Court Opinion

ID: 4225755
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-12-04 20:10:06.261535+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:41:49.700565
License: Public Domain

J-S54028-17

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

DUNBAR ASPHALT PRODUCTS, INC. AND                 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
DUNBAR ASPHALT, LLC                                     PENNSYLVANIA

                         v.

GEM BUILDING CONTRACTORS AND
DEVELOPERS, INC., FIDELITY AND
DEPOSIT COMPANY OF MARYLAND, AND
CONNEAUT SCHOOL DISTRICT

                       v.

JOHN ROTH, D/B/A ROTH PAVING, A/K/A
JR ROTH PAVING, A/K/A PAVE MASTERS
J.M. ROTH'S

APPEAL OF: GEM BUILDING
CONTRACTORS AND DEVELOPERS, INC.
AND FIDELITY AND DEPOSIT COMPANY
OF MARYLAND

                                                       No. 266 WDA 2017

             Appeal from the Judgment Entered February 13, 2017
              In the Court of Common Pleas of Crawford County
                    Civil Division at No(s): A.D. 2008-2122

BEFORE: OTT, J., MOULTON, J., and FITZGERALD, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY MOULTON, J.:                      FILED DECEMBER 4, 2017

        GEM Building Contractors and Developers, Inc. and Fidelity and

Deposit Company of Maryland (collectively, “GEM”)1 appeal from the
____________________________________________

*
    Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S54028-17

February 13, 2017 judgment entered2 in the Crawford County Court of

Common Pleas in favor of Dunbar Asphalt Products, Inc. and Dunbar

Asphalt, LLC (collectively, “Dunbar”) and John Roth, doing business as Roth

Paving3 (collectively, “Roth”). We affirm.

      The December 7, 2016 opinion of the Honorable John A. Spataro set

forth the detailed and complex factual and procedural history of this matter,

which we adopt and incorporate herein. See Trial Ct. Op., 12/7/16, at 1-8.

On December 7, 2016, following a non-jury trial, the trial court entered a

verdict in favor of Dunbar and against GEM for $230,628.74, comprised of

$78,074.94 in principal damages, $37,630.00 in interest damages under the
                       _______________________
(Footnote Continued)
      1
       Fidelity acted as surety on GEM’s performance payment bond on the
paving project and its interests are represented by GEM’s counsel on appeal.
Accordingly, we refer to GEM and Fidelity collectively as “GEM” throughout
this memorandum.
      2
        GEM purported to take its appeal from the January 17, 2017 order
denying its post-trial motions. However, it is well-settled that “orders
dismissing post-trial motions following a . . . trial are interlocutory and non-
appealable until judgment has been entered on the docket.” Somerset
Community Hosp. v. Allan B. Mitchell & Assocs., Inc., 685 A.2d 141,
144 n.1 (Pa.Super. 1996). GEM filed a praecipe to enter judgment on
January 30, 2017. The docket does not show that the Prothonotary entered
judgment.    On February 13, 2017, Dunbar filed a praecipe to enter
judgment. The docket shows that the trial court acted on this praecipe and
entered judgment that day. While GEM filed its notice of appeal on February
10, 2017, we nevertheless have jurisdiction over this appeal because
judgment was subsequently entered on the docket. See Jones v. Rivera,
866 A.2d 1148, 1149 n.1 (Pa.Super. 2005).
      3
          Roth Paving is also known as JR Roth Paving and Pave Masters J.M.
Roth’s.

                                            -2-
J-S54028-17

Prompt Pay Act,4 62 Pa.C.S. §§ 3931-39, $69,616.89 in pre-judgment

interest, and $45,306.91 in attorneys’ fees. Similarly, the trial court entered

a verdict in favor of Roth and against GEM for $160.461.65, comprised of

$52,278.06 in principal damages, $21,921.96 in damages under the Prompt

Pay Act, $46,321.53 in pre-judgment interest, and $39,940.10 in attorneys’

fees.

        On December 19, 2016, GEM filed a motion for post-trial relief, which

the trial court denied on January 13, 2017.      On February 10, 2017, GEM

timely filed a notice of appeal.

        GEM raises four issues on appeal:

              1. Whether the Court erred in finding that the unsigned
                 written contract between GEM and Roth was of no
                 consequence?

              2. Whether the Court erred in finding that GEM
                 contracted with [Dunbar and Roth] for the paving
                 project?

              3. Whether the Court erred in its assessment of
                 damages?

              4. Whether the Court erred in the manner in which it
                 conducted the bench trial?

GEM’s Br. at 4.

____________________________________________

        4
        Because it acted as surety for a performance bond, Fidelity was
found jointly and severally liable for the principal damages – $78,074.94 –
and interest damages under the Prompt Pay Act – $37,630.00 – awarded to
Dunbar. The trial court did not hold Fidelity jointly and severally liable for
attorneys’ fees and costs under the Prompt Pay Act.

                                           -3-
J-S54028-17

     GEM’s first two issues are intertwined. At trial, GEM asserted that the

terms of an unsigned written document, sent to Roth and on which Roth

performed, controlled. Dunbar and Roth, however, contended that GEM had

an oral agreement with Dunbar, wherein GEM agreed to pay Dunbar the

contract price and agreed that Dunbar would pay Roth for paving services.

On appeal, GEM argues that the trial court erred in not enforcing the

unsigned written “contract” between GEM and Roth and in finding instead

that GEM had entered an oral contract with Dunbar. GEM asserts that the

terms of the unsigned written agreement were confirmed when Roth’s

attorney wrote a letter to the president of GEM, Gale Measel, “confirming

that Roth would be performing under the subcontract.”         GEM’s Br. at 13.

According to GEM, the contract price of $113,353.00 shows that GEM

contracted with Roth for the paving, making Roth responsible for paying

Dunbar.

     We review non-jury verdicts as follows:

             Our appellate role in cases arising from non-jury trial
          verdicts is to determine whether the findings of the trial
          court are supported by competent evidence and whether
          the trial court committed error in any application of the
          law. The findings of fact of the trial judge must be given
          the same weight and effect on appeal as the verdict of a
          jury. We consider the evidence in a light most favorable to
          the verdict winner. We will reverse the trial court only if
          its findings of fact are not supported by competent
          evidence in the record or if its findings are premised on an
          error of law. However, [where] the issue . . . concerns a
          question of law, our scope of review is plenary.

