Court Opinion

ID: 4365506
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-02-07 15:06:08.79798+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:48:16.335783
License: Public Domain

2019 IL 122654

                                         IN THE
                                SUPREME COURT
                                             OF
                          THE STATE OF ILLINOIS

                                    (Docket No. 122654)

          ALAN BEAMAN, Appellant, v. TIM FREESMEYER et al., Appellees.

                              Opinion filed February 7, 2019.

        JUSTICE KILBRIDE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

        Chief Justice Karmeier and Justices Thomas, Garman, Burke, Theis, and
     Neville concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                         OPINION

¶1      The issue presented in this appeal is the proper test to satisfy the
     “commencement or continuance” prong of the tort of malicious prosecution. In
     2008, this court reversed plaintiff Alan Beaman’s conviction for the murder of his
     ex-girlfriend, Jennifer Lockmiller. People v. Beaman, 229 Ill. 2d 56, 82 (2008). We
     concluded that the State violated his constitutional right to due process under Brady
     v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), when it failed to disclose material and
     exculpatory information about a viable alternative suspect. Beaman, 229 Ill. 2d at
     81.

¶2       Beaman initiated this action, alleging defendants, Tim Freesmeyer, Dave
     Warner, and Frank Zayas, former officers with the Normal Police Department,
     acted maliciously in investigating him and aiding in his prosecution. Beaman
     asserted claims of malicious prosecution, intentional infliction of emotional
     distress, and conspiracy against those individual defendants. Beaman sought
     damages from defendant, the Town of Normal, on theories of respondeat superior
     and indemnification. The circuit court of McLean County granted defendants’
     motion for summary judgment, finding no genuine issue of material fact as to
     Beaman’s claims of malicious prosecution. The appellate court affirmed. 2017 IL
     App (4th) 160527. For the following reasons, we reverse and remand to the
     appellate court for further proceedings.

¶3                                  I. BACKGROUND

¶4       On August 28, 1993, 21-year-old Jennifer Lockmiller, a student at Illinois State
     University, was found dead in her apartment in Normal, Illinois. A number of
     police officers from the Normal Police Department were involved in investigating
     Lockmiller’s death. Those officers included defendants, Detective Tim
     Freesmeyer, Detective Dave Warner, and Lieutenant Frank Zayas. Freesmeyer
     served as the principal detective in the investigation. Warner’s role included
     serving as an evidence custodian and investigating one of the suspects, Stacey
     Gates. Zayas supervised Detective Freesmeyer and Detective Warner in the
     Lockmiller investigation until he retired in November 1994. Other individuals
     involved in the Lockmiller murder investigation included McLean County State’s
     Attorney Charles Reynard and Assistant State’s Attorney James Souk. Souk acted
     as the lead prosecutor in Beaman’s criminal prosecution.

¶5      The murder investigation only focused on individuals Lockmiller knew. Police
     questioned Lockmiller’s then-boyfriend, Michael Swaine, as well as former
     boyfriends, including Beaman, Stacey Gates, and Larbi John Murray.

¶6       A meeting was held on May 16, 1994, to determine whether to arrest Beaman
     for Lockmiller’s murder. Those in attendance included State’s Attorney Reynard,

                                            -2-
       Assistant State’s Attorney Souk, Freesmeyer, Zayas, Normal Chief of Police James
       Taylor, and Detective Tony Daniels. During the meeting, Reynard decided to
       charge Beaman. Souk agreed. At his deposition in this case, Daniels testified he
       suggested a list of investigative avenues to pursue before arresting Beaman. Souk
       responded, “I think we’ve got our guy,” and stated, “we went as far as we can with
       this case.” Souk said they were going to issue a warrant for Beaman’s arrest.

¶7         Prior to trial, the State filed a motion in limine to exclude evidence of
       Lockmiller’s relationships with men other than Beaman and Swaine. The State
       argued that Beaman should not be allowed to offer alternative-suspect evidence
       unless he could establish it was not remote or speculative. The prosecutor informed
       the court that the State did not possess nonspeculative evidence of a third-party
       suspect. The trial court reserved ruling on the motion.

¶8         Later, the State and Beaman’s defense counsel discussed Lockmiller’s
       relationship with an individual identified as “John Doe,” namely, Larbi John
       Murray. Souk told the court Doe had “nothing to do with the case.” Souk did not
       disclose to Beaman’s trial counsel Murray’s criminal records that exposed his drug
       and steroid use and incidents of domestic violence against a subsequent girlfriend,
       nor did Souk disclose his incomplete polygraph examination. Beaman’s trial
       counsel had no specific evidence pointing to another individual who could have
       committed the offense. The trial court granted the State’s motion in limine.

