Court Opinion

ID: 4432076
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-08-22 13:10:03.810965+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:23:20.394855
License: Public Domain

[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it may be cited as Paul
Cheatham I.R.A. v. Huntington Natl. Bank, Slip Opinion No. 2019-Ohio-3342.]

                                          NOTICE
      This slip opinion is subject to formal revision before it is published in an
      advance sheet of the Ohio Official Reports. Readers are requested to
      promptly notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of Ohio, 65
      South Front Street, Columbus, Ohio 43215, of any typographical or other
      formal errors in the opinion, in order that corrections may be made before
      the opinion is published.

                          SLIP OPINION NO. 2019-OHIO-3342
     PAUL CHEATHAM I.R.A., APPELLEE, v. HUNTINGTON NATIONAL BANK,
                                        APPELLANT.
  [Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it
may be cited as Paul Cheatham I.R.A. v. Huntington Natl. Bank, Slip Opinion
                                  No. 2019-Ohio-3342.]
Bondholder’s right to sue—R.C. 1308.16—Uniform Commercial Code 8-302—
        Under R.C. 1308.16, absent a valid assignment of a right to bring a cause
        of action, the sale of a municipal bond does not automatically vest in the
        purchaser all causes of action the seller had the right to bring relating to
        the bond—Class action—Civ.R. 23—Commonality—Class action not
        viable.
   (No. 2018-0184—Submitted February 19, 2019—Decided August 22, 2019.)
       APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Lucas County, No. L-16-1292,
                                     2017-Ohio-9234.
                                _____________________
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

       STEWART, J.
       {¶ 1} This case presents a question of first impression regarding the rights
of a bondholder to seek redress for injuries suffered by a prior holder of the bonds.
At common law, only the person who suffered the injury can, absent assignment of
a chose in action, seek redress for the injury. The Sixth District Court of Appeals
found a statutory exception to the common-law rule for securities under R.C.
1308.16(A) (Ohio’s codification of Uniform Commercial Code (“UCC”) 8-302),
which states that “a purchaser of a certificated or uncertificated security acquires
all rights in the security that the transferor had or had power to transfer.” The court
of appeals held that this statute allows a purchaser of a bond to assert a breach-of-
contract claim that accrued before the bondholder’s purchase because the purchaser
acquired the rights of one who held the bond when the breach allegedly occurred.
For the reasons explained below, we reverse the judgment of the court of appeals.
       {¶ 2} A chose in action is personal in nature and, absent assignment, cannot
be asserted by another. R.C. 1308.16(A) does not automatically assign rights to a
purchaser upon a transfer of title—it does nothing more than set forth the rule of
securities that the purchaser takes all rights in the thing transferred that the seller
had the power to give (“shelter rule”). We hold that absent a valid assignment of a
right to bring a cause of action, the sale of a municipal bond does not automatically
vest in the purchaser, by operation of R.C. 1308.16, all causes of action the seller
had the right to bring relating to the bond.
       {¶ 3} Additionally, the language of the trust indenture in this case—the
agreement in the bond contract made between a bond issuer and the indenture
trustee—does not provide an independent basis for bypassing the common law rule
against automatic assignment of claims. Language stating that “actual ownership
of the bond is a condition precedent to the maintenance of a cause of action that
arises under the Trust Indenture” does not automatically transfer a right to a cause

                                          2
                               January Term, 2019

of action that accrued to a prior bondholder—it merely limits the rights of third-
party beneficiaries.
                                       Facts
       {¶ 4} In 1998, Lucas County issued $6.59 million in revenue bonds to back
construction of the Villa North Health Care and Rehabilitation Center. The parties
agree that Lucas County was the lessor and, technically, the obligor on the bonds
in order to make them exempt from federal taxes. The bonds, however, were not
an obligation of the county: the actual obligor (and lessee) was the Foundation for
the Elderly, Inc. Lucas County had to pay only those receipts that it had received
from the Foundation for the Elderly. Appellant, Huntington National Bank, entered
a trust indenture with Lucas County in which it agreed to collect payments on the
bonds and distribute funds, whether principal or interest, to the bondholders.
       {¶ 5} The project had its difficulties. In June 2003, Huntington informed
the bondholders that the obligor and lessee had defaulted on approximately
$420,000 in principal and interest payments. A new entity, Benchmark Healthcare
of Toledo, Inc. (“Benchmark”), assumed the lease but defaulted in December 2003.
In May 2004, Huntington informed the bondholders that Benchmark had filed for
reorganization under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code. Benchmark filed an
amended reorganization plan in December 2007, but by July 2009, reorganization
had failed. The bankruptcy was dismissed, and Huntington filed a foreclosure
action against Benchmark.
       {¶ 6} Appellee, Paul Cheatham I.R.A. (“Cheatham IRA”), alleged that
beginning in 2003, it began purchasing the bonds. This was a potentially risky
investment strategy: identify distressed, nontaxable bonds and buy them at a
discount with the hope that any problems that had caused the value of the bonds to
decline would be remedied, resulting in an increase in value. In fact, the Cheatham
IRA continued to purchase the bonds after Benchmark filed for reorganization
under the bankruptcy code, paying 32 cents on the dollar. However, out of an initial

