Court Opinion

ID: 7811196
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-07 17:13:02.622464+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:30:27.510936
License: Public Domain

McCulloch, C. J. This is an appeal from a conviction of murder in the first degree, the punishment of appellant being fixed by the jury at life imprisonment. The accusation against appellant is that he killed Lewis Vandergeten in Pope County on the night of November 27, 1920, by shooting him with a gun. The first contention of appellant is that the evidence is not sufficient to sustain the verdict. The killing occurred in a building called the “wash-house,” at a coal mine about three miles from Bussellville. On the night mentioned, the deceased and a crowd of other boys and men were engaged in playing craps in the wash-house at the coal mine, and about 11 o ’clock they were held up and robbed by three masked men. The three men walked into the wash-house by different doors, and one of them coming through the door at the north was armed with a shotgun. Deceased failed, when ordered, to put up his hands, and the man with the gun shot him, killing him instantly. The weapon used was a double barrel shotgun, and the empty shell was' extracted and thrown on the floor at the spot where the shot was fired. One of the participants in the crap game who testified as a witness identified appellant as the man who fired the shot. The witness stated that he was well acquainted with appellant, and was standing in the crowd in the wash-house when the three robbers entered; that he saw enough of appellant’s face to be able to recognize him and did recognize him as the man who fired the shot. Two other witnesses testified that the next morning after the killing appellant, apparently laboring under excitement, in speaking of the killing, said: “I done it. I might as well say I done it. I will be accused of it anyhow.” That was, according to the testimony, before the appellant was arrested, and before any accusation was made against him. Appellant and his step-mother lived in about 300 yards of the wash-house. He had been to Russellville that night, and shortly before the killing he and two other young men drove out to the wash-house in a jitney, entered the house and participated in the game. Appellant left the house in a few minutes, and about fifteen or twenty minutes later the robbers entered and committed the crime. Appellant testified that when he left the wash-house he went home and remained there for about an hour and a half, and on his return to the wash-house ascertained that the crime had been committed, but that he was not a participant in the crime, and had no knowledge of it until he had returned to the wash-house. A double-barrel shotgun was found at the house occupied by appellant and his step-mother, and on examination it appeared that one of the barrels of the gun had been recently fired. Shells of the same size and make as the empty one found on the floor in the wash-house were found at appellant’s house. During the progress of the trial there were experiments made by firing from appellant’s gun the same kind of shells, but these are matters which will be referred to later in discussing other assignments of error. There was sufficient evidence to sustain the verdict. The credibility of the witnesses was a question for the jury to determine, and there was testimony adduced, both direct and circumstantial, which tended to establish appellant’s guilt. There are other assignments of error which will be discussed !n the order mentioned in the brief of counsel. Objections were made to certain questions propounded to Mrs. Bettie Shinn on cross-examination and the exhibition to her of a letter said to have been received from appellant without introduction of the letter before the jury. Mrs. Shinn was asked whether or not she had corresponded with appellant while he was temporarily held in the penitentiary under the present charge. She answered in the affirmative, and the prosecuting attorney thereupon held up a letter and asked her if she had received that letter from appellant. There was a long colloquy then between counsel in the case, in which appellant’s counsel objected to the introduction of any correspondence on the ground that it was not admissible because written from tho penitentiary, and also on the ground that the letter itself should first be shown to the witness. The court permitted the question to be asked in the following form, and answered: “Q. I will ask you if you got a letter from Shinn in which he stated this, ‘You all know that I left home and come back through the same door, and that the lights were burning when I left and when I come back, and that I could not have took my gun or brought back any gun, as the lamp was lit when I come back, and the kind of pants I wore, so you will be asked all these, and that I slept on a couch in the north room, your room, and that the lights burned all night, and me and Luther got up and fed and milked the cows, etc., in the morning. ’ Did you get a letter from him with a statement like that from him ? A. “Yes, sir.” Without determining whether or not the contents of the letter were properly brought to the attention of the jury, we are clearly of the opinion that there was no possible prejudice that could have resulted from this incident in the trial. There was nothing unfavorable to appellant’s defense contained in the purported statement in the letter. It was written to his step-mother, with whom he was living at the time the killing occurred, and with whom he sustained, according to the testimony, the most cordial relations, and the statement does not tend to incriminate appellant in any way, so therefore there was no prejudice in its introduction. It is next contended that there was error in permitting appellant to be cross-examined concerning »his past conduct. Appellant was asked all sorts of questions about having been a gambler and about other offenses and immoralities. This was merely for the purpose of testing his credibility and was admissible as such. This court so decided in the case of Hollingsworth v. State, 53 Ark. 387. This was with regard to a witness other than the accused himself, but we have since then frequently held that the same rule applies to a defendant in a criminal prosecution when he takes the witness stand in his own behalf. Ware v. State, 91 Ark. 555; Hunt v. State, 114 Ark. 239; Nelson v. State, 139 Ark. 13. After appellant closed his case, the State called several witnesses in rebuttal, among others one Everett Gray, who was asked about an alleged conversation between him and appellant in regard to another robbery. The witness stated that he had had such conversation, and no objection was made to that testimony. Objection, however, was made to the next question propounded to the witness, and the prosecuting attorney withdrew the question for the time. Thereupon, the State was permitted, over appellant’s objection, to recall appellant himself for the purpose of asking him concerning his statements to witness