Court Opinion

ID: 2740948
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-10-08 22:03:22.552923+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:47:46.614477
License: Public Domain

2014 IL App (1st) 142771
                              No. 1-14 -2771
                        Opinion filed October 7, 2014

                                                             FIFTH DIVISION

                                    IN THE

                    APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                              FIRST DISTRICT

ROSE MABWA, LORENZO PATE,              )     Appeal from the Circuit Court
SANDRA RAMSEY, MICHAEL                 )     of Cook County.
QUINLAN, CASSANDRA CHERIF,             )
DOMINICK CHEW, and MARION              )
COLEMAN,                               )
                                       )
          Plaintiffs-Appellants,       )
                                       )
          v.                           )     No. 14 CH 13812
                                       )
SUSANA A. MENDOZA, Clerk of the        )
City of Chicago, THE CHICAGO           )
BOARD OF ELECTIONS AND ITS             )
COMMISSIONERS, LANGDON D.              )
NEAL, RICHARD A. COWEN and             )
MARISEL A. HERNANDEZ,                  )     The Honorable
                                       )     David A. Skryd,
          Defendants-Appellees.        )     Judge, presiding.

          JUSTICE GORDON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
          Justices McBride and Reyes concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                   OPINION
     No. 1-14-2771

¶1            On July 22, 2014, plaintiffs filed a petition with the Office of the City

       Clerk of the City of Chicago which requested that the voters of the 18th

       precinct in the 27th ward be able to vote in the upcoming November 4, 2014,

       election on the question of whether: "the sale at retail of alcoholic liquor be

       prohibited in this 18th precinct of the 27th ward of the City of Chicago (as such

       precinct existed as of the last general election)?"         Defendant Susana A.

       Mendoza, the Clerk of the City of Chicago, did not certify the petition as valid,

       and plaintiffs then sought a writ of mandamus from the trial court to order the

       clerk to certify the petition.

¶2            On this appeal, plaintiffs argue that the trial court abused its discretion in

       denying a writ of mandamus. Plaintiffs acknowledge in their appellate brief

       that "the role of the clerk is to determine whether the petition on its face

       apparently conforms to the statutory requirements." However, they argue that

       their signature sheets were in substantial compliance, despite the facts: (1) that

       plaintiffs chose not to file, with their petition, the statutorily-required

       attestations from the circulators swearing to the dates on which the voters

       signed, (2) that the attestations failed to provide any information at all about the

       dates on which the voters signed except to state that the sheets were signed on

       "the dates indicated" by the voters themselves; (3) that almost half "the dates

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     No. 1-14-2771

       indicated" by the voters were missing, incomplete or wrong, (4) that one voter's

       signature bears the date "6/12/2012," although the petition had to be signed

       within four months of its July 22, 2014, filing; (5) that some of the other dates

       indicate a possible 2012 date; (6) that some of the circulator attestations had

       incomplete or inconsistent cross-outs; and (7) that, on at least one of the sheets,

       the dates do not proceed in chronological order.

¶3           For the following reasons, we affirm the trial court.

¶4                                   BACKGROUND

¶5                                    I. The Petition

¶6           On July 22, 2014, a petition was filed with the Office of the City Clerk of

       the City of Chicago which requested that the following proposition be

       submitted to the voters of the 18th precinct in the 27th ward in the upcoming

       November 4, 2014, election:

             "Shall the sale at retail of alcoholic liquor be prohibited in this 18th

             precinct of the 27th ward of the City of Chicago (as such precinct existed

             as of the last general election)?"

¶7           The petition was accompanied by 29 signature sheets, which were

       gathered by seven circulators and possibly an eighth. The seven circulators

       were: (1) Rose Mabwa, (2) Sandra Ramsey, (3) James Allen, (4) Lorenzo Pate,

       (5) Stefano Viola, (6) Constantine Argiris, and (7) Donna Lewis. The possible

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         eighth is Timothy Stevens; however, on all the sheets which contain his name,

         Rose Mabwa's name is either crossed out or still present.

¶8             Mabwa's name appears, in some fashion, on 8 of the 29 sheets. A

         circulator's name appears in three places on each signature sheet: (1) in the

         blank space for the "Circulator's Name," (2) in the blank space for the

         "Circulator's Signature," and (3) and in the blank space for the "Name of

         Circulator," which is filled in by the notary public.

