Court Opinion

ID: 2924333
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-11 14:05:15.026314+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:46:13.232721
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
                              No. 15–0024

                       Filed September 4, 2015
                     Amended September 10, 2015

IOWA SUPREME COURT ATTORNEY DISCIPLINARY BOARD,

      Appellee,

vs.

FRANK SANTIAGO,

      Appellant.

      On appeal from the report of the Grievance Commission of the

Supreme Court of Iowa.

      The grievance commission reports that an attorney violated several

rules of professional conduct and recommends a sixty-day suspension.

LICENSE SUSPENDED.

      Frank Santiago, Iowa City, pro se.

      Charles L. Harrington and Wendell J. Harms, Des Moines, for

appellee.
                                     2

WATERMAN, Justice.

        The Iowa Supreme Court Attorney Disciplinary Board brought a

complaint against Frank Santiago, charging him with violating Iowa

disciplinary rules in connection with his representation of one client and

his failure to follow trust account procedures.        A division of the

Grievance Commission of the Supreme Court of Iowa found he violated

several rules by failing to deposit an advance fee into his trust account,

maintain proper trust account records, account for withdrawals, and

communicate his hourly rate. The commission recommended a sixty-day

suspension, noting as an aggravating factor his failure to correct his

bookkeeping practices after a 2011 audit. Santiago admits he violated

the trust account rules but argues the sanction should be no more than

a public reprimand.       He argues the attorney who reported his

misconduct did so out of spite, and his work for underserved, non-

English speaking clientele merits greater consideration to mitigate the

sanction. On our de novo review, we find Santiago violated the rules and

suspend his license to practice law for thirty days.

        I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

        Santiago has practiced law in Iowa since 1995.      He is a solo

practitioner with an office in Iowa City, concentrating in personal injury

and criminal defense cases.       He frequently represents non-English

speaking Hispanic residents. He has no prior disciplinary record, but a

2011 audit of his practice found numerous shortcomings in his

bookkeeping and violations of the trust account rules. The 2011 auditor

assisted him in complying with record keeping requirements but he failed

to take the lessons to heart. This case arose from his representation of

one client and the resulting complaint, and the audit conducted in 2013–

2014.
                                     3

       A. The 2011 Audit.      The Client Security Commission audited

Santiago’s trust account in 2011.        The auditor, Thomas McGarvey,

examined Santiago’s trust account statements from February to August

of 2011. McGarvey testified at the 2014 grievance commission hearing

that the rules require attorneys to perform a three-way reconciliation of

the trust account on a monthly basis, and that Santiago had not

performed the required reconciliation since 2007. Santiago admitted to

McGarvey he had not been reconciling his account before the audit as

required by the rules, but claimed he regularly performed his own review

of the trust account.     Santiago produced his bank statements for

McGarvey, but had no check register or client ledger to cross-check the

bank statements and lacked documentation for some transactions. The

bank    statements   showed    Santiago    had   made   prohibited   cash

withdrawals from the trust account.            McGarvey testified at the

commission hearing that Santiago’s personal review procedure was

inadequate because it would not show when he failed to make trust

account deposits. McGarvey also reported that Santiago made no written

accountings to criminal clients when he withdrew funds from the trust

account.   Instead, Santiago simply withdrew retainer funds from the

trust account after performing the work without notifying the clients or

identifying the clients for each withdrawal.

       McGarvey scheduled a follow-up appointment with Santiago in

November of 2011.       He found the records in better shape, which

McGarvey attributed to the hiring of a new employee. However, Santiago

still had not completed a check register, one of the elements necessary

for a monthly reconciliation. McGarvey explained the need for individual

client ledgers to use in reconciling the accounts each month. He showed

Santiago how to complete the required reconciliations.         McGarvey
                                    4

testified he saw no evidence in his review that Santiago misappropriated

client funds or acted dishonestly in his bookkeeping.       No disciplinary

complaint was brought against Santiago as a result of the 2011 audit.

       B. Moreno Representation. In early January 2013, Santiago met

with   Joseph    Moreno   and   agreed   to   represent   him   in   criminal

proceedings.    Moreno faced charges for intimidation with a dangerous

weapon, reckless use of a firearm, criminal mischief in the first degree,

burglary in the first degree, carrying weapons, and operating a motor

vehicle while intoxicated (OWI), first offense. According to court filings,

Moreno, while severely intoxicated, pointed a loaded Glock 9 mm, semi-

automatic handgun at his roommate.            Moreno fired shots in their

apartment, drove to Coral Ridge Mall, and crashed his Ford Explorer

through the glass entrance doors at Scheels All Sports. He then ran to

the upper level of the store, smashed the glass case containing

ammunition, and passed out there before his arrest by a SWAT team.

