Court Opinion

ID: 4341148
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-11-14 08:59:08.091862+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:48:51.794833
License: Public Domain

T.C. Memo. 2018-153

                        UNITED STATES TAX COURT

         JEFF M. POTTER AND MARSHA R. POTTER, Petitioners v.
          COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

                  POTTER SALES, INC., Petitioner v.
          COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

      Docket Nos. 4972-14, 5754-14.                Filed September 17, 2018.

      Steven P. Flowers, for petitioners.

      William F. Castor, for respondent.

            MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION

      PARIS, Judge: These cases have been consolidated for trial, briefing, and

opinion. Respondent determined deficiencies and accuracy-related penalties under

section 6662(a) relating to the Federal income tax of Jeff M. Potter and Marsha R.
                                          -2-

[*2] Potter and Potter Sales, Inc. (Potter Sales).1 For the Potters, respondent

determined deficiencies of $6,674 and $4,728 and accuracy-related penalties of

$81,629.40 and $945.60 for 2010 and 2011, respectively. For Potter Sales,

respondent determined deficiencies of $81,260 and $598 and accuracy-related

penalties of $16,252 and $119.60 for 2010 and 2011, respectively.

      After concessions,2 the issues for decision are: (1) whether the termination

payment Green Country Soils, Inc. (Green Country), paid to Mr. Potter in 2010

was capital gain or ordinary income; (2) if the termination payment was ordinary

income, whether it is subject to self-employment tax; (3) which taxpayer--Mr.

Potter, individually, or Potter Sales--entered into the cowboy mounted shooting

activity (activity) for the years in issue; (4) if the activity was Mr. Potter’s,

whether the activity was entered into for profit for the years in issue; and

      1
      Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to the Internal
Revenue Code in effect for the years in issue, and all Rule references are to the
Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.
      2
        Petitioners concede that: (1) Mr. and Mrs. Potter received a constructive
dividend of $20,172 in 2010, see infra pp. 5-6 and note 7; (2) the $200,000 Mr.
Potter received in 2010 for a covenant not to compete with Oldcastle Lawn &
Garden, Inc. (Oldcastle), was ordinary income; and (3) Potter Sales is liable for
unreported gross receipts of $7,950 for 2010. The parties also made several
concessions in the stipulation of facts regarding Potter Sales’ expenses reported on
the Forms 1120, U.S. Corporation Income Tax Return, and these concessions will
be binding in the Rule 155 computations.
                                         -3-

[*3] (5) whether petitioners are liable for accuracy-related penalties for the years

in issue.3

                               FINDINGS OF FACT

       Some of the facts have been stipulated and are so found. The first

stipulation of facts and facts drawn from the stipulated exhibits are incorporated

herein by this reference. Mr. and Mrs. Potter resided in Oklahoma and Potter

Sales had its principal place of business in Oklahoma when they timely filed their

petitions.

I.     Working With the Family Business

       Mr. Potter began working with Green Country in the early 1990s. Mr.

Potter’s younger brother was Green Country’s president and majority shareholder.

In 1995 Mr. Potter--in his individual capacity--entered into a written independent

sales representative compensation agreement (compensation agreement) with

Green Country. Under the compensation agreement Mr. Potter was treated as an

independent contractor and received a commission on all sales of Green Country

       3
       Respondent also determined that the Potters were liable for alternative
minimum tax for 2011. This determination was computational and will not be
discussed further.
                                         -4-

[*4] products to any person or entity whose account he either served or obtained.4

The compensation agreement also provided that if either party terminated the

agreement Mr. Potter would be entitled to an amount equal to 1-1/2 times his

commissions for the previous year. He also had the option to declare the

compensation agreement terminated if Green Country was ever sold or transferred.

The compensation agreement provided that Mr. Potter could not assign or transfer

his obligations under the agreement without Green Country’s written consent.

      Mr. Potter incorporated Potter Sales in 1998. At all relevant times he was

its sole shareholder and president. He was also a full-time employee of Potter

Sales. From its incorporation until 2010, Mr. Potter performed his duties under

the compensation agreement as Potter Sales.5 All commissions earned were then

paid to Potter Sales. From at least 2005 and through the years in issue, it, in turn,

paid a salary to Mr. Potter and issued him Forms W-2, Wage and Tax Statement.

