Court Opinion

ID: 2801149
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-05-15 17:02:49.356973+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:18:45.553933
License: Public Domain

Notice: This opinion is subject to correction before publication in the P ACIFIC R EPORTER .
       Readers are requested to bring errors to the attention of the Clerk of the Appellate Courts,
       303 K Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501, phone (907) 264-0608, fax (907) 264-0878, e-mail
       corrections@appellate.courts.state.ak.us.

                THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ALASKA

ANDREW ENGSTROM,                                )
                                                )        Supreme Court No. S-14752
                       Appellant,               )
                                                )        Superior Court No. 1JU-10-01052 CI
               v.                               )
                                                )        OPINION
BECKY JO ENGSTROM,                              )
                                                )        No. 7006 - May 15, 2015
                       Appellee.                )
                                                )

               Appeal from the Superior Court of the State of Alaska, First
               Judicial District, Juneau, Philip M. Pallenberg, Judge.

               Appearances: Kara A. Nyquist, Anchorage, for Appellant.
               Blaine H. Hollis, Juneau, for Appellee.

               Before: Fabe, Chief Justice, Stowers, Maassen, and Bolger,
               Justices.

               MAASSEN, Justice.
               WINFREE, Justice, dissenting.

I.     INTRODUCTION
               In this divorce case, the husband appeals from a superior court decision
dividing the marital property. He raises two issues with regard to his wife’s retirement
health insurance benefits: he argues first that the superior court erred in determining the
marital portion of those benefits, and second that the superior court erred in the rate it
selected for valuing those benefits. We hold that the superior court’s resolution of these
issues was consistent with our prior cases and therefore affirm it.
                 The husband also challenges the superior court’s award to the wife of a
larger share of the marital property, which the court justified on grounds that (1) the wife
would have primary care of the couple’s child, and (2) the husband was receiving two
income-producing businesses created during the marriage. We hold that it was an abuse
of discretion to rely on these two justifications for an unequal division and remand for
the superior court’s further consideration of the equitable division.
                 Finally, we affirm the superior court’s valuation of the husband’s 2010
income tax liability, because its finding is supported by the estimates given at trial and
it was not required to revise the finding based on the husband’s later submission of his
actual return.
II.    FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
       A.        Facts
                 Andrew (Andy) and Becky Engstrom were married in 1998. Becky had
been teaching in the public schools since 1997 and continued to do so during the
marriage. In 1998 Andy started a window-cleaning business, Capital City Windows, and
he worked primarily as a window washer. He started an online business in 2002 called
Volitar Industries, which he used to sell his music, self-produced kits for window-
cleaning businesses, and instructional videos. In 2003 the couple had a child. They
separated in the fall of 2010.

                                            -2-                                       7006

      B.     Proceedings
             The superior court held a trial on issues of property division and child
custody and then issued a written decision. The court awarded sole legal and primary
physical custody of the couple’s child to Becky; custody is not at issue in this appeal,
which concerns only the identification, valuation, and division of the marital property.
             One significant property issue involved Becky’s health insurance benefits
from the Teachers’ Retirement System (TRS), in which she enrolled when she started
teaching in 1997. It was during her marriage to Andy that Becky completed the eight-
year vesting period, making her eligible for a health insurance subsidy upon her
retirement. At trial, through the testimony of expert witnesses, the parties disputed how
to identify the marital portion of these benefits. Andy contended that the benefits were
marital to the extent they vested during the marriage,1 whereas Becky contended that the
marital portion should be based on her years of marriage as a fraction of her total years
of employment.2 The parties also disputed the value of the subsidy; Andy urged
adoption of a composite rate that assumed Becky was likely to remarry, whereas Becky
argued that her individual circumstances justified applying a lower, individual rate. The
superior court adopted Becky’s arguments on these two issues.
             After identifying and valuing the marital property, the superior court
divided it pursuant to AS 25.24.160(a)(4), allocating 58.4 percent to Becky and
41.6 percent to Andy. The court justified the unequal division on two grounds: first, that
Andy was receiving income-producing properties in Volitar Industries and Capital City

      1
             Andy contended that this result was dictated by our decision in Sparks v.
Sparks, 233 P.3d 1091, 1096-97 (Alaska 2010).
      2
            Becky’s argument relied on our decision in Hansen v. Hansen, 119 P.3d
1005, 1015-16 (Alaska 2005).

