Court Opinion

ID: 6335167
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-04-26 20:05:28.238305+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:23:49.312809
License: Public Domain

2022 IL App (2d) 191111
                                  No. 2-19-1111
                            Opinion filed April 26, 2022
______________________________________________________________________________

                                              IN THE

                              APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                              SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE                ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
OF ILLINOIS,                           ) of McHenry County.
                                       )
      Plaintiff-Appellee,              )
                                       )
v.                                     ) No. 19-CF-399
                                       )
JEFFREY J. HAUCK,                      ) Honorable
                                       ) Robert A. Wilbrandt Jr.,
      Defendant-Appellant.             ) Judge, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________

       PRESIDING JUSTICE BRIDGES delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
       Justices Zenoff and Schostok concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                            OPINION

¶1     Defendant, Jeffrey J. Hauck, appeals a judgment entered in the McHenry County circuit

court finding him guilty of one count of drug induced homicide (720 ILCS 5/9-3.3(a) (West 2018))

and two counts of delivery of a controlled substance (720 ILCS 570/401(d) (West 2018)). The

convictions were a result of the death of defendant’s girlfriend, Stephanie Phillippi, from an

overdose of heroin and fentanyl. Defendant argues that the trial court erred when it admitted phone

records from Phillippi’s cell phone into evidence. Defendant maintains that the certification for

the phone records presented by the State did not satisfy the requirement of Illinois Rule of Evidence

902(11) (eff. Sept. 28, 2018) that the certification be made under oath subject to the penalty of

perjury and that the State did not otherwise establish the necessary foundation under Illinois Rule
2022 IL App (2d) 191111

of Evidence 803(6) (eff. Sept. 28, 2018) for the admission of the phone records under the business

record exception to hearsay. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

¶2                                     I. BACKGROUND

¶3     Phillippi was found dead in her bedroom during the early hours of March 6, 2019. The

cause of her death was determined to have been an overdose of heroin and fentanyl. On June 27,

2019, defendant and his friends Kane Kellett and Melissa R. Ohlson were each indicted on three

counts of drug induced homicide and two counts of unlawful delivery of a controlled substance.

¶4     On August 28, 2019, the State filed a motion in limine seeking to admit, as self-

authenticating business records pursuant to Rule 902(11), Phillippi’s cell phone records obtained

from Verizon pursuant to a subpoena. With the motion, the State submitted a certification from

Andrew M. Connors, the custodian of records for Verizon. The certification indicated that it was

executed in Bedminster, New Jersey, and stated as follows:

       “I, Andrew M. Connors, being duly sworn, depose and say:

                      1. I am the custodian of records for Verizon, and in that capacity, I certify

               that the attached 19 Electronic file(s) of records are true and accurate copies of the

               records created from the information maintained by Verizon in the actual course

               of business[.]

                      2. It is Verizon’s ordinary practice to maintain such records, and that said

               records were made contemporaneously with the transaction and events stated

               therein, or within a reasonable time thereafter.

               /s/ Andrew M. Connors”

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¶5         A hearing on the motion in limine was held on August 30, 2019. At the hearing, defendant

objected to the admission of the Verizon records, arguing as follows:

                   “My objection to people’s motion number three—or the defendant’s objection to

           people’s number three is the form and content of Exhibit No. 1, which is the Verizon

           certification.

                   “It appears—it purports to be an electronic signature. And there’s nothing in terms

           of a—a notary or a guarantor or a—any type of signatory confirmation that Andrew

           Connors—this appears to be just a form that was generated on his computer.

                   So we would be objecting to the form of the certification tendered by Verizon.”

Over defendant’s objection, the trial court granted the State’s motion to admit the Verizon records,

stating:

                   “The issue is, is this a written declaration under oath subject to penalties of perjury.

                   Now, it isn’t notarized. But the issue is, is this sufficient. Andrew M. Connors being

           duly sworn deposes and says. I would say it is.

                   Therefore, people’s motion in limine number three is allowed.”

¶6         A three-day bench trial was held over the course of September 16 through September 18,

2019. Ohlson testified as follows. She was a heroin addict, and she and defendant became friends

after meeting in drug court around 2015. She was charged with drug induced homicide related to

Phillippi’s death. In exchange for her truthful testimony, the State’s Attorney’s office was willing

to give her consideration in the form of probation or drug court.

