Court Opinion

ID: 893525
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-06-05 18:57:01.744733+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:14:55.491631
License: Public Domain

1   This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please
 2   see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions.
 3   Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated
 4   errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does
 5   not include the filing date.
 6   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

 7 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,

 8          Plaintiff-Appellee,

 9 v.                                                                                   NO. 28,699

10 FREDDIE M. MONTANO,

11          Defendant-Appellant.

12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF CHAVES COUNTY
13 Ralph D. Shamas, District Judge

14 Gary K. King, Attorney General
15 Daniel F. Haft, Assistant Attorney General
16 Santa Fe, NM

17 for Appellee

18 Jacqueline L. Cooper, Acting Chief Public Defender
19 Eleanor Brogan, Assistant Appellate Defender
20 Santa Fe, NM

21 for Appellant

22                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

23 VANZI, Judge.
 1        Following a fight over a parking spot, Defendant was charged with aggravated

 2 battery, aggravated assault with a firearm, retaliation against a witness, and two counts

 3 of child abuse. A jury found him guilty of all the charges except aggravated assault

 4 with a firearm, of which he was acquitted. Defendant now appeals, raising issues

 5 related to the sufficiency of the evidence, double jeopardy, and failure to properly

 6 instruct the jury on the elements of retaliation against a witness. Defendant also

 7 claims that the district court abused its discretion by allowing rebuttal expert witness

 8 testimony concerning polygraphs. We conclude Defendant’s two convictions for

 9 child abuse violate the prohibition against double jeopardy, and we therefore remand

10 with instructions to vacate one of those convictions. We affirm on all remaining

11 issues.

12        The factual and procedural background is familiar to the parties, and because

13 this is a memorandum opinion, we do not provide a detailed background section. We

14 provide details as necessary to our discussion of each issue raised by Defendant.

15 DISCUSSION

16 Defendant’s Convictions Are Supported by Substantial Evidence

17        “In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we must view the evidence in the

18 light most favorable to the guilty verdict, indulging all reasonable inferences and

19 resolving all conflicts in the evidence in favor of the verdict.” State v. Cunningham,

                                               2
 1 2000-NMSC-009, ¶ 26, 128 N.M. 711, 998 P.2d 176. This review “requires analysis

 2 of whether direct or circumstantial substantial evidence exists and supports a verdict

 3 of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt with respect to every element essential for

 4 conviction. We determine whether a rational fact[]finder could have found that each

 5 element of the crime was established beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Kent,

 6 2006-NMCA-134, ¶ 10, 140 N.M. 606, 145 P.3d 86 (citations omitted). Substantial

 7 evidence is “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to

 8 support a conclusion[.]” State v. Salgado, 1999-NMSC-008, ¶ 25, 126 N.M. 691, 974

 9 P.2d 661 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). We do not “weigh the

10 evidence or substitute [our] judgment for that of the fact finder as long as there is

11 sufficient evidence to support the verdict.” State v. Mora, 1997-NMSC-060, ¶ 27, 124

12 N.M. 346, 950 P.2d 789, abrogated on other grounds as recognized by Kersey v.

13 Hatch, 2010-NMSC-020, 148 N.M. 381, 237 P.3d 683. Finally, we note that “[j]ury

14 instructions become the law of the case against which the sufficiency of the evidence

15 is to be measured.” State v. Smith, 104 N.M. 729, 730, 726 P.2d 883, 884 (Ct. App.

16 1986).       Defendant argues that his convictions for two counts of child abuse by

17 endangerment, retaliation against a witness, and aggravated battery against Jose Luis

18 Gonzales are not supported by substantial evidence and must be reversed. We are not

19 persuaded, and we address each of Defendant’s arguments in turn.

