Court Opinion

ID: 2790839
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-04-01 21:03:38.88667+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:16:16.418870
License: Public Domain

Filed 4/1/15 Spennato v. Dental Bd. of California CA2/2

                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                  DIVISION TWO

PETER SPENNATO, JR.,                                                  B253560

                Plaintiff and Appellant,                              (Los Angeles County
                                                                      Super. Ct. No. BS140221)
         v.

DENTAL BOARD OF CALIFORNIA,

                Defendant and Respondent.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County. Robert
O’Brien, Judge. Affirmed.

         Norman L. Schafler for Plaintiff and Appellant.

         Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Jim Ledakis, Assistant Attorney General,
Marc D. Greenbaum and Morgan Malek, Deputy Attorneys General for Defendant and
Respondent.
       Peter Spennato, Jr. (appellant) appeals from a judgment of the superior court
denying his petition for writ of mandate. Through the writ of mandate, appellant sought
to overturn a decision of the Dental Board of California (the Board) revoking appellant’s
dental license. Appellant argues that the penalty imposed was excessive in light of the
evidence. He also challenges certain findings of the trial court as not supported by the
evidence. We find that the penalty imposed was authorized and fell within the Board’s
discretion, and that the evidence supports the trial court’s findings. We therefore affirm.
                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The accusation
       In March 2011 the Executive Officer of the Board filed an accusation against
appellant for gross negligence, repeated acts of negligence, and unprofessional conduct.
The accusation was amended several times. The operative accusation is the third
amended accusation (accusation), which was filed in January 2012.
       The accusation alleges that appellant was licensed by the Board in April 1992.
Appellant’s dental license was in full force and effect at all relevant times.
       On or about March 8, 2004, patient E.S. (E.S. or patient) sought treatment from
appellant for an evaluation of whether her old crowns and bridges should be replaced.
Appellant provided dental treatment to E.S. from March 2004 through October 2005.
The accusation alleged that such treatment was substandard and grossly negligent.
       Factual summary of treatment of E.S.
       The accusation included a factual summary of the treatment of E.S., including the
following allegations:
       Although appellant’s periodontal examination findings clearly identified the
presence of periodontal disease, a non-therapeutic procedure was performed. Further,
fixed prosthetic procedures, bridges on the upper left, lower left, and upper right were
performed to completion prior to performance of periodontal services.
       Appellant’s documentation of patient’s records omitted an informed consent
process discussing the risks, benefits and alternatives of treatment. Patient paid no co-
pay or any fees to appellant’s office. As required by the dental practice act and by

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statute, each entry in the patient dental record should have an identifier, initials,
signature, or license number, indicating the provider of care.
       From March 8, 2004, to October 25, 2005, appellant placed a bridge from tooth
No. 13 to No. 15 and from No. 19 to No. 21. On March 3, 2005, patient was to see Dr.
Thomas Omoto, an oral surgeon, for extraction of tooth No. 3. Patient was instructed by
appellant to go immediately to appellant’s office following the extraction. Impressions
and/or an acrylic temporary bridge were taken at appellant’s office, and they got too hard.
Appellant’s assistant, Pixie Peterson (Peterson), yanked the impressions and/or acrylic
temporary bridge out of patient’s mouth, causing a hole that did not heal. As a result,
patient suffered a severe infection.
       On July 15, 2005, when the bridge spanning tooth No. 2 to No. 6 was to be placed,
patient complained about the fact that she could feel air in her sinus. Appellant examined
the area, and it was noted that there was an oral antral fistula. Appellant referred patient
back to oral surgeon Dr. Omoto, for an examination, before the bridge could be seated.
On or about August 3, 2005, Dr. Omoto sutured the opening. However, from August
through November 2005, patient continued to experience pain.
       According to patient, appellant allowed his dental assistant(s) to perform
procedures not included in their permitted duties. On July 25, 2005, appellant’s assistant,
Peterson, placed patient’s permanent bridge from tooth No. 2 to No. 6 on and off. When
patient told Peterson she was having pain, Peterson took the bridge off, looked in her
mouth and told her there was a hole the size of a straw.
       In October 2006, Dr. Ray Kuwahara examined the patient and found multiple
crown and bridge margins that were short of the tooth structure, decayed, and open but
only noted those issues for tooth Nos. 31 and 18, neither of which were treated by
appellant. On October 19, 2006, patient presented to the offices of Dr. Roy Yanese,
Diplomat of American Board of Prosthodontics, for a comprehensive examination. Dr.
Yanese determined that there were poor fitting margins on several teeth, caries present,
extensive space below pontic No. 3 allowing food accumulation and defective oral
hygiene, and that the right side had no occlusion where the bridge was placed. Dr.

