Court Opinion

ID: 8207209
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-19 13:10:20.884239+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:41:23.077399
License: Public Domain

09/16/2022
                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                              AT JACKSON
                       Assigned on Briefs July 1, 2022

                                 IN RE SCARLETT F.

                Appeal from the Chancery Court for Madison County
                    No. 78535     James F. Butler, Chancellor

                             No. W2021-01292-COA-R3-PT

A mother appeals the trial court’s decision to terminate her parental rights based on the
grounds of (1) substantial noncompliance with the permanency plans, (2) persistence of
conditions, (3) severe child abuse, and (4) failure to manifest an ability and willingness to
personally assume custody or financial responsibility of the child. She further challenges
the trial court’s finding by clear and convincing evidence that termination of her parental
rights was in the best interest of the child. We vacate the substantial noncompliance ground
and reverse the persistence of conditions and failure to manifest an ability and willingness
to assume custody or financial responsibility grounds. Concluding that the record does not
contain clear and convincing proof that termination is in the best interest of the child, we
reverse the trial court’s order terminating the mother’s parental rights.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Vacated in
            Part, Affirmed in Part, Reversed in Part, and Remanded

ANDY D. BENNETT, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which JOHN W. MCCLARTY
and KENNY W. ARMSTRONG, JJ., joined.

Bob C. Hooper, Brownsville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Tara F.

Lanis L. Karnes and Jennifer Coats Covellis, Jackson, Tennessee, for the appellees, Kevin
A. and Renae A.

John Andrew Anderson, Lexington, Tennessee, guardian ad litem.
                                        OPINION

                       FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       This case involves the termination of Tara F.’s (“Mother”) parental rights to her
daughter, Scarlett F. (born in 2017). Mother has a lengthy history of substance abuse that
began as early as age seventeen. Over a twenty-year period, she entered numerous drug
detox and/or rehabilitation facilities but usually failed to remain sober longer than a year.
Her struggles with substance abuse resulted in the Tennessee Department of Children’s
Services (“DCS” or “the Department”) removing her two older children, Brian (born in
2005) and Caleb (born in 2011), from her custody; both children were adopted by relatives
before Scarlett’s birth.

        While still pregnant with Scarlett, Mother lived at a rehabilitation facility called
Renewal House and was prescribed buprenorphine to treat her addiction to opioids.
Because this prescription was used as part of Mother’s treatment program, the child was
born addicted to buprenorphine and had to stay in the hospital for thirty days to “wean off
it slowly.” Once the child was released from the hospital, Mother returned to Renewal
House, and she was permitted to keep the child with her there while continuing substance
abuse treatment. Mother remained at Renewal House until the child was fourteen months
old. Then, near the end of April 2018, someone found a pack of cigarettes and a crack pipe
in the child’s stroller. Mother claimed that the paraphernalia was not hers, and she claimed
that her drug screens from before and after the incident proved that the paraphernalia was
not hers because she tested negative for illegal substances. Nevertheless, the facility asked
her to leave.

       Upon leaving Renewal House, Mother moved into her grandmother’s home and
began using drugs again within approximately six weeks. The Department became
involved on July 3, 2018, after receiving a report that the child was exposed to drugs.
Mother admitted to DCS that she used heroin on a daily basis, and she submitted to a drug
screen that returned positive for cocaine, morphine, and buprenorphine. During this
investigation, DCS’s investigator noticed that the child had a significant diaper rash and
took her to the hospital where the child was treated with a medicated ointment. The
Madison County juvenile court entered a protective custody order removing the child from
Mother’s custody and placing her in the temporary legal custody of DCS on July 10, 2018.
The court then strongly admonished Mother “to immediately enter a facility to detox.”
After initially refusing to enter the detox facility, Mother eventually acquiesced only to
leave the facility within twenty-four hours against medical advice.

       Approximately a month after the removal, a hair follicle drug screen was performed
on the child, and it returned positive for cocaine and benzoylecgonine. The child’s positive
drug screen prompted DCS to file a petition for dependency and neglect that the juvenile
court heard on October 2, 2018. In an order entered on November 15, 2018, the juvenile

                                            -2-
court adjudicated the child dependent and neglected and found that, by exposing the child
to drugs, Mother committed severe child abuse as defined by Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-102.
The court then ordered that the child remain in DCS custody. The Department placed the
child in the home of Kevin A. and Renae A. (collectively, “Foster Parents”), where she has
stayed continuously throughout these proceedings.

        After the child was removed from Mother’s custody, DCS developed an initial
permanency plan on July 25, 2018, which the juvenile court ratified on August 7, 2018. At
first, Mother made no progress towards completing the requirements1 of this plan because
shortly after its creation Mother was arrested for stealing guns and other valuables from
her grandmother as well as for writing bad checks on an account belonging to her
grandmother. She remained in jail for the next four months, but she was released in January
2019 when the charges against her were dropped due to her grandmother’s death.
Immediately upon release from jail, Mother entered a one-year inpatient substance abuse
treatment program at Hope Recovery Center/Women of Hope (“Women of Hope”). While
Mother was in the one-year program at Women of Hope, DCS created two more
permanency plans that were each ratified by the juvenile court. In the ratification orders
for those permanency plans, the court found that Mother had made limited progress
towards satisfying the plans’ requirements because she still needed to complete the
inpatient treatment program.

        On November 20, 2019, less than two months before Mother was scheduled to
graduate from Women of Hope, Foster Parents filed in the Madison County chancery court
a petition seeking to terminate Mother’s parental rights and to adopt the child. Prior to the
filing of the termination petition, Mother regularly attended four hours of supervised
visitation per month that had been permitted by the juvenile court. After filing an answer
and completing the year-long program at Women of Hope in January 2020, Mother filed a
motion requesting an increase in visitation. The chancery court denied the motion and, sua
sponte, suspended all visitation stating that it was the court’s general policy to suspend all
visitation upon the filing of a termination petition.

       The trial for Foster Parents’ termination petition began on August 24, 2020.
However, due to no fault of Mother, the chancery court continued subsequent days of
proof,2 and the trial did not conclude until June 1, 2021. Because the trial was not
completed in the time frame initially expected by the court, Mother filed a motion in
October 2020 requesting that the court reconsider the suspension of Mother’s visitation

   1
     The specific requirements for this permanency plan and each subsequent permanency plan will be
addressed later in this opinion.
   2
     Originally, the second day of trial was scheduled for September 29, 2020, but it had to be rescheduled
for November 6 and 13, 2020, due to Foster Parents and one of their attorneys possibly being exposed to
COVID-19. The court rescheduled the matter for January 5 and 6, 2021, because one of Foster Parents’
attorneys underwent surgery. Finally, the court postponed the January 2021 trial dates due to the Supreme
Court’s COVID-19 order suspending in-person court proceedings.
                                                   -3-
rights. The court denied the motion. Therefore, when the trial concluded, Mother had not
been allowed to visit with the child in over a year.

        Once the trial concluded, the chancery court entered an order terminating Mother’s
parental rights. The court determined that Foster Parents proved by clear and convincing
evidence the following grounds for termination: (1) substantial noncompliance with the
requirements of the permanency plans, (2) persistence of conditions, (3) severe child abuse,
and (4) failure to demonstrate an ability and willingness to assume custody or financial
responsibility. The court further determined that there was clear and convincing evidence
that termination of Mother’s parental rights was in the best interest of the child.

