Court Opinion

ID: 3135467
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-22 17:37:45.044883+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:54:10.438237
License: Public Domain

Docket No. 105018.

                       IN THE
                  SUPREME COURT
                         OF
                THE STATE OF ILLINOIS

THE BOARD OF EDUCATION, JOLIET TOWNSHIP HIGH
SCHOOL DISTRICT No. 204, Appellee, v. THE BOARD OF
EDUCATION, LINCOLN WAY COMMUNITY HIGH SCHOOL
DISTRICT No. 210 et al. (The Illinois State Board of Education et
                       al., Appellants).

                  Opinion filed October 17, 2008.

   JUSTICE GARMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with
opinion.
   Chief Justice Fitzgerald and Justices Thomas, Kilbride, Karmeier,
and Burke concurred in the judgment and opinion.
   Justice Freeman specially concurred, with opinion.

                             OPINION

    In 1998, the registered voters of a 320-acre parcel of land in Will
County filed a petition to detach the parcel from Joliet Township
High School District No. 204 and annex it to Lincoln Way
Community High School District No. 210, pursuant to section 7–2b
of the Illinois School Code (105 ILCS 5/7–2b (West 1998)). District
204 objected to the petition and argued inter alia that section 7–2b
violates the Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974 (EEOA)
(20 U.S.C. §1701 et seq. (2000)). The hearing officer for the Illinois
State Board of Education (Board) found that the conditions of section
7–2b were met and recommended that the petition be granted. District
204’s EEOA claim was not considered when the hearing officer made
this recommendation, as the hearing officer found that the claim was
outside the scope of the Board’s authority under section 7–2b. The
Board accepted the hearing officer’s findings and granted the petition
for detachment/annexation. The circuit court of Will County affirmed
the Board’s order and found that the order did not violate the
constitution or federal statute. On appeal, the appellate court found
that section 7–2b was preempted by the EEOA and was, therefore,
unconstitutional. 373 Ill. App. 3d 563. The appellate court remanded
the cause to the Board to consider District 204’s EEOA claim. The
Board filed a petition for leave to appeal pursuant to Supreme Court
Rules 317 (210 Ill. 2d R. 317) and 315 (210 Ill. 2d R. 315). This court
granted the Board’s petition and for the following reasons, we reverse
the judgment of the appellate court and remand the cause to the
circuit court for consideration of District 204’s EEOA claim.

                           BACKGROUND
    In July of 1998, four individuals who made up all of the registered
voters of a contiguous 320-acre parcel of farm land in Will County
filed a petition with the Illinois State Board of Education (Board) to
detach their property from Joliet Township High School District No.
204 (District 204) and attach it to Lincoln Way Community High
School District No. 210, pursuant to section 7–2b of the Illinois
School Code (105 ILCS 5/7–2b (West 1998)).
    The parcel of land in question is situated in an area of the state
where the grade schools and high schools are split into separate
school districts and the boundaries of these districts are not
coterminous. The children who reside on the disputed parcel of land
currently attend grade school in the New Lenox Elementary School
District No. 122. The high school district that generally serves the
New Lenox Elementary School District is Lincoln Way Community
High School District No. 210. However, the parcel of land in question
does not fall within the boundaries of High School District 210, it
falls within the boundaries of Joliet High School District No. 204.
Thus the children who reside on the parcel will not attend the same
high school as the majority of their former grade school classmates.

                                 -2-
    Section 7–2b allows for the detachment of land from one district
and annexation to another where the affected land lies within
elementary and high school districts with noncoterminous boundaries.
Section 7–2b allows the land to be detached and annexed at either the
elementary or high school level. Thus, it is the petitioner’s choice
which district they leave and which they join. 105 ILCS 5/7–2b(a)
(West 1998). A parcel of land is eligible for detachment and
annexation only if (1) it represents 10% or less of the equalized
assessed value of the district; (2) the parcel constitutes 10% or less of
the territory of the district;1 (3) two-thirds of the registered voters of
the parcel support the petition; and (4) the annexation will make the
boundaries of the grade school and high school districts for the
affected parcel identical. 105 ILCS 5/7–2b(a) (West 1998). Before
this court, neither party disputes that these four conditions are met.
    Before the Board’s hearing officer, District 204 argued inter alia
that the detachment and annexation of the parcel increased
segregation in violation of the Equal Educational Opportunities Act
of 1974. 20 U.S.C. §1701 et seq. (2000). The EEOA prohibits a state
from denying “equal educational opportunity to an individual on
account of his or her race, color, sex, or national origin.” 20 U.S.C.
§1703 (2000). The EEOA delineates a number of activities that
constitute discrimination. Among these are the assignment of a
student to a school within the district in which he or she resides other
than the one closest to his or her residence “if the assignment results
in a greater degree of segregation.” 20 U.S.C. §1703(c) (2000). The
EEOA also prohibits the transfer of a student from one school to
another if “the purpose and effect of such transfer is to increase the
segregation of students.” 20 U.S.C. §1703(e) (2000).
    District 204 claimed the detachment and annexation of the parcel
increases segregation because the four individuals who petitioned for
annexation are white while the population of District 204, from which

  1
    Section 7–2b has subsequently been amended to reduce the percentage
of both value and land mass that may be detached. Under the new law, the
land to be detached may constitute no more than 5% of the assessed value
and territory of the district. 105 ILCS 5/7–2b (West 2006). This change has
no impact on this decision.

                                   -3-
they seek to be detached, is “60% minority.”2 District 204 further
asserted that allowing the “land to be detached *** from a largely
minority school district (60%) and annexed to an almost completely
white school district” would increase segregation based on race. On
this basis, District 204 described section 7–2b as a “mechanism for
‘white flight’ ” and stated that it fostered “division among the races”
in violation of the EEOA.
    The hearing officer refused to hear District 204’s EEOA claim
because section 7–2b contains a limiting clause that prohibits the
Board from hearing any evidence or considering any issue except
those necessary to determine if the four conditions of section 7–2b
have been met. See 105 ILCS 5/7–2b (West 1998) (“The [Board]
shall have no authority or discretion to hear any evidence or consider
any issues except those that may be necessary to determine whether
the limitations and conditions of this Section have been met”). The
hearing officer expressly stated in his proposed findings of fact and
conclusions of law that District 204’s EEOA claim was “beyond the
scope of the [Board’s], and by extension the Hearing Officer’s
authority.”3 The Board accepted the hearing officer’s findings of fact
and conclusions of law and granted the section 7–2b petition.
Thereafter, District 204 filed a complaint for administrative review
with the circuit court.
    On administrative review, the circuit court confirmed the Board’s
decision to grant the petition, noting that there was “no Constitutional
problem with the actions of the [Board].” The circuit court also stated
that “mere suspicion” is not sufficient to establish racial motivation.
District 204 appealed this ruling.

   2
     Because of the procedural history of this case, District 204 has never
had the opportunity to establish the truth of these statements. While this
court takes no position on the veracity of these assertions, we include them
to illustrate the basis of District 204’s EEOA claim.
   3
    Public Act 91–46, which became effective on June 30, 1999, changed
the body responsible for reviewing a section 7–2b petition from the Illinois
State Board of Education to the Regional Board of School Trustees. This
modification has no bearing on this opinion.

