Court Opinion

ID: 2649505
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-01-16 06:03:15.579547+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:55:39.226423
License: Public Domain

Case: 12-50652       Document: 00512500984         Page: 1      Date Filed: 01/15/2014

           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                                  United States Court of Appeals
                                                                           Fifth Circuit

                                                                       FILED
                                       No. 12-50652                January 15, 2014

                                                                     Lyle W. Cayce
NATIONAL CASUALTY COMPANY                                                 Clerk

                                                  Plaintiff - Appellee
v.

WESTERN WORLD INSURANCE COMPANY

                                                  Defendant - Appellant

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Western District of Texas
                              USDC No. 7:11-CV-91

Before HIGGINBOTHAM, OWEN, and GRAVES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
       National Casualty and Western World both insured an ambulance
company that was named in a personal injury lawsuit. In the present case, each
party seeks a declaratory judgment holding that the other has the sole duty to
indemnify the insured. Additionally, each party seeks to recover the $100,000
it contributed to the settlement of the underlying lawsuit. In ruling on the
summary judgment motions filed by both parties, the district court held that the
injury in the underlying suit did not result from the use of an auto. The district

       *
         Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR.
R. 47.5.4.
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court therefore held that Western World has a duty to indemnify but that
National Casualty has no such duty, and granted judgment in favor of National
Casualty for $100,000. Because we conclude that the injury did result from the
use of an auto, we VACATE the district court’s judgment and REMAND the case
for further proceedings.
                           FACTUAL BACKGROUND
      The following facts are not in dispute. On July 26, 2006, two emergency
medical technicians (“EMTs”) employed by Preferred Ambulance were
attempting to transport Darline Rigsby from a dialysis center to her home by
ambulance. The EMTs placed Rigsby on a rolling gurney and rolled her toward
the ambulance outside. When they arrived at the rear of the ambulance, one of
the EMTs placed the gurney into “load” position and opened at least one of the
ambulance doors. While that EMT had one hand on the gurney and one hand
on an ambulance door, and while the wheels of the gurney were still on the
ground outside the ambulance, the wheels apparently became caught on
something.   The gurney tipped over, dropping Rigsby to the ground and
fracturing her right shoulder. Because of this injury, Rigsby’s dialysis port was
moved from her right arm to her neck. Rigsby died several days later of a
myocardial infarction. On November 14, 2007, Rigsby’s daughter Alma Batie
filed a wrongful death and survival action against Preferred Ambulance in Texas
state court. Batie alleged negligence on the part of Preferred Ambulance and its
employees, and alleged that Rigsby’s death was proximately caused by the
change in her dialysis port.
      At the time of the accident, Preferred Ambulance was covered by
insurance policies issued by National Casualty and Western World.           The
National Casualty policy covered “all sums an insured must pay as damages
because of ‘bodily injury’ . . . to which this insurance applies, caused by an
‘accident’ and resulting from the ownership, maintenance or use of a covered

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‘auto.’” The National Casualty policy also contained an exclusion for bodily
injuries “resulting from the providing or the failure to provide any medical or
other professional services.” The Western World policy covered “those sums the
insured becomes legally obligated to pay as damages because of any ‘bodily
injury” . . . to which this insurance applies caused by a ‘professional incident.’”
The Western World policy also contained an exclusion for “bodily injury . . .
arising out of the . . . use . . . of any . . . ‘auto.’” Additionally, the Western World
policy provided that it would be excess over “any of the other insurance, whether
primary, excess, contingent or on any other basis . . . if the loss arises out of the
maintenance or use of . . . ‘autos’ . . . to the extent not subject” to the exclusion.
                           PROCEDURAL HISTORY
      National Casualty sued Preferred Ambulance, Western World, and Batie
in federal court, seeking a declaration that it had no duty to defend or indemnify
Preferred Ambulance in the underlying state court suit. The district court held
that both National Casualty and Western World had a duty to defend the
underlying suit, but found the indemnification issue to be unripe for
adjudication. Both insurers appealed, and a panel of this court affirmed in a
published opinion. See National Cas. Co. v. Western World Ins. Co., 669 F.3d 608
(5th Cir. 2012).
      The panel explained:
      The issue here is whether Rigsby’s injury resulted from the “use” of
      an automobile, as that phrase is used in the National Casualty
      policy and interpreted under Texas law. The underlying suit alleged
      that Rigsby was injured “during an attempt to load her into the
      Preferred Ambulance vehicle.” The complaint does not allege
      exactly when in the process of loading Rigsby into the ambulance
      her injury occurred. Since the duty to defend extends to any
      allegation that could conceivably be covered by the policy, . . . we
      interpret the allegation in the underlying complaint to mean that
      Rigsby was injured while she was being placed into the ambulance,
      which is the interpretation most favorable to coverage.