                                             3
 1 Child Abuse by Endangerment

 2        Defendant first argues that his two convictions for child abuse by endangerment

 3 must be reversed because there was no risk of harm created by his conduct. In this

 4 case, Defendant was charged with “knowingly, intentionally or negligently, and

 5 without justifiable cause, causing or permitting a child to be . . . placed in a situation

 6 that may endanger the child’s life or health[.]” NMSA 1978, § 30-6-1(D)(1) (2005)

 7 (amended 2009). The jury was instructed, in relevant part, that the State had to prove

 8 the following beyond a reasonable doubt:

 9              1.     [Defendant] caused Jose Luis Gonzales, Jr. [and Mayelli
10        Gonzales] to be placed in a situation which endangered the life or health
11        of Jose Luis Gonzales, Jr. [and Mayelli Gonzales];

12               2.     [D]efendant acted intentionally;

13              3.     Jose Luis Gonzales, Jr. [and Mayelli Gonzales were] under
14        the age of 18;

15             4.    This happened in New Mexico on or about the 6th day of
16        March, 2007.

17        Thus, to convict under the theory of child abuse by endangerment, the State was

18 required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt each of the elements above. Proof of

19 child endangerment is sufficient for a conviction if there is a “reasonable probability

20 or possibility that the child will be endangered.” State v. Chavez, 2009-NMSC-035,

21 ¶ 16, 146 N.M. 434, 211 P.3d 891 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). We

                                               4
 1 have said that child abuse can also be found when the conduct creates indirect danger

 2 to a child. See State v. Castañeda, 2001-NMCA-052, ¶ 22, 130 N.M. 679, 30 P.3d
3 368 (child abuse conviction upheld where intoxicated mother drove recklessly on

 4 wrong side of the road while her children were unrestrained in the car, thereby

 5 exposing them to the possibility of danger).

 6        In this case, Monica Gonzales testified that Defendant, who had been hiding in

 7 her bedroom closet, crawled out, pointed a gun at her and told her that if she said

 8 anything he would kill her and her two children. Gonzales had put herself between

 9 Defendant and her children who were hiding under a crib about six feet away from

10 Defendant. Gonzales testified that she was afraid that she could get shot or that her

11 children could get hurt.

12        At the close of trial, along with the element instructions discussed above, the

13 jury was given a verdict form for each count of child abuse. The jury found

14 Defendant guilty on both counts. In addition, the jury was given a separate special

15 verdict form for each count which asked, “Do you unanimously find beyond a

16 reasonable doubt that a firearm was used in the commission of child abuse as charged

17 in Count 2 [and Count 3]?” The jury answered “No” on each of these special verdict

18 forms. It is on the basis of the jury’s response to the questions on the special verdict

19 that Defendant contends that the State failed to present evidence that he placed the two

                                              5
 1 children in the direct line of physical danger. Defendant concedes that if the jury

 2 found that he pointed a gun at Gonzales and her children, his conduct would provide

 3 a sufficient basis to uphold a child abuse by endangerment conviction. He argues,

 4 however, that because the jury here specifically found that he did not use a gun in the

 5 commission of the child abuse case, the State necessarily failed to prove all the

 6 elements of child abuse by endangerment beyond a reasonable doubt. For the reasons

 7 that follow, we are not persuaded.

 8        Even if the jury’s finding on the special verdict form that a firearm was not used

 9 in the commission of child abuse was inconsistent with its finding of guilt on the child

10 abuse charges, as we have previously said, we review the verdict of conviction and not

11 that of the acquittal. See State v. Leyba, 80 N.M. 190, 195, 453 P.2d 211, 216 (Ct.

12 Ohio App. 1969) (noting that “we may only speculate as to why the jury acquitted [the]

13 defendant” of one of the charges against him and that this Court’s “business is to

14 review the verdict of conviction”); see also Chavez, 2009-NMSC-035, ¶ 44 (the fact

15 that the defendant was acquitted of child abuse resulting in death did not alter the

16 analysis for determining whether substantial evidence existed to support his

17 conviction for child abuse by endangerment); State v. Ruiz, 119 N.M. 515, 521-22,

18 892 P.2d 962, 968-69 (Ct. App. 1995) (where jury convicts on one of two alternative

19 counts and acquits on the other, the court reviews only the conviction and not the

                                              6
 1 acquittal); State v. Fernandez, 117 N.M. 673, 680, 875 P.2d 1104, 1111 (Ct. App.

