Court Opinion

ID: 4186959
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-07-18 14:00:41.928719+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:46:13.574979
License: Public Domain

15-2825-cv (L)
     Panzella v. Sposato, et al.

 1                                                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
 2                                                         FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
 3
 4                                                                         August Term, 2016
 5
 6                                                                        Argued: June 12, 2017
 7
 8                                             Decided: July 17, 2017                   Amended: July 18, 2017
 9
10                                               Docket Nos. 15-2825-cv (Lead), 15-2891-cv (XAP)
11
12
13                                                                     CHRISTINE PANZELLA,
14
15                                                                  Plaintiff-Appellee-Cross-Appellant
16
17                                                                                – v. –
18
19   MICHAEL J. SPOSATO, Individually and in his Official Capacity, UNKNOWN SHERIFFS #2
20     THROUGH 4, NASSAU COUNTY, NASSAU COUNTY SHERIFF’S DEPARTMENT,
21   ROBERT MASTROPIERI, Individually and in his Official Capacity, UNKNOWN SHERIFF,
22                               #1 WITH SHIELD #116,
23
24                                                          Defendants-Appellants-Cross-Appellees*
25
26
27   Before: CALABRESI, POOLER, Circuit Judges, VILARDO, District Judge.
28
29                 This case arose after the County of Nassau, the Nassau County Sheriff’s Department, and

30   various officers (collectively, the “Defendants”) refused to return Plaintiff Christine Panzella’s

31   longarms that had been seized in connection with a New York Family Court temporary order of

32   protection issued against Panzella, even though the order was no longer in effect. Now before us

33   are an appeal and a cross-appeal from the August 26, 2015 order of the United States District

34   Court for the Eastern District of New York (Azrack, J.).                                       The order granted Panzella an

                                                                 
     *
      The Clerk of Court is directed to amend the caption to conform to the listing above.
     **
       Judge Lawrence J. Vilardo of the United States District Court for the Western District of New
     York, sitting by designation.

                                                                                    1
 1   injunction that entitles her to a hearing to determine whether the County must return her

 2   longarms; it also gave the individual Defendants qualified immunity as to several claims,

 3   rejected various other claims by Panzella, and reserved ruling on two of Panzella’s state-law

 4   claims until after the County affords her the hearing required by the district court’s injunction.

 5                 For the reasons set forth below, the order of the district court is AFFIRMED to the extent

 6   that it grants Panzella an injunction. The appeal is DISMISSED in all other respects.

 7
 8                                                                  ROBERT JAMES LA REDDOLA, La Reddola, Lester &
 9                                                                  Associates, LLP, Garden City, New York, for Plaintiff-
10                                                                  Appellee-Cross-Appellant
11
12                                                                  ROBERT F. VAN DER WAAG, Deputy County Attorney,
13                                                                  for Carnell T. Foskey, Nassau County Attorney, Mineola,
14                                                                  New York, for Defendants-Appellants-Cross-Appellees
15
16
17   GUIDO CALABRESI, Circuit Judge:

18                 This case arose after the County of Nassau, the Nassau County Sheriff’s Department, and

19   various officers (collectively, the “Defendants”) refused to return Plaintiff Christine Panzella’s

20   longarms1 that had been seized in connection with a New York Family Court temporary order of

21   protection issued against Panzella, even though the order was no longer in effect. Now before us

22   are an appeal and a cross-appeal from the August 26, 2015 order of the United States District

23   Court for the Eastern District of New York (Azrack, J.).                                The order granted Panzella an

24   injunction that entitles her to a hearing to determine whether the County must return her

25   longarms; it also gave the individual Defendants qualified immunity as to several claims,

26   rejected various other claims by Panzella, and reserved ruling on two of Panzella’s state-law

27   claims until after the County affords her the hearing required by the district court’s injunction.

                                                                 
     1
       “[R]ifles and shotguns . . . because of the length of their barrels, are referred to collectively as
     ‘longarms.’” Razzano v. Cty. of Nassau, 765 F. Supp. 2d 176, 180 (E.D.N.Y. 2011).

                                                                             2
 1           For the reasons set forth below, the order of the district court is AFFIRMED to the extent

 2   that it grants Panzella an injunction. The appeal is DISMISSED in all other respects.

