Court Opinion

ID: 2675483
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-05-22 22:00:45.463246+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:20:23.386846
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                           FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

AMERIJET INTERNATIONAL, INC.,                    :
                                                 :
       Plaintiff,                                :
                                                 :
       v.                                        :       Civil Action No.:    1:13-cv-01405 (RC)
                                                 :
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF                      :       Re Document No.: 15
HOMELAND SECURITY,                               :
TRANSPORTATION SECURITY                          :
ADMINISTRATION, and JOHN S.                      :
PISTOLE, in his official capacity as             :
Administrator of the TRANSPORTATION              :
SECURITY ADMINISTRATION,                         :
                                                 :
       Defendants.                               :

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS FOR LACK OF SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION

                                      I. INTRODUCTION

       Plaintiff, Amerijet International, Inc. (“Amerijet”), has brought suit under the

Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. § 701 et seq. (the “APA”), the Fifth Amendment of the

United States Constitution, and the Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2201 et seq., against

the Department of Homeland Security (the “DHS”), the Transportation Security Administration

(the “TSA”), and John S. Pistole, in his official capacity as Administrator of the TSA

(collectively, “Defendants”), alleging an unlawful pattern or practice by the TSA in connection

with the security screening procedures for all-cargo aircraft bound for the United States. Before

the Court is Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Subject Matter Jurisdiction (the

“Motion”). Upon consideration of the pleadings and the relevant legal authorities, the Court

concludes that it lacks subject matter jurisdiction and grants the Motion. Further, the Court
transfers this action to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit pursuant to

28 U.S.C. § 1631.

                    II. THE STATUTORY AND REGULATORY SCHEME

        In the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, Congress created the TSA

to increase protections for all modes of transportation and, in particular, charged the TSA’s

Administrator with overall responsibility for civil aviation security. See 49 U.S.C. § 114(d).

Congress further mandated that the TSA implement a system “to screen, inspect, or otherwise

ensure the security of all cargo that is to be transported in all-cargo aircraft in air transportation.”

Id. § 44901(f). In furtherance of Congress’s directive, the TSA requires “full all-cargo” aircraft

operators to adopt and implement a security program known as a Full All-Cargo Aircraft

Operator Standard Security Program (“FACAOSSP”). 1 See 49 C.F.R. §§ 1544.101(h), (i);

Compl., Sept. 16, 2013, ECF No. 1, at ¶ 21. It is undisputed that Amerijet is a full all-cargo

operator, and it therefore must operate in accordance with a TSA-approved FACAOSSP. See

Compl., ECF No. 1, at ¶¶ 26, 30.

        Each all-cargo aircraft operator’s security program must describe the procedures,

facilities, and equipment employed to “prevent or deter the carriage of any unauthorized persons,

and any unauthorized explosives, incendiaries, and other destructive substances or items in cargo

onboard an aircraft[,]” and the TSA must approve the security program. 49 C.F.R. §

1544.205(a). In addition, each all-cargo aircraft operator must comply with supplemental

requirements known as “security directives,” which are issued when the TSA “determines that

        1
                “Full all-cargo” aircraft operators are those operators that conduct non-passenger
flight operations using aircraft with a maximum certificated takeoff weight of more than 45,500
kilograms. See 49 C.F.R. § 1544.101(h).

                                                   2
additional security measures are necessary to respond to a threat assessment or to a specific

threat against civil aviation.” Id. § 1544.305(a).

       The TSA also has a process through which all-cargo aircraft operators may request an

amendment to their approved security program. See id. § 1544.105(b). If an aircraft operator

believes it is “unable to implement the measures in [a] [s]ecurity [d]irective,” the operator is

entitled to “submit proposed alternative measures” for the TSA’s review and approval. Id. §

1544.305(d). The TSA has discretion to approve a proposed alternative procedure if the agency

“determines that safety and the public interest will allow it, and the proposed amendment

provides the level of security required under [49 C.F.R. Part 1544].” Id. § 1544.105(b)(3).

       The TSA issued the security directive about which Amerijet now complains in the wake

of a 2010 Yemen-based terrorist plot to detonate explosive devices on board two all-cargo

aircraft traveling inbound to the United States. Compl., ECF No. 1, at ¶ 23. This directive,

entitled Security Directive 1544-11-04 (the “Security Directive”), requires full all-cargo aircraft

operators to employ certain additional screening requirements to “detect and deter unauthorized

explosives in cargo.” 2 Defs.’ Mem. in Supp., Dec. 10, 2013, ECF No. 15-1, Ex. 1 at 1. Certain

classes of cargo are not subject to these additional screening requirements if the Security

Directive’s exemption criteria are satisfied. Compl., ECF No. 1, at ¶¶ 17, 25.

       Finally, within this civil aviation regulatory scheme, the TSA is empowered to undertake

investigation and enforcement actions to ensure compliance with the all-cargo aircraft security

requirements, including the Security Directive. See 49 U.S.C. § 114(f), (v); 49 C.F.R. Part 1503;

49 C.F.R. § 1544.3. For example, if an investigation reveals that a regulated all-cargo aircraft

       2
              The Security Directive was superseded by Security Directive 1544-11-04A,
effective May 27, 2012, which in turn was superseded by Security Directive 1544-11-04B,
effective on May 27, 2013. Compl., ECF No. 1, at ¶ 24. Each of the Security Directives in the
1544-11-04 series is substantially identical to the Security Directive issued in May 2011. Id.

                                                     3
operator has likely committed a violation of an applicable requirement but the operator has taken

corrective measures, the TSA may take administrative, non-adjudicative action by issuing a

Warning Notice or Letter of Correction. 3 See 49 C.F.R. § 1503.301. But if corrective action is

not taken, or if the TSA determines that the alleged violation requires the assessment of a civil

penalty, the agency may commence an enforcement proceeding by issuing a Notice of Proposed

Civil Penalty. See id. §§ 1503.301(b)(2), 1503.413(a)-(b). The operator then may elect to pay

the penalty, request an informal conference with an agency attorney, or request a formal hearing

before an Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”). See id. §§ 1503.413(c), 1503.427. If the operator

fails to respond to a Notice of Proposed Civil Penalty or fails to resolve the alleged violation

after an informal conference, the TSA may issue a Final Notice of Proposed Civil Penalty and

Order, see id. § 1503.417, after which the operator may elect to pay the penalty or request a

formal hearing before an ALJ. See id. § 1503.419(a)-(b).

