Court Opinion

ID: 9297448
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-30 17:08:15.957442+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:13:26.715743
License: Public Domain

J-S28010-22

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    MARTY WILLIAM MANESS                       :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 439 MDA 2022

            Appeal from the PCRA Order Entered February 24, 2022
      In the Court of Common Pleas of Fulton County Criminal Division at
                       No(s): CP-29-CR-0000143-2016

BEFORE: OLSON, J., McLAUGHLIN, J., and KING, J.

MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.:                            FILED NOVEMBER 30, 2022

       Appellant, Marty William Maness, appeals from the February 24, 2022

order denying his petition filed pursuant to the Post Conviction Relief Act

(“PCRA”), 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9541-9546. Counsel for Appellant, Mark F. Bayley,

Esquire (“Attorney Bayley”) filed a brief and a motion to withdraw as counsel

pursuant to Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967) and its progeny.1 We
____________________________________________

1 See Commonwealth v. Santiago, 978 A.2d 349                          (Pa.   2009);
Commonwealth v. McClendon, 434 A.2d 1185 (Pa. 1981).

Attorney Bayley’s appellate brief filed pursuant to Anders, supra, is
misplaced. A Turner/Finley no-merit letter or brief is required where counsel
seeks to withdraw within the context of PCRA litigation. See Commonwealth
v. Widgins, 29 A.3d 816, 817 n.2 (Pa. Super. 2011); see also
Commonwealth v. Turner, 544 A.2d 927 (Pa. 1988); Commonwealth v.
Finley, 550 A.2d 213 (Pa. Super. 1998). “Because an Anders brief provides
greater protection to [an appellant], this Court may accept an Anders brief in
lieu of a Turner/Finley [no-merit] letter.” Widgins, 29 A.3d at 817 n.2.
J-S28010-22

affirm the order denying Appellant’s petition and grant Attorney Bayley’s

motion to withdraw.

       The PCRA court set forth the procedural history as follows:

       This case arises from an incident [that occurred] on March 30,
       2016, where an individual suffered a fatal overdose at [Appellant’s
       residence].      As a result, [Appellant] was charged with
       [manufacture, delivery, or possession with intent to manufacture
       or deliver, a controlled substance, 35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(20),] and
       drug delivery resulting in death[, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2506(a),] on
       June 23, 2016.

       On December 20, 2016, [Appellant] filed an omnibus pre[-]trial
       motion. He was represented by [] John J. Mooney[,] III[, Esquire
       (“Attorney Mooney”)] at the time. A hearing was held on the
       matter on February 14, 2017. [On] April 4, 2017, [the trial court]
       denied [Appellant’s] omnibus [] motion.

       After a two-day jury trial on October 5[, 2017, and October] 6,
       2017, [Appellant] was convicted of [the aforementioned] charges.
       [Appellant] was sentenced on October 31, 2017, to a term of 108[
       to ]240 months' incarceration in a state correctional institution for
       his conviction of drug delivery resulting in death[. H]is remaining
       conviction merged for sentencing purposes.

       On November 6, 2017, [Appellant] filed a motion for
       post-sentence relief. Subsequently, [Appellant] applied for, and
       was granted, the assistance of the public defender's office. Thus,
       Attorney Mooney ceased his representation of [Appellant], and []
       Philip Harper[, Esquire (“Attorney Harper”)] took over as counsel
       for [Appellant].

       [On] April 3, 2018, [the trial court] denied [Appellant’s]
       post-sentence motion. [Appellant] timely appealed on May 2,
       2018. On December 21, 2018, [this Court] affirmed [Appellant’s]
       judgment of sentence. [See Commonwealth v. Maness, 2018
       WL 6715297 (Pa. Super. filed Dec. 21, 2018) (unpublished
       memorandum). Appellant did not seek discretionary review by
____________________________________________

As such, we accept counsel’s Anders brief in lieu of a Turner/Finley no-merit
letter and will consider it under the Turner/Finley standard.

                                           -2-
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       our Supreme Court. Therefore, Appellant’s judgment of sentence
       became final on Tuesday, January 22, 2019.2]

       On August 26, 2019, [Appellant] filed a pro se [PCRA] petition, in
       which he indicated that he wished to proceed without an attorney.
       On August 28, 2019, [the PCRA court] scheduled a hearing in
       order to colloquy [Appellant] on the record about his right to
       counsel. After [conducting a] hearing on October 15, 2019, [the
       PCRA court] determined [Appellant] wished to have an attorney
       represent him and directed the court administrator to appoint
       counsel[. The PCRA court] also directed future counsel to review
       the record and determine whether [amendment of Appellant’s pro
       se] petition was necessary. On October 18, 2019, [] Bret
       Beynon[, Esquire (“Attorney Beynon”) was appointed to represent
       Appellant].

       [Following the appointment of Attorney Beynon, no additional
       filings were submitted on Appellant’s behalf. Accordingly, on
       March 3, 2020, the PCRA court] entered an order [] directing
       Attorney Beynon to file an amended petition or otherwise notify
       the [PCRA] court that none was necessary. On March 17, 2020,
       [Appellant] filed a counseled [amended PCRA] petition[.] On April
       9, 2020, [the PCRA court] received the Commonwealth's answer
       to [Appellant’s amended PCRA petition. The PCRA court] then
       scheduled an evidentiary hearing on [Appellant’s] petition for June
       16, 2020.

       On June 16, 2020, after an on-the-record discussion, [the PCRA
       court] vacated Attorney Beynon's appointment as counsel for
       [Appellant] due to a conflict of interest and directed the court
____________________________________________

2 See 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9545(b)(1) (stating, “[a] judgment becomes final at the
conclusion of direct review, including discretionary review in the Supreme
Court of the United States and the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, or at the
expiration of the time for seeking the review”); see also 1 Pa.C.S.A. § 1908
(stating, whenever the last day of any period of time referred to in a statute
“shall fall on Saturday or Sunday, or on any day made a legal holiday by the
laws of this Commonwealth or of the United States, such day shall be omitted
from the computation”); 5 U.S.C.A. § 6103(a) (listing the “Birthday of Martin
Luther King, Jr, the third Monday in January,” as a federal holiday). Pursuant
to these statutory provisions, we omitted Monday, January 21, 2019, from the
computation of the date on which Appellant’s judgment of sentence became
final.

                                           -3-
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     administrator to appoint new counsel as quickly as possible[. The
     PCRA court] also directed future counsel [to] review the [amended
     PCRA] petition submitted by Attorney Beynon and determine if
     any motions must be filed [to prepare the matter] for a[n
     evidentiary] hearing.

     On June 23, 2020, [Attorney Mark F. Bayley (“Attorney Bayley”)]
     was appointed to represent [Appellant].          Attorney Bayley
     subsequently requested several transcripts and filed a motion for
     leave to file [an] amended petition once all transcripts were
     received[. The PCRA court subsequently] granted the motion. On
     January 8, 2021, Attorney Bayley filed a motion [] to withdraw [as
     Appellant’s counsel], along with a [Turner/Finley] no[-]merit
     letter.

     On January 28, 2021, [the PCRA court] entered an order
     scheduling an evidentiary hearing on [Appellant’s] petition for
     March 4, 2021. [The PCRA court] clarified that the hearing was []
     limited to the issues concerning [District Attorney Travis Kendall’s]
     potential conflict of interest [in prosecuting Appellant’s underlying
     criminal matter] and the failure to call certain witnesses [at trial.
     The PCRA court further] indicated that the issue regarding
     [Attorney Mooney’s] failure to pursue certain suppression issues
     would be decided without [an] evidentiary hearing. On February
     16, 2021, [Appellant] filed a motion for [a] continuance and [a]
     motion for [the evidentiary] hearing to be conducted via [an
     Internet-based video conferencing application. The PCRA court]
     granted the motion[s] and continued the hearing until May 6,
     2021, [with the hearing] to take place [via a video conferencing
     application]. On April 29, 2021, upon the [PCRA] court's own
     motion, [the evidentiary hearing was] rescheduled [for] July 15,
     2021[.]