¶9             All of the Mabwa sheets have crossed-out names. On sheet nos. 1 and 4,

         by "Circulator's Name," Mabwa's name has a line through it and then it is

         reprinted above. Her signature also has a line through it, as though it were also

         crossed out, but it is not resigned.

¶ 10           On sheet no. 2, her name is again crossed out by "Circulator's Name," but

         on this sheet the name "Timothy Stevens" is printed over it, rather than her own

         name. The signature line has Mabwa's signature without a line through it, but

         there is an extra squiggle next to her signature, which appears to be an

         additional signature. This squiggle is the same signature that appears on later

         sheets which state that Timothy Stevens was the person appearing before the

         notary. However, although Stevens' name appears on sheet no. 2 as the

         "Circulator's Name," and although his signature appears on the signature line,

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       No. 1-14-2771

         Mabwa's name is the name of the person stated as appearing before the notary

         public, not Stevens.

¶ 11           On sheet nos. 3, 17, 23, 26 and 28, Mabwa's name is crossed out in all

         three places, and Timothy Stevens' name appears as both the "Circulator's

         Name," and the person appearing in front of the notary public.            Next to

         Mabwa's signature, which has a line through it, is the same squiggle appearing

         on sheet no. 2.

¶ 12           It is undisputed: (1) that the 29 sheets contained 184 provisional

         signatures, (2) that 132 signatures were required, and (3) that plaintiffs chose

         not to file, with their petition, the statutorily-required attestations from the

         circulators swearing to the dates on which the voters signed and instead chose

         to rest the validity of those dates solely on what the voters wrote themselves.

¶ 13           All of the dates which are complete dates were in June or July 2014, with

         the month written as a "6" or a "7." For at least nine of the signatures, "60612"

         appears in the date column, which could be either the date of June 6, 2012, or

         the zip code of the voter. However, on sheet no. 3, which is one of the eight

         Mabwa sheets, one voter printed "6/12/2012," which cannot possibly be a zip

         code and which is unmistakably a date from two years ago.

¶ 14           It is undisputed that, of the 184 provisional signatures, 81 or almost half

         contain either no date, or an incomplete or inappropriate date; and that, of those

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         with an incomplete date, 2 list only the day and 67 list only the month and day.

         Plaintiff argues that, if we include the 69 signatures with partial dates, then the

         petition contains 172 dated signatures, which is 40 more signatures than the 132

         required.

¶ 15           However, plaintiff includes in this number 48 full or partially dated

         signatures from the eight Mabwa sheets. The eight Mabwa sheets contain 27

         fully dated signatures, 19 with only the month and day, and 2 with only the day.

¶ 16           In a letter dated August 15, 2014, and addressed to "Tim Stevens," the

         City Clerk stated that "[t]his office has decided not to certify to the Board of

         Elections of the City of Chicago the petition filed" because of an "insufficient

         number of signatures."

¶ 17                      II. The Complaint for Writ of Mandamus

¶ 18           On August 25, 2014, plaintiffs filed a complaint for a writ of mandamus.

         Three of the six plaintiffs are Rose Mabwa, Lorenzo Pate and Sandra Ramsey,

         who had also been circulators. The remaining three plaintiffs are Michael

         Quilan, Cassandra Cherif, Dominick Chew and Marion Coleman. Defendants

         are the City Clerk and the Chicago Board of Elections and its commissioners,

         Langdon D. Neal, Richard A. Cowen and Marisel A. Hernandez.                   The

         complaint asked that: "a Writ of Mandamus be issued requiring Defendants to

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       No. 1-14-2771

         place said proposition on the ballot in the November 18, 2014 election in the

         18th precinct of the 27th Ward."

¶ 19           On September 3, 2004, the matter was on the calendar and the trial court

         issued a scheduling order directing (1) the "City of Chicago to file its motion to

         dismiss by Friday, September 5, 2014," (2) plaintiffs to reply by Tuesday,

         September 9, 2014; and (3) the "[m]atter [is] set for hearing at 9:30 a.m. *** on

         September 10, 2014." The record does not contain a transcript for the court

         appearances on either September 3 or September 10.