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National Casualty, 669 F.3d at 613 (footnote omitted). The panel held that
under Texas law, an injury relates to the “use” of an automobile if (1) the
accident arose out of the inherent nature of the automobile, as such; (2) the
accident arose within the natural territorial limits of the automobile and the
actual use had not terminated; and (3) the automobile did not merely contribute
to cause the condition that produced the injury, but itself produced the injury.
Id. (citing Mid-Continent Cas. Co. v. Global Enercom Mgmt., Inc., 323 S.W.3d
151, 154 (Tex. 2010)).
      The parties did not dispute that the first two conditions were satisfied.
Rather, National Casualty argued only that if a person is injured while being
loaded into an ambulance, the ambulance itself does not “produce” the injury.
The panel relied heavily upon Mid-Century Insurance Co. v. Lindsey, 997 S.W.2d
153 (Tex. 1999), in which a boy tried to enter a locked truck through the cab’s
back window and accidentally fired a loaded shotgun in a gun rack over the
window, injuring a person in another car. The panel quoted the following
passage from Lindsey:
      [The boy’s] sole purpose was to gain entry into the truck to retrieve
      his clothing. His conduct did not stray from that purpose. He did
      not play with the gun, or try to shoot it, or load or unload it, or
      purposely handle it in any way. His contact with the gun was
      entirely inadvertent. Although the boy was attempting an
      unorthodox method of entry, it was not an unexpected or unnatural
      use of the vehicle, given his size, the fact that the vehicle was
      locked, and the nature of boys. It was the boy’s efforts to enter the
      vehicle that directly caused the gun to discharge and Lindsey to
      become injured . . . . Application of the third Appleman/Couch factor
      makes this a close case, but we think on balance the . . . truck
      “produced”—to use the factor’s word—the injury. Certainly, the
      truck was not merely the situs of activity, unrelated to any use of
      the truck that resulted in the accident.
National Casualty, 669 F.3d at 613-14 (quoting Lindsey, 997 S.W.2d at 158-59).
The panel stated that, as in Lindsey, “the ‘sole purpose’ of the alleged attempt

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to place Rigsby in the ambulance was to use the ambulance”; “[t]he alleged
attempt to load her into the ambulance ‘directly caused’ her injury”; and
“[a]ttempting to load a patient onto an ambulance is ‘not an unexpected or
unnatural use of the vehicle.’” Id. at 614. The panel concluded that “[i]f the
truck in Lindsey ‘produced’ an injury when an entering passenger accidentally
discharged a gun located in that truck, an ambulance ‘produces’ an injury when
an EMT loads a passenger into that ambulance.” Id.
      The panel also distinguished Lancer Insurance Co. v. Garcia Holiday
Tours, 345 S.W.3d 50 (Tex. 2011), in which a bus driver’s transmission of
tuberculosis to passengers was held to not be caused by “use” of the bus.
National Casualty, 669 F.3d at 614. The panel explained that “[w]hereas there
is little nexus between transporting passengers in a vehicle and infecting
passengers in that vehicle with disease, there is a significant nexus between
transporting passengers in a vehicle and loading them into that vehicle.” Id.
The panel stated that because “transmission of disease can occur anywhere,” it
was “incidental” that it happened on a bus in a particular instance. Id. The
panel stated that “[c]onversely, loading passengers into automobiles is integral
to the use of automobiles. Injuries that occur while patients are loaded into
ambulances can happen only in ambulances.” Id.
      However, the panel held that Western World’s duty to defend was not
negated by the “use of an auto” exclusion in its policy. The panel explained:
      Here, the underlying complaint alleges injuries that are covered
      under Western World’s policy as “ambulance services” but are not
      excluded as resulting from the “use” of an automobile. For instance,
      the underlying complaint alleges that Preferred Ambulance’s
      employees failed to properly secure Rigsby to the gurney. The
      performance of this task is regulated by Texas law . . . and is an
      integral component of “ambulance services.” Accordingly, the
      allegation falls under Western World’s “ambulance services”
      coverage provision and triggers Western World’s duty to defend the
      underlying lawsuit.