             The trial court’s conclusions of law on appeal originating
          from a non-jury trial are not binding on an appellate court

                                      -4-
J-S54028-17

         because it is the appellate court’s duty to determine if the
         trial court correctly applied the law to the facts of the case.

Stephan v. Waldron Elec. Heating and Cooling LLC, 100 A.3d 660, 664-

65 (Pa.Super. 2014) (quoting Wyatt, Inc. v. Citizens Bank of Pa., 976
A.2d 557, 564 (Pa.Super. 2009)) (alterations in original).

      The record supports the trial court’s conclusion that the parties did not

agree to be bound by the unsigned written document. While we recognize

that “signatures are not required unless such signing is expressly required

by law or by the intent of the parties,” Shovel Transfer and Storage, Inc.

v. Pennsylvania Liquor Control Bd., 739 A.2d 133, 146 (Pa. 1999), it is

equally clear that a “contract is created where there is mutual assent to the

terms of the contract by the parties with the capacity to contract,” id. The

trial court concluded that while Roth’s attorney “accepted the work scope per

his letter to Greg Measel on July 30, 2007, [he] expressly reject[ed] the

remaining terms and conditions of the draft subcontract, which were to be

‘redefined.’” Trial Ct. Op., 12/7/16 at 10. We find no basis to disturb that

finding on appeal.

      Accordingly, we turn to the trial court’s determination that there was a

valid oral agreement between GEM and Dunbar, rather than between GEM

and Roth. “When oral contracts are disputed, the issues of what was said,

done, and agreed upon by the parties are ones of fact to be determined by

the fact finder. Also, the question of the intent of the parties is a factual one

reserved to the province of the fact finder.” Krebs v. United Refining Co.

of Pa., 893 A.2d 776, 783 (Pa.Super. 2006) (internal citation omitted). The

                                      -5-
J-S54028-17

trial court concluded that GEM entered into an agreement with Dunbar, who

in turn was to pay Roth for its paving work. See Trial Ct. Op., 12/7/16, at

8-10, 12-13. Upon reviewing the record and the applicable law, we conclude

that the trial court did not err in reaching this conclusion.

      In essence, GEM challenges the trial court’s credibility findings. See

Trial Ct. Op., 12/7/16, at 9-10 (explaining reasons for “accept[ing] as

truthful all of the testimony of [Dunbar’s witness] and discredit[ing] any

contrary testimony offered by [two of GEM’s witnesses]”).          However, it is

well settled that “[i]n a non-jury trial, the fact[-]finder is free to believe all,

part, or none of the evidence, and [this] Court will not disturb the trial

court’s credibility determinations.”   L.B. Foster Co. v. Charles Carcciolo

Steel & Metal Yard, Inc., 777 A.3d 1090, 1093 (Pa.Super. 2001).

      Similarly, we reject GEM’s argument that the trial court erred by

“picking and choosing” from the various writings surrounding the oral

agreements to determine the essential terms of its agreement with Dunbar

and Roth.    “[I]n cases involving contracts wholly or partially composed of

oral communications, the precise content of which are not of record, courts

must look to the surrounding circumstances and course of dealing between

the parties in order to ascertain their intent.” Mountain Properties, Inc.

v. Tyler Hill Realty Corp., 767 A.2d 1096, 1101 (Pa.Super. 2001) (quoting

Boyle v. Steiman, 631 A.2d 1025, 1033 (Pa.Super. 1993)).             Accordingly,

to determine the terms of any agreements among GEM, Dunbar, and Roth,

the trial court properly examined the documentary and testimonial evidence

                                       -6-
J-S54028-17

to determine that GEM and Dunbar had an agreement, which was driven by

Dunbar’s reluctance to extend Roth a large line of credit for the asphalt

necessary to pave the parking lot.

      Next, GEM argues that the trial court erred in assessing damages.

This claim is predicated on a finding that GEM had a written agreement with

Roth and that GEM did not have an agreement with Dunbar. Because we

conclude that the trial court did not err in finding that the unsigned written

document did not control and that GEM had an agreement with Dunbar

rather than Roth, we conclude that GEM’s arguments are meritless.

      Finally, GEM argues that the trial court erred in precluding GEM from

“properly present[ing its] case and defend[ing] against each party’s claim”

at trial.   GEM’s Br. at 23.     According to GEM, because the trial court

attempted to conduct the trial in one day, it improperly allowed the parties

to present testimonial evidence beyond the scope of direct examination.

GEM asserts that “[t]his manner of conducting the trial not only prevented

[it] from properly defending claims, but also allowed much testimony that

would otherwise not have been permitted.” Id. at 24. This claim does not

merit relief.

      It is well-settled that the “conduct of a trial is [within] the province of

the judge. . . . [and h]is discretion, exercised without abuse, must control.”

De Fulvio v. Holst, 362 A.2d 1098, 1099 (Pa.Super. 1976). In its opinion

denying GEM’s post-trial motions, the trial court explained why it conducted

the trial in such a manner:

                                      -7-
J-S54028-17

         At the one-day trial, Dunbar rested its case after calling
         four witnesses; [GEM] and . . . Roth both conducted cross-
         examination, in that order. [GEM] then called G[ale]
         Measel for the limited purpose of defending the action
         brought by Dunbar.        Following cross-examination and
         redirect, he remained on the witness stand to testify, along
         with Greg Measel and David Foreman, as to [GEM’s] claims
         against Roth. Roth and Dunbar, in that order, conducted
         cross-examination. Roth then called John Roth and Jeffrey
         Gould, who were cross-examined by [GEM] and Dunbar, in
         that order.      Conneaut School District’s counterclaim
         against Dunbar was not pursued, and the crossclaim of
         Fidelity against Conneaut School District was not yet ripe.
         Thus, the conduct of the trial was not “unstructured,” as
         the Court “did permit each party to take turns putting on
         its case-in-chief,” and did not “let the parties put in their
         evidence in any order in one lump sum, as alleged in the
         Motion (¶ 24).

