Court Opinion

ID: 6335330
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-04-27 13:12:21.159041+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:23:54.078126
License: Public Domain

04/26/2022
                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT KNOXVILLE
                                December 1, 2021 Session

      BARBARA MATTHEWS LAW v. HALBERT GRANT LAW, JR.

                Appeal from the Chancery Court for Hamilton County
                 No. 17-0883       Jeffrey M. Atherton, Chancellor
                      ___________________________________

                            No. E2021-00206-COA-R3-CV
                        ___________________________________

On May 1, 1992, Barbara Matthews Law (“Wife”) and Halbert Grant Law, Jr.
(“Husband”), executed a prenuptial agreement. They married the following day. Wife
filed for divorce in the Chancery Court for Hamilton County in December of 2017. The
parties disputed, inter alia, the enforceability of the prenuptial agreement, as well as the
classification and division of several assets. Trial was held over multiple days in 2019 and
2020, and the trial court entered its final decree divorcing the parties on July 31, 2020. The
trial court held that the prenuptial agreement was valid and enforceable, classified the
parties’ assets, and divided the marital estate. Wife was awarded the parties’ family home
and $4,500.00 per month in alimony in futuro. Husband appeals, challenging the
classification of the parties’ home as marital property, as well as the classification of one
bank account. Wife cross-appeals, challenging the enforceability of the prenuptial
agreement and the classification of several assets. Wife also requests increased alimony.
We affirm the trial court’s finding that the parties’ prenuptial agreement is valid and
enforceable. We reverse the trial court’s classification of three assets – the parties’ home,
a checking account, and an investment account. We vacate the trial court’s decision as to
those three assets and remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion. In light of the
changes in classification of several major assets, we also vacate and remand the trial court’s
award of alimony for reconsideration.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Affirmed
in Part, Reversed in Part, Vacated in Part, and Remanded for Further Proceedings

KRISTI M. DAVIS, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which D. MICHAEL SWINEY,
C.J., and JOHN W. MCCLARTY, J., joined.

Phillip C. Lawrence, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellant, Halbert Grant Law, Jr.

John P. Konvalinka & Lawson Konvalinka, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellee,
Barbara Matthews Law.
                                         OPINION

                                     I. BACKGROUND

       Husband and Wife were married on May 2, 1992, when Wife was forty years old
and Husband was forty-five. Wife had one son from a previous marriage, and the parties
have one son, now an adult, together. Husband graduated from business school in the early
1970’s and went to work for his family’s successful automobile sales company, Newton
Chevrolet, Inc. (“Newton Chevrolet”). In 1988, Husband purchased a home in Lookout
Mountain, Tennessee, on West Fleetwood Avenue (the “Fleetwood house”). Husband did
substantial renovations on the home before the marriage. Husband testified at trial that the
house was used as collateral for a loan “briefly,” and the record contains an amendment to
a deed of trust securing a promissory note for $200,000.00, the security for which was the
Fleetwood house. The amendment was executed on May 29, 1992, and refers to a note
dated May 14, 1991.

        By the time the parties married, Husband also owned one-hundred percent of
Newton Chevrolet. The dealership was located in downtown Chattanooga on a tract of
land comprised of approximately eleven acres (the “Downtown property”). The
Downtown property was acquired by Newton Chevrolet many years before the parties’
marriage. In 1991, Husband also acquired a Mitsubishi franchise (“Newton Imports”)
through a bankruptcy sale. Around the same time, Husband was also working on acquiring
another franchise called Newton-Oldsmobile-GMC Truck, Inc. (“Newton GMC”). The
land housing Newton Imports and Newton GMC (the “Chapman Road property”) was
comprised of several acres of land located in a different portion of Chattanooga. These
parcels were acquired by Newton GMC in a series of acquisitions beginning in September
1992; Husband admitted at trial that the Chapman Road property was not acquired until
after the parties had married and could not recall the exact details of the financing for that
purchase.

        While Husband brought significant separate property into the marriage, Wife had
very little. Wife has a bachelor’s degree in political science and completed some graduate
level work prior to the marriage. She worked for a political action committee in
Washington, D.C. in the 1970’s. After moving to Chattanooga, Wife worked for several
different attorneys keeping books, doing collections, and helping with title work. When
the parties met in December of 1991, Wife was working as the office manager of a law
firm and earning $35,000.00 per year. Husband and Wife started dating either in late 1991
or early 1992. Wife soon became pregnant, and the parties decided to marry. According
to Husband, Wife wanted to marry quickly because of the pregnancy, and Husband did not
object.

      The parties planned to marry in North Carolina on May 2, 1992. Approximately
two weeks before the wedding, Husband asked Wife to enter into a prenuptial agreement

                                            -2-
(hereinafter, the “Agreement”). Wife agreed and, at some point, retained her own attorney.
Husband’s attorney prepared the Agreement. Wife met with her attorney at his office on
April 30, 1992 to discuss the Agreement; however, Wife’s attorney had not been furnished
a copy at that point. Husband, on the other hand, spent two or three hours going over the
Agreement with his attorney prior to the signing.

        On May 1, 1992, the day before the wedding, Husband picked Wife up from her
office, and they went together to Husband’s attorney’s office. Wife’s attorney met them
there, and Wife went with her attorney into a separate conference room. Husband’s
attorney brought the Agreement into Wife’s conference room, and Wife maintains that the
attorney informed her there would be no wedding if she refused to sign the Agreement.
She also testified, however, that Husband never told her this, and Husband maintains that
he never instructed his attorney to give Wife an ultimatum. Husband also testified that he
would have married Wife regardless. Wife could not recall whether she asked for any
changes to the Agreement. Attached to the Agreement was Husband’s list of separate
assets, which included the Fleetwood house and its furnishings, all three car dealerships, a
Fidelity USA investment account, and a Fidelity IRA account. Husband’s asset disclosure
provided that the Fidelity IRA account contained $60,000.00 and the Fidelity investment
account contained $178,000.00.

         Wife testified at trial that the parties were at the office for approximately forty-five
minutes, and Husband testified that they were not at the office for more than two hours.
While the parties were executing the Agreement, twenty-five to thirty of Wife’s relatives
were en route to the parties’ wedding. After executing the Agreement, the parties went
straight to the airport to catch their flight to North Carolina, where they were married the
following day. Ten days later, on May 12, 1992, the corporate charter for Newton GMC
was issued.

        The Fleetwood house was the parties’ family home for the duration of the marriage.
Wife was the primary caretaker for the parties’ children, and Husband worked long hours
and managed the parties’ finances and community involvement. Around 2006, Husband
decided to retire because the car dealerships were not doing well. Neither Newton GMC
nor Newton Imports had ever turned a profit and were kept afloat with profits from Newton
Chevrolet. In July of 2007, Newton Chevrolet was sold, resulting in a profit of
$1,593,942.90. Husband retained the Downtown property and its appurtenant buildings,
however, and rented it to the new owners of Newton Chevrolet. Husband testified that the
profits from the sale of Newton Chevrolet, just the business, were put into “an investment
that went bad during the Great Recession.”

       Newton Imports, Newton GMC, and the Chapman Road property were also sold in
2007 to a different buyer. Newton Imports’ assets sold for $1,286,773.88; the sale of the

                                              -3-
Chapman road property resulted in a profit of $4,628,487.00 to Newton GMC. 1 The
evidence of what happened to these profits is unclear. At one point, Husband testified that
the money was deposited into a Gerber Taylor investment account. At a different point,
Husband testified that the profits from the sale were deposited into his “Fidelity account.”2

        From 2016-2018, the Downtown property was parceled out and sold to various
buyers, resulting in a profit of $8,648,589.70. Husband testified that the proceeds from the
sale of the Downtown property were eventually transferred to “either [his] checking
account or [his] investment account at Fidelity, both at Fidelity.” The record shows that
the proceeds from the sale of the Downtown property went into Husband’s investment
account, ending in 6395, and his checking account, ending in 2888. Husband also testified
that the Fidelity checking account was the account from which the family’s monthly bills
were paid, including the parties’ car payments and money given to the parties’ sons.

        Wife filed her complaint for divorce in the Chancery Court for Hamilton County
(the “trial court”) on December 27, 2017, alleging marital misconduct and irreconcilable
differences. Wife sought property division, alimony, and attorney’s fees. An amended
complaint was filed on February 27, 2018. Husband answered the amended complaint on
March 6, 2018, also alleging irreconcilable differences but denying marital misconduct as
grounds for divorce. Husband alleged cruel and inhumane treatment at the hands of Wife
and alleged that Wife had made Husband’s position intolerable. Throughout the case, Wife
maintained that Husband was unfaithful with multiple women and dissipated the marital
estate substantially by spending money on said women. Husband maintained that Wife
was physically and verbally abusive.