                                           -3-                                      7006

Windows; and second, that Becky would likely have care and custody of their child for
the foreseeable future, as well as the marital home.
              Andy moved for reconsideration on several issues, submitting a revised
expert report on the valuation of Becky’s TRS benefits and evidence of his 2010 income
tax liability showing that it was substantially greater than the estimates he had given at
trial. The superior court declined to consider the new evidence and ultimately denied
reconsideration. Andy filed this appeal, contending that the superior court erred in
deciding (1) the marital portion of Becky’s retirement health insurance benefits, (2) the
rate used to determine the value of the TRS subsidy for those benefits, (3) the factors
used to justify an unequal division of the marital property, and (4) his income tax
liability.
III.   STANDARDS OF REVIEW
              “There are three basic steps in the equitable division of marital assets: (1)
deciding what specific property is available for distribution, (2) finding the value of the
property, and (3) dividing the property equitably.”3 All three steps are relevant to this
case. “In the first step, ‘[t]he characterization of property as separate or marital may
involve both legal and factual questions’ ”; we review the superior court’s legal
conclusions de novo and its factual findings for clear error.4 “Clear error exists when we
are ‘left with a definite and firm conviction that the superior court has made a
mistake.’ ”5 In the second step, the valuation of assets “is a factual determination that we

       3
              Beals v. Beals, 303 P.3d 453, 458 (Alaska 2013).
       4
            Id. at 458-59 (citations omitted) (quoting Odom v. Odom, 141 P.3d 324,
330 (Alaska 2006)).
       5
              Ethelbah v. Walker, 225 P.3d 1082, 1086 (Alaska 2009) (quoting Josephine
B. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of Children’s Servs., 174 P.3d 217, 220
                                                                             (continued...)

                                            -4-                                       7006

review for clear error.”6 “We review the trial court’s third step, the equitable allocation
of property, for an abuse of discretion.”7 “An abuse of discretion occurs if the court
considers improper factors, fails to consider relevant statutory factors, or assigns
disproportionate weight to some factors while ignoring others.”8
              A superior court “has broad discretion to provide for the equitable division
of property between the parties in a divorce,” and we “will reverse only if the division
[was] clearly unjust.”9 We review the denial of a motion for reconsideration for abuse
of discretion.10 Finally, “[w]e review questions of law de novo, adopting the rule of law
that is most persuasive in light of precedent, reason, and policy.”11
IV.	   DISCUSSION
       A.	    The Superior Court Did Not Err In Identifying And Valuing The
              Marital Portion Of Becky’s Retirement Health Insurance Benefits.
              Andy argues that the superior court made two errors with regard to Becky’s
retirement health insurance benefits: it applied the wrong fraction for determining the

       5
       (...continued)
(Alaska 2007)).
       6
              Beals, 303 P.3d at 459.
       7
              Id.
       8
              Hansen v. Hansen, 119 P.3d 1005, 1009 (Alaska 2005).
       9
              Ethelbah, 225 P.3d at 1086.
       10
            Neal & Co. v. Ass’n of Vill. Council Presidents Reg’l Hous. Auth., 895 P.2d
497, 506 (Alaska 1995).
       11
              Ethelbah, 225 P.3d at 1086.

