judgment on the pleadings, Bochenek stated that the text

messages associated a list of consumers and cellular telephone numbers with a "perceived need

and ability to pay for cosmetic surgery products." Bochenek further asserted in his response that

"[b]eing identified as someone who might consume cosmetic surgery is as stigmatizing as being

identified as part of a group that would participate in, for example, psychotherapy." Bochenek

also stated that "[a] list of persons believed to be prospects for medical procedures and their cell

phone numbers is 'personally identifiable financial, credit, or medical information.' " Later in his

response, Bochenek again stated that "[a] list of persons who have been identified as prospects

for costly Botox injections or cosmetic surgery services is 'personally identifiable financial,

credit or medical information.' " We find that Bochenek's references to cosmetic surgery and

medical information in his response to Doctors Direct's motion for judgment on the pleadings

were sufficient to preserve the argument that the list was personally identifiable medical

information.

¶ 41   Moving to the merits of the question of whether the list here was "personally identifiable

financial, credit, or medical information," we first consider the allegations contained in

Bochenek's original federal complaint. In support of his argument, Bochenek relies primarily on

Trans Union Corp. v. Federal Trade Comm'n, 245 F.3d 809 (D.C. Cir. 2001). At issue in Trans

Union was whether target marketing products, which consisted of lists of names and addresses of

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people who met specific criteria, such as possession of a car loan, a department store credit card,

or two or more mortgages, were consumer reports. Id. at 812. "Consumer reports" were defined

as:

                "[a]ny written, oral, or other communication of any information by a consumer

                reporting agency bearing on a consumer's credit worthiness, credit standing, credit

                capacity, character, general reputation, personal characteristics, or mode of living

                which is used or expected to be used or collected in whole or in part for the

                purpose of serving as a factor in establishing the consumer's eligibility for–

                       (A) credit or insurance to be used primarily for personal, family, or

                       household purposes;

                       (B) employment purposes; or

                       (C) any other purpose authorized under section 1681b of [the Fair Credit

                       Reporting Act]". Id.

¶ 42   Bochenek contends that because the target marketing products in Trans Union were

consumer reports (id. at 815), a list of people who have engaged in some past transaction that

resulted in their being considered likely candidates for plastic surgery services meets the broader

standard of "personally identifiable financial, credit, or medical information." We fail to see the

analogy here. Trans Union dealt with an entirely different kind of list than the one at issue here,

and moreover, was entirely irrelevant to the topic of personally identifiable medical information.

Bochenek also cites to Trans Union's statement that "[a]lthough target marketing lists contain

only names and addresses, purchasers know that every person on a list has the characteristics

they requested because Trans Union uses those characteristics as criteria for culling individual

files from its database." Id. at 812. Here, however, there was no information in the original

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federal complaint about how the telephone numbers were compiled—only that McAdoo sent

unsolicited text messages about cosmetic surgery products. Bochenek further states that the fact

that a medical practitioner complies a list of people who meet certain criteria identified by the

practitioner to make them likely prospects for treatment makes the list contain personally

identifiable medical information. However, this definition of personally identifiable medical

information is too broad and could turn any list of names and phone numbers into personally

identifiable medical information as long as a doctor had the list.

¶ 43     We next address whether the additional allegation in Bochenek's amended complaint that

the fact that the list came from a spa made it personally identifiable medical information. 1 As

noted above, Bochenek's amended complaint added the allegation that McAdoo "obtained a list

of personally identifiable financial, credit or medical information of customers from a spa—

including their names and telephone numbers—without the customers' consent and used that

personally identifiable information to send advertising text messages to those customers

believing they would be likely to purchase cosmetic surgery products." We find that the

additional allegation does not change our analysis. Bochenek has failed to provide any support

for the notion that the spa was a medical provider or released medical information about its

customers to McAdoo. The amended complaint states that the information from the spa

"[included] *** names and telephone numbers," but does not elaborate further. As a result,

Bochenek's argument still hinges on the notion that McAdoo's status as a doctor makes the list

personally identifiable medical information, which as stated above, is insufficient. Regardless of

         1
           Interestingly, in a motion before this court, Bochenek stated that his "contention that the list contains
medical information has consistently been rooted in the fact that the list was created by a surgeon to sell a medical
service. The fact that the list was obtained from a spa served merely to establish the background of the claim and
was irrelevant to the medical nature of the list."

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No. 1-14-2919

whether we consider the original or amended complaint, Bochenek has failed to show that the list

here was personally identifiable medical information.

In further support of his contention that the list here was personally identifiable financial or

credit information, Bochenek relies on several FCC regulations, including section 313.3(o)(1) of

Title 16, which defines "[p]ersonally identifiable financial information" as (1) information that a

consumer provides to obtain a financial product or service, (2) information about a consumer

resulting from any transaction involving a financial product or service, or (3) information

otherwise obtained about a consumer in connection with providing a financial product or service

to the consumer. "Personally identifiable financial information" includes the fact that someone

has been a customer or has obtained a financial product or service. 16 C.F.R. § 313.3(o)(2)(i)(C)

(2012). The problem here is that these regulations do not apply to the entities that Bochenek

claims were involved in sending the text messages. The cited regulations apply to "financial

institutions" and "other persons" over whom the Federal Trade Commission has enforcement

authority pursuant to section 505(a)(7) of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (16 C.F.R. § 313.1(b)

(2012)), which Bochenek does not claim covers any entity involved here. Further, a "financial

institution" is a business that engages in financial activity as described in section 4(k) of the

Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 (12 U.S.C. § 1843(k)(2012)). 16 C.F.R. § 313.1(b) (2012).

Subsection (k)(4) of the Bank Holding Company Act lists several financial activities, including

lending money or securities, insuring against loss, issuing or selling instruments, and dealing in

securities. 12 U.S.C. § 1843(k)(4) (2012). There is no evidence that McAdoo or any other entity

involved in the text messages engaged in the listed financial activities and were therefore

financial institutions. As a result, Bochenek's cited regulations do not apply here and Bochenek

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has failed to show that the list of prospective customers for cosmetic surgery services was

personally identifiable financial or credit information.

¶ 44   Overall, because the allegations in Bochenek's federal complaints do not even potentially

fall within the coverage of the Doctors Direct policy, Doctors Direct does not have a duty to

defend or indemnify McAdoo in the federal lawsuit. See Crum & Forster Managers Corp. v.

Resolution Trust Corp., 156 Ill. 2d 384, 398 (1993) (duty to defend is broader than duty to

indemnify). Accordingly, the circuit court properly granted Doctors Direct's motion for judgment

on the pleadings.

¶ 45   For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.

¶ 46   Affirmed.

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