       Husband eventually sought summary judgment on the enforceability of the
prenuptial agreement, which the trial court denied. Although the parties attempted
settlement through mediation, this was not successful. Wife remained in the Fleetwood
house during the pendency of this case, and Husband provided Wife $5,000.00 per month
in temporary support. Husband also paid Wife’s car payment, health insurance premium,
and the taxes and insurance on the Fleetwood house. Nonetheless, Wife testified at trial
that she had to withdraw money from her savings account to cover her living expenses
while the case was ongoing, and maintained that she needed over $18,000.00 per month to
cover her expenses.

        While the divorce was pending, Husband desired to purchase his deceased mother’s

        1
           In the record, Newton Imports and Newton GMC are often referred to together as “Newton
Mitsubishi-GMC” or “Newton GMC-Mitsubishi.”
         2
           Husband testified at trial that he maintained four different Fidelity accounts – a checking account
and an ATM account, as well as the IRA and the investment account that were listed in the Agreement.
Throughout his testimony, however, Husband testified as to his “Fidelity account” without clarifying which
account he was addressing. As discussed at length herein, this testimony has made our inquiry into the
classification of the individual Fidelity accounts difficult.

                                                    -4-
home located at 933 Scenic Highway, Lookout Mountain, Tennessee (the “Scenic Highway
house”). The Scenic Highway house is next door to the Fleetwood house. Husband sought
the trial court’s permission to purchase the home, which the trial court granted under certain
conditions. Husband was ordered by the trial court to put an amount equivalent to the
purchase price in a custodial account. The Scenic Highway house was purchased for the
appraisal price of $900,000.00. The purchase was financed by a loan of approximately
$720,000.00 and a HELOC on the Fleetwood house for $187,000.00, which covered the
down payment. In accordance with the trial court’s order, Husband withdrew $900,000.00
from his Fidelity investment account and put it in an account with FirstBank.

       Trial was held on July 5, 2019, December 3, 2019, January 2, 2020, and January 3,
2020. The trial court heard from several witnesses in addition to the parties, including the
attorney who handled the sale of the Downtown property, the pastor who married the
parties, and Husband’s accountant.3 The additional assets at issue included the Gerber
Taylor investment accounts totaling $1,482,564.22 at the time of trial, insurance policies,
and various other investments of Husband. Ultimately, the proof showed that Husband had
substantial separate property while Wife had none. The final decree, which contains
detailed findings of fact and conclusions of law, was entered July 31, 2020.4

        As relevant to the issues raised on appeal, the trial court’s ruling can be summarized
as follows: the prenuptial agreement is valid inasmuch as Wife entered into the agreement
freely and knowingly without duress; Husband dissipated marital assets during the
marriage by spending substantial sums of money on other women; the Fleetwood house
was Husband’s separate property by virtue of the prenuptial agreement but transmuted into
marital property based upon the parties’ treatment of the house as the marital home and the
home having been maintained with marital funds; the custodial FirstBank account opened
during the pendency of the divorce is a marital asset because it was opened while the parties
remained married; and Wife is entitled to alimony in futuro in the amount of $4,500.00 per
month due to her standard of living during the lengthy marriage, age,5 lack of separate
assets, and Husband’s ability to pay.

       With regard to the Fidelity accounts, the trial court classified some as Husband’s
separate property and some as marital property. The trial court found that the checking
account was Husband’s separate property because “Wife has not carried her burden to show
that the account was marital[.]” The trial court found that the investment account, which
held over five million dollars at the time of trial, could not be divided:

                The Court finds that $8,648,589.70 should be subtracted from the

        3
        Some testimony was entered by deposition.
        4
        The trial court declared the parties divorced without a finding of fault as to either party. See Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-4-129(b).
      5
        Wife was sixty-seven at the time of trial.

                                                    -5-
      value of this asset as the separate property of Husband from the sale of
      Newton Chevrolet. Because this subtraction renders this asset at a negative
      balance, the Court finds that this asset cannot be divided, even though
      Husband likely commingled funds in this account throughout the marriage.
      Thus, this asset has zero value to either party for the purposes of distribution.

The trial court then classified the Fidelity IRA and the Fidelity ATM account as marital.
In its overall division of the marital estate, the trial court found:

             [T]he Court finds that Husband’s separate property is $8,939,272.62
      while Wife’s separate property is zero. The Court finds that the total value of
      the marital estate is $4,832,176.33. The Court finds that Husband dissipated
      the marital estate in the amount of $180,000, and his share of the marital
      estate should be reduced by that amount. Therefore, based on the above
      evidence and reasons, the Court finds that Husband’s share of the marital
      estate is $1,835,191.97, and Wife’s share of the marital estate is
      $2,996,984.36. The Court finds that this division, while not numerically
      equal, is equitable based on the evidence and law.

        The trial court also granted Wife her attorney’s fees. After the final decree was
entered, Wife filed her motion for fees, and the case was referred to Clerk & Master for an
evidentiary hearing. The Clerk & Master’s report was entered January 5, 2021, and the
trial court’s order confirming the report was entered January 27, 2021. Husband then
timely appealed to this Court.

                                         II. ISSUES

      We have rephrased and reordered the issues on appeal for clarity:

       1.     Whether the trial court erred in finding the parties’ prenuptial agreement
valid and enforceable.

       2.     Whether the trial court erred in classifying the Fleetwood house as marital
property.

     3.     Whether the trial court erred in concluding that Husband did not inextricably
commingle funds in two of his Fidelity accounts.

       4.     Whether the trial court erred in concluding that the FirstBank bank account
is marital property.

      5.      Whether Wife is entitled to additional alimony.

                                            -6-
       6.      Whether Wife should be awarded her attorney’s fees on appeal.

                                          III. DISCUSSION

a. The prenuptial agreement

       In her posture as appellee, Wife challenges the trial court’s ruling that the prenuptial
agreement is valid. Because the outcome of this issue informs the rest of our analysis as
to the parties’ property, we address it first. Because this is an appeal from a bench trial,
we review the trial court’s factual findings de novo, presuming their correctness unless the
evidence preponderates otherwise. See Boote v. Shivers, 198 S.W.3d 732, 740 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 2005), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Apr. 24, 2006); Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d). “[F]or the
evidence to preponderate against a trial court’s finding of fact, it must support another
finding of fact with greater convincing effect.” Boote, 198 S.W.3d at 741. The
presumption of correctness does not apply to the trial court’s conclusions of law. Id. We
ascribe great weight to the trial court’s credibility determinations and will not re-evaluate
those determinations absent clear and convincing evidence. Id. at 740 (citing Estate of
Walton v. Young, 950 S.W.2d 956, 959 (Tenn. 1997)).

        Tennessee’s public policy favors prenuptial6 agreements. Perkinson v. Perkinson,
802 S.W.2d 600, 601 (Tenn. 1990). These agreements are enforceable when entered into
“freely, knowledgeably, and in good faith and without the exertion of duress or undue
influence.” Randolph v. Randolph, 937 S.W.2d 815, 819 (Tenn. 1996); see also Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-3-501.7 These elements must be established by a preponderance of the
evidence by the party seeking enforcement of the agreement, and the “existence of each
element is a question of fact to be determined from the totality of the circumstances
surrounding the negotiation and execution of the [agreement].” Boote, 198 S.W.2d at 741
(citing Randolph, 937 S.W.2d at 821). A “narrow focus on the precise moment the parties’
signatures were affixed to the agreement would be misguided.” Id. at 746. Although not
dispositive, “the participation of independent counsel representing each party” is the “best
assurance that the legal prerequisites will be met and that” the agreement will be
enforceable. Id. at 741 (citing Randolph, 937 S.W.2d at 822).

       6
         “Prenuptial agreements” are also known as “antenuptial agreements.” Ellis v. Ellis, No. E2013-
02408-COA-R9-CV, 2014 WL 6662466, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 25, 2014).
       7
         This statute provides:

               Notwithstanding any other law to the contrary, except as provided in § 36-3-502,
       any antenuptial or prenuptial agreement entered into by spouses concerning property
       owned by either spouse before the marriage that is the subject of such agreement shall be
       binding upon any court having jurisdiction over such spouses and/or such agreement if
       such agreement is determined, in the discretion of such court, to have been entered into by
       such spouses freely, knowledgeably and in good faith and without exertion of duress or
       undue influence upon either spouse. The terms of such agreement shall be enforceable by
       all remedies available for enforcement of contract terms.

                                                  -7-
       Here, based on all of the circumstances surrounding the Agreement’s preparation
and execution, Wife argues Husband failed to act in good faith. She takes particular issue
with Husband’s failure to provide a copy of the Agreement in a timely manner, as Wife
and her counsel were only provided a copy the day of the Agreement’s execution. She also
asserts that given her pregnancy and the proximity in time to the parties’ wedding, she
acted under duress in signing the Agreement. We are unpersuaded by these arguments and
agree with the trial court’s conclusion that the Agreement is valid and enforceable.

