Court Opinion

ID: 2677387
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-06-06 14:02:05.49729+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:11:40.147113
License: Public Domain

Nebraska Advance Sheets
262	288 NEBRASKA REPORTS

indicated that he knew he could receive life imprisonment
notwithstanding his confession. We therefore conclude that
Turner’s confession was voluntary and, thus, properly admis-
sible at trial. We affirm his convictions and sentences.
                                                     Affirmed.

                            Wayne G., appellee, v.
                          Jacqueline W., appellant.
                                    ___ N.W.2d ___

                         Filed June 6, 2014.    No. S-12-1037.

 1.	 Juvenile Courts: Judgments: Appeal and Error. Cases arising under the
     Nebraska Juvenile Code are reviewed de novo on the record, and an appellate
     court is required to reach a conclusion independent of the trial court’s findings.
     However, when the evidence is in conflict, the appellate court will consider and
     give weight to the fact that the lower court observed the witnesses and accepted
     one version of the facts over the other.
 2.	 Parental Rights: Evidence: Proof. Before parental rights may be terminated, the
     evidence must clearly and convincingly establish the existence of one or more of
     the statutory grounds permitting termination and that termination is in the juve-
     nile’s best interests.
 3.	 Appeal and Error. An appellate court may, at its option, notice plain error.
 4.	 Parental Rights: Mental Competency: Guardians Ad Litem: Case
     Disapproved: Appeal and Error. Where an appellate court finds that multiple
     statutory grounds support termination of parental rights, including, but not lim-
     ited to, Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-292(5) (Cum. Supp. 2012), a failure to appoint a
     guardian ad litem for the parent is error, but not error requiring automatic rever-
     sal. In that circumstance, the failure to appoint a guardian ad litem will generally
     not require reversal unless it is assigned as error on appeal and shown to have
     been prejudicial to the parent. To the extent that In re Interest of Presten O.,
     18 Neb. Ct. App. 259, 778 N.W.2d 759 (2010), is inconsistent with this holding, it
     is disapproved.

   Petition for further review from the Court of Appeals, Inbody,
Chief Judge, and Irwin and Riedmann, Judges, on appeal
thereto from the County Court for Seward County, Gerald E.
Rouse, Judge. Judgment of Court of Appeals affirmed.
  Jerrod P. Jaeger, of Jaeger Law Office, P.C., L.L.O., for
appellant.
   Eric J. Williams for appellee.
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	                        WAYNE G. v. JACQUELINE W.	263
	                           Cite as 288 Neb. 262

  Gregory C. Damman, of Blevens & Damman, guardian
ad litem.
  Heavican, C.J., Wright, Connolly, Stephan, McCormack,
Miller-Lerman, and Cassel, JJ.
   Stephan, J.
   The Nebraska Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment of
the county court for Seward County terminating the parental
rights of Wayne G. to Jaidyn G., a minor child, on the petition
of Jacqueline W., Jaidyn’s mother. We granted Wayne’s peti-
tion for further review primarily to consider inconsistencies in
decisions of this court and the Court of Appeals regarding the
effect of a trial court’s failure to appoint a guardian ad litem
for a person whose parental rights are sought to be terminated
under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-292(5) (Cum. Supp. 2012).
                        BACKGROUND
   The published opinion of the Court of Appeals sets forth
the facts of this case in considerable detail.1 We summa-
rize only those facts necessary for our further review of that
court’s decision.
   Jacqueline met Wayne in California in 2001 or 2002. A
daughter, Jaidyn, was born to the couple in 2006. Later that
year, Jacqueline left Wayne and moved to Nebraska, taking
Jaidyn with her.
   On September 27, 2011, Wayne filed a “Complaint to
Acknowledge Paternity and Establish Custody and Parenting
Time” in the district court for Seward County. Jacqueline filed
an answer in which she admitted that Wayne was Jaidyn’s
biological father but denied that he was a fit parent. On
February 24, 2012, Jacqueline filed a petition for termination
of parental rights under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 42-364(5) (Cum.
Supp. 2012). Three days later, Jacqueline filed an amended
petition which alleged that termination of Wayne’s parental
rights was in Jaidyn’s best interests and that § 43-292(1), (2),
(4), (5), and (9) were grounds for termination. The case was
transferred to the Seward County Court, and a trial was held

