Court Opinion

ID: 4245412
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-02-15 17:00:21.74413+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:43:39.016107
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                          File Name: 18a0077n.06

                                       Case No. 16-2471

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                  FILED
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                          )                        Feb 15, 2018
                                                   )                    DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
       Plaintiff - Appellee,                       )
                                                   )       ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v.                                                 )       STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
                                                   )       THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF
JOHN S. BENCHICK,                                  )       MICHIGAN
                                                   )
       Defendant - Appellant.                      )

       BEFORE: CLAY, GIBBONS, and COOK, Circuit Judges.

       COOK, Circuit Judge. The government alleges John S. Benchick managed to convince

two banks to issue five mortgages totaling approximately $7.7 million despite having no

appreciable income or assets. Separately, the government claims he persuaded an individual

investor to send him some $300,000, which Benchick largely committed to his personal use.

After a jury found him guilty of four counts of bank fraud and one count of wire fraud, the

district court sentenced him to 110 months’ imprisonment and ordered him to pay over

$4.8 million in restitution. Benchick appeals, pressing various arguments. We reject them and

AFFIRM.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

                                     A. Bank Fraud Charges

       Benchick submitted one mortgage application in his own name, but, according to the

government, he listed the stated borrower on the others as either his father, John I. Benchick, or
Case No. 16-2471, United States v. Benchick

his mother, Helen Benchick. The government presented evidence that Benchick’s parents had

little to do with any of these transactions. Witnesses testified that Benchick alone found the

properties, communicated with loan officers, and negotiated the purchases. Additionally, phone

numbers on the applications made under his father’s name were actually associated with

Benchick.   Moreover, excess cash from the mortgages found its way into bank accounts

Benchick owned or controlled. The government also argued via a physician’s affidavit and

testimony that Benchick’s father had developed severe senile dementia rendering him incapable

of comprehending mortgage transactions.

       The jury likewise heard evidence of significant discrepancies in the employment status

and income figures Benchick reported on the applications. One application listed the senior

Benchick as the self-employed owner of a company called “Cobe & Associates, LLC” earning

$99,999 per month (or nearly $1.2 million per year). Another lists his monthly income as

$95,000. An application the government claimed Benchick submitted in his mother’s name

notes her income of $45,000 per month, also with Cobe & Associates. On the application he

submitted under his own name, Benchick declared monthly income of $60,000.

       At trial, the government presented actual tax returns for the Benchicks, revealing that all

three made far less than claimed. According to these documents, John I. and Helen Benchick

together made approximately $243,000 in 2005 and $359,000 in 2006 (all from passive sources,

such as investments and Social Security). Benchick’s own tax returns for this period each show

negative incomes. Moreover, the government provided evidence—including testimony from

Helen Benchick—that both parents had been retired for many years.

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Case No. 16-2471, United States v. Benchick

        Each of John I. and Helen Benchick’s “applications” also declares that the mortgaged

property would serve as their primary residence. But Helen Benchick herself testified that

neither she nor her husband ever moved to any of the purchased properties.

        Bank representatives testified to the importance of providing truthful information on loan

applications. For example, they told the jury that accurate income reporting is essential for the

bank to judge whether a borrower will be able to make his monthly payments. They also

testified to the importance of accurate employment history, its relevance to job stability and

correlation to a lower risk of default, and the lenders’ more favorable view toward primary-

residence loans.

        The jury ultimately found Benchick guilty of fraudulently inducing two banks to issue

five mortgages on three houses (two in Michigan, one in Florida) between 2006 and 2007,

totaling more than $7.7 million, including over $1.5 million in cash disbursements.

                                      B. Wire Fraud Charge

        While living in Florida, Benchick met Doug Knoerr, a Michigan farmer, when Knoerr

was vacationing in the area and looking to invest in distressed real estate. Knoerr testified that

he knocked on Benchick’s front door and started talking with Benchick about buying his house.

Eventually, Knoerr bought the property with the understanding that Benchick would remain in

the home overseeing repairs (using funds Knoerr provided) and preparing to flip it for a profit.

Knoerr purchased the house for approximately $950,000. According to the government, he went

on to send Benchick over $300,000 more for supposed repair work and as an investment in an

illusory electric car project.

