Court Opinion

ID: 4650145
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-01-08 17:11:36.396853+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:01:30.959478
License: Public Domain

J-A26024-20

                                   2021 PA Super 4

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    JAMAL WALLACE                              :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 2427 EDA 2019

          Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered May 23, 2019
     In the Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County Criminal Division
                       at No(s): CP-46-CR-0004008-2018

BEFORE:      BENDER, P.J.E., LAZARUS, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

OPINION BY LAZARUS, J.:                              FILED: JANUARY 8, 2021

        Jamal Wallace appeals from the judgment of sentence, entered in the

Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County, after a jury convicted him of

aggravated assault—serious bodily injury,1 criminal conspiracy,2 persons not

to possess a firearm,3 and carrying a firearm without a license.4 Upon careful

review, we affirm.

        The trial court summarized the facts of this case as follows:

        On April 6, 2018, the Norristown Police Department responded to
        a shooting in the area of Spruce and Willow Streets in Norristown,
____________________________________________

*   Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.

1   18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2702(a)(1).

2   18 Pa.C.S.A. § 903.

3   18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6105.

4   18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6106.
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     Montgomery County. Officers obtained video footage from several
     locations around the area of the shooting. Video surveillance from
     Pub Deli depicted [Wallace] and co-[d]efendant Mason Clary []
     together during the hours leading up to the shooting. . . .
     [Wallace] and Clary were first seen there at approximately 5:03
     p[.]m[.] From that time until approximately 8:04 p[.]m[.], video
     surveillance showed [Wallace] and Clary in and out of [] Pub Deli.
     The video shows them inside [] Pub Deli for periods of time, then
     leaving and returning throughout the late afternoon/early
     evening. Each time [Wallace] was at Pub Deli, he was with Clary.

     During the time they were at Pub Deli, at approximately 6:04
     p[.]m[.], [Wallace] went to a vehicle parked just outside the store
     and retrieved a firearm from the glovebox. He racked the
     chamber of the gun and placed the loaded firearm in the
     waistband of his pants. [Wallace] then went back inside [] Pub
     Deli with the firearm in the right side of his waistband. His shirt
     was pulled up above his pants so that a portion of the firearm was
     visible. Clary remained inside [] Pub Deli while [Wallace] was
     outside retrieving the firearm. When [Wallace] came back inside
     [] Pub Deli, the firearm was visible in his waistband and Clary
     motioned to him to put his shirt down to cover the firearm.
     [Wallace] pulled his shirt down over the waistband of his pants to
     cover the firearm, and the firearm created a visible bulge on his
     right side where it was located. There is no evidence that
     [Wallace] thereafter relinquished possession of the firearm.

     [Wallace] and Clary left [] Pub Deli together for the last time at
     approximately 8:04 p[.]m[.] At that time[,] they went to the
     home of a minor, C.S., . . . and arrived there at 8:13 p[.]m[.]
     [C.S.]’s home backed up to Clary’s home. The three individuals
     then left C.S.’s house together at 8:16 p[.]m[.], and walked to
     the intersection of Spruce and Willow Streets in Norristown, which
     is located approximately three blocks from C.S.’s home. At this
     intersection, a pedestrian, later identified as the victim, Kamal
     Dutton, [] walked past the trio. [Dutton] was walking down the
     street, minding his own business[,] at the time he passed the trio
     of [Wallace], Clary, and C.S.

     For no apparent reason, after [Dutton] walked past the trio, the
     three individuals turned around and confronted him together. The
     trio surrounded [Dutton] in a circular manner, each standing a few
     feet away from [him] and each other. The trio then started to
     fight with [Dutton], three on one. [Wallace] pulled out a firearm
     and pointed it at [Dutton] in full view of his fellow conspirators.

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     As [Dutton] started to run away from the trio, they chased him,
     together, running east on Spruce Street toward DeKalb Street. As
     the trio chased [Dutton], [Wallace] fired multiple shots at him,
     ultimately striking him in the head. The trio of conspirators turned
     and quickly ran away together.          The shooting occurred at
     approximately 8:21 p[.]m[.]        After the shooting, the three
     individuals fled the scene together, leaving the victim bleeding on
     the ground.

     Officer Kevin Fritchman, of the Norristown Police Department,
     found [Dutton] with a gunshot wound to the head . . .
     approximately three blocks from the scene of the shooting on
     Spruce Street. Police located a number of blood droplets [and
     four 9 mm shell casings] on Spruce Street at the scene of the
     shooting. . . . After the shooting, [Dutton] identified [Wallace]
     as one of the individuals involved in the attack by circling his
     photograph in a photo array.

     At the time of the shooting, C.S. was a seventeen (17) year[-]old
     juvenile. Based upon the offense, Norristown police filed charges
     against him for his role in the conspiracy and assault. Eventually,
     C.S.’s case was decertified to Juvenile Court and he entered an
     admission to conspiracy to commit aggravated assault. [C.S.]
     identified [Wallace] and Clary as the two men he conspired with
     to assault the victim. He admitted that the trio acted in concert
     to assault the victim.

     [In addition, a]t the time of the shooting, Clary wore a [Global
     Positioning System] (GPS) monitoring device on his ankle. Based
     upon data recovered from the GPS device, [] Clary was identified
     as being present at [] Pub Deli with [Wallace] before the assault
     and leaving [] Pub Deli approximately twenty minutes before the
     attack. The GPS data also identified [] Clary near the home of
     C.S. immediately before the crime, at the location of the crime,
     and then tracked back to the area near his and C.S.’s homes after
     the crime. On April 7, 2019, approximately twenty-four (24)
     hours after the shooting, Clary cut off his GPS monitoring device.
     The GPS data was corroborated by video surveillance.

Trial Court Opinion, 10/21/19, at 3-7.

