Court Opinion

ID: 4425848
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-08-15 15:01:05.251874+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:02:27.090530
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 18-1011
                         ___________________________

               John Forrest, also known as John Forrest Rothermel,

                       lllllllllllllllllllllPetitioner - Appellant,

                                           v.

                             United States of America,

                       lllllllllllllllllllllRespondent - Appellee.
                                       ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                      for the District of Nebraska - Lincoln
                                  ____________

                           Submitted: February 15, 2019
                              Filed: August 15, 2019
                                  ____________

Before LOKEN, COLLOTON, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
                          ____________

COLLOTON, Circuit Judge.

     John Forrest appeals an order of the district court1 denying his successive
motion to correct his sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. We conclude that Forrest does

      1
      The Honorable Richard G. Kopf, United States District Judge for the District
of Nebraska.
not meet the requirements of § 2255(h)(2) for filing a successive motion, and we
therefore affirm the denial of relief.

       Forrest was convicted in 2009 on one count of unlawful possession of a firearm
as a felon. See 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Under the Armed Career Criminal Act, he was
subject to a mandatory minimum sentence of fifteen years’ imprisonment if he had
sustained three prior convictions for a “violent felony.” Id. § 924(e)(1). “Violent
felony” means “any crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year”
that (1) “has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force
against the person of another,” (2) “is burglary, arson, or extortion, involves use of
explosives,” or (3) “otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk
of physical injury to another.” Id. § 924(e)(2)(B). We refer to these clauses as the
force clause, the enumerated offenses clause, and the residual clause, respectively.

      At sentencing, the district court determined that Forrest had sustained four prior
convictions for violent felonies: Colorado convictions for menacing, robbery, and
second-degree burglary, and a Kansas conviction for attempted burglary. The court
imposed the statutory minimum term of 180 months’ imprisonment.

       On appeal, this court affirmed. United States v. Forrest, 611 F.3d 908 (8th Cir.
2010). We held that Forrest’s menacing and robbery convictions qualified as violent
felonies under the force clause, that his Colorado second-degree burglary conviction
counted under the enumerated offenses clause, and that his Kansas attempted burglary
conviction met the standard under the residual clause. Id. at 911-13. The district
court denied Forrest’s first motion to vacate his sentence in 2011.

       The Supreme Court then held in Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551,
2557 (2015), that the residual clause is unconstitutionally vague and eventually
applied Johnson retroactively to cases on collateral review. See Welch v. United
States, 136 S. Ct. 1257, 1265 (2016). In light of Johnson and Welch, this court

                                          -2-
granted Forrest leave under § 2255(h) to file a successive motion to correct his
sentence.

       In the district court, Forrest argued that his Kansas attempted burglary
conviction no longer counted as a violent felony after Johnson. He maintained that
because Johnson changed the status of the attempted burglary conviction, he should
be afforded a new sentencing hearing at which he could rely on Mathis v. United
States, 136 S. Ct. 2243 (2016), and Descamps v. United States, 570 U.S. 254 (2013),
to show that his Colorado conviction for second-degree burglary also is not a violent
felony under current law. If those arguments were to succeed, then Forrest would
have only two remaining convictions for a violent felony, and he would not be an
armed career criminal subject to enhanced punishment.

       The district court denied the motion, concluding that Johnson left three of
Forrest’s prior convictions unaffected, and that Mathis and Descamps do not apply
retroactively. Forrest appeals, and we review the district court’s legal conclusions de
novo.

       An order granting leave to file a successive motion under § 2255 is a
preliminary determination subject to fuller consideration after the motion is filed. See
Kamil Johnson v. United States, 720 F.3d 720, 720-21 (8th Cir. 2013) (per curiam).
To proceed with a successive motion under § 2255(h)(2), a movant must establish that
his motion “contain[s] . . . a new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to cases
on collateral review by the Supreme Court, that was previously unavailable.” 28
U.S.C. § 2255(h)(2); see Kamil Johnson, 720 F.3d at 720-21. A motion “contains”
a new rule if it “relies on” the new rule. Donnell v. United States, 826 F.3d 1014,
1016 (8th Cir. 2016). And a claim truly “relies on” a new rule only when the rule is
“sufficient to justify a grant of relief.” Id. at 1017.

                                          -3-
      The only new rule on which Forrest relies is the unconstitutionality of the
residual clause established in Johnson. Neither Mathis nor Descamps announced a
new rule of constitutional law that the Supreme Court has made retroactive to cases
on collateral review. Martin v. United States, 904 F.3d 594, 597 (8th Cir. 2018).
Forrest contends, however, that once Johnson eliminates his Kansas attempted
burglary conviction as a violent felony, he is entitled to a “recount” of his other
convictions under current law.

