Court Opinion

ID: 9522773
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-07 02:32:12.8724+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:03:54.615980
License: Public Domain

Burgess, J.
¶ 1. This case involves a dispute among family members regarding the disposition of the estate of Raymond Doran, who died intestate in February 2004. There are twenty-one interested heirs, including Raymond’s three surviving siblings and the children of four siblings who predeceased Raymond. At issue are 187 acres of real property near the town of Castleton. The estate’s co-administrators obtained a license to sell the property, and they held a private auction limited to family members. Appellant James Doran, one of Raymond’s nephews, was the highest bidder. The probate court confirmed the bids, and Raymond’s sister, Catherine Pellegrino, appealed this order to the superior court. Shortly thereafter, James assigned his interest in the property to a limited liability corporation, whose members included himself, his attorney in this case, Harry Ryan, and other nonfamily members. The superior court struck the probate orders, finding that James had acted in bad faith, and it remanded the case to the probate court. James appeals from this decision, and we affirm.
¶2. The record indicates the following. The property at issue was purchased by Raymond and his parents between 1917 and *3511961. The superior court found that Raymond wanted to keep the property in the family, and that he had preserved the property for the family since the 1950s. Six of Raymond’s heirs, including Catherine, own property adjacent to the estate’s property. Following Raymond’s death, Carl Scott and Joseph Doran were appointed as administrators of his estate. Joseph is Raymond’s nephew, and Carl is married to one of Raymond’s nieces. The administrators, specifically Carl Scott, sought input from the heirs as to how best to dispose of the property and sought to implement their wishes. Based on conversations with the heirs, the administrators determined that the growing consensus was to keep the property in the family and preserve it from development. Two heirs, each of whom held a small fractional share (1/72) of the estate, were interested in selling the property to the highest bidder, either within the family or outside of the family. The property was valued at $425,000 by a certified appraiser when treated as a single parcel, and the town assessed its value at $561,000. Ultimately, the administrators decided that some form of a sale of the property was best.
¶ 3. In September 2004, the administrators moved the probate court for a license to sell the property, indicating that the sale was necessary to provide a method of transferring the wealth of the estate equitably to each of the heirs. Following a January 2005 hearing, the court directed the administrators to develop a proposal for disposing of the real estate prior to the next scheduled hearing. In this order, the court noted that the heirs had concerns about whether the property should be sold as a whole or as four separate lots, whether development restrictions should be put on any sale of the property, and whether the appraisals accurately reflected the current value of the property. Given these issues, and the fact that some interested heirs had not been present at the January hearing, the court directed the administrators to consult with the heirs in developing their proposal for selling the property.
¶4. At a February 2005 probate hearing, two of the heirs, Catherine and Peter Doran, each offered to purchase the full parcel of real estate for $561,000 and $425,000, respectively. The administrators rejected Catherine’s offer because she had indicated that she might sell parts of the property to a nonfamily member to defray the costs of acquiring and preserving certain land. Administrator Scott indicated his belief that the heirs *352wanted to restrict any sale of the property to family members only, and the administrators did not want to upset that perceived consensus by allowing Catherine to purchase the property knowing that she might then sell off part of the property outside of the family.
¶ 5. Following the February hearing, the probate court issued a license to sell the real estate, and the administrators continued to develop a plan for the sale that would satisfy the heirs. During this time, Catherine’s daughter, Mary, offered to purchase the property for $561,000 on behalf of a group of heirs that included Catherine and Ambrose Doran, one of Raymond’s brothers. The administrators rejected this offer as well based on a desire to create an opportunity where multiple family members could own part of the property. The administrators finally decided to sell the property in four parcels, divided along the lines of the original four lots purchased by Raymond and his parents, in a private auction that would be open only to family members.