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Yanese determined that there was an obvious decision error in making impressions of a
large span bridge following an extraction and an obvious oral-antral opening that at least
could have been blocked out. He further noted that silicone impression material is very
sensitive to moisture, especially if there is a lot of bleeding after extraction.
       Subsequent examination of the patient revealed that multiple crown and bridge
margins were short of tooth structure, decayed, and open which were left untreated by
appellant. Subsequently, patient was required to have major dental work done to repair
the damage, in addition to the surgery to remove the impression material and/or acrylic
material and/or dental material from her sinus.
       On March 25, 2008, the Board received a report of settlement, judgment or
arbitration award under Business & Professions Code section 801 from the American
Insurance Company, which resolved Los Angeles Superior Court case No. NC042076
between appellant and patient. The report stated that a settlement had been paid on
behalf of appellant to patient on March 6, 2008, and that a portion of impression material
was forced into patient’s sinus, resulting in an oral fistula that had to be removed.
       Causes for discipline
       The first cause for discipline alleged in the accusation was unprofessional conduct
-- gross negligence. Appellant was accused of failing to follow proper treatment
sequencing, such as to perform comprehensive periodontal procedures prior to fixed
prosthodontic procedures, which was an extreme departure from the standard of care.
Appellant was accused of repeatedly placing ill-fitting bridges and crowns in the patient.
Such bridges and crowns should have been carefully evaluated for proper fit and should
have included clinical evaluation of margins and contours, among other things. Finally,
appellant was accused of fabricating maxillary dental impressions and/or fabricating an
acrylic temporary bridge without taking extra precaution immediately after an extraction,
resulting in impression material and/or acrylic material being extruded into the maxillary
sinus. The accusation alleged that such conduct was gross negligence.
       The second cause for discipline was unprofessional conduct -- repeated acts of
negligence. In this cause of action, appellant was accused of failing to obtain informed

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consent from the patient which should have advised her of the risks and alternative
available treatments. In addition, appellant’s patient record documentation was deficient
in 18 of 25 entries, which is a departure from the standard of care. The second cause for
discipline also repeated the allegations from the first cause for discipline.
       The third cause for discipline was for unprofessional conduct--incompetence.
Appellant was accused of committing acts of incompetence, as set forth in the preceding
paragraphs and causes for discipline.
       The fourth cause for discipline was aiding and abetting of an unlicensed person to
practice dentistry, permitting staff to perform procedures not included in the list of
permitted duties, and failure to supervise. On July 25, 2005, appellant’s dental assistant,
Peterson, adjusted and cemented the patient’s crown and bridge without any supervision
by appellant in violation of Business and Professions Code sections 1750.1, 1750.3,
1752.4, 1753.5, and 1753.6. Only a Registered Dental Assistant with Extended Functions
(RDA-EF) can perform these functions under the direct supervision of an attending
dentist. Allowing staff members to perform procedures not on the list of their permitted
duties is unprofessional conduct.
       The fourth cause for discipline also alleged that from February 21, 2005, through
and including October 25, 2005, Peterson performed various dental treatment procedures
on the patient that were outside the scope of duties of a regular dental assistant.
       Aggravating matters
       The accusation alleged the following aggravating factors to be considered to
determine the degree of discipline:
       On or about July 7, 1983, in a prior disciplinary action entitled In the Matter of the
Statement of Issues Against Peter Spennato, Jr., case No. AGS 1982-05, before the
Board, appellant entered into a stipulated settlement whereby appellant’s Application for
Examination for Licensure to practice dentistry and accompanying Application for Re-
examination for dental licensure were denied. Appellant failed the licensure examination
in June 1982 and thereafter attempted to have another individual, who was a licensed
dentist and classmate of appellant’s, take the examination in his place. The classmate