     On May 3, 2018, the Norristown Police Department filed a criminal

complaint charging Wallace with the above-stated crimes. On October 29,

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2018, the trial court ordered that Wallace’s case be consolidated with co-

defendant Clary’s case. On March 7, 2019, following trial, a jury convicted

Wallace of each charge.     On May 23, 2019, the trial court imposed the

following, consecutive sentences:    ten to twenty years’ imprisonment for

aggravated assault—serious bodily injury; ten to twenty years’ imprisonment

for criminal conspiracy to commit aggravated assault; ten to twenty years’

imprisonment for persons not to possess a firearm; and two to five years’

imprisonment for carrying a firearm without a license, for a total sentence of

thirty-two to sixty-five years’ imprisonment.

      On June 3, 2019, Wallace timely filed a post-sentence motion, which the

court denied on August 12, 2019. On August 20, 2019, Wallace timely filed a

notice of appeal to this court, followed by a court-ordered Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)

concise statement of errors complained of on appeal. He raises the following

issues for our review:

      1. Whether the trial court erred in permitting the Commonwealth
         to display inflammatory photographs (marked C1 and C2) of
         [Dutton]’s injuries because the prejudice caused by the
         photographs substantially outweighed any relevance that they
         could have had in a case where [Dutton] testified in detail [as]
         to his injuries and the treating physician also described [his]
         injuries.

      2. Whether the trial court erred in permitting the Commonwealth
         to introduce co-defendant Clary’s GPS records because the
         records were hearsay which did not qualify as a business record
         because they were prepared in anticipation of litigation and
         therefore did not qualify for the business records hearsay

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          exception pursuant         to   [Pennsylvania   Rule   of   Evidence]
          803(6).[5]

       3. Whether the trial court erred in denying the jury’s request to
          see [Dutton’s] statements to police during deliberations where
          the statements had been admitted into evidence, were
          relevant, and were wildly inconsistent, and the co-defendant
          had conceded identification.

       4. Whether the trial court erred in convicting [Wallace] of
          conspiracy because the evidence failed to show any prior
          agreement to commit a crime and instead showed[,] at most[,]
          that the defendants participated in an unplanned, spontaneous
          incident.

       5. Whether the trial court erred in denying the post-sentence
          motion for a new trial because the verdict was against the
          weight of the evidence for each charge in that the identification
          of [Wallace] as the shooter was so questionable as to shock the
          conscience because the only identification of [Wallace] came
          from a co-defendant who had admitted to the charges in Family
          Court in exchange for favorable treatment and who denied
          identifying [Wallace] in his live testimony, and [Dutton] had
          repeatedly failed to identify [Wallace].

       6. Whether the trial court imposed a sentence which was
          excessive, unreasonable, and an abuse of discretion in light of
          the mitigation evidence presented by [Wallace] regarding [his]
          background[] and the nature of the offense.

       7. Whether the trial court erred in “double-counting” [Wallace’s]
          prior criminal convictions and adjudications as its basis for
          departing from the guidelines because [Wallace]’s prior record
          was already factored into the applicable guideline range.

Brief of Appellant, at x-xii (reordered for ease of disposition).

____________________________________________

5 In his appellate brief, Wallace baldly asserts at the end of this argument that
evidence of his association with someone on GPS monitoring “constitute[s]
impermissible character evidence or prior bad acts evidence” against him.
Brief of Appellant, at 9. This argument is waived because Wallace did not
include it in his Rule 1925(b) statement. See Commonwealth v. Hill, 16
A.3d 484, 492 (Pa. 2011) (issues not raised in Rule 1925(b) statement will be
deemed waived).

                                           -5-
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      In his first two issues on appeal, Wallace challenges evidentiary rulings

made by the trial court. Our standard of review is well-settled:

      In reviewing a trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of evidence,
      our standard of review is one of deference. Questions concerning
      the admissibility of evidence are within the sound discretion of the
      trial court, and its discretion will not be reversed absent a clear
      abuse of discretion. An abuse of discretion is not merely an error
      of judgment, but is rather the overriding or misapplication of the
      law, or the exercise of judgment that is manifestly unreasonable,
      or the result of bias, prejudice, ill[-]will[,] or partiality, as shown
      by the evidence of record.          Furthermore, if in reaching a
      conclusion the trial court [overrides] or misapplies the law,
      discretion is then abused and it is the duty of the appellate court
      to correct the error.

Commonwealth v. Thompson, 106 A.3d 742, 754 (Pa. Super. 2014)

(internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

      Wallace first claims that the trial court committed reversible error by

allowing the jury to view two photographs of Dutton’s shooting injuries.

Specifically, he argues that the prejudice caused by the allegedly inflammatory

photographs substantially outweighs their probative value, because Dutton

and his treating physician both testified regarding Dutton’s injuries. No relief

is due.

      A trial court must engage in a two-step analysis when considering the

admissibility of photographs. “First, a trial court must determine whether the

photograph is inflammatory. If not, it may be admitted if it has relevance and

can assist the jury’s understanding of the facts.” Commonwealth v. Haney,

131 A.3d 24, 37 (Pa. 2015) (internal citation omitted); see also

Commonwealth v. Funk, 29 A.3d 28, 33 (Pa. Super. 2011) (en banc)

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(photograph inflammatory if it is “so gruesome it would tend to cloud the jury’s

objective assessment” of defendant’s guilt or innocence).6 If the photograph

is inflammatory, the trial court must decide whether or not the photograph is

of such essential evidentiary value that its need clearly outweighs the

likelihood of inflaming the minds and passions of the jurors. Haney, supra

at 37. “[T]he fact that a medical examiner can describe the victim’s wounds

to the jury does not render photographs of those wounds irrelevant.” Id.

       Instantly, the trial court determined, after reviewing the photographs

and hearing argument on Wallace’s motion in limine, that neither of the two

photographs at issue were inflammatory. Indeed, the court explained that:

       They are not gruesome. They are not overly bloody. . . .
       [T]here’s nothing about those photographs that the [c]ourt
       believes would actually inflame the passions and
       prejudices of a jury. They are what this [c]ourt would consider
       typical photographs in a shooting case. There are only two of
       them. They are certainly relevant to establish the chain of
       events and injury that was caused, all of which the
       Commonwealth is required to prove. So[,] to the extent that one
       might disagree and find that they are, in fact, inflammatory, this
       [c]ourt finds that they are so essential to the
       Commonwealth’s case that their relevance outweighs any
       potential inflammatory nature.

