Court Opinion

ID: 4175478
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-06-08 13:15:05.400323+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:39:21.820503
License: Public Domain

IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

HIKO Energy, LLC,                                 :
                               Petitioner         :
                                                  :
                v.                                :   No. 5 C.D. 2016
                                                  :   Argued: December 14, 2016
Pennsylvania Public Utility                       :
Commission,                                       :
                         Respondent               :

BEFORE:         HONORABLE MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge
                HONORABLE RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, Judge
                HONORABLE ROBERT SIMPSON, Judge
                HONORABLE PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge
                HONORABLE ANNE E. COVEY, Judge
                HONORABLE MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge
                HONORABLE JULIA K. HEARTHWAY, Judge

OPINION
BY JUDGE SIMPSON                                  FILED: June 8, 2017

                This appeal presents a challenge to the Pennsylvania Public Utility
Commission’s (PUC) imposition of a civil penalty of approximately $1.8 million
against an electric generation supplier1 (EGS) which, during the polar vortex2

      1
          An “electric generation supplier” is:

                A person or corporation, … brokers and marketers, aggregators or
                any other entities, that sells to end-use customers electricity or
                related services utilizing the jurisdictional transmission or
                distribution facilities of an electric distribution company or that
                purchases, brokers, arranges or markets electricity or related
                services for sale to end-use customers utilizing the jurisdictional
                transmission and distribution facilities of an electric distribution
                company. …

(Footnote continued on next page…)
effects of the winter of 2014, intentionally billed its customers at a rate that
exceeded the company’s guaranteed introductory rate on nearly 15,000 invoices at
the direction of its management and Chief Executive Officer (CEO). In particular,

(continued…)

66 Pa. C.S. §2803. Additionally, an “electric distribution company” or EDC, is: “The public
utility providing facilities for the jurisdictional transmission and distribution of electricity to
retail customers ….” Id.
         Each retail customer falls within the territory of a local EDC, and the price-to-compare is
the default rate that a retail customer is billed by the EDC. Id.; 52 Pa. Code § 54.182. In 1996,
the General Assembly enacted the Electricity Generation Customer Choice and Competition Act,
66 Pa. C.S. §§2801-2815, which allowed retail customers to purchase electricity directly from
EGSs rather than their local utility and allowed EGSs to use the transmission and distribution
facilities of EDCs. Coalition for Affordable Util. Servs. & Energy Efficiency in Pa. v. Pa. Pub.
Util. Comm’n, 120 A.3d 1087 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2015) (en banc). While the PUC continues to
regulate the transmission and distribution rates of EDCs, it lacks authority to regulate rates
charged by EGSs to determine whether they are “just and reasonable,” and it lacks the authority
to compel EGSs to file tariffs. Id. at 1101 (quoting 66 Pa. C.S. §1301).
       2
        As explained by the National Weather Service and National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, the polar vortex is

               a large area of low pressure and cold air surrounding both of the
               Earth’s poles. It ALWAYS exists near the poles, but weakens in
               summer and strengthens in winter. The term ‘vortex’ refers to the
               counter-clockwise flow of air that helps keep the colder air near
               the Poles. Many times during winter in the northern hemisphere,
               the polar vortex will expand, sending cold air southward with the
               jet stream …. This occurs fairly regularly during wintertime and is
               often associated with large outbreaks of Arctic air in the United
               States. The one that occurred January 2014 is similar to many
               other cold outbreaks that have occurred in the past, including
               several notable colder outbreaks in 1977, 1982, 1985 and 1989. …

               Polar vortexes are not something new. The term ‘polar vortex’ has
               only recently been popularized, bringing attention to a weather
               feature that has always been present. It is also not a feature that
               exists at the Earth’s surface.

What is the Polar Vortex? Nat’l Weather Serv. & Nat’l Oceanic & Atmospheric Admin.,
http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/cold/polar_vortex.shtml (last visited Feb. 14, 2017).

                                                 2
HIKO Energy, LLC (HIKO) asks whether the PUC erred or abused its discretion in
imposing a civil penalty of this magnitude.

             Specifically, HIKO argues the civil penalty constitutes an excessive
fine in contravention of the Pennsylvania and U.S. Constitutions. HIKO further
contends the PUC’s civil penalty impermissibly penalizes HIKO for exercising its
right to litigate this matter. It also asserts the PUC exceeded its statutory authority
or abused its discretion by imposing a “per invoice” methodology in calculating
the number of alleged offenses, resulting in an excessive, unprecedented civil
penalty. Additionally, HIKO maintains the PUC improperly adopted the civil
penalty recommended by the Administrative Law Judges (ALJs) in their initial
decision, despite finding an absence of substantial evidence to support several key
factual predicates for imposition of the penalty amount. Upon review, we affirm.

                                   I. Background
             In February 2012, HIKO, which operates in several states, filed an
application with the PUC to operate as an alternative retail electric supplier in
Pennsylvania. Several months later, the PUC issued an order tentatively and
conditionally approving HIKO’s license to supply EGS services to residential,
small commercial, large commercial, industrial and governmental customers in all
electric distribution company (EDC) service territories, subject to certain reporting
requirements regarding its sales and marketing practices. The conditions applied
“for a term of 18 months [sic] from the start of [HIKO’s] marketing activities in
the [s]tate.” ALJs’ Initial Dec., 8/21/15, at 3. The PUC imposed the conditions
based on the high number of complaints regarding HIKO that the PUC’s technical

                                          3
staff discovered in New York. Because no adverse comments to the tentative order
were received, it subsequently became final by operation of law.

             In December 2012, HIKO began marketing in Pennsylvania. HIKO’s
EGS license was subject to the 18-month conditional, probation period from
December 2012 through June 2014.

             HIKO’s business model was to purchase energy on the spot market
through a third-party energy trading firm. HIKO advertised, marketed, offered for
sale and sold EGS services to retail customers in Pennsylvania through door-to-
door solicitations, telephone solicitations and HIKO’s website. HIKO delivers its
energy to customers through local utilities.      It began enrolling customers in
Pennsylvania in variable rate plans on December 31, 2012.

             Beginning in August 2013, HIKO offered a variable rate product that
included a six-month introductory price guarantee.         More particularly, in its
welcome letter and disclosure statement, HIKO promised customers it would
provide savings that were at least 1-7% less than the price-to-compare (PTC) of the
customer’s local utility (EDC) for the first six monthly billing cycles. Specifically,
HIKO’s welcome letter to customers stated:

             Guaranteed Savings! You have been enrolled onto a
             variable rate, which is guaranteed to be 1-7% less than
             your local [u]tility’s price to compare, for the first six
             monthly billing cycles. After the six-month introductory
             rate plan, you will be automatically rolled over onto a
             competitive variable rate, which will be determined by
             [HIKO], based on numerous key factors, including

                                          4
             current market conditions and climate. The variable rate
             can change regularly.

ALJs’ Initial Dec., 8/21/15, Finding of Fact (F.F.) No. 45 (emphasis in original).
HIKO also issued a “Disclosure Statement” to customers who enrolled in its price
offering, which stated that the rate was the “price stated at sign-up and confirmed
in your written Welcome Letter from HIKO.” F.F. No. 46.

             In January 2014, wholesale market prices for energy supply increased
dramatically in part based on a period of sustained cold weather referred to as a
“polar vortex,” resulting in an increased use of electricity in Pennsylvania and the
PJM Interconnection LLC3 (PJM) service area. F.F. No. 21. Also during the
winter of 2014, natural gas prices in Canada increased because of a change in
regulation on the TransCanada Pipeline, indirectly contributing to increased
demand and increased prices for natural gas in Pennsylvania. F.F. No. 22.

             Prior to the polar vortex, PJM sales of electricity to HIKO were
approximately $0.08 per kWh. The price increased approximately 300% to $0.227
per kWh in January 2014 and remained at or above $0.138 per kWh until the end
of March 2014. During the winter of 2014, HIKO experienced an unexpected
increase in the price of purchasing spot market wholesale electricity, and it found it
difficult to obtain electric power supply except at exorbitant rates as supply costs
tripled or quadrupled.

      3
       PJM Interconnection LLC is a regional transmission organization that coordinates the
movement of wholesale electricity in 13 states (including Pennsylvania) and the District of
Columbia. Metro. Edison Co. v. Pa. Pub. Util. Comm’n, 22 A.3d 353 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2011) (en
banc).

                                            5
             HIKO’s CEO Harvey Klein determined it was impossible for HIKO to
stay in business while honoring the 1% less than PTC introductory rate guarantee;
thus, HIKO’s CEO and management made a business decision to intentionally
overcharge approximately 5,700 customers enrolled in the guaranteed savings plan
between January and April 2014. The approximately 5,700 customers enrolled in
the guaranteed savings plan were billed an aggregate sales revenue of $3.29
million, approximately $1.8 million of which corresponded to overcharges not in
accordance with the HIKO’s welcome letter and disclosure statement. HIKO
overcharged customers as much as $0.29 per kWh, or up to 400% the EDCs’ PTC.
The average overcharge that HIKO billed customers was $124. HIKO voluntarily
ceased marketing its variable rate plan offerings in Pennsylvania by February
2014.

             In January 2014, HIKO began receiving a large volume of telephone
calls and emails from customers complaining about their bills, which overwhelmed
HIKO’s customer service department. In response, HIKO hired an additional 11
employees for its customer service department and enlisted a call center based in
Florida to respond to customer complaints from all states in which it had
customers.

             Beginning   in   February       2014,   HIKO   voluntarily   refunded
approximately $160,000 to some of its complaining customers in Pennsylvania. It
also instituted some changes to its business model, and it now purchases some
energy under longer term contracts (i.e. six months), hedging against sudden
increases in wholesale prices. HIKO no longer offers the guaranteed savings

                                         6
introductory plan with its variable rate service; however, HIKO’s CEO indicated a
willingness to move forward with the plan in the future.

             In March 2014, the PUC’s Bureau of Investigation and Enforcement
(I&E) initiated an informal investigation into HIKO as a result of customer
complaints received by the PUC’s Bureau of Consumer Services (BCS) regarding
allegations that HIKO overcharged customers. In response to I&E’s data requests,
HIKO provided billing data for electric generation service it supplied to residential
customers within each EDC service territory in which it operates and billed from
January through April 2014. I&E reviewed HIKO’s responses to the data requests,
including spreadsheets with billing data HIKO submitted to EDCs from January to
April 2014 for customers in the service territories of Duquesne Light Company,
Metropolitan Edison Company (Met-Ed), Pennsylvania Electric Company
(Penelec), PPL Electric Utilities (PPL), West Penn Power Company and PECO.

             Thereafter, in July 2014, I&E filed a complaint against HIKO alleging
that between January and April 2014, HIKO billed 5,708 customers at a rate that
exceeded the discounted introductory rate it guaranteed to customers on 14,689
invoices. I&E alleged each of the 14,689 overcharges constituted a violation of 52
Pa. Code §54.4(a) (stating “EGS prices billed must reflect the marketed prices and
the agreed upon prices in the disclosure statement.”). I&E requested a civil penalty
of $14,689,000 (or $1,000 per violation). It also asked the PUC to revoke HIKO’s
authority to operate as an EGS in Pennsylvania and to provide a refund to each
customer.   In response, HIKO filed an answer, new matter and preliminary

                                         7
objections.   The ALJs overruled HIKO’s preliminary objections.           A hearing
ensued.

              In the interim, the Commonwealth, by its then Attorney General,
through the Bureau of Consumer Protection (OAG), and the Acting Consumer
Advocate (OCA) (collectively, OAG/OCA), filed a joint complaint against HIKO
with the PUC alleging HIKO engaged in misleading marketing and improper
billing. OAG/OCA sought restitution, revocation of HIKO’s EGS license and a
prohibition on future deceptive practices.      Ultimately, the ALJs approved a
settlement in the OAG/OCA case pursuant to which HIKO agreed to: make
restitution to customers who were overcharged as a result of its failure to adhere to
the guaranteed introductory rate; a moratorium on accepting any new customers
until June 30, 2016; and, make a contribution of $25,000 to the local EDCs’
hardship funds. The restitution provided for in the settlement required HIKO to
establish a refund pool of $2,025,383.85, in addition to the voluntary refund of
$159,320.15 HIKO already provided, which would ensure overcharged customers
received refunds so as to realize a 3.5% savings from their respective PTC rates for
the period at issue.

              At the hearing on I&E’s complaint against HIKO, I&E presented the
testimony of Daniel Mumford, manager of the BCS’ Informal Compliance and
Competition Unit. I&E also presented documentary evidence. For its part, HIKO
presented the testimony of its CEO, Klein, and the rebuttal testimony of expert
witness Charles J. Cicchetti, Ph.D., an independent consultant with a background

                                         8
in economics and utility regulation. It also presented documentary evidence. After
the hearing, the parties filed briefs.

             The ALJs subsequently issued a decision in which they found that,
between January and April 2014, HIKO intentionally billed customers at a rate
higher than the rate guaranteed in its welcome letter and disclosure statement,
resulting in customers not receiving the discounted guaranteed price. Additionally,
the ALJs found HIKO was aware it did not honor the price offering when it broke
the guarantee, and HIKO’s conduct was not the result of negligence, administrative
error or data glitch. Rather, HIKO made a decision to remain in business rather
than abandon its Pennsylvania EGS license, and it decided to charge its customers
in excess of the guaranteed price offering at enrollment. HIKO’s failure to honor
its price offering occurred while its license was subject to the conditions outlined
in the PUC’s June 2012 tentative order. The ALJs also found that if HIKO exited
the retail electric market in Pennsylvania, HIKO’s customers would have been
transferred to default service provided by the local EDCs and would not have been
deprived of essential electricity. Further, the ALJs found that HIKO’s refunds to
customers were initially made only to those customers who complained or filed
complaints with governmental agencies. HIKO did not proactively issue refunds
to all overcharged customers.

             Ultimately, the ALJs granted, in part, I&E’s complaint, denied as
moot the request for customer refunds based on the settlement reached in the
OAG/OCA case and denied the request for revocation of HIKO’s EGS license in
light of the settlement reached in the OAG/OCA case. The ALJs also granted

                                         9
I&E’s request for a civil penalty under Section 3301 of the Public Utility Code, 66
Pa. C.S. §3301, albeit in a lesser amount than that sought by I&E.

             More particularly, the ALJs directed HIKO to pay a civil penalty of
$1,836,125. The ALJs calculated the civil penalty by multiplying the number of
violations of 52 Pa. Code §54.4(a), 14,689,4 by $125, a figure that represented the
approximate average overcharge per invoice. The ALJs imposed this penalty
based on their determination that HIKO made a conscious decision not to honor its
price savings guarantee to customers within the six-month introductory period,
and, as a result, intentionally billed 5,708 customers in six separate EDC territories
a total of 14,689 overcharges. In imposing the civil penalty, the ALJs undertook
an analysis of the 10 factors and standards set forth in 52 Pa. Code §69.1201. That
provision states:

             § 69.1201. Factors and standards for evaluating
             litigated and settled proceedings involving violations
             of the Public Utility Code and [PUC] regulations--
             statement of policy.

             (a) The [PUC] will consider specific factors and
             standards in evaluating litigated and settled cases
             involving violations of 66 Pa.C.S. (relating to Public
             Utility Code) and this title. These factors and standards
             will be utilized by the [PUC] in determining if a fine for
             violating a [PUC] order, regulation or statute is
             appropriate, as well as if a proposed settlement for a
             violation is reasonable and approval of the settlement
             agreement is in the public interest.

      4
         The original number of 14,780 invoices was reduced to 14,689 invoices during the
proceedings before the ALJs.

                                           10
(b) Many of the same factors and standards may be
considered in the evaluation of both litigated and settled
cases. When applied in settled cases, these factors and
standards will not be applied in as strict a fashion as in a
litigated proceeding. The parties in settled cases will be
afforded flexibility in reaching amicable resolutions to
complaints and other matters so long as the settlement is
in the public interest. The parties to a settlement should
include in the settlement agreement a statement in
support of settlement explaining how and why the
settlement is in the public interest. The statement may be
filed jointly by the parties or separately by each
individual party.

(c) The factors and standards that will be considered by
the [PUC] include the following:

      (1) Whether the conduct at issue was of a serious
      nature. When conduct of a serious nature is
      involved,     such      as    willful    fraud    or
      misrepresentation, the conduct may warrant a
      higher penalty. When the conduct is less
      egregious, such as administrative filing or
      technical errors, it may warrant a lower penalty.

      (2) Whether the resulting consequences of the
      conduct at issue were of a serious nature. When
      consequences of a serious nature are involved,
      such as personal injury or property damage, the
      consequences may warrant a higher penalty.

      (3) Whether the conduct at issue was deemed
      intentional or negligent. This factor may only be
      considered in evaluating litigated cases. When
      conduct has been deemed intentional, the conduct
      may result in a higher penalty.

      (4) Whether the regulated entity made efforts to
      modify internal practices and procedures to
      address the conduct at issue and prevent similar
      conduct in the future. These modifications may
      include activities such as training and improving
      company techniques and supervision. The amount

                            11
                   of time it took the utility to correct the conduct
                   once it was discovered and the involvement of top-
                   level management in correcting the conduct may
                   be considered.

                   (5) The number of customers affected and the
                   duration of the violation.

                   (6) The compliance history of the regulated entity
                   which committed the violation. An isolated
                   incident from an otherwise compliant utility may
                   result in a lower penalty, whereas frequent,
                   recurrent violations by a utility may result in a
                   higher penalty.

                   (7) Whether the regulated entity cooperated with
                   the [PUC’s] investigation. Facts establishing bad
                   faith, active concealment of violations, or attempts
                   to interfere with [PUC] investigations may result
                   in a higher penalty.

                   (8) The amount of the civil penalty or fine
                   necessary to deter future violations. The size of
                   the utility may be considered to determine an
                   appropriate penalty amount.

                   (9) Past [PUC] decisions in similar situations.

