Court Opinion

ID: 9693924
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-25 17:09:49.970508+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:08:38.973773
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: AUGUST 18, 2023; 10:00 A.M.
                          TO BE PUBLISHED

                Commonwealth of Kentucky
                          Court of Appeals

                             NO. 2022-CA-0362-MR

ALETHA CARROLL COMBS                                                 APPELLANT

                 APPEAL FROM GRAYSON CIRCUIT COURT
v.               HONORABLE KENNETH H. GOFF, II, JUDGE
                         ACTION NO. 18-CI-00083

KAREN RENEER; BARBARA
MCCRACKEN; CAPITAL ONE NA
CORPORATION; COLUMBUS
MCCRACKEN; JEFFREY RENEER;
LVNV FUNDING, LLC; AND
MIDLAND FUNDING, LLC                                                  APPELLEES

                                    OPINION
                                   AFFIRMING

                                  ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: ACREE, EASTON, AND JONES, JUDGES.

EASTON, JUDGE: Aletha Carroll Combs (“Combs”) appeals from the Grayson

Circuit Court’s Order, entered on March 3, 2022, approving a Master

Commissioner sale of real property Combs owned jointly with the Appellee

(“Reneer”). Reneer was the successful bidder at the partition sale with a bid of
$1.00. Combs argues the trial court erred by ruling the sale price was not so low

compared to the value of the property as to shock the conscience. The trial court

correctly applied the law, which required consideration of all the attendant

circumstances, not just the sales price. Because the trial court did not abuse its

discretion, we affirm.

                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

             In June 2009, Combs purchased property located at 1799 Walnut

Grove Road, in Caneyville, Kentucky. The property consists of a home and

approximately five surrounding acres. Combs states she paid $31,000.00 down,

with the remaining $74,000.00 of the sale price being secured by a mortgage held

by the sellers (the “McCrackens”).

             On June 15, 2012, Reneer became a joint owner of the property with

Combs. The 2012 deed created a joint tenancy with right of survivorship.

Significantly, both Combs and Reneer acknowledged the value of the property in

2012 was $71,000.00, an amount less than the recent mortgage amount. A new

mortgage was filed by the McCrackens with both Combs and Reneer as

mortgagors, with a debt of $62,336.09, the balance owed on the previous debt.

             It is undisputed Reneer made all the mortgage payments since June

15, 2012. Further, Reneer has had possession and has resided at the subject

property since 2012. As a result, Reneer has been solely responsible for its daily

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maintenance. Reneer testified the mortgage balance owed on the subject property

was $2,854.14 as of February 2, 2022. Reneer testified she intended to make

monthly payments until the mortgage was paid in full.

                On April 2, 2018, Combs filed an action in the Grayson Circuit Court

pursuant to KRS1 389A.030 for a partition sale of the property and for the trial

court to award her share of the proceeds to her. In her petition, Combs alleged

Reneer deprived Combs of the use and enjoyment of personal property located and

stored on the premises, which is a separate issue from the value of the real estate.

                On February 10, 2021, Combs filed a “Motion for Judgment Upon the

Pleadings and to Refer to Master Commissioner.” This almost three-year delay

resulted at least in part from multiple judgment liens attached to the property for

unpaid debts of the parties. These lienholders had to be made parties to the case

and their liens addressed by default judgments, or otherwise, prior to the sale.

                Neither party contested the presumption the property could not be

partitioned without materially impairing its value. KRS 389A.030(3). Combs

insisted on selling the property. By Order entered on May 21, 2021, the property

was referred to the Master Commissioner for sale. The Order stipulated the

property would be sold on July 6, 2021, at 12:00 p.m. local time.

1
    Kentucky Revised Statutes.

                                           -3-
              Pursuant to the court order, the Master Commissioner filed a Notice of

Sale on June 2, 2021, which stated the subject property would be advertised for

two weeks in the Grayson County Record newspaper. The sale of the property was

subsequently advertised in the Grayson County Record on June 24, 2021, and July

1, 2021. When the property was sold at the Master Commissioner sale, Reneer

was the only and highest bidder with a bid of $1.00. It is undisputed Combs did

not attend the sale and did not make any bids herself or through any agent.

              Combs then filed a “Notice and Objection to Report of Sale” on July

13, 2021, asking the trial court to set aside the sale, asserting the sale price was so

low compared to the actual value of the property as to shock the conscience of the

court and create a presumption of fraud. On August 23, 2021, the trial court sent

the two feuding parties to mediation. Mediation took place on November 18,

2021, but the parties could not reach an agreement.

              Pursuant to the Order entered on March 3, 2022, the trial court denied

Combs’ motion to set aside the sale and confirmed the sale of the subject property.

The trial court found no evidence of fraud or unfairness relating to the sale. After

the parties failed to resolve their disagreement in court-ordered mediation, the trial

court concluded the bid of $1.00 did not shock the conscience in the circumstances,

in part because the bid came from a joint owner who paid all mortgage payments

since 2012.

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                                STANDARD OF REVIEW

                We start with the recognition partition or sale of jointly held property

is historically within the equity jurisdiction of the circuit court. See, e.g., Faulkner

v. Terrell, 287 S.W.2d 409 (Ky. 1956). “The circuit court’s decision to confirm or

vacate a judicial sale is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.” U.S. Bank National

Association v. Courtyards University of Kentucky, 594 S.W.3d 205, 209 (Ky. App.

2019) (citations omitted). “The test for abuse of discretion is whether the trial

court’s decision was ‘arbitrary, unreasonable, unfair, or unsupported by sound

legal principles.’” Id. When confirming a sale, the discretion of the trial court

must rest on consideration of all facts and circumstances. Kentucky Joint Land

Bank of Lexington v. Fitzpatrick, 36 S.W.2d 25, 26 (Ky. 1931). Review of the trial

court’s findings of fact shall not be set aside unless they were clearly erroneous.

