Court Opinion

ID: 3047372
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-13 23:21:24.852096+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:52:45.679258
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 08-3488
                                   ___________

United States of America,             *
                                      *
            Plaintiff-Appellee,       *
                                      * Appeal from the United States
     v.                               * District Court for the Eastern
                                      * District of Missouri.
Leobardo B. Barraza,                  *
                                      *
            Defendant-Appellant.      *
                                 ___________

                             Submitted: June 9, 2009
                                Filed: August 17, 2009
                                 ___________

Before BYE, HANSEN, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

BENTON, Circuit Judge.

      A jury convicted Leobardo B. Barraza of kidnapping Maria Eloiza and her five-
year-old son, Jesus (“Alex”) Ramirez, resulting in the deaths of both. 18 U.S.C. §§
1201(a)(1), 2. The district court1 imposed a life sentence. Having jurisdiction under
28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a), this court affirms.

      1
        The Honorable Steven N. Limbaugh, Sr., United States District Judge for the
District of Eastern Missouri, now retired, presiding at trial; the Honorable Steven N.
Limbaugh, Jr., United States District Judge for the District of Eastern Missouri,
presiding at sentencing.
                                         I.

      Barraza, then age 16, worked with Eloiza at a store outside Chicago. Barraza
and Jose Jesus Hernandez (a.k.a. “Chupacabras”) invited her to travel to Mexico, with
Alex, to bring drugs into the United States. Eloiza agreed, but told a niece that she
was taking Alex to Disneyland.

       Concerned about safety, Eloiza told a friend about the Mexico drug-trafficking
plan. She also wrote an entry in a journal, dated August 20, 1998, which she left in
her apartment. Translated from Spanish, it states: “I left to Mexico with Leo Barraza
to a business. I’m taking my son. I’ll be back Tuesday or Wednesday of next week.
In case we get lost, look for us, please.” The note provides Barraza’s home phone
number.

      Around August 21, Barraza and Chupacabras picked up Eloiza and Alex.
Barraza drove, eventually reaching an isolated wooded area in Franklin County,
Missouri. There, according to Barraza’s confession, he and Chupacabras raped
Eloiza. Chupacabras strangled her to death. Barraza restrained Alex during his
mother’s murder; both men then repeatedly hit him on the head, killing him. Barraza
and Chupacabras concealed the bodies at the murder site.

      Barraza and Chupacabras returned to the Chicago area. Barraza told four
friends about the Missouri murders, and left Eloiza’s and Alex’s possessions in plain
view in his car.

     Hunters discovered Eloiza’s and Alex’s remains in November 1998.
Authorities arrested Barraza in 2006. He waived his Miranda rights and confessed.
Chupacabras remains at large.

                                         -2-
                                          II.

       Barraza asserts the district court erred by not striking for cause Juror 43. “A
district court’s decision to remove or not remove a juror is reviewed for an abuse of
discretion.” United States v. Cannon, 475 F.3d 1013, 1023 (8th Cir.), cert. denied,
128 S. Ct. 365 (2007).

                                          A.

      During voir dire, defense counsel asked prospective jurors whether “anything
about the nature of the case or the photographs that you think would give you, you
know, something you should bring to our attention, could be a problem sitting on this
case?” Juror 43 stood up.

      Juror 43: Yes, sir. I have a three and five-year-old at home and I believe,
             as the other juror stated, the parent’s responsibility to protect
             them. I’m not squeamish, I’m not afraid to see photographs.
             Never been put in this position before. I couldn’t tell you how I
             would judge or not. I feel very strongly about that.
      Defense counsel: You mind if I ask you some questions along those
             lines? I’ll be honest with you. Some of them you may have
             already heard from me, so let me start at beginning.
             So you have two young children?
      Juror 43: Yes.
      Defense counsel: Three and five and when you hear that one of the
             victims is a young child – that’s why you raised your hand, I
             guess. That’s why you’re talking to me.
      Juror 43: Yes, sir.
      Defense counsel: Now the question is because of the nature of the
             evidence you may hear, is your personal life, the fact that you
             have children, going to have an effect on your ability to hear the
             case?
      Juror 43: As I said, it may. I’ve never been put in this position before.
      Defense counsel: I understand.

