Court Opinion

ID: 6740171
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-20 23:21:17.093364+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:01:56.192898
License: Public Domain

LkoNsoN, Ch. J.
This is a proceeding under the Workmen’s Compensation Act by a claimant against the bureau. The bureau has appealed from a judgment of the district court in claimant’s favor.
The facts are: The claimant is the widow of Frank Gotchy, deceased. There are four dependent children aged, respectively, six, eight, twelve, and fifteen years. For many years the deceased was a carpenter. He resided with his family on a farm about two miles distant from Boeder, North Dakota. The Boeder Co-operative Equity Exchange, a corporation, has maintained at Beeder for many years an elevator. There it is engaged in the general business of handling grain, flour, feed, and coal. For several years the deceased had worked for this exchange as a carpenter whenever his services were required, in doing repair work or in construction. About August, 1919, the exchange desired and determined to install a new leg in its elevator for purposes of facilitating-the handling of grain. The deceased was employed by the exchange as a carpenter to do the work of construction. In August and September, 1919, he was thus employed. In doing this work he received some assistance from the secretary of the exchange and the son of the secretary. In making this construction it was necessary for work to be done underneath the elevator at the bottom of a bin. Access was secured through a hole in the floor and down a ladder. Proximate to the place there was an iron pulley about 2J4 feet in diameter which was used in the operation of the elevator. No witnesses specifically saw any injury happen to the deceased; but, on September 4th, 1919, as he came up from this hole, he made the statement to the manager of the elevator, while rubbing his head like one who had bumped his head and while he appeared at that time to be in pain, that he had nearly “broke” liis head; that his head was hit against this big pulley. When he returned from work that day he complained to his wife that he had been hurt and was struck on the head by a timber or pulley at the elevator. He complained of terrible paiiis in the back part of his head and of dizziness. Ilis head *922was tilted slightly forward. lie acted like a sick man. Iiis wife called the doctor over the telephone and applied home remedies. The next morning the deceased got up at 5 :00 a. m. complained of headache and of being dizzy. Often he would hold his head with his hand. He returned to his work but came back that morning. lie showed a lack of appetite and acted in an unnatural way, sitting down and holding his head in his hands. During the morning of September 15th, he met the secretary of the exchange in the driveway and complained to him that he nearly knocked off his head yesterday; that, as he was coming up from the first floor, he struck his head on the pulley. The wife testified that, up to that time, he had never been sick a day since she had known him and always had been in the best of health. On the second day he went back to the elevator and tried to do some work for a time. Then, during that day, he went to a local doctor in company with his wife. He was examined. He was given a prescription. Thence the doctor visited him at various times. He continued to suffer from severe headaches. Opiates were given to relieve the pain. The symptoms indicated irritation in the brain tissue or a lesion in the brain. Various tests were made. The patient became more or less comatose and physically wasted away. Finally he was taken to a hospital in Minneapolis for an operation. He was there about three weeks. There, in November, 19.19, an operation was performed upon his skull. A piece of bone was removed. This relieved the pressure on the brain. Little relief resulted. The patient returned on November 29th, 1919. Gradually he became weaker; the coma became more pronounced. Finally, he died on February 10th, 1920. The local doctor removed his brain and sent the samo to a pathologist and bacteriologist, a doctor at the University of North Dakota. This doctor made an examination. His testimony is to tho following effect: In the back part of the cerebrum, on the right side, about the middle of the brain in the lateral ventricle there was a tumor, designated as glioma. The large blood vessel ascending had passed this growth and in that portion of its course an old blood clot was found. The cause of the clot was rupture of a blood vessel. The cause of the hemorrhage was a weakened wall of a blood vessel together with some external violence which would raise the pressure and thus cause the weakened wall to break. The secondary cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage. This tumor had grown around the artery and had weak*923ened tbe walls of tbe artery. It was quite possible tliat external violence resulted in tbe hemorrhage. It might have caused the rupture: His experience had taught him that a hemorrhage such as occurred is due primarily to an injury; that possibly the deceased might have lived throughout his life without a rupture occurring until some excitement or something raised the pressure so as to induce a rupture. IIow long this tumor had existed he could not state; whether six months or two years. His opinion was that the rupture of the blood vessel was probably occasioned by external violence. The local doctor who removed the brain found an adhesion of the scalp to the cranium bone on the right side about 3J4 inches back, at right angles from the lobe of the ear. It was his opinion that the direct cause of the death of the deceased was hemorrhage superimposed by external violence. Further, he testified that a glioma is a malignant tumor of the brain tissue, cancerous in its nature; that best medical authorities assume that it is due either to chemical or physical irritation.
