Court Opinion

ID: 990385
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-07-03 23:20:31.077206+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:26:35.605608
License: Public Domain

UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD,
Petitioner,

v.
                                                                    No. 95-1924
PEPSI-COLA BOTTLING COMPANY OF
FAYETTEVILLE, INCORPORATED,
Respondent.

On Petition for Review of an Order
of the National Labor Relations Board.
(11-CA-14889, 11-CA-15034, 11-CA-15181, 11-CA-15281,
11-CA-15289, 11-CA-15383, 11-CA-15556)

Argued: May 8, 1996

Decided: September 10, 1996

Before MURNAGHAN, NIEMEYER, and WILLIAMS,
Circuit Judges.

_________________________________________________________________

Enforcement granted in part and denied in part and remanded by
unpublished per curiam opinion. Judge Murnaghan wrote a concur-
ring and dissenting opinion.

_________________________________________________________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Joel I. Keiler, Reston, Virginia, for Pepsi Cola Bottling
Company. Robert James Englehart, NATIONAL LABOR RELA-
TIONS BOARD, Washington, D.C., for NLRB. ON BRIEF: Freder-
ick L. Feinstein, General Counsel, Linda Sher, Associate General
Counsel, Aileen A. Armstrong, Deputy Associate General Counsel,
Frederick C. Havard, Supervisory Attorney, NATIONAL LABOR
RELATIONS BOARD, Washington, D.C., for NLRB.

_________________________________________________________________

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).

_________________________________________________________________

OPINION

PER CURIAM:

An Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) held that Pepsi-Cola Bottling
Company of Fayetteville, Incorporated, engaged in numerous unfair
labor practices in violation of 29 U.S.C.A. § 158(a)(1),(3), (5) (West
1973) of the National Labor Relations Act (Act). With slight modifi-
cation, the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) affirmed, con-
cluding that substantial evidence supported the ALJ's holdings. See
Pepsi-Cola Bottling Co. of Fayetteville, 315 NLRB 882 (1994).
Accordingly, the NLRB ordered Pepsi to cease and desist all unlawful
conduct, and it now petitions this Court to enforce its order. Con-
versely, Pepsi urges this Court to deny enforcement of the NLRB's
order. We grant enforcement in part, deny enforcement in part, and
remand to the NLRB for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion.

I.

The American Federation of Labor (AFL-CIO) attempted to union-
ize Pepsi's employees and petitioned the NLRB to hold an election
to determine if a majority of the employees would vote in favor of
unionization; consequently, the NLRB's Regional Director ordered an
election at which the United Food and Commercial Workers, Local
204, AFL-CIO-CLC (the Union) appeared on the ballot. In the ensu-
ing showdown to determine whether unionization would prevail,
Pepsi attempted to persuade its employees to disavow the Union,
while the Union attempted to persuade the employees that unioniza-
tion would result in superior wages and benefits.

                    2
On October 8, 1991 -- two days prior to the election to determine
unionization -- Pepsi convened compulsory meetings of its employ-
ees to discuss the consequences of unionization. At these meetings,
Pepsi General Manager Randall Kennedy informed the employees
that there were thirty-four actions Pepsi could take in response to
unionization, presenting these actions with a chart prepared by Pepsi
counsel, Joel Keiler. In reviewing the chart, Kennedy told the
employees that wages and benefits would freeze; bargaining would
begin at ground zero; employees could receive diminished benefits;
the Union would only gain the right to bargain for the employees,
nothing more; the Union could encourage the employees to strike,
which would not adversely affect Pepsi because it would permanently
replace striking employees; in the event Pepsi employees had to
secure employment elsewhere, Pepsi would inform potential employ-
ers of its former employees' pro-union activities; if a strike ensued,
employees would not receive strike or unemployment benefits
because they were first-time strikers, which would result in their
receiving welfare; Union dues would be expensive (in demonstrating
this point, Kennedy held up bags of groceries that purportedly repre-
sented the amount of union dues); and the Union would have no right
to appear on company property or conduct union business. Finally,
Kennedy informed the employees that there was a"war" between the
Union and Pepsi -- the Union was controlled by attorneys in Durham,
North Carolina, and Los Angeles, California, while Pepsi was con-
trolled by a large Japanese conglomerate with thirteen plants through-
out North Carolina. Regarding this "war," Kennedy rhetorically asked
the employees which side of the "war" they thought would win and
whether they wanted to be on the winning side.

