Court Opinion

ID: 4582452
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-10-30 17:02:31.563137+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:28:20.898071
License: Public Domain

Filed 10/30/20 Marriage of Taylor CA6
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                      SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

 In re the Marriage of JOANNE and                                    H045227
 RICHARD FORBES TAYLOR.                                             (Santa Clara County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. 2013-6-FL-009857)

 JOANNE STEWART-TAYLOR,

           Appellant,

           v.

 RICHARD FORBES TAYLOR,

           Respondent.
         Following the entry of a judgment of dissolution and the issuance of spousal
support orders, the trial court denied appellant Joanne Stewart-Taylor’s (Joanne) request
for attorney’s fees and costs under Family Code section 2030, and granted respondent
Richard Forbes Taylor’s (“Richard”) request for fees and costs under Family Code
section 271. On appeal, Joanne contends the trial court abused its discretion when it
issued its order. We disagree and affirm.
                              I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
         Joanne and Richard married in 1984, separated in February 2013, and had their
marital status terminated December 31, 2015.
    A. Pre-Trial Proceedings
         In 2014, Richard filed a motion to appoint a guardian ad litem for Joanne, alleging
that Joanne had difficulty participating in the proceedings due to her claimed health
issues. Joanne and her attorneys opposed the request, arguing that she was capable of
making decisions. Richard agreed to dismiss his request when Joanne stipulated to an
independent medical evaluation and the release of certain of her medical records.
        In September 2016, the parties reached an agreement addressing various issues
(the September 2016 agreement). Among other terms, they set a $240,000 per year cap
on spousal support payable to Joanne by Richard, reserving jurisdiction as to the amount.
They agreed each party would pay his or her own attorney’s fees and costs through the
date of the agreement. The parties elected to retain Elizabeth Strasen (Strasen) to divide
the community portion of their retirement accounts. They also agreed each party would
receive a distribution from their E-Trade account, they would divide certain investments
equally, and Richard would pay Joanne $140,000 to “equalize” all breach of fiduciary
duty claims each party had against the other.
        The September 2016 agreement required each party to sign any necessary
documents to carry out the agreement; the trial court subsequently confirmed that the
parties needed to cooperate to complete paperwork necessary to distribute funds from the
E-Trade account. Just before the parties signed the September 2016 agreement, Joanne’s
attorney moved to withdraw as counsel of record. While the motion to withdraw was
pending, Joanne’s attorney represented her in reaching the September 2016 agreement;
Joanne thereafter retained her seventh attorney. The trial court set a trial on all remaining
issues for early March 2017 and scheduled a settlement conference to take place before
the trial.
        In October 2016, Richard filed a declaration with the court indicating he had
attempted to obtain the authorization from Joanne necessary to complete the agreed-upon
distribution from E-Trade as specified in the September 2016 agreement. He had waited
a month for Joanne to sign the required form with no response. He further alleged that
Joanne had not contacted Strasen to complete the division of the retirement accounts.
Shortly after Richard filed this declaration, the parties stipulated to an additional

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distribution from the E-Trade account, with an agreement they would cooperate in
preparing and signing the instructions required by E-Trade to release the funds. By
January 2017, Richard reported to the court that Joanne still had neither paid her share of
Strasen’s retainer, nor provided the necessary documents to Strasen; the delay was
causing the accounts to lose money, as Richard was not able to restructure them.
Similarly, he claimed Joanne had not complied with the provision of the September 2016
agreement requiring the parties to equally divide their investments; he alleged Joanne was
refusing to respond to “a very simplified agreement to effectuate the division of these
investments.” Richard additionally alleged that Joanne, rather than attempting to comply
with the parties’ agreements or address the issues set for trial in March, was “raising new
issues and propounding discovery on issues that have already been settled or are
inapplicable to the current issues set for trial.”
       In response to Richard’s January 2017 declaration, Joanne informed the trial court
that she had health conditions that made it difficult to process information as quickly as
other people, thus requiring her to spend more time reading information presented to her
in order to comprehend it. She alleged Richard was making the “process” more difficult
by misrepresenting facts to the court; she was thus “extremely hesitant” to enter into
agreements without verifying information. Given his past breach of fiduciary duties, she
worried Richard was attempting to liquidate the E-Trade account without having to pay
equalization payments to Joanne, which made her unwilling to take information provided
by Richard at “face value.”
       At a hearing in January 2017, the trial court, after noting that the parties had
engaged in “too many” hearings about the E-Trade account since 2014, ordered the
parties to divide the remainder of the E-Trade account equally, with Joanne receiving
$140,000 from Richard’s share, pursuant to the September 2016 agreement. Richard was
to prepare the documents required by E-Trade and provide them to Joanne, who was to
sign and submit them to E-Trade within seven days of receipt.