                               III. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

       Turning to the dispute before this Court, Amerijet is a Florida-based full all-cargo aircraft

operator required to have a TSA-approved security program under the above-described statutory

and regulatory scheme. Compl., ECF No. 1, at ¶¶ 26, 30. Amerijet transports cargo between the

United States and various locations in the Caribbean and Latin America, and its operations are

based at Miami International Airport. Id. ¶¶ 4, 27.

       3
                A “Warning Notice” includes “facts and information about the incident or
condition and indicates that it may have been a violation.” 49 C.F.R. § 1503.301(b)(1). A
“Letter of Correction” confirms that the TSA has determined the incident or condition constitutes
a violation of an applicable requirement and sets forth the “necessary corrective action the
alleged violator has taken or agrees to take.” Id. § 1503.301(b)(2). “The issuance of a Warning
Notice or Letter of Correction is not subject to appeal[.]” Id. § 1503.301(c).

                                                 4
       In the Complaint, Amerijet alleges that in July 2011, two months after the TSA

Administrator issued the Security Directive, it requested and received permission to utilize two

adjustments to the Security Directive’s screening requirements. Id. ¶ 32. After an inspection at

one of Amerijet’s Caribbean locations in late 2011, the TSA issued a letter of investigation

informing Amerijet that it was in noncompliance with the Security Directive and the approved

alternate security screening procedures. 4 Id. ¶ 34. Amerijet disputed the TSA’s determination in

February 2012, asserting in a letter that it was exempt from the Security Directive’s cargo

screening requirements under its interpretation of the regulations. Id. ¶ 35. The TSA disagreed

with Amerijet’s interpretation and issued a Notice of Proposed Civil Penalty in November 2012

that charged the operator with violating the TSA security requirements by failing to conduct a

full direct physical screening of the cargo at issue during the late 2011 inspection. Id. ¶ 44.

       At a December 2012 informal conference with the TSA that Amerijet requested, the TSA

explained that Amerijet was not exempt from the requirement to screen all cargo covered by the

Security Directive, despite its interpretation to the contrary. Compl., ECF No. 1, at ¶ 44. The

TSA subsequently issued a Final Notice of Proposed Civil Penalty and Order with respect to the

       4
                Certain facts are excluded from Amerijet’s Complaint and other relevant filings in
this action because the missing or redacted information constitutes Sensitive Security
Information (“SSI”) pursuant to 49 U.S.C. § 114(r) and 49 C.F.R. Parts 15 and 1520. As
Defendants explain, SSI is “information obtained or developed in carrying out security under
authority of the Aviation and Transportation Security Act,” the disclosure of which has been
determined to be “detrimental to the security of transportation.” 49 U.S.C. § 114(r). Pursuant to
these regulations, the following were deemed SSI and thus could not be publicly released: the
TSA security directives and other security-related orders; aircraft operator and air cargo security
programs; security inspection and investigative information, including “details of any security
inspection or investigation of an alleged violation of aviation … security requirements of Federal
law that could reveal a security vulnerability”; and “Security screening information,” including
“[a]ny procedures … instructions, and implanting guidance pertaining thereto, for screening of
… cargo that is conducted by the Federal Government or any other authorized person.” 49
C.F.R. §§ 1520.5(b)(1)-(2), 1520.5(b)(6), 1520.5(b)(9); see also Defs.’ Mem. in Supp., ECF No
15-1, at 12 n.4. Nonetheless, the Court finds that there is ample factual information available in
the public record to decide the Motion.

                                                  5
late 2011 inspection. Id. ¶ 79. In response, Amerijet requested a formal administrative hearing

as permitted by the TSA regulations. Id. At this administrative proceeding, which is pending, 5

Amerijet once again asserted that it is entitled to an exemption from the cargo screening

procedures in the Security Directive. Id. ¶¶ 80-82.

       Separately, in an effort to resolve the ongoing dispute, the TSA suggested that Amerijet

submit an application for additional alternative procedures if it continued to desire a broader

exemption from the Security Directive. Id. ¶ 54. In February 2013, Amerijet submitted a letter

to the TSA requesting several alterations to its existing security procedures, which the TSA

denied in May 2013. Id. ¶¶ 55-57. Amerijet then petitioned the U.S. Court of Appeals for the

District of Columbia Circuit to review the TSA’s denial of this request. See Amerijet Int’l, Inc.

v. John Pistole, Case No. 13-1176 (D.C. Cir. filed May 15, 2013). 6

       In May 2013, Amerijet also applied for an extension of its two existing alternative

procedures to the Security Directive. Compl., ECF No. 1, at ¶ 68. The TSA denied Amerijet’s

request for an extension of both of these alternative procedures in July 2013, but the agency

allowed Amerijet to resubmit its request. Id. ¶¶ 71-72. Amerijet submitted its second

application for alternate procedures on August 9, 2013, id. ¶ 73, and the operator continues to

engage in discussions with the TSA about this request. See Defs.’ Mem. in Supp., ECF No. 15-

1, at 15-16. Relevant to the dispute before this Court, Amerijet alleges that the TSA has granted

its competitors’ requests for similar alternate procedures, including permitting competitors to

       5
               The administrative proceeding was stayed pending resolution of Amerijet’s
interlocutory appeal to the TSA Administrator of the ALJ’s denial of its Motion for Decision.
See Defs.’ Mem. in Supp., ECF No. 15-1, Ex. 2 (Order Staying Proceedings Pending Resolution
of Respondent’s Interlocutory Appeal, In the Matter of Amerijet Int’l, Inc., No. 13-TSA-0052
(Oct. 29, 2013)).
       6
                Oral argument in the court of appeals matter was held on March 27, 2014. See
Amerijet Int’l, Inc. v. John Pistole, Case No. 13-1176 (D.C. Cir. filed May 15, 2013).

                                                 6
utilize the Security Directive’s cargo screening exemptions for which the TSA determined

Amerijet was ineligible. Compl., ECF No. 1, at ¶¶ 87, 89.