 3   I.      BACKGROUND

 4           Because this case involves the interplay between New York Family Court orders of

 5   protection and various state and federal laws, we first set forth an overview of the relevant legal

 6   framework.

 7        A. Article 8 of the New York Family Court Act

 8           Under Article 8 of the New York Family Court Act, an individual may file a petition in

 9   the Family Court to obtain an order of protection against a family member. N.Y. Fam. Ct. Act

10   §§ 812, 821–22. The Family Court may then, upon a showing of “good cause[,] . . . issue a

11   temporary order of protection” prohibiting the respondent from engaging in various types of

12   conduct. Id. § 828.

13           The Family Court has on file a general “temporary order of protection” form, which lists

14   conditions the court may impose upon a respondent. The form, reflecting § 842-a of the New

15   York Family Court Act, provides a box the court can check to order the respondent to

16   “[s]urrender any and all [firearms] owned or possessed” by the respondent, and to prohibit the

17   respondent from “obtain[ing] any further . . . firearms.” App. at 591. The bottom of the form

18   notifies the respondent that “[i]t is a federal crime to . . . buy, possess or transfer a [firearm]

19   while this Order remains in effect” (hereafter referred to as the “federal warning language”). Id.

20   at 592. The federal warning language cites, inter alia, 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(8), which states that it

21   is unlawful for any person to possess firearms if that person:

22                  is subject to a court order that—
23

                                                        3
 1                                (A) was issued after a hearing of which such person received
 2                                    actual notice, and at which such person had an opportunity to
 3                                    participate;
 4
 5                                (B) restrains such person from harassing, stalking, or threatening
 6                                    an intimate partner of such person or child of such intimate
 7                                    partner or person, or engaging in other conduct that would
 8                                    place an intimate partner in reasonable fear of bodily injury to
 9                                    the partner or child; and
10
11                                (C) (i) includes a finding that such person represents a credible
12                                    threat to the physical safety of such intimate partner or child;
13                                    or (ii) by its terms explicitly prohibits the use, attempted use,
14                                    or threatened use of physical force against such intimate
15                                    partner or child that would reasonably be expected to cause
16                                    bodily injury.
17
18   18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(8).

19                 If the Family Court issues the order ex parte, the Court must hold a hearing regarding the

20   surrender within fourteen days of the date the order was issued. N.Y. Fam. Ct. Act § 842-a(7).

21                 “Although Section 842-a authorizes the Family Court to order the confiscation

22   of . . . firearms, this provision does not authorize it to order their subsequent return.”2 Dudek v.

23   Nassau Cty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, 991 F. Supp. 2d 402, 406 (E.D.N.Y. 2013); accord Engel v. Engel,

24   24 A.D.3d 548, 549 (N.Y. App. Div. 2005); Blauman v. Blauman, 2 A.D.3d 727, 727–28 (N.Y.

25   App. Div. 2003); Aloi v. Nassau Cty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, 800 N.Y.S.2d 873, 874 (N.Y. Sup. Ct.

26   2005) (“Aloi II”). New York courts have described this as “a legislative glitch.” Aloi II, 800

27   N.Y.S.2d at 873 (internal quotation marks omitted).                    One way to request the return of seized

28   firearms “is to make an application to the officer that currently has custody of the weapons.”

29   Blauman, 2 A.D.3d at 728. However, because “it can reasonably be anticipated that the officer

30   that has custody of the firearms will refuse to return the firearms without a court order,” a

                                                                 
     2
      There is a procedure for the return of seized handguns in Nassau County, but there is no such
     procedure for the return of seized longarms. Razzano, 765 F. Supp. 2d at 181.

                                                                    4
 1   respondent’s next step would typically be to start an Article 78 proceeding in the New York

 2   Supreme Court seeking an order directing the custodian of the firearms to return them. Aloi II,

 3   800 N.Y.S.2d at 874.