                                    -4-
     On appeal, the appellate court affirmed that the EEOA claim was
beyond the Board’s authority, but vacated the circuit court’s ruling on
the merits of the EEOA claim and remanded the cause to the hearing
officer to develop a record on the EEOA claim.
     The appellate court agreed that the limiting clause of section 7–2b
prohibited the Board from hearing or considering District 204’s
EEOA claim. Specifically, the appellate court held that the Board
“acted in accord with its mandate when it refused to determine
whether section 7–2b or the proposed detachment/annexation violated
the [EEOA].” 373 Ill. App. 3d at 568.
     The appellate court went on to conclude that section 7–2b not
only stripped the Board of jurisdiction over the EEOA claim, but also
denied jurisdiction over the claim to the circuit court under
administrative review law. The appellate court noted that the circuit
court’s power to review the decisions of administrative agencies is
limited in scope to the statutory powers provided by the General
Assembly. 373 Ill. App. 3d at 569, quoting Ill. Const. 1970, art. VI,
§9 (“Circuit Courts shall have such power to review administrative
action as provided by law”). The Code of Civil Procedure provides
that a hearing for administrative review is limited to questions of law
and fact that are presented to the court by the record. “No new or
additional evidence *** shall be heard by the court.” 735 ILCS
5/3–110 (West 2006). The appellate court reasoned that because
section 7–2b limited the Board’s authority to reviewing only the
procedural requirements for a petition for detachment and annexation,
the circuit court’s authority on administrative review was similarly
“limited to determining whether the Board erred in finding those
requirements met.” 373 Ill. App. 3d at 570. Accordingly, the appellate
court vacated the circuit court’s determination that the Board’s
actions did not violate federal law, reasoning that the Board itself “did
not have jurisdiction to even develop a record which the circuit court
could then rely upon in formulating any constitutional decision.” 373
Ill. App. 3d at 570. Thus, the “circuit court lacked both the
jurisdiction and the evidence to make such an independent finding.”
373 Ill. App. 3d at 569.
     Finally, the appellate court found that section 7–2b was
preempted by the EEOA and remanded the cause to the Board to
conduct a hearing on District 204’s EEOA claim. The appellate court

                                  -5-
noted that “ ‘state law is nullified to the extent that it actually
conflicts with federal law.’ ” 373 Ill. App. 3d at 572, quoting Fidelity
Federal Savings & Loan Ass’n v. de la Cuesta, 458 U.S. 141, 153, 73
L. Ed. 2d 664, 675, 102 S. Ct. 3014, 3022 (1982). The appellate court
noted that the right of a student to be assigned to a school on the basis
of geography and not race, as provided in the EEOA, could not be
nullified by state action. Thus, the court reasoned that section 7–2b’s
“restricting the Board’s ability to hear claims of racial segregation,
‘ “stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the
full purposes and objectives of [the EEOA.]” ’ ” 373 Ill. App. 3d at
572, quoting Fidelity Federal Savings & Loan Ass’n, 458 U.S. at 153,
73 L. Ed. 2d at 675, 102 S. Ct. at 3022, quoting Hines v. Davidowitz,
312 U.S. 52, 67-68, 85 L. Ed. 581, 587, 61 S. Ct. 399, 404 (1941).
Therefore, the appellate court found that section 7–2b’s limitation
clause was preempted by the EEOA under the supremacy clause of
the United States Constitution and remanded the cause to the Board
for further consideration. 373 Ill. App. 3d at 573.
    In its petition for leave to appeal to this court, the Board argues
that the appellate court erred in holding that section 7–2b was
preempted by the EEOA. We granted the Board’s petition. For the
following reasons, we reverse the decision of the appellate court.

                      QUESTION PRESENTED
    Both parties agree that District 204’s EEOA claim must be heard
and decided by a body of competent jurisdiction. The parties disagree
over the proper means of effectuating this hearing.
    The Board, as appellant, takes the position that the EEOA does
not require the Board to review EEOA claims and that these claims
are better developed in and decided by the circuit court. Conversely,
District 204 argues that the EEOA mandates that an “educational
agency,” in this case the Board, consider its EEOA claim. Therefore,
District 204 asserts that the appellate court was correct and that
section 7–2b must be preempted because it conflicts with the EEOA
by prohibiting the Board from hearing the EEOA claim.
    District 204 further argues that the Board’s position is infeasible,
as the circuit court is prohibited from considering its EEOA claims
because administrative review is the exclusive means of reviewing an

                                  -6-
administrative decision and section 7–2b prevents the development
of a record that is sufficient given the limited scope of administrative
review. Thus, District 204 argues that the current legislative
framework is preempted because it is intentionally crafted to make it
“impossible for a factual record regarding the effect of segregation to
be considered when determining whether to grant a petition for
detachment.” District 204 notes that “[s]tates have an affirmative duty
to take measures to comply with the mandate set forth in the EEOA,”
and that the current legislative framework represents the General
Assembly’s “naked attempt to sidestep the federal mandate set forth
in the EEOA.”
     There are then two areas of dispute between the parties. First, the
parties argue whether the EEOA requires that the Board consider the
EEOA in granting a petition for detachment/annexation. Second, if
the Board does not have to consider the EEOA, the parties dispute
whether the circuit court can review an alleged violation outside of
administrative review.
     The resolution of both arguments turns on the constitutional law
doctrine of preemption. However, in the first argument, preemption
is only implicated if we agree with District 204’s interpretation of the
EEOA. Therefore, the initial question presented for the first argument
is a question of statutory interpretation, as this court must determine
what the EEOA mandates of an “educational agency.”
     The second argument presents a question of preemption, as this
court must determine whether the current legislative framework
creates a situation where the state can avoid compliance with “the
mandate set forth in the EEOA.”

                     STANDARD OF REVIEW
     Whether state law is preempted by a federal statute is a question
of law, which is subject to de novo review. Kinkel v. Cingular
Wireless, LLC, 223 Ill. 2d 1, 15 (2006), citing Schultz v. Northeast
Illinois Regional Commuter R.R. Corp., 201 Ill. 2d 260, 288 (2002).
Similarly, questions of statutory interpretation present questions of
law and are therefore reviewed de novo. Harshman v. DePhillips, 218
Ill. 2d 482, 490 (2006).

                                  -7-
                               ANALYSIS
    The underlying basis of both arguments is preemption. The
preemption doctrine originates with the supremacy clause of article
VI of the United States Constitution, which provides that the “Laws
of the United States *** shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and
Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the
Constitution or laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.”
U.S. Const., art. VI, cl. 2. Thus, when state law conflicts with a
federal statute, state law is preempted by the supremacy clause and its
application is unconstitutional. Crosby v. National Foreign Trade
Council, 530 U.S. 363, 388, 147 L. Ed. 2d 352, 371, 120 S. Ct. 2288,
2302 (2000); see also Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly, 533 U.S. 525,
540, 150 L. Ed. 2d 532, 550, 121 S. Ct. 2404, 2414 (2001).
    A state statute may be preempted in three situations. First, a
statute may be preempted through the express language of a
congressional enactment. Lorillard Tobacco Co., 533 U.S. at 540-41,
150 L. Ed. 2d at 550, 121 S. Ct. at 2414, citing Cipollone v. Liggett
Group, Inc., 505 U.S. 504, 120 L. Ed. 2d 407, 112 S. Ct. 2608 (1992).
A state statute may also be preempted where the “depth and breadth
of a congressional scheme” implies that Congress “occupies the
legislative field.” Lorillard Tobacco Co., 533 U.S. at 541, 150 L. Ed.
2d at 550, 121 S. Ct. at 2414; see also Fidelity Federal Savings &
Loan Ass’n v. de la Cuesta, 458 U.S. 141, 73 L. Ed. 2d 664, 102 S.
Ct. 3014 (1982). Finally, a statute may be preempted where the state
law presents a “conflict with a congressional enactment.” Lorillard
Tobacco Co., 533 U.S. at 541, 150 L. Ed. 2d at 550, 121 S. Ct. at
2414; see also Geier v. American Honda Motor Co., 529 U.S. 861,
146 L. Ed. 2d 914, 120 S. Ct. 1913 (2000).
    In the present case, only the latter form of preemption, conflict
preemption, is at issue. Conflict preemption occurs where “ ‘under
the circumstances of [a] particular case, [the challenged state law]
stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full
purposes and objectives of Congress.’ ” Crosby, 530 U.S. at 373, 147
L. Ed. 2d at 361, 120 S. Ct. at 2294, quoting Hines, 312 U.S. at 67,
85 L. Ed. at 587, 61 S. Ct. at 404. An obstacle to a congressional
objective is sufficient to find preemption when a state law would
operate in a way that a federal statute, when considered as a whole,
would be rendered ineffective and its purpose and intended effects

