Court Opinion

ID: 2935896
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-15 13:10:03.792777+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:57:26.528716
License: Public Domain

[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it may be cited as
Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer Dist. v. Bath Twp., Slip Opinion No. 2015-Ohio-3705.]

                                        NOTICE
     This slip opinion is subject to formal revision before it is published in
     an advance sheet of the Ohio Official Reports. Readers are requested
     to promptly notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of Ohio,
     65 South Front Street, Columbus, Ohio 43215, of any typographical or
     other formal errors in the opinion, in order that corrections may be
     made before the opinion is published.

                         SLIP OPINION NO. 2015-OHIO-3705
     NORTHEAST OHIO REGIONAL SEWER DISTRICT, APPELLANT, v. BATH
       TOWNSHIP ET AL.; THE CITY OF BEACHWOOD ET AL., APPELLEES.
  [Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it
       may be cited as Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer Dist. v. Bath Twp.,
                         Slip Opinion No. 2015-Ohio-3705.]
Water and sewer districts—R.C. Chapter 6119—Sewer district has authority to
        establish regional stormwater-management program and to charge fees to
        implement stormwater-management program.
(No. 2013-1770—Submitted September 9, 2014—Decided September 15, 2015.)
APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Cuyahoga County, Nos. 98728 and 98729,
                                   2013-Ohio-4186.
                             _______________________
        PFEIFER, J.
        {¶ 1} Appellant, the Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District (the “Sewer
District”), seeks to implement a regional stormwater-management program.
Appellees, political subdivisions and landowners within the Sewer District, argue
                                SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

and the court of appeals concluded that the Sewer District is not authorized to
establish a stormwater-management program.          We disagree and reverse the
judgment of the court of appeals.
                                    BACKGROUND
       {¶ 2} The Sewer District, a political subdivision of the state of Ohio, was
formed in 1972 and includes as member communities all or parts of over 60 cities,
villages, and townships in and around Cuyahoga County. In January 2010, the
Sewer District adopted a plan to establish a regional stormwater-management
program and a structure for fees to be charged to landowners within the Sewer
District whose properties contain impervious surfaces. The Sewer District then
filed an action in common pleas court against its member communities seeking a
declaratory judgment that it had the authority to implement the regional
stormwater-management program and to impose the fees. Some of those member
communities and several intervening landowners argued that the Sewer District
lacked authority to implement the program and fees under R.C. Chapter 6119 and
the Sewer District’s charter and that the fees were unconstitutional.
       {¶ 3} In April 2011, the trial court declared, upon a motion for partial
summary judgment, that the Sewer District had authority under R.C. Chapter
6119 and its charter to enact a regional stormwater-management program. The
court of appeals reversed. It properly concluded that as a creature of statute, the
Sewer District’s authority is limited by the statutory scheme that created it. 999
N.E.2d 181, 2013-Ohio-4186, ¶ 40. The court of appeals stated that

       the purpose of a regional water and sewer district is for “either or
       both” of the following purposes: “(A) [t]o supply water to users
       within or without the district”; and “(B) [t]o provide for the
       collection, treatment, and disposal of waste water within and
       without the district.”

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                                January Term, 2015

(Brackets sic.) Id. at ¶ 43, quoting R.C. 6119.01(A) and (B).
        {¶ 4} The court of appeals concluded that although the statutory scheme
“authorize[s] the Sewer District to collect, treat, and dispose of waste water
entering the sewer system,” it “does not authorize the District to implement a
‘stormwater management’ program.” Id. at ¶ 43 and 46. This conclusion depends
in large part upon the court’s pronouncement that “[t]he term waste water
necessarily means water containing waste.” Id. at ¶ 44, citing Reith v. McGill
Smith Punshon, Inc., 163 Ohio App. 3d 709, 2005-Ohio-4852, 840 N.E.2d 226
(1st Dist.).
        {¶ 5} The trial court also concluded after a bench trial that the Sewer
District is authorized by R.C. Chapter 6119 to charge fees to pay for the
stormwater-management program. The court of appeals reversed, concluding that
the fees were “not for the ‘use or service’ of a ‘water resource project.’ ”
        {¶ 6} We granted the Sewer District’s discretionary appeal as to
Proposition of Law No. I (asserting that the program and fees are authorized
under R.C. Chapter 6119) and Proposition of Law No. II (asserting that the
program and fees are authorized under the Sewer District’s charter). 138 Ohio
St.3d 1413, 2014-Ohio-566, 3 N.E.3d 1216.
                                     ANALYSIS
        {¶ 7} Despite the great interests at stake, the issues in this case are
exceedingly straightforward: (1) is the Sewer District’s regional stormwater-
management program authorized by statute and by its charter and (2) is the
attendant fee structure authorized by statute and by the charter. We answer both
questions in the affirmative.