                   (10) Other relevant factors.

Id.

            Before the PUC, both parties filed exceptions, which the PUC denied
in an extensive, 56-page opinion. In short, the PUC adopted the ALJs’ initial
decision ordering HIKO to pay the $1,836,125 civil penalty. In determining the
penalty was appropriate, the PUC stated it agreed that HIKO acted “knowingly and
deliberately” and “effectively treated its own customers as the financial guarantors

                                        12
of its own business plan, which backed contracts offering customers guaranteed
savings with what was essentially a speculative supply portfolio based exclusively
on spot market purchases.” Commission Op., 12/3/15, at 44.

              Thereafter, HIKO filed a petition for review to this Court. It also filed
an application for stay, which a single judge of this Court granted, pending
resolution of the appeal.5 This matter is now before us for disposition.

                                         II. Issues
              On appeal,6 HIKO states the following issues:

              1. Whether the [PUC’s] determination to impose the
              highest civil penalty it has ever imposed against any
              entity, a civil penalty of $1,836,125 against HIKO,
              violates the Excessive Fines Clause of Article I, Section
              13 of the Pennsylvania Constitution and the Eighth
              Amendment to the United States Constitution where the
              penalty is not reasonably proportionate in light of the
              underlying violations and the [PUC’s] prior decisions
              approving much smaller penalties for similar or more
              egregious conduct?

              2. Whether the [PUC’s] unprecedented civil penalty of
              $1,836,125 impermissibly penalizes HIKO for exercising
              its right to litigate this matter, thus depriving HIKO of its
              right of appeal under Article 5, Section 9 of the
              Pennsylvania Constitution?

       5
       Through his opinion and order, the single judge also required that HIKO file a bond in
an amount equal to 120% of the civil penalty imposed by the PUC.
       6
         When reviewing the PUC’s findings and conclusions, our review is limited to
determining whether constitutional rights were violated, whether errors of law were committed
or whether the PUC’s findings and conclusions were supported by substantial evidence.
Bethlehem Steel Corp. v. Pa. Pub. Util. Comm’n, 713 A.2d 1110 (Pa. 1998).

                                             13
             3. Whether the [PUC] exceeded its statutory authority or,
             in the alternative, abused its discretion when it imposed a
             ‘per invoice’ methodology for calculating the number of
             alleged offenses, which resulted in an excessive and
             unprecedented civil penalty against HIKO?

             4. Whether the [PUC] improperly adopted an
             unprecedented civil penalty of $1,836,125 that had been
             recommended by the ALJs, despite the [PUC’s] finding
             of an absence of substantial evidence to support several
             key factual predicates for the imposition of such an
             amount?

Br. for Petitioner at 7 (Statement of Questions Involved).

                                  III. Discussion
                                 A. Excessive Fine
                                  1. Contentions
             HIKO first asserts the PUC’s decision to impose a civil penalty of
$1,836,125 violates the Excessive Fines Clauses of the U.S. and Pennsylvania
Constitutions. HIKO argues that, in levying a nearly $2 million civil penalty
against it, the PUC chose to impose the highest civil penalty in its nearly 80 year
history without any evidence that HIKO was financially able to bear that penalty,
without acknowledging the financial constraints HIKO faced during the polar
vortex, and without considering the significantly smaller civil penalties the PUC
approved in the settlement of analogous cases. Indeed, HIKO contends, the civil
penalty imposed here is between 14 to 80 times higher than the penalties the PUC
approved in cases involving other EGS companies for similar or even more
egregious conduct, and is wholly disproportionate to the alleged violations,
particularly given the significant mitigating circumstances supported by record
evidence.   Thus, HIKO maintains, as a constitutional matter, the PUC’s civil
penalty cannot be sustained because it is grossly disproportionate both to the

                                         14
gravity of the alleged offense and to the magnitude of the fine the PUC approved
against other similar offenders.

             HIKO argues Pennsylvania law requires civil penalty determinations
to be proportional to the alleged offense and to the treatment of other offenders for
similar conduct. Pennsylvania’s prohibition against excessive fines set forth in
Article I, Section 13 of the Pennsylvania Constitution is coextensive with the
Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Commonwealth v. Eisenberg, 98
A.3d 1268 (Pa. 2014). Further, the proscription against excessive fines applies to a
“civil penalty” if the penalty is designed, at least in part, to serve “either retributive
or deterrent purposes.” Austin v. United States, 509 U.S. 602 (1993).

             HIKO argues the “dispositive inquiry” in determining whether a
mandatory fine violates Article I, Section 13 of the Pennsylvania Constitution
centers on the question of whether, under the circumstances, the fine is “irrational
or unreasonable.” Commonwealth v. Gipple, 613 A.2d 600, 602 (Pa. Super. 1992).
Similarly, under the Eighth Amendment, a fine “violates the Excessive Fines
Clause if it is grossly disproportional to the gravity of a defendant’s offense[,]” a
standard mirrored in the Pennsylvania Constitution. United States v. Bajakajian,
524 U.S. 321, 334 (1999); see Eisenberg.

             In undertaking the proportionality test, HIKO maintains, the
Pennsylvania Supreme Court relied on the test set forth in Solem v. Helm, 463
U.S. 277 (1983), which requires a court to compare the magnitude of the fine to the
gravity of the offense, to the treatment of other offenders in the same jurisdiction

                                           15
and to the treatment of the same offense in other jurisdictions. Thus, HIKO
contends it was incumbent on the PUC to ensure the civil penalty it imposed here
could be harmonized with its decisions approving civil penalties in other contexts,
especially those involving similar violations. However, it asserts, the PUC did not
do so.

             HIKO argues the civil penalty here is grossly disproportionate to the
treatment of other alleged offenders for similar or more egregious conduct. It
argues the PUC seeks to justify the civil penalty by characterizing the intentional
nature of the conduct, from HIKO’s top management, combined with the
magnitude of the violation as the two factors that most underscore the nature of the
violation.

             However, HIKO contends, those same factors are present in other
proceedings involving similar or more egregious conduct, but which resulted in
only a fraction of the civil penalty the PUC imposed here.            Indeed, HIKO
maintains, the grossly disproportionate nature of the penalty here is most clearly
evidenced by the civil penalties assessed against other EGSs for engaging in very
similar conduct.

             HIKO cites numerous PUC proceedings involving EGSs, which it
contends involved conduct substantially similar to that of HIKO and for which the
EGSs received far lesser penalties. See Commonwealth v. Respond Power, LLC,
Nos. C-2014-2438640, C-2014-2427659 (Apr. 22, 2016) (recommending $125,000
civil penalty for similar violations arising from variable rate price increases during

                                         16
polar vortex period, including 52 Pa. Code §54.4(a)). Pa. Pub. Util. Comm’n v.
Energy Servs. Providers, Inc. d/b/a Pa. Gas & Electric, No. M-2013-2325122 (June
5, 2014), 2014 WL 2644840 (Pa.P.U.C.) (Pa. G&E) (approving $150,200 civil
penalty for slamming allegations involving 319 customer accounts, characterized
as among the most egregious conduct ever investigated by I&E); Commonwealth
v. IDT Energy, Inc., No. C-2014-2427657 (Nov. 19, 2015), 2015 WL 7873831
(Pa.P.U.C.) (approving settlement with $25,000 civil penalty for alleged violations
of PUC regulations for increasing variable rate prices during polar vortex period).

             HIKO maintains each of these cases involved pricing decisions
initiated by the EGSs’ management that impacted thousands of customers during
the polar vortex. Yet, none of these enforcement proceedings resulted in a civil
penalty remotely close to the penalty levied against HIKO. HIKO asserts the
PUC’s excuse—that settlement amounts are not precedential—misses the point. In
particular, the PUC, including the ALJs and I&E, had to apply the same factors
under the PUC’s penalty policy—including consideration of whether the penalty
amount sufficed to deter future violations.        HIKO asserts the exponential
differences in penalty amounts for violations against similar companies for similar
violations arising from the same event cannot be justified on the ground that there
was a trial against HIKO. HIKO argues this disparity shows the lack of “intra-
Pennsylvania” proportionality, which the Pennsylvania Supreme Court described
as “imperative.” Eisenberg, 98 A.3d at 1282-83.

             HIKO further maintains the PUC’s decisions approving civil penalties
for similar violations, including Section 54.4(a), are not the only comparable cases.

                                         17
It asserts the PUC also approved settlements with significantly lower civil penalties
against EGSs that engaged in the more egregious act of “slamming,”7 which the
PUC described as fraudulent conduct for which it has “zero tolerance.” Pa. Pub.
Util. Comm’n, Bureau of Investigation & Enforcement v. Pub. Power, LLC, No.
M-2012-2257858 (Dec. 19, 2013), slip op. at 8, 2013 WL 6835126 (Pa.P.U.C.) at
*5. Yet, despite the PUC’s “zero tolerance” for “slamming,” HIKO asserts, EGSs
charged with slamming hundreds of customers paid civil penalties far lower than
the penalty levied against HIKO. See, e.g., Pa. G&E; Public Power.

             Further, despite its “zero tolerance” for slamming, HIKO argues, the
PUC now attempts to discount the violations at issue in Public Power and Pa. G&E
in order to justify the astronomical difference between the civil penalties it
approved against those companies and the penalty imposed against HIKO. In its
final order, the PUC characterizes the conduct of Public Power and Energy
Services Providers as mistaken or initiated by a rogue, low-level employee, rather
than a top executive or management. But, HIKO contends, a review of the factual
findings in those cases reveals otherwise.

             HIKO acknowledges there are very few PUC decisions applying the
penalty policy factors in litigated cases. Here, the ALJs stated there were no PUC
decisions applying the factors in a litigated case against an EGS like HIKO, or in a
litigated case involving similar violations. Therefore, it could only rely on PUC

      7
         “Slamming” is an unauthorized change made to a customer’s supply service. See Pa.
Pub. Util. Comm’n, Bureau of Investigation & Enforcement v. ResCom Energy LLC, No. M-
2013-2320112 (June 19, 2014), 2014 WL 2876696 (Pa.P.U.C.).

                                           18
decisions approving settlements with other EGSs or approving settlements of other
“serious” violations affecting thousands of customers.

             HIKO further maintains a relevant factor in determining the
appropriate penalty is the size of the company, which would bear on its ability to
withstand the penalty and the amount needed for deterrence. 52 Pa. Code
§69.1201(c)(8). It argues the PUC acknowledged that consideration of “size” was
expressly mentioned in the penalty policy, but noted there was very little in the
record on that point, stating—“[i]t is difficult to determine the size of HIKO”—
except to note it was small in comparison with EDCs. ALJs’ Initial Dec. at 49.
HIKO contends that neither I&E nor the PUC offered anything to distinguish
HIKO in size from any other EGS subject to regulatory proceedings that paid
lesser civil penalties. Further, HIKO argues, in granting HIKO’s stay application
here, a single judge of this Court found “troubling,” the PUC’s failure to make any
finding regarding whether the penalty was appropriate for a company of HIKO’s
size.” HIKO Energy, LLC v. Pa. Pub. Util. Comm’n (Pa. Cmwlth., No. 5 C.D.
2016, filed February 12, 2016) (unreported) (single judge op.), Slip Op. at 6.

             Moreover, HIKO asserts, the PUC gave no weight to its statements in
approving settlements with far larger EDCs for far more serious violations. Those
cases involved gas pipeline explosions, including several that caused deaths,
serious injuries and millions of dollars in property damage, which the penalty
policy explicitly defines as “consequences of a serious nature [that] … may
warrant a higher penalty.” 52 Pa. Code § 69.1201(c)(2); see, e.g., Pa. Pub. Util.
Comm’n, Bureau of Investigation & Enforcement v. UGI Utils., Inc., Gas Div.,

                                         19
No. C-2012-2308997 (Feb. 19, 2013) (approving $500,000 civil penalty in
connection with UGI’s settlement of violations for inadequate leak detection
measures and faulty pipeline replacement procedures that caused natural gas
explosion resulting in five deaths, including two children, destruction of eight
residences and substantial property damage). HIKO maintains that in that case the
PUC rejected a proposed settlement with a $386,000 civil penalty, but accepted a
$500,000 civil penalty as sufficient to deter future violations by UGI, a company
far larger than HIKO. ALJs’ Initial Dec. at 49 (noting that number of customers
HIKO served was “small in comparison with the EDCs’ respective customer
counts”); see also Reproduced Record (R.R.) at 301a-03a (HIKO expert witness,
Dr. Cicchetti, explaining the size of most EDCs in terms of rate base, balance
sheets, revenue, income and access to capital are different than those of an EGS
and therefore such larger companies are better able to absorb a multi-million dollar
penalty).

            HIKO further contends the PUC approved the $500,000 penalty
knowing UGI was the subject of prior PUC proceedings for repeated, similar
violations of pipeline safety and operating regulations over a five-year period that
resulted in personal injuries and property damage. Perhaps even more telling,
HIKO asserts, when the PUC apparently decided those prior penalties were
inadequate and wanted to signify to UGI’s management that it did not do enough
to change its safety practices, the PUC approved a penalty of $1 million, or just
54% of the penalty levied against HIKO. See Pa. Pub. Util. Comm’n, Bureau of
Investigation & Enforcement v. UGI Penn Nat. Gas, No. M-2013-2338981 (Sept.
26, 2013), 2013 WL 5488626 (Pa.P.U.C.). HIKO contends approval of those

                                        20
penalties as sufficient against a far larger EDC—and one that engaged in repeated
violations that caused far more serious injuries—must be taken as an indication of
what the PUC believes serves as adequate deterrence.

            HIKO argues that, given its concededly much smaller size, its lack of
any history of non-compliance, the extraordinary time period in which the
violations occurred and the absence of any threat to public safety, it was arbitrary
for the PUC to require an amount more than 80% higher than the UGI penalty in
order to deter future violations by HIKO.

            Also, HIKO asserts, in adopting and affirming the ALJs’ factual
findings, the PUC accepted the testimony of HIKO’s energy expert, Dr. Cicchetti,
who testified the polar vortex coincided with and exacerbated extraordinary
regulatory disruptions in the wholesale energy markets.       Thus, in addition to
abnormally cold conditions during this period, prices for both natural gas and
electricity surged to unanticipated (and unprecedented) levels. This too the PUC
admitted. See Review of Rules, Policies & Consumer Educ. Measures Regarding
Variable Rate Retail Elec. Prods., No. M-2014-2406134 (March 4, 2014), 2014
WL 1092815 (Pa.P.U.C.).

            HIKO argues the unprecedented and exponential increase in spot
market prices for wholesale electricity was felt by all EGSs and their variable rate
customers. HIKO, in particular, faced severe financial difficulty in satisfying PJM
collateral calls and meeting its ongoing monthly electricity purchase requirements.
Had HIKO failed to satisfy PJM’s increasing collateral calls, it asserts, it would

                                        21
have been banned from participating in any PJM market activities and lost all its
customers in every state in which it operated. Further, its failure to satisfy its PJM
requirements also would have caused it to violate its EGS license requirements,
which require HIKO to maintain PJM membership. HIKO argues none of this
evidence was disputed by the PUC. Nevertheless, the PUC did not consider any of
these circumstances as an excuse for HIKO’s breach of its guaranteed rate promise,
believing HIKO should have simply filed for bankruptcy or gone out of business.

             HIKO points out that, in order to keep the company afloat during the
polar vortex, its CEO personally guaranteed a $20 million loan and risked
significant personal assets. HIKO argues it could not have survived if it continued
to honor the price guarantee during the polar vortex. Again, it asserts, the PUC did
not refute any of this evidence.

             Instead, the PUC minimized the import of these unforeseeable
conditions, affirming the ALJs’ finding that the impact of the polar vortex and
accompanying market disruption provided “no excuse” for HIKO’s failure to
honor the price guarantee because “the customer information [HIKO] provided
with the guaranteed savings rate plan contained no reservations due to outside
circumstances.” Commission Op. at 47. The PUC further noted, “relying on the
spot market for 100% of its supply exposed HIKO to known risks” and HIKO
“knew or should have known that many moving pieces affecting the wholesale
spot market were outside its control.” Id. at 47, 48. Yet, HIKO argues, this
rationale is undermined by the PUC’s own admission regarding the unforeseeable
nature of the polar vortex.

                                         22
             In addition, HIKO maintains, the PUC exceeded its statutory authority
or abused its discretion in rejecting these mitigating circumstances based on an
interpretation of HIKO’s contract with price guarantee customers. First, HIKO
argues, there is nothing in the Public Utility Code that authorizes the PUC to
interpret the terms and conditions of a private contract between an EGS and its
customers.   Indeed, the PUC concluded its jurisdiction “does not extend to
interpreting the terms and conditions of a contract between an EGS and a customer
to determine whether a breach has occurred or setting the rates an EGS can
charge.” Office of Small Bus. Advocate v. FirstEnergy Solutions Corp. (“FES”),
No. P-2014-2421556 (Jan. 26, 2015), slip op. at 18; see Adams v. Pa. Pub. Util.
Comm’n, 819 A.2d 631 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2003); Allport Water Auth. v. Winburne
Water Co., 393 A.2d 673 (Pa. Super. 1978).

             Further, HIKO argues, the PUC’s decision to penalize HIKO for
allegedly failing to meet its price guarantee is nothing more than an end-run around
controlling authority that deprives the PUC of the power to regulate EGS prices.
HIKO argues nothing in the Public Utility Code authorizes the PUC to regulate
EGS’ prices. Thus, while Section 1301 of the Public Utility Code, 66 Pa. C.S.
§1301, gives the PUC statutory authority to determine “just and reasonable” rates,
those are rates demanded or received by a “public utility,” which excludes EGSs.
Specifically, Section 2806(a) of the Public Utility Code provides that “the
generation of electricity shall no longer be regulated as a public utility service or
function except as otherwise provided for in this chapter.” 66 Pa. C.S. §2806(a).
The definition of “public utility” in Section 102 of the Public Utility Code does not
include EGSs except for the limited purposes in Sections 2809 and 2810 of the

                                         23
Public Utility Code, 66 Pa. C.S. §§2809, 2810. See Delmarva Power & Light Co.
v. Pub. Util. Comm’n, 870 A.2d 901 (Pa. 2005). HIKO contends those Sections
have no bearing on prices charged by EGSs.

