Court Opinion

ID: 9352332
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-05 19:01:14.702946+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:00:59.269571
License: Public Domain

RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                      File Name: 23a0003p.06

                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

                                                           ┐
 DEANNA L. PUSKAS,
                                                           │
                                 Plaintiff-Appellant,      │
                                                            >         No. 22-3390
                                                           │
       v.                                                  │
                                                           │
 DELAWARE COUNTY, OHIO; ZACHARY SWICK; TROY                │
 GIBSON; ROBERT SPRING; ROBERT BUTLER,                     │
                            Defendants-Appellees.          │
                                                           ┘

  Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio at Columbus.
                No. 2:19-cv-02385—Sarah Daggett Morrison, District Judge.

                                 Argued: December 6, 2022

                             Decided and Filed: January 5, 2023

               Before: SUHRHEINRICH, CLAY, and DAVIS, Circuit Judges.

                                     _________________

                                           COUNSEL

ARGUED: Carrie M. Varner, VARNER LAW OFFICE, Lewis Center, Ohio, for Appellant.
Stephanie L. Schoolcraft, FISHEL, DOWNEY, ALBRECHT & RIEPENHOFF, LLP, New
Albany, Ohio, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Carrie M. Varner, VARNER LAW OFFICE, Lewis
Center, Ohio, Pamella A. Lammon, LAMMON LAW OFFICE, Delaware, Ohio, for Appellant.
Stephanie L. Schoolcraft, Daniel T. Downey, FISHEL, DOWNEY, ALBRECHT &
RIEPENHOFF, LLP, New Albany, Ohio, for Appellees.
 No. 22-3390                       Puskas v. Delaware County                              Page 2

                                      _________________

                                           OPINION
                                      _________________

       SUHRHEINRICH, Circuit Judge.

       This § 1983 action involves the shooting death of Brian Puskas after police officers
responded to a 911 domestic disturbance call from Brian’s wife, Plaintiff Deanna L. Puskas. The
district court found that the defendant officers’ actions were nonetheless reasonable under the
circumstances. The camera footage confirms that conclusion. We therefore affirm the court’s
decision.
                                                 I.

       The police body cameras tell much of the story here. Plaintiff’s version of events fills in
the rest for summary judgment purposes. See Ashford v. Raby, 951 F.3d 798, 800 (6th Cir. 2020)
(citing Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 378–80 (2007)).

       Around 11:14 a.m. on June 6, 2018, Deanna called 911 from her home in Delaware
County, Ohio, frantically claiming that her husband was threatening her and that she feared for
her life. She told the 911 dispatcher that when Puskas came home from work he was “not
normal,” was tearing up the house, and was “threatening [her] with guns and knives.” Deanna
stated that Puskas had “never acted like this before,” and explained that he had high blood
pressure and depression and was on “new medication from the doctor” for “inflammatories.”
Deanna also indicated that there were lots of guns and knives in the house, and that Puskas
“threatened to turn [her] into an ashtray.” He also cut open a window screen after she locked
him out and he was tossing items across the front yard. During the call, Deanna stated “I know
what he’s going to do, he’s going to kill me.”

       Deanna ran to the neighbors’ and hid behind a truck. She told the dispatcher that Puskas
had “tremendous guns” in their house.

       Several officers from the Delaware County Sheriff’s Office and the Sunbury Police
Department responded to an incident that dispatch “described as a domestic disturbance
 No. 22-3390                       Puskas v. Delaware County                               Page 3

involving firearms and knives.” Defendant Deputy Zachary Swick was the first to arrive at
11:25 a.m., knowing that Puskas had weapons and was “not acting right.” As he drove up,
Swick observed stuff scattered across the lawn and Puskas holding a rifle. Puskas put the rifle
down before Swick got out of the cruiser.