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I. The regional stormwater-management program is authorized by statute and by
                             the Sewer District’s charter
        {¶ 8} There are many sound policy reasons to support or oppose the
creation of the Sewer District’s regional stormwater-management program and its
attendant fee structure. The various party and amicus briefs are testaments to this.
Although we appreciate their substantive significance, they are not germane to the
legal issues before us.
        {¶ 9} The parties do not dispute that the Sewer District is a valid creature
of statute, authorized by R.C. Chapter 6119. The Sewer District’s ability to create
a regional stormwater-management program must, then, have its basis in the
statutory scheme, which provides only two valid purposes for a regional water or
sewer district. The district must “supply water,” which the sewer district does
not, or it must “provide for the collection, treatment, and disposal of waste water.”
R.C. 6119.01.
        {¶ 10} R.C. 6119.011(K) defines “waste water” as “any storm water and
any water containing sewage or industrial waste or other pollutants or
contaminants derived from the prior use of the water.” Despite its plain language,
the parties’ interpretations of this definition are radically different.
        {¶ 11} Appellees argue, and the court of appeals concluded, that “[t]he
term waste water necessarily means water containing waste.” 2013-Ohio-4186,
999 N.E.2d 181, ¶ 44. Appellees contend that the participial phrase “containing
sewage or industrial waste or other pollutants or contaminants derived from the
prior use of the water” modifies the noun “any storm water” as well as the noun
“any water,” which would mean that stormwater is only “waste water” when it is
combined with sewage or pollutants.
        {¶ 12} The definition provided in the statute is uncomplicated.          See
Youngstown Club v. Porterfield, 21 Ohio St. 2d 83, 86, 255 N.E.2d 262 (1970) (“it
is customary to give words their plain ordinary meaning unless the legislative

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body has clearly expressed a contrary intention”). In our view, the statute plainly
indicates that “waste water” comes in two forms. One is “any storm water.” The
other is “any water containing sewage or industrial waste or other pollutants or
contaminants derived from the prior use of the water.” There is no other plausible
reading of the definition.
        {¶ 13} The definition sought by appellees renders the words “any storm
water and” meaningless. But the words “any storm water and” are in the statute,
and it is well known that our duty is to “give effect to the words used, not to
delete words used or to insert words not used.” Columbus-Suburban Coach
Lines, Inc. v. Pub. Util. Comm., 20 Ohio St. 2d 125, 127, 254 N.E.2d 8 (1969); see
also State ex rel. Carmean v. Hardin Cty. Bd. of Edn., 170 Ohio St. 415, 422, 165
N.E.2d 918 (1960) (“It is axiomatic in statutory construction that words are not
inserted into an act without some purpose”).
        {¶ 14} We conclude that the term “any storm water” was not included in
the statute to be mere surplusage. The Sewer District has the authority to collect,
treat, and dispose of “waste water.” We hold that R.C. 6119.011(K) identifies
two types of “waste water,” one of which is “any storm water.” Accordingly, we
conclude that the regional stormwater-management program falls within the
statutory authority of the Sewer District.
        {¶ 15} The charter creating the Sewer District states, “The purpose of the
District shall be the establishment of a total waste water control system for the
collection, treatment and disposal of waste water within and without the
District * * *.”    In re Establishment of Cleveland Regional Sewer Dist.,
Cuyahoga C.P. No. SD 69411 (June 15, 1972), Exhibit A, ¶ 4. This authority
includes “overall control of all waste water collection systems in the area.” Id.
Given the statutory definition of “waste water,” as discussed above, it is clear that
the charter governing the Sewer District authorizes it to implement a regional
stormwater-management program.          Moreover, the charter also states, “The

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District will plan, finance, construct, operate and control waste water treatment
and disposal facilities, major interceptor sewers, all sewer regulator systems and
devices, weirs, retaining basins, storm water handling facilities, and all other
water pollution control facilities of the District.” Id. at ¶ 5(c). This charter
provision specifically authorizes the Sewer District to build and operate
stormwater-handling facilities.
II. The Sewer District is authorized by statute and by its charter to assess fees to
            implement the regional stormwater-management program
       {¶ 16} Having determined that the Sewer District is authorized to
implement a regional stormwater-management program, we must now determine
whether the district has the authority to charge fees to pay for that program. R.C.
6119.09 provides that “[a] regional water and sewer district may charge, alter, and
collect rentals or other charges * * * for the use or services of any water resource
project or any benefit conferred thereby.” R.C. 6119.011(G) defines a “water
resource project” as

       any waste water facility or water management facility acquired,
       constructed, or operated by or leased to a regional water and sewer
       district or to be acquired, constructed, or operated by or leased to a
       regional water and sewer district under this chapter * * *.

       {¶ 17} “Waste water facilities” means

       facilities for the purpose of treating, neutralizing, disposing of,
       stabilizing, cooling, segregating, or holding waste water, including,
       without limiting the generality of the foregoing, * * * facilities for
       the temporary or permanent impoundment of waste water, both
       surface and underground, and storm and sanitary sewers and other

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                                January Term, 2015

       systems, whether on the surface or underground, designed to
       transport waste water * * *.

R.C. 6119.011(L).

       {¶ 18} “Water management facilities” means

       facilities for the purpose of the development, use, and protection of
       water resources, including, without limiting the generality of the
       foregoing, facilities for water supply, facilities for stream flow
       improvement, dams, reservoirs, and other impoundments, * * *
       stream monitoring systems, facilities for the stabilization of stream
       and river banks, and facilities for the treatment of streams and
       rivers * * *.

R.C. 6119.011(M).