        Mother appealed and presents the following issues for our review: (1) whether the
chancery court erred in not dismissing Foster Parents’ termination petition based on the
equitable doctrine of unclean hands, (2) whether the chancery court abused its discretion
in suspending Mother’s visitation rights while the termination petition was pending, (3)
whether the chancery court erred in finding by clear and convincing evidence that Mother
substantially failed to comply with the requirements of the permanency plans, and (4)
whether the chancery court erred in determining that termination of her parental rights was
in the best interest of the child.

                                   STANDARD OF REVIEW

        Under both the federal and state constitutions, a parent has a fundamental right to
the care, custody, and control of his or her own child. Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 651
(1972); In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d 240, 249-50 (Tenn. 2010) (citing Troxel v. Granville,
530 U.S. 57, 65 (2000)); Nash-Putnam v. McCloud, 921 S.W.2d 170, 174-75 (Tenn. 1996)
(citing Nale v. Robertson, 871 S.W.2d 674, 678 (Tenn. 1994)). Although this right is
fundamental, it is not absolute and may be terminated in certain situations. In re Angela
E., 303 S.W.3d at 250. Our legislature has identified “‘those situations in which the state’s
interest in the welfare of a child justifies interference with a parent’s constitutional rights
by setting forth grounds on which termination proceedings can be brought.’” In re Jacobe
M.J., 434 S.W.3d 565, 568 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2013) (quoting In re W.B., IV., Nos. M2004-
00999-COA-R3-PT, M2004-01572-COA-R3-PT, 2005 WL 1021618, at *7 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Apr. 29, 2005)).

       Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-113 provides the grounds and procedures
for terminating parental rights. First, a petitioner seeking to terminate parental rights must
prove that at least one ground for termination exists. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c)(1);
In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d at 251. Second, a petitioner must prove that terminating
parental rights is in the child’s best interest. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c)(2); In re
Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002).

                                             -4-
        The termination of a parent’s rights is one of the most serious decisions courts make
because “[t]erminating parental rights has the legal effect of reducing the parent to the role
of a complete stranger,” In re W.B., IV, 2005 WL 1021618, at *6, “and of ‘severing forever
all legal rights and obligations of the parent or guardian.’” Id. (quoting Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 36-1-113(l)(1)). Consequently, a parent has a constitutional right to fundamentally fair
procedures during termination proceedings. In re Hannah C., No. M2016-02052-COA-
R3-PT, 2018 WL 558522, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 24, 2018) (citing In re Carrington H.,
483 S.W.3d 507, 522 (Tenn. 2016)).

       Tennessee law ensures fundamental fairness in termination proceedings by
requiring a heightened standard of proof—clear and convincing evidence. See Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-1-113(c)(1); In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d at 522. Before a parent’s rights
may be terminated, a petitioner must prove both the grounds and the child’s best interest
by clear and convincing evidence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c); In re Valentine, 79
S.W.3d at 546. “Clear and convincing evidence ‘establishes that the truth of the facts
asserted is highly probable, and eliminates any serious or substantial doubt about the
correctness of the conclusions drawn from the evidence.’” In re Serenity B., No. M2013-
02685-COA-R3-PT, 2014 WL 2168553, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 21, 2014) (quoting In
re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d 643, 653 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004)).

       We review the trial court’s findings of fact de novo with a presumption of
correctness unless the evidence preponderates otherwise. TENN. R. APP. P. 13(d); In re
Serenity B., 2014 WL 2168553, at *2. In light of the heightened standard of proof, we
must then make our own determination “as to whether the facts, either as found by the trial
court or as supported by a preponderance of the evidence, amount to clear and convincing
evidence of the elements necessary to terminate parental rights.” In re Carrington H., 483
S.W.3d at 524 (citing In re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d 586, 596-97 (Tenn. 2010)).

                                          ANALYSIS

I. Equitable doctrine of unclean hands.

       Mother first contends that the chancery court should have dismissed Foster Parents’
termination petition pursuant to the equitable maxim of unclean hands, which provides that
“‘he who comes into a court of equity, asking its interposition in his behalf, must come
with clean hands.’” In re Mattie L., 618 S.W.3d 335, 344 (Tenn. 2021) (quoting C.F.
Simmons Med. Co. v. Mansfield Drug Co., 23 S.W. 165, 168 (Tenn. 1893)). The maxim
“protects the integrity of the court, ensuring that any claimant whose requested ‘relief
grows out of or depends upon or is inseparably connected with his own prior fraud . . . will
be repelled at the threshold of the court.’” Id. (quoting Fuller v. Cmty. Nat’l Bank, No.
E2018-02023-COA-R3-CV, --- S.W.3d ----, ----, 2020 WL 1485696, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Mar. 27, 2020)).

                                            -5-
       In becoming a foster home, Foster Parents entered into a contract with DCS whereby
they agreed not to “petition to adopt, obtain guardianship, or file for custody of [a]
child/youth in the care of DCS, unless [DCS] concurs with the plan and gives written
approval.” There is no dispute that DCS neither concurred in Foster Parents’ plan nor gave
approval to their petition to terminate Mother’s parental rights.3 Thus, Mother asserts, the
Foster Parents’ petition is “inseparably connected” to a prior fraud and the maxim of
unclean hands should bar them from bringing this action.

       Mother’s argument fails to take into account two important considerations that
govern the applicability of the doctrine of unclean hands. First, our Supreme Court has
held that “[t]he doctrine applies only to parties who seek an equitable remedy from a court.”
In re Mattie L., 618 S.W.3d at 344-45. Foster Parents did not request equitable relief from
the chancery court. Rather, they petitioned the court for statutory relief pursuant to Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-1-113. Second, the maxim “is limited to ‘misconduct connected with the
particular matter in litigation; and does not extend to any misconduct, however gross,
which is unconnected therewith, and with which [the opposing party] is not concerned.’”
Id. at 345 (quoting Chappell v. Dawson, 308 S.W.2d 420, 421 (Tenn. 1957)); see also
Henry R. Gibson & William H. Inman, Gibson’s Suits in Chancery § 18 (7th ed. 1988). In
other words, the doctrine of unclean hands traditionally

        applies to facts involving only two parties, plaintiff and defendant, and one
        transaction involving both parties. . . . General impropriety and misconduct
        that is not directed at the other party or that is tangential to the transaction at
        issue is insufficient to give rise to a defense under the doctrine of unclean
        hands.

27A AM. JUR. 2D Equity § 25 (2022) (footnotes omitted).

       The misconduct Mother complains of concerns whether Foster Parents breached a
contract they entered into with DCS—a third party. If Foster Parents breached the contract
with DCS, their misconduct (the breach) would have been directed at DCS not Mother.
Therefore, at best, Foster Parents’ misconduct was collateral or tangential to the issue of
whether Mother’s parental rights should be terminated. Based on the foregoing, we
conclude that the doctrine of unclean hands does not bar Foster Parents’ termination
petition.

   3
     On the first day of trial, an attorney for DCS appeared and stated that he was there to “inform the court
that the Department of Children’s Services is taking a neutral position on this TPR, and [DCS is] not going
to actively participate.”
                                                    -6-
II. Suspension of Mother’s visitation.