¶7         At around 6 or 6:30 a.m. on March 5, 2019, defendant called Ohlson to arrange to go to

Chicago to purchase drugs. She picked defendant up at the Burger King near his home, and he told

her that he needed to go to Phillippi’s home to get some money. She was irritated because she

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thought they would have to split the drugs three ways, but defendant claimed that none of the drugs

were for Phillippi. She drove to Phillippi’s house with defendant and waited in the car while he

went to Phillippi’s window. Phillippi threw him a pill bottle containing $60, and then Ohlson and

defendant left for Chicago. When they arrived, she first purchased crack from her dealer, who was

named Tree. She smoked the crack and then parked at a gas station. She gave defendant $40, and

defendant left to purchase heroin from a man named Glow. A bag of heroin cost $10, but defendant

received two extra bags because he had spent $100, so defendant returned with a total of 12 bags.

Defendant had owed Ohlson $30, which meant that, with the $40 she had given him, her share was

seven bags, with defendant keeping five. The bags from Glow were either green or blue. They then

returned to Crystal Lake, where she dropped defendant off at the Burger King. On the way, she

snorted two bags of heroin, and defendant used one or two.

¶8     Kellett testified as follows. He had been charged with drug induced homicide related to

Phillippi’s death. He also had pending charges of threatening a public official and possession of a

controlled substance in McHenry County and three pending charges of possession of

methamphetamine with intent to deliver in Cook County. He had previously been convicted of

felony home invasion and a misdemeanor charge of obstructing justice. He had been offered

consideration for his testimony, but no formal offer had been extended.

¶9     Kellett had known defendant for half of his life and considered him a friend. He had been

friends with Phillippi for about three years. Phillippi had cystic fibrosis and had been “crippled”

since the previous summer. In March 2019, Kellett had been living at the apartment of Kristi

Hauck, defendant’s mother, with defendant and defendant’s sister.

¶ 10   On March 4, 2019, Kellett, Phillippi, and defendant had gone to Chicago to purchase

heroin. Kellett overdosed, was treated at the hospital, and returned to Kristi’s apartment afterward.

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¶ 11   On the morning of March 5, 2019, he was sleeping. He was aware that defendant left the

apartment that morning but did not see him leave, as he was asleep. Sometime in the morning, he

awoke and sat up. Defendant dropped into his lap a green bag that contained a powder heroin-

fentanyl mix and told him “Don’t do it all.” Kellett then proceeded to consume a small amount of

the powder, “hardly any of it,” leaving most of it remaining. Afterward, Phillippi called him, saying

that it was her bag and that Kellett had not paid for it. He agreed to take the bag to her, and he told

defendant that he was going to take her the bag. He did not recall defendant being in the living

room while he was speaking with Phillippi and thought defendant may have been in the bathroom

speaking with Kristi. Kellett left the apartment and walked to Phillippi’s house. He was texting her

on the way, and she was demanding that he bring her all of her bags.

¶ 12   Kellett was shown the pages of the Verizon phone records that contained his conversation

with Phillippi, and he identified his phone number on the messages and confirmed that the record

accurately reflected their conversation. He eventually arrived at Phillippi’s home, where she spoke

to him from her window. She dropped a pill bottle down, and he placed the green bag inside of it

and threw it back up to her. He then left to catch the train to Woodstock to meet a friend. He did

not return to Kristi’s apartment until later that night. The next morning, police came to the

apartment, but he did not speak to them.

¶ 13   After the police left, defendant showed Kellett a photograph he had received in a text

message from Phillippi. The photo depicted the green bag he had brought to Phillippi, and he

recalled seeing that Phillippi referred to it as poison in the text message conversation. At trial,

Kellett was shown a photograph of a hand holding a small green transparent bag containing a white

powder. He identified the photograph as the one he had seen on defendant’s phone.

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2022 IL App (2d) 191111

¶ 14   Defense counsel asked Kellett if it was true that on March 5, 2019, defendant had passed

out on the stairs leading to the apartment door before returning home, and that he and defendant’s

mother went to help defendant into the apartment. Kellett acknowledged that defendant had passed

out on the stairs and that he had helped defendant into the apartment, but he repeatedly stated, “I

didn’t know that that was that day.”

¶ 15   Kristi testified as follows. On March 5, 2019, she was at her apartment and awoke around

7:30 or 8 a.m. to take her dog out. She had heard defendant in the apartment that morning, but he

was not there when she got up. She did not see defendant until a neighbor knocked on her door to

tell her that there was a person passed out at the bottom of the stairs and to ask if she knew who it

was. She saw that it was her son and ran to her room to retrieve Narcan. Kellett was in the front

room, and she told him to help her get defendant into the apartment. She administered the Narcan,

and defendant woke up but was not fully responsive. She and Kellett each grabbed one of

defendant’s shoulders and helped him into the apartment and sat him on the couch. She then went

to the kitchen to get defendant some cold compresses. Defendant was slumped over, and Kristi

could tell that he was still being affected by drugs. She could see her son the whole time she was

getting the cold compresses but lost track of where Kellett went. She did not see Kellett interact

with defendant. After about 10 minutes, she helped defendant to her bedroom in order to make

him more comfortable. Despite his condition, she did not call 911. She stayed there tending to him

until Phillippi arrived sometime around 5 p.m., at which point she realized Kellett had left.