N.T. Pretrial Motions Hearing, 3/4/19, at 97-98 (emphasis added).

       Furthermore, the trial court instructed the jury, before viewing the

photographs, that it was not to allow the nature of the photographs to impact

its decision in the case, further guarding against any unfair prejudice. See

____________________________________________

6Wallace does not dispute the relevance of the photographs, only whether or
not they are inflammatory. See Brief of Appellant, at 5-6.

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N.T. Jury Trial, 3/5/19, at 27; see also Commonwealth v. Pruitt, 951 A.2d

307, 319 (Pa. 2008) (although possibility of inflaming passions of jury is not

to be lightly dismissed, trial judge can minimize danger with appropriate

instruction, warning jury members not to be swayed emotionally by disturbing

images, but to view them only for their evidentiary value).

      Because the trial court articulated a reasonable basis for finding that the

photographs were not inflammatory, and further demonstrated its fairness,

good-faith, and impartiality by issuing a cautionary instruction to the jury, the

trial court properly exercised its discretion in admitting the two photographs

of Dutton’s injuries to support Wallace’s aggravated assault—serious bodily

injury charge. Haney, supra; Thompson, supra.

      Next, Wallace argues that the trial court erred by admitting Clary’s GPS

records into evidence, claiming that they constitute inadmissible hearsay.

This claim is meritless.

      Hearsay is defined an out-of-court statement offered to prove the truth

of the matter asserted. Pa.R.E. 801(c).      Under the Pennsylvania Rules of

Evidence, a “statement” is defined as “a person’s oral [or] written assertion,

or nonverbal conduct, if the person intended it as an assertion.”        Pa.R.E.

801(a) (emphasis added). Generally, hearsay is not admissible, as it “lacks

guarantees    of   trustworthiness    fundamental      to   [our]   system    of

jurisprudence.” Commonwealth v. Smith, 681 A.2d 1288, 1290 (Pa. 1996).

In order to guarantee trustworthiness, the proponent of a hearsay statement

must establish an exception to the rule against hearsay before it shall be

                                      -8-
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admitted. Id. One such exception includes records of a regularly conducted

business activity.   See Pa.R.E. 803(6).     Pursuant to that exception, a

“memorandum, report, or data compilation in any form” detailing an “act,

event[,] or condition” qualifies as an exception to the rule against hearsay

where:

      (A) the record was made at or near the time by—or from
      information transmitted by—someone with knowledge;

      (B) the record was kept in the course of regularly
      conducted activity of a “business,” which term includes business,
      institution, association, profession, occupation, and calling of
      every kind, whether or not conducted for profit;

      (C) making the record was a regular practice of that activity

      (D) all these conditions are shown by the testimony of the
      custodian or another qualified witness, or by a certification that
      complies with Rule 902(11) or (12) or with a statute permitting
      certification; and

      (E) neither the source of information nor other circumstances
      indicate a lack of trustworthiness.

Id.

      To date, Pennsylvania courts have not ruled on whether GPS records are

hearsay. However, some state and federal courts have ruled that computer-

generated GPS data cannot be deemed hearsay because it is an assertion

made by a machine, not an assertion made by a person. See, e.g., U.S. v.

Lizarraga-Tirado, 789 F.3d 1107, 1109-10 (9th Cir. 2015) (holding GPS

coordinates generated by Google Earth program are not hearsay because

“[t]he program analyzes the GPS coordinates and, without any human

intervention, places a labeled tack on the satellite image.      Because the

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program makes the relevant assertion—that the tack is accurately placed

at the labeled GPS coordinates—there’s no statement as defined by the

hearsay rule”) (emphasis added); U.S. v. Khorozian, 333 F.3d 498 (3d. Cir.

2003) (holding date stamp on fax not hearsay because, under Federal Rules

of Evidence, a “statement” is something “uttered by a ‘person,’ so nothing

‘said’ by a machine is hearsay”) (ellipses removed, emphasis added);

People v. Rodriguez, 16 Cal. App. 5th 355, 381 (Cal. Ct. App. 2017) (holding

GPS coordinates automatically generated from defendant’s ankle monitor not

hearsay under California Evidence Code because “there was ‘no statement

being made by a person’”) (emphasis added); Wisconsin v. Kandutsch,

799 N.W.2d. 865, 879 (Wis. 2011) (distinguishing between computer-stored

and computer-generated reports, and finding computer-generated report from

defendant’s electric monitoring device not hearsay “[b]ecause the report was

generated as ‘the result of an automated process free of human

intervention.’”) (emphasis added).

      In arguing that computer-generated GPS records qualify as hearsay,

Wallace points to a single case from Florida, Channell v. State, 200 So.3d

247, 248-49 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2016). There, the court found that the data

recorded from a defendant’s GPS monitoring device was “‘clearly hearsay’

because it purported . . . to prove that [the defendant] was in the location

. . . as reflected in the GPS data.” Id.; see Brief of Appellant, at 7-8. Wallace

insists, “[t]his Court should adopt Florida’s position and hold that GPS records

qualify as hearsay.” Brief of Appellant, at 8.

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      Wallace fails to acknowledge that the relevant definitions framing the

hearsay analysis are materially different under the Florida Evidence Code and

the Pennsylvania Rules of Evidence.      Under section 801(a)(1) of Florida’s

Evidence Code, a “statement” is defined, for hearsay purposes, simply as “[a]n

oral or written assertion.” 801 Fla. Stat. Ann. §90.801. Thus, under Florida’s

definition, any written assertion would qualify as a “statement,” regardless of

who (or what) is making the assertion.

      In contrast, as explained above, the Pennsylvania Rules of Evidence

expressly define a “statement” for purposes of hearsay as the written or oral

assertion of a person. Pa.R.E. 801. For this Court to “adopt Florida’s position

and hold that GPS records qualify as hearsay,” see Brief of Appellant, at 8,

we would have to ignore the evidentiary definitions of Pennsylvania law, which

we cannot do. See Commonwealth v. Brown, 52 A.3d 1139, 1176 (Pa.