Eventually, on October 11, 1991, by a narrow margin, the employ-
ees voted in favor of unionization, but the NLRB challenged three
ballots on the grounds that the employees' names did not appear on
the voter eligibility list. Accordingly, unionization hung in limbo,
pending resolution of the challenged ballots.

While the NLRB investigated the challenged ballots, Pepsi
employees complained that Pepsi retaliated against pro-Union activ-
ists. For instance, pro-Union employee Roger Deskin, a mechanic,
stated that he was assigned to change tires and clean drains in the
garage, tasks not assigned to him prior to his pro-Union activity. In

                    3
addition, Jimmy Evers, also a mechanic, was assigned to clean drains
in the garage by digging sludge with a shovel, also a task not previ-
ously assigned to him prior to his pro-Union activity.

Also, in January 1992, while the challenged ballots were still being
resolved, Pepsi implemented a wage increase at all of its North Caro-
lina plants except the Fayetteville plant. Although a wage increase
was budgeted for the Fayetteville plant in January 1992, Pepsi
increased only the supervisors' wages, not those of the bargaining-
unit employees. In the summer of 1992, after unionization, the wage
increase was implemented for the Fayetteville employees, but Pepsi
denied the wage increase to Felix Romero, who had left Pepsi, but
returned after the wage increase had been implemented.1

Finally, on August 17, 1992, the NLRB resolved the challenged
ballots in favor of unionization, resulting in thirty-five votes in favor
of the Union and thirty-two opposed to unionization. Accordingly, on
September 4, 1992, the NLRB issued a certification of unionization.

Pepsi thereafter unilaterally amended its work rules. Specifically,
the NLRB contends that Pepsi improperly unilaterally amended: (1)
the work hours for route salesmen by having them commence at 5:45
a.m. instead of 6:00 a.m. for the summer months; (2) the method of
payment for "tell sell" and vending machine salesmen; (3) the policy
regarding personal telephone calls, breaks, and lunch periods; (4) the
method by which route salesmen are compensated for receipt short-
falls by requiring that they reconcile discrepancies daily, rather than
weekly, as had been the former practice, which resulted in Jerry Par-
ker's discharge for failing to comply with this policy, and (5) the
vehicular moving violations policy, which resulted in Christopher
Hyatt, Joseph Lee, Benjamin Curtis, and John Faass being discharged.
_________________________________________________________________
1 In its brief, the NLRB states that "there may have been other employ-
ees like Romero who were rehired after the wage increase was imple-
mented and who were denied the increase. The identity of these
individuals will be determined in compliance proceedings." (Petitioner's
Brief at 10 n.2.) We have not been provided, however, with any similarly
situated employees, nor have we been apprised of any compliance pro-
ceedings. As we discuss infra at 6-7, on remand, the parties are ordered
to address the effect of any compliance proceedings and to identify any
other employees similarly situated to Romero.

                     4
Eventually, the NLRB charged Pepsi with violating the Act, and a
hearing was convened before an ALJ to resolve the charge. Material
for purposes of our discussion, the ALJ determined: (1) Pepsi violated
29 U.S.C.A. § 158(a)(1), (3) by withholding wage increases to the
Fayetteville bargaining-unit employees; (2) Pepsi violated
§ 158(a)(1), (3) by assigning more onerous tasks to Deskin and Evers
because of their pro-union activities; and (3) Pepsi violated 29
U.S.C.A. § 158(a)(1), (5) by unilaterally amending the employees'
conditions of employment and by failing to furnish the Union with
information necessary for bargaining.2 The ALJ issued a cease and
desist order prohibiting Pepsi from engaging in unfair labor practices,
and it ordered Pepsi to reinstate Parker, Hyatt, Lee, Curtis, and Faass,
make them whole and expunge any adverse information from their
files, revoke any unilateral amendments to conditions of employment,
and disclose information to the Union respecting Pepsi's hiring and
discharge of employees. The NLRB affirmed the ALJ's conclusions
and remedies, with the modification that Pepsi need not provide the
contested information to the Union.