 2 1994) (even if acquittal on DWI charge was irreconcilable with conviction for

 3 intimidating a witness, the court only determines whether there is ample evidence to

 4 support the conviction); State v. Brown, 113 N.M. 631, 634, 830 P.2d 183, 186 (Ct.

 5 Ohio App. 1992) (noting also that acquittal, though irreconcilable with conviction on a

 6 different count, does not require conviction to be set aside). The question we address,

 7 therefore, is whether there was sufficient evidence for a rational jury to find each

 8 element of the crime of child abuse beyond a reasonable doubt. See Kent, 2006-

 9 NMCA-134, ¶10 (“Substantial evidence review requires analysis of whether direct or

10 circumstantial substantial evidence exists and supports a verdict of guilt beyond a

11 reasonable doubt with respect to every element essential for conviction.”). As we

12 have noted, in this case, Gonzales testified that Defendant pointed a gun at her and

13 told her that if she said anything he would kill her and her two children, and

14 Defendant concedes that this is sufficient to constitute child abuse.

15        We observe that another jury instruction in this case may be relevant to our

16 analysis on this issue. At the close of trial, in addition to the two counts of child

17 abuse, the jury was instructed on aggravated assault on Gonzales by use of a deadly

18 weapon. One of the five elements of that instruction required the jury to find beyond

19 a reasonable doubt that “[D]efendant used a handgun[.]” The instruction for child

                                              7
 1 abuse by endangerment had no such requirement. Nevertheless, the parties submitted

 2 special verdicts asking if the jury found that a firearm was used in the commission of

 3 aggravated assault as well as for each of the child abuse charges. It appears from our

 4 review of the record that the jury may have been confused by the instructions and

 5 these separate special verdict forms. During deliberations, the jury sent out a question

 6 asking why they had been given the special interrogatory with respect to the

 7 aggravated assault charge. The district court believed that the jury was confused and

 8 told counsel, “My reaction is that they can disregard the interrogatory.” The State

 9 responded that the special verdict was added so that it could ask for an extra year of

10 penalty if the jury found that Defendant did use a handgun, but he agreed that the

11 special verdict did not “make much sense to [him] either.” The court then brought the

12 jury in, and with agreement of counsel, told the jury that it had to find that the State

13 had proved each element in the aggravated assault instruction and then said, “you still

14 have to fill out that special interrogatory.” Ultimately, the jury found Defendant not

15 guilty of aggravated assault by use of a deadly weapon. The jury in this case may

16 have decided that the State did not prove another of the aggravated assault elements

17 beyond a reasonable doubt and, therefore, had to necessarily find that a firearm was

18 not used on the special verdict form pursuant to the district court’s instruction. And

19 the jury may have determined that it had to answer “No” on the special verdict forms

                                              8
 1 for child abuse in order to be consistent with the aggravated assault instruction.

 2 Alternatively, the jury may have concluded that Defendant used another weapon in

 3 the commission of the crime. Regardless, Defendant’s guilt of child abuse may have

 4 been plain, and the jury may have decided to answer the special verdict forms in the

 5 negative for any number of reasons. There was sufficient evidence that Defendant

 6 placed the two children “in a situation which endangered [their] life or health.”

 7 Retaliation Against a Witness

 8        Defendant next contends that there was insufficient evidence to convict him of

 9 retaliation against a witness because Gonzales was unable to identify him as the

10 person who threatened her. Specifically, Defendant argues that Gonzales testified that

11 the two men from the previous day’s fight—Defendant and his twin brother,

12 Victor—stopped at her screen door. One man apologized to her, and the other asked

13 why he was apologizing and said that he was going to let Gonzales “off this time”

14 because she had her kids, but that when he saw her “on the outs that he was going to

15 murder [them].” Defendant argues that during her testimony, Gonzales did not

16 specifically identify him as the person who threatened to murder her and, therefore,

17 his conviction for retaliation must be reversed. We disagree with Defendant’s

18 characterization of the evidence.

