Court Opinion

ID: 4034253
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-16 03:06:39.478387+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:17:14.735398
License: Public Domain

170	                           August 4, 2016	                             No. 53

               IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE
                     STATE OF OREGON

                       Arthur YEATTS;
                     and Nancy Doty, Inc.,
              Special Fiduciary for Arthur Yeatts,
                     Petitioners on Review,
                              and
                     Matthew WHITMAN,
                            Plaintiff,
                               v.
            POLYGON NORTHWEST COMPANY,
                     a foreign corporation,
                    Respondent on Review.
          (CC CV08020124; CA A150199; SC S062977)

    On review from the Court of Appeals.*
   Argued and submitted November 9, 2015.
   J. Randolph Pickett, Pickett Dummigan LLP, Portland,
argued the cause for petitioners on review. Jeffrey A.
Bowersox, Bowersox Law Firm PC, Portland, filed the
brief for petitioners on review. With him on the brief were
J. Randolph Pickett, R. Brendan Dummigan, Kimberly O.
Weingart, Ron K. Cheng, Pickett Dummigan LLP, Portland,
and Scott M. Supperstein, Law Office of Scott Supperstein,
P.C., Portland.
   Bruce H. Cahn, Ball Janik LLP, Portland, argued the
cause and filed the brief for respondent on review. With him
on the brief was Amy Heverly.
   W. Eugene Hallman, Pendleton, filed a brief on behalf of
amicus curiae Oregon Trial Lawyers Association.
   Before Balmer, Chief Justice, Kistler, Walters, Landau,
Baldwin, and Brewer, Justices.**
______________
	** Appeal from Clackamas County Circuit Court, Jeffrey S. Jones, Judge.
268 Or App 256, 341 P3d 864 (2014).
	    **  Linder, J., retired December 31, 2015, and did not participate in the deci-
sion of this case. Nakamoto, J., did not participate in the consideration or decision
of this case.
Cite as 360 Or 170 (2016)	171

    BREWER, J.
   The decision of the Court of Appeals is affirmed in part
and reversed in part. The decision of the circuit court
is affirmed in part and reversed in part, and the case is
remanded to the circuit court for further proceedings.
    Walters, J., concurred and filed an opinion.
    Case Summary: Plaintiff, the direct employee of a subcontractor working on
a construction jobsite, brought claims for relief against the general contractor
under Oregon’s Employer Liability Law (ELL), ORS 654.305 to 654.336, and for
common-law negligence, in which he sought damages for injuries that he suffered
from a fall from the third floor of the jobsite. The circuit court granted summary
judgment in favor of defendant on both of plaintiff’s claims, after concluding that
there were no genuine issues of material fact and that defendant was entitled
to prevail as a matter of law. On appeal, the Court of Appeals affirmed. Held:
On plaintiff’s ELL claim, (1) defendant and subcontractor were not engaged in
a common enterprise because plaintiff presented no evidence that defendant’s
employees or equipment were engaged in framing work on the project or in the
design, assembly, or maintenance of the guardrail that failed; (2) plaintiff did
not present sufficient evidence that defendant actually controlled the manner or
method in which the subcontractor performed the framing at a dangerous height;
and (3) plaintiff presented sufficient evidence that defendant retained the right
to control the method or manner in which the subcontractor performed the risk-
producing activity to preclude summary judgment in favor of defendant where the
parties’ contract permitted defendant to require additional safety measures and
to inspect subcontractor’s work in its entirety. On plaintiff’s negligence claim,
defendant had no common-law duty to plaintiff to discover, warn against, or avoid
unknown dangerous conditions related to fall protection for the framing work
because defendant relied on the expertise and knowledge of the subcontractor for
the design, construction, and maintenance of the guardrails for fall protection.
    The decision of the Court of Appeals is affirmed in part and reversed in part.
The decision of the circuit court is affirmed in part and reversed in part, and the
case is remanded to the circuit court for further proceedings.
172	                        Yeatts v. Polygon Northwest Co.

	       BREWER, J.
	        Plaintiff, the direct employee of a subcontractor
working on a construction jobsite, fell while framing the
third floor of a townhome that was under construction. In
this action, plaintiff brought claims for relief against the
general contractor under Oregon’s Employer Liability Law
(ELL), ORS 654.305 to 654.336, and for common-law negli-
gence, in which he sought damages for injuries that he suf-
fered in the fall.
	        The trial court granted summary judgment in
favor of the general contractor, Polygon Northwest Company
(Polygon), on both of plaintiff’s claims, after concluding
that there were no genuine issues of material fact and that
Polygon was entitled to prevail as a matter of law. On appeal,
the Court of Appeals affirmed. Yeatts v. Polygon Northwest
Co., 268 Or App 256, 341 P3d 864 (2014). On review, we
conclude that plaintiff presented sufficient evidence to with-
stand a motion for summary judgment on the specification
of his ELL claim that Polygon retained a right to control the
method or manner in which the risk-producing activity was
performed. Accordingly, we reverse the Court of Appeals
decision affirming the dismissal of the retained right of con-
trol specification of plaintiff’s ELL claim, reverse the trial
court’s judgment regarding that specification, and remand
that claim to the trial court for further proceedings. We
affirm the decisions of the Court of Appeals and the trial
court with respect to plaintiff’s negligence claim and the
remaining specifications of his ELL claim.
               I.  STANDARD OF REVIEW
	       When reviewing a trial court’s grant of summary
judgment, we view the evidence and all reasonable infer-
ences that may be drawn from the evidence in the light most
favorable to the nonmoving party. Jones v. General Motors
Corp., 325 Or 404, 420, 939 P2d 608 (1997). We therefore
view the facts in the summary judgment record in the light
most favorable to plaintiff.
                        II. FACTS
	     Polygon was the general contractor for a residential
townhome development project. On behalf of the developer,
Cite as 360 Or 170 (2016)	173

Polygon signed a contract with plaintiff’s employer, Wood
Mechanix, LLC (Wood Mechanix) to perform framing work
on the project.1 The contract contained numerous provisions
that addressed the relationship between Wood Mechanix and
Polygon. Under the heading of general terms and conditions,
the contract provided that Wood Mechanix “has the status
of an employer” for unemployment compensation and social
security purposes. The contract required Wood Mechanix,
at its own expense, to procure and maintain general liabil-
ity insurance coverage and Oregon Worker’s Compensation
insurance for accidental bodily injury on the worksite. The
contract further required Wood Mechanix to name Polygon
as an additional insured under its liability insurance policy
and to procure liability insurance coverage that would pro-
vide that,
   “[t]o the fullest extent permitted by law, the insurer shall
   defend and indemnify [Polygon] for all claims and suits aris-
   ing out of, related to, or connected with [Wood Mechanix’s]
   performance of the work, regardless of whether said claim
   or suit alleges, or any other entity contends, that [Polygon]
   was independently or concurrently negligent. Said defense
   and indemnity obligations shall arise specifically but not
   exclusively, with respect to any claim or suit arising out
   of circumstances where any employee or agent of [Wood
   Mechanix] suffers personal injuries during the perfor-
   mance of the work by [Wood Mechanix] or [Polygon].”
	       The contract also contained specific provisions that
addressed safety requirements for work on the project. In
particular, the contract provided:
   “4.3  Safety Requirements.
   “[Polygon] is committed to maintaining a safe work place.
   [Wood Mechanix] agrees to take necessary safety and
   other precautions, at all times, to prepare for and perform
   the work in a safe manner and to protect persons from ill-
   ness or injury and property from damage arising out of the
   performance of the work. [Wood Mechanix] agrees and is
   responsible to ensure that all sub-tier subcontractors and
   suppliers adhere to the requirements of this [provision].