             HIKO further asserts the PUC recognized its lack of jurisdiction to
regulate prices charged by EGSs. See Commonwealth v. Blue Pilot Energy, LLC,
No. C-2014-2427655 (Dec. 11, 2014); see also CRH Catering Co. v. Blue Pilot
Energy, LLC, Nos. P-2014-2451865, C-2014-2415277, C-2014-2415278, C-2014-
2415281, C-2014-2415282 (Feb. 24, 2015), 2015 WL 849251 (Pa.P.U.C.). HIKO
maintains these rulings are consistent with prior PUC determinations, which
indicated that the rates consumers pay in the retail electric market are governed by
the terms of their contract with their EGS. Thus, HIKO contends any attempt by
the PUC to construe HIKO’s contracts and enforce price terms through imposition
of a civil penalty is expressly prohibited.

             HIKO further argues the PUC’s civil penalty analysis fails to properly
consider HIKO’s efforts to mitigate financial harm to its customers. For example,
HIKO voluntarily suspended all marketing efforts as early as January 2014. HIKO
argues that, as its CEO testified, HIKO was not in the business of making promises
to Pennsylvania consumers it knew it could not keep. HIKO maintains the ALJs
agreed HIKO did not set out to defraud consumers by selling a guaranteed rate it
knew it could not meet. During the period of suspended marketing, HIKO asserts,
its customer base (including customers under the price guarantee and other
customers with pure variable rates) plummeted from about 10,000 to about 3,000.
HIKO argues this significant loss of customers, coupled with the growing financial

                                          24
burdens of staying afloat resulted in significant financial losses. HIKO contends
that, although the decision of other EGSs to voluntarily suspend the sale of
variable rate products was previously considered a mitigating factor, see IDT
Energy, the PUC refused to acknowledge it here.

             HIKO also asserts it began issuing refunds to its price guarantee
customers as early as February 2014. And, at the time the PUC issued its final
order here, it simultaneously approved the settlement in the OAG/OCA case in
which HIKO agreed to pay more than $2 million in restitution to Pennsylvania
customers.

             For these reasons, HIKO maintains, a civil penalty of $1,836,125 is
grossly disproportionate when compared to other civil penalties the PUC imposed
and when viewed in light of all mitigating circumstances. HIKO contends it bears
no rational relation to the offense or the record, and, therefore, violates the
excessive fines provisions of the U.S. and Pennsylvania Constitutions. See St.
Louis, I.M. & S. Ry. Co. v. Williams, 251 U.S. 63, 67 (1919) (state-ordered
monetary penalties violate due process clause’s guarantee against unlawful
deprivation of property when penalties are “wholly disproportioned to the offense
and obviously unreasonable”).       HIKO asserts the PUC here approved an
unprecedented civil penalty that lacked record support and was unreasonably
disproportionate to the sanctions levied against other alleged offenders for similar
or more egregious conduct. Thus, this Court should set aside the civil penalty.

                                        25
                                           2. Analysis
               Initially, our review of the notes of testimony of the ALJs’ hearing as
well as HIKO’s pre-hearing memorandum reveals no mention of HIKO’s assertion
that the penalty I&E sought (which was eight times the amount of the penalty
ultimately imposed by the PUC) would violate the Excessive Fines Clauses of the
U.S. and Pennsylvania Constitutions. Nor did HIKO raise this issue in its brief
after the ALJs’ hearing.8          Additionally, HIKO did not raise this issue in its
exceptions to the ALJs’ initial decision filed with the PUC. Indeed, in its opinion
denying HIKO’s emergency motion for supersedeas pending appeal to this Court,
the PUC observed that HIKO failed to raise this issue at the appropriate stage of
the proceeding, i.e., in its exceptions following the ALJs’ Initial Decision. R.R. at
1184a. Thus, this issue is waived. Lyft, Inc. v. Pa. Pub. Util. Comm’n, 145 A.3d
1235 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2016) (en banc) (petitioner’s failure to raise issues before PUC
results in waiver); Wheeling & Lake Erie Ry. Co. v. Pa. Pub. Util. Comm’n, 778
A.2d 785 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2001) (petitioner’s claim that allocation of costs against it
resulted in unconstitutional taking was waived where petitioner did not raise issue
before ALJ or PUC).9

       8
         In its reply brief, HIKO asserts it preserved this issue in its brief after the ALJs’ hearing
as well as in its answer and new matter filed in response to I&E’s complaint. See R.R. at 83a,
837a. Our review of these documents reveals no mention of HIKO’s present assertion that the
proposed penalty would violate the Excessive Fines Clauses of the U.S. and Pennsylvania
Constitutions.
       9
        In any event, the primary case upon which HIKO relies in support of its excessive fines
argument, Commonwealth v. Eisenberg, 98 A.3d 1268 (Pa. 2014), is distinguishable. There, the
Supreme Court determined that the imposition of a $75,000 mandatory fine under the
Pennsylvania Race Horse Development and Gaming Act, 4 Pa. C.S. §§1101–1904, based on a
casino employee’s misdemeanor criminal conviction for a single theft of $200 violated the
Excessive Fines Clause of the Pennsylvania Constitution. Among other things, the Court stated:

(Footnote continued on next page…)

                                                 26
               Further, as to those claims HIKO properly preserved before the PUC,
we discern no error in the PUC’s rejection of HIKO’s assertions. With regard to
our review of the PUC’s decision, in Lyft, we explained:

               [T]he PUC’s interpretations of the [Public Utility] Code,
               the statute for which it has enforcement responsibility,
               and its own regulations are entitled to great deference and
               should not be reversed unless clearly erroneous. [On
               review], the Court should neither substitute its judgment
               for that of the PUC when substantial evidence supports
               the PUC’s decision on a matter within [the PUC’s]
               expertise, nor should it indulge in the process of
               weighing evidence and resolving conflicting testimony.

(continued…)

                       In our view, the fine here, when measured against the
               conduct triggering the punishment, and the lack of discretion
               afforded the trial court, is constitutionally excessive. Simply put,
               appellant, who had no prior record, stole $200 from his employer,
               which happened to be a casino. There was no violence involved;
               there was apparently no grand scheme involved to defraud either
               the casino or its patrons. Employee thefts are unfortunately
               common; as noted, appellant’s conduct, if charged under the
               Crimes Code[,] [18 Pa. C.S. §§101–9402], exposed him to a
               maximum possible fine of $10,000. Instead, because appellant’s
               theft occurred at a casino, the trial court had no discretion, under
               the Gaming Act, but to impose a minimum fine of $75,000—an
               amount that was 375 times the amount of the theft.

Eisenberg, 98 A.3d at 1285.
        Unlike Eisenberg, and as discussed throughout this opinion, the supported findings of the
ALJs and the PUC here reveal HIKO’s management made a decision to intentionally charge its
customers at a rate that exceeded its guaranteed rate on 14,689 invoices over a four-month period
in violation of PUC regulations. The fine imposed here approximated the average overcharge on
each of the 14,689 invoices and represented 12.5% of the maximum statutory fine allowable
under Section 3301 of the Public Utility Code, 66 Pa. C.S. §3301.
        Further, none of the cases HIKO cites in its discussion of the principles relating to an
excessive fines analysis involve consideration of the constitutionality of a civil penalty imposed
by a state agency.

                                               27
                   The PUC’s decision must be supported by
             substantial evidence, meaning more than a mere trace of
             evidence or suspicion of the existence of a fact sought to
             be established. The party seeking affirmative relief from
             the PUC bears the burden of proving its claims with
             competent evidence. That the record may contain
             evidence that supports a different result than that reached
             by the PUC is irrelevant so long as the record contains
             substantial evidence supporting the PUC’s decision.

Lyft, 145 A.3d at 1240 (citations omitted). Further, this Court may not reduce a
fine imposed by the PUC if the PUC has not violated constitutional rights,
committed errors of law or failed to support its findings of fact by substantial
evidence. Pub. Serv. Water Co. v. Pa. Pub. Util. Comm’n, 645 A.2d 423 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 1994).

             Here, we reject HIKO’s argument that the civil penalty is
disproportionate to the PUC’s treatment of other entities that engaged in similar
conduct. In rejecting HIKO’s reliance on administrative proceedings involving
other entities, the PUC explained that HIKO relied on settled rather than fully
litigated cases and, in any event, the cases were factually distinguishable.

             To that end, none of the cases HIKO cited involved intentional
conduct directed by the company’s highest-level executives such as that directed
by HIKO’s executives here, which involved the intentional decision to overcharge
the accounts of more than 5,700 customers on nearly 15,000 invoices over a four-
month period. F.F. Nos. 26 (citing Certified Record (C.R.), HIKO St. 1-R at 9;
HIKO St. 2-R at 49; ALJs’ Hr’g, 4/20/15, Notes of Testimony (N.T.) at 193-95),
72 (citing N.T. at 165, 217); ALJs’ Initial Dec. at 38, 40, 41, 42, 46, 54, 56;

                                          28
Commission Op. at 27, 53. Thus, as the PUC explained, “we believe that the
intentional decision by top management and the broad scope of HIKO’s violations
substantially distinguish it from the cases upon which HIKO relies.” Commission
Op. at 27. The PUC observed:

                   With respect to HIKO’s claims that the ALJs did
            not properly consider the level of civil penalties approved
            against other EGSs, including those in settled cases, we
            find HIKO’s argument to be erroneous. First, as to the
            precedential value of settlements … the well-established
            legal principle often invoked by and before [the PUC]
            [is] that settlements do not set precedent. Cases that
            proceed to a settled conclusion are often incomparable in
            many ways. For example, in Public Power, cited often
            by HIKO, the parties agreed to a settlement following an
            informal investigation by I&E, not the filing and full
            prosecution of a formal complaint as is the case here.
            Further, the settlement document itself in that
            proceeding, as is typical in settlements, stated that
            because settlements avoid the necessity of full litigation,
            all parties compromised their positions, and the
            investigated party, without admitting culpability, agreed
            to a lower penalty that avoided the possibility of more
            adverse consequences, including a higher fine. See Pa.
            PUC Bureau of Investigation and Enforcement v. Public
            Power, LLC, Docket No. M-2012-2257858 (Order
            entered August 29, 2013), Attached Settlement
            Agreement at 15, ¶ 36.

                   HIKO also misstates the distinction between
            settled and litigated proceedings under our policy
            statement. While HIKO contends that our policy
            statement ‘explicitly states’ that the factors to be
            considered in both litigated and settled proceedings are
            the same, that oversimplifies the requisite analysis, which
            also explicitly provides that consideration of the factors
            will be applied more strictly in litigated cases, a
            provision overlooked by HIKO. See 52 Pa. Code §
            69.1201(b). While we may consider the same factors, we
            do not consider them as strictly in settled cases. This is

                                        29
             not only because we encourage settlements but also, as
             the ALJs and I&E noted, the records in settled cases
             often contain substantially different evidence and no
             admission of wrongdoing. [ALJs’ Initial Dec. at 52; I&E
             Reply Exceptions at 20]. We also note that the third
             factor we consider, whether the conduct was intentional
             or negligent, is as HIKO asserted only considered in
             evaluating litigated cases. In this case, however, the
             intentional nature of the conduct, from [HIKO’s] top
             management, combined with the magnitude of the
             violation, are perhaps the two factors that most
             underscore the egregious nature of the violation and
             support as a minimum the penalty recommended by the
             ALJs.

Commission Op. at 52-53 (emphasis added) (footnote omitted).

             As the PUC explained, and contrary to HIKO’s assertions, the
stringency in application of the factors and standards the PUC utilizes in evaluating
cases involving violations of the Public Utility Code and its regulations differ in
settled and litigated cases. Indeed, the PUC’s penalty policy expressly states, in
pertinent part (with emphasis added):

             (a) The [PUC] will consider specific factors and
             standards in evaluating litigated and settled cases
             involving violations of 66 Pa.C.S. (relating to Public
             Utility Code) and this title. These factors and standards
             will be utilized by the [PUC] in determining if a fine for
             violating a [PUC] order, regulation or statute is
             appropriate, as well as if a proposed settlement for a
             violation is reasonable and approval of the settlement
             agreement is in the public interest.

             (b) Many of the same factors and standards may be
             considered in the evaluation of both litigated and settled
             cases. When applied in settled cases, these factors and
             standards will not be applied in as strict a fashion as in a
             litigated proceeding. The parties in settled cases will be

                                         30
              afforded flexibility in reaching amicable resolutions to
              complaints and other matters so long as the settlement is
              in the public interest. …

52 Pa. Code §69.1201(b). Further, as the PUC indicated, the third penalty factor,
i.e., whether the conduct at issue was intentional or negligent, “may only be
considered in evaluating litigated cases.           When conduct has been deemed
intentional, the conduct may result in a higher penalty.”                  52 Pa. Code
§69.1201(c)(3) (emphasis added).

              In addition, our independent review of the various PUC cases cited by
HIKO reveals that every case involved a settlement. Further, those cases are
factually distinguishable in that they involved: far fewer customer accounts10 or far
fewer purported violations;11 alleged misconduct by a third-party vendor without
the company’s knowledge;12 or no determination that the conduct at issue was
intentional.13 In specific response to HIKO’s arguments regarding an approved
penalty for UGI, those cases involved settlements (factors applied less strictly, case
non-precedential), and involved no determination that the conduct at issue was

       10
        Pa. Pub. Util. Comm’n v. Energy Servs. Providers, Inc. d/b/a Pa. Gas & Electric, No.
M-2013-2325122 (June 5, 2014), 2014 WL 2644840 (Pa.P.U.C.).
       11
           Commonwealth v. Respond Power, LLC, Nos. C-2014-2438640, C-2014-2427659
(Apr. 22, 2016).
       12
        Pa. Pub. Util. Comm’n, Bureau of Investigation & Enforcement v. Pub. Power, LLC,
No. M-2012-2257858, (Dec. 19, 2013), 2013 WL 6835126 (Pa.P.U.C.).
       13
         Commonwealth v. IDT Energy, Inc., No. C-2014-2427657 (Nov. 19, 2015), 2015 WL
7873831 (Pa.P.U.C.); Pa. Pub. Util. Comm’n, Bureau of Investigation & Enforcement v. UGI
Penn Nat. Gas, No. M-2013-2338981 (Sept. 26, 2013), 2013 WL 5488626 (Pa.P.U.C.); Pa. Pub.
Util. Comm’n, Bureau of Investigation & Enforcement v. UGI Utils., Inc., Gas Div., No. C-
2012-2308997 (Feb. 19, 2013).

                                            31
intentional. Also, the UGI cases did not involve an entity whose licensure was in
conditional, probationary status.     It is clearly within the PUC’s discretion to
distinguish this matter from the UGI cases on those bases.

             Nevertheless, HIKO asserts the PUC erred in failing to consider
various circumstances that were outside of HIKO’s control during the period at
issue, including the financial constraints it faced. As the PUC observed, however,
HIKO’s reliance on an 18-month pricing history did not serve as an adequate basis
on which to guarantee unconditional pricing savings of up to 7% for an initial six-
month period. Commission Op. at 46 (citing ALJs’ Initial Dec. at 29); F.F. No. 13
(citing C.R., HIKO St. 1-R at 2-5). More specifically, during the period at issue
here, HIKO made 100% of its electric purchases on the spot market. F.F. No. 13.
Clearly, this practice assumed certain risks regarding the volatility of wholesale
market prices. Commission Op. at 46 (citing ALJs’ Initial Dec. at 29). And, even
if HIKO

             did not foresee at the time of enrollment of customers in
             the 1-7% guaranteed savings plans the high risk HIKO or
             its variable rate customers were assuming because of the
             impending on-the-spot wholesale market price increases
             that were about to occur in [January 2014], the surprise
             does not justify the fact that the end-user customers
             enrolled in guaranteed savings plans are shouldering a
             substantial portion of the burden of the increase in
             wholesale rates.

Id. at 47 (citing ALJs’ Initial Dec. at 29-30).

             Further, the PUC and the ALJs specifically considered the various
circumstances HIKO alleged were outside of its control, but found these

                                          32
circumstances did not justify HIKO’s actions.                In particular, the customer
information HIKO provided with its guaranteed savings rate plan contained no
reservations based on outside circumstances. Thus,

              the polar vortex weather condition, the increase in natural
              gas prices due to the Canadian regulatory change, the
              increase in demand because of the weather, PJM’s
              operational requirements, and/or the resulting spot
              market energy prices do not constitute a good excuse for
              HIKO’s business decision to not honor a guaranteed
              discount under the terms and conditions of its [p]rice
              [o]ffering nor mitigate the warranted imposition of a civil
              penalty in this case.