¶9        At trial, the State argued that all of the other possible suspects were excluded
       due to alibis:

          “Did we look at Mr. Swaine? You bet we did. Did we look at [Gates]? You bet
          we did. Did we look at a lot of people and interview a lot of witnesses? You bet
          we did. And guess who sits in the courtroom *** with the gap in his alibi still
          unclosed even after all this?”

¶ 10      The jury found Beaman guilty of first degree murder. He was sentenced to 50
       years of imprisonment. Beaman’s conviction was affirmed on appeal. People v.
       Beaman, 279 Ill. App. 3d 1115 (1996) (table) (unpublished order under Illinois
       Supreme Court Rule 23).

                                              -3-
¶ 11       In April 1997, Beaman filed a petition for postconviction relief. Beaman
       alleged, in part, that the State violated his right to due process by failing to disclose
       material information on Murray’s viability as a suspect. An evidentiary hearing
       was held on Beaman’s petition. After the hearing, the circuit court denied
       Beaman’s postconviction petition. The appellate court affirmed. People v. Beaman,
       368 Ill. App. 3d 759 (2006).

¶ 12       In 2008, this court found the State violated Beaman’s constitutional right to due
       process of law when it failed to disclose the evidence related to Murray and
       reversed the circuit court order denying Beaman’s postconviction petition.
       Beaman, 229 Ill. 2d at 81-82. In that appeal, we summarized the undisclosed
       evidence as consisting of four points: “(1) [Murray] failed to complete the
       polygraph examination; (2) [Murray] was charged with domestic battery and
       possession of marijuana with intent to deliver prior to [Beaman’s] trial;
       (3) [Murray] had physically abused his girlfriend on numerous prior occasions; and
       (4) [Murray’s] use of steroids had caused him to act erratically.” Beaman, 229 Ill.
2d at 74. We concluded that the State’s case against Beaman was “tenuous” and
       that the evidence withheld by the State was favorable to Beaman because it
       supported Murray’s viability as an alternative suspect. Beaman, 229 Ill. 2d at
       77-78. We determined that “[w]e cannot have confidence in the verdict finding
       [Beaman] guilty of this crime given the tenuous nature of the circumstantial
       evidence against him, along with the nondisclosure of critical evidence that would
       have countered the State’s argument that all other potential suspects had been
       eliminated from consideration.” Beaman, 229 Ill. 2d at 81. We vacated Beaman’s
       conviction and remanded the case to the circuit court for further proceedings.
       Beaman, 229 Ill. 2d at 82.

¶ 13       On remand, the State declined to reprosecute Beaman and dismissed the
       charges against him. Beaman was released from prison in June 2008. In April 2013,
       the State of Illinois certified his innocence. On January 9, 2015, Governor Pat
       Quinn pardoned Beaman “based upon innocence as if no conviction.”

¶ 14       In January 2010, Beaman filed a federal section 1983 (42 U.S.C. § 1983
       (2006)) civil suit against defendants Freesmeyer, Warner, and Zayas, as well as
       against Souk, Reynard, and other detectives. Beaman alleged three federal claims:
       (1) defendants acting individually and in conspiracy withheld exculpatory evidence

                                                 -4-
       in violation of Brady (individual liability), (2) defendants conspired to deprive
       Beaman of exculpatory evidence (conspiracy liability), and (3) defendants failed to
       intervene to prevent the violation of his rights. Beaman included state law claims
       for malicious prosecution, civil conspiracy, and intentional infliction of emotional
       distress against the Town of Normal.

¶ 15       The district court dismissed claims against Souk and Reynard based on absolute
       or qualified immunity. The claims against the other detectives, who are not named
       defendants in this case, were voluntarily dismissed after discovery revealed they
       were not involved in the suppression of evidence. The district court granted
       summary judgment on the federal claims to the remaining defendants, Freesmeyer,
       Warner, and Zayas. Beaman v. Souk, 7 F. Supp. 3d 805, 832 (C.D. Ill. 2014).

¶ 16       The Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed. Beaman v. Freesmeyer, 776
F.3d 500 (7th Cir. 2015). Neither the district court nor the Seventh Circuit Court of
       Appeals addressed the state law claims of malicious prosecution, intentional
       infliction of emotional distress, or conspiracy against the Town of Normal for lack
       of jurisdiction. Beaman, 776 F.3d at 506.

