Court Opinion

ID: 4174003
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-06-02 14:09:10.661862+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:22:06.657489
License: Public Domain

2017 IL 121124

                                          IN THE
                                 SUPREME COURT
                                              OF
                           THE STATE OF ILLINOIS

                                     (Docket No. 121124)

     BETTER GOVERNMENT ASSOCIATION, Appellant, v. ILLINOIS HIGH SCHOOL
                     ASSOCIATION et al., Appellees.

                                  Opinion filed May 18, 2017.

         JUSTICE THEIS delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

         Chief Justice Karmeier and Justices Freeman, Thomas, Kilbride, Garman, and
      Burke concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                           OPINION

¶1        In this appeal, the primary issue we are asked to consider is whether the Illinois
      High School Association (IHSA), which governs and coordinates interscholastic
      athletic competitions for public and private secondary schools in Illinois, is a
      “public body” as defined by the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) (5 ILCS 140/2
      (West 2014)) and, alternatively, whether certain requested records of the IHSA
      should be considered “public records” of Consolidated High School District 230
     (District 230 or the District), a public body, for purposes of section 7(2) of the
     FOIA (5 ILCS 140/7(2) (West 2014)). The Cook County circuit court held the
     IHSA was not a public body subject to the FOIA and that District 230 had no
     obligation to obtain and disclose the requested IHSA records under section 7(2).
     The appellate court affirmed. 2016 IL App (1st) 151356. For the following reasons,
     we affirm the judgment of the appellate court.

¶2                                    BACKGROUND

¶3       Founded in 1900, the IHSA is a private, not-for-profit, unincorporated
     association with over 800 public and private high school members located
     throughout Illinois. Its purpose, as stated in its constitution, is to “provide
     leadership for the development, supervision, and promotion of interscholastic
     competition and other activities in which its member schools engage.” In keeping
     with that purpose, the IHSA performs two primary functions: (1) it establishes
     bylaws and various rules for interscholastic sports competition and is charged with
     enforcement of those rules, and (2) it sponsors and coordinates various post-season
     tournaments for certain sports in which its member schools choose to compete.

¶4        According to the IHSA constitution, any private or public high school in the
     state may join the IHSA if it agrees to abide by the IHSA rules. Although currently
     public schools comprise roughly 85% of the IHSA’s membership, there is no
     requirement that public schools constitute a certain percentage of the membership
     and no requirement that public schools join the IHSA. The IHSA does not govern
     all sports or extracurricular activities of the member schools. It does not supervise
     intramural sports or most club sports. It is also not involved in arranging or
     organizing regular season interscholastic contests among the member schools.

¶5       Under its constitution, the administrative authority of the IHSA is vested in a
     volunteer, 10-member board of directors elected by the collective general
     membership for a three-year term. Each board member must be a principal of a
     member school and acts in a representative capacity to one of seven geographic
     divisions in the state as established by the IHSA constitution. Each member is
     elected by a vote of other public and private member school principals in that
     division. The remaining board members are elected from the member schools

                                             -2-
     at-large. One board member must represent a private school, one must represent
     underrepresented genders, and one must represent racial minorities.

¶6       The IHSA’s governing documents also set forth the legislative process used to
     create, amend, or repeal provisions of its constitution and bylaws. Member schools
     are divided into 21 election districts. A principal from each election district is
     elected to the legislative commission. Additionally, seven at-large commission
     members are elected by the general membership, one from each of the seven
     divisions, as well as seven athletic administrators elected by the general
     membership, one from each of the seven divisions. Each member school is given
     the opportunity to vote on legislative proposals, and all changes require the
     approval of a majority of member schools.

¶7       The board is also authorized by the IHSA constitution to employ an executive
     director and other administrative staff as necessary to conduct the business of the
     association. The executive director is authorized to “investigate and decide all
     matters concerning eligibility, protests, by-laws or rules,” which then may be
     appealed to the board.

¶8       In June 2014, the Better Government Association (BGA), a not-for-profit
     corporation engaged as a watchdog in the public interest, submitted a FOIA request
     to the IHSA for all of its contracts for accounting, legal, sponsorship, and public
     relations/crisis communications services and all licensed vendor applications for
     the 2012-13 and 2013-14 fiscal years. The request specifically identified contracts
     with Home Team Marketing, Streigel Knobloch & Co., Nike, Gatorade, and
     Country Financial. The IHSA responded by indicating that it was a not-for-profit
     charitable organization not subject to the FOIA.