 1	
      Wayne G. v. Jacqueline W., 21 Neb. Ct. App. 551, 842 N.W.2d 125 (2013).
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on September 10 and October 1. The county court appointed a
guardian ad litem for Jaidyn, but not for Wayne.
   A number of witnesses—including Jacqueline, her adult
daughter, and Wayne’s adult daughter—testified that Wayne
has a history of abusive behavior. There was testimony that
Wayne had struck his ex-wife, Jacqueline, and a number of
minor children who had lived in his house. Witnesses testified
that Wayne had made numerous threats to the lives and physi-
cal well-being of persons in a domestic relation to him. There
was also testimony that Wayne has a 25-year history of crack
cocaine use.
   Wayne admitted to having a substantial criminal record.
His convictions include, but are not limited to, grand larceny,
grand theft, forgery, inflicting corporal injury on a spouse/­
cohabitant (multiple convictions), criminal contempt, petty
theft, disobeying a court order (multiple convictions), posses-
sion of a controlled substance/paraphernalia (multiple convic-
tions), false imprisonment, and threaten crime with intent to
terrorize. Wayne also admitted that his parental rights to one
of his other daughters had been terminated.
   Evidence of Wayne’s mental illness was adduced. Wayne
admitted that he has been diagnosed with adult attention
d
­eficit hyperactivity disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder,
and depression. Testimony was heard from Wayne and other
witnesses as to the diagnosis and treatment of his men-
tal illness.
   Wayne acknowledged that he had a checkered past, but
testified that he had turned his life around in the last 3 years
and was ready to have a greater role in Jaidyn’s life. Wayne
testified that he was now “properly medicated” and had not
consumed crack cocaine within the previous 2 years. His
girlfriend of nearly 1 year testified that Wayne had been
appropriately interacting with her adult son and several of her
minor nephews.
   Jacqueline remarried in June 2012, and she testified that
her husband had a good relationship with Jaidyn. Her hus-
band testified that Jaidyn sometimes called him “daddy”
and that he intended to adopt her if Wayne’s parental rights
were terminated.
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	                  WAYNE G. v. JACQUELINE W.	265
	                     Cite as 288 Neb. 262

   On October 3, 2012, the Seward County Court entered an
order terminating Wayne’s parental rights to Jaidyn. The court
concluded that termination was in Jaidyn’s best interests and,
identifying subsections (2), (4), (5), and (9) as the “relevant
portion[s]” of § 43-292, found that “one or more grounds exist
in support of termination of parental rights.”
   Wayne appealed the termination of his parental rights to
the Court of Appeals. His brief assigned as error the county
court’s findings that (1) one of the grounds in § 43-292 existed
and (2) termination was in Jaidyn’s best interests. Wayne did
not assign as error the county court’s failure to appoint him a
guardian ad litem, although he did argue that such appointment
was mandatory and that the failure was plain error requir-
ing reversal.
   The Court of Appeals affirmed, finding that the evidence
established grounds for termination under § 43-292(2), that
Wayne was unfit to parent Jaidyn, and that termination was
in Jaidyn’s best interests.2 Because the court concluded that
grounds for termination existed under § 43-292(2), it declined
to review Wayne’s assignment of error as to the other sub-
sections of § 43-292.3 The Court of Appeals did not address
the county court’s failure to appoint a guardian ad litem
for Wayne.

                 ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
   In his petition for further review, Wayne assigns, renum-
bered, that the Court of Appeals erred by (1) not addressing the
county court’s failure to appoint a guardian ad litem and (2)
finding the evidence sufficient to terminate his parental rights
under § 43-292(2).

                  STANDARD OF REVIEW
   [1] Cases arising under the Nebraska Juvenile Code are
reviewed de novo on the record, and an appellate court is
required to reach a conclusion independent of the trial court’s

 2	
      Id.
 3	
      Id.
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findings.4 However, when the evidence is in conflict, the appel-
late court will consider and give weight to the fact that the
lower court observed the witnesses and accepted one version
of the facts over the other.5

