Court Opinion

ID: 4530861
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-05-01 15:04:20.595036+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:44:52.579997
License: Public Domain

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),                                        FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before any                              May 01 2020, 8:47 am

court except for the purpose of establishing                                  CLERK
                                                                        Indiana Supreme Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral                                    Court of Appeals
                                                                             and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS                                 ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES
Gregory A. Schrage                                       Jack A. Tandy
Victoria Howard                                          Tandy Law, LLC
Church, Church, Hittle & Antrim                          Shelbyville, Indiana
Noblesville, Indiana                                     Stephen E. Schrumpf
                                                         Shelbyville, Indiana

                                           IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

MGI Traffic Control Products,                            May 1, 2020
Inc., and Mark Bennett by                                Court of Appeals Case No.
guardian Steven Bennett,                                 19A-PL-2371
Appellants-Plaintiffs,                                   Appeal from the Shelby Circuit
                                                         Court
        v.                                               The Honorable Trent Meltzer,
                                                         Judge
Michael Green and Mike Green,                            Trial Court Cause No.
Incorporated,                                            73C01-1907-PL-31
Appellees-Defendants.

Mathias, Judge.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PL-2371 | May 1, 2020                     Page 1 of 12
[1]   MGI Traffic Control Products, Inc. (“MGI Traffic”), and Mark Bennet

      (“Mark”) by guardian Steven Bennet (“Steven”) (collectively “the Appellants”)

      filed a request for a preliminary injunction in Shelby Circuit Court seeking to

      prohibit Michael Green and Mike Green, Inc. (“Green”) from competing with

      MGI Traffic. The trial court denied the request, and the Appellants appeal,

      presenting three issues that we consolidate and restate as whether the trial court

      clearly erred in denying the Appellants’ request for a preliminary injunction.

[2]   We affirm.

                                 Facts and Procedural History
[3]   Green incorporated Mike Green, Inc., in 1989 to sell and rent traffic control

      products and services. Green is the sole owner of Mike Green, Inc. The market

      for traffic control systems in Indiana is limited and generally consists of the

      Indiana Department of Transportation (“INDOT”), county and city officials in

      charge of road construction and maintenance, and private road construction

      contractors.

[4]   On December 3, 2008, Green and Mark entered into an Asset Purchase

      Agreement (“the Agreement”), in which they agreed to form a new

      corporation, MGI Traffic, with Mark owning 75% and Green owning 25% of

      the corporation. Green also agreed to sell the assets of Mark Green, Inc., to

      MGI Traffic, including “[a]ll customer lists, customer contracts, customer

      records, vendor lists, vendor contracts, telephone numbers, fax numbers, email

      addresses, websites, domain names and all goodwill[.]” Ex. Vol., Defendant’s

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PL-2371 | May 1, 2020   Page 2 of 12
      Ex. B, p. 2. The Agreement contained a non-compete clause stating that Green

      could not compete with MGI Traffic for a period of three years from the date of

      the execution of the Agreement. The Agreement also provided that Mark had

      the option to buy Green’s shares of MGI Traffic upon the termination of

      Green’s employment with MGI Traffic.1 MGI Traffic conducted the same type

      of business that Mike Green, Inc., had conducted, i.e., selling and renting traffic

      control products and services.

[5]   After execution of the Agreement, Green ran the day-to-day business of MGI

      Traffic, and Mark provided the corporation a line of credit for operating capital

      to help grow the business. Both parties were paid similar salaries by MGI

      Traffic.

[6]   Mark was in an accident in 2013 that left him in a coma for several weeks. He

      suffered traumatic brain injury as a result of the accident. One side of his body

      was paralyzed, he had to use a wheelchair, and he had problems with his short-

      term memory. Mark’s brother Steven was eventually appointed as Mark’s

      guardian, and Mark no longer actively participated in the business. Without

      consulting Green, Steven began to receive a $45,000 annual salary from MGI

      Traffic. When Green complained that Steven was receiving a substantial salary

      despite performing little work for the company, Steven stopped receiving a

      salary in his name; instead, he reinstituted a salary for Mark. Green became

      1
       The same paragraph of the Agreement stated that the parties were to enter into a buy-sell agreement, but
      neither party introduced evidence of such an agreement.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PL-2371 | May 1, 2020                     Page 3 of 12
      dissatisfied with Steven’s participation in MGI Traffic and told Steven as early

      as 2016 that he wanted to leave the company. Nevertheless, Green continued to

      work for MGI Traffic until early 2019.