	1
       The contract provided that the developer, Tanasbourne Place Townhomes,
LLC, was the “Contractor,” but plaintiff asserts, and Polygon does not contest,
that Polygon had the same rights under the contract as the developer.
174	                           Yeatts v. Polygon Northwest Co.

   “[Wood Mechanix] shall take all necessary safety precau-
   tions pertaining to its work and the conduct thereof, includ-
   ing but not limited to, compliance with all applicable laws,
   ordinances, rules[,] regulations and orders issued by a pub-
   lic authority, whether federal, state, local or other, the fed-
   eral Occupational Safety and Health Act, the Oregon Safe
   Employment Act, and any safety measures requested by
   [Polygon]. [Wood Mechanix] shall, at all times, be respon-
   sible for providing a safe work site and be responsible
   for the safety of all personnel, equipment, and materials
   within [Wood Mechanix’s] care, custody or control. [Wood
   Mechanix] shall promptly provide [Polygon] with written
   notice of any safety hazard or violation found anywhere on
   or adjacent to the construction site.”

	        The contract further provided that, “[t]o the full-
est extent permitted by law, [Wood Mechanix] agrees to
defend, indemnify and hold [Polygon] harmless from all
OSHA claims, demands, proceedings, violations, penalties,
assessments, or fines that arise out of or relate to [Wood
Mechanix’s] failure to comply with any safety related laws,
ordinances, rules, regulations, orders, or its obligations
hereunder.” In addition, the contract contained an exhibit
that addressed specific scope of work requirements for the
framing work that Wood Mechanix was to perform. The
contract provided that “[Wood Mechanix] is required to
promptly and diligently provide temporary railings, braces
and fall protection as may be required by the ongoing fram-
ing of the buildings [p]er OSHA requirements.” The contract
also required Wood Mechanix’s owner to attend a meeting
with Polygon’s superintendent before beginning work on the
project.
	        Also as a term of the contract, Wood Mechanix was
required to develop a site-specific safety plan that identi-
fied the anticipated hazards of the framing work and the
specific means that Wood Mechanix would use to address
those hazards. Although the summary judgment record
does not include the plan developed by Wood Mechanix, it
does contain a checklist completed by Trytko, the owner of
Wood Mechanix. On the checklist, Trytko confirmed that
Wood Mechanix had provided its “Fall Protection Program”
to Polygon and had “Fall Protection Work Plan” forms
Cite as 360 Or 170 (2016)	175

available for each building on which it would work. Trytko
confirmed that the plan:
   “—Identif[ied] all fall hazards[.]
   “—Describe[d] the method of fall arrest or fall restraint to
   be used for these hazards[.]
   “—Describe[d] the correct procedures for assembly, main-
   tenance, inspection and disassembly of the fall protection
   system[.]”
In his deposition testimony, Trytko stated that Wood
Mechanix’s employees were trained and instructed in the fall
protection plan and that Wood Mechanix had a “competent
and qualified person” inspect the fall-protection equipment
daily. He also testified that Wood Mechanix alone made the
decision to use guardrails as the form of fall protection for
framing work on the project.
	         While the contract between Polygon and Wood
Mechanix explicitly called for Wood Mechanix to assemble,
maintain, and inspect the fall protection system, Polygon
also established its own site-specific Accident Prevention
Plan. Among other provisions, Polygon’s plan provided that
the fall protection restraint for second-floor and higher floors
should be guardrails. That plan placed primary responsi-
bility for assembly, maintenance and inspection of the fall
protection system on its subcontractors, including Wood
Mechanix. The plan stated:
   “Procedures for Assembly
   “The proper procedure for assembly of fall arrest/restraint
   equipment will be found in the related TANASBOURNE
   PLACE TOWNHOMES L.L.C Subcontractor’s Fall Protec-
   tion Work Plan and according to manufacturer’s recom-
   mended procedures.”
In addition, the plan required that the Fall Protection Work
Plans of Polygon’s subcontractors, including Wood Mechanix,
must “[i]dentify all fall hazards,” “[d]escribe the method of
fall arrest or fall restraint to be used for these hazards,”
and “[d]escribe the correct procedures for assembly, main-
tenance, inspection and disassembly of the fall protection
system.”
176	                          Yeatts v. Polygon Northwest Co.

	        Polygon’s plan also assigned responsibility for
safety protection to its own construction superintendents.
Specifically, the plan provided that “[a]ll superintendents
will inspect their construction sites daily for safety hazards
and issue ‘Safety Hazard Observed’ notices to any subcon-
tractor in violation.” And the plan further provided that
each “site Superintendent must advise each Subcontractor”
of the requirements for the subcontractor’s fall protection
work plan.
	        Although Polygon’s Accident Prevention Plan is
included in the summary judgment record, the record also
shows without dispute that it was disseminated only inter-
nally to Polygon employees and not to the subcontractors who
worked on the project. Landshulz, Polygon’s Risk Manager,
testified that Polygon did not provide its plan to subcontrac-
tors, and Trytko testified that he could not state that he had
ever seen Polygon’s plan before this action was commenced.
	        The evidence also shows that Polygon relied on
Wood Mechanix’s expertise with respect to fall protection
for the framing work. Walther, who was Polygon’s first proj-
ect manager, testified:
   “Once again, it goes back to the—to the site contractor to—
   to—for this case would be to install those railings. That’s
   why we hired them, to put them up—or that’s why we hire
   them, to frame the building. They’re taking their own
   safety program and critiquing it to the building or a project
   specific. And that’s why we hire them, for the experts.”
Marsh, another Polygon superintendent, also testified that
Polygon relied on Wood Mechanix to properly design and
construct the guardrails:
   “Q.  You have no idea how a guardrail should be built?
   “A.  It wasn’t my job to know. I was relying on the exper-
   tise of somebody who did know.”
As Marsh further explained, “[w]e were instructed that the
framing subcontractor would put all the safety measures in
place.”
	       The Court of Appeals accurately summarized
Polygon’s role in the project—based on the summary judg-
ment record—as follows:
Cite as 360 Or 170 (2016)	177

   	 “Polygon’s role on the project was to manage the con-
   struction of the townhouses, which included managing
   the site, budget, schedule, and general safety of the proj-
   ect. Polygon’s employees were at the site every day, and its
   superintendents would perform daily site walks. If they saw
   a safety violation, such as a worker without a hard hat or a
   missing guardrail, Polygon’s superintendents would direct
   the person to stop the dangerous activity or tell the subcon-
   tractor to fix the problem. In addition, and pursuant to the
   contract, Polygon held weekly meetings with subcontrac-
   tors on the project. * * * Taylor, one of Polygon’s superinten-
   dents, testified that the purpose of those weekly meetings
   was to ‘[g]o over a schedule, any issues amongst * * * the
   plans and * * * on different subcontractors. If somebody was
   caught without a hard hat, it would be brought up, “You
   must wear your hard hat, must”—but it was more—it was
   scheduling and day-to-day activities.’ Wood Mechanix held
   a separate safety meeting for its employees each week.”
Yeatts, 268 Or App at 260-61.
	        It was in that contractual and operational setting
that plaintiff was injured while working for Wood Mechanix
as a framer on the project, when he fell from the third floor of
one of the townhomes. Earlier that day, a Polygon employee
had told plaintiff to put his hard hat on and “go up there
and finish something,” in reference to the building. Plaintiff
went to the third floor and began framing an exterior wall.
Plaintiff finished placing sheetrock on a section of the wall
that was going to be raised and attached. He was kneeling
down, facing a guardrail. In an effort to push himself up to
a standing position, plaintiff leaned against the guardrail,
and it gave way, causing him to fall 19 feet to the concrete
surface below. When plaintiff fell, no Polygon employees
were on the third floor of the townhome.
	        After his injury, plaintiff brought this action against
Polygon, asserting in separate claims that Polygon was lia-
ble for plaintiff’s injuries under the ELL as plaintiff’s “indi-
rect employer” and that Polygon also was liable based on
common-law negligence. Plaintiff alleged in his ELL claim
that Polygon was negligent:
   	 “a.  In failing to require and utilize a guardrail system
   that was effective in preventing falls;
178	                          Yeatts v. Polygon Northwest Co.

