Court Opinion

ID: 4356811
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-01-08 14:44:08.516843+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:19:33.723318
License: Public Domain

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    IN THE INTEREST OF: A.A., A             :    IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
    MINOR                                              PENNSYLVANIA

    APPEAL OF: I.B.A., MOTHER

                                            :    No. 2117 EDA 2018

                    Appeal from the Order Entered July 2, 2018
                 In the Court of Common Pleas of Monroe County
                 Civil Division at No(s): CP-45-DP-0000120-2017

BEFORE:     PANELLA, J., NICHOLS, J., and MUSMANNO, J.

MEMORANDUM BY PANELLA, J.                            FILED JANUARY 07, 2019

        Appellant, I.B.A. ("Mother"), files this appeal from the order adjudicating

her son, A.A. ("Child"), dependent and placing him in foster care.'         Mother

challenges the finding of dependency and the decision to place Child in foster

care. We conclude the court did not abuse its discretion on either issue, and

affirm the court's order.

        The court summarized the relevant procedural and factual history as

follows:
                                 BACKGROUND
        [Child] is [a] nine year -old boy who is entering fifth grade. He
        has special needs. [Child] has been diagnosed with ADHD and
        Oppositional Defiant Disorder, has speech delays, and has motor
        skill deficits, including an inability to tie his own shoes. He has
        been prescribed medications, including psychotropic medications,
        to address these issues. At school[, Child] has an Individualized

1Child's father, J.A. ("Father"), did not separately appeal the adjudication and
disposition.
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        Education Plan. He is currently in foster care. (N.T., 6/21/2018
        (Shelter Care Hearing), Exhibit 1; N.T., 6/27/2018 (Adjudication
        and Disposition Hearing), pp. 8, 30-32, and Exhibits 3 and 4).

        [Child] has a sister who is 17 years -old [sic]. She, too, has special
        needs. [Child]'s sister was adjudicated dependent in November
        of 2017 and has been in care out of the home ever since.

        This family first came to the attention of Monroe County Children
        and Youth [S]ervices ("CYS" or the "Agency") in November of
        2017[,] when the Agency received a referral that [Child]'s sister
        attempted suicide after she was sexually abused by the children's
        father ("Father"). Specifically, [Child]'s sister reported that Father
        sexually abused her and that she told Mother about the abuse, but
        Mother did nothing to help or protect her. The sexual abuse
        allegations were investigated by both the Agency and the police.
        (Shelter Care Application, filed November 20, 2017; Dependency
        Petition, filed November 27, 2017; N.T., 6/21/2018, pp. 4-5 and
        Exhibit 1; N.T., 6/27/2018, Exhibits 1 and 2).

        After the sexual abuse referral was received, both children were
        taken into emergency protective custody. At the ensuing shelter
        care hearing, protective custody was continued. Later, after a
        dependency hearing, [Child]'s sister was adjudicated dependent.
        She was placed in kinship foster care with Maternal Grandparents
        who came here from New York to care for her. As noted, A.A.'s
        sister remains dependent.         [Child] was not adjudicated
        dependent. He returned home to Mother and Father.

        Subsequently, CYS investigated the allegations made in the
        referral. Father was indicated for sexual abuse and Mother was
        indicated for failure to protect. Mother has filed an administrative
        appeal.[2] (N.T., 6/21/2018, pp. 4-5; N.T., 6/27/2018, pp. 21 and
        25).

        Consistent with what [Child]'s sister reported, Mother aligned
        herself with Father. With the exception of one brief period,
        discussed below, Mother has by her words and actions

2Father administratively appealed the findings of abuse as to A.A.'s sister, as
well. N.T., 6/27/18, at 25-26. The results of these administrative appeals
are not apparent from the certified record.

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          demonstrated that she does not believe her daughter. In this
          regard, Mother does not visit with [Child]'s sister and did not allow
          visits between the siblings while [Child] was in her care. (N.T.,
          6/21/2018, pp. 6-8; N.T., 6/27/2018, pp. 6. 38, 39-41 and Exhibit
          1).

