Court Opinion

ID: 2672323
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-05-02 01:59:31.476442+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:34:23.679257
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

                                NO. 2011-DR-00028-SCT

ERIC MOFFETT

v.

STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

DATE OF JUDGMENT:                          09/16/2010
TRIAL JUDGE:                               HON. TOMIE T. GREEN
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                 HINDS COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR PETITIONER:                  OFFICE OF CAPITAL POST-CONVICTION
                                           RELIEF
                                           BY: LOUWLYNN WILLIAMS
                                               GLENN S. SWARTZFAGER 1
                                           TERESA L. NORRIS
ATTORNEYS FOR RESPONDENTS:                 OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
                                           BY: JASON L. DAVIS
                                               MARVIN L. WHITE, JR.
NATURE OF THE CASE:                        CIVIL - DEATH PENALTY - POST
                                           CONVICTION
DISPOSITION:                               PETITION FOR POST-CONVICTION
                                           RELIEF IS DENIED - 04/24/2014
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:

       EN BANC.

       RANDOLPH, PRESIDING JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

       1
        Effective July 31, 2013, Attorney Swartzfager resigned his position as Director of the
Mississippi Office of Capital Post-Conviction Counsel; however, he notified this Court that
he will remain as counsel of record on a pro bono basis as well as the sponsoring local
counsel of record for Teresa L. Norris.
¶1.    Eric Moffett was convicted of capital murder and sentenced to death by a jury. The

jury determined that the murder of a five-year-old child was: (1) committed while Moffett

was engaged in felonious abuse and/or battery of a child; and (2) especially heinous,

atrocious, or cruel.

¶2.    Moffett’s conviction and sentence were affirmed by this Court on direct appeal, and

his motion for rehearing was subsequently denied. Moffett v. State, 49 So. 3d 1073 (Miss.

2010). Moffett sought relief in the United States Supreme Court by way of a petition for writ

of certiorari, which was denied on October 3, 2011. Moffett v. Mississippi, ___U.S.___, 132

S. Ct. 127, 181 L. Ed. 2d 49 (2011). Moffett has presented a motion, an amended motion,

and a supplemental motion seeking post-conviction relief.

¶3.    Moffett was convicted of a savage sexual assault on a five-year-old girl, culminating

in her death. Compelling evidence supported his conviction, including conclusive DNA

evidence, eyewitness testimony, and a confession, inter alia. Moffett primarily is focused

on ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims, which we categorize into three parts: (1)

ineffective assistance of Andre’ de Gruy and Dan W. Duggan, Jr., trial counsel, (2)

ineffective assistance of de Gruy and Allison R. Steiner, appellate counsel, and (3)

cumulative error. Finding no merit in any of Moffett’s claims, we deny relief.

                            STATEMENT OF THE FACTS

¶4.    The following factual and procedural background is gleaned from this Court’s opinion

on direct appeal.

                                             2
Felicia Griffin was sexually abused, [FN1] battered, [FN2] and murdered
during the early morning hours of December 31, 1994. Felicia lived in Jackson
with her two sisters; mother, Pennie Griffin; and, Pennie’s boyfriend, Moffett.
On December 30, 1994, Moffett, Pennie, and the three girls were at home.
Moffett left the house at approximately 9:45 p.m. while Pennie was preparing
to go to work. Pennie expected Moffett’s mother, Florence Moffett Powell, to
arrive soon to take her to work. When Powell did not timely arrive, Pennie
went to a nearby gas station to phone her employer and Powell. Pennie
checked on the children before leaving, and locked the door and burglar bars
as she departed. After going by Pennie’s home, Powell picked up Pennie at the
gas station and proceeded to take Pennie to work. It was disputed at trial
whether Powell was alone when she arrived at the gas station, or whether she
was accompanied by her daughter, Sheritha Moffett. Sheritha testified that she
had accompanied Powell and had observed Powell enter the house looking for
Pennie. Powell did not testify, as she died before trial. The jury heard evidence
that Moffett returned to the house a few hours later, took Felicia into the
bedroom he shared with Felicia’s mother, abused Felicia, and savagely raped
her with his fingers and fist.

       FN1. The perineum had been savagely ripped or torn, resulting in open
       communication of the excretory opening of the alimentary canal with
       her genital orifice.

       FN2. She had bruises on her neck, face, and left leg; and petechial
       hemorrhages on her face.

Moffett reported Felicia’s death via a 911 call and awaited the arrival of
officers from the Jackson Police Department (JPD). After the police officers
arrived, Moffett exhibited anger and began to behave strangely. His behavior
escalated to the point that he was “out of control” and “throwing furniture,”
according to the testimony of police officers. Four officers subdued Moffett.
He was handcuffed and arrested. From his arrest on December 31, 1994,
Moffett remained incarcerated until September 7, 1995, when a grand jury
returned no true bill. Moffett was released the same day. He had been in
custody 250 days.

Years later, a JPD cold-case unit reviewed the file and submitted its findings
to the district attorney. Moffett was indicted in April 2002. Moffett was tried,
convicted, and received a death sentence in February 2006. Substantial
evidence was presented at trial, including the live testimony of numerous
witnesses. Witnesses included, but were not limited to, Pennie Griffin;

                                       3
LaQuandia Griffin, the victim’s sister; Donald Davis, a prison inmate; Mary
Esther Pearson, a nurse practitioner; Huma Nasir, a forensic DNA analyst for
a private DNA laboratory; and Detective Rod Eriksen, a JPD officer.

LaQuandia testified that she was seven years old at the time of the murder. The
night of the crime, Pennie helped her and her sisters, Jessica and Felicia, get
ready for bed and checked on them before she left for work. The three girls
were sleeping on a pallet in a room across the hall from the bedroom shared by
Pennie and Moffett. Lights were on in the girls’ bedroom, the hallway, and
bathroom. LaQuandia woke up and saw Moffett standing in the doorway of the
girls’ bedroom. She saw Moffett pick up Felicia, who was sleeping closest to
the door. He took Felicia to his bedroom. He did not close the doors all the
way, so she could see him. He placed Felicia down on the bed and started
touching and rubbing on her chest and stomach areas. She heard Felicia
making “all kind of painful cries.” She then dozed off, only to be awoken later.
She saw someone [FN3] in the hallway going into Pennie’s bedroom. She
remembered looking into the bedroom and seeing Felicia “laying in the bed
and the covers were real bloody.” After the police arrived, Moffett approached
her, hugging and attempting to reassure her. She recalled seeing Moffett
“throw a fit, . . . he was . . . yelling and screaming, . . . picking up chairs and
. . . throwing things as if he cared.” She saw the paramedics take Felicia away
on a stretcher. She was not sure what she told the policeman who questioned
her about the murder, but she did recall being afraid to tell him about Moffett,
as he was still in the house at the time.

       FN3. This person was later determined to have been a paramedic.

Donald Davis, an inmate with Moffett during the 1994-95 confinement,
testified. During his testimony, he read a statement he had written on
September 15, 1995, [FN4] when he was interviewed by a JPD officer at the
Hinds County Detention Center. Moffett had confessed the crime to Donald
Davis at a Bible study on September 3, 1995. The confession had included
graphic details of the crime and Moffett’s attempt to seek forgiveness by
inflicting injury upon himself (smashing his hand in a steel door at the
detention center).

       FN4. This was after the no-bill report of the September 1995 grand jury.

Mary Esther Pearson testified that she was a nurse practitioner who provided
medical services to inmates at the detention center where Moffett was
incarcerated. She testified that she treated Moffett in March 1995 for an injury

                                        4
to the middle and [fourth] fingers of his right hand. Moffett told her he had
“mashed [his fingers] in a door.”

Huma Nasir testified about DNA tests performed on laboratory samples taken
at the emergency room, at autopsy, and at the murder scene, as well as known
samples drawn from Moffett. She stated that the vaginal swab, vaginal wash,
and anal swab were all positive for semen on the presumptive test, but were
negative for sperm cells on the confirmatory test, indicating that there were no
“physical sperm cells” remaining in the semen samples. She testified at length
about DNA tests done on cuttings from the bath towel found in the bed where
Felicia had been found by paramedics. The towel was positive for semen and
epithelial cells, but was negative for blood. There were two stains on the towel.
The first was a semen stain and the other was a mixed stain, including semen
and epithelial cells. [FN5] The semen stain was found to match Moffett’s DNA
on all fifteen markers. Nasir testified that there was less than one chance in
five trillion, nine hundred billion (5,900,000,000,000) [FN6] that the semen
had come from anyone other than Moffett. As for the mixed stain, neither
Moffett nor Felicia could be excluded as the source of the two sets of DNA
found there. There were matches on four foci and six alleles, which Nasir
described as “weak” alleles. She stated that, from this evidence, more than
99.9% of the population could be excluded as possible donors of the two
components, thus, there was less than one chance in a thousand that anyone
else contributed to the mixed stain.

       FN5. Epithelial cells include mucous, saliva, vaginal secretions, and
       skin, but not semen. Blood normally would be included in the
       epithelial portion, but not here, as the towel was found to be negative
       for blood.

       FN6. This is more than nine hundred times the estimated population of
       the entire world in 2006. Population Reference Bureau, 2006 World
       Population Fact Sheet 5 (chart), http://www.prb.org/pdf 06/06 world
       data sheet. pdf (last visited September 4, 2010).

Pennie testified that, on the morning of December 30, 1994, she and Moffett
had an argument and that he hit her “upside the head.” She stated that, at that
point, she decided to end the relationship with Moffett and that she wrote him
a letter telling him that it was over. Police Lieutenant Rod Eriksen testified that
the letter, which he saw as establishing a possible motive, was found in the
bedroom where Felicia was found. The jury viewed a videotape, taken as

                                        5
       Eriksen and the crime-scene investigator carried out their investigation of the
       scene. The jury saw, inter alia, Eriksen discovering the letter at the scene.

       Several other witnesses testified, including, but not limited to, an emergency
       room physician; an emergency medical technician; JPD officers, including
       detectives and crime scene investigators; and pathologists.

Moffett, 49 So. 3d at 1077-79. Additional facts are provided when relevant to the discussion

of each issue infra.

¶5.    Moffett filed his Motion for Leave to Proceed in the Trial Court with a Petition for

Post-Conviction Relief on December 7, 2011. On December 22, 2011, Moffett filed an

amended motion for leave. This Court later entered a stay of Moffett’s post-conviction

proceedings to allow his experts access to Moffett for a mental evaluation. Moffett was then

permitted to file a supplemental motion on April 8, 2013. The State has responded to

Moffett’s motions.

                                          ISSUES

¶6.    “The procedural bars of waiver, different theories, and res judicata as well as the

exceptions thereto contained in Miss. Code Ann. § 99-39-21(1)-(5) are clearly applicable to

death penalty post-conviction relief applications.” Powers v. State, 945 So. 2d 386, 395

(Miss. 2006). Moffett carries the burden of demonstrating that his claims are not procedurally

barred. Id. (citing Miss. Code Ann. § 99-39-21(6)). If successful, he then must make a

substantial showing of the denial of a state or federal right. Miss. Code Ann. § 99-39-27(5).

¶7.    With regard to trial counsel, Moffett claims he received ineffective assistance from

de Gruy and Duggan, asserting they failed to object to: comments by the prosecutors; the

                                              6
admission of prior consistent statements into evidence; testimony regarding whether the

victim’s injuries were heinous, atrocious and cruel; testimony by the victim’s family

members regarding his sentence, and portions of the State’s closing argument during the

sentencing phase. He also asserts they were ineffective for failing to: perform an adequate

pretrial investigation; arrange for Moffett to have a mental-health evaluation; and renew the

defense’s motion for a “cooling off” period between the guilt and sentencing phases of trial.

