Court Opinion

ID: 9350819
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-12-28 18:03:00.980501+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:57:46.986018
License: Public Domain

2022 IL App (1st) 210628

                                         No. 1-21-0628

                               Opinion filed December 27, 2022

                                                             SECOND DIVISION
______________________________________________________________________________

                                    IN THE
                        APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
                                FIRST DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________

 ERIE INSURANCE EXCHANGE,                                     )
                                                              )     Appeal from the
        Plaintiff-Appellee,                                   )     Circuit Court of
                                                              )     Cook County.
 v.                                                           )
                                                              )     No. 19 CH 12138
 ARAL CONSTRUCTION CORPORATION, ARUNAS                        )
 ALASEVICIUS, and DRAGANA PETROVIC,                           )     Honorable
                                                              )     Moshe Jacobius,
                                                              )     Judge Presiding.
        Defendants                                            )
                                                              )
        (Dragana Petrovic, Defendant-Appellant).              )

______________________________________________________________________________

       PRESIDING JUSTICE FITZGERALD SMITH delivered the judgment of the court, with
opinion.
       Justices Ellis and Cobbs concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                           OPINION

¶1     This cause arises from a declaratory judgment action (735 ILCS 5/2-701 (West 2020)) filed

by the plaintiff-appellee, Erie Insurance Exchange (Erie), against the defendants, Aral

Construction Company (Aral) and Arunas Alasevicius, and the defendant-appellant, Dragana

Petrovic, seeking a declaration that Erie was not obligated to defend or indemnify Aral or

Alasevicius in the underlying negligence claim brought by Petrovic. In that underlying negligence
No. 1-21-0628

claim, 1 Petrovic alleged that she sustained personal injuries and property damage when a truck

driven by Alasevicius struck her open car door as she was exiting her parked car and knocked her

unconscious. Petrovic further alleged that Aral owned or operated the truck that struck her and that

Alasevicius was acting in the scope of his employment with Aral at the time of the accident. Both

Aral and Alasevicius were insured under a commercial general liability policy with Erie (the

insurance policy) at that time. After receiving notice of the underlying negligence claim, Erie filed

the instant declaratory judgment action seeking a declaration that it was not obligated to indemnify

or defend Aral or Alasevicius. Specifically, Erie claimed (1) that Alasevicius failed to provide it

with proper notice of the accident and (2) that coverage was barred under the “auto exclusion”

provision of the insurance policy.

¶2       After discovery, Petrovic and Erie filed cross-motions for summary judgment seeking a

declaration regarding Erie’s duty to defend Aral and Alasevicius. The circuit court entered

judgment in favor of Erie and against Petrovic. On appeal, Petrovic seeks reversal of the circuit

court’s order arguing that (1) Alasevicius provided Erie with sufficient notice of the accident and

(2) the “auto exclusion” provision of the insurance policy did not bar coverage since, at the time

of the accident, Alasevicius was not acting as an employee of Aral but rather as its executive. For

the following reasons, we affirm.

¶3                                        I. BACKGROUND

¶4       The record below reveals the following undisputed facts and procedural history. The motor

vehicle accident at the heart of the underlying negligence claim occurred on October 25, 2017, at

5706 North Richmond Street in Chicago. Alasevicius was driving a truck when he struck the open

         1
          At the time this appeal was filed, the underlying negligence action was still pending in the circuit
court.

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No. 1-21-0628

car door of Petrovic’s parked car, as she was attempting to exit it, rendering Petrovic unconscious.

Alasevicius stopped the truck and exited, but when Petrovic regained consciousness, he left.

¶5     On December 13, 2018, Petrovic filed a negligence claim against Alasevicius. On August

28, 2019, she amended her complaint to include Aral. According to that amended complaint,

numerous negligent acts and omissions by Alasevicius, including, inter alia, his failure to keep a

proper and sufficient lookout, to decrease his speed to avoid a collision, and to keep his truck under

proper control proximately resulted in Petrovic’s bodily injuries and damage to her car.

Specifically, the amended complaint alleged that Petrovic suffered a closed head injury with brain

damage including numerous side effects, such as vision impairment and headaches. Petrovic

incurred $300,000 in medical bills, $75,000 in lost income, and $2085.80 in damage to her car.

¶6     In addition, the amended complaint alleged that Aral owned and/or operated the truck

driven by Alasevicius and that Alasevicius was driving to a job site as part of his employment with

Aral when he struck Petrovic.

¶7     At the time of the accident, Alasevicius was personally insured by State Farm Insurance

(State Farm), while Aral was insured under the insurance policy with Erie.