       As the proponent of the Agreement, it was Husband’s burden to establish that Wife
entered into the Agreement freely, knowledgably, and in good faith. In her appellate brief,
Wife takes issue with the “good faith” element. Regarding this element, we have
previously explained:

      The good faith element arises from the confidential relationship between
      prospective spouses. See Randolph, 937 S.W.2d at 821. Unlike arm’s length
      transactions, good faith between an engaged couple requires more than
      honesty. In re Estate of Davis, 184 S.W.3d 231, 238 (Tenn. Ct. App.
      2004) (quoting Meinhard v. Salmon, 164 N.E. 545, 546 (N.Y. 1928),
      describing good faith in this context as “[n]ot honesty alone, but the punctilio
      of an honor the most sensitive”). The “highest degree” of fiduciary duty is
      required. Id. This high standard of conduct means that “fraud, oppression, or
      deception” can be more easily established. See Bratton v. Bratton, 136
      S.W.3d 595, 601 (Tenn. 2004).

      In the context of antenuptial agreements, our courts have not discussed the
      proof necessary to demonstrate good faith in great detail. See, e.g., Boote,
      198 S.W.3d at 746 n.17 (finding the argument that Husband did not enter the
      antenuptial agreement in good faith meritless in light of Wife’s concession
      that he never misled her). But we have examined the concept of good faith in
      an analogous context, attorney fee agreements. See, e.g., In re Estate of
      Weisberger, 224 S.W.3d 154, 161 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006). Much like
      prospective spouses, “[t]he relationship of attorney and client is an extremely
      delicate and fiduciary one” requiring the utmost good faith. Cooper & Keys
      v. Bell, 153 S.W. 844, 846 (Tenn. 1913). And proof of good faith is a
      prerequisite to enforcement of attorney fee agreements. Alexander v. Inman,
      974 S.W.2d 689, 694 (Tenn. 1998). From these cases we gather
      that good faith may be established by evidence that “(1) the client fully
      understood the contract’s meaning and effect, [and] (2) the attorney and
      client shared the same understanding of the contract.” Id. Full understanding
      of the contract comes only after sufficient disclosure. See Planters’ Bank of
      Tenn. v. Hornberger, 44 Tenn. (4 Cold.) 531, 571 (1867). The proponent of
      the agreement must show that the client was “fully and completely informed
      of the nature, result and consequences” of the agreement, including “each

                                           -8-
       and every circumstance likely to influence his mind or feelings” about
       executing the agreement. Id.

Walker v. Walker, No. M2018-01140-COA-R9-CV, 2020 WL 507645, at *4 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Jan. 31, 2020). Walker specifically dealt with good faith as it relates to the preparation
and execution of a prenuptial agreement. In that case, the wife was a business owner and
the husband a successful real estate developer; both parties “entered the relationship with
considerable separate property.” 2020 WL 507645, at *1. The wife’s attorney drafted the
agreement, and both parties discussed it with their respective counsel. Id. The parties also
exchanged lists of their separate assets. Id. While the agreement was executed and the
parties married without issue, the wife soon discovered that the husband owned a condo
with his ex-girlfriend. Id. The husband had not disclosed ownership of the condo on his
list of assets. Id.

        The wife eventually filed for divorce, and one of the issues at trial was the validity
of the prenuptial agreement in light of the husband’s failure to disclose ownership of the
condo. Like Wife in the case at bar, the wife in Walker maintained that her husband failed
to act in good faith. Id. at *2. The husband argued, however, that he did not realize he
owned the condo and that the omission was a mistake; specifically, he maintained that he
thought he was merely serving as a financial guarantor and had not read the documents at
the closing of the sale of the condo. The trial court found the husband not credible and
determined that the prenuptial agreement was executed in bad faith. Id. at *3. The
agreement was therefore invalidated, and the husband appealed. Id. at *3.

        This Court upheld the trial court’s decision, concluding that the evidence did not
preponderate against the finding that the “[h]usband knew he owned a condominium with
his former girlfriend and deliberately withheld this fact from [w]ife.” Id. at *5. We also
noted the fact that the husband was a real estate developer, and the relationship between
husband and his ex-girlfriend was a long-standing issue between the parties. Id. In light
of the husband’s omission, it was of no consequence that the wife “understood the meaning
and effect of the antenuptial agreement,” because she still “lacked the full understanding
requisite to a finding of good faith.” Id.

       None of the behaviors exhibited by the husband in Walker have been displayed by
Husband here, and the evidence does not preponderate against the trial court’s factual
finding that “Wife knew the contents of the documents and had a full opportunity to
examine them.” Considering the totality of the circumstances, we agree that Husband did
not act in bad faith. He and Wife discussed the Agreement as early as two weeks before
the wedding, and there is no indication that Wife at any point raised an objection to entering
the Agreement. Moreover, Wife is an educated individual with experience in the legal
industry and access to independent counsel.

         While we agree with Wife that, ideally, she would have been provided a copy of

                                             -9-
the Agreement earlier than the day of its execution, Wife spent forty-five minutes to two
hours8 going over the Agreement with her attorney prior to signing. Neither party could
recall Wife having any particular objections to the terms of the Agreement; further, there
has been no allegation, as there was in Walker, that Husband deliberately hid a major asset
from Wife. Wife testified that prior to the marriage she knew about the Fleetwood house
as well as Newton Chevrolet. While Walker provides that “[f]ull understanding of the
contract comes only after sufficient disclosure[,]” there is no evidence of insufficient
disclosure, or bad faith overall, in the present case. Id.

       Wife also maintained at trial that Husband’s attorney told her there would be no
wedding should Wife refuse to sign the Agreement. In this sense, Wife’s argument that
the Agreement is marred by bad faith dovetails with her argument that she executed the
Agreement under duress.

        Prenuptial agreements must be entered into “without the exertion of duress or undue
influence.” Randolph, 937 S.W.2d at 819. Duress “consists of unlawful restraint,
intimidation, or compulsion that is so severe that it overcomes the mind or will of ordinary
persons.” Boote, 198 S.W.3d at 745 (quoting Johnson v. Ford, 245 S.W. 531, 538 (1922)).
Like the other requisite elements for a valid prenuptial agreement, duress should be
considered in light of the broader circumstances. Id. at 746; see also Howell v. Howell,
No. M2019-01205-COA-R3-CV, 2021 WL 408862, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 5, 2021)
(explaining that when considering duress, “circumstantial evidence of pressure” is relevant
to totality of the circumstances inquiry).

        The “legal definition of duress is rather stringent.” Ellis, 2014 WL 6662466, at *11
(citing Boote, 198 S.W.3d at 145). In Boote, for example, we concluded that a prenuptial
agreement was not executed out of duress, despite the fact that the wife signed it while in
the hospital, post-surgery, and with the presence of multiple medications in her system. Id.
at 735–38. Neither the wife’s attorney nor any members of her family were present when
the document was signed, and the parties’ wedding was only ten days away. Id. at 745.
Despite the somewhat “troubling” circumstances, the Boote Court opined that “the
broader context reveals clearly that Ms. Boote did not enter into the antenuptial agreement
under duress.” Id. In particular, we noted that Ms. Boote had independent legal counsel
throughout the process; her attorney had a copy of the agreement six weeks prior to the
wedding; she and her attorney went over the agreement three weeks before the wedding;
and neither Ms. Boote nor her attorney raised any objections to the terms. Id. at 746.

       Likewise, we determined in Ellis that while the circumstances of a prenuptial
agreement’s execution placed pressure on the wife, the “stringent” requirements of legal
duress were not satisfied. 2014 WL 6662466, at *11. In that case, the husband was forty-

        8
         The parties did not agree at trial on how much time was spent at Husband’s attorney’s office on
May 1, 1992. The trial court found, however, that neither party’s testimony was more credible.

                                                - 10 -
seven and owned a successful company, while the wife was thirty-one and worked in a
factory. Id. at *1. They were engaged in the spring of 1996, and the wife discovered she
was pregnant in October 1996. After discovering the pregnancy, the wife quit her job and
moved in with the husband. Id. The parties planned to marry in Las Vegas on December
26, 1996. Id.

       The first time the wife was informed about the prenuptial agreement was after the
husband called her on December 23, 1996, and asked the wife to meet him in a mall parking
lot. Id. There, the wife was presented with a ring and the prenuptial agreement. Id. She
was told that the parties would not marry and that she could not have the ring if she refused
to sign. Id. The wife attempted to find an attorney before the wedding date but was unable
to do so because of the short notice and proximity to the holidays. Id.

      The foregoing circumstances lent themselves to the wife’s argument that the
agreement was not entered into freely, knowledgeably and in good faith, and the prenuptial
agreement in Ellis was held unenforceable. Id. at *11–12. This conclusion was not based
on duress, however, and we ultimately concluded that despite the unfortunate
circumstances, the wife was not under duress when the prenuptial agreement was executed.
Id.