Another doctor testified to the following effect: lie made a puncture of the spinal column. Upon examination the fluid therefrom disclosed intcrcranial pressure. A glioma is a tumor of rapid or slow growth. Hnder irritation it may become malignant and rapid in growth; without irritation it may be of very slow growth. It might come from application of violence without, and a blow on the head might produce such a condition; a violent blow some four or five months prior to the death of the deceased might have produced the exact condition that the pathologist at the university described. In all probability the hemorrhage of the deceased’s brain was superinduced by external violence although otherwise he admitted that a tumor like glioma might spontaneously produce a hemorrhage.
Another doctor, a witness for the defense, testified to, the following effect: His diagnosis could not be stated definitely; symptoms indicated hemorrhage of brain. This might result from a multitude of causes. The blood clot might have resulted from the hemorrhage caused by the glioma. He could not express any opinion as to the cause of the death. Glioma is not always caused by external violence. Ideal causes of tumors are unknown. Assuming that there had been violence, and assuming the symptoms described, violence might have been the proximate cause of the deceased’s death.
*924On October 29th, 1920, the widow presented to the bureau a claim for compensation accompanied by a certificate of the exchange to the effect that the deceased had been an employee of the undersigned. On November 13th, 1920, the bureau made findings of dismissal without prejudice for the reason that the death of the deceased was not due to injury sustained in the course of employment. Within thirty days thereafter, the widow appealed to the district court from this decision of the bureau. On February 1st, 1921, the bureau, in response to a letter from claimant’s counsel, gave advice concerning a rehearing before the bureau. The board stated it had no desire to take advantage of any technical points in regard to this claim. On March 21st, 1921, it likewise wrote claimant’s counsel, to the effect that the bureau had denied motion for rehearing by the bureau; that this was a case which should go to the district court for decision and the bureau was willing to give any assistance in bringing the matter before the district court as there was no desire on the bureau’s part to defeat claimant's rights, if, as a matter of fact, she was entitled to compensation. In the district court, the bureau first interposed a general denial to the petition of the claimant. At the trial, the bureau sought to amend its answer by averring that the claim was not filed within the time prescribed by the Compensation Act. The trial court refused this amendment. Upon motion made, however, the trial court did permit the bureau to amend its answer by averring that the employment of the deceased was casual and was not in the course of the trade or business of the Feeder Co-operative Equity Exchange. Trial was had in January, 1922.
In the evidence it appears that this exchange had paid a premium to the bureau and that its employees accordingly were insured under the act. J3ut, in its returns, the exchange did not name the deceased as an employee nor make any return of moneys paid him in estimating or stating its payroll. The secretary of the exchange, however, thinks that, in the Federal income report, the exchange included the cost of operation, the expense, and the entire payroll, including amounts paid the deceased. In 1915 the deceased had constructed an enlargement of the office. In 1917, he built or put hi a hopper scale. In 1919, when constructing this leg, he also put a new floor in the cupola, repaired the driveway and enlarged the pit or pan. The board of directors hired the deceased. The board had the right to discharge him if his services *925were not satisfactory. There was an understanding between him and the president that if he could not, do the work the right way, he would let the board of directors decide what to do. The deceased kept his own time; he was honest. On September 13th, 1919, the secretary paid him some $144 for work at $1 per hour. Until the deceased died, the exchange had employed no other carpenter for their repair or construction work. After or about the time of the completion of this work, the deceased also was engaged in doing some repair work for a mercantile, company and in superintending the removal of a house for another party.