¶ 6. Thirteen family members attended the June 2005 auction, and James placed the winning bids on all four lots. The attorney for the estate then sent a purchase and sale agreement to James. James’s attorney modified this agreement by adding new language and several contingencies. The attorney made the following modifications: changed the purchaser from James Doran to “Jim Doran his heirs or assigns”; inserted a clause making James’s obligation under the agreement contingent on his receipt of any permitting necessary for his plans to use and develop the property; and added a mortgage contingency defined and limited only with the phrase “on terms acceptable to Purchaser.” Administrator Joseph Doran, James Doran’s brother, apparently signed this amended contract when James brought it to him, without either party commenting on the changes. Ultimately, however, the administrators decided that the new terms of contract were not acceptable.
¶ 7. In August 2005, James advised the probate court that he was unwilling to proceed with the purchase under the terms of the original purchase and sale agreement, but he would proceed if the contract drafted by his attorney was accepted. James also stated that he would not object to the second-highest bidders purchasing the lots on the same terms that had first been offered to him. Administrator Scott subsequently sent two purchase and sale agreements to the second-place bidders, and both contracts were returned, signed and with deposits. The probate court later *353issued an order confirming James’s bids, subject to an undefined financing contingency. The confirmation order made no mention of any second opportunity for the second-place bidders to buy the lots at the price offered by James, but it did state that the second-highest bids on each of the four lots were confirmed in the event that James did not purchase the lots. In mid-September, James informed the estate’s attorney that he accepted the terms for sale as set forth by the probate court. Catherine then appealed to the superior court from the probate court’s order confirming the sale.
¶ 8. The superior court conducted a de novo appeal. See Reporter’s Notes, V.R.C.P. 72(d) (appeal from probate court is by trial de novo in superior court); Whitton v. Scott, 120 Vt. 452, 458, 144 A.2d 706, 709-10 (1958). In other words, the case was treated as if it had originated in superior court rather than probate court. Catherine identified the following questions on appeal:
1. Should the Administrators be permitted to sell all or any part of the Estate’s real estate owned by the decedent at his death?
2. If any real estate is to be sold, how much and on what terms?
3. Should the interest and desires of a majority of the heirs-at-law have a bearing on the determination of what portion of the real estate should be sold?
¶ 9. After a two-day trial, at which administrator Scott, James, and Catherine’s daughter, Mary, testified, the superior court answered all of the questions in the affirmative. The court concluded that the sale was allowed by statute, and that the administrators were entitled to sell “that part of the estate deemed necessary, either at public or private sale, as will be most beneficial to all parties concerned.” 14 V.S.A. § 1651(6). It found that the heirs’ desires should have a bearing on what portion of the real estate should be sold, and that both Raymond and the heirs wanted the property to remain in the family. In fact, the court explained, the administrators had given careful consideration to the individual interests and desires of the heirs, and arrived at an eminently fair and creative solution. The court concluded that the auction would have achieved the administrators’ goal of satisfying the wishes of Raymond and the heirs but for the *354undisclosed agenda of James, who had taken advantage of his family-member status to acquire the land privately so that he could turn around and sell it on the public market.
¶ 10. The court’s conclusion regarding James’s conduct was based on evidence presented for the first time during the de novo superior court trial. The undisputed evidence showed that shortly after Catherine filed her appeal in the superior court, James transferred his interest in the property to a Vermont limited liability company, Narod, LLC, which was to assume “[a]ll expenses of pursuing . . . real estate in the Raymond F. Doran Estate.” James is a one-quarter member and owner of Narod. The remaining three owners share equally in the company, and they are not Doran family members. Two of the owners are Harry Ryan (James’s attorney) and T.R. Ryan, whose family owns property abutting the Doran Farm Lot. The Ryans have long sought to move a road from the front of their family property onto a claimed right-of-way on Raymond’s land. During the spring of 2005, the Ryans began to threaten legal action against Raymond’s estate if the estate would not agree to a relocation of the road. The superior court found that James met with the Ryans in the spring of 2005 and discussed the right-of-way issue and potential lawsuit.
¶ 11. James testified that Narod was not formed until the fall of 2005, which was after James had successfully bid on the property at the June auction. While Narod may not have been formed until after the auction, the superior court’s findings indicate that James and the other interested parties had already formed their business plan by the time the auction was held. Specifically, the court found that James bid at the auction in the interest of benefitting “himself and others outside the family for investment purposes,” and that “the co-administrators and the members of the Doran family did not know that James Doran intended to purchase all four lots and convey them to a limited liability company.” Thus, although the superior court made no findings as to exactly when James and the other members of Narod first began discussing the idea of joining forces to purchase the Raymond Doran estate property, it clearly concluded that those plans predated James’s successful bids to purchase the property at the family-only auction.