                                            -5-	                                     7006

portion of the benefits that were earned during the marriage, and it used the wrong rate
for estimating the benefits’ value. We conclude that the superior court did not err.12
             1.	    The superior court used the correct coverture fraction to
                    calculate the marital portion of Becky’s retirement health
                    insurance benefits.
             In Hansen v. Hansen, we addressed how courts should determine whether
one spouse’s retirement health insurance benefits are marital or nonmarital property and,
if both, how to determine the marital portion.13 We explained that unlike pre-retirement
health insurance benefits, which “are compensation for contemporaneously performed
work,” post-retirement benefits are earned throughout the employee’s work-life and may
well be the product of work performed before, during, and after a marriage.14 To the
extent the benefits are earned during marriage, they are marital property.15 Determining

      12
              Andy’s argument rests in part on evidence he submitted on reconsideration,
including an “Engstrom Post-Decision Expert Report” with attachments explaining the
TRS health benefit system, his expert’s revised version of a marital probability table
originally prepared by Becky’s expert, and a study of marriage trends from the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention. The superior court did not abuse its discretion when
it declined to consider this evidence. See Neal & Co., 895 P.2d at 506 (“We refuse to
allow a motion for reconsideration to be used as a means to seek an extension of time for
the presentation of additional evidence on the merits of the claim.”). In any event, both
parties discuss the evidence on appeal, and we conclude that it would not change the
result.
      13
119 P.3d at 1014-16.
      14
             Id. at 1015. In Hansen, work performed before the marriage was treated
as having been performed during the marriage because the couple used marital funds to
buy back benefits that had been cashed out before they were married.
      15
               Id. (“Health insurance benefits earned during the marriage are a marital
asset of the insured spouse.”).

                                           -6-	                                    7006

the benefits’ marital portion requires calculation of the “coverture fraction.”16 “This
fraction is calculated by dividing the number of years worked during the period of
coverture by the total number of years worked.”17 Our focus in Hansen was on the
coverture fraction’s numerator — the number of years worked during the marriage. As
for the fraction’s denominator — “the total number of years worked” — in Hansen we
noted the difficulty of determining this number when it remains uncertain how long the
earning spouse will continue to work after divorce.18
              It is the denominator that is at issue in this case. Andy argues it should be
the eight years during which Becky’s benefits vested, and that the coverture fraction is
thus as high as 95 percent.19 Becky argues that the proper denominator is the same as
that used in Hansen: “the total number of years worked,”20 a number that includes her
employment to date and projected into the future.21
              To decide this contested issue, the superior court compared our decision in
Hansen with our later decision in Sparks v. Sparks, in which we affirmed a finding that

       16
              Id.
       17
             Id. (citing BRETT R. TURNER , EQUITABLE D ISTRIBUTION           OF   PROPERTY
§ 6.10 (2d ed. 1994)).
       18
              Id. at 1015-16.
       19
              Andy’s expert testified at trial that the coverture fraction was 85 percent if
limited to the period Andy and Becky were married and 95 percent if it included their
pre-marriage period of cohabitation.
       20
119 P.3d at 1015.
       21
              See id. at 1016.

                                            -7-                                       7006

retirement benefits were not marital.22 In Sparks, the wife’s lifetime health insurance
benefits with the Public Employee Retirement System had fully vested before marriage.23
At trial she presented expert testimony that the monthly premium contributions she
continued to make during marriage went entirely to that month’s coverage, and that
nothing she did during marriage added value to the amount of the subsidy the State
would eventually pay for her continued health insurance benefits after retirement.24 We
affirmed the superior court’s conclusion in Sparks that the retirement benefits were
separate property because its “factual finding that all of the value of [the wife’s] post-
retirement health benefits were earned before marriage is supported by the record and
not clearly erroneous.”25
             In this case, the parties’ experts did not dispute the facts but rather how the
facts should be interpreted given Hansen and Sparks. Both experts agreed that Becky’s
employer contributes an amount equal to 16 percent of an employee’s salary to the TRS
retirement health benefit plan for every pay period regardless of whether the employee
has vested. They agreed that the employer becomes responsible for the future retiree’s
health benefit subsidy once vesting occurs and that the value of that future benefit is
known at the time of vesting. The employer’s contribution to retirement health insurance
benefits, calculated as a portion of the employee’s compensation, is thus continuous
throughout the employee’s employment regardless of when she vests; and vested
employees thus continue to share in the cost of retirement health insurance benefits to
the same extent as non-vested employees. The superior court concluded that “to the

      22
             233 P.3d 1091, 1096-97 (Alaska 2010).
      23
             Id. at 1093.
      24
             Id. at 1097.
      25
             Id.

