Court Opinion

ID: 9498291
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-05 17:13:44.700381+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:58:44.826565
License: Public Domain

ALITO, Circuit Judge,
dissenting.
OPINION OF THE COURT
GARTH, Circuit Judge.
Alfred DiGiacomo was a member of the Teamsters Union and a participant in the Teamsters Pension Trust Fund of Philadelphia and Vicinity (the “Fund”) (the ap-pellee here). In computing DiGiaeomo’s accrued pension benefits, the Fund disregarded some 10.5 years of his service time rendered prior to the passage of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”), 29 U.S.C. § 1001 et seq. In so doing, the Fund relied on certain break-in-service provisions in its governing pension plan, which explicitly permitted the Fund to exclude DiGiacomo’s pre-ERISA service time accrued prior to his break-in-service, as defined in the plan. DiGiacomo thereupon brought this ERISA action against the Fund, alleging that it incorrectly computed his accrued benefits by refusing to aggregate his pre-break and post-break service time.
The District Court granted the Fund’s motion to dismiss, holding that ERISA permitted the Fund to disregard DiGiaco-mo’s service time preceding his break-in-service, which occurred before ERISA’s effective date of January 1, 1976. We will reverse and remand to the District Court for further proceedings.
I.
The material facts underlying this appeal are straightforward and uncontested. From 1960 to 1971, DiGiacomo earned a total of 10.5 years of benefit service for “covered employment,” which is defined in the Teamsters Pension Plan of Philadelphia and Vicinity, Amended and Restated, effective June 1997 (the “Plan”), as “any employment in a bargaining unit in a capacity for which Employer Contributions on behalf of an Employee are payable to the Trust Fund in accordance with the terms of a collective bargaining agreement with the Union.” For the next five years, between 1972 and 1977, DiGiacomo worked outside covered employment and did not return to covered employment until some time in 1978. Upon returning to covered employment in 1978, he earned approximately eighteen years of additional benefit service.
DiGiacomo applied to the Fund for pension benefits on February 4, 2000. The Fund Administrator approved his application on March 17, 2000, crediting him with the appropriate amount of service time for his post-1978 employment.1 The Fund, however, determined that the benefit service DiGiacomo earned between 1960 and 1971 was forfeited pursuant to the express provisions of the Plan.2 DiGiacomo had *222incurred a break-in-service, as defined in the Plan, upon leaving covered employment from 1972 to 1977. As a result, the Fund was not required under the express provisions of the Plan to aggregate DiGia-como’s years of service credited before he incurred the break-in-service (from 1972-1977) in determining his accrued pension benefit. See Plan Article I, Section S.3(a).3
After appealing to the appropriate administrative tribunals, and thereby exhausting his administrative remedies, DiGiacomo filed the present action in federal court.4
II.
The question we have to decide is whether, for accrual of benefit purposes, ERISA prevents pension plans from denying credit for pre-ERISA service time accrued prior to a break-in-service. DiGia-como argues that ERISA (under § 204) trumps the Plan’s break-in-service provisions, thus requiring the Fund to aggregate his pre-break and post-break service in determining his accrued benefit. The Fund contends that ERISA does not override a pre-ERISA plan’s break-in-service provisions, but rather permits the Fund (under § 203) to deny DiGiacomo credit for 10.5 years of his pre-break service. Whereas DiGiacomo relies on Section 204 of ERISA, 29 U.S.C. § 1054, which governs the accrual of benefits, the Fund relies on Section 203 of ERISA, 29 U.S.C. § 1053, which regulates vesting.5
In deciding this appeal, we must therefore examine the relationship between the vesting (§ 203) and accrual of benefit (§ 204) provisions of ERISA. As discussed more fully below, Congress in enacting these provisions has left us with a conundrum: § 203 specifically includes language permitting plans or employers to disregard pre-ERISA service time rendered before a break-in-service with regard to vested benefits; § 204, by contrast, contains no such language with regard to accrued benefits. While this appeal involves the accrual of benefits, as distinct from vesting, the Fund nonetheless urges us to read the relevant language in § 203 (allowing the disregard of service time pri- or to ERISA and prior to a break-in-service for vesting purposes) into the text of § 204 (lacking similar language for accrual of benefit purposes).
*223A.