¶8.    Moffett also complains that his appellate counsel, de Gruy and Steiner, were

ineffective for failing to raise some of the aforementioned ineffective-trial-counsel claims on

direct appeal. He now asserts that those issues should have been raised as plain error given

the fact that he was represented on appeal by one of the same attorneys who tried his case.

Finally, he asserts that he is entitled to relief due to cumulative error.

                                         ANALYSIS

¶9.    The test for ineffective assistance of counsel is well-settled. “The benchmark for

judging any claim of ineffectiveness [of counsel] must be whether counsel’s conduct so

undermined the proper functioning of the adversarial process that the trial cannot be relied

on as having produced a just result.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 686, 104 S.

Ct. 2052, 2064, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984). In order to prevail on such a claim, Moffett must

demonstrate to this Court that counsel’s performance was deficient and that the deficiency

prejudiced the defense of the case. Id. at 687. “Unless a defendant makes both showings,

it cannot be said that the conviction or death sentence resulted from a breakdown in the

                                               7
adversary process that renders the result unreliable.” Stringer v. State, 454 So. 2d 468, 477

(Miss. 1984) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687).

¶10.    “In any case presenting an ineffectiveness claim, the performance inquiry must be

whether counsel’s assistance was reasonable considering all the circumstances.” Stringer v.

State, 454 So. 2d 468, 477(Miss. 1984) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688, 104 S. Ct. at

2065; State v. Tokman, 564 So. 2d 1339, 1343 (Miss. 1990)).

               Judicial scrutiny of counsel’s performance must be highly
               deferential. (citation omitted) . . . A fair assessment of attorney
               performance requires that every effort be made to eliminate the
               distorting effects of hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances
               of counsel’s challenged conduct, and to evaluate the conduct
               from counsel’s perspective at the time. Because of the
               difficulties inherent in making the evaluation, a court must
               indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within
               the wide range of reasonable professional assistance; that is, the
               defendant must overcome the presumption that, under the
               circumstances, the challenged action “might be considered
               sound trial strategy.”

       Stringer at 477; Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689, 104 S. Ct. at 2065. In short,
       defense counsel is presumed competent. Johnson v. State, 476 So. 2d 1195,
       1204 (Miss. 1985); Washington v. State, 620 So. 2d 966 (Miss. 1993)[;
       Grayson v. State, 118 So. 3d 118, 127 (Miss. 2013)].

Foster v. State, 687 So. 2d 1124, 1130 (Miss. 1996).

¶11.   Furthermore, even where professional error is shown, this Court must determine

whether there is “a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the

result of the proceeding would have been different.” Mohr v. State, 584 So. 2d 426, 430

(Miss. 1991). When reviewing a capital-murder case, the most important inquiry is “whether

there is a reasonable probability that, absent the errors, the sentencer -- including an appellate

                                                8
court, to the extent it independently reweighs the evidence -- would have concluded that the

balance of aggravating and mitigating circumstances did not warrant death.” Strickland, 466

U.S. at 695. If Moffett’s ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims fail on either of the

Strickland prongs, his claims must fail. Foster v. State, 687 So. 2d 1124, 1129-30 (Miss.

1996).

                                         Trial Counsel

         1.     Failure to conduct a mental-health evaluation

¶12.     This issue from Moffett’s supplemental motion is discussed first because, if it had

merit, it would be potentially dispositive of this matter. Moffett claims that de Gruy and

Duggan were ineffective for failing to “adequately investigate, . . . ensure an accurate and

thorough mental health evaluation, . . . rebut the prosecution[’s] trial arguments, and . . .

adequately present mitigation evidence in the sentence phase of his capital trial.” This

argument merges with Moffett’s claim that counsel failed to perform an adequate pretrial

investigation, which is discussed in the next issue. Having reviewed Moffett’s supplemental

issue, we find it is without merit.

¶13.     Moffett urges that they failed to conduct a proper investigation into available

mitigation evidence, specifically his mental health, and failed to present this evidence to the

jury, thereby preventing the jury from reaching a reasoned decision on sentencing.

¶14.     Moffett has presented this Court with the affidavits of Tora Brawley, Ph.D., a clinical

psychologist from South Carolina; Donna M. Schwartz-Watts, M.D., a forensic psychologist;

                                                9
and one of his trial attorneys, de Gruy. Moffett also provided a copy of Dr. Brawley’s

neuropsychological evaluation of Moffett.

Tora Brawley, Ph.D.

¶15.   Dr. Brawley evaluated Moffett on October 16, 2012, nearly eighteen years after

Felicia’s murder. According to Dr. Brawley’s report, Moffett told her: he has a history of

heavy alcohol and marijuana use and once had a three-to-four-month period when he used

cocaine on a daily basis; he denied having seizures, headaches, or other neuropsychological

difficulties; he reported being “dazed” from a blow received in martial arts sparring; he now

suffers from high blood pressure for which he takes medication; he now has mild increases

in depression, anxiety, and irritability in reaction to his situation; his maternal uncle had a

stroke; and there was no reported history of neurological or psychological difficulties in his

family.

¶16.   While evaluating Moffett, Dr. Brawley performed numerous tests. She opined that

the cause of Moffett’s mild depression and anxiety most likely was past drug and alcohol

abuse. Dr. Brawley further stated that these conditions likely have improved since Moffett’s

incarceration because he no longer has access to these substances. The results reported in

Dr. Brawley’s assessment show Moffett to have a WAIS-IV Full Scale IQ of 86 (verbal

comprehension 95, perceptual reasoning 82), placing him in the low average range of

intellectual functioning. She stated that “testing result[s] revealed the presence of multiple

scattered cognitive deficits suggestive of organicity.”

Donna M. Schwartz-Watts, M.D.

                                              10
¶17.      Dr. Schwartz-Watts stated in her affidavit, dated February 4, 2013, that she evaluated

Moffett on October 4, 2012, and reviewed Dr. Brawley’s report. It is Dr. Schwartz-Watts’s

opinion that Moffett suffers from a life-long anxiety disorder, characterized by excessive

anxiety and worry. She attributes this disorder to his drug and alcohol use, stating that, in

order to ease his symptoms, Moffett self-medicated with drugs and alcohol.

¶18.      Dr. Schwartz-Watts stated that Moffett has memory and motor-skills impairments.

Further, there are strong indications that he has been exposed to abnormal levels of lead or

other heavy metals. She opined that Moffett suffers from a cognitive disorder, which causes

impairments in behavior, emotion and impulse control, judgment, problem-solving and

memory. Finally, she opines that these conditions existed at the time of Moffett’s initial

arrest, which was December 31, 1994, and at the time of trial in 2006. She opined that

Moffett’s impairments could have contributed to his failure to cry and his anger at the crime

scene.

Affidavit of Andre’ de Gruy

¶19.      The following is an excerpt from the affidavit of de Gruy. His affidavit was provided

with Moffett’s supplemental motion for post-conviction relief, but it fails to support this

claim.2

          As addressed in my prior affidavit, I was solely responsible for the mitigation
          investigation, preparation, and presentation in sentencing. I have been a
          capital defense counsel from the inception of my legal career in September

          2
       Moffett provided two different affidavits from de Gruy. One is an exhibit to the
amended application for leave, and the other is an exhibit to the supplemental filing.

                                                11
1990. I am familiar with the standards of practice in the field, including the
American Bar Association’s Guidelines for the Appointment and Performance
of Counsel in Death Penalty Cases, which were first published in 1989 and
revised in 2003.

I did not assign a mitigation specialist to Mr. Moffett’s case. I used student
interns to conduct some interviews and conducted others myself. I did not seek
or obtain a mental health evaluation. I interviewed Mr. Moffett numerous
times and had him moved to the downtown jail to allow for frequent visits by
me and the interns. I did not see mental health issues as an issue in the case.

I knew prior to trial that the prosecution intended to rely on evidence of Mr.
Moffett’s interaction with police officers at the crime scene to argue
consciousness of guilt. The prosecutor also made this clear even during jury
selection when she said that no law enforcement officers had ever seen him
cry. I did not consider the possibility that his reaction could be explained by
a mental health expert, although we did examine witnesses and argue that his
reactions were not indicative of guilt. Having reviewed the limited mental
health evidence current counsel has provided I still do not believe his reactions
could be explained by a mental health expert.

...

After discovering the child brutally assaulted and killed [Moffett] placed
phone calls, talked to people and eventually got angry. He explained his
eventual anger as frustration because the police did not appear to be concerned
about finding the perpetrator but instead were questioning him.

Prior to trial, I was aware that Mr. Moffett had a history of drug and alcohol
use and contacts with the criminal justice system. I was not aware that he had
been “dazed” from a blow to the head in a martial arts spar[r]ing match. Mr.
Moffett and his family members were fully cooperative with me. The defense
team discussed with Eric and his family Eric’s involvement in football,
possible childhood abuse, accidents he had and the extent of his drug and
alcohol use. I don’t recall any mention of his involvement in martial arts.

I cannot say that if I had the mental health evidence that current counsel
has provided me I would have attempted to use it in mitigation. It does not

                                       12
       appear to be strong mitigation and appears inconsistent with and possibly in
       conflict with the theory of defense and the Skipper [3 ] mitigation.

(Emphasis added.)

¶20.   Again, this Court “. . . is to determine whether counsel exercised reasonable

professional judgment in conducting its investigation based on an assessment of the

prevailing professional norms, including a context-dependent consideration of the challenged

conduct as seen from counsel’s perspective at the time.” Id. at 217 (internal quotes omitted).

This Court has held that “[j]udicial scrutiny of counsel’s performance must be highly

deferential . . . ,” (Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689, 104 S. Ct. 2052) and courts have rightly

“upheld decisions not to put on mitigating evidence where the decision resulted from a sound

trial strategy.” Havard v. State, 988 So. 2d 322, 334 (Miss. 2008). Further, “[j]udicial

scrutiny of counsel’s performance must be highly deferential. . . . A fair assessment of

attorney performance requires that every effort be made to eliminate the distorting effects of

hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances of counsel’s challenged conduct, and to evaluate

the conduct from counsel’s perspective at the time.” Foster v. State, 687 So. 2d 1124, 1130

(Miss. 1996) (citation omitted).

¶21.   Moffett’s counsel initiated a mitigation investigation in which he participated.

Further, the defense elected to present a Skipper approach in mitigation. After our reading

       3
        In Skipper, the defendant attempted to offer testimony in mitigation to show that he
should be spared the death penalty because he would pose no undue danger to his jailers or
fellow prisoners and could lead a useful life behind bars if sentenced to life imprisonment,
consistent with the mitigation strategy employed by the defense in the case sub judice. See
Skipper v. South Carolina, 476 U.S. 1, 106 S. Ct. 1669, 90 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1986).

                                             13
of de Gruy’s affidavit and evaluating defense counsel’s conduct from their perspective, we

find that Moffett failed to carry his burden to establish that the failure to conduct a mental-

health evaluation was due to oversight or dereliction. It was a conscious decision. Neither

of the affidavits from Moffett’s psychologists offers sufficient evidence that warrants a

finding of ineffective assistance of counsel. Such evidence in mitigation would have gone

against the grain of the mitigation case that was presented. Accordingly, we find this claim

of ineffective assistance of counsel does not satisfy the Strickland standards.