The NLRB petitions for enforcement of its order. We first address
Pepsi's withholding the wage increase from the Fayetteville
bargaining-unit employees. Second, we address the NLRB's conten-
tion that Pepsi assigned more onerous work to Deskin and Evers.
Finally, we confront the issue of the unilateral amendments to the
conditions of employment. We address only these three issues, and
except as discussed below, we grant enforcement in all other respects.3
_________________________________________________________________
2 The ALJ also determined that Pepsi violated: (1) 29 U.S.C.A.
§ 158(a)(1) (West 1973) by informing its employees that unionization
was futile, threatening its employees with the loss of benefits and plant
closure if they opted for unionization, threatening employees by black-
listing them and interrogating employees respecting their union activity;
(2) § 158(a)(1), (3) in discharging Robert Munn; and (3) § 158(a)(3) in
disciplining Deskin concerning his repair of an automobile brake. All of
the ALJ's determinations are recited in the NLRB's opinion. See Pepsi-
Cola Bottling Co. of Fayetteville, 315 NLRB 882 (1994). We affirm all
of these conclusions.
3 Pepsi half-heartedly raises two procedural arguments in its briefs to
this Court. First, Pepsi contends that the ALJ could not conduct a hearing
to determine whether Pepsi violated the Act because there was no quo-

                    5
II.

The Act provides that "[t]he findings of the[NLRB] with respect
to questions of fact if supported by substantial evidence on the record
considered as a whole shall be conclusive." 29 U.S.C.A. § 160(e)
(West 1973). Provided, therefore, the ALJ's factual determinations
are supported by substantial evidence, we must affirm its conclusions
if it properly applied the law. See NLRB v. Tamper, Inc., 522 F.2d
781, 785 (4th Cir. 1975). "Substantial evidence" is "such relevant evi-
dence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a
conclusion." Consolidated Edison Co. v. NLRB , 305 U.S. 197, 229
(1938). "Substantial evidence" consists of more than a scintilla of evi-
dence, but may be less than a preponderance. See Richardson v.
Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971). As we explained in Shively v.
Heckler, 739 F.2d 987, 989 (4th Cir. 1984) (internal quotation marks
omitted), "[i]f there is evidence to justify a refusal [to enter judgment
as a matter of law] were the case before a jury, then there is `substan-
tial evidence.'" In considering whether substantial evidence has been
adduced, we may consider the evidence weighing against the ALJ's
findings, but we may not substitute our judgment for that of the ALJ.
See Consolidated Edison Co., 305 U.S. at 229-30. The ALJ, not the
reviewing court, has the sole power to make credibility determina-
tions. See NLRB v. Walton Mfg. Co., 369 U.S. 404, 406-09 (1962).
This precept "is particularly true where, as here, the record is fraught
with conflicting testimony and essential credibility determinations
have been made." NLRB v. Nueva Eng'g, Inc. , 761 F.2d 961, 965 (4th
Cir. 1985).

A.

The Act provides in pertinent part that "[i]t shall be an unfair labor
practice for an employer to interfere with, restrain, or coerce employ-
_________________________________________________________________
rum of the NLRB. Second, Pepsi asserts that it did not receive a fair
hearing before the ALJ because counsel for the NLRB allegedly made
misrepresentations to the ALJ, allegedly failed to disclose relevant dis-
covery material, and allegedly failed to cooperate with Pepsi. In advanc-
ing these arguments, Pepsi provides no reasoning or authority for its
positions. In our view, these arguments are wholly without merit.

                    6
ees in the exercise of the rights" to organize labor unions. 29 U.S.C.A.
§ 158(a)(1). Additionally, the Act provides in pertinent part that "[i]t
shall be an unfair labor practice for an employer . . . [to] dis-
criminat[e] in regard to hire or tenure of employment or any term or
condition of employment to encourage or discourage membership in
any labor organization;" 29 U.S.C.A. § 158(a)(3). For purposes of our
discussion, the NLRB contends that Pepsi violated these provisions of
the Act in two respects: (1) by budgeting wage increases for the Fay-
etteville bargaining-unit employees, but subsequently denying them in
light of unionization; and (2) by assigning Deskin and Evers more
onerous work.