The trial court found, among other things, that on September 4th, 1919, the deceased was severely injured while working for the exchange and thence grew gradually worse until his death, on February 10th, 1920. That for more than twenty-five years prior thereto he had been in the best of health and was able to work at all times; that on September 4th, 1919, the deceased was working as a carpenter and general repairman for such exchange and had been such regular repairman for more than three years prior thereto; that the deceased died as a result of an injury received in the course of his employment which was covered by insurance under the Compensation Act; that on account of the financial condition of the claimant, their home being mortgaged, it was for the best interests of herself and children that a lump award be made. Such was ordered, including burial expenses, medical and hospital fees, attorney’s fees, and costs. Judgment accordingly was entered, on April 6th, 1922, for a total of $10,161.00.
Issues.
The bureau contends, generally speaking, as follows:—
(1) On the record the claimant has failed to present her claim to the bureau either within the sixty-dav limitation or the one-year limitation, as prescribed by the act. That concerning the one-year period, this requirement is jurisdictional; that concerning the sixty-day period, it was essential to show that for reasonable cause the bureau had allowed additional time. That the trial court erred in refusing to permit an amendment of the answer in these respects.
(2) The proof is insufficient to establish that the deceased received *926any injury while engaged in the work as alleged. The statements of the deceased concerning the cause of his injury were hearsay.
(3) The proof is insufficient to show that the death of the deceased resulted from the blow or injury received.
(4) The deceased was not an employee of the insured employer, regularly employed in the course of the trade or business of his employer at the time of the injury.
(5) The trial court erred in awarding a lump sum and in determining the amount thereof. The trial court should have remanded the case back to the bureau with instructions to allow compensation according to law, or it should have entered the judgment for weekly payments pursuant to the Act.
Decision.
Method of Procedure: At the trial the parties stipulated that the cause be tried to the court without a jury under the so-termed “Newman Law” and that all evidence offered be received by the trial court without ruling. Thus was the cause heard and the evidence received. It is necessary to repeat, as this court has heretofore held, that in any case tried under the amended so-termed Newman Law, Laws 1919, chap. 8, it is the duty of the trial court, where objection is made, to rule upon evidence offered. People’s State Bank v. Steenson, ante, 100, 190 N. W. 75.
Upon an appeal from the decision of the bureau, by a claimant upon the fund, what procedure is applicable ?
The Compensation Act grants to the bureau “full power and authority to allow and determine all questions within its jurisdiction, and its decision thereon shall be final.” Laws 1919, § it, chap. 162. Otherwise, it provides, in case the final action of the bureau denies the right of the claimant to participation at all in the fund: (1) On the ground that the injury was self-inflicted, or, (2) On the ground that the accident did not arise in the course of employment, or, (3) Upon any other ground going to the basis of claimant’s right, that the claimant, by filing an appeal in the district court may be entitled to a trial in the ordinary way; that, in such a proceeding the state’s attorney shall represent the bureau; that the claimant shall file a petition in the ordinary form *927against tbe bureau as defendant; that further proceedings shall be had, in such case, according to the rules of civil procedure that the court shall determine the right of the claimant; and, if it determines the right in his favor, shall fix his compensation within the limitations prescribed in the act; that the cost of such proceeding, including reasonable attorney’s fees to the claimant’s attorney to be fixed by the trial judge, shall be taxed against the unsiiceessful party; that either party shall have the right to prescribe error as in the ordinary civil cases. Laws 1919, § 17, chap. 162.