Moreno paid Santiago $100 for the initial one-hour conference and

agreed to pay Santiago $5000 to seek an acceptable plea agreement. On

January 3, Moreno gave Santiago $2500 in cash as a retainer. Santiago

admittedly never placed that cash retainer in his trust account and,

instead, put it in a drawer in his office.       Santiago gave Moreno a

handwritten receipt on the back of a business card but never discussed

his hourly rate with Moreno or entered into a written fee agreement.

       Santiago filed his appearance for Moreno in the criminal cases on

January 4.     According to Santiago, he also advised Moreno on several

matters ancillary to the criminal charges, including a restraining order
                                      5

preventing Moreno from entering his apartment, 1 Moreno’s status with

the National Guard, and Moreno’s employment with Mercy Hospital.

Santiago also discussed Moreno’s case with the assistant county

attorney, interviewed witnesses, and performed legal research, all

without memorializing his work.      By interviewing Moreno’s roommate,

Santiago learned that he claimed Moreno had forcibly marched him into

the apartment at gunpoint and ordered him to lie down and count to a

thousand, before firing shots into a wall. Santiago noted this information

was not in the minutes of testimony and would support a charge of

kidnapping, a forcible felony.    Therefore, Santiago sought a quick plea

agreement to forestall that additional felony charge.

      Meanwhile, in early February, Moreno contacted Cedar Rapids

attorney Maria Victoria Cole and met with her on February 25.             On

March 7, Moreno decided to dismiss Santiago and retain Cole to

represent him.      The record is silent about Moreno’s reasons for

substituting counsel.    Cole called Santiago that day and left him a

voicemail.   According to Cole, she informed Santiago that Moreno had

retained her and requested that Santiago provide Moreno a final

accounting of his work and return any unused retainer funds. According

to Santiago, Cole demanded the entire $2500 retainer in a threatening

manner and did not claim to act as Moreno’s attorney. Cole followed the

voicemail with a letter to Santiago dated March 8 informing Santiago of

her appearance as counsel for Moreno.

      1Santiago’s office was in the same building as Moreno’s apartment, which
Moreno was prohibited from visiting under the terms of his pretrial release.
Santiago prepared a motion to amend the pretrial release conditions to allow
Moreno to meet with Santiago in his office. Santiago also arranged with the
landlord to permit Moreno to retrieve his belongings.
                                     6

      Santiago said he “knew the situation wasn’t going to be good” as

soon as he heard Cole’s voice because he believed she carried a grudge

from a case they litigated ten years earlier.     In 2003, Cole was the

assistant county attorney prosecuting Santiago’s client, Raynaro Pirtle,

on charges of possession of marijuana. See State v. Pirtle, No. 03–1655,

2005 WL 67524 (Iowa Ct. App. Jan. 13, 2005).          Santiago and Cole’s

recollections differ. According to Santiago, at the conclusion of the trial,

he asked the judge to inform the jurors that Santiago may contact them.

After the judge left the courtroom, Santiago remembers Cole pointing at

him and saying, “[I]f you bother those jurors, I will prosecute you, too.”

Santiago said he complained to Cole’s boss, Johnson County Attorney

Patrick White, about a credible threat of prosecution, and as a result of

his complaint, Cole received a written reprimand for the incident.       By

contrast, Cole remembered the trial and a conversation with Santiago

about harassing jurors, but she denied threatening to prosecute Santiago

and denied any knowledge of a subsequent complaint or reprimand from

White.   White, called by Santiago to testify at the 2014 grievance

commission hearing, lacked any recollection of reprimanding Cole, and

no written reprimand of Cole appears in the record.       Cole denied she

carried any grudge against Santiago from the Pirtle case and maintained

she had a cordial relationship with Santiago since that trial.

      Santiago, at Cole’s request, promptly provided her with CDs of

police interviews, but he was much slower at providing the requested

accounting. On March 20, Moreno called Santiago to get the accounting.

Santiago told him he was tied up in a trial, and Moreno agreed the

accounting could wait until after the trial.       Santiago delivered his

accounting to Moreno on April 10 with a letter stating he had reduced his

usual hourly rate of $200 to $150 for Moreno and claimed 28.5 hours of
                                      7

work for a total fee of $4275.       Santiago offered to waive the $1775

balance he claimed Moreno owed him.

      In response, Cole drafted a letter on Moreno’s behalf disputing

Santiago’s hourly rate and time charges.      Cole’s letter, dated May 23,

argued that Moreno reasonably thought Santiago’s hourly rate was $100

based on his charge in that amount for the initial one-hour consultation.

Cole also claimed Santiago inflated his bill by including irrelevant

matters and excessive time charges.       Specifically, Cole’s letter alleged

that Santiago should not have charged Moreno for discussions with the

landlord that she viewed as unrelated to Moreno’s criminal defense and

that Santiago overcharged Moreno for drafting his appearance and

withdrawal and sending investigative materials to Cole.           Cole told

Santiago to hold $1250 in his trust account as disputed funds until the

matter could be resolved. Cole simultaneously forwarded a copy of her

letter to the Board.    Santiago responded to Cole’s letter on May 28

disputing Cole’s complaints but offering $500 to settle the matter.

