Court Opinion

ID: 4334892
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-11-14 01:55:26.842705+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:46:53.830704
License: Public Domain

122 T.C. No. 16

                UNITED STATES TAX COURT

            GREGORY IANNONE, Petitioner v.
     COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket No. 17412-02L.            Filed April 19, 2004.

     P filed a timely petition for judicial review
pursuant to sec. 6330(d)(1)(A), I.R.C., in response to
a notice of determination by R to proceed with
collection of assessed tax liabilities for 1987, 1989,
and 1991. Subsequently, the Court granted respondent’s
Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Jurisdiction and to
Strike as to Taxable Year 1987.

     Held: For the purpose of this collection
proceeding, the Appeals officer agreed to assume that
petitioner’s 1989 and 1991 tax liabilities were
discharged in bankruptcy. We will not remand this case
for a clearer articulation of the Appeals officer’s
determination relating to petitioner’s bankruptcy
discharge.

     Held, further, the existing Federal tax lien that
attached to P’s property when he filed his bankruptcy
                               - 2 -

     petition was not extinguished as a result of his
     bankruptcy discharge. Secs. 6321 and 6322, I.R.C.,
     applied.

          Held, further, no exemption to levy applies in
     this case.

          Held, further, R may proceed with collection by
     levy as determined in the “NOTICE OF DETERMINATION
     CONCERNING COLLECTION ACTION(S) UNDER SECTION 6320
     and/or 6330”.

     Santo J. Bonanno, for petitioner.

     Robert F. Saal, for respondent.

     NIMS, Judge:   This case arises from a petition for judicial

review filed in response to a “NOTICE OF DETERMINATION CONCERNING

COLLECTION ACTION(S) UNDER SECTION 6320 and/or 6330” (notice of

determination).   Unless otherwise indicated, all section

references are to the Internal Revenue Code in effect at all

relevant times.

                         FINDINGS OF FACT

     Some of the facts have been stipulated and are so found.

The stipulations of the parties, with accompanying exhibits, are

incorporated herein by this reference.   At the time the petition

was filed in this case, petitioner resided in Ringwood, New

Jersey.
                               - 3 -

     On June 16, 1997, petitioner filed a chapter 7 bankruptcy

petition, case no. 97-27076.   Petitioner was granted a discharge

in his bankruptcy case on September 29, 1997.

     On January 12, 2002, respondent issued to petitioner two

letters entitled “Final Notice - Notice of Intent to Levy and

Notice of Your Right to a Hearing”.

     In response, petitioner sent to respondent a Form 12153,

Request for a Collection Due Process Hearing, dated January 15,

2002.

     The Appeals officer assigned to review petitioner’s case

received and reviewed copies of transcripts for petitioner’s

income tax liabilities for 1989 and 1991 in order to verify that

the requirements of any applicable law or administrative

procedure had been met.

     On July 9, 2002, petitioner met with the Appeals officer to

discuss the case, but they were unable to resolve the issues.

     On October 8, 2002, respondent issued to petitioner the

aforementioned notice of determination concerning his 1987, 1989,

and 1991 income tax liabilities.   In pertinent part, the notice

of determination states:

     Based on the facts available, the required procedures
     have been followed and the notice of intent to levy is
     proper and appropriate. A conference was held on July
     9, 2002 and we agreed that the taxes were
     dischargeable, however the exempt property was subject
     to our lien and levy. You were advised to consider
     collection alternatives and have failed to do so. It
     is therefore recommended, that the action by Compliance
                               - 4 -

     to levy will be sustained with respect to the exempt
     property listed in your bankruptcy case number 97-
     27076.

An attachment to the notice of determination, “Attachment -

Letter 3193, Notice of Determination”, in pertinent part, states:

     IRC 6321 provides a statutory lien when a taxpayer
     neglects or refuses to pay a tax liability after notice
     and demand. Transcripts of your account show that the
     IRS issued a first notice July 19, 1991 and a fourth
     notice December 16, 1991 on your 1040 198712 [Federal
     income tax liability for the 1987 tax year], a first
     notice April 26, 1993 and a fourth notice May 17, 1993
     on your 1040 198912 [Federal income tax liability for
     the 1989 tax year], a first notice May 16, 1994 and a
     fourth notice June 6, 1994 on your 1040 199112 [Federal
     income tax liability for the 1991 tax year]. The
     latest transcript in the file indicates the only
     periods remaining open are the 198912 [the 1989 tax
     year] and 199112 [the 1991 tax year] * * *.

