Court Opinion

ID: 4390451
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-04-24 19:40:17.265609+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:51:41.018179
License: Public Domain

J-A01029-19

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

ALISON BLESS AND JASON BLESS                    IN THE SUPERIOR COURT
                                                   OF PENNSYLVANIA
                            Appellants

                       v.

POCONO MOUNTAIN RECOVERY CENTER,
LLC AND POCONO MOUNTAIN RECOVERY
CENTER LAND, LLC

                            Appellee               No. 1916 EDA 2018

                  Appeal from the Order Entered May 17, 2018
                In the Court of Common Pleas of Monroe County
                       Civil Division at No: 8167-CV-2016

BEFORE: OTT, STABILE, AND MCLAUGHLIN, JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY STABILE, J.:                          FILED APRIL 24, 2019

       Appellants, Alison Bless (“Alison”) and Jason Bless (“Jason”), appeal

from the May 17, 2018 order entered in the Court of Common Pleas of

Monroe County granting summary judgment in favor of Appellees, Pocono

Mountain Recovery Center, LLC, and Pocono Mountain Recovery Center

Land, LLC, (collectively “PMRC”). Appellants contend the trial court erred in

granting summary judgment based on application of the “hills and ridges”

doctrine1 and in failing to consider Appellants’ argument that a “visitation

____________________________________________

1As this Court explained in Morin v. Traveler’s Rest Motel, Inc., 704 A.2d
1085 (Pa. Super. 1997):

(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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day” at PMRC was not cancelled on the day Alison fell and sustained injuries.

Following review, we affirm.

      The trial court provided the following summary of facts based on

Appellants’ pleadings, their expert’s report, and various depositions:

      PMRC operated a drug rehabilitation facility. [Alison] was a
      patient at PMRC and resided in a PMRC group home at 235
      Rockcrest Drive, Henryville, Pennsylvania on January 4, 2015.
      Rockcrest Drive is a dirt and gravel roadway approximately
      eighteen feet wide used to access the group home.

      [Alison] expected [Jason] to visit her on January 4, 2015. Jason
      [] attempted to drive to the group home, but encountered
      inclement weather and slippery roads. [Allison] instructed him
      to take a different route to the group home because Rockcrest
      Drive was covered in ice and snow. However, he turned onto
      Rockcrest Drive, slid backwards down a hill and struck another
      car which was stuck at the bottom of the hill. The collision was
      caused by Jason’ vehicle slipping on ice on Rockcrest Drive.

      Alison [] had received a telephone call from [Jason] and believed
      he was having some difficulty in driving to the group home.
      Amy, another group home resident, was expecting her mother to
      visit and Alison was aware that Amy’s mother’s vehicle was stuck
      on Rockcrest Drive. Alison went outside and was standing in the
(Footnote Continued) _______________________

      The “hills and ridges” doctrine is a long standing and well
      entrenched legal principle that protects an owner or occupier of
      land from liability for generally slippery conditions resulting from
      ice and snow where the owner has not permitted the ice and
      snow to unreasonably accumulate in ridges or elevations.
      Harmotta v. Bender, 411 Pa. Super. 371, 601 A.2d 837
      (1992). “The doctrine as defined and applied by the courts of
      Pennsylvania, is a refinement or clarification of the duty owed by
      a possessor of land and is applicable to a single type of
      dangerous condition, i.e., ice and snow.” Wentz v. Pennswood
      Apartments, 359 Pa. Super. 1, 5, 518 A.2d 314, 316 (1986).

Id. at 1087.

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      yard of the group home, anticipating [Jason’s] arrival. She saw
      him come up Rockcrest Drive, pass Amy’s mother’s vehicle, and
      then slide back on ice and strike that vehicle.

      Alison began walking down Rockcrest Drive toward [Jason’s]
      vehicle. She slipped and fell, fracturing her ankle.

      Alison was walking on a “thick layer of ice that was old” when
      she fell. “[I]t was compact (sic) from cars driving over top of it .
      . .” The ground was snow-covered. “It snowed. It was
      everywhere.” Jason [] testified that “[t]here was (sic) winter
      conditions, snow and/or ice was present everywhere.[”] Alison
      had told Jason to use a different route to the house because
      Rockcrest Drive was covered in ice and snow. Jason described
      the snow on the ground on Rockcrest Drive as being “firm, slick,
      wet and cold.” He was asked:

            Q: Was it snowing on January 4, 2015 when you went
         to visit Alison?

