Court Opinion

ID: 7067224
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-24 07:28:01.882454+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:12:27.180065
License: Public Domain

Hottel, P. J.
This is an appeal from a judgment in appellee’s favor in an action brought by him against appellant for damages alleged to have resulted from injuries received while attempting to cross appellant’s railroad tracks at a public street crossing in the city of Rochester, Indiana. The complaint was in two paragraphs, each of which was challenged by a demurrer. This demurrer was overruled and exceptions were properly saved. The only answer was a general denial. There ivas a trial by jury *36and interrogatories submitted to it for answer. Upon the return of a general verdict for appellee with the answers to interrogatories, appellant moved for judgment on such answers, which motion was overruled and exceptions were properly saved. These several rulings of the trial court are assigned as error and relied on for reversal. Th^ only objections to each paragraph of the complaint stated in the respective memoranda filed with the demurrers thereto are the same, viz.: (1) That no negligence on the part of appellant is disclosed; (2) that it is disclosed “by fair inference from the alleged facts as pleaded that the plaintiff was guilty of negligence.”
The substance of that part of the complaint necessary to an understanding of said objection thereto, and our disposition thereof, is-as follows: Appellant’s railroad passes through the city of Rochester, Indiana, in an easterly and westerly direction and crosses almost at right angles with the main street in said city, which is the continuation through said city of the highway known as the Michigan road. Such street or road is the principal street of Rochester and is much used by the public at the point where it crosses appellant’s railroad. On April 1, 1911, when appellee was injured, there were located on the west side of said street and south of and near the__crossing a large number of dwelling houses and lumber sheds, and on the east side of the street and the south side of the railroad, and near thereto, there were located a number of dwelling houses, piles of tile, forest trees, an elevator, and freight cars standing on the switch south of appellant’s main track. On account of these obstructions, appellee could not and did not see or hear any train or engine approaching from the east at the time he was injured as hereinafter set out. On April 1,1911, appellee was in a buggy driving north on said street, intending to pass over said crossing, and “as he approached and entered near and to said crossing he proceeded carefully and exercised all due care and caution to hear and see *37any train, engine or locomotive that might be approaching said crossing either from the east or the toest; and as plaintiff was about to pass over said crossing at the intersection of said railway and main street appellant carelessly and negligently ran its engine and train of cars on and against plaintiff and his horse and buggy with great force and violence, ivhich engine and train of cars were carelessly and negligently run at a high and dangerous rate of speed, to wit, about fifty miles an hour”; that “said defendant and its servants, who were then operating said engine and train of cars and controlling the same, carelessly and negligently failed and omitted to sound the whistle, or ring the bell on said locomotive and train so approaching said crossing, when the same was within one hundred rods from said crossing until about .one hundred fifty feet therefrom, and at that moment for the first time, a whistle on said locomotive was sounded and from the time said train first came into view, and the time it struck plaintiff there was not sufficient time by any human effort to escape, and plaintiff says further that the defendant carelessly and negligently failed and omitted to maintain a watchman, flagman, person or gate at said crossing to notify plaintiff of the approach of said engine and train of cars, notwithstanding that on said day and previous thereto, said crossing was much used by the public, as many as one or more vehicles passing over the same in the interval of every two minutes, as well as many pedestrians crossing the same; * * * that solely by and through the negligence of the defendant, as aforesaid, sáid engine and train of cars then and there ran with great force and violence upon and against the plaintiff and said buggy, and the plaintiff was then and there and thereby thrown with great force and violence from and out of said buggy, and was thereby injured * * (Our italics.)
The second paragraph, except as hereinafter indicated, is substantially the same as the first and contains additional averments to‘ the effect that the city of Rochester, on the day *38in question, liad in force an ordinance, duly passed by the common council, which provided as follows:
“Section 133. No person shall run a locomotive or steam railway ear faster than twenty-five miles an hour within the limits.of the City of Rochester.
“Section 134. Any person violating section 133 of this ordinance shall, upon conviction thereof, be fined in any sum not exceeding $100.”
