Court Opinion

ID: 4181494
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-06-27 22:07:16.485215+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:39:27.118212
License: Public Domain

2017 IL App (1st) 143800
                                                                                 SECOND DIVISION
                                                                                      June 27, 2017

                                               No. 1-14-3800

     THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,                        )       Appeal from the
                                                                 )       Circuit Court of
                                   Plaintiff-Appellee,           )       Cook County.
                                                                 )
     v.                                                          )       Nos.    12 CR 13428
                                                                 )               13 CR 12564
                                                                 )
     JOSEPH GRIFFIN,                                             )       Honorable
                                                                 )       Thaddeus L. Wilson,
                                   Defendant-Appellant.          )       Judge Presiding.

            JUSTICE MASON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
            Presiding Justice Hyman and Justice Pierce concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                                OPINION

¶1          Pursuant to 2014 guilty pleas, defendant Joseph Griffin was convicted of burglary (in

     case No. 13 CR 12564) and unlawful use of a weapon by a felon (in case No. 12 CR 13428) and

     sentenced to concurrent prison terms of six and five years, respectively, with fines and fees.

     More than 30 days after sentencing in both cases, Griffin filed a pro se motion to correct the

     mittimus to reflect a different custody date for purposes of calculating presentence detention

     credit. On appeal from the denial of that motion, Griffin abandoned his claim regarding the date

     he was taken into custody but contends for the first time that certain fines and fees were

     erroneously assessed and that he is entitled to presentencing detention credit against his

     remaining assessments. We find that we may not reach the merits of his claims, since Griffin

     failed to file a motion pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 604(d) (eff. Mar. 8, 2016) within

     30 days of sentencing and, in any event, the trial court’s denial of his motion was not a final and

     appealable order. Accordingly, we dismiss the appeal.
     No. 1-14-3800

¶2          Griffin entered a negotiated guilty plea and was sentenced in case No. 12 CR 13428 on

     April 1, 2014. He entered his negotiated guilty plea and was sentenced in case No. 13 CR 12564

     on April 17. Griffin did not file a motion to withdraw his plea or reconsider his sentence, nor did

     he file a direct appeal in either case. On September 9, Griffin filed a pro se motion to correct the

     mittimus nunc pro tunc in both cases, asserting that the trial court inadvertently calculated his

     presentencing detention credit using an incorrect custody date.

¶3          Finding no mistake, the court denied Griffin’s motion in case No. 12 CR 13428 on

     September 25 and in case No. 13 CR 12564 on October 8. The clerk of the court notified him of

     the rulings in an October 21 letter, and he filed a pro se notice of appeal by mail on November 6.

¶4          As noted, Griffin does not challenge here the trial court’s denial of his motion. Instead, he

     raises several entirely new issues regarding the propriety of the fees and fines that were assessed

     against him. In particular, he claims that under section 110-14 of the Code of Criminal Procedure

     of 1963 (725 ILCS 5/110-14 (West 2014)), which governs presentence custody credit, he is

     entitled to a $5 per diem credit against certain assessments; he also contends that the trial court

     assessed him $15 in fees that are not applicable to his convictions.

¶5          This case is but one of hundreds of criminal appeals involving fines-and-fees issues that

     were overlooked at the trial court level and raised for the first time on appeal. A Westlaw search

     reveals that in 2016 alone, there were 137 cases in this court where a defendant challenged the

     imposition of fines and/or fees, and 83 cases in which a defendant asserted error in the

     application of per diem credit against his fines, all for the first time on appeal. Initially, we

     observe that many of these issues could easily be discovered and resolved at the trial court level

     with more diligent oversight by prosecutors and defense attorneys alike. For instance, one of the

     fines Griffin challenges here is a $5 court system fee that applies only in certain traffic cases

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     No. 1-14-3800

     (725 ILCS 5/5-1101(a) (West 2014))—obviously not something that pertains to his convictions

     for burglary and unlawful use of a weapon by a felon. But apparently nobody noticed this

     mistake below; it was only noticed when Griffin filed this pro se appeal and the State Appellate

     Defender was assigned to the case. This happens all too often and makes the appellate court the

     court of first resort for such issues.

