Court Opinion

ID: 3113446
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-16 07:15:09.827367+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:45:00.861524
License: Public Domain

Fourth Court of Appeals
                                          San Antonio, Texas
                                                    OPINION
                                              No. 04-12-00734-CV

                                Florentino GARZA d/b/a Tino’s Auto Mart,
                                              Appellant

                                                  v.
                                              Ford Motor
                                        FORD MOTOR COMPANY,
                                               Appellee

                    From the 79th Judicial District Court, Jim Wells County, Texas
                                  Trial Court No. 12-02-50838-CV
                           Honorable Richard C. Terrell, Judge Presiding

Opinion by:       Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice

Sitting:          Catherine Stone, Chief Justice
                  Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice
                  Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice

Delivered and Filed: November 6, 2013

AFFIRMED

           In 2008, Luis Aguilar died when a vehicle fell from a car jack and landed on him. Aguilar’s

estate and survivors sued Ford Motor Company and Florentino Garza, a used car dealer doing

business as Tino’s Auto Mart. 1 The trial court rendered a directed verdict in Garza’s favor and,

following a jury trial, a take-nothing verdict was rendered in favor of Ford. At the directed verdict

1
  The Aguilars alleged Ford’s car jack was unsafe and Ford failed to adequately warn of its danger. The Aguilars
alleged Garza “manufactured, re-assembled, sold and/or marketed and re-marketed the subject vehicle” and “sold the
vehicle without a jack that was safe or fit for use with the vehicle, or none at all” and “sold the subject vehicle with
the same inadequate instructions for safe use and/or warnings as originally provided by Ford.”
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hearing, Garza’s counsel announced Garza would accept an Assumption of Defense Agreement

originally offered by Ford to Garza before trial commenced. After the jury verdict, but before

entry of the final judgment, Garza filed a cross-claim against Ford for indemnity in which he

sought recovery of his defense expenses. Ford counter-claimed for its attorney’s fees alleging

Garza breached the Assumption of Defense Agreement (“the agreement”). Garza’s and Ford’s

claims against each other were severed and a final judgment in the Aguilar lawsuit was rendered.

In the severed action, Garza and Ford filed cross-motions for summary judgment. The trial court

granted Ford’s motion, and Garza now appeals. We affirm.

                                     INDEMNIFICATION

       About one year before the Aguilar lawsuit went to trial, Garza’s attorney sent a letter to

Ford’s attorney requesting Ford to “immediately fully defend and indemnify” Garza pursuant to

the common law and Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code section 82.002. About two months

later, Ford responded that it would “conditionally indemnify and assume the defense of Florentino

Garza d/b/a Tino’s Auto Mart” pursuant to the conditions outlined in the agreement. Almost one

year later, Garza accepted Ford’s proposal during the directed verdict hearing and signed the

agreement on September 22, 2011. Ford signed the agreement on September 29, 2011. The

agreement was filed with the trial court on September 30, 2011. Garza later sent Ford a second

letter, demanding that Ford reimburse Garza’s insurer for attorney’s fees incurred from the date of

his first demand letter dated September 15, 2010 to the date he signed the agreement on September

22, 2011.

       In its motion for summary judgment, Ford argued the agreement satisfied any common law

or statutory obligation to indemnify Garza and the agreement provided Garza would pay his own

costs of defense up to and including the date Ford assumed Garza’s defense. According to Ford,

that date was September 29, 2011. Therefore, Ford contends it is obligated to indemnify Garza
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for his defense costs beginning on September 30, 2011. Ford asserted Garza repudiated and

breached the agreement by sending a second letter demanding that Ford pay all of Garza’s defense

costs, even those incurred prior to the date Ford assumed Garza’s defense. In his motion for

summary judgment, Garza argued the agreement was never intended to be the exclusive source of

defense and indemnity rights and duties. According to Garza, the agreement has a limited purpose:

to define the terms by which Ford assumes the defense of dealers of its product. Garza also

contends the agreement does not address ultimate liability for defense and indemnity for any period

before Ford’s assumption of Garza’s defense or after Ford tendered the defense back to Garza.

A.       Standard of Review

         We review an order granting a traditional motion for summary judgment de novo. Valence

Operating Co. v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex. 2005). A traditional motion for summary

judgment should be granted only when the movant establishes there are no genuine issues of

material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law on the grounds expressly

set forth in the motion. TEX .R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Browning v. Prostok, 165 S.W.3d 336, 344 (Tex.

