Court Opinion

ID: 9897367
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-14 19:10:41.919693+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:14:10.278305
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                           Jun 16 2023, 9:09 am

                                                                               CLERK
                                                                           Indiana Supreme Court
                                                                              Court of Appeals
                                                                                and Tax Court

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT                                    ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE
Lane C. Siesky                                             Max E. Fiester
Daniel B. Gearhart                                         Terrell, Born, Sullivan & Fiester
Douglas K. Briody                                          LLP
Siesky Law Firm, PC                                        Evansville, Indiana
Evansville, Indiana

                                            IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Michael Buehler,                                           June 16, 2023
Appellant-Plaintiff                                        Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                           22A-CT-2568
        v.                                                 Appeal from the Vanderburgh
                                                           Circuit Court
Martin Bocanegra III and Julie                             The Honorable David D. Kiely,
Bocanegra,                                                 Judge
Appellee-Defendants.                                       Trial Court Cause No.
                                                           82C01-2103-CT-1400

                                     Opinion by Judge Pyle

                        Chief Judge Altice and Judge Riley concur.

Pyle, Judge.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CT-2568| June 16, 2023                                   Page 1 of 12
      Statement of the Case
[1]   In this dog bite case, Michael Buehler (“Buehler”), a mail carrier with the

      United States Postal Service, appeals the trial court’s order that granted

      summary judgment in favor of landlords Martin Bocanegra III (“Martin”) and

      his wife, Julie (“Julie”), (collectively, “the Bocanegras”). Buehler argues that

      the trial court erred in granting the Bocanegras’ summary judgment motion.

      Concluding that the trial court did not err in granting the Bocanegras’ summary

      judgment motion, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

[2]   We affirm.

      Issue
              Whether the trial court erred in granting the Bocanegras’
              summary judgment motion.

      Facts
[3]   In 2019, the Bocanegras purchased a duplex (‘the Duplex”) on Linwood

      Avenue in Evansville from Richard and Vicki Smith (“the Smiths”). At the

      time of the purchase, Rhonda Sapp (“Sapp”) had a written month-to-month

      lease with the Smiths. The Bocanegras agreed to honor Sapp’s lease, which

      permitted Sapp to keep “one small dog.” (App. Vol. 2 at 53). Julie saw Sapp’s

      elderly eight to twelve-pound terrier during a walk-through of the Duplex before

      purchasing it.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CT-2568| June 16, 2023             Page 2 of 12
[4]   Sapp still lived in the Duplex in September 2020. On September 11, 2020,

      Buehler had just placed mail in Sapp’s mailbox when Sapp opened the front

      door. At that moment, a bully breed dog named Ford (“Ford”) rushed out the

      door and knocked Buehler down.1 Buehler punched Ford in the face and

      attempted to scoot away from Ford. However, Ford bit Buehler on his arm

      before Sapp was able to restrain Ford (“the dog bite incident”).

[5]   In March 2021, Buehler filed a complaint against Sapp and the Bocanegras.

      Regarding the Bocanegras, the complaint alleged that the Bocanegras were

      strictly liable to Buehler pursuant to INDIANA CODE § 15-20-1-3, the dog bite

      statute (“the Dog Bite Statute”). The complaint further alleged that the

      Bocanegras were negligent because they had breached their duty of reasonable

      care to Buehler.

[6]   In October 2021, the Bocanegras filed a motion for summary judgment. In

      support of their motion, the Bocanegras designated Julie’s affidavit wherein she

      stated that the Bocanegras had been aware that Sapp had owned a small terrier

      when they had purchased the Duplex. However, according to Julie’s affidavit,

      she had not known that the terrier had died before September 11, 2020. Julie

      further stated in the affidavit that the Bocanegras had not known that Sapp had

      been permitting Ford, who belonged to Sapp’s friend, to stay at the Duplex. In

      1
        The parties frequently refer to Ford as a pit bull. However, in her deposition, Sapp stated that Ford was not
      a pit bull. Rather, according to Sapp, Ford was a “short [and] stout . . . bully” and was “totally different from
      a pit bull.” (App. Vol. 3 at 11, 12).

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CT-2568| June 16, 2023                                    Page 3 of 12
      addition, Julie specifically stated that neither she nor Martin had ever observed

      Ford at the Duplex.