     On July 15, 2021, [the PCRA court] held an evidentiary hearing
     via [a video conferencing application], where [Appellant]
     presented testimony from Attorney [] Harper and Attorney []
     Mooney[. Appellant] also testified at the hearing. However, two
     additional defense witnesses [(Randy Cubbage and Joshua
     Sarver)] were unable to access the virtual hearing. Therefore,
     [the PCRA court] scheduled a second evidentiary hearing for
     September 20, 2021, to be held in[-]person.

     The second evidentiary hearing was held on September 20, 2021,
     at which time [Appellant] presented testimony from [] Cubbage.

                                     -4-
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       [Appellant’s] remaining witness, [] Sarver, [] failed to appear.
       Therefore, yet another [evidentiary] hearing was scheduled.

       On February 2, 2022, despite personal service by [the] deputy
       sheriff, [of a subpoena to appear and offer testimony at the
       evidentiary hearing,] Sarver again failed to appear [at the]
       evidentiary hearing.    Pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S.[A.] § 5904(d),
       [Appellant] requested that a bench warrant be issued for []
       Sarver. For the reasons set forth in [the] order [filed on] February
       17, 2022, [the PCRA court] declined to issue a bench warrant.
       [Thereafter, the PCRA court closed the evidentiary hearing record,
       and no further testimony or evidence was presented.]

PCRA Court Opinion, 2/24/22, 1-4 (extraneous capitalization omitted).         On

February 24, 2022, the PCRA court denied Appellant’s petition.3 On March 11,

2022, Appellant filed a notice of appeal.4 On June 8, 2022, Attorney Bayley

filed an Anders brief, as discussed supra, and a motion to withdraw as

court-appointed counsel with this Court.

       Appellant raises the following issues for our review:

       1.     [Did] the [PCRA] court err[] in denying [] Appellant's [PCRA]
              petition [] where [Attorney Harper and Attorney Mooney]
              provided ineffective assistance of counsel by failing to
              formally object to District Attorney [] Kendall prosecuting
              the case[?]

       2.     [Did] the [PCRA] court err[] in denying [] Appellant's [PCRA]
              petition [] where [Attorney] Mooney[] provided ineffective
____________________________________________

3 In the February 24, 2022 order denying Appellant’s PCRA petition, the PCRA
court informed Appellant of his right to appeal the denial of his petition and
that Attorney Bayley “shall continue to serve as court-appointed counsel.”
PCRA Court Order, 2/24/22. As such, by inference, the PCRA court denied
Attorney Bayley’s petition to withdraw as counsel.

4On April 4, 2022, Appellant filed a concise statement of errors complained of
on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). The PCRA court subsequently filed
a Rule 1925(a) opinion relying on its February 24, 2022 opinion.

                                           -5-
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                assistance of counsel by failing to call [] Sarver [as a
                witness] at trial[?]

          3.    [Did] the [PCRA] court err[] in denying [] Appellant's [PCRA]
                petition [] where [Attorney] Mooney[] provided ineffective
                assistance of counsel by failing to call [] Cubbage [as a
                witness] at trial[?]

          4.    [Did] the [PCRA] court err[] in denying [] Appellant's [PCRA]
                petition [] where [Attorney] Mooney[] provided ineffective
                assistance of counsel by failing to call [] Karen Amos [as a
                witness] at trial[?]

          5.    [Did] the [PCRA] court err[] in denying [] Appellant's [PCRA]
                petition [] where [Attorney] Harper[] provided ineffective
                assistance of counsel by failing to argue the facts and case
                law in his brief submitted to the trial court on March 15,
                2018, and during his [direct] appeal to [this Court?]

Appellant’s Brief at 7-8 (extraneous capitalization omitted).

          Preliminarily, we must address Attorney Bayley’s motion to withdraw as

counsel before addressing the merits of the claims raised on appeal.             As

discussed supra, because this appeal is from the denial of collateral relief

under the PCRA, a Turner/Finley no-merit letter or brief is the appropriate

filing.    Although we accepted Attorney Bayley’s Anders brief in lieu of a

Turner/Finley brief, counsel is still required to adhere to all of the

Turner/Finley requirements, stated as follows:

          Counsel petitioning to withdraw from PCRA representation must
          proceed under Turner, supra[,] and Finley, supra[,] and must
          review the case zealously. Turner/Finley counsel must then
          submit a “no-merit” letter to the trial court, or brief on appeal to
          this Court, detailing the nature and extent of counsel's diligent
          review of the case, listing the issues which petitioner wants to
          have reviewed, explaining why and how those issues lack merit,
          and requesting permission to withdraw.

                                         -6-
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      Counsel must also send to the petitioner: (1) a copy of the
      “no[-]merit” letter/brief; (2) a copy of counsel's petition to
      withdraw; and (3) a statement advising petitioner of the right to
      proceed pro se or by new counsel.

      Where counsel submits a petition and no-merit letter that satisfy
      the technical demands of Turner/Finley, the court – [PCRA]
      court or this Court - must then conduct its own review of the
      merits of the case. If the court agrees with counsel that the claims
      are without merit, the court will permit counsel to withdraw and
      deny relief.

Commonwealth v. Doty, 48 A.3d 451, 454 (Pa. Super. 2012) (original

brackets and ellipses omitted), quoting Commonwealth v. Wrecks, 931

A.2d 717, 721 (Pa. Super. 2007).

      Instantly, Attorney Bayley satisfied the technical requirements of

Turner/Finley. In his appellate brief, counsel raised five issues for our review

and explained how and why those issues are each without merit. Appellant’s

Brief at 7-8, 11-26. Counsel also filed a motion to withdraw with this Court

on June 8, 2022. As an exhibit to his motion, counsel attached a letter to

Appellant that enclosed a copy of counsel’s no-merit brief, included a copy of

counsel’s motion to withdraw, and advised Appellant of his right to proceed

pro se or retain new counsel. Appellant has not filed a response to counsel’s

letter, the appellate brief, or the motion to withdraw. Accordingly, we proceed

to conduct an independent review of the record to determine if the appeal

lacks merit.

      In addressing Appellant’s issues, we are mindful of our well-settled

standard and scope of review of an order denying a PCRA petition. Proper

appellate review of a PCRA court’s denial of a petition is limited to the

                                     -7-
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examination of “whether the PCRA court’s determination is supported by the

record and free of legal error.” Commonwealth v. Miller, 102 A.3d 988,

992 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citation omitted). “The PCRA court’s findings will not

be disturbed unless there is no support for the findings in the certified record.”

Commonwealth v. Lawson, 90 A.3d 1, 4 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citations

omitted). “This Court grants great deference to the findings of the PCRA court,

and we will not disturb those findings merely because the record could support

a contrary holding.”       Commonwealth v. Hickman, 799 A.2d 136, 140

(Pa. Super. 2002) (citation omitted). In contrast, we review the PCRA court’s

legal conclusions de novo.       Commonwealth v. Henkel, 90 A.3d 16, 20

(Pa. Super. 2014) (en banc), appeal denied, 101 A.3d 785 (Pa. 2014).