Santiago never placed Moreno’s retainer or the disputed $1250 in his

trust account.

      C. The 2013 Audit.        The Client Security Commission again

audited Santiago in 2013.     Auditor Gerald Murphy called Santiago on

September 6, 2013.      Murphy testified the audit was in response to

Santiago’s answer in his 2013 client security report admitting that he

had not been reconciling his trust account. According to Murphy’s notes

of their initial phone call, Santiago made the following statements:

      1. Records are not in order
      2. Girl left him shortly after the last auditor was there
      3. He doesn’t take client money
      4. Just isn’t well organized
                                       8
      5. Small operator
      6. Does everything himself
      7. Takes in only small retainers

Murphy forwarded Santiago information on the trust account rules in

chapter 45 and an article on compliance.

      Murphy visited Santiago’s office on October 14. Santiago admitted

to Murphy that he had failed to place Moreno’s retainer in the trust

account but denied failing to deposit any other client’s cash retainers in

the account. Santiago also admitted he had not provided his criminal

clients with notice or accounting when he withdrew funds from the trust

account. Murphy noted Santiago had been making cash withdrawals2

from the trust account and still had no check register, client ledger

records, or monthly reconciliations. Murphy started a check register for

him beginning in October of 2011 and completed two months of

reconciliations, instructing Santiago to update his records up through

September of 2013 within thirty days.

      Murphy returned to Santiago’s office on November 18 to review

Santiago’s reconstructed check register and reconciliation documents.

Murphy reported that “[t]his review revealed that [Santiago] had
numerous deposits and withdrawals that he could not associate with a

specific client and that he did not create a separate sub-account ledger

page for each client.” Murphy prepared a spreadsheet to assist Santiago

and discovered six clients with a negative balance and an overall account

deficiency of $5257.    As Murphy reported, “This is clear evidence that

      2Murphy’s  final report documented cash withdrawals from Santiago’s trust
account in 2012 on March 26, May 18, July 19, September 13, September 27,
October 15, and October 19. Murphy also documented cash withdrawals on May 10
and July 1 of 2013. Santiago admitted to another cash withdrawal on January 3 of
2014.
                                     9

[Santiago] has not been keeping timely records and has not been

providing the required notices and accountings to his clients.” Murphy

continued to work with Santiago to address the discrepancy. Santiago

initially agreed to update Murphy by January 2, 2014, then promised to

send information by January 22.          On January 21, Santiago called

Murphy to say he had a new bookkeeper who would need more time to

analyze his records and update his spreadsheets. Santiago sent Murphy

an updated client ledger spreadsheet on February 11, but it still showed

a $1000 deficiency.      On March 20, Santiago told Murphy he had

discovered the problem and reduced the deposit amounts for two clients

so the deficiency no longer existed.       On March 24, Santiago asked

Murphy if he could now withdraw earned funds from the trust account.

Murphy responded that he could if he provided notice and accounting to

the client and provided Murphy with a copy of the notice.

      On March 31, Murphy emailed Santiago and asked to meet April 9

to continue the audit.   Murphy requested documentation for the bank

statements, check registers, and client ledgers between September 2013

and March 2014. Santiago responded a few minutes later, saying:

            [H]ere’s my problem
             I stopped adding anything new into my client trust
      acct. until you gave me a clearance from the current review.
      I’ve been keeping records of new clients but not entered into
      the computer. I’ve ask[ed] Elizabeth to wait until I can get
      this first phase (this is what I am calling it) resolved. Then I
      was going to pick up from Sept 2013 to the present; which I
      postponed until this instant matter is taken care of.
            I can’t even have you come over on the 9th, b/c I need
      to have Elizabeth and I now pick up from Sept. 2013 to the
      present . . . .

      Santiago provided most of the information Murphy requested on

April 21. Murphy noted Santiago still showed recent cash withdrawals
                                    10

from the trust account and asked Santiago to provide him a copy of his

fee agreement with his clients. Santiago responded:

            Ninety-five percent of my work is a flat fee
      arrangement. As of this writing I do not have a Contract for
      me and my clients. This has not been a problem. But I will
      prepare a Flat Fee arrangement for my clients. Further, I am
      improving on my notices and accountings of the clients’
      ledgers and letters which have more details.

Murphy noted in his report that as of April of 2014 he believed Santiago

had achieved good trust account records as far as reconciliation with no

outstanding deficiencies. Murphy testified at the hearing that he spent

at least forty hours auditing Santiago and assisting him in bringing

records up to date. He also testified Santiago was cooperative, honest,

and forthright with him, and he saw no evidence of misappropriation.