                           ANALYSIS
                       Guardian Ad Litem
   [2] Before parental rights may be terminated, the evidence
must clearly and convincingly establish the existence of one
or more of the statutory grounds permitting termination and
that termination is in the juvenile’s best interests.6 Jacqueline
alleged and the county court found the following grounds for
termination stated in § 43-292:
         (2) The parents have substantially and continuously
      or repeatedly neglected and refused to give the juve-
      nile or a sibling of the juvenile necessary parental care
      and protection;
         ....
         (4) The parents are unfit by reason of debauchery,
      habitual use of intoxicating liquor or narcotic drugs, or
      repeated lewd and lascivious behavior, which conduct
      is found by the court to be seriously detrimental to the
      health, morals, or well-being of the juvenile;
         (5) The parents are unable to discharge parental
      responsibilities because of mental illness or mental defi-
      ciency and there are reasonable grounds to believe that
      such condition will continue for a prolonged indetermi-
      nate period;
         ....
         (9) The parent of the juvenile has subjected the juve-
      nile or another minor child to aggravated circumstances,
      including, but not limited to, abandonment, torture,
      chronic abuse, or sexual abuse.

 4	
      In re Interest of Rylee S., 285 Neb. 774, 829 N.W.2d 445 (2013).
 5	
      Id.
 6	
      In re Interest of Destiny A. et al., 274 Neb. 713, 742 N.W.2d 758 (2007);
      In re Interest of Aaron D., 269 Neb. 249, 691 N.W.2d 164 (2005).
                        Nebraska Advance Sheets
	                        WAYNE G. v. JACQUELINE W.	267
	                           Cite as 288 Neb. 262

The Nebraska Juvenile Code provides, at Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 43-292.01 (Reissue 2008):
          When termination of the parent-juvenile relationship is
       sought under subdivision (5) of section 43-292, the court
       shall appoint a guardian ad litem for the alleged incom-
       petent parent. The court may, in any other case, appoint a
       guardian ad litem, as deemed necessary or desirable, for
       any party. The guardian ad litem shall be paid a reason-
       able fee set by the court and paid from the general fund
       of the county.
   It is only when termination is sought under § 43-292(5) that
a court is required to appoint a guardian ad litem for the par-
ent. Here, we are presented with the following question: When
termination of parental rights is sought on multiple grounds,
including § 43-292(5), and an appellate court finds that at
least one ground other than § 43-292(5) is established by clear
and convincing evidence and that termination is in the best
interests of the child, is the failure of the trial court to appoint
a guardian ad litem for the parent pursuant to § 43-292.01
plain error requiring reversal?
   The starting point in our analysis is this court’s decision in
In re Interest of M.M., C.M, and D.M.7 In that case, § 43-292(5)
was the sole statutory ground for termination of a mother’s
parental rights, and the trial court did not appoint a guardian ad
litem for the mother. We reasoned that even though the mother
was at all times represented by appointed counsel, the appoint-
ment of a guardian ad litem was “mandatory” and the failure to
make the appointment was “plain error which requires that the
judgments be reversed.”8 Two justices dissented, reasoning the
error was not prejudicial to the mother and thus did not war-
rant reversal.9
   Later, in In re Interest of Presten O.,10 the Court of
Appeals applied the holding in In re Interest of M.M., C.M.,

 7	
      In re Interest of M.M., C.M., and D.M., 230 Neb. 388, 431 N.W.2d 611
      (1988).
 8	
      Id. at 390, 431 N.W.2d at 613.
 9	
      Id. (Boslaugh, J., dissenting; Hastings, C.J., joins).
10	
      In re Interest of Presten O., 18 Neb. Ct. App. 259, 778 N.W.2d 759 (2010).
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and D.M. where multiple statutory grounds for termination,
including § 43-292(5), were alleged and found, but the trial
court failed to appoint a guardian ad litem for the parent.
The court concluded that because the State sought termina-
tion “based, in part, on . . . § 43-292(5),”11 appointment of a
guardian ad litem was mandatory and the failure to make the
appointment was plain error requiring reversal. A concurring
opinion stated that “there are circumstances, such as those
present in this case, where a parent is not prejudiced by the
failure to appoint a guardian ad litem,” noting that the parent
was clearly competent and “fully capable of understanding
the legal proceedings and the ultimate implication of those
proceedings.”12 However, the concurring judge reasoned that
under the principle of vertical stare decisis, he was required
by In re Interest of M.M., C.M., and D.M. to concur in
the judgment.
   The Court of Appeals’ disposition of the instant case is
inconsistent with In re Interest of Presten O. Here, as in In
re Interest of Presten O., termination was sought in part on
§ 43-292(5) and no guardian ad litem was appointed for the
parent. But the Court of Appeals did not find plain error as it
did in In re Interest of Presten O. And there is tension between
In re Interest of Presten O. and the long-established principle
that if an appellate court determines that the lower court cor-
rectly found termination of parental rights to be appropriate
under one of the statutory grounds set forth in § 43-292, the
appellate court need not further address the sufficiency of the
evidence under any other statutory ground.13
   We have also addressed the different but related issue of
the effect of not alleging § 43-292(5) as a ground for termina-
tion when there is a question about the parent’s mental health.
In In re Interest of J.N.V.,14 a mother was diagnosed with