1. 2. *393. 4. *38In support of its first objection, supra, to the first paragraph of the complaint-, appellant insists that it is not alleged that appellant’s train app'roaehed from a point eighty rods or more from the crossing where appellee was injured, and hence, that the duty to give the signals required by statute is not shown; that when one predicates his cause of action on a statute, he must bring himself within it. That the italicized words, supra, announce a correct legal proposition may be conceded, but its applicability in this case depends on the correctness of appellant’s assumption that the sufficiency of this uaragraph of complaint rests alone upon the sufficiency of a charge of the violation of the statute requiring signals, and the further assumption that the averments here under consideration do not show that appellant’s train approached from a point more than eighty rods from the crossing. This paragraph of complaint in fact charges several acts, any of which, if sufficiently charged, would make it good against demurrer. If, however, such other acts of negligence be entirely disregarded, the averments relating to the failure to give the said statutory signals, are sufficient in and of themselves to show that appellant was guilty of negligence: (1) Because they show, at least by reasonable inference, that the train which injured appellee approached from a point not less than 100 rods east thereof, and that from such point the whistle on said train was not blown until the train was about 150 feet from said crossing. We are of the opinion that said averments measure up to the requirements of the cases holding that only necessary in*39ferences can be indulged in favor of a pleading, but in any event they are sufficient under the more recent holdings which permit reasonable inferences to be drawn in favor of a pleading. Domestic Block Coal Co. v. DeArmey (1913), 179 Ind. 592, 100 N. E. 675, 102 N. E. 99. (2) Said averments expressly show that the bell on such train was not rung continuously as it approached the crossing, which omission was in itself a violation of the statute, and hence negligence, and, independent of the statute, “it is the duty of those in -charge of a railroad train to give reasonable and timely warning of its approach to a highway crossing.” Pittsburgh, etc., R. Co. v. Terrell (1911) , 177 Ind. 447, 456, 95 N. E. 1109, 1113, 42 L. R. A. (N. S.) 367. "What we have said disposes of appellant’s first objection, supra, to each paragraph of the complaint. However, it is urged' against the averments attempting to charge negligence on account of the speed of the train and the failure to provide a flagman, that these averments are not sufficient because there is no averment that, there was any legislative or municipal requirement, either limiting the speed of trains, or providing for a gate or flagman .at the crossing where appellee was injured, and, that, in the absence of such requirements, neither the running of the train at high speed over the crossing nor the failure to provide a gate or flagman thereat is negligence per se.
5. 6. The legal proposition involved in appellant’s contention is substantially correct, but while the running of a train over a crossing at high speed or without .any flagman
or watchman stationed at the crossing is not negli-
gence per se, in the absence of a statute making it so, yet such operation of a train may, in fact, constitute negligence, depending upon all the facts and circumstances surrounding the particular ease. Wabash R. Co. v. McNown (1912) , 53 Ind. App. 116, 123, 99 N. E. 126, 100 N. E. 383, and eases there cited.. The rules as to operation of
trains in city and country are different. The rule *40which generally obtains, permitting a train to be run in the country at a high speed without the imputation of negligence, does not obtain as to trains when operated through' populous cities and over the much-traveled crossings therein. Cleveland, etc., R. Co. v. Lynn (1908), 171 Ind. 589, 598, 85 N. E. 999, 86 N. E. 1017; Pittsburgh, etc., R. Co. v. Lynch (1908), 43 Ind. App. 177, 180-182, 87 N. E. 40; Wabash R. Co. v. McNown, supra, 123.
7. 8. *419. *40The averments above indicated, show that appellee was a traveler on said street attempting to cross appellant’s tracks, and hence show that appellant owed to appellee the duty of ordinary care. They also show that it failed to discharge that duty by carelessly and negligently running its train “at a high and dangerous rate of speed, to wit, about 50 miles an hour”; that “it carelessly and negligently failed and omitted to maintain a watchman, flagman, person or gate at said crossing”; that said crossing “was much used by the public, as many as one or more vehicles passing over the same * * * every two minutes, as well as many pedestrians crossing the same.” Where the duty to use ordinary care is shown, the general averment that appellant carelessly and negligently ddd or omitted to do the acts necessary to the discharge of such duty, and that such negligent acts were the proximate .cause of the injury complained of, render the complaint sufficient as against a demurrer, unless the specific acts pleaded are of a character to destroy the force and effect of such general charge of negligence. Tippecanoe Loan, etc., Co. v. Cleveland, etc., R. Co. (1914), 57 Ind. App. 644, 656, 657, 104 N. E. 866, 106 N. E. 739, and eases there cited; Cleveland, etc., R. Co. v. Clark (1912), 51 Ind. App. 392, 404, 405, 97 N. E. 822; New York, etc., R. Co. v. Lind (1913), 180 Ind. 38, 44, 45, 102 N. E. 449. We do not think it can be seriously contended that the specific averments that follow the ' general charge of negligent speed, viz., that it was at a high and dangerous rate, to wit, fifty miles an hour, *41when considered in the light of the averments showing that snch crossing was in a city where vehicles were passing over it every two minutes, even tend to overthrow such general averment. The averment as to the frequency of the travel at the crossing also strengthens the averment that the appellant negligently and carelessly failed to maintain a watchman, etc. Judged by any or all of the authorities, each of said paragraphs of complaint contains facts sufficient to show actionable negligence on the part, of appellant in each of the respects indicated.