                                         3
                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

bond issue in the amount of $6.59 million, bondholders received a total of
$339,452.05, or five cents on the dollar.
       {¶ 7} The Cheatham IRA filed a class-action complaint, alleging that
Huntington had breached the trust indenture. It alleged that the trust indenture
required Huntington to exercise the rights and power vested in it by the trust
indenture using the same degree of care and skill that a prudent person would
exercise or use under the circumstances in the conduct of that person’s own affairs.
It further alleged that Huntington allowed the Villa North project to be mismanaged
despite having available to it different remedies that could have protected the
interests of the bondholders. Its claimed damages were the value of the bonds had
Huntington acted immediately upon default to accelerate payment of interest and
principal and disgorgement of Huntington’s fiduciary fees to the bondholders based
on their proportionate share of the bonds.
       {¶ 8} The Cheatham IRA asked the court to certify a class of more than 50
bondholders who, on November 14, 2014 (the date of final distribution), owned
bonds secured by the Villa North project. The Cheatham IRA argued in support of
its motion for a class action that it had satisfied Civ.R. 23(B)(3), which requires
that questions of law or fact common to the class predominate over questions that
affect the individual members and that a class action is the superior means of
adjudicating the dispute. Huntington opposed class certification, arguing that
individual members of the proposed class of bondholders purchased their bonds at
different times in the life of the Villa North project, so the evidence and legal issues
on the breach-of-contract claim would differ based on when the class members
acquired the bonds.
       {¶ 9} The Cheatham IRA argued that it established commonality under R.C.
1308.16(A), which states that “a purchaser of a certificated or uncertificated
security acquires all rights in the security that the transferor had or had power to
transfer.” It maintained that it made no difference whether there was commonality

                                            4
                                January Term, 2019

as to when the bondholders acquired their bonds because the right to sue for breach
of trust that was held by bondholders at the time of the breach transferred to
subsequent purchasers of the bonds.
       {¶ 10} The trial court held that commonality had not been established. It
found that the Cheatham IRA had alleged numerous breaches of the trust indenture
over a significant period of time and that the original bondholders’ claims based on
those breaches did not transfer to subsequent purchasers under the “rights in the
security” language in R.C. 1308.16(A). Thus, the court held that the questions of
law and fact common to the class members did not predominate over questions
affecting each individual member, because each class member would allege a
different time and purchase price as the basis for a breach and thus would have
different potential damages.
       {¶ 11} On appeal, the Sixth District Court of Appeals reversed. That court
noted that the Cheatham IRA had phrased the issue as “ ‘whether the purchaser of
a bond acquires causes of action that arose, under the terms of a Trust Indenture,
prior to the time that the bondholder acquired the bonds.’ ” 2017-Ohio-9234, 102
N.E.3d 597, ¶ 13. Acknowledging that this was an issue of first impression in Ohio,
the court of appeals looked to R.C. 140.01(J) and (I), which provide that a trust
indenture is part of the “bond proceedings” and therefore is a right that is passed to
a current bondholder under R.C. 1308.16(A). 2017-Ohio-9234, 102 N.E.3d 597, at
¶ 19. The court of appeals held that “a contract claim for breach of the Trust
Indenture, whether asserted against the trustee or the obligor, arises out of the
contract with the bondholders and is thus a ‘right in the security’ that automatically
transfers to subsequent purchasers pursuant to R.C. 1308.16(A).” Id. at ¶ 27.
       {¶ 12} A concurring judge stated her view that under R.C. 1308.16(A), a
bondholder has standing to sue under a trust indenture but that the statute did not
answer the ultimate question of whether a bondholder has standing to sue for prior
breaches of that agreement. 2017-Ohio-9234, 102 N.E.3d 597, at ¶ 31 (Mayle, J.,