¶ 16   Phillippi knocked on the door, and Kristi answered it but did not let her in. Phillippi wanted

to see defendant, but Kristi would not allow her to do so. Phillippi then continued to pound loudly

at the door, at which point Kristi threatened to call the police. She did not actually call the police

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but did call Phillippi’s roommate, William John Roetling, to come and get her. Phillippi was at the

door for about 15 to 20 minutes before she left.

¶ 17   On March 6, 2019, Detective David Eitel came to the apartment to speak with Kristi and

defendant. She did not inform the detective that her son had overdosed the day before. She did

eventually disclose this to him on April 16, 2019.

¶ 18   Roetling testified as follows. He was a retired engineer and had lived at his home in Crystal

Lake for 14 years. He had met Phillippi about 13 years prior when she was working at the Public

House restaurant. About three years prior to her death, Phillippi moved in with him. She had her

own bedroom and bathroom on the second floor and mostly stayed in her room, sometimes eating

in the kitchen. Phillippi had lost her driver’s license some years previously, and he drove her where

she needed to go. He knew most of Phillippi’s friends, including defendant, but he did not allow

her friends in the house, as prior to living with him she had allowed seven men to live in her

apartment without contributing to the rent or upkeep of the space, and he did not want to have that

situation in his home. Phillippi was not employed at the time of her death, and he was aware that

she used illegal drugs but never saw her use them. He had seen her under the influence of drugs

on four or five occasions.

¶ 19   On March 5, 2019, at around 4:15 p.m. Roetling drove Phillippi to Kristi’s apartment.

Phillippi told him that she had loaned something to defendant and wanted to get it back. He

dropped her off at the apartment, and, after waiting 5 or 10 minutes, he went home and texted her

to call him when she needed to be picked up. After about half an hour, Kristi called him saying he

needed to come and get Phillippi. He then left to get Phillippi, who called him as he was on his

way asking him to get her. He picked her up and they returned home. At that time, he did not

observe her to be under the influence of drugs. When they got home, Phillippi went to her room

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2022 IL App (2d) 191111

and he went to the kitchen/family room to watch television. At around 8 p.m., Phillippi called

down from her room saying that she wanted to order sushi for dinner. He did not see her at that

point but spoke with her from the bottom of the stairs. She ordered the sushi for delivery and, when

it arrived, he called up to her, to which she responded, “okay.” He laid the sushi out on the dining

room table, ate his dinner, repackaged the remaining sushi, and put it in the refrigerator before

going up to bed around 9:30 p.m. Phillippi had not come down for dinner and he told her that he

had put the sushi in the refrigerator, and she responded, “okay.”

¶ 20   He awoke early the next morning around 3:30 a.m. He washed, got dressed, and went to

go downstairs when he noticed that Phillippi’s light was on. He went to check on her, knocking on

her door and receiving no response. He opened the door and discovered her sitting slumped over

in bed. She had a hypodermic needle in her left hand and had another sticking out of her right arm.

He went to check for a pulse and called 911. He then went downstairs to leave the front door open

for the first responders and returned to administer CPR to Phillippi until the first responders

arrived.

¶ 21   Police arrived at the home and attempted to revive Phillippi by administering Narcan and

performing CPR, to no effect. Several items of drug paraphernalia were found in Phillippi’s room.

A small green transparent bag was found on her bed. A small transparent bag with a piece of folded

tin foil was found on the floor near her bed. In addition to the uncapped syringe found in Phillippi’s

arm, two capped syringes were found on her bed, as well as a clear plastic bag containing more

syringes. Also found on the bed was a hot pad, lighter, spoon with burn marks, and burnt pieces

of tissue or paper towel. Police also located syringes in a garbage can. A floral box was found open

on top of a small refrigerator, and it contained more paraphernalia, including used syringes and

several small bags, two of which were transparent blue, the rest of which were transparent with a

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pattern printed on them. Located in a carrying pouch on Phillippi’s walker was an empty pill bottle,

a blue smoking pipe, and some syringe caps. Underneath the bed, officers found a clear plastic bin

containing several prescription pill bottles prescribed to Phillippi and other medical items. Police

also recovered Phillippi’s cell phone from her bed.

¶ 22   The transparent green bag and the clear bag with the foil in it were sent for testing at the

Illinois State Police crime lab. Residue from the green bag was tested and determined to contain a

mix of heroin and fentanyl. Per the lab’s policy, the clear bag was not tested, as drug residue had

already been identified in the green bag.