 4          The burden of deciding whether to return the firearms is thus principally put on the

 5   Supreme Court, “which does not have . . . comparable knowledge or background on cases

 6   litigated in the Family Court.” Id. The determination, moreover, is left “to a judge who is not

 7   familiar with the history of the family, the parties, and any alleged violence that may have

 8   transpired resulting in the issuance of the order of protection and seizure of said firearms.” Id. at

 9   875. All this, quite apart from the cumbersome nature of Article 78 proceedings. See Razzano,

10   765 F. Supp. 2d at 188–89 (discussing the time and expense of Article 78 proceedings).

11       B. Factual Background

12          On June 22, 2012, Panzella’s ex-husband filed a petition under Article 8 in the New York

13   Family Court. That same day, a Court Attorney Referee in the Family Court issued a temporary

14   order of protection against Panzella (“the Temporary Order”), to remain in effect until December

15   21, 2012. The Temporary Order was issued ex parte, and required that Panzella:

16                  Refrain from assault, stalking, harassment, aggravated harassment,
17                  menacing, reckless endangerment, strangulation, criminal
18                  obstruction of breathing or circulation, disorderly conduct,
19                  criminal mischief, sexual abuse, sexual misconduct, forcible
20                  touching, intimidation, threats or any criminal offense against
21                  [Panzella’s ex-husband].
22
23   App. at 50. There is no dispute that a hearing was not held in connection with the issuance of the

24   Temporary Order.

25          The Temporary Order contained the federal warning language, informing Panzella that,

26   pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(8) and other federal laws, “[i]t is a federal crime to . . . buy,

                                                      5
 1   possess or transfer a [firearm] while this Order remains in effect.” App. at 51. We note,

 2   however, that because the Temporary Order was issued ex parte, § 922(g) would not apply to

 3   Panzella because § 922(g) makes criminal the possession of a firearm only when an order of

 4   protection has been “issued after a hearing of which such person received actual notice, and at

 5   which such person had an opportunity to participate.” 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(8)(A) (emphasis

 6   added). The Family Court also did not include language requiring Panzella to surrender her

 7   firearms pursuant to § 842-a, or any other law.

 8                 On June 27, 2012, four Deputy Sheriffs from the Nassau County Sheriff’s Department,

 9   under the supervision of Sheriff Michael Sposato and Deputy Sheriff Robert Mastropieri, served

10   the Temporary Order on Panzella, and, upon learning that she had firearms and longarms in her

11   home, confiscated them.

12                 On November 27, 2012, after a hearing at which Panzella appeared, the Family Court

13   extended the Temporary Order to January 22, 2013. Subsequently, on March 6, 2013, her ex-

14   husband withdrew his petition. The Court, then, dismissed the entire protection proceeding.

15                 On several occasions thereafter, Panzella requested the return of her longarms.

16   Defendants have thus far denied her requests, and have informed her that because her longarms

17   were seized in connection with a lawful order under Article 8 of the New York State Family

18   Court Act, the County’s “Retention Policy,” App. at 947, prevents it from returning the longarms

19   “until the Sheriff’s Department is presented with an order directing the return of [the longarms]

20   from a court of competent jurisdiction.” Id. at 687.3

                                                                 
     3
       There is no dispute, however, that unlike Panzella’s longarms, her pistol license (which was
     also confiscated along with her longarms), was returned, and that she has since purchased a new
     pistol. See App. at 197–98 (Panzella’s affidavit); id. at 384–86 (Panzella’s pistol purchase record
     with receipt, dated September 9, 2014). This is because, unlike for longarms, when a person’s

                                                                    6
 1                 The County has explained that it “appl[ies] the § 842-a Retention Policy where, as here,

 2   (a) the Family Court Order includes [the federal warning language], but does not explicitly order

 3   the respondent to surrender the longarms, and (b) the Family Court Order has expired or has

 4   been dismissed or vacated.” Id. at 949. Thus, the County has made clear that its policy is to retain

 5   any longarms confiscated in connection with such an order of protection until the County

 6   receives a court order directing their return—even if (1) the initial order did not explicitly require

 7   the confiscation pursuant to § 842-a, and (2) the order has expired or has been dismissed.