                                          5
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

concurring). The concurring opinion stated that the answer could be found in
whether an accrued cause of action could be asserted independently of continued
ownership of the security. Id. at ¶ 38, citing Natl. Res. Co. v. Metro. Trust Co., 17
Cal. 2d 827, 833, 112 P.2d 598 (1941). The concurring opinion examined the trust
indenture to determine what rights could be transferred to a subsequent bondholder
under R.C. 1308.16(A). The indenture defined a “bondholder” as the person in
whose name a bond was registered.            In the concurring judge’s view, actual
ownership of a bond was a condition precedent to the maintenance of a cause of
action, so the breach-of-contract claims under the trust indenture transferred with
the bond to a subsequent bondholder because those claims could not be asserted
apart from the contract out of which they arose and they were essential to the
complete enforcement of the trust indenture. Id. at ¶ 42.
       {¶ 13} We accepted jurisdiction over an appeal filed by Huntington,
agreeing to hear the following proposition of law: “Absent a valid assignment of
claims, the mere sale of a municipal bond does not automatically vest in the buyer,
by operation of R.C. 1308.16 [UCC 8-302], all claims and causes of action of the
seller relating to the bond that arose before the transaction.” See 152 Ohio St. 3d
1478, 2018-Ohio-1990, 98 N.E.3d 293.
                                         Analysis
       {¶ 14} The law distinguishes the rights inuring to the possession of property
from personal rights or claims that remain with the seller or transferor of that
property after sale to another. A personal right is known as a “chose in action,”
meaning a “ ‘proprietary right in personam, such as a debt owed by another person,
a share in a joint-stock company, or a claim for damages in tort.’ ” Pilkington N.
Am., Inc. v. Travelers Cas. & Sur. Co., 112 Ohio St. 3d 482, 2006-Ohio-6551, 861
N.E.2d 121, ¶ 19, quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 258 (8th Ed.2004). The term
can also be defined as “ ‘[t]he right to bring an action to recover a debt, money, or
thing.’ ” Id., quoting Black’s at 258.

                                            6
                                January Term, 2019

       {¶ 15} Before the 17th century, “courts strictly adhered to the rule that a
‘chose in action’—an interest in property not immediately reducible to possession
(which, over time, came to include a financial interest such as a debt, a legal claim
for money, or a contractual right)—simply ‘could not be transferred to another
person by the strict rules of the ancient common law.’ ” Sprint Communications
Co., L.P. v. APCC Servs., Inc., 554 U.S. 269, 275, 128 S. Ct. 2531, 171 L. Ed. 2d 424
(2008), quoting 2 Blackstone, Commentaries *442. In other words, “[i]ntangible
choses in action, such as a contract right and the right to bring a cause of action in
a court of law, are also considered personal property.” Loveman v. Hamilton, 66
Ohio St. 2d 183, 185, 420 N.E.2d 1007 (1981). See also DNAML Pty, Ltd. v. Apple
Inc., S.D.N.Y. No. 13cv6516 (DLC), 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 168245, at *11 (Dec.
16, 2015) (“the right to bring a ‘chose in action’ was a personal right separate from
the property that gave rise to the right”). The common-law principle was based on
the belief that allowing the transfer of choses in action would create additional
lawsuits   and   officious   intermeddling    with    existing   lawsuits.     Sprint
Communications at 275-276.
       {¶ 16} By the 17th century, as English commerce expanded, the law also
evolved and came to recognize that choses in action could be assigned. Id. at 276.
Indeed, Ohio has long permitted the assignment of a chose in action to a third party.
See Townsend v. Carpenter, 11 Ohio 21, 23 (1841); Erie Brewing Co. v. Ohio
Farmers Ins. Co., 81 Ohio St. 1, 23, 89 N.E. 1065 (1909).
       {¶ 17} There is no question that the Cheatham IRA purchased its bonds
after Huntington allegedly breached the trust indenture. There is likewise no
question that the Cheatham IRA has not been assigned any rights to causes of action
by a party who held the bonds at a time when the Cheatham IRA alleges that
Huntington’s alleged breach occurred. The Cheatham IRA has stated that its “class
certification effort is based upon the fundamental proposition that the purchase of
one of the bonds at issue in this case gives the purchaser all of the rights in that

                                          7
                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

bond that the seller had prior to the sale. That includes any claim that the seller had
against Huntington Bank.” The trial court noted that the Cheatham IRA conceded
that if its “interpretation of R.C. 1308.16 is incorrect, class certification is not
justified in this case.”
        {¶ 18} The court of appeals erred to the extent that it held that a breach-of-
contract claim that accrued before the sale of a bond automatically transferred with
the bond under R.C. 1308.16(A). While language in R.C. 1308.16(A) stating that
“a purchaser of a certificated or uncertificated security acquires all rights in the
security that the transferor had or had power to transfer” might superficially support
the conclusion that it provides for the automatic assignment of any rights held by
the prior bondholder, the drafting history of this section shows that it does not apply
to transfers of choses in action.
        {¶ 19} The clearest statement of intent behind R.C. 1308.16(A) is contained
in the Official Comment to that section: “Subsection (a) provides that a purchaser
of a certificated or uncertificated security acquires all rights that the transferor had
or had power to transfer. This statement of the familiar ‘shelter’ principle is
qualified by the exceptions that a purchaser of a limited interest acquires only that
interest, subsection (b), and that a person who does not qualify as a protected
purchaser cannot improve its position by taking from a subsequent protected
purchaser, subsection (c).”
        {¶ 20} In other words, “after property has passed into the hands of a bona
fide purchaser, subsequent purchasers, even those with notice of asserted defenses,
take clear of the defense. The reason is to protect the bona fide purchaser so that
he can sell what he has purchased.” Abraham Lincoln Ins. Co. v. Franklin S. & L.
Assn., 434 F.2d 264, 266 (8th Cir.1970). “As an expression of the shelter rule, § 8-
302(a) does not define ‘rights in the security’ as any right associated with the
security that the transferor ‘had or had power to transfer.’ Instead, the phrase ‘had
or had power to transfer’ stands for the unremarkable proposition that people