2005).

         In construing a written contract, our primary concern is to ascertain the true intentions of

the parties as expressed in the instrument. ASI Tech., Inc. v. Johnson Equip. Co., 75 S.W.3d 545,

548 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2002, pet. denied). We examine and consider the entire writing in

an effort to harmonize and give effect to all the provisions of the contract so that none will be

rendered meaningless. Id. No single provision taken alone shall be given controlling effect;

instead, all provisions must be considered with reference to the whole instrument. Id. When the

parties disagree over the meaning of an unambiguous contract, we must determine the parties’

intent from the agreement itself, not from the parties’ present interpretation. Id.

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B.   The Agreement

     The agreement provides in pertinent part as follows:

     1. [Ford] agrees to defend and indemnify [Garza] with respect to [the Aguilar
     lawsuit], as of an effective date signified by counsel for Ford’s signature and date
     recorded below.

     2. Ford will control the defense of the case on behalf of both [Garza] and Ford.
     Ford will pay all attorney’s fees and costs incurred on behalf of [Garza] after the
     last date of the signature page herein. Ford will be responsible for l00% of any
     money judgment for compensatory or general damages entered, or settlement paid,
     regardless of whether such judgment or settlement is entered or made against Ford
     or [Garza] jointly, or only as against one. However, Ford will not be responsible
     for satisfying any judgment for punitive damages as against [Garza]. [Emphasis
     added]

     3. This agreement to defend and indemnify will remain in effect until any
     allegation, fact or evidence indicates to Ford that [Garza], including through acts or
     omissions of its officers, employees, agents or representatives, may be
     independently liable for any of the damages suffered or claimed by plaintiffs. In the
     event that Ford becomes aware of allegations of, or evidence of, [Garza’s]
     negligence or independent liability, Ford shall have the right, in its sole discretion,
     to withdraw from the defense and indemnification of [Garza] and tender back the
     indemnification and defense of [Garza] to [Garza]. Upon notification by Ford,
     [Garza] shall be afforded reasonable time to obtain counsel at which time the
     retender shall be deemed complete.

     4. [Garza] represents that it knows of no facts or circumstances which would or
     could suggest that an independent claim of liability exists against [Garza] for the
     acts or omissions of [Garza], its officers, employees, or agents. [Garza] also
     represents that, should it become aware in the future of any facts or circumstances
     which would or could suggest that an independent claim of liability exists against
     [Garza], it will immediately notify Ford of such facts or circumstances.

     5. [Garza] consents to the representation by Colvin, Chaney, Saenz & Rodriguez,
     L.L.P. as the attorneys selected by Ford to represent both Ford and [Garza], and
     waives any conflict of interest which may exist. [Garza] agrees to waive any
     objection to Ford’s continued employment of Colvin, Chaney, Saenz & Rodriguez,
     L.L.P. as counsel for Ford at any stage of these proceedings, even in the event that
     Ford withdraws its defense of [Garza] hereafter.

     6. Subject to and without amendment to or change of the requisites and limitations
     regarding conflicts of interest and the waiver of such conflicts as established by the
     Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, the Texas Disciplinary Rules of Professional
     Conduct and other relevant, controlling Texas law, [Garza] further waives and
     agrees not to assert any conflict of interest or potential conflict of interest claim as
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       to Colvin, Chaney, Saenz & Rodriguez, L.L.P.’s representation of Ford in other
       pending and future cases or matters in which [Garza] is, or may in the future, be an
       adverse party (whether personal injury, products liability, consumer warranty, or
       otherwise) because of the fact that Colvin, Chaney, Saenz & Rodriguez, L.L.P.
       represents [Garza] in this case. This provision also applies to any additional
       counsel retained by Ford in this litigation.

       7. [Garza] will pay all costs of [his] own defense up to and including the date of
       Ford’s assumption of [his] defense. In the event Ford re-tenders [Garza’s] defense
       because of discovery of any facts knowingly withheld by [Garza], [Garza] will
       reimburse Ford for the fees and expenses, if any incurred on behalf of [Garza]
       during the period of assumption. [Emphasis added]

       Garza asserts that under the terms of the agreement, he is only initially responsible for his

own defense costs and whether Ford will ultimately be liable for those costs must be determined

by reference to sources outside the agreement, such as the common law, other agreements between

Ford and other dealers, and the Texas indemnity statutes.

