Court Opinion

ID: 5142075
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-31 01:08:34.273574+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:17:02.195587
License: Public Domain

STATE OF LOUISIANA

                                    COURT OF APPEAL

                                      FIRST CIRCUIT

                                  NUMBER 2021 CA 0534

                                 DERRICK DAIGREPONT

                                          VERSUS

       EXXON MOBIL CORPORATION, EXXONMOBIL OIL CORPORATION,
       EXXONMOBIL PIPELINE COMPANY, TURNER INDUSTRIES GROUP,
        LLC, TURNER INDUSTRIAL MAINTENANCE, LLC, & FLOWSERVE,
                                            INC.

                                  CONSOLIDATED WITH

                                  NUMBER 2021 CA 0535

                                    RODNEY WANNER

pal"                                      VERSUS

       EXXON MOBIL CORPORATION, EXXONMOBIL GLOBAL SERVICES,
         COMPANY, EXXONMOBIL CHEMICAL COMPANY, EXXONMOBIL
          RESEARCH & ENGINEERING COMPANY, BROCK INDUSTRIAL
           SERVICES, LLC, TOTAL SAFETY U. S., INC., UNITED RENTALS
           NORTH AMERICA), INC., FLOWSERVE US INC., & JONATHON
                                         ZACHARY

                                                                        DEC 3 0 2021
                                           Judgment Rendered:
             ClA   N
                                     Appealed from the
                              Nineteenth Judicial District Court
                          In and for the Parish of East Baton Rouge
                                     State of Louisiana
                       Docket Number C657026 c/ w C658372, Section 27

                          Honorable Trudy White, Judge Presiding

       Darrell J. Papillion                        Counsel for Plaintiff/Appellant,
       Renee C. Crasto                             Derrick Daigrepont
       Jennifer Wise Moroux
       Baton Rouge, LA
Jere Jay Bice
Lake Charles, LA

J. Kyle Findley                    Counsel for Plaintiff/Appellant,
Kala Flittner Sellers              Rodney Wanner
Houston, TX

A.M. " Tony" Clayton
Michael P. Fruge
Richard J. Ward, III
Port Allen, LA

Thomas M. Flanagan

Sean P. Brady
Anders F. Holmgren
New Orleans, LA

Michael P. Bienvenu                Counsel for Defendant/Appellee,
Brent E. Kinchen                   Flowserve US, Inc.
Valerie Briggs Bargas

Gregory P. Aycock
Baton Rouge, LA

Arthur H. Leith                    Counsel for Defendant/Appellee,
C. Keiffer Petree                  Jacobs Engineering Group, Inc.
Sarah E. McMillan
New Orleans, LA

Thomas W. Darling                  Counsel for Defendant/ Appellee,
Laura W. Christensen               Setpoint Integrated Solutions, Inc.
Baton Rouge, LA

Charles M. Jarrell                 Counsel for Intervenor/Appellee,
Opelousas, LA                      Indemnity Insurance Company of
                                   North America

        BEFORE: WHIPPLE, C.J., PENZATO, AND HESTER, JJ.

                               2
WHIPPLE, C.J.

          This matter is before us on appeal by plaintiff, Derrick Daigrepont, from a

judgment of the trial court granting summary judgment in favor of defendant,

Flowserve US, Inc.,      and dismissing plaintiff' s claims against Flowserve US, Inc.,

with prejudice.     For the reasons that follow, we reverse and remand.

                       FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY'

          This case arises out of an explosion and fire which occurred in the Sulfuric

Acid Alkylation Unit (        Alky Unit)    at the Exxon Mobil Corporation ( Exxon)

refinery in Baton Rouge, Louisiana on November 22, 2016.                 At the time of the

explosion, pipeline work was taking place in the Alky Unit.                 Daigrepont was

working nearby when Jonathan Zachary, an employee of Exxon and the Alky Unit

operator, was performing work on a plug valve that was connected to a pressurized

isobutane line.      Zachary was unable to operate the valve using the handwheel

installed on top of the valve.      Rather, while the isobutane line was still in use and

the valve was pressurized, Zachary began to remove the valve' s gearbox in order

to gain access to the valve stem, which he intended to open with a pipe wrench.

