Court Opinion

ID: 68123
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-26 06:29:20+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:21:05.305972
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[DO NOT PUBLISH]

                IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                    FILED
                         FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           ________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                JULY 17, 2009
                                 No. 08-14411                 THOMAS K. KAHN
                             Non-Argument Calendar                 CLERK
                           ________________________

                    D. C. Docket No. 05-01767-CV-T-27-TBM

MARK DANIEL GROSS,

                                                               Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                      versus

SHERIFF BOB WHITE,
TRACY MCKAY,
Doctor, Pasco County Jail,
STATE OF FLORIDA,
NURSE CARR,
Pasco County Jail,
CAPTAIN HEAD,
Pasco County Sheriff, et al.,

                                                            Defendants-Appellees,

JOHN DOES, et al.,                                                    Defendants.

                           ________________________

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Middle District of Florida
                         _________________________
                                  (July 17, 2009)
Before BIRCH, CARNES and PRYOR, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

       Mark Daniel Gross, a Florida state prisoner proceeding pro se, was assaulted

by a fellow inmate while Gross was a pretrial detainee at the Pasco County Jail.

The assault injured Gross, and he received medical treatment. Based on that

assault and medical treatment, Gross brought 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claims against the

State of Florida and some jail officials. He alleged cruel and unusual punishment

in violation of the Eighth Amendment and denial of due process in violation of the

Fourteenth Amendment.1 He also brought a Florida state law medical negligence

claim. The district court dismissed Gross’ second amended complaint, and he

appeals.

       Gross raises two contentions.2 First, he contends that the district court erred

       1
          The district court correctly noted that because Gross was a pretrial detainee at the time of
the assault and medical treatment, his claims actually invoke the protections of the Fourteenth
Amendment right to due process rather than the Eighth Amendment right to be free from cruel and
unusual punishment. See Cottrell v. Caldwell, 85 F.3d 1480, 1490 (11th Cir. 1996) (“Claims
involving the mistreatment of arrestees or pretrial detainees in custody are governed by the
Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause instead of the Eighth Amendment’s Cruel and
Unusual Punishment Clause, which applies to such claims by convicted prisoners.”). As the district
court also observed, however, the distinction makes no difference in the analysis of Gross’ claims.
Id. (stating that “the applicable standard is the same, so decisional law involving prison inmates
applies equally to cases involving arrestees or pretrial detainees”).

       2
        Because Gross is pro se, we liberally construe his argument. See Lorisme v. I.N.S., 129
F.3d 1441, 1444 n.3 (11th Cir. 1997) (“We read liberally briefs filed pro se.”).

                                                  2
by dismissing his claims against the State of Florida, Sheriff Bob White, some

unnamed deputy sheriffs, Captain Head, Nurse Carr, Dr. McKay, Lieutenant

Hoolan, and Dr. Tracy McKay. Second, he contends that the court failed to give

him the required notice that it was converting a motion to dismiss into a motion for

summary judgment by considering materials outside of his second amended

complaint.

                                         I.

      The district court dismissed Gross’ claims against the State of Florida as

barred by sovereign immunity. “We review de novo a district court’s ruling

regarding Eleventh Amendment immunity.” Williams v. Dist. Bd. of Trs. of

Edison Cmty. Coll., 421 F.3d 1190, 1192 (11th Cir. 2005) (alteration and quotation

marks omitted). Congress did not abrogate a state’s Eleventh Amendment

immunity for § 1983 lawsuits seeking damages. See Zatler v. Wainwright, 802
F.2d 397, 400 (11th Cir. 1986). Because Florida has not waived its sovereign

immunity, Gross’ claims are barred. Id. (stating that “Florida’s limited waiver of

sovereign immunity was not intended to encompass section 1983 suits for

damages”). Gross’ claims against the State of Florida were properly dismissed

based on sovereign immunity.

