Court Opinion

ID: 9395273
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-17 17:03:13.838751+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:19:06.835783
License: Public Domain

Filed 5/17/23 Twin City Fire Ins. Co. v. Auto Zone Parts CA4/2
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
 California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
                                     or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

           IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                   FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION TWO

 TWIN CITY FIRE INSURANCE
 COMPANY,
                                                                         E076227
          Cross-complainant and Appellant,
                                                                         (Super. Ct. No. CIVDS1702333)
 v.
                                                                         OPINION
 AUTO ZONE PARTS, INC.,

          Cross-defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. John M. Tomberlin,

Judge. Affirmed and dismissed.

         London Fischer, Nicholas W. Davila and Patrick G. Bollig; Wiggin and Dana,

Jonathan M. Freiman and Jeffrey R. Babbin, for Cross-Complainant and Appellant.

         Haight Brown & Bonesteel, Bruce Cleeland and John M. Wilkerson; Severson &

Werson, Jan T. Chilton and Kerry W. Franich, for Cross-defendant and Appellant.

                                                             1
                                            I.

                                    INTRODUCTION

       AutoZone Parts, Inc. sold the wrong truck axle to a customer, whose grandson

suffered serious injuries in an accident in the truck about two months later. The grandson

sued AutoZone, Dorman Parts, Inc., and others. Dorman and AutoZone responded by

filing cross-complaints against one another and other defendants. After a trial on the

issue of liability, a jury found AutoZone and Dorman each 50 percent liable for the

customer’s injuries. During post-trial proceedings, Dorman’s insurer, Twin City Fire

Insurance Co., substituted in for Dorman. The trial court then granted AutoZone’s

motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict (JNOV) on Dorman’s cross-complaint,

finding that Dorman failed to prove causation. After entering judgment for AutoZone,

the trial court dismissed AutoZone’s cross-complaint without prejudice.

       Twin City appealed, and AutoZone filed a protective cross-appeal. We affirm the

judgment and the order dismissing AutoZone’s cross-complaint without prejudice. We

therefore dismiss AutoZone’s cross-appeal as moot.

                                            II.

                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       Dylan Donnelly’s grandfather took his truck in for repairs and the mechanic,

Jeremy Stratton, determined that the truck needed a new left rear axle assembly. Stratton

called AutoZone, gave them information about the truck, and told them the part he

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needed. AutoZone told Stratton that they had the right part, a rear axle shaft supplied by

Dorman, and mailed it to him. Stratton then installed the axle shaft in the truck.

       About two months and 2,500 miles on the truck later, Donnelly borrowed his

grandfather’s truck to go on a trip with a friend. While Donnelly was sleeping in the

backseat and his friend was driving, the truck unexpectedly veered left and flipped.

Donnelly suffered serious, permanent injuries in the crash.

       Donnelly sued Dorman and AutoZone for negligence and products liability. Their

mutual insurer, Twin City, retained the same attorney for them. Dorman filed a cross-

complaint against various defendants (but not AutoZone), asserting four causes of action

for (1) implied indemnity, (2) equitable indemnity, (3) total equitable indemnity, and (4)

declaratory relief.

       Twin City eventually determined that Dorman and AutoZone were adverse to each

other and appointed new counsel for them. A couple of months later, Dorman amended

its cross-complaint to name AutoZone as a cross-defendant. AutoZone responded shortly

afterward by filing a cross-complaint against Dorman and other cross-defendants.

AutoZone’s cross-complaint asserts the same four causes of action that Dorman asserts

against AutoZone.

       Donnelly eventually settled for $29.9 million with Twin City as Dorman and

AutoZone’s insurer. Donnelly dismissed his complaint and the case proceeded on

Dorman and AutoZone’s cross-complaints.

                                             3
         Before trial, the parties disputed what the jury should decide. The trial court ruled

that the jury would decide only the percentage Dorman and AutoZone were at fault and

that the court would then decide damages. The jury found that AutoZone was 50 percent

at fault for Donnelly’s injuries and that “Dorman and any others” were 50 percent at

fault.

         The trial court directed Dorman to file a proposed judgment. Dorman complied by

filing a proposed judgment awarding itself $13 million (i.e., half of the Donnelly

settlement). AutoZone objected because the trial court had yet to award damages, so the

trial court ordered the parties to file briefs on what damages to award.