                   *   *   *    *      *   *   *

     A formal conference was held on July 9, 2002 and you
     challenged the existence of the liability, and
     appropriateness of the levy action by Compliance. It
     was determined that the bankruptcy may have discharged
     the 1040 [Federal income tax] liabilities for 198712,
     198912, and 199112 [the 1987, 1989, and 1991 tax
     years]. However, there was exempt property listed in
     the amount of $41,500 in Schedule C of your voluntary
     [bankruptcy] petition and you were advised that further
     research was necessary to determine if our federal tax
     lien attaches to that exempt property for purposes of
     levy action. * * *

                   *   *   *    *      *   *   *

     You filed a Chapter 7 Bankruptcy Petition on June 16,
     1997, bearing case number 97-27076 listing all years
     from * * * [1987] through * * * [1993]. You further
     stated the IRS never objected to discharge for any
     reason. Discharge for all years was granted by Order
     dated September 29, 1997. There was also some
     indication that the 1040 198912 and 1991[1]2 [Forms
     1040 for the 1989 and 1991 tax years] were not filed
                                 - 5 -

      and you did not keep copies after seven years.
      Systemic records show that the IRS filed these returns
      as substitute for returns, based on information
      documents received. Nonetheless, it was agreed upon at
      our conference that the liabilities for your 1040 for
      198712, 198912, and 199112 [Federal income tax
      liabilities for 1987, 1989, and 1991] might be
      dischargeable.

      After further research it has been determined that
      notwithstanding the fact that your income taxes may be
      dischargeable, the Service’s liens survive the
      bankruptcy. * * * Furthermore, Section 522(C)(2)(B)
      expressly provides that exempt property remains subject
      to properly filed tax liens even though the underlying
      tax claims may have been discharged. * * *

      The debtor’s schedules indicate there is a 401K plan
      with, Unitex Textile, to which the Service’s liens
      would attach. * * *

      In response to the notice of determination, petitioner filed

the petition in the instant case with respect to the 1987, 1989,

and 1991 tax years.

      On September 22, 2003, respondent filed a Motion to Dismiss

for Lack of Jurisdiction and to Strike as to Taxable Year 1987.

On September 22, 2003, the Court granted respondent’s motion.

                                OPINION

I.   General Rules

      Section 6331(a) authorizes the Commissioner to levy against

property and property rights where a taxpayer liable for taxes

fails to pay them within 10 days after notice and demand for

payment is made.     Section 6331(d) requires the Secretary to send
                              - 6 -

notice of an intent to levy to the taxpayer, and section 6330(a)

requires the Secretary to send a written notice to the taxpayer

of his right to a hearing.

     Section 6330(b) affords taxpayers the right to a hearing

before an impartial Appeals officer.   Pursuant to section

6330(b)(2), a taxpayer is entitled to only one hearing regarding

the tax period relating to the amount of unpaid tax.

     Section 6330(c)(1) requires that the Appeals officer obtain

verification that the requirements of any applicable law or

administrative procedure have been met.    Section 6330(c)(2)(A)

provides that the taxpayer may raise at the hearing “any relevant

issue relating to the unpaid tax or the proposed levy” including

spousal defenses, challenges to the appropriateness of collection

actions, and alternatives to collection.

     Section 6330(c)(3) provides that a determination of the

Appeals officer shall take into consideration the verification

under section 6330(c)(1), the issues raised by the taxpayer, and

whether the proposed collection action balances the need for the

efficient collection of taxes with the legitimate concern of the

taxpayer that any collection action be no more intrusive than

necessary.

     Where the Appeals office issues a notice of determination to

the taxpayer following an administrative hearing regarding a

levy, section 6330(d)(1) provides that the taxpayer will have 30
                                 - 7 -

days following the issuance of the determination to file a

petition for review with the Tax Court or a Federal District

Court, as appropriate.    The taxpayer may appeal the determination

to the Tax Court, rather than a Federal District Court, if the

Tax Court generally has jurisdiction over the type of tax

involved in the case.    Sec. 6330(d)(1)(A); Downing v.

