Court Opinion

ID: 4352838
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-12-20 17:05:06.609185+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:27:29.249620
License: Public Domain

Supreme Court of Florida
                                  ____________

                                  No. SC17-1623
                                  ____________

                            MARGARET A. ALLEN,
                                Appellant,

                                        vs.

                             STATE OF FLORIDA,
                                  Appellee.

                                December 20, 2018

PER CURIAM.

      Margaret Allen, a prisoner under sentence of death, appeals an order denying

her motion for postconviction relief filed under Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure

3.851. We have jurisdiction. See art. V, § 3(b)(1), Fla. Const. For the reasons that

follow, we affirm the circuit court’s order denying Allen’s motion for

postconviction relief.

                                BACKGROUND

      In 2010, Allen was convicted of the kidnapping and first-degree murder of

Wenda Wright. Allen v. State, 137 So. 3d 946, 953 (Fla. 2013). On direct appeal,
we affirmed her convictions and sentences, including a sentence of death for the

murder, and summarized the guilt-phase evidence as follows:

              Johnny [Dublin, Wenda Wright’s domestic partner], testified
      that on the day Wright went missing, Allen came to Dublin and
      Wright’s house and whispered something into Wright’s ear. In
      response, Wright and Allen left the house together. A little while
      later, Allen returned to Dublin’s house and told Dublin that Wright
      stole about $2000 of Allen’s money and Allen asked Dublin if she
      could search his house. Dublin obliged and Allen searched Dublin’s
      house. Dublin testified that he noticed that Allen had scratches on her
      when she came back to his house. Dublin asked Allen where Wright
      was, and Allen responded that she was still at Allen’s house. Dublin
      testified that the next day, Allen came back to his house and asked
      him where Wright was. Dublin testified that Quintin [Allen, a
      neighbor and friend of Allen] was with Allen. Quintin . . . testified for
      the State . . . that he was at Allen’s house on the day of the murder
      when Allen noticed that her purse was missing. Allen left her house, .
      . . returned . . . with Wright and asked Quintin to come inside. Allen
      told Quintin that Wright must have stolen Allen’s purse because
      Wright was the only person at Allen’s house before the purse went
      missing. Allen and Quintin searched for the purse. Allen left the
      house again and told Quintin not to let Wright leave if she tried. At
      one point while Allen was gone, Wright tried to leave; Quintin told
      Wright that Allen wanted her to stay, and Wright obliged.

              Upon Allen’s return, Quintin plaited Allen’s hair. Quintin
      testified that at one point Wright started crying and begged Allen to
      let her go home. Wright attempted to leave Allen’s house and Allen
      hit Wright on the head; Wright fell to the ground. Quintin testified
      that Allen had a gun and told him that if he did not help her with
      Wright, she would shoot him, so Quintin held Wright down on the
      floor. While he held Wright down, Allen found chemicals including
      bleach, fingernail polish remover, rubbing alcohol and hair spritz and
      poured them all onto Wright’s face. At one point, one of Allen’s
      children walked into the room in which this was taking place, and
      Allen told the child to rip off a piece of duct tape for Allen. Allen
      attempted to put the duct tape over Wright’s mouth, but because
      Wright’s face was wet from the chemicals that were poured on her

                                        -2-
face, the duct tape would not stick to her skin. Allen retrieved belts
from her closet and beat Wright with them. Quintin then tied
Wright’s feet together with one of the belts. Quintin testified that at
that point Wright was not struggling. Allen then put one of the belts
around Wright’s neck and pulled. At one point, Wright said, “Please,
stop. Please stop. I am going to piss myself.” Wright’s body started
shaking and after about three minutes, Wright did not move. Allen
then told Quintin to get some sheets to tie Wright’s hands together in
case Wright woke up.

        Quintin left soon after the incident. Allen called Quintin
throughout the night, but he did not answer her calls. The next day,
Allen found Quintin at the barbershop. Quintin testified that Allen
still had the gun. Quintin got into the truck that Allen was driving;
James Martin [a friend of Allen] was also in the truck. Allen told
Quintin that Wright was dead. Allen then told Quintin that he had to
help her get rid of the body. Allen, Quintin, and Martin drove to
Lowe’s to buy plywood to help move Wright’s body from inside the
house into the truck. They also borrowed a dolly hand truck from a
local shop to help move the body. Quintin testified that upon
returning to Allen’s house, Wright’s body had been moved from
where he had last seen her and had been wrapped in Allen’s carpet.
They were eventually able to get Wright’s body into the truck. Then,
all three took shovels from Allen’s mother’s tool shed and drove to an
area off of the highway to dump Wright’s body. Quintin and Martin
dug a hole while Allen stood as a lookout. They placed Wright’s
body in the hole, covered the hole with debris, and took the carpet
with them. They threw the carpet into a dumpster outside of a truck
stop and picked up Allen’s daughter from school. Quintin went to the
police and turned himself in. Quintin also took the police to the place
where Wright’s body had been buried.

       James Martin testified . . . that on the day of the murder, he was
at Allen’s house helping her repair a car. Allen asked Martin to help
her search for her purse, and Martin did. He testified that he left
Allen’s house around 10 p.m. to get a starter belt for the car. Martin
finished repairing the car and asked Allen if she had any cocaine. She
did not, so Martin left Allen’s house, found cocaine, came back to
Allen’s house, and smoked it. Martin testified that when he got back
from finding the cocaine, Wright was the only one at Allen’s house.

                                  -3-
Martin testified that the timing of the events of the day was unclear
because he had been high. Martin testified that he slept at Allen’s
house until the morning and got a ride from Allen when she took her
children to school. At that point, Allen told Martin that she needed
help. Allen and Martin went back to Allen’s house, and Martin saw
Wright’s body. Martin testified that Allen told him, “He must have
hit her too hard.” Martin testified that he noticed a bandana tied
around Wright’s hands. Allen told Martin that they had to bury
Wright’s body. Allen sent Martin to Allen’s brother’s house to
borrow a truck. Martin testified that the truck was never found by
police. Martin testified that the entire plan, including getting the
plywood at Lowe’s was Allen’s idea. Martin testified that he was the
only smoker of the group, and he dumped all of the ashtrays out of the
car after they buried the body. When they got back to Allen’s house,
Quintin left, and Martin cleaned the nylon strap that had been used to
secure the carpet around Wright’s body. Martin also washed the truck
but testified that he did not know what became of the vehicle. Martin
was at Allen’s house when the police came to Allen’s house with a
search warrant.
        ....
        Denise Fitzgerald, a crime scene technician, testified that she
exhumed Wright’s body and located a cigarette butt in the vicinity.
The State and defense stipulated that the DNA found on the cigarette
butt was consistent with Martin’s DNA. Dr. Sajid Qaiser, a forensic
pathologist and chief medical examiner for Brevard County, testified
that . . . a body cannot bruise once dead and that Wright had bruising
in the following places: upper and lower eye lid, front and back of her
ear, left torso, all over the left side, trunk, right hand, thigh, knee, left
eyebrow, forehead, upper arm and shoulder area. Additionally,
Wright’s chest, hands, torso, face, and lower lip had contusions.
Wright’s wrist showed signs of ligation, meaning her hands were tied.
Wright’s neck showed signs of ligation, meaning that she was either
hung or something was tied tightly around her neck. Dr. Qaiser
testified that his medical conclusion was that Wright’s death was the
result of homicidal violence, and strangulation and ligature were an
important cause of death. Dr. Qaiser testified that Wright was
morbidly obese, with an enlarged heart, which contributed to her
death. He testified that it would take from four to six minutes of
strangulation to die. He could not tell whether she was rendered
unconscious during the beating.

                                    -4-
Id. at 951-53. The record also shows that while the autopsy report concluded that

cocaine intoxication was a cause of Wright’s death, Dr. Qaiser testified that he did

not agree with the conclusion.

      After convicting Allen of kidnapping and first-degree murder, Allen’s jury

unanimously recommended a death sentence. The trial court followed the jury’s

recommendation, finding two aggravators 1 and four nonstatutory mitigating

circumstances.2 On appeal, this Court affirmed the death sentence. Id. at 969.

Allen’s death sentence became final in 2014. Allen v. Florida, 135 S. Ct. 362

(2014).

      Thereafter, Allen timely filed her initial motion for postconviction relief

under Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.851, raising fourteen claims with

subparts. Allen sought leave to amend her rule 3.851 motion to add a Hurst v.

      1. The trial court found the following aggravators: (1) the capital felony was
committed while the defendant was engaged, or was an accomplice, in the
commission of, or an attempt to commit, or flight after committing or attempting to
commit a kidnapping (great weight); and (2) the capital felony was especially
heinous, atrocious, or cruel (great weight). Id. at 955.

       2. The mitigating circumstances found were the following: (1) Allen
was the victim of physical abuse and possible sexual abuse in the past (some
weight); (2) Allen has brain damage as a result of prior acts of physical
abuse and the brain damage results in episodes of lack of impulse control
(some weight); (3) Allen grew up in a neighborhood where there were acts
of violence and illegal drugs (some weight); and (4) Allen helped people in
her life (little weight). Id.

                                        -5-
Florida claim and a Hurst v. State claim. 3 The postconviction court accepted the

amendments and held an evidentiary hearing on the fourteen claims. 4 The trial

       3. Hurst v. Florida, 136 S. Ct. 616 (2016); Hurst v. State, 202 So. 3d 40
(Fla. 2016), cert. denied 137 S. Ct. 2161 (2017).

        4. Allen raised the following claims in her amended rule 3.851 motion: (1)
trial counsel was ineffective for failing to strike juror Carll for cause or
peremptorily; (2) trial counsel was ineffective for failing to properly impeach
former-codefendant-turned-State-witness Quintin’s testimony with his prior
inconsistent statement indicating that Allen poured chemicals on the victim; (3)
trial counsel was ineffective in eliciting improper testimony on cross-examination
of Quintin; (4) trial counsel was ineffective for failing to impeach Quintin with
prior inconsistent statements and for failing to cross-examine Quintin about his
statement regarding his possession of $4,000 two days after the victim’s death; (5)
trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to prosecutorial misconduct in the
guilt phase closing arguments; (6.1) trial counsel was ineffective in failing to
object that the prosecutor misrepresented evidence and testified to facts not in
evidence in the guilt phase closing arguments; (6.2) trial counsel was ineffective in
failing to object and request a curative instruction when the prosecutor
misrepresented Dr. Qaiser’s testimony regarding the time it takes for strangulation
to lead to death; (6.3) trial counsel was ineffective in failing to object when the
prosecutor misrepresented Dr. Qaiser’s testimony regarding evidence of petechia
on the victim; (6.4) trial counsel was ineffective in failing to object and request a
curative instruction when the prosecutor read from the autopsy report and
misrepresented its findings during the guilt phase closing argument; (6.5) trial
counsel was ineffective in failing to object when the prosecutor misstated the
elements of first-degree felony murder; and (6.6) the cumulative effects of the
errors in counsel’s performance constituted prejudice for Allen; (7) trial counsel
was ineffective in failing to object to Dr. Qaiser’s testimony that unconscious
people can feel pain; (8.1) trial counsel was ineffective during the penalty phase
for failing to object and move for a mistrial on the ground that the prosecutor
presented information about Allen’s drug convictions as an inadmissible
nonstatutory aggravator; (8.2) trial counsel was ineffective during the penalty
phase for failing to object and move for a mistrial on the ground that the prosecutor
argued lack of remorse during cross-examination of Dr. Wu; (8.3) trial counsel was
ineffective during the penalty phase for failing to object and move for a mistrial on
the ground that the prosecutor twice referenced Allen’s future dangerousness; (8.4)