                                                3
   B. Richard’s Request for Attorney’s Fees as Sanctions
       Joanne’s attorney advised Richard’s counsel and the judicial officer supervising
the scheduled pre-trial settlement conference that Joanne could not productively
participate in settlement discussions because of her mental health. Joanne’s counsel
thereafter notified Richard’s attorney that Joanne would be filing a motion to continue the
March 2017 trial. In response, Richard filed a request for various orders, including a
request for attorney’s fees and sanctions under Family Code section 2711 and Code of
Civil Procedure section 128.5. Richard alleged the order/agreement to retain Strasen to
divide the retirement accounts and to divide the parties’ investments was in place well
before the September 2016 agreement. Richard’s attorneys had provided Joanne the
documents necessary to divide the investments four times, including once after the
September 2016 agreement, but Joanne had not executed the documents, paid her share
of Strasen’s retainer, or returned any of the documents required by Strasen.
       Richard further alleged he had provided Joanne’s attorneys the signed and
notarized forms needed to divide the E-Trade account the day after the court made its
order. At first Joanne refused to sign the form because of an erroneous date at the top of
one of the forms. Once Richard corrected the problem, Joanne refused to sign because
she wanted Richard to notarize every page of the instructions, even those pages that did
not require a signature. Richard contended Joanne was simply attempting to stall the
division of the account. He asked the court to appoint the clerk of the court or other
agent to sign the necessary documents to divide the investments, to sign the Qualified
Domestic Relations Orders prepared by Strasen, and to sign the necessary forms to divide
the E-Trade account, on Joanne’s behalf.
       Richard asked the trial court to sanction Joanne “in an amount that represents the
portion of [his] attorneys’ fees and costs incurred on these issues from September 28,

       1   Subsequent statutory references are to the Family Code unless otherwise noted.

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2016, to current,” arguing that Joanne’s failure to comply with agreements and court
order was “beyond egregious,” costing Richard “hundreds of thousands of dollars in
unnecessary attorneys’ fees and costs.” Richard’s attorney filed a declaration stating that
Richard incurred a “significant amount” of attorney’s fees and costs attempting to enforce
the agreements and orders, as the attorney’s office was required to engage in
correspondence, both written and verbal, with Joanne’s attorney. Joanne had also
propounded discovery related to issues that had already settled. The attorney confirmed
he would provide proof of the amounts incurred since September 2016 at the hearing on
the motion.
   C. Joanne’s Motion to Continue the Trial
       After obtaining an order shortening time from the court, Joanne filed a motion to
continue the March 2017 trial, in which she claimed her mental health was impaired such
that she was unable to participate in trial preparation. She alleged she was not able to
complete her income and expense declaration (IED), despite making numerous attempts,
and had difficulty understanding the terms of settlement agreements the parties had
reached, despite spending significant time discussing the terms with her attorneys. At the
hearing on her motion, Joanne testified that she was not able to assist her attorney in
obtaining information about her health insurance because doing so was “overwhelming”
and took too much time. She was similarly unable to provide her medical records
because she was paralyzed by fear of releasing them. Although she tried to provide
information to her attorneys about a list of concerns she wanted a forensic accountant to
address, she was not able to do so; she ultimately declined to retain the expert because
she did not feel she had enough information to sign a retainer agreement, despite several
months of discussions. Joanne also testified that her mental health made her unable to
provide her attorneys with proof of reimbursement claims. The trial court remarked
during Joanne’s testimony that she seemed to be “very emotionally upset”; she was only
able to continue testifying after doing breathing exercises with her attorney. One of

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Joanne’s attorneys provided a declaration detailing the difficulties he had observed in
Joanne’s ability to assist in preparing her case, noting he had spent many hours
conferring with Joanne with minimal results.
       Joanne’s therapist, Karin Kleiner (Kleiner), provided a declaration in support of
Joanne’s request to continue the trial, in which she indicated Joanne had suffered post
traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for several years, “the result of her experiences during
her marriage and separation from [Richard].” Kleiner opined that the PTSD symptoms
made it “very difficult” for Joanne to participate in the preparation of her legal case.
Joanne suffered from various medical conditions which exacerbated her PTSD. Kleiner
concluded, “Having some time away from dealing with the legal issues and work
necessary to prepare her case would give [Joanne] time to consolidate, build resilience,
and reduce her stress level enough that she can be effective in preparing her case with her
lawyer. Six months would go a long way to help [Joanne] rebuild her reserves.”
       Kleiner submitted to a deposition in February 2017 that was admitted into
evidence.2 She testified that Joanne was taking a prescribed anxiety medication, the
dosage of which was on the “bottom range” and did not impact Joanne’s memory. She
opined that Joanne was able to obtain her own medical records, live unassisted, pay her
own bills, drive her own car, sign a lease, and understand agreements she made in a
divorce proceeding. Kleiner further believed Joanne could help her attorneys prepare for
trial, “with some support structures.” Kleiner indicated that Joanne understood the
difference between right and wrong, and did not have “diminished capacity in any way,”
despite her level of anxiety, meaning she could make decisions for herself and

       2 Richard attached a redacted copy of the deposition transcript to his supplemental
response to Joanne’s motion to continue the trial date. Joanne’s attorney objected to the
use of the transcript, in part because the time for Kleiner to review and correct it had not
yet passed at the time of the hearing on the motion to continue. The court allowed the
transcript to be used as evidence without prejudice if Kleiner found any errors or
corrections in her review of the transcript.

