Court Opinion

ID: 4705407
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-07-21 21:00:50.738285+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:06:21.357776
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                File Name: 21a0360n.06

                                        Case No. 19-2212

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                     FILED
                                                                                Jul 21, 2021
MARK MCQUEEN,                                         )                    DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                                                      )
       Petitioner-Appellant,
                                                      )        ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                      )        UNITED STATES DISTRICT
v.
                                                      )        COURT FOR THE EASTERN
                                                      )        DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
O’BELL T. WINN, Warden,
                                                      )
       Respondent-Appellee.                           )                                 OPINION
                                                      )

BEFORE: COLE, BUSH, and NALBANDIAN, Circuit Judges.

       JOHN K. BUSH, Circuit Judge. In 2011, a Michigan jury convicted Mark McQueen of

first-degree criminal sexual conduct involving his eleven-year-old daughter. The trial court

sentenced him to 25 to 40 years’ imprisonment. After a failed direct appeal to the Michigan Court

of Appeals and the Michigan Supreme Court, and multiple unsuccessful post-conviction

motions, McQueen filed a writ of habeas corpus in federal court. The district court denied his

petition. We affirm.

                                                I.

       A. FACTUAL HISTORY

       The charge against McQueen followed from the accusation that he sexually assaulted his

eleven-year-old daughter, A.M., in late 2009. Five months after the alleged assault, in April 2010,

A.M. testified at a probable cause hearing. She told the court that on the Wednesday before
Case No. 19-2212, McQueen v. Winn

Thanksgiving 2009, McQueen picked up her and her brother, D.M., from their grandmother’s

house, and that she and D.M. stayed at McQueen’s house for the reminder of Thanksgiving break.

A.M. said that on Sunday night, while she was asleep in the living room, McQueen called out to

her, told her that he was lonely, and asked that she come into his room. She testified that she went

into the room, laid on the bed, and that McQueen told her that he was going to “touch” her. A.M.

allegedly responded by telling her dad “No.” But according to A.M., McQueen told his daughter

that if she didn’t cooperate, he would “beat” her. A.M. also testified that McQueen touched her

inside her “private spot” with his hand. She said nothing to her mother at first. But after about

three weeks A.M. told her mother what McQueen had done to her. Based on that account the court

bound the case over for trial, which took place the following year.

       At trial, A.M.’s testimony featured some minor gaps and inconsistencies with her

statements during the probable cause hearing. For example, she could not recall what day the

alleged assault took place until counsel reminded her of her testimony at the probable cause

hearing. She also said that McQueen had told her he would “kill” her if she didn’t let him have

his way, not that he would “beat” her as she previously testified. She also contradicted her prior

testimony by saying at trial that she had seen McQueen after the assault (previously she said she

had not), and by saying that McQueen had assaulted her more than once (previously she had only

reported the one assault). Generally, though, she told the same story at trial that she did at the

probable cause hearing. She further noted at trial that her mom—whose later testimony reinforced

A.M.’s account—took her to the hospital for an examination, to the police station to file a report,

and then to a place called Care House for a special interview.

       At the hospital, a pediatric nurse examined A.M. and recorded A.M.’s account of what

happened. The nurse then testified at trial about what A.M. told her—essentially, that A.M.’s

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father had touched her genital area with his finger one night when she was visiting him over the

Thanksgiving holiday period. The nurse also reported that A.M. did in fact show signs of vaginal

trauma, though the nurse could not specify exactly what caused the trauma or when it occured.

         At the police station A.M.’s mother filed a report, and a detective was assigned to the case.

The detective testified at trial that he spoke with A.M. and her mother. The detective did not,

however, formally interview A.M. because protocol dictated that children be interviewed at Care

House.

         At Care House, a forensic interviewer1 named Margo Moltmaker interviewed A.M. The

prosecution called Moltmaker as an expert witness during the trial to buttress A.M.’s testimony.

Moltmaker told the jury that during the forensic interview, A.M. seemed to be telling the truth.

         Prior to trial, McQueen’s attorney had moved for funds to hire an expert to rebut

Moltmaker’s testimony at trial. At the hearing on the motion, trial counsel said that he might be

considered ineffective if he failed to hire an opposing expert—he also noted that he had left a

phone message with an expert, Dr. Katherine Okla, who left a return message, but that the two had

not formally discussed any plans. The court granted the motion, providing counsel with $1,500.00

to hire Dr. Okla as an expert. But at trial, counsel did not call Dr. Okla to testify, and it does not

appear that he consulted with her beyond leaving the initial message.