Four vertical bolts secured the L- shaped gearbox bracket to the plug; these four

bolts were also used to secure the bonnet/top cap of the valve, which is a pressure -

containing component of the valve. When Zachary removed the valve' s gearbox,

because the line was still pressurized, isobutane escaped the line via the now

opened plug valve and entered into the atmosphere.              The isobutane reached an

ignition source,     believed to be a welding machine located north of the valve,

causing an explosion and fire that injured several people in the area.

           We note that there are multiple parties and multiple judgments before this court on
review.    The case now before us is a consolidated action involving suits by two different
plaintiffs, Derrick Daigrepont and Rodney Wanner, stemming from the November 22, 2016
explosion at the ExxonMobil refinery. Their underlying suits were consolidated by the trial
court on April 16, 2018 for trial and discovery purposes.
                                               3
       On April 11, 2017, Derrick Daigrepont filed suit to recover damages against

various defendants,2 alleging that as a result of the explosion, he " sustained            severe

and debilitating injuries and burns."           As pertinent to this appeal, Daigrepont

alleged that Flowserve US, Inc. ( Flowserve)         manufactured the plug valve,' and its

 failure contributed to the explosion,           because its product was not properly

designed and/or manufactured and possessed one or more vices or defects making

it unreasonably dangerous to normal use."               Additionally,    Daigrepont asserted

various Louisiana Products Liability Act ( LPLA),            LSA-R.S. 9: 2800. 51, et seq„

claims and negligence claims against Flowserve.            Another plaintiff in this matter,

Rodney Wanner, who was also injured in the explosion and fire, filed a separate

petition for damages against various defendants, including Flowserve, and on his

motion, the two actions were consolidated under Daigrepont' s lawsuit.

       After extensive discovery, Flowserve filed a motion for summary judgment

and/or motion for partial summary judgment on August 29,                       2019,      seeking

dismissal of all of Daigrepont' s and Wanner' s claims against it. Flowserve argued

that summary judgment was proper because the LPLA is the exclusive theory of

recovery available to Daigrepont and Wanner in their claims against Flowserve as

the manufacturer of the valve at issue in this case, and Daigrepont and Wanner

would be unable to meet their burden of proof under the LPLA at trial. Daigrepont

and Wanner jointly opposed Flowserve' s motion, arguing that the LPLA issues in

this case are fact issues that are not appropriate for summary judgment because

there is "   ample evidence"   from which a jury could conclude that "(            1)   Flowserve

       2 After Daigrepont filed his first amending and supplemental petition for damages, the
named defendants in this matter are: Exxon; ExxonMobil Oil Corporation; ExxonMobil Global

Services Company; ExxonMobil Research & Engineering Company; ExxonMobile Pipeline
Company; Turner Industries Group, LLC; Turner Industrial Maintenance, LLC; Brock Industrial
Services, LLC; Flowserve; Total Safety U. S., Inc.; United Rentals ( North America), Inc.; and
Jonathan Zachary.

       3 The valve was manufactured by Flowserve' s predecessor -in -interest, the Duriron
Company, Inc. For purposes of this opinion, all references will be to Flowserve.
                                               0
reasonably expected an operator like Zachary to use [ the] valve in this fashion, ( 2)

Flowserve failed to adequately warn of grave dangers of which it was acutely

aware, and ( 3) Flowserve' s valve was unreasonably dangerous in design."

       A hearing was held on October 2, 2019, after which the trial court orally

granted the motion for summary judgment, and found that although Flowserve

manufactured the valve, it was "      in the custody, care and control of Exxon... [       who

was] at all pertinent times ... a sophisticated user of the product."           On October 18,

2019, the trial court signed two separate judgments in accordance with its oral

ruling, granting summary judgment in favor of Flowserve and dismissing all of

Daigrepont' s and Wanner' s claims against Flowserve with prejudice.

