Court Opinion

ID: 9952525
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-03-19 21:07:31.318593+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:40:05.842691
License: Public Domain

NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

                              STATE OF LOUISIANA

                               COURT OF APPEAL

                                 FIRST CIRCUIT

                                   2023 KA 0756

                              STATE OF LOUISIANA

                                      VERSUS

                              ROBERT CLARK, JR.

                                               Judgment Rendered:      MAR 13 2024

                    On Appeal from the 20" Judicial District Court
                        In and for the Parish of West Feliciana
                                  State of Louisiana
                           Trial Court No. 21- WFLN-296

                 Honorable Sydney Picou Walker, Judge Presiding

Samuel C. D' Aquilla                          Attorneys for Appellee
District Attorney                             State of Louisiana
Meredith W. Smith

Assistant District Attorney
St. Francisville, Louisiana

Prentice L. White                             Attorney for Defendant/ Appellant
Baton Rouge, Louisiana                        Robert Clark, Jr.

            BEFORE:       THERIOT, PENZATO, AND GREENE, JJ.
PENZATO, J.

      The defendant, Robert Clark, Jr.,            was charged by amended grand jury

indictment with second degree murder and pled not guilty. Following a jury trial,

the defendant was found guilty as charged.          The defendant moved for a new trial

and a post -verdict judgment of acquittal, but the motions were denied.               The

defendant was sentenced to life imprisonment at hard labor without the benefit of

parole,   probation,   or   suspension   of   sentence.   The   defendant   now   appeals,

challenging the sufficiency of the evidence. For the following reasons, we affirm

the conviction and sentence.

                                          FACTS

      On August 19, 2018, the defendant and the victim, Dolan Franklin, inmates

housed in the Eagle dorm ( Eagle) at Louisiana State Penitentiary, were involved in

a physical altercation.     At approximately 5: 41 a.m., inmates reported that Franklin

was lying on the floor with his nose bleeding. Franklin subsequently died, and his

cause of death was determined to be traumatic brain injury due to blunt force

trauma.

                        SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

      In the sole assignment of error, the defendant argues the evidence was

insufficient to support his conviction for second degree murder because the State' s

evidence was insufficient to rebut his self-defense claim.

      The constitutional standard for testing the sufficiency of the evidence, as

enunciated in Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U. S. 307, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed. 2d 560

 1979) and adopted by the Louisiana Legislature in enacting La. Code Crim. P. art.

821, requires that a conviction be based on proof sufficient for any rational trier of

fact, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, to find the

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essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. The Jackson standard of

review is an objective standard for testing the overall evidence, both direct and

circumstantial, for reasonable doubt.        When analyzing circumstantial evidence, La.

R.S. 15: 438 provides that the trier of fact must be satisfied that the overall evidence

excludes every reasonable hypothesis of innocence. State v. Delco, 2006- 0504 ( La.

App. 1 st Cir. 9115106), 943 So. 2d 1143, 1146, writ denied, 2006- 2636 ( La. 8115107),

961 So. 2d 1160.

       The defendant was found guilty of second degree murder, which is defined in

pertinent part as the killing of a human being when the offender has a specific intent

to kill or to inflict great bodily harm.       La. R.S. 14: 30. 1( A)( 1). "   Specific criminal

intent is that state of mind which exists when the circumstances indicate that the

offender actively desired the prescribed criminal consequences to follow his act or

failure to act."   La. R.S. 14: 10( 1).   Though intent is a question of fact, it need not be

proven as a fact.       It may be inferred from the circumstances of the transaction.

Specific intent may be proven by direct evidence, such as statements by a defendant,

or by inference from circumstantial evidence, such as a defendant' s actions or the

facts depicting the circumstances.        Specific intent is an ultimate legal conclusion to

be resolved by the fact finder. Delco, 943 So.2d at 1146.

       A defendant in a homicide prosecution who asserts that he acted in self-

defense does not have the burden of proof on that issue because the State bears the

burden of establishing beyond a reasonable doubt that the homicide was not

perpetrated in self-defense.      State v. Burge, 486 So.2d 855, 865 ( La. App. 1st Cir.),

writ denied, 493 So.2d 1204 ( La. 1986).              Louisiana Revised Statutes 14: 20, in

pertinent part, provides: " A      homicide is justifiable: ( 1) [   w]hen committed in self-

defense by one who reasonably believes that he is in imminent danger of losing his

                                                 KI
life or receiving great bodily harm and that the killing is necessary to save himself

from that danger."         However, an aggressor or one who brings on difficulty, as a

general rule, cannot claim the right of self-defense unless he withdraws from the

conflict in good faith and indicates his intention of abandoning the difficulty. See

La. R.S.     14: 21.    The relevant inquiry on appeal is whether, after viewing the

evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact

could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that the homicide was not committed

in self-defense.       Burge, 486 So. 2d at 865; see State v. Dunn, 2021- 0630 ( La. App.

1 st Cir. 12122121), 340 So. 3d 77, 86- 87, writ denied, 2022- 00095 ( La. 415122), 335

So. 3d 834.

