Court Opinion

ID: 7364506
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-27 23:50:17.280555+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:20:42.536599
License: Public Domain

McC'LELLAN, J.
— The status, in pleading and in fact of this case, will he found accurately set down in the report of this litigation on former appeal.- — L. & N. R. R. Co. v. Sullivan Timber Co., 138 Ala. 379, 35 South. 327. The chief question argued on this appeal concerns the ruling of the court below, following the decision of this court on the other appeal, affirming the sufficiency of plea 2, against the demurrers assigned, as a defense to the sixth count of the complaint. The sixth count averred that the negligence consisted, in the negligent accumulation by the defendant, of combustible material along side or near the defendant’s roadway. The former ruling, in this case, was but the application of the principle announced in Lilly v. Fletcher, 81 Ala. 234, 1 *131South. 273. A careful re-examination of the principle, as applicable to the case at bar, confirms the soundness of the ruling made, in this regard, on the former appeal.
None of our adjudications, pressed upon us by counsel for appellant, relate to the application of the principle to this character of controversy as that principle was' first set forth and applied in Lilley v. Fletcher, supra, The soundness of the principle that one, aware of annther’s wrong likely to lead to his injury, cannot remain inactive to avert such injurious consequences so known, and then claim recompense for an injury proximately flowing therefrom, cannot be reasonably questioned. It is grounded in evident duty. Besides, if it be ignored in a case presenting a, breach of it, the doctrine of proximate cause as an unvarying condition to a recovery of damages for an injury suffered 'would probably be seriously qualified. The distinction that must be taken between the principle under consideration and that announced and applied in the Marbury Case, 125 Ala. 230, 28 South. 438, 50 L. R. A. 620, is that the latter affirmed the absence of duty on a proprietor to anticipate negligence on the part of the carrier, whereas here the plea 2, to the sixth count, asserts a duty arising out of an act of negligence already committed. The soundness of the ruling in L. & N. R. R. Co. v. Miller, 109 Ala. 500, 19 South. 989, is not impugned by the holding made in this case on former appeal; for 'the reason, among others, that in Miller’s Case the defense here interposed by plea to the sixth count was not presented. Plea 2 to the sixth count was proven beyond dispute, and hence the affirmative charge on that count was due to the defend ant.
The third count of the complaint ascribed the destruction of the plaintiff’s property to the negligent communication of fire directly thereto from a locomotive by the *132defendant. There were tendencies in the proof requiring the submission of the issue to the jury, to the effect that the buildings or lumber of the plaintiff were ignited by fire from the defendant’s locomotive. If the jury credited the stated tendencies of the evidence, the burden then passed to the defendant to show, at least prima facie, that the fire so communicated was emitted without negligence in the construction, equipment, and operation of the locomotive in question.' — L. & N. R. R. Co. v. Reese, 85 Ala. 497, 5 South. 283, 7 Am. St. Rep. 66. If the evidence offered by defendant in negation of such negligence prima facie overcame the presumption that the communication of the fire as stated was the result of negligence - — a question for the court, as was ruled in Reese's Case, supra, — in that event, then, the obligation was on the plaintiff, before it could recover, to adduce some affirmative evidence tending to show negligence in construction, equipment, or operation of the locomotive. The defendant introduced several witnesses, who testified that the locomotive was properly constructed, equipped, and operated. These witnesses were shown to be expert in reference to such matters. There is nothing discoverable in their testimony, as it is presented to this court, reasonably calculated to reflect upon its credibility. There are no inconsistent statements appearing, nor responses by the witnesses that could reasonably be taken as indicia of incorrectness, inaccuracy, or falsity. The court gave the general affirmative charge for the defendant on the whole case, and in reviewing his action we presume that he indulged the conclusion that the_ defendant had, by its evidence, met and overcome prima facie the presumption arising from the fact (if found from the tendencies ■of the plaintiff’s evidence) that the fire was communicated directly to the plaintiff’s propery from the defendant’s locomotive. While the duty of the court in decid*133ing, in this character of cases, whether the defendant has met and overcome, prima facie, the presumption before stated, is a delicate one, this court is not convinced, on the record here, that the court erroneously concluded, from the evidence, that the defendant had discharged prima facie the burden passed.to,it by the presumption referred to above.
This brings us to the inquiry whether the plaintiff presented any evidence the tendency of which was .to show negligence in the construction, equipment, or operation of this locomotive, causing the ignition of plaintiff’s property. The evidence of the plaintiff on this issue, whether excluded by the court from interrogatories or not, has been particularly scrutinized and carefully considered; and after this we are unable to discover any evidence having the essential tendency to support the plaintiff’s contention on the issue. It shows, to be sure, that sparks were emitted, on the occasion, in unusual quantities; but this unusual emission is referred, by the proof, to the flow of sparks from locomotives running on time and at a slower speed than when the locomotive or train was late. In other words, the increased, unusual, flow of sparks is attributed, in the evidence, to the speed of the locomotive. Such may be the case, and yet no negligence, the sine qua non to liability, colored the release of the fire causing the properv loss. It cannot be said that alone, because an engine is running 50 miles an hour and under greater head of steam emits more sparks than one running 25 miles an hour, that the former is, hence, negligently operated, constructed, or equipped. It may be in point of fact, and yet that action of the mechanism cannot, we think, justly afford a safe reason on which to predicate a finding that negligence, in one or more of the three particulars, allowed the sparks to be so emitted from the more rapidly running locomotive. *134To be reconcilable as evidence tending to show negligence in the construction, equipment, or operation of a locomotive setting out fire, tbe emission of fire must have been unusual, as measured by a standard of operation at least substantially- circumstanced as was the locomotive emitting fire in unusual quantities.
