Court Opinion

ID: 4278164
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-05-24 16:05:19.979627+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:07:14.582420
License: Public Domain

Young Electrical Contractors, Inc. v. Dustin Construction, Inc.
No. 8, September Term 2017

Contracts – Interpretation – Construction Contracts – Conditional Payment
Provisions. A contract between a general contractor and a subcontractor on a construction
project may typically contain a provision that relates the payments to be made by the
general contractor to the subcontractor to the payments to be made by the project owner to
the general contractor. In some instances, such provisions are interpreted to govern only
the timing of the general contractor’s payments to the subcontractor and not the obligation
of the general contractor to pay the subcontractor. Such provisions are sometimes referred
to as pay-when-paid clauses. Other provisions include language making the owner’s
payment of general contractor a condition precedent for the general contractor’s obligation
to pay the subcontractor and shift the risk of the owner’s non-payment from the general
contractor to the subcontractor. They are sometimes called pay-if-paid clauses.

Civil Procedure – Summary Judgment. In a breach of contract case in a Maryland circuit
court concerning a construction contract governed by Virginia law, the trial court erred as
a matter of law in awarding summary judgment in favor of a general contractor against a
subcontractor based upon a pay-if-paid clause in the subcontract because that clause did
not necessarily apply to the damages sought in the action. Applying Maryland procedural
law, the Court of Appeals declined to affirm the award of summary judgment on alternative
grounds, as the trial court would not have been required to award summary judgment on
the alternative grounds.
Circuit Court for Montgomery County
Case No. 381002V
Argument: October 6, 2017
                                            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                                                 OF MARYLAND

                                                       No. 8

                                               September Term, 2017

                                        YOUNG ELECTRICAL CONTRACTORS, INC.

                                                        V.

                                             DUSTIN CONSTRUCTION, INC.
                                      _____________________________________

                                                      Barbera, C.J.,
                                                      Greene
                                                      Adkins
                                                      McDonald
                                                      Watts
                                                      Hotten
                                                      Getty,

                                                            JJ.
                                      ______________________________________

                                               Opinion by McDonald, J.
                                      ______________________________________

                                                Filed: May 24, 2018
       In a typical scenario in the construction industry, the owner of a construction project

enters into a prime contract with a general contractor to erect or renovate a building. The

general contractor then enters into subcontracts with suppliers and trade contractors, such

as plumbers and electricians, to provide materials or to perform portions of the work. For

various reasons, the owner of the project may later be unable or unwilling to pay the general

contractor under the prime contract. What this means for the subcontractor depends on the

terms of its subcontract with the general contractor.

       A subcontract may contain a provision that relates payment of the subcontractor by

the general contractor to the payment of the general contractor by the project owner. Some

provisions, sometimes called pay-when-paid clauses, concern the timing of payment by the

general contractor, but do not relieve the general contractor of its liability to the

subcontractor under the subcontract. Other provisions, sometimes called pay-if-paid

clauses, make the project owner’s payment of the general contractor a condition precedent

of the general contractor’s obligation to pay the subcontractor and thus can relieve the

general contractor of liability to the subcontractor, even though the subcontractor has fully

performed its part of the subcontract.

       This case concerns the propriety of an award of summary judgment in favor of a

general contractor against a subcontractor based on a pay-if-paid clause.                The

subcontractor, Petitioner Young Electrical Contractors, Inc., sued the general contractor,

Respondent Dustin Construction, Inc., in the Circuit Court for Montgomery County for

breach of contract relating to a construction project in Virginia. Applying Virginia law,

the Circuit Court held that a pay-if-paid provision in the subcontract applied to the damages
sought in the action, determined that there was no dispute that the owner of the project had

not paid the general contractor with respect to the matters in issue, and awarded summary

judgment in favor of the general contractor. The Court of Special Appeals affirmed that

decision, although for slightly different reasons.

       We hold that the pay-if-paid clause relied upon by the Circuit Court, which was

cited by neither party in motion papers or argument concerning summary judgment, does

not necessarily apply to the issues in this case. Moreover, consistent with Maryland law

concerning review of awards of summary judgment, we decline to seek other reasons to

affirm the Circuit Court’s decision. Accordingly, we vacate the judgment of the Court of

Special Appeals and remand the matter to the Circuit Court for further factual development.

                                                  I

                                         Background

A.     “Pay - When - Paid” and “Pay - If - Paid” Clauses

       In a typical construction project, the owner of the project contracts with a general

contractor to carry out the project. The general contractor then enters into contracts with

various suppliers and trades – the subcontractors – to provide the materials and carry out

the actual construction. There is no necessary linkage between a subcontractor’s or

supplier’s entitlement to compensation for performing a subcontract and the owner’s

performance of its obligations – primarily payment of the general contractor – under the

prime contract. Thus, in the absence of an agreement to the contrary, a subcontractor that

has completed its work is entitled to be paid regardless of whether the general contractor

                                              2
has been paid by the project owner. See J. Acret & A.D. Perrochet, Construction Litigation

Handbook 3rd, §4.4.

       During the latter half of the twentieth century, general contractors began to include

contingent payment provisions in their subcontracts. Although there apparently was no

standard language, such a clause would typically provide that the general contractor was

not obligated to pay the subcontractor until some specified number of days after the general

contractor received payment under the prime contract from the owner of the project. Thus,

for example, a window distributor that entered into a subcontract to supply windows for a

project would not necessarily receive payment upon delivery of the windows, but would

be required to await payment of the general contractor by the owner of the project.

       Such clauses could be viewed as creating two different types of conditions. One

interpretation of such a clause would view it simply as a timing provision – i.e., it permits

the general contractor to delay payment of the subcontractor until after it receives payment

from the owner or (if that does not occur) some other period deemed reasonable, but does

not relieve the general contractor of its obligation to compensate the subcontractor for its

work. This interpretation might be viewed as a subcontractor-friendly version of the

clause, as it considers the provision to govern when, but not whether, the subcontractor is

to be paid by the general contractor.

       Another interpretation of such a clause would view it as a condition precedent for

payment of the subcontractor – i.e., if the general contractor is not paid by the project owner

under the prime contract, then the general contractor is not obligated to pay the

subcontractor under the subcontract. In such a view, the subcontractor has not only agreed

                                              3
to provide materials or to perform work on the project, but is also providing the general

contractor with a sort of insurance against the risk of non-payment by the owner – a risk

usually associated with insolvency or bankruptcy of the owner. This might be viewed as a

general contractor-friendly version of the clause.

       Although the nomenclature used in the case law and legal literature has not been

consistent, for purposes of this opinion we shall distinguish between these two types of

clauses by adopting the terminology used in a number of recent cases.1 We shall refer to a

provision that creates a timing condition as a “pay-when-paid” clause. We shall refer to a

provision that creates a condition precedent for the obligation to pay as a “pay-if-paid”

clause.” As is often the case, when there is a dispute as to whether a particular contract

provision falls into one category or the other, the devil is in the details.

       This case will require us to apply the law of Virginia to construe a subcontract and

prime contract. To put that law in perspective, we review briefly the evolution of judicial

treatment of such clauses.