         In its brief, AutoZone argued (as it did before trial) that Dorman had suffered no

damages because Twin City paid the entire Donnelly settlement. Shortly after opposing

AutoZone’s brief, Dorman told the trial court that it wanted to substitute Twin City in its

place. Dorman explained because Twin City would pursue “exactly the same claims [that

Dorman asserted in its cross-complaint] and be subject to exactly the same defenses” as

Dorman because “[t]he claims and defenses do not change.” Twin City thus would

“pursu[e] Dorman’s equitable indemnification claim against AutoZone.” The trial court

granted Dorman’s request and substituted Twin City “as cross-complainant in place of

Dorman . . . for all further purposes.”

         Twin City then moved for entry of judgment. The trial court granted the motion,

awarded Twin City $13 million, and entered judgment against AutoZone.

                                               4
       Shortly afterward, AutoZone filed its JNOV motion. AutoZone argued Dorman

was not entitled to judgment or the $13 million damage award because Dorman failed to

prove causation, did not provide necessary expert testimony, and did not suffer any

recoverable damages. The trial court agreed with AutoZone’s causation argument,

granted AutoZone’s JNOV motion, vacated the judgment, and entered a new judgment

for AutoZone. AutoZone then moved to dismiss its cross-complaint without prejudice,

which the trial court granted.

       Dorman appealed the judgment for AutoZone and the trial court’s order

dismissing AutoZone’s cross-complaint without prejudice. AutoZone filed a protective

cross-appeal from the $13 million judgment for Twin City “in the event This Court

reverses the judgment” for AutoZone.

                                           III.

                                     DISCUSSION

       AutoZone contends we should affirm the judgment in its favor for several reasons,

including that Dorman did not suffer legally cognizable damages and, in turn, Twin City

cannot recover damages on Dorman’s cross-claims as its substitute. Although the trial

court did not reach the damages issue in granting AutoZone’s JNOV motion, we agree

with AutoZone and affirm the judgment on that basis. (Day v. Alta Bates Medical Center

(2002) 98 Cal.App.4th 243, 252, fn. 1 [appellate court may affirm on any basis].) We

affirm the trial court’s order dismissing AutoZone’s cross-complaint without prejudice,

                                            5
instead of with prejudice, because Twin City fails to show it was prejudiced by the

dismissal without prejudice.

       A. Dorman Suffered No Legally Cognizable Damages

       AutoZone and Twin City agree, as do we, that restitution is the appropriate
                                                            1
remedy in an equitable indemnity action such as this case. (AmeriGas Propane, L.P. v.

Landstar Ranger, Inc. (2010) 184 Cal.App.4th 981, 989 (AmeriGas).) Equitable

indemnification allows “liability to be apportioned between wrongdoers based on their

relative culpability.” (Woodward-Gizienski & Associates v. Geotechnical Exploration,

Inc. (2008) 208 Cal.App.3d 64, 67.) Its purpose is to “equaliz[e] the common burden

shared by joint tortfeasors, and to prevent one from profiting at the expense of others.”

(AmeriGas, supra, at p. 989.) It is based on the equitable principle that “one who has

been compelled to pay damages which ought to have been paid by another wrongdoer

may recover from that wrongdoer.” (Bush v. Superior Court (1992) 10 Cal.App.4th

1374, 1380, italics added.)

       Thus, in an equitable indemnity action involving joint tortfeasors, the plaintiff may

not recover money it did not pay. (AmeriGas, supra, 184 Cal.App.4th at p. 989; Miller v.

Ellis (2002) 103 Cal.App.4th 373, 380-382 (Miller).) To award any more than what the

plaintiff paid out of pocket would unjustly enrich the plaintiff. (Miller, supra, at p. 382.)

       1
         Although the parties asserted declaratory relief claims against each other, they
agree their cross-complaints present an equitable indemnity action.

                                              6
       Miller illustrates this point. There, attorneys Miller and Ellis represented a

plaintiff in a personal injury action, who later sued them for malpractice. (Miller, supra,

103 Cal.App.4th at p. 376.) Miller had appropriate malpractice insurance, but Ellis did

not, so Miller’s insurer provided Ellis a “‘courtesy defense.’” (Ibid.) The matter settled

and Miller’s insurer paid the entire settlement sum ($75,000), even though Miller and

Ellis were just as liable. (Ibid.) Miller then filed an indemnity action against Ellis

seeking to recover for the malpractice case. (Ibid.)

       The Court of Appeal held Miller was limited to recovering restitution, defined as

“any sums paid by Miller in excess of Miller’s share of the fault in order to discharge

their joint liability.” (Miller, supra, 103 Cal.App.4th at pp. 380-381.) But because

Miller’s insurer paid the entire $75,000 settlement, the only restitution Miller could

recover was for the $5,000 deductible he paid out-of-pocket for his insurer’s defense.

