Court Opinion

ID: 7232186
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-25 04:29:57.518483+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:38:08.353658
License: Public Domain

ORDER ON CROSS MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
JAMES L. ROBART, District Judge.
I. INTRODUCTION
Before the court are Defendants’ motion for summary judgment (Def. MSJ (Dkt, #33)) and Plaintiffs motion for partial summary judgment (Plf. MSJ (Dkt. # 42)). This case arises because Defendant University of Washington (“the University”) denied Plaintiff Timothy Hargrave tenure and a promotion to associate professor. Having considered the submissions of the parties, the balance of the record, and the relevant law, and having heard oral argument, the court grants Defendants’ motion for summary judgment and denies Plaintiffs motion for summary judgment.
II. BACKGROUND
Dr. Hargrave is an organizational sociologist who worked as an assistant professor at the University’s Bothell School of Business from 2006 to 2012. (See Dkt. # 34-3 at 73-87 (“Hargrave CV”); Gautschi Decl. (Dkt. # 63) Ex. 14 (“2012 Statement”).) Dr. Hargrave has sued the University for age, race, and national origin discrimination, and has sued five University employees for aiding and abetting the University’s sex, age, race, and national origin discrimination. (Am. Compl. (Dkt. # 12).) The individual defendants are Susan Jeffords, Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs; Sandeep Krishnamurthy, Dean of the Bothell School of Business, and three tenured Bothell School of Business (“the Business School”) faculty members, P.V. Balakrishnan, Gowri Shankar, and Pradyot Sen.1 (Id.) The facts are as follows.
A. Tenure Criteria
The University’s Faculty Code establishes the general criteria for obtaining tenure and for being promoted to associate professor.2 Specifically, the Faculty Code provides:
Tenure should be granted to faculty members of such scholarly and professional character and qualifications that the University, so far as its resources permit, can justifiably undertake to employ them for the rest of their academic careers. Such a policy requires that the granting of tenure be considered very carefully. It should be a specific act, even more significant than promotion, in *1090academic rank, which is exercised only after careful consideration of the candidate’s scholarly and professional character and qualifications.
(Peterson Decl. (Dkt. # 34) Exs. A, B, H (“Faculty Code”) § 25-41.) With respect to'promotion, “[appointment to thé rank of associate professor requires a record of substantial success in both teaching and research, except that in unusual cases an outstanding record in one of these activities may be considered sufficient.” (Id. § 24-34.) The considerations relevant to evaluating a candidate’s scholarly and professional qualifications are “scholarship and research, teaching, and service.” (Id. § 24-32.)
The Business School has adopted guidelines further elucidating the application of the University’s tenure and promotion standards to Business School faculty. (Peterson Decl. Ex. D (“Shankar Dep.”) at 29:13-32:24; Dkt. #34-3 at 48 (“Tenure Guidelines”) (listing “Criteria for Promotion and Tenure”).) The Business School criteria state that “[t]he candidate for tenure and promotion to the rank of Associate Professor must show promise of attaining a national reputation.” (Id.) Although “a number of different types of scholarly contributions are valued,” the Business School requires that “there must be a base of publications in high-quality refereed journals.” (Id.)
The Business School’s tenure review process consists of multiple stages. (Faculty Code at 4-5.) To begin, the candidate prépares an extensive dossier of his or her professional accomplishments, which can consist of hundreds of pages. (Peterson Decl. Ex. I (“Krishnamurthy Dep.”) at 17:2-15; Faculty Code § 24-54; Krishnamurthy Decl. (Dkt. #37) ¶7.) The, candidate is responsible for making her best case for tenure. (See Peterson Decl. Ex. E (“Cauce Dep.”) at 27:7-10; Hargrave Dep. at 209:3-9; Faculty Code § 24-54.) The candidate’s dossier is first evaluated by a “Promotion and Tenure Committee” (“P & T Committee”), which consists of three tenured professors, two of whom are from the candidate’s department. (Faculty Code § 24-54; Peterson Decl. Ex. F (“Jeffords Dep.”) at 11:1-25.) The P & T Committee also solicits at least four letters of review from scholars external to the University in the candidate’s field. (Holland Dep. at 15:14-16:5.) Those reviewers provide an outside perspective on the candidate’s scholarship. (Id.; see also Dkt. # 34-3 at 71-72 (sample external review letter).) The P & T Committee makes a recommendation to the senior faculty of the candidate’s department, who then vote. (Faculty Code § 24-54; Jeffords Dep. at 11:1-25.) The dean of the department writes a report summarizing the vote and the faculty proceedings, as well as making an independent recommendation regarding tenure. (Faculty Code § 2454; Jeffords Dep. at 11:1-25.) At this time, the candidate has an opportunity to provide additional input in response to the report. (Peterson Decl. Ex. G (“Cameron Dep.”) at 19:19-20-22.) The dean provides his or her report and recommendation to the Campus Council on Promotion, Tenure, and Faculty (“Campus Council”), which consists of six faculty elected from academic units across the campus, (Faculty Code § 24-54; Jeffords Dep. at 11:1-25.) The Campus Council reviews the preceding faculty process to ensure it was fair, and make an independent recommendation regarding tenure. (Faculty Code § 24-54; Jeffords Dep. at 11:1-25.) The materials are then reviewed by the Vice Chancellor for the campus, who makes a recommendation to the Chancellor. (Faculty Code § 24-54; Jeffords Dep. at 11:1-25.) After reviewing the- materials, the Chancellor makes a recommendation to the Provost, (Faculty Code § 24-54; Jeffords Dep. at *109111:125.) The Provost makes an independent recommendation to the President, who ultimately decides whether to award tenure. (Faculty Code § 24-54; Jeffords Dep. at 11:1-25.)
B. Dr. Hargrave’s Tenure Reviews
Dr. Hargrave underwent his first tenure review process in 2011-12.
(Krishnamurthy Dec}, at 2; Cameron Deck (Dkt. # 36) at 2.) At the time, his curriculum vitae included only four scholarly publications: (1) a co-authored article published in Academy of Management Review in 2006 (“the AMR article”); (2) a single-authored article published in the Business Ethics Quarterly, published in 2009 (“the Business Quarterly article”), and (3) two co-authored book chapters, published in 2004 and 2009. (See Nye Deck (Dkt. # 56) ¶¶ 7-9.) In addition, in 2011, Dr, Hargrave had two potential papers pending review at other journals, namely, Academy of Management Journal and Organizational Science. (See Gautschi Deck (Dkt. # 63) Ex. 2 (“2011 External Reviews”).)
The co-authored articles and chapters were authored in conjunction with his dissertation chair, Dr. Van de Ven. (Nye Deck ¶¶ 7-9.; Van de Ven Deck (Dkt. # 59) ¶¶ 5-7.) It is undisputed that the AMR article, which was published in a' top management journal, has been influential and frequently cited in the field of institutional theory. (See, e.g., Laverty Decl. (Dkt. # 57) ¶ 8; Gautschi Decl. Ex. 5 (“Collins Dep.”) at 3:14-23 (P & T committee member explaining, “[W]e thought it was a seminal piece.”); Peterson Decl. Ex. 15 (“2011 Dean Rec.”); Hargrave Dep. at 89:1-7.) Two of Dr. Hargrave’s five external reviewers mentioned the impact of the AMR article. (See, e.g., 2011 External Reviews. at 17 (“The 2006 AMR paper is simply outstanding and has made a major impact on the field.”).) In general, the reviewers recommended awarding Dp. Hargrave tenure. (See generally 2011 External Reviews.)
After reviewing Dr. Hargrave’s dossier and external review letters, the P & T Committee recommended promotion and tenure." (Gautschi Deck (Dkt. # 63) Ex. 10 (“2011 P '& T”).) The P & T Committee acknowledged the “question of whether [Dr. Hargrave] had a sufficient number of publications to warrant P & T.” (Id.) Nonetheless, the Committee concluded that “the quality, reputation, and future promise of Tim’s publications outweigh any questions regarding the volume of his work to date.” (Id.)
The seven senior faculty members, however, were divided: three voted in favor of promotion, three opposed, and one abstained. (Peterson Deck Ex. 15 (“2011 Dean Rec.”).) Dean Krisnamurthy’s letter to Dr. Hargrave explained, “While some faculty members noted the quality and impact of your research, a significant subset of the senior faculty believed that your published research, output was below the average expected and did not indicate “ ‘substantial success’ ... in research.” (Peterson Deck Ex. 11 (“2011 Letter”) at 1.) The voting senior faculty members included defendants Dean Krishnamurthy, Dr.- Shankar, and Dr. Balakrishnan. (Lav-erty Deck ¶ 14.) Dr. Laverty testifies that, at the faculty tenure meeting, those defendants argued strenuously against granting tenure to Dr. Hargrave. (Id.)
Dean Krishnamurthy individually recommended against promotion and tenure. (2011 Dean Rec.) In his'recommendation, he expressed concerns about Dr. Har-grave’s “publication trajectory,” the quality of the work in his research pipeline, and his reliance on his former dissertation ad-visor as a research partner. (Id.)
*1092The Campus Council, however, voted unanimously in favor of awarding tenure. (Peterson Decl. Ex. 13 (“2011 Council Rec”) The Campus Council concluded that the review process to that point had been “thorough, fair, and in full accordance with [University] procedures.” (Id.)
Confronted with the faculty’s divided opinions, Vice Chancellor Jeffords recommended that Hargrave’s tenure decision be postponed for a year, in order to give Dr. Hargrave time to address the deficiencies identified in his research record. (Peterson Decl. Ex. 50 (“2011 Chancellor Letter”).) The Chancellor concurred. (Id.)
The Provost and current Interim President, Ms. Ana Marie Cauce, also agreed to postpone Dr. Hargrave’s tenure decision for one year.3 (Cauce Dep. at 5:17-7:4.) The Provost was concerned that Dr. Har-grave’s “publication record was ... not strong.” (Id. at 21:4-23.) She noted both the limited quantity of publications and the declining quality: his first and best paper had come during his time as a graduate student working with his dissertation ad-visor. (Id. at 21:4-23:4.)
Dr. Hargrave’s tenure review the following year fared worse. In the meantime, his two papers pending review had not been published: one had been withdrawn, and the other was rejected. (Peterson Ex. 31 (“2012 Dean Rec.”) at 1; Hargrave Dep. at 83:13-15, 87:4-20, 89:11-22.) Dr. Har-grave had managed to publish one new article in a lower ranked journal, Business and Society Review. (Hargrave Dep. at 95:20-25.) It is undisputed that the Business and Science Review is the lowest quality of the journals in which Dr. Hargrave was published. (Id.) Dr. Hargrave’s failure to publish caused one external reviewer to change his recommendation from awarding to denying tenure; however, other external reviewers continued to support Dr. Hargrave’s candidacy. (Id.; Gautschi Decl. Ex. 6 (“2012 Reviews”) at 59, 64-65.)
In the 2012-13 review, a different P & T Committee again recommended tenure. (Peterson Decl. Ex. L (“Sen Dep.”) at 57:1-11). This time, however, the senior Business School faculty voted four against tenure, three in favor of tenure, and one abstaining. (2012 Dean Rec. at 1.) Dr. Krishnamurthy’s letter to Dr. Hargrave explained that the faculty had found a “low research output with significant gaps and ... a systemic downward trend in quality.” (Peterson Ex. 64 (“2012 Letter”).)
The faculty members present included Dean Krishnamurthy, Dr. Balakrishnan, Dr. Shankar, and Dr. Sen. (Laverty Decl. ¶¶ 12-13.) Dr. Laverty and Dr. Nye testify that, at the faculty tenure meeting, those defendants argued strenuously against granting tenure to Dr. Hargrave. (Id.; Lye Decl. (Dkt. # 56) ¶¶ 7, 9.) Dr. Hargrave’s written response to the vote was added to his dossier. (Krishnamurthy Decl. ¶ 4; 2012 Statement.)
Dean Krishnamurthy again recommended against tenure and promotion, citing Dr. Hargrave’s recent setbacks in the publication process. (2012 Dean Rec.) The Campus Council changed,its recommendation to denying tenure. (Peterson Ex. 18 (“2012 Council Rec.”) (“Despite early success with a high impact publication, the record indicates that Dr. Hargrave has yet to establish a substantial research program independent of his research advisor and commensurate with the expectations of the [Business School].”).) So did Vice Chancellor Jeffords and the Chancellor. (Peterson Ex. 51 (“2012 Chancellor Let*1093ter”).) After reviewing the materials, the Provost decided to deny tenure. (Cauce Dep. at 29:16-32:6.) She found that, in the intervening year, Dr. Hargrave had not achieved the academic' success necessary to earn tenure. (Id.)
After Dr. Hargrave was denied tenure, he commenced an internal administrative appeal against Dean Krishnamurthy, Vice Chancellor-Jeffords, Vice Provost Cameron, and Provost Cauce. (See 2d Gautschi Decl. (Dkt. # 67) Ex. 2 (“Petition”); Faculty Code § 28.) He argued that-the .respondents failed to comply with the. Faculty Code when they denied his tenure application. (Petition.) The. Chair of the University’s . Adjudication Panel found that, although the Panel could not reconsider Dr. Hargrave’s entitlement to promotion and tenure on the merits, it could determine whether the decision was affected by factors other than the relevant and permissible considerations to a tenure decision. (Cameron Decl. Ex. D (“Chair Letter”).) The Chair also determined that the Panel would “clearly” have the authority to direct the University to conduct another tenure review that complied with the University’s requirements. (Id.) Nonetheless, after receiving unfavorable preliminary discovery rulings from the Panel, Dr. Hargrave voluntarily withdrew his appeal. (Cameron Decl. Ex. C (‘Withdrawal Letter”).)
Dr. Hargrave also filed a claim with the Equal Employment and Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”), alleging discrimination on the basis of race and age, but -not national origin or sex. (Cameron Decl. Ex. A (“EEOC Charge.”).) The EEOC, however, dismissed his charges. (Id. Ex. B.)
Dr. Hargrave then initiated this lawsuit. Dr. Hargrave brings the following claims against the following defendants:
O The University: Discrimination on the basis of race and national origin4 in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2 (“Title VII”); Discrimination on the basis of age, race, and national origin in violation of the Washington Law Against Discrimination (“WLAD”), RCW 49.60.180; Breach of contract;
O Dr. Krishnamurthy, Dr. Balakrish-nari, and Dr. Shankar: Aiding and abetting discrimination on the basis of sex, age, race, and national origin in violation of WLAD, RCW 49.60.220;
O Ms. Jeffords: Aiding and abetting discrimination on the basis of age, race, and national origin in violation of WLAD, RCW 49.60.220;
O Dr. Sen: Aiding and abetting discrimination on the basis of sex in violation of WLAD, RCW 49.60.220.