[7]   On April 4, 2019, Green sent Steven an email stating that he was resigning

      immediately as an employee and as a member of the board of directors of the

      company. He also proposed a plan to wind down the business. Specifically,

      Green offered to continue to fill orders from existing inventory and collect

      accounts receivable on behalf of MGI Traffic. Green also offered to train a

      replacement.

[8]   Although Steven did not respond to Green’s email, Green did as he had

      proposed and fulfilled incoming orders if the order could be fulfilled from MGI

      Traffic’s existing inventory. He also collected accounts receivable for MGI

      Traffic. Incoming orders that could not be fulfilled from MGI Traffic’s existing

      inventory, however, Green processed on behalf of Mike Green, Inc. Green also

      paid $31,219 to a vendor on behalf of MGI Traffic so that an MGI Traffic

      customer could receive an order that had been placed through MGI Traffic but

      which MGI Traffic would have been unable to fulfill. Green sent an invoice to

      MGI Traffic asking to be reimbursed for this amount, but the invoice was not

      paid. Since Green’s departure, MGI Traffic has not solicited new business and

      has laid off all of its employees.

[9]   On July 10, 2019, the Appellants filed a complaint against Green alleging

      breach of fiduciary duty as a shareholder and employee, tortious interference

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PL-2371 | May 1, 2020   Page 4 of 12
       with a business relationship, tortious interference with contract, constructive

       fraud, misappropriation of trade secrets, theft, and conversion. The Appellants

       also filed a motion seeking a preliminary injunction to prohibit Green from

       competing with MGI Traffic and from contacting or interacting with MGI

       Traffic’s vendors and customers.

[10]   The trial court held an evidentiary hearing on the request for a preliminary

       injunction on August 30, 2019. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court

       took the matter under advisement and permitted the parties to submit

       supplemental briefing. On September 3, 2019, before the trial court issued its

       ruling on the motion for a preliminary injunction, Green filed an answer and

       counterclaim requesting an accounting and an order requiring MGI Traffic to

       purchase Green’s shares of the company.

[11]   On September 17, 2019, the trial court denied the Appellants’ request for a

       preliminary injunction and entered the following relevant findings of fact and

       conclusions of law:

               6. At the earliest, the partnership dissolved upon the receiving
               of Green’s email of April 4, 2019, and at the latest upon Green’s
               complete termination from MGI Traffic on July 10, 2019.

               7. The fact that Green still owns shares does not change the fact
               that he has withdrawn from or abandoned the partnership.

               8. “To obtain a preliminary injunction, the moving party has
               the burden of showing by a preponderance of the evidence that . .
               . the movant’s remedies at law are inadequate.” Primecare Home
               Health v. Angels of Mercy Home Health Care, LLC, 824 N.E.2d 376,
               380 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PL-2371 | May 1, 2020   Page 5 of 12
        9. Any damages resulting from Green’s actions while he was
        still part of the enterprise can be compensated for with a
        money judgment.

        10. What constitutes a trade secret is a determination for the
        Court to make as a matter of law, where the threshold factors to
        be considered are the (1) extent to which the information is
        known by others and (2) the extent to which that information
        could be duplicated by legitimate means. Id. at 381.

        11. There was scant evidence introduced that there is a vendor or
        customer list to begin with, and no such list was provided to the
        Court. There was no evidence [that] any list contained more than
        just the names of customers or vendors.

        12. “Given the discrete market ... [Green] could easily ascertain
        companies in need of these services.” Hydraulic Exch. & Repair,
        Inc. v. KM Specialty Pumps, Inc., 690 N.E.2d 782, 786 (Ind. Ct.
        App. 1998). Indeed, Green’s uncontroverted testimony was that
        he used INDOT’s website and various directories of local
        officials to find potential customers.

        13. Green knew the identities of the vendors and clients because
        he had been engaged in the same business for thirty years. He
        “had no need to resort to improper means to gain that
        information. Generally known or readily ascertainable
        information is outside the statutory protection of the Act.”
        Primecare at 381.