Gray. The objection was made in the following language: “The defense closed, and he is now asking questions in rebuttal — going to open the case in order to make rebuttal testimony. We object to it.” The ground of appellant’s 'objection was, in substance, that the case should not be reopened for the purpose of allowing appellant himself to be cross-examined. The court overruled • the objection, and the prosecuting attorney was permitted to ask the witness if he aad not requested Everett Gray to go to one Baker and get a gun and assist in robbing a certain crap game. The appellant replied that he did not make such a request. Witness Gray was then recalled and was examined and cross-examined concerning the alleged request made of him by appellant to participate in holding up another crap game. Appellant made no objection to the introduction of the testimony of Gray. The recall of appellant as a witness for further cross-examination was a matter in the discretion of the court, and it does not appear that the discretion was abused. It was competent for the State to ask appellant on cross-examination whether or not he had requested Baker to assist in robbing a crap game on another occasion, but the State was bound by appellant’s answer, and, it being a collateral matter, the State could not introduce independent testimony concerning it. There was no objection, however, to the introduction of Gray’s testimony, and therefore, appellant was in no attitude to complain of the rulings of the court in admitting it. During the progress of the trial, certain experiments were made by the attorney for the State and one of the witnesses using the. gun owned by appellant and empty shells similar to the one .found on the floor of the wash-house. It appears that in these experiments the gun was snapped on the empty shells in the presence of the jury. There was no objection to the experiment being thus made in the presence of the jury, but counsel for appellant objected to the introduction of the impression made on the primer of the shells in the experiment, on the ground that the shells being empty the impression would not be the same as on a loaded shell. A long colloquy between counsel resulted, and appellant’s counsel finally withdrew the objection. Certainly, no error could be assigned under these circumstances, for there was no objection made to the experiment, and the objection made to the introduction of the shells was expressly withdrawn. It appears that after the indictment of appellant by the grand jury the gun which he is said to have used and the empty shell found on the floor of the wash-house were preserved by the sheriff and were exhibited to the jury during the progress of the trial. Before the trial certain experiments had been made by a deputy sheriff and one of appellant’s attorneys, Mr. Ward, and the result of these experiments in firing the gun at a target was offered in evidence, but the State objected on the ground that the shots had been fired by one of appellant’s attorneys. Thereupon appellant requested that the jury be permitted to take the gun and shells similar to the one found in the wash-house and fire at a target. The attorney for the State agreed to this suggestion, and asked that the jury be allowed to go to the wash-house and fire the gun from the spot where the man who shot Vandergeten stood, but the court refused to send the jury to the wash-house. At the close of the trial appellant renewed his request for these experiments to be made by the jury, and the court ordered it to be done. The record contains the following statement made by the court: “Gentlemen of the jury, the sheriff has procured here the shells, all shells just like the one that was in the gun, three other shells not of the same brand, but same size shot. Now I understand the jury wants to get a shave, and in the morning before you come to court I will have the sheriff bring these shells and these targets and the gun down to the hotel, and Mr. Worsham can take you out with a tape line, and I will give written instructions here as to the distances you can fire these shots. I have stated here that yon oan fire three shots from a distance of 23 feet 7 inches, three from a distance of 21 feet and 9]/- inches, three from a distance of 17 feet 8 inches, and three 15 feet and 7 inches. Let the man who shoots stand on a line at a distance indicated from the target. And. nobody to go with the jury making any demonstration. Yon can bring these targets back into court, Mr. Deputy Sheriff. And, gentlemen, you will not talk .about, it yourself or comment at all, and I don’t want you to let anybody go with you out where it is occurring. If anybody should undertake to follow you, just suggest to them that they must not go. Now you can number each shell; number the targets the same number of shells. No harm about that. Let the record show that the defendant was present when the targets and experiments were made.” This seems to have occurred late in the afternoon, and the record -shows that on the following morning when court convened the following occurred: ■ Counsel for appellant stated: “We wish now to introduce the shells which were, fired by the jury this morning by direction of the court yesterday, and also to identify the targets made by the jury with the shells. The jury has these targets. We want these introduced as evidence.” The Court: “The jury has the targets and the shells are here, 'and numbered. There is no need to identify them further. They will he considered in evidence now in the case, upor. your motion.” Nothing further occurred concerning ■ this incident, and there is nothing -else in the record to indicate whether appellant was actually present when the experiments were made, though it is inferable from the recitals in the record that neither appellant nor his counsel were present when the experiments were made. It is contended now that the integrity of the trial was destroyed by permitting the jury to make these experiments outside of the court room and in the absence of the court and in the absence of appellant himself. It is. however, affirmatively eh own in the record that all that was done was at the specific request of appellant himself. He was given the opportunity to be present if he so desired, and the next morning, when the results of the experiments were brought in, counsel for appellant made the specific request that they be introduced to the jury for their consideration. The conduct of the court and jury was induced by the appellant himself, and this makes a case of invited error. If there was error committed, it was at appellant’s own request, and he took advantage of all that was accomplished in that portion of the proceedings. Under those circumstances, appellant is in no attitude to complain. The constitutional right to have the tests made in his presence, and in the presence of the court, was expressly waived. McVay v. State, 104 Ark. 629; Davidson v. State, 108 Ark. 191; Scruggs v. State, 131 Ark. 320. We find no error in the proceedings, and the judgment is therefore affirmed.