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appeared in the place of appellant and attempted to take the examination for appellant.
Due to this act of dishonesty, fraud and deceit, appellant’s Application for Examination
for Licensure to practice dentistry and accompanying Application for Re-examination for
dental license were denied.
       Related matters
       The accusation set forth several matters for the Board to consider in determining
discipline.
       First, on or about August 17, 1987, in a disciplinary action before the Board of
Dental Examiners for the State of Arizona (Arizona Board), appellant was censured for
making false statements on his Application for Licensure in Arizona. Specifically,
appellant gave a false statement that he failed the California licensure examination in
August 1982, when in fact he never took an August 1982 licensure examination. Rather,
he failed the California licensure examination in June 1982 and thereafter attempted to
have another individual take the August 1982 examination in his place. Because of this
act of dishonesty, appellant was placed on probation for five years, fined in the amount of
$4,000, and subjected to certain terms and conditions including 150 hours of public
service for each year of probation.
       Further, in appellant’s 1990 California Application for Licensure to Practice
Dentistry, appellant failed to notify the Board of another Arizona order which placed him
on probation for six months and required him to present three cases of complex treatment
to the Arizona Board for their review.
       On August 25, 1994, the Arizona Board responded to a complaint and determined
that (1) appellant’s clinical examination was inadequate; (2) appellant’s radiographs were
inadequate due to a limited number taken; (3) appellant’s diagnosis was inadequate; (4)
appellant’s treatment planning was inadequate; and (5) billing irregularities were a
concern.
       Prayer
       The accusation sought a decision revoking or suspending appellant’s dental
license; ordering appellant to pay the Board the reasonable costs of the investigation and

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enforcement of the matter; and taking any such further action as deemed necessary and
proper.
The Board’s decision
       On October 3, 2012, after a six-day administrative hearing held before
Administrative Law Judge Samuel Reyes (ALJ), the Board adopted the ALJ’s proposed
decision and issued its administrative decision revoking appellant’s dental license
effective November 2, 2012.
       In his proposed decision, the ALJ rendered specific factual findings. He noted that
appellant’s testimony that appellant believed Peterson was an RDA-EF was not credible
because “any reasonable, prudent dentist would have verified Peterson’s credentials
before entrusting her with work reserved for dentists.” The ALJ found that appellant’s
claimed ignorance constituted “a transparent attempt to mask his knowledge.”
       The proposed decision stated the following justification for the penalty of
revocation:
              “The violations that were established are very serious and placed the
       patient at risk of significant harm. Routine use of a dental assistant to
       perform tasks that require the training and skill of a dentist, typically
       without actual or direct supervision, placed E.S. in harm’s way.
       [Appellant’s] use of unlicensed assistants, and his failure to adhere to the
       standard of care with respect to basic requirements of the practice of
       dentistry, such as proper treatment sequencing, proper fitting of crowns and
       bridges, and proper record keeping, demonstrates his present unfitness to
       continue to practice. Given his extensive discipline over a period of almost
       30 years, and which has involved acts of dishonesty as well as acts of
       negligence, probation at this time is not an option. The order that follows is
       therefore necessary for the protection of the public.”

       Appellant’s dental license was revoked and he was ordered to pay the Board
$34,562.50 for its investigative and enforcement costs.
Writ of administrative mandamus
       Appellant petitioned the superior court for a writ of administrative mandamus
pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 1094.5. On December 6, 2013, the court
denied appellant’s petition.

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       In its written decision, the trial court noted that its review of the Board’s
determination was conducted under the “independent judgment” standard. The court
found the weight of the evidence supported the Board’s findings on the issues of
improper treatment of E.S. As to aiding and abetting the unlicensed practice of dentistry,
the trial court held:
              “The [appellant’s] argument with respect to the aiding and abetting
       charged begins by admitting that Peterson was not an RDA-EF . . . , but
       performed the procedures which were only permissibly performed by an
       RDA-EF (or, presumably, a dentist). However, [appellant] contends that
       Peterson is a ‘liar’ and asserts that she never told him she was not an RDA-
       EF and he didn’t know. [Appellant] cites no portion of the record which
       establishes an innocent mindset, simply contending that this is a reasonable
       conclusion, considering that Peterson worked for him for 20 years and
       supervised other RDA-EF’s. [Appellant] provides no logical or evidentiary
       basis for selecting his preferred explanation from another, equally
       reasonable explanation -- namely that the [appellant] knew that Peterson
       was not an RDA-EF but permitted her to practice the dental arts in a
       manner not authorized by law. Indeed, the [Board] found [appellant’s]
       explanation that he remained ignorant of Peterson’s true lack of credentials
       for 20 years to be ‘incredible’ in the root sense -- i.e., not worthy of
       credence. . . . The [Board’s] determination is also amply supported by
       common sense. The Court finds no abuse of discretion in the [Board’s]
       determination on this issue, and the weight of the evidence supports the
       findings and determination.”