       In the meantime, the TSA continued to monitor Amerijet’s compliance with the aviation

security requirements throughout the Caribbean and Latin America. See, e.g., id. ¶¶ 38, 58, 74.

Several of these inspections revealed that Amerijet had committed additional violations of the

Security Directive. Id. ¶¶58, 61. Amerijet responded to each TSA investigative action by

asserting its “good faith belief that it was in full compliance with the [S]ecurity [D]irective

through certain exemptions clearly applicable.” Id. ¶ 61. Disagreeing each time, the TSA issued

to Amerijet an unspecified number of Notices of Proposed Civil Penalty for violations of the

Security Directive. Id. ¶¶ 66, 78.

       On September 16, 2013, Amerijet filed a Complaint in this Court alleging that the TSA’s

interpretation and enforcement of the aviation screening requirements constituted a pattern or

practice of conduct that was arbitrary and capricious, in bad faith, contrary to law, and in

violation of Amerijet’s Fifth Amendment Equal Protection rights. Id. ¶¶ 95, 97. Amerijet seeks

declaratory relief and a permanent injunction enjoining the TSA from enforcing, applying, or

implementing the security measures and program in the allegedly unconstitutional and unlawful

manner. Compl., ECF No. 1, at ¶¶ 104, 108, 112, 117. Defendants moved to dismiss the

Complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1). See Defs.’

Mem. in Supp., ECF No. 15-1. Specifically, Defendants argue that Amerijet’s claims cannot

proceed in this Court because, pursuant to 49 U.S.C. § 46110(a), exclusive jurisdiction to review

the TSA’s aviation security orders rests with the federal courts of appeals. 7 See id. at 17-20.

       7
               Alternatively, Defendants argue that Amerijet’s claims are not actionable under
the ripeness doctrine and the APA’s final agency action requirement. See Defs.’ Mem. in Supp.,

                                                  7
                                    IV. LEGAL STANDARD

       “‘Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction. They possess only that power

authorized by Constitution and statute.’” Janko v. Gates, 741 F.3d 136, 139 (D.C. Cir. 2014)

(quoting Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994)). On a motion to

dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1), the plaintiff bears the burden of establishing by a

preponderance of the evidence that the court has subject matter jurisdiction. See Lujan v.

Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992); Morrow v. United States, 723 F. Supp. 2d 71,

76 (D.D.C. 2010). A court must accept all factual allegations in the complaint as true and give

the plaintiff the benefit of all reasonable inferences from the facts alleged. See Jerome Stevens

Pharms., Inc. v. FDA, 402 F.3d 1249, 1253-54 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (citations omitted). A court may

dismiss a case for lack of subject matter jurisdiction only if “it appears beyond doubt that the

plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief.”

Richardson v. United States, 193 F.3d 545, 549 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (citation and quotation omitted).

When a court’s subject matter jurisdiction is called into question, it may consider matters outside

the pleadings to ensure that it has the power to hear the case. See Jerome Stevens Pharms., 402
F.3d at 1253.

                                          V. ANALYSIS

       Defendants move to dismiss the Complaint under Rule 12(b)(1) on the ground that

Amerijet challenges a final TSA order — the Security Directive — and thus, pursuant to 49

U.S.C. § 46110(a), the federal courts of appeals have exclusive jurisdiction to hear these claims.

See Defs.’ Mem. in Supp., ECF No. 15-1, at 18-19. Section 46110(a) states, in relevant part:

ECF No. 15-1, at 30-35. Because the Court concludes that it lacks subject matter jurisdiction, it
does not address Defendants’ additional arguments.

                                                  8
       [A] person disclosing a substantial interest in an order issued by the Security of
       Transportation (or the Under Secretary of Transportation for Security with respect to
       security duties and power designated to be carried out by the Under Secretary
       or the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration with respect to aviation
       duties and powers designed to be carried out by the Administrator) in whole or in part
       under this part, part B, or subsection (l) or [(r)]7 of section 114 may apply for review of
       the order by filing a petition for review in the United States Court of Appeals for the
       District of Columbia Circuit or in the court of appeals of the United States for the circuit
       in which the person resides or has its principal place of business[.] 8

49 U.S.C. § 46110(a). Section 46110(c) further proscribes that the courts of appeals have

“exclusive jurisdiction to affirm, amend, modify or set aside any part of [such an] order.” Id. §

46110(c).

       In response, Amerijet rightly appears to concede that this Court lacks jurisdiction if the

Complaint seeks review of the Security Directive. The plaintiff instead argues that § 46110(a)

does not apply because the Complaint presents a broader challenge to the TSA’s conduct. See

Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n, Jan. 12, 2014, ECF No. 19-1, at 5-6. According to Amerijet, the

Complaint “challenges the manner in which TSA has investigated, informed (or failed to inform)

regarding TSA requirements, and pursued alternative procedures and preliminary enforcement

proceedings over an 18-month period against Amerijet.” Id. at 5. Amerijet further asserts that

       8
               Section 46110(a) refers to “the Under Secretary of Transportation for Security
with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Under Secretary.”
When the TSA was created, Congress appointed the Under Secretary of Transportation for
Security as the head of the agency. See 49 U.S.C. § 114(b)(1). In 2002, the TSA was transferred
from the Department of Transportation to the Department of Homeland Security. See 6 U.S.C.
§§ 203(2), 551(d). Statutory references to the “Under Secretary of Transportation for Security”
therefore are deemed to refer to the TSA and the TSA’s Administrator. See id. §§ 552(d), 557;
49 C.F.R. § 1500.3. Accordingly, courts have recognized that § 46110(a) applies to orders
issued by the TSA. See, e.g., Gilmore v. Gonzales, 435 F.3d 1125, 1133-34 (9th Cir. 2006);
Roberts v. Napolitano, 798 F. Supp. 2d 7, 10-11 (D.D.C. 2011); In re Sept. 11 Lit., 236 F.R.D.
164, 174 (S.D.N.Y. 2006).
        In addition, the judicial review provision of § 46110(a) was previously codified as 49
U.S.C. App. § 1486, which was the statute at issue in some earlier cases. However, “[t]he
statutes do not materially differ.” Ass’n of Citizens to Protect & Pres. The Env’t v. FAA, 287 F.
App’x 764, 766 n.3 (11th Cir. 2008).