       Appellant’s issues, in tantum, raise claims alleging that that trial counsel

and direct appeal counsel provided ineffective assistance. Appellant’s Brief at

7-8.     “It   is   well-established   that   counsel   is   presumed   effective[.]”

Commonwealth v. Koehler, 36 A.3d 121, 132 (Pa. 2012), citing Strickland

v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-691 (1984). To plead and prove a claim

of ineffective assistance of counsel, “a petitioner must establish: (1) that the

underlying issue has arguable merit; (2) counsel's actions lacked an objective

reasonable basis; and (3) actual prejudice resulted from counsel's act or

failure to act.” Commonwealth v. Stewart, 84 A.3d 701, 706 (Pa. Super.

2013) (en banc), appeal denied, 93 A.3d 463 (Pa. 2014).                 “A claim of

ineffectiveness will be denied if the petitioner's evidence fails to meet any of

these prongs.” Commonwealth v. Martin, 5 A.3d 177, 183 (Pa. 2010). “In

                                         -8-
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determining whether counsel's action was reasonable, we do not question

whether there were other more logical courses of action which counsel could

have pursued; rather, we must examine whether counsel's decisions had any

reasonable basis.” Commonwealth v. Washington, 927 A.2d 586, 594 (Pa.

2007).

      Our inquiry ceases and counsel's assistance is deemed
      constitutionally effective once we are able to conclude that the
      particular course chosen by counsel had some reasonable basis
      designed to effectuate his[, or her,] client's interests. The test is
      not whether other alternatives were more reasonable, employing
      a hindsight evaluation of the record.          Although weigh the
      alternatives we must, the balance tips in favor of a finding of
      effective assistance as soon as it is determined that trial counsel's
      decision had any reasonable basis.

Commonwealth v. Pierce, 527 A.2d 973, 975 (Pa. 1987).               A petitioner

establishes prejudice when he demonstrates “that there is a reasonable

probability that, but for counsel's [acts or omissions], the result of the

proceeding would have been different.” Commonwealth v. Johnson, 966

A.2d 523, 533 (Pa. 2009).

      Appellant’s first issue alleges that both trial counsel and direct appeal

counsel rendered ineffective assistance in failing to challenge District Attorney

Kendall’s prosecution of Appellant’s case.        Appellant’s Brief at 11-18.

Appellant asserts that,

      Prior to serving as the Fulton County District Attorney, Attorney
      Kendall represented [Appellant] in a substantially similar case in
      or around 2005. [Appellant] asserts that [District] Attorney
      Kendall should have [] recognized his conflict of interest in
      prosecuting the current case, because of how similar the 2005
      case was[.]

                                      -9-
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Appellant’s Amended PCRA Petition, 3/17/20, at ¶22.5         Appellant contends

that “District Attorney Kendall made mention of the 2005 case, which was

dismissed, during arguments made to the [trial] court [regarding the]

reduction of [Appellant’s] bail, and [at the sentencing hearing] to justify the

Commonwealth’s [sentencing request.]” Id. at ¶23.

       A prosecution is barred when an actual conflict of interest affecting
       the prosecutor exists in the case[. U]nder such circumstances a
       defendant need not prove actual prejudice in order to require that
       the conflict be removed. Mere allegations of a conflict of interest,
       however, are insufficient to require replacement of a district
       attorney.

Commonwealth v. Orie, 88 A.3d 983, 1021 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citations and

quotation marks omitted), appeal denied, 99 A.3d 925 (Pa. 2014).

       Pennsylvania Rule of Professional Conduct 1.9, which defines the term

“conflict of interest” within the practice of law, states, in pertinent part, as

follows:

       A lawyer who has formerly represented a client in a matter shall
       not thereafter represent another person in the same or a
       substantially related matter in which that person's interests are
       materially adverse to the interests of the former client unless the
       former client gives informed consent.

Pa.R.P.C. 1.9(a).

____________________________________________

5In his pro se PCRA petition, Appellant asserted that because District Attorney
Kendall previously represented Appellant in private practice, District Attorney
Kendall “[knew] everything about [Appellant]” which gave the Commonwealth
a “gain” in convicting Appellant of the criminal charges in the case sub judice.
Appellant’s Pro Se PCRA Petition, 8/26/19, at 4.

                                          - 10 -
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     For purposes of Rule 1.9, matters are “substantially related” if
     they involve the same transaction or legal dispute or if there
     otherwise is a substantial risk that confidential factual information
     as would normally have been obtained in the prior representation
     would materially advance the client's position in the subsequent
     matter.

Commonwealth v. Ford, 122 A.3d 414, 416 (Pa. Super. 2015), relying on

Rule 1.9, Official Comment.

     Here, the PCRA court summarized District Attorney Kendall’s prior

involvement as Appellant’s privately-retained counsel as follows:

     A [criminal] complaint was filed against [Appellant] on July 6,
     2005, charging him with two counts of intentional possession of
     [a] controlled substance by person not registered, [35 P.S.
     § 780-113(a)(16),] and two counts of use/possession of drug
     paraphernalia[, 35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(32)].         The affidavit of
     probable cause explained that [police officers] responded to
     [Appellant’s residence] in Needmore, Fulton County, upon report
     of an unconscious female. The victim was deceased by the time
     the police [officers] arrived. The Fulton County coroner was called
     to investigate and discovered drugs and drug paraphernalia in the
     room where the woman died. The [police officers] recovered small
     vials of heroin and marijuana plants [from] around the room, as
     well as several items associated with drug use, including a metal
     spoon and metal smoking device, each containing residue[. A
     police] officer collected these items and sent them for testing.
     Testing confirmed that all [items seized in Appellant’s residence
     contained the residue of] controlled substances. During the
     investigation into the woman's death, [Appellant] provided a
     statement to [the police officers] admitting ownership of the
     recovered drugs.

     ...

     On June 6, 2006, Attorney Kendall filed omnibus pre-trial motions
     on behalf of [Appellant], alleging that the drug paraphernalia was
     discovered during an illegal, warrantless[] search of [Appellant’s]
     property[.     Attorney Kendall] also argued [that Appellant’s]
     statements to [the] police [officers] should be suppressed as fruit
     of the illegal search. The [trial] court issued an opinion and order

                                    - 11 -
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      on September 25, 2006, granting [Appellant’s] motion as to the
      heroin, marijuana, needles, glass vials, rolling papers, and metal
      smoking device[. T]he motion was denied as to the rubber tubing
      and metal spoon.

      On April 17, 2007, the Commonwealth nolle prossed all charges
      against [Appellant.]

PCRA Court Opinion, 2/24/22, at 6-7.

      At the PCRA evidentiary hearing, Attorney Mooney recalled that, at the

time of trial, he was aware District Attorney Kendall previously served as

Appellant privately-retained defense counsel during an earlier criminal

prosecution. In fact, Attorney Mooney discussed the matter with Appellant.

N.T., 7/15/21, at 12-13 (stating that, Appellant raised the issue of District

Attorney Kendall’s prior representation).        In these discussions, Attorney

Mooney informed Appellant that if he successfully challenged the local district

attorney’s fitness to prosecute the pending criminal charges, the Attorney

General for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania would take over prosecution

of the criminal case. Id. at 12. Attorney Mooney stated that both he and

Appellant “thought [Appellant] may be better off with local [d]istrict [a]ttorney

presence rather than the Attorney General’s office.” Id. at 12-13. Attorney

Mooney    testified   that,   ultimately,   Appellant   decided   not   to   pursue

disqualification of District Attorney Kendall or his office from prosecution of

Appellant’s pending criminal case. Id. at 13-14.