       The Majority Approach

       Under what has frequently been described as the majority approach,2 a court will

construe such a clause narrowly and interpret it to be a payment timing provision – i.e., a

       1
        See, e.g., Sloan & Co. v. Liberty Mutual Ins. Co., 653 F.3d 175, 180 (3d Cir. 2011);
Transtar Elec., Inc. v. A.E.M. Elec. Servs. Corp., 16 N.E.3d 645, 648-49 (Ohio 2014);
Lemoine Co. of Alabama v. HLH Constructors, Inc., 62 So. 3d 1020, 1027 (Ala. 2010); see
also R.F. Carney & A. Cizek, Payment Provisions in Construction Contracts and
Construction Trust Fund Statutes: A Fifty-State Survey, 24 Construc. Law. 5 (Fall 2004).
       2
         See, e.g., Galloway Corp. v. S.B. Ballard Const. Co. 464 S.E.2d 349, 354 (Va.
1995); see also M. Alsbrook, Contracting Away an Honest Day’s Pay: An Examination of

                                               4
pay-when-paid clause – unless the language of the provision clearly and necessarily creates

a risk-shifting provision – i.e., a pay-if-paid clause.

       The leading case is Thos. J. Dyer Co. v. Bishop International Engineering Co., 303
F.2d 655 (6th Cir. 1962). In that case, a general contractor entered into a subcontract with

a plumbing subcontractor to install plumbing for a construction project at a race track. The

plumbing subcontractor provided the services required by the subcontract, but there were

cost overruns due to additional work requested by the owner and general contractor, some

of which was outside the scope of the prime contract. When the plumbing subcontractor

sought payment for the additional work, the general contractor declined because it had not

been paid by the owner, which had become insolvent and filed for bankruptcy. The general

contractor relied on language in the subcontract stating “no part of [payment] shall be due

until five (5) days after Owner shall have paid Contractor[.]”

       The Sixth Circuit observed that the “crucial issue” in the case was “whether … [the

contract provision] … is to be construed as a conditional promise to pay, enforceable only

when and if the condition precedent has taken place [i.e., a pay-if-paid provision] … or …

is to be construed as an unconditional promise to pay with the time of payment being

postponed until the happening of a certain event, or for a reasonable period of time if it

develops that such an event does not take place [i.e., a pay-when-paid provision].” 303
F.2d at 659.

Conditional Payment Clauses in Construction Contracts, 58 Ark. L.Rev. 353, 354, 370-72
(2005); W.M. Hill & D.M. Evans, Pay When Paid Provisions: Still a Conundrum, 18
Construc. Law. 16 (April 1998).

                                               5
       While the Dyer court conceded that the expressed intention of the parties ultimately

governed the interpretation of a particular provision, it observed that courts had generally

viewed such clauses as timing, rather than risk-shifting, provisions unless the contract

language clearly indicated otherwise. After reviewing case law in Ohio and Kentucky

concerning conditional payment clauses, the court concluded that “[t]he tendency of the

courts is to hold that, unless the contract shows clearly that such an action is an express

condition, the provision with reference to such act is inserted in order to fix the time of

performance, but not to make the doing of such act or the happening of such event a

condition precedent. If this is the intention of the parties, the fact that such act is not

performed or that such event does not happen, does not discharge the contract, and the act

which the parties agree to do upon the performance of such act or upon the happening of

such event, is to be performed in at least a reasonable time.” 303 F.2d at 660 (internal

citations and quotations omitted).

       The Dyer court rooted its analysis in its understanding of risk-sharing in the

construction industry. The court considered it “basic in the construction business” for the

general contractor to expect to be paid in full because it is “a fundamental concept of doing

business[.]” 303 F.2d at 660. Although the “solvency of the owner is a credit risk

necessarily incurred by the general contractor,” various mechanisms such as installment

payments and liens are designed to keep those risks to a minimum. The court went on to

explain that these issues are “even more pronounced in the case of a subcontractor, whose

contract is with the general contractor, not with the owner.” Id. The court observed that,

while a subcontractor might be dependent on the solvency of the general contractor,

                                             6
normally the insolvency of the owner would not defeat the subcontractor’s claim against

the general contractor. Thus, “in order to transfer this normal credit risk [related to the

owner] ... from the general contractor to the subcontractor, the [subcontract] should contain

an express condition clearly showing that to be the intention of the parties.” Id. at 660-61.

       In the case before it, the Sixth Circuit ultimately concluded that the language of the

subcontract did not indicate that the plumbing subcontractor intended to bear the burden of

the owner’s insolvency and, accordingly, the appellate court affirmed the trial court’s

judgment in favor of the plumbing subcontractor. Id. at 661. (“To construe [the provision]

as requiring the subcontractor to wait to be paid for an indefinite period of time until the

general contractor has been paid by the owner, which may never occur, is to give to it an

unreasonable construction which the parties did not intend at the time the subcontract was

entered into.”).

       The majority approach appears to be based, at least in part, on a general principle

that disfavors construing a contract provision to effect a forfeiture, particularly when the

condition precedent is outside the control of the party at risk of forfeiture. See Restatement

(Second) of Contracts, §227(1) (March 2018 update) (“In resolving doubts as to whether

an event is made a condition of an obligor’s duty … an interpretation is preferred that will

reduce the obligee’s risk of forfeiture, unless the event is within the obligee’s control or

the circumstances indicate that he has assumed the risk”). In the context of a subcontract

for a construction project, this principle favors construing a conditional payment provision

as a timing provision rather than a risk-shifting provision. Id., illustration 1 (describing

example apparently based on Dyer case).

                                              7
       Pay-if-Paid Clause as against Public Policy

       In some jurisdictions there is more than a preference for construing conditional

payment clauses as timing provisions. In those jurisdictions, there is a view that the transfer

of risk effected by a pay-if-paid clause in a construction subcontract is contrary to public

policy. At least two state courts have held that such a clause, even if explicitly set out in a

subcontract, is void as against public policy. See West-Fair Elec. Contractors v. Aetna

Cas. & Sur. Co., 661 N.E.2d 967, 970 (N.Y. 1995) (holding that pay-if-paid clause was

inconsistent with state legislature’s enactment of mechanic’s lien statute to protect “those

who furnish work, labor and services or provide materials for the improvement of real

property”); William R. Clarke v. Safeco Ins. Co., 938 P.2d 372, 373-74 (Cal. 1997) (citing

West-Fair and stating similar rationale); but see Superior Steel, Inc. v. Ascent at Roebling’s

Bridge, LLC, 540 S.W.3d 770, 785-87 (Ky. 2018) (declining to adopt public policy

rationale in light of state’s long tradition of freedom of contract).        In addition, the

legislatures in several states have enacted statutes declaring such clauses to be void. See

R.F. Carney & A. Cizek, Payment Provisions in Construction Contracts and Construction

Trust Fund Statutes: A Fifty-State Survey, 24 Construc. Law. 5 (Fall 2004); M. Alsbrook,

Contracting Away an Honest Day’s Pay: An Examination of Conditional Payment Clauses

in Construction Contracts, 58 Ark. L.Rev. 353, 379-83 (2005).