                                                 9
“[s]uch processes and procedures do not constitute ‘orders’ within the meaning [] § 46110,” and

as such, § 46110(a) does not apply. Id. at 5-6.

                                          *       *      *

       To determine whether this Court possesses subject matter jurisdiction within the

framework of § 46110(a), it must answer two questions. First, does the Security Directive

constitute a final “order” within the meaning of § 46110(a)? If the Security Directive is a final

order, the second question is: does Amerijet assert challenges that require direct review of, or are

inescapably intertwined with, the Security Directive such that this Court lacks subject matter

jurisdiction to hear the claims? The Court answers affirmatively to both questions and therefore

concludes that it lacks subject matter jurisdiction to consider the merits of Amerijet’s Complaint.

                A. The Security Directive Is A Final Order Under § 46110(a)

       Section 46110(a) is implicated only if a final TSA “order” is involved. 9 See CSI Aviation

Servs., Inc. v. Dep’t of Transp., 637 F.3d 408, 411 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (explaining, in the context of

applying § 46110(a), that “[t]o avoid premature intervention in the administrative process, our

review of agency action has been judicially restricted to review of final agency orders” (citation

and quotation omitted)). Within the framework of § 46110(a), “the term ‘order’ … should be

read expansively.” Safe Extensions, Inc. v. FAA, 509 F.3d 593, 598 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (citation

and quotation omitted); see also Avia Dynamics, Inc. v. FAA, 641 F.3d 515, 520 (D.C. Cir. 2011)

(stating that the term “order” in § 46110(a) is broadly construed “because of its function in

providing for judicial review”). Although § 46110 does not define “order,” the U.S. Court of

       9
                 Amerijet does not argue that the Security Directive is not an order; instead, the
plaintiff only asserts that the TSA’s alleged pattern and practice of unlawful behavior does not
constitute an order under § 46110(a). Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n, ECF No. 19-1, at 5. Amerijet’s
argument is irrelevant, however, if this Court finds that the Security Directive is an order and that
the plaintiff’s claims constitute a direct challenge to, or are inescapably intertwined with, the
directive.

                                                  10
Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit has provided a test for determining whether an

agency action constitutes a final order under the statute:

       To be deemed final and thus reviewable as an order under 49 U.S.C. § 46110, an agency
       disposition must mark the consummation of the agency’s decisionmaking process, and it
       must determine rights or obligations or give rise to legal consequences.

Safe Extensions, 509 F.3d at 598 (citation and internal quotations omitted).

       Here, the Security Directive “‘mark[s] the ‘consummation’ of the agency’s

decisionmaking process’” because it is “‘not … of a merely tentative or interlocutory nature.’”

Village of Bensenville v. FAA, 457 F.3d 52, 68 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (quoting Bennett v. Spear, 520
U.S. 154, 177-78 (1997)). The additional security measures pronounced in the Security

Directive are mandatory and must be immediately implemented by each all-cargo aircraft

operator with an approved TSA security program. See 49 C.F.R. § 1544.305(b); see also Defs.’

Mem. in Supp., ECF No. 15-1, Ex. 1 at 7. The Security Directive is not a draft or proposal but

rather establishes uniform standards and procedures that all-cargo aircraft operators must

implement. See City of Dania Beach v. FAA, 485 F.3d 1181, 1188 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (concluding

that a letter represented the consummation of agency decision making because it was not

“tentative, open to further consideration, or conditional on future agency action”[;] instead, it

provided “marching orders”); Gilmore v. Gonzales, 435 F.3d 1125, 1133 (9th Cir. 2006)

(concluding that a TSA security directive was a final order within the meaning of § 46110(a)

because it has a “direct and immediate effect on the daily business of the party asserting

wrongdoing” and “envisions immediate compliance” (internal quotation omitted)).

       The Security Directive also “determine[s] rights or obligations [and] give[s] rise to legal

consequences,” Safe Extensions, 509 F.3d at 598 (citation and internal quotation omitted),

because it demands additional security measures that all-cargo aircraft operators transporting

                                                 11
cargo into the United States must follow under the threat of penalty for noncompliance. See 49

C.F.R. § 1544.305(b). To wit, if an all-cargo aircraft operator does not comply with the

procedures outlined in the Security Directive, the TSA may take enforcement actions, such as

imposing civil penalties. See 49 U.S.C. § 114(v); 49 C.F.R. §§ 1503.301(b)(2); 1503.413(a)-(b).

Accordingly, the Security Directive plainly constitutes a final order within the meaning of §

46110(a).

      B. Amerijet’s Claims Are Inescapably Intertwined With The Security Directive

       “It is beyond dispute that Congress ‘may prescribe the procedures and conditions under

which, and the courts in which, judicial review of administrative orders may be had.’” United

Transp. Union v. Norfolk & W. Ry. Co., 822 F.2d 1114, 1119-20 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (quoting City

of Tacoma v. Taxpayers, 357 U.S. 320, 336 (1957)). Here, Congress conferred exclusive

jurisdiction on the courts of appeals to review challenges to final orders within the meaning of §

46110(a). The next crucial question therefore is whether Amerijet seeks review of a final order

under § 46110(a) — i.e., the Security Directive — or if Amerijet is mounting a broader challenge

that falls outside § 46110(a).

                             1. The Inescapably-Intertwined Doctrine

       Amerijet need not allege a direct challenge to the Security Directive to fall within the

ambit of § 46110(a)’s exclusive jurisdiction scheme. Rather, the “inescapable-intertwinement

doctrine gives the courts of appeals jurisdiction over not only direct challenges to final agency

orders [under § 46110(a)] but also any claims inescapably intertwined with the review of those

orders.” Durso v. Napolitano, 795 F. Supp. 2d 63, 69 (D.D.C. 2011) (citing Breen v. Peters, 474
F. Supp. 2d 1, 4 (D.D.C. 2007)). “The doctrine serves to prevent plaintiffs from collaterally

attacking agency proceedings by presenting ostensibly independent claims.” Id. at 69-70 (citing

                                                12
Americopters, LLC v. FAA, 441 F.3d 726, 736 (9th Cir. 2006)). “In the inescapable-

intertwinement inquiry, a ‘critical point’ is whether review of the order by a court of appeals

would allow for adjudication of the plaintiff’s claims and could result in the relief that the

plaintiff requests.” Id. at 70 (quoting Breen, 474 F. Supp. 2d at 5).

