Court Opinion

ID: 4028893
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-08-26 22:10:55.491929+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:17:04.229126
License: Public Domain

2016 IL App (1st) 151909
                                       No. 1-15-1909
                                                                               Fifth Division
                                                                             August 26, 2016

______________________________________________________________________________

                                    IN THE
                        APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
                                FIRST DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________

M.M., a Minor, by and Through Audrey Meyers,           )     Appeal from the Circuit Court
Her Mother and Next Friend; A.H., a Minor, by          )     of Cook County.
and Through Dawn Hinton, Her Mother and Next            )
Friend; P.M., a Minor, by and Through Linda            )
Butler, His Mother and Next Friend; H.C., a Minor,     )
by and Through Amy Christy, Her Mother and Next       )
Friend; H.H., a Minor, by and Through Kristen          )
Hozempa, His Mother and Next Friend; A.K., a Minor, )
by and Through Kathryn Keady, His Mother and Next      )
Friend; C.S., a Minor, by and Through Stacey Schutte, )
Her Mother and Next Friend; and C.E., a Minor, by      )
and Through Shannon Emery, His Mother and Next        )
Friend,                                                )
                                                       )     No. 2014 L 006985
        Plaintiffs-Appellees,                          )
                                                       )     The Honorable
        v.                                             )     Larry G. Axelrood,
                                                       )     Judge Presiding.
GLAXOSMITHKLINE LLC, f/k/a SmithKlineBeecham )
Corporation, d/b/a SmithKlineBeecham; WOLTERS         )
KLUWER HEALTH, INC.; WOLTERS KLUWER                    )
UNITED STATES, INC.; and WALGREENS                     )
COMPANY,                                               )
                                                       )
        Defendants                                     )
                                                       )
(GlaxoSmithKline LLC, f/k/a SmithKlineBeecham          )
Corporation, d/b/a SmithKlineBeecham, Defendant-      )
Appellant).                                            )

_________________________________________________________________________
     No. 1-15-1909

           JUSTICE GORDON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
           Justices Lampkin and Burke concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                                  OPINION

¶1          In this lawsuit, eight minor plaintiffs from six states, including Illinois, filed a products

     liability suit in the circuit court of Cook County against defendant GlaxoSmithKline LLC (GSK),

     a pharmaceutical company, and others. The suit alleges that the minor plaintiffs suffered

     catastrophic birth defects as a result of their mothers’ ingestion of defendant GSK’s psychiatric

     drug, Paxil. Defendant GSK moved to dismiss the claims of the out-of-state plaintiffs due to lack

     of personal jurisdiction, arguing that the court lacked both general and specific jurisdiction.

¶2          However, the trial court found that Illinois had specific personal jurisdiction over

     defendant GSK based on (1) defendant GSK’s substantial in-state contacts, namely its contracts

     with 17 Illinois physicians to run 18 to 21 clinical trials on Paxil in Illinois as part of a

     multicenter study and (2) the fact that plaintiffs’ claims arose from defendant GSK’s acts or

     omissions related to those trials. On this permissive interlocutory appeal, pursuant to Illinois

     Supreme Court Rule 306(a)(3), defendant GSK argues that the trial court erred in denying its

     motion to dismiss the out-of-state plaintiffs’ claims due to lack of personal jurisdiction. Ill. S. Ct.

     R. 306(a)(3) (eff. July 1, 2014) (“[a] party may petition for leave to appeal *** from an order of

     the circuit court denying a motion to dismiss on the grounds that defendant has done nothing

     which would subject defendant to the jurisdiction of the Illinois courts”). For the following

     reasons, we affirm.

¶3                                           BACKGROUND

¶4                                               I. Parties

¶5          The 16 plaintiffs in this case are eight minor plaintiffs and their mothers. In the

     discussion below, we refer to a minor plaintiff and his or her mother as a “mother-child pair.”

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     No. 1-15-1909

     Two pairs are residents of Illinois, two pairs are residents of Florida, and the four remaining pairs

     reside in Colorado, Virginia, Michigan, and Wisconsin, respectively.

¶6          Defendant GSK is a limited liability company incorporated in Delaware, and its sole

     member, GSK Holdings Inc., is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business in

     Delaware. Defendant GSK also has corporate and administrative headquarters in Pennsylvania

     and North Carolina.

¶7                                            II. Complaint

¶8          On July 2, 2014, plaintiffs filed a complaint that names the following as defendants: (1)

     GSK (f/k/a SmithKlineBeecham Corporation, d/b/a SmithKlineBeecham), the pharmaceutical

     company that designed, tested, manufactured, and sold the drug Paxil; (2) Wolters Kluwer

     Health, Inc. (WKH), and Wolters Kluwer United States, Inc. (WKUS), the companies that

     provided drug information about Paxil to pharmacies; and (3) Walgreen Co. (Walgreens), the

     company that sold Paxil to some of the plaintiffs. Only GSK brings this appeal. Against

     defendant GSK, plaintiffs’ complaint sets forth six counts: (1) strict liability and failure to warn,

     (2) strict products liability and design defect, (3) negligence, (4) breach of implied warranty, (5)

     breach of express warranty, and (6) negligent misrepresentation and concealment.

¶9          Plaintiffs claim that the mothers’ ingestion of Paxil—a branded paroxetine prescription

     drug that treats depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, and anxiety—caused catastrophic

     congenital birth defects, including heart abnormalities. Plaintiffs allege that the design of Paxil,

     its inadequate warnings, and the manner in which its risks were communicated to the mothers,

     rendered the drug defective. Moreover, plaintiffs allege that “[d]efendants failed in their acts and

     omissions related to [Paxil] to use reasonable care to avoid injuring Plaintiffs” and “breached

     implied and express warranties accompanying [its] sale *** to each mother Plaintiff.” Plaintiffs

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       No. 1-15-1909

       allege that, collectively, the “defective nature of [Paxil] and Defendants’ negligent conduct and

       breach of implied and express warranties proximately caused the minor Plaintiffs to develop

       birth defects” in the form of severe and permanent structural and functional abnormalities.

