Court Opinion

ID: 9583742
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-21 22:41:42.740948+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:59:25.035071
License: Public Domain

*372CLEMENTS, Judge.
Janice Larue Orndorff was convicted in a jury trial of murder in the second degree, in violation of Code § 18.2-32, and use of a firearm in the commission of murder, in violation of Code § 18.2-53.1. On appeal, Orndorff contends the trial court erred in (1) denying her motion for a new trial based on after-discovered evidence that she suffered from a psychiatric disorder that rendered her legally insane at the time of the offenses, (2) limiting her opportunity to present expert-witness testimony on her post-homicide conduct, and (3) proceeding to the sentencing phase of the trial despite evidence showing she was incompetent to stand trial. Finding the trial court abused its discretion in not granting Orndorff a new trial based on after-discovered evidence that, at the time of the killing, she suffered from an irresistible impulse resulting from dissociative identity disorder, formerly known as multiple personality disorder, we reverse the trial court’s denial of the motion for a new trial, vacate the convictions, and remand for a new trial. Because it is unlikely they will arise again on retrial in the same context, if at all, our decision makes it unnecessary to address the other issues raised in this appeal.
I. BACKGROUND
“Under familiar principles of appellate review, we view the evidence and all reasonable inferences fairly deducible from that evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the party that prevailed below.” Banks v. Commonwealth, 41 Va.App. 539, 543, 586 S.E.2d 876, 877 (2003).
Orndorff was indicted by a Prince William County grand jury for the first-degree murder of her husband, Goering Orndorff, in violation of Code § 18.2-32, and the use of a firearm during the commission of murder, in violation of Code § 18.2-53.1.
Pretrial, defense counsel notified the Commonwealth that Orndorff intended “to introduce psychiatric and psychological evidence concerning [her] amnesia” to rebut the Commonwealth’s anticipated position that Orndorffs post-shooting de*373meanor and conduct on the night of the homicide was an act intended to deceive both the investigators of the alleged crime and the jury. Such evidence, defense counsel stated, was not intended for the purpose of raising a psychiatric defense. “We are not claiming,” defense counsel continued, “that she did not understand right from wrong, nor are we contending that she suffered from an irresistible impulse.” The Commonwealth moved to exclude Orndorffs psychiatric and psychological evidence.
At a pretrial hearing on the Commonwealth’s motion, Drs. Susan J. Fiester and Wilfred G. van Gorp, mental-health experts retained by defense counsel to perform psychiatric and psychological evaluations of Orndorff to determine if she had any psychiatric or psychological disorders relevant to the charged offenses, opined, based on their separate examinations of Orndorff and materials related to this case, including the tape of Orndorffs call to 911, that Orndorff had a propensity to dissociate her emotions and actions from her conscious awareness and experienced, among other mental-health-related conditions, a “dissociative state” subsequent to and precipitated by the trauma of her husband’s death. That dissociative state, the doctors further testified, caused her inability to recall her prior actions that evening, including the shooting. Dr. van Gorp, a clinical psychologist and neuropsychologist, testified that
a person who is experiencing a dissociative episode in the moment will get somewhat confused. They will be regressed, and regressed is a term of art meaning somewhat immature or infantile in their presentation, and they may or may not have some recall of events that happened five minutes ago, but they will be overall confused. So they will come across as a confused person, and may be inconsistent in their recall.
Dr. Fiester, a forensic psychiatrist, testified that “[dissociation doesn’t mean the person’s not capable of directed action. It simply means the person doesn’t recall. There’s a disconnect between the emotions and actions and the conscious awareness of [those emotions and actions.]” Neither expert *374diagnosed Orndorff as suffering from dissociative identity disorder or any other mental disorder that rose to the level of a stand-alone defense to the criminal charges brought against her. Dr. Fiester testified that she found “no evidence that [Orndorff] was legally insane at the time of the offense,” including no evidence of either irresistible impulse or Orndorffs inability to “know the difference between right and wrong” at the time of the killing. The trial court ruled that the doctors would be permitted to explain generally at trial the nature of dissociative amnesia but not to testify that they had actually examined or diagnosed Orndorff.
During the guilt phase of the jury trial, the following evidence was presented: Orndorff married her husband in 1993. In early 2000, the marriage began to unravel. At that time, Orndorff began calling her mother-in-law “a couple of times a week complaining about [Orndorffs husband].” Orndorff told her mother-in-law that “she thought he had a girlfriend, thought he was running around with a woman.” During one of their conversations, Orndorff told her mother-in-law she knew he was “out with that woman again” and she would “see him dead before he [left her] for another woman.” Orndorffs mother-in-law did not take Orndorffs statement seriously, believing instead that Orndorff was simply trying to “scare him into not leaving her.” When told by her mother-in-law not to “talk like that,” Orndorff replied, “I can’t help it, he’s my whole life and that’s what I live for.” Orndorff “consistently told [her mother-in-law] that she loved Goering” and “Goering told [his mother] he loved [Orndorff], too.”
During that same time period, Orndorff contacted Thomas George Underwood, a friend and local attorney who was representing her concerning a “property related problem” and who had previously represented her husband in traffic and financial matters. Orndorff asked Underwood if he could represent her “if it came to divorce.” Orndorff “reported to [Underwood] that Goering had started drinking again and she was concerned about his activities,” including his going away for a weekend without telling her where he was going. She was also concerned “for the safety of [her] boys,” who were *375living with them. According to Underwood, Orndorff was “so concerned” about how her husband’s activities “would affect her,” she had Underwood prepare a will for her on March 1, 2004, leaving everything to her three children. He suggested she hire a private detective if she was concerned about her husband having an affair. However, believing his “representation of [Orndorffs husband] was close enough that [he] shouldn’t get involved in [the divorce],” Underwood told Orndorff he could not represent her in the divorce action but could refer her to a divorce lawyer.
During the afternoon of March 20, 2000, Underwood called Orndorff and told her the divorce lawyer to whom he had referred her could not see her “for a week or ten days.” Orndorff told Underwood that “would be all right” because her pregnant daughter was “scheduled to be induced” in two days and she was going to be in Baltimore, Maryland for the birth. Orndorff told the lawyer that “she was going out for dinner for her anniversary with Goering” that night. According to Underwood, Orndorff was not upset or angry at the time and “sounded fine.”
That same day, Orndorffs mother-in-law called Orndorffs husband at work and asked how he and Orndorff were doing, because she “knew they had been having problems.” Orndorffs husband responded, “[M]om, ... things are worse, I’ve had all I can take, I’m leaving tonight.”
Testifying on his mother’s behalf, Judd Lee Bond, Orndorffs teenage son who lived with Orndorff and her husband at their house in Manassas, Virginia, stated that, later that evening, he heard his mother and stepfather return home after going out for their anniversary dinner. When they entered the house, Judd Bond heard his stepfather yelling and angrily “stomping around.” Frightened and unable to “stand it anymore,” he left and went to a friend’s house.
Judd Bond also testified that, in January 2000, his stepfather had begun to drink alcohol after abstaining from doing so for many years. Judd Bond also testified that his stepfather was “becoming more violent” and that he and his brother *376“were terrified of him.” Recounting an episode in which, during a physical confrontation, his stepfather had threatened to kill him, Judd Bond testified that, sometime between January 2000 and March 2000, he had removed the bullets from his stepfather’s automatic pistol because he “was afraid to have a loaded gun in the house that he owned.”
At 8:37 p.m. on March 20, 2000, Orndorff called Underwood. She reported that she had shot her husband, saying he had come at her with a knife and a baseball bat. She said her husband was still alive and asked the lawyer to come to the house. When he asked her if she had called for an ambulance, she said she had not. He told her to call for one right away. The call lasted “[l]ess than a minute.” Because Orndorff sounded “hysterical” and “appeared to be upset,” Underwood called 911 to make sure an ambulance was sent to the house.