       Although the exact boundaries are somewhat murky, the breadth of the inescapable-

intertwinement doctrine, as applied to § 46110(a), stops short of preventing a district court from

reviewing “broad facial challenges” to a TSA order; it does prohibit, however, a district court

from hearing “as-applied challenges” in which the plaintiff seeks review of the procedures and

merits of an order. Gilmore v. Gonzales, 435 F.3d 1125, 1133 n.9 (9th Cir. 2006); see also

Thomson v. Stone, No. 05-CV-70825, 2006 WL 770449, at *4 (E.D. Mich. Mar. 27, 2006) (“If

the claim raises broad constitutional challenges which do not require a review of the procedures,

then the district court has subject[] matter jurisdiction to consider the constitutional challenges.”

(citation and quotation omitted)).

       That a plaintiff describes its claims before a district court as constitutional challenges to

agency action does not guarantee avoidance of § 46110(a)’s grant of exclusive jurisdiction

because such claims quite often remain inescapably intertwined with the TSA order at issue.

See, e.g., Gilmore, 435 F.3d at 1133 n.9 (finding that the plaintiff’s due process vagueness and

right to travel claims are “inescapably intertwined” with review of a TSA order); Nelson v. DHS,

No. 06–0050, 2007 WL 1655344, at *2 (W.D. Va. June 7, 2007) (finding that the district court

lacks jurisdiction to hear the plaintiff’s constitutional challenge to a TSA order requiring the

fingerprinting of persons seeking a driver’s license to transport hazardous materials); Thomson,

2006 WL 770449, at *6 (finding that the district court lacks jurisdiction because the plaintiff’s

Fourth Amendment claim is inescapably intertwined with a review of the TSA’s orders regarding

                                                 13
airport screening procedures); Green v. TSA, 351 F. Supp. 2d 1119, 1127 (W.D. Wash. 2005)

(finding that the district court lacks jurisdiction because the plaintiffs’ Fourth and Fifth

Amendment challenges to the TSA’s No-Fly List are “inescapably intertwined with a review of

the procedures and merits surrounding the adoption of the No-Fly List”).

2. A Request For Declaratory And Injunctive Relief Does Not Remove Claims From § 46110(a)

       Pursuant to § 46110(c), a court of appeals reviewing a final TSA order has authority to

“affirm, amend, modify, or set aside any part of the order.” 49 U.S.C. § 46110(c). Although

relief under the Declaratory Judgment Act, which this Court could apply if it had subject matter

jurisdiction, differs from the statutory relief available from a court of appeals under § 46110(c),

this Court has previously concluded that the distinction in remedies is insufficient to displace

Congress’s exclusive-review scheme and the inescapable-intertwinement doctrine. See Durso v.

Napolitano, 795 F. Supp. 2d 63, 70-71 (D.D.C. 2011) (“The question remains … whether this

distinction [in remedies] is sufficient to place this case beyond the reach of the inescapable-

intertwinement doctrine. The Court concludes that it is not…. If a plaintiff could proceed in the

district court merely by asking for an injunction barring the agency from taking the action

required by the order in question, then that purpose would be defeated.” (citation omitted)). As

such, Amerijet’s request for declaratory and injunctive relief from this Court does not require a

different analysis under § 46110(a).

                              3. The Gravamen Of Amerijet’s Claims

       The Court next must consider the factual content of Amerijet’s complaints. A plaintiff

may not “avoid the bar of a clearly applicable jurisdictional statute” simply by “drafting an

artfully worded complaint.” United Transp. Union v. Norfolk & W. Ry. Co., 822 F.2d 1114,

1120 (D.C. Cir. 1987). Instead, the Court must look to the gravamen of Amerijet’s claims to

                                                  14
determine whether the plaintiff is asserting a broad challenge to the TSA’s actions, or if Amerijet

merely is attempting to circumvent § 46110(a) by erroneously describing its real effort to seek

collateral review of the procedures and merits surrounding the TSA’s implementation and

enforcement of the Security Directive. See Mohamed v. Holder, No. 1:11-CV-50, 2011 WL
3820711, at *6 (E.D. Va. Aug. 26, 2011) (“The applicability of Section 46110 is to be judged by

reference to the substance of plaintiff’s claims, not his characterization of those claims as

something other than the review of a TSA order.” (citation omitted)).

       Amerijet describes its Complaint as alleging “a pattern or practice of conduct by

Defendants in connection with a series of TSA investigations, alternative procedure requests and

information requests pursuant to regulation, and preliminary enforcement proceedings from early

2012 and continuing as of the filing of this action.” Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n, ECF No. 19-1, at 1.

The plaintiff continues that “[t]he pattern of conduct complained of does not concern or relate to

any particular individual formal civil penalty proceeding that Amerijet could contest before an

administrative law judge and appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals under 49 U.S.C. § 46110,” and

“[i]t does not concern any particular final order of Defendants otherwise reviewable in the U.S.

Court of Appeals under 49 U.S.C. § 46110.” Id.