            A: I believe it was more of a wintry mix. It wasn’t
         straight snow. I want to say it was more freezing rain and
         sleet.

Trial Court Opinion, 5/17/18, at 1 (quoting Jason Bless Deposition, 10/9/17,

at 61; additional quotations and citations omitted).

      Appellants   filed   suit   by   complaint   filed   against   PMRC   alleging

negligence “for, among other things”:

      a) failing to maintain their property in a safe condition;

      b) failing to inspect their property to ensure no unsafe conditions

         were present;

      c) failing to clear ice and/or snow from the access road;

      d) failing to warn of the unsafe condition;

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       e) having undertaken the duty to maintain the roadway, having

            failed to satisfy their duty in a reasonable manner;

       f) failing to provide a reasonabl[y] safe environment for their

            business invitees; and

       g) were otherwise negligent.

Appellants’ Complaint, 11/7/16, at ¶ 10 (a)-(g).              PMRC denied the

allegations of negligence.       PMRC’s Answer and New Matter, 12/9/17, at ¶

10.2 Appellants filed their Reply to New Matter on December 19, 2017, at

which time the pleadings were closed. The parties subsequently undertook

discovery, including written discovery and depositions.

       On March 9, 2018, PMRC filed a motion for summary judgment,

asserting its right to judgment in its favor based on the hills and ridges

doctrine.     By order issued on March 12, 2018, the trial court directed

Appellants to respond to the motion within 30 days. Order, 3/12/18, at 1.

The order noted that PMRC did not request oral argument and advised that

the court would consider the matter on the briefs if Appellants did not

request argument.       On April 10, 2018, Appellants filed a memorandum of

law in opposition to the motion. Appellants did not request oral argument.
____________________________________________

2 Appellants alleged PMRC had a duty to maintain the roadway where Alison
fell. While PMRC denied any such duty, evidence indicated that PMRC had
undertaken occasional snow removal, despite the roadway being a township
roadway.    See, e.g., Deposition of PMRC Corporate Designee Andrew
Sheppard, 10/9/17, at 32.

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      By order entered May 17, 2018, the trial court granted PMRC’s motion

and dismissed Appellants’ complaint.       This timely appeal followed.    Both

Appellants and the trial court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

      Appellants ask us to consider the following two issues:

      I.    Did the court err in determining that summary judgment

            was appropriate based on application of the “hills and

            ridges” doctrine as:

               (1) [PMRC] failed to adduce adequate evidence that
               “general slippery conditions” prevailed in the
               community at [the] time of [Alison’s] fall;

               (2) viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to
               non-moving [Appellants], there were material facts
               at issue as to the conditions causing [Alison’s] fall—
               specifically that [Alison’s] fall was caused by past
               accumulations of snow and ice and not “generally
               slippery    conditions”—precluding    the   entry    of
               summary judgment.

      II.   Did the court below err in failing to consider [Appellants’]

            argument that [PMRC] failed to cancel “visitation day” on

            the date of [Alison’s] fall which would have precluded

            [Alison’s] fall and resulting injuries?

Appellants’ Brief at 3 (some capitalization omitted).

      As this Court reiterated in Collins v. Philadelphia Suburban

Development Corporation, 179 A.3d 69 (Pa. Super. 2018):

      Our scope of review of summary judgment orders is plenary.
      We apply the same standard as the trial court, reviewing all the

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     evidence of record to determine whether there exists a genuine
     issue of material fact. We view the record in the light most
     favorable to the non-moving party, and all doubts as to the
     existence of a genuine issue of material fact must be resolved
     against the moving party. Only where there is no genuine issue
     as to any material fact and it is clear that the moving party is
     entitled to judgment as a matter of law will summary judgment
     be entered.