¶ 12. Based on its findings — including those regarding the administrators’ goals in creating the private-auction plan, the *355administrators’ decisions to turn down offers made by other family members prior to the auction, and the administrators’ reasons for holding the family-only auction — the superior court concluded that James had a duty to tell the administrators and the family prior to the auction that he planned to develop the property with nonfamily members if he was the high bidder. The court also found that James took unfair advantage of the private-auction process, and that his actions violated the covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Accordingly, the superior court struck: (1) the probate order confirming the sale of the lots to James; (2) the license to sell the property that the probate court had issued; and (3) the administrators’ motion for the license to sell. The superior court remanded the matter to the probate court with instructions that the administrators could begin anew if they still desired to sell any or all of the property. This appeal by James followed.
¶ 13. We begin with James’s assertion that the court exceeded its authority under Vermont Rule of Civil Procedure 72.1 According to James, the superior court went beyond the questions raised by Catherine in reaching its conclusion. Specifically, he objects to the findings on which the court’s decision is based, namely that he sabotaged the auction, acted in bad faith, and concealed his plan to develop the property with nonfamily members.
¶ 14. James interprets the scope of the superior court’s authority far too narrowly. As previously noted, the appeal to the superior court is de novo. Given this, as well as the fact that no pleadings are required for the appeal, the statement of questions under Rule 72 serves to focus, but cannot limit, the issues for the court. While we have ruled that failure to submit a statement of questions is grounds for dismissal, In re Estate of Seward, 139 Vt. 623, 625, 433 A.2d 274, 275 (1981), we have never held that the court cannot address issues related to those submitted by an appellant. This would be wholly at odds with the broad authority given to superior courts to try probate cases anew. The court here was essentially asked to decide whether the heirs’ desires had any bearing on the sale; having answered this question in the affir*356mative, it is a logical corollary to consider if the intent of the administrators and the heirs had been accomplished. The evidence at trial addressed this question, and James’s behavior was relevant to this issue. The court plainly had authority to make the findings it did. See Whitton, 120 Vt. at 457, 144 A.2d at 709 (“An appeal from a lower to a higher court carries up the whole case for a retrial upon all matters and features entering into and affecting the final decision and order to be made therein.”).
¶ 15. James next posits that there was “no record” for the superior court to consider in reaching its conclusion. According to James, Catherine did not cause the probate court record to be transferred to superior court, thereby violating Rule 72(c). This argument is without merit. Rule 72(c) states that the “record on appeal shall consist of the papers and exhibits filed in the probate court” as well as the appellant’s statement of questions and any transcripts furnished by the parties. One might presume that the papers and exhibits from the probate court are forwarded to the superior court in the same way that the trial court materials are forwarded to this Court when an appeal is filed. In any event, the proceedings before the superior court were de novo, and the parties presented extensive evidence at trial. James does not specify which parts of the papers or exhibits filed in the probate court were missing from the superior court’s record, or how he suffered any harm from their alleged omission. We thus reject this claim of error.
¶ 16. Finally, James argues that the court erred in concluding that he thwarted the objectives of the auction, acted in bad faith, and intentionally misrepresented and concealed his plans for the property. James identifies no evidence contradicting the superior court’s findings that he entered the auction intending to purchase the property for nonfamily members, and that he intended to develop the land. Instead, James asserts that there were no conditions placed on the sale of the property, and he argues that the private auction was conducted fairly and honestly.