         Counsel did, however, cross-examine Moltmaker. He questioned Moltmaker about her

procedure, and why she failed to follow standard protocol which dictated that child interviews be

videotaped so that experts can adequately review the film. He also inquired about some of the

inconsistencies between A.M.’s account in the forensic interview (which had been transcribed),

and A.M.’s testimony at the probable cause hearing and at trial.

1
  Forensic interviewers are trained to gather information about incidents of alleged child abuse in a manner that is
supposed to yield accurate information from the child.

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         In addition, counsel called Tawanna Patterson, McQueen’s girlfriend, as an alibi witness.

Patterson told the jury that she and McQueen took A.M. and D.M. to their grandmother’s house

Sunday evening—when A.M. alleged that the two were at McQueen’s house. She also said that

after dropping A.M. off, she and McQueen went home and spent the rest of the night together,

alone.

         McQueen had also wanted his counsel to call his cousin, Archie McQueen, as an alibi

witness. McQueen says that he told his trial counsel that Archie could have told the jury that the

two were at a rap party until two or three in the morning on the night in question, so McQueen

could not have been at the house with A.M. as alleged. Trial counsel did not call Archie to testify.

         The jury credited A.M.’s account of the facts, convicting McQueen of criminal sexual

conduct in the first degree. And because this was McQueen’s fourth felony offense, the court

sentenced him to a mandatory 25 to 40 years’ imprisonment.

         B. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

         On direct appeal to the Michigan Court of Appeals, McQueen’s appellate counsel argued

that his trial counsel had been constitutionally ineffective for failing to object to certain hearsay

statements that Moltmaker made. In accord with a special Michigan state court rule, McQueen

also filed two supplemental pro se briefs alleging several other trial counsel deficiencies. Neither

McQueen nor his appellate counsel raised the claims relevant to McQueen’s habeas petition now

before us.

         The Michigan Court of Appeals considered the briefing before it and affirmed McQueen’s

conviction. People v. McQueen, No. 306317, 2013 WL 3814349 (Mich. Ct. App. July 23, 2013)

(per curiam). The Michigan Supreme Court denied McQueen’s application for leave to appeal.

People v. McQueen, 840 N.W.2d 350 (Mich. 2013) (mem.).

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        McQueen then filed a pro se post-conviction motion for relief from judgment in the lower

court. He raised the three claims relevant to the habeas petition now before the panel, among

others. He argued that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance both by failing to consult

and hire Dr. Okla to rebut Moltmaker’s testimony, despite having the funds and the court’s

authorization to do so, and by failing to call Archie as an alibi witness. He also argued that his

appellate counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to raise those two claims on direct

appeal. The court denied McQueen’s postconviction motion for relief from judgment on the briefs

without holding an evidentiary hearing.

        After McQueen received notice that his motion had been denied, he filed two new motions:

a motion to reconsider and a motion to amend or supplement his motion for relief from judgment.

In the motion to amend, McQueen may have added an argument that his appellate counsel was

ineffective for failing to request an evidentiary hearing to review certain deficiencies of his trial

counsel. He also moved for a post-conviction evidentiary hearing. The court denied both motions

in a single order.

        It first denied the motion for reconsideration on procedural grounds, determining that

McQueen could have presented the new claims raised in his motion for reconsideration in his

initial motion for relief from judgment. It also found that the new claims lacked merit. Then,

because it had already denied McQueen’s motion for relief from judgment, the court construed

McQueen’s motion to amend as a second motion for relief from judgment. And it denied the

second motion under Michigan Court Rule 6.5(G) because it was not based on a retroactive change

in law, or a claim of new evidence. Finally, the court denied McQueen’s request for a post-

conviction evidentiary hearing “in light of the above rulings.”

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       McQueen sought leave to appeal those rulings and again moved for an evidentiary hearing.

The Michigan Court of Appeals denied leave, citing Michigan Court Rule 6.508(D)(3), which

prohibits Michigan courts from hearing claims that could have been but were not raised on direct

appeal. It also denied McQueen’s motion for an evidentiary hearing.

       McQueen filed an application for leave to appeal in the Michigan Supreme Court, but that

too was denied under Rule 6.508(D).

