Court Opinion

ID: 9910750
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-18 15:09:36.85788+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:54:22.433345
License: Public Domain

Opinion issued December 12, 2023

                                       In The

                               Court of Appeals
                                      For The

                          First District of Texas
                             ————————————
                               NO. 01-22-00502-CR
                            ———————————
                      KEITH DAMON SNELL, Appellant
                                          V.
                      THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

                    On Appeal from the 66th District Court
                              Hill County, Texas
                        Trial Court Case No. F137-221

1
     The Supreme Court of Texas transferred this appeal from the Court of Appeals for
     the Tenth District of Texas. See TEX. GOV’T CODE § 73.001 (authorizing transfer of
     cases). Under the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure, “the court of appeals to
     which the case is transferred must decide the case in accordance with the precedent
     of the transferor court under principles of stare decisis if the transferee court’s
     decision otherwise would have been inconsistent with the precedent of the transferor
     court.” TEX. R. APP. P. 41.3. The parties have not cited, nor has our own research
     revealed, any conflict between the precedent of the Tenth Court of Appeals and that
     of this Court on any relevant issue.
                           MEMORANDUM OPINION

      A jury found appellant Keith Damon Snell guilty of the second-degree felony

offense of possession with intent to deliver at least one gram but less than four grams

of methamphetamine. See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE §§ 481.102(6), 481.112(c).

After finding two felony enhancement paragraphs to be true, the trial court sentenced

Snell to 60 years in prison. See TEX. PENAL CODE § 12.42(d). In two appellate issues,

Snell challenges the trial court’s denial of his motion to suppress.

      We affirm.

                                    Background

      A grand jury indicted Snell for “intentionally or knowingly possess[ing], with

intent to deliver, a controlled substance, namely methamphetamine, in an amount of

one gram or more but less than four grams, including any adulterants or dilutants.”

The indictment also alleged two prior and sequential felony convictions.

      Snell filed a pre-trial motion seeking to suppress, inter alia, evidence “seized

without warrant.” Two witnesses testified at the hearing on Snell’s motion: (1) J.

Patrick, Chief of the City of Hubbard Police Department and (2) Charidy Craven,

Snell’s girlfriend.

      Chief Patrick testified that, in the early morning of May 27, 2020, Craven

called Sergeant T. Monthey of the City of Hubbard Police Department stating that

she “was in fear” of Snell and “wanted [him] removed out of the house.” Craven told

                                          2
police that Snell had active felony warrants and had illegal drugs. The police

contacted the sheriff’s office and confirmed that Snell had two outstanding felony

warrants. Chief Patrick also asked for additional law enforcement officers to aid in

Snell’s arrest that morning. Chief Patrick and Sergeant Monthey were joined by

Constable L. Armstrong and two sheriff’s deputies. They went to Craven’s residence

on Northeast 5th Street. Chief Patrick testified that, while the officers were en route,

Sergeant Monthey received another phone call from Craven in which she stated that

Snell was at the residence.

      Chief Patrick acknowledged that, before going to Craven’s home, he did not

obtain a search warrant. He said that, when he and the other officers arrived at the

residence, they surrounded it. They “knocked several times, front, sides, back” and

heard movement inside the house. Chief Patrick testified that, “due to Mr. Snell

having active felony warrants, [they] proceeded into the house,” which was

unlocked. The officers went through the kitchen to the bedroom where they saw

Craven and Snell. Chief Patrick said Snell was on the bed pretending to be asleep.

      Chief Patrick arrested Snell, walked him out of the residence, and placed him

in a patrol car where he advised Snell “of his rights.” Chief Patrick stated he then

spoke with Craven, and she signed a consent form to search the home. The State

offered the consent-to-search form into evidence. The form reflected that Craven

had signed the form at 10:30 a.m.

                                           3
      According to Chief Patrick, after Craven signed the consent form, he and

Craven entered the home. There, Craven pointed to a box in the bedroom and stated

that the box contained narcotics. Inside the box “were several baggies, plastic-

wrapped baggies with a clear rocky substance,” which Chief Patrick “believed to be

methamphetamine,” along with a scale. The box also contained “five small bags of

green leafy substance that [he] believed to be marijuana and $894.00 in cash.”

Photographs of the box’s contents were admitted into evidence.

      The substance that Chief Patrick suspected was methamphetamine was sent

to the Department of Public Safety (DPS) laboratory. The DPS lab report, also

admitted into evidence, showed that 1.3 grams of methamphetamine was in the box.

      Craven testified that, at the time of Snell’s arrest, she lived at the residence

with her three children, ages 17, 12, and 6. On direct examination, Craven stated that

Snell also lived there but, on cross-examination, she said that Snell would visit

“[e]very so often” because he was the father of her youngest child. Craven stated

that her children were not at home when the police arrested Snell and searched their

house. Earlier that morning, Craven’s 17-year-old son had gone to school and

Craven’s aunt had picked up her two daughters.