      D. The Disciplinary Proceedings.        The Board received Cole’s

complaint on May 24, 2013, and wrote Santiago on June 13 with several

inquiries. Santiago responded by letter dated July 9. He admitted his

failure to deposit the Moreno retainer in his trust account, asserted he

had earned more than the retainer, and denied he charged an

unreasonable fee.    The Board filed its complaint on May 29, 2014,

alleging that Santiago violated Iowa Rules of Professional Conduct

32:1.5(a), 32:1.15, and 32:8.4(c), as well as Iowa Court Rules 45.1,

45.2(2), 45.2(3), and 45.7.    On July 14, Santiago filed his answer,

admitting that he failed to give notice and accounting to his criminal

defense clients when making withdrawals and failed to deposit the

Moreno retainer in his trust account.     In the same answer, Santiago

asserted he kept adequate trust records “proportional to his office,” while

admitting he kept no check register or client ledgers. On September 3,

Santiago admitted in his answers to the Board’s request for admissions

that his reconciliation had not complied with the rules and that he
                                   11

withdrew earned retainers from the trust account without the required

notice and accounting.   Santiago continued to deny that he overbilled

Moreno or falsified his time representing Moreno.

      The commission held an evidentiary hearing on October 27. On

December 30, the commission released its “Findings of Fact, Conclusions

of Law, and Recommendations.”      The commission found Santiago had

violated rules 32:1.5 and 32:1.15 by representing his clients with no

clear fee agreement and failing to put client funds in a trust account.

The commission also found Santiago’s failure to deposit funds in his

trust account, provide contemporaneous accountings upon withdrawal,

and keep adequate records violated client trust account rules 45.1,

45.2(3), 45.7(3), and 45.7(4). However, the commission found that the

Board had not met its burden to prove Santiago had acted dishonestly in

violation of rule 32:8.4(c) or charged Moreno an unreasonable fee.

Santiago appealed the commission’s findings and conclusions.

      II. Scope of Review.

      Our review of attorney disciplinary proceedings is de novo. Iowa

Ct. R. 35.11(1). We give the commission’s findings and recommendations

“respectful consideration, but we are not bound by them.” Iowa Supreme

Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Ricklefs, 844 N.W.2d 689, 696 (Iowa 2014).

      The Board must prove an attorney’s misconduct by a convincing

preponderance of the evidence.    Id. at 697.   “This burden requires a

greater showing than the preponderance of the evidence standard, but is

less demanding than proof beyond a reasonable doubt.” Iowa Supreme

Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Kersenbrock, 821 N.W.2d 415, 418–19 (Iowa

2012).   If we determine a violation has occurred, we may impose a

sanction that is greater or lesser than the sanction recommended by the

commission. Ricklefs, 844 N.W.2d at 697.
                                    12

      III. Ethical Violations.

      Santiago’s answer to the Board’s complaint admitted he failed to

deposit the Moreno retainer in his trust account, admitted his cash

withdrawals from his trust account, admitted his failure to provide notice

and accounting when withdrawing funds from the trust account, and

admitted his lack of a written fee agreement. “Factual matters admitted

by an attorney in an answer are deemed established . . . .”              Iowa

Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Nelson, 838 N.W.2d 528, 532 (Iowa

2013); see also Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Alexander, 727
N.W.2d 120, 122 (Iowa 2007) (“Admissions may be relied upon to meet

the evidentiary burden of the Board.”). Nonetheless, we review de novo

all of the allegations brought by the Board. See Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y

Disciplinary Bd. v. Kelsen, 855 N.W.2d 175, 181 (Iowa 2014) (“An

attorney’s stipulation as to a violation is not binding on us.”). Upon our

review, we find Santiago violated our trust account rules and failed to

communicate his hourly rate, but the Board failed to prove he charged

Moreno an unreasonable fee.

      A. Trust Account Violations.

      1. Rule 32:1.15 (Safekeeping Property). Iowa Rule of Professional

Conduct 32:1.15 states in relevant part:

            (a) A lawyer shall hold property of clients . . . separate
      from the lawyer’s own property. Funds shall be kept in a
      separate account. . . . Complete records of such account
      funds and other property shall be kept by the lawyer . . . .
            ....
             (c) A lawyer shall deposit into a client trust account
      legal fees and expenses that have been paid in advance, to
      be withdrawn by the lawyer only as fees are earned or
      expenses incurred.

Iowa R. Prof’l Conduct 32:1.15.        The commission determined that

Santiago violated this rule.     Santiago admittedly failed to place the
                                         13

Moreno retainer in his trust account upon receipt and instead placed the

cash in a drawer in his office.         The failure to deposit cash retainers

potentially facilitates income tax avoidance. It also results in the loss of

interest income for IOLTA that funds legal aid and other programs that

assist the indigent. See Iowa Ct. R. 44.1(1) (governing the interest on

lawyers’ trust account (IOLTA) program); Comm. on Prof’l Ethics &

Conduct v. Humphrey, 377 N.W.2d 643, 651 & n.20 (Iowa 1985)

(Reynoldson, C.J., concurring specially) (discussing the creation of the

IOLTA program).