¶ 20                        III. The City Clerk's Motion to Dismiss

¶ 21           On September 5, 2014, the City Clerk filed a motion to dismiss, pursuant

         to section 2-615 of the Illinois Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-615

         (West 2012)), for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. The

         motion argued, first, that "[a]t least 81 of the collected signatures have a serious

         defect in the date field, such as a blank date field, containing a ZIP code in the

         date field or omitting the month and/or year from the date field."

¶ 22           Second, the motion argued that a writ of mandamus cannot be granted to

         compel an action by a public official where the act sought is discretionary, and

         that the clerk has discretion in applying the law to the facts when reviewing

         petitions to determine whether they should be certified to the Board.

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       No. 1-14-2771

¶ 23              IV. Plaintiffs' Response and Motion for Summary Judgemnt

¶ 24           In response to the City's motion to dismiss, plaintiffs filed a combined

         document entitled: "Plaintiffs' Response to Clerk of the City of Chicago's

         Motion to Dismiss and Plaintiffs' Motion for Summary Judgment." While

         section 2-619.1 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-619.1 (West

         2012)) permits a party to file a combined motion, there is no provision for a

         combined "response and motion" such as plaintiffs submitted here. Even where

         the Code permits a combined motion, it requires the motion to "be in parts,"

         with each part "limited to" and clearly labeled as made under section 2-615,

         which governs motions to dismiss, or section 2-1005, which governs summary

         judgment, or section 2-619, which permits dismissal based upon certain defects

         or defenses. The combined document submitted by plaintiffs is not limited and

         labeled as required. There is no indication in the record that plaintiffs' motion

         for summary judgment was docketed, or scheduled for briefing, or heard; thus,

         we do not know whether the trial court struck or simply disregarded this

         improper submission. The City Clerk did not respond to it. Since plaintiffs

         never obtained a ruling on this motion, it is not before us on appeal. Raintree

         Homes, Inc. v. The Village of Kildeer, 302 Ill. App. 3d 304, 306 (1999) ("In

         order to preserve an issue for review, an appellant must first obtain either a

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       No. 1-14-2771

         ruling on the issue or a refusal to rule thereon from the trial court." (citing

         Goodrich v. Sprague, 376 Ill. 80, 86 (1941))).

¶ 25           Nonetheless, for the sake of completeness, we describe here the affidavits

         which plaintiffs submitted in support of their motion for summary judgment. In

         support, plaintiffs submitted affidavits from only three of the possibly eight

         circulators: (1) Sandra Ramsey; (2) Rose Mabwa; and (3) Lorenzo Pate.

¶ 26           Although Ramsey's name appears as the circulator on sheet no. 7,

         Ramsey's affidavit swears only that she circulated sheet nos. 5, 6, 14, 15 and 19.

         Her affidavit swears that the signatures were signed in her presence between

         June 12, 2014, and July 11, 2014, although several of the dates on her sheets

         read "7/18."

¶ 27           Although Mabwa's signature is crossed out on sheet nos. 1 and 4, and

         although sheet no. 2 states the "Circulator's Name" as "Timothy Stevens,"

         Mabwa's affidavit swears that she circulated sheet nos. 1, 2 and 4, and they

         were signed in her presence on June 11 and 12.

¶ 28           The third and last affidavit was from Lorenzo Pate who swore that he

         circulated sheet nos. 10, 16 and 21, and they were signed in his presence

         between June 20, 2014, and July 7, 2014. On sheet nos. 10 and 21, the dates go

         in chronological order, with the earlier signatures appearing before the later

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       No. 1-14-2771

         ones. However, on sheet no. 16, the dates are not in chronological order. The

         first signatures on the list are dated after the later signatures.

¶ 29                               V. The Trial Court's Order

¶ 30            On September 10, 2014, the trial court granted the City Clerk's motion to

         dismiss in a written order which states in full:

                   "All parties being present and the matter having been heard by the

                Court, it is hereby ordered:

                   1) Defendant Mendoza's motion to dismiss is granted;

                   2) The matter is dismissed with prejudice and is off call;

                   3) The local option petition filed by Plaintiffs with the City Clerk is

                invalid and no referendum on the matter shall appear on the ballot based

                upon the Clerk's determination not to certify the petition."