¶8     The Erie policy titled “Fivestar Contractors Policy No. Q26-1820846” is a commercial

general liability policy and was issued to Aral for the effective dates of February 18, 2017, to

February 18, 2018, with a limit of $1 million. The policy provides liability coverage for bodily

injury and property damage arising from Aral’s business. As the policy states:

       “We will pay those sums that the insured becomes legally obligated to pay as damages,

       including punitive or exemplary damages, but only for vicarious liability to the extent

       allowed by law because of ‘bodily injury’ or ‘property damage’ to which this insurance

       applies. We have the right and duty to defend the insured against any ‘suit’ seeking those

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No. 1-21-0628

       damages. However, we will have no duty to defend the insured against any ‘suit’ seeking

       damages for ‘bodily injury’ or ‘property damage’ to which this insurance does not apply.”

¶9     The insurance policy defines an “insured” in the following manner:

       “SECTION II—WHO IS AN INSURED

                1. If you are designated in the Declarations as

                                                       ***

                        d. An organization other than a partnership, joint venture, or a limited

                liability company, you are an insured. Your ‘executive officers’ and ‘directors’ are

                insureds, but only with respect to their duties as your officers or directors. Your

                stockholders are also insureds but only with respect to their liability as stockholders.

                                                       ***

                2. Each of the following is also an insured:

                        a. Your ‘volunteer workers’ only while performing duties related to the

                conduct of your business, or your ‘employees,’ other than *** your ‘executive

                officers’ (if you are an organization other than a partnership, joint venture or limited

                liability company) *** but only for acts within the scope of their employment by

                you or while performing duties related to the conduct of your business.”

¶ 10   With respect to the scope of coverage the policy contains numerous exemptions including,

relevant to this appeal, the “auto exclusion” provision, which states that the insurance does not

apply to “ ‘Bodily injury’ or ‘property damage’ arising out of the ownership, maintenance, use or

entrustment to others of any *** ‘auto’ *** owned or operated by or rented or loaned to any

insured. Use includes operation and ‘loading and unloading.’ ” This provision further provides:

       “This exclusion applies even if the claims against any insured allege negligence or other

                                                 -4-
No. 1-21-0628

       wrongdoing in the supervision, hiring, employment, training or monitoring of others by

       that insured, if the ‘occurrence’ which caused the ‘bodily injury’ or ‘property damage’

       involved the ownership, maintenance, use or entrustment to others of any *** ‘auto’ ***

       that is owned or operated by or rented or loaned to any insured.”

¶ 11   With respect to the timing of a “bodily injury” or “property damage,” the policy provides

that each “will be deemed to have been known to have occurred at the earliest time when” any

insured or any employee authorized by Aral “to give or receive notice of an ‘occurrence’ or claim”

(1) reports all or part of the injury or property damage to Erie “or any other insurer,” (2) receives

a written or verbal demand or claim for damages based on such an injury or property damage, or

(3) becomes aware by any other means that such an injury or damage has occurred or has begun

to occur.

¶ 12   The insurance policy further contains numerous conditions. Relevant to this appeal, the

condition titled “Duties in the Event of Occurrence, Offense, Claim or Suit” requires the insured

to notify Erie “as soon as practicable of any ‘occurrence’ or an offense which may result in a

claim.” In addition, this provision states that if a claim is made or a suit is brought against an

insured, the insured must “immediately record the specifics” of the claim or suit, as well as “notify”

and provide Erie with written notice of the claim or suit “as soon as practicable.”

¶ 13   Nearly two years after the accident, on September 10, 2019, Alasevicius notified Erie of

the accident and the underlying lawsuit. A month later, on October 21, 2019, Erie filed the instant

declaratory judgment action seeking a declaration that it was not required to defend or indemnify

Alasevicius or Aral under the insurance policy. Only Petrovic participated in the declaratory

judgment action. Neither Aral nor Alasevicius filed any pleadings in the circuit court.

¶ 14   During discovery, Alasevicius was deposed and provided the following undisputed

                                                -5-
No. 1-21-0628

testimony. Alasevicius is a self-employed carpenter. In 2007 he incorporated his company, Aral.

Alasevicius is the president and sole officer and employee of the company. Unlike subcontractors

for Aral, who receive 1099 forms, as an employee of Aral, Alasevicius receives a salary and a W-

9 form.

¶ 15      At the time of the accident, on October 25, 2017, Alasevicius personally owned the 2010

Toyota Tundra truck that struck Petrovic. He purchased the truck in his own name and with a

personal car loan that he paid off in 2015. The car was insured through his personal insurance with

State Farm with a liability limit of $25,000. Alasevicius paid his car insurance monthly using his

personal credit card. He never rented the truck to Aral, nor placed any markings on it denoting that

it was the property of Aral.