                    There is no evidence to suggest that HIKO’s
              disclosure statement or welcome letter indicated to the
              customer that its introductory rate would be dependent
              upon any of these aforementioned factors. …

Commission Op. at 47 (quoting ALJs’ Initial Dec. at 57) (emphasis added). No
error is apparent in this reasoning. Indeed, HIKO’s disclosure statement and
welcome letter were devoid of any indication that the guaranteed introductory rate
HIKO promised its customers was subject to change based on any of the various
circumstances upon which HIKO now relies.14

       14
           In a footnote, HIKO asserts, even if the PUC was authorized to engage in contract
interpretation to enforce or regulate HIKO’s prices, the PUC’s determination that HIKO’s
customer information for the price guarantee program did not contain any reservations as to
outside circumstances is contradicted by a plain reading of the contract. HIKO argues its terms
and conditions included a force majeure provision, which states: “HIKO will not be liable for
any interruptions caused by a Force Majeure Event, and HIKO is not and shall not be liable for
damages caused by Force Majeure Events.” See Commonwealth v. HIKO Energy, LLC, Dkt.
No. C-2014-2427652, Joint Compl., App. A at ¶ 11. The provision defines “Force Majeure
Events” to include acts of God. HIKO argues the polar vortex of 2014 may be reasonably
characterized as an act of God, which is “[a]n overwhelming, unpreventable event caused
exclusively by forces of nature.” BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 37 (8th ed. 1999). Thus, HIKO
asserts, the PUC’s determination that HIKO’s customer information offered no information
(Footnote continued on next page…)

                                              33
              Moreover, the PUC agreed with the ALJs that HIKO’s reliance on the
spot market for 100% of its energy supply exposed HIKO to known risks, if not
foreseeable events, given that numerous factors upon which the wholesale market
depends were outside HIKO’s control. Commission Op. at 47-48. As such,
“HIKO [could not] credibly claim that relying on a market subject to so many
known exposures is not inherently risky, such that they were risks [HIKO]
apparently was willing to assume.” Commission Op. at 48. In other words, it was
or should have been foreseeable that exclusive reliance on the wholesale spot

(continued…)

regarding the impact of such unforeseeable and uncontrollable events is unsupported by the
record.
        Contrary to HIKO’s assertions, when read in its entirety, we do not believe the provision
of the customer disclosure statement upon which HIKO relies is helpful to its position. That
provision states:

              11. Force Majeure. HIKO will make commercially reasonable efforts to
              provide electricity hereunder but HIKO does not guarantee a continuous supply
              of electricity to Customer. Certain causes and events out of the control of HIKO
              (‘Force Majeure Events’) may result in interruptions in service. HIKO will not
              be liable for any such interruptions caused by a Force Majeure Event, and HIKO
              is not and shall not be liable for damages caused by Force Majeure Events.
              Force Majeure Events shall include acts of God, fire, flood, storm, terrorism,
              war, civil disturbance, acts of any governmental authority, accidents, strikes,
              labor disputes or problems, required maintenance work, inability to access the
              local distribution system, non-performance by the EDC (including, but not
              limited to, a facility outage on its distribution lines or electric facilities), changes
              in laws, rules, or regulations of any governmental authority or any other cause
              beyond HIKO’s control.

Commonwealth v. HIKO Energy, LLC, Dkt. No. C-2014-2427652, Joint Compl., App. A at ¶ 11
(emphasis added). We fail to see how this provision was sufficient to place HIKO’s customers
on notice that the six-month discounted rate HIKO guaranteed its customers could change based
on the cold weather experienced in the winter of 2014.
        Further, we disagree with HIKO that the polar vortex effects of the winter of 2014
constitute an act of God. Black’s Law Dictionary defines an “act of God” as “[a]n
overwhelming, unpreventable event caused exclusively by forces of nature, such as an
earthquake, flood, or tornado.” Black’s Law Dictionary 37 (8th ed. 1999) (emphasis added). We
do not believe the polar vortex effects of the winter of 2014 fall within this definition,
particularly in light of the enumerated examples.

                                                        34
market could, depending on the confluence of several independent factors at any
one time, produce less than favorable pricing conditions. Id. In addition to the fact
HIKO knew or clearly should have known many “moving pieces” affecting the
wholesale spot market were outside its control, HIKO “also should have been able
to foresee that relying on its customers as financial guarantors, when its finances
were stretched because of those many circumstances outside its control, was not a
valid option in the face of its contractual guarantees and existing regulatory
protections.”      Id.   Indeed, it was HIKO’s sole decision how to structure a
compatible price and supply scheme. F.F. No. 76 (citing N.T. at 162).

                In an analogous situation, this Court rejected the PUC’s determination
that a public utility company established that it was subject to price increases that
were outside of the public utility company’s control, explaining:

                We agree with [the dissenting PUC Commissioner’s]
                assessment that the [PUC’s] interpretation is clearly
                erroneous because the plain meaning of the term ‘outside
                of the control’ does not means [sic] that ratepayers will
                act as the surety for companies that act to maximize their
                return, and not, as other utilities did, to protect their
                exposure from known and definable obligations.

                      An event ‘outside of the control’ of a person or
                group typically refers to sudden illness, fire, theft, acts of
                God and natural disasters, not situations where a party
                can take actions to protect himself or herself from risk.
                See Peister v. State of Colorado, Department of Social
                Services, 849 P.2d 894 (Colo.Ct.App.1993). Strategic
                business planning always involves decisions on how
                much risk to accept and where the burden of risk is
                placed. In this case, [the public utility company] made a
                choice to divest itself of its generation assets and, unlike
                other utilities, not to protect itself by entering into long-
                term contracts within the rate caps to protect itself from

                                             35
            PLR [“provider of last resort”] costs. Instead, it made a
            bet that electric rates would remain below the rate caps
            and chose to maximize its profits. This was not an event
            outside of its control, but a conscious business decision.
            The General Assembly did not intend that if a utility lost
            money on choices it made, it would be allowed to recover
            more in rates. As [PUC] Commissioner Brownell stated,
            ‘the statute did not establish a ‘heads I win, tails you
            lose’ construct.’ Because an event that is “outside of the
            control” does not mean the results of business decisions,
            it was plainly erroneous for the [PUC] to allow revenues
            to be increased above the legislatively mandated rate
            caps.

ARIPPA v. Pa. Pub. Util Comm’n, 792 A.2d 636, 665-66 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2002) (en
banc).

            Further, HIKO’s assertion that it lacked any prior history of non-
compliance is unpersuasive. As to HIKO’s history of operation as an EGS in
Pennsylvania, the PUC tentatively and conditionally granted HIKO’s application to
operate as an EGS in June 2012. F.F. Nos. 5-6. Based on numerous complaints
against HIKO in New York, the PUC conditionally approved HIKO’s license
subject to certain reporting requirements as to its sales and marketing practices.
F.F. No. 6 (citing C.R., I&E St. 1 at 50-51).       The conditions applied from
December 2012 through June 2014. Id. As such, the violations at issue here
(which occurred between January and April 2014), took place while HIKO’s EGS
license was subject to conditions on its sales and marketing practices. Given that
the significant and abundant violations here began merely a-year-and-a-half after
HIKO received tentative and conditional EGS license approval and all of the
violations occurred while HIKO’s EGS license remained in conditional status, we

                                       36
reject HIKO’s argument that the PUC erred in failing to consider its purported
“history of compliance.”

             We also reject HIKO’s argument that the PUC’s failure to afford
sufficient weight to HIKO’s size in fashioning the civil penalty here warrants
disturbing the PUC’s decision. On that point, the PUC’s penalty policy states, in
relevant part: “The factors and standards that will be considered by the [PUC]
include … [t]he amount of the civil penalty or fine necessary to deter future
violations. The size of the utility may be considered to determine an appropriate
penalty amount.” 52 Pa. Code §69.1201(c)(8) (emphasis added). Here, the PUC
clearly considered this factor. Commission Op. at 52. However, it was reluctant to
place much weight on the ALJs’ analysis of HIKO’s size. The PUC agreed with
the ALJs that as a supplier licensed in eight states, HIKO certainly had an
opportunity to acquire a combined customer base, if not also economies of scale
and scope, that could exceed that of any one EDC in Pennsylvania. Nevertheless,
the PUC believed there was insufficient evidence on this point; as such, it placed
little emphasis on its importance. Regardless, it found ample support for the
remainder of the ALJs’ analysis to adopt the recommended civil penalty. As
discussed throughout this opinion, the record amply supports the PUC’s decision
regarding its imposition of the civil penalty. Further, as the ALJs recognized, the
total amount of the civil penalty imposed here closely reflects the actual, aggregate
overcharge that HIKO billed its customers. ALJs’ Initial Dec. at 49.

             In addition, we reject HIKO’s contention that the PUC engaged in an
“end-run” around controlling authority that deprives it of the power to regulate

                                         37
EGS prices. The PUC has subject matter jurisdiction to regulate certain aspects of
the services provided by EGSs. See Sections 2807, 2809 of the Public Utility
Code, 66 Pa. C.S. §§2807, 2809. Under Section 2809(b) of the Public Utility
Code, 66 Pa. C.S. §2809(b), EGSs are required to abide by PUC regulations.
(“A[n] [EGS] license shall be issued to any qualified applicant, authorizing the
whole or any part of the service covered by the application, if it is found that the
applicant is fit, willing and able … to conform to the provisions of this title and the
lawful orders and regulations of the [PUC] under this title, including the [PUC’s]
regulations regarding standards and billing practices ….”). For EGSs serving
residential customers, this includes adherence to the regulations set forth in Title
52, Chapter 54, which relate to, among other things, bill format, disclosure
statements and marketing and sales activities. See Herp v. Respond Power LLC,
No. C-2014-2413756 (Dec. 17, 2014). As set forth above, Section 54.4(a) states:
“EGS prices billed must reflect the marketed prices and the agreed upon prices in
the disclosure statement.”     52 Pa. Code §54.4(a).       Thus, we reject HIKO’s
assertion that the PUC engaged in an “end-run” around controlling authority that
deprives it of the power to regulate EGS prices here.

             Similarly, we reject HIKO’s assertion that the PUC exceeded its
authority in interpreting HIKO’s private contracts with its customers when the
PUC determined HIKO breached its price guarantee. In this case, HIKO’s CEO
admitted that HIKO billed its customers in excess of its guaranteed introductory
rate. N.T. at 165. As such, in analyzing this matter, the PUC applied its regulation
and determined each overcharge constituted a violation of Section 54.4(a) of its

                                          38
regulations. Thus, the PUC did not improperly engage in contract interpretation;
rather, it applied its regulations to HIKO’s admitted overcharges.

             Finally, we reject HIKO’s contention that the PUC did not properly
consider HIKO’s efforts to mitigate financial harm to its customers. On this point,
the PUC determined (with emphasis added):

                   It appears from the record that in the early phases
             of HIKO’s overbilling, [HIKO] made no effort to
             voluntarily cease the overbilling. I&E Exhibits 12 and
             13 show that only once customers filed informal
             complaints with BCS, did HIKO take action to refund
             overcharged amounts to customers. I&E Exhibits 12 and
             13 are further supported by the testimony of HIKO’s
             expert:

                   Q. Dr. Cicchetti, do you know if with regard to this
                   proceeding whether HIKO had any specific
                   remedial plan to provide refunds to the affected
                   customers?

                   A. I know before this proceeding began that they
                   were dealing with customer complaints, and that
                   they made refunds to specific customers who
                   complained.

             N.T. [at] 204.

                    As the spreadsheet data shows [sic], HIKO’s
             overbilling occurred not as a single occurrence, but over
             a four-month period. There were at least four separate
             decisions to continue HIKO’s pattern of overbilling – one
             for each of the January, February, March and April 2014
             billing cycles. N.T. [at] 217. Taking this same logic
             even further, the spreadsheet data contained in Column 4
             titled ‘Invoice Data’ in I&E Exhibits 6A through 11A
             shows [sic] multiple invoice dates for each month,
             suggesting that the decision to continue its scheme of

                                         39
             overbilling could have been confirmed prior to each and
             every invoice date.

                     HIKO ceased offering the guaranteed rate in
             February, hired 11 additional customer service
             representatives, and contracted with an answering service
             in Florida to handle the numerous customer complaints
             from several States. [Klein] testified that HIKO now also
             purchases hedges regarding power supply, i.e. 6-month
             contracts. However, whether that alone is sufficient risk
             management to ensure that HIKO’s variable rate prices
             do not exceed its guaranteed savings plans remains to be
             seen. There is no evidence the company modified its
             internal practices or procedures to address the conduct at
             issue. Of particular concern is that [Klein] testified he
             still intends to offer the 1% guaranteed rate. N.T. [at]
             167-168. Thus, it appears the guaranteed savings plan is
             still a goal and part of the business model.

ALJs’ Initial Dec. at 43; see also Commission Op. at 49. Additionally, the PUC
explained:

             The ALJs were unpersuaded that HIKO’s actions outside
             of those agreed to in OAG/OCA-HIKO Settlement
             warranted consideration of a lower penalty. We agree
             and find most compelling the ALJs’ conclusion that
             HIKO’s illegal billing practices continued for four
             consecutive months with [HIKO] beginning to issue
             refunds only after customers filed informal complaints
             with [the BCS].

Commission Op. at 49. Thus, we reject HIKO’s assertions on this point.

                         B. Penalty for Right to Litigate
                                 1. Contentions
             HIKO next argues the PUC’s determination to impose a civil penalty
of $1,836,125 impermissibly penalizes HIKO for exercising its right to litigate this

                                        40
matter. In light of the PUC’s refusal to consider civil penalty decisions in settled
cases   involving    substantially    similar   allegations,   HIKO      asserts,   the
disproportionate civil penalty levied against it can have no other explanation than
as a penalty because HIKO chose to litigate rather than settle this matter. HIKO
contends the PUC approved the enormous civil penalty here, despite the fact it is
nearly 80 times higher than the civil penalty it approved against another EGS for
similar conduct during the same period. And, HIKO argues, the PUC’s sole basis
for rejecting any consideration of the amounts approved in those cases is because
they were settled rather than litigated. Yet, as discussed above, HIKO asserts,
there is no reason the penalty decisions in settled cases should have no bearing in
determining an appropriate civil penalty here, given the dearth of litigated cases
involving similar allegations, and the requirement that the PUC consider the very
same penalty standards in both litigated and settled cases.

             Further, while HIKO acknowledges a lower civil penalty is a common
condition of a settlement, it asserts that the fuller evidentiary record in a litigated
proceeding does not justify an exponential increase in the civil penalty, especially
where HIKO was never presented with any real option than to settle this matter.
To that end, HIKO argues, when I&E initiated this proceeding before the PUC,
HIKO was faced with a claim for $15 million in civil penalties, potential license
revocation and a refusal to settle on any terms other than a multi-million dollar
penalty. HIKO asserts it had no practical alternative except to litigate the penalty
action. Having done so, the PUC imposed its highest ever penalty, effectively
punishing HIKO for refusing to settle. And, in affirming this unprecedented

                                          41
penalty, HIKO contends, it was penalized again by not being allowed to rely on
any settled cases as precedent to show that a lesser penalty was appropriate.

             Under the Pennsylvania Constitution, HIKO argues, it had a right to
refuse settlement and litigate this matter, including through an appeal to this Court.
Article 5, Section 9 of the Pennsylvania Constitution provides for appeals to courts
of record from administrative agencies. It states: “[T]here shall also be a right of
appeal from a court of record or from an administrative agency to a court of record
or to an appellate court ….” PA. CONST. art. 5, §9. HIKO maintains that, by
imposing astronomical and disproportionate civil penalties against it simply
because it decided to exercise its right to litigate, the PUC impermissibly attempted
to chill HIKO’s right of appeal. If pursuing litigation results in a disproportionate
civil penalty, HIKO argues, parties will inevitably be coerced into abandoning their
rights to litigate civil penalty assessments regardless of the merits of the cases
against them.

             HIKO argues that an action by the government that unnecessarily
chills the exercise of a constitutional right is invalid. See Commonwealth v.
Brown, 26 A.3d 485 (Pa. Super. 2011) (citing United States v. Jackson, 390 U.S.
570 (1968)). It asserts the stark disparity between the civil penalty ultimately
assessed against it and the civil penalty assessed against other EGSs for the same
or even more egregious conduct underscores the arbitrariness of the PUC’s
decision and compels the conclusion that the amount reflects, not what the record
evidence warranted, but a punishment for HIKO’s decision to litigate. HIKO
contends that permitting the PUC to enforce this unsubstantiated civil penalty

                                         42
violates HIKO’s right to due process in that it places too high a price on HIKO’s
constitutional right to litigate this matter.

                                       2. Analysis
              We reject HIKO’s argument that the PUC imposed the civil penalty
here based on HIKO’s choice to litigate rather than settle this matter. Rather, our
review of the decisions rendered by the ALJs and the PUC reflects that, in
fashioning the civil penalty here, the tribunals applied the 10 factors set forth in the
PUC’s penalty policy to the facts presented.

              Further, with regard to HIKO’s repeated assertions that the PUC erred
in failing to consider settled case, the PUC previously explained that it
“vigorously, and without equivocation, reject[s] considering a settlement as
precedent, as to any subsequent issue, in any proceeding.” Pa. Pub. Util. Comm’n
v. The Bell Tel. Co. of Pa., No. R-811819 (Nov. 10, 1988), 1988 Pa. PUC LEXIS
572 at *19 (emphasis in original). Thus, “the [PUC’s] approval of a settlement
does not establish legal precedent, because parties frequently waive their legal
rights regarding certain issues in a settlement.” Customer Assistance Programs:
Funding Levels & Cost Recovery Mechanisms, No. M-00051923 (Oct. 19, 2006),
2006 WL 6610966 (Pa.P.U.C.) at *11.

              To that end, as set forth above, HIKO mischaracterizes the PUC’s
penalty policy statement as it pertains to litigated rather than settled cases. As
stated above, “[w]hen applied in settled cases, [the penalty policy] factors and
standards will not be applied in as strict a fashion as in a litigated proceeding.” 52
Pa. Code §69.1201(b) (emphasis added). Thus, the parties in settled cases will be

                                            43
afforded flexibility in reaching amicable resolutions to complaints and other
matters so long as the settlement is in the public interest. Id. Additionally, the
third penalty factor, which involves a determination of whether the conduct at issue
is intentional or negligent, and which the PUC considered of great import here,
“may only be considered in evaluating litigated cases.”              52 Pa. Code
§69.1201(c)(3) (emphasis added). Indeed, when conduct is deemed intentional, it
may result in a higher penalty. Id.