C.     Common law and Statutory Indemnity

       The availability of common law indemnity is extremely limited. See Affordable Power,

L.P. v. Buckeye Ventures, Inc., 347 S.W.3d 825, 833 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, no pet.). In Texas,

common law indemnity survives only in products liability actions to protect an innocent retailer in

the chain of distribution and in negligence actions to protect a defendant whose liability is purely

vicarious in nature. Id. Common-law indemnity requires an adjudication of the manufacturer’s

liability or an admission of liability by the manufacturer. See Gen. Motors Corp. v. Hudiburg

Chevrolet, Inc., 199 S.W.3d 249, 255 (Tex. 2006) (“The indemnitor must be liable or potentially

liable for the product defect, and his liability must be adjudicated or admitted.”).

       In 1993, the Texas Legislature supplemented the common law by enacting Civil Practice

and Remedies Code section 82.002, which allows an innocent seller to seek indemnification from

the manufacturer of an allegedly defective product. “A manufacturer shall indemnify and hold

harmless a seller against loss arising out of a products liability action, except for any loss caused

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by the seller’s negligence, intentional misconduct, or other act or omissions, such as negligently

modifying or altering the product, for which the seller is independently liable.” TEX. CIV. PRAC.

& REM. CODE ANN. § 82.002(a) (West 2011); see also Fitzgerald v. Advanced Spine Fixation Sys.,

Inc., 996 S.W.2d 864, 866 (Tex. 1999) (“The duty [to indemnify] is a new, distinct statutory duty

. . . .”). “Loss” includes “court costs and other reasonable expenses, reasonable attorney fees, and

any reasonable damages.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 82.002(b). “The duty to indemnify

under this section: (1) applies without regard to the manner in which the action is concluded; and

(2) is in addition to any duty to indemnify established by law, contract, or otherwise.” Id.

§ 82.002(e). The manufacturer’s duty begins when it is given notice that a seller has been sued.

See Meritor Auto., Inc. v. Ruan Leasing Co., 44 S.W.3d 86, 89 (Tex. 2001) (stating plaintiff’s

pleadings are sufficient to invoke manufacturer’s duty under section 82.002).

       There is no question Garza had an existing right to statutory indemnity under section

82.002. Ford’s duty began when it was given notice that Garza had been sued. See id. Garza gave

notice on September 15, 2010, and Ford offered to assume Garza’s defense on November 2, 2010

but only under the terms expressed in the agreement. Under the unambiguous terms of the

agreement Ford would “pay all attorney’s fees and costs incurred on behalf of [Garza] after the

last date of the signature page herein.” If the agreement had been signed by both parties on some

date in November 2010, then Ford would have been deemed to have assumed Garza’s defense on

that date and would have been obligated to pay Garza’s defense costs from that date forward,

without regard to whether a directed verdict was rendered or a jury verdict was returned in Garza’s

favor. However, the agreement also unambiguously provided that Ford’s obligation to pay Garza’s

defense costs did not extend to any costs incurred before the date on which Ford assumed Garza’s

defense. Because the agreement was not immediately accepted by Garza, Ford did not assume

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Garza’s defense or responsibility for his defense costs until Garza accepted the agreement and

Ford signed the agreement on September 29, 2011.

       A manufacturer’s duty to indemnify under section 82.002 “is in addition to any duty to

indemnify established by law, contract, or otherwise.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 82.002(e).

However, a manufacturer and a seller may enter into a contract that expressly sets forth the terms

of the manufacturer’s duty to indemnify and the circumstances under which the seller relinquishes

any common law or statutory right to indemnification. “Under Texas law . . . as well as by Texas

usage and custom, a deal is a deal.” ASI Tech., 75 S.W.3d at 546. Here, the agreement

unambiguously provided that Ford would “pay all attorney’s fees and costs incurred on behalf of

[Garza] after the last date of the signature page herein,” which was September 29, 2011. The

agreement also unambiguously provided that Garza would “pay all costs of [his] own defense up

to and including the date of Ford’s assumption of [his] defense,” which again, was September 29,

2011. “[W]e believe executing the agreement itself is a clear and decisive act inferring [Garza’s]

intent to relinquish [his] right to statutory indemnity.” Id. at 549.