                                        -6-
trial counsel was ineffective during the penalty phase for failing to object and
move for a mistrial on the ground that the prosecutor presented information about
Allen’s time in prison as an inadmissible nonstatutory aggravator; (8.5) trial
counsel was ineffective during the penalty phase for failing to object and move for
a mistrial on the ground that the prosecutor analogized pouring liquid on the
victim’s face to waterboarding; (8.6) trial counsel was ineffective during the
penalty phase closing argument for failing to object on the ground that the
prosecutor made an improper golden rule argument; (8.7) trial counsel was
ineffective during the penalty phase closing argument for failing to object on the
ground that the prosecutor made an improper golden rule argument; (8.8) trial
counsel was ineffective during the penalty phase closing argument for failing to
object and move for a mistrial on the grounds that the prosecutor added to the
authority of his office and misstated evidence; (8.9) trial counsel was ineffective
during the penalty phase closing argument for failing to object and move for a
mistrial on the ground that the prosecutor denigrated Dr. Gebel’s testimony and
misrepresented it; (8.10) trial counsel was ineffective during the penalty phase
closing argument for failing to object and move for a curative instruction on the
ground that the prosecutor misstated the evidence presented by Dr. Wu; (8.11) trial
counsel was ineffective during the penalty phase closing argument for failing to
object and move for a mistrial on the ground that the prosecutor introduced
evidence of bad character; (8.12) trial counsel was ineffective during the penalty
phase closing argument for failing to object and move for a mistrial on the grounds
that the prosecutor attempted to gain sympathy and cloaked the State’s case with
legitimacy as a death case; (8.13) the cumulative effects of the errors in counsel’s
performance constituted prejudice for Allen; (9) trial counsel was ineffective in
questioning Allen’s aunt about the culture of “drugs, thugs, and violence,” which
opened the door to other questions about Allen’s participation in that environment;
(10) the State committed a Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150 (1972), violation
in the penalty phase by eliciting and failing to correct false testimony that Allen
was convicted several times for selling drugs; (11) trial counsel was ineffective in
failing to acquire and present expert witness testimony to refute and clarify Dr.
Qaiser’s testimony; (12) trial counsel was ineffective in failing to elicit testimony
from Dr. Wu about two statutory mitigators; (13) trial counsel was ineffective in
failing to investigate and present mitigation testimony; and (14) trial counsel was
ineffective in failing to call Quintin at the penalty phase to testify to Allen’s
demeanor at the time of the offenses.

                                        -7-
court denied the motion in its entirety, including summarily denying the Hurst v.

Florida and the Hurst v. State claims.

      Allen appealed the denial of her rule 3.851 motion, arguing that the

postconviction court erred with respect to the following claims: (1) that trial

counsel was ineffective for failing to object to improper prosecutorial comments

and misstatements and for failing to move for a mistrial during guilt phase

closings; (2) that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate and present

certain mitigation evidence; (3) that trial counsel was ineffective for eliciting

testimony from former-codefendant-turned-State-witness Quintin that Allen

poured chemicals on the victim; (4) that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to

object to Dr. Qaiser’s testimony that unconscious people feel pain; (5) that trial

counsel was ineffective for failing to object and move for a mistrial during penalty

phase closings based on prosecutorial misconduct; (6) that trial counsel was

ineffective for asking if Allen became a part of the culture of “drugs, thugs, and

violence”; (7) that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to call his own forensic

expert; (8) that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to impeach Quintin with

prior inconsistent statements; (9) that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to

adequately challenge or strike a juror during voir dire; (10) that the State

committed a Giglio violation by eliciting and failing to correct false testimony that

                                          -8-
Allen was convicted several times for selling drugs; and (11) that Allen is entitled

to a new penalty phase under Hurst v. Florida and Hurst v. State.

                                    ANALYSIS

      Allen argues that the circuit court erred in denying eleven claims in her

postconviction motion. Nine of the claims allege ineffective assistance of

counsel—one pertaining to the guilt phase, five to the penalty phase, two to both

phases, and one to jury selection; the tenth claim alleges a Giglio violation; and the

final claim alleges a Hurst error. We address each claim in turn.

                          I. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

      Allen first argues that her trial counsel was ineffective. Claims of

ineffective assistance of counsel are analyzed in accordance with Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). To be entitled to relief, the defendant must

establish the following two prongs, deficient performance and prejudice:

      First, the claimant must identify particular acts or omissions of the
      lawyer that are shown to be outside the broad range of reasonably
      competent performance under prevailing professional standards.
      Second, the clear, substantial deficiency shown must further be
      demonstrated to have so affected the fairness and reliability of the
      proceeding that confidence in the outcome is undermined.

Peterson v. State, 221 So. 3d 571, 583 (Fla. 2017) (quoting Schoenwetter v. State,

46 So. 3d 535, 546 (Fla. 2010)).

      To establish the Strickland deficiency prong, “the defendant must

demonstrate that counsel’s performance was unreasonable under ‘prevailing

                                         -9-
professional norms.’ ” Id. at 583-84 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688). There

is a strong presumption that counsel’s performance was not ineffective. See

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690. “A fair assessment of attorney performance requires

that every effort be made to eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight, to

reconstruct the circumstances of counsel’s challenged conduct, and to evaluate the

conduct from counsel’s perspective at the time.” Id. at 689. Moreover, counsel’s

“strategic decisions do not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel if alternative

courses have been considered and rejected and counsel’s decision was reasonable

under the norms of professional conduct.” Occhicone v. State, 768 So. 2d 1037,

1048 (Fla. 2000).

      The Strickland prejudice prong requires the defendant to show that “there is

a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s professional errors, the result of the

proceeding would have been different,” where “[a] reasonable probability is a

probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Strickland, 466

U.S. at 694. Specifically for claims of ineffective assistance of counsel during the

penalty phase, a defendant must show that, absent the errors, “the sentencer . . .

would have concluded that the balance of aggravating and mitigating

circumstances did not warrant death,” id. at 695, meaning that counsel’s

ineffectiveness “deprived the defendant of a reliable penalty phase proceeding,”

Hoskins v. State, 75 So. 3d 250, 254 (Fla. 2011).

                                         - 10 -
      Further, “because the Strickland standard requires establishment of both

prongs, when a defendant fails to make a showing as to one prong, it is not

necessary to delve into whether he has made a showing as to the other prong.”

Waterhouse v. State, 792 So. 2d 1176, 1182 (Fla. 2001). We review the

postconviction court’s factual findings for competent, substantial evidence, while

reviewing its ultimate conclusions on both prongs de novo. See Peterson, 221 So.

3d at 584. We affirm the postconviction court’s denial on the merits of Allen’s

nine ineffective assistance of counsel claims as set forth below.

 1. Failure to object to improper prosecutorial comments and misstatements
       and to move for a mistrial during guilt phase closing arguments

      Allen argues that her trial counsel was ineffective for failing to move for a

mistrial and object to the prosecutor’s improper comments during the guilt phase

closing arguments.

      Subclaim 1

      Allen first claims that trial counsel should have objected and requested a

curative instruction when the prosecutor misstated that, to prove first-degree felony

murder, the State only needed to prove that Wright died during the kidnapping, not

how she died.

      The record shows that the prosecutor stated during closing argument, “All

we have to prove is that during the course of the kidnapping she died. And it

doesn’t matter how.” However, earlier in the argument, the prosecutor also

                                        - 11 -
accurately described each of the elements of first-degree felony murder, which

includes proving that the death occurred as a consequence of the kidnapping. The

State also correctly presented the elements of first-degree felony murder on a

visual display to the jury, and the elements were contained in the jury instructions.

      Allen argues that counsel’s performance prejudiced her jury by influencing

them to believe that Allen could still be guilty of felony murder even if the cocaine

intoxication, and not the strangulation, caused Wright’s death. However, Allen has

failed to demonstrate prejudice, considering the totality of the correct descriptions

of the elements of felony murder available to the jury. See Carratelli v. State, 961

So. 2d 312, 324 (Fla. 2007) (“Under Strickland, to demonstrate prejudice a

defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability—one sufficient to

undermine confidence in the outcome—that, but for counsel’s unprofessional

errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.”) (citing Strickland,

466 U.S. at 694). There is no reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s failure

to object, the outcome would have been different. Our confidence in the outcome

is not undermined. Because Allen has failed to establish the prejudice prong, we

need not address deficiency. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697 (“[T]here is no reason

for a court deciding an ineffective assistance claim . . . to address both components

of the inquiry if the defendant makes an insufficient showing on one.”). Therefore,

we conclude that the trial court properly denied postconviction relief on this claim.

                                        - 12 -
      Subclaim 2

      Allen claims that trial counsel should have objected when the prosecutor

mentioned his distaste for plea bargaining with codefendants and indicated that

Allen was more culpable than Quintin. Allen also claims that counsel should have

objected when the prosecutor denied that evidence of a plea offer to Allen existed,

and that counsel should have requested that the jury be instructed about the plea

offer discussions that took place. However, this claim was not raised in Allen’s

postconviction motion before the circuit court. It therefore was not preserved for

review. “In order to preserve an issue for appeal, the issue ‘must be presented to

the lower court and the specific legal argument or grounds to be argued on appeal

must be part of that presentation.’ ” Bryant v. State, 901 So. 2d 810, 822 (Fla.

2015) (quoting Archer v. State, 613 So. 2d 446, 448 (Fla. 1993)). Allen has

waived the claim, and it is therefore procedurally barred. In any event, the claim is

without merit because Allen has failed to establish prejudice. There is not a

reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s failure to object, the outcome would

have been different. Allen is therefore not entitled to relief on the merits.

      Subclaim 3

      Allen claims that trial counsel should have objected when the prosecutor

stated that petechia results from a tight strangulation. Allen argues that counsel’s

                                        - 13 -
deficient performance prejudiced her jury because it reduced doubt in the jury

members’ minds that strangulation actually occurred.

      The record shows that in the guilt phase closing argument, the prosecutor

stated that “[Allen] is the one holding that belt around her neck so tightly that it

would even cause petechia, the little pinpoint blood vessels that pop in your eyes.

Okay? So tight that Dr. Qaiser said that you don’t get it unless it is held real tight.”

On cross-examination, Dr. Qaiser testified that “whenever the strangulation is

complete and really tight, you won’t see petechia” and noted that he “did not see”

evidence of petechia in the autopsy photographs.

      Allen has failed to demonstrate that counsel’s failure to object to the

prosecutor’s misstatement prejudiced her. The evidence presented at trial showed

that Wright was tortured, bound, and strangled by Allen. Whether petechia

occurred from the strangulation of Wright does not weaken the evidence made

available to the jury. Further, the jury heard from Dr. Qaiser that petechia does not

occur during a tight strangulation, and that the autopsy photos did not reveal that

petechia occurred. In light of this, there is no reasonable probability that, but for

counsel’s failure to object, the outcome would have been different. Our

confidence in the outcome is not undermined. Because Allen has not demonstrated

prejudice, we need not address the deficient performance prong. See Strickland,

                                         - 14 -
466 U.S. at 697. Therefore, we conclude that the circuit court properly denied

relief on this claim.