(Am. Compl. (Dkt. # 12).) Defendants have moved for summary judgment on all *1094claims. (Def. Mot.) Plaintiff has moved for partial summary judgment on his breach of contract claim against the University. (Plf. Mot.) Those motions are now before the court.
III. ANALYSIS
A. Summary Judgment Standard
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 permits a court to- grant summary judgment where the moving party demonstrates (1) the absence of a genuine issue of material fact and (2) entitlement to judgment as a matter of law. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986); see also Galen v. Cnty. of L.A., 477 F.3d 652, 658 (9th Cir.2007). The moving party bears the initial burden of showing the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548.
,If the moving party does not bear the ultimate burden of persuasion at trial, it can show the absence of an issue of material fact in two ways: (1) by producing evidence negating an essential element of the nonmoving party’s case, or (2) by showing that the nonmoving party lacks evidence of an essential element of its claim or defense. Nissan Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Fritz Cos., 210 F.3d 1099, 1106 (9th Cir.2000).
If the moving party meets its burden of production, the burden then shifts to thé nonmoving party to identify specific facts from which a factfinder could reasonably find in the nonmoving party’s favor. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324, 106 S.Ct. 2548; Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242; 252, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). In determining .whether the fact finder could reasonably find in the non-moving party’s favor; “the court must draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party, and it may not make credibility determinations or weigh the evidence.” Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 150, 120 S.Ct. 2097, 147 L.Ed.2d 105 (2000).
B. Discrimination Claims
1. Legal framework
Dr. Hargrave’s state and federal discrimination claims are all evaluated under the stahdard applicable to federal Title VII claims. See Scrivener v. Clark Coll., 181 Wash.2d 439, 334 P.3d 541, 544 (2014) (stating that the federal standard for evaluating Title VII claims applies to WLAD claims); Hegwine v. Longview Fibre Co., 162 Wash.2d 340, 172 P.3d 688, 696 (2007) (same); Grimwood v. Univ. of Puget Sound, Inc., 110 Wash.2d 355, 361-62, 753 P.2d 517, 520 (Wash.1988) (same). In general, an employer is liable under Title VII if a plaintiffs race, religion, sex, or national origin was either the sole reason or motivating factor for the employer’s decision not to promote the plaintiff. Desert Palace, Inc. v. Costa, 539 U.S. 90, 101-02, 123 S.Ct. 2148, 156 L.Ed.2d 84 (2003); see also Dominguez-Curry v. Nevada Transp. Dep’t, 424 F.3d 1027, 1040-41 (9th Cir.2005); 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e-2(m), 2000e-5(g)(2)(B).
In their summary judgment' briefing, both parties rely on the burden-shifting McDonnell Douglas approach to Title VII claims. (See Def. Mot.; Plf. Resp.); see also McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973). Under this, approach, a plaintiff may establish a prima facie.case of a violation of Title VII by introducing either direct or indirect evidence that an employer discriminated against him or. her on an impermissible basis. Mondero v. Salt River Project, 400 F.3d 1207, 1211 (9th Cir.2005); Lynn v. Regents of Univ. of Calif., 656 F.2d 1337, 1340 (9th Cir.1981). “The burden of establishing aprima facie case is *1095not onerous.” Lynn, 656 F.2d at 1340. To establish a prima face case by indirect evidence, a plaintiff “must show that (1) he belongs to a protected class; (2) he was qualified for the position; (3) he was subject to an adverse employment action; and (4) similarly situated individuals outside his protected class were treated more favorably.” See also Chuang v. Univ. of Calif Davis, Bd. of Trustees, 225 F.3d 1115, 1123-24 (9th Cir.2000).
A prima facie case “raises an inference of discrimination.” Lynn, 656 F.2d at 1344. To dispel the adverse inference, the employer need only “articulate some legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the employee’s rejection.” Id. If the employer articulates such a reason, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to show that the reason was “a pretext or discriminatory in its application.” Id. at 1345.
A plaintiff can show pretext “either directly by persuading the court that a discriminatory reason more likely motivated the employer or indirectly by showing that the employer’s proffered explanation is unworthy of credence” because it is inconsistent or otherwise not believable. Chuang, 225 F.3d at 1123-24; Mondero, 400 F.3d at 1213; see also Dominguez-Curry, 424 F.3d at 1037. “Generally, there are three types of evidence that can be used to show pretext: (1) direct evidence of discrimination, such as discriminatory statements or admissions, (2) comparative • evidence, and (3) ■ statistics.” Penk v. Or. State Bd. of Higher Educ., 816 F.2d 458, 462 (9th Cir.1987). A “reason cannot be proved to be ‘a pretext for discrimination ’ unless it is. shown both that the reason was false, and that discrimination was the real reason.” St. Mary’s Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 515, 113 S.Ct. 2742, 125 L.Ed.2d 407 (1993). If a plaintiff raises a genuine issue of fact with respect to. pretext, summary judgment is inappropriate. See Mondero, 400 F.3d at 1213
2. Application to Dr. Hargrave’s claims
For purposes of this motion, Defendants do not contest Dr. Hargrave’s assertion that he can establish ■ a prima facie case- of discrimination by. indirect evidence.5 (See Def. Mot. at 25; Plf. Resp. at 33-36,), Instead, the University asserts that it properly declined to award tenure to Dr. Hargrave on the basis that his scholarship was deficient. (Def. Mot. at 25 (“The University did not award tenure to Dr. Hargrave because it concluded he had not met the high standards to earn that distinction, focusing particularly on his research record.”). “Without doubt, deficient scholarship is a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason to deny .., tenure.” Lynn, 656 F.2d at 1344; Dominguez-Cur*1096ry, 424 F.3d at 1037. Accordingly, the burden shifts to Dr. Hargrave to show that the University’s explanation is “inconsistent or otherwise not believable.” Dominguez-Curry, 424 F.3d at 1037.
Dr. Hargrave relies almost entirely on comparative evidence to show pretext. (Plf. Resp. (Dkt. #54) at 36-37.) He claims that his academic record surpassed those of three similarly situated professors who were recently granted tenure at the Bothell School of Business.6 Out of concern for the comparators’ privacy, the parties have agreed to refer to them as Dr. A, Dr. B, and Dr. C. (Id.) Their qualifications are as follows.
Dr. A, a native of Colombia, was granted tenure in 2012. (Gautschi Decl. Ex. 8 (“Comparator CVs”); Dean Comp. Letters (Dkt. # 76) at 11 (letters from the Dean to Vice Chancellor Jeffords summarizing the faculty vote on each comparator and making a recommendation); VC Comp. Letters (Dkt. # 41-1) (letters from Vice Chancellor Jeffords to the Provost addressing each comparator’s tenure application.).) At the start of his review process in 2011, he had published three papers; by 2012, he had published two more. (See Cameron Decl. Ex. D (email telling the Provost about the recent publications); Comparator CVs; Dean Comp. Letters.) The Business School faculty voted 7-0 in favor of tenure, and the Dean recommended tenure. (Id.)
Dr. C, a native of India, was hired as an associate professor in 2013 and granted tenure in 2014. (VC Comp. Letters; Dean Comp. Letter.) At the time of his tenure review, he had published six scholarly arti-clés in peer-reviewed journals, three in the previous five years. (Id.) The Business School faculty voted four to zero in favor of tenure, and the Dean recommended tenure. (Dean Comp. Letters.)
Dr. B, a Caucasian female, went through tenure review in 2012-13. (Dean Comp. Letters.) At the time of her review, she had four publications, with five manuscripts currently under review. (See Comparator CVs.) The Business School faculty, however, voted nine in favor of tenure (with one abstaining), and the Dean recommended tenure. (Dean Comp. Letter.) The Council and Chancellor, however, voted against granting tenure due to concern over the paucity of her scholarly publications. (Cameron Decl. ¶ 8; VC Comp. Letters.) Dr. B’s tenure decision, like Dr. Hargrave’s, was postponed for one year.7 (Id.)
Dr. A and Dr. B are approximately 10 years younger than Dr. Hargrave; Dr. C is 3 years older. (See Comparator CVs; Hargrave CV.)
For their part, Defendants contend that they are entitled to the “same-actor inference” because Drs. Krishnamurthy, Balakrishnan, and Shankar were faculty at the Business School when Dr. Hargrave was initially hired, as well as when he was reappointed for a second three-year term. (Def. Mot. at 10.) “Where the same actor is responsible for both the hir*1097ing and the firing of a discrimination plaintiff, and both actions occur within a short period of time, a strong inference arises that there was no discriminatory motive.” Schechner v. KPIX-TV, 686 F.3d 1018, 1026 (9th Cir.2012) (quoting Bradley v. Harcourt, Brace & Co., 104 F.3d 267, 270-71 (9th Cir.1996).) The same-actor inference is “a ‘strong inference’ that a court must take into account on a summary judgment motion.” Id. (quoting Coghlan v. Am. Seafoods Co., 413 F.3d 1090, 1098 (9th Cir.2005)). A case should go to the jury only if a “plaintiff can muster the extraordinarily strong showing of discrimination necessary to defeat the same-actor inference.” Coghlan, 413 F.3d at 1097.
The court finds that the same-actor inference is inapplicable here for the following reasons: Drs. Krishnamurthy, Balakrishnan, and Shankar were not the only faculty involved in the hiring, reappointment, and firing decisions; there is no indication how Drs. Krishnamurthy, Balakrishnan, and Shankar voted during the hiring and reappointment decisions; the positive and adverse employment decisions were separated by at least three, and up to six, years, and the record shows that the faculty involyed in the two decisions likely changed over six intervening years. See Coburn v. PN II, Inc., 372 Fed.Appx 796, 799 (9th Cir.2010) (finding a district court erred in applying the same-actor inference because multiple people were involved in both the positive and adverse employment decisions and the decisions occurred two years apart). Therefore, the court does not apply an inference in favor of Defendants when considering the motion for summary - judgment. See Coghlan, 413 F.3d at 1098.
a. Improper Evidence
Before turning to the parties’ substantive arguments regarding the comparators’ qualifications, the court addresses Defendants’ objections to certain of Dr. Har-grave’s evidence. Specifically, Defendants object to Dr. Hargrave’s attempt to supplement the record with accomplishments that occurred after the tenure decisions; as well as to Dr. Hargrave’s reliance on information not before the faculty at the time of the tenure decisions. (Def. Reply (Dkt. # 69) at 5.) Accordingly, the .court clarifies the type of evidence on which Dr. Har-grave may rely to show superipr qualifications. •
The purpose of considering evidence of candidates’ relative credentials is to determine whether the employer’s decision is explainable only (or only in part) by discrimination: the greater the disparity, the more likely the employer’s explanation is pretext. Raad, 323 F.3d at 1197 (“[T]he fact that an employer hired a far less qualified person than the plaintiff naturally gives rise to an inference that the non-diseriminatory explanation offered by the employer is pretextual.”); see also Shelley v. Geren, 666 F.3d 599, 617-18 (9th Cir.2012) (Bybee, J., dissenting) (“[The standard] must be that a reasonable jury could think that there is such a disparity in their qualifications that the choosing of [the comparator] over [the plaintiff] is only explainable because of the differences in their age.”). The question is not which candidate was more qualified in the abstract, but rather whether the employer’s judgment was swayed by something other than permissible criteria. Lieberman v. Gant, 630 F.2d 60, 67 (2d Cir.1980) (confirming that courts do hot sit as “Super-Tenure Review Committees”). Accordingly, information unknown to (or unknowable by) an employer has no bearing on the question of the employer’s motives for an employment decision.
For that reason, the court will not consider Dr. Hargrave’s evidence regard*1098ing the articles he published subsequent to the tenure decision. {See Hargrave Decl. ¶¶ 4-6.) Neither -will the court consider evidence regarding the number of citations his previously published articles have received since the tenure decision.8 (See Gautschi Decl. ¶¶ 4-6.) Finally, the court will not consider the testimony by Mr. Van de Venj' Dr. Hargrave’s dissertation advis- or, offering an opinion on Dr. Hargrave’s scholarly independence. {See Van De Ven Decl. ¶¶ 5-7.) This information was not before the tenure review personnel at the time of the tenure decision, and as such ■cannot be used to impugn their motives. Moreover, Dr. Hargrave was well aware that it is the candidate’s responsibility to make his best case for tenure in his dossier. {See Peterson Decl. Ex. E -(“Cauce Dep.”) at 17:710; Hargrave Dep. at 209:3-9; Faculty Code §■ 24-54.) He may not use this suit as an opportunity to rectify deficiencies in his original materials. Therefore, the court strikes that evidence from the record.
 Dr. , Hargrave also relies on a website called Google Scholar to provide current .citation counts for his comparators’ articles. (Gautschi Decl. ¶ 3.) As explained above, a factfinder may consider such information only to the extent it was before the tenure review faculty.9 Dr. Hargrave puts forth evidence that the Business School faculty discussed the “low citation rates” Of Dr. A during their tenure meeting. (Last Gautschi Decl. (Dkt. # 93) Ex. 5 (“Collins Dep.”) at 28:7-30:8.) There is, however,, no indication that .the faculty were aware of the other comparators’ citation information at the time of their decisions. {See id. (explaining that professors do “not routinely” take it upon themselves to look up the citation rates of a candidate’s papers); Comparator CVs; 2d. Peterson Decl. (Dkt. # 47) Ex. D (“Holland Dep.”) at 24:1-23 (testifying that not all candidates provide citation information in their, dossiers and that committee members do not do independent research regarding citation information); Cameron Dep. at 37:5-12 (same); Balakrishnan Dep. at 46:25-47:18 (same); Gautschi Decl. Ex. 11 (“Shankar Dep.”) at 14:7-25 (testifying that he is unaware of the citation count-of his colleagues); Hargrave Dep. at 243:8-11, 244:10-13 (conceding that the Business School has not adopted citation counts as a standard to use in decision making).) Therefore, the court strikes Dr. Har-grave’s comparator citation evidence as to Drs. B and C, and does not consider it for purposes of this summary judgment motion. The court notes that, because Dr: Hargrave propounds ample other evidence on the subject of citations, this evidentiary ruling should work little prejudice to him. {See Levarty Decl. ¶8 (finding Dr. Har-grave’s citations to be uncharacteristically numerous for a tenure candidate); 2011 Letter (acknowledging that the Dr. Har-grave had amassed a volume of citations *1099“unusual” for a person at that point in his career); Collins Dep. at -13:1-14:21 (discussing how an external reviewer’s comment that “very few researchers in [the field of organizational .science] can claim to have a paper with 165 citations at the time they go up for tenure” influenced the P & T Committee).)