¶ 31            While an attorney filed an appearance and other documents on behalf of

         the City Clerk, defendants Chicago Board of Elections and its commissioners

         did not file any papers in the court below which appear in the record before us.

         These defendants have also chosen not to file a brief in this appeal. Thus, they

         are not parties to the appeal.

¶ 32            On September 12, 2014, plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal from the trial

         court's September 10, 2014, order, dismissing with prejudice their petition for a

         writ of mandamus to the City Clerk. This appeal followed.
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       No. 1-14-2771

¶ 33                                     ANALYSIS

¶ 34           Plaintiffs argue on appeal that the trial court abused its discretion in

         denying a writ of mandamus to the City Clerk. Plaintiffs acknowledge in their

         appellate brief that "the role of the clerk is to determine whether the petition on

         its face apparently conforms to the statutory requirements." However, they

         argue that their signature sheets were in substantial compliance, despite the

         facts: (1) that plaintiffs chose not to file, with their petition, the statutorily-

         required attestations from the circulators swearing to the dates on which the

         voters signed, (2) that the attestations failed to provide any information at all

         about the dates on which the voters signed except to state that the sheets were

         signed on "the dates indicated" by the voters themselves; (3) that almost half

         "the dates indicated" by the voters were missing, incomplete or wrong, (4) that

         one voter's signature bears the date "6/12/2012," although the petition had to be

         signed within four months of its July 22, 2014, filing; (5) that some of the other

         dates indicate a possible 2012 date; (6) that some of the circulator attestations

         had incomplete or inconsistent cross-outs; and (7) that, on at least one of the

         sheets, the dates do not proceed in chronological order.

¶ 35                                I. Standard of Review

¶ 36           Our supreme court has repeatedly cautioned that "[m]andamus is an

         extraordinary remedy," which may be used to enforce the performance of

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       No. 1-14-2771

         official duties by a public officer, only where the petitioner is entitled to the

         performance "as a matter of right," and only " 'where no exercise of discretion' "

         on the part of the officer " 'is involved.' " Noyola v. Board of Education of the

         City of Chicago, 179 Ill. 2d 121, 133 (1997) (quoting Maldden v. Cranson, 114

         Ill. 2d 504, 514 (1986)). See also Lewis v. Spagnolo, 186 Ill. 2d 198, 229

         (1999); People v. Latona, 184 Ill. 2d 260, 277 (1998);            Baldacchino v.

         Thompson, 289 Ill. App. 3d 104 (1997) ("mandamus is an extraordinary

         remedy" proper only when the acts compelled are "purely ministerial" and

         "require no exercise of judgment" by the public officer); Crump v. Illinois

         Prisoner Review Board, 181 Ill. App. 3d 58, 60 (1989). "Mandamus cannot be

         used to direct a public official or body to reach a particular decision or to

         exercise its discretion in a particular manner, even if the judgment or discretion

         has been erroneously exercised." Crump, 181 Ill. App. 3d at 60.

¶ 37           In Crump, this court held that,"absent an abuse of discretion" on the part

         of the trial court, "a reviewing court will not overturn the trial court's grant or

         denial of a writ of mandamus." Crump, 181 Ill. App. 3d at 60. See also People

         v. Latona, 184 Ill. 2d 260, 277 (1998) ("issuance of a write of mandamus" is

         "discretionary in nature"). The Crump decision stated only that the trial court

         had "dismissed" the petition, without specifying if the defendants had made a

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       No. 1-14-2771

         motion to dismiss or a motion for summary judgment. Crump, 181 Ill. App. 3d

         at 59.

¶ 38              However, in Baldacchino, this court expressly rejected the defendants'

         argument that the standard of review for a trial court's grant or denial of a writ

         of mandamus was "abuse of discretion," and held instead that the trial court's

         decision "should be reversed on appeal only when the decision is against the

         manifest weight of the evidence." Baldacchino, 289 Ill. App. 3d at 109. Yet,

         later in this same opinion, the court held: "Though we would have resolved the

         matter differently than the trial court, we cannot say that the trial court abused

         its discretion by refusing to issue a writ of mandamus." Baldacchino, 289 Ill.

         App. 3d at 113.        In Baldacchino, the trial court had denied the plaintiffs'

         motion for summary judgment and granted the defendants' motion to dismiss.