         Subclaim 4

         Allen argues that trial counsel should have objected when the prosecutor

stated that it takes “three or four minutes” to die of strangulation.

         The record shows that during the State’s direct examination, Dr. Qaiser

testified in response to the question, “How long does it take a person to strangle –

to die from strangulation?” that “[w]ithin four to six minutes only a person can

die.” Quintin testified at trial that Allen held the belt “around [Wright’s] neck for

three minutes,” and that Wright stopped moving after three minutes. In the guilt

phase closing argument, the prosecutor made the following statement: “[Y]ou can

take this for discussion, that placing a rope around someone’s neck and holding it

there for three or four minutes, because that is what Dr. Qaiser said it would take,

okay, three or four minutes, all right, that may have some aspects of premeditation

here.”

         Allen has failed to demonstrate prejudice. The prosecutor’s statement that it

takes “three or four” minutes to die of strangulation was not wholly inconsistent

with the evidence presented at trial that it takes “four to six minutes” to die of

strangulation, because “four” is a correct amount of time. Allen has not shown that

there is a reasonable probability that, but for hearing the misstated amount of time,

                                         - 15 -
the jurors would not have found Allen guilty. Therefore, no prejudice occurred.

See Carratelli, 961 So. 2d at 324. Our confidence in the outcome is not

undermined. Because Allen has not demonstrated prejudice, we need not address

the deficient performance prong. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697. Therefore, we

conclude that the circuit court properly denied relief on this claim.

      Subclaim 5

      Allen argues that trial counsel should have objected and requested a curative

instruction when the prosecutor misstated that Wright’s neck injuries were internal

instead of external. Allen argues that this prejudiced her jury because the

misstatement regarding internal injuries would have convinced them that Wright

was violently strangled, a conclusion they might not have reached had they heard

the truth that her neck injuries were merely external.

      The record shows that the prosecutor stated during direct examination of Dr.

Qaiser that the autopsy report “refers to external evidence of injury.” In the guilt

phase closing argument, the prosecutor read aloud from Dr. Whitmore’s autopsy

report, stating, “Then on top of that Dr. Whitmore said—it’s sort of vague what he

said—atraumatic neck, but then he says, ‘see evidence of internal injuries,’ and

then we read that in which he says there is contusions on both sides of the neck.”

      Counsel’s failure to object to this minor misstatement was not prejudicial to

Allen. Based on the totality of the record, which shows that Allen bound, tortured,

                                        - 16 -
beat, and strangled Wright, confidence in the outcome is not undermined so as to

establish prejudice. See Carratelli, 961 So. 2d at 324. Had the jury not heard the

prosecutor say that Wright’s neck injuries were “internal,” there is no reasonable

probability that the outcome would have been different. We need not address the

deficient performance prong. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697. Accordingly, we

conclude that the circuit court properly denied relief on this claim.

      Subclaim 6

      Allen argues that the cumulative impact of the alleged errors deprived her of

her right to a fair trial. However, Allen has failed to establish error as to the denial

of any claim raised. Because each individual subclaim is either without merit or

procedurally barred, the claim of cumulative error fails. See Anderson v. State, 18

So. 3d 501, 520 (Fla. 2009) (rejecting a cumulative error claim when the individual

claims did not establish ineffective assistance of counsel); Israel v. State, 985 So.

2d 510, 520 (Fla. 2008) (holding that where individual alleged claims of error are

“procedurally barred or without merit, the claim of cumulative error also

necessarily fails”) (quoting Parker v. State, 904 So. 3d 370, 380 (Fla. 2008)).

Accordingly, we affirm the circuit court’s finding that Allen is not entitled to relief

on this claim.

 2. Failure to properly investigate and present additional mitigation evidence

                                         - 17 -
      Allen argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate and

present certain mitigating evidence about Allen’s traumatic background and mental

health during the penalty phase. Specifically, she claims that additional mitigation

evidence should have been uncovered and presented, including the existence of

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and extensive sexual and physical abuse.

We conclude that the absence of this mitigating evidence does not satisfy

Strickland’s requirement of prejudice.

      At the evidentiary hearing, Allen presented the testimony of Allen’s former

boyfriend, who testified that he sold drugs with Allen and frequently physically

abused her throughout the duration of their relationship. He recounted instances of

extremely violent episodes, described Allen having frequent anxiety attacks, and

stated that he could not say whether he would have testified at trial had he been

asked. He testified that at the time of Allen’s trial in 2010, he was living in a

federal halfway house after serving ten years in prison. In addition, another of

Allen’s aunts gave extensive and detailed testimony that Allen suffered physical

and sexual abuse as a child at the hands of her mother, grandfather, and brother and

that she experienced severe domestic violence as an adult. She stated that Allen

suffered from intense anxiety and that she would have testified at trial had she been

asked. Allen’s daughter also stated that she would have testified at trial if she had

been asked. She testified to seeing her mother being beaten up by multiple

                                         - 18 -
boyfriends and admitted that she had not been forthcoming in her deposition

immediately after the murder. Allen’s son testified that he would have been

available to testify at Allen’s trial, if asked, and that he witnessed Allen’s physical

abuse and frequent mood swings when he was a child.

      Dr. Russell testified at the evidentiary hearing for Allen. In preparation for

his testimony, he met with Allen and several family members to discuss her

childhood and behavioral problems. He testified of his theory that Allen’s

childhood traumas caused her to suffer from PTSD, which he said she experienced

at the time of Wright’s murder. He then testified that in light of Allen’s history,

records, discussions with her family, and observable emotional dysregulation, she

could have been in a state of extreme emotional disturbance at the time of the

homicide. He stated that persons who are unable to control their emotions would

eventually lose their ability to think rationally if faced with the situation that Allen

faced the day of the homicide. He testified that had he only reviewed the limited

information given to Dr. Gebel at trial, he would not have been able to come to the

PTSD diagnosis. He admitted on cross-examination that Allen did not tell him

what she was thinking or feeling at the time of the homicide, and that Allen denied

murdering Wright.

      Dr. Gamache, the State’s expert at the evidentiary hearing, testified that after

reviewing numerous records, including the discovery related to the case and

                                         - 19 -
investigation and Allen’s medical and psychological records, he did not believe

that any significant mitigation evidence was left out of Allen’s penalty phase. He

testified that the jury was informed by Dr. Gebel and Dr. Wu in sufficient detail of

Allen’s childhood trauma, past sexual and physical abuse, and domestic violence.

He also explained that Allen currently exhibited no PTSD symptoms and had never

been diagnosed with the disorder, other than by Dr. Russell. He also stated that

there was no evidence that Allen displayed PTSD symptoms at the time of the

homicide.

      Allen’s trial counsel testified at the evidentiary hearing that he made several

attempts to talk to Allen’s family members and asked Allen’s aunt, Myrtle Hudson,

several times when he could speak with them. He testified that Allen did not want

to discuss the case when he met with her and that she did not want her daughter

involved in the case. He stated that he made no attempts to talk with Allen’s

daughter because he was told that she would be uncooperative and did not want

anything to do with Allen. He testified that he was hesitant to put her on the stand

because she could be impeached. He further testified that he did not feel that there

was a need to talk to Allen’s son in light of the information he already had

obtained from other family members. He testified that he called Allen’s former

boyfriend twice but he got no answer.

                                        - 20 -
      Trial counsel also testified that he believed that psychologist Dr. Gebel and

neuropsychiatrist Dr. Wu were sufficient to testify to Allen’s mental health issues

at the penalty phase. Dr. Gebel reviewed Allen’s history and interviewed Allen

once, telling the jury about the significant intracranial injuries she suffered, as well

as her frontal lobe disorder, decreased cognitive ability, and impulse control issues

that would prevent Allen from behaving normally and from understanding the

consequences of her behavior. Dr. Wu explained to the jury that certain areas of

Allen’s brain did not function normally and that she suffered from lack of impulse

control.

      At trial, counsel presented the testimony of Dr. Wu, Dr. Gebel, and Allen’s

aunt Myrtle Hudson that outlined Allen’s mental health issues and the physical and

sexual abuse she suffered while growing up and as an adult. The jury heard of her

issues with impulse control, her intracranial brain injuries, and the traumatic

childhood and violent relationships she endured.

      Upon review of the trial court’s order and record, we conclude that defense

counsel’s mitigation investigation did not prejudice Allen. Had the additional

mitigation evidence been introduced as Allen claims, there is no reasonable

probability that the outcome would have been different. First, Allen

overemphasizes the value of evidentiary hearing testimony presented by Allen’s

family members and Dr. Russell. The testimony presented regarding Allen’s

                                         - 21 -
background was cumulative to the mitigation already presented at trial. This Court

has “repeatedly held that counsel is not ineffective for failing to present cumulative

evidence.” Jones v. State, 998 So. 2d 573, 586 (Fla. 2008); see also Rhodes v.

State, 986 So. 2d 501, 512-13 (Fla. 2008) (“Even if we were to find counsel’s

conduct deficient, [the defendant] cannot demonstrate prejudice. Any testimony

the additional witnesses would have provided would have been cumulative to that

provided by the witnesses at resentencing. . . . The additional testimony would only

have added to the mitigation already found. Even if given more weight, the

mitigation would not outweigh the . . . strong aggravators . . . .”). The absence of

the more specific evidence regarding Allen’s traumatic upbringing therefore does

not render the penalty phase unreliable. Further, the jury’s recommendation of

death was unanimous, and the trial court found that the State established two

significant aggravators: (1) committed while Allen was engaged in the commission

of kidnapping; (2) especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel. See Allen, 137 So. 3d at

953-54. In light of this aggravation, Allen has not established how the additional

mitigation presented at the evidentiary hearing would impact the balancing of

aggravating and mitigating factors by the jury. See England v. State, 151 So. 3d

1132, 1138 (Fla. 2014) (“For a defendant to establish that he was prejudiced by

trial counsel’s failure to investigate and present mitigation, the defendant ‘must

show that but for his counsel’s deficiency, there is a reasonable probability he

                                        - 22 -
would have received a different sentence. To assess that probability, we consider

the “totality of the available mitigation evidence—both that adduced at trial, and

the evidence adduced in the [postconviction] proceeding”—and “reweig[h] it

against the evidence in aggravation.” ’ ”) (quoting Dennis v. State, 109 So. 3d 680,

695 (Fla. 2012))).

      Moreover, defense counsel’s failure to present more evidence of Allen’s

mental health did not prejudice Allen. Dr. Russell testified that Allen was likely

under the influence of an extreme emotional disturbance at the time of the crime,

but admitted on cross-examination that Allen never told him what was going

through her mind at the time of the capital felony. He also conceded that she

denied killing Wright. The value of his opinion that she suffered from an extreme

mental or emotional disturbance at the time of the homicide is therefore weakened.

Further, the State’s rebuttal expert, Dr. Gamache, rebutted Dr. Russell’s findings,

testifying that there was insufficient evidence from which to conclude that Allen

suffered from PTSD throughout her life and at the time of the homicide. The

additional mitigation presented would not have outweighed the established

aggravating factors to undermine the confidence in the outcome such that Allen

would have received a life sentence. See Jones, 998 So. 2d at 585 (determining

that there was no reasonable probability that evidence of the defendant’s mental

health history would have led to a different outcome where the State had

                                       - 23 -
established three aggravating factors, including the HAC aggravator); Breedlove v.