       Santiago admitted he later deposited part of the retainer directly in

his personal account and perhaps the rest in his business account.

Auditor Murphy also testified that Santiago admitted to failing to deposit

other cash retainers in the trust account. We find Santiago violated rule

32:1.15(c). We also find Santiago’s record keeping deficient regarding his

client ledgers and reconciliations.            Both McGarvey and Murphy

discovered Santiago failed to provide notice and accounting and failed to

reconcile his trust account regularly. Santiago admitted his records were

incomplete and out of date and acknowledged in his annual client

security report that his accounts were not reconciled. We find Santiago’s

failure to keep proper records violated rule 32:1.15(a). 3

       2. Rule 45.1 (Requirement for client trust account).             Rule 45.1

requires that “[f]unds a lawyer receives from clients or third persons for

matters arising out of the practice of law in Iowa shall be deposited in

one or more identifiable interest-bearing trust accounts located in Iowa.”

       3Santiago attempts to excuse his misconduct by contending he appropriately
focused on representing Moreno in a fast-moving case and, as a sole practitioner,
lacked time to deposit Moreno’s retainer. Those arguments are unavailing. All lawyers
must make the time to comply with trust account requirements.
                                      14

Iowa Ct. R. 45.1. The commission determined that Santiago violated rule

45.1 by failing to deposit Moreno’s retainer in his trust account.          We

agree.

         3. Rule 45.2(3) (Action required upon receiving funds, accounting,

and records).      Rule 45.2(3) sets forth in detail the types of financial

records lawyers must maintain for client trust accounts and billing. See

Iowa Ct. R. 45.2(3). The commission determined that Santiago violated

this rule by failing to keep adequate trust account records. The 2011

and 2013 audits conducted by McGarvey and Murphy demonstrate that

Santiago failed to keep adequate check registers, client ledgers, and

reconciliations.      While Santiago claimed he personally reviewed his

records regularly, he admitted his “reconciling is simple, granted not as

required under the Rules.” We find Santiago violated rule 45.2(3).

         4. Rule 45.7 (Advance fee and expense payments).        Rule 45.7(3)

requires a lawyer to “deposit advance fee and expense payments from a

client into the trust account and . . . withdraw such payments only as

the fee is earned or the expense is incurred.”        Id. r. 45.7(3).   For the

reasons discussed above, we find Santiago’s failure to deposit Moreno’s

retainer into his trust fund violated rule 45.7. Further, the rule states:

         Notification upon withdrawal of fee or expense. A lawyer
         accepting advance fee or expense payments must notify the
         client in writing of the time, amount, and purpose of any
         withdrawal of the fee or expense, together with a complete
         accounting. The attorney must transmit such notice no later
         than the date of the withdrawal.

Id.   r.   45.7(4).     “Contemporaneous    billing   requirements      provide

transparency to help ensure lawyers treat clients honestly and deal fairly

with clients purchasing legal services.    These record-keeping rules are

essential to upholding public confidence in the justice system.”          Iowa

Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Boles, 808 N.W.2d 431, 441 (Iowa
                                    15

2012).   The commission found Santiago violated this rule.         Santiago

admitted to both auditors and to the Board that he made withdrawals

from his trust account without notifying clients or providing a timely

accounting. We likewise find Santiago violated rule 45.7(4).

      B. Other Violations.

      1. Rule 32:1.5 (Fees). The Board alleged Santiago charged Moreno

an unreasonable fee for the work he performed.        “A lawyer shall not

make an agreement for, charge, or collect an unreasonable fee or an

unreasonable amount for expenses . . . .”        Iowa R. Prof’l Conduct

32:1.5(a). Cole’s letter to the Board disputed both the amount of time

Santiago spent performing specific tasks on Moreno’s behalf and the

scope of Santiago’s representation. However, Santiago testified he had

performed substantial work in preparing Moreno’s case and performed

the work he did with Moreno’s landlord, employer, and military contacts

at Moreno’s request.

      The commission found the Board failed to meet its burden to show

Santiago charged an unreasonable fee.        The commission necessarily

found Santiago’s testimony credible as to his time charges.        We give

deference to the commission’s credibility determinations because the

commissioners hear live testimony and personally observe the demeanor

of the respondent and the witnesses. Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary

Bd. v. Clarity, 838 N.W.2d 648, 659 (Iowa 2013).      Further, the hourly

rate Santiago charged Moreno is reasonable given Santiago’s experience

in handling criminal matters. On our de novo review, we decline to find

Santiago charged Moreno an unreasonable fee.

