Court Opinion

ID: 9388848
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-04-21 19:00:34.105279+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:23.266618
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 _______________

                                      No. 22-2537
                                    _______________

                   ROBERT REPA; JEAN REPA, Husband and Wife,
                                                  Appellants
                                     v.

             FRANK NAPIERKOWSKI; HILLTRUX TANK LINES, INC.
                           _______________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Western District of Pennsylvania
                                 (D.C. No. 1:19-cv-00101)
                      District Judge: Honorable Richard A. Lanzillo
                                    _______________

                      Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a):
                                    April 19, 2023
                                  _______________

                      Before: HARDIMAN, PORTER, and FISHER
                                   Circuit Judges.

                                  (Filed: April 21, 2023)

                                     ______________

                                        OPINION ∗
                                     ______________

       ∗
        This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, under I.O.P. 5.7, is not
binding precedent.
PORTER, Circuit Judge.

       Robert and Jean Repa sued Frank Napierkowski and Hilltrux Tank Lines for

injuries that Robert sustained while he was directing traffic. A jury returned a verdict for

the defendants, and the District Court denied the Repas’ motion for a new trial. We will

affirm both the District Court’s denial of the motion for a new trial and its denial of a

motion in limine to exclude video evidence.

                                              I

       In the early morning hours of May 2, 2017, Robert Repa, a volunteer fire police

officer, stopped Frank Napierkowski’s tractor trailer at a four-way intersection where

Repa was directing traffic. Napierkowski intended to go straight through the intersection,

but Repa directed him to turn left because of a fire at the Riverside Inn. Napierkowski

slowly executed the turn and, in the process, struck Repa with his tractor trailer.

       Repa and his wife, Jean, sued Napierkowski and his employer, Hilltrux Tank

Lines. A jury found that Napierkowski was not negligent and returned a verdict for him

and Hilltrux. The District Court denied the Repas’ motion for a new trial. They appeal the

denial of that motion, arguing that the District Court’s jury instructions were improper

and that the verdict was against the weight of the evidence. They also challenge the

denial of a motion to exclude evidence.

                                              2
                                              II

       The District Court had federal diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. 1 We

have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review an order denying a Rule 59 motion

for a new trial and a decision to admit evidence for abuse of discretion. City Select Auto

Sales Inc. v. David Randall Assocs., 885 F.3d 154, 163 (3d Cir. 2018); McKenna v. City

of Phila., 582 F.3d 447, 460 (3d Cir. 2009). We exercise plenary review over a jury

instruction’s statement of the proper legal standard but consider a court’s refusal to

provide a proffered jury instruction for abuse of discretion. O’Brien v. Middle East

Forum, 57 F.4th 110, 117 (3d Cir. 2023).

                                              III

       On motion after a jury trial, a court may “grant a new trial . . . for any reason for

which a new trial has heretofore been granted in an action at law in federal court.” Fed.

R. Civ. P. 59(a)(1)(A). But “it should do so only when the great weight of the evidence

cuts against the verdict and . . . a miscarriage of justice would result if the verdict were to

stand.” Leonard v. Stemtech Int’l Inc., 834 F.3d 376, 386 (3d Cir. 2016) (quotation marks

and citation omitted). Inappropriately admitted evidence, improper jury instructions, and

a verdict against the weight of the evidence are all acceptable grounds for a new trial.

Montgomery Ward & Co. v. Duncan, 311 U.S. 243, 251 (1940).

       1
         The Repas are Pennsylvania citizens. Napierkowski is an Ohio citizen. And
Hilltrux Tank Lines is incorporated and has its principal place of business in Ohio. The
amount in controversy is greater than $75,000.

                                               3
                                             A

       At trial, the Repas moved to exclude an aerial video of a tractor trailer making a

left-hand turn at a four-way intersection. Because the video did not show the truck

crossing onto the shoulder where the Repas claimed Robert was standing, they believed it

was unfairly prejudicial. The District Court admitted the evidence and offered a limiting

instruction:

               Ladies and gentlemen, you’re about to see a video recreation from
       an aerial point of view. I caution you that this in no way depicts events on
       the evening of May 2nd, 2017. It is being offered solely for the purpose of
       illustrating what Mr. Napierkowski says occurred on that night as far as
       how he turned his vehicle.
              To the extent you observe anything else in the video, including any
       individuals who may be standing or visible, they are not there to indicate
       where anyone was standing on the night of the accident. The limited
       purpose of this video is to assist with Mr. Napierkowski’s testimony
       regarding how he executed the turn. And the amount of the weight of the
       video you give is dependent upon the weight of the evidence you assign to
       Mr. Napierkowski’s testimony.
App. 291. The Repas’ counsel agreed that the limiting instruction was satisfactory.

       A court may exclude relevant evidence if its probative value is substantially

outweighed by a danger of unfair prejudice. Fed. R. Evid. 403. A party requesting a new

trial based on improperly admitted evidence must show that the error affected a

substantial right. Leonard, 834 F.3d at 400 (citing Fed. R. Evid. 103 & Fed. R. Civ. P.

61).

       The Repas fail to explain how the video impacted a substantial right or influenced

the jury. Instead, citing Altman v. Bobcat Co., they argue that it should have been

excluded because it did not depict events that were “substantially similar” to the accident.

                                             4
349 F. App’x 758, 763 (3d Cir. 2009); see Appellant’s Br. 43–47. In Altman, a

nonprecedential opinion, we explained that video demonstrations closely resembling the

accident generally require a foundational showing of substantial similarity with the actual

accident. 349 F. App’x at 763 (citing McKnight By & Through Ludwig v. Johnson

Controls, 36 F.3d 1396, 1402, 1403 (8th Cir. 1994)). Like the animated sketches in

Altman, the video admitted here “does not appear even remotely to be a recreation of the

accident,” id. at 764—the video takes place during the day, nobody approaches the truck,

and nobody is hit by the truck. Even more, the District Court’s limiting instruction likely

resolved any potential confusion and appropriately mitigated any possible prejudice.