¶9       The BGA subsequently requested the same records from District 230, a school
     district whose high schools are among the public and private school members of the
     IHSA. The BGA claimed that it was entitled to the records under section 7(2) of the
     FOIA because the IHSA performs governmental functions on behalf of District
     230. The District responded that it had no responsive documents and that the
     requested documents did not fall under section 7(2) because they did not pertain to
     the transaction of the District’s public business and were not prepared by or for the
     District and were not used by, received by, in the possession of, or under the control

                                             -3-
       of the District. District 230 further stated that the documents as described did not
       directly relate to any services performed on behalf of the District.

¶ 10       The BGA then sought to challenge the denials by filing a complaint against the
       IHSA and District 230 seeking a declaratory judgment in the circuit court that both
       parties violated the FOIA. The BGA attached to its complaint several exhibits,
       including the IHSA’s governing documents and a copy of the IHSA’s brief, filed in
       a separate proceeding in the appellate court in a case in which the IHSA had argued
       it was a “local public entity,” as that term is defined under the Local Governmental
       and Governmental Employees Tort Immunity Act (Tort Immunity Act). 745 ILCS
       10/1-206 (West 2014).

¶ 11       Thereafter, the IHSA moved for involuntary dismissal under section
       2-619(a)(9) of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(9) (West
       2014)), arguing that it was not a public body subject to the FOIA. In support of its
       motion, the IHSA attached several exhibits, including its governing documents; an
       affidavit from Martin Hickman, the IHSA’s Executive Director; and a letter from
       the Illinois Attorney General’s Office of the Public Access Counselor dated
       September 2010, indicating to a records requester that the IHSA was not a public
       body subject to the FOIA.

¶ 12       In Hickman’s affidavit, he addressed the nature of the IHSA and the functions it
       performs under its governing documents. He stated that the IHSA is a recognized
       501(c)(3) charitable organization. See 26 U.S.C. § 501(c)(3) (2012). Although the
       IHSA constitution permits the IHSA to charge membership fees, dues, and entry
       fees, Hickman stated that it does not charge its member schools any membership
       fees, dues, or entry fees to its events. Rather, its revenue is generated based on the
       events that it organizes and the sponsorships that it receives.

¶ 13       In describing the nature of the board, Hickman explained that it is the individual
       principal that is elected to the board and not the member school. Thus, if an elected
       principal moves from one member school to a different member school, the
       principal would not lose his or her seat on the board and would not be replaced by
       the new principal of the original member school. Hickman stated that this rule
       applies even if the principal moves from a public to a private school or vice versa,
       as long as the new member school is located within the board member’s elected
       division, if it is a “districted” seat, or continues to meet the requirements for a

                                               -4-
       particular “at-large” seat. As an example, Hickman stated that a former elected
       board member continued to hold his board seat after changing jobs from Marmion
       High School to DePaul College Prep High School. The board seat did not pass to
       the new principal at Marmion. Additionally, according to Hickman, Division 1,
       which was overwhelmingly composed of Chicago public schools, had two
       back-to-back elected board members from private schools.

¶ 14        With respect to voting on legislative proposals, Hickman stated that each
       school is given the opportunity to vote and that nothing in the governing documents
       prevents member schools within the same school district from casting opposite
       votes. Hickman further stated that the day-to-day operations of the IHSA are
       performed by the executive director and the administrative staff. They are not
       public employees, are not paid from public funds, and are not subject to state
       regulations regarding public employees or eligible for state or local government
       retirement programs or insurance benefits. Rather, Hickman indicated that they are
       paid by the IHSA and are provided benefits by the IHSA. Hickman also stated that
       the IHSA has its own federal employer identification number, withholds payroll
       taxes, and issues W-2 forms annually to its employees. He added that the IHSA
       owns the building that houses its offices.

¶ 15       In addition to the IHSA’s motion, District 230 filed a motion to dismiss
       pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2014)), arguing
       that the BGA’s claim against it was legally insufficient and based upon
       unsupported legal conclusions. Specifically, the District argued that the requested
       documents are not “public records” of the District and are not directly related to any
       alleged governmental function the IHSA may perform on the District’s behalf.

¶ 16       After briefing and argument on the respective motions, the circuit court granted
       both motions to dismiss. With respect to the IHSA’s motion, the circuit court
       concluded that under the factors announced in Rockford Newspapers, Inc. v.
       Northern Illinois Council on Alcoholism & Drug Dependence, 64 Ill. App. 3d 94
       (1978), the IHSA is not a public body subject to the FOIA. With respect to the
       District’s motion, the court found that section 7(2) of the FOIA did not apply in this
       case because the IHSA was not performing a governmental function on behalf of
       the District. Accordingly, the trial court dismissed the complaint with prejudice.

