Court Opinion

ID: 6901539
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-23 21:55:24.005485+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:06:10.464915
License: Public Domain

Mr. Justice Eakin
dissenting.
1. No contention is made in this court respecting the compliance or noncompliance with the terms of the contract for the first five years, only the legal effect of the option clause in the contract being involved; and the breach complained of goes to the refusal by defendant to permit plaintiff to continue its agency thereunder for the additional time. The defense relied upon in this court, is that the contract, under which plaintiff sought to have its rights recognized, consisted merely of an “agreement to agree” to an option, the terms of which were to be fixed in the future and therefore unenforceable. This position necessarily fails to take into consideration that the option clause must be construed with the entire contract, and constitutes a part of the consideration by which plaintiff was induced to assume the agency for the first five-year period. The terms thereof were in writing, and plaintiff, having satisfactorily performed its part of the contract, paid thereby the full consideration for the option. And it is well settled that an optional agreement, executed upon proper consideration, is not lacking in mutuality, and is enforceable. 9 Cyc. 334; 21 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law (2 ed.) 929, 933; House v. Jackson, 24 Or. 89, 95 (32 Pac. 1027); Clarno v. Grayson, 30 Or. 111, 120 (46 Pac. 426); Belch v. Miller, 32 Mo. App. 387, 398; Worthington v. Beeman, 91 Fed. 232, 234 (33 C. C. A. 475); Seaver v. Thompson, 189 Ill. 158 (59 N. E. 553); Hayes v. O’Brien, 149 Ill. 403, 407 (37 N. E. 73: 23 L. R. A. 555); Hawralty v. Warren, 18 N. J. Eq. 124 (90 Am. Dec. 613); Hall v. Center, 40 Cal. 63.
2. Less particularity is required in the terms of an agreement where, as in the case presented, the proceeding is not a suit in equity, or a suit for specific performance, but an action for damages. See Harlow v. Ore*92gonian, 45 Or. 520 (78 Pac. 737; Harlow v. Oregonian, 53 Or. 272 (100 Pac. 6), and cases above cited.
3. The point, then, for determination, and upon which the contest is here waged, is whether the terms by which the option is given are sufficient to constitute an agreement as they read, or amount merely to an “agreement to agree” in futuro. It is maintained by defendant that the provision for the continuance of the agency is made specifically to depend upon a revision of the prices for the beer to be furnished plaintiff, and that the prices shall be such as may be agreed upon, being thus merely an “agreement to agree.” United Press v. New York Press Co., 164 N. Y. 406 (58 N. E. 527: 53 L. R. A. 288), is especially relied upon as supporting this contention. The facts are not fully stated upon which the conclusion there is reached, but it would seem that the plaintiff had entered into a contract with the defendant, whereby the defendant agreed to receive “the said news report” from plaintiff therein, and to pay therefor “a sum not exceeding three hundred dollars during each and every week that said news report is received * * until the first day of January, in the year 1900.” To this agreement it was further added that the defendant should have the right to -receive the news report without interruption from and .after the date named, and the plaintiff was to “continue to deliver the same if required * * at a price which shall be fair and equitable to both of the parties, provided that such price shall not be more than any other daily morning- newspaper in the city of New York shall be required to pay * * for the same news report.” The language thus used is more indefinite, and much more incapable of being made certain of oral proof than the option clause under consideration. The price was to be fixed from time to time by agreement, and limited in the first instance to $300 per week, and in the second by what was “fair and equitable,” and not to exceed that paid by *93other daily newspapers in that city; the latter limitation, to some extent, being similar in principle to that considered in Hayes v. O’Brien, 149 Ill. 403 (37 N. E. 73: 23 L. R. A. 555), in which the contract was held to be mutual and binding. It is strongly intimated and suggested in the opinion in the United Press Case that it always becomes an important factor, whether the contract is executed in whole or in part, or executory only; and it is not clear from the brief statement of the contract there involved whether either of the provisions quoted constituted a part of the consideration for any prior dealings between them. While in the case at bar, taking the contract as a whole, it is manifest that the right to continue the agency for the additional five-year period constituted a very important part of the consideration for the first five years’ service, and the contract having been fully executed, and the consideration thereby fully paid for the first period, more latitude should be allowed in determining whether the provision in the contract, whereby the party paying such consideration was to receive the benefit thereof, than in a case where the option or contract is merely executory, or partly executory.