2017) (“[I]n interpreting the meaning of the Pennsylvania Rules of Evidence,

[our Supreme Court] ascribes to the words of those rules their plain and

ordinary meaning[.]”).    Any change in the Rules of Evidence must be

effectuated by our Supreme Court. Thus, we conclude that, as it stands, GPS

data automatically generated by a computer, free from interference by any

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person, does not constitute a “statement,” and therefore, cannot qualify as

hearsay. See Pa.R.E. 801.7 Accordingly, Wallace’s argument fails.8

       Next, Wallace claims that the court erred by denying the jury’s request

to see Dutton’s statements to police during deliberations. No relief is due.

       Pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal Procedure 646, “[u]pon

retiring, the jury may take with it such exhibits as the trial judge deems

proper, except as provided in paragraph (C) [delineating which materials the

jury shall not be permitted to have].” Pa.R.Crim.P. 646 (emphasis added).

“The recognized reason for excluding certain items from the jury’s

deliberations is to prevent the jury from placing undue emphasis or credibility

on the material sent back with the jury and de-emphasizing or discrediting

other items not in the room with the jury.” Commonwealth v. Creary, 201

A.3d 749, 753 (Pa. Super. 2018).

       When considering materials that are not expressly prohibited under

section 646(C), the question of “[w]hether an exhibit should be allowed to go

out with the jury during its deliberation is within the sound discretion of the

trial judge.”    Commonwealth v. Barnett, 50 A.3d 176, 194 (Pa. Super.
____________________________________________

7 Because we conclude that the challenged evidence does not constitute
hearsay, we need not address whether it falls within an exception to the rule
against hearsay.

8 Because Wallace has not challenged the methodology by which the GPS data
was created, that issue is not presently before us. However, we leave open
for future discussion the possibility of excluding such evidence where an
opponent challenges the procedure for generating it, such as by
demonstrating an error with the machine, software, or server that collects,
processes, interprets, or displays the data.

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2012). This decision “cannot be overturned absent an abuse of discretion.”

Id. See also Commonwealth v. Lane, 424 A.2d 1325, 1328 (Pa. 1981)

(trial court will not be found to have abused its discretion unless record

discloses judgment exercised is manifestly unreasonable, or result of

partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will).

      During its deliberations, the jury requested that the trial court send back

“all of [] Dutton’s statements” to police, which were contained in

Commonwealth’s Exhibits 23, 24, and 25. N.T. Jury Trial, 3/7/19, at 58-59.

The trial court discussed the jury’s request with the parties and sought

counsel’s input before making its decision. Counsel for the Commonwealth

and co-defendant Clary were in agreement with the trial court that none of

the statements should be sent back because at least one statement contained

evidence that was held to be inadmissible at the pre-trial suppression hearing.

Counsel for Wallace objected to the trial court’s decision not to send the

exhibits back. The exchange proceeded as follows:

      The Court: [The jury] also requested [] Dutton’s statement[s].
      The Court has three of them, three exhibits. Commonwealth’s
      Exhibit 23 and 24 are potentially able to be sent, but
      Commonwealth’s Exhibit 25 is problematic.

      In reviewing Commonwealth’s Exhibit 25, there are multiple
      references in here to evidence that was held to be
      inadmissible by the [c]ourt. It was the subject of the
      suppression hearing, the identification of [] Clary that was
      not presented in court. In fact, the Commonwealth was
      permitted to lead the witness to avoid getting into that. So I do
      not believe it is appropriate in any way to send Commonwealth’s
      Exhibit 25 out because there are so many references to the second
      individual. But I want to hear from all of you.

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      [Counsel for the Commonwealth]: From our perspective, Judge,
      we agree that C-25 can’t go back. Because of that, it is our
      position that none of the statements should go back. It would
      probably be more problematic to send some and not all of them.
      So from our perspective, none of them should go back, and we
      would ask the jury to rely on their recollection [of] the testimony
      in court.

      The Court: All right. Mr. Quigg?

      [Counsel for Clary]: I’m in agreement with Mr. Fancher.

      The Court: Mr. Armstrong?

      [Counsel for Wallace]: Your Honor, on behalf of Mr. Wallace, we
      believe that all three statements should go back. I understand
      the problem with Mr. Quigg’s client and the issues in that one
      statement, but that’s not my problem, and it’s not Mr. Wallace’s
      problem. We would respectfully object to the decision of the
      [c]ourt not to send all three out.

      The Court: I certainly understand your objection, but as a
      practical matter, I cannot send C-25 back because it
      implicates evidence that was not presented to the jury, and
      it would be entirely inappropriate and prejudicial to Mr. Clary.

      And I agree with Mr. Quigg and Mr. Fancher that if I can’t send
      one, I should not send any, because I think that does pose more
      problems than it solves.     So I will not send any of those
      statements.

N.T. Jury Trial, 3/7/19, at 59-61 (emphasis added).

      Instantly, Wallace baldly asserts in his appellate brief that the trial

court’s decision constitutes reversible error, without citing any case law to

support his claim, and without raising any argument that the trial court’s

decision is manifestly unreasonable or the result of bias, partiality, prejudice,

or ill-will. See Brief of Appellant, at 3-5. Upon our review, we discern no

abuse of discretion where the trial court recognized, as a practical matter, that

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sending part but not all of the requested evidence would be problematic, and

declined to re-present evidence to the jury that alluded to evidence previously

held inadmissible. Barnett, supra; Lane, supra.

      Wallace next challenges the sufficiency of the evidence with regard to

his conviction for criminal conspiracy. He claims that “the evidence failed to

show any prior agreement to commit a crime.”         Brief of Appellant, at 3.

Wallace maintains that the evidence shows, at most, “that [he and Clary]

became involved in an argument with [Dutton] and the argument quickly

escalated into a fight.” Id. We disagree.

