Court Opinion

ID: 4467375
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-12-24 14:05:21.747882+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:07:30.184068
License: Public Domain

In the
                        Missouri Court of Appeals
                                   Western District
 MONA BRUMMETT,                              )
                                             )
                Appellant,                   )   WD82092
                                             )
 v.                                          )   OPINION FILED:
                                             )   December 24, 2019
 BURBERRY LIMITED,                           )
                                             )
               Respondent.                   )

             Appeal from the Circuit Court of Jackson County, Missouri
                        The Honorable David M. Byrn, Judge

 Before Division One: Edward R. Ardini, Jr., Presiding Judge, Mark D. Pfeiffer, Judge
                          and Cynthia L. Martin, Judge

       Mona Brummett ("Brummett") appeals from the trial court's entry of judgment in

favor of Burberry Limited ("Burberry") on her claims of religious discrimination and

retaliation. Brummett complains that the trial court committed reversible error in its

evidentiary rulings, in prohibiting Brummett from commenting on the absence of witnesses

during closing argument, and in assessing costs against her. We affirm in part, and reverse

and modify the judgment in part.
                                  Factual and Procedural History1

        In late 2014, Brummett began working for Burberry as a service lead and key holder

in the company's Kansas City, Missouri retail store ("store"). Brummett's responsibilities

included interacting with customers and making sales, as well as training other sales staff

and opening and closing the store. During the first year of her tenure at the store, Brummett

became friends with the store's general manager, Karli DeCastro ("DeCastro"), and the two

women and their families socialized outside of work. On October 4, 2015, Brummett

texted a photograph of a positive home pregnancy test to DeCastro.

        Katy Cox ("Cox"), the store's assistant general manager, told DeCastro that she

wanted to transfer to the store's shipper/receiver position in October 2015. DeCastro

announced Cox's decision to the store's staff. Brummett expressed her interest in the

assistant general manager position to DeCastro. At the time, DeCastro believed that

Brummett had potential to assume a larger leadership role in the store.

        On November 13, 2015, Lynne Miller ("Miller"), one of the store's sales associates,

was working in the store when she learned of a terrorist attack in Paris, France. Miller

testified at trial that, upon learning of the news, she commented that there was a "radical

terrorist attack," and that Hexi Wang ("Wang") (another Burberry employee) admonished

"you can't say that." Wang's recollection of Miller's comments was different. Wang

        1
         "On appeal in a jury-tried case, we review the evidence and reasonable inferences therefrom in a light
most favorable to the jury's verdict, disregarding evidence to the contrary." Jones v. City of Kansas City, 569
S.W.3d 42, 47 n.2 (Mo. App. W.D. 2019) (quoting Dubinsky v. U.S. Elevator Corp., 22 S.W.3d 747, 749 (Mo. App.
E.D. 2000)).

                                                       2
testified that Miller said, "The Muslims are terrorists. They killed all the people." Wang

reported Miller's comments to DeCastro.

       DeCastro met with Miller and told her that any statements generalizing a religion

could be offensive to others and are "dangerous and potentially hurtful." According to

DeCastro, Miller apologized and stated that she did not intend to offend anyone. DeCastro

testified that she did not believe Miller intended the comment to be hurtful or malicious.

DeCastro also testified that she never personally heard Miller make any derogatory

comments about Muslims.

       Brummett, a Muslim, did not personally hear Miller's comments. However, after

Brummett heard of Miller's comments from another employee, Brummett complained to

DeCastro. DeCastro told Brummett that she had spoken to Miller. In addition, DeCastro

issued a directive to the store's staff not to discuss politics and religion while in the store.

Brummett testified that Miller nonetheless continued to make comments about politics and

religion. Brummett testified that she continued to complain to DeCastro, but that DeCastro

told Brummett to "just ignore her."

       In late 2015, Brummett made numerous comments to her co-workers to the effect

that she was considering terminating her pregnancy because she did not want her child to

experience the same kind of discrimination that she endured as a Muslim woman. While

at work on December 8, 2015, Brummett had an emotional breakdown. Brummett cried

uncontrollably in the store's restroom for more than two hours. DeCastro unsuccessfully

attempted to comfort Brummett. Brummett's husband had to be called to retrieve her.

                                               3
       Following this incident, Brummett worked for a portion of December and was

approved for a medical leave of absence due to depression and anxiety from December 28,

2015, through the end of January 2016. Brummett's job during this extended leave was

protected by the Family Medical Leave Act.2 Brummett returned to work on February 1,

2016, as a service lead.

       Brummett submitted an application to be the store's assistant general manager on

the day she returned to work. However, Cox had changed her mind about transferring to

the store's shipper/receiver position and remained the store's assistant general manager.

After learning of Cox's decision, Brummett expressed anger to DeCastro about not being

promoted to assistant general manager. Brummett also told DeCastro that Miller was

continuing to talk about politics and Muslims while in the store.

       On February 11, 2016, Brummett asked DeCastro for the phone number for

Burberry's corporate human resources department. Brummett wanted a copy of the

incident report that DeCastro told Brummett she had filed, and wanted to make the

corporate office aware of her version of the events in November and December 2015.

Brummett spoke by phone with Carlos Rodriguez ("Rodriguez"), Burberry's senior

manager of employee services, that same day. Throughout February and March 2016,

Brummett contacted Burberry's corporate human resources department several times,

sending multiple lengthy emails and having multiple telephone conversations lasting at

least one hour each. During these emails and conversations, Brummett described her

       2
           29 U.S.C. section 2601 et seq.

                                             4
complaints with management and her concerns about how she had been treated by her

coworkers and by management. In particular, Brummett complained that Miller told Wang

that "all Muslims are terrorists" and that Cox had been coerced into remaining the store's

assistant general manager in order to prevent Brummett from being promoted to the

position. Brummett also voiced concerns about her work schedule and requests for leave.

       In March 2016, Kareem Gayle ("Gayle"), Burberry's corporate human resources

manager, traveled to Kansas City to investigate the circumstances surrounding Brummett's

complaints. While in Kansas City, Gayle interviewed a number of Burberry employees

who worked at the store, including Wang, Miller, Cox, and DeCastro. Wang told Gayle

that, on November 13, 2015, Miller announced to Wang that "there [was] a bombing and

Muslims bombed Paris," and that he admonished Miller, saying that "you can use the terms

radicals or extremists but to say Muslims isn't correct," before he spoke to DeCastro about

the matter.     When Gayle interviewed Miller, her memory of her comments on

November 13, 2015, was substantially the same as Wang's. Miller told Gayle that she said

"Muslim[] radicals bombed Paris." None of the employees with whom Gayle spoke

indicated that derogatory or discriminatory comments were an ongoing, chronic problem

in the store.

       Gayle sent Brummett a letter summarizing her investigation's findings on April 11,

2016. The letter stated that Gayle was "unable to substantiate [Brummett's] allegations"

that Miller stated that "all Muslims are terrorists," and also stated that Cox's decision to

continue in her role as the assistant general manager "was purely a personal decision that

she was in no manner coerced or pressured by [Burberry] to make."