Trial Ct. Op., 1/13/17, at 7.

      Although the trial court did, at times, allow the parties to elicit

testimony outside the scope of direct examination, it did so only where the

testimony would have been elicited when that party recalled the witness on

direct examination in its case-in-chief. After that testimony was elicited, the

trial court permitted other parties to cross-examine the witness on those

matters. It is evident that the trial court reasonably sought to conduct the

trial so as to allow witnesses to testify in one session, rather than disrupt

their schedules by recalling witnesses for each party’s case-in-chief. Under

these circumstances, we find no abuse of discretion.

      Judgment affirmed.

                                     -8-
J-S54028-17

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 12/4/2017

                          -9-
                                                                     Circulated 11/15/2017 08:44 AM

 IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF CRAWFORD COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

                              CIVIL ACTION   - AT LAW

DUNBAR ASPHALT PRODUCTS, INC., and            :

DUNBAR ASPHALT, LLC,                                                                 1
              Plaintiffs

                   v.                                No. AD 2008   - 2122
GEM BUILDING CONTRACTORS AND
                                                                                   c,a
DEVELOPERS, INC., FIDELITY AND
DEPOSIT COMPANY OF MARYLAND, and
CONNEAUT SCHOOL DISTRICT,
               Defendants

                   v.

JOHN ROTH T/D/B/A ROTH PAVING
A/K/A J R ROTH PAVING A/K/A
PAVEMASTERS J M ROTH'S,
                  Additional Defendant

                    Richard J. Parks, Esq., Attorney for Plaintiffs
               Christopher P. Skatell, Esq., Attorney for Defendants
           Carmen F. Lamancusa, Esq., Attorney for Additional Defendants

                            MEMORANDUM and ORDER

      Plaintiffs, Dunbar Asphalt Products, Inc. and Dunbar Asphalt, LLC (hereinafter
referred to in the singular as "Dunbar") initially brought this action on November 26,
2008, against GEM Building Contractors and Developers, Inc. ("GEM"), Fidelity and
Deposit Company of Maryland ("Fidelity"), and Conneaut School District ("Conneaut"),
demanding judgment against Dunbar,       Fidelity and Conneaut in the amount of
$85,796.67, plus interest at the rate of eighteen percent per annum from January 3,
                                      AD 2008    - 2122

2008, costs of suit and attorney's fees. Dunbar claimed nonpayment by GEM for the
asphalt and related services provided under an agreement with GEM, the general
contractor retained by Conneaut for an extensive construction project that included
renovations at the Conneaut Valley Elementary School ("School"). The action against
GEM was in the nature of a contract action. The action against Conneaut was upon, the
theory of unjust enrichment. The action against Fidelity was based on the performance
payment bond issued by Fidelity.
       On May 13, 2009, Dunbar filed an amended complaint, addressing preliminary
objections that had been filed previously and addressed by the Court in a Memorandum
and Order filed April 23, 2009. Conneaut, in answering the amended complaint on June
29, 2009, asserted a counterclaim against Dunbar, and crossclaims against GEM and
Fidelity for indemnity. GEM and Fidelity filed their answer on July 14, 2009, with Fidelity
making a crossclaim against Conneaut for indemnity and/or contribution.
       Previously, on April 17, 2009, GEM and Fidelity had filed a complaint (joinder
complaint) to join additional Defendant John Roth, t/b/d/a Roth Paving, a/k/a      J R   Roth
Paving, a/k/a Pavemasters    J M   Roth's (collectively, "Roth").   In   this complaint, GEM
alleged that Roth and GEM were parties to a subcontract dated July 9, 2007, that
required Roth to pave the School parking lot for the sum of $113,353.00. GEM denied
any contractual duty to Dunbar and asserted that if Dunbar was owed any money, then
it was Roth, not GEM, that owed money to Dunbar.            GEM and Fidelity demanded
indemnity against Roth if found liable to Dunbar. GEM claimed damages against Roth
for faulty workmanship in paving the parking lot, contending that Conneaut rejected the
work and then refused to pay GEM.
       Preliminary objections to the joinder complaint were addressed by the Court's
Memorandum and Order filed on November 9, 2009. Roth then filed its answer, new
matter, counterclaim and crossclaim on November 25, 2009, and an amended answer,
new matter, counterclaim and crossclaim on January 19, 2010.                The new matter
asserted that a representative of GEM, Greg Measel, had requested a quote from Roth
in July of 2007 to provide a new asphalt parking lot at the School.        In response, Roth
offered to perform the work for the sum of $113,353.00, which was accepted by GEM,
and later augmented by a claim for $17,000.00 to compensate Roth for additional work.

                                             2
                                              AD 2008 --2122

The counterclaims, incorporating the new matter, demanded damages against GEM for
breach of contract and for violation of the Prompt Pay Act, 62 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3931-3939
(erroneously referred to therein as the Commonwealth Procurement Code).                                 The
crossclaim against Conneaut, in the alternative, was for unjust enrichment.                            Roth
subsequently filed a motion for summary judgment on its counterclaims against GEM,
which was denied by Memorandum and Order filed on June 25, 2014.
        Dunbar also, on June 17, 2015, moved for partial summary judgment against
Conneaut on the unjust enrichment claim, after it was learned that Conneaut, GEM and
Fidelity had executed a settlement agreement on or about July 8, 2009.                         Pursuant to
that agreement Conneaut paid GEM $287,000.00, inclusive of the paving work at the
School, in essence accepting the paving work performed by Roth, with material,
ancillary supplies and labor provided by Dunbar.                  By Memorandum and Order filed
August 18, 2015, this motion for partial summary judgment was denied, the case then
becoming ripe for trial.
        The nonjury trial was held on October 17, 2016.1                    Jody Sperry, President of
Conneaut's Board of Directors, testified at the request of Dunbar. She confirmed that a
settlement agreement was reached, but was unclear of the details. She indicated that
she was unaware of any ongoing problems with the parking lot in question, and
assumed that all the contractors associated with the building project completed some
eight years earlier were paid.
     Conneaut's current Superintendent, Jarrin Sperry, testified at the request of
Dunbar He also testified that he was unaware of any difficulties with the paving at the
School of a major nature. He stated that the parking lot is currently in use.
        Elwood Schell, who retired from Conneaut in July of 2016, testified at the request
of Dunbar.      He had been the maintenance supervisor for Conneaut's entire physical
plant, which included six buildings.           He recalled the 2007 project.            As maintenance
supervisor, he attended all construction meetings.                   He was aware of the contract
between GEM and Conneaut. He was aware that Dunbar provided the asphalt for the

