Court Opinion

ID: 6330769
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-04-13 16:00:25.661455+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:23:05.403474
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                         For the Eighth Circuit
                     ___________________________

                             No. 20-3604
                     ___________________________

                         United States of America,

                    lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee,

                                       v.

                            James Francis Miller,

                   lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant.
                                    ____________

                 Appeal from United States District Court
                 for the District of North Dakota - Eastern
                               ____________

                      Submitted: November 15, 2021
                          Filed: April 13, 2022
                              [Unpublished]
                             ____________

Before COLLOTON, GRASZ, and KOBES, Circuit Judges.
                          ____________
PER CURIAM.

       James Miller appeals a decision of the district court1 revoking his supervised
release and imposing sentence. The court found that Miller violated the conditions
of his release by failing to participate in sex-offender treatment and failing to work
regularly at a lawful occupation. The court sentenced Miller to nine months’
imprisonment and imposed a life term of supervised release. Miller appeals, and we
affirm.

       In April 2013, Miller pleaded guilty to possession and receipt of materials
involving the sexual exploitation of minors. The district court sentenced Miller to
ninety-six months’ imprisonment, followed by a life term of supervised release. The
judgment included several conditions of supervised release. One standard condition
provided that Miller must “work regularly at a lawful occupation, unless excused by
the probation officer.” A special condition, as modified in 2015, required Miller to
(1) “undergo a psychological/psycho-sexual evaluation and follow up on all
recommendations for treatment,” (2) to “participate in psychological/psychiatric
counseling and/or sex offender program, which may include inpatient treatment as
approved by the probation officer,” if recommended by the evaluation, and (3) to
“abide by all rules, requirements, and conditions of such program.”

       In December 2019, Miller began his term of supervised release. He
participated in a psychological and psycho-sexual evaluation, and the clinician
recommended that Miller participate in a sex-offender treatment program. Miller
commenced treatment, but the provider terminated his participation in August 2020.
The termination letter explained that Miller “failed to make continual progress” in the

      1
       The Honorable Peter D. Welte, Chief Judge, United States District Court for
the District of North Dakota.

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program, because he was “either unable or unwilling to identify thoughts, behaviors,
emotions, or situations, that place [him] at risk to reoffend.”

       The probation office reported Miller’s termination from the treatment program
to the district court. After a hearing, the court found that Miller violated conditions
of release by failing to abide by the requirements of the treatment program and by
failing to maintain employment. The court revoked Miller’s release, imposed a nine-
month term of incarceration, and reimposed a life term of supervised release. In
reimposing the term of supervised release, the court included special conditions
requiring that Miller “participate in a sex offense-specific assessment” and
“participate in a sex offense-specific treatment program and follow the rules and
regulations of that program.”

       Miller first challenges the district court’s findings that he violated the treatment
and employment conditions of his supervised release. The government argues that
the appeal is moot, because Miller has completed the term of incarceration, and the
duration of his life term of supervised release was not affected by the revocation. We
conclude that the appeal is not moot, because Miller is serving a term of supervised
release that was imposed in the revocation judgment, and he challenges a condition
of that supervised release. See Spencer v. Kemna, 523 U.S. 1, 7-8 (1998); Jones v.
Cunningham, 371 U.S. 236, 243 (1963); United States v. Wynn, 553 F.3d 1114, 1119
(8th Cir. 2009).

       On the merits, we conclude that the district court did not clearly err in finding
that Miller violated the rules and requirements of the treatment program. The special
condition required Miller to participate in a sex-offender treatment program and to
abide by the program’s requirements. The evidence showed that Miller’s treatment
center terminated his participation because he was “either unable or unwilling to
identify” circumstances that place him at risk to reoffend. A clinician also reported
that Miller was argumentative with program staff and uncooperative during treatment.

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The court reasonably inferred that Miller was unwilling, rather than unable, to engage
in treatment, and that he thus failed to participate in the program and abide by its
requirements.

        The court’s finding that Miller failed to work regularly at a lawful occupation
without an adequate excuse was also supported by the evidence. The probation
officer testified that Miller did not apply for any job, failed to provide a business plan
for proposed self-employment opportunities, and rejected a telemarketing job
suggested by the officer. Miller claimed that he would have taken the telemarketing
position but for another condition of release that forbade him to have communication
with any person under the age of eighteen. The probation officer testified, however,
that he advised Miller about the potential for “set, clear instructions and boundaries
in writing to allow him to engage in an occupation that would expose him indirectly
to minors potentially,” yet Miller declined the employment opportunity despite the
suggestion of written approval. The court thus did not err in crediting testimony that
“all reasonable efforts were made to facilitate employment,” and that Miller presented
“no acceptable reasons” for his failure to work. Given the adequately supported
findings that Miller violated two conditions of supervised release, the court did not
abuse its discretion in revoking his release. See United States v. Carothers, 337 F.3d
1017, 1019 (8th Cir. 2003).

      Miller also argues that the treatment condition in the 2015 judgment
impermissibly delegated authority to his probation officer, and that the court erred by
revoking his supervised release based on a violation of the condition. Miller’s
challenge to the 2015 condition, however, is an improper collateral attack on his
underlying sentence, so we do not consider it. See United States v. Miller, 557 F.3d
910, 913 (8th Cir. 2009).

      As to the judgment entered after the revocation, Miller challenges a revised
special condition of supervised release regarding treatment. The condition provides

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that Miller “must participate in a sex offense-specific treatment program,” and that
the probation officer “will supervise [his] participation in the program (provider,
location, modality, duration, intensity, etc.).”

       To impose a special condition of participation in a mental health program,
including a sex-offender treatment program, the court must have reason to believe the
party is in need of such treatment. Kent, 209 F.3d at 1076; USSG § 5D1.3(d)(5). The
condition must be reasonably related to the factors listed in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a),
including the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and
characteristics of the defendant, and involve no greater deprivation of liberty than is
reasonably necessary. See USSG § 5D1.3(b); United States v. Cramer, 962 F.3d 375,
383 (8th Cir. 2020).

       The district court reasonably concluded that sex-offender treatment was an
appropriate condition of supervised release. Miller pleaded guilty to possessing and
receiving large quantities of images and videos containing the sexual exploitation of
minors. A psychological evaluation conducted in 2020 recommended that Miller
undergo sex-offender treatment and explained why such treatment would be
beneficial. The treatment program’s clinicians opined that Miller was more likely to
reoffend than a “typical non-offender,” and that they had identified treatments to
reduce his risk of reoffending. On this record, the district court did not abuse its
discretion by imposing the special condition.

      The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
                     ______________________________

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