       Swick told Puskas multiple times to put his hands up and to get on the ground. Puskas
walked toward the house instead. He stopped near a tree close to the front door, picked up a bag,
and pulled out a shotgun. Swick, who was about six feet from Puskas, fled for cover. His body
camera fell off in the process. Puskas told Swick that he had “better run.” From the safety of his
vehicle, Swick reported to dispatch that Puskas had a shotgun and that there were other weapons
in the yard. Puskas then dropped the shotgun.

       From behind the cruiser, Swick reengaged with Puskas, asking “what’s going on,” and
broaching the topic of Puskas’s mental state. Officer Keith Brown from the Sunbury Police
Department arrived next, at 11:30 a.m. He joined Swick behind Swick’s cruiser. Brown also
instructed Puskas to approach, and repeatedly beckoned to Puskas: “Let’s talk about this, let’s
figure out what’s going on”; “Come on partner, come out here and talk to me,” “I understand
you’re having a rough day, why don’t we talk about it?”; “I understand, I’ve got plenty of time—
plenty of time”; and “Walk out this way partner, come on.” Puskas did not obey. When the next
officer, Sgt. Robert Curren, arrived at 11:32 a.m., he asked dispatch to send a negotiator.
Dispatch notified Curren that a negotiator was on the way.

       More officers arrived, including Defendants Sergeant Robert Spring and Deputy Troy
Gibson. Gibson parked his cruiser on the west side of the residence (Swick’s was on the east).
Gibson, a canine officer for the Sheriff’s Office, brought his canine partner, Cash, along. Cash is
certified as a narcotics and patrol dog. Cash has been his canine partner since 2017. Relevant
here is Delaware County Sheriff’s Office Canine Policy, which states that “[t]he canine officer
shall, if possible, verbally warn the suspect(s) that if they do not stop, the canine will be
released.” The County also has Response to Resistance and Less Lethal Force policies.

       Gibson joined the other officers in trying to persuade Puskas to engage with them.
Gibson told Puskas to “come to the sound of my voice, and we won’t have any problems,” and
 No. 22-3390                          Puskas v. Delaware County                                Page 4

“come out to us and you won’t have any problems.” Gibson was also preparing Cash “for an
apprehension,” repeatedly giving Cash the bite command. Puskas ignored Gibson’s commands
and continued to meander around the yard picking up various items off the ground, including a t-
shirt. When told to drop the shirt, Puskas tossed it at the officers.

       Gibson released Cash shortly thereafter.         Deanna maintains that neither Spring nor
Gibson warned Puskas to surrender or that the Cash would be released, and that Puskas did not
turn and run until after Gibson discharged Cash. This is the basis of her first excessive force
challenge. The officers maintain that they did not violate the Fourth Amendment because
Gibson did not release Cash until after Puskas started to run towards the house.

       The officers’ differing accounts fuel the debate. Swick reported to investigating officers
that Cash was not released until after Puskas had turned to run towards his residence. Spring
recounted that Puskas “started to turn as to go back to the residence, [and] I advised Dep. Gibson
to deploy his K-9 partner to apprehend the subject, which Dep. Gibson did.”

       On the other hand, Gibson, Cash’s handler and therefore the so-called “trigger finger,”
supports Deanna’s version of events:

       Q. Now what does he have in his hand? 3:26 we stopped it at. Can you see that
       he picked something up there?
       A. Yes.
       Q. Can you tell what that is?
       A. I believe that is the shirt.
                [Plaintiff’s Counsel]: Okay. And start at 3:26.
                (Video played back.)
                “You’re going to get bit. You’re going to get bit if you don’t (inaudible).”
                “Stellen. Stellen.”
                (Video playback stopped.)
       Q. So is the dog released at this point, 3:37?
       A. Obviously, yes.
       Q. Did you identify yourself at that point?
       A. No.
 No. 22-3390                        Puskas v. Delaware County                               Page 5

       A. Okay. So he threw the shirt right before you released. Did he have a weapon
       in his hands?
       ....
       A. No.
       ....
       Q. Okay. So in response to you releasing the dog what did Mr. Puskas do?
       A. He ran towards the house.
       Q. Okay. And what happened next?
       A. He continued running. Cash ran next to him, did not engage him, and he
       circled around the—whatever, the tree landscaping north of the house . . . .