                                           -8-                                        7006

extent that the post-retirement health benefit is a part of the compensation paid to all
employees, I do not find that it would be fair to allocate that benefit only prior to the date
of vesting.”26 The superior court therefore applied the coverture fraction from Hansen,
as Becky’s expert testified was appropriate, without regard to when vesting occurred.
              Andy argues that the case should be governed instead by Sparks, which he
contends stands for the proposition that “[r]etiree health benefits under [TRS] are valued
based on the first 8 years of service, the vesting period,” regardless of when the benefit
is funded. In other words, an eight-year vesting period that falls entirely within a ten-
year marriage would mean that the value of retirement benefits is entirely marital, even
if the earning spouse works for another 20 years after divorce and the employer
continues to contribute to the fund from which the benefits will be paid.
              We conclude, however, that the earning spouse continues to pay for even
fully-vested retirement benefits while she continues to work, both through her
employer’s contributions and through her acceptance of a lower salary than she might
otherwise receive. As explained by Brett Turner, a recognized authority on the equitable
division of marital property, “[e]mployers simply do not make gratuitous transfers to
their employees without expecting anything in return.”27 We agree with Turner’s further
observations that “[i]f the employer did not make contributions to his employee’s
pension plan, it would have to pay its employees a higher salary in order to retain them,”
and “[t]he employer’s direct contributions are therefore just as much a product of the

       26
              (Emphasis in original).
       27
             2 BRETT R. TURNER , EQUITABLE D ISTRIBUTION OF PROPERTY § 6:22, at 141
(3d ed. 2005).

                                             -9-                                        7006

marital partnership as the employee’s direct contributions. . . .”28 In other words, even
though an employee could stop teaching after eight years and be entitled to full medical
benefits upon retirement, the employee continues to pay for those benefits as long as she
continues to work. We overrule Sparks to the extent it is inconsistent with this
conclusion.
      2.	     The superior court correctly applied the individual rate rather than
              the composite rate to calculate the value of Becky’s retirement medical
              benefits.
              The second benefits-related issue on appeal is whether the superior court
used the correct rate for calculating the value of Becky’s retirement medical benefits.
There are several options, including the individual rate and the composite rate.29 The
individual rate, which Becky advances, is the amount the employee would pay if she
were required to pay her own premiums to insure only herself.30 The composite rate,
advanced by Andy, is the average premium cost of all employees; as such it takes into
account the differences in the entire pool, including the fact that some employee-
participants have covered spouses and dependents or are likely to acquire them in the
future.31 The composite rate is accordingly about 50 percent higher than the individual
rate.32 The superior court chose the individual rate, finding that it best reflected the

      28
             Id.; Laing v. Laing, 741 P.2d 649, 656 n.19 (Alaska 1987) (observing that
employer contributions, “to the extent they were made during marriage, ought to be
considered a marital asset”).
      29
              See Ethelbah v. Walker, 225 P.3d 1082, 1089 (Alaska 2009).
      30
              Id.
      31
              Id. at 1089-90.
      32
              Id. at 1089.

