Court Opinion

ID: 8375037
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-10-21 05:05:15.764065+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:46:27.494481
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                  revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                            STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

MEEMIC INSURANCE COMPANY,                                             UNPUBLISHED
                                                                      October 20, 2022
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

V                                                                     No. 358929
                                                                      Branch Circuit Court
RANDAL S. RITCHIE,                                                    LC No. 2020-110569-NO

               Defendant,
and

BEVERLY WEATHERSBY,

               Defendant-Appellant.

Before: SHAPIRO, P.J., and GADOLA and YATES, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

         In this action for declaratory relief, defendant Beverly Weathersby appeals as of right the
trial court’s order awarding summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) to plaintiff, Meemic
Insurance Company (Meemic), and denying its insured, defendant Randal S. Ritchie, personal-
liability coverage under his homeowner’s insurance policy. We affirm.

                                  I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

         This case arose out of an unfortunate encounter between two strangers, whose stories of
the incident vastly differ. As Weathersby tells it, while making a home visit in rural Coldwater as
part of her job as a social worker, she became lost and her GPS erroneously sent her to Ritchie’s
house. She pulled her car into Ritchie’s driveway and approached the home. Then, according to
Weathersby, Ritchie came out of his house, approached her, and aggressively confronted her while
pointing a gun directly at her at close range. He questioned her regarding why she was on his
property and told her to leave. Fearing for her life, Weathersby returned to her car and drove away.
For his part, Ritchie initially denied that the encounter happened at all before eventually admitting
that it did. He testified that he carried his pistol during the encounter, but denied ever pointing it
at Weathersby. He testified in his deposition that he approached Weathersby cautiously, helped

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her locate the proper address, and kept his handgun on his side and pointing toward the ground at
all times with his finger off of the trigger. He explained that there was no confrontation at all.

         Weathersby brought a civil action against Ritchie, asserting that Ritchie committed the
intentional tort of assault. She also claimed that Ritchie was negligent. She sought damages for
the emotional distress and injury she sustained as a result of Ritchie’s conduct. At the time of the
incident, Ritchie was insured under a homeowner’s policy issued by Meemic. Meemic brought
the instant declaratory action and moved under MCR 2.116(C)(10) for a determination in regard
to its obligation to indemnify and defend Ritchie under the policy. The trial court denied coverage,
ruling that Ritchie’s act was not an “occurrence” as defined by the policy and, alternatively, that
the policy’s intentional-act exclusion precluded coverage. Weathersby now appeals.

                                     II. LEGAL ANALYSIS

        On appeal, we must address the trial court’s order awarding summary disposition under
MCR 2.116(C)(10) to Meemic. “We review de novo a trial court’s decision on a motion for
summary disposition.” El-Khalil v Oakwood Healthcare, Inc, 504 Mich 152, 159; 934 NW2d 665
(2019). A summary disposition motion under MCR 2.116(C)(10) “tests the factual sufficiency of
a claim.” Id. at 160. “A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(10) may only be granted when there is no
genuine issue of material fact.” Id. “ ‘A genuine issue of material fact exists when the record
leaves open an issue upon which reasonable minds might differ.’ ” Id. The court must consider
the pleadings, affidavits, depositions, admissions, and any other documentary evidence submitted
by the parties, and must view that evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.
MCR 2.116(G)(5); Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 119-120; 597 NW2d 817 (1999). The
interpretation of an insurance contract is a question of law that is reviewed de novo. Meemic Ins
Co v Jones, ___Mich ___, ___; ___ NW2d ____ (2022) (Docket No. 161865), slip op at 10. “An
insurance policy is an agreement between parties that a court interprets much the same as any other
contract to best effectuate the intent of the parties and the clear, unambiguous language of the
policy.” Auto-Owners Ins Co v Harrington, 455 Mich 377, 381; 565 NW2d 839 (1997) (quotation
marks and citation omitted). “[I]n reviewing an insurance policy dispute we must look to the
language of the insurance policy and interpret the terms therein in accordance with Michigan’s
well-established principles of contract construction.” Henderson v State Farm Fire & Cas Co,
460 Mich 348, 353; 596 NW2d 190 (1999). “[A] court should not create ambiguity in an insurance
policy where the terms of the contract are clear and precise. Thus, the terms of a contract must be
enforced as written where there is no ambiguity.” Id. at 354. “Interpretation of an insurance policy
ultimately requires a two-step inquiry: first, a determination of coverage according to the general
insurance agreement and, second, a decision regarding whether an exclusion applies to negate
coverage.” Harrington, 455 Mich at 382. Accordingly, we shall begin our analysis by addressing
coverage under Ritchie’s insurance policy and then consider potentially applicable exclusions.

