Court Opinion

ID: 4519037
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-03-24 18:00:53.245346+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:24:32.180383
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                         United States Court of Appeals
                                        PUBLISH                                  Tenth Circuit

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       March 24, 2020
                                                                            Christopher M. Wolpert
                                FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                           Clerk of Court
                            _________________________________

 ROBERT BARNES,

        Plaintiff - Appellee,

 v.                                                            No. 18-1487
                                                  (D.C. No. 1:18-CV-00718-WJM-SKC)
 SECURITY LIFE OF DENVER                                        (D. Colo.)
 INSURANCE COMPANY,

        Defendant - Amicus Curiae.

 ------------------------------

 JACKSON NATIONAL LIFE
 INSURANCE COMPANY,

        Movant - Appellant.
                       _________________________________

                                         ORDER
                            _________________________________

Before TYMKOVICH, Chief Judge, BRISCOE, LUCERO, HARTZ, HOLMES,
MATHESON, PHILLIPS, McHUGH, MORITZ, EID, and CARSON, Circuit
Judges. *
                 _________________________________

       This matter is before the court on Plaintiff-Appellee’s Petition for Panel

Rehearing and Rehearing En Banc (“Petition”). We also have a response from Appellant.

       *
       The Honorable Robert E. Bacharach is recused and did not participate in the
consideration of the Petition.
       The request for panel rehearing is denied by a majority of the original panel

members. Judge Hartz would grant panel rehearing.

       The Petition and response were circulated to all non-recused judges of the court

who are in regular active service, and a poll was called. A majority of the participating

judges voted to deny the Petition. See Fed. R. App. P. 35(a). Consequently, Appellee’s

request for en banc rehearing is also denied.

       Chief Judge Tymkovich, and Judges Hartz, Eid, and Carson voted to grant en banc

rehearing. Judge Briscoe has filed a separate concurrence in the denial of en banc

rehearing. Judge Hartz has written separately in dissent. Judge Hartz’s dissent is joined

by Chief Judge Tymkovich and Judges Eid and Carson.

                                                Entered for the Court

                                                CHRISTOPHER M. WOLPERT, Clerk

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18–1487, Barnes v. Security Life

BRISCOE, Circuit Judge, concurring in the denial of en banc review.

       I write briefly to comment on the dissent from the denial of en banc review.

       The dissent suggests it “may be time for the Supreme Court to provide guidance to

the lower courts on the meaning of ‘unless existing parties adequately represent that

interest’ in Fed. R. Civ. P. 24(a)(2).” Dissent at 1. In support of this suggestion, the

dissent asserts that the lower courts need more guidance from the Supreme Court on how

to interpret this part of Rule 24(a)(2). The dissent in turn asserts that “[t]he majority

opinion in this case interprets ‘minimal showing’ so broadly as to essentially eliminate

the inadequate-representation requirement.” Id.

       Both of these assertions, however, are false. To be sure, it is true that the Supreme

Court has not addressed Rule 24(a)(2)’s “adequate[] represent[ation]” on multiple

occasions. But that is because the Court addressed the requirement in 1972 and, since

that time, there has been little, if any, confusion on the part of the lower courts in

interpreting the requirement. See Trbovich v. Mine Workers, 404 U.S. 528, 538 (1972).

As for the majority opinion, it faithfully adheres to the Supreme Court’s longstanding

interpretation of Rule 24(a)(2)’s adequate representation requirement and does not, as

asserted by the dissent, “essentially eliminate” the requirement.

       Lastly, the dissent asserts that “[t]he professor who was the Reporter for the Civil

Rules Committee when it submitted the present version of Rule 24(a) has written in terms

of ‘thrash[ing] out’ whether representation would be adequate in the particular case,” and

that “[s]urely, that requires more than what Jackson and SLD have offered to satisfy the
inadequate-representation requirement.” Dissent at 3 (quoting Continuing Work of the

Civil Committee: 1966 Amendments of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (I), 81 Harv.

L. Rev. 356, 402 (1967)). In other words, the dissent seems to be suggesting that the

professor was in favor of a more searching inquiry into the “adequate representation”

issue. The problem, however, is that the dissent has taken the professor’s comments

entirely out of context. The professor’s “thrash[ing] out” comment was directed at a

prior version of Rule 24(a)(2) that provided for intervention as of right “‘when the

representation of the applicant’s interest by existing parties [wa]s or m[ight] be

inadequate and the applicant [wa]s or m[ight] be bound by a judgment in the action.’”

Continuing Work, 81 Harv. L. Rev. at 400. It was the “bound by” language, which has

since been abandoned, that created a dilemma for the federal courts and that prompted the

professor’s “thrash[ing] out” comment.