       Lastly, McQueen filed his petition for habeas relief in federal court. He raised sixteen

claims, which largely consisted of the claims he raised before the state court in the motions

discussed above. The district court denied all of the claims and denied McQueen a certificate of

appealability. We, however, granted McQueen a certificate to appeal three discrete claims: (1)

whether trial counsel performed ineffectively by failing to interview or call Dr. Katherine Okla as

an expert witness, (2) whether trial counsel performed ineffectively by failing to interview or call

Archie McQueen as an alibi witness, and (3) whether appellate counsel performed ineffectively by

failing to raise either of those claims on direct appeal. This appeal followed.

                                                  II.

       A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       Normally we review a district court’s legal conclusions de novo and its findings of fact for

clear error. Miller v. Genovese, 994 F.3d 734, 741 (6th Cir. 2021). But where, as here, the district

court did not conduct an evidentiary hearing and relied on the state-court record, we review both

the legal conclusions and the factual findings de novo. Barton v. Warden, S. Ohio Corr. Facility,

786 F.3d 450, 460 (6th Cir. 2015) (per curiam).

       Of course, in habeas appeals, we also must determine whether AEDPA deference applies

to the state court’s resolution of the relevant claims. To do so, we look to the last reasoned state-

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court decision. See Ylst v. Nunnemaker, 501 U.S. 797, 803 (1991). If that decision is “on the

merits,” AEDPA deference applies. 28 U.S.C. § 2254; Reiner v. Woods, 955 F.3d 549, 556 (6th

Cir. 2020). If it is not, we apply de novo review. Stermer v. Warren, 959 F.3d 704, 721–22 (6th

Cir. 2020). And as relevant in this appeal, habeas review is precluded entirely if a state court

dismisses a petitioner’s claims because he “has failed to meet a state procedural requirement that

is independent of the federal question and adequate to support the judgment,” unless the petitioner

can show cause and prejudice for the procedural default. Biros v. Bagley, 422 F.3d 379, 386–87

(6th Cir. 2005).

       B. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF TRIAL COUNSEL

       To prove his claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel, McQueen must show that his

attorney’s performance was deficient and that he was prejudiced as a result. See Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). McQueen contends that his trial counsel fell short in two

ways: first, counsel failed to consult with or hire Dr. Katherine Okla as an expert witness to rebut

the testimony of Margo Moltmaker, the state’s forensic interviewer; and second, counsel failed to

call his cousin Archie McQueen as an alibi witness.

       The parties agree that the last reasoned decision on McQueen’s ineffective assistance of

trial counsel claims is the Michigan Court of Appeals’s denial of his application for leave to appeal

the denial of his post-conviction motions. They also agree that in citing MCR 6.508(D)(3) to

explain its decision, the Michigan Court of Appeals applied an independent and adequate state

ground sufficient for procedural default—declining to review McQueen’s trial-counsel claims

because he failed to raise them on direct appeal. See Amos v. Renico, 638 F.3d 720, 733 (6th Cir.

2012). Accordingly, we can only review McQueen’s two trial-counsel claims if he demonstrates

both that he had cause for his failure to raise them on direct appeal and that he would suffer

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prejudice if we did not forgive his procedural default. See Clifton v. Carpenter, 775 F.3d 760,

767–68 (6th Cir. 2014). McQueen claims that his appellate counsel provided ineffective assistance

under Strickland which, if correct, would meet that standard. See Chase v. MaCauley, 971 F.3d

582, 592, 595–96 (6th Cir. 2020). So to determine whether McQueen demonstrates cause and

prejudice for his procedural default, we must discuss the merits of McQueen’s appellate-counsel

claim.

         Although there are two prongs in the Strickland analysis, to answer the inquiry in this case,

we focus largely on the first: whether appellate counsel’s performance was deficient. Counsel’s

performance was deficient if it “fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.” Strickland,

466 U.S. at 688. That is a difficult standard to satisfy. For one, “counsel has no obligation to raise

every possible claim” on appeal. McFarland v. Yukins, 356 F.3d 688, 710 (6th Cir. 2004). And

“the decision of which among the possible claims to pursue is ordinarily entrusted to counsel’s

professional judgment.”      Id. Finally, “[c]ounsel’s performance is strongly presumed to be

effective.” Id. (quoting Scott v. Mitchell, 209 F.3d 854, 880 (6th Cir. 2000)).

         On direct appeal, McQueen’s appellate counsel raised one claim regarding his trial

counsel’s alleged ineffectiveness. That claim related to trial counsel’s failure to object to the

forensic interviewer’s alleged hearsay testimony about what A.M. had told her out of court. The

Michigan Court of Appeals correctly noted in dismissing the claim on direct appeal that counsel’s

failure to object was sound trial strategy—the jury had already heard the same testimony from

A.M. herself, so even if made and sustained, the objection would not have affected the jury’s

decision.