        Knoerr returned to Michigan, staying in touch with Benchick via phone calls and text

messages.    Knoerr testified that he occasionally sent Benchick money meant for repairs—

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Case No. 16-2471, United States v. Benchick

$10,000 for a boat lift, $15,000 for the roof, $25,000 for tile and flooring, among other expenses.

He eventually became suspicious that Benchick was overcharging him because Benchick refused

to provide receipts or bank records documenting completed repairs. Knoerr flew to Florida to

take charge of the situation and tried to recoup some of his money from Benchick. Benchick

refused, claiming that he had already spent all of Knoerr’s money.

       The government presented evidence to show that Knoerr’s concerns were well-founded.

The FBI special agent who investigated the case, Claudia Link, testified about Benchick’s cash

flow patterns. While he appeared to make some repairs, such payments did not account for all of

Knoerr’s money. For example, at one point Knoerr sent Benchick $50,000. A few days later,

Benchick transferred $50,000 from the same account to pay his criminal defense attorney.1

Additionally, Benchick’s ex-girlfriend, who lived with him in the Florida house during part of

the relevant period, testified that Benchick used Knoerr’s money to pay his living expenses. She

said that she never saw him pay for any house repairs or work on it himself; furthermore, she

testified that he told her he only intended to pay Knoerr back if he did “what he wanted him to

do.”

       The government also claimed Benchick cajoled Knoerr into supporting a non-existent

electric car battery invention (the “BEV” project).        Although Benchick refused to share

background information on his invention and did not show Knoerr any blueprints, plans, or a

workshop, Knoerr testified that he loaned Benchick $100,000 to “get started” on the project.

Benchick himself testified that the project never got off the ground.

       1
           The government was already prosecuting Benchick for bank fraud by this time.

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Case No. 16-2471, United States v. Benchick

                                        II.     ANALYSIS

                                   A. Sufficiency of the Evidence

       Benchick argues that the jury lacked sufficient evidence to find him guilty of any of his

charges. The district court denied his post-trial motion for acquittal. We review the district

court’s decision de novo, with “[a] defendant challenging the sufficiency of the evidence

bear[ing] a very heavy burden” of persuasion. United States v. Wright, 774 F.3d 1085, 1088 (6th

Cir. 2014) (quoting United States v. Prince, 214 F.3d 740, 746 (6th Cir. 2000)). In reviewing

sufficiency, “[t]he question is ‘whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to

the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime

beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Id. (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)).

Benchick can prevail “only if, viewing the record as a whole, the judgment is not supported by

substantial and competent evidence.” Id. (quoting United States v. Blakeney, 942 F.2d 1001,

1010 (6th Cir. 1991)).

                                              1. Bank Fraud

       To prove bank fraud under 18 U.S.C. § 1344, the government needed to show, first, “that

[Benchick] knowingly executed or attempted to execute a scheme to defraud a financial

institution”; second, “that [he] did so with the intent to defraud”; and third, “that the financial

institution was insured by the FDIC.” United States v. Warshak, 631 F.3d 266, 312 (6th Cir.

2010) (quoting United States v. Everett, 270 F.3d 986, 989 (6th Cir. 2001)).              Benchick

challenges the evidence presented regarding the second element. To prove intent to defraud, the

government needed to show that he “act[ed] with intent to deceive or cheat for the purpose of

causing a financial loss to another or bringing about a financial gain to oneself.” United States v.

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Case No. 16-2471, United States v. Benchick

Kerley, 784 F.3d 327, 343 (6th Cir. 2015) (quoting United States v. Olds, 309 F. App’x 967, 972

(6th Cir. 2009)).

       Benchick claims that the loan applications reflect his (and his parents’) best efforts to

complete the forms properly, although he acknowledges the many seeming discrepancies in the

information provided. Specifically, he argues that rather than showing intentional falsity, the

evidence demonstrates that the Benchicks listed income figures that incorporated “anticipated

profits” from other real estate deals that ultimately fell through. Likewise, he claims that

residential address incongruities can be explained by “changing circumstances.”          Benchick

maintains that his father’s medical condition thwarted one of his parents’ intended moves. He

asserts that it was in no way improper to describe any of the Benchicks as owner-employees of

“Cobe & Associates,” a longtime family business. And he claims that his parents were involved

in the transactions, disputing the government’s claim that his father was not competent to engage

in real estate deals. He points instead to other evidence presented at trial, in particular his

mother’s and sister’s testimony that John I. was mentally fit until shortly before his death.