During that time Potter Sales’ only client was Green Country, and Mr. Potter

      4
      Green Country bagged and sold potting and top soils, manures, peat,
mulches, and rocks.
      5
       There is no evidence in the record of Green Country’s written consent to
Mr. Potter’s performance of his duties under the compensation agreement through
Potter Sales.
                                        -5-

[*5] routinely worked longer than 12 hours a day selling Green Country’s

products. At no time was Mr. Potter a shareholder or officer of Green Country.

      In 2010 Oldcastle, a garden soil competitor, approached Green Country

regarding selling its assets and existing sales contracts in an attempt to move into

Green Country’s marketing areas. Soon thereafter Green Country and Potter Sales

entered into an asset purchase agreement (purchase agreement) with Oldcastle.

Green Country’s number one sales representative, Mr. Potter, in his individual

capacity, is also listed as a party to the purchase agreement. Oldcastle acquired all

of Green Country’s and Potter Sales’ assets. The assets Oldcastle acquired from

Potter Sales were office equipment, furniture, and vehicles used for sales purposes.

Neither Potter Sales nor Mr. Potter received any compensation for those items

under the purchase agreement. The purchase agreement with Oldcastle

specifically excluded the assumption of certain liabilities, including any

termination payments.

      The Green Country compensation agreement terminated upon Oldcastle’s

purchase of Green Country. Mr. Potter and Green Country agreed that Mr. Potter

was entitled to a termination payment equal to 1-1/2 times his commissions from

the previous year, totaling $1,729,828.40. On October 15, 2010, Green Country

completed a wire transfer of $1,929,828.40 to Potter Sales’ bank account--the
                                         -6-

[*6] termination payment plus payment for the covenant not to compete of

$200,000 due to Mr. Potter under the purchase agreement.6 Potter Sales recorded

the $1,929,828.40 as a liability to Mr. Potter in its general ledger. On November

2, 2010, Potter Sales completed a wire transfer of $1,750,000 to Mr. Potter.7

Potter Sales recorded the transfer as a debit to its “Notes Payable - Jeff Potter”

account.

II.   Want To Be a Cowboy?

      With a bit of free time on his hands, a history of working long hours, and

the desire to continue working, Mr. Potter began looking for something to fill his

days. Several years before the Oldcastle sale he had been introduced to the

activity, which is a timed event where an individual rides a horse through a

      6
        There is no explanation in the record as to why Green Country paid the
$200,000 due to Mr. Potter under the purchase agreement when the covenant not
to compete was entered into between Mr. Potter and Oldcastle. Although
originally reported as the sale of a capital asset on the Schedule D, Capital Gains
and Losses, attached to their 2010 Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return,
petitioners conceded the $200,000 was ordinary income, see supra note 2, so the
Court will not concern itself with the issue.
      7
       The Potters conceded that the difference between the termination payment
of $1,729,828 and the $1,750,000 Potter Sales transferred--$20,172--was a
constructive dividend in 2010. See supra note 2.
                                        -7-

[*7] designated course while shooting a firearm at targets.8 The activity is

governed by two organizations--the Cowboy Mounted Shooting Association

(CMSA), formed in the mid-1990s, and the Mounted Shooters of America (MSA),

formed in 2000.

      In late 2009 Mr. Potter began taking lessons for the activity. He had

previously purchased a horse, Dakota, for pleasure riding. After some training

Dakota proved quite adept at learning the activity. During the years in issue Mr.

Potter entered CMSA events. Potter Sales paid the events’ entry fees and other

expenses related to the activity. CMSA paid prize money won at the events

directly to Mr. Potter and issued him Forms 1099-MISC, Miscellaneous Income,

for such payments during the years in issue. All prize money won was deposited

into Potter Sales’ bank account.