                                          -10-	                                    7006

reality of Becky’s situation — primarily the relatively low likelihood that she would
remarry.
              We addressed this issue in Ethelbah v. Walker, in which we affirmed the
superior court’s use of the individual rate for valuing the wife’s post-retirement health
benefits.33 We were persuaded that the composite rate would likely overstate the value
of the wife’s coverage because “[t]he assumptions inherent in the composite rate, for
dealing with unknown future familial status, [were] not applicable to [her]. It was known
that [she] was sixty-four years old and had breast cancer, making her less likely than the
average insured to remarry or acquire additional dependent children.”34 Use of the
individual rate in Ethelbah was thus clearly based on the superior court’s factual findings
about the covered spouse’s circumstances. We concluded that the superior court “did
not err as a matter of law or make any erroneous factual findings in adopting the
individual rate calculation to value this asset.”35
              Andy argues that Ethelbah is distinguishable because Becky is younger,
healthier, and therefore more likely to remarry than the wife in that case, making the
composite rate more appropriate.36 Andy’s expert testified that it would be appropriate
to use the composite rate for a woman with “a greater than 50 percent probability of
remarriage” and that Becky was in that category. Becky’s expert did not dispute the
50 percent figure but focused his testimony on the probability that Becky would be

       33
              Id. at 1090.
       34
              Id.
       35
              Id. (“As the trial court concluded, the individual rate ‘most closely
approximates the likely premium rate charged by the State for estimated costs of claims,
given [the former wife’s] life expectancy and personal circumstances.’ ”).
       36
             At the time of trial Becky was 47 years old and in good health; her minor
child was unlikely to still be a dependent when Becky reached retirement age.

                                           -11-                                      7006

remarried in any given year after retirement. He presented a 1995 study from the
National Center for Health Statistics accounting for rates of marriage and divorce, which
he adapted into a table. According to the table, there was no future year in which Becky
was more likely than not to be remarried; the highest likelihood of remarriage in any
given year was 28.8 percent.
              Andy relies on his own expert’s testimony that Becky had a greater than
50 percent chance of remarrying; but as the superior court pointed out in its order,
Andy’s expert “could cite no studies and no specific figures” in support of her estimate.
The superior court found the estimate of Becky’s expert, on the other hand, to be
“specific and credible.” Andy contends that Becky’s expert improperly expanded on his
conclusions on the last day of trial, giving Andy’s expert no chance to respond. Andy
presented an amended expert report in his motion for reconsideration, attaching a
government study which, according to Andy, shows that 58 percent of white women
remarry within five years of divorce. Even if the superior court had been required to
consider the late-submitted evidence, however, it would not have undercut its conclusion.
The study is based on women ages 15 to 44, a range that does not include Becky. There
is no clear error in the superior court’s acceptance of the estimate of Becky’s expert
regarding her likelihood of remarriage. And the court did not err in its legal conclusion
— that “[t]he individual rate, therefore, would seem to come closer to Becky’s likely
situation.”

                                          -12-                                     7006

       B.	    Reliance On Andy’s Receipt Of Income-Producing Businesses And
              The Costs Of Child Care To Justify An Unequal Property Division
              Was An Abuse Of Discretion.
              “Although an equal division of property is presumed to be the most
equitable, the trial court has broad discretion to deviate from absolute equality.”37 “An
abuse of discretion occurs if the court considers improper factors, fails to consider
relevant statutory factors, or assigns disproportionate weight to some factors while
ignoring others.”38 Here, the superior court awarded 58.4 percent of the marital property
to Becky and 41.6 percent to Andy. It found that Becky’s education, job skills, and
employment “may cut slightly” toward a division that favored Andy, whose work history
was less consistent; that most other relevant factors were “essentially a ‘wash’ ”; but that
two factors favored an unequal distribution in Becky’s favor. The first of these was “that
the property allocated to Andrew will be income-producing property (Volitar and Capital
City Windows).” The second was that Becky “is likely to have care and custody of [the
couple’s child] for ‘some time to come,’ . . . will be receiving the marital home in this
order, and will need to maintain a home for [the child].” Andy argues that the court gave
disproportionate weight to these two factors, and that the unequal division that resulted
did not fairly allocate the economic effects of the divorce as required by
AS 25.24.160(a)(4). We agree that this issue requires remand.

       37
             Veselsky v. Veselsky, 113 P.3d 629, 637 (Alaska 2005) (quoting Ulsher v.
Ulsher, 867 P.2d 819, 822 (Alaska 1994)).
       38
              Hansen v. Hansen, 119 P.3d 1005, 1009 (Alaska 2005).