        Here, we disagree that Wife entered the Agreement out of duress. Wife knew that
Husband wanted a prenuptial agreement at least two weeks prior to the wedding and had
no objections. Although Wife contends that Husband would have refused to marry Wife
if she had not signed the agreement,9 the evidence supporting this assertion is scant, at best.
Wife urges on appeal that the rushed timeline of the Agreement’s execution and proximity
to the wedding amount to duress, but the record establishes that the parties agreed about
marrying quickly. The circumstances of the parties’ union were mutually agreed upon and
do not amount to unlawful restraint, intimidation, or compulsion. Moreover, quite unlike
the wife in Ellis, Wife was educated and familiar with the legal system. Wife was also
represented by an attorney, whom she met with both the day before the Agreement was
executed and on the day of execution. Consequently, the totality of the circumstances here
does not satisfy the “rather stringent” requirements of legal duress. Ellis, 2014 WL
6662466, at *11.

       Husband satisfied his burden of demonstrating the validity of the Agreement.10 We
affirm the trial court’s conclusion that the parties’ prenuptial agreement is valid.

        9
            Husband testified at trial that he would have married Wife regardless; Wife, however, testified
that Husband’s attorney told her that there would be no marriage if Wife did not sign. Again, however, the
trial court did not conclude that either party’s testimony was particularly credible as it related to the
circumstances of the marriage.
         10
            Wife’s argument as to the Agreement focuses on the elements of good faith and duress. We note,
however, that Husband also satisfied his burden as to the remaining requirements.

                                                  - 11 -
b. The Fleetwood house

        Having determined the prenuptial agreement is valid, we turn next to property
classification and division. The classification of property as either separate or marital is “a
question of fact to be determined in light of all relevant circumstances.” Snodgrass v.
Snodgrass, 295 S.W.3d 240, 245 (Tenn. 2009) (citing Langford v. Langford, 421 S.W.2d
632, 634 (1967)). The trial court’s findings of fact are reviewed de novo with a
presumption of correctness and “we must honor those findings unless there is evidence
which preponderates to the contrary.” Snodgrass, 295 S.W.3d at 245 (quoting Keyt v.
Keyt, 244 S.W.3d 321, 327 (Tenn. 2007)). Conclusions of law, however, are reviewed de
novo with no presumption of correctness. Id. at 245–46. Finally, the trial court’s division
of assets is afforded great weight on appeal, and that decision will not be disturbed “unless
the distribution lacks proper evidentiary support, misapplies statutory requirements or
procedures, or results in some error of law.” Id.

        Husband challenges the trial court’s ruling that the Fleetwood house is marital
property that should be awarded to Wife. Husband purchased the home in 1988 and
renovated it prior to the parties’ marriage. The home was listed as Husband’s separate
property on the prenuptial agreement.11 Nonetheless, the trial court classified the
Fleetwood house as marital property by virtue of transmutation and awarded it to Wife.
Specifically, the trial court found that Husband “continued to pay on the property during
the marriage” and that the parties “treated the property as the marital residence for the
entire duration of the marriage.” However, because this decision is in contravention of the
parties’ valid prenuptial agreement, and the house was not treated as a marital asset, we
conclude that the trial court erred.

        During divorce, trial courts must classify parties’ property as either separate or
marital prior to dividing the property between them. Eldridge v. Eldridge, 137 S.W.3d 1,
13 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002). Only marital property is subject to property division, so “it is
of primary importance for the trial court to classify property as separate or marital.” Id.
(citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-121(a)(2001)); see also Brown v. Brown, 913 S.W.2d 163,
166 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1994) (“The division of a marital estate necessarily begins with the
classification of the parties’ property as either marital or separate property.”). Separate
property is, inter alia, “[a]ll real and personal property owned by a spouse before
marriage[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-121(a). Separate property can become marital
property through transmutation or commingling. Our Supreme Court has explained
transmutation and commingling as follows:

        11
          The trial court’s final order provides that “Wife argues that although the property did not appear
on Husband’s list of assets in the prenuptial agreement, Husband promised the property to her should their
marriage be dissolved.” The Fleetwood house is listed as Husband’s separate property in the prenuptial
agreement, so it is unclear whether this was a typo or mistake by the trial court.

                                                  - 12 -
       Separate property becomes marital property by commingling if inextricably
       mingled with marital property or with the separate property of the other
       spouse. If the separate property continues to be segregated or can be traced
       into its product, commingling does not occur.... Transmutation occurs when
       separate property is treated in such a way as to give evidence of an intention
       that it become marital property.... The rationale underlying these doctrines is
       that dealing with property in these ways creates a rebuttable presumption of
       a gift to the marital estate. This presumption is based also upon the provision
       in many marital property statutes that property acquired during the marriage
       is presumed to be marital. The presumption can be rebutted by evidence of
       circumstances or communications clearly indicating an intent that the
       property remain separate.

Langschmidt v. Langschmidt, 81 S.W.3d 741, 747 (Tenn. 2002) (citing 2 Homer H.
Clark, The Law of Domestic Relations in the United States § 16.2 at 185 (2d ed. 1987)).
The doctrines of transmutation and commingling rest on the principle that separate property
is not “indelibly separate,” but rather can be “‘treated in such a way as to give evidence of
an intention that it is to become marital property.’” Carter v. Browne, No. W2019-00429-
COA-R3-CV, 2019 WL 424201, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 4, 2019) (quoting Smith v.
Smith, 93 S.W.3d 871, 875 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002)); see also Eldridge, 137 S.W.3d at
13 (“[S]eparate property can become part of the marital estate due to the parties’ treatment
of the separate property.”).

       Nonetheless, nothing in the equitable division statute affects “the validity of an
antenuptial agreement that is enforceable under § 36-3-501.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-
121(g)(2). Valid antenuptial agreements are not inimical to public policy, and “[w]here an
antenuptial agreement is valid and enforceable . . . the terms of that agreement regarding
distribution of property upon divorce will be applied instead of the statutory definitions of
marital and separate property or general principles regarding an equitable distribution.”
Swift v. Swift, No. M2004-01501-COA-R3-CV, 2005 WL 3543341, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Dec. 27, 2005) (citing Perkinson, 802 S.W.2d at 603–04); see also Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-
3-501 (providing that “any antenuptial or prenuptial agreement entered into by spouses
concerning property owned by either spouse before the marriage that is the subject of such
agreement shall be binding upon any court having jurisdiction over such spouses and/or
such agreement if such agreement is determined” to be valid and enforceable); Randolph,
937 S.W.2d at 821 (“In the absence of antenuptial agreements, state laws govern the
division of marital property . . . in the event of divorce.”).

        The question before us then is how a valid prenuptial agreement which lists real
property as a separate asset of one party affects the classification of that property when the
other party claims the property has transmuted. While the parties have cited no cases
squarely addressing the facts at hand, this Court has previously dealt with transmutation of
a different kind of asset also classified as separate by a valid prenuptial agreement.

                                            - 13 -
        In Estate of Hunt v. Hunt, we considered the effect of a valid prenuptial agreement
on a jointly filed tax return that one party claimed was transmuted from separate property
to marital property. 389 S.W.3d 755 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2012). In that case, the valid
prenuptial agreement provided that “all wages, and earnings from any source before and
during the marriage shall remain the separate property of each party[.]” Id. at 757 (internal
bracketing omitted). Before passing away in 2008, the husband set up a trust into which
his IRA funds were transferred. Id. Some of those funds were then paid to the IRS for
future tax liability. Id. In 2007, the parties had filed a joint tax return, and the wife received
the 2007 refund after the husband died. Id. The refund was worth over thirty-thousand
dollars. Id. When the husband’s estate made demand for the wife to remit the money to
the executor, she refused. Id. The executor of the husband’s estate then filed a declaratory
judgment action seeking “a declaration regarding the rights and obligations of the parties
with respect to the 2008 tax refunds, and asserted that the refunds were property of the
Estate.” Id. After a hearing, the trial court awarded the wife a portion of the return money.
The husband’s estate appealed, challenging whether “the trial court erred in awarding a
portion of the 2008 state and federal income tax refunds to [the wife] despite finding the
existence of a valid and enforceable Antenuptial Agreement.” Id. at 758.

        The wife argued that the parties’ joint filing of the tax return “transmute[d] the tax
return into marital property as a matter of law.” Id. at 761. In analyzing this argument, we
looked first to the language of the prenuptial agreement. Id. Under that agreement, the
parties’ wages and earnings from both before and during the marriage were classified as
separate property. Id. at 757. Another provision of the agreement explained that it would
“not be construed as ‘waiving (i) any right of the parties to report their income for federal
or state income tax purposes in the same manner as permissible for any other husband and
wife[.]’” Id. Drawing on traditional contract interpretation principles, we concluded that
this section “allowed [the parties] to file joint income tax returns as husband and wife,
without the joint filing affecting the provisions of the [prenuptial agreement.]” Id.

        Because the funds from which the return were derived were undisputedly traceable
to the husband’s separate assets, we explained that that “tax refunds remained the
decedent’s separate property unless transmuted, as a matter of law, by joint filing[.]” Id.
In answering that question, we first noted that “Tennessee law is sparse in this area[,]” and
then examined relevant portions of the Internal Revenue Code, as well as analogous case
law from other jurisdictions. Based on the weight of authority, we concluded that the joint
filing did not transmute the return into marital property. Id. at 762–63.