   	 “b.  In failing to have a guardrail system that was
   effectively anchored on both ends;
   	 “c.  In failing to have a guardrail system that could
   withstand 200 pounds of pressure;
   	 “d.  In failing to warn plaintiff that he was working in
   an area where the guardrail system was inadequate; and
   	 “e.  In failing to use every device, care and precaution
   that was practicable to use for the protection and safety of
   life and limb, in violation of Oregon’s Employer Liability
   Law pursuant to ORS 654.305.”
In his common-law negligence claim, plaintiff alleged that
Polygon “was negligent in failing to adequately control and
supervise the work” for the same reasons that he asserted
in his ELL claim.
	         Polygon moved for summary judgment on both
claims. Polygon argued that it was not subject to the ELL
because it did not control the guardrails and that it was not
liable in negligence because it did not occupy a legal relation-
ship toward plaintiff under which it owed a duty to ensure his
personal safety. In particular, Polygon argued that it owed
no duty to plaintiff because any dangerous condition associ-
ated with the guardrails fell “within the special expertise or
knowledge of” Wood Mechanix. Plaintiff submitted evidence
of the terms of the contract between the parties, as well as
how the parties operated, that, in his view, created material
issues of fact with respect to whether the ELL applied to
Polygon and whether Polygon owed a safety-related duty to
plaintiff as alleged in his common-law negligence claim. The
trial court granted Polygon’s summary judgment motion on
both claims.
	         Plaintiff appealed the ensuing general judgment in
favor of Polygon. The Court of Appeals concluded that plain-
tiff failed to present evidence from which a jury could find
that Polygon was liable under the ELL or that Polygon was
negligent. With respect to the negligence claim, the Court of
Appeals relied on this court’s decision in Yowell v. General
Tire & Rubber, 260 Or 319, 490 P2d 145 (1971), in conclud-
ing, based on the summary judgment record, that Polygon
was entitled to rely on Wood Mechanix’s expertise in per-
forming framing work at heights and did not owe plaintiff a
Cite as 360 Or 170 (2016)	179

duty. Yeatts, 268 Or App at 283. The Court of Appeals there-
fore affirmed the general judgment in favor of Polygon.
                             III. ANALYSIS
A.  Claims under the ELL
	         Oregon’s ELL imposes liability on “all owners, con-
tractors or subcontractors and other persons having charge
of, or responsibility for” work involving a risk or danger. ORS
654.305. This court has held that, in addition to a worker’s
direct employer, liability under the ELL can be imposed on
an indirect employer
    “who (1) is engaged with the plaintiff’s direct employer in
    a ‘common enterprise’; (2) retains the right to control the
    manner or method in which the risk-producing activity was
    performed; or (3) actually controls the manner or method in
    which the risk[-]producing activity is performed.”
Woodbury v. CH2M Hill, Inc., 335 Or 154, 160, 61 P3d 918
(2003) (summarizing Wilson v. P.G.E. Company, 252 Or 385,
391-92, 448 P2d 562 (1968)) (footnote omitted).2
	        At the outset, we note that the parties agree that
the Court of Appeals correctly identified the risk-producing
activity as “plaintiff’s framing work at a dangerous height
above a concrete surface.” Based on our review of the record,
we agree with that characterization. Cf. Woodbury, 335 Or at
162 (describing risk-producing activity in that case as “work
at height”). With that understanding in mind, we consider
whether plaintiff presented sufficient evidence to create a
triable issue of fact as to whether Polygon could be found
liable under one or more of the categories under the ELL.
     1.  “Common enterprise”
	In Wilson, this court stated that an indirect
employer may be held liable under the common enterprise
category
	2
      In Camenzind v. Freeland Furniture Co., 89 Or 158, 180, 174 P 139 (1918),
this court stated that “[t]he duty imposed upon the master by the [ELL] is a
nondelegable duty.” However, the nondelegable nature of a duty imposed by the
ELL does not affect the determination of whether such a duty exists in the first
instance. See Boothby v. D.R. Johnson Lumber Co., 341 Or 35, 45, 137 P3d 699
(2006) (“If, as we hold, [the defendant] did not fall into any of those categories,
then the ELL imposed no duty on it, nondelegable or otherwise[.]”).
180	                           Yeatts v. Polygon Northwest Co.

   “where [the] defendant and [the] plaintiff’s employers are
   simultaneously engaged in carrying out work on a common
   enterprise. When, as the result of the activities of [the]
   defendant’s employees or use of his equipment, a risk of
   danger is created which contributes to an injury to [the]
   plaintiff who is the employee of another engaged in work
   on the same project, [the] defendant has been considered
   to have sufficient control over the work to be subject to the
   duties imposed by the [ELL]. This is so even though he
   might not have had actual control over the specific activ-
   ity in which [the] plaintiff was engaged at the time of his
   injury.”
Wilson, 252 Or at 391 (citing Thomas v. Foglio, 225 Or 540,
549, 385 P2d 1066 (1961)).
	In Sacher v. Bohemia, Inc., 302 Or 477, 485-86, 731
P2d 434 (1987), this court noted that “[t]he ‘common enter-
prise’ [category] was drawn from Thomas, where this court
held that the [ELL] could be invoked against a third-party
employer [defendant] when the third-party employer defen-
dant and the plaintiff’s employer participated in a common
enterprise involving an ‘intermingling of duties and respon-
sibility’ of the employees of both employers.” The court stated
that the participation must consist of more than a common
interest in the economic benefit from the enterprise; rather,
   “an employer can be regarded as ‘having charge of’ work
   where the component part of the general undertaking for
   which he is responsible involves any risk-creating activity
   on the part of his employees or calls for the use of equipment
   over which he has control and which, if not maintained with
   proper safeguards, necessarily exposes the employees of the
   other employer to an unreasonable risk in the course of car-
   rying on the common enterprise.”
Id. at 486 (emphasis added). In short, the common enter-
prise category applies in circumstances where both employ-
ees of the defendant and employees of the direct employer
of the plaintiff have intermingled duties and responsibili-
ties in performing the risk-creating activity or where equip-
ment that the defendant controls is used in performing that
activity.
	In Sacher, the plaintiff was a direct employee
of Cascade, a manufacturer of broom handles. Id. at 479.
Cite as 360 Or 170 (2016)	181

Cascade contracted with the defendant, Bohemia, Inc., a
lumber producer, to install and operate a broom handle pro-
duction line at one of Bohemia’s mills. Id. at 480. The plain-
tiff was injured when he tried to remove a piece of wood
that had lodged in the saw blades of Cascade’s production
line. Id. at 481. Bohemia’s employees assisted in the oper-
ation by producing the scrap wood that Cascade used for
making the broom handles, supplying the conveyors used
to bring the waste wood to the Cascade operation, forklift-
ing completed bins of broom handles to the yard for loading,
occasionally sharpening Cascade’s saws, and having the
contractual right to approve all hiring of employees to work
in Cascade’s broom handle operation. Id. at 487. Despite
those connections, though, this court concluded that there
was no evidence that Bohemia was engaged in a common
enterprise with Cascade with respect to the broom handle
production unit that caused plaintiff’s injury. Id. The court
noted that “Cascade alone designed, built, installed and
operated the saw unit” and the “[p]laintiff was not injured
because of a failure on Bohemia’s part to take proper pre-
cautions regarding its own equipment * * * or employees.” Id.
(footnote omitted).
	        In this case, there was even less intermingling of
work activity between the employees of Polygon and Wood
Mechanix than was the case in Sacher. Although Polygon’s
employees engaged in general oversight of the construction
project, employees of Wood Mechanix performed the fram-
ing work for the project on their own. The undisputed evi-
dence shows that Wood Mechanix made its own determi-
nation to use guardrails as the form of fall protection for
framing work on the upper levels of the building and that
Wood Mechanix designed, assembled, and maintained the
guardrail system. In addition, there is no evidence in the
record that Polygon’s employees were regularly present on
the third floor of the building, nor were any Polygon employ-
ees or equipment present on that floor when plaintiff’s injury
occurred.
	        In short, there is no evidence that Polygon’s employ-
ees or equipment were engaged or used in framing work on
the project or in the design, assembly, or maintenance of
the guardrail that failed. It follows that the evidence does
182	                         Yeatts v. Polygon Northwest Co.