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      That duty to defend is not negated by Western World’s exclusionary
      provision because injuries resulting from the failure of Preferred
      Ambulance to secure Batie into the gurney do not arise from “use”
      of an automobile. Such injuries are not excluded by the Western
      World policy because they do not result from the “loading or
      unloading” of property or “operation” of the ambulance. The failure
      to secure Batie in the gurney occurred before Preferred Ambulance’s
      employees even began to move her towards the ambulance, so the
      conduct causing this alleged injury does not arise out of the
      “operation” of the ambulance.
National Casualty, 669 F.3d at 616-17 (footnote omitted). The panel also cited
St. Paul Fire and Marine Insurance Co. v. American International Surplus Lines
Insurance Co., 1997 WL 160192 (N.D. Tex. Mar. 31, 1997), describing it as
holding that the “‘use’ provision in [an] insurance policy is triggered only when
[the] ambulance is being operated or [the] patient is ‘actually being placed in or
removed from the ambulance.’” Id. at 617 (quoting St. Paul, 1997 WL 160192
at *2).
      Finally, the panel held that National Casualty’s duty to defend was not
negated by the “professional services” exclusion in its policy. The panel held that
“because the underlying complaint alleges that [Rigsby’s] injury was caused in
part by conduct that did not constitute the provision of ‘professional services,’
National Casualty’s professional services exclusion does not limit its duty to
defend.”   National Casualty, 669 F.3d at 615.         In the absence of a policy
definition of “professional services,” the panel employed the following definition:
“[T]he task must arise out of acts particular to the individual’s specialized
vocation, [and] . . . it must be necessary for the professional to use his specialized
knowledge or training.” Id. (quoting Admiral Ins. Co. v. Ford, 607 F.3d 420, 423
(5th Cir. 2010)). The panel noted that the underlying complaint alleged “a
failure to direct appropriate resources to the accident scene,” and held that this

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was an allegation of “an injury resulting from the performance of an
‘administrative’ task, not ‘professional services.’” Id. at 616.1
       The parties subsequently settled the underlying suit, with National
Casualty and Western World each contributing $100,000. National Casualty
then sued Western World once again in federal court, seeking a declaration that
it had no duty to indemnify Preferred Ambulance in the underlying suit and
recovery of the $100,000 it contributed toward the settlement. Western World
counterclaimed, seeking a declaration that National Casualty had a duty to
indemnify and Western World did not, or, alternately, that Western World’s
coverage was excess over National Casualty’s primary coverage. In either event,
Western World sought to recover the $100,000 it contributed toward the
settlement.
       Both parties moved for summary judgment.                   Because the dispute
concerned the duty to indemnify rather than the duty to defend, the district
court looked to the actual facts of the underlying incident rather than the
pleadings in the state court case. See GuideOne Elite Ins. Co. v. Fielder Road
Baptist Church, 197 S.W.3d 305, 310 (Tex. 2006). The district court held that
“[t]he acts of providing emergency medical care and of carrying a person from
some location to an ambulance are . . . a necessary incident to the operation of
an ambulance service, but are not fairly described as the use of an ambulance.”
R. 304. The district court apparently distinguished this court’s prior holding in
the duty to defend case on the grounds that “the EMTs were not actually
‘placing’ Rigsby into the ambulance at the time the stretcher tipped; they were
merely in the process of ferrying Rigsby from the dialysis center to the

       1
        On the other hand, the panel remarked that “the provision of emergency medical care,
in which, under Texas law, all EMTs must be ‘certified’ as ‘proficient,” see Tex. Health &
Safety Code Ann. §§ 773.047, 773.048, 773.049, does constitute ‘professional services.’”
National Casualty, 669 F.3d at 615 n.3.