1.

The NLRB first asserts that a wage increase was budgeted in Janu-
ary 1992 and was implemented at the other twelve Pepsi plants
throughout North Carolina. In the summer of 1992, after the disputed
ballots had been resolved in favor of unionization, Pepsi implemented
the wage increase that had been budgeted for January 1992, but
denied the wage increase to any former employee, like Romero, who
had been rehired after the wage increase had been implemented.4

Pepsi does not dispute that the wage increase was budgeted and
implemented at the other North Carolina Pepsi plants, but argues that
the increase was discretionary, not compulsory. Additionally, Pepsi
posits that the NLRB initially found the wage increase compulsory,
then subsequently found it discretionary. According to Pepsi, because
the NLRB took inconsistent positions regarding the wage increase,
Pepsi cannot be held to have violated § 158(a)(1), (3).

Withholding of a wage increase may constitute a violation of
§ 158(a)(1), (3). See Southern Md. Hosp. Ctr. v. NLRB, 801 F.2d 666,
668-69 (4th Cir. 1986); see also Bonnell/Tredegar Indus. v. NLRB, 46
F.3d 339, 343-44 (4th Cir. 1995) (holding that an employer's estab-
lished past practice of paying a Christmas bonus can become an
implied term of a collective bargaining agreement and an employer's
attempting not to disburse the bonus after an eighteen-year history of
_________________________________________________________________

4 See n.1, supra.

                    7
paying it violates the Act). If, however, a wage increase is discretion-
ary or forms no term or condition of employment, then an employer
may withhold it without violating § 158(a)(1), (3). See Phelps Dodge
Mining Co. v. NLRB, 22 F.3d 1493, 1496-1500 (10th Cir. 1994)
(holding that bonuses or "appreciation payments" made over a period
of forty-seven months were not wages or conditions of employment
because there was no established practice as to their disbursement and
accordingly the employer was not required to bargain over this issue
because these bonuses or payments were discretionary); Southern Md.
Hosp. Ctr., 801 F.2d at 669-70 (holding that a one-time bonus and
various pamphlets and newspaper articles that generally discussed
bonuses did not create an established practice of bestowing a bonus
and thus there could be no violation for denying a bonus). Determin-
ing whether Pepsi improperly withheld the wage increase requires us
to focus on whether Pepsi engaged in an established practice of
bestowing wage increases. See id. at 669. Absent an established prac-
tice of paying a wage increase, Pepsi did not violate § 158(a)(1), (3)
because it did not break with the status quo. See id.

The parties have not submitted evidence that there was an estab-
lished practice of awarding wage increases, and, if so, to whom they
were awarded. On the record before us, we cannot determine how
established any practice of paying wage increases was, nor can we
determine whether any discretion entered the calculus for disbursing
the wage increase. See Phelps Dodge Mining Co. , 22 F.3d at 1498-99
(explaining that an employer is free to bestow bonuses at its discre-
tion, absent any unlawful motive); compare Bonnell/Tredegar Indus.,
46 F.3d at 343-44 (holding that if a practice of paying Christmas
bonuses is so established, it can become an implied term of a collec-
tive bargaining agreement, thereby depriving an employer of discre-
tion to withhold it). Thus, we are left with a record that does not
enable us to assess whether substantial evidence supports the ALJ's
holding on this issue. In addition, the NLRB has not explained its
inconsistent positions regarding the wage increase. Accordingly, we
remand this issue to the NLRB with instructions to develop the record
regarding the nature of the wage increase and to identify the employ-
ees, if any, affected by the wage increase. See Daily News of Los
Angeles v. NLRB, 979 F.2d 1571, 1575-78 (D.C. Cir. 1992) (remand-
ing to the NLRB the issue of whether the discontinuance of periodic
but discretionary merit raises constituted an unfair labor practice and

                    8
noting that the NLRB had taken conflicting stances regarding this
issue). On remand, the parties should address the number of years the
wage increase was implemented, whether any discretion was
employed in determining to implement it, why the NLRB advanced
inconsistent positions concerning the wage increase, the effect of any
compliance proceedings regarding this issue, and any other pertinent
information.

2.