        Mother next asserts that the chancery court abused its discretion in suspending her
visitation rights. After Mother entered the Women of Hope treatment program in 2019,
the juvenile court ordered that she be allowed supervised visitation with the child for four
hours per month. She consistently attended the scheduled visits until the middle of 2020.
The individuals supervising the visits did not report any inappropriate behavior by Mother
during any of the visits, and neither DCS nor Foster Parents requested the visits cease due
to any concerns. Nonetheless, on July 6, 2020, the chancery court ordered that all visitation
between Mother and the child cease pending resolution of Foster Parents’ termination
petition because it was “the Court’s policy”4 to suspend visitation once a termination
petition is filed.

        Because decisions regarding custody and visitation are fact-specific and require
consideration of several factors, trial court’s have broad discretion to make such decisions.
Armbrister v. Armbrister, 414 S.W.3d 685, 693 (Tenn. 2013). Therefore, appellate courts
decline to reverse a trial court’s custody or visitation decision absent an abuse of discretion.
Id. A court abuses is discretion when it “appl[ies] an incorrect legal standard, reaches an
illogical result, resolves the case on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence, or
relies on reasoning that causes an injustice.” Gonsewski v. Gonsewski, 350 S.W.3d 99, 105
(Tenn. 2011).

        Mother argues that the chancery court’s decision constituted an abuse of discretion
because the court should have reviewed the visitation issue in light of the particular
circumstances of this case rather than simply applying a general policy. The termination
statute, Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113, provides that decisions to terminate a parent’s
parental rights must consider the best interest of the child, but the statute provides no
guidance regarding what, if anything, a court should consider when making visitation
decisions if a termination petition is pending. We find some guidance on this issue in Title
37, however, which, among other things, governs juveniles in foster care. Throughout Title
37, trial courts and DCS are directed to make decisions that are in the best interest of the
child. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 37-1-166(d)(3) (stating that, before ordering a child enter
DCS custody, a court must consider “all the facts and circumstances presented” and
determine whether “[c]ontinuation of the child’s custody with the parent or legal guardian
is contrary to the best interests of the child”); 37-2-403(a)(3) (providing that, when
reviewing the requirements of a permanency plan, a court shall approve the permanency
plan “if the court finds it to be in the best interest of the child”); 37-5-602(a) (directing
DCS that “[w]henever possible, preservation of the family should serve as the framework
for services, but, in any case, the best interests of the child shall be paramount”). If a court
has entered an order relating to visitation, Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-139(b)(1) provides that

   4
     The chancery court made no reference to a written policy or local rule supporting this statement, and
the parties do not assert that any such written policy or local rule exists.
                                                  -7-
the order, “[e]xcept for an order terminating parental rights or an order of dismissal, . . .
may be changed or modified . . . [u]pon a finding of changed circumstances and that the
change or modification is in the best interest of the child[.]” This language is similar to
that found in Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-101(2)(C) which governs modifications of prior
orders relating to visitation for custodial and non-custodial parents and states as follows:
“If the issue before the court is a modification of the court’s prior decree pertaining to a
[visitation] schedule, then the petitioner must prove by a preponderance of the evidence a
material change of circumstance affecting the child’s best interest.” Thus, custody and
visitation decisions usually must be based on what is in the child’s best interest under the
circumstances of a particular case.

       Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-6-106, a statute governing child custody,
provides that, “[i]n a suit for annulment, divorce, separate maintenance, or in any other
proceeding requiring the court to make a custody determination regarding a minor child,
the determination shall be made on the basis of the best interest of the child.” Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-6-106(a) (emphasis added). Removal and termination proceedings require
courts to make custody determinations regarding minor children. Ergo, the child’s best
interest is also paramount in such proceedings.

        Once a court determines it is in the child’s best interest to be removed from a
parent’s custody, the parent is the equivalent of a non-custodial parent in a traditional
parental custody case. “Tennessee courts have recognized that non-custodial parents have
a fundamental right to visitation.” Brewster v. Brewster, No. M2000-01174-COA-R3-CV,
2001 WL 401600, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 23, 2001) (citing Helson v. Cyrus, 989 S.W.2d
704, 707 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993)). Thus, once a child has been removed from a parent’s
custody, “the court shall, upon request of the noncustodial parent, grant such rights of
visitation as will enable the child and the noncustodial parent to maintain a parent-child
relationship unless the court finds, after a hearing, that visitation is likely to endanger the
child’s physical or emotional health.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-301. But, “the non-
custodial parent’s right of visitation may be limited or denied where there exists definite
evidence that visitation would threaten the child.” Brewster, 2001 WL 401600, at *3
(citing Suttles v. Suttles, 748 S.W.2d 427, 429 (Tenn. 1988)); see also Tenn. Code Ann. §
36-6-301. As we have explained:

               Because of the legal and psychological significance of a parent’s
       visitation rights, persons seeking to restrict or eliminate visitation must
       demonstrate that there is probable cause that the child will be placed at risk
       if visitation is permitted. The Tennessee Supreme Court requires that this
       proof must be “definite,” and Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-301 requires that the
       proof demonstrate that visitation is “likely to endanger the child’s physical
       or emotional health. . . .
               With these principles in mind, the courts have terminated or
       suspended visitation by a non-custodial parent only in extreme circumstances

                                             -8-
        such as (1) the non-custodial parent’s history of physically abusing his
        spouse and child; (2) the non-custodial parent’s abandonment of the child; or
        (3) conduct of the non-custodial parent that is injurious to the child’s physical
        health. In other circumstances, the courts have stopped short of terminating
        or suspending visitation when less restrictive alternatives, such as supervised
        visitation, have been reasonably available.

Wix v. Wix, No. M2000-00230-COA-R3-CV, 2001 WL 219700, at *11 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Mar. 7, 2001) (citations omitted); see also Brewster, 2001 WL 401600, at *3.

        Although not expressly stated, prior cases involving suspension of a parent’s
visitation rights in either a dependency and neglect or a termination of parental rights
setting have applied the foregoing principles rather than simply instituting a general policy
disallowing visitation. See In re Brian W., No. M2020-00172-COA-R3-PT, 2020 WL
6390132, at *1 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 30, 2020) (involving a trial court that suspended
parents’ visitation due to concerns about the children’s welfare because parents failed to
comply with the permanency plan addressing their significant neglect of the children); In
re La’Trianna W., No. E2016-01322-COA-R3-PT, 2016 WL 7175288, at *1 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Dec. 9, 2016) (involving a trial court that suspended a father’s supervised visitation,
upon DCS’s request, because he had a history of abusing the child’s mother and the child
was “terrified” of him); In re Kalob S., No. E2014-02016-COA-R3-PT, 2015 WL 4736029,
at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 12, 2015) (involving a trial court that suspended a father’s
visitation after he tested positive for illegal substances and stopped attending visits).

        In deciding to suspend Mother’s visitation rights, the chancery court concluded it
was appropriate to cease visitation because that was “the Court’s policy,” not because it
found that any of the above circumstances existed. Indeed, the evidence in the record
before this court indicates that no such circumstance existed and that supervised visitation
was reasonably available as a less restrictive alternative as it is undisputed that Mother had
been consistently attending supervised visits with the child before and after Foster Parents
filed the termination petition. We, therefore, conclude that the chancery court abused its
discretion in suspending Mother’s visitation rights. We do not believe this constitutes
reversible error, but we will take it into consideration in analyzing the grounds for
termination and the best interest factors.