It may be observed that the statute accords the right of appeal from a decision of the board upon certain designated grounds. To the court is accorded the right to determine the right of the claimant and the amount of his compensation. The right is purely statutory. The judicial cause thus prescribed is a statutory proceeding. The statute, in terms, does not class the cause as a civil action nor accord the right of trial by jury. Otherwise, it must be remembered that the Compensation Act provides that all civil actions and civil causes of action and all jurisdiction of courts of this state over such causes are abolished except as in the act provided. Laws 1919, chap 162. However, the act provides in certain respects that an employer who fails to furnish a statement or certain information shall he liable in a civil action to a certain penalty. Section 5: That any employer who wilfully misrepresents the amount of the payroll shall be subjected to a multiplied premium in a civil action. See. o, II: That in case of default in payment of premium by an employer it is a duty of the attorney general to bring a, civil action against such employer. Sec. 8: That an employer who is not complying with the act shall be liable to their employees, etc., and in such action certain common-law defenses shall not be available to them. Sec. 10: That an employee, where the employer has not complied wdth the act, may, in lieu of proceedings against his employer, by civil action, file application with the bureau, etc. § 11.
An action is an ordinary proceeding in a court of justice, etc. Comp. Laws, 1913, § 7330. Every other remedy is a special proceeding. Comp. Laws, 1913, § 7331. Hence, mandamus is not triable de novo. State ex rel. Bickford v. Fabrick, 16 N. D. 96, 112 N. W. 74. So contempt proceedings are special proceedings. Noble Twp. v. Aasen, 10 N. D. 264, 86 N. W. 742. Likewise disbarment proceedings. Re Eaton, *9287 N. D. 269, 272, 74 N. W. 870. It is apparent that this is not an ordinary proceeding; that the act has not specifically classified it as a civil.action although otherwise it has mentioned proceedings to be taken for enforcement of the act through civil actions. Easily might the legislature have so prescribed if it so desired.
Accordingly, we are of the opinion that this appeal is a special proceeding pursuant to the Compensation Act; that it is not triable de novo upon appeal to this court.
The findings of the trial court, therefore, are presumed to be correct unless clearly opposed to the preponderance of the evidence. Richards v. Northern P. R. Co. 42 N. D. 472, 478, 173 N. W. 778; Stavens v. National Elevator Co. 36 N. D. 9, 161 N. W. 558; McLennan v. Plummer, 34 N. D. 269, 158 N. W. 269; State Bank v. Maier, 34 N. D. 259, 158 N. W. 346; McCormick v. Union Farmers State Bank, 48 N. D. 834, 187 N. W. 422.
Presentation of Olaim: The Compensation Act provides that all original claims for compensation for disability or death shall be made within sixty days of injury or death; for any reasonable cause shown, the bureau may allow original claims for compensation for disability or death to be made at any time within one year. The claim involved was not filed within the sixty-day period but was filed with the bureau within one year after the death of deceased. The bureau, concerning this claim, permitted it to be filed, acted upon it, and denied it, only for the reason that the death of the deceased was not due to injury sustained in the course of employment. We are satisfied that the opinion of the bureau concerning the filing of the claim, upon this record, is without merit.
Sufficiency of Proof that Deceased Received any Injury: The means or method by which the deceased was injured externally does not appear by direct evidence. His declarations establish that he received a blow more or less violent by his head coming in contact with an iron pulley. The fact of the injury is established by his subsequent conduct and by evidence of the local doctor of a slight swelling oh the scalp, sensitive to the touch. Whether this resultant condition was due to a latent glioma or was caused or superinduced by external violence was a question of fact. Under the circumstances, we are of the opinion that the declarations made to the manager, as a part of the res gestae, were admis*929sible. Puls v. Grand Lodge, A. O. U. W. 13 N. D. 559, 572, 102 N. W. 165. It is certain in this record that the deceased appeared well and healthy before he was at work in this place under the elevator and that after he emerged therefrom his condition changed and thereafter he became and remained ill, until his death.