1 Considering the complexity of the trial and the lack of time to entertain closing arguments, the Court
permitted counsel to submit closing arguments in writing. Although Plaintiffs' closing argument filed on
November 9, 2016, was untimely, the Court finds no prejudice to the Defendants or Additional
Defendants, and accepts as counsel's explanation that there were logistical difficulties in timely filing the
closing argument, in part because the Courthouse was closed on Election Day, November 8, 2016.

                                                      3
                                              AD 2008     - 2122

project.    He was familiar with Greg Measel, the construction foreman for GEM, and
frequently spoke with him. Mr. Schell was alerted to paving problems, such as areas of
the sub -base that were not quite level and soft spots that required further action. He
was aware that Roth performed the paving. His understanding was that final payment
was made to GEM, and that all claims against Conneaut were released as a
consequence.         He testified that "the paving was accepted by [Conneaut], as is."
Although he was aware that Dunbar and Roth performed services, he was not aware of
the terms and conditions of the contracts between these entities. He admitted that there
had been concerns after the paving project was completed and that it became
necessary for core drilling to take place, along with additional testing to determine
whether the paving satisfied the specifications.                   There were concerns relative to
compaction. He referred to the one area as a "bird bath" at the south parking lot. He
personally inspected the corrective work that was done to address the soft spots and
found the work to be satisfactory. The paving was accepted and, after eight years of
use, there appear to be no residual problems despite the concerns initially raised.2
      Bradley Berlin, President of Dunbar, testified. In his capacity as President, he is
responsible for the day-to-day management of the corporation. He was contacted by
John Roth in the summer of 2007 for a paving project.                      Having previously supplied
asphalt to Mr. Roth, he had concerns as to the size of the project and Mr. Roth's
financial ability to cover the cost of the asphalt. He intended to contract with GEM for
the asphalt because of the size of the project, requiring 1,500 tons of asphalt. Mr. Berlin
then contacted Gale Measel, President of GEM. Exhibit V, an undated memorandum
addressed to Gale Measel from Mr. Berlin, was offered and admitted into evidence to
document Mr. Berlin's telephone conversation with Gale Measel that took place on or
before August 5, 2007, during which Mr. Measel confirmed that the total paving contract
price of $113,353.00, as negotiated between GEM and Roth, was to be paid entirely to
Dunbar, which would then pay Roth for the work Roth performed. A $5,353.00 discount
was offered to Mr. Measel in return for an upfront payment of ninety percent of the

2 The Court is cognizant that by letter to Roshelle Fennell, Project Manager, dated February 1, 2008,
Foreman Architects and Engineers rejected "the asphalt paving and subbase in its entirety" (Exhibit D).
This is of no consequence because Ms. Fennell attributed the defects to the subbase, which was GEM's
responsibility (Exhibit X, "the problem is not really with the paving. The true problem is with the grading of
the subgrade and/or subbase"), and in any event, Conneaut accepted the paving and paid GEM.

                                                      4
                                       AD 2008    - 2122

contract price. The memorandum stated in part, "[A]s discussed, no payments will be
made from Dunbar to Roth until completion of the project." Although Mr. Measel never
responded to Mr. Berlin, Exhibit V corroborates the testimony of Mr. Berlin that
supplying the asphalt was contingent upon GEM becoming contractually bound to
Dunbar.
       In   preparing for trial, Mr. Berlin discovered that there had been a miscalculation
as to the amount demanded in the original and amended complaint.          He then testified
that the principal amount presently due is        $78,074.94, not $85,796.67 as   originally
sought. He testified that attorney's fees incurred were $30,000.00 as of the date of the
trial. Offered and admitted into evidence was Exhibit VII, representing Dunbar's
demand against Fidelity.
       Mr. Berlin testified that the decision to supply the asphalt without receiving any
upfront payment from GEM was because of the "desperation" expressed by GEM in
completing the project before the school year began, along with an appreciation that
Gale Measel was required to address an unrelated fire loss to one of GEM's buildings.
Various dates for commencement and completion of the project were mentioned during
the course of the trial, with the apparent intent to have the paving completed on or
before August 15, 2007, with work to have commenced on or around August 6.
Additional asphalt was necessary to address the "bird bath" problem in the paving that
was discovered in the fall of 2007. Mr. Berlin testified that his company is normally paid
within 30 to 60 days of invoice issuance. Exhibit is a series of invoices, the first issued
                                                      I

on August 10, 2007, identifying GEM as the customer in the upper right hand block,
followed by several invoices issued thereafter, none of which was ever paid.
      Plaintiff called Gale Measel, President and sole owner of GEM, as on cross
examination. Mr. Measel testified that Smith Paving was the intended subcontractor for
the paving. He stated that Smith Paving was unable to perform the subcontract, which
is why, with time of the essence, GEM contacted Roth to perform the paving work.        He
was vague as to whether or not he communicated with Mr. Berlin, indicating that he
"could have." He denied ever receiving a written document or note from Mr. Berlin. He
denied knowing the amount of asphalt that was delivered to the site. He testified that
the notice to proceed and purchase order of July 9, 2007, was issued only to Roth, not