In connection with this ground of the demurrer to the second paragraph, appellant suggests an additional objection, which, on account of its influence on other questions presented by the appeal, ■will be here considered. It is insisted by appellant that the charge of negligence in this paragraph, which is predicated on the violation of the ordinance above set out, is insufficient because of the absence of averments showing that appellant’s railroad was located within the city of Eochester; and hence, that there was nothing to show that the council of the city of Eochester had jurisdiction over appellant, or that such council could enact “a valid ordinance regulating the operation of appellant’s locomotive or cars within the corporate limits of said city.”
10. The second paragraph, as affecting the question raised by appellant’s objection, contains averments as follows, to wit: That appellant was operating a line of railway in and through Fulton county, Indiana, and doing business as such railroad company, among other countries, in said county of Fulton and State aforesaid; “that said Main street, or Michigan road, is the principal street of the city of Eochester, and very much used by the public, especially at the point where the same crosses defendant’s railway. While these averments may not necessitate the inference that said crossing was within the city limits of the city of Eochester, we think such fact may be reasonably inferred there*42from, and hence meet the requirements of the later decisions of the Supreme Court. Domestic Block Coal Co. v. De-Armey, supra.
11. Assuming, however, without deciding, that such averments are not sufficient to show that the crossing in question was within the limits of the city of Rochester, the fact remains that such second paragraph is, in any event for reasons already indicated, sufficient against demurrer and, as affecting any other question suggested by appellant, this court may and will treat said paragraph as amended in the respect indicated to conform to the proof, such issue having been fully tried and proof thereon made under the first paragraph. Chicago, etc., R. Co. v. Gorman (1914), 58 Ind. App. 381, 106 N. E. 897, and cases there cited.
12. 13. In support of its second objection to said paragraphs of complaint, appellant insists, in effect, that because of the averments therein showing the obstruction of appellee’s view as he approached the crossing; that he was riding in a top buggy with the side curtains down; that “on account of * * * obstructions appellee could not * * * see or hear any train or engine approaching from the east on the day and time that he was injured,” nothing short of stopping could relieve appellee from being guilty of negligence, and that, because of the absence of such averment, the court should have held that under the facts pleaded, appellee was guilty of contributory negligence. There is no doubt that some of the averments above indicated, especially when separated from those in connection with which they are pleaded, tend to show that appellee was guilty of contributory negligence. It must be remembered, however, that contributory negligence is a defense, and, while it is true, as appellant contends, that such negligence may appear from the complaint, and when it does so appear it is the duty of the court to hold the complaint insufficient as against a demurrer predicated *43on such ground, yet the court can'do this only when it can say,-as a matter of law, that under the facts pleaded, honest and reasonable men could draw but one inference therefrom, viz., that the plaintiff’s conduct was not that of a man of ordinary care and prudence. Cleveland, etc., R. Co. v. Clark, supra, 412, 413; Cole v. Searfoss (1911), 49 Ind. App. 334, 338-340, 97 N. E. 345; Walash R. Co. v. McNown, supra, 135.
12. 14. The averments, supra, upon which appellant relies must-be read in connection with and in the light of those which follow them which charge that appellee, when he approached and entered near the crossing, proceeded carefully and exercised all due care and caution to see and hear any train. When these averments are so read, we think that a fair interpretation of their meaning is that appellee in approaching said crossing used all due care and caution; that is to say, all care and caution usually used by a man of ordinary care and prudence to see and hear an approaching train, and that by the úse of such care he could not, and did not, see such train. The law requires persons traveling on the streets of a city in a vehicle and approaching a railroad crossing to stop before passing over the crossing only in those cases where ordinary prudence would dictate such á course, and it is only in exceptional cases that the court can say that the facts pleaded affirmatively show the necessity for such action. Lake Erie, etc., R. Co. v. Moore (1912), 51 Ind. App. 110, 117, 97 N. E. 203; Cleveland, etc., R. Co. v. Lynn (1911), 177 Ind. 311, 322, 95 N. E. 577, 98 N. E. 67; Pennsylvania Co. v. Horton (1892), 132 Ind. 189, 194, 31 N. E. 45.
