Court Opinion

ID: 810835
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2012-10-25 14:52:21+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:00:39.268973
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                  File Name: 12a1102n.06

                                         Nos. 11-3984/11-4029

                             UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                            FILED
                                                                                        Oct 25, 2012
ANDERSONS, INC.,                                      )                          DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                                                      )
       Plaintiff-Appellee/Cross-Appellant,            )
                                                      )
v.                                                    )    ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                      )    STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
LAFARGE NORTH AMERICA, INC.,                          )    NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
                                                      )
       Defendant-Appellant/Cross-Appellee.            )
                                                      )
                                                      )

BEFORE:           MERRITT, MOORE, and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges.

       MERRITT, Circuit Judge. This appeal and cross-appeal raise multiple damages issues in

a diversity contract dispute stemming from the defective condition in which two hundred railcars

were returned from Lafarge1 to Andersons, Inc., at the end of a ten-year lease. The parties raise six

separate issues on the appeal and cross-appeal. Following the district court’s award of $3.1 million

in damages to Andersons, Lafarge argues on appeal that the court erred in determining that

Andersons has standing as the real party in interest, that Andersons satisfied its burden of proof to

establish damages, and that Andersons was entitled to six months of holdover rent. Andersons cross-

appeals, contending that the court erred in failing to award prejudgment interest, finding that

       1
           Although the case caption lists the Defendant as “LaFarge,” the parties write it as “Lafarge.”
Nos. 11-3984/11-4029
Andersons, Inc. v. LaFarge North America, Inc.

Andersons failed to mitigate its damages, and declining to award attorneys’ fees. We AFFIRM the

judgment of the district court in all respects.

        We will first recount the relevant facts and the proceedings below and then take up the six

issues presented on appeal.

        Lafarge returned the two hundred open-top hopper railcars to Andersons in October 2008.

The cars were used over the 10-year period to haul limestone aggregate. Although there are no

photographs of the cars in 1998, evidence shows that Andersons had refurbished them shortly before

the lease began and left them in “very good condition.” Item 10 of the lease provided at Lafarge

“shall, at its sole cost and expense, maintain the Cars in ‘serviceable’ condition, free of broken,

damaged or missing parts, suitable for the commercial use originally intended, and meeting

applicable standards as prescribed by the AAR Interchange Rules and the FRA rules and

regulations.” Item 7 provided that, at the termination of the lease, the parties “shall jointly inspect

the Cars to determine if each Car is clean and free of commodities or residue” and complies with the

aforementioned rules. Andersons had the right to holdover rent, among other things, if the cars were

not delivered in the specified condition within thirty days of the lease’s expiration.

        Relevant to the standing issue, after Andersons initiated the lease agreement, it entered into

financing deals with The Vaughn Group and National City Leasing Corp. for one hundred of the

leased cars each. These transactions included options for Andersons to re-purchase the cars after ten

years. Andersons could recoup the money it used to purchase the cars while the financing

institutions profited by collecting the lease payments. The bill of sale for the Vaughn deal conveyed

“all rights, title, and interest in and to the [cars] and all appurtenant rights relating thereto,” whereas

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Andersons, Inc. v. LaFarge North America, Inc.

the sale to National City expressly conveyed both the cars and the “right, title and interest in the

Lease.”

          Shortly before the end of the lease period in 2008, Andersons exercised its purchase option

in both financing agreements. U.S. Bancorp—which had assumed Vaughn’s interest—reconveyed

the cars to Andersons through an instrument using language identical to the original transaction.

The bill of sale from the National City re-conveyance, however, did not expressly mention the lease

(unlike the first sale document ten years earlier).

          In late October 2008, Lafarge returned the cars to Andersons and the parties attempted to

complete the joint inspection contemplated in the lease. The circumstances are not entirely clear

from the record, but it appears that the Lafarge representatives acknowledged some deterioration in

the cars but walked out in protest when the Andersons representative, Rick Gieryng, stated that the

cars would need substantial repairs.2 After evaluating the cars by himself, Gieryng estimated the cost

to repair the cars at $8,500,076. The next evaluation came in November 2008 from Christian Barios,

retained by Lafarge, who estimated the total repair cost to be $1,912,908.3 In August 2009, a third

appraiser, Jerry Charaska, provided another inspection for Andersons and concluded that the repair

cost would range between $15,000 to $35,000 per car, for a total average of $5,000,000. Finally,

Andrew Spurlock estimated the damages for Lafarge in 2010 at $646,118.