                                              6
“understands what’s presented.” Kleiner believed Joanne would have been able to read
and understand a document related to the agreement the parties reached in September
2016, as well as a “transfer instruction letter,” and a letter from a joint expert to divide
retirement accounts. Kleiner did not think it was necessary for the court to appoint a
guardian ad litem for Joanne.
       At the hearing on the motion to continue, Kleiner further testified that Joanne was
not able to perform normal activities easily. She required time to process information.
She clarified that Joanne did not have “diminished capacity” in that she was not gravely
disabled. She also described actions Joanne could take to manage her symptoms while
preparing for trial: Joanne could hire someone to assist her to complete tasks and search
for documents and bring a friend to attorney meetings and court proceedings.
       The trial court denied Joanne’s request to continue the trial. In doing so, it
accepted Kleiner’s opinion that Joanne suffered from PTSD. However, based on the
court’s experience with the parties and the case, it found that Joanne was “simply
struggling with [the case] coming to finality and [was] not agreeable to taking logical
steps that would bring it to finality.” The court did not believe that Joanne’s resistance to
finality of the dissolution proceedings would dissipate in six months. While the court
considered granting the continuance motion, which it would have done in combination
with sanctions to compensate Richard for the additional preparation he had to do, it
decided, “in light of everything here, including the fact that [Joanne is] on her seventh
attorney, the amount of fees incurred, the amount of fees to be incurred, there needs to be
finality.”
   D. Trial Proceedings
       The court held the trial as planned in March 2017. Because the trial included
Joanne’s request for long term spousal support, the parties presented evidence about their
finances also relevant to the issue of attorney’s fees.

                                               7
       Richard had filed an IED in February 2017, in which he claimed just over $48,000
per month in average gross income from his salary, bonuses, and investment income. At
trial, Richard clarified that his bonus income was not guaranteed. In his IED, Richard
estimated he had $1.4 million in assets, including his separate property and half of the
community property. However, of that, $250,000 in stocks and other assets he could
“easily sell” was restricted by court order, except for $40,000; the court would not allow
access to these accounts without an additional court order. In addition, he claimed $1.1
million in other property, including retirement accounts and restricted stock. Notably,
these were to be divided with Joanne pursuant to the September 2016 agreement, but she
had not executed the papers necessary to accomplish the agreed upon division.
       Richard claimed $32,088 per month in expenses, including, $3,500 in rent, $1,500
per month for entertainment, gifts, and vacation, $8,500 per month in savings and
investments, and $11,667 per month in “Legal/Accounting/Specialist Fees.” He alleged
he had paid his attorneys $493,954 as of the end of 2016. Richard later provided redacted
billing statements from his attorney, reflecting $95,552.75 in professional fees and
$1,760.15 in costs incurred from September 27, 2016, through February 28, 2017, and
$53,182.50 in professional fees, and $3,315.10 in costs incurred in March 2017, the
month the trial took place. In a reply brief, Joanne contended that she could not properly
evaluate the fees Richard incurred because he redacted the descriptions for each of the
items set forth in the billing statements.
       Joanne filed an updated IED before the trial. She identified spousal support as her
primary source of income, averaging over $16,000 per month, with additional minimal
income from dividends/interest. Joanne listed $596,000 in cash assets, and $609,000 in
other assets she could easily liquidate. She claimed to have over $31,000 per month in
estimated expenses or proposed needs, including: $13,000 for mortgage and property
taxes; $2,900 for health care expenses not covered by insurance; $1,000 for clothes;

                                             8
$2,800 for entertainment, gifts, and vacation; $3,000 for savings, and $2,816 for various
other expenses.
       During the spousal support trial, Joanne testified that her actual expenses were far
lower than what she proposed in her IED. She paid $3,765 per month for rent, $250 per
year for renter’s insurance, and $100 per week for groceries; she testified that many of
the amounts she proposed in her IED were amounts she believed she would spend in the
future once her health was better, including the amounts proposed for eating out, gifts,
entertainment, clothing, education, and travel.
       Richard called forensic accountant Lucy Chung (Chung) to testify at the spousal
support trial. She opined that Joanne had “substantially more liquid or investable assets
than [Richard].”
       The trial court ruled on spousal support, making express findings on each of the
factors set forth in section 4320. It determined that neither party had the ability to
maintain the marital standard of living after dissolution, despite Richard’s income and
Joanne’s assets. Richard’s earning capacity, while relatively steady, had seen a
downward trend in the previous year; that, as well as Richard’s age at the time of trial (57
years-old), led the court to recognize that Richard’s income could vary in the seven to
eight years before his expected retirement. Given Joanne’s liquid assets, which exceeded
Richard’s, the court determined she did not have to rely solely on spousal support to meet
her living expenses; it also indicated its expectation that Joanne would not have to
completely deplete her assets in order to do so. The court considered the fact that Joanne
“assert[ed] that PTSD has interfered with her employability, as well as her conduct in this
litigation,” but did not consider it to be an “overwhelming factor,” in its decision. Rather,
the “crux of [the] case” for the trial court was the balancing of the hardships under
section 4320, subdivision (k): “The Court finds based on the testimony of the parties that
both parties have very significant financial challenges, particularly given their ages and
the looming prospect of retirement. The Court understands that neither party feels