      Our well-settled standard of review when evaluating a challenge to the

sufficiency of the evidence is as follows:

      [W]e assess the evidence and all reasonable inferences drawn
      therefrom in the light most favorable to the verdict-winner. We
      must determine whether there is sufficient evidence to enable the
      fact[-]finder to have found every element of the crime beyond a
      reasonable doubt. In applying the above test, we may not weigh
      the evidence and substitute our judgment for that of the fact-
      finder. In addition, we note that the facts and circumstances
      established by the Commonwealth need not preclude every
      possibility of innocence. Any doubts regarding a defendant’s guilt
      may be resolved by the fact-finder unless the evidence is so weak
      and inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of fact may
      be drawn from the combined circumstances. The Commonwealth
      may sustain its burden of proving every element of the crime
      beyond a reasonable doubt by means of wholly circumstantial
      evidence. Moreover, in applying the above test, the entire record
      must be evaluated and all evidence actually received must be
      considered. Finally, the trier of fact[,] while passing upon the
      credibility of witnesses and the weight of the evidence produced,
      is free to believe all, part[,] or none of the evidence.

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Commonwealth v. Dunphy, 20 A.3d 1215, 1219 (Pa. Super. 2011) (quoting

Commonwealth v. Evans, 901 A.2d 528, 532-33 (Pa. Super. 2006)).

      A criminal conspiracy conviction requires proof of the following: “(1) an

intent to commit or aid in an unlawful act, (2) an agreement with a co-

conspirator[,] and (3) an overt act in furtherance of the conspiracy.”

Commonwealth v. Thomas, 65 A.3d 939, 943 (Pa. Super. 2013). “Because

it is difficult to prove an explicit or formal agreement to commit an unlawful

act, such an [agreement] may be proved inferentially by circumstantial

evidence, i.e., the relations, conduct[,] or circumstances of the parties or

overt acts on the part of the co-conspirators.”        Id.   It is proper for the

Commonwealth to establish the conspiracy by proof of acts and circumstances

subsequent to the crime. Commonwealth v. Kelson, 3 A.2d 933, 935 (Pa.

Super. 1939).

      Wallace   submits   that   his     case   is   “directly   on   point”   with

Commonwealth v. Kennedy, 453 A.2d 927 (Pa. Super. 1982), where this

Court reversed the appellant’s conspiracy conviction, finding that the evidence

showed only that two men became involved in an argument with the

complainant, which escalated into a fight. In Kennedy, the defendant asked

Williams, a guest in his apartment, to alert his landlord downstairs that the

electricity in the apartment had returned. After thirty minutes, when Williams

did not return, Kennedy went downstairs to find him arguing with the landlord;

after Williams struck the landlord, “an affray ensued which continued into [the

landlord]’s apartment,” where Kennedy and Williams viciously beat him. Id.

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at 927-29. With regard to his conspiracy conviction, this Court explained that

“persons do not commit the offense of conspiracy when they join into an affray

spontaneously, rather than pursuant to a common plan, agreement, or

understanding.” Id. at 930.

      The Commonwealth’s evidence clearly established that a brawl
      occurred in which defendant and Williams were participants. This,
      however, does not in itself demonstrate the existence of a
      conspiracy. As the foregoing summary of the evidence . . .
      reveals, a mere association between defendant and Williams was
      shown, along with their simultaneous participation in the
      assault[.] Nothing in the relation, conduct, or circumstances
      of the parties, however, is indicative of there having been
      an agreement, explicit or implicit, as to commission of the
      assault. The fact that the affray erupted from an argument, the
      manner in which the beating was inflicted, and the overt acts of
      the participants prior to and concurrent with commission
      of the assault fail to bespeak concert of action indicative of
      a common design. Indeed, the evidence reveals only that
      defendant and Williams became embroiled in an argument with
      [the landlord], and that this argument immediately escalated into
      a violent confrontation in which defendant and Williams inflicted
      beatings upon [him]. These events being perfectly consistent with
      the presumption that defendant and Williams acted independently
      and spontaneously, and there being no evidence upon which
      existence of the common understanding or agreement requisite to
      the charge of conspiracy might properly be inferred, the verdict of
      guilt as to conspiracy must be regarded as inadequately supported
      by the evidence.

Id. (emphasis added).

      Wallace argues that “the facts of the instant case are identical to those

in Kennedy.” Brief of Appellant, at 2. Moreover, he claims that “there is

simply nothing in the record to suggest” any agreement between himself and

Clary to harm Dutton. Id. We disagree.

                                    - 17 -
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      In this case, the evidence established that Wallace and his co-

conspirator Clary were together for several hours leading up to the shooting,

as they were captured on Pub Deli’s video surveillance leaving and returning

numerous times.       The surveillance footage showed that, prior to the

unprovoked assault against Dutton, Wallace armed himself and Clary helped

him conceal the illegal firearm by alerting him to the fact that it was visible on

his person. Wallace and Clary, together, then went to C.S’s home, and the

trio encountered Dutton near the intersection of Spruce and Willow Streets.

The three men, acting in concert, surrounded Dutton, and when Wallace

pointed his gun at Dutton’s head, C.S. and Clary waited for Wallace to act. As

Dutton attempted to flee, the three men, together, chased him. After Wallace

fired four shots at Dutton’s head, the trio turned and ran together for

approximately one block before dispersing from each other and reconvening

elsewhere on Willow Street. None of the co-conspirators tried to render aid

to Dutton after Wallace shot him.

      The facts of this matter are substantially different than those in

Kennedy. There, the defendant expected Williams to merely relay a message

to the complainant, but, having noted Williams’ half-hour absence, went to

locate him and found him engaged in a confrontation with the complainant

and impulsively joined in the fight that Williams started. Conversely, here,

the facts and circumstances demonstrate that Wallace and Clary were not

acting independently and spontaneously. Wallace’s and Clary’s interactions

and behavior in the hours prior to, during, and after the assault—especially

                                     - 18 -
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with   regard   to   obtaining   and   concealing   the   illegal   firearm—prove,

circumstantially, that the men shared a common understanding that an

assault would be committed, which, in fact, it was. Accordingly, the evidence,

viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict winner,

and allowing for all reasonable inferences therefrom, was sufficient to convict

Wallace of conspiracy to commit aggravated assault.             Thomas, supra;

Kelson, supra.