¶ 23   At around 7 a.m. on March 6, 2019, Detective Eitel spoke with defendant and Kristi at her

apartment. He learned Phillippi’s phone number from defendant. Eitel then determined that the

number was serviced by Verizon, and he sent a preservation request to Verizon. Ultimately Eitel

obtained and executed a search warrant for Phillippi’s phone records. He then received the records

along with the certification from Connors. The records contained transcripts of text messages,

which appeared in “no apparent order.” Eitel performed a search for messages between Phillippi

and the phone numbers associated with defendant and Kellett. He then copied and pasted those

messages in chronological order into two separate documents, one for the messages between

Phillippi and defendant and one for the messages between Phillippi and Kellett. These documents

were admitted as demonstrative exhibits.

¶ 24   The pertinent messages between Phillippi and Kellett reflect the text conversation Kellett

testified to having with Phillippi on the way to her house to deliver the transparent green bag.

¶ 25   The pertinent messages between Phillippi and defendant show that on the morning of

March 5, 2019, defendant asked her if she wanted to go with him to Chicago, but she declined.

The messages show her asking when defendant would return to her, and they quickly escalate into

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an angry tirade after she learned that defendant had gone home to sleep and given one of the bags

to Kellett. The text conversation corroborated the portion of Kristi’s testimony that Phillippi went

to her apartment to see defendant and got angry when Kristi would not allow her to. Also, included

in the messages is a text where she states, “Here’s the poison I supposedly took your stupid b***

mom doesn’t know s*** so she should shut the f*** up calling me a liar!” preceded by a message

without any content. Detective Eitel testified that the message with no content could represent that

a photograph was sent, which would corroborate Kellett’s testimony about the photograph

defendant had shown him.

¶ 26   On September 27, 2019, the trial court issued a memorandum of judgment finding

defendant guilty of one count of drug induced homicide and two counts of delivery of a controlled

substance. On October 29, 2019, defendant filed a motion to reconsider and/or for a new trial. On

November 20, 2019, a hearing was held on defendant’s motion and on sentencing. The trial court

denied defendant’s motion and sentenced him to nine years’ imprisonment.

¶ 27   Defendant timely appealed.

¶ 28                                      II. ANALYSIS

¶ 29   Defendant argues that the trial court erred in admitting the Verizon cell phone records as

self-authenticating business records and allowing Detective Eitel to testify to their contents,

because Connors’s correlating certification was not made under oath subject to the penalty of

perjury as required by Rule 902(11). Defendant argues that, as such, the records were not self-

authenticating and that the State did not otherwise establish the necessary foundation to admit the

Verizon records as business records under Rule 803(6).

¶ 30                                       A. Forfeiture

¶ 31   As a preliminary matter, the State argues that defendant forfeited the issue of whether

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Connors’s certification satisfied the requirements of Rule 902(11). The State maintains that

defendant’s objection to its motion in limine was made as to the form of the certification, with

counsel noting that it was not notarized, contained nothing from a guarantor nor any signatory

confirmation, and that it appeared “to be just a form that was generated on his computer.” The

State argues that this is not the same issue as whether the certification satisfied Rule 902(11).

Further, the State argues that defendant’s subsequent objection at trial was made “for the record”

and did not sufficiently raise the issue that is presented on appeal. The State argues that, likewise,

defendant’s posttrial motion merely stated, “This Court erred in admitting into evidence the text

messages allegedly between Kane Kellett and the Decedent and between the Decedent and the

Defendant.”

¶ 32    “It is well settled that, to preserve an issue on appeal, a defendant must object to the

purported error at trial and include it in his written posttrial motion.” People v. Glasper, 234 Ill.

2d 173, 203 (2009). “This court’s forfeiture rules exist to encourage defendants to raise issues in

the trial court, thereby ensuring both that the trial court has an opportunity to correct any errors

prior to appeal and that the defendant does not obtain a reversal through his or her own inaction.”

People v. Denson, 2014 IL 116231, ¶ 13. However, forfeiture is a limitation on the parties rather

than the court, and a reviewing court may consider a forfeited argument. People v. Sophanavong,

2020 IL 124337, ¶ 21.

¶ 33    The State is correct that, in order to preserve an issue for appeal, an objection must

specifically identify the grounds for the objection and that boilerplate language cannot be used as

a catch-all to preserve issues for appeal. People v. Smith, 139 Ill. App. 3d 21, 27 (1985). However,

“[a]n issue raised by a litigant on appeal does not have to be identical to the objection raised at

trial, and we will not find that a claim has been forfeited when it is clear that the trial court had the

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opportunity to review the same essential claim.” People v. Lovejoy, 235 Ill. 2d 97, 148 (2009).