       {¶ 19} Appellees argue that the Sewer District cannot charge the fees
permitted for a water resource project because the Sewer District does not own or
operate the various parts of the current stormwater-management system. See R.C.
6119.011(G). But the statutory definition of “water resource project” includes a
facility that is “to be acquired, constructed, or operated” by the Sewer District. Id.
The Sewer District may therefore charge fees for this purpose under R.C.
6119.09.
       {¶ 20} It is impossible to say at this time that the Sewer District will not
use the fees to acquire, construct, or operate a facility that will be part of the
regional stormwater-management system that it is authorized to implement. It
might not, and if it does not, appellees will be within their rights to challenge the

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Sewer District’s collection of fees that did not go toward the use for which they
were statutorily authorized. But today is not that day.
       {¶ 21} As stated above, the Sewer District’s charter instructs it to, among
other things, “finance * * * waste water treatment and disposal facilities [and]
storm water handling facilities * * *.” In re Establishment of Cleveland Regional
Sewer Dist., Cuyahoga C.P. No. SD 69411, Exhibit A, ¶ 5(c)(1). The charter
provides that “[a]ny projects not financed through the Ohio Water Development
Authority would be financed in such a manner as may be deemed appropriate by
the Board of Trustees.” Id. at ¶ 5(e)(3). We conclude that this broad language
encompasses the assessing of fees to pay for a stormwater-management system
and that the fees are therefore authorized by the charter.
       {¶ 22} Because we conclude that the Sewer District has authority to
implement a regional stormwater-management program and to charge fees for that
program, we reverse the judgment of the court of appeals.
                                                               Judgment reversed.
       O’CONNOR, C.J., and LANZINGER and O’NEILL, JJ., concur.
       FRENCH, J., concurs in part and dissents in part.
       O’DONNELL and KENNEDY, JJ., dissent.
                               _________________
       FRENCH, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part.
       {¶ 23} I agree with the majority that appellant, the Northeast Ohio
Regional Sewer District (the “Sewer District”), has authority under both R.C.
Chapter 6119 and its charter to implement a regional stormwater-management
program, but I respectfully disagree with the majority’s conclusion that the Sewer
District has statutory authority to finance that program by presently assessing the
stormwater fees that are set out in Title V of its Code of Regulations, which
implements the stormwater-management program. Accordingly, I concur in part
and dissent in part.

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                                     January Term, 2015

        {¶ 24} Both the majority opinion and Justice Kennedy’s dissent recognize
that the Sewer District’s statutory authority over stormwater hinges, in part, upon
the meaning of the term “waste water” in R.C. 6119.01(B) and, specifically, upon
whether that term includes uncontaminated stormwater. I agree with the majority
opinion that R.C. 6119.011(K) is unambiguous.                  It defines “waste water” as
encompassing two types of water: (1) “any storm water” and (2) “any water
containing sewage or industrial waste or other pollutants or contaminants derived
from the prior use of the water.”1 Under R.C. 6119.01(B), the Sewer District has
authority to collect, treat, and dispose of stormwater, whether or not it contains
sewage, industrial waste or other pollutants.
        {¶ 25} Other provisions in R.C. Chapter 6119 reinforce the Sewer
District’s statutory authority over stormwater.              A regional water and sewer
district’s broad authority includes the authority to acquire, construct, improve,
maintain, repair, and operate water-resource projects, including waste-water
facilities and water-management facilities.             R.C. 6119.011(G) and (S); R.C.
6119.06(G). Both “waste water facilities” and “water management facilities”
encompass facilities dealing with stormwater.                 R.C. 6119.011(L) and (M).
Additionally, R.C. 6119.19 states that “the board of trustees of a regional water
and sewer district may provide a system of sanitary and/or storm water sewerage,
herein referred to only as sewerage, for any part of the area included within the
district.” (Emphasis added.)           Based upon these provisions and the statutory
definition of “waste water,” which encompasses stormwater, I agree with the

1
  Ohio is not alone in including stormwater within its definition of wastewater. See, e.g.,
Ky.Rev.Stat.Ann. 65.8903(4) (“ ‘Wastewater’ includes stormwater”); N.J.Stat.Ann. 58:27-3(e)
(“ ‘Wastewater’ means residential, commercial, industrial, or agricultural liquid waste, sewerage,
storm water runoff, or any combination thereof * * *”); Wis.Adm.Code SPS 381.01(276)
(“ ‘Wastewater’ means clear water, storm water, domestic wastewater, industrial wastewater,
sewage or any combination of these”).

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majority’s conclusion that the Sewer District has the authority to manage
stormwater.
       {¶ 26} I likewise agree with the majority that the Sewer District’s charter
authorizes it to implement a regional stormwater-management program. The
charter tracks the language of R.C. 6119.01(B) and states the Sewer District’s
purpose as “the establishment of a total wastewater control system for the
collection, treatment and disposal of wastewater within and without the District.”
In re Establishment of Cleveland Regional Sewer Dist., Cuyahoga C.P. No. SD
69411 (May 25, 1979), Exhibit A, ¶ 4. In light of the inclusion of stormwater
within the preexisting statutory definition of “waste water,” the charter authorizes
the Sewer District to establish a stormwater-management system, consistent with
R.C. Chapter 6119.
       {¶ 27} Water pollution, stemming from “[t]he increase in the amount of
wastewater in the Metropolitan Cleveland area resulting from the increase in
population and the expansion of industry in the many political subdivisions
outside of the City of Cleveland,” was a driving force behind the creation of the
Sewer District. Id. at ¶ 3. The charter authorizes the Sewer District to “plan,
finance, construct, operate and control wastewater treatment and disposal
facilities, major interceptor sewers, all sewer regulator systems and devices,
weirs, retaining basins, storm water handling facilities, and all other water
pollution control facilities of the District.” Id. at ¶ 5(c)(1). But the charter also
expressly authorizes the Sewer District to undertake stormwater-control measures.
Paragraph 5(m), which governs the Sewer District’s authority with respect to
“Local Sewerage Collection Facilities and Systems,” states that “[t]he District
shall have authority pursuant to Chapter 6119 of the Ohio Revised Code to plan,
finance, construct, maintain, operate, and regulate local sewerage collection
facilities and systems within the District, including both storm and sanitary sewer
systems.” (Emphasis added.) And paragraph 5(m)(3) specifically directs the