                                              5
                                         AD 2008    - 2122

Dunbar.    He denied any intention to provide payment to Dunbar.                  He denied that his
son, Greg Measel, who served as construction foreman, had authority to bind GEM to
any contracts. He denied that Conneaut ever accepted the parking lot. He asserted
that Conneaut never paid for the paving, and that the settlement agreement of July 8,
2009, was only for the purpose of closing out GEM's contract with Conneaut.                           He
admitted that GEM was paid $278,000.00 from Conneaut in accord with the settlement
agreement. When confronted with the settlement agreement (Exhibit III) as against
GEM's AIA Submittal Request for payment dated October 1, 2008 (Exhibit II) that made
a claim   for paving services, he persisted      in   denying that the paving was paid for or
accepted by Conneaut, without offering any explanation for how that could have been
possible.3
       Greg Measel, Gale's son, was called as a witness. He had on -site responsibility
for the project on behalf of GEM during the spring and summer of 2007. He found
himself without a paving contractor as summer approached, after learning that Smith
Paving was no longer available to perform the service. He reached out in the spring of
2007 to several contractors in search for       a     subcontractor to perform the paving. At
some point, he spoke with John Roth, outlining the scope of work and agreeing to a
contract price of $113,353.00. He sent Roth a notice to proceed on July 5, 2007
(Exhibit G), and subsequently prepared a standard form contract, dated July 9, 2007
(Exhibit A). This contract was identical, except for the contract price, to the contract
intended for Smith Paving (Exhibit IX). Roth's attorney, Carmen F. Lamancusa, Esq.
replied to the July 9 draft, stating that the "work scope" was acceptable, but that the
remaining terms of the contract "must be redefined."            The draft contract was never
revised or signed. Roth commenced the project without a completed written contract at
GEM'S urging because time was running short. Indeed, the notice to proceed was
issued the same day Attorney Lamancusa indicated that the scope of work and contract
price was acceptable, but the balance of the contract was not.
       The scope of work agreed upon did not include installation of the sub -base.
When Roth appeared at the site to commence paving, the sub -base and sub -grade

 See Page 6 of 7 of AIA document G703, with an application date of October   1,   2008, specifically item
numbers 76.110 and 76.120.

                                                6
                                      AD 2008   - 2122

were not fully completed.     Much additional grading was necessary prior to Roth
performing its duties under the contract.   GEM was in the process of completing site
preparation, while Roth was at the site ready to proceed.     Roth was required to then
wait and assist GEM in site preparation, necessitating a request to Dunbar that its
asphalt plant operate on a Sunday so that the paving would commence in             a   timely
manner.
        Because of the failure to have the site properly prepared in advance of Roth's
arrival, Roth submitted the equivalent of a change order by letter to GEM dated August
22, 2007, requesting that there be an additional $17,000.00 added to the original
contract price of $113,353.00. Mr. Roth felt this to be "a more -than -fair price" because
the job "was to be site-ready to pave and would have taken four days at most to
complete." It took seven days rather than four to complete the project (Exhibit XIX).      In
direct reply to the change order, Greg Measel, in his letter to Roth of August 22, 2007
(Exhibit XIX(a)), "authorized the T&M [time and material] costs to help complete rough
grade sub -base installation for GEM in addition to your required fine grading of the sub-
base." His letter of August 22, 2007, ratified the pre-existing contractual arrangement
for Roth's performance of the scope of work for the sum of $113,353.00, plus
$17,000.00 for the additional time and material to perform on the contract due to GEM's
failure to have the area site ready, as contemplated in the scope of work.
       David E. Foreman testified in his capacity as Vice President of Foreman
Architects and Engineers at the time of construction. He verified that the sub -base was
insufficient and indicated that there should not be payment until the matter was
resolved.
       John Roth testified that Greg Measel had called him in the early part of 2007. He
testified that Greg Measel had inquired about Roth's interest   in   paving the School lot.
Although he had never undertaken a job this large, Mr. Roth expressed his interest in
the project. He indicated that he met with Mr. Measel, and made it clear to him that it
was essential that the area be site ready because he (Roth) did not have the necessary
equipment to install a sub -base and do the rough grading.      He was only capable of
doing fine grading, proofing and then proceeding with the paving. Laying the two-way
aggregate stone for the sub -base was entirely GEM's responsibility. The plan was for

                                            7
                                              AD 2008   - 2122

Roth to apply two layers, a binder with top layer and then base coat.            He was then to
seal the edges and joints, which he subcontracted to Russell Standard. He was asked
to do the striping, which he agreed to do provided that he was paid upfront.            He used
anywhere from eight to ten employees at the job site.              He was at the time receiving
cancer treatments, and was surprised to hear from his foreman, Jeffrey Gold, of the
failure of the site to be ready for paving. Roth employees were enlisted to help GEM
complete the installation and grading of the sub-base. As far as Mr. Roth was aware,
the work was acceptable to everyone except for a few soft spots and the "bird bath" that
he properly addressed.
       Mr. Roth prepared the necessary documentation for payment, identified as
Exhibits XXIII and XXIV, with the assistance of GEM's secretary. These invoices were
never paid.    He testified that he did "a heck of a lot" of work beyond that which was
contracted to be performed.               He accommodated        Greg Measel because of the
desperation expressed in having the paving completed before the start of the school
year. He has checked on this parking area periodically over the years, noting that it
looks good. Several photographs were admitted into evidence, all of which demonstrate
that the parking lot is   in   good order.
       After Mr. Roth became aware of the settlement, he approached Gale Measel at
various times requesting payment. In every instance, he was rebuffed. He testified to
having substantial legal expenses incurred in connection with this matter, including
$31,940.10 to Blooming & Gusky, LLP (Exhibit 29), $5,000.00 to Culbertson, Weiss,
Schetroma and Schug, P.C., and $3,000.00 to Attorney Lamancusa.
       Jeffrey Gold, an employee of Roth, was called to testify.            He corroborated the
testimony of John Roth in nearly every respect. In particular, he testified that there were
anywhere from nine to ten employees at the site, and that the equipment that they
utilized was not designed for such heavy duty work as applying a sub -base, as his
equipment consisted of         a   paver, a skid steer, a roller, and some trucks. The failure of
GEM to have the site properly prepared for paving delayed his work crew, which had to
help GEM employees in completing the sub-base.
       Having summarized the evidence presented at trial, we now address each of the
various causes of action with our findings and conclusions:
                                       AD 2008   - 2122