             Further, as explained above, the settled cases upon which HIKO relies
are factually distinguishable. In particular, none of the cases HIKO cited involved
intentional conduct directed by the company’s highest-level executives such as that
directed by HIKO’s CEO and management here, which involved the intentional
decision to overcharge the accounts of more than 5,700 customers on nearly
15,000 invoices over a four-month period. F.F. Nos. 26 (citing C.R., HIKO St. 1-R
at 8-9; HIKO St. 2-R at 49; N.T. 193-95), 72 (citing N.T. at 165, 217); ALJs’
Initial Dec. at 38, 40, 41, 42, 46, 54, 56; Commission Op. at 27, 53. Indeed, the
PUC stated that the two factors that highlighted the egregious nature of the
violations and supported the penalty determination were: (1) the intentional nature
of the conduct from HIKO’s top management; and, (2) the magnitude of the
violation.   Commission Op. at 53.      Indeed, I&E’s witness, Daniel Mumford,
manager of the BCS’ Informal Compliance and Competition Unit, testified: “I’m
not aware of any previous case whether this large [a] number of customers were
overcharged deliberately.” N.T. at 132; see also N.T. at 124 (Mumford testified
“I’m not aware of any comparable cases, cases that could be compared to this one.
…”). Therefore, contrary to HIKO’s assertions, there is no indication the PUC

                                        44
imposed the penalty here based solely on HIKO’s decision to litigate rather than
settle this matter.

              In addition, while HIKO claims the PUC penalized it for refusing to
settle, it points to nothing in the record that substantiates this bald assertion. To
that end, through its complaint I&E sought the maximum penalty of nearly $15
million (based on the statutory maximum fine of $1,000 per violation), see R.R. at
41a, and the PUC ultimately imposed a penalty that was one-eighth (or 12.5%) of
that amount, or $1,836,125.          Thus, while the PUC’s policy is to “encourage
settlements,” 52 Pa. Code §5.231(a), there is nothing to indicate that HIKO was
compelled to litigate rather than settle this matter.

              For these reasons, we reject HIKO’s argument that the PUC’s
imposition of the civil penalty here impermissibly penalized HIKO for exercising
its right to litigate this matter.

                                 C. Penalty Computation
                                      1. Contentions
              HIKO next maintains the PUC erred in applying a “per invoice”
methodology that resulted in a finding of 14,689 separate violations. HIKO argues
its failure to honor the price guarantee during the polar vortex was the result of a
single business decision, not 14,689 separate decisions to overcharge customers.
Also, by adopting a penalty computation based on invoices rather than prices
actually billed, HIKO asserts, the ALJs arrived at a civil penalty that improperly
penalized HIKO for actions that did not violate PUC regulations.

                                            45
             HIKO contends that, as the PUC found that HIKO’s alleged
overcharges violated Section 54.4(a) of the PUC’s regulations, each day its
business decision remained effective constituted a separate and distinct offense.
See 66 Pa. C.S. §3301(b). As such, the PUC was required to apply a civil penalty
for each violation of Section 54.4(a) during the four months affected by the polar
vortex. Even if the PUC applied the maximum penalty of $1,000 for each day’s
violation, HIKO asserts, the PUC would have arrived at a total civil penalty of
$120,000—a penalty proportional to the civil penalties levied against other EGSs
for similar violations.

             HIKO argues the PUC’s “per invoice” methodology is contrary to the
language of Section 54.4(a), which provides: “EGS prices billed must reflect the
marketed prices and the agreed upon prices in the disclosure statement.” 52 Pa.
Code §54.4(a) (emphasis added). HIKO contends the regulation does not state that
each EGS invoice must conform to the marketed price. HIKO asserts the invoice
amount and the actual amount billed to a customer may be different, as the PUC
acknowledged by its decision to remove “re-billed” charges from the total number
of alleged violations. R.R. at 902a. Moreover, HIKO maintains, it did not “bill”
customers itself; rather, the customer’s local EDC actually sent the invoices.
HIKO’s customer records simply showed each customer’s account, the usage, the
rate and the total charges over specific periods. HIKO argues I&E did not produce
a single customer invoice to support its case. It asserts this distinction is critical
where, as here, there are thousands of customer billing entries in HIKO’s records
and each instance in which the “amount invoiced” is actually billed to a customer
can carry a civil penalty up to $1,000.

                                          46
             Further, HIKO maintains, based on his industry experience, its expert,
Dr. Cicchetti, offered a number of explanations as to why approximately 300
invoice entries in HIKO’s records were likely not billed to customers. HIKO
argues I&E offered no proof one way or the other, and thus did not carry its burden
of proving those occurrences constituted violations.

                                         2. Analysis
             Section 3301 of the Public Utility Code (“Civil penalties for
violations”) states, in relevant part:

             (a) General rule.--If any public utility, or any other
             person or corporation subject to this part, shall violate
             any of the provisions of this part, or shall do any matter
             or thing herein prohibited; or shall fail, omit, neglect, or
             refuse to perform any duty enjoined upon it by this part;
             or shall fail, omit, neglect or refuse to obey, observe, and
             comply with any regulation or final direction,
             requirement, determination or order made by the [PUC]
             … such public utility, person or corporation for such
             violation, omission, failure, neglect, or refusal, shall
             forfeit and pay to the Commonwealth a sum not
             exceeding $1,000, to be recovered by an action of
             assumpsit instituted in the name of the Commonwealth.
             In construing and enforcing the provisions of this section,
             the violation, omission, failure, neglect, or refusal of any
             officer, agent, or employee acting for, or employed by,
             any such public utility, person or corporation shall, in
             every case be deemed to be the violation, omission,
             failure, neglect, or refusal of such public utility, person or
             corporation.

             (b) Continuing offenses.--Each and every day’s
             continuance in the violation of any regulation or final
             direction, requirement, determination, or order of the
             [PUC] … or of any final judgment, order or decree made
             by any court, shall be a separate and distinct offense. If
             any interlocutory order of supersedeas, or a preliminary

                                             47
             injunction be granted, no penalties, shall be incurred or
             collected for or on account of any act, matter, or thing
             done in violation of such final direction, requirement,
             determination, order, or decree, so superseded or
             enjoined for the period of time such order of supersedeas
             or injunction is in force.

66 Pa. C.S. §3301(a), (b).

             As set forth above, the pertinent PUC regulation states: “EGS prices
billed must reflect the marketed prices and the agreed upon prices in the disclosure
statement.” 52 Pa. Code §54.4(a) (emphasis added). HIKO challenges the PUC’s
interpretation of this regulation.       As set forth above, however, the PUC’s
interpretation of its own regulations is entitled to great deference and will not be
reversed unless clearly erroneous. Lyft.

             Here, the PUC rejected HIKO’s proffered interpretation of 52 Pa.
Code §54.4(a), explaining (with emphasis added):

                    Although HIKO argues that Section 54.4(a) ‘does
             not state that each EGS invoice must conform to the
             marketed price’ but rather contains a ‘general’ statement
             that ‘prices billed must reflect the marketed price and the
             agreed upon prices in the disclosure statement’ we find
             that distinction to be one without a difference. HIKO
             [Exceptions] at 12 (emphasis in original). The prices in
             HIKO’s invoices did not match the customer
             information[15] provided, which guaranteed savings of
             between 1% and 7%. We find no basis to adopt an
             analysis that Section 54.4(a) demands anything more

      15
          As the PUC noted in its opinion, its regulations define the term “Customer
information” as “[w]ritten, oral or electronic communications used by electricity providers
[(which expressly includes EGSs)] to communicate to consumers prices and terms of service.”
52 Pa. Code §54.2.

                                            48
              than disparate pricing in order for us to adopt the ALJs’
              conclusion that HIKO billed prices that did not match its
              customer information.

Commission Op. at 25-26. We do not believe the PUC’s interpretation of the plain
language of Section 54.4(a) of its regulations is clearly erroneous; thus, we may
not disturb it.

              Further, the record supports the PUC’s determination that HIKO
violated Section 54.4(a) by charging its customers amounts that exceeded HIKO’s
marketed prices and the agreed upon prices in HIKO’s disclosure statement. The
ALJs determined each overcharge equated to a violation of Section 54.4(a) of the
PUC’s regulations. ALJs’ Initial Dec. at 31. HIKO marketed and agreed to a
discount of 1% to 7% off the customer’s EDC’s PTC through its disclosure
statement and welcome letter. Id. HIKO issued a disclosure statement to each
customer who enrolled in its price offering, which stated that the rate is the “price
stated at sign-up and confirmed in your written Welcome Letter from HIKO.” Id.
at 32 (citing C.R., I&E Ex. 4; N.T. 143-44). HIKO’s Welcome Letter to customers
enrolled in its price offering stated:

              Guaranteed Savings! You have been enrolled onto a
              variable rate, which is guaranteed to be 1-7% less than
              your local Utility’s price to compare, for the first six
              monthly billing cycles. After the six-month introductory
              rate plan, you will be automatically rolled over onto a
              competitive variable rate, which will be determined by
              [HIKO], based on numerous key factors, including
              current market conditions and climate. The variable rate
              can change regularly.

Id. (quoting C.R., I&E Ex. 3) (emphasis in original).

                                         49
             HIKO did not dispute that it failed to honor the guaranteed discounted
rate during the winter of 2014. Id. (citing C.R., HIKO St. 1-R at 9; C.R., HIKO St.
2-R at 33-34, 39, 49, 59; N.T. at 164-66, 191, 193, 195, 197). In particular, HIKO
admitted that from January through April 2014, it billed a large number of its
customers in the service territories of Duquesne Light, Met-Ed, PECO, Penelec,
PPL and West Penn a unit rate for electricity supply during the customers’
introductory periods that exceeded, and sometimes far exceeded, the discounted
introductory rate guaranteed at the time of each customer’s enrollment as a HIKO
supply customer. Id.

             The ALJs explained that I&E Exhibits 6A through 11A showed the
number of violations. Further, HIKO’s CEO, Klein, confirmed the spreadsheets
were true and correct business records representing billing data for HIKO
customers of this price guarantee from January through April 2014 in each EDC
service territory. N.T. at 147. Klein testified each row of data set forth in the
spreadsheets represented a single invoice entry. N.T. 148. Klein confirmed the
meaning of each column heading. N.T. at 148-51. Klein confirmed the process for
determining whether an invoice entry was deemed an overcharge under the terms
of the price offering. N.T. at 151-54.

             Further, the ALJs credited the testimony of I&E witness Mumford
that the spreadsheets show 14,689 occurrences of HIKO’s overcharging over 99%
of the PTC of the EDC in six EDC territories. ALJs’ Initial Dec. at 33; N.T. at 49.
The ALJs also found persuasive Mumford’s testimony that each overcharge was a
reasonable way of defining an “instance.” Id. at 34 (citing N.T. at 38-39, 136-37).

                                         50
               The ALJs explained that the record revealed 14,689 overcharges. Id.
at 35.      Contrary to Dr. Cicchetti’s claim that I&E’s penalty assessment was
exaggerated “for what was essentially a single business decision,” the ALJs stated,
violations of Section 54.4(a) are not based on the number of business decisions, but
rather, the number of overcharges. Id. (citing C.R., HIKO St. 2 at 49). On each
occasion, HIKO submitted a bill for a charge that was contrary to what it promised.
Id. (citing N.T. at 87-88).

               Further, as the ALJs recognized, the imposition of a civil penalty for
each overcharge is lawful and appropriate in light of the fact that each overcharge
can be feasibly segregated into a discrete violation. See Newcomer Trucking, Inc.
v. Pa. Pub. Util. Comm’n, 531 A.2d 85, 87 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1987) (“[I]t becomes
obvious that Section 3301(a) of the [Public Utility] Code permits the PUC to
impose a fine of up to $1,000 for each and every discrete violation of the [Public
Utility] Code or PUC regulation, regardless of the number of violations that
occur.”).

               In Newcomer, the PUC determined that a trucking company,
Newcomer Trucking, Inc. (Newcomer), violated a PUC regulation 184 times on
128 separate days by transporting the goods of more than one consignor on one
truck at the same time. The PUC imposed a penalty per regulatory violation. In
rejecting Newcomer’s challenges to the PUC’s penalty calculation, this Court
explained:

                     First, Newcomer contends that [Section 3301 of the
               Public Utility Code] limits to $1,000 the amount of the
               penalty the PUC can impose upon a violator of any single

                                          51
Code provision regardless of the number of violations
committed. Thus, Newcomer asserts that, even though it
had violated 52 Pa.Code § 31.24 a total of 184 times on
128 separate days, the total fine that the PUC could assess
was $1,000. We are compelled to disagree with this
strained and unreasonable interpretation.

       As our research has uncovered no case law
interpreting [Section 3301 of the Public Utility Code], we
must turn to the Statutory Construction Act of 1972 (Act),
1 Pa. C.S. §§ 1501-1991, for guidance. Two sections of
the Act are particularly instructive here. Under Section
1922, a statute is to be interpreted so as to avoid an absurd
or unreasonable result. 1 Pa. C.S. § 1922(1). Interpreting
Section 3301(a) of the Code in the fashion proposed by
Newcomer, however, would be both absurd and
unreasonable. Under Newcomer’s argument, no matter
how many times a Code provision or PUC regulation is
violated, be it once or 100 times, the maximum penalty
that the PUC could levy would be $1,000. Clearly, this
could not have been the intent of the legislature, and we
decline to so find.

       Moreover, Section 1930 of the Act states:
“Whenever a penalty or forfeiture is provided for the
violation of a statute, such penalty or forfeiture shall be
construed to be for each such violation.” 1 Pa. C.S. §
1930. When this section is read in conjunction with
Section 1922(1) of the Act, it becomes obvious that
Section 3301(a) of the Code permits the PUC to impose a
fine of up to $1,000 for each and every discrete violation
of the Code or PUC regulation, regardless of the number
of violations that occur.

       Alternatively, however, Newcomer argues that even
if the PUC can impose a penalty in excess of $1,000,
subsection (b) of Section 3301 of the Code requires the
PUC to impose the monetary penalty on a per day, not per
violation, basis. Thus, according to Newcomer, since the
violation here occurred on 128 separate days, it should
have been fined only $12,800.

                            52
             While again, no cases have interpreted [Section 3301(b)
             of the Public Utility Code], cases citing its virtually
             identical predecessor, Section 1301(b) of the Public
             Utility Law,[16] are instructive. See 1 Pa. C.S. § 1922(4)
             (“[w]hen a court of last resort has construed the language
             used in a statute, the General Assembly in subsequent
             statutes on the same subject matter intends the same
             construction to be placed upon such language”).

                    In York Telephone & Telegraph Co. v.
             Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission, [121 A.2d 605
             (Pa. Super. 1956)], the court affirmed a PUC order fining
             a public utility $50 per day for the 655 days it failed to
             comply with an earlier PUC order to acquire additional
             manpower to improve its service. In so doing, the court
             recognized that ‘continuing offenses’ are not simply
             offenses repeated on more than one day; rather,
             ‘continuing offenses’ are proscribed activities that are of
             an ongoing nature and cannot be feasibly segregated into
             discrete violations so as to impose separate penalties.
             [121 A.2d at 617] (Rhoades, P.J., concurring and
             dissenting); see also Gornish v. Pennsylvania Public
             Utility Commission, [4 A.2d 569 (Pa. Super. 1939)].

                   In the case at bar, however, although the proscribed
             shipments occurred on 128 separate days, 184 separate
             shipments were identified. Each shipment constituted a
             separate violation of 52 Pa. Code § 31.24, and thus the
             PUC acted within its power under Section 3301 when it
             assessed a penalty for each violation.

Newcomer, 531 A.2d at 86-88 (emphasis added).

             Similar to Newcomer, the record here reveals HIKO overcharged its
customers on 14,689 invoices during the four-month period at issue. Each invoice
constituted a separate violation of 52 Pa. Code §54.4(a); thus, the PUC acted

      16
          Act of May 28, 1937, P.L. 1053, as amended, 66 P.S. §1491(b). Section 1301 was
repealed by Section 2 of the Act of July 1, 1978, P.L. 598.

                                          53
within its authority under Section 3301 of the Public Utility Code in assessing a
penalty for each violation. Further, as indicated in the above-quoted excerpt from
Newcomer, we specifically rejected the argument HIKO advances here, that the
PUC was required to calculate the penalty under Section 3301(b) of the Public
Utility Code on a per day rather than per violation basis.

             In addition, although HIKO relies on the opinion of its expert, Dr.
Cicchetti, that 300 invoice entries were likely not billed to customers, the PUC and
ALJs expressly rejected this testimony, explaining: “[Dr.] Cicchetti was unspecific
about which line items were incorrectly included in the calculations. He also
seemed unsure whether the customer was billed the re-bill or not. As his testimony
contains conjecture, we find I&E carried its burden of proving 14,689 violations
did occur during the four month period in question.” Commission Op. at 32
(quoting ALJs’ Initial Dec. at 31). As set forth in greater detail below, the record
supports the PUC’s finding on this point.

             In sum, the record supports the finding of the PUC and ALJs that
HIKO charged its customers at rates in excess of its marketed prices and the agreed
upon prices in its disclosure statement on 14,689 invoices. Further, the PUC and
ALJs properly determined each overcharge constituted a separate violation of 52
Pa. Code §54.4(a). Newcomer.

                             D. Substantial Evidence
                                 1. Contentions
             As a final issue, HIKO maintains the PUC erred in sustaining a civil
penalty that lacks substantial record support. HIKO argues the PUC adopted the

                                         54
same penalty amount the ALJs recommended even though the PUC admitted the
ALJs made factual mistakes that led them to weigh some of the required penalty
factors against HIKO. In so doing, HIKO asserts, the PUC erred.

             HIKO contends the PUC was free to wholly disregard and supersede
the ALJs’ findings, especially where the recommended civil penalty was not
supported by substantial evidence.     See, e.g., City of Phila. v. Pa. Pub. Util.
Comm’n, 458 A.2d 1026 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1983). HIKO argues where the relief
granted is a civil penalty for violations of PUC regulations, the PUC’s civil penalty
determination must be supported by evidence presented on each of the 10 factors in
the penalty policy. See Rosi v. Bell Atl.-Pa, Inc. & Sprint Commc’ns, L.P., No. C-
0092409 (Mar. 16, 2000), 2000 WL 1407936 (Pa.P.U.C.). HIKO asserts that, in
assigning proper weight to each of the penalty factors, the PUC should have, at a
minimum, reduced the civil penalty to reflect the shortcomings it found in the
ALJs’ findings, as well as the uncertainties inherent in applying a “per invoice”
method of computing an appropriate civil penalty.