       Although in theory the various investigations and enforcement proceedings from the late

2011 Caribbean inspection onward could involve an unlawful pattern of conduct by the TSA, the

Court finds that the proffered combination of alleged actions by the TSA is inadequate to remove

Amerijet’s claims from § 46110(a)’s exclusive jurisdiction scheme. Rather, as is discussed in

more detail below, Amerijet’s claims effectively involve just two basic challenges, both of which

would require this Court to review the procedures and merits of the TSA’s interpretation,

implementation, and enforcement of the Security Directive. See Gilmore v. Gonzales, 435 F.3d
15
1125, 1133 n.9 (9th Cir. 2006) (finding that “the district court [was] divested of jurisdiction”

because the plaintiff’s constitutional challenges were “inescapably intertwined with a review of

the procedures and merits surrounding the … order” (citation and quotation omitted; alternation

in original)); Green v. Brantley, 981 F.2d 514, 521 (11th Cir. 1993) (finding that the district

court lacked jurisdiction under 49 U.S.C. App. § 1486 — the precursor to § 46110(a) — when

the merits of the plaintiff’s Bivens claims were “inescapably intertwined” with an FAA order

rescinding his Designated Pilot Examiner certificate because consideration of the claims required

review of the merits and procedures surrounding the order). Because jurisdiction for such a

review is vested exclusively with the courts of appeals, this Court cannot hear Amerijet’s claims.

a. Amerijet’s Challenge To The TSA’s Interpretation, Implementation, And Enforcement Of The

                            Security Directive And Its Exemption Criteria

       Amerijet’s first challenge deals with the TSA’s allegedly wrongful failure to agree with

Amerijet’s interpretation that it is exempt from the Security Directive’s cargo screening

requirements. See Compl., ECF No. 1, at ¶ 35. The disagreement about whether Amerijet is

exempt sparked a variety of TSA enforcement actions, starting with a letter of investigation

following the late 2011 Caribbean inspection in which Amerijet was found in noncompliance

with the Security Directive. Id. ¶ 34. Amerijet continued to disagree with the TSA’s

interpretation and implementation of the Security Directive’s exemption requirements, which led

to the Notice of Proposed Civil Penalty in November 2012, id. ¶¶ 44-46, then to the December

2012 informal conference, id. ¶ 44, and later to the Final Notice of Proposed Civil Penalty and

Order. Id. ¶ 79. Amerijet subsequently requested a formal administrative proceeding, which is

ongoing, regarding the initial issue of whether it is entitled to a blanket exemption from the cargo

screening procedures set forth in the Security Directive. Id. ¶¶ 80-82.

                                                 16
       In the meantime, the TSA continued to inspect various other Amerijet locations in the

Caribbean and Latin America, during which the agency uncovered additional instances of

noncompliance by Amerijet with the Security Directive’s requirement of full direct physical

screening of all-cargo aircraft bound for the United States. Id. ¶¶ 58-59. In each case, Amerijet

received a letter of investigation for its noncompliance with the TSA requirements, to which

Amerijet continued to respond that it was in compliance with the Security Directive because, in

its interpretation, it qualified for certain exemptions — an interpretation the TSA never shared.

Compl., ECF No. 1, at ¶ 61.

       Thus, each time Amerijet remonstrates in the Complaint about some aspect of the TSA’s

enforcement activities — regardless if that challenge is described as a constitutional or APA

claim — it is attacking the procedures and merits of the agency’s interpretation, implementation,

and enforcement of the Security Directive (including who is exempt from the directive), as that

was clearly the main source of disagreement between Amerijet and the TSA, and the primary

regulation under which the agency was acting during the relevant events.

       Accordingly, when Amerijet complains about a lack of notice regarding the bases of its

violations in letters of correction, it is asking for review of the TSA’s procedures for enforcing

the Security Directive. See Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n, ECF No. 19-1, at 2. The same is true when

Amerijet complains about the TSA’s failure to supply the operator with notice of specific statutes

or rules it violated in connection with preliminary enforcement proceedings initiated by a Notice

of Proposed Civil Penalty. Id. Likewise, when Amerijet complains that the TSA conducted

enforcement proceedings “to coerce in bad faith the acquiescence of foreign sovereign nations to

TSA jurisdiction and oversight,” the plaintiff is seeking review of the TSA’s implementation and

enforcement of the Security Directive, as that is the basis for the allegedly wrongful enforcement

                                                 17
actions at issue. Id. at 2-3. And when Amerijet complains that the TSA “knowingly permitted”

the operator’s competitors to disregard the full direct physical screening requirement for all-

cargo aircraft but enforced that requirement against Amerijet, the plaintiff’s Equal Protection

claim is seeking review of the merits and procedures surrounding the TSA’s enforcement of the

Security Directive, which is the regulation imposing the complained-about procedures. Id. at 3;

Compl., ECF No. 1, at ¶¶ 87-88, 98.

  b. Amerijet’s Challenge To The TSA’s Denial Of Its Applications For Alternate Procedures

       Amerijet’s second complained-about topic is the TSA’s continued refusal to approve the

proposed alternate procedures when Amerijet sought an exemption from the Security Directive.

See Compl., ECF No. 1, at ¶¶ 54-55. In December 2012, the TSA asked Amerijet to apply for

alternative procedures to avoid further violations of the Security Directive, as is permitted under

the regulatory scheme. Id. ¶ 54. In February 2013, Amerijet submitted an application for

alternative procedures, id. ¶ 55, which the TSA denied in May 2013. Id. ¶ 68. Amerijet

eventually petitioned the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit to review the

TSA’s denial of that request. See Amerijet Int’l, Inc. v. John Pistole, No. 13-1176 (D.C. Cir.

filed May 15, 2013); see also Defs.’ Mem. in Supp., ECF No. 15-1, at 15.

       Following the TSA’s denial of the proposed alternate procedures in May 2013, Amerijet

applied for an extension of its two existing alternative procedures under the Security Directive,

which the TSA had granted back in July 2011. See Compl., ECF No. 1, at ¶¶ 32, 68. In July

2013, the TSA denied Amerijet’s application for an extension at each of the locations in which

Amerijet was previously found in noncompliance with the Security Directive during an

inspection. Id. ¶ 71. At the TSA’s request, Amerijet submitted another application for alternate

                                                18
procedures in August 2013, which the TSA has yet to approve or deny. See id. ¶ 73; Defs.’

Mem. in Supp., ECF No. 15-1, at 16 n.5.

       Thus, when Amerijet complains about the TSA’s failure to approve its applications for

alternate procedures, it plainly is seeking review of the TSA’s implementation, interpretation,

and enforcement of the Security Directive, as that is the order under which the alternative

procedures would be granted. The same is true for Amerijet’s complaint that the TSA approved

alternate procedures for its competitors in violation of the Equal Protection Clause. See Compl.,

ECF No. 1, at ¶¶ 89, 97. A court may evaluate such challenges only by closely reviewing the

procedures and merits of the TSA’s actions in connection with the Security Directive.