       Officer Rose Wilson and Lieutenant Dustin Young were both security

guards on Eagle at the time of the incident.         They testified the defendant never

reported any difficulties with Franklin.

       Lieutenant Tyleisha Wiley was a security guard on Eagle during the night

shift prior to the incident.     The defendant did not report any incident to her during

her shift.   Lieutenant Wiley, however, saw the defendant moving his belongings to

the front of Eagle.        She took the defendant outside of Eagle and asked him to

explain.
             According to Lieutenant Wiley, the defendant stated he had not showered

in a couple of days and wanted to be moved because he did not like showering in

front of cameras after having been raped by five men while incarcerated.

Lieutenant Wiley explained that the cameras were in place to provide security for

the defendant, the other inmates,        and the officers on duty, but she or another

officer would be in Eagle when the defendant showered.                Lieutenant Wiley

specifically asked the defendant if anyone was trying to do something to him or if

he feared for his life, and the defendant answered negatively. Lieutenant Wiley

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neither heard nor saw anything during her shift that indicated the defendant was

having difficulties with Franklin or any other inmate. Additionally, surveillance

footage showed no altercation or argument between the defendant and Franklin

prior to the incident.    After speaking to the defendant, Lieutenant Wiley radioed

her supervisor for assistance on Eagle.            Subsequently, an officer was placed on

Eagle while the defendant showered and the other inmates went to breakfast.

      Captain .fames Henry Spurlock was captain of the camp that included Eagle

at the time of the incident. He testified that if an inmate complained that he was

having difficulty with another inmate, both inmates would be locked down

pending    an   investigation.     Captain    Spurlock     spoke   with   the   defendant   at

approximately 5: 10 a.m. or 5: 15 a. m, prior to the incident. The defendant' s only

complaint was about lack of privacy in the showers.             Captain Spurlock told the

defendant to talk to Lieutenant Wiley about arranging for her or another officer to

be present when the defendant showered.             At approximately 5: 10 a.m. on the day

of the incident, Captain Spurlock saw the defendant and Franklin talking to each

other in Eagle without any apparent friction or animosity.

      At approximately 5: 30 a.m., Corrections Major Chad Hardy responded after

beepers were activated indicating distress. Major Hardy found Franklin lying on

the floor of Eagle,    bleeding from the head and barely breathing. Major Hardy

suspected the defendant of attacking Franklin after speaking to the defendant

while making rounds,'      recovering a padlock in a bloody sock by the defendant' s

bed, and viewing surveillance footage. Major Hardy believed the defendant beat

Franklin with the padlock in the sock.        According to Major Hardy, as Corrections

Major,    he would have been informed of any disagreements or requests for

 The substance of the statement was ruled inadmissible.
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protection, and he was not aware of any disagreement between the defendant and

Franklin or of any request made by the defendant for protection from Franklin.

       The defendant testified that he is transgender and has been diagnosed with

gender dysphoria.'         He was being treated with estrogen, which caused him to

develop breasts and other female features.                 As a result of the defendant' s

condition, the Department of Corrections permitted him to shower by himself.

       According to the defendant, approximately three weeks before the incident,

Franklin made unwanted sexual advances toward the defendant.                  The defendant

testified that on August 18, 2018,         the day before the incident, while he was

unconscious from drug use, Franklin raped him.                    The defendant claimed at

approximately 2: 04 a.m. on the day of the incident, Franklin indicated he would

have sex with the defendant that night because the defendant now belonged to

Franklin.

       The defendant testified he began packing his personal belongings and, at

approximately      3: 00   a. m.,   approached       Lieutenant   Wiley to request that he

immediately be moved out of Eagle.               According to the defendant, Lieutenant

Wiley wanted to know with whom he was having problems, but the defendant

would not tell her.    The defendant stated he made it clear to Lieutenant Wiley that

he was not requesting to be moved due to problems with showering alone, but

because he had problems with someone on the dorm.                    The defendant claimed

Lieutenant Wiley called someone, who instructed that " first shift" would move

him when they arrived later that morning. The defendant stated a cadet was left in

the dorm as a solution.

 According to the defendant, this condition caused him distress when he was treated like a male
because he felt as though he was female.
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        According to the defendant, Franklin continued making sexual comments to

him and physically intimidated him. Thereafter, the defendant showered, returned

to his bed, and fell asleep. The defendant testified he woke up when Franklin

stated, " It' s   that time."   The defendant stated he repeatedly told Franklin to leave

him alone, but Franklin told him he had two choices - to leave the dorm or to have

sex with Franklin. The defendant stated the cadet had left the dorm, and he could

not leave because the dorm was locked. The defendant claimed he used his radio

to strike Franklin as hard as he could. He then kicked Franklin in the head, face,

and chest after Franklin began to sit up.            The defendant conceded the padlock

introduced into evidence belonged to him, but denied using it to strike Franklin.

        Dorangel       Smith,   an   Eagle resident, testified    that he remembered the

defendant packing his belongings to move in the early morning hours prior to the

incident because of "some altercation" with Franklin. Smith further testified that

the night before the incident, the defendant had smoked "                 mcjo,"   and later

complained to Smith that Franklin had raped him.                 Smith did not know if the

defendant told security about the rape.