While defendant may not have specifically argued that Connors’s certification failed to satisfy the

requirements of Rule 902(11), the trial court had an opportunity to review the issue and found that

the certification did satisfy the under oath subject to the penalty of perjury requirement of Rule

902(11). Accordingly, we will consider the merits of defendant’s argument.

¶ 34                          B. Admissibility Under Rule 902(11)

¶ 35   The admissibility of evidence is within the discretion of the trial court and its decision will

not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion. People v. Pikes, 2013 IL 115171, ¶ 12. “An abuse

of discretion occurs only when the trial court’s decision is arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable or

where no reasonable person would take the view adopted by the trial court.” Seymour v. Collins,

2015 IL 118432, ¶ 41. However, to the extent that this appeal involves the proper interpretation of

Rule 902(11), this presents a question of law, and our review is de novo. People v. Craigen, 2013

IL App (2d) 111300, ¶ 41.

¶ 36   Rule 902(11) states:

               “Extrinsic evidence of authenticity as a condition precedent to admissibility is not

       required with respect to the following:

                                                    ***

               The original or a duplicate of a record of regularly conducted activity that would

       be admissible under Rule 803(6) if accompanied by a written certification of its custodian

       or other qualified person that the record

                       (A) was made at or near the time of the occurrence of the matters set forth

               by, or from information transmitted by, a person with knowledge of these matters;

                       (B) was kept in the course of the regularly conducted activity; and

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                        (C) was made by the regularly conducted activity as a regular practice.

        The word ‘certification’ as used in this subsection means with respect to a domestic record,

        a written declaration under oath subject to the penalty of perjury ***.” Ill. R. Evid. 902(11)

        (eff. Sept. 28, 2018).

¶ 37     Defendant argues that Connors’s certification was deficient, as it does not indicate that

Connors’s statement was under oath subject to the penalty of perjury. Defendant acknowledges

that, while Rule 902(11) does not explicitly require evidence of the actual administration of an

oath, it does require a declaration under oath subject to the penalty of perjury. Defendant maintains

that the certification at issue does not contain such a declaration, nor does it contain any evidence

from which it can be inferred that Connors was under oath, such as a notarization.

¶ 38    “A person commits perjury when, under oath or affirmation, in a proceeding or in any other

matter where by law the oath or affirmation is required, he or she makes a false statement, material

to the issue or point in question, knowing the statement is false.” 720 ILCS 5/32-2 (West 2018).

“[A]n oath that is not administered by a person empowered to administer oaths will not support a

charge of perjury.” Weydert Homes, Inc. v. Kammes, 395 Ill. App. 3d 512, 519 (2009).

¶ 39    The Oaths and Affirmations Act (Act) (5 ILCS 255/1 et seq. (West 2018)) governs the

administration of oaths. Section 1 of the Act gives “[a]ll courts, and all judges and the clerk thereof,

the county clerk, deputy county clerk, nota]aries public, and persons certified under the Illinois

Certified Shorthand Reporters Act of 1984” the power to administer oaths. Id. § 1. However,

Connors’s statement was made in New Jersey. Under section 6 of the Oaths and Affirmations Act,

“[w]hen any oath authorized or required by law to be made is made out of the state, it may be

administered by any officer authorized by the laws of the state in which it is so administered.” Id.

§ 6. Title 41, section 2-1, of the New Jersey Statutes provides a list of officials authorized to

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administer oaths in the state of New Jersey. N.J. Stat. Ann. 41:2-1 (West 2007).

¶ 40   Further, defendant maintains that the form of Connors’s certification does not comport with

the requirements in that the language of the certification indicates not that it was made subject to

the penalty of perjury, but only that it was “sworn.”

¶ 41   In support, defendant cites Ulm v. Memorial Medical Center, 2012 IL App (4th) 110421.

In Ulm, the plaintiff had been employed with the defendant hospital in its health information

management department. Id. ¶ 3 As part of the plaintiff’s duties, whenever the department would

release a record under subpoena, she was to certify that the record was complete and accurate and

had been prepared in the regular course of the hospital’s business. Id. ¶ 4. After the hospital

implemented a new electronic record system, the plaintiff refused to certify outgoing records,

because she believed that the new system jeopardized the accuracy of the records. Id. ¶ 44. The

plaintiff was then terminated, and she filed a claim for retaliatory discharge and violation of the

Whistleblower Act (740 ILCS 174/1 et seq. (West 2006)). Ulm, 2012 IL App (4th) 110421, ¶¶ 9-

10. After the trial court granted the hospital’s motion for summary judgment, the plaintiff appealed.

Id. ¶¶ 11-12. On appeal, the court considered whether the certifications the plaintiff was being

asked to make, if false, would violate Rule 902(11). Id. ¶ 32. The Ulm court ultimately concluded

that the plaintiff had not claimed that the certifications were made under oath subject to the penalty

of perjury and that the relevance of Rule 902(11) to her Whistleblower Act claim was dubious. Id.

