Court Opinion

ID: 9962497
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-23 19:06:49.576029+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:21:20.847758
License: Public Domain

In Re: M. P., No. 3, September Term, 2023

COLLATERAL ORDER DOCTRINE – MOTION TO DISMISS – JURISDICTION
OF JUVENILE COURT – Supreme Court of Maryland held that juvenile court’s denial
of motion of M.P., Appellant, to dismiss for lack of juvenile court jurisdiction was
immediately appealable under collateral order doctrine.

Supreme Court further held that juvenile court does not have jurisdiction over child in
delinquency proceeding where child was 10 to 12 years old at time of alleged delinquent
act and petition for juvenile delinquency was filed against child, charging child with act
that, if committed by adult, would not be crime of violence as specified in Md. Code Ann.,
Crim. Law (2002, 2021 Repl. Vol., 2022 Supp.) § 14-101, and petition was pending
adjudication of delinquency in juvenile court as of effective date of Juvenile Justice Reform
Act (“JJRA”), as part of which General Assembly amended Md. Code Ann., Cts. & Jud.
Proc. (2006, 2020 Repl. Vol., 2022 Supp.) § 3-8A-03. Supreme Court concluded that
JJRA’s change to juvenile court jurisdiction applies to cases pending adjudication of
delinquency when law took effect, and, as such, juvenile court erred in denying M.P.’s
motion to dismiss.
            Circuit Court for Prince George’s County
            Case No. JA-22-0183

            Argued: September 8, 2023
                                                                 IN THE SUPREME COURT

                                                                       OF MARYLAND

                                                                              No. 3

                                                                 September Term, 2023
                                                       ______________________________________

                                                                     IN RE: M. P.
                                                       ______________________________________

                                                                     Fader, C.J.
                                                                     Watts
                                                                     *Hotten
                                                                     Booth
                                                                     Biran
                                                                     Gould
                                                                     Eaves,

                                                                       JJ.
                                                       ______________________________________

                                                                  Opinion by Watts, J.
                                                              Biran and Gould, JJ., dissent.
                                                       ______________________________________

                                                                     Filed: April 23, 2024
Pursuant to the Maryland Uniform Electronic Legal
Materials Act (§§ 10-1601 et seq. of the State
Government Article) this document is authentic.
                                                       *Hotten, J., participated in the hearing of the
                                                       case, in the conference in regard to its decision,
                                                       and in the adoption of the opinion as an active
                       2024.04.23                      judge. She retired from the Court and was
                                                       recalled to senior status prior to the filing of the
                       13:57:53 -04'00'                opinion.
Gregory Hilton, Clerk
       In this case, we are asked to determine whether a legislative change to the

jurisdiction of juvenile courts, removing children under the age of 13, except under limited

circumstances, from a juvenile court’s jurisdiction in delinquency proceedings, applies to

delinquency proceedings that were pending at the time of the law taking effect and

therefore requires dismissal of the proceedings. Before reaching this question, we must

assess whether the interlocutory appeal that brought the case to us is permitted.

       The law in question, Md. Code Ann., Cts. & Jud. Proc. (2006, 2020 Repl. Vol., 2022

Supp.) (“CJ”) § 3-8A-03, which the General Assembly amended as part of the Juvenile

Justice Reform Act (“the JJRA”), see 2022 Md. Laws ___ (Vol. ___, Ch. 41, S.B. 691);

2022 Md. Laws ___ (Vol. ___, Ch. 42, H.B. 459), removed from the juvenile courts’

jurisdiction juvenile delinquency proceedings against children under 13 years of age, with

the exception of those aged 10 to 12 years old charged with committing an act that would

be considered a crime of violence if committed by an adult. See CJ § 3-8A-03(a)(1), (d)(7).

The General Assembly enacted this change in juvenile delinquency law upon the

recommendation of the Maryland Juvenile Justice Reform Council (“the JJRC”), which

determined, among other things, that young children are harmed by involvement in the

juvenile delinquency system, with evidence increasingly demonstrating that young

children have limited ability to appreciate their culpability for delinquent acts or to

understand delinquency proceedings. See JJRC, Final Report at 6, 17 (Jan. 2021), available

at http://dls.maryland.gov/pubs/prod/NoPblTabMtg/CmsnJuvRefCncl/JJRC-Final-Report.

pdf [https://perma.cc/4DS9-T5PH].

       The jurisdictional change took effect on June 1, 2022, after the child in this case,
M.P., Appellant, had been charged in a delinquency petition in juvenile court with the theft

of a motor vehicle and related acts that were alleged to have occurred when he was 12 years

old.1 On June 30, 2022, before the juvenile court held an adjudicatory hearing on the

petition, M.P. filed a motion to dismiss the petition for lack of jurisdiction, contending that

the change in law divested the juvenile court of jurisdiction over him. The State, Appellee,

opposed the motion. On August 8, 2022, the juvenile court denied the motion, concluding

that it had jurisdiction over M.P. based on the delinquency petition having been filed before

June 1, 2022, the effective date of the JJRA. M.P. noted an interlocutory appeal to the

Appellate Court of Maryland and filed in the juvenile court a motion to stay proceedings

pending appeal, which was granted. Before the Appellate Court resolved the appeal, M.P.

petitioned this Court for a writ of certiorari. In an answer to the petition, the State

contended that the juvenile court’s denial of M.P.’s motion to dismiss for lack of

jurisdiction is an interlocutory ruling that is not immediately appealable, and that M.P.’s

petition should be denied.

       We granted the petition to resolve two questions: whether M.P.’s interlocutory

appeal is permitted under the collateral order doctrine, and whether the juvenile court was

correct in ruling that it maintained jurisdiction over M.P., a child charged with non-violent

acts allegedly committed when he was 12 years old, before the effective date of the JJRA.

On September 8, 2023, after oral argument in the case, we issued an order denying a motion

       1
         In the delinquency petition, M.P. was charged with theft of a motor vehicle,
unauthorized removal of property, “rogue and vagabond,” theft of property having a value
of at least $1,500 but less than $25,000, and driving without a license.

                                           -2-
by the State to dismiss M.P.’s appeal, concluding that under the common law collateral

order doctrine, an immediate appeal of the August 8, 2022 ruling of the juvenile court

denying M.P.’s motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction is permitted. In the same order,

we reversed the juvenile court’s denial of M.P.’s motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction.

See In Re: M. P., 486 Md. 92, 93-94, 301 A.3d 1254, 1254-55 (2023) (per curiam). We

now explain the basis for that order.

       In this Court, the parties disagree only as to whether an interlocutory appeal is

allowed. M.P. contends that his interlocutory appeal is permitted under the collateral order

doctrine as an exception to the general requirement that an appeal lies only from a final

judgment. The State responds that the collateral order doctrine does not apply and includes

in its brief a motion to dismiss the appeal. The parties agree, however, that, should this

Court determine that M.P.’s appeal is not permitted under the collateral order doctrine, the

Court may exercise its discretion to address the merits to provide guidance to juvenile

courts about jurisdiction in this case and others like it.

       As to the merits, the parties agree that the juvenile court erred in denying M.P.’s

motion to dismiss. The parties agree that, under this Court’s case law, as a result of the

jurisdictional change brought about by the JJRA, the juvenile court does not have

jurisdiction over M.P. because he was charged with committing non-violent acts when he

was 12 years old and the case was pending in the juvenile court at the time that the JJRA

became effective. M.P. and the State agree that applying the jurisdictional change from

the JJRA to a delinquency case that was pending, but not final, on June 1, 2022, does not

involve a determination as to whether the change applies retroactively, but rather rests on

                                            -3-
the prospective application of a change in juvenile law, making the new law applicable to

this case and others in a similar procedural posture.

       In the petition for a writ of certiorari, as the second of two questions, M.P. asked

this Court to determine whether an order denying a motion to dismiss for lack of juvenile

court jurisdiction is immediately appealable. Because challenges to jurisdiction in juvenile

matters may occur for a variety of reasons, we rephrase M.P.’s question as follows: whether

a juvenile court’s denial of a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction is immediately

appealable under the collateral order doctrine where the court determined that it maintained

jurisdiction over a child who was 12 years old at the time he allegedly committed a non-

violent delinquent act,2 because the petition for juvenile delinquency was filed before the

effective date of the JJRA. We answer the question “yes” and conclude that M.P.’s appeal

is permitted under the collateral order doctrine.

       Addressing the merits, we agree with M.P. and the State that the juvenile court erred

in denying M.P.’s motion to dismiss. We hold that a juvenile court does not have

jurisdiction over a child who was 10 to 12 years old at the time of an alleged delinquent act

and charged in a petition for juvenile delinquency with the commission of an act that, if

committed by an adult, is not a crime of violence as specified in Md. Code Ann., Crim.

Law (2002, 2021 Repl. Vol., 2022 Supp.) (“CR”) § 14-101, where the petition was pending

       2
        “Delinquent act” is defined as an act that “would be a crime if committed by an
adult.” CJ § 3-8A-01(l).

                                          -4-
adjudication of delinquency3 in the juvenile court as of the effective date of the JJRA. See

CJ § 3-8A-03(a)(1), (d)(7).

        Given that the petition charging M.P. with delinquent acts was pending adjudication

at the time that the JJRA took effect and there is no dispute about M.P.’s age at the time of

the alleged acts (he was 12 years old) or that he was charged with conduct that, if committed

by an adult, would not have constituted a crime of violence under CR § 14-101, based on

the plain language of the JJRA, its legislative history, and our case law, the juvenile court

erred in denying M.P.’s motion to dismiss. Therefore, in this and any other case in which

a juvenile delinquency petition is pending on or after June 1, 2022, in which there is no

genuine factual dispute concerning the juvenile’s age or whether the juvenile was charged

with having committed an act that would not be a crime of violence if committed by an

adult, the juvenile court no longer has jurisdiction over the juvenile and must dismiss the

case.

        3
         If the juvenile court determines at an adjudicatory hearing that a child committed
the delinquent act alleged in the petition, CJ § 3-8A-19(b)(1) requires the juvenile court to
hold a separate disposition hearing, unless the hearing is waived in writing by all of the
parties. CJ § 3-8A-01(p) defines a “disposition hearing” as “a hearing under th[e] subtitle
to determine: (1) Whether a child needs or requires guidance, treatment, or rehabilitation;
and, if so (2) The nature of the guidance, treatment, or rehabilitation.” (Paragraph breaks
omitted). CJ § 3-8A-01(m) defines a “delinquent child” as “a child who has committed a
delinquent act and requires guidance, treatment, or rehabilitation.” In In re Herbert B., 303
Md. 419, 424, 494 A.2d 680, 682 (1985), we stated that a fair reading of the relevant
statutes demonstrates “that a child can be classified as a ‘delinquent child’ only after the
court at the adjudicatory hearing finds that the child has committed a delinquent act and
the court at the disposition hearing determines that the child is in need of the court’s
assistance, guidance, treatment, or rehabilitation.” (Citation omitted). In other words, for
a child to be adjudicated a “delinquent child,” there must be both an adjudicatory hearing
and a disposition hearing.

                                          -5-
                                     BACKGROUND

       On April 9, 2022, the General Assembly enacted the JJRA, with an effective date

of June 1, 2022. See 2022 Md. Laws ___ (Vol. ___, Ch. 41, S.B. 691); 2022 Md. Laws

___ (Vol. ___, Ch. 42, H.B. 459). Among other changes, this legislation established, for

the first time, a minimum age restriction on the jurisdiction of juvenile courts with regard

to children alleged to be delinquent. See CJ § 3-8A-03(a)(1), (d)(7). Whereas, previously,

the juvenile court had “exclusive original jurisdiction over[ a] child who is alleged to be

delinquent[,]” Md. Code Ann., Cts. & Jud. Proc. (2006, 2020 Repl. Vol., 2021 Supp.) (“CJ

(2021)”) § 3-8A-03(a)(1), and there was no minimum age limitation, the JJRA restricted a

juvenile court’s jurisdiction in delinquency proceedings to children “[w]ho [are] at least 13

years old [and] alleged to be delinquent” or “at least 10 years old [and] alleged to have

committed an act[ t]hat, if committed by an adult, would constitute a crime of violence, as

defined in” CR § 14-101, or “[a]rising out of the same incident as” such an act, CJ § 3-8A-

03(a)(1), (d)(7).4 The JJRA also added CJ § 3-8A-03(f), which provides that “[a] child

under the age of 13 years may not be charged with a crime.”

       On May 5, 2022, prior to the effective date of the JJRA, the State filed a juvenile

petition in the Circuit Court for Prince George’s County, sitting as a juvenile court, alleging

that on March 12, 2022, M.P. committed motor vehicle theft and related delinquent acts.

M.P. was 12 years old on the date of the alleged acts. On June 30, 2022, prior to the

juvenile court’s adjudication of the petition, counsel for M.P. filed a motion to dismiss for

       4
        Both CJ (2021) § 3-8A-01(d) and CJ § 3-8A-01(d) provide that “child” “means an
individual under the age of 18 years.” 2005 Md. Laws 3303 (Vol. V, Ch. 580, H.B. 802).

                                           -6-
lack of jurisdiction because the JJRA had taken effect on June 1, 2022. The State opposed

the motion. On August 8, 2022, the juvenile court held a hearing on the motion and denied

it, ruling that the JJRA did not deprive the court of jurisdiction that had been established

over M.P. at the time of the filing of the delinquency petition. The court stated that “the

clear language of the statute[] does not appear to apply retroactively to any claims that

arose prior to June 1st, 2022.”

       On August 12, 2022, M.P. noted an appeal to the Appellate Court of Maryland. The

same day, M.P. filed in the juvenile court a motion to stay proceedings pending the appeal,

which the court granted on August 15, 2022.

                                Petition for a Writ of Certiorari

       On November 23, 2022, before the State filed a brief in the Appellate Court, M.P.

filed in this Court a petition for a writ of certiorari, raising two issues: whether the juvenile

court retained jurisdiction over M.P. after the effective date of the JJRA, and whether a

juvenile court’s denial of a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction is immediately

appealable.5 In an answer to M.P.’s petition, although contending that the denial of the

motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction was not immediately appealable, the State advised

       5
           In the petition for a writ of certiorari, M.P. raised the following two questions:

       1. As an issue of first impression, does the newly enacted statute which
       establishes a minimum age of jurisdiction for the juvenile court apply to
       cases pending at the time of the statute’s enactment?

       2. As an issue of first impression, is an order denying a motion to dismiss for
       lack of juvenile court jurisdiction immediately appealable under the
       collateral order doctrine?

                                             -7-
that, if this Court disagreed or concluded that the appealability issue merited review, the

State did not oppose the granting of the petition to consider M.P.’s question concerning the

applicability of the JJRA. The State filed a motion to stay proceedings in the Appellate

Court as this Court was considering M.P.’s petition for a writ of certiorari, and the

Appellate Court granted the motion. On March 24, 2023, we granted M.P.’s petition. See

In Re: M. P., 483 Md. 269, 291 A.3d 779 (2023).

                                      DISCUSSION6

                                     I. Appealability

                               A. The Parties’ Contentions

       In its brief, the State brings a motion to dismiss the appeal, contending that the

juvenile court’s denial of M.P.’s motion to dismiss is not immediately appealable under

the collateral order doctrine. According to the State, M.P.’s appeal is not permitted under

the collateral order doctrine because it fails to meet the requirement that the denial of the

motion to dismiss “would be effectively unreviewable if the appeal had to await the entry

of a final judgment.”

       The State likens M.P.’s contention that the denial of his motion to dismiss is

immediately appealable to that of the appellant in In re Franklin P., 366 Md. 306, 313-14,

783 A.2d 673, 677-78 (2001), a case in which a juvenile court issued an order purporting

to rescind its waiver of jurisdiction to the criminal court and the juvenile defendant

unsuccessfully sought, under the collateral order doctrine, an immediate appeal of the

       6
       We will address in reverse order the two questions presented in the petition, one of
which we have rephrased.

                                          -8-
criminal court’s denial of a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction. The State contends

that, as in Franklin P., id. at 327-28, 783 A.2d at 686, M.P.’s argument concerning a lack

of jurisdiction would be fully reviewable on appeal after final judgment. The State argues

that such an outcome aligns with this Court’s case law holding that an unsuccessful

challenge to subject matter jurisdiction is not immediately appealable and that an opposite

conclusion would be contrary to the goal of the final judgment rule to avoid piecemeal

appeals that reduce the efficiency of courts.

       The State also asserts that there is no basis for M.P.’s contention that he has the right

to an immediate appeal under the collateral order doctrine because he has a right to not be

subject to delinquency proceedings in the same way that a criminal defendant has a right

to not be tried twice for the same offense under the Fifth Amendment prohibition against

double jeopardy. The State maintains that this Court has already rejected comparisons

between the denial of a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction based on a violation of

the double jeopardy right, which is immediately appealable, and other claims that the denial

of a motion to dismiss is immediately appealable under the collateral order doctrine.

Finally, although the State contends that the appeal should be dismissed, the State advises

that “this case presents one of the rare times this Court’s guidance on the merits may be

warranted” because “the merits issue is an uncontested matter of statutory interpretation

and [] there is a need for guidance in the lower courts[.]”

       M.P. responds that the juvenile court’s denial of his motion to dismiss for lack of

jurisdiction is immediately appealable under the collateral order doctrine because the denial

of the motion to dismiss meets all four elements that this Court has established as necessary

                                           -9-
for the collateral order doctrine to apply, as the denial “(1) conclusively determines the

disputed question, (2) resolves an important issue, (3) resolves an issue that is completely

separate from the merits of the action, and (4) would be effectively unreviewable if the

appeal had to await the entry of a final judgment.” (Quoting Stephens v. State, 420 Md.

495, 502, 24 A.3d 105, 109 (2011) (cleaned up)). M.P. argues that the second and fourth

elements—the importance of the issue and reviewability after final judgment—are satisfied

because the General Assembly concluded that preventing harm to children under age 13

from exposure to the juvenile delinquency system was so important that it merited

generally excluding children under the age of 13 from the jurisdiction of the juvenile court.

M.P. asserts that requiring him to proceed to a final judgment before an appeal would cause

him to incur the exact harm (involvement in juvenile court) that the General Assembly

sought to prevent with the enactment of the JJRA and deprive him of the right to not be

involved in delinquency proceedings.