4. Again, under the view most favorable to defendant’s contention, the contract in that case, as to the first period (1892 to 1900) under which the news was to be furnished and upon which the option therein given was based, was subject to the indefiniteness and uncertainty here urged against the option paragraph only. Here the option has for its basis an agreement free from .ambiguity and uncertainty; there both the “basis” and “option” are subject to the charge of “uncertainty.” In other words, the uncertainty here, if any, must be construed with the terms of the entire instrument preceding it; while there, so far as disclosed by the opinion, the language involved was required either to stand or fall alone. We believe the *94case not to be in point, although the first impression of the writer was otherwise; but, if the deduction to be ma.de from the reasoning therein must have the effect claimed for it by the eminent counsel for respondent, it is not only against the decided weight of authority, but in conflict with the principles announced by the same court in Manchester Paper Co. v. Moore, 104 N. Y. 680 (10 N. E. 861), to which no reference is made. There the contract under consideration provided that the supplies for the plaintiff’s paper mill were to be furnished by defendant at the “ruling market rates,” and it was held competent to give in evidence the conversation of the parties, and all surrounding circumstances, for the purposes of determining what was meant thereby. Another case, and one in which the rule is carried farther than essential to a determination of this case, is Daggett & Grave v. Johnson, 49 Vt. 345, in which it appears the defendant had agreed to pay for a quantity of milk pans, “if satisfied with the pans,” and it was held “that the defendant had no right to say arbitrarily, and without cause, that he was dissatisfied and would not pay for the pans. He must act honestly and in accordance with the reasonable expectation of the seller, as implied from the contract, its subject-matter, and surrounding circumstances.” To the same effect, Livesley v. Johnston, 45 Or. 30, 43 (76 Pac. 13, 946: 65 L. R. A. 783: 106 Am. St. Rep. 647).
In Worthington v. Beeman, 91 Fed. 232, 33 C. C. A. 475, an option was given in the following language: “This agreement to continue to January 1, 1892, it being understood that you are to push the sale of these goods, and do all you can to further our interests, and, should you succeed in doing such a business as we may reasonably expect, then this agreement shall be renewed for two years more” — and it was held that this clause was not so indefinite or uncertain in its terms as to preclude an *95action for damages after the refusal of the defendant to renew at the expiration of the first term, and that the amount of business which defendant could “reasonably expect” might be shown by parol. In Watts v. Weston, 62 Fed. 136 (10 C. C. A. 302), there was presented for adjudication a provision in the contract, with reference to the sale of coal, in which, among other things, it was provided that the coal should be sold to the party there named “at a price to be agreed upon from month to month.” This agreement was held too indefinite and uncertain but suggested that, had there been some means of making the contract certain, it would have been adequate for the purposes intended; Judge La Combe observing: “Not only is the contract uncertain as to the price to be paid by the firm, but it is not by its terms capable of being made certain, either by reference to some umpire in case of a disagreement, or by providing that in the absence of an agreement it should be taken at the market price” — thus clearly implying that the words “market price” would have been sufficient to enable the party claiming under it to establish the same by parol.
Although not parallel as to the facts, the case of Livesley v. Johnston, 45 Or. 30, 43 (76 Pac. 13, 946: 65 L. R. A. 783: 106 Am. St. Rep. 647), is in point, so far as concerns the legal principles involved; and the rule there enunciated goes to a greater length than is insisted upon by appellant. In that case it was contended that the stipulation involved, to the effect that if the quality of the commodity purchased-should be inferior to that expected, or not in condition as .agreed upon, “according to the judgment” of the plaintiff therein or its agent, the plaintiff was not bound to accept it, thereby leaving the determination “subject to their mere will or caprice, thus nullifying their promise to purchase, and rendering it of no appreciable obligatory or binding effect upon them.” But notwithstanding this peculiar, and apparently arbi*96trary, provision, the contract was held enforceable; Mr. Justice Wolverton observing: “The purchaser is conceded the exercise of his judgment, but he exercises it at his peril, and, if he rejects the commodity, which nevertheless comes up to the stipulated standard, he is yet bound for the purchase price, and the seller may recover it of him on proof that he has complied with the terms, of the sale.” Applying the same reasoning here, the defendant was not bound to agree upon a revision of the prices of the beer to be delivered to plaintiff; but, if it refused to comply with this provision in the option, it did so at its peril, and left the matter to be determined entirely by what might prove to be the price ruling at the time, regardless of consequences.