                                             9
 1        The evidence linking Defendant to the threatening remarks was as follows.

 2 Defendant and Victor are identical twins and have the same names. Gonzales testified

 3 that both men had been inside her apartment the previous day. One of the men was

 4 behind the door, grabbed Gonzales by her face, and told her not to say anything or he

 5 would kill her and her kids. The other man, Defendant, was hiding in Gonzales’

 6 closet. He did not have his shirt on. Gonzales testified that the man who did not have

 7 the shirt on had brass knuckles and had started the fight with her husband in the

 8 parking lot.

 9        After both men came to Gonzales’ apartment the day after the fight and one

10 made the threatening remark, she went to the police station to report the incident.

11 Gonzales testified that she spoke to Detective John Wayne Davis who showed her

12 three photo arrays, one with a female and two with males, so that she could identify

13 Angelica Fuentes, Defendant, and his brother. With regard to the male arrays,

14 Detective Davis told Gonzales that the male she had observed with his shirt

15 on—Victor—would be referred to as “Male 1” and the one with his shirt

16 off—Defendant—would be “Male 2.” Although Gonzales incorrectly identified

17 Victor as Defendant in the first array, she then correctly identified Victor as Male 1

18 in the first photo array, and Defendant as Male 2 in the second array. Gonzales

19 explained that she had made a mistake when she saw the first array and that she could

                                             10
 1 in fact distinguish the brothers because Male 2’s “eye was kind of droopy,” and he had

 2 a little scar on his forehead.

 3        At trial, Gonzales was initially unable to state whether Defendant was Male 1

 4 or Male 2. However, on redirect, she again stated that Male 2 was the person without

 5 the shirt and who had the brass knuckles. She also testified that when Male 2 and her

 6 husband were arguing, she stared right at him and knows what he looks like. On

 7 recross-examination, defense counsel asked Defendant to stand. When asked if she

 8 could identify him at that point, Gonzales testified that Defendant was Male 2. She

 9 explained that she could not see his face earlier because he had been sitting and was

10 looking down. Once he was looking right at her, she was able to identify him.

11        We conclude that Gonzales’ testimony that Male 2 was the person who was

12 shirtless during the fight and used brass knuckles, her identification from the photo

13 array that Male 2 was Defendant, and her in-court identification of Defendant

14 provided sufficient evidence for the jury to conclude that it was Defendant who made

15 the retaliatory threats to her. See Salgado, 1999-NMSC-008, ¶ 25 (stating that

16 substantial evidence is “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as

17 adequate to support a conclusion” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).

18 We affirm Defendant’s conviction for retaliation against a witness.

19 Aggravated Battery

                                             11
 1        Defendant also asks that we reverse his aggravated battery conviction.

 2 Defendant concedes that the jury was properly instructed on aggravated battery. He

 3 further concedes that the jury was properly instructed on the elements of self-defense

 4 and defense of another and that the jury was told that the burden is on the State to

 5 prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he did not act in self-defense, or in defense of

 6 his twin brother, or Angelica Fuentes. Defendant argues that the State did not present

 7 evidence to show proof beyond a reasonable doubt that he did not act in self-defense.

 8 We note that Defendant provides virtually no support for this assertion except to state

 9 that he was “simply defending himself from a man who had approached him and

10 instigated a fist[]fight by punching him in the head and that testimony from him,

11 Victor, Anna, and [Fuentes] support[s] such a finding.”

12        Gonzales testified that after Fuentes rammed her car into Luis Gonzales’

13 vehicle, Luis Gonzales went over to Fuentes’ car and asked, “What the hell?” She

14 testified that Defendant then came around and punched Luis Gonzales in the face

15 while wearing brass knuckles. Luis Gonzales testified in a similar manner. He told

16 the jury that after Fuentes rammed his car, he got out of his vehicle and went over to

17 her. As he was talking to Fuentes, Luis Gonzales felt blows to the side of his head and

18 only then started fighting back. Although Defendant presented contrary evidence

19 through his witnesses, we have long held that “[c]ontrary evidence supporting

                                             12
 1 acquittal does not provide a basis for reversal because the jury is free to reject

 2 Defendant’s version of the facts.” State v. Rojo, 1999-NMSC-001, ¶ 19, 126 N.M.
3 438, 971 P.2d 829. We conclude that there was sufficient evidence supporting the

 4 State’s theory that Defendant was not acting in self-defense when he committed

 5 aggravated battery upon Luis Gonzales.