       Maryland Case Law

       Although the contract in this case is not governed by Maryland law, the Virginia

Supreme Court has referenced Maryland law in its own analysis of conditional payment

                                              8
clauses. In order to fully understand Virginia law, it is useful to review the Maryland

decisions on which it is partly based.

       This Court has relied upon, and quoted at length from, the Dyer decision in resolving

a payment dispute between general contractor and a subcontractor when a project owner

has not fully paid the general contractor. See Atl. States Const. Co. v. Drummond & Co.,

251 Md. 77, 81-84 (1968); Fishman Constr. Co. v. Hansen, 238 Md. 418, 422-23 (1965).

Consistent with Dyer, this Court has stated that such provisions are to be construed as

timing provisions – pay-when-paid clauses – unless the contract language clearly indicates

that the parties intended otherwise.

       In a decision later relied upon by the Virginia Supreme Court, the Court of Special

Appeals considered what language would suffice to shift the risk of owner insolvency from

the general contractor to the subcontractor. Gilbane Bldg. Co. v. Brisk Waterproofing Co.,

86 Md. App. 21 (1991). In that case, a masonry subcontractor had completed all of the

work required under its subcontract on a residential condominium project. The general

contractor refused to make the final payment that was due to the subcontractor because the

general contractor had not received a payment from the project owner. After the masonry

subcontractor’s mechanic’s lien on the property had been extinguished as a result of the

project owner’s bankruptcy, the masonry subcontractor sued the general contractor for

payment.

       In declining to pay the masonry subcontractor, the general contractor had relied on

a subcontract provision which stated, in pertinent part, that “[i]t is specifically understood

and agreed that the payment to the trade contractor is dependent, as a condition precedent,

                                              9
upon the construction manager receiving contract payments, including retainer from the

owner.” 86 Md. App. at 25 (emphasis added in original). The Court of Special Appeals

concluded that the reference in the subcontract to owner payment as a “condition

precedent” was sufficient to shift the risk of owner insolvency to the masonry subcontractor

as a matter of objective contract interpretation, regardless of whether the parties had

actually discussed the risk of owner insolvency during their negotiations. Id. at 28.

       Virginia Case Law

       In 1995, the Virginia Supreme Court addressed for the first time the distinction

between pay-when-paid and pay-if-paid clauses and whether a particular subcontract

provision shifted the risk of owner default from the general contractor to the

subcontractors. Galloway Corp. v. S.B. Ballard Const. Co., 464 S.E.2d 349 (Va. 1995).

That case arose from the construction of a commercial office complex in downtown

Norfolk, Virginia. The general contractor had entered into various subcontracts with

suppliers of labor and materials, all of which contained a provision stating that “[t]he

Contractor shall pay the Subcontractor each progress payment within three working days

after the Contractor receives payment from the Owner.” 464 S.E.2d at 352 (emphasis

added in original). Each subcontract contained similar language with respect to the final

payment due to each subcontractor. Id.

       Work had progressed on the project for nearly two years, when the project owner

encountered financial difficulties in the midst of construction. After the owner failed to

make three progress payments to the general contractor, construction stopped and lawsuits

began. 464 S.E.2d at 352. The subcontractors recovered some of the compensation due

                                            10
them through the satisfaction of mechanic’s liens on the project, and sought to recover the

remainder through a breach of contract action against the general contractor. The general

contractor relied on the payment clause to defend itself from the subcontractors, arguing

that it was not liable to the subcontractors because it had not been paid by the owner. Id.

at 353. The trial court ruled in favor of the subcontractors, concluding that the payment

clause in the subcontracts concerned the timing of payment and did not relieve the general

contractor of its liability to the subcontractors.

       On appeal, the Virginia Supreme Court came to a more nuanced conclusion. It

discussed the Dyer case at some length and opined that the Sixth Circuit decision was

“sound and in concert with traditional notions of the freedom to contract.” 464 S.E.2d at

354. It regarded the Dyer case as dealing with contract language that, on its face,

reasonably contemplated eventual payment of the subcontractor. The Virginia court

contrasted the contract language in Dyer with that in Court of Special Appeals’ Gilbane

decision, which it regarded as an equally clear example of an instance in which the parties

intended to establish a condition precedent to the general contractor’s liability. Id.

       In the case before it, however, the Virginia Supreme Court concluded that the

contract language was not as clear as in either Dyer or Gilbane. The Court said “there is

no additional language here which would permit us to find that the parties contemplated

payment ‘within a reasonable time[,]’” as it understood the provision in Dyer. Unlike

Gilbane, “nothing in the contracts would permit us to find ... that the parties clearly

understood these terms to assert a condition precedent on payment.” 464 S.E.2d at 355.

As a result, the Virginia Supreme Court concluded that “the phrases ‘after the Contractor

                                               11
receives payment from the Owner’ and ‘has received payment from the Owner’ constitute

latent ambiguities in the contracts.” Id. Because the clauses were latently ambiguous, the

court relied on parol evidence to determine the intent and understanding of the parties. It

concluded that the general contractor had intended to create a pay-if-paid clause and then

assessed the testimony of the various subcontractors at trial as to whether each had the

same understanding. The court ultimately concluded that four of the five subcontractors

shared the general contractor’s understanding of the clause and that the clause was a basis

for the general contractor’s defense as to the claims of those subcontractors. It therefore

reversed the trial court’s ruling as to those subcontractors and upheld the judgment in favor

of the fifth subcontractor. Id. at 356.

       Summary

       While a minority of jurisdictions regard pay-if-paid clauses as void as against public

policy, the majority approach is to recognize both “pay-when-paid” and “pay-if-paid”

clauses, with some preference given to construing such a clause as a timing rather than a

risk-shifting provision. To distinguish one from the other under Virginia law, a court is to

look first to the language of the provision. If the language appears to contemplate that the

subcontractor will ultimately be paid, the provision will be construed as a pay-when-paid

clause. If the contractual language clearly sets forth owner payment as a condition

precedent to the general contractor’s liability to the subcontractor, as in Gilbane, it will be

construed as a pay-if-paid clause. If the language contains a latent ambiguity, the court

looks to parol evidence to determine the intent of the parties.

                                              12
B.     Facts and Proceedings

       The record in this case discloses the following facts, which are in many respects

undisputed, and the resulting legal proceedings that have led to this appeal.

       The Prime Contract

       This case arose out of a construction project undertaken by George Mason

University (“George Mason” or “Owner”), a Virginia state university located in Fairfax,

Virginia, to renovate a student union building (the “Project”). On July 20, 2010, George

Mason contracted with Dustin Construction Inc. (“Dustin” or “Contractor”), a general

contractor based in Ijamsville, Maryland, to conduct the renovation (“the Prime Contract”).

The Prime Contract consisted of a three-page document setting out the particulars of the

Project that was signed by representatives of George Mason and Dustin. That document

incorporated various other documents, including a 49-page form attachment setting forth,

in 50 multi-part sections, standard general contract terms approved by the Virginia

Department of General Services for state government construction contracts.3

       A few days later, on July 30, 2010, George Mason issued a “Notice to Proceed” with

the Project to Dustin. Although the Prime Contract stated a “Substantial Completion” date

of November 15, 2010,4 the Notice to Proceed set forth a substantial completion date of

November 30, 2010. The record does not explain this discrepancy.