With respect to the final evidentiary issue, the court finds that Dr. Hargrave’s evidence regarding the' academic rankings of the journals in which he and the comparators published articles is relevant. - (See Gautschi Decl. Ex. 3 (“Rankings”) (Thomson Reuters Jounal Citation Reports (2013) rankings).) This specific evidence may not have been'' before the tenure decisionmakers. (See 2011 External Reviews; see 2d Krishnamurthy Deck (Dkt, # 53) Ex. A (“2011 Dossier”), Ex. B (“2012 Dossier”), Ex. C (“2011 Response”) (Hargrave’s 2011 response to the Business School faculty vote), Ex. D (“2012 Response”) (Dr. Hargrave’s 2012 response' to the Business' School faculty tote); Cauce Dep. at 26:15-27:10 (testifying that it is up to the candidate to make the case for the quality of journals in which they have been published, and that some do identify the top journals in their fields).' However, the faculty have testified that individual professors rely on their knowledge, experience, and judgment as scholars to determine the quality of a particular publication or article. (Holland Dep. 50:14-21; Krish-namurthy Dep. 34:3-16, 53:22-54:12;- Sen Dep. 14:16-15:15; Balakrishnan Dep. 10:13-11:2, 65:666:13.) The court concurs that the Business School faculty can be expected to have a general knowledge of the relative prestige of peer-reviewed business journals. Indeed, the faculty expressed opinions as to the relative quality of Dr. Hargrave’s, and his comparators’ journals when making their tenure decisions. (See, e.g., 2011 P & T; 2011 Letter; 2012 Dean Rec.; Dean Comp. Letters at 9, 13.) Dr. Hargrave is entitled to challenge their assessments of the quality of his publications.10 Therefore, the cótírt will consider Dr. Hargrave’s ranking evidence.
b. Dr. Hargrave’s qualifications
With that task aside, the court turns to -the parties’ substantive arguments regarding Dr. Hargrave’s qualifieationsXAs the Ninth Circuit has emphasized, “academic tenure decisions involve subjective judgments on scholarship that neither courts nor juries are well qualified to make.” Elsayed Mukhtar v. Calif, State Univ., Hayward, 299 F.3d 1053, 1067 (9th Cir.2002) amended sub nom. Mukhtar v. Calif. State Univ., Hayward, 319 F.3d 1073 (9th Cir.2003) overruled on unrelated grounds by Estate of Barabin v. Asten-Johnson, Inc., 740 F.3d 457 (9th Cir.2014).11 For that reason, evidence regard*1100ing academic qualifications, standing alone, is insufficient to prove pretext unless the plaintiff was “clearly superior” to his comparators. Raad v. Fairbanks N. Star Borough Sch. Dist., 323 F.3d 1185, 1194 (9th Cir.2003) opinion amended on denial of reh’g, No. 00-35999, 2003 WL 21027351 (9th Cir. May 8, 2003); see also Ash v. Tyson Foods, Inc., 546 U.S. 454, 458, 126 S.Ct. 1195, 163 L.Ed.2d 1053 (2006); Shelley, 666 F.3d at 610. However, a plaintiff need not show she was “clearly superior” if, “considering the evidence as a whole, there are ... other bases upon which a trier of fact could infer pretext.” Raad, 323 F.3d at 1194; Gibson v. King Cnty., 256 Fed.Appx. 39, 41 (9th Cir.2007).
The court reviews the parties’ evidence with that standard in mind. The parties have submitted hundreds of pages of evidence and argument addressing the relative qualifications of Dr. Hargrave and his comparators. (See generally Dkt.) What it boils down to is this: Dr. Hargrave contends that the quality of the articles he had published showed his “promise of attaining a national reputation” (see Tenure Guidelines) so clearly that anyone who voted against him must have done so out of discrimination. (Plf. Resp. at 13-16.) Dr. Hargrave focuses mainly on the significance of his AMR article. (Id.) According to Dr. Hargrave, the Academy of Management Review ranks 1 out of 111 business journals and 1 out of 173 management journals. (Rankings.) Dr. Hargrave’s AMR article had been cited 159 times by 2011, and 229 times by 2012. (2011 Dossier; Gautschi Decl. Ex. 4 (“2012 Dossier”).) Dr. Laverty testifies -that “[t[hat number is remarkably large for a paper authored by an assistant professor five years into an academic career.”) (Laverty Decl. ¶8.) Two external reviewers, who were selected from Dr. Hargrave’s area of management expertise, praised the significance of the article. (See, e.g., 2011 External Reviews, at 17 (“The 2006 AMR paper is simply outstanding and has made a major impact on the field.”), 2012 Reviews at 61 (“Since his paper was published, at least 5 papers in top journals have built upon his work.”).) Dr. Hargrave argues that the other Business School faculty should have deferred to the “management” scholars’ appreciation of his article. (See, e.g., Collins Dep. at 3:14-23 (“[W]e thought it was a seminal piece.”), 17:6-19:7 (P & T Committee member stating that he deferred to external reviewers’ assessments of the candidate’s research record because “they are probably more familiar than anybody with the direction of a field and the caliber of material that comes their way”).) Dr. Hargrave also claims that he is listed as lead author on the AMR article. (See Van de Ven Decl. ¶ 6; but see Hargrave Dep. at 169:13-25 (describing the different naming conventions applied to scholarly articles).)
In a similar vein, Dr. Hargrave contends that his Business Quarterly article and book chapters deserved more recognition from the faculty.12 (See Laverty Decl. ¶ 9 *1101(stating that Business Ethics Quarterly is “the premier journal in business ethics” and that the faculty should have deferred to P & T Committee’s outside member’s high view of the article, because that'member is one of the most cited business ethi-cists); Nye Decl. ¶ 8 (vouching for the quality of the Business Ethics Quarterly journal, as well as for the publisher ofthe books for which Dr. Hargrave co-authored two chapters); Rankings (showing that The Oxford University Press, in which Dr. Hargrave published a chapter co-authored with his dissertation advisor in 2004, is the highest quality academic publisher in the field of political science, and showing that Business Ethics Quarterly is ranked 2 among .50 ethics journals and 16 among 111 business journals); 2011 External Reviews (one .reviewer praising the book chapters); 2012 External Reviews (same)).
Dr. Hargrave shows that, in contrast, his comparators articles were published in arguably lower-ranking journals: according to Dr. Hargrave’s source, Dr. -C’s highest publications rank 5 and 6 out of 91 finance journals; Dr. B’s highest publication ranks 11 out of 111 business journals and 18 out of 173 management- journals; and Dr. A’s highest publication ranks 131 out of 333 economics journals. (Rankings.) According to Google Scholar, Dr. A’s papers had received a total of only 31 citations as of May 2015. (Gautschi Decl. ¶ 4.) Nonetheless, Defendants supported the comparators’ candidacies.13 (See generally Dean Comp. Letters.)
In response, Defendants argue that although they duly weighed Dr. Hargrave’s journal rankings and Google Scholar citations, -those are but two factdrs to be considered, and are therefore not dispositive of the tenure decision. (See Def. Reply; 2011 Letter (“By objective citation measures and reputation, the Academy of Management Review is the leading journal in management— External reviewers noted that the volume of citations for this paper was. unusual for someone in [Dr. Hargrave’s] career.”) Defendants identify other reasons that the faculty relied on to determine that Dr. Hargrave’s qualifications were inferior to those of his comparators. (See 2011 Letter; 2012 Letter.) Specifically, Dr. Hargrave had a low scholarly output as of 2011: only two articles in peer-reviewed journals, plus two book chapters, which the faculty found to be less rigorous and prestigious than journal articles. (Hargrave CV; 2011 Dean Rec.; 2011 Letter.) The faculty was concerned about Dr. Hargrave’s apparent reliance on his dissertation advisor: Dr. Hargrave’s best article had been co-authored with his advisor, as had both of his book chapters (one of which dated back to 2004, before Dr. Hargrave graduated and began working for the University). (2011 Chancellor Letter; 2012 Chancellor Letter.) Since then, Dr. Hargrave had authored only one article (which was on the topic of business ethics rather than institutional theory) on his own. (See Hargrave CV.) The faculty was also concerned about the downward trend in quality in Dr. Hargrave’s articles: although the faculty gave Dr. Hargrave one year-to publish his two publications under review, only one was eventually published, and in a lower quality journal than Dr. Hargrave’s other two articles. (2012 Letter; 2012 Dean Rec.) In 2012, even faculty who Dr. Hargrave admits were not biased against him voted against granting *1102him tenure.' (See Hargrave Dep. 169:9-12 (testifying that the Council did not discriminate against him); 2012 Council Letter (“Despite early success with a high impact publication, the record indicates that Dr. Hargrave has yet to establish a substantial' research program independent of his research advisor and commensurate with the expectations of the [Business School].”).)
In contrast, the faculty recommended Dr. A because, during the tenure process, he published two additional articles, including one in “one of the two most influential journals in the field.” (See Cameron Decl. Ex. D (email telling the Provost about the recent publications); Comparator CVs; Dean Comp.- Letters.) The faculty recommended Dr. C because he had over 15 years of teaching experience as a professor at other institutions, including the University of Notre Dame; the Business School'needed to fill a vacancy in its accounting department; and two of his six articles had been published in high ranking journals in the last five years. ' (VC Comp. Letters; Dean Comp. Letters; Krishnamurthy Dep.. at 109:20-111:11.) The faculty initially recommended Dr. B because she was a “master teacher” and because the quality of her research trajectory was improving. (Dean Comp. Letters (stating that “her research trajectory is noticeably higher and that convinces me of her sustained contribution on the research front”); Balakrishnan Dep; at 50:19-51:13 (stating that he supported Dr. B’s candidacy because she persevered and achieved success with a publication in one-high quality journal); Sen Dep. at 11:18-12:17 (noting that Dr. B’s articles were improving in quality, and she currently had five under submission).) The University, however, ultimately postponed- her tenure decision, for the same reasons that it postponed Dr. Hargrave’s: to give her a year to obtain more publications. (VC Comp. Letters).
3; Sex and age discrimination claims
Viewing that evidence in the light most favorable to Dr. Hargrave, the court can only conclude that “[although their relative suitability for the job is debatable, no reasonable factfinder would find,, that [Dr.. Hargrave’s] qualifications are ‘clearly superior’ to those of [his • comparators].” Peters v. Shamrock Foods Co., 262 Fed.Appx. 30, 33, (9th Cir.2007). Dr. Hargrave’s and his. comparators’ credentials are similar to a first approximation: .for example, they all have doctorate degrees, and they .all published between four and six! scholarly articles prior to their tenure decisions. For one of his four articles, Dr. Hargrave identifies, two metrics' in his favor: -the number of citations, and quality Of the journal. Defendants, however, identify a host of other reasons Dr. Hargrave’s qualifications are not superior. Dr, Hargrave does not explain why , his selected metrics should trump, the University^ considerations. (Particularly damaging to Dr. Hargrave’s theory is'the fact that faculty he admits were unbiased nonetheless voted against granting him .tenure.) See Hargtave D.ep. at 169:9-12 (admitting that the Campus Council = did not discriminate against him), 33:23-25 (admitting that Dr. Miller did not discriminate against him on-the basis of race or national origin); (Cameron Dep. 59:2460:19 (testifying that, when considering ¡Dr. Hargrave’s tenure candidacy, she was unaware of Dr. Hargrave’s race, national origin, or agé); Stip. Dismissal (voluntarily dismissing Dr. Miller and Ms. Cameron from the suit). The evidence- simply does not bear out Mr. Hargrave’s claim that his academic credentials were so superior that anyone voting against him must have been discriminating. (Plf. Resp. at 4; Hargrave Dep. at 57:4-13.) To the contrary, the evidence admits of nothing more than a difference *1103of academic opinion: Defendants valued Mr. Hargrave’s accomplishments less than did other Business School faculty.14 Elsayed Mukhtar, 299 F.3d at 1067 (finding that the plaintiffs “racial discrimination case [was] a disagreement among academic professionals, which is something that Title VII does not proscribe”).
In short, this situation raises precisely the “subjective judgments on scholarship that neither courts nor juries are well qualified to make.” Id.; Peters, 262 Fed.Appx. at 33. The court therefore finds that Dr. Hargrave’s evidence of his scholarly qualifications, standing alone, is insufficient to show pretext on the part of the University. See Raad, 323 F.3d at 1194. Dr. Hargrave, however, has put forth no other evidence showing that the University’s decision was a pretext for age or sex discrimination. (See generally Plf. Resp.) Therefore, summary judgment on those claims is proper. See Mondero, 400 F.3d at 1213.
Moreover, even if Dr. Hargrave’s qualifications evidence raised- á question of fact with respect to pretext, summary judgment on his sex discrimination claim would be proper for two additional reasons. First, Dr. Hargrave’s evidence -of a comparator whom the University treated differently on the básis of sex -is particularly- weak. Although the Business . School faculty, voted in-favor of-the only alleged female comparator, Dr. B, the University ultimately postponed her tenure decision for a year due to doubts about her scholarly outpufi — just like Dr, Hargrave. (Cameron Deck ¶ 8; VC Comp. Letters.)
Second, Dr. Hargrave failed to plead a sex discrimination claim against the University in his complaint. (See Am. Compl.). Nor did Dr. Hargrave raise sex discrimination in his EEOC complaint. (See EEOC Compl.); Freeman, 291 F.3d at 636 (holding that timely filing an EEOC complaint is necessary to exhaust remedies, a prerequisite to bringing a Title VII claim). Dr. Hargrave is not permitted tó raise claims hot asserted in his complaint. Brass v. Cnty. of L.A., 328 F.3d 1192, 1197 (9th Cir.2003) (upholding district court’s refusal to permit plaintiff to raise claims on summary judgment when he had not asserted those claims in the earlier stages of litigation because “[t]he decision whether to permit .a belated attempt to expand a complaint lies within .the discretion of the district court”).15