      Craven testified that the police arrested Snell between 10:30 a.m. and 11:00

a.m. She acknowledged that earlier that morning, around 2:00 a.m., she had stopped

at the police station on her way home from work to speak with Sergeant Monthey

                                          4
about Snell. Craven testified that her aunt had arranged the meeting. She explained

that her aunt had informed her that the police planned to arrest Snell on the

outstanding warrants. Craven’s aunt indicated that the police had information “that

could get [Craven’s] kids taken away from [her].” Craven testified that her aunt

expressed concern that, when the police came to arrest Snell, they would find “dope”

in the house along with Craven’s children. Craven explained that her aunt had

convinced her to talk to Sergeant Monthey because she needed “to do the right

thing.” Craven confirmed that she “did not approve of” Snell keeping illegal drugs

in the house because she had young children, and she did not approve of his drug

use because it caused him to not “make the best” decisions.

      Craven testified that, when she met with Sergeant Monthey, she did not

verbally consent to her home being searched. She confirmed that her “children

[were] mentioned” and that she was “encouraged to cooperate with the police.”

When asked, she agreed that she felt that she had no choice but to cooperate.

      According to Craven, when the police arrived at her home, she and Snell had

been asleep for about two hours. Craven denied that she had called Sergeant

Monthey to confirm that Snell was in the house.

      Craven testified that, when Snell was arrested, she followed him out of the

house but stayed on the porch where she spoke with Chief Patrick and Sergeant

Monthey. Chief Patrick had testified that Craven gave her verbal consent to search

                                         5
the residence, but Craven denied giving her verbal consent while she and Chief

Patrick spoke on the porch. Instead, Craven testified that, after they spoke on the

porch, Chief Patrick entered the house without her consent, and asked her to follow

him. Once inside, Chief Patrick told her that she needed to cooperate. She

acknowledged that, at that point, she gave her oral consent for the police to search

the house, but she also stated that she felt that she had no choice but to consent.

      Craven also stated that Chief Patrick had falsely testified that she had signed

the consent-to-search form before the police reentered the house after Snell’s arrest.

Craven did not deny that she signed the consent form but testified that she signed

the form at the police station after Snell was arrested and the drugs had been seized.

She testified that she had gone to the police station after Snell’s arrest to retrieve the

$894 seized along with the illegal drugs. Craven testified that the $894 was

composed of her and Snell’s income-tax refunds and government stimulus money.

      The defense offered into evidence a video from the body-worn camera of one

of the sheriff’s deputies who assisted in Snell’s arrest.2 The video was approximately

16 minutes in length and began recording shortly after 10:27 a.m. However, the

defense told the trial court that it sought to introduce only the portion of the video in

which Craven appears. The defense started playing the video at 48 seconds after

2
      Chief Patrick testified that the City of Hubbard Police Department does not use
      body-worn cameras.
                                            6
10:39 a.m. (10:39:48) and continued playing it until 10:43:06. The trial court ruled,

“[The] portion [of the video] that the Court’s reviewed, from 10:39:48 to 10:43:06,

is admitted.”

      The portion of the video admitted into evidence begins with the officers

entering the bedroom where Snell and Craven are located. The video shows Chief

Patrick arresting Snell and leading him out to the patrol car. Craven remained on the

porch. Chief Patrick returned to the house. Although barely audible, Chief Patrick

appeared to say Craven’s first name as he and Constable Armstrong entered the

house. Craven followed behind them inside. The deputy with the body-worn camera

remained on the porch. The video shows Craven inside the house, turning around to

speak with someone, but her voice is inaudible. The deputy then stepped away, and

Craven is out of view. The deputy remained on the porch for about 40 seconds. He

and the other deputy entered the house and proceeded to the bedroom. The video

shows Craven handing something to Chief Patrick. Chief Patrick tells the sheriff’s

deputies that they may leave, and the video ends as the deputies walked toward their

vehicle.

      In its closing argument, the defense did not challenge the officers’ initial entry

into the residence. Instead, the defense asserted that the officers’ reentry into the

residence without a search warrant after Snell’s arrest violated his constitutional

rights against unreasonable search and seizure and asked that the evidence obtained

                                           7
as a result of the search be suppressed. The defense argued that the voluntary consent

exception to the warrant did not apply to the warrantless search because any consent

given by Craven was given after the officers had reentered the residence. The

defense asserted that the video contradicted Chief Patrick’s testimony that Craven

signed the consent-to-search form before the officers reentered the residence. The

defense further asserted that, to the extent Craven gave her consent, it was not

voluntary.