¶ 10          Plaintiffs allege that, at the time that each mother was prescribed Paxil, defendant GSK

       knew that there was a “significantly increased risk of congenital defects in babies whose mothers

       ingested” the drug. Such knowledge was “scientifically knowable through appropriate research

       and testing.” Plaintiffs allege that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires defendant

       GSK “to issue stronger warnings whenever there existed reasonable evidence of an association

       between a serious risk and [Paxil].” Despite defendant GSK’s opportunity and duty to strengthen

       the drug’s warnings, it “touted [Paxil] as being safe for pregnant women” and “aggressively ***

       promoted” the drug with labels that inadequately cautioned patients of the associated risk factors,

       thus, misrepresenting the drug to the public and to the medical profession. The complaint alleges

       that, had defendant GSK apprised plaintiffs’ physicians of Paxil’s risks, they would not have

       “prescribed or permitted” plaintiffs to use the drug. Likewise, had defendant GSK provided

       timely and “adequate warnings regarding the risks” of Paxil, plaintiffs would not have ingested

       the drug.

¶ 11          Plaintiffs also argue (1) that defendant GSK “failed to conduct appropriate tests to

       generate the necessary scientific data regarding the strength of the association between [Paxil]

       and birth defects”; (2) that defendant GSK “represented that Paxil was safe” when it knew or

       should have known of Paxil’s dangerous impact on in utero development because such results

       were “scientifically knowable” through appropriate research; (3) that defendant GSK neglected

       to conduct adequate preclinical, clinical, and postmarketing surveillance to determine whether

       Paxil was safe for its intended or foreseeable uses; and (4) that defendant GSK “intentionally

                                                       4
       No. 1-15-1909

       conceal[ed],” “failed to disclose,” and “negligently manipulated” clinical data that demonstrated

       Paxil’s risks of birth defects. The complaint alleges that, as a direct result of defendant GSK’s

       acts and omissions, plaintiffs sustained severe and permanent disfigurement, pain, suffering, and

       disability.

¶ 12                                           III. Motion to Dismiss

¶ 13           On August 7, 2014, defendant GSK moved to dismiss the out-of-state plaintiffs’ claims

       due to a lack of personal jurisdiction, both general and specific, under sections 2-301 and 2-619

       of the Code of Civil Procedure. 735 ILCS 5/2-301, 2-619 (West 2012). First, defendant GSK

       argued that it was not subject to general jurisdiction because Illinois is neither the state of its

       incorporation nor its principal place of business. Defendant GSK argued that it was not rendered

       “at home” in Illinois by its business activities here, under the United States Supreme Court’s

       recent decision in Daimler AG v. Bauman, 571 U.S. ___, ___, 134 S. Ct. 746, 749 (2014).

¶ 14           Second, defendant GSK argued that Illinois lacks specific jurisdiction 1 because the out-

       of-state plaintiffs’ claims did not arise from its Illinois activities. Moreover, defendant GSK

       claimed that its actions or omissions in Illinois were not the “but for” cause of the alleged harm:

       plaintiffs did not serve as study subjects in Illinois, did not receive Paxil prescriptions in Illinois,

       did not ingest Paxil in Illinois, and did not suffer injury from Paxil in Illinois. Finally, defendant

       GSK argued that the out-of-state plaintiffs may not create personal jurisdiction by tacking their

       claims onto those of the two Illinois plaintiffs.

               1
                 Specific jurisdiction requires a “showing that [(1)] the defendant purposefully directed its
       activities at the forum state and [(2)] the cause of action arose out of or relates to the defendant’s contacts
       with the forum state.” Russell v. SNFA, 2013 IL 113909, ¶ 40.

                                                             5
       No. 1-15-1909

¶ 15                                               IV. Discovery

¶ 16           In the responses to plaintiffs’ interrogatories, it was revealed that defendant GSK

       employed 16,323 people in the United States, 217 people who resided in Illinois, and it

       maintained an agent for service of process in Illinois. Defendant GSK’s 2013 gross trade sales

       revenue for all products in the United States was $15,558,745,381.17, but it did “not collect ***

       data for gross revenue *** at the state level.” Defendant GSK also disclosed that it currently has

       184 sales representatives who market GSK’s products in Illinois. Between the years 2000 and

       2006, defendant GSK had anywhere between 79 and 121 employees marketing specifically Paxil

       in Illinois. Defendant GSK conducted 18 preclinical and clinical studies on Paxil in Illinois. An

       excerpt from one of these studies stated:

                   “Subjects who became pregnant during the study were to be withdrawn from the

               study immediately. Subjects were instructed to notify the investigator if it was

               determined after completion of the study that they became pregnant either during the

               treatment phase of the study or within 30 days. Whenever possible, a pregnancy was

               to be followed to term, any premature terminations reported, and the status of the mother

               and child was to be reported to the sponsor after delivery.”

¶ 17                   V. Plaintiffs’ Response to Defendant GSK’s Motion to Dismiss

¶ 18           On November 21, 2014, plaintiffs filed a response to defendant GSK’s motion to dismiss.

       While the out-of-state plaintiffs were not domiciled, prescribed Paxil, or injured in Illinois, they

       argued that their claims arose directly out of or related to defendant GSK’s purposeful contacts

       with Illinois—that is, defendant GSK’s 18 to 21 2 “inadequate and manipulated” Paxil clinical

               2
                 Plaintiffs’ response states that “[i]t is not clear whether the three GSK-sponsored clinical trials
       conducted in Illinois *** are duplicative of, or in addition to, the eighteen such clinical trials GSK
       identified in its discovery answers.”

                                                            6
       No. 1-15-1909

       trials in Illinois, conducted by 17 physicians in Illinois on a continuous basis spanning nearly two

       decades, from 1985 to 2003. Plaintiffs claimed that, in addition to these trials, defendant GSK

       collaborated on another Paxil clinical trial that occurred exclusively in Illinois between 2001 and

       2003. Finally, plaintiffs argued that they have a separate and independent basis for exercising

       personal jurisdiction because defendant GSK’s “conduct in Illinois is the same as its conduct in

       other states—and that conduct gave rise to the out-of-state Plaintiffs’ claims.” In other words, the

       nonresident plaintiffs’ claims are based on “the same alleged wrongs as the claims of the Illinois

       resident Plaintiffs.”