                                           8
                               January Term, 2019

cannot transfer rights that they do not own or control.” Consol. Edison, Inc. v.
Northeast Util., 318 F. Supp. 2d 181, 188 (S.D.N.Y.2004), rev’d on other grounds,
426 F.3d 524 (2d Cir.2005). See also First United Fin. Corp. v. Specialty Oil Co.,
Inc.-I, 5 F.3d 944, 947 (5th Cir.1993) (noting that UCC 8-302(1) sets forth the
shelter rule); Fraternity Fund Ltd. v. Beacon Hill Asset Mgt., L.L.C., 479 F. Supp. 2d
349, 373, fn. l26 (S.D.N.Y.2007) (“Section 8-302(a) thus primarily concerns issues
of title, such as defenses against enforcement of ownership rights. It does not
provide for the automatic transfer of fraud claims against third parties” [citation
omitted]).
       {¶ 21} We interpret the UCC with an eye toward maintaining uniformity
with other states. See Casserlie v. Shell Oil Co., 121 Ohio St. 3d 55, 2009-Ohio-3,
902 N.E.2d 1, ¶ 18; Edward A. Kemmler Mem. Found. v. 691/733 E. Dublin–
Granville Rd. Co., 62 Ohio St. 3d 494, 499, 584 N.E.2d 695 (1992). In fact, R.C.
1301.103(A)(3) requires that the UCC provisions in the Revised Code be construed
liberally “[t]o make uniform the law among the various jurisdictions.” And “[a]s
we stated in State ex rel. Hunt v. Fronizer (1907), 77 Ohio St. 7, 16, 82 N.E. 518,
‘the general assembly will not be presumed to have intended to abrogate a settled
rule of the common law unless the language used in a statute clearly supports such
intention.’ ” Mandelbaum v. Mandelbaum, 121 Ohio St. 3d 433, 2009-Ohio-1222,
905 N.E.2d 172, ¶ 29. No other jurisdiction has interpreted R.C. 1308.16(A) (UCC
8-302(1)) as doing anything more than stating the shelter principle and the General
Assembly has not indicated that when it enacted R.C. 1308.16(A) it intended to
abandon the common-law rule that choses of action do not automatically transfer.
       {¶ 22} Our holding is consistent with federal law under the Trust Indenture
Act, 15 U.S.C. 77aaa through bbbb (“TIA”). In particular, 15 U.S.C. 77www states
that any person who makes misleading statements or omissions in any document
filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission shall be liable to persons who
purchased such securities in reliance upon the statements or omissions. “The statute

                                         9
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

provides nothing for subsequent purchasers to whom no misrepresentations were
made directly or indirectly and to whom no statutorily provided cause of action was
expressly assigned.” In re Nucorp Energy Securities Litigation, 772 F.2d 1486,
1490 (9th Cir.1985). This is because “[a] cause of action arising from reliance on
misrepresentation is personal to those persons who relied; it does not follow the
security to remote purchasers who had no basis for reliance.” Id., citing Indep.
Investor Protective League v. Saunders, 64 F.R.D. 564, 572 (E.D.Pa.1974). And
even more definitively, “[a]pplying federal law, the courts have held that federal
securities law claims are not automatically assigned to a subsequent purchaser upon
the sale of the underlying security.” Bluebird Partners, L.P. v. First Fid. Bank,
N.A., 85 F.3d 970, 974 (2d Cir.1996). See also In re Natl. Century Fin. Ents., Inc.,
755 F. Supp. 2d 857, 867 (S.D.Ohio 2010). To be sure, the Cheatham IRA did not
bring its claim under the TIA, but the federal law informs our analysis of whether
Ohio law should provide for automatic transfer of common-law claims to a
subsequent purchaser.
       {¶ 23} We hold that R.C. 1308.16(A) does not operate to allow the
automatic assignment of rights upon a transfer of title; it sets forth only the shelter
rule of securities—the transferee takes all rights in the thing transferred that the
transferor had the power to give.
       {¶ 24} Although the Cheatham IRA claims in its motion for class
certification that the class includes all those who hold bonds, it has largely
abandoned that position on appeal. It makes no argument that the official comment
or history of R.C. 1308.16(A) (UCC 8-302(1)) supports the automatic assignment
of choses in action upon the sale of a security. The Cheatham IRA maintains that
because the trust indenture states that actual ownership of the bond is a condition
precedent to maintaining a cause of action for breach of the trust indenture, only
bondholders can enforce the terms of the indenture. In other words, it maintains
that a breach-of-contract claim arising from conduct occurring before the