          In late February, 2018, Mother informed the family's CYS
          caseworker that she had read a letter from her daughter which,
          at the time, caused her to believe her daughter's allegations
          against Father. When Mother confronted Father, an altercation
          ensued. During the altercation, Father admitted to abusing their
          daughter. In addition, Father strangled Mother and threatened
          Maternal Grandfather and Mother's best friend, both of whom
          were present. (N.T., 6/21/18, pp. 5-7, 13; N.T., 6/27/2018, pp.
          23-25).

          Mother spoke with the police and a CYS caseworker. At that point,
          Mother did not want charges filed against Father. ([Id.] at 5-6).[3]
          She did, however, go to the courthouse to obtain a temporary
          Protection from Abuse Order. When she was too late to obtain a
          PFA, the caseworker helped work out an arrangement by which
          the police would escort Mother to the house to retrieve some
          belongings. While Mother, Maternal Grandfather, and Mother's
          best friend were in Mother's car waiting for the police escort,
          Father violently crashed his vehicle into them. All three were
          injured, with Maternal Grandfather receiving the most severe
          injuries, and Mother and her friend were trapped in the car. Father
          approached the car and said to the entrapped occupants, "I'm glad
          your [sic] dead, I killed you all." (N.T., 6/21/18, pp. 5-7; 13;
          N.T., 6/27/2018, pp. 23-25 and Exhibit 5; (Commonwealth v.
          [Father], No. [] Criminal 2018, Affidavit of Probable Cause).[4]

          As a result of the vehicular assault, Father was arrested and
          charged with multiple counts of Attempted Homicide, Aggravated
          Assault, Simple Assault, and Recklessly Endangering Another
          Person. He has been incarcerated ever since. (N.T., 6/21/18, pp.
          3, 7; N.T., 6/27/2018, p. 23 and Exhibits 1 and 5).

3   CYScaseworker, Amanda DeMatteo, testified at the shelter care hearing
that, after initially not wanting to file charges against Father, Mother then
changed her mind. N.T., 6/21/18, at 6.

4   The affidavit of probable cause is not included as part of the certified record.

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        Shortly thereafter, in early March of 2018, the police concluded
        their investigation into the sexual abuse allegations. Father was
        charged with two counts of Aggravated Indecent Assault, six
        counts of Indecent Assault, Endangering the Welfare of a Child,
        Corruption of a Minor, and Unlawful Contact With a Minor. (N.T.,
        6/21/2018, p. 5-6; N.T., 6/27/2018, p. 21 and Exhibits 1 and 5).

        As noted, at the time the vehicular assault occurred, Mother had
        had a change of heart regarding her daughter's allegations against
        Father. In addition to the family's caseworker, Mother expressed
        to the police that she believed her daughter. However, her change
        of heart was short[-]lived. Incredibly, even after Father had
        confessed to her what he had done to their daughter and assaulted
        her with a vehicle, and despite the fact that Father had been
        charged for his criminal conduct against both Mother and [Child]'s
        sister, Mother re -aligned herself with Father and reverted back to
        disbelieving her daughter. (N.T., 6/21/2018, pp. 7-9, 13; N.T.,
        6/27/2018, Exhibit 1).

        In fact, Mother doubled down on her support of Father and her
        disbelief of her daughter. Mother told a CYS caseworker that her
        daughter was to blame for the car crash because if her daughter
        had not told on Father, then Father would not have crashed his
        vehicle into Mother's car. (N.T., 6/21/18, pg. 7).          Family
        members, particularly on the paternal side of the family, followed
        Mother's lead by aligning themselves with Father and vocalizing
        that they believed A.A.'s sister was lying. (N.T., 6/21/2018, pp.
        7-9, 13; N.T., 6/27/2018, Exhibit 1).

        Mother also made affirmative efforts to obtain Father's release
        from jail by attempting, through harassment, threats, and verbal
        abuse, to get the friend who was with her during Father's in -
        person assault and the vehicular assault to change her story. As
        a result, in [June] of 2018, Mother was arrested and charged with
        Intimidation of a Witness and Solicitation to Commit Perjury, both
        of which are felony offenses.[5] (N.T., 6/21/2018, pp. 3, 9, and
        Exhibit 1; N.T., 6/27/2018, pp. 3, 24, and Exhibits 1 and 6).  .   .   .