       The camera footage further establishes that Cash initially targeted the t-shirt, not Puskas.
Gibson refocused Cash on Puskas and followed Cash as Cash followed Puskas. Swick and
Spring followed behind Gibson and Cash. All had their guns drawn.

       Puskas pivoted away from the house and darted behind the tree near the front door.
Gibson moved to the other side of the tree. Cash still did not bite or apprehend Puskas. Puskas
then reached down and picked up a black pistol case. Someone yelled, “he’s got a pistol”; Swick
yelled “drop it”; and Spring yelled “get off that.” Puskas pulled out a silver revolver, and the
officers shot him at 11:38 a.m. Puskas fell to the ground.

       Swick kicked the pistol away and secured Puskas with handcuffs.                  Puskas was
transported to the hospital. He died there.

       Deanna, as administrator of Puskas’s estate, sued Swick, Gibson, Spring, and Lt. Robert
Buttler (aka the “Individual Defendants”) under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that they used
excessive force when they (1) deployed Cash and (2) shot Puskas. Deanna alleged that Delaware
County was liable under Monell v. Department of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658 (1978), for its
lethal force and canine policies, and its failure to train or supervise the canine units. She brought
two state claims, as well.

       The district court dismissed the claim against Buttler as time-barred and the Monell
failure-to-train-or-supervise claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). The court
granted summary judgment to the Individual Defendants, concluding that the officers did not use
 No. 22-3390                       Puskas v. Delaware County                                Page 6

excessive force in either instance. The court granted summary judgment on the Monell county
policy claim. The court dismissed the state law claims.

       Deanna appeals.

                                                II.

       We review the grant of summary judgment de novo to determine whether there is “no
genuine issue as to any material fact” such that the movant “is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); Palma v. Johns, 27 F. 4th 419, 427 (6th Cir. 2022).

       The doctrine of qualified immunity shields “government officials performing
discretionary functions” from liability “insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly
established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.”
Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982). “Thus, a defendant is entitled to qualified
immunity on summary judgment unless the facts, when viewed in the light most favorable to the
plaintiff, would permit a reasonable juror to find that: (1) the defendant violated a constitutional
right; and (2) the right was clearly established.” Williams v. Maurer, 9 F.4th 416, 430 (6th Cir.
2021) (quoting Bishop v. Hackel, 636 F.3d 757, 765 (6th Cir. 2011)). Once invoked, the plaintiff
must show that the defendant is not entitled to qualified immunity. Id. (citation omitted). “That
is, . . . when a defendant raises the defense of qualified immunity in a motion for summary
judgment, the plaintiff must show that those facts and inferences would allow a reasonable juror
to conclude that the defendant violated a clearly established constitutional right.” Id. at 430–31
(citing Barton v. Martin, 949 F.3d 938, 947 (6th Cir. 2020)).

                                                A.

       Deanna alleges that the officers violated Puskas’s Fourth Amendment rights by first
deploying Cash and then shooting Puskas.         A seizure is “unreasonable” under the Fourth
Amendment if officers used excessive force. Gambrel v. Knox Cnty., 25 F.4th 391, 400 (6th Cir.
2022) (citing Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 394–97 (1989)). In deciding whether the force
used was excessive, we balance the government’s interests in protecting others (including the
police) and curbing crime against a suspect’s right to not to be injured. Id. Three factors are
 No. 22-3390                        Puskas v. Delaware County                               Page 7

particularly relevant: (1) “the severity of the crime at issue,” (2) “whether the suspect pose[d] an
immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others,” and (3) “whether he [wa]s actively
resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight.” Graham, 490 U.S. at 396; Gambrel,
25 F.4th at 400. We do so from the perspective of a reasonable officer at the scene, and not from
“the 20/20 vision of hindsight.” Graham, 490 U.S. at 396. And we “view excessive force claims
in segments.” Livermore ex rel. Rohm v. Lubelan, 476 F.3d 397, 406 (6th Cir. 2007) (citations
omitted).