(Id. at p. 381.) The court reasoned that “[t]o permit Miller now to obtain

‘indemnification’ from Ellis for the $75,000 paid to the injured party not by Miller

himself, but by his insurance carrier, would effectively reward Miller for his own

wrongdoing,” (ibid.) and “would result in unjust enrichment, contrary to the principles of

fairness and equity underlying the doctrine of indemnification.” (Id. at p. 382.)

       We followed Miller, supra, 103 Cal.App.4th 373 in AmeriGas, supra, 184

Cal.App.4th 981. As in Miller, the plaintiff in AmeriGas filed an equitable indemnity

action against Landstar seeking to recover a portion of a settlement the plaintiff had paid

to resolve a tort claim against the plaintiff and Landstar. (AmeriGas, supra, at p. 989.)

                                              7
Relying on Miller, we held that the plaintiff could recover restitution from Landstar only

for the amount the plaintiff “itself paid in excess of its fair share.” (Id. at p. 989; see also

5 California Torts § 74.06 [“[A] tortfeasor may not seek indemnity for the amounts paid

by [its] insurer”], citing Miller, supra, at pp. 380-382.)

       Twin City argues Miller is distinguishable for two reasons, but neither is

persuasive. Twin City first argues the plaintiff in Miller was a cotortfeasor whereas

Dorman is not. In Twin City’s view, the verdict “was far too imprecise to attribute

liability to Dorman” because it allocated 50 percent liability to AutoZone and 50 percent

liability to “Dorman and others.” For purposes of this appeal, it does not matter exactly

how much liability the jury attributed to Dorman. The special verdict shows that the jury

found Dorman at least partially liable for Donnelly’s injuries, rendering it a cotortfeasor

along with AutoZone. (See Musser v. Provencher (2002) 28 Cal.4th 274, 279-280; 4

A.L.R.3d 620, § 1 [defining “cotortfeasor” in insurance context as “one who is liable,

along with the insured, to compensate an injured third person”].)

       Twin City next argues Miller is distinguishable because the plaintiff there intended

to keep any judgment in its favor while judgment was entered for Twin City, and Dorman

always intended to use any judgment award it recovered to reimburse Twin City. But

that does not change the fact that Dorman could not recover on its cross-complaint in the

first place because it did not contribute anything to the Donnelly settlement. Because

Dorman could not recover anything, Twin City also could not recover as Dorman’s

substitute, irrespective of what Dorman intended to do with any judgment in its favor.

                                               8
       Despite Twin City’s efforts to distinguish Miller, we find it applicable and follow

it here, as we did in AmeriGas. Under Miller and AmeriGas, Dorman is entitled to

equitable indemnity from AutoZone for only the amount it contributed to the Donnelly

settlement. Twin City, however, paid the entire settlement amount, so Dorman cannot

recover anything from AutoZone for its equitable indemnity claims. (Miller, supra, 103

Cal.App.4th at pp. 380-381; AmeriGas, supra, 184 Cal.App.4th at p. 989.) It follows that

Twin City, who substituted in for Dorman to prosecute Dorman’s claims, also cannot

recover damages in Dorman’s shoes. And because neither Dorman nor Twin City was

entitled to recover on Dorman’s cross-complaint, the trial court properly granted

AutoZone’s JNOV motion.

       Twin City alternatively argues we should follow Smith v. Parks Manor (1987) 197

Cal.App.3d 872 (Smith), but Smith does not apply here. There, an insured settled with a

plaintiff and the insurer paid the settlement sum. (Id. at p. 877.) The Smith court held

that the insured suffered a loss, even though the insured did not pay the settlement. (Id. at

p. 878.) But Smith’s discussion that Twin City relies on is limited only to whether the

insured suffered a loss that triggered the insurer’s obligations to indemnify the insured.

(See ibid.) The court had no occasion to decide whether the insured could recover for

that loss as restitution on an equitable indemnity claim. “[C]ases are not authority for

propositions not considered.” (People v. Ault (2004) 33 Cal.4th 1250, 1268, fn. 10.)

                                             9
Smith therefore does not affect our conclusion above that Miller and AmeriGas control
        2
here.

            In short, because Dorman could not recover damages on its cross-complaint and

Twin City could not do so as Dorman’s substitute, the trial court properly granted

AutoZone’s motion for JNOV. We therefore affirm the judgment for AutoZone.

            B. Dismissal Without Prejudice

            Twin City contends the trial court erroneously dismissed AutoZone’s cross-

complaint without prejudice instead of with prejudice. In its view, the judgment for

AutoZone resolved the claims asserted in AutoZone’s operative cross-complaint, so the

dismissal should have been with prejudice under Code of Civil Procedure section 581,
                    3
subdivision (e). We disagree.