                                             5
         In late May 2016, Brummett fell in the store and sustained an injury to her foot.

Brummett began workers' compensation leave and had a baby later in the summer.3

         In June 2016, while Brummett was on leave, Cox was promoted to general manager

of the store after DeCastro resigned. Brummett applied for the store's assistant general

manager position. Burberry ultimately hired Abby Lamone ("Lamone") for the position.

Rodriguez testified that Burberry hired Lamone because her experience as a manager was

superior to that of the other applicants.

         Brummett timely filed charges of discrimination with the Missouri Human Rights

Commission ("MHRC") and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ("EEOC").

The MHRC issued Brummett right-to-sue letters on August 19, 2016, and on April 28,

2017.

         Brummett filed a petition for damages ("initial petition") against Burberry,

DeCastro, and Cox4 on November 16, 2016. The trial court granted Brummett leave to file

a first amended petition ("first amended petition") on June 16, 2017. The first amended

petition named Burberry, DeCastro, Cox, and Lamone as defendants (collectively "the

defendants"), and alleged several counts, including claims seeking relief under the

Missouri Human Rights Act5 ("MHRA"): (1) religious harassment and discrimination

         3
            Brummett was released to return to work with no restrictions in February 2018. Because Burberry would
have had to retrain Brummett in order for her to return to the sales floor, Burberry did not return to work before the
store closed permanently the next month.
          4
            Brummett's initial petition also named Frank DeCastro, DeCastro's father, as a defendant, alleging that
Brummett had a therapist-patient relationship. On May 2, 2017, Brummett and Frank DeCastro filed a joint
stipulation to dismiss Brummett's claims against Frank DeCastro with prejudice.
          5
            Section 213.010 et seq. Brummett's claims accrued between November 2015 and August 2016. No
statutory amendments pertinent to this appeal took place between those months. Thus, all statutory references are to
RSMo 2000 as amended through August 2016 unless otherwise expressly noted.

                                                          6
against the defendants; (2) national origin harassment and discrimination against the

defendants; (3) sex discrimination against Burberry, DeCastro, and Cox; (4) retaliation

against the defendants; (5) aiding and abetting against the defendants; (6) disability and

perceived disability discrimination against Burberry, Cox, and Lamone; and (7) workers'

compensation retaliation against Burberry. On May 1, 2018, Brummett and the defendants

filed a joint stipulation to dismiss Brummett's claims against DeCastro, Cox, and Lamone

with prejudice, leaving Burberry as the only remaining defendant.

       During a pretrial conference, Brummett's counsel confirmed that Brummett would

only be proceeding to trial on counts one and four, religious discrimination and retaliation,

and that all other counts were being dismissed. The trial court granted Brummett's motion

to bifurcate the trial, such that liability and punitive damages would be separately tried. In

addition, the trial court entertained and ruled the parties' motions in limine.

       Brummett's claims of religious discrimination and retaliation against Burberry were

tried to a jury over four days, beginning on May 9, 2018. Less than two hours after it

retired, the jury entered verdicts in favor of Burberry on Brummett's claims. The trial court

entered a judgment ("Judgment") on May 22, 2018, in accordance with the jury's verdicts.

The Judgment assessed costs against Brummett.

       Brummett filed a timely motion for new trial, or in the alternative, to amend the

Judgment ("post-trial motion"). Brummett's post-trial motion asserted that the trial court

committed error in its evidentiary rulings and in prohibiting Brummett from commenting

on the absence of certain witnesses during closing argument. The post-trial motion also

argued that the trial court committed error in assessing costs against Brummett because the

                                              7
applicable version of the MHRA did not permit such an award unless her claims were

without foundation. The trial court denied the post-trial motion.

       Brummett filed this timely appeal. Additional facts are discussed as necessary to

address Brummett's points on appeal.

                                    Standard of Review

       Brummett's seven points on appeal concern the trial court's evidentiary rulings, the

trial court's restriction on the scope of closing argument, and the trial court's assessment of

costs. Brummett's first six points on appeal are reviewed for an abuse of discretion. See

NorthStar Educ. Fin., Inc. v. Scroggie, 581 S.W.3d 641, 644 (Mo. App. W.D. 2019) ("We

review a trial court's decisions admitting or excluding evidence for an abuse of

discretion."); Gleason v. Bendix Commercial Vehicle Sys., LLC, 452 S.W.3d 158, 178 (Mo.

App. W.D. 2014) ("We review the trial court's ruling in closing argument for an abuse of

discretion."). A trial court abuses its discretion when its ruling "is clearly against the logic

of the circumstances then before the court and is so unreasonable and arbitrary that it

shocks the sense of justice and indicates a lack of careful, deliberate consideration."

NorthStar Educ. Fin., Inc., 581 S.W.3d at 644 (quoting Cox v. Kansas City Chiefs Football

Club, Inc., 473 S.W.3d 107, 114 (Mo. banc 2015)).

       Brummett's seventh point on appeal challenges the trial court's statutory authority

to assess costs against her, and argues that an amendment to the statute authorizing an

award of costs was unlawfully applied in violation of Missouri's constitutional prohibition

against statutes retrospective in their operation. Whether the retrospective application of a

statutory amendment violates the Missouri constitution is an issue of law we review de

                                               8
novo. Wellner v. Dir. of Revenue, 16 S.W.3d 352, 354 (Mo. App. W.D. 2000) (addressing

the retrospective application of an amendment to a civil statute and holding that a trial

court's erroneous declaration or application of the law is given no deference).

                                                       Analysis

         Brummett's seven points on appeal are discussed separately.

Point One: Relevance of Evidence of Brummett's Prior Abortion

         Brummett's first point on appeal asserts that the trial court abused its discretion in

permitting Burberry to introduce evidence about an abortion which predated Brummett's

employment with Burberry because the evidence was neither logically nor legally relevant.

Before trial, the trial court sustained Brummett's motion in limine to exclude this evidence,

though the trial court advised it would reassess its ruling based on the evidence presented

at trial.6

         During direct examination, Brummett repeatedly testified that she contemplated

terminating her 2015 pregnancy due to the extreme severity of Burberry's discriminatory

and retaliatory actions. Brummett was cross-examined by Burberry on this same topic

without objection. Burberry then requested a bench conference and argued that evidence

of Brummett's prior abortion was relevant to challenge Brummett's claim that she

considered terminating her 2015 pregnancy because of Burberry's extreme discriminatory

treatment. The trial court noted that approximately twenty different references had been

made by Brummett during her testimony connecting Burberry's discrimination and

         6
         The trial court was not required to include the caveat that its ruling could change depending on the
evidence presented at trial because a ruling on a motion in limine is, in and of itself, interlocutory and subject to
change during the course of trial. Beverly v. Hudak, 545 S.W.3d 864, 875 (Mo. App. W.D. 2018).

                                                            9
retaliation to Brummett's contemplation of an abortion in 2015. As a result, the trial court

concluded that Burberry should be permitted to question Brummett about her prior

abortion.

         Brummett argues that evidence of her prior abortion was neither logically nor

legally relevant. "To be admissible, evidence must be both logically relevant and legally

relevant." Kerr v. Mo. Veterans Comm'n, 537 S.W.3d 865, 876 (Mo. App. W.D. 2017)

(quoting Frazier v. City of Kansas City, 467 S.W.3d 327, 338 (Mo. App. W.D. 2015)).