         1.

         Deployment of a well-trained police dog is “[a]mong the various forms of force available
to law enforcement, that is a comparatively measured application of force, which ‘does not carry
with it a substantial risk of causing death or serious bodily harm.’” Jarvela v. Washtenaw Cnty.,
40 F.4th 761, 764 (6th Cir. 2022) (dog bite) (quoting Robinette v. Barnes, 854 F.2d 909, 912 (6th
Cir. 1988)). But only if it’s reasonable under the circumstances as measured by the Graham
factors. See Ashford, 951 F.3d at 801–03; Zuress v. City of Newark, 815 F. App’x 1, 5–6 (6th
Cir. 2020). The district court did just that, concluding:

                 When Cash was released to apprehend Mr. Puskas, the Individual
         Defendants knew that: Mr. Puskas was suspected of domestic violence, had
         threatened his wife with “guns and knives,” and had twice wielded firearms in the
         presence of Deputy Swick. Mr. Puskas had been acting erratically during his
         encounter with the Individual Defendants, and they saw that he had ready access
         to firearms in the yard. Mr. Puskas had refused to surrender and resisted attempts
         at apprehension even after he was warned that he would be bit if he refused to
         comply. When Mr. Puskas turned and ran toward his house where the Individual
         Defendants believed more guns were located, they reasonably believed that he
         posed an imminent threat to the personal safety of everyone on the scene.

         Deanna attempts to chip away at the court’s conclusion by disputing its treatment of the
facts.   First, she claims that the officers did not warn Puskas before releasing Cash—and
Gibson’s own testimony bolsters her argument. But the video establishes otherwise. Gibson
said, “You’re gonna get bit.” Spring also clearly said, “You’re gonna get bit if you don’t . . . .”
The word “comply” is fairly inaudible but still fairly inferable. See Matthews v. Jones, 35 F.3d
1046, 1048 (6th Cir. 1994) (officers “called out orders for [the suspect] to surrender” and
“warned that the dog would be released if he did not” before releasing canine); Robinette,
 No. 22-3390                         Puskas v. Delaware County                             Page 8

854 F.2d at 911–12 (same). Scott dictates that the video controls. See Scott, 550 U.S. at 380–81;
see also Hayden v. Green, 640 F.3d 150, 152 (6th Cir. 2011) (rejecting the plaintiff’s allegations
“to the extent they are clearly contradicted ‘by a videotape capturing the events in question’”
(quoting Scott, 550 U.S. at 378)).

       Deanna also alleges that Puskas was not an imminent threat because he did not begin to
flee until after the canine was deployed. Again, the camera footage tells a different story, from
two perspectives, Gibson’s and Brown’s body cameras. Admittedly, the videos are not of the
highest resolution and some scenes are blurry, but the parties’ movements are discernible.
Brown’s body camera provides the clearer picture. It shows Puskas, after tossing the shirt in the
officers’ direction, back up, turn and run towards the house, despite the officers’ warnings that he
was “gonna get bit.”

       Gibson’s body camera’s depiction mirrors Brown’s. Gibson repeatedly asked Puskas to
“come to the sound of my voice,” “come out to us and you won’t get hurt,” and “don’t pick
anything up.” Puskas nonetheless bent down, picked up the shirt, and threw it towards the
officers. Both Gibson and Spring warned Puskas that he was going to get bit. Gibson held Cash
tightly by the collar. Although not pellucid, the video shows Gibson release his grip on Cash
after Puskas had turned and started to run towards the house. Therefore, the inconsistent
accounts by the officers, including the dog’s handler, do not create a genuine issue of material
fact for trial. See Scott, 550 U.S. at 380–81; Hayden, 640 F.3d at 154.