                                 -8-
frustrated. Crosby, 530 U.S. at 373, 147 L. Ed. 2d at 361, 120 S. Ct.
at 2294 (citing Savage v. Jones, 225 U.S. 501, 533, 56 L. Ed. 1182,
1195, 32 S. Ct. 715, 726 (1912), and Hines, 312 U.S. at 67 n.20, 85
L. Ed. at 587 n.20, 61 S. Ct. at 404 n.20).
    In the present case, the Board asserts that the appellate court erred
in finding preemption on two bases. First, that the EEOA does not
require that the Board, as an “educational agency,” consider the
segregative effect that a section 7–2b petition would have on the
parties. Second, that review of District 204’s EEOA claim can be had
outside of administrative review under the circuit court’s original
jurisdiction. We will address each argument in turn.

                                     I
     The first argument presented by the Board that the appellate court
erred in finding that the EEOA preempts section 7–2b is that “nothing
in the EEOA specifically requires [EEOA] claims to be decided by
the [Board], rather than by a circuit court.” Under the Board’s view,
the two statutes do not directly conflict and, therefore, the limiting
clause of section 7–2b is constitutional.
     District 204, in reply, argues that the EEOA requires an
“educational agency” to consider racial segregation in making school
assignment decisions. Thus, District 204 argues that section 7–2b’s
limiting clause prevents the Board from considering the EEOA and
is thus preempted.
     Both parties agree that section 7–2b’s limiting clause prevents the
Board from considering the EEOA in making decisions on
detachment/annexation petitions. The limiting clause of section 7–2b
states that the Board “shall have no authority or discretion to hear any
evidence or consider any issues except those that may be necessary to
determine whether the limitations and conditions of this Section have
been met.” 105 ILCS 5/7–2b (West 1998). As noted previously,
section 7–2b contains four provisions that must be met before a
petition for detachment/annexation can be granted. EEOA compliance
is not among these four factors. See 105 ILCS 5/7–2b (West 1998).
     However, the parties disagree as to what the EEOA requires of
“educational agencies.” District 204 cites to section 1703 of the

                                  -9-
EEOA to support its conclusion that educational agencies are required
to enforce the EEOA. Section 1703 states:
             “No State shall deny equal educational opportunity to an
         individual on account of his or her race, color, sex, or national
         origin, by–
                 (a) the deliberate segregation by an educational
             agency of students on the basis of race, color, or national
             origin among or within schools;
                  ***
                  (c) the assignment by an educational agency of a
             student to a school, other than the one closest to his or her
             place of residence within the school district in which he
             or she resides, if the assignment results in a greater degree
             of segregation *** than would result if such students were
             assigned to the school closest to his or her place of
             residence ***.” (Emphases added.) 20 U.S.C. §1703
             (2000).
District 204 reads section 1703 as a requirement that the Board, as an
educational agency,4 not only refrain from engaging in discriminatory
conduct, but affirmatively consider whether a proposed
detachment/annexation petition would violate the EEOA.
    The resolution of this argument rests on statutory interpretation
grounds, as this court must decide whether Congress intended to
charge “educational agencies” with an affirmative duty to consider
the EEOA before making an administrative decision.
    The goal of statutory interpretation is to ascertain and give effect
to the intent of the legislative body. The simplest and surest means of
effectuating this goal is to read the statutory language itself and give
the words their plain and ordinary meaning. Illinois Graphics Co. v.
Nickum, 159 Ill. 2d 469, 479 (1994). A statute must be read in its
entirety, keeping in mind the subject it addresses and the legislature’s
apparent objective in enacting it. Gill v. Miller, 94 Ill. 2d 52, 56

  4
    The parties agree that the Board is an “educational agency” as defined
by the EEOA and the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965.
See 20 U.S.C. §1720(a) (2000), and 20 U.S.C. §7801(26)(A), (26)(E)
(Supp. 2005).

                                  -10-
(1983). Where the language of the statute is clear and unambiguous,
it must be applied as written, without resort to other tools of statutory
construction. Raintree Homes, Inc. v. Village of Long Grove, 209 Ill.
2d 248, 255 (2004).
     The EEOA is a remedial statute designed to “specify appropriate
remedies for the orderly removal of the vestiges of the dual school
system.” 20 U.S.C. §1701(b) (2000). A “dual school system” is one
“in which students are assigned to schools solely on the basis of race,
color, sex, or national origin.” 20 U.S.C. §1702(a)(1) (2000). The
remedies specified by Congress as part of the EEOA are “not
intended to modify or diminish the authority of the courts of the
United States.” 20 U.S.C. §1702(b) (2000).
     Section 1703 of the EEOA expressly forbids the states from
denying equal educational opportunity when it states that “[n]o State
shall deny equal educational opportunity to an individual on account
of his or her race, color, sex, or national origin.” 20 U.S.C. §1703
(2000). The EEOA goes on to list a number of ways that a state can
deny equal educational opportunity. Each of these examples
anticipates that an “educational agency” has undertaken the
discriminatory action or failed to rectify previous discriminatory
actions. (I.e., “the failure of an educational agency *** to take
affirmative steps *** to remove the vestiges of a dual school system”
(20 U.S.C. §1703(b) (2000)) and “discrimination by an educational
agency *** in the employment, employment conditions, or
assignment to schools of its faculty or staff” (20 U.S.C. §1703(d)
(2000)).)
     The EEOA views “educational agencies” as the political
subdivision of the state that is either engaging in discrimination or
failing to rectify past discrimination. The EEOA defines an
“educational agency” as “a local educational agency or a ‘State
educational agency’ as defined by section 801(k) of the Elementary
and Secondary Education Act of 1965.” 20 U.S.C. §1720 (2000).5 A
“local educational agency” is defined as:

   5
    The definitions of “local educational agency” and “State educational
agency” have subsequently been recodified multiple times. The definitions
are now available at 20 U.S.C. §7801 (Supp. 2005).

                                  -11-
             “[A] public board of education or other public authority
        legally constituted within a State for either administrative
        control or direction of, or to perform a service function for,
        public elementary schools or secondary schools in a city,
        county, township, school district, or other political
        subdivision of a State, or of or for a combination of school
        districts or counties that is recognized in a State as an
        administrative agency for its public elementary schools or
        secondary schools.” (Emphases added.) 20 U.S.C.
        §7801(26)(A) (Supp. 2005).
A “State educational agency” is similarly defined as “the State
educational agency in a State in which the State educational agency
is the sole educational agency for all public schools.” 20 U.S.C.
§7801(26)(E) (Supp. 2005).
    The combination of the EEOA’s prohibition on states denying
individuals access to equal educational opportunity and the definition
of an “educational agency” as a political subdivision of the state
demonstrates that Congress intended that states and their “educational
agencies” not engage in discriminatory conduct. This point is
reinforced by District 204 when they cite Gomez v. Illinois State
Board of Education, 811 F.2d 1030 (7th Cir. 1987), to support its
contention that the Board is responsible for enforcement of the EEOA
as well as the courts. Gomez, 811 F.2d at 1038 (“relief is to be
obtained from the state and its agencies”). However, the quotation
used by District 204, taken in context, shows that relief was “to be
obtained from the state and its agencies” in court. The passage from
Gomez cited by District 204 went on to include the 7th Circuit’s
holding, which was that “Congress intended to abrogate the states’
Eleventh Amendment immunity to the extent such immunity would
foreclose recovery under that act.” Gomez, 811 F.2d at 1038. In other
words, Gomez stands for the proposition that the EEOA allows the
courts to hold the state and its agencies liable for past discriminatory
actions. It does not stand for the idea that the Board must adjudicate
or even consider the racially discriminatory impact of its actions.
    The prohibition on acting in a discriminatory way is not the same
as an affirmative mandate to take certain actions or to conduct formal
proceedings to ensure that the actions taken are not discriminatory.
There is no language in the EEOA that prescribes that any state or