¶ 17       In April 2014, Beaman filed the civil action that is the subject of this appeal
       against defendants Freesmeyer, Warner, Zayas, and the Town of Normal, pleading
       the state law claims that the federal court had dismissed without prejudice.
       Beaman’s complaint alleged malicious prosecution, intentional infliction of
       emotional distress, and civil conspiracy against all defendants, as well as claims of
       respondeat superior and indemnification against the Town of Normal for recovery
       of damages.

¶ 18       Defendants moved for summary judgment. Defendants maintained that no
       evidence established a genuine issue of material fact on four of the five elements of
       Beaman’s malicious prosecution claim. Defendants contended, as a result, they
       were entitled to judgment as a matter of law on the malicious prosecution claim and
       the remaining claims that were predicated on the contention that he was
       maliciously prosecuted.

¶ 19       The circuit court granted defendants’ motion for summary judgment, reasoning
       that Beaman could not satisfy the elements to establish a malicious prosecution
       claim. The court found the prosecutors who handled the case, not the defendant

                                               -5-
       officers, decided to prosecute Beaman. The court highlighted Daniels’s deposition
       testimony and pointed to his statement that, during the May 1994 meeting with
       investigating officers and lead prosecutors, Souk rejected Daniels’s suggestions to
       investigate other avenues. Souk stated the investigation was complete and an arrest
       warrant would be issued for Beaman. The court found that defendants “did not
       exert any unusual influence on the prosecutors which caused a malicious
       prosecution to take place against [Beaman].” The circuit court dismissed the
       remaining claims as dependent on the malicious prosecution claim.

¶ 20        The appellate court affirmed the grant of summary judgment on the
       “commencement or continuance” element of malicious prosecution and did not
       address the circuit court’s other grounds for dismissing that claim. 2017 IL App
       (4th) 160527. We allowed Beaman’s petition for leave to appeal. Ill. S. Ct. R. 315
       (eff. July 1, 2017). We allowed The Innocence Network; former state and federal
       prosecutors Stuart Chanen, William Conlon, Tyrone Fahner, Jonathan King, Scott
       Lassar, Jeremy Margolis, Ronald Safer, John Schmidt, Jeffrey Singer, James
       Thompson, Scott Turow, and Dan Webb; the City of Chicago, Illinois Municipal
       League, Illinois Prosecutors Bar Association, Illinois State’s Attorneys
       Association, Intergovernmental Risk Management Agency, and City of Peoria (the
       governmental amici); and the Illinois Fraternal Order of Police Labor Council,
       Illinois Fraternal Order of Police, Illinois Troopers Lodge No. 41, and Chicago
       Fraternal Order of Police Lodge No. 7 to file amicus curiae briefs. Ill. S. Ct. R. 345
       (eff. Sept. 20, 2010).

¶ 21                                      II. ANALYSIS

¶ 22       In this appeal, Beaman challenges the circuit court’s grant of summary
       judgment in favor of defendants. Section 1005(c) of the Code of Civil Procedure
       provides that summary judgment is proper when the “pleadings, depositions, and
       admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine
       issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a
       matter of law.” 735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West 2016). Summary judgment is a drastic
       means of disposing of litigation and “should be allowed only when the right of the
       moving party is clear and free from doubt.” Adams v. Northern Illinois Gas Co.,
       211 Ill. 2d 32, 43 (2004). “[W]here reasonable persons could draw divergent

                                                -6-
       inferences from the undisputed material facts or where there is a dispute as to a
       material fact, summary judgment should be denied and the issue decided by the
       trier of fact.” Espinoza v. Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Ry. Co., 165 Ill. 2d 107, 114
       (1995). In ruling on a motion for summary judgment, we must construe the
       pleadings, depositions, admissions, and affidavits strictly against the movant and
       liberally in favor of the opponent. Adams, 211 Ill. 2d at 43. We review an appeal
       from a ruling on a motion for summary judgment de novo. Jackson v. TLC
       Associates, Inc., 185 Ill. 2d 418, 424 (1998).