[7]   In their brief in support of their summary judgment motion, the Bocanegras

      argued that the Dog Bite Statute did not apply to them because they were not

      Ford’s owners. They further argued that they had not retained control of the

      Duplex and that because they had not known that Ford was staying at the

      Duplex, they “had no actual knowledge of any dangerous propensity on the

      part of [Ford].” (App. Vol. 2 at 38). In addition, the Bocanegras stated that it

      was “worth noting this actual knowledge element [wa]s not even alleged in

      [Buehler]’s Complaint, but actual knowledge [wa]s in fact required.” (App.

      Vol. 2 at 38) (emphasis in the original).

[8]   In August 2022, Buehler filed a response in opposition to the Bocanegras’

      summary judgment motion. In support of his response, Buehler designated

      several depositions. One of the designated depositions was Sapp’s. In that

      deposition, Sapp stated that Ford had belonged to a friend and that Ford had

      been staying at the Duplex for two to four weeks before the dog bite incident.

      Also in her deposition, Sapp stated that she had taken Ford for a walk around

      the block at least three times a day and that Ford had a loud bark. In addition,

      Sapp stated in her deposition that the dog bite incident was a “freak accident”

      because Ford had “never . . . bitten no one[.]” (App. Vol. 3 at 22, 25). When

      asked if she thought Ford was dangerous, Sapp responded that Ford “didn’t

      have a dangerous bone in his body[.]” (App. Vol. 3 at 35). Ford and his owner

      had both passed away at the time of Sapp’s deposition. None of Buehler’s

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CT-2568| June 16, 2023         Page 4 of 12
       additional designated evidence included information about whether Ford had a

       dangerous propensity.

[9]    In his response to the Bocanegras’ summary judgment motion, Buehler argued

       that the Dog Bite Statute applied to the Bocanegras because they met the

       statutory definition of owners. Buehler also argued that the trial court should

       deny the Bocanegras’ summary judgment motion because there was a genuine

       issue of material fact regarding whether the Bocanegras knew that Ford was

       staying with Sapp in the Duplex.

[10]   Two weeks later, the Bocanegras filed a reply brief wherein they stated that it

       was crucial to note that Buehler’s response to their summary judgment motion

       had not included “[a]ny law regarding dog bites and lawsuits brought against

       landlords.” (App. Vol. 3 at 107). The Bocanegras listed the dog bite cases that

       they had cited in their brief in support of their summary judgment motion and

       to which Buehler had failed to respond. The Bocanegras reiterated that the Dog

       Bite Statute did not apply to them because they were not Ford’s owners and

       argued that Buehler’s designated evidence had failed to establish a genuine

       issue of material fact regarding the Bocanegras’ actual knowledge of Ford’s

       dangerous propensity.

[11]   The trial court held a summary judgment hearing in September 2022.

       Immediately following the hearing, the trial court issued an order granting the

       Bocanegras’ summary judgment motion. The trial court’s order specifically

       states that the trial court had considered the pleadings and designated materials,

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CT-2568| June 16, 2023         Page 5 of 12
       had found no genuine issue as to any material fact, and had concluded that the

       Bocanegras were entitled to judgment as a matter of law. The trial court further

       found that there was no just reason for delay and expressly directed entry of a

       final judgment in favor of the Bocanegras.

[12]   Buehler now appeals.

       Decision
[13]   Buehler argues that the trial court erred in granting the Bocanegras’ summary

       judgment motion. When reviewing the grant of a summary judgment motion,

       our well-settled standard of review is the same as it is for the trial court.

       Goodwin v. Yeakle’s Sports Bar and Grill, Inc., 62 N.E.3d 384, 386 (Ind. 2016).

       Specifically, we must determine whether there is a genuine issue of material

       fact, and whether the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

       Id. The party moving for summary judgment has the burden of making a prima

       facie showing that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving

       party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id. Once the moving party has

       met these two requirements, the burden shifts to the non-moving party to

       demonstrate a genuine issue of material fact by setting forth specifically

       designated facts. Id. In deciding whether summary judgment is proper, we

       consider only the evidence the parties specifically designated to the trial court.