III. Grounds for termination.

        A. Substantial noncompliance5

   5
    Generally, this is a termination ground relied upon by DCS, but a private party, such as Foster Parents,
may also rely on it in situations where the child was placed in DCS protective custody and where DCS
developed a proper permanency plan. In re Michael W., No. E2019-00107-COA-R3-PT, 2020 WL 405473,
                                                   -9-
       We turn now to the grounds for termination relied on by the chancery court. First,
the court terminated Mother’s parental rights pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
113(g)(2), which provides that a parent’s rights may be terminated where “[t]here has been
substantial noncompliance by the parent . . . with the statement of responsibilities in a
permanency plan pursuant to title 37, chapter 2, part 4.” To succeed under this ground, a
petitioner must “demonstrate first that the requirements of the permanency plan are
reasonable and related to remedying the conditions that caused the child to be removed
from the parent’s custody in the first place.” In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d at 656. Conditions
that make foster care placement necessary may “include conditions related both to the
child’s removal and to family reunification.” In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 547. The court
must then determine whether the noncompliance is substantial. In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d
at 656. In assessing a parent’s substantial noncompliance with a permanency plan, the
court should measure “both the degree of noncompliance and the weight assigned to that
requirement.” In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 548. “Trivial, minor, or technical deviations
from a permanency plan’s requirements will not be deemed to amount to substantial
noncompliance.” In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d at 656.

        During the two and half years following the removal, DCS created six permanency
plans: July 25, 2018; January 24, 2019; July 8, 2019; January 2, 2020; June 29, 2020; and
December 28, 2020. The first permanency plan required Mother to do the following: (1)
complete inpatient treatment and follow recommendations, (2) complete random drug
screens, (3) complete a mental health assessment with an alcohol and drug component and
follow recommendations, (4) obtain legal income and housing for at least four months, and
(5) attend supervised visits with the child. The second, third, and fourth permanency plans,
were created after Mother entered Women of Hope, and they added the following
requirements: (1) continue services through Women of Hope and find a stable home and
income after completing the program, (2) complete a psychological assessment with a
parenting component and follow recommendations, and (3) complete parenting classes.
The final two plans were created after the filing of the termination petition and after Mother
successfully completed the treatment program at Women of Hope. These plans added no
new requirements.

        The juvenile court ratified all six plans and found that the requirements of all of
them were reasonable and related to remedying the condition that necessitated foster care
for the child—Mother’s substance abuse issue. We agree with the juvenile court and note
that the last two plans expressly stated that Mother had completed all of the requirements.
We further note that, in ratifying the last two plans, the juvenile court acknowledged that
Mother was in compliance with the permanency plans but stated that the court “only ha[d]

at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 23, 2020) (citing In re Kaleb N.F., No. M2012-00881-COA-R3-PT, 2013 WL
1087561, at *21 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 12, 2013); In re Kah’nyia J., No. M2017-00712-COA-R3-PT, 2018
WL 2025217, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 30, 2018)). In the present case, the child was placed in DCS
custody, and the record contains several permanency plans created by DCS. Therefore, Foster Parents may
rely on this termination ground.
                                                - 10 -
jurisdiction to ratify” the permanency plans due to Foster Parents’ termination petition
pending in the chancery court.

        If the record contains evidence showing Mother was in compliance with the
permanency plans, on what basis did the chancery court conclude that Foster Parents
proved this ground by clear and convincing evidence? After a thorough examination of
the chancery court’s order terminating Mother’s parental rights, the answer to that question
remains a mystery because the court failed to make any findings of fact with respect to this
ground. Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-113(k) requires a trial court to “enter an
order which makes specific findings of fact and conclusions of law” in all termination of
parental rights cases. If a trial court fails to comply with this requirement, we usually must
remand the case for preparation of the necessary findings of fact and conclusions of law.
State v. McBee, No. M2003-01326-COA-R3-PT, 2004 WL 239759, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Feb. 9, 2004). However, we have previously declined to remand for reconsideration when
we affirmed both the existence of other grounds for termination and the trial court’s best
interest determination. In re Abbigail C., No. E2015-00964-COA-R3-PT, 2015 WL
6164956, at *14 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 21, 2015). This case differs from In re Abbigail C.
in that, although we determine at least one other ground for termination exits, we reverse
the chancery court’s best interest determination. Nevertheless, as in In re Abbigail C., we
decline to remand for further findings because our determination that the record lacks clear
and convincing evidence that termination is the child’s best interest makes further findings
on this ground unnecessary. The chancery court’s decision regarding this termination
ground is, therefore, vacated.

        B. Persistence of conditions.6

       The chancery court also terminated Mother’s parental rights pursuant to Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3). This ground is often referred to as “persistence of conditions” and
allows courts to terminate parental rights in situations where:

        The child has been removed from the home or the physical or legal custody
        of a parent . . . for a period of six (6) months by a court order entered at any
        stage of proceedings in which a petition has been filed in the juvenile court
        alleging that a child is a dependent and neglected child, and:

                (i) The conditions that led to the child’s removal still persist,
                preventing the child’s safe return to the care of the parent . . . , or other
                conditions exist that, in all reasonable probability, would cause the

   6
    On appeal, Mother challenges only the chancery court’s determination that clear and convincing
evidence existed to establish the substantial noncompliance ground. Nevertheless, we must review each
ground relied upon by the chancery court for terminating her parental rights. See In re Carrington H., 483
S.W.3d at 525.
                                                 - 11 -
              child to be subjected to further abuse or neglect, preventing the child’s
              safe return to the care of the parent . . . ;

              (ii) There is little likelihood that these conditions will be remedied at
              an early date so that the child can be safely returned to the parent . . .
              in the near future; and

              (iii) The continuation of the parent . . . and child relationship greatly
              diminishes the child’s chances of early integration into a safe, stable,
              and permanent home[.]

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3)(A). A petitioner seeking to terminate parental rights
pursuant to this ground must prove each of the statutory elements by clear and convincing
evidence. In re Justin D., No. E2019-00589-COA-R3-PT, 2020 WL 4473032, at *9 (Tenn.
Ct. App. Aug. 4, 2020) (citing In re Michael B., No. M2019-01486-COA-R3-PT, 2020 WL
2988932, at *10 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 4, 2020)).

       The persistence of conditions ground “focuse[s] on the results of the parent’s efforts
at improvement rather than the mere fact that he or she had made them.” In re Audrey S.,
182 S.W.3d at 874. The purpose behind this ground for termination is “‘to prevent the
child’s lingering in the uncertain status of foster child if a parent cannot within a reasonable
time demonstrate an ability to provide a safe and caring environment for the child.’” In re
A.R., No. W2008-00558-COA-R3-PT, 2008 WL 4613576, at *20 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 13,
2008) (quoting In re D.C.C., No. M2007-01094-COA-R3-PT, 2008 WL 588535, at *9
(Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 3, 2008)). Therefore, the question we must answer is “the likelihood
that the child can be safely returned to the custody of the [parent], not whether the child
can safely remain in foster care.” In re K.A.H., No. M1999-02079-COA-R3-CV, 2000 WL
1006959, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 21, 2000).