                                               -5-
¶ 17       The appellate court affirmed. 2016 IL App (1st) 151356, ¶ 51. Applying the
       Rockford factors, the court found that the IHSA has an independent legal existence
       separate from its member schools or any other public body, a fact that the BGA
       conceded at oral argument. Id. ¶ 23. Additionally, the court found that although a
       public body could perform the functions of the IHSA, the IHSA does not perform a
       public, governmental function. The association is not controlled by a government
       entity and does not receive government funding. Id. ¶¶ 28, 31, 32. Accordingly, the
       court found that the IHSA is not a public body as defined by the FOIA. Id. ¶ 37.
       With respect to District 230’s motion, the appellate court found that the requested
       records were not “public records” as defined by the FOIA and, therefore, not
       subject to disclosure under section 7(2). Id. ¶¶ 46, 48.

¶ 18       We allowed the BGA’s petition for leave to appeal. Ill. S. Ct. R. 315 (eff. Jan. 1,
       2015). Additionally, we allowed the Illinois Press Association and the Illinois
       Broadcasters Association to file an amicus curiae brief in support of the BGA and
       allowed the Metropolitan Pier & Exposition Authority and Navy Pier, Inc., to file
       an amicus curiae brief in support of the IHSA. Ill. S. Ct. R. 345 (eff. Sept. 20,
       2010).

¶ 19                                       ANALYSIS

¶ 20                             The IHSA’s Motion to Dismiss

¶ 21       Section 2-619(a)(9) of the Code allows for dismissal of an action on the ground
       that “the claim asserted against defendant is barred by other affirmative matter
       avoiding the legal effect of or defeating the claim.” 735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(9) (West
       2014). A motion to dismiss under 2-619 admits well-pleaded facts, but does not
       admit conclusions of law and conclusory factual allegations unsupported by
       allegations of specific facts. Patrick Engineering, Inc. v. City of Naperville, 2012
       IL 113148, ¶ 31. In considering the dismissal under section 2-619(a)(9), our task is
       ultimately to consider whether “the existence of a genuine issue of material fact
       should have precluded the dismissal or, absent such an issue of fact, whether
       dismissal is proper as a matter of law.” Kedzie & 103rd Currency Exchange, Inc. v.
       Hodge, 156 Ill. 2d 112, 116 (1993). Our review of a section 2-619 dismissal is
       de novo. Moon v. Rhode, 2016 IL 119572, ¶ 15.

                                                -6-
¶ 22       The BGA’s appeal requires us to construe various provisions in the FOIA.
       When presented with an issue of statutory construction, our primary objective is to
       ascertain and give effect to the intent of the legislature. Murphy-Hylton v.
       Lieberman Management Services, Inc., 2016 IL 120394, ¶ 25. The most reliable
       indicator of legislative intent is the statutory language, given its plain and ordinary
       meaning. Id. A reasonable construction must be given to each word, clause, and
       sentence of a statute, and no term should be rendered superfluous. In re M.M., 2016
       IL 119932, ¶ 16. Additionally, we may consider “the reason for the law, the
       problems sought to be remedied, the purposes to be achieved, and the consequences
       of construing the statute one way or another.” Id.

¶ 23       We first consider the issue of whether the IHSA is a public body as defined by
       the FOIA. The principal mandate of the FOIA is found in section 3(a), which
       provides that “[e]ach public body shall make available to any person for inspection
       or copying all public records.” 5 ILCS 140/3(a) (West 2014). As defined in the
       FOIA, the term “[p]ublic body” means:

          “all legislative, executive, administrative, or advisory bodies of the State, state
          universities and colleges, counties, townships, cities, villages, incorporated
          towns, school districts and all other municipal corporations, boards, bureaus,
          committees, or commissions of this State, any subsidiary bodies of any of the
          foregoing including but not limited to committees and subcommittees thereof.”
          5 ILCS 140/2(a) (West 2014).

       The IHSA does not fall within one of the specifically enumerated bodies of the
       State or local government. Therefore, if it is subject to the FOIA, it must fall within
       the category of “any subsidiary bodies of any of the foregoing” governmental units.
       Id. Since the term “subsidiary bod[y]” is not further defined by the statute, we first
       look to its generally understood meaning. See Bayer v. Panduit Corp., 2016 IL
       119553, ¶ 25. A “subsidiary” is an entity “belonging to or controlled by another.”
       Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 2279 (1993). Black’s Law
       Dictionary defines “subsidiary” as “subordinate; under another’s control.” Black’s
       Law Dictionary 1656 (10th ed. 2014). Additionally, the statute expressly provides
       examples of subsidiary bodies, namely “committees and subcommittees.” These
       would both fall within that commonly understood meaning in the sense that they

                                                -7-
       are subordinate to and controlled by one of the “foregoing” enumerated public
       bodies.