¶6           We are aware of no other context in which an appellant may raise entirely new issues on

     appeal, unrelated to the order or judgment from which appeal is taken, and still obtain review on

     the merits. Yet this is routine in criminal appeals where fines-and-fees issues are raised for the

     first time in this court. In fact, it has become so routine that the parties in this case did not even

     address the question of our jurisdiction until we requested supplemental briefing on the matter.

¶7           The time has come to take a more serious look at this problem, both for the sake of

     preserving proper appellate jurisprudence and for the sake of judicial economy. Copious amounts

     of time, effort, and ink are spent resolving these issues at the appellate level when many of them

     are more appropriately resolved at the trial level through (i) routine review of judgment orders

     after their entry—a task that would take at most minutes—and (ii) cooperation between the

     parties to correct any later-discovered errors by means of agreed orders. See In re Derrico G.,

     2014 IL 114463, ¶ 107 (State’s Attorney has a duty to see that justice is done, not only for the

     public, but also for the defendant); see also People v. Brown, 388 Ill. App. 3d 104, 112 (2009)

     (State concedes that $5 court system fee was imposed in error and should be vacated). We

     encourage both the State’s Attorney and the public defender to review judgment orders upon

     entry to ensure that fines and fees are correctly assessed. We further encourage an open line of

     communication between the public defender’s office and the State’s Attorney’s office, so that

     when defense counsel discovers an obvious clerical error in the imposition of fines and fees, he

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     No. 1-14-3800

     or she can contact the State’s Attorney, and the error can be corrected expeditiously at the trial

     level by means of an agreed order.

¶8           Without oversight and open communication at the trial level, the State Appellate

     Defender frequently brings these questions in the first instance to the appellate court, where the

     justification for addressing them on the merits is, at best, questionable. 1 Before our supreme

     court’s decision in People v. Castleberry, 2015 IL 116916, defendants frequently argued that

     fines-and-fees errors raised for the first time on appeal were reviewable under the void judgment

     rule, which provided that a judgment not conforming to a statutory requirement was void and

     subject to challenge at any time. See, e.g., People v. Breeden, 2014 IL App (4th) 121049, ¶ 56

     (fine was void where it was below the statutory minimum), vacated by No. 118880 (Ill. Jan. 20,

     2016) (supervisory order directing the appellate court to reconsider in light of Castleberry). But

     Castleberry abolished the void judgment rule, reasoning that “whether a circuit court complies

     with a statutory sentencing requirement in a criminal proceeding is irrelevant to the question of

     jurisdiction.” Castleberry, 2015 IL 116916, ¶ 16; see People v. Reed, 2016 IL App (1st) 140498,

     ¶ 13 (“Defendant asserts that his fees are void, and may therefore be challenged at any time

     [citation]. In light of People v. Castleberry [citation], this rule no longer applies.”).

¶9           Nor is the plain error doctrine an appropriate vehicle for review in cases where the

     complained-of error does not stem from failure to provide a fair process for determining the fine

     or fee at issue, but a mere clerical mistake—which encompasses the majority of such cases. Ill.

     S. Ct. R. 615(a) (“Plain errors or defects affecting substantial rights may be noticed although

     they were not brought to the attention of the trial court.” (Emphasis added.)); see People v.

             1
               This is not a criticism of the State Appellate Defender’s office. When its attorneys notice
     unresolved fines-and-fees errors, they do their best to obtain relief for their clients, as they should. But it
     is reflective of the problems within the system as a whole that the State Appellate Defender is so
     frequently the first to raise these errors.
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       No. 1-14-3800

       Taylor, 2016 IL App (1st) 141251, ¶ 28 (where defendant challenged the imposition of two $2

       fees, court stated that it would be “hard-pressed” to consider the assessment an error affecting

       substantial rights, “given the insubstantial nature of the fees assessed”). Thus, in the wake of

       Castleberry and given the "narrow and limited" scope of plain error review (People v. Herron,

       215 Ill. 2d 167, 177 (2005)), it is questionable whether appellate courts may or should address

       contentions of error regarding fines and fees that were never raised in the trial court.