       Here, there is no dispute that the child was removed from Mother’s custody by a
protective custody order and then adjudicated dependent and neglected more than six
months before the termination hearing began. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3)(A)-
(B). There is also no dispute that the child was removed from Mother’s custody due to
drug exposure. In the two years following the removal, Mother made tremendous efforts
to demonstrate that the child could be safely returned to her custody by completing all of
the permanency plans’ requirements. She entered the intensive inpatient treatment
program at Women of Hope, and a year later, she successfully completed the program.
Since entering Women of Hope, Mother has submitted to numerous drug screens and all
of them returned negative for drugs. At the time of trial, she had been sober for over two
years.

      When the child entered DCS custody, there were some concerns about Mother’s
mental health because, at some point in her past, she was diagnosed as bipolar. Mother

                                             - 12 -
admitted that she no longer took medication to treat her bipolar diagnosis and explained
that she needed to avoid bipolar medication, if possible, due to her lengthy history with
substance abuse. Mother stated that she regularly attended counseling, and the counselor
monitored her to determine whether she needed to resume taking medication for her bipolar
condition. As of trial, the counselor did not believe medication was necessary because
Mother had not had an episode in over two years. Tashyra Williams, one of the DCS
caseworkers involved in this case, testified that she believed Mother addressed the mental
health concerns by completing a psychological assessment and then regularly attending
counseling sessions as recommended by the assessment.

       After graduating from the treatment program, Mother obtained employment and
housing through her rehabilitation community. Ms. Williams testified that she visited
Mother’s apartment and determined that it was appropriate. Indeed, Ms. Williams stated
that, prior to Foster Parents filing the termination petition, DCS believed Mother was
progressing so well that it began discussing increasing her visitation to unsupervised and
potentially doing a trial home visit7 once she graduated from Women of Hope. Mother’s
significant progress indicated that the conditions necessitating foster care would be
remedied at an early date and that the child could be returned to her in the near future.

        The chancery court acknowledged that Mother “has done fairly well in her most
recent rehabilitation and post rehabilitation setting.” But, the court determined “other
conditions” persisted that prevented the safe return of the child to Mother’s custody
because Mother had not progressed to unsupervised visits with the child. Thus, the court
concluded, any bonding between Mother and the child was “minimal,” and “return[ing] the
child to [Mother] and the loss of the family unit she had adapted to at [Foster Parents’]
home in light of the child’s history, would cause the child to regress and be re-traumatized
and mentally damaged.” From this language, it appears that the chancery court confused
this ground with other termination grounds. Although losing Foster Parents’ “family unit”
may be traumatic for the child, it does not establish that, “in all reasonable probability,”
Mother would subject the child “to further abuse or neglect.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
113(g)(3)(A)(i). The chancery court failed to focus on Mother’s efforts at improvement.
See In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 874. Focusing on Mother’s efforts at improvement, we
emphasize that Ms. Williams testified that Mother was doing well and that DCS was
discussing increasing Mother’s visitation to unsupervised when the termination petition
was filed. Ms. Williams stated that Mother was beginning to establish a bond with the
child, but the chancery court then improperly suspended all visitation and prevented
Mother from further solidifying a bond with the child. In other words, the “minimal”
bonding was not the result of Mother’s efforts. It was the result of the court’s actions.
Therefore, we conclude that the “minimal” bond between Mother and child does not

   7
   Ms. Williams explained that “[a] visit is when you see [the child] for a time frame,” whereas a trial
home visit is “[w]hen the child goes home and lives with the parent.”
                                                - 13 -
establish that “in all reasonable probability . . . the child [would] be subject to further abuse
or neglect.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(3)(A)(i).

        Based on the foregoing, we conclude that Foster Parents failed to prove by clear and
convincing evidence the first two elements of this ground: (1) that conditions persisted (2)
that would not be remedied at an early date so the child could be safely returned to Mother
in the near future. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3)(A)-(B). We reverse the chancery
court’s decision regarding this termination ground.

       C. Severe child abuse.

      The chancery court also terminated Mother’s parental rights pursuant to Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(4), which states:

       The parent or guardian has been found to have committed severe child abuse,
       as defined in § 37-1-102, under any prior order of a court or is found by the
       court hearing the petition to terminate parental rights or the petition for
       adoption to have committed severe child abuse against any child[.]

As relevant here, Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-102(27) defines “severe abuse” as:

       (E) Knowingly or with gross negligence allowing a child under eight (8)
       years of age to ingest an illegal substance or a controlled substance that
       results in the child testing positive on a drug screen, except as legally
       prescribed to the child; or
       (F) Knowingly allowing a child to be within a structure where any of the
       following controlled substances are present and accessible to the child:
           (i) Any Schedule I controlled substance listed in § 39-17-406;
           (ii) Cocaine;
           (iii) Methamphetamine; or
           (iv) Fentanyl[.]

       On November 15, 2018, the juvenile court entered an order adjudicating the child
dependent and neglected and finding that she was the victim of severe child abuse
perpetrated by Mother. She did not appeal the juvenile court’s order and does not dispute
the severe abuse finding. Because the juvenile court’s severe abuse finding in the
November 15, 2018 order satisfies the “ under any prior order of a court” language in Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(4), we conclude that the chancery court properly determined that
Foster Parents proved this ground for termination by clear and convincing evidence.

                                             - 14 -
       D. Failure to manifest an ability and willingness to personally assume custody.

       Finally, the trial court terminated Mother’s parental rights pursuant to Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(14). This ground requires a party to prove two elements by clear and
convincing evidence. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c)(1), (g)(14). First, a party must
prove that the parent failed to manifest “an ability and willingness to personally assume
legal and physical custody or financial responsibility of the child[ren].” Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 36-1-113(g)(14). Second, a party must prove that placing the children in the parent’s
“legal and physical custody would pose a risk of substantial harm to the physical or
psychological welfare of the child[ren].” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(14).

       To establish the first prong, the party seeking to terminate parental rights need only
prove that a parent failed to manifest either an ability or a willingness to assume custody.
In re Neveah M., 614 S.W.3d 659, 677 (Tenn. 2020) (citing In re Amynn K., No. E2017-
01866-COA-R3-PT, 2018 WL 3058280, at *13-14 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 20, 2018)).
“Ability focuses on the parent’s lifestyle and circumstances[,]” and willingness focuses on
the parent’s attempts “to overcome the obstacles that prevent [him or her] from assuming
custody or financial responsibility for the child.” In re Serenity W., No. E2018-00460-
COA-R3-PT, 2019 WL 511387, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 8, 2019). Thus, a parent’s
mere desire to reunite with his or her child is insufficient to demonstrate an ability or a
willingness. In re Nicholas C., No. E2019-00165-COA-R3-PT, 2019 WL 3074070, at *17
(Tenn. Ct. App. July 15, 2019). A parent must demonstrate ability and/or willingness as
of the date the termination petition was filed. In re M.E.N.J., No. E2017-01074-COA-R3-
PT, 2017 WL 6603658, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 27, 2017).

        At the time the termination petition was filed, Mother’s actions demonstrated a
willingness to assume custody and financial responsibility for the child. She consistently
attended the scheduled supervised visits with the child until the chancery court improperly
suspended her visitation rights. She had been sober and receiving intensive inpatient
treatment at Women of Hope for nearly a year. In fact, she was scheduled to graduate from
Women of Hope’s program in less than two months when Foster Parents filed the
termination petition. Mother also obtained employment through Women of Hope and
began paying child support shortly before the petition was filed. However, we must
conclude that she failed to demonstrate an ability to assume custody of the child because,
at the time the petition was filed, she had not obtained appropriate housing for the child as
she had not yet graduated from Women of Hope.