       The trial court also addressed appellant’s claims that the prior disciplinary actions
were remote in time and should not have been considered. The trial court found that
“[w]hile these may be infractions which are remote in time and space, they are not remote
in terms of the underlying misconduct. The Court finds that they were properly
considered when determining whether the permissible option of revocation should be
exercised. Moreover, the [appellant] neglects to mention that his ‘clean’ 20 year history
is roughly contemporaneous with the period where he was retaining Peterson and aiding
her unauthorized practice of dentistry . . . .”
       The trial court declined to set aside the Board’s penalty determination of license
revocation.

                                                  8
Appeal
       On December 30, 2013, appellant filed his notice of appeal.
                                       DISCUSSION
I. Substantial evidence supports the trial court’s decision
       Appellant challenges the factual findings on improper treatment and aiding and
abetting the unlicensed practice of dentistry.
       A. Standard of review
       The burden of proof in administrative proceedings involving the revocation or
suspension of a professional license is clear and convincing proof to a reasonable
certainty. (James v. Board of Dental Examiners (1985) 172 Cal. App. 3d 1096, 1105
(James).)
       Code of Civil Procedure section 1094.5 “structures the procedure for judicial
review of adjudicatory decisions rendered by administrative agencies.” (Topanga Assn.
for a Scenic Community v. County of Los Angeles (1974) 11 Cal. 3d 506, 514.) In a
proceeding inquiring into the validity of a final administrative order, a trial court’s review
is limited to the question of whether the administrative agency proceeded without, or in
excess of jurisdiction; whether there was a fair trial; and whether there was a prejudicial
abuse of discretion. A prejudicial abuse of discretion is established if the respondent has
not proceeded in the manner required by law, the order or decision is not supported by
the findings, or the findings are not supported by the evidence. (Code Civ. Proc.,
§ 1094.5, subd. (b).)
       When an administrative agency decision is challenged by a petition for a writ of
administrative mandamus, one of two standards of review is used in the trial court.
(Malibu Mountains Recreation, Inc. v. County of Los Angeles (1998) 67 Cal. App. 4th 359,
366.) If the administrative decision substantially affects a fundamental right, the trial
court must exercise the independent judgment test. (Id. at p. 367.) All other decisions
are subjected to substantial evidence review. (Ibid.) The suspension or revocation of an
existing license has been held to affect a vested right. (Merrill v. Department of Motor

                                                 9
Vehicles (1969) 71 Cal. 2d 907, 915.) Accordingly, the trial court was required to use its
independent judgment in reviewing the Board’s decision in this matter.
       However, “[i]n exercising its independent judgment, a trial court must afford a
strong presumption of correctness concerning the administrative findings, and the party
challenging the administrative decision bears the burden of convincing the court that the
administrative findings are contrary to the weight of the evidence.” (Fukuda v. City of
Angels (1999) 20 Cal. 4th 805, 817 (Fukuda).)
       We review the trial court’s findings and decision for substantial evidence.
(Fukuda, supra, 20 Cal.4th at p. 824.) Under this standard, the power of the appellate
court begins and ends with a determination as to whether there is any substantial
evidence, contradicted or uncontradicted, which will support the trial court judgment.
Therefore, if there is any doubt as to the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain a finding,
we should resolve that doubt in favor of the finding. (Moran v. Board of Medical
Examiners (1948) 32 Cal. 2d 301, 308-309 (Moran).)
       B. Aiding and abetting unlicensed practice of dentistry
       Appellant cites James for the proposition that an individual may not be disciplined
unless such discipline is based on his own acts of misfeasance or “such acts by those
working with him of which he had personal knowledge and which he actually ratified.
[Citation.]” (James, supra, 172 Cal.App.3d at p. 1110.) The crux of appellant’s
argument regarding the aiding and abetting finding is that there was insufficient evidence
for the trial court to find that appellant knew that Peterson was not an RDA-EF during the
20-year period that Peterson worked for him.
              1. Evidence supporting appellant’s position
       Appellant argues that Peterson was a liar, who knew for 20 years that she was
violating the law and lied to appellant when she was hired. Appellant points out that
Peterson lied when she was first interviewed by an investigator in this matter. Peterson
admitted at the hearing that her statements to the investigator that she had never taken
impressions; that appellant was always in the room during certain procedures; and that
she rarely rendered direct patient care were false. In addition, Peterson had a civil