                                              9
financially secure. [Richard] testified and the court considered that his financial plan has
been devastated from the date of separation to the present in large part due to the cost of
this litigation and the expenditure of more than half of the community’s marital assets on
litigation expenses. [Joanne] testified and the Court considered that she has anxiety
regarding how she will support herself depending on the finite assets she has and the
support that she may receive. The Court gave heavy weight to this factor in making its
determination regarding long-term spousal support.”
       Based on its consideration of the section 4320 factors, the trial court ordered
Richard to pay Joanne $5,000 per month in base spousal support, plus an additional 30%
of Richard’s income over his base salary, with an annual cap of $240,000 as stipulated by
the parties in the September 2016 agreement.3
   E. Attorney’s Fees Proceedings
       The trial court set forth its findings regarding the section 4320 factors on the
record on March 8, 2017. As previously agreed, the parties submitted their initial briefs
regarding their attorney’s fees requests on April 7, 2017, and reply briefs approximately
two weeks later.
       Joanne asked the court to order Richard to pay $60,000 in need based attorney’s
fees under section 2030, “primarily due to the hugely pronounced disparity in [the
parties’] respective earning potential.” Richard opposed the request, arguing there was
no disparity in the parties’ access to funds to pay for counsel as Joanne’s liquid, non-
retirement assets far exceeded his own; in a reply declaration, he estimated his liquid,
non-retirement net worth was $215,883.64, while Joanne’s was $1,086,885.58.

       3The court also resolved various reserved issues later incorporated into the
judgment including outstanding property division disputes, adoption of various
agreements reached by the parties, and the characterization of Richard’s restricted stock
from his employer.

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       Richard reiterated his request for sanctions against Joanne. Richard’s attorney
provided a declaration in support of the request, indicating Richard had incurred
$161,624.60 in attorney’s fees and costs since September 27, 2016; the attorney attached
redacted billing statements, stating he would provide unredacted copies at the court’s
request. He then set forth 16 examples of what he believed to be sanctionable conduct on
Joanne’s part, including her repeated failure to sign the documents needed to divide the
parties’ investments and E-Trade account, her failure to respond to settlement proposals,
her unwillingness to cooperate in efforts to reduce the time of trial, her refusal to allow
the parties’ financial experts to meet and confer prior to trial, her sudden inclusion of
additional issues on the eve of trial without appropriate proof, her failure to provide her
IED until the day before trial, her last minute cancellation of the pre-trial settlement
conference, the motion to continue the trial, her repeated failure to comply with the trial
court’s rules and orders, and her refusal to allow the reallocation of stocks within the
community retirement accounts. Richard’s attorney provided copies of correspondence
documenting Richard’s efforts to resolve these issues.
       On April 10, 2017, Joanne submitted a declaration to the court reiterating her
belief that her mental health issues severely impacted her ability to participate in the
litigation, claiming that the full extent of her condition was “much worse than the court
suspects.” She stated that she made her best efforts to assist her attorneys and fully
participate in the trial; while there were documents she still needed to sign, she was
unable to manage doing so because, “at the same time [she] was trying to do all the other
things that [she] was told [she] needed to do for [her] case and cope with daily life.” She
claimed Richard had not provided evidence of how much he had paid his attorneys in
total during the litigation, but she believed she had paid at least double what he had,
claiming Richard had “buried” her with unnecessary discovery.
       In a declaration filed April 24, 2017, Joanne’s attorney notified the court that
Joanne entered an in-patient residential treatment program to address her mental health

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issues on or about April 19, 2017. Joanne’s attorneys did not seek to introduce additional
evidence about her mental state prior to the court ruling on attorney’s fees.
       The parties returned to court in June 2017 to present oral argument and hear the
trial court’s ruling. Joanne’s counsel requested a continuance of the proceedings because
his client remained in residential mental health treatment; the court denied the request.
       The court issued a tentative ruling before allowing for oral argument: “I
understand that [Joanne] has a basis to seek 2030 fees and is making a claim for payment
of a substantial amount of her fees, under 2030. [¶] I understand that [Richard] has a
number of objections about that, including the comparative assets of each party and the
ability to pay. [¶] I also understand that there is a very significant issue that the
respondent is raising pursuant to Family Code section 271 as to entitlement of fees based
upon conduct of [Joanne] that did not promote settlement or encourage the efficient
resolution of issues. [¶] And … I’m fully cognizant -- as I start down this road -- that
[Joanne] has issues regarding her mental health and her ability to make decisions that
influence all of this. [¶] The fact remains that in the years that I have presided over this
case I have seen numerous examples where matters have been prolonged, where [Joanne]
has backed out of agreements, where [Joanne] has revisited issues that I thought were
settled, and where her conduct has very substantially increased the cost of litigation. [¶]
… [¶] I don’t expect [Richard] will ever have the opportunity to re-earn what has been,
to significant degree, unnecessarily spent on attorneys’ fees in this proceeding.”
       The court confirmed it reviewed all of the billing statements, and found them
“reasonable.” The trial court denied Joanne’s request for section 2030 attorney’s fees,
and granted Richard’s request for sanctions under section 271 in the amount of $75,000.
“That doesn’t nearly begin to make [Richard] whole, but I think it is a fair and
appropriate ruling given the totality of the circumstances here.” Consistent with the
parties’ September 2016 agreement to pay their own attorney bills to that point, the court
confirmed that the conduct sanctioned and the fees incurred related to events after that