                                 -12-
“educational agency” take any affirmative step to consider the
segregative effects of their actions prior to taking them.
    What the EEOA does provide is that if the state or an
“educational agency” does take a discriminatory action or has taken
a discriminatory action in the past that these “agencies” may either
take voluntary steps to remedy the past discrimination (20 U.S.C.
§1716 (2000)) or in the absence of action that these agencies are
liable in court (20 U.S.C. §§1712, 1713, 1714, 1716, 1717, 1718
(2000)).
    Certainly, a state can choose to mandate that its “educational
agency” consider the EEOA in granting a petition for
detachment/annexation. However, the EEOA does not require that
states mandate educational agencies to consider the EEOA or vest
them with the power to consider the segregative effect of
detachment/annexation petitions. Preemption requires an actual
conflict such that “it is impossible *** to comply with both state and
federal law” and where the challenged law “stands as an obstacle to
the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives
of Congress.” Crosby, 530 U.S. at 372-73, 147 L. Ed. 2d at 361, 120
S. Ct. at 2294. That is not the case here.
    The EEOA uses the term “educational agencies” to describe
potential discriminatory actors, but ultimately it is the discriminatory
actions of the state and its agencies that are to be corrected by the
court. It is the state that must provide relief for the discriminatory
actions of its subdivisions. Under the supremacy clause, “state courts
share responsibility for the application and enforcement of federal
law” (Howlett v. Rose, 496 U.S. 356, 372-73, 110 L. Ed. 2d 332, 351
110 S. Ct. 2430, 2441 (1990)) and a state court cannot refuse to hear
a federal claim as long as they would entertain a similar claim under
state law. Howlett, 496 U.S. at 369-73, 110 L. Ed. 2d at 348-51, 110
S. Ct. at 2439-41. Illinois recognizes numerous claims for both racial
discrimination and the invalidation of agency actions. See, e.g., Board
of Education v. Cady, 369 Ill. App. 3d 486 (2006), and Chicago
School Reform Board of Trustees v. Illinois Educational Labor
Relations Board, 315 Ill. App. 3d 522 (2000). Therefore, the courts

                                 -13-
of Illinois have an obligation to review and enforce the EEOA.6 It is
this obligation that we direct our attention to next.

                                    II
    The second argument presented by the Board to refute the
appellate court’s finding of preemption is that administrative review
is not the exclusive means of challenging the Board’s decision to
grant a petition for detachment/annexation. The Board argues that
District 204’s EEOA claim may be brought under the circuit court’s
original jurisdiction.
    District 204 counters that the EEOA requires states to take
affirmative steps to “remove vestiges of a dual school system” and to
not “deny equal educational opportunity to an individual on account
of his or her race, color, sex, or national origin.” 20 U.S.C. §1703
(2000). District 204 asserts that administrative review is the exclusive
means of reviewing the Board’s decision because the administrative
review law states that “[e]very action to review a final administrative
decision shall be commenced by the filing of a complaint and the
issuance of summons.” 735 ILCS 5/3–103 (West 2006). In the present
case, District 204 seeks review of a final decision of an administrative
agency. Further, District 204 notes that on administrative review, the
circuit court is limited to the record developed before the
administrative body (see 735 ILCS 5/3–110 (West 2006)) and section
7–2b prohibits the Board from considering the EEOA. Thus, if
administrative review is the exclusive means of challenging the
Board’s decision, then section 7–2b, in conjunction with the scope of
the circuit court’s jurisdiction on administrative review, would
effectively prohibit the state from stopping a potentially
discriminatory action under the EEOA. Thus, the EEOA would
preempt section 7–2b, as the EEOA mandates that the state must not
allow discriminatory action.

   6
    This does not exclude the possibility that a federal claim is initially
considered and decided by an administrative tribunal and comes before the
court only under an exercise of the court’s statutory power for
administrative review.

                                   -14-
     Thus, District 204 asserts that either section 7–2b’s limiting
clause or the administrative review statute must be invalidated and
thereby allow for consideration of its EEOA claim. However, this
problem exists only if administrative review is the exclusive means
of challenging the Board’s decision.
     The Board asserts that the way to both obtain a hearing on the
Board’s decision and avoid declaring a statute unconstitutional is to
allow District 204 to bring the EEOA claim as an independent cause
of action under the circuit court’s original jurisdiction. This would
allow District 204 to bring its EEOA claim in the circuit court and
develop a factual record before the circuit court. Under the Board’s
argument this action could either progress independently or be
consolidated with an action for administrative review. The Board
notes, and District 204 does not dispute, that under this approach
there is no preemption issue. In this way, District 204’s EEOA claim
can be fully litigated, and this court avoids invalidating a statute. For
the following reasons, we believe that this is the correct approach.
     As a creation of statute, the Board may exercise only the authority
given to it by statute. “Any power or authority it exercises must find
its source within the law pursuant to which it was created.” Delgado
v. Board of Election Commissioners, 224 Ill. 2d 481, 485 (2007). As
previously noted, section 7–2b’s limitation clause serves to severely
limit the evidence that a party may introduce into the record before
the Board. While the General Assembly could have vested the Board
with the power to hear District 204’s EEOA claim, it did not. So long
as the right to equal educational opportunity can be vindicated,
however, the wisdom of the General Assembly’s choice in this regard
is not for this court to decide.
     The Code of Civil Procedure states that on administrative review
the circuit court is limited to “questions of law and fact presented by
the entire record before the court. No new or additional evidence ***
shall be heard by the court.” 735 ILCS 5/3–110 (West 2006).
Therefore, to the extent that section 7–2b restricts the evidence that
the Board may place in the record, the circuit court is similarly
restricted in its administrative review. Thus, the circuit court on
administrative review is no better able to address District 204’s
EEOA claims than the Board was in the first instance.

                                  -15-
    The Illinois Constitution of 1970 vests the circuit courts with
original jurisdiction over “all justiciable matters except when the
Supreme Court has original and exclusive jurisdiction.” Ill. Const.
1970, art. VI, §9. As this court has noted,
             “Our current constitution does not define the term
        ‘justiciable matters,’ nor did our former constitution, in which
        this term first appeared. See Ill. Const. 1970, art. VI, §9; Ill.
        Const. 1870, art. VI, §9 (amended 1964). Generally, a
        ‘justiciable matter’ is a controversy appropriate for review by
        the court, in that it is definite and concrete, as opposed to
        hypothetical or moot, touching upon the legal relations of
        parties having adverse legal interests.” Belleville Toyota, Inc.
        v. Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc., 199 Ill. 2d 325, 335
        (2002).
    In this case, there is a controversy between private citizens who
wish to detach property from a government entity, the Board who
wishes to defend the law, and a second government body that opposes
the proposed action. There is nothing abstract or moot about the
controversy. It affects the legal relationship between the parties and
the parties have adverse legal interests. Therefore, the current case
constitutes a “justiciable matter” under the Illinois Constitution’s
grant of original jurisdiction to the circuit courts. In addition to the
case falling within the circuit court’s original jurisdiction, this case
may also be handled as an independent action because the traditional
rules of forfeiture do not apply.
    Ordinarily, any issue that is not raised before the administrative
agency, even constitutional issues that the agency lacks the authority
to decide, will be forfeited by the party failing to raise the issue. In
Carpetland U.S.A., Inc. v. Illinois Department of Employment
Security, this court refused to address a claim that the Department of
Employment Security had violated the due process clauses of both the
United States Constitution and Illinois Constitution because the issue
had not been raised at the first opportunity, before the administrative
agency. Carpetland U.S.A., Inc. v. Illinois Department of Employment
Security, 201 Ill. 2d 351, 396-97 (2002) (“constitutional claim is
[forfeited] for failure to raise it at the first opportunity”). This has led
this court to admonish litigants to “assert a constitutional challenge
on the record before the administrative tribunal, because