      In 2010, after Mr. Potter and Dakota successfully competed in the CMSA

world competition, Potter Sales purchased a Chevrolet Silverado pickup truck for

$48,205.46, a large horse trailer with living quarters for $104,500, and a tractor for

      8
      The rider’s firearm is loaded with primer and black powder that will shoot
approximately 20 feet and make contact with the targets, i.e., balloons. The
embers of the powder burst the balloons.
                                         -8-

[*8] $9,250 to be used in the activity.9 Each of these assets was recorded on Potter

Sales’ books as a capital asset subject to depreciation and reported on the

depreciation schedule attached to its 2010 Form 1120.

III.   The Income Tax Returns, the Agreement to Assess, and the Notices of
       Deficiency

       On their 2010 Form 1040 the Potters reported the termination payment of

$1,729,828 as the sale of goodwill and the covenant not to compete payment of

$200,000 as capital gain. They also attached a Schedule C, Profit or Loss From

Business, for the activity to their 2010 return. They reported the CMSA events

prize money as gross receipts, claimed cost of goods sold equal to the gross

receipts, and reported a net profit of zero on the basis that Mr. Potter was paid the

prize money as Potter Sales’ nominee. They reported the 2011 CMSA prize

money in the same manner. Potter Sales reported the CMSA prize money as gross

receipts for 2010 and 2011. It also claimed deductions for expenses related to the

activity. Potter Sales did not include the termination payment or the covenant not

to compete payment on its 2010 Form 1120 in any manner. The Potters and Potter

Sales had the same certified public accountant (CPA) prepare the returns for both

       9
       By 2014 Mr. Potter was a successful competitor and had won several
national titles in the activity, including the MSA nonpro world title and the
amateur American Paint Horse Association world title, and finished second in the
CMSA world competition.
                                         -9-

[*9] years in issue. Mr. Potter discussed the termination payment and the activity

on several occasions with his CPA. Additionally, petitioners gave their CPA all

the information necessary for him to prepare their Federal income tax returns. At

the time of trial their CPA had been a licensed CPA for 35 years, and he had

prepared the Potters’ income tax returns for approximately that long. He has also

prepared Potter Sales’ income tax returns since its incorporation.

      On May 13, 2013, during a review of the Green Country sale, the Potters’

previous legal representative signed Form 870, Waiver of Restrictions on

Assessment and Collection of Deficiency in Tax and Acceptance of

Overassessment, agreeing to an assessment of tax of $401,473 for 2010. Form

4549-A, Income Tax Discrepancy Adjustments, dated May 8, 2013, lists the

termination and the covenant not to compete payments as the adjustments. Those

payments were changed from capital gain to ordinary income subject to self-

employment tax. There is no penalty listed on the Form 870 or the accompanying

Form 4549-A. Form 870 includes the following statement: “I understand that by

signing this waiver, I will not be able to contest these years in the United States

Tax Court unless additional deficiencies are determined for these years.” The tax

assessed has been paid.
                                       - 10 -

[*10] On December 3, 2013, respondent issued the Potters a notice of deficiency

determining deficiencies of $6,674 and $4,728 and accuracy-related penalties of

$81,629.40 and $945.60 for 2010 and 2011, respectively. Respondent’s position

is that the accuracy-related penalty reflected on the notice of deficiency for 2010

relates back to the assessment on the Form 870. Respondent also issued Potter

Sales a notice of deficiency dated December 3, 2013, determining deficiencies of

$81,260 and $598 and accuracy-related penalties of $16,252 and $119.60 for 2010

and 2011, respectively.

IV.   Respondent’s Motion To Reopen the Record

      On January 12, 2018, respondent filed a motion to reopen the record to

submit additional evidence. Attached to the motion is the declaration of Laura L.

Vidal, who was the immediate supervisor of the revenue agent who conducted the

examination of the Potters’ and Potter Sales’ returns. Also attached to the motion

are two Civil Penalty Approval Forms (penalty approval form)--one for the Potters

and one for Potter Sales--that Ms. Vidal signed.

                                     OPINION

I.    Burden of Proof

      Generally, the Commissioner’s determination of a deficiency is presumed

correct, and the taxpayer bears the burden of proving it incorrect. See Rule
                                        - 11 -

[*11] 142(a); Welch v. Helvering, 290 U.S. 111, 115 (1933). Moreover,

deductions are a matter of legislative grace, and the taxpayer bears the burden of

proving his entitlement to any deductions claimed. INDOPCO, Inc. v.

