Court Opinion

ID: 3185623
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-03-15 18:14:29.995901+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:14:18.990077
License: Public Domain

Filed 3/15/16 In re Christopher A. CA4/1
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                    COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION ONE

                                           STATE OF CALIFORNIA

In re CHRISTOPHER A. et al., Persons
Coming Under the Juvenile Court Law,

SAN DIEGO COUNTY HEALTH AND                                              D068397
HUMAN SERVICES AGENCY,

         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                       (Super. Ct. No. J515843A-E)

         v.                                                              ORDER MODIFYING OPINION
                                                                         [NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT]
K. A.,

         Defendant and Appellant.

THE COURT:

         It is ordered that the opinion filed herein on March 10, 2016, be modified as follows:

         1.        On page 1, the first words in the caption, "Adoption of," are changed to "In re," so

the first portion of the caption reads:

         In re CHRISTOPHER A. et al., Persons Coming Under the Juvenile Court Law,

         There is no change in the judgment.

                                                                                                 BENKE, Acting P. J.

Copies to: All parties
Filed 3/10/16 Adoption of Christopher A. CA4/1 (unmodified version)

                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                    COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION ONE

                                           STATE OF CALIFORNIA

Adoption of CHRISTOPHER A. et al.,
Persons Coming Under the Juvenile Court
Law,

SAN DIEGO COUNTY HEALTH AND                                      D068397
HUMAN SERVICES AGENCY,

         Plaintiff and Respondent,                               (Super. Ct. No. J515843A-E)

         v.

K. A.,

         Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from orders of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Sharon L.

Kalemkiarian, Judge. Affirmed.

         Suzanne F. Evans, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and

Appellant.
       Thomas E. Montgomery, County Counsel, John E. Philips, Chief Deputy County

Counsel, Patrice Plattner-Grainger, Deputy County Counsel, for Plaintiff and

Respondent.

       In this appeal, the mother of five children, K. A., seeks review of June 2015 orders

of the juvenile court terminating her parental rights to all of the children and referring

them to the San Diego County Health and Human Services Agency (Agency) for

adoptive placement (Orders). (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 366.26; all further statutory

references are to this code unless otherwise stated.) The sole issue on appeal is whether

the court erred in finding the beneficial relationship exception to the termination of

K. A.'s parental rights inapplicable.

       K. A. contends that, consistent with section 366.26, subdivision (c)(1)(B)(i),

because she met her burden of establishing the existence of a beneficial relationship with

the children, the juvenile court abused its discretion in failing to conclude that the

termination of parental rights would not be detrimental to the children. We disagree.

Substantial evidence supports the trial court's finding that the beneficial parent-child

relationship did not apply here; thus, the juvenile court did not err in concluding that

termination of the parental relationship would not be detrimental to the children.

Accordingly, we affirm the Orders.

                                              2
                                               I.

                               STATEMENT OF THE CASE

A.     Section 300, Subdivision (b)(1) Petitions

       In September 2013, the Agency filed five petitions, one on behalf of each of

K. A.'s five children — eight-year-old Christopher A., Jr. (Christopher); five-year-old

C. A. (together, the A.'s); and one-year-old triplets, A. J., M. J and S. J. (triplets) —

alleging that the children needed the protection of the juvenile court. Substantively, the

Agency alleged K. A. was unable to provide regular care for the children due to her

"mental illness, developmental disability, or substance abuse."1 More specifically, the

Agency alleged K. A.'s use of amphetamine/methamphetamine; K. A.'s refusal to address

her substance abuse issue, despite a prior agreement to do so; K. A.'s history of leaving

the children with others without providing for the children's support or empowering the

caregivers to make necessary decisions for the children; and K. A.'s unknown

whereabouts. Finally, the Agency alleged a lack of protection and supervision by the

children's fathers.2

1      The Agency filed the petitions pursuant to what was then section 300,
subdivision (b). That statute has since been amended, and former subdivision (b) is now
found in subdivision (b)(1) of section 300. (Stats. 2014, ch. 29, § 64.)

2      The Agency alleged that Christopher A., Sr., is the presumed father of the A.'s,
and Lance J. is the alleged father of the triplets. Neither father chose to participate in the
juvenile court proceedings, and neither father is a party to this appeal.