       Next, Wallace raises a challenge to the weight of the evidence for each

of his convictions. Specifically, Wallace claims that the evidence identifying

him as the shooter, including surveillance footage and the testimony of C.S.

and Dutton, “was simply so untrustworthy that the conviction shocks the

conscience.” Brief of Appellant, at 16. He maintains that he is entitled to a

new trial.

       Our standard of review for a challenge to the weight of the evidence is

well-settled:

       A motion for a new trial alleging that the verdict was against the
       weight of the evidence is addressed to the discretion of the trial
       court. An appellate court, therefore, reviews the exercise of
       discretion, not the underlying question [of] whether the verdict is
       against the weight of the evidence. The factfinder is free to
       believe all, part, or none of the evidence and to determine the
       credibility of the witnesses. The trial court will award a new trial
       only when the jury’s verdict is so contrary to the evidence as to
       shock one’s sense of justice. In determining whether this
       standard has been met, appellate review is limited to whether the
       trial judge’s discretion was properly exercised, and relief will only
       be granted where the facts and inferences of record disclose a
       palpable abuse of discretion. Thus, the trial court’s denial of a

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       motion for a new trial based on a weight of the evidence claim is
       the least assailable of its rulings.

Commonwealth v. Cousar, 928 A.2d 1025, 1035-36 (Pa. 2007).

       Moreover, when a weight challenge “is predicated on the credibility of

trial testimony, [appellate] review of the trial court’s decision is extremely

limited. Generally, unless the evidence is so unreliable and/or contradictory

as to make any verdict based thereon pure conjecture, these types of claims

are not cognizable on appellate review.” Commonwealth v. Bowen, 55 A.3d

1254, 1262 (Pa. Super. 2012). Any conflicts in the evidence or contradictions

in testimony are exclusively for the fact-finder to resolve. Commonwealth

v. Sanders, 42 A.3d 325, 331 (Pa. Super. 2012).         Finally, we note that,

“[b]ecause the trial judge has had the opportunity to hear and see the

evidence presented, an appellate court will give the gravest consideration to

the findings and reasons advanced by the trial judge when reviewing a trial

court’s determination [whether] the verdict is against the weight of the

evidence.” Id.

       In denying Wallace’s motion for a new trial on the grounds that the

verdicts were against the weight of the evidence,9 the trial court reasoned as

follows:

       Although [] C.S. and [Dutton] both denied identifying [Wallace]
       at trial, they each previously identified him as being involved in
       the shooting. On April 16, 2018, C.S. gave a statement to
       Detective Crawford of the Norristown Police Department, where
       he picked [] Clary out of a photographic line-up. On September
____________________________________________

9 Wallace preserved this challenge by raising it in a post-sentence motion, as
required by Pa.R.Crim.P. 607.

                                          - 20 -
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       17, 2018, C.S. pled guilty to the charges against him in juvenile
       court, specifically admitting that he, [Wallace], and Clary were at
       the shooting together and acted in concert to assault the victim.
       At this trial, C.S. testified that he knows [] Wallace [and] identified
       him on the video surveillance from [] Pub Deli. C.S. admitted to
       being at the location where the shooting occurred at the
       intersection of Willow and Spruce Streets when the four shots
       were fired. When asked at trial if [Wallace] pulled out a gun and
       pointed it at the victim, he replied, “I don’t recall. I was under
       the influence.” However, C.S. identified himself in the video
       surveillance as one of the three people in a group together, with
       one member of the group pointing the gun. Although at trial C.S.
       declined to identify [Wallace] as being part of that group, he read
       the portion of the transcript from his September 17, 2018 guilty
       plea hearing admitting that he, [Wallace], and Clary were at the
       shooting together and acted in concert to assault the victim. That
       guilty plea constitutes direct and substantive evidence about his
       involvement with [Wallace].

       Although [Dutton] also declined to identify [Wallace] while
       testifying at [] trial, he gave a statement on May 2, 2018[,] to
       Detective Crawford [] related to the shooting incident. In that
       statement[, Dutton] admitted that in his prior statements to police
       related to th[e] incident[, given on April 7, 2018 and April 9,
       2018], he did not give police all of the information that he knew
       about [] because of “fear of someone retaliating against me and I
       wanted to make sure I was 100 percent sure.” In conjunction with
       his statement to police on May 2, 2018, [Dutton] identified
       [Wallace] in a photographic array as an individual involved in th[e]
       shooting. When asked by police why he [] did not pick anyone
       out of the lineups that police previously showed him, he [again]
       stated [that he feared retaliation and wanted to be 100 percent
       sure of the shooter’s identity]. When [Dutton] identified [Wallace]
       in the photographic array as a person involved in the shooting, he
       was asked how sure he was that he had correctly identified
       [Wallace],     and      his   answer    was,     “100     percent.”

       When he testified, Detective Crawford identified [Wallace]
       together with Clary in the Pub Deli video.[10] Detective Crawford
       identified [Wallace] in the surveillance video as he retrieved a gun
____________________________________________

10Significantly, the parties stipulated that the individuals captured in the Pub
Deli video clips were Wallace and Clary. See N.T. Jury Trial, 3/5/19, at 190-
92.

                                          - 21 -
J-A26024-20

      from his vehicle, and as he went back inside [] Pub Deli carrying
      his firearm. Detective Crawford also identified [Wallace] in video
      surveillance after the shooting.

      The identification of [Wallace] as the shooter is based on the
      evidence and does not shock the conscience. It is for the jury to
      determine the credibility of witnesses at trial. A jury[’s] decision
      to credit certain evidence and reject other testimony is
      appropriate. The jury is allowed to reject the trial testimony of
      C.S. and [Dutton] as lacking credibility, and the jury can infer
      reasons why those two witnesses might decline to provide a
      positive identification of [Wallace] at trial. [Wallace]’s guilty
      verdict on each charge does not shock the conscience.