                                          3
                                           II.

      The district court dismissed Gross’ claims against Sheriff White and some

unnamed deputy sheriffs for failure to state a claim under 28 U.S.C. § 1915A. A

district court is required to dismiss a complaint that “fails to state a claim upon

which relief may be granted; or . . . [that] seeks monetary relief from a defendant

who is immune from such relief.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b). We review those

decisions de novo, taking the allegations in the complaint as true. Boxer X v.

Harris, 437 F.3d 1107, 1110 (11th Cir. 2006); Mitchell v. Farcass, 112 F.3d 1483,

1490 (11th Cir. 1997) (applying Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) standards to review a

judgment dismissing a complaint under § 1915A).

                                           A.

      We begin with Gross’ claim that Sheriff White in his supervisory capacity

violated Gross’ constitutional rights. “Supervisory officials cannot be held liable

under § 1983 for the unconstitutional actions of their subordinates based on

respondeat superior liability.” Gray ex rel. Alexander v. Bostic, 458 F.3d 1295,

1308 (11th Cir. 2006). “The standard by which a supervisor is held liable in his

individual capacity for the actions of a subordinate is extremely rigorous.” Cottone

v. Jenne, 326 F.3d 1352, 1360 (11th Cir. 2003) (quotation marks and alteration

omitted). A claim based on supervisory liability must allege that the supervisor:

                                            4
(1) instituted a custom or policy which resulted in a violation of the plaintiff’s

constitutional rights; (2) directed his subordinates to act unlawfully; or (3) failed to

stop his subordinates from acting unlawfully when he knew they would. See

Goebert v. Lee County, 510 F.3d 1312, 1331 (11th Cir. 2007). Gross alleged just

the opposite. He stated that the jail’s rules and regulations required “Red Dot,”

violence-prone inmates to be separated from the general inmate population. He

asserted that unnamed deputies broke those rules by placing him in a cell with a

Red Dot inmate who was known to escape from his restraints and to be violent.

Gross did not allege that White directed anyone to break the rules or that White

knew anyone would do so. Gross’ allegations fail to meet the “extremely rigorous

standard” for supervisory liability under § 1983. Cottone, 326 F.3d at 1360.

      Gross further alleged that Sheriff White was grossly negligent and

deliberately indifferent because he did not properly train and supervise his

subordinates, and that allegation also fails to state a claim. “[S]upervisors can be

held personally liable when either (1) the supervisor personally participates in the

alleged constitutional violation, or (2) there is a causal connection between the

actions of the supervisor and the alleged constitutional violation.” Id. Gross did

not assert that White personally violated his constitutional rights or caused the

alleged violation to occur. He did not allege that there was any custom or policy of

                                            5
holding violence-prone, Red Dot inmates in jail cells with other inmates. He

merely alleges that the deputies “knew about” rules and regulations requiring these

inmates to be kept separate from the general population and that they “ignored

them” by placing him in a cell with a Red Dot inmate who later attacked him. An

allegation about an isolated occurrence is not enough to state a claim for deliberate

indifference against White. See West v. Tillman, 496 F.3d 1321, 1329 (11th Cir.

2007) (“The deprivations that constitute widespread abuse sufficient to notify the

supervising official must be obvious, flagrant, rampant and of continued duration,

rather than isolated occurrences.”). Furthermore, allegations of jail officials’

generalized awareness that someone is “a ‘problem inmate’ with a

well-documented history of prison disobedience and [is] prone to violence” is not

enough to show their subjective awareness that the inmate poses a substantial risk

of serious harm to his cellmate. Carter v. Galloway, 352 F.3d 1346, 1349 (11th

Cir. 2003).

      The district court correctly found that Gross had failed to state a § 1983

claim against White. Because the court properly dismissed all of Gross’ federal

claims against White, it did not abuse its discretion by declining to exercise

supplemental jurisdiction over the state law claims against him. See Leib v.

Hillsborough County Pub. Transp. Comm’n, 558 F.3d 1301, 1305 n.2 (11th Cir.

                                           6
2009) (“Because we affirm the district court’s dismissal of Leib’s federal claims,

we also find no abuse of discretion in the district court’s decision not to retain

jurisdiction over the state law claim.”).

                                            B.

