Court Opinion

ID: 9378153
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-09 18:00:20.065396+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:19.223033
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                _______________

                                 Nos. 22-1004, 22-1015

              IN RE: AMERICAN CENTER FOR CIVIL JUSTICE, INC.,
                                 Debtor

                                   _______________

                  AMERICAN CENTER FOR CIVIL JUSTICE, INC.,
                                Appellant

                                            v.

                                  JOSHUA AMBUSH,
                                    Cross-Appellant

                    On Appeal from the United States District Court
                              for the District of New Jersey
                          (District Court No. 3-21-cv-02267)
                    U.S. District Judge: Honorable Freda L. Wolfson
                                    _______________

                   Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                On December 8, 2022

             Before: SHWARTZ, MATEY, and FUENTES, Circuit Judges

                                 (Filed: March 9, 2023)
                                   _______________

                                       OPINION *
                                    _______________

*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, under I.O.P. 5.7, is not binding
precedent.
FUENTES, Circuit Judge.

         This breach of contract action arises from a decades-long and litigious relationship

between American Center for Civil Justice, Inc. (“ACCJ”), a chapter 11 bankruptcy debtor,

and Joshua Ambush, an attorney. In 2012, Ambush and ACCJ agreed to settle a lawsuit

between them and refrain from future litigation against one another related to the subject

matter of the settled claims. ACCJ alleges that Ambush breached that settlement by

bringing subsequent litigation against ACCJ and its interests. The Bankruptcy and District

Courts held that no such breach occurred. We agree and will affirm.

                                  I. Factual Background 1

         Appellant ACCJ is a not-for-profit organization that provides legal funding to

victims of state-sponsored terrorism in exchange for a share of any successful recovery. 2

In the mid-2000s, ACCJ agreed to assist several victims of the 1972 Lod Airport Massacre

with pursuing a suit against the Syrian government (the “Franqui Action”). 3 Cross-

Appellant Ambush represented certain plaintiffs in the Franqui Action.4

         In 2009, ACCJ filed a suit against Ambush related to legal fees from the Franqui

Action, generally alleging that Ambush deceptively convinced the Franqui plaintiffs to

sign retainer agreements with Ambush and revoke powers of attorney with ACCJ (the

1
 We presume the parties’ familiarity with the extensive factual record and recite only those
facts necessary to resolve this appeal.
2
 See Am. Ctr. for Civ. Just., Inc. v. Ambush, No. 18-cv-15691, 2020 WL 1652244, at *2
(Bankr. D.N.J. Mar. 23, 2020).
3
    See Vega-Franqui v. Syrian Arab Republic, No. 06-cv-734 (D.D.C.) (filed Apr. 21, 2006).
4
    Ambush, 2020 WL 1652244, at *2.

                                              2
“2009 Action”). 5 The parties settled the 2009 Action on or around September 12, 2012 via

a settlement agreement providing, in relevant part, as follows:

          Neither Ambush, on the one hand, or [ACCJ], on the other hand, . . . shall
          encourage, sponsor, initiate, or finance . . . any form of claim or litigation
          against the other arising out of or related to the subject matter of the [2009
          Action] or the Franqui Litigation or the services performed by any of the
          parties in connection with the Franqui Litigation[.] . . . Any action to enforce
          [this] remedy . . . shall be filed in the United States District Court for the
          District of Columbia . . . and shall include the request that the case be
          assigned to the judge . . . who presided over the [2009 Action].

(the “Settlement Agreement”). The agreement states that it “shall be construed and applied

in accordance with the laws of the District of Columbia.”

          Over the ensuing decade, Ambush took three actions that ACCJ characterizes as a

breach of the Settlement Agreement. First, in April 2013, Ambush moved to intervene in

a Puerto Rico estate action involving members of the “Guzman Estate,” captioned

Domenech-Guzman v. Guzman-Ramos (the “Domenech Action”). 6 The Guzman Estate

received an award of damages in Franqui, and ACCJ had previously intervened in

Domenech to claim entitlement to a portion of that award. 7 Ambush’s intervention motion

similarly claimed a right to part of the Franqui damages award. 8 Second, in July 2015,

Ambush filed a twelve-count complaint against ACCJ in federal court (the “2015

5
    See Am. Ctr. for Civ. Just., Inc. v. Ambush, No. 09-cv-233 (D.D.C.) (filed Feb. 6, 2009).
6
    See Ambush, 2020 WL 1652244, at *4.
7
    Id. at *4, 12.
8
  Id. at *5, 12. The Domenech court denied Ambush’s motion, and two Puerto Rico
appellate courts denied Ambush’s appeals.

                                                 3
Action”). 9 ACCJ filed for bankruptcy in March 2018, resulting in a stay of the 2015

Action. Third, in April 2018, Ambush filed a proof of claim against ACCJ based on the

same allegations he asserted in the 2015 Action (the “Proof of Claim”).