The NLRB next asserts that Pepsi violated § 158(a)(1), (3) by
assigning, post-unionization, Deskin and Evers more onerous work,
and Pepsi does not dispute this assertion. Specifically, the NLRB
argues that Pepsi ordered Deskin and Evers to clean the garage drains
and Deskin to change tires on a truck in retaliation for their pro-Union
activities.

While an employer's meting out more onerous work to employees
in light of their efforts at unionization may violate § 158(a)(1), (3),
see NLRB v. Hale Container Line, Inc., 943 F.2d 394, 399 (4th Cir.
1991), we cannot conclude that substantial evidence supports the
ALJ's determination that Pepsi violated § 158(a)(1), (3) by allegedly
requiring Deskin to clean the garage drains. Here, Deskins's testi-
mony concerning the task of cleaning the garage drains was contra-
dictory: On direct-examination, he stated that he did not clean the
drains prior to his pro-Union activity, but on cross-examination stated
he cleaned no drains; moreover, he testified that he was not disci-
plined for his refusal to clean the garage drains. Because Deskin
stated that he neither cleaned the garage drains nor was disciplined for
his refusal to do so, we hold that substantial evidence does not sup-
port the ALJ's conclusion that Pepsi violated § 158(a)(1), (3) in order-
ing Deskin to clean the garage drains. See Consolidated Edison Co.,
305 U.S. at 229-30 (explaining that an ALJ's decision must be sup-
ported by substantial evidence and in reviewing this decision, an
appellate court may consider the evidence weighing against the ALJ's
finding). We fail to perceive how an employer who has not disci-
plined an employee for failing to perform a duty assigned to him has
violated § 158(a)(1), (3).

Equally, we cannot conclude that requiring Deskin to change tires
constituted more onerous work. Deskin testified that he "believed"

                    9
that he changed four tires on a truck and perhaps performed this duty
"[o]n various occasions." (J.A. at 139.) By his own admission, Deskin
conceded that the reason he changed the tires was because a subcon-
tractor, which usually performed this duty, could not change the tires
at that point in time. Thus, Deskin merely changed the tires because
that duty could not be performed by the party charged to do it; hence,
there is not substantial evidence that Pepsi asked Deskin to change the
tires in retaliation for his pro-Union activities. In addition, we note
that requiring a mechanic to change tires in a pinch and perhaps on
other occasions, as here, is not onerous. Compare Fieldcrest Cannon,
318 NLRB 54 (1995) (making employee push large bales of towels,
when prior work was to empty trash cans, constitutes onerous work).
Accordingly, we hold that Pepsi did not violate§ 158(a)(1), (3)
respecting Deskin.

Likewise, we cannot conclude that substantial evidence supports
the ALJ's conclusion that Pepsi violated § 158(a)(1), (3) by requiring
Evers to clean the garage drains. Evers testified that he cleaned the
drains twice, and as a mechanic, he had to keep his area of the garage
clean, which entails cleaning the drains. Requiring an employee to
maintain his work area by occasionally cleaning drains does not con-
stitute more onerous work so that it amounts to a violation of
§ 158(a)(1), (3).

B.

Finally, the NLRB argues that Pepsi violated § 158(a)(1), (5) by
unilaterally amending the employees' conditions of employment.
According to the NLRB, Pepsi improperly unilaterally amended: the
work hours of route salesmen; compensation schemes for "tell sell"
and vending machine salesmen; the policy regarding personal tele-
phone calls, breaks, and lunch periods; calculation of receipt short-
falls by route salesmen; thereby resulting in Parker's discharge; and
the vehicular moving violations policy, thereby resulting in Hyatt's,
Lee's, Curtis's, and Faass's discharges.

Pepsi contends that the Union waived bargaining over the unilat-
eral amendments. According to Pepsi, the Union had notice of these
unilateral amendments, but rather than bargain, the Union filed an
unfair labor practice charge, which, Pepsi posits, waives any com-

                    10
plaint about unilateral amendments implemented by an employer. In
addition, Pepsi mounts two further defenses of its unilateral amend-
ments: (1) the amendments are not genuine amendments, but are past
practices that were noted in the employee handbook; and (2) the
amendments are immaterial. These latter two conditions were not
addressed by the ALJ or the NLRB.