         Baldacchino, 289 Ill. App. 3d at 108. This procedural posture is somewhat

         different from the case at bar in that, in our case, the trial court issued no ruling

         on plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment.

¶ 39              "An abuse of discretion exists where the trial court's decision is arbitrary

         or fanciful, or where no reasonable person would agree with the court's

         position." Seymour v. Collins, 2014 IL App (2d) 140100, ¶ 21. "A decision is

         against the manifest weight of the evidence only when an opposite conclusion is

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       No. 1-14-2771

         apparent or when the findings appear to be unreasonable, arbitrary, or not based

         on the evidence." Eychaner v. Gross, 202 Ill. 2d 228, 252 (2002).

¶ 40             In the case at bar, we do not have to resolve this issue because, whether

         we applied an abuse-of-discretion, or an against-the-manifest-weight, or even a

         de novo standard of review, we still could not find any error by the trial court.

¶ 41                                  II. Writ of Mandamus

¶ 42             "For a complaint seeking mandamus to withstand" a motion to dismiss,

         "it must allege facts which establish [1] a clear right to the relief requested, [2] a

         clear duty of the respondent to act, and [3] clear authority in the respondent to

         comply with the writ." Noyola, 179 Ill. 2d at 133 (cited by Lewis, 186 Ill. 2d at

         229).

¶ 43             In the case at bar, the third element is not in dispute. Defendant concedes

         in her appellate brief "that, generally speaking, [the City Clerk] has the

         authority to take the particular action requested."

¶ 44                               III. The Liquor Control Act

¶ 45             Plaintiffs submitted their petition to the City Clerk pursuant to the Liquor

         Control Act of 1934 (235 ILCS 5/1-1 et seq. (West 2012)) (the Act). Article 9

         of the Act permits local voters to hold a referendum on the retail sale of alcohol

         in their precinct and sets forth the conditions for the referendum. 235 ILCS 5/9-

         1 et seq. (West 2012).

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       No. 1-14-2771

¶ 46           Section 9-2 provides in relevant part:

                  "When any legal voters of a precinct in any city, village or

               incorporated town of more than 200,000 inhabitants, as determined by

               the last preceding Federal census, desire to pass upon the question of

               whether the sale at retail of alcoholic liquor shall be prohibited in the

               precinct or at a particular street address within the precinct, they shall, at

               least 100 days before an election, file in the office of the clerk of each

               city, village or incorporated town, a petition directed to the clerk,

               containing the signatures of not less than 25% of the legal voters

               registered with the board of election commissioners or county clerk, as

               the case may be, from the precinct." 235 ILCS 5/9-2 (West 2012).

         There is no dispute that "25% of the legal voters," in the case at bar, came to

         132 voters, and thus the petition needed 132 valid signatures for the proposition

         to be placed on the upcoming ballot.

¶ 47           The Liquor Control Act grants Illinois citizens the right to restrict or

         prohibit the sale of alcohol in their own precinct, but it grants them this right

         only under certain conditions. However, the submission of the issue to the

         electorate is mandatory only "when the petition has been filed in proper form

         with the clerk." 235 ILCS 5/9-2 (West 2012). Haymore v. Orr, 385 Ill. App.

         3d 915, 918 (2008) (if a petition does not appear "on its face" to have complied

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         with the statutory requisites, then the clerk has "no duty to submit the

         question"); North v. Hinkle, 295 Ill. App. 3d 84, 88 (1998) (same).

¶ 48           The Act provides that "[a] petition for submission of the proposition shall

         be in substantially the following form," and then it provides, word for word, the

         form. 235 ILCS 5/9-4 (West 2012). Thus, all circulators need to do is to copy

         and paste from the statute. That was not done in the case at bar, and plaintiffs

         argue instead that their sheets are "substantially" in the required form. 235

         ILCS 5/9-4 (West 2012).

¶ 49           The Act provides that the "petitions shall conform to the requirements of

         the general election law, as to form and signature requirements." 235 ILCS 5/9-

         4 (West 2012). However, in the very next sentence, the Act provides an

         additional requirement concerning dates, which was completely missing from

         the sheets in the case at bar. The Act states: "The circulator's statement shall

         include an attestation of: (1) that none of the signatures on this petition sheet

         were signed more than 4 months before the filing of this petition, or (2) the

         dates on which the petitioners signed the petition, and shall be sworn to before

         an officer residing in the county where such legal voters reside and authorized

         to administers oaths therein." 235 ILCS 5/9-4 (West 2012).