       Daigrepont appeals,4 contending that the trial court erred in granting

summary judgment in favor of Flowserve because genuine issues of material fact

exist as to whether: ( 1)     Flowserve reasonably anticipated Zachary' s use of the

valve; (   2) the sophisticated user defense was available and applied to the case; ( 3)

Flowserve provided an adequate warning; and (              4) an alternative design existed

under the LPLA.'

                                SUMMARY JUDGMENT

       A motion for summary judgment is a procedural device used to avoid a full-

scale trial when there is no genuine issue of material fact.                    Georgia-Pacific

Consumer Operations, LLC v. City of Baton Rouge, 2017- 1553 ( La. App.                  1St Cir.

7/ 18/ 18), 255 So. 3d 16, 21, writ denied, 2018- 1397 ( La. 12/ 3/ 18), 257 So. 3d 194.

After an opportunity for adequate discovery, a motion for summary judgment shall

       4 Wanner also filed a separate appeal from the judgment dismissing his claims against
Flowserve with prejudice that was docketed under Docket Number 2021 CA 0538 c/ w 2021 CA
0539. That appeal is addressed in a separate opinion also rendered this date.

       5 At the hearing on the motion for summary judgment, Daigrepont agreed with the
dismissal of his LPLA clams that the valve was unreasonably dangerous in construction or
composition and unreasonably dangerous because it does not conform to an express warranty.
See LSA-R.S. 9: 2800. 55 and 9: 2800. 58.     Daigrepont also conceded that the LPLA is his
exclusive remedy as against Flowserve. Accordingly, Daigrepont does not appeal the dismissal
of those claims.

                                                5
be granted if the motion, memorandum, and supporting documents show that there

is no genuine issue of material fact and that the mover is entitled to judgment as a

matter of law. LSA-C. C. P. art. 966( A)(3).          In reviewing a trial court' s ruling on a

motion for summary judgment, an appellate court reviews the evidence de novo

using the same criteria that govern the trial court' s determination of whether

summary judgment is appropriate. Bourg v. Safeway Ins. Co. of Louisiana, 2019-

0270 ( La. App.       1St Cir. 3/ 5/ 20), 300 So. 3d 881, 888.   Factual inferences reasonably

drawn from the evidence must be construed in favor of the party opposing a

motion for summary judgment, and all doubt must be resolved in the opponent' s

favor. Thompson v. Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, L.L.C., 2017-

1088 ( La. App. 1St Cir. 3/ 15/ 18),       244 So. 3d 441, 445, writ denied, 2018- 0583 ( La.

6/ 1/ 18), 243 So. 3d 1062.

        The initial burden of proof is on the party filing the motion for summary

judgment. LSA-C. C.P. art. 966(D)( 1).             If the mover will not bear the burden of

proof at trial on the issue raised in the motion for summary judgment, the mover is

not required to negate all essential elements of the adverse party' s claim, action, or

defense. However, the mover must demonstrate the absence of factual support for

one or more of the elements of the adverse party' s claim.                   LSA-C. C.P.     art.

966( D)( 1).     The mover can meet this burden by filing supporting documentary

evidence       with   its   motion   for    summary judgment,       consisting   of   pleadings,

memoranda, affidavits, depositions, answers to interrogatories,              certified medical

records, stipulations, and admissions.           LSA-C. C. P. art. 966(A)(4).     The mover' s

supporting documentary evidence must be sufficient to prove the essential facts

necessary to carry the mover' s burden. Thus, in deciding a motion for summary

judgment,      the court must first determine whether the supporting documents

presented by the mover are sufficient to resolve all material factual issues.            If not,

summary judgment must be denied in favor of a trial on the merits.               Crockerham v.
Louisiana Medical Mutual Ins. Co.,     2017- 1590 ( La. App.   1st Cir. 6/ 21/ 18), 255 So.

3d 604, 608.

        Once a motion for summary judgment is made and properly supported, the

burden shifts to the non-moving party to produce factual support, through the use

of proper documentary evidence attached to its opposition, which establishes the

existence of a genuine issue of material fact or that the mover is not entitled to

judgment as a matter of law. LSA-C. C. P. art. 966(D)( 1).     If the non-moving party

fails to produce sufficient factual support with its opposition which proves the

existence of a genuine issue of material fact, LSA-C. C. P. art. 966( D)( 1)    mandates

the granting of the motion for summary judgment.          Jenkins v. Hernandez, 2019-

0874 ( La. App.   1st Cir. 6/ 3/ 20), 305 So. 3d 365, 371, writ denied, 2020- 00835 ( La.