        Surveillance footage showed no communication between Franklin and the

defendant on August 19, 2018 between 2: 45 a. m. and 5: 36 a. m.             At 5: 34 a. m.,

Franklin was sitting on the footlocker at the end of his bunk bed while the

defendant was wearing headphones and lying on the bottom bed of the bunk bed

next to Franklin. At 5: 36 a. m,, the defendant removed his headphones and spoke

to Franklin.       At 5: 37 a. m., the defendant got out of his bed, sat on his footlocker,

and leaned forward to talk to Franklin. At 5: 38 a.m., the defendant reached back

with his left hand for an object, reached back with his right hand, and then struck

Franklin,    knocking him to the ground.            Thereafter, the defendant stomped on

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Franklin until two inmates removed him. However, the defendant then returned to

Franklin' s body and stomped on him four more times.

         Any rational trier of fact, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to

the prosecution, could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant' s

killing of Franklin was not committed in self-defense. In finding the defendant

guilty, the jury rejected the claim of self-defense and concluded that the use of

deadly force under the particular facts of this case was neither reasonable nor

necessary.     The defendant argued his fatal attack on Franklin was necessary to

protect himself. To the contrary, the State argued the defendant " sucker punched"

Franklin and then repeatedly " stomped his head[.]"            When a case involves

circumstantial     evidence   and   the jury reasonably rejects     the   hypothesis   of

innocence presented by the defendant' s own testimony, that hypothesis falls, and

the defendant is guilty unless there is another hypothesis that raises a reasonable

doubt.     State v. Captville, 448 So. 2d 676, 680 ( La. 1984).      No such alternate

hypothesis exists in the instant case.

         In this matter, the jury was presented with conflicting testimony concerning

whether the defendant' s complaints to security guards on the morning of the

incident were limited to concerns for privacy when showering or were requests for

immediate removal out of Eagle.          Additionally, the defendant denied using his

padlock to knock out Franklin, but Major Hardy testified that the surveillance

footage showed the defendant approaching Franklin and striking him with the

sock containing the padlock. It was undisputed, however, that the defendant failed

to name Franklin as the cause of his difficulties on Eagle, and had the defendant

done so, protocol would have required that both the defendant and Franklin be

locked down. The trier of fact is free to accept or reject, in whole or in part, the
testimony of any witness.      Moreover, when there is conflicting testimony about

factual matters, the resolution of which depends upon a determination of the

credibility of the witnesses, the matter is one of the weight of the evidence, not its

sufficiency.    The trier of fact' s determination of the weight to be given evidence is

not subject to appellate review.     An appellate court will not reweigh the evidence

to overturn a factfinder' s determination of guilt. We are constitutionally precluded

from acting as a " thirteenth juror" in assessing what weight to give evidence in

criminal cases.    State v. Eason, 2019- 0614 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 12/ 27/ 19), 293 So. 3d

61,   70- 71.   The law cannot permit even a harassed and threatened inmate of a

penal institution to take the law into his own hands, arm himself, attack his enemy,

and then, because of prior threats, claim justification for a homicide that follows.

Burge, 486 So. 2d at 866.

        The defendant conceded he kicked Franklin in the head, face,          and   chest

after he was on the ground.     The defendant denied intending to kill Franklin. The

verdict returned in this matter indicates the jury found that the State carried its

burden of establishing beyond a reasonable doubt that Franklin' s killing was not

committed in self-defense.       In reviewing the evidence, we cannot say that the

jury' s determination was irrational under the facts and circumstances presented to

them.    See State v. Ordodi, 2006- 0207 ( La. 11/ 29/ 06), 946 So. 2d 654, 662; State v.

Pittman, 93- 0892 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 4/ 8/ 94), 636 So. 2d 299, 303 ( finding evidence

supported jury' s rejection of justifiable homicide where the defendant continued

beating the victim, who appeared unconscious, indicating that " the defendant was

clearly in control of the situation, the victim was completely defenseless, and a

continued beating was unnecessary"); State v. Tones, 598 So. 2d 511, 515 n. 1 ( La.

App.    I st Cir. 1992) ( finding   evidence supported jury' s rejection of justifiable

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homicide where the defendant kicked or stomped an unconscious victim and had

to be physically restrained by a friend). An appellate court errs by substituting its

appreciation of the evidence and credibility of witnesses for that of the fact finder

and thereby overturning a verdict on the basis of an exculpatory hypothesis of

innocence presented to, and rationally rejected by, the jury. State v. Calloway,

2007- 2306 ( La.   1121109),   l   So. 3d 417, 418 (   per   curiam).    By accepting a

hypothesis of innocence that was reasonably rejected by the fact finder, a court of

appeal impinges on a fact finder' s discretion beyond the extent necessary to

guarantee the fundamental protection of due process of law.             See State v. Mire,

2014--2295 ( La. 1127116), 269 So. 3d 698, 703 ( per curiam).

      This assignment of error is without merit.

      CONVICTION AND SENTENCE AFFIRMED.