5Mother was arrested on June 19, 2018. See N.T., 6/21/18, at 9; see also
Exhibit 2, 6/21/18; see also Exhibit 6, 6/27/18.
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        Based on its history with and the needs of this family, CYS
        developed a Family Service Plan ("FSP"). The FSP was approved
        by this [c]ourt in [Child]'s sister's dependency proceeding. The
        Agency has provided or attempted to provide services in
        accordance with the FSP and has monitored Mother and Father's
        compliance and non-compliance with the plan. (N.T., 6/21/2018,
        Exhibit 1; N.T., 6/27/2018, Exhibit 2).

        The FSP summarizes the background of the case. Of significance,
        the plan reiterates both the CYS's finding that Mother was a
        perpetrator by omission for failure to act to protect her daughter
        and the Agency's concern about Mother's lack of protective
        capacities. The plan also notes that [Child] was at risk for
        removal. Goals were set to address the Agency's concerns, the
        children's needs, and their safety. Among other things, Mother
        was to visit her daughter, engage in forensic counseling to address
        issues stemming from the sexual abuse, and work toward
        increasing    her protective capacities for both children.
        Additionally, the Agency was to monitor and check on [Child]'s
        safety. (N.T., 6/21/2018, Exhibit 1; N.T., 6/27/2018, Exhibit 2).

        Mother was aware of her FSP goals. However, she has failed and
        refused to work on them. Mother did not visit or otherwise work
        toward reunification with her daughter. She declined to attend
        forensic counseling. She did not allow [Child] to visit with his
        sister. She sided with Father against their daughter on the abuse
        allegations. She did not work on strengthening her protective
        capacities. Indeed, as to this goal, Mother by her actions elevated
        concerns about her ability to protect [Child]'s health, safety, and
        welfare. Of extreme significance, Mother did not allow the Agency
        to check on [Child]'s safety while he was in her care, at one point
        ordering a CYS caseworker from her residence, and until
        emergency protective custody was taken of [Child], stopped
        communicating with the family's caseworker. Mother's refusal to
        allow CYS access to [Child] coincided with the period during which
        Mother was: 1) siding with Father, apparently in both criminal
        matters, even after he strangled her and then assaulted her with
        a vehicle; 2) disbelieving [Child]'s sister, even after Father
        confessed to Mother what he had done to their daughter and had
        been charged with felony sex offenses; 3) intimidating and
        harassing her friend who was a witness or potential witness in
        both of the criminal cases filed against Father; and 4) declining to
        permit visits between the siblings. At the same time, Mother was
        visiting Father in prison on a weekly basis and regularly speaking

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        with him on the phone. On at least one occasion, Mother put
        [Child] on the phone with Father[,] despite a condition of Father's
        bail that prohibited such contact. (N.T., 6/21/2018, pp. 4-5, 7-9,
        13, and Exhibits 2 and 3; N.T., 6/27/18 pp. 5-7, 16-17, 23-24,
        35, 37-41, 43, and Exhibits 1, 5, and 6).

        [Child] came into care when Mother was arrested on the Witness
        Intimidation and Solicitation charges and incarcerated in lieu of
        $100,000 bail. At that time, no suitable relatives were available
        to care for [Child].      Maternal grandparents wanted to be
        resources. Unfortunately, Maternal Grandfather was back in New
        York still recovering from the injuries sustained as a result of the
        vehicular attack by Father and Maternal Grandmother had
        returned to New York to care for both [Maternal Grandfather] and
        her mother, who was terminally ill. Mother proposed paternal
        relatives; however, they were deemed unsuitable because they
        were aligned with Father. Finally, the facility in which [Child]'s
        sister had been placed had no room for [Child]. As a result, [Child]
        was taken into emergency protective custody and placed in foster
        care. (N.T., 6/21/2018, pp. 3, 9, 11-17; N.T., 6/27/2018 pp. 3,
        7-8, 13, 17).

        As of the date of the shelter care hearing, Mother and Father were
        still incarcerated. At the conclusion of the hearing, [p]rotective
        custody was continued.