                                         -3-
      Juror 43: At this point I would try to be fair and judge the evidence but
             it might, I don’t know. I couldn’t honestly tell you. I couldn’t
             stand here and tell you yes or no.
      Defense counsel: You’re saying you give it your best effort.
      Juror 43: That’s the best I could do.
      Defense counsel: Listen to the evidence and follow the instructions of
             the Court?
      Juror 43: That is true, but I have very strong feelings.
      Defense counsel: But you feel very strongly where a child victim –
      Juror 43: Yes, sir.
      Defense counsel: That would have an effect on you –
      Juror 43: Yes, sir.
      Defense counsel: -- to the point where you wouldn’t be able to follow
             the evidence?
             I’m sorry, follow the Court’s instruction?
      Juror 43: I would follow the Court’s instructions the best I could. I
             couldn’t honestly tell you I couldn’t set it aside. I mean I deal
             with the kids every day. I’m around them all the time.
      Defense counsel: That’s exactly why I asked the question because I’m
             sure everyone in the courtroom – we’re parents, I’m a parent,
             that’s why we ask these questions. Give you an opportunity to
             talk about it. We don’t – I don’t want to blindside you.
             So you’re saying it could possibly have an effect on you?
      Juror 43: Yes, sir.
      Defense counsel: You’re affected, ability to hear the case.
      Juror 43: Yes, sir.
      Defense counsel: And I just want to make sure is – I don’t want to
             misstate what you’re telling me and I want to make sure we have
             it in the record.
      Juror 43: I understand.
      Defense counsel: Okay. All right. Thank you very much for talking with
             me.

       Barraza moved to strike Juror 43 for cause. Before final selection of the jury,
this exchange occurred between the court and defense counsel:

                                         -4-
      Defense counsel: Judge, I just want to make sure. [Juror] 43 was one our
           motions for cause that you took under submission, so I’m
           assuming that’s – since you left him in, that’s overruled?
      The court: Yes. It was one and I – I’m more impressed with the
           government’s position about that. I thought Ross, number 43,
           indicated he was concerned emotionally about the problem but
           that he could put that concern aside and decide the matter
           impartially, so I will overrule the challenge for cause as to 43.

                                           B.

       A defendant has a right to trial “by an impartial jury.” U.S. Const. amend. VI.
“Impartiality is presumed ‘so long as the jurors can conscientiously and properly carry
out their sworn duty to apply the law to the facts of the particular case.’” United
States v. Evans, 272 F.3d 1069, 1078 (8th Cir. 2001), quoting Lockhart v. McCree,
476 U.S. 162, 184 (1986). “The test for assessing impartiality asks whether the
prospective juror can lay aside his impression or opinion and render a verdict based
on the evidence presented in court.” United States v. Wright, 340 F.3d 724, 733 (8th
Cir. 2003) (quotations and citations omitted). This court “will not overturn the district
court’s finding that a prospective juror can put aside any pretrial opinion and render
a verdict based upon the evidence at trial unless the error is manifest.” United States
v. Blom, 242 F.3d 799, 805-06 (8th Cir. 2001) (quotations and citations omitted).

        Barraza asserts that Juror 43 was not impartial, and that the district court erred
by not striking him for cause, citing United States v. Sithithongtham, 192 F.3d 1119
(8th Cir. 1999). There, a juror testified that he “would probably give [law
enforcement witnesses] the benefit of the doubt if something was questionable,” but
that “I could probably be fair and impartial.” Id. at 1121. This court found the district
court erred by not striking the juror for cause, but concluded it was not reversible error
(as the defendant used one of his peremptory strikes to remove the biased juror). Id.
at 1121, 1123. “‘Probably’ is not good enough.” Id. at 1121. See also United States
v. Nelson, 277 F.3d 164, 201 (2d Cir. 2002) (district court erred by failing to strike a

                                           -5-
juror who said “he ‘would like to think’ of himself as objective and able to give the
defendants a fair trial,” but “he ‘[h]onestly . . . [didn’t] know’ whether he could do
so”).

      An initial impression about a case does not disqualify a juror if the district court
accepts the juror’s assurances that he or she will set aside any preconceived beliefs
and follow the court’s instructions. See Blom, 242 F.3d at 806 (affirming the district
court’s refusal to strike a juror for bias when the “court and counsel made the proper
inquiry, and the issue is essentially one of demeanor and credibility”).