 8          C. Procedural History

 9                 On October 11, 2013, Panzella filed a “Class Action Complaint”4 against Defendants,

10   alleging: (1) violation of her Fourteenth Amendment due process rights; (2) violation of her

11   Second Amendment right to bear arms; and (3) a Monell claim against the County, Sheriff

12   Sposato, and Deputy Sheriff Mastropieri. She also brought state law claims for replevin and

13   conversion and sought punitive damages and legal fees. Along with her request for damages,

14   Panzella asked the court, inter alia, to “[i]ssue temporary, preliminary and permanent

15   injunctions” directing Defendants to conduct post-deprivation hearings pursuant to Razzano v.

16   County of Nassau, 765 F. Supp. 2d 176 (E.D.N.Y. 2011), for all longarms “owned by [Panzella]

17   and Class Members that are currently in the possession of Defendant.” App. at 37–38.

                                                                                                                                                                                                     
     firearms are confiscated or surrendered, there is, in Nassau County, a procedure for the return of
     seized handguns. Razzano, 765 F. Supp. 2d at 181.

     4
       To date, no class has been certified. The district court previously denied, without prejudice,
     Panzella’s motion to certify a class, specifically noting the request could be renewed following
     the court’s decision on the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment, which are the subject
     of this appeal. See Order Denying Motion to Certify Class, Panzella v. Sposato et al., No. 13-cv-
     05640-JMA-SIL, ECF No. 71; see also Special App. at 8 (noting that “[n]o class has been
     certified yet”). Panzella has not appealed the district court’s denial of her motion to certify a
     class, and, at this time, has not renewed her motion.

                                                                                                  7
 1                 On November 27, 2013, Defendants filed a motion to dismiss Panzella’s suit pursuant to

 2   Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, for failure to state a claim. On December

 3   6, 2013, the district court informed the parties that it intended to convert the Defendants’ motion

 4   to dismiss into a Rule 56 motion for summary judgment. On September 10, 2014, the district

 5   court directed Panzella to file a Rule 56 motion for summary judgment, which she did, on

 6   January 19, 2015. The district court issued a memorandum and order on Panzella’s and the

 7   Defendants’ motions for summary judgment on August 26, 2015.

 8                 The court first dismissed, with prejudice, Panzella’s claims against the Nassau County

 9   Sheriff’s Department, holding that “[a]s an administrative arm of Nassau County,

10   the . . . Department is not a suable entity.”                  Panzella v. Cty. of Nassau, No. 13-CV-5640

11   (JMA)(SIL), 2015 WL 5607750, at *5 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 26, 2015).5

12                 The court then granted Panzella’s motion for summary judgment as to her Fourteenth

13   Amendment due process claim against the County. The court relied on Razzano, recognizing

14   that although that case “addressed factually distinct circumstances,”6 it was nevertheless

15   persuasive when applied to the facts of this case. Id. at *7.

16                 The district court concluded that, after the Temporary Order expired, Panzella should

17   have been afforded a hearing under the following conditions, as set forth in Razzano:

18                                First, the post-deprivation hearing must be held before a neutral decision-maker.
19
20                                Second . . . , the right to a prompt post-deprivation hearing only
21                                applies to seized longarms that are not (1) the fruit of a crime, (2)
22                                an instrument of crime, (3) evidence of a crime, (4) contraband, or
23                                (5) barred by court order from being possessed by the person from
24                                whom they were confiscated.
25

                                                                 
     5
      Panzella does not take issue with this conclusion on appeal.
     6
      For example, the seizure and retention of the plaintiff’s firearms in Razzano were pursuant to a
     department policy rather than in connection with a court order. Razzano, 765 F. Supp. 2d at 185.

                                                                    8
 1                   Third, at the hearing, Nassau County shall have the burden of
 2                   showing that it is likely to succeed in court on a cause of
 3                   action . . . to maintain possession of the seized longarms.
 4
 5                   Fourth, if the person deprived of longarms prevails at the hearing,
 6                   the longarms must be returned, barring an order to the contrary
 7                   from a court to whom that finding is appealed. If, by contrast,
 8                   Nassau County prevails at the hearing, Nassau County must timely
 9                   commence a proceeding by which it seeks to maintain possession
10                   of the longarms in question.
11
12   Id.; accord Razzano, 765 F. Supp. 2d at 191.