       2.      Failure to perform an adequate pretrial investigation

¶22.   Moffett asserts that no mitigation investigator was assigned to his case and all

mitigation investigation was left to staff. De Gruy’s affidavit belies this claim. Although

staff-assisted, an investigation into mitigating circumstances was conducted. The fact that

student interns were part of the defense team is not in and of itself deficient performance by

the defense team. De Gruy also stated that he personally conducted some of the interviews.

¶23.   Moffett further asserts that de Gruy and Duggan failed to conduct a proper

investigation and to present available mitigation evidence, thereby preventing the jury from

reaching a reasoned decision on sentencing. “[T]he failure to present a case in mitigation

during the sentencing phase of a capital trial is not, per se, ineffective assistance of counsel.”

Williams v. State, 722 So. 2d 447, 450 (Miss. 1998). In Crawford v. State, 867 So. 2d 196

(Miss. 2003), this Court held that “a court is to determine whether counsel exercised

reasonable professional judgment in conducting its investigation based on an assessment of

the prevailing professional norms, including a context-dependent consideration of the

                                               14
challenged conduct as seen from counsel’s perspective at the time.” Id. at 217 (internal

quotations omitted).

¶24.     Moffett was represented at trial by de Gruy and Dan W. Duggan, Jr.; de Gruy has

served as capital defense counsel since the inception of his legal career in 1990. Although

counsel did not hire a mitigation investigator, an investigation was performed by counsel and

staff.

¶25.     Moffett further asserts that defense counsel was unaware that family members were

willing to testify on his behalf, and as a result, the decision not to call family members cannot

be considered strategic. To prevail on this claim, Moffett must show that, had the affiants

been called to testify, there was a reasonable probability that the result of the proceeding

would have been different. Spicer v. State, 973 So. 2d 184, 191 (Miss. 2007) (citing Mohr,

584 So. 2d at 430).

         “To assess the probability [of a different outcome under Strickland], we
         consider the totality of the available mitigation evidence—both that adduced
         at trial, and the evidence adduced in the habeas proceeding—and reweigh it
         against the evidence in aggravation.” Sears v. Upton, ___ U.S. ___, 130 S. Ct.
         3259, 3266, 177 L. Ed. 2d 1025 (2010). The United States Supreme Court has
         stated that there “is no prejudice when the new mitigating evidence ‘would
         barely have altered the sentencing profile presented’ to the decision maker. .
         . . ” Id. at 3266.

Chamberlin v. State, 55 So. 3d 1046, 1054 (Miss. 2010).

¶26.     De Gruy states in his affidavit that he “. . . was aware that Mr. Moffett had family

members in the local area[,] . . . did not prepare any of them to testify in order to seek mercy

on [Moffett’s] behalf in sentencing[,] . . . [and now alleges he] knew that [he] had erred in

                                               15
this regard before the prosecution’s closing statements were even completed.” De Gruy’s

affidavit does not state that he did not have a mitigation strategy or claim that he failed to

interview an important witness or conduct an investigation, only that he second-guessed his

own strategy as the case was unfolding. Further, the affidavits from Moffett’s family

members provide minimal mitigation evidence.

¶27.   The affidavits of Moffett’s family members read essentially the same: 1) that Moffett

is of good character; 2) they have memories of good times spent with Moffett; and 3) the

affiants were willing to beg the jury for mercy on Moffett’s behalf had they been asked to

testify at sentencing.4 They stated that they were not approached by defense counsel to offer

mitigation testimony. Although defense counsel did not call Moffett’s family members as

mitigation witnesses, they did prepare and present a case in mitigation.

¶28.   James Evans Aiken, president of a prison consulting firm, was called as an expert in

corrections and classification of inmates. Aiken described for the jury what life in prison

under maximum security would be like. He testified that he interviewed Moffett and was

able to review records of Moffett’s institutional behavior for the period Moffett was

incarcerated. Moffett had fairly minor violations during that time. Aiken also testified that,

if he were the warden supervising Moffett, he would have no concerns for the safety of his

staff or anyone else. Specifically, Aiken testified that Moffett would be at the “lowest end

       4
       Affidavits were taken from: Jeremy Moffett, brother; Sharima Moffett, cousin;
Sheritha Moffett, sister (testified during guilt phase); James Moffett, maternal uncle; Jackie
Moffett, James Moffett’s wife; and Paulette Moffett Myers, cousin (daughter of James and
Jackie Moffett).

                                             16
of the probability scale” to harm others but at the “highest level of probability scale to be

attacked or injured or a victim of violence from other inmate population.” When asked if

there was a record of violence by Moffett while in jail, Aiken said there was not, and there

was no record of him being victimized either. It was Aiken’s testimony that prior institutional

behavior was a better predictor of what future institutional behavior would be, as opposed

to a person’s behavior in the community. Aiken opined that Moffett could be managed in a

prison environment for the remainder of his life.

¶29.   Aiken’s testimony offered the jury a glimpse from an independent witness of what

prison life likely would be like for Moffett, i.e., Moffett’s life in prison would not be easy

if he were allowed to live. Further, Aiken offered independent testimony of Moffett’s

behavior as a nonviolent person to influence the jury to consider the possibility of life

without parole.

¶30.   We are left with the question whether there was a reasonable probability that the result

of the proceeding would have been different had the family members been called as

witnesses. Spicer, 973 So. 2d at 191. Assuming, arguendo, that Moffett satisfied the first

prong, which he did not, we conclude that the result would not have been different. Thus,

Moffett has failed to show prejudice. Plus, the United States Supreme Court has “explained

that there is no prejudice when the new mitigating evidence ‘would barely have altered the

sentencing profile presented’ to the decisionmaker, Strickland, supra, at 700, 104 S.Ct.

2052.” Sears v. Upton, ___ U.S. ___, 130 S. Ct. 3259, 3266. Moffett fails to meet his

burden to satisfy Strickland standards.

                                              17
       3.        Failure to object to comments made by the prosecution

¶31.   Moffett asserts that de Gruy and Duggan were ineffective for failing to object to

statements made by the prosecution to the jury venire.5 Moffett also asserts that they were

ineffective for failing to object to statements that he alleges “vouch[ed] for the credibility of

the [S]tate’s case and primary witness.”

                 (a)   Prosecutor’s comments on the death penalty in Hinds
                       County

¶32.    Moffett cites comments made by Mansell during the preliminary opening statement

to the venire:

       It’s been six years since we’ve sought a death penalty here in Hinds County.
       This is a very important case. We have kept you here until almost 8:00 last
       Friday night. We’ve got a lot of you here again, and we may have to be here
       again late again today.

       It’s very important, because I want you to listen, and I’m going to briefly tell
       you, I’m just going to touch on some of the highlights, because this is just a
       mini opening statement right now. But I’m going to tell you why the State of
       Mississippi is seeking the death penalty in this case.

¶33.   After giving a description of what the State intended to prove, the prosecutor

concluded by saying: “. . . at the end of this case I’m going to ask you to impose a death

sentence. If I have ever seen a case that deserves it, this one deserves it.”

¶34.   During closing argument, Mansell stated:

       I have been doing this for 11 years. I have never, seen an injury to a child like
       that, never. Never, never, never. And I do this for a living. I do the gross
       disgusting things that nobody else wants to do. I see the horrible crime in

       5
           The prosecutors in this case were Rebecca Mansell and Stan Alexander.

                                               18
       Hinds County. I see what people do to children. I’ve never seen an injury like
       that to a child.

¶35.   Moffett further complains that Mansell said, “[w]e would not have you up here unless

we were 100 percent convinced that [Moffett] was guilty. Wouldn’t do it. I’m not going to

waste your time.” Further, she stated, “I bring cases to juries that I am 100 percent

convinced that the defendant is guilty, that the physical evidence as well as the witnesses

support that fact that that defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” These statements

drew no objections.

¶36.   Moffett argues that the prosecutor’s comments on the rarity of seeking the death

penalty in Hinds County and her experience amounted to invoking her position as the

government’s attorney and thus, de Gruy and Duggan were ineffective for failing to object

to these comments. He cites Holland v. State, 705 So. 2d 307 (Miss. 1997).

¶37.   In Holland, the defendant alleged that the prosecutor improperly invoked his position

as the government’s attorney when he stated: “I’m the chief law enforcement official for a

three-county area. I take my job seriously.” Id. at 347. He later stated, “I had the job of

charging this crime. That has been reviewed, and we’re here in court today because this is

one of those rare cases.” Id.

¶38.   On review, this Court stated:

       On the merits, it is improper for a district attorney, in argument to the jury, to
       use his position or function as a basis for convicting or more severely
       sentencing a defendant. More specifically, a prosecutor may not comment on
       the fact that he has only sought death in rare instances such as this one. This
       argument implies that the district attorney has made the judgment already and
       that his decision should be binding and persuasive to the jury.

                                              19
Id. at 347 (internal quotations and citations omitted). However, this Court went on to say

that

        [t]his error does not automatically result in reversal. This statement is reviewed
        to see the magnitude of prejudice, the effectiveness of the curative instruction,
        and the strength of the evidence of the defendant’s guilt. United States v. Goff,
        847 F. 2d 149, 165 (5th Cir. 1988), cert. denied, Kuntze v. U.S., 488 U.S. 932,
        109 S. Ct. 324, 102 L. Ed. 2d 341 (1988). The trial court and the prosecutor
        told the jury that it was the jury’s decision to determine Holland’s punishment.
        The prosecutor told jury “it’s just your decision.” As such, error, if any, was
        cured. State v. Bey, 610 A. 2d at 816 (N.J.1992). The Eleventh Circuit found
        this information sufficient to lessen the magnitude of prejudice to a level
        below that requiring reversal. Brooks, 762 F. 2d at 1413-14. Id.

¶39.    In the instant case, the comments made by Mansell during her preliminary opening

statement were made to the entire jury venire, prior to individual voir dire. The State argues

that this was nothing more than the prosecutor’s attempt to communicate to those potential

jurors the magnitude of their service and the serious nature of the case. Following the

complained-of comments made in the preliminary opening statement, Mansell went on to

say:

        But if you know in your heart you cannot do it, you cannot do it, you need to
        let us know. Because the only way that we can start this case is we have to get
        12 people in that box. But when it’s all over, and it probably will take us -- it’s
        going to take us a week to get this jury in the box. And I appreciate your
        patience. I know it’s tiring, and I know y’all are probably, especially now,
        really not wanting to be here. And it’s going to probably take a week of
        testimony.

¶40.    Similar to Holland, after the jury was selected, Mansell unequivocally stated to the

jury:

        As I told you in our general voir dire, it’s been six years since we sought the
        death penalty. We obviously understand the magnitude of this case. But the

                                                20
       one thing I told you during general voir dire, and I’m going to tell you again,
       I with the State of Mississippi and Stan Alexander with the State of
       Mississippi, we want you to base your verdict on the evidence.

(Emphasis added.)

¶41.   After reviewing the entirety of the prosecutor’s statements, it is quite apparent that the

prosecutor was seeking to gain the jury’s appreciation for the task at hand. She made no

direct comment that she has sought the death penalty only in rare instances such as this one.

As will be discussed infra, the jury was properly instructed by the trial court that the decision

on Moffett’s guilt was exclusively the jury’s. Furthermore, the prosecutor repeatedly

reminded the jury that the decision was theirs to make, based on the evidence.

¶42.   With regard to statements made by the prosecutor during closing arguments, it cannot

be said that she implied that her decision should be binding on the jury. During closing

argument, Mansell told the jury:

       I absolutely respect the jury system. I think it works. I have never not agreed
       with the jury system because I believe in it. So the question is what is justice.
       Justice is in your hands. You get to decide what justice is in this case. You get
       to decide and you get to tell Eric Moffett what he did was wrong, or you can
       let him go.