       Nevertheless, Garza argues the agreement cannot serve as a “release” of a statutory

indemnification claim because the agreement does not contain release language or specifically

mention such a claim. Garza also contends the agreement did not satisfy Ford’s statutory

obligation to indemnify because the agreement includes conditions not provided for in section

82.002. For example, Garza contends Ford could not condition its statutory indemnification

obligation on Garza promising that he “knows of no facts or circumstances which would or could

suggest that an independent claim of liability exists against” him or on Garza’s waiver of “any

conflict of interest which may exist[]” because section 82.002 makes no provision for such

conditions. We disagree.

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        Under section 82.002, a manufacturer is not required to “indemnify and hold harmless a

seller against loss arising out of a products liability action, . . . for any loss caused by the seller’s

negligence, intentional misconduct, or other act or omission, such as negligently modifying or

altering the product, for which the seller is independently liable.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE

§ 82.002(a). The provision in the agreement allowing Ford to re-tender the defense back to Garza

if “any allegation, fact or evidence indicates to Ford that [Garza], including through acts or

omissions of its officers, employees, agents or representatives, may be independently liable for

any of the damages suffered or claimed by plaintiffs” and requiring Garza to “represent[] that [he]

knows of no facts or circumstances which would or could suggest that an independent claim of

liability exists against [Garza] for the acts or omissions of [Garza], its officers, employees, or

agents” is consistent with section 82.002(a).           And, nothing in section 82.002 prevents a

manufacturer from requiring a waiver of any conflict of interest that may arise from shared legal

representation.

        In Victoria Bank & Trust Co. v. Brady, the Texas Supreme Court held that “[i]n order to

effectively release a claim in Texas, the releasing instrument must ‘mention’ the claim to be

released. Even if the claims exist when the release is executed, any claims not clearly within the

subject matter of the release are not discharged.” 811 S.W.2d 931, 938 (Tex. 1991). In Brady, the

borrower and its bank reached a settlement agreement releasing the parties from all claims arising

out of a loan transaction. Id. at 934. The borrower later sued the bank based on a claim that arose

out of the bank’s alleged tortious interference with the business relationship between the borrower

and a buyer of the borrower’s cattle. Id. at 934-35. The Court held that the borrower was not

barred from asserting its claim against the bank because the claim—which was completely

unrelated to the loan transaction—was “not mentioned or clearly within the subject matter of the

settlement agreement” and thus had not been released. Id. at 939.
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        In Keck, Mahin & Cate v. National Union Fire Ins. Co., 20 S.W.3d 692, 697 (Tex. 2000),

the Supreme Court considered whether an insured’s release of attorney’s fees was limited to unpaid

fees or applied to all malpractice claims attributable to legal services rendered during a specified

period. The Keck Court concluded that its decision in Brady did not control the construction of

the release at issue. See id. at 698. In doing so, it stated:

        The present release is clearly broader than the one in Brady. It is not expressly
        limited to a specific claim or transaction but rather purports to cover “all demands,
        claims or causes of action of any kind whatsoever.” Nothing in Brady forbids such
        a broad-form release. Brady simply holds that the release must “mention” the claim
        to be effective . . . . It does not require that the parties anticipate and identify each
        potential cause of action relating to the release’s subject matter.

Id.

        Here, although the agreement does not specifically mention a statutory right to

indemnification under section 82.002, neither does it limit itself to only indemnification claims

independent of the statute. The agreement broadly encompasses all costs of Garza’s defense and

the terms under which Ford assumes those costs. Neither the common law nor section 82.002

prevents parties from entering into their own indemnification agreement. See ASI Tech., 75
S.W.3d 548-49 (holding that, under unambiguous language of settlement agreement, party waived

its statutory indemnity rights as a matter of law); cf. Wayne v. A.V.A. Vending, Inc., 52 S.W.3d
412, 417-18 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2001, pet. denied) (“parties are free to make a contractual

agreement for attorney’s fees with more liberal standards (or more strict) than that of section 38 of

the civil practices and remedies code”). Also, the agreement contains no provision under which

Garza reserved his right to statutory indemnity. Parties are entitled to select the terms and

provisions they want included in a contract before executing it. ASI Tech., 75 S.W.3d 549. In so

choosing, each party is entitled to rely upon the words selected to define their respective

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obligations and rights. Id. “‘In short, the parties strike the deal they choose to strike and, thus,

voluntarily bind themselves in the manner they choose.’” Id. (citation omitted).