For those reasons, also, Dr. Hargrave’s sex discrimination claim fails. In addition, because aiding and abetting sex discrimination is the- only claim that Dr. Hargrave has raised against Dr. Sen (see Am. Compl; ¶ 91), the court dismisses Dr. Sen from the suit. See Brass, 328 F.3d at 1197.
4. Race and national origin discrimination
With respect to his race and national origin discrimination claims, Dr. *1104Hargrave contends that evidence in addition to his qualifications shows that the University’s reasons for denying him tenure were pretextual. (Plf. Resp. at 32.) Specifically, in one paragraph of his 40-page responsive brief, Dr,. Hargrave contends that Indian faculty show favoritism towards professors of Indian background. Dr. Hargrave contends that their discrimination against his candidacy influenced the final tenure decision. (Id.); see also Lam v. Univ. of Haw., 40 F.3d 1551, 1560 (9th Cir.1994), as amended (Nov. 21, 1994), as amended (Dec. 14, 1994) (noting that bias by a single influential faculty member at an initial stage can taint the outcome of the tenure process).
Dr. Hargrave’s additional evidence is as follows: Drs. Nye and Laverty testify that, during the faculty meetings, Drs. Sen, Ba-lakrishnan, Krishnamurthy, and Shankar argued vigorously against granting Dr. Hargrave tenure. (Nye Decl. ¶¶ 4-9; Le-varty Decl. ¶¶ 1014.) Drs. Nye and Laverty testify that the faculty did not undertake a fair evaluation of Dr. Hargrave’s record because “[f]rom the outset, the faculty discussion focused more on building a case against tenure than on fairly and objectively evaluating Dr. Hargrave’s record.” (Nye Decl. ¶ 10a; Laverty Decl. ¶¶ 10-14.) Drs. Nye and Laverty testify that, during the meetings, Drs. Sen, Balak-rishnan, Krishnamurthy, and Shankar ignored or overlooked the requirements for tenure and promotion set forth in the Faculty Code and Business School’s Tenure Guidelines, including, for example, refusing to discuss Dr. Hargrave’s success in teaching and student development, or the significance of his book chapters. (Nye Decl. ¶ 10b; Levarty Decl. ¶ 10-14.) Dr. Nye concludes: “This was the most extreme breach of process in a tenure case that I have observed in twenty years at the University of Washington.” (Nye Decl. ¶ 10.)
Dr. Hargrave also complains that Dean Krishnamurthy “sabotaged” his candidacy because the Dean’s letters to the Vice Chancellor summarizing the faculty process were inaccurate and unfairly emphasized the flaws in his candidacy rather than his strengths. (Plf. Resp. at 4, 17-20.) The only potential inaccuracy Dr. Hargrave identifies, however, is that the Dean stated the faculty found the quality of Dr. Hargrave’s Business Quarterly article to be “good” rather than “high quality,” as was Dr. Laverty’s opinion, and found Dr. Hargrave’s teaching to be “good” rather than “excellent,” as was Dr. Holland’s opinion. (Id. at 17.) The court notes that, inasmuch as the remainder of the faculty agreed that the referenced qualities were “good” rather than “high quality” or “excellent,” the letter is not inaccurate.
The court finds that this additional evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to Dr. Hargrave, is still insufficient to raise a genuine question of fact regarding pretext. A “reason cannot be proved to be ‘a pretext for discrimination ’ unless it is shown both that the reason was false, and that discrimination was the real reason.” St. Mary’s Honor Ctr., 509 U.S. at 515, 113 S.Ct. 2742. It is not enough that a factfin-der could' reasonably find that Drs. Sen, Balakrishnan, Krishnamurthy, and Shan-kar opposed Dr. Hargrave’s tenure candidacy vigorously, even to the point of breaching the ordinary tenure review process and misapplying the Faculty Code. See Reeves, 530 U.S. at 150, 120 S.Ct. 2097. Opposition, without more, does not establish pretext; there must be some indication that the reason for the opposition was discrimination.16 See St. Mary’s Honor *1105Ctr., 509 U.S. at 515, 113 S.Ct. 2742. Although Dr. Hargrave disagrees with their negative opinions of his scholarly - merit, Title VII does not proscribe such opinions. *1106Dr. Hargrave’s evidence provides no indication that Drs. Sen, Balakrishnan, Krish-namurthy, and Shankar were motivated by Dr. Hargrave’s race or national origin. No factfinder could reasonably find otherwise. See Reeves, 530 U.S. at 150, 120 S.Ct. 2097. Accordingly, the court grants Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the racial and national origin discrimination claims.
C. Aiding and abetting claims
Haying resolved the claims against the University, the court now turns to the claims against the individual defendants. The WLAD establishes liability for aiding, abetting, encouraging, or inciting the commission of discrimination on the basis of race, age, sex, or national origin. ROW 49.60.220. Dr. Hargrave is unable to establish an underlying unfair practice that the individual defendants aided and abetted. Specifically, Dr. Hargrave has only brought a claim for direct employment discrimination against the University. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 86-87.) As discussed above, however, Dr. Hargrave has failed to put forth sufficient evidence to establish a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the University’s denial of tenure constituted improper discrimination on the basis of age, race, national origin, or sex. See supra § III.B. Without an underlying act of discrimination, there can be no claim for aiding and abetting discrimination. See RCW 49.60.220. Therefore, Dr. Hargrave’s claims that the individual defendants aided and abetted the University in discriminating against Dr. Hargrave must fail.
D. Contract claim
As a final matter, the court turns to Dr. Hargrave’s breach of contract claim. Dr. Hargrave seizes on a single line from the Business School’s tenure guidelines as basis for his breach of contract claim: “The candidate for tenure and promotion to the rank of Associate Professor must show promise of attaining a national reputation.” (Tenure Guidelines.)’ Dr. Hargrave maintains that this sentence forms a binding contract • between tenure candidates and the University; the' .University breached this contract by failing to adequately consider Dr. Hargrave’s “promise of attaining a national reputation” when considering his tenure applications; if the University had properly considered the matter, it could only have correctly concluded that Dr. Hargrave had shown promise of attaining a national reputation; and, consequently, the court should award Dr. Har-grave tenure immediately. (See Plf. Mot.)
In support of his claim, Dr. Hargrave emphasizes that the written reports of the Business School and other University faculty who considered his tenure applications did not contain the phrase “promise of attaining a national reputation”; some of the University faculty who considered his application did not explicitly testify that “promise of attaining a national reputation” was a criteria they considered (instead, they referred to the Faculty Code’s overarching standard); and the concept of “promise of obtaining a national reputation,” as such, was not discussed at the Business School faculty meetings concerning Dr. Hargrave’s tenure application. (Plf. Mot. at 1-20.)17 Dr. Hargrave also puts forth evidence that some Business *1107School professors believe he had in fact demonstrated a “promise of obtaining a national reputation”- as of his tenure review. (Collins Dep. at 12:4-14:20; 3d Gautschi Decl. Ex.. 17 (“2012 P & T Rec.”); Holland Dep. at 49:8-23; 51:9-21.)
As discussed'below, Dr. Hargrave’s contract claim fails for at least-two reasons.
1. Motion to strike
As an initial matter, Defendants move to strike the declaration of Lea Vaughn (Dkt. # 68) filed in support of Dr. Hargrave’s reply to his motion for summary judgment. (1st Surreply (Dkt. # 80).) Ms. Vaughn offers factual and legal opinions as to the interplay between the Faculty Code and the guidelines of various" academic departments within the University. (See Dkt. # 68.). As Dr. Hargrave’s counsel conceded at oral argument, Dr. Har-grave did not disclose Ms. Vaughn as either a lay or expert witness, or provide an expert report, as required by Rule 26. (4th Peterson Decl. . (Dkt. # 81); see Fed. R.Civ.P. 26(a) (requiring initial disclosure of lay and expert witnesses, as well as a written expert report), (e) (requiring supplementation). Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37(c)(1) provides
If a party fails to provide information or identify a witness as required by Rule 26(a) or (e), the party is not allowed to use that information or witness to supply evidence on a motion, at-a hearing, or at a trial, unless the failure, was substantially justified or is harmless.
Fed.R.Civ.P. 37(c)(1); see also Yeti by Molly, Ltd. v. Deckers Outdoor Corp., 259 F.3d 1101, 1106 (9th Cir.2001) (“Rule 37(c)(1) gives teeth to these requirements by forbidding the use at trial of any information required to be - disclosed by Rule 26(a) that is' not properly disclosed.”). Dr. Hargrave offers no explanation as to why his failure to disclose Ms. Vaughn’s testimony is substantially justified or harmless. Trial in this case is looming one month away. (Dkt. #19.) There is inadequate time for Defendants to depose Ms. Vaughn or otherwise prepare to address her testimony. Accordingly, the court strikes Ms. Vaughn’s declaration pursuant to Rule 37(c). See Fed.R.Civ.P. 37(c); Hoffman v. Constr. Protective Servs., Inc., 541 F.3d 1175, 1179 (9th Cir.2008), as amended (Sept. 16, 2008) (upholding, district court’s exclusion of- previously undisclosed evidence because Rule 37 is a “self-executing, automatic sanction to provide a strong inducement for disclosure of material”).
2. Exhaust administrative remedies
Next, Dr. Hargrave’s contract claim is not properly before the court because Dr. Hargrave fails to exhaust his administrative remedies-. “The doctrine of exhaustion of administrative remedies is well established in Washington.” Citizens for Mount Vernon v. City of Mount Vernon, 133 Wash.2d 861, 947 P.2d 1208, 1211 (1997). The rule'provides that “in general an agency action cannot be challenged on review until all rights of administrative appeal have been exhausted.” S. Hollywood Hills Citizens Ass’n for Pres. of Neighborhood Safety & Env’t v. King Cnty., 101 Wash.2d 68, 677 P.2d 114, 117 (1984). The University is a state agency subject to this rule. RCW 34.05.010(2), (7).
- The exhaustion requirement applies “(1) when a claim is cognizable in the first instance by an agency alone; (2) when the agency’s authority establishes clearly defined machinery- for the submission, evaluation and resolution of complaints by aggrieved parties; and (3) when the relief sought can be -obtained by resort to. an exclusive or adequate administrative remedy.” S. Hollywood Hills, 677 P.2d at 117-18 (internal punctuation omitted). Dr. *1108Hargrave does not dispute that the exhaustion requirement applies to his contract claim against the University. (See Plf. Mot.; Plf. Reply (Dkt. #66).) The court agrees that the three elements are met. See S. Hollywood Hills, 677 P.2d at 117-18. First, the Faculty Code establishes a comprehensive procedure for reviewing faculty decisions. (Faculty Code § 28.) That procedure includes review by a Faculty Adjudication Panel Chair; a hearing before a Hearing Panel of five to seven faculty members that takes evidence and renders a written decision on the challenge; and the opportunity to appeal the Panel’s decision to the University President. (Id. § 28-61.) Second, the Faculty Code requires that parties challenging faculty decisions “shall avail themselves of these proceedings prior to seeking review beyond the University.” (Id.) Third, the Hearing Panel found that it could “clearly” award Dr. Hargrave’s alternative request for relief in the form of another tenure review. (Chair Letter at 2; Petition); see Dioxin/Organochlorine Ctr. v. Dep’t of Ecology, 119 Wash.2d 761, 837 P.2d 1007, 1016 (1992) (finding that the ability to obtain partial relief was sufficient to require exhaustion of administrative remedies). Therefore, the exhaustion requirement applies.
It is undisputed that Dr. Hargrave voluntarily withdrew from the University appeals process after he received unfavorable preliminary discovery rulings. (Withdrawal Letter.) Dr. Hargrave contends that he was not required to finish exhausting his appeal because those rulings rendered his appeal futile. (Plf. Reply.) Dr. Hargrave is correct that “[t]here are exceptions to the exhaustion doctrine based upon considerations of fairness or practicality.” Baldwin v. Sisters of Providence in Wash., Inc., 112 Wash.2d 127, 769 P.2d 298, 300 (1989). “One such exception is recognized where pursuing the available remedies would be futile.” Id. “The futility exception to the exhaustion doctrine is premised upon the rationale that courts will not require vain and useless acts.” Orion Corp. v. State, 103 Wash.2d 441, 693 P.2d 1369, 1379 (1985). “If the available administrative remedies are inadequate, or if they are vain and useless, they need not be pursued before judicial relief is sought.” Id. “Generally, futility addresses a showing of bias or prejudice on the part of discretionary decisionmakers.” Baldwin, 769 P.2d at 300; see also Dioxin/Organochlorine, 837 P.2d at 1016 (noting that an administrative process is futile when a legislative or agency policy predetermines the result of the plaintiffs administrative claim).
Contrary to Dr. Hargrave’s assertion, however, the appropriate inquiry is not whether a plaintiff believes he is likely to prevail' on his administrative claim. See Lechelt v. City of Seattle, 32 Wash.App. 831, 650 P.2d 240, 242 (1982) (“Even remedies thought to be unavailing must be pursued.”). Rather, the inquiry is whether fairness or practicality to a plaintiff outweighs the policies underlying the exhaustion requirement. See S. Hollywood Hills Citizens, 677 P.2d at 117. The policies underlying the exhaustion requirement are: to “(1) insure against premature interruption of the administrative process; (2) allow the agency to develop the necessary factual background on which to base a decision; (3) allow exercise of agency expertise in its area; (4) provide for a more efficient process; and (5) protect the administrative agency’s autonomy by allowing it to correct its own errors and insuring that individuals were not encouraged to ignore its procedures by resorting to the courts.” Citizens for Mount Vernon, 947 P.2d at 1211 (quoting McKart v. United States, 395 U.S. 185, 89 S.Ct. 1657, 23 *1109L.Ed.2d 194 (1969).) “Whether administrative remedies are futile is a question for the court.” Beard v. King Cnty., 76 Wash. App. 863, 889 P.2d 501, 506 (1995).
Dr. Hargrave puts forth three reasons he believes that continuing the University’s appeal process would have been futile: the Hearing Panel (1) deferred ruling on whether it had the'authority to grant Dr. Hargrave tenure outright; (2) did not style his appeal as a breach of contract claim; and (3) limited the depositions he could take. (See Plf. Reply.) The court finds that none of these reasons rendered the proceedings-futile. See Orion Corp., 693 P.2d at 1379.