       In United States v. Johnson, this court reviewed voir dire testimony similar to
that of Juror 43 in this case. United States v. Johnson, 495 F.3d 951 (8th Cir. 2007),
cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 32 (2008). There, the juror “stated that his empathy for the
victim’s family and the fact that the crime involved children could affect his
judgments about the case.” Id. at 964. This court affirmed the denial of the motion
to strike the juror for cause. Id. “Although the juror gave some equivocal answers
and acknowledged the possibility that his judgment could be affected by some aspects
of the case, the district court concluded that juror 600 could be fair and impartial and
that his statements reflected the ‘reasonable self doubts’ of a conscientious and
reflective person.” Id. (Johnson analyzed the challenged juror within the
Wainwright-Witt death penalty framework. The court’s finding of no error, however,
was based on its conclusion that the voir dire transcript revealed no bias. See id.)

       Here, Juror 43 described his sense of parental responsibility, stating that it may
“possibly” affect his ability to hear the evidence in this case. Asked if he could “listen
to the evidence and follow the instructions of the court,” he said: “That is true, but I
have strong feelings.” Unlike the Sithithongtham juror, Juror 43 did not indicate that
he would give greater weight to the testimony of government witnesses. The district
court did not abuse its discretion by finding that Juror 43’s testimony, in context,
shows he could follow the court’s instructions and set aside any initial impressions.

                                           -6-
See Johnson, 495 F.3d at 964 (“Because the trial judge is in the best position to
analyze the demeanor and credibility of a venireman, we will not reverse a court’s
rulings absent an abuse of discretion.”).

                                          III.

       Barraza challenges three pieces of evidence, asserting they are inadmissible
hearsay, admitted in violation of the Sixth Amendment. “We review de novo the
district court’s interpretation and application of the rules of evidence, and review for
an abuse of discretion the factual findings supporting its evidentiary ruling.” United
States v. Allen, 540 F.3d 821, 824 (8th Cir. 2008).

      The district court admitted, over objection: (1) Eloiza’s out-of-court oral
statement, made to a niece, about her intention to travel to Disneyland with Alex; (2)
Eloiza’s out-of-court oral statements, made to a friend, about her intention to travel
to Mexico with Barraza; and (3) an entry from the journal found in Eloiza’s apartment,
describing her intention to travel to Mexico with Barraza.

       “‘Hearsay’ is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying
at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.”
Fed. R. Evid. 801(c). “Hearsay is not admissible except as provided by these rules
or by other rules prescribed by the Supreme Court pursuant to statutory authority or
by Act of Congress.” Fed. R. Evid. 802. Some hearsay statements are admissible as
exceptions to the hearsay rule, under Rule 803, since they possess circumstantial
guarantees of trustworthiness. See Fed. R. Evid. 803 advisory committee’s note
(“The present rule proceeds upon the theory that under appropriate circumstances a
hearsay statement may possess circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness sufficient
to justify nonproduction of the declarant in person at the trial even though he may be
available.”).

                                          -7-
      The district court admitted the three items under Rule 803(3), which excludes
from the definition of inadmissible hearsay:

      A statement of the declarant’s then existing state of mind, emotion,
      sensation, or physical condition (such as intent, plan, motive, design,
      mental feeling, pain, and bodily health), but not including a statement of
      memory or belief to prove the fact remembered or believed unless it
      relates to the execution, revocation, identification, or terms of declarant’s
      will.

Fed. R. Evid. 803(3).

       The first challenged statement is Eloiza’s out-of-court remark, made to a niece,
that she was taking Alex to Disneyland. The government did not introduce this
statement to prove that Eloiza intended to take Alex to Disneyland. Rather, the
government introduced it to show that she attempted to deceive her family about the
drug-trafficking trip to Mexico. The statement was not introduced to prove the truth
of the matter asserted, and therefore is not hearsay. Fed. R. Evid. 801(c). It is
admissible without regard to Rule 803(3). See United States v. Aponte, 31 F.3d 86,
88 (2d Cir. 1994) (“fabricated statement and false descriptions were not offered for
the truth of the matter asserted and therefore were not hearsay,” but were instead
“offered to show . . . capacity for deception”).

       Eloiza’s out-of-court statements to the friend and the journal entry contain
assertions that she intended to take a trip to Mexico with Barraza. The government
introduced the statements to prove the truth of these assertions. They are inadmissible
hearsay, unless an exception applies. Fed. R. Evid. 801(c); Fed. R. Evid. 802.