       M.P. analogizes the circuit court’s denial of his motion to dismiss for lack of

jurisdiction “to the denial of a motion to dismiss pursuant to the double jeopardy clause”

by a criminal defendant, which is immediately appealable under the collateral order

doctrine. Quoting Richardson v. United States, 468 U.S. 317, 320 (1984), M.P. maintains

that, like a defendant’s appeal of the denial of motion to dismiss based on a claim of double

jeopardy, his appeal “contest[s] the very power of the Government to bring a person to

trial, and that right would be significantly impaired if review were deferred until after trial.”

(Alteration in original). Finally, like the State, M.P. advises that, if this Court concludes

that the denial of the motion to dismiss is not immediately appealable, we should

                                           - 10 -
nonetheless address the merits.

                                  B. Statutory Construction

       “Our goal in statutory construction is to determine legislative intent[,]” starting

“with the plain meaning of the statutory language in question.” State v. Krikstan, 483 Md.

43, 65, 290 A.3d 974, 987 (2023) (citations omitted). We begin with the normal meaning

of the text “because we presume that the General Assembly meant what it said and said

what it meant.” Id. at 65, 290 A.3d at 987 (cleaned up). “If the words of the statute,

construed according to their common and everyday meaning, are clear and unambiguous

and express a plain meaning, we will give effect to the statute as it is written.” Id. at 65,

290 A.3d at 987 (cleaned up). This typically ends our analysis without resort to other rules

of construction or sources outside of the statute itself, although the plain language of a

statute “must be viewed within the context of the statutory scheme to which it belongs,

considering the purpose, aim, or policy of the Legislature in enacting the statute.”

Comptroller of Md. v. FC-GEN Operations Invs. LLC, 482 Md. 343, 379-80, 287 A.3d

271, 292-93 (2022) (citation omitted).

                     C. Relevant Case Law: Interlocutory Appeals

       Generally, a party has a right to appeal only “from a final judgment entered in a civil

or criminal case by a circuit court.” CJ § 12-301. “The primary rationale is to prevent

piecemeal appeals and to prevent the interruption of ongoing judicial proceedings[,]” in

order “to promote judicial efficiency and economy.” Sigma Reprod. Health Ctr. v. State,

297 Md. 660, 665, 467 A.2d 483, 485 (1983) (citations omitted). Exceptions to this general

rule exist, however, including “appeals from interlocutory rulings allowed under the

                                          - 11 -
common law collateral order doctrine.” In re O.P., 470 Md. 225, 250, 235 A.3d 40, 55

(2020) (citing Salvagno v. Frew, 388 Md. 605, 615, 881 A.2d 660, 666 (2005)). We have

described the collateral order doctrine as “very limited,” and applying to “only a narrow

class of orders that are offshoots of the principal litigation in which they are issued[.]”

Stephens, 420 Md. at 502, 24 A.3d at 109 (cleaned up).

       Under the collateral order doctrine, an order is immediately appealable if it “(1)

conclusively determines the disputed question, (2) resolves an important issue, (3) resolves

an issue that is completely separate from the merits of the action, and (4) would be

effectively unreviewable if the appeal had to await the entry of a final judgment.” Id. at

502, 24 A.3d at 109 (cleaned up). To qualify for immediate appealability under the

collateral order doctrine, an order must meet all four elements. See id. at 502-03, 24 A.3d

at 109. We apply these elements “very strictly” in keeping with the narrow nature of the

exception, which should apply “only in extraordinary circumstances.” Id. at 503, 24 A.3d

at 109 (cleaned up).

       It is well settled that an immediate appeal of the denial of a motion to dismiss on

the ground that the prosecution violates a defendant’s double jeopardy rights is permitted

under the collateral order doctrine. See id. at 505 n.4, 24 A.3d at 111 n.4. In Stephens, id.

at 505, 24 A.3d at 111, we explained that the right to an immediate appeal from the denial

of a motion to dismiss that alleged a double jeopardy violation is based on “the serious risk

of irreparable loss of the claimed right if appellate review is deferred until after final

judgment.” (Cleaned up). We observed that the Supreme Court of the United States had

explained

                                         - 12 -
       that a ruling denying a claimed violation of the Double Jeopardy Clause
       comes within the collateral order doctrine because the ruling constitutes a
       final rejection of the claim, the issue is entirely collateral to and separable
       from the issue of guilt or innocence, and most significantly, delay in appellate
       review until after a final judgment would undermine the very right accorded
       by the double jeopardy prohibition, that is, the “guarantee against being twice
       put to trial for the same offense.”

Id. at 505 n.4, 24 A.3d at 111 n.4 (quoting Abney v. United States, 431 U.S. 651, 661

(1977)) (emphasis in original).

       In Stephens, we concluded that such was not the case, though, with the right

afforded by the statute at issue, which forbade the imposition of the death penalty without

the State having first presented to the jury or court biological or DNA evidence linking a

defendant to a murder; we determined that right, “akin to the right to a speedy trial, must

await appellate review following final judgment.” Id. at 498, 506, 24 A.3d at 106-07, 111.

We stated that “[o]nly in the rarest of circumstances do we indulge a contention that an

asserted right includes the right to avoid trial altogether, such that it would be effectively

unreviewable on appeal from final judgment.” Id. at 507, 24 A.3d at 112.

       Similarly, in Bunting v. State, 312 Md. 472, 474-75, 482, 540 A.2d 805, 806, 809

(1988), where the defendant in a criminal case contended that dismissal was warranted due

to a violation of the interstate detainer statute, we concluded that the collateral order

doctrine did not permit an immediate appeal of the denial of the defendant’s motion to

dismiss. The defendant likened his situation to that of a defendant seeking dismissal of

charges as violative of the right against double jeopardy and contended that he had a right

to not stand trial, making the collateral order doctrine applicable. See id. at 477-78, 540

A.2d at 807. We disagreed because the interstate detainer statute did not create a right to

                                          - 13 -
be free of trial, but instead guarded against certain transfer procedures before trial. See id.

at 478-79, 540 A.2d at 807-08.

       In Bunting, id. at 479-80, 540 A.2d at 808, we described a general problem that

could have arisen from a holding to the contrary by observing “that numerous ‘rights’ can

readily be characterized as entitling a party to avoid trial under some circumstances.” We

identified the denial of a motion for summary judgment or a motion to dismiss based on a

statute of limitations as situations that could potentially be described as a right to avoid

trial absent some prerequisite, and that permitting the collateral order doctrine to apply in

those instances would permit the doctrine to “largely erode the final judgment rule.” Id. at

480, 540 A.2d at 808. We explained that it was “important that we narrowly construe the

notion of an entitlement not to be sued or prosecuted.” Id. at 480, 540 A.2d at 808. We

stated: “In sum, the idea that an issue is not effectively reviewable after the termination of

the trial because it involves a ‘right’ to avoid the trial itself, should be limited to double

jeopardy claims and a very few other extraordinary situations.” Id. at 481-82, 540 A.2d at

809. Otherwise, “there would be a proliferation of appeals under the collateral order

doctrine[,]” which “would be flatly inconsistent with the long-established and sound public

policy against piecemeal appeals.” Id. at 482, 540 A.2d at 809 (footnote omitted).

       In Parrott v. State, 301 Md. 411, 413, 425, 483 A.2d 68, 69, 75 (1984), another case

involving a capital murder prosecution, we concluded that the grant or denial of a motion

to remove a case to another jurisdiction under Md. Const., Art. IV, § 8 was not within “the

narrow class of cases excepted from the final judgment requirement” under the collateral

order doctrine. We stated:

                                          - 14 -
       Fundamentally, Parrott’s point that his prosecution should not have been
       removed from Prince George’s County (or, if removed, should have been
       sent to a county of like demographics) will not be lost if there is a final
       judgment against Parrott and the point is made on appeal from that judgment.
       . . . Any right which Parrott asserts in opposition to the State’s suggestion of
       removal necessarily deals with the place of trial. But Parrott asserts no right
       which could prevent the trial itself.

Id. at 425-26, 483 A.2d at 75. We explained that, under the collateral order doctrine, a

defendant may appeal immediately following the denial of a motion to dismiss on the

ground of double jeopardy because implicit in the prohibition against double jeopardy is a

right to be free from a second trial, and “[t]hat aspect of the right can never be restored by

reversing a conviction after the second trial on the grounds that the second trial violated

double jeopardy principles.” Id. at 425, 483 A.2d at 75.

       In Franklin P., 366 Md. at 313-14, 783 A.2d at 677-78, we determined that the

collateral order doctrine did not allow an immediate appeal from a criminal court’s denial

of a juvenile defendant’s motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction. The juvenile defendant

faced adult criminal charges as a result of the juvenile court having granted the State’s

motion for waiver of jurisdiction. See id. at 311-12, 783 A.2d at 676-77. Later, when the

juvenile court granted a request for reconsideration and purported to rescind its decision to

waive jurisdiction, the defendant brought a motion to dismiss the charges in criminal court

for lack of jurisdiction, which the circuit court (i.e., the criminal court) denied. See id. at

312-13, 783 A.2d at 677. We determined that the denial of the motion to dismiss did not

qualify for immediate appeal under the collateral order doctrine because the denial of the

motion would be fully reviewable on appeal after final judgment. See id. at 327-28, 783

A.2d at 686.

                                          - 15 -
       In discussing the rationale for not permitting interlocutory appeals of orders waiving

juvenile court jurisdiction, we explained that the General Assembly had made clear that

“[a]ppeals of waiver decisions are interlocutory[,] intended to be resolved after the

conclusion of the proceedings in the criminal court trial[,]” and “not intended to be made

before a final decision in the criminal courts[.]” Id. at 325, 783 A.2d at 684.7 We stated

that the criminal court’s denial of the motion to dismiss was “completely reviewable on

appeal[,]” as the General Assembly had provided. Id. at 328, 783 A.2d at 686. We noted

that, “were we to hold that waiver orders are immediately appealable under the collateral

order doctrine (or otherwise) numerous (perhaps [in]numerable) criminal proceedings

would be stayed, while juvenile waivers are first litigated at the appellate level.” Id. at 328,

783 A.2d at 686 (footnote omitted). In addition, we pointed out that once the juvenile court

waived its jurisdiction, the court no longer had the authority, i.e., the jurisdiction, to address

the defendant’s motion for reconsideration and rescind the order waiving jurisdiction. See

id. at 335, 783 A.2d at 690. Despite ordering the appeal to be dismissed, though, we

addressed the merits of the case “for guidance purposes, and because of the importance of

the questions and the probability that, since the question has now arisen, it might arise with

some frequency in the future[.]” Id. at 314, 783 A.2d at 678.

       Recently, in O.P., 470 Md. at 232-33, 235 A.3d at 44-45, we determined that the

collateral order doctrine allowed the immediate appeal of an order denying continued

       7
        We pointed out that the relevant statute did not provide a right to an immediate
appeal because the General Assembly had amended it to identify a waiver of jurisdiction
as interlocutory rather than immediately appealable, as a previous version of the statute
had stated. See Franklin P., 366 Md. at 323, 325, 783 A.2d at 683-84.

                                            - 16 -
emergency shelter care in a child in need of assistance (“CINA”) proceeding. Because

“shelter care is by definition temporary during the pendency of a CINA proceeding and

intended to deal with a serious risk to the child’s safety and welfare during that period[,]”

we concluded that an order “denying continued shelter care would be effectively

unreviewable if an appeal had to await a final judgment in [a] CINA case.” Id. at 251-52,

235 A.3d at 56. We agreed with the Appellate Court of Maryland that the closest question

concerning the elements of the collateral order doctrine was whether the denial of

emergency shelter care was separate from the merits of the action, and concluded that it

was separate because the placement issue was “neither a necessary step in a CINA

proceeding nor [] part of the CINA determination.” Id. at 252, 235 A.3d at 56 (citation

omitted).

                             D. M.P.’s Interlocutory Appeal

       In this case, after careful review of the authorities above, we conclude that the

juvenile court’s denial of M.P.’s motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction falls within the

“narrow class of cases excepted from the final judgment requirement” and presents one of

the rare circumstances in which an immediate appeal of an interlocutory order is permitted

by the collateral order doctrine. Parrott, 301 Md. at 425, 483 A.2d at 75. The first two

elements of the collateral order doctrine are clearly met: the denial of the motion to dismiss

fully resolved the jurisdictional question and the question at issue is one of great

importance, as it concerns whether the juvenile court has properly exercised jurisdiction

over M.P., when, under the JJRA, the juvenile court would not have jurisdiction over M.P.,

given his age and the acts that he is alleged to have committed. The issue is also of great

                                          - 17 -
importance because it concerns the jurisdiction of the juvenile court over other children

who are similar to M.P., i.e., charged in a delinquency petition when under the age of 13

at the time of the alleged act, where the act would not constitute a crime of violence, and

delinquency proceedings were pending at the time the JJRA became effective. The third

element is met, as the ruling on M.P.’s motion to dismiss was collateral to, and separate

from, the merits of the delinquency case against him. Unlike rulings on the waiver of

juvenile court jurisdiction, which depend in part on an assessment of the nature of the

offense, the juvenile court’s resolution of M.P.’s motion to dismiss did not require any

consideration of underlying facts that would bear on whether M.P. committed the acts in

question.

       The fourth element—whether the issue would be effectively unreviewable if the

appeal had to await entry of a final judgment—is where the controversy exists. Because

M.P. phrased the question broadly to be whether a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction

in juvenile court is immediately appealable, we have narrowed the question to focus on

whether a juvenile court’s denial of a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction is

immediately appealable where the juvenile court determined that it maintained jurisdiction

over a 12-year-old, after the effective date of the JJRA, in a pending case that did not

involve an act that, if committed by an adult, would constitute a crime of violence. We

conclude that the denial of the motion to dismiss in question is effectively not reviewable

after final judgment and embodies a decision affecting the well-being of a juvenile that is

unlike other determinations with respect to jurisdiction that we have held not to be

immediately appealable.

                                         - 18 -
       To reject M.P.’s argument that a juvenile’s court’s lack of jurisdiction under CJ §

3-8A-03 over a child under the age of 13 implies a right for the child to not be subject to

delinquency proceedings would be to ignore the plain language and legislative history of

the JJRA, as well as our case law. CJ § 3-8A-03(a)(1) provides that, in addition to the

jurisdiction of a juvenile court concerning CINA cases, the juvenile court has exclusive

original jurisdiction over a child:

       (i) Who is at least 13 years old alleged to be delinquent; or

       (ii) Except as provided in subsection (d) of this section, who is at least 10
       years old alleged to have committed an act:

              1. That, if committed by an adult, would constitute a crime of
       violence, as defined in § 14-101 of the Criminal Law Article; or

                 2. Arising out of the same incident as an act listed in item 1 of this
       item[.]

CJ § 3-8A-03(d)(7) provides that the juvenile court “does not have jurisdiction over[,]”

“[e]xcept as provided in subsection (a)(1)(ii) of this section, a delinquency proceeding

against a child who is under the age of 13 years.”

       In amending CJ § 3-8A-03, the General Assembly, based on extensive study,

purposefully “limit[ed] the circumstances under which a child younger than age 13 is

subject to the jurisdiction of the juvenile court[.]” S.B. 691 (2022), Revised Fiscal and

Policy Note at 1 (Mar. 24, 2022), available at https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2022RS/fnotes/

bil_0001/sb0691.pdf [https://perma.cc/6LJA-BQRX]. The Revised Fiscal and Policy Note

demonstrates that Senate Bill 691 (2022) generally implemented recommendations of the

JJRC, which was created pursuant to Chapters 252 and 253 of the session laws of 2019 to

                                           - 19 -
study the handling of children in the juvenile and criminal justice systems and which issued

its final report in January 2021 and a supplemental report in October 2021. See id. at 9. In

its final report, the JJRC explained that, with the assistance of the Vera Institute of Justice,

it had researched “best practices regarding the treatment of juveniles who are subject to the

criminal and juvenile justice systems and identif[ied] recommendations to limit or

otherwise mitigate risk factors that contribute to juvenile contact with the criminal and

juvenile justice systems.” JJRC, Final Report at 6.

       In a section of the final report concerning policy, the JJRC stated that “[a] growing

body of evidence has found that pre-teens have diminished neurocognitive capacity to be

held culpable for their actions” and that they similarly “have little ability to understand

delinquency charges against them, their rights and role in an adversarial system, and the

role of adults in th[e] system.” Id. at 17 (footnote omitted). The JJRC reported that,

“[r]ecognizing this developmental science, as well as recognizing the damage inflicted by

putting relatively young children into the juvenile justice system, several states have

recently moved to create a minimum age of juvenile court jurisdiction.” Id.8 As such, the

       8
         In its final report, the JJRC included a link to a report dated September 3, 2020,
which indicated that several States had created a minimum age for juvenile court
jurisdiction. See JJRC, National Practice for Raising the Age of Juvenile Court Jurisdiction
(Sept. 3, 2020), available at http://dls.maryland.gov/pubs/prod/NoPblTabMtg/
CmsnJuvRefCncl/NATIONAL_CONTEXT_Under13_Presentation_VeraFormat.pdf
[https://perma.cc/49JC-YHR5]. In that report, the reasons for creating a minimum age
included the “[h]armful effects of [the] juvenile justice experience: To children with many
adverse childhood experiences, [the] experience of the juvenile system is damaging, [and]
leads to poor outcomes.” Id. at 4. Another reason was “[l]egal competence: Children have
diminished ability to understand the charges against them, their rights, their role in an
adversarial system, and the role of adults in this system.” Id.

                                           - 20 -
JJRC recommended that the juvenile court should not have jurisdiction over children under

the age of 10, that the juvenile court should have jurisdiction over a child of 10 to 12 years

old only when the child is alleged to have committed specific identified acts, such as

murder or rape, and that “[t]he juvenile court should have jurisdiction over a child at least

13 years old alleged to have committed a delinquent act.” JJRC, Final Report at 19.

       In the Racial Equity Impact Note for Senate Bill 691 (2022), the Conclusion section

stated, among other things:

       By establishing a minimum age of juvenile court jurisdiction for which a
       juvenile may be subjected to formal prosecution and court processes, the bill
       will significantly impact youths under the age of 13. There has been
       considerable discussion in the juvenile justice policy arena that preteens have
       diminished neurocognitive capacity to be held culpable for their actions and
       also lack the ability to understand legal charges against them. Specifically,
       Black juveniles under age 13 will benefit to the greatest extent under the bill
       given that they are disproportionately and disparately impacted by
       [Department of Juvenile Services] intakes, dispositions, and placements.
       While there was not sufficient data available to reliably estimate the impact
       of other changes made by the bill, the provisions regarding the expanded use
       of informal adjustments, limitations on probation, detention, and out-of-
       home placements, as well as the creation of a permanent commission to
       conduct evidence-based[] research regarding juvenile rehabilitation, will
       likely result in positive equity impacts in general.