                                          10
                                 January Term, 2019

bondholder acquired the bond is a “right in the security” under R.C. 1308.16(A)
that adheres to and travels with the bond.
        {¶ 25} “[A] trust indenture is defined as ‘a document containing the terms
and conditions governing a trustee’s conduct and the trust beneficiaries’ rights.’ ”
Deutsche Bank Natl. Trust Co. v. Rudolph, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98383, 2012-
Ohio-6141, ¶ 8, quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 838 (9th Ed.2009). It is, then, a
contract between the bondholders and the indenture trustee. Drage v. Santa Fe
Pacific Corp., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 67966, 1995 Ohio App. LEXIS 2833, at *9
(July 3, 1995), fn. 1; In re Sunshine Jr. Stores, Inc., 456 F.3d 1291, 1309 (11th
Cir.2006) (an indenture trustee is “created and governed by contract”). “Unlike the
ordinary trustee, who has historic common-law duties imposed beyond those in the
trust agreement, an indenture trustee is more like a stakeholder whose duties and
obligations are exclusively defined by the terms of the indenture agreement.”
Meckel v. Continental Resources Co., 758 F.2d 811, 816 (2d Cir.1985). Because
the trust indenture is a contract, we construe it consistently with basic principles of
contract construction. Sharon Steel Corp. v. Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A., 691
F.2d 1039 (2d Cir.1982); Jamie Securities Co. v. The Limited, Inc., 880 F.2d 1572,
1576 (2d Cir.1989).
        {¶ 26} The trust indenture states that it is intended “for the equal and
proportionate benefit, security and protection of all present and future holders and
owners of the Bonds issued or to be issued under and secured by [the] Indenture.”
In addition, the indenture states that a holder of a bond shall have no right to enforce
the indenture “except as provided in the Indenture.”
        {¶ 27} From these terms, the Cheatham IRA argues that the class includes
current bondholders and that those bondholders can assert a claim for breach of the
trust indenture even if the breach occurred before they purchased the bond.
        {¶ 28} Language stating that the trust indenture is for the “benefit, security
and protection of all present and future holders and owners of the Bonds” says

                                          11
                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

nothing about whether a subsequent holder of a bond can sue for a breach of the
trust indenture that occurred before the holder came into possession of the bond.
We interpret words used in contracts according to their plain and ordinary meaning
unless another meaning is evident from the face or overall content of the contract,
or unless the result is manifestly absurd. Alexander v. Buckeye Pipe Line Co., 53
Ohio St. 2d 241, 374 N.E.2d 146 (1978), paragraph two of the syllabus. Language
stating that the trust indenture is for the benefit of all present and future bondholders
does not by itself provide for automatic transfer of any chose in action stemming
from a violation of the indenture: it states merely the proposition that Huntington
is bound by the terms of the trust indenture, whether the bonds were purchased
upon initial offering or purchased in the secondary market. This language does not
expressly provide for automatic transfer of a chose in action.
        {¶ 29} That only bondholders can enforce the terms of the indenture means
that persons who do not hold a bond have no right to enforce its terms. This
language does nothing more than define who has standing to sue based on the
contractual relationship between the indenture trustee and the bondholders the trust
is directly intended to benefit. This language limits the indenture trustee’s liability
to third persons—not bondholders—consistent with the rule that “ ‘[p]erformance
of a contract will often benefit a third person. But unless the third person is an
intended beneficiary * * *, no duty to him is created.’ ” Hill v. Sonitrol of
Southwestern Ohio, 36 Ohio St. 3d 36, 40, 521 N.E.2d 780 (1988), quoting 2
Restatement of the Law 2d, Contracts, Section 302, Comment e (1981).
        {¶ 30} Parties to a contract may include terms in derogation of common
law, see, e.g., Alyeska Pipeline Serv. Co. v. Wilderness Soc., 421 U.S. 240, 256, 44
L. Ed. 2d 141, 95 S. Ct. 1612 (1975) (“absent statute or enforceable contract,
litigants pay their own attorneys’ fees”), but the intent to do so must be clearly
indicated, 17 Mile, L.L.C. v. Kruzel, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99358, 2013-Ohio-

                                           12
                                January Term, 2019

3005, ¶ 17. And in this case, Section 11.03 of the trust indenture states that any
rights that are not specifically mentioned in the trust indenture are not implied:

               With the exception of rights herein expressly conferred, nothing
       expressed or mentioned in or to be implied from this Indenture or the Bonds
       is intended or shall be construed to give to any person other than the parties
       hereto, the Lessee, and the Bondholders any legal or equitable right, remedy
       or claim under or in respect to this Indenture or any covenants, conditions
       and provision herein contained; this Indenture and all of the covenants,
       condition and provisions hereof being intended to be and being for the sole
       and exclusive benefit of the parties hereto, the Lessee and the Bondholders
       as herein provided.