"Evidence is logically relevant if it make[s] the existence of any fact that is of consequence

to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without

the evidence." Id. (quoting Frazier, 467 S.W.3d at 338). Legal relevance is a distinct

concept. It refers to "the balance between the probative value and the prejudicial effect of

the evidence." Id. (quoting Frazier, 467 S.W.3d at 338). "That balancing requires the trial

court to weigh the probative value, or usefulness, of the evidence against its costs,

specifically the dangers of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, undue delay,

misleading the jury, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence." Id.

(quoting Frazier, 467 S.W.3d at 338). If the prejudicial effect of the evidence outweighs

its probative value, then the evidence is not relevant and should be excluded. Id.

         Brummett argues that by allowing Burberry to introduce evidence of Brummett's

prior abortion, the trial court allowed Burberry "to inject a highly prejudicial topic into the

trial" without any discussion as to the evidence's relative probative value. 7 [Appellant's

         7
          Brummett also asserts that "Burberry did not even ask Brummett the reason why she had a prior abortion."
[Appellant's Brief, p. 21] In doing so, Brummett inconsistently claims that the trial court erred in allowing Burberry
to ask about the prior abortion and in not requiring Burberry to explore the topic more fully. In addition to these

                                                         10
Brief, p. 21] Brummett argues that evidence of her prior abortion could only have been

probative if it had been shown to have caused, in part, the emotional distress Brummett

claimed she suffered from Burberry's discriminatory conduct. [Appellant's Brief, p. 23]

Brummett's view of the logical relevance of the evidence of her prior abortion is too narrow

given the circumstances in this case.

        Brummett repeatedly testified that the discrimination and retaliation she

experienced while employed at Burberry was so extreme that she contemplated aborting

her 2015 pregnancy. Burberry argues, and we agree, that evidence of Brummett's prior

abortion was logically relevant to "demonstrate[] to the jury that factors other than

[Burberry's] alleged treatment of [Brummett] played a role in [Brummett's] willingness to

consider ending her pregnancy" and "placed into context [Brummett's] claims that her

desire to have an abortion was evidence of extreme mental distress." [Respondent's Brief,

p. 17] We cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in concluding that evidence

of Brummett's prior abortion was logically relevant to an issue in dispute.                             That is

particularly so given the restricted cross-examination conducted on the topic by Burberry.

Burberry asked very few questions of Brummett to establish only the prior abortion pre-

dated Brummett's employment with Burberry, and was a choice that had not been based on

claimed discriminatory treatment.

        Nor can we say that it was an abuse of discretion to conclude that the probative

value of this evidence was not outweighed by its prejudicial effect. Courts have long

arguments being incongruent, Brummett's argument ignores that her counsel had the opportunity to ask questions
during redirect in order to clarify the circumstances surrounding the prior abortion. She chose not to.

                                                       11
acknowledged that the topic of abortion sharply divides Americans, with "virtually

irreconcilable points of view" on each side of the debate, so that the risk of prejudice from

admitting evidence on the subject is great. Stenberg v. Carhart, 530 U.S. 914, 920-21

(2000). But, in this case, the subject of abortion was first introduced by Brummett to

underscore the alleged severity of Burberry's discriminatory conduct. The trial court did

not abuse its discretion to permit logically relevant cross-examination to challenge

Brummett's contention that she contemplated aborting her 2015 pregnancy because of the

severity of Burberry's discrimination.

       Point One is denied.

Point Two: Exclusion of Evidence of Miller's Derogatory Comments About Race

       Brummett's second point on appeal complains that the trial court abused its

discretion in excluding evidence of Miller's derogatory comments about race because the

evidence was logically and legally relevant. The argument portion of Brummett's brief

clarifies that Brummett is complaining about the exclusion of testimony from Wang and

Maria Graham ("Graham") on two occasions during trial: (i) when both witnesses were

testifying during Brummett's case-in-chief; and (ii) after Burberry allegedly opened the

door to the excluded testimony during Burberry's cross-examination of Brummett. We

address these occasions separately.

       Prior to trial, the trial court sustained Burberry's motion in limine to exclude

evidence of derogatory statements made by Burberry employees about members of

protected classes to which Brummett does not belong, including African Americans and

Hispanics. The trial court noted, however, that it would not exclude such evidence if shown

                                             12
to directly relate to Burberry's investigation of Brummett's claims of discrimination, as the

evidence would then be relevant to provide context.

         During Brummett's case-in-chief, at the conclusion of Wang's direct examination

testimony, Brummett asked to make an offer of proof regarding Wang's knowledge of

Miller's derogatory comments involving race. Wang testified during the offer of proof that

he heard Miller make derogatory comments about African Americans and Hispanics at

least three to four times a week during his nearly two-year tenure at the store, and that he

heard Miller make these comments in front of Cox. At the conclusion of the offer of proof,

Brummett argued that Wang's testimony should be permitted to demonstrate Burberry's

failure to comply with its discrimination policy and Burberry's failure to train management

employees about how to respond to violations of the policy. Brummett also expressed a

concern that should Burberry ask Miller during its case-in-chief about any comments she

made in violation of Burberry's discrimination policy, Wang would no longer be available

to rebut Miller's testimony. Brummett did not argue that Wang's offer of proof testimony

was directly related to Burberry's investigation of Brummett's claims of discrimination, or

that the testimony was relevant to provide context to Burberry's investigation of

Brummett's claims.

         The trial court denied the offer of proof, explaining that because Miller's derogatory

comments about race were not directly at issue in the instant case, the evidence was more

prejudicial than probative, and was therefore not legally relevant.8 The trial court noted,

         8
         The trial court additionally noted that, because the parties agreed to bifurcate the trial, the evidence could
be admissible during the damages portion of the trial to determine whether punitive damages would be appropriate.

                                                          13
however, that if Burberry opened the door to such evidence, the trial court would reconsider

its ruling, and would have the option to force Burberry to bear the cost of returning Wang

to testify.

        Brummett made a second offer of proof at the conclusion of Graham's direct

examination testimony. Graham, a Burberry sales associate who worked at the store with

Brummett, testified that she heard Miller make derogatory comments about race on several

occasions, and that Cox was present on at least one of the occasions. Graham testified that

Miller made comments about "African Americans and Hispanics being people responsible

for theft in the store." At the conclusion of the offer of proof, Brummett made the same

arguments as were made after Wang's offer of proof. The trial court denied the offer of

proof on the same basis as its exclusion of Wang's offer of proof.

        Brummett's point relied on argues that the exclusion of these offers of proof was an

abuse of discretion because Miller's derogatory comments about race were logically and

legally relevant. However, the argument portion of Brummett's brief addresses only the

logical relevance of the excluded evidence. The argument portion of Brummett's brief does

not address the legal relevance of the excluded evidence. "Arguments raised in the points

relied on that are not supported by argument in the argument portion of the brief are deemed

abandoned and present nothing for appellate review." Southside Ventures, LLC v. La

Crosse Lumber Co., 574 S.W.3d 771, 783 (Mo. App. W.D. 2019) (quoting Wright v. Barr,

62 S.W.3d 509, 528 (Mo. App. W.D. 2001)); see also Kerr, 537 S.W.3d at 877 (recognizing

that, in order to sufficiently preserve a claim of evidentiary error on appeal, the appellant

must, among other requirements, provide sufficient argument on the point in its brief).