Under § 158(a)(5) an employer's "refus[al] to bargain collectively
with the representatives of his employees" is an unfair labor practice.
29 U.S.C.A. § 158(a)(5). In addition, § 158(d) establishes "the obliga-
tion of the employer and the representative of its employees to bar-
gain with each other in good faith with respect to wages, hours, and
other terms and conditions of employment." Fibreboard Paper Prods.
Corp. v. NLRB, 379 U.S. 203, 210 (1964) (internal quotation marks
omitted). Thus, a unilateral amendment with respect to any mandatory
subject of bargaining is prohibited "for it is a circumvention of the
duty to negotiate which frustrates the objectives of[§ 158(a)(5)] much
as does a flat refusal." NLRB v. Katz, 369 U.S. 736, 743 (1962). If an
employer unilaterally amends terms of employment without affording
the Union an opportunity to bargain, the employer"minimizes the
influence of organized bargaining" and emphasizes to its employees
"that there is no necessity for a collective bargaining agent." May
Dep't Stores Co. v. NLRB, 326 U.S. 376, 385 (1945). An employer
is, therefore, precluded under § 158(a)(5) from unilaterally amending
conditions of employment if it has not bargained with the Union
regarding the unilateral amendments. See Oneita Knitting Mills, Inc.
v. NLRB, 375 F.2d 385, 387-89 (4th Cir. 1967). Any challenged
amendments to conditions of employment must be material. See
Porta-King Bldg. Sys., Div. of Jay Henges Enters. v. NLRB, 14 F.3d
1258, 1261 (8th Cir. 1994).

In analyzing § 158(a)(5) violations respecting unilateral amend-
ments in conditions of employment, notice to the Union and opportu-
nity to bargain over proposed amendments are essential to the
collective bargaining process. See NLRB v. Oklahoma Fixture Co., 79
F.3d 1030, 1036-37 (10th Cir. 1996). An employer cannot success-
fully contend that a union waived the right to bargain if it failed to
notify the union respecting the unilateral amendments. See id. Of
course, if the Union has notice of the employer's unilateral amend-
ments, but does not act on them, then the Union waives the right to

                    11
bargain. See YHA, Inc. v. NLRB, 2 F.3d 168, 173-74 (6th Cir. 1993);
NLRB v. Island Typographers, Inc., 705 F.2d 44, 51 (2d Cir. 1983).
Moreover, "filing . . . an unfair labor practice charge does not relieve
the Union of its obligation to request bargaining." Oklahoma Fixture
Co., 79 F.3d at 1037. Determining whether notice has been suffi-
ciently given is a fact-intensive question, the resolution of which does
not lend itself to bright lines. See id. at 1036. To demonstrate that the
Union waived the right to bargain over the unilateral amendments,
Pepsi "must show the right to bargain was clearly and unmistakably
relinquished." Bonnell/Tredegar Indus., 46 F.3d at 346 n.6. Thus, to
resolve this issue, we must determine whether the Union had notice
of the right to bargain, and if so, whether it waived the right to bar-
gain.

Here, the Union alleges that it did not bargain with Pepsi respecting
the challenged unilateral amendments because it had no notice of
these amendments. Rather than specifically responding to this allega-
tion, Pepsi generally asserts that it gave the Union notice, without
providing any particulars, such as the type of notice, how the notice
was conveyed, or the length of time the Union had in which to
respond to the proposal to implement unilateral amendments. Indeed,
neither the ALJ nor the NLRB addressed the issue of notice. In short,
the parties have not provided sufficient facts, with concomitant cita-
tions to the Joint Appendix, to support their respective positions. We
cannot, therefore, review whether substantial evidence supports the
finding that Pepsi violated § 158(a)(5) in implementing unilateral
amendments to conditions of employment. Accordingly, we remand
this issue to the NLRB and order it to develop the record respecting
this issue. On remand, the parties are instructed to describe any notice
given by Pepsi, the manner in which Pepsi conveyed the notice, the
period of time the Union had to respond to this notice, the materiality
of the unilateral amendments, and any other pertinent information
respecting notice.

III.