       2
         A subsequent internal communication between Lafarge officials appears to confirm
Lafarge’s negative assessment of the cars’ condition by describing them as “P.O.S.,” which the
drafter testified at trial is “a colloquialism which I prefer not to repeat for The Court.”
       3
        Although Barios consulted for Lafarge, his report was introduced at trial by Andersons over
Lafarge’s objection.

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Nos. 11-3984/11-4029
Andersons, Inc. v. LaFarge North America, Inc.

       Meanwhile, Andersons initiated this action by bringing a complaint against Lafarge in

January 2009. The district court conducted a two-day bench trial in October 2010. In a June 2011

order, the court ruled in favor of Andersons and issued a judgment for $2,924,455. Andersons, Inc.

v. LaFarge N. Am., Inc., No. 3:09 CV 222, 2011 WL 2357895 (N.D. Ohio June 9, 2011). This

amount was reached primarily by disregarding the upper and lower estimates of Gieryng and

Spurlock—found by the court to be “not credible”—and averaging the estimates from Charaska and

Barios. The court also imposed holdover rent pursuant to the lease terms for one year but denied

Andersons the recovery of the stipulated loss value and overdue rent as duplicative, and denied

attorneys fees under the lease as unenforceable. Following a motion to amend the judgment, the

court held in an August 2011 order that the holdover rent term should be reduced to six months but

that the amount per car per day should be increased under the terms of the contract, imposed switch

fees pursuant to the lease against Lafarge, and denied Andersons prejudgment interest, resulting in

an adjusted final judgment of $3,171,427. Lafarge now appeals, and Andersons has cross-appealed.

       “In diversity cases such as this, we apply state law in accordance with the controlling

decisions of the state supreme court.” Allstate Ins. Co. v. Thrifty Rent-A-Car Sys., Inc., 249 F.3d

450, 454 (6th Cir. 2001). “If the state supreme court has not yet addressed the issue presented, we

must predict how the court would rule by looking to all the available data.” Id. “In an appeal from

a judgment entered after a bench trial, we review the district court’s findings of fact for clear error

and its conclusions of law de novo.” T. Marzetti Co. v. Roskam Baking Co., 680 F.3d 629, 633 (6th

Cir. 2012).

                                                 -4-
Nos. 11-3984/11-4029
Andersons, Inc. v. LaFarge North America, Inc.

                                         I. Lafarge’s Issues

                                     A. Real Party in Interest

        Lafarge first contends that Andersons lacks standing to bring this suit because it is not the

real party in interest to the lease. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 17(a)(1)(“An action must be prosecuted in the

name of the real party in interest.”); Shealy v. Campbell, 485 N.E.2d 701 (Ohio 1985) (discussing

real party in interest requirement under Ohio law). This is because, according to Lafarge, the 2008

repurchase options reconveyed the cars themselves but not any legal interest in the lease as a chose

in action since the sale documents were silent on the matter. Under this theory, only U.S. Bancorp

and National City would be able to sue Lafarge for the breach of contract, leaving Andersons stuck

with the damaged cars once it decided to repurchase them. The district court rejected this argument

quickly, as it should have, holding that the financing institutions “relinquished any interest in the

railcars” and that Lafarge’s recognition of Andersons as the leaseholder at the end of the term estops

it from taking a contrary position. We review this interpretation of state law de novo. Firestone v.

Galbreath, 976 F.2d 279, 283 (6th Cir. 1992) (citing Salve Regina College v. Russell, 499 U.S. 225,

231 (1991)).

        There is no dispute that Andersons successfully conveyed its interest in the lease to the

financing institutions at the beginning of the lease term. Given that both the 1998 and 2008

Vaughn/U.S. Bancorp transactions used identical language to refer to the property being conveyed,

we hold that an interest in the lease was first conveyed and then reconveyed. The transfer

to National City expressly referred to the lease whereas the transfer from National City did not.