¶ 19           In their surresponse opposing defendant GSK’s motion to dismiss, plaintiffs claimed:

       “[(1)] that GSK contracted with at least 17 principal investigators in Illinois to conduct clinical

       trials in Illinois regarding Paxil; [(2)] that the clinical trials resulted in at least eighteen

       pregnancies; [(3)] that GSK largely failed to track the outcomes of the pregnancies; [(4)] that of

       the few pregnancy outcomes that GSK did learn, there were fetal abnormalities, including a heart

       abnormality; and [(5)] that GSK failed to consider any of the pregnancy outcome data in

       assessing the safety of Paxil to unborn children.”

¶ 20                                             VI. Argument

¶ 21           On June 10, 2015, the trial court heard argument on defendant GSK’s motion to dismiss.

       Defense counsel argued that it was not subject to suit in Illinois, but only in Delaware, the state

       of defendant GSK’s incorporation; in North Carolina and Pennsylvania, the states where

       defendant GSK “might be” “at home”; and in the states where the nonresident plaintiffs were

       injured. Defense counsel conceded purposeful contacts when he said, “no one disputes that GSK

       had purposeful contacts with Illinois.”

                                                        7
       No. 1-15-1909

¶ 22           However, defense counsel argued that plaintiffs’ claims did not arise out of defendant

       GSK’s contacts in Illinois, specifically, because Paxil clinical trials took place in 44 states and

       abroad. When the trial court asked defense counsel, “would [you] say that each of [the] 44 states

       would not be appropriate place[s] for [jurisdiction]?” he responded, “that would be our position.”

       Defendant GSK argued that by emphasizing 17 of the 361 trials that it conducted in Illinois—or

       100 of the 4272 clinical trial patients that took Paxil in Illinois—plaintiffs focused on “a tiny

       sliver” of the trials and drained all meaning from specific jurisdiction. The trial court responded:

       “What if [Illinois] had 1/10 of 1 percent [of the total trials], but it was that data that skewed the

       entire interpretation of the tests? How do I know? What’s the magic number *** of [trials] that

       have to be conducted in Illinois in order to have specific jurisdiction?” “[Am I] trying to figure

       out where the best location for this litigation is, or whether or not there’s a significant nexus to

       Illinois?”

¶ 23           Neither defense counsel nor plaintiffs’ counsel were able to suggest a bright-line test for

       the number of Illinois trials that would give rise to personal jurisdiction in Illinois, but defense

       counsel argued that 17 trials was insufficient, whereas plaintiffs’ counsel argued them sufficient.

       The trial court stated there was “no definitive number,” so it “must look at it in terms of a

       pleading.” Finally, defense counsel argued that plaintiffs’ doctors and witnesses are out-of-state,

       but the trial court replied: “We have out of state witnesses every day.”

¶ 24           In reply, plaintiffs argued that the “arising from” and “related to” standard is “lenient and

       flexible.” Plaintiffs’ claims arose from inadequate Paxil trials conducted in Illinois because the

       Illinois data “was aggregated with data from [the] other sites to reach statistical significance” and

       “the record compels the inference that the Illinois principal investigators had input into, and

       exercised control over, the overall design study protocol and analysis of the aggregate data.”

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       No. 1-15-1909

¶ 25          However, plaintiffs stressed that they “don’t have to prove on this motion *** whether

       the Illinois clinical trials were defective.” They must only “make a prima facie case of personal

       jurisdiction.” Plaintiffs argued that, by contracting with Illinois physicians to run clinical trials

       on Paxil in Illinois, defendant GSK purposefully availed itself of the state’s benefits and that

       their claims arose directly from defendant GSK’s collective omissions in those trials.

¶ 26                                       VII. Trial Court’s Order

¶ 27          On June 10, 2015, the trial court denied defendant GSK’s motion, finding “[t]hat by

       contracting the principal investigators in Illinois to conduct clinical trials regarding Paxil, the

       defendant did purposefully avail itself [of] the privilege of conducting activities within Illinois.”

       “[S]pecific jurisdiction exists when *** the cause of action arises out of defendant’s contacts

       with the foreign state.” Plaintiffs “assert that defendant failed to conduct appropriate tests to

       generate the necessary scientific data regarding the strength of the association between this drug

       and birth defects” and “may have failed to adequately interpret or *** collect *** and these

       clinical trials occurred in Illinois from 1985 to 2003.” The trial court found that the “substantial

       contacts the defendant purposely engaged in and directed to Illinois *** which the plaintiffs[’]

       claim[s] relate to or arise from *** satisfy both *** federal and Illinois due process.” However,

       the trial court stated: “I don’t think there is a bright line [test] for me.” Earlier during argument,

       the trial court stated, “if it goes up and case law is made, it will give us a better understanding

       and better standard.”

¶ 28                                  VIII. Petition for Leave to Appeal

¶ 29          Accordingly, on July 10, 2015, defendant GSK timely filed a petition for leave to appeal

       the trial court’s denial of the motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. GSK filed the

       petition pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 306(a)(3) (eff. July 1, 2014) (“[a] party may

                                                         9
       No. 1-15-1909

       petition for leave to appeal *** from an order of the circuit court denying a motion to dismiss on

       the grounds that defendant has done nothing which would subject defendant to the jurisdiction of

       the Illinois courts”).

¶ 30           On September 10, 2015, this court granted that petition, and this appeal follows.

¶ 31                                              ANALYSIS

¶ 32           On this permissive interlocutory appeal, defendant GSK argues that the trial court erred

       in denying its motion to dismiss the out-of-state plaintiffs’ claims due to lack of personal

       jurisdiction. For the following reasons, we affirm.