       Accordingly, in answering the question before it, the Hunt Court looked first to the
plain language of the parties’ prenuptial agreement and then to the applicable law on
transmutation. This is similar to the analysis applied in another instructive case, Wilson v.
Moore, 929 S.W.2d 367 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996). In that case, we addressed the effect of a
valid prenuptial agreement on contributions to a separate retirement account of one of the
parties. The husband had a retirement account that was his separate asset per the prenuptial

                                              - 14 -
agreement, but to which he made contributions from his salary during the marriage. Again,
we looked first to the language of the parties’ agreement, which provided that “increases
in the value of their separate property would be considered separate property[,]” but
contained another provision that “[the parties] could also accumulate marital property
during the marriage.” Specifically, the agreement provided:

              Both parties acknowledge that they may accumulate certain other
       property during their marriage by virtue of their joint efforts. Such property
       acquired jointly shall not be deemed part of the separate property of the
       parties discussed herein.

Id.

       Based on the foregoing, we concluded that the additions to the husband’s retirement
account were marital property because they came directly from his salary earned during
the marriage, and because “[h]is salary was not separate property under either the
prenuptial agreement or state law.” Id. at 374. Because the agreement did not provide
otherwise, and because salary earned during a marriage is marital property, the husband
could not “place it beyond [the wife’s] reach simply by directing that it be deposited into
his separate accounts.” Id.

        Although not entirely on point to the case at bar, cases such as Hunt and Wilson
illustrate helpful principles. First, Hunt does not foreclose the argument that property
named separate in a valid prenuptial agreement can, under some circumstances, transmute
into marital property. The Hunt Court considered this argument by the wife, framing the
issue on appeal as “whether a joint filing transmutes the tax return into marital property as
a matter of law.” 389 S.W.3d at 761. Indeed, transmutation stems from the concept that
treating separate property a certain way creates a presumption that the property has been
offered as a gift to the marital estate, see Langschmidt, 81 S.W.3d at 747, and holders of
separate property are free to give gifts to the marital estate if they so desire.

       However, both Hunt and Wilson also clarify that this question is determined not only
through the statutory definitions of marital and separate property or general principles of
transmutation, but by first looking to the terms of the prenuptial agreement itself. See Hunt,
389 S.W.3d at 761–62; see also Swift, 2005 WL 3543341, at *2 (noting that because the
agreement at issue was enforceable, this Court’s “task [was] to enforce the terms of the
agreement in light of the facts in the record”); Reed v. Reed, No. M2003-02428-COA-R3-
CV, 2004 WL 3044904, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 30, 2004) (“[W]e will look first to that
[prenuptial] agreement to decide to what extent the issues of property classification and
division have been previously agreed upon.”); Taylor v. Taylor, No. M1999-02398-COA-
R3-CV, 2003 WL 21302988, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 6, 2003) (“The cardinal rule of
construction is that antenuptial agreements should be construed to give effect to the parties’
intentions as reflected in the agreements themselves.”) (citing Sanders v. Sanders, 288

                                            - 15 -
S.W.2d 473 (1955)); Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-3-501 (providing that trial courts are bound by
valid prenuptial agreements when classifying property). We are also mindful that
“prenuptial agreements are favored by public policy in Tennessee[,]” and “[c]ontracting
parties’ intent is embodied in their written agreements” Wilson, 929 S.W.2d at 370, 373.

       Second, to the extent the terms of a prenuptial agreement do not specifically address
the disposition of an asset at issue, the question is then answered with reference to
Tennessee law. See Wilson, 929 S.W.2d at 373 (“Prenuptial agreements should be
construed with reference to the statutes governing the distribution of marital property. They
should also be construed using the rules of construction applicable to contracts in
general.”). For example, in Wilson, the disposition of funds deducted from the husband’s
paychecks and then deposited into an account shielded by the prenuptial agreement were
at issue; because the agreement did not provide that the parties’ wages were separate
property, we relied on Tennessee law in classifying those funds. See id.

        With this framework in mind, we turn to the Fleetwood house. The language of the
Agreement itself is our first inquiry; we “look first to that agreement to decide to what
extent the issues of property classification and division have been previously agreed upon.”
Reed, 2004 WL 3044904, at *4. Interpretation of prenuptial agreements is governed by
traditional principles of contract interpretation. See Hunt, 389 S.W.3d at 758. Our “task
is to discern and to honor the intent of the contracting parties[.]” Id. (citing Bob Pearsall
Motors, Inc. v. Regal Chrysler–Plymouth, Inc., 521 S.W.2d 578, 580 (Tenn. 1975)). The
“intent of the contracting parties at the time of executing the agreement should govern.”
Id. (citing Planters Gin Co. v. Fed. Compress & Warehouse Co., Inc., 78 S.W.3d 885, 890
(Tenn. 2002)). In ascertaining this intent, we look first to the “usual, natural, and ordinary
meaning of the language used.” Id. (citing Guiliano v. Cleo, Inc., 995 S.W.2d 88, 95 (Tenn.
1999)). When the terms of the contract are clear and unambiguous, we ascertain the
parties’ intent from those terms. To the extent the terms are ambiguous, however, we must
apply “established rules of construction to determine the intent of the parties.” Allstate Ins.
Co. v. Watson, 195 S.W.3d 609, 611 (Tenn. 2006) (citing Planters Gin Co., 78 S.W.3d at
889–90). For example, “when a contractual provision is ambiguous, a court is permitted
to use parol evidence, including the contracting parties’ conduct . . . to guide the court in
construing and enforcing the contract.” Id. at 612 (citing Memphis Housing Auth. v.
Thompson, 38 S.W.3d 504, 512 (Tenn. 2001)).

       As relevant, the Agreement provides:

                       WHEREAS, [Husband] desires that all his Separate Property .
       . . shall be free from any claims of [Wife] that may arise by reason of their
       contemplated marriage[;]

       *      *      *
                     “Separate Property of [Husband]” shall mean: (i) all real and

                                            - 16 -
       personal property owned by [Husband] at the time of his marriage to [Wife];

       *      *      *

                     (d) In the event the marriage between [Wife] and [Husband] is
       unsuccessful for any reason and results in their divorce or the refusal of either
       or both of them to live together as husband or wife, [Wife] hereby waives
       and releases any and all right and interest, statutory and otherwise, under the
       laws now or hereafter in effect in any jurisdiction, which she may have in the
       Separate Property of [Husband].

       *      *      *

               4. Separate Property. Each of the parties shall have the absolute right
       to manage, dispose of, or deal with his or her separate property, in any
       manner whatsoever, free from any claims by the other and with the same
       effect as if no marriage had been consummated between them.

       The foregoing provisions undercut Wife’s argument that the Fleetwood house,
Husband’s separate asset, transmuted into marital property. The Agreement provides
Husband the right to treat the Fleetwood house “in any manner whatsoever” while
remaining free from such a claim by Wife. These portions of the Agreement reflect the
parties’ intent that their separate assets remain separate, notwithstanding how the assets
were managed or dealt with. Insofar as transmutation of real property turns squarely on
how parties manage and deal with their property, the above provisions bear heavily on the
question before us.

       On the other hand, the Agreement contains no express provisions addressing
transmutation or commingling, or the extent to which the parties might accumulate marital
property. Nor does the Agreement foreclose the possibility of gifts by either party to the
marital estate. Further, despite the agreements in those cases being more specific than the
terms at issue here, neither Hunt nor Wilson were decided without reference to the
applicable law on transmutation or commingling. In the absence of clearer contractual
terms, it is prudent to at least consider Wife’s argument that Husband’s conduct and
statements with regard to the Fleetwood house indicate an intent to gift that asset to the
marital estate.

        Even assuming that Wife’s argument is not foreclosed by the parties’ enforceable
contract, however, the typical badges of transmutation are not strong in this case. The
factors we look to when considering transmutation of a home include: “(1) the use of the
property as a marital residence; (2) the ongoing maintenance and management of the
property by both parties; (3) placing the title to the property in joint ownership; and (4)
using the credit of the non-owner spouse to improve the property.” Hayes v. Hayes, No.

                                            - 17 -
W2010-02015-COA-R3-CV, 2012 WL 4936282, at *12 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 18, 2012)
(quoting Fox v. Fox, No. M2004-02616-COA-R3-CV, 2006 WL 2535407, at *5 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Sept. 1, 2006)). We noted in Dover v. Dover that “[t]ransmutation often occurs when
a spouse purchases real property prior to the marriage and the parties then use the property
as the marital residence and undertake significant improvements to the property during the
marriage.” No. E2019-01891-COA-R3-CV, 2020 WL 7224368, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Dec. 8, 2020) (collecting cases). In that case, the home at issue was purchased by the
husband prior to the parties’ marriage, but the parties substantially renovated the home
together, and there was evidence that the wife contributed greatly to the renovations and
ongoing maintenance of the home. Id. at *6–7. Additionally, a HELOC was taken out on
the home and the parties used the funds to purchase vehicles and pay outstanding bills from
the wife’s previous divorce. Id. Consequently, we concluded that the home transmuted
into marital property. Id.