S.B. 691 (2022), Racial Equity Impact Note at 7-8 (Mar. 28, 2022), available at https://

mgaleg.maryland.gov/Pubs/BudgetFiscal/2022RS-SB0691-REIN.pdf               [https://perma.cc/

73B6-YXYL].

       Generally, under our case law, the nature of a challenge to a court’s denial of a

motion to dismiss counsels against allowing a ruling on such a motion to be immediately

appealable where the challenge depends on a condition precedent to dismissal being

appropriate or where the question is which of one or more courts has jurisdiction. See

                                          - 21 -
Stephens, 420 Md. at 498, 506, 24 A.3d at 106-07, 111; Bunting, 312 Md. at 477-82, 540

A.2d at 807-09; Franklin P., 366 Md. at 328, 783 A.2d at 686.9 What makes the outcome

different here is that the General Assembly, after extensive study, has enacted legislation,

unprecedented in this State, unequivocally removing children who were under the age of

the 13 at the time they allegedly committed a delinquent act from the jurisdiction of the

juvenile court, except where the child is between the ages of 10 and 12 and alleged to have

committed an act that, if committed by an adult, would constitute a crime of violence. See

CJ § 3-8A-03(a)(1), (d)(7). The General Assembly’s legislative removal of children under

the age of 13 from jurisdiction of the juvenile court constitutes for those children a right to

not be subject to delinquency proceedings, i.e., trial. That right is akin to the right against

double jeopardy, which is expressed in the United States Constitution, and for which an

immediate appeal of the denial of a motion to dismiss based on that ground has consistently

been permitted. See Stephens, 420 Md. at 505 n.4, 24 A.3d at 111 n.4.10

       9
         See also Gruber v. Gruber, 369 Md. 540, 541-42, 547, 801 A.2d 1013, 1013-14,
1017 (2002) (holding in a custody case that a party could not appeal from a trial court’s
ruling that it had jurisdiction because Maryland was the child’s home State and the most
convenient forum to determine custody, as we had previously held that “a trial court’s order
denying a challenge to its jurisdiction is a nonappealable interlocutory order” where the
“trial court’s decision to deny a challenge to its jurisdiction does not settle or conclude the
rights of any party or deny the party the means of proceeding further” (citation omitted)).
        10
           In a recent decision, the Supreme Court of the United States held the prohibition
against double jeopardy does not preclude a defendant from being tried by separate
sovereigns (i.e., the federal government and a State government) for the same conduct. See
Gamble v. United States, 587 U.S. 678, 682-84 (2019). In Gamble, id. at 683, the Supreme
Court observed that the Fifth Amendment prohibition against double jeopardy protects a
defendant from being put in jeopardy twice for the same offense, but not for the same
conduct. As a result, the Supreme Court concluded that the prohibition against double
jeopardy does not protect a defendant against trial for the same conduct by separate

                                          - 22 -
       Implicit in the General Assembly’s enactment of the JJRA is the premise that

children under the age of 13, who are not charged with having committed a violent offense,

have a right to be free of involvement in the juvenile system. The State cites Md. State Bd.

of Educ. v. Bradford, 387 Md. 353, 384, 875 A.2d 703, 721 (2005), and contends that the

outcome here should be consistent with this Court’s general view that “a mere allegation

that an interlocutory order exceeded the subject matter jurisdiction of the court is not an

exception to the final judgment rule and that a trial court’s order denying a challenge to its

jurisdiction is a nonappealable interlocutory order.” (Cleaned up).11 In the unprecedented

circumstances here, we are not persuaded. The juvenile court denied M.P.’s motion to

dismiss for lack of jurisdiction, reasoning that it retained jurisdiction over him

notwithstanding the enactment of the JJRA. However, if the juvenile court no longer has

jurisdiction over M.P. because he was 12 at the time of the alleged offenses and not charged

with an act that, if committed by an adult, would constitute a crime of violence, M.P. will

not be subject to trial, i.e., an adjudication of delinquency, in juvenile court or anywhere

else. As such, this case presents one of the extraordinary situations in which the concept

that a matter is not effectively reviewable after the conclusion of trial applies because a

sovereigns because “where there are two sovereigns, there are two laws, and two offences.”
Id. (cleaned up). This makes even more compelling the conclusion that, under the JJRA,
where a juvenile who is under the age of 13 would not be subject to juvenile delinquency
proceedings or any proceedings at all, an immediate appeal of the denial of a motion to
dismiss a delinquency petition based on a lack of jurisdiction should be permitted under
the collateral order doctrine.
        11
           In Bradford, 387 Md. at 384-85, 875 A.2d at 721-22, we indicated that an order
concerning subject matter jurisdiction could potentially be immediately appealable as a
final judgment under certain circumstances, but, if not, “it can certainly be reviewed in an
appeal from the final judgment.”

                                          - 23 -
right to avoid trial, i.e., a delinquency proceeding, altogether is at stake. It would be

contrary to the General Assembly’s purpose in enacting the JJRA for this Court to conclude

that M.P. and similarly situated children whose cases were pending adjudication of

delinquency when the JJRA became effective must undergo adjudication and disposition

in the juvenile justice system before an appeal is permitted.

       In this case, there are no factual disputes about M.P.’s age at the time of the alleged

delinquent acts (he was 12 years old) or whether he has or has not been alleged to have

committed an act that, if committed by an adult, would constitute a crime of violence (he

has not). Nor is there any dispute concerning a condition precedent to the applicability of

the JJRA to M.P. Given that legislative removal of the juvenile courts’ jurisdiction over

youth under a designated age is unlikely to reoccur, this provides an important limiting

factor that gives assurance that applying the collateral order doctrine exception in this

instance will not swallow the general rule that an appeal must await final judgment.

Further, the particular emphasis placed by the General Assembly on the harm to young

children from involvement in delinquency proceedings and the juvenile justice system,

from which the General Assembly has sought to protect them, is the sort of “value of a

high order” or “substantial public interest”—beyond the “mere avoidance of a trial”—that

the Supreme Court has described as necessary to justify application of the collateral order

doctrine. Will v. Hallock, 546 U.S. 345, 352-53 (2006) (citation omitted).12 These

       12
         In Will, 546 U.S. at 347, 355, the Supreme Court held that the collateral order
doctrine did not apply to a trial court’s refusal to apply the judgment bar of the Federal Tort
Claims Act, and, thus, the trial court’s ruling was not immediately appealable. The

                                          - 24 -
dynamics provide a strong rationale for applying the collateral order doctrine to the facts

of this case.

       The circumstances in Franklin P. provide little insight into the resolution of the issue

here.13 To be sure, the State is correct that, in Franklin P., 366 Md. at 314, 783 A.2d at

678, we resolved against the juvenile defendant a question involving the immediate

appealability of the denial of a motion to dismiss that contested a court’s jurisdiction. We

held that the denial of the juvenile’s motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction was not

immediately appealable under the collateral order doctrine because it did not satisfy the

last element of the doctrine—i.e., it was not effectively unreviewable on appeal from a

final judgment. See id. at 328, 783 A.2d at 686.

Supreme Court explained that the statutory judgment bar, although “arguably broader than
traditional res judicata, [] functions in” a similar way, and “[t]he concern behind both rules
is . . . of avoiding duplicative litigation, multiple suits on identical entitlements or
obligations between the same parties.” Id. at 354 (cleaned up). The Supreme Court stated
that the “rule of respecting a prior judgment by giving a defense against relitigation has not
been thought to protect values so great that only immediate appeal can effectively vindicate
them.” Id. at 355. Thus, the Supreme Court concluded that the statutory judgment bar
“has no claim to greater importance than the typical defense of claim preclusion” and an
order rejecting such a defense “cries for no immediate appeal of right as a collateral order.”
Id.
        13
           Likewise, the fact that M.P.’s case is not on all fours with O.P., 470 Md. 225, 235
A.3d 40, and Jolley v. State, 282 Md. 353, 384 A.2d 91 (1978), is of no real consequence.
The application of the collateral order doctrine is assessed on a case-by-case basis. In other
words, that this is not a case in which M.P. has been placed outside of the home during the
pendency of proceedings, which would make it subject to O.P., 470 Md. at 232-33, 235
A.3d at 44-45, is not dispositive. Similarly, that this case is different from Jolley, 282 Md.
at 358, 384 A.2d at 95, in which we held that an order finding a defendant incompetent to
stand trial was immediately appealable, as such a ruling would normally result in indefinite
commitment to a mental health facility, does not preclude application of the collateral order
doctrine. O.P. and Jolley serve as nonexclusive examples of the applicability of the
doctrine.

                                          - 25 -
       In Franklin P., id. at 314, 783 A.2d at 678-80, however, the juvenile defendant’s

motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction involved a waiver of the juvenile court’s

jurisdiction and an amended statute that expressly identified a waiver of jurisdiction as not

immediately appealable. In holding that the denial of the juvenile defendant’s motion to

dismiss was not immediately appealable, we observed that the analysis required for a

waiver of juvenile court jurisdiction includes consideration of five factors,14 one of which

is the nature of the alleged offense. See Franklin P., 366 Md. at 316 n.8, 328, 783 A.2d at

679 n.8, 686. We explained that orders concerning the waiver of juvenile court jurisdiction

are not immediately appealable because the analysis could potentially involve factual

circumstances related to the nature of the offense that are not completely separate from the

merits of the case. See id. at 328, 783 A.2d at 686.15 We pointed out that were we to hold

that juvenile waiver decisions are immediately appealable, the holding would affect a vast

number of cases and, in the end, cause delay in juvenile proceedings. See Franklin P., 366

Md. at 328 & n.17, 783 A.2d at 686 & n.17.

       14
           Currently, CJ § 3-8A-06(e) sets forth the factors the juvenile court must consider
for waiver of its jurisdiction as follows: “(1) Age of the child; (2) Mental and physical
condition of the child; (3) The child’s amenability to treatment in any institution, facility,
or program available to delinquents; (4) The nature of the offense and the child’s alleged
participation in it; and (5) The public safety.” (Paragraph breaks omitted).
        15
           An additional point that counseled against permitting an interlocutory appeal in
Franklin P. is that the General Assembly had once provided that an order pertaining to a
waiver of jurisdiction was immediately appealable, but subsequently amended the relevant
statute to eliminate immediate appeals. See Franklin P., 366 Md. at 321, 783 A.2d at 682
(discussing the legislative history of the statute that formerly permitted immediate appeal
from a waiver of juvenile court jurisdiction). In addition, we observed that, once the
juvenile court waived its jurisdiction, the court no longer had authority to take any action
with respect to the case, including rescinding its waiver decision. See id. at 331-32, 334-
35, 783 A.2d at 688, 689-90.

                                          - 26 -
       The appeal in Franklin P. involved an issue that will continue to present itself in the

foreseeable future in juvenile delinquency cases, as long as juvenile courts are permitted

to waive jurisdiction. In contrast, the question before us is uniquely limited to application

of the recent amendments to CJ § 3-8A-03. In Franklin P., 366 Md. at 335 n.25, 783 A.2d

at 690 n.25, we expressly left open resolution of the type of question we face here: we

observed that the collateral order doctrine “might apply” in instances in which “no

discretion at all is involved and where a court lacks the power to legally try the case in the

first instance and the child has the right not to be tried under any circumstances in the

criminal court” due to the age of the child in question being outside the parameters for

waiver of jurisdiction. (Emphasis omitted). In this case, we agree with M.P. that the

collateral order doctrine applies and the denial of his motion to dismiss is immediately

appealable.

       Even though we agree with M.P. that the collateral order doctrine applies, as in

Franklin P., id. at 335 n.25, 783 A.2d at 690 n.25, we caution that our holding is limited.

Our holding in this case should not be read to extend the collateral order doctrine to

instances of the denial of a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction under CJ § 3-8A-

03(a)(1) and (d)(7) that involve factual disputes about the age of a juvenile, or disputes

concerning the nature of the offense charged, such as disagreements about whether alleged

conduct would constitute a crime of violence under CR § 14-101 if committed by an adult.

Our holding is limited to M.P.’s challenge to the jurisdiction of juvenile courts over

delinquency proceedings involving children under the age of 13 for non-violent offenses

that were pending on the effective date of the JJRA. Our determination that M.P.’s

                                          - 27 -
interlocutory appeal is permitted does not foreclose the possibility that, under different

circumstances, a jurisdictional challenge under CJ § 3-8A-03 might not result in the

allowance of an immediate appeal under the collateral order doctrine.

II. Applicability of CJ § 3-8A-03 to Juvenile Proceedings Pending as of June 1, 2022

                               A. The Parties’ Contentions

       M.P. contends that, because his case was pending when the JJRA became effective

on June 1, 2022, its new jurisdictional limitations divested the juvenile court of jurisdiction

over him. M.P. asserts that this is because neither the plain language of the JJRA nor its

legislative history expressly indicates that the General Assembly did not intend it to apply

to cases pending at the time of its enactment. M.P. relies on Waker v. State, 431 Md. 1,

11, 63 A.3d 575, 580-81 (2013), for the proposition that, unless the statute states otherwise,

when the General Assembly amends a statute to decrease a criminal penalty, the new

penalty applies to cases in which the defendant has not yet been sentenced. M.P. contends

that the same principle applies to his case.

       M.P. points out that the Court of Appeal of the State of California, Fifth Appellate

District, took a similar approach in In re David C., 267 Cal. Rptr. 3d 766, 767, 770-71 (Cal.

Ct. App. 5th Dist. 2020), in which it determined that a statutory amendment that created a

jurisdictional minimum age for juvenile courts of 12 years old ended the court’s continuing

jurisdiction over a child not alleged to have committed certain offenses and who was

younger than 12 years old when the offenses were originally committed. M.P. asserts that

the analysis in David C. was grounded in a rule from another California case, which this

Court favorably cited in Waker, 431 Md. at 13, 63 A.3d at 582—namely, a rule from In re

                                          - 28 -
Estrada, 408 P.2d 948, 951 (Cal. 1965) (en banc), which, according to M.P., is that, “when

the legislature amends a statute to lessen a punishment, that action itself is an express

determination that the former penalty was too severe and the new penalty should apply as

broadly as possible.” (Citing David C., 267 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 768-69). M.P. argues that this

Court should apply the same logic and conclude that, because his case was pending at the

time that the JJRA became effective, the juvenile court lost jurisdiction over him.

       M.P. contends that the body of law concerning retrospective versus prospective

applicability of statutes does not apply because this case does not involve a retroactive

application of an amended statute to a previously adjudicated case. Nonetheless, M.P.

asserts that, even under a retroactivity analysis, his case should be dismissed because

applying the JJRA “retrospectively comports with the legislative intent to exclude young

children as a class from the juvenile courts.” (Bolding omitted). M.P. asserts that any

question about the applicability of the JJRA’s jurisdictional limits to his case under a

retroactivity analysis should be resolved in his favor because the JJRA constitutes a

procedural and remedial change in the law that does not impact substantive rights.

       The State agrees that the change to the juvenile court’s jurisdiction under CJ § 3-

8A-03 ended the court’s jurisdiction over M.P. The State contends that, although the

juvenile court “obtained exclusive original jurisdiction over the action” when the State filed

the delinquency petition against M.P. on May 5, 2022, jurisdiction ended as a matter of law

when the JJRA and its changes to juvenile court jurisdiction took effect on June 1, 2022.

       The State agrees that this case does not involve an issue of retroactive application

of changes in juvenile court jurisdiction, and states that applying “CJ § 3-8A-03(d)(7) to

                                          - 29 -
prevent future judicial action is the same as applying a statute prospectively.” The State

contends that, under John Deere Constr. and Forestry Co. v. Reliable Tractor, Inc., 406 Md.

139, 147-48, 957 A.2d 595, 599-600 (2008), which incorporates the Supreme Court’s

holding in Landgraf v. USI Film Prods., 511 U.S. 244, 269-70, 280 (1994), applying the

JJRA’s new jurisdictional requirements to M.P.’s case would not involve a retroactive

application of the law, as retroactivity does not turn on when the conduct at issue occurred,

but rather the “relevant event for retroactivity purposes” is when the juvenile court

conducts a delinquency proceeding, and, because an adjudication of delinquency has yet

to occur in this case, the JJRA would be applied prospectively.

                                    B. Standard of Review

          Because the question of whether the change to the juvenile court’s jurisdiction under

CJ § 3-8A-03 applies to M.P. is an issue of statutory interpretation, we review the juvenile

court’s decision without deference, i.e., de novo. See Krikstan, 483 Md. at 64, 290 A.3d

at 987.

                             C. Jurisdiction of the Juvenile Court

            Statutory Jurisdiction under CJ § 3-8A-03 and the Effect of the JJRA

          The juvenile court is a court of limited jurisdiction that can exercise only authority

specified by statute. See Smith v. State, 399 Md. 565, 574, 924 A.2d 1175, 1180 (2007).

With regard to a delinquency petition, a juvenile court’s jurisdiction is governed by CJ §

3-8A-03. Prior to the effective date of the JJRA, the juvenile court had exclusive original

jurisdiction over, with exceptions not relevant here, all children (i.e., persons under 18

years of age) “alleged to be delinquent or in need of supervision or who ha[ve] received a

                                            - 30 -
citation for a violation” without a minimum age restriction. CJ (2021) §§ 3-8A-03(a)(1),

3-8A-01(d); 2001 Md. Laws 2443 (Vol. IV, Ch. 415, S.B. 660).

        Through the JJRA, the General Assembly amended CJ § 3-8A-03 by restricting the

juvenile court’s jurisdiction in delinquency cases to children who are at least 13 years old,

with the exception of those who are 10 to 12 years old and alleged to have committed an

act that would be classified as a crime of violence if committed by an adult. See 2022 Md.

Laws ___ (Vol. ___, Ch. 41, S.B. 691); 2022 Md. Laws ___ (Vol. ___, Ch. 42, H.B. 459).

A provision in the same subtitle that predated the JJRA, and was unaffected by the new

law, provides that “the age of the person at the time the alleged delinquent act was

committed controls the determination of jurisdiction under this subtitle.” CJ § 3-8A-05(a).

Thus, under CJ § 3-8A-05(a), the child’s age on the date of the alleged delinquent act is

the determinative point for establishing a juvenile court’s jurisdiction in a delinquency

case.