            Under section 581, subdivision (e), the trial court may dismiss a complaint without

prejudice at the plaintiff’s request after trial has begun only if there is good cause. If no

good cause exists, then the dismissal must be with prejudice. (Code Civ. Proc., § 581,

            2
        In the trial court, Twin City argued that it suffered a loss because its insurance
policy was depleted because of the settlement. On appeal, AutoZone asserted that the
argument was meritless. At oral argument, however, counsel for Twin City clarified that
the argument pertained only to its position that Twin City had standing.
            3
         Code of Civil Procedure section 581, subdivision (e), provides in full: “After
the actual commencement of trial, the court shall dismiss the complaint, or any causes of
action asserted in it, in its entirety or as to any defendants, with prejudice, if the plaintiff
requests a dismissal, unless all affected parties to the trial consent to dismissal without
prejudice or by order of the court dismissing the same without prejudice on a showing of
good cause.”

                                                10
subd. (e).) These principles apply to a cross-complaint. (See Code Civ. Proc., § 581,

subd. (a)(2).)

       Twin City argues we review the trial court’s finding that there was good cause to

dismiss AutoZone’s cross-complaint de novo while AutoZone argues we apply the abuse-

of-discretion standard. We need not decide the issue because we find no error under

either standard.

       AutoZone’s cross-complaint asserted claims for implied, equitable, and express

indemnity against Dorman, as well as a claim for declaratory relief. The express

indemnity claim alleged that Dorman expressly agreed in the parties’ vendor agreement

to indemnify AutoZone “from and against all suits, claims, losses, costs and expenses,

even if such claims are groundless . . . arising out of any actual or alleged injury”

resulting from “any alleged or actual defect in any products supplied to AutoZone by

[Dorman].”

       The trial court ordered the trial to be bifurcated with the jury first only

apportioning fault for Donnelly’s accident. The jury found AutoZone 50 percent liable

while finding “Dorman and others” 50 percent liable. The jury thus did not specifically

determine Dorman’s fault, which, as Twin City notes, “was predicate to all of

AutoZone’s cross-claims, including express indemnification.” And because the jury was

limited only to apportioning fault, AutoZone had no chance to present evidence of

damages that its cross-complaint sought to recover. Nor did AutoZone have a chance to

argue Dorman had to indemnify AutoZone for its damages under the vendor agreement.

                                              11
In short, the jury’s liability findings did not adjudicate all of the issues raised in

AutoZone’s cross-complaint. Under these circumstances, the trial court correctly found

that there was good cause to dismiss the cross-complaint without prejudice.

       But even if the trial court erred in doing so, Twin City fails to show that it was

prejudiced by the dismissal without prejudice. (See Bianco v. California Highway Patrol

(1994) 24 Cal.App.4th 1113, 1125 [appellant must show the trial court prejudicially erred

to obtain reversal].) Twin City does not clearly argue how it was prejudiced, but suggests

that the dismissal without prejudice will impermissibly allow AutoZone to relitigate the

cross-complaint “at its convenience at a future date, perhaps in a different forum.”

Although AutoZone might do so, it might not. As it stands, Twin City’s concern that

AutoZone may try to relitigate its cross-claims at some later date in some other forum is

entirely speculative and does not warrant reversal. (See Harmony Gold U.S.A., Inc. v.

County of Los Angeles (2019) 31 Cal.App.5th 820; People v. Singh (2015) 234

Cal.App.4th 1319, 1331.) We note, however, that anything decided on the merits in this

case could not be relitigated under the doctrines of claim and issue preclusion. (See Mesa

Shopping Center-East, LLC v. O Hill (2014) 232 Cal.App.4th 890, 901-902.)

       C. AutoZone’s Cross-Appeal

       AutoZone filed a protective cross-appeal to challenge the $13 million judgment

for Twin City in the event we reverse the judgment for AutoZone. Because we affirm the

judgment for AutoZone, we dismiss its cross-appeal as moot. (Quantification Settlement

                                               12
Agreement Cases (2015) 237 Cal.App.4th 72, 76; Jones & Matson v. Hall (2007) 155

Cal.App.4th 1596, 1611.)

                                            IV.

                                    DISPOSITION

      The judgment for AutoZone and the order dismissing AutoZone’s cross-complaint

without prejudice are affirmed. AutoZone’s cross-appeal is dismissed as moot.

AutoZone may recover its costs on appeal.

      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

                                                            CODRINGTON
                                                                                   J.

We concur:

McKINSTER
               Acting P. J.

MILLER
                           J.

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