13            Because no such hearing had been held, the district court granted Panzella’s motion for

14   summary judgment and ordered the County to hold a due process hearing, consistent with

15   Razzano, within thirty days of the court’s decision. Panzella, 2015 WL 5607750, at *7.

16            The district court then granted the individual Defendants qualified immunity, granted the

17   Defendants’ motion for summary judgment as to Panzella’s Second Amendment claim, denied

18   Panzella’s request for punitive damages, and denied both parties’ motions for summary judgment

19   on Panzella’s state law claims as “premature until the due process hearing ordered by the Court

20   has been held.” Id. at *12.

21   II.      DISCUSSION

22         A. Appellate Jurisdiction

23            Defendants argue that we have jurisdiction over this appeal because the district court’s

24   order “rejected the defense of immunity for the defendants as to the one claim not dismissed.”

25   Appellants-Cross-Appellees’ Opening Br. at 1.         By using the phrase “the one claim not

26   dismissed,” the Defendants appear to refer to Panzella’s due process claim on which the district

27   court granted relief.    But the district court granted injunctive relief as to this claim, and

28   “[q]ualified immunity shields . . . defendants only from claims for monetary damages and does

                                                      9
 1   not bar actions for declaratory or injunctive relief.” Adler v. Pataki, 185 F.3d 35, 48 (2d Cir.

 2   1999). Because the district court did not deny qualified immunity as to Panzella’s damage

 3   claims, Defendants’ asserted ground for appellate jurisdiction is not present.7

 4                 Panzella argues that we have jurisdiction to review the district court’s order under 28

 5   U.S.C. § 1291 because it was a final order. “A decision is ordinarily considered final and

 6   appealable under § 1291 only if it ends the litigation on the merits and leaves nothing for the

 7   court to do but execute the judgment.” Range v. 480–486 Broadway, LLC, 810 F.3d 108, 112

 8   (2d Cir. 2015) (per curiam) (brackets omitted). In this case, the district court denied both parties’

 9   motions for summary judgment on Panzella’s state law claims for conversion and replevin, and

10   stated that it would not rule on those claims until the County complied with the injunction to

11   provide Panzella a due process hearing. Because the litigation has not terminated on the merits

12   below, the district court’s order was not final, and thus is not appealable under § 1291.

13                 We do, however, have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1292 to review the district court’s

14   grant of injunctive relief. And there may be an argument that because the injunctive order is

15   appealable under § 1292, we also “have discretion under the doctrine of pendent appellate

16   jurisdiction to review the district court’s related order” concerning the other claims in this case.

17   Consol. Rail Corp. v. Town of Hyde Park, 47 F.3d 473, 482 (2d Cir. 1995). But the doctrine of

18   pendent appellate jurisdiction is applied narrowly––see Atlantica Holdings, Inc. v. Sovereign

19   Wealth Fund Samruk-Kazyna JSC, 813 F.3d 98, 117 (2d Cir. 2016)—and only (a) to “matters

20   inextricably bound up with” the issue over which we have jurisdiction, Lamar Advert. of Penn,

21   LLC v. Town of Orchard Park, 356 F.3d 365, 371 (2d Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks

                                                                 
     7
       To the extent that the Defendants instead refer to Panzella’s state-law claims, those claims
     cannot serve as a basis of jurisdiction. This is because the Defendants did not seek immunity
     from suit on those claims, and hence cannot seek an interlocutory appeal from the denial of
     immunity.

                                                                    10
 1   omitted), or (b) where “review of [another] decision [is] necessary to ensure meaningful review

 2   of the” matter over which the court has jurisdiction, Swint v. Chambers Cty. Comm’n, 514 U.S.

 3   35, 51 (1995). None of the other claims in this case meet this standard. We therefore confine

 4   our review to the district court’s injunctive relief, and dismiss the remainder of this appeal and

 5   the individual Defendants’ appeal for want of jurisdiction.

 6       B. Injunctive Relief: Due Process Hearing

 7          “We review the district court’s ruling on cross-motions for summary judgment de novo,

 8   in each case construing the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.” Nat.