                                             14
Brummett's omission is of particular import here, as the trial court expressly excluded both

of her offers of proof on the basis of legal relevance, noting that because Miller's

derogatory statements about race were not related to Brummett's claims of discrimination,

their probative value was outweighed by their prejudicial effect. Brummett's failure to

demonstrate that this stated basis for excluding the offer of proof evidence was erroneous

is fatal to her point on appeal. STRCUE, Inc. v. Potts, 386 S.W.3d 214, 219 (Mo. App.

W.D. 2012); City of Peculiar v. Hunt Martin Materials, LLC, 274 S.W.3d 588, 591 (Mo.

App. W.D. 2009). The trial court has not been shown to have abused its discretion in

excluding the evidence adduced by Brummett's offers of proof.

       Brummett made a second attempt to admit Wang's and Graham's excluded offer of

proof testimony following Burberry's cross-examination of her.          During that cross-

examination, Burberry admitted Exhibit 375, a copy of Brummett's first supplemental

interrogatory responses, into evidence. Burberry then displayed Exhibit 375 on a screen

and directed the jury's attention to Brummett's answer to interrogatory number 14. That

interrogatory asked Brummett to detail "each and every instance in which Lynn Miller

made 'offensive comments about people of the Muslim religion and people who originate

from the Middle East.'" The responsive portions of Brummett's answer to interrogatory

number 14 were read aloud to the jury.           A non-responsive portion of Brummett's

interrogatory answer was not read aloud to the jury. The non-responsive portion of

Brummett's interrogatory answer stated "Even after my reports, [Miller] continued to make

racist comments regarding African American[s] and Hispanics."

                                            15
       After her cross-examination was complete, Brummett asked the trial court to revisit

its ruling about the admissibility of Wang's and Graham's excluded testimony. Brummett

argued that by publishing the entirety of Brummett's answer to interrogatory number 14 on

a screen, Burberry opened the door to evidence about Miller's derogatory comments about

race. The trial court once again ruled that the testimony adduced through Brummett's offers

of proof was not admissible. The trial court did agree, however, that Burberry's publication

of the entirety of the answer to interrogatory number 14 had opened the door to permitting

Brummett to explain the portion of her answer addressing Miller's derogatory race

comments. As a result, on redirect examination, Brummett was permitted to testify about

her personal knowledge of disparaging comments Miller had made about African

Americans and Hispanics.

       Brummett argues on appeal that the trial court abused its discretion in limiting her

rebuttal to the door opened by Burberry, and that she should have been allowed to present

Wang's and Graham's testimony about Miller's disparaging race comments to corroborate

her own testimony on the subject. "When a party opens the door to a topic, the admission

of rebuttal evidence on that topic becomes permissible." Curl v. BNSF Ry. Co., 526 S.W.3d
215, 226 (Mo. App. W.D. 2017) (quoting Howard v. City of Kansas City, 332 S.W.3d 772,

785 (Mo. App W.D. 2011)). Such a rule exists "to prevent a party from eliciting evidence

to his favor and then objecting and preventing his opponent from cross-examining and

inquiring further into that evidence." Id. However, the scope of the rebuttal evidence is

within the trial court’s discretion, and that discretion will be given deference on appeal.

Hootselle v. Mo. Dep't of Corr., No. WD82229, 2019 WL 4935933, at *5 n.7 (Mo. App.

                                            16
W.D. Oct. 8, 2019) ("The admissibility and scope of rebuttal evidence is within the

discretion of the trial court, and, 'absent an abuse of that discretion, we will not reverse the

trial court’s decision.'" (quoting Aliff v. Cody, 26 S.W.3d 309, 315 (Mo. App. W.D. 2000)).

       Here, the trial court concluded that while Burberry opened the door to evidence of

Miller's derogatory comments about race, it did so only with respect to Brummett's

knowledge of such comments--the subject of her interrogatory response. As such, we

cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in commensurately limiting Brummett's

rebuttal.

       Point Two is denied.

Point Three: Excluding Evidence of DeCastro’s Comments About Miller's Age

       Brummett's third point on appeal argues that the trial court "abused its discretion in

excluding evidence of a management-level employee's age-related comments regarding

[Miller], even after the door to such evidence was opened by Burberry, in that such

evidence was logically and legally relevant to Brummett's claims." [Appellant's Brief, p.

32]

       Prior to trial, Burberry filed a motion in limine to exclude evidence of statements

made regarding any Burberry employee's age. Brummett contested the motion in limine

because she wanted to admit evidence that DeCastro called Miller a "nutty old woman"

and did not believe that her comment violated Burberry's discrimination policy. Burberry

argued that DeCastro's comment about Miller was not logically or legally relevant because

it was made in the context of calming Brummett's reaction to Miller's alleged comments

about Muslims, and because the testimony was not related to Brummett's claims of

                                              17
religious discrimination and retaliation and would only serve to confuse the issues in the

case. The trial court sustained the motion in limine.

         Brummett made no effort to admit evidence regarding DeCastro's comment during

her direct examination of DeCastro.9                    However, after Burberry completed its cross-

examination of DeCastro, Brummett asked the trial court to revisit its in limine ruling.

During cross-examination, DeCastro testified that she had been given a final warning by

Burberry for inappropriate communications with a subordinate after Brummett gave

corporate headquarters copies of text messages between DeCastro and Brummett. The

written final warning was not introduced during DeCastro's cross-examination, though

DeCastro did provide generalized testimony about the basis for the warning. Brummett

argued that DeCastro's testimony about receiving a final warning opened the door to

discussion of the content of the final warning, which included reference to a text message

from DeCastro that referred to Miller and said "Just relax. She's a nutty old woman, don't

let her."10 After reviewing the written final warning in camera, the trial court concluded

that DeCastro's general testimony about receiving a final warning did not open the door to

the admission of DeCastro's text message to Brummett calling Miller a "nutty old woman."

           9
             Brummett's Brief generally argues that the trial court's decision to exclude DeCastro's comment about
Miller's age was erroneous. However, the trial court's decision to exclude the comment was interlocutory, in
response to Burberry's motion in limine. A trial court's interlocutory ruling about the admissibility of evidence is not
subject to appellate review. Hancock v. Shook, 100 S.W.3d 786, 802 (Mo. banc 2003) ("A motion in limine, by
itself, preserves nothing for appeal.").
           10
              Typically, to preserve a claim of trial court error with respect to the exclusion of evidence, the proponent
of that evidence must both attempt to present the evidence at trial and then make an offer of proof if that evidence
remains excluded. Payne v. Fiesta Corp., 543 S.W.3d 109, 122 (Mo. App. E.D. 2018). While Brummett did not
make an offer of proof, the trial court's on the record in camera review of a document marked Exhibit 10 from
DeCastro's deposition clarified that the documented included reference to DeCastro's comment about Miller being a
"nutty old woman." It is clear from the record that Brummett was seeking to inquire of DeCastro about DeCastro's
comment, and we are able to determine from the record whether the trial court's exclusion of that evidence was
proper. See Porter v. City of St. Louis, 552 S.W.3d 166, 172 (Mo. App. E.D. 2018).