not give rise to a reasonable inference that Polygon and
Wood Mechanix were engaged in a common enterprise with
regard to the risk-producing activity that led to plaintiff’s
injury. We therefore affirm the decisions of the trial court
and the Court of Appeals on that issue.
       2.  Actual control
	In Woodbury, this court held, in the context of a
summary judgment ruling, that there was sufficient evi-
dence to create a triable issue of fact as to whether the defen-
dant was liable under the ELL because it actually controlled
the manner or method in which the risk-producing activity
was performed. In that case, the plaintiff sought recovery
for personal injuries suffered in a fall from a construction
platform. Although the plaintiff worked for a subcontractor,
he filed the action against the general contractor, alleging
liability under the ELL and common-law negligence. The
defendant’s representative provided detailed on-site instruc-
tions as to how a pipeline should be constructed, and that
representative addressed jointly with the plaintiff’s direct
employer what was required to facilitate work on the part
of the pipeline that spanned an underground concrete cor-
ridor. In particular, the defendant and the plaintiff’s direct
employer “jointly decided to use a fixed wooden platform
consisting of boards and plywood sheets.” Woodbury, 335 Or
at 162.
	      Based upon that active, on-site participation by the
defendant’s representative, this court determined that
   “there was evidence from which the jury reasonably could
   conclude that [the] defendant exercised actual control both
   over the decision to use a wooden platform and over the
   choice of how that platform was constructed. In particular,
   the jury could have concluded that the platform was con-
   structed without fall protection that might have protected
   [the] plaintiff from injury.”

Id. at 162-63. The court concluded that that evidence was
sufficient to support a jury determination that the defen-
dant “exercised actual control over the manner or method
in which the risk-producing activity (working at height) was
performed.” Id. at 163.
Cite as 360 Or 170 (2016)	183

	        Although plaintiff contends otherwise, the record in
this case does not disclose the kind of active, on-site partic-
ipation by Polygon that created a jury issue in Woodbury
as to whether the defendant there actually controlled the
risk-producing activity.3 The contract between Polygon and
Wood Mechanix assigned responsibility for assembling and
maintaining the fall protection system to Wood Mechanix,
whose employees did in fact assemble and maintain the
guardrail that failed. Although Polygon’s accident preven-
tion plan called for guardrails to be used for fall protection,
Trytko’s undisputed testimony indicated that the decision
to use guardrails for fall protection was made by Wood
Mechanix itself and not mandated by Polygon. In addition,
the record shows that Polygon’s site superintendents only
inspected for obvious safety violations—such as failures of
workers to wear hard hats or missing guardrails—on their
daily site rounds; they did not actually physically inspect
the guardrails to determine whether they were properly
assembled and maintained, nor is there any evidence that
Polygon otherwise actually controlled the method or manner
of Wood Mechanix’s framing work.4
	        Accordingly, we conclude that plaintiff did not pres-
ent sufficient evidence that Polygon actually controlled the
framing work at a dangerous height above the concrete
surface to withstand defendant’s motion for summary judg-
ment. We therefore affirm the decisions of the trial court

	3
       We agree with the Court of Appeals that the fact that a Polygon employee
directed plaintiff on the day of his injury to work on one of the buildings is
insufficient to establish actual control. Yeatts, 268 Or App at 278. Liability
under the actual control test is only triggered if the defendant actually controls
the manner or method—that is, how—the plaintiff or the plaintiff’s employer
performs the risk-producing activity. See Wilson, 252 Or at 398 (concluding
that defendant had not exercised actual control over work involving risk or
danger because defendant’s “only exercise of control was for the purpose of
securing the ultimate result for which defendant had contracted,” and there
was “no evidence of an attempt by defendant to control the method and manner
of the work”).
	4
      The fact that Polygon contractually required Wood Mechanix to comply
with OSHA fall protection requirements does not amount to the sort of active,
on-site activity that would support a determination that Polygon actually con-
trolled the risk-producing activity at issue. See Boothby, 341 Or at 43-44 (con-
tractual provision requiring subcontractor to comply with all applicable statutes,
regulations, and laws not sufficient to establish actual control or retained right of
control for purposes of ELL).
184	                         Yeatts v. Polygon Northwest Co.

and the Court of Appeals based on the actual control speci-
fication of plaintiff’s ELL claim.
    3.  Retained right to control
	        To establish that Polygon “retained the right to con-
trol” the pertinent risk-producing activity, plaintiff must
“identify some source of legal authority for that perceived
right” or present evidence from which a retained right of
control can be inferred. Boothby v. D.R. Johnson Lumber
Co., 341 Or 35, 41, 137 P3d 699 (2006). In Boothby, this
court focused its analysis of that issue on the terms of the
contract between the defendant and its independent contrac-
tor, who was the direct employer of the plaintiff. Id. We also
do so here, as well as considering evidence about the manner
in which the contract was performed.
	        As discussed, several provisions of the contract
between Polygon and Wood Mechanix assigned primary
responsibility to Wood Mechanix for the framing work—
including related fall protection—on the project. In par-
ticular, the contract required Wood Mechanix to provide
railings, braces, and fall protection for the framing work
in accordance with OSHA requirements. The contract
also required Wood Mechanix to develop and implement a
site-specific safety plan that identified and anticipated haz-
ards and provided specific means to address those hazards,
including fall protection. Also as discussed, Wood Mechanix
made its own decision to use guardrails as the form of fall
protection on the upper floors of the buildings, and Wood
Mechanix was responsible for assembling and maintain-
ing the guardrails. In addition, the contract required Wood
Mechanix to defend, indemnify, and provide liability insur-
ance coverage to protect Polygon from liability for injuries to
Wood Mechanix employees working on the project. In short,
the contract made Wood Mechanix primarily responsible
for safety measures for the framing work and required it to
protect Polygon from liability for injuries that might befall
Wood Mechanix employees doing that work.
	        However, the contract also included provisions
under which Polygon retained some right to control the
framing work, including related safety matters. In particu-
lar, the contract provided that
Cite as 360 Or 170 (2016)	185