      The State responded that “[t]he police had a reasonable belief that Mr. Snell

was in the residence based on the fact Ms. Craven told them he was there, sought

out their help, invited them over there, and then minutes before, talked to them on

the phone [stating] that he was there.” The State asserted that the police “knew that

the rightful resident of the house [Craven] wanted them over there, so at that point

it was reasonable to enter the house.” The State pointed out that the evidence showed

that Craven wanted Snell out of the house, gave her consent to search, and showed

the police where the drugs were located. It also asserted that Craven had “[the] ability

to do that, being the person with the apparent authority over the residence.”

      The trial court did not rule on the motion to suppress at the hearing, stating

that it would review the case law and the evidence. Later that same day, the trial

court emailed a letter to the parties informing them that Snell’s motion to suppress

                                           8
was denied and providing the reasons for the denial. In support of the denial, the trial

court also filed the following findings of fact and conclusions of law:

      Findings of Fact:

      The Court finds that Charidy Craven specifically requested law
      enforcement to come to her home on the date of the arrest of Keith Snell
      in this matter in order to both effectuate existing felony warrants on
      Keith Snell and to recover and remove from said home a quantity of
      methamphetamine belonging to Keith Snell, due to her concern for the
      protection and well-being of her children.

      The Court finds that Charidy Craven requested officers wait until later
      in the morning to enter her home so that her children would not be
      present at the time of entry.

      The Court further finds that Charidy Craven did not retract said request
      and permission to enter her home for both said purposes at any time,
      nor did any circumstance imply that said permission was withdrawn.

      The Court further finds that Charidy Craven gave additional verbal
      consent to search the home for drugs shortly after the removal of Keith
      Snell from her home.

      The Court also finds that Charidy Craven executed a written Permission
      to Search said home prior to the search that resulted in the recovery of
      methamphetamine from the home. Said form contains her signature, a
      time approximate to the time of the search, and her mobile phone
      number.

      The Court finds that Charidy Craven led officers to her bedroom and
      handed Chief Patrick a baggie containing methamphetamine that she
      indicated belonged to Keith Snell. Said baggie was with a box
      containing methamphetamine, marihuana, and money. Said box was
      surrounded by personal items of Keith Snell and was located on the side
      of the bed where Keith Snell was pretending to sleep at the time of his
      apprehension.

                                           9
The Court finds that the box from which Charidy Craven retrieved the
baggie of methamphetamine also contained United States Currency.
The Court further finds that some of said currency in the box was the
property of Charidy Craven obtained as stimulus funds and was placed
in the box by Keith Snell.

The Court finds that felony warrants existed for the arrest of Keith Snell
at the time of the entry into the home.

Conclusions of Law:

The Court concludes that the entry into the home resulting in the arrest
of Keith Snell was legal and conducted in accordance with law. The
initial permission to enter and search, given several hours earlier, was
legally sufficient for the entry into the home, and continued throughout
the encounter, which comprises a single entry/episode. Said consent
was voluntary. The Court concludes that the search of the home after
the arrest of Snell was a continuation of the purpose for which officers
were granted permission to enter the home by Charidy Craven, and does
not constitute a separate entry requiring additional consent, but would
be legal even if considered to be a separate entry.

The Court concludes that the felony arrest warrants for Keith Snell were
valid and enforceable, and allowed legal entry into the home for the
arrest of Keith Snell. The Court further concludes that personal items
belonging to Keith Snell, as well as narcotics seized and narcotics
paraphernalia, could be removed from the home of Charidy Craven
incident to the arrest of Keith Snell.

The Court concludes that the oral consent and permission to search
given by Charidy Craven at the home after the arrest of Keith Snell was
voluntary and legally sufficient, albeit unnecessary due to the previous
consent, to allow the search conducted which resulted in the recovery
of the methamphetamine.

The Court concludes that the written consent and permission to search
given by Charidy Craven at the home after the arrest of Keith Snell was
voluntary and legally sufficient, albeit unnecessary due to either or both
of the previous consents, to allow the search conducted which resulted
in the recovery of the methamphetamine.
                                   10
      At trial, the jury found Snell guilty of possession with intent to deliver at least

one gram but less than four grams of methamphetamine. See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY

CODE §§ 481.102(6), 481.112(c). Snell pleaded true to the two enhancement

paragraphs, and, after finding the paragraphs to be true, the trial court sentenced

Snell to 60 years in prison. See TEX. PENAL CODE § 12.42(d).

      Snell now appeals the judgment of conviction. In two issues, Snell challenges

the trial court’s denial of his motion to suppress.

                           Denial of Motion to Suppress

      We begin with Snell’s second issue in which he argues that the trial court erred

by denying the motion to suppress because the evidence did not support the trial

court’s determination that Craven had voluntarily consented to the search.