¶ 10          We must consider whether we have jurisdiction to consider the merits of Griffin’s

       contentions regarding his fines and fees. This issue entails a three-step analysis: (1) Did the trial

       court have jurisdiction to reach the merits of Griffin’s motion to correct the mittimus, even

       though the motion was filed more than 30 days after sentencing? (2) If so, is Griffin’s appeal

       from the denial of that motion properly before this court? (3) If so, can Griffin “piggyback” his

       fines-and-fees issues into this appeal, despite his failure to raise them before the trial court? For

       the reasons that follow, we answer the first question in the affirmative but the second question in

       the negative, and therefore, we need not proceed further with our analysis.

¶ 11          Ordinarily, a defendant who pleads guilty has 30 days from the date of sentencing to file

       a motion to withdraw the guilty plea and vacate the judgment or a motion to reconsider sentence.

       Ill. S. Ct. R. 604(d) (eff. Mar. 8, 2016). Griffin filed no such motion. Griffin’s failure to file a

       timely Rule 604(d) motion precludes us from considering his appeal on the merits. As our

       supreme court has explained:

                  “The filing of a Rule 604(d) motion is a condition precedent to an appeal from a

              judgment on a plea of guilty. [Citation.] The discovery that a defendant has failed to file a

              timely Rule 604(d) motion in the circuit court does not deprive the appellate court of

              jurisdiction over a subsequent appeal. [Citation.] As a general rule, however, the failure

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       No. 1-14-3800

              to file a timely Rule 604(d) motion precludes the appellate court from considering the

              appeal on the merits. Where a defendant has failed to file a written motion to withdraw

              his plea of guilty or to reconsider his sentence, the appellate court must dismiss the

              appeal ***.” People v. Flowers, 208 Ill. 2d 291, 300-01 (2003).

       Accordingly, for this reason alone, we would be required to dismiss Griffin’s appeal.

¶ 12          It is well established that a trial court retains jurisdiction to correct clerical errors or

       matters of form at any time after judgment, so as to make the record conform to the actual

       judgment entered by the court. Beck v. Stepp, 144 Ill. 2d 232, 238 (1991), overruled on other

       grounds by Kingbrook, Inc. v. Pupurs, 202 Ill. 2d 24, 30-33 (2002); People v. Nelson, 2016 IL

       App (4th) 140168, ¶ 39. In his September 8 motion, Griffin asserted a clerical error by the trial

       court—the inadvertent use of the wrong custody date—so the trial court had jurisdiction to

       consider his motion notwithstanding his lack of compliance with Rule 604(d). That jurisdiction,

       though, does not automatically extend to this court.

¶ 13          The denial of Griffin’s motion to correct the mittimus is not a final and appealable order

       over which we have jurisdiction. An order is final and appealable if it “ ‘determines the litigation

       on the merits so that, if affirmed, the only thing remaining is to proceed with the execution of the

       judgment.’ ” People v. Vari, 2016 IL App (3d) 140278, ¶ 9 (quoting People ex rel. Scott v.

       Silverstein, 87 Ill. 2d 167, 171 (1981)). In this case, the orders that determined the litigation on

       the merits were the judgments entered against Griffin on April 1 and April 14 pursuant to his

       guilty pleas. In denying Griffin’s September 9 motion, the court found that it committed no

       clerical error in entering those judgments and, therefore, left the original judgments in place. The

       court did not enter any new judgment from which Griffin could appeal.

                                                       -6-
       No. 1-14-3800

¶ 14          In this regard, this case is analogous to People v. Salgado, 353 Ill. App. 3d 101 (2004).

       After Salgado was convicted, he filed a pro se petition for free transcripts of earlier proceedings.