¶ 16      On the date of the incident, Alasevicius was operating his truck for work, driving it between

two construction sites, at Lake Avenue in Wilmette and at Hollywood Avenue in Chicago, where

he intended to check on a delivery of materials. One of his subcontractors, Rafal Majestic, was in

the front passenger seat of the truck when Alasevicius struck Petrovic.

¶ 17      Alasevicius notified State Farm about the accident on October 25, 2018, 12 days after

Petrovic filed her original negligence complaint against him. He stated that at the time of the

accident, he approached Petrovic to make sure that she was alright, after which they both agreed

not to exchange insurance information since there seemed to be no damage to either vehicle, and

Petrovic appeared to be unharmed. Alasevicius was shocked when, one year later, he received

notice of Petrovic’s negligence complaint against him.

¶ 18      Alasevicius was aware that Erie insured Aral at the time of the accident and that under that

policy he had an obligation to notify Erie of the incident. Alasevicius, however, acknowledged

that he did not notify Erie about the accident until September 10, 2019. He explained that he did

                                                  -6-
No. 1-21-0628

so immediately after he received Petrovic’s amended complaint naming Aral as an additional

defendant in the underlying negligence suit. Prior to this he did not review his insurance policy

with Erie.

¶ 19   On September 9, 2020, Erie filed a motion for summary judgment asserting that it was

entitled to judgment as a matter of law because (1) Alasevicius breached the notice conditions of

the insurance policy by waiting nearly two years after the accident to notify Erie of what had

occurred and (2) the “auto exclusion” provision barred coverage of Aral and Alasevicius for the

accident because Alasevicius was operating his own truck when he struck Petrovic.

¶ 20   On September 22, 2020, Petrovic filed her own motion for summary judgment asserting,

inter alia, that she was entitled to judgment as a matter of law because (1) Alasevicius had met the

notice conditions of Erie’s insurance policy by timely notifying his personal insurer, State Farm,

and (2) the “auto exclusion” provision did not apply.

¶ 21       On January 5, 2021, after extensive arguments, the circuit court entered summary

judgment in favor of Erie and against Petrovic. The court found that because there was no dispute

that the accident arose out of the use of a truck “owned and operated” by Alasevicius the “auto

exclusion” provision in the insurance policy barred coverage. The court further held that because

the “auto exclusion” exception was dispositive, it did not need to reach the late notice issue raised

by Erie.

¶ 22   On February 3, 2021, Petrovic filed a motion to reconsider, arguing that under the plain

language of the insurance policy, because Alasevicius was an executive officer, he was only an

“insured” and therefore could only be excluded from coverage under the “auto exclusion”

provision with respect to the performance of his duties as an executive officer. According to

Petrovic, because Erie failed to establish that Alasevicius was managing the business and affairs

                                                -7-
No. 1-21-0628

of the corporation, i.e., that he had his “corporate hat” on, at the time of the accident, the “auto

exclusion” provision did not apply.

¶ 23   On March 17, 2021, the circuit court denied Petrovic’s motion to reconsider. The court

found that throughout the proceedings Petrovic had made numerous judicial admissions that

Alasevicius could be both an employee and an executive officer of Aral and that, when the accident

occurred, Alasevicius was, in fact, acting in his role as an employee, triggering the “auto

exclusion” provision. The court further found that the exception applied regardless of

Alasevicius’s status as an executive officer or an employee. In addition, the court held that even if

the “auto exclusion” provision could not be triggered by Alasevicius acting as an executive officer,

it nonetheless applied because it was clear that at the time of the accident, he had loaned the truck

to Aral. Petrovic now appeals.

¶ 24                                      II. ANALYSIS

¶ 25   On appeal, Petrovic contends that the circuit court improperly held that the “auto

exclusion” provision of the insurance policy applied to Alasevicius and therefore barred coverage

for the accident. She contends that Erie failed to provide any evidence that at the time of the

accident Alasevicius was acting in the scope of his duties as an “executive officer” of Aral, so as

to be considered an “insured” under the “auto exclusion” provision. In response, Erie contends that

under the plain language of the insurance policy, Alasevicius can simultaneously act as an

“employee” and an “executive officer” of Aral and was therefore an “insured” under the “auto

exclusion” provision. In addition, Erie argues that regardless of whether the “auto exclusion”

provision bars coverage, it has no duty to defend Aral or Alasevicius because Alasevicius failed

to notify it of the accident until two years after its occurrence and therefore breached the “notice”

conditions of the policy. For the following reasons, we find that the “auto exclusion” provision

                                                -8-
No. 1-21-0628

dispositively bars coverage and that the circuit court properly granted summary judgment in favor

of Erie.

