Court Opinion

ID: 9691702
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-24 21:00:22.989916+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:17:51.692882
License: Public Domain

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                                             UNPUBLISHED

                               UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

                                               No. 21-4204

        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                             Plaintiff - Appellee,

                      v.

        RANDON AUSTIN JENKINS, a/k/a Jerz,

                             Defendant - Appellant.

        Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina, at
        Wilmington. James C. Dever III, District Judge. (7:18-cr-00006-D-1)

        Submitted: August 14, 2023                                        Decided: August 23, 2023

        Before THACKER and QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judges, and KEENAN, Senior Circuit
        Judge.

        Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

        ON BRIEF: Joseph B. Gilbert, TARLTON POLK PLLC, Raleigh, North Carolina, for
        Appellant. Michael F. Easley, Jr., United States Attorney, David A. Bragdon, Assistant
        United States Attorney, Lucy Partain Brown, Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE
        OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellee.

        Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
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        PER CURIAM:

               Randon Austin Jenkins appeals his jury conviction and sentence of life plus 60

        months in prison on 10 counts, including distribution of heroin resulting in serious bodily

        injury and death of a person, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(C), after a prior

        felony drug offense under 21 U.S.C. § 802(44). On appeal, Jenkins’ attorney has filed a

        brief under Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967), raising five issues but concluding

        there are no meritorious issues for appeal. Jenkins has filed a pro se supplemental brief

        raising additional issues. We previously directed the Government to file a brief responding

        to the issues raised in the Anders and pro se briefs, and it has complied by filing a response

        brief. Jenkins was permitted to file a reply brief but has not done so. We affirm.

               Jenkins and his counsel both challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support

        his conviction for distribution of heroin resulting in serious bodily injury and death of a

        person. Jenkins also questions whether the district court erred in its jury instructions under

        Burrage v. United States, 571 U.S. 204 (2014). Jenkins preserved his challenge to the

        sufficiency of the evidence to support his convictions by moving for judgment of acquittal

        in the district court, but he challenges the jury instructions for the first time on appeal.

               “We review the sufficiency of the evidence de novo, sustaining the verdict if,

        ‘viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Government, it is supported by

        substantial evidence.’” United States v. Wysinger, 64 F.4th 207, 211 (4th Cir. 2023).

        “‘Substantial evidence is that which a reasonable finder of fact could accept as adequate

        and sufficient to support a conclusion of a defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.’”

        United States v. Robinson, 55 F.4th 390, 401 (4th Cir. 2022). “The jury, not the reviewing

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        court, weighs credibility and resolves conflicts in the evidence; and ‘if the evidence

        supports different, reasonable interpretations, the jury decides which interpretation to

        believe.’” Wysinger, 64 F.4th at 211. “A defendant bringing a sufficiency challenge

        therefore bears ‘a heavy burden,’ and reversal is warranted only ‘where the prosecution’s

        failure is clear.’” Id.

               “In Burrage v. United States, the Supreme Court held that the inclusion of ‘results

        from’ in the text of § 841(b)(1)(C) means that ‘at least where use of the drug distributed by

        the defendant is not an independently sufficient cause of the victim’s death or serious

        bodily injury, a defendant cannot be liable’ under the provision ‘unless such use is a but-

        for cause of the death or injury.’” Robinson, 55 F.4th at 401 (quoting Burrage, 571 U.S.

        at 218)). “As a general matter, a district court has an obligation to give instructions to the

        jury that ‘fairly state[] the controlling law.’” United States v. Alvarado, 816 F.3d 242, 248

        (4th Cir. 2016). When a party fails to object to the jury instructions in the district court,

        we review any issue asserted on appeal for plain error. Id.

               To establish eligibility for plain-error relief, a defendant has the burden of showing

        (1) error, (2) that was plain, and (3) that the error affected his substantial rights. Greer v.