                                               3
B.     Post-Petitions Proceedings

       In October 2013, at the contested jurisdiction hearing, K. A. did not appear, her

attorney objected to proceeding in her absence, the court overruled the objection and the

court heard the matter without her presence. The court sustained the petitions, finding the

allegations to be true by clear and convincing evidence. The court ordered the children

dependents of the juvenile court (§ 360, subd. (d)) under the supervision of the Agency,

removed the children from K. A.'s custody and placed them in approved homes of

nonrelative extended family members.3

       In November 2013, at the contested disposition hearing, K. A. again did not

appear personally.4 In her absence, the court confirmed that the children were

dependents of the juvenile court under the Agency's supervision and continued their

placements as before. The court also ordered reunification services for K. A. and allowed

K. A. to have supervised visitation with the possibility of lifting the supervision under

certain circumstances.

       At the six-month review hearing — both the originally scheduled date in May and

the continued date in June 2014 — K. A. again did not appear personally. By this time,

the A.'s had a court-appointed special advocate (CASA), and the triplets had a separate

CASA — both of whom submitted written reports. Specifically commenting on K. A.'s

3      The A.'s were with one caretaker, and the triplets were with another caretaker.

4     At the October 2013 jurisdiction hearing, the court had ordered K. A. to appear at
the November disposition hearing.

                                             4
lack of contact with the social worker and lack of compliance with services, the court

terminated reunification services. The court also found the children's return to K. A.'s

custody would be detrimental to the children and there was not a substantial probability

of return within the next six months, ordering a section 366.26 hearing to select and

implement a permanent plan.

       Prior to the commencement of the section 366.26 hearing, in June 2015 K. A. filed

a section 388 request5 to change that part of the June 2014 order terminating

reunification services. The court denied the request, ruling that K. A. had not made a

prima facie showing of entitlement to relief based on sufficiently changed circumstances.

C.     Section 366.26 Hearing

       The section 366.26 permanency planning hearing was originally scheduled for

September 30, 2014.6 After numerous continuances, the hearing began on June 10, 2015,

a year after the six-month review.

       In preparation for the section 366.26 hearing, the Agency filed a report and seven

addenda, and the children's CASA's filed four reports. The court heard testimony from

two Agency social workers; K. A.; a psychologist who, at K. A.'s request, had performed

a bonding study as to the bond between K. A. and each of the A.'s; Christopher; and one

5      "[U]pon grounds of change of circumstance or new evidence," a parent may
petition the juvenile court "to change, modify, or set aside any order of court previously
made or to terminate the jurisdiction of the court." (§ 388, subd. (a).)

6     The section 366.26 permanency planning hearing is also referred to as a selection
and implementation hearing. (In re Marilyn H. (1993) 5 Cal. 4th 295, 298, fn. 2.)

                                             5
of the A.'s caregivers. The court received into evidence the 12 reports described above,

as well as a written report and a curriculum vitae from the psychologist. In closing, the

court heard oral argument from counsel.

       Based on the evidence presented,7 the court found as follows with regard to each

of the children: adoption is the best permanent plan, in that adoption is in the child's best

interest; the child is specifically and generally adoptable; there is a sibling bond, and

adoption is the most stable way to save that bond; and none of the exceptions in

section 366.26, subdivision (c)(1)(B) applies. Correspondingly, the court ordered as

follows with regard to each of the children: K. A.'s (and the father's) parental rights are

terminated; the child is referred to the Agency for adoptive placement; the current

caregiver is designated the prospective adoptive parent.

       The court filed the Orders, one as to each child, on June 29, 2015. K. A. timely

appealed from the Orders.

                                              II.

                                       DISCUSSION

       K. A. argues that the juvenile court erred when it determined the beneficial

relationship exception to adoption did not apply and terminated her parental rights.

(§ 366.26, subd. (c)(1)(B)(i).) More specifically, K. A. contends that, because of a lack

of substantial evidence to support the court's failure to apply the beneficial relationship

7       We will discuss the evidence necessary to a determination of the issue on appeal in
part II.B.1., post.

                                              6
exception to the termination of the parent-child relationship, the court abused its

discretion in terminating her parental rights.