¶ 23       A malicious prosecution action is a civil tort brought by a plaintiff “for recovery
       of damages which have proximately resulted to person, property or reputation from
       a previous unsuccessful civil or criminal proceeding, which was prosecuted
       without probable cause and with malice.” Freides v. Sani-Mode Manufacturing
       Co., 33 Ill. 2d 291, 295 (1965); see also 26 Edwin A. Jaggard, Cyclopedia of Law
       and Procedure 6 (William Mack ed. 1907) (cited here as 26 Cyc.) (“Malicious
       prosecution, regarded as a remedy, is a distinctive action ex delicto for the recovery
       of damages to person, property, or reputation, shown to have proximately resulted
       from a previous civil or criminal proceeding, which was commenced or continued
       without probable cause, but with malice, and which has terminated
       unsuccessfully.”).

¶ 24      This court has long recognized that “suits for malicious prosecution are not
       favored in law.” Joiner v. Benton Community Bank, 82 Ill. 2d 40, 44 (1980);
       Schwartz v. Schwartz, 366 Ill. 247, 250 (1937); Shedd v. Patterson, 302 Ill. 355,
       359-60 (1922). This court has explained:

          “Public policy favors the exposure of crime, and the cooperation of citizens
          possessing knowledge thereof is essential to effective implementation of that
          policy. Persons acting in good faith who have probable cause to believe crimes
          have been committed should not be deterred from reporting them by the fear of
          unfounded suits by those accused. It was for the purpose of encouraging and
          protecting those who exercise their constitutional right to appeal to our courts
          for redress of private or public grievances that the circumstances in which
          malicious prosecution actions may be brought have been rather narrowly
          circumscribed.” Joiner, 82 Ill. 2d 44-45.

                                                -7-
¶ 25       When a person is wrongfully convicted of a crime, however, it has profound
       consequences. Nevertheless, malicious prosecution actions are subject to more
       stringent limitations than other tort actions and will be allowed only when all of the
       requirements for maintaining an action have been met. See 52 Am. Jur. 2d
       Malicious Prosecution § 5 (2018); see also Joiner, 82 Ill. 2d at 45 (same); Swick v.
       Liautaud, 169 Ill. 2d 504, 512 (1996) (same).

¶ 26       To state a cause of action for the tort of malicious prosecution, the plaintiff must
       prove five elements: “(1) the commencement or continuance of an original criminal
       or civil judicial proceeding by the defendant; (2) the termination of the proceeding
       in favor of the plaintiff; (3) the absence of probable cause for such proceeding;
       (4) the presence of malice; and (5) damages resulting to the plaintiff.” (Internal
       quotation marks omitted.) Swick, 169 Ill. 2d at 512; Ritchey v. Maksin, 71 Ill. 2d
470, 475 (1978); Freides, 33 Ill. 2d at 295. The absence of any of these elements
       bars a plaintiff’s malicious prosecution claim. Swick, 169 Ill. 2d at 512.

¶ 27       The circuit court determined that Beaman could not satisfy the first four
       elements to establish a malicious prosecution claim. The appellate court affirmed
       the circuit court, finding no genuine issue of material fact on the “commencement
       or continuance” element of the malicious prosecution tort, and did not consider
       whether Beaman could satisfy the other elements to establish a malicious
       prosecution action. Accordingly, our analysis will focus on the “commencement or
       continuance” prong of a malicious prosecution action.

¶ 28       Beaman contends that the appellate court applied the wrong standard to the
       “commencement or continuance” prong. Beaman submits that three different
       approaches have developed to analyze the “commencement or continuance”
       element. Plaintiff describes these approaches as (1) the “significant role” test;
       (2) the “advice and cooperation” test; and (3) the “pressure, influence, or
       misstatement” test.

¶ 29        According to Beaman, the “significant role” test is the predominant rule in
       Illinois, and it provides that liability for malicious criminal prosecution “extends to
       all persons who played a significant role in causing the prosecution of the plaintiff,
       provided all of the elements of the tort are present.” Frye v. O’Neill, 166 Ill. App.
3d 963, 975 (1988) (citing 54 C.J.S. Malicious Prosecution §§ 18, 19 (1987)); see
       also Bianchi v. McQueen, 2016 IL App (2d) 150646, ¶ 72; Barnett v. Baker, 2017