Commissioner, 118 T.C. 22, 26 (2002); Landry v. Commissioner, 116
T.C. 60, 62 (2001).    Section 6330(e)(1) suspends the levy action

until the conclusion of the hearing and any judicial review of

the determination.

     Where the underlying tax liability is properly at issue in

the hearing, we review that issue on a de novo basis.     Goza v.

Commissioner, 114 T.C. 176, 181-182 (2000).     Where the underlying

tax liability is not at issue, however, we review the

determination to see whether there has been an abuse of

discretion.   Id.    In this case, respondent’s determination

regarding whether petitioner’s unpaid tax liabilities may be

collected by levy requires an interpretation of bankruptcy law.

If respondent’s determination was based on erroneous views of the

law and petitioner’s unpaid liabilities may not be collected by

levy, then we must reject respondent’s view and find that there

was an abuse of discretion.    See, e.g., Swanson v. Commissioner,

121 T.C. 111, 119 (2003); Ramsdell v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo.

2003-317.
                                - 8 -

II.   Discharge in Bankruptcy

      Respondent contends that the notice of determination is

ambiguous as to whether petitioner’s 1989 and 1991 income tax

liabilities were discharged in bankruptcy.   Respondent points to

language in both the notice of determination and the attachment

to the notice of determination to support his contention.

Respondent notes that while the notice of determination states

that “we agreed that the taxes were dischargeable”, the

attachment states both that “the bankruptcy may have discharged

the 1040 liabilities” and that “it was agreed upon at our

conference that the liabilities * * * might be dischargeable.”

Respondent requests that we remand this case to respondent’s

Appeals office in order for an Appeals officer to make a clear

determination as to whether petitioner’s 1989 and 1991 tax

liabilities were discharged in bankruptcy.

      Petitioner argues that the Appeals officer agreed with

petitioner that petitioner’s 1989 and 1991 tax liabilities were

discharged in bankruptcy.   Petitioner further argues that the

issue of remand was not raised prior to or at trial, and

consequently should be disregarded.

      After review of the notice of determination and the

attachment thereto, we conclude that the Appeals officer agreed

to assume that petitioner’s 1989 and 1991 tax liabilities were

discharged in bankruptcy for the purpose of this collection
                                - 9 -

proceeding.    While we acknowledge that the language could have

been more precise as to this assumption, when considered in its

entirety, the notice of determination indicates that the Appeals

officer was willing to assume that petitioner’s 1989 and 1991 tax

liabilities were discharged in bankruptcy and instead focus

solely on whether the discharge prevents respondent from pursuing

collection by levy.    We find nothing inappropriate about this

decision by the Appeals officer, especially in a case such as

this where more than 10 years have passed since the relevant

returns were due, and both parties claim to have destroyed most,

if not all, of the relevant documents because of this passage of

time.

       As a consequence of our conclusion that the Appeals officer

assumed the aforementioned discharge, we need not ourselves also

address the question of whether petitioner received a discharge

in bankruptcy with respect to his 1989 and 1991 tax liabilities.

III.    Collection by Levy

       Petitioner contends that a New Jersey law exempts his

section 401(k) retirement account from levy.    See N.J. Stat. Ann.

sec. 25:2-1(b) (West Supp. 2003).    Petitioner contends that this

exemption applies here so as to prevent collection by levy.

       Petitioner cites In re Yuhas, 104 F.3d 612 (3d Cir. 1997),

as support for his claim that his section 401(k) retirement

account is exempt from Federal tax lien and levy.    In that case,
                                - 10 -

the court held that, by operation of a New Jersey statute, N.J.

Stat. Ann. sec. 25:2-1(b) (West Supp. 2003), the debtor’s

individual retirement account (IRA) was excluded from the chapter

7 bankruptcy estate, pursuant to 11 U.S.C. sec. 541(c)(2)(2000).

In re Yuhas, 104 F.3d at 613.    In re Yuhas did not involve a

Federal tax lien or levy, nor did it involve post-discharge

collection activity.

     Moreover, even if the holding of In re Yuhas were applicable

and required the exclusion of petitioner’s section 401(k)

retirement account from the chapter 7 bankruptcy estate, a

Federal tax lien against the section 401(k) retirement account

would not be extinguished or otherwise affected.    See U.S. I.R.S.

v. Snyder, 343 F.3d 1171, 1178 (9th Cir. 2003).    The lien would

continue to exist, but outside of bankruptcy.     Id.   Petitioner’s

reliance on In re Yuhas, supra, is thus misplaced, and that case

has no application in the instant case.