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agreement was in effect. The court stated that it was considering Joanne’s conduct only,
not her motivation or intent, as the basis for the fees award.
        After the parties made brief arguments, the court adopted its tentative ruling.
During argument, Joanne’s attorney did not raise any objection to the trial court
considering the redacted billing statements submitted by Richard, and did not ask the
court to rule on any such objection made in Joanne’s reply brief. Aside from stating that
it believed the ruling to be fair and appropriate under the totality of the circumstances, the
trial court did not provide any explanation for its denial of Joanne’s request for attorney’s
fees.
        The trial court filed and served a written order in conformance with its oral ruling
on August 16, 2017, at the same time it entered a judgment on the reserved issues it heard
at the March 2017 trial. Joanne timely noticed her appeal of the judgment and the
findings and order after hearing addressing the attorney’s fees issues.4 (Code Civ. Proc.,
§ 904.1, subd. (a); Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.104(a)(1).5
                                     II.    DISCUSSION
   A. Attorney’s Fees and Costs under Section 2030
        Section 2030 requires the trial court to ensure that each party in a dissolution
proceeding has access to legal representation, “by ordering, if necessary based on the
income and needs assessments, one party … to pay to the other party, or to the other
party’s attorney, whatever amount is reasonably necessary for attorney’s fees and for the
cost of maintaining or defending the proceeding during the pendency of the proceeding.”

        4 In March 2018, the trial court appointed Dr. Barbara Stewart as Joanne’s
guardian ad litem. Joanne filed her appellant’s opening brief “by and through” Dr.
Stewart.
        5 Although the notice of appeal references the judgment and the attorney’s fees

order, in her opening brief, Joanne alleges only that the trial court erred in denying her
request for needs-based attorney’s fees, and granting Richard’s request for sanctions
under section 271. She does not raise any additional issues concerning the orders
included in the judgment on reserved issues.

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(§ 2030, subd. (a)(1).) When a party requests fees under section 2030, “the court shall
make findings on whether an award of attorney’s fees and costs under this section is
appropriate, whether there is a disparity in access to funds to retain counsel, and whether
one party is able to pay for legal representation of both parties. If the findings
demonstrate disparity in access and ability to pay, the court shall make an order awarding
attorney’s fees and costs.” (§ 2030, subd. (a)(2).)
       We review an order denying fees and costs under section 2030 for abuse of
discretion and will not reverse the trial court’s order absent a showing that no judge could
reasonably have made the order, favorably viewing all evidence in support of the order.
(In re Schleich (2017) 8 Cal.App.5th 267, 295; In re Marriage of Falcone and Fyke
(2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 964, 975.) However, “the trial court must comply with the
mandatory provisions of [section 2030] because discretionary authority ‘must be
exercised within the confines of the applicable legal principles.’ [Citation.]” (In re
Marriage of Morton (2018) 27 Cal.App.5th 1025, 1050 (Morton).)
       The plain language of section 2030, subdivision (a)(2) states that “the court shall
make findings” regarding whether the award of needs based attorney’s fees and costs is
“appropriate,” whether there is “a disparity in access to funds” to retain an attorney, and
“whether one party is able to pay for legal representation of both parties.” (§ 2030, subd.
(a)(2), italics added.) Interpreting that language, the Fifth District Court of Appeal in
Morton concluded, “[T]he phrase ‘the court shall make findings’ requires the court to
make express findings—that is, findings stated in words, either in writing or orally on the
record. (§ 2030, subd. (a)(2).)” (Morton, supra, 27 Cal.App.5th at p. 1050.) Here, the
trial court issued a lengthy statement of decision addressing the section 4320 factors with
respect to its ruling on permanent spousal support, but did not make the express findings
required by section 2030, subdivision (a)(2) either orally during the September hearing
when it denied Joanne’s request for attorney’s fees, or in writing as part of the order