                                              2
18-1487, Barnes v. Security Life

HARTZ, Circuit Judge, dissenting, in which Judges TYMKOVICH, EID and
CARSON join:

       I respectfully dissent from the denial of en banc review. But at least there is

another possible remedy. It may be time for the Supreme Court to provide guidance to

the lower courts on the meaning of “unless existing parties adequately represent that

interest” in Fed. R. Civ. P. 24(a)(2). About all we have from the High Court is a footnote

from half a century ago stating that a movant for intervention need only “show[] that

representation of his interest ‘may be’ inadequate,” 1 and that “the burden of making that

showing should be treated as minimal.” Trbovich v. United Mine Workers of Am., 404

U.S. 528, 538 n.10 (1972). 2

       The majority opinion in this case interprets “minimal showing” so broadly as to

essentially eliminate the inadequate-representation requirement. The facts relevant to

intervention are simple. The plaintiffs claim that SLD breached the universal life

1
  The “may be” language did not come from the Rule applied by the Court but from an
earlier version. See United States v. Hooker Chems. & Plastics, 749 F.2d 968, 986 n.16
(2d Cir. 1984) (Friendly, J.).
2
  Two other Supreme Court decisions have addressed whether the inadequate-
representation requirement under present Rule 24(a)(2) was satisfied, but neither has been
used by the lower courts as a source of guidance. Cascade Nat. Gas Corp. v. El Paso
Nat. Gas Co., 386 U.S. 129 (1967), has generally been viewed as sui generis. See San
Juan Cty., Utah v. United States, 503 F.3d 1163, 1191 (10th Cir. 2007) (en banc); United
States v. Associated Milk Producers, Inc., 534 F.2d 113, 117 & n.4 (8th Cir. 1976). And
the much more recent decision in South Carolina v. North Carolina, 558 U.S. 256
(2010), arose under the Court’s original jurisdiction, so Rule 24 did not apply, although a
footnote stated that a rebuffed movant for intervention also failed to satisfy the
inadequate-representation requirement of the Rule, see id. at 276 n.8.
insurance policies issued to them by SLD because improper deductions were allegedly

made from their policies’ cash values. Jackson (an insurance company that had not

entered into any contracts with the policyholders) had taken over the administration of

some of those SLD policies (the Jackson policies), while SLD continued to administer

others (the non-Jackson policies). Jackson has moved to intervene in the lawsuit,

garnering the support of SLD and the opposition of the plaintiffs.

       As explained more fully in my dissent from the panel opinion, SLD has every

incentive in this lawsuit to vigorously defend the conduct of Jackson. To the extent that

Jackson’s conduct in administering Jackson policies is found to be improper, SLD (the

sole defendant in the case) itself would be liable. And if SLD sought indemnification

from Jackson for such misconduct (Jackson’s contract with SLD includes an

indemnification provision), SLD could not rely on the judgment in this case to show such

misconduct if SLD had not adequately defended Jackson’s administration of the policies

during the litigation. See Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 57 (1982).

       To be sure, there may be some special circumstance here, some conflict of interest,

that would nevertheless make it in SLD’s interest not to defend Jackson’s administration

of the Jackson policies. Perhaps defending Jackson’s conduct would somehow suggest

that SLD itself had not properly administered the non-Jackson policies. But Jackson and

SLD have not even alleged such a conflict. They have suggested only that they may have

differed in how they administered policies, without providing any reason why SLD could

not present evidence and argument defending both methods of administration. Further,

SLD and Jackson have provided no evidence that they in fact did administer their policies

                                            2
differently. This, despite the ready availability of such evidence if it exists. After all,

Jackson’s role was to take over the administration of policies that had previously been

administered by SLD. It is hard to believe that Jackson did not know how SLD had been

administering the policies before Jackson took over. If Jackson changed the way policies

were administered, it would certainly know that.

       The professor who was the Reporter for the Civil Rules Committee when it

submitted the present version of Rule 24(a) has written in terms of “thrash[ing] out”

whether representation would be adequate in the particular case. Benjamin Kaplan,

Continuing Work of the Civil Committee: 1966 Amendments of the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure (I), 81 Harv. L. Rev. 356, 402 (1967). 3 Surely, that requires more than what

Jackson and SLD have offered to satisfy the inadequate-representation requirement. The

district court got it right.

3
 Judge Briscoe’s concurrence in the denial of en banc review says that I have taken
Professor Kaplan’s comment out of context—that it was directed at a prior version of
Rule 24(a). Yes, the word thrashed does appear in a discussion of the superseded version
of the rule. But the discussion is criticizing the prior rule and stating what the
commonsense approach should be—the approach adopted in the amended rule.

                                               3