       Under the circumstances of this case, the second prong of the analysis presents us
with a more challenging determination. The chancery court concluded that Foster Parents
proved by clear and convincing evidence that returning the child to Mother “would pose a
risk of substantial harm to [her] physical or psychological welfare.” In reaching this
conclusion, the court relied heavily on the testimony of Dr. Patti van Eys, a clinical
psychologist, who testified on behalf of Foster Parents. The court certified Dr. van Eys as

                                           - 15 -
an expert on bonding and parenting capacity. Dr. van Eys conducted a bonding assessment
between the child and Foster Parents by observing them for twenty-one hours. Based on
the assessment, Dr. van Eys concluded that the child was “extremely bonded” with Foster
Parents and their two adopted children. Mother did not participate in the bonding
assessment but, relying on information provided by Foster Parents and the maternal
grandparents, Dr. van Eys concluded that “there [was] not a meaningful relationship at this
point in time with [the child] and [Mother].” Thus, Dr. van Eys opined, “it would be a
traumatic loss for [the child] to lose [Foster Parents] and to lose [their adopted children].”

        Dr. van Eys’s opinion on this issue causes this Court concern, but the record contains
evidence that we find even more disturbing and leads us to question how much weight
should be given to Dr. van Eys’s opinion. For example, the record contains evidence that
the foster mother interfered with Mother’s ability to form a meaningful bond with the child.
Melissa Brown, one of the supervisors for the visits between Mother and the child, testified
that the foster mother insisted on remaining in the room with the child during the first four
or five visits. Thus, the child often gravitated towards the foster mother during those visits
rather than forming a bond with Mother. Mother stated that she did not object to the foster
mother staying for those visits if it helped the child, but Ms. Brown and the other supervisor
for the visits eventually insisted that the foster mother not remain in the room during the
visits because it was not conducive to the therapeutic visitation. Even more disturbing,
Ms. Brown stated that she was unsure whether the child actually knew she was visiting her
mother because the child was so young when she was removed from Mother’s custody and
the foster mother repeatedly told the child during the visits to “tell your friend this, show
your friend that.” Indeed, the foster mother admitted that the child “didn’t know who her
mom was because she was told that [Mother] was a friend.”

        Despite this interference, the DCS caseworker, Ms. Williams, and the visitation
supervisors testified that Mother was beginning to develop a bond with the child when the
chancery court improperly suspended Mother’s visitation rights. Moreover, when asked if
Mother could develop a meaningful relationship with the child, Dr. van Eys responded that
“[i]t likely would depend on could [the child] still have access to [Foster Parents] as
extended family.” Mother acknowledged the bond between the child and Foster Parents
and stated that she had no intention of barring Foster Parents from the child’s life. She was
adamant that she was “more than willing for them to be [the child’s] family, too.”

       In forming her opinion that the child would be traumatized by losing Foster Parents,
Dr. van Eys relied on the child’s behavioral problems she observed in three video
recordings taken during a phone call with Mother, a videoconference visit with Mother,
and a car ride to an in-person visit with Mother. In the videos, the child is heard crying
and appears unsettled. According to Dr. van Eys, these behaviors constituted
“disregulated” behavior where “the child’s brain is just in kind of a threat mode, so they’re
not feeling safe, and they’re just kind of pure emotion and not thinking.” The foster mother
recorded those videos, however, and she admitted during her testimony that each video

                                            - 16 -
recorded only about thirteen minutes of the child’s behavior and that the child’s behavior
did ultimately calm down. Furthermore, Ms. Williams and the supervisors of the visits
testified that they did not observe the child acting “disregulated” during the visits, but
rather, observed her interacting with Mother and enjoying the visits.

        Finally, in concluding that the child would be traumatized if placed with Mother,
Dr. van Eys relied on her assessment that the child exhibited signs of numerous adverse
childhood experiences (“ACEs”). She stated that the child’s higher number of ACEs meant
there was a higher risk “for psychosocial problems, like depression, anxiety, PTSD,
problems like substance abuse, smoking, obesity, health conditions like COPD, [and] heart
disease” because they create “more toxic stress” in the child’s “little developing brain self.”
In making this assessment, she relied on a belief that the child suffered “profound neglect”
the first sixteen months of her life. However, the record contains evidence that the child
did not in fact suffer profound neglect for the first sixteen months of her life. Specifically,
Mother testified that she and the child lived in the Renewal House rehabilitation facility
for the first fourteen months of the child’s life. Mother admitted to suffering from
postpartum depression after giving birth but stated she still properly cared for the child and
that the child was happy. Mother’s friend, Clarkie Graham, who testified on behalf of
Foster Parents, corroborated Mother’s testimony. She visited Mother and the child at
Renewal House several times and described the child as “very adjusted. She was very
relaxed. . . . Everything was okay.” Ms. Graham did not observe signs of neglect until after
Mother left Renewal House, approximately two months before the child’s removal. Thus,
although Mother certainly neglected the child for two months and that behavior must not
be condoned, the record indicates that Dr. van Eys based her opinion on inaccurate
information. We, therefore, conclude that Dr. van Eys’s testimony on the topic of
“profound neglect,” while certainly relevant, should not be given significant weight.

        Based on the foregoing evidence, we cannot conclude that Foster Parents proved the
second prong by clear and convincing evidence. We acknowledge that we have previously
held that the second prong may be satisfied by opinion testimony that: (1) concerns existed
that a child would be at risk for psychological harm if placed with a parent with whom he
or she had no meaningful bond with because the parent made little to no effort to form a
bond and (2) that the child exhibited behavioral problems related to visitations with a
parent. See In re Terry E., No. E2020-01572-COA-R3-PT, 2021 WL 3438567, at *10
(Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 6, 2021). However, this case is significantly different because
Mother attempted to develop a meaningful bond with the child, but her attempts were
wrongly impeded by other people, and the basis of the opinion testimony regarding a risk
of psychological harm was contradicted by other evidence in the record. Therefore, under
this set of facts, we must conclude that the trial court erred in determining that Foster
Parents proved this termination ground by clear and convincing evidence.

                                            - 17 -
III. Best interest.

        Having determined that clear and convincing evidence of at least one statutory
ground exists to terminate Mother’s parental rights, we must next consider whether the trial
court properly determined that termination of Mother’s parental rights was in the best
interest of the children. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c)(2); In re Audrey S., 182
S.W.3d at 860. After a court finds that clear and convincing evidence exists to support a
ground for termination, the child’s interests diverge from those of the parent and the court
focuses on the child’s best interests. In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 877. A court must
view the child’s best interest from the perspective of the child, not that of the parent. Id.
at 878. A finding that at least one ground for termination of parental rights exists does not
necessarily require that a parent’s rights be terminated. Id. at 877. Because some parental
misconduct is redeemable, our termination of parental rights statutes recognize that
“terminating an unfit parent’s parental rights is not always in the child’s best interests.” Id.
The facts a court considers in its best interest analysis must be proven by “a preponderance
of the evidence, not by clear and convincing evidence.” In re Kaliyah S., 455 S.W.3d 533,
555 (Tenn. Ct. App. Tenn. 2015). Once a court makes the underlying factual findings, it
should “consider the combined weight of those facts to determine whether they amount to
clear and convincing evidence that termination is in the child’s best interest.” Id.