After talking to Underwood, Orndorff called 911 at 8:39 p.m. She told the 911 operator her husband had come after her with a baseball bat and a knife and she had shot him. She also told the operator she was afraid to come out of hiding in the house because her husband was still alive, had gained possession of the gun, and was trying to kill her. At numerous points during the call, Orndorff cried hysterically without responding to the operator’s questions and repeatedly and rapidly asked for help, stating, “He is going to kill me.” At other times during the call, she spoke slowly and more calmly, telling the operator that “he” took her knife and a baseball bat and was going to kill her and that she did not know whether she was sitting down but she could feel the carpet with her hands and her legs. Several times during the call, she asked for her mother and appeared to be speaking directly to her mother on one occasion. On several occasions, she appeared not to know with whom she was speaking. Other times, she called the operator by name. At times, she spoke loudly; other times, she whispered and said she could not talk because “he” would hear her. Asked by the operator whether she had called Underwood earlier, Orndorff said she knew Underwood but had not called him. Asked by the operator where in the house Orndorffs husband was, Orndorff initially indicated he *377was on the “kitchen floor” and later said she did not know where he was. Asked where in the house she was, Orndorff indicated it was dark and said she did not know where she was. Later, she indicated she was in the study and that she could hear the front door being opened. After further discussion about her fear of being killed by her husband, Orndorff indicated she had started to go to the front door but then returned to her hiding place. At approximately 9:25 p.m., Orndorff went to the front door and exited the house. First Sergeant Robert J. McHale, who had been waiting behind his cruiser on the road in front of the house, ran to her and led her up the street to a police cruiser.
The 911 operator who handled Orndorff s call, Constance Palmore, testified that, while she was on the phone with Orndorff, she “had no reason to doubt [Omdorffs] claims of being afraid.” She further testified that Orndorffs call was unlike any other call she had received in her fifteen years of taking calls for the police department because Orndorff could not “pinpoint where she was in her own home.” She also found it “a little odd” that Orndorff had called Underwood before calling 911.
First Sergeant McHale testified that, before Orndorff came out of the house through the front door, another police officer had approached the house and opened the front door. McHale further testified that, approximately a minute before Orndorff eventually came out of the house, he saw her approach the open front door with a cordless telephone in her hand. McHale motioned with his hands for her to come out. Rather than leaving the house, however, Orndorff turned around and disappeared from McHale’s sight. McHale further testified that, the next time Orndorff approached the front door, she “bolted out of the residence.” According to McHale, when he met her and guided her away from the house, Orndorff was “screaming” that her husband was going to kill her. She was “hysterical” and “continued,” McHale testified, “to yell and scream.” However, McHale further testified, when, after noticing a “strong odor of alcohol” coming from her, he asked if she had been drinking that night, she “very calmly” stated *378that she had had a “couple of glasses of wine” with dinner and “then went back into he’s trying to kill me.” McHale testified he found the sudden changes in Orndorffs demeanor — from hysterical to calm and back to hysterical again — “kind of strange.”
After talking to Orndorff and calling 911, Underwood went to Orndorffs house, arriving “shortly after 9:00 p.m.” He saw “police officers all over the place.” When he first saw Orndorff, she was “on the floor of the back seat” in a police car that had been driven partway down the street away from the house. Underwood observed that she was “crying” and “shaking and whimpering.” She was unresponsive when he spoke to her. After Orndorff received medical treatment from a paramedic at the scene, Underwood observed that “[s]he was still hysterical and not making sense.” According to Underwood, Orndorff was still in that condition when he left shortly after 11:00 p.m.
Bo Longston, the paramedic who rendered medical treatment to Orndorff that night, testified Orndorff was “freaking out” at the time. He also testified she was “agitated” and “visibly upset.” “She was,” Longston testified, “scared like you would see on TV, as opposed to what I’ve seen in the past.”
Testifying on his mother’s behalf, Kurt Bond, Orndorffs other teenage son who lived with Orndorff and her husband, stated that, when he first saw his mother that night upon returning home from a meeting, she was in the back of a police car in “a fetal position, crying and shaking.” He further testified that, when the police allowed him to join his mother in the police car, she did not initially recognize him and was “hysterical, just crying and not making any sense, screaming, ‘Help me. Help me. He’s going to hurt me. He’s going to hurt me.’ ” Kurt Bond noticed that his mother had bruises on “the inside of her thigh” and “on [her] left arm.” He further testified that, when one of the detectives told Orndorff later that night that her husband was dead, she “broke down again” and “accuse[d] the police of killing him.”
*379Kurt Bond also testified that, when he left the house shortly after 7:00 p.m. on March 20, 2000, to attend a meeting, he observed that the telephone book on the table near the kitchen was open, although he did not know to which page. He further testified that, between January 2000 and March 2000, he was “frightened” of his stepfather because he had started drinking and would get angry about “trivial things” and “threaten to hit” him. According to Kurt Bond, however, his stepfather never hit him and he never saw him hit Orndorff.
After Orndorff left the house, the police unsuccessfully attempted “to establish contact with anybody that may have been in the residence at that point.” Concerned that “somebody may have ... a weapon inside,” the police “deploy[ed] gas into the residence.” After allowing time for the gas to take effect, the police SWAT team entered the house around 1:00 a.m. Inside, they found Orndorffis husband dead, lying on the kitchen floor with a baseball bat in his left hand. He had been shot five times, once in his left palm, thrice in his torso, and once in the top of his head. The police also observed a handgun on the table in the kitchen and a telephone book on a nearby table open to the page that included Underwood’s telephone number. Later, after lifting the body, the police discovered a knife in the decedent’s right hand. The police also subsequently recovered Orndorffis will “torn in half in the family room.”
Dr. Carolyn Revercomb, the medical examiner who conducted the autopsy on the decedent, testified that the wound to the top of his head would have caused “[ijmmediate unconsciousness” and that it was not “likely that one would be able to hold onto any items such as a bat or knife, having sustained such a wound.” Dr. Revercomb further testified that the gunshot wound to the decedent’s left hand was “consistent with someone putting their hand out in [a defensive] posture” and that it was “very unlikely” that he “could hold a baseball bat with [his] hand in such a position.” Dr. Revercomb also testified that the gunshot wound to the left side of the decedent’s torso was consistent with his “being on the ground when it was inflicted.”
*380First Sergeant Robert C. Zinn, a blood-stain-analysis expert with the Prince William County Police Department, testified that, based on his examination and analysis of the medical examiner’s autopsy report and photographs, the police’s photographs of the crime scene, the decedent’s clothing, and the baseball bat, the decedent could not have been holding the bat at the time he was shot.
Testifying on behalf of Orndorff, Dr. William Brownlee, an expert in the field of forensic medicine, opined that, because the bat found in the decedent’s left hand was small, it could “easily be gripped in the fingers,” thus, exposing the palm of the hand to a bullet wound. Dr. Brownlee further testified that one holding a bat in such a manner would not necessarily drop the bat if a bullet entered the palm because the bullet would irritate the muscles in the forearm causing the fingers to go into spasm and strongly grasp the bat. Dr. Brownlee also opined that it was physiologically possible for the decedent to continue to grasp the knife in his right hand despite being shot in the head and falling to the floor and that inserting the knife in his hand after he had been shot would have “left physical evidence of someone doing that on the floor.”
The evidence also established that, during their marriage, Orndorff and her husband were motorcycle enthusiasts who participated in a number of “charity rides” sponsored by Payne’s Biker Bar in Leesburg, Virginia. Maura Jill Workman, a former owner and manager of the bar, testified that she knew Orndorff and her husband from the “charity rides” and that both were friends of hers. She further testified that, in July 2000, Orndorff came to the bar, told Workman that she was facing life imprisonment, and offered to pay Workman $10,000 to testify that she had seen her husband physically abuse her. Workman testified that she had never seen such abuse and rejected the offer.