Trial Court Opinion, 10/21/19, at 11-13.

      We agree with the trial court that the jury identified Wallace as the

shooter based on all of the evidence, including:      video footage before the

shooting, of the shooting itself, and after the shooting, captured from several

different angles; the testimony of all witnesses; C.S.’s statement to police and

his admission in juvenile court implicating Wallace in the assault; and Dutton’s

pretrial identification of Wallace as the shooter. We find no abuse of discretion

in the trial court’s determination that Wallace’s guilty verdict on each charge

does not shock the conscience.        Cousar, supra.       Regardless of some

witnesses’ equivocation at trial regarding the shooter’s identity, it was the

jury’s prerogative to decide whether to credit the statements C.S. and Dutton

made before trial implicating Wallace in the shooting, or any of their trial

testimony (including the fact that Dutton feared retaliation for identifying

Wallace as the shooter). See Commonwealth v. Palo, 24 A.3d 1050, 1055

(Pa. Super. 2011) (“The weight of the evidence is exclusively for the finder of

fact, which is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence, and to assess

                                     - 22 -
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the credibility of the witnesses.”); see also Commonwealth v. Brown, 648

A.2d 1177, 1190 (Pa. 1994) (appellate court, whose review rests solely upon

cold record, stands on different plane than trial court, which is aided by on-

the-scene evaluation of evidence; thus, appellate court not empowered to

substitute its opinion regarding weight of evidence for that of trial judge).

      Given the foregoing, Wallace’s argument that “the Commonwealth’s

entire case relied on two extremely questionable witnesses[, C.S. and

Dutton],” is unavailing. See Brief of Appellant, at 16. C.S.’s, Dutton’s, and

Detective Crawford’s testimony corroborated what was captured on video

surveillance and repeatedly shown to the jury without objection.         There is

nothing in the record to suggest that the trial court’s decision to deny Wallace’s

motion for a new trial based on the weight of the evidence was a palpable

abuse of discretion.    See Cousar, supra; see also Thompson, supra.

Accordingly, this claim fails.

      Lastly, Wallace raises two arguments regarding his allegedly excessive

sentence. Specifically, Wallace argues that the trial court committed an error

of law or abuse of discretion “when it failed to properly consider the mitigation

evidence and ‘double-counted’ [his] prior record score” upon fashioning his

sentence.   Brief of Appellant, at 10. No relief is due.

      Wallace’s claims raise a challenge to the discretionary aspects of his

sentence. An appeal raising the discretionary aspects of sentencing is not

guaranteed of right; rather it is considered a petition for permission to appeal.

Commonwealth v. Williams, 562 A.2d 1385, 1368-87 (Pa. Super. 1989)

                                     - 23 -
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(en banc). Before this Court can address such a discretionary challenge, an

appellant must invoke this Court’s jurisdiction by:   (1) filing a timely notice

of appeal, see Pa.R.A.P. 902 and 903; (2) properly preserving the issue at

sentencing or in a motion to reconsider and modify sentence, see Pa.R.Crim.P.

720; (3) including in his brief a concise statement of reasons relied upon for

allowance of appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f); and (4) raising a

substantial question that the sentence appealed from is not appropriate under

the Sentencing Code. Id.

      The determination of what constitutes a substantial question must
      be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. A substantial question
      exists only when the appellant advances a colorable argument
      that the sentencing judge’s actions were either: (1) inconsistent
      with a specific provision of the Sentencing Code; or (2) contrary
      to the fundamental norms which underlie the sentencing process.

Commonwealth v. Griffin, 65 A.3d 932, 935-36 (Pa. Super. 2013) (citations

and quotations omitted).

      Here, Wallace filed a post-sentence motion for reconsideration of

sentence, followed by a timely notice of appeal to this Court. He has also

included in his brief a concise statement of reasons relied upon for allowance

of appeal with respect to the discretionary aspects of his sentence pursuant

to Rule 2119(f).   Additionally, he raises two substantial questions by (1)

pairing his excessiveness claim with an assertion that the court failed to

consider mitigating evidence, see Commonwealth v. Raven, 97 A.3d 1244,

1253 (Pa. Super. 2014); and (2) asserting that the trial court “double-

counted” his prior convictions in fashioning his sentence, where the sentencing

                                    - 24 -
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guidelines already require consideration of his criminal history. See

Commonwealth v. Watson, 228 A.3d 928, 936 (Pa. Super. 2020).

Therefore, we proceed to address the merits of Wallace’s claims. We begin

by noting our standard of review in sentencing matters:

      Sentencing is a matter vested in the sound discretion of the
      sentencing judge, and a sentence will not be disturbed on appeal
      absent a manifest abuse of discretion. In this context, an abuse
      of discretion is not shown merely by an error in judgment. Rather,
      the appellant must establish, by reference to the record, that the
      sentencing court ignored or misapplied the law, exercised its
      judgment for reasons of partiality, prejudice, bias[,] or ill will, or
      arrived at a manifestly unreasonable decision.

Commonwealth v. Raven, 97 A.3d 1244, 1253 (Pa. Super. 2014).

      Deference is accorded to the trial court’s pronouncement of sentence

because the trial court is in the best position to determine the proper penalty

for a particular offense based upon an evaluation of the individual

circumstances before it. Commonwealth v. Ward, 568 A.2d 1242, 1243

(Pa. 1990). “When imposing a sentence, the sentencing court must consider

the factors set out in 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9721(b), that is, the protection of the

public, gravity of offense in relation to impact on victim and community, and

rehabilitative needs of the defendant[.]” Commonwealth v. Fullin, 892 A.2d

843, 847 (Pa. Super. 2006).