 6 Defendant’s Convictions for Child Abuse Violate Double Jeopardy

 7         Defendant contends that his two convictions for child abuse should be reduced

 8 to a single count. Defendant relies on this Court’s reasoning in Castañeda, where we

 9 held that a driver who endangered three child passengers by driving drunk was only

10 subject to a single conviction for child abuse because “the abuse of the three children

11 occurred during a single criminally negligent act and therefore constituted only one

12 violation of the statute.” 2001-NMCA-052, ¶ 18. In Castañeda, we examined the

13 facts of that case in light of the “indicia of distinctness” set forth in Swafford v. State,

14 112 N.M. 3, 13, 810 P.2d 1223, 1233 (1991). Castañeda, 2001-NMCA-052, ¶ 13

15 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

16         In analyzing a “unit of prosecution” case where an accused is charged with

17 multiple violations of a single statute, we must determine “whether the [L]egislature

18 intended to permit multiple charges and punishments under the circumstances of the

19 particular case.” Id. Section 30-6-1 does not clearly define the unit of prosecution so

                                                13
 1 we must therefore determine whether Defendant’s offenses are “separated by

 2 sufficient indicia of distinctness.” See Castañeda, 2001-NMCA-052, ¶ 13 (internal

 3 quotation marks and citation omitted). Such indicia of distinctness are present when

 4 “two events are sufficiently separated by either time or space (in the sense of physical

 5 distance between the places where the acts occurred).” Swafford, 112 N.M. at 13-14,

 6 810 P.2d at 1233-34. Thus, we look to the “(1) temporal proximity of the acts; (2)

 7 location of the victim(s) during each act; (3) existence of an intervening event; (4)

 8 sequencing of acts; (5) [the] defendant’s intent as evidenced by his conduct and

 9 utterances; and (6) the number of victims.” Castañeda, 2001-NMCA-052, ¶ 13

10 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

11        In this case, child abuse by endangerment occurred when Defendant crawled

12 out of the bedroom closet, pointed the gun at Gonzales, and threatened to kill her and

13 her children if she said anything. Both children were in the bedroom hiding under the

14 crib when Defendant made his threat. As in Castañeda, child abuse in this case

15 occurred during a single criminal act, and we therefore conclude that it constituted

16 only one violation of the statute.

17        The State concedes that if Defendant’s convictions were based on negligent

18 child abuse by endangerment, the holding in Castañeda would require merger in this

19 case. However, the State argues that Castañeda is inapplicable, and double jeopardy

                                              14
 1 does not apply because Defendant’s convictions here are for intentional abuse by

 2 endangerment. The State relies on State v. Schoonmaker, 2005-NMCA-012, 136

 3 N.M. 749, 105 P.3d 302, rev’d on other grounds, 2008-NMSC-010, 143 N.M. 373,

 4 176 P.3d 1105, for its argument. As the State points out, Schoonmaker established

 5 that the offenses for intentional and negligent child abuse are separate and distinct

 6 offenses. Id. ¶ 27. However, we do not find the holding in that case analogous to the

 7 situation in this matter.

 8        In Schoonmaker, the defendant was indicted for intentional child abuse

 9 resulting in great bodily harm, or in the alternative, negligent child abuse resulting in

10 great bodily harm. Id. ¶ 2. At the first trial, the jury acquitted the defendant of

11 intentional child abuse, but hung on whether he committed negligent abuse. Id. The

12 defendant was subsequently retried and convicted on one count of negligent child

13 abuse. Id. On appeal, the defendant argued that his acquittal of intentional child

14 abuse and subsequent prosecution for negligent child abuse violated double jeopardy.