       The district court found that Gross failed to state a claim that unnamed

deputies violated his constitutional rights by failing to protect him from a fellow

inmate. That claim requires allegations that the deputies were “aware of facts from

which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm” existed

and that they actually drew such an inference. Purcell v. Toombs County, 400 F.3d
1313, 1319–20 (11th Cir. 2005) (quotation marks omitted); see also id. (“To be

deliberately indifferent a prison official must know of and disregard an excessive

risk to inmate health or safety.” (quotation marks omitted)). “When enforcing the

duty to provide reasonable safety to inmates, such a standard requires due regard

for prison officials’ unenviable task of keeping dangerous men in safe custody

under humane conditions.” Id. at 1319 n.15.

      Gross’ second amended complaint alleged that unnamed deputy sheriffs

placed him in “the ‘zone of danger’” with a Red Dot inmate, “who was known to

be ‘violent’ and able to ‘escape’ out of restraints.” Gross asserted that the deputies

“had knowledge and/or access to knowledge” of that inmate’s tendency to be

                                            7
violent toward staff and fellow prisoners, but they ignored it.

       Gross does not allege, however, that he alerted deputies to a threat soon

enough to prevent the attack. Instead, he alleges that he called out for help after he

was attacked, and when court officers arrived to subdue his attacker, Gross had

already been hit several times.3 Gross’ conclusory allegations about the deputies’

“knowledge and/or access to knowledge” about the danger potentially posed by the

inmate who attacked him do not state a claim for deliberate indifference. See

Carter, 352 F.3d at 1350 (holding that jail officials’ generalized awareness that an

inmate was a violence-prone troublemaker was not enough to show they were

subjectively aware that he posed a substantial risk of serious harm to the plaintiff).

Even if it would have been safer to confine Gross to a separate cell, that is not

enough to show deliberate indifference. See Brown v. Hughes, 894 F.2d 1533,

1537 (11th Cir. 1990) (stating that “[m]erely negligent failure to protect an inmate

from attack does not justify liability under section 1983”).

       3
          Gross made these allegations in an exhibit to his second amended complaint: “While
waiting for court in the holding cell with the other Risk Inmates, 2 of them were take out for court.
That left me and another Inmate who was a ‘Red Dot.’ He told me to call the CO’s and have them
move me for he was going to get loose of his ‘Black Box’ and start hitting me. I said your
kidding—the next thing I know is he had one hand loose—when I called for Help. By the time the
CO’s came in to subdue him, He had hit my neck and head and Right side of my head several
times.”

                                                 8
                                           III.

      The district court dismissed Gross’ state law medical negligence claim

against Dr. McKay because Gross did not comply with pre-suit notice and

investigation requirements under Florida law. Before a plaintiff files a medical

negligence claim against a physician in Florida, he “must mail to the prospective

defendants a notice of intent to initiate litigation and a medical expert affidavit.”

Michael v. Med. Staffing Network, Inc., 947 So. 2d 614, 618 (Fla. 3d DCA 2007)

(citing Fla. Stat. § 766.203(2)). Gross does not allege that he mailed those

documents. He does not even allege that he has obtained a medical expert

affidavit. Therefore, he has not met the procedural requirements necessary to

pursue a medical negligence claim under Florida law. Cf. Alba v. Montford, 517
F.3d 1249, 1255 (11th Cir. 2008) (applying a similar Georgia law and stating that

the prisoner plaintiff “stands in the same shoes as anyone else in Georgia filing a

professional malpractice claim and is subject to no stricter rules than the rest of

Georgia’s residents”). Gross’ medical negligence claim against McKay was

properly dismissed.

                                          IV.

      The district court dismissed Gross’ claims that Captain Head, Nurse Carr,

Dr. McKay, and Lieutenant Hoolan violated his Eighth Amendment rights by

                                            9
being deliberately indifferent to his serious medical needs.4 It also dismissed

Gross’ retaliation claim against McKay, which asserted that McKay had ordered

Gross confined to isolation in retaliation for his filing administrative grievance

forms. Finally, the court dismissed Gross’ claim that unnamed deputies subjected

him to cruel and unusual punishment during that isolated confinement. We review

those decisions de novo. See Mitchell, 112 F.3d at 1490.