A.    Legal Principles: Consent to Search

      The Fourth Amendment protects individuals from unreasonable searches and

seizures. U.S. CONST. amend. IV; State v. Weaver, 349 S.W.3d 521, 525 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2011). A search, as in this case, conducted without a warrant based on probable

cause is “per se unreasonable . . . subject only to a few specifically established and

well-delineated exceptions.” Meekins v. State, 340 S.W.3d 454, 458 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2011). Once a defendant has shown that a warrantless search or seizure has

occurred, the burden shifts to the State to prove that an exception to the warrant

requirement applies. Igboji v. State, 666 S.W.3d 607, 613 (Tex. Crim. App. 2023).

                                          11
One such exception is voluntary consent. Meekins, 340 S.W.3d at 458. The validity

of a consent to search is a question of fact to be determined from all the

circumstances. Id. A person’s consent to search can be communicated to law

enforcement in a variety of ways, including by words, action, or circumstantial

evidence showing implied consent. Id.; see Sullivan v. State, 622 S.W.3d 415, 418

(Tex. App.—Waco 2020, pet. ref’d).

      “‘Reasonableness’ is the touchstone for the Fourth Amendment;

‘reasonableness’ is also the touchstone for determining voluntary consent to search.”

Meekins, 340 S.W.3d at 459. The United States Supreme Court has explained that

“the standard for measuring the scope of consent under the Fourth Amendment is

that of ‘objective’ reasonableness—what would the typical reasonable person have

understood by the exchange between the officer and the suspect?” Florida v. Jimeno,

500 U.S. 248, 251 (1991). “In other words, courts review the totality of the

circumstances of a particular police-citizen interaction from the point of view of the

objectively reasonable person, without regard for the subjective thoughts or intents

of either the officer or the citizen.” Meekins, 340 S.W.3d at 459.

      “[T]he Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments require that a consent not be

coerced, by explicit or implicit means, by implied threat or covert force.” Id. at 458–

59. “The ultimate question is whether the person’s will has been overborne and his

capacity for self-determination critically impaired, such that his consent to search

                                          12
must have been involuntary.” Id. at 459 (internal quotation marks and brackets

omitted). The State must prove by clear and convincing evidence that the consent

was freely and voluntarily given. Sullivan, 622 S.W.3d at 418 (citing Johnson v.

State, 226 S.W.3d 439, 443 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)). In determining that issue, we

assess the totality of the circumstances from the point of view of an objectively

reasonable person. Id. (citing Tucker v. State, 369 S.W.3d 179, 185 (Tex. Crim. App.

2012)).

B.    Procedural Default

      Snell argues that the evidence obtained as a result of the search should have

been suppressed because Craven did not voluntarily consent to the police’s reentry

into the residence after his arrest. See Valtierra v. State, 310 S.W.3d 442, 448 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2010) (recognizing that entry into residence by police officers is “a

‘search’” for purposes of Fourth Amendment, but owner’s or occupant’s voluntary

consent makes that entry constitutionally “reasonable”). Snell argues that the

consent-to-search form signed by Craven could not provide a basis to permit the

warrantless search because evidence, particularly the video, showed that Craven did

not sign the form until after the search. Snell also asserts that Craven’s oral consent,

given after the officers reentered the residence, was not voluntary because Craven

testified that she felt that she had no choice but to consent after police told her to

cooperate.

                                          13
      We note that, in its conclusions of law, the trial court stated that Craven’s

written consent and her oral consent after Snell’s arrest—that is, the two instances

of consent challenged by Snell—were “legally sufficient, albeit unnecessary” to

establish that the search, resulting in the seizure of the drugs, was lawful. (Emphasis

added.) The trial court indicated that Craven’s written and post-arrest consents were

“unnecessary” because the court also found that Craven had initially consented to

the search when she contacted the police early that morning and asked them to come

to her residence to arrest Snell and remove the illegal drugs. Regarding that initial

consent, the trial court made the following findings of fact and conclusions of law:

      Craven specifically requested law enforcement to come to her home on
      the date of the arrest of Keith Snell in this matter in order to both
      effectuate existing felony warrants on Keith Snell and to recover and
      remove from said home a quantity of methamphetamine belonging to
      Keith Snell, due to her concern for the protection and well-being of her
      children.

      ....

      The Court further finds that Charidy Craven did not retract said request
      and permission to enter her home for both said purposes at any time,
      nor did any circumstance imply that said permission was withdrawn.

      ....

      The Court concludes that the entry into the home resulting in the arrest
      of Keith Snell was legal and conducted in accordance with law. The
      initial permission to enter and search, given several hours earlier, was
      legally sufficient for the entry into the home, and continued throughout
      the encounter, which comprises a single entry/episode. Said consent
      was voluntary. The Court concludes that the search of the home after
      the arrest of Snell was a continuation of the purpose for which officers
                                          14
      were granted permission to enter the home by Charidy Craven, and does
      not constitute a separate entry requiring additional consent, but would
      be legal even if considered to be a separate entry.