       Forrest also suggests that because Johnson provides “an avenue of relief that
was not previously available,”—that is, a means to avoid counting any of the
convictions under the residual clause—Forrest for the first time has reason to dispute
that his convictions count under the force clause or the enumerated offenses clause.
See Stoner v. United States, No. 1:16-CV-156 CAS, 2017 WL 2535671, at *3-4 (E.D.
Mo. June 12, 2017). Because his motion “uses” Johnson to eliminate counting
convictions under the residual clause, he intimates that the motion “relies on” a new
rule of constitutional law and satisfies the requirements for a successive motion under
§ 2255(h)(2). Id. at *4. Forrest asserts that once he relies on Johnson to file a
successive motion, he may rely on the non-retroactive decisions in Mathis and
Descamps to avoid counting his prior convictions.

       We reject these contentions because Forrest’s motion does not “rely on”
Johnson in the relevant sense. Johnson does not establish that he is entitled to relief,
because that intervening decision does not undermine our conclusion on direct appeal
that three of Forrest’s prior convictions qualified as violent felonies under the force
clause or the enumerated offenses clause. That Johnson might have eliminated a
fourth conviction, or an unnecessary alternative ground for counting the three
qualifying convictions, does not entitle Forrest to pursue a successive motion.
Without a showing that the retroactive decision in Johnson justifies relief, Forrest
cannot challenge his sentence based on intervening decisions with no retroactive
effect. See Donnell, 826 F.3d at 1016-17.

                                          -4-
        As the district court observed, Forrest’s approach would also be unjust: an
offender with three non-residual clause convictions could not satisfy the prerequisites
for filing a successive motion, while an offender who had sustained the same three
convictions plus another conviction that qualified under the residual clause would be
entitled to a “recount.” The statute does not countenance that sort of disparate
treatment.

       The concurring opinion would avoid the disparate treatment by allowing
virtually every armed career criminal to proceed with a successive motion, whether
or not Johnson would justify relief. So long as a defendant had sustained any prior
conviction that counted under the residual clause at the time of sentencing, even if the
residual clause was immaterial to the sentence, the concurrence would allow relief and
resentencing under current law. In our view, this is simply a backdoor means of
applying nonretroactive decisions like Mathis and Descamps retroactively, and we do
not approve it.

      The judgment of the district court is affirmed.

KELLY, Circuit Judge, concurring in the judgment.

       Under § 2255(h)(2), a second or successive § 2255 motion must “contain . . .
a new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on collateral review by the
Supreme Court, that was previously unavailable.” In my view, Forrest’s motion meets
this requirement because it contains a Johnson claim. But under our circuit’s case
law, “[a] 2255 movant bringing a Johnson claim must ‘show by a preponderance of
the evidence that the residual clause led the sentencing court to apply the ACCA
enhancement.’” Golinveaux v. United States, 915 F.3d 564, 567 (8th Cir. 2019)
(quoting Walker v. United States, 900 F.3d 1012, 1015 (8th Cir. 2018), cert. denied,
No. 18-8125, 2019 WL 936692 (June 17, 2019)). To determine whether a movant has
met his burden of proof on this threshold issue, Walker directs courts to first examine

                                          -5-
the sentencing record. See id. at 568. Here, the sentencing court identified four prior
convictions that it determined qualified as violent felonies, without specifying which
three formed the basis for the ACCA enhancement. Forrest concedes that Johnson
invalidates only one of the four prior convictions and therefore the record does not
conclusively establish that the residual clause led the sentencing court to apply the
ACCA enhancement.

       Where, as here, the record is inconclusive, Walker directs us to next “determine
the relevant legal environment at the time of sentencing.” Id. Our precedent at the
time of sentencing suggested that three of Forrest’s prior convictions qualified as
violent felonies under clauses other than the residual clause, so the district court could
have applied the ACCA enhancement without invoking the residual clause.2 As a
result, Forrest cannot show that the district court more likely than not relied on the
residual clause when imposing his sentence. I thus concur in the outcome of Forrest’s
appeal because Walker demands it.3

