Court Opinion

ID: 74513
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-26 08:49:28+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:33:51.690528
License: Public Domain

[PUBLISH]

                 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                              FILED
                            FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT                 U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                       ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                           APR 10 2000
                                                                        THOMAS K. KAHN
                                                                             CLERK
                                        No. 97-3222

                          D.C. Docket No. 92-01027-CR-MMP

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                                  Plaintiff-Appellee,
       versus

EDGAR ARNOLD GARCIA,

                                                                  Defendant-Appellant.

                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                          for the Northern District of Florida

                                      (April 10, 2000)

Before EDMONDSON and CARNES, Circuit Judges, and WATSON*, Senior
Judge.

______________________
*Honorable James L. Watson, Senior Judge, United States Court of International Trade, sitting
by designation.

WATSON, Senior Judge:
      This appeal from a sentencing raises three issues; whether the sentencing

violated the terms of the treaty under which defendant was extradited from Canada,

whether the sentencing court erred in finding that the defendant had obstructed

justice and finally, whether it erred in finding that defendant had not demonstrated

acceptance of responsibility.

                                I. BACKGROUND

      In the last half of 1990 the appellant, then located in Texas, organized the

supply of marijuana to co-conspirators in Florida. One of the co-conspirators,

Marty Cryer, appropriated an amount of 117 pounds for himself and did not pay

appellant for it. Appellant located Cryer in Chiefland, Florida and shot him to

death on February 20, 1991. Appellant hid out in Texas for about four weeks and

then fled to Canada. About 16 months after the murder he was arrested in Canada

on June 17, 1992. On June 15, 1992 a three-count indictment was returned against

appellant in the Northern District of Florida and an order for arrest was issued on

June 23, 1992. The counts of the indictment were for conspiracy to distribute

marijuana, possession of marijuana and using a firearm in connection with the

foregoing. There followed almost five years of judicial proceedings in Canada

regarding appellants extradition to the United States which ultimately took place in

May of 1997.

                                          2
      On October 3, 1997, following defendant’s extradition from Canada and his

pleas of guilty first, to conspiring to distribute marijuana and to possess it with the

intent to distribute it and second, to using and carrying a firearm in connection with

the marijuana conspiracy, he was sentenced to 300 months imprisonment on the

marijuana conspiracy charge and 60 months imprisonment consecutively on the

firearm charge.

                                  II. DISCUSSION

      The marijuana conspiracy involved shipments of marijuana from Texas to

Florida. In determining relevant conduct under the Sentencing Guidelines and in

departing upward from the Guideline range the sentencing judge considered other

marijuana dealings engaged in by the defendant beyond those to which he pleaded

guilty, namely shipments to Louisiana. In departing from the Guideline range the

sentencing court also relied on defendant’s murder of Marty Cryer, the distributor

of defendant’s marijuana in Florida who had refused to pay his debt to defendant.

There was abundant evidence before the sentencing judge to support the

conclusion that defendant had murdered Cryer and had also been involved in

marijuana shipments to Louisiana.

      The only question before this court is whether consideration of these two

courses of conduct in the sentencing (the murder and the Louisiana dealings)

                                           3
violated the provision in the Treaty of Extradition Between the United States and

Canada that “[a] person extradited . . . shall not be detained, tried or punished . . .

for an offense other than that for which extradition has been granted.” As a

question involving the interpretation of a treaty, this issue is subject to plenary

review in this court. United States v. Puentes, 50 F.2d 1567, 1575 (11th Cir. 1995).

      The principle thus stated in the treaty is known as the “doctrine of

speciality.”

      The question must be resolved in accordance with the law of the United

States. While the law and position of the surrendering state may be considered, it

is not controlling.

      As it happens, Canada was well aware of the additional conduct ascribed to

defendant and has acquiesced to the procedure by which such conduct is

considered in sentencing. This court is therefore faced solely with the defendant’s

claim that his rights under the treaty were violated.

      Stated differently, the question is whether the operation of the Sentencing

Guidelines in this case caused defendant to be punished for any offenses other than

the ones for which extradition was granted. The short answer is that defendant was

not punished for crimes other than those for which he was extradited because under

our law, the consideration of other conduct in the sentencing process is legally and

                                            4
conceptually a part of the punishment for the inducted crimes and within the limits

set for those crimes.

      The document of speciality, as interpreted in our law, does not call for the

extradition crime to be handled in a vacuum, in any of its phases. Thus, for

example, an indictment in existence at the time of extradition can be lawfully

superseded after extradition by an indictment charging larger quantities of drugs.

United States v. Puentes, 50 F.3d 1567 (11th Cir. 1995). See also United States v.

Abello-Silva, 948 F.2d 1168 (10th Cir. 1991); United States v. Ross, 545 F2.d 814

(2d Cir. 1976); United States v. Barontian, 299 F.2d 486 (2d Cir. 1961).

      In the same vein, the doctrine of speciality does not control the evidentiary

procedural rules of American Courts. For example, it is not violated by the

admission of evidence of crimes for which a defendant was not extradited if that

evidence is relevant to the crime charged. Thus, evidence of money-laundering

(for which extradition was specifically refused) was nevertheless admissible as

evidence within the trial court’s discretion for the purpose of proving a drug

conspiracy (the crime for which extradition was granted). United States v.