                                      DUNBAR v. GEM

       In the late spring   or summer of 2007, John Roth was contacted by Greg Measel,
who had an urgent need to obtain a subcontractor willing on relatively short notice to
perform the paving subcontract at the elementary school. Having been apprised of the
situation, John Roth communicated with Bradley Berlin of Dunbar for the purpose of
inquiring as to the availability of approximately 1,500 tons of asphalt. While Mr. Berlin
was interested in accommodating Mr. Roth, a good customer over the years, he knew
that the amount of asphalt required for the project was well in excess of prior dealings
with Mr. Roth, leading to the conclusion that extending credit for such a large quantity of
asphalt was not advisable.       Obtaining the name of Greg Measel from Mr. Roth, Mr.
Berlin contacted Mr. Meese!, who referred him to Gale Measel, GEM's president. Mr.
Berlin made it clear to Gale Measel that Dunbar would commit to providing asphalt for
the elementary school paving project only if Dunbar was the contracting party with GEM
and not Roth and, furthermore, that GEM would pay directly to Dunbar the entirety of
the negotiated paving project price of $113,353.00.       Dunbar would, in turn, pay Roth.
Gale Measel committed GEM to entry into an oral contract with Dunbar for the provision
of asphalt for the elementary school project, and to paying the entirety of the paving
project contract price to Dunbar.
       In   making the foregoing findings, we accept as truthful all of the testimony of
Bradley Berlin and discredit any contrary testimony offered by either Gale or Greg
Measel. This credibility determination is based upon several factors, not least of which
was the testimonial demeanor of Mr. Berlin when contrasted with that of both Greg and,
particularly, Gale Measel.      Beyond that, Mr. Berlin's testimony is supported by the
reasonable nature of his demand that GEM, rather than Roth, be the contracting party
because Roth had never undertaken a project of this size in the past. No evidence was
offered to demonstrate that a paving contract of this nature was common for Roth. Mr.
Berlin's memorandum to Gale Measel corroborates Mr. Berlin's testimony.                 The
memorandum refers to "our conversation" that set forth the contract price of
$113,353.00, offset by a discount of $5,353.00, for       a   net payment of $108,000.00, if
ninety percent of that amount was paid by August 8, 2007. The balance of $10,800.00
would then be payable upon completion of the project. GEM offered no evidence to the
                                            AD 2008   - 2122

contrary.   Although    it is   unclear as to when this undated memorandum was sent or
received by GEM, it would have been sent before work commenced on the project,
which most likely began on or about August 6 and concluded on or about August 14 of
2007. See Exhibit 23 and Exhibit       L.

        Exhibit G, the e-mail from Greg Measel to John Roth, with a copy to Gale
Measel, sent on July 5, 2007, wherein Greg Measel issued "a notice to proceed based
on our discussion of the total paving price being $113,353.00," confirms the contract

price. Although the contract price was established, the payment terms were not. The
payment terms and provision of asphalt by Dunbar came later, after GEM committed to
Dunbar for the asphalt, agreeing to pay Dunbar the full paving contract price.
      The draft subcontract dated July 9, 2007, prepared by GEM and conveyed to
John Roth, is of no consequence except to the extent that the "work scope" appearing in
the document represents the work that was to be performed by Roth.                        Attorney
Lamancusa, on behalf of Roth, accepted the work scope per his letter to Greg Measel of
July 30, 2007, while expressly rejecting the remaining terms and conditions of the draft
subcontract, which were to be "redefined" (Exhibit L). GEM's effort to have the Court
interpret the provisions of Paragraph 3 of the draft subcontract, titled "Execution and
Attempted Modification of Subcontract Agreement," as binding is misplaced for the
simple reason that the draft subcontract was never signed or ratified.
      Although there remained problems after Roth completed the paving project, there
is no evidence that Dunbar in any way breached its contract with GEM.       Dunbar,
moreover, provided additional asphalt at no additional cost for Roth's remedial work
performed in the summer of 2008, to the satisfaction of Conneaut.              Dunbar is without
fault and is entitled to the benefit of the bargain it reached with GEM, as described in
Mr. Berlin's undated memorandum to Gale Measel (Exhibit V).
       In calculating the damages to which Dunbar is entitled, we note            that the Prompt
Pay Act applies.4 Evidence offered during the course of the trial supports an award of
attorneys fees in the amount of $45,306.91. A post trial motion may be necessary to

4 Act of May 15, 1998, P.L. 358, No. 57 §§ 3931-3939 (as amended and codified at 62 Pa.C.S.A. §§
3901-3942). The Contractor and Subcontractor Payment Act ("CASPA"), Act of Feb. 17, 1994, P.L. 73,
No. 7 (as amended and codified at 73 P.S. §§ 501-516), is inapplicable here. Clipper Pipe & Service,
Inc. v. Ohio Casualty Insurance Co., 631 Pa. 682, 692, 115 A.3d 1278, 1294 (2015) ("we conclude that
CASPA does not apply to a construction project where the owner is a governmental entity").

                                                 10
                                             AD 2008     - 2122

more firmly establish the current amount of attorneys fees to which Dunbar is entitled.
For now, the award is based upon the evidence offered to this point in time. This Court
finds as well that the defenses raised by GEM throughout this protracted litigation have
consistently been without merit on the core issues relating to the nonpayment to both
Dunbar and Roth for services and materials properly rendered. GEM's assertion that
both Dunbar and Roth are entitled to no monetary award whatsoever, on the pretext
that Conneaut rejected the performance of Roth and never paid GEM, was
disingenuous from the outset.
             In   summary, Dunbar is entitled to receive damages in the principal amount of
$78,074.94, plus interest at the legal rate of six percent per annum from November 26,
2008 (when its complaint was filed),5 together with a penalty of one percent per month
for having withheld payment in bad faith after July 8, 2009,6 and attorney fees and
expenses as the prevailing party.7

                                          DUNBAR V. FIDELITY

             The action against Fidelity is on the performance payment bond. The terms and
conditions of the bond require Fidelity, as surety, to pay for all labor, materials, and
supplies furnished for the project unless the contractor has promptly made payment for
all sums due. (Exhibit VI). The contractor has not promptly made payment to Dunbar,

entitling Dunbar to judgment against Fidelity in the amount of the principal due, without
application of the Prompt Pay Act penalty and attorney fees,8 but with legal interest.