CR2 52.01. A trial court’s findings of fact are not clearly erroneous if supported by

substantial evidence. Moore v. Asente, 110 S.W.3d 336, 354 (Ky. 2003).

                                         ANALYSIS

                Combs argues the accepted bid of $1.00 received in the sale of the

subject property is so grossly inadequate that it alone “shocks the conscience” and

therefore the sale should be set aside. The value of the subject property has been

2
    Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure.

                                            -5-
valued at not less than $71,000.00 (the value to which Combs specifically agreed

with Reneer when the joint deed was entered) and as much as $105,000.00.

“Whatever the value of the property, it has long been the rule in this jurisdiction

that mere inadequacy of price is an insufficient ground for setting aside a judicial

sale.” U.S. Bank, 594 S.W.3d at 208 (citations omitted).

             “For an inadequate price to require reversal of a judicial sale, the price

in the original sale must be so grossly inadequate as to ‘shock the conscience’ of

the trial court or raise the presumption of fraud.” Id. (citations omitted). Other

circumstances may justify relief: “where the inadequacy is accompanied by

circumstances, though only slight and insufficient in themselves, which tend to

cause it, or where it is attended by apparent unfairness or impropriety or

oppression on the part of those connected with the sale, the sale ought to be and

will be set aside.” Gross v. Gross, 350 S.W.2d 470, 471 (Ky. 1961).

             Gross is the most applicable Kentucky case cited by the parties. In

Gross, a partition sale of jointly held property yielded a bid price of $500.00 for a

property appraised at $10,500.00. Id. The court in Gross did not set aside the sale.

Id. at 472. Our former Court of Appeals ruled, although the property’s value was

twenty-one times higher than the sale price, the property was sold to someone who

owned 5/7ths of the property; therefore, the sale did not shock the conscience of

the court and the sale was not set aside. Also noted in support of the decision were

                                         -6-
the circumstances of the bidder having provided for the prior owner and

improvements made by the bidder to the property. Id. at 470-71. The court in

Gross noted a judicial sale “ought not to be lightly disapproved where it was

conducted in a fair and regular manner, and confirmation ought not to be refused

except for substantial reasons.” Id. at 471.

             On its face, a mere bid of $1.00 for real property may “shock the

conscience,” but here, many attendant circumstances counsel against this

conclusion in this case. Here the Master Commissioner advertised the property for

a period of two weeks in the local newspaper. Combs was free to individually

encourage bidders or bid herself. The trial court found the subject property was

one of six properties up for sale at the Master Commissioner sale. The trial court

found the sale was well-attended, and there were many potential bidders present

that day. Just as Combs may not ask us to conjecture some collusion or other

irregularity explaining the lack of another bid, we should not conjecture the lack of

other bids may be explained by the hesitance of other bidders to involve

themselves in a feud between joint owners on a piece of property with documented

multiple liens on it.

             The trial court also did not immediately approve of the sale after the

auction’s end. The trial court sent the parties to mediation in a final failed effort to

resolve the parties’ dispute. Only after the parties’ unsuccessful mediation did the

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trial court confirm the sale of the property for $1.00. Looking to these facts,

Combs simply did not provide evidence of any fraud or wrongdoing concerning

the Master Commissioner sale. The record supports the trial court’s finding of no

irregularities in the sale.

              It is undisputed Combs did not bid on the property or attend the sale.

Combs suggests the reason may have been a misapprehension on her part as to the

applicability of KRS 330.220(6)(b). This statute prohibits an owner of property

from bidding at an absolute auction. The statute is part of the regulation of

licenses for auctioneers. It does not apply to judicial sales by master

commissioners. If Combs was under this misapprehension, this would not be the

fault of Reneer or constitute any evidence of fraud or other irregularity in the sale.

See U.S. Bank, 594 S.W.3d at 210 (confusion or mistake by party who failed to bid

was not a basis to set aside properly conducted sale).

              In Gross, the appellants also failed to appear and bid at the sale.

Gross, 350 S.W.2d at 471. The court in Gross stated, “[t]he objectors stood by and

did nothing to protect their interests. Good faith and a proper regard for the

judicial proceeding were not observed by them. Their belated voices are so weak

they should not have troubled the latent conscience of the circuit court, even as

they have not troubled the conscience of this court.” Id. at 472.

                                          -8-
             The learned Commissioner Stanley authored the opinion in Gross. In

his analysis, Commissioner Stanley noted the concept of a price alone shocking the

conscience as “too abstract and broad.” Id. at 471. In those cases when the sale is

set aside, circumstances other than price were always present.

             Other states which have addressed these situations agree the case

which shocks the conscience of the court “can never be reduced to a mathematical

formula.” Looper v. Madison Guar. Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 729 S.W.2d 156, 157

(Ark. 1987) (emphasis added). All circumstances must figure into the analysis. Id.

The court in Looper further recognized the conscience to be shocked is that of the

trial court, not the appellate court. Id. This Court reviews only to determine if the

trial court abused its discretion.

                                     CONCLUSION

             The Grayson Circuit Court considered all the circumstances of this

judicial sale and in its discretion declined to set it aside. There was no abuse of

discretion. Accordingly, the Order of the Grayson Circuit Court confirming the

sale entered on March 3, 2022, is AFFIRMED.

             ALL CONCUR.

                                          -9-
BRIEF FOR APPELLANT:      BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:

Joseph M. Harris, Jr.     Kevin A. Groseclose
Leitchfield, Kentucky     Leitchfield, Kentucky

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