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lawsuit pending against appellant at the time of the administrative hearing, and she was
granted immunity from criminal prosecution for appearing and testifying truthfully in the
administrative proceeding. Appellant argues that this information was not fully and
properly considered by the ALJ.
       Under appellant’s version of the facts, all evidence points to the reasonable
conclusion that Peterson misled appellant into believing that she was an RDA-EF. She
worked for him as an RDA-EF for 20 years, she supervised dental assistants and other
RDA-EFs, and, after appellant sold his practice to the new owner, Dr. Ardary, Peterson
continued to perform the same duties at the office.
       Appellant also points to evidence that he had a company come in once a year to
make sure that his company was in compliance with all O.S.H.A. requirements.
       Appellant highlights the fact that Peterson never testified that appellant knew she
was not an RDA-EF or that she told him that she was not an RDA-EF. Thus, appellant
argues, there was no direct evidence that in the 20 years Peterson worked for appellant
that he knew she was not licensed. Appellant states, without citation to the record, that
there was no reason for appellant to suspect that she was not an RDA-EF. Appellant
testified that he hired Peterson as an RDA-EF, that she came in with 20 years of
experience and was very competent. Thus, he had no reason to doubt her word.
              2. Evidence supporting the trial court’s decision
       The Board views the facts from a completely different perspective. The Board
points out that, in contrast to appellant’s testimony, office manager Peggy Murphy
(Murphy) testified that Peterson was hired as a dental assistant, not as an RDA-EF.
Appellant had no documentation or pay check stubs proving that Peterson was employed
at his dental office as an RDA-EF, and appellant admitted he never verified appellant’s
credentials during her 20 years of employment with his office. Murphy, who managed
appellant’s office for 17 years, testified that Peterson was always employed as a dental
assistant.

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               3. Analysis
       The trial court considered appellant’s arguments that Peterson is a liar and never
told appellant that she was not an RDA-EF. The trial court found that the weight of the
evidence supported the Board’s decision that appellant knew that Peterson was not an
RDA-EF and was guilty of aiding and abetting her unlicensed practice of dentistry. The
trial court noted that the Board found appellant’s testimony that he was ignorant of
Peterson’s lack of credentials to be unworthy of credence. The trial court held that
appellant’s lack of credibility on this point is supported by the weight of the evidence and
by common sense.
       Murphy’s testimony that Peterson was hired as a dental assistant and remained
employed as a dental assistant throughout her 20-year employment supports this decision.
Murphy’s testimony contradicts appellant’s testimony that he hired Peterson as an RDA-
EF, and paid her as an RDA-EF. Since appellant was the employer, Murphy’s testimony
points to the conclusion that appellant knew that Peterson was hired and employed at the
office as a dental assistant.1
       We find that Murphy’s testimony constitutes substantial evidence that appellant
hired and employed Peterson as a dental assistant, not an RDA-EF. Although Murphy’s
testimony is contradicted by appellant’s testimony, it remains substantial evidence of
appellant’s knowledge of Peterson’s lack of credentials. Due to the existence of this
substantial evidence, we must resolve the matter in favor of the trial court’s finding.
(Moran, supra, 32 Cal.2d at pp. 308-309.)
       C. Negligence
       Appellant also challenges the findings that he failed to follow proper treatment
sequencing; placed ill-fitting bridges and a crown in the patient; and negligently caused
dental material to be extruded into the patient’s maxillary sinus.

1       Appellant has not argued that he was generally unaware of the positions held by
his employees. Instead, he argued that he hired Peterson as an RDA-EF and that she held
herself out to be an RDA-EF throughout her employment. Murphy’s testimony suggests
this is not true, and that in fact, Peterson was hired and employed as a dental assistant.