       Here, Husband purchased, renovated, and furnished the Fleetwood house before the
parties married. It is undisputed that the parties did not undertake substantial renovations
to the property during the marriage; rather, the only changes to the home during the
marriage were the construction of a small greenhouse, a playhouse for the parties’ children,
and touch-ups to the bathrooms such as the replacement of shower doors. In fact, Wife
adamantly maintained at trial that the Fleetwood house is in desperate need of updating
and repairs. See Treadwell v. Lamb, No. M2015-01391-COA-R3-CV, 2017 WL 945940,
at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 19, 2017) (taking the disrepair of the property into account when
considering whether transmutation occurred). There is also little to no evidence about the
parties’ maintenance of the home overall, and it is undisputed that the parties kept a
housekeeper, gardeners, and landscapers. While these expenses were presumably paid
with marital funds, the proof on this topic is paltry. Husband never re-titled the home in
Wife’s name, and there is no evidence Wife’s credit was used to improve the home. See
id.

       In support of her argument, Wife points to Husband’s testimony that he “briefly”
financed the home at one point, as well as the amendment to a deed of trust secured by a
promissory note for $200,000.00, the collateral for which was the Fleetwood house.
Husband testified that the note was “probably” repaid with money earned from his salary.
The date on the amendment is May 29, 1992, and it refers to a note dated May 14, 1991.
Nonetheless, this single fact does not warrant a finding of transmutation in defiance of the
prenuptial agreement, nor does the record support the trial court’s finding that Husband
“continued to pay on the property during the marriage.” See id., at *7–8 (rejecting wife’s
argument that family residence transmuted to marital property where husband purchased
the home prior to marriage and later used the property as collateral on a loan). The
amendment is in Husband’s name, and there is no evidence of Wife’s involvement other
than the fact that the parties were married May 2, 1992. The amendment was executed in
the earliest days of the parties’ marriage and its connection to Wife is tenuous. This is
especially true in light of the Agreement’s provision that Husband had the “absolute right

                                           - 18 -
to manage . . . or deal with his . . . separate property, in any manner whatsoever, free from
any claims” by Wife.

        This logic also applies to Wife’s claim that Husband’s willingness to let her remain
in the home shows transmutation. Although Husband did not deny at trial that Wife is free
to continue living in the Fleetwood house, he has also consistently maintained that the
home is a separate asset and requested that the fair market rental value of the home be
deducted from his alimony obligation. Overall, Husband’s conduct throughout the
marriage does not suggest an intent to treat the Fleetwood house as part of the marital estate
and is instead consistent with the terms of the Agreement.

        Accordingly, Wife’s argument not only suffers from lack of proof, but is also
inconsistent with the prenuptial agreement that she entered into freely, voluntarily, and
without duress or undue influence. More fundamentally, were we to endorse Wife’s
argument in this case, it would suggest that a home listed as a separate asset in a valid,
enforceable prenuptial agreement transmutes into marital property simply by virtue of a
married couple residing in the home together. A home “‘should not be classified as marital
property simply because the parties have lived in it.’” Treadwell, 2017 WL 945940, at *7
(quoting Takeda v. Takeda, No. E2006-02499-COA-R3-CV, 2007 WL 4374036, at *3
(Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 17, 2007)). Such a holding would effectively nullify any reason to
list a separately held home in a prenuptial agreement, or even chill parties’ plans to live
together as an intact family in one home. See Wilson, 929 S.W.2d at 370 (explaining that
prenuptial agreements are favored by public policy in part because “[t]hey benefit the
parties by defining their marital rights in property which tend to be among the most
frequent causes of family discord”).

       In light of the trial court’s finding that the Agreement was valid, its terms were
binding on the trial court. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-3-501. Based on the conduct and
statements of the parties regarding the Fleetwood house, we construe the Agreement as
preserving the home as Husband’s separate asset. Accordingly, the Fleetwood house is
Husband’s separate property, and the trial court erred in classifying it as marital property.

c. The Fidelity accounts

        Next, Wife asserts that the trial court erred in classifying two accounts as Husband’s
separate assets – the Fidelity investment account ending in 6395, and the Fidelity checking
account ending in 2888. At the outset, we note that our review of the trial court’s rulings
on the Fidelity accounts is hampered by the record’s lack of clarity as to these accounts.
There are four separate Fidelity accounts, each with its own account number, and Husband
testified that the accounts were used for different purposes. Nonetheless, repeatedly and
nearly always during his testimony, Husband referred to the accounts collectively as “the
Fidelity account.” Overall, it is difficult to discern from Husband’s testimony which
Fidelity account he is referring to at any given point. Wife acknowledges this in her brief,

                                            - 19 -
noting that while she is appealing only the disposition of the checking account and the
investment account, she adopts Husband’s “shorthand” and refers to those two accounts as
“the Fidelity account.” Consequently, we understand the issue before us to be whether the
trial court correctly classified the Fidelity checking account and the Fidelity investment
account as Husband’s separate assets.

                     i. The Fidelity checking account

      The Fidelity checking account was not specifically listed in the Agreement as
Husband’s separate asset.12 The trial court’s findings and conclusions regarding this
account were as follows:

                  Wife argues that this asset is marital because it is not listed in the
          prenuptial agreement. Wife values this account at $16,493. Wife argues that
          this asset should be awarded Husband.

                 Husband argues that this was solely his account. Husband values this
          property at $16,492.96.

                  The Court finds that this account is Husband’s separate property
          because Wife has not carried her burden to show that the account was marital;
          thus, this account is not subject to division. Based on the evidence presented
          and the parties’ near-agreement, the Court finds this property has a value of
          $16,492.92.

       As best we can discern,13 Husband argues that all of the Fidelity accounts were
funded in large part by the sale of the Downtown property, which was undisputedly a
separate asset. Wife asserts that the checking account was inextricably commingled with
marital funds and therefore became marital property. Because of Husband’s failure to
differentiate between the Fidelity accounts and trace the funds going in and out of the
Fidelity checking account, Wife has the better argument.

       To reiterate, “‘[m]arital property’ means all real and personal property, both tangible
and intangible, acquired by either or both spouses during the course of the marriage up to
the date of the final divorce hearing and owned by either or both spouses as of the date of
filing of a complaint for divorce.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-121(b)(1)(A). Separate
property includes, inter alia, “[a]ll real and personal property owned by a spouse before
marriage[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-121(b)(2)(A). A party seeking to bring the other
party’s separate property into the marital estate bears the “burden of proving that the

          12
               The Agreement mentions only the “Fidelity Investments – USA account” and the “IRA – Fidelity
Funds.”
          13
               Again, both parties refer to the Fidelity accounts as one account throughout their briefing.

                                                       - 20 -
property fits within the statutory definition of marital property.” Keyt v. Keyt, 244 S.W.3d
321, 328 (Tenn. 2007) (citing Kinard v. Kinard, 986 S.W.2d 220, 232 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1998)).

        Nonetheless, “separate property becomes marital property by commingling if
inextricably mingled with marital property or with the separate property of the other
spouse. If the separate property continues to be segregated or can be traced into its
product, commingling does not occur[.]” Langschmidt, 81 S.W.3d at 747. Assets acquired
prior to marriage are presumed separate property, and the party seeking to prove otherwise
must show, by a preponderance of the evidence, the transmutation or commingling. Daniel
v. Daniel, No. M2006-01579-COA-R3-CV, 2007 WL 3202778, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct.
31, 2007). When the evidence demonstrates an intention that an asset become marital
property, the party claiming the asset is separate may rebut the presumption with “evidence
of circumstances or communications clearly indicating an intent that the property remain
separate.” Langschmidt, 81 S.W.3d at 747.

         There are multiple problems with Husband’s argument that the checking account is
properly classified as separate property. First, while the Fidelity investment account and
the Fidelity IRA were both listed in the Agreement as Husband’s separate assets, it is
unclear whether the checking account was included in those funds. Husband did not clarify
this at trial, and the face of the Agreement itself is unclear as to this point.14 The Agreement
makes no mention of the checking account, and there is little to no evidence in the record
about when the checking account was opened or the circumstances of same.

        Second, even if the checking account began as a separate asset, the funds in the
Fidelity checking account were commingled with marital funds. This conclusion is
primarily based upon Husband’s failure to differentiate the Fidelity accounts and the funds
therein at trial. Accordingly, the question is not whether Wife satisfied her burden of
showing that a separate asset became marital, but rather whether Husband rebutted the
presumption that the checking account was a marital asset by clearly indicating his intent
that the account remain separate. Langschmidt, 81 S.W.3d at 747.