¶ 42   Defendant maintains that the holding in Ulm supports that, because Connors’s certification

does not track the essential language, “under oath subject to the penalty of perjury,” it is unclear

whether the Verizon records are self-authenticating. We cannot agree with defendant’s

interpretation. The Ulm court said very little about Rule 902(11), essentially concluding that the

plaintiff had failed to develop that claim. Further, the portion of Ulm that discussed tracking

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essential language was addressing Rule 902(11) of the Federal Rules of Evidence, which does not

contain the same definition of a certification as Illinois Rule of Evidence 902(11). See id. ¶ 31.

¶ 43   Finding little guidance from the case law, we turn to the rules of statutory interpretation.

The same goals that govern statutory interpretation govern the interpretation of Illinois Supreme

Court Rules. People v. Campbell, 224 Ill. 2d 80, 84 (2006). The primary goal of statutory

interpretation is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the legislature. Ryan v. Board of

Trustees of the General Assembly Retirement System, 236 Ill. 2d 315, 319 (2010). The best

indication of the legislature’s intent is the plain language of the statute itself. Id. Where the

statutory language is clear and unambiguous, it must be applied without resorting to additional

tools of statutory interpretation. Benzakry v. Patel, 2017 IL App (3d) 160162, ¶ 74. “We are not at

liberty to depart from the plain language and meaning of the statute by reading into it exceptions,

limitations or conditions that the legislature did not express.” Petersen v. Wallach, 198 Ill. 2d 439,

446 (2002).

¶ 44   The language of Rule 902(11) is clear that a certification has two elements. It must be (1)

“a written declaration” made (2) “under oath subject to the penalty of perjury.” Ill. R. Evid. 902(11)

(eff. Sept. 28, 2018). Section 5 of the Oaths and Affirmations Act states:

       “All oaths, affirmations, affidavits and depositions, administered or taken as provided in

       this act, shall subject any person who shall so swear or affirm willfully and falsely, in

       matter material to any issue or point in question, to the like pains and penalties as are

       inflicted by law on persons convicted of willful and corrupt perjury.” 5 ILCS 255/5 (West

       2018).

Conversely, “an oath that is not administered by a person empowered to administer oaths will not

support a charge of perjury.” Kammes, 395 Ill. App. 3d at 519. “As liability for falsehood may

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arise regardless of the wording of an oath, distinction among the types of oaths is not crucial.”

People v. Audi, 73 Ill. App. 3d 568, 570 (1979).

¶ 45   In the instant case, the certification began, “I Andrew M. Connors, being duly sworn,

depose and say.” The certification was not notarized, nor did it indicate to whom Connors had

sworn. It was signed with a digital signature in the form of, “/s/ Andrew M. Connors.”

¶ 46   The State maintains that, because the certification indicates that Connors was “duly

sworn,” it satisfied the requirements of Rule 902(11) and that Rule 902(11) does not require

evidence showing the actual administration of an oath. In support, the State cites our decision in

People v. Curry, 2020 IL App (2d) 180148, for the proposition that Rule 902(11) does not require

that a certification track the specific language of Rule 902(11) to be effective. We disagree that

Curry stands for this proposition. In Curry, the defendant objected broadly that Facebook messages

admitted into evidence did not constitute business records for the purposes of Rule 803(6). Id. ¶ 49.

To the extent that we considered Rule 902(11), it was to determine whether the certificate

submitted by Facebook’s custodian of records satisfied the foundational requirements for business

records under Rules 803(6) and 902(11). Id. ¶ 52. We did not consider the issue of whether the

certification satisfied the requirements that the certification be made in writing under oath subject

to the penalty of perjury.

¶ 47   Further, we disagree with the State’s assertion that Rule 902(11) does not require evidence

that an oath was administered. The purpose of Rule 902(11) is to provide an alternate means of

establishing a proper foundation for business records, without the need for a representative of the

business to testify in court. “Basic evidence rules require a proponent of documentary evidence to

lay a foundation for the introduction of that document into evidence, and evidence must be

presented to demonstrate that the document is what its proponent claims it to be.” Koulogeorge v.

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Campbell, 2012 IL App (1st) 112812, ¶ 34. Rule 902(11) provides an alternative method for laying

that foundation, but the duty still lies with the proponent of the document (in this instance, the

State) to provide sufficient evidence to establish that the document is what it is claimed to be.