         ACCJ thereafter filed the present adversary proceeding against Ambush asserting

two claims: (1) expungement of the Proof of Claim; and (2) a counterclaim for breach of

the Settlement Agreement. 10 On January 27, 2021, the Bankruptcy Court granted summary

judgment in favor of Ambush on ACCJ’s counterclaim. The Court held, among other

things, that Ambush’s conduct related to the Domenech Action, 2015 Action, and Proof of

Claim did not breach the Settlement Agreement.            The District Court affirmed the

Bankruptcy Court’s decision, 11 and ACCJ now appeals to this Court.

9
    See Ambush v. Engelberg, No. 15-cv-1237 (D.D.C.) (filed July 31, 2015).
10
  The Bankruptcy Court granted summary judgment in favor of ACCJ on the expungement
claim on March 23, 2020. Ambush, 2020 WL 1652244, at *1. That decision has not been
appealed.
11
  Am. Ctr. for Civ. Just., Inc. v. Ambush, No. 21-cv-2267, 2021 WL 5757403, at *1 (D.N.J.
Dec. 3, 2021). The Bankruptcy Court alternatively held that ACCJ’s claim was time barred
to the extent it arose from Ambush’s conduct in Domenech. The District Court reversed
on this point, holding that the Bankruptcy Court applied the incorrect statute of limitations.
Ambush, 2021 WL 5757403, at *4–5. Ambush cross-appeals that limited aspect of the
District Court’s decision.
Because we agree with the Bankruptcy and District Courts that ACCJ has failed to
demonstrate a breach of contract arising from the Domenech Action, we need not reach the
statute of limitations issue. We will therefore dismiss Ambush’s cross-appeal as moot.

                                              4
                          II. Jurisdiction and Standard of Review

         The Bankruptcy Court had jurisdiction over this adversary proceeding under 28

U.S.C. §§ 157(a)–(b), 1334.        The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.

§ 158(a)(1). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158(d)(1).

         Our review of a bankruptcy court’s decision “duplicates that of the district court and

we view the bankruptcy court decision unfettered by the district court’s determinations.” 12

We review the Bankruptcy Court’s grant of summary judgment de novo.13 “We will affirm

if, drawing all inferences in favor of the nonmoving party, ‘the movant shows that there is

no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter

of law.’” 14

         The Settlement Agreement has a choice-of-law clause that both parties agree is

enforceable. So, we will apply District of Columbia (“DC”) law to ACCJ’s breach of

contract claim. 15

12
     In re Imerys Talc Am., Inc., 38 F.4th 361, 370 (3d Cir. 2022) (quotation omitted).
13
     In re Revel AC Inc., 909 F.3d 597, 601 (3d Cir. 2018).
14
  N.J. Dep’t of Env’t Prot. v. Am. Thermoplastics Corp., 974 F.3d 486, 492 (3d Cir. 2020)
(quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a)); see also Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7056.
15
   “In evaluating whether a contractual choice-of-law clause is enforceable, federal courts
. . . apply the choice-of-law rules of the forum state, which in this case is New Jersey.”
Homa v. Am. Express Co., 558 F.3d 225, 227 (3d Cir. 2009), abrogated on other grounds
by AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, 563 U.S. 333 (2011). “[W]hen parties to a contract
have agreed to be governed by the laws of a particular state, New Jersey courts will uphold
the contractual choice if it does not violate New Jersey’s public policy.” Id. (citing
Instructional Sys., Inc. v. Comput. Curriculum Corp., 614 A.2d 124, 133 (N.J. 1992)
(emphasis omitted)).

                                               5
                                         III. Analysis

         ACCJ argues that the Bankruptcy Court erred by holding, as a matter of law, that

Ambush did not breach the Settlement Agreement through his conduct in the Domenech

Action, 2015 Action, or ACCJ’s bankruptcy. We disagree.

         A settlement agreement is a contract governed by “basic contract principles.” 16 The

proper interpretation of a contract is a legal question under DC law. 17 And the plain

language of a contract governs the parties’ rights and liabilities “unless the written language

is not susceptible of a clear and definite undertaking.” 18

         A.     The Domenech Action

         ACCJ first alleges that Ambush’s motion to intervene in the Domenech estate action

violated the Settlement Agreement’s proscription against “any form of claim or litigation

against the other arising out of or related to the subject matter of . . . the Franqui Litigation

or the services performed by any of the parties in connection with the Franqui

Litigation.” 19 Though Ambush’s intervention motion ostensibly related to the services

Ambush provided in Franqui, the Bankruptcy Court held that the motion was directed at

the Guzman Estate and, therefore, it was not litigation “against” ACCJ.

16
  In re Cendant Corp. Prides Litig., 233 F.3d 188, 193 (3d Cir. 2000); see also In re Est.
of Drake, 4 A.3d 450, 453 (D.C. 2010) (“Settlement agreements are construed under
general principles of contract law. Accordingly, we enforce a valid and binding settlement
agreement just like any other contract.” (citations and quotation marks omitted)).
17
     Abdelrhman v. Ackerman, 76 A.3d 883, 887–88 (D.C. 2013).
18
     Id. at 888 (quotation omitted).
19
     See Appellant’s 1st Step Br. at 13, 17–22.