      2
        Under Eighth Circuit precedent at the time, Forrest’s prior Colorado conviction
for second degree burglary qualified as a violent felony under the enumerated offenses
clause using the modified categorical approach. See Forrest, 611 F.3d at 912–13. We
now know that our precedent at the time incorrectly applied the modified categorical
approach, see Mathis, 136 S. Ct. at 2253–54, rev’g 786 F.3d 1068 (8th Cir. 2015),
which means that this prior conviction never qualified as a violent felony for purposes
of the ACCA. But Walker requires us to look at the “relevant background legal
environment at the time of sentencing,” 900 F.3d at 1015 (cleaned up), without
considering whether that background later turned out to be legally incorrect.
      3
        In my view, Donnell does not allow us to sidestep Walker’s analysis. The
court cites Donnell for the proposition that “a claim truly ‘relies on’ a new rule only
when the rule is ‘sufficient to justify a grant of relief.’” Supra at 3 (quoting Donnell,
826 F.3d at 1017). I do not read Donnell to stand for this proposition. Donnell
concerned a § 2255 motion seeking to extend Johnson to invalidate the residual clause
of the career offender sentencing guideline. See Donnell, 826 F.3d at 1015. This
court refused to authorize the motion, holding that § 2255(h)(2) requires a second or
successive motion to “contain[] a new rule that recognizes the right asserted in the

                                           -6-
       But I continue to disagree with Walker’s approach. See Walker, 900 F.3d at
1016 (Kelly, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). As I read the statutory
language, those filing second or successive § 2255 motions must show that their claim
“relies on” a new and retroactive rule of constitutional law in the sense that their claim
would not be successful without the new rule; they are not required to show that their
claim is successful solely because of the new rule.4 Under my reading, Forrest’s
“claim ‘relies on’ Johnson because his claim would not have been meritorious before
the residual clause was held unconstitutional.” Id. The fact that Johnson, standing
alone, does not completely resolve Forrest’s claim should not bar this court from
reaching the merits of his motion. See id.

       The merits of Forrest’s motion demonstrate the inherent unfairness in Walker’s
approach. It is undisputed that under current law, Forrest does not qualify for an
ACCA enhancement. Yet he will be required to serve five years more than the
statutory maximum sentence for his offense as the result of the ACCA enhancement
because the original application of the enhancement might have resulted from not one

motion.” Id. at 1016; see also Walker, 900 F.3d at 1014 n.2. We explained that the
motion before us did not satisfy this standard because it “cite[d] a new rule that merely
serves as a predicate for urging adoption of another new rule,” and therefore the new
rule—Johnson—was not “sufficient to justify a grant of relief.” Donnell, 826 F.3d at
1017. Forrest, in contrast, does not ask us to extend Johnson or any other rule. The
government concedes that under Johnson, one of Forrest’s prior convictions no longer
qualifies as a violent felony under the ACCA. There is no question that Johnson
“recognizes the right asserted” in Forrest’s motion. Therefore, I do not join in the
court’s reasoning.
      4
       Contrary to the court’s characterization, I do not read § 2255 to “allow relief
and resentencing” whenever a defendant identifies a “prior conviction that counted
under the residual clause at the time of sentencing.” Supra at 5. Rather, I read § 2255
as allowing the court to consider the merits of the motion when “the movant has
shown that his sentence may have relied on the residual clause, and the government
is unable to demonstrate to the contrary.” Walker, 900 F.3d at 1016 (Kelly, J.,
concurring in part and dissenting in part).

                                           -7-
mistake, but two: first, application of the residual clause, which the Supreme Court
later struck from the statute as unconstitutional; and second, application of our
circuit’s case law on the modified categorical approach, which the Supreme Court
later explained was erroneous and had been for some time. See Mathis, 136 S. Ct. at
2257 (“Our precedents make this a straightforward case. For more than 25 years, we
have repeatedly made clear that application of ACCA involves, and involves only,
comparing elements.”). But for this court’s erroneous understanding of how to
identify an ACCA predicate offense at the time of Forrest’s sentencing, the district
court would have identified three predicates, and Forrest would now qualify for relief
under Johnson because he has only two predicates. I would not penalize Forrest with
five years’ imprisonment because of our error while similarly situated § 2255 movants
in other circuits obtain relief, just as I would not “penalize a movant for a district
court’s discretionary choice not to specify under which clause of Section 924(e)(2)(B)
an offense qualified as a violent felony.” Walker, 900 F.3d at 1016 (Kelly, J.,
concurring in part and dissenting in part) (cleaned up). But this is the sort of disparate
treatment that Walker requires. Therefore, I reluctantly concur in the judgment.
                        ______________________________

                                           -8-