State, 692 So. 2d 874, 878 (Fla. 1997) (holding that aggravating factors of HAC,

prior violent felony, and murder committed during the course of a burglary

overwhelmed mitigation testimony presented regarding childhood abuse and

alcohol abuse).

      Further, based on trial testimony, the trial court found, as nonstatutory

mitigating factors, that Allen was a victim of physical abuse, possible sexual abuse,

and that she has brain damage. The additional mitigation testimony would have, at

most, only added weight to these mitigating circumstances. Allen has failed to

establish that her sentence would have been different had the court given more

weight to these nonstatutory mitigators. See Jones, 998 So. 2d at 587. Our

confidence in the outcome is not undermined.

      For these reasons, we affirm the postconviction court’s denial of this claim.

3. Improper eliciting of testimony that Allen poured chemicals on the victim

      Allen claims that trial counsel was ineffective during his recross of Quintin

because counsel’s questioning elicited testimony that Allen argues was harmful to

the defense.

      The record reflects that in Quintin’s deposition he stated that Allen poured

caustic substances “on” Wright’s face. In his police statement, Quintin stated that

he could not remember which specific substances were poured onto Wright, but

                                       - 24 -
that it was “a whole bunch of stuff.” During direct examination, when asked if he

knew the types of liquids that were poured onto Wright’s face, he answered, “It

was the bleach, the green rubbing alcohol, the spritz for hair, fingernail polish

remover.” On cross-examination, trial counsel asked if each of the chemicals was

poured separately into Wright’s eyes and mouth, and Quintin answered, “Yes, sir.”

On redirect examination, Quintin testified that he was not sure what liquids were

poured onto Wright other than rubbing alcohol. Then, on recross-examination,

when trial counsel asked several times which specific substances were poured onto

Wright, Quintin testified that “bleach, nail polish remover, and ammonia” were

poured “in” Wright’s face and eyes and down her mouth. The record also shows

that Dr. Qaiser testified that the autopsy report did not indicate that any bleach or

caustic substances were ever poured down Wright’s throat.

      Allen asserts that Quintin’s testimony on recross-examination that Allen

poured bleach, nail polish remover, and ammonia in Wright’s face, mouth, and

eyes was more specific and damaging to her case than his previous, more generic,

testimony. Allen argues that the elicitation of this testimony was deficient

representation because it harmed the defense’s case by painting for the jury a more

painful picture of the specific harmful ways that Wright was tortured. The

postconviction court found that trial counsel’s tactics were not unreasonable, and

we agree. The record demonstrates that counsel was not deficient in eliciting

                                        - 25 -
Quintin’s testimony on recross-examination that bleach, ammonia, and nail polish

remover were poured into Wright’s eyes, mouth, and face. Quintin’s testimony on

direct examination specifically mentioned bleach and nail polish remover, but was

inconsistent with his other testimony. In his police statement, Quintin said that he

could not remember which substances were used, and he also stated on cross- and

redirect examination that he could not specifically identify the types of substances

poured onto Wright. Counsel’s questions regarding which substances were

poured, and the elicitation of Quintin’s answer regarding nail polish, ammonia, and

bleach, were appropriate because counsel was impeaching Quintin by attempting to

show the inconsistencies in his testimony. Counsel’s elicitation of this testimony

on recross-examination was a reasonable tactical decision that resulted in the

impeachment of Quintin. Additionally, his testimony about the bleach was further

impeached by the forensic evidence and Dr. Qaiser’s testimony that no evidence of

bleach was found on Wright. Trial counsel was therefore not deficient for the

strategic decision to impeach Quintin in that manner.

      Moreover, even if counsel was deficient, Allen has not suffered prejudice.

The trial court’s HAC aggravator determination was based on a multitude of

evidence that was unrelated to the types of chemicals poured onto Wright. The

record shows that Allen tied and bound, beat, tortured, and strangled Wright.

There is not a reasonable probability that the outcome would have been different

                                       - 26 -
had the jury not heard the specific testimony regarding which chemicals were

poured onto Wright and where they were poured. Brant v. State, 197 So. 3d 1051,

107 (Fla. 2016) (finding no prejudice in light of the evidence for the HAC

aggravator). Our confidence in the outcome is not undermined. Therefore, we

affirm the denial of relief.

4. Failure to object to Dr. Qaiser’s testimony that unconscious people feel
pain

      Allen argues her trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to Dr.

Qaiser’s testimony in the penalty phase that unconscious people have the ability to

feel pain.

      The record reflects that Dr. Qaiser testified for the State that,

      [W]hether people who are unconscious, either they are minimally
      unconscious, mildly, moderately, or severely or profoundly
      unconscious, do they perceive pain or not. There is [very] little
      known about that. But the studies have been done, especially in
      Belgium, in Europe, and here also in the United States and all the
      other parts of North America . . . . So the conclusion was . . . that they
      register the pain, but it is not necessarily that they will outwardly
      manifest it.

      The prosecutor then asked, “And [the victim] also could have been

experiencing pain even if she is unconscious?” Dr. Qaiser answered, “That’s true.”

On cross-examination, Dr. Qaiser also testified, “[It] is not necessary that the

outward manifestation of pain will be there. But as far as the perception of pain by

the subject, you cannot rule that out. And studies have shown that this has taken

                                        - 27 -
place.” Dr. Qaiser then admitted that he definitely could not testify within a

reasonable degree of medical probability that “there was a sensation of pain in the

present case” while Wright was unconscious.

      At the evidentiary hearing, trial counsel testified that he planned to refute

Dr. Qaiser’s testimony that unconscious people feel pain by cross-examining him.

Trial counsel also testified that Dr. Qaiser admitted on cross-examination that in

this case specifically he “couldn’t say one way or the other” whether Wright

experienced pain.

      Allen claims that trial counsel should have objected to Dr. Qaiser’s

testimony because the testimony was speculative and inflammatory hearsay.

However, the record establishes that counsel made a strategic decision not to object

and rather to cross-examine Dr. Qaiser because he chose as a matter of strategy to

attempt to refute the testimony. He ultimately succeeded in getting Dr. Qaiser to

acknowledge on cross-examination that he could not definitively say that Wright

felt pain within a reasonable degree of medical probability. This discredited his

earlier testimony. Accordingly, the record establishes that counsel’s decision was

a reasonable one under the norms of professional conduct and, therefore, not

deficient. Given that finding, we conclude that counsel was not deficient for

failing to object to the testimony.

                                        - 28 -
      Allen has also not demonstrated prejudice. Here, there was a large amount

of evidence supporting the HAC aggravator finding that was unrelated to Dr.

Qaiser’s testimony regarding unconscious people feeling pain. Quintin testified

that Allen kidnapped, bound, beat, and strangled Wright, and Dr. Qaiser testified

regarding Wright’s contusions and ligature marks. Allen, 137 So. 3d at 953. This

evidence was completely separate from the question of whether Wright felt pain

after she was rendered unconscious. Given Quintin’s testimony that Allen

strangled Wright even while Wright pleaded to be released and screamed that she

would wet her pants, as well as the forensic evidence of contusions on Wright’s

torso, there is no reasonable probability that an objection to the admissibility of Dr.

Qaiser’s testimony regarding pain would have affected the outcome of Allen’s

trial. Our confidence in the outcome is not undermined. Therefore, we affirm the

postconviction court’s denial of relief on this claim.

 5. Failure to object to several instances of prosecutorial misconduct or move
                    for a mistrial during the penalty phase

      Allen argues her trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to multiple

instances of prosecutorial misconduct during the penalty phase.

      Subclaim 1

      Allen claims that trial counsel should have objected, requested a curative

instruction, and moved for a mistrial when the prosecutor stated during cross-

examination of Dr. Gebel that Allen was involved in drugs and had previously

                                        - 29 -
served time in prison, and misstated during cross-examination of Myrtle Hudson

that Allen was convicted several times for selling drugs. She argues that counsel’s

deficiencies prejudiced her penalty phase by making the jury believe she was a

career criminal unworthy of mercy.

      The record shows that Dr. Gebel testified for the defense at trial that Allen

suffered traumatic brain injuries. On cross-examination, the prosecutor asked Dr.

Gebel if he had reviewed Allen’s prison records, and Dr. Gebel answered that

according to his notes, he did not know what type of records they were. The

prosecutor responded, “So, you don’t know if those were county jail records or

prison records where she had been in prison before?” The prosecutor also asked if

Dr. Gebel was aware that Allen had been “involved in drugs for a number of

years.” Myrtle Hudson also testified for the defense at trial, and the prosecutor

asked her if she was “aware that [Allen] was convicted several times for selling

drugs, right?”

      However, nothing in the record undermines confidence in the outcome of the

penalty phase, but rather supports the postconviction court’s finding that there is no

prejudice. See Sochor v. State, 883 So. 2d 766, 771-72 (Fla. 2004) (citing

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694). The prosecutor’s comments about Allen’s time in

prison and her convictions for drug sales were isolated, and did not approach the

same level of impropriety as comments in other cases where this Court has granted

                                        - 30 -
relief. See Brooks v. State, 762 So. 2d 879, 905 (Fla. 2000) (remanding for new

penalty phase in light of the “cumulative effect of the numerous, overlapping

improprieties in the prosecutor’s penalty phase closing argument”). Further, the

testimony that Allen was involved in a lifestyle of drugs led the trial court to find

that such involvement was a nonstatutory mitigator. In light of the penalty phase

evidence and the aggravating circumstance of HAC, which is among the weightiest

in Florida’s death penalty scheme, see Martin v. State, 151 So. 3d 1184, 1198 (Fla.

2014), it is clear that counsel’s deficiencies did not prejudice Allen. Our

confidence in the outcome is not undermined. Because Allen has not demonstrated

prejudice, we need not address the deficient performance prong. See Strickland,

466 U.S. at 697. Therefore, we conclude that the circuit court properly denied

relief on this claim.

      Subclaim 2

      Allen claims that trial counsel should have objected and moved for a mistrial

when the prosecutor improperly asked Dr. Wu two questions regarding Allen’s

future dangerousness in prison. Allen argues that counsel’s deficiencies prejudiced

her in the penalty phase by leading the jury to believe that she was a danger to

society.

      Prior to trial, the trial court entered an order granting Allen’s motion to

preclude improper argument. The record shows that the State violated the court’s

                                        - 31 -
order not to make arguments about Allen’s future dangerousness by asking two

questions about Allen’s future threat to prison guards. During cross-examination

of Dr. Wu, the prosecutor asked, “So, [an episode of a violent act from Allen]

could happen, say, in the future to a prison guard, correct?” The prosecutor then

asked, “So, you are saying to a reasonable degree of medical probability she is a

risk to any prison guard who is watching her in the future?”

      Allen previously raised this issue on direct appeal, and we found that the

questions did not amount to fundamental error. Allen, 137 So. 3d at 962. Allen

therefore cannot demonstrate that the questions were prejudicial under Strickland.

See Serrano v. State, 225 So. 3d 737, 751 (Fla. 2017) (holding that the defendant

could not establish prejudice under Strickland because he failed to show the

comments were fundamental error on direct appeal). Our confidence in the

outcome is not undermined. Because Allen has not demonstrated prejudice, we

need not address the deficient performance prong. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697.

Therefore, we conclude that the circuit court properly denied relief on this claim.