       3
        While the record includes a copy of the standard Virginia procurement terms and
conditions, it does not include the various other documents that were incorporated in the
Prime Contract.
       4
          Under the standard Virginia state contract terms, “Substantial Completion” – as
distinct from “Final Completion” – means “[t]he condition when the Owner agrees that the

                                            13
      The Electrical Subcontract

      To accomplish certain electrical work required under the Prime Contract, Dustin

subcontracted with Young Electrical Contractors Inc. (“Young” or “Subcontractor”), an

electrical subcontractor based in Laurel, Maryland, to perform that work. Dustin gave

Young notice to proceed as a subcontractor on August 5, 2010, although Dustin and Young

did not enter into a written contract until October 15, 2010 (“the Subcontract”).5 The

Subcontract provided that Dustin would pay Young $1,148,860 for satisfactory completion

of the work required by the Subcontract. Subcontract, §2.

      The written Subcontract included a section concerning change orders. Subcontract,

§13. That section defined a change order as “a written order … signed by the Contractor

… authorizing a change in the Work or an adjustment in the Subcontract Sum or

Subcontract Time.” Among other things, that section provided that the Subcontract Sum

or Subcontract Time could be changed only by a change order and permitted the

Subcontractor to request an “equitable adjustment” of the Subcontract Sum or Subcontract

Time via change order. Subcontract, §13(a), (c).

Work, or a specific portion thereof, is sufficiently complete, in accordance with the
Contract Documents, so that it can be utilized by the Owner for the purposes for which it
was intended….”
      5
        The parties appear to agree that the Subcontract was entered into on October 15,
2010 – and the Subcontract itself recites that it was “made as of October 15, 2010” –
although a number of later dates appear on the document. The written Subcontract was
stamped as “entered” with a date of December 29, 2010. Young’s representative
apparently signed the written contract on December 10, 2010; Dustin’s representative
executed it on December 22, 2010.

                                           14
       As we shall see, the Subcontract also contained three provisions that might be

considered conditional payment clauses of one kind or another and that have played a

prominent role in this litigation. Subcontract, §§2(c), 13(c), 27(f).

       Delay and Change Requests

       Young’s work on the Project was not substantially completed until March 8, 2011,

three months beyond the substantial completion date (November 30, 2010) set by George

Mason in the Notice to Proceed. The record is not clear on the precise cause or causes of

the delay or the extent to which it involved only electrical work or other aspects of the

Project.

       As permitted under the Subcontract, Young submitted change requests to Dustin

based on increased costs. In those change requests, Young asked Dustin to issue change

orders increasing the Subcontract Sum by specified amounts. It appears from the record

of this case that the Subcontract Sum was increased from the original $1,148,860 for

various reasons that Young described in one of its change requests as “owner initiated due

to design changes, design errors, unforeseen conditions and additions/deletions of the work

originally required.”    According to Young, these changes resulted in “excessive

management time by the project management team, a constant interruption in the job flow,

lower labor productivity, an excessive amount of rework of work already installed, plus a

serious negative cash flow due to the changes needed to be negotiated but the work being

needed as the contract work was being installed.” As a result, the Subcontract Sum was

apparently increased by $317,193.

                                             15
         Two change requests submitted by Young that did not result in changes to the

Subcontract Sum are at issue in this case: Change Request 1066 and Change Request

1067.6

         Young submitted Change Request 1066 to Dustin on September 14, 2011. That

change request asked Dustin to issue a change order increasing the Subcontract Sum by

$259,034.99 for “extended overhead costs associated with [George Mason]’s extension of

the contract” past the original substantial completion date. Attached to the change request

was a listing of various overhead expenses comprising the change request. It is not clear

from the record whether Dustin responded to Young contemporaneously in any way. More

than a year later, on November 16, 2012, Dustin submitted Change Request 1066 to George

Mason along with Dustin’s own delay claim.7         At George Mason’s request, Dustin

subsequently separated Change Request 1066 from Dustin’s own claim, reduced the

amount requested in Young’s Change Request 1066 to $180,010.21, and resubmitted it to

George Mason on March 4, 2013 – denominated as Dustin’s Proposed Change Order 135.

         On February 15, 2013, Young submitted Change Request 1067 to Dustin. In that

change request, Young asked Dustin to issue a change order increasing the Subcontract

Sum by $274,812.33 for additional costs associated with delay and disruption, among other

         6
         A third change request, denominated Change Request 1047, was originally at issue
in this case, but was resolved when Dustin paid Young the amount requested in February
2014 while this case was pending in the Circuit Court.
         7
       The record does not indicate why Dustin delayed submitting this proposal to
George Mason or whether it informed Young when it submitted the proposed change order.

                                            16
reasons, which, Young said, were not attributable to Young. Attached to the change

request was a breakdown of Young’s costs and a narrative description of the causes of

those costs.   The narrative included the description quoted above concerning prior

approved increases in the Subcontract Sum. The narrative went on to describe issues with

sequencing the work, requests for information, changes to the work, excessive down time,

and lack of negotiation. Again, it is not clear from the record whether Dustin responded

directly to Young concerning Change Request 1067. However, approximately a month

later, on March 19, 2013, Dustin submitted its Proposed Change Order 136 to George

Mason, which incorporated Young’s Change Request 1067. Again, it is not clear from the

record what, if any, information Dustin shared with Young concerning this submission.

       Young sues Dustin

       Five months later, on September 3, 2013, while the two change requests were

apparently still pending with George Mason, Young filed a complaint against Dustin in the

Circuit Court for Montgomery County. The complaint consisted of a single count alleging

that Dustin had breached the Subcontract.

       Young’s complaint asserted that Dustin was responsible for “scheduling and

sequencing of the trades” and for administration of the Prime Contract with George Mason,

that Dustin had directed Young to perform additional work, and that Young was not

responsible for the delay in achieving substantial completion of the work. Young further

alleged that, because of the delays in the Project, Young had been directed to work overtime

and had incurred additional costs. Young further contended that it had submitted its claims

arising from the additional work to Dustin, that Dustin was required by the Subcontract to

                                            17
submit the claims to George Mason “if [Dustin] considered that the claims arose due to

[George Mason]’s actions or inactions,” that there was no indication that Dustin had

submitted the claims to George Mason, and that Dustin had therefore waived the right to

assert that the claims were not its own responsibility. The complaint concluded that Dustin

had breached the Subcontract by (1) failing to coordinate and sequence the work, (2)

directing additional work and overtime that it failed to pay for, and (3) not paying the costs

of the extended period of contract performance.