   “[Wood Mechanix] shall take all necessary safety precau-
   tions pertaining to its work and the conduct thereof, includ-
   ing but not limited to, compliance with all applicable laws,
   ordinances, rules[,] regulations and orders issued by a
   public authority, whether federal, state, local or other, the
   federal Occupational Safety and Health Act, the Oregon
   Safe Employment Act, and any safety measures requested
   by [Polygon].”
(Emphasis added.) That provision permitted Polygon to
require safety measures that it deemed appropriate beyond
those necessary to comply with applicable state and federal
laws; it correspondingly conferred discretion on Polygon to
determine for itself whether any additional safety measures
should be taken.
	         In addition, Polygon’s Accident Prevention Plan pro-
vided that Polygon’s superintendents would inspect the con-
struction site daily for safety hazards and issue safety haz-
ard notices to any subcontractor in violation. Although that
plan was not disseminated to Wood Mechanix, consistently
with the contract itself, it reinforces the point that Polygon
retained the right to inspect and ensure the integrity of the
guardrails as adequate fall protection measures, if it chose
to do so.
	         Against that evidentiary backdrop, we return to
the governing legal principles. In Wilson, a property owner
hired a general contractor to build an electric transmission
line; the general contractor, in turn, hired an independent
contractor to construct the towers supporting the line. 252
Or at 389. Under the subcontract, the independent contrac-
tor was responsible for the method and manner in which the
risk-producing activity was performed. Id. at 392-94. The
owner, however, retained the contractual right to “increase
th[e] safety, efficiency, and adequacy” of the independent
contractor’s methods “[i]f at any time the Contractor’s meth-
ods * * * appear to the [owner] to be unsafe.” Id. at 394 (quot-
ing the contract) (emphasis omitted).
	      As this court explained in Cortez v. Nacco Materials
Handling Group, 356 Or 254, 337 P3d 111 (2014):
   	 “The contractual right that the owner retained in
   Wilson, as the court characterized it, was limited to
186	                           Yeatts v. Polygon Northwest Co.

   requiring greater safety procedures than those that the
   contractor had put in place, and the question in Wilson
   was whether the owner’s retention of that right was suf-
   ficient to make it liable under the ELL. The court held
   that it was not, for three related reasons. First, the court
   explained that, in order for an owner’s retained right to
   give rise to liability under the ELL, the right had to ‘bear
   some relation to the creation of a risk of danger to work[ers]
   resulting from dangerous working conditions.’ Under the
   terms of the parties’ contract, however, the independent
   contractor was responsible for the manner or methods in
   which the risk-producing activity was performed. Second,
   although the owner retained the right to require greater
   safety procedures, the court explained that the retention
   of that right ‘created no risk of danger to [the] plaintiff.’
   The court reasoned that the retention of that right would
   create a risk of danger to the plaintiff only if it caused the
   independent contractor to be less diligent regarding safety,
   a possibility that the court discounted because ‘the duty to
   maintain safety remained the primary duty of the contrac-
   tor.’ Finally, the court reasoned that imposing liability on
   owners for retaining a contractual right to require greater
   safety measures would serve as a disincentive to including
   such clauses in future contracts and thus would be contrary
   to the purposes underlying the ELL.”

Cortez, 356 Or at 275-76 (emphasis in original; citations
omitted).
	In Cortez, an injured worker brought negligence
and ELL claims against the sole member of a limited liabil-
ity company (LLC). In that case—also decided on summary
judgment—the LLC was the plaintiff’s direct employer. Id.
at 256. An officer of the sole member of the LLC acknowl-
edged that the member “could have made all of th[e safety]
changes” that it later made after the plaintiff’s accident at
the point at which it had first acquired the LLC. Id. at 274.
Similarly, the officer agreed “that[,] if the [member] wanted
to change either the design or the equipment used in the
yard at [the LLC operation], they could do that.” Id. at 275.
This court concluded that
   “[a] reasonable juror could infer from that evidence that, as
   the LLC statutes state, [the member] retained the right to
   manage the day-to-day operations of [the LLC], including
Cite as 360 Or 170 (2016)	187

    the operation of the forklifts and attendant safety proce-
    dures. Put differently, a reasonable juror could infer that
    [the member] retain[ed] the right to control the man-
    ner or method in which the risk-producing activity was
    performed.”
Id. at 275 (internal quotation marks omitted; citation omit-
ted). The defendant in Cortez remonstrated that Wilson
was controlling and required a contrary conclusion. Id.
The court disagreed; the court distinguished the circum-
stances involved, because Wilson arose in the context of an
owner/independent contractor relationship, whereas Cortez
involved a sole member-manager of an LLC that delegated
day-to-day decisions to a mill manager and human resources
director. Id. at 276.5
	Here, Wilson also is distinguishable in part.
Although this case, like Wilson, involves an independent con-
tractor relationship, the contractual relationship and terms
here differ from those in Wilson. First, Wilson involved an
owner/independent contractor relationship in which the
parties’ expectations and roles differ from those ordinarily
at play in a general/subcontractor relationship. In Wilson,
the court stated:
    “An owner who reserves the right to impose or require
    safety precautions for the benefit of his contractor’s work-
    men derives no possible pecuniary benefit from the reser-
    vation because he has contracted for a finished product.”
252 Or at 396. Presumably reasoning from that premise,
the court also said: “[B]efore the retained right of control
by an owner should give rise to liability, that retained right
of control should bear some relation to the creation of a risk
of danger to workmen resulting from dangerous working
conditions.” Id. at 395-96. The circumstances arguably are
somewhat different where a general contractor is responsi-
ble to the owner for the performance of its own contractual
obligations, which includes the work performed by the sub-
contractor. In that situation, it is still the owner who has
“contracted for a finished product.” The general contractor

	5
       This court noted in Cortez that the plaintiff had not “argue[d] that Wilson
was wrongly decided, and we assume[d] that the court’s decision was correct in
light of the particular contractual relationship in that case.” Id. at 276 n 23.
188	                         Yeatts v. Polygon Northwest Co.

remains bound to perform the work and therefore has an
ongoing pecuniary incentive to avoid a risk of injury to
workers on the jobsite.
	Second, although the owner in Wilson could request
greater safety measures than the contract expressly imposed
on the independent contractor, the contract in that case fur-
ther provided that
   “[t]he failure of the [owner] to make such demands shall
   not relieve the Contractor of his obligation to secure the
   quality, the safe conducting of the work, and the rate of
   progress required by the Contract; and the Contractor
   alone shall be and remain liable and responsible for the
   safety, efficiency, and adequacy of his methods, materials,
   working force, and equipment, irrespective of whether or
   not he makes any change as a result of any order or orders
   received from the [owner].”
Wilson, 252 Or at 394 (quoting the contract) (emphasis omit-
ted). Thus, the parties expressly left ultimate responsibility
for safety measures in the hands of the independent con-
tractor. Although the owner could ask for additional safety
measures, the contract provided that the independent con-
tractor “alone” was responsible for the safety of its employ-
ees and the adequacy of its methods of work. Here, in con-
trast, Polygon was in overall charge of the construction
project. Unlike the owner in Wilson, Polygon retained the
right for its own construction superintendents to inspect the
work site in its entirety. It also had the contractual right
to impose additional safety measures, and, although the
safety of its own work force was primarily the responsibility
of Wood Mechanix in this case, unlike in Wilson, there was
no express provision in the contract that purported to make
Wood Mechanix alone responsible for the safety of its direct
employees. Thus, unlike in Wilson, contractual responsibil-
ity for the safety of the subcontractor’s employees was not
fully shifted from the general contractor to the subcontrac-
tor in this case.
	        Those distinctions notwithstanding, plaintiff cor-
rectly notes that the “risk-creation” concept that this court
applied in Wilson was not derived from a statutory construc-
tion analysis of ORS 654.305 that accords with our accepted
Cite as 360 Or 170 (2016)	189