11	
      Id. at 263, 778 N.W.2d at 762.
12	
      Id. at 265, 778 N.W.2d at 763 (Irwin, Judge, concurring).
13	
      See, e.g., In re Interest of Jagger L., 270 Neb. 828, 708 N.W.2d 802
      (2006).
14	
      In re Interest of J.N.V., 224 Neb. 108, 395 N.W.2d 758 (1986).
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	                             Cite as 288 Neb. 262

significant mental illness but the State sought and obtained
termination of her parental rights solely on the basis of neglect
under § 43-292(2). This court affirmed the termination, con-
cluding that “[w]hile it might have been kinder in these sad
and unfortunate circumstances for the State to have proceeded
under § 43-292(5), it was not required to do so.”15 Three jus-
tices dissented, reasoning that this disposition “ignore[d] a
statutory requirement and deprive[d] a mentally ill mother of
the valuable right to have her interests protected by a guardian
ad litem.”16
   This issue arose again in In re Interest of Michael B. et
al.,17 a case in which the State sought termination under
§ 43-292(2), (4), (6), and (7), but nevertheless introduced
evidence that the mother had a mental deficiency that pre-
vented her from reuniting with and caring for her children. On
appeal, the mother urged us to adopt the view of the dissent
in In re Interest of J.N.V. We declined to do so, reasoning that
the only action which a guardian ad litem could have taken to
benefit the mother would have been to retain experts to rebut
the State’s evidence of her mental deficiency. We concluded
that because mental deficiency was not a ground for termina-
tion, any such rebuttal would not have altered the outcome of
the case. But we also concluded that it was improper for the
State to adduce evidence of the mother’s mental deficiency
where it had not asserted § 43-292(5) as a ground for termina-
tion. However, we affirmed the judgment upon finding that
there was clear and convincing evidence “independent of any
mental deficiency” that the grounds for termination stated in
§ 43-292(4) existed.18
   [3] An appellate court may, at its option, notice plain error.19
In cases decided after In re Interest of M.M., C.M., and D.M.,20

15	
      Id. at 112, 395 N.W.2d at 761.
16	
      Id. at 114, 395 N.W.2d at 762 (Caporale, J., dissenting; Krivosha, C.J., and
      Shanahan, J., join).
17	
      In re Interest of Michael B. et al., 258 Neb. 545, 604 N.W.2d 405 (2000).
18	
      Id. at 557, 604 N.W.2d at 413.
19	
      Cesar C. v. Alicia L., 281 Neb. 979, 800 N.W.2d 249 (2011).
20	
      In re Interest of M.M., C.M., and D.M., supra note 7.
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we have clarified that plain error must be not only plainly evi-
dent from the record but also of such a nature that to leave it
uncorrected would cause a miscarriage of justice or result in
damage to the integrity, reputation, or fairness of the judicial
process.21 Thus, an error, no matter how apparent from the
record, cannot be “plain error” if it does not meet the requisite
threshold of prejudice. Where § 43-292(5) is one of multiple
statutory grounds alleged to support termination of parental
rights, the failure of the trial court to appoint a guardian ad
litem for the parent may or may not be prejudicial, depending
upon the specific facts of the case.
   [4] Of course, trial courts should comply with the statutory
directive of § 43-292.01 and appoint a guardian ad litem for
a parent whenever § 43-292(5) is alleged as a basis for ter-
minating parental rights. And counsel should assist the court
by making a timely request for such appointment. But we
decline to extend the holding of In re Interest of M.M., C.M.,
and D.M. to a case where there are grounds for termination
other than or in addition to § 43-292(5). We hold that when
termination of parental rights is sought on multiple grounds,
including § 43-292(5), and an appellate court finds that at least
one ground other than § 43-292(5) is established by clear and
convincing evidence and that termination is in the best interests
of the child, the failure of the trial court to appoint a guardian
ad litem for the parent pursuant to § 43-292.01 is error, but not
plain error requiring automatic reversal. In that circumstance,
the failure to appoint a guardian ad litem will generally not
require reversal unless it is assigned as error on appeal and
shown to have been prejudicial to the parent. In such cases, if
the record establishes that another statutory ground for termi-
nation exists, independent of any mental deficiency of the par-
ent, the failure to appoint a guardian ad litem may be harmless
error. Here, we need not engage in a harmless error analysis,
because the doctrine of plain error does not apply and the fail-
ure of the county court to appoint a guardian ad litem was not
assigned as error on appeal. To the extent that In re Interest