                                                -8-
IL App (1st) 152443-U, ¶ 40; Rodgers v. Peoples Gas, Light & Coke Co., 315 Ill.
App. 3d 340, 348-49 (2000). Beaman contends that the “significant role” test is
routinely employed by federal courts in malicious criminal prosecution cases. See,
e.g., Mitchell v. City of Elgin, No. 14 CV 3457, 2016 WL 492339, at *7-8 (N.D. Ill.
Feb. 9, 2016), rev’d in part on other grounds, ___ F.3d ___, 2019 WL 76881 (7th
Cir. 2019); Collier v. City of Chicago, No. 14 C 2157, 2015 WL 5081408, at *9
(N.D. Ill. Aug. 26, 2015); Mosley v. Pendarvis, No. 13 C 5333, 2015 WL 2375253,
at *4 (N.D. Ill. May 15, 2015); Green v. City of Chicago, No. 11 C 7067, 2015 WL
2194174, at *6 (N.D. Ill. May 7, 2015); Fields v. City of Chicago, No. 10 C 1168,
2014 WL 477394, at *12 (N.D. Ill. Feb. 6, 2014); Starks v. City of Waukegan, 946
F. Supp. 2d 780, 794 (N.D. Ill. 2013); Padilla v. City of Chicago, 932 F. Supp. 2d
907, 928 (N.D. Ill. 2013); Hunt v. Roth, No. 11 C 4697, 2013 WL 708116, at *8
(N.D. Ill. Feb. 22, 2013); Reno v. City of Chicago, No. 10 C 6114, 2012 WL
2368409, at *6 n.2 (N.D. Ill. June 21, 2012); Brown v. Navarro, No. 09 C 3814,
2012 WL 1986586, at *7 (N.D. Ill. June 4, 2012); Phipps v. Adams, No.
11-147-GPM, 2012 WL 686721, at *3 (S.D. Ill. Mar. 2, 2012); Johnson v. Arroyo,
No. 09 C 1614, 2010 WL 1195330, at *3 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 22, 2010); Swanigan v.
Trotter, 645 F. Supp. 2d 656, 686 (N.D. Ill. 2009); Lipscomb v. Knapp, No. 07 C
5509, 2009 WL 3150745, at *11-12 (N.D. Ill. Sept. 30, 2009); Montgomery v. City
of Harvey, No. 07 C 4117, 2008 WL 4442599, at *7 (N.D. Ill. Sept. 29, 2008);
Bruce v. Perry, No. 03-CV-558-DRH, 2006 WL 1777760, at *8 (S.D. Ill. June 23,
2006); Montes v. DiSantis, No. 04 C 4447, 2005 WL 1126556, at *11-12 (N.D. Ill.
May 10, 2005); Patterson v. Burge, 328 F. Supp. 2d 878, 900-01 (N.D. Ill. 2004);
Harris v. City of Harvey, No. 97 C 2823, 2000 WL 1468746, at *9 (N.D. Ill. Sept.
29, 2000). Beaman submits that federal courts also use the “significant role” test for
instructing the jury in malicious prosecution cases against police officers. See e.g.,
Final Jury Instructions, Brown v. Spain, No. 11-C-08403, 2014 WL 6813086 (N.D.
Ill. Oct. 16, 2014) (“An officer commences or continues the prosecution of a person
if the officer played a significant role in causing the commencement or the
continuation of the prosecution of the person.”); Instructions to the Jury, Payne v.
Maher, No. 11-CV-6623, 2014 WL 7684881 (N.D. Ill. Nov. 14, 2014) (“A person
causes a criminal proceeding to be commenced or continued if he plays a
significant role in the initiation or continuation of criminal charges at any time from
the arrest through the conclusion of the criminal case.”); Jury Instructions, Wells v.
Johnson, No. 06-CV-06284, 2012 WL 1569523 (N.D. Ill. Apr. 19, 2012) (“A

                                         -9-
       person commences or continues a proceeding if he initiated the proceeding, if his
       participation was of so active and positive a character as to amount to advice and
       cooperation, or if he played a significant role in causing the prosecution of the
       Plaintiff.”).

¶ 30       Beaman describes the “advice and cooperation test” as providing that the
       “commencement or continuance” element is met if the officer’s participation was
       “so active and positive as to amount to advice and cooperation.” See, e.g., Fabiano
       v. City of Palos Hills, 336 Ill. App. 3d 635, 647 (2002); Collier, 2015 WL 5081408,
       at *9.

¶ 31       Finally, Beaman explains the “pressure, influence, or misstatement test.”
       According to Beaman, this test, as applied by the appellate court here, provides the
       plaintiff must establish that an “officer pressured or exerted influence on the
       prosecutor’s decision or made knowing misstatements upon which the prosecutor
       relied.” 2017 IL App (4th) 160527, ¶ 58.

¶ 32       Defendants counter that these supposedly different approaches are actually
       consistent with each other, even if some of the courts’ language differs, and that all
       require proof of causation. According to defendants, all of Beaman’s purportedly
       different approaches look for some action by the police that affects the prosecutor’s
       independent judgment, in other words, actions that are the proximate cause of the
       prosecution.