methodology, under which we interpret the statutory text in
context, PGE v. Bureau of Labor and Industries, 317 Or 606,
610-11, 859 P2d 1143 (1993), and then, to the extent we find
it helpful, we consider the legislative history proffered by
the parties, ORS 174.020(3). See also State v. Gaines, 346 Or
160, 171-72, 206 P3d 1042 (2009) (after considering text and
context, court considers any pertinent legislative history,
giving it appropriate weight).
	        In particular, one aspect of the analysis in Wilson
is sufficiently problematic to require correction. As noted,
this court in Wilson stated that, before the retention of a
right of control would give rise to liability, that retained
right must bear some relation to the creation of a risk of
danger to workers. 252 Or at 395-96. The court then deter-
mined that the owner’s retained right to require greater
safety measures than those provided by the plaintiff’s direct
employer would not create a risk of danger to the plaintiff.
Id. at 396. The court further stated that such a retained
right would create a risk of danger to the plaintiff only if
it caused the plaintiff’s direct employer to be less diligent
regarding safety, a possibility that the court discounted in
that case because “the duty to maintain safety remained the
primary duty of the contractor.” Id. That “risk-creation” con-
cept arose from the court’s concern that imposing liability
under the ELL in that situation would lead to less work-
place safety by inducing complacency, which would be in
direct opposition to the purpose of the ELL—the protection
of workers. Id. (“[I]f duties not otherwise required of owners
are imposed because of the reservation of a right to require
safety precautions, it is obvious that owners will not actively
concern themselves with the workmen’s safety. As a result,
the imposition of liability * * * would defeat the very purpose
the [ELL] was designed to accomplish.”).
	        On further reflection, we conclude that there simply
is no support in the text, context, or legislative history of the
ELL for the proposition that the retained right to inspect
work and require greater safety measures would only give
rise to liability under the ELL if such retention created a
risk of danger to the plaintiff by causing the plaintiff’s direct
employer to be less diligent. There is no reason to conclude
190	                         Yeatts v. Polygon Northwest Co.

that a general contractor’s right to inspect work for safety
hazards is insufficient to amount to a retained right of con-
trol even where the reservation of that right does not cause
the subcontractor who is primarily responsible for the work
to be less diligent. To the contrary, such an inspection right
creates an additional opportunity to avoid jobsite injury,
even if the subcontractor has an undiminished incentive to
diligently inspect its own work.
	        Under the principle of stare decisis, we assume that
all fully considered decisions of this court were correctly
decided. Farmers Ins. Co. v. Mowry, 350 Or 686, 692, 261 P3d
1 (2011). It is incumbent upon the party wishing to change
a precedent to affirmatively persuade this court to abandon
that precedent. Id. Various considerations may be weighed
in deciding to depart from precedent, including a need to
correct a past error, particularly where “an earlier case was
inadequately considered or wrong when it was decided.” Id.
at 692-93 (quoting G.L. v. Kaiser Foundation Hospitals, Inc.,
306 Or 54, 59, 757 P2d 1347 (1988)).
	        In this case, we are persuaded that the above-
discussed aspect of the holding in Wilson was incorrect
when it was decided. As noted, the court in Wilson derived
the risk-creation requirement from its concern with uphold-
ing the purpose of the ELL, but proper consideration was
not given to the text, context, and history of the ELL in cre-
ating that requirement. See Gaines, 346 Or at 171-72. First,
considering the text of the ELL, it applies to “persons hav-
ing charge of, or responsibility for, any work involving a risk
or danger to the employees,” and it requires such persons to
“use every device, care and precaution that is practicable to
use for the protection and safety of life and limb, limited only
by the necessity for preserving the efficiency of the struc-
ture, machine or other apparatus or device, and without
regard to the additional cost of suitable material or safety
appliance and devices.” ORS 654.305. That statute does not
require that the act of having charge of or responsibility for
that work create, by itself, an additional risk of danger to
workers by causing their direct employers to be less diligent.
Nor does anything in the context of ORS 654.305 or any
other provision of the ELL support the existence of such a
requirement.
Cite as 360 Or 170 (2016)	191

	        Finally, that requirement does not comport with
the enactment history of the ELL. In Saylor v. Enterprise
Electric Co., 106 Or 421, 212 P 477 (1923), this court con-
sidered that enactment history and the purpose of the ELL,
which originally was proposed by initiative and enacted by
a vote of the people in 1910.6 106 Or at 425. See also Or
Laws 1911, ch 3. The original ballot title described “A bill for
a law requiring protection for persons engaged in hazard-
ous employments * * *.” Official Voters’ Pamphlet, General
Election, Nov 8, 1910, 81. The argument in favor of the mea-
sure set out in the voter’s pamphlet described the lack of
protections for the safety and lives of workers under the
common law and asked voters to pass the ELL so that “the
employer [would] be compelled to use diligence in protecting
the laborer as to his life and limb.” Id. at 85. The purpose
of the ELL, therefore, was to protect employees engaged in
lines of work “involving risk or danger” by imposing higher
standards of care upon employers than did the common law.
See Saylor, 106 Or at 427-28; Or Laws 1911, ch 3, § 1.
	        This court in Wilson correctly recognized that
broad purpose; however, nothing in the history of the ELL—
either in its enactment or in this court’s decisions preceding
Wilson—indicates that, in the case of the retained right to
control workplace safety, liability will arise under the ELL
only where the retained right creates an additional risk of
danger to workers by causing their direct employers to be
less diligent. Wilson incorrectly imposed that requirement,
which is not grounded in the text, context, or history of the
ELL. See ORS 174.010 (courts not to insert “what has been
omitted”).
	       This court has not often relied on that aspect
of Wilson;7 most recently, in Cortez, the court expressly
	6
       Part of section 1 of the enacted law became ORS 654.305, and the current
text has not changed substantively from the original. See Or Laws 1911, ch 3, § 1.
	7
      Only one other case relied upon the reasoning in Wilson. In Wienke v.
Ochoco Lumber Co., 276 Or 1159, 588 P2d 319 (1976), after determining that
liability did not arise under the ELL because the defendant lumber company did
not have the right to directly control the injury-creating activity, this court stated
“another reason for holding that the [ELL] should not apply.” 276 Or at 1167.
Relying on the reasoning in Wilson, the court stated: “In addition, by no stretch
of the imagination can it be argued that any risk was created that the contrac-
tor would fail in his duties of safety to his employees upon the expectation that
192	                                    Yeatts v. Polygon Northwest Co.

distinguished it, noting that the parties had not asked us
to revisit the holding in that case. Rather than continue to
limit the holding in Wilson to the facts of that case, for the
foregoing reasons, we disavow that holding to the extent
that it requires a plaintiff to show that a defendant’s right to
control a risk-producing activity created an additional risk
of danger to the plaintiff by causing the plaintiff’s direct
employer to be less diligent.
	        We conclude that Polygon’s retention of the rights
to require additional safety measures, and to inspect the
work site in its entirety, particularly in the absence of a con-
tractual provision that placed sole responsibility for safety
measures on Wood Mechanix, constituted sufficient evi-
dence that Polygon retained the right to control the risk-
producing activity so as to preclude summary judgment in
favor of Polygon with respect to that specification of plain-
tiff’s ELL claim. Accordingly, we reverse the decisions of the
trial court and the Court of Appeals on the retained right of
control specification of plaintiff’s ELL claim and remand to
the trial court for further proceedings on that specification.
B.  Common-Law Negligence Claim
	        Plaintiff also asserts that the trial court and the
Court of Appeals erred in concluding that plaintiff failed to
adduce evidence sufficient to create a triable issue of fact
with respect to his common-law negligence claim. As noted,
plaintiff relies on essentially the same factual circumstances
to support his negligence claim as he does for his claim
under the ELL. Polygon contends that plaintiff’s negligence
claim fails because, under common-law principles, a general
contractor does not owe a duty of care to the employees of a