         To evaluate whether McQueen’s appellate counsel performed deficiently by raising only

that one claim instead of the two McQueen raises here, we must consider the merits of the two

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trial-counsel claims that his appellate counsel failed to raise. See Henness v. Bagley, 644 F.3d 308,

317 (6th Cir. 2011). If either of the claims satisfy Strickland’s two prongs, it is likely that

McQueen’s appellate counsel was deficient for failing to raise it. So to determine whether

appellate counsel was deficient we must discuss the merits of McQueen’s trial-counsel claims.

              1. Failure to call Dr. Katherine Okla

         McQueen first claims that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to call Dr. Katherine

Okla to testify or to consult with her about his case. We disagree. McQueen’s trial counsel did

not perform deficiently by failing to call Dr. Okla, and even if he did, his performance did not

prejudice McQueen.

                  a. Deficient Performance

         According to McQueen, Dr. Okla’s expert testimony was necessary to rebut the testimony

of the State’s forensic interviewer, Margo Moltmaker, whose expert testimony buttressed A.M.’s

testimony at trial.2 “But Strickland does not enact Newton’s third law for the presentation of

evidence, requiring for every prosecution expert an equal and opposite expert from the defense.”

Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 111 (2011). “[S]trategic decisions—including whether to hire

an expert—are entitled to a ‘strong presumption’ of reasonableness.” Dunn v. Reeves, 141 S. Ct.

2405, 2410 (2021) (per curiam) (quoting Richter, 562 U.S. at 104). “In many instances cross-

2
  McQueen does not provide us with an affidavit from Dr. Okla describing what she might testify to. Our existing
precedent is unclear about whether such information is required where the state court did not adjudicate the claim on
the merits. Compare Clinkscale v. Carter, 375 F.3d 430, 444 (6th Cir. 2004) (noting that the district court’s holding
that petitioner needed an affidavit from his alleged alibi witness to satisfy Strickland was “contrary to . . . law”) with
Clark v. Waller, 490 F.3d 551, 557 (6th Cir. 2007) (noting that petitioner “cannot show that he was prejudiced” by
counsel’s failure to call a witness where the only evidence for the witnesses alleged testimony was petitioner’s own
assertions). We have no occasion to resolve the apparent conflict; even if no affidavit is required, McQueen is not
entitled to habeas relief. And, of course, if the state court had adjudicated this claim on the merits, we would have
been limited to the state court record. See Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 185 (2011).

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examination will be sufficient to expose defects in an expert’s presentation.” Richter, 562 U.S. at

111.

           That appears to be the approach trial counsel took in defending McQueen.                      After

Moltmaker took the stand, McQueen’s trial counsel cross-examined her about the forensic

protocols she employed—the precise topic Dr. Okla would allegedly have testified about.

Specifically, counsel asked Moltmaker if she followed the best practices listed by the prevailing

forensic interviewing protocols. She replied: “Yes.” So counsel asked Moltmaker if she had

complied with the protocol’s suggested best practice of videotaping the forensic interview she

conducted with A.M. She had not. Counsel then proceeded to confirm the potential for inaccuracy

inherent in Moltmaker’s technique, as McQueen alleges Dr. Okla would have done if she had

testified.      He asked about the purpose of videotaping: to permit experts to evaluate the

interviewer’s “sublime body language suggestions . . . nodding, shaking, any making of faces.”

Counsel also confirmed with Moltmaker that the protocol was created to make sure that the

interviewer’s conduct conforms with professional norms, and that without a videotape, the

interviewer’s body language could not be reviewed.

           But that is not all. Counsel questioned Moltmaker about how children like A.M. might be

manipulated by police or their guardians in these types of situations and made known that A.M.

had spoken with a few relatives, the police, and a nurse prior to speaking with Moltmaker.

           Lastly, counsel questioned Moltmaker about some seeming discrepancies in A.M.’s

testimony based on the forensic interview notes.3 In that regard, he asked Moltmaker about A.M.’s

representation during the interview that the sexual criminal conduct took place over “Christmas

time,” given that A.M. testified later in the interview, at the probable cause hearing, and at trial,

3
    In lieu of a video, one of Moltmaker’s team members took verbatim notes of the forensic interview.

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Case No. 19-2212, McQueen v. Winn

that the conduct took place on a Sunday evening over Thanksgiving. He also asked about A.M.’s

representation during the interview that her underwear was ripped, given that she denied that

representation at trial. And he asked about A.M.’s statement during the interview that McQueen

was wearing pants at the relevant time, given her trial testimony that he was only wearing

underwear. Counsel further pursued that line of question during re-cross-examination.4

