Court Opinion

ID: 8206994
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-16 17:00:55.053511+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:41:21.461247
License: Public Domain

Appellate Case: 21-6081   Document: 010110740399                       FILED Page: 1
                                                    Date Filed: 09/16/2022
                                                          United States Court of Appeals
                                                                   Tenth Circuit

                                    PUBLISH                   September 16, 2022
                                                             Christopher M. Wolpert
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS               Clerk of Court

                                  TENTH CIRCUIT

  VICKI JO LEWIS and TROY LEVET
  LEWIS, individually and as co-
  personal representatives of the
  ESTATE OF ISAIAH MARK LEWIS,
  deceased,

        Plaintiffs - Appellees,
  v.                                                   No. 21-6081
  CITY OF EDMOND, an Oklahoma
  municipal corporation; POLICE
  SERGEANT MILO BOX,

        Defendants,

  and

  POLICE OFFICER DENTON
  SCHERMAN,

        Defendant - Appellant.

          APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
             FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF OKLAHOMA
                      (D.C. No. 5:19-CV-00489-R)

 Kathryn D. Terry (Catherine L. Campbell and Cody J. Cooper, with her on the
 briefs), Phillips Murrah, P.C., Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, for Defendant-Appellant.

 Devi M. Rao, Roderick & Solange MacArthur Justice Center (Daniel M. Greenfield,
 Roderick & Solange MacArthur Justice Center, Northwestern Pritzker School
 of Law, Chicago, Illinois, Easha Anand, Roderick & Solange MacArthur Justice
Appellate Case: 21-6081   Document: 010110740399        Date Filed: 09/16/2022    Page: 2

 Center, San Francisco, California, and Christina N. Davis, Roderick & Solange
 MacArthur Justice Center, Washington, D.C. on the brief), Washington, D.C., for
 Plaintiffs-Appellees.

 Before HARTZ, BALDOCK, and McHUGH, Circuit Judges.

 BALDOCK, Circuit Judge.

       Officer Denton Scherman of the Edmond, Oklahoma Police Department shot

 an unarmed assailant, Isaiah Mark Lewis, four times (a fifth shot missed). Lewis

 died as a result of his wounds. Plaintiffs, the representatives of Lewis’s estate,

 brought this civil rights action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 alleging Defendant Scherman

 used excessive force against the decedent in violation of the Fourth Amendment.

 Scherman now appeals the district court’s decision denying his motion for summary

 judgment based on qualified immunity. Lewis v. City of Edmond, No. CIV-19-489-

 R, 2021 WL 2815851 (W.D. Okla. July 6, 2021). We reverse.

       Our jurisdiction to review this denial, though limited, arises under 28 U.S.C.

 § 1291 via the collateral order doctrine. See Duda v. Elder, 7 F.4th 899, 909–10

 (10th Cir. 2021). Our jurisdiction is limited because at this intermediate stage of the

 litigation, controlling precedent generally precludes us from reviewing a district

 court’s factual findings if those findings have (as they do here) at least minimal

 support in the record. See Lynch v. Barrett, 703 F.3d 1153, 1158–60, 1160 n.2 (10th

 Cir. 2013).   In such case, “[t]hose facts explicitly found by the district court,

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 combined with those that it likely assumed, . . . form the universe of facts upon

 which we base our legal review of whether [a] defendant[] [is] entitled to qualified

 immunity.” Fogarty v. Gallegos, 523 F.3d 1147, 1154 (10th Cir. 2008). Our legal

 review, which is de novo, is confined to “(1) whether the facts that the district court

 ruled a reasonable jury could find would suffice to show a legal violation, and (2)

 whether th[e] [applicable] law was clearly established at the time of the alleged

 violation.” Dalton v. Reynolds, 2 F.4th 1300, 1307–08 (10th Cir. 2021) (cleaned up)

 (quoting Roosevelt-Hennix v. Drickett, 717 F.3d 751, 753 (10th Cir. 2013)).