        After the shelter care hearing, [Child] and his sister began visits.
        Despite Mother's prior indication to caseworkers that [Child]
        expressed no interest in seeing his sister, the two children have
        enjoyed the visits and have interacted as normal siblings.

        Between the shelter care hearing and the adjudication hearing
        Mother was released on bail. According to the attorney who
        represents Mother in this case, the criminal matter, and her
        administrative appeal, posting bail for Mother was the product of
        a "tremendous effort on both sides of the family to get mom's
        liberty." (N.T., 6/27/2018, pp. 44-45).

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        An adjudication and disposition hearing was convened on June 27,
        2018. The family's CYS caseworker[6] testified and the Agency
        admitted several exhibits. The facts and history presented by the
        Agency is summarized above. The Agency asked for dependency
        and placement of [Child].

        Mother testified.[7] She asked that [Child] be returned to her.
        Mother said that, if [Child] were returned to her, she would follow
        the same plan of care that she had prior to her incarceration.
        Specifically, [Child] would commute with her to New York. During
        the day, while she worked in Yonkers, [Child] would be cared for
        in New York City by a longtime baby sitter, her parents, or
        paternal relatives, many of whom live there. After work, Mother
        would pick [Child] up and return to Pennsylvania. ([Id.] at 28,
        31-32). She did not, however, indicate what her plan would be
        during the school year, other than to leave open the possibility of
        moving with [Child] to New York. During her testimony, Mother
        acknowledged her continued visitation and phone contact with
        Father.

        [Child]'s guardian ad /item ("GAL"),[8] who is also his sister's GAL,
        agreed that [Child] should be adjudicated dependent and placed

6 CYS caseworker, Amanda DeMatteo, also testified at the adjudicatory
hearing on June 27, 2018.

  Father remained incarcerated in the Monroe County Correctional Facility at
the time of the adjudicatory hearing and was not present. N.T., 6/27/18, at
3-4.

8 This Court extended the requirements of In re Adoption of L.B.M., 161
A.3d 172, 174 (Pa. 2017), and its progeny to dependency actions generally.
See L.B.M., supra (the issue decided was whether 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2313(a),
which mandates the appointment of counsel for children involved in contested
involuntary termination of parental rights proceedings, is satisfied by the
appointment of a GAL provided that the GAL is an attorney.); see also In re
T.S., 192 A.3d 1080, 1089-1090 (Pa. 2018) (holding that the trial court did
not err in allowing the children's GAL to act as their sole representative during
the termination proceeding because, at two and three years old, they were
incapable of expressing their preferred outcome.); see also In re J'K.M., 191
A.3d 907 (Pa. Super. 2018) (reversing order denying appointment of a
separate counsel for dependency proceedings where there was a conflict

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      in care  through the Agency. The GAL indicated that she had
      serious concerns about returning [Child] to Mother due to the
      history recounted above and the web of "alliances and allegiances
      and stories" being spun by Mother and woven by [Child]'s other
      family members. The GAL believed that [Child] was being used
      as a pawn and treated as a yo-yo in a way that adversely affected
      his health, safety, and welfare. The GAL also opined that the
      renewed visitation between [Child] and his sister has been
      positive. Conversely, the GAL noted her position that it was not
      in [Child]'s best interests to be put on the phone with Father, over
      a contrary bail condition, while Father was in jail after being
      charged with sexually abusing his sister and attempting to kill
      Mother, or, if he were to be returned to Mother, to be subjected
      to a "commuter's schedule." ([Id.] at 46-47).

Trial Court Opinion, 9/6/18, at 1-9 (footnotes omitted).
      By order dated June 27, 2018, and entered July 2, 2018, the court

adjudicated Child dependent and found it in his best interests to be removed

from Mother's home and remain in the custody of CYS and in foster care.

      Thereafter, on July 9, 2018, Mother filed        a   timely notice of appeal, as
well as   a   concise statement of errors complained of on appeal pursuant to

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i) and (b).    Mother filed   a   subsequent notice of appeal,

with an amended caption, on July 10, 2018. The court issued              a    Statement

Pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) dated September 5, 2018, and entered

September 6, 2018, in support of its order.