       But what ever you do, we want you to make a decision.

(Emphasis added.)

¶43.   Moffett offers this issue as a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. Assuming,

arguendo, that Moffett’s counsel was deficient for not objecting, the issue is without merit

in light of the full context of the prosecution’s remarks, and Moffett fails to show prejudice.

              (b)     Comments on Moffett’s silence and lack of remorse

                                               21
¶44.   If a prosecutor comments on a defendant’s failure to testify, he violates the criminal

defendant’s Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination. Griffin v. California, 380

U.S. 609, 611, 85 S. Ct. 1229, 1231, 14 L. Ed. 2d 106 (1965). Moffett asserts that the

prosecutors made remarks about his lack of remorse. He complains that “. . . the prosecution

did so repeatedly, beginning in the opening statements when Mansell informed the jury that

Moffett ‘[h]as not cried once’ and invited the jury to ‘watch him through this trial’ to see if

he would cry.” Moffett offered this snippet of Mansell’s opening remarks. A full reading

is as follows:

       And you are going to hear from the scene officers that were there. And the
       interesting thing they’re going to tell you about that, they never saw Eric
       Moffett crying. He lived with this woman for three years and her three baby
       girls, but he never cried about it. Not once.

       Y’all watch him through this trial, let’s see if they -- we’ll see. Has not cried
       once. No officer will testify that they ever saw any tears come out of his eyes,
       not one drop.

¶45.   The full text reveals that Mansell was previewing the State’s case regarding Moffett’s

demeanor at the crime scene. Such evidence is not only permissible; it is relevant. “The

demeanor, acts and conduct of an accused at the time and subsequent to the crime are

admissible. However, this should be limited to a statement of the facts by the witness or

witnesses, leaving the jury free to form its own conclusions.” Davis v. State, 684 So. 2d 643,

654 (Miss. 1996) (quoting Harrelson v. State, 65 So. 2d 237, 239 (Miss. 1953)). Thus, we

find no merit in this claim.

                                              22
¶46.    Moffett also takes issue with the prosecution’s comments made during the State’s

closing arguments, when Alexander said, “And even though he’s sitting over there all smug

today with his counsel surrounded by people that are going to tell you about the goodness in

his heart . . . .” (Emphasis added.) During the second half of closing arguments, Mansell

said:

        I hope while Mr. Duggan was loving up on Eric Moffett y’all at least looked
        at him, because I haven’t been able to look at him during this trial. But every
        time I’ve looked at him all he’s doing is still smacking on that gum.

        He acts like this is no big deal. Have you seen any ounce of anything out of
        him that shows that even maybe perhaps this was a bad thing that happened [?]
        Y’all could see him the entire time. Has he been smacking on gum the entire
        time[?] Is that someone that has no remorse[?]

¶47.    This Court has held it is improper for the prosecuting attorney to call the jury’s

attention to the fact that the defendant sat in the courtroom and showed no emotion, the

implication being that, for that reason, he must be guilty. Reed v. State, 197 So. 2d 811,

815-16 (Miss. 1967). In Davis v. State, 684 So. 2d 643 (Miss. 1996), during closing

arguments of the sentencing phase, the prosecutor stated, “I haven’t seen remorse.” Id. at

654. This comment drew an objection on the grounds that it concerned Davis’s failure to

testify. Id. Davis asked that the jury be instructed to disregard it and moved for a mistrial. Id.

The trial court did admonish the jury to disregard the statement but denied the motion for a

mistrial. Id. In its analysis of Davis, this Court discussed Harrelson, and in doing so, stated:

               The demeanor, acts and conduct of an accused at the time and
               subsequent to the crime are admissible. However, this should be
               limited to a statement of the facts by the witness or witnesses,
               leaving the jury free to form its own conclusions. The admission

                                               23
              of the opinion of the officers who investigated the killing that
              the appellant showed no signs of grief, over the objection of the
              appellant, was improper and highly prejudicial.

       Harrelson v. State, 217 Miss. 887, 891, 65 So. 2d 237, 239 (1953) (allowing
       officers to testify that a defendant showed no signs of grief). We reversed the
       conviction of Harrelson because he did not receive a fair and impartial trial. Id.
       “The [Harrelson] opinion simply recognized the unfairness of subjecting a
       defendant to an objective ‘grieving test.’ Flanagin v. State, 473 So. 2d 482,
       487 (Miss.1985).” “This is still a good rule of law.” Kolb v. State, 542 So. 2d
       265, 269 (Miss. 1989) (citations omitted).

Davis, 684 So. 2d at 654. The Davis Court ultimately found that the admonition of the court

sufficiently cured the effect of the statement. Id.

¶48.   In the instant case, Moffett’s counsel did not object to the prosecution’s comments,

and no admonishment was sought. The issue was not raised on direct appeal, and had it

been, it would have been procedurally barred by waiver. See Doss v. State, 709 So. 2d 369,

400 (Miss. 1996) (The failure of defense to contemporaneously object to improper comments

from prosecutor regarding, among other things, the defendant’s lack of remorse, was

procedurally barred on direct appeal.). Moffett asserts that his counsel was ineffective for

failing to object to the impermissible commentary on his lack of remorse during the trial.

¶49.   As a general rule, prosecuting attorneys should refrain from commenting upon the

appearance of a defendant. We have reviewed the closing arguments by the prosecution, and

in context of the entire argument, the fleeting comments complained of have a de minimus

effect. Had we been asked to address this claim on direct appeal, the likely outcome would

have been harmless error in light of the overwhelming evidence. The prosecutor’s comments

about Moffett’s demeanor during the trial were made to a jury that had the opportunity to

                                              24
personally view his demeanor for themselves. The jurors had the opportunity to form their

own opinions and were not required to rely on the prosecutor’s opinions. Moffett now raises

the issue in his post-conviction motion as a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. Even

if we were to assume that defense counsel should have objected to the comments, we find

that there is not “a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the

result of the proceeding would have been different.” Mohr, 584 So. 2d at 430 (Miss. 1991).

“Unless a defendant makes both showings, it cannot be said that the conviction or death

sentence resulted from a breakdown in the adversary process that renders the result

unreliable.” Stringer, 454 So. 2d at 477 (Miss. 1984). This assignment of error is without

merit.

                (c)    Personal attacks on defense counsel

¶50.     Moffett asserts that the State engaged in personal attacks on defense counsel. He

relies on Edwards v. State, 737 So. 2d 275 (Miss. 1999). In that case, this Court noted that

“[i]nappropriate or improper prosecutorial remarks are not necessarily reversible error.” Id.

at 300. The test, again, is “. . . whether the natural and probable effect of the prosecuting

attorney’s improper argument created unjust prejudice against the accused resulting in a

decision influenced by prejudice.” Id. (quoting Dunaway v. State, 551 So. 2d 162 (Miss.

1989)).

¶51.     In Edwards, the prosecutor made the following comments during closing argument:

         But, instead, ladies and gentlemen, he made an argument that, quite honestly,
         I don’t have sympathy as I thought I would for him, because I can’t believe

                                              25
       that anybody could get up here with a straight face and argue to you the things
       that he has just argued. . . .

       Quite honestly, ladies and gentlemen, it boggles my mind as to how anybody
       could argue such a ridiculous proposition, other than the fact I realize they
       have a job to do and they have to come up with something. But it is still mind
       boggling how anybody can stand here with a straight face in front of you and
       say we haven’t proven that. . . .

       Now, that does tee me off, ladies and gentlemen, for the defense lawyer, the
       man who is representing the man who made those maggots infest that man’s
       head, that man over there is defending the dignity of Tony Roberts by telling
       you that the photographs that show the bullet holes in his head don’t show
       something important in this case? . . .

Id. This Court found those comments to be “egregious” and found it to be one of five errors,

while stating that the “error alone may or may not have resulted in reversibility.” Id. at 301.

Alexander’s closing argument.

¶52.   Moffett complains that Alexander, in anticipation of what the defense might argue in

closing, told the jury that defense counsel might “turn flips and cart wheels” in responding

to the State’s evidence. The comment complained of reads in full as follows:

       When we started this entire procedure Rebecca told you that we don’t have to
       prove what color shoes the defendant was wearing. We don’t have to prove
       what color of shirt he was wearing. We have to prove to you that he
       committed the crime, that he murdered and killed Felicia Griffin while in the
       commission of sexual battery or child abuse. That’s what we’ve got to prove.
       What color clothes he was wearing has nothing to do with it whatsoever.

       Now, they might get up here and turn flips and cart wheels and talk about the
       clothes, but when you read those instructions, read them, because that’s the
       law you’ve got to follow. If you see anything in there about clothes in those
       instructions about what we have to prove, let him go. Anything about the
       clothes.

                                              26
Those comments can hardly be considered prejudicial, personally derogatory, or especially

egregious.

¶53.   Moffett also claims that Alexander referred to defense arguments as “ridiculous.”

This is not entirely accurate. Unlike the attorney in Edwards, Alexander presented his

portion of closing argument before the defense presented its own. With regard to whether

Moffett’s mother had exculpatory evidence at the time Moffett was arrested, Alexander asked

the jury to consider why Moffett’s mother did not go talk to the police when requested to do

so. Alexander reminded the jury that she had a car. He suggested that she did not go because

she would not lie for her son. Following that conclusion, Alexander hypothesized:

       I guess if it was the defense, [the police] were supposed to go down there and
       handcuff her and take her downtown and make her give a statement. That’s
       ridiculous. That’s ridiculous, and each of you know it.

Alexander’s comment does not compare to the deviation from professionalism that occurred

in Edwards, 737 So. 2d at 301.

¶54.   At another point in Alexander’s closing argument, the defense objected to his arguing

matters outside of the evidence. After the objection was overruled, Alexander stated: “I’m

going to tell you the truth. And they can say what they want when I finish.” Moffett asserts

that Alexander was implying that the defense would not tell the truth. Finally, Alexander

concluded his argument by commenting that Moffett was “running from justice.”

¶55.   The argument here, again, is whether counsel was ineffective for failing to object to

the remarks by the prosecutor. These comments do not compare to the prejudicial comments

shown in Edwards, 737 So. 2d at 301. These comments lack the egregious content and

                                            27
derogatory nature of Edwards. Id. Thus, counsel was not ineffective for failing to object.

Further, Moffett does not pass the prejudice prong of Strickland, even if the Court were to

assume, arguendo, that objections should have been made. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687.

Mansell’s closing argument.

¶56.   Moffett next complains of Mansell’s final closing remark, responding to the defense:

“And let’s be so disrespectful to a mother that lost her child and wad her statement up in the

garbage.” Moffett further complains about Mansell’s final remarks where she stated:

“[LaQuandia, the victim’s older sister,] gave a statement to the CASA people 11 days after

this happened. And they want to say well, she had access to the police reports. Well, you

know that’s what defense attorneys [sic] do.          They turn things around a little bit.”

(Quotations added.) Moffett maintains that these comments were clearly irrelevant to his

guilt but were intended to prompt the jury to question the veracity of defense counsel’s

arguments. Moffett relies on U.S. v. Vaccaro, 115 F. 3d 1211 (5th Cir. 1997), in which the

Fifth Circuit considered a similar comment by the prosecution, yet affirmed.