¶ 33                                        I. Standard of Review

¶ 34           It is well-settled that it is the plaintiff who “bears the burden of establishing a prima facie

       basis upon which jurisdiction over an out-of-state resident may be exercised” (Roiser v. Cascade

       Mountain, Inc., 367 Ill. App. 3d 559, 561 (2006)), and that burden is “minimal.” TCA

       International, Inc. v. B&B Custom Auto, Inc., 299 Ill. App. 3d 522, 532 (1998). The “defendant

       may overcome [the] plaintiff’s prima facie case for jurisdiction by offering uncontradicted

       evidence that defeats jurisdiction.” Russell, 2013 IL 113909, ¶ 28.

¶ 35           On appeal, we “resolve in favor of the plaintiff any conflicts in the pleadings and

       affidavits.” MacNeil v. Trambert, 401 Ill. App. 3d 1077, 1080 (2010). “When the circuit court

       decides a jurisdictional question solely on the basis of documentary evidence,” and without an

       evidentiary hearing, as it did in this case, our review is de novo. Roiser, 367 Ill. App. 3d at 561;

       Russell, 2013 IL 113909, ¶ 28. De novo consideration means we perform the same analysis that a

       trial judge would perform. Khan v. BDO Seidman, LLP, 408 Ill. App. 3d 564, 578 (2011).

¶ 36           In reviewing the trial court’s decision on appeal, “ ‘this court reviews the judgment, not

       the reasoning, of the trial court, and we may affirm on any grounds in the record, regardless of

                                                         10
       No. 1-15-1909

       whether the trial court relied on those grounds or whether the trial court’s reasoning was

       correct.’ ” US Bank, National Ass’n v. Avdic, 2014 IL App (1st) 121759, ¶ 18 (quoting Coghlan

       v. Beck, 2013 IL App (1st) 120891, ¶ 24).

¶ 37                       II. Applicable Statutory and Constitutional Provisions

¶ 38          Section 2-209 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code), “commonly referred to as the

       Illinois long-arm statute, governs the exercise of personal jurisdiction by an Illinois court over a

       nonresident defendant.” Russell, 2013 IL 113909, ¶ 29; 735 ILCS 5/2-209(c) (West 2012).

¶ 39          Subsection (a) of section 2-209, which governs specific jurisdiction, lists 14 different

       actions by a defendant that will subject him or her to Illinois jurisdiction. 735 ILCS 5/2-

       209(a)(1)-(14) (West 2012). For example, a defendant is subject to jurisdiction for “any cause of

       action arising from the doing of any *** acts” that include the transaction of business and “the

       making or performance of any contract *** substantially connected with” Illinois. 735 ILCS 5/2-

       209(a)(1), (a)(7) (West 2012).

¶ 40          Subsection (c) is a “catchall provision” that permits Illinois courts to “ ‘exercise

       jurisdiction on any other basis now or hereafter permitted by the Illinois Constitution and the

       Constitution of the United States.’ ” Roiser, 367 Ill. App. 3d at 561 (quoting 735 ILCS 5/2-

       209(c) (West 2002)). Subsection (c) permits an Illinois court to exercise personal jurisdiction to

       the extent permitted by the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment to the United States

       Constitution. Klump v. Duffus, 71 F.3d 1368, 1371 (7th Cir. 1995) (Illinois long-arm statute,

       subsection (c), is “coextensive with the due process requirements of the United States

       Constitution”).

¶ 41          An exercise of jurisdiction under any of the statutory subsections must comport with the

       federal due process clause. U.S. Const., amend. XIV. The federal due process clause limits a

                                                       11
       No. 1-15-1909

       state’s exercise of personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant to those instances where the

       defendant had at least “minimum contacts” with the state. Roiser, 367 Ill. App. 3d at 561. This

       court has described the minimum contacts standard as follows:

          “The minimum contacts standard ensures that ‘requiring the out-of-state resident to defend in

          the forum does not “ ‘offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.’ ” ’

          [Citation.] The minimum contacts analysis must be based on some act by which the

          defendant purposefully availed itself of the privilege of conducting activities within the

          forum state, in order to assure that a nonresident will not be haled into a forum solely as a

          result of random, fortuitous, or attenuated contacts with the forum or the unilateral acts of a

          consumer or some other third person.” Roiser, 367 Ill. App. 3d at 561-62.

¶ 42          The minimum contacts needed for jurisdiction depends on whether the jurisdiction

       asserted is general or specific jurisdiction. MacNeil, 401 Ill. App. 3d at 1081. General

       jurisdiction exists when a defendant’s general business contacts with the forum state are

       continuous and systematic. Knaus v. Guidry, 389 Ill. App. 3d 804, 814 (2009); MacNeil, 401 Ill.

       App. 3d at 1081; see also Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408, 414

       n.9 (1984).

¶ 43          “In the context of corporations, specific jurisdiction may be asserted when the suit

       directly arises out of or is connected to the defendant’s purportedly wrongful acts within the

       forum state” (Sabados v. Planned Parenthood of Greater Indiana, 378 Ill. App. 3d 243, 248

       (2007) (citing Illinois Commerce Comm’n v. Entergy-Koch Trading, LP, 362 Ill. App. 3d 790,

       796 (2005))) such that it is reasonable to require the defendant to litigate in that state. Burger

       King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 474 (1985) (citing World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v.

       Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 287 (1980)).

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       No. 1-15-1909

¶ 44          In the case at bar, plaintiffs do not argue that Illinois may exercise general jurisdiction

       over defendant GSK. Thus, we confine our analysis to specific jurisdiction, and that inquiry is

       two-fold: (1) the corporate, nonresident defendant must have minimum contacts with Illinois in

       that (a) it purposefully directed its activities at that state and (b) plaintiffs’ claims arose from or

       related to those contacts with Illinois (see Burger King Corp., 471 U.S. at 472 (citing

       Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408, 414 (1984))); and (2) it must

       be reasonable for Illinois to exercise jurisdiction over the defendant. See World-Wide

       Volkswagen Corp., 444 U.S. at 292 (quoting International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S.