First, the Panel never ruled against Dr. Hargrave on the issue of whether it could award tenure as a remedy in Dr. Har-grave’s situation. (Plf. Reply; Withdrawal Letter.) -Rather, the Chair confirmed that, “the faculty code does not preclude a hearing panel from ordering, promotion or tenure as relief in an appropriate case-that is, where it can do so without reconsidering the case for tenure on the merits.” (Chair Letter.) The Panel then declined to decide whether it could award tenure in Dr. Hargrave’s case prior to the hearing in the case because such a ruling would be “entirely speculative at this, time and, hence, premature.” (2d Gautschi Decl. Ex. 6 (“2d Pre-Hearing Order”).)
Dr. Hargrave fails to explain how leaving open :the possibility that he could be awarded tenure at the conclusion of-his administrative claim rendered the process “vain and useless.” Orion Corp., 693 P.2d at 1379. After all, even if the Hearing Panel ultimately concluded it could not award tenure outright, it was already established that the Panel could award Dr. Hargrave’s alternative requested relief: another tenure review that-comported with the Faculty Code. (Cham Letter); Dioxin/Organochlorine, 837 P.2d at 1016. That second review could very well have led to an award of tenure.
More important, even if resolution of administrative process did not provide Dr. Hargrave his optimal solution, it would have served the policies underlying the exhaustion requirement, namely, to “allow exercise of agency expertise in its area;” and to “protect the administrative agency’s autonomy by allowing it to correct its own errors.” Citizens for Mount Vernon, 947 P.2d at 1211. The requirement to exhaust administrative remedies “is founded upon the belief that the judiciary should give proper deference to that body possessing expertise in areas outside the conventional expertise of judges.” Citizens for Mount Vernon, 947 P.2d at 1211. That principle is especially significant where, as here, the court is asked to review “academic tenure decisions [that] involve subjective judgments on scholarship that neither courts nor jurips are well qualified to make.” Elsayed Mukhtar, 299 F.3d at 1067. The Hearing Panel was better qualified to determine whether the University faculty botehed Dr. Hargrave’s review process, or based their decision on impermissible, nonacademic factors. Moreover, the Hearing Panel had the authority to rectify any impropriety it found. Therefore, the Panel’s deferral of the question of the potential remedies is not a basis for futility.
Second, Dr. Hargrave complains that the Panel did not rule on whether his appeal was a “breach of contract claim” agpinst the University, as he asserted, or an action for a breach of the Faculty Code, as the University asserted, (Plf. Reply at 10; Withdrawal Letter; see also 2d Gautschi Decl. Ex. 5 (“1st Pre-Hearing Order”) (inviting the parties to provide their proposed formulation of the issues to the Hearing Panel); 2d Pre-Hearing Order (identifying a statement of issues without adopting one or the other parties’ posi*1110tions).) Dr. Hargrave fails to establish why the distinction makes any difference. The Hearing Panel determined that one of the issues to be determined was, “Did any authorized University official, through action or inaction, violate University regulations affecting the terms, conditions, or course of employment of [Dr. Hargrave]?” (“2d Pre-Hearing Order.”) As such, regardless of what nominal title the Hearing Panel applied to Dr. Hargrave’s appeal, the Hearing Panel was poised to decide the substance of Dr. Hargrave’s “breach of contract” claim: whether the Faculty Code had been violated. (See id.) Such a decision would have advanced at least the policies of allowing the exercise of University expertise in its'area, providing for'a more efficient process, and protecting the University’s autonomy by allowing it to correct its"‘own errors. See Citizens for Mount Vernon, 947 P.2d at 1211. Therefore, the disagreement over the nominal title of Dr. Hargrave’s administrative claim is not a basis for excusing the requirement to exhaust remedies.
Third, Dr. Hargrave complains about certain discovery orders made by the Héaring Panel. Specifically, Dr. Hargrave finds unfairness in the fact that the Panel declined to permit him to depose or obtain the hiring note's of faculty not named as respondents in the administrative action. (Plf. Reply at 10-11; Withdrawal Letter.) However, in its preliminary ruling denying permission to depose certain faculty, the Panel explicitly invited Dr. Hargrave to explain why he sought to take those depositions. (See 2d Pre-Hearing Order (“[E]ven if it is assumed that the professors Balakrishnan and Sen opposed Professor Hargrave’s candidacy, it is not clear why it is necessary or even useful to take their depositions given that they are not respondents whose actions are being challenged. If [Dr. Hargrave] continues to seek to take these ... depositions, he should provide written statements in support of the request within seven days of this Order.”).) Dr. Hargrave failed provide a statement in support of his request. (2d. Cameron Decl. (Dkt. #86) Ex. A (“Discovery Ruling”) (“Petitioner did not provide such a statement and has offered no additional reasons supporting the taking of depositions of Professor P.V. Balak-rishnan and Professor Pradyot Sen.”). Dr. Hargrave may not now criticize the Hearing Panel’s ruling, on an issue that he refused to contest.
Additionally, the Panel is vested with _ statutory discretion -to determine the appropriate discovery procedures applicable to an administrative proceeding. ROW 34.05.446. The Panel permitted Dr. Hargrave to take the deposition of Dean Krishnamurthy. and to engage in documentary. discovery; Dr. Hargrave also received University records related to his tenure review process. (See Discovery Ruling; 2d Pre-Hearing Order (requiring the University to supply notes from the Business School faculty meetings).) There is no indication that the discovery process overall was unfair or otherwise hindered Dr. Hargrave’s presentation of his administrative claim. A plaintiffs subjective belief regarding the unfairness of the administrative procedure is insufficient to establish futility. See Baldwin, 769 P.2d at 301 (1989); Buechler v. Wenatchee Valley Coll., 174 Wash.App. 141, 298 P.3d 110, 117 (2013); Beard, 889 P.2d at 506 (requiring, plaintiffs to apply for a promotion even though employer verbally told them that he would not consider them for promotion because plaintiffs “cannot ask the court to remedy a denial of promotions for which they never applied based on speculation that seeking promotion was futile”). Therefore, the discovery rulings did .not render the administrative appeal proceedings futile.
*1111In sum, “[fjutility that will excuse exhaustion arises only in rare factual situations;” Buechler, 298 P.3d at 117. Dr. Hargrave’s is not such a situation. Because it is undisputed that Dr. Hargrave failed to complete his administrative appeal with the University, the breach of contract claim is not properly before the court. See Beard, 889 P.2d at 506. Accordingly, summary judgment on the breach of contract claim is appropriate.
3. Merits of the contract claim
Finally, summary judgment would be appropriate even if Dr. Hargrave were not required to exhaust administrative remedies prior to bringing a contract claim before this court. The parties dispute the legal effect of the Business School’s tenure guidelines. Dr. Hargrave contends that the guidelines contractually obligate the University to evaluate his tenure applicartion for a “promise of obtaining a national reputation” and to award him tenure if he shows such promise. (See Plf. Mot. at 21 (citing Storti v. Univ. of Washington, 181 Wash.2d 28, 330 P.3d 159, 163 (2014); Tenure Guidelines.) The University contends that the Business School’s tenure criteria merely provide examples of. how Business School candidates can show they have met the Faculty Code’s requirements for tenure and promotion, namely, “a record of substantial success in both teaching and research.” (Def. Resp.; Def. Surreply (Dkt. # 85).) The court finds it unnecessary to decide the issue of whether the guidelines constitute a unilateral contract between Dr. Hargrave and the University because, even if they did, Dr-. Hargrave’s breach of contract claim would fail.
First, the plain language of the tenure guidelines does not guarantee that a candidate who shows a promise of obtaining a national reputation will be awarded tenure. Rather, the guidelines require that “[t]he candidate for tenure and promotion to the rank of Associate ■ Professor must show promise of attaining a national reputation.” (Tenure Guidelines.). The guidelines go on to list additional requirements: “there must be a base of publications in high-quality refereed journals”; “[t]here must be evidence of effective teaching in the various courses the candidate teaches regularly”; and “[h]ow well one performs in service assignments is an.important criterion.” (Id.) As such, a promise of attaining a national reputation -is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for promotion and tenure.
Second, the record admits of only one conclusion: the University considered the criteria set forth in the Business School guidelines and Faculty Code. The tenure guidelines explain the factors that indicate a promise of attaining a national reputation:
“Letters from external reviewers are extremely important, as is the reputation of the reviewers. Any other evidence to indicate the quality of the research, such as the quality of journals in which publications appear, citations, awards, etc., is also valuable. A number of different types of scholarly contributions are valued (grants, book chapters,- presentations, etc.), but there must be a base of publications in high-quality refereed journals.”
(Tenure Guidelines.) In his briefing, Dr. Hargrave contends that a similar list “objective measures” demonstrate whether a candidate has shown promise of attáining a national reputation, including, the quality and reputation of journals in which the candidate’s papers appear; assessments by external reviewers; the candidate’s service as a referee at quality journals; the candidate’s presentations at seminars, workshops, ’ and professional conferences; and citations to the candidate’s publica*1112tions. (Plf. Mot. at 14 (quoting Cauce Dep. at 37:1-45:11,19 (citing Jeffords Dep. at 19:24-20:11, 24:1-25, 28:12-21, 31:6-19).)
The faculty’s written memoranda, as well as their subsequent testimony, establishes that when evaluating Dr. Hargrave’s candidacy, they considered all of the scholarly factors that Dr. Hargrave now contends establish his promise of attaining a national reputation. (See Cauce Dep. at 24:1-25:24; Cameron Dep. at 37:1-45:11; Jeffords Dep. at 19:24-20:11, 24:1-25, 28:12-21, 31:6-19; Krishnamurthy Dep. at 185:12-187:2 (discussing Dr. Hargrave’s ability to establish a reputation independent from that of his dissertation advisor); Sen Dep. at 68:20-25; 2011 Dean Rec.; 2012 Dean Rec.; 2011 Council Rec.; 2012 Council Rec.; 2011 Chancellor Letter; 2012 Chancellor Letter; 2012 P & T Rec.) Moreover, the topic of national reputation was specifically raised and addressed at multiple points during the review. The requirement for “promise of attaining a national reputation” was mentioned in the request letters sent external reviewers. (See 2d Gautschi Decl. Ex. 4 (template request letter).) Many of the external reviewers addressed the subject in their reviews (see 2011 Reviews; 2012 Reviews). The P & T Committee’s 2012-13 recommendation expressly found that Dr. Har-grave had established a promise of attaining a national reputation. (2012 P & T Rec.). Moreover, Dr. Hargrave himself raised the issue of national reputation in his responses to the faculty votes. (2d. Krishnamurth Decl. Ex. C (“2011 Statement”) (describing the ways in which he had already attained a national reputation); Ex. D (“2012 Statement”) (same).) Dean Krishnamurthy’s 2012-13 recommendation explicitly rebutted Dr. Hargrave’s contention that the faculty had not applied the standard of “promise of attaining a national reputation.” (2012 Dean Rec.) Those materials discussing the national reputation standard were provided to every subsequent level of review, and hence were before the Campus Council, Chancellor, Vice Chancellor, Vice Provost, and Provost when they made their tenure decisions. (See Cauce Dep. at 31:6-32:6; Jeffors Dep. at 12:1-13:6; Krishnamurthy Dep. at 171:22-24; 2d. Krishnamurthy Decl. ¶ 3.)
Dr. Hargrave’s claim rests on the facts that the phrase “promise of attaining a national reputation” does not appear in every single one of tenure review materials, and that faculty members did not utter the phrase during the faculty meetings. (See Plf. Mot. at 1-20.) As the preceding litany of citations shows, to the extent there was an obligation to consider Dr. Hargrave’s “promise of attaining a national reputation,” the faculty substantively fulfilled that requirement. The absence of certain magic words from some records of his tenure decision does not negate that conclusion.18
Last, Dr. Hargrave’s contention that the University was prohibited from considering the likely trajectory of his career is not well-taken. Dr. Hargrave argues that determining a “‘record of substantial success’ required an assessment of what he had done in his academic career as of the reviews, not what he might do in the future.” (Plf. Mot. at 24.) This contention is particularly misguided given Dr. Har-grave’s insistence that he should have been awarded tenure based on his “promise of attaining a national reputation” — a criterion that is necessarily forward looking. (See Plf. Mot. at 1-20.)
*1113The Faculty Code mandates review of “the whole record of candidates,” and consideration, of “the way in which the candidate- will, fit into the present and foreseeable future of the academic unit.” (2d Peterson Decl. Ex. E (“Exec.. Order 45”) (incorporated into chapter 25 of the Faculty Code).) In fact, Dr. Hargrave himself included evidence of papers under review and works in progress in his dossiers. (2d. Krishnamurthy Decl. Exs. A (“2011 Dossier”), Ex. B (“2012 Dossier”).) The external reviewers and Campus Council both, relied on his evidence of future work to recommend awarding him tenure. {See 2011 External Reviews; 2011 Council Rec.). Dr. Hargrave cannot take issue with the consideration of factors not only sanctioned by the Faculty Code, but on which he affirmatively submitted evidence in his favor. Upon closer inspection, it is evident that Dr. Hargrave is less concerned with what material the faculty considered than what conclusion they drew from that material:, namely, that he had not demonstrated the pipeline of research necessary to merit promotion and tenure. This line of argument is just one more way in which Dr. Hargrave seeks to have the court review the merits of his tenure decision under the guise of adjudicating a legal claim.' Such review is beyond this court’s province. Therefore, for this and all the reasons previously discussed, summary judgment- is appropriate on Dr. Hargrave’s breach of contract claim.
IY. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the court GRANTS Defendants’ motion for- summary judgment (Dkt. # 33) and DENIES Plaintiffs motion for summary judgment (Dkt. # 42).