We begin by observing that the Supreme Court, in Central Laborers’ Pension Fund v. Heinz, 541 U.S. 739, 749, 124 5.Ct. 2230, 159 L.Ed.2d 46 (2004), articulated the important distinction between vesting and accrual. Accrual, as the Supreme Court noted, is “the rate at which an employee earns benefits to put in his pension account.” Id. (citing 29 U.S.C. § 1054). Vesting is “the process by which an employee’s already-accrued pension account becomes irrevocably his property.” Id. (citing 29 U.S.C. § 1053 and Nachman Corp. v. Pension Benefit Guar. Corp., 446 U.S. 359, 366 n. 10, 100 S.Ct. 1723, 64 L.Ed.2d 354 (1980)). Vested benefits, then, are the “nonforfeitable” subcategory of accrued benefits. 29 U.S.C. § 1002(19).6
ERISA § 204(b)(1)(D) provides for the accrual of benefits for pre-ERISA service based upon an employee’s “years of participation” in a plan. 29 U.S.C. § 1054(b)(1)(D).7 Moreover, § 204(b)(4) starts the clock for “participation” at “the earliest date on which the employee is a participant in the plan” and further notes that such participation is included in the “period of service required to be taken into account” under § 202(b).8 As such, in calculating the credited service time for accrual purposes, the statute provides a cross-reference to § 202(b), which establishes the minimum participation standards concerning employee benefit rights. That subsection provides, with some exceptions, none of which are relevant here, “all years of service with the employer or employers maintaining the plan shall be taken into account in computing the period of service for purposes of subsection (a)(1) of this section.” 29 U.S.C. § 1052(b)(1) (emphasis added).
Pursuant to the plain language of the statute, the Fund was required to credit DiGiacomo with “all years of service” in computing his accrued pension benefits, including his 10.5 years of pre-break service. Nothing in § 204 of *224ERISA allows the Fund to apply its break-in-service provisions to the calculation of accrued benefits.
As noted/ERISA treats breaks-in-service differently for vesting purposes. ERISA § 203(b) explicitly allows pension plans to apply break-in-service provisions to the calculation of vested benefits arising from pre-ERISA service:
(1) In computing the period of service under the plan for purposes of determining the nonforfeitable percentage under subsection (a)(2) of this section, all of an employee’s years of service with the employer or employers maintaining the plan shall be taken into account, except that the following may be disregarded:
(F) years of service before this part first applies to the plan if such service would have been disregarded under the rules of the plan with regard to breaks in service, as in effect on the applicable date
29 U.S.C. § 1053(b)(1)(F) (emphasis added).
Were § 203 applicable here, the Fund would thus have express statutory warrant to disregard DiGiacomo’s pre-break service time. As it is, however, ERISA § 204 is the applicable statute, and significantly, it contains no exclusion paralleling that of § 203, 29 U.S.C. § 1053(b)(1)(F), i.e„ permitting an exclusion for years of service before ERISA, followed by a break-in-service before ERISA.9
We now proceed to examine whether this difference in statutory language means, as DiGiacomo contends, that Congress intended to treat accrued and vested benefits differently respecting breaks-in-service.
B.
We are not a tabula rasa in approaching this question. While we have never expressly held that Congress intended to treat vesting and accrual of benefits the same with respect to breaks-in-serviee, we have affirmed, without opinion, a district court decision that has so held. See Haas & Cass v. Boeing Co., Civ. A. No. 90-7414, 1992 WL 221335, at *4-*7 (E.D.Pa. Sept.4, 1992), affd without opinion, 993 F.2d 877 (3d Cir.1993). Such an affirmance, however, has no precedential value. See Third Circuit Internal Operating Procedure § 5.7 (July 2002) (explaining that only our published opinions have precedential value).
We have also issued one precedential opinion addressing a similar issue. In Tanzillo v. Local Union 617, International Brotherhood of Teamsters, 769 F.2d 140 (3d Cir.1985), we held that “ERISA ... explicitly recognizes break-in-service forfeiture of ... credits which had been accrued prior to the effective date of ERISA, if such break-in-service forfeiture is pro*225vided for in the applicable plan document.” Id. at 145. In Tanzillo, though, we never dealt with § 204, but rather we relied exclusively on § 203 — the vesting section — in upholding a plan’s break-in-service rules. Id. at 144-45. For this reason, Tanzillo is not controlling here.
Accordingly, we have yet to address and answer, in a precedential opinion, the question that DiGiacomo has brought before us. That is not the case outside this Circuit — two of our sister Courts of Appeals have already specifically examined and analyzed the issue, reaching contrary conclusions. Compare McDonald v. Pension Plan of the NYSA-ILA Pension Trust Fund, 320 F.3d 151, 153 (2d Cir.2003) (holding that ERISA § 204 trumps a plan’s break-in-service provisions that purport to limit the accrual of benefits arising from pre-ERISA employment) with Jones v. UOP, 16 F.3d 141, 143 (7th Cir.1994) (refusing “to treat vesting and accrual of benefits differently with respect to breaks in service” and denying credit for pre-ERISA break-in-service time).10 As such, the asymmetrical treatment of breaks-in-service in the statutory language of ERISA §§ 203 and 204, although explainable as the difference between vesting and accrual of benefits, has led to a division of two of our sister Courts of Appeals in their respective holdings. Not surprisingly, then, it has also led to a division in this Court, in which our dissenting colleague Judge Alito has concluded that § 203 should control this appeal. In this respect, Judge Alito has aligned himself with the result reached by the Seventh Circuit. See Jones, infra.