Additionally, his mother testified that she was involved personally in the decision to buy and sell

various properties, and that it was her choice to send much of the money from these transactions

to her son.

       As the government identifies, however, the jury heard testimony from bank officials that

mortgage applicants could not use “anticipated income,” and that persons with sporadic

incomes—such as real estate investors—should have instead calculated monthly income using

their average income over the preceding two years. Likewise, the jury weighed Benchick’s

explanation of the various addresses and claimed primary residences, evidently deciding

“changing circumstances” could not account for mortgage applications listing three different

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Case No. 16-2471, United States v. Benchick

current addresses and three different primary intended residences for his parents (none being

their actual home), all within one year’s time. And as to employment issues, the government

presented substantial evidence that Benchick’s parents were retirees and that his father suffered

from significant dementia.

          Even if plausible, Benchick’s proffered alternative explanations remain just that—

alternative explanations.    The jury heard them and decided differently.        The government

presented significant evidence on these counts, namely the income and residency discrepancies

and the questionable employment statements, combined with evidence of his father’s ill health,

and the suspicious cash transfers. Viewing that evidence in the light most favorable to the

prosecution, we cannot say that no rational jury could have found Benchick guilty beyond a

reasonable doubt.

                                           2. Wire Fraud

          For Benchick’s wire fraud conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 1343, the government needed to

prove that he (1) “‘devised or willfully participated in a scheme to defraud’; (2) ‘that he used or

caused to be used an interstate wire communication in furtherance of the scheme’; and (3) ‘that

he intended to deprive a victim of money or property.’” United States v. Cunningham, 679 F.3d
355, 370 (6th Cir. 2012) (quoting United States v. Faulkenberry, 614 F.3d 573, 581 (6th Cir.

2010)).

          As to the renovations on the Florida house, Benchick generally claims that far from

proving he scammed Knoerr out of hundreds of thousands of dollars, the government’s case only

shows that Knoerr was “a novice real estate investor” who unsuccessfully tried to exploit “the

opportunity to make a quick buck.” He alleges that the government has failed to identify “a

single false statement” he made to Knoerr to induce him to send money. Additionally, he

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Case No. 16-2471, United States v. Benchick

maintains that the government failed to prove that Benchick misappropriated Knoerr’s money for

his own purposes and notes that Knoerr admitted that some work was completed on the house.

         With respect to the BEV project, Benchick only asserts that the government offered little

to no evidence of any intent to defraud and “provided no proof of any link between money paid

by Knoerr and the project,” with no evidence other than Knoerr’s testimony. As the government

explains, however, Benchick ignores testimony from other witnesses, namely FBI agent Link,

Knoerr’s accountant, and Benchick’s ex-girlfriend. He also neglects several text messages

Benchick sent Knoerr cajoling him to invest in the BEV project.

         Benchick’s wire fraud arguments, like his arguments regarding the bank fraud charges,

amount to innocent explanations for suspicious conduct. He presented those arguments to the

jury, which rejected them in light of substantial evidence offered by the prosecution. It is not our

place to second guess its judgment; we decline Benchick’s “invit[ation] . . . into the forbidden

territory of re-weighing the evidence.” United States v. Dimora, 750 F.3d 619, 627 (6th Cir.

2014).

                              B. Selective Admission of Text Messages

         As noted, Benchick and Knoerr corresponded by text message. The government used

some of Benchick’s messages to Knoerr as evidence, with other messages redacted. The district

court decided that these messages were admissible as non-hearsay statements by a party-

opponent, and Benchick did not challenge this characterization at the time. See Fed. R. Evid.

801(d)(2)(A). Benchick asked the court to admit all text messages in the conversations, not just

the ones “cherry pick[ed]” by the government. His counsel argued Benchick ought to be able to

introduce all of the messages to give the jury a “full understanding” of the conversation.