       310, 317 (1945)).

¶ 45                                 III. Plaintiff’s Prima Facie Showing

¶ 46          For the following reasons, we find that the out-of-state plaintiffs made a prima facie

       showing that Illinois has specific jurisdiction over defendant GSK.

¶ 47          First, plaintiffs made a prima facie showing that defendant GSK had sufficient minimum

       contacts with Illinois. “With specific jurisdiction, a nonresident defendant has minimum contacts

       with the forum state [(1)] when ‘the defendant has “purposefully directed” [its] activities at ***

       the forum *** and [(2)] the litigation results from alleged injuries that “arise out of or relate to”

       those activities [citation].’ ” Bell v. Don Prudhomme Racing, Inc., 405 Ill. App. 3d 223, 231

       (2010) (quoting Burger King Corp., 471 U.S. at 472).

¶ 48                                       A. Purposeful Activities

¶ 49          In the case at bar, defendant GSK conceded that it had purposefully directed its activities

       at Illinois. At the hearing before the trial court on June 10, 2015, GSK argued that “no one

       disputes that GSK had purposeful contacts with Illinois.” Even if defendant GSK had not

       conceded this point, we would have to conclude that defendant purposefully availed itself of the

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       No. 1-15-1909

       state’s benefits by contracting with 17 Illinois physicians in 10 Illinois cities—from Springfield

       to Chicago to Gurnee—to conduct between 18 and 21 clinical trials of Paxil in Illinois, on

       Illinois study subjects, every year from 1985 to 2003. See 735 ILCS 5/2-209(a)(7) (West 2012)

       (specific jurisdiction based on “the making or performance of any contract”). 3 The quality of

       defendant GSK’s relationship with Illinois can hardly be characterized as random, attenuated, or

       the like; the contracts with Illinois, over the course of two decades, were purposeful and directed.

       In addition, defendant GSK admitted (1) that between the years 2000 and 2006, it had anywhere

       between 79 and 121 employees marketing Paxil in Illinois; (2) that, as of October 16, 2014, it

       employed 217 people who resided in Illinois; and (3) that it maintained an agent for service of

       process in Illinois. Thus, defendant GSK purposefully availed itself of the privilege of

       conducting activities in Illinois.

¶ 50                                   B. Directly Arose From or Related to

¶ 51           The out-of-state plaintiffs also made a prima facie showing that their claims directly

       arose from or related to defendant GSK’s purposeful activities in Illinois. For specific

       jurisdiction to exist, the litigation must result from alleged injuries that arose out of or related to

       defendant’s in-state activities. Bell, 405 Ill. App. 3d at 231 (quoting Burger King Corp., 471 U.S.

       at 472). Our supreme court has observed: “Although the United States Supreme Court has not

               3
                 “A nonresident defendant’s contract with an Illinois resident alone does not automatically
       establish the required minimum contacts. [Citation.] Instead, in determining whether a defendant has
       purposefully availed himself of the benefits of Illinois law in forming the contract, the court considers the
       following factors: (1) who initiated the transaction; (2) where the contract was formed; and (3) where the
       contract was performed. [Citation.]” Graver v. Pinecrest Volunteer Fire Department, 2014 IL App (1st)
       123006, ¶ 16.
                With respect to the first and second factors, the amended declaration of Kalpesh Joshi, a GSK
       employee, states that “[w]hen a clinical trial is a multicenter study, GSK will contract with individual
       investigators at the various sites.” (Emphasis added.) While the contracts do not appear in the record, this
       statement indicates that GSK both initiated the transaction and executed the contracts with Illinois
       physicians in Illinois. With respect to the third factor, the Illinois physicians performed the clinical trials
       in Illinois. Thus, these factors support the conclusion that defendant purposefully availed itself of the
       benefits of this state.

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       No. 1-15-1909

       clarified what is meant by ‘arising out of’ or ‘related to’ in the context of a jurisdiction question

       [citation], several courts have determined that the applicable standard is lenient or flexible.” 4

       Russell, 2013 IL 113909, ¶ 83.

¶ 52           In the case at bar, plaintiffs claim that their injuries arose out of deficiencies in defendant

       GSK’s Paxil clinical trials. Specifically, plaintiffs claim (1) that Paxil clinical trials resulted in at

       least 18 pregnancies, and defendant GSK largely failed to track their outcomes; (2) that, of the

       few pregnancies that defendant GSK did track, there were fetal abnormalities, including a heart

       defect; (3) that defendant GSK failed to consider any of the pregnancy outcome data in assessing

       the safety of Paxil to unborn children; (4) that defendant GSK’s Illinois data on Paxil “was

       aggregated with data from [the] other sites to reach statistical significance”; and (5) that “the

       record compels the inference that the Illinois principal investigators had input into, and exercised

       control over, the overall design study protocol and analysis of the aggregate data.” Plaintiffs

       argue that their claims arose out of these collective failures during the Paxil trials. Plaintiffs

       claim that their children were born with serious congenital defects as a result of Paxil’s warning

       labels, which inadequately warned the mothers of the association between the drug and birth

       defects. These labels were informed, in part, by the results of the Illinois clinical trials. Thus,

       plaintiffs’ claims directly arose from defendant GSK’s acts and omissions in Illinois.

¶ 53           In support of their first three propositions, plaintiffs identify a particular failure of

       defendant GSK, namely, that its Paxil clinical trials resulted in at least 18 pregnancies that it

               4
                 Our supreme court cited: “Myers v. Casino Queen, Inc., 689 F.3d 904, 913 (8th Cir. 2012)
       (explaining the need for a flexible standard, including the consideration of a totality of the circumstances,
       when analyzing the ‘relate to’ factor of the Court’s standard); Schneider v. Hardesty, 669 F.3d 693, 703
       (6th Cir. 2012) (noting the ‘arising from’ requirement is subject to a ‘lenient standard’); CompuServe, Inc.
       v. Patterson, 89 F.3d 1257, 1267 (6th Cir. 1996) (determining that ‘[i]f a defendant’s contacts with the
       forum state are related to the operative facts of the controversy, then an action will be deemed to have
       arisen from those contacts’); Northern Laminate Sales, Inc. v. Davis, 403 F.3d 14, 25 (1st Cir. 2005)
       (recognizing that the ‘arise out of’ or ‘relate to’ requirement is a ‘flexible, relaxed standard’).” Russell,
       2013 IL 113909, ¶ 83.