       Ind. Trial Rule 56(C), (H). We construe all factual inferences in favor of the

       nonmoving party and resolve all doubts regarding the existence of a material

       issue against the moving party. Carson v. Palombo, 18 N.E.3d 1036, 1041 (Ind.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CT-2568| June 16, 2023            Page 6 of 12
       Ct. App. 2014). “Summary judgment should be granted only if the evidence

       sanctioned by Indiana Trial Rule 56(C) shows there is no genuine issue of

       material fact and that the moving party deserves judgment as a matter of law.”

       Goodwin, 62 N.E.3d at 386.

[14]   Buehler first argues that the trial court erred in granting the Bocanegras’

       summary judgment motion because they were strictly liable to him pursuant to

       the Dog Bite Statute. The Bocanegras respond that the Dog Bite Statute “is

       inapplicable to [them] because they were not [Ford’s] owners[.]” (The

       Bocanegras’ Br. 8). We agree with the Bocanegras.

[15]   INDIANA CODE § 15-20-1-3 provides, in relevant part, as follows:

               (a)      If a dog, without provocation, bites a person:

                        (1)      who is acting peaceably; and

                        (2)      who is in a location where the person may be
                                 required to be in order to discharge a duty imposed
                                 upon the person by:

                                                  *       *        *

                                 (C)      the postal regulations of the United States;

                        the owner of the dog is liable for all damages suffered by
                        the person bitten.

               (b)      The owner of a dog described in subsection (a) is liable for
                        the damages even if:

                        (1)      the dog has not previously behaved in a vicious
                                 manner; or

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CT-2568| June 16, 2023                  Page 7 of 12
                        (2)      the owner has no knowledge of prior vicious
                                 behavior by the dog.

       “Our supreme court has recognized that in enacting the Dog Bite Statute, the

       legislature ‘clearly intended to change the common law and did so by explicitly

       removing the common law presumption that a dog is harmless unless it acts

       otherwise’ and that ‘the effect of this statute is to render dog owners strictly

       liable if their dogs bite the described public servants without provocation.’”

       Fields v. Gaw, ---N.E.3d---, 2023 WL 2944945 (Ind. Ct. App. April 14, 2023) at

       *3 (quoting Cook v. Whitsell-Sherman, 796 N.E.2d 271, 273, 275 (Ind. 2003)).

       The supreme court further explained that “the statute reflects a policy choice

       that the dog’s owner and keeper should bear the loss rather than the injured

       public employee.” Cook, 796 N.E.2d at 276. “Thus, under the [Dog Bite]

       Statute, a bitten postal worker has only to prove the identity of the dog’s owner

       and that the dog bit without provocation.” Fields, 2023 WL 2944945 at *3. The

       Dog Bite Statute defines owner as “the owner of a dog.” I.C. § 15-20-1-2. The

       term owner “includes a person who possesses, keeps, or harbors a dog.” Id.

[16]   Buehler argues that because the Bocanegras assumed a lease that allowed Sapp

       to have a small dog, the Bocanegras “meet the [statutory] definition of an

       ‘owner’ of the dog[.]” (Buehler’s Br. 20). We recently addressed a similar

       argument in the Fields case and “reject[ed] [mail carrier] Fields’ contention that,

       as a matter of law, the mere existence of the landlord/tenant relationship

       brought [landlord] Gaw within the definition of an ‘owner’ for purposes of the

       Dog Bite Statute.” Fields, 2023 WL 2944945 at *4. We noted that there was no

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CT-2568| June 16, 2023           Page 8 of 12
       factual dispute that landlord Gaw had provided housing to two tenants through

       a rental agreement and had allowed the tenants to keep up to two dogs. Id.

       However, we observed that mail carrier Fields had designated no evidence

       creating a factual issue that landlord Gaw had any interaction or contact with

       the tenants’ dogs, let alone that the landlord had personally afforded the

       tenants’ dogs lodging, shelter, or refuge. We, therefore, “h[e]ld that no genuine

       issue of material fact exist[ed] precluding summary judgment as to whether

       [landlord] Gaw was an ‘owner’ of the dogs at issue pursuant to the Dog Bite

       Statute[,]” and affirmed the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of

       landlord Gaw. Id.