Commissioner, 503 U.S. 79, 84 (1992); New Colonial Ice Co. v. Helvering, 292

U.S. 435, 440 (1934).

      Under certain circumstances the burden of proof as to factual matters

regarding the determination of a deficiency may shift to the Commissioner

pursuant to section 7491(a). Petitioners did not argue for a burden shift under

section 7491(a), and the record does not establish that the prerequisites for a

burden shift have been met; therefore, the burden of proof remains theirs.

II.   The Termination Payment

      The Potters agreed to an assessment of $401,473 for 2010, which included

tax on the termination payment as ordinary income subject to self-employment tax.

A taxpayer’s consent to assessment and collection on a Form 870 merely frees the

Commissioner from the obligation to issue a notice of deficiency before

assessment. Elco Constr. Co. v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1965-259, 24 T.C.M.

(CCH) 1406, 1410 (1965). Respondent’s subsequent issuance of the notice of

deficiency determining an additional deficiency for 2010 and petitioners’ filing a

timely petition give the Court jurisdiction over the entire year, including the
                                       - 12 -

[*12] amount which the Potters agreed to have assessed on the Form 870. See sec.

6214(a); Bowman v. Commissioner, 17 T.C. 681 (1951). The Court must answer

two questions about the termination payment: (1) whether it was for the sale of

Mr. Potter’s goodwill and (2) if not, whether it is subject to self-employment tax.

      A.     Goodwill?

      The questions of whether goodwill existed and was transferred are questions

of fact. Butler v. Commissioner, 46 T.C. 280, 287 (1966). Petitioners scream for

Martin Ice Cream Co. v. Commissioner (Martin Ice Cream), 110 T.C. 189 (1998),

to rule the day because what Mr. Potter “sold” were his relationships with the

various buyers of Green Country’s products. In Martin Ice Cream, 110 T.C. at

207-208, the Court held that the benefits of the relationships with supermarket

chains that a shareholder, Arnold Strassberg, cultivated were not the corporation’s

assets; Mr. Strassberg was the owner and seller of those assets. Thus, the

corporation--Martin Ice Cream Co.--was not liable for tax due on payments for the

shareholder’s assets. The Court decided that the goodwill was not a corporate

asset in Martin Ice Cream and did not address how the individual shareholder--Mr.

Strassberg--should be taxed on the payments. See Kennedy v. Commissioner,

T.C. Memo. 2010-206, 100 T.C.M. (CCH) 268, 274-275 (2010). Thus, Martin Ice

Cream is not controlling here.
                                        - 13 -

[*13] What is controlling is the fact that Mr. Potter did not sell a trade or business.

See Baker v. Commissioner, 118 T.C. 452 (2002) (holding that the taxpayer did

not sell a trade or business to which goodwill could attach), aff’d, 338 F.3d 789

(7th Cir. 2003). “To qualify as the sale of goodwill, the taxpayer must

demonstrate that he sold ‘the business or a part of it, to which the goodwill

attaches.’” Id. at 465 (quoting Schelble v. Commissioner, 130 F.3d 1388, 1394

(10th Cir. 1997), aff’g T.C. Memo. 1996-269). Although a party to the asset

purchase agreement between Oldcastle and Green Country, Mr. Potter did not sell

any assets to Oldcastle or to Green Country. The word “sale” means “a transfer of

property for a fixed price in money or its equivalent”. Schelble v. Commissioner,

130 F.3d at 1394 (quoting Iowa v. McFarland, 110 U.S. 471, 478 (1884)); see also

Commissioner v. Brown, 380 U.S. 563, 571 (1965). Potter Sales’ office furniture,

computers, and vehicles were included in the assets Oldcastle acquired when it

purchased Green Country’s assets, but it paid nothing for them.10 Additionally,

Potter Sales had only one client, Green Country. The relationships that Mr. Potter

fostered were with Green Country’s clients; the client contacts were not his to sell.