     Motions for summary judgment necessarily and directly implicate
     the plaintiffs’ proof of the elements of their cause of action.
     Summary judgment is proper if, after the completion of
     discovery relevant to the motion, including the production of
     expert reports, an adverse party who will bear the burden of
     proof at trial has failed to produce evidence of facts essential to
     the cause of action or defense which in a jury trial would require
     the issues to be submitted to a jury. Thus a record that
     supports summary judgment will either (1) show the material
     facts are undisputed or (2) contain insufficient evidence of facts
     to make out a prima facie cause of action or defense and,
     therefore, there is no issue to be submitted to the jury. Upon
     appellate review we are not bound by the trial court’s
     conclusions of law, but may reach our own conclusions. The
     appellate Court may disturb the trial court’s order only upon an
     error of law or an abuse of discretion.

Id. at 73 (quoting Alexander v. City of Meadville, 61 A.3d 218, 221 (Pa.

Super. 2012) (quotation, brackets and ellipses omitted)).

     In addition, to recover for a fall on an ice or snow covered surface, the

plaintiff must show:

     (1) that snow and ice had accumulated on the sidewalk in ridges
     or elevations of such size and character as to unreasonably
     obstruct travel and constitute a danger to pedestrians travelling
     thereon; (2) that the property owner had notice, either actual or
     constructive, of the existence of such condition; [and] (3) that it
     was the dangerous accumulation of snow and ice which caused
     the plaintiff to fall.

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Id. at 74 (quoting Biernacki v. Presque Isle Condominiums Unit

Owners Ass’n, Inc., 828 A.2d 1114, 1117 (Pa. Super. 2003)). “This Court

has further opined that the only duty upon the property owner or tenant is

to act within a reasonable time after notice to remove [the snow and ice]

when it is in a dangerous condition.”        Biernacki, 828 A.2d at 1117

(quotation omitted).    Moreover, as this Court recognized in Collins, “the

hills and ridges doctrine may be applied only in cases where the snow and

ice complained of are the result of an entirely natural accumulation following

a recent snowfall[.]”   Collins, 179 A.3d at 74 (quoting Harvey v. Rouse

Chamberlin, Ltd., 901 A.2d 524, 526 (Pa. Super. 2006) (quotation marks,

quotation, and emphasis omitted)). Further, “the protection afforded by the

doctrine is predicated on the assumption that these formations are natural

phenomena incidental to our climate.” Id. (quotation, citation, and brackets

omitted).

      Here, the trial court recognized that “for the ‘hills and ridges’ defense

to apply, there must be generally icy or snowy conditions in the community

and the owner or occupier must not have permitted ice or snow to

accumulate in ridges or elevations.”     Trial Court Opinion, 5/17/18, at 5

(citing Morin, 704 A.2d at 1087). “Moreover, the accumulation must be the

result of an entirely natural occurrence, such as from recent snowfall.” Id.

at 5-6 (citation omitted).

      The court observed:

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     The facts here are similar to those in Morin. In Morin, the
     plaintiff was a guest at a motel. During the early morning hours,
     freezing precipitation began and continued into the morning,
     when the fall occurred.         The motel manager arrived early,
     noticed that the parking lot was icy, and spread salt and sand
     over part, but not all, of the lot. The plaintiff, while walking to
     her vehicle, slipped and fell on a thin sheet of ice that covered
     the entire lot. . . . The trial court granted summary judgment []
     based on the “hills and ridges doctrine [finding] there was no
     evidence of unreasonable accumulation, and that the evidence of
     precipitation in the hours before the fall [], sufficiently
     established a general area affected by icy conditions. Moreover
     the court considered the fact that [plaintiff], herself, admitted
     that after she had fallen she realized the entire parking lot was
     covered with a thin glaze of ice.

Id. at 6 (citations omitted).   This Court affirmed the grant of summary

judgment in Morin.    Similarly, as the trial court recognized, we affirmed

summary judgment granted in Alexander when Alexander “fell on freshly

fallen snow over a smooth patch of ice due to winter conditions which

permeated the community—not on a hilly or ridged icy accumulation.” Id.

at 7 (quoting Alexander, 61 A.3d at 225).

     As the trial court determined:

     Here [Alison] ventured out on an icy roadway which had hard
     compacted snow/ice underneath a new layer of snow/freezing
     rain/sleet. She knew the road was treacherous because she had
     seen her husband’s car slip. She ventured out on the road
     because “it was my son down there in the accident.” There is no
     testimony in the record of unreasonable accumulation, nor
     testimony of ridges or elevations of ice.