At one point in the trial, when the bat and knife were being displayed to the jury, Orndorff “became visibly upset.” She began to shake and weep uncontrollably, fell to the floor, and *381said repeatedly, “[K]eep him away from me. He’s going to kill me.”
In closing argument to the jury, counsel for the Commonwealth argued, inter alia, that Orndorffs post-shooting demeanor was a ruse designed “to conceal her guilt.” Defense counsel argued, inter alia, that Orndorff shot the decedent “because she was afraid ... he was going to hurt her” and that Orndorffs unusual demeanor after the shooting was not an attempt to conceal her guilt but occurred because she was dissociating as a result of the trauma she had just experienced. After deliberating, the jury found Orndorff guilty of second-degree murder and of using a firearm during that murder.
A few days later, as the penalty-determination phase of the trial was about to begin, defense counsel informed the court that it had been reported to them that, almost immediately after the conviction, Orndorff had engaged in unusual behavior at the jail. She had apparently told jail personnel that she was only twelve years old and did not belong in the “strict school” because she had done nothing wrong.
After examining Orndorff, Dr. Fiester testified that Orndorff was not aware that she was an adult or of where she was. “Her understanding of the situation,” Dr. Fiester testified, “was that she’s in dire fear because she’s a child and she’s done something wrong and she has no idea what it is and why she’s where she is.” When asked whether Orndorffs condition could “raise the spectrum of other psychiatric illnesses” besides a dissociative episode, Dr. Fiester replied that it could, explaining:
It could raise the question of whether she might have problems with her reality testing; whether there is a psychotic part of the picture; whether there is what’s called a dissociative identity disorder, which is what used to be known in the past as a multiple personality disorder; or some other type of a dissociative disorder.
*382Dr. Fiester opined that Orndorff had a “severe mental illness” that rendered her incompetent to assist counsel in her defense.
Immediately upon learning of Orndorffs behavior at the jail, Dr. van Gorp wrote in a letter to defense counsel as follows:
This abrupt change in Ms. Orndorffs mental status is a very serious matter. It is my firm opinion that this decline and abrupt change in her mental state represents a state of regression and dissociation, producing a fugue-like state in which she has regressed to the identity she had as a child. At the very least, this represents dramatic regression in a person who has seriously dissociated: that is, in lay terms, she has become overwhelmed by the stress of her circumstances, and cannot consciously process what has happened to her. As a response, she has “split off’ from her conscious experience, and regressed to a child-like state, now believing she is in school in Union City, Tennessee, where she apparently grew up. This altered identity also raises the possibility of an even more serious condition, in which dissociation is more pervasive, and a multiple personality disorder must be seriously considered and psychologically and psyehiatrieally ruled out.
The trial court found Orndorff to be incompetent to stand trial and ordered her committed to Central State Hospital for a mental health evaluation. Orndorff remained in treatment at Central State Hospital for eight months, at which point, the trial court agreed with the doctors at the hospital that Orndorff was competent to stand trial.
Prior to the recommencement of the trial, Orndorff filed a motion requesting a new trial due to after-discovered evidence. At the beginning of the penalty-determination phase of the trial, defense counsel asked that the trial court defer ruling on the motion for a new trial until after presentation of Orndorffs evidence in mitigation of the offense since the same evidence would be used to support the motion. The trial judge agreed that his ruling on the motion should be deferred “until the trial is completed.”
*383After the Commonwealth represented that Orndorff had no criminal record, the following evidence was presented to the jury: Toward the end of OrndorfPs stay at Central State Hospital, Dr. Greg Wolber, the Chief of the Forensic Evaluation Team at the hospital, consulted, on his own initiative, with Dr. Paul Frederick Dell, a clinical psychologist and an authority on dissociative disorders. Based on his examination of Orndorff, Dr. Dell diagnosed her as suffering from dissociative identity disorder. During subsequent examinations, Dr. Dell had “a very clear-cut encounter with three different alter personalities” of Orndorff. “The first,” according to Dr. Dell, “was a personality named Jacob who is apparently male and who was very strong, forceful, given to speaking constantly with cuss words and who ... [was] angry, confronting, challenging, tough.” According to Dr. Dell, Jacob was Orndorffs “angry protector,” the alter personality that is usually “created in childhood” as a result of abuse and has “the job ... of coming out and absorbing physical punishment that was more than the child could take.” The second alter personality encountered by Dr. Dell was “a character named Jean Bugineau,” who “insisted on speaking French.” The third alter personality was “a part” named “Janice Nanney” who was “twelve-and-a-half years old.”
Dr. Dell also testified that dissociative identity disorder is difficult to diagnose because the different alter personalities “do not generally go around advertising their presence. They are cautious, distrusting and hidden.” Dr. Dell explained that, “if parts come out that do not say, hello, you know, I’m Fred, and instead just come out and talk and don’t visibly appear to be particularly different from the host personality, you won’t pick them out.” Dr. Dell further explained that dissociative identity disorder “arises as a result of recurrent childhood trauma, usually at the hands of a parent, and what you’re dealing with is the long-term aftereffect of child abuse.” Thus, Dr. Dell continued,
[b]y the time an individual shows up in therapy as an adult, we now have somebody who is in their 20s or 30s or 40s or 50s where the original multiplicity originated somewhere *384around the age of five, give or take a year or two, and this person has been functioning as a covert, hidden person with multiple personality disorder for decades, but parts are very used to being hidden.
Dr. Dell further testified that it was evident to him from the transcript of the tape of Orndorffs call to 911 on the night of the shooting that “switches” between Orndorffs alter personalities were “occurring during the conversation so that at times there is a child alter speaking to the 911 operator” and, “during much of the tape, [she] is not aware that her husband is dead” and has “no idea where she is.” Dr. Dell also testified that, based on his examinations of Orndorff, the results of his own testing, and the results of certain tests given to Orndorff by Dr. van Gorp, he did not believe Orndorff was malingering or faking her symptoms.
After consultation with Dr. Dell, Drs. van Gorp and Fiester concurred in his diagnosis that Orndorff suffered from dissociative identity disorder.
Relying on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (4th ed. 1994) (DSM-IV), Dr. van Gorp testified that the four diagnostic criteria of dissociative identity disorder are:
(A) the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality [states], each with its own relatively enduring pattern of perceiving[,] relating to and thinking about the environment [and] self; (B) at least two of these identities or personality states recurrently take control of the person’s behavior; (C) inability to recall important personal information that is too extensive to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness; and ([D]) the disturbance is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance, for example, blackouts or chaotic behavior during alcohol intoxication, or a general medical condition, for example, complex seizures.
Dr. van Gorp explained that, with dissociative identity disorder, “there is a host personality and this is usually the person who’s been the lifelong person that most people know; but there are alternate personalities.” The alter personalities, Dr. *385van Gorp further explained, are “walled off usually from the conscious experience of the host personality,” but “[a]s the person becomes more and more stressed and symptomatic, ... they can intrude [on the host personality] and the person will switch into another personality.” Each of these alter personalities, Dr. van Gorp explained, “has his or her own basic memories and so forth.”