       {¶ 31} Not only does the trust indenture contain no language stating that
accrued causes of action based on the trust indenture automatically transfer to
subsequent bondholders in contradiction to the common-law rule, it also forbids an
implication that accrued rights are automatically transferred.        It follows that
language stating that only bondholders can bring suit for a violation of the trust
indenture does not by itself transfer a chose in action that is a personal property
right to a subsequent holder of a bond.
       {¶ 32} The Cheatham IRA maintains that a claim for breach of a trust
indenture is a nonpersonal claim and a “right in the security” that travels with the
bond. In support of this argument, it cites In re Activision Blizzard, Inc. Stockholder
Litigation, 124 A.3d 1025, 1030 (Del.Ch.2015), in which the court considered
whether to approve a settlement in a shareholder derivative suit challenging a
transaction in which one corporation sold its controlling equity position in a second
corporation to the two most senior officers of the second corporation. Several
shareholders of the second corporation brought a derivative action on behalf of the

                                          13
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

second corporation alleging breach of fiduciary duty by, among others, the directors
of the second corporation who had approved the sale without a shareholder vote.
The parties reached a settlement, but a shareholder objected on grounds that he and
all others who held shares in the second corporation during the relevant period had
personal claims for damages that were not lost when they subsequently sold their
shares. Id. at 1043. The Chancery Court approved the settlement, noting that under
Delaware law, “the right to assert the claim and benefit from any recovery is a
property right associated with the shares. By default, that property right travels
with the shares. By selling their shares, the members of the Seller Class defeased
to their purchasers any right they had to bring or benefit from these claims.” Id. at
1044. The court went on to note that any shareholder who sells shares voluntarily
“ ‘made a conscious business decision to sell their shares into a market that
implicitly reflect[s] the value of the pending and any prospective lawsuits.’ ” Id.,
quoting In re Resorts Internatl. Shareholders Litigation, Del.Ch. CIV. A. Nos. 9470
and 8605, 1988 WL 92749, at *10 (Sept. 7, 1988).
       {¶ 33} Activision addressed corporate stock and the “the causes of action
conferred on stockholders by specific statutory provisions of the [Delaware General
Corporation Law].” Id. at 1049. Among those statutory causes of action conferred
on shareholders are “the right to vote, the right to compel payment of a contractually
specified dividend, and the right to own and alienate shares.” Id. at 1049-1050.
Activision acknowledges that these Delaware statutory rights are different from
“personal claims,” a “[q]uintessential” example of which would include a claim for
breach of an agreement to purchase or sell shares of stock, for which the “the nature
of the underlying property does not matter.” Id. at 1056. This is because this type
of breach-of-contract claim arises not from the security itself but from the contract
between the buyer and seller. Id. This claim is a chose in action that is a personal-
property right that can be transferred only by express assignment.

                                         14
                                January Term, 2019

       {¶ 34} The Cheatham IRA also relies on Leverso v. SouthTrust Bank of
Alabama, N.A., 18 F.3d 1527 (11th Cir.1994), in which the United States Court of
Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit vacated an approved settlement of a class-action
suit brought on behalf of all bondholders against the indenture trustee of the bond
proceeds. The settlement agreement proposed to distribute settlement funds among
the bondholders according to the amount each bondholder had paid for the bonds.
Bondholders who purchased bonds in the secondary market at discount prices
objected. The Eleventh Circuit construed the matter as one of contract governed
by the trust indenture and concluded that “[t]he plain language of several sections
of the trust indenture, including the default section, unambiguously provides for
each bond to be treated as every other bond” and that the trust indenture made no
distinctions “according to when the bond was purchased.”               Id. at 1534.
Nevertheless, Leverso made it clear that it did not decide that a cause of action
automatically passed to subsequent purchasers of a bond: “In this case, no
objections to whether certain claims were available to the secondary market
purchasers were raised before the district court, nor do we address such an issue.”
Id. at 1533, fn. 9. Leverso is distinguishable.
       {¶ 35} The Cheatham IRA purchased the bonds at a discount that reflected
the ongoing issues with the Villa North project. In a real sense, it has suffered no
injury from Huntington’s alleged breach of the trust indenture that occurred before
it purchased the bonds because that alleged mismanagement contributed in part to
the reduced price the Cheatham IRA paid for the bonds. See Bluebird Partners,
L.P. v. First Fid. Bank, 896 F. Supp. 152, 157 (S.D.N.Y.1995) (“Market forces
assured that the price plaintiff paid for certificates which would never be wholly
redeemed reflected their diminished value. The injury was sustained by the sellers
who parted with these certificates at a reduced price, not by plaintiff who purchased
them at their post-bankruptcy value”); see also In re Nucorp, 772 F.2d at 1490
(automatic assignment “would remove the remedy from those to whom the statute