¶ 48   We find our decision in Kammes to be instructive in this matter. In Kammes we considered

whether the plaintiff’s contractor’s statement satisfied the requirements of section 5 of the

Mechanics Lien Act (770 ILCS 60/5(a) (West 2006)), which required “a statement in writing,

under oath or verified by affidavit, of the names and addresses of all parties furnishing labor,

services, material, fixtures, apparatus or machinery, forms or form work and of the amounts due

or to become due to each.” The plaintiff submitted a document that began, “ ‘The affiant, Brian

Weydert, being duly sworn on oath deposes and says that he is the President of Weydert Homes,

Inc. and the General Contractor for the construction of a single-family residence in Wheaton, IL,

owned by Rick Kammes.’ ” Kammes, 395 Ill. App. 3d at 517. Below the contractor’s signature

were the typewritten words, “ ‘Subscribed and Sworn to before me this 31st day of October

2006,’ ” next to which was a blank line with the word “ ‘Seal’ ” typed beneath it.” Id. The plaintiff

argued that, because the document recited to be “duly sworn on oath,” it satisfied the requirements

of the Mechanics Lien Act and that a jurat or certificate of the officer administering the oath was

not required, as it could be proved through parol evidence. Id. at 519. We held that the contractor’s

statement did not satisfy the requirements of the Mechanics Lien Act, because the statement

contained no notary’s signature or seal and the plaintiff had failed to present any evidence that an

oath had otherwise been administered. Id.

¶ 49   In the instant case, we likewise have a document purporting to be “sworn” but which

otherwise does not contain any indication that an oath was sworn or to whom it was sworn.

Therefore, Connors’s certification failed to comply with Rule 902(11), and the trial court abused

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its discretion by admitting the Verizon records into evidence.

¶ 50   In preparing this disposition, we examined the records in other cases involving Rule

902(11) certifications and found that oftentimes the custodian would prepare a certification that

complied with only the federal requirements. We caution trial courts and proponents of self-

authenticating business records that, while the Federal Rules of Evidence allow for the admission

of self-authenticating business records by means of a certification supported by an unsworn

declaration under penalty of perjury, Illinois does not. See Fed. R. Evid. 902(11); 28 U.S.C. § 1746

(2018). Illinois Rule of Evidence 902(11) differs significantly from Federal Rule of Evidence

902(11) in that it requires “a written declaration under oath subject to the penalty of perjury.” Ill.

R. Evid. 902(11) (eff. Sept. 28, 2018).

¶ 51                    C. Admissibility Through Circumstantial Evidence

¶ 52   The State argues that, even if Connors’s certification did not satisfy the requirements of

Rule 902(11), the Verizon records could be and were authenticated by circumstantial evidence.

The State is correct that documentary evidence, such as text messages, may be authenticated by

circumstantial evidence. People v. Ziemba, 2018 IL App (2d) 170048, ¶ 52. Factors to consider

include “appearance, contents, substance, and distinctive characteristics, which are to be

considered with the surrounding circumstances.” Id. As such, a document “may be authenticated

by its contents if it is shown to contain information that would be known only by the alleged author

of the document or, at the very least, by a small group of people including the alleged author.” Id.

¶ 53   The State maintains that Kellett’s testimony was sufficient to authenticate the conversation

that occurred between him and Phillippi. To that end we agree. However, even where the

authenticity of a document is established, it must nevertheless fit with other rules of evidence, such

as the hearsay rule. People ex rel. Madigan v. Kole, 2012 IL App (2d) 110245, ¶ 51. “ ‘Hearsay’

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is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered

in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” Ill. R. Evid. 801(c) (eff. Oct. 15, 2015). Rule

803(6) creates a hearsay exception for business records, and Rule 902(11) provides a method for

providing a sufficient foundation for those records. Kellett’s testimony cannot establish this

foundation, as he cannot establish that the Verizon records were made in the regular course of

business and that it was Verizon’s regular practice to contemporaneously make such records. Ill.

R. Evid. 902(11) (eff. Sept. 28, 2018). The State does not put forth any other hearsay exception

that would allow for the Verizon records to be admitted. Accordingly, we cannot conclude that the

Verizon records were otherwise admissible.

¶ 54                                     D. Harmless Error

¶ 55   The State argues that, even if the admission of the Verizon records was error, the error is

harmless. As this case involves the admission of evidence and presents no constitutional error, the

admission of the Verizon records is harmless only if there is no reasonable probability that the trier

of fact would have acquitted defendant absent the error. In re E.H., 224 Ill. 2d 172, 180 (2006).

       “[W]hen deciding whether error is harmless, a reviewing court may (1) focus on the error

       to determine whether it might have contributed to the conviction; (2) examine the other

       properly admitted evidence to determine whether it overwhelmingly supports the

       conviction; or (3) determine whether the improperly admitted evidence is merely

       cumulative or duplicates properly admitted evidence.” People v. Becker, 239 Ill. 2d 215,

       240 (2010).