      On appeal, Mother raises the following issues         for our review:

between the child's best interests and legal interests). Instantly, the certified
record does not suggest a preference and a conflict is not discernible. If the
trial court determines there is a conflict between Child's preference and his
best interests, the court must appoint separate legal counsel to advocate for
those disparate interests in future proceedings.
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        Does   Dependency Court commit reversible error where no
        disposition hearing is held after finding of dependency?

        Does Dependency Court commit reversible error where it finds a
        child dependent and removes a child from its mother's home
        without any findings of 1) aggravating factors 2) failure to find
        less restrictive alternatives than removal of child from home such
        as 3) mandated agency supervision or alternative kinship with
        child's maternal grandparents who have served in such capacity
        in the past?

        Does Dependency Court commit reversible error where it finds a
        child dependent by "clear and convincing evidence" where record
        does not substantiate such a finding and [c]ourt does not cite to
        the record of factual basis for its findings?

Mother's Brief at 9 (suggested answers omitted).

        Our standard of review for dependency cases is as follows:

        [T]he standard of review in dependency cases requires an
        appellate court to accept the findings of fact and credibility
        determinations of the trial court if they are supported by the
        record, but does not require the appellate court to accept the
        lower court's inferences or conclusions of law. Accordingly, we
        review for an abuse of discretion.

In re R.J.T.,    9 A.3d 1179, 1190 (Pa.   2010) (citations omitted); see also     In
the Interest of L.Z., 111 A.3d 1164, 1174        (Pa. 2015).   "The trial court is

free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence presented and is likewise free

to make all credibility determinations and resolve conflicts in the evidence."

In re M.G. & .7.G.,   855 A.2d 68, 73-74 (Pa. Super. 2004) (citation omitted).

        In her first issue, Mother contends the court erred when it did not hold

a   separate disposition hearing. In juvenile dependency matters, "disposition"

refers to the court's determination of physical custody of     a   dependent child.

See, e.g., 42 Pa.C.S.A.    §   6351(a). Pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S.A.     §   6341(c), "If

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the court finds from clear and convincing evidence that the child             is   dependent,

the court shall proceed immediately or at             a   postponed hearing, which shall

occur not later than 20 days after adjudication if the child has been removed

from his home, to make         a    proper disposition of the case." Thus, the court

was not required to hold        a   separate disposition hearing. Mother's first issue

on appeal is meritless.

        Next, Mother combines several distinct arguments into an overarching

challenge to the court's finding of dependency and placement into foster care.

Since Mother's third issue is          a   direct challenge to the court's finding of

dependency, we will treat this issue as         a    challenge to the court's decision to

place child in foster care.

        Once    a   child is adjudicated dependent, the trial court is to determine

who shall have custody of the child as well as what services should be provided

to the child and family.       Disposition of   a    dependent child   is   governed by 42

Pa.C.S.A.   §   6351, which states in pertinent part:

          (a) General       rule.-If the
                                    child is found to be a dependent
          child the court may make any of the following orders of
          disposition best suited to the safety, protection and
          physical, mental, and moral welfare of the child:

                (1) Permit the child to remain with his parents, guardian,
                or other custodian, subject to conditions and limitations
                as the court prescribes, including supervision as directed
                by the court for the protection of the child.

                (2) Subject to conditions and limitations as the court
                prescribes transfer temporary legal custody to any of the
                following:

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                     (i) Any individual resident within or without this
                     Commonwealth, including any relative, who, after
                     study by the probation officer or other person or
                     agency designated by the court, is found by the
                     court to be qualified to receive and care for the
                     child.

                     (ii) An  agency or other private organization
                     licensed or otherwise authorized by law to receive
                     and provide care for the child.

                     (iii) A public agency authorized by law to receive
                     and provide care for the child.

        Thus, the trial court may make an appropriate disposition in order to

protect the child's physical, mental and moral welfare, including transferring

temporary custody to     a   public agency. See   In re   M.L., 757 A.2d 849, 850-

51 (Pa. 2000).