       Deanna also contends that Cash was “a poorly trained dog that attacked suspects without
warning or command,” Ashford, 951 F.3d at 803, because he was not “fully mature” (eighteen
months old at the time of the incident rather than two years of age) and had never successfully
apprehended an individual. But the record establishes that Gibson and Cash were an OPOTA
(Ohio Police Officer Training Academy) canine team with “at least 240 hours of training” that
covered all aspects of dual-purpose police canine training, including apprehensions. And Gibson
performed monthly maintenance training with Cash. Although Cash had never apprehended a
fleeing suspect before Puskas, that is because June 6, 2018, was his first deployment. Gibson
testified that Cash never failed to bite or engage a suspect when commanded during training
 No. 22-3390                       Puskas v. Delaware County                             Page 9

exercises. The record simply does not support the assertion that Cash was a “poorly trained
dog.” Ashford, 951 F.3d at 803.

       Deanna posits that Swick or Gibson should have tased Puskas instead of releasing Cash.
She argues that Swick could have tased Puskas when he was within six feet of Puskas (a taser
can fire up to 21 feet). Furthermore, the taser policy in effect encouraged its use. Maybe so.
But “the Fourth Amendment does not require officers to use the best technique available as long
as their method is reasonable under the circumstances.” Davenport v. Causey, 521 F.3d 544, 552
(6th Cir. 2008) (cleaned up); Ashford, 951 F.3d at 801 (same). Thus, whether using a taser
would have been a better technique is not a question that is before us; we are asked only whether
the techniques used were reasonable under the circumstances. Swick testified that he decided
not to deploy the taser because there were other, lethal weapons in the yard. And, as noted
above, deploying Cash was an accepted police tactic. Furthermore, the video clearly shows that
the defendant officers were trying to deescalate the situation by calmly entreating Puskas to
come to them. In short, the officers’ decisions here are paradigmatic judgment calls, which we
do not second guess. See Graham, 490 U.S. at 396. Thus, as the district court noted, “the
decision to forgo tasering for the possibility of nonviolent resolution was far from ‘plainly
incompetent.’” We therefore hold that, under the circumstances the officers faced here, the
decision to release Cash did not violate the Constitution.

       2.

       “When an officer uses deadly force, that force is unreasonable unless ‘the officer has
probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a threat of serious physical harm, either to the
officer or to others.’” Palma, 27 F.4th at 432 (quoting Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1, 11
(1985)). The officers’ use of deadly force is also examined for objective reasonableness, using
the Graham factors. Graham, 490 U.S. at 396–97. However, the threat of immediate harm is a
“minimum requirement for the use of deadly force.” Untalan v. City of Lorain, 430 F.3d 312,
314 (6th Cir. 2005); see also Palma, 27 F.4th at 432.

       The first (severity of the crime) and third (resisting arrest or fleeing) Graham factors
support the use of deadly force. Again, the crime was severe—the officers knew that Puskas had
 No. 22-3390                        Puskas v. Delaware County                           Page 10

threatened Deanna with weapons and had access to them. Puskas repeatedly disobeyed the
officers’ orders to come to them and to leave everything on the ground, and he attempted to flee
to his house, where more weapons were stored.