                                   -16-
administrative review is confined to the proof offered before the
agency.” Carpetland U.S.A., Inc., 201 Ill. 2d at 397. See also Texaco-
Cities Service Pipeline Co. v. McGaw, 182 Ill. 2d 262, 278 (1998).
(“It is well-recognized that a litigant’s right to question the validity of
a statute is subject to [forfeiture] by act or omission”).
     However, in this instance, the ordinary forfeiture rules do not
apply because section 7–2b prohibits the development of a record
with regard to the EEOA claim. The limiting clause of section 7–2b
denies District 204 all opportunity to develop a record with regard to
an EEOA violation before the administrative agency. Thus, there can
be no forfeiture, because there was no opportunity to present the
issue. In essence, there was no “first opportunity.”
     Similarly, the exclusivity of the administrative review law does
not apply where, as described above, the issue being raised cannot be
introduced before the administrative agency. In the present case,
section 7–2b operates as a complete bar to the Board’s even receiving
evidence on anything outside of section 7–2b’s requirements. Neither
the parties nor this court have found any similar limitation anywhere
else in the statutes of this state. As this court held in Chestnut v.
Lodge, “[t]he Administrative Review Act is a salutary act to provide
a simple single review from specified administrative decisions, but it
was not intended to be a trap for the unwary to establish a bar to
relief.” Chestnut v. Lodge, 34 Ill. 2d 567, 571 (1966). District 204’s
EEOA claim is beyond the scope of the hearing officer, beyond the
scope of the Board’s administrative decision, and therefore beyond
the scope of the administrative review law.
     The Board points out that handling the EEOA claim as an
independent action under the circuit court’s original jurisdiction is not
without precedent. In Board of Education of Rich Township High
School District No. 227 v. Brown, the appellate court allowed a
constitutional challenge to section 7–2b to be brought as an
independent action in the circuit court. In doing so, the appellate court
rejected an expansion of the Board’s power, holding that the limiting
clause of section 7–2b expressly placed the issue outside of the
Board’s authority and outside the court’s statutory authority to review
the decisions of administrative agencies. Board of Education of Rich
Township High School District No. 227 v. Brown, 311 Ill. App. 3d
478 (1999). However, the court noted that while the issue may be

                                   -17-
outside the scope of the administrative agency’s authority, and
outside the scope of administrative review, it was not outside the
scope of the circuit court’s original jurisdiction under the Illinois
Constitution. Therefore, the court held that the circuit court could
develop the record necessary to decide the constitutional challenge
under an exercise of the circuit court’s original jurisdiction. Rich
Township, 311 Ill. App. 3d at 491.7
    District 204 contends that adopting this approach will allow
school district boundaries to be “redrawn without considering the
effect of such a maneuver on educational segregation.” Neither party
disputes that District 204’s EEOA claim must be considered and
decided by a court of competent jurisdiction. Through the exercise of
the circuit court’s original jurisdiction, the circuit courts may conduct
proceedings, receive evidence, and fully adjudicate District 204’s
EEOA claim. Further, given the nature of this claim, there is no
reason why a plaintiff could not seek an injunction pending resolution
of this claim in the circuit court. See Ardt v. Illinois Department of
Professional Regulation, 154 Ill. 2d 138, 148 (1992) (“Circuit courts
have traditionally used mandamus, certiorari, injunction and other
actions as a means of reviewing the decisions of administrative
agencies”).

                          CONCLUSION
    Because District 204’s EEOA claim is subject to adjudication by
the circuit court as a matter of original jurisdiction, there is no
preemption, as section 7–2b does not present an obstacle to the
“accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives”
of the EEOA. Accordingly, we reverse that portion of the appellate

   7
    In Rich Township, the circuit court did not ultimately have to develop
this record because the record had been adequately developed before the
Board, the limitations of section 7–2b not withstanding. However, this
holding is not dicta because regardless of where the factual record was
developed, the circuit court still had to have jurisdiction to consider and
enter judgment in the case.

                                   -18-
decision that held section 7–2b was preempted by the EEOA. We
remand the matter to the circuit court.

                                              Reversed and remanded.

     JUSTICE FREEMAN, specially concurring:
     This court holds that the circuit court of Will County has original
jurisdiction to adjudicate the claim of Joliet Township High School
District 204 (District 204), brought pursuant to the Equal Educational
Opportunities Act of 1974 (EEOA) (20 U.S.C. §1701 et seq. (2000)).
Consequently, this court further holds that the EEOA does not
preempt and render unconstitutional section 7–2b of the Illinois
School Code (105 ILCS 5/7–2b (West 1998)). Slip op. at 18-19.
     I fully agree with the court’s reasoning and result. I write
separately to urge the General Assembly to amend section 7–2b of the
School Code to allow a school board to hear disputes regarding equal
educational opportunity when determining section 7–2b petitions.
Such disputes should be heard initially by a school board and not a
court. Also, I caution the circuit court in this case, on remand, to base
its findings on sufficient evidence and not conjecture.

                          I. BACKGROUND
     Four individuals who were all of the registered voters of a
contiguous 320-acre parcel of farm land in Will County petitioned the
Illinois State Board of Education (Board) to detach their property
from District 204 and annex it to Lincoln Way Community High
School District No. 210 (District 210), pursuant to section 7–2b of the
School Code (105 ILCS 5/7–2b (West 1998)). Section 7–2b provides
that, under specific circumstances, land may be automatically
detached from one district and annexed to another district, at either
the elementary or high school level. See M. Guenther & B. Wright,
Creation, Dissolution, and Boundary Changes, in 1 Illinois School
Law §1.11 (Ill. Inst. for Cont. Legal Educ. 2005). The Board held an
administrative hearing on the detachment and annexation petition.
District 204 claimed, inter alia, that granting the petition would
violate the EEOA, which prohibits the transfer of a student from one
school to another if the transfer results in increasing student racial

                                  -19-
segregation. See 20 U.S.C. §1703 (2000). District 204 alleged that
petitioners are white, the population of District 204 is “60%
minority,” and District 210 is “almost completely white.” District 204
argued that granting the petition would increase racial segregation in
violation of the EEOA. The hearing officer specifically found that
District 204’s EEOA claim was beyond its statutory and regulatory
authority. It is undisputed that petitioners met section 7–2b’s four
specific conditions. Accordingly, the Board granted the section 7–2b
petition. Slip op. at 2-4.
    On administrative review, the circuit court confirmed the Board’s
decision granting the petition. Additionally, the circuit court
independently found that the Board’s decision did not “create a
Constitutional impediment,” or violate federal law. On appeal, the
appellate court: vacated the circuit court’s ruling on the merits of
District 204’s EEOA claim; held that the EEOA preempted section
7–2b of the School Code and rendered it unconstitutional; and
remanded the cause to the Board to conduct a hearing on the EEOA
claim. Slip op. at 4-5.

                            II. ANALYSIS
    Before this court, District 204 essentially raises two issues:
            “The current legislative framework developed by the
        General Assembly is a naked attempt [A] to sidestep the
        federal mandate set forth in the EEOA by stripping away an
        agency’s ability to consider the effect of detachment on racial
        segregation, and [B] then tie the hand of the circuit courts on
        review through application of the Administrative Review
        Act.”
While future litigation will shed light on the first claim, this court
correctly rejects the second contention.