¶ 33       We agree with defendants that, while cases may use differing language when
       analyzing the commencement or continuance element, in each case, the court
       examined the defendant’s conduct or participation in the commencement or
       continuation of criminal proceedings against the plaintiff. In other words, the
       relevant inquiry is whether the officer proximately caused the commencement or
       continuance of the criminal proceeding.

¶ 34       It is useful to examine the history of the common-law tort of malicious
       prosecution. In the 1800s, “it was common for criminal cases to be prosecuted by
       private parties.” Rehberg v. Paulk, 566 U.S. 356, 364 (2012). Those private parties
       did not enjoy immunity from suit; rather, “a private complainant who procured an
       arrest or prosecution could be held liable in an action for malicious prosecution if
       the complainant acted with malice and without probable cause.” Rehberg, 566 U.S.

                                               - 10 -
       at 364. “Both English and American courts routinely permitted plaintiffs to bring
       actions alleging that the defendant had made a false and malicious accusation of a
       felony to a magistrate or other judicial officer.” Briscoe v. LaHue, 460 U.S. 325,
       351 (1983) (Marshall, J., dissenting, joined by Blackmun, J.). After 1871, criminal
       cases were increasingly prosecuted by public officials who, unlike private
       prosecutors, were absolutely immune from tort claims for malicious prosecution.
       Rehberg, 566 U.S. at 365. However, courts have continued to recognize claims for
       malicious prosecution against private individuals whose conduct led to the
       plaintiff’s criminal prosecution.

¶ 35       In Illinois, common-law malicious prosecution actions have long been
       recognized. See, e.g., Richey v. McBean, 17 Ill. 63, 64 (1855) (recognizing that an
       action for malicious prosecution “must charge that the defendant was actuated by
       malice in setting on foot the prosecution, and that the same was done without
       probable cause”); see also Hurd v. Shaw, 20 Ill. 354, 355 (1858) (rejecting a
       malicious prosecution claim where there was no evidence that the defendant was
       the prosecutor of the charge against the plaintiff “or that he originated the
       indictment”).

¶ 36       This court first addressed whether a defendant who did not directly initiate the
       criminal proceedings against the plaintiff could be held liable in a malicious
       prosecution action in Gilbert v. Emmons, 42 Ill. 143 (1866). In Gilbert, the
       defendant’s business partner began the prosecution against the plaintiff by
       swearing out an affidavit needed to issue a warrant and “directed the officer in its
       execution.” Gilbert, 42 Ill. at 146. The court in Gilbert explained that the defendant
       could be liable only if “he either directly participated in causing the arrest, or
       advised it to be made.” Gilbert, 42 Ill. at 146. The defendant’s mere knowledge of
       or consent to the actions of his business partner was insufficient unless that
       “ ‘consent’ should be of so active and positive a character as to amount to advice
       and co-operation.” Gilbert, 42 Ill. at 147. If the defendant took some affirmative
       action to “advise and encourage the arrest” that led to the prosecution, then the
       defendant could be liable. Gilbert, 42 Ill. at 147. If, however, the defendant merely
       allowed his partner “to follow the dictates of his own judgment, without
       interference on his part,” then he would not be liable. Gilbert, 42 Ill. at 147.

                                               - 11 -
¶ 37       The Gilbert court remanded the case for a new trial because the jury was
       erroneously instructed on this issue. Thus, in a case where someone other than the
       defendant took the official action of initiating the criminal prosecution, Gilbert
       established the “active and positive” advice or cooperation test.

¶ 38       As the governmental amici aptly point out in their brief, “historically, what is
       now the ‘commence or continue’ element was originally stated as two elements”
       that highlighted the legal cause element and that, over time, the two elements were
       collapsed into what is now stated as a single “commencement or continuance”
       element. Our research has revealed that in Glenn v. Lawrence, 280 Ill. 581 (1917),
       this court set forth six elements that will sustain an action for malicious
       prosecution:

          “(1) the commencement or continuance of an original, criminal or civil judicial
          proceeding; (2) its legal causation by the present defendant against plaintiff,
          who was defendant in the original proceeding; (3) its bona fide termination in
          favor of the present plaintiff; (4) the absence of probable cause for such
          proceeding; (5) the presence of malice therein; and (6) damage conforming to
          legal standards resulting to the plaintiff. 26 Cyc. at 8.” Glenn, 280 Ill. at 585.