                                           -13-	                                      7006

             1.	    It was an abuse of discretion to use the income-producing
                    capacity of Volitar Industries and Capital City Windows to
                    justify an unequal division of marital property where the
                    parties’ situations were not otherwise equal.
             The superior court correctly observed that AS 25.24.160(a)(4)(I) requires
it to consider, among other factors, “the income-producing capacity of the property and
the value of the property at the time of division.” The superior court adopted the “Rule
of Thumb” method proposed by Becky’s expert to value the two marital businesses.
This method considered the businesses’ income-producing capacity by averaging five
years of annual sales, then applied formulas from an industry-specific reference guide
that presume a small business can be sold at a certain percentage of its average annual
sales. Andy does not challenge the resulting valuations. But the superior court, having
valued the two businesses and allocated their value to Andy, considered their income-
producing capacity again when deciding that there should be an unequal division of
property in Becky’s favor.39 Andy argues that “[t]he court double charged [him] for
these marital assets by placing the value of the businesses under his column as an asset
in the property chart and using the same information to support an unequal division of
property.”
             The superior court’s consideration of the businesses’ income-producing
capacity in the valuation stage does not preclude later consideration of the same factor
when the court is deciding how the property should be equitably divided. As noted
above, AS 25.24.160(a)(4)(I) expressly requires it. In Brooks v. Brooks we concluded
that a remand was necessary in part because the superior court had awarded rental

      39
             “Property division consists of three steps: (1) assessing the nature of the
property (marital or nonmarital); (2) valuing the property; and (3) equitably allocating
the property.” Brandal v. Shangin, 36 P.3d 1188, 1191 (Alaska 2001).

                                         -14-	                                    7006

property to one spouse without explicitly considering that it would likely generate
significant income for her.40
              However, we find merit in Andy’s argument that the superior court gave
the businesses’ income-producing capacity disproportionate weight when it used that
factor as one of two that justified an unequal division in Becky’s favor. On this issue,
too, we agree with a relevant observation from Turner’s treatise: “If all other factors are
equal, a spouse who receives property with a greater income capacity should receive a
smaller share of the total estate.”41 Here, although Andy received the income-producing
marital property, all other factors were not equal.        As a teacher, Becky earned
approximately $61,000 a year plus benefits; but setting aside the businesses, Andy had
no regular income. Awarding Andy the income-producing property was necessary in
order to roughly equalize the financial effects of the divorce.42 We conclude that the
“income-producing capacity”of property under AS 25.24.160(a)(4)(I) generally supports
an unequal distribution only when the property will provide a substantial economic
advantage to the party who receives it — not when, as here, the property only levels the
parties’ burdens.43 It was an abuse of discretion to reduce Andy’s share of the marital
estate on grounds that he was allocated income-producing property that simply allows
him to achieve an income on par with Becky’s.

       40
              677 P.2d 1230, 1233-34 (Alaska 1984).
       41
              TURNER , supra note 27, § 8:32, at 937 (emphasis added).
       42
              The two businesses together earned approximately $75,000 in 2010.
       43
            AS 25.24.160(a)(4) (“[T]he division of property must fairly allocate the
economic effect of divorce . . . .”).

                                           -15-                                      7006

              2.	    It was an abuse of discretion to consider child-raising costs in
                     the property division without first finding that child support
                     was inadequate to meet the child’s needs.
              For the other of the two reasons for unequal division of marital property in
Becky’s favor, the superior court observed that Becky was “likely to have primary
physical custody [of the parties’ child] for the foreseeable future” and that she “will be
receiving the marital home . . . and will need to maintain [it] for [the child].” We
conclude that reliance on this justification was also an abuse of discretion.
              We addressed this issue most recently in Rodvik v. Rodvik, in which the
former husband had a history of domestic violence, some of it directed against the
children.44 The superior court determined that “the property division, while weighted
slightly in [the wife’s] favor, is equitable given the fact that [the wife] will be caring for
the parties’ children in the future and the children will likely need counseling for years
to come.”45 We held this was error. We cited Turner’s treatise for the proposition that
“the needs of the children should generally not be a factor in determining the amount of
marital property assigned to each spouse.”46 We noted Turner’s supporting citation of
our own decision in Brandal v. Shangin,47 in which we held that “[f]or a trial court to
award one spouse a greater share of the marital property simply to ease his or her burden
of child support constitutes reversible error.”48 And we favorably quoted Turner’s