We conclude that substantial evidence does not support the ALJ's
findings that Pepsi violated § 158(a)(1), (3) by requiring Deskin and
Evers to clean the garage drains or by requiring Deskin to change
tires. Accordingly, we deny enforcement of the NLRB's order in that

                     12
respect. Regarding the wage increase and the unilateral amendments
to conditions of employment, we remand to the NLRB for further
development of the record in these two respects. In all other respects,
enforcement is granted.

ENFORCEMENT GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART
AND REMANDED

MURNAGHAN, Circuit Judge, concurring and dissenting:

While I agree with the majority's conclusion that Pepsi did not vio-
late 29 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1) & (3) of the National Labor Relations Act
by assigning more onerous tasks to two employees because of their
pro-union activities, I disagree with its determination that remand is
necessary to resolve the remaining issues. Thus, I cannot join the
opinion in full.1 Mindful that our task is to review for substantial evi-
dence and proper application of the law rather than to substitute our
own judgment for that of the ALJ and the Board, see Nance v. NLRB,
71 F.3d 486, 489-90 (4th Cir. 1995), I would grant enforcement with
regard to the withheld wage increases and the unilateral amendments
to employment conditions at the Fayetteville plant. Unlike the major-
ity, I believe that substantial evidence supports the conclusion that
Pepsi engaged in unfair labor practices in both respects.

The ALJ reasonably concluded from the testimony of company
officials that the annual pay raise Pepsi bestowed on all of its North
Carolina plants was "customary" and anticipated by employees and
supervisors alike. While managers exercised some discretion in divid-
ing the allotted amount among employees each year, they treated the
pay raise itself as a given.2 Because Pepsi thus established a practice
of granting the annual raise, its withholding during the organizational
effort of the increases budgeted for the Fayetteville employees was
improper unless done for a legitimate business purpose. See Southern
Md. Hosp. Ctr. v. NLRB, 801 F.2d 666, 668-69 (4th Cir. 1986). The
_________________________________________________________________
1 I concur in the majority's affirmance of the other violations found by
the ALJ and the Board.
2 For example, General Sales Manager Randall Kennedy testified that
Pepsi had bestowed the raise each of the six years he had worked for the
company and that if one plant got the increase, they all did.

                     13
record shows that Pepsi never offered any explanation for withhold-
ing the planned wage increases other than the contested union elec-
tion. Moreover, even if the annual pay raise did not constitute an
established practice, when considered along with the anti-union ani-
mus exhibited by Pepsi officials who threatened to freeze benefits if
the Fayetteville employees unionized, the withholding of the wage
increases from only the Fayetteville bargaining-unit employees
clearly violated § 158(a)(1) & (3). See id. at 669 (explaining that even
when there is no established practice of granting benefits, an employ-
er's withholding of a benefit for anti-union reasons may violate the
Act).

The ALJ's determination that Pepsi violated § 158(1) & (5) by uni-
laterally altering conditions of employment without notice to the
union is similarly supported by substantial evidence. Under the Act,
the union is entitled to notice and an opportunity to bargain over pro-
posed material amendments to conditions of employment. See NLRB
v. Oklahoma Fixture Co., 79 F.3d 1030, 1035-37 (10th Cir. 1996);
Oneita Knitting Mills, Inc. v. NLRB, 375 F.2d 385, 388-89 (4th Cir.
1967). While the union may waive its bargaining right, Pepsi failed
to show that the union clearly and unmistakably did so with regard
to the changes at issue here. See Bonnell/Tredegar Indus. v. NLRB, 46
F.3d 339, 346 n.6 (4th Cir. 1995) (noting that the burden is on the
party claiming waiver). Instead, the record supports the ALJ's find-
ings that each challenged amendment was material, yet implemented
without notice or negotiation with the union.3 Thus, the union had no
obligation to request bargaining over those changes. See Oklahoma
Fixture Company, 79 F.3d at 1036-37.

Accordingly, I would enforce the Board's order in all respects
except those pertaining to the alleged assignment of more onerous
tasks.
_________________________________________________________________

3 While the parties may not have addressed the notice issue in their
briefs, that omission alone fails to compel remand because substantial
evidence exists in the record to support the ALJ's determination that
Pepsi unilaterally altered several conditions of employment without
notice, negotiation or waiver of the right to bargain.

                    14