                                             14
incorporated into the judgment. By failing to make the requisite express findings, the
trial court erred.
       Yet, the court’s error does not warrant automatic reversal; Joanne must
demonstrate the error was prejudicial. “The next legal question presented is whether the
failure to make explicit findings on the three questions set forth in the statute warrants
automatic reversal or, alternatively, whether the appellant must establish the error was
prejudicial. We conclude California’s constitutional doctrine of reversible error applies
and requires the appellant to establish prejudice. (Cal. Const., art. VI, § 13.) An
appellant in a civil case establishes an error was prejudicial by showing there is ‘a
reasonable probability that in the absence of the error, a result more favorable to the
appealing party would have been reached.’ [Citation.]” (Morton, supra, 27 Cal.App.5th
at p. 1051.)
       While the trial court did not explicitly address the findings required by section
2030, subdivision (a)(2), the statements it made on the record when it ruled on permanent
spousal support indicate that there is not a reasonable probability Joanne would have
obtained a more favorable ruling had the court expressly made those findings. The trial
court addressed each of the circumstances listed in section 4320—statutory factors the
trial court must consider and weigh in ordering long-term spousal support, “ ‘with the
goal of accomplishing substantial justice for the parties in the case before it.’ [Citation.]”
(In re Marriage of Cheriton (2001) 92 Cal.App.4th 269, 304, as modified on denial of
reh’g (Oct. 12, 2001).) These factors are the same the court considers when deciding
whether to award attorney fees under section 2030. Section 2032, subdivision (a)
provides that the court may award attorney’s fees under 2030 “where the making of the
award, and the amount of the award, are just and reasonable under the relative
circumstances of the parties.” The court should enable “each party, to the extent
practical, to have sufficient financial resources to present the party’s case adequately,
taking into consideration, to the extent relevant, the circumstances of the respective

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parties described in Section 4320.” (§ 2032, subd. (b).) Those circumstances include
“[t]he extent to which the earning capacity of each party is sufficient to maintain the
standard of living established during the marriage…” (§ 4320, subd. (a)), the earned and
unearned income, assets and standard of living of the party paying spousal support
(§ 4320, subd. (c)), the needs of each party based on the standard of living during the
marriage (§ 4320, subd. (d)), the “obligations and assets… of each party” (§ 4320, subd.
(e)), and “the balance of the hardships to each party” (§ 4320, subd. (k)).
       Here, the trial court reviewed the income and expense declarations of the parties
and heard their testimony regarding their financial circumstances in the hearing regarding
spousal support that immediately preceded its consideration of Joanne’s request for an
award of section 2030 attorney’s fees. As neither party presented additional financial
information in support of their respective attorney’s fees requests, they clearly
contemplated that the evidence adduced at the support hearing would also be considered
by the court in its decision to grant or deny their requests for fees; Joanne specifically
referenced the trial court’s findings regarding spousal support as setting forth the parties’
relative financial circumstances.
       At the spousal support hearing, the court recognized that neither party had the
ability to maintain the marital standard of living, but found that Joanne had significant
resources separate from spousal support to pay for her needs. The court indicated that
both parties were approaching retirement age with financial challenges and some
insecurity, and that Richard’s income had declined in the year before the court hearing.
The trial court noted that the costs of the dissolution litigation had expended more than
half of the community’s marital assets. While Richard had greater present income than
Joanne, the court concluded, supported by the expert opinion of the forensic accountant,
that Joanne had greater liquid or investable assets than Richard. There was thus no
appreciable disparity in the parties’ ability to access funds to retain counsel. The court
can deny needs-based fees where the parties have relatively equal financial

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circumstances, taking all things into account. (In re Marriage of Winternitz (2015) 235
Cal.App.4th 644, 658.) In its contemporaneous ruling on spousal support, the trial court
carefully considered in detail the relative financial circumstances of the parties. When it
denied Joanne’s request for attorney’s fees under section 2030, it implicitly determined
how equitably to apportion the litigation costs between the parties. Joanne thus has not
shown a reasonable probability that she would have obtained a more favorable ruling had
the trial court made the express findings under section 2030, subdivision (a)(2).
       Joanne contends that the trial court abused its discretion by considering spousal
support she received from Richard as funds available to pay attorney’s fees. Generally,
the trial court should not consider spousal support as being available for attorney’s fees
and costs. “A support award is made to defray support expenses, and should not be
considered in determining financial ability to maintain a proceeding. [Citations.] An
exception might be appropriate if the amount of temporary support was sufficient, after
payment of the living expenses of [the supported spouse and any supported children], for
[the supported spouse] to pay her own attorney fees and costs.” (In re Marriage of Hatch
(1985) 169 Cal.App.3d 1213, 1220; accord In re Marriage of Pearson (2018) 21
Cal.App.5th 218, 233, as modified on denial of reh’g (Mar. 27, 2018) [“even in the
context of a financial need analysis pursuant to section 4320, there may be an exception
where support is sufficient to allow the party to spend funds in addition to covering their
basic needs”].) But contrary to Joanne’s contention, there is no evidence the trial court
considered the spousal support Joanne received from Richard when it evaluated whether
she had need for an award under section 2030. At the support hearing, the court focused
on the relative liquid assets each party possessed. Joanne also cites no legal authority
precluding the trial court from considering the effect paying spousal support had on
Richard’s ability to contribute to Joanne’s fees and costs.
       Joanne suggests this court must imply from the trial court’s statement, “I
understand that [Joanne] has a basis to seek 2030 fees and is making a claim for payment