      Subclaim 3

      Allen claims that trial counsel should have objected when the prosecutor

asked Dr. Wu if he saw Allen display signs of remorse following the murder. She

argues that counsel’s deficiency prejudiced her in the penalty phase by putting a

nonstatutory aggravating circumstance before the jury.

                                        - 32 -
      The record shows that Dr. Wu testified for the defense that people suffering

from lack of impulse control often feel remorseful after a violent outburst. On

cross-examination, the prosecutor asked Dr. Wu, “Did you see and study anything

about Margaret Allen that she had any level of remorse after this murder

occurred?”

      Allen has failed to demonstrate prejudice. Even if this question were not

proper cross-examination in light of Dr. Wu’s testimony on direct, given the

overwhelming evidence of guilt presented, as well as the aggravating

circumstances found by the court, there is not a reasonable probability that the

jurors would have changed their minds regarding the balancing of the aggravating

and mitigating circumstances solely due to hearing this question about Allen’s lack

of remorse. See Sochor, 883 So. 2d at 771 (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694).

Our confidence in the outcome is not undermined. Because Allen has not

demonstrated prejudice, we need not address the deficient performance prong. See

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697. Therefore, we conclude that the circuit court properly

denied relief on this claim.

      Subclaim 4

      Allen also argues that the prosecutor made an improper Golden Rule

argument during closing argument. “A ‘golden rule’ argument asks the jurors to

place themselves in the victim’s position, [and] asks the jurors to imagine the

                                       - 33 -
victim’s pain and terror or imagine how they would feel if the victim were a

relative.” Hutchinson v. State, 882 So. 2d 943, 954 (Fla. 2004). In this case, the

prosecutor stated:

      A sense of this pain above and below the ligature mark. The desire to
      survive. That basic human instinct. You know, I want to live. I don’t
      want to die. I want to see my children again. I want to see my
      companion again. And finally the jerky movements Dr. Qaiser told us
      about. The movement of the head and the neck. . . . Those are the last
      few moments of Wenda Wright’s life.

      Allen claims that the prosecutor’s argument improperly described the crime

scene with an imaginary script and invited the jurors to place themselves in the

position of the victim. Allen argues that counsel’s deficiency in failing to object

prejudiced her in the penalty phase by unduly inflaming the sympathy and passions

of the jury against her. However, Allen has failed to demonstrate prejudice.

Hearing these comments during closing argument would not have caused the jurors

to weigh the aggravation or mitigation differently. The significant amount of

evidence supporting the HAC aggravator in this case, such as Quintin’s testimony

that Allen kidnapped and tortured Wright and the medical forensic evidence of

contusions and ligatures on Wright’s body, shows that there is no reasonable

probability that hearing the comments in question affected the jury’s sentencing

recommendation. See Sochor, 883 So. 2d at 771 (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at

694). Failing to object to the prosecutor’s argument did not affect the fairness and

reliability of the proceeding such that confidence in the outcome is undermined.

                                        - 34 -
Because Allen has not demonstrated prejudice, we need not address the deficient

performance prong. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697. Therefore, we conclude that

the circuit court properly denied relief on this claim.

      Subclaim 5

      Allen claims that trial counsel should have objected when the prosecutor

stated that “in certain cases” “the law calls for” a death penalty recommendation,

because it improperly gained sympathy for the prosecutor and misstated the law.

She argues that counsel’s deficiency prejudiced her because the comment told the

jurors that they were required to recommend death.

      During penalty phase closing arguments, the prosecutor stated:

      [T]here are cases where the recommendation for the death penalty is
      warranted. This is that case . . . . It is not going to be an easy
      decision. It’s not easy to stand up here and ask a jury to recommend a
      death penalty. But in certain cases it is what the law calls for. It’s
      what justice calls for.

      Allen cannot show the prosecutor’s comments prejudiced her. The jury

instructions correctly informed Allen’s jury of the law relating to the weighing of

aggravators and mitigators. Cf. Anderson, 18 So. 3d at 517 (finding no prejudice

and citing previous cases where this Court “determined that the defendants were

not prejudiced by the improper statements of the prosecutors because the juries

were given the proper instructions for analyzing aggravating and mitigating

circumstances”). Our confidence in the outcome is therefore not undermined.

                                         - 35 -
Because Allen has not demonstrated prejudice, we need not address the deficient

performance prong. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697. Therefore, we conclude that

the circuit court properly denied postconviction relief on this claim.

      Subclaim 6

      Allen claims that trial counsel should have objected when the prosecutor

stated during closing arguments that, because Dr. Gebel was paid for his testimony,

he refused to change his opinion even when faced with new facts of the case. She

argues that this misrepresentation of Dr. Gebel’s testimony prejudiced her by

denigrating him as an expert witness, undermining her mitigation.

      The record shows that during cross-examination, the prosecutor asked Dr.

Gebel if his diagnosis of Allen’s poor executive functioning would change a bit

now that he knew more facts of the case, and Dr. Gebel replied, “It might change

the degree with which she’s injured, but it wouldn’t change the fact that she has

been injured throughout the years.” Dr. Gebel then answered in the affirmative

when asked if his new knowledge of the facts “might change the severity or the

degree of that injury.” The prosecutor also stated during closing arguments:

      And then I said, well, Doctor, what if you knew those were the facts
      in this case because that is exactly what she did? Wouldn’t that
      change your opinion? Well, blah, blah, blah, no, that really wouldn’t
      change my opinion. And you know why? Because he was paid
      $3,000 to come in here and say that she had cognitive disorders.

                                        - 36 -
      Allen did not suffer prejudice. Allen has failed to demonstrate a reasonable

probability that, but for counsel’s failure to object to the State’s characterization of

Dr. Gebel’s testimony, the result of the proceeding would have been different. See

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. Given the overwhelming evidence of guilt presented,

there is no reasonable probability that the jurors would have changed their minds

regarding the balancing of aggravating and mitigating circumstances solely due to

hearing that the expert witness was paid to testify and would not change his

opinion. See Sochor, 883 So. 2d at 771 (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694). Our

confidence in the outcome is not undermined. Because Allen has not demonstrated

prejudice, we need not address the deficient performance prong. See Strickland,

466 U.S. at 697. Therefore, we conclude that the circuit court properly denied

relief on this claim.

      Subclaim 7

      Allen claims that trial counsel should have objected when the prosecutor

during closing arguments characterized Allen’s pouring of liquids or water on

Wright’s face as waterboarding torture, because the comment was inflammatory

and the record contained no evidence that Allen waterboarded Wright.

      During closing argument, the prosecutor stated:

      We have heard a lot of things on the news in the last couple of years
      about torture, systematic torture. Water boarding, pouring water on
      someone’s face making them think that they are drowning. That is
      torture. That is an attempt to get somebody to fess up to something.

                                         - 37 -
      That didn’t work. And all the while, all the while, you know, think of
      what is going through Wenda Wright’s mind. So, the liquids doesn’t
      [sic] work.

      Allen has failed to demonstrate that the prosecutor’s description of Wright’s

suffering as waterboarding prejudiced her penalty phase. In light of Quintin’s

testimony that liquids were poured on Wright’s face and that she was tortured, as

well as the HAC aggravating factor found by the trial court, there is no reasonable

probability that the jurors would have changed their minds regarding the balancing

of aggravating and mitigating circumstances solely due to hearing the prosecutor

describe Allen’s actions as waterboarding. See Sochor, 883 So. 2d at 771 (citing

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694). Our confidence in the outcome is not undermined.

Because Allen has not demonstrated prejudice, we need not address the deficient

performance prong. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697. Therefore, we conclude that

the circuit court properly denied relief on this claim.

      Subclaim 8

      Allen claims that trial counsel should have objected and requested curative

instructions during closing arguments because the prosecutor misstated the

evidence. She claims the prosecutor wrongly stated that Dr. Wu testified that a

PET scan is not a standalone test and that he relies on MRIs and CAT scans in

diagnosing brain trauma.

                                         - 38 -
      The record shows that during cross-examination, Dr. Wu stated that an MRI

is not always done in conjunction with a PET scan, and although it would be

“preferable” to have an MRI in conjunction with a PET scan, it “is not essential”

and he would not lack any necessary information without it. During closing

arguments, the prosecutor stated:

      Dr. Wu admitted in his own slide—did you see it in his own slide that
      the PET scan is not a standalone test. Remember? He said, I don’t
      use this as standalone. We rely on MRIs, CAT scans, and the
      neuropsych’ testing. Well, there is no MRI. There is no CAT scan.

      Allen has not suffered prejudice. The amount of evidence supporting the

two aggravating circumstances in this case shows that there is no reasonable

probability that, but for hearing the comments in question, the jury’s recommended

sentence would have been different. See Sochor, 883 So. 2d at 771 (citing

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694). Our confidence in the outcome is not undermined.

Because Allen has not demonstrated prejudice, we need not address the deficient

performance prong. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697. Therefore, we conclude that

the circuit court properly denied relief on this claim.

      Subclaim 9

      Allen claims that trial counsel should have objected and moved for a mistrial

during closing arguments because the prosecutor introduced evidence of Allen’s

bad character—that she was a bad mother because her children were in prison—

without her counsel’s previously opening the door by presenting evidence of good

                                         - 39 -
character. Allen argues that this prejudiced her because the comments portrayed

her as unsympathetic and inflamed the jurors’ passions.

      The record shows that Myrtle Hudson testified that two of Allen’s children

are in prison and one of them stays with her grandmother. The prosecutor stated

during closing arguments:

      You heard about the Defendant’s time in prison for previous drug sale
      convictions. You heard about her children, her son in prison for 11
      years and one of her daughters is in prison for five years. And her
      other daughter is with her grandmother. And we can only hope that
      there may be some hope for that daughter.

      Allen did not suffer prejudice because there is no reasonable probability that

hearing about Allen’s poor mothering influenced the jurors’ weighing of the

aggravating and mitigating circumstances. Our confidence in the outcome is not

undermined. See Sochor, 883 So. 2d at 771 (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694).

Because Allen has not demonstrated prejudice, we need not address the deficient

performance prong. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697. Therefore, we conclude that

the circuit court properly denied postconviction relief on this claim.

      Subclaim 10

      Allen claims that trial counsel should have objected and moved for a mistrial

during closing arguments because the prosecutor added to the authority of his

office by saying that he wrote down Dr. Gebel’s testimony. She also claims that

the prosecutor misstated the doctor’s testimony by claiming that the doctor said

                                        - 40 -
that Allen had no major brain issues or brain injury. Allen argues that this

prejudiced her because the comments devalued her mental health mitigation.

      The record shows that on direct examination, Dr. Gebel stated that Allen

suffered “intracranial injuries” and reasoned that “[w]ithin a reasonable degree of

medical probability she does fit a patient who has brain damage.” Dr. Gebel also

testified that he was unsure if Allen had any structural brain damage, and that she

did not have “any brain injury in terms of weakness in an arm or leg.” In closing,

the prosecutor stated, “First of all, what I wrote down was [Dr. Gebel] said, no

major brain issue with the Defendant. No major brain issues with the Defendant.

Okay?” The prosecutor also stated, “And, again, the first doctor says no major

brain injury.”