                   4. Amerijet’s Claims Are Within The Scope Of § 46110(a)

       Although cumbersome, a close factual review was necessary because it demonstrates that

what Amerijet describes as a “pattern or practice” of wrongful conduct in violation of the

Constitution and the APA, see Compl., ECF No. 1, at ¶¶ 97, 109, is really a disguised attack on

the TSA’s interpretation, implementation, and enforcement of the Security Directive — not a

separate and collateral attack on agency action. See Mohamed v. Holder, No. 1:11-CV-50, 2011
WL 3820711, *6 (E.D. Va. Aug. 26, 2011) (“[T]he Court must decide … whether [the

plaintiff’s] challenges are so related to the challenge of a TSA order that they are within the

scope of Section 46110 or whether plaintiff has alleged a sufficiently independent cognizable

injury, separate and apart from any TSA order that may relate to or issue out of the challenged

conduct.”).

       For this Court to determine whether the TSA has acted in violation of its statutory

authority or the Constitution, it would have to evaluate how the agency acted in regard to

applying the Security Directive specifically to Amerijet. This would require, among other

                                                 19
things, a detailed factual review of Amerijet’s alleged instances of noncompliance, the merits

and procedures of each TSA enforcement action, how the TSA interpreted and applied the

Security Directive’s exemption criteria, and how the TSA evaluated applications for alternative

procedures by Amerijet and its competitors. See, e.g., Jones v. United States, 625 F.3d 827, 830

(5th Cir. 2010) (finding that the district court lacked jurisdiction under § 46110(a) when the

complaint alleged “procedural improprieties” by the FAA, challenged the “merits” of an FAA

order, and required “evaluating whether the FAA had a legitimate reason for denying [the

plaintiff’s] application” because hearing such a claim would require a “balancing of the same

evidence that the FAA had weighed” when issuing the order); Parker v. NTSB, No. 98-17173,

2000 WL 1099652, at *1 (9th Cir. Aug. 7, 2000) (finding that the district court lacked

jurisdiction under § 46110(a) when the plaintiff did “not broadly challenge the constitutionality

of the FAA’s action,” and instead the “challenge [was] specific to the notice he received and []

inescapably intertwined with the procedures surrounding the FAA’s order”); Green v. Brantley,

981 F.2d 514, 521 (11th Cir. 1993) (finding that the district court lacked jurisdiction under 49

U.S.C. App. § 1486 — the precursor to § 46110(a) — because the merits of the plaintiff’s Bivens

claims were “inescapably intertwined with a review of the procedures and merits surrounding the

FAA’s order”); Thomson v. Stone, No. 05-CV-70825, 2006 WL 770449, *6 (E.D. Mich. Mar. 27,

2006) (finding that the district court lacked jurisdiction under § 46110(a) “[t]o determine

whether the procedures performed by the [TSA] screeners on Plaintiff in the past and to

determine whether Plaintiff’s injunctive relief regarding the procedures violate[d] Plaintiff’s

Fourth Amendment rights” because to do so would “necessarily require a review of the statutes,

regulations, policies, procedures and programs established by the TSA to screen all

individuals”).

                                                20
       Accordingly, Amerijet sets forth nothing more than an “as-applied” challenge to the

Security Directive, which, even if not a direct attack on the order itself, is clearly inescapably

intertwined with a review of that order. 10 See Gilmore v. Gonzales, 435 F.3d 1125, 1133 n.9 (9th

Cir. 2006) (finding that the plaintiff’s constitutional challenges are “inescapably intertwined with

a review of the procedures and merits surrounding the … order” (citation and quotation omitted;

alternation in original)); Mohamed, 2011 WL 3820711, at *8 (concluding that the plaintiff’s

constitutional claims about having his name on the No-Fly List are “inescapably intertwined”

with a TSA order because the alleged harm only occurred after issuance of the order).

       These are exactly the types of claims that could be — and must be — heard by the courts

of appeals under § 46110(a), assuming the other conditions for federal judicial review are met,

such as final agency action and ripeness. See Durso v. Napolitano, 795 F. Supp. 2d 63, 69

(D.D.C. 2011) (“In the inescapable-intertwinement inquiry, a ‘critical point’ is whether review of

the order by a court of appeals would allow for adjudication of the plaintiff’s claims and could

result in the relief that the plaintiff requests.” (quoting Breen v. Peters, 474 F. Supp. 2d 1, 5

(D.D.C. 2007)). Indeed, if this Court was to entertain Amerijet’s claims on the merits, it would

be enabling the multi-forum, collateral litigation that Congress sought to prevent through §

46110(a). See City of Rochester v. Bond, 603 F.2d 927, 936 (D.C. Cir. 1979) (“The rationale for

statutory review is that coherence and economy are best served if all suits pertaining to

designated agency decisions are segregated in particular courts…. The policy behind having a

special review procedure in the first place similarly disfavors bifurcating jurisdiction over

       10
               Because the Court concludes that Amerijet’s claims are inescapably intertwined
with the Security Directive, it need not determine whether Amerijet also is seeking direct review
of that order.

                                                  21
various substantive grounds between district court and the court of appeals.”). The Court

therefore lacks subject matter jurisdiction to hear the merits of this action. 11

  C. Thunder Basin Coal Co. And Its Progeny Do Not Confer Subject Matter Jurisdiction

                                             On This Court

        In its opposition to Defendants’ motion to dismiss, Amerijet asserts that this Court has

subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to Thunder Basin Coal Co. v. Reich, 510 U.S. 200 (1994),

and its progeny. See Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n, ECF No. 19-1, at 6-8. Under Thunder Basin Coal,

district courts lack jurisdiction to review cases involving “delayed judicial review” schemes if

“Congress has allocated initial review to an administrative body where such intent is fairly

discernible in the statutory scheme.” 510 U.S. at 207 (citation and quotation omitted). Courts

will “presume that Congress does not intend to limit jurisdiction if ‘a finding of preclusion could

foreclose all meaningful judicial review’; if the suit is ‘wholly collateral to a statute’s review

provisions’; and if the claims are ‘outside the agency’s expertise.’” Free Enter. Fund v. Pub. Co.