                                             17
of a substantial amount of her fees, under 2030…,” that the court found she did have need
for an award under section 2030. Viewing the statement in context, there is no support
for her contention. The court was summarizing its understanding of the parties’ positions
rather than making a specific finding as to the viability of Joanne’s request for needs-
based attorney’s fees. As Joanne has not shown the trial court abused its discretion when
it denied her request for needs-based attorney’s fees, we affirm that order.
   B. Attorney’s Fees and Costs under Section 2716
       Section 271 allows the trial court to “base an award of attorney’s fees and costs on
the extent to which the conduct of each party or attorney furthers or frustrates the policy
of the law to promote settlement of litigation and, where possible, to reduce the cost of
litigation by encouraging cooperation between the parties and attorneys.” (§ 271, subd.
(a).) While described as being in the “nature of a sanction,” the amount the trial court
can award is limited to actual attorney’s fees and costs, meaning the amount must bear
some relationship to the moving party’s attorney’s fees and costs. (§ 271, subd. (a);
Sagonowsky v. Kekoa (2016) 6 Cal.App.5th 1142, 1156 (Sagonowsky).) As with a
request for needs-based fees and costs, we review an order under section 271 for abuse of
discretion, overturning the order “only if, considering all of the evidence viewed most
favorably in its support and indulging all reasonable inferences in its favor, no judge
could reasonably make the order. [Citations.]” (In re Marriage of Corona (2009) 172
Cal.App.4th 1205, 1225-1226.)
       Joanne argues the trial court abused its discretion in finding that she engaged in
sanctionable conduct under section 271 because any such conduct was unintentional, and
the result of her mental health condition. We do not agree with Joanne’s assertion that a
party’s intent determines whether an attorney’s fee sanction is properly issued by the trial

       6Although Richard also cited Code of Civil Procedure section 128.5 in support of
his request for sanctions, on appeal the parties only discuss the applicability of section
271, which was clearly the crux of Richard’s request.

                                             18
court. The plain language of the statute requires the trial court to base an award
attorney’s fees “on the extent to which the conduct of each party or attorney furthers or
frustrates the policy of the law to promote settlement of litigation and, where possible, to
reduce the cost of litigation by encouraging cooperation between the parties and
attorneys.” (§ 271, subd. (a), italics added.) Joanne does not cite legal authority that
supports her contention that an award under section 271 may be issued by the trial court
only if a party intended to frustrate settlement or cooperation in the litigation process.
Further, section 271 provides the trial court the discretion to order a litigant to pay
attorney’s fees as a sanction based solely on the conduct of that litigant’s attorney. (See
§ 271, subd. (a).) The Legislature’s inclusion of this option further clarifies that the
statute does not require a party to intend to engage in sanctionable conduct for an award
of attorney’s fees to be issued by the trial court as a sanction. Not every client
understands the significance of the litigation techniques employed by an attorney who
thwarts opportunities for agreement or who drives up the costs of litigation with costly
yet unproductive discovery requests. Nonetheless, the Legislature chose statutory
language that permits the trial court to allocate the cost of that attorney’s behavior as a
sanction on the client, without any requirement that the court find that the client shared
the attorney’s intent, or even knowingly authorized the conduct.
       We are cognizant, as was the trial court, that Joanne suffers from a mental health
condition. The difficult issue before the trial court was the proper balance between the
just treatment of a party who had mental illness, and the opposing party whose assets
available for retirement were significantly reduced by delays in reaching finality. It is the
policy of the justice system to provide protection and assistance to litigants suffering
from health issues, whether physical or mental. (See Cal. Rules of Court, rule 1.100(b).)7
Under rule 1.100, parties can seek accommodations from the trial court, pursuant to the

