Court Opinion

ID: 6332812
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-04-19 14:17:57.99439+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:23:23.162049
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

              Present: Judges Humphreys, O’Brien and Raphael
UNPUBLISHED

              Argued at Lexington, Virginia

              ANTHONY WAYNE EDMONDS
                                                                             MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY
              v.     Record No. 0657-21-3                                   JUDGE ROBERT J. HUMPHREYS
                                                                                   APRIL 19, 2022
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

                                     FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF WYTHE COUNTY
                                              Josiah T. Showalter, Jr., Judge

                               (Paul R. Cassell; Cassell & Crewe, PC, on briefs), for appellant.
                               Appellant submitting on briefs.

                               Matthew P. Dullaghan, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Mark R.
                               Herring, 1 Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

                     Following a bench trial in the Wythe County Circuit Court, Anthony Wayne Edmonds was

              convicted of one count of possession of child pornography, in violation of Code § 18.2-374.1:1(A);

              and twenty-nine counts of possession of child pornography, second or subsequent offense, in

              violation of Code § 18.2-374.1:1(B). Edmonds asserts that the circuit court erred in relying on a

              videotaped interview that had not been admitted into evidence when it denied Edmonds’ motion to

              strike. Edmonds also asserts the circuit court erred in adjudicating him guilty for possessing child

              pornography because the images for which he was charged had either been deleted from the

              computer or were temporary internet files.

                     *
                         Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                     1
                         Jason S. Miyares succeeded Mark R. Herring as Attorney General on January 15, 2022.
                                          BACKGROUND

       On appeal, “we review the evidence in the ‘light most favorable’ to the Commonwealth.”

Clanton v. Commonwealth, 53 Va. App. 561, 564 (2009) (en banc) (quoting Commonwealth v.

Hudson, 265 Va. 505, 514 (2003)). This principle requires us to “discard the evidence of the

accused in conflict with that of the Commonwealth, and regard as true all the credible evidence

favorable to the Commonwealth and all fair inferences that may be drawn therefrom.” Kelly v.

Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 250, 254 (2003) (en banc) (quoting Watkins v. Commonwealth, 26

Va. App. 335, 348 (1998)).

       The Southern Virginia Internet Crimes Against Children Task Force (“the task force”)

received a tip that a suspected child pornography image had been uploaded using the Skype

messaging platform. The uploaded image was traced to an internet protocol (IP) address owned by

Edmonds and his wife. The task force provided this information to Wythe County Sheriff’s

Lieutenant Joe Kincer to further investigate.

       Upon receiving the tip, Lieutenant Kincer went to Edmonds’ home and spoke with him.

During their discussion, Edmonds told Lieutenant Kincer that he had downloaded Skype “but he

could not get it to set up—was it in [sic] for maybe five minutes, but then he told himself he had to

stop, and he took Skype off.” Edmonds then identified all the internet accessible devices in his

home including a desktop computer, a Dell 2400. Edmonds admitted that he struggled with

pornography throughout his life and that he always used a computer to view it. Edmonds noted that

he had previously owned an older laptop but had taken it to the dump in an effort to stop viewing

pornography. During his discussion with Lieutenant Kincer, Edmonds identified five individuals

who lived in his home and had internet accessible devices. Edmonds described each household

member to Lieutenant Kincer and explained why none of them could be responsible for the image

                                                 -2-
reported to the task force. Edmonds admitted that in the time frame the image was uploaded onto

Skype, it had to have been him who uploaded it.

          Edmonds showed Lieutenant Kincer the Dell desktop computer, which was kept in a locked

basement room along with Edmonds’ firearms and alcohol. Edmonds explained that he kept the

room locked to prevent the minors in the house from entering. Upon Lieutenant Kincer’s request,

Edmonds voluntarily relinquished the Dell computer for analysis.

          On April 20, 2017, Lieutenant Kincer arrested Edmonds and conducted a second interview,

which he videorecorded. Edmonds was charged with thirty counts of possession of child

pornography, and a bench trial followed. All of the images for which Edmonds was charged were

found on the Dell computer. At the trial, the Commonwealth played the video recording of

Edmonds’ April 20, 2017 interview without objection. The Commonwealth, however, never moved

to enter the recorded interview into evidence and, as a result, it is not part of the record before us on

appeal.