                                                           18
The trial court reiterated its in limine ruling that DeCastro's comment had no "specific

relevance" to the issues in the case.

       Brummett's point on appeal argues that it was error to exclude DeCastro's comment

about Miller's age because Burberry opened the door to this logically and legally relevant

evidence. The relevance of this excluded evidence is immaterial, however, unless we find

that the trial court abused its discretion in concluding that DeCastro's general testimony

about receiving a final warning from Burberry did not open the door to discussion of

specific content in the final warning letter. Though Brummett's point on appeal alleges

that Burberry opened this door, the argument portion of her Brief summarily repeats, but

does not develop this contention, preserving nothing for our review. See Southside

Ventures, 574 S.W.3d at 783; Kerr, 537 S.W.3d at 877 (recognizing that, in order to

sufficiently preserve a claim of evidentiary error on appeal, the appellant must, among

other requirements, provide sufficient argument on the point in its brief).

       Even were we to conclude that DeCastro's general testimony opened the door to

some discussion about the content of her final warning letter, we would not find that the

trial court abused its discretion in excluding testimony about DeCastro's comment calling

Miller a "nutty old woman." Though Brummett's point on appeal claims this excluded

evidence was logically and legally relevant, the argument portion of Brummett's brief

addresses only the logical relevance of the evidence, and ignores the legal relevance of the

evidence, an equally plausible basis for the trial court's ruling. Brummett's failure to

develop any argument regarding the legal relevance of DeCastro's comment about Miller's

age waives the claim of error to this effect raised in her point on appeal. See Southside

                                             19
Ventures, 574 S.W.3d at 783; Kerr, 537 S.W.3d at 877. And Brummett's failure to address

legal relevance, a plausible basis for the trial court's ruling excluding the evidence, is fatal

to her point on appeal. See STRCUE, Inc., 386 S.W.3d at 219; City of Peculiar, 274 S.W.3d

at 591.

          Point Three is denied.

Point Four: Testimony by Burberry's Corporate Representative

          Brummett's fourth point on appeal argues that the trial court abused its discretion in

permitting Burberry's corporate representative, Rodriguez, to testify at trial.          When

Burberry called Rodriguez as a witness during its case-in-chief, Brummett objected to any

testimony Rodriguez might provide about Burberry's decision not to promote Brummett to

assistant general manager, arguing that Rodriguez did not have personal knowledge of the

subject and that his testimony would therefore be hearsay. The trial court overruled

Brummett's objection and permitted Brummett a continuing objection. Among other

things, Rodriguez thereafter testified about Burberry's decision not to promote Brummett

to assistant general manager.        Brummett cross-examined Rodriguez on this subject,

highlighting that the testimony was not based on Rodriguez's personal knowledge, and was

instead based on a review of corporate records.

          Brummett argues that the trial court abused its discretion in allowing Rodriguez to

testify as Burberry's corporate representative at trial with respect to the decision not to

promote Brummett. Brummett relies on federal case law which holds that although Federal

Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 30(b)(6) permits the designation of a corporate

representative for purposes of providing deposition testimony on specified topics, trial

                                                20
testimony by corporate representatives must be based on personal knowledge pursuant to

Federal Rule of Evidence 602. Brummett argues that when a corporate representative

attempts to testify at trial from corporate records, and not based on personal knowledge,

the testimony is hearsay.

       Brummett concedes that federal precedent is not binding on our construction of

Missouri's Rules of Civil Procedure. Joel Bianco Kawasaki Plus v. Meramec Valley Bank,

81 S.W.3d 528, 533 (Mo. banc 2002). And, of course, Missouri does not have codified

rules of evidence. The resolution of Brummett's point on appeal is controlled, therefore,

by Missouri authority. We addressed the very issue raised by Brummett in Lunceford v.

Houghtlin, 326 S.W.3d 53 (Mo. App. W.D. 2010).

       In Lunceford, the defendants in a personal injury suit appealed from a judgment

which concluded that a written release between the plaintiffs and an insurance company

did not bar the plaintiffs' suit against the defendants. Id. at 60-61. Among the issues on

appeal was the defendants' argument that the trial court improperly relied on the testimony

of two insurance company employees who were not designated as corporate representatives

and who had no personal knowledge of the release negotiations. Id. at 71. We held that

even though the insurance company employees had not been officially designated as

corporate representatives, "[c]orporate employees are free to testify within the scope and

course of their employment concerning matters within the scope and course of their

employment." Id. at 73. We further held that even though neither employee participated

in the settlement discussions related to the release, "both had reviewed the company's file

relating to the settlement; both had familiarity with relevant company practices and

                                            21
procedures; and both were positioned, based upon the scope and course of their

employment duties, to advise their view of the company's intent at the time of the

[r]elease." Id. As such, any "complaints about the extent of these witnesses' 'personal

knowledge' of the [r]elease, not having participated in its preparation, went to the weight

to be afforded their testimony and not to its admissibility." Id.

       Unlike the insurance company employees in Lunceford, Rodriguez was designated

as Burberry's corporate representative pursuant to Rule 57.03(b)(4).11 In fact, Brummett

relied on that corporate representative designation to take Rodriguez's deposition. And

during her case-in-chief, Brummett admitted Rodriguez's deposition testimony about

Burberry's discrimination policy and about Brummett's claim of discrimination. At trial,

Rodriguez testified that he was Burberry's senior manager of employee services, a job that

included managing the human resources work in Burberry locations throughout the

country. Consistent with his pre-trial deposition testimony, Rodriguez testified at trial

without objection about Brummett's complaints of discrimination and the company's

investigation of those complaints.                In addition, Rodriguez testified over Brummett's

objection that he was aware that Brummett had applied for the assistant general manager

job in June 2016, and about the company's interview and consideration of Brummett as a

candidate for the position. Burberry's hiring practices, and its consideration of Brummett's

application, were matters within the scope of Rodriguez's knowledge and understanding as

a corporate representative. See Payne v. Cornhusker Motor Lines, Inc., 177 S.W.3d 820,

       11
            All rule references are to Missouri Supreme Court Rules (2017), unless otherwise noted.

                                                         22
838-39 (Mo. App. E.D. 2005) (concluding that conclusions by a trucking company's

corporate representative were within the scope of the representative's knowledge and

understanding even though he did not personally conduct the investigation or make

determinations regarding the cause of the accident).12 As such, Rodriguez's lack of

personal knowledge about Burberry's consideration of Brummett's application went to the

weight of Rodriguez's testimony, not to its admissibility. See Lunceford, 326 S.W.3d at

73. Consistent with this fact, Brummett cross-examined Rodriguez to underscore that his

testimony was based on a review of corporate documents, and not his personal knowledge.

        The trial court did not abuse its discretion in allowing Rodriguez to testify as

Burberry's corporate representative on the subject of Burberry's decision not to hire

Brummett as an assistant general manager.