Dr. van Gorp further testified that he first considered the possibility of Orndorff having dissociative identity disorder only when he “heard more episodes of the child persona coming forth” after her conviction. Dr. van Gorp explained that dissociative identity disorder is “a very uncommon condition” and “is not a disorder that most clinical psychologists or psychiatrists encounter that often and so ... the psychologist or psychiatrist often tends to know what category the person falls into, such as dissociation, but unless what are called alters, these various personalities, emerge, the diagnosis can’t be reached.” A diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder, Dr. van Gorp emphasized, “can only be made when these various alters, or separate personalities, emerge.” Additionally, Dr. van Gorp testified, “it’s very common for a person with dissociative identity disorder to not exhibit the complex of symptoms until you see the person over time and many contacts and the symptoms often evolve.” Thus, Dr. van Gorp explained, while the tape of the 911 call clearly contained indications of dissociation, evidence of dissociative identity disorder was not “manifested in the 911 tape except [for Orndorffs] calling the operator ‘mommy,’ ” which, in retrospect, was “sort of a harbinger” or “a little tip of the iceberg” of “what later appeared to be the child personality of a twelve-year-old.” Dr. van Gorp, an authority in the field of malingering detection, also testified, that, based on the results of specialized tests designed to detect malingering and the slow evolution of the presentation of her symptoms, he was “convinced” Orndorff was not feigning her psychiatric symptoms of dissociative identity disorder.
Dr. Fiester, an authority on personality disorders, testified that she reached the diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder *386only after seeing Orndorff present “as a twelve-year-old girl” after her conviction and learning of the subsequent reemergence of the same alter personality “soon after that.” Only then, Dr. Fiester testified, did she have “enough information to ... make the diagnosis.” Dissociative identity disorder, Dr. Fiester explained, cannot be diagnosed “without the presence of a separate identity.” Dr. Fiester further testified that, in addition to Orndorffs “host state” and the twelve-year-old girl alter personality, at least two other alter personalities have since emerged, a “hostile” alter personality and a “French” alter personality.
Dr. Fiester also testified that are several types of dissociative disorders, each with its own “specific set[ ] of symptoms.” One type, according to Dr. Fiester, are dissociative states, which are “limited” and occur simply when “[t]he person can dissociate, say, be driving ... and end up somewhere and have no idea how they got there.” Dissociative identity disorder, on the other hand, Dr. Fiester testified, involves “the emergence of another part of the personality that seems like almost a different person.” “[Pjersonality disorders,” Dr. Fiester explained, unlike episodic mental illnesses such as “significant depression,” are “ongoing, enduring” disorders that are “traits of the person, sort of characteristics of the person’s style and functioning,” and “are present over years, ever since adulthood.”
Dr. Fiester further testified that she would not be surprised to learn that someone suffering from dissociative identity disorder told others that “she could make herself be twelve years old,” because people who have dissociative identity disorder are frightened by the effects of the disorder and, as a means of coping with their fear, want to believe they “have control over this process” when, in actuality, they do not. Furthermore, Dr. Fiester testified, some alter personalities, particularly the protective ones, feel they are in control even though, in actuality, they cannot “control switching.”
Dr. Richard Joseph Loewenstein, a psychiatrist and authority in the fields of trauma disorders and dissociative disorders, *387testified that he was retained by defense counsel to evaluate Orndorff and that, in performing a psychiatric examination of her on March 3, 2002, he encountered three distinct personalities within Orndorff: the “Janice persona,” which was the “usual baseline state”; a “childlike” alter personality; and an aggressive, self-proclaimed “protector” alter personality that “refused to give its name.” According to Dr. Loewenstein, the protector alter personality that refused to give its name called the Janice personality “The Kid” and the childlike alter personality “Squirt.” The unnamed protector alter personality also referred to another alter personality named “Jean” as “Frenchman” or “Frog” and stated that there were other alter personalities but “the rules” prevented it from telling Dr. Loewenstein who they were. That reluctance to share information, Dr. Loewenstein testified, was “quite typical of bona fide [dissociative identity disorder] individuals,” as there are “often various kinds of codes of secrecy with the dissociative identity disorder individual.” Dr. Loewenstein further testified that, based on his examination, he diagnosed Orndorff as suffering from dissociative identity disorder, among a number of other less severe psychiatric disorders. Dr. Loewenstein stated that, despite his usual “high index of suspicion for [malingering] especially in a forensic context,” he was able to rule out any malingering by Orndorff.
Dr. Loewenstein also stated that people with dissociative identity disorder
experience themselves ... like a collection of people, sort of like the bleachers at [a baseball] [s]tadium where there are different people kind of jumping across each other, leaping out, grabbing the hot dog vendor, and so they may experience themselves as several entities at the same time who control each other or say things that another part of them experiences as they are saying it, but they have no control over it and then they feel that their thoughts are being withdrawn or that, in fact, their body is controlled by another entity.
The “shifts in personality,” Dr. Loewenstein testified, can “range ... from seconds occasionally to minutes.” Dr. Loew*388enstein further explained that “research and clinical works suggest that it’s unusual for full control to exist for long periods of time without at least other alter identities manifesting themselves indirectly through the one that is out.”
Dr. Loewenstein further testified that people with dissociative identity disorder “are often very sensitive to violent situations, cues that will remind them of traumas that they have experienced” in the past. Thus, Dr. Loewenstein testified, “in frightening or violent or dangerous environments, they may begin to switch much more, ... becoming] increasingly ill in the sense that they’re switching uncontrollably or in ways that are very maladaptive for them.”
Dr. Loewenstein further stated that dissociative identity disorder “is a disorder that ... appear[s] to begin in childhood” and that most people with dissociative identity disorder “report a history of significant childhood trauma.” Orndorff, Dr. Loewenstein testified, “reported a history with her own mother of significant physical punishment, whippings with a switch, being locked for long periods of time in a room where she was not allowed out.” Dr. Loewenstein also testified that, in discussing their mother’s “prior history,” OrndorfTs sons reported “a large number of symptoms” on the part of their mother that were consistent with dissociative identity disorder, including “chronic forgetfulness,” “being found by her children in a kind of trance state,” and being “very changeable in her behavior, at times being a very meek, church-going person ... and other times swearing like a sailor.”
Dr. Loewenstein further testified on cross-examination that, although the Janice personality had no memory of the shooting, the protector alter personality that would not identify itself appeared to have “a very clear recollection at least of its own of what happened that night” and “described in detail the shooting episode as a narrative event.” According to Dr. Loewenstein, the unnamed protector alter personality told him that
*389there was a terrible fight that was going on between her and her deceased husband; that he was drunk; that he was confronting her....
... “The Kid” was attempting to fight back. She never fought back. She poured beer on him but she didn’t throw the beer bottle____ [T]he Frenchman, Jean, ... and [the unnamed protector alter personality] both fought back against the husband; ... they found a gun that had been hidden behind a bread box in the kitchen ... [by] the Defendant____
... [The unnamed protector alter personality] and Jean were standing between the deceased husband and the Defendant; ... the Defendant was being “protected by them”; ... [the unnamed protector alter personality] and Jean shot the husband; ... Janice came back and told the husband to stop; ... he kicked her.
Then the personality Jean and [the unnamed protector alter personality] continued to shoot the husband and ... he continued to come after her with his knife and later with a baseball bat despite having been shot repeatedly and ... he still lay on the floor bleeding for some time and then ... [the unnamed protector alter personality] and Jean left and left “The Kid” behind to attempt to deal with what happened[;] ... “The Kid” still didn’t know her husband was dead.
Dr. Loewenstein further testified that the unnamed protector alter personality also told him that
[the unnamed protector alter personality] shot [the husband] in the hand; that despite that he was able to clutch his knife; that he switched the knife from hand to hand and later on picked up the baseball bat and ... was threatening to kill her still, even though he was bleeding and[;] ... that she had not altered the position of the body.