A.     Law

       1.     Beneficial Relationship Exception to the Termination of Parental Rights

       After reunification services are terminated, the focus of a dependency proceeding

shifts from preserving the family to promoting the best interests of the child, including

the child's interest in a stable, permanent placement that allows the caregiver to make a

full emotional commitment to the child. (In re Jason J. (2009) 175 Cal. App. 4th 922,

935-936 (Jason J.).) At the section 366.26 permanency planning hearing, the juvenile

court has three options: (1) terminate parental rights and order adoption as the permanent

plan; (2) appoint a legal guardian for the child; or (3) order the child placed in long-term

foster care. (Jason J., at pp. 935-936.) As shown by the language of section 366.26,

subdivision (b),8 the Legislature has directed a "mandatory preference for adoption over

legal guardianship over long-term foster care." (San Diego County Dept. of Social

Services v. Superior Court (1996) 13 Cal. 4th 882, 888; accord, In re Michael G. (2012)

203 Cal. App. 4th 580, 588 (Michael G.); In re Autumn H. (1994) 27 Cal. App. 4th 567, 573

(Autumn H.) ["Adoption, where possible, is the permanent plan preferred by the

Legislature."].)

8      "At the [section 366.26] hearing, . . . the court, in order to provide stable,
permanent homes for these children, . . . shall make findings and orders in the following
order of preference:" termination of parental rights and adoption; guardianship; and
long-term foster care. (§ 366.26, subd. (b), italics added.)

                                                 7
       Thus, once the juvenile court finds that the child is likely to be adopted within a

reasonable time, the court must select adoption as the permanent plan, unless the court

finds that termination of parental rights would be detrimental to the child under one of the

specified statutory exceptions. (§ 366.26, subd. (c)(1)(A) & (B); Michael G., supra, 203

Cal.App.4th at p. 589; Jason J., supra, 175 Cal.App.4th at p. 936.) "The parent has the

burden of establishing the existence of any circumstance that constitutes an exception to

termination of parental rights." (In re T.S. (2009) 175 Cal. App. 4th 1031, 1039; accord, In

re Anthony B. (2015) 239 Cal. App. 4th 389, 395 (Anthony B.).)

       Because a permanency planning hearing occurs "after the court has repeatedly

found the parent unable to meet the child's needs, it is only in an extraordinary case that

preservation of the parent's rights will prevail over the Legislature's preference for

adoptive placement." (In re Jasmine D. (2000) 78 Cal. App. 4th 1339, 1350

(Jasmine D.).) Emphasizing "the exceptional nature of all the circumstances identified in

section 366.26, subdivision (c)(1)" in its 1998 revisions to the statute, our Legislature

"require[d] the court to find not only that one of the listed circumstances exists, but also

that it provide 'a compelling reason for determining that termination would be

detrimental to the child.' " (Jasmine D., at p. 1349, italics added; see Stats. 1998,

ch. 1054, § 36.6.)

       Section 366.26, subdivision (c)(1)(B)(i) provides an exception to the adoption

preference where termination of parental rights would be detrimental to the child based

on a showing both that "[t]he parents have maintained regular visitation and contact with

the child" and that "the child would benefit from continuing the relationship." (Ibid.)

                                              8
The first phrase is self-explanatory. The latter phrase ("benefit from continuing the

relationship") refers to a parent-child relationship that " 'promotes the well-being of the

child to such a degree as to outweigh the well-being the child would gain in a permanent

home with new, adoptive parents.' " (Jason J., supra, 175 Cal.App.4th at p. 936, quoting

from Autumn H., supra, 27 Cal.App.4th at p. 575.)

       2.     Standard of Review

       "We apply the substantial evidence standard of review to the factual issue of the

existence of a beneficial parental relationship, and the abuse of discretion standard to the

determination of whether there is a compelling reason for finding that termination would

be detrimental to the child." (Anthony B., supra, 239 Cal.App.4th at p. 395; accord, In re

J.C. (2014) 226 Cal. App. 4th 503, 530-531; In re Bailey J. (2010) 189 Cal. App. 4th 1308,

1314-1315.) We are aware of authority that suggests we should apply the substantial

evidence standard to all of the juvenile court's findings related to the applicability of the

beneficial relationship exception to the termination of parental rights. (E.g., Autumn H.,

supra, 27 Cal.App.4th at p. 576; In re L. Y. L. (2002) 101 Cal. App. 4th 942, 953.) We

find the hybrid standard more persuasive and apply it here, even though "[t]he practical

differences between the two standards of review are not significant." (Jasmine D., supra,

78 Cal.App.4th at p. 1351.)

       In our review of the substantiality of the evidence here, all presumptions are in

favor of the order on appeal; we consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the

respondent, giving the respondent the benefit of every reasonable inference and resolving

all conflicts in support of the juvenile court's order. (Autumn H., supra, 27 Cal. App. 4th
9
at p. 576.) We do not reweigh evidence, evaluate credibility of witnesses or consider

inferences contrary to the court's findings. (Michael G., supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at

p. 589.) The testimony of a single witness or evidence from a single document may be

sufficient (Evid. Code, § 411); whereas even uncontradicted evidence in favor of the

appellant does not establish the fact for which the evidence was submitted (Foreman &