      Allen has failed to establish prejudice under Strickland. Allen has not

demonstrated a reasonable probability that the outcome of the proceeding would

have been different but for the prosecutor’s summarizing Dr. Gebel’s testimony as

opining that Allen did not have a major brain injury—as Dr. Gebel equivocated

regarding possible structural brain damage, which is consistent with having no

major brain damage. Our confidence in the outcome is therefore not undermined.

See Sochor, 883 So. 2d at 771 (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694). Therefore, we

conclude that the circuit court properly denied relief on this claim.

                                        - 41 -
      Subclaim 11

      Allen argues that the alleged errors by counsel cumulatively deprived her of

a fair trial. However, because each subclaim, addressed individually, is without

merit, the claim of cumulative error also necessarily fails. See Israel, 985 So. 2d at

520 (denying a claim of cumulative error when the individual claims did not

establish ineffective assistance of counsel); Bell v. State, 965 So. 2d 48, 75 (Fla.

2007) (“[B]ecause we conclude that none of the [individual ineffective assistance

of counsel] claims has merit, we affirm the circuit court’s determination that there

is no cumulative error.”). Therefore, we conclude that the circuit court properly

denied postconviction relief on this claim.

 6. Asking if Allen became part of the culture of “drugs, thugs, and violence”

      Allen argues that trial counsel was ineffective for asking if Allen became a

part of the culture of “drugs, thugs, and violence.”

      The record shows that in the penalty phase of Allen’s trial, trial counsel

questioned Allen’s aunt, Myrtle Hudson, about Allen’s neighborhood:

      Q: Describe the area of town that she lived in, if you would for the
      jury?

      A: We stayed in a drug neighborhood. She stayed in a drug
      neighborhood.

      Q: And so, she grew up around drugs?

      A: Drugs and thugs.

                                         - 42 -
      Q: And violence?

      A: Yes, sir. Drugs, thugs, and violence. Yes, sir.

      At the evidentiary hearing, trial counsel testified that he asked Hudson about

Allen’s neighborhood, which elicited from her the phrase, “drugs, thugs, and

violence.” He testified that he did this in order to show “the atmosphere in which

[Allen] lived, and that it had an effect on her.” He also testified that the general

theme of his mitigation was to show the negative atmosphere of Allen’s cultural

upbringing to the jury and its impact on her. He testified that the phrase at issue

was specifically brought up by Hudson, not by him.

      Allen’s claim is refuted by the record. The record reflects that trial

counsel’s questioning regarding Allen’s upbringing was strategic and purposeful—

he aimed to show the jury the challenging culture in which Allen lived. When

asked to describe the area of town in which Allen grew up, Hudson described the

neighborhood using the phrase “drugs, thugs, and violence.” This evidence

supported the trial court’s finding of the nonstatutory mitigator that Allen grew up

in a violent and drug-infested neighborhood. The testimony elicited by trial

counsel thereby amounts to the same information established by counsel and found

by the trial court. Counsel was not deficient in bringing up that line of questioning,

despite the phrase that was elicited during it.

                                         - 43 -
      Moreover, Allen has failed to show prejudice. There is no reasonable

probability that the jury hearing that Allen grew up surrounded by “drugs, thugs,

and violence” impacted their balancing of the aggravating and mitigating

circumstances in light of the evidence of torture and the victim’s desperate pleas to

go home prior to her death. See Sochor, 883 So. 2d at 771 (citing Strickland, 466

U.S. at 694); Brant, 197 So. 3d at 1070 (finding no prejudice in light of the

evidence for the HAC aggravator). Our confidence in the outcome is not

undermined. We therefore conclude that the circuit court properly denied relief on

this claim.

                         7. Failure to call a forensic expert

      Allen argues the postconviction court erred in denying the claim that trial

counsel was ineffective during both the guilt and penalty phases of her trial for

failing to call his own forensic expert.

      We have held that trial counsel’s decision not to call certain witnesses to

testify is often reasonable trial strategy, and mere disagreement with that reasoning

is not enough to show deficient performance. See Johnston v. State, 63 So. 3d 730,

741 (Fla. 2011) (holding that counsel’s failure to call defendant’s friend to offer

mitigation testimony was reasonable trial strategy). Cross-examination is often

sufficient to reveal deficiencies in an expert’s presentation, especially when re-

                                           - 44 -
presenting the same evidence through other witnesses would not alter the outcome.

See Anderson v. State, 220 So. 3d 1133, 1146 (Fla. 2017).

      A number of factors must be considered when determining whether trial

counsel’s decision not to call an expert to rebut the State’s expert constitutes

deficient performance:

      First among these are the attorney’s reasons for performing in an
      allegedly deficient manner, including consideration of the attorney’s
      tactical decisions. See State v. Bolender, 503 So. 2d 1247, 1250 (Fla.
      1987); Lightbourne v. State, 471 So. 2d 27, 28 (Fla. 1985). A second
      factor is whether cross-examination of the State’s expert brings out
      the expert’s weaknesses and whether those weaknesses are argued to
      the jury. Card v. Dugger, 911 F.2d 1494 (11th Cir. 1990). See Rose
      v. State, 617 So. 2d 291, 297 (Fla. 1993)[.] The final factor is whether
      a defendant can show that an expert was available at the time of trial
      to rebut the State’s expert. See Elledge v. Dugger, 823 F.2d 1439,
      1446 (11th Cir. 1987).

State v. Riechmann, 777 So. 2d 342, 354 (Fla. 2000).

      The postconviction court’s order states:

      Attorney Bankowitz . . . cross-examined Dr. Qaiser extensively with
      Dr. Whitmore’s report and felt that he did not need any other expert to
      come in and say the same thing Dr. Whitmore said . . . . Dr. Qaiser
      admitted that Dr. Whitmore performed the actual autopsy, and he was
      only able to view photographs. Dr. Qaiser testified that he found
      ligature marks on the neck, that she suffered a ligature strangulation.
      He agreed that Dr. Whitmore’s report found contusions on the neck,
      and made no mention of ligature marks. Dr. Qaiser disagreed that
      cocaine intoxication was a contributory factor, although he admitted
      that was in Dr. Whitmore’s report. Dr. Qaiser testified that there was
      no evidence of bleach or a caustic substance on Ms. Wright. Dr.
      Qaiser testified that he could not state within a reasonable degree of
      medical probability that the victim felt pain while unconscious.

                                        - 45 -
      Everything Dr. Spitz testified to was brought out on cross-
      examination of Dr. Qaiser. While Dr. Spitz disagreed with Dr.
      Qaiser’s findings, Dr. Spitz did not completely discredit those
      findings as scientific impossibilities, but instead agreed they were
      possibilities. The Court finds that counsel’s strategic decision not to
      hire a forensic expert, but instead to challenge Dr. Qaiser’s findings
      through crossexamination, [sic] was not unreasonable under
      prevailing professional norms.

      The record supports the postconviction court’s findings. The record reflects

that Dr. Qaiser testified that Dr. Whitmore, not Dr. Qaiser, performed the autopsy;

that the autopsy report did not mention ligature marks and did mention cocaine

being a contributing factor in Wright’s death; that no evidence of a caustic

substance on Wright existed; and that he could not state within reason that Wright

experienced pain while unconscious. Further, these admissions and weaknesses

elicited from Dr. Qaiser on cross-examination were the same admissions and

weaknesses that Dr. Spitz testified to at the evidentiary hearing. Therefore, the

jury was informed as to the conclusions Dr. Spitz would have made if he had

testified. The record also reflects that trial counsel understood the science of the

case and decided that he did not need an expert to say the same thing that he

elicited out of Dr. Qaiser on cross-examination with Dr. Whitmore’s autopsy

report. There is no deficiency when counsel had a tactical reason for not calling

his own expert and his cross-examination elicited the same weaknesses that the

expert would have. Rigterink v. State, 193 So. 3d 846, 867 (Fla. 2016).

                                        - 46 -
Accordingly, counsel’s decision not to call the forensic expert was a strategic one

and he was not deficient.

      Moreover, Allen cannot show prejudice. The evidence at trial included

Quintin’s testimony that Wright was kidnapped, bound, beaten, and unable to

leave, even as she begged to be released before and while being strangled. Dr.

Spitz agreed that the death was a homicide and that ligature strangulation was

possible and that he could not rule it out. He even agreed that the bruising on

Wright’s body could have occurred by restraint. Everything testified to by Dr.

Spitz was brought out on Dr. Qaiser’s cross-examination. This testimony shows

that even if counsel had presented the testimony of Dr. Spitz, it would not have

undermined the State’s case to any significant extent. See Abdool v. State, 220 So.

3d 1106, 1114-15 (Fla. 2017) (concluding that there was no prejudice where the

expert that trial counsel “fail[ed] to consult and retain actually provided

information that is consistent with the testimony presented by the State’s arson

expert”). Our confidence in the outcome is not undermined, and we conclude that

the circuit court properly denied postconviction relief on this claim.

       8. Failure to impeach Quintin with prior inconsistent statements

      Allen argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to impeach Quintin

with prior inconsistent statements. She contends that counsel failed to impeach

Quintin with his police statement indicating that Allen did not pour bleach on

                                        - 47 -
Wright, which conflicts with his trial testimony that Allen poured bleach on

Wright.

      The record reflects that in his police statement, Quintin stated that he could

not remember all of what was poured onto Wright before the homicide. He stated

that Allen procured “alcohol” and hair products to pour onto Wright, that she had

boxes of bleach, and that she did not have a bleach bottle but rather used a hair

products bottle. He also stated that Wright’s legs were tied with a belt while the

liquids were poured onto her. On direct examination, Quintin testified that he

personally held Wright’s arms and legs down as Allen poured bleach and other

chemicals on Wright’s face. On cross examination, Quintin admitted that his trial

testimony conflicted with his previous testimony regarding how Wright was

restrained while the substances were poured on her. He testified that the statement

he gave to the police was the truth, and that he had lied on direct examination.

      Quintin’s police statement shows that he never actually stated that bleach

was not poured onto Wright, but rather stated that although Allen had boxes of

bleach, she did not have a bottle of bleach and that he was unsure what chemicals,

other than alcohol, were used. These statements are not wholly inconsistent with

his trial testimony. Moreover, as discussed in relation to claim three, counsel did

cross-examine Quintin about many inconsistencies in his testimony and brought

out this inconsistency on re-cross—choosing to rely on Dr. Qaiser’s testimony that

                                        - 48 -
no evidence of bleach was found on Wright to demonstrate that Quintin’s

testimony should not be believed. This trial strategy was not unreasonable.

      For similar reasons, Allen has not demonstrated prejudice. Given that trial

counsel did impeach Quintin with other inconsistent statements at trial, there is not

a reasonable probability that the jury would have found Allen not guilty or that the

jurors would have weighed the aggravation and mitigation differently had counsel

impeached Quintin as Allen claims. “No prejudice result[s] from counsel’s failure

to present cumulative evidence of inconsistent statements.” Green v. State, 975

So. 2d 1090, 1104 (Fla. 2008) (holding that counsel was not ineffective for failing

to impeach with one statement because counsel impeached witness with many

other inconsistent statements). The jury was aware that Quintin had lied on the

stand and that his testimony was inconsistent in places. Our confidence in the

outcome is therefore not undermined. We therefore conclude that the circuit court

properly denied relief on this claim.

               9. Failure to adequately challenge or strike a juror

      Allen argues that counsel was ineffective for failing to challenge juror Carll

for cause or to strike her peremptorily because of the juror’s strong predisposition

for recommending the death penalty.