Although his trial counsel did not cite the rule at the time, Benchick now asserts that this

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Case No. 16-2471, United States v. Benchick

exchange with the district judge was “unmistakably an argument that the texts not introduced by

the Government should be admitted under Federal Rule of Evidence 106.” Rule 106 expresses

the “rule of completeness,” and states: “If a party introduces all or part of a writing or recorded

statement, an adverse party may require the introduction, at that time, of any other part . . . that in

fairness ought to be considered at the same time.”

          As Benchick admits, the rule of completeness cannot trump the hearsay rules. United

States v. Holden, 557 F.3d 698, 706 (6th Cir. 2009). The district court denied Benchick’s

request, apparently deciding that the other texts would be hearsay outside the scope of Rule

801(d)(2)(A) (which only applies to statements “offered against an opposing party”) because

they would have been offered as exculpatory statements.

          Now, for the first time, Benchick characterizes his texts as non-hearsay “verbal acts.” He

contends that if the texts were not hearsay, then the other, redacted texts would have been

properly admissible under Rule 106 (assuming no other factors that would have precluded their

admission). Because he never raised this argument below, we review for plain error, requiring

Benchick to show an “obvious” error that “affect[ed] [his] substantial rights” and “seriously

affect[ed] the fairness or integrity of judicial proceedings.” United States v. Pritchett, 749 F.3d
417, 436 (6th Cir. 2014) (quoting United States v. Lopez-Medina, 461 F.3d 724, 739 (6th Cir.

2006)).       As the Supreme Court has cautioned, “the plain-error exception to the

contemporaneous-objection rule is to be ‘used sparingly, solely in those circumstances in which

a miscarriage of justice would otherwise result.’” United States v. Young, 470 U.S. 1, 15 (1985)

(quoting United States v. Frady, 456 U.S. 152, 163 n.14 (1982)).

          Even if we agreed that the district court committed an “obvious” error, we are not

persuaded it seriously affected the fairness or integrity of the trial such that failure to reverse and

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Case No. 16-2471, United States v. Benchick

remand would result in a “miscarriage of justice.” Id. (quoting Frady, 456 U.S. at 163 n.14).

Most evidence on the wire fraud charge came through the testimony of Knoerr, Knoerr’s

accountant, FBI agent Link, and Benchick’s ex-girlfriend. The texts were only introduced on

Knoerr’s redirect examination after defense counsel misleadingly asked Knoerr if “nothing in the

texts say anything about BEV; is that correct?” and Knoerr replied “Yes, sir.” Overall, the text

messages played a minor role in the government’s otherwise-substantial wire fraud case.

               C. Lack of Specific Unanimity Instruction on Wire Fraud Charge

       The jury instructions for the wire fraud charge did not distinguish between alleged fraud

as to the house renovations and alleged fraud as to the BEV project. Instead, the district court

provided a generalized instruction, reciting the elements of the offense and referring only to “a

scheme to defraud.”

       Benchick now charges that the court should have provided a specific unanimity

instruction on this count. As he sees it, the wire fraud charge is bifurcated: the government could

only prevail if it proved that he either defrauded Knoerr with respect to the house repairs or with

respect to the BEV project (or both). He argues that because there was no unanimity instruction,

some jurors could have decided he committed wire fraud for the house repairs but not the BEV

project, while different jurors could have convicted based on their conclusion that he committed

wire fraud for the BEV project but not the house repairs.

       Because Benchick did not request a specific unanimity instruction below, we limit

ourselves to plain error review, deciding “whether the instructions, when taken as a whole, were

so clearly wrong as to produce a grave miscarriage of justice.” United States v. Miller, 734 F.3d
530, 538 (6th Cir. 2013) (quoting United States v. Sanderson, 966 F.2d 184, 187 (6th Cir. 1992)).

“[A]n improper jury instruction will rarely justify reversal of a criminal conviction when no

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Case No. 16-2471, United States v. Benchick

objection has been made at trial, . . . and an omitted or incomplete instruction is even less likely

to justify reversal, since such an instruction is not as prejudicial as a misstatement of the law.”