       When considering whether terminating a parent’s rights to a child is in the child’s
best interest, a trial court must consider the factors enumerated in Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-
1-113(i).8 A trial court is not required to find that each of the enumerated factors exists
before concluding that it is in the best interest of the child to terminate a parent’s rights. In
re M.A.R., 183 S.W.3d 652, 667 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005). Although in some circumstances
“the consideration of one factor may very well dictate the outcome of the analysis,” In re
Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 878, a court is still obligated to consider “all the factors and all
the proof.” In re Gabriella D., 531 S.W.3d 662, 682 (Tenn. 2017).

       Mother contends that the case should be remanded to the chancery court because
the court failed to make sufficient findings of fact regarding its best interest analysis.
Specifically, Mother argues that the court failed to identify the best interest factors it
considered applicable or to state how its factual findings applied to the best interest factors.
As discussed above, Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(k) requires trial courts to make “specific
findings of fact and conclusions of law” in termination cases, and, in certain circumstances,

   8
    The Tennessee General Assembly amended the statutory best-interest factors in 2021. See 2021 TENN.
PUB. ACTS ch. 190 § 1 (S.B. 205), eff. April 22, 2021. However, the factors applicable to this appeal are
the nine factors identified in Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i) (2020), which were in effect when the
termination petition was filed on July 16, 2020. See In re Braxton M., 531 S.W.3d 708, 732 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 2017) (holding the version of a termination statute “‘that was in force when the petition was filed
governs this case’”) (quoting In re Tianna B., No. E2015-02189-COA-R3-PT, 2016 WL 3729386, at *7
(Tenn. Ct. App. July 6, 2016)) .

                                                 - 18 -
we must remand the case if the trial court failed to prepare appropriate written findings of
fact or conclusions of law. See In re B.L.R., No. W2004-02636-COA-R3-PT, 2005 WL
1842502, at *14-15 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 4, 2005). A thorough review of the chancery
court’s order terminating Mother’s parental rights shows that Mother is correct that the
court failed to cite to the statutory best interest factors. However, the failure to cite to the
statutory factors is not always fatal to a termination order. We have held that “‘[a]
judgment in a termination case will not be set aside if it can be reasonably inferred from
the opinion or order that the decision was based on the statutory requirements.’” In re
Michael R.O., Jr., No. W2011-02488-COA-R3-PT, 2012 WL 1884699, at *10 (Tenn. Ct.
App. May 24, 2012) (quoting In re Jeremy D., No. 01-A-01-9510-JV00479, 1996 WL
257495, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 17, 1996)). The chancery court made numerous factual
findings in its best interest analysis, and those findings are specific enough that it can be
reasonably inferred from the order that the court based its decision on factors one, two,
four, and five. We, therefore, conclude that the findings are sufficient to afford reasonable
appellate review.

        Having found that the chancery court’s order provides sufficient findings of fact,
we turn to address whether Foster Parents proved by clear and convincing evidence that
termination of Mother’s parental rights was in the child’s best interest. As for the first best
interest factor, several witnesses testified that Mother “has made such an adjustment of
circumstance, conduct, or conditions as to make it safe and in the child’s best interest to be
in the home of the parent.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(1). Ms. Williams explained
that Mother had completed all of the recommended substance abuse treatment, had not
tested positive for any illegal substances in over two years, had obtained stable and safe
housing, and had cooperated with DCS and complied with the permanency plans. Indeed,
Ms. Williams stated that DCS never started a referral to terminate Mother’s parental rights
because Mother “was complying with the task[s] that we had on the plan.” Marcie
Hendrick, the executive director of Women of Hope, testified that Mother obtained
employment as her secretary shortly before Mother graduated from the treatment program
and that Mother continued to work for her over a year later. The maternal grandmother
initially testified on the first day of trial on behalf of Foster Parents and stated that she did
not believe Mother would remain sober because she had a history of relapsing. For various
reasons, the remaining days of trial did not occur until approximately a year later and, when
trial resumed, the maternal grandmother returned to the stand but on behalf of Mother. The
maternal grandmother stated that, since previously testifying, her opinion had changed and
that Mother had “become the daughter [she] never dreamed [she’d] have.” The maternal
grandmother explained that, when she nearly died from COVID-19 in October 2020,
Mother “stepped up” to take care of her and “ran my household.” The maternal grandfather
corroborated this testimony stating that Mother “took care of the house for [them]” during
the maternal grandmother’s illness. He said that Mother also “did most of the taking care
of” for Caleb, Mother’s son whom the maternal grandparents had adopted. Mother insured
Caleb made it to school and helped him with homework. Despite the pressure created by
the maternal grandmother’s illness, Mother remained sober, and the maternal grandfather

                                             - 19 -
stated that he “totally trust[ed]” Mother to care for Caleb. He explained that the only reason
they had not returned custody of Caleb to Mother was as follows:

       I’m old enough to draw social security, and so since we adopted Caleb, he
       can draw social security, so we’re putting back about $1,200 a month for his
       education. It has nothing to do with trust. It has something to do with
       finances.

This factor weights against terminating Mother’s parental rights.

        The chancery court placed great weight on the second best interest factor which
focuses on a parent’s potential for lasting change by examining “[w]hether the parent . . .
has failed to effect a lasting adjustment after reasonable efforts by available social services
agencies for such duration of time that lasting adjustment does not reasonably appear
possible.” Id. § 36-1-113(i)(2). The Department made reasonable efforts to assist Mother
in effecting a lasting adjustment by creating several permanency plans, assisting her in
obtaining the services necessary to complete the plans’ requirements, and scheduling visits
with the child. Again, Ms. Williams testified that Mother cooperated with DCS and
complied with all of DCS’s requirements. Mother stated that she had been sober for over
two years, and the results of numerous drugs screens she had submitted to over a two-year
period supported her testimony. The chancery court acknowledged this evidence of
Mother’s continued sobriety but concluded she had failed to make a lasting adjustment
because Dr. van Eys testified “that relapse for [Mother] is probable” and because Mother
“would not interview with Dr. van Eys, that fact must be taken into consideration.” We
disagree with the chancery court’s findings for two reasons. First, neither DCS nor any
previous order of the court required Mother to submit to a bonding assessment with Dr.
van Eys or anyone else. Foster Parents filed a motion requesting the chancery court to
order Mother to submit to the bonding assessment with Dr. van Eys, but the court denied
that motion. Second, our Supreme Court has found that “the risk that [a parent] may relapse
is a possibility only and does not amount to clear and convincing evidence” that termination
is in the best interest of the child. In re Gabriella D., 531 S.W.3d at 686. We, therefore,
conclude that this factor does not weigh in favor of termination.

        The third best interest factor considers whether the parent maintained regular
visitation with the child. See id. § 36-1-113(i)(3). Ms. Williams testified that Mother
consistently attended in-person supervised visits with the child between May and
December 2019 and then regularly visited with the child via videoconferences when DCS
began limiting in-person visits due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As explained above,
Mother attempted to increase her visitation, but the chancery court arbitrarily denied any
continued visitation when Foster Parents filed the termination petition. This factor weighs
against termination of Mother’s parental rights.