      On appeal, Snell does not challenge these findings and conclusions. Snell

challenges only the lawfulness of the search based on Craven’s written consent and

her oral consent given at the residence after Snell’s arrest.

      We must uphold a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress if the ruling is

correct under any theory of law applicable to the case. State v. Copeland, 501 S.W.3d

610, 612–13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016). “A ‘theory of law’ is applicable to the case if

the theory was presented at trial in such a manner that the appellant was fairly called

upon to present evidence on the issue.” Id. at 613. “If the appellant fails to argue a

‘theory of law’ applicable to the case on appeal, that argument is forfeited.” Id. An

appellant procedurally defaults a theory of law applicable to the case if the appellant

fails to advance that argument on appeal. See id. at 614. Under these circumstances,

the court of appeals will uphold the trial court’s ruling without considering the merits

of the unchallenged basis for the ruling. Mixon v. State, 523 S.W.3d 765, 767–68

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, pet. ref’d); see id. at 769 (affirming denial

of motion to suppress because appellant had procedurally defaulted on appeal “by

not advancing an argument on appeal concerning a theory of law applicable to the

case,” that is, by not attacking both theories of law advanced by State, which were

litigated by parties and relied on by trial court to support its denial of suppression

                                          15
motion); State v. Aviles, No. 10-07-00371-CR, 2008 WL 976955, at *1–2 (Tex.

App—Waco Apr. 9, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication)

(explaining that, because State, as appellant, failed to challenge each ground for trial

court’s ruling granting motion to suppress, issue was waived); see also Marsh v.

State, 343 S.W.3d 475, 479 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2011, pet. ref’d) (“An appellant

must attack all independent grounds supporting a trial court’s ruling.”).

      Here, at the suppression hearing, the State and the defense adduced evidence

about Craven’s initial consent given when she contacted police early that morning.

The State elicited testimony from Chief Patrick that Craven had “called the Hubbard

Police Department and invited the police over to her residence.” Chief Patrick

testified that Craven had called Sergeant Monthey on the morning of Snell’s arrest

to inform them that Snell had outstanding arrest warrants and that he had illegal

drugs at the residence. Chief Patrick testified that Craven “was [in] fear” and wanted

Snell removed from the house. Chief Patrick said that Craven called Sergeant

Monthey a second time while the officers were en route to her residence to inform

them that Snell was at the residence.

      The defense elicited testimony from Craven that she never called Sergeant

Monthey that morning as Chief Patrick had testified. Craven acknowledged that she

met in person with Sergeant Monthey in the early morning hours, but she said that

she did not give her consent to search at that time. When asked, she agreed that, at

                                          16
the meeting, she was “encouraged to cooperate” with the police. She also agreed that

her children were “mentioned” and that she did not feel that she had any choice but

to cooperate with the police.

      The State also elicited testimony from Craven that her aunt had arranged for

her to meet with Sergeant Monthey. Her aunt told her that the police planned to arrest

Snell on his warrants. Craven’s aunt indicated that the police had information “that

could get [Craven’s] kids taken away from [her].” Craven testified that her aunt

expressed concern that, when the police came to arrest Snell, they would find “dope”

in the house along with Craven’s children. Craven explained that her aunt had

convinced her to talk to Sergeant Monthey because she needed “to do the right

thing.” She testified that she “did not approve of” Snell keeping illegal drugs in the

house because she had young children, and she did not approve of his drug use

because it caused him not to “make the best decisions.”

      We conclude that the issue of whether Craven consented to the search during

her contact with police early that morning was a theory of law applicable to the case

because Snell was “fairly called upon to present evidence on the issue,” and he

actually did so. See Copeland, 501 S.W.3d at 613. In addition, the trial court

expressly based its ruling on this consent. Under these circumstances, Snell was

“aware (or should have been)” that by losing on his motion to suppress, he would

need to argue on appeal that Craven did not voluntarily consent to the search when

                                         17
she contacted the police that morning before they arrived at her residence. See

Copeland, 501 S.W.3d at 614; Mixon, 523 S.W.3d at 769. But Snell has not

challenged that theory of law on appeal. Thus, Snell has procedurally defaulted by

not advancing an argument on that theory, and we must uphold the trial court’s denial

of the motion to suppress without considering the merits of the unchallenged basis

for the ruling. See Copeland, 501 S.W.3d at 614; Mixon, 523 S.W.3d at 769; see also

Puente v. State, No. 13-20-00014-CR, 2021 WL 2461173, at *7 (Tex. App.—Corpus

Christi–Edinburg June 17, 2021, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for

publication) (“Puente has not challenged all grounds relied upon by the trial court in

denying his motion to suppress; accordingly, he cannot show that the trial court erred

in denying his motion.”).