Alvarey-Moreno, 874 F.2d 1402, 1413-14 (11th Cir. 1989). Similarly, even in the

face of a refusal by a foreign government to extradite for aiding and abetting a drug

conspiracy under 18 U.S.C. § 2, the doctrine of speciality was held not to preclude

                                          5
the instruction of the jury on the theory of vicarious liability approved in Pinkerton

v. United States, 328 U.S. 640 (1946), United States v. Gallo-Chamarro, 48 F.3d

502, 11th Cir. 1995.

      With respect to the doctrine of speciality and U.S. law governing sentencing

the doctrine of speciality does not restrict the scope of proof of other crimes that

may be considered in the sentencing process. The distinction is thus drawn

between proof of other crimes as a matter germane to the determination of

punishment for the extradited crime and proof of other crimes in order to exact

punishment for those other crimes. Only the latter course is forbidden by the

doctrine of speciality.

      Appellant also challenges the District Court’s enhancement of his sentence

for obstruction of justice. The factual findings involved in such an enhancement

are reviewed by this court for clear error. The application of the law to those

factual findings is reviewed de novo, United States v. Arguedas, 86 F.2d 1054,

1059 (11th Cir. 1996). The sentencing court made this finding by stating that “it is

clear to this Court beyond a reasonable doubt this defendant did obstruct and

attempt to obstruct justice by all of the activities following the murder, . . . .” The

Court found the position of the probation office on the question of obstruction to

be the correct one. That position advocated enhancement for 3 reasons; first the

                                           6
burying of the guns, second, the instruction to the secretary and third, the flight to

Canada.

      The factual and legal sufficiency of the destruction of evidence ordered by

defendant is such that discussion of the burial of the guns and the flight to Canada

is not needed.

      The enhancement of a sentence for obstruction of justice is governed by

Section 3C1.1 of the Sentencing Guidelines. Application Note 3 provides the

following:

             destroying or concealing or procuring another person to
             destroy or conceal evidence that is material to an official
             investigation or judicial proceeding (e.g., shredding a
             document or destroying ledgers upon learning that an
             official investigation has commenced or is about to
             commence), or attempting so to do; however, if such
             conduct occurred contemporaneously with arrest (e.g.,
             attempting to swallow or throw away a controlled
             substance), it shall not, standing alone, be sufficient to
             warrant an adjustment for obstruction unless it resulted in
             a material hindrance to the official investigation or
             prosecution of the instant offense or the sentencing of the
             offender.

      When appellant pled guilty the written factual basis acknowledged by him

contained an account of how, after the murder of Cryer, he asked his secretary to go

to his apartment to remove money and cocaine and burn handwritten financial

records, photographs of a man and a map showing locations in Florida. The

                                           7
government’s discussion of these matters at the sentencing noted that these were

photographs understood by the secretary to be of Cryer and a map understood by

her to relate to his location.

       Appellant makes a strained argument that his conduct did not amount to

obstruction either because no federal investigation was underway or was not a

hindrance because the investigation had abundant evidence from other sources.

       These arguments are flimsy if not frivolous. There is no requirement that

defendant’s obstructive acts occur subsequent to the formal commencement of an

investigation and we find no authority for that proposition. To the contrary, the

modification of an attic to conceal a methamphetamine laboratory has been

considered evidence of obstruction. United States v. Query, 928 F.2d 383, 386 (11th

Cir. 1991).

       In any event, the record shows that appellant was under investigation prior to

the murder of Cryer, from at least the time two months earlier when police seized

money sent to him as drug payments via Federal Express by Cryer’s wife.

       It is plain that the above quoted sentencing guidelines are not intended to

create a formal date for the measurement of obstructive acts but rather, to

distinguish those acts that are instinctively done in the heat of being caught engaged

in the crime from those done before or after with cool calculation. Sending

                                           8
someone to destroy evidence located elsewhere is clearly an obstructive act and the

sentencing judge was fully justified in so finding whether or not it actually hindered

an investigation. The “actual hinderance” test is only for those acts done at the time

of arrest. United States v. Rowlett, 23 F.3d 300, 305-306 (10th Cir. 1994). In short,

the key to a finding of obstruction is the intention of the actor, not the actual success

of his obstructive acts. United States v. Revel, 971 F.2d 656, 660-661 (11th Cir.

1992) cert. denied in Pullam v. United States, 113 S. Ct. 1665; cert. denied 113 S.

Ct. 1828.

      Appellant’s final argument is that the sentencing court erred in finding that he

had failed to show the acceptance of responsibility for his offense that would

warrant a reduction under Sentencing Guidelines § 3E1.1. Such a showing is a

defendant’s burden. United States v. Spraggins, 868 F.2d 1541, 1543 (11th Cir.

1989). Appellant stresses his guilty plea as a demonstration of acceptance. But that

falls far short of showing acceptance of responsibility in circumstances

characterized by active avoidance of responsibility from the start to near the finish.

The record is replete with evidence supporting the sentencing judges finding,

ranging from the destruction of evidence, hiding out, living under an assumed name

in Canada, to frivolous denials of overwhelming identification evidence after he

was arrested there, and a frivolous claim in Canada that he was subject to a federal

                                           9
death penalty if extradited (after the only possible death penalty by the state of

Florida had been waived). The appellant fell short of showing entitlement to a

reduction for acceptance of responsibility merely because he ultimately pleaded

guilty. App. Note 3 to § 3E1.1.

                                III. CONCLUSION

      For the reasons given above, the sentence imposed in the judgment below is

AFFIRMED and the appeal therefrom is denied.

                                          10