       What Puskas did next, made the danger to the officers imminent (the second Graham
factor). The video footage confirms that as Puskas was heading towards the house, he pivoted
towards the tree, picked up a black case, pulled out a pistol (or revolver), and appeared to draw
the gun. At this point, the officers, who were in pursuit of Puskas, became easy targets—and
Puskas’s prior behavior could reasonably be perceived as raising those odds. See, e.g., Thornton
v. City of Columbus, 727 F. App’x 829, 837 (6th Cir. 2018) (deadly force reasonable where
suspect was within 15 feet holding a shotgun (not pointed at the officers) after he failed to
comply with the officers’ order to drop the weapon); Thomas v. City of Columbus, 854 F.3d 361,
366 (6th Cir. 2017) (deadly force reasonable where individual suspected of burglary ran towards
the officer “with a gun”); Pollard v. City of Columbus, 780 F.3d 395, 403–04 (6th Cir. 2015)
(deadly force reasonable where uncooperative suspect held his hands in a shooting posture and
pointed at the officers after a high-speed chase); Simmonds v. Genesee Cnty., 682 F.3d 438, 445
(6th Cir. 2012) (deadly force reasonable where suspect brandished a silver object, yelling “I have
a gun” after threatening to kill others and fleeing from police); Livermore, 476 F.3d at 404–05
(deadly force reasonable where suspect helped cause a standoff and rather than surrendering as
agreed, exited his burning residence carrying a rifle). See generally Gambrel, 25 F.4th at 405–06
(stating that “[i]n countless cases applying [the Garner deadly force] test, we have found that
officers had probable cause that made their shooting lawful when they could reasonably
conclude that a suspect might fire a gun at them”) (collecting cases).

       Again, as the district court put it:

       The Individual Defendants were dispatched to the scene of a domestic violence
       call after Mr. Puskas threatened his wife with guns and knives. In the moments
       leading to the decision to use lethal force, the Individual Defendants knew that
       Mr. Puskas was acting erratically and had twice wielded firearms in the presence
       of Deputy Swick. They also knew that there were multiple firearms in the yard
       and believed there to be more inside the house. Mr. Puskas refused to surrender
       and instead ran toward his house. With Cash and the Individual Defendants in
       close pursuit, Mr. Puskas stopped to retrieve a gun case, unzipped it, and drew a
 No. 22-3390                       Puskas v. Delaware County                            Page 11

       silver revolver. At that moment, the Individual Defendants feared for the lives of
       everyone on [the] scene . . . .

       In other words, the “tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving” circumstances justified the
shooting. Graham, 490 U.S. at 397. We do not second guess such split-second decisions.
Ryburn v. Huff, 565 U.S. 469, 477 (2012) (per curiam).

       Next, Deanna contends that because Puskas did not “brandish” the silver revolver at the
officers, their reaction was unreasonable. It’s true that officers cannot shoot a suspect merely
because he has a gun. Campbell, 47 F.4th at 480; Thomas, 854 F.3d at 366. But they do not
necessarily need to wait until he points it at them. Thornton, 727 F. App’x at 838; see also
Wilkerson v. City of Akron, 906 F.3d 477, 482–83 (6th Cir. 2018) (officers who shot fleeing
suspect could have reasonably believed that suspect could turn and fire upon them). Here the
officers had other factors that flipped the switch from “unreasonable” to “reasonable.” See
Thomas, 854 F.3d at 366 (“Whether a suspect has a weapon constitutes just one consideration in
assessing the totality of the circumstances.”). As the district court noted, Puskas had just
threatened to shoot his wife, had the means to carry the threat out, repeatedly disobeyed the
officers for over twenty minutes, and was acting erratically. Clearly, there were “additional
indicia that the safety of the officer[s] . . . [wa]s at risk.” Campbell, 47 F.4th at 480; cf.
Bouggess v. Mattingly, 482 F.3d 886, 890–92 (6th Cir. 2017) (holding that officer who shot
suspect for resisting arrest and fleeing was not entitled to qualified immunity where there was no
evidence that the suspect had a gun).