    A. De Jure Segregation and Equal Educational Opportunity
    Section 7–2b of the School Code mandates an automatic
detachment and annexation procedure that expressly prohibits
consideration of surrounding circumstances. This unique automatic
procedure can potentially promote illegal student segregation. The
potential for such a consequence flies in the face of constitutional

                                 -20-
principles that the United States Supreme Court first enunciated over
50 years ago, and decisions that this court issued over a century ago,
upholding the right of children to attend public schools free of de jure
segregation.

         1. Authority to Change School District Boundaries
    Within constitutional limitations, the legislature ultimately
controls the creation, division, and abolishment of school districts.
People v. Wood, 411 Ill. 514, 522 (1952). This court has repeatedly
recognized that any school district established under enabling
legislation is:
        “ ‘entirely subject to the will of the legislature thereafter.
        With or without the consent of the inhabitants of a school
        district, over their protests, even without notice or hearing, the
        State may take the school facilities in the district, without
        giving compensation therefor, and vest them in other districts
        or agencies. *** The area of the district may be contracted or
        expanded, it may be divided, united in whole or in part with
        another district, and the district may be abolished. All this at
        the will of the legislature.’ ” Elementary School District 159
        v. Schiller, 221 Ill. 2d 130, 155 (2006), quoting People ex rel.
        Dixon v. Community Unit School District No. 3, 2 Ill. 2d 454,
        465-66 (1954).
This court has further explained that a school district is a quasi-
municipal corporation created by the state to act as its administrative
arm to implement the establishment of free schools. Wood, 411 Ill. at
522. The legislature may delegate its power to change school district
boundaries to school authorities, who exercise that power in their
discretion, guided by statutory standards. School District No. 79 v.
County Board of School Trustees, 4 Ill. 2d 533, 538-40 (1954).
Although the residents of a school district may initiate a petition for
detachment and annexation because of personal desires or
convenience, the decision to change established school district
boundaries rests within the discretion of the appropriate school
agency. Oakdale Community Consolidated School District No. 1 v.
County Board of School Trustees, 12 Ill. 2d 190, 193 (1957).

                                  -21-
    Of course, the legislature must exercise this significant power
within constitutional limitations. School district lines are not
sacrosanct and they must not conflict with the fourteenth amendment.
See Milliken v. Bradley, 418 U.S. 717, 744, 41 L. Ed. 2d 1069, 1091,
94 S. Ct. 3112, 3127 (1974).

                     2. Constitutional Principles
    One scholar has identified Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S.
483, 98 L. Ed. 873, 74 S. Ct. 686 (1954), “as having the most impact
on education law.” 4 J. Rapp, Education Law §10.01[1], at 10–3
(2008). In Brown, the United States Supreme Court repudiated the
doctrine of “separate but equal,” which the Court first enunciated in
Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537, 41 L. Ed. 256, 16 S. Ct. 1138
(1896). The Court in Brown observed that de jure (state-imposed)
racial segregation of students is in itself an evil that tends to frustrate
the affected students “in a way unlikely ever to be undone.” Brown,
347 U.S. at 494, 98 L. Ed. at 880, 74 S. Ct. at 691. The Court held as
follows:
            “We conclude that in the field of public education the
        doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate
        educational facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, we
        hold that the plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom
        the actions have been brought are, by reason of the
        segregation complained of, deprived of the equal protection
        of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.”
        Brown, 347 U.S. at 495, 98 L. Ed. at 881, 74 S. Ct. at 692.
Brown is significant partly because the United States Supreme Court
reversed years of constitutional history that permitted the segregation
of students based on race or color. “It righted a legal and moral
wrong. But as important–perhaps more important–is that Brown
ushered in a new era of broader educational opportunity.” 4 J. Rapp,
Education Law §10.01[1], at 10–3 (2008). Today, the idea that
segregation based on race or color is inherently unequal is “a
statement of clear constitutional principle and not a matter of
educational conjecture.” 4 J. Rapp, Education Law §10.05[1], at
10–75 (2008).

                                   -22-
     The decision in Brown invalidated only de jure segregation in
public schools, i.e., segregation resulting from intentional
governmental action. In contrast, de facto segregation occurs without
any governmental action that is intended to segregate. Unintentional
de facto segregation, by itself, does not violate the fourteenth
amendment. Dayton Board of Education v. Brinkman, 433 U.S. 406,
413, 53 L. Ed. 2d 851, 859, 97 S. Ct. 2766, 2772 (1977); see 3 R.
Rotunda & J. Nowak, Treatise on Constitutional Law §18.9(a)(ii)(1),
at 488 (4th ed. 2008); 4 J. Rapp, Education Law §10.05[1], at 10–74
through 10–75 (2008); 3 J. Cook & J. Sobieski, Civil Rights Actions
¶16.02, at 16–5 (2008); E. Reutter, The Law of Public Education 794-
95 (3d ed. 1985).
     In Keyes v. School District No. 1, 413 U.S. 189, 37 L. Ed. 2d 548,
93 S. Ct. 2686 (1973), the Court addressed for the first time the
constitutionality of racial imbalance in a school system that had
“never been operated under a constitutional or statutory provision that
mandated or permitted racial segregation in public education.” Keyes,
413 U.S. at 191, 37 L. Ed. 2d at 553, 93 S. Ct. at 2688. Nevertheless,
the Court held that where “school authorities have carried out a
systematic program of segregation affecting a substantial portion of
the students, schools, teachers, and facilities within the school system,
it is only common sense to conclude that there exists a predicate for
a finding of the existence of a dual school system.” Keyes, 413 U.S.
at 201, 37 L. Ed. 2d at 559, 93 S. Ct. at 2694. “Correction of such
actions comes within the direct mandate of Brown, for it is
segregation which has developed, not fortuitously, but by
governmental action. Although often called de facto segregation, it is
really ‘covert de jure’ segregation.” E. Reutter, The Law of Public
Education 795 (3d ed. 1985). The Court emphasized that the crucial
difference between de jure and de facto segregation is the intent to
discriminate. The Court endorsed a burden-shifting procedure
designed to adduce the intent necessary to prove “covert de jure”
segregation where the law does not expressly authorize segregation.
Keyes, 413 U.S. at 208, 37 L. Ed. 2d at 563, 93 S. Ct. at 2697; see
Brinkman, 433 U.S. at 420, 53 L. Ed. 2d at 863, 97 S. Ct. at 2775; 3
R. Rotunda & J. Nowak, Treatise on Constitutional Law
§18.9(a)(ii)(1), at 490-92 (4th ed. 2008) 4 J. Rapp, Education Law
§10.04[3], at 10-69 through 10–70, §10.05[3], at 10–86 through

                                  -23-
10–90 (2008); 3 J. Cook & J. Sobieski, Civil Rights Actions ¶16.02,
at 16–8 through 16–12 (2008). Keyes exemplifies that “the Equal
Protection Clause [is] aimed at all official actions, not just those of
state legislatures. *** Even actions of state agents that may be illegal
under state law are attributable to the State.” Columbus Board of
Education v. Penick, 443 U.S. 449, 457 n.5, 61 L. Ed. 2d 666, 676
n.5, 99 S. Ct. 2941, 2946 n.5 (1979).