                          A. COVERAGE FOR AN “OCCURRENCE”

       The main issue in this appeal is whether Ritchie’s alleged acts constituted an “occurrence”
under Meemic’s policy, which would trigger an obligation to indemnify and defend Ritchie. To
analyze this question, we must turn to the language of the policy. The policy provides as follows:

       LOSSES WE COVER UNDER COVERAGE E—PERSONAL LIABILITY

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       If a claim is made or a suit is brought against you for damages because of bodily
       injury, personal injury or property damage caused by an occurrence to which
       this coverage applies, we will:

               1. pay up to our limit of liability for the damages for which you are legally
                  liable; and

               2. provide a defense at our expense by counsel of our choice, even if the
                  allegations are groundless, false or fraudulent . . . .

In short, Meemic was obligated to provide coverage and defend against Weathersby’s lawsuit only
if an “occurrence” took place. See Frankenmuth Mut Ins Co v Masters, 460 Mich 105, 112; 595
NW2d 832 (1999) (interpreting similar policy provision).

        The Meemic policy defines an “occurrence” as “an accident, including continuous or
repeated exposure to substantially the same general harmful conditions, resulting in bodily injury,
personal injury, or property damage during the term of the policy.” Thus, the pertinent question
is whether Ritchie’s act of pointing a gun at Weathersby and aggressively confronting her could
constitute an “accident” that would fall within the definition of an “occurrence.” The term
“accident” is not defined in the policy, so “the commonly used meaning controls.” Masters, 460
Mich at 114 (quotation marks and citation omitted). In interpreting similar policy provisions,
Michigan courts have adopted the common meaning of “accident” as “an undesigned contingency,
a casualty, a happening by chance, something out of the usual course of things, unusual, fortuitous,
not anticipated, and not naturally to be expected.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted). See
also Auto Club Group Ins Co v Burchell, 249 Mich App 468, 482; 642 NW2d 406 (2001). Our
Supreme Court has further explained that “the definition of accident should be framed from the
standpoint of the insured, not the injured party.” Masters, 460 Mich at 114, n 6. See also Allstate
Ins Co v McCarn (McCarn I), 466 Mich 277, 282; 645 NW2d 20 (2002) (“[a]ccidents are evaluated
from the standpoint of the insured”). Importantly, “the appropriate focus of the term ‘accident’
must be on both the injury-causing act or event and its relation to the resulting property damage or
personal injury.” Masters, 460 Mich at 115 (quotation marks and citations omitted). The Masters
Court provided detailed instructions for courts to follow when deciding whether an act constitutes
an accident, stating as follows:
               Of course, an insured need not act unintentionally in order for the act to
       constitute an “accident” and therefore an “occurrence.”

               However, where an insured does act intentionally, a problem arises in
       attempting to distinguish between intentional acts that can be classified as accidents
       and those that cannot. In such cases, a determination must be made whether the
       consequences of the insured’s intentional act either were intended by the insured or
       reasonably should have been expected because of the direct risk of harm
       intentionally created by the insured’s actions. When an insured act intending to
       cause property damage or personal injury, liability coverage should be denied,
       irrespective of whether the resulting injury is different from the injury intended.
       Similarly, . . . when an insured’s intentional actions create a direct risk of harm,

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       there can be no liability coverage for any resulting damage or injury, despite the
       lack of an actual intent to damage or injure.

               We find useful the [following] hypothetical example . . . :

               Suppose the fire had been started by a faulty electric cord on the insured’s
       coffeemaker. Examining the insured’s act for “intent,” there is no doubt that he
       purposely plugged in the coffeemaker and turned on the switch. In that sense he
       acted intentionally. The fire remains an accident and the act constitutes an
       occurrence, however, because at the time of the insured’s purposeful act he had no
       intent to cause harm. The act of plugging in the coffeepot is not a sufficiently direct
       cause of the harm, and the fire in this example is an accident. [Masters, 460 Mich
       at 115-116 (quotation marks and citations omitted).]

In other words, as our Supreme Court stated in McCarn I:
       What this essentially boils down to is that, if both the act and the consequences
       were intended by the insured, the act does not constitute an accident. On the other
       hand, if the act was intended by the insured, but the consequences were not, the act
       does constitute an accident, unless the intended act created a direct risk of harm
       from which the consequences should reasonably have been expected by the insured.