See Foxe v. Commissioner, 53 T.C. 21, 26 (1969) (finding that an insurance

      10
        Nor did Mr. Potter “exchange” property for another property that was
materially different in either kind or extent. See sec. 1.1001-1(a), Income Tax
Regs.
                                        - 14 -

[*14] salesman’s personal contacts with customers did not amount to goodwill

because the insurance company owned the customer contacts). Therefore, the

2010 termination payment was for Mr. Potter’s right to service Green Country’s

clients and receive ordinary income; it was not for the sale of Mr. Potter’s

goodwill, because the client contacts were not his to sell.

      B.     Self-Employment Income?

      Mr. Potter entered the compensation agreement with Green Country as an

independent contractor, and it expressly stated that the parties agreed that he was

an independent contractor. Sometime soon after that he incorporated Potter Sales,

and Green Country began paying all of his commissions to the corporation. Mr.

Potter was a salaried employee of Potter Sales. Although express written

agreement was required before Mr. Potter could assign or transfer his obligations

under the compensation agreement, no such written agreement between Mr. Potter

and Green Country assigning or transferring his obligations to Potter Sales was

entered into evidence. But Green Country paid Potter Sales the commissions Mr.

Potter earned for at least 12 years. The compensation agreement provided that Mr.

Potter was entitled to the termination payment if Green Country terminated his

employment without cause, if he terminated his relationship with Green Country,

or if the controlling interest of Green Country was sold or transferred. The basis
                                       - 15 -

[*15] for the termination payment was Mr. Potter’s commissions from the

previous year. The parties stipulated that the termination payment was Mr.

Potter’s and not Potter Sales’.

      Section 1401 imposes a tax upon each individual’s “self-employment

income”. Section 1402(b) defines “self-employment income” as “net earnings

from self-employment” with certain exceptions not relevant here. Section 1402(a)

defines “net earnings from self-employment” as “gross income derived by an

individual from any trade or business carried on by such individual, less the

deductions allowed by this subtitle which are attributable to such trade or

business”. For income to be taxable as self-employment income, “there must be a

nexus between the income received and a trade or business that is, or was, actually

carried on.” Newberry v. Commissioner, 76 T.C. 441, 444 (1981). For there to be

a “nexus” and the income to be subject to self-employment tax, the income must

arise from some actual--past, present, or future--income-producing activity of the

taxpayer. Id. at 446. Additionally, gross income derived from a taxpayer’s trade

or business may be subject to self-employment tax even when it is attributable in

whole or in part to services rendered in a prior taxable year. Sec. 1.1402(a)-1(c),

Income Tax Regs. “[S]elf-employment income is determined by the source of the

income, not the taxpayer’s status at the time the income is realized.” Schelble v.
                                       - 16 -

[*16] Commissioner, 130 F.3d at 1392 (alteration in original) (quoting Shumaker

v. Commissioner, 648 F.2d 1198, 1200 (9th Cir. 1981), aff’g in part, rev’g in part

T.C. Memo. 1979-71).

      Green Country and Mr. Potter agreed that he was an independent contractor.

Additionally, petitioners and respondent stipulated that the termination payment

was Mr. Potter’s money, not Potter Sales’. The termination payment was

calculated by multiplying Mr. Potter’s previous year’s commissions by 1-1/2.

Thus if Mr. Potter had earned no commissions in the previous year, the

termination payment would have been zero. The termination payment was tied to

the quantity and quality of Mr. Potter’s work by being based on his previous year’s

commissions; no adjustments unrelated to his prior services were made in

calculating the payment. See Schelble v. Commissioner, 130 F.3d at 1393.

Therefore, the termination payment is subject to self-employment tax.11

      11
         The Court notes that this decision follows the U.S. Court of Appeals for
the Tenth Circuit--the Circuit in which, absent an agreement between the parties
otherwise, these cases are appealable, see sec. 7482(b)--and does not rely on
Jackson v. Commissioner, 108 T.C. 130, 140 (1997), which held that “[i]n the
interest of promoting uniformity, consistency, and fairness in the disposition of
this issue with respect to former insurance agents who receive termination
payments under similar contractual agreements, we follow the decision” in
Milligan v. Commissioner, 38 F.3d 1094 (9th Cir. 1994), rev’g T.C. Memo. 1992-
655. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit had reversed the Tax Court,
holding that the termination payment due an insurance salesman did not derive
                                                                       (continued...)
                                        - 17 -

[*17] III.   Whose Activity, Anyway?

