Court Opinion

ID: 4635701
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-24 18:00:30.063162+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:58:25.722476
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 __________

                                   C.A. No. 20-1016
                                     __________

                          UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                            Appellant

                                          v.

                                    IMAN SEARS
                                     __________

                         On Appeal from the District Court
                            for the District of New Jersey
                           (D.C. No. 2-19-cr-00224-001)
                   Honorable William J. Martini, U.S. District Judge
                                     __________

                              Argued September 15, 2020

              Before: KRAUSE, RESTREPO, and BIBAS, Circuit Judges

                          (Opinion filed: November 24, 2020)

Mark E. Coyne
Office of United States Attorney
970 Broad Street
Room 700
Newark, NJ 07102

John F. Romano [ARGUED]
Office of United States Attorney
970 Broad Street
Room 700
Newark, NJ 07102
              Counsel for Appellant

Anita Aboagye-Agyeman [ARGUED]
Office of Federal Public Defender
1002 Broad Street
Newark, NJ 07102

Peter M. Carter
Office of Federal Public Defender
1002 Broad Street
Newark, NJ 07102

              Counsel for Appellee

                                        __________

                                        OPINION*
                                        __________

KRAUSE, Circuit Judge.

       The District Court granted Defendant-Appellee Iman Sears’s motion to suppress

evidence. In this appeal, the Government urges us to reverse the District Court’s suppres-

sion of the evidence seized from Sears on two alternative grounds: (1) that the officers did

not seize Sears until he began to flee, at which point they had reasonable suspicion to seize

him, or (2) that if the officers did seize Sears before his attempted flight, they had reason-

able suspicion at that earlier point in time. For the reasons set forth below, these arguments

are unavailing and we will affirm.

*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.

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I.     Discussion

       The Fourth Amendment allows police officers to “conduct a brief, investigatory

stop” when they have “a reasonable, articulable suspicion that criminal activity is afoot.”

Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 123 (2000). To evaluate the constitutionality of a stop,

we first identify the moment when the suspect was seized and then determine whether the

officers had reasonable suspicion at that time. United States v. Lowe, 791 F.3d 424, 430

(3d Cir. 2015). We address these questions in turn.1

       A.     The Moment of Seizure

       A seizure occurs once there is either “(a) ‘a laying on of hands or application of

physical force’” or “(b) submission to ‘a show of authority.’” United States v. Brown, 448

F.3d 239, 245 (3d Cir. 2006) (quoting California v. Hodari D., 499 U.S. 621, 626 (1991)).

We are concerned here with the second category, and because the Government concedes

that the officers made a show of authority when they ran towards Sears and yelled “stop,”2

App. 5; see Appellant’s Br. 10, the question before us is whether Sears submitted to that

       1
          The District Court had jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3231 and we have jurisdic-
tion under 18 U.S.C. § 3731. “[W]e exercise plenary review over the District Court’s legal
conclusions, and we review the underlying factual findings for clear error.” United States
v. Laville, 480 F.3d 187, 190 (3d Cir. 2007) (citation omitted). We will not reverse those
factual findings so long as “the district court’s account of the evidence is plausible in light
of the record,” Lowe, 791 F.3d at 427 (quotation marks omitted), and we view the evidence
in the light most favorable to the District Court’s ruling, “draw[ing] reasonable inferences
in [the prevailing party’s] favor,” United States v. Clark, 902 F.3d 404, 409 (3d Cir. 2018)
(citation omitted).
       2
        There has been a show of authority if “the officer’s words and actions would
have conveyed . . . to a reasonable person” that he was being ordered to restrict his move-
ments. Hodari D., 499 U.S. at 628 (citing United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544,
554 (1980)).
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show of authority, i.e., whether he “manifest[ed] compliance with police orders,” United

States v. Waterman, 569 F.3d 144, 146 n.3 (3d Cir. 2009). This requires more than “mo-

mentary compliance,” United States v. Valentine, 232 F.3d 350, 359 (3d Cir. 2000) (inter-

nal quotation marks omitted), but once a suspect has submitted, his submission is not ne-

gated just because he later tries to flee, United States v. Coggins, 986 F.2d 651, 653–54 (3d

Cir. 1993).

       Our cases clarify the degree of compliance required. In Valentine, the suspect was

ordered “to come over and place his hands on the [police] car,” 232 F.3d at 353, and we

found no submission where he at most “paused for a few moments and gave his name”

before taking flight, id. at 359. In Brown, by contrast, where the suspect was also ordered

to place his “hands on the [police] vehicle,” we found that he had submitted because he

“demonstrated more than ‘momentary compliance’ with the arresting officers’ demands”

by “turning to face the police car and placing (or moving to place) his hands on the vehi-

cle,” even though he later fled. 448 F.3d at 244, 246 (quoting Valentine, 232 F.3d at 359).