                                   Relevant Case Law

        In the absence of instruction otherwise from the General Assembly, our precedent

establishes that newly-enacted statutes generally apply prospectively, not retroactively.

See Langston v. Riffe, 359 Md. 396, 406, 754 A.2d 389, 394 (2000). In this context, the

word “retroactive”—and its interchangeable synonym, “retrospective”—mean that the

statute in question “operate[s] on transactions which have occurred or rights and

obligations which existed before passage of the act.” Id. at 406, 754 A.2d at 394 (cleaned

up). “The question [of] whether a statute operates retrospectively, or prospectively only,

ordinarily is one of legislative intent.” Id. at 406, 754 A.2d at 394 (citation omitted).

                                         - 31 -
Among the exceptions to the general rule of prospectivity is that statutes that are procedural

or remedial apply retroactively. See id. at 406-08, 754 A.2d at 394-95. Another exception

to the general rule of prospectivity “is that a statute which affects a matter still in litigation

when the statute becomes effective will be applied by a reviewing court even though the

statute was not then law when the decision appealed from was handed down, unless the

legislature expresses a contrary intent.” State v. Johnson, 285 Md. 339, 343, 402 A.2d 876,

878 (1979) (citations omitted). “Thus many courts adhere to the proposition that in the

absence of a contrary expression of intent, a cause of action or remedy dependent upon a

statute falls with the repeal of [the] statute.” Id. at 344, 402 A.2d at 878 (citations omitted).

       This conceptual framework was laid out by the Supreme Court of the United States

in Landgraf, 511 U.S. at 269-70, 280, and has been adopted by this Court. See John Deere,

406 Md. at 147-48, 957 A.2d at 599-600. A statute is retroactive when it “would impair

rights a party possessed when he acted, increase a party’s liability for past conduct, or

impose new duties with respect to transactions already completed.” Landgraf, 511 U.S. at

280. However, “[a] statute does not operate ‘retrospectively’ merely because it is applied

in a case arising from conduct antedating the statute’s enactment[.]” Id. at 269 (citation

omitted). Significantly, in Landgraf, id. at 274, the Supreme Court observed that it had

“regularly applied intervening statutes conferring or ousting jurisdiction, whether or not

jurisdiction lay when the underlying conduct occurred or when the suit was filed.” A

statutory change to a court’s jurisdiction does not affect substantive rights, and thus does

not implicate retroactivity, but rather should be applied prospectively because it “speak[s]

to the power of the court” to act on the case in question. Id. at 274 (cleaned up). Put

                                            - 32 -
differently, “when a law conferring jurisdiction is repealed without any reservation as to

pending cases, all cases fall with the law[.]” Bruner v. United States, 343 U.S. 112, 116-

17 (1952).

       We have held that, when the General Assembly lessens a penalty for a particular

criminal offense after the defendant’s alleged conduct occurred but before conviction and

sentencing, the new, lesser penalty applies. See Waker, 431 Md. at 12, 63 A.3d at 581. In

Waker, id. at 2-3, 12, 63 A.3d at 575-76, 581, we concluded that, because the General

Assembly raised the monetary threshold for felony theft from $500 to $1,000, after the

defendant was charged with theft of $615 worth of goods but before he was convicted and

sentenced, his sentence for felony theft was illegal. The State had argued, based on

Johnson, 285 Md. 339, 402 A.2d 876, that Maryland’s general saving clause (now codified

at Md. Code Ann., Gen. Prov. (2014, 2019 Repl. Vol.) (“GP”) § 1-205) prevented the

statutory change from affecting the outcome of the case. See Waker, 431 Md. at 9-10, 63

A.3d at 579-80. We disagreed, distinguishing Johnson because that case concerned a

sentence that had been imposed prior to the statutory change at issue, whereas Waker had

not been convicted or sentenced when the statute concerning his offense was amended.

See Waker, 431 Md. at 11, 63 A.3d at 580. We concluded that the statutory change applied

to Waker’s sentence, rendering it illegal, because the saving clause preserved only “any

penalty, forfeiture or liability, either civil or criminal, which shall have been incurred

under” the prior version of the statute, whereas Waker had incurred no such penalty or

liability prior to his conviction, meaning he was entitled to the new, lesser penalty. Id. at

12, 63 A.3d at 581 (cleaned up).

                                         - 33 -
       As M.P. points out, an appellate court in another jurisdiction has tackled a statutory

change to juvenile court jurisdiction and considered application of the statutory amendment

to cases that arose before the law changed. See David C., 267 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 767. In

David C., id., a child challenged his delinquency adjudication for conduct that occurred

when he was 11 years old and the validity of subsequent proceedings against him for a

probation violation after the California legislature removed children under 12 years of age

from juvenile court jurisdiction. The Court of Appeal of the State of California, Fifth

Appellate District, concluded that, by operation of law, when the statutory change became

effective, the juvenile court lost its jurisdiction over the child in relation to the conduct that

occurred when he was 11 years old. See id.

       The Court relied on precedent of the Supreme Court of California under which the

legislature’s change to a statute that lessens penalties leads to “an inevitable inference” that

such “ameliorative changes” are intended, absent contrary instruction, “to extend as

broadly as possible, distinguishing only as necessary between sentences that are final and

sentences that are not.” Id. at 768-69 (quoting Estrada, 408 P.2d at 951, and People v.

Conley, 373 P.3d 435, 440 (Cal. 2016)) (internal quotation marks omitted). Although the

Court declined to overturn the adjudication of delinquency, which occurred before the

jurisdictional change became effective, the Court determined that “any and all actions taken

by the juvenile court after” the effective date of the jurisdictional change “that were based

on the original petition — including the findings [that the] minor violated probation —

were void for lack of jurisdiction.” Id. at 770 (footnote omitted).

                                            - 34 -
                    D. The Juvenile Court’s Jurisdiction over M.P.

       We hold that, under the plain language of the JJRA, the juvenile court lost

jurisdiction over M.P. on June 1, 2022, when the jurisdictional limits of the JJRA became

effective. Leaving aside the question of retroactivity, under the plain language of CJ § 3-

8A-03(d)(7), the court lacked jurisdiction over the delinquency proceeding against M.P.,

who was under the age of 13 years at the time of the alleged delinquent acts—as CJ § 3-

8A-05(a) provides that jurisdiction is to be determined by the age of the person at the time

the alleged delinquent act was committed, and the JJRA’s exception for 10- to 12-year-

olds charged with an act that, if committed by an adult, would be a crime of violence does

not apply. Nothing in the JJRA provides that its change in juvenile court jurisdiction does

not apply to pending cases. Thus, based on the plain language of the statute, the juvenile

court erred in failing to grant M.P.’s motion to dismiss.

       By way of analogy, we note that in Parojinog v. State, 282 Md. 256, 258, 264, 384

A.2d 86, 87, 90 (1978), this Court addressed whether 1975 (Reg. Sess.) Md. Laws 2677

(Ch. 554, H.B. 483), which amended Md. Code Ann., Cts. & Jud. Proc. (1974) § 3-80716

“to provide that the juvenile court ‘has exclusive original jurisdiction, but only for the

purpose of waiving it, over an adult (i.e., a person over 18 years of age) who is alleged to

have committed a delinquent act while a child[,]’” resulted in the juvenile court losing

jurisdiction over a defendant who was 18 years old at the time that delinquency petitions

       16
         The relevant provision is now CJ § 3-8A-07(e), which states that a juvenile “court
has exclusive original jurisdiction, but only for the purpose of waiving it, over a person 21
years of age or older who is alleged to have committed a delinquent act while a child.”

                                         - 35 -
were filed but was 17 years old at the time of the alleged delinquent acts. (Emphasis

omitted). The juvenile petitions had been filed before the statutory provision restricting

the juvenile court’s jurisdiction over an adult alleged to have committed a delinquent act

while a child had become effective. See Parojinog, 282 Md. at 257, 264, 384 A.2d at 87,

90. The juvenile court, without deciding first whether to waive its jurisdiction, as requested

by the State, made what we determined to be an adjudication and disposition, and six

months later issued an order waiving juvenile jurisdiction, which resulted in an indictment

being filed against the defendant in the trial court based on the same acts. See id. at 258-

59, 262, 384 A.2d at 87-89. The defendant alleged double jeopardy. See id. at 259, 384

A.2d at 88. The State contended that the juvenile court had no jurisdiction to make an

adjudication or disposition and, as such, jeopardy could not attach. See id. at 265, 384

A.2d at 90-91. We concluded that the juvenile court had jurisdiction. See id. at 265, 384

A.2d at 91.

       In assessing whether the new provision—i.e., Md. Code Ann., Cts. & Jud. Proc.

(1974, 1975 Supp.) (“CJ (1975)”) § 3-807(b)—divested the juvenile court of jurisdiction,

we stated that “[i]t is the time the petition is filed, not the time of adjudication, which

determines the jurisdiction of the juvenile court and the applicability of” CJ (1975) § 3-

807(b). Id. at 265, 384 A.2d at 91 (citations omitted). In describing the statutory scheme

relating to juvenile causes, we explained that, under CJ (1975) § 3-805(a), “where a person

is alleged to be delinquent, ‘the age of the person at the time alleged delinquent act was

committed controls the determination of jurisdiction[.]’” Id. at 260, 384 A.2d at 88. The

same standard for determining a juvenile court’s jurisdiction exists today in CJ § 3-8A-

                                          - 36 -
05(a) and applies to the JJRA—“the age of the person at the time the alleged delinquent

act was committed controls the determination of jurisdiction under this subtitle.” CJ § 3-

8A-05(a).17

       Parojinog and the cases cited in it endorse the principle set forth in CJ § 3-8A-05(a),

that the age of the child at the time that the alleged delinquent act was committed controls

the determination of the jurisdiction of the juvenile court. This is just as the State indicates

in its brief in this Court. Quoting Parojinog, 282 Md. at 260, 384 A.2d at 88, the State

explains that, “[w]hen a delinquency petition is filed, the circuit court, sitting as a juvenile

court, obtains ‘exclusive original jurisdiction’ over the action[,]” and, under CJ § 3-8A-

05(a), the age of the person at the time the alleged delinquent act was committed controls

the determination of jurisdiction.

       17
          In Parojinog, 282 Md. at 265, 384 A.2d at 91, we cited two additional cases—In
re Appeals No. 1022 and No. 1081, Sept. Term, 1975 from Cir. Ct. for Kent Cnty. sitting
as a Juv. Ct., 278 Md. 174, 175, 359 A.2d 556, 557 (1976) and In re Appeal No. 1038(75)
from Cir. Ct. for Cecil Cnty., 32 Md. App. 239, 241-42, 360 A.2d 18, 20 (1976)—in which
this Court and the Appellate Court addressed the applicability of CJ (1975) § 3-807(b). In
Appeals No. 1022 and No. 1081, 278 Md. at 176, 359 A.2d at 558, the juvenile court
dismissed juvenile petitions, ruling that CJ (1975) § 3-807(b) precluded it from exercising
jurisdiction where the individual was under 18 years old at the time of the alleged
delinquent act but was over 18 years old when the delinquency petitions were filed, and
where the juvenile court determined that a waiver of jurisdiction would be inappropriate.
This Court affirmed the juvenile court’s judgments and rejected the State’s contention that
CJ (1975) § 3-807(b) did not apply because the alleged offenses occurred before the
statutory provision became effective, stating that the time of the filing of the petitions—
which, in those cases, was after the new statutory provision became effective—was
determinative of when the jurisdiction of the juvenile court attached. See id. at 176, 179-
80, 359 A.2d at 558, 560. In Appeal No. 1038(75), 32 Md. App. at 243 n.5, 360 A.2d at
20 n.5, the Appellate Court explained that, in cases where an allegation is made that a child
is delinquent, “the age of the child at the time the alleged delinquent act was committed
controls the determination of jurisdiction of the juvenile court[.]” (Citation omitted).

                                           - 37 -
       CJ § 3-8A-07(a) provides that, “[i]f the court obtains jurisdiction over a child under

this subtitle, that jurisdiction continues until that person reaches 21 years of age unless

terminated sooner.” Jurisdiction can continue only where jurisdiction exists. As explained

in detail herein, a juvenile court does not have jurisdiction over a child who was under the

age of 13 at the time of an alleged non-violent delinquent act where a petition was pending

an adjudication of delinquency when the JJRA took effect.

       By contrast, under circumstances very different than those of this case, in In re

Valerie H., 310 Md. 113, 116-17, 527 A.2d 42, 43-44 (1987), a CINA case, this Court

observed that, under Md. Code Ann., Cts. & Jud. Proc. (1974, 1984 Repl. Vol.) (“CJ

(1984)”) § 3-806(a) (which is now CJ § 3-8A-07(a)), “jurisdiction, once acquired,

terminates [] only if the juvenile court so orders.” At that time, all juvenile causes—those

involving children alleged to be delinquent, in need of supervision, or in need of

assistance—were governed by the same statutory scheme, and CJ (1984) § 3-806(a)

provided that the juvenile court’s jurisdiction over those cases continued until the person

reached 21 years of age unless terminated sooner. See id. at 117, 527 A.2d at 44. Today,

separate statutory subtitles govern juvenile causes involving children in need of assistance,

see CJ §§ 3-801 to 3-830, and juvenile causes involving children other than those in need

of assistance, i.e., delinquency cases, see CJ §§ 3-8A-01 to 3-8A-35.

       With respect to children in need of assistance, i.e., CINA cases, CJ § 3-804(b) differs

from CJ § 3-8A-07(a) by providing: “If the court obtains jurisdiction over a child, that

jurisdiction continues in that case until the child reaches the age of 21 years, unless the

court terminates the case.” (Emphasis added). In other words, in CINA cases, CJ § 3-

                                          - 38 -
804(b) contemplates that the juvenile court’s jurisdiction, once acquired, continues until

the child is 21 unless the juvenile court terminates the case, i.e., so orders. In contrast, CJ

§ 3-8A-07(a), which applies to delinquency cases, provides that, “[i]f the court obtains

jurisdiction over a child under this subtitle, that jurisdiction continues until that person

reaches 21 years of age unless terminated sooner.” CJ § 3-8A-07(a) does not expressly

require that jurisdiction be terminated by the court and jurisdiction can be terminated by

operation of law where, as here, there is a change in the law or by order of the court.18

       In Valerie H., 310 Md. at 114, 117, 527 A.2d at 43-44, our observation that

jurisdiction continues until a child is 21 unless terminated by order of the juvenile court

was made as we interpreted an earlier version of CJ § 3-8A-07(a) in a case in which a child

had been found to be CINA. The child’s care and custody had been committed to the

Department of Social Services for Baltimore City. See id. at 114, 527 A.2d at 43. Later,

the juvenile court discharged the department from responsibility for the child’s custody,

but did not expressly terminate the juvenile court’s jurisdiction over the child. See id. at

115-16, 527 A.2d at 43-44. Subsequently, the department returned the child to foster care

placement but did not petition for recommitment until after the child turned 18, and this

Court determined that the juvenile court retained jurisdiction over the child until age 21

(permitting recommitment and assistance for the child). See id. at 116, 120, 527 A.2d at

43, 45. In Valerie H., our statement that jurisdiction did not terminate until age 21 unless

       18
         In making this observation, we do not rule out the possibility that under CJ § 3-
804(b) jurisdiction may also be terminated by operation of law. That question, however,
is not before this Court today.

                                          - 39 -
ordered by the court was not made in the context of interpreting CJ § 3-8A-07(a) in a

delinquency case, let alone where new legislation had been passed limiting a juvenile

court’s jurisdiction in delinquency cases.

       In this instance, retroactive application of a jurisdictional amendment is not at issue

because the jurisdictional question here concerns the authority of the juvenile court to take

the action at issue subsequent to the effective date of the JJRA. The issue does not involve

a question of retroactivity “merely because [CJ § 3-8A-03(d)(7)] is applied in a case arising

from conduct antedating the statute’s enactment[.]” Landgraf, 511 U.S. at 269 (citation

omitted). When interpreting a jurisdictional statute, for purposes of retroactivity, the

relevant event “is the moment at which that power is sought to be exercised. Thus, applying

a jurisdiction-eliminating statute to undo past judicial action would be applying it

retroactively; but applying it to prevent any judicial action after the statute takes effect is

applying it prospectively.” Id. at 293 (Scalia, J., concurring in judgment). In this case,

M.P. does not seek to apply CJ § 3-8A-03 to any of the juvenile court’s actions prior to

June 1, 2022, but rather to prevent the court from exercising jurisdiction over him after that

date, when the juvenile court no longer possesses jurisdiction.

       Our precedent requires the outcome we reach because, without “a contrary

expression of intent, a cause of action or remedy dependent upon a statute falls with the

repeal of [the] statute.” Johnson, 285 Md. at 344, 402 A.2d at 878 (citations omitted).

With no indication in the JJRA that the General Assembly intended for the changes to CJ

                                          - 40 -
§ 3-8A-03 not to apply19 to pending cases, jurisdiction over the delinquency petition and

proceeding fell with the repeal of the juvenile courts’ jurisdiction over children charged

with nonviolent conduct that occurred when they were under 13 years old. In Landgraf,

511 U.S. at 274, the Supreme Court explained that it had applied intervening statutes

removing jurisdiction, regardless of whether jurisdiction lay when the underlying conduct

occurred or when an action was filed. The Supreme Court explained that, in Bruner, 343

U.S. at 116-17, relying on its “consistent practice,” the Court “ordered an action dismissed

because the jurisdictional statute under which it had been (properly) filed was subsequently

repealed.” Landgraf, 511 U.S. at 274 (cleaned up). We adopted the same approach in John

Deere, 406 Md. at 147-48, 957 A.2d at 599-600, with respect to jurisdictional statutory

changes. And, our holding in Johnson, 285 Md. at 344, 402 A.2d at 878, parallels the

rationale expressed by the Supreme Court of the United States in Bruner, 343 U.S. at 116-

17, on this point: “[W]hen a law conferring jurisdiction is repealed without any reservation

as to pending cases, all cases fall with the law[.]”

       Our conclusion is also consistent with our holding in Waker and a long line of

precedent providing that, where a statute is amended or repealed “after an alleged offense

or after an event giving rise to some alleged liability, a court, including an appellate court,

would generally apply the law as it existed when the court was considering the case and

not the law in effect when the alleged offense or event occurred.” Waker, 431 Md. at 9-

       19
         The General Assembly could have instructed that the change would not apply to
pending cases, just as it could have explicitly directed that the jurisdictional change apply
to such cases. But the General Assembly did neither—hence, our reliance on principles of
statutory construction and case law.