Clark Corp. v. Fallon (1971) 3 Cal. 3d 875, 890). All evidence favorable to the

respondent " 'must be accepted as true and that which is unfavorable discarded as not

having sufficient verity to be accepted by the trier of fact.' " (In re Brittany H. (1988)

198 Cal. App. 3d 533, 549 (Brittany H.).) As particularly applicable here, we must affirm

if the order on appeal is supported by substantial evidence, "even though substantial

evidence to the contrary also exists and the trial court might have reached a different

result had it believed other evidence." (In re Dakota H. (2005) 132 Cal. App. 4th 212, 228

(Dakota H.).) The issue is not whether there is evidence in the record to support a

finding the appellant wishes had been made, but whether there is evidence that, if

believed, would support the finding actually made. (Bowers v. Bernards (1984) 150
Cal. App. 3d 870, 872-873.)

       With regard to our review of the juvenile court's exercise of discretion, the

appropriate test " ' "is whether the trial court exceeded the bounds of reason. When two

or more inferences can reasonably be deduced from the facts, the reviewing court has no

authority to substitute its decision for that of the trial court." ' " (In re Stephanie M.

(1994) 7 Cal. 4th 295, 318-319 [placement of child based on child's best interest in

dependency proceeding].)

                                               10
B.     Analysis

       Tracking the language of section 366.26, subdivision (c)(1)(B)(i), K. A. contends

the juvenile court erred, because she established both that she maintained regular

visitation and contact with the children and that the children would benefit from

continuing the relationship with her.

       1.     Regular Visitation and Contact

       K. A. acknowledges that her visits with the children were not regular from the

beginning of the case in August 2013 until the end of July 2014.9 K. A. then emphasizes

that once she started visiting the children regularly, she continued doing so without

interruption, arguing that "[r]egular visitation over the last nine to ten months of the case

is a long enough period to outweigh any problem periods in the first part." (Italics

added.) Initially, the phrasing of this argument establishes its inapplicability: K. A. asks

us to weigh the evidence — by giving more weight to the most recent time period —

which we cannot do. (Michael G., supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at p. 589 [the "appellate court

does not reweigh evidence"].) The next problem with this argument is that, in

determining whether the record contains substantial evidence to support the court's

finding, we must review the evidence in the entire record, not just the most recent nine or

10 months preceding the hearing. (In re Christopher L. (2006) 143 Cal. App. 4th 1326,

1333.) Another problem with this argument is that, in our substantial evidence review,

9       We note that, in addition to the irregularity of K. A.'s visits, at least once during
this time period K. A. discharged herself from a substance abuse program, relapsing to
methamphetamine use.

                                              11
we do not consider, let alone focus on, the evidence that would support a finding of

regular visitation; we consider only whether the record contains substantial evidence in

support of the finding actually made — namely, that K. A. did not maintain regular

visitation and contact with the children over the course of the dependency proceeding.

(Brittany H., supra, 198 Cal.App.3d at p. 549 [we "discard[]" evidence unfavorable to

court's finding]; Dakota H., supra, 132 Cal.App.4th at p. 228.) To the extent K. A.

contends that, as a matter of law, the trial court was required to find she maintained

regular visitation and contact based on merely "the last nine to ten months of the

[21-month] case," she has not provided authority in support of her position, and our

research has not disclose any such authority.

       Finally, with regard to K. A.'s request that we focus on the evidence of most recent

nine to 10 months of visitation, since her opening brief presents only facts favorable to

her position, ignoring the evidence favorable to the Agency, we may consider K. A. to

have forfeited her right to appellate review of the issue. (Nwosu v. Uba (2004) 122
Cal. App. 4th 1229, 1246 ["an attack on the evidence without a fair statement of the

evidence is entitled to no consideration when it is apparent that a substantial amount of

evidence was received on behalf of the respondent"].) That is because " ' "[a] party who

challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support a particular finding must summarize

the evidence on that point, favorable and unfavorable, and show how and why it is

insufficient." ' " (Diaz-Barba v. Superior Court (2015) 236 Cal. App. 4th 1470, 1485.)

Nonetheless, given the significant effect of the rulings in the Orders, we exercise our

discretion to review the record, to consider the merits of K. A.'s argument, and

                                            12
accordingly to conduct the substantial evidence review and analysis under the standards

we introduced ante.