        United States, 141 S. Ct. 2090, 2096-97 (2021). Even if he makes this showing, we may

        grant relief only if we conclude that the error “had a serious effect on ‘the fairness, integrity

        or public reputation of judicial proceedings.’” Id. “Satisfying all four prongs of the plain-

        error test ‘is difficult.’” Id. at 2097. Regardless of whether a party preserved his appeal

        challenge, a jury instruction error will only warrant reversal if it is prejudicial based on a

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        review of the record as a whole. See United States v. Coby, 65 F.4th 707, 711 (4th Cir.

        2023) (citing United States v. Moye, 454 F.3d 390, 399 (4th Cir. 2006) (en banc)).

               We have reviewed the record and Jenkins’ arguments, and we conclude the evidence

        was sufficient to support his convictions. We further conclude that Jenkins fails to show

        any plain error in the district court’s jury instructions affecting his substantial rights.

               Anders counsel also questions whether the district court erred in its evidentiary

        rulings, but he does not articulate any error by the court. “We review evidentiary rulings

        for abuse of discretion, which the Court ‘will not find unless the decision was arbitrary and

        irrational.’” United States v. Robertson, 68 F.4th 855, 861 (4th Cir. 2023). But, “when a

        defendant fails to make a specific and timely objection at trial, our review is restricted to

        plain error.” United States v Keita, 742 F.3d 184, 189 (4th Cir. 2014).

               Even where a defendant objected at trial, we review evidentiary rulings for harmless

        error. United States v. Caldwell, 7 F.4th 191, 204 (4th Cir. 2021). “[A]n error is harmless

        if it’s highly probable that it did not affect the judgment.” Id. (internal quotation marks

        omitted). “The decisive factors to consider are the closeness of the case, the centrality of

        the issue affected by the error, and the steps taken to mitigate the effects of the error.” Id.

        (internal quotation marks omitted). Having reviewed the record and Jenkins’ arguments,

        we conclude that he fails to show any abuse of discretion or plain error by the district court

        in its evidentiary rulings; and even if there were any error, it was harmless.

               Turning to Jenkins’ sentencing issues, we first consider his pro se argument that his

        prior New Jersey conviction for possession with intent to distribute a controlled dangerous

        substance within 1000 feet of a school did not qualify for a statutory enhancement under

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        21 U.S.C. §§ 841(b)(1)(C), 851. Because Jenkins did not preserve his challenge in the

        district court, we review it only for plain error. See Wysinger, 64 F.4th at 216. Having

        reviewed the record and the parties’ arguments on appeal, we conclude that Jenkins fails

        to show any plain error by the district court affecting his substantial rights.

               At sentencing, the district court found Jenkins’ prior New Jersey conviction was a

        felony drug offense, triggering a mandatory life sentence on his conviction for distribution

        of heroin resulting in serious bodily injury and death of a person, in violation of 21 U.S.C.

        § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(C); and his Guidelines range was life plus a consecutive sentence on his

        conviction for possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime. The court

        also found that if it miscalculated the Guidelines range, it would impose the same sentence

        as an alternate variant sentence based on the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors in this case.

               On appeal, Jenkins argues the district court was required to find that his prior offense

        was a serious drug felony pursuant to changes in the First Step Act of 2018. But, the First

        Step Act did not amend subparagraph (C) of § 841(b)(1), and his argument is without merit.

        See First Step Act § 401. In light of the Government’s response brief, to which there was

        no reply, we further conclude Jenkins fails to show any plain error affecting his substantial

        rights by the district court finding his prior conviction was a felony drug offense.

               Anders counsel raises three sentencing issues for our consideration. First, counsel

        questions whether Jenkins’ mandatory life sentence violated due process, because the

        record did not establish he knew the heroin he distributed would cause the victim to die.

        Second, while counsel concedes Jenkins’ Guidelines range was correctly calculated and

        his life sentence was mandatory, counsel questions whether it was higher than he deserved.

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        Finally, counsel questions whether the district court erred in imposing supervised release

        conditions in violation of United States v. Rogers, 961 F.3d 291 (4th Cir. 2020).