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Sewer District to “develop a detailed integrated capital improvement plan for
regional management of wastewater collection and storm drainage designed to
identify a capital improvement program for the solution of all intercommunity
drainage problems (both storm and sanitary) in the District.”
       {¶ 28} Appellees, political subdivisions and property owners within the
Sewer District, argue that Title V of the Sewer District’s Code of Regulations,
which sets out the regional stormwater-management program, conflicts with the
charter’s provision that local communities retain authority and responsibility for
maintaining and operating their local sewerage collection systems absent a written
agreement placing that responsibility on the Sewer District. But Title V does not
provide for the Sewer District’s ownership of or responsibility for sewerage
collection facilities and systems owned or operated by the member communities,
and the Sewer District asserts that it does not intend to interfere with the member
communities’ local systems.
       {¶ 29} Title V distinguishes between local stormwater systems and the
regional stormwater system. “Regional Stormwater System” means “[t]he entire
system of watercourses, stormwater conveyance structures, and Stormwater
Control Measures in the District’s service area that are owned and/or operated by
the District or over which the District has right of use for the management of
stormwater, including both naturally occurring and constructed facilities.”
Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer Dist. Code of Regs., Section 5.0218. “Local
Stormwater System,” on the other hand, includes watercourses, stormwater-
conveyance structures or stormwater-control measures “owned and/or operated by
a private entity or a unit of local government other than the District” and “not
designated as part of the Regional Stormwater System.” Id., Section 5.0212. So,
the regional stormwater system does not include watercourses, conveyance
structures or stormwater-control measures owned or operated by the local
communities absent agreement between the local communities and the Sewer

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District. By limiting the reach of the regional stormwater system, Title V does
not conflict with the Sewer District’s charter, and I agree with the majority that
the charter authorizes the Sewer District to build and operate a regional
stormwater-management system.
       {¶ 30} Despite my agreement with the majority’s determination that the
Sewer District has authority to manage uncontaminated stormwater, I disagree
with the majority’s conclusion that R.C. 6119.09 authorizes the stormwater fees
set out in Title V. Appellees argue that the Sewer District cannot impose its
stormwater fees for two reasons: (1) because R.C. Chapter 6119 does not
authorize the fees and (2) because the fees amount to an unlawful tax.
       {¶ 31} In her dissent, Justice Kennedy adopts appellees’ second
argument—that the charges amount to an unlawful tax. But I agree with the
Sewer District’s assertion that that issue is not properly before us. The Sewer
District asked this court to adopt a proposition of law stating that stormwater-
management charges based upon the amount of impervious surface a parcel
contains—like the stormwater fees here—do not constitute an illegal tax. This
court, however, declined jurisdiction over that proposition of law. Northeast Ohio
Regional Sewer Dist. v. Bath Twp., 138 Ohio St. 3d 1413, 2014-Ohio-566, 3
N.E.3d 1216. Having declined jurisdiction over that proposition of law, the
question whether the stormwater fees are an unlawful tax is not before the court.
       {¶ 32} In my view, it is appellees’ other argument—regarding statutory
authority—that is persuasive.     The majority reasons that because a “water
resource project” includes a facility to be acquired, constructed or operated, the
Sewer District may charge fees for that purpose under R.C. 6119.09.                 I
respectfully disagree.
       {¶ 33} R.C. 6119.09 authorizes a regional water and sewer district to

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       “charge, alter, and collect rentals or other charges * * * for the use
       or services of any water resource project or any benefit conferred
       thereby and contract * * * with one or more persons, one or more
       political subdivisions, or any combination thereof, desiring the use
       or services thereof, and fix the terms, conditions, rentals, or other
       charges * * * for such use or services.”

(Emphasis added.) See also R.C. 6119.06(W). The Sewer District contends that
its stormwater fees represent charges for the use, services or benefits of a water-
resource project.
       {¶ 34} Although R.C. 6119.011(G) defines “water resource project” to
include a project “to be acquired, constructed, or operated by or leased to a
regional water and sewer district,” the district may charge only “for the use or
services of” or “any benefit conferred” by a water-resource project.            R.C.
6119.09. R.C. 6119.09 contemplates uses or services that may be contracted for.
The question, therefore, resolves to whether a water-resource project that will be
acquired, constructed or operated in the future affords uses, services or benefits in
the present, so as to authorize charges under R.C. 6119.09—a question the
majority does not address.
       {¶ 35} The Eighth District concluded that the Sewer District “improperly
employed R.C. 6119.09 to generate revenues for the costs of its” regional
stormwater-management program because the stormwater fees are “unrelated to
any use or services afforded to a property owner by a ‘water resource project.’ ”
2013-Ohio-4186, 999 N.E.2d 181, ¶ 53, 56. Appellees likewise contend that the
Sewer District may not impose stormwater fees for a water-resource project that
the Sewer District has not yet acquired, constructed or operated, because until it
has done so, there is no use, service or benefit for which to charge.