Id. (quoting United States v. Rayborn, 491 F.3d 513, 521 (6th Cir. 2007)) (alterations in

original). A specific unanimity instruction is required only where:

       (1) the nature of the evidence is exceptionally complex or the alternative
       specifications are contradictory or only marginally related to each other; or
       (2) there is a variance between indictment and proof at trial; or (3) there is
       tangible indication of jury confusion, as when the jury has asked questions or the
       court has given regular or supplementary instructions that create a significant risk
       of nonunanimity.

Id. (quoting United States v. Damra, 621 F.3d 474, 504–05 (6th Cir. 2010)).

       Benchick argues this case falls into the first category, claiming that the alternative

specifications “had no connection” to each other. The government responds that “the schemes

were integrated and carried out simultaneously”—that Benchick defrauded Knoerr regarding the

real estate deal and the BEV project at the same time, and that he received money for both during

the same time period. The government claims that the schemes were therefore more than

“marginally related” to each other.

       Even if we agreed with Benchick that the district court should have given a unanimity

instruction, there was no plain error here due to the absence of evidence that failing to so instruct

caused “a grave miscarriage of justice.” United States v. Thomas, 74 F.3d 701, 712 (6th Cir.

1996) (quoting Sanderson, 966 F.2d at 187). The “touchstone” for reversible error for failure to

give a unanimity instruction “has been the presence of a genuine risk that the jury is confused or

that a conviction may occur as the result of different jurors concluding that a defendant

committed different acts.” Damra, 621 F.3d at 505 (quoting United States v. Duncan, 850 F.2d
1104, 1114 (6th Cir. 1988)). Benchick’s challenge on this point must fail because there is no

evidence that Benchick’s jury was confused or at risk of delivering a patchwork verdict. See id.

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Case No. 16-2471, United States v. Benchick

                                D. Calculation of Sentencing Range

       Benchick also disputes several aspects of the district court’s calculation of his sentencing

range. The court determined Benchick’s case warranted a total offense level of thirty-six, with a

criminal history category of one, resulting in a sentencing range of 188 to 235 months.

We review the court’s factual findings for clear error and its legal conclusions de novo. United

States v. Bolds, 511 F.3d 568, 579 (6th Cir. 2007).

       First, Benchick argues that the court incorrectly calculated the losses attributable to his

actions.    The court calculated an actual loss of $4,812,759, requiring an eighteen-level

enhancement under the sentencing guidelines. See U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(J) (adding eighteen

levels for losses between $3.5 and $9.5 million).          This loss calculation includes nearly

$2.5 million for the houses in Michigan and over $2.3 million for the Florida house. The

guidelines call for losses to be calculated as the greater of either “actual” or “intended” losses,

with “actual loss” defined as “the reasonably foreseeable pecuniary harm that resulted from the

offense.”   U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 app. 3(A).      Benchick admits to the losses attributable to the

Michigan properties, but claims that the court should have excluded losses associated with the

Florida house because there were no “actual losses” related to that home. Citing no authority, he

asserts that because the bulk of the lender’s loss on the Florida house came through a short sale

to Knoerr of $950,000 (on a $2,925,000 mortgage), and because a short sale “does not

necessarily implicate a loss to the mortgagor attributable to criminal activity,” the court should

have excluded the resulting $1,975,000 loss to the lender from its loss calculation.2

       2
         He also claims that the government failed to prove losses on the Florida home with any
particularity, arguing that the calculation should have taken into account the value of any
renovations Benchick completed, plus Knoerr’s “gain” for “buying a house for under market
value as a result of the financial distress of the prior owner.” Because Benchick only raises these

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Case No. 16-2471, United States v. Benchick

        Yet, as the government points out, Benchick himself admitted at sentencing that the

lender agreed to “a short payoff, not a short sale, for $950,000.” Moreover, no matter how the

sale was structured, the fact remains that the bank loaned nearly $3 million to Benchick’s father

based on a loan application that formed part of the basis for Benchick’s conviction. The bank

ultimately lost nearly $2 million on this loan. Benchick fails to demonstrate that the district

court clearly erred in considering this aspect of the financial damage he caused. See Kerley,
784 F.3d at 347 (“Under the circumstances, where there is no evidence that the lenders failed to

mitigate their losses by unreasonably delaying the ultimate sale of the properties, we cannot fault

the district court for basing its § 2B1.1 loss calculation on the difference between the amount

loaned and the amount eventually recovered by selling the properties securing the loan.”).