¶ 26       At the outset, we note that “[t]he construction of an insurance policy and a determination

of the rights and obligations thereunder are questions of law for the court and appropriate subjects

for disposition by summary judgment.” Konami (America), Inc. v. Hartford Insurance Co. of

Illinois, 326 Ill. App. 3d 874, 877 (2002). Summary judgment is appropriate “if the pleadings,

depositions, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no

genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter

of law.” 735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West 2020); see also Green4All Energy Solutions, Inc. v. State

Farm Fire & Casualty Co., 2017 IL App (1st) 162499, ¶ 21; see also Virginia Surety Co. v.

Northern Insurance Co. of New York, 224 Ill. 2d 550, 556 (2007). Where, as here, cross-motions

for summary judgment are filed, the parties acknowledge that there are no material questions of

fact and that the case disposition turns solely on the resolution of legal issues regarding the

construction of the insurance policy. Green4All Energy Solutions, 2017 IL App (1st) 162499, ¶ 21;

see also Founders Insurance Co. v. Munoz, 237 Ill. 2d 424, 432 (2010); American Family Mutual

Insurance Co. v. Fisher Development, Inc., 391 Ill. App. 3d 521, 525 (2009). We review the circuit

court’s decision on cross-motions for summary judgment de novo. Virginia Surety Co., 224 Ill. 2d

at 556; see also A.B.A.T.E. of Illinois, Inc. v. Quinn, 2011 IL 110611, ¶ 22.

¶ 27       Just as with any contract, in interpreting the provisions of an insurance policy, a reviewing

court’s primary objective is to ascertain and give effect to the intention of the parties, as expressed

in the policy language. Valley Forge Insurance Co. v. Swiderski Electronics, Inc., 223 Ill. 2d 352,

362 (2006); Hobbs v. Hartford Insurance Co. of the Midwest, 214 Ill. 2d 11, 17 (2005). To

ascertain the meaning of the policy, the court must construe the policy as a whole, as well as

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No. 1-21-0628

consider the risks undertaken, the subject matter that is insured, and the purpose of the entire

contract. Outboard Marine Corp. v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., 154 Ill. 2d 90, 108 (1992).

Where the words used in the policy, given their plain and ordinary meaning, are unambiguous,

they must be applied as written. Valley Forge Insurance, 223 Ill. 2d at 363. However, if the words

in the policy are susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation, they will be considered

ambiguous and will be strictly construed in favor of the insured and against the insurer who drafted

the policy. Id. see also Outboard Marine Corp., 154 Ill. 2d at 108-09.

¶ 28   To determine whether an insurer has a duty to defend an action against the insured, a

reviewing court must compare the allegations of the underlying complaint to the relevant portions

of the insurance policy. Green4All Energy Solutions, 2017 IL App (1st) 162499, ¶ 24; see also

Valley Forge Insurance, 223 Ill. 2d at 363; Outboard Marine Corp., 154 Ill. 2d at 108. The

allegations must be construed liberally in favor of the insured. Valley Forge Insurance, 223 Ill. 2d

at 363. If the underlying complaint alleges facts that fall “within[ ] or potentially within” the

coverage of the policy, the insurer is obligated to defend its insured even if the allegations are

“groundless, false, or fraudulent,” and even if only one of several alleged theories of recovery in

the complaint falls within the potential coverage of the policy. Id.; see also United States Fidelity

& Guaranty Co. v. Wilkin Insulation Co., 144 Ill. 2d 64, 73 (1991). Therefore, an insurer may not

justifiably refuse to defend an action against the insured “unless it is clear from the face of the

underlying complaint[ ] that the allegations fail to state facts which bring the case within, or

potentially within, the policy’s coverage.” (Emphasis in original.) Wilkin Insulation Co., 144 Ill.

2d at 73; see also Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. v. Prestige Casualty Co., 195 Ill. App. 3d 660, 664

(1990) (“Unless the complaint, on its face, clearly alleges facts which, if true, would exclude

                                               - 10 -
No. 1-21-0628

coverage, the potentiality of coverage is present and the insurer has a duty to defend.”).

¶ 29   An insurer, however, may refuse to defend when the underlying complaint considered in

light of the entire insurance policy, precludes the possibility of coverage. Illinois Emcasco

Insurance Co. v. Northwestern National Casualty Co., 337 Ill. App. 3d 356, 359-60 (2003). A

court may look beyond the allegations of the underlying complaint if the coverage issue involves

the question of whether the party asserting coverage is a proper insured under the policy.

Transcontinental Insurance Co. v. National Union Fire Insurance Co. of Pittsburgh, 278 Ill. App.