               “We ‘review all sentences—whether inside, just outside, or significantly outside the

        Guidelines range—under a deferential abuse-of-discretion standard.’” United States v.

        Barronette, 46 F.4th 177, 208 (4th Cir. 2022) (quoting Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38,

        41 (2007)). “We first ensure the district court committed no significant procedural error,

        and we then determine whether the sentence imposed was substantively reasonable.”

        United States v. Devine, 40 F.4th 139, 152 (4th Cir. 2022). “Significant procedural errors

        include improperly calculating the Guidelines range, treating the Guidelines as mandatory,

        failing to consider the § 3553(a) factors, selecting a sentence based on clearly erroneous

        facts, or failing to adequately explain the chosen sentence.” Id. We presume any sentence

        within a properly calculated Guidelines range is substantively reasonable. Id. at 153.

               Because Jenkins did not assert his due process claim in the district court, we review

        it for plain error. See United States v. Barringer, 25 F.4th 239, 252-53 (4th Cir. 2022).

        The Supreme Court has explained that a statute violates due process if “it fails to give

        ordinary people fair notice of the conduct it punishes.” Johnson v. United States, 576 U.S.

        591, 595 (2015). This applies “not only to statutes defining elements of crimes, but also to

        statutes fixing sentences.” Id. at 596. Having reviewed the record and Jenkins’ arguments,

        we conclude that he has not shown any plain error in violation of his due process rights.

        As we have explained, “§ 841(b)(1)(C) imposes no reasonable foreseeability requirement.”

        Alvarado, 816 F.3d at 249 (internal quotation marks omitted). “Indeed, we concluded that

        the ‘plain language reveals Congress’ intent’ to ‘put[] drug dealers . . . on clear notice that

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        their sentences will be enhanced if people die from using the drugs they distribute.’” Id. at

        249-50 (quoting United States v. Patterson, 38 F.3d 139, 145 (4th Cir. 1994)).

               We further conclude that Jenkins’ sentence is both procedurally and substantively

        reasonable. The district court correctly calculated Jenkins’ Guidelines range, conducted

        an individualized assessment of the facts and arguments presented, imposed an appropriate

        sentence, and explained the sentence chosen. See United States v. Nance, 957 F.3d 204,

        212 (4th Cir. 2020). Moreover, Jenkins fails to rebut the presumption that his sentence is

        substantively reasonable. See United States v. Louthian, 756 F.3d 295, 306 (4th Cir. 2014).

               Finally, we consider whether the district court erred under Rogers. “In Rogers, we

        held that district courts must announce all discretionary conditions of supervised release at

        a defendant’s sentencing hearing.” United States v. Cisson, 33 F.4th 185, 191 (4th Cir.

        2022). “Discretionary conditions that appear for the first time in a subsequent written

        judgment, we held, are nullities; the defendant has not been sentenced to those conditions,

        and a remand for resentencing is required.” United States v. Singletary, 984 F.3d 341, 344

        (4th Cir. 2021). “But the district court may satisfy this obligation through incorporation—

        by incorporating, for instance, all Guidelines standard conditions.” United States v. Elbaz,

        52 F.4th 593, 612 (4th Cir. 2022) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[W]hen a defendant

        claims that a district court committed a Rogers error, we ‘review the consistency of [the

        defendant’s] oral sentence and the written judgment de novo.’” Cisson, 33 F.4th at 193.

               We have reviewed the record and conclude that there was no error under Rogers,

        because the written judgment does not include any discretionary conditions that were not

        orally announced or incorporated by the district court at sentencing.

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               Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s judgment. This court requires that

        counsel inform Jenkins, in writing, of his right to petition the Supreme Court of the United

        States for further review. If Jenkins requests that a petition be filed, but counsel believes

        that such a petition would be frivolous, then counsel may move in this court for leave to

        withdraw from representation. Counsel’s motion must state that a copy thereof was served

        on Jenkins. We dispense with oral argument because the facts and legal contentions are

        adequately presented in the materials before the court and argument would not aid the

        decisional process.

                                                                                        AFFIRMED

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