       Defendant Scherman does not dispute the facts recited by the district

 court, when viewed in a light most favorable to Plaintiffs, suffice to show a violation

 of the decedent’s Fourth Amendment right to be free from excessive force. See City

 & Cty. of S.F. v. Sheehan, 575 U.S. 600, 603 (2015) (“Because this case arises in a

 summary judgment posture, we view the facts in the light most favorable to . . . the

 nonmoving party.”). Accordingly, we assume without deciding that those facts are

 sufficient to establish a constitutional violation. What Scherman does dispute is the

 district court’s holding that the law was clearly established at the time of the incident

 such “that every reasonable [officer] would have understood” Scherman’s actions,

 given the facts knowable to him, violated decedent’s constitutional right. Rivas-

 Villegas v. Cortesluna, 142 S. Ct. 4, 7 (2021) (per curiam) (emphasis added) (quoting

 Mullenix v. Luna, 577 U.S. 7, 11 (2015) (per curiam)); see also White v. Pauly

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 (Pauly I), 580 U.S. 73, 76–77 (2017) (per curiam) (“Because this case concerns the

 defense of qualified immunity, . . . the Court considers only the facts that were

 knowable to the defendant officers.”).

                                           I.

       The facts recited by the district court are as follows.      Lewis was at his

 girlfriend’s house around 10:30 a.m. on April 29, 2019, when she noticed he was

 acting strangely. An altercation arose after Lewis asked to look at his girlfriend’s

 cell phone. An individual outside the house heard the altercation. Around 1:00 p.m.,

 a neighbor called 911 and stated a young man was “beating up” a girl. Lewis, 2021

 WL 2815851, at *1. In response to the call, police officers arrived on the scene

 around 1:04 p.m. Upon their arrival, Lewis’s girlfriend told the officers that reports

 of a physical altercation between the two were overblown.

       While officers were en route, Lewis removed his clothing and fled his

 girlfriend’s house on foot. For the next hour or so, Lewis eluded police by running

 naked around the neighborhood and hiding. Although not part of the initial response

 team, Sergeant Milo Box and Defendant Scherman were assisting in the search for

 Lewis when they spotted him in a yard in a nearby neighborhood. Box and Scherman

 both knew a call referencing a domestic disturbance triggered the original dispatch.

 As Scherman slowly drove past Lewis, Box exited the patrol car, identified himself

 as a police officer, pointed his taser at Lewis, and commanded him to stop and get

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 on the ground. Rather than comply, Lewis turned toward the nearest residence and

 forced his way inside by busting through the front door’s oval glass window.

       After watching Lewis physically break through the front door, Sergeant Box

 believed the residence was not Lewis’s home. Whether anyone was in the home was

 unknown. Box followed Lewis inside. Box observed Lewis attempting to exit the

 back door and again commanded him to stop and get on the ground. Lewis then

 turned on Box and charged at him. Box deployed his taser on Lewis without effect.

 While Box and Lewis “fought” in the living room, Box deployed his taser a second

 time, again without effect. Id. By this time, Defendant Scherman had entered

 the residence.

       Scherman moved from the front entry hallway, a “small space,” into the living

 room where he observed “Lewis pummeling Box,” a felony under Oklahoma law.

 Id at *1, *7; see Okla. Stat. tit. 21, § 649(B) (proscribing assault and battery upon

 a police officer). According to the district court, while Scherman watched, “Lewis

 ‘continued to strike Box in the head, face, and neck,’ and Box attempted to use his

 taser [a third time] to ‘drive stun’ Lewis.” Lewis, 2021 WL 2815851, at *1. The

 taser failed to subdue Lewis, and Box disappeared from Scherman’s line of sight.

 Lewis then turned toward Scherman, whom the district court described as an

 “undersized officer.” Id. at *7. Scherman drew his firearm. As Lewis advanced

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 toward him, Scherman shot Lewis four times in the front of his body. Lewis

 sustained gunshot wounds to his face, groin, and both thighs.

       At the point Defendant Scherman began shooting, the parties’ respective

 versions of events diverge, so an understanding of what the district court actually

 found is critical. In the district court’s words:

       [T]he Plaintiffs do not dispute that after his fight with Box in the living
       room, Lewis turned toward Scherman and advanced in his direction as
       Scherman backed down the entry hallway toward the front door. Four
       gunshot wounds in the front of Lewis’s body and the bullet casings
       recorded in the Edmond police department’s crime scene sketch confirm
       this account.