¶ 56   The parties agree that this case boils down to a credibility issue between Kellett and Kristi

over whether defendant delivered the fatal bag to Kellett, which Kellett ultimately delivered to

Phillippi. Defendant maintains that, as an admitted drug user and codefendant seeking leniency

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from the prosecution, Kellett’s credibility was questionable. Defendant further maintains that the

Verizon records were crucial to the State’s case in that they bolstered Kellett’s credibility and that

the trial court relied on those records to piece together “the actual occurrences and time frames”

in the case. The State maintains that, while the text messages may have bolstered Kellett’s

testimony, it was Kristi’s credibility that the court repeatedly found lacking.

¶ 57   “The testimony of an accomplice witness has inherent weaknesses, being testimony of a

confessed criminal and fraught with dangers of motives such as malice towards the accused, fear,

threats, promises or hopes of leniency, or benefits from the prosecution.” (Internal quotation marks

omitted.) People v. Fane, 2021 IL 126715, ¶ 45. Further, “the testimony of a narcotics addict is

subject to suspicion due to the fact that habitual users of narcotics become notorious liars.”

(Internal quotation marks omitted.) People v. Strother, 53 Ill. 2d 95, 99 (1972).

¶ 58   That being said, while there are inherent weaknesses to Kellett’s testimony, as the

defendant’s mother, Kristi was interested in the outcome of the trial, and that likewise goes to the

weight to be afforded her testimony. See People v. Flores, 128 Ill. 2d 66, 106 (1989); People v.

Dean, 226 Ill. App. 3d 465, 468 (1992).

¶ 59   The trial court has the superior vantage point from which to determine credibility, as it has

the opportunity to observe and judge witnesses’ demeanor and credibility, which we cannot do

from the cold record. Racky v. Belfor USA Group, Inc., 2017 IL App (1st) 153446, ¶ 107. The trial

court in its memorandum found Kristi’s memory to be “highly selective” and found her to be “less

than credible.” Based on the trial court’s memorandum, this determination appears to be based not

on the Verizon records, or the strength of Kellett’s testimony, but rather on the weakness of Kristi’s

testimony. The trial court found that she was uncertain as to times and generally unaware of

Kellett’s whereabouts. Further, she did not contemporaneously advise the police or anyone else as

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to defendant’s overdose on the day at issue.

¶ 60     As defendant points out, the greatest effect of the admission of the Verizon records was

that they bolstered or corroborated Kellett’s testimony. That is, it was cumulative of the evidence

already before the court. Kellett’s testimony was already corroborated by Ohlson’s testimony, as

she described the bags purchased by defendant as either blue or green. She similarly described

Phillippi’s practice of using a pill bottle to transfer things to and from her room, and she testified

that Phillippi had provided money for the purchase of the drugs. Kellett’s testimony was likewise

corroborated by the photo of the green bag retrieved from defendant’s phone and the fact that only

one green bag was recovered from Phillippi’s room.

¶ 61     Likewise, the records of the conversation between Phillippi and defendant do not establish

anything new. The messages showed that Phillippi got angry when defendant did not bring her the

drugs she had paid for, went to confront defendant, but was not allowed to see him. She then sent

the photograph of the bag Kellett had brought. However, there is evidence of these events from

other sources. We know from Kellett and Ohlson that Phillippi provided money for the purchase

of the drugs. We know from Kristi and Kellett that Phillippi was mad and wanted to talk to

defendant. We know from Kristi and Roetling that Phillippi went to the apartment but was not let

in. Finally, Kellett’s testimony established the foundation for the photograph sent from Phillippi

to defendant.

¶ 62     Accordingly, because the trial court’s determination that Kristi’s testimony was less than

credible was not unreasonable, and because the Verizon records were cumulative of other properly

admitted evidence, we conclude that the improper admission of the Verizon records was harmless

error.

¶ 63                                    III. CONCLUSION

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¶ 64   For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of McHenry County is

affirmed.

¶ 65   Affirmed.

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                                  No. 2-19-1111

 Cite as:                 People v. Hauck, 2022 IL App (2d) 191111

 Decision Under Review:   Appeal from the Circuit Court of McHenry County, No. 19-CF-
                          399; the Hon. Robert A. Wilbrandt Jr., Judge, presiding.

 Attorneys                James E. Chadd, Douglas R. Hoff, and Sharifa Rahmany, of
 for                      State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.
 Appellant:

 Attorneys                Patrick D. Kenneally, State’s Attorney, of Woodstock (Patrick
 for                      Delfino, Edward R. Psenicka, and Lynn M. Harrington, of
 Appellee:                State’s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for
                          the People.

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