       George Mason Rejects Change Request 1066

       On September 17, 2013, shortly after Young’s complaint had been filed, George

Mason rejected Dustin’s Proposed Change Order 135, which incorporated Young’s

Change Request 1066. There appears to be some dispute, or at least uncertainty, as to

whether George Mason also rejected Change Request 1067 at the same time. In the Circuit

Court, Dustin submitted an affidavit of its project manager stating that George Mason

rejected Change Request 1067 at the same time it rejected Change Request 1066, but the

documentation submitted together with the affidavit does not appear to support that

statement.8 In any event, there appears to be no dispute that Dustin was not paid by George

       8
         At the hearing in the Circuit Court, Dustin’s counsel stated that Dustin had
“bundled” Change Request 1066 and Change Request 1067 into one proposed change order
– 136 – which George Mason rejected. However, from the documents submitted in
connection with the summary judgment motion, it appears that Dustin submitted two
separate proposed change requests to George Mason – 135 and 136 – corresponding to
Young’s change requests and that one – 135 – was rejected by George Mason. It is perhaps
also notable that other statements made in the project manager’s affidavit – that Young had
not provided notice that it would submit change requests – were retracted by Dustin when
Young submitted documentation that it had in fact given notice. For its part, Young
contended that George Mason’s rejection – whatever it covered – did not constitute a

                                             18
Mason with respect to its proposed change orders based on Young’s Change Requests 1066

and 1067. It is also undisputed that Dustin did not pay Young the amount sought in either

of those change requests.

       Dustin’s Motion for Summary Judgment

       On October 21, 2013, one and a half months after this action had commenced and

one month after George Mason rejected Dustin’s proposed Change Order 135, Dustin filed

a motion for summary judgment together with its answer to the complaint. In its summary

judgment motion, Dustin argued that its “core, dispositive defense” was that Young had

failed to make its claims on a timely basis. Dustin quoted §13(c)9 of the Subcontract

concerning changes. In particular, it argued that Young had failed to comply with notice

requirements that the Virginia Supreme Court had held were to be strictly construed.

Dustin initially submitted a supporting affidavit attesting, in part, to a lack of notice, but

later retracted that testimony. Ultimately, the Circuit Court did not resolve the case on the

timeliness of notice issue raised by Dustin and that issue is not before us.

       Quoting the same provision of the Subcontract, Dustin also argued that it was not

liable to Young for the amounts sought in the two change requests because George Mason

“denial” under §47 of the standard Virginia government conditions incorporated in the
Prime Contract. Given our disposition of this appeal, the questions as to whether, when,
and how George Mason rejected the two change requests can be sorted out during
discovery after remand.
       9
         In the memorandum accompanying its motion, Dustin repeatedly cited §13(a), but
it is clear from its argument and the quotation in its memorandum that it was actually
referring to §13(c) of the Subcontract.

                                             19
had denied its proposed change orders based on those requests and thus a condition

precedent for Dustin’s liability to Young – payment by George Mason – was not satisfied.

Section 13(c) of the Subcontract states:

         In the event a change is made to this Contract as a result of the Owner’s
         change to the Prime Contract and such change causes an increase or
         decrease in the cost of and/or the time required for performance under
         this Subcontract, Subcontractor may submit to Contractor in writing in
         accordance with the requirements of the Changes Clause of the General
         Contract a request for an equitable adjustment in the Subcontract Sum
         and/or the Subcontract Time, or both, within ten (10) calendar days
         from the date of receipt by Subcontractor of notification from
         Contractor of the change or such lesser time as is required to permit
         Contractor to comply with the terms of the Prime Contract. Contractor
         shall pay to Subcontractor that amount paid by the Owner to Contractor
         on account of any such change to this Subcontract, less any markup and
         other amounts due Contractor on account of such change. Contractor
         shall have no liability to Subcontractor on account of any such Owner
         initiated change except for such amount, if any.

Dustin pressed a similar argument under §27(f) of the Subcontract, which is entitled

“Resolution of Disputes Involving Owner.” Section 27(f) states:

         Contractor shall have no liability to Subcontractor on account of any
         claim, suit or appeal arising under or relating to the Prime Contract or
         the Owner’s conduct thereunder except that recovered by the
         Contractor from the Owner on Subcontractor’s behalf, if any, less any
         markups and other amounts due Contractor on account of such claim,
         suit or appeal.

Although neither clause contains the phrase “condition precedent,” in Dustin’s view, the

two provisions of the Subcontract nevertheless functioned as risk-shifting provisions – pay-

                                            20
if-paid clauses – and conditioned its liability to Young on Dustin’s receipt of payment from

George Mason.10

       The Circuit Court Awards Summary Judgment

       On January 22, 2014, prior to any discovery in the case, the Circuit Court held a

hearing at which it heard legal argument on Dustin’s summary judgment motion. At the

hearing, Dustin relied primarily on its argument that Young’s claims were precluded by

§13(c) of the Subcontract. Young countered that discovery was necessary before it could

be said that it was undisputed that the claims were the result of changes initiated by George

Mason.

       The Circuit Court took the matter under advisement that day, and delivered an oral

decision at a continuation of the hearing on February 11, 2014. In its oral opinion, the

Circuit Court explained that its review of the record demonstrated that Dustin had

submitted both change requests to George Mason. In addition, the court held that summary

judgment in Dustin’s favor was appropriate because George Mason had not paid Dustin

for either request. The Circuit Court did not attempt to resolve whether George Mason had

rejected the second proposed change order (involving Young’s Change Request 1067).

The court said that it was irrelevant to its determination whether or not George Mason had

actually denied both change requests as Dustin had not received payment for them from

George Mason.

       10
          Dustin also asserted that Young had not followed the Subcontract’s dispute
resolution process. That issue was not ruled on below, and is not before us.

                                             21
       The Circuit Court’s decision was based not on §13(c) or §27(f) of the Subcontract

– the provisions on which Dustin had based its summary judgment motion – but rather on

§2(c) of the Subcontract and §37(a)(1) of the standard Virginia terms incorporated in the

Prime Contract between George Mason and Dustin. (Neither party had mentioned §2(c)

of the Subcontract or §37(a)(1) of the standard conditions in their motion papers or

addressed those provisions at oral argument.)

       Section 2(c) of the Subcontract reads, in pertinent part, as follows:

            Contractor’s obligation to pay all or any portion of the Subcontract Sum
            to Subcontractor, whether as a progress payment, retainage or final
            payment, is contingent, as a condition precedent, upon the Contractor’s
            receipt of payment from the Owner of all amounts due Contractor on
            account of the portion of the Work for which the Subcontractor is
            seeking payment.

Subcontract, §2(c) (emphasis added). As is evident, that subsection of the Subcontract

contains the magic phrase “condition precedent” that the Virginia Supreme Court had

declared in Galloway to be a clear expression of a risk-shifting pay-if-paid clause.

       The other provision cited by the Circuit Court – Section 37(a)(1) of the standard

conditions incorporated in the Prime Contract between George Mason and Dustin – is one

of the standard terms in Virginia state government contracts. It references a Virginia

statute11 that requires a contractor in a Virginia state contract to pay a supplier or

subcontractor within seven days of receiving payment from the owner of a project or to

notify the state agency and the supplier or subcontractor why payment is being withheld.

       11
            Virginia Code, §2.2-4354.

                                              22
       The Circuit Court signed a written order granting summary judgment in favor of

Dustin that same day. Young moved for reconsideration, which the Circuit Court denied

on April 3, 2014. Young timely noted its appeal.