21	
      Cesar C. v. Alicia L., supra note 19; In re Interest of Jamyia M., 281 Neb.
964, 800 N.W.2d 259 (2011).
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of Presten O.22 is inconsistent with our holding in this case, it
is disapproved.

                      Evidence of Neglect
   In its de novo review of the record, the Court of Appeals
determined that there was sufficient evidence to support termi-
nation under § 43-292(2), i.e., that Wayne had “substantially
and continuously or repeatedly neglected and refused to give
the juvenile or a sibling of the juvenile necessary parental
care and protection.” Without repeating the Court of Appeals’
detailed summary of the evidence, we agree that it was suffi-
cient to support the court’s determination.

                      CONCLUSION
  For the reasons discussed, we affirm the judgment of the
Court of Appeals which affirmed the judgment of the county
court for Seward County.
                                               Affirmed.

22	
      In re Interest of Presten O., supra note 10.

   Cassel, J., dissenting.
   The majority concedes that failure to appoint a guardian ad
litem (GAL) results in plain error requiring reversal1 where a
termination of parental rights is sought based on the ground of
a parent’s mental illness or mental deficiency.2 But the major-
ity effectively holds that even where a termination is sought
and actually adjudicated on a parent’s mental illness or mental
deficiency, the mere presence of other grounds eliminates the
plain error arising from the failure to appoint a GAL. And
further, the majority suggests that even if the failure to appoint
a GAL in a termination sought upon the ground of mental ill-
ness or deficiency was properly assigned as error, it may not
be reversible despite the clear statutory mandate. I respect-
fully disagree.

 1	
      See In re Interest of M.M., C.M., and D.M., 230 Neb. 388, 431 N.W.2d
611 (1988).
 2	
      See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-292(5) (Cum. Supp. 2012).
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   The statute3 imposes a mandatory duty to appoint a GAL
where termination is sought on the basis of the parent’s mental
illness or deficiency. A termination under § 43-292(5) applies
where a parent is “unable to discharge parental responsibilities
because of mental illness or mental deficiency” and the condi-
tion is expected to continue for a “prolonged indeterminate
period.” “When termination of the parent-juvenile relationship
is sought under subdivision (5) of section 43-292, the court
shall appoint a [GAL] for the alleged incompetent parent.”4
As a general rule, the use of the word “shall” is considered to
indicate a mandatory directive, inconsistent with the idea of
discretion.5 And, as the majority concedes, this court has previ-
ously held that the appointment was “mandatory” and that the
failure to appoint a GAL was plain error.6
   The Legislature’s purpose in mandating such appointments
seems abundantly clear—to dispel any taint upon the termi-
nation of a mentally ill parent’s rights arising from the very
nature of the parent’s condition. A parent’s right to raise his
or her child is constitutionally protected.7 This court has fre-
quently noted the constitutional protection accorded to the
relationship between parent and child.8 The U.S. Supreme
Court has repeatedly recognized this protected status.9 The
Legislature is presumed to know the general condition sur-
rounding the subject matter of the legislative enactment, and
it is presumed to know and contemplate the legal effect that
accompanies the language it employs to make effective the