       Barraza does not challenge the district court’s ruling that the two statements are
non-testimonial. He contends, however, citing the timing of the statements, that they
do not come within Rule 803(3). Barraza asserts that Eloiza made the oral statements

                                          -8-
several days, if not weeks, before her departure, and that the circumstances of the
journal entry’s authorship are unknown.

       The friend testified that Eloiza discussed the proposed trip to Mexico with her
several times in August 1998. The friend gave birth on August 10, and “after I had
came home from the hospital, we had had conversations a few days before and then
during the time, she started talking seriously about a trip that she was going to make.”
Telephone records show two calls between Eloiza and the friend on August 20, one
lasting 29 minutes, the other six minutes. Eloiza and Alex departed with Barraza and
Chupacabras around August 21.

         “A key circumstantial guarantee of trustworthiness in respect to Rule 803(3) is
that it requires that statement be contemporaneous with the declarant’s ‘then existing’
state of mind, emotion, sensation, or physical condition.” United States v. Naiden,
424 F.3d 718, 722 (8th Cir. 2005). Here, Eloiza told her friend on August 20, the day
before leaving, that she intended to travel to Mexico with Barraza. These statements
— contemporaneous with Eloiza’s then-existing state of mind — are within Rule
803(3). Cf. id. at 722-23 (defendant’s statement of belief about the victim’s age, made
the day after meeting the victim online, was not contemporaneous with the
defendant’s then-existing state of mind when he met the victim).

       The journal entry is dated August 20. In it, Eloiza states her intention to travel
to Mexico on “business” with Barraza. The journal was found in Eloiza’s room,
which she locked when leaving on the trip with Barraza. This written statement is
contemporaneous with her then-existing state of mind, irrespective of whether Eloiza
wrote it on the exact day of her departure or a few days before. See Mutual Life Ins.
Co. of New York v. Hillmon, 145 U.S. 285, 294-95 (1892) (two letters, one dated “a
day or two before” the other, were admissible as evidence of declarant’s then-existing
intention to travel with third party). See also Fed. R. Evid. 803(3) advisory
committee’s note (“The rule of Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Hillmon, allowing evidence

                                          -9-
of intention as tending to prove the doing of the act intended, is, of course, left
undisturbed [by Rule 803(3)].”) (citation omitted).

       Barraza also asserts that, even if these non-testimonial statements fall within
Rule 803(3), they are not supported by adequate indicia of reliability, and thus should
have been excluded. He relies on Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 66 (1980) (holding
that, under the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment, an unavailable
declarant’s “statement is admissible only if it bears adequate ‘indicia of reliability.’”).
This argument is foreclosed by precedent. United States v. Honken, 541 F.3d 1146,
1161 (8th Cir. 2008), petition for cert. filed (May 7, 2009) (No. 08-10252) (“[N]on-
testimonial statements, ‘while subject to traditional limitations upon hearsay evidence,
[are] not subject to the Confrontation Clause.’”), quoting Davis v. Washington, 547
U.S. 813, 821 (2006).

                                           IV.

      Barraza asserts that the federal kidnapping statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1201, is
unconstitutionally vague and overbroad. This court reviews de novo constitutional
challenges and questions of statutory interpretation. United States v. May, 535 F.3d
912, 915 (8th Cir. 2008), cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 2431 (2009).

                                            A.

       “A penal statute is unconstitutionally vague if it fails to ‘define the criminal
offense with sufficient definiteness that ordinary people can understand what conduct
is prohibited and in a manner that does not encourage arbitrary and discriminatory
enforcement.’” United States v. Orchard, 332 F.3d 1133, 1137-38 (8th Cir. 2003),
quoting Kolender v. Lawson, 461 U.S. 352, 357 (1983). “To defeat a vagueness
challenge, a penal statute must pass a two-part test: The statute must first provide
adequate notice of the proscribed conduct, and second, not lend itself to arbitrary

                                           -10-
enforcement.” United States v. Berger, 553 F.3d 1107, 1110 (8th Cir. 2009), petition
for cert. filed (Jun. 23, 2009) (No. 09-5318).