        Trial counsel’s cross-examination and recross-examination touched on most of what

McQueen alleges Dr. Okla would have testified to. The cross was also relatively comprehensive,

and it displayed counsel’s knowledge of the required protocols, their purpose, Moltmaker’s failure

to follow them, and the inconsistencies in A.M.’s testimonies. And because there was no video of

Moltmaker’s interview for Dr. Okla to deploy her expertise and review, it would have been

difficult for Dr. Okla to analyze the interview and rebut Moltmaker’s testimony. Counsel’s evident

preparation for the cross, and the lack of a recording for Dr. Okla to analyze, weigh in favor of

counsel’s decision to not consult with Dr. Okla. Considering all of this, we cannot say that counsel

was constitutionally deficient for not calling Dr. Okla to the stand. See Richter, 562 U.S. at 111

(“[I]t is difficult to establish ineffective assistance when counsel’s overall performance indicates

active and capable advocacy.”); see also Samatar v. Clarridge, 225 F. App’x 366, 372 (6th Cir.

2007) (noting that the decision to rely on cross-examination instead of opposing expert testimony

“does not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel . . . even if the wisdom of such an approach

is debatable.” (internal citations and quotation marks omitted)).

        Of course, McQueen’s counsel did argue at a motions hearing before the trial court that he

might be considered ineffective if he did not hire and call Dr. Okla to the stand to rebut

Moltmaker’s trial testimony. And the trial court provided counsel with $1,500.00 to hire Dr. Okla

4
 Trial counsel also conducted an extensive cross-examination of A.M., which included a few questions about
Moltmaker’s interview with the child.

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as an expert (which counsel failed to use). But the Strickland standard is objective, not based on

one attorney’s subjective view. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687–88. When making his arguments

at the hearing, counsel cited to People v. Owens, No. 288074, 2010 WL 4320396 (Mich. Ct. App.

Nov. 2, 2010) for the proposition that he might be considered ineffective if he did not hire Dr.

Okla. But Owens does not speak so broadly. The court in Owens held that trial counsel was

ineffective for failing to call the same Dr. Okla as an expert witness to raise doubts about the

accuracy of the forensic interview conducted in that case. Id. at *2. But its conclusion was based

in part on trial counsel’s admission that “he did not know anything about Michigan’s forensic

interviewing protocol” and because he was “unprepared” when discussing the issue before the

court. Id. at *3. Here, trial counsel’s cross- and recross-examination of Moltmaker demonstrates

that he was not similarly ignorant or unprepared. Ultimately, McQueen bears the burden to

overcome the strong presumption that his trial counsel was reasonably competent. See Strickland,

466 U.S. at 689. He fails to satisfy that burden here.

       He also fails to demonstrate that counsel was deficient for failing to consult with Dr. Okla

in the first place. Counsel was reasonably prepared at trial to question Moltmaker on the issues

Dr. Okla would have allegedly discussed. It cannot be said that he did “next to nothing to

determine if the State’s . . . [evidence] was impervious to attack,” or that he was “unconcerned

about the State’s [testimonial] evidence.” Richey v. Bradshaw, 498 F.3d 344, 362 (6th Cir. 2007).

His decision to proceed with cross-examination to rebut Moltmaker’s testimony could be deemed

a reasonable decision that made particular investigation into Dr. Okla’s expert opinion

unnecessary. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691; see also Samatar, 225 F. App’x at 372.

       Finally, McQueen’s arguments concerning the lack of evidence available to the court do

not counsel in favor of granting habeas relief. “[T]he absence of evidence cannot overcome the

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strong presumption that counsel’s conduct fell within the wide range of reasonable professional

assistance.” Burt v. Titlow, 571 U.S. 12, 23 (2013) (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted)

(quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689). And “even if there is reason to think that counsel’s conduct

was ‘far from exemplary,’” we still cannot grant relief because “‘[t]he record does not reveal’ that

counsel took an approach that no competent lawyer would have chosen.” Dunn, 141 S. Ct. at 2411

(quoting Titlow, 571 U.S. at 23–24).

                 b. Prejudice

        To establish prejudice, a petitioner “must show that there is a reasonable probability that,

but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A

reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.”

Strickland, 466 U.S at 694.