               As to the perspective from which the analysis should be made, the question
       is not whether a reasonable person would have expected the consequences, but
       whether the insured reasonably should have expected the consequences. Accord-
       ingly, an objective foreseeability test should not be used . . . . Rather, the analysis
       must be that, to avoid coverage, the consequence of the intended act, which created
       a direct risk of harm, reasonably should have been expected by the insured.
       [McCarn I, 466 Mich at 282-283 (applying a similar definition of “accident”).]

         Two examples inform our inquiry. In McCarn I, the injury-causing act was the discharge
of a firearm that led to the death of Kevin LaBelle, which occurred when the insureds’ grandson,
Robert McCarn, took a shotgun from under his grandfather’s bed, believing it was unloaded,
pointed it at LaBelle, and pulled the trigger—killing LaBelle. See McCarn I, 466 Mich at 279.
Our Supreme Court reasoned that, viewing the act from the standpoint of the insured, “there was
no intentional creation of a direct risk of harm because of the undisputed evidence that Robert
McCarn believed he was pulling the trigger of an unloaded gun.” Id. at 284. Consequently, the
shooting was accidental and was an “occurrence” that triggered coverage under the policy. Id.
at 279, 285. In contrast, in Nabozny v Burkhardt, 461 Mich 471, 479-481; 606 NW2d 639 (2000),
our Supreme Court ruled that the insured’s act of intentionally tripping the plaintiff during a fight
was not accidental because the insured should have reasonably expected that the plaintiff could
suffer a broken ankle as a result. As a result, our inquiry is whether an “accident,” and therefore
an “occurrence,” triggering coverage took place when Ritchie pointed the gun at Weathersby and
confronted her, or if he intended his act. Then, if we conclude that he performed an intentional
act, we must decide whether “the consequences of [his] intentional act either were intended by
[him] or reasonably should have been expected because of the direct risk of harm intentionally
created by [his] actions.” Masters, 460 Mich at 115 (quotation marks and citation omitted).

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        In arriving at this determination, we must “examine the substance of the underlying tort
complaint and the basis for the injuries, rather than simply the nomenclature in the complaint . . . .”
Burchell, 249 Mich App at 481. “The duty to defend and indemnify is not based solely on the
terminology used in the pleadings in the underlying action. The court must also focus on the cause
of the injury to determine whether coverage exists.” Fitch v State Farm Fire & Cas Co, 211 Mich
App 468, 471; 536 NW2d 273 (1995). Again, “the appropriate focus of the term ‘accident’ must
be on both the injury-causing act or event and its relation to the resulting . . . injury.” Masters,
460 Mich at 115. Because the motion for summary disposition was brought under MCR
2.116(C)(10), we may review the record evidence. Maiden, 461 Mich at 119-120.

        Looking to the substance of Weathersby’s complaint, the injury-causing act was Ritchie’s
allegedly unprovoked act of aggressively confronting her by pointing his handgun directly at
Weathersby at close range with his hand on the trigger. This act caused Weathersby emotional
distress and injury by placing her in mortal fear.1 If Weathersby’s factual assertions are believed,
Ritchie’s act was not accidental. The record contains no evidence from which it could be
concluded that Ritchie accidentally pointed his handgun at Weathersby. Ritchie testified that he
did not trip or otherwise make any movements that caused him to accidentally point his gun at
Weathersby. In fact, Ritchie admitted in his deposition that if he had pointed his gun at Weathersby
(although he denied doing so), it would have been intentional. On the basis of this record,
Weathersby’s alleged emotional injury manifestly resulted from Ritchie’s alleged intentional act
of pointing his gun at her.