       We first consider the documents that the district court relied on to reach

those decisions because Gross asserts that the court impermissibly considered

documents outside of his second amended complaint. The district court relied on

“the documents Plaintiff submitted to the Court with his original civil rights

complaint, and with his Reply to Second Amended Motion to Dismiss and

Memorandum of Law to the Second Amended Civil Rights Complaint.” Those

       4
           Gross’ second amended complaint asserted:

                The Plaintiff, filed numerious [sic] (38) ‘Requests For Administration
                Remedy’ (Grievances), Form PSO #4-0027, dated August 30, 2004
                through October 3, 2005, to Captain Head, Administrator of the
                Pasco County Jail, Dr. Tracy McKay, Doctor of the Pasco County
                Jail, and Nurse Carr, Medical Department Supervisor, of the Pasco
                County Jail, through Lieutenant Hoolan, Greivance Supervisor, of the
                Pasco County Jail, requesting medical treatment for injuries resulting
                from the Assault on the Plaintiff, and on August 26, 2004. No
                treatment was given, and numerious [sic] grievances were ignored by
                the Medical Department and/or were denied or trashed by Lieutenant
                Hoolan.

R:56 at 13–14 (emphasis omitted).

                                                 10
documents included some grievance forms that were filed with Gross’ opposition

to McKay’s motion to dismiss. Some additional grievance forms, a “Pre-Trial

Brief,” and a “Time Line” were filed with Gross’ original complaint.

       The district court correctly stated that in ruling on a motion to dismiss, it

may consider not only the complaint but also the exhibits attached to it. See

Grossman v. Nationsbank, N.A., 225 F.3d 1228, 1231 (11th Cir. 2000) (“When

considering a motion to dismiss, all facts set forth in the plaintiff’s complaint are to

be accepted as true and the court limits its consideration to the pleadings and

exhibits attached thereto.”) (quotation marks omitted); see also Brooks v. Blue

Cross and Blue Shield of Fla., Inc., 116 F.3d 1364, 1368 (11th Cir. 1997) (“[T]he

analysis of a 12(b)(6) motion is limited primarily to the face of the complaint and

attachments thereto.”). Furthermore, “[w]here there is a conflict between

allegations in a pleading and exhibits thereto, it is well settled that the exhibits

control.” Tucker v. National Linen Service Corp., 200 F.2d 858, 864 (5th Cir.

1953).5

       Even documents submitted by a defendant with a motion to dismiss, rather

than by the plaintiff with the complaint, may be considered by the court if “the

plaintiff refers to [those] documents in the complaint and those documents are

       5
         In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir.1981) (en banc), we adopted
as binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down before October 1, 1981.

                                               11
central to the plaintiff’s claim.” Brooks, 116 F.3d at 1369. Here, the only

documents considered by the district court were ones submitted by the plaintiff,

Gross.

         Gross filed some grievance forms with his opposition to the motion to

dismiss and titled them: “Plaintiff’s Exhibits for Second Amended Civil Rights

Complaint and Memorandum of Law.” Gross’ second amended complaint

specifically referred those grievance forms, which were central to his claims.

Brooks, 116 F.3d at 1369. Even though the documents were not physically

attached to the second amended complaint, they were incorporated by reference

into it, and the district court did not err in considering them. See Day v. Taylor,

400 F.3d 1272, 1276 (11th Cir. 2005) (“[A] document need not be physically

attached to a pleading to be incorporated by reference into it.”).

         The district court also relied on documents that Gross filed with his original

complaint. Gross contends that the court should not have considered those

documents in ruling on the motion to dismiss. Before he filed his second amended

complaint, the court ordered Gross to “submit a second amended complaint

identifying the defendants and the claims asserted against them in one document.”