C.    Record Supports Trial Court’s Findings

      Even if we assume that Snell has not procedurally defaulted, the evidence

supported the trial court’s finding that Craven voluntarily consented to the search by

contacting the police and requesting that they come to her residence to arrest Snell

and remove the illegal drugs.

      1.     Standard of Review

      “We review a trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress for an abuse of

discretion and apply a bifurcated standard of review, affording almost complete

deference to the trial court’s determination of historical facts, especially when those

                                          18
determinations are based on assessments of credibility and demeanor.” Furr v. State,

499 S.W.3d 872, 877 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016). “At a hearing on the motion, the trial

court is the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given

their testimony.” Ex Parte Moore, 395 S.W.3d 152, 158 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013).

We review de novo legal questions and mixed questions that do not turn on

credibility and demeanor. See State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 856 (Tex. Crim. App.

2000). “The evidence and all reasonable inferences are viewed in the light most

favorable to the trial court’s ruling, and the trial court’s ruling must be upheld if it is

reasonably supported by the record and is correct under a theory of law applicable

to the case.” State v. Espinosa, 666 S.W.3d 659, 667 (Tex. Crim. App. 2023).

       Because issues of consent are necessarily fact intensive, a trial court’s finding

of voluntariness must be accepted on appeal unless it is clearly erroneous. Meekins,

340 S.W.3d at 460. That is to say, “the party that prevailed in the trial court is

afforded the strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all reasonable inferences

that may be drawn from that evidence.” Id. (quoting State v. Garcia-Cantu, 253

S.W.3d 236, 241 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008)).

       2.     Analysis

       As mentioned, a person’s consent to search can be communicated to law

enforcement in a variety of ways, including by words, action, or circumstantial

evidence showing implied consent. Id. at 458; see Johnson v. State, 226 S.W.3d 439,

                                            19
441 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (reasoning that calling 9-1-1 and asking for police

assistance constituted implied consent for police to enter defendant’s home and

investigate homicide); Gallups v. State, 151 S.W.3d 196, 201 (Tex. Crim. App.

2004) (holding that hand gesture made towards officer was sufficient consent for

officer to enter defendant’s home).

      Here, the evidence showed that Craven contacted the police in the early

morning hours preceding Snell’s arrest to inform them that Snell had active warrants

and possessed illegal drugs. She told Sergeant Monthey that she wanted Snell

removed from her home because she was in fear. Craven testified that she met in

person with Sergeant Monthey at the police station. Craven’s testimony indicated

that the meeting was about not only removing Snell from the house but was also

about the removal of the illegal drugs. Craven testified that she disapproved of Snell

having illegal drugs in the house because she had young children. And she indicated

that she decided to contact police because she was concerned that her children could

be removed from her care because of the illegal drugs if they were found when police

came to arrest Snell on the active warrants. Thus, the evidence supported the trial

court’s finding that “Craven specifically requested law enforcement to come to her

home on the date of the arrest of Keith Snell” not only to “effectuate existing felony

warrants on Keith Snell” but also “to recover and remove from said home a quantity

of methamphetamine belonging to Keith Snell, due to her concern for the protection

                                         20
and well-being of her children.” Craven testified that she did not consent to the

search during her meeting with Sergeant Monthey, but the trial court, as the trier of

fact, was permitted to disbelieve her testimony on this point. See Hutchins v. State,

475 S.W.3d 496, 500 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2015, pet. ref’d) (explaining

that, when defendant denies consent was provided in contravention of officer’s

testimony, trial court’s determination turns on witness credibility).

      The evidence also supported the trial court’s determination that Craven’s

consent was voluntary. As noted, consent must not be “coerced, by explicit or

implicit means, by implied threat or covert force.” Meekins, 340 S.W.3d at 458–59.

The State must prove by clear and convincing evidence that the consent was freely

and voluntarily given. Sullivan, 622 S.W.3d at 418. The evidence showed that

Craven, whether through her aunt or by calling Sergeant Monthey, initiated contact

with the police about Snell, his active warrants, and the illegal drugs in her home.

The evidence showed that her motivation for wanting both Snell and the drugs

removed from her home was concern for her children.

      Suggesting that her consent was involuntary, Craven testified that she felt like

she had no choice but to cooperate because her children were “mentioned” during

her meeting with Sergeant Monthey and she was encouraged to cooperate with

police. However, the evidence showed that, at that point, she had already decided to

cooperate with police because she had initiated contact with them. Nothing in the

                                          21
record contradicts that or shows that the police threatened or coerced her into

cooperating. Craven indicated that her aunt warned her that her children might be

removed from her care if the police found drugs in the home when they arrested

Snell, and she testified that her aunt convinced her to “do the right thing” by

cooperating with the police. This evidence showed that Craven was not motivated

by the police to cooperate but instead was motivated to take action to protect herself

and her children due to the circumstances in which she found herself with Snell in

her home.

