Court Opinion

ID: 7803346
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-08-24 20:00:36.974679+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:29:37.604108
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       AUG 24 2022
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

MAURICIO L. MELENDEZ,                           No.    19-17122

                Petitioner-Appellant,           D.C. No.
                                                2:16-cv-01003-JAD-DJA
 v.

DWIGHT NEVEN, Warden; ATTORNEY                  MEMORANDUM*
GENERAL FOR THE STATE OF
NEVADA,

                Respondents-Appellees.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                             for the District of Nevada
                   Jennifer A. Dorsey, District Judge, Presiding

                    Argued and Submitted November 15, 2021
                            San Francisco, California

Before: PAEZ and FRIEDLAND, Circuit Judges, and KORMAN,** District
Judge.

      Mauricio Melendez, a Nevada state prisoner, appeals the district court’s

denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2254 habeas petition. We have jurisdiction under

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The Honorable Edward R. Korman, United States District Judge for
the Eastern District of New York, sitting by designation.
28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 2253. Our review of Melendez’s petition is governed by

the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA). See

28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). Under AEDPA, we may grant habeas relief only if the

Nevada Supreme Court’s adjudication of the merits of Melendez’s claim was either

(1) “contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established

Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court”; or (2) “based on an

unreasonable determination of the facts.” Id. § 2254(d)(1)-(2).

      In 2009, Melendez was convicted of first-degree murder with use of a deadly

weapon for shooting his wife. He asserts four ineffective assistance of counsel

claims as well as a cumulative error claim. To establish ineffective assistance of

counsel, Melendez must demonstrate that his trial counsel performed deficiently

and that he suffered prejudice as required by Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.

668, 687 (1984). Reviewing de novo, Kipp v. Davis, 971 F.3d 939, 948 (9th Cir.

2020), we affirm the district court’s denial of habeas relief.

      1. First, Melendez asserts that his trial counsel performed deficiently by

stipulating to the admission of an autopsy report and the testimony of a different

coroner than the one who prepared the report. Even assuming that the autopsy

report qualified as a testimonial statement under the Confrontation Clause, it was

reasonable for his counsel to stipulate to its admission. In Melendez-Diaz v.

Massachusetts, on which Melendez relies, the Court recognized that defense

                                           2
counsel often stipulate to the admission of extrajudicial testimonial statements for

strategic reasons. 557 U.S. 305, 328 (2009); see also Wilson v. Gray, 345 F.2d

282, 286-87 (9th Cir. 1965). While Melendez now challenges his counsel’s trial

strategy, he has not shown that it was objectively unreasonable under § 2254(d) for

the Nevada Supreme Court to conclude that his counsel’s decision effectively to

waive Melendez’s Confrontation Clause rights was a reasonable strategic decision

under the circumstances presented. The district court did not err in rejecting this

claim for relief.

       2. Second, Melendez argues that his counsel performed deficiently by

failing to hire a firearms or forensic expert. Counsel’s decision not to use an

expert was far from “ignorance of a point of law” or a “failure to perform basic

research,” Hinton v. Alabama, 571 U.S. 263, 274 (2014) (per curiam), as Melendez

contends, but rather reflected a “thorough investigation of law and facts relevant to

plausible options,” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690. Counsel’s strategy was not

objectively unreasonable because counsel analyzed the relevant evidence to decide

that another expert would not have benefitted his defense. The Nevada Supreme

Court reasonably so concluded, and the district court properly rejected this claim

for relief.

       3. Third, Melendez asserts that his counsel performed deficiently by failing

to consult with him prior to conceding his guilt to manslaughter during closing

                                          3
argument. We “assume that counsel’s concession of guilt without consultation or

consent is deficient,” United States v. Thomas, 417 F.3d 1053, 1056 (9th Cir.

2005), but we conclude that it was not objectively unreasonable for the Nevada

Supreme Court to find that Melendez failed to show prejudice. The Nevada

Supreme Court reasonably found that trial counsel Coffee’s concession to

involuntary manslaughter—an unintentional killing under Nevada law and the jury

instructions, Nev. Rev. Stat. § 200.070—did not contradict the theory of the case

that trial counsel Craig presented in her opening statements.1 In those statements,