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          {¶ 36} The Sewer District directs this court to the trial court’s factual
findings regarding the uses and services the regional stormwater-management
program provides. The trial court found that property owners within the Sewer
District passively “ ‘use’ the unmanaged Regional Stormwater System as rainfall
creates runoff from each parcel.” The trial court also found that the Sewer
District provides the “service of effective transportation of stormwater,” resulting
in decreased flooding and erosion. Finally, the court stated that the regional
stormwater-management system will provide benefits, including improvements in
water quality and wildlife habitats and the reduction of future stormwater-
management costs. But those findings depend upon the Sewer District acquiring,
constructing, and operating a water-resource project. Whether property owners
would benefit in the future from the system the Sewer District intends to create
and operate sidesteps the relevant issue: whether the Sewer District currently
offers uses or services relating to the stormwater-management system for which it
may charge.
          {¶ 37} Nothing in R.C. 6119.09 suggests that the Sewer District may
presently impose a fee for uses or services it will be able to provide only in the
future.    The statute requires current usage, service or benefits to justify the
collection of stormwater fees. Until the Sewer District acquires, constructs or
begins to operate a water-resource project relating to regional stormwater
management, it has no use, service or benefit to provide in exchange for the
stormwater fees it seeks to extract from property owners.
          {¶ 38} Even so, the Sewer District is not without recourse. A regional
water and sewer district may levy and collect taxes and special assessments and
may issue revenue bonds. R.C. 6119.06(I) and (J); R.C. 6119.12; R.C. 6119.18;
R.C. 6119.42. It may receive and accept grants from federal and state agencies
for or in aid of the construction of water-resource projects. R.C. 6119.06(U).
And it may enter into cooperative agreements with one or more political

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subdivisions to fund the acquisition or construction of a water-resource project.
R.C. 6119.09.
       {¶ 39} Because I conclude that R.C. 6119.09 does not authorize the Sewer
District to impose stormwater fees for the use and service of a water-resource
project to be acquired, constructed or operated by the Sewer District in the future,
I dissent from the majority’s determination that the Sewer District is presently
authorized to impose the stormwater fees set out in Title V of its Code of
Regulations. In all other respects, I concur.
                               _________________
       KENNEDY, J., dissenting.
       {¶ 40} Respectfully, I dissent.    I would hold that the Northeast Ohio
Regional Sewer District (the “Sewer District”) lacks authority to manage
stormwater as proposed in the Sewer District’s Stormwater Management Code
(“SMC”) or to charge a fee to manage stormwater.
                                R.C. Chapter 6119
       {¶ 41} R.C. Chapter 6119 addresses the creation and authority of regional
sewer districts. As creatures of statute, sewer districts “have no more authority
than that conferred upon them by the statute, or what is clearly implied
therefrom.” See Hall v. Lakeview Local School Dist. Bd. of Edn., 63 Ohio St. 3d
380, 383, 588 N.E.2d 785 (1992). “Implied powers are those that are incidental
or ancillary to an expressly granted power; the express grant of power must be
clear, and any doubt as to the extent of the grant must be resolved against it.” In
re Guardianship of Spangler, 126 Ohio St. 3d 339, 2010-Ohio-2471, 933 N.E.2d
1067, ¶ 17.
       {¶ 42} The Sewer District is authorized “[t]o provide for the collection,
treatment, and disposal of waste water within and without the district” pursuant to
R.C. 6119.01. “ ‘Waste water’ means any storm water and any water containing
sewage or industrial waste or other pollutants or contaminants derived from the

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prior use of the water.” R.C. 6119.011(K). I agree with appellees and the court
of appeals that “waste water” necessarily means water containing waste.
       {¶ 43} The majority holds that R.C. 6119.011(K) authorizes the District to
manage two types of water—stormwater and water that is polluted or
contaminated. I disagree. In my view, the definition of “waste water” is water
that “contain[s] sewage or industrial waste or other pollutants or contaminants.”
R.C. 6119.011(K). This conclusion is supported by the purpose of the Sewer
District, which is “to provide for collection, treatment, and disposal of waste
water.” (Emphasis added.) R.C. 6119.01. Therefore, because the Sewer District
is only authorized to treat water that contains waste, it has no authority to treat
stormwater runoff, which the SMC defines as stormwater “that flows into ditches,
water courses, storm sewers, or other concentrated flow patterns during and
following precipitation, including rain runoff, snowmelt runoff, and surface
runoff.”
                                     The SMC
       {¶ 44} The SMC proposes a comprehensive, broad-ranging plan to
manage stormwater that is beyond the Sewer District’s authority under R.C.
Chapter 6119. The Sewer District found that flooding and streambank erosion are
“significant threats” within the District.     Consequently, the Sewer District
determined that a “Regional Stormwater Management Program is necessary” to
address these threats and their impacts on northeast Ohio’s water resources. The
regional stormwater-management program would include “[c]omprehensive
management     of   the   Regional   Stormwater    System,”    “construction   and
implementation of necessary Stormwater Control Measures to address current,
and minimize new flooding and erosion issues affecting the Regional Stormwater
System,” as well as “inspection, operation, maintenance, and monitoring
activities,” including but not limited to clearing debris from blocked culverts,

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bridge abutments, and repair of streambank erosion. The “Regional Stormwater
System” is extensive and includes:

                 The   entire   system   of    watercourses,   stormwater
         conveyance structures, and Stormwater Control Measures in the
         District’s service area that are owned and/or operated by the
         District or over which the District has right of use for the
         management of stormwater, including both naturally occurring
         and constructed facilities. The Regional Stormwater System
         shall   generally   include   those   watercourses,   stormwater
         conveyance structures, and Stormwater Control Measures
         receiving drainage from three hundred (300) acres of land or
         more.

       {¶ 45} The SMC further states that it “is applicable to activities and
persons on all parcels within the Sewer District’s service area.” The District will
charge every parcel of land within the District a stormwater fee to fund the
aforementioned stormwater-control measures.
       {¶ 46} Nowhere in Chapter 6119 is flooding or erosion control discussed.
In large part, the SMC seeks to manage “pure” stormwater, i.e. water resulting
from precipitation that is not mixed with pollutants or contaminants and that never
enters the sanitary sewer system. Management of this water is beyond the scope
of the Sewer District’s authority, which is to collect, treat, and dispose of waste
water, which is water that contains waste, i.e., pollutants or contaminants.
Therefore, I would hold that the Sewer District has no statutory authority to
implement the SMC.

