Court Opinion

ID: 9391230
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-01 16:07:08.153194+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:40.225171
License: Public Domain

J-A28001-22

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    JASON BANONIS, THOMAS CAROCCI, :           IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
    JENNIFER ZAVACKY AND "ZAVACKY  :                PENNSYLVANIA
    CAROCCI BANONIS FOR LOWER      :
    SAUCON COUNCIL"                :
                                   :
                  Appellants       :
                                   :
                                   :
             v.                    :           No. 1545 EDA 2022
                                   :
                                   :
    THOMAS RONEY, VICTORIA ORTHOF- :
    CORDARO, GEORGE GRESS,         :
    DEMOCRATS FOR LOWER SAUCON     :
    TOWNSHIP AND JOHN DOES 1       :
    THROUGH 10

                  Appeal from the Order Entered May 16, 2022
     In the Court of Common Pleas of Northampton County Civil Division at
                          No(s): C-48-CV-2021-08193

BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., LAZARUS, J., and SULLIVAN, J.

MEMORANDUM BY SULLIVAN, J.:                             FILED MAY 1, 2023

       Jason Banonis (“Banonis”), Thomas Carocci (“Carocci”), Jennifer

Zavacky (“Zavacky”), and “Zavacky Carocci Banonis for Lower Saucon

Council” (collectively, “Appellants”) appeal the order sustaining preliminary

objections in the form of a demurrer and dismissing their complaint asserting

defamation by Thomas Roney, George Gress, Victoria Orthof-Cordaro,

“Democrats for Lower Saucon Township,”1 and John Does 1 Through 10

(collectively, “Appellees”). We reverse and remand.
____________________________________________

1Appellant’s notice of appeal and brief misidentify this party as “Lower Saucon
Township,” instead of “Democrats for Lower Saucon Township,” the actual
party identified below. Accordingly, we have corrected the caption of this
appeal.
J-A28001-22

      On October 29, 2021, Appellants filed a complaint (“Complaint”). The

relevant averments of the Complaint are as follows.         In October 2021,

Appellants, then-candidates in the November 2021 election for Lower Saucon

Township Council, discovered that Appellees had circulated, in writing and on

social media, a written communication (“the Communication”) addressed to

“Dear Lower Saucon Township Voter” that made the false assertion that “Our

opponents [Appellants] have pledged to refuse the $3,250/year council salary,

BUT they gladly accepted more than $75,000 in support from the landfill PAC

and other developers in this election.” See Complaint, 10/29/21, at ¶¶ 1-9,

13, 16 (emphasis in original).

      Appellants also aver that they discovered the following statements on

the donation section of Democrats for Lower Saucon Township’s website:

      a. Make no mistake, our opposition is well funded and organized
      with the help of wealthy conservative voters and unlimited
      resources from the landfill.

      b. In fact, the landfill has its own super [PAC] which has funneled
      $95,000.00 into Lower Saucon Council races to support
      candidates who do not oppose their expansion efforts.

      c. We have no doubt the landfill will pump as much money as
      requested to keep the current council members in place.

      d. Together we can make a difference in Lower Saucon and send
      a message that big corporate landfill money can’t buy our
      beautiful Township.

See id. at ¶ 18. (quotation marks omitted).       The Complaint avers that:

Appellees “published, disseminated, and communicated the Communication

and Donate Page to individuals in the Township of Lower Saucon and,

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specifically, to Lower Saucon Township voters,” id. at 23; the Democrats for

Lower Saucon Township’s (“the Committee’s”) website “directs checks to be

mailed to ‘Democrats for LST’ and is signed ‘Respectfully, Georgia, Victoria,

and Tom’” [Appellees Roney, Gress, and Orthof-Cordaro’s first names], id. at

¶ 19, and “the patently false, misleading and defamatory Communication

and/or Donate Page were shared by one or more of the [Appellees] with one

or more local media outlet. . ..” Id. at 24.

      The Complaint further avers that Appellees’ “false and defamatory

statement were [sic] intended to cause, and did cause, great injury . . ..” Id.

at ¶ 26.   The Complaint also avers that Appellees did not take steps to

investigate the accuracy of their statements and acted in reckless disregard

of the truth or falsity of those statement:

      27. [Appellees] failed and/or refused to conduct any investigation
      to determine the accuracy of their statements prior to publishing
      or communicate the Donate Page contents or the Communication.

      28. In fact, [Appellants’] Campaign Finance Reports, filed with
      the County Board of Elections as required by Pennsylvania
      Campaign Finance Law and available to the public, clearly
      revealed that [Appellants] did not receive any donations from the
      landfill PAC or other developers. . . .