While we admit that this question is a close and difficult one, we hold, in accord with the Second Circuit, that the question posed at the outset of this opinion— “whether, for accrual of benefit purposes, ERISA prevents pension plans from denying credit for pre-ERISA service time accrued prior to a break-in-service” — is best answered by looking to the plain and unambiguous text of the benefit accrual section of ERISA (§ 204), as Congress has written it. Our answer is thus “yes,” as that section requires that “all years of service” must be taken into account in calculating an employee’s (DiGiacomo’s) accrued benefit.
1.
In Jones v. UOP, the Seventh Circuit declined to treat vesting and accrual of benefits differently with respect to breaks-in-service, thus reading into § 204 (accrual of benefits) the exclusion clause of § 203 (vesting). 16 F.3d at 143 (Posner, J.). The Jones facts resemble those in this appeal in all essential respects, with one possibly significant exception, having to do with the likelihood of double recovery. See note 12 infra. Jones began service with UOP in 1949. He left work in 1960, returned to work in 1961, and continued working until retirement in 1985. UOP amended its plan (referred to in the opinion as the 1940 plan) in 1968 to base its benefits upon “credited past service.” “Service” was defined as “an Employee’s last continuous period of employment with the Employer.” Id. at 142. By the time Jones retired, UOP had become a wholly-owned subsidiary of Signal Company, and the UOP plan merged into the Signal Plan, which carried forward the same benefit structure. Id. at 142-143.
When Jones retired he was apparently entitled to two benefits: the much larger *226benefit based on the then-current Signal Plan, including all relevant years of service under the predecessor plan (the UOP plan), and a much smaller supplemental benefit attributable solely to his eleven years of service from 1949 to 1960 under the former UOP plan. The latter benefit, which had vested, consisted of Jones’ employee contributions plus interest to his date of retirement. At issue in the ease was whether Jones was entitled to credited service for the eleven years of employment from 1949 to 1960 so as to increase the benefits to which he would be entitled under the successor plan (the Signal Plan). From a purely contractual standpoint, he was clearly not entitled to credit for that service under the plan’s break-in-service provisions.
The Seventh Circuit began its analysis by observing that the only two cases to have considered the issue at that point read the exception for breaks-in-service found in § 203 as though the same language appeared in § 204, but that they did so without any analysis. Id. at 143 (citing Redmond v. Burlington N. R.R. Co. Pension Plan, 821 F.2d 461 (8th Cir.1987); Jameson v. Bethlehem Steel Corp., 634 F.Supp. 688 (E.D.Pa.1986), aff'd without opinion, 802 F.2d 447 (3d Cir.1986), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1089, 107 S.Ct. 1297, 94 L.Ed.2d 153 (1987)).11 The Seventh Circuit noted that “it would be perilous to assume from the absence of an express reference to breaks in service that section 204(b)(1)(D) was intended to override them.” Id. This is particularly so, the court opined, given that the “purpose of section 204 is to prevent the employer from defeating the vesting section, which immediately precedes it in the. statute, by backloading benefits (that is, making benefits accrue very slowly until the employee is near retirement age).” Id. (citing Jeffrey D. Mamorsky, Employee Benefits Handbook § 18.16 (3d ed.1992)). Inasmuch as “backloading” is a distinct problem from breaks-in-service, the Seventh Circuit concluded that, notwithstanding the absence of explicit statutory exclusion for pre-ERISA break-in-service provisions, “there is no indication that Congress in dealing expressly with the former problem in section 204(b)(1)(D) meant for the latter problem to be treated differently under section 204 than under section 203.” Id. at 144.12
2.
In McDonald v. Pension Plan of the NYSA-ILA Pension Trust Fund, the See-*227ond Circuit parted from the Seventh Circuit, declining to treat vesting and accrual of benefits the same with respect to breaks-in-service. 320 F.3d at 159. McDonald, like this case, involved a suit by a retiree who had suffered a break-in-service under a pension plan’s pre-ERISA break-in-service rules. He alleged that the plan’s calculation of accrued years of service violated ERISA. The Second Circuit, focusing solely upon the statutory language, concluded that § 204(b) is unambiguous: “had Congress intended to permit pre-ERISA break-in-service provisions to apply when calculating accrued benefits, it could have done so.” Id. (citing ERISA § 203(b)(1)(F), 29 U.S.C. § 1053(b)(1)(F)). The court thus refused to look beyond the plain text of the statute, in holding that, under §§ 204(b) and 202(b), pre-ERISA break-in-service provisions, which would disregard or deny credit for such service, do not apply when calculating accrued benefits.13