        Even after  a child has been adjudicated dependent, however, a
        court may not separate that child from his or her parent unless it
        finds that the separation is clearly necessary. Such necessity is
        implicated where the welfare of the child demands that he [or she]
        be taken from his [or her] parents' custody.

In re   G.T., 845 A.2d 870, 873 (Pa. Super. 2004) (citations and quotation

marks omitted) (alterations in original).

        Here, the court addressed Mother's argument as follows:

        Mother's claim that we also erred by removing [Child] from the
        home and placing him in non -kinship foster care may be disposed
        of quickly. We found that removal was at once necessary and in
        [Child's] best interests for the same reasons why we adjudicated
        him dependent. Since we have exhaustively stated those reasons
        and our findings above, we need not repeat them here.          In
        addition:

        We did not believe that Mother's plan to "commute" with [Child]
        was in his best interests, given that it would on a daily basis
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        remove him from the oversight of the Agency and the jurisdiction
        of this [c]ourt, place him at times with, or at least in proximity to,
        paternal relatives whose loyalties were clearly for Father and
        Mother and not the children, and require inordinate travel.
        Further, there was no plan enunciated for school, which has now
        begun. At [the] hearing, we indicated that Mother's plan to
        "commute" with [Child] could not by itself be grounds for
        dependency. However, we noted that it would be relevant to
        custody and placement decisions.

        Further, it was apparent to us that Mother is more focused on
        defending all actions filed against her and Father than she is on
        promoting and protecting the interests of [Child]. We do not
        suggest that Mother should not appeal the indicated finding,
        defend the Intimidation of a Witness case, or contest this action.
        She has an absolute right to do so. However, at the same time,
        Mother has an obligation to parent and to provide for [Child's]
        health, safety, and welfare. The record demonstrates that Mother
        has not satisfied those obligations, instead putting her own
        interests and the interests of Father above the well-being of her
        son.

        Mother's assertion that removal was improper because
        aggravated circumstances were not found is baseless. While the
        existence of aggravated circumstances can certainly be
        considered when making a dependency finding, fashioning
        disposition, or making placement decisions, there is no
        requirement that such circumstances be found before a child may
        be removed from the home.

        Mother's suggestion that we failed to consider less restrictive
        alternatives, such as Agency supervision or kinship placement
        with [M]aternal Grandparents is belied by the record. The record
        amply demonstrates that, over the course of the Agency's history
        with this family, less alternative placements were considered and,
        in fact, employed.      [Child's] sister was placed with Maternal
        Grandparents. Child remained in the home for months after his
        sister was adjudicated dependent and placed in kinship care.
        Leaving [Child] in the home with, to use Mother's own term,
        "Agency supervision" was an attempt to prevent [Child's] removal
        and    employ the least restrictive alternative possible.
        Unfortunately, due largely to Mother's actions, the attempt was
        not successful. Since Mother had by her actions shown that she
        is not amenable to Agency supervision or services and lacks

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      protective capacities, there was no need to even attempt
      placement in the home. Further, contrary to the suggestion in
      Mother's Rule 1925(b) statement, kinship care was considered. In
      fact, it was considered as the preferred out -of -home placement
      option. However, for the reasons discussed,              Maternal
      Grandparents were not available as placement resources, paternal
      relatives were not appropriate placement resources, and no other
      relatives were immediately available.

Trial Court Opinion, 9/6/18, at 19-21.

      The record supports these findings. In addition, the court's reasoning is

not an abuse of its discretion. Thus, Mother's second issue on appeal merits

no relief.

       Finally,    Mother claims the record does not support the court's

dependency finding.

       [T]o adjudicate a child dependent, a trial court must determine,
       by clear and convincing evidence, that the child:

              is   without  proper parental care or control,
             subsistence, education as required by law, or other
             care or control necessary for his physical, mental, or
             emotional health, or morals. A determination that
             there is a lack of proper parental care or control may
             be based upon evidence of conduct by the parent,
             guardian or other custodian that places the health,
             safety or welfare of the child at risk.