10/ 20/ 20), 303 So. 3d 315.

        Material facts are those that potentially ensure or preclude recovery, affect

the litigant' s success, or determine the outcome of a legal dispute.          Daniels v.

USAgencies Casualty Ins. Co., 2011- 1357 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 5/ 3/ 12), 92 So. 3d

1049,    1055.    Because it is the applicable      substantive law that determines

materiality, whether a particular fact in dispute is material can be seen only in light

of the    substantive   law applicable to the     case.    Georgia-Pacific     Consumer

Operations, LLC, 255 So. 3d at 22.

                                    DISCUSSION

        The Louisiana Products Liability Act is set forth in LSA-R.S. 9: 2800.51, et

seq.,   and establishes the exclusive theories of liability of manufacturers for

damages caused by their products.      LSA-R.S. 9: 2800.52.     Specifically, the LPLA

provides that "[ t]he manufacturer of a product shall be liable to a claimant for

damage proximately caused by a characteristic of the product that renders the

product unreasonably dangerous when such damage arose from a reasonably

anticipated use of the product by the claimant or another person or entity."        LSA -

                                            7
R.S. 9: 2800. 54( A). To recover under the LPLA, a plaintiff must establish four

elements: (        1)    that the defendant is a manufacturer of the product; ( 2)             that the

claimant' s damage was proximately caused by a characteristic of the product; ( 3)

that this characteristic made the product unreasonably dangerous; and ( 4) that the

claimant' s damage arose from a reasonably anticipated use of the product by the

claimant or someone else.              See LSA-R.S. 9: 2800. 54( A); Delahoussaye v. Boelter,

2019- 0026 (La. App. V Cir. 11/ 15/ 19),              290 So. 3d 669, 674. If a plaintiff fails to

establish any one of the above elements, his claim must fail and he cannot recover.

       However, a manufacturer can be liable only if the damage arose from a

reasonably anticipated use of the product, and if not, then a court need not reach

the issue of whether the product is unreasonably dangerous.                   Johnson v. Black &

Decker U.S., Inc.,            29,996 ( La. App.   2nd Cir. 10/ 31/ 97), 701 So. 2d 1360, 1365, writ

denied, 97- 2971 ( La. 2/ 6/ 98), 709 So. 2d 741; see Butz v. Lynch, 99- 1070 ( La.

App.   I'    Cir. 6/ 23/ 00), 762 So. 2d 1214, 1217- 18, writ denied, 2000- 2660 ( La.

11/ 17/ 00), 774 So. 2d 980 ("           The availability of an alternative design is relevant

only if the user was engaged in a ` reasonably anticipated use' of the product, for

unless that threshold element is satisfied, a manufacturer does not have a legal duty

to design its product to prevent such use.");               see also Kelley v. Hanover Ins. Co.,

98- 506 ( La. App.            51 Cir. 11/ 25/ 98), 722 So. 2d 1133, 1136, writ denied, 98- 3168

La. 2/ 12/ 99), 738 So. 2d 576 ("[                B] efore reaching the question [   of] whether a

product       is         unreasonably      dangerous...,      a   plaintiff   must     first      meet

the threshold requirement of [ LSA-R.S. 9: 2800. 54( A)],               which is that the injury

arose from a ` reasonably anticipated use' of the product. It is only after such use is

shown       that        the   inquiry moves on to whether [ a product is unreasonably

dangerous].").

       Once a claimant establishes that his or her damages arose from a reasonably

anticipated use, the LPLA states that a product is unreasonably dangerous only if:
        1)      The    product   is    unreasonably   dangerous   in   construction   or

                composition as provided in R.S. 9:2800.55;

        2)      The product is unreasonably dangerous in design as provided in
                R.S. 9: 2800. 56;

        3)      The product is unreasonably dangerous because an adequate
                warning about the product has not been provided as provided in
                R.S. 9: 2800. 57; or

        4)      The product is unreasonably dangerous because it does not
                conform to an express warranty of the manufacturer about the
                product as provided in R.S. 9: 2800.58.