5 The Prompt Pay Act provides for an interest rate equal to the interest rate on overdue taxes [i.e., 7% in
2008, 5% in 2009, 5% in 2010, and 3% since 2011], when a progress payment is not made when due to a
contractor or subcontractor. Id. §§ 3932(c), 3933(d). Provision is also made for interest (up to 10%)
when final payment to the contractor is not made when due. Id. § 3941(b). There is no corresponding
provision for interest on late payment of the final amount due to a subcontractor, and as no progress
payments are involved in the instant action, we have elected to apply the legal rate of interest of six
percent. See 41 P.S. § 202; Fernandez v. Levin, 519 Pa. 375, 379, 548 A.2d 1191, 1193 (1988)
(addressing prejudgment interest); Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 354 (1981).
6 62 Pa.C.S.A. § 3935(a). July 8, 2009 is the date of the concealed settlement agreement among GEM,
Conneaut and Fidelity. Because GEM had committed to pay the entire paving amount to Dunbar,
including Roth's portion, for which there may have initially been some deficiencies, we cannot say that
GEM was acting in bad faith in withholding payment from Dunbar prior to Conneaut's acceptance and
payment to GEM pursuant to the settlement agreement.
7   Id. §   3935(b).
aA bonding company is not liable for penalties or attorney fees awarded pursuant to the Prompt Pay Act.
A. Scott Enterprises, Inc. v City of Allentown, 142 A3d 779, 788 (Pa. 2016).

                                                    11
                                              AD 2008      - 2122

                                          DUNBAR v. CONNEAUT

        The action against Conneaut is based upon unjust enrichment.                          A person is
enriched if he has received a benefit, and unjustly enriched if the retention of the benefit
would be unjust. Restatement (First) of Restitution §                   1   (1937), Comment (a). While it
can be said that Conneaut was enriched, its enrichment was not unjust. See D.A. Hill
Co. v. Clevetrust Realty Investors, 524 Pa. 425, 433-34, 573 A.2d 1005, 1010 (1990).

Conneaut paid for the asphalt and the paving work by virtue of its settlement with GEM
in July, 2009. Therefore, we will enter judgment in favor of Conneaut.

                                          CONNEAUT V. DUNBAR

        This action for attorney fees was not pursued, and will be dismissed.9

                                   GEM v. ROTH and ROTH v GEM

        This Court finds in favor of Roth, incorporating all of the findings referred to
above with respect to the action by Dunbar against GEM. The Court finds credible the
testimony of John Roth and Jeffrey Gold, to the exclusion of any contrary evidence
offered by either Greg Measel or Gale Measel. The testimony of John Roth and Bradley
Berlin were consistent: Mr. Roth understood that GEM was to pay the entirety of the
contract price to Dunbar which would, in turn, remit to Roth the amount due Roth. Mr.
Roth informed Bradley Berlin of his conversations with Greg Measel, which lead Mr.
Berlin to communicate with Greg Measel and later Gale Measel for the very purpose of
establishing the payment arrangement. Roth alone is entitled to the $17,000.00 which
was added to the original contract price of $113,353.00, as set forth in Exhibit XIX(a).
        What differentiates Roth from Dunbar is that, unlike Dunbar, there were problems
identified after completion of the project noted by the construction manager to be "with
the grading of the subgrade and/or sub -base."                      See Exhibit 27.   The grading of the
subgrade and/or sub -base was the primary responsibility of GEM, not Roth. While core
samples were taken which suggest that there may have been imperfections relating to
the depth of the asphalt applied, no evidence was offered to suggest that these
imperfections      represented material noncompliance with the specifications.                           The

9 Conneaut states in its joint "Closing Statement and Supporting Brief' that it "did not prosecute this claim
at trial and does not do so herein."

                                                      12
                                           AD 2008     - 2122

undisputed testimony is that Conneaut ultimately accepted the project and, after eight
years of use, the parking lot has stood the test of time.
          GEM's defense to the payment of Roth is that GEM was never paid by Conneaut
because the paving did not meet the specifications of the contract.                   The evidence
demonstrates that GEM was paid for the paving, albeit perhaps discounted in some
amount for which no evidence was offered. There was at least substantial compliance
by Roth, and the paving work was accepted by Conneaut.                    While we note that the
settlement amount of $287,000.00 is less than the total amount demanded by Roth, no
evidence was offered as to what portion of the difference, if any, was attributable to the
paving.We can only conclude that GEM was paid the full amount of the paving
component of the contract since there were any number of deficiencies claimed by
Conneaut against GEM having nothing to do with the paving.
          Even if, moreover, Conneaut never paid GEM for the paving, this would not
release GEM from honoring its contract with Roth, because the paving was accepted by
Conneaut and the record supports the conclusion that the parking lot is in good order. If
GEM entered into a settlement agreement with Conneaut that provided no money for
the asphalt or paving, it is GEM that must bear the loss, not Dunbar or Roth, because
the parking lot has been accepted.
            Roth is entitled to receive damages in the principal amount of $52,278.06, being
the sum of the $113,353.00 contract price plus $17,000.00 for additional work, less the
$78,074.94 due Dunbar for asphalt. Interest is also due at the legal rate of six percent
per annum from November 25, 2009 (when its counterclaim was filed).10 The Court will
also exercise its discretion under the Prompt Pay Act in awarding a penalty of one
percent per month for payment having been withheld in bad faith after July 8, 2009
when GEM settled with Conneaut and Fidelity," together with attorney fees and
expenses as the prevailing party.

1°   See note 5, above.
11 62 Pa.C.S.A. § 3935(a). Because GEM had committed to pay the entire paving amount to Dunbar,
including Roth's portion, for which there may have initially been some deficiencies, we cannot say that
GEM was acting in bad faith in withholding payment from Dunbar prior to Conneauts acceptance and
payment to GEM pursuant to the settlement agreement.