      A valid claim of ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to raise or

preserve a for-cause challenge against the juror must establish that the juror “was

                                        - 49 -
actually biased against the defendant,” such that he or she had a “bias-in-fact that

would prevent service as an impartial juror.” Carratelli v. State, 961 So. 2d at 323-

24. The evidence of the juror’s actual bias must “be plain on the face of the

record,” id. at 324, and amount to “something more than mere doubt about that

juror’s impartiality,” Mosley v. State, 209 So. 3d 1248, 1265 (Fla. 2016). We have

described the standard as follows:

      Where reasonable people could disagree about a juror’s fitness to
      serve, the showing of prejudice required for postconviction relief is
      lacking.

Carratelli, 961 So. 2d at 323-24 (quoting Carratelli v. State, 915 So. 2d 1256,

1261 (Fla. 4th DCA 2005)). When a juror makes statements suggesting bias but

later makes clear his or her ability to be impartial, actual bias will not be found.

See id. at 327. The analysis of this issue begins with the Strickland prejudice

prong, “as it is necessary to establish that the juror was actually biased before

proving that counsel performed deficiently by failing to challenge that juror due to

bias.” Patrick v. State, 246 So. 3d 253, 263 (Fla. 2018).

      Allen has failed to show that juror Carll was actually biased. Competent,

substantial evidence supports the postconviction court’s determination that juror

Carll’s comments about her opinion of the death penalty did not establish actual

bias. While juror Carll did express positive sentiment toward the death penalty and

expressly outlined several circumstances in which she would recommend it, she

                                         - 50 -
confirmed upon follow-up questioning that she was flexible, would “absolutely”

listen to aggravation and mitigation, and would listen to mental health evidence.

juror Carll also stated that there were certain circumstances where she would not

recommend the death penalty, such as if someone was “a party of someone’s

death.” As in Carratelli, the record reveals that juror Carll assured the court that

she was willing to listen to the evidence, be fair, and follow the law. Her

statements showing that she would abide by the law and consider the evidence

presented refute the claim that juror Carll was biased. Allen therefore cannot

establish prejudice. See Barnhill v. State, 834 So. 2d 836, 844 (Fla. 2002) (holding

that a juror is unqualified only if she “expresses an unyielding conviction and

rigidity toward the death penalty”). Our confidence in the outcome is not

undermined. We therefore conclude that the circuit court properly denied relief on

this claim.

                                     II. Giglio Claim

      Allen next claims that the postconviction court erred in denying her claim

that the State committed a Giglio violation.

      This claim is procedurally barred because it should have been raised on

direct appeal where the facts supporting the claim were available. See Robinson v.

State, 707 So. 2d 688, 693 (Fla. 1998) (finding defendant’s Giglio claim

procedurally barred because defendant failed to raise it on direct appeal).

                                        - 51 -
However, even if the claim were not procedurally barred, it also fails on the merits.

Allen must prove the following to establish a Giglio violation:

      (1) the prosecutor presented or failed to correct false testimony; (2)
      the prosecutor knew the testimony was false; and (3) the false
      evidence was material. If the first two prongs are established, the
      false evidence is deemed material if there is any reasonable possibility
      that it could have affected the jury’s verdict. The State must then
      “prove that the false testimony was not material by demonstrating it
      was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” Under the harmless error
      test, the State must prove “there is no reasonable possibility that the
      error contributed to the conviction.”

Franqui v. State, 59 So. 3d 82, 101-02 (Fla. 2011) (citations omitted) (quoting

Tompkins v. State, 994 So. 2d 1072, 1091 (Fla. 2008), and Guzman v. State, 941

So. 2d 1045, 1050 (Fla. 2006)). Because Giglio claims present mixed questions of

law and fact, we defer to the postconviction court’s factual findings supported by

competent, substantial evidence and review the court’s legal conclusions de novo.

Green v. State, 975 So. 2d 1090, 1106 (Fla. 2008).

      Allen argues that the State elicited and failed to correct false testimony that

Allen was convicted several times for selling drugs. The record shows that the

prosecutor asked Hudson on cross-examination, “You were aware that she was

convicted several times for selling drugs, right?” Hudson answered in the

affirmative. During closing arguments, the prosecutor stated to the jury, “You

heard about the defendant’s time in prison for previous drug sale convictions.”

                                        - 52 -
      The record demonstrates that the State violated Giglio with respect to

Hudson’s testimony. The prosecutor presented and failed to correct false

testimony from Hudson regarding Allen’s criminal record by asking if Hudson

knew that Allen was convicted many times for selling drugs. It is undisputed that

Allen had only one conviction for selling drugs. The record shows that the State

had knowledge of this fact because it prepared Allen’s Criminal Code Scoresheet

prior to trial. However, the false evidence presented by the State is immaterial,

because there is no reasonable possibility that the number of prior drug convictions

that Allen had contributed to the jury’s sentencing recommendation. There is no

reasonable possibility that the fact that the jurors heard that Allen had multiple

prior drug convictions—as opposed to just one prior drug conviction—would have

had an impact on their vote in the face of the evidence detailing the horrific events

during Wright’s kidnapping that resulted in her murder. We conclude that the

State’s use of this false evidence was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

Therefore, we affirm the circuit court’s denial of Allen’s Giglio claim.

                                     III. Hurst Claim

      Allen lastly argues that the postconviction court erred in denying her relief

from her sentence of death under the Hurst decisions. We affirm the

postconviction court’s ruling on this claim because the State proved beyond a

reasonable doubt that the Hurst error was harmless and because Allen’s Hurst-

                                        - 53 -
induced Caldwell v. Mississippi, 472 U.S. 320 (1985), claim fails to show that the

standard jury instructions violate the Eighth Amendment.

      In Hurst v. Florida, the United States Supreme Court held that “[t]he Sixth

Amendment requires a jury, not a judge, to find each fact necessary to impose a

sentence of death” and that “[a] jury’s mere recommendation is not enough.” 136

S. Ct. at 619. On remand, we reached the following holding:

      [B]efore the trial judge may consider imposing a sentence of death,
      the jury in a capital case must unanimously and expressly find all the
      aggravating factors that were proven beyond a reasonable doubt,
      unanimously find that the aggravating factors are sufficient to impose
      death, unanimously find that the aggravating factors outweigh the
      mitigating circumstances, and unanimously recommend a sentence of
      death.

Hurst v. State, 202 So. 3d at 57. We then concluded that Hurst error is capable of

harmless error review. Id. We also explained that the standard to be used in

harmless-error analysis is whether there is a “reasonable possibility that the error

contributed to the sentence,” and stated that, in the context of Hurst error, the

burden is on the State “to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury’s failure to

unanimously find all the facts necessary for imposition of the death penalty did not

contribute to [the] death sentence.” Id. at 68. In Mosley, 209 So. 3d at 1283, we

held that Hurst v. State applies retroactively to all defendants whose sentences of

death became final after the Supreme Court issued Ring v. Arizona, 536 U.S. 584

(2002).

                                        - 54 -
      Here, because Allen’s sentence was final in 2014, Allen v. Florida, 135 S.

Ct. 362 (2014) (denying certiorari), the Hurst requirements are retroactive to her

sentence. The parties do not dispute that the Hurst requirements were not met, but

disagree over whether the Hurst v. State error was harmless.

      In King v. State, 211 So. 3d 866, 890 (Fla. 2017), we determined that a

jury’s unanimous recommendation of a death sentence in capital cases “begins a

foundation for us to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that a rational jury would

have unanimously found that there were sufficient aggravators to outweigh the

mitigating factors.” We have also recognized that a unanimous recommendation

alone is insufficient to determine harmless error, and that we must also consider

other factors such as the jury instructions, the aggravators and mitigators, and the

facts of the case. See Reynolds v. State, 251 So. 3d 811, 816 (Fla. 2018); Kaczmar

v. State, 228 So. 3d 1, 9 (Fla. 2017); Davis v. State, 207 So. 3d 142, 174-75 (Fla.

2016). Here, the jury recommendation of death was unanimous. Although Allen’s

jury was instructed that it was “neither compelled or required to recommend

death,” and was informed that unanimous recommendations were not required, it

nevertheless unanimously recommended death. The jurors also heard standard jury

instructions informing them that they needed to determine whether sufficient

aggravators existed and whether any aggravation outweighed the mitigation before

recommending a sentence of death. The trial court instructed the jury, “Should you

                                        - 55 -
find sufficient aggravating circumstances do exist to justify recommending the

imposition of the death penalty, it will then be your duty to determine whether the

mitigating circumstances outweigh the aggravating circumstances that you find to

exist.” Fla. Std. Jury Instr. (Crim.) 7.11 (2014). Although the jurors were not

informed that the finding that sufficient aggravators existed and outweighed the

mitigation must be unanimous, the jury did return a unanimous verdict of death.

See id. (“If, after weighing the aggravating and mitigating circumstances, you

determine that at least one aggravating circumstance is found to exist and that the

mitigating circumstances do not outweigh the aggravating circumstances, or, in the

absence of mitigating factors, that the aggravating factors alone are sufficient, you

may recommend that a sentence of death be imposed rather than a sentence of life

in prison without the possibility of parole.”). These instructions support the

conclusion that the jury unanimously made the requisite factual findings to impose

death before it recommended death unanimously. The Hurst error in this case is

therefore harmless, as it is clear beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury’s failure to

find the facts necessary to impose the death penalty did not contribute to the death

sentence.

      Allen’s jury also unanimously found her guilty of kidnapping, which the

trial court used to find the in the course of kidnapping aggravator. Allen, 137 So.

3d at 953, 955. Further, the trial court found that the murder was especially

                                        - 56 -
heinous, atrocious, or cruel (HAC), by competent, substantial evidence. Id. at 955.

We have held that the HAC aggravator is among the most weighty and serious

aggravating factor in the sentencing scheme. See Knight v. State, 225 So. 3d 661,

683 (Fla. 2017). Moreover, as the trial court noted, the disturbing facts of this case

further support the conclusion that the Hurst error is harmless. Wright was bound

and beaten, unable to leave Allen’s home. Allen, 137 So. 3d at 963-64. She was

strangled even as she screamed for mercy. Id. She died a terror-filled and painful

death. Id.

      We therefore conclude that, beyond a reasonable doubt, a rational jury

would have unanimously found that sufficient aggravating factors outweighed the

mitigation.

      Allen next contends that she is entitled to relief pursuant to the Supreme

Court’s analysis in Caldwell v. Mississippi, because her death sentence,

recommended by an allegedly improperly instructed jury, violates the Eighth

Amendment in light of Hurst. She argues that the Hurst decisions require that jury

verdicts be unanimous and not advisory, rendering the Standard Jury Instruction

7.11 used in her trial violative of Caldwell because the improperly instructed jury

did not feel the weight of its sentencing responsibility—which contributed to the

jurors’ votes for death. As we recently held in Reynolds, this claim fails and does

not “provide an avenue for Hurst relief.” 251 So. 3d at 828.

                                        - 57 -
      In Caldwell, the Supreme Court held that the death sentence resulting from

the jury’s unanimous recommendation of death violated the Eighth Amendment’s

standard of reliability required in capital cases because the jury instructions

impermissibly diminished the jurors’ sense of responsibility for a death sentence

by “[leading them] to believe that the responsibility for determining the

appropriateness of the defendant’s death rest[ed] elsewhere.” Caldwell, 472 U.S.

at 328-29. In Romano v. Oklahoma, 512 U.S. 1, 9 (1994), the Supreme Court held

that, to establish a Caldwell error, a defendant must show that the jury instructions

improperly described their jury’s role assigned by local law.