        That being said, Ritchie need not have acted unintentionally “in order for the act to
constitute an ‘accident’ and therefore an ‘occurrence’ ” under the policy. Masters, 460 Mich at 115
(quotation marks and citations omitted). It matters “whether the consequences of the insured’s
intentional act either were intended by the insured or reasonably should have been expected
because of the direct risk of harm intentionally created by the insured’s actions.” Id. (quotation
marks and citation omitted). We analyze this question from the insured’s standpoint, McCarn I,
466 Mich at 283-285, and direct our focus to both the injury-causing act and its relation to the
resulting injury. Masters, 460 Mich at 115. As discussed, Weathersby alleged in her complaint
that Ritchie aggressively confronted her and pointed a handgun at her at close range without any
provocation.2 To be sure, there was no direct testimony that Ritchie intended to cause Weathersby
fear or emotional distress. But if Ritchie acted as Weathersby alleged, he reasonably should have
expected that Weathersby would be placed in fear and would suffer emotional injury as a result.
Unlike in McCarn I where a playing child thought a gun was not loaded when he pulled the trigger,
Ritchie’s alleged act of pointing his gun at Weathersby intentionally created a direct risk of mortal

1
 Weathersby sought compensatory and exemplary damages. Meemic’s policy, however, contains
a specific exclusion precluding coverage for exemplary damages: “We do not cover . . . punitive
and exemplary damages awarded against you.”
2
  In his deposition, Ritchie admitted that Weathersby did not threaten him. Weathersby testified
in her deposition that she had no weapon during the encounter.

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fear and emotional injury.3 Therefore, Ritchie “reasonably should have expected the consequences
of his act because of the risk of harm he created.”4 Nabozny, 461 Mich at 481. Hence, Ritchie’s
alleged injury-causing act, in relation to the emotional distress and injury Weathersby allegedly
suffered as a result, cannot reasonably be construed as an “accident.” Masters, 460 Mich at 115.
Therefore, the incident was not an “occurrence” triggering coverage, so Meemic had no duty to
indemnify or defend Ritchie.5 Accordingly, the trial court did not err when it granted summary
disposition in Meemic’s favor on that basis.

                               B. EXCLUSION FROM COVERAGE

         Meemic also contends that it is entitled to summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10)
on the basis of a policy exclusion. “Once a court decides that liability may exist under an insurance
policy it may then determine whether coverage is precluded by an exception.” Allstate Ins Co v
McCarn (After Remand) (McCarn II), 471 Mich 283, 287; 683 NW2d 656 (2004). “Clear and
specific exclusions must be enforced as written so that the insurance company is not held liable
for a risk it did not assume.” Home-Owners Ins Co v Smith, 314 Mich App 68, 73; 885 NW2d 324
(2016). Here, a policy exclusion precludes recovery for bodily or personal injury resulting from:

         an act or omission by a named insured which is intended or could reasonably be
         expected to cause bodily injury [or] personal injury . . . . This exclusion applies
         even if the bodily injury [or] personal injury . . . is different from, or greater than
         that which is expected or intended. This exclusion does not apply to anyone other
         than the person who committed the intentional act resulting in loss under the policy.

For that exclusion to apply, an “occurrence” was required to trigger the policy. As discussed, the
incident was not an “occurrence” as defined by the policy. But even assuming, arguendo, that an
“occurrence” took place, a reasonable person in Ritchie’s position should have expected that such
conduct would cause an unarmed, nonthreatening stranger severe emotional distress. See McCarn
II, 471 Mich at 290-291 (pertinent question is whether a reasonable person in the insured’s position
should have expected the injury resulting from intentional act); see also Burchell, 249 Mich App
at 482-483 (“In order for an injury to be ‘expected,’ it must be the ‘natural, foreseeable, expected,
and anticipated result of an intentional act by the insured’ and the ‘intended or expected’ language
‘bars coverage for injuries caused by an insured who acted intentionally despite his awareness that

3
    Oddly, Weathersby’s argument would be stronger if Ritchie had accidentally fired his weapon.
4
  Although the alleged incident might have caused greater harm to Weathersby’s mental state than
expected, considering that she had previously suffered from posttraumatic stress disorder after her
daughter was murdered with a gun, “it is irrelevant whether the harm that resulted . . . was different
from or exceeded the harm intended . . .” for purposes of insurance coverage. Masters, 460 Mich
at 116 (quotation marks and citation omitted).
5
 The policy provides that “[i]f a claim is made or a suit is brought against you for damages because
of bodily injury . . . caused by an occurrence to which this coverage applies, we will . . . provide
a defense at our expense . . . even if the allegations are groundless, false or fraudulent.”

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harm was likely to follow from his conduct.’ ”). Consequently, an exclusion in the policy would
excuse Meemic from its duty to defend and indemnify Ritchie.

