Court Opinion

ID: 4383273
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-04-02 17:00:59.287945+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:50:06.636000
License: Public Domain

DLD-102                                                        NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                       No. 18-3368
                                       ___________

                                    PENNSYLVANIA

                                             v.

                              ARTIS C. CARROLL, JR.
                       ____________________________________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                       (E.D. Pa. Criminal No. 5-18-cr-00396-001)
                      District Judge: Honorable Timothy J. Savage
                      ____________________________________

            Submitted for Possible Dismissal Due to a Jurisdictional Defect,
             Possible Dismissal Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B), or
         Summary Action Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 27.4 and I.O.P. 10.6
                                  February 14, 2019
        Before: JORDAN, GREENAWAY, Jr., and NYGAARD, Circuit Judges

                              (Opinion Filed: April 2, 2019)
                                      ___________

                                        OPINION*
                                       ___________
PER CURIAM

       Artis Carroll, Jr., proceeding pro se, appeals a remand order issued by the United

*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. For the reasons that follow,

we will affirm the District Court’s order.

       Carroll filed a notice of removal of criminal proceedings brought against him in

state court. He sought removal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1443, which allows removal in

certain cases involving civil rights, and § 1455, which sets forth the procedures for the

removal of state criminal proceedings. Carroll asserted that he was subjected to racial

discrimination while he was a student at Millersville University. Although the notice is

somewhat unclear, Carroll stated that he was suspended for alleged violations of the

Student Code of Conduct, that he refused to leave campus, and that he was charged with

defiant trespass in 2015. He stated that he then violated the condition of his bail

prohibiting him from returning to campus and was charged again with defiant trespass.

He appears to state that he was acquitted of the first charge but convicted of the second.

       Carroll claimed that he was denied the University’s services on account of his race

and that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 barred his prosecution because the request that he

leave campus was made for racial reasons. Carroll also alleged that he returned to

campus after his sentence and suspension expired and sought re-admittance to finish his

degree, and that he was charged in 2018 with stalking by communication and harassment

by communication. He asserted that these charges were racially motivated and filed to

deny him services at the University.

       The District Court ruled that Carroll’s conclusory allegations were insufficient to

sustain removal under § 1443, and stated that, even if he had met the applicable standard,
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his removal notice was untimely under § 1455(b). The District Court remanded the

action to state court and this appeal followed.

       An order remanding a case to the State court from which it was removed is not

reviewable on appeal, unless the case was removed pursuant to § 1442 or § 1443. 28

U.S.C. § 1447(d). We have jurisdiction to review the remand order to the extent Carroll

asserted that removal was proper under § 1443. Davis v. Glanton, 107 F.3d 1044, 1047

(3d Cir. 1997). We exercise plenary review over legal questions related to a remand

order. See Lazorko v. Pennsylvania Hosp., 237 F.3d 242, 247 (2000).

       As recognized by the District Court, a defendant seeking to remove a state

criminal prosecution under § 1443(1) must show “both (1) that he is being deprived of

rights guaranteed by a federal law ‘providing for . . . equal civil rights’; and (2) that he is

‘denied or cannot enforce that right in the courts’ of the state.” Davis, 107 F.3d at 1047

(quoting Georgia v. Rachel, 384 U.S. 780, 788 (1966)). Under the first requirement,

removal must be based upon a law providing for specific civil rights stated in terms of

racial equality, such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964. See id. (discussing Rachel). Under

the second requirement, a denial or inability to enforce the right in state court must be

manifest in a formal expression of state law. Id. at 1047-48. However, in narrow

circumstances, a firm prediction that a defendant would be denied his federal right in

state court might be made even absent a discriminatory state law. Id. at 1048.

       Although Carroll invokes the Civil Rights Act of 1964, he has not shown that he

will be denied or cannot enforce his rights in state court. Carroll relies on Rachel, where
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the Supreme Court allowed removal where defendants alleged that state trespass charges

had been brought against them after they were ordered to leave restaurants solely on

account of their race and they refused, and the Court had held that the Civil Rights Act of

1964 protects those who refuse to obey such an order from prosecution. 384 U.S. at 804-

05. The Court stated that in these narrow circumstances the pendency of the prosecutions

enabled the federal court to clearly predict that the defendants would be denied or could

not enforce in the state courts “the right to be free of any ‘attempt to punish’ them for

protected activity.” Id. at 805. Unlike in Rachel, Carroll’s allegations do not show that

he engaged in protected activity. He refused to leave campus and thereafter returned to

campus after he had been suspended. A federal court cannot clearly predict based on his

allegations that he will be denied a right to be free of prosecution for protected activity in

state court.1

       Finally, to the extent Carroll also sought removal under the All Writs Act, 28

U.S.C. § 1651, which allows removal in certain extraordinary circumstances, Davis, 107

F.3d at 1047 n.4, Carroll did not show that such circumstances exist here.

       Accordingly, because this appeal does not raise a substantial question, we will

summarily affirm the judgment of the District Court.

1
 Carroll also refers to § 1443(2) in his removal notice, but that provision is inapplicable
as it is available to federal officers and those assisting them in the performance of their
official duties. City of Greenwood v. Peacock, 384 U.S. 808, 815 (1966). In light of
these conclusions, we do not consider the additional ruling below that the removal notice
was untimely.
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