                                         15
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

provides it * * * by gratuitously giving it to those who were not defrauded and have
suffered no injury under the securities law”).
       {¶ 36} It follows that absent specific assignment of a chose in action for
breach of contract, the trust indenture here does not automatically assign that right.
The Cheatham IRA has, by virtue of being a bondholder, standing to enforce the
terms of the trust indenture, but that does not mean that it was assigned a chose in
action that accrued before it owned the bonds. The Cheatham IRA has been clear
that its claim is based on Huntington’s alleged failure to act upon notice of the
initial default. Only those who owned the bonds at the time of the original default
could bring an action for that breach of the trust indenture.
       {¶ 37} This case came to us on appeal from a judgment finding that the
court of common pleas erred by refusing to certify a class action on grounds that
the class lacked commonality. A class action is a representative action in which a
plaintiff sues a defendant on behalf of a group or class of absent persons who have
suffered harm similar in kind to the named plaintiff. As applicable here, the
Cheatham IRA relies on Civ.R. 23(B)(3) as a basis for certifying a class: “the
questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over any questions
affecting only individual members, and that a class action is superior to other
available methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the controversy.”
       {¶ 38} Civ.R. 23 is modeled after Fed.R.Civ.P. 23, so federal law is
persuasive authority when interpreting the Ohio rule. Stammco, L.L.C. v. United
Tel. Co. of Ohio, 136 Ohio St. 3d 231, 2013-Ohio-3019, 994 N.E.2d 408, ¶ 18. On
the question of commonality under Civ.R. 23(B)(3)—that there are issues of law or
fact common to the class—we consider whether a class action has the capacity “
‘to generate common answers apt to drive the resolution of the litigation.’ ”
(Emphasis added in Wal-Mart Stores.) Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 564 U.S.
338, 350, 131 S. Ct. 2541, 180 L. Ed. 2d 374 (2011), quoting Nagareda, Class
Certification in the Age of Aggregate Proof, 84 N.Y.U.L.Rev. 97, 132 (2009). With

                                         16
                               January Term, 2019

respect to commonality and damages, “a class representative must be part of the
class and ‘possess the same interest and suffer the same injury’ as the class
members.” E. Texas Motor Freight Sys., Inc. v. Rodriguez, 431 U.S. 395, 403, 97
S. Ct. 1891, 52 L. Ed. 2d 453 (1977), quoting Schlesinger v. Reservists Commt. to
Stop the War, 418 U.S. 208, 216, 94 S. Ct. 2925, 41 L. Ed. 2d 706 (1974).
       {¶ 39} The Cheatham IRA concedes that if a breach-of-contract claim did
not automatically transfer, a class action is no longer viable. We therefore reverse
the judgment of the Sixth District Court of Appeals, and we remand to the court of
common pleas for further proceedings. We express no opinion on whether any
breach-of-contract claims that the Cheatham IRA asserts accrued after its purchase
of Villa North bonds remain viable.
                                                                Judgment reversed
                                                              and cause remanded.
       O’CONNOR, C.J., and FRENCH and DONNELLY, JJ., concur.
       FISCHER, J., concurs in the judgment and in paragraphs 1 through 23 of the
majority opinion.
       KENNEDY, J., concurs in judgment only, with an opinion joined by DEWINE,
J.
                               _________________
       KENNEDY, J., concurring in judgment only.
       {¶ 40} I agree with the majority’s conclusion that absent a valid assignment
of claims, the sale of a municipal bond does not automatically vest in the buyer all
claims and causes of action of the seller relating to the bond that arose before the
transaction. I write separately, however, because I think the court need look no
further than the plain and unambiguous language of R.C. 1308.16(A) to reach this
conclusion. Therefore, I concur in judgment only.
       {¶ 41} A court’s interpretation of a statute is a question of law that we
review de novo. State v. Pariag, 137 Ohio St. 3d 81, 2013-Ohio-4010, 998 N.E.2d
17
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