                                         17
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

                                 Stormwater “Fees”
       {¶ 47} Initially, I will address the concurring and dissenting opinion’s
assertion that the issue of whether a stormwater fee is a lawful tax is not properly
before the court.
       {¶ 48} Even though the reasons are not typically memorialized, this court
may reject one or more propositions of law or an entire discretionary appeal for
any number of reasons. See Williamson v. Rubich, 171 Ohio St. 253, 253-254,
168 N.E.2d 876 (1960), citing Oho Constitution, Article IV, Section 6 (whether
questions presented to this court for appellate review “are in fact ones of public or
great general interest rests within the discretion of the court”). However, I can
find no authority that a rejected proposition of law creates a bar or waiver upon a
party’s argument when set forth in a legitimate response to an opposing party’s
proposition of law that has been accepted by the court. Nor can I find any
authority that would preclude the court from considering and relying upon such an
argument.
       {¶ 49} The Sewer District raised three propositions of law in its
discretionary appeal to this court. We accepted the Sewer District’s first two
propositions for review on their merits, 138 Ohio St. 3d 1413, 2014-Ohio-566, 3
N.E.3d 1216, but declined to review the third proposition, which stated
“Stormwater management programs, paid for through charges for stormwater
management services, do not violate the Ohio or United States Constitutions.
Further, such charges, when based upon the amount of impervious surface on a
property, do not constitute an illegal tax.”
       {¶ 50} One of the two propositions that we accepted stated “A district
formed pursuant to R.C. Chapter 6119 is authorized to manage stormwater which
is not combined with sewage, and to impose a charge for that purpose. Such a
charge is one ‘for the use or service of a water resource project or any benefit
conferred thereby.’ ” (Emphasis added.)

                                          18
                                January Term, 2015

       {¶ 51} In response to that proposition, appellee city of Beachwood argued
in its merit brief in part that “[t]he Stormwater Fee is actually an unauthorized tax
that the Sewer District is using to avoid other required R.C. Chapter 6119
revenue-generating procedures.” Beachwood’s argument is an apt challenge to
the Sewer District’s assertion that the proposed charge for stormwater
management is authorized.       To prevent Beachwood from making such an
argument based on our initial declination to consider this issue would infringe
upon Beachwood’s ability to make arguments of its own choosing and to fully
respond to the Sewer District’s propositions of law that we accepted in this
appeal. And unlike issues raised for the first time in a reply brief, where the
opposing party has no ability to respond, Beachwood raised the unlawful tax
argument in its merit brief, affording the Sewer District an opportunity to refute
the argument in its reply brief. Compare In re C.Z., 12th Dist. Warren Nos.
CA2005-06-065, CA2005-06-066, CA2005-06-081, and CA2005-06-082, 2006-
Ohio-1787, ¶ 20 (raising a new assignment of error in a reply brief precludes the
opposing party from responding to that argument).
       {¶ 52} Obviously, this court may reject any argument presented by a
party, but this court’s refusal to review a proposition of law should not bar an
opposing party from later using the same or a similar issue raised in that
proposition in a legitimate, responsive argument to an opposing party’s
proposition of law that is being considered by the court, nor should it prevent this
court from relying upon such an argument. Under the facts of this case, I would
hold that the court is justified in considering Beachwood’s responsive argument
that the Sewer District’s proposed fee is really an unlawful tax, even though the
court declined to accept the Sewer District’s proposition of law on that issue for
review. Having addressed this threshold issue, I will proceed to address the
merits of whether the stormwater fee is an unlawful tax.

                                         19
                            SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

       {¶ 53} A sewer district may “charge, alter, and collect rentals or other
charges, including penalties for late payment, for the use or services of any water
resource project or any benefit conferred thereby.” R.C. 6119.09; see also R.C.
6119.06(W)(1). A “water resource project” is defined under R.C. 6119.011(G) as
“any waste water facility or water management facility acquired, constructed, or
operated by or leased to a regional water and sewer district or to be acquired,
constructed, or operated by or leased to a regional water and sewer district under
this chapter * * *.”
       {¶ 54} In this case, the Sewer District, through the SMC, seeks to impose
a “stormwater fee” on parcels of land in the District to pay for the management of
stormwater.    The fee, which is “based upon a calculation of the amount of
Impervious Surface on a parcel[,] shall be imposed on every parcel within the
District’s service area.”
       {¶ 55} In my view, this fee is actually a tax, which does not appear to have
been lawfully imposed. See R.C. 6119.18; see also Sanborn v. Hamilton Cty.
Budget Comm., 142 Ohio St. 3d 20, 2014-Ohio-5218, 27 N.E.3d 498, ¶ 5-7, citing
Ohio Constitution, Article XII, Section 2.
       {¶ 56} “It is not possible to come up with a single test that will correctly
distinguish a tax from a fee in all situations * * *.” State ex rel. Petroleum
Underground Storage Tank Release Comp. Bd. v. Withrow, 62 Ohio St. 3d 111,
117, 579 N.E.2d 705 (1991). Therefore, “[d]etermining whether an assessment is
a fee or a tax must be done on a case-by-case basis dependent upon the facts and
circumstances surrounding each assessment.” Id. at 115.
       {¶ 57} Some factors that may indicate that an assessment is a fee include:
(1) the assessment is “imposed in furtherance of regulatory measures,” (2) the
assessment is not placed in the general fund, but is used only to fund the
regulatory purpose, (3) the assessment is “ ‘imposed by a government in return for
a service it provides,’ ” and (4) the assessment is discontinued when the