Dr. Loewenstein also testified that the Janice personality did not tell him about calling her attorney after the shooting but told him that, because “she was anticipating some kind of trouble,” she opened the telephone book before she and her *390husband went out for their anniversary dinner, pointed Underwood’s number out to her sons, and told them to call him if there were any problems. According to Dr. Loewenstein, the unnamed protector alter personality told him that, after the shooting, “the Janice personality was confused about what happened,” so the unnamed protector alter personality “pointed out the number in the book, indicated it for her to look at,” and told her to call her lawyer, who then told her to call 911.
Testifying as a rebuttal witness for the Commonwealth, Dr. Daniel Sheneman, “the attending psychiatrist for the behavioral unit” at Central State Hospital and a member of Orndorffs “treating team” at that facility, stated that, “other than the Janice Orndorff [he] knew as an adult,” Orndorff “presented herself’ only “as a twelve-year-old; Janice Nanney” during her stay at the hospital. She did so, Dr. Sheneman testified, “about eight times.” Dr. Sheneman further testified, however, that Orndorff did “not meet the criteria” for dissociative identity disorder and that her symptoms could “all be explained by ... other diagnoses” and were “related to her personality style.” Explaining why Orndorff did not “meet the ... criteria for dissociative identity disorder as outlined in the DSM-IV,” Dr. Sheneman stated that “[t]he only alter ... was the twelve-year-old and according to the diagnostic criteria, you have to have more than one, which we did not observe.” However, during cross-examination, Dr. Sheneman responded to defense counsel’s questioning as follows:
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Now, you suggested that the DSM criteria for dissociative identity disorder required three personalities?
[WITNESS]: I said more than one. I think you have to have two or more.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Well, Ms. Orndorff as Ms. Orndorff is one personality; is she not?
[WITNESS]: Yes.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: And Ms. Orndorff as a twelve-year-old is another distinct personality; is it not?
*391[WITNESS]: If you are under the opinion that that is an alter; yes.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: So, it only requires one alter, am I right? That’s what the diagnosis requires, not two?
[WITNESS]: Two or more distinct identities. So, I guess technically that is correct.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: So, if you said that it required more than one alter, you would be wrong, am I right?
[WITNESS]: It requires two or more personalities.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: If you said it required two alters, you would be wrong, right?
[WITNESS]: I guess that is correct.
Dr. Sheneman further testified on cross-examination that he was not convinced that Orndorffs presentation as a twelve year old was a “personality state” or “distinct identity” and that he did not believe that Orndorffs “inability to recall important personal information” was “too extensive to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness.” Dr. Sheneman also testified that neither he nor the other member of Orndorffs treatment team specialized in dissociative disorders and that they did not perform any psychological testing on Orndorff during her stay at Central State Hospital, relying instead on Dr. van Gorp’s testing. Dr. Sheneman further stated that Orndorff told him about an incident during her childhood in which her mother “placed [her] in a closet when she was child and there was a rat in the closet.” Such conduct, Dr. Sheneman opined, constituted “significant” child abuse but did not “qualif[y] as the type of [very severe sexual or physical] abuse you would see in most people with [dissociative identity disorder].”
Angela Marie Valentine, who shared a cell with Orndorff at the Prince William Detention Center before Orndorff was sent to Central State Hospital and after Orndorff returned from the hospital, also testified as a witness for the Commonwealth. She testified that Orndorff told her that “at any God given time she could be five or twelve, whenever she wanted to be, and she was going to beat the[] doctors at Central State.” *392Valentine further testified that, while she never heard Orndorff “talk like a twelve-year-old,” she did see “her act like she [did not] know what was going on and then a few seconds later she was back to herself.” According to Valentine, Orndorff would “be hysterical one minute and then all of sudden” she would “c[o]me right back to her senses.” Valentine also recounted a time when, to Valentine’s surprise, Orndorff “changed up on her,” meaning that “all of a sudden,” Orndorff became “aggressive and angry” and “was uttering expletives,” which Valentine had never seen her do before.
After argument by counsel, the jury fixed Orndorff s punishment at thirty-two years for the second-degree-murder conviction and three years for the use-of-a-firearm conviction.
Soon thereafter, Orndorff refiled her motion for a new trial on the basis of after-discovered evidence of a mental illness that would sustain an insanity defense. In an affidavit submitted with that motion, Dr. Loewenstein stated that, based on his March 3, 2002 and March 17, 2002 interviews and testing of Orndorff, his review of “the case materials,” collateral interviews he performed, and his “education, training, knowledge, and experience,” it was his opinion within a reasonable degree of medical and psychiatric certainty that Orndorff met the “diagnostic criteria” for dissociative identity disorder, among other less severe psychiatric disorders. Dr. Loewenstein further stated in the affidavit as follows:
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): She manifests “two or more distinct identities or personality states (each with its own relatively enduring pattern of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and self)” (DSM-TV). In fact, I have encountered 7 distinct alter identities in Ms. Orndorff, including the “Janice” identity that is nominally the “host” alter. In addition, “at least two of these identities or personality states recurrently take control of the person’s behavior” (DSM-IV). I have seen switching, that is, a transition of “executive control” of the human being, by multiple alters during the clinical interviews and testing. Finally, Ms. Orndorff describes and manifests dissociative amnesia, “inability to recall important personal information *393that is too extensive to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness.” (DSM-IV). She described amnesia for a variety of life experiences and times in her past, including segments of her legal hearing, as well as demonstrating amnesia during clinical interviews.
3: $ $ $ $ *
2. Janice Orndorffs Mental State at the Time of the Crime: Based on my review of materials and interviews with Ms. Orndorff, it is my opinion that, at the time of the murder of Goering G. Orndorff, Ms. Orndorff suffered from an impulse that was sudden, spontaneous, and unpremeditated. At the time of the crime, Ms. Orndorff was overwhelmed by symptoms of dissociative identity disorder and personality disorder NOS, and, possibly, by acute and/or chronic posttraumatic stress disorder and depression NOS as well. Accordingly, she was so impaired by these diseases of the mind that she was totally deprived of the mental power to control or restrain her acting to harm Goering Orndorff. Therefore, her mental state at the time of the act should lead to a finding of legal insanity by Virginia law under the “irresistible impulse” test of the insanity statutes.
At the hearing on Orndorffs motion for a new trial based on after-discovered evidence, the trial judge accepted Dr. Loewenstein’s affidavit as a proffer of evidence. After argument by counsel, the trial judge denied Orndorffs motion for a new trial. In reaching that decision, the trial judge found that, while Orndorff showed that the purported after-discovered evidence was not merely cumulative, corroborative or collateral, she failed to show that she could not have obtained that evidence, which was in her control, for use at the trial through due diligence. The trial judge also found that Orndorff failed to show that the purported after-discovered evidence should produce the opposite result in another trial, stating as follows:
In part, I conclude that [such evidence] would not produce opposite results on the merits at another trial because the jury did, in fact, hear all this. They heard ... [,] in essence, her entire position, that she had [dissociative iden*394tity disorder], that there were multiple personalities, in fact, ... another personality is the one that committed the murder....
Despite expressing “some doubt” about the timing of the behavior that led to the dissociative identity disorder diagnosis, the trial judge further implicitly found that Orndorff showed that the evidence in question appeared to have been discovered after the guilt phase of the trial. “It was not until she actually had been convicted by the jury,” the trial judge stated, “that apparently she acted in such a manner that [dissociative identity disorder] was even possibly considered.” Thereafter, the judge continued, “apparently her symptoms became more severe and the diagnosis of [dissociative identity disorder] was made and the alters started coming out.”
The trial judge subsequently entered an order sentencing Orndorff, consistent with the jury’s verdict, to thirty-two years’ imprisonment for the murder of her husband and three years’ imprisonment for using a firearm in the commission of that murder, for a total sentence of thirty-five years.
This appeal followed.