       The Court of Special Appeals Affirms

       On October 3, 2016, the Court of Special Appeals affirmed the Circuit Court’s grant

of summary judgment in an unreported opinion. Like the Circuit Court, the intermediate

appellate court relied on §2(c) of the Subcontract, but also referred to §13(c) and §27(f) –

the provisions pressed by Dustin – after it concluded that there was no dispute that George

Mason had initiated the changes for which Young sought payment. At the request of

Dustin, the Court of Special Appeals re-issued its decision on December 28, 2016, as a

reported opinion. 231 Md. App. 353 (2016). The reported opinion was identical to the

original version of the opinion with the addition of a footnote that stated the Subcontract

provided a mechanism under which Young could have pursued compensation directly from

George Mason instead of Dustin, if it had acted within six months of the denial of its change

requests. 231 Md. App. at 359 n.4. The court cited §27 of the Subcontract and §47 of the

standard Virginia state government contract terms in the Prime Contract in reaching this

conclusion. Before us, both Dustin and Young agree, although for different reasons, that

the analysis in this footnote is an incorrect interpretation of the contracts under Virginia

law. In any event, the footnote in the Court of Special Appeals opinion appears to be dicta,

unnecessary to its resolution of the case.12

       12
        At oral argument before us, Dustin suggested alternative ways that Young could
have pursued claims against George Mason. The merits of Dustin’s suggestions are not

                                               23
       In its decision, the intermediate appellate court held that that there was no dispute

as to any material fact, that all three payment provisions of the Subcontract were valid, and

that they justified Dustin’s refusal to accept Young’s change requests. The intermediate

appellate court first agreed with the Circuit Court that §2(c) was a pay-if-paid clause that

made payment by George Mason to Dustin under the Prime Contract a condition precedent

to payments by Dustin to Young under the Subcontract. 231 Md. App. at 363-64.

However, it held that §13(c) was the payment provision “most relevant” to the current

dispute and construed the language of §13(c) and §27(f), when read alone, to be pay-when-

paid clauses similar to the provision at issue in Dyer rather than pay-if-paid provisions. Id.

at 364-65. However, the intermediate appellate court reasoned that any payments covered

by those provisions were also subject to the condition precedent set forth in §2(c), a pay-

if-paid clause. Id. at 365-66. Accordingly, the Court of Special Appeals affirmed the

Circuit Court’s grant of summary judgment.

       Young filed a petition for a writ of certiorari, which we granted on April 4, 2017.13

currently before us and, accordingly, we do not attempt to resolve whether Young could
have pursued an alternative procedure under Virginia law for asserting its claims.
       13
          Young originally sought a writ of certiorari on October 28, 2016. After we denied
that petition, Young renewed its request when the Court of Special Appeals re-issued its
decision as a reported opinion.

                                             24
                                                 II

                                           Discussion

       The question before us is whether the Circuit Court properly granted summary

judgment based on its determination that there were no disputed questions of material fact

and that Dustin was entitled to judgment as a matter of law under the court’s construction

of the Subcontract in conjunction with the Prime Contract.14

A.     Governing Law and Standard of Review

       1. Applicable Substantive Law

       Contract interpretation is governed by the law of the place of contract or the law

chosen by the parties.     Cunningham v. Feinberg, 441 Md. 310, 326 (2015).             The

Subcontract here explicitly provides that it is to be governed by Virginia law. Subcontract,

§31. The Prime Contract also explicitly incorporates various requirements imposed by

Virginia statutes and regulations concerning Virginia state government procurement.

       Virginia courts “review issues of contract interpretation de novo.”        Bailey v.

Loudoun Cty. Sheriff’s Office, 762 S.E.2d 763, 766 (2014). Like Maryland law, Virginia

law applies an objective interpretation of a contract to discern what the parties intended.

Virginia courts assume that each provision of a contract has a purpose, and must be read in

context harmoniously with the other provisions. See, e.g., TravCo Ins. Co. v. Ward, 736

       14
          Young raised several other issue in its petition for certiorari, which we need not
address, in light of our decision on this question.

                                            25
S.E.2d 321, 325 (Va. 2012). In interpreting contracts, the Virginia Supreme Court has

stated:

               It is the function of the court to construe the contract made by the parties,
          not to make a contract for them. The question for the court is what did the
          parties agree to as evidenced by their contract. The guiding light in the
          construction of a contract is the intention of the parties as expressed by them
          in the words they have used, and courts are bound to say that the parties
          intended what the written instrument plainly declares.

W.F. Magann Corp. v. Virginia-Carolina Electrical Works, Inc., 123 S.E.2d 377, 381 (Va.

1962) (citations omitted); see also Wilson v. Holyfield, 313 S.E.2d 396, 398 (Va. 1984) (“It

is the duty of the court to construe a contract as written.”).

          2. Applicable Procedural Law

          Although we look to another state’s substantive law, the standard for summary

judgment is governed by the law of the forum – in this case, Maryland law. Goodwich v.

Sinai Hosp. of Baltimore, Inc., 343 Md. 185, 204-207 (1996).

          Under the Maryland Rules, a circuit court may grant summary judgment only if

there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact, and the moving party is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law. Maryland Rule 2–501(f). The court is to consider the record

in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and consider any reasonable inferences

that may be drawn from the undisputed facts against the moving party. Mathews v. Cassidy

Turley Maryland, Inc., 435 Md. 584, 598 (2013). Because the circuit court’s decision turns

on a question of law, not a dispute of fact, we review a circuit court’s decision to grant

summary judgment without according deference to the circuit court’s conclusions, or those

of the intermediate appellate court. Id.

                                                 26
       If we should reach a different conclusion than the circuit court on the basis on which

it granted summary judgment, we ordinarily do not try to sustain the circuit court’s decision

on a different ground. Mathews, 435 Md. at 598. Such a course would interfere with the

discretion that a trial court normally enjoys to deny, or defer until trial, the merits of

summary judgment on a particular issue. Id. We may nonetheless affirm summary

judgment on a different ground if the trial court would have no discretion as to the particular

issue. Id.

B.     Whether Dustin was Entitled to Summary Judgment

       At the outset, we must confess that much in this case has left us scratching our head.

To recap, Dustin initially sought summary judgment primarily on Young’s alleged failure

to give timely notice of its claims, later switched its flagship contention to the apparent

decision of George Mason not to accept the change requests (a decision not fully

documented in this record), and relied on §13(c), and to a lesser extent §27(f), as risk-

shifting pay-if-paid clauses. The Circuit Court ruled in Dustin’s favor, although not on the

basis of the Subcontract provisions cited by Dustin, but rather on the basis of §2(c) of the

Subcontract (a pay-if-paid clause), and §37(a)(1) of the standard Virginia conditions

incorporated in the Prime Contract, neither of which had been mentioned by either party in

the papers or argument on Dustin’s summary judgment motion. The Court of Special

Appeals, attempting to bridge this gap as best it could, affirmed on the basis of the

provisions urged by Dustin (although it construed them to be pay-when-paid provisions),

as well as those cited by the Circuit Court, and suggested that Young should have sued

George Mason directly under §27 of the Subcontract and §47 of the standard conditions in

                                              27
the Prime Contract – a suggestion that both Dustin and Young agree is an incorrect

interpretation of the contracts.