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ambulance.” Id. Accordingly, the district court held that National Casualty had
no duty to indemnify. For the same reason, the district court held that the “use
of an auto” exclusion in the Western World policy did not apply. Finally, the
district court held that “[b]ecause National Casualty has a contractual-
subrogation right and does not have a duty to indemnify its insured, it is entitled
to reimbursement by Western World.” R. 309. Western World appealed.
                                 DISCUSSION
      As explained above, the coverage provision in the National Casualty policy
and an exclusion in the Western World policy both refer to “use” of an auto. In
the earlier appeal dealing with the duty to defend, the panel assumed that
Rigsby was injured “while she was being placed into the ambulance,” and held
that such an injury resulted from the “use” of an automobile. National Casualty,
669 F.3d at 613-14. Because this earlier opinion is controlling, we are bound to
conclude that Rigsby’s injury resulted from the use of an auto if we determine
that she was injured “while she was being placed into the ambulance.”
      We disagree with the district court’s conclusion that Rigsby was injured
while being transported to the ambulance from the dialysis center. Instead, we
conclude, based on the plain meaning of the words, that the injury occurred
while Rigsby was being placed into the ambulance. The undisputed facts show
that the EMTs had reached the ambulance, had placed the gurney into its “load”
position, and had opened at least one of the ambulance doors at the time of the
injury. It is true, as National Casualty argues, that “[t]he gurney was not
touching the ambulance or the doors of the ambulance when the incident
occurred.” Red Brief at 4. However, one of the EMTs was touching both the
gurney and the ambulance, and had clearly begun the process of placing Rigsby
into the ambulance. Accordingly, we hold that Rigsby’s injury resulted from the
use of an auto.

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       Western World argues that because Rigsby’s injury resulted from the use
of an auto, its policy exclusion for “bodily injury . . . arising out of the . . . use .
. . of any . . . ‘auto’” bars coverage, and that the district court therefore erred in
finding this exclusion to be inapplicable. Because the district court found the
exclusion inapplicable on the ground that Rigsby’s injury did not result from the
use of an auto, its determination must be reversed. However, Western World
has not shown that it is entitled to summary judgment in its favor on this issue.
The earlier panel held that “the underlying complaint alleges injuries that are
covered under Western World’s policy as ‘ambulance services’ but are not
excluded as resulting from the ‘use’ of an automobile.” National Casualty, 669
F.3d at 616. Specifically, the panel noted that “the underlying complaint alleges
that Preferred Ambulance’s employees failed to properly secure Rigsby to the
gurney,” and held that “injuries resulting from the failure of Preferred
Ambulance to secure Batie into the gurney do not arise from ‘use’ of an
automobile.”2 Id. at 616-17. Based on the law of the case, if the EMTs in fact
failed to properly secure Rigsby to the gurney before they began to move her
toward the ambulance, and if Rigsby’s injury resulted from this failure, Western
World’s auto exclusion is inapplicable. Although we have located no evidence in
the record on this issue, neither party has addressed whether any such evidence
exists. Accordingly, we decline to resolve this issue in Western World’s favor,
and leave it to the consideration of the district court on remand.
                                     CONCLUSION
       Because the district court did not address the “professional services”
exclusion in the National Casualty policy, we decline to address it in the first

       2
        As noted above, the panel explained that “[t]he [alleged] failure to secure Batie into
the gurney occurred before Preferred Ambulance’s employees even began to move her towards
the ambulance, so the conduct causing this injury does not arise out of the ‘operation’ of the
ambulance.” National Casualty, 669 F.3d at 617.

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instance on appeal. Instead, expressing no opinion on the ultimate question of
indemnity under either policy, we VACATE the judgment of the district court
and REMAND the case for further proceedings consistent with our holding as
to use of an auto.

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                                 No. 12-50652

OWEN, Circuit Judge, dissenting:
      The district court issued a well-reasoned and thorough order stating its
reasons for granting summary judgment in favor of National Casualty Company
(National) and denying the motion for summary judgment sought by Western
World Insurance Company (Western World). The district court correctly applied
Texas law, and I would affirm. The district court held that there was no “use”
of an automobile when Darline Rigsby was dropped from a gurney just before
emergency medical technicians (EMTs) were about to place her into an
ambulance. I respectfully dissent.
                                       I
      Preferred Ambulance, Inc., the insured, was to transport Darline Rigsby
from a dialysis center, where she had just received treatment, to her home. The
gurney on which Preferred Ambulance employees placed Rigsby tipped before
she was loaded into the ambulance, and Rigsby was dropped onto the ground.
Her death days later was allegedly due to complications arising as a consequence
of this accident.
      Preferred Ambulance was insured by two policies, a commercial
automobile policy issued by National and a commercial general liability policy
issued by Western World that provides professional liability insurance coverage
for an act or omission in the rendition of professional services, including
specifically “Ambulance Service.” A suit was brought by Rigsby’s family against
Preferred Ambulance, and that suit was ultimately settled when National and
Western each paid $100,000. In competing motions for summary judgment,
Western World sought to recover from National the $100,000 it had paid in