3d 357, 368 (1996); see also State Farm Fire & Casualty Co. v. Shelton, 176 Ill. App. 3d 858, 867

(1988); see also Pekin Insurance Co. v. Wilson, 237 Ill. 2d 446, 460-62 (2010) (holding that the

trial court may look beyond the underlying complaint in determining the duty to defend); see also

American Economy Insurance Co. v. Holabird & Root, 382 Ill. App. 3d 1017, 1024, 1031-32

(2008) (holding that a trial court “ ‘ “need not wear judicial blinders” ’ ” and may consider

evidence beyond the underlying complaint appropriate to a motion for summary judgment to

determine whether there is a duty to defend); Fidelity & Casualty Co. of New York v. Envirodyne

Engineers, Inc., 122 Ill. App. 3d 301, 304-05 (1983) (holding that an insurer may properly

challenge the existence of a duty to defend “by offering evidence to prove that the insured’s actions

fell within the limitations of one of the policy’s exclusions”)

¶ 30   In the present case, after reviewing the “auto exclusion” provision in the insurance policy

and comparing it with the allegations in Petrovic’s amended complaint and the pleadings and

exhibits offered by the parties, we find that Petrovic failed to state facts that either actually or

potentially bring the case within the policy’s coverage.

¶ 31   The insurance policy to Aral is a commercial general liability policy, which contains an

“auto exclusion” provision, explicitly precluding coverage for “bodily injury” or “property

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No. 1-21-0628

damage” “arising out of the ownership, maintenance, use or entrustment to others of any *** ‘auto’

*** owned or operated by *** any insured.” The policy defines an “insured” as, inter alia,

(1) Aral, (2) Aral’s “executive officers” and “directors” “but only with respect to their duties as

[the company’s] officers or directors,” and (3) Aral’s “ ‘employees’ other than *** [the

company’s] ‘executive officers’ *** but only for acts within the scope of their employment by

[Aral] or while performing duties related to the conduct of [Aral’s] business.”

¶ 32    Here Petrovic’s amended complaint seeks recovery for bodily injury and property damage

“arising out of” “ownership” and “use” of an “auto” “owned and operated” by an insured, namely

Alasevicius. Specifically, Petrovic’s amended complaint alleged that she sustained a closed head

injury and incurred medical bills and property damage to her vehicle when she was struck by a

truck operated by Alasevicius in the scope of his employment with Aral. The complaint further

alleged that at the time of the accident Alasevicius was driving to one of Aral’s job sites and that

Aral “owned and/or operated” the truck used in the accident. In his deposition, Alasevicius stated

that he personally paid for and owned the truck that struck Petrovic. In addition, he admitted that

he was both the president and sole employee of Aral and that at the time of the accident he was

using his truck for his work with Aral. Specifically, Alasevicius averred that he was driving from

one job site to another to check on a delivery of materials and that he had a subcontractor inside

his truck.

¶ 33    Accordingly, comparing the plain language of the “auto exclusion” provision to Petrovic’s

amended complaint and the evidence offered by Alasevicius’s deposition, there can be no dispute

that the accident alleged in the underlying complaint arose from the “use” or “operation” of an

“auto” “owned and operated” by an insured, namely Alasevicius, so as to bar coverage and absolve

Erie from defending Aral and Alasevicius in the underlying lawsuit. See, e.g., Northbrook

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No. 1-21-0628

Property & Casualty Co. v. Transportation Joint Agreement, 194 Ill. 2d 96, 98-99 (2000) (after

examining an identical auto exclusion provision in a commercial general liability policy covering

a school district, the court held that the insurer had no duty to defend the school district against its

students’ lawsuit arising from a school bus’s collision with a train because the injuries arose out

of the “use or operation” of a motor vehicle—i.e., the school bus); Oakley Transport, Inc. v. Zurich

Insurance Co., 271 Ill. App. 3d 716, 726-27 (1995) (after examining an identical “ ‘auto’

exclusion” provision in a commercial general liability policy covering a trucking company, the

court held that the insurer had no duty to defend the trucking company in a negligence lawsuit

arising from an accident caused by an employee of the trucking company running off the road

while operating a semi-truck during the course of his employment)

¶ 34   Our conclusion is supported by the impetus for “auto exclusion” provisions in commercial

general liability policies, such as Erie’s. See id. at 726. As we have explained in the past:

       “The purpose of [an auto] exclusion [provision] is related to the purpose of business

       liability insurance in general. Standard commercial liability policies are issued to cover all

       hazards incident to the operation of a business with the exception of certain excluded risks,

       including those involved in the ownership maintenance, use or entrustment of an ‘auto.’

       The premium charged by the [commercial general liability] insurer reflects the

       underwriting objective of placing automobile accidents beyond the scope of coverage.