R:55 at 5. The court instructed Gross that it would consider only the claims that

Gross raised in the second amended complaint. See id. at 6 (“Plaintiff is cautioned

                                            12
that the second amended complaint completely supersedes the original and

amended complaints. Once a complaint is amended, the only issues before the

Court are the ones raised in the text of the amended document.”). The court’s

instruction to Gross simply emphasizes the rule that “an amended complaint

supersedes the original complaint.” Fritz v. Standard Sec. Life Ins. Co., 676 F.2d
1356, 1358 (11th Cir. 1982). That means that specific claims made against

particular defendants in the original complaint are not preserved unless they are

also set forth in the amended complaint. See Dussouy v. Gulf Coast Inv. Corp.,

660 F.2d 594, 601 (5th Cir. Nov. 1981) (“[T]he amended complaint continues to

state a claim based on tortious interference.”).

      The district court did not indicate, however, that the documents Gross had

filed with his original complaint would not be considered as part of Gross’ alleged

factual basis for his claims. Gross did not assert that those documents should not

be considered or that the facts contained in them had changed or were incorrect. A

district court ruling on a motion to dismiss is not required to disregard documents

that the plaintiff himself filed with his original complaint. See Grossman, 225 F.3d

at 1231 (stating that a court may consider “the pleadings and exhibits attached

thereto” when ruling on a motion to dismiss). Therefore, we conclude that the

district court did not consider any materials “outside” of the pleadings when ruling

                                           13
on the motion to dismiss Gross’ claims for deliberate indifference to serious

medical needs, retaliation, and cruel and unusual punishment while in isolated

confinement. We now turn to the merits of each of those claims.

                                         A.

      Gross contends that Captain Head, Nurse Carr, Dr. McKay, and Lieutenant

Hoolan violated his Eighth Amendment rights by being deliberately indifferent to

his serious medical needs after Gross was assaulted by a fellow inmate. Gross

admits, however, that a nurse was called to treat him. He asserts that the nurse

simply gave him a band-aid and some paper towels to wipe the blood off of his

head. Gross also acknowledges that x-rays were taken four days after the assault.

He was told by the jail’s medical staff that the “‘x-rays indicated nothing wrong

and no medical treatment would be given.’” R:56 at 8D. He alleges that he filed

grievance forms requesting medical attention, but his requests were denied or

ignored. He admits, however, that his condition after the assault was evaluated by

nurses and by Dr. McKay, and he was given medication for his injuries. He also

admits that his request for a second medical opinion was granted, and he was seen

by an outside doctor who concluded that “nothing was wrong” with Gross.

      “To prove a deliberate indifference claim, a plaintiff must show: (1) a

serious medical need; (2) the defendants’ deliberate indifference to that need; and

                                         14
(3) causation between that indifference and the plaintiff’s injury.” Danley v. Allen,

540 F.3d 1298, 1310 (11th Cir. 2008). One “measure of whether a medical need is

serious enough to satisfy the first element of a deliberate indifference claim is if the

need is one that has been diagnosed by a physician as mandating treatment.” Id. at

1310–11 (quotation marks omitted). Here, Gross was diagnosed by the jail

physician and an outside physician as not needing treatment.

      Furthermore, although Gross may feel that he received inadequate medical

treatment, particularly in light of Dr. McKay’s decision to discontinue Gross’ heart

medications, that is not enough to state a claim for deliberate indifference.

“Medical treatment violates the [E]ighth [A]mendment only when it is so grossly

incompetent, inadequate, or excessive as to shock the conscience or to be

intolerable to fundamental fairness.” Harris v. Thigpen, 941 F.2d 1495, 1505 (11th

Cir. 1991) (quotation marks omitted). “[A] a simple difference in medical opinion

between the prison’s medical staff and the inmate as to the latter’s diagnosis or

course of treatment” is not enough to show deliberate indifference to serious

medical needs. Gross admits that his medication was discontinued to determine if

it would stop pain in his ear and dizziness. He also states that his blood pressure

was monitored, and he was given an EKG after the medicine was discontinued.

Therefore, Gross cannot satisfy any element of his deliberate indifference claim

                                           15
against these defendants.

                                           B.