      Appellant testified that he initially raised District Attorney Kendall’s prior

representation with Attorney Harper, who at that point had been appointed to

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represent Appellant at trial.6       Id. at 34.    Appellant stated he did not ask

Attorney Harper to raise the issue because Appellant hired Attorney Mooney

to represent him. Id. Appellant recalled discussing “the pros and cons of

[District] Attorney Kendall continuing on as prosecutor in [the instant] case”

with Attorney Mooney. Id. at 36. At the evidentiary hearing, Appellant was

asked what confidential information he provided to Attorney Kendall during

the prior case that could have been used against him in the case sub judice.

Appellant responded,

        That we [(Appellant and the victim in the prior criminal case)]
        were injecting each other back then, you know, and it could be
        used against me so [District Attorney Kendall] could sit there and
        bring up the other cases back then that, you know, we injected
        each other. So it could have put me as I killed her and stuff but I
        didn’t inject her at that time.

Id. at 42.

        Based upon a review of the record before us, we discern no error of law

or abuse of discretion in the PCRA court’s denial of Appellant’s ineffectiveness

claim challenging trial counsel’s failure to seek disqualification of District

Attorney Kendall and his office from prosecution in the underlying criminal

case.    Appellant failed to establish that trial counsel’s actions lacked an

____________________________________________

6 For clarification, Attorney Harper was originally appointed to represent
Appellant at trial. Appellant subsequently retained Attorney Mooney as
privately-retained defense counsel for purposes of trial. After Appellant was
convicted and sentenced, as discussed supra, Attorney Harper was appointed
to represent Appellant in the post-sentence motion and direct appeal phases
of the case.

                                          - 13 -
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objective reasonable basis. Both Appellant and Attorney Mooney testified that

they discussed Attorney Kendall’s prior representation. As part of their “pros

and cons” discussion, Attorney Mooney explained the consequences of District

Attorney Kendall’s disqualification, including the likelihood that Appellant’s

case would be prosecuted by the Pennsylvania Attorney General. Attorney

Mooney believed, and Appellant agreed, that it was in Appellant’s best interest

to have the case prosecuted by the local district attorney. Ultimately, since

Appellant chose to forgo disqualification of District Attorney Kendall to avoid

potentially adverse consequences, we agree that trial counsel was not

ineffective.

      Because Appellant elected not to object to District Attorney Kendall’s

prosecution of the criminal case, no meritorious claim could have been raised

for the first time on direct appeal. See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a) (stating, “[i]ssues

not raised in the trial court are waived and cannot be raised for the first time

on appeal”). Therefore, Appellant’s ineffectiveness claim lodged against direct

appeal counsel is also without reasonable merit. Moreover, the allegation that

direct appeal counsel was ineffective for failing to raise the issue in a

post-sentence motion is also without merit. As discussed supra, trial counsel

had a reasonable basis for declining to object to District Attorney Kendall’s

prosecution of the case and direct appeal counsel cannot be ineffective for

failing to raise an unpreserved claim that lacked merit. Commonwealth v.

Rivera, 199 A.3d 365, 374 (Pa. 2018) (stating that, if the underlying claim is

                                     - 14 -
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without merit, counsel cannot be found ineffective for failing to raise a

meritless claim).

      Appellant’s next three issues allege that trial counsel was ineffective in

failing to call, at trial, three potential witnesses, namely Sarver, Cubbage, and

Amos. Appellant’s Brief at 18-24.

      To reiterate, the three prongs of an ineffectiveness claim are: (1)

arguable merit, (2) lack of reasonable basis or strategy, and (3) prejudice.

Stewart, 84 A.3d at 706.        To establish the arguable merit prong of the

three-prong ineffectiveness test based on a failure to call a potential witness

to testify at trial, the petitioner must prove that:

      (1) the witness existed; (2) the witness was available to testify
      for the defense; (3) counsel knew of, or should have known of,
      the existence of the witness; (4) the witness was willing to testify
      for the defense; and (5) the absence of the testimony of the
      witness was so prejudicial as to have denied the defendant a fair
      trial.

Commonwealth v. Matias, 63 A.3d 807, 810-811 (Pa. Super. 2013)

(citations omitted), appeal denied, 74 A.3d 1030 (Pa. 2013). In this context,

to establish prejudice, the petitioner "must show how the [potential witness's]

testimony would have been beneficial under the circumstances of the case"

and "helpful to the defense" such that the absence of the testimony denied

the petitioner a fair trial.      Id. at 811 (citation omitted); see also

Commonwealth v. Chmiel, 889 A.2d 501, 546 (Pa. 2005) (holding, "[t]rial

counsel's failure to call a [potential witness] does not constitute ineffective

assistance without some showing that the [potential] witness'[s] testimony

                                      - 15 -
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would have been beneficial or helpful in establishing the asserted defense"),

cert. denied, 549 U.S. 848 (2006).

      In addition to establishing arguable merit, a petitioner must also

demonstrate that there was no reasonable basis for failing to call a potential

witness and that the failure to call a potential witness prejudiced the petitioner

such that there was a reasonable probability that the witness’s testimony

would have resulted in a different outcome at trial. Stewart, 84 A.3d at 706;

see also Commonwealth v. Robinson, 278 A.3d 336, 345-349 (Pa. Super.

2022).

      Regarding the aforementioned three potential witnesses, the PCRA court

found that Attorney Mooney had a reasonable basis for not calling each of the

potential witnesses at trial. Appellant’s Brief at 16, 19-20. In the case of

Amos, the PCRA court stated,

      Attorney Mooney explained that in his opinion, not much of Amos'
      potential testimony would be useful. In fact, the most useful thing
      Amos could say was that [Appellant] was not the drug kingpin,
      but was just "part of the party." Significantly, according to
      Attorney Mooney, Amos was not convinced that [Appellant] had
      not supplied the victim with heroin on the day he died. Further,
      both of the other individuals with [Appellant] and [the victim on
      the day of the incident] admitted at trial that they were drug users
      or [drug] dealers in their own right; one even admitted to having
      previously been arrested in a drug deal. In [Attorney Mooney’s]
      view, having Amos testify would not have been favorable to the
      defense, especially in light of the Commonwealth's ability to then
      cross-examine her. Specifically, Attorney Mooney felt it was best
      not to have Amos testify because doing so would have opened the
      door for the Commonwealth to introduce information about
      damaging phone calls between [Appellant] and Amos. . . . While
      Attorney Mooney discussed the positives and negatives of calling
      Amos at trial, it was [Appellant] who ultimately decided not to.

                                     - 16 -
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PCRA Court Opinion, 2/24/22, at 15-16 (paragraph formatting modified).

        Concerning Cubbage, the PCRA court stated,

        [Attorney Mooney] testified that the purpose of calling Cubbage
        would have been to attack the other two individuals[, who were
        with Appellant and the victim on the day of the incident,7] as being
        drug users or drug dealers themselves. According to Attorney
        Mooney, once [the two individuals] admitted as much during trial,
        it took a lot of impetus out of the usefulness of Cubbage's
        testimony. Attorney Mooney testified that, at that point, bringing
        in more drug users would paint an even worse picture of
        [Appellant]. Lastly, Attorney Mooney testified that [Appellant]
        was involved in the decision not to call more drug users[ or drug
        ]dealers to the stand.

        ...

        Cubbage's testimony at the [evidentiary] hearing, while providing
        basic background information, was unclear with respect to what
        he would have testified about had he been called as a witness at
        [Appellant’s] trial. Without any information [concerning] the
        testimony he would have given, we cannot [] begin to speculate
        as to whether that testimony would have been favorable to the
        defense.