 9   Res. Def. Council, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Agric., 613 F.3d 76, 83 (2d Cir. 2010); see also Clear

10   Channel Outdoor, Inc. v. City of New York, 594 F.3d 94, 103 (2d Cir. 2010) (noting that the

11   scope of review does not change in the context of cross-motions for summary judgment).

12          The facts relevant to this appeal are largely undisputed.          Both parties agree that

13   Defendants confiscated Panzella’s longarms, and that the County, through the Sheriff’s

14   Department, has a policy of doing so even when an order of protection issued by the Family

15   Court does not explicitly order the Defendants to confiscate firearms pursuant to § 842-a. The

16   parties also agree that Defendants have a policy of retaining confiscated firearms, even after an

17   order of protection expires or is dismissed, until the Sheriff’s Department is presented with an

18   order from a court of competent jurisdiction directing the return of the longarms. And all agree

19   that the Family Court believes it cannot issue such an order in circumstances like those before us.

20          Panzella claims that the County’s Retention Policy violates her Fourteenth Amendment

21   due process rights because the County refused to hold a hearing regarding the return of her

22   longarms after the order of protection against her was dismissed. The County, however, argues

23   that the district court erred in requiring it to hold such a hearing. The County further argues that

                                                      11
 1   state law leaves it powerless to return firearms after they have been seized pursuant to an order

 2   from the Family Court, unless the owner secures a court order requiring their return. As noted

 3   above, however, Panzella’s firearms were not seized pursuant to the Temporary Order, because

 4   the Family Court did not order their confiscation or surrender. Thus, the “legislative glitch” is

 5   irrelevant to this case.8

 6                 The County also claims that Panzella could bring an Article 78 Petition in the New York

 7   Supreme Court to obtain an order directing the return of her longarms. This, according to the

 8   County, provides adequate process under § 1983.

 9                 The Fourteenth Amendment commands that “No State shall . . . deprive any person

10   of . . . property, without due process of law.” U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1; accord Nnebe v.

11   Davis, 644 F.3d 147, 158 (2d. Cir. 2011). “In a § 1983 suit brought to enforce procedural due

12   process rights, a court must determine [A] whether a property interest is implicated, and, if it is,

13   [B] what process is due before the plaintiff may be deprived of that interest.” Nnebe, 644 F.3d at

14   158. The appropriate process depends on the balancing of three factors: (1) “the private interest

15   that will be affected by the official action;” (2) “the risk of erroneous deprivation of such interest

16   through the procedures used;” and (3) “the Government’s interest, including the function

17   involved and the fiscal and administrative burdens that the additional or substitute procedural

18   requirement would entail.” Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335 (1976); accord Rivera-

19   Powell v. Bd. of Elections, 470 F.3d 458, 466 (2d Cir. 2006).

                                                                 
     8
       The County also argues that its adherence to New York law regarding the treatment of the
     firearms did not constitute a “policy” as required for a county to be liable under 42 U.S.C.
     § 1983 pursuant to Monell v. Department of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658 (1978). See Vives v.
     N.Y.C., 524 F.3d 346, 353–56, 358 (2d Cir. 2008) (holding that city’s enforcement of the entire
     state penal code would not constitute a “city policy” because the city was required to follow state
     law). Leaving aside the fact that we are here dealing with an injunction and not liability, this
     argument has no application here, because there was no state law being applied.

                                                                    12
 1                 As to the first of these “Mathews factors,” there is no dispute that Panzella has a property

 2   interest in her longarms and that the County’s retention of her longarms affected that interest.

 3                 As to the second factor, although Panzella could initiate an Article 78 proceeding in the

 4   New York Supreme Court, such a proceeding would be “likely to take a substantial amount of

 5   time.” Razzano, 765 F. Supp. 2d at 188. Furthermore, Article 78 proceedings place the burden

 6   on the person whose property was taken, requiring that person to “give up not only time, but also

 7   money to initiate a lawsuit and [usually] retain an attorney.” Id.; cf. Alexandre v. Cortes, 140

 8   F.3d 406, 409 n.5 (2d Cir. 1998) (“It seems to me a shocking thing that our police can seize a

 9   citizen’s property and then when he seeks to get it back challenge him to prove his title to the