       The circumstances here more closely resemble Brown. The District Court found

that the officers ordered Sears to “stop,” App. 5, and that Sears “stopped” at the door to his

building, App. 5, “elected not to enter” it, App. 7 n.2, “turned around to face the approach-

ing officers,” App. 7 n.3, and said a few words to them. These acts are functionally equiv-

alent to “turning to face the police car and placing (or moving to place) [one’s] hands on

the vehicle.” Brown, 448 F.3d at 246. For its part, the Government would liken this case

to Valentine, contending that Sears only “paused” briefly, 232 F.3d at 359, and therefore

never “manifest[ed] compliance” with the officers’ order, Waterman, 569 F.3d at 146 n.3.

                                              4
But we conclude that by stopping at the door and allowing the officers to approach him,

Sears, like the suspect in Brown, yielded his freedom of movement and materially increased

the officers’ control over him, thus “demonstrat[ing] more than ‘momentary compliance.’”

Brown, 448 F.3d at 246. The attempted flight that soon followed did not negate that initial

submission. See id.

       Sears was therefore seized when he stopped at the door, turned to face the officers

and speak with them, and allowed them to approach. The dispositive question, then, is

whether the officers had reasonable suspicion to stop Sears at that time.

       B.     Reasonable Suspicion

       Reasonable suspicion requires “a reasonable, articulable suspicion that criminal ac-

tivity is afoot,” United States v. Hester, 910 F.3d 78, 84 (3d Cir. 2018) (quoting Wardlow,

528 U.S. at 123), meaning less than “probable cause” but more than a “hunch,” Navarette

v. California, 572 U.S. 393, 397 (2014) (quoting Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 27 (1968); and

citing United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 7 (1989)). To evaluate reasonable suspicion,

we consider “the totality of the circumstances,” United States v. Navedo, 694 F.3d 463,

468 (3d Cir. 2012) (quotation marks omitted), including, as relevant here, (1) a high crime

rate in the area, (2) a late hour at night, (3) nervous or evasive behavior by the suspect, and

(4) other behavior by the suspect that indicates criminal activity to a police officer’s expert

eye, see Brown, 448 F.3d at 251.

       Here, it is uncontested that the incident occurred late at night in a high-crime area.

But those two factors, standing alone, are insufficient for reasonable suspicion. See United

States v. Goodrich, 450 F.3d 552, 561–62 (3d Cir. 2006). This case therefore hinges on

                                              5
whether Sears acted “nervous[ly]” or “evasive[ly]” or behaved in a way that “conform[ed]

to [the] officers’ specialized knowledge of criminal activity.” Brown, 448 F.3d at 251

(quotation marks omitted). If he did, then the officers likely had reasonable suspicion, but

if he did not, then the officers did not have reasonable suspicion at the moment when they

seized him. Id.

       The District Court found that he did not, and we cannot say on this record that this

finding was clearly erroneous. The one officer who testified stated that Sears acted “star-

tled” when he saw the officers and then walked away nervously, making a “very subtle”

adjustment to his waistband, which the officer interpreted to mean that Sears had a gun.

App. 4. The District Court found the officer’s testimony generally credible. After review-

ing the videotapes of the officers’ approach and the encounter, though, the Court found that

“in light of the various obstacles . . . and subtlety of the movement,” the officer could not

have “observe[d] the reported indicia of suspicious behavior with sufficient reliability.”

App. 10. Thus, even recognizing that it must defer to the officer’s ability “to make infer-

ences from and deductions about the cumulative information available to [him] that might

well elude an untrained person,” United States v. Green, 897 F.3d 173, 183 (3d Cir. 2018)

(quoting United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 273 (2002)), and that officers are allowed

to make reasonable mistakes of fact, Heien v. North Carolina, 574 U.S. 54, 61 (2014), the

District Court found reasonable suspicion lacking.

       Having reviewed the testimony and videotapes, and considering our deferential

standard of review, we conclude that “the district court’s account of the evidence is plau-

sible in light of the record.” Lowe, 791 F.3d at 427. And based on that account, at the

                                             6
moment of seizure, the officers had reliably observed little more than Sears walking away

from them in a high-crime area at night, which does not rise to the level of reasonable

suspicion. See Valentine, 232 F.3d at 357 (“Walking away from the police hardly amounts

to the headlong flight considered in Wardlow and of course would not give rise to reason-

able suspicion by itself, even in a high-crime area . . . .”).

       In sum, the District Court did not err in ruling that Sears was seized without reason-

able suspicion.

II.    Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s order granting Sears’s

motion to suppress.

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