        In addition, Attorney Mooney made a strategic decision not to
        offer Cubbage's testimony, as doing so would have allowed the
        [Commonwealth] to extract damaging information from him
        regarding [Appellant’s] various drug activities. This was a prudent
        and reasonable decision. Moreover, to the extent Cubbage's
        testimony would have been beneficial in showing that the other
        two individuals with [the victim] and [Appellant on the day of the
        incident] were also involved with drugs, such usefulness was
        diminished when that information came out during trial [without
        Cubbage’s testimony]. At trial, [the two individuals with Appellant
        and the victim on the day of the incident] both testified that they,
        along with [the victim], were heroin addicts who frequently sold
        heroin for [Appellant] in exchange for a small amount of heroin
        they could keep for personal use. They also testified that on the
        day in question, they, along with [the victim], were experiencing
____________________________________________

7   Cubbage was not present at Appellant’s residence on the day of the incident.

                                          - 17 -
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        heroin withdrawal and went to [Appellant’s] house to obtain and
        use heroin.

Id. at 18-19 (record citations omitted).

        Finally, with regard to Sarver, the PCRA court stated,

        Attorney Mooney testified that the purpose of calling Sarver would
        have been to attack the other two individuals[, who were with the
        victim and Appellant on the day of the incident, 8] as being drug
        users or drug dealers themselves[. H]owever, once [the two
        individuals] admitted as much during trial, it took a lot of the
        usefulness out of Sarver's testimony. Again, Attorney Mooney
        testified that, at that point, bringing even more drug users before
        the jury painted an even worse picture for [Appellant]. Lastly,
        Attorney Mooney testified that [Appellant] was involved in the
        decision not to call more drug users[ or drug ]dealers to the stand.

Id. at 20. Moreover, the PCRA court found that,

        Sarver's testimony at trial would likely not have survived a
        relevance   [or]     speculation     objection    raised   by  the
        [Commonwealth]. There is no evidence in the record that Sarver
        was present at [Appellant’s] home on the day in question. What
        Sarver may have observed on other days about [Appellant’s]
        drug-sharing activities is [] likely not relevant to what happened
        on the day [the victim] died in [Appellant’s] home. In addition,
        any suggestion by Sarver that [Appellant] and [the victim]
        engaged in similar drug-sharing behavior on the day in question
        would be no more than rank speculation.

Id., citing PCRA Court Order, 2/17/22, at 4.

        At the criminal trial, Attorney Mooney summarized Appellant’s defense

as follows,

        [T]here is no credible evidence that [Appellant] distributed,
        handled, injected, administered, dispensed, [or] sold [] controlled
____________________________________________

8   Sarver was not present at Appellant’s residence on the day of the incident.

                                          - 18 -
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       substances to [the victim]. A more logical explanation [of the
       events on the day of the incident] is [Appellant’s residence] was
       [the chosen destination of the victim and the other two
       individuals. They] brought [their] kits [for using drugs. They]
       sold some packs [of drugs] earlier in the day. [It was] time for
       [them] to feel good again.

N.T., 10/6/17, at 41.        At the PCRA evidentiary hearing, Attorney Mooney

testified that, in his discussions with Appellant about the pros and cons of

calling any of these three potential witnesses at trial, he expressed that

presenting more witnesses who were within Appellant’s circle of drug users

and drug dealers “was painting a worse picture” for the defense.             N.T.,

7/15/21, at 26. Ultimately, Appellant decided not to call the three individuals

as potential witnesses at trial. Id. at 22, 26. Attorney Mooney stated that

the most useful testimony Amos could have offered was to state that Appellant

was not a “drug king pin” but, rather, simply part of a group of people who

partied and used drugs.          Id. at 17.        This testimony, Attorney Mooney

explained, was not, in his opinion, helpful and would only subject Amos to

cross-examination by the Commonwealth. Id. at 15, 17. Attorney Mooney

recalled that calling Amos risked introduction of “hours and hours” of

telephone conversations between Amos and Appellant in which Appellant

directed Amos to “collect money that they were owed by people to whom

[Appellant] had sold drugs.”9 Id. at 23 (describing the taped conversations

as “the worst conversations I have heard in 37 years of being a criminal
____________________________________________

9At trial, the Commonwealth introduced into evidence three portions of taped
conversations between Appellant and Amos, which were played for the jury.
N.T., 10/5/17, at 154-163; see also N.T., 10/6/17, at 3-5.

                                          - 19 -
J-S28010-22

defense” attorney). At trial, the audio evidence of Appellant’s conversations

with Amos was redacted to three small portions as a result of Attorney

Mooney’s hearsay objections.    N.T., 10/5/17, at 154-163 (admitting those

portions of the conversation in which Amos’ comments were “purely

incidental” and “not testimonial”). Attorney Mooney was concerned that if

Amos testified at trial, the Commonwealth would be able to introduce

additional portions of her telephone conversations with Appellant.        N.T.,

7/15/21, at 24. Attorney Mooney stated that having more of the conversation

presented to the jury would outweigh any useful testimony Amos may have

offered. Id. (stating, “[i]t was mountains of more bad information that the

jury would have heard”).

      Concerning Cubbage and Sarver, Attorney Mooney agreed that one

reason to call those witnesses was to attack or discredit the two individuals

who were with Appellant and the victim the day of the incident “as being drug

users and drug dealers themselves.” Id. at 25. Both Cubbage and Sarver

purchased drugs from the two individuals at some point prior to the incident.

Id.   The importance of Cubbage’s or Sarver’s testimony was greatly

diminished, however, once the two individuals admitted, at trial, that they

were drug dealers. Id. Attorney Mooney reiterated that, at this point, calling

either Cubbage or Sarver as a witness was “bringing more druggies into the

circle [] of people who used drugs and brought drugs and sold drugs [] with

[Appellant and that] was not making it better” for Appellant’s case. Id. at 26.

                                    - 20 -
J-S28010-22

      Upon review, we discern no error of law or abuse of discretion in the

PCRA court’s denial of Appellant’s ineffectiveness claims challenging trial

counsel’s failure to call Amos, Cubbage, or Sarver as potential witnesses at

trial. The PCRA court found, and the record supports, that trial counsel offered

reasonable explanations for not calling these potential witnesses. As such,

Appellant’s issues are without merit.

      In his final issue, Appellant alleges that direct appeal counsel was

ineffective for failing to challenge, within the context of a post-sentence

motion or on direct appeal, the trial court’s denial of his omnibus motion which

sought to suppress certain evidence seized from Appellant’s residence, as well

as his cellular telephone and statements Appellant made to law enforcement

officials on the day of the incident. Appellant’s Brief at 7-8, 24-26.

      In order to establish this ineffectiveness claim, Appellant must plead and

prove by a preponderance of the evidence that, inter alia, his underlying

suppression claims possessed arguable merit. Stewart, 84 A.3d at 706.

      To address Appellant’s ineffectiveness claim, we briefly discuss the

procedural history pertinent to the underlying suppression motion.           On

December 20, 2016, Attorney Mooney filed an omnibus motion seeking to

suppress certain evidence seized on the day of the incident, namely evidence

taken from Appellant’s residence, Appellant’s cellular         telephone, and

statements Appellant made to law enforcement at his residence. Omnibus

Pre-Trial Motion, 12/20/16. The trial court conducted a hearing on Appellant’s

omnibus motion on February 14, 2017, and subsequently directed counsel and

                                     - 21 -
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the Commonwealth to file written arguments on the issues presented no later

than March 7, 2017. Trial Court Order, 2/16/17. The Commonwealth filed a

brief in opposition to Appellant’s omnibus motion on March 6, 2017. Attorney

Mooney filed a brief in support of the omnibus motion on March 8, 2017, which

the trial court accepted as timely. On April 4, 2017, the trial court denied

Appellant’s omnibus motion. Trial Court Order, 4/4/17; see also Trial Court

Opinion, 4/4/17.