. As in Dr. Hargrave’s situation, the two processes often occur concurrently. (See Dkt. # 34-3 at 48 (Business School guidelines listing the same criteria for both).)

. The Campus Council members, the Chancellor, and the Provost are not defendants in this suit. Dr. Hargrave admits that the Campus Council did not discriminate against him when reviewing his tenure application. (Har-grave Dep. at 169:9-12.)

. Dr. Hargrave admits that he cannot bring a Title VII sex discrimination claim against the University because he did not include an allegation of .sex discrimination in his EEOC complaint. (Resp. to MIL (Dkt. # 92) at 4; see also EEOC Charge); Freeman v. Oakland Unified Sch. Dist., 291 F.3d 632, 636 (9th Cir.2002) (holding that plaintiffs are required to exhaust administrative remedies by filing a timely charge with the EEOC before initiating litigation). The parties dispute whether Dr. Hargrave’s national origin Title VII claim is barred because he did not allege national origin discrimination in his EEOC charge. (See Def. Mot. at 37 n. 24); see EEOC Charge. The court notes that ”[e]ven when an employee seeks judicial relief for claims not listed in the original EEOC charge,, the complaint nevertheless may encompass any discrimination like or reasonably related to the allegations of the EEOC charge.” Freeman, 291 F.3d at 636. Because it is undisputed that Dr. Har-grave can raise a national origin discrimination claim under the WLAD (Def. Mot. at 37 n. 24), the court finds it unnecessary to decide the issue for purposes of this order.