      29. [Appellants’] publicly-available Campaign Finance Reports
      clearly reveal that [Appellants] did not receive more than Twenty
      Thousand ($20,000.00) Dollars in donations in total for the
      Election.

      30. Furthermore, [Appellants’] publicly-available Campaign
      Finance Reports clearly reveal that [Appellants] did not receive
      Seventy-five Thousand ($75,000.00) Dollars (or Ninety-five
      Thousand ($95,000.00) Dollars) in support from the landfill PAC
      and other developers, or from anyone for that matter.

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      31. Assuming arguendo that [Appellees] purportedly conducted
      an investigation, the same was not thorough, complete, or
      designed to determine the accuracy or truthfulness of [Appellees’]
      statements prior to publishing or communicating the contents of
      the Donate Page or Communication.

      32. [Appellees] could easily have accessed [Appellants’] filed and
      publicly-available Campaign Finance Reports to ascertain the
      falsity of their statements, but failed to do so.

                                     ****

      35. [Appellees] knew or should have known that the statements
      set forth in their Communication and Donate Page were false.

      36. [Appellants] acted in reckless disregard of the truth or falsity
      of their statements which were communicated and published on
      their Donate Page and in their Communication.

      37. For the reasons set forth above, [Appellees] acted recklessly,
      intentionally, and/or maliciously in publishing or communicating
      false and defamatory statements regarding [Appellants].

Id. at ¶¶ 27-32, 35-37.

      The   Complaint     also   avers    in   the   alternative   that   Appellee’s

Communication and Donate page constituted defamation per se. See id. at

38. Finally, the Complaints avers that Appellants sent cease and desist letters

to Appellees upon learning of the communications and that Appellee Thomas

Roney later contacted Banonis’s employer and republished the defamatory

statements. See Complaint, 10/29/21, at ¶¶ at 42, 44-45.

      Appellants filed an emergency petition for special relief and preliminary

injunction on the same day as their Complaint. Appellees filed preliminary

objections to the Complaint. In May 2022, the trial court heard argument and

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sustained preliminary objections in the nature of a demurrer. The trial court

found that the challenged statements constituted permissible political speech;

Appellants failed to show that Appellees’ statements were defamatory or made

with actual malice; and Appellees adequately showed that the Committee’s

statements were neither false nor made with reckless disregard of their

truthfulness. See Trial Court Opinion, 5/16/22, at 2. The trial court dismissed

Appellants’ complaint with prejudice.

      Appellants timely appealed and both they and the trial court complied

with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

      On appeal, Appellants present the following issues for our review:

      A.   Whether [the] [t]rial [c]ourt erred in failing to apply the
           appropriate standard for preliminary objections in the nature
           of a demurrer and dismissed Appellants’ Complaint with
           prejudice and without leave to amend?

      B.   Whether the [t]rial [c]ourt committed errors of law and
           abused its discretion by dismissing the action and finding no
           legally permissible recovery based on the facts asserted in
           the Complaint?

      C.   Whether the [t]rial [c]ourt erred in making findings of fact at
           the pleading stage before any discovery occurred?

Appellants’ Brief at 5 (underlining omitted).

      All three of Appellants’ issues implicate the standards of review

applicable to an order sustaining preliminary objections in the form of a

demurer in a defamation case and the trial court’s application of those

standards. We address Appellants’ three claims together.

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      The standards governing our review of an order sustaining preliminary

objections in the nature of a demurrer are well-settled:

      On appeal, we exercise de novo review of a lower tribunal’s order
      sustaining preliminary objections in the nature of a demurer. A
      demurrer tests the legal sufficiency of a complaint. For the
      purpose of evaluating the legal sufficiency of the challenged
      pleading, the court must accept as true all well-pleaded, material,
      and relevant facts alleged in the complaint and every inference
      that is fairly deducible from those facts. The question presented
      by the demurrer is whether, on the facts averred, the law says
      with certainty that no recovery is possible. Where a doubt exists
      as to whether a demurrer should be sustained, this doubt should
      be resolved in favor of overruling it.

Commonwealth by Shapiro v. UPMC, 208 A.3d 898, 908-09 (Pa. 2019)

(quotation marks and internal citations omitted).      Our scope of review is

limited to the averments in the complaint together with the attached

documents and exhibits. See Hill v. Ofalt, 85 A.3d 540, 547 (Pa. Super.

2014). A court should not grant a demurrer even if it appears that a party

may not be able to prove its case at trial. See Webb Mfg. Co. v. Sinoff, 674

A.2d 723, 728 (Pa. Super. 1996).