        Point Four is denied.

Point Five: Refusal to Allow Brummett to Comment on the Absence of Witnesses

        Brummett's fifth point on appeal asserts that the trial court abused its discretion in

prohibiting Brummett from commenting on the absence of Burberry employees as

witnesses at trial because those witnesses were not equally available to Brummett.

        At trial, Brummett read the following interrogatory and Burberry's response to the

jury during her case-in-chief:

         12
            The circumstances in this case are distinguishable from those in Ford v. Ford Motor Company, 585
S.W.3d 317, 327-29 (Mo. App. W.D. 2019), where we affirmed a trial court's refusal to permit a corporate
representative to testify when the representative had not been identified in response to an interrogatory question
seeking the identification of all persons with factual knowledge about a particular matter. A trial court's broad
discretion to exclude testimony based on nondisclosures during discovery has no bearing on the scope of testimony
that can be properly elicited through a corporate representative at trial.

                                                        23
       Please identify the person or persons who made the final decision to select
       the individual to the position of assistant general manager to which plaintiff
       applied.

       ....

       Following individuals collectively made the decision to offer the [assistant
       general manager] position to Ms. Lamone. Katy Cox, Veronica Pena, Scott
       Jacobs.

During closing argument, while discussing Burberry's refusal to promote Brummett,

Brummett stated "by the way, we didn't hear from Mr. Jacobs, we didn't hear from Ms.

Pena . . . ." Burberry objected, and argued that Brummett's argument violated the trial

court's pre-trial ruling on a motion in limine which had prohibited comment on witnesses

not called to testify where equally available to the parties. The trial court sustained

Burberry's objection.

       Generally, the trial court has broad latitude in controlling closing arguments about

the evidence presented at trial and inferences drawn from that evidence. Peterson v.

Progressive Contractors, Inc., 399 S.W.3d 850, 856 (Mo. App. W.D. 2013). "When

counsel for one side undertakes to comment on the failure of his opponent to call a witness,

however, review has been stricter." Morrissey v. Morrissey, 935 S.W.2d 715, 718 (Mo.

App. E.D. 1996). It is reversible error for a trial court "to allow reference in closing

argument to a party's failure to produce a witness equally available to both parties."

Campise v. Borcherding, 224 S.W.3d 91, 94 (Mo. App. E.D. 2007) (citing Kelly by Kelly

v. Jackson, 798 S.W.2d 699, 701 (Mo. banc 1990)).

       Our Supreme Court has rejected the contention that a witness is not equally available

to both parties due to an employment relationship. Simpson v. Johnson's Amoco Food

                                            24
Shop, Inc., 36 S.W.3d 775, 778 (Mo. App. E.D. 2001) (citing Leehy v. Supreme Express &

Transfer Co., 646 S.W.2d 786, 790-91 (Mo. banc 1983)). Instead, the factors considered

in determining the "equal availability" of a witness include:

       (1) one party's superior means of knowledge of the existence and identity of
       the witness; (2) the nature of the testimony that the witness would be
       expected to give in the light of his previous statements or declarations, if any,
       about the facts of the case; and (3) the relationship borne by the witness to a
       particular party as the same would reasonably be expected to affect his
       personal interest in the outcome of the litigation and make it natural that he
       would be expected to testify in favor of the one party against the other.

Campise, 224 S.W.3d at 94 (quoting Kelly by Kelly, 798 S.W.2d at 701).

       Brummett fails to acknowledge, address, or apply this settled standard for

determining whether witnesses are equally available. Instead, she argues that the trial court

abused its discretion in refusing to allow her to comment on Burberry's failure to call Scott

Jacobs ("Jacobs") and Veronica Pena ("Pena") as witnesses because these individuals

where not equally available to her as they still worked for Burberry at the time of trial.

Brummett also argues that because Jacobs still worked for Burberry, "it would be expected

that he would provide testimony helpful to Burberry in justifying the selection of someone

other than Brummett." [Appellant's Brief, p. 45]

       Brummett's first argument ignores that a witness's employment relationship with a

party is insufficient to render the witness not equally available. Leehy, 646 S.W.2d at 790-

91. Regardless, Burberry's interrogatory answers alerted Brummett before trial that Jacobs

and Pena were two of the three persons involved in the decision not to promote Brummett

to assistant general manager. Yet, nothing in the record suggests that Brummett attempted

to take Jacobs's or Pena's depositions, or to otherwise engage in discovery to determine

                                              25
Jacobs's or Pena's knowledge about the decision not to promote her. See Simpson, 36
S.W.3d at 778 (refusing to conclude that the defendant's employees were not equally

available to both parties when the employees were disclosed to the plaintiff in discovery

and both parties were aware of their existence).

       Brummett's second argument, which suggests that Jacobs was unavailable because

his testimony would have benefitted Burberry, is inconsistent with the rationale she argued

at trial. At trial, Brummett argued that the jury should be permitted to draw the adverse

inference that Burberry failed to call Jacobs and Pena as witnesses because their testimony

would have countered Rodriguez's, and would therefore have been favorable to Brummett.

In fact, such a showing is relevant to the third prong of the "equally available" test, which

refers to whether an absent witness would have provided testimony helpful to the party

noting his absence, not the reverse.

       The trial court did not err in prohibiting Brummett from commenting on the absence

of Jacobs and Pena as witnesses during her closing argument.

       Point Five is denied.

Point Six: Cumulative Error

       Brummett's sixth point on appeal argues that the cumulative effect of the trial court's

evidentiary errors deprived her of a fair trial, citing the errors alleged in her first five points

on appeal. "Although a 'new trial can be ordered due to cumulative error, even without

deciding whether any single point would constitute grounds for reversal,' '[a]ny number of

non-errors cannot add up to an error.'" City of Kansas City v. Powell, 451 S.W.3d 724, 743

(Mo. App. W.D. 2014) (citation omitted) (quoting DeLaporte v. Robey Bldg. Supply, Inc.,

                                                26
812 S.W.2d 526, 536 (Mo. App. E.D.1991); Nelson v. Waxman, 9 S.W.3d 601, 608 (Mo.

banc 2000)). Brummett's first five points on appeal are without merit. There is no

cumulative error.

       Point Six is denied.

Point Seven: Judgment's Assessment of Costs

       Brummett's seventh point on appeal argues that the trial court committed error in

entering a Judgment which assessed costs against her. Brummett argues that the trial court

applied an amended version of the MHRA to award costs in violation of Missouri's

constitutional prohibition against laws retrospective in their operation. Both parties agree

that in assessing costs against Brummett, the trial court retrospectively applied the version

of section 213.111.2 which took effect on August 28, 2017, though Brummett's

discrimination claims were based on actions that occurred between November 2015 and

August 2016, and her lawsuit was filed before the amended statute took effect. The parties

disagree about whether it was legally erroneous for the trial court to retrospectively apply

the amended version of section 213.111.2.

       Missouri courts generally adhere to the "American Rule," which provides that each

litigant must bear his or her own expenses, including attorney fees and costs. Barr v. Mo.

State Dep't of Soc. Servs., 565 S.W.3d 683, 691 (Mo. App. W.D. 2018). However, an

exception exists if an award of costs is permitted by statute. Id.