Sufficiency of Proof that Death Besulted from Injury Received: The fact that the deceased had a tumor designated as glioma is established. Also that this tumor serves to weaken arterial or blood vessels, whereby hemorrhages might occur and induce mortality. The doctors do not know how long this tumor may have existed. From the testimony of the doctors it does not appear probable that the blow received occasioned the glioma; yet, from their testimony, this glioma might have remained latent for an indefinite period, perhaps throughout decedent’s ordinary life, and might have become malignant only through some external stress. All of them seem to agree that external violence might be a superinducing cause that occasioned the hemorrhage. Three of them testified to the effect that, pursuant to the symptoms, the diagnosis, and the previous history of the deceased, their opinion was that the hemorrhage was occasioned by external violence. In accordance with the testimony of the doctors, medical science is uncertain concerning the causes of this glioma. There is no violent disagreement among the doctors. All agree that it was either possible or probable that external violence was a superinducing cause of the hemorrhage. The record reveals that previously the deceased had been an active, healthy man. From his activities and his appearance, even his brain, excepting as the brain was exposed by microscopic examination, appeared to be a normal brain. Neither the record nor medical science, as afforded in the record, disclosed that this glioma was the efficient or the producing cause of the deceased’s death. He received an injury; he became ill; and this illness progressed unto his death. The cause of his death could have been, and probably was, pursuant to the testimony of some of the doctor’s, the resulting and proximate effect of the injury received. Retmier v. Cruse, 67 Ind. App. 192, 119 N. E. 32; Indian Creek Coal & Min. Co. v. Calvert, 68 Ind. App. 474, 119 N. E. 519, 120 N. E. 709; note in L.R.A.1917D, 105. See § 3, chap. 162, Laws 1919; Laws 1921, chap. 141; Gilliland v. Ash Grove Lime & Portland Cement Co. 104 *930Kan. 771, 180 Pac. 793; Blackburn v. Coffeyville Vitrified Brick & Tile Co. 107 Kan. 722, 193 Pac. 351.
The Employment of the Deceased: The bureau earnestly maintains that tbe deceased was a contractor, not an employee; that be was carrying on an independent business in accordance with his own methods; that his relations with the exchange was that o£ a contractor and not as a servant. Under the Compensation Act, hazardous employment means any employment in which one or more employees are regularly employed in the same business. An employee means each person engaged in a hazardous employment under any appointment or contract of hire, but excluding any person whose employment is both casual and not in the course of the trade or business of his employer, etc. Laws 1919, § 2, chap. 162. State ex rel. Amerland v. Hagan, 44 N. D. 306, 175 N. W. 372, 375. Was the deceased an employee under this definitional statement? The record sufficiently discloses that the deceased was regularly employed as general repair man for the exchange. Ilis employment, it is true, was intermittent; he was a carpenter: But, he worked regularly for the exchange whenever the exchange had carpenter work to dov At the time in question, the deceased had been engaged in this work for the exchange for a period of over forty days: lie was performing work necessary in the conduct of the business of the exchange. He was paid by the hour. He received a check from the exchange for over $440. The manner of his work, the method of his pay, his general relations with the exchange, taken in conjunction with the assistance he received from other employees of the exchange, served to indicate that he was serving as an employee subject to the wishes and control of his employer. We are satisfied that the findings of the trial court should not be disturbed and that the evidence does not establish, as a matter of law, that the employment of the deceased was both casual and not in the course of the trade or business of the exchange, his employer. See Caca v. Woodruff, 70 Ind. App. 93, 123 N. E. 120; Tarr v. Heclar Coal & Coke Co. 265 Pa. 519, 109 Atl. 224; Utah Copper Co. v. Industrial Commission, 57 Utah, 118, 13 A.L.R. 1367, 193 Pac. 24; F. C. Gross & Bros. Co. v. Industrial Commission, 167 Wis. 612, 167 N. W. 809.
An Award in a Lump Sum: The bureau maintains that the power to make an award is conferred alone upon the bureau. The legislative *931intent:, of course, must be gleaned from the language of the act and the underlying purposes for which it was enacted. The act has incorporated provisions from many foreign acts and states. It is difficult, accordingly, to apply judicial interpretations of similar provisions in foreign jurisdictions, upon this act, peculiarly, in some respects, sui generis.