     Respondent argues that, even if petitioner received a

discharge in bankruptcy with regard to his 1989 and 1991 tax

liabilities, any property that belonged to petitioner when he

filed his bankruptcy petition is still encumbered in rem by a

Federal tax lien.   Respondent argues that a State law cannot

operate to divest or exempt petitioner’s section 401(k)

retirement account from the Federal tax lien.   Respondent

contends that collection by levy is appropriate.    We agree.
                                - 11 -

     Pursuant to section 6321, the Government of the United

States obtains a lien against “all property and rights to

property, whether real or personal” of any person liable for

taxes when a demand for payment of that person’s taxes has been

made and that person neglects or refuses to pay those taxes.

Section 6322 provides that such lien arises automatically on the

date of the assessment and continues until the tax liability is

satisfied or the statute of limitations bars enforcement of the

lien.

     Federal tax liens are not extinguished by personal discharge

in bankruptcy.     11 U.S.C. sec. 522(c)(2)(B) (2000); see also

Johnson v. Home State Bank, 501 U.S. 78, 84 (1991).     A discharge

of personal liability in bankruptcy “extinguishes only one mode

of enforcing a claim--namely, an action against the debtor in

personam--while leaving intact another--namely, an action against

the debtor in rem.”     Johnson v. Home State Bank, 501 U.S. at 84.

Any existing Federal tax liens remain in effect and attach to

assets owned prior to the date of filing the bankruptcy petition.

11 U.S.C. sec. 522(c)(2)(B) (2000); In re Connor, 27 F.3d 365,

366 (9th Cir. 1994) (“A preexisting lien on property, however,

remains enforceable against that property even after an

individual’s personal liability has been discharged.”).

        The attachment to the notice of determination states that

“The debtor’s [petitioner’s] schedules [attached to his
                             - 12 -

bankruptcy petition] indicate there is a 401K plan [section

401(k) retirement account] with, Unitex Textile, to which the

Service’s liens would attach.”   Petitioner has introduced no

evidence that the Federal tax lien was defective.    Thus, when

petitioner filed for bankruptcy, there was a valid and existing

Federal tax lien on at least his section 401(k) retirement

account.

     Section 6331(a) provides:

          If any person liable to pay any tax neglects or
     refuses to pay the same * * *, it shall be lawful for
     the Secretary to collect such tax * * * by levy upon
     all property and rights to property (except such
     property as is exempt under section 6334) belonging to
     such person or on which there is a lien provided in
     this chapter for the payment of such tax. * * *

Section 6334(a) exempts from levy:    (1) Wearing apparel and

school books; (2) fuel, provisions, furniture, and personal

effects; (3) books and tools of a trade, business, or profession;

(4) unemployment benefits; (5) undelivered mail; (6) certain

annuity and pension payments; (7) workmen’s compensation; (8)

judgments for support of minor children; (9) certain amounts of

wages, salary, and other income; (10) certain service-connected

disability payments; (11) certain public assistance payments;

(12) assistance under the Job Training Partnership Act (since

repealed); and (13) certain residences.    Petitioner does not

contend, nor do we find, that any of these exemptions applies to

petitioner’s section 401(k) retirement account.
                              - 13 -

      Section 6334(c) provides:   “Notwithstanding any other law of

the United States * * *, no property or rights to property shall

be exempt from levy other than the property specifically made

exempt by * * * [section 6334(a)]”.    Additionally, section

301.6334-1(c), Proced. and Admin. Regs., provides that “No

provision of a State law may exempt property or rights to

property from levy for the collection of any Federal tax.”

Consequently, we reject petitioner’s contention that his section

401(k) retirement account is exempt from levy by operation of a

New Jersey statute.

      The existing Federal tax lien that attached to petitioner’s

property when he filed his bankruptcy petition was not

extinguished as a result of his bankruptcy discharge.

Furthermore, no exemption to levy applies in the instant case.

IV.   Conclusion

      The Appeals officer correctly determined that respondent may

proceed with collection by levy.

      To reflect the foregoing,

                                      Decision will be entered

                                  for respondent.