       These latter risks involve unique hazards to which the general business of the insured is

       not subject. For that reason, they are generally covered as a special class by an automobile

       liability policy ***.” Id.

Accord Mid-Continent Casualty Co. v. Advantage Medical Electronics, LLC, 196 So. 3d 238,

245 (Ala. 2015) (the purpose of an “auto exclusion” in a commercial general liability policy “is

                                                 - 13 -
No. 1-21-0628

to proscribe coverage for liability that should more properly fall under an automobile-liability

policy”); see also BP America, Inc. v. State Auto Property & Casualty Insurance Co., 2005 OK

65, ¶ 15, 148 P.3d 832 (refusing to read auto exclusion provision so that it would “unilaterally

convert a general liability policy—without motor vehicle coverage—into a[n] automotive

liability policy”)

¶ 35    Nonetheless, on appeal, Petrovic attempts to avoid the effect of the “auto exclusion”

provision by arguing that Alasevicius is not an “insured” under the Erie policy because, as an

“executive officer,” he is covered (and therefore can only be excluded from coverage under the

“auto exclusion” provision) with respect to his duties as an executive officer. Petrovic asserts that

Erie was therefore required to affirmatively establish that Alasevicius was acting as an executive

officer at the time of the accident, i.e., that he was managing the business affairs of the corporation,

if it wished to avoid coverage. For the following, we disagree.

¶ 36    At the outset, we note that Petrovic’s argument contradicts her position in the circuit court.

The record reveals that throughout the trial court proceedings, Petrovic made numerous judicial

admissions that under the insurance policy Alasevicius could be both an executive officer and an

employee and that at the time of the accident he was in fact performing work as an ordinary

employee of Aral, so as to trigger the “auto exclusion” provision.

¶ 37    A judicial admission is a deliberate, clear, unequivocal statement by a party concerning a

concrete fact within that party’s knowledge. 1550 MP Road LLC v. Teamsters Local Union No.

700, 2019 IL 123046, ¶ 37. Judicial admissions include admissions in pleadings as well as

admissions in open court. Dremco, Inc. v. Hartz Construction Co., 261 Ill. App. 3d 531, 536

(1994); see also Bank of New York Mellon v. Wojcik, 2019 IL App (1st) 180845, ¶ 23 (an admission

in an unverified pleading signed by an attorney is binding on the party as a judicial admission).

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The effect of a judicial admission is to withdraw a fact from issue, making it unnecessary for the

opposing party to introduce evidence in support thereof. Freedberg v. Ohio National Insurance

Co., 2012 IL App (1st) 110938, ¶ 31. Judicial admissions are conclusively binding on a party and,

thus, may not be contradicted in a motion for summary judgment or at trial. 1550 MP Road, 2019

IL 123046, ¶ 37.

¶ 38   In the present case, Petrovic made numerous unequivocal judicial admissions that

Alasevicius was an employee not performing work as an executive officer. In her motion for

summary judgment, she stated that “[a]t the time of the accident, Alasevicius was an employee of

Aral and was operating a motor vehicle owned by him personally in the furtherance of his

employment with Aral.” Similarly, in her reply brief to her motion for summary judgment, Petrovic

repeatedly argued that Alasevicius was an employee and not an executive officer. Specifically, she

began, “At the time of the accident, Alasevicius was an employee of Aral, and was operating a

motor vehicle owned by him personally in the furtherance of his employment with Aral.” She went

on, “In the accident Alasevicius was an employee of Aral, not an Executive Officer.” (Emphasis

added). Petrovic then explained “Nothing allege[d] in the underlying pleadings, or common sense,

would sustain an argument that a building contractor, an employee, traveling between [two]

jobsites, was in a role as an officer or director of a company. He was just acting as an employee

for a construction company, and there is no evidence otherwise.” (Emphasis added). Petrovic then

concluded that “Alasevicius was an employee of Aral at the time of the accident. That is not in

dispute.”

¶ 39   In addition, during the hearing on the cross-motions for summary judgment, Petrovic’s

counsel admitted with absolute certainty that at the time of the accident, Alasevicius was an

employee and that he was not acting in his capacity as an executive officer. As the record of that

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hearing establishes:

                 “THE COURT: I thought you just agreed that he was acting as director or officer.

                 MR. MARKS [(PEROVIC’S COUNSEL)]: No, I don’t think he was acting as a

       director at the time when this—he was acting as the employee, which he is an actual

       employee of the company.

                 THE COURT: Hold on. I’ll let you speak. I just need to understand what you are

       saying.

                 I just asked you, I said, do you agree that he was acting as an officer, and what I

       understood you to say was, yeah, he was in the construction business. He was the president,

       so he was basically carrying on a business as president of this construction company,

       overseeing the construction.

                 Didn’t you just say that?