The particular interrogatories and answers thereto on which appellant predicates its contention that its motion for judgment on the answers to interrogatories should have been sustained are as follows: “Interrogatory No. 2. At the point near where said main track crosses Main street .in *44said city of Rochester, was there a spur track, also called the elevator track, running parallel with said main track and 21|f feet south of said main track? Answer. Yes.
“Interrogatory No. 20. Did plaintiff see or hear said train No. 9 approaching from the east before he reached the elevator track ? Answer. No.
“Intei’rogatory No. 23. Did the obstructions along and immediately east of Main street, the side curtains on plaintiff’s buggy and the noise from the steel tires on his buggy passing over said brick pavement prevent him from hearing said train No. 9 approaching from the east while he traveled from a distance two hundred feet south from the center of defendant’s main track until he reached the elevator track? Answer. No.
“Interrogatory No. 39. With a box car standing on the elevator track east of the crossing, could plaintiff have heard the approach of said train without stopping his horse ? Answer. Yes.
“Interrogatory No. 40. With a box car standing on the elevator track east of the crossing could plaintiff have heard the approach of said train before he crossed the elevator track if he had stopped and listened? Answer. Yes.”
15. What we have just said in our discussion of appellant’s second objection to each paragraph of the complaint, is applicable to this question. The general verdict is a finding that every averment of the complaint essential to appellee’s cause of action is true, and to support such verdict against the attack under consideration, the court must assume as proven every fact provable'under any supposable evidence admissible under the issues which in any way tends to support such general verdict, or which tends to reconcile it with the answers to interrogatories.
16. *4517. 18. *4619. *44Appellant apparently attaches a meaning and importance to interrogatory No. 23 which we cannot give it. It is our duty to so interpret it as to reconcile it with the general verdict, if its words will permit such inter*45pretation. As we interpret the answer to said interrogatory, it does not mean that appellee heard or that he could have heard said approaching train from a point 200 feet south of the center of appellant’s main track. On the contrary, a- fair and reasonable interpretation of such answer, and one in no way in conflict with the general verdict, is simply that the things mentioned in the interrogatory did not prevent appellee from hearing’, etc. This does not necessarily mean that something else may not have prevented him from hearing the train, or that he in fact heard it: Neither do we attach to interrogatories Nos. 39 and 40 the importance which appellant gives- to them. In the first place, the interrogatories are in a sense misleading, especially when read together. The jury may have meant by their answers thereto simply that the presence of the box ear on the elevator track would have had nothing to do with appellee’s hearing the train either if he had or had not stopped his horse, but giving to appellant the most favorable interpretation to which the answers are susceptible, they mean that appellant could have heard the approaching train, either by stopping his horse and listening, or without stopping his horse. This is not a finding, nor is it the equivalent of a finding that he did hear such train, or that by the use of ordinary care only he could have heard such train. On the contrary, the general verdict is a finding that he did use ordinary care, and that he did not hear said traim It is not at all inconsistent to say that a thing could he seen or heard which one who used only ordinary ca,re failed to see or hear. The use of ordinary care to see and hear will ordinarily reveal the things which are likely to be seen, but will not ordinarily reveal those things which it is possible to see or hear only by the exercise of extraordinary care or effort to see and hear. It is true, as appellant contends, that, generally speaking, the law will presume that a person actually saw what he could have seen if he had looked, and heard what he could have heard if he *46had listened, hut this presumption is indulged in eases where one fails to look or listen, and in eases where the physical surroundings and conditions are such as to force conviction that one did see or hear, notwithstanding a statement or finding that he did not. Cones, Admr., v. Cincinnati, etc., R. Co. (1888), 114 Ind. 328, 16 N. E. 638; Lake Erie, etc., R. Co. v. Stick (1896), 143 Ind. 449, 41 N. E. 365; Pittsburgh, etc., R. Co. v. Fraze (1898), 150 Ind. 576, 50 N. E. 576, 65 Am. St. 377; Malott v. Hawkins (1902), 159 Ind. 127, 63 N. E. 308; Cleveland, etc., R. Co. v. Moore (1909), 45 Ind. App. 58, 90 N. E. 93; Cleveland, etc., R. Co. v. Pace (1912), 179 Ind. 415, 101 N. E.. 479; Cleveland, etc., R. Co. v. Starks (1913), 58 Ind. App. 341. The facts elicited by the answers, supra, do not invoke the application of this principle because there is no finding that appellee did not use ordinary care, and there is no finding that some obstruction other than the box car on the elevator track or that some noise present at the time appellee approached the crossing may not have interfered with and made the hearing of the approach of such train difficult or impossible except by the use of extraordinary care. The evidence may have shown, and for the purposes of the question under consideration, we must assume that it did show, that there was something to prevent appellee from hearing' at the time inquired about in the interrogatories. We conclude, therefore, that no error resulted from the ruling on the motion for judgment on said answers.