        After Appellant was convicted of the aforementioned crimes and the trial

court imposed its sentence, as discussed supra, Attorney Mooney filed a

post-sentence motion on November 5, 2017. On February 8, 2018, Attorney

Harper represented to the trial court that Appellant sought the services of the

public defender’s office and that Attorney Mooney no longer represented

Appellant.     Appellant’s Motion for Extension of Time to Submit Written

Argument in Support of Post-Sentence Motion, 2/8/18, at ¶¶5-6; see also

Attorney Mooney’s Praecipe for Withdrawal of Appearance, 2/16/18.              On

March 12, 2018, the Commonwealth filed a brief in opposition to Appellant’s

post-sentence motion. On March 15, 2018, Attorney Harper filed a brief in

support of Appellant’s post-sentence motion.10        The trial court denied the
____________________________________________

10   In the brief, Attorney Harper stated,

        [Appellant] raises a request for [a] new trial based upon the [trial
        court’s error in refusing] to suppress evidence of [cellular
        telephones] obtained at the scene of the alleged crime and
        evidence of telephone calls between [Appellant] and [Amos] while

                                          - 22 -
J-S28010-22

post-sentence motion on April 3, 2018. On direct appeal, Attorney Harper

raised claims challenging the sufficiency of the evidence, the weight of the

evidence, and the excessive nature of Appellant’s sentence. Maness, 2018

WL 6715297, at *1. Attorney Harper did not raise a claim challenging the trial

court’s denial of the omnibus motion. Id.; see also Appellant’s Rule 1925(b)

Concise Statement, 5/29/18.

       In the instant appeal, Appellant now claims that direct appeal counsel

was ineffective for failing to challenge the denial of his omnibus motion in the

post-sentence motion or on direct appeal.          Appellant’s Brief at 24-26.    To

review Appellant’s ineffectiveness claim, we must first review the underlying

claim to assess whether underlying suppression issues have merit.                See

Rivera, 199 A.3d at 374.

       In his omnibus motion, Appellant conceded that Trooper Bradley Huff

(“Trooper Huff”) was lawfully present in the residence because he was

responding to a 911 emergency services request regarding the victim’s

possible overdose. Omnibus Motion, 12/20/16, at ¶11. Appellant asserted,
____________________________________________

       [Appellant] was incarcerated. On review of the record in this case
       and the trial transcripts, in particular, [pages 108 to 121 of the
       notes of testimony dated October 5, 2017,] the undersigned
       [(Attorney Harper)], without further information, is unable to
       support the validity of this claim given the agreements and
       stipulations of [trial] counsel, the [d]istrict [a]ttorney[,] and
       in[-]camera testimony of witnesses. Therefore[,] it is requested
       to raise this issue on further appeal, if necessary.

Appellant’s Argument in Support of Post-Sentence Motions, 3/15/18, at
unpaginated page 2.

                                          - 23 -
J-S28010-22

however, that “no other exception to the warrant requirement is present to

justify the warrantless search of [Appellant’s residence].” Id. Specifically,

Appellant argued that the evidence cited in the affidavit of probable cause and

offered in support of the search warrant – namely a bag of short cut straws

discovered in a flowerpot, an uncapped hypodermic needle located behind a

picture frame, and a hypodermic needle and caps recovered from a trash

can - was unlawfully seized by Trooper Huff because it was not in plain view,

and no other exception applied.11 Id. at ¶¶12, 16. Appellant further asserted

that there were no exigent circumstances which justified Trooper Huff’s

seizure of Appellant’s cellular telephone before obtaining a warrant. Id. at

¶¶12-14, 17, 19-28. Finally, Appellant argued that statements he made to

Trooper Huff while at the residence were illegally obtained because they were

made while Appellant was in custodial detention and without issuance of

Miranda warnings.12 Id. at 29-36.

        In denying Appellant’s omnibus motion, the trial court found,

        [Trooper Huff13] was dispatched to [Appellant’s] residence in
        response to a 911 [emergency services] call for an unresponsive
____________________________________________

11  In his omnibus motion, Appellant asserted that the items seized from his
residence included: (1) “a bundle of short cut straws in a potted plant in a
living room,” (2) “an uncapped hypodermic needle behind a picture frame on
a table,” and (3) “a hypodermic needle and caps in the trash can underneath
paper towels with possibly fresh blood.” Omnibus Motion, 12/20/16, at ¶12.

12   Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).

13Trooper Huff, at that time, was “an eight-year veteran of the Pennsylvania
State Police.” Trial Court Opinion, 4/4/17, at 1.

                                          - 24 -
J-S28010-22

     individual. When he entered the [residence], he observed [the
     victim] lying on the living room floor and being attended to by
     [emergency medical services (“EMS”)] personnel.              He also
     observed the hypodermic needle and the cut straw pieces in plain
     view, without conducting any kind of search of the home. The
     photographs introduced as Commonwealth’s exhibits 1 through 5
     capture the scene as Trooper Huff viewed it upon his entry. The
     location of the orange-capped hypodermic needle on the table
     behind the framed photograph and the [flowerpot] containing the
     plastic bag of straw pieces are clearly within just a few feet of [the
     victim’s] body. The items were not obscured and were capable of
     being plainly seen from the trooper’s location. Further, given [the
     victim’s] apparent drug overdose and Trooper Huff’s training and
     experience, the incriminating nature of the items was immediately
     apparent. Finally, Trooper Huff did not actually seize the property
     until after he obtained a warrant to search the residence.

     ...

     Trooper Huff, at the suggestion of another trooper arriving at the
     scene, took [Appellant’s cellular telephone] and secured it in his
     patrol vehicle to prevent the individuals involved from using their
     [cellular telephones] to collaborate and align their version[s] of
     events, as well as to preserve any evidence that may be on the
     [cellular telephones.] Certainly [Appellant] understood at the
     time that Trooper Huff believed [the victim] to have expired after
     a drug (possibly heroin) overdose, based on the questions Trooper
     Huff asked [Appellant] during the conversation which had taken
     place just prior to Trooper Huff collecting the [cellular telephones].
     Trooper Huff was aware that illegal drug transactions are often set
     up through the use of a [cellular telephone]. Trooper Huff was
     concerned that evidence on the [cellular telephones] could be
     remotely accessed and deleted – either intentionally or
     unintentionally through the normal course of use. [Appellant’s
     cellular telephone] was placed in airplane mode, indicating that
     [the cellular telephone] would not have been receiving new calls
     or [text] messages viewable by the police in the time [the cellular
     telephone] was in police custody and prior to the issuance of a
     warrant.     Once it was secured, the contents and data on
     [Appellant’s cellular telephone were] not searched or accessed
     until the warrant was obtained. The warrant was obtained without
     delay and within a very short time of Trooper Huff securing the
     [cellular telephone.]

     ...

                                    - 25 -
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      [The trial court] cannot find that [Appellant] was subjected to a
      custodial interrogation with attendant conditions so coercive as to
      constitute the functional equivalent of an arrest. However, it is
      also not consistent with the totality of the circumstances to
      suggest that [Appellant’s] interaction with Trooper Huff was no
      more than a mere encounter.          Rather, the totality of the
      circumstances support a finding that [Appellant] was subjected to
      an investigative detention which must be supported by reasonable
      suspicion.[FN9]

         [Footnote 9] There does not seem to be any suggestion that
         Trooper Huff would not have possessed reasonable
         suspicion to detain [Appellant]. After all, [the victim] was
         lying on [Appellant’s] living room floor, dead of an apparent
         drug overdose.