                                                  13
                                       AD 2008    -2122

                                    ROTH V. CONNEAUT

        The claim of Roth against Conneaut for unjust enrichment will be dismissed, as
having been made in the alternative to the preceding claims, which were decided in
favor of Roth.
                  CLAIMS FOR INDEMNITY AND/OR CONTRIBUTION

                                       GEM   V.   ROTH

        Based on the findings set forth above, we find in favor of Roth, and will dismiss
the claim.

                                      FIDELITY V. ROTH

        Based upon the foregoing findings, we find in favor of Roth and will dismiss the
clam.

                              CONNEAUT V. GEM and FIDELITY

        The claims of Conneaut against both GEM and Fidelity for indemnity and/or
contribution will be dismissed as moot because of our finding in favor of Conneaut on
Dunbar's claim, and the dismissal of Roth's claim against Conneaut as having been
stated in the alternative to its claims against GEM.

                                   FIDELITY v. CONNEAUT

        On the claim of Fidelity against Conneaut for indemnity, the Court notes that,
while the claim was never answered, it does not mature until entry of our verdict. We,
accordingly, make no ruling on this claim.

        Accordingly, we enter the following Verdict:

                                             14
                                                 AD 2008      - 2122

                                                 VERDICT
John F. Spataro, J.

         AND NOW, this 7th day of December, 2016, following a bench trial, the verdict of

the Court is as follows, summarized in the table below:

                          Prevailing      Principal                                     Attorney Fees
         Action                                           Interest          Penalty                        Total
                            Party         Damages                                        & Expenses
 Dunbar v. GEM             Dunbar         $78,074.94    $37,630.00         $69,616.69     $45,306.91    $230,628.74
 Dunbar v. Fidelity        Dunbar         $78,074.94     $37,630.00                                     $115,704.94
 Dunbar v. Conneaut       Conneaut                                                                                 N/A
 Conneaut v. Dunbar      not pursued                                                                               N/A
 GEM v. Roth                Roth                                                                                    $0
 Roth v. GEM                Roth          $52,278.06    $21,921.96         $46,321.53     $39,940.10    $160,461.65
 Roth v. Conneaut            N/A                                                                                   N/A
                                       Claims for Indemnity and/or Contribution
 GEM v. Roth                Roth                                                                                   N/A
 Fidelity v. Roth           Roth                                                                                   N/A
 Conneaut v. GEM             N/A                                                                                   N/A
 Conneaut v. Fidelity        N/A                                                                                   N/A
 Fidelity v. Conneaut     no ruling

    1.   On the claim of Dunbar Asphalt Products, Inc. and Dunbar Asphalt, LLC (collec-
         tively, "Dunbar") against GEM Building Contractors and Developers, Inc. ("GEM")
         for breach of contract, the Court finds in favor of Dunbar and enters judgment
         against GEM in the amount of $230,628.74, equal to the sum of the following:

             a. Principal damages in the amount of $78,074.94; plus

             b.     Interest at the rate of 6% per annum from November 26, 2008, in the
                    amount of $37,360.00; plus

             c.     Penalty of 1% per month from July                8,   2009, in the amount of $69,616.89;
                    plus

             d.     Attorney fees and expenses in the amount of $45,306.91 (subject to
                    adjustment through subsequent proceedings).

         The judgment will accrue interest in the per diem amount of $12.8342, and
         penalty in the per diem amount of $26.0250, for a total per diem amount of
         $38.8592.

   2.    On the claim of Dunbar against Fidelity and Deposit Company of Maryland
         ("Fidelity"), for breach of surety contract, the Court finds in favor of Dunbar and

                                                         15
                                   AD 2008    - 2122

     enters judgment against Fidelity in the amount of $115,704.94, equal to the sum
     of the following:

        a. Principal damages in the amount of $78,074.94; plus

        b.   Interest at the rate of 6% per annum from November 26, 2008, in the
             amount of $37,630.00.

     The judgment will accrue interest in the per diem amount of $12.8342.

3.   On the claim of Dunbar against Conneaut School District ("Conneaut") for unjust
     enrichment, the Court finds in favor of Conneaut and DISMISSES the claim.

4. The counterclaim of Conneaut against Dunbar was not pursued, and is therefore
     DISMISSED.

5.   On the claim of GEM against John Roth, d/b/a Roth Paving, a/k/a JR Roth Pav-
     ing, a/k/a Pave Masters J.M. Roth's (collectively, "Roth") for breach of contract,
     the Court finds in favor of Roth and DISMISSES the claim.

6.   On the counterclaims of Roth against GEM for breach of contract and violation of
     the Prompt Pay Act, the Court finds in favor of Roth and enters judgment against
     GEM in the amount of $160,461.65, equal to the sum of the following:

        a. Principal damages in the amount of $52,278.06; plus

        b.   Interest at the rate of 6% per annum from November 25, 2009, in the
             amount of $21,921.96; plus

        c.   Penalty of 1% per month from July 8, 2009, the amount of $46,321.53;
             plus

        d.   Attorney fees and expenses in the amount of $39,940.10 (subject to
             adjustment through subsequent proceedings).

     The judgment will accrue interest in the per diem amount of $8.5936, and penalty
     in the per diem amount of $17.4260, for a total per diem amount of $26.0196.

7. The counterclaim of Roth against Conneaut for unjust enrichment is DISMISSED,
   as having been made in the alternative to the preceding counterclaims against
     GEM, which are decided in favor of Roth.

8.   On the claim of GEM against Roth for indemnity, the Court finds in favor of Roth
     and DISMISSES the claim.

                                         16
                                  AD 2008 - 2122

9.   On the claim of Fidelity against Roth for indemnity, the Court finds in favor of
     Roth and DISMISSES the claim.

10.The crossclaims of Conneaut against GEM and against Fidelity for indemnity
   and/or contribution are DISMISSED as moot.

11. The Court makes no ruling on the crossclaim of Fidelity against Conneaut for in-
     demnity.

                                      BY THE COURT.

                                        17