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       Appellant acknowledges that both sides offered significant evidence on these
issues from qualified dental experts, and that those experts had differing opinions.
              1. Treatment sequencing
       As to the treatment sequencing, the trial court indicated a lack of evidence in the
record to support a finding that appellant followed the proper course of treatment
sequencing. The trial court cited the “fundamentally unchallenged” opinion of the
Board’s expert, Mark Steven Kahn, and noted that the records of both Dr. Lott and Dr.
Yanase suggested that permanent restoration did not wait until after E.S.’s periodontal
conditions had been resolved. Thus, the trial court found no abuse of discretion in the
Board’s finding that appellant did not follow the proper treatment sequencing.
       Substantial evidence supports the trial court’s conclusion. Dr. Kahn testified that
the accepted treatment sequencing would be (1) dealing with an urgent situation such as
pain and swelling; (2) treating infectious disease such as cavities, periodontal disease, and
gum and bone disease; and finally (3) replacing missing teeth and restoring teeth that
need crowns and bridges. Dr. Kahn reviewed the Board’s complaint regarding
appellant’s treatment of E.S. He concluded that appellant’s treatment of E.S. constituted
an extreme departure from the standard of care. One of the reasons appellant’s conduct
was an extreme departure from the standard of care was inadequate sequencing of care.
In the treatment process, steps were not completed, which left E.S. at risk of a
deteriorating oral health situation.
       Dr. Kahn explained that nothing in E.S.’s record from April 26, 2004, shows that
anything was done to treat E.S.’s periodontal condition. The periodontal disease should
have been treated at that time. In addition, numerous cavities that were identified were
not taken care of. Dr. Kahn concluded:
              “And what we see here is that there was a move from -- from an
       exam to, essentially, doing crown and bridge, skipping the step of
       eliminating the periodontal disease and eliminating the cavity process. So
       that by the time [appellant] went around and treated the various areas that
       he treated, there were some areas where the decay had progressed to the
       point where it became very, very serious.”

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       The proper approach would be “to remove decay in all the teeth that had caries to
stop the disease process, so no teeth would be getting worse while you’re doing the
crown and bridge.”
       Our power begins and ends with a determination as to whether there is any
substantial evidence, contradicted or uncontradicted, which will support the trial court
judgment. (Moran, supra, 32 Cal.2d at pp. 308-309.)
       The evidence described above constitutes substantial evidence supporting the trial
court’s finding that “permanent restoration did not wait until after E.S.’s periodontal
conditions had been resolved” and that the weight of the evidence supported the Board’s
determination that proper sequencing was not followed.
              2. Ill-fitting bridges and crowns
       Appellant also argues that the bridges he provided were not negligently placed.
Appellant argues that he did not place one of the bridges; that another was only
temporary; and that the fit of a third bridge was caused by surgery performed by a
different doctor.
       Despite appellant’s argument that the evidence supports his position, contrary
evidence exists in the record. Dr. Kahn analyzed panoramic x-rays of E.S.’s teeth taken
in 2006, and notes from a clinical exam done by Dr. Yanase, and he testified that tooth
Nos. 2, 6, 18 and 21 had ill fitting bridges and crowns. Dr. Kahn also rebutted the
evidence provided by appellant’s expert that a defect on tooth No. 3 was related to the
surgery performed by a different doctor. Dr. Kahn testified, “the defect in . . . [No.] 3 for
sure was a result of an extraction and defective healing as a result of an oral-antral
fistula.” He added that it could not have been caused by the surgery, as the surgery “is
not performed anywhere near that area.”
       Dr. Yanase also testified for the Board. Dr. Yanase examined E.S. and examined
her dental records in October 2006. He noted that at the time of the examination, tooth
Nos. 2, 6, 8, 9, 13, 15, 17, 18, 29 and 31 had poor fitting bridges or crowns and decay.
       This testimony constitutes substantial evidence supporting the trial court’s
determination on the issue of ill-fitting bridges.