      However, Moreno’s confusion about Santiago’s hourly rate helps

establish that Santiago violated rule 32:1.5(b), which provides:
                                    16
             (b) The scope of the representation and the basis or
      rate of the fee and expenses for which the client will be
      responsible shall be communicated to the client, preferably
      in writing, before or within a reasonable time after
      commencing the representation, except when the lawyer will
      charge a regularly represented client on the same basis or
      rate. Any changes in the basis or rate of the fee or expenses
      shall also be communicated to the client.

Iowa R. Prof’l Conduct 32:1.5(b). Santiago admitted he had no written

fee agreement with Moreno and that he does not use written fee

agreements for the majority of his criminal defense work, saying, “This

has not been a problem.” Although rule 32:1.5(b) stops short of requiring

a written fee agreement, the rule plainly requires that an attorney

communicate to a client the scope of the representation and basis or rate

of the fee. Cole testified she understood Santiago never discussed his

hourly rate with Moreno. Santiago, present for Cole’s testimony, offered

no rebuttal on that point. If he had in fact orally informed Moreno of his

hourly rate, we would expect him to so testify. He did not. A written fee

agreement would have avoided the dispute that arose over Santiago’s

hourly rate. The commission found Santiago violated rule 32:1.5. We

agree that Santiago failed to communicate in a timely fashion his hourly

rate to Moreno and therefore violated rule 32:1.5(b).

      2. Rule 32:8.4 (Dishonesty). Finally, the Board charged Santiago

with violating rule 32:8.4(c), which prohibits a lawyer from “engag[ing] in

conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation.”     Id.

r. 32:8.4(c).   The Board argued that Santiago was motivated to

exaggerate his time spent on Moreno’s representation because he had

never deposited the funds and needed the money.           Santiago, while

generally admitting his trust account violations, consistently denied he

overcharged Moreno and insisted that he fully earned the retainer

Moreno paid him.    Both auditors testified Santiago was forthright and
                                    17

honest in his communications with them. The commission found that

Santiago did not engage in dishonesty in his billing practices. Again, we

defer to the commission’s assessment of Santiago’s credibility. Clarity,
838 N.W.2d at 659. We find the Board failed to prove by a convincing

preponderance of the evidence that Santiago violated rule 32:8.4(c).

      IV. Sanction.

      Having   determined    that   Santiago    violated   rules   32:1.5(b),

32:1.15(a) and (c), 45.1, 45.2(3), and 45.7(3) and (4), we must decide the

appropriate sanction.

      “ ‘Attorney disciplinary proceedings are not designed to
      punish, but rather to determine the fitness of an officer of
      [the] court to continue in that capacity, to insulate the
      courts and the public from those persons unfit to practice
      law, to protect the integrity of and the public confidence in
      our system of justice, and to deter other lawyers from
      engaging in similar acts or practices.’ ”

Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Howe, 706 N.W.2d 360, 378

(Iowa 2005) (alteration in original) (quoting Comm. on Prof’l Ethics &

Conduct v. Vesole, 400 N.W.2d 591, 593 (Iowa 1987)). In determining the

appropriate sanction,

      “we consider the nature and extent of the respondent’s
      ethical infractions, his fitness to continue practicing law, our
      obligation to protect the public from further harm by the
      respondent, the need to deter other attorneys from engaging
      in similar misconduct, our desire to maintain the reputation
      of the bar as a whole, and any aggravating or mitigating
      circumstances.”

Id. (quoting Iowa Supreme Ct. Bd. of Prof’l Ethics & Conduct v. Kallsen,

670 N.W.2d 161, 164 (Iowa 2003)). “There is no standard sanction for

particular types of misconduct.” Clarity, 838 N.W.2d at 660. While prior

cases may be instructive, “ ‘we determine the appropriate sanctions in

light of the unique circumstances of the case before us.’ ” Id. (quoting
                                      18

Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Rhinehart, 827 N.W.2d 169,

182 (Iowa 2013)).

      The commission recommends that we suspend Santiago’s law

license for at least sixty days. We give the commission’s recommendation

respectful consideration. See Ricklefs, 844 N.W.2d at 696. The Board

recommends     a    suspension   of   ninety   days   to   avoid   automatic

reinstatement, but acknowledges our applicable cases support a

suspension of thirty to sixty days as well. Santiago asks for a private or

public reprimand, arguing that his faulty bookkeeping caused no harm

to clients and that the Board failed to prove misappropriation or more

serious wrongdoing. We agree that no client harm was proven, which is

a mitigating factor, but the poor state of his record keeping made it

difficult for the auditors to trace funds to confirm lack of harm to clients.

In Kersenbrock, we noted “the persistent failure to keep appropriate

records has the effect of preventing effective review of Kersenbrock’s

accounting practices.” 821 N.W.2d at 422. That observation applies to

Santiago’s practice.