 3	
      Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-292.01 (Reissue 2008).
 4	
      § 43-292.01 (emphasis supplied).
 5	
      Drummond v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 280 Neb. 258, 785 N.W.2d
829 (2010).
 6	
      In re Interest of M.M., C.M., and D.M., supra note 1.
 7	
      In re Interest of Kendra M. et al., 283 Neb. 1014, 814 N.W.2d 747 (2012).
 8	
      See, e.g., Uhing v. Uhing, 241 Neb. 368, 488 N.W.2d 366 (1992).
 9	
      See, Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 120 S. Ct. 2054, 147 L. Ed. 2d 49
      (2000); M. L. B. v. S. L. J., 519 U.S. 102, 117 S. Ct. 555, 136 L. Ed. 2d
473 (1996); Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 71 L. Ed.
2d 599 (1982); Quilloin v. Walcott, 434 U.S. 246, 98 S. Ct. 549, 54 L. Ed.
2d 511 (1978).
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legislation.10 Thus, in enacting § 43-292.01, the Legislature
presumably understood the constitutional significance of the
parent-child relationship. Similarly, in determining the mean-
ing of a statute, the applicable rule is that when the Legislature
enacts a law affecting an area which is already the subject of
other statutes, it is presumed that the Legislature did so with
full knowledge of the preexisting legislation and the decisions
of the Nebraska Supreme Court construing and applying that
legislation.11 Thus, when the Legislature enacted this require-
ment in 1998,12 it did so with a full appreciation of the consti-
tutional protection afforded to the parent’s rights.
   The situation in In re Interest of Presten O.13 was materi-
ally different. In that case, the biological mother was ordered
to submit to a competency evaluation, which revealed that she
was competent to understand the legal proceedings. It was in
that context that the concurring judge stated, “[T]here [was] no
indication that [the mother] would have benefited in any way
by the appointment of a [GAL].”14 Here, there is no indication
in the record of any competency evaluation. The majority notes
that testimony was heard from the father and other witnesses
regarding the diagnosis and treatment of his mental illness. But
the majority does not identify any testimony or other evidence
in the instant case bearing on the father’s competency in the
termination proceeding.
   But, more important, neither the majority nor the concurring
judge in In re Interest of Presten O. explains why the presence
of other grounds for termination eliminates or detracts from
the Legislature’s purpose in mandating appointment of a GAL
for a parent where termination is sought under § 43-292(5).
The Legislature focused on the parent’s mental illness or defi-
ciency. It implemented a prophylactic remedy. The language

10	
      State ex rel. Wagner v. Gilbane Bldg. Co., 276 Neb. 686, 757 N.W.2d 194
      (2008).
11	
      White v. State, 248 Neb. 977, 540 N.W.2d 354 (1995).
12	
      See 1998 Neb. Laws, L.B. 1041.
13	
      In re Interest of Presten O., 18 Neb. Ct. App. 259, 778 N.W.2d 759 (2010).
14	
      Id. at 265, 778 N.W.2d at 763 (Irwin, Judge, concurring).
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of the statute is clear. If the language of a statute is clear, the
words of such statute are the end of any judicial inquiry regard-
ing its meaning.15 The majority does not explain why proof of
other grounds at the conclusion of the evidence excuses the
failure to adhere to the statutory mandate at the commence-
ment of the proceeding. The existence of other grounds for
termination does not relate in any logical way to the impact
of mental illness or mental deficiency upon the parent’s abil-
ity to understand and fully participate in the proceedings. The
majority introduces doubt and uncertainty into a very precise
statutory requirement. I would not do so.
   And in the face of the clear statutory mandate, I would not
invent an element of discretion, even if a competency evalu-
ation had been conducted and presented. Had the Legislature
intended to allow a court to waive the requirement where it
was satisfied of the parent’s capacity to understand and par-
ticipate in the proceedings, it certainly could have done so.
But it did not. The Legislature declined to provide any such
authority to the trial court, which would be in the best posi-
tion to consider evidence regarding the parent’s capacity and
to exercise discretion. This court, in contrast, reviews only the
cold record. Where the Legislature did not provide such dis-
cretion to the trial court, I cannot believe it intended this court
to make such determinations from the bare record presented
on appeal.
   The majority also relies on two other decisions, but nei-
ther decision detracts from the clear mandate of the statute
where termination is sought under § 43-292(5). In one case,
this court acknowledged that the party seeking termination
was not required to invoke subsection (5) even though there
may have been evidence to support it.16 In the other case,
where termination was not sought under subsection (5) but the
State adduced evidence of a parent’s mental deficiency, this
court upheld the termination.17 This court determined that the