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settlement, and conversely, National sought to recover from Western World the
$100,000 it had paid.
      This is not the first time that the dispute between the two insurance
companies as to their respective rights and obligations as a result of Darline
Rigsby’s injuries and death has come before our court.1 While the underlying
suit by Rigsby’s family against Preferred Ambulance was pending, National sued
Western World in the United States District Court for the Southern District of
Texas.2 The district court in that case held that both insurers had the duty to
defend Preferred Ambulance but that the insurers’ respective indemnification
obligations were not justiciable at that time.3 Our court affirmed on appeal.4
The holdings in the prior appeal, to which I will refer as National I, are the law
of the case, in some respects, for purposes of the present appeal that Western
World has pursued. In National I, the legal consequences of the facts that were
pled in the Rigsby family’s suit against Preferred Ambulance were under
consideration. In the present case, the legal consequences of the evidence
actually adduced, as opposed to pleadings, are to be determined, since there is
record evidence from the underlying lawsuit as to Preferred Ambulance’s role in
causing, and responsibility for, Rigsby’s injuries.

      1
          Nat’l Cas. Co. v. Western World Ins. Co., 669 F.3d 608 (5th Cir. 2012).
      2
          Id. at 612.
      3
          Id.
      4
          Id. at 611.

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      Based on the record evidence, the district court held that National was
entitled to summary judgment and to recover $100,000 from Western World.
The district court denied Western World’s cross-motion for summary judgment.
                                       II
      A dispositive issue is whether a “use” of an automobile occurred within the
meaning of National’s policy. The district court held that no “use” occurred, and
Western World challenges that holding on appeal.
      National’s Business Auto Coverage policy provides coverage for:
      all sums an insured must pay as damages because of “bodily injury”
      . . . to which this insurance applies, caused by an “accident” and
      resulting from the ownership, maintenance or use of a covered
      “auto.”
      The district court properly applied the law of the case established in
National I as to what would constitute “use” of an automobile. The district court
carefully considered all of the evidence, as distinguished from the pleadings,
observing:
      The facts of record in the Underlying Lawsuit are the following. Evora
      and Regalado, Preferred Ambulance employees, were moving Rigsby from
      the dialysis center to load her into the ambulance. Evora Dep. 37:23-24.
      As they were proceeding to the ambulance, it began to rain. Id. at 38:4-7.
      Evora then placed the stretcher into the load position (the wheels,
      however, remained touching the ground) and turned to open the rear doors
      of the ambulance with his right hand. Evora Dep. 45 :2-14; Regalado Dep.
      82:5-14, 91: 17-93:24. Evora had opened one door with his right hand and
      had his left hand on the stretcher, when there was an abrupt stop and the
      stretcher tilted over dropping Rigsby. Evora Dep. 55:13-25; Regalado Dep.
      82:5-12, 92:12-17. Regalado testified the stretcher "just caught something
      and started tipping over." Regalado Dep. 80:6-7. Evora testified he
      examined the stretcher after the accident and there was nothing wrong

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         with it. As such, Evora stated he did not know what caused the stretcher
         to tip over. Evora Dep. 63:4-18.5
         The district court concluded that “[t]he summary judgment record clearly
shows the EMTs were not actually ‘placing’ Rigsby into the ambulance at the
time the stretcher tipped; they were merely in the process of ferrying Rigsby
from the dialysis center to the ambulance. Additionally, as National indicates,
their policy does not include a loading and unloading clause.”6
         The panel majority’s opinion relies on four undisputed facts in reversing
the district court’s conclusion that Rigsby was not being placed into the
ambulance at the time she was dropped from the gurney.7 These facts are that
the EMTs “had reached the ambulance, had placed the gurney into its ‘load’
position, and had opened at least one of the ambulance doors”; furthermore, “one
of the EMTs was touching both the gurney and the ambulance.”8 But each of
these actions was a preparatory step that occurred before the patient was loaded
into the ambulance. To be sure, these facts suggest that the EMTs were about
to attempt to place Rigsby into the ambulance. However, there is a line between
preparation for attempting to load a patient and actually attempting to load a
patient that must be drawn. Preparing to place Rigsby into the ambulance is not
the equivalent of her “being placed into the ambulance.”9 We said in National I