. Dr. Hargrave’s contention thát he has put forth direct evidence is incorrect. "Direct evidence is evidence which, if believed, proves the fact of discriminatory animus without inference- or presumption.” Coghlan v. Am. Seafoods Co. L.L.C., 413 F.3d 1090, 1095 (9th Cir.2005) (internal punctuation omitted). Direct evidence "typically consists of clearly sexist, racist, or similarly discriminatory statements or actions' by the employer.” Dominguez-Curry, 424 F.3d at 1038 (quoting Coghlan, 413 F.3d at 1095). Dr. Hargrave, however, has admitted that he is unable to recall any specific instance in which any of the faculty made discriminatory remarks or treated him in a discriminatory fashion. (Hargrave Dep. at 69:771:2.) Dr. Hargrave insists that statements the faculty made concerning the future "trajectory” of his research constitute age discrimination, because older candidates, presumably have a shorter future in which to establish a trajectory. (Plf. Resp. at 33.) That-contention is misguided. Such remarks are not clearly ageist or otherwise discriminatory. See Dominguez-Curry, 424 F.3d at 1038. Therefore, the court concludes that Dr. Hargrave has failed to put forth direct evidence of discrimination,

. Generally, a showing that an employer treated similarly situated employees outside the plaintiffs protected class more favorably is probative of pretext. Vasquez v. Cnty. of L.A., 349 F.3d 634, 641 (9th Cir.2003), as amended. (Jan. 2, 2004). The comparators must be similarly situated "in all material respects.” Moran v. Selig, 447 F.3d 748, 755 (9th Cir.2006). In other words, individuals "are similarly situated when they have similar jobs and display similar conduct.” Vasquez, 349 F.3d at 641. For the purposes of this motion, Defendants do not challenge Dr. Hargrave's contention that the three professors he identified are adequate comparators. (See generally Plf. Mot.)