The court, on motion or objection of defendant, struck many parts .of the answers of the plaintiff to interrogatories propounded to it by defendant under Code, 1896, § 1850 et seq.; and this seems to have been generally done upon the authority of Garrison v. Glass, 139 Ala. 512, 36 South. 725, and for the reason that, such stricken answers were not responsive to thé interrogatories propounded. This method of propounding interrogatories to adverse parties in actions at law was formulated (in 1837) before the Code of 1852. See Clay’s Dig. 341, § 160; Saltmarsh v. Bower, 22 Ala. 221, and authorities therein cited. When the codification of 1852 was adopted, several changes were made in the provisions of the system from those prevailing theretofore. Notwithstanding these changes, at least of phraseology, this court, dealing with the statute as written in the Code of 1852, drew therefrom the same meaning and gave to the system the same effect as had been previously drawn and given it when otherwise written. The instance in mind is the case of Crymes v. White & Johnson, 37 Ala. 549. The decision was delivered at the June term, 1861. It was there said: “Giving to the sections of the Code (sections 2330-2336) authorizing the examination of parties by interrogatories the • same construction which was put upon the old statute on that subject (Clay’s Dig. 341, § 160), we must hold that the court erred in suppressing that portion of the defendant’s answer above quoted. According to our former decisions, interrogatories under the statute are governed by the same rules *135that apply to hills of discovery in chancery, so- far as relates to the nature of the discovery sought and the effect •of the answers as evidence when made. In Saltmarsh v. Bower, 22 Ala. 221, this subject underwent a careful consideration; and it was there held that, as in an answer to a bill of discovery, nothing can be considered impertinent which tends to disprove the existence of the cause of action or defense set up in the bill, so in an answer to interrogatories under the statute, whether it is purely responsive, or contains affirmative irresponsive allegations in avoidance of the demand, cannot be made the subject-matter of exception. Sep also, Pritchett v. Munroe, 22 Ala. 501; Wilson v. Maria, 21 Ala. 359.” (Italics supplied.) As appears, it was expressly held, in the quoted case, that the respondent to interrogatories is not limited, in his answers thereto, to such as are responsive to the interrogatories propounded to him, but that he may incorporate in his answers any matter in avoidance of .the demand, or of or in defense; the general restriction being, as in his answers to bills of discovery, that the answers shall not embrace impertinent matter. The. statutes, as written in the Code of 1852, have been several times readopted in subsequent codifications, including that of 1907.
In Allen v. Lathrop Lumber Co., 90 Ala. 490, 8 South. 129, and Cain Lumber Co. v. Standard Dry. Kiln Co., 108 Ala. 346, 18 South. 882, the construction of these statutes taken in Grymes v. White & Johnson was not, doubted, but, on the contrary, was, in general terms* approved. This state of the law, in this regard, remained withojrt reflection. upon its correctness until the decision in Bank v. Leland, 122 Ala. 289, 294, 25 South. 195, when, for the first time, so far as we are advised, it was said in effect that answers merely irresponsive might be stricken. This holding was predi*136cated, it appears, upon the decision in Culver v. A. M. R. Co., 108 Ala. 330, 333, 18 South. 827. This latter announcement does not sustain the proposition stated above, but does hold the eliciting of “legal evidence, facts-which tend to support the claim of the plaintiff or the line of defense,” to be the object of the system. — Culver’s Case, and Cain Lumber Co. v. Standard Co., adverted to before, appear in the same volume and are the expressions of the same Justices. It must be that neither of those decisions were intended to announce inconsistent rulings. — Garrison v. Glass is grounded in authority, on Bank v. Leland.
We are of the opinion that in the particular under consideration both of these decisions are unsound, and are, hence, overruled to that extent. They result in an-abrupt and important departure from what had, for more than a quarter of a century, been the settled construction, application, and effect of these statutes. If the rule of the Leland and Garrison Cases is allowed to stand, the consequence is so opposed to common fairness, justice, and right, we entertain no doubt that the lawmaking branch of the government would repeal the statutes. The reason for this strong statement is found set down and conclusively supported in reason and authority in Saltmarsh v. Bower and Crymes v. White & Johnson. It is tha.t if the interrogatee should be confined in his answers to only those interrogatories responsive to the interrogatories propounded to him, the power would be thereby given the interrogator to extract from the interrogatee only matter favorable to his action or defense and to leave the interrogatee dumb to explain or avoid in his answers the favorable (to the interrogator) fact or circumstance so elicited. Such a result cannot be sanctioned, especially in view of the fact that answers to pertinent inter*137rogatories, not otherwise improper or exempted from the requirement to he answered, may be compelled under rigorous penalties. The serious consequence indicated is not avoided by the fact that the party interrogated may testify on the trial; and this, for the reason, among others, that the interrogatee may die, or become otherwise disqualified to testify, between the time he ,1s required to, and does answer, and the time of the trial -- All of the Justices concur in the conclusion, as a result of which Garrison v. Glass and Bank v. Leland are pronounced unsound and are overruled in the particular indicated.
The foregoing opinion, in the respects that it treats and decides questions other than that prescribed by the rulings below under the influence of Garrison v. Glass, was prepared by the writer by direction of the majority of the court, consisting of Chief Justice DOWDELL and Justices SIMPSON, ANDERSON, and DENSON, and is adopted by them as the expression of their views.
Justices MAYFIELD and SAYRE and the writer are of the opinion that plea 2 to the sixth c.ount was subject to the demurrer interposed to it, and therefore dissent from the conclusion of the court in the particular that they affirm the trial court in overruling that demurrer.
The judgment of the court below is affirmed.
Affirmed.
Dowdell, C. J., and Simpson, Anderson, Denson, McClellan and Mayfield, JJ., concur in overruling Garrison v. Glass. McClellan, Mayfield, and Sayre, JJ., dissent on plea 2.