        14. “The fact that [Green] possesses certain knowledge acquired
        within the course of his employment does not mandate that,
        upon his departure, [Green] must wipe clean the slate of his
        memory. Steenhoven v. College Life Ins. Co. of America, [460] N.E.2d
        973, 975 [n.7] (Ind. Ct. App. 1984).

        15. “Goodwill generated between customers and a business has
        been considered a legitimate protectable interest that may be
        addressed by a reasonable non-competition agreement or

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PL-2371 | May 1, 2020   Page 6 of 12
               covenant not to compete,” but Green is not a party to any such
               agreement. Primecare at 381–382.

               16. Any Conclusion of Law more properly designated a
               Conclusion of Fact is designated as a Conclusion of Fact.

               THEREFORE, the Court now finds as follows:

               1. Plaintiffs have failed to meet their burden of proof for the
               issuance of a preliminary injunction. Plaintiffs’ Motion for
               Preliminary Injunction is DENIED.

               2. Per Defendants’ request, the Court orders the following:
               from the date of this Order going forward, Green shall be
               divested of any and all rights associated with his 25% ownership
               interest in MGI other than the right to negotiate the sale/
               disposition of his shares. Green may, however, be entitled to any
               dividend/disbursement made by MGI Traffic. Further, Green
               shall not be entitled to any proprietary information of MGI
               Traffic. Green’s interest shall be comparable to that of a creditor.

       Appellant’s App. pp. 6–8 (emphases added). The Appellants now appeal.

                                          Standard of Review
[12]   The Plaintiffs argue that the trial court erred by denying their motion for a

       preliminary injunction. We summarized the law of preliminary injunctions in

       Clay Township of Hamilton County ex rel. Hagan v. Clay Township Regional Waste

       District:

               The grant or denial of a preliminary injunction is within the
               sound discretion of the trial court, and the scope of appellate
               review is limited to deciding whether there has been a clear abuse
               of discretion. When determining whether or not to grant a
               preliminary injunction, the trial court is required to make special

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PL-2371 | May 1, 2020   Page 7 of 12
               findings of fact and state its conclusions thereon. When findings
               and conclusions are made, the reviewing court must determine if
               the trial court’s findings support the judgment. The trial court’s
               judgment will be reversed only when clearly erroneous. Findings
               of fact are clearly erroneous when the record lacks evidence or
               reasonable inferences from the evidence to support them. A
               judgment is clearly erroneous when a review of the record leaves
               us with a firm conviction that a mistake has been made. We
               consider the evidence only in the light most favorable to the
               judgment and construe findings together liberally in favor of the
               judgment.

               The power to issue a preliminary injunction should be used
               sparingly, and such relief should not be granted except in rare
               instances in which the law and facts are clearly within the
               moving party’s favor. To obtain a preliminary injunction, the
               moving party has the burden of showing by a preponderance of
               the evidence that: 1) its remedies at law are inadequate, thus
               causing irreparable harm pending resolution of the substantive
               action; 2) it has at least a reasonable likelihood of success at trial
               by establishing a prima facie case; 3) its threatened injury
               outweighs the potential harm resulting from the granting of an
               injunction; and 4) the public interest would not be disserved.

               [W]hile we defer substantially to the trial court’s findings of fact,
               we evaluate questions of law de novo.

       838 N.E.2d 1054, 1062 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (emphasis added) (citations and

       internal quotation marks omitted).

[13]   We also note that the Appellants bore the burden of proof at trial. A judgment

       entered against a party who bore the burden of proof at trial is a negative

       judgment. DeGood Dimensional Concepts, Inc. v. Wilder, 135 N.E.3d 625, 632

       (Ind. Ct. App. 2019) (citing Stoffel v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, 3 N.E.3d 548, 552

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PL-2371 | May 1, 2020      Page 8 of 12
       (Ind. Ct. App. 2014)). We will not reverse a negative judgment on appeal unless

       it is contrary to law. Id. To determine whether a judgment is contrary to law,

       we consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment, together

       with all the reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom. Id. (citing Stoffel, 3

       N.E.3d at 553). A party appealing from a negative judgment must show that the

       evidence “points unerringly to a conclusion different than that reached by the

       trial court.” Id. (citing Smith v. Dermatology Assoc., 977 N.E.2d 1, 4 (Ind. Ct.