                                        20
                               January Term, 2015

unobligated balance in the fund reaches a certain level. Drees Co. v. Hamilton
Twp., 132 Ohio St. 3d 186, 2012-Ohio-2370, 970 N.E.2d 916, ¶ 16-20, citing and
quoting Withrow at 111, 113, 116-117.
       {¶ 58} In Natl. Cable Television Assn., Inc. v. United States, 415 U.S. 336,
340-341, 94 S. Ct. 1146, 39 L. Ed. 2d 379, the court commented:

                Taxation is a legislative function [where the legislature]
         may act arbitrarily and disregard benefits bestowed by the
         Government on a taxpayer and go solely on ability to pay, based
         on property or income. A fee, however, is incident to a
         voluntary act, e.g., a request that a public agency permit an
         applicant to practice law or medicine or construct a house or run
         a broadcast station. The public agency performing those
         services normally may exact a fee for a grant which,
         presumably, bestows a benefit on the applicant, not shared by
         other members of society.

(Emphasis added.)
       {¶ 59} An example of a fee charged for a service is found in
Wyatt v. Trimble Twp. Waste Water Treatment Dist., 4th Dist. Athens
No. 1521, 1992 WL 329386 (Nov. 3, 1992). In Wyatt, the Trimble
Township Waste Water Treatment District charged a homeowner for the
installation of a plug at the point where each premises was to be
connected to an existing sanitary sewer system for the purpose of waste-
water treatment. The court found that the fee was in return for a benefit
conferred, i.e., treatment of the homeowner’s waste water. Id. at *3.
       {¶ 60} In Bolt v. Lansing, 459 Mich. 152, 587 N.W.2d 264, the
Supreme Court of Michigan addressed whether a stormwater service

                                        21
                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

charge imposed by the city of Lansing on its residents for the purpose of
stormwater control was a fee or a tax.
          {¶ 61} In Bolt, Lansing decided to separate its combined sanitary
and storm sewers. To finance this project, Lansing decided to impose a
stormwater service charge. Similar to the instant case, the fee was based
on the amount of impervious surface that a parcel contained. The court
stated:

                  A proper fee must reflect the bestowal of a
           corresponding benefit on the person paying the charge, which
           benefit is not generally shared by other members of society.
           Nat’l Cable Television Ass’n v. United States & Federal
           Communications Comm, 415 U.S. 336, 340-342, 94 S. Ct. 1146,
           39 L. Ed. 2d 370 (1974). Where the charge for either storm or
           sanitary sewers reflects the actual costs of use, metered with
           relative precision in accordance with available technology,
           including some capital investment component, sewerage may
           properly be viewed as a utility service for which usage-based
           charges are permissible, and not as a disguised tax.

Id. at 164-165.
          {¶ 62} But the court held that “the lack of correspondence
between the [stormwater service] charges and the benefit conferred
demonstrates that the city has failed to differentiate any particularized
benefits to property owners from the general benefits conferred on the
public.” Id. at 166. The court continued:

                                          22
                               January Term, 2015

               This conclusion is buttressed by the fact that the
       acknowledged goal of the ordinance is to address environmental
       concerns regarding water quality. Improved water quality in the
       Grand and Red Cedar Rivers and the avoidance of federal
       penalties for discharge violations are goals that benefit everyone
       in the city, not only property owners.

Id.
       {¶ 63} Pursuant to my interpretation of “waste water” above, I do not
believe that the Sewer District has authority to manage stormwater; consequently,
the assessment fails to support a regulatory purpose, which is a factor that can
support a finding that it is indeed a fee and not a tax. See Drees Co., 132 Ohio
St.3d 186, 2012-Ohio-2370, 970 N.E.2d 916, at ¶ 16-20.                However, even
assuming that the Sewer District has statutory authority to manage stormwater as
proposed in the SMC, the purported fee fails to meet other indicia of a true fee.
       {¶ 64} In the instant case, the Sewer District found that the SWC is
necessary (1) to prevent flooding to public and private property, (2) to prevent
“[s]treambank erosion[, which] is a significant threat to public and private
property, water quality, wildlife, and aquatic and terrestrial habitats,” and (3) to
prevent “damage[ to] the water resources of Northeast Ohio, [which] impair[s] the
ability of these waters to sustain ecological and aquatic systems.”
       {¶ 65} Despite the district’s claims that the SMC will benefit private
property, I would hold that alleviating these problems results in a benefit that is
conferred on the general public rather than on individual property owners. See
Natl. Cable Television Assn., Inc., 415 U.S. at 340-342, 94 S. Ct. 1146, 39 L. Ed. 2d
370; Bolt, 459 Mich. at 164-165, 587 N.W.2d 264.
       {¶ 66} Further, as evidenced by this lawsuit, at minimum there are
numerous municipalities (e.g., Beechwood, Bedford Heights, Brecksville,