     [Appellants] argue that Rockcrest Drive was hazardous due to
     accumulated snow and ice from past snowfall accumulations,

                                      -8-
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       where there had been plowing and compacting.[3] They contend
       that the road was not hazardous merely because of general
       slippery conditions.   [Appellants] both acknowledged the
       presence of snow on top of the compacted snow/ice in the
       roadway however. There was no testimony that this snow/ice
       had accumulated in hills and ridges that impeded [Alison’s]
       progress.[4]

       [Appellants] also argue that there is insufficient evidence of
       general slippery conditions prevailing in the area that day.
       However, both testified that [] there had been a recent snowfall,
       and [Jason], who had driven in the weather that morning[,]
       testified that a mixture of snow/freezing rain/sleet fell that day.
       His testimony established the presence of natural precipitation
       causing slippery conditions in the area that morning.

       The undisputed material facts and the application of the hills and
       ridge doctrine support [PMRC’s] request for summary judgment.

Trial Court Opinion, 5/17/18, at 7-8 (citations to deposition testimony

omitted). Also of note is the testimony of PMRC employee, Nina Morris, who

testified that she arrived at the Rockcrest Drive group home at 7 a.m. that

____________________________________________

3 Alison testified that the road had been plowed previously, with resulting
snow mounds on the side of the road. Deposition of Alison Bless, 9/22/17,
at 58-59. Although the existence of a snow bank can render the hills and
ridges doctrine inapplicable, see, e.g., Bacsick v. Barnes, 341 A.2d 157,
160 (Pa. Super. 1975), Alison stated she was in the middle of the road when
she fell. Deposition of Alison Bless, 9/22/17, at 60.

4 We also note the absence of any suggestion that Alison fell on a localized
patch of ice. In fact, when asked for the dimensions of the “hard pack old
ice” on which she had fallen, Alison responded, “You could measure Rock
Crest Drive and then you’d have your answer.” Deposition of Alison Bless,
9/22/17, at 64.

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morning.5     She explained that she had no difficulty getting up Rockcrest

Drive in her Honda CR-V and that the roads were not terrible when she got

to work. Deposition of Nina Morris, 12/12/17, at 32, 27. She explained that

it did not begin snowing until after she arrived at the facility. Initially it was

not a heavy snow but it became heavy. Id. at 27.

       Our review of the record and the relevant case law leads us to

conclude the trial court neither abused its discretion nor committed error of

law in determining that PMRC is entitled to summary judgment based on the

hills and ridges doctrine. Therefore, Appellants’ first issue fails.

       In their second issue, Appellants contend the trial court erred in failing

to consider their argument that PMRC was negligent for failing to cancel

“visitation day” on the day of Alison’s fall.         “If visitations had been

cancelled,” they contend, “[Jason] and [their child] would not have traveled

to the facility for a visit and [Alison] would not have been injured.”

Memorandum in Opposition, 4/10/18, at 13.          This allegation of negligence

was not included in Appellants’ complaint, was not advanced in the course of

discovery, and was not developed with any argument or citation to legal

authority in Appellants’ memorandum in opposition.

____________________________________________

5 In support of their memorandum of law in opposition to PMRC’s motion for
summary judgment, Appellants filed a copy of the Morris deposition
transcript. Memorandum in Opposition, 4/10/18, at 1 n.1.

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     In its Rule 1925(a) opinion, the trial court explained, “[Appellants] did

not cite any authority to support their argument that [PMRC] should have

cancelled visitors’ day because of the weather so I did not research and

address that issue.” Trial Court Rule 1925(a) Opinion, 7/10/18 at 1. As we

noted above, a motion for summary judgment “necessarily and directly

implicate[s] the plaintiff’s proof of the elements of their cause or action.”

Collins, 179 A.3d at 73.      Further, summary judgment is proper if the

“adverse party who will bear the burden of proof at trial has failed to

produce evidence of facts essential to the cause of action.” Id.

      We find no error on the part of the trial court for failing to address an

undeveloped argument. Appellant’s second issue fails.

      Order affirmed.

     Judge Ott joins this memorandum.

     Judge McLaughlin concurs in the result.

     Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 4/24/19

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