Craig did not contest that Melendez shot his wife. Rather, she framed the case as

an “unintentional, unexpected and unplanned” shooting that occurred while

Melendez and his wife were handling a gun after they had “spent th[e] day

drinking . . . all day long.” Because Melendez has not overcome the AEDPA

1
  The trial transcript repeatedly states that counsel conceded to “voluntary
manslaughter,” telling the jury that a conviction for that crime would be “the right
verdict.” In contrast to involuntary manslaughter, voluntary manslaughter requires
an intentional act. See Curry v. State, 792 P.2d 396, 397 (Nev. 1990); Jenkins v.
State, 877 P.2d 1063, 1066 (Nev. 1994). But as the parties noted, the jury received
only an involuntary manslaughter instruction and could not convict Melendez for
voluntary manslaughter. Although Melendez argued before the Nevada Supreme
Court that his counsel conceded to voluntary manslaughter—an intentional killing,
he also acknowledged that it was possible the court reporter erred and his counsel
had, in fact, conceded to involuntary manslaughter. He has since characterized the
concession as being to involuntary manslaughter. On this record, and despite the
trial transcript, we cannot conclude that the Nevada Supreme Court acted
unreasonably under § 2254(d) by finding that the concession was to involuntary
manslaughter.

                                         4
deference that the Nevada Supreme Court is owed, the district court properly

rejected this claim for relief.2

       We also reject Melendez’s contention that counsel’s concession would have

constituted structural error. As in Thomas, his counsel did not “entirely fail[] to

serve as his advocate” because counsel could have rationally decided to focus on

defending against the more serious murder charges. 417 F.3d at 1058-59; cf.

United States v. Swanson, 943 F.2d 1070, 1074-76 (9th Cir. 1991) (finding

structural error where counsel conceded the only factual issue in dispute on the

only count charged and the state failed to identify a reasonable strategy for doing

so). To the extent McCoy v. Louisiana, 138 S. Ct. 1500 (2018), instructs

otherwise, that decision is not retroactively applicable to Melendez’s petition, see

Christian v. Thomas, 982 F.3d 1215, 1225 (9th Cir. 2020).

       4. Fourth, Melendez argues that his counsel performed deficiently by failing

to reasonably investigate and prepare for the testimony of Eggleston, the victim’s

sister. See Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 521 (2003). In rejecting this claim, the

Nevada Supreme Court determined that Melendez did not show prejudice and did

2
  Because the Nevada Supreme Court’s ruling on this issue was reasonable, we
need not discuss the court’s other grounds for denying this claim. See Wetzel v.
Lambert, 565 U.S. 520, 525 (2012) (per curiam) (holding that federal habeas relief
is not available “unless each ground supporting the state court decision is
examined and found to be unreasonable under AEDPA” (emphasis in original)).

                                          5
not address whether his counsel performed deficiently.3 We assume without

deciding that his counsel performed deficiently, but we find that Melendez cannot

overcome AEDPA deference to the Nevada Supreme Court’s prejudice

determination on this claim either. The Nevada Supreme Court reasonably relied

on numerous inculpatory facts and weighed them against the possible harm from

Eggleston’s testimony, to find that counsel’s error would not have changed the

outcome. The district court thus properly denied this claim for relief.

      5. Lastly, Melendez asserts that the cumulative impact of counsel’s errors

resulted in sufficient prejudice to warrant relief. See Bemore v. Chappell, 788 F.3d

1151, 1176 (9th Cir. 2015). We assume, once more, that counsel’s failure to

consult with Melendez before making the involuntary manslaughter concession

and counsel’s failure to investigate Eggleston constituted deficient performance,

review prejudice de novo, Rompilla v. Beard, 545 U.S. 374, 390 (2005),4 and

conclude that Melendez has not shown those purported errors resulted in prejudice.

      Neither of the purported errors would have meaningfully changed the

evidence at trial. The concession to involuntary manslaughter was consistent with

counsel’s opening statement that the shooting was “unintentional,” such that the

3
 The district court also concluded that the Nevada Supreme Court’s analysis
“focused on the prejudice prong” and reviewed the performance prong de novo.
4
 The parties agree that the Nevada Supreme Court did not address the cumulative
prejudice of the alleged errors because it found no errors to assess cumulatively.

                                          6
jury likely would not have perceived it as detrimental to the defense’s credibility.

Melendez, on the other hand, made inconsistent statements directly related to how

his wife was shot and took actions that undermined his statements that the shooting

was an accident. After the shooting, he failed to seek help for fifteen hours,

cleaned up the scene, moved his wife’s body to the couch, and took photos of her.

As for Eggleston’s testimony, its impact was significant because it gave the jury a

possible motive and bolstered the State’s position that Melendez committed first-

degree murder. While counsel could have possibly impeached Eggleston’s

testimony by having an investigator present during Craig’s attempted interview

with Eggleston, it is not reasonably probable that counsel could have excluded her

testimony altogether. Weighing the evidence as a whole, we do not find it

reasonably probable that the jury would have returned a different verdict but for

the purported errors. The district court properly denied Melendez’s cumulative

error claim.

      AFFIRMED.

                                          7