       Here, Eldridge v. Eldridge is instructive. 137 S.W.3d 1 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002). In
that case, we addressed the doctrine of commingling as it related to investment accounts
acquired prior to the parties’ marriage. The husband did not keep the funds in his two
purportedly separate accounts segregated; used the separate funds to pay the parties’
expenses and purchase marital property; and could not clearly match marital deposits with
their destinations. Id. at 17. We agreed with the wife that the funds in the two accounts
had become inextricably commingled, explaining that:

       14
           The Fidelity accounts have different account numbers, and Husband produced different
statements for the investment account and the checking account.

                                             - 21 -
        [w]hen [h]usband combined his separate funds with the couple’s marital
        funds, he jeopardized the identity of his separate funds. In order for
        [h]usband to prevent his separate funds from becoming marital property,
        [h]usband had to illustrate that the separate property was
        not inextricably mingled with the couple’s marital property. Husband could
        accomplish this by demonstrating that the property continued to be
        segregated or by demonstrating that the separate funds could be traced into
        their product. From our review of the record, [h]usband failed to accomplish
        this task.

*       *       *

               Husband claimed to use separate funds in conjunction with marital
        funds when paying expenses and purchasing marital property. However,
        from our review of the record, we cannot say with any certainty that the
        marital funds left the account with the separate property. The marital funds
        may very well have remained in the accounts. This is due to the fact that
        Husband could not clearly match the marital deposits with their ultimate
        destination. If the marital deposits could not be matched to their destination,
        we must conclude that the accounts were inextricably commingled.

Id. (emphasis in original).

        As in Eldridge, in the case at bar, Husband has failed to “illustrate that the separate
property [in his checking account] was not inextricably mingled with the couple’s marital
property.” Id. (emphasis in original). Albeit vague and confusing, Husband’s testimony
at trial generally provided that both separate and marital funds flowed in and out of the
Fidelity accounts, including the checking account, and that when Husband received income
of any kind, it was likely deposited into one or more of the Fidelity accounts. For example,
some of the profits from the sale of the Downtown property were deposited into the
checking account. Husband also indicated that his salary earned during the marriage went
into the Fidelity accounts.15 Husband testified that his tax returns16 would likely have been
deposited into the checking account and then perhaps transferred to other Fidelity accounts.
Additionally, the parties’ normal expenses, such as car payments, are drawn out of the
checking account. To further complicate matters, Husband uses the Fidelity checking
account to transfer money to the parties’ children through another conduit checking
account with USAA. Based on the state of the record before us, there is simply no way to
discern the source or character of the funds in Husband’s Fidelity checking account.
        15
            The Agreement does not provide that wages earned during the marriage remain separate property,
nor is this the law in Tennessee. See Wilson, 929 S.W.2d at 374.
         16
            Husband could not recall specifically which returns were filed as joint or separate. The record
shows that from 1999-2004, the parties filed joint tax returns. Later in their marriage, however, some
returns were prepared as “married filing separately.”

                                                  - 22 -
       Nor has Husband clarified this question on appeal. Rather, Husband points to his
testimony that in 2007, his financial situation was poor and that he had to liquidate all of
his assets in order to keep his businesses afloat. In essence, Husband argues that he had a
clean slate starting in 2007 and that because the parties essentially lived off returns on
Husband’s investments after that point, whatever marital funds existed in the accounts are
gone and only separate property remains. Without careful tracing, however, this argument
only further muddies the water. Notably, in his reply brief to this Court, Husband appears
to acknowledge that commingling occurred during the marriage:

                However, although commingling may have occurred at some time in
        the marriage, the identification of what commingling may have existed
        during the relevant time period was absent from the evidence in the case. The
        reasonableness of the Trial Court’s finding can be seen comparing the
        immense contribution to the value of the account in the short space of time
        prior to the trial of the case that began on July 5, 2019 to the amount that was
        in the account at trial. With some reasonable accounting for the capital gains
        tax that would be due on the $8,648,589.70 gross proceeds from the sale and
        with no other testimony about deposits to the Fidelity Investments account17
        that may have been marital property, the magnitude of any commingling
        would be so slight as to be insignificant in the analysis. It should not be as if
        a relatively small amount of marital property should infect the entire fund so
        as to transmute the entirety.

The husband in Eldridge made a similar argument, asserting that because “the outflow of
money toward marital expenses outweighed any deposits or earnings that could be
classified as marital property, [ ] the remaining funds must be his separate property.” 137
S.W.3d at 18. We explained:

        This argument fails to demonstrate that the funds were not commingled. Any
        argument based on tracing must be more certain. After [h]usband combined
        the marital and separate property, he had the obligation to establish that the
        two sources of funds were not inextricably commingled. Husband cannot
        accomplish this task by merely relying on the fact that the marital
        withdrawals outweighed the marital deposits.

Id.

       Likewise, here we are unpersuaded that because one deposit was so large, the
entirety of the Fidelity checking account should be considered Husband’s separate

        17
          Again, Husband appears to be referring to more than one Fidelity account. This portion of
Husband’s briefing is in reply to Wife’s argument that both the Fidelity checking and investment account
were inextricably commingled.

                                                - 23 -
property. Husband “had the obligation to establish that the two sources of funds were not
inextricably commingled[,]” and he “cannot accomplish this task by merely relying” on the
fact that a separate deposit was more substantial than any marital property. Id.

        Husband’s treatment of the Fidelity checking account raised a rebuttable
presumption that the account was marital property. He did not rebut this presumption at
trial, and the trial court erred in determining that it was Wife’s burden to show otherwise.
Consequently, the Fidelity checking account was incorrectly classified as Husband’s
separate property. It is a marital asset subject to division.

              ii. The Fidelity investment account

        We turn next to the Fidelity investment account, our review of which was also
difficult for the reasons already addressed. Moreover, unlike the checking account, the
Fidelity investment account was listed in the prenuptial Agreement. Regarding this
account, the trial court found:

              Wife argues that this is a marital asset. Wife values this property at
       $5,250,141. Wife argues that while this property was listed in the prenuptial
       agreement at a value of $178,000, the account is now marital as a result of
       commingling. Wife argues that Husband used the account to deposit all of
       his earnings and the money from the sales of other assets. Wife argues that
       Husband has admitted that [he] cannot differentiate between money he
       earned during the marriage and deposited into the account and money
       deposited from sales of separate property that would not be subject to
       division. Wife points to Husband’s available tax returns to show that
       Husband had significant income during the marriage; for example,
       Husband’s Adjusted Gross Income from 1999 to 2003 averaged to
       $695,876.60 per year. Wife argues that [H]usband’s income was substantial
       and consistently deposited into this account and is marital property. Wife
       argues she should be awarded this asset.

               Husband argues that this account is separate property because the vast
       majority of the funding for this account came from the Newton Chevrolet
       real estate sales. Husband values this property at $5,195,129.65.

              The Court finds that $8,648,589.70 should be subtracted from the
       value of this asset as the separate property of Husband from the sale of
       Newton Chevrolet. Because this subtraction renders this asset at a negative
       balance, the Court finds that this asset cannot be divided, even though
       Husband likely commingled funds in this account throughout the marriage.
       Thus, this asset has zero value to either party for the purposes of distribution.

                                            - 24 -
        Like the Fleetwood house, this asset’s inclusion in the Agreement complicates our
analysis. Unlike the Fleetwood house, however, Husband’s conduct and treatment of the
investment account clearly evinces an intent to treat it as a part of the marital estate; indeed,
even the trial court noted that the funds in the account were likely commingled. While the
Agreement provides that Husband may treat his separate assets in any manner he chooses,
free from claims against the assets by Wife, the Agreement does not prohibit Husband from
gifting his separate property to the marital estate. Further, as addressed at length above,
there are no specific provisions in the Agreement explaining the extent to which the parties
may accumulate marital property or whether Husband’s salary and wages earned during
the marriage remain separate.

       Insofar as Husband deposited marital funds, including his salary, into one or more
of the Fidelity accounts during the marriage and admits to transferring money between
those accounts, the funds in the investment account were inextricably commingled. See
Wilson, supra. In Wilson, we explained:

              Mr. Wilson asserts that the contributions to his retirement accounts
       during the marriage should not be subject to division as marital property
       because they were “increases” or “additions” to accounts he owned prior to
       the marriage. Ms. Moore, on the other hand, contends that these contributions
       were marital property because they came from salary Mr. Wilson earned
       during the marriage. Ms. Moore has the better argument.

       *      *       *

       Mr. Wilson’s contributions to his retirement accounts came directly from the
       salary he earned during the marriage. His salary was not separate property
       under either the prenuptial agreement or state law. It was not covered by the
       agreement because it was not part of Mr. Wilson’s premarital estate and
       because he did not receive it by inheritance or gift. Likewise, it did not fit
       within the definition of separate property in Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-
       121(b)(2) but rather was marital property for the purposes of Tenn. Code
       Ann. § 36-4-121(b)(1)(A).