        Second, he claims the district court improperly applied a two-level enhancement for the

use of “sophisticated means” under section 2B1.1(b)(10)(C) of the guidelines. According to

Benchick, his offenses “were no more sophisticated than those in any bank or wire fraud

scheme.” But, as the application notes to the guidelines make clear, “[c]onduct such as hiding

assets or transactions, or both, through the use of . . . corporate shells . . . also ordinarily indicates

sophisticated means.” U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 app. 9(B). The government argues that Benchick’s use

of companies like Cobe & Associates as his parents’ supposed employer and as conduits for the

proceeds of his schemes justifies the application of the enhancement. Benchick’s retort that the

companies were more than mere “shells” because he and his father had conducted legitimate

business through them for years prior to the events of this case misses the point. The fact

remains that the court had clear evidence that Benchick used corporate entities in furtherance of

arguments in his reply brief, however, we decline to address them. See United States v. Galaviz,
645 F.3d 347, 362 (6th Cir. 2011).

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his criminal activities. Cf. United States v. Erwin, 426 F.App’x 425, 437 (6th Cir. 2011)

(holding that “funneling of transactions through relatives in order to disguise the origin of funds

is sufficient to support an enhancement for sophisticated means.” (citing United States v. May,

568 F.3d 597, 607 (6th Cir. 2009))).

       Third, Benchick received a two-level enhancement because he collected over $1 million

in gross receipts from one or more financial institutions. See U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(16)(A). He

argues this enhancement is inappropriate because the trial evidence shows that he received only

$755,000 in cash proceeds from the various mortgages. Although the cash proceeds from the

mortgages on each property far exceeded $1 million,3 and the government presented evidence

showing that these proceeds eventually made their way into accounts Benchick either owned or

controlled, he claims that these calculations “do not account for any money that [he] put towards

the real estate transactions.” But he provides no explanation of the specific alleged defects in the

district court’s calculation, and his briefing lacks any discussion of how he arrived at his own

figure. Such conclusory allegations cannot persuade us that the court clearly erred in applying

this enhancement.

       Fourth, Benchick contests the court’s application of a three-level enhancement for

committing an offense while released on bond. See U.S.S.G. § 3C1.3. Citing no authority, he

claims that this enhancement, triggered by Benchick’s conviction for wire fraud, is inappropriate

because, according to the indictment, he started defrauding Knoerr before his initial arraignment

on bank fraud charges. As the government notes, however, even if the criminal conduct started

       3
         The two mortgages on the Florida house together remitted over $1 million to
Benchick’s father. His mother’s mortgage on one of the Michigan houses included nearly
$220,000 in cash to the borrower, and his father received nearly $293,000 in cash from his
mortgage on the other Michigan house.

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Case No. 16-2471, United States v. Benchick

before his arraignment, he continued to defraud Knoerr long afterwards—to the tune of some

$200,000 (or approximately two-thirds of the total amount he obtained from Knoerr). We see no

reason to depart from the district court’s conclusion that “the totality of the behavior in Count 5

occurred, actually the bulk of the behavior under Count 5 occurred post-arraignment and during

the time that he was on bond.” The enhancement is therefore justified.

                                    E. Restitution Calculation

        Finally, Benchick challenges part of his restitution order. The court ordered him to pay

$4,175,333 to J.P. Morgan Chase as successor in interest to Washington Mutual, one of the

lenders. Benchick raises the equitable principle of unclean hands, arguing that Washington

Mutual was reckless in reviewing and approving mortgage applications like his. He waived this

argument at sentencing, however, when his counsel expressly agreed to the court’s proposed

restitution order, only preserving possible objections to the amount of restitution, not J.P.

Morgan’s entitlement to restitution. See United States v. McBride, 826 F.3d 293, 294–95 (6th

Cir. 2016) (“A defendant waives the argument that a sentencing enhancement does not apply by

‘explicitly agreeing’ that it does, such as through ‘plain, positive concurrence.’” (quoting United

States v. Knox, 593 F. App’x 536, 536, 537 (6th Cir. 2015))).

                                     III.   CONCLUSION

        For these reasons, we AFFIRM Benchick’s convictions, including his sentence and

restitution.

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