C.
In Arthur Andersen LLP v. United States, —U.S.-, 125 S.Ct. 2129, 161 L.Ed.2d 1008 (2005), the Supreme Court, although construing a different statute, employed the same principle we do today — “we must simply interpret the statute as written.” Id. at 2135. Reading ERISA § 204 as it is written, we are persuaded that our position and that of the Second Circuit is more consistent with established canons of statutory construction than the Seventh Circuit’s position.
Two canons of statutory construction particularly inform our analysis. The first is that a court must begin with the language of the statute. See Barnhart v. Sigmon Coal Co., 534 U.S. 438, 450, 122 S.Ct. 941,151 L.Ed.2d 908 (2002) (citations omitted). “Absent a clearly expressed legislative intention to the contrary, that language must ordinarily be regarded as conclusive.” Consumer Prod. Safety Comm’n v. GTE Sylvania, Inc., 447 U.S. 102, 108, 100 S.Ct. 2051, 64 L.Ed.2d 766 (1980).
With respect to the question presented here, the statutory language is unambiguous. ERISA § 204 establishes permissible accrual practices for pension plans. It makes no provision for break-in-service rules. Nor does it provide for disregarding pre-ERISA break-in-service time in calculating an employee’s pension. Where Congress wanted to provide for break-in-service provisions in ERISA, it did so explicitly, as illustrated by § 203.
In view of Congress’s failure to include a section in § 204 for accrued benefits which parallels the section found in § 203 for vesting, we rely on a second canon of statutory construction: “[I]t is generally presumed that Congress acts intentionally and purposely when it includes particular language in one section of a statute but omits it in another.” BFP v. Resolution Trust Corp., 511 U.S. 531, 537, 114 S.Ct. 1757, 128 L.Ed.2d 556 (1994) (quoting Chicago v. Envtl. Defense Fund, 511 U.S. 328, 338, 114 S.Ct. 1588, 128 L.Ed.2d 302 (1994)). We are satisfied that none of the Fund’s arguments are strong enough to overcome this presumption.
The Fund relies, as it must, on outside interpretive sources — i.e., related statutory terms, applicable regulations, and relevant legislative history — in arguing that Congress intended to treat vesting and accrual of benefits the same with respect to breaks-inservice. The problem with such reliance, however, is that these *228sources are ambiguous at best, and therefore fail to evince clearly a congressional intent to give effect to break-in-service rules precluding an employee from receiving certain accrued benefits. In these circumstances, we venture no further than the statutory language in deciphering congressional intent.14 As the Second Circuit noted, “ERISA is a complicated enough statute without the courts soldering new sections onto it.” McDonald, 320 F.3d at 159.
Finally, we cannot say that the difference in language enacted by Congress respecting vesting and accrual of benefits is “so bizarre that Congress could not have intended it.” Demarest v. Manspeaker, 498 U.S. 184, 191, 111 S.Ct. 599, 112 L.Ed.2d 608 (1991) (internal quotation and citation omitted). Congress reasonably may have concluded, when it comes to the problem of vesting, that an employee, before he becomes entitled to pension or retirement benefits, should serve his employer continuously for the designated vesting period without departures or breaks-in-service. It is not clear to us that the same principle holds true for the accrual of an employee’s benefits. Once an employee has become vested, Congress, by its explicit expression, has determined that all the benefits whenever accumulated by that employee, regardless of any discontinuity in service, should be included in his retirement rights. Such disparate treatment of vesting on the one hand and accrual on the other is neither irrational nor arbitrary, but could very well reflect Congress’s motive in maximizing employee benefits once entitlement through vesting has been achieved. We have interpreted Congress’s intent to that effect.
We recognize that there might also be sound policy reasons for reaching the Jones result, and the result advocated by Judge Alito. However, such reasons do not, in our view, overcome the plain language of the statute. Change in legislation is a task for Congress, and if our interpretation of what Congress has said so plainly is now disfavored, it is for Congress to cure. We do not sit here as a policy-making or legislative body.
III.
Accordingly, we will reverse the judgment of the District Court dated July 29, 2004, and we will remand to the District Court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