       Section 213.111.2 addresses a trial court's authority to award costs in an MHRA

case. Prior to August 28, 2017, section 213.111.2, RSMo 2000, provided:

                                             27
         The court may grant as relief, as it deems appropriate, any permanent or
         temporary injunction, temporary restraining order, or other order, and may
         award to the plaintiff actual and punitive damages, and may award court
         costs and reasonable attorney fees to the prevailing party, other than a state
         agency or commission or a local commission; except that, a prevailing
         respondent may be awarded court costs and reasonable attorney fees only
         upon a showing that the case is without foundation.13

(Emphasis added.) The legislature amended section 213.111.2 effective August 28, 2017,

as follows:

         The court may grant as relief, as it deems appropriate, any permanent or
         temporary injunction, temporary restraining order, or other order, and may
         award to the plaintiff actual and punitive damages, and may award court
         costs and reasonable attorney fees to the prevailing party, other than a state
         agency or commission or a local commission; except that, a prevailing
         respondent may be awarded reasonable attorney fees only upon a showing
         that the case was without foundation.

(Emphasis added.)

         Both versions of section 213.111.2 generally authorize a trial court to award costs

to the prevailing party in an MHRA case. However, the pre-August 28, 2017 version of

section 213.111.2 restricted this authority, permitting an award of costs to a prevailing

respondent (that is, a prevailing non-MHRA claimant) only where the MHRA claimant's

"case [was] without foundation."                  The August 28, 2017 amendment eliminated this

restriction on the trial court's authority to award costs to a prevailing respondent. The

         13
           It is uncontested in this case that the trial court did not rely on the pre-August 28, 2017 version of section
213.111.2 to assess costs against Brummett. In other words, the trial court did not find that a showing had been
made that Brummett's case was without foundation. We agree that on this record, it would have been difficult, if not
impossible, for such a showing to have been made. The "without foundation" standard has been interpreted to
require a showing "at the very least, that a plaintiff's case is frivolous, unreasonable, or groundless." Mercer v.
BusComm, Inc., 515 S.W.3d 238, 244-45 (Mo. App. E.D. 2017) (quoting Loethen v. Cent. Mo. Urology Clinic, Inc.,
48 S.W.3d 126, 130 (Mo. App. S.D. 2001)). Such "awards have been characterized as sanctions, and courts have
warned that such awards 'should be approached with circumspection.'" Id. (quoting Willard v. Raga, 290 S.W.3d
768, 772 (Mo. App. E.D. 2009) (other citations omitted)).

                                                           28
change in the statute poses this question: Can a statutory amendment which alters the trial

court's statutory authority to award costs be applied retrospectively?

       "The Missouri Constitution prohibits laws that are retrospective in operation." Hess

v. Chase Manhattan Bank, USA, N.A., 220 S.W.3d 758, 769 (Mo. banc 2007) (citing MO.

CONST. art. 1, section 13 ("That no ex post facto law, nor law impairing the obligation of

contracts, or retrospective in its operation, or making any irrevocable grant of special

privileges or immunities, can be enacted.")). As a result:

       Amendments to statutes are presumed to operate prospectively, but there are
       two exceptions: (1) if the legislature clearly expresses an intent that the
       amendment be given retroactive application, either in the express language
       of the act or by necessary implication; or (2) the statute is merely procedural
       or remedial, rather than substantive.

State ex rel. D&D Distributors, LLC v. Mo. Comm'n on Human Rights, 579 S.W.3d 318,

324 (Mo. App. W.D. 2019) (quoting Bram v. AT&T Mobility Servs., LLC, 564 S.W.3d 787,

795 (Mo. App. W.D. 2018)).

       The legislature did not clearly express an intent that the August 28, 2017 amendment

to section 213.111.2 should be given retrospective application, either by express language

in the act or by necessary implication. Thus, we must determine whether the 2017

amendment to section 213.111.2 is merely procedural or remedial, rather than substantive.

If so, retrospective application of the amendment is permitted. If not, retrospective

application of the amendment is constitutionally prohibited.

       A law is procedural if it "prescribes a method of enforcing rights or obtaining redress

for their invasion." Hess, 220 S.W.3d at 769 (quoting Wilkes v. Mo. Hwy. & Transp.

Comm'n, 762 S.W.2d 27, 28 (Mo. banc 1988)). A remedial law is slightly different in that

                                             29
those laws "affect only the remedy provided, including laws which merely substitute a new

or more appropriate remedy for the enforcement of an existing right." Faulkner v. St.

Luke's Hosp., 903 S.W.2d 588, 592 (Mo. App. W.D. 1995), overruled on other grounds by

Hampton v. Big Boy Steel Erection, 121 S.W.3d 220 (Mo. banc 2003)). Substantive law,

on the other hand, "creates, defines and regulates rights." Hess, 220 S.W.3d at 769 (quoting

Wilkes, 762 S.W.2d at 28). A substantive law is one that "take[s] away or impair[s] vested

rights acquired under existing laws, or create[s] a new obligation, impose[s] a new duty, or

attach[es] a new disability in respect to transactions or considerations already past." State

Bd. of Registration for the Healing Arts v. Warren, 820 S.W.2d 564, 566 (Mo. App. W.D.

1991) (quoting State ex rel. St. Louis-San Francisco Ry. Co. v. Buder, 515 S.W.2d 409,

410 (Mo. banc 1974)). Further, "[l]aws that provide for penalties where none existed

before . . . are substantive and 'are always given only prospective application.'" Hess, 220
S.W.3d at 769 (quoting Yellow Freight Sys., Inc. v. Mayor's Comm'n on Human Rights,

791 S.W.2d 382, 387 (Mo. banc 1990)). If a statute is either procedural or remedial, it

applies to "to all pending cases -- that is, those cases not reduced to a final, unappealable

judgment." State ex rel. D&D Distribs., LLC, 579 S.W.3d at 325 (quoting Pierce v. State

Dep't of Soc. Servs., 969 S.W.2d 814, 823 (Mo. App. W.D. 1998)).

       Missouri courts have previously addressed whether statutes that impose costs and

attorney fees on unsuccessful litigants are substantive, or merely procedural or remedial,

in nature. In State Board of Registration for the Healing Arts v. Warren, we concluded

that section 536.087, which provides for a prevailing party in an agency proceeding or civil

action arising therefrom to be awarded attorney fees and expenses, could not be applied

                                             30
retrospectively to a case filed eighteen days before the statute's effective date of August

28, 1989. 820 S.W.2d at 565-66. Before August 28, 1989, no statute authorized an award

of attorney fees and expenses against the state in an agency proceeding or civil action

arising therefrom, a fact that weighed heavily in our decision. Id. at 566. We explained:

       The statute created a previously unrecognized right in certain prevailing
       litigants and imposed new obligations on the state by eliminating an
       immunity that it previously enjoyed. These factors define the law as
       substantive and its retrospective application as violative of vested rights.

Id. (emphasis added).