        The agreement allowed Ford to re-tender the defense if Ford became “aware of allegations

of, or evidence of, [Garza’s] negligence or independent liability” or “because of discovery of any

facts knowingly withheld by [Garza],” and required Garza to reimburse Ford for any fees and

expenses incurred on Garza’s behalf during the period of assumption. Garza’s attorney understood

this risk and, for that reason, waited until the close of the Aguilars’ evidence at which point no

there had been no “discovery of any facts knowingly withheld by” Garza and Ford could not re-

tender the defense back to Garza:

        Well, I want — I want them to know that I’ve accepted it and so has Mr. Garza.
        Which is why I wanted to wait, because they have tendered this [the agreement]
        some time ago with the caveat that if Florentino Garza somehow modified the
        product or committed independent acts of negligence, then they would give the
        defense back to me. Now, at the conclusion of the Plaintiffs’ evidence, I’m filing
        [Garza’s acceptance of the agreement] with the Court and notifying Ford that we
        hereby accept.

        In doing so, Garza chose to forego Ford’s assumption of his defense costs prior to his

acceptance of the agreement. Allowing Garza to now assert a previous right to indemnification

under section 89.002 would render the unambiguous terms of the agreement meaningless. For

these reasons, we conclude the trial court did not err in rendering summary judgment in favor of

Ford.

                                      ATTORNEY’S FEES

        Ford counter-claimed that Garza’s demand and cross-claim for attorney’s fees constituted

a breach of the agreement, and requested attorney’s fees pursuant to Texas Civil Practice and

Remedies Code section 38.001, which allows for attorney’s fees in a breach of contract suit. Ford

later added a request for a declaratory judgment on the terms of the agreement, and requested

attorney’s fees pursuant Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code section 37.009, which allows for
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attorney’s fees in a declaratory judgment action. The trial court awarded Ford its attorney’s fees

in the amount of $20,375.41 without stating the statutory ground for the award. In his final issue

on appeal, Garza asserts Ford is not entitled to attorney’s fees under either statute.

       The Declaratory Judgment Act provides as follows:

       (a) A person interested under a . . . written contract, . . . or whose rights, status, or
       other legal relations are affected by a statute, . . . [or] contract . . . may have
       determined any question of construction or validity arising under the instrument,
       statute, [or] contract . . . and obtain a declaration of rights, status, or other legal
       relations thereunder.

       (b) A contract may be construed either before or after there has been a breach.

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 37.004(a), (b) (West 2008). “In any proceeding under this

chapter, the court may award costs and reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees as are equitable

and just.” Id. § 37.009.

       Declaratory judgments are permissible even when a breach of contract claim is available

because such a prohibition would “negate the Act’s explicit terms covering such claims.” MBM

Fin. Corp. v. Woodlands Operating Co., 292 S.W.3d 660, 669 (Tex. 2009). However, “a party

cannot use the Act as a vehicle to obtain otherwise impermissible attorney’s fees.” Id. Therefore,

a party may not replead a claim as a declaratory judgment claim merely to justify a fee award. Id.

at 670 (“when a claim for declaratory relief is merely tacked onto a standard suit based on a

matured breach of contract, allowing fees under Chapter 37 would frustrate the limits Chapter 38

imposes on such fee recoveries”).

       Garza’s cross-claim asserted he was entitled to indemnity from Ford for his court costs and

reasonable attorney’s fees pursuant to section 82.002. Garza did not mention the agreement in his

cross-claim. In its counter-claim, Ford asserted Garza breached the express terms of the agreement

by filing his cross-claim. Ford also requested a declaration that Garza’s section 82.002 claim was

fully satisfied, discharged, or otherwise waived by the agreement and Garza was responsible for
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his attorney’s fees incurred prior to September 29, 2011. The interpretation of the agreement

impacted both of Ford’s claims. However, even if Ford did not prevail on its breach of contract

claim, Ford was still entitled to a judgment declaring the parties’ “rights, status, or other legal

relations” under the agreement. Therefore, we do not believe Ford used the Declaratory Judgment

“Act as a vehicle to obtain otherwise impermissible attorney’s fees.” Id. at 669. Accordingly, we

cannot say the trial court abused its discretion in awarding Ford attorney’s fees under section

37.009. For this reason, we need not address whether Ford was entitled to fees on its breach of

contract claim.

                                        CONCLUSION

       We overrule Garza’s issues on appeal and affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                  Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice

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