             HIKO contends the PUC expressly acknowledged that the ALJs relied
on insufficient evidence to support certain conclusions as to the required penalty
factors. First, the PUC conceded the ALJs’ conclusion that customers suffered
financial hardship as a result of the overcharges was “lacking on this record.”
Commission Op. at 48. HIKO asserts the ALJs drew this conclusion despite the
fact that I&E did not present any such evidence at the hearing. HIKO argues the
evidence it presented supported the opposite conclusion as nearly two-thirds of the
customer overcharges were less than $100. Moreover, HIKO agreed to make full

                                         55
restitution to all affected customers in its settlement of the OAG/OCA case. HIKO
asserts the ALJs’ improper conclusion of financial hardship prejudiced HIKO by
more heavily weighting the “seriousness of the violation” element of the penalty
policy, 52 Pa. Code §69.1201(c)(2), against HIKO.             Nevertheless, HIKO
maintains, the PUC did not reduce the ALJs’ recommended civil penalty.

            Next, HIKO asserts, the PUC admitted that the ALJs’ conclusion that
HIKO did not comply with the PUC’s surety requirements was “unclear at best,”
and the PUC was “unable to reach any conclusion on this point.” Commission Op.
at 49. Again, HIKO argues, although the ALJs weighted the “compliance history”
penalty factor, see 52 Pa. Code §69.1201(c)(6), against HIKO, it did not adjust the
recommended penalty amount.

            In addition, HIKO contends, the PUC conceded there was
“insufficient evidence” to support the ALJs’ analysis that a nearly $2 million civil
penalty was proper given HIKO’s size. Commission Op. at 52. At the hearing,
HIKO asserts, I&E produced no evidence as to HIKO’s size, see 52 Pa. Code
§69.1201(c)(8), to show the enormous civil penalty was warranted to deter HIKO
or could even be borne by the company. Again, HIKO asserts, the PUC refused to
depart from the civil penalty recommended by the ALJs, saying only, “it placed
little emphasis on [the] value” of the evidence as to HIKO’s size. Commission Op.
at 52.

            HIKO argues that, having admitted the ALJs improperly drew
conclusions that weighed each of those penalty factors against HIKO, the PUC

                                        56
should have at the very least reduced the penalty. Yet, HIKO asserts the PUC
approved the exact same amount the ALJs recommended, without modification. In
the PUC’s view, none of these evidentiary shortcomings “[rose] to such a level as
to persuade [it] that the proposed civil penalty [was] inappropriate or
unsupported.” Commission Op. at 43. HIKO contends that such a vague basis for
ignoring crucial deficiencies in the initial decision is contrary to constitutional law.
In the context of regulatory penalties, the Due Process Clauses of the U.S. and
Pennsylvania Constitutions mandate that a party have reasonable notice of the
penalty that may accrue for a violation, as well as the underlying basis on which it
rests. See S. Union Twp. v. Dep’t of Envtl. Prot., 839 A.2d 1179, 1192 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2003); see also Connally v. Gen. Constr. Co., 269 U.S. 385, 391 (1926).

             Effectively conceding substantial evidence was lacking on 3 of the 10
required elements of the penalty policy, HIKO argues, the PUC was required to re-
calibrate the civil penalty the ALJs computed. Had it done so, in light of the PUC
decisions approving settlements in other relevant cases, see 52 Pa. Code
§69.1201(c)(9), HIKO asserts, it could not have upheld the $1,836,125 penalty.

             HIKO also reiterates its argument that the PUC used an improper
method for computing the number of violations. It asserts the PUC affirmed the
ALJs’ finding that HIKO billed its customers 14,689 times in amounts that
exceeded the price guarantee and that each billing constituted a separate violation
of Section 54.4(a). Yet, in the same breath, the PUC acknowledged the inherent
inconsistencies and uncertainties of the underlying data that this “per invoice”
computation relied on.

                                          57
            HIKO asserts that, in affirming the ALJs’ penalty determination, the
PUC again disregarded these deficiencies, reasoning: “HIKO had the opportunity
to correct mistakes in I&E’s calculation” and ultimately “fail[ed] to carry its
burden of persuasion once [I&E’s] burden shifted from I&E to [HIKO].”
Commission Op. at 33. HIKO argues this explanation ignores basic principles of
burden of proof and burden-shifting. It maintains, there is no dispute that I&E had
the burden of proving Section 54.4(a) was violated on 14,689 separate occasions.
HIKO contends I&E’s burden also required it to eliminate confusion about the
meaning of its proofs and to establish any seemingly anomalous entries were, in
fact, invoices actually billed to customers. To do that, HIKO asserts, I&E could
have served written discovery to establish what the entries meant. HIKO argues
I&E could have obtained the actual customer invoices to confirm whether the
customer was actually billed the invoice amount or presented customer testimony.
But, I&E elected to do none of these things.

            HIKO contends that where I&E’s exhibits are inconsistent, misleading
or unreliable, I&E does not to carry its burden. HIKO argues it should not incur
greater penalties because of that failure. Because I&E did not offer any evidence
proving these partial, duplicative or corrected invoice entries actually amounted to
violations of the PUC’s regulations, HIKO argues, I&E did not meet its burden of
proving HIKO violated Section 54.4(a) on 14,689 separate occasions.

            In addition, HIKO contends, the total number of violations the PUC
accepted includes hundreds of other anomalous and questionable invoices that

                                        58
should not have been considered violations of Section 54.4(a) because they
involved de minimis amounts.

             HIKO also asserts Dr. Cicchetti testified that at least 118 of the
invoices (0.8%) included in I&E’s computation contained overcharges of less than
$1 and 1,293 of the invoices (8.8%) were less than $10. And, HIKO argues, the
ALJs credited this testimony. Yet, the PUC approved a civil penalty computation
that included a substantial penalty for each of these overcharges. HIKO contends
this is overly punitive. See Bristol-Myers Co. v. Lit Bros., Inc., 6 A.2d 843, 848
(Pa. 1939) (“[T]he court is not bound to a strictness at once harsh and pedantic in
the application of statutes ... Where there are irregularities of very slight
consequence, it does not intend that the infliction of penalties should be inflexibly
severe.”). Therefore, HIKO maintains, the PUC should have entirely removed or
significantly discounted these invoice entries in the penalty calculation.

             HIKO argues that a “per customer” methodology would recognize a
violation for each of the 5,708 affected HIKO customers at the average $124
customer overcharge and result in a far lower but still substantial penalty of
$707,792. It asserts such a penalty would be many times higher than any other
civil penalty the PUC approved against another EGS, and much higher than
virtually all the civil penalties approved in settlements for EDCs for gas explosions
that caused serious physical injuries and property damage. HIKO contends the
PUC’s prior penalty decisions regarding similar claims comport with a “per
customer” method for violations of Section 54.4(a). See Herp. HIKO maintains
the PUC did not address its decision in Herp here.

                                         59
                                     2. Analysis
             We reject HIKO’s various assertions on this issue. At the outset, we
note, HIKO does not dispute the PUC’s determinations as to several of the penalty
policy factors. In particular, HIKO does not dispute that: (a) under the first penalty
factor, its conduct was of a serious nature, which “may warrant a higher penalty,”
52 Pa. Code §69.1201(c)(1); (b) under the third penalty factor, its conduct was
intentional, which “may result in a higher penalty,” see 52 Pa. Code
§69.1201(c)(3); (c) under the fifth penalty factor, its conduct involved a large
number of customers (more than 5,700) over the course of a four-month period;
and, (d) under the sixth penalty factor, all of the violations here occurred while
HIKO’s Pennsylvania EGS license was still in conditional status.

             Nevertheless, HIKO first asserts that, in light of the PUC’s concession
that the record lacked substantial evidence that HIKO’s customers suffered
financial hardship, the PUC was obligated to reduce the civil penalty. The ALJs
mentioned this point in the context of their analysis of the second penalty factor,
which involves consideration of: “Whether the resulting consequences of the
conduct at issue were of a serious nature. When consequences of a serious nature
are involved, such as personal injury or property damage, the consequences may
warrant a higher penalty.” See 52 Pa. Code §69.1201(c)(2). With regard to the
second factor, the ALJs stated:

                    HIKO’s argument that since the allegations do not
             involve the consequences of death, personal injury, or
             property damage, no or a low penalty is warranted. As
             an example, HIKO cites as authority for its position,
             [UGI Penn Natural Gas], wherein after repeated
             violations of gas safety regulations spanning the course
             of nearly five years, with consequences that included

                                         60
            many deaths and substantial property damage, the largest
            civil penalty imposed on UGI Utilities, Inc. (‘UGI’) was
            only $1,000,000. It is difficult to compare settled
            outcomes involving natural gas explosions with the
            instant case. We have no way of knowing whether the
            violations alleged in the UGI cases would have been
            proven by a preponderance of the evidence. …

                   Focusing on the instant case, it would be
            unreasonable given the magnitude of the number of
            overcharges in violation of 52 [Pa. Code] § 54.4(a) to not
            direct any penalty at all. Further, it is unknown the
            hardship the approximately 5,700 customers experienced,
            even if their average monthly overcharge was only $124.
            If the EGS’s [PTC] rate increased by 400% without prior
            notice and without the expectation for the occurrence, we
            infer that there was some financial hardship experienced
            by the customers and, therefore, the consequences of
            HIKO’s actions were of a serious nature. [C.R.,] I&E St.
            1 at 49. We accept as credible Dr. Cicchetti’s testimony
            that some of the overcharges were for less than a dollar.
            N.T. [at] 211. This fact and the fact that the conduct
            complained of is not ‘slamming’ may warrant less than
            the maximum penalty per occurrence; however, the
            conduct is serious as evidenced by the number of
            informal complaints BCS received regarding the
            company, the number of total violations as depicted in
            Appendix C to I&E’s Main Brief, and the number of
            customers that cancelled their agreements with HIKO
            from January – April, 2014.

ALJs’ Initial Dec. at 39-40 (emphasis added). While the PUC declined to uphold
the ALJs’ inference regarding customer hardship, it nevertheless recognized that
the $125 per violation penalty levied by the ALJs was appropriate because it
approximated HIKO’s average overcharge on customer invoices during the four-
month period at issue, which was $124. Commission Op. at 48. The PUC also
indicated that consumer testimony admitted in connection with the OAG/OCA
case addressed the issue of customer hardship. Id.

                                        61
            Regardless, the PUC determined its decision not to adopt the ALJs’
inference regarding financial hardship to HIKO’s customers did not warrant an
adjustment to the penalty amount arrived at by the ALJs. Id. This is not surprising
given the PUC’s determinations regarding the magnitude of HIKO’s continuous,
intentional violations of PUC regulations here.

            Indeed, the PUC clearly believed that the consequences of HIKO’s
widespread and prolonged overcharging of its customers in direct infringement of
its price guarantee and PUC regulations were serious. As I&E’s witness Mumford
explained during his direct testimony, “[w]hen customers shop in the retail electric
marketplace, they need to be able to trust that the rates that are marketed and
promised at the time of enrollment are the rates that will be charged for electric
generation. Otherwise, retail electric competition will not be successful.” C.R.,
I&E Statement No. 1 at 49.        To that end, the PUC explained that HIKO
“knowingly and deliberately” chose to dishonor its promised and contracted-for
savings of 1% to 7% on 14,689 occasions to 5,708 customers, in direct violation of
Section 54.4(a) of the PUC’s regulations. Commission Op. at 44. In so doing, the
PUC determined, HIKO effectively treated its own customers as the financial
guarantors of its own business plan, which backed contracts offering customers
guaranteed savings with what was essentially a speculative supply portfolio based
exclusively on spot market purchases. Id. Thus, although this case did not involve
personal injury or property damage, the PUC clearly considered HIKO’s recurring
regulatory violations to have serious consequences.

                                        62
            As further support for its argument that the PUC should have reduced
the penalty, HIKO points to the PUC’s determination that it was unable to clearly
determine whether HIKO complied with the PUC’s surety or bond requirements.
Although HIKO correctly points out that the PUC stated that evidence of HIKO’s
compliance with the PUC’s surety requirements was “unclear at best,”
Commission Op. at 49, we disagree with HIKO that this fact required the PUC to
reduce the penalty imposed against HIKO.

            To that end, the ALJs addressed the surety issue in their discussion of
the sixth penalty policy factor, which concerns “[t]he compliance history of the
regulated entity which committed the violation. An isolated incident from an
otherwise compliant utility may result in a lower penalty, whereas frequent,
recurrent violations by a utility may result in a higher penalty.” 52 Pa. Code
§69.1201(c)(6). With regard to HIKO’s compliance history, as set forth in greater
detail above, HIKO’s 14,689 violations of Section 54.4(a) of the PUC’s
regulations, which involved 5,708 customers over the course of a four-month
period, all occurred during the period HIKO’s EGS license was in conditional,
probationary status in which the PUC had placed conditions on HIKO’s sales and
marketing practices.   In light of the fact that HIKO’s widespread, repeated
violations here occurred while its EGS license remained in conditional status, in
evaluating the “history of compliance” penalty policy factor, the PUC stated, “at
the time of the January through April 2014 violations, HIKO was still operating in
a ‘probationary’ period of its licensure.” Commission Op. at 52.

                                        63
             Next, as to HIKO’s argument regarding the lack of record evidence as
to its size, as explained above, the PUC’s eighth penalty policy factor states: “The
amount of the civil penalty or fine necessary to deter future violations. The size of
the utility may be considered to determine an appropriate penalty amount.” 52 Pa.
Code §69.1201(c)(8) (emphasis added). Here, the PUC clearly considered this
factor. Commission Op. at 52. However, it declined to place much weight on the
ALJs’ analysis of HIKO’s size. Regardless, the PUC found ample support for the
remainder of the ALJs’ analysis to adopt the recommended civil penalty.
Additionally, as the ALJs recognized, the total amount of the civil penalty closely
reflects the actual, total overcharge HIKO billed its customers. ALJs’ Initial Dec.
at 49. As discussed throughout this opinion, the record amply supports the PUC’s
decision regarding its imposition of the civil penalty.

             Finally, as to HIKO’s argument that the PUC erred in utilizing a “per
invoice” method of computing the civil penalty, the PUC, adopting the ALJs’
reasoning, explained, in pertinent part:

                    HIKO made 14,689 separate and distinct
             overcharges to 5,708 Pennsylvania customer accounts
             from January through April 2014. Based on the invoice
             entries set forth in I&E Exhibits 6A through 11A, and as
             summarized in I&E Exhibit 14, the evidence shows a
             total of 14,689 overcharges disaggregated as follows: 264
             in Duquesne Light service territory, 1,624 in Met-Ed
             service territory, 1,599 in PECO service territory, 1,782
             in Penelec service territory, 8,018 in PPL service territory
             and 1,402 in West Penn service territory. …

                    In Exhibits 6A, 7A, 9A, 10A and 11A, the number
             of violations appears to be accurately highlighted. Where
             there is a re-bill in these exhibits, it is clearly marked
             ‘Rebilled Energy Charge’ and these charges do not

                                           64
appear to be highlighted or included in the total number
of violations, i.e. Exhibit 7A, at 1. However the PECO
exhibit does not have any line-itemed re-bill charges
expressly stating such. [Dr.] Cicchetti testified as
follows:

            There were a lot of overcharges where, if
      you look at the data, there were probably at least
      300 instances where it was one of these bills dated
      one day, and then two days later it was modified
      and it was another bill. And I’m not sure the
      customer even saw that. It may have just been
      between HIKO and the utility.

       [Dr.] Cicchetti was unspecific about which line
items were incorrectly included in the calculations. He
also seemed unsure whether the customer was billed the
re-bill or not. As his testimony contains conjecture, we
find I&E carried its burden of proving 14,689 violations
did occur during the four month period in question.

                         ****

       HIKO does not dispute that it failed to honor the
guaranteed discounted rate during the winter of 2014.
HIKO admits that from January 2014 through April
2014, HIKO billed a large number of customers within
the service territories of Duquesne Light, Met-Ed, PECO,
Penelec, PPL and West Penn a unit rate for electricity
supply during the customers’ introductory periods that
exceeded, and sometimes far exceeded, the discounted
introductory rate that was guaranteed at the time of each
customer’s enrollment as a HIKO supply customer.

        I&E Exhibits 6A through 11A show the
highlighted number of violations. HIKO’s witness,
[Klein], confirmed that the spreadsheets were true and
correct business records representing billing data for
HIKO customers of this price guarantee for January
through April 2014 in each EDC service territory. [Klein]
testified that each row of data set forth in the
spreadsheets represents a single invoice entry. [Klein]
confirmed the meaning of each column heading. [Klein]

                           65
             confirmed the process for determining whether an
             invoice entry was deemed to be an overcharge under the
             terms of the [p]rice [o]ffering.

                    The testimony of I&E’s witness [Mumford],
             Manager of the Informal Compliance and Competition
             Unit of BCS, is persuasive and supports a finding that
             these spreadsheets show 14,689 occurrences of HIKO’s
             overbilling over 99% of the price to compare rate of the
             EDC in six EDCs’ territories. Although we note that in
             the PECO Exhibit 8A there are approximately 60
             highlighted charges that appear to involve thirty double
             billings (the same account number, the same time period,
             and different usage amounts and billed amounts), since
             the line items are labeled Energy Charge instead of
             Rebilled, we are willing to accept these also as violations
             of 52 Pa. Code [§]54.4(a).

Commission Op. at 30-32 (quoting ALJs’ Initial Dec. at 30-33) (emphasis in
original). The record supports the PUC’s necessary determinations. See N.T. at
38-39, 49, 146-154, 210-11, C.R., I&E Exs. 6A-11A, I&E St. No. 1 at 16-45; see
also R.R. at 818a-19a.