[the] defendant would take care of such duties, because [the] defendant itself had
no right to supervise the employees of the contractor.” Id. at 1167-68. However,
as the dissent in that case noted, the reliance on Wilson was dictum and not
necessary to support the court’s decision that the ELL did not apply. Id. at 1175
(Tongue, J., dissenting). Justice Tongue further accurately observed:
    	    “It is of interest that this proposition, as set forth in Wilson by the writer
    of this majority opinion, not only interjected a completely new theory of ‘non-
    liability’ under the [ELL], but one not supported by the citation of any deci-
    sions by this or any other court and one which was completely different from
    the reasons urged by the defendant upon the appeal of that case.”
Id.
Cite as 360 Or 170 (2016)	193

subcontractor when the subcontractor is hired for its exper-
tise in performing work in a dangerous field.
	In Fazzolari v. Portland School Dist. No. 1J, 303 Or
1, 734 P2d 1326 (1987), this court explained that,
   “unless the parties invoke a status, a relationship, or a par-
   ticular standard of conduct that creates, defines, or limits
   the defendant’s duty, the issue of liability for harm actually
   resulting from [a] defendant’s conduct properly depends on
   whether that conduct unreasonably created a foreseeable
   risk to a protected interest of the kind of harm that befell
   the plaintiff.”
Id. at 17. This court in Fazzolari observed that liability in
negligence does not extend to every failure to prevent a
foreseeable injury, noting that “a status, a relationship, or
a particular standard of conduct” may impose “limits” on a
defendant’s duty to act. Id.
	In Yowell, this court set out what has been described
as the “special expertise or knowledge” principle, which
limits the duty of care that otherwise might be owed by an
owner or general contractor where a subcontractor is hired to
perform work. 260 Or at 325. In Yowell, the defendant owned
a tire business and hired the plaintiff’s employer to repair a
sign located on its property. The court stated that the follow-
ing principle governed the circumstances of that case:
   “A person who orders repairs or work to be done by a third
   party owes no duty to such third party or his workman to
   discover and warn of any unknown dangerous conditions
   surrounding the work which fall within a special expertise
   or knowledge, not shown to have been had by the person
   ordering the work, and which the third party impliedly rep-
   resents to the public that he possesses.”
Id. As that principle applied in Yowell, the court held:
   	 “Plaintiff’s employer, the independent contractor, held
   itself out to the public as being engaged in the business of
   manufacturing, installing and repairing all kinds of signs.
   Defendant was therefore entitled to assume, until notice
   to the contrary, that plaintiff’s employer and its employees
   who were sent to work on defendant’s signs were proficient
   and expert in detecting any defects in signs which formed a
   danger to those working in or around them. Defendant was
194	                                 Yeatts v. Polygon Northwest Co.

    not shown to have known of the defect in the sign. Nor was
    it shown to have had any expertise concerning signs.”
Id. at 324-25 (footnote omitted).
	        Unlike in this case, the defendant hirer in Yowell
owned the premises on which the plaintiff was injured. Id.
at 320. In reaching its conclusion, the court in Yowell relied
on principles involving the duty that a possessor of land
owes to the employees of independent contractors hired to
perform work on the premises. Id. at 323-24. However, the
court did not rest its holding on that ground alone. Instead,
the court stated:
    	 “Regardless of whether defendant is to be viewed in its
    relation to plaintiff primarily as a possessor of land or as
    one who contracts for services, we believe the result in this
    case should be the same.”
Id. at 324.8
	        In this case, plaintiff did not assert in the trial
court or the Court of Appeals, nor has he asserted before
this court, that the “special expertise or knowledge” prin-
ciple does not apply in the context of general contractor-
subcontractor relationships. Instead, plaintiff has chal-
lenged the Court of Appeals’ determination, based on the
summary judgment record, that Polygon relied on the exper-
tise of Wood Mechanix. We determine whether there is suf-
ficient evidence that Polygon owed and breached a duty of
care to plaintiff to create a triable issue of fact in accordance
with the parties’ framing of that issue on review.9 We con-
clude that the evidence is insufficient in that regard.
	8
        The court further stated:
     “We prefer to hold that the property owner or the contractee (as the case may
     be) owes no duty, rather than to hold that the independent contractor or his
     employees assume the risk. We also believe that the rule should be stated
     more broadly so that it covers not only the dangers of which the independent
     contractor and his employees knew but also those dangers of which they, in
     the exercise of their expertise, should have known.”
Id. at 325-26 (emphasis added).
	9
        The concurring opinion asserts that the “special expertise or knowledge”
principle should not apply in this case because of differences that she perceives
between the liability of possessors of land and general contractors for injuries
suffered by an employee of an independent contractor while performing con-
tracted work. 360 Or at 198-200 (Walters, J., concurring). Because plaintiff does
not make that argument, we do not address its merits.
Cite as 360 Or 170 (2016)	195

	        Here, Polygon hired plaintiff’s employer as an inde-
pendent subcontractor to undertake framing work, includ-
ing fall protection for that work, because of its expertise in
framing buildings. There is no evidence in the summary
judgment record that Polygon knew or had reason to know
of any defect in the design, installation, or maintenance of
the guardrail that failed or that it had special expertise in
fall protection for framing work done at dangerous heights.10
	        Plaintiff remonstrates that Polygon provided safety
oversight over the entire construction site on a daily basis,
that the contract between Polygon and Wood Mechanix con-
tained specific framing requirements, that Polygon had the
right to approve Wood Mechanix’s fall protection plan, and
that Polygon required Wood Mechanix’s employees to attend
weekly safety meetings.
	        That evidence notwithstanding, there is no evi-
dence from which a jury could find that Polygon required
Wood Mechanix to use guardrails as opposed to any other
method of fall protection, or that the Polygon plan was pro-
duced independently of Wood Mechanix’s decision to use
guardrails. To the contrary, there is uncontroverted evi-
dence that Polygon bargained for and relied on the exper-
tise of Wood Mechanix in providing safety measures for the
framing work and that Wood Mechanix alone decided to
use guardrails as its form of fall protection on the project.
The subcontract expressly required Wood Mechanix to pre-
pare a safety plan for its work, which specifically included
a fall protection plan for Wood Mechanix workers. In addi-
tion, the “Subcontractor Precon Safety Orientation” check-
list required Wood Mechanix (not Polygon) to “[i]dentify all
fall hazards” and “[d]escribe the method of fall arrest or fall
restraint to be used for these hazards.” Moreover, Trytko
verified that Wood Mechanix’s employees were trained
and instructed in fall protection protocols and that Wood
Mechanix would have a “competent and qualified person”
inspect the fall-protection equipment daily.
	10
        As noted, Polygon’s managers testified that (1) Wood Mechanix was “tak-
ing their own safety program and critiquing it to the building or a project specific.
And that’s why we hire them, for the experts”; and (2) with respect to how a
guardrail should be built: “It wasn’t my job to know. I was relying on the exper-
tise of somebody who did know.”
196	                                  Yeatts v. Polygon Northwest Co.

	        Consistently with that allocation of responsibility
and expertise, the uncontroverted evidence also showed
that Polygon employees did not go into the Wood Mechanix
work space generally and did not go onto the upper floors
of any building being framed by Wood Mechanix until the
floor was complete. In sum, although the evidence supports
an inference that Polygon had a general understanding that
fall protection should be in place while framing work is
performed at heights, it does not support an inference that
Polygon had special expertise or knowledge regarding how
to design, construct, and maintain guardrails for that pur-
pose. Instead, both contractually and operationally, Polygon
relied on the expertise and knowledge of Wood Mechanix
and its employees for the performance of those responsibil-
ities. Under those circumstances, Polygon did not have a
common-law duty to Wood Mechanix’s employees, including
plaintiff, to discover, warn against, or avoid unknown dan-
gerous conditions relating to fall protection for the framing
work.11

	        We recognize that, unlike in Boothby, we have con-
cluded in this case that plaintiff’s evidence was sufficient
to survive summary judgment with respect to the right of
control specification of his ELL claim. In Boothby, this court
concluded that the defendant’s lack of control over its inde-
pendent contractor negated any duty under the ELL and
also precluded the plaintiff from holding the defendant lia-
ble for the contractor’s negligence. 341 Or at 46. That does
not, however, alter our conclusion with respect to plaintiff’s
negligence claim in this case. Because the ELL was intended