       Deanna also argues that Cash’s deployment precipitated the deadly shooting, because it
caused Puskas to turn and flee for his safety and pick up a gun case (with a gun inside) along the
way. But that argument contradicts the video. In any event, we analyze the dual uses of force
separately and “measure the reasonableness of the use of deadly force at a particular time based
on an ‘objective assessment of the danger a suspect pose at that moment.’” Mullins v. Cyranek,
805 F.3d 760, 766 (6th Cir. 2015) (quoting Bouggess, 482 F.3d at 889); Bouggess, 482 F.3d at
890 (stating that “[t]he relevant time . . . is the moment immediately preceding the shooting”).
“We do not scrutinize whether it was reasonable for the officer ‘to create the circumstances.’”
Thomas, 854 F.3d at 365 (citing Livermore, 476 F.3d at 406).             Put another way, “[a]
 No. 22-3390                           Puskas v. Delaware County                             Page 12

different Fourth Amendment violation cannot transform a later, reasonable use of force
into an unreasonable seizure.”      Thornton, 727 F. App’x at 837 (quoting Los Angeles v.
Mendez, — U.S. —, 137 S. Ct. 1539, 1544 (2017)); Goodwin v. Richland Cnty., 832 F. App’x
354, 358 (6th Cir. 2020).

       Nor can it be said that Cash’s deployment proximately caused the shooting, because it
was not foreseeable that Puskas would stop to pick up a gun while fleeing from Cash. See
Mendez, 137 S. Ct. at 1548–49 (recognizing proximate cause theory and holding that courts must
find some direct relation between the injury asserted and the alleged relevant constitutional
violation).

       Deanna advances another argument for the first time on appeal. Guided by our decision
in Palma, she contends that because the officers knew or should have known that Puskas was
suffering from mental illness, they should have attempted to deescalate the situation before
resorting to deadly force. Because “the Graham factors do not easily map onto cases” where
officers are responding “to a medical or mental health emergency” courts must consider
additional factors.   Palma, 27 F.4th at 429.        These include whether (1) “the person was
experiencing a mental health or medical emergency, and whether that emergency created ‘an
immediate threat of serious harm’ to themselves or others”; (2) “some degree of force [was]
reasonably necessary to ameliorate the immediate threat”; and (3) “the force used [was] more
than reasonably necessary under the circumstances.” Id. (quoting Estate of Hill by Hill v.
Miracle, 853 F.3d 306, 314 (6th Cir. 2017)); see also Roell v. Hamilton Cnty., 870 F.3d 471, 482
(6th Cir. 2017) (holding that officers required to factor in a person’s diminished mental capacity
before using force to restrain him).

       Deanna did not make that argument in the district court at summary judgment (and she
could have). See Gaddis ex rel. Gaddis v. Redford Twp., 364 F.3d 763, 775 (6th Cir. 2004)
(noting that “a suspect’s apparent mental state” is a fact that should be considered in weighing an
excessive force claim). So, we do not consider it on appeal. See Greco v. Livingston Cnty.,
774 F.3d 1061, 1064 (6th Cir. 2014) (stating that “the forfeiture rule . . . tells us to correct errors
raised and addressed below, not to entertain new claims raised for the first time on appeal”);
Armstrong v. City of Melvindale, 432 F.3d 695, 699–700 (6th Cir. 2006) (“Although both parties
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briefed this court on the issue, the failure to present an issue to the district court forfeits the right
to have the argument addressed on appeal.”); Barner v. Pilkington N. Am., Inc., 399 F.3d 745,
749 (6th Cir. 2005) (holding that the plaintiff could not raise a different argument on appeal).
See generally Palma, 27 F.4th at 454 (Readler, J., dissenting) (citing Greco, Armstrong, and
Barner).

        Even if we did—this case is not like Palma. In Palma, the defendant officer responded to
a family dispute over a TV remote. Palma, 27 F.4th at 424 (majority op.). The 911 dispatcher
told him that the suspect, Vincent Palma, had mental health issues.                   Id.   Palma was
nonresponsive and noncompliant to the officer’s commands and kept walking towards him. Id.
at 425. The officer tased Palma and then shot him. We affirmed the denial of qualified
immunity. Because the officer knew Palma was mentally ill, he was required to consider
Palma’s mental state before using force against him. Id. at 436–37. Thus, the officer acted
unreasonably in shooting Palma because he “was not responding to an ongoing crime” and
Palma “never physically resisted arrest or tried to flee.” Id. at 428–29, 437.