¶ 24       Thus, as our appellate court has noted, the definition and the specific examples
       provided indicate that “inclusion within that definition depends primarily upon
       organizational structure.” Board of Regents of the Regency University System v.
       Reynard, 292 Ill. App. 3d 968, 977 (1997). Additionally, the statutory phrase
       “including but not limited to” means that when the statute was originally enacted in
       1984, the General Assembly recognized that there could be other organizational
       arrangements that are not specifically listed. Thus, the statute requires that each
       arrangement must be examined on a case-by-case basis.

¶ 25       Although this court has not yet considered whether a private entity could be
       considered a “subsidiary bod[y]” under the FOIA, the appellate court has
       considered that issue as applied to both the Open Meetings Act (5 ILCS 120/1.02
       (West 2014)) and the FOIA (5 ILCS 140/2 (West 2014)). Hopf v. Topcorp, Inc.,
       256 Ill. App. 3d 887 (1993) (FOIA and Open Meetings Act); Rockford
       Newspapers, Inc., 64 Ill. App. 3d 94 (1978) (Open Meetings Act). The definition of
       public body is substantially identical in both of those statutes. We find no reason to
       distinguish between the determination of a public body for purposes of the Open
       Meetings Act and the FOIA. See Board of Education of City of Chicago v.
       A, C & S, Inc., 131 Ill. 2d 428, 468-69 (1989); Reynard, 292 Ill. App. 3d at 975-76;
       Hopf v. Topcorp, Inc., 170 Ill. App. 3d 85, 91 (1988); Hopf v. Topcorp, Inc., 256 Ill.
       App. 3d 887, 893 (1993). 1

¶ 26       In Rockford Newspapers and Hopf, the courts considered the following factors
       in determining whether a private entity could be a “subsidiary bod[y]”: (1) the
       extent to which the entity has a legal existence independent of government

          1
             Notably, prior to 2010, the language of both the Open Meetings Act and the FOIA
       included in the definition of public body “any subsidiary bodies of any of the foregoing
       including but not limited to committees and subcommittees which are supported in whole
       or in part by tax revenue, or which expend tax revenue.” 5 ILCS 120/1.02 (West 2008); 5
       ILCS 140/2(a) (West 2008). Effective January 1, 2010, the italicized language was
       removed from the FOIA by Public Act 96-542 (eff. Jan. 1, 2010). The parties do not raise
       this distinction, and we find that it does not alter our analysis in this case.

                                                -8-
       resolution, (2) the degree of government control exerted over the entity, (3) the
       extent to which the entity is publicly funded, and (4) the nature of the functions
       performed by the entity. Rockford Newspapers, 64 Ill. App. 3d at 96-97; Hopf, 170
       Ill. App. 3d at 91-92. We agree with the appellate court that these factors are
       relevant and instructive in determining whether a private entity is a subsidiary body
       under the FOIA. We emphasize that no single factor is determinative or conclusive,
       but as the definition indicates, the key distinguishing factors are government
       creation and control.

¶ 27       The BGA does not dispute that these factors are relevant but urges us to
       consider two additional factors in our determination: (1) the extent to which a
       private entity has been found to perform state action under federal civil rights laws
       and (2) whether a private entity is entitled to governmental tort immunity.

¶ 28      With respect to the first factor, section 1983 of Title 42 of the United States
       Code authorizes private parties to enforce their rights under the federal constitution
       against defendants who act under color of state law. 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (2012).
       Generally, for the conduct of private parties to be considered state action, there
       must be a sufficiently close nexus between the state and the private conduct so that
       the action may be “fairly attributable to the state.” Brentwood Academy v.
       Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Ass’n, 531 U.S. 288, 295 (2001).

¶ 29       The Supreme Court has articulated a number of tests to determine whether
       challenged conduct may be attributable to the state so as to render a private actor
       liable under section 1983. The Court has recognized that what is fairly attributable
       to a state is a “normative judgment” not subject to rigid criteria and is based on a
       “host of facts that can bear on the fairness of such an attribution.” Id. at 295-96.
       “From the range of circumstances that could point toward the State behind an
       individual face, no one fact can function as a necessary condition across the board
       for finding state action; nor is any set of circumstances absolutely sufficient, for
       there may be some countervailing reason against attributing activity to the
       government.” Id.