           3. Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974
     The EEOA is a multipurpose statute. The Act declares it to be a
policy of the United States that “all children enrolled in public
schools are entitled to equal educational opportunity without regard
to race, color, sex, or national origin.” 20 U.S.C. §1701(a)(1) (2000).8
To effectuate this policy, the EEOA prohibits in pertinent part:
             “No State shall deny equal educational opportunity to an
         individual on account of his or her race, color, sex, or national
         origin, by–
                                    ***
                 (c) the assignment by an educational agency of a
             student to a school, other than the one closest to his or her
             place of residence within the school district in which he
             or she resides, if the assignment results in a greater degree
             of segregation of students on the basis of race, color, sex,
             or national origin among the schools of such agency than
             would result if such student were assigned to the school
             closest to his or her place of residence within the school

  8
    The EEOA also declares it to be a policy of the United States that “the
neighborhood is the appropriate basis for determining public school
assignments.” 20 U.S.C. §1701(a)(2) (2000). It is generally recognized that
Congress enacted the EEOA in reaction to court decisions upholding busing
as a means of remedying de jure segregation. See 4 J. Rapp, Education Law
§10.06[5], at 10-121 (2008); 3 J. Cook & J. Sobieski, Civil Rights Actions
¶16.19, at 16–96 through 16–97 (2008). The Act directs federal courts not
to use busing to remedy de jure segregation “unless the court first finds that
all alternative remedies are inadequate.” 20 U.S.C. §1755 (2000).

                                    -24-
           district of such agency providing the appropriate grade
           level and type of education for such student;
               ***
               (e) the transfer by an educational agency, whether
           voluntary or otherwise, of a student from one school to
           another if the purpose and effect of such transfer is to
           increase segregation of students on the basis of race,
           color, or national origin among the schools of such
           agency.” 20 U.S.C. §1703 (2000).
With respect to racial desegregation, the EEOA is essentially a
restatement of preexisting case law, and its prohibitions are mostly
coextensive with the equal protection clause of the fourteenth
amendment. 4 J. Rapp, Education Law §10.02[3], at 10–19 (2008);
3 J. Cook & J. Sobieski, Civil Rights Actions ¶16.19, at 16–99
(2008).

                  4. Segregation in Illinois Schools
     De jure racial segregation existed in Illinois at the time of the
ratification of the fourteenth amendment. In 1825, the General
Assembly provided for the establishment of public schools, which
were “open and free to every class of white citizens, between the ages
of five and twenty-one years.” (Emphasis added.) 1833 Ill. Laws 556.
The 1857 School Code did not expressly exclude black children from
public schools but, rather, impliedly limited public schools to white
children. 1857 Ill. Laws 260, §7 (requiring state superintendent to
periodically report to Governor on, inter alia, “the number of white
persons in each county under twenty-one years of age”), 1857 Ill.
Laws 263, §16 (requiring school commissioner to apportion state
funds among school districts in county based on, in part, “the number
of white children, under twenty-one years of age”), 1857 Ill. Laws
292, §80 (“In townships in which there shall be persons of color the
board of trustees shall allow such persons a portion of the school fund
equal to the amount of taxes collected for school purposes from such
persons of color in their respective townships”); see generally B.
Reams & P. Wilson, Segregation and The Fourteenth Amendment in
the States 138-54 (1975); D. Douglas, The Limits of Law in

                                 -25-
Accomplishing Racial Change: School Segregation in the Pre-Brown
North, 44 UCLA L. Rev. 677, 695-96 (1997).
    In 1867, the General Assembly ratified the fourteenth amendment.
In 1874, the legislature enacted legislation that expressly prohibited
the exclusion of any child from a public school based on race. Ill.
Rev. Stat. 1874, ch. 122, par. 100. In a series of decisions beginning
in 1874, this court repeatedly ruled against racial segregation in
education in the face of local defiance. See, e.g., Chase v. Stephenson,
71 Ill. 383 (1874); People ex rel. Longress v. Board of Education of
the City of Quincy, 101 Ill. 308 (1882); People ex rel. Peair v. Board
of Education of Upper Alton School District, 127 Ill. 613 (1889);
People ex rel. Bibb v. Mayor & Common Council, 193 Ill. 309 (1901).
Against this backdrop, I turn to article 7 of the Illinois School Code.

            5. Detachment and Annexation: Overall Benefit
    “The most typical” school boundary changes are the result of the
detachment of a portion of school district territory and its annexation
to another school district. See C. Russo & R. Mawdsley, Education
Law §1.04[3], at 1–19 through 1–20 (2008). In Illinois, school district
boundaries may be changed by detachment, annexation, division,
dissolution, or by any combination of those methods pursuant to
article 7 of the School Code. 105 ILCS 5/7–02 (West 2006). The
general method for detachment and annexation involves a petition
process, administrative hearings, and the potential for judicial review
pursuant to the Administrative Review Law (735 ILCS 5/3–101 et
seq. (West 2006)). See 105 ILCS 5/7–1, 7–2, 7–6, 7–7 (West 2006).
    At the administrative hearing on a detachment and annexation
petition, section 7-6 of the School Code mandates that the hearing
officer:
             “shall hear evidence as to the school needs and conditions
         of the territory in the area within and adjacent thereto and as
         to the ability of the districts affected to meet the standards of
         recognition as prescribed by the State Board of Education,
         and shall take into consideration the division of funds and
         assets which will result from the change of boundaries and
         shall determine whether it is to the best interests of the
         schools of the area and the educational welfare of the pupils

                                  -26-
        that such change in boundaries be granted ***.” 105 ILCS
        5/7–6(i) (West 2006).
Based on the language of section 7–6, a petition for detachment and
annexation should be granted only where the overall benefit to the
annexing district and the detachment area clearly outweighs the
resulting detriment to the losing district and the surrounding
community as a whole. Carver v. Bond/Fayette/Effingham Regional
Board of School Trustees, 146 Ill. 2d 347, 356 (1992) (collecting
cases).
    In applying this benefit-detriment test, the hearing board, and the
courts reviewing the board’s decision, are to consider differences
between school facilities and curricula, the distances from the
petitioners’ homes to the respective schools, the effect detachment
would have on the ability of either district to meet state standards of
recognition, and the impact of the proposed boundary change on the
tax revenues of both districts. Carver, 146 Ill. 2d at 356. The hearing
board may also consider the closely related “whole child” and
“community of interest” factors. The “whole child” factor “recognizes
that extracurricular participation in social, religious and even
commercial activities is important in a child’s development as a
beneficial supplement to the child’s academic involvement.” Board
of Education of Golf School District No. 67 v. Regional Board of
School Trustees of Cook County, 89 Ill. 2d 392, 397 (1982). The
“community of interest” factor ascertains whether the petitioning area
is identified with the school district and the community to which
annexation is requested. If a child attends school in his or her natural
community, it not only enhances the child’s educational opportunity
but encourages the child’s participation in social and other
extracurricular activities that figure importantly in the “whole child”
concept. Golf, 89 Ill. 2d at 397-98. Further, consideration of the racial
impact of a school district boundary change is relevant to a
detachment and annexation proceeding “to ensure that a dual school
system based upon race, national origin, or color does not result.” C.
Russo & R. Mawdsley, Education Law §1.04[3], at 1–19, 1–20
(2008). See, e.g., In re Petition for Authorization to Conduct a
Referendum on the Withdrawal of North Haledon School District
from the Passaic County Manchester Regional High School District
, 181 N.J. 161, 181-82, 854 A.2d 327, 339 (2004); Union Title Co. v.

                                  -27-
State Board of Education, 51 Ohio St. 3d 189, 192 n.5, 555 N.E.2d
931, 934 n.5 (1990).
    Indeed, it is recognized that “Illinois is exceptionally active in
detachment proceedings. *** A review of Illinois detachment cases
over the past two decades indicates that the judicial emphasis is
consistently focused on the concepts of the ‘whole child,’ the
‘community of interests’ and ‘the educational welfare of the
students.’ ” J. Menacker, Illinois Detachment Legislation: A Device
for Creating Manageable Urban School Districts, 81 Educ. L. Rep.
411, 414-19 (1993). However, in enacting the automatic detachment
procedure in section 7–2b of the School Code, the legislature
pointedly rejected this well-settled holistic approach.