                                                  6
         Prior to Ambush’s attempted intervention in Domenech, the Puerto Rico court had

ordered that a portion of the funds awarded to the Guzman Estate in Franqui would be held

by the court pending a future decision on its proper distribution. 20 As both ACCJ and

Ambush asserted a right to those funds, ACCJ argues that Ambush’s motion was

tantamount to a “claim” against it because Ambush’s success would necessarily limit the

remaining funds available to ACCJ. But as the Bankruptcy Court correctly recognized,

and despite the “quasi-adversarial position” of the parties, “[e]ach party had a claim against

the estate, not one another.” 21

         When Ambush moved to intervene, ACCJ had no immediate right to the funds

sought by Ambush because they were being held by the Domenech court pending a further

ruling. The plain language of the Settlement Agreement unambiguously precludes only

claims and litigation “against” ACCJ itself and does not purport to encompass all litigation

that could potentially harm ACCJ’s interests. So Ambush’s conduct in the Domenech

Action did not breach his contract with ACCJ.

         B.    The 2015 Action

         ACCJ next asserts that Ambush breached the Settlement Agreement by filing the

2015 Action. Ambush’s 2015 complaint alleged two sets of claims against ACCJ, which

we discuss separately.

20
     Ambush, 2020 WL 1652244, at *4.
21
     A-3025.

                                              7
         First, Ambush alleged that ACCJ committed various breaches of the Settlement

Agreement. The plain language of the contract expressly permits the parties to bring an

action for breach of the settlement if the action is “filed in the United States District Court

for the District of Columbia” and includes a “request that the case be assigned to the judge

. . . who presided over the [2009 Action].” 22 The complaint Ambush filed in the 2015

Action complied with both of these conditions.          Thus, Ambush did not breach the

Settlement Agreement merely by alleging that ACCJ breached the Settlement Agreement. 23

         Second, Ambush alleged that ACCJ violated the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt

Organizations Act (“RICO”). The Settlement Agreement does not contain a general release

of all claims between the parties, and so we must determine whether the allegations

supporting the RICO claims “aris[e] out of or relate[] to” the 2009 or Franqui Actions. 24

         Though the 2015 complaint is not particularly clear, it appears that Ambush’s RICO

claims arise from conduct outside of the scope of the Settlement Agreement. For example,

under headings titled “Facts Establishing Defendants’ Pattern of RICO Activity” and

“Defendants’ RICO Enterprise Exposed in Four Cases,” Ambush alleges that ACCJ and

22
     A-144 ¶ 6.
23
   ACCJ resists this conclusion by claiming that Ambush’s allegations were “grandiose
fishing expeditions that were devoid of even a scintilla of factual support.” Appellant’s 1st
Step Br. at 24. ACCJ does not further support its claim of frivolity, but regardless, the
Settlement Agreement contains no language suggesting that frivolous claims for breach of
the agreement themselves constitute breaches of the agreement. See The Cuneo L. Grp.,
P.C. v. Joseph, 669 F. Supp. 2d 99, 119 (D.D.C. 2009) (“If a party breaches the settlement
agreement, the non-breaching party may choose either to enforce the agreement or to
rescind it and sue on the original claims.” (quotation omitted)) (applying DC law).
24
     A-143 ¶ 6.

                                              8
other defendants committed fraud and other various wrongdoings while participating in

several litigations other than the 2009 and Franqui Actions. 25 ACCJ points to a prefatory

sentence in the 2015 complaint vaguely stating that Ambush’s RICO allegations were

“closely related” to his allegations that ACCJ breached the Settlement Agreement. 26

Fatally, however, ACCJ has made no attempt to tie any specific facts alleged in the 2015

Action to the subject matter of either the 2009 or Franqui Actions. The Bankruptcy Court

therefore properly granted summary judgment in favor of Ambush with respect to the 2015

Action.

         C.    The Proof of Claim

         ACCJ last argues that Ambush committed an independent breach of the Settlement

Agreement by filing the Proof of Claim in ACCJ’s bankruptcy case. The Proof of Claim

is grounded exclusively on the complaint filed in the 2015 Action.

         As the 2015 Action did not breach the agreement, neither did Ambush’s efforts to

continue prosecuting the 2015 Action through the Proof of Claim.             Nothing in the

Settlement Agreement suggests that a party who filed an otherwise valid enforcement

action must abandon its rights if the other party files for bankruptcy. 27

25
     A-108–17 ¶¶ 200–26.
26
     A-61.
27
  As ACCJ has failed to demonstrate even a single breach of the Settlement Agreement,
we need not reach ACCJ’s contention that Ambush’s conduct amounts to twenty-seven
distinct “breaches” for purposes of the contract’s liquidated damages clause.

                                              9
                                   IV. Conclusion

      For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court. We

will dismiss Ambush’s cross-appeal as moot.

                                         10