¶ 50           The date of the voters' signatures is so important to the Act that it

         requires two different individuals to write down the date of each signature: (1)

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       No. 1-14-2771

         the voter; and (2) the circulator. The form prescribed by the Act requires each

         voter to write the "[d]ate of signing." 235 ILCS 5/9-4 (West 2012). Then, the

         Act requires the date to be written a second time by a second person, when it

         directs the circulators to swear before a notary that they obtained the voters'

         signatures either: (1) less than four months before the petition was filed; or (2)

         on certain, specific dates. In this manner, the Act refuses to rely solely on the

         word of the voters, but also requires the circulators to swear before a notary to

         the validity of the dates. The Act thus creates a double-insurance about the

         validity of the dates.

¶ 51           In the case at bar, the circulators failed to provide any indication of the

         dates on the sheets, except to state that the signatures were provided "on the

         date indicated" by the voters themselves. Thus, the double-insurance

         contemplated by the statute was completely missing here. C.f. Simmons v.

         DuBose, 142 Ill. App. 3d 1077 (1986) (the purpose of the requirement in the

         Election Code that a circulator must swear to the date on which the voters

         signed is to "guard against fraud").

¶ 52           As noted above, only a petition "filed in proper form with the clerk" may

         be submitted to the voters, and the duty of certifying that the petition is in

         proper form is given to the clerk. 235 ILCS 5/9-4 (West 2012). The Act

         provides that:

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No. 1-14-2771

           "[The] clerk shall certify the proposition to be submitted at the

        election to the appropriate election officials, in accordance with the

        general election law, unless the petition has been determined to be

        invalid." (Emphasis added.) 235 ILCS 5/9-4 (West 2012).

  Since the "unless" clause in the above sentence uses the passive voice, the Act

  does not explicitly name the actor who "determine[s]" the petition to be invalid.

  However, since the subject in the prior sentence is the "clerk," the inference is

  that it is the clerk who must, in the first instance, "determine[]" whether the

  petition is valid. 235 ILCS 5/9-4 (West 2012). This conclusion is reinforced by

  the following sentence which states: "If the court determines the petitions to be

  invalid subsequent to the certification by the clerk, the court's order *** shall

  nullify such certification." (Emphasis added.) 235 ILCS 5/9-4 (West 2012).

  See Check Inn Lounge, Inc. v. Kozubowski, 164 Ill. App. 3d 1023, 1031 (1988)

  ("the Act prescribes comprehensive statutory procedures which require the

  clerk's involvement, rather than the board," including that the petition "must be

  certified by the clerk"); c.f. Haymore, 385 Ill. App. 3d at 918 (under the

  Election Code, "the responsibility for determining whether an election petition

  apparently conforms to the law rests with the town clerk"); North, 295 Ill. App.

  3d at 89 (the clerk is "the gatekeeper" who must "turn away" papers that do not

  comply on their face with the law).

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       No. 1-14-2771

¶ 53              Plaintiffs argue that the trial court abused its discretion by denying a writ

         of mandamus to the clerk, because they had "a clear right to the relief

         requested," since their petitions "substantially" complied with the Act. We can

         find no clear right here, (1) where plaintiffs completely ignored a specific

         requirement set forth in the Act by failing to file, with their petition, the

         statutorily-required attestations from the circulators swearing to the dates on

         which the voters signed; (2) where the attestations that they did file failed to

         provide any information at all about the dates on which the voters signed except

         to state that the sheets were signed on "the dates indicated" by the voters

         themselves; (3) where almost half "the dates indicated" by the voters were

         missing, incomplete or wrong, (4) where one voter's signature bears the date

         "6/12/2012," although the petition had to be signed within four months of its

         July 22, 2014, filing; (5) where some of the other dates indicate a possible 2012

         date; (6) where some of the circulator attestations had incomplete or

         inconsistent cross-outs; and (7) where, on at least one of the sheets, the dates do

         not proceed in chronological order.

¶ 54                                      CONCLUSION

¶ 55              For the foregoing reasons, we can find no abuse of discretion by the trial

         court.

                  Affirmed.

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