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               3. Fabrication of acrylic temporary bridge without taking extra
precaution immediately after extraction
       Appellant argues that the evidence showed that it was only after the oral surgeon,
Dr. Omoto, repaired the opening left by the tooth extraction that the temporary bridge
was fitted. Appellant provides no citation to the record for these facts.
       Dr. Kahn testified that after a tooth extraction, it takes about 12 weeks for the gum
to heal. On the first day of the extraction, it is essential that the blood clot in the area is
preserved because that is the framework for all future healing. To disturb the blood clot
would mean that the patient would have delayed healing, as the patient did in this case. If
you are planning to do a restoration in that area, taking an impression on the same day
would have serious consequences because it could disturb the blood clot. In dental
school an individual is taught that it takes six to eight weeks for the extraction to heal.
The longer you wait, the better the area is healed and you will get the best fit in order to
facilitate oral hygiene and ensure that the patient does not trap food and bacteria in the
opening.
       In addition, Dr. Kahn testified that the texture of the acrylic material used for the
bridge goes from a liquid state to a rubbery state to a hard state. A dentist would not
want to introduce this material when a patient’s condition would allow flow into the
extraction site.
       Dr. Yanase was also of the opinion that appellant erred in making impressions of
the large span bridge after the extraction of tooth No. 3.
       Peterson testified that she recalled E.S. having dental work done in appellant’s
office. She further testified that appellant did not like his patients walking around with a
space. Therefore, he would prepare teeth on either side of the extraction site and
immediately after the tooth was removed, he would have the patient return for a healing
bridge. Peterson recalled that an assistant had difficulty removing the mold from E.S.’s
teeth on the day of extraction. Peterson came to assist her, removed the mold and noticed
that the acrylic material from the dental impression had gone up into the socket site.
Peterson notified appellant of the situation.

                                                15
       An August 3, 2005 letter to appellant from Dr. Omoto indicated that five months
after the extraction of tooth No. 3, Dr. Omoto examined the area and noted there was a
non-healing wound directly over the ridge crest. Dr. Omoto found a considerable amount
of debris in the wound and that there was a communication extending up into the
maxillary sinus.
       This evidence supports the trial court’s finding of appellant’s negligence in the
creation of a temporary acrylic bridge for tooth No. 3.
       Appellant admits there is a factual basis for this, and the other findings of
negligence, in the record. However, appellant points to the clear and convincing standard
which is relevant in the administrative proceeding. Clear and convincing proof has been
defined as proof “‘“sufficiently strong to command the unhesitating assent of every
reasonable mind.”’ [Citation.]” (In re Angelia P. (1981) 28 Cal. 3d 908, 919.) Appellant
argues that the ALJ would have had to ignore all of the testimony given on behalf of
appellant in order to come to the conclusion which, according to the law, must be
sufficiently strong so as to command the unhesitating assent of every reasonable mind.
Appellant claims the ALJ must have found that appellant’s experts were not in possession
of reasonable minds.
       Our task is not to review the ALJ’s decision for clear and convincing proof to a
reasonable certainty. In a case where a license revocation is at issue, the trial court is
required to exercise its independent judgment on the evidence. (Lozano v.
Unemployment Ins. Appeals Bd. (1982) 130 Cal. App. 3d 749, 754.) “On appeal, however,
‘“the question is not whether the administrative determination was supported by the
weight of the evidence, but whether . . . there is substantial evidence in support of the
trial court’s findings.” [Citations.]’ [Citation.]” (Aantex Pest Control v. Structural Pest
Control Bd. (1980) 108 Cal. App. 3d 696, 701.) Substantial evidence existed on all
negligence issues, thus the trial court’s findings must be affirmed.

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II. No abuse of discretion in imposing a penalty of license revocation
       A. Standard of review
       “The propriety of a sanction imposed by an administrative agency is a matter
resting in the sound discretion of that agency, and that decision will not be overturned
absent an abuse of discretion. [Citations.]” (Hughes v. Board of Architectural Examiners
(1998) 68 Cal. App. 4th 685, 692 (Hughes).) As to issues reviewed in the superior court
under an abuse of discretion standard, “the appellate court reviews the administrative
determination, not that of the superior court, by the same standard as was appropriate in
the superior court. [Citations.]” (Schmitt v. City of Rialto (1985) 164 Cal. App. 3d 494,
501 (Schmitt).)
       Thus, when reviewing an issue regarding the level of discipline imposed, “the
standard of review on appeal remains the same as it was in the superior court: the
administrative agency’s exercise of discretion as to the discipline to be imposed will not
be disturbed unless a manifest abuse of discretion is shown. [Citation.]” (Schmitt, supra,
164 Cal.App.3d at p. 501.) “‘Neither a trial court nor an appellate court is free to
substitute its discretion for that of an administrative agency concerning the degree of
punishment imposed.’ [Citations.]” (Hughes, supra, 68 Cal.App.4th at p. 692.) “This
rule is based on the rationale that ‘the courts should pay great deference to the expertise
of the administrative agency in determining the appropriate penalty to be imposed.’
[Citation.]” (Ibid., fn. omitted.)
       “‘One of the tests suggested for determining whether the administrative body
acted within the area of its discretion is whether reasonable minds may differ as to the
propriety of the penalty imposed. The fact that reasonable minds may differ will fortify
the conclusion that there was no abuse of discretion.’ [Citation.]” (Hughes, supra, 68
Cal.App.4th at p. 692.)
       B. The law supports the penalty of license revocation
       Business and Professions Code section 1670 provides that “[a]ny licentiate may
have his license revoked . . . for unprofessional conduct, or incompetence, or gross