II. ANALYSIS
On appeal, Orndorff contends the trial court abused its discretion in denying her motion for a new trial based on after-discovered evidence that she suffered from dissociative identity disorder and that, as a result of that disorder, her mind was so impaired at the time of the shooting that she was totally deprived of the mental power to control or restrain her act. Specifically, she contends the trial court erred in concluding that she could have secured that evidence through the exercise of reasonable diligence for use at trial and that the admission of that evidence at another trial would not produce an opposite result because the jury heard and rejected that evidence at the sentencing phase of her trial. In response, the Commonwealth contends the trial court correctly determined that Orndorff failed to show that the purported after-discovered evidence was reasonably unobtainable for use at the origi*395nal trial and would be material and produce an opposite result upon retrial. We agree with Orndorff.
Our Supreme Court has consistently held that [m]otions for new trials based on after-discovered evidence are addressed to the sound discretion of the trial judge, are not looked upon with favor, are considered with special care and caution, and are awarded with great reluctance. The applicant bears the burden to establish that the evidence (1) appears to have been discovered subsequent to the trial; (2) could not have been secured for use at the trial in the exercise of reasonable diligence by the movant; (3) is not merely cumulative, corroborative or collateral; and (4) is material, and such as should produce opposite results on the merits at another trial.
Odum v. Commonwealth, 225 Va. 123, 130, 301 S.E.2d 145, 149 (1983) (citation omitted); see Commonwealth v. Tweed, 264 Va. 524, 528-29, 570 S.E.2d 797, 800 (2002). “The burden is on the moving party to show that all four of these requirements have been met in order to justify a new trial.” Johnson v. Commonwealth, 41 Va.App. 37, 43, 581 S.E.2d 880, 883 (2003).
Here, the trial judge specifically found that the evidence that Orndorff suffered from dissociative identity disorder at the time of the murder was not cumulative, corroborative, or collateral. The judge also implicitly found that the evidence came to light after the guilt-phase verdict when OrndorfPs “alters started coming out” and “the diagnosis of [dissociative identity disorder] was made.” The Commonwealth argues on appeal, as the trial judge found, that the second and fourth requirements were not met. Thus, in determining whether the trial court abused its discretion in denying Omdorffis motion for a new trial based on after-discovered evidence, we will limit our consideration to the question of whether Orndorff satisfied her burden of showing that the second and fourth requirements were met.
Because the granting of a motion for a new trial based on after-discovered evidence is addressed to the sound *396discretion of the trial court, the court’s “decision will not be reversed except for an abuse of discretion.” Carter v. Commonwealth, 10 Va.App. 507, 514, 393 S.E.2d 639, 643 (1990). A trial court may be found to have abused its discretion if the court uses “an improper legal standard in exercising its discretionary function,” Thomas v. Commonwealth, 263 Va. 216, 233, 559 S.E.2d 652, 661 (2002), or “makes factual findings that are plainly wrong or without evidence to support them,” Congdon v. Congdon, 40 Va.App. 255, 262, 578 S.E.2d 833, 836 (2003).
A. Discoverability of the After-Discovered Evidence
It is well established in Virginia that a new trial will not be granted on the basis of after-discovered evidence “unless such evidence could not have been discovered by the exercise of reasonable diligence in time for use at the former trial! ]•” McClung v. Folks, 126 Va. 259, 266, 101 S.E. 345, 347 (1919). Thus, “it must appear ... that the evidence ... is such, that by the exercise of reasonable diligence on the part of the applicant it could not have been procured for the trial.” Id. at 267, 101 S.E. at 347. It is not enough, however, “merely to say that the evidence could not have been discovered by the use of due diligence.” Fulcher v. Whitlow, 208 Va. 34, 38, 155 S.E.2d 362, 365 (1967). The party seeking a new trial on the ground of after-discovered evidence must submit evidence showing “that [s]he used reasonable diligence to secure [the after-discovered] evidence before the earlier trial” and “explaining why [s]he was prevented from securing it.” Id. “Reasonable diligence always depends upon the facts and circumstances of the case.” McClung, 126 Va. at 266, 101 S.E. at 347.
Here, the trial court determined that Orndorff failed to show that the evidence she suffered from dissociative identity disorder at the time of the murder could not have been discovered for use at trial through the exercise of reasonable diligence. The record, however, does not support that determination. Indeed, the record reveals that Orndorff did everything that was reasonably possible prior to trial to discover grounds for a plea of not guilty by reason of insanity and that, *397despite those efforts, evidence supporting a diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder did not present itself to defense counsel or the psychiatrists and psychologists involved in Orndorffs treatment and evaluation until after the guilt phase of Orndorff s trial had ended.
The undisputed evidence establishes that, well before trial, Orndorff s counsel retained Dr. Fiester, a forensic psychiatrist and authority on personality disorders, and Dr. van Gorp, a clinical psychologist and neuropsychologist and an authority on malingering, to examine and evaluate Orndorff to determine if she had any psychiatric or psychological disorders that were relevant to her defense. Both doctors examined Orndorff and the materials related to the case, including the tape of Orndorffs 911 call. While both doctors diagnosed Orndorff as having a propensity to dissociate and opined that the amnesia she experienced regarding her husband’s murder was the result of a dissociative episode caused by the trauma of her husband’s death, neither doctor found any evidence that would support a diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder or of any other mental illness that would permit the reasonable assertion of an insanity defense. Thus, Orndorff was precluded from asserting an insanity defense at trial.
The Commonwealth argues that, because there “was substantial evidence of dissociation available before trial,” the exercise of reasonable diligence required that Orndorff examine the possibility of dissociative identity disorder at that point. In making that argument, however, the Commonwealth fails to heed the manifest distinction between mere dissociation and dissociative identity disorder. As Dr. Fiester testified, “dissociation,” by itself, “simply means the person doesn’t recall” because “[t]here’s a disconnect between the emotions and actions and the conscious awareness of [those emotions and actions.]” This was the diagnosis the doctors made before the trial. Dissociative identity disorder, on the other hand, is, according to Dr. Fiester, a distinctive, severe dissociative disorder that involves “the emergence of another part of the personality that seems like almost a different person.”
*398As the evidence further establishes, it was not until Orndorff entered into a childlike state after the jury rendered its verdict that Drs. Fiester and van Gorp encountered evidence that indicated she might be suffering from dissociative identity disorder. Soon after observing Orndorff in that state, Dr. Fiester testified that Orndorffs condition raised the possibility that Orndorff could have dissociative identity disorder. Upon learning of the incident, Dr. van Gorp immediately wrote that “a multiple personality disorder must be seriously considered and psychologically and psychiatrically ruled out.” Explaining why he had not considered the possibility of Orndorff having dissociative identity disorder before then, Dr. van Gorp testified that a diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder “can only be made when [the patient’s] various alters, or separate personalities, emerge.” Similarly, Dr. Fiester testified that dissociative identity disorder cannot be diagnosed “without the presence of a separate identity.” Hence, Dr. Fiester explained, she did not have “enough information to ... make the diagnosis” of dissociative identity disorder until Orndorff presented “as a twelve-year-old girl” after her conviction. Thus, the record contains uncontradicted explanations as to why the doctors earlier had not considered the possibility of Orndorff having dissociative identity disorder.1
*399Moreover, the evidence indicates that dissociative identity-disorder is not easily diagnosed. Dr. Dell, who consulted with the staff at Central State Hospital during Omdorffs treatment, testified that diagnosing dissociative identity disorder is difficult because the various alter personalities are “cautious, distrusting and hidden” and are not easily discernible, particularly to the untrained or inexperienced eye.2
The evidence also shows that Orndorff did not have control over the timing of the emergence of her symptoms of dissocia*400tive identity disorder. Both Drs. Fiester and Loewenstein testified that people with dissociative identity disorder cannot control the switching that occurs between their alter personalities. Moreover, no psychologist or psychiatrist involved in Orndorffs treatment or evaluation found that she was malingering or otherwise had control over the emergence of her symptoms. In fact, Dr. van Gorp, an expert in the detection of malingering, testified that, based on the normal slow evolution of the presentation of Orndorffs symptoms and the results of specialized tests he gave her that were designed to detect malingering, he was “convinced” Orndorff was not feigning her psychiatric symptoms of dissociative identity disorder.