       The prosecutor’s statement that defense lawyers “muddle the issues” was
       clearly improper. The prosecutor was seeking to “draw the cloak of
       righteousness around the prosecutor in his personal status as government
       attorney and impugn[ ] the integrity of defense counsel.” United States v.
       Frascone, 747 F. 2d 953, 957-58 (5th Cir. 1984). This court has been clear
       that “[n]o prosecutor . . . may impugn the integrity of a particular lawyer or
       that of lawyers in general, without basis in fact, as a means of imputing guilt
       to a defendant.” United States v. McDonald, 620 F. 2d 559 (5th Cir. 1980).
       Nevertheless, where such an excessive statement comes in the heat of a closing
       argument in a hard-fought case, is objected to and immediately sustained, and
       subjected to an instant cautionary instruction to disregard it, it does not warrant
       reversal. Frascone, 747 F. 2d at 958.

                                               28
Id. at 1218.

¶57.   Like most of Moffett’s other assertions of ineffective assistance of counsel related to

the prosecutors’ statements, there was no contemporaneous objection or request for a

cautionary instruction. The test this Court must apply to determine the underlying issue of

whether the comments require reversal is still “. . . whether the natural and probable effect

of the prosecuting attorney’s improper argument created unjust prejudice against the accused

. . . .” Edwards, 737 So. 2d at 300. The comments did not rise to a prejudicial level of

impugning the integrity of the defense team.

¶58.   Even if this Court were to assume that Moffett’s counsel should have objected to

every comment complained of, Moffett still must show that “. . . the result of the proceeding

would have been different.” Mohr v. State, 584 So. 2d 426, 430 (Miss. 1991). The

overwhelming weight of evidence (eyewitness testimony, DNA evidence, and Moffett’s

confession) belies the proposition that unjust prejudice influenced his conviction. Moffett

fails on the second prong of Strickland, even if members of this Court should agree that

objections were warranted. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687.

¶59.   Further, this Court has held that improper remarks made during closing arguments can

be harmless error where the evidence of guilt is overwhelming. Dancer v. State, 721 So. 2d

583, 590 (Miss. 1998). The evidence in this case is overwhelming, and if one assumes error

for the sake of argument, it is harmless.

               (d)   Prosecutor’s expressions of personal opinion

                                             29
¶60.   Moffett complains that the prosecution made comments in closing arguments that

were based on personal knowledge outside the evidence in the case. “The standard of review

that appellate courts must apply to lawyer misconduct during opening statements or closing

arguments is whether the natural and probable effect of the improper argument is to create

unjust prejudice against the accused so as to result in a decision influenced by the prejudice

so created.” Sheppard v. State, 777 So. 2d 659, 661 (¶ 7) (Miss. 2000).

¶61.   Specifically, Moffett complains that the prosecutor injected her own opinion about

how long semen would remain “fresh semen.” Mansell stated in closing argument: “What

[the defense] can’t get over is Rod Eriksen in his own report 11 years ago put in there it was

fresh semen. I’ve seen fresh semen. I know what fresh semen looks like.” She then stated

that she was sure the members of the jury knew what fresh semen looks like. Mansell

followed:

       Now, can I tell you how that semen on the towel got there[?] No. I know it
       came out of the penis of that man. That’s the only way it got there. Can I tell
       you if he masturbated before or after[?] No. He obviously masturbated shortly
       before the police came because it was still wet and shiny.

Attorneys on both sides are generally afforded broad latitude during closing arguments.

Wright v. State, 958 So. 2d 158, 161 (Miss. 2007). In Brewer v. State, 704 So. 2d 70 (Miss.

1997) (quoting Clemons v. State, 320 So. 2d 368, 371-72 (Miss. 1975)), this Court stated:

       [s]o long as counsel in his address to the jury keeps fairly within the evidence
       and the issues involved, wide latitude of discussion is allowed; but when he
       departs entirely from the evidence in his argument or makes statements
       intended solely to excite the passions or prejudices of the jury, or makes
       inflammatory and damaging statements of fact not found in the evidence, the
       trial judge should intervene to prevent unfair argument.

                                             30
Id. at 72. Given the latitude which counsel is to be afforded, and considering the content of

the statements, she was within the permissible bounds of closing argument, for the statements

were supported by the evidence adduced.

¶62.   Moffett also complains that Mansell injected personal opinions about a defense

witness’s testimony by comparing for the jury Moffett’s mother’s inaction with what she

personally would have done in a similar situation. Mansell stated:

       Now, you know, they want to talk about, you know, there are two witnesses,
       or one witness that supposedly the mother went inside the house that could
       exonerate him saying, you know what, the door was open.

       How can you reconcile that. She was alive. We heard from 1994, December
       31st, ’94. We know she’s alive until 1999. How do you reconcile that.

       I am a mother. I have a son. If my son got in trouble, even at school, I would
       be the first one there to say let me tell you at least my version. I would be at
       the police station. If the doors were locked I would sit on the steps until they
       opened it so I could go in and tell them what happened.

       ...

       They tried twice to get her to come in. She said I’m coming in and she never
       showed up.

       ...

       If that mother had information that would exonerate her child, she would have
       gone up to the police station and given a statement. We all know that. She
       didn’t.

(Emphasis added.) Mansell was offering argument from which inferences fairly could be

drawn based on the evidence presented. When considered in context, her arguments were

                                             31
not designed “to create unjust prejudice against the accused so as to result in a decision

influenced by the prejudice so created.” Sheppard, 777 So. 2d at 661.

¶63.   Moffett next complains that Mansell argued facts not in evidence. Prosecutors are

permitted to argue anything in the State’s closing argument that was presented as evidence.

Hanner v. State, 465 So. 2d 306, 311 (Miss. 1985) (citing Zant v. Stephens, 462 U.S. 862,

103 S. Ct. 2733, 77 L. Ed. 2d 235 (1983)). “In general, parties may comment upon any facts

introduced into evidence, and may draw whatever deductions and inferences that seem proper

from the facts.” Ross v. State, 954 So. 2d 968, 1002 (Miss. 2007).

¶64.   Prior to discussing Donald Davis’s testimony with the jury, Mansell made statements

like “[p]redators want the child to come to them.” Defense counsel objected when Mansell

stated, “The perpetrator and predator want it to be the child’s fault. The child wanted it. The

child came to me – .” The defense argued that Mansell was outside the record, and the

objection was overruled. Mansell later returned briefly to this line of argument without

drawing another objection from the defense.

¶65.   Examining Moffett’s claim under the standard for ineffective assistance of counsel,

he cannot show that counsel’s performance was deficient because defense counsel lodged an

objection. Further, it is worth repeating that this Court has held that improper remarks made

during closing arguments can be harmless error where the evidence of guilt is overwhelming.

Dancer, 721 So. 2d at 589. Given the overwhelming evidence against Moffett in this case,

it cannot be said that Mansell’s comments created unjust prejudice against Moffett so as to

result in a decision influenced by the prejudice claimed.

                                              32
¶66.   Moffett next asserts that Mansell made inflammatory arguments with no basis in fact

that Moffett had selected the victim because “she wasn’t his color.” The State counters that

the prosecutor’s comments were inferences drawn from the evidence. Specifically, Donald

Davis’s testimony included, “[Moffett] stated he didn’t know why he did it. He wasn’t drunk

or high on drugs, but he felt like that Felicia wanted it done too because they, the kids at

school, always made fun of Felicia saying she was a white man’s baby. He, Moffett, stated

that he relieved her of her pains.”

¶67.   With regard to closing arguments, this Court has stated that the attorney’s “ . . .

function is to draw conclusions and inferences from evidence on behalf of his client in

whatever he deems proper, so long as he does not become abusive and go outside the

confines of the record.” Brown v. State, 690 So. 2d 276, 296 (Miss.1996). Felicia’s mixed

race was introduced through the testimony of Davis. Given the broad latitude permitted in

closing arguments, it was within bounds for Mansell to comment on Moffett’s confession as

to why he committed the atrocities against Felicia.

¶68.   Moffett raises each of these issues under the claim of ineffective assistance of counsel,

asserting that his defense counsel should have objected to the prosecutor’s comments.

However, as mentioned above, defense counsel did object to some of the prosecutor’s

arguments and was overruled. This Court must maintain the presumption that counsel’s

conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance. Moffett has failed

to show that counsel was deficient. Further, even if we were to assume that counsel should

have objected to every argument, Moffett has not shown related prejudice. Accordingly, his

                                              33
ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims do not pass the standard set forth in Strickland, 466

U.S. at 687.

               (e)     Prosecutor’s vouching for the credibility of a State
                       witness

¶69.   Moffett complains that the prosecution personally vouched for the credibility of

Donald Davis and put the imprimatur of the government and the prosecution behind him.

Many of the prosecution’s comments that Moffett complained of above are reargued.

However, because they have been considered, the focus of this analysis will be limited to the

comments regarding Donald Davis.

¶70.   “A prosecutor is forbidden from interjecting his personal beliefs regarding the veracity

of witnesses during closing argument.” Foster v. State, 639 So. 2d 1263, 1288 (Miss. 1994)

(citing United States v. Young, 470 U.S. 1, 5, 20; 105 S. Ct. 1038, 1041, 1048-49; 84 L. Ed.

2d 1, 6, 15 (1985)).

       In Garza, . . . the Fifth Circuit held that the prosecutor’s expression of a
       personal opinion that he believed the witnesses for the U.S. over defense
       witnesses “sought to use the status and influence of the entire governmental
       investigatory apparatus to bolster the believability of his case. It is impossible
       to imagine this strategy did not have substantial influence on the jury.”

Id. (quoting United States v. Garza, 608 F. 2d 659, 665-66 (5th Cir. 1979)).

¶71.   When discussing Garza, the Foster Court found the prosecutor’s comments to be

improper.

       The closing argument in Garza is strikingly opprobrious. The defendant raised
       an alibi defense, calling a number of witnesses to testify. Garza, 608 F. 2d at
       661. The case for the U.S. rested primarily on the testimony of a c.i. and a
       D.E.A. agent. Id. The prosecutor peppered his closing with comments to the

                                              34
       effect that (1) he believed the U.S. witnesses over the defense witnesses; (2)
       that he would not have called the U.S. witnesses if he did not believe they
       were telling the truth; (3) the U.S. witnesses have no reason to lie; (4) that
       neither he nor the U.S. Government would frame the defendant. [Garza,] 608
       F. 2d at 661-663.

Foster, 639 So. 2d at 1288, (n1)

¶72.   Moffett complains about numerous comments made by Mansell. During preliminary

opening statements, Mansell told the potential jurors that Donald Davis may be referred to

by the defense as a “jailhouse snitch, a rat, a whatever . . .” but she assured the venire that

“[h]e got nothing, no deal whatsoever. Never has.” This comment does not reflect a

personal opinion of Davis’s veracity.

¶73.   Next, Moffett complains Mansell stated:

       And the thing about Donald Davis, the inmate, I don’t like using jailhouse
       snitches. I’ve been doing this 11 years. The first time I’ve ever used one.
       And you want to know why[?] Because he’s telling the truth. What he writes
       -- he wrote a statement out in 1995. There is absolutely no way he could have
       known the things he knew without -- he was either there or this defendant told
       him what happened.

(Emphasis added.) It is clear that Mansell was giving the jury a factual basis to accept

Davis’s testimony, based on statements he gave more than a decade earlier. The transcript

reveals that Mansell also paraphrased the testimony that she expected Donald Davis to give.