However, the bill of sale did convey “all of [National City’s] rights, title and interest in and to” the

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Nos. 11-3984/11-4029
Andersons, Inc. v. LaFarge North America, Inc.

cars and specified that the cars were sold “AS-IS-WHERE-IS without any covenant or warrant,

express or implied, of any nature whatsoever.” Further, a letter from National City to the Surface

Transportation Board pursuant to the Interstate Commerce Act4 provided “formal notification” that

the cars had been “paid in full” and that National City “hereby releases all of its right, title and

interest” in the cars. Despite the absence of an express reference to the lease, we conclude that these

documents served to reconvey the interest in the lease back to Andersons. Cf. Restatement (Third)

of Property (Servitudes) § 5.1 (2000) (“An appurtenant benefit or burden transferable . . . passes

automatically with the property interest to which it is appurtenant.”).5

        The lease also reverted back to Andersons under a theory of equitable assignment. Equitable

assignment is a form of conveyance recognized by Ohio law which is evidenced by “any words or

transactions which show an intention on one side to assign and an intention on the other to receive,

if there is a valuable consideration.” Langhals v. Holt Roofing Co., 547 N.E.2d 401, 403 (Ohio Ct.

App. 1988). “Since intent is the controlling factor, it is to be ascertained from all the language used,

construed in the light of the surrounding circumstances. The object to be accomplished through the

assignment may, therefore, be taken into consideration, as well as the conduct of the parties.” Gen.

Excavator Co. v. Judkins, 190 N.E. 389, 391 (Ohio 1934). As the district court concluded, there can

       4
         “A . . . lease . . . intended for a use related to interstate commerce shall be filed with the
[Surface Transportation] Board in order to perfect the security interest that is the subject of such
instrument. . . . When filed under this section, that document is notice to, and enforceable against,
all persons.” 49 U.S.C. § 11301(a).
       5
        Ohio courts have relied on this treatise for other issues. E.g. McCumbers v. Puckett, 918
N.E.2d 1046, 1052 (Ohio Ct. App. 2009); Walbridge v. Carroll, 920 N.E.2d 1046, 1049-50 (Ohio
Ct. App. 2009); Kienzle v. Myers, 853 N.E.2d 1203, 1207-08 (Ohio Ct. App. 2006).

                                                  -6-
Nos. 11-3984/11-4029
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be no doubt from the documents and conduct of all parties involved that the transactions were part

of a financing plan from which National City would have no interest in anything once Andersons

exercised its option to repurchase the cars. Thus, we conclude that Andersons is the real party in

interest to enforce the lease for both sets of cars.

                                             B. Damages

        Even though Lafarge presented evidence at trial that it was responsible under the contract for

as much as $646,118 in damages, Lafarge inconsistently argues on appeal that the court should not

have awarded “any” damages because (1) Andersons could not establish the amount of repair

damages with the requisite degree of certainty and (2) the holdover rent provision is an

unenforceable penalty which should be barred by Andersons’s failure to mitigate.6 Andersons cross-

appealed the court’s holdover rent determination, arguing that the court erred in finding that

Andersons failed to mitigate those damages after sixth months.

        1. Repair Damages.—The Andersons’s expert credited by the court, Jerry Charaska,

testified that an accurate determination of the cost to fix a particular car would require sand blasting

to remove the corrosion and determine the remaining amount of metal thickness. In the absence of

sand blasting, Charaska explained that he could provide an opinion with a reasonable degree of

certainty only as to the average cost to fix each car but conceded on cross-examination that he could

not provide an estimate for each car individually.

        6
       A heading and the summary of argument in Lafarge’s principal brief allude to an improper
admission of hearsay, but this assignment of error is forfeited because the brief fails to offer any
argument on that issue. See Rawe v. Liberty Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 462 F.3d 521, 525 n.4 (6th Cir.
2006).

                                                   -7-
Nos. 11-3984/11-4029
Andersons, Inc. v. LaFarge North America, Inc.

       According to Lafarge, Charaska’s uncertainty bars relief because Ohio contract law requires

proof of damages with a reasonable degree of certainty. However, as Andersons correctly observes,

Ohio law provides that “once the existence of damages is shown, mere uncertainty as to amount will

not preclude recovery.” Collins v. Mullinax E., Inc., 795 N.E.2d 68, 71-72 (Ohio Ct. App. 2003).

In such cases the courts have established a broad standard: “the evidence need only tend to show

the basis for that computation of damages to a fair degree of probability . . . which is that degree of

certainty of which the nature of the case admits.” Id. at 71. A review of the record makes clear that

Lafarge conceded the existence of at least some damages. Charaska’s conclusions were sufficient

to satisfy the applicable standard for measuring the amount of damages. We also note that the court

did not adopt Charaska’s calculation as to damages entirely, but rather discounted it by averaging

that number with the total cost estimated by Barios, a methodology challenged by neither party.

Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s determination as to repair costs.

       2. Holdover Rent.—Lafarge claims that Andersons is not entitled to any holdover rent.

Item 7(d) of the lease provided that any car not delivered in the appropriate condition within thirty

days of the expiration of the lease period would be subject to holdover rentals at a rate of one and

one-half times the pro-rata daily rate of the rental. The court found that Andersons “reasonably

waited six months while attempting to work out its dispute with” Lafarge; it awarded holdover rent

for that period. But after six months, the court found, “there was no reasonable expectation

[Lafarge] would accede to [Andersons’s] payment demand,” and so Andersons had a duty to mitigate

by either starting repairs or selling the cars for scrap parts. Thus, the court concluded that

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Nos. 11-3984/11-4029
Andersons, Inc. v. LaFarge North America, Inc.

Andersons’s inaction barred it from recovering holdover rent indefinitely after a reasonable time to

resolve the dispute had passed.

       As a threshold matter, Lafarge contends that the holdover provision is an unenforceable

liquidated damages clause. The Ohio Supreme Court has established as an exception to the freedom

to contract that stipulated damages which constitute a “penalty” are unenforceable for public policy

reasons. Lake Ridge Acad. v. Carney, 613 N.E.2d 183, 187 (Ohio 1993). “A punitive remedy is one

that subjects the breaching party to a liability disproportionate to the damage which could have been

anticipated from breach of the contract.” Id. at 188 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

Determining whether stipulated damages are punitive is a searching inquiry that requires

consideration of whether the damages would be “uncertain as to amount and difficult of proof,”

whether “the contract as a whole is not so manifestly unconscionable, unreasonable, and

disproportionate in amount as to justify the conclusion that it does not express the true intention of

the parties,” and whether “the contract is consistent with the conclusion that it was the intention of

the parties that damages in the amount stated should follow the breach thereof.” Id. (citation and

internal quotation marks omitted).

       Lafarge explains that the holdover award is contrary to public policy because Andersons had

possession of the cars and therefore had unilateral control over how and when the cars may become

usable. Thus, Andersons could “apply the holdover rent provision seemingly indefinitely.” Applied

indefinitely, Lafarge is correct that holdover rent would have no bearing on Andersons’s actual

damages. However, the court only awarded Andersons holdover rent for the six month period

following the end of the lease in which Andersons reasonably could have expected to reach a

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settlement. During this time, Andersons was without use of its property and had to expend resources

to seek Lafarge’s compliance with the contract. The damages were hard to quantify and were the

types of losses the parties contemplated when assenting to the holdover provision. Such damages

do not rise to the level of a penalty.

        On the question of whether Lafarge is correct in claiming that Andersons did not properly

mitigate damages, under Ohio contract law, “mitigation is a fundamental tenet of a damage

calculus.” Frenchtown Square P’ship v. Lemstone, Inc., 791 N.E.2d 417, 419 (Ohio 2003). Lafarge

argues that the district court erred in awarding holdover rent despite its determination that Andersons

failed to satisfy its duty to mitigate by either scrapping the cars or fixing them. The problem with

this assignment of error is that the court only awarded damages for the six months in which it found

Andersons had no duty to mitigate, a finding Lafarge does not challenge (or directly acknowledge).

Lafarge and the district court are in complete agreement that Andersons is not entitled to damages

during the remaining time in which it should have mitigated, so this issue is without merit.

                                         II. Andersons’s Issues

        Andersons cross-appeals on three matters, contending that the district court erred in finding

that Andersons failed to mitigate its damages, and that it should have been awarded prejudgment

interest and attorneys fees.

                                             A. Mitigation

        Andersons argues that the court erred in finding that it failed to mitigate after the initial six

months. According to Andersons, it should not have been required to scrap the cars because their

long-term value was greater if left whole or to fix the cars because there was no market for them

                                                  -10-
Nos. 11-3984/11-4029
Andersons, Inc. v. LaFarge North America, Inc.

during the time in question. Although we agree with Andersons on both points under these

circumstances, we nonetheless conclude that Andersons is not entitled to additional holdover rent.