        And this is all in a context where we – like the trial court and intermediate appellate

court – must not only decide the case based on Virginia (as opposed to Maryland)

substantive law, but must decide a question that concerns Virginia state government

procurement. It perhaps goes without saying that this is not in our wheelhouse.15 So it is

with some trepidation that we attempt to provide some clarity and, at the very least, do no

harm.

        We first consider whether Dustin was entitled to summary judgment for the reason

given by the Circuit Court. We conclude that it was not and then go on to consider whether

the Circuit Court would have been required to award summary judgment in Dustin’s favor

for the reason originally urged by Dustin.

        1.     Whether Dustin was Entitled to Summary Judgment under §2(c)

        The Circuit Court held that Dustin was entitled to summary judgment pursuant to

§2(c) of the Subcontract and §37(a)(1) of the standard conditions in the Prime Contract

because George Mason had not paid Dustin with respect to its proposed change orders

based on the two change requests submitted to Dustin by Young.

        Although Dustin itself had not raised §2(c) as a basis for summary judgment, it may

have appeared to the Circuit Court to be a more straightforward route to that end. Section

        15
         It is perhaps worth noting that we are seldom called upon to decide matters of
Maryland state procurement, as the General Assembly has created a special forum for that
task. See Maryland Code, State Finance & Procurement Article, §15-201 et seq.

                                              28
2(c) contains the key phrase “condition precedent” in that it made the “Contractor’s

obligation to pay all or any portion of the Subcontract Sum to Subcontractor, whether as

progress payment, retainage or final payment, … contingent, as a condition precedent,

upon the Contractor’s receipt of payment from the Owner of all amounts due Contractor

on account of the portion for the Work for which the Subcontractor is seeking payment.”

Subcontract, §2(c) (emphasis added). Under the Galloway decision, this language clearly

creates a pay-if-paid clause, which would appear to reduce the issue simply to whether

George Mason had paid Dustin. The court thus would avoid having to determine whether

the changes on which Change Request 1066 and Change Request 1067 were based were

“owner-initiated,” whether George Mason had ever rejected Change Request 1067, 16

whether George Mason had rejected Change Request 1066 in the appropriate manner, or

whether Dustin was deficient in some way in seeking George Mason’s approval, among

other issues.

       This Occam’s Razor approach – preferring a simpler resolution over a complex

resolution of a problem – seems a generally sensible approach. However, it does not work

in this instance. Section 2(c) concerns payment of the Subcontract Sum – originally

$1,148,860 and later increased by $317,193 through change orders. But those costs are not

the subject of this case. For example, Change Request 1067 requested an additional

       16
         The Circuit Court explicitly noted in its oral decision that it did not have to resolve
this question.

                                              29
$274,812.33 because of “additional costs associated with delay and disruption[,] none of

which is attributable to Young.”

       Section 2(c) applies to “Contractor’s obligation to pay all or any portion of the

Subcontract Sum.” Unlike the payment clauses in Gilbane and Dyer, this clause does not

concern Dustin’s contract liability to Young generally, but specifically payments to be

made with respect to the Subcontract Sum. Thus, in order to decide whether §2(c) applies

to the damages sought by Young, one must first determine whether the alleged damages

are part of the Subcontract Sum. The notion that §2(c) would be “generally applicable” to

all contract liability of Dustin is at odds with language of that section relating it to the

Subcontract Sum and other provisions of the Subcontract related to particular types of

damages.

       In its complaint, Young alleged the following bases for its contention that Dustin

had breached the subcontract: Dustin’s alleged failure to coordinate and sequence work,

Dustin’s alleged direction to Young to perform additional work and uncompensated

overtime, and Dustin’s alleged failure to pay for the costs of the extended period of contract

performance. At least some of these alleged damages appear to be outside the scope of

§2(c). For example, Young’s complaint seeks damages for delay that it attributes to Dustin

and §39 of the Subcontract states that “Contractor [i.e., Dustin] shall be liable for any and

all actual damages sustained as a result of delay.”17 Even assuming that George Mason

       17
         Two §39’s appear in the Subcontract. The reference above is to the second section
with that designation.

                                             30
initiated changes, what is in dispute is who is responsible for the delays and incidental costs

of implementing those changes.

       Reading §2(c) to apply to all damages resulting from delay would establish a

condition precedent that would bear no logical relation to those damages. For example,

under the Prime Contract, Dustin is responsible for coordinating and sequencing the work.

If the delay were attributable to a failure by Dustin to carry out that obligation, there is no

reason why George Mason would pay Dustin for failing to carry out Dustin’s own

responsibilities under the Prime Contract. The same would be true for portions of Young’s

work that had to be redone because Dustin or one of its other subcontractors had destroyed

Young’s work. Section 28 of the Subcontract concerns disputes that do not involve the

conduct of the Owner and, unsurprisingly, that provision does not include a pay-if-paid

clause.18 The general application of §2(c) to payments other than those related to the

Subcontract Sum would transform it into a blanket waiver by a subcontractor of delay

damages, something that appears to be contrary to the intent of the parties.

       Young seeks other damages that are not necessarily related to delay, and that might

be governed by §2(c). In particular, the complaint alleged “Dustin breached the contract .

. . by directing the performance of additional work which it failed and refused to pay for,

[and] by directing overtime work which it has failed and refused to pay for[.]” The record

       18
         That provision sets forth certain alternative dispute mechanisms. Whether an
award of such damages would be precluded by a failure to pursue those procedures is not
before us.

                                              31
before us is insufficient to say those matters are governed by a clause with a condition

precedent, particularly where no discovery has been conducted.

       The other provision relied upon by the Circuit Court in awarding summary judgment

was §37(a)(1) of the standard Virginia procurement terms and conditions that were

incorporated in the Prime Contract. However, as noted earlier, that provision simply set

forth the requirements of the Virginia “prompt payment” statute. See Virginia Code, §2.2-

4354. That statute requires Virginia state agencies to obligate their contractors to pay

subcontractors promptly after the agency pays the contractor, or to notify the agency and

subcontractor why it is not doing so. It is designed to ensure that subcontractors are paid

without delay, not to create a pre-condition to their payment.19 Thus, §37(a)(1) would not

be a basis for awarding summary judgment in favor of Dustin in this case.

       2.   Whether the Circuit Court was Required to Award Summary Judgment for a
            Different Reason

       We consider briefly whether the Circuit Court would have been required to award

summary judgment in Dustin’s favor on a basis other than §2(c) of the Subcontract and

§37(a)(1) of the standard terms incorporated in the Prime Contract. The obvious basis to

consider is the primary ground argued by Dustin before the Circuit Court: that the breach

of contract claim made by Young was based on Owner-initiated changes and that §13(c)

       19
          In this regard it appears to be similar to the Maryland prompt payment statute
relating to State agency construction contracts. Maryland Code, State Finance &
Procurement Article, §15-226; see also Maryland Code, Real Property Article, §9-301 et
seq.

                                            32
and §27(f) of the Subcontract are risk-shifting pay-if-paid clauses that preclude a judgment

in favor of Young because George Mason has not paid Dustin with respect to that claim.