This situation is quite different from that of Garza or Foster, because Mansell directed the

jury’s attention to evidence they should look for. Mansell specifically told the jury that Davis

either had to have been present during the crime or Moffett had to have told him the details,

based on his 1995 writing. Mansell’s other statements militate against jury reliance on her

                                              35
or the government’s opinion of the veracity of Davis, for during this same opening

statement, Mansell said, “ I’m going to tell you this now and I’m going to tell you again on

my full opening, and I’m going to tell you again on closing. I want you to base your verdict

on the evidence. I don’t want you to base it on anything else.” (Emphasis added.) Mansell

further stated during her opening statements made after the petit jury was seated:

       And I told you what [Moffett] did. And the reason we know he did it is
       because he confessed to an inmate. And I’m sure we’re going to have all kinds
       of well, he’s a jailhouse snitch, he’s a rat, he’s a -- I can’t think of all the
       words you can call him. You know, he’s got to be a liar because he’s an
       inmate.

       Well, you get to judge his credibility and you get to decide is Donald Davis
       lying. What did he gain, if anything, from this confession that Eric Moffett
       gave him[?]

       And the interesting thing -- and that’s why I’m telling you I want you to follow
       the evidence. Look at the pieces of the puzzle. When Donald Davis gives this
       statement back in 1995 -- I want you to think about this. From ’95 until 2006,
       way down here almost 12 years later, I want y’all to think about this, did his
       statement change one bit in 12 years. The answer is absolutely not. Not one
       thing has changed, never, nothing, no how.

(Emphasis added.) The statement complained of is hardly a ringing endorsement by the

government of Davis’s veracity. Additionally, Mansell continued with constant reminders

to the jurors that they determine credibility.

¶74.   Moffett’s complaints related to Mansell’s closing arguments continued to where she

reminded the jury of evidence that Davis’s statement about Moffett’s confession had not

changed in more than eleven years. She stated:

       It’s never changed. It’s never changed.

                                                 36
       And now they’re going to say well, Ms. Mansell, you know, he’s up for parole
       in a year. I bet you she’s going to write him a letter. Mr. Davis told you I
       have consistently turned him down.

       I’ve been doing this 12 years. I have never used an inmate in one of my cases.
       Never have I put an inmate on the stand, because generally I don’t like them.

       Donald Wayne Davis, after talking to him and looking at his statement, it was
       credible. He may be an inmate but he still deserves you to weigh his
       credibility like every other witness that to the stand.

(Emphasis added.) Mansell, when positing that Davis was credible, pointed to matters in

evidence and told the jury his credibility was in their hands. She argued that credible

evidence should not be dismissed simply because the witness was an inmate.

¶75.   Like the other issues before, Moffett raises this issue under a claim of ineffective

assistance of counsel for failing to object to the prosecution’s comments. In order to find that

counsel’s failure to object amounts to deficient performance, Moffett must first show that the

prosecutor’s comments were objectionable. As discussed supra, they did not warrant an

objection. However, assuming for the sake of argument that the defense should have

objected, Moffett still must show prejudice, which he cannot do. The natural and probable

effect of Mansell’s comments did not “create unjust prejudice against the accused so as to

result in a decision influenced by the prejudice so created.” See Sheppard, 777 So. 2d at 661

(Miss. 2000).

                (f)   Cumulative effect

¶76.   Moffett claims that the cumulative effect of the prosecutor’s arguments denied him

a fair trial and that de Gruy and Duggan should have objected to improper arguments.

                                              37
However, he has not shown that his defense counsel performed deficiently, nor has he shown

prejudice, even if this Court were to assume that counsel should have objected. Therefore,

having considered each claim, Moffett failed to overcome the Strickland standard on any

claim and has not shown, cumulatively, that de Gruy and Duggan were ineffective in their

representation.

       4.     Failure to pursue Mississippi Rule of Evidence 801 issue on appeal

¶77.   The State offered the prior, 1995 statement of Donald Davis into evidence during

Davis’s testimony.    Prior consistent statements are controlled by Mississippi Rule of

Evidence 801 (d)(1)(B).       Counsel for Moffett objected to the statement, adequately

preserving the issue for appeal. Moffett now complains that his appellate counsel abandoned

the issue on direct appeal.

¶78.   On direct appeal, Moffett’s counsel presented nineteen issues for this Court’s review.

Appellate counsel assigned to prosecute an appeal from a criminal conviction does not have

a constitutional duty to raise every nonfrivolous issue requested by defendant. Foster v.

State, 687 So. 2d 1124, 1138 (Miss. 1996) (citing Jones v. Barnes, 463 U.S. 745, 749, 103

S. Ct. 3308, 3311, 77 L. Ed. 2d 987 (1983)) (An indigent defendant does not have a

constitutional right to compel appointed counsel to press nonfrivolous points requested by

the client, if counsel, as a matter of professional judgment, decides not to present those

points.)

¶79.   When the United States Supreme Court held that a State must provide counsel for an

indigent appellant as of right, it “recognized the superior ability of trained counsel in the

                                             38
‘examination into the record, research of the law, and marshalling of arguments on [the

appellant’s] behalf.’ Douglas v. California, 372 U.S. at 358, 83 S. Ct. at 817.” Jones v.

Barnes, 463 U.S. 745, 751, 103 S. Ct. 3308, 3313 (1983).

      Experienced advocates since time beyond memory have emphasized the
      importance of winnowing out weaker arguments on appeal and focusing on
      one central issue if possible, or at most on a few key issues. Justice Jackson,
      after observing appellate advocates for many years, stated:

             One of the first tests of a discriminating advocate is to select the
             question, or questions, that he will present orally. Legal
             contentions, like the currency, depreciate through over-issue.
             The mind of an appellate judge is habitually receptive to the
             suggestion that a lower court committed an error. But
             receptiveness declines as the number of assigned errors
             increases. Multiplicity hints at lack of confidence in any one . .
             . . [E]xperience on the bench convinces me that multiplying
             assignments of error will dilute and weaken a good case and will
             not save a bad one.

      Jackson, Advocacy Before the Supreme Court, 25 Temple L.Q. 115, 119
      (1951).

      Justice Jackson’s observation echoes the advice of countless advocates before
      him and since. An authoritative work on appellate practice observes:

             Most cases present only one, two, or three significant questions
             . . . . Usually, . . . if you cannot win on a few major points, the
             others are not likely to help, and to attempt to deal with a great
             many in the limited number of pages allowed for briefs will
             mean that none may receive adequate attention. The effect of
             adding weak arguments will be to dilute the force of the stronger
             ones.

      R. Stern, Appellate Practice in the United States 266 (1981).

Jones v. Barnes, 463 U.S. at 751-52, 103 S. Ct. at 3314.

                                             39
       For judges to second-guess reasonable professional judgments and impose on
       appointed counsel a duty to raise every “colorable” claim suggested by a client
       would disserve the very goal of vigorous and effective advocacy that underlies
       Anders. Nothing in the Constitution or our interpretation of that document
       requires such a standard.

Id. at 754.

¶80.   Appellate counsel is not ineffective for failing to raise every possible issue. Counsel

is presumed competent, and counsel’s decisions on what issues to present on direct appeal

were consistent with appropriate appellate practice. We reviewed Moffett’s underlying claim

— whether the trial court erred in overruling Moffett’s objection to the introduction of

Davis’s prior consistent statement into evidence. We find that the trial court did not err by

overruling the objection. See M.R.E. 801. Because the underlying assertion of error has no

merit, counsel cannot be faulted for not raising the issue on direct appeal. Thus, this claim

has no merit.

       5.       Failure to object to testimony regarding whether the crime was
                heinous, atrocious, and cruel

¶81.   Moffett complains that one of the State’s medical experts testified that Felicia’s

injuries were heinous, atrocious, and cruel. On cross-examination, Moffett’s expert, Aiken,

also testified that Felicia’s injuries were heinous, atrocious, and cruel. Moffett asserts that

his counsel were ineffective for failing to object to this testimony because a medical

professional and a prison-adaptation expert were permitted to give legal conclusions. Moffett

further asserts that his counsel were ineffective on appeal because, despite not having been

                                              40
preserved by an objection, this amounted to plain error and should have been raised on direct

appeal.

¶82.   The State maintains that this Court, on direct appeal, addressed Moffett’s claim that

the heinous, atrocious, and cruel aggravator should not have been submitted to the jury.

Moffett, 49 So. 3d at 1115. Regarding this issue, the Court engaged in the following

analysis:

       ¶143. The jury found two aggravating circumstances:

       (a) The capital offense was committed while the defendant was engaged in the
       commission of felonious abuse and/or battery of a child;

       (b) The capital offense was especially heinous, atrocious or cruel.

       ¶144. Moffett incorporates his argument on Issue XVI into the argument that
       the “especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel” aggravator (“HAC”) should not
       have been submitted to this jury. He then adds the following arguments: (1)
       considering Issue XIII, insufficient evidence supports the jury’s HAC finding;
       (2) the limiting instruction regarding HAC was unconstitutionally vague; (3)
       submission of the child-abuse aggravator, along with HAC, fails to narrow the
       class of death-eligible defendants; and (4) that this Court should reconsider its
       holdings that an underlying crime may be used as a capitalizer and an
       aggravating circumstance.

       ¶145. This Court has held that Apprendi and Ring do not apply to
       Mississippi’s capital-sentencing scheme. Bennett v. State, 933 So. 2d 930, 955
       (Miss. 2006). Mississippi’s maximum penalty for capital murder is death. See
       Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-101(1) (Rev. 2007). As the death penalty is not
       beyond the statutory maximum for Moffett’s crimes, reliance on Apprendi and
       Ring is misplaced. Bennett, 933 So. 2d at 955.

       ¶146. Moffett argues that insufficient evidence supports the jury’s HAC
       finding, considering the requirement that each aggravating circumstance be
       proven beyond a reasonable doubt. See White v. State, 532 So. 2d 1207, 1220
       (Miss. 1988) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 324, 99 S. Ct. 2781,
       2791, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979)). When this Court considers sufficiency of

                                              41
       evidence, “the relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the
       light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have
       found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Roche
       v. State, 913 So. 2d 306, 314 (Miss. 2005) (quoting Jackson, 443 U.S. at 315,
       99 S. Ct. 2781). The jury heard testimony regarding Felicia’s atrocious injuries
       and the abhorrent manner of her death.

       ¶147. This Court has held repeatedly that similar instructions meet
       constitutional standards, as they “narrow[] the aggravating circumstance of
       ‘heinous, atrocious or cruel’ and thereby channel[] the jury’s sentencing
       discretion in a principled way.” Bennett, 933 So. 2d at 955-56 (quoting
       McGilberry v. State, 843 So. 2d 21, 28 (Miss. 2003)) (citing seven cases with
       the “exact narrowing instruction”).

       ¶148. Felonious child abuse is an underlying felony, as well as an aggravator,
       in Mississippi’s capital-sentencing scheme. See Miss. Code Ann. §§ 99-3-
       19(2)(f), 99-19-101(5)(d) (Rev. 2007). Felonious child abuse and the HAC
       aggravator have distinct elements. See Miss. Code Ann. §§ 97-5-39(2)(a) (Rev.
       2006), 99-19-101(5)(h) (Rev. 2007); Bennett, 933 So. 2d at 954. We have
       affirmed cases in which both felonious child abuse and HAC have been found
       by a jury. Id. (citing Stevens v. State, 806 So. 2d 1031, 1045, 1060 (Miss.
       2001); Brown v. State, 798 So. 2d 481, 501-03 (Miss. 2001)).