      Looking more closely at the evidence, the interaction took place
      on the porch of [Appellant’s residence] after [Appellant] called 911
      and personally summoned emergency assistance, which included
      the police, to his home. Trooper Huff responded to the scene,
      observed the unsuccessful efforts to revive [the victim], and
      began questioning all individuals present, including [Appellant]
      about what happened to [the victim.            Appellant] was not
      handcuffed or otherwise restrained during the brief conversation.
      Finally, [Appellant] agreed to come to the [state police] barracks,
      on his own, for a more formal interview. As we cannot find that
      [Appellant] was in custody during the time he spoke to Trooper
      Huff, Miranda warnings were not required.

Trial Court Opinion, 4/4/17, at 6-12 (record citation omitted). For the reasons

that follow, we agree with the trial court that the items relied upon in support

of the affidavit of probable cause for issuance of the search warrant,

Appellant’s cellular telephone, and statements Appellant made while at his

residence were lawfully obtained.

      It is well-settled that,

      [a] search conducted without a warrant is deemed to be
      unreasonable and[,] therefore[,] constitutionally impermissible,
      unless an established exception applies.     Exceptions to the
      warrant requirement include the consent exception, the plain view

                                     - 26 -
J-S28010-22

      exception, the inventory search exception, the exigent
      circumstances exception, the automobile exception[,] the stop
      and frisk exception, and the search incident to arrest exception.

Commonwealth v. Simonson, 148 A.3d 792, 797 (Pa. Super. 2016)

(quotation marks and citations omitted), appeal denied, 169 A.3d 33 (Pa.

2017). As noted, one exception to the need to obtain a search warrant is the

plain-view doctrine.

      The plain-view doctrine permits the warrantless seizure of an
      object when: (1) [a police] officer views the object from a lawful
      vantage point; (2) it is immediately apparent to [the police officer]
      that the object is incriminating; and (3) the [police] officer has a
      lawful right of access to the object. There can be no reasonable
      expectation of privacy in an object that is in plain view. To judge
      whether the incriminating nature of an object was immediately
      apparent to the police officer, reviewing courts must consider the
      totality of the circumstances. In viewing the totality of the
      circumstances, the [police] officer's training and experience
      should be considered.

Commonwealth v. Bumbarger, 231 A.3d 10, 20 (Pa. Super. 2020)

(citations and quotation marks omitted), appeal denied, 239 A.3d 20 (Pa.

2020).

      With regard to cellular telephones, law enforcement officers are

constitutionally permitted “to seize and secure [but not access cellular

telephones] in order to prevent the destruction of evidence during the time it

takes to obtain a valid search warrant.” Commonwealth v. Stem, 96 A.3d

407, 411 (Pa. Super. 2014) (noting that, “once law enforcement officers have

secured a cell[ular] telephone, there is no longer any risk that the arrestee []

will be able to delete incriminating data from the phone”), relying on Riley v.

                                     - 27 -
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California, 573 U.S. 373, 388 (2014); see also Commonwealth v.

Goldstein, 2020 WL 3172663, at *6 (Pa. Super. 2020) (unpublished

memorandum) (noting that, exigent circumstances must justify the seizure of

the cellular telephone and a valid search warrant must be obtained within a

reasonable amount of time); Commonwealth v. Trahey, 228 A.3d 520, 530

(Pa. 2020) (stating that, “[a]lthough an exigency may present itself in a

variety of contexts, its defining trait is a compelling need for official action [to

prevent the imminent destruction of evidence] and no time to secure a

warrant” (citations and original quotation marks omitted)). In order to access

information stored on a cellular telephone, however, law enforcement officers

must first obtain a warrant, absent “case-specific exceptions” such as consent

or exigent circumstances. Commonwealth v. Fulton, 179 A.3d 475, 487

and n.18 (Pa. 2018) (explaining that, law enforcement accesses or searches

a cellular telephone when, inter alia, the police officer powers on the device,

obtains the phone number of the device by navigating the device’s menu, or

monitors incoming calls and textual messages).

      Concerning statements made by a defendant, “Miranda warnings are

only required when a defendant is subject to a custodial interrogation.”

Commonwealth v. Smith, 836 A.2d 5, 18 (Pa. 2003).                 “A person is in

custody for purposes of Miranda only when the objective circumstances

suggest that [he or] she was physically deprived of [his or] her freedom or

was in a situation where [he or] she reasonably could have believed that [his

or] her freedom of movement was being restricted.” Id. In contrast, “the

                                      - 28 -
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dictates of Miranda do not attach during an investigatory detention.”

Commonwealth v. Murray, 936 A.2d 76, 81 (Pa. Super. 2007) (stating that,

“under limited circumstances police are justified in investigating a situation,

so long as the police officers reasonably believe that criminal activity is

afoot”).   “Statements not made in response to custodial interrogation are

classified as gratuitous and not subject to suppression for lack of Miranda

warnings.” Commonwealth v. Coleman, 204 A.3d 1003, 1008 (Pa. Super.

2019), appeal denied, 217 A.3d 205 (Pa. 2019).

       Upon review, we discern no error in the trial court’s denial of Appellant’s

omnibus motion to suppress evidence seized from his residence, his cellular

telephone, or statements made at his residence on the day of the incident. At

the suppression hearing, Trooper Huff testified that, upon entering the room

where a drug-overdose victim was being treated by EMS workers, he

immediately noticed drug paraphernalia to be in plain view, which in his

experience he knew to be used in drug packaging for distribution.           N.T.,

2/14/17, at 8-11. Specifically, Trooper Huff noted a bundle of red and white

short cut straws in a flowerpot and an uncapped hypodermic needle behind a

picture frame on a table.14          Id.; see also Commonwealth Exhibits 1-5.
____________________________________________

14  To understand the significance of “short cut straws,” our inquiry
demonstrates that one method of using heroin involves “smoking” heroin,
which may be achieved by inhaling the smoke and steam as it wafts off the
liquified heroin through use of a short cut straw. Another common form of
heroin use is through injection via a hypodermic needle.               See
https://americanaddictioncenters.org/heroin-treatment/identifying-parapher
nalia (last visited 10/13/22).

                                          - 29 -
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Trooper Huff stated that, upon seeing the aforementioned items in plain view,

he did not manipulate the items prior to obtaining a search warrant. N.T.,

2/14/17, at 8, 31-32. We concur with the trial court, and the record supports,

that items which formed the grounds for issuance of the search warrant were

located in Trooper Huff’s plain-view from a lawful vantage point and, based

upon his training and experience, as well as the victim’s apparent drug

overdose, the incriminating nature of the items was apparent.        Moreover,

having been summoned to Appellant’s residence to furnish emergency

assistance, Trooper Huff possessed lawful access to the unconcealed drug

paraphernalia maintained in Appellant’s home. Therefore, we discern no error

in the trial court’s denial of Appellant’s omnibus motion on this ground.15

____________________________________________

15 To the extent that Appellant challenged the hypodermic needle and caps
located in a trash can in his omnibus motion, a review of the suppression
hearing transcript demonstrates that the details of Trooper Huff’s observation
of this item were not tested on cross-examination. N.T., 2/14/17, at 1-45.
Nonetheless, Appellant’s argument concerning this item pertains to its use as
support for the issuance of a search warrant. Omnibus Motion, 12/20/16, at
¶12.