      A plaintiff pursuing a common law claim of defamation must prove the

following elements:

      (1)   the defamatory character of the communication;

      (2)   publication by the defendant;

      (3)   its application to the plaintiff;

      (4)   understanding by the recipient of its defamatory meaning;

      (5)   understanding by the recipient of it as intended to be applied
            to the plaintiff;

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      (6)   special harm to the plaintiff; and

      (7)   abuse of a conditionally privileged occasion.

Miketic v. Baron, 675 A.2d 324, 327 (Pa. Super. 1996) (spacing added)

(footnote omitted). Harm from defamation includes impairment of reputation

and standing in the community, personal humiliation, and mental anguish and

suffering. See Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. 323, 350 (1974);

Pilchesky v. Gatelli, 12 A.3d 430, 444 (Pa. Super. 2011).

      Where the person alleging defamation is a public figure, he or she must

prove “actual malice,” i.e., that the challenged statement is made with

knowledge that it is false or reckless disregard of whether it is false or not.

See New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 280 (1964). To plead

actual malice, a plaintiff must assert that the speaker, at a minimum,

entertained serious doubts about the truth of the publication or acted with a

high degree of awareness of its probable falsity. See American Future Sys.

Inc. v. Better Bus. Bureau, 923 A.2d 389, 395 n.6 (Pa. Super. 2007).

      It is for the trial court to determine, viewing a statement in context, if

it can be construed to have the defamatory meaning the complaining party

ascribes to it. See Baker v. Lafayette College, 532 A.2d 399, 402 (Pa.

1987).   A court should not sustain preliminary objections in the form of a

demurrer in a defamation case unless it is clear that the communication is

incapable of defamatory meaning. See Gordon v. Lancaster Osteopathic

Hosp. Ass’n Inc., 489 A.2d 1364, 1368 (Pa. Super. 1985). Where any doubt

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exists about the defamatory nature of a communication, the issue is for the

jury.    See id. (further stating that “[e]ven where a plausible innocent

interpretation of the communication exists, if there is an alternative

defamatory interpretation, the issue must proceed to the jury.”).

        A communication is defamatory if it tends to denigrate a person’s

reputation and lower him in the estimation of the community, deter third

persons from associating or dealing with him, or expose him to public hatred,

contempt, or ridicule, or injure him in his business or profession.           See

Constantakis v. Bryan Advisory Services, LLC, 275 A.3d 998, 1023 (Pa.

Super. 2022). Thus, in MacElree v. Philadelphia Newspapers, Inc., 674

A.2d 1050 (Pa. 1996), the Supreme Court reversed the grant of a demurrer

in a public figure’s defamation suit predicated on statements that he was

“electioneering” and “the David Duke of Chester County running for office by

attacking Lincoln [University].”2 Id. at 1052. The MacElree Court held that

the challenged statement would permit a reasonable person to conclude that

the statement accused MacElree of “abusing his power as the district attorney,

an elected official, to further racism and his own political aspirations,” and that

such an accusation amounted to a charge of misconduct in office. See id. at

1054; see also Smith v. Wagner, 588 A.2d 1308, 1311 (Pa. Super. 1991)

____________________________________________

2 David Duke is an American white supremacist, antisemitic conspiracy
theorist, far-right politician, and former Grand Wizard of the Knights of the Ku
Klux Klan. See Reed, Julia, “His Brilliant Career,” The New York Review of
Books (April 9, 1992).

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(holding that a statement that a public figure is a liar, a thief, and a crook

states a cause of action for defamation and compels the reversal of the grant

of a demurrer); Reed v. Pray, 53 A.3d 134, 137, 141-42 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2012)

(reversing grant of summary judgment to: (1) council members who stated

to voters at a polling station on Election Day that a local elected official “took

$100,000” from the Borough, and (2) a council member who shouted

statements at a retail store that the official took $200,000 from the Borough).3

       Appellants allege that the trial court erred, inter alia, by failing to accept

the averments in the Complaint as true, engaging in fact-finding, and

determining that Appellees’ communications were not capable of defamatory

meaning. Appellants also contend that Appellees’ communications expressly

or impliedly represented that they (1) accepted $75,000 from the landfill PAC

and other developers, (2) were “bought off” or bribed by the landfill or other

developers, (3) were beholden to the landfill and other developers, (4) would

disregard and lacked concern for Lower Saucon Township residents best

interests in favor of campaign donors, (5) did not act with integrity, and (6)

used their positions as council members to act in their own self-interest to the

detriment of the Township and its residents.