        Here, the officers were responding to a live crime scene, with a noncompliant, erratic, and
most important, armed suspect. As the Palma majority recognized, “an officer is not absolutely
barred from using lethal force on mentally ill individuals.” Id. at 437 (stating that “only in
extreme cases have we found that an officer reasonably used lethal force against a mentally ill
person”).   Given these additional factors, the officers’ actions were not unreasonable.              Id.
(collecting cases where officers reasonably “used lethal force against a mentally ill person who
was armed and threatening officers”). That is why Deanna’s argument that the officers should
have waited for the negotiator is also a nonstarter—Puskas had a gun in his hand and the
situation was “tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving.” Graham, 490 U.S. at 397.

        Gambrel is also a different case.        There, officers fatally shot a mentally unstable,
unarmed individual when he got up from the ground after being beaten by the defendant officers
and took a step towards them. 25 F.4th at 406. But bystanders testified that the officers had
“brutally beaten a nonfighting” plaintiff that they could have handcuffed while he was still down.
Id. Because the latter version, if true, would have been unreasonable, we denied summary
judgment. Id. at 407. Studdard doesn’t advance the ball for Deanna either. In that case the
 No. 22-3390                              Puskas v. Delaware County                                        Page 14

defendant officers shot a mentally unstable individual after he raised a knife to his throat and
began moving forward towards them in a swaying motion. Studdard v. Shelby Cnty., 934 F.3d
478, 480–81 (6th Cir. 2019). He too disobeyed the officers’ orders to drop the weapon. Id. at
481. Notwithstanding, we held that the defendants’ actions “did not justify lethal force” because
the individual was a danger only to himself and did not present an immediate risk of harm to
others. Id. We therefore affirmed the denial of qualified immunity on summary judgment. Id. at
483.

         Although Spring and Swick both testified that they did not know that Puskas had mental
health issues it is obvious from their comments and commands that Defendants were aware of,
and sensitive to, Puskas’s precarious mental state. At a minimum, they felt that his behavior was
“abnormal” as defined by the Delaware County’s standard operating policy. Puskas himself told
Swick that he was “just not having a good day.” Indeed, Puskas’s odd behavior made it clear
that he was “off.” But, as stated above, this does not transform the officers’ behavior from
“reasonable” to “unreasonable” under the circumstances presented here.1

         3.

         Because we conclude that the officers did not violate Puskas’s constitutional rights, there
is no need to address the clearly established prong of the qualified immunity analysis.2

                                                          B.

         Deanna also challenges the district court’s dismissal of her Monell failure-to-train-or-
supervise claim and grant of summary judgment as to her county policies claim. An underlying
constitutional violation is the sine qua non of municipal liability, which requires that the

         1
          The fact that the Sheriff’s Office stopped Puskas three days earlier for speeding and driving erratically,
without more, does not show that the department was aware of Puskas’s mental health issues. Charm Johnson, the
officer that stopped him for speeding, stated that he did not think that Puskas was experiencing a mental health
crisis. The police report states simply that Puskas received a “warning for speeding.”
         2
           We also do not need to address two new theories of liability Deanna presented in her summary judgment
motion that the district court refused to consider as well as other issues presented in her appellate brief because she
failed to develop them on appeal. See Geboy v. Brigano, 489 F.3d 752, 767 (6th Cir. 2007) (issues “adverted to in a
perfunctory manner, unaccompanied by some effort at developed argumentation, are deemed waived” (citation
omitted)).
 No. 22-3390                     Puskas v. Delaware County                          Page 15

constitutional violation was caused by a municipal policy or custom. Monell, 436 U.S. at 694;
Baker v. City of Trenton, 936 F.3d 523, 535 (6th Cir. 2019); Thomas, 854 F.3d at 367
(“No constitutional violation means no municipal liability.”). As explained above, Deanna has
not established any constitutional violation.     The district court properly granted summary
judgment to the County.

                                                III.

       We AFFIRM.