“In order to obtain a valid search warrant, the affiant must establish probable
cause to believe that execution of the warrant will lead to the recovery of
contraband or evidence of a crime.” Commonwealth v. Caple, 121 A.3d
511, 520 (Pa. Super. 2015) (citation omitted), appeal denied, 179 A.3d 7 (Pa.
2018).

       [T]he task of an issuing authority is simply to make a practical,
       commonsense decision whether, given all of the circumstances set
       forth in the affidavit before him, [or her,] including the veracity
       and basis of knowledge of persons supplying hearsay information,
       there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime

                                          - 30 -
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       Regarding the taking and securing of Appellant’s cellular telephone by

Trooper Huff prior to his obtaining a search warrant, we find no error in the

trial court’s denial of Appellant’s omnibus motion on this ground.           At the

suppression hearing, Trooper Huff stated that in his experience, drug deals

were typically communicated by using cellular telephone text messaging and

telephone calls.     N.T., 2/14/17, at 24.         As such, cellular telephones were

known to contain information that aided law enforcement in its investigation

into drug activity, such as the investigation into the victim’s cause of death in

the case sub judice. Id. at 24-25. While at the scene of the incident, Trooper

Huff observed Appellant and the other individuals present at the time of the

____________________________________________

       will be found in a particular place. It is the duty of a court
       reviewing an issuing authority's probable cause determination to
       ensure that the [issuing authority] had a substantial basis for
       concluding that probable cause existed.

Caple, 121 A.3d at 520 (citation and ellipsis omitted).

Here, Appellant asserts that the affidavit of probable cause to support the
issuance of the search warrant relied on Trooper Huff’s discovery of a bundle
of short cut straws observed in a flowerpot, an uncapped hypodermic needle
located behind a picture frame, and a hypodermic needle and caps in a trash
can. Omnibus Motion, 12/20/16, at ¶16. Although we are unable to review,
based upon the record before us, the validity of Appellant’s suppression
challenge as it pertains to the hypodermic needle and caps located in the trash
can, Appellant failed to demonstrate how he was prejudiced by the failure to
suppress those items. The lawful observation of the hypodermic needle
located behind the picture frame and the bundle of short cut straws found in
the flowerpot, as discussed supra, when viewed with the other evidence of
record, namely that the victim died of an apparent overdose, gave rise to a
substantial basis for concluding that probable cause existed in support of the
search warrant absent consideration of the hypodermic needle and caps
located in the trach can.

                                          - 31 -
J-S28010-22

victim’s death using their cellular telephones. Id. at 22. Trooper Huff believed

that Appellant and the other individuals were not truthful regarding the events

giving rise to the victim’s death and that the individuals, including Appellant,

may be communicating via their cellular telephones with each other to “get

their stories straight” about the events leading to the victim’s death. Id. at

24. Moreover, Trooper Huff believed, based upon his experience and training,

that the cellular telephones may contain incriminating information pertaining

to the cause of the victim’s death and that Appellant and the other individuals

may attempt to remove this information from their cellular telephones prior

to discovery by law enforcement.               Id.   To preserve the potentially

incriminating information and prevent Appellant and the other parties from

communicating about the events leading to the victim’s death, Trooper Huff

collected Appellant’s cellular telephone, placed it in airplane mode, and

secured the cellular telephone in his police vehicle.16 Id. at 22-23, 38-40.

Trooper Huff testified that he did not view the digital content of Appellant’s

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16 Trooper Huff described “airplane mode” as the function of turning off cellular
telephone service to a device to prevent in-coming and out-going telephone
calls and textual messages and to prevent the cellular telephone from being
accessed remotely. N.T., 2/14/17, at 23; see also Commonwealth v.
Bowens, 265 A.3d 730 758 (Pa. Super. 2021) (noting that, placing a cellular
telephone in “airplane mode” prevents the contents of the cellular telephone
from being added to or deleted and preserves the contents from changing or
becoming stale), appeal denied, 279 A.3d 508 (Pa. 2022). Trooper Huff stated
that a cellular telephone can be placed in “airplane mode” by “swip[ing]
down[ward] from the very top of the [cellular telephone’s] scene” without
accessing the information on the cellular telephone or viewing a person’s
information contained on the cellular telephone. N.T., 2/14/17, at 23.

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cellular telephone until he obtained a search warrant. Id. at 25. We concur

with the trial court, and the record supports, that without searching or viewing

the information contained on Appellant’s cellular telephone, Trooper Huff

disabled the device’s cellular service and placed the device in his police vehicle

in order to preserve the cellular telephone and its contents until a search

warrant could be obtained. Under these circumstances, we discern no error

in the trial court’s denial of the omnibus motion on this ground. See Stem,

96 A.3d at 411.

      Finally, Appellant asserted that his statements made to Trooper Huff

while at the residence should have been suppressed because they were made

while Appellant was subjected to custodial detention and interrogation and

without first being provided his Miranda warnings. We disagree.

      At the evidentiary hearing, Trooper Huff testified that, at some point

shortly after arriving at the scene of the incident, he “asked if [he] could get

a statement from each of the people there for [his police] report to find out

what happened [since] a dead person [was] laying on the floor [and he]

need[ed] to know what happened[.]”        N.T., 2/14/17, at 13.     Trooper Huff

explained that Appellant voluntarily came outside the residence to speak with

him privately about the incident and that during their conversation, he did not

inform Appellant that he was under arrest, Appellant was not handcuffed or

otherwise detained, and prior to and after the conversation, Appellant’s

movements about the residence were not restricted.         Id. at 17-18.    After

Appellant made his initial statements concerning the incident to Trooper Huff

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and Trooper Huff completed his interviews of the remaining persons present,

Trooper Huff asked Appellant and the others if they were willing to come to

the police station to give a formal, written statement.       Id. at 25.   Upon

agreeing to provide formal written statements, Appellant and the others

transported themselves to the police station in their own vehicle, and even

stopped at a grocery store for cigarettes. Id. at 25, 37.

       An objective review of the circumstances under which Appellant made

his statements to Trooper Huff at the residence did not give rise to a custodial

detention or interrogation requiring Trooper Huff to provide Appellant with

Miranda warnings before speaking with him.          In particular, Trooper Huff

asked Appellant to voluntarily provide a statement of events, and Appellant

complied without restriction to his movements or being subjected to

detention. Moreover, after speaking with Appellant, Trooper Huff permitted

Appellant to continue to move freely about the residence until Appellant drove

himself to the police station to provide a formal written statement. As such,

we find no error in the trial court’s denial of Appellant’s omnibus motion on

this ground.17

       In toto, Appellant’s underlying claim challenging the trial court’s denial

of his omnibus motion is without merit for the reasons discussed supra. As

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17 Furthermore, Appellant concedes in his omnibus motion that at the time his
cellular telephone was “seized” by Trooper Huff, which occurred after
Appellant made his statements to Trooper Huff, “no arrests [had been] made”
of Appellant. Omnibus Motion, 12/20/17, at ¶24.

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such, direct appeal counsel cannot be ineffective for failing to raise a frivolous

claim in a post-sentence motion or on direct appeal. Rivera, 199 A.3d at 374.

Consequently, Appellant’s ineffectiveness claim on this ground cannot be the

basis for collateral relief.

      Upon a review of the record, we conclude it supports Attorney Bayley’s

assessment that Appellant’s appeal is wholly frivolous.           Moreover, our

independent review of the record reveals no additional, non-frivolous claims.

Therefore, we grant counsel’s petition to withdraw and affirm the order

denying Appellant’s PCRA petition.

      Order affirmed. Petition to withdraw granted.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 11/30/2022

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