____________________________________________

3 This Court is not bound by the decisions of the Commonwealth Court but
such decisions provide persuasive authority, and we may turn to them for
guidance when appropriate. See Petow v. Warehime, 996 A.2d 1083, 1089
n.1 (Pa. Super. 2010).

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        The trial court found that Appellants failed to allege facts that could

permit recovery for defamation. See Trial Court Opinion, 8/5/22, at 2, citing

Unglow v. Zubik, 29 A.3d 810 (Pa. Super. 2010). The court declared that

Appellants are public figures who are required to establish actual malice, and

that:

         [i]t is clear that the statements in questions constitute
        permissible public speech and [Appellants] failed to show that
        such statements were defamatory or made with actual malice.
        [Appellees] have adequately shown that statements about the
        political action committee were not false or made with reckless
        disregard as to their truthfulness.

Id. at 2-3. The trial court asserted that the First Amendment is due the fullest

and most urgent application in the conduct of campaigns for public office. See

id. at 3, citing Monitor Patriot Co. v. Roy, 401 U.S. 262 (1971). The trial

court specifically found that the communication that Appellants “gladly

accepted more than $75,000 in support from the landfill PAC and other

developers in this election,” could not reasonably be read as defamatory or

made with malice in the context of a political campaign and did not assert

illegal conduct. See id. at 4. The court found that a “reasonable reading” of

the communication did not lead to a finding of defamation or malice. See id.

at 5.    The trial court’s assertion constitutes fact-finding that is in direct

contravention of the applicable standard of review for a trial court’s

consideration of preliminary objections which requires a court to accept the

truth of the facts asserted and every inference that is fairly deducible from

those facts, and does not authorize a court to offer its own “reasonable

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reading.” See Commonwealth by Shapiro, 208 A.3d at 908-09 (internal

citation omitted) (stating that the legal standard of review requires a court to

accept as true all well-pleaded, material, and relevant facts the Complaint

avers).

      After a thorough review of the record and the applicable standard of

review, it is clear that the trial court committed reversible error by sustaining

preliminary objections in the form of a demurrer. The Complaint averred,

inter alia, the falsity of the allegation that Appellants “gladly accepted more

than $75,000 in support from the landfill PAC and other developers in this

election,” and also that publicly-available records demonstrated that

Appellees’ communication was false, easily discoverable to be false, and either

false or made with reckless disregard of their truthfulness.    See Complaint,

10/29/21, at ¶¶ 13, 22, 28-32, 35-37. The trial court’s finding that Appellees

“have adequately shown that statements about the political action committee

were not false or made with reckless disregard as to their truthfulness,” see

Trial Court Opinion, 8/5/22, at 2-3, constituted both a failure to accept the

well-pleaded facts as true and an improper factual finding in Appellees’ favor.

Because the legal standard of review required the trial court to accept all facts

averred and all reasonable inferences therefrom in reviewing the Complaint,

and because the facts averred and the reasonable inferences therefrom pled

defamation, the trial court erred in granting Appellee’s preliminary objections.

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See Commonwealth by Shapiro, 208 A.3d at 908-09; Webb Mfg. Co., 674

A.2d at 728.

      The trial court also erred when it found that there could be no recovery

because Appellants failed to show the defamatory quality of the statements.

See Trial Court Opinion, 8/5/22, at 2-3. Again, the applicable standard of

review required the trial court to accept as true that Appellees had

communicated to potential voters that, inter alia, Appellants had accepted

more than $75,000 from a landfill PAC and other developers and that

Appellants would act in their own self-interest to the detriment of the residents

of Lower Saucon Township because of their receipt of that money.             The

standard of review also required the court to allow the case to proceed unless

it was clear that the communications were “incapable of bearing a

defamatory meaning,” despite the possibility of an innocent interpretation.

Gordon, 489 A.2d at 1368 (emphasis added).

      Applying de novo review to the lower tribunal’s order, the Complaint

sufficiently averred that Appellees’ communications, published in print and on

a website, were capable of at least some of the defamatory meaning

Appellants ascribe to them. The Complaint avers that Appellants accepted a

large sum of money from a special interest group; the special interest group

would spend as much money as requested to keep current council members,

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Appellants,4 in place; and that Appellants would, without integrity, use their

positions as council members in the interest of the landfill and to the detriment

of the Township. Those allegations are capable of a defamatory reading. See

MacElree, 674 A.2d at 1054; Reed, 53 A.2d at 137, 141-42.5 The applicable

standard is not, as the trial court stated, whether the communications are

susceptible of a “reasonable reading” that they do not constitute defamation

but whether they are susceptible of a defamatory interpretation that would

require the issue to proceed to a jury. See Gordon, 489 A.2d at 1368. At

the demurrer stage, a defamatory interpretation exists namely that Appellees

took a large sum of money from a special interest group and would promote

those interests to the detriment of the Township.6 Further, the Complaint’s

____________________________________________

4 Two of the three Appellants were on the current council seeking reelection;
the third was running for office with them.