      In the notice of deficiency respondent also determined that the activity was

not entered into for profit under section 183. Respondent disallowed all of the

claimed deductions associated with the activity and included the prize money won

for each year as income to the Potters. The parties then stipulated that all of the

deductions had been properly substantiated and that if the Court found that the

activity was for profit then Potter Sales properly claimed the deductions. Through

their stipulation the parties have recrafted the question to be who performed the

activity--Mr. Potter in his individual capacity or Potter Sales as a corporation--

because section 183 does not apply to C corporations. See sec. 183(a) (“In the

case of an activity engaged in by an individual or an S corporation, if such activity

      11
        (...continued)
from the quality and quantity of his work and was therefore not subject to self-
employment tax. Both Jackson and Milligan were about termination payments
made to insurance salesmen--and had fact patterns similar to those of many other
cases concerning termination payments to insurance salesmen--and the holding in
Jackson sought to bring uniformity to that subset of termination payment cases.
That “uniformity, consistency, and fairness” does not mean that every case about
termination payments must be decided under the holding in Jackson. See Kennedy
v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2010-206 (finding that payments received in
connection with the sale of an employee benefits consulting business were not
capital gain but ordinary income subject to self-employment tax). The U.S. Court
of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit has also contrasted other termination payment
cases from Milligan. See Schelble v. Commissioner, 130 F.3d 1388 (10th Cir.
1997), aff’g T.C. Memo. 1996-269; Golsen v. Commissioner, 54 T.C. 742, 757
(1970), aff’d, 445 F.2d 985 (10th Cir. 1971).
                                        - 18 -

[*18] is not engaged in for profit, no deduction attributable to such activity shall

be allowed under this chapter except as provided in this section.” (Emphasis

added.)); sec. 1.183-1(a), Income Tax Regs. (stating that no inference may be

drawn from section 183 and its regulations as to whether a C corporation is

engaged in an activity for profit); see also Knutsen-Rowell, Inc. v. Commissioner,

T.C. Memo. 2011-65 (finding section 183 inapplicable to corporate doll business);

Misko v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2005-166 (stating that section 183 does not

apply to C corporations).

      No evidence was entered into the record questioning Potter Sales’ corporate

validity. Indeed, respondent has conceded that the deductions related to the

activity belong to Potter Sales. There is nothing to preclude Potter Sales from

operating multiple trades or businesses or changing from one trade or business to

another. That is exactly what happened here; Potter Sales stopped selling potting

soil and began operating the activity as its trade or business. The fact that Mr.

Potter was the named rider in the competitions does not preclude the activity from

being that of Potter Sales. The Court finds that Mr. Potter received any prize

winnings as Potter Sales’ nominee. Potter Sales performed the activity as a trade

or business; section 183 does not apply.
                                        - 19 -

[*19] IV.    Accuracy-Related Penalty

      Section 6662(a) and (b)(1) and (2) authorizes a 20% penalty on the portion

of an underpayment attributable to: (1) negligence or disregard of rules or

regulations or (2) a substantial understatement of income tax. Negligence includes

any failure to make a reasonable attempt to comply with the provisions of the

Internal Revenue Code, and “disregard of rules or regulations” includes any

careless, reckless, or intentional disregard. Sec. 6662(c). Negligence is

determined by testing a taxpayer’s conduct against that of a reasonable, prudent

person. Zmuda v. Commissioner, 731 F.2d 1417, 1422 (9th Cir. 1984), aff’g 79

T.C. 714 (1982). For individual taxpayers there is a substantial understatement of

income tax for any taxable year if the amount of the understatement for the taxable

year exceeds the greater of 10% of the tax required to be shown on the return for

the taxable year or $5,000. Sec. 6662(d)(1)(A). For corporations there is a

substantial understatement of income tax for any taxable year if the amount of the

understatement for the taxable year exceeds the lesser of 10% of the tax required

to be shown on the return for the taxable year (or, if greater, $10,000) or $10

million. Sec. 6662(d)(1)(B).