       44
              151 P.3d 338, 341 (Alaska 2006).
       45
              Id. at 347.
       46
              Id. (quoting TURNER , supra note 27, § 8.22).
       47
              36 P.3d 1188 (Alaska 2001).
       48
            Rodvik, 151 P.3d at 347 (quoting Brandal, 36 P.3d at 1194) (internal
quotation marks omitted).

                                            -16-	                                       7006

suggestion that “property division should be used to meet the needs of the children only
in the presence of a specific reason why this goal cannot be met with an award of child
support alone.”49 Applying these principles in Rodvik, we concluded that before the
superior court could make an unequal division of the marital property to help account for
the children’s counseling needs, “it must first determine whether the child support is
adequate to meet [those] needs,” and we remanded the case for additional findings on the
subject.50
              In this case, the superior court did not make findings about whether child
support was inadequate to meet the child’s needs. In the absence of such findings, an
unequal property division that rested in part on Becky’s child-care responsibilities was
error. We remand for the superior court to reconsider the equitable division of the
marital property.
       C.	    The Superior Court Did Not Clearly Err In Valuing Andy’s 2010 Tax
              Liability.
              Andy argues that the superior court erred in its valuation of his 2010 tax
liability when it relied on his trial estimates instead of his actual return, which he did not
prepare until after trial and did not present to the court until he filed his motion for
reconsideration.51 The superior court reasoned that “it was [Andy’s] choice to delay
filing his taxes. Even if he wished to delay filing his taxes, he could have calculated his
liability without actually filing a return, and presented that evidence at trial. The
information needed to calculate his tax liability was entirely within his control.”

       49
              Id. (quoting TURNER , supra note 27, § 8.22).
       50
              Id.
       51
             Trial was in August 2011; the court issued its written decision on March 9,
2012; and Andy filed his motion for reconsideration ten days later on March 19, seven
months after trial.

                                            -17-	                                       7006

             The superior court did not abuse its discretion in declining to consider
Andy’s late-filed evidence.52 And based on the evidence presented at trial, the superior
court’s estimate of Andy’s 2010 tax liability was not clearly erroneous.
V.    CONCLUSION
             We REVERSE the superior court’s equitable division of the marital
property and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. In all other
respects we AFFIRM the decision of the superior court.

      52
              Neal & Co. v. Ass’n of Vill. Council Presidents Reg’l Hous. Auth., 895 P.2d
497, 506 (Alaska 1995) (“We refuse to allow a motion for reconsideration to be used as
a means to seek an extension of time for the presentation of additional evidence on the
merits of the claim.”).

                                          -18-                                     7006

WINFREE, Justice, dissenting in part.
              I respectfully disagree with the court’s new framework for identifying the
marital portion of a retirement benefit that is completely earned in a finite period of
service time and that has a value not dependant on (1) any future financial contributions
from the employee, or (2) the employee’s continued employment. I would follow, not
reverse, our very recent decision in Sparks v. Sparks.1
              The retirement benefit in this case was a contractual right Becky Engstrom
earned by working for a required number of years. The court’s quotation from Brett
Turner that employers don’t make gratuitous transfers to employees without expecting
anything in return must be read in context and does not support the court’s position. The
quotation is taken from a section where Turner explains that retirement benefits are
property rights based in contract.2 Distinguishing retirement benefits from professional
degrees and inheritances and articulating why retirement benefits are property, Turner
emphasizes that: (1) “[r]etirement benefits are contractual rights”; (2) once benefits have
been earned the employee “has a legally enforceable right to receive” them in the future;

       1
             233 P.3d 1091, 1097 (Alaska 2010) (concluding that post-retirement health
benefits were separate property when the entire value of the benefits was “earned before
marriage”).
      2
              2 BRETT R. TURNER , EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION OF PROPERTY § 6.22 at 131­
32, (3d ed. 2005) (“There are two substantial questions which arise when courts use their
equitable distribution statute to classify retirement benefits. First, the court must
determine whether the benefits meet the definition of property; and second, the court
must determine which benefits were acquired during the marriage. This section
considers the first of these questions.” (Emphasis in original.)).