15	
      Watkins v. Watkins, 285 Neb. 693, 829 N.W.2d 643 (2013).
16	
      See In re Interest of J.N.V., 224 Neb. 108, 395 N.W.2d 758 (1986).
17	
      See In re Interest of Michael B. et al., 258 Neb. 545, 604 N.W.2d 405
      (2000).
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evidence of mental deficiency should not have been received,
but found that there was clear and convincing evidence sup-
porting termination under subsection (4)18 “independent of any
mental deficiency.”19 In both cases, the party seeking termi-
nation did not invoke subsection (5). And where subsection
(5) is not invoked, it is clear that the appointment of a GAL
is discretionary.20 The majority may have a good argument
to be addressed to the Legislature to widen the mandate of
§ 43-292.01, but it does not logically follow that these cases
support ignoring the mandate where subsection (5) is invoked
and, indeed, is adjudicated. When the Legislature seeks to
inaugurate reforms in the area of economics or social welfare,
it need not choose between attacking every aspect of the prob-
lem and not attacking the problem at all.21 In § 43-292.01, the
Legislature imposed a specific procedural device where termi-
nation is “sought under subdivision (5)” of § 43-292. Neither
case cited by the majority provides a good reason for ignoring
this concededly “mandatory” requirement.22
   The party initiating a termination proceeding has a choice
whether to invoke the ground of a parent’s mental illness
or mental deficiency. Here, the other parent chose to do so.
Moreover, the trial court ultimately found clear and convincing
evidence of the existence of such mental illness or deficiency.
Having placed this issue in controversy, the initiating parent
should have ensured that the statutory mandate was carried out.
I would not excuse her failure to do so.
   Because termination was “sought” under § 43-292(5), both
the plain language of the statute and this court’s precedent

18	
      § 43-292(4) (parents unfit by reason of debauchery, habitual use of
      intoxicating liquor or narcotic drugs, or repeated lewd and lascivious
      behavior).
19	
      In re Interest of Michael B. et al., supra note 17, 258 Neb. at 557, 604
N.W.2d at 413.
20	
      See § 43-292.01 (“court may, in any other case, appoint a [GAL], as
      deemed necessary or desirable, for any party”).
21	
      Bergan Mercy Health Sys. v. Haven, 260 Neb. 846, 620 N.W.2d 339
      (2000).
22	
      See In re Interest of M.M., C.M., and D.M., supra note 1.
    Nebraska Advance Sheets
276	288 NEBRASKA REPORTS

dictate that appointment of a GAL was “mandatory” and that
the county court’s failure to make the appointment was plain
error.23 Unless the court is prepared to overrule this precedent,
it should be followed. I respectfully dissent from the majority’s
failure to do so.
    Miller-Lerman, J., joins in this dissent.

23	
      See id.

          Martin V. Linscott, individually and on behalf of
           Shasteen, Linscott & Brock, P.C., a Nebraska
                professional corporation, appellant,
                    v. Rolf Edward Shasteen and
                       Tony J. Brock, appellees.
                                    ___ N.W.2d ___

                         Filed June 6, 2014.    No. S-13-597.

 1.	 Judgments: Appeal and Error. When reviewing questions of law, an appellate
     court resolves the questions independently of the lower court’s conclusions.
 2.	 Contracts: Parties: Intent. To create a contract, there must be both an offer and
     an acceptance; there must also be a meeting of the minds or a binding mutual
     understanding between the parties to the contract.
 3.	 Contracts: Parties. A binding mutual understanding or meeting of the minds suf-
     ficient to establish a contract requires no precise formality or express utterance
     from the parties about the details of the proposed agreement; it may be implied
     from the parties’ conduct and the surrounding circumstances.
 4.	 Contracts: Parties: Intent. An implied contract arises where the intention of
     the parties is not expressed in writing but where the circumstances are such as to
     show a mutual intent to contract.
 5.	 Contracts: Proof. Evidence of facts and circumstances, together with the words
     of the parties used at the time, from which reasonable persons in conducting the
     ordinary affairs of business, but with special reference to the particular matter on
     hand, would be justified in inferring such a contract or promise, is sufficient.
 6.	 Contracts: Parties: Intent. The determination of the parties’ intent to make
     a contract is to be gathered from objective manifestations—the conduct of the
     parties, language used, or acts done by them, or other pertinent circumstances
     surrounding the transaction.
 7.	 Contracts: Intent. If the parties’ conduct is sufficient to show an implied con-
     tract, it is just as enforceable as an express contract.