                                                            15
       No. 1-15-1909

       failed to adequately track. In response, defendant GSK argues that it did not consider the data to

       determine the correlation between Paxil and birth defects because it was required by the FDA to

       exclude pregnant women from its trials. However, as plaintiffs argue, the FDA also states:

          “Some groups in the general population may require special study because they have unique

          risk *** considerations that need to be taken into account during drug development ***. ***

                                                     ***

              In general, pregnant women should be excluded from clinical trials where the drug is not

          intended for use in pregnancy. If a patient becomes pregnant during administration of the

          drug, treatment should generally be discontinued if this can be done safely. Followup

          evaluation of the pregnancy, fetus, and child is very important.” (Emphasis added.)

          International Conference on Harmonisation; Guidance on General Considerations for

          Clinical Trials, 62 Fed. Reg. 66113-02, 66117 (Dec. 17, 1997).

       Plaintiffs contend that defendant GSK “pointed to no ethical prohibition on retrospectively

       reviewing the outcomes of unintended in utero exposure to a drug during a clinical trial.”

       Accordingly, if defendant GSK failed to adequately track the pregnancies of women who

       participated in its clinical trials, a portion of which occurred in Illinois, plaintiffs’ claims would

       thus arise from or relate to defendant GSK’s purposeful activities in Illinois.

¶ 54          In support of their fourth proposition regarding data analysis, plaintiffs argue that their

       claims arose from or related to defendant GSK’s Illinois Paxil trials because the Illinois data was

       aggregated with the data from the other study locations in the multicenter Paxil study. It was

       from that single set of data that defendant GSK drew its statistically significant conclusions with

       respect to Paxil’s safety. To echo the trial court: “What if [Illinois] had 1/10 of 1 percent [of the

       total trials], but it was that data that skewed the entire interpretation of the tests? How do I

                                                        16
       No. 1-15-1909

       know?” The Illinois data was aggregated with the other data to inform the warning label content

       for Paxil, upon which the out-of-state plaintiff mothers relied in making their decision to take the

       drug. 5

¶ 55             Finally, in support of their fifth proposition regarding the Illinois physicians’ degree of

       input, plaintiffs cite defendant GSK’s own language in a sworn declaration: Illinois principal

       investigators had “little or no input into or control over the study design protocol or analysis of

       the aggregate data collected from all study sites.” As plaintiffs argue, the word “little” invites the

       inference that the physicians had some degree of input into, and control over, the clinical trials,

       or else the word would have been omitted. Absent further guidance in the record, we “resolve in

       favor of the plaintiff any conflicts in the pleadings and affidavits.” MacNeil, 401 Ill. App. 3d at

       1080.

¶ 56             In light of the “lenient and flexible” “arising from” and “related to” standard, plaintiffs

       meet the low threshold of a prima facie showing that their claims arose from defendant GSK’s

       Paxil trials in Illinois. As discussed above, “[o]n a motion to dismiss, plaintiff[s] need not prove

       [their] case, but rather must only establish a prima facie case, where all well-pleaded facts are

       taken as true.” Senese v. Climatemp, Inc., 222 Ill. App. 3d 302, 316 (1991) (citing Mid-Town

       Petroleum, Inc. v. Dine, 72 Ill. App. 3d 296, 299 (1979)). Plaintiffs have satisfied this burden,

       and now the burden switches to defendant. Russell, 2013 IL 113909, ¶ 28. Defendant may

       “overcome [the] plaintiff’s prima facie case for jurisdiction by offering uncontradicted evidence

       that defeats jurisdiction.” Russell, 2013 IL 113909, ¶ 28.

                 5
                This fact was alleged in plaintiffs’ complaint. Specifically, plaintiffs allege that, had defendant
       GSK provided timely and “adequate warnings regarding the risks” of Paxil, they would not have ingested
       the drug. Plaintiffs further allege that, despite defendant GSK’s opportunity and duty to strengthen the
       drug’s warnings, it “touted [Paxil] as being safe for pregnant women” and “aggressively *** promoted”
       the drug with labels that inadequately cautioned patients of the associated risk factors.

                                                           17
       No. 1-15-1909

¶ 57               IV. Defendant GSK Failed to Overcome Plaintiffs’ Prima Facie Case

¶ 58                                          A. Minimum Contacts

¶ 59           Defendant GSK failed to overcome plaintiffs’ prima facie showing that defendant GSK

       had minimum contacts in Illinois.

¶ 60                                         1. Purposeful Activities

¶ 61           First, defendant GSK conceded that it “had purposeful contacts with Illinois.” However,

       it also argues that specific jurisdiction is lacking because it is a nonresident defendant being sued

       by nonresident plaintiffs who were injured outside of Illinois, and “Illinois courts have rejected

       specific jurisdiction where an out-of-state plaintiff tries to sue an out-of-state defendant.” In

       support, defendant GSK cites Sabados v. Planned Parenthood of Greater Indiana, 378 Ill. App.

       3d 243 (2007).

¶ 62           In Sabados, a female Illinois patient visited a clinic in Indiana that examined her and

       prescribed her birth control pills. Sabados, 378 Ill. App. 3d at 245. After she developed a blood

       clot back in Illinois, she brought a medical negligence suit in Illinois against the Indiana clinic.

       Sabados, 378 Ill. App. 3d at 245. The appellate court found that the Indiana clinic lacked

       sufficient minimum contacts with Illinois to support specific jurisdiction. Sabados, 378 Ill. App.

       3d at 250. Defendant GSK’s reliance on this case is misplaced because the Indiana clinic did not

       conduct business in Illinois. In sharp contrast, in the case at bar, defendant GSK contracted with

       17 principal investigators in Illinois to conduct clinical trials in Illinois.