             Further, as the PUC explained, HIKO had the opportunity to correct
mistakes in I&E’s calculation.     However, Klein, HIKO’s CEO and President,
confirmed that the data presented in I&E’s exhibits were “true and correct business
records representing billing data for HIKO customers of this price guarantee for
January through April 2014 in each EDC service territory[.]” Id. at 32 (quoting
ALJs’ Initial Dec. at 32-33). Additionally, HIKO presented no clear evidence of
any errors that would impact the outcome. Id. While HIKO offered the testimony
of Dr. Cicchetti, an independent consultant, Dr. Cicchetti testified that the entries
HIKO disputed “likely represented” contested billing that was later corrected or

                                         66
replaced, and the ALJs rejected this testimony as conjecture. Id. at 33 (citing
HIKO Exceptions at 16).

             In short, as the PUC explained, I&E presented evidence of HIKO’s
billing invoices utilizing data that HIKO provided, and HIKO did not present any
clear evidence to refute that evidence. Id.

             In addition, based on their analysis of the penalty policy factors, the
ALJs determined that the average amount of HIKO’s overcharge mitigated in favor
of less than the maximum $1,000 per violation penalty authorized under Section
3301(a) of the Public Utility Code. Thus, the ALJs arrived at a per violation
penalty of $125, which closely resembled HIKO’s average monthly overcharge of
$124, and only 12.5% of the maximum per violation penalty I&E requested.

             Further, contrary to HIKO’s argument, the PUC did consider the fact
that some of the overcharges were relatively small. However, the PUC explained
that there was no “de minimis” exception contained in its regulations requiring it to
ignore violations “likely” affecting seasonal homeowners or, as I&E asserted,
rendering them irrelevant to a determination of whether a violation occurred.
Commission Op. at 34.

             Finally, Herp, relied on by HIKO, is distinguishable. Herp involved
the complaint of a single customer (rather than an investigation by I&E) regarding
a misleading statement about an EGS’ rates made by a third-party marketing agent
for the EGS during a door-to-door solicitation.

                                         67
             Here, unlike in Herp, the fact-finder determined that HIKO’s highest-
level executives made the decision to intentionally overcharge approximately
5,708 customers on nearly 15,000 invoices in a manner contrary to the clear
language of its welcome letter and disclosure statement. Thus, the intentional
misconduct by HIKO’s top management, combined with the sheer magnitude of
the violations, separates this case from Herp.

                                  IV. Conclusion
             For all the foregoing reasons, we affirm.

                                       ROBERT SIMPSON, Judge

                                         68
       IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

HIKO Energy, LLC,                      :
                       Petitioner      :
                                       :
           v.                          :   No. 5 C.D. 2016
                                       :   Argued: December 14, 2016
Pennsylvania Public Utility            :
Commission,                            :
                         Respondent    :

                                    ORDER

           AND NOW, this 8th day of June, 2017, the order of the Pennsylvania
Public Utility Commission is AFFIRMED.

                                      ROBERT SIMPSON, Judge
           IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

HIKO Energy, LLC,                     :
                Petitioner            :
                                      :
            v.                        :   No. 5 C.D. 2016
                                      :   Argued: December 14, 2016
Pennsylvania Public Utility           :
Commission,                           :
                  Respondent          :

BEFORE:     HONORABLE MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge
            HONORABLE RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, Judge
            HONORABLE ROBERT SIMPSON, Judge
            HONORABLE PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge
            HONORABLE ANNE E. COVEY, Judge
            HONORABLE MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge
            HONORABLE JULIA K. HEARTHWAY, Judge

DISSENTING OPINION
BY PRESIDENT JUDGE LEAVITT                                    FILED: June 8, 2017

            The Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission (PUC) has imposed a
civil penalty of $1,836,125 upon HIKO Energy, LLC (HIKO), an electric
generation supplier (EGS), because its invoices to 5,708 customers over a four-
month period “did not reflect the marketed prices and agreed upon prices in the
disclosure statement.” 52 Pa. Code §54.4(a). This civil penalty, the highest in the
history of utility regulation in Pennsylvania when ordered, is grossly
disproportionate to the penalties of $25,000 to $125,000 imposed upon other EGSs
for the same conduct during the same time period. A grossly disproportionate civil
penalty violates the PUC’s Statement of Policy for calculating civil penalties and
the constitutional prohibition against excessive fines. Because the PUC erred and
abused its discretion, I respectfully dissent from the majority’s decision to affirm
the PUC.
              HIKO has its principal place of business in New York. In December
of 2012, the PUC granted HIKO a license to supply electric generation services in
Pennsylvania to residential, small commercial, large commercial, industrial, and
governmental customers in the service territories of various electric distribution
companies (EDC).          The license was granted on condition of an 18-month
probationary period, from December 2012 through June 2014, and shortly
thereafter HIKO began providing service in Pennsylvania.                    HIKO purchased
electrical energy on the spot market and then sold it to retail customers.                     It
developed its customer list by door-to-door, telephone, and website solicitation.
HIKO delivered electric service through utilities local to its customers.
              In August 2013, HIKO began to offer a six-month introductory price,
which guaranteed that the customer’s cost for electricity would be at least one to
seven percent less than the price-to-compare (PTC) of the customer’s local utility.
Thereafter, customers would be enrolled in HIKO’s variable rate program whereby
prices would be determined by market conditions and climate. HIKO confirmed
the introductory price offer in a “Welcome Letter and Disclosure Statement” issued
to customers that accepted this offer.1
              In January 2014, wholesale market prices for electrical energy
increased dramatically. A period of sustained cold weather, referred to as a “polar
vortex,” caused a surge in the use of electricity in Pennsylvania. At the same time,

1
  HIKO’s welcome letter stated that the rate “is guaranteed to be 1-7% less than [the] local
Utility’s price to compare, for the first six months billing cycles. After the six-month
introductory rate plan, [customers] will be automatically rolled over onto a competitive variable
rate, which will be determined by HIKO Energy, based on numerous key factors, including
current market conditions and climate.” ALJ Decision at 15, Finding of Fact No. 45. The
Disclosure Statement provided that the rate is the “price stated at sign-up and confirmed in
[customers’] written Welcome Letter from HIKO.” ALJ Decision at 15, Finding of Fact No. 46.

                                            MHL-2
an increase in natural gas prices in Canada increased the costs of electrical
generating plants. Prior to the polar vortex, PJM Interconnection LLC2 (PJM) sold
electricity to HIKO at approximately $0.08 per kWh. In January 2014, the price
increased approximately 300% to $0.227 per kWh, and the price remained at or
above $0.138 per kWh until April 2014. As a result, HIKO was able to secure
electrical power only at exorbitant rates during this period.
             Consistent with its variable rate program, HIKO passed its unexpected
costs along to its customers. This decision included the 5,708 customers enrolled
in HIKO’s introductory price discount program. During the first four months of
2014, those 5,708 customers were billed in the aggregate $3.29 million. Of that
total, approximately $1.8 million represented charges in excess of the introductory
price discount. HIKO charged customers as much as $0.29 per kWh, or up to
400% of the PTC of the local utility. The average aggregate overcharge for each
HIKO customer in the introductory price discount program was $124.                 ALJ
Decision at 13; Finding of Fact No. 29.
             Customers complained to HIKO. In response, beginning in February
2014, HIKO made refunds that totalled $159,320.15. It also stopped offering the
six-month introductory price discount.
             Customers also complained to the PUC’s Bureau of Consumer
Services, which referred the matter for an investigation. In response to the PUC’s
investigation, HIKO provided all requested information, which included a
spreadsheet of 14,689 invoice entries for the first four months of 2014. That

2
  PJM is a regional transmission organization that coordinates the movement of wholesale
electricity in 13 states (including Pennsylvania) and the District of Columbia.

                                        MHL-3
included invoices issued above the introductory discounted rate as well as invoices
that were duplicate “re-bills.” ALJ Decision at 18, Finding of Fact No. 69.
               Based on the information provided by HIKO, the PUC’s Bureau of
Investigation and Enforcement (I&E) filed a complaint, alleging that each of
HIKO’s 14,689 invoices constituted a separate violation of the PUC’s regulation,
which requires an EGS to bill at the “agreed upon price stated in the disclosure
statement.” 52 Pa. Code §54.4(a).3 The complaint requested a civil penalty of
$14,689,000, or $1,000 for each alleged violation. HIKO filed an answer with new
matter,     asserting,   inter   alia,   that   the   requested     penalty    was     grossly
disproportionate. HIKO Answer, New Matter ¶11; Reproduced Record at 83a
(R.R. ___). The PUC appointed Elizabeth H. Barnes and Joel H. Cheskis to serve
as Administrative Law Judges to hear evidence in the case and recommend a
decision.
               In the meantime, the Office of Attorney General, by its Bureau of
Consumer Protection and its Office of Consumer Advocate (collectively, Attorney
General), filed a complaint with the PUC, accusing HIKO of misleading marketing
and improper billing.       The PUC appointed ALJ Barnes and ALJ Cheskis to
conduct a hearing on the Attorney General’s complaint.                    HIKO sought to
consolidate the two proceedings, but the ALJs denied its request.
               The Attorney General and HIKO settled their litigation. HIKO agreed
to pay $2,025,383.85 into a refund pool, in addition to the refund of $159,320.15 it

3
 This regulation states:
       (a) EGS prices billed must reflect the marketed prices and the agreed upon prices
       in the disclosure statement.
52 Pa. Code §54.4(a).

                                           MHL-4
had already made to affected customers. HIKO agreed to give customers that had
enrolled in HIKO’s introductory discount program a refund that gave them the
benefit of their bargain.4 HIKO further agreed to cease accepting new customers
until June 30, 2016; to pay up to $50,000 for the costs and expenses related to
administering the refund pool; and to contribute $25,000 to the local EDC hardship
funds. The parties submitted the settlement to the ALJs for review, and on August
21, 2015, the ALJs approved the settlement between the Attorney General and
HIKO.
               The very same day, the ALJs issued a decision in I&E’s enforcement
action against HIKO and ordered a civil penalty of $1,836,125. In so doing, the
ALJs referred to the PUC’s Statement of Policy on civil penalties, which states:

               (a) The [PUC] will consider specific factors and standards in
               evaluating litigated and settled cases involving violations of 66
               Pa. C.S. (relating to Public Utility Code) and this title. These
               factors and standards will be utilized by the [PUC] in
               determining if a fine for violating a [PUC] order, regulation or
               statute is appropriate, as well as if a proposed settlement for a
               violation is reasonable and approval of the settlement
               agreement is in the public interest.
               (b) Many of the same factors and standards may be considered
               in the evaluation of both litigated and settled cases. When
               applied in settled cases, these factors and standards will not be
               applied in as strict a fashion as in a litigated proceeding. The
               parties in settled cases will be afforded flexibility in reaching
               amicable resolutions to complaints and other matters so long as
4
  During the first four months of 2014, HIKO lost 70 percent of its customers in Pennsylvania;
80 percent of those were in the guaranteed discount program. In large part, this was attributed to
HIKO’s decision to stop marketing in January 2014. Some customers left the state or switched
utilities. The refund pool was created to pay the administrative expenses associated with
locating the customers entitled to a refund as well as paying for the refunds themselves.
According to HIKO’s expert, Charles Cicchetti, a number of the overcharges “were less than a
dollar. Quite a few under $10.” R.R. 577a.

                                            MHL-5
the settlement is in the public interest. The parties to a
settlement should include in the settlement agreement a
statement in support of settlement explaining how and why the
settlement is in the public interest. The statement may be filed
jointly by the parties or separately by each individual party.
(c) The factors and standards that will be considered by the
[PUC] include the following:
      (1) Whether the conduct at issue was of a serious
      nature. When conduct of a serious nature is
      involved,     such      as    willful    fraud    or
      misrepresentation, the conduct may warrant a
      higher penalty.       When the conduct is less
      egregious, such as administrative filing or
      technical errors, it may warrant a lower penalty.
      (2) Whether the resulting consequences of the
      conduct at issue were of a serious nature. When
      consequences of a serious nature are involved,
      such as personal injury or property damage, the
      consequences may warrant a higher penalty.
      (3) Whether the conduct at issue was deemed
      intentional or negligent. This factor may only be
      considered in evaluating litigated cases. When
      conduct has been deemed intentional, the conduct
      may result in a higher penalty.
      (4) Whether the regulated entity made efforts to
      modify internal practices and procedures to
      address the conduct at issue and prevent similar
      conduct in the future. These modifications may
      include activities such as training and improving
      company techniques and supervision. The amount
      of time it took the utility to correct the conduct
      once it was discovered and the involvement of top-
      level management in correcting the conduct may
      be considered.
      (5) The number of customers affected and the
      duration of the violation.

                         MHL-6
                     (6) The compliance history of the regulated entity
                     which committed the violation.       An isolated
                     incident from an otherwise compliant utility may
                     result in a lower penalty, whereas frequent,
                     recurrent violations by a utility may result in a
                     higher penalty.
                     (7) Whether the regulated entity cooperated with
                     the [PUC]’s investigation. Facts establishing bad
                     faith, active concealment of violations, or attempts
                     to interfere with [PUC] investigations may result
                     in a higher penalty.
                     (8) The amount of the civil penalty or fine
                     necessary to deter future violations. The size of
                     the utility may be considered to determine an
                     appropriate penalty amount.
                     (9) Past [PUC] decisions in similar situations.
                     (10) Other relevant factors.

52 Pa. Code §69.1201. The ALJs addressed some, but not all, of the above-listed
ten factors.
               The ALJs found that HIKO made a conscious decision not to bill at
the agreed upon six-month introductory price in the disclosure statement given to
approximately 5,700 customers.         They found the resulting “overcharges” to
constitute serious violations but rejected the $14.69 million penalty proposed by
I&E. The ALJs concluded that a civil penalty of $1.84 million, approximately
25% of HIKO’s annual gross revenue, in addition to $160,000 in refunds and
HIKO’s agreement to provide an additional $1.67 million in refunds to the same
customer class, constituted a “reasonable deterrence” to future violations. ALJ
Decision at 50.
               In reviewing past PUC decisions, the ALJs noted that there were “not
many fully litigated cases specifically regarding Section 54.4(a) of the [PUC]’s

                                        MHL-7
regulations.” ALJ Decision at 50. The ALJs disregarded the much lower civil
penalties the PUC had imposed on other EGS companies that had also overcharged
their customers during the polar vortex because they were the result of settlements.
The ALJs reasoned that settled cases do not have any precedential value to a
litigated case.
              To calculate the $1,836,125 civil penalty, the ALJs treated each
spreadsheet invoice entry as a violation, for a total of 14,689 violations. The ALJs
multiplied that number by $125, the aggregate average overcharge per customer.
The ALJs concluded that the $1,836,125 penalty was “appropriate upon
consideration of the ten factors and standards.” ALJ Decision at 64, Conclusion of
Law No. 12.       Acknowledging that a civil penalty of this magnitude was
“unprecedented,” the ALJs rationalized its size by noting that the $125 per
violation was far less than the $1,000 per violation penalty requested by I&E. ALJ
Decision at 62.
              HIKO filed exceptions with the PUC. It argued that the penalty
recommended by the ALJs could not be reconciled with the PUC’s Statement of
Policy for calculating an appropriate civil penalty. It also argued that the ALJs
erred in basing the penalty on the number of spreadsheet invoices instead of the
number of customers or the number of decisions by HIKO management. It further
argued that the $1,836,125 civil penalty was grossly disproportionate because it
was nearly 80 times higher than the civil penalties imposed on the EGS companies
that had engaged in the same conduct during the same period of time and for the
same reason, i.e., unexpected cost increases caused by the polar vortex. The ALJs
improperly disregarded those other decisions where the penalties ranged from
$25,000 to $125,000 simply because they were settled cases. HIKO was not able

                                      MHL-8
to settle with I&E because it refused to consider any penalty below several million
dollars.
              On December 3, 2016, the PUC issued the instant adjudication
denying HIKO’s exceptions. The PUC observed that “HIKO effectively treated its
own customers as the financial guarantors of its own business plan, which backed
contracts offering customers guaranteed savings with what was essentially a
speculative supply portfolio based exclusively on spot market purchases.” PUC
Adjudication at 44. Because the $125 per violation was comparable to HIKO’s
average overcharge of $124, the PUC concluded that the penalty was appropriate.
The PUC held that its other decisions, where the penalty approved was reached by
settlement, were entitled to little weight because HIKO had required I&E to
litigate.
              In its appeal to this Court, HIKO argues that the PUC imposed a
grossly disproportionate penalty that violated the PUC’s Statement of Policy and
the excessive fines clauses of the United States and Pennsylvania Constitutions.5 It
contends that the $1,836,125 civil penalty is grossly disproportionate to the
sanctions levied against other EGSs for the same, and even more egregious
misconduct, that occurred at the same time period. HIKO further argues that the
PUC erred in determining the number of violations on a “per invoice” basis, which
was never proved by the I&E.

5
  Specifically, the Eighth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution provides: “[e]xcessive bail shall
not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.” U.S.
CONST. amend. VIII. The Pennsylvania Constitution contains similar language. PA. CONST. art.
I, §13 (“[e]xcessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel
punishments inflicted”).

                                           MHL-9
             This Court’s review of PUC adjudications is governed by Section 704
of the Administrative Agency Law, which states:

             After hearing, the court shall affirm the adjudication unless it
             shall find that the adjudication is in violation of the
             constitutional rights of the appellant, or is not in accordance
             with the law, or that the provisions of Subchapter A of Chapter
             5 (relating to practice and procedure of Commonwealth
             agencies) have been violated in the proceedings before the
             agency, or that any finding of fact made by the agency and
             necessary to support its adjudication is not supported by
             substantial evidence.