       We cannot say that the Circuit Court would be required to resolve those issues in

Dustin’s favor as a matter of law on the current state of the record, as there appear to be

open factual issues as to both elements of Dustin’s argument. The ruling on the summary

judgment motion in this case occurred prior to any opportunity for discovery and thus

deprived the party opposing that motion of the opportunity to produce additional

information relevant to the issues. See Green v. H & R Block, Inc., 355 Md. 488, 502 &

n.3 (1999). In this case, where certain issues relate to the possible responsibility of the

Owner for changes and delays and the Owner’s response to proposed change requests, and

where, under the contract, Young did not deal directly with George Mason, discovery may

well be important to determine the operative facts and whether they are undisputed.

       First, it is not at all clear, as Dustin argues, that it is undisputed that damages sought

by Young relate to “Owner-initiated changes.” (In relying on §2(c) of the Subcontract –

which is not addressed to Owner-initiated changes – the Circuit Court did not need to

determine whether it was undisputed that changes were Owner-initiated because that

question was not material to its decision.) Dustin argues that there is no dispute that

Young’s claim is based on Owner-initiated changes, pointing to select quotations from

Change Requests 1066 and 1067.20

        In affirming the Circuit Court, the Court of Special Appeals accepted Dustin’s
       20

argument in this regard. For the reasons set forth in the text, we do not.

                                              33
       However, the Subcontract explicitly states “Nothing said or written in the

prosecution or defense of any claim(s) against the Owner shall constitute or be regarded as

an admission or declaration against interest of either party in any litigation or arbitration

between Contractor and Subcontractor.”          Subcontract, §27(g).       The parties clearly

contemplated a situation where the Owner (George Mason) would refuse to pay for certain

costs and where the Contractor (Dustin) and Subcontractor (Young) must litigate who bears

those costs. Neither party apparently wanted to make what was said in a change request to

the Owner binding in future litigation between the Contractor and Subcontractor. Thus,

placing conclusive weight on a statement made in a change request to resolve litigation

between the Contractor and Subcontractor, particularly on a motion for summary judgment

prior to discovery, appears to be contrary to the intent of the parties.

       Moreover, in the context of a motion for summary judgment, a court must view the

evidence in a light most favorable to the non-moving party. Mathews, 435 Md. at 598.

“Even where the underlying facts are undisputed, if the undisputed facts are susceptible of

more than one permissible factual inference, the choice between those inferences should

not be made as a matter of law, and summary judgment should not be granted.” Heat &

Power Corp. v. Air Prod. & Chemicals, Inc., 320 Md. 584, 591 (1990). The gravamen of

Young’s complaint states that “[d]elays arose through no fault or negligence” of its own,

and that “Dustin breached [its subcontract with Young] by failing to coordinate and

sequence the work” and “not paying the costs of the extended period of contract

performance.” Read in context, Change Requests 1066 and 1067 support this theory and

do not necessarily seek payment for Owner-initiated changes.

                                              34
       For example, read in the light most favorable to Young, Change Request 1066 is

asking for reimbursement due to the contract running behind schedule. Although this delay

is associated with the changes George Mason made, it could also be that Dustin failed to

implement those changes efficiently. The two are not necessarily mutually exclusive, and

this record is not sufficient to say that Young agrees that Dustin did not contribute to the

delays.

       Second, as the Court of Special Appeals recognized, §13(c) and §27(f) of the

Subcontract, when considered on their own terms, are somewhat similar to the payment

provision at issue in Dyer. They could thus be construed as pay-when-paid provisions that

relate to the timing of payments and that do not relieve Dustin of liability to Young, even

if George Mason declines to pay Dustin. 231 Md. App. at 364-65.21 The intermediate

appellate court noted that there is “no timeframe” set forth for Dustin’s payment and “no

apparent shift in the credit risk.” Id. at 365. These were the same reasons that the Virginia

Supreme Court found the contract provision at issue in Galloway to have a latent

ambiguity. Galloway, 464 S.E.2d at 355. If the parties are unable to identify other

language in the Subcontract (apart supplanting them with §2(c)) that indicates that these

provisions should be construed as either a pay-when-paid or a pay-if-paid clause, a court

could find them to be latently ambiguous.         Under Galloway, consideration of parol

evidence concerning the parties’ intentions may thus be necessary to discern whether these

       21
        See also Richard F. Kline, Inc. v. Shook Excavating & Hauling, Inc., 165 Md.
App. 262, 274 (2005).

                                             35
provisions were intended to operate as risk-shifting pay-if-paid clauses.22       No such

evidence has yet been submitted by either party.

       For these reasons, the Circuit Court did not lack discretion to deny summary

judgment on the ground actually advanced by Dustin. Accordingly, we decline to affirm

its decision based on that alternative ground.

                                                  III

                                           Conclusion

       We hold that the Circuit Court erred as a matter of law when it applied §2(c) of the

Subcontract and §37(a)(1) of the standard conditions incorporated in the Prime Contract to

award summary judgment in favor of Dustin. Section 2(c) is a pay-if-paid clause applicable

to the Subcontract Sum and does not necessarily apply to the costs at issue in this case;

§37(a)(1) incorporates a prompt payment provision of Virginia statutory law and does not

create a condition precedent for payment of subcontractors.

       We decline to affirm the Circuit Court’s decision on alternative grounds. Whether

§13(c) or §27(f) of the Subcontract function as pay-if-paid clauses is a matter of Virginia

law on which a court may be required to consider parol evidence. No discovery has been

       22
          In its opposition to summary judgment, Young argued that, even if §13(c) and
§27(f) of the Subcontract were pay-if-paid clauses, the prevention doctrine would negate
the effect of such a clause. Under the prevention doctrine, a general contractor that
materially contributes to the failure of a condition precedent under the contract may not
rely on the absence of the condition precedent as a defense in a breach of contract action.
See Aarow Equipment & Services, Inc., v. Travelers Cas. & Surety Co., 417 Fed. Appx.
366, 372 (4th Cir. 2011). Given our disposition of this appeal, we need not resolve that
issue in this case and decline to speculate on how any facts relevant to that issue will be
developed on remand.

                                             36
conducted in this litigation and it is not at all clear on the existing record that there are no

material facts in dispute, particularly when the record is viewed in the light most favorable

to the non-moving party. Accordingly, we shall remand this case to the trial court for

further factual development.

       To the extent that there may be issues of Virginia contract law that remain at issue

after fuller factual development in the Circuit Court that are deemed worthy of appeal or

that meet the criteria for a writ of certiorari – i.e., issues for which a resolution is “desirable

and in the public interest”23 – we, or the Court of Special Appeals, have the option of

certifying a question of Virginia law to the Virginia Supreme Court for an authoritative

resolution.24

                              JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS VACATED
                              AND CASE REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS TO REMAND
                              THE CASE TO THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR MONTGOMERY
                              COUNTY FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS CONSISTENT WITH
                              THIS OPINION. COSTS TO BE PAID BY RESPONDENT.

       23
            Maryland Code, Courts & Judicial Proceedings Article, §12-203.
       24
            Maryland Code, Courts & Judicial Proceedings Article, §12-601 et seq.

                                                37