                                          - 41 -
10, 63 A.3d at 580 (citations omitted). Although a juvenile delinquency proceeding is not

a criminal proceeding, there are basic similarities between the two, and, as M.P. points out,

that a delinquency proceeding does not result in a criminal conviction “does not mean that

a juvenile gives up all rights that a person would be entitled to in a criminal proceeding.”

(Quoting In re Anthony R., 362 Md. 51, 69, 763 A.2d 136, 146 (2000)) (internal quotation

marks omitted). Just as we applied the new, lesser statutory penalty in Waker, 431 Md. at

2-3, 12, 63 A.3d at 575-76, 581, which had taken effect while the charges at issue were

pending, in this case, we apply the amended version of the statute, rather than the version

in effect at the time of the conduct or the initiation of the delinquency proceeding.20

       Lastly, we note that the general saving statute, GP § 1-205, is inapplicable.21 To be

sure, in State v. Clifton, 177 Md. 572, 576, 10 A.2d 703, 705 (1940), this Court observed

       20
          Like the Court in David C., 267 Cal. Rptr. at 768-69, we are bound by precedent
under which, absent a demonstration of intent to the contrary, a statutory amendment that
lessens a criminal penalty should be applied to any pending cases in which the defendants
have not yet been sentenced. See Waker, 431 Md. at 12, 63 A.3d at 581.
       21
          GP 1-205 provides:

       (a) Except as otherwise expressly provided, the repeal, repeal and
       reenactment, or amendment of a statute does not release, extinguish, or alter
       a criminal or civil penalty, forfeiture, or liability imposed or incurred under
       the statute.

       (b) A repealed, repealed and reenacted, or amended statute shall remain in
       effect for the purpose of sustaining any:

             (1) criminal or civil action, suit, proceeding, or prosecution for the
       enforcement of a penalty, forfeiture, or liability; and

              (2) judgment, decree, or order that imposes, inflicts, or declares the
       penalty, forfeiture, or liability.

                                          - 42 -
that, although “the repeal of a statute prevents any further proceedings thereunder at

common law,” Maryland’s general saving clause, now GP § 1-205, “has the effect of

continuing the repealed statute in force for the purpose of punishing for the offenses

committed prior to the repeal.”       (Citation omitted).     However, Clifton and the

circumstances under which we made that observation are not instructive here. Clifton

involved a statutory amendment that “confer[ed] jurisdiction upon Justices of the Peace

concurrent with the Circuit Courts to try cases of alleged violations” of a statute, which

had been amended rather than repealed outright. Id. at 575, 10 A.2d at 704. In Clifton, id.

at 574, 10 A.2d at 704, the defendant had been indicted and arrested on a charge of selling

an alcoholic beverage without a license in violation of the State Alcoholic Beverages Act.

After the statute was amended by being repealed and reenacted with amendments that did

not abolish the offense that the defendant had been charged with, the defendant filed a

motion to quash the indictment on the ground that the statute on which the indictment was

based had been repealed, which the trial court granted. See id. at 574, 10 A.2d at 704.

       This Court held that the trial court erred in quashing the indictment and reversed

and remanded the case, concluding that “the Alcoholic Beverages Act was not repealed,

and even if had been repealed the prosecution of the [defendant] would be saved by the

general saving statutes[.]” See id. at 577, 10 A.2d at 705. We explained that, even if the

statute had been repealed, the general saving statute would have permitted the State to

prosecute the defendant because, “[w]hile the repeal of a statute prevents any further

proceedings thereunder at common law, it is well established that where there is a saving

clause granting to the State or Federal Government the right to punish for offenses

                                         - 43 -
committed before the repeal, the general rule is rescinded.” Id. at 576, 10 A.2d at 705. The

saving clause could be contained in the repealing statute or as a general provision

applicable to all penal statutes, but, in either case, would have “the effect of continuing the

repealed statute in force for the purpose of punishing for the offenses committed prior to

the repeal.” Id. at 576, 10 A.2d at 705 (citation omitted).

       The scenario in Clifton is readily distinguishable from the JJRA’s limiting

jurisdiction in order to prevent children under the age of 13 years, with certain exceptions,

from being subjected to juvenile delinquency proceedings. Put simply, Clifton does not

support the applicability of the general saving clause to a law in which the General

Assembly sought to avoid harm to young children by limiting their exposure to the juvenile

justice system.

                                       III. Conclusion

       We hold that the juvenile court’s denial of M.P.’s motion to dismiss for lack of

juvenile court jurisdiction was immediately appealable under the collateral order doctrine.

We further hold that the juvenile court does not have jurisdiction over a child in a

delinquency proceeding where the child was under 13 years old at the time of the alleged

delinquent act, the petition for juvenile delinquency does not charge the child (if between

10 and 12 years old) with the commission of an act that, if committed by an adult, would

be a crime of violence as specified in CR § 14-101, and the petition was pending

adjudication of delinquency as of the effective date of the JJRA. See CJ § 3-8A-03(a)(1),

(d)(7). In other words, the JJRA’s change to juvenile court jurisdiction applies to cases

pending when the law took effect; as such, the juvenile court erred in denying M.P.’s

                                          - 44 -
motion to dismiss.22

       For the reasons set forth above, in the order issued on September 8, 2023, we denied

the State’s motion to dismiss the appeal in this case and reversed the August 8, 2022 ruling

of the juvenile court denying M.P.’s motion to dismiss the delinquency petition pending

against him in Case No. JA-22-0183. See M. P., 486 Md. at 93-94, 301 A.3d at 1254-55.

       22
        Nothing in this opinion should be interpreted as concluding that a juvenile court
would lack jurisdiction with respect to a child under the age of 13 who had already been
found delinquent at the time the JJRA took effect on June 1, 2022. The Court’s holding
involves only the circumstances of this case, in which a petition, alleging that a child under
the age of 13 had committed a non-violent delinquent act, was pending adjudication of
delinquency in a juvenile court as of the effective date of the JJRA.

                                          - 45 -
Circuit Court for Prince George’s County
Case No. JA-22-0183
Argued: September 8, 2023

                                                     IN THE SUPREME COURT

                                                           OF MARYLAND

                                                                  No. 3

                                                     September Term, 2023
                                           ______________________________________

                                                          IN RE M.P.
                                           ______________________________________
                                           ______________________________________

                                                         Fader, C.J.,
                                                         Watts,
                                                         *Hotten,
                                                         Booth,
                                                         Biran,
                                                         Gould,
                                                         Eaves,

                                                             JJ.
                                           ______________________________________

                                                 Dissenting Opinion by Gould, J.
                                                      which Biran, J. joins
                                           ______________________________________

                                                  Filed: April 23, 2024

                                           *Hotten, J., participated in the hearing of the
                                           case, in the conference in regard to its decision,
                                           and in the adoption of the opinion as an active
                                           judge. She retired from the Court and was
                                           recalled to senior status prior to the filing of the
                                           opinion.
       I respectfully dissent. This case raises two questions of jurisdiction. The first is

whether the juvenile court’s denial of M.P.’s motion to dismiss was immediately

appealable. The second is whether the jurisdictional changes under the Juvenile Justice

Reform Act (“JJRA”) divested the juvenile court of jurisdiction over M.P.’s delinquency

proceeding on June 1, 2022.

       On appeal,1 the parties both contend that the JJRA divested the juvenile court of

jurisdiction when the JJRA went into effect. The parties focused on the appealability issue

at oral argument. Later that day, the Court, with a Majority concurring, entered an order

reversing the juvenile court’s order. The Majority concluded that the juvenile court’s order

was immediately appealable under the collateral order doctrine and that the JJRA divested

the juvenile court of jurisdiction when it went into effect on June 1, 2022. The order called

for an immediate mandate and indicated that an opinion would follow.

       At that time, I believed that my dissent would focus on the appealability issue. As I

got deeper into the drafting process, I became convinced that the Court incorrectly

determined that the JJRA divested the juvenile court of jurisdiction. I continue to believe

that the collateral order doctrine does not apply, but my concern about the ramifications of

applying that doctrine here is mitigated by the narrow way the Majority applied it here.

Thus, I will only briefly explain why I believe the Majority incorrectly decided that issue

and devote the rest of this dissent to the jurisdiction issue.

       1
        The State is now represented by the Attorney General instead of the State’s
Attorney for Prince George’s County.
       As to the juvenile court’s jurisdiction, the issue is not what “does not have

jurisdiction” means in the context of subsection 3-8A-03(d)(7) of the Courts and Judicial

Proceedings (“CJ”) Article of the Maryland Annotated Code (2020 Repl. Vol., 2022

Supp.);2 the question is whether subsection (d)(7) applies to pending cases. Because the

text of the JJRA does not expressly say that it does not apply to pending cases, the Majority

concludes that it does. In my view, the opposite conclusion should be drawn: The General

Assembly drafted the JJRA under the presumption that its jurisdictional changes would not

apply to pending cases and included no language to the contrary. I arrived at this conclusion

for several independent reasons.

       First, the Majority’s plain language analysis focuses on the introductory phrase of

CJ § 3-8A-03(d) along with subpart (7) but disregards another relevant provision—CJ § 3-

8A-07(a). Subsection CJ § 3-8A-07(a) states that once the juvenile court acquires

jurisdiction, such jurisdiction continues until the child reaches the age of 21 unless such

jurisdiction is “terminated sooner.” Applying this provision over forty years ago, we held

that a jurisdiction-narrowing amendment does not terminate jurisdiction acquired before

the amendment’s effective date. See Parojinog v. State, 282 Md. 256, 265 (1978). The

General Assembly was presumably aware of that precedent yet did not express a clear

intention to abrogate it. We can fairly presume, therefore, that the General Assembly

       2
        Unless the context indicates otherwise, when referring to a specific “subsection,”
I am referring to a subsection of CJ § 3-8A-03. In addition, unless the context indicates
otherwise, a reference to a “section” of a statute refers to a section in the Courts and Judicial
Proceedings Article.
                                               2
intended to follow such precedent. The Majority’s discussion of Parojinog side steps the

crux of our analysis and holding in that case.

       Second, the Majority’s interpretation conflicts with Maryland’s general savings

statute. Md. Code Ann., Gen. Provis. (“GP”) § 1-205 (2014, 2019 Repl. Vol.). The General

Assembly was obviously aware of that statute and how it would apply to the JJRA yet

failed to put the JJRA out of its reach. In contending that the general savings statute does

not apply, the Majority dismisses without explanation the caselaw that, in my view,

compels its application here.

       And finally, the Majority’s interpretation allows for consequences that the General

Assembly could not have intended. Had it so intended, the General Assembly would have

had a practical reason to explicitly state that the JJRA’s jurisdictional changes would apply

to pending cases: to avoid the waste of time and resources. The Majority’s interpretation

requires acceptance of the premise that the General Assembly intended for resources to be

devoted to investigating incidents and filing delinquency proceedings in the months before

the JJRA’s effective date, even though it knew and intended that such cases would have to

be dismissed. That, among other problematic consequences of the Majority’s analysis

discussed below, supports the commonsense conclusion that the General Assembly did not

intend to divest the juvenile court of jurisdiction over pending cases when the JJRA went

into effect.

                      THE COLLATERAL ORDER DOCTRINE

       In my view, the Majority erred in applying the collateral order doctrine here. As the

Majority explains, the collateral order doctrine is meant to be a limited exception to the

                                             3
final judgment rule. Here, the Majority concludes that “[i]mplicit in the General

Assembly’s enactment of the JJRA is the premise that children under the age of 13, who

are not charged with having committed a violent offense, have a right to be free of

involvement in the juvenile system.” Maj. Op. at 23. The Majority also cites legislative

history to make the point that an immediate appeal fulfills the General Assembly’s goal of

protecting “young children from involvement in delinquency proceedings and the juvenile

justice system” without risking undue expansion of the collateral order doctrine’s

applicability because there is no dispute about M.P.’s age and, the Majority speculates,

further amendments removing “the juvenile courts’ jurisdiction over youth under a

designated age [are] unlikely to reoccur[.]” Maj. Op. at 24. To prevent this narrow

exception from swallowing the final judgment rule, the Majority tailor-made its analysis to

fit the specific circumstances of M.P.’s case.

       The collateral order doctrine applies if the order: “(1) conclusively determines the

disputed question, (2) resolves an important issue, (3) resolves an issue that is completely

separate from the merits of the action, and (4) would be effectively unreviewable if the

appeal had to await the entry of a final judgment.” Stephens v. State, 420 Md. 495, 502

(2011) (quoting In re Foley, 373 Md. 627, 633 (2003)). In this case, the collateral order

doctrine falls short on the fourth element.

       The fourth element “turns on whether there will be a serious risk of irreparable loss

of the claimed right if appellate review is deferred until after trial.” Harris v. David S.

Harris, P.A., 310 Md. 310, 318 (1987) (citing Parrott v. State, 301 Md. 411, 425 (1984)).

The Majority contends that the JJRA creates a right for children under the age of 13 “to not

                                              4
be subject to delinquency proceedings, i.e., trial.” Maj. Op. at 22. As explained below,

“delinquency proceedings” encompass far more than just the adjudicatory or disposition

hearings, and so the Majority’s premise is wrong. Regardless, the legislative history reflects

the General Assembly’s concern with the effect on children from dispositions, particularly

those involving detention.3 The legislative history does not suggest a motivating concern

that mere participation in an adjudicatory hearing irreparably harms such children.

Although the General Assembly adopted the JJRC’s view that children under 13 years of

age cannot adequately understand the charges, their rights, and the role of adults in the

process, the resulting risk to such children is an adverse finding and disposition.

       An adverse finding and disposition, however, can be stayed and then reversed on

appeal. Thus, an order denying a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction could be

effectively reviewed on appeal. I would hold that the fourth element of the collateral order

doctrine does not apply and would dismiss the appeal.

       Ordinarily, when we dismiss an appeal, we do not address its merits. Eastgate

Assocs. v. Apper, 276 Md. 698, 704 (1976). But sometimes we do, particularly “to resolve

a matter of substantial importance.” Thanos v. State, 332 Md. 511, 521 (1993). In my view,

the Majority would be standing on firmer ground by following that path rather than

       3
         Juvenile Justice Reform: Hearing on S.B. 691 Before the Md. S. Comm. on Judicial
Proceedings, 2022 Gen. Assemb., Reg. Sess. (Md. 2022), archived at
https://perma.cc/DJ76-2LFP; Testimony of Senator Jill P. Carter in Favor of Senate Bill
691–Juvenile Justice Reform–Before the Md. S. Comm. on Judicial Proceedings, 2022
Gen. Assemb., Reg. Sess. 2 (Md. 2022) (statement of Sen. Jill P. Carter, Member, S.
Comm. on Judicial Proceedings) (on file with the Maryland Department of Legislative
Services); Md. Juv. Just. Reform Council, Final Report 17 (2021), archived at
https://perma.cc/4DS9-T5PH.
                                              5
applying the collateral order doctrine. In any event, because the Majority did reach the

merits—incorrectly in my view—so will I.

                    JURISDICTION OF THE JUVENILE COURT

                                The Juvenile Causes Statute

       M.P. allegedly stole a car in March 2022, prompting the State to file a delinquency

petition against him on May 5, 2022. When that petition was filed, the juvenile court

acquired jurisdiction over M.P. under CJ § 3-8A-03 (2020 Repl. Vol.). Subsections (a) and

(d), both of which are relevant to the analysis below, then provided:

       (a) In addition to the jurisdiction specified in Subtitle 8 of this title, the court
           has exclusive original jurisdiction over:
               (1) A child who is alleged to be delinquent or in need of supervision
                   or who has received a citation for a violation;
               (2) Except as provided in subsection (d)(6) of this section, a peace
                   order proceeding in which the respondent is a child; and
               (3) Proceedings arising under the Interstate Compact on Juveniles.

                                                    ***

       (d) The court does not have jurisdiction over:
              (1) A child at least 14 years old alleged to have done an act that, if
                  committed by an adult, would be a crime punishable by life
                  imprisonment, as well as all other charges against the child arising
                  out of the same incident, unless an order removing the proceeding
                  to the court has been filed under § 4-202 of the Criminal Procedure
                  Article;
              (2) A child at least 16 years old alleged to have done an act in violation
                  of any provision of the Transportation Article or other traffic law
                  or ordinance, except an act that prescribes a penalty of
                  incarceration;
              (3) A child at least 16 years old alleged to have done an act in violation
                  of any provision of law, rule, or regulation governing the use or
                  operation of a boat, except an act that prescribes a penalty of
                  incarceration;
              (4) A child at least 16 years old alleged to have committed any of the
                  following crimes, as well as all other charges against the child

                                                6
                  arising out of the same incident, unless an order removing the
                  proceeding to the court has been filed under § 4-202 of the
                  Criminal Procedure Article:

                                                  ***

              (5) A child who previously has been convicted as an adult of a felony
                  and is subsequently alleged to have committed an act that would
                  be a felony if committed by an adult, unless an order removing the
                  proceeding to the court has been filed under § 4-202 of the
                  Criminal Procedure Article; or
              (6) A peace order proceeding in which the victim, as defined in § 3-
                  8A-01(cc)(1)(ii) of this subtitle, is a person eligible for relief, as
                  defined in § 4-501 of the Family Law Article.

CJ § 3-8A-03 (2020 Repl. Vol.).

       Thus, in the pre-JJRA version of CJ § 3-8A-03, subsection (a) identified the

universe of cases over which “the [juvenile] court has exclusive original jurisdiction” and

subsection (d) described the class of cases over which “[t]he [juvenile] court does not have

jurisdiction[.]” This “has exclusive jurisdiction”/“does not have jurisdiction” structural

framework can be traced back to 1969. Md. Code Ann., art. 26 § 70-2(a), (d) (1968 Repl.

Vol., 1969 Cum. Supp.). As used in subsection (d), the phrase “does not have jurisdiction”

has historically played a passive, jurisdiction-defining role.