5. In some respects the principles, here presented are analogous to those involved in Harlow v. Oregonian, 53 Or. 272 (100 Pac. 6); Harlow v. Oregonian, 45 Or. 520 (78 Pac. 737), where it was provided that in case either party demanded a dissolution, or a cancellation of the agency, and both could not agree upon the proper method therefor, each should appoint a man for that purpose; and, in the event of the failure of agreement of such two arbitrators, a third man should be appointed, whose decision would be binding. Here was an “agreement to agree” in the future,' if practicable; but, if no agreement could be reached, a method was provided for the determination of the controversy. The dissolution being discretionary with either party, it was finally demanded, and on failure to agree, the method mentioned was insisted upon; but the defendant therein refused to submit thereto, as did the defendant here refuse to submit to the “ruling price,” as the method of ascertaining the prices to be charged, and it was held that an action for damages against the defaulting party was maintainable. Among other authorities sustaining the foregoing views are Beemer v. Packard, 92 Hun. 546, 552 (38 N. Y. Supp. 1045); Mayer v. Neth*97ersole, 71 App. Div. 383 (75 N. Y. Supp. 987); Hayden v. National Bank, 130 N. Y. 146 (29 N. E. 143); Miller v. Kendig, 55 Iowa 174 (7 N. W. 500); Kaufman Bros. v. Farley Mfg. Co., 78 Iowa, 679 (43 N. W. 612: 16 Am. St. Rep. 462); Walsh v. Myers, 92 Wis. 397 (66 N. W. 250); Sergeant v. Dwyer, 44 Minn. 309 (46 N. W. 444); Armstrong v. Andrews, 109 Mich. 537 (67 N. W. 567); Maydwell v. Rogers L. Co., 159 Fed. 930 (87 C. C. A. 110); Mebius v. Mills, 150 Cal. 229 (88 Pac. 917); Pierce v. Tenn. C. & I. Co., 110 Ala. 533 (19 South. 22); Parker v. Pettit, 43 N. J. Law, 513; Hayes v. O’Brien, 149 Ill. 403 (37 N. E. 73: 23 L. R. A. 555). Now, in the option here presented, the language used reads: “Prices of beer shall be revised, but not exceed the prices ruling at that time.” The method thus provided for adjusting their difference, if any, was to be determined by the prices then prevailing. It is evident that it was contemplated that the prices at the end of five years would probably need revision; that such revision would inure to the benefit of the optionor or of the optionee, or both, and to accomplish this they reserved the right to make a revision, which, under some circumstances it was doubtless realized might have been above the prices specified in the contract for the first period, while under other conditions prices below those specified might have proved more advantageous. The reason for this is manifest; for, either by reason of the increase of defendant’s business throughout the country, or for other causes, a reduction in price, although temporarily giving smaller profits, might have yielded to defendant company a greater income for the entire period, and thus have resulted beneficially to either or both of the parties. Moreover, it furnished to defendant a lever by which plaintiff, by more favorable prices, might be induced to continue its services for the additional five-year term; while, on the other hand, if desirous of ridding itself of the agency, by means of a higher revision under *98the limitation provided, it might have had the effect of causing defendant not to exercise the option. Although, no doubt, recognizing the possible advantages to the optioner, the optionee appears to have been willing to run the risk, so long as protected by the clause .“not exceed the prices ruling at that time.” When, therefore, the exercise of the option was decided upon, it was proper that defendant be notified; for, in order to ascertain whether it was desirable to invoke the option clause in its behalf the agent, or optionee, was entitled to know what revision, if any, would be made, whether the prices of the commodity to be handled were to be reduced, or whether prices would be demanded which plaintiff might deem above the ruling price, and, if so, to have the differences adjusted by such proceedings as would prove essential to a determination of the effect of such limitation. And when plaintiff notified defendant of its intention to exercise the option, and defendant refused to recognize its rights, under any circumstances, to proceed, plaintiff was, if unable to make such a showing as would entitle it to equitable relief, left to the remedy pursued herein: Harlow v. Oregonian, 45 Or. 520 (78 Pac. 737); Harlow v. Oregonian, 53 Or. 272 (100 Pac. 6).