       The circuit court denied his motion, he appealed, and this court dismissed his appeal, finding that

       the denial of the motion was not a final and appealable order. Id. at 106-07. The court reasoned

       that there was no pending litigation or proceedings in the trial court at the time of defendant’s

       motion so denying the motion could not be said to have determined any litigation on its merits.

       Id. at 107. Likewise, there no longer was any pending litigation to resolve when Griffin filed his

       motion to correct the mittimus.

¶ 15          We recognize that a contrary result was reached by the court in People v. White, 357 Ill.

       App. 3d 1070 (2005), but we respectfully disagree with our colleagues’s analysis of the

       jurisdictional issue. The operative facts of White are similar to the present case: defendant pled

       guilty and, after the time for filing a Rule 604(d) motion had passed, moved to correct the

       mittimus to obtain additional credit for presentence incarceration. Id. at 1072. When his motion

       was denied, he appealed, asserting the trial court erred in denying the motion. In considering the

       question of jurisdiction, White first noted, correctly, that the trial court retained jurisdiction to

       rule on defendant’s motion. Id. at 1073. The court then concluded, without any further

       explanation or any citation of law, that it had jurisdiction over the appeal. Id. But it is axiomatic

       that not every denial of a motion gives rise to a right of appeal. See, e.g., Salgado, 353 Ill. App.
3d at 106. Where, as here, a court does not enter or modify a judgment but merely affirms the

       correctness of an existing judgment, there is no new final order from which to appeal. But even if

       we agreed with White's analysis, it would not change the result here since Griffin does not seek

       review of the issue over which the trial court had jurisdiction but instead raises entirely different

       issues never presented to the trial court.

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       No. 1-14-3800

¶ 16          The remainder of the cases cited by Griffin on this issue are inapposite. In People v.

       Whitmore, 313 Ill. App. 3d 117 (2000), defendant filed a Rule 604(d) motion to withdraw his

       guilty plea. When the motion was denied, defendant filed a timely appeal, which this court heard

       on its merits. This situation is readily distinguishable from the present case because Rule 604(d)

       explicitly allows for appeals from the denial of a motion made pursuant to that rule. Ill. S. Ct. R.

       604(d) (eff. Mar. 8, 2016). As noted, Griffin filed no such motion.

¶ 17          In People v. Hockenberry, 316 Ill. App. 3d 752 (2000), defendant was convicted of

       aggravated criminal sexual assault and home invasion in 1989. Ten years later, he moved for

       forensic DNA testing under section 116-3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (725 ILCS

       5/116-3 (West 1998)). He asserted that the DNA testing he sought was not performed by any

       Illinois laboratories in 1989 and would be relevant to his claim of actual innocence.

       Hockenberry, 316 Ill. App. 3d at 754. When the trial court denied his motion, he appealed. The

       Hockenberry court found it had jurisdiction over the appeal, explaining that a section 116-3

       motion gives rise to a “distinct proceeding.” Id. at 755. When the trial court denied defendant’s

       motion, it resolved that distinct proceeding on the merits, thus giving rise to a right to appeal. Id.

¶ 18          By contrast, Griffin’s motion did not involve a distinct proceeding; Griffin merely sought

       to correct an alleged clerical error in the court’s written judgment for a proceeding that ended

       months earlier. And, unlike Griffin, the defendant in Hockenberry directly challenged the ruling

       from which he appealed.

¶ 19          Finally, in People v. Scott, 326 Ill. 327 (1927), defendant was convicted of murder and

       sentenced to death, but he received a stay of execution due to his insanity diagnosis after the

       entry of judgment. Later examinations determined that his sanity had been restored. After a

       hearing, the court entered an order setting a date for defendant's execution, and he appealed.

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       No. 1-14-3800

       Scott found jurisdiction existed to address the appeal, explaining: “The order of the court setting

       the date of the execution, although technically not a judgment, was a final determination of the

       cause.” Id. at 352. This is similar to Hockenberry, in that it involved a proceeding distinct from

       the original judgment—in this case, a hearing on defendant’s mental capacity—that could

       support an appeal independent of that original judgment. And, like Hockenberry, the defendant

       in Scott did not attempt to raise additional issues not presented to the trial court. Thus, we

       respectfully disagree with White, which, in any event, is distinguishable, and find none of the

       cases cited by Griffin determinative of the issue before us.