        Even if counsel’s failure to call Dr. Okla to the stand or to consult with her before trial was

deficient, it did not prejudice McQueen. Assuming that Dr. Okla could provide the information

McQueen alleges, there is not a reasonable probability that her testimony or consultation would

have changed the outcome of the trial. Dr. Okla’s testimony likely would have been aimed at

discrediting Moltmaker’s testimony. And the primary purpose of Moltmaker’s testimony was

bolstering A.M.’s account of the facts. But Moltmaker was not the only witness that buttressed

A.M.’s account. The State also called A.M.’s mother, the nurse who examined A.M., and the

detective in charge of the case. Even McQueen acknowledges that each of those witnesses

corroborated the “broad elements” of A.M.’s account. Moreover, the jury heard directly from

A.M. at trial. It was thus able to evaluate A.M.’s credibility for itself.5

5
  To the extent that McQueen argues that Dr. Okla’s testimony would have raised doubts about the testimonies
provided by A.M., her mother, the nurse, and the detective, his point is well taken. McQueen suggests that Dr. Okla
might have pointed out that A.M. could have been manipulated by those parties. But McQueen’s trial counsel raised

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         Beyond that, the purpose of Dr. Okla’s testimony was more or less fulfilled by trial

counsel’s cross-examination. As described previously, the cross was in-depth and targeted the

very matters Dr. Okla would have touched on. The evidence simply does not demonstrate that Dr.

Okla’s alleged testimony would have cast significantly more doubt on Moltmaker’s or A.M.’s

testimony than trial counsel’s cross-examination of the two. See Samatar, 225 F. App’x at 372.

Perhaps the jury would have given Dr. Okla’s testimony more weight than counsel’s cross

examination. But for the reasons discussed above, that possibility alone does not mean that there

is a reasonable probability that the result of the trial would have come out differently had counsel

called Dr. Okla to testify or consulted with her before trial.

             2. Failure to call Archie McQueen

         Next, McQueen claims that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to call his cousin

Archie McQueen as an alibi witness. Here too, we disagree. McQueen’s trial counsel did not

perform deficiently by failing to call Archie as an alibi witness. Even if he did, his performance

did not prejudice McQueen.

                  a. Deficient Performance

         According to McQueen, Archie would have testified that he and McQueen were at a rap

party until two or three in the morning on the night in question.6 Here, McQueen fails to overcome

the presumption that trial counsel’s decision not to call Archie as an alibi witness was sound trial

strategy. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. For one, counsel already had alibi testimony from

that very issue during his cross-examination of Moltmaker. [[R. 8-11, PageID 690] So the jury heard that possibility;
it just did not buy it.
6
  Again, McQueen has presented no affidavit indicating what his proposed witness would testify to; all we have is
McQueen’s own affidavit saying he was with Archie at a rap party until two or three AM, and an affidavit from
McQueen’s aunt—filed during McQueen’s post-conviction proceedings—stating that McQueen and Archie were “out
at an affair” on Sunday evening. As noted previously, we need not decide whether the lack of an affidavit is
detrimental to McQueen’s claim. Even assuming Archie would have testified as alleged, McQueen is not entitled to
habeas relief.

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Tawanna Patterson. Patterson testified that she and McQueen took A.M. to her grandmother’s

house Sunday evening (when A.M. alleged the two were at McQueen’s house). She also testified

that after dropping A.M. off, she and McQueen went home and spent the rest of the night together.

So this is not a case where counsel’s failure to investigate or call an alibi witness left a defendant

high and dry, with no defense. See Hendrix v. Palmer, 893 F.3d 906, 922–23 (6th Cir. 2018).

       These circumstances are much more like those found in cases where we have approved

counsel’s decision not to call a witness when calling that witness might have exposed the defendant

to more risk. See Davis v. Lafler, 658 F.3d 525, 537–38 (6th Cir. 2011). For example, here,

Archie’s testimony would have contradicted Patterson’s testimony. Archie would allegedly have

testified that he was with McQueen at a rap party on Sunday evening. But Patterson testified that

she and McQueen were alone at home during that time. Not calling an alibi witness whose account

would contradict another alibi witnesses’s testimony is just common sense. McQueen has also not

provided any evidence that trial counsel failed to adequately consider calling Archie as a potential

alibi witness. So we “assume that counsel adequately considered the possibility, but ultimately

decided that the best strategy was not to present [Archie’s]” testimony. See Davis, 658 F.3d at

537–38.