¶ 30       Notably, in the federal context, entities found to be state actors for one purpose
       are not necessarily public bodies under the federal Freedom of Information Act.
       See, e.g., Irwin Memorial Blood Bank of the San Francisco Medical Society v.
       American National Red Cross, 640 F.2d 1051, 1052 (9th Cir. 1981) (“Because

                                               -9-
       Congress has expressly defined those agencies to which the [federal FOIA] applies,
       the relevance of characterizations of an entity in different contexts is substantially
       diminished.”); see also Dong v. Smithsonian Institution, 125 F.3d 877, 878, 882-83
       (D.C. Cir. 1997) (even though the Smithsonian Institution was an agency for
       purposes of some federal statutes, it did not meet the definition of agency under the
       Federal Privacy Act, which derived its definition from the federal FOIA).

¶ 31       Thus, although there may be some overlapping considerations between a
       “subsidiary bod[y]” and a “state actor,” we see no benefit to grafting another test on
       to our analysis here. The fact that in some instances a private entity’s conduct may
       subject it to the constitutional limits placed on state action based on the federal
       courts’ “state actor” analysis is not necessarily helpful in determining the scope of
       the statutory definition of “public body” as defined by our General Assembly. The
       only issue before this court is whether the IHSA is a subsidiary to one of the
       enumerated public bodies of this State as defined by the FOIA. Therefore, we reject
       the BGA’s request that we expand our construction of the definition of a subsidiary
       body to include an entity found to be a state actor under federal civil rights laws.

¶ 32       We next address the BGA’s contention that an entity that qualifies as a “local
       public entity” under the Tort Immunity Act should also be considered a public body
       under the FOIA. The purpose of the Tort Immunity Act is to protect local public
       entities and public employees from liability arising from the operation of
       government. Harris v. Thompson, 2012 IL 112525, ¶ 17. A local public entity is
       defined under the statute to include a “not-for-profit corporation organized for the
       purpose of conducting public business.” 745 ILCS 10/1-206 (West 2014). In
       O’Toole v. Chicago Zoological Society, 2015 IL 118254, we emphasized that the
       key inquiry in cases like this is whether the private entity seeking tort immunity
       remains subject to “operational control by a unit of local government.” Id. ¶ 23.

¶ 33       To the extent that evidence of operational control is a key inquiry under both
       the Tort Immunity Act and the FOIA, we find that the fact that an entity is a “local
       public entity” subject to the Tort Immunity Act may be relevant as it relates to the
       degree of government control. Here, the IHSA is not a “local public entity” as
       defined by the Tort Immunity Act (Hood v. Illinois High School Ass’n, 359 Ill.
       App. 3d 1065 (2005)), but that fact is not conclusive of whether it is a public body
       subject to the FOIA.

                                               - 10 -
¶ 34       Accordingly, consistent with our construction of section 2 of the FOIA,
       whether a private entity could be deemed a subsidiary body under the FOIA
       requires a case-by-case consideration of the four factors set forth above. No single
       factor is dispositive, but the key inquiry involves an examination of the entity’s
       creation and the extent of governmental control.

¶ 35       Having considered the general legal principles that apply to this determination,
       we now address the relevant factors as they relate specifically to the IHSA.
       Preliminarily, we note that the BGA’s allegations in its complaint do not
       specifically identify the enumerated public body to which the IHSA is allegedly a
       subsidiary. Throughout these proceedings, the BGA has made various assertions
       including that the IHSA is a subsidiary of the collective member public schools,
       which is not in and of itself a public body or, alternatively, a subsidiary of the
       school districts to which its member public schools belong. As discussed below, the
       IHSA’s governing documents do not reflect any such organizational structure, and
       the IHSA does not otherwise satisfy the definition of a subsidiary body.

¶ 36                              1. Independent Legal Identity

¶ 37       With respect to the first factor, independent legal identity, it is undisputed that
       the IHSA was not created by a school district or any other public body or by any
       other statute or government resolution. It has had a separate legal existence,
       independent from any public body, for more than the past 100 years. As a voluntary
       unincorporated association, it has independent standing to sue and be sued. 735
       ILCS 5/2-209.1 (West 2014). Its authority is derived from its board of directors,
       which is created pursuant to its own constitution. No statute defines the limits of its
       authority.

¶ 38       Under its governing documents, the IHSA board is not formally created by any
       public body. Notably, unlike other high school athletic associations in other states,
       the IHSA has never been “housed” within a public body, and its rules and
       regulations have never been part of the School Code. 105 ILCS 5/1-1 et seq. (West
       2014). Nor has the IHSA ever been designated as the official athletic association of
       the State. Cf. Breighner v. Michigan High School Athletic Ass’n, 683 N.W.2d 639,
       650-52 (Mich. 2004) (Weaver, J., dissenting, joined by Kelly, J.); City Press
       Communications, LLC v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Ass’n, 447 S.W.3d

                                               - 11 -
       230, 238 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2014). Thus, the first factor weighs against finding the
       IHSA is a public body under the FOIA.