¶ 63           Moreover, contrary to defendant GSK’s assertion that Illinois courts may not entertain

       plaintiffs’ claims, the United States Supreme Court has found that a state can exercise

       jurisdiction over a nonresident accused by a nonresident of causing injuries, most of which took

       place outside of the forum state. Keeton v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 465 U.S. 770, 780 (1984). In

                                                          18
       No. 1-15-1909

       Keeton, a New York resident brought a libel suit in New Hampshire against a magazine

       publisher incorporated in Ohio with its principal place of business in California. Keeton, 465

       U.S. at 772. The Court found the publisher’s “regular circulation of magazines in [New

       Hampshire] *** sufficient to support an assertion of jurisdiction.” Keeton, 465 U.S. at 773-74.

       The plaintiff could recover in New Hampshire for damages “throughout the United States”

       (Keeton, 465 U.S. at 774), even though it was “undoubtedly true that the bulk of [her] harm ***

       occurred outside New Hampshire.” Keeton, 465 U.S. at 780. The Court found the fact that

       defendant conducted “a ‘part of its general business’ in New Hampshire *** sufficient to support

       jurisdiction when the cause of action [arose] out of the very activity being conducted, in part, in

       New Hampshire.” (Emphases added.) Keeton, 465 U.S. at 780. Finally, the Court concluded that

       it does not require that plaintiffs “have ‘minimum contacts’ with the forum State before

       permitting that State to assert personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant.” Keeton, 465

       U.S. at 779. A “plaintiff’s residence in the forum State is not a separate [jurisdictional]

       requirement, and lack of residence will not defeat jurisdiction established on the basis of the

       defendant’s contacts.” Keeton, 465 U.S. at 780.

¶ 64           Similarly, in the case at bar, defendant GSK conducted a part of its general business in

       Illinois, and plaintiffs’ claims arose out of the very trials conducted, in part, in Illinois. The fact

       that the contested plaintiffs are not Illinois residents does not destroy the jurisdiction established

       on the basis of defendant GSK’s activities here. As such, similar reasoning supporting specific

       jurisdiction applies, and defendant GSK’s claim that nonresidents may not sue a nonresident in

       Illinois is unavailing.

                                                         19
       No. 1-15-1909

¶ 65                                  2. Directly Arose From or Related to

¶ 66           Defendant GSK also failed in its burden to rebut plaintiffs’ prima facie showing that their

       claims arose from or related to defendant GSK’s Illinois contacts. While defendant GSK

       conceded purposeful contacts, it denied that plaintiffs’ claims arose from them. Therefore, we

       dedicate a bulk of our analysis to this prong of the test.

¶ 67           First, defendant GSK argues that there is no “meaningful link” between plaintiffs’ claims

       and the small fraction of Paxil trials that occurred in Illinois—17 of 361, or 5%, of all Paxil

       trials—and that such a “meaningful link” is what distinguishes general jurisdiction from specific

       jurisdiction. 6 Put differently, defendant GSK argues that the scattered nature of the clinical trials

       across 44 states and foreign countries absolves it from personal jurisdiction in Illinois. In

       response, the trial court asked: “[Am I] trying to figure out where the best location for this

       litigation is, or whether or not there’s a significant nexus to Illinois?” It is plaintiffs’ burden to

       name a proper place for personal jurisdiction, not the best place—that issue is more apt for forum

       non conveniens. Plaintiffs satisfied that burden above. Supra ¶¶ 46-58.

¶ 68           Similarly, defendant GSK argues that its Illinois activities must meet both “legal cause”

       and “cause in fact” tests to give rise to personal jurisdiction. Keller v. Henderson, 359 Ill. App.

       3d 605, 617 (2005). That is, defendant’s forum activities “gave birth to” plaintiffs’ injuries, and

       “but for” those activities, plaintiffs would not have been injured. Keller, 359 Ill. App. 3d at 617.

               6
                 In support of its proposition that plaintiffs’ claims did not arise from its forum activities,
       defendant GSK cites In re Plavix Related Cases, No. 2012-L-5688 (Cir. Ct. Cook Co.). First, this is a trial
       court case with no binding authority on this court. Second, this is an unreported case. We will not cite an
       unreported case. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Progressive Northern Insurance Co.,
       2015 IL App (1st) 140447, ¶ 101 (“[W]e will not cite an unreported case.”); Skokie Castings, Inc. v.
       Illinois Insurance Guaranty Fund, 2012 IL App (1st) 111533, ¶ 15 (“an unreported case” is “not binding
       on any court”); People v. Moore, 243 Ill. App. 3d 583, 584 (1993) (“the decision was unreported and of
       no precedential value”). “Unreported decisions have no precedential value ***.” American Family Mutual
       Insurance Co. v. Plunkett, 2014 IL App (1st) 131631, ¶ 38; Burnette v. Stroger, 389 Ill. App. 3d 321, 329
       (2009); West American Insurance Co. v. J.R. Construction Co., 334 Ill. App. 3d 75, 82 (2002) (a “foreign,
       unreported decision *** is of no precedential value”).

                                                           20
       No. 1-15-1909

       However, as the trial court correctly emphasized: “What if [Illinois] had 1/10 of 1 percent [of the

       total trials], but it was that data that skewed the entire interpretation of the tests? How do I

       know?” Beyond defense counsel’s speculative response, “I don’t think that could ever be true,”

       defendant GSK did not offer “uncontradicted evidence” that defeats jurisdiction. See Russell,

       2013 IL 113909, ¶ 28.

¶ 69           Next, defendant GSK argues that “[t]here was nothing unique about the Illinois ***

       trials” but cites no case that names “uniqueness” as a requirement for establishing jurisdiction.7

       Furthermore, defendant GSK argues that “95 percent of GSK’s clinical program for Paxil had no

       connection at all to Illinois.” This is no response to plaintiffs’ argument that “in the context of

       specific personal jurisdiction, whether the Illinois contacts are meaningful depends entirely on

       their relation to the Plaintiffs’ causes of action, and not at all on a percentage-based comparison

       between how much related conduct occurred outside of Illinois.”