      42 Pa.C.S.[] § 6302(1). "Clear and convincing" evidence has been
      defined as testimony that is "so clear, direct, weighty, and
      convincing as to enable the trier of facts to come to a clear
      conviction, without hesitancy, of the truth of the precise facts in
      issue." In re C.R.S., 696 A.2d 840, 843 (Pa. Super. 1997)
       (citation omitted).

      In accordance with the overarching purpose of the Juvenile Act
      "[t]o preserve the unity of the family wherever possible," see 42
      Pa.C.S.[] § 6301(b)(1), "a child will only be declared dependent
      when he is presently without proper parental care and when such

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        care is not immediately available." In re R.T., [ ] 592 A.2d 55,
        57 (Pa. Super. 1991) (citation omitted). This Court has defined
        "proper parental care" as "that care which (1) is geared to the
        particularized needs of the child and (2) at a minimum, is likely to
        prevent serious injury to the child." In re C.R.S., supra at 845
        (citation omitted).

In re A.B.,    63 A.3d 345, 349 (Pa. Super. 2013).

        The court addressed mother's challenge with the following reasoning:

        In her second and third assignments of error, Mother alleges that
        we erred by adjudicating [Child] dependent and placing him in
        foster care. Essentially, she contends that there was insufficient
        evidence of either dependency or the need to remove [Child] from
        the home.       Contrary to Mother's assertions, the record
        demonstrates that CYS proved dependency by clear and
        convincing evidence and that removal from the home was both
        necessary and in [Child]'s best interests.

        In this case, we adjudicated [Child] dependent because we found
        that CYS proved by clear and convincing evidence that [Child] was
        without proper care and control and that such care and control
        were not immediately available.          Given the facts and
        circumstances of this case, summarized above, our findings and
        conclusions were fully supported by the record and the applicable
        law.

        Our decision was based on the facts and history of this family from
        the time they first came to the attention from the Agency. By her
        acts and omissions, Mother has continuously demonstrated a lack
        of both protective capacities and the ability to provide care and
        control that is necessary for [Child's] physical, mental, and
        emotional, health, safety, and welfare. Mother failed to protect
        [Child]'s sister from or to report the abuse of his sister perpetrated
        by Father. As a result, Mother was indicated as a perpetrator by
        omission. Standing alone, Mother's failure to act and protect could
        under the law summarized above be enough to support a finding
        of dependency.

        However, Mother's failure to act and to protect [Child's] sister
        does not stand alone.

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        Last November, [Child] was allowed to remain in the home
        because Maternal Grandparents became involved and it was
        determined that, with their intervention, the involvement of the
        Agency, and casework services in place, there was a sufficient
        level of care and control, as well as enough safeguards, so that
        dependency was not at the time warranted. However, it was clear
        that this determination and [Child's] safety were dependent on
        Mother's (and at the time Father's) cooperation with the Agency,
        her compliance with the family service plan, especially increasing
        her protective capacities, and her demonstration of proper
        parenting, care, and control of [Child] even while the Agency and
        the police were investigating the abuse allegations. In short,
        contrary to Mother's assertions, the Agency actively worked to
        prevent [Child's] removal from the home in a manner that was
        designed to have regard for his safety and wellbeing.
        Unfortunately, Mother failed to cooperate, did not increase or even
        attempt to work on her protective capacities, and put her own
        interests, including a troubling defense of Father, above [Child's]
        interests.

        Specifically, Mother failed and refused to work on her FSP goals.
        Mother did not visit or otherwise work toward reunification with
        her daughter. She declined to attend forensic counseling. She did
        not allow [Child] to visit with his sister. She did not work on
        strengthening her protective capacities. Quite the opposite, she
        doubled down on her failure to protect by continuing to side with
        Father against their daughter in the sexual abuse case (and,
        apparently, is siding with him in the Attempted Homicide case as
        well) even after Father confessed to Mother what he had done,
        strangled Mother when she confronted him, and assaulted Mother,
        Maternal Grandfather, and Mother's friend with a car. Then, in a
        bizarre turn of events, Mother parlayed her double parental
        miscue by harassing and threatening her friend in an attempt to
        get the friend to change her story because Mother wanted Father
        out of jail. Further, and of extreme significance, Mother did not
        allow the Agency to check on [Child's] safety, at one point
        ordering a CYS caseworker from her residence. Similarly, until
        emergency protective custody was taken of [Child], Mother
        stopped communicating with the family's caseworker. At the
        same time, even after all that he had done to her and the family,
        Mother was visiting Father in prison on a weekly basis and
        regularly speaking with him on the phone. On at least one
        occasion, Mother put [Child] on the phone with Father despite a