          At trial, Edmonds stipulated that the thirty images for which he was charged met the legal

definition of child pornography. Twenty-one of the images were found in the computer’s temporary

internet file cache under Edmonds’ username and the remaining nine images were found in a JASC

Software Paint Shop Photo Album cache (“JASC”).

          Investigator Ashley Bensinger, a forensic computer examiner with the Bedford County

Sheriff’s Office, testified about her forensic analysis of Edmonds’ computer. The Commonwealth

introduced thirty images into evidence that Investigator Bensinger had found in the course of her

analysis.2 She testified that she also found recently used files named “11yonotavirgin3.bpm,”

          2
         At trial, Edmonds took conflicting positions regarding how many of the thirty images
found by Investigator Bensinger were marked as deleted. When cross-examining Investigator
Bensinger, he asserted that twelve of the charged images were deleted. In his motion to strike the
evidence, Edmonds argued that seventeen of the charged images were deleted. On appeal, his

                                                  -3-
“12YO.whitepanties.jpg,” “7YO.jpg,” and “14.jpg,” which titles were suggestive of child

pornography. Additionally, Investigator Bensinger noted that there were two user-created accounts

on the Dell computer titled “Andy Edmonds” and “Rose Edmonds,” respectively. The last recorded

login under Rose Edmonds’ account was in 2009, and the last recorded login for Andy Edmonds’

account was in 2015. Investigator Bensinger testified that all the images were found under Andy

Edmonds’ user profile. She also discussed the child pornography images that she found in the

JASC cache and explained that “when [a] photo is viewed—the cache helps that photo . . . come up

quicker” when a user returns to it again. Her forensic analysis indicated that JASC had recently

been accessed.

        Investigator Bensinger also found evidence of Google searches that included the search term

“young.” She analyzed cookies found in the computer and testified that cookies “are packets of data

that are stored when you visit a website.” Cookies retain information “about the . . . user and . . . the

type of website that was . . . visited.” Investigator Bensinger’s analysis revealed that the computer

had been used to visit sites indicative of child pornography, such as “preteenportal,” “Lolita,” and

“littlegirlpreteenangels.net.”

        The circuit court questioned Investigator Bensinger about whether the images found in

Edmonds’ temporary internet file cache could have been caused by “pop-ups” while browsing the

internet. Pop-up images would not have necessarily required an affirmative action by Edmonds.

Investigator Bensinger explained that she “did not believe [pop-ups] to be the main source” of the

illegal images because she “didn’t see any evidence of any type of pop[-]ups” and noted that the

“majority of the artifacts in this case pointed toward . . . user[-]initiated items.”

assignment of error asserts that five of the thirty image exhibits state that they were deleted. Our
review of the record and admitted exhibits also reveals that five of the thirty images were marked as
“deleted.”
                                                   -4-
       Upon the conclusion of the Commonwealth’s evidence, Edmonds made a motion to strike

on the grounds that the evidence was insufficient as a matter of law to sustain the convictions. He

argued that because some of the deleted images found on his computer could not be recovered

without special forensic software—and it was uncontested that Edmonds’ computer did not contain

such special forensic software—the evidence was insufficient to prove that he had possessed the

deleted images. Edmonds also argued that the evidence was insufficient to prove that he had

accessed the images in the temporary internet files, and, as a result, the Commonwealth had failed to

prove he possessed those images, as well. The circuit court denied the motion.

       Edmonds testified in his own defense and stated that going to pornographic websites was a

“release” for him and that he and his wife had not been getting along so he visited pornographic

websites as “a way of escape.” He denied knowingly visiting websites for child pornography or

downloading any images of child pornography. Edmonds admitted that he went to chatrooms, but

he claimed that he always verified that the chatrooms were for those eighteen and older. When he

visited those sites, numerous pop-ups often appeared. He stated that he tried to exit the sites quickly

but often had to shut the computer down to stop them.