. Dr. B has since resigned from the University. (Cameron Decl. ¶ 8.)

. The court will, however, consider the evidence Dr. Hargrave .put forth in his dossier showing the number of citations his articles has received up to the date of the tenure review process. {See 2d. Krishnamurthy Decl-. (Dkt. # 53) Exs. A, B;- 2012 Statement.)

. Defendants raise other evidentiary objections to Dr. Hargrave's Google Scholar evidence. (Reply at 2-3.) This evidence takes the form of a declaration by Dr. Hargrave’s attorney, Mr. Gautschi, self-reporting the results he has observed on the Google Scholar website. (Gautschi Decl. at ¶¶ 3-6.) Dr, Har-grave, however, admits he does not know how Google. Scholar counts citations, what publications Google Scholar considers, whether there is any quality assurance program, and why Google Scholar citation counts differ from other citation indexes. (Hargrave Dep. 246:1-248:11.) Because the court does not rely on the Google Scholar evidence for deciding this motion, the court does not address Defendants’ other evidentiary objections.

. In so holding, the court does not rule on the admissibility of the evidence in the form in which it is currently presented for summary judgment. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c)(2).

. See also Okruhlik v. Univ. of Ark., 395 F.3d 872, 879 (8th Cir.2005) ("We ar.e mindful, of the singular nature of academic decision-making, and we lack the expertise to evaluate tenure decisions or to pass on the merits of a candidate’s scholarship.”); Regents of Univ. of Mich. v. Ewing, 474 U.S. 214, 225, 106 S.Ct. 507, 88 L.Ed.2d 523 (1985) ("When judges are asked to review the substance of a genuinely academic decision ... they should show great respect for the faculty’s professional judgment.”); Adams v. Trustees of the Univ. of N.C.-Wilmington, 640 F.3d 550, 557 (4th Cir.2011) ("Unsure how to evaluate the requirements for appointment, reappointment and tenure, and reluctant to interfere with the subjective and scholarly judgments which are involved, the courts have refused to impose their judgment as to whether the aggrieved academician should have been awarded the desired appointment or promotion. Rather, the courts review has been narrowly directed as to whether the appointment or promotion *1100was denied because of a discriminatory reason.”).

. Dr. Hargrave also relies on the fact that he received “meritorious" ratings for teaching and research on some of his annual performance reviews. (Gautschi Decl. Ex. 9 ("Perform Reviews”)). That fact cuts both ways. First, by 2011, Dr. Hargrave received a "non-meritorious” rating for research. (Krishnamurthy Decl. ¶ 3.) Moreover, Drs. Balakrishnan. Shankar, and Krisnamurthy participated in his previous positive reviews. (See Perform. Reviews.) Positive employment decisions, such as performance reviews, made by the same actors who later made adverse employment decision against a plaintiff give rise to a weak inference against bias on the part of those actors. See E.E.O.C. v. Boeing Co., 577 F.3d 1044, 1051-52 (9th Cir.2009).

. Tenure review at the Business School is not a zero-sum game: "During the promotion and tenure review process ..., candidates are not being compared to one another and they are not competing against each other for a finite number of spots.” (Krishnamurthy Decl. ¶ 6.) Therefore, the relevant question is whether Hargrave was clearly entitled to promotion along with — not instead of — his comparators.

. Dr. Hargrave’s complaint that only the "management” faculty fully appreciated his AMR article and work on institutional management theory is misguided: the University tenure system requires every candidate to be judged by the professors superior to them in their department — not just the professors in their ’area 'of specialty. (See Faculty Code § 24-52.) ■

. The deadline to amend pleadings was five months ago. (Sched. Ord. (Dkt. # 19).) Defendants pointed out that Dr. Hargrave had not asserted a sex discrimination claim against the University over a year ago, when they filed their motion to dismiss. (MTD (Dkt. # 14).) Dr. Hargrave has not shown diligence or good cause for failing to amend his complaint. See Johnson v. Mammoth Recreations, Inc., 975 F.2d 604, 608-09 (9th Cir.1992), Accordingly, the court will not permit him to raise a claim for sex discrimination against the University one month before trial. (See Sched. Ord.)

. Dr. Hargrave seeks to offer evidence regarding certain hiring decisions by the Business School that allegedly indicate a bias in favor of Indian professors. Specifically, Dr. *1105Laverty recalls that Drs. Krishnamurthy, Ba-lakrishnan, and Sen championed the hiring of an Indian professor who Dr. Laverty felt was not qualified, and who has since received negative student reviews. (Laverty Decl. ¶ 18.) Second, Dr. Nye reveals that when Dean Krishnamurthy and Dr. Sen supported Dr. C as a lateral hire, they promised that the faculty would have a chance to review his teaching skills before voting on tenure, (Nye Decl. ¶ 14.) Contrary to that promise, Dr. C was excused from teaching during his first two quarters. (Id.) Dr. Nye claims that process was "unprecedented.” (Id.) Since then, Dr. C has received some of the “worst” student evaluations that Dr. Nye has "ever seen." (Id.) Third, Dr. Laverty recalls that, shortly after denying Dr. Hargrave tenure, Dr. Krishnamurthy recruited him to lobby for the immediate hiring of another Indian professor, who had not even been interviewed. - (Id. ¶ 19.) Fourth, Dr. Nye objects to the hiring of Dr. Shankar without a national search to fill the position. (Nye Decl. ¶ 16).
The court, however, does not rely on the hiring evidence in reaching its summary judgment decision. "A trial court can only consider admissible evidence in ruling on a motion for summary judgment.” Orr v. Bank of Am., NT SA, 285 F.3d 764, 773 (9th Cir.2002) (citing Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e)). Defendants’ currently pending motion in limine moves to exclude the hiring evidence under Federal Rule of Evidence 403. (See MILs (Dkt. # 87).) In general, discrimination by an employer against noncomparators can be admissible to show, among other things, intent to discriminate. See, e.g., Sprint/United Mgmt. Co. v. Mendelsohn, 552 U.S. 379, 388, 128 S.Ct. 1140, 170 L.Ed.2d 1 (2008); Lyons v. England, 307 F.3d 1092, 1110-11 (9th Cir.2002). Such evidence, however, is subject to a “fact-intensive, context-specific” inquiry under Rule 403 'to determine whether its probity is outweighed by dnfair prejudice, undue delay, confusion, or wasting time. Sprint/United Mgmt. Co., 552 U.S. at 388, 128 S.Ct. 1140. Accordingly, the Ninth Circuit has upheld the exclusion of evidence regarding the treatment of other employees in situations dissimilar to the plaintiff’s based on the evidence’s tendency to confuse the jury and waste trial time on ancillary issues. See, e.g., Tennison v. Circus Circus Enterprises, Inc., 244 F.3d 684, 690 (9th Cir.2001) (excluding testimony regarding the treatment of other employees because it would result in, a series of “mini-trials” that distracted' from the main issues); Freeman v. Astrue, 405 Fed.Appx. 148, 151-52 (9th Cir.2010) (same).
Here, the hiring evidence has a limited relevance to Dr. Hargrave’s claims of race and national origin discrimination. The record shows that a decision to hire a professor for a three-year term is subject to different criteria, scrutiny, and considerations than a decision to award life tenure. (See Faculty Code §§ 25—51; 25-41; 24-54; Cauce Dep. at 22:21-23:4, 31:18-32:6; Kostrinkey Decl. (Dkt. # 70) ¶¶ 3-4.) Moreover, the hiring decisions do not show discrimination against any professor on the basis of race or national origin. Finally, for each hiring decision, Defendants are entitled to put forth evidence concerning the Indian professor’s and other candidates’ qualifications, the role the professor was recruited to fill, and the relevant University policies; to explain why the decision was unbiased... .(See, e.g., Kostrinkey Decl, ¶¶ 3-4 (explaining that the University waived national searches for the third and fourth candidates pursuant to the "spousal hire” policy); Def. Reply at 10-12'(explaining that the first and fourth candidates were confirmed by such a large majority of the faculty that Defendants’ votes were inconsequential to the outcome); Krishnamurthy Dep. at 121:1-22 (éxplaining that it is standard Business School policy to offer new professors teaching reductions in their first year).) A trial would quickly devolve into a series of "mini-trials” over each hiring decision, which would only serve to distract the jury from the salient issue in- the case (Dr. Hargrave's tenure decision)- and unnecessarily lengthen a trial already subject to a voluminous record (see generally Dkt. (several hundreds of pages of exhibits filed in support of the parties’ motions for summary judgment)).. As such, the court concludes that the limited probity of the hiring evidence is outweighed by its tendency to confuse the issues and cause undue delay. See Fed.R.Evid. 403; Tennison, 244 F.3d at 690. Because this evidence is subject to exclusion at trial, the court declines to rely on it for purposes of the summary judgment motion. See Orr, 285 F.3d at 773.

. (Citing 2011 Letter; 2011 Dean Rec.; 2012 Letter; 2012 Dean Rec.; Laverty Decl. ¶¶ 12-13; Nye Decl, ¶¶ 7-8; 3d Gautschi Decl. (Diet. # 43) Ex. 10 ("Lerum Dep.”) at 18:1-25 (testimony by Campus Council member not mentioning that "promise of attaining a national reputation” was a Business School requirement for tenure); Cameron Dep. at 37:1-45:11 (same); Cauce Dep. at 24:1-25:24; 2011 Council Rec.; 2012 Council Rec.; 2011 Chancellor Letter; 2012 Chancellor Letter).)

. The court notes that Dr. Hargrave’s own statement provided with his 2011-12 dossier did not use the phrase "promise of attaining a national reputation,” and his 2012-13 statement used it only once. (See 3d Gautschi Decl. Ex. 18; 2d Krishnamurthy Decl. Ex. 1.)