       ¶149. This Court has held many times “that evidence of an underlying crime
       can properly be used both to elevate the crime to capital murder and as an
       aggravating circumstance.” See Ross, 954 So. 2d at 1014 (citing five cases).
       The United States Supreme Court has held that use of an underlying felony as
       an aggravator is not a constitutional error. See Tuilaepa v. California, 512
       U.S. 967, 971-72, 114 S. Ct. 2630, 2634-35, 129 L. Ed. 2d 750 (1994);
       Lowenfield v. Phelps, 484 U.S. 231, 233, 108 S. Ct. 546, 548, 98 L. Ed. 2d
       568 (1988).

       ¶150. Moffett’s arguments are without merit. We find that he is due no relief
       on this assignment of error.

Moffett, 49 So. 3d at 1115-16.

¶83.   Moffett is now attempting to relitigate the submission of the heinous, atrocious, and

cruel aggravator, an issue that is barred by the doctrine of res judicata, only this time under

                                              42
the guise of ineffective assistance of counsel. The State argues that Moffett’s claims are

meritless, because this Court already has determined on direct appeal that the aggravator in

question was properly submitted to the jury and the “jury heard testimony regarding Felicia’s

atrocious injuries and the abhorrent manner of her death.” Id. at 1115. Further, this Court

held that the jury was properly instructed on this issue.

¶84.   Res judicata notwithstanding, Rule 704 of the Mississippi Rules of Evidence provides:

“Testimony in the form of an opinion or inference otherwise admissible is not objectionable

because it embraces an ultimate issue to be decided by the trier of fact.” The “Comment” to

Rule 704, however, states that “[t]he abolition of the ultimate issue rule does not result in the

admission of all opinions. It is an absolute requirement under Rules 701 and 702 that

opinions must be helpful to a determination of the case before they are admissible.” M.R.E.

704 cmt.

       Every expert opinion embracing the ultimate fact is not per se admissible,
       however. The opinion still must be helpful to the trier of fact. “Questions
       which simply allow the witness to tell the jury what result to reach are
       impermissible, as are questions asking the witness for a legal conclusion.”
       “[T]he task of separating impermissible questions which call for overbroad or
       legal responses from permissible questions is not a facile one.”

       ....

       [A]n opinion which covers facts within the common knowledge or experience
       of lay people will not be helpful and therefore [is] inadmissible. (citations
       omitted) (emphasis supplied).

Hart v. State, 637 So. 2d 1329, 1339 (Miss. 1994) (emphasis in original) (quoting May v.

State, 524 So. 2d 957, 964 (Miss.1988)).

                                               43
¶85.   Outside the presence of the jury, the prosecution asked the State’s medical expert if

he would consider the injuries suffered by Felicia to be heinous, atrocious, and cruel. He was

beginning to answer when counsel for the defense objected, stating that that was a

determination for the jury. The prosecution responded that the jury was not present. The

trial court, however, overruled the objection, stating that the medical expert was a forensic

pathologist.

¶86.   During the sentencing phase of trial, the medical expert was called to the stand and,

again, asked if the injuries suffered by Felicia were heinous, cruel and atrocious. When

asked if Felicia’s injury was heinous, he responded that it was “despicable.” When asked if

it was cruel, he responded “if you define cruel in part as painful, I would. If it’s wanton –

[.]” When asked if it was atrocious, he responded, “If it’s wanton, without remorse, yes, I

would define it as that.” He was asked again if he would consider Felicia’s injury atrocious

and he responded affirmatively.

¶87.   On cross-examination, the prosecution showed Aiken a photo of Felicia Griffin and

asked him if it was heinous. He responded, “For any human being to say it’s not, something

is very wrong.” When asked if it was cruel, he responded, “Obviously.” And when asked if

it was atrocious, Aiken said, “Very much so.”

¶88.   With both witnesses, in the presence of the jury, this line of questioning drew no

objections from the defense. One easily could conclude that it was strategic to abstain from

objecting. First, objecting chances that the jury would give greater weight to the testimony.

Second, given the evidence presented, the defense risks losing credibility with the jury.

                                             44
Finally, the trial court already had overruled a similar objection made outside the presence

of the jury. Accordingly, it cannot be said that counsel’s performance was deficient, and

Moffett’s claim does not overcome the standard set forth in Strickland. Additionally, this

Court already has heard and determined on direct appeal that the jury was presented evidence

to support the aggravator and that the jury was properly instructed. Moffett, 49 So. 3d at

1115-16. For the forgoing reasons, it cannot be said that appellate counsel was ineffective

for failing to assert that the testimony amounted to plain error on direct appeal.

       6.     Failure to renew motion for “cooling-off” period between the trial
              and sentencing phases

¶89.   On direct appeal, Moffett’s sixteenth issue brought into question whether the trial

court erred by proceeding to the sentencing phase of the trial immediately after the jury

returned a guilty verdict. In its analysis, this Court pointed out that Moffett submitted a

pretrial motion requesting a twenty-four-hour cooling-off period before beginning the

sentencing phase. The trial court deferred a decision until trial, stating “The Court will just

make the best judgment it can based upon the existing status of the trial.” This Court also

pointed out that “Moffett did not object to proceeding, renew his motion for a cooling-off

period, seek a recess or continuance, move to make an inquiry of the jury, or report to the

trial judge that either he or his attorneys were too tired or otherwise not ready to proceed”

following return of the guilty verdict. Moffett, 49 So. 3d at 1112. The Court ultimately held

that the trial court did not err, and it “was within its broad discretion to proceed without

                                              45
complaint or objection of the parties, their counsel, or the jury.” Id. at 1114. The issue has

been analyzed and rejected by this Court, and it is barred by the doctrine of res judicata.

¶90.   Moffett now asserts that de Gruy and Duggan were ineffective for failing to renew the

motion for a cooling-off period. The lack of an objection by defense counsel was but one

factor in denying relief on this issue on direct appeal. The merits also were discussed. Res

judicata notwithstanding, Moffett must demonstrate to this Court that his counsel’s

performance was deficient and that the deficiency prejudiced his defense. Strickland, 466

U.S. at 687. As evidence of this claim for ineffective assistance of counsel, Moffett offers

the affidavits of his trial counsel.

¶91.   Even assuming, for the sake of argument, that Moffett’s counsel were deficient for

failing to recall the motion for a cooling-off period or request a recess, the affidavits do not

point to any specific error or prejudicial conduct that arose from that deficient performance.

Moffett also fails to point out how he was prejudiced by such a failure. An assertion that the

jury’s decision to impose the death penalty resulted from voting in the heat of passion or

from being exhausted by late-night deliberations, without more, is mere speculation. There

is nothing in the record that indicates Moffett’s counsel, the jury, or the court had any

difficulties continuing with the proceedings.

¶92.   Further, he has failed to carry his burden and show that the trial court would have

granted a cooling-off period if the request had been renewed. There is no mandatory

statutory cooling-off period between the guilt and sentencing phases of trial in this state.

Mississippi Code Section 99-19-101(1) states, in part:

                                              46
         Upon conviction or adjudication of guilt of a defendant of capital murder or
         other capital offense, the court shall conduct a separate sentencing proceeding
         to determine whether the defendant should be sentenced to death, life
         imprisonment without eligibility for parole, or life imprisonment. The
         proceeding shall be conducted by the trial judge before the trial jury as soon
         as practicable.

Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-101(1) (Rev. 2007) (emphasis added). Further still, this Court has

found no error where a jury has had as little as fifteen minutes between the guilt and

sentencing phases of trial. See McGilberry v. State, 741 So. 2d 894, 919 (Miss. 1999);

Conley v. State, 790 So. 2d 773, 799 (Miss. 2001) (In light of McGilberry, denial of twelve-

hour cooling-off period upheld where at least thirty minutes to two hours and thirty minutes

lapsed between the guilt and sentencing phases of a capital-murder trial.) Moffett has failed

to meet either prong of Strickland, and the application for leave should be denied on this

issue.

         7.     Failure to object to testimony of family members regarding opinion
                of appropriate sentence for Moffett

¶93.     Moffett contends that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to

statements made by the victim’s family regarding the appropriate sentence they felt Moffett

deserved. In its response, the State correctly points out that this Court considered and

rejected the underlying issue of victim-impact statements on direct appeal. Moffett v. State,

49 So. 3d 1073, 1105-08 (Miss. 2010) (“Notwithstanding the waiver, we find no evidence

that the jury was affected by passion or prejudice as a result of this limited testimony.”).

¶94.     This Court will not consider an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim when the

underlying issue was considered on direct appeal and found to be without merit. Spicer v.

                                               47
State, 973 So. 2d 184, 197 (Miss. 2007). “The doctrine of res judicata shall apply to all

issues, both factual and legal, decided at trial and on direct appeal.” Miss. Code Ann. § 99-

39-21(3) (Rev. 2007). The underlying issue here is barred and shall not be considered again

under the guise of ineffective assistance of counsel. Foster v. State, 687 So. 2d 1124, 1229

(Miss. 1996).

       8.       Failure to object to portions of the prosecution’s closing arguments
                during the sentencing phase

¶95.   Although attorneys are not allowed to use unfair means when arguing to a jury, they

are permitted broad latitude.

       There is no distinction between the latitude given by this Court with regard to
       closing arguments during the sentencing phase as compared to the guilt phase.
       Wells v. State, 903 So. 2d 739, 742-43 (Miss. 2005). Attorneys are afforded
       a wide latitude in arguing their case to the jury, but they are not allowed to
       employ tactics which are inflammatory, highly prejudicial, or reasonably
       calculated to unduly influence the jury. Sheppard v. State, 777 So. 2d at 661.
       This Court will reverse a conviction because of lawyer misconduct if it
       concludes that the natural and probable effect of the improper argument was
       to create unjust prejudice against the accused and was likely to result in a
       decision influenced by the prejudice so created. Id. Furthermore, alleged
       improper prosecutorial comment must be considered in context with the
       circumstances of the case. Ahmad v. State, 603 So. 2d 843, 846 (Miss. 1992).
       In this case, the Court must review the prosecutor’s comments in conjunction
       with the “opening salvo” from defense counsel. Edwards v. State, 737 So. 2d
       275, 299 (Miss. 1999).

Spicer v. State, 973 So. 2d 184, 203 (Miss. 2007).

¶96.   As with Moffett’s first issue discussed above, he continues to assert ineffective

assistance of counsel for failing to object to certain arguments made by the State during the

sentencing phase. Similar arguments made by the prosecution during the guilt phase of trial,

                                             48
discussed supra, were made again at sentencing. For the same reasons, this issue is without

merit.

                (a)    Biblical references by the prosecution

¶97.     Moffett expands his argument in this claim by challenging the prosecution’s biblical

references. In Manning v. State, 929 So. 2d 885 (Miss. 2006), however, this Court held:

         [W]e find this claim has no merit because this Court has found Biblical or
         scriptural references in closing arguments to be within the broad latitude
         afforded at trial.

                This Court has continually held that counsel is afforded broad
                latitude in closing argument. This latitude, set out by the Court
                in Nelms & Blum Co. v. Fink, 159 Miss. 372, 382-383, 131 So.
                817, 820 (1930), has been referred to in the context of capital
                cases. In Nelms, we stated that “[c]ounsel may draw upon
                literature, history, science, religion, and philosophy for material
                for his argument.” Id. at 382-384, 131 So. 817. See Hansen v.
                State, 592 So. 2d 114, 139-140 (Miss. 1991) [other citations
                omitted].