6. The most that may be said in support of defendant’s contention is that the language used in the option clause is susceptible of two or more constructions, one of which is that it merely intended to provide that, in the event an amicable agreement, concerning the revision of prices, could not be had, the agency, and contract covering it, regardless of such failure to agree, continued for another five-year period, and the “ruling price”' should prevail, which ruling price might be less, but not greater, than that named in the contract for the first five-year period; the other, that if such could not be accomplished by agreement, the “ruling price,” whether higher or lower than that specified in the contract, should prevail; while a *99third interpretation would be that forcibly presented by counsel for respondent, to the effect that it w,as merely an “agreement to agree,” and therefore void. In this connection we must keep in mind the settled rule of construction that, where a contract is susceptible of different interpretations, one or more of which would enable it to stand, and others which might vitiate the instrument, the construction giving effect to all its parts, and sustaining the contract and carrying out the evident intention of the parties thereto, will prevail, rather than the construction nullifying the instrument: Hildebrand v. Bloodsworth, 12 Or. 75, 80 (6 Pac. 233); Arment v. Yamhill County, 28 Or. 474, 479 (43 Pac. 653); Boykin v. Bank of Mobile, 72 Ala. 262 (47 Am. Rep. 408); Pressed Steel Car Co. v. Eastern Ry. Co., 121 Fed. 609 (57 C. C. A. 635).
7. Now, invoking this well-known canon of construction, the effect of the clause of the option under consideration was to say that, when the five-year period expired, all parties concerned would confer and make such revision of the prices as might be deemed advisable, and that if, on receipt by the optionor of notice of an intention on the part of the optionee to exercise the option, no agreement could be reached, the then ruling prices should prevail. When, therefore, the optionor received the notice and refused to consent to a revision, it became discretionary with the optionee whether it should act upon the assumption that the optionor was satisfied with the prices specified in the contract for the first period, or demand a change in conformity with the then ruling prices.
8. Defendant was notified of plaintiff’s intention to exercise the option, and not only failed to meet for such conference, but absolutely refused to recognize plaintiff as háving any rights under the contract after March 1, 1907. This left the agreement, in effect, as if the clause had read:
“In consideration of a compliance by the Olympia Bottling Works with the terms of the foregoing instrument, *100said company shall have the privilege of continuing the agency for five years after March 1, 1902, during which time all the terms of the foregoing contract shall remain m full force and effect, subject only to a modification, if it shall be a modification, that the prices to.be paid for beer shall be the prices ruling at the close of the first, and beginning of the second, five-year period.”
In this connection it is argued that, under any circumstances, it was incumbent upon the optionee to inform the optionor of its intent to insist upon the ruling price. Since this was stated in the option clause, of which the optionor’s knowledge was equal to that of the optionee, it would seem that such notice was unnecessary; for the law does not require vain or useless things, and as the optionor notified the optionee that it would not, under any circumstances, permit the agency to continue, plaintiff was thereby relieved from .any further duty in this respect. See Livesley v. Krebs Hop Co., 107 Pac. 460, and authorities there collated on this feature.
9. The question as to what was meant by “prices ruling at that time,” and also as to what the ruling prices on March 1, 1907, were, may be shown, for which purpose parol testimony is admissible. For, as to whether it had reference to the market price, or the price at which beer was disposed of at wholesale, or such prices as were allowed to similar agencies, does not appear from the contract. This raised, in the language of the option, a patent ambiguity, opening it to inquiry as to which should govern, or what was intended by the terms used, all of which was for the jury. See Manchester Paper Co. v. Moore, 104 N. Y. 680 (10 N. E. 861), and other authorities above cited.
For the errors complained of, the judgment is reversed, and a new trial ordered. Reversed.