Under Ohio law, an enhanced rent provision stemming from holdover is construed as liquidated

damages, which may only be upheld “as long as it bears some relation” to the owner’s actual

damages. Brunswick Ltd. P’ship v. Feudo, 870 N.E.2d 804, 807 (Ohio Ct. App. 2007). Similarly,

the mitigation doctrine provides that an injured party may only be placed “in as good a position” as

would be the case if there had been no breach. Frenchtown Square P’ship, 791 N.E.2d at 419

(citation omitted). Allowing Andersons to collect holdover rent indefinitely while it maintained

exclusive control over the cars after Andersons knew that Lafarge had no intention to fix them, and

knew there was no real market, would probably create a windfall for Andersons and an

unenforceable penalty for Lafarge. We believe the district court reached a fair decision taking into

account the particular facts of the case regarding the absence of a market for the cars at the end of

the lease.

                                        B. Prejudgment Interest

        Andersons argues that the court erred in declining to award prejudgment interest. This is a

debatable issue. Under Ohio law, “when money becomes due and payable upon . . . all judgments

. . . for the payment of money arising out of . . . a contract . . . , the creditor is entitled to interest” at

a statutory rate or as otherwise provided in the contract. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 1343.03(A). The

Ohio law is somewhat unclear as to the interpretation of this statutory language. “[T]he trial judge

has no discretion not to grant any interest award” if a plaintiff obtains a favorable judgment, Lincoln

Elec. Co. v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 210 F.3d 672, 693 (6th Cir. 2000) (applying Ohio law),

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Nos. 11-3984/11-4029
Andersons, Inc. v. LaFarge North America, Inc.

but trial courts have “broad discretion in determining when money becomes due and payable,”

Lehrner v. Safeco Ins./Am. States Ins. Co., 872 N.E.2d 295, 312 (Ohio Ct. App. 2007). A trial

court’s determination regarding a plaintiff’s entitlement to prejudgment interest on a contract is

reviewed de novo. Eggert v. Meritain Health, Inc., 428 F. App’x 558, 569 (6th Cir. 2011) (citing

Forest Hills Local Sch. Dist. Bd. of Ed. v. Huegel, Nos. CA2007-02-026, CA2007-02-032, 2008 WL

2102406, at *3 (Ohio Ct. App. May 19, 2008)). The date at which money is “due and payable” is

a factual determination which is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. Gates v. Praul, No.

10AP–784, 2011 WL 6036397, at *12 (Ohio Ct. App. Dec. 6, 2011).

       The district court concluded that, in light of the uncertainties concerning damages, Andersons

was not entitled to prejudgment interest on repair costs because that money was not “due and

payable” until the court ordered it. Item 30(g) of the lease provided that interest “shall accrue” for

payments “not made when due hereunder from the date thereof.” (Emphasis added). According to

Andersons, payment was due when the claim accrued: the time of the return of the cars. However,

the lease did not specify when repair costs from Lafarge to Andersons were “due.” Rather, the lease

required Lafarge to fix the cars itself “promptly” and within a “reasonable time” of return. In the

absence of a more definitive point for repair costs to become “due,” we cannot say that the district

court abused its discretion in setting the judgment date as the starting time. See Hutchinson v. State

Auto Ins. Co., No. 20636, 2002 WL 121202, at *2 (Ohio Ct. App. Jan. 30, 2002) (“When the facts

and contract provisions are silent on the starting date for prejudgment interest, the time when the

concluding step in the process of determining the amount payable is completed provides the method

to identify the starting date.”). Moreover, the Ohio Supreme Court has stated that prejudgment

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interest is not a penalty but rather “acts as compensation and serves ultimately to make the aggrieved

party whole.” Royal Elec. Constr. Corp. v. Ohio State Univ., 652 N.E.2d 687, 692 (Ohio 1995). As

the district court recognized, Andersons had not incurred repair costs before the judgment, so

Andersons does not need interest on those costs to be “fully compensated.” See id.