       What’s more, Archie’s alleged testimony would not have done much, if anything, for

McQueen’s defense. See id. (stating that failure to call a witness whose testimony would not have

helped the defendant’s cause did not amount to deficient performance). A.M.’s testimony placed

McQueen at his home on Sunday evening, alone in bed. Archie’s testimony would have placed

McQueen at a party much later in the evening, leaving open the possibility that McQueen was with

A.M. at his house sometime earlier. It was Patterson’s testimony that could have convinced the

jury that McQueen was not alone in bed with A.M. earlier Sunday evening.

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Case No. 19-2212, McQueen v. Winn

        And finally, again, McQueen’s assertions that we need more evidence does not help his

cause. See, e.g., Titlow, 571 U.S. at 23.

                b. Prejudice

        To the extent that Archie’s testimony might have had any effect on the jury, it would have

undermined Patterson’s testimony. Calling Archie to the stand thus might have increased the

probability of McQueen’s conviction, not decreased it. So even if counsel was somehow deficient

for failing to call Archie to the stand, that decision certainly did not prejudice McQueen.

                                            *     *       *

        Having determined that neither of McQueen’s trial counsel claims has merit, we hold that

his appellate counsel did not perform ineffectively either. “[B]y definition, appellate counsel

cannot be ineffective for a failure to raise an issue that lacks merit.” Greer v. Mitchell, 264 F.3d

663, 676 (6th Cir. 2001). Therefore, we cannot excuse McQueen’s procedural default, and federal

habeas review of McQueen’s trial-counsel claims is precluded. Biros, 422 F.3d at 386.

        C. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF APPELLATE COUNSEL

        In addition to arguing that his appellate counsel’s ineffectiveness excuses his procedural

default on his trial-counsel claims, McQueen raises a standalone claim of ineffective assistance of

appellate counsel. He argues that his state appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to raise the

two trial-counsel claims discussed at length above. On the merits, this claim is exactly the same

as the one we just reviewed, so it fails for the same reasons. But it raises thorny procedural issues

which relate to whether our review is de novo or subject to AEDPA. Though wading through that

procedural morass is not necessary to our disposition, we offer a few dicta on the point to guide

future litigants.

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Case No. 19-2212, McQueen v. Winn

           1. Adjudication on the Merits

       McQueen argues that the last state court to issue a reasoned opinion, the Michigan Court

of Appeals, did not adjudicate his standalone appellate-counsel claim on the merits. He contends

that it applied a procedural bar, so the panel’s review should be de novo. The government argues

that the Michigan Court of Appeals’ unexplained denial of McQueen’s request for an evidentiary

hearing counts as an adjudication on the merits, so the panel’s review should be subject to AEDPA

deference. Neither argument is correct.

       Orders from Michigan courts that cite to Rule 6.508(D)(3), like the order relevant in this

case, do not always refer to procedural default. See Guilmette, 624 F.3d at 290–92. “Rule

6.508(D) has both a procedural and a substantive component.” Id. at 291. “In some cases, the

context of a brief order citing Rule 6.508(D) clearly indicates that the state appellate court is

affirming the lower court’s determination that a petitioner’s claims are procedurally defaulted.”

Id. at 290 (citing Ivory v. Jackson, 509 F.3d 284, 292–93 (6th Cir. 2007)). In other cases, brief

orders citing that rule are best considered adjudications on the merits. Id. at 290–91 (citing People

v. Jackson, 633 N.W.2d 825, 826 (Mich. 2001) (per curiam)). And in the odd case, orders citing

to the rule are ambiguous. Id. at 291. That was the situation we faced in Guilmette; it is also the

situation here.

       In Guilmette, after an unsuccessful direct appeal, the petitioner sought state post-conviction

review, arguing for the first time that his state trial and appellate counsel had provided him

ineffective assistance. Id. at 289. The Michigan trial court denied the claims on the merits, and

both the Michigan Court of Appeals and the Michigan Supreme Court denied leave to appeal,

issuing similar orders stating that the petitioner had failed to meet the burden of establishing

entitlement to relief under Rule 6.508(D)(3). Id. Sound familiar?

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Case No. 19-2212, McQueen v. Winn

       We held there that “[t]he procedural-default rule stated by Rule 6.508(D)(3) applies only

to claims that could have been brought on direct appeal, and thus—by necessity—it does not apply

to claims of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel.” Id. at 291. And we concluded that

Michigan’s citation to Rule 6.508(D)(3) to deny petitioner’s ineffective assistance claims was thus

ambiguous and deemed the order unexplained and subject to the look-through principle of Ylst v.

Nunnemaker, 501 U.S. 797, 803 (1991). Id.