¶ 39       The Cyclopedia of Law and Procedure, published in 1907 and cited by Glenn,
       sets forth these same six elements. See 26 Cyc. at 8. The Cyclopedia of Law and
       Procedure further explains that “[t]o sustain the action [for malicious prosecution],
       it must affirmatively appear as a part of the case of the party demanding damages
       that the party sought to be charged was the proximate and efficient cause of
       maliciously putting the law in motion.” 26 Cyc. at 17.

¶ 40       In 1965, this court continued its reference to six elements for maintaining a
       cause of action for malicious prosecution in Freides (33 Ill. 2d at 295). In 1978,
       however, in Ritchey, this court cited Freides but collapsed the first two elements
       into one: “the commencement or continuance of an original criminal or civil
       judicial proceeding by the defendant,” reducing the number of elements required to
       maintain an action for malicious prosecution from six to five. Ritchey, 71 Ill. 2d at
       475. Later, this court continued to use five elements to evaluate malicious
       prosecution claims. See Joiner, 82 Ill. 2d at 45; Swick, 169 Ill. 2d at 512. Despite
       the variation in the language and elements of a malicious prosecution cause of
       action, the “commence or continue” element has always required the defendant’s

                                              - 12 -
       conduct to be the legal cause of the commencement or continuation of the
       underlying criminal proceedings. Indeed, all of the parties agree that a malicious
       prosecution action requires proof of legal causation.

¶ 41        The issue in this case concerns the proper approach for determining when a
       police officer commences or continues a prosecution, e.g., when the defendant’s
       conduct is the legal cause of the commencement or continuation of the original
       criminal proceedings. Plaintiff interprets differing language used by courts as
       different legal standards or tests applied in cases against police officers to establish
       the “commencement or continuation” prong. We, however, agree with defendants
       that all of these approaches are aimed at examining the actions by the police that
       may have caused the plaintiff’s wrongful prosecution in the original criminal
       proceeding. For example, the court in Cervantes v. Jones, 23 F. Supp. 2d 885 (N.D.
       Ill. 1998), examined whether, under Illinois law, a plaintiff could meet the
       commencement or continuance prong requirements for malicious prosecution,
       stating:

               “In order to be liable for malicious prosecution, ‘a defendant either must
          have initiated a criminal proceeding or his participation in it must have been of
          so active and positive a character as to amount to advice and cooperation.’
          Denton v. Allstate Ins. Co., [152 Ill. App. 3d 578, 583 (1986)]. Put another way,
          ‘[l]iability for malicious prosecution … extends to [police officers] who played
          a significant role in causing the prosecution of the plaintiff[.]’ [Frye, 166 Ill.
          App. 3d at 975]. See also [Reed v. City of Chicago, 77 F.3d 1049, 1053 (7th Cir.
          1996)] (plaintiff must show that the officer used improper influence on the
          prosecutor or made knowing misstatements to the prosecutor in order to secure
          the prosecution); Newsome v. James, [968 F. Supp. 1318, 1323 (N.D. Ill. 1997)]
          (stating the issue as whether the police officer ‘got the ball rolling in the
          unwarranted prosecution’ of the plaintiff).” Cervantes, 23 F. Supp. 2d at 888.

       Thus, the differing language used in malicious prosecution cases is based on a
       causal analysis determining whether the defendant’s actions proximately caused
       the plaintiff’s wrongful prosecution.

¶ 42      With this background in mind, we now examine whether the appellate court
       properly determined that Beaman failed to meet the “commencement or
       continuation” element in granting defendants’ motion for summary judgment. The

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       appellate court held that Beaman was required to “establish that officer[s]
       pressured or exerted influence on the prosecutor’s decision or made knowing
       misstatements upon which the prosecutor relied.” 2017 IL App (4th) 160527, ¶ 58.
       The appellate court’s decision rested heavily on its observation that “ ‘[t]he State’s
       Attorney, not the police, prosecutes a criminal action’ ” and a need to “protect[ ]
       officers in their performance of their police work.” (Internal quotation marks
       omitted.) 2017 IL App (4th) 160527, ¶¶ 57-58 (quoting Colbert v. City of Chicago,
       851 F.3d 649, 655 (7th Cir. 2017)).