The act provides that, in case of death, or of permanent total, or of permanent partial disability, and if the bureau determines that it is for the best interest of the beneficiary, the liability for compensation to such beneficiary may be discharged by the payment of a lump sum. Sec. 3, H, chap. 141, Laws 1921 (Laws 1919, chap. 162). Otherwise, the act provides that compensation to a widow shall be paid until her marriage or death; compensation for a dependent child, until such child dies, marries, or reaches the age of eighteen years. § 3, Gr. A maximum is fixed for the compensation to be paid weekly. § 3, Gr. The conditional factors may be noted. Again, the act empowers the bureau, at any time, upon its own motion or on application, to review the award, and in accordance with the facts found on such review, to end, diminish, or increase the compensation previously awarded, or, if compensation has been refused, or discontinued, to award compensation. § 18. When an appeal is taken from the decision of the bureau, the court is empowered to determine two things: “The right of the claimant, and, if established, the fixing of the compensation within the limits prescribed in the act.” § 17. This right of appeal, as may be -noted, is limited. No right of appeal is granted from the recognition or allowance of a claim, or from the amount of an award made by the Bureau. In such cases, its determination is final. Otherwise, except as this limited right-of appeal permits, the bureau has full power and authority to hear and determine finally all questions within its jurisdiction. § 17. The underlying purpose of the act is denominated to be the protection of injured workmen, their families and dependents and the provision of sure and certain relief; to that end all jurisdiction of the courts over personal injuries sustained by employees is abolished except as provided in the act. § 1. To accomplish these ends, a weekly method of disbursement is provided. § 2E, F, et seq. Protection is given to such compensation by rendering all assignments thereof void and by exemption of the same from all claims of creditors. § 22. The duty is imposed upon the bureau to collect, administer, and disburse the “fund.” *932To it, a large discretion is awarded. Its process and procedure is summary and simple: It is not bound by common law or statutory rules of evidence, nor generally by technical rules of procedure: It may make investigation in such manner as, in its own judgment, may'’ be best calculated to ascertain the substantial rights of the parties and to carry out justly the spirit of the act. § 3E. It thus has a continuing obligation and a continuing duty, after, as well as before, an award is made. This is properly so, in view of the conditional factors involved in an award. If the judgment of the court upon the amount of an award is the final and ultimate judgment, then, whenever an appeal is taken, this continuing duty and obligation of the bureau, concerning that claim and the award thereupon, is to that extent, abrogated. If the award in such case by the court is a lump sum, then the express power of discretion to so do is transferred from the Bureau to the Court, and the discretion of the bureau, as well as its continuing obligation and duty is thereafter abrogated. If every judgment of the court upon the amount of an award is thus final and ultimate, the court must reserve unto itself, a portion of this discretion and power granted to the bureau for the determination of the conditional factors, as they come into existence, and of increasing or decreasing the award, or, must deny and abrogate this discretion intended by the act to be exercised by the bureau. To make such constructions and interpretations of the Act would not be consonant with the underlying purposes of the act, and the continuing obligations, duties, powers, and discretions conferred, and intended to be conferred, upon the bureau.
Accordingly, we are of the opinion, that upon an appeal from the decision of the bureau, the court has the power to determine the right of the claimant and to fix the compensation within the limits prescribed in the act; that, after the determination of such right and of the compensation, the continuing obligations and duties of the bureau remain applicable in administering the right and in disbursing the compensation, pursuant to the act and pursuant to the powers and authority conferred upon the bureau. Further, that the express power to make a lump award, or to ascertain its necessity, is not conferred upon the court, and therefore, is not possessed. This does not mean that the bureau would possess, after such judgment, the right to deny or reverse the right of the claimant thus established upon appeal, but it does mean *933that tbe bureau, after such judgment, may increase or diminish the award, or may award a lump sum, all pursuant to and consistent with the judgment rendered and the continuing obligations and duties imposed upon the bureau. It follows that the judgment must be modified so as to be consonant with this opinion. It is so ordered with costs of this court to the respondent.
CheistiaNSON, Johnson, Nuessle, and Birdzell, JJ., concur.