. The record reveals that the Fund credited DiGiacomo with 18 years of vesting service and 16.8 years of contributory benefit service. On April 24, 2003, the Fund adjusted the credits to 20 years of vesting service and 18.81 years of benefit service.

. In his appellate brief, DiGiacomo asserts that "the Fund credited him with 10.5 years *222of service for purposes of accrual and vesting.” App. Br. at 2. On this appeal, we decide only the issue presented to us — whether the 10.5 years of pre-break service must be included in the calculation of DiGiacomo’s accrued benefit.

. The Plan provided, in pertinent part:
3. Years of Benefit Service shall be aggregated, except in the following situations:
(a) Benefit Service credited before an Employee's most recent Break in Service shall be forfeited.
Plan, Article I, Section S.3(a).

. The District Court had subject matter jurisdiction over this case pursuant to § 502(e) of ERISA, 29 U.S.C. § 1132(e). We have jurisdiction over this appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
As this Court is reviewing the District Court's grant of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, the standard of review is plenary. Unger v. Nat’l Residents Matching Program, 928 F.2d 1392, 1394 (3d Cir.1991). In addition, all facts alleged in the complaint and all reasonable inferences that can be drawn from them must be accepted as true. Markowitz v. Northeast Land Co., 906 F.2d 100, 103 (3d Cir.1990).

.For ease of reference, throughout this opinion we will refer to the vesting provision of ERISA as § 203 rather than 29 U.S.C. § 1053, and to the accrual provision of ERISA as § 204 rather than 29 U.S.C. § 1054.

. 29 U.S.C. § 1002(19) provides:
The term "nonforfeitable” when used with respect to a pension benefit or right means a claim obtained by a participant or his beneficiary to that part of an immediate or deferred benefit under a pension plan which arises from the participant's service, which is unconditional, and which is legally enforceable against the plan....

Id.