       7   Subsequent references to rules of court are to the California Rules of Court.

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Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) (42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq.), or other
applicable state and federal laws. Alternatively, a party can participate in the litigation
through a guardian ad litem. (Code Civ. Proc., § 372 et seq.) But Joanne did not take
advantage of these protections although they were available to her.
       The parties each rely on In re Marriage of James & Christine C. (2008) 158
Cal.App.4th 1261 (Christine C.), a case in which the appellate court reversed a trial court
order denying a self-represented litigant’s request for an ADA accommodation to
continue a dissolution trial. The case is easily distinguished from the facts before us
because Joanne did not formally request an accommodation under rule 1.100. However,
the appellate court’s discussion of how to prevent further continuances after granting the
accommodation is relevant here. “The question remains of what to do to prevent this
scenario from recurring, to ensure the parties’ justified needs are met, and to resolve the
matter justly and expeditiously. One possible solution is to make sure [the party
requiring accommodation] is represented by counsel. … A pendente lite needs-based
attorney fees award to [that party] under Family Code section 2030 might be justified
under the circumstances. Also, depending on [the party’s] condition, it might be
necessary to address again the issue of appointing a guardian ad litem. These options are
not an exclusive list of possible future actions.” (Id. at p. 1277.)
       While in Christine C., the party seeking accommodation was unable to afford an
attorney (id. at p. 1268), here Joanne had adequate funds to retain counsel throughout the
proceedings. She opposed Richard’s request to appoint a guardian ad litem for her in
2014. At the hearing on her motion to continue in March 2017, Joanne’s therapist opined
that a guardian ad litem was not necessary; Joanne did not want someone appointed in
that role. At the hearing on the motion to continue, Joanne’s attorney raised for the first
time the possibility that Joanne qualified for accommodations under the ADA, but there
is no evidence in the record that Joanne properly applied for, or proved the need for, such
accommodations. Nor is there evidence that she adopted the recommendations suggested

                                              20
by her therapist to ease her experience of the family court litigation, including hiring a
person to collect documents and help her with tasks assigned by her attorneys, and
bringing a support person to court with her. Joanne had the opportunity to take advantage
of protections afforded to parties suffering from health limitations, including those
suffering from mental health conditions, and failed to do so until after Richard had
incurred unnecessary attorney’s fees and costs as a result of her conduct.
       We conclude there was sufficient evidence for the court to find Joanne’s conduct
violated the policy of the law to promote settlement of litigation and reduction of
litigation costs. Richard and his attorney provided detailed information about the amount
of time counsel spent attempting to obtain Joanne’s compliance with the parties’
agreements and the trial court’s orders. The trial court noted that absent the court’s
intervention Richard would never recover the funds that he expended on unnecessary
attorney’s fees and costs resulting from the delays she caused by refusing to move
forward toward a final judgment over a three year period—even so, the award under
section 271 provided only partial compensation for the financial loss he incurred.
Joanne’s conduct frustrated the policies set forth in the statute, thus forming a sufficient
basis for the trial court to order attorney’s fees as sanctions to offset Richard’s
expenditures.
       Joanne contends the trial court erred in awarding $75,000 in sanctions without
sufficient proof that the sanctionable conduct caused those fees. Specifically, she argues
Richard submitted redacted billing statements from his attorney, making it impossible to
correlate specific instances of alleged sanctionable conduct with particular fees. Richard
argues that Joanne waived this issue at trial, as she did not object to the billing
statements. Joanne did raise a concern about the redactions in her reply brief, filed prior

                                              21
to the hearing on attorney’s fees.8 While her attorney did not restate this objection during
the hearing, we need not determine whether Joanne forfeited this argument, as there was
sufficient evidence in the record for the trial court to determine the appropriate amount of
sanctions despite the redacted billing statements.
       “We review the court’s findings for substantial evidence, [citation], and we
consider all the evidence and view it favorably to support the court’s order [citation].”
(Menezes v. McDaniel (2019) 44 Cal.App.5th 340, 350.) Richard’s attorney provided a
detailed declaration addressing the work he and his associates generated as a result of
Joanne’s conduct. The trial court’s award of fees was far less than the total amount
Richard incurred in the period at issue. Richard was not required to establish “with great
precision” the amount of fees directly caused by Joanne’s conduct, as “misconduct may
increase attorney’s fees in ways that are indirect and difficult to prove.” (Sagonowsky,
supra, 6 Cal.App.5th at p. 1155.) The trial court met its duty to review the relevant
evidence before ruling on Joanne’s request by reviewing the billing records and,
presumably, reviewing counsel’s associated declaration. (In re Marriage of Tharp (2010)
188 Cal.App.4th 1295, 1314; see Mardirossian & Associates, Inc. v. Ersoff (2007) 153
Cal.App.4th 257, 269 [“ ‘An attorney’s testimony as to the number of hours worked is
sufficient evidence to support an award of attorney fees, even in the absence of detailed
time records.’ ”].)
       Finally, Joanne argues the award of $75,000 against her imposes on her an
“unreasonable financial burden.” (§ 271, subd. (a).) As already discussed, Joanne has
significant liquid assets, such that the amount ordered by the trial court does not impose
an “unreasonable” burden on her. As Joanne has not shown that the trial court abused its

       8 In her reply brief, Joanne requested to augment the record on appeal with the
reply brief she filed in the trial court. She thereafter filed a separate motion to augment,
which this court granted in an order filed December 9, 2019.

                                             22
discretion, we affirm the trial court’s order that she pay $75,000 in attorney’s fees as
sanctions under section 271.
                                    III.      DISPOSITION
       The August 16, 2017 order denying Joanne’s request for attorney’s fees and costs
under section 2030 and granting Richard’s request for attorney’s fees and costs under
section 271 is affirmed.

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                           _______________________________
                           Greenwood, P.J.

WE CONCUR:

_________________________________
Grover, J.

________________________________
 Danner, J.

Stewart-Taylor v. Taylor
No. H045227