15 Id. ¶ 18. Specifically, he argued that the two charges were the same crime, or that

16 intentional abuse is a lesser included offense of negligent abuse. Id. We concluded

17 that there was no double jeopardy violation because the two statutes are mutually

18 exclusive, and we held that the crime of intentional child abuse is not the same crime

19 or lesser included crime of negligent child abuse. Id. ¶ 27. In this case, there is no

                                              15
 1 dispute that Defendant committed two acts violative of the same statutory offense and

 2 not two different statutory offenses as was the case in Schoonmaker. Consequently,

 3 as we explained above, there is not sufficient indicia of distinctness to warrant the

 4 imposition of separate, consecutive punishments for each offense. We remand with

 5 instructions to the district court to vacate one of Defendant’s child abuse convictions.

 6 Jury Instruction on Retaliation Against a Witness

 7        Defendant argues that the district court failed to properly instruct the jury on the

 8 essential elements of retaliation against a witness and, as a result, we should vacate

 9 his conviction and remand for a new trial.

10        “The standard of review we apply to jury instructions depends on whether the

11 issue has been preserved. If the error has been preserved we review the instructions

12 for reversible error. If not, we review for fundamental error. Under both standards

13 we seek to determine whether a reasonable juror would have been confused or

14 misdirected by the jury instruction.” State v. Benally, 2001-NMSC-033, ¶ 12, 131

15 N.M. 258, 34 P.3d 1134 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). In this case,

16 Defendant concedes that he failed to object to the tendered jury instruction at trial, and

17 therefore, we review for fundamental error only.

18        The district court instructed the jury that to find Defendant guilty of retaliation

19 against a witness, the State had to prove that:

                                               16
 1        1.    [D]efendant knowingly threatened . . . Gonzales;
 2        2.    [D]efendant engaged in the conduct with the intent to retaliate
 3              against . . . Gonzales for providing any information to a law
 4              enforcement officer relating to the commission or possible
 5              commission of aggravated assault;
 6        3.    This happened in New Mexico on or about the 7th day of March,
 7              2007.

 8        The standard instruction set forth in UJI 14-2404 NMRA includes language that

 9 “the defendant knowingly threatened: [bodily injury to (name of person)] [or]

10 [damage the tangible property of (name of person)].” Defendant contends that by

11 omitting the language from the standard instruction, the jury was unable to properly

12 assess whether he committed the crime of retaliation against a witness. Specifically,

13 Defendant argues that because the jury was not required to determine whether he

14 threatened Gonzales with bodily harm or damage to her tangible property, it did not

15 find an essential element of the crime.

16        As our Supreme Court has noted,

17                The doctrine of fundamental error should be applied sparingly, to
18        prevent a miscarriage of justice, and not to excuse the failure to make
19        proper objections in the court below. With regard to a criminal
20        conviction, the doctrine is resorted to only if the defendant’s innocence
21        appears indisputable or if the question of his [or her] guilt is so doubtful
22        that it would shock the conscience to permit the conviction to stand.

23 State v. Reyes, 2002-NMSC-024, ¶ 42, 132 N.M. 576, 52 P.3d 948 (alteration in

24 original) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Defendant has not shown

25 how the instruction that was given would put his conviction into doubt so as to result

                                              17
 1 in a miscarriage of justice. Even though the tendered instruction omitted some of the

 2 standard language contained in UJI 14-2404, the testimony that formed the basis of

 3 the conviction was that Defendant returned to Gonzales’ apartment and threatened to

 4 murder her in retaliation for providing information about the altercation the previous

 5 day. There was no argument by counsel or evidence from any witness that the threats

 6 involved anything less than physical harm or “bodily injury” to Gonzales and her

 7 family. Defendant failed to establish fundamental error.

 8 Expert Witness Rebuttal Testimony

 9        Defendant’s last argument is that the district court improperly allowed the

10 admission of Dr. Zelicoff’s testimony over defense counsel’s objection. Admission

11 or exclusion of expert testimony in New Mexico is governed by Rule 11-702 NMRA,

12 which states:

13                [i]f scientific, technical or other specialized knowledge will assist
14        the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue,
15        a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training
16        or education may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise.