                                         23
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

Independence, Lyndhurst, and Strongsville) and other entities (e.g., Highlands
Business Park, L.L.C., Lakepoint Office Park, L.L.C., Park East Office Park,
L.L.C., and the Ohio Counsel of Retail Merchants) that oppose the SMC.
Voluntary acceptance of a service is another indicator that an assessment is a fee
and not a tax. Natl. Cable Television Assn. at 340.
       {¶ 67} For all the aforementioned reasons, I would hold that the Sewer
District’s stormwater fee is not a fee, but an unlawful tax.
                                    Conclusion
       {¶ 68} Because I would hold that R.C. Chapter 6119 does not authorize
the type of stormwater regulation that the SMC seeks to impose and that the
stormwater fee is actually an unlawful tax, I would affirm the judgment of the
court of appeals and hold that the Sewer District does not have the authority to
implement the SMC. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.
       O’DONNELL, J., concurs in the foregoing opinion.
                               _________________
       Thacker Martinsek, L.P.A., and Mark I. Wallach; Calfee, Halter &
Griswold, L.L.P, James F. Lang, Matthew J. Kucharson, and Molly A. Drake; and
Marlene Sundheimer, Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District Director of Law,
for appellant.
       Berns, Ockner & Greenberger, L.L.C., Sheldon Berns, Paul Greenberger,
Benjamin J. Ockner, Jordan Berns, Timothy J. Duff, and Gary F. Werner, for
appellees Ohio Council of Retail Merchants, Greater Cleveland Association of
Building Owners and Managers, Cleveland Automobile Dealers Association,
CADA Properties, L.L.C., Northern Ohio Chapter of NAIOP, Association for
Commercial Real Estate, Northeast Ohio Apartment Association, Snowville
Service Associates, L.L.C., Boardwalk Partners, L.L.C., Creekview Commons,
L.L.C., Fargo Warehouse, L.L.C., Highlands Business Park, L.L.C., JES
Development, Ltd., Lakepoint Office Park, L.L.C., Landerbrook Point, L.L.C.,

                                         24
                                   January Term, 2015

Newport Square, Ltd., Park East Office Park, L.L.C., Pavilion Properties, L.L.C.,
and WGG Development, Ltd.
       Taft, Stettinius & Hollister, L.L.P., John B. Nalbandian, W. Stuart
Dornette, Stephen M. O’Bryan, Gregory J. O’Brien, and Michael J. Zbiegien Jr.,
for appellees city of Beachwood, city of Bedford Heights, village of Glenwillow,
city of Independence, city of Lyndhurst, village of Oakwood, city of Olmsted
Falls, and city of Strongsville.
       Matty, Henrikson & Greve, L.L.C., David J. Matty, Shana A. Samson, and
Justin Whelan, for appellee city of Brecksville.
       Barbara A. Langhenry, Director of Law, Harold A. Madorsky, and Kate E.
Ryan, urging reversal for amicus curiae city of Cleveland.
       McMahon DeGulis, L.L.P., Andrea M. Salimbene, Gregory J. DeGulis,
and Erica M. Spitzig, urging reversal for amici curiae National Association of
Clean Water Agencies and Association of Ohio Metropolitan Wastewater
Agencies.
       Jones Day, Yvette McGee Brown, and Chad Readler, urging reversal for
amici curiae village of Cuyahoga Heights, village of Moreland Hills, and Orange
Village.
       Scott Claussen, urging reversal for amicus curiae city of Brooklyn.
       Neal M. Jamison, urging reversal for amicus curiae city of Brook Park.
       Jerome Dowling, urging reversal for amicus curiae village of Brooklyn
Heights.
       Thomas P. O’Donnell, urging reversal for amicus curiae village of
Highland Hills.
       Peter H. Hull, urging reversal for amicus curiae city of Middleburg
Heights.
       Dale F. Pelsozy, urging reversal for amicus curiae Olmsted Township.
       Michael Pokorny, urging reversal for amicus curiae city of Parma Heights.

                                           25
                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

          Joseph W. Diemert Jr. & Associates Co., L.P.A., and Joseph W. Diemert
Jr., urging reversal for amicus curiae Mayfield Village.
          Waldheger Coyne Co., L.P.A., and Luke McConville, urging reversal for
amicus curiae village of Newburgh Heights.
          Timothy G. Dobeck, urging reversal for amicus curiae city of Parma.
          Richard A. Pignatiello, urging reversal for amicus curiae city of Seven
Hills.
          William M. Ondrey Gruber, urging reversal for amicus curiae city of
Shaker Heights.
          David Lambros, urging reversal for amicus curiae village of Valley View.
          Michael P. Lograsso, urging reversal for amicus curiae city of South
Euclid.
          Calfee, Halter & Griswold, L.L.P., and Teresa Metcalf Beasley, urging
reversal for amicus curiae city of Warrensville Heights.
          Rosalina M. Fini; and Thompson Hine, L.L.P., Michael L. Hardy, Karen
E. Rubin, and Devin A. Barry, urging reversal for amicus curiae Cleveland
Metropolitan Park District.
          Albers & Albers, Eric Luckage, and John Albers, urging reversal for amici
curiae Coalition of Ohio Regional Districts, Deerfield Regional Storm Water
District, and ABC Water and Storm Water District.
          Michael DeWine, Attorney General, Eric E. Murphy, State Solicitor,
Michael J. Hendershot, Chief Deputy Solicitor, Jeffrey Jarosch, Deputy Solicitor,
and Aaron S. Farmer, Assistant Attorney General, urging reversal for amicus
curiae state of Ohio.
          Penny L. Sisson, pro se, urging affirmance for amicus curiae Penny L.
Sisson.
          Eugene P. Holmes, pro se, urging affirmance for amicus curiae Eugene P.
Holmes.

                                         26
                               January Term, 2015

         Michael J. Jogan, pro se, urging affirmance for amicus curiae Michael J.
Jogan.
         Maurice A. Thompson, urging affirmance for amici curiae 1851 Center for
Constitutional Law and Ohio Real Estate Investors Association.
                                  _________________

                                        27