10   satisfaction of a jury.” (citation omitted)). In light of the burdens an Article 78 proceeding places

11   on the person whose longarms have been taken, we conclude there is a significant risk of

12   erroneous deprivation of that person’s interests in her longarms.9

13                 As to the third “Mathews factor”—the government’s interest in the result and in avoiding

14   undue burdens—the County contends that the Family Court found that Panzella was sufficiently

15   dangerous that a protection order should be entered against her, making it reasonable for the

16   County to assume that it is not appropriate to return her longarms absent a court order. But the

17   supposed danger involved in allowing Panzella to possess any longarms is not properly a factor

18   that counts against her in this case. For the County does not dispute that Panzella could freely

                                                                 
     9
       Our concern about erroneous deprivation is “primarily temporal,” as “there is little concern that
     in the Article 78 proceeding a plaintiff who is legally entitled to the return of confiscated
     longarms will ultimately be denied a proper remedy.” Razzano, 765 F. Supp. 2d at 188 (emphasis
     added). But a lengthy deprivation can be enough to violate the Fourteenth Amendment right to
     due process. Cf. Fusari v. Steinberg, 419 U.S. 379, 389 (1975) (“[T]he possible length of
     wrongful deprivation . . . is an important factor in assessing the impact of official action on the
     private interests. . . . the rapidity of . . . review is a significant factor in assessing the sufficiency
     of the entire process.”); Cty. of Nassau v. Canavan, 802 N.E.2d 616, 623–24 (N.Y. 2003)
     (recognizing the potential length of the deprivation in evaluating whether a procedure is
     adequate).

                                                                    13
 1   purchase new longarms given the lack of licensing requirement for such weapons in Nassau

 2   County, or that she did, in fact, regain her pistol license and then purchased a new pistol. See

 3   Razzano, 765 F. Supp. 2d at 189 (“[O]nce a person whose longarms are taken has the

 4   opportunity to legally obtain and possess new longarms, the retention of that individual’s old

 5   longarms does not greatly protect the public from potential harm.”).            The County cannot,

 6   therefore, rely on any safety interest, given that Panzella can buy another longarm, or any other

 7   legal firearm for that matter.10

 8                 Nor has the County provided any evidence that the type of hearing proposed by

 9   Panzella—a prompt post-deprivation hearing consistent with the conditions set forth in Razzano,

10   id. at 191—would be overly burdensome. Indeed, as the district court noted, and as the County

11   has not disputed, the County’s police department routinely holds this kind of hearing, given that

12   it is required to do so by the order in Razzano, and given the County’s more general role in

13   granting pistol licenses. There is no clear reason why the police department could not readily

14   perform the same service in cases such as the one at bar.11

15                 We conclude that Panzella’s proposed alternative to an Article 78 proceeding––a prompt,

16   post-deprivation hearing consistent with the conditions set forth in Razzano, id. at 191––would

17   prevent the unjustified deprivation of a person’s property interest, and would not be unduly

18   burdensome or costly to the government. Such a hearing would provide Panzella with a timely

19   and inexpensive forum to challenge the County’s retention of her longarms and would avoid

20   placing on Panzella the burdens that inhere in an Article 78 proceeding.

                                                                 
     10
        In any event, the hearing ordered by the district court still gives the County the opportunity to
     present its safety concerns and have them considered.
     11
        To the extent that the County argues that the Sheriff’s Department, which seized Panzella’s
     weapons, lacks the expertise of the police department in holding hearings related to weapon
     possession, the point is irrelevant. The district court ordered its injunction against the County,
     not the Sheriff’s Department.

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1          We therefore hold, consistent with the district court’s decision in the instant case, and the

2   decision in Razzano, that persons in Panzella’s situation are entitled to a prompt post-deprivation

3   hearing under the four conditions set forth by the district court in this case and in Razzano. See

4   Panzella, 2015 WL 5607750, at *7; Razzano, 765 F. Supp. 2d at 191.

5   III.   CONCLUSION

6          For the reasons set forth above, the order of the district court is hereby AFFIRMED to the

7   extent it grants Panzella an injunction and directs the County to hold a post-deprivation hearing.

8   The appeal is DISMISSED in all other respects.

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