¶ 43       This court has recognized that prosecutors ordinarily rely on police and other
       agencies to investigate criminal acts. People v. Ringland, 2017 IL 119484, ¶ 24.
       Significantly, “ ‘it is the recognized practice that the State’s Attorney sensibly
       defers to the investigative duties of the police.’ ” (Emphasis in original.) Ringland,
       2017 IL 119484, ¶ 24 (quoting People v. Wilson, 254 Ill. App. 3d 1020, 1039
       (1993)). Contrary to the appellate court’s standard, however, this court established
       long ago, in Gilbert, that a person can be liable for commencing or continuing a
       malicious prosecution even if that person does not ultimately wield prosecutorial
       power or actively deceive prosecutors. See Gilbert, 42 Ill. at 147. Illinois courts
       have adhered consistently to this standard, holding that liability for malicious
       prosecution “extends to all persons who played a significant role in causing the
       prosecution of the plaintiff, provided all of the elements of the tort are present.”
       Frye, 166 Ill. App. 3d at 975 (citing 54 C.J.S. Malicious Prosecution §§ 18, 19
       (1987)); see also Bianchi, 2016 IL App (2d) 150646, ¶¶ 72-73; Rodgers, 315 Ill.
       App. 3d at 348-49.

¶ 44       “Liability thus depends on whether the defendant was actively instrumental in
       causing the prosecution, and the presumption of prosecutorial independence can be
       overcome by showing that the defendant improperly exerted pressure on the
       prosecutor, knowingly provided misinformation to him or her, concealed
       exculpatory evidence, or otherwise engaged in wrongful or bad-faith conduct
       instrumental in the initiation of the prosecution.” 52 Am. Jur. 2d Malicious
       Prosecution § 88 (2018). Police officers may be subject to liability for malicious
       prosecution “[i]f they initiate a criminal proceeding by presentation of false
       statements, or by withholding exculpatory information from the prosecutor.” 3 Dan
       B. Dobbs, Paul T. Hayden, & Ellen M. Bublick, The Law of Torts § 587, at 392 (2d
       ed. 2011) (cited here as Law of Torts).

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¶ 45       The established definition of “commence or continue” reflects that the
       fundamental purposes of tort law are to hold wrongdoers liable for foreseeable
       consequences of their actions and to deter wrongful conduct. See Siemieniec v.
       Lutheran General Hospital, 117 Ill. 2d 230, 259 (1987); Restatement (Second) of
       Torts § 901 (1979). As the former state and federal prosecutors submit in their
       amicus brief, liability for malicious prosecution “calls for a commonsense
       assessment” of those persons who played a significant role in the criminal case.
       This significant role assessment necessarily includes those persons whose
       participation in the criminal case was so “active and positive” to “amount to advice
       and co-operation” (Gilbert, 42 Ill. at 147) or those persons who “improperly
       exerted pressure on the prosecutor, knowingly provided misinformation to him or
       her, concealed exculpatory evidence, or otherwise engaged in wrongful or bad-faith
       conduct instrumental in the initiation of the prosecution” (52 Am. Jur. 2d Malicious
       Prosecution § 88 (2018)). In other words, the separate standards cited by Beaman
       actually fall within the “significant role” standard for determining whether a person
       proximately caused a plaintiff’s wrongful conviction.

¶ 46       Thus, liability for malicious prosecution requires an examination of whether the
       defendant’s conduct is both the cause in fact and a proximate cause of the
       commencement or continuation of the original criminal proceedings. Law of Torts
       at 390; see also 26 Cyc. at 17 (“To sustain the action [for malicious prosecution], it
       must affirmatively appear as a part of the case *** that the party sought to be
       charged was the proximate and efficient cause of maliciously putting the law in
       motion.”). In determining whether the defendants’ conduct was the proximate
       cause of the commencement or continuation of the original criminal proceedings,
       the court must examine whether the defendants played a significant role in the
       plaintiff’s prosecution.

¶ 47       We conclude that the appellate court’s standard failed to consider whether the
       defendants proximately caused the commencement or continuance of the criminal
       proceeding against Beaman. The appellate court focused its inquiry on whether the
       “officer[s] pressured or exerted influence on the prosecutor’s decision or made
       knowing misstatements upon which the prosecutor relied.” 2017 IL App (4th)
160527, ¶ 58. On remand, the appellate court must examine whether the
       defendants’ conduct or actions proximately caused the commencement or
       continuance of the original criminal proceeding by determining whether defendants

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       played a significant role in Beaman’s prosecution.

¶ 48                                  III. CONCLUSION

¶ 49      For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the judgment of the appellate court and
       remand the cause for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

¶ 50      Appellate court judgment reversed and remanded.

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