       By contrast, holdover rent had a more definitive “due date” under the lease because it was

specified to be “paid on demand” starting thirty days after the lease expiration. However, the district

court concluded that Andersons is not entitled to prejudgment interest on holdover rent because Item

30(g) of the lease only allows for interest for “any payment, other than rent.” (Emphasis added by

district court). We also note on this issue that there is a discrepancy in the record. The district

court’s order accurately quotes Exhibit A of the complaint, which is a copy of the lease signed in

April 1998, that excludes interest on rent. [R. 63, Amended Judgment Entry, at 5, PageID 1103;

R.1-1, Complaint Exhibit A, at 1, PageID 5]. Yet Andersons’s briefs quote the same provision as

“any payment, including rent.” [Second Br. 35; Fourth Br. 4-5]. Without argument or demonstration

from either party as to which version of the lease controls—even though the “other than rent”

provision was emphasized in bold font in the district court’s opinion and served as the only basis for

denying interest on holdover rent—we cannot conclude that the court erred.

                                        C. Attorneys’ Fees

       Finally, Andersons asserts that the court erred in not awarding it attorneys’ fees. A trial

court’s determination regarding attorneys’ fees is reviewed for abuse of discretion. Furr v. State

Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 716 N.E.2d 250, 265 (Ohio Ct. App. 1998). Item 25 of the lease provided:

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Andersons, Inc. v. LaFarge North America, Inc.

       Lessee shall pay Lessor’s costs and expenses incurred by reason of Lessee’s breach
       or default which shall include, without limitation, . . . collecting rents and
       professional fees and expenses with respect to or incurred by reason of the breach or
       default, including legal fees and expenses for advice and legal services in any actions
       or proceedings which Lessor may commence or in which Lessor may appear or
       participate to exercise or enforce any rights or remedies or to protect or preserve any
       rights or interests, and in all reviews of and appeals from any such actions or
       proceedings.

Under Ohio law, a contractual right to attorneys’ fees is generally “enforceable and not void as

against public policy so long as the fees awarded are fair, just and reasonable as determined by the

trial court upon full consideration of all of the circumstances of the case.” Wilborn v. Bank One

Corp., 906 N.E.2d 396, 400 (Ohio 2009) (quoting Nottingdale Homeowners’ Ass’n, Inc. v. Darby,

514 N.E.2d 702, 707 (Ohio 1987)).

       The district court, relying on our decision in Big Lots Stores, Inc. v. Luv N’ Care, Ltd., 302

F. App’x 423, 426-29 (6th Cir. 2008), found the provision at issue here unenforceable because it was

a “standard paragraph in the Lease and was not negotiated between the parties” and constituted a

“one-way street” that only ran in favor of Andersons. In Big Lots Stores, we followed binding Ohio

and Sixth Circuit cases that voided similar provisions, notwithstanding “some indication of a shift

in the law” among Ohio courts. Id. Although Ohio courts remain divided, see JPMorgan Chase

Bank, NA v. Corral, No. 10 CAE 09 0079, 2011 WL 3198270, at *14-15 (Ohio Ct. App. July 14,

2011) (reviewing cases), we find no “shift” from which to conclude that the district court abused its

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discretion in voiding the provision here.7,8 In addition, the district court based its decision on the

following findings:

        This Court agrees with LaFarge that this was a standard paragraph in the Lease and
        was not negotiated between the parties. Also, this provision was a “one-way street”
        that ran only in favor of Andersons. Further, this Court finds that there was a
        legitimate dispute between the parties as to the amount of the repairs and that both
        sides have “unclean hands” in the manner the “joint inspection” was handled at the
        outset.

In balancing the equities in the case and recognizing the ambiguity of Ohio law on this subject, the

district court exercised its discretion, and we do not find its conclusion unreasonable.

        For the reasons discussed above, the district court’s judgment is AFFIRMED in all respects.

        7
         We note that one panel of the Ohio Court of Appeals relied on our decision in Big Lots
Stores to void a non-negotiated, attorneys’-fee provision. See Exec. Bus. Ctrs., Inc. v. TransPacific
Mfg,. Ltd., No. L-08-1060, 2009 WL 282383, at *8 (Ohio Ct. App. Feb. 6, 2009).
        8
          Andersons argued in its reply brief that it is also entitled to attorneys’ fees pursuant to Ohio
Rev. Code § 1319.02 (recently transferred from § 1301.21). This position is forfeited because
Andersons sought attorneys’ fees solely pursuant to the contract in the district court and in its
principal brief on appeal. See Armstrong v. City of Melvindale, 432 F.3d 695, 700 (6th Cir. 2006)
(failure to present an argument to a district court generally forfeits the right to present it on appeal);
United States v. Moore, 376 F.3d 570, 576 (6th Cir. 2004) (failure to raise arguments in opening
memorandum or brief leads to forfeiture).

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