       After the defense rested its case, Edmonds renewed his motion to strike and again argued

that he could not have possessed deleted images because those images were inaccessible to the user

and Edmonds’ computer did not contain the appropriate software to view them. The circuit court

overruled the motion.

       At the conclusion of the evidence, the circuit court made numerous factual findings on the

record. It found that Edmonds admitted having a lifetime struggle against viewing pornography in

both the videotaped interview and in his testimony at trial. It also found Edmonds initiated the

website search “young” and searched within recent files for “11yonotavirgin3.bpm,”

“13yo.friend.bp,” “!!!!14openpssy.jpe,” “12YO.whitepanties.jpg,” “7YO.jpg,” and “14.jpg.” The

                                                 -5-
court likewise found that Edmonds visited websites associated with child pornography and that

Edmonds alone accessed and had dominion and control over the thirty images found on the Dell 2400

computer. The circuit court found that Edmonds’ wife did not have dominion and control over the

illegal images on the computer and also noted that the three minors in the home could not have

accessed the computer because the room was locked. The circuit court found that “pop[-]ups were

not a factor in [Investigator Bensinger’s] analysis in determining whether or not those thirty child

pornography pictures were accessible” by Edmonds. The circuit court stated, “[D]uring your

statement, your video statement, that this court saw, I think you said it best. You were like a . . . Hyde

and Jekyll. Those are your words. That ‘when I was alone, I was a Jekyll.’”3

        The circuit court subsequently convicted Edmonds for one count possession of child

pornography and twenty-nine counts of possession of child pornography, second or subsequent

offense. This appeal followed.

                                             ANALYSIS

              I. EDMONDS’ FIRST ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR IS DEFAULTED

        Edmonds first argues that the videotaped interview played for the circuit court was “never

properly identified, authenticated, and/or admitted into evidence” and, therefore, the circuit court

“erred in relying on information” from the interview when it convicted Edmonds.4 He admits that

        3
       Those who have read Robert Louis Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and
Mr. Hyde know that the character’s alter-ego was actually Hyde, not Jekyll.
        4
          We note that there are discrepancies between the assignments of error found in Edmonds’
petition for appeal and the granted assignments of error listed in the brief. Rule 5A:12(c)(1)(i)
mandates, “[o]nly assignments of error assigned in the petition for appeal will be noticed by this
Court.” As a result, we will address the assignments of error listed in Edmonds’ petition.
                                                 -6-
he did not present this issue to the circuit court, yet “asserts that Rule 5A:18 is inapplicable here”5

because “there was no opportunity to object.”

        “No ruling of the trial court . . . will be considered as a basis for reversal unless an

objection was stated with reasonable certainty at the time of the ruling, except for good cause

shown or to enable this Court to attain the ends of justice.” Rule 5A:18. “Not just any objection

will do. It must be both specific and timely—so that the trial judge would know the particular

point being made in time to do something about it.” Bethea v. Commonwealth, 297 Va. 730, 743

(2019) (quoting Dickerson v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 351, 356 (2011)).

        Edmonds’ assignment of error states, “If exception should have been noted, defendant

asserts that the ‘ends of justice’ exception authorizes review.” First, we note that the “‘exception is

narrow and is to be used sparingly,’ and applies only in the extraordinary situation where a

miscarriage of justice has occurred.” Holt v. Commonwealth, 66 Va. App. 199, 209 (2016) (en

banc) (quoting Redman v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 215, 220 (1997)). “In deciding whether

the exception should apply, an appellate court must ask two questions: ‘(1) whether there is error

as contended by the appellant; and (2) whether the failure to apply the ends of justice provision

would result in a grave injustice.’” Fletcher v. Commonwealth, 72 Va. App. 493, 510 (2020)

(quoting Gheorghiu v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 678, 689 (2010)). “The burden of establishing a

manifest injustice is a heavy one, and it rests with the appellant.” Brittle v. Commonwealth, 54

Va. App. 505, 514 (2009). “In examining a case for miscarriage of justice, we do not simply

review the sufficiency of the evidence under the usual standard, but instead determine whether