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and (3) employers “frequently use lucrative retirement packages in lieu of additional
salary to attract and retain desirable employees.”3
              Turner then explains why it does not matter whether a retirement benefit
arises from employee contributions, employer contributions, or both, stating that the
notion that employee contributions are necessary to create property does not make sense
because the employer contributions were made as part of the employment contract.4
Within this context Turner states: “Employers simply do not make gratuitous transfers
to their employees without expecting anything in return.”5 But in this section Turner is
notably silent on when an employee’s retirement benefits are acquired or funded,6
leaving that issue to other sections.7
              Here the contract was simple: work a certain number of years and earn a
defined retirement health benefit. Becky worked those years and acquired the future
benefit; she did not get something for nothing. No matter how the benefit ultimately is
funded, Becky fully performed her part of the bargain, and her employer received the full
bargained-for consideration. Becky had no obligation to work more years to receive the
benefit, and she had no obligation to pay anything for the benefit during or after the
vesting period. The fact that the benefit is funded with a legal Ponzi-like scheme, using
current health care premiums to fund both current employees’ and retired employees’
health benefits and leaving any day of reckoning to the Alaska Legislature, cannot

       3
              Id. at 132-33.
       4
              Id. at 140-41.
       5
              Id. at 141.
       6
              See id. at 131-42.
       7
              See id. §§ 6:24-25, at 142-49.

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change the fact that Becky earned the retirement benefit the day she completed the
required service period.8 No part of the retirement benefit was earned or acquired after
the day Becky reached her service requirement.9 In my view the number of years of
marriage during the required service period must be the numerator and the number of
years of the service requirement must be the denominator in the coverture fraction.10

      8
              In Hanson v. Hanson we noted: “[P]ost-divorce, pre-retirement health
insurance benefits are compensation for contemporaneously performed work and are
therefore separate property, whereas post-retirement health insurance benefits are
compensation for work previously performed.” 119 P.3d 1005, 1015 (Alaska 2005)
(citing TURNER § 6.26 (2d ed. Supp. 2004)). It appears to me that along with expressly
overruling Sparks v. Sparks, 233 P.3d 1091 (Alaska 2010), the court implicitly overrules
this portion of Hanson as well.
      9
             Cf. Young v. Kelly, 334 P.3d 158-59 (Alaska 2014) (stating that “we deem
[retirement benefits] acquired during marriage to the extent the working spouse earns
them during the marriage”); Sparks, 233 P.3d at 1097 (stating retirement benefits “are
usually designated as partly marital and partly separate based on which portion was
earned during the marriage”). Again, no portion of the retirement benefit was earned
after Becky fully vested.
      10
              See TURNER , supra note 2, § 6.25, at 149-50 (stating coverture formula as
“creditable time during the marriage” divided by “total creditable time” and noting the
denominator “must match exactly the period of time over which the employee acquired
the benefit” (emphasis in original)). Here Becky acquired the benefit at vesting, and the
only relevant creditable time was the vesting period.
              It is true that in Hanson the court stated that the coverture fraction
denominator should be the total number of years worked. 119 P.3d at 1015. But the
focus of the decision was on the numerator, and no facts about the denominator factors
were before the court, or at least were not discussed in the opinion. If post-retirement
health insurance benefits were continuing to be earned post-divorce throughout the work
life, Hanson’s statement about the denominator was entirely correct; but, again, that was
not the focus of that decision.

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