Because the record conclusively demonstrates that Orndorff used reasonable diligence prior to trial in seeking evidence that could reasonably serve as a basis for an insanity plea and explains why, despite that reasonable diligence, she was prevented from securing such evidence until after her conviction, we hold that the trial court abused its discretion in finding Orndorff failed to meet her burden of establishing that the evidence that she suffered from dissociative identity disorder “could not have been secured for use at the trial in the exercise of reasonable diligence by [her].” Odum, 225 Va. at 130, 301 S.E.2d at 149.
B. Materiality and Effect at Another Trial of the After-Discovered Evidence
Pursuant to the fourth requirement for obtaining a new trial based on after-discovered evidence, the defendant must establish that such evidence “is material, and such as should produce opposite results on the merits at another trial.” Id. (emphasis added). This “well-settled” standard has also been stated to require that the evidence be such that it “ ‘ought to produce opposite results on the merits’ ” at another trial. Lewis v. Commonwealth, 209 Va. 602, 608-09, 166 S.E.2d 248, 253 (1969) (emphasis added) (quoting Reiber v. Duncan, 206 Va. 657, 663, 145 S.E.2d 157, 162 (1965)). It is not enough, therefore, for the defendant to simply show that the evidence in question might produce an acquittal. Indeed, *401“[bjefore setting aside a verdict, the trial court must have evidence before it to show in a clear and convincing manner ‘as to leave no room for doubt’ that the after-discovered evidence, if true[,] would produce a different result at another trial.” Carter, 10 Va.App. at 513, 393 S.E.2d at 642 (quoting Powell v. Commonwealth, 133 Va. 741, 756, 112 S.E. 657, 661 (1922)).3
Here, the trial judge, observing that the jury recommended a heavy sentence for Orndorff, concluded that the purported after-discovered evidence “would not produce opposite results on the merits at another trial” because the jury heard at the penalty phase the after-discovered evidence, including that Orndorff “had [dissociative identity disorder], that there were multiple personalities, [and that] ... another personality is the one that committed the murder.”
Initially, we hold the trial court abused its discretion in relying on the jury’s apparent rejection of Orndorff s mitigat*402ing evidence at sentencing as grounds for concluding that such evidence would not produce a different result at the guilt phase. The correct standard is not whether the jury that convicted the defendant without benefit of the after-discovered evidence would, after hearing the new evidence, recommend a lenient sentence, but, rather, whether the new evidence “is material, and such as should produce opposite results on the merits at another trial,” with a new jury. Odum, 225 Va. at 130, 301 S.E.2d at 149 (emphasis added).
The circumstances of this case exemplify the underlying rationale and merits of that distinction. Before sentencing, the jury heard no evidence regarding Orndorffs psychological state at the time of the killing. Because the evidence that later supported a diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder had not been discovered, Orndorffs experts were limited during the guilt phase of the trial to providing a general discussion of the nature of dissociative amnesia as a possible explanation of Orndorffs unusual post-killing behavior. Rejecting that explanation and Orndorffs claim of self-defense in favor of the Commonwealth’s argument that Orndorffs unusual post-killing behavior was an attempt to cover up a malicious killing, the jury convicted her of murder. It is of no surprise, then, that, having found Orndorff to be a murderer and a liar, the jury apparently found her belated mitigating evidence of insanity unpersuasive. Clearly, the jury’s sentencing verdict is not a reliable indicator of how a new, untarnished fact finder would view such evidence “at another trial” where insanity was at issue in the guilt phase. Id.
Evidence reasonably offered to support a defendant’s claim that he or she was legally insane at the time of the alleged offense has long been recognized in Virginia as being material to the issue of the defendant’s guilt. See Boswell v. Commonwealth, 61 Va. (20 Gratt.) 860, 874-76 (1871) (“If [the defendant] relies on the defence of insanity, he must prove it to the satisfaction of the jury. If, upon the whole evidence, they believed he was insane when he committed the act, they will acquit him on that ground.”); Evans-Smith v. Common*403wealth, 5 Va.App. 188, 196, 361 S.E.2d 436, 441 (1987) (“Evidence is material if it relates to a matter properly at issue.”).
Virginia law recognizes two tests by which an accused can establish criminal insanity, the M’Naghten Rule and the irresistible impulse doctrine. The irresistible impulse defense is available when “the accused’s mind has become ‘so impaired by disease that he is totally deprived of the mental power to control or restrain his act.’ ”
Bennett v. Commonwealth, 29 Va.App. 261, 277, 511 S.E.2d 439, 446-47 (1999) (quoting Godley v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 249, 251, 343 S.E.2d 368, 370 (1986) (quoting Thompson v. Commonwealth, 193 Va. 704, 716, 70 S.E.2d 284, 292 (1952))).
As the Commonwealth notes in its appellate brief, the after-discovered evidence in this case consists of substantive information, in the form of expert-witness testimony and proffered evidence, indicating that Orndorff suffered from dissociative identity disorder at the time of the shooting and that one or more of her alter personalities, other than the host or baseline personality of Janice Orndorff, was responsible for committing the charged offenses. The after-discovered evidence also indicates that Orndorff was not malingering in her presentation of dissociative identity disorder symptoms, that she was unable to control the switching between the alter personalities within her, that her alter personalities recurrently took control of her behavior, and that her host personality of Janice had no memory of her husband’s murder. Dr. Loewenstein testified that one of Orndorff s protector alter personalities admitted to killing Orndorff s husband to protect the host personality. Dr. Loewenstein stated in his affidavit that, upon his forensic evaluation of Orndorff, he concluded that, at the time of the killing, Orndorff “suffered from an impulse that was sudden, spontaneous, and unpremeditated.” Dr. Loewenstein further concluded that Orndorff was so “overwhelmed” by symptoms of dissociative identity disorder and other less severe mental disorders and “so impaired by these diseases of the mind[,] that she was deprived of the mental power to control or restrain her acting to harm [her husband].” Dr. Loewenstein *404also concluded that Orndorff was suffering from an irresistible impulse when she shot her husband and was, thus, legally insane at the time of the killing.
Although it is within the province of the fact finder to decide whether Orndorffis mind was “ ‘ “so impaired by disease that [she was] totally deprived of the mental power to control or restrain” ’ ” herself from acting at the time of the offenses, if true, Dr. Loewenstein’s testimony and affidavit, in combination with the other after-discovered evidence presented in this case, present a viable defense of legal insanity under the doctrine of irresistible impulse. Bennett, 29 Va.App. at 277, 511 S.E.2d at 447 (quoting Godley, 2 Va.App. at 251, 343 S.E.2d at 370 (quoting Thompson, 193 Va. at 716, 70 S.E.2d at 292)). We conclude, therefore, that the after-discovered evidence is material to the issue of Orndorffs guilt and is sufficient to “show in a clear and convincing manner ‘as to leave no room for doubt’ that the after-discovered evidence, if true[,] would produce a different result at another trial.” Carter, 10 Va.App. at 513, 393 S.E.2d at 642 (quoting Powell, 133 Va. at 756, 112 S.E. at 661).
The Commonwealth argues that, as a matter of law, the after-discovered evidence does not provide a valid defense of legal insanity under the irresistible impulse doctrine because “the evidence overwhelmingly established that subsequent to the alleged irresistible impulse the defendant doctored the scene of the crime ... and called her attorney for assistance.” We disagree.