 Id. at *2 (record citations omitted). Notably, however, the district court rejected as

 contrary to Plaintiffs’ evidence Defendant Scherman’s claim (1) that Lewis barreled

 toward or charged him in a tackling position, (2) that Lewis was close enough to land

 a punch on his face, and (3) that he shot Lewis from close range. Instead, Plaintiffs

 say Lewis “moved his arms in a windmill motion” while he advanced towards

 Scherman and he was “more than one and a half to two feet away from Scherman

 when Scherman discharged his firearm.” Id. (internal brackets omitted).

                                            II.

       On the question of whether Defendant Scherman violated Lewis’s right to be

 free from excessive force, the district court found that “after Scherman first shot

 Lewis, Lewis no longer ‘continued to barrel toward him . . . .’ A reasonable jury

 could conclude that, after Scherman discharged his firearm once, Lewis no longer

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 presented a threat of serious physical harm” to Scherman or others. 1 Id. at *7

 (cleaned up) (emphasis added); see Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1, 11 (1985)

 (holding that where a suspect poses no immediate threat to the officer or others, the

 use of deadly force is excessive). As noted, Scherman does not challenge the district

 court’s finding that when he shot Lewis multiple times, his use of force was

 objectively unreasonable and violated the Fourth Amendment.             See Graham v.

 Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 388 (1989) (holding an objective reasonableness standard

 governs Fourth Amendment excessive force claims). The only question for our

 resolution then is whether the law at the time of the incident was “clearly

 established,” or, in other words, provided “fair warning” to a reasonable officer that

 his conduct was unconstitutional. Hope v. Pelzer, 536 U.S. 730, 739–41 (2002).

       1
          Throughout their brief, Plaintiffs presume the district court’s rejection of
 Scherman’s claim that after the first shot, Lewis “continued to barrel toward him”
 constitutes a finding that “Scherman’s first shot stopped [Lewis] in his tracks” so
 that Lewis “ceased moving toward Scherman after the first shot.” Appellees’ Br. at
 30, 35 n.18; see also id. at 2, 12, 28, 43. But the district court made no such finding
 and the wounds in the front of Lewis’s body certainly suggest otherwise. One may
 advance toward another without barreling toward him. See Webster’s Third New
 International Dictionary 179 (Philip Babcock Gove ed.,1981) (defining “barrel” as
 “to travel fast”). Our point is well illustrated by the district court’s later observation
 and conclusion that “even though Lewis was approaching Scherman,” his use of
 force violated clearly established law. Lewis, 2021 WL 2815851, at *8. In light of
 the court’s prior statement that Scherman no longer faced a serious risk of harm
 “after [he] discharged his firearm once,” i.e., the first shot did not constitute
 excessive force, this latter statement, made in the context of the court’s clearly
 established analysis, can only be read to mean Lewis continued to advance toward
 Scherman after the first shot. Id. at *7 (emphasis added).

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 Because Defendant Scherman raised the defense of qualified immunity, Plaintiffs

 have the burden of demonstrating the constitutional violation was clearly established

 on the date of the incident, April 29, 2019. 2 See Estate of Smart v. City of Wichita,

 951 F.3d 1161, 1168–69 (10th Cir. 2020).

       So what constitutes the fair warning necessary for us to conclude the law was

 clearly established? According to Plaintiffs, “it has been clearly established for over

 a decade that the use of deadly force is unreasonable when a reasonable officer

 would have perceived that the threat has passed.” Appellee’s Br. at 27 (internal

 quotes omitted). Plaintiffs posit that because the district court found any serious

 threat to Scherman had passed after the first shot, at the very least “clearly

 established law forbade Scherman’s second, third, and fourth shots.” Id. at 27–28.

 Contrary to Plaintiffs’ approach, however, the Supreme Court has told us ad

 nauseam, most recently in City of Tahlequah v. Bond, “not to define clearly

 established law at too high a level of generality.” 142 S. Ct. 9, 11 (2021) (per

 curiam); see also Pauly I, 580 U.S. at 79 (“Today, it is again necessary to reiterate

 the longstanding principle that ‘clearly established law’ should not be defined ‘at a

 high level of generality.’” (quoting Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 742 (2011))).