      The federal kidnapping statute provides:

      Whoever unlawfully seizes, confines, inveigles, decoys, kidnaps,
      abducts, or carries away and holds for ransom or reward or otherwise
      any person, except in the case of a minor by the parent thereof, when--

      (1) the person is willfully transported in interstate or foreign commerce,
      regardless of whether the person was alive when transported across a
      State boundary, or the offender travels in interstate or foreign commerce
      or uses the mail or any means, facility, or instrumentality of interstate or
      foreign commerce in committing or in furtherance of the commission of
      the offense;
      ...

      shall be punished by imprisonment for any term of years or for life and,
      if the death of any person results, shall be punished by death or life
      imprisonment.

18 U.S.C. § 1201(a).

       “General principles of statutory construction provide that we look to the
structure of the statute and the language surrounding the term to ascertain its
meaning.” United States v. Kowal, 527 F.3d 741, 746 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 129
S. Ct. 612 (2008). Barraza’s argument focuses on a single clause of the statute — “if

                                         -11-
 the death of any person results.”2 First, he contends the term “results” allows a
defendant to be convicted for deaths that are indirect or unforeseeable consequences
of the kidnapping. Second, he argues that the term “of any person” allows a defendant
to be convicted for any death connected to the kidnapping, not just that of the
kidnapping victim.

       “A vagueness challenge to [a] statute which does ‘not involve First Amendment
freedoms must be examined in the light of the facts of the case at hand.’” Orchard,
332 F.3d at 1138, quoting United States v. Mazurie, 419 U.S. 544, 550 (1975). Here,
the jury instructions interpreting § 1201(a) provided:

      The crime of kidnaping, as charged in count I of the indictment, has four
      essential elements, which are:
      1. The defendant Leobardo Barraza and others voluntarily and
      intentionally decoyed, inveigled, seized, confined, kidnaped, or carried
      away Maria Eloiza or Jesus Ramirez;
      2. Maria Eloiza or Jesus Ramirez were thereafter transported in interstate
      commerce while so decoyed, inveigled, seized, confined, kidnaped or
      carried away;
      3. Maria Eloiza or Jesus Ramirez were so decoyed, inveigled, seized,
      confined, kidnaped, or carried away for the purpose of murder; and
      4. In the course of the kidnaping, the deaths of Maria Eloiza or Jesus
      Ramirez resulted.

      2
        In his Reply Brief, Barraza argues, for the first time, that the clause “ransom,
reward or otherwise” is vague because it “could be read to include any purpose
whatsoever.” Arguments raised for the first time in a Reply Brief need not be
addressed. United States v. Chalupnik, 514 F.3d 748, 752 n.1 (8th Cir. 2008). At any
rate, this clause of the statute is not vague or overbroad. This court examines the
statute in light of the facts of the case at hand. Orchard, 332 F.3d at 1138. Here, the
instructions required the jury to find that Barraza kidnapped Eloiza and Alex “for the
purpose of murder.”

                                         -12-
       To convict Barraza, the instructions required the jury to find that he
intentionally kidnapped Eloiza or Alex, in interstate commerce, for the purpose of
murder, and that the victims died as a result of the kidnapping. The “resulting” deaths
were not those of indirect or unforeseeable bystanders, but of the kidnapping victims.
Likewise, the instruction required the jury to find that Eloiza or Alex died in the
kidnapping, not “any person” unconnected to the kidnapping. The statute, as applied
in this case, provides adequate notice of the proscribed activity and does not risk
arbitrary enforcement. Berger, 553 F.3d at 1110.

                                           B.

       Barraza also claims the federal kidnapping statute, as applied here, is overbroad.
He asserts the instructions, quoted above, should have required the government to
prove not only that Barraza voluntarily and intentionally kidnapped Eloiza and Alex,
but also that he voluntarily and intentionally caused their deaths.

       The statute does not require that the deaths result from voluntary and intentional
conduct, only that “the death of any person results” in the course of the kidnapping.
18 U.S.C. § 1201(a). This court addressed a similar argument in United States v.
McIntosh, 236 F.3d 968 (8th Cir. 2001). Under a federal narcotics statute, a defendant
may receive a higher sentence “if death or serious bodily injury results from the use
of” a prohibited substance. Id. at 972, quoting 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A). The
McIntosh defendant asserted the government should have to prove that death or
serious bodily injury was reasonably foreseeable to the defendant. Id. at 971. This
court rejected this argument:

      From the statute’s language, it is clear Congress intended to expose a
      defendant to a more severe minimum sentence whenever death or serious
      injury is a consequence of the victim’s use of a controlled substance that
      has been manufactured or distributed by that defendant. We decline to

                                          -13-
      hinder Congress’s will, apparent from the face of the statute, through a
      judicial pronouncement that the statute requires more than it says.