      The commission correctly identified as a mitigating factor that

Santiago primarily represents clients in a non-English speaking,

underserved    Hispanic   community.       See Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y

Disciplinary Bd. v. Mendez, 855 N.W.2d 156, 173 (Iowa 2014) (noting in

mitigation that Mendez “serves a vulnerable population, many of whom

do not speak English and are unfamiliar with the American legal

system”). Santiago cooperated with the auditors, the commission, and

the Board and admitted his trust account violations.          This too is a

mitigating factor. See Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Eslick,

859 N.W.2d 198, 202 (Iowa 2015) (stating “remorse and cooperation

generally mitigate our sanction”); Mendez, 855 N.W.2d at 173 (stating
                                    19

cooperation is generally considered a mitigating factor). Finally, Santiago

has no prior disciplinary history, another mitigating factor.          See

Kersenbrock, 821 N.W.2d at 422.

      Santiago argues Cole was motivated by petty revenge to file her

complaint with the Board and that we should consider her motivation as

a mitigating factor. His argument fails factually and legally. Factually,

we do not find Cole bears a grudge from the events of the Pirtle trial ten

years prior or that she filed the ethics complaint to settle a score with

Santiago.

      Legally, Cole’s motivation for filing the ethics complaint is

irrelevant to the sanction we impose. Santiago relies on a recent decision

for the proposition that “personal issues” can be a mitigating factor. See

Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Dolezal, 841 N.W.2d 114, 129

(Iowa 2013) (“Personal issues, such as depression, can be a mitigating

factor, but they ‘do not excuse a lawyer’s misconduct.’ ” (quoting Iowa

Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Curtis, 749 N.W.2d 694, 703 (Iowa

2008))).    In context, it is clear that Dolezal was referring to the

respondent lawyer’s own personal problems such as depression—not the

alleged animus of the complainant. We have consistently held that the

motivation of the accuser does not excuse the respondent attorney’s

misconduct or mitigate the sanction. See Iowa Supreme Ct. Bd. of Prof’l

Ethics & Conduct v. Gallner, 621 N.W.2d 183, 188 (Iowa 2001) (“It is also

unimportant that [the attorney]’s accusers may have been motivated to

report his conduct by animosity or ill feelings.”); Iowa Supreme Ct. Bd. of

Prof’l Ethics & Conduct v. Sunleaf, 588 N.W.2d 126, 127 (Iowa 1999)

(“The commission was also correct in refusing to give consideration to the

motive of [the attorney]’s former secretary in alerting the board to [the

attorney]’s misconduct.”); Comm. on Prof’l Ethics & Conduct v. Hall, 463
                                           20
N.W.2d 30, 36 (Iowa 1990) (“The commission also viewed the fact that

the injured parties were not the complainants as a mitigating factor. We

do not believe this situation mitigates the severity of respondent’s

conduct.”). 4 We reiterate the principle we stated more than seventy years

ago:

       That one making an accusation against an attorney may be
       actuated by improper motives is not a bar to the prosecution
       of the charges. Nor is it necessary that charges be preferred
       [sic] or prosecuted by a person who claims injury from the
       alleged wrongdoings. Such proceedings are matters of public
       interest. The basis for judgment of the court is the proof or
       failure of proof of the charges and not the identity or motives
       of the accuser.

In re Boyer, 231 Iowa 597, 600, 1 N.W.2d 707, 709 (1942). 5 Accordingly,

the commission correctly determined that Cole’s motivation was not a

mitigating factor.

       We turn next to the aggravating factors.               The commission aptly

observed:

       Santiago’s failure to learn from his [2011] audit is an
       aggravating factor even though he did not receive any

       4The   complainant’s motivation or animus may be relevant to the credibility of his
or her testimony in determining whether misconduct occurred. See, e.g., In re Krull,
860 N.W.2d 38, 44 n.2 (Iowa 2015) (“We skeptically view motions to disqualify counsel
filed by a litigation adversary.”); Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Ouderkirk,
845 N.W.2d 31, 40 (Iowa 2014) (“[W]e approach with caution ethics complaints initiated
by a litigation adversary.”). In this case, Santiago himself admitted violating the trust
account rules, and our findings as to those rule violations do not rest on Cole’s
credibility.
       5Indeed,  a duty to report violations of our disciplinary rules may exist regardless
of the reporting attorney’s motivations. See Iowa R. Prof’l Conduct 32:8.3(a) (“A lawyer
who knows that another lawyer has committed a violation of the Iowa Rules of
Professional Conduct shall inform the appropriate professional authority.”); see also 16
Gregory C. Sisk & Mark S. Cady, Iowa Practice Series: Lawyer and Judicial Ethics
§ 12:3(c), at 1047 (2015 ed.) (discussing confidentiality as an exception to the duty to
report). Cole testified that Moreno waived privilege for purposes of reporting Santiago.
We express no opinion whether Cole had sufficient knowledge of Santiago’s conduct to
trigger a mandatory reporting obligation.
                                   21
      suspension and had corrected those issues. In addition, the
      Division finds that the respondent was admitted to [the]
      practice of law in 1995 and has substantial experience which
      is an aggravating factor and that based upon the amount of
      time that he had be[en] serving as an attorney he should
      understand the rules regarding the Trust Accounts and the
      necessity of keeping good records in order to adequately
      protect the interest of his clients.