                                            - 20 -
         Next, the chancery court found that a meaningful relationship did not exist between
Mother and the child. See id. § 36-1-113(i)(4). As discussed above, Dr. van Eys believed
there was no meaningful relationship between Mother and the child, but the foster mother
interfered with Mother’s efforts to establish a meaningful relationship with the child by
leading the child to believe that Mother was merely a friend and by insisting on staying in
the room during several of the visits. Despite the interference, however, witnesses testified
that Mother was forming a bond with the child. When the supervised visitation began in
May 2019, Ms. Williams stated that “there was an awkward stage where [the child] was
still trying to get to know [Mother], but by June, the end of June, [the child] would come
in, they would hug, and they would play. . . .[T]hey were building a bond to know one
another.” Ms. Brown also testified that the child was hesitant when meeting Mother at the
first visit but the bond increased over time. In fact, in December 2019, Ms. Brown observed
the child “thr[o]w a fit to stay instead of leaving the visits.” Then, in January 2021, the
chancery court arbitrarily suspended Mother’s visitation rights halting any further efforts
for her to strengthen the growing bond with the child. We conclude that this factor weighs
in favor of termination but only very slightly.

       Regarding the fifth best interest factor—“[t]he effect of a change of caretakers and
physical environment is likely to have on the child’s emotional, psychological and medical
condition”—the record contains evidence indicating that removing the child from Foster
Parents would have a negative effect on her. Dr. van Eys testified that the child was bonded
to Foster Parents and their adopted children and that removing the child from Foster Parents
would be a significant loss for her. Dr. van Eys further testified that removing the child
from Foster Parents would cause the child severe trauma and mental damage. However,
the record contains evidence that Dr. van Eys based her opinion on inaccurate information
about the first sixteen months of the child’s life. The faulty premise of Dr. van Eys’s
opinion substantially negates this factor.

       The sixth best interest factor considers “[w]hether the parent, or guardian, or other
person residing with the parent or guardian, has shown brutality, physical, sexual,
emotional or psychological abuse, or neglect toward the child, or another child or adult in
the family or household.” Id. § 36-1-113(i)(6). As the chancery court found, the child was
born with drugs in her system because Mother received buprenorphine to treat her drug
addiction. Additionally, when the child was approximately sixteen months old, Mother
exposed the child to drugs, and a hair follicle test performed on the child one month
following the removal returned positive for cocaine and benzoylecgonine. Thus, Mother
did in fact abuse the child by exposure to drugs. This weighs in favor of termination.
However, by the time of trial, Mother had been sober for over two years and had fully
complied with the conditions DCS imposed for regaining custody of the child; this change
affects how we view this factor.

       Factor seven considers whether there is criminal activity in the home and whether a
parent is often unable to care for a child due to substance abuse. Id. § 36-1-113(i)(7). Ms.

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Williams testified that she visited Mother’s apartment and found that it was “healthy and
safe.” Foster Parents offered no proof that Mother had relapsed to abusing drugs. All the
proof indicated that Mother had not failed a drug screen in more than two years even though
she had been drug tested numerous times. Foster Parents’ proof focused on the fact that
Mother admitted to spending three or four nights a week at her parents’ home rather than
at her apartment because she was assisting her parents while her mother recovered from
complications caused by COVID-19. However, Foster Parents offered no proof that the
maternal grandparents’ home was unhealthy or unsafe. We consider it to be a positive that
Mother has reestablished a relationship with her parents. That relationship broadens the
support system for Mother and the child. This factor weighs against termination of
Mother’s parental rights.

       Factor eight focuses on a parent’s mental or emotional status. See id. § 36-1-
113(i)(8). Mother admitted that, in the past, she had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder.
She explained that she had not taken medication for that diagnosis in over two years, but
she stated that she regularly attended counseling and that the counselor did not recommend
that she take bipolar medication because she had not experienced any bipolar episodes in
two years. This factor is neutral.

       Lastly, factor nine considers whether a parent has paid child support. Id. § 36-1-
113(i)(9). Shortly before graduating from Women of Hope, Mother obtained employment
and began paying child support. The proof indicated that, at the time of trial, she was not
in arrears with her child support payments. This factor does not favor termination.

        The proof in this record shows that Mother has accomplished something rarely seen
in parental termination cases—she established that “[n]ot all parental misconduct is
irredeemable.” In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 877. Mother has worked with DCS and
completed all the tasks the permanency plans required of her. She received treatment for
a long-established drug addiction and has remained drug free for over two years after
completing that treatment. She has reestablished relationships with her parents and one of
her other children. However, while Mother was seeking treatment, the child established a
significant bond with Foster Parents and their two adopted children. We acknowledge that
Dr. van Eys opined that the child could suffer trauma if removed from Foster Parents, but
the record contains evidence showing that Dr. van Eys formed that opinion by relying on
inaccurate information about the child’s first sixteen months of life. It is clear that Foster
Parents love the child, but we cannot condone the foster mother’s interference with
Mother’s attempt to bond with the child or the chancery court’s improper suspension of
Mother’s visitation rights. Thus, we are unable to conclude that the combined weight of
the proven facts amounts to clear and convincing evidence that termination of Mother’s
parental rights is in the best interest of the child.

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       By so holding, we note that it does not mean that Mother immediately regains
custody of the child or that she will ever regain custody. It merely means that Foster
Parents failed to meet their burden of proof. As our Supreme Court has explained:

       [W]e do not at all condone or excuse the conduct that resulted in the removal
       of [this child] from Mother’s custody. . . . And we certainly do not minimize
       the genuine concern and affection Foster Parents have for [this child]. Our
       decision instead results from an objective and comprehensive review of the
       record to determine whether the facts presented satisfy the constitutionally
       mandated heightened standard of proof. This heightened standard is designed
       specifically to reduce the risk of erroneous decisions depriving parents of
       their precious and fundamental rights to the care and custody of children. In
       this case, this heightened standard of proof was not satisfied. We recognize
       that the result in this case is unusual, but this is an unusual case. Too often
       parents fail to rehabilitate themselves and make the changes needed to avoid
       losing their parental rights forever. The proof in this record establishes that
       Mother has been able to make the necessary adjustments. This is precisely
       how the system is designed to function. Should Mother revert to the
       reprehensible conduct that started the process that culminates with this
       decision, DCS will have the option of filing a termination petition, as the
       circuit court’s finding of severe abuse has not been disturbed on
       appeal. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(4).

In re Gabriella D., 531 S.W.3d at 686.

                                       CONCLUSION

       We vacate the chancery court’s determination that clear and convincing evidence
existed to establish the ground of substantial noncompliance with the requirements of the
permanency plans. We reverse the chancery court’s determination that Foster Parents
proved by clear and convincing evidence the grounds of persistence of conditions and
failure to demonstrate an ability and willingness to assume custody or financial
responsibility of the child, but we affirm the court’s determination that the ground of severe
abuse was proven by clear and convincing evidence. Because Foster Parents failed to prove
by clear and convincing evidence that termination was in the child’s best interest, we
reverse the chancery court’s order terminating Mother’s parental rights. The case is
remanded to the chancery court for entry of an order dismissing Foster Parents’ termination
petition. Costs of this appeal are assessed against the appellees, Kevin A. and Renae A.,
for which execution may issue if necessary.

                                                     _/s/ Andy D. Bennett_______________
                                                     ANDY D. BENNETT, JUDGE

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