                 MR. MARKS: I said he was the president of the company, but as the—he was not

       acting as the president of the company. He was an employee of the company at this time

       going between job sites, dropping off material, taking a nail out, measuring for whatever a

       contractor does. He was an actual employee of Aral. He wasn’t acting as the president. He

       wasn’t doing things that would necessitate triggering the errors and omissions issues, which

       would be something in which he would be an executive officer doing something. That’s

       not what was happening here. Here he was just an employee.

                                                ***

                 THE COURT: All of your employees other than *** your executive officers ***

       but only for acts within the scope of their employment by you or while performing these

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No. 1-21-0628

       duties related to the conduct of your business. So, it was not within the scope of his

       employment per se to be driving around, was it?

                MR. MARKS: Yes, that’s what he does. He has to go to job sites.

                THE COURT: Well, okay. As what? As president or—

                MR. MARKS: No.

                THE COURT: How can he—he’s either—he’s either one or the other. You’re

       saying he was the president, but he was also an employee.

                MR. MARKS: Exactly.

                THE COURT: How can he be both?

                MR. MARKS: Because he gets a salary. He’s a salaried employee. He gets a W-9.

       He’s operating as an employee of a corporation.”

¶ 40   These statements by counsel bind Petrovic to the facts admitted. See Dremco, 261 Ill. App.

3d 531. Accordingly, since by Petrovic’s own admissions Alasevicius was acting as Aral’s

“employee” at the time of the accident, he was an “insured” under the policy and the “auto

exclusion” provision applies to bar coverage of the accident.

¶ 41   What is more, even if, as Petrovic urges us to do, we were to disregard her judicial

admissions before the circuit court and look solely at the plain language of the insurance policy,

we would nonetheless find that whether Alasevicius was an executive officer or an ordinary

employee is of no consequence since under either scenario he was an “insured” at the time of the

accident.

¶ 42   By its plain and ordinary terms, the “auto exclusion” provision applies to “any insured”

and therefore to both Aral’s “executive officers” and “employees.”

¶ 43   Petrovic nonetheless asserts that under the plain language of the policy Alasevicius cannot

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No. 1-21-0628

qualify as both an “executive officer” and an ordinary “employee.” In support, she points out that

the policy’s definition of an “insured” includes, inter alia, two distinct categories: (1) “executive

officers” performing their executive duties and (2) “ ‘employees,’ other than *** [Aral’s]

‘executive officers’ ” “acting within the scope of their employment” or “performing duties related

to the conduct of [Aral’s] business.” Relying on the phrase “other than *** your ‘executive

officers’ ” in the second category naming employees as additional insureds, Petrovic argues that

the two categories of insureds are mutually exclusive. We disagree.

¶ 44   Contrary to Petrovic’s position, the plain an ordinary reading of the policy’s different

categories of insureds reveals that the definition of an insured is expansive rather than restrictive.

The policy’s reference to “employees” “other than” “executive officers” does not eliminate

coverage for those “employees” who are also “executive officers.” Rather it provides an additional

classification of an employee who is entitled to coverage as an “insured.” The distinction is made

only to explain that “executive officers” are covered for their duties as executive officers and

“employees” for any acts within the scope of their employment. Nothing in the policy limits a

person to coverage as either an “executive officer” or an “employee.” Nor does Petrovic cite to

any legal authority to support this position.

¶ 45   Her only citation is to Illinois Insurance Guaranty Fund v. Santucci, 384 Ill. App. 3d 927

(2008), which held that a commercial general liability policy did not cover Santucci because he

was not acting in his capacity as an executive officer when he allegedly failed to prevent his horses

from escaping his home and causing an accident. That decision, however, did not involve the

interpretation of an “auto exclusion” provision, nor did it in any way address the interplay between

an insured’s status as an employee and/or an executive officer of the corporation. Accordingly, it

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No. 1-21-0628

is completely irrelevant.

¶ 46   While our research has unveiled no Illinois decision directly on point, we find the holding

of the Montana Supreme Court in Brabeck v. Employers Mutual Casualty Co., 2000 MT 373, 303

Mont. 468, 16 P.3d 355, instructive. In that case, a corporation brought a declaratory judgment

action seeking a declaration that the insurance company had a duty to defend them against a claim

in the underlying lawsuit that it was vicariously liable for the negligent driving of the daughter of

one of its employees. Id. ¶¶ 1, 3-4. At the time of the accident, the daughter was driving a car

owned by her father, Gerald, who was both an executive officer and an employee of the

corporation. Id. ¶¶ 3-4. The underlying negligence complaint alleged that the daughter was acting

on behalf of the corporation by operating Gerald’s car at his request and for the purpose of business

or work to be performed for the benefit of the corporation. Id. ¶ 11. Gerald owned the vehicle

involved in the accident and had it personally insured. Id. ¶ 3. Gerald was also an insured under a

commercial general liability policy of the corporation. Id. ¶ 4. The language of that policy is

undistinguishable from the one in the instant case. See id. ¶¶ 13-14. It contains an identical “auto

exclusion” provision and the same definition of “insureds.” Id.