        11
                The Court is further convinced that it lacks subject matter jurisdiction because of
statements made by Amerijet in its ongoing claim against the TSA before the U.S. Court of
Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. In that matter, Amerijet asserts a similar Equal
Protection claim against the TSA. In doing so, Amerijet argues that the court of appeals has
jurisdiction over the constitutional challenge because “that claim is inescapably intertwined with
review of TSA’s informal adjudication decision” denying Amerijet’s request for alternative
means for compliance with the Security Directive. See Petitioner’s Final Opening Brief,
Amerijet Int’l, Inc. v. Pistole, Case No. 13-1176, at 3-4 (D.C. Cir. filed May 15, 2013).
        Likely recognizing the inconsistency of its positions in the two forums, Amerijet attempts
to constrain its court of appeals argument through a footnote distinguishing the informal
adjudication Equal Protection claim from the Equal Protection challenge to the “notice and
enforcement” of the TSA’s security requirements now before this Court. See id. at 4 n.2. The
Court disagrees that any meaningful distinction exists. Instead, Amerijet’s theory that it is being
subjected to disparate treatment by the TSA’s interpretation and application of the Security
Directive through the informal adjudication regarding alternative procedures applies equally to
its Equal Protection and APA complaints in this pending action — including the TSA’s
interpretation that Amerijet does not qualify for an exemption under the Security Directive and
the related TSA enforcement actions against Amerijet for noncompliance with that directive.

                                                  22
Accounting Oversight Bd., 130 S. Ct. 3138, 3150 (2010) (quoting Thunder Basin Coal, 510 U.S.

at 212-13).

       Here, it is clear that Congress, through § 46110(a), intended to grant courts of appeals

exclusive review of certain final agency actions related to aviation security. Indeed, another

federal court previously considered § 46110(a) under one of Thunder Basin Coal’s progeny,

Elgin v. Dep’t of Treasury, 132 S. Ct. 2126 (2012), and explained:

       To determine whether it is “fairly discernible” that Congress intended to bar the district
       court from exercising jurisdiction in this proceeding, Elgin directs us to examine the text,
       structure, and purpose of § 46110. In so doing, we have no reason to look beyond the
       plain text of the statute, in which Congress clearly expressed its intention that any legal
       challenge to a § 46110 order … be brought in the first instance in a court of appeals.

Blitz v. Napolitano, 700 F.3d 733, 740 (4th Cir. 2012). Further, under the Thunder Basin Coal

analysis, Amerijet’s claims are not wholly collateral from a TSA order because they are

inescapably intertwined with review of the agency’s interpretation, implementation, and

enforcement of the Security Directive, as was discussed above. Amerijet’s challenges also are

soundly within the TSA’s expertise, and Amerijet does not lack meaningful judicial review

because it may challenge a final agency action in the courts of appeals following consummation

of the administrative process. See id. at 742 (“[Section] 46110 does not deprive the Plaintiffs of

meaningful judicial review.” (citation omitted)). In fact, Amerijet has done just that through its

court of appeals petition challenging the TSA’s denial of its application for alternate screening

procedures. See Petitioner’s Final Opening Brief, Amerijet Int’l, Inc. v. Pistole, Case No. 13-

1176, at 2 (D.C. Cir. filed May 15, 2013). Accordingly, the Court finds that Amerijet’s

argument is without merit.

                                                23
                  D. Whether To Transfer The Case Under 28 U.S.C. § 1631

       Finally, when a federal district court concludes that it lacks subject matter jurisdiction,

the court “only has the authority to make a single decision: to dismiss the case, or in the interest

of justice, to transfer it to another court” pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1631. 12 Boultinghouse v.

Lappin, 816 F. Supp. 2d 107, 112-13 (D.D.C. 2011) (citations, quotations, and internal

alterations omitted). In a footnote to its opposition brief, Amerijet suggests that Defendants

should agree to the transfer of these claims to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of

Columbia Circuit. Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n, ECF No. 19-1, at 3 n.1. Defendants firmly reject

Amerijet’s proposition, arguing instead that dismissal of the claims is the proper disposition.

Defs.’ Reply, Jan. 21, 2014, ECF No. 20, at 13-15.

       Although Amerijet has made no motion requesting a transfer under § 1631, it remains

within this Court’s discretion to transfer an action sua sponte. See Halim v. Donovan, 951 F.

Supp. 2d 201, 204 (D.D.C. 2013) (“While a Court may on its own initiative transfer an action

under 28 U.S.C. § 1631, the law of this Circuit also holds that sua sponte transfers pursuant to 28

U.S.C. § 1631 are committed to the discretion of the District Court where no party has moved to

transfer a case brought in the wrong jurisdiction.” (citations, quotations, and internal alterations

omitted)).

       Here, the Court finds that “it is in the interest of justice” to transfer this action to the U.S.

Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. See 28 U.S.C. § 1631. Pending before

that court is a petition seeking review of the TSA’s denial of Amerijet’s request for alternative

       12
               28 U.S.C. § 1631 states, in relevant part:
       Whenever a civil action is filed in a court as defined in section 610 of this title … and
       that court finds that there is a want of jurisdiction, the court shall, if it is in the interest of
       justice, transfer such action or appeal to any other such court in which the action or
       appeal could have been brought at the time it was filed or noticed[.]

                                                   24
procedures under the Security Directive. See Amerijet Int’l, Inc. v. John Pistole, Case No. 13-

1176 (D.C. Cir. filed May 15, 2013). In hearing Amerijet’s petition, the court of appeals will

evaluate factual, legal, and procedural issues markedly similar to those raised in Amerijet’s

action pending before this Court. Principles of justice, judicial economy, and uniformity

therefore suggest that the court of appeals is the proper forum to address Amerijet’s interrelated

challenges to the TSA’s actions and the Security Directive. The Court therefore concludes that

transfer, not dismissal, is the preferable disposition.

                                        VI. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ Motion is granted, and this action is transferred to

the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1631. An

order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is separately and contemporaneously issued.

Dated: May 22, 2014                                                RUDOLPH CONTRERAS
                                                                   United States District Judge

                                                  25