¶ 39                            2. Degree of Government Control

¶ 40       With respect to the second factor, the degree of government control, the BGA
       asserts that the IHSA is subject to government control because public schools
       comprise a majority of its membership. Despite the fact that its members are
       primarily public schools, no public body has control over how the governing board
       is established or comprised. There is nothing in the governing documents to suggest
       that the board is controlled by school districts. Membership by individual schools is
       not compulsory. Not all public high schools in Illinois are members of the IHSA.
       They are free to join other athletic organizations in lieu of, or in addition to, the
       IHSA.

¶ 41       Although public schools account for the majority of the membership, this is not
       a requirement of the IHSA’s constitution. There is no requirement that principals
       from the same school district vote in alignment with respect to proposed changes to
       the constitution and bylaws. Each board member acts on behalf of all of the schools
       in his division, including private schools. The board is not accountable to any
       particular school district or particular public school. Nothing in the IHSA’s
       governing documents show that the actions of the board must receive approval
       from any public body.

¶ 42       Furthermore, an individual principal is elected to the board and can change
       schools during his tenure, even from public to private, as long as the principal
       continues to meet the divisional requirements of that particular board seat as
       created by the IHSA. Board members do not receive compensation to be a member
       of the board.

¶ 43       In addition, the executive director and assistants and other administrative staff
       are employed by the IHSA to manage the day-to-day operations of the
       organization. The executive director has the “authority and responsibility to
       investigate and decide all matters concerning eligibility, protests, by-laws or rules,”
       which may be then appealed to the board. The executive director and staff are not
       government employees, are not paid from government funds, and are not subject to

                                               - 12 -
       state regulations regarding public employees. They are not eligible for state or local
       governmental retirement programs or insurance benefits.

¶ 44       The BGA has identified certain statutory duties imposed on the IHSA regarding
       concussion protocols, insurance coverage, a legislative liaison, and consultations it
       must have with the Illinois State Board of Education in the Board of Education’s
       development of rules regarding equal access programming. 2 These statutes do not
       suggest any kind of pervasive day-to-day control over the functioning of the IHSA
       with respect to its bylaws and rules, the enforcement of those rules, or its promotion
       and sponsorship of its tournaments. Merely because the legislature imposes certain
       duties on an entity for the public good does not mean that the entity is substantially
       controlled by government. See Rockford, 64 Ill. App. 3d at 95 (finding that an
       entity was not a public body despite being “required to comply with numerous
       government regulations”).

¶ 45       We further reject the BGA’s assertion that its allegations raised a genuine issue
       of material fact. The BGA alleged in its complaint that the IHSA “argued in [the
       Hood case] that it enjoys governmental legal immunities based on factual
       representations that are dispositive to the question here.” The BGA asserts that the
       IHSA’s arguments in the prior litigation amount to evidentiary admissions that
       contradict the Hickman affidavit, thereby creating an issue of fact.

¶ 46       In Hood v. Illinois High School Ass’n, 359 Ill. App. 3d 1065 (2005), the IHSA
       made several arguments in an effort to establish the operational control necessary
       to support its tort immunity. In support, the IHSA asserted that local governmental
       entities “own” the association, that local governmental control is pervasive, that the
       business of the association is public business, that the IHSA is an agency of the
       collective schools of Illinois, and that the employees of the local entities control the
       IHSA’s governing body. The court in the Hood case ultimately found that the IHSA
       was not a “local public entity” under the Tort Immunity Act. Id. at 1069-70.

¶ 47       Though the IHSA made those arguments in the context of a tort immunity case,
       its arguments are not evidence that would create an issue of fact. Here, the
       governing documents speak for themselves, and the Hickman affidavit does not

          2
              See 105 ILCS 5/10-20.54, 22-15(c), 22-24, 27-1, 34-18 (West 2014).

                                                 - 13 -
       conflict with any well-pleaded fact. Furthermore, even if we were to construe these
       statements as admissions, “[a] party is not bound by admissions regarding
       conclusions of law because the courts determine the legal effect of the facts
       adduced.” JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. v. Earth Foods, Inc., 238 Ill. 2d 455, 475
       (2010). Thus, we find the second factor weighs against finding the IHSA is a public
       body under the FOIA.

¶ 48                                   3. Public Funding

¶ 49       With respect to the third factor, public funding, the IHSA does not receive any
       direct governmental funding. Although it has the capacity to, it does not charge any
       dues to its member schools and does not charge schools any entry fees to participate
       in its events. The BGA argues that although the IHSA receives no direct
       governmental funding, it earns revenue indirectly from the efforts of public school
       students at events held at public facilities.