                       C. THE EFFECT OF THE NEGLIGENCE CLAIM

        Finally, we address Weathersby’s theory that Meemic has a duty to defend Ritchie because
she pleaded a negligence claim, which alleged that Ritchie did not intend his actions or the injuries
he caused her. We reject this theory. “It is well established that an insurer has a duty to defend an
insured and that such duty is not limited to meritorious suits and may even extend to actions which
are groundless, false, or fraudulent, so long as the allegations against the insured even arguably
come within the policy coverage.” Burchell, 249 Mich App at 480-481 (quotation marks and
citation omitted). “Further, an insurer has a duty to defend, despite theories of liability against any
insured which are not covered under the policy, if there are any theories of recovery that fall within
the policy.” Id. at 481. But “if no theories of recovery fall within the policy, an insurer does not
have a duty to defend.” Id. “There is no duty to defend or provide coverage where a complaint is
merely an attempt to trigger insurance coverage by characterizing allegations of tortious conduct
as ‘negligent’ activity . . . . ” Id. at 483 n 17 (quotation marks and citation omitted). “The duty to
defend and indemnify is not based solely on the terminology used in the pleadings in the underlying
action. The court must focus also on the cause of the injury to determine whether coverage exists.”
Fitch, 211 Mich App at 471; see also Burchell, 249 Mich App at 483 n 17 (“The duty to defend is
not limited by the precise language of the pleadings.”) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

        Weathersby cannot avoid the policy provisions regarding the intentional nature of Ritchie’s
conduct by relying upon her pleadings that characterize his conduct as negligent use, or misuse, of
a firearm. As we have noted, the substance of Weathersby’s claims and the basis for her alleged
emotional injury, whether pleaded as negligence or as an intentional assault, was not an accidental
“occurrence.” Focusing on “the injury-causing act or event and its relation to the resulting . . .
injury[,]” Masters, 460 Mich at 115 (quotation marks and citations omitted), Weathersby’s claims
are plainly based on Ritchie’s intentional conduct in pointing his gun directly at her, at close range,
with his hand on the trigger, while aggressively confronting her, thereby placing Weathersby in
fear for her life, i.e., an assault.6 In other words, whether Weathersby describes Ritchie’s conduct
as an assault or negligent conduct, she is suing Ritchie for damages for emotional injury resulting
from Ritchie’s intentional acts. Again, coverage under the Meemic policy extends only to
“accidents” and broadly excludes coverage for bodily injury that was expected or intended. And,
as noted, Weathersby’s injuries should have been reasonably expected under the circumstances
alleged, and therefore are not covered under Meemic’s policy because they did not result from an
accident or “occurrence.” See Burchell, 249 Mich App at 486. In light of the intentional nature
of Ritchie’s alleged conduct underlying Weathersby’s claims, we agree that Meemic was not
obligated to defend and indemnify Ritchie, regardless of whether Weathersby pleaded negligence,

6
  “An assault is defined as any intentional unlawful offer of corporal injury to another person by
force, or force unlawfully directed toward the person of another, under circumstances which create
a well-founded apprehension of imminent contact, coupled with the apparent present ability to
accomplish the contact.” Espinoza v Thomas, 189 Mich App 110, 119; 472 NW2d 16 (1991).

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assault, or both. The intentional act underlying Weathersby’s claims and the alleged injury were
the same under both theories.

        Our conclusion does not change even if we accept Ritchie’s version of events as that which
is most favorable to Weathersby. Ritchie testified in his deposition that he approached Weathersby
cautiously, helped her locate her client’s address, and kept his handgun at his side pointing toward
the ground at all times with his finger off the trigger. Under this version of the encounter, coverage
would still not be available. Weathersby’s complaint did not allege that the mere presence of the
gun caused her emotional injury. Instead, Weathersby alleged that Ritchie’s conduct—pointing
the gun directly at her at close range in an aggressive manner—was the injury-causing act that
prompted her to fear death or serious injury and suffer the resulting emotional injury. Thus, if the
finder of fact believed Ritchie’s version, Ritchie (and Meemic) could not be liable for her damages
because the lack of proximate cause would defeat her negligence claim. Benton v Dart Props Inc,
270 Mich App 437, 440; 715 NW2d 335 (2006). And if the finder of fact believed Weathersby’s
account, Ritchie would have committed an intentional act that was not covered under the Meemic
policy. Thus, no matter whose account is believed, Weathersby cannot conceivably recover under
the policy, so Meemic has no duty to defend or indemnify Ritchie. See Burchell, 249 Mich App
at 486-487.
       Affirmed.

                                                              /s/ Douglas B. Shapiro
                                                              /s/ Michael F. Gadola
                                                              /s/ Christopher P. Yates

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