         5
             Nat’l Cas. Co. v. W. World Ins. Co., No. 7:11-CV-91, slip op. at 8 (W.D. Tex. June 5,
2012).
         6
             Id. at 8-9.
         7
             Ante at 8.
         8
             Ante at 8.
         9
             National I, 669 F.3d at 613.

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that “[i]njuries that occur while patients are loaded into ambulances can happen
only in ambulances.”10 Rigsby’s injury did not occur while she was loaded into
the ambulance. She was not in the ambulance, nor was the gurney in motion
towards the opening of the ambulance. The gurney’s legs were on the ground
when the gurney began to tilt and Rigsby was dropped.
      From the testimony, the EMTs were not placing Rigsby into the
ambulance when it tilted. The EMTs had not begun lifting the gurney or moving
it into the ambulance; given Evora’s description of the accident, they had not
gotten the gurney into a position from which they could begin to lift it. Evora
had placed the gurney into the “load position,” which makes it easier to lift the
gurney before placing it into the ambulance, but it does not entail any actual
lifting or placement. Nor does the load position attach the gurney to the
ambulance or in any way prevent the gurney from moving. The undisputed
evidence is that the gurney began to move laterally and tipped over before the
EMTs had made any movement to place the gurney into the ambulance.
Although the two EMTs may have been in the last steps of preparing the gurney
to be loaded, they were not actually loading or attempting to load it.
      The distinction between preparation and action is more consistent with the
three-part test outlined in Mid-Century Insurance Co. v. Lindsey.11 As noted by
the panel’s majority opinion, the third element of the Lindsey test requires that
the “use” of the auto be causally connected with the injury such that the use
actually produces the injury.12           Preparing a gurney to be loaded onto an

      10
           Id. at 614.
      11
           997 S.W.2d 153 (Tex. 1999).
      12
           Lindsey, 997 S.W.2d at 157.

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ambulance does not entail “use” of the ambulance sufficient to create this causal
connection. The ambulance is merely incidental to the preparation.13
       Western World’s policy excluded coverage for injury “arising out of the
ownership, maintenance, use or entrustment to others of any . . . ‘auto’ . . . owned
or operated by or rented or loaned to any insured.” Western World’s policy
defined “use” to include “loading and unloading” and defined the latter terms as
follows:
       “Loading or unloading” means the handling of property:
       a.     After it is moved from the place where it is accepted for
              movement into or onto an aircraft, watercraft or “auto”;
       b.     While it is in or on an aircraft, watercraft or “auto”; or
       c.     While it is being moved from an aircraft, watercraft or “auto’
              to the place where it is finally delivered;
              but “loading or unloading” does not include movement of
       property by means of a mechanical device, other than a hand truck,
       that is not attached to the aircraft, watercraft or “auto.”

       As the district court noted, Western World did not contend in that court
that the “loading or unloading” clause applied. Western World argued only that
there had been a “use” of an “auto” with respect to Rigsby’s injuries. The district
observed in a footnote that Rigsby was not property, in any event.
       For all of the reasons considered above, I agree with the district court’s
conclusion that Rigsby’s injuries were not produced by “use” of the ambulance
within the meaning of either National’s or Western World’s respective policies.
                                          *****

       13
         Cf. Lancer Ins. Co. v. Garcia Holiday Tours, 345 S.W.3d 50, 56-57 (Tex. 2011) (“When
the vehicle is merely the ‘situs of an incident that could have occurred anywhere,’ the causal
connection to the vehicle’s use is typically too remote to invoke coverage.” (quoting Lindsey,
997 S.W.2d at 158)).

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   Case: 12-50652      Document: 00512500984     Page: 17   Date Filed: 01/15/2014

                                  No. 12-50652

         For the foregoing reasons, I would affirm the judgment of the district
court.

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