While it is true, generally, that, as logic dictates, “the lack of restraint inherent in an impulsive act is inconsistent with a contemporaneous concealment of the impulsive act,” Vann v. Commonwealth, 35 Va.App. 304, 314, 544 S.E.2d 879, 883 (2001), here, given the volatile, “switching” nature of Orndorffis mental disorder, the fact that Orndorff called her attorney and “doctored the scene of the crime” after the shooting does not mean that she was not acting pursuant to an irresistible impulse when she shot her husband. As previously noted, people with dissociative identity disorder cannot *405restrain their alter personalities from recurrently taking and relinquishing control of their behavior. The shifts between and among the alter personalities can occur very quickly. Furthermore, as Dr. Loewenstein testified, the switching by the alter personalities tends to increase when the host personality is frightened.
Thus, the record supports the finding that, as the Commonwealth appears to concede, the phone call to Orndorffs attorney and any manipulation of the crime scene by Orndorff occurred “subsequent to the ... irresistible impulse” that resulted in the killing. That is to say, after killing Orndorffis husband, Orndorffis alter personalities relinquished control of her behavior, leaving her “behind to attempt to deal with what happened.” The post-shooting phone call and any manipulation of the scene do not change the fact that, having had her behavior taken over by one or more of her protector alter personalities at the time of the shooting, Orndorff herself was not responsible for shooting her husband. Hence, as a matter of logic, Vann would not apply.
The record also supports the converse finding that, as Drs. Loewenstein’s and Dell’s testimony appears to suggest, Orndorffis alter personalities continued to control her behavior following the shooting. According to Dr. Loewenstein, one of Orndorffis protector alter personalities stated that he directed Orndorff to call her attorney after the shooting. Dr. Dell testified that Orndorff was still being controlled by her alter personalities well after the shooting during the 911 call. Clearly, Orndorff may not be held accountable under Vann for the phone call to her attorney and for doctoring the crime scene if, as during the shooting, her actions were still being controlled by her alter personalities at the time. Like the shooting itself, such actions would be the product of an irresistible impulse.
Thus, under either interpretation of the facts, the evidence of Orndorffis post-shooting phone call to her attorney and doctoring of the crime scene does not alter our conclusion that the after-discovered evidence provides Orndorff a valid de*406fense of legal insanity under the irresistible impulse doctrine. To conclude otherwise would defy logic and elevate form over substance.
We hold, therefore, that Orndorff met her burden of establishing that the after-discovered evidence “is material, and such as should produce opposite results on the merits at another trial.” Odum, 225 Va. at 130, 301 S.E.2d at 149.
III. CONCLUSION
Having found that Orndorff met the requirements necessary to obtain a new trial based on after-discovered evidence, we hold the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to grant Orndorff a new trial. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s denial of the motion for a new trial, vacate Orndorff s convictions for murder in the second degree and use of a firearm in the commission of murder, and remand this case for retrial, if the Commonwealth be so advised.

Reversed and remanded.

. We need not analyze the differences, if any, between Wisconsin or Oklahoma law and Virginia law on this point. We merely note that the two Wisconsin cases cited by the dissent, State v. Williams, 246 Wis.2d 722, 631 N.W.2d 623 (Wis.App.2001), and State v. Fosnow, 240 Wis.2d 699, 624 N.W.2d 883 (Wis.App.2000), are factually dissimilar from this case and that the Oklahoma case cited by the dissent, Sellers v. State, 889 P.2d 895 (Okla.Crim.App.1995), is likewise inapposite. In Williams, the purported newly discovered evidence was "simply [the psychologist’s] assessment of pre-existing information, the same information [previously reported and] utilized by [the physician who originally examined the petitioner].” 631 N.W.2d at 627. In Fosnow, where the defendant had a lengthy history of mental illness and it was known prior to his guilty plea that he heard "voices,” had significant "memory lapses,” suffered from "traumatic” childhood abuse, and had "imaginary friends” who made him "do bad things,” the court ruled that "Fosnow and his trial counsel were aware of a possible [dissociative identity disorder] diagnosis from [one of the examining psychiatrist’s] report and did not choose to obtain additional evaluations that might have supported it [prior to entry of the guilty plea].” 624 *399N.W.2d at 889-91. In each case, unlike in Omdorffs case, the purported newly discovered evidence was "previously known but not used.” Id. at 886. In other words, it was merely a reassessment of the same evidence that had been discovered earlier, which is not the case here. In Sellers, the appellant claimed in his application for post-conviction relief based on newly discovered evidence solely that his multiple personality disorder could not have been discovered prior to trial because the disorder was "greatly misunderstood and often misdiagnosed.” 889 P.2d at 897. Summarily rejecting Sellers's claim without setting forth or addressing any evidence relative thereto, the court simply ruled that, while "perhaps a relatively new mental disease,” multiple personality disorder was a "recognized illness which defense counsel could have investigated.” Id. The newness of dissociative identity disorder is not at issue here.

. We note that, in relying on (1) a mere explanatory allusion by Dr. Fiester to "multiple personality disorder” in a wide-ranging discussion of the "variety of conditions” that can "trigger amnesia” generally and (2) Dr. Dell’s statement that he was able to discern evidence of Omdorffs alter personalities from the transcript of Omdorffs 911 call as grounds for concluding that Drs. Fiester and van Gorp should have been able, prior to trial, to diagnose Orndorff as suffering from dissociative identity disorder, the dissent appears to inappropriately place the responsibility for exercising reasonable diligence under Odum’s second requirement on Drs. Fiester and van Gorp, rather than on Orndorff and her trial counsel. See Odum, 225 Va. at 130, 301 S.E.2d at 149 ("The applicant bears the burden to establish that the [after-discovered] evidence ... (2) could not have been secured for use at the trial in the exercise of reasonable diligence by the movant....” (Emphasis added.)). It is uncontroverted that Drs. Fiester and van Gorp were both accomplished mental health professionals and that Dr. Fiester was an eminent authority on personality disorders. Indeed, Dr. Fiester was a member of the "work group” that prepared the DSM-IV “in the area of personality disorders specifically.” Moreover, unlike Drs. Fiester and van Gorp when they performed their pretrial evaluations of Orndorff, Dr. Dell had the benefit of examining Orndorff and the transcript of Omdorffs 911 call after, and with the knowledge of, the post-conviction emergence of Omdorffs alter personalities.

. We cite to Carter because it is a prior opinion from this Court concerning after-discovered evidence. We note, however, that the efficacy of this quotation may be problematic when the issue does not involve peijuiy. This quotation in Carter is based upon the following language in Powell, which concerned new evidence being offered to establish peijuiy:
The courts properly require that it shall be made to appear affirmatively that the new evidence tending to show the mistake or the perjury, beyond question exists and is not a mere matter of belief or opinion, before they will grant the relief in such cases. Where the ground is perjury, the old rule was that the witness must appear of record to have been convicted of the peijuiy or his death must have rendered conviction impossible, before it could be regarded as good ground for the new trial. The modem rule is not so strict. By the preponderance of authority it seems to be sufficient if the court has evidence before it which establishes the existence of the evidence relied on to show the perjury or mistake, in such a clear and convincing manner as to leave no room for doubt as to the existence of the evidence so relied on, and the court is satisfied that the evidence is not collusive, that it seems to be true, and ought, if true, to produce on another trial an opposite result on the merits.
133 Va. at 755-56, 112 S.E. at 661 (emphases added). In short, the Powell opinion concerns evidence to "show ... peijury,” and it uses the "clear and convincing” standard to refer "to the existence of the evidence” that is offered to support the request for a new trial. Id. at 756, 112 S.E. at 661 (emphasis added).