20. Appellant, in its points and authorities, makes some general statements with reference to what is proper and required in the giving of instructions, but under such heading no application is made of any of these statements to any particular instruction, nor is there any mention of, or reference to, any particular instruction. This is not a compliance with the rules of the court, and hence no question is presented on the instructions. German Fire Ins. Co. v. Zonker (1914), 57 Ind. App. 696, 701, 703, 108 N. E. *47160; Pittsburgh, etc., R. Co. v. Lightheiser (1906), 168 Ind. 438, 460, 78 N. E. 1033; Chicago, etc., R. Co. v. Dinius (1913), 180 Ind. 596, 626, 627, 103 N. E. 652; Kaufman v. Alexander (1913), 180 Ind. 670, 671, 103 N. E. 481 ; Weidenhammer v. State (1913), 181 Ind. 349, 350, 103 N. E. 413, 104 N. E. 577; Bray v. Tardy (1914), 182 Ind. 98, 105 N. E. 772.
21. In its argument, appellant challenges and criticizes particular instructions, but this does not meet the requirements of said rule. Leach v. State (1912), 177 Ind: 234, 239, 97 N. E. 792. We might say,- however, that in our discussion of the several grounds of the objections to the complaint, we, in effect, dispose of most of said criticisms and objections. Of twenty-five instructions tendered by appellant, all but four were given, and the instructions are as favorable to it as the law woiild warrant.
The first, second, third and fourth grounds of appellant’s motion for new trial are predicated on alleged errors in the admission of evidence. For convenience, we take up these grounds in their reverse order.
The fourth ground is not referred to in appellant’s points and authorities, and hence is waived.
22. Dr. Homer C. Haas was asked the following question: “Now state to the Court and jury what you discovered with reference to the conditions of his body,” to which he answered: “I found that there is a slight enlargement of the ninth rib on the left side with slight soreness in the inter-costal region.” This question was objected to on the ground that the evidence was incompetent because the examination was made for the purpose of testifying at the trial. Appellant also objected to and moved to strike out the italicized portion of the answer, stipra, on the ground that “it is a self-serving declaration on the part of the plaintiff.” The second and third grounds of the motion for new trial, as set out in appellant’s brief, are respectively based on the court’s action in overruling the objection to *48said question and. its motion to strike out the part of the answer indicated.
23. 24. As preliminary to its objection, appellant developed, by questions put to -and answered by the witness, that the examination of appellee made by the witness was made the night before the trial and not for the purpose of treating appellee. It is so well settled in this State that a physician may testify to -what he saw and found as a result of such an examination that citation of .authorities is unnecessary. The part of the answer which the appellant sought to' strike out did not purport to be what the appellee told the witness, but is a statement of what the witness found from his examination, and hence was not subject to appellant’s objection. The first ground of appellant’s motion for new trial is predicated on the action of the trial court in overruling appellant’s objection to a similar question put to another doctor, the objection being the same as that made to the question, supra, put to Dr. ITaas, and, hence, for the same reason does not present error.
Appellant also challenges the verdict of the jury on the ground that it is not sustained by sufficient evidence, but our examination of the record convinces us that there was evidence at least tending to support all of the elements of the complaint essential to appellee’s cause of action.
Finding no error in the record, the judgment below is affirmed.
Note. — Reported in 113 N. E. 1027. Violation of rule as to tlic giving of signals as evidence of negligence, note, 8 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1063. Care required of railroad companies at crossings, 26 Am. Rep. 207. Discussion of the duty of railroad companies to maintain flagmen at crossings, in the absence of statute, 4 Ann. Cas. 294; 17 Ann. Cas. 982. See under (2) 33 Cyc 1053, 1058; (3) 33 Cyc 968; (4) 33 Cyc 95S; (5) 33 Cyc 943, 971; (6) 33 Cyc 974; (7, 10) 29 Cyc 570 ; 33 Cyc 1054; 33 Cyc 1058; (14) 33 Cyc 1010,