       The General Assembly worked within that existing structure when it amended

section 3-8A-03 in the JJRA. Subsection (a) was amended to state that the juvenile court

has exclusive jurisdiction over children at least 13 years old, subsection (d)(7) was

amended to include children under the age of 13 in the list of cases over which the court

lacks jurisdiction, and the new subsection—subsection (f)—was added to close the loop by

                                              7
barring the State from criminally charging children under the age of 13. CJ § 3-8A-03

(2020 Repl. Vol., 2022 Supp.).4

       Because these provisions were intended to work in harmony, it is useful to look at

them together:

       (a) In addition to the jurisdiction specified in Subtitle 8 of this title, the
           court has exclusive original jurisdiction over:
               (1) A child:
                     (i) Who is at least 13 years old alleged to be delinquent; or
                    (ii) Except as provided in subsection (d) of this section, who is
                          at least 10 years old alleged to have committed an act:
                              1. That, if committed by an adult, would constitute a
                                  crime of violence, as defined in § 14-101 of the
                                  Criminal Law Article; or
                              2. Arising out of the same incident as an act listed in
                                  item 1 of this item;

                                              ***

       (d) The [juvenile] court does not have jurisdiction over:

                                              ***

              (7) Except as provided in subsection (a)(1)(ii) of this section, a
                 delinquency proceeding against a child who is under the age of 13
                 years.

                                              ***

       4
         In CJ § 3-8A-03(d), the introductory phrase “does not have jurisdiction” applies
in subsection (7) to delinquency proceedings against those children under the age of 13
who are not subject to the juvenile court’s jurisdiction under subsection (a)(1)(ii).
Subsection (a)(1)(ii), in turn, confers jurisdiction in the juvenile court over children at least
10 years old “alleged to have committed an act . . . [t]hat, if committed by an adult, would
constitute a crime of violence, as defined in § 14-101 of the Criminal Law Article.” For the
sake of simplicity and brevity, when I refer to “children under the age of 13,” use a similar
phrase to the same effect, or refer more generically to “a child” in the context of discussing
subsection (d)(7), I am referring to those for whom the exception under subsection (d)(7)
does not apply. Thus, I will not repeat the exception each time I reference or discuss this
provision.
                                               8
       (f) A child under the age of 13 years may not be charged with a crime.

Id.

                                The Majority’s Interpretation

       In concluding that the JJRA divested the juvenile court of jurisdiction, the Majority

relies on the plain meaning of “does not have jurisdiction” in the introductory clause of

subsection (d). Under this interpretation, the fact that the juvenile court properly acquired

jurisdiction before the JJRA went into effect is not relevant. Rather, the moment the JJRA

took effect on June 1, 2022, the prefatory phrase “does not have jurisdiction” sprang into

action and divested the juvenile court of jurisdiction. As noted above, the Majority reasons

that “[n]othing in the JJRA provides that its change in the juvenile court jurisdiction does

not apply to pending cases.” Maj. Op. at 35.

       Viewed in isolation, the Majority’s interpretation of “does not have jurisdiction,” as

it applies to subsection (d)(7), is reasonable. After all, as amended by the JJRA, subsection

(a)(1) already provides that the juvenile court has jurisdiction over children of at least 13

years of age. As a court of limited jurisdiction, if the statute does not affirmatively confer

jurisdiction in the juvenile court, then jurisdiction does not lie in that court. Thus subsection

(d)(7) was unnecessary if its only purpose was forward-looking. The Majority’s

interpretation, therefore, finds support in our long-standing preference to avoid

interpretations that render provisions superfluous. See Comptroller of Md. v. FC-GEN

Operations Invs. LLC, 482 Md. 343, 379 (2022).

                                               9
       Even so, “[j]ust as in the science of Physics every action has an equal and opposite

reaction, so it seems that every canon of statutory construction has an equal and opposite

canon.” Kaczorowski v. Mayor and City Council of Balt., 309 Md. 505, 512 (1987). Here,

one such canon is that courts do not interpret statutory provisions in a vacuum or isolation.

See State v. Bey, 452 Md. 255, 266 (2017) (citing State v. Johnson, 415 Md. 413, 421-22

(2010)). “We presume that the Legislature intends its enactments to operate together as a

consistent and harmonious body of law, and, thus, we seek to reconcile and harmonize the

parts of a statute, to the extent possible consistent with the statute’s object and scope.”

Lockshin v. Semsker, 412 Md. 257, 276 (2010).

       In my view, the question is not what the plain language of the phrase “does not have

jurisdiction” means. The issue, rather, is whether subsection (d)(7) came with a temporal

limitation to its applicability. If it applies to a delinquency proceeding initiated before the

JJRA took effect, then the Majority’s “here today, gone tomorrow” interpretation would

be correct. But if it does not, then the Majority’s interpretation would be incorrect. The

phrase “does not have jurisdiction” as used in subsection (d) does not expressly address

that question. Nor does the provision establishing June 1, 2022, as an effective date for the

JJRA answer the question. See Landgraf v. USI Film Products, 511 U.S. 244, 257 (1994)

(“A statement that a statute will become effective on a certain date does not even arguably

suggest that it has any application to conduct that occurred at an earlier date.”).

       But the General Assembly was not working from a blank slate when it enacted the

JJRA. The Juvenile Causes Statute was first enacted in 1945, Md. Code Ann., art. 26 § 48C

(1947 Cum. Supp.), and since then, has been amended over 45 times. The General

                                              10
Assembly had the benefit of caselaw interpreting its provisions and developing the

principles for determining whether a statute applies retroactively. As explained below, such

cases compel the conclusion that the General Assembly did not intend for the jurisdictional

changes to section 3-8A-03 to apply to pending cases.

                          CJ § 3-8A-07(a) and Parojinog v. State

       The Majority focuses on CJ § 3-8A-03(d)(7) and gives short shrift to a different

section of the statute with obvious relevance to the juvenile court’s jurisdiction—CJ § 3-

8A-07(a):

       If the [juvenile] court obtains jurisdiction over a child under this subtitle, that
       jurisdiction continues until that person reaches 21 years of age unless
       terminated sooner.

       Its plain language reveals three parts: a condition, a rule, and an exception to the

rule. The condition is “[i]f the juvenile court obtains jurisdiction over a child under this

subtitle[.]” When the General Assembly chose those words, it knew that over time, it could

amend the statute to enlarge or shrink the scope of the juvenile court’s jurisdiction. Yet in

defining this condition, what mattered was that the juvenile court acquired jurisdiction, not

when. This remained the case when the General Assembly enacted the JJRA, which

changed not one word in subsection 3-8A-07(a). Because the juvenile court obtained

jurisdiction over M.P. when the delinquency petition was filed on May 5, 2022, that

condition was satisfied here.

       The rule under this subsection is that once such jurisdiction is obtained, “that

jurisdiction continues” until the child turns 21. Again, this rule has never depended on

                                               11
when or under which version of the statute the juvenile court acquired jurisdiction. Under

that rule, the juvenile court still has jurisdiction over M.P.

       The exception under subsection 3-8A-07(a) is if the juvenile court’s jurisdiction is

“terminated sooner.” Unless that exception applies, the Majority’s interpretation collapses

under the weight of CJ § 3-8A-07(a). The question, therefore, is whether “does not have

jurisdiction” in the introductory phrase of subsection 3-8A-03(d) and subpart (7) operate

as a termination of jurisdiction under subsection 3-8A-07(a). In making this determination,

we must keep in mind that sections 3-8A-03 and 3-8A-07(a) are meant to work together.

The former tells us if the juvenile court has jurisdiction; the latter tells us when such

jurisdiction ends.

       The phrase “does not have jurisdiction” has a passive, definitional connotation.

Indeed, as noted above, that is precisely how that phrase was used before the JJRA—

section 3-8A-03 defined the scope of the juvenile court’s jurisdiction with the “has

exclusive jurisdiction”/“does not have jurisdiction” structure of subsections (a) and (d).

The General Assembly drafted these provisions knowing that they would be applied by

lawyers and non-lawyers alike. Thus, for example, when intake officers carried out their

duty to “make an inquiry... as to whether the [juvenile] court has jurisdiction,” as required

under CJ § 3-8A-10(c)(1) (emphasis added), they did so by consulting the provisions of

section 3-8A-03. If the facts appeared to support jurisdiction under subsection (a), the

intake officers would know to consult subsection (d) to make sure such jurisdiction was

not excluded thereunder.

                                              12
       The JJRA changed none of that. Section 3-8A-03 continues to use the same

definitional structure in subsections (a) and (d), and intake officers continue to be required

under CJ § 3-8A-10(c)(1) to consult those provisions when investigating a case to

determine whether the juvenile court has jurisdiction. When it enacted the JJRA, the

General Assembly knew that section 3-8A-07(a) would still expressly state that jurisdiction

would continue “unless terminated sooner.” The Majority shrugs off this provision because

it does not preclude a termination “by operation of law.” Maj. Op. at 39. True enough. But

the moment the JJRA went into effect, subsection 3-8A-07(a) was also in effect and, by its

plain terms, applied to all pending cases, including M.P.’s. So, with subsection 3-8A-07(a)

firmly in place and unchanged by the JJRA, it seems unlikely that the General Assembly

intended to countermand its effect on pending cases without expressly saying so. Nor do I

think the General Assembly would have assumed that intake officers and courts would

divine such intent from the introductory phrase to subsection (d)—“does not have

jurisdiction”—which had been in the statute for decades and had played only a passive,

definitional role, not a jurisdiction-terminating role.

       We have precedent to guide us. In Parojinog v. State, 282 Md. 256, 264-65 (1978),

this Court held that an amendment to a jurisdiction-defining provision—indeed, one that

curtailed the juvenile court’s jurisdiction—did not, under what is now CJ § 3-8A-07(a),

terminate jurisdiction for delinquency petitions filed before the amendment’s effective

date. Parojinog involved allegations that a 17-year-old committed arson and related

misdeeds. 282 Md. at 257-58. By the time the State filed the delinquency petition in May

1975, the child had turned 18. Id. at 258. Subsequently, on July 1, 1975, an amendment

                                              13
narrowing the juvenile court’s jurisdiction went into effect. Id. at 264. Chapter 554 of the

Acts of 1975 said that effective July 1, 1975, “the juvenile court ‘has exclusive original

jurisdiction, but only for the purpose of waiving it, over an adult... who is alleged to have

committed a delinquent act while a child.’” Id. At that time, a person at least 18 years of

age was defined as an adult. CJ § 3-801(c) (1974). Thus, the defendant was a child when

he allegedly committed the underlying acts and an adult when the amendment went into

effect.

          After the amendment went into effect but before the adjudication hearing, the

juvenile court ordered the defendant to, among other things, pay restitution. 282 Md.

at 258-59. Months later, the juvenile court waived jurisdiction, prompting the State to file

an indictment in the circuit court based on the same alleged acts of arson. Id. at 259.

Pointing to the penal effect of the post-amendment restitution order, the defendant

advanced a double jeopardy defense in a motion to dismiss the indictments. Id. at 259-60.

This circuit court denied the motion and the Appellate Court of Maryland affirmed. Id.

This Court granted the defendant’s petition for a writ of certiorari. Id. at 260.

          The State argued that when the jurisdictional changes under Chapter 554 of the Acts

of 1975 went into effect, the court was divested of jurisdiction to take any action other than

to waive jurisdiction or dismiss the case, which meant that the juvenile court did not have

jurisdiction when it ordered restitution. Id. at 264-65. And, without jurisdiction to “make

an adjudication and disposition” of the case, jeopardy did not attach. Id. at 265. Thus, the

State urged the Court to adopt the same “here today, gone tomorrow” approach adopted by

the Majority today.

                                              14
       Only in Parojinog, this Court was not persuaded by that argument. We first

identified the “fallacy in the State’s argument” by observing that the delinquency petition

was filed before the amendment went into effect. Id. We stated that the petition’s filing

date, not the adjudication date, “determines the jurisdiction of the juvenile court and the

applicability of Ch. 554.”5 Id. We then turned to CJ § 3-806(a) (1974, 1977 Cum. Supp.),

the predecessor to today’s § 3-8A-07(a), which, as noted above, states that if the juvenile

court obtains jurisdiction over a child under this subtitle, “that jurisdiction continues until

that person[] reaches 21 years of age unless terminated sooner.” Parojinog, 282 Md. at 260

(quoting to CJ § 3-806(a) (1974, 1977 Cum. Supp.)). Applying that provision, we reasoned

that “[o]nce the juvenile court’s jurisdiction attaches upon the filing of a petition, that

jurisdiction continues until the defendant is 21 years of age unless the court terminates its

jurisdiction sooner[.]” Id. at 265 (emphasis added). We held that “[c]onsequently, the

juvenile court was not divested by Ch. 554 of jurisdiction to make an adjudication and

disposition regarding the defendant.” Id. Thus, we concluded, that jeopardy did attach and

the defendant was entitled to a dismissal of the indictments. Id. at 265-66.

       None of the relevant legal principles have changed since Parojinog was decided.

Then, as now, the juvenile court acquired jurisdiction when the delinquency petition was

filed—which, in both cases was before the jurisdiction-altering amendment went into

effect. Id. at 260. Then, as now, the statute said that “the age of the person at the time the

       5
        For that proposition, we cited two then-recent cases, In re Appeal No. 1038, 32
Md. App. 239, 243 (1976) and In re Appeals No. 1022 and 1081, 278 Md. 174, 179-80
(1976). Thus, Parojinog was not an outlier.
                                              15
alleged delinquent act was committed controls the determination of jurisdiction.”6 Id.

at 260 (citation omitted) (quoting CJ § 3-805(a) (1974, 1977 Cum. Supp.)); CJ § 3-8A-

05(a) (2020 Repl. Vol., 2023 Supp.). And then, as now, the statute provided that

“jurisdiction continues until that person[] reaches 21 years of age unless terminated

sooner.” Parojinog, 282 Md. at 260 (citation omitted) (quoting CJ § 3-806(a) (1974, 1977

Cum. Supp.)); see also CJ § 3-8A-07(a) (2020 Repl. Vol., 2023 Supp.).7 Moreover, since

deciding Parajinog, this Court has reiterated that, under what is now section 3-8A-07(a),

       6
          The Majority does not attempt to distinguish Parojinog on either the law or the
facts. Instead, the Majority states: “Parojinog and the cases cited in it endorse the principle
set forth in CJ § 3-8A-05(a), that the age of the child at the time that the alleged delinquent
act was committed controls the determination of the jurisdiction of the juvenile court.” Maj.
Op. at 37. That’s true, and I have not suggested otherwise. It’s also not the take-away from
Parojinog. Parojinog teaches that a jurisdiction altering amendment does not apply to
pending cases. The Majority side steps that part of Parojinog.
       7
         Although the Majority has not attempted to do so, one might try to distinguish
Parojinog from the present case by focusing on the differences in the phrasing of the two
amendments. In Parojinog, the amendment was framed in the affirmative—“[t]he court
has exclusive original jurisdiction, but only for the purpose of waiving it, . . . .” 1975 Md.
Laws, ch. 554 (emphasis added). Here, in contrast, § 3-8A-03(d)(7) (2020 Repl. Vol., 2022
Supp.) was framed in the negative—“The court does not have jurisdiction over . . . [e]xcept
as provided in subsection (a)(1)(ii) . . . a delinquency proceeding against a child who is
under the age of 13 years.” These structural distinctions are without a substantive
difference. The amendment in Parinojog could just as easily be reframed in the image
of § 3-8A-03(d)(7), without changing its meaning, by stating “except for the sole purpose
of waiving it, the juvenile court does not have jurisdiction over . . . .” Conversely, § 3-8A-
03(d)(7) could be rewritten to mirror the format of the amendment in Parajinog, again
without changing its meaning, to say that “the court has jurisdiction over a delinquency
petition against a child under the age of 13 years, but only as provided in. . . .” The
difference between the wording of the two amendments, therefore, is a matter of drafting
style, not substance, and provides no basis to distinguish Parojinog from the present case.
                                              16
“jurisdiction, once acquired, terminates (with some exceptions not here pertinent) only if

the juvenile court so orders.” In re Valerie H., 310 Md. 113, 117 (1987).8

       This Court recently emphasized the importance of crediting the General Assembly

with awareness “of this Court’s interpretations of statutes.” Bellard v. State, 452 Md. 467,

494-95 (2017). Indeed, in the absence of a “clear intention to abrogate” prior holdings, we

presume legislative acquiescence as well. Id. (quoting Allen v. State, 402 Md. 59, 72

(2007)). In Parajinog, we held that the filing date of the delinquency petition was the

relevant date for determining the applicability of the jurisdiction-narrowing amendment

and that the “terminated sooner” exception to CJ § 3-8A-07(a) was not triggered by such

amendment. 282 Md. at 264-65. In In re Valerie H., we confirmed that the “terminated

sooner” exception is triggered “only” by a court order. 310 Md. at 117. If the General

Assembly had intended to abrogate Parojinog or In re Valerie H., it would have said so

explicitly.9

       8
         The Majority is correct that In re Valerie H. involved a child in need of assistance
case (“CINA”), but is incorrect that that distinction matters here. When In re Valerie H.
was decided, the “terminated sooner” provision applied to both CINA and delinquency
cases. It still applies to delinquency cases, but not to CINA cases. If anything, that it no
longer applies to the latter shows that the General Assembly consciously chose to keep that
provision in place for the former. And, it did so with full knowledge of our decisions in
Parojinog and In re Valerie H., thus presumably the General Assembly had no intention to
abrogate either decision.
       9
         For example, the General Assembly could have easily added the phrase “pending
before, on, or after the effective date” to § 3-8A-03(d)(7) in the following manner: “The
court does not have jurisdiction over . . . a delinquency proceeding [, pending or filed
before, on, or after the effective date,] against a child who is under the age of 13 years.”
                                             17
       Thus, the Majority misses the point in stating that “[n]othing in the JJRA provides

that its change in the juvenile court jurisdiction does not apply to pending cases.” Maj. Op.

at 35 (emphasis added). Indeed, the Majority has it backward: The General Assembly’s

failure to include such language or to otherwise “express a clear intention to abrogate”

Parojinog or In re Valerie H. should be presumed intentional and as acquiescence to our

prior interpretation of the “terminated sooner” exception. See Bellard, 452 Md. at 495.

       I would therefore hold that the JJRA did not divest the juvenile court of jurisdiction

over any case for which jurisdiction properly attached before the effective date of the JJRA.

                                The General Savings Statute

       Even without CJ § 3-8A-07(a), the same result is reached through the application of

Maryland’s general savings statute:

       (a) Except as otherwise expressly provided, the repeal, repeal and
           reenactment, or amendment of a statute does not release, extinguish, or
           alter a criminal or civil penalty, forfeiture, or liability imposed or incurred
           under the statute.

       (b) A repealed, repealed and reenacted, or amended statute shall remain in
           effect for the purpose of sustaining any:
               (1) criminal or civil action, suit, proceeding, or prosecution for the
                   enforcement of a penalty, forfeiture, or liability; and
               (2) judgment, decree, or order that imposes, inflicts, or declares the
                   penalty, forfeiture, or liability.