¶ 50       The IHSA revenue is generated primarily from the post-season interscholastic
       events that it organizes and the sponsorships it obtains for those events. The IHSA
       earns money from the sale of tickets to the general public, who have voluntarily
       paid a fee to attend the event. The IHSA enters into contracts with host schools and
       pays a fee for use of the schools’ facilities.

¶ 51       The BGA additionally asserts that the IHSA is government funded because it
       receives profits that otherwise could have been made by the member public
       schools. This argument was rejected in Breighner, 683 N.W.2d 639. There, the
       Michigan Supreme Court was asked to consider whether the Michigan High School
       Athletic Association was a public body under its public records statute. The
       definition of public body included an entity which is primarily funded by or
       through state or local authority. Id. at 644. The court rejected such a broad,
       far-reaching sense of whether an entity is funded by government in this context. It
       found that to hold otherwise would place any contractor that obtains a majority of
       its income from sales or services rendered to government bodies within the
       statute’s purview merely because it receives money “by virtue of” its relationship
       with a governmental body. (Emphasis omitted.) Id. at 645 n.2.

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¶ 52       As an example, it cited the not-for-profit College Board, which administers the
       SAT to public school students in the classrooms of participating public schools
       each year. Its revenue is derived from public school students who pay an
       examination fee directly to the College Board. Merely because it derives income
       from the fact that “the public schools have facilitated an opportunity for the Board
       to administer this test in the schools” does not make it a public body subject to
       disclosure requirements. Id.

¶ 53       We find this reasoning to be sound. Similarly, the IHSA is not funded by
       participating member schools but, rather, generates its revenue from its
       organizational efforts. Additionally, the IHSA provides a function that no member
       public school could provide on its own and, for the last 100 years, no other public
       body in the State has sought to provide. The fact that the public schools could
       provide this service at their own expense does not transform the revenue generated
       by the IHSA into public funding. Thus, we find that the third factor weighs against
       a finding that the IHSA is a public body under the FOIA.

¶ 54                          4. Nature of the Functions Performed

¶ 55       In view of our findings that the IHSA is not created, controlled, or funded by
       government, we need not decide whether it performs a governmental function.
       Even if the nature of the functions performed by the IHSA were governmental, this
       factor alone cannot transform a private entity into a public body for purposes of the
       FOIA. To hold otherwise would mean that any private entity that merely provides
       education services to public schools would risk being transformed into a public
       body. The General Assembly could not have intended such a result. Accordingly,
       for all of the foregoing reasons, based on the pleadings and supporting documents,
       we find that the IHSA is not a public body as that term is defined in the FOIA.
       Therefore, the circuit court properly granted the IHSA’s motion to dismiss.

¶ 56                            District 230’s Motion to Dismiss

¶ 57       Next, we consider the BGA’s claim against District 230, which was dismissed
       pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code. A section 2-615 motion to dismiss tests the
       legal sufficiency of the complaint. Hadley v. Doe, 2015 IL 118000, ¶ 29. When

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       ruling on the motion, we must accept as true all well-pleaded facts and any
       reasonable inferences that may arise from them, but a court cannot accept as true
       mere conclusions unsupported by specific facts. Patrick Engineering, Inc., 2012 IL
       113148, ¶ 31. Our review of the granting of a section 2-615 motion to dismiss is
       de novo. Id.

¶ 58      The BGA contends that it sufficiently stated a cause of action against District
       230 to impose upon it an obligation to disclose the requested records of the IHSA.
       The basis for the BGA’s claim is that the IHSA performs a governmental function
       on behalf of the District and that the requested records directly relate to that
       function, thereby triggering the required disclosure under section 7(2) of the FOIA.

¶ 59       Again, we are called upon to construe the FOIA to resolve the BGA’s
       contentions. As stated, under the general framework of the FOIA, public bodies
       have to disclose their “public records” upon request, unless they can establish the
       records are exempt. 5 ILCS 140/3(a) (West 2014). There is no question that District
       230 is a public body subject to the FOIA’s disclosure requirements. 5 ILCS
       140/2(a) (West 2014) (“ ‘Public body’ means all *** school districts ***.”). The
       term “[p]ublic records” is defined in pertinent part as:

          “[A]ll records *** pertaining to the transaction of public business, *** having
          been prepared by or for, or having been or being used by, received by, in the
          possession of, or under the control of any public body.” 5 ILCS 140/2(c) (West
          2014).