[17]   Here, as in Fields, there is no factual dispute that the Bocanegras provided

       housing to Sapp through a rental agreement that allowed Sapp to keep one

       small dog. However, Buehler has designated no evidence creating a factual

       issue that the Bocanegras had any interaction or contact with this small dog, let

       alone that the Bocanegras had personally afforded Sapp’s small dog lodging,

       shelter, or refuge. Indeed, we note that the small dog allowed in Sapp’s lease

       was not even the dog that knocked Buehler to the ground and bit Buehler. We,

       therefore, hold that no genuine issue of material fact exists precluding summary

       judgment as to whether the Bocanegras were Ford’s owners pursuant to the

       Dog Bite Statute. See id. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in granting the

       Bocanegras’ summary judgment motion on this issue.

[18]   Buehler further argues that the trial court erred in granting the Bocanegras’

       summary judgment motion because “there is a genuine issue of material fact as

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CT-2568| June 16, 2023         Page 9 of 12
       to whether the Bocanegras knew or exercised reasonable care to discover [that

       Ford] was residing in the Duplex[.]” (Buehler’s Br. 23). The Bocanegras

       respond that Buehler “avoids the applicable law regarding [the] liability of

       landlords who are sued arising out of a dog bite at the leased premises.” (The

       Bocanegras’ Br. 8). Again, we agree with the Bocanegras.

[19]   “To prevail on a claim of negligence the plaintiff must show: (1) duty owed to

       plaintiff by defendant; (2) breach of duty by allowing conduct to fall below the

       applicable standard of care; and (3) compensable injury proximately caused by

       defendant’s breach of duty.” Goodwin, 62 N.E.3d at 386 (cleaned up). Issues of

       duty are generally questions of law for the court to decide. Olds v. Noel, 857

       N.E.2d 1041, 1043 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006). “Summary judgment in a negligence

       case is particularly appropriate when the court determines that no duty exists

       because, absent a duty, there can be no breach and, therefore, no negligence.”

       Id. (cleaned up).

[20]   Further, it is well-settled that, in a dog bite case, the duty of reasonable care

       imposed upon a landowner who did not own the dog is measured by the

       landowner’s control over the property and the landowner’s actual knowledge

       that the dog had dangerous propensities. McCraney v. Gibson, 952 N.E.2d 284,

       287 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), trans. denied. See also Baker v. Weather ex rel. Weather,

       714 N.E.2d 740, 741 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999). The absence of either component

       will result in a finding for the landowner. Morehead v. Deitrich, 932 N.E.2d

       1272, 1276 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans. denied.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CT-2568| June 16, 2023           Page 10 of 12
[21]   This Court has defined dangerous propensity as “a propensity or tendency of an

       animal to do any act which might endanger the safety of person or property in a

       given situation.” Royer v. Pryor, 427 N.E.2d 1112, 1117 (Ind. Ct. App. 1981)

       (cleaned up). “It is the act of the animal and not in the state of mind of the

       animal from which the effects of a dangerous propensity must be determined.”

       Id.

[22]   Here, the Bocanegras, through their designated evidence, made a prima facie

       showing that they had no actual knowledge that Ford was a dog with

       dangerous propensities. In fact, the Bocanegras designated evidence that they

       had no knowledge that Ford was staying with Sapp at the Duplex. It was,

       therefore, incumbent upon Buehler to come forward with designated evidence

       establishing a genuine issue of material fact concerning the Bocanegras’ actual

       knowledge of Ford’s dangerous propensities. Buehler failed to do so. Indeed,

       Buehler’s only designated evidence concerning Ford’s disposition and

       dangerous propensities was Sapp’s deposition testimony that Ford had never

       bitten anyone and that he did not have a dangerous bone in his body. Because

       the material facts do not establish the second part of the two-part test for

       determining a landlord’s liability for the acts of the tenant’s dog, the Bocanegras

       were entitled to summary judgment.2 See McCraney, 952 N.E.2d at 289

       (affirming summary judgment for the landlord where there was no evidence in

       2
         Because the Bocanegras only needed to prove one part of the test, we need not address the first part of the
       test regarding whether the Bocanegras retained control over the property. See Morehead, 932 N.E.2d at 1276.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CT-2568| June 16, 2023                                Page 11 of 12
       the record of the landlord’s actual knowledge of the dog’s violent propensity).

       Accordingly, the trial court did not err in granting the Bocanegras’ summary

       judgment motion.

[23]   Affirmed.

       Altice, C.J., and Riley, J., concur.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CT-2568| June 16, 2023       Page 12 of 12