      In addition, the evidence supported the trial court’s finding of fact that Craven

never withdrew her consent. See Miller v. State, 393 S.W.3d 255, 266 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2012) (providing that person who consents to law enforcement entry “may

specifically limit or revoke his consent”). The body-worn camera video showed

Craven during the period from Snell’s arrest until Chief Patrick reentered the house.

The video showed Chief Patrick lead Snell to the patrol car while Craven looks on

from the porch. Chief Patrick returned immediately to the porch, appeared to say

Craven’s name, and walked into the house with Craven following him. At no point

during that time did Craven withdraw her consent or limit the scope of her consent.

See Valtierra, 310 S.W.3d at 449 (“[A] person is free to limit the scope of the consent

that he gives, but a person’s silence in the face of an officer’s further actions may

imply consent to that further action.” (footnote omitted)). The trial court’s finding

                                          22
that Craven’s consent was not withdrawn supports the court’s conclusion of law that

the search of the residence after Snell’s arrest “was a continuation of the purpose for

which officers were granted permission to enter the home by Charidy Craven, and

does not constitute a separate entry requiring additional consent, but would be legal

even if considered to be a separate entry.” See Morrison v. State, 508 S.W.2d 827,

829 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974) (holding that that consent originally given to police

officers carried over from their first entry into residence to their second entry).

      Viewing the totality of the circumstances in the light most favorable to the

ruling, we conclude that the evidence supported the trial court’s determination that,

when she spoke with Sergeant Monthey in the early morning hours, Craven

voluntarily consented to the search of the residence, including the officers’ reentry

into the residence to remove the illegal drugs.3 We hold that the trial court did not

abuse its discretion when it denied Snell’s motion to suppress.

3
      Because this determination supports the trial court’s denial of the suppression
      motion, we need not address Snell’s challenges to the trial court’s findings that
      Craven voluntarily consented to the search by giving her oral consent after Snell’s
      arrest and by signing the consent-to-search form. In any event, we note that, while
      Snell is correct that the video shows that Craven did not sign the consent-to-search
      form on the porch as Chief Patrick testified, the evidence nonetheless supported the
      trial court’s finding that she signed the consent form “prior to the search that resulted
      in the recovery of methamphetamine from the home.” The consent form reflected
      that Craven had signed it at 10:30 a.m., and the portion of the video admitted at the
      hearing, showing Snell’s arrest and the subsequent search, started at 10:39 a.m.
      Thus, based on the evidence admitted at the hearing, the trial court could have
      reasonably inferred that Craven signed the consent-to-search form before Snell’s
      arrest. The evidence also supported the trial court’s determination that Craven’s oral
      consent, given after Snell’s arrest, was voluntary despite Craven’s claim that she
                                             23
      We overrule Snell’s second issue.

                                    Burden of Proof

      In his first issue, Snell contends that the trial court “did not require the State

to carry the burden of proof for a warrantless search and seizure.” As noted, once a

defendant has shown that a warrantless search or seizure has occurred, the burden

shifts to the State to prove that an exception to the warrant requirement applies.

Igboji, 666 S.W.3d at 613. Here, Snell asserts that, after he established that the search

was without a warrant, the trial court did not require the State to carry that burden.

      Addressing burden of proof, the following exchange occurred at the beginning

of the suppression hearing:

      [The defense]: Your Honor, it’s our position that since this was
      warrantless search, that the burden is on the State.

      [The State]: If there’s evidence that shows that then the burden does
      shift. It’s Defendant’s motion.

      THE COURT: Well, let’s go far enough to establish the basics and then
      the Court will determine whether or not the burden shifts.

      felt that she had no choice but to comply because the officers told her that she needed
      to cooperate. As mentioned, the evidence showed that Craven had been cooperating
      with police. Her contact with police earlier that morning had been the catalyst for
      the police coming to her residence that particular morning to arrest Snell and seize
      the drugs. The video showed Craven’s demeanor as she interreacted with police
      both before and after she gave her verbal consent. From the evidence, the trial court
      could have reasonably inferred that Craven’s consent was voluntary. And, assessing
      Craven’s credibility, the trial court was free to disregard her testimony that she felt
      that she had no choice but to cooperate.
                                            24
      When the defense said that it did not hear the court’s statement, the trial court

said, “[L]et’s go ahead and get enough evidence in so the Court can determine

whether or not the facts are sufficient to shift the burden. And then if it does, the

Court will make such a finding and we’ll go from there.” The defense then called

Chief Patrick.