       Since Mr. Wilson’s salary earned during the marriage was marital property,
       Mr. Wilson could not place it beyond Ms. Moore’s reach simply by directing
       that it be deposited into his separate accounts.

929 S.W.2d at 373–74.

       This analysis is instructive despite the fact that Wilson dealt with slightly different
facts. In that case, the funds at issue were traceable directly to the husband’s salary,
whereas here, Husband maintains that the funds at issue in the investment account are

                                             - 25 -
directly traceable to the sale of a separate asset, the Downtown property. This distinction
is inapposite, however, because the funds in the Fidelity investment account were
inextricably commingled throughout the marriage and before the sale of the Downtown
property. At the time of the marriage, the investment account contained $178,000.00.
When asked about this, Husband testified that “all money is fungible” and that the money
originally in the investment account was likely spent on living expenses. When questioned
about whether he could differentiate money in the investment account from salary earned
and deposited during the marriage, he stated that he could not. In this sense, Wilson is
helpful in providing that Husband cannot place marital assets beyond Wife’s reach by
placing them in a separate account shielded by the Agreement, and then failing to carefully
trace and segregate the purportedly separate funds.

        In that vein, Husband’s overall testimony regarding the investment account renders
it impossible to discern the origin of the funds in that account. Importantly, Husband
testified that he transferred money between the Fidelity checking account and the
investment account. When asked about his income generally by the trial court, Husband
replied, “If it comes to me, it goes into my Fidelity accounts, Your Honor.” The vague and
equivocal testimony about these accounts reflects that the funds therein cannot be traced,
and the testimony that money was transferred between the checking and investment
account is critical inasmuch as it has already been established that the funds in the checking
account were inextricably commingled throughout the marriage. We agree with Wife’s
characterization of the Fidelity accounts as a “catch-all” repository for both marital and
separate funds.

        On appeal, Husband relies on his testimony that the investment account was
primarily funded by the profits from the sale of the Downtown property. Nonetheless, the
money in the investment account was already inextricably commingled by the time this
sale occurred, and the record does not show that Husband segregated or carefully traced
those profits. Indeed, some of the profits were also deposited into the checking account, a
mixed asset, and Husband testified to making transfers between the checking and
investment accounts.

       Unlike the Fleetwood house, Husband’s conduct and statements regarding the
Fidelity investment account bely his argument that this asset was intended to remain
separate under the Agreement. His conduct does not show an intent to keep this account
separate, but rather establishes an intent that the asset become part of the marital estate.
There is no evidence of any tracing whatsoever by Husband throughout the marriage, and
both the trial court and Husband have acknowledged that commingling occurred on some
level. Notwithstanding the Agreement, we cannot conclude that whatever marital funds
remain in the Fidelity investment account are out of Wife’s reach under the particular
circumstances of this case.

       The trial court erred in classifying the Fidelity investment account as a separate

                                            - 26 -
asset. It is a marital asset subject to equitable division.

d. FirstBank custodial account

      Next, Husband argues that the trial court erred in classifying the FirstBank custodial
account as a marital asset. Here, the trial court found:

              Based on the evidence and testimony presented, the Court finds that
       account is marital property. The account was created during the marriage to
       finance a purchase made during the marriage; logically, if the Scenic
       Highway property is marital property, then the money that financed the
       purchase is also marital. Based on the evidence and the parties’ near-
       agreement, the Court finds that this account has a value of $914,743.76. The
       Court awards this account to Wife because Wife should not be responsible
       for buying Husband a house — thus, the money for the Scenic Highway
       property should not come out of Wife’s property award.

       The FirstBank account was opened while the divorce was ongoing in the trial court.
When Husband sought permission from the trial court to purchase the Scenic Highway
house, the trial court granted Husband’s request but ordered Husband to put an amount
equal to the purchase price of the house into a custodial account. It is undisputed that
Husband transferred the money out of the Fidelity investment account into the FirstBank
account. On appeal, Husband asserts that the trial court’s reasoning is flawed and that the
account having been opened during the marriage is not dispositive. Husband argues that
the court should have looked at the origin of the funds transferred to determine whether
they were marital or separate. As Husband maintains on appeal that the Fidelity investment
account is separate property, he also maintains that the money in the FirstBank account is
separate property.

       Here, we agree with Husband that the trial court’s reasoning was flawed, but we
agree with the trial court’s conclusion that the FirstBank account is a marital asset. See,
e.g., Wilson, 929 S.W.2d at 374 (noting that accounts opened by husband during marriage
and funded with money from a separate farming venture were not marital assets simply by
virtue of being opened during the marriage); Wade v. Wade, 897 S.W.2d 702, 716 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 1994) (salary earned during marriage was marital asset regardless of which bank
account it was deposited into). As addressed at length above, the money in the Fidelity
investment account has been inextricably commingled and should have been classified as
marital property. Accordingly, the money transferred directly out of the Fidelity
investment account and into the FirstBank custodial account is no different.

       Consequently, we affirm the trial court’s finding that the FirstBank account is a
marital asset subject to division.

                                             - 27 -
       In sum, the trial court erred in its classification of the Fleetwood house, the Fidelity
checking account, and the Fidelity investment account. The Fleetwood house is Husband’s
separate property, was not subject to division, and should not have been awarded to Wife.
The Fidelity investment account and the Fidelity checking account are marital assets
subject to division. The classification and award of these three assets is vacated, and on
remand the trial court must equitably divide the two Fidelity accounts at issue according to
the factors set forth in Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-121(c). In doing so, the trial court must
consider those assets already awarded to the parties and not addressed in this appeal.18 See
id.

e. Remaining issues

                i. Alimony

        As an alternative to her argument regarding the Fidelity accounts, Wife argues that
the trial court erred in only awarding Wife $4,500.00 per month in alimony in futuro.
Stated differently, Wife asserts that if this Court concludes the Fidelity accounts are
Husband’s separate property, Wife is entitled to increased alimony in futuro in the amount
of $11,694.00 per month. We conclude that because the trial court’s classification of
several major assets was in error, the spousal support determination should be vacated and
remanded.

        When a trial court determines whether and to what extent alimony is appropriate, it
must apply the statutory factors enumerated in Tenn. Code Ann. section 36-5-121(i).
Rather than tax the length of this opinion with a discussion of these factors, we note at the
outset that one of the alimony factors is “the provisions made with regard to the marital
property, as defined in § 36-4-121.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-121(i)(8). The trial court
must consider the manner in which the marital estate is divided when determining alimony,
and “the trial court may award spousal support only after the court has equitably divided
the parties’ marital property.” Trezevant v. Trezevant, 568 S.W.3d 595, 624 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 2018); see also Dover, 2020 WL 7224368, at *16 (vacating and remanding for
reconsideration of spousal support where classification of several major assets was
reversed). As such, it is sometimes necessary to remand a trial court’s decision on
alimony “by virtue of the need to re-evaluate the marital estate.” Trezevant, 568 S.W.3d
at 624.

       In the present case, our decision to remand this matter for reconsideration of the
division of marital property substantially alters the equities between the parties. While the
        18
            To reiterate, the trial court awarded Husband $1,835,191.97 in assets from the marital estate, and
awarded Wife $2,996,984.36 in assets from the marital estate. While the parties seem to disagree slightly
on the value of certain assets, neither party has raised an issue regarding valuation on appeal. Because the
trial court already deducted the dissipated assets from Husband’s award, this factor need not be readdressed
with regard to the Fidelity accounts on remand.

                                                   - 28 -
award of the Fleetwood house to Wife substantially lowered her monthly expenses, we
have determined that house is Husband’s separate property and not subject to division.
Accordingly, Wife’s need for and Husband’s ability to pay alimony is likely to change on
remand, and Wife’s living situation must be accounted for in the reconsideration of spousal
support. Consequently, we vacate and remand the trial court’s decision as to Wife’s award
of alimony in futuro. Because an award of attorney’s fees is considered a form of alimony
in divorce cases, the award of Wife’s attorney’s fees is also vacated. See Barton v. Barton,
No. E2019-01136-COA-R3-CV, 2020 WL 6580562, at *11 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 10,
2020) (vacating the trial court’s award of attorney’s fees to wife after determining that
issues of equitable property distribution required reconsideration).

              ii. Attorney’s fees

       Wife has requested her attorney’s fees incurred on appeal. “The determination of
whether to award attorney’s fees on appeal is within the sole discretion of the appellate
court.” Trezevant, 568 S.W.3d at 641 (citing Moses v. Moses, No. E2008-00257-COA-
R3-CV, 2009 WL 838105, at *10 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 31, 2009)). Under all of the
circumstances, we decline to award Wife her attorney’s fees incurred on appeal.

                                      CONCLUSION

       The ruling of the Hamilton County Chancery Court is affirmed in part, reversed in
part, vacated in part and remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion. Costs of
this appeal are assessed one-half to the appellant, Halbert Grant Law, Jr., and one-half to
the appellee, Barbara Matthews Law.

                                          KRISTI M. DAVIS, JUDGE

                                           - 29 -