GP § 1-205 (2019 Repl. Vol.).

       Here, the relevant part of this statute is subsection (b)(1). Under its plain language,

the statute vesting the juvenile court with jurisdiction—the pre-JJRA version of CJ § 3-

8A-03(a)(1)—“remain[ed] in effect for the purpose of sustaining” the delinquency

                                               18
proceeding against M.P. Thus, M.P. is not entitled to a dismissal of the delinquency

petition.

                                        State v. Clifton

       The case of State v. Clifton, 177 Md. 572 (1940), provides a helpful discussion of

the general savings statute and supports its application here. There, the defendant was

indicted under a state statute for selling alcoholic beverages without a license. Id. at 574.

Several months after the indictment, an amendment of the statute went into effect. Id.

(citing 1939 Md. Laws, ch. 775). The amended statute repealed the specific section under

which the defendant had been indicted, but in its place, enacted a new section that provided

for the same penalty for the same underlying act. Id. Citing the repeal of the statute under

which he had been indicted, the defendant moved to quash his indictment. The trial court

granted the motion based on the common law rule that “after a statute creating a crime has

been repealed no punishment can be imposed for any violation of it committed while it was

in force.” Id.

       This Court reversed. Id. In doing so, we recognized the “fundamental principle that

the law does not favor repeals by implication.” Id. We observed that there was “no

indication in its language that the Legislature intended to abolish” the crime of which the

defendant was charged and that because “the amended statute contains substantially the

same provisions as the original, the continuity of the original as to those provisions is not

affected.” Id. at 575. Thus, we concluded, that the “continuity of the original [statute] as to

those provisions is not affected.” Id. That was the primary basis on which we reversed the

trial court. Now to the part of Clifton that is relevant here.

                                              19
       We then determined that the same result would be reached even if the General

Assembly had “absolutely repealed” the statute without replacing it with a substantively

identical counterpart. Id. That’s because “the State could nevertheless prosecute the present

case through the operation of the general saving statutes, which have been in force in

Maryland since their enactment by the Legislature in 1912.” Id. We referred to the part of

the savings statute that

       provides that the repeal of any statute shall not have the effect of releasing or
       extinguishing “any penalty, forfeiture, or liability incurred under such
       statute, unless the repealing Act shall so expressly provide, and such statute
       shall be treated as still remaining in force for the purpose of sustaining any
       proper action or prosecution for the enforcement of such penalty, forfeiture,
       or liability.”

Id. (quoting 1912 Md. Laws, ch. 365) (emphasis added). Of particular importance here, we

noted that the general savings statute “rescinded” the common law rule that would have

prevented any further proceedings based on the repealed statute. Id. at 576.

       Our analysis of the general savings statute included an observation about its

origin—that it was copied from its federal counterpart. Id. at 575-76. We noted that “[t]he

Federal saving clause has been held by the United States Supreme Court to save any

prosecution for a pending violation committed during the time a statute was in force, even

though the statute was repealed before the time of the trial.” Id. at 576 (citing United States

v. Reisinger, 128 U.S. 398 (1888)).10 We concluded: “As the Alcoholic Beverages Act was

       10
         Given our reliance on it in Clifton, United States v. Reisinger is also instructive.
There, the defendant was indicted under a statute that made it a crime for an attorney to
charge more than ten dollars in a pension case. 128 U.S. at 399-400. That statute, however,
was repealed about a year before the indictment. Id. (citing Act of July 4, 1884, ch. 181,

                                              20
not repealed, and even if it had been repealed the prosecution of the appellee would be

saved by the general savings statutes, the Court below erred in quashing the indictment.”

Id. at 577. Although the format of Maryland’s savings statute has changed since Clifton,

its substance has remained the same. Thus, our analysis of the general savings statute in

Clifton directly supports its application here.

       In dismissing the general savings statute as “inapplicable,” the Majority tries to

distinguish Clifton from this case. But the Majority does not argue that a delinquency

proceeding is not within the scope of subsection (b)(1) of the general savings statute. Nor

does the Majority contend that the JJRA contains specific language that removes it from

the reach of the general savings statute. Rather, the Majority declares, as if the proposition

is self-evident, that:

       The scenario in Clifton is readily distinguishable from the JJRA’s limiting
       jurisdiction in order to prevent children under the age of 13 years, with
       certain exceptions, from being subjected to juvenile delinquency
       proceedings. Put simply, Clifton does not support the applicability of the
       general saving clause to a law in which the General Assembly sought to avoid
       harm to young children by limiting their exposure to the juvenile system.

Maj. Op. at 44.

       The Majority is entitled to its view that the public policy behind the JJRA is so

important that it should not be subject to the general savings statute. But that is not our call

to make. The general savings statute, by design, is meant to apply generally unless the

General Assembly—not this Court—decides otherwise. In dismissing the general savings

23 Stat. 98). Because the alleged violation occurred before the statute’s repeal, the Supreme
Court of the United States held that the general savings statute sustained prosecutions based
on events that took place before the statute was repealed. Id. at 401-02.
                                              21
statute as inapplicable, the Majority resorts to a form of “because we said so” reasoning

untethered to precedent or statutory text and grounded only in its view of the public policy

animating the JJRA.

                                     State v. Johnson

       The Majority misapplies another case from this Court: State v. Johnson, 285 Md.

339 (1979). Quoting our opinion from Johnson, the Majority declares that “[o]ur precedent

requires the outcome we reach because without ‘a contrary expression of intent, a cause of

action or remedy dependent upon a statute falls with the repeal of [the] statute.’” Maj. Op.

at 40 (quoting Johnson, 285 Md. at 344). Thus, the Majority concludes:

       With no indication in the JJRA that the General Assembly intended for the
       changes to CJ § 3-8A-03 not to apply to pending cases, jurisdiction over the
       delinquency petition and proceeding fell with the repeal of the juvenile
       courts’ jurisdiction over children charged with nonviolent conduct that
       occurred when they were under 13 years old.

Maj. Op. at 40-41 (footnote omitted).

       The Majority draws the wrong lesson from Johnson and, once again, the wrong

conclusion from the General Assembly’s failure to indicate that the changes to section 3-

8A-03 do not apply to pending cases. In Johnson, the defendant pleaded guilty to rape and

was sentenced to five years’ imprisonment, all suspended, and placed on probation for five

years. 285 Md. at 340. He was subsequently convicted for an assault that he committed just

two days after his sentencing, and he was then found guilty of violating his probation. Id.

The trial court struck the suspension of his sentence and, believing the court’s hands tied

with no discretion, reinstated the five-year sentence. Id. at 340-41. While on appeal, the

General Assembly amended the statute to give the trial court discretion to determine how

                                            22
much of the suspended sentence should be reinstated. Id. at 341-43. The issue before this

Court was whether the new sentencing statute should apply to Johnson. Id.

       To show why the Majority is incorrect that “[o]ur precedent requires the outcome

we reach[,]” Maj. Op. at 40, I will first summarize the Majority’s analysis of Johnson that

led to that conclusion. The Majority starts with the correct premise that the general rule is

that “newly-enacted statutes generally apply prospectively, not retroactively.” Maj. Op.

at 31. The Majority quotes Johnson for the proposition that an exception to the general rule

“is that a statute which affects a matter still in litigation when the statute becomes effective

will be applied by a reviewing court even though the statute was not then law when the

decision appealed from was handed down, unless the legislature expresses a contrary

intent.” Maj. Op. at 32 (quoting Johnson, 285 Md. at 343). The Majority then adopts this

quote from Johnson: “Thus many courts adhere to the proposition that in the absence of a

contrary expression of intent, a cause of action or remedy dependent upon a statute falls

with the repeal of [the] statute.” Maj. Op. at 32 (quoting Johnson, 285 Md. at 344). From

these passages in Johnson, I see why the Majority concludes that “our precedent” requires

the result it reaches today. Maj. Op. at 40.

       But the Majority stops its analysis of Johnson too soon and ignores that we then

recognized that the general savings statute negates the very exception that the Majority

applies:

       Where penalties, rights or liabilities incurred or accrued under a prior version
       of a statute would otherwise be extinguished by its repeal, most legislatures
       have enacted general savings statutes which have the effect of continuing a
       repealed statute in force for the purpose of punishing offenses committed
       prior to repeal. Thus, a general savings statute preserves penalties imposed

                                               23
       under prior law except where a subsequent repealing act manifests the
       legislative intention to the contrary.

Johnson, 285 Md. at 344.

       Thus, in Johnson, we applied the general savings statute to hold that the defendant

was not entitled to the benefit of the more lenient sentencing statute. In reaching that

conclusion, we observed that “nowhere” did the new statute “indicate that the Legislature

intended to restrict operation of [the general savings statute].” Id. at 345. In other words,

the takeaway from Johnson is that the general savings statute applies unless the General

Assembly expressly states otherwise.

       Indeed, relying on Johnson, we reiterated that point in Graves v. State, 364 Md.

329, 339 n.10 (2001):

       Ordinarily, a criminal defendant will not be entitled to a windfall from the
       amendment, revision, or repealing of a statute where the legislature altered
       the statute during the course of the litigation. See State v. Johnson, 285 Md.
       339, 346, 402 A.2d 876, 880 (1979). Unless a statute specifically states an
       intent to the contrary, the provisions of Maryland’s general savings clause,
       Code (1957, 1998 Repl. Vol.) Article 1, § 3, operate to uphold “any penalty,
       forfeiture or liability incurred under a statute which is subsequently repealed
       or amended.” See id. at 345, 402 A.2d at 879.

So too here—nowhere does the JJRA say that it escapes application of the general savings

statute.11 In relying on the General Assembly’s silence as confirmation of a contrary

intention, the Majority has it backward.

       11
          The part of the general savings statute at issue in Johnson was the penalty clause
in GP § 1-205(a). As explained above, the provision relevant here is GP § 1-205(b), which
applies to pending proceedings (as opposed to previously imposed penalties). But the same
logic that drove the Court in Johnson applies here with equal force.
                                             24
                                   Bruner v. United States

       The Majority makes the same mistake with Bruner v. United States, 343 U.S. 112

(1952). The Majority quotes Bruner for the proposition that “when a law conferring

jurisdiction is repealed without any reservation as to pending cases, all cases fall with the

law[.]” Maj. Op. at 33 (quoting Bruner, 343 U.S. at 116-17). Again the Majority misses

the most relevant part.

       Bruner involved a claim for overtime pay by a civilian fire chief who had been

appointed by a local army commander under authority granted by the Secretary of War.

343 U.S. at 113. The plaintiff brought the action in 1948. The jurisdictional question before

the Court traced its roots to 1887 when the district court’s jurisdiction over claims below a

certain amount was concurrent with the Court of Claims. Id. at 114. That changed in 1898

when Congress decided to “centraliz[e]” such cases in the Court of Claims for cases

brought “for official services of officers of the United States[.]” Id. at 114-15. The plaintiff

brought his claim in the district court, but the court dismissed the case because the plaintiff

was an “officer of the United States” and therefore the Court of Claims had exclusive

jurisdiction. Id. at 113. The Fifth Circuit affirmed. Id. Meanwhile, in a different case

involving similar circumstances, the Sixth Circuit sustained jurisdiction because the

civilian firefighter was a mere employee, not an “officer of the United States.” Id. at 114

(citing Beal v. United States, 182 F.2d 565 (5th Cir. 1950)). So the two circuits split over

whether the civilian firefighter was an employee or an officer. After the United States

Supreme Court granted certiorari to Bruner, a jurisdictional amendment went into effect.

                                              25
       In 1951, Congress amended the statute to provide that the Court of Claims had

exclusive jurisdiction over claims brought by employees and officers of the United States.

Id. at 114. The issue before the Court was, therefore, whether that new statute applied to

cases filed before the amendment went into effect. The Court observed that Congress had

not excluded pending cases from the reach of the jurisdictional amendment. Id. at 115.

And, as the Majority observes, the Court concluded that “when a law conferring

jurisdiction is repealed without any reservation as to pending cases, all cases fall with the

law[.]” Id. at 116-17. This is a variation of the same exception that, in Johnson, yielded to

Maryland’s general savings statute.

       Just as the Majority overlooked the relevance of the general savings statute in

Johnson, so too it ignores the general saving statute in its analysis of Bruner. In the very

next sentence after the language quoted by the Majority, the Court explained that Bruner’s

case was “not affected by the so-called general savings statute which provides that ‘repeal

of any statute shall not have the effect to release or extinguish any penalty, forfeiture, or

liability incurred under such statute.’” Id. at 117. The Court went on to explain that, in

Bruner’s case, “Congress has not altered the nature or validity of petitioner’s rights or the

Government’s liability but has simply reduced the number of tribunals authorized to hear

and determine such rights and liabilities.” Id. In other words, because Bruner’s substantive

rights were not denied because he could still press his claim in a different tribunal, the

Court declined to apply the general savings statute to save his district court proceeding. Id.

Here, because the general savings statute does apply, Bruner’s application of the general

exception does not support the Majority’s conclusion.

                                             26
                              Landgraf v. USI Film Products

       The Majority’s reliance on Landgraf v. USI Film Products, 511 U.S. 244 (1994), is

similarly misplaced. Landgraf involved an amendment to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act

of 1964 conferring the right to recover compensatory and punitive damages and the right

to a jury trial. The issue was whether the amendment applied retroactively and entitled the

appellant to a remand for a jury trial on damages. Id. at 247-49. The Court declined to

retroactively apply the amendment to the pending case. Id. at 280-86.

       Although Landgraf was not about jurisdiction, the Majority still finds support in

dicta discussing how a retroactivity analysis applies to statutes that alter a court’s

jurisdiction:

       We have regularly applied intervening statutes conferring or ousting
       jurisdiction, whether or not jurisdiction lay when the underlying conduct
       occurred or when the suit was filed. Thus, in Bruner v. United States, 343
       U.S. 112, 116-117 (1952), relying on our “consisten[t]” practice, we ordered
       an action dismissed because the jurisdictional statute under which it had been
       (properly) filed was subsequently repealed. See also Hallowell v. Commons,
       239 U.S. 506, 508-509, (1916); Assessors v. Osbornes, 9 Wall. 567, 575
       (1870).

511 U.S. at 274 (footnote omitted); see Maj. Op. at 32, 40.

       Observing that Langraf relied on Bruner in the above passage, the Majority then

explains that this Court’s “holding in Johnson parallels the rationale expressed by the

Supreme Court of the United States in Bruner[,]” before adopting this quote from Bruner:

“[W]hen a law conferring jurisdiction is repealed without any reservation as to pending

cases, all cases fall with the law[.]” Maj. Op. at 41 (quoting Bruner, 343 U.S. at 116-17)

(citation omitted).

                                            27
       Again, from these selected quotes, it is not difficult to understand why the Majority

claims support from these cases for its conclusion that the JJRA divested the juvenile

court’s jurisdiction over M.P. But, as discussed above, in disregarding how the general

savings statute figured into the Courts’ analyses, the Majority draws the wrong lessons

from Johnson and Bruner. Thus, the dicta from Landgraf quoted above does not support

the Majority’s conclusion.

       The Majority misapplies Landgraf in another respect. The Majority acknowledges

the general principle that retroactive application of statutes is disfavored. The Majority

insists, however, that “[r]etroactive application of a jurisdictional amendment is not at issue

because the jurisdictional question here concerns the authority of the juvenile court to take

the action at issue subsequent to the effective date of the JJRA.” Maj. Op. at 40. To support

that proposition, the Majority stitches together two quotes from Landgraf: one from the

Court’s opinion and one from Justice Scalia’s concurrence. The Majority states the

following, with the quote attributed to Justice Scalia italicized for easy reference:

       The issue does not involve a question of retroactivity “merely because
       [CJ § 3-8A-03(d)(7)] is applied in a case arising from conduct antedating the
       statute’s enactment[.]” Landgraf, 511 U.S. at 269 (citation omitted). When
       interpreting a jurisdictional statute, for purposes of retroactivity, the relevant
       event “is the moment at which that power is sought to be exercised. Thus,
       applying a jurisdiction-eliminating statute to undo past judicial action would
       be applying it retroactively; but applying it to prevent any judicial action
       after the statute takes effect is applying it prospectively.” Id. at 293 (Scalia,
       J., concurring in judgment).

Maj. Op. at 40 (emphasis added). From that proposition, the Majority concludes:

       In this case, M.P. does not seek to apply CJ § 3-8A-03 to any of the juvenile
       court’s actions prior to June 1, 2022, but rather to prevent the court from

                                              28
       exercising jurisdiction over him after that date, when the juvenile court no
       longer possesses jurisdiction.

Id. at 40.

       A close look at Landgraf reveals how the Majority went astray. In deciding not to

apply the statute retroactively, the Court in Landgraf started with the premise that

retroactive application of statutes is disfavored but observed that “deciding when a statute

operates ‘retroactively’ is not always a simple or mechanical task.” 511 U.S. at 268. The

Court then embraced the test articulated by Justice Story: “the ban on retrospective

legislation embraced ‘all statutes, which, though operating only from their passage, affect

vested rights and past transactions.’” Id. at 268-69 (citing Soc’y for Propagation of the

Gospel v. Wheeler, 22 F. Cas. 756, 767 (Story, Circuit J., C.C.D.N.H. 1814)).

       That was the context in which the Supreme Court stated that “[a] statute does not

operate ‘retrospectively’ because it is applied in a case arising from conduct antedating the

statute’s enactment,” id. at 269, on which the Majority relies. But in highlighting the

difficulty of knowing when the rule against retroactive application applies, the Court was

emphasizing that it is not enough that the statute applies to conduct pre-dating the statute.

In the next sentence, the Court offered its formulation modeled after Justice Story’s vested

rights approach, stating that, “[r]ather, the court must ask whether the new provision

attaches new legal consequences to events completed before its enactment.” Id. at 269-70.

The Majority skips that part.

       The Majority instead jumps to Justice Scalia’s concurrence—specifically the

passage italicized above—to advance a different formulation. But the Majority overlooks

                                             29
the context in which Justice Scalia wrote those words. Notice in the above passage that the

Majority picks up Justice Scalia’s statement in the middle of his sentence with “is the

moment at which that power is sought to be exercised.” Maj. Op. at 40 (quoting Landgraf,

511 U.S. at 293 (Scalia, J., concurring)). That statement came in one of the later paragraphs

of Justice Scalia’s concurrence in which he expresses his “disagreement with the Court’s

analysis of... the meaning of retroactivity.” Landgraf, 511 U.S. at 290.