Id. at 972.

       Here, following the statute’s language, the jury instructions required the
government to prove Barraza voluntarily and intentionally kidnapped Eloiza and Alex.
The statute authorizes a higher punishment “if the death of any person results.” 18
U.S.C. § 1201(a). The statute does not require proof that Barraza voluntarily and
intentionally caused the resulting deaths.

                                           V.

      Barraza asserts that a sentence of life imprisonment is unconstitutionally
disproportionate, given his age at the time of the offense and the facts of the crime.3
This court reviews de novo constitutional challenges. United States v. Rodebaugh,
561 F.3d 864, 870 (8th Cir. 2009), petition for cert. filed (Jul. 7, 2009) (09-5218).

       “Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and
unusual punishments inflicted.” U.S. Const. amend. VIII. “The final clause
prohibits not only barbaric punishments, but also sentences that are disproportionate
to the crime committed.” Solem v. Helm, 463 U.S. 277, 284 (1983). “The
Amendment proscribes ‘all excessive punishments . . . .’” Kennedy v. Louisiana, 128
S. Ct. 2641, 2649 (2008), quoting Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304, 311 n.7 (2002).

      3
        Barraza frames his challenge as an attack on a sentence of “life imprisonment
without the possibility of parole,” as opposed to “a simple sentence of life.” Congress
abolished parole for federal sentences in 1984. Comprehensive Crime Control Act
of 1984, Pub. L. No. 98-473, 98 Stat. 1837, 2027, tit. II, ch. II, § 218(a)(5),
repealing 18 U.S.C. § 4205(a) (“a prisoner shall be eligible for release on parole after
serving . . . ten years of a life sentence”). This court construes Barraza’s challenge as
an attack on a sentence of life imprisonment.
                                             -14-
      In determining whether a sentence is grossly disproportionate, we first
      compare the gravity of the offense committed to the harshness of the
      penalty imposed. In evaluating the gravity of the offense, we consider
      the harm caused or threatened to the victim or to society and the
      culpability and degree of involvement of the defendant. We evaluate the
      culpability of the defendant by looking at the defendant’s intent and
      motive in committing the crime. If the penalty appears grossly
      disproportionate given the offense, we then compare the sentence with
      sentences imposed on other criminals in the same jurisdiction and the
      sentences imposed for violations of the same crime in other jurisdictions.

Ramos v. Weber, 303 F.3d 934, 937 (8th Cir. 2002) (quotations and citations omitted).

       Barraza was convicted of interstate kidnapping, resulting in the deaths of two
people. 18 U.S.C. § 1201(a). Although Barraza was 16 at the time, he played a
central role in the crime. He persuaded Eloiza to take the trip, raped her, restrained
Alex during her murder, and beat a five-year-old child to death. He concealed the
victims’ bodies, and bragged about the killings. A sentence of life imprisonment is
not grossly disproportionate under these circumstances. See Roper v. Simmons, 543
U.S. 551, 560 (2005) (affirming state sentence of “life imprisonment without
eligibility for probation, parole, or release except by act of the Governor” when
defendant committed murder at age 17); Simmons v. Iowa, 28 F.3d 1478, 1483 (8th
Cir. 1994) (“We conclude that the Iowa mandatory sentence of life imprisonment
without parole is not grossly disproportionate to Simmons’s crime of aiding and
abetting the restraint and torture of her seven-year-old child.”); Hatter v. Iowa Men’s
Reformatory, 932 F.2d 701, 702-703 (8th Cir. 1991) (state sentence of life
imprisonment without possibility of parole did not violate the Eighth Amendment
when defendant kidnapped and raped victim but released her alive).

                                         -15-
                                           VI.

      The judgment of the district court is affirmed.

BYE, Circuit Judge, dissenting.

       Barraza has a fundamental right to a trial by a fair and impartial jury. See U.S.
Const. amend. VI; Matthews v. Lockhart, 726 F.2d 394, 397 (8th Cir. 1984). Because
I believe this right was violated, I respectfully dissent.