¶ 47   In Brabeck, the Montana Supreme Court found Gerald’s “alleged conduct was in his

capacity either as an executive officer or as an employee, thereby rendering him an insured with

respect to the alleged conduct.” Id. ¶ 17. As the court explained: “Gerald is both an executive

officer and an employee of the corporation. Thus, he qualifies as an insured whether he was

performing duties in his capacity as the corporate secretary or in his capacity as an employee of

the corporation.” Id. ¶ 16. The court therefore found that the “auto exclusion” provision applied to

Gerald and that the insurer was not required to indemnify or defend the corporation, Gerald, or his

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No. 1-21-0628

daughter for the bodily injuries and property damage sustained in the automobile accident. Id. ¶ 18.

¶ 48   We agree with Brabeck’s interpretation of the insurance policy and find that, just as in that

case, here Alasevicius qualified as an “insured” regardless of whether at the time of the accident

he was performing in his capacity as the president of Aral or as an ordinary employee. We find

this to be particularly true where Alasevicius runs a carpentry business and is both its sole

executive officer and employee.

¶ 49   Petrovic’s interpretation of the insurance policy to the contrary would lead to an absurd

result. Instead of providing comprehensive coverage to sole proprietors like Alasevicius,

Petrovic’s reading would confine Alasevicius’ coverage to his role as an executive officer, i.e., his

business strategy and decision-making, thereby eliminating any liability coverage for his field

work. Since Alasevicius is the sole employee of his carpentry business, aside from covering the

present automobile accident, Petrovic’s interpretation would eliminate coverage for literally every

other liability claim, thereby rendering his coverage illusory. See Middlesex Mutual Assurance Co.

v. Fish, 738 F. Supp. 2d 124, 135 (D. Me. 2010) (refusing to interpret an insurance policy with

identical language to that of Erie’s as eliminating the executive officer from coverage when he

does the work of an ordinary employee because, under such an interpretation, coverage would be

“largely illusory, covering [the insured] only for a minute percentage of the risks”; noting that such

an argument “for practical purposes takes general liability coverage away from [the insured],

insuring only his most momentary and risk-free activity,” i.e., providing him coverage “while he

sign[s] the corporate tax returns but not while he ma[kes] and install[s] cabinets”).

¶ 50   We further disagree with Petrovic’s position that the language of the policy is ambiguous

and therefore must be construed in her favor. Our courts have repeatedly held that “[a]lthough

‘creative possibilities’ may be suggested,” when considering the existence of an ambiguity in an

                                                - 20 -
No. 1-21-0628

insurance policy, “only reasonable interpretations will be considered.” Hobbs, 214 Ill. 2d at 17;

see also State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Murphy, 2019 IL App (2d) 180154, ¶ 26.

Moreover, the court will not adopt an interpretation which rests on “ ‘gossamer distinctions’ ” that

the average person, for whom the policy is written, cannot be expected to understand. Founders

Insurance Co., 237 Ill. 2d at 433.

¶ 51   In the present case, Petrovic’s interpretation of the policy language is neither reasonable,

nor supported by legal authority. Petrovic cites to no decision in which a court has held that the

terms of the “auto exclusion” provision such as the one in the instant case are ambiguous. In

addition, Petrovic is not an insured under the policy. Accordingly, her attempt at sacrificing the

robust coverage provided to Aral and Alasevicius in favor of exceptionally limited coverage,

which would include the instant automobile accident, is at best suspect, and at worst, made

purely for personal gain. Under these circumstances, “we will not strain to find an ambiguity

where none exists.” Hobbs, 214 Ill. 2d at 17.

¶ 52                                   III. CONCLUSION

¶ 53    For the aforementioned reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.

¶ 54   Affirmed.

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No. 1-21-0628

      Erie Insurance Exchange v. Aral Construction Corp., 2022 IL App (1st) 210628

Decision Under Review:      Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 19-CH-12138;
                            the Hon. Moshe Jacobius, Judge, presiding.

Attorneys                   Laura A. Parry, Timothy M. Howe, and David S. Klevatt, of
for                         Klevatt & Associates, LLC, of Chicago, for appellant.
Appellant:

Attorneys                   Bruce M. Lichtcsien, of Hinkhouse Williams Walsh LLP, of
for                         Chicago, for appellee.
Appellee:

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