       Here, the Michigan Court of Appeals also cited Rule 6.508(D)(3), ostensibly to deny

McQueen leave to appeal the post-conviction court’s adjudication of his claims, including his

appellate-counsel claim. We reject McQueen’s contention that the Michigan Court of Appeals

thereby applied a procedural bar, regardless of its legitimacy, and that we should thus review his

appellate-counsel claim de novo. We have “an independent duty to scrutinize the application of

state rules that bar our review of federal claims.” Cone v. Bell, 556 U.S. 449, 468 (2009). And as

discussed, the Michigan Court of Appeals’ citation to Rule 6.508(D)(3) could not have applied to

McQueen’s appellate-counsel claims. Guilmette, 624 F.3d at 291. As in Guilmette then, here, we

consider the Michigan Court of Appeals’ citation to Rule 6.508(D)(3) as ambiguous and deem its

order unexplained and subject to the look-through principle of Ylst and its progeny, Wilson v.

Sellers, 138 S. Ct. 1188, 1195 (2018). See Guilmette, 624 F.3d at 290–92.

       Under Ylst and Wilson, we presume that “[w]here there has been one reasoned state

judgment rejecting a federal claim, later unexplained orders upholding that judgment or rejecting

the same claim rest upon the same ground.” Wilson, 138 S. Ct. at 1194 (quoting Ylst, 501 U.S. at

803). Where “an earlier opinion ‘fairly appear[s] to rest primarily upon federal law,’ we will

presume that no procedural default has been invoked by a subsequent unexplained order that leaves

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Case No. 19-2212, McQueen v. Winn

the judgment or its consequences in place.” Ylst, 501 U.S. at 803 (citation omitted)

(quoting Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 740 (1991)); Wilson, 138 S. Ct. at 1194.

         The earlier opinion from the post-conviction court held that McQueen’s “contention

involving ineffective assistance of appellate counsel amounts to a mere difference over strategy.”

It rested that conclusion on the oft-cited principle from Jones v. Barnes, 463 U.S. 745, 751–52

(1983) that an advocate’s decision to “winnow out weaker arguments and focus on those more

likely to prevail is not evidence of ineffective assistance.” The court also cited to Strickland

throughout its opinion. That is an adjudication on the merits. So the last reasoned decision

adjudicated McQueen’s appellate-counsel claim on the merits, and AEDPA applies. See 28 U.S.C.

§ 2254(d).7

              2. AEDPA review

         “Under AEDPA, a federal court can grant habeas relief for a state court’s legal error only

if it ‘resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly

established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States.’” Miller, 994

F.3d at 741 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1)). Not much discussion is needed here. If McQueen

cannot make out a claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel under de novo review, he

certainly cannot do so under AEDPA. See Jackson v. Houk, 687 F.3d 723, 740–41 (6th Cir.

7
  The government’s argument that the Michigan Court of Appeals adjudicated McQueen’s appellate-counsel claim on
the merits because it denied his motion for an evidentiary hearing without explanation is incorrect. According to the
government, we have previously held that a Michigan Court of Appeals’ unexplained denial of an evidentiary hearing
constitutes an adjudication on the merits. But the cases it cites for that proposition say no such thing. They simply
apply the presumption from Harrington v. Richter: a state court has adjudicated a matter on the merits when it issues
an unexplained order and there is no indication or state-law procedural principles to the contrary. See Nali v. Phillips,
681 F.3d 837, 852 (6th Cir. 2012); Hendrix, 893 F.3d at 918; Marion v. Woods, 663 F. App’x 378, 382 (6th Cir. 2016).
Unlike in this case, however, each of those cases dealt with a Michigan Court of Appeals decision on direct appeal—
so there was no earlier state court opinion to look through to. The Supreme Court clarified in Wilson that Richter’s
presumption does not apply where a court can, as here, “look through” to the reasoned opinion of a lower court.
Wilson, 138 S. Ct. at 1195.

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Case No. 19-2212, McQueen v. Winn

2012) (recognizing that AEDPA review of a state court’s adjudication of ineffective assistance is

“‘doubly’ deferential” (quoting Richter, 562 U.S. at 105)). Therefore, McQueen’s standalone

claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel does not entitle him to habeas relief.

                                                III.

       In sum, we affirm the district court’s denial of McQueen’s habeas petition. McQueen’s

trial-counsel claims were procedurally defaulted, and he fails to demonstrate cause and prejudice

for the default. And his appellate-counsel claim lacks merit under de novo review, which means

that it cannot pass muster under AEDPA.

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