       Without a showing by the Repas that the admission of video evidence affected a

substantial right, we cannot find that the trial court abused its discretion in denying the

motion in limine to exclude evidence.

                                              B

       In the jury instructions, the District Court explained that Repa and Napierkowski

owed each other a general duty of care:

       A driver has a duty to operate his vehicle in a manner so as not to expose
       others on the road to an unreasonable risk of harm. When a driver is
       starting his vehicle from a stopped position, he or she must ascertain
       whether he or she can make such a movement safely. Thus, a driver has a
       duty to maintain a proper lookout and to assure himself or herself that no
       pedestrians or other persons will be injured by his movement. At the same
       time, a person has a duty to use reasonable care to maintain the lookout for
       vehicles lawfully and foreseeably operated in the roadway.
App. 466. The Repas raised two objections in their motion for a new trial: Traffic

officers, like Robert, owe a lesser duty of care when performing their duties in the street;

                                              5
and it was error for the court not to define “roadway.” But on appeal the Repas changed

their argument about Robert’s duty—they now say he owed a lesser duty because he was

a pedestrian standing on the shoulder—so both theories are waived. Robinson v. First

State Cmty. Action Agency, 920 F.3d 182, 187 (3d Cir. 2019) (“Waived arguments about

jury instructions may not be resurrected on appeal.”). We turn, then, to the court’s refusal

to define “roadway.”

       In denying the motion for a new trial, the District Court supplied three reasons for

why it was not improper to refuse a definition of “roadway.” First, the court explained

that the term is “self-explanatory and within the common understanding of the jury.”

App. 34. Second, there was conflicting evidence presented at trial as to where Robert was

standing and whether the boundary between the roadway and shoulder was

distinguishable. And third, to the extent that the Repas sought a definition of “roadway”

in support of a negligence per se charge, the District Court found that argument waived

because it was not raised at trial.

       We can affirm on the District Court’s first basis. “As long as the instructions are

accurate in substance and understandable to lay persons, the failure to use the exact

words requested by counsel is not reversible error.” DiFiore v. CSL Behring, LLC, 879

F.3d 71, 79 (3d Cir. 2018) (citation and quotation marks omitted). The District Court did

not abuse its discretion by finding that “roadway” is a common term understandable to

lay persons.

       The Repas’ argument that Napierkowski was negligent per se is waived because

they did not timely raise it before the District Court. Even so, the argument is unavailing.

                                             6
They point to two statutes from Pennsylvania’s motor vehicle code, 75 Pa. Cons. Stat.

§§ 3309 & 3544. But neither supports a negligence per se instruction.

       Section 3309 states that “[a] vehicle shall be driven as nearly as practicable

entirely within a single lane and shall not be moved from the lane until the driver has first

ascertained that the movement can be made with safety.” The Repas do not point to any

case law declaring whether a violation of § 3309 is negligent per se. But the statute

“essentially expresses the familiar and flexible reasonable man standard” when it requires

the driver to determine that movement from the traffic lane can be made with safety, so it

likely “does not support a per se negligence shortcut.” Shamnoski v. PG Energy, 858

A.2d 589, 602 (Pa. 2004); see also Beaver Valley Power Co. v. Nat’l Eng’g &

Contracting Co., 883 F.2d 1210, 1222 (3d Cir. 1989) (holding that a statute was

unsuitable for a per se standard of negligence because “[t]he general exhortations to

maintain the facility in a ‘safe’ condition and to take ‘necessary’ action to protect

property at most tell the permit holder to act as the reasonable person would”).

       Section 3544, titled “Pedestrians walking along or on highway,” makes it unlawful

for pedestrians to walk on the roadway when a sidewalk is available and directs

pedestrians where to walk in the absence of a sidewalk or shoulder. A defendant is

negligent per se when he violates a legal duty to the plaintiff. Grove v. Port Auth., 218

A.3d 877, 889 (Pa. 2019). Section 3544 addresses the legal duties of pedestrians, not

vehicle operators. So it cannot support a negligence per se standard with respect to

Napierkowski.

                                              C

                                              7
       Finally, we turn to the Repas’ argument that the verdict was against the weight of

the evidence.

       A party asserting that the verdict was against the weight of the evidence must

establish that “(1) the jury reached an unreasonable result, and (2) the District Court

abused its broad discretion in not setting the verdict aside.” Leonard, 834 F.3d at 386.

District courts have less freedom to scrutinize a jury verdict “[w]here the subject matter

of the litigation is simple and within a layman’s understanding.” Williamson v. Consol.

Rail Corp., 926 F.2d 1344, 1352 (3d Cir. 1991).

       The Repas argue that the jury reached an unreasonable result because

Napierkowski admitted his negligence when he testified that he would have been more

careful in a crowded area and “took it for granted” that Repa would stay at a safe

distance. App. 253. On the contrary, it is reasonable for a jury to believe that

Napierkowski acted reasonably under the circumstances.

       The standard for negligence, in this case, was reasonableness. Napierkowski was

required to act as a reasonable truck driver, and Robert was required to act as a

reasonable traffic officer. It would be reasonable for a jury to find that what qualifies as

reasonable behavior on a country road in the morning darkness would not pass muster in

a crowded downtown area during rush hour. Napierkowksi’s testimony that he would

have been more diligent under different circumstances does not demand a finding of

negligence or render the jury’s result unreasonable.

                                             IV

       For the reasons stated above, we will affirm the District Court.

                                              8