Court Opinion

ID: 4386404
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-04-11 17:00:50.9958+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:23:00.794066
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               File Name: 19a0185n.06

                                          No. 18-5699

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

                                                                                    FILED
 JONATHAN C. BAUM,                                      )                       Apr 11, 2019
                                                        )                  DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
        Plaintiff-Appellant,                            )
                                                        )
                                                              ON APPEAL FROM THE
                v.                                      )
                                                              UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                        )
                                                              COURT FOR THE WESTERN
 METRO RESTORATION SERVICES,                            )
                                                              DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY
 INC.,                                                  )
                                                        )
        Defendant-Appellee.                             )

BEFORE: GRIFFIN, KETHLEDGE, and THAPAR, Circuit Judges.

       GRIFFIN, Circuit Judge.

       A few months after Plaintiff Jonathan Baum began having heart problems, his employer,

Defendant Metro Restoration Services, fired him. Not only that, Metro’s owner told him he was

losing his job because of his health issues. So Baum sued for disability discrimination, and the

district court granted summary judgment in Metro’s favor after concluding that Baum couldn’t

establish he was disabled. We agree that Baum couldn’t show he was actually disabled, but we

conclude that the record establishes a genuine issue of material fact over whether Metro perceived

him to be disabled. Accordingly, we affirm in part and reverse in part.

                                                I.
       Metro repairs property damage after catastrophic events such as storms and fires. In 2013,

the company hired Baum as a scheduler. As the job title suggests, Baum determined which of

Metro’s work crews would go to which job sites and when they would go.
No. 18-5699, Baum v. Metro Restoration Servs.

       In late 2014, Baum began having heart problems. Over the course of several months, he

went to the emergency room fearing he had had a heart attack; had a CAT scan; had a heart catheter

implanted; had an echocardiogram (which outlines the heart’s movement using high-frequency

sound waves); and wore a heart monitor for more than a month. During this time, he occasionally

missed work for medical tests and treatments. He also worked remotely sometimes. And he kept

his boss and owner of Metro, Patrick Cahill, informed of his medical issues.

       One weekend in the spring of 2015, severe weather hit. Baum worked remotely to

coordinate Metro’s crews. The next week, Cahill went to Baum’s home and fired him. During

their conversation, Cahill said he was firing Baum “due to [Baum’s] health issues and doctors’

appointments.”

       Baum then sued Metro in state court for disability discrimination under both the Americans

with Disabilities Act and Kentucky law. Metro removed the case to federal court.

       During discovery, Baum disclosed his doctor as a potential lay witness but not as an expert

witness. After discovery closed, Metro moved for summary judgment. The district court granted

the motion in part, ruling that Metro was entitled to judgment as a matter of law on Baum’s claims

under Kentucky law and a portion of Baum’s ADA claim in which he alleged he was disabled

because Metro, through Cahill, “regarded [him] as” disabled. That left a second portion of Baum’s

ADA claim in which he alleged he was actually disabled.

       Metro later filed a second summary-judgment motion on this portion of Baum’s claim. The

district court granted the motion, ruling that Baum couldn’t meet his burden without expert

testimony—expert testimony he didn’t have because he’d failed to disclose his doctor as an expert

witness.

       Baum now appeals the entry of summary judgment on his ADA claims.

                                               -2-
No. 18-5699, Baum v. Metro Restoration Servs.

                                                II.
       We review the district court’s decision de novo. SEC v. Zada, 787 F.3d 375, 380 (6th Cir.

2015). Summary judgment is appropriate if there is no genuine dispute over any material fact. Id.

       The ADA prohibits an employer from “discriminat[ing] against a qualified individual on

the basis of disability[.]” 42 U.S.C. § 12112(a). This includes firing an employee. Id. Proof of

discrimination comes in one of two ways: by direct evidence or by circumstantial evidence. And

the method of proof determines which analytical framework applies. See Ferrari v. Ford Motor

Co., 826 F.3d 885, 891–92 (6th Cir. 2016).

       Here, Cahill’s statement that he was firing Baum because of Baum’s health issues was

direct evidence of discrimination, so Baum must show two things:

       1. He has a disability; and
       2. He is otherwise qualified for the job despite the disability:
               a. Without accommodation;
               b. With an alleged “essential” job requirement eliminated; or
               c. With a proposed reasonable accommodation.

Id. at 891. In its appellate briefing, Metro didn’t contest Baum’s qualification for the job without

accommodation. At oral argument, however, Metro claimed for the first time that Baum was

qualified for the job when he could make it to work but unqualified when he missed time to attend

medical appointments. By failing to raise the argument earlier, Metro forfeited it. United States

ex rel. Marlar v. BWXTY-12, L.L.C., 525 F.3d 439, 450 n.6 (6th Cir. 2008). Thus, we will focus

only on whether Baum has created a genuine issue of material fact over whether he was disabled.

       Under the ADA, “disability” means:

       1. A physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life
          activities;
       2. A record of such an impairment; or
       3. Being regarded as having such an impairment.

                                                -3-
No. 18-5699, Baum v. Metro Restoration Servs.

42 U.S.C. § 12102(1). Baum has limited his case to the first and third types of disability, and for

the first he claims only a physical impairment, not a mental one. Thus, we must determine whether

Baum created a genuine issue of material fact over whether (1) he had a physical impairment that

substantially limited one or more major life activities or (2) Metro regarded him as having such an

impairment. For simplicity, we will refer to the first theory as an “actual disability” and the second

theory as a “perceived disability.”