       A juror is considered to be impartial "only if he can lay aside his opinion and
render a verdict based on the evidence presented in court . . . ." Patton v. Yount, 467
U.S. 1025, 1037 n.12 (1984); see also United States v. Wright, 340 F.3d 724, 733 (8th
Cir. 2003). As the majority correctly recites, "[a]n initial impression about a case does
not disqualify a juror if the district court accepts the juror's assurances that he or she
will set aside any preconceived beliefs and follow the court's instructions." Ante at
6 (citing United States v. Bliss, 242 F.3d 799, 806 (8th Cir. 2001)).

       I am at a loss, however, to see where in this record Juror 43 ever assured the
district court that he would set aside his opinion and serve impartially and fairly.
Juror 43 repeatedly stated he was unsure if he could set aside his views and serve
fairly and impartially: "I couldn't tell you how I would judge or not. I feel very
strongly about that."; "At this point I would try to be fair and judge the evidence but
[my personal life, the fact I have children,] might [affect me], I don't know. I couldn't
honestly tell you. I couldn't stand here and tell you yes or no."

      Not once did Juror 43 affirmatively state he could or would serve fairly and
impartially. In concluding otherwise, the majority mischaracterizes the record. In the
section relied upon by the majority, Juror 43 was not "asked if he could listen to the
evidence and follow the instructions of the court." Ante at 6. He was in fact asked
whether he would give it his "best effort" to listen to the evidence and follow the
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instructions of the court, to which he responded: "That is true, but I have very strong
feelings." (Emphasis added.) Significantly, at the conclusion of the dialogue, where
defense counsel attempted to make the record clear by asking Juror 43 if his ability
to fairly and impartially judge the case was affected, Juror 43 responded, "Yes, sir."
Juror 43 could not have been more clear that he was unable to serve fairly and
impartially.

       This is not the typical case where a juror expresses reservations and then
opposing counsel or the district court rehabilitate him and the juror eventually
unequivocally states he will serve fairly and impartially. See United States v. Blom,
242 F.3d 799, 805-06 (8th Cir. 2001) (holding the district court did not abuse its
discretion by failing to strike for cause a juror who, although she admitted she had
followed pre-trial media accounts about the case, repeatedly stated she could put aside
any impressions and opinions gained from the pretrial publicity and reach a verdict
based only upon the evidence presented at trial).

       Had the district court pushed Juror 43 and the juror finally given unequivocal
assurances of fairness and impartiality that the court found credible, I likely would not
object to the district court's decision not to strike Juror 43 for cause because of the
deference typically accorded the district court in assessing juror credibility. The
district court, however, made no such effort to rehabilitate Juror 43. Indeed, the
district court specifically noted its failure to rehabilitate Juror 43:

      I almost asked some follow up questions but decided not to do it and it
      appeared to me that [Jurors 4, 5, 12, 23, and 43] had ignored my
      admonition that this defendant is presumed to be innocent and that they
      were prejudging him simply because a minor was involved and the
      factual situation was difficult and I was going to follow up with the
      question, "Are you saying that you could not be impartial in this case
      simply because there's a minor involved even though you haven't heard
      the evidence?" That would have been a good question but I didn't do it
      ....

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Because Juror 43 was never rehabilitated, there is no basis for deference to the district
court.

       This case is like United States v. Sithithongtham, 192 F.3d 1119 (8th Cir.
1999). In Sithithongtham, two jurors were questioned about their ability to fairly
judge the testimony of a police officer. Id. at 1121. When asked whether their
opinion of police officers would affect their ability to be fair and impartial, one juror
stated, "I would probably give them the benefit of the doubt if something was
questionable." Id. The other juror stated, "I'm sure I could probably be fair and
impartial." Id. This Court held the district court abused its discretion by not striking
these two jurors for cause:

      A juror who "would probably give [law enforcement officers] the benefit
      of the doubt," is not what we would consider impartial. Nor is a juror
      who "could probably be fair and impartial." "Probably" is not good
      enough.

Id.; see also United States v. Nelson, 277 F.3d 164, 201 (2d Cir. 2002); Thompson v.
Altheimer & Gray, 248 F.3d 621 (7th Cir. 2001); United States v. Gonzalez, 214 F.3d
1109, 1114 (9th Cir. 2000).

       Juror 43's replies during voir dire in this case present an even stronger case for
a lack of impartiality than the replies at issue in Sithithongtham: rather than
"probably," he affirmatively stated his ability to hear the case was affected. And there
was no subsequent rehabilitation. Thus, the district court abused its discretion by not
striking Juror 43 for cause. I therefore dissent.
                         ______________________________

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