                 6. Section 7–2b: Automatic Procedure
     Section 7–2b of the School Code provides for the detachment and
annexation of noncoterminous land from an elementary or high
school district. In contrast to the procedure for detachment and
annexation generally, section 7–2b mandates that a detachment and
annexation petition “shall” be granted if the affected land constitutes
10% or less of the district’s equalized assessed value and of its
territory; two-thirds of the registered voters in affected area support
the petition; and the annexation will make the boundaries of the
elementary school and high school districts for the affected land
identical. 105 ILCS 5/7–2b(a) (West 1998); slip op. at 3.
     The legislature originally added this procedure to the School Code
in 1991. Pub. Act 87–667, eff. September 20, 1991 (adding Ill. Rev.
Stat. 1991, ch. 122, par. 7–2b). Further, to ensure that this procedure
is truly automatic, the legislature subsequently added a directive to
section 7–2b, which at the time of these proceedings read as follows:
         “The regional board of school trustees shall have no authority
         or discretion to hear any evidence or consider any issues
         except those that may be necessary to determine whether the
         limitations and conditions of this Section have been met.”
         Pub. Act 87–1270, §2, eff. March 3, 1993 (amending Ill. Rev.
         Stat. 1991, ch. 122, par. 7–2b).
Among the issues that the legislature expressly excludes from
consideration is whether granting a detachment and annexation

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petition would deny public school children the equal educational
opportunity guaranteed by the equal protection clause of the
fourteenth amendment. Obviously, such a result is untenable.
     School authorities have the primary responsibility for elucidating,
assessing, and solving the problem of unconstitutional racial
discrimination in public education. Brown v. Board of Education
(Brown II), 349 U.S. 294, 299, 99 L. Ed. 1083, 1105, 75 S. Ct. 753,
756 (1955). It is recognized that detachment and annexation of school
district territory can operate to perpetuate segregation. See C. Russo
& R. Mawdsley, Education Law §1.04[3], at 1–19, 1–20 (2008).
Surprisingly, the General Assembly expressly prohibits the Board
from even considering this constitutional issue when presented with
a section 7–2b petition. In a case presenting a more blatant example
of legislative obstructionism, the United States Supreme Court
declared as follows:
         “[T]he prohibitions of the Fourteenth Amendment extend to
         all action of the State denying equal protection of the laws;
         whatever the agency of the State taking the action [citations];
         or whatever the guise in which it is taken [citations]. In short,
         the constitutional rights of children not to be discriminated
         against in school admission on grounds of race or color
         declared by this Court in the Brown case can neither be
         nullified openly and directly by state legislators or state
         executive or judicial officers, nor nullified indirectly by them
         through evasive schemes for segregation whether attempted
         ‘ingeniously or ingenuously.’ [Citation.]” Cooper v. Aaron,
         358 U.S. 1, 17, 3 L. Ed. 2d 5, 16, 78 S. Ct. 1401, 1409 (1958).
No state legislator, executive, or judicial officer can war against the
Constitution without violating his or her oath to support it. Cooper,
358 U.S. at 18, 3 L. Ed. 2d at 16-17, 78 S. Ct. at 1409-10.
     To be sure, the general detachment and annexation procedure,
with its petition process, administrative hearings, and potential for
judicial review, can be described as “cumbersome.” J. Menacker,
Illinois Detachment Legislation: A Device for Creating Manageable
Urban School Districts, 81 Educ. L. Rep. 411, 413 (1993). This court
long ago admitted that the applicable standards “are general rather
than specific in nature. However, it would be both impossible and
undesirable for the legislature to draft rigid nondiscretionary

                                  -29-
standards which would embrace each and every school district
boundary change, for conditions surrounding the changes are seldom
the same.” District No. 79, 4 Ill. 2d at 537-38. Further: “ ‘The
judiciary is ill equipped to act as a super school board in assaying the
complex factors involved in determining the best interest of the
schools and the pupils affected by a change in boundaries.’ ” Carver,
146 Ill. 2d at 362, quoting School Directors of School District No. 82
v. Wolever, 26 Ill. 2d 264, 267 (1962).
    Disputes regarding equal educational opportunity obviously must
be heard in the first instance by some public body, and that body
should be the Board. I urge the General Assembly to amend section
7–2b to lift this prohibition from the Board when determining section
7–2b petitions.

           B. Safeguarding Equal Educational Opportunity
    Of course, this legislative oversight cannot prevent judicial
intervention to safeguard the fundamental goal of equal educational
opportunity. This court correctly holds that the circuit court of Will
County has original jurisdiction to adjudicate District 204’s EEOA
claim. Slip op. at 13-14, 16-18. Indeed, the circuit court has
jurisdiction to hear not only the EEOA claim, but all claims brought
under the full panoply of federal and Illinois remedial legislation for
the vindication of equal educational opportunity. See Yellow Freight
System, Inc. v. Donnelly, 494 U.S. 820, 823, 108 L. Ed. 2d 834, 839-
40, 110 S. Ct. 1566, 1568-69 (1990) (holding that state courts have
inherent authority to adjudicate federal claims and that Congress must
affirmatively divest state courts of their concurrent jurisdiction).
    On remand, the circuit court will have the obligation to hear any
claim that District 204 may bring, and to receive relevant evidence in
support thereof. Surprisingly, the circuit court made the following
independent finding in confirming the Board’s grant of the section
7–2b petition:
            “While one may have suspicions as to why property
        owners may want to detach their land from one district and
        attach it to another, mere suspicions are not enough. There is
        nothing in this record to establish any type of racial
        motivation on the part of the parties seeking disconnection.
        On the record before the Hearing Officer it appears that the

                                 -30-
         reason for the disconnection was to properly align elementary
         and high school boundaries so that students who attend New
         Lennox Grade School District 122 could attend [h]igh school
         at Lincolnway with their friends.
             Now, this court is not so naïve as to not understand that
         there may well be an economic benefit to a developer going
         from one school district to another. Clearly, this land in
         question will be used for development purposes. However,
         even if that is the motivation, which is unclear from the
         record, that in and of itself does not create a Constitutional
         impediment or a violation of Federal law. The Court finds no
         Constitutional problem with the actions of the State Board of
         Education.” (Emphasis added.)
The circuit court correctly observed that the record contained no
evidence regarding District 204’s EEOA claim because section 7–2b
of the School Code prohibited the Board from receiving such
evidence.
    “It is essential to the sufficiency of findings of a court that they be
sustained by the evidence.” Hanaman v. Davis, 20 Ill. App. 2d 111,
115 (1959). In this case, it was impossible for the circuit court to find
no constitutional or statutory violation because section 7–2b
prohibited the Board from receiving any evidence supporting District
204’s claim. Such indiscriminate comments “do not aid in the
administration of justice but on the contrary are a distinct
obstruction.” Lewis v. West Side Trust & Savings Bank of Chicago,
288 Ill. App. 271, 275 (1937). On remand, I assume that the circuit
court will provide an analysis based on the relevant evidence
presented by the parties, rather than conjecture based on no evidence
at all.

                        III. CONCLUSION
    The enduring legacy of Brown v. Board of Education is that the
doctrine of “separate but equal” has no place in the field of public
education. Segregation based on race, color, or national origin
deprives students of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by
the fourteenth amendment. Brown, 347 U.S. at 495, 98 L. Ed. at 881,
74 S. Ct. at 692. I recommend that the General Assembly amend
section 7–2b of the School Code to effectuate this constitutional

                                   -31-
requirement more efficiently. Meanwhile, on remand, I am confident
that the circuit court will fully and fairly decide the merits of any
claims that District 204 chooses to bring.

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