      Because the sentencing guidelines are “merely one factor among many

that the court must consider in imposing sentence,” the court may deviate

from the recommend guidelines “if necessary [] to fashion a sentence which

takes into account the protection of the public, the rehabilitative needs of the

                                     - 25 -
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defendant, and the gravity of the particular offense as it relates to the impact

on life of the victim and the community.” Id.; see also Commonwealth v.

Eby, 784 A.2d 204, 206 (Pa. Super. 2011). To do so, the sentencing court

must demonstrate, on the record, its awareness of the sentencing guidelines

and offer a contemporaneous written statement of the reason for deviating

from the guidelines. Commonwealth v. Yuhasz, 923 A.2d 1111, 1118 (Pa.

2007); 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9721(b). When reviewing a sentence outside of the

guidelines, the essential question is whether the sentence imposed is

reasonable, considering the nature and circumstances of the offense, the

history and characteristics of the defendant, the opportunity of the sentencing

court to observe the defendant, including any presentence investigation, the

findings upon which the sentence was based, and the sentencing guidelines.

Commonwealth v. Walls, 926 A.2d 957, 965 (Pa. 2007).

        Furthermore, “[a] trial court judge has wide discretion in sentencing and

can, on the appropriate record and for the appropriate reasons, consider any

legal    factor    in   imposing    a   sentence    in   the   aggravated      range.”

Commonwealth v. Stewart, 867 A.2d 589, 593 (Pa. Super. 2005) (citation

omitted). Finally, where the court is in possession of a presentence report

(PSI), we “presume that the sentencing judge was aware of relevant

information       regarding   the   defendant’s    character   and   weighed    those

considerations along with mitigating statutory factors.”        Commonwealth v.

Watson, 228 A.3d 928, 936 (Pa. Super. 2020), quoting Commonwealth v.

Devers, 546 A.2d 12, 18 (Pa. 1988).

                                         - 26 -
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      Here, the record belies Wallace’s assertion that the trial court failed to

consider mitigating evidence.     Before imposing sentence, the trial judge

specifically stated on the record that she considered, inter alia:     (1) “the

principle that a sentence should call for confinement that is consistent with

the protection of the public, the gravity of the offense as it relates to the

impact on the victim, and on the community, and [Wallace’s] rehabiliatit[ive]

needs;” (2) all trial testimony and the surveillance footage of the shooting;

(3) Wallace’s PSI; (4) “all of the information about [Wallace’s] background,

[including] his childhood, his life[, and his family];” (5) Wallace’s criminal

history and lack of rehabilitation from prior periods of incarceration; and (6)

the danger of additional violence against the community should Wallace be

released. See N.T. Sentencing, 5/23/19, at 26-30 (emphasis added).

      The trial court stated on the record its awareness that Wallace’s

sentence exceeds the sentencing guidelines, and further articulated its

reasons for deviating from those guidelines as follows:

      1. [Wallace] shot a stranger in the head and left him on the street.
         The victim had no connection to [Wallace] and his co-
         conspirators. The victim did not provoke the attack in any way.
         The crime reflects a cold-blooded attempt by [Wallace] to
         maliciously commit murder for sport.

      2. [Wallace]’s lengthy criminal history and prior significant
         periods of state incarceration have been ineffective to
         accomplish rehabilitation, [and] have [not] deterred future
         criminal conduct. This crime occurred a mere eight months
         after [Wallace]’s release from serving a parole violation for
         prior firearms and drug[-]dealing offenses.

                                     - 27 -
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      3. [Wallace] poses a clear danger to the community and this
         sentence is necessary to protect the community from his
         violent propensities.

      4. The [c]ourt has a responsibility to impose confinement that is
         necessary to protect the public from acts of violence and terror.
         Based on [Wallace’s] prior criminal history and the callous,
         dangerous[,] and menacing actions surrounding this crime,
         there is an undue risk that [Wallace] would commit another
         violent crime and harm another innocent person unless he is
         separated from the community.

      5. Any lesser sentence would depreciate the seriousness of this
         crime.

Sentencing Order, 5/23/19.

      In light of the foregoing, including the fact that the trial court considered

Wallace’s PSI before imposing his sentence, Wallace’s claim that the trial court

failed to consider mitigating evidence entitles him to no relief.        Devers,

supra; Commonwealth v. Rhoades, 8 A.3d 912, 919 (Pa. Super. 2010)

(where court had benefit of PSI, it may be assumed sentencing court was

aware of all relevant information, including mitigating factors).

      Similarly, Wallace’s argument that his sentence is unlawful because the

sentencing court “double counted” his prior record score by “focus[ing] almost

exclusively [] on his criminal history,” fails. See Brief of Appellant, at 15.

      This Court has stated that it is impermissible for a trial court “to consider

factors already included within the sentencing guidelines as the sole reason

for increasing or decreasing a sentence to the aggravated or mitigated range.”

Commonwealth v. Simpson, 829 A.2d 334, 339 (Pa. Super. 2003)

(emphasis added). However, “trial courts are permitted to use prior conviction

history and other factors included in the guidelines if they are used to

                                      - 28 -
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supplement other extraneous sentencing information.”        See id. (upholding

sentence where trial court considered prior record score, impact on victim,

threat to community, and defendant’s lack of successful rehabilitation where

offense was committed while on probation).

      Here, as explained above, the trial court fashioned Wallace’s sentence

with the benefit of a PSI, and stated its awareness of the sentencing guidelines

and its reasons for departing therefrom. These reasons included, in addition

to Wallace’s prior criminal history, the need to protect the community and the

nature of the aggravated assault offense—i.e., the fact that Wallace’s acts

reflect a “cold-blooded attempt” to “murder for sport.”        N.T. Sentencing,

5/23/19, at 26-30; Sentencing Order, 5/23/19. Indeed, Wallace’s argument

that the trial court focused “almost exclusively,” as opposed to “solely,” on his

prior criminal record inherently concedes that the trial court properly based

its sentence on additional factors, such as the nature and seriousness of the

offense and the need to protect the community from terror.         See Brief of

Appellant, at 15; Simpson, supra. Thus, we find that the trial court acted

within its discretion in imposing Wallace’s sentence.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 1/8/21

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