¶ 70           Defendant GSK further argues (1) that “[p]laintiffs do not even allege that any of these

       18 pregnancies occurred in Illinois” and (2) that “[p]laintiffs do not allege that GSK made ***

       important decisions about clinical trials *** in Illinois.” Yet, defendant GSK, which uniquely has

       access to this type of information—where the pregnancies and decisionmaking, in fact,

       occurred—decided not to present it with its motion to dismiss. As the burden lies squarely with

       the defendant to provide “uncontradicted evidence that defeats jurisdiction” (Russell, 2013 IL

       113909, ¶ 28), defendant GSK’s responses are inadequate to negate plaintiffs’ prima facie

       showing of specific jurisdiction.

               7
                The trial court also alluded to this point at argument. Defense counsel said, “I have a hard time
       believing that the plaintiffs are really going to say that their case is just about the Illinois clinical trials.”
       The court responded, “does it have to be just about [the Illinois trials]?” (Emphasis added.)

                                                              21
       No. 1-15-1909

¶ 71           Moreover, defendant GSK argues that the Illinois Paxil trials could not have given rise to

       plaintiffs’ claims because the trials were not designed, nor could they have been designed, to test

       Paxil’s impact on fetus development. Defendant GSK argues that Paxil was not tested for its

       efficacy in treating psychiatric disorders in pregnant women because it is unethical in the

       medical community to include pregnant women as study participants; thus, GSK excluded

       pregnant women or women who were not using adequate means of contraception. However, as

       plaintiffs note, defendant GSK “pointed to no ethical prohibition on retrospectively reviewing

       the outcomes of unintended in utero exposure to a drug during a clinical trial.”

¶ 72           In sum, plaintiffs’ injuries allegedly arose from acts of omission during the clinical trials

       and the resulting inadequate warning labels. These omissions, as alleged in plaintiffs’ complaint,

       include defendant GSK’s (1) failure to conduct appropriate research on the correlation between

       Paxil and birth defects when such information was “reasonably and scientifically knowable”; (2)

       failure to sufficiently investigate Paxil in preclinical, clinical, and postclinical stages with respect

       to safety for its intended and foreseeable uses; (3) negligence in manipulating data to conceal the

       birth defect risk; and (4) false affirmance that Paxil was adequately tested. Defendant GSK has

       failed to overcome plaintiffs’ prima facie showing that their claims arose from or related to

       defendant GSK’s Illinois activities.

¶ 73                                           B. Reasonableness

¶ 74           Finally, to comply with federal due process, we must also consider the reasonableness of

       requiring the defendant to litigate in Illinois. See Russell, 2013 IL 113909, ¶ 87. To determine

       reasonableness, courts consider (1) the burden on the defendant; (2) the forum state’s interest in

       resolving the dispute; (3) the plaintiff’s interest in obtaining convenient and effective relief; and

       (4) the interest of several States, including the forum State, in the efficient judicial resolution of

                                                         22
       No. 1-15-1909

       the dispute and the advancement of substantive social policies. Russell, 2013 IL 113909, ¶ 87;

       World-Wide Volkswagen Corp., 444 U.S. at 292.

¶ 75           Here, Illinois has an indisputable interest in resolving litigation stemming, in part, from

       clinical trials held in Illinois, run by Illinois doctors on Illinois subjects. In addition, whether or

       not the out-of-state plaintiffs’ claims are dismissed, this litigation will go forward in Illinois.

       Defendant GSK has not moved to dismiss the claims of the Illinois plaintiffs nor have the other

       defendants. Thus, litigation, concerning almost the same issues, will go forward in this state,

       with or without these particular plaintiffs. Defendants have not advanced any reason how

       piecemeal litigation in different forums advances the goals of “efficient judicial resolution of the

       dispute” and “substantive social policies.” Russell, 2013 IL 113909, ¶ 87. Piecemeal litigation

       raises the cost, considerably, to the collective plaintiffs, while also running the risk of

       inconsistent verdicts.

¶ 76           Defendants argued before the trial court that the out-of-state plaintiffs could sue in

       Delaware, North Carolina, or Pennsylvania—three states where none of the plaintiffs reside—or

       individually in each of the states where each one resides. This would result in at least two suits:

       (1) the suit that is going forward in Illinois with Illinois plaintiffs and (2) a suit with out-of-state

       plaintiffs. If plaintiffs sued in each of the states where they reside, that would result in suits in six

       different states. As noted above, this would be unnecessarily costly to the litigants, as well as a

       waste of judicial resources, and would run the risk of conflicting rulings.

¶ 77           Defendant GSK also argues that litigating the out-of-state plaintiffs’ claims in Illinois is

       unreasonable because the evidence concerning their prescription and treatment is located out-of-

       state. However, the prescription and treatment evidence is scattered across six different states.

       Thus, this consideration does not weigh heavily for or against any of the six states in which

                                                          23
       No. 1-15-1909

       plaintiffs reside. Cf. Meyers v. Bridgeport Machines Division of Textron, Inc., 113 Ill. 2d 112,

       121 (1986) (dismissal of a forum non conveniens motion is proper where potential witnesses and

       evidence are equally scattered). In addition, defendant’s suggestion that the suit could go forward

       in Delaware, North Carolina, or Pennsylvania, which are the states of its incorporation and

       headquarters, does nothing to solve this problem.

¶ 78          Thus, considering the burden on the defendant, the forum state’s interest, the plaintiffs’

       interest in obtaining relief, and the interest of other states, we cannot find litigating in Illinois

       unreasonable.

¶ 79                                            CONCLUSION

¶ 80          As defendant GSK failed to overcome plaintiffs’ prima facie showing of specific

       jurisdiction, the trial court did not err in denying defendant GSK’s motion to dismiss the out-of-

       state plaintiffs’ claims due to lack of personal jurisdiction.

¶ 81          Affirmed.

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