       Justice Scalia disagreed with the Court’s adoption of the “vested rights” test

articulated by Justice Story and thought it was a mistake to use the vested rights approach

to explain the Court’s prior decisions, particularly Bruner and Hallowell, in which

jurisdiction-eliminating statutes were applied to pending cases. Id. at 292-93. Justice Scalia

was referring to the Court’s explanation that applying such statutes “takes away no

substantive right but simply changes the tribunal that is to hear the case.” 12 Id. at 274

((Majority opinion) (quoting Hallowell, 239 U.S. at 508)). Justice Scalia responded that

such an explanation only worked in some cases, noting that sometimes the jurisdictional

amendment would deprive the claimant of any forum in which to pursue the claim.13 Id.

       12
        That such statutes only change the tribunal without taking away substantive rights
was why the Court, in Bruner, declined to apply the general savings statute. 343 U.S.
at 117.
       13
         Interestingly, Justice Scalia’s example for that proposition was the Portal-to-
Portal Act of 1947.” Landgraf, 511 U.S. at 292-93 (Scalia, J., concurring). That statute,
however, contains a provision that expressly divested the courts of jurisdiction over
pending cases. 29 U.S.C. § 252(d). Specifically, that statute states that

       [n]o court of the United States, of any State, Territory, or possession of the
       United States, or of the District of Columbia, shall have jurisdiction of any

                                             30
at 292-93 (Scalia, J., concurring). Justice Scalia proposed a different explanation for the

Court’s prior jurisdiction cases, the italicized part of which is the segment quoted by the

Majority:

       Our jurisdiction cases are explained, I think, by the fact that the purpose of
       provisions conferring or eliminating jurisdiction is to permit or forbid the
       exercise of judicial power—so that the relevant event for retroactivity
       purposes is the moment at which that power is sought to be exercised. Thus,
       applying a jurisdiction-eliminating statute to undo past judicial action would
       be applying it retroactively; but applying it to prevent any judicial action
       after the statute takes effect is applying it prospectively.

Id. at 293 (emphasis added); see Maj. Op. at 40.

       Thus, because he disagreed with the Court that the vested rights test explained the

Court’s prior jurisprudence, Justice Scalia was merely offering an alternative rationale for

the Court’s prior decisions; he was not announcing a new test on behalf of the Court for

determining when the rule against retroactive application would apply. And, beyond

Bruner, which does not support the Majority’s holding for the reasons explained above, all

but one of the cases cited by Justice Scalia show that he was referring to cases involving

       action or proceeding, whether instituted prior to or after the date of the
       enactment of this Act, to enforce liability or impose punishment for or on
       account of the failure of the employer to pay minimum wages or overtime
       compensation under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, as amended,
       under the Walsh-Healey Act, or under the Bacon-Davis Act, to the extent
       that such action or proceeding seeks to enforce any liability or impose any
       punishment with respect to an activity which was not compensable under
       subsections (a) and (b) of this section.

Id. (emphasis added).

                                            31
statutes that expressly applied the jurisdictional changes to pending cases.14 Here, as the

Majority acknowledges, the General Assembly included no such language. 15 Landgraf,

therefore, is of little analytical value here.

       14
          Justice Scalia cited to Hallowell v. Commons, 239 U.S. 506, 508 (1916), which,
like Bruner, divested jurisdiction in federal court but granted jurisdiction to a different
tribunal, such that no substantive rights were deprived. Thus, Hallowell is not relevant here
for the same reason as Bruner—that a general savings statute applies.

       Justice Scalia also cited Ex parte McCardle, 74 U.S. (7 Wall.) 506 (1869), and
Insurance Co. v. Ritchie, 72 U.S. (5 Wall.) 541 (1867), both of which involved an express
repeal of a prior law that had previously granted jurisdiction to federal courts. See
McCardle, 74 U.S. at 512-14; Insurance Co., 72 U.S. at 544-45. The statutes at issue in
McCardle and Ritchie were enacted for the express purpose of removing jurisdiction
granted by prior law, and both expressly stated that the court did not maintain jurisdiction
over pending cases. See Act of Mar. 27, 1868, ch. 34, § 2, 15 Stat. 44 (the statute in
McCardle, which stated that “the exercise of any such jurisdiction by said Supreme Court
on appeals which have been or may hereafter be taken, be, and the same is, hereby
repealed” (emphasis added)); Acts of July 13, 1866, ch. 184, § 68, 14 Stat. 98, 172 (the
statute in Ritchie, which stated that “any case which may have been removed from the
courts of any State under said fiftieth section to the courts of the United States shall be
remanded to the State court from which it was so removed” (emphasis added)).

      The other case cited by Justice Scalia, King v. Justices of the Peace for the City of
London (1764) 97 Eng. Rep. 924 (KB), likewise involves a law enacted with the express
purpose of removing jurisdiction granted by prior law. See 97 Eng. Rep. at 925.
       15
          The Majority’s reliance on Justice Scalia’s critique of the vested rights test is
ironic given that the vested rights test is firmly entrenched in Maryland’s jurisprudence.
See Est. of Zimmerman v. Blatter, 458 Md. 698, 728-29 (2018). In Estate of Zimmerman,
we stated:

       Although statutes are presumed to apply prospectively, there are two
       exceptions to that presumption, namely: (1) statutes that apply to procedural
       changes, because a statute effecting a change in procedure only, and not in
       substantive rights, ordinarily applies to all actions, whether accrued, pending,
       or future, unless a contrary intention is expressed; and (2) statutes that have
       remedial effect and do not impair vested rights.

Id. (cleaned up).
                                                 32
                                        Waker v. State

       The Majority contends that its

       conclusion is also consistent with our holding in Waker [v. State, 431 Md. 1
       (2013)] and a long line of precedent providing that, where a statute is
       amended or repealed “after an alleged offense or after an event giving rise to
       some alleged liability, a court, including an appellate court, would generally
       apply the law as it existed when the court was considering the case and not
       the law in effect when the alleged offense or event occurred.”

Maj. Op. at 41 (quoting Waker, 431 Md. at 9-10). But in that statement from Waker, we

were simply describing the common law rule. In the next sentence, we gave the general

saving clause its due: “The general saving clause, quoted above, modified the common law

principle in some types of cases.” Waker, 431 Md. at 10. In Waker, the amendment went

into effect before Waker’s trial, thus, we concluded that, unlike in Johnson, the penalty

clause of the general savings statute did not apply. Id. at 11. So, in Waker, unlike in

Johnson, the common law rule prevailed because the general savings statute did not apply.

Here, the general savings statute does apply, so the common law rule that the Majority

relies on does not apply.

                               Problematic Consequences
                             of the Majority’s Interpretation

       There are practical reasons to conclude that the General Assembly did not intend

for the JJRA’s jurisdictional changes to apply to pending cases. When the General

Assembly enacted the JJRA, it understood that the juvenile delinquency system had been

operating for decades and that many children were already in the system in various

stages—both pre-adjudication and post-disposition. The General Assembly had to draw the

line somewhere in determining how the jurisdictional changes would be applied. The case

                                             33
for the rule established in Parojinog becomes even stronger when the ramifications of the

Majority’s interpretation are considered.

       Although the JJRA was enacted on April 9, 2022, it was in the works since the

beginning of the 2022 legislative session, when it was first read in the House of Delegates

on January 20.16 The General Assembly knew when it enacted the JJRA on April 9, 2022,

that there would be 53 days before any of its provisions would go into effect. The General

Assembly would have assumed that during that interim, the juvenile justice system would

continue its operations uninterruptedly; that every person involved in the system would

continue to carry out their duties mandated by the existing statute. Thus, if the General

Assembly intended to apply the jurisdictional changes to pending cases, it had a practical

reason to express its intention clearly and unambiguously—to minimize the waste of time

and money spent on efforts that would soon be rendered worthless. The timeline of M.P.’s

case illustrates why this is so.

       Although the juvenile court’s jurisdiction attaches upon the filing of a delinquency

petition, the petition is the culmination of significant legwork by others, starting with the

       16
         The bill for the JJRA was introduced as House Bill 459 and Senate Bill 691 during
the 2022 session. The House of Delegates voted in favor of House Bill 459 on February 25,
and the Senate voted in favor of Senate Bill 691 on March 21. The House voted again to
pass and enroll the bill after the Senate’s consideration on April 1. It was enacted without
Governor Hogan’s signature on April 9, 2022, and it became effective on June 1 of that
year.

                                             34
“intake officer.”17 The intake officer’s work begins upon receipt of a “[c]omplaint[] from

a person or agency having knowledge of facts which may cause a person to be subject to

the jurisdiction of the court under [subtitle 8A].” CJ § 3-8A-10(b)(1) (2020 Repl. Vol.,

2023 Supp.). Within 25 days, the intake officer “shall” both investigate whether the

juvenile court has jurisdiction and if so, determine whether “judicial action is in the best

interests of the public or the child.” Id. § 3-8A-10(c). Within the same 25 days, the intake

officer may take one of three courses of action: “(i) Authorize the filing of a petition or a

peace order request or both; (ii) Propose an informal adjustment of the matter; or (iii)

Refuse authorization to file a petition or a peace order request or both.” Id. § 3-8A-10(c)(3).

The intake officer can choose the first option—authorize the filing of a delinquency

petition—if “the intake officer concludes that the court has jurisdiction over the matter and

that judicial action is in the best interests of the public or the child.” Id. § 3-8A-10(d)(1).18

       17
          An intake officer is the “person assigned to the court by the Department of
Juvenile Services to provide the intake services set forth in” title 3, subtitle 8A of the Courts
and Judicial Proceedings Article. CJ § 3-8A-01(r) (2020 Repl. Vol., 2023 Supp.).
       18
           The intake officer can choose that route upon determining that the juvenile court
has jurisdiction but that the best interests of the child or the public would better be served
with an informal adjustment. CJ § 3-8A-10(e). That option requires the consent of the child
and the child’s parent or guardian, and when pursued, must be completed within 90 days
unless extended by the court. Id. § 3-8A-10(e)(3), (f). And, if the intake officer later
determines that the informal adjustment process isn’t working, then the intake officer must
decide whether to authorize or refuse to authorize the filing of a petition. CJ § 3-8A-
10(f)(4). Thus, had the intake officer chosen an informal adjustment for M.P., under the
Majority’s theory, M.P. would have had no incentive to cooperate because a delinquency
petition filed before June 1, 2022 would have to be dismissed. When the General Assembly
enacted the JJRA on April 9, 2022, it is hard to imagine that it intended such wasteful and
fruitless efforts with respect to cases already in the pipeline.
                                               35
       Here, M.P. allegedly committed the delinquent acts in mid-March 2022—before the

JJRA was enacted. The intake officer received the complaint on March 21, 2022. The 25-

day period under CJ § 3-8A-10(b) and (c) began on March 21 and ended on April 15,

straddling the April 9 enactment of the JJRA. Within that 25-day window, the intake officer

determined that the juvenile court did have jurisdiction over M.P. and that judicial action

did serve either M.P.’s or the public’s best interests. Thus, on April 11, just two days after

the JJRA was enacted and with just four days to spare before the 25-day window closed,

the intake officer authorized the State’s Attorney to file a delinquency petition against M.P.

       Once the intake officer authorizes the filing of a delinquency petition, the ball is in

the State’s Attorney’s court. Section 3-8A-13(b) provides that delinquency petitions “shall

be prepared and filed by the State’s Attorney.” Further, “[a] petition alleging delinquency

shall be filed within 30 days after the receipt of a referral from the intake officer, unless

that time is extended by the court for good cause shown.” CJ § 3-8A-13(b). Here, as

required by statute, the State’s Attorney prepared and filed the delinquency petition against

M.P. on May 5, 2022.

       To accept the Majority’s interpretation, we must assume that the General Assembly

intended that, in the 53 days before the JJRA would take effect: (1) intake officers would

continue to determine whether the juvenile court had jurisdiction over children under the

age of 13 and whether a delinquency petition would serve the child’s or the public’s

interest; (2) State’s Attorneys would, as required by statute, continue to timely file

delinquency petitions when authorized by the intake officer; (3) court personnel would

                                             36
continue to docket such cases and open files; and (4) the juvenile court would acquire

jurisdiction for a brief period. All of this, only to abruptly lose jurisdiction on June 1, 2022.

       If the General Assembly intended this result, it would have made its intentions

known through explicit language so that time and money would not be wasted on matters

that would have to be dismissed. Indeed, it is hard to imagine why the General Assembly

would have intended to put a child through the ordeal of being charged with delinquent

acts if it intended that such charges would soon be summarily dismissed.19

       There are other anomalous consequences to the Majority’s interpretation. The thing

excluded from the juvenile court’s jurisdiction under subsection (d)(7) is a “delinquency

proceeding.” Notice the singular form in the phrase “a delinquency proceeding.”

(Emphasis added). Although “delinquency proceeding” is not defined in the statute, the

General Assembly was not working from a blank slate. Indeed, on November 9, 2021, this

Court adopted Title 11, Chapter 400 of the Maryland Rules of Court—dedicated solely to

“delinquency and citation proceedings.” Md. Rule 11-401 (“The Rules in this Chapter

govern delinquency and citation proceedings[.]”).

       19
          If the General Assembly had intended the jurisdictional changes to apply to
pending cases, it could have minimized such wasted efforts by making the JJRA effective
immediately, which it had the votes to do. For a bill to be enacted and effective immediately
as emergency legislation, it must be “supported by three-fifths [60%] of all the members
elected to each of the two Houses of the General Assembly.” Md. Const., art. XVI, § 2.
The Senate passed the JJRA with the affirmative vote of 29 of its 47 members, or 61 percent
of the chamber. The House enrolled the bill with 90 of its 141 members, totaling
approximately 64 percent. Thus, with that level of support, the JJRA could have been
passed as an emergency bill and made it effective immediately.
                                               37
       Effective on January 1, 2022, these Rules cover, among other things: the child’s

right to counsel “at every stage of all proceedings under this Chapter[,]” (Rule 11-404);

taking a child into custody after the delinquency petition is filed (Rule 11-405); pre-

adjudication placement into detention, community detention, or shelter care (Rule 11-406);

jurisdiction waiver process (Rule 11-410); pre-adjudication studies by the Department of

Juvenile Services (Rule 11-415); competency evaluations (Rule 11-416); emergency

medical treatment of a child “who is already under the jurisdiction” of the juvenile court

(Rule 11-417); motions practice (Rule 11-419); informal adjustments (Rule 11-420.1); the

adjudicatory hearing (Rule 11-421); the disposition hearing (Rule 11-422); modifications

or revisions to all orders of the delinquency court, including disposition orders (Rule 11-

423); procedures and hearings for probation violations (Rule 11-424); and termination of

the juvenile court’s jurisdiction by court order (Rule 11-425).

       Thus, when the General Assembly enacted the JJRA, it understood that in exercising

its rulemaking authority just three months earlier, this Court deemed “a delinquency

proceeding” to include every phase of a delinquency case, starting with the filing of the

delinquency petition through and including all post-disposition matters.20 Yet, based on the

Majority’s interpretation, a child placed in shelter care before an adjudication hearing under

CJ § 3-8A-15(b) would, on June 1, 2022, lose the right to a hearing under CJ § 3-8A-15(d)

       20
         Likewise, in section 11-503(a)(3) of the Criminal Procedure (“CP”) Article, the
General Assembly deemed post-disposition proceedings to be included within “a
delinquency proceeding.” CP § 11-503(a)(3) provides that: “In this section, ‘subsequent
proceeding’ includes: . . . (3) in a juvenile delinquency proceeding, a review of a
commitment order or other disposition under the Maryland Rules[.]” (Emphasis added.)
                                             38
and Rule 11-406(e), leaving the child’s status uncertain. It would also mean that a child

subject to any disposition order would, on June 1, 2022, lose the right to seek a

modification of such disposition because the juvenile court would no longer have

jurisdiction. I do not believe the General Assembly intended such consequences.

       For example, under the Majority’s interpretation, on June 1, 2022, a child

committed to the Maryland Department of Health for treatment in a mental hospital lost

the right to future periodic progress reports and court reviews provided under CJ § 3-8A-

19(j). And, for example, a child subject to a restitution order lost the right to later seek a

reduction of the restitution obligation based on a post-disposition change in circumstances.

Md. Rule 11-423(a) (“The court may modify or vacate an order if the court finds that action

to be in the best interest of the respondent or the public.”); see also In re Darnell F., 71

Md. App. 584 (1987) (applying Rule 11-423’s predecessor to motions to modify restitution

orders).

       In sum, the Majority’s interpretation of subsection (d)(7) requires acceptance of the

premise that when it enacted the JJRA, the General Assembly intended to divest the

juvenile court of the jurisdiction to enter any post-disposition orders for children already

in the system due to actions taken before their 13th birthday, including actions designed

solely to benefit the child. Surely that is not what the General Assembly intended, yet that

is where the Majority’s logic takes us. If the juvenile court was divested of jurisdiction

over “a delinquency proceeding,” then the Majority’s plain language approach would apply

to every delinquency proceeding involving a nonviolent act by a child while under the age

                                             39
of 13, at any stage.21 In contrast, holding that the JJRA’s jurisdictional changes did not

apply to then-pending cases, as required by section 3-8A-07(a), Parojinog, and the general

savings statute, yields no such problematic results.

                                            ***

       For all these reasons, I would dismiss the appeal and remand the case to the juvenile

court to proceed with the delinquency petition against M.P. On the merits, I would affirm

the juvenile court’s denial of the motion to dismiss.

       Justice Biran has authorized me to state that he joins this opinion.

       21
          The Majority recognizes this problem but declines to reason its way to a solution.
In its conclusion, the Majority limits its holding to cases “pending adjudication of
delinquency as of the effective date of the JJRA.” Maj. Op. at 44. And in footnote 22, the
Majority cautions that “[n]othing in [its] opinion should be interpreted as concluding that
a juvenile court would lack jurisdiction with respect to a child under the age of 13 who had
already been found delinquent at the time the JJRA took effect on June 1, 2022.” That’s an
astonishing disclaimer: The Majority purports to interpret the plain language of CJ § 3-8A-
07(d)(7) to the facts of this case; yet implies without explanation that the same plain
language could take on a different meaning if the proceeding happens to be in the post-
adjudication phase. There is no basis in the plain language of subsection (d)(7) or any other
part of the JJRA for any such limitation.
                                             40