       We start with K. A.'s concession that, during the first year (August 2013 through

July 2014), her visits with the children were not regular, specifically noting that until

April 2014, K. A. visited the children only sporadically and that between April and July

2014, she did not visit or contact them at all.10 In August and September 2014, the

triplets' CASA reported that K. A.'s visits were sporadic. In October 2014, the social

worker arranged for the children's caretakers to allow additional visits, but K. A. did not

take advantage of this assistance, instead expressing concern that, because the visits were

not officially through the visitation center, the court might not know about them.11 In

October 2014, K. A. visited the triplets at a sporting event their caretaker had taken them

to, but K. A. only stayed for 15 minutes and left because the children's father (who did

not visit the children) was waiting for her outside. In October 2014, K. A. told

Christopher she would come to his football game, but she failed to show up, which

caused him to have a " 'a meltdown.' " In late October and early November 2014, she

cancelled three of the scheduled weekly visits at the visitation center.12 In November

10    By September 2014, Christopher (who was then nine years old) struggled with
outbursts of anger and sadness, feeling that he was not loved.

11     Although there is evidence that K. A. visited the children with some consistency
during October 2014, there is also evidence that she tested positive for drugs during this
time period.

12     K. A. asked one of the children's caregivers to state that she (the caregiver), not
K. A., had cancelled one of the visits. In addition, outside the supervisor's presence,
                                             13
2014, K. A. did not respond to an invitation from the triplets' caretaker for an additional

visit on Thanksgiving. As of April 2015, K. A. only once arranged for a visit (with

Christopher and C.A.) other than the scheduled weekly visits at the visitation center —

despite encouragement and authorization from the social worker and both caretakers to

do so. Through early June 2015, K. A. missed only one scheduled visit.

       The foregoing summary of the evidence demonstrates a commendable

improvement in K. A.'s efforts. However, K. A. does not suggest, let alone establish,

why this evidence is insufficient to support a finding that she did not maintain regular

visitation and contact with the children. Once again, contrary to K. A.'s presentation on

appeal, we may neither consider other evidence that arguably supports a contrary finding

nor reweigh the evidence. (Michael G., supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at p. 589; Brittany H.,

supra, 198 Cal.App.3d at p. 549.) For these reasons, K. A. did not meet her burden of

showing a lack of substantial evidence to support the juvenile court's finding that, for

purposes of section 366.26, subdivision (c)(1)(B)(i), K. A. did not maintain regular

visitation and contact with the children.

       With this determination, K. A. has not demonstrated error in the related finding

that she did not establish the requisite "compelling reason" for the court to apply the

K. A. told Christopher and C.A. that they would be returning to live with her in February
or March 2015. In February 2015, again outside the presence of the supervisor, K. A.
repeated this statement, describing the new apartment as one with a swimming pool.
There is evidence K. A. continued talking about the case with the older two boys through
early June 2015, even after being directed not to. These communications sent mixed
signals to the boys, negatively impacting them.

                                             14
beneficial relationship exception to the statutory preference for adoption. (§ 366.26,

subds. (b) & (c)(1)(B)(i), italics added.)

       2.     Benefit to the Children of Continuing the Parent-child Relationship

       In the preceding part II.B.1., we concluded that K. A. did not meet her burden of

establishing a lack of substantial evidence for the court's finding that K. A. did not

maintain regular visitation and contact with the children. Thus, there is no need for us to

determine whether the evidence in the record was also insufficient to support the

additional required finding under section 366.26, subdivision (c)(1)(B)(i) that the

children would benefit from continuing the parent-child relationship with K. A..

       3.     Termination of Parental Rights

       Because K. A. did not meet her burden of establishing error in the juvenile court's

ruling that the beneficial relationship exception set forth in section 366.26,

subdivision (c)(1)(B)(i) was inapplicable, the court's ultimate decision to terminate her

parental rights did not exceed the bounds of reason — especially given the statutorily

mandated preference for adoption once (as here) reunification services have been

terminated (§ 366.26, subd. (b); San Diego County Dept. of Social Services v. Superior

Court, supra, 13 Cal.4th at p. 888). Accordingly, the juvenile court did not abuse its

discretion in terminating K. A.'s parental rights and referring the children for adoptive

placement.

                                             15
                                    DISPOSITION

      Each of the Orders is affirmed.

                                                  IRION, J.

WE CONCUR:

BENKE, Acting P. J.

MCINTYRE, J.

                                        16