         Berry v. State, 703 So. 2d 269, 281 (Miss. 1997) (quoting Carr v. State, 655
         So. 2d 824, 853 (Miss. 1995)). Considering the merits of this issue, Manning
         fails to demonstrate prejudice regarding the State’s scriptural references or
         parole argument during closing argument of the sentencing phase of
         Manning’s trial. We thus find this issue to be without merit.

Id. at 906. Having reviewed the biblical references Moffett complains of, they are within

what this Court has approved. Therefore, Moffett cannot show that his counsel was

ineffective for failing to object to the prosecutor’s closing arguments on this matter.

                (b)    Comparing the plight of the victim with the life of the
                       defendant

                                                49
¶98.   Moffett also claims that his counsel was ineffective for failing to object when the

prosecution compared the plight of the victim to the life of Moffett during the sentencing-

phase closing arguments. Specifically, Moffett takes issue with Mansell’s closing argument

wherein she stated:

       Did he – and they, well, please show him mercy. Did he show this girl mercy.
       If you think -- if you can go back there and say, you know what, he showed
       her some mercy, then show him mercy and give him a life sentence.

       They want to say, oh, life imprisonment is so bad. I am sure Pennie Griffin
       would appreciate it if her daughter was still here and incarcerated, she would
       probably appreciate the fact that she could at least go visit her daughter. You
       know where she gets to go, to a grave that doesn’t even have a tombstone.
       That’s where she gets to go to.

¶99.   Moffett asserts that it was improper argument to compare the plight of the victim with

the life of the defendant in prison. Moffett relies on opinions from other jurisdictions, citing

no authority from this Court. Moffett also asserts that it was impermissible to ask the jury

to show the same amount of mercy toward Moffett as he showed his victim. Again, he cites

no controlling authority. Further, just minutes before the prosecutor’s remarks, Moffett asked

the jury for mercy.

¶100. In Spicer, defense counsel begged the jury to have mercy on the defendant. The

prosecution responded in turn as follows:

       He is either going to die in prison, which is a death penalty, and the State is
       going to support him [for] the next 50 years until he dies, with our tax dollars,
       or he will die sooner. Either way, it’s a death penalty. And I submit to you,
       why should he be allowed to sit for the next 50 years and watch TV and have
       friendships and to have associations and to have hope and to have all the things
       that living people have when [the victim] is dead?

                                              50
Spicer, 973 So. 2d at 203. Spicer argued that his counsel was ineffective for failing to object

to the prosecutor’s comments. Finding no merit to his claim, this Court held:

          Even if we were to assume, for the sake of argument, that counsel was
          ineffective for failing to object to the State’s comment, the natural and
          probable effect of the argument by the prosecution was not to create an unjust
          prejudice against Spicer resulting in a decision influenced by that prejudice.

Id. The prosecutor’s comments were in response to Moffett’s plea for mercy, and the

comparison of the victim’s plight with Moffett’s life was no different than the comments

made by the prosecutor in Spicer, with which this Court did not find error. Therefore,

Moffett has not shown that his counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the

prosecutor’s closing arguments on this matter.

                 (c)    Emotional appeals based          on   the prosecutor’s
                        circumstances

¶101. Moffett complains of references Mansell made to the jury, regarding her own

daughter, which Moffett claims was an impermissible argument on the golden rule. Mansell

stated:

          I know y’all have heard I just had a baby four months ago, a little baby girl.
          And you know what I have had to face since I’ve been at home with her on
          maternity leave[?] Knowing I had to come and try this case with that man.

          And every time I changed my baby’s diaper, you know what I looked at[?] Her
          vagina. And I thought to myself, how in the world could somebody do that to
          a baby girl. How is that possible that someone is that -- something wrong with
          them to the point that they get pleasure -- and we know he got pleasure out of
          it[?] He masturbated. He got pleasure out of doing this to a little girl.

¶102. In support of this contention, Moffett relies on Wells v. State, 698 So. 2d 497 (Miss.

1997), wherein the following dialogue occurred:

                                               51
      [BY Prosecutor:] You know, this case hits kind of close to home to me. I've
      got a thirteen year old. Got another one that’s not much older than that.

      BY [Defense Counsel]: I am going to object to that form of argument.

      BY THE COURT: Overruled.

      BY [Defense Counsel]: It is certainly improper.

      BY THE COURT: Objection overruled.

      BY [Prosecutor]: I can’t imagine a set of circumstances when somebody could
      come into my house while my child is sitting on the couch watching television
      or asleep, stab them seventeen times–

      BY [Defense Counsel]: Your Honor, could I have a continuing objection to
      that line of argument?

      BY THE COURT: Yes, you have an objection, which is overruled.

      BY [Prosecutor]: Leave him on the floor to bleed to death, and then throw him
      in a shallow grave, and call that self-defense. I couldn’t call that anything but
      capital murder, and I would venture to say that if it was your child, you
      couldn’t call it anything else either.

      BY [Defense Counsel]: Your Honor, that is obviously improper, prejudicial.
      The District Attorney well knows it. We object to it.

      BY THE COURT: Overruled.

      BY [Prosecutor]: If you and I–

      BY [Second Defense Counsel]: Your Honor, we would like to move for a
      mistrial, also, based on that.

      BY THE COURT: Motion is overruled.

      BY [Prosecutor]: If you and I expect the law to protect our children or
      anybody else’s children, then it has got to stand up for Gary Wells, too . . . .

Id. at 506-07 (emphasis added).

                                             52
¶103. The Wells Court stated: “Where a prosecutor has made an improper argument, the

question on appeal is ‘whether the natural and probable effect of the improper argument of

the prosecuting attorney is to create an unjust prejudice against the accused as to result in a

decision influenced by the prejudice so created.’” Id. at 507 (quoting Davis v. State, 530 So.

2d 694, 701 (Miss. 1988)). The Court then held that the jury’s verdict likely was not

influenced by any prejudice that might have resulted from the district attorney’s isolated

“golden rule” argument in light of the overwhelming evidence against Wells. Id.

¶104. Mansell’s comments are distinguishable from Wells, as they were not a “golden rule”

argument. She did not “ask[] the jurors to put themselves in the place of one of the parties.

. . .” Chisolm v. State, 529 So. 2d 635, 639-40 (Miss. 1988). Further, given this Court’s

holding in Wells on this issue, even if we were to assume for the sake of argument that

Mansell’s comments were prejudicial, they pale in comparison to those made by the

prosecutor in Wells, and they were harmless in the overall context of the case. Therefore,

Moffett cannot show that his counsel were ineffective for failing to object to the prosecutor’s

closing arguments on this matter.

              (d)    Injecting racial bias into the proceedings with no
                     evidentiary basis

¶105. This issue was discussed in Moffett’s claim 2(d) as it pertained to closing arguments

during the guilt phase. Moffett admits in his brief that the prosecutor’s remarks were not

repeated during the sentencing phase but he felt “it bears repeating” here. It may bear

repeating that the prosecution is permitted to draw inferences from the evidence in closing

                                              53
arguments. There was testimony from Donald Davis that Moffett had told him Felicia was

mocked by other children because she was of mixed race and Moffett “relieved her of her

pain.” Therefore, Moffett cannot show that his counsel was ineffective for failing to object

to the prosecutor’s closing arguments on this matter. Moffett has failed to offer any evidence

that racial bias infected these proceedings. There is no merit to this claim.

                                      Appellate Counsel

       9.     Failure to raise issues of plain error on direct appeal

¶106. In this claim, Moffett asserts that his appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to

raise the underlying claims in issues 3, 4, 7, and 8 discussed 6 above on direct appeal. It is

important to note that one of Moffett’s trial counsel and appellate counsel were the same.

“[I]t is absurd to fantasize that [a] lawyer might effectively or ethically litigate the issue of

his own ineffectiveness.” Pitchford v. State, 45 So. 3d 216, 232 (Miss. 2010) (quoting Lynch

v. State, 951 So. 2d 549, 551-52 (Miss. 2007); Read v. State, 430 So. 2d 832, 838 (Miss.

1983)).

¶107. Rule 22(b) of the Mississippi Rules of Appellate Procedure provides:

       Issues which may be raised in post-conviction proceedings may also be raised
       on direct appeal if such issues are based on facts fully apparent from the
       record. Where the appellant is represented by counsel who did not represent
       the appellant at trial, the failure to raise such issues on direct appeal shall
       constitute a waiver barring consideration of the issues in post-conviction
       proceedings.

       6
         This issue appears in Moffett’s PCR as his fifth issue, claiming that the underlying
claims raised in his issues 1-4 should have been raised as plain error.

                                               54
M.R.A.P. 22(b). Because de Gruy represented Moffett at trial and on appeal, the issues

Moffett now raises, though meritless, have not been waived.

¶108. Moffett contends that the alleged improper prosecutorial arguments set forth above

should have been raised as plain error by his counsel on direct appeal. He further asserts that

the failure to do so was ineffective assistance of appellate counsel.

¶109. As previously shown, there was no objection to the alleged errors. Therefore, if error

is found, it must be plain error. However, “[this Court do]es not recognize plain error unless

the error resulted in a manifest miscarriage of justice.” Burdette v. State, 110 So. 3d 296,

304-05 (Miss. 2013) (quoting Conners v. State, 92 So. 3d 676, 684 (Miss. 2012)) (internal

quotations omitted). Prejudice often is lacking when the weight of the evidence against a

defendant is overwhelming. Conners, 92 So. 3d at 684. (see also Smith v. State, 986 So. 2d

290, 300-01 (Miss. 2008); Clark v. State, 891 So. 2d 136, 141 (Miss. 2004)). Given the

overwhelming evidence of Moffett’s guilt, there has been no miscarriage of justice even if

this Court were resolved to find that error had occurred.

¶110. In regard to the ineffective-assistance-of-counsel assertion attached with this claim,

the earlier discussion of these issues reveals that no error occurred. Thus, counsel was not

deficient, and efforts on direct appeal to persuade this Court that the underlying claims

amounted to plain error would have been futile. Moffett fails on both prongs of Strickland.

       10.    Cumulative Error

¶111. Moffett argues that he was denied a fair trial due to the cumulative errors of his trial

counsel. He further argues that the cumulative errors, in general, denied him a fair trial. A

                                              55
criminal defendant is not entitled to a perfect trial, only a fair trial. McGilberry v. State, 843

So. 2d 21, 33 (Miss. 2003) (citing Sand v. State, 467 So. 2d 907, 911 (Miss. 1985)). Moffett

failed to support his contention that he did not receive a fair trial.

¶112. “This Court may reverse a conviction and/or sentence based upon the cumulative

effect of errors that do not independently require a reversal. It is true that in capital cases,

although no error, standing alone, requires reversal, the aggregate effect of various errors

may create an atmosphere of bias, passion and prejudice that they effectively deny the

defendant a fundamentally fair trial.” Wilcher v. State, 863 So. 2d 776, 836-37 (Miss. 2003)

(internal quotations and citations omitted). After a comprehensive review of the record, the

briefs, and the arguments, we find no individual errors which require reversal, and there is

no aggregate collection of minor errors that would, as a whole, mandate a reversal of either

the conviction or the sentence. Thus, this issue is without merit.

                                       CONCLUSION

¶113. We deny all relief requested in Moffett’s Motion, Amended Motion for Leave to

Proceed in the Trial Court with a Petition for Post-Conviction Relief and his supplement

thereto.

¶114. PETITION FOR POST-CONVICTION RELIEF IS DENIED.

    WALLER, C.J., LAMAR, KITCHENS, CHANDLER, PIERCE, KING AND
COLEMAN, JJ., CONCUR. DICKINSON, P.J., CONCURS IN RESULT ONLY
WITHOUT SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION.

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