      Gross contends that after he filed grievance forms about his medical care,

Dr. McKay retaliated against him by ordering Gross confined to isolation for six

days in the mental health wing of the jail. “A prisoner can establish retaliation by

demonstrating that the prison official’s actions were the result of his having filed a

grievance concerning the conditions of his imprisonment.” Farrow v. West, 320
F.3d 1235, 1248 (11th Cir. 2003) (quotation marks omitted). To establish a

retaliation claim, the prisoner must show that (1) his speech was constitutionally

protected; (2) he suffered adverse action such that the jail official’s allegedly

retaliatory conduct would likely deter a person of ordinary firmness from engaging

in such speech; and (3) there is a causal relationship between the retaliatory action

and the protected speech. Smith v. Mosley, 532 F.3d 1270, 1276 (11th Cir. 2008).

Here, Gross was not disciplined by jail officials. Instead, he admits that he was

placed in the mental health wing in isolation so that his medical condition could be

monitored. He also admits that a nurse came to his cell every day to check on him

and to take his blood pressure. Dr. McKay also visited him and told him the

specific date on which he would be returned to the general population of the jail.

He was in fact returned to the general population on that day. At best Gross

                                           16
presented only conclusory allegations that McKay retaliated against him by placing

him in isolation. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, — U.S. —, 129 S. Ct 1937, 1950 (2009)

(stating that the pleading standards set forth in Fed. R. Civ. P. 8 do “not unlock the

doors of discovery for a plaintiff armed with nothing more than conclusions”).

The district court properly dismissed Gross’ retaliation claim.

                                          C.

      Gross contends that unnamed deputies violated his rights under the

Eighth Amendment by subjecting him to cruel and unusual punishment while he

was confined for six days in isolation. He asserts that the deputies shut off his

water supply for the first thirty-six hours that he was in isolation, banged on his

cell door, and left the lights on twenty-four hours a day. He also alleges that the

communication device in his cell did not work, so he could not call for help.

      Gross’ complaints about the conditions of his confinement do not state a

claim for a constitutional violation. We have explained:

      [T]he Constitution does not mandate comfortable prisons. If prison
      conditions are merely restrictive and even harsh, they are part of the
      penalty that criminal offenders pay for their offenses against society.
      Generally speaking, prison conditions rise to the level of an Eighth
      Amendment violation only when they involve the wanton and
      unnecessary infliction of pain.

Chandler v. Crosby, 379 F.3d 1278, 1289 (11th Cir. 2004) (citations and quotation

marks omitted). To establish an Eighth Amendment claim based on conditions of

                                          17
confinement, an inmate must show that the conditions were “extreme” and that

prison officials were deliberately indifferent in subjecting the inmate to those

extreme conditions. See id. Gross has not alleged the kind of extreme deprivations

required to establish an Eighth Amendment conditions-of-confinement claim. See

id. at 1298. Furthermore, Gross has not alleged that the unnamed deputies were

deliberately indifferent to any substantial risk of serious harm to him. See Bass v.

Perrin, 170 F.3d 1312, 1317 (11th Cir. 1999). He admits that while he remained

in isolation in the mental health wing, he received meals and nurses checked his

blood pressure daily. He spoke with medical staff and deputies. While Gross may

have suffered some discomfort during his six days in isolated confinement, his

specific allegations do not state a constitutional violation.

      Finally, Gross alleges that he told an unnamed deputy that he was having a

heart attack on February 11, 2005 between 9:00 and 10:30 p.m., and the deputy

ignored him. Gross placed a medical request form on his cell door, and the form

stated that he was scared and needed to talk to a nurse “for peace of mind and

heart” because he was having pain behind his eyes and his left hand was getting

numb. At that time, Gross did not specifically inform any deputy that he believed

he was having a heart attack and that he needed immediate medical care for that

serious medical condition. At 11:00 p.m. Gross was transported to the hospital

                                           18
where he received medical treatment. Gross’ allegations do not show that any

deputies were deliberately indifferent to his serious medical needs on February 11,

2005.

        AFFIRMED.

                                         19