       2
          “This clearly established standard protects the balance between vindication
 of constitutional rights and government officials’ effective performance of their
 duties by ensuring that officials can reasonably anticipate when their conduct may
 give rise to liability for damages.” Reichle v. Howards, 566 U.S. 658, 664 (2012)
 (cleaned up).

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 Statements derived from Tennessee v. Garner and its progeny that lay out excessive

 force principles or rules “at only a general level” “do not by themselves create

 clearly established law.” 3 Id. at 79–80 (internal quotes and cites omitted).

       Consistent with the Supreme Court’s instructions, our inquiry “must be

 undertaken in light of the specific context of the case, not . . . [the] broad general

 proposition” Plaintiffs endorse. Rivas-Villegas, 142 S. Ct. at 8 (quoting Brosseau

 v. Haugen, 543 U.S. 194, 198 (2004) (per curiam)). While we do not require a prior

 case directly on point for the law to be clearly established, the Supreme Court tells

 us the law must be “settled.” District of Columbia v. Wesby, 138 S. Ct. 577,

 589 (2018). This means “controlling authority” at the time of the incident, i.e., a

 Supreme Court or Tenth Circuit published decision, or a “robust consensus of cases

 of persuasive authority,” made clear the unconstitutionality of Defendant Scherman’s

 use of deadly force against Lewis. Id. at 589–90 (cleaned up).

       That then-existing precedent may have “suggested” the unconstitutionality

 of Scherman’s conduct is insufficient. Id. at 590. The precedent “must be clear

       3
          Plaintiffs do not argue the present controversy is “the rare ‘obvious case,’
 where the unlawfulness of the office’s conduct is sufficiently clear even though
 existing precedent does not address similar circumstances.” District of Columbia v.
 Wesby, 138 S. Ct. 577, 590 (2018). And most assuredly this case does not present
 the sort of facts “where a body of relevant case law is not needed” to overcome a
 qualified immunity defense. Id. at 591 (internal quotes omitted); cf. Hope, 536 U.S.
 at 741 (use of a hitching post to unnecessarily and wantonly inflict punishment on
 an inmate constitutes an obvious and therefore clearly established Eighth Amendment
 violation).

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  enough that every reasonable official would interpret it to establish” the

  unconstitutionality of Scherman’s conduct. Id. (emphasis added). In other words,

  Scherman “cannot be said to have violated a clearly established right unless the

  right’s contours were sufficiently definite that any reasonable official in

  [Scherman’s] shoes would have understood that he was violating it.” Plumhoff v.

  Rickard, 572 U.S. 765, 778–79 (2014) (emphasis added). Existing precedent “must

  have placed the [un]constitutionality of [Defendant Scherman’s] conduct ‘beyond

  debate,’” a demanding standard the Supreme Court says “requires a high ‘degree of

  specificity.’” Wesby, 138 S. Ct. at 589–90 (quoting Mullenix, 577 U.S. at 13). The

  clearly established standard requires that the legal principle Plaintiffs seek to apply

  “clearly prohibit [Scherman’s] conduct in the particular circumstances before him.

  The rule’s contours must be so well defined that it is clear to a reasonable officer

  that [Scherman’s] conduct was unlawful in the situation he confronted.” Id. at 590

  (emphasis added) (internal quotes omitted).

        Even more to the point, the Supreme Court has also repeatedly stressed the

  importance of specificity in the context of excessive force claims arising under the

  Fourth Amendment. See, e.g., City of Escondido v. Emmons, 139 S. Ct. 500, 503

  (2019) (per curiam). Specificity in such context is important because circumstances

  that are “tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving” often force police officers to make

  “split-second judgments . . . about the amount of force that is necessary in a

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  particular situation.” Graham, 490 U.S. at 397. However tempting, we must avoid

  the “20/20 vision of hindsight.” Id. at 396. Rather, we must recognize that an

  officer may have difficulty determining “how the relevant legal doctrine . . . will

  apply to the factual situation the officer confronts.” 4 Kisela v. Hughes, 138 S. Ct.