¶ 20           Griffin next argues that we may reach the merits of this appeal through the doctrine of

       revestment, a doctrine which permits the parties to revest a court with jurisdiction by actively

       participating, without objection, in proceedings that are inconsistent with the merits of the prior

       judgment. People v. Bailey, 2014 IL 115459, ¶ 9 (citing People v. Kaeding, 98 Ill. 2d 237, 241

       (1983)). We need not reach the question of whether the prerequisites for revestment have been

       met in this case, because this court has made clear that revestment does not permit review of a

       defendant’s claim on appeal where defendant pleaded guilty and failed to file a timely Rule

       604(d) motion. People v. Haldorson, 395 Ill. App. 3d 980, 984 (2009). As discussed, even if an

       appellate court has jurisdiction, “the failure to file a timely Rule 604(d) motion precludes the

       appellate court from considering the appeal on the merits.” Flowers, 208 Ill. 2d at 301. Our

       supreme court has never recognized an exception similar to revestment that would permit parties

       to bypass the requirements of Rule 604(d). Haldorson, 395 Ill. App. 3d at 984. Furthermore, the

       appellate court lacks authority to make exceptions to supreme court rules. Id. (citing People v.

       Lyles, 217 Ill. 2d 210, 216 (2005)). Thus, Griffin’s lack of compliance with Rule 604(d) is fatal

       to this appeal.

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       No. 1-14-3800

¶ 21          Also, we reject the premise that parties may “revest” a reviewing court with jurisdiction

       over issues that were never raised in the trial court. An essential element of revestment is the

       participation, without objection, in the later proceedings in the trial court by the party benefited

       by the judgment. Bailey, 2014 IL 115459, ¶ 9. Our jurisdiction on appeal is derivative of the

       jurisdiction of the trial court. See In re Estate of Gagliardo, 391 Ill. App. 3d 343, 349 (2009)

       (“ ‘Where the tribunal below has no jurisdiction an appeal can confer no jurisdiction on the

       reviewing court.’ ” (quoting Citizens Utilities Co. of Illinois v. Pollution Control Board, 265 Ill.

       App. 3d 773, 777 (1994))). Thus, when the trial court has plenary jurisdiction over a case before

       it, so do we, to the extent that we may consider grounds for affirmance supported by the record,

       but not argued by the parties. In re Marriage of Holtorf, 397 Ill. App. 3d 805, 811 (2010)

       (appellate court is not limited by the trial court’s reasoning or by the parties’ arguments but may

       affirm on any basis supported by the record). By the same token, when the trial court’s

       jurisdiction is limited, those limitations carry over to jurisdiction on appeal. Gagliardo, 391 Ill.

       App. 3d at 349 (appellant’s challenge to the trial court’s jurisdiction was necessarily also a

       challenge to the appellate court’s jurisdiction).

¶ 22          Accordingly, unless and until jurisdiction is revested in the trial court over otherwise

       nonappealable issues, we have no jurisdiction. It tortures the concept of a reviewing court’s

       jurisdiction to speak of revestment of jurisdiction on appeal to address issues never presented in

       the first instance to the trial court. In this case, the State agrees to revest this court with

       jurisdiction. But in a case argued the same day, People v. Grigorov, 2017 IL App (1st) 143274,

       another case in which a defendant seeks to address fines and fees issues for the first time on

       appeal from an unrelated order, the State objects to consideration of the issues and so contests

       revestment. See Bailey, 2014 IL 115459, ¶ 9 (revestment requires party benefited by judgment to

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       No. 1-14-3800

       participate without objection). Both cases deal with the rights of criminal defendants, and we

       reject the notion that the State—on a case-by-case basis—dictates the limits of our review and

       may concede our jurisdiction in a case where, in the State’s opinion, it is efficient and fair to do

       so, but reserves the right to contest our jurisdiction when the State unilaterally determines that

       those purposes will not be served. This ad hoc approach invites inconsistent and unprincipled

       results not guided by any reasoned standard. Fundamentally, parties cannot agree to jurisdiction

       on appeal where it would otherwise not exist (see People v. Schram, 283 Ill. App. 3d 1056, 1060

       (1996) (“jurisdiction cannot be waived or stipulated to by the parties”)), and so we find that the

       revestment doctrine does not apply here.

