Court Opinion

ID: 8171798
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-09 21:20:05.189912+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:39:46.770763
License: Public Domain

Dooley, J.,
concurring and dissenting. I concur with the majority’s holding that VR.Cr.E 16 is inapplicable to this case, and that VR.Cr.E 32.1 is the relevant provision. However, because I believe complainant’s hearsay testimony was improperly admitted in violation of defendant’s due process rights,11 dissent.
We have recognized that “the scope of a *593probationer’s due process rights at a probation revocation hearing do ‘not parallel the constitutional rights afforded a defendant during a criminal trial.’” State v. Finch, 153 Vt. 216, 218, 569 A.2d 494, 495 (1989) (quoting State v. Kasper, 152 Vt. 435, 439, 566 A.2d 982, 985 (1989)). For example, we will allow revocation of probation to stand upon hearsay testimony alone. Watker v. Vermont Parole Bd., 157 Vt. 72, 74, 596 A.2d 1277, 1279 (1991), overruling Baxter v. Vermont Parole Bd., 145 Vt. 644, 497 A.2d 362 (1985).* 2 Nonetheless, there must always be respect for a fundamental level of due process protection to be afforded every probationer. See, e.g., Reporter’s Notes, VR.Cr.E 32.1 (Rule 32.1 sets forth constitutionally based requirements for preliminary and revocation of probation hearings, including notice of violation, disclosure of evidence, and right to confront witnesses against probationer). Thus, while we allow revocation based on hearsay alone, the hearsay must be both probative and reliable. Watker, 157 Vt. at 76-77, 596 A.2d at 1280;3 accord Finch, 153 Vt. at 218, 569 A.2d at 495. In this matter, complainant’s testimony was probative; her testimony went directly to the issue of whether defendant violated the terms of his probation. However, viewed objectively, complainant’s testimony was not reliable.
Complainant’s testimony lacks the indicia of reliability present in Watker and Finch. Unlike those cases, there is no corroboration for the testimony of the complainant, even as to surrounding details. Nor is the evidence of the type that is the subject of hearsay exceptions because of intrinsic reliability. See Finch, 153 Vt. at 218, 596 A.2d at 495 (upholding admission of detoxification center report showing defendant’s admission and treatment on ground that report was analogous to customarily reliable medical report). Moreover, the possibility of bias or motive to fabricate is a central concern in evaluating the reliability of hearsay evidence. See Bailey v. State, 612 A.2d 288, 293 (Md. 1992). Here, there was a probability of bias and great motive to fabricate. Complainant testified on cross-examination that she and defendant had decided to reconcile only a few weeks before he supposedly left the messages. After agreeing to reconcile, complainant discovered that defendant was seeing another woman. On the very night of defendant’s alleged threatening call, complainant ran into the other woman at a Winooski bar, and testified that she told the woman to “stay away from my husband.” She then called defendant to inform him that the woman “wasn’t of the highest character.” At the time of the revocation hearing, the parties were separated, and complainant had filed for a divorce from defendant.
There are other indications of lack of reliability. Complainant had original possession of the answering machine tape, but it was not produced at the hearing because the State’s efforts to obtain it were “futile.” Whatever the circumstances, lack of production of the tape prevented verification of complainant’s hearsay statement. The lack of the tape is *594even more troubling given that complainant’s recollection of the taped messages was imperfect; complainant testified at the revocation hearing, held just over one month after defendant supposedly left the messages, that her recollection of one of the four messages was unclear.4
It is no answer to the deficiency in the evidence that the court found it sufficiently reliable to base its findings upon it. The findings are sparse5 and give no indication that the court even considered the reliability threshold as required by Watker and Finch. The evidence is constitutionally inadequate to support revocation despite the court’s findings.
There is one other concern that requires airing in this case. After our holding, the defendant in Finch took his case to the United States District Court, which granted habeas corpus, concluding that the evidence was constitutionally inadequate to support probation revocation. Finch v. Vermont Dist. Ct., Civ. Action No. 90-9 (D. Vt. Sept. 24, 1990), adopting Magistrate’s Report and Recommendation (Aug. 23, 1990) (Niedermeier, Mag.) (unpub.). After analyzing relevant federal precedents, it concluded that “indicia of reliability may [not] alone justify denial of confrontation.” Magistrate’s Report at 8. Instead, it held that some showing of good cause was necessary to support use of hearsay without producing the live witnesses who could testify directly. Id. at 9.
We need not resolve whether we will follow the federal approach fully to hold here that there was such a lack of good cause that it undercuts any finding of reliability for complainant’s evidence. The State gave no explanation why the tape was unavailable except that its attempt to obtain it had been “futile.” Apparently, a police officer also heard the tape, but no attempt was made to obtain his testimony. It also appears from the transcript that the State was intending to offer the testimony of defendant’s probation officer concerning a conversation with defendant about the answering machine message. The State discontinued this attempt when it became clear that the State had failed to comply with a discovery order to disclose the content of the conversation prior to the hearing. Not only is “good cause” for use of the hearsay absent, the presentation of the State’s case is so inadequate that the fairness of the result is suspect.
Before this defendant rushes to federal court for habeas corpus relief, we must seriously evaluate whether the evidence presented against him is sufficient to deprive him of his liberty and whether alternative presentations were available to the State. Unless we are prepared to say that any hearsay is admissible, and any hearsay evidence can support probation revocation, we must reverse this probation revocation decision.
I dissent. I am authorized to state that Justice Johnson joins in this dissent.
*595Motion for Reargument Denied November 10,1994

 Contrary to the majority’s assertion, this point was argued here. In summarizing his argument, defendant stated in his brief: “The introduction of the summary of the audio tape by a biased witness, in the absence of a satisfactory explanation for the nondisclosure of the tape, offends due process . . . .” This *593summary exactly states the position maintained in this dissent.

 Although not stated explicitly in Watker, I consider State v. Schroeder, 149 Vt. 163, 163, 540 A.2d 647, 647 (1987), in which we adopted the Baxter rule for probation hearings, as also overruled.

 Although Watker was a parole revocation case, and this is a probation revocation case, there is no “difference relevant to the guarantee of due process between the revocation of parole and the revocation of probation.” Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 411 U.S. 778, 782 (1973). Therefore, we should apply the Watker standard to determine the admissibility and weight owed to hearsay testimony in this probation revocation matter.

 Complainant testified that defendant left the following messages: (1) “I’m sorry you had a bad night, you know, are you there, pick up the phone.” (2) “I really don’t want to get into Boris, but if you want to be my ex-wife, then that’s the way it will be.” (3) “What are you guys doing? Which room are you in? The bedroom, the bathroom?” (4) “I’m on my way over to shoot you both in the head. I promise it will be quick.”
She testified that her recollection of the third message was unclear.

 In all, the court only made four oral findings of fact: (1) that complainant Gedutis received a message on her answering machine, (2) that it was defendant calling, (3) that there were several messages on the machine, and (4) that the fourth message contained the threat that defendant was on his way over to shoot complainant.