	11
        The decisions that the concurrence cites emphasize the significance of the
hirers’ control over the operative detail of the work in those cases. Cf. Woodbury,
335 Or at 163 (evidence permitted jury to find that defendant exercised actual
control over safety aspects of project and, in particular, exercised actual control
over that part of project that required plaintiff to work at dangerous height);
Kuhns v. Standard Oil Co., 257 Or 482, 488, 493, 478 P2d 396 (1970) (evidence
showed that general contractor was obligated to “see that the job was done
according to the plans and specifications,” ensure that “job was done right,” and
“check[ ] after the equipment [was] installed to see that there [were] no leaks and
that the equipment [was] operating properly,” such that jury could find it liable
for injuries resulting from oil leak “based on its own independent negligence in
failing to test or inspect the oiling equipment to determine if it was functioning
properly after the subcontractors had completed their work and the equipment
was operational”).
Cite as 360 Or 170 (2016)	197

to impose higher standards of care upon employers than did
the common law, circumstances giving rise to ELL liability
may exist without liability in negligence also arising. See
Saylor, 106 Or at 426-28; Or Laws 1911, ch 3, § 1.
	        This court addressed a similar issue in Cortez,
where the court concluded that the defendant retained a
sufficient right to control the manner or method of the risk-
producing activity to create a triable issue with respect to
the plaintiff’s ELL claim, but nevertheless determined that
the trial court properly had granted summary judgment to
the defendant on a companion negligence claim. 356 Or at
277. In so concluding, the court recognized that
    “some tension may exist between our resolution of plain-
    tiff’s negligence and ELL claims. Any tension results, how-
    ever, from the differences between the common-law tort
    standards * * * and the broader statutory standards that
    the legislature adopted in the ELL.”
Id. See also Howard v. Foster & Kleiser Co., 217 Or 516,
533, 332 P2d 621 (1958), reh’g den, 217 Or 516, 342 P2d 780
(1959) (“The [ELL] exacts of employers measures for the
safety of employees which are more stringent than those of
the common-law rule of due care.” (Citations omitted.)).12
	        We conclude, based on the record before us, that the
trial court properly granted Polygon’s motion for summary
judgment on plaintiff’s negligence claim.
                           IV. CONCLUSION
	        In summary, we conclude that plaintiff submitted
sufficient evidence that Polygon retained a right to control
the risk-producing activity at issue in this case to withstand
	12
        In addition to expanding the categories of persons responsible for main-
taining a safe work place beyond a worker’s direct employer, as this court
explained in interpreting an earlier version of what is now ORS 654.305:
    “This statute * * * imposes a higher standard of care than that imposed under
    the rules of the common law. It requires that[,] in the operation of dangerous
    machinery[,] the employer shall use ‘every device, care and precaution which
    it is practicable to use for the protection and safety of life and limb, limited
    only by the necessity for preserving the efficiency of the structure, machine
    or other apparatus or device, and without regard to the additional cost of
    suitable material or safety appliance(s) and devices.’ ”
Fromme v. Lang & Co., 131 Or 501, 505, 281 P 120 (1929).
198	                          Yeatts v. Polygon Northwest Co.

Polygon’s motion for summary judgment with respect to that
specification of plaintiff’s ELL claim. Accordingly, we reverse
the decisions of the trial court and the Court of Appeals on
that specification and remand it to the trial court for further
proceedings. We affirm the decisions of the trial court and
the Court of Appeals with respect to the other specifications
of plaintiff’s ELL claim and his common-law negligence
claim.
	        The decision of the Court of Appeals is affirmed in
part and reversed in part. The decision of the circuit court
is affirmed in part and reversed in part, and the case is
remanded to the circuit court for further proceedings.
	        WALTERS, J., concurring.
	        I concur and write only to press an argument that
plaintiff failed to make about the “special expertise or knowl-
edge” principle. In my view, that principle is particular to
claims against landowners and should not be extended to
preclude a claim against a general contractor for its own
common-law negligence.
	        This court previously has recognized that a general
contractor can be held liable for its own negligence, even
when the injured party is the employee of an independent
contractor. In Kuhns v. Standard Oil Co., 257 Or 482, 485-
86, 478 P2d 396 (1971), the plaintiff, an employee of an inde-
pendent contractor, sued both the general contractor and
a different independent contractor for negligently causing
his injury. This court upheld the jury’s verdict against the
general contractor, concluding that there was evidence from
which the jury could have found that the general contractor
was negligent in failing to test, inspect, or repair the facility.
Id. at 494. The court explained that, “apart from the ques-
tion of vicarious responsibility on the part of an employer of
an independent contractor, the employer may be liable for
any negligence of his own in connection with the work to be
performed.” Id. at 490. Accord Woodbury v. CH2M Hill, Inc.,
335 Or 154, 163, 61 P3d 918 (2003) (concluding that defen-
dant general contractor could be liable to employee of inde-
pendent subcontractor where there was evidence permitting
jury to find defendant exercised control over safety aspects
Cite as 360 Or 170 (2016)	199

of project and failed to provide plaintiff with fall protection
training or supervision).
	        This court also has recognized that, when a plain-
tiff seeks to hold a general contractor vicariously liable for
the negligence of an independent subcontractor, the “spe-
cial expertise or knowledge” principle does not apply. In
Macomber v. Cox, 249 Or 61, 65, 435 P2d 462 (1968), the
court acknowledged the general principle that “the employer
of an independent contractor is not subject to liability for
bodily harm caused to another by a tortious act or omission
of the contractor or his servants.” (Internal quotation marks
omitted.) However, the court also cited the Restatement
(Second) of Torts section 409 (1965), for the proposition that
there are a variety of exceptions to that rule of immunity.
Macomber, 249 Or at 65 n 3. The Restatement provides that
that general principle does not apply when the general con-
tractor fails to exercise reasonable care in the following cir-
cumstances: (1) in giving orders or directions; (2) in employ-
ing competent independent contractors; (3) in inspecting the
work while it is in progress or after it is done; (4) in taking
precautions necessary to enable the work to be done safely;
(5) in performing the work that he retains to himself; and
(6) in supervising the equipment and methods of the inde-
pendent contractor. Restatement (Second) of Torts §§ 410-
415. Thus, under both Kuhns and Macomber, a general con-
tractor can be held liable for its own negligence when its
negligence causes bodily harm to an employee of an inde-
pendent contractor.
	        Historically, the “special expertise or knowledge”
principle has been applied only to shield possessors of prop-
erty from liability for the negligence of independent con-
tractors hired to perform work in their areas of expertise.
In Yowell v. General Tire & Rubber, 260 Or 319, 490 P2d
145 (1971), the case on which defendant in this case relies,
the defendant was a landowner who was not engaged in the
business that he had hired an independent contractor to
perform. Similarly, in the two cases cited by the court in
Yowell—Feldewerth v. Great Eastern Oil Co., 149 SW2d 410,
413 (Mo Ct App 1941), and Palenscar v. Michael J. Bobb, Inc.,
439 Pa 101, 105, 266 A2d 478 (1970)—the courts treated
200	                         Yeatts v. Polygon Northwest Co.

the defendants as possessors of land and the plaintiffs as
invitees on the land on which they were injured. In both of
those cases, the courts discussed the principle outlined in
section 343 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts defining the
liability of a possessor of land to an invitee. Feldewerth, 149
SW2d at 413; Palenscar, 439 Pa at 105. In contrast, general
contractors are in the construction business and must per-
form their work safely. They should not be able to escape
liability because their subcontractors are required to do
likewise.
	        I disagree with this court’s statement in Yowell,
in dicta, that, “[r]egardless of whether defendant is to be
viewed in its relation to plaintiff primarily as a possessor of
land or as one who contracts for services,” the result should
be the same. 260 Or at 324. If a general contractor is itself
negligent, the “special expertise or knowledge” principle
should not apply to absolve that contractor of liability.