  1148, 1152 (2018) (per curiam) (quoting Mullenix, 577 U.S. at 12). Claims of

  excessive force turn “very much on the facts of each case,” and a police officer is

  entitled to qualified immunity unless existing prior precedent “squarely governs” the

  specific facts at issue. Id. at 1153 (quoting Mullenix, 577 U.S. at 13).

                                          III.

        In this case, the district court contravened the settled principles the Supreme

  Court has instructed us time and time again to apply when a police officer raises

  the defense of qualified immunity in response to a Fourth Amendment excessive

  force claim. Simply put, none of the cases cited by the district court or Plaintiffs

  decided before April 29, 2019 “squarely governs,” Brosseau, 543 U.S. at 201, the

  case at bar or places the unconstitutionality of Defendant Scherman’s use of force

        4
           Plaintiffs provide us with numerous examples of 20/20 hindsight in their
  brief. For instance, Plaintiffs argue that while Lewis fought with Box, “Scherman
  did not attempt to restrain [Lewis] or deploy his own taser at that time
  notwithstanding his ‘clear tactical advantage’ while [Lewis] was turned away and
  struggling with Box.” Appellee’ Br. at 11. Without any citation to a prior case with
  similar facts, we fail to see how such an argument bears on the question of whether
  the unlawfulness of Defendant Scherman’s conduct was clearly established under the
  rapidly evolving circumstances he confronted. While such argument may bear upon
  the (un)reasonableness of Scherman’s conduct, that question is not before us.

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  “beyond debate,” al-Kidd, 563 U.S. at 741. Nor has our independent research

  uncovered such a case. Moreover, we remain mindful that cases decided after

  Lewis’s death are of “no use in the clearly established inquiry.” City of Tahlequah,

  142 S. Ct. at 12 (emphasis added) (citing Brosseau, 543 U.S. at 200 n.4); see also

  Kisela, 138 S. Ct. at 1154 (“[A] reasonable officer is not required to foresee judicial

  decisions that do not yet exist in instances where the requirements of the Fourth

  Amendment are far from obvious.”).

        Let us begin our comparison with prior precedent as it existed on April 29,

  2019, by observing that this is not a case where an officer’s alleged reckless conduct

  created the need to use deadly force against Lewis. See Pauly v. White (Pauly II),

  874 F.3d 1197, 1219–21 (10th Cir. 2017) (on remand). So a case such as Allen v.

  Muskogee, 119 F.3d 837 (10th Cir. 1997), cited by both Plaintiffs and the district

  court, has no bearing on the outcome here. “The officers in Allen responded to a

  potential suicide call by sprinting toward a parked car, screaming at the suspect [who

  was threatening no one], and attempting to physically wrest a gun from his hands.”

  City of Tahlequah, 142 S. Ct. at 12; see Allen, 119 F.3d at 839. As a result, the

  suspect ended up pointing his gun at one of the officers and was, in turn, fired upon

  twelve times and shot four times. Id. In contrast, the district court in our case found

  “it was objectively reasonable for [Sergeant] Box to exit [the] vehicle [Defendant

  Scherman was driving], announce his presence, and point a taser at Lewis.” Lewis,

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  2021 WL 2815851, at *5. The court further found Box acted reasonably when he

  pursued Lewis after Lewis refused to comply with Box’s commands to “get down”

  and instead physically broke into a nearby residence. Id.

        At this point, Scherman undoubtedly was aware that Lewis, in his efforts to

  evade arrest, had broken into a residence that probably was not his own and was

  fleeing from Box, who was in hot pursuit. Unlike the facts of any decision we have

  encountered, Defendant Scherman entered the residence’s front entrance shortly

  thereafter and observed Lewis actively battering Sergeant Box in the living room, a

  violent felony under Oklahoma law. Lewis was “pummeling Box,” which means he

  was striking Box repeatedly with his fists. Id. at *1. In fact, Scherman witnessed

  Lewis “continue[] to strike Box in the head, face, and neck.” Id. He also witnessed