       App. 2012)).

                                      Discussion and Decision
[14]   The Appellants claim that the trial court erred by denying their request to

       preliminarily enjoin Green from competing with MGI Traffic and from

       contacting or interacting with MGI Traffic’s vendors and customers. The

       Appellants present three arguments in support of their claim.

[15]   They first contend that the trial court clearly erred in finding that the

       “partnership” between Green and Mark dissolved when Green stopped working

       for MGI Traffic and that “[t]he fact that Green still owns shares does not

       change the fact that he has withdrawn from or abandoned the partnership.”

       Appellant’s App. p. 6. The Appellants correctly note that MGI Traffic is a

       closely-held corporation, not a partnership. They therefore claim that the trial

       court erred when it applied partnership law to the corporation.

[16]   The Appellants acknowledge that “Indiana courts have characterized closely-

       held corporations as ‘incorporated partnerships’ and as such have imposed a

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PL-2371 | May 1, 2020   Page 9 of 12
       fiduciary duty upon shareholding ‘partners’ to deal fairly not only with the

       corporation but with fellow shareholders as well.” Melrose v. Capitol City Motor

       Lodge, Inc., 705 N.E.2d 985, 991 (Ind. 1998); accord DiMaggio v. Rosario, 52

       N.E.3d 896, 905 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016), trans. denied. Indeed, the Appellants

       allege that Green has breached his fiduciary duty to the corporation and to his

       fellow shareholder Mark by competing with MGI Traffic.

[17]   Noting the similarities between traditional partnerships and closely-held

       corporations, the trial court applied principles of partnership law to the

       relationship between Green and Mark. Specifically, it concluded that Green

       abandoned the “partnership,” i.e., the closely-held corporation of MGI Traffic.

       The Appellants argue that this misapplies partnership law and that a

       shareholder of a closely-held corporation cannot simply “abandon” a closely-

       held corporation. See DiMaggio, 52 N.E.3d at 905–06 (noting that a partnership

       can be dissolved by the withdrawal of a partner or abandonment, whereas a

       corporation is dissolved when the board of directors “propose dissolution for

       submission to the shareholders and the attendant notice of dissolution upon

       adoption by the requisite number of votes.”)

[18]   Here, we need not decide whether the trial court erred by concluding that

       Green “abandoned” MGI Traffic, because the trial court based its conclusion

       on a determination that MGI Traffic had not met its burden of proof for the

       issuance of a preliminary injunction. Specifically, the trial court concluded that

       “[a]ny damages resulting from Green’s actions while he was still part of the

       enterprise can be compensated for with a money judgment.” Appellant’s App.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PL-2371 | May 1, 2020   Page 10 of 12
       p. 6. In other words, the trial court concluded that MGI Traffic failed to prove

       that its remedies at law were inadequate, thus causing irreparable harm pending

       resolution of the substantive action.

[19]   The Appellants contend that, because the market for traffic control systems is

       limited, and because Green himself testified that some customers were confused

       by his resumption of Mike Green, Inc., they have an inadequate remedy at law.

       But any damages caused by Green’s allegedly wrongful usurpation of customers

       and business opportunities that rightfully belonged to MGI Traffic can be

       compensated by monetary damages. Indeed, Green admits that the Appellants

       have a colorable argument that he took business that would otherwise have

       gone to MGI Traffic prior to his resignation, but he contends that it is the

       Appellants’ burden to prove this and that he only fulfilled certain orders

       because MGI Traffic could not fulfill them. Green also notes that he has alleged

       that MGI Traffic owes him money for supplies he personally paid for so that

       MGI could fulfill certain orders.

[20]   We agree with Green, and the trial court, that this is a “mixed bag of evidence”

       for the trier of fact to sort out at trial and determine who owes whom, how

       much is owed, and to award monetary damages accordingly. Thus, the trial

       court did not clearly err in determining that the Appellants have an adequate

       remedy at law. Because they have an adequate remedy at law, the trial court

       properly denied the Appellants’ request for a preliminary injunction.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PL-2371 | May 1, 2020   Page 11 of 12
[21]   Affirmed.

       Kirsch, J., and Bailey, J., concur.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PL-2371 | May 1, 2020   Page 12 of 12