       Other than its conclusory allegation that the requested records were nonexempt
       public records of District 230, the BGA did not specifically allege that the
       requested records fall within the definition of public record as defined in section
       2(c). Presumably, the BGA recognized that the requested records were not prepared
       by or for, not used by, received by, in the possession of, or under the control of the
       District.

¶ 60       Rather, the BGA alleged that the requested records were public records of
       District 230 as provided under section 7(2) of the FOIA. Section 7(2) provides as
       follows:

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          “A public record that is not in the possession of a public body but is in the
          possession of a party with whom the agency has contracted to perform a
          governmental function on behalf of the public body, and that directly relates to
          the governmental function and is not otherwise exempt under this Act, shall be
          considered a public record of the public body, for purposes of this Act.” 5 ILCS
          140/7(2) (West 2014).

¶ 61      Section 7(2) was added to the FOIA in 2010 by Public Act 96-542 (eff. Jan. 1,
       2010) to extend the definition of what is considered a public record of a public
       body, where the records are not in the public body’s possession. If a public body
       contracts with a party to perform a governmental function on behalf of the public
       body, records that are in that party’s possession that directly relate to that
       governmental function and are not otherwise exempt are public records of the
       public body.

¶ 62       The BGA asserts that in adding section 7(2), it was the General Assembly’s
       intent to respond to the growing concern related to the privatization of government
       responsibilities and its impact on the right of public information access and
       transparency. As the BGA points out, when governmental functions are privatized,
       there is a risk of decreased accountability and transparency. We agree that such an
       interpretation is consistent with the purpose of the FOIA, which is expressly based
       on a policy of full, complete disclosure regarding the affairs of government to
       promote accountability in government and an informed citizenry. 5 ILCS 140/1
       (West 2014); Bowie v. Evanston Community Consolidated School District No. 65,
       128 Ill. 2d 373, 378-79 (1989). To that end, we agree that section 7(2) ensures that
       governmental entities must not be permitted to avoid their disclosure obligations by
       contractually delegating their responsibility to a private entity.

¶ 63       Thus, the question before us is whether the IHSA has contracted with District
       230 to perform a governmental function on its behalf and, if so, whether the
       requested records are directly related to that governmental function. At the outset,
       we note that the BGA never specifically alleged in its complaint that the IHSA
       contracted with District 230 or explained the nature of such a contract. With respect
       to performing a governmental function on the District’s behalf, “governmental
       function” is defined as “a government agency’s conduct that is expressly or
       impliedly mandated or authorized by constitution, statute, or other law and that is

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       carried out for the benefit of the general public.” Black’s Law Dictionary 812 (10th
       ed. 2014).

¶ 64       The comprehensive responsibilities of District 230 are generally set forth in the
       School Code. 105 ILCS 5/1-1 et seq. (West 2014). The responsibility to govern and
       coordinate interscholastic athletic competitions for public and private school
       students is not one of its functions. Indeed, there is no constitutional, statutory, or
       other law that mandates or authorizes District 230 to perform those functions. The
       School Code authorizes school boards to form or join associations. 105 ILCS
       5/23-2 (West 2014). That authorization does not mean that District 230 is
       authorized to perform the functions of the IHSA. Thus, the IHSA is not acting on
       behalf of District 230 to perform the District’s responsibilities. Alternatively,
       District 230 has not delegated any of its governmental functions to the IHSA.

¶ 65       Notably, the IHSA is distinct from other state high school athletic associations
       where the State has ceded its government authority to the association to perform
       these functions. For example, as noted in City Press Communications, 447 S.W.3d
       230, the historical relationship between the Tennessee State Board of Education
       and the association made it clear that “the Board of Education viewed athletic
       activities in public schools to be one of its functions” and that the board officially
       designated the association as the organization to regulate interscholastic sports in
       Tennessee. Id. at 238. At one time, the Tennessee State Board of Education also
       approved the rules and regulations and reserved the right to review the
       appropriateness of future changes. Id.; see also Breighner, 683 N.W.2d at 647
       (interscholastic athletic association was historically legislatively designated as the
       official organization for the regulation of interscholastic sports and housed within
       the Michigan Department of Education). In contrast, the IHSA has been
       responsible for those functions for the past 100 years. Accordingly, where the
       IHSA has not contracted to perform a governmental function on behalf of District
       230, the requested records are not public records of the District under section 7(2)
       of the FOIA. Therefore, the circuit court properly granted District 230’s motion to
       dismiss.

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¶ 66                                    CONCLUSION

¶ 67       For the foregoing reasons, we hold that the IHSA is not a public body as defined
       by the FOIA and that the requested records are not the public records of District
       230. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the appellate court, which affirmed
       the circuit court’s dismissal of the BGA’s complaint.

¶ 68      Affirmed.

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