  Box unsuccessfully “attempt[] to use his taser to ‘drive stun’ Lewis.” Id. When Box

  disappeared from sight and Lewis turned his focus to Scherman, Scherman could

  reasonably presume Box at the very least had been rendered immobile if not

  seriously injured as a result of his encounter with Lewis. And Scherman knew Lewis

  had ignored Box’s commands and was unaffected by Box’s taser. Lewis backed up

  within a confined space while Scherman moved forward, swinging his arms in a

  windmill fashion. When Scherman fired his first shot, Lewis was “more than one

  and half to two feet away from Scherman” Id. at *2. How much “more” the district

  court does not say. But this finding in itself does not suggest a significant distance.

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  Indeed, the court found as to Scherman’s first shot that “a reasonable, undersized

  officer without the benefit of hindsight could have believed he faced danger of

  serious bodily harm.” Id. at *7.

        The totality of these facts readily distinguish our case from cases on which

  Plaintiffs rely in an effort to meet their burden. See Arnold v. City of Olathe, 35

  F.4th 778, 789 (10th Cir. 2022) (“[O]ur reasonableness inquiry is always whether,

  from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, the totality of the

  circumstances justified the use of force.” (internal quotes omitted)). For instance,

  in Perea v. Baca, 817 F.3d 1198 (10th Cir. 2016), officers performing a welfare

  check chased the decedent, a suspected unarmed misdemeanant, off his bicycle and

  repeatedly tased him (up to ten times) within a span of two minutes after he had been

  subdued. Id. at 1200–04. In Fancher v. Barrientos, 723 F.3d 1191 (10th Cir. 2013),

  the officer, responding to a report of stolen beer, fired his weapon into the suspect’s

  chest after the suspect took control of the officer’s still-running patrol vehicle that

  the officer had left to pursue the suspect on foot. After the first shot, the officer saw

  the suspect slump. The officer testified that after the first shot, he stepped away

  from the vehicle and felt safer before firing at the suspect six more times. We

  explained the officer fired six shots into a suspect that was no longer able to control

  the patrol vehicle, escape, or fire the long guns located inside the vehicle. Prior to

  his additional shots, the officer stepped back, felt safer, and noticed the decedent had

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  slumped. This provided the officer enough time to recognize and react to the

  changed circumstances and cease firing. Id. at 1194–98, 1201. Finally, in Carr v.

  Castle, 337 F.3d 1221 (10th Cir. 2003), a fleeing suspect, otherwise unarmed, threw

  a four-inch piece of concrete at two officers. After the suspect had thrown the

  concrete, the officers fired eleven shots at him. All the shots that hit the decedent

  entered his back side, with the fatal shot entering his buttocks and coming to rest in

  his heart. According to plaintiff’s expert, this could have occurred only if the

  decedent had his head near the ground with his buttocks slightly elevated, hardly a

  position from which to threaten the officers. Id. at 1225, 1227.

        Understandably, the district court relied on none of these cases to conclude the

  law was clearly established at the time Defendant Scherman fatally shot Lewis. This

  is because in all of these decisions the suspect had clearly been subdued in an

  outdoors setting, making the continued use of deadly force plainly unjustifiable. In

  contrast, the present case presents a situation where Defendant Scherman had good

  reason to believe Lewis in his attempts to evade arrest had battered Sergeant Box

  into submission before turning his attention to Scherman, all within a confined area.

  And Scherman knew all too well that verbal commands and force less lethal than a

  gun shot had been unsuccessful in stopping Lewis’s rampage. When, after the first

  shot, Lewis continued to advance toward Scherman in this confined area, no prior

  decision placed “beyond debate,” Mullenix, 577 U.S. at 14, the proposition that

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  Scherman’s subsequent shots in a “tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving” situation

  requiring a “split-second” judgment constituted excessive force in violation of the

  Fourth Amendment. Graham, 490 U.S. at 397. These prior cases on which Plaintiff

  relies do not “squarely govern[]” the outcome here because none of them held an

  officer violated the Fourth Amendment while acting under circumstances similar to

  those Defendant Scherman faced. Brosseau, 543 U.S. at 201.