      Under section 7491(c) the Commissioner bears the burden of production

regarding penalties related to individual taxpayers. Higbee v. Commissioner, 116
                                       - 20 -

[*20] T.C. 438, 446 (2001). That burden of production includes evidence that the

penalties were “personally approved (in writing) by the immediate supervisor of

the individual making such determination.” Sec. 6751(b)(1); Chai v.

Commissioner, 851 F.3d 190, 221 (2d Cir. 2017), aff’g in part, rev’g in part T.C.

Memo. 2015-42; Graev v. Commissioner, 149 T.C. ___, ___ (slip op. at 14) (Dec.

20, 2017), supplementing and overruling in part 147 T.C. 460 (2016). Once the

Commissioner has met the burden of production, the taxpayer has the burden of

proving that the penalties are inappropriate because of reasonable cause or, in the

case of a substantial understatement of income tax, substantial authority. See Rule

142(a); Hall v. Commissioner, 729 F.2d 632, 635 (9th Cir. 1984), aff’g T.C.

Memo. 1982-337; Higbee v. Commissioner, 116 T.C. at 446-447. The

Commissioner does not bear the burden of production regarding penalties related

to corporations. NT, Inc. v. Commissioner, 126 T.C. 191 (2006).

      On January 12, 2018, respondent filed a motion to reopen the record to

admit into evidence the declaration of Laura L. Vidal and penalty approval forms

for the Potters and Potter Sales for the years in issue. Reopening the record for the

submission of additional evidence lies within the Court’s discretion. Nor-Cal

Adjusters v. Commissioner, 503 F.2d 359, 363 (9th Cir. 1974), aff’g T.C. Memo.

1971-200; Butler v. Commissioner, 114 T.C. 276, 286-287 (2000). The Court will
                                        - 21 -

[*21] grant a motion to reopen the record only if the evidence relied on is not

merely cumulative or impeaching, is material to the issues involved, and probably

would change some aspect of the outcome of the case. Butler v. Commissioner,

114 T.C. at 287. Petitioners objected to respondent’s motion. The Court will deny

respondent’s motion to reopen the record because, as discussed below, the

evidence relied on will not change the outcome of these cases because petitioners

acted with reasonable cause and in good faith.

      A penalty will not be imposed under section 6662(a) if the taxpayer

establishes that he acted with reasonable cause and in good faith. Sec. 6664(c)(1).

Circumstances that indicate reasonable cause and good faith include reliance on

the advice of a tax professional. Sec. 1.6664-4(b), Income Tax Regs.; see Higbee

v. Commissioner, 116 T.C. at 448-449. For a taxpayer to rely reasonably upon

advice so as to negate a section 6662(a) accuracy-related penalty determined by

the Commissioner, the taxpayer must prove by a preponderance of the evidence

that the taxpayer meets each requirement of the following three-prong test: (1) the

adviser was a competent professional who had sufficient expertise to justify

reliance, (2) the taxpayer provided necessary and accurate information to the

adviser, and (3) the taxpayer actually relied in good faith on the adviser’s
                                       - 22 -

[*22] judgment. Neonatology Assocs., P.A. v. Commissioner, 115 T.C. 43, 99

(2000), aff’d, 299 F.3d 221 (3d Cir. 2002).

      Petitioners meet all of those requirements. The Potters and Potter Sales

used the same CPA to prepare their respective Federal income tax returns for the

years in issue. Petitioners’ CPA has been licensed for 35 years, has been the

Potters’ CPA for almost that long, and has always prepared Potter Sales’ corporate

income tax returns. The record reflects that the Potters gave their CPA all the

necessary information to prepare their and Potter Sales’ tax returns. The Court is

also satisfied that petitioners relied upon the CPA’s advice; Mr. Potter had several

discussions with their CPA regarding the termination payment and the activity.

Therefore petitioners reasonably relied on their CPA; neither the Potters nor Potter

Sales is liable for an accuracy-related penalty for 2010 or 2011.

      The Court has considered all of the arguments made by the parties, and to

the extent they are not addressed herein, they are considered unnecessary, moot,

irrelevant, or without merit.
                                  - 23 -

[*23] To reflect the foregoing,

                                           An appropriate order will be issued

                                  denying respondent’s motion to reopen the

                                  record, and decisions will be entered

                                  under Rule 155.