      Allen cannot make that showing. We have held that because it did not

violate Caldwell to refer to the jury’s role as advisory prior to the Hurst decisions,

“a Caldwell claim . . . cannot [now] be used to retroactively invalidate the jury

instructions that were proper at the time under Florida law.” Reynolds, 251 So. 3d

at 825. At the time of Allen’s trial, the jury instructions correctly advised the jury,

stated the law applicable at the time, and did not diminish the jury’s role. Because

Allen’s jury was properly instructed based on the existing law, the jury instructions

given at her trial do not cause her death sentence to violate the Eighth Amendment.

We therefore affirm the postconviction court’s denial of Allen’s Hurst claim.

                                         - 58 -
                                  CONCLUSION

      For the reasons stated above, we affirm the circuit court’s denial of Allen’s

rule 3.851 motion for postconviction relief.

      It is so ordered.

LEWIS, LABARGA, and LAWSON, JJ., concur.
CANADY, C.J., and POLSTON, J., concur in result.
PARIENTE, J., dissents with an opinion.
QUINCE, J., dissents.

ANY MOTION FOR REHEARING OR CLARIFICATION MUST BE FILED
ON OR BEFORE DECEMBER 27, 2018. A RESPONSE TO THE MOTION
FOR REHEARING/CLARIFICATION MAY BE FILED ON OR BEFORE
JANUARY 2, 2019. NOT FINAL UNTIL THIS TIME PERIOD EXPIRES TO
FILE A REHEARING/CLARIFICATION MOTION AND, IF FILED,
DETERMINED.

PARIENTE, J., dissenting.

      It is undisputed that this is a terrible crime. But, without a full picture of

Allen’s upbringing and background, the jury could never have understood the full

extent of the mitigation in her case, which could have caused at least one juror to

recommend life. Because Allen’s attorney’s failure to properly investigate and

present mitigation evidence—specifically the testimony of Allen’s aunt, Barbara

Capers, who could have given first-hand accounts of the abuse Allen suffered—

constitutes deficient performance and the absence of important mitigation

undermines confidence in the jury’s unanimous recommendation for death, I

dissent.

                                         - 59 -
      Capers, who was available and willing to testify, would have presented a

considerably more complete and detailed picture of Allen’s horrific childhood and

early adult life, including first-hand accounts and graphic details of the physical

and sexual abuse Allen suffered at the hands of her family members and former

boyfriends. The testimony would not have been cumulative to the testimony

presented at trial. Rather, it would have been compelling based on Caper’s first-

hand knowledge of the events of Allen’s life. However, Allen’s attorney never so

much as even contacted Capers, even though Capers was at all times available to

testify. Thus, because Allen has established ineffective assistance of counsel, I

conclude that Allen’s sentence of death should be vacated, and this case should be

remanded for a new penalty phase.

                                  BACKGROUND

      Approximately two and a half years before trial, Allen’s case was reassigned

from the public defender’s office to defense counsel. Upon taking Allen’s case,

counsel failed to conduct an independent investigation into mitigation. Trial

counsel only spoke with two mitigation witnesses before the trial—(1) Allen’s

aunt, Myrtle Hudson, and (2) Allen’s sister, whose name he did not remember. He

did not enlist the help of an investigator or mitigation specialist. At the

postconviction evidentiary hearing, counsel testified that he thought the “witnesses

                                         - 60 -
were all lined up” before he took the case and it was just a matter of “putting [the

mitigation] on.”

      Had she been asked to testify, Allen’s aunt, Barbara Capers, could have

added the following testimony: that she personally witnessed Allen’s mother

physically abusing Allen by beating her with her hands and fists almost every day;

Allen’s mother would also beat Allen with belts, whip her with sticks, and slap her

in the face; when Allen was twelve, her mother beat her so badly that Capers called

the police; Allen’s grandfather also physically abused Allen, he would line up the

boys and girls naked, including Allen, and go down the row beating them with oak

switches; Allen also witnessed her grandfather being abusive to her mother; in her

twenties, Allen was beat up by her boyfriend, Bill Skane, and was unrecognizable

when Capers visited her in the hospital; Capers witnessed Allen’s paramour abuse

her many times while she was pregnant, including one time he and another boy

kicked and punched Allen in the stomach; when Allen was a young girl, her

mother went to jail and Allen stayed with her grandfather, and Allen told Capers

that she wanted to stay with her instead because he was sexually molesting her;

Allen’s uncle Roy also sexually molested her when he visited the grandfather

every other weekend; Capers saw Roy touch and grab Allen in private places like

her breasts and kiss her on the mouth; Allen told Capers that her brother and

                                        - 61 -
another man sexually molested her; Allen had a stroke as a teenager that affected

her speech and her memory; and Allen demonstrated signs of severe anxiety.

                                     ANALYSIS

      As the majority explains, to be entitled to relief on her claim of ineffective

assistance of counsel, Allen must satisfy both prongs of the Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), analysis—(1) that counsel was deficient and (2)

as a result of counsel’s deficiency, confidence in the outcome of the trial is

undermined.

   1. Deficiency

      Although Capers’ testimony would have involved the same subject as

evidence presented at trial, it is not merely cumulative—as the majority and

postconviction court suggest. It is impossible to conclude that Capers’ testimony

would have been similar in breadth and detail to Hudson’s. Rather, Capers’

testimony was more detailed and included many personal, eyewitness accounts to

the abuse Allen suffered. Certainly, hearing first-hand accounts of the abuse

suffered by Allen would be far more impactful on the jury than Hudson’s vague

recollection of Allen’s childhood.

      Further, Allen’s childhood and history of abuse were the most significant

mitigation the defense presented during the penalty phase. See per curiam op. at 5-

6, note 2. While Hudson’s testimony was a critical component of the mitigation

                                        - 62 -
presented because it could help the jury understand why Allen committed this

heinous crime, Capers’ testimony would have undoubtedly painted an even clearer

picture for the jury of this mitigation, as explained above.

      Thus, trial counsel’s investigation was wholly insufficient and “fell short of

the standards for capital defense work articulated by the American Bar Association

(ABA)—standards to which [the United States Supreme Court] long have referred

as ‘guides to determining what is reasonable,’ ” which provide that efforts must be

made to discover all reasonably available mitigation and evidence to rebut

aggravators. Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 524 (2003); see Am. Bar Ass’n,

Guidelines for the Appointment and Performance of Defense Counsel in Death

Penalty Cases 10.11 (rev. ed. 2003). Accordingly, I would conclude that Allen has

satisfied the first prong of the Strickland analysis.

   2. Prejudice

      The postconviction court concluded that Allen failed to establish prejudice

because, with the “significant aggravators found and the comparatively weak

mitigation found, it is unlikely that the additional mitigation presented would have

been sufficient to outweigh the established aggravation.” Postconviction Ct. Order

at 76. Further, the majority asserts that Allen “overemphasizes the value of

evidentiary hearing testimony presented by Allen’s family members,” specifically

that the “testimony presented regarding Allen’s background was cumulative to the

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mitigation already presented at trial.” Per curiam op. at 21-22. The majority

concludes that Allen could not have suffered prejudice because of the mitigation

already presented in this case and the strong aggravation that was presented, which

they argue is evidenced by the unanimous jury verdict. Id.

         However, the majority fails to take into consideration the effect of Hurst 5 on

the analysis. As this Court explained in Bevel v. State, 221 So. 3d 1168 (Fla.

2017), the question of prejudice was significantly altered by this Court’s opinion in

Hurst:

                Thus, this Court unquestionably focuses on the effect the
         unpresented mitigation could have had on the jury’s ultimate
         recommendation. For instance, in Hurst v. State, 18 So. 3d 975 (Fla.
         2009), in addressing whether there was deficient performance and
         prejudice, we reasoned that “[b]ecause this mitigation was not made
         available for the jury or the trial judge to consider before the death
         sentence was imposed, our confidence in the imposition of the death
         penalty in this case is undermined.” Id. at 1015. After our more
         recent decision in Hurst, where we determined that a reliable penalty
         phase proceeding requires that “the penalty phase jury must be
         unanimous in making the critical findings and recommendation that
         are necessary before a sentence of death may be considered by the
         judge or imposed,” 202 So. 3d at 59, we must consider whether the
         unpresented mitigation evidence would have swayed one juror to
         make “a critical difference.” Phillips [v. State], 608 So. 2d [778,] 783
         [(Fla. 1992)].

       5. Hurst v. State (Hurst), 202 So. 3d 40 (Fla. 2016), cert. denied, 137 S. Ct.
2161 (2017); see Hurst v. Florida, 136 S. Ct. 616 (2016). Hurst applies
retroactively to Allen’s sentence of death, which did not become final until 2014.
Allen v. State, 137 So. 3d 946 (Fla. 2013), cert. denied, 135 S. Ct. 362 (2014).

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221 So. 3d at 1182.

      Hudson testified at the postconviction evidentiary hearing that she told

counsel about Capers and her willingness to testify in Allen’s case. Further,

Capers testified at the postconviction evidentiary hearing that she was contacted by

an attorney—not Allen’s trial counsel—before trial, was available to speak with an

expert, and wanted to testify, but was not asked to do so. Rather than looking into

Capers’ testimony, trial counsel relied solely on Hudson’s testimony for

information regarding Allen’s childhood and adult life. In fact, Capers wanted to

help Allen but was never told that her testimony could help; she was even present

in the courtroom for the duration of the trial.

      Clearly, as explained above, Capers’ testimony would have better illustrated

for the jury the trauma in Allen’s childhood, development, and surroundings as an

adult. Indeed, counsel conceded that it would have been beneficial to find

witnesses to substantiate Allen’s violent family life. See Walker v. State, 88 So. 3d

128, 140 (Fla. 2012). Further, the additional “insight into [Allen’s] childhood and

young adulthood” that Capers could have provided would have “serv[ed] to

humanize [her] to the jury” and could have persuaded jurors to be more

sympathetic and merciful. Id. at 140-41. Thus, I conclude that prejudice has been

established because our confidence in the unanimous jury verdict should be

undermined.

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                                  CONCLUSION

      It is clear that Capers’ testimony would have provided the jury with a more

complete and accurate picture of the powerful mitigation in Allen’s case.

However, because of the failure of Allen’s attorney to investigate and present this

mitigation evidence, the jury only received a partial understanding of the abuse

Allen suffered as a child and into her adult life. This half-truth undoubtedly

undermines our confidence in Allen’s sentence of death. Thus, I would vacate

Allen’s sentence of death and remand for a new penalty phase.

      Accordingly, I dissent.

An Appeal from the Circuit Court in and for Brevard County,
     David Dugan, Judge - Case No. 052005CF048260AXXXXX

Maria DeLiberato, Capital Collateral Regional Counsel, Raheela Ahmed, Maria
Christine Perinetti, and Lisa Marie Bort, Assistant Capital Collateral Regional
Counsel, Middle Region, Temple Terrace, Florida,

      for Appellant

Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, Tallahassee, Florida, and Doris Meacham,
Assistant Attorney General, Daytona Beach, Florida,

      for Appellee

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