        Rather, the district court relied on our decision in Estate of Ceballos v. Husk,

  919 F.3d 1204 (10th Cir. 2019), decided in March 2019, to conclude that “even

  though Lewis was approaching Scherman,” an objective officer would have been on

  notice that continuing to employ deadly force violated the Fourth Amendment.

  Lewis, 2021 WL 2815851, at *8. In Ceballos, however, the suspect was “in his own

  driveway, with no one else around, and he was fully contained at the time he was

  shot and killed.” 919 F.3d at 1220. Unlike our case, Ceballos was not only about

  whether an officer was in danger at the precise moment he used deadly force, but

  also, like Allen, whether an officer’s own conduct in carelessly approaching a suspect

  unreasonably created the need to use such force.

        In Ceballos, the suspect’s wife summoned police because her husband was in

  the driveway of their home, swinging a baseball bat, and acting crazy. No one was

  in the immediate vicinity of Ceballos (everyone had retreated down the street) when

  two officers began approaching him from around 100 yards and shouting commands

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  to drop the bat. Ceballos retreated into his garage and one officer drew his firearm.

  Ceballos emerged from his garage with the bat still in his hand and began walking

  toward the officers. When Ceballos did not comply with commands to stop and drop

  the bat, the officer who drew his firearm shot and killed Ceballos. All this occurred

  within a minute of officers arriving on the scene. Id. at 1209–11, 1216, 1218. The

  two officers testified they did not retreat from Ceballos because “they wanted to

  contain him and prevent him from running away and endangering the public.” Id. at

  1210–11. A third officer on the scene stated “he did not think that either his own life

  or the lives of the other officers were in danger given their respective distances from

  Ceballos and that he was armed with a baseball bat.” Id. at 1210. Under the

  plaintiff’s version of the facts, which the defendant officer accepted for purposes of

  appeal, the officers “approached Ceballos quickly, screaming at [him] to drop the bat

  and refusing to give ground as Ceballos approached [them].” Id. at 1216. We

  explained that, based on Allen, the law was clearly established that an officer violates

  the Fourth Amendment when his reckless conduct results in the need for lethal

  force. We further explained that Allen clearly established that an officer acts

  unconstitutionally when he relies on lethal force as a first resort in confronting an

  irrational suspect armed with a weapon of short-range lethality who is on his own

  property. Id. at 1219.

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        The first important difference between our case and Ceballos is the district

  court found Sergeant Box acted reasonably when he initially approached Lewis.

  Unlike in Allen or Ceballos, the fact that Box and Scherman pursued Lewis into a

  house they saw Lewis physically break into did not unreasonably escalate the

  situation. A second difference is Defendant Scherman knew before drawing his

  firearm that Lewis (1) had not responded to non-lethal force, (2) had, by whatever

  means, rendered Box immobile, and (3) was committing a violent felony upon Box’s

  person. A third difference is Scherman and Lewis were in a confined area making

  it difficult if not impossible for Scherman to retreat as Lewis advanced toward him

  while swinging his arms.

        We need not belabor the point. Neither the district court nor Plaintiffs have

  identified a precedent finding a Fourth Amendment violation under the circumstances

  Defendant Scherman faced in this case. None of the cases they identify provided fair

  notice to Defendant Scherman that his repeated use of lethal force was

  unconstitutional when Lewis approached Scherman in a “small” hallway, “mov[ing]

  his arms in a windmill motion” after Scherman has just observed Lewis “pummeling

  Box until Box disappeared from Scherman’s line of sight.”          Lewis, 2021 WL

  2815851, at *7 (internal quotes omitted). Accordingly, Plaintiffs have failed to meet

  their burden of showing the law was clearly established such “that every reasonable

  [officer] would have understood” that the force Scherman used against Lewis was

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Appellate Case: 21-6081   Document: 010110740399      Date Filed: 09/16/2022   Page: 19

  excessive under the circumstances presented.      Rivas-Villegas, 142 S. Ct. at 7

  (emphasis added) (quoting Mullenix, 577 U.S. at 11).

        The judgment of the district court denying Defendant Scherman qualified

  immunity is reversed and this case is remanded for entry of judgment in his favor.

        REVERSED and REMANDED.

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