17        In State v. Alberico, 116 N.M. 156, 166, 861 P.2d 192, 202 (1993), the New

18 Mexico Supreme Court explained that Rule 11-702 establishes three prerequisites for

19 admission of expert testimony: “(1) experts must be qualified; (2) their testimony

20 must assist the trier of fact; and (3) their testimony must be limited to the area of

                                               18
 1 scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge in which they are qualified.”

 2 State v. Torres, 1999-NMSC-010, ¶ 23, 127 N.M. 20, 976 P.2d 20.

 3        In his case in chief, Defendant called Kathy Fuller as an expert in polygraphy.

 4 On cross-examination, Fuller testified about the concept of “base rates,” and on

 5 redirect she opined that the base rate cannot affect the accuracy of polygraph

 6 examinations. In response to Fuller’s testimony, the State called Dr. Alan Zelicoff as

 7 a rebuttal witness on the issue of “base rates.” Defense counsel timely objected to the

 8 admission of Dr. Zelicoff’s testimony, arguing that he was not a proper rebuttal expert

 9 witness under Rule 11-707 NMRA. Specifically, defense counsel argued that Dr.

10 Zelicoff is a scientist with a degree in physics, a medical doctor and statistician, and

11 that he is not certified in polygraphy. Therefore, defense counsel argued, Dr. Zelicoff

12 could not be qualified as an expert in polygraphs. The district court disagreed and

13 ruled that the State was entitled to rebut Defendant’s polygraph evidence and stated

14 that it would allow Dr. Zelicoff’s testimony if Dr. Zelicoff was properly qualified to

15 testify about the accuracy rates of polygraph examinations.          We now turn to

16 Defendant’s argument that the district court abused its discretion in allowing expert

17 witness opinion rebuttal evidence from a person who is not a trained polygrapher.

18        Rule 11-707 governs the admissibility of polygraph examination results.

19 Furthermore, our Supreme Court has held that polygraph examination results are

                                              19
 1 sufficiently reliable to be admitted under Rule 11-702, provided the expert is qualified

 2 and the examination is conducted in accordance with the rule. Lee v. Martinez, 2004-

 3 NMSC-027, ¶¶ 4, 39, 136 N.M. 166, 96 P.3d 291. Rule 11-707(B) imposes certain

 4 restrictions on who can testify as an expert witness regarding polygraph examination

 5 and results. Once a polygraph examiner’s testimony has been allowed, however,

 6 “[t]he remedy for the opponent of polygraph evidence is not exclusion; the remedy is

 7 cross-examination, presentation of rebuttal evidence, and argumentation.” Lee, 2004-

 8 NMSC-027, ¶ 48.

 9        In this case, Dr. Zelicoff’s testimony was not being offered as the administrator

10 of the polygraph examination nor was he commenting on, or interpreting, Defendant’s

11 polygraph examination. See Rule 11-707(A)(3) (defining polygraph examiner).

12 Rather, Dr. Zelicoff’s testimony was limited to “commenting on statistics and

13 different populations and their accuracy within those populations.” The record in this

14 case establishes that Dr. Zelicoff did not discuss the results of Defendant’s polygraph,

15 and his testimony had the limited purpose of rebutting Fuller’s opinion that polygraph

16 examinations have a 90% accuracy rate, that the base rate would not negatively affect

17 that accuracy rate, and that countermeasures could be effectively contained. Given

18 Dr. Zelicoff’s qualifications as a medical doctor, scientist, and statistician, we cannot

19 say that the district court abused its discretion in allowing his testimony.

                                              20
1 CONCLUSION

2       For the foregoing reasons, we remand to the district court with instructions to

3 vacate one of Defendant’s child abuse convictions. We affirm on the remaining

4 issues.

5       IT IS SO ORDERED.

6                                       __________________________________
7                                       LINDA M. VANZI, Judge

8 WE CONCUR:

 9 _________________________________
10 JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge

11 _________________________________
12 TIMOTHY L. GARCIA, Judge

                                          21