. This subsection states:
Subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C) shall not apply with respect to years of participation before the first plan year to which this section applies but a defined benefit plan satisfies the requirements of this subpara-graph with respect to such years of participation only if the accrued benefit of any participant with respect to such years of participation is not less than the greater of—
(i) his accrued benefit determined under the plan, as in effect from time to time prior to September 2, 1974, or
(ii) an accrued benefit which is not less than one-half of the accrued benefit to which such participant would have been entitled if subparagraph (A), (B), or (C) applied with respect to such years of participation.
29 U.S.C. § 1054(b)(1)(D).

.Section 202(b) is cross-referenced in § 204(b)(4)(A), where it is referred to as § 1052(b), as follows:
For purposes of determining an employee's accrued benefit, the term "year of participation” means a period of service (beginning at the earliest date on which the employee is a participant in the plan and which is included in a period of service required to be taken into account under section 1052(b) of this title, determined without regard to section 1052(b)(5) of this title) as determined under regulations prescribed by the Secretary which provide for the calculation of such period on any reasonable and consistent basis.
29 U.S.C. § 1054(b)(4)(A).

. In arguing that § 204 is irrelevant to this appeal, we suggest that Judge Alito has oversimplified the interplay between the vesting (§ 203) and the accrual of benefit (§ 204) provisions. He assumes that the loss of vesting credit for certain years of service necessarily and unequivocally entails the loss of accrued benefit credit for those same years of service. However, § 203(b)(1)(F) does not say that a break-in-service leads to forfeiture of all previously accrued benefits. Rather, the statutory scheme is somewhat more complex, providing that all "years of service” prior to the break-in-service can be disregarded in calculating the relevant period of service for vesting purposes. To borrow Judge Alito’s helpful analogy, see dissenting opinion at 229, DiGiacomo's 10.5 years of accrued benefit credit might be equated to chalk marks beside the employee's name, but they are not necessarily erased merely because related marks in a separate category for vested benefit credits have been lost due to a break-in-service.

. See also Redmond v. Burlington N. R.R. Co. Pension Plan, 821 F.2d 461, 466-67 (8th Cir. 1987).

. Jameson, like Haas & Cass, supra, is not a precedential opinion in this Circuit. See 3d Cir. IOP § 5.7.

. The Seventh Circuit initially took the view that the fact that Jones' rights (for the eleven years of service from 1949 to 1960) had vested under the 1940 plan was insignificant to the calculation concerning the credited service under the Signal Plan. But the fact that Jones was effectively seeking "double credits” for 1949 to 1960 played some part in Judge Posner's decision, although the extent of its significance is unclear:
[Jones] is seeking, in effect, double credits for 1949 to 1960 — the credit that he has already used to obtain a pension benefit under the 1940 plan and credit for the same years toward the pension he earned under the Signal Plan. There is nothing to suggest that section 204 was intended to confer such a windfall. That section should be read together with section 203 to protect the employee against efforts to circumvent section 203’s vesting rules, rather than to defeat break in service provisions in plans adopted before ERISA was. There were no such efforts here.
Jones, 16 F.3d at 144. Here, of course, there is no issue concerning double credits or the likelihood of a windfall in favor of the beneficiary.
We note that in McClain v. Retail Food Employers Joint Pension Plan, 413 F.3d 582 (7th Cir.2005), the Seventh Circuit recently reaffirmed its holding in Jones.

. Hoover v. Bank of America Corp., 286 F.Supp.2d 1326 (M.D.Fla.2003), has expressly followed McDonald. Id. at 1344 (finding the Second Circuit's decision in McDonald "more faithful to the canons of statutory construction and thus more persuasive”).

. Because, as we have stated, our decision is grounded in the plain and unambiguous text of § 204, we see no reason to further address secondary sources. For an exhaustive analysis of these sources, concluding that they demonstrate Congress's intent to treat vesting and accrual differently with regard to breaks-in-service, see McDonald v. Pension Plan of NYSAILA Pension Trust Fund, 153 F.Supp.2d 268 (S.D.N.Y.2001). For an analysis of some of the same sources reaching the opposite conclusion, see Haas & Cass v. Boeing Co., Civ. A. No. 90-7414, 1992 WL 221335 (E.D.Pa. Sept.4, 1992).