5  For the purposes of this memorandum, we do not decide whether the
communications constitute accusations of criminal conduct and therefore
constitute defamation per se. We note only that to the extent the trial court
suggested that the communications could not be defamatory if they did not
allege criminal conduct, see Trial Court Opinion, 8/5/22, at 4, the court was
incorrect.

6  Appellees assert that they never said that Appellants directly received
financial contributions from the landfill PAC or other developers; at most, they
asserted that Appellants received “support” from the landfill PAC. See
Appellees’ Brief at 16. In fact, the Complaint avers that Appellees stated that
Appellants gladly accepted more than $75,000 from a landfill PAC and other
developers. Appellees also assert that as public figures, Appellants “must
plead that they did not receive ANY support, direct or indirect, from the landfill
PAC or any other developers,” see id. at 17, and further argue that developers
did contribute to Appellants’ campaign. See id. Appellees cite no authority,
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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averments that Appellants’ “Campaign Finance Reports, filed with the County

Board of Elections . . . and available to the public, clearly revealed that

[Appellants] did not receive any donations from the landfill PAC or other

developers,” Complaint, 10/29/21, at ¶ 28; Appellees “knew or should have

known that the statements set forth in their Communication and Donate page

were false, id. at ¶ 35; and Appellees “acted in reckless disregard of the truth

or falsity of their statements,” id. at ¶36, satisfied the pleading standard for

actual malice. See American Future Sys. Inc., 923 A.2d at 395 n.6. The

trial court therefore erred as a matter of law by sustaining preliminary

objections in the form of a demurrer.7

       Appellants’ additional assertions allege facts that are sufficient to

establish the other elements of defamation, namely that recipients of the

communications would recognize their defamatory meaning and its application

to Appellants, the existence of special harm,8 and the abuse of a conditionally

____________________________________________

nor are we aware of any, for the proposition that their alleged statements
could not be defamatory if Appellants received any support from the landfill
PAC or other developers.

7 Monitor Patriot Co. v. Roy, 401 U.S. 262 (1971), which the trial court
cites, does not support the trial court’s ruling. Although Monitor Patriot Co.
recognized the need for fulsome political debate, it reversed a judgment in
favor of media defendants who characterized a senatorial candidate as a
“former small-time bootlegger.”

8Pennsylvania holds that proof of special harm, i.e., monetary damages, is
not a prerequisite to recovery in a defamation libel case. See Joseph v.
Scranton Times, L.P., 129 A.3d 404, 429 n. 10 (Pa. 2015).

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privileged occasion.9 The trial court did not find that the Complaint’s factual

averments concerning those elements were deficient, nor do Appellees make

that assertion.10

       Under the standard that applies to the review of preliminary objections,

Appellants’ Complaint sufficiently alleged facts that, if true, are capable of

establishing actual malice. The trial court therefore erred as a matter of law

in sustaining Appellees’ preliminary objections to Appellant’s Complaint

asserting defamation.

       Order reversed. Case remanded. Jurisdiction relinquished.

____________________________________________

9 Communications are privileged when made on a proper occasion, from a
proper motive, and in a proper manner, such as when circumstances “lead
any one of several persons having a common interest in a particular subject
matter correctly or reasonably to believe that facts exist which another sharing
such common interest is entitled to know.” See Maier, 671 A.2d at 706.
Abuse of a conditional privilege occurs when the publication is actuated by
malice, see Beckman v. Dunn, 419 A.2d 583, 588 (Pa. Super. 1980) or is
distributed to unauthorized persons. See Forbes v. King Shooters Supply,
230 A.3d 1181, 1188 (Pa. Super. 2020).

10 Even had the trial court not erred by engaging in impermissible fact-finding,
its dismissal of the Complaint with prejudice would still constitute error
because the court failed to offer Appellants the opportunity to amend their
Complaint. See Connor v. Allegheny General Hosp., 461 A.2d 600, 602
(Pa. 1983) (stating that the right to amend should be liberally granted and
holding that the lower court abused its discretion by failing to grant the right
to amendment where it would not have prejudiced the appellee).

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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 5/1/2023

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