      On direct examination, Chief Patrick testified that Snell had two active felony

warrants. He stated that he and other officers went to the residence to arrest Snell on

the warrants. Chief Patrick confirmed that he had not obtained a search warrant

before entering the residence. Rather than passing the witness at that point, the

defense continued to question Chief Patrick. The defense elicited testimony from

him that Craven had called the police that morning stating that she “was tired of Mr.

Snell being in the residence” and that “she knew that he had active warrants and was

also in possession of narcotics.” Chief Patrick testified that Craven had signed a

consent-to-search form before the police reentered the residence.

      The defense passed Chief Patrick as a witness, and the State cross-examined

him. Through Chief Patrick, the State introduced the consent-to-search form signed

by Craven. Chief Patrick testified that Craven had called Sergeant Monthey stating

that she “was in fear” of Snell and that she “wanted [him] removed out of the house.”

He said that Craven told Sergeant Monthey that Snell had active felony warrants and

illegal drugs. Chief Patrick confirmed that Craven had invited the officers to her

                                          25
residence. He said that Craven called Sergeant Monthey while they were en route to

the residence and confirmed that Snell was there. Chief Patrick also testified that

Craven signed the consent-to-search form before he reentered the residence after

Snell’s arrest. He stated that, when they reentered the residence, Craven directed

them to the box in the bedroom indicating that it contained illegal drugs.

      The defense then called Craven to testify and introduced the portion of the

video in which Craven appeared. Craven testified that she had signed the consent-

to-search form at the police station after the search was completed. She also testified

that she gave Chief Patrick verbal consent to search her residence but that she had

done so after the police reentered the residence and told her that she needed to

cooperate. Craven testified that she had met with Sergeant Monthey in the early

morning hours before Snell’s arrest but did not consent to the search then.

      On the State’s cross-examination, Craven acknowledged that she did not

approve of Snell having illegal drugs in the house because she had young children.

She testified that she met with Sergeant Monthey about turning in Snell at her aunt’s

urging. She indicated that she feared that her children would be taken from her if the

police came to arrest Snell and found drugs in her home.

      During closing arguments, the defense asserted that the State needed to prove

by clear and convincing evidence that Craven’s consent to search the residence was

                                          26
voluntary. In its argument, the State pointed to evidence showing that Craven had

consented to the search both orally and in writing.

      On appeal, Snell asserts that, once Chief Patrick testified that the officers did

not obtain a search warrant, the trial court “was required to shift the burden of proof

to the State; however, the court never did.” He points out that the trial court did not

make a finding about the shifting of the burden as it indicated it would. Snell asserts

that the “burden of proof was improperly placed upon him.” He complains that he

was required to engage in direct examination of both witnesses giving the State “the

benefit of cross-examination, i.e., leading.”

      We note that “[t]he party with the burden of proof normally opens and closes

the presentation of evidence.” Harrison v. State, 179 S.W.3d 629, 633 (Tex. App.—

Beaumont 2005, pet. denied). However, at no point did Snell object to the order of

the presentation of the witnesses. To the contrary, after Chief Patrick testified that

the search was without a warrant, Snell continued without pause to question him,

eliciting testimony about Craven’s consent to search the residence. And, rather than

resting after Chief Patrick’s testimony, Snell called Craven to testify.

      Other than the order of the witnesses’ presentation, Snell points to nothing in

the record indicating that the trial court misallocated the burden of proof in

determining that the motion to suppress should be denied. Cf. Hunter v. State, 607

S.W.3d 894, 897 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2020, no pet.) (describing as “inaccurate”

                                          27
trial court’s conclusion of law, which stated that “[t]he initial burden at a suppression

hearing [was] on the Defendant to rebut the statutory presumption of voluntariness”

for consent to submit to blood draw). Instead, as shown by the discussion between

the parties and the trial court at the start of the suppression hearing and as shown by

the parties’ closing arguments, the trial court and the parties knew that the burden

shifted to the State once Snell established that it was a warrantless search. The State’s

recognition that it had the burden of proof was also demonstrated by its questioning

of the witnesses on the issue of consent and by the evidence it offered, such as the

consent-to-search form signed by Craven.

      Finally, the trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law reflect that the

trial court denied the suppression motion based on the evidence relied on by the State

showing that Craven voluntarily consented to the search. In other words, the findings

and conclusions reflect that the trial court denied the motion because the State had

met its burden to affirmatively show voluntary consent. The findings and

conclusions do not indicate that the trial court denied the motion because Snell had

failed to meet an incorrect burden of proof of disproving voluntary consent. Thus,

the trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law show that the trial court did

not misallocate the burden of proof in denying the suppression motion.

      We overrule Snell’s first issue.

                                           28
                                   Conclusion

      We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                                Richard Hightower
                                                Justice

Panel consists of Justices Kelly, Hightower, and Guerra.

Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).

                                           29