                                                 A.
       We start with Baum’s claim of an actual disability. It contains two elements: (1) a physical

impairment (2) that substantially limits one or more major life activities (which Baum has limited

to his cardiovascular and circulatory function). 42 U.S.C. § 12102(1)(A). Metro doesn’t contest

the first element, and various medical records show that Baum has several heart conditions. So

the only disputed issue is whether Baum can show that his impairments substantially limited his

cardiovascular and circulatory functions.

       Baum argues that he can. For support, he points to the ADA Amendments Act, where

Congress said that “whether an individual’s impairment is a disability under the ADA should not

demand extensive analysis.” ADA Amendments Act of 2008, Pub L. No. 110-325 § 2(b)(5), 122

Stat. 3553. He also cites an implementing regulation stating that the phrase “substantially limits”

warrants broad construction and “is not meant to be a demanding standard,” 29 C.F.R.

§ 1630.2(j)(1)(i), and that the substantial-limitation inquiry “usually will not require scientific,

medical, or statistical analysis.” 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(j)(1)(v). Read together, Baum contends, these

provisions set a low bar for proving an actual disability.

       That they do. But it’s a bar Baum can’t clear without expert testimony. That’s because his

impairments, unlike more common or less complicated ones, require medical knowledge to

                                                 -4-
No. 18-5699, Baum v. Metro Restoration Servs.

understand.   His medical records contain diagnoses such as “AV block, Mobitz 1” and

“Bradycardia”—words that rarely appear outside the medical profession. And although some of

Baum’s other diagnoses include terms and phrases a lay person might have heard before—

palpitations; right heart failure; right ventricular enlargement—they have corresponding

explanations packed with medical jargon. Baum’s diagnosis for heart failure, for example, says

that an “RHC” (what we take to mean right-heart catheterization) showed “no evidence of

constrictive pericarditis.” No lay person would know what that means.

       So do Baum’s impairments limit his cardiovascular and circulatory functions? They might.

But to conclude that they did, a jury would need to understand them—how they function, and what

that means for Baum. And to understand them, jurors would need an opinion from someone with

“scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge”: expert testimony. Fed. R. Evid. 702.

       Because Baum failed to disclose his doctor—or anyone else with specialized medical

knowledge—as an expert witness, he lacks the evidence he needs. And without that evidence, he

hasn’t created a factual issue over whether he is actually disabled. The district court therefore

correctly granted summary judgment on this claim.

       Baum also asks for leave to amend his expert disclosures. But his request is perfunctory,

and thus abandoned. See Vander Boegh v. EnergySolutions, Inc., 772 F.3d 1056, 1063 (6th Cir.

2014). To secure amendment of a scheduling order, a party must show “good cause.” See Leary

v. Daeschner, 349 F.3d 888, 906 (6th Cir. 2003). And we review a district court’s refusal to amend

a scheduling order for an abuse of discretion. Id. at 909. Here, Baum neither cites the good-cause

standard nor argues that he meets it. He also never claims that the district court abused its

discretion or attempts to explain why that is so. We are “not in the business of developing parties’

arguments, and we decline to do so here.” My Imagination, LLC v. M.Z. Berger & Co., 726 F.

                                                -5-
No. 18-5699, Baum v. Metro Restoration Servs.

App’x 272, 276 (6th Cir. 2018) (citing Operating Eng’rs Local 324 Health Care Plan v. G & W

Constr. Co., 783 F.3d 1045, 1057 (6th Cir. 2015)).

                                                 B.
       Next, we address Baum’s claim of a perceived disability. To be “regarded as” disabled, he

must show that he was fired “because of an actual or perceived physical . . . impairment.”

42 U.S.C. § 12102(3)(A). Unlike with his other claim, Baum need not prove a limitation of a

major life activity. Id.

       Baum argues that a jury could find that Metro fired him because Cahill thought Baum was

disabled. For support, he relies on Cahill’s knowledge of Baum’s catheter, CAT scan, trip to the

ER, and period where he wore a heart monitor. Baum also points to Cahill’s stated reason for

firing him: his “health issues and doctor’s appointments.”

       Metro would have us ignore that evidence. Baum lost his job, the company says, because

of his “excessive absenteeism and failure to perform his job duties.” Metro emphasizes that Baum

didn’t go into the office about one-third of his final three months of employment, but the company

never mentions Baum’s frequent remote work and never explains which job duties he failed to

perform. Put differently, Metro asks us to view the facts in the light most favorable to the

company, not Baum.

       This we cannot do. See Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 378 (2007). Cahill’s word versus

Baum’s creates a classic credibility dispute, and “determining the credibility of witnesses is a task

for the jury[.]” United States v. Beverly, 369 F.3d 516, 532 (6th Cir. 2004). To be sure, and as the

district court correctly noted, Cahill’s knowledge of Baum’s medical issues—alone—is

insufficient to carry the day. See Milholland v. Sumner Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 569 F.3d 562, 568 (6th

Cir. 2009); see also Neely v. Benchmark Family Servs., 640 F. App’x 429, 435 (6th Cir. 2016).

                                                -6-
No. 18-5699, Baum v. Metro Restoration Servs.

But Baum has more—he has Cahill’s stated reason for firing him: his “health issues and doctors’

appointments.” That statement is what creates a factual dispute and makes it material. Giving

Baum the benefit of the doubt, a jury could find that Cahill meant what he said. And if a jury so

found, it could also find that Cahill perceived Baum to have a physical impairment and fired Baum

because of that perception.

                                              III.
       For these reasons, we affirm the grant of summary judgment in Metro’s favor on Baum’s

claim of an actual disability and reverse the grant of summary judgment in Metro’s favor on

Baum’s claim of a perceived disability.

                                               -7-