¶ 17. While James disagrees with the court’s findings, he fails to show they are clearly erroneous. See Mullin v. Phelps, 162 Vt. 250, 260, 647 A.2d 714, 720 (1994) (trial court’s findings of fact will stand unless the appellant can show that there is no credible evidence to support them). The trial court considered the evidence cited by James, including the fact that there were no express *357conditions at the auction. It was more persuaded, however, by the competing evidence. This evidence included: Raymond’s intent; the administrators’ intentions based on the apparent desires of the majority of heirs to keep the property within the family through private auction; the reasons underlying the administrators’ rejections of previous offers made by other family members to buy the property; James’s interactions with the Ryans; the formation of Narod; and James’s transfer of his interest in the property to Narod. As we have often stated, it is for the fact-finder to assess the credibility of witnesses and to weigh the evidence, and we will not reweigh the evidence on appeal. Id. There was ample evidence presented to support the court’s conclusion that James acted without disclosing his actual intention to bid in a private auction when he intended to put the property up to public sale. James’s approach would entirely defeat the family’s and the administrators’ purpose in conducting a private auction.
¶ 18. Aware of his own plan to develop and offer the property for sale outside of the family, James failed to object, when invited to do so, to the private auction intended by the administrators to avoid the very result secretly intended by James. James was afforded this opportunity by the probate court, and his objection would have put the heirs and the administrators on notice that he preferred to settle the right-of-way action and to allow those outside the family to purchase and develop the property, presumably to maximize his return. Agreeable or not, the heirs and the administrators would then have appreciated that James’s commercial objectives would compete with more sentimental motives. Understanding that James’s bid could, in turn, lead to the property being developed and sold at large, the heirs and the administrators could then have reconsidered the private auction in favor of a sale not restricted to family so that all of them could benefit from the broader offering. Good faith required that he make known his objection and his intention to frustrate the purpose of the private auction.
¶ 19. Given its findings, the court acted within its discretion in granting equitable relief and rescinding the underlying probate court orders. See Lariviere v. Larocque, 105 Vt. 460, 466, 168 A. 559, 562 (1933) (trial court has discretion in deciding whether equity requires the cancellation or rescission of agreements, conveyances, and other instruments, and its discretion should be exercised according to what is reasonable and proper *358under the circumstances of the particular case). The court found, and the record plainly shows, that James sought to defeat the plain purpose of the private nature of the sale for his own planned benefit at the expense of the other heirs. Had this been a public auction, one might reach a different conclusion. But James attended the private auction and took unfair advantage of the proceeding. Indeed, Catherine was denied the same opportunity to purchase this property provided to James solely on the basis that she might sell a portion of the property to nonfamily members. This was unfair. Given this, and the other circumstances presented here, there is “no injustice that will be done, by placing [the] parties in the positions they occupied before the contract or conveyance was made.”2 Id.; Ring v. Windsor County Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 54 Vt. 434, 436 (1880) (“What ought to have been done is considered in equity as done.” (quotation omitted)). The court properly ordered the parties to return to the status quo that existed before the sale. With all of the facts on the table, the parties may advocate, and the administrators and probate court can now decide, how best to proceed either by “public or private sale, as will be most beneficial to all parties concerned.” 14 V.S.A. § 1651(6) (emphasis added).3

Affirmed.

 We do not address James’s suggestion that the court’s order violates the rule against perpetuities or his statement (devoid of any claim of error) that the superior court denied Narod’s motion to intervene. These contentions are not explained or supported by statutory or case law and so will not be considered here. Johnson v. Johnson, 158 Vt. 160, 164 n.*, 605 A.2d 857, 859 n.* (1992) (Supreme Court will not address inadequately briefed arguments).

 We reach this conclusion in part because there has been no sale of the property to a bona fide third-party purchaser. This is an important factor in determining whether it would be unjust to return the parties to the status quo. Cf. post, ¶ 36.

 The dissent expresses its concern that the trial court imposed restrictions on the future development of this property, but we find nothing in the trial court decision to support this contention. We do not read the decision to “ereat[e] ... an undefined estate in land” by operation of law and without written formalities. Post, ¶ 27. Such limitations on a future conveyance could well raise the problems outlined by the dissent, and we do not remand for imposition of any such encumbrances. The trial court’s decision simply returned the parties to the position they were in before the auction, and we have affirmed that decision. As the trial court held, “[i]n the event the co-administrators wish to file another motion to sell all or a portion of the real estate, they may begin anew.”