                                             17
negligence.” The aiding or abetting of any unlicensed person to practice dentistry is
considered to be unprofessional conduct. (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 1680, subd. (c).)
       The Board’s Disciplinary Guidelines provide that the maximum penalty for gross
negligence or incompetence is revocation of licensure. The maximum penalty for aiding
and abetting the unlicensed practice of dentistry is also license revocation.
       Under the laws set forth above, license revocation is among the acceptable
administrative penalties for the acts described in the accusation. The Board thus
proceeded in a manner supported by the law.
       C. The Board did not abuse its discretion in weighing the factors
       The Board’s Disciplinary Guidelines provide 12 factors to be considered “[i]n
determining whether revocation, suspension or probation should be imposed in a given
case.” Those factors are: (1) nature and severity of the act(s), offense(s), or crime(s)
under consideration; (2) actual or potential harm to the public; (3) actual or potential
harm to any patient; (4) prior disciplinary record; (5) number and variety of violations;
(6) mitigation evidence; (7) aggravating evidence; (8) rehabilitation evidence; (9) in case
of a criminal conviction, compliance with conditions of sentence and court-ordered
probation; (10) criminal record; (11) time passed since the act(s) or offense(s) occurred;
and (12) if applicable, evidence of expungement proceedings pursuant to Penal Code
section 1203.4.
       Under these guidelines, the Board properly considered appellant’s prior
disciplinary record, including the discipline imposed by the Dental Board of Arizona as
well as the prior discipline imposed by the Board after appellant’s classmate
impersonated him during the 1982 California Dental Board examination. Appellant
emphasizes that those violations occurred 30 years ago, and that appellant has since made
his peace with the Board and was allowed to take the exam after complying with his
penalty. Appellant argues that he has been subjected to a new form of double jeopardy.
He states that he has a “spotless” record over the last 20 years, with the exception of the
current matter. Appellant argues that he demonstrated his rehabilitation by being granted
a license to practice by both Arizona and California. In addition, during the pendency of

                                             18
these proceedings, he took courses on the subjects contained within the accusation, such
as restoration and laws relating to the operation of a dental practice. The courses also
included material regarding the duties of dental assistants and RDA-EFs and the use of
evidence-based information to determine the best treatment for a patient.
       In its decision, the Board stated that “[a]ll evidence presented in mitigation or
rehabilitation, as well as that presented in aggravation, has been considered.” In
determining that the penalty of revocation was necessary for the protection of the public,
the Board emphasized the severity of the current violations and appellant’s failure to
adhere to the standard of care with respect to basic requirements of the practice of
dentistry. The Board found that the violations at issue were severe and put E.S. at risk of
significant harm. The record reveals no abuse of discretion in the Board’s weighing of
the factors relevant to license revocation.
       Appellant takes issue with the statement contained in the decision noting
appellant’s “extensive discipline over a period of almost 30 years.” Appellant argues that
his record with the California Dental Board is “pristine” over the 20 years he has been
licensed in California.
       As set forth above, we do not disturb administrative sanctions “absent an abuse of
discretion. [Citations.]” (Hughes, supra, 68 Cal.App.4th at p. 692.) Even if reasonable
minds might differ on the appropriateness of the penalty imposed here, the law and the
evidence show that the Board acted within its discretion. (Ibid.) As the trial court noted,
the 30-year period discussed in the Board’s decision covers the time period during which
appellant not only committed fraud in attempting to obtain licenses in both California and
Arizona, but also retained Peterson and aided and abetted her unauthorized practice of
dentistry. Under the circumstances, we decline to find an abuse of discretion in the
Board’s decision to impose the penalty of license revocation and therefore affirm the
judgment of the trial court.

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                                  DISPOSITION
      The judgment is affirmed.
      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS.

                                           ____________________________, J.
                                           CHAVEZ

We concur:

__________________________, P. J.
BOREN

__________________________, J.
ASHMANN-GERST

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