¶ 23          We recognize that there is a line of post-Castleberry cases allowing revestment at the

       appellate level for issues that were not raised below. See, e.g., People v. Buffkin, 2016 IL App

       (2d) 140792, ¶¶ 11-13 (on appeal from the denial of his postconviction petition, defendant could

       raise new claim of error regarding DNA analysis fee where the parties agreed to revest the

       appellate court with jurisdiction); People v. White, 2016 IL App (2d) 140479, ¶ 42 (following

       Buffkin). For the reasons stated above, we disagree with Buffkin and its progeny on this issue. If

       the State is willing to concede error in the imposition of fines and fees, then it is welcome to do

       so—but the proper tribunal to revest with jurisdiction over such issues is the trial court.

¶ 24          Lastly, Griffin argues that, regardless of the foregoing arguments, he may raise his claims

       for monetary per diem credit before this court because the statute states that this credit shall be

       awarded “upon application of the defendant,” with no stated time limit. 725 ILCS 5/110-14

       (West 2014); see People v. Woodard, 175 Ill. 2d 435, 457 (1997) (due to the wording of the

       statute, a defendant may seek section 110-14 credit for the first time on appeal). In particular, he

       argues that the present case is analogous to People v. Caballero, 228 Ill. 2d 79, 82 (2008), in

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       No. 1-14-3800

       which defendant raised the issue of section 110-14 credit for the first time on appeal from the

       denial of his postconviction petition. Caballero held that defendant’s section 110-14 claim was

       not cognizable under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2000));

       nevertheless, since the statute allows an “ ‘application of the defendant’ ” to be made at any time,

       the court proceeded to the merits of defendant’s claim and granted the relief requested.

       Caballero, 228 Ill. 2d at 88, 91.

¶ 25          Caballero is distinguishable because it involved an appeal from a properly filed

       postconviction petition, and it was undisputed that defendant’s appeal was properly before the

       court. Caballero, in essence, stands for the proposition that a defendant may “piggyback” a

       section 110-14 claim onto any properly filed appeal, even if the claim is unrelated to the grounds

       for that appeal. But in this case, this court lacks authority to hear Griffin’s appeal in the first

       instance because the only judgment entered by the trial court is the one from which appeal is

       foreclosed. We decline to extend Caballero to permit appellate review of completely free-

       floating section 110-14 claims in situations where appellate jurisdiction otherwise does not lie.

       As the Flowers court stated, even a claim that may be raised at any time “must be raised in the

       context of a proceeding that is properly pending in the courts. If a court lacks jurisdiction, it

       cannot confer any relief ***. The reason is obvious. Absent jurisdiction, *** [the court’s order]

       would itself be void and of no effect.” Flowers, 208 Ill. 2d at 308.

¶ 26          Our decision does not leave Griffin entirely without recourse. As noted, trial courts retain

       jurisdiction to correct nonsubstantial matters of inadvertence or mistake; thus, to the extent that

       Griffin seeks relief for clerical errors, he may petition the trial court for the relief that he seeks.

       Nelson, 2016 IL App (4th) 140168, ¶ 39. And he may also file a motion pursuant to section 110-

       14 to secure his $5 per diem credit against fines. We express no view as to whether the

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       No. 1-14-3800

       assessments Griffin challenges fall into the category of clerical errors that a trial court retains

       jurisdiction to correct. But because the denial of Griffin’s motion to correct the mittimus was not

       an appealable order under the facts of this case and because Griffin failed to file a motion in

       compliance with Rule 604(d), we must dismiss this appeal.

¶ 27          Appeal dismissed.

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