2 Pa. C.S. §704. See Barasch v. Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission, 493
A.2d 653, 655 (Pa. 1985). Whether an agency decision is “in accordance with
law” also considers whether the agency’s determination represents an abuse of
discretion. Fraternal Order of Police v. Pennsylvania Labor Relations Board, 735
A.2d 96, 99 (Pa. 1999). The abuse of discretion standard does not allow the
appellate court to substitute its judgment for that of the agency. In re Petition of
Acchione, 227 A.2d 816, 820 (Pa. 1967).
             In support of its argument that the $1,836,125 civil penalty is grossly
disproportionate, HIKO directs the Court’s attention to two recent PUC decisions,
Commonwealth v. IDT Energy, Inc.6 and Commonwealth v. Respond Power LLC.7
Those enforcement proceedings arose during the same confluence of events in
2014: abnormally cold weather attributable to the “polar vortex,” record breaking
use of natural gas and electricity, and a dramatic increase in wholesale market
prices for electrical energy.

6
 PUC Docket No. C-2014-2427657, penalty approved by the PUC on June 6, 2016.
7
 PUC Docket No. C-2014-2427659 & 2438640, penalty approved by the PUC on August 11,
2016.

                                     MHL-10
            In the first case, the Attorney General accused IDT Energy, an EGS,
of making misleading and deceptive promises of savings; switching customers
without their consent (a practice known as “slamming”); and providing inaccurate
pricing information. This resulted in overcharges in the amount of $6.5 million.
IDT Energy, ALJ Decision (11/19/2015) at 36. Under its settlement with the
Attorney General, IDT Energy agreed (1) to pay $6,577,000 in refunds; (2) to pay
a $25,000 civil penalty; (3) to contribute $75,000 to a local EDC hardship fund;
and (4) to modify its business practices. The ALJs approved the settlement in its
entirety. Notably, the ALJs rejected an intervenor’s objection that the $25,000
civil penalty and the $75,000 contribution to the hardship funds were inadequate to
deter future violations. Instead, the ALJs specifically found the $25,000 civil
penalty to be “reasonable and in the public interest.” Id. at 46. The PUC entered a
decision adopting the ALJs’ recommended approval.             IDT Energy, PUC
Adjudication (6/30/2016) at 67.
            In the second case, the Attorney General accused Respond Power
LLC, another EGS, of “making misleading and deceptive claims, making
misleading and deceptive promises of savings, slamming and failing to provide
accurate pricing information.” Respond Power, ALJ Decision (5/17/2016) at 1.
This conduct resulted in approximately $5 million in overcharges to its customers.
Id. at 19. Under the settlement with the Attorney General, Respond Power agreed
(1) to pay $4,122,224.91 in refunds in addition to the $971,279.45 it had already
refunded; (2) to pay a $125,000 civil penalty; (3) to contribute $50,000 to EDC
hardship funds; and (4) to make modifications to its business practices. Id. at 1.
The ALJs approved the settlement in its entirety, finding that the $125,000 civil
penalty and the $50,000 contribution to the hardship funds constituted a

                                     MHL-11
“reasonable” deterrent and was “in the public interest.” Id. at 50-51. The ALJs
reasoned:

             Although the civil penalty constitutes a small fraction of the
             amount provided in the Refund Pool, we believe that the
             provisions of the Settlement must be considered as a whole, not
             piecemeal. When doing so, the Settlement as a whole deters
             future violation, is in the public interest and warrants being
             adopted.

Id. at 62. The PUC entered a decision adopting the ALJs’ recommended approval.
Respond Power, PUC Adjudication (8/11/2016) at 1.
             Even though HIKO’s conduct was very similar to that committed by
the respondents in IDT Energy and Respond Power, it has been ordered to pay a
civil penalty that is 73% higher than the penalty in IDT Energy and 15% higher
than the penalty in Respond Power. The conduct of the respondents in IDT Energy
and Respond Power was more egregious because it included violations in addition
to their common violation of 52 Pa. Code §54.4(a). IDT Energy and Respond
Power engaged in misleading and deceptive practices that included “slamming”
customers.    I&E never accused HIKO of engaging in such conduct.          To the
contrary, the ALJs found, specifically, that HIKO did not intend to defraud its
customers in its initial price offering:

             [T]here is no evidence to support a finding that HIKO intended
             in its August offering to defraud customers initially or in
             advance of the offering. Rather, the testimony is convincing
             that the company based its offering upon an 18-month historical
             data which showed price elasticity and stability in the spot
             market.

                                           MHL-12
ALJ Decision at 51 (internal citation omitted). The ALJs concluded that HIKO’s
misconduct was limited to one violation, i.e., deviating from the agreed upon
discounted rate in violation of 52 Pa. Code §54.4(a).
             Notwithstanding these factual differences that favored HIKO, the
ALJs imposed a penalty of $1.84 million. This was grossly disproportionate to the
$25,000 civil penalty imposed on IDT Energy for its $6.5 million in overcharges,
and the $125,000 civil penalty imposed on Respond Power for its $5 million in
overcharges. Notably, the ALJs stated that the $125,000 civil penalty imposed on
Respond Power was reasonable when the settlement taken “as a whole deters
future violation.” Respond Power, ALJ Decision (5/17/2016) at 62. The ALJs did
not consider HIKO’s “settlement as a whole” with the Attorney General, which
required HIKO to pay $2,025,383.85 into a refund pool (on top of $160,000 it had
already voluntarily refunded); $50,000 in expenses to administer the refunds; and
$25,000 to the EDC hardship funds. The same ALJs made the decisions in HIKO,
IDT Energy and Respond Power. Their different outcomes cannot be reconciled.
             The PUC rationalizes the differences by explaining that it applies the
ten factors in its Statement of Policy differently for settled and for litigated cases.
That Statement of Policy states, in pertinent part, as follows:

             (b) Many of the same factors and standards may be considered
             in the evaluation of both litigated and settled cases. When
             applied in settled cases, these factors and standards will not be
             applied in as strict a fashion as in a litigated proceeding. The
             parties in settled cases will be afforded flexibility in reaching
             amicable resolutions to complaints and other matters so long as
             the settlement is in the public interest. The parties to a
             settlement should include in the settlement agreement a
             statement in support of settlement explaining how and why the
             settlement is in the public interest. The statement may be filed
             jointly by the parties or separately by each individual party.

                                      MHL-13
52 Pa. Code §69.1201(b) (emphasis added). Because it does not apply the factors
as strictly in a settled case as in a litigated case, the PUC contends that settled cases
do not have any precedential value. PUC Adjudication at 26. This rationale is
inconsistent with the PUC’s own Statement of Policy.
               First, the Statement of Policy commits the PUC to look at “past
Commission       decisions”   involving    similar   misconduct.       52    Pa.   Code
§69.1201(c)(9). The policy says “past decisions” without regard to whether the
decision was made in a litigated case or in a settled case. All penalties, whether
reached by settlement or by litigation, require a decision of the PUC. Here, the
only “past decisions” that were similar to HIKO’s were PUC decisions approving
settlements.
               Second, in every PUC decision approving a settlement, there must be
a finding that the penalty will deter future violations and is in the public interest.
The ALJs found that IDT Energy’s penalty of $25,000 would deter future
violations and was in the public interest. The ALJs needed to explain why HIKO
needs to pay a penalty of $1.84 million for the same conduct. The purpose of the
penalty is to deter future violations, not to deter litigation. Every utility has the
right to be heard.
               Third, the ALJs approved the Attorney General’s settlement with
HIKO as in the public interest, even though it did not include any civil penalty.
The Attorney General, instead, looked for a contribution to the EDC hardship
funds and the creation of a refund pool.
               The PUC imposed penalties against other EGSs for the same
violation, arising during the same confluence of weather and market conditions, at
a fraction of that imposed upon HIKO. HIKO argues that it did not “elect” to

                                       MHL-14
litigate this case. Rather, I&E never presented HIKO with a realistic settlement of
its demand for $15 million in civil penalties and a license revocation. HIKO Reply
Brief at 27. Because I&E would not negotiate, HIKO asserts it had no practical
alternative except to litigate. HIKO Brief at 48.
             Deterrence is a consideration in any civil penalty. A penalty deters
the utility subject to the enforcement action from repeating the violation and other
utilities from committing a violation. In this way, the PUC maintains discipline in
the utility industry. HIKO acknowledges that deterrence requires the exercise of
judgment and that the PUC is not obligated to impose the exact same amount of
penalty in every overcharge case. HIKO even acknowledges a lower civil penalty
is a common feature to a settlement. Nevertheless, the meaning of “deterrence”
should not “mean something different in the settlement context than in a litigated
case.” HIKO Reply Brief at 9. I agree.
             The amount of the penalty the PUC imposed in other decisions
involving similar, albeit more egregious, misconduct by EGSs was held to be
reasonable to deter future violations.     This amount ranged from $25,000 to
$125,000. If these amounts have been determined to have a deterrent effect against
future misconduct, then, logically, all penalties imposed for the same conduct that
has already taken place during the same period of time should relate to that range.
If the misconduct is repeated during the next polar vortex, that is the time to
impose higher penalties in excess of the range of $25,000 to $125,000.
             The $1,836,125 penalty violated the excessive fine clauses of the
United States and Pennsylvania Constitutions. The majority does not address this
point because it concludes that it was waived. I disagree. HIKO asserted in its
Answer to I&E’s Complaint that the penalty sought by I&E was “grossly

                                      MHL-15
disproportionate.” HIKO Answer to I&E’s Complaint, New Matter ¶11; R.R. 83a.
HIKO’s exception to the ALJs’ penalty decision also asserted that the civil penalty
was “grossly disproportionate.” HIKO Exception to ALJs’ Initial Decision at 30-
31; R.R. 1003a-1004a. A party may identify additional legal authority on appeal to
support a claim it raised before a lower court or agency. See Allegheny County v.
Commonwealth, 490 A.2d 402 (Pa. 1985) (rejecting Commonwealth’s waiver
claim because the County “merely identified additional legal authority in support
of its claims; the County’s basic theory is the same[.]”). Id. at 413 n.9. HIKO is
not asserting a new claim but offering additional legal authority to support its claim
that the civil penalty is grossly disproportionate.8
              The Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides
that “[e]xcessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel
and unusual punishments inflicted.” U.S. CONST. amend. VIII. The Pennsylvania
Constitution contains a similar provision: “[e]xcessive bail shall not be required,
nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel punishments inflicted.” PA. CONST. art. I,
§13. Our Supreme Court has observed that the excessive fines clause set forth in
the Pennsylvania Constitution is coextensive with the Eighth Amendment to the
U.S. Constitution. Commonwealth v. Eisenberg, 98 A.3d 1268, 1281 (Pa. 2014).

8
  Section 753(a) of the Administrative Agency Law provides that “if a full and complete record
of the proceedings before the agency was made such party may not raise upon appeal any other
question not raised before the agency (notwithstanding the fact that the agency may not be
competent to resolve such question) unless allowed by the court upon due cause shown.” 2 Pa.
C.S. §753(a).
      Throughout the administrative proceeding, HIKO challenged the proposed penalty as
grossly disproportionate. It challenged I&E’s proposed penalty of $14,689,000, and then
challenged the ALJs’ recommended penalty of $1,836,125. HIKO now challenges the PUC’s
decision to impose a penalty of $1,836,125 as grossly disproportionate.

                                         MHL-16
             To determine whether the excessive fines clause has been violated, a
court considers “whether the statutory provision imposes punishment; and if so,
whether the fine is excessive.” Commonwealth v. 5444 Spruce Street, 890 A.2d
35, 38 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2006) (quoting Commonwealth v. 5444 Spruce Street, 832
A.2d 396, 399 (Pa. 2003)). The PUC acknowledges that the $1,836,125 civil
penalty imposed a punishment. To determine whether that penalty was excessive,
we must employ a proportionality analysis, i.e., a comparison of the amount of the
fine to the gravity of the offense. Eisenberg, 98 A.3d at 1281. Whether a fine is
unconstitutionally excessive is a question of law, rendering the standard of review
de novo and the scope of review plenary. Id. at 1279.
             In applying the proportionality test, our Supreme Court has pointed to
Solem v. Helm, 463 U.S. 277 (1983), which directs the court to compare the
magnitude of the fine to the treatment of other offenders in the same jurisdiction,
and to the treatment of the same offense in other jurisdictions. Eisenberg, 98 A.3d
at 1282.   Our Supreme Court has further noted the special need for “intra-
Pennsylvania” proportionality and explained that “comparative and proportional
justice is an imperative within Pennsylvania’s own borders.” Id. at 1283 (quoting
Commonwealth v. Baker, 78 A.3d 1044, 1055 (Pa. 2013) (Castille, C.J.,
concurring, joined by Saylor and Todd, JJ.)).
             It was incumbent on the PUC to ensure that the civil penalty it
imposed on HIKO could be harmonized with its other decisions imposing civil
penalties on utilities that committed similar violations.        It did not do so.
Accordingly, the grossly disproportionate civil penalty imposed on HIKO, inter
alia, violates the prohibition against excessive fines found in both the United States
and Pennsylvania Constitutions as well as the PUC’s own Statement of Policy.

                                      MHL-17
             HIKO also challenges the methodology by which its penalty was
calculated. The ALJs found 14,689 violations and then multiplied that number by
$125.   In adopting this penalty, the PUC found that $125 per violation was
appropriate because it was comparable to the average $124 overcharge for
customers enrolled in the introductory price discount program. PUC Adjudication
at 48. However, the $124 figure, as found by the ALJs, was “per customer” and
not per invoice. ALJ Decision at 13, Finding of Fact No. 29 (“[t]he average
overcharge that HIKO billed customers was $124”). Under the PUC’s own logic,
the $125 number should have been multiplied by 5,708, i.e., the number of
customers. This results in a penalty of $713,500, which is still higher than any of
the penalties imposed in the other cases but would at least be consistent with the
PUC’s own stated rationale for its penalty decision.
             Before the ALJs, HIKO’s expert, Charles Cicchetti, explained the
difference between a tariff violation and a violation of the regulation at 52 Pa.
Code §54.4(a). HIKO’s invoiced charges were not illegal in themselves; they
simply did not conform to the disclosure statements. The PUC did not approve
HIKO’s prices; the marketplace set those prices. HIKO’s expert opined that HIKO
committed one violation, i.e., the decision not to charge at “the agreed upon prices
in the disclosure statement” lest it be forced out of business, which would have
been more harmful to consumers. 52 Pa. Code §54.4(a). Upon questioning by
ALJ Cheskis, Cicchetti conceded that under his logic, each billing cycle could
constitute a separate violation, i.e., four violations. R.R. 583a.
             However, the finding that HIKO committed 14,689 violations of
Section 54.4(a) is not supported by substantial evidence. That number was based
upon the number of invoice entries on HIKO’s spreadsheets, which included

                                       MHL-18
rebillings, or duplicate invoices, as the PUC acknowledged. Nevertheless, the
PUC used the 14,689 figure for the stated reason that “HIKO had the opportunity
to correct mistakes in I&E’s calculation,” and “HIKO’s failure to do so resulted in
its failure to carry its burden of persuasion once that burden shifted from I&E to
[HIKO].”     PUC Adjudication at 32-33.         The PUC’s explanation defies the
fundamentals on burden of proof. It was I&E’s burden to prove 14,689 violations;
it was never HIKO’s burden to prove the number of times it violated 52 Pa. Code
§54.4(a).
             Section 332(a) of the Public Utility Code provides that “[e]xcept as
may be otherwise provided in section 315 (relating to burden of proof) or other
provisions of this part or other relevant statute, the proponent of a rule or order has
the burden of proof.” 66 Pa. C.S. §332(a). Factual findings must be supported by
substantial evidence, which is “such relevant evidence that a reasonable mind
might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Coalition for Affordable Utility
Services and Energy Efficiency in Pennsylvania v. Pennsylvania Public Utility
Commission, 120 A.3d 1087, 1095 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2015).
             At the hearing, Cicchetti, HIKO’s expert, also testified about the
spreadsheets. He explained as follows:

             There were a lot of overcharges where, when you look at the
             data, there was probably at least 300 instances where it was one
             of these bills dated one day, and then two days later it was
             modified and it was another bill. And I’m not sure the
             customer even saw that. It may have just been between HIKO
             and the utility.

Notes of Testimony, 4/20/2015, at 210-211 (N.T.__); R.R. 576a-77a. The ALJs
accepted this testimony and found that the 14,689 invoice entries included invoices
that were subsequently corrected on “re-bills.” ALJ Decision at 18, Finding of

                                      MHL-19
Fact No. 69.    The ALJs faulted Cicchetti for the stated reason that he was
“unspecific about which line items were incorrectly included in the calculations.
He also seemed unsure whether the customer was billed the re-bill or not.” ALJ
Decision at 31. However, it was not Mr. Cicchetti’s job to carry I&E’s water in
proving its case against HIKO.
            I&E had the burden to prove that each of the 14,689 invoice entries
constituted a separate violation of Section 54.4(a). I&E could have done discovery
to establish the actual significance of these invoice entries; it could have also
obtained copies of the actual customer invoices.      Instead, I&E chose only to
present HIKO’s spreadsheets.     Simply, the ALJs’ finding that HIKO violated
Section 54.4(a) 14,689 times is not supported by substantial evidence.
            The PUC abused its discretion in imposing the $1,836,125 civil
penalty. The penalty is grossly disproportionate to the penalties imposed on other
EGSs for the same misconduct. As such, the penalty was not consistent with the
PUC’s own Statement of Policy, and it violated the constitutional proscriptions
against excessive fines.     The penalty was computed by using a flawed
methodology because I&E did not prove that HIKO violated the regulation 14,689
times but only that it generated 14,689 data entries. I would reverse the PUC’s
order and remand for further proceedings to recalculate a penalty that conforms to
the PUC’s Statement of Policy and the constitutional limits on penalties.

                                   ______________________________________
                                   MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge

Judge Cohn Jubelirer and Judge Covey join in this dissenting opinion.

                                     MHL-20