401, ¶ 9. “When the statutory language is plain and unambiguous, and conveys a
clear and definite meaning, we must rely on what the General Assembly has said.”
Jones v. Action Coupling & Equip., Inc., 98 Ohio St. 3d 330, 2003-Ohio-1099, 784
N.E.2d 1172, ¶ 12, citing Symmes Twp. Bd. of Trustees v. Smyth, 87 Ohio St. 3d
549, 553, 721 N.E.2d 1057 (2000).
       {¶ 42} “Where a statute defines terms used therein, such definition controls
in the application of the statute * * *.” Good Samaritan Hosp. of Dayton v.
Porterfield, 29 Ohio St. 2d 25, 30, 278 N.E.2d 26 (1972), citing Terteling Bros., Inc.
v. Glander, 151 Ohio St. 236, 241, 85 N.E.2d 379 (1949), and Woman’s Internatl.
Bowling Congress, Inc. v. Porterfield, 25 Ohio St. 2d 271, 275, 267 N.E.2d 781
(1971). Terms that are undefined in a statute are accorded their common, everyday
meaning. R.C. 1.42.
       {¶ 43} R.C. 1308.16(A) provides that “a purchaser of a certificated or
uncertificated security acquires all rights in the security that the transferor had or
had power to transfer.”
       {¶ 44} The crux of this dispute rests on the meaning of the phrase “rights in
the security,” which the General Assembly did not define in R.C. Chapter 1308.
However, “security” is defined in R.C. 1308.01(A)(15) as

       an obligation of an issuer or a share, participation, or other interest in an
       issuer or in property or an enterprise of an issuer:
               (a) Which is represented by a security certificate in bearer or
       registered form, or the transfer of which may be registered upon books
       maintained for that purpose by or on behalf of the issuer;
               (b) Which is one of a class or series or by its terms is divisible into
       a class or series of shares, participations, interests, or obligations; and
               (c) Which:

                                          18
                                January Term, 2019

               (i) Is, or is of a type, dealt in or traded on securities exchanges
       or securities markets; or
               (ii) Is a medium for investment and by its terms expressly
       provides that it is a security governed by this chapter.

       {¶ 45} The General Assembly did not define “rights” or “in;” therefore, I
will consider the dictionary definitions of these terms. “Rights” has multiple
definitions, but in the context of securities, the relevant definition is: “a claim or
title to property or a possession.” Id.
       {¶ 46} “In” likewise has numerous definitions.             However, in R.C.
1308.16(A) it is “used as a function word to indicate the specific object, sphere, or
aspect to which a qualification is restricted.” Webster’s Third New International
Dictionary 1139 (2002). Therefore, “in” limits “rights” to “security.”
       {¶ 47} Applying these definitions, R.C. 1308.16(A) is susceptible of only
one interpretation: the purchaser of the bond acquires the legally recognized title to
the bond that the seller had the power to transfer. In other words, if the seller was
a bona fide holder of the bond, then the purchaser acquires the bond as a holder in
due course.
       {¶ 48} The Sixth District Court of Appeals concluded that appellee Paul
Cheatham I.R.A.’s “claim for breach of the Trust Indenture arises out of the
contract with the bondholders, and is therefore properly considered a ‘right in the
security’ that passes to a subsequent purchaser under R.C. 1308.16(A).” 2017-
Ohio-9234, 102 N.E.3d 597, ¶ 19. The plain and unambiguous language of R.C.
1308.16(A), however, does not encompass the trust indenture. A “trust indenture”
is “[a] document containing the terms and conditions governing a trustee’s conduct
and the trust beneficiaries’ rights.” Black’s Law Dictionary 887 (10th Ed.2014).
Thus, a trust indenture is not a security. And, as stated above, the word “in” in R.C.
1308.16(A) restricts the purchaser’s “rights”—their claim, interest, and/or title—to

                                          19
                            SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

the “security.” Therefore, a claim by a bondholder against a trustee for a breach of
the trust indenture that accrued before the bondholder purchased the bond is not
encompassed within the plain and unambiguous meaning of “rights in the security.”
       {¶ 49} To find otherwise would require this court to read the phrase “related
to” into R.C. 1308.16(A). However, “[u]nambiguous statutes are to be applied
according to the plain meaning of the words used, and courts are not free to * * *
insert other words.” (Citation omitted.) State ex rel. Burrows v. Indus. Comm., 78
Ohio St. 3d 78, 81, 676 N.E.2d 519 (1997).
       {¶ 50} Because the plain and unambiguous language of R.C. 1308.16(A)
does not permit Cheatham’s breach-of-contract claim, I concur in judgment only.
       DEWINE, J., concurs in the foregoing opinion.
                               _________________
       Strauss Troy and Ronald R. Parry, for appellee.
       Porter, Wright, Morris & Arthur, L.L.P., Kathleen M. Trafford, J. Philip
Calabrese, and Jay A. Yurkiw, for appellant.
       Thompson Hine, L.L.P., Scott A. King, Brian J. Lamb, and Terry W. Posey
Jr., urging reversal for amicus curiae American Bankers Association.
       Dennis D. Hisch, urging reversal for amici curiae commercial-law
professors.
                               _________________

                                        20