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        condition of Father's bail that prohibited such contact. Finally, as
        the GAL aptly observed, [Child] was caught in a web of "alliances
        and allegiances and stories" being spun by Mother and woven by
        other family members, especially on Father's side of the family,
        and is being used as a pawn and treated in a way that is adverse
        to his health, safety, and welfare, as support of Mother and Father
        is being generated. All of this, and more, occurred while [Child],
        a special needs child, was in Mother's care.

        At [the] hearing, Mother indicated she did not believe the criminal
        cases were having or would have an adverse impact on [Child].
        This speaks volumes. The several court cases in which the family
        is involved have obviously impacted [Child], even if he has not
        [been] informed about specifics. Even more, what Mother does
        not seem to grasp, the conduct, acts, and omissions of one or both
        parents that gave rise to the three criminal cases, the dependency
        of [Child's] sister, and this proceeding have adversely impacted
        [Child].    The same conduct demonstrates Mother's lack of
        protective capacities as well as her inability to provide the parental
        care and control that is necessary for [Child]'s physical, mental,
        and emotional, health, safety, and welfare.

        Borrowing language from the Superior Court's decision in [In re
        M.W., 842 A.2d 425 (Pa. Super. 2004)], as well as other cases
        cited above, the Act is sensitive to the fact that siblings of sexually
        abused children may be "without proper parental care or control,
        subsistence, education as required by law, or other care or control
        necessary for his physical, mental or emotional health, or morals."
        When, while A.A. was in Mother's care: [Child's] sister was abused
        by Father in the home and Mother did nothing to stop it ... Mother
        thereafter sided with Father against [Child's] sister and then
        completely abandoned her parental responsibilities toward her
        daughter ..[.] Mother continued regular contact with Father even
        after all that Father had done to their daughter, their family, and
        to Mother herself ... Mother, over a bail restriction, put [Child] on
        the phone with Father after all that had transpired ... and Mother
        resorted to criminal conduct against her friend, who is a witness
        in more than one criminal case, in an unsettling attempt to aid
        Father, [Child] was rendered "so emotionally vulnerable that he
        may be considered lacking in proper care and control." Our focus
        was not on whether [Child] was himself at risk of sexual abuse,
        especially after Father was incarcerated.          Rather, "the key
        question [wa]s whether [Child] fit the broader definition of lacking
        "proper parental care or control, subsistence, education as

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        required by law, or other care or control necessary for his physical,
        mental or emotional health, or morals." Based on the record
        presented, we found that the Agency had answered this question
        in the affirmative by the requisite clear and convincing evidence.
        We stand by that finding.

Trial Court Opinion, 9/6/18, at 10, 15-22.

        With this, we agree.        Upon review, we find no abuse of discretion.

Furthermore, the court's factual findings are well supported by the record.

Mother's final issue on appeal merits no relief.

        In summary, the court found Mother's reactions to Child's sister's

allegations of abuse revealed that Child was without proper parental care and

control. In addition, the general family atmosphere of supporting Father

against Child's sister caused   a   situation where Child was at risk of being used

as a pawn in Father's legal process. Mother did not present an educational

plan that indicated she was prioritizing Child's needs, and her commuting

scheduled posed    a   danger that CYS would be unable to monitor Child's health

and welfare effectively. Maternal Grandparents are unable to care for Child at

this time, and Paternal Grandparents are unsuitable due to their involvement

with Father's legal defense. No other kinship guardians were proposed. The

record supports these findings under         a    standard of clear and convincing

evidence. Thus, we affirm the court's order declaring Child dependent and

placing him in foster care.

Order affirmed.

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Judgment Entered.

Jseph  D. Seletyn,
Prothonotary

Date: 1/7/19

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