       We considered a similar issue in Wellner v. Director of Revenue. There, we

addressed section 302.536, which allows for attorney fees and costs to be awarded if an

appellate court reverses a trial court decision to uphold suspension or revocation of a

driver's license. 16 S.W.3d at 353-54. Relying on Warren, we concluded that section

302.536 could not be applied retrospectively to an appeal that was pending when the statute

took effect on August 28, 1996, as to allow the driver to recover his attorney fees and costs.

Id. at 355. We explained:

       First, the legislature enacted [section] 302.536, a provision allowing for the
       collection of attorney fees and costs when successful on appeal in license
       suspension and revocation cases, after the Director [of Revenue] had acted
       to suspend Mr. Wellner's driving privilege. Second, the legislature had not
       provided for the collection of attorney fees and costs in these types of cases
       until it enacted [section] 302.536. Thus, [section] 302.536 created a new
       obligation or imposed a new duty, and, therefore, is substantive in nature. To
       apply the new statute to the Director's prior action would constitute a
       retrospective application of a substantive law since the statute increases the
       penalty after the conduct to be penalized has already occurred. Third,
       [section] 302.536 is silent on the issue of retrospective application, so it is
       presumed that the legislature did not intend to apply the statute
       retrospectively. Hence, we draw the same conclusion that we drew

                                             31
       in Warren that, under these circumstances, the law cannot be applied
       retrospectively.

Id. (citations omitted).

       In Hess v. Chase Manhattan Bank, USA, N.A., our Supreme Court considered an

amendment to the Missouri Merchandising Practices Act ("MMPA")14 which allowed

private parties, in addition to the attorney general, to bring an enforcement action in

connection with real estate transactions. 220 S.W.3d at 763, 768. The Supreme Court

concluded that the amendment simply broadened the class of potential plaintiffs to include

private parties, leaving the "contours of the obligations imposed on sellers of real estate by

[the MMPA] unchanged." Id. at 770. Thus, the amendment was merely procedural and

could be applied retrospectively. Id.

       The Supreme Court in Hess also addressed other amendments to the MMPA and

concluded that: (1) allowing a private litigant to recover "actual damages" could be applied

retrospectively because the attorney general was already permitted to recover "restitution,"

rendering the amendment a "mere change in how damages are measured" and leaving the

nature of the sellers' duty and remedy the same under the MMPA; (2) allowing a private

litigant to recover his attorney fees could be applied retrospectively because the attorney

general had been permitted to collect attorney fees under the MMPA since 1985 so that the

obligation was not new, though the class of persons who could enforce the obligation had

broadened; and (3) allowing for the recovery of punitive damages could not be applied

retrospectively because, while a seller of real estate who violated the MMPA prior to the

       14
            Section 407.010 et seq.

                                             32
2000 amendments was subject to civil penalties, "[t]he risk of imposition of punitive

damages on a seller of real estate for an alleged violation of the [MMPA] is a 'new

disability.'" Id. at 770-72.

         Read collectively Warren, Wellner, and Hess stand for two propositions that are

instructive, though not precisely on point: (1) if a statutory amendment imposes a new

obligation to pay damages, costs, or attorney fees where none existed before, the

amendment is substantive in nature and cannot be retrospectively applied; but (2) if a

statutory amendment merely broadens the class of persons who may recover damages,

costs, or attorney fees already authorized by statute, the amendment does not alter the

"contours of the obligations imposed," and can be retrospectively applied.

         The August 28, 2017 amendment to section 213.111.2 does not technically broaden

the class of persons who may recover costs, as both the pre- and post-August 28, 2017

versions of section 213.111.2 authorize an award of costs to the prevailing party. However,

the amendment materially expands when prevailing MHRA respondents can be awarded

costs. On the other hand, the 2017 amendment does not technically impose an obligation

or disability to pay costs where none existed before, as both the pre- and post-August 28,

2017 versions of section 213.111.2 generally authorize an award of costs to a prevailing

party.    However, the amendment materially alters the contours of the obligation or

disability imposed on MHRA claimants to pay costs by expanding that risk to every case

filed under the MHRA, in lieu of only those cases where a showing is made that the "case

is without foundation." Fairly read, therefore, the amendment to section 213.111.2 creates

trial court authority to award costs to a prevailing respondent where that authority did not

                                            33
previously exist, and in the process, exposes colorable MHRA claims to an assessment of

costs for the first time. This is a substantive change.

       Settled precedent supports this conclusion. The showing that an MHRA case is

"without foundation" has been held to require proof that a case is "frivolous, unreasonable,

or groundless." Mercer v. BusComm, Inc., 515 S.W.3d 238, 245 (Mo. App. E.D. 2017)

(quoting Loethen v. Cent. Mo. Urology Clinic, Inc., 48 S.W.3d 126, 130 (Mo. App. S.D.

2001)). In other words, an award of costs to a prevailing respondent under the pre-August

28, 2017 version of section 213.111.2 "[has] been characterized as [a] sanction[], and courts

have warned that such awards 'should be approached with circumspection.'" Id. (quoting

Willard v. Raga, 290 S.W.3d 768, 772 (Mo. App. E.D. 2009). The pre-August 28, 2017

version of section 213.111.2 limited an MHRA claimant's exposure to responsibility for a

prevailing respondent's costs to an existing risk of sanctions under Rule 55.03(c) and (d)

for filing a frivolous, unreasonable, or groundless suit. The American Rule thus remained

in effect for prevailing respondents under the pre-August 28, 2017 version of section

213.111.2, as prevailing respondents were obligated to pay their own costs, unless

sanctions were authorized.

       The American Rule was completely abrogated by the August 28, 2017 amendment

to section 213.111.2. Now, an MHRA claimant who files a colorable MHRA claim is

subject to an assessment of costs if the claim proves unsuccessful, even though the filing

of the claim would not be subject to a sanctions award. The 2017 amendment to section

213.111.2 "created a previously unrecognized right in certain prevailing litigants and

imposed new obligations on [MHRA claimants] by eliminating an immunity [they]

                                             34
previously enjoyed."     Warren, 820 S.W.2d at 566.         And the amendment to section

213.111.2 "increase[d] the penalty [that can be imposed on an MHRA claimant] after the

conduct to be penalized[, the filing of an MHRA claim,] has already occurred." Wellner,
16 S.W.3d at 355. As such, we conclude that the 2017 amendment to section 213.111.2 is

substantive and cannot be retrospectively applied.

       It is conceded that the actions giving rise to Brummett's claims of discrimination,

and the filing of Brummett's lawsuit, pre-date the effective date of the 2017 amendment to

section 213.111.2. And it is conceded that the trial court retrospectively applied the 2017

amendment to section 213.111.2 to assess costs against Brummett. This was legal error.

       Point Seven is granted.

                                         Conclusion

       The trial court's Judgment is reversed insofar as it assesses costs against Brummett.

The trial court's Judgment is affirmed in all other respects. Pursuant to our authority under

Rule 84.14 to "give such judgment as the court ought to give," we modify the Judgment to

remove the sentence "Costs are assessed against the Plaintiff" in the final order on

Brummett's claim for religious discrimination, and in the final order on Brummett's claim

for retaliation. In lieu thereof, each party shall bear their own costs.

                                            __________________________________
                                            Cynthia L. Martin, Judge

All concur

                                              35