We agree that Santiago’s experience and his failure to comply with trust

account requirements despite the lessons he should have learned from

his 2011 audit are aggravating factors.

      We have imposed a range of sanctions for trust account violations:

             When dealing with client trust account violations, our
      sanctions have ranged from a public reprimand when the
      violation was relatively minor and isolated, to license
      suspension when the violation involved poor office
      management and neglect, to license revocation when the
      violation amounted to a misappropriation of client funds.
      Based upon the record in this case, we are not faced with a
      single incident, nor are we dealing with a case of
      misappropriation. Therefore, the suspension cases are most
      helpful in determining the ultimate sanction to impose in
      this case.     Cases involving suspension for client trust
      account violations range from two months in less serious
      cases, to eighteen months in very severe cases when the
      violations combine with multiple instances of neglect and
      other ethical violations.

Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Parrish, 801 N.W.2d 580, 588–

90 (Iowa 2011) (citations omitted) (imposing a sixty-day suspension).

This case does not involve misappropriation or harm to a client.

Nevertheless, suspension is warranted given Santiago’s postaudit

continuing disregard for the trust account rules scrupulously followed by

other Iowa practitioners. A mere reprimand on this record would weaken

the deterrence so important to motivating compliance with our rules that

protect the public and maintain confidence in our legal system.

      In Ricklefs, an attorney committed a series of additional trust

account violations after a prior audit revealed the problems and he was
                                   22

given the opportunity to resolve them. Ricklefs, 844 N.W.2d at 692–93.

Like Santiago, Ricklefs failed to keep a ledger or check register and did

not reconcile his trust account monthly. Id. Unlike Santiago, Ricklefs

commingled client funds with his own and was dishonest on his client

security commission form. Id. at 695. We found that Ricklefs warranted

a stiffer sanction because he “was given a second chance after the [first]

audit but did not mend his ways.”       Id. at 702.   We imposed a three-

month suspension. Id. In another recent disciplinary case, we imposed

a six-month suspension for trust account violations based in part on the

fact the attorney had been audited previously:

      The record overwhelmingly documents Morris’s failure to
      comply with these clearly prescribed record-keeping and
      account-management requirements.     His noncompliance
      persisted even after the auditors supplied him with an
      informational roadmap in May 2010.

Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Morris, 847 N.W.2d 428, 435,

437 (Iowa 2014). Santiago likewise received an “informational roadmap”

from his 2011 audit, yet continued to flout our record keeping rules.

Similarly, in Iowa Supreme Court Attorney Disciplinary Board v. Powell,

we imposed a three-month disciplinary suspension for the wholesale

mismanagement of a trust account resulting in a significant shortage

that continued after an audit and required appointment of a trustee.

830 N.W.2d 355, 356, 360 (Iowa 2013). We expect lawyers to learn from

their mistakes, and their failure to take to heart lessons learned through

audits is an aggravating factor. See id. at 356, 359–60.

      We have imposed suspensions in other cases involving a pattern of

trust account violations. See Eslick, 859 N.W.2d at 203–04 (imposing a

thirty-day suspension for “wholesale neglect of the obligation to maintain

records” creating a “pattern of rule violations”); Mendez, 855 N.W.2d at
                                     23

160, 175 (ordering California attorney to cease and desist practicing

immigration law in Iowa for sixty days, based on trust account and other

rule violations); Kersenbrock, 821 N.W.2d at 422 (imposing a thirty-day

suspension for “systemic failure to maintain adequate accounting

records”);   Boles, 808 N.W.2d   at   442–43   (imposing   a   thirty-day

suspension for trust account and other rule violations, noting in

mitigation cooperation, corrective measures, and exemplary record of

volunteer pro bono and community service).

      Considering all of the aggravating and mitigating factors, we

conclude that Santiago’s misconduct requires more than a reprimand.

We determine that Santiago’s license should be suspended indefinitely

with no possibility of reinstatement for thirty days.

      V. Disposition.

      We suspend Santiago’s license to practice law with no possibility of

reinstatement for thirty days from the filing of this opinion.          This

suspension shall apply to all facets of the practice of law. See Iowa Ct. R.

35.13(3).    Santiago must comply with the notification requirements of

Iowa Court Rule 35.23. Costs are assessed against Santiago pursuant to

Iowa Court Rule 35.27(1). Unless the Board objects, Santiago shall be

automatically reinstated after the thirty-day suspension period on the

condition that all costs have been paid. Iowa Ct. R. 35.13(2).

      LICENSE SUSPENDED.

      All justices concur except Hecht, J., who takes no part.