LSA-R.S. 9: 2800. 54( B).

       In its motion for summary judgment, Flowserve averred that there was an

absence of factual support for two elements of Daigrepont' s claim, i.e.,                  that

Zachary' s actions in removing the pressure -containing bolts were a "            reasonably

anticipated     use"   of the valve;     and that the valve was unreasonably dangerous.

Flowserve contended that Daigrepont would be unable to establish that the valve

was unreasonably dangerous in design because no alternative design existed at the

time of manufacture, and Daigrepont would also be unable to establish that the

valve was unreasonably dangerous due to lack of an adequate warning, where it

was not required to warn Exxon given that Exxon was a " sophisticated user."

       In support, Flowserve submitted:           Daigrepont' s and Wanner' s petitions for

damages;     the deposition of Jonathan Zachary; the deposition of Flowserve' s

corporate representative, Roger Freeze; the deposition of A.J. McPhate, P.E.;              the

deposition of Leroy Blanchard; the deposition of Exxon' s corporate representative,

Byron Sevin; the deposition of Raphael Bojarczuk; the deposition of Peter Paul

Howell, P.E.;      Exxon' s discovery responses; an affidavit and expert eport of M.S.

Kalsi, P. E.;   and partial discovery responses of Brock Services, LLC.

       In opposition to the motion, Dairepont submitted:                  excerpts from the

depositions of Randy Tadlock, Gregory McCormack, Jonathan Zachary, Roger

Freeze, Byron Sevin, Raphael Bojarczuk, and Terry Blackard; configurations of

                                                 E
the plug valves in the Alky Unit; Flowserve memoranda regarding the plug valve' s

design change; photos of Flowserve' s warning tag; and a print-out of 29 C.F.R. §

1910. 119.

                                 Assignment of Error #1
                            Reasonably Anticipated Use)

        On appeal, Daigrepont argues that Zachary was using the valve for " the

exact purpose for which the valve was intended[,] ... [                 as]   he removed bolts

designed to be removable [ and was] using the valve as a valve, which is all that is

needed for a use to be reasonably anticipated." ( Emphasis removed.)

        A " reasonably anticipated use"          of the product is defined as "            a   use   or

handling of a product that the product' s manufacturer should reasonably expect of

an     ordinary    person   in    the   same    or   similar    circumstances."           LSA-R.S.

9. 2800. 53( 7). 6 What constitutes a reasonably anticipated use is ascertained from

the point of view of the manufacturer at the time of manufacture.                          Payne v.

Gardner, 2010- 2627 ( La. 2/ 18/ 11),      56 So. 3d 229, 231. "       Reasonably anticipated

use"   also effectively conveys the important message that "             a manufacturer is not

responsible for accounting for every conceivable foreseeable use" of its product.

Dunne v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.,          95- 2047 ( La. App.     1St Cir. 9/ 10/ 96), 679 So. 2d

10341, 1037.

        The standard for determining a reasonably anticipated use is an objective

one;   i.e.,   an ordinary person in the same or similar circumstances.               Marable v.

Empire Truck Sales of Louisiana, LLC, 2016- 0876 ( La. App. 4'                Cir. 6/ 23/ 17), 221

So. 3d 880, 893- 94, writ denied, 2017- 1469 ( La. 11/ 13/ 17), 230 So. 3d 210. Thus,

under the LPLA, a manufacturer is liable only for those uses it should reasonably

expect of an ordinary consumer.          See Kennedy, John, A Primer on the Louisiana

        6 This definition is narrower in scope than its pre- LPLA counterpart, " normal   use,"   which

included " all reasonably foreseeable uses and misuses of the product." See Bloxom v. Bloxom,
512 So. 2d 839, 841 ( La. 1987); Payne v. Gardner, 2010-2627 ( La. 2/ 18/ 11), 56 So. 3d 229, 231.

                                                10
Products Liability Act, 49 La. Law Rev. 565, 586 ( 1989); Marable, 221 So. 3d at

 G,

      Through its motion, Flowserve contends that all of Daigrepont' s LPLA

claims must fail as a matter of law because his damages do not arise from a

reasonably anticipated use of the valve. Flowserve maintains that at the time of the

valve' s manufacture, there were no other instances of hazardous uses of the valve.

In support, Flowserve relies on the testimony of its corporate representative, Roger

Freeze, who testified that this type of valve was originally released in the " early"

1970s, and manufactured sometime between 1973- 1981.

      Flowserve further relies on Zachary' s testimony to show that his actions

could not be considered reasonably anticipated under the LPLA.              Flowserve

contends that because Zachary knew that this valve was connected to a line with

pressurized isobutane running through it, that the Alky Unit contained plug valves

with different configurations, and that he had never seen anyone remove the

gearbox from this valve configuration the way he did it, his actions were not

reasonable under the LPLA.      Flowserve contends that it could not be reasonably

anticipated that Zachary would work on the valve and unscrew pressure -containing

bolts without first looking at what he was doing and assessing the equipment

      Conversely, Daigrepont contends that Zachary was using the valve as a

valve, to regulate the flow of a product through the valve' s line, and that if Zachary

was using the product in a way in which it was generally intended, his actions

constitute a reasonably anticipated use under the LPLA,           even if the use is

inattentive or careless.    Additionally,   Daigrepont contends that Flowserve' s

knowledge of the possibility that an operator might inadvertently remove the

pressure containing bolts on the valve is precisely what motivated Flowserve to

redesign the valve.   In support of this claim, Daigrepont points to two different

memoranda issued by Flowserve, which stated that as early as 1976, Flowserve

                                          11
began to redesign the valve in order to make it " more foolproof' and that, as of

1982, it had been a "   long time goal" of Flowserve to change the gearbox mounting

design of the valve.?       Daigrepont further relies on Freeze' s testimony that the

design change was initially implemented because " a hazard had been identified"

that included " the possible inadvertent removal of the pressure -containing [ bolts,]"

and the design change "     minimized"    that possibility. In his deposition, Freeze also

agreed with counsel that "      the unsafe part of the product was the reasonably]

anticipated use that an operator [ would]...        think he' s removing the gear bracket

bolts and also remove the pressure -containing bolts."

        On review, we agree with Flowserve that once it made the requisite initial

showing that,    at the time of manufacture of the valve,           it did not reasonably

anticipate Zachary' s use of the valve when he inadvertently removed the pressure -

containing bolts, the burden then shifted to Daigrepont to produce factual support

sufficient to establish the existence of a genuine issue of material fact or that

Flowserve was not entitled to judgment as a matter of law.               See LSA-C. C.P. art.

966( D)( 1).   On de novo review, we conclude that Daigrepont produced such

support to show that material issues of fact remain herein precluding summary

judgment as a matter of law.

       In particular, Daigrepont showed that, by Flowserve' s own admission, the

design change was implemented because a " hazard [                was]    identified"   due to

operators inadvertently removing the pressure -containing bolts when trying to

remove the gearbox bracket.          Flowserve' s memorandum stated that this design

change began as early as 1976, and, according to Flowserve' s own showing, the

valve was manufactured sometime between 1973- 1981.                 Therefore, Daigrepont

established that a genuine issue of material fact remains as to whether or not

        7 The memoranda indicate that the notices were only sent out to "    List 1B All Valve
Distributors" and not to end-users or purchasers such as Exxon.

                                               12
Flowserve should have reasonably anticipated this " hazard"             at the time the valve

was manufactured.

       Thus, we find merit to Daigrepont' s first assignment of error as genuine

issues of material fact exist as to whether or not Zachary was engaged in a

reasonably anticipated use of Flowserve' s product at the time of the explosion and

the ensuing injuries and damages allegedly sustained by Daigrepont. Accordingly,

in light of the genuine issues of material fact remaining herein, Flowserve is not

entitled to summary judgment dismissing Daigrepont' s claims on the basis of an

absence of factual support for a finding that Zachary' s use of the valve at the time

of the explosion was a reasonably anticipated use.

                                Assignment of Error #4
                                  Alternative Design)

       In support of its motion for summary judgment, Flowserve alternatively

contended that Daigrepont would be unable to establish that the valve was

unreasonably dangerous due to a design defect, because Daigrepont cannot meet

his burden in establishing a defective design claim as there is no evidence that an

alternative design existed when the valve left Flowserve' s control.

       On appeal, Daigrepont contends that, though the LPLA requires that an

alternative design " existed" at the time the product left the manufacturer' s control,

see   LSA-R.S.    9: 2800.56,   that "   does    not   mean [   that   it   must   have   been]

manufactured and in actual use,' nor does it mean the alternative design must have

been feasible at the time of distribution[; i] t means the alternative design must have

at least been conceived, to show the manufacturer had a realistic choice."

       Louisiana Revised Statutes 9: 2800. 56 provides:

       A product is unreasonably dangerous in design if, at the time the
       product left its manufacturer' s control:

        1) There existed an alternative design for the product that was capable
          of preventing the claimant' s damage; and

                                                13
         2) The   likelihood   that   the   product' s    design    would          cause   the

           claimant' s damage and the gravity of that damage outweighed the
           burden on the manufacturer of adopting such alternative design
           and the adverse effect, if any, of such alternative design on the
           utility of the product. An adequate warning about a product shall
           be considered in evaluating the likelihood of damage when the
           manufacturer has used reasonable care to provide the adequate
           warning to users and handlers of the product.

        Flowserve relied on the affidavit and report of M.S. Kalsi, a mechanical

engineer, to show that this type of mounting design was also used by other plug

valve    manufacturers    when       Flowserve     manufactured       this       particular      valve.

Additionally, Flowserve relied on the testimony of A.J. McPhate, a mechanical

engineer, to support its argument that the valve complied with industry standards at

the time it was manufactured.

        In opposition to the motion for summary judgment, Daigrepont pointed out

that " Flowserve challenge[ d] ...    the defective design claim on only one basis[, by

arguing] that the plaintiffs have not met the first requirement of [ LSA-R.S.]

9: 2800.5[ 6] — that, at the time the valve left Flowserve' s control,"              an alternative

design for the valve existed that was capable of preventing the damage.

Daigrepont further points out that although Flowserve maintains that the valve was

likely manufactured sometime between               1973    and     1981,     its    memoranda to

distributors indicated that the design change began as early as 1976.                            Thus,

Daigrepont contends that "     there is an approximately five-year period (                   1976 to

1981) in which ( 1) the valve in question could have been manufactured and ( 2)

Flowserve had already conceived of [the new design]."

        Moreover, Daigrepont relied on the testimony of Gregory McCormack, who

stated that he worked in refineries in the 1970s and saw valves where gearboxes

were not attached to the pressure -containing parts. McCormack also testified that

the only difference between this valve (            referred to      in this        litigation    as   a

 Configuration C"     valve)   and a similarly designed valve (            a "   Configuration D"

                                              14
valve) is that the Configuration D valve has a pressure -containing nut in between

the top cap and the gearbox bracket.          Exxon' s corporate representative, Byron

Sevin, also testified that this was the only difference between the Configuration C

and Configuration D valves and that the addition of the pressure -containing nuts
 would be one option to secure [      the]   bracket without using pressure -containing
bolts."     Notably, McCormack testified that these pressure -containing nuts also

existed in the 1970s and there was nothing technologically preventing the valve

from being manufactured in this manner.

          Additionally, we note that in Flowserve' s corporate deposition, Freeze was

asked whether Flowserve' s method of mounting the gearbox to the valve was the

only method in which it could be done. Freeze responded "           No. That was our

design to do it but,     no, that' s not the only way it could be done...     There is

alternative ways that others...   may have done it."

          Flowserve maintains that it demonstrated that Daigrepont would be unable

to prove that an alternative design existed that was capable of preventing

Daigrepont' s damage at the time the valve left Flowserve' s control and, therefore,

the trial court correctly dismissed these claims against Flowserve.         Flowserve

argues that as a result of this showing, the burden shifted to Daigrepont to show

factual support sufficient to establish a genuine issue of material fact or that

Flowserve is not entitled to judgment as a matter of law.         See LSA-C. C. P. art.

966( D)( 1).

          Mindful that factual inferences reasonably drawn from the evidence must be

construed in favor of the opponent to summary judgment and that any doubt must

be resolved in favor of denying the motion for summary judgment, see Thompson,

244 So. 3d at 445, we conclude that, on the showing made, whether an alternative

design of the valve existed that was capable of preventing Daigrepont' s damage is

an outstanding issue of material fact, which must be submitted to the trier of fact
                                             15
and cannot be resolved on summary judgment. Further, mindful of the fact that on

summary judgment, courts cannot make credibility determinations,                        evaluate

testimony, or weigh evidence, see Ladner v. REM Management., LLC, 2020-0601

 La. App. 1st Cir. 12/ 30/ 20), 318 So. 3d 897, 901, writ denied, 2021- 00151 (               La.

3/ 23/ 21), 313 So. 3d 271,      we find that McCormack' s testimony creates a genuine

issue of material fact as to whether an alternative design existed at the time the

valve left Flowserve' s control.      By Freeze' s own admission alone, there were other

methods by which the gearbox could be mounted to the valve.                Moreover, although

Flowserve argues in its motion that Kalsi found that the Configuration C design

was also used by other manufacturers "          at the time Flowserve manufactured" this

valve,    Kalsi' s testimony does not identify or specify a time frame, but only

describes how the gearbox was mounted to the valve and states, " This type of

mounting design was used by other plug valve manufacturers."

         Thus, we find that there is also merit to this assignment of error, as genuine

issues of material fact exist as to whether an alternative design capable of

preventing Daigrepont' s damages existed at the time the product left Flowserve' s

control.     Accordingly, Flowserve is likewise not entitled to summary judgment

dismissing Daigrepont' s claims with regard to the third element of an LPLA claim,

namely, whether the valve was unreasonably dangerous in design pursuant to LSA-

R.S. 9: 2800. 56. 8

         Having found on de novo review that genuine issues of material fact remain

as to whether the valve in question was unreasonably dangerous in design, we

conclude that Flowserve has failed to establish its entitlement to summary

         8 We note that under LSA-R.S. 9: 2800. 56, the existence of an alternative design capable
of preventing the claimant' s damage is only one part of the " unreasonably dangerous in design"
claim, and that at trial, Daigrepont would be responsible for showing both elements of the claim.
Flowserve' s burden on the motion was to show the absence of factual support for one or more of
the elements of Daigrepont' s claim, see LSA-C. C. P. art. 966(D)( 1). However, in its motion for
summary judgment, Flowserve only briefed and presented argument pursuant to the alternative
design element of the claim.

                                                16
judgment on the basis that Daigrepont is unable to establish the " unreasonably

dangerous product" element of his LPLA claim.                      Moreover, because we have

Ofound a question of fact remains unresolved herein as to whether the valve was

unreasonably dangerous on the basis of design, we pretermit discussion of whether

a genuine issue of material fact also remains as to whether the valve was

unreasonably dangerous due to the lack of an adequate warning.

        Finding     issues     of fact   as    to   the "   reasonably   anticipated    use"    and

 unreasonably dangerous product"              elements of Daigrepont' s LPLA claims against

Flowserve are unresolved herein, we conclude that this matter was not ripe for

summary judgment.             Accordingly,      because Flowserve has failed to prove its

entitlement to summary judgment dismissing Daigrepont' s LPLA claims,                            the

judgment dismissing those claims must be hereby reversed.

                                         CONCLUSION

        For the above and foregoing reasons, the October 18, 2019 judgment of the

trial   court,   granting summary judgment in favor of Flowserve US,                     Inc.   and

dismissing       Derrick     Daigrepont' s     claims    against   Flowserve   US,     Inc.,    with

prejudice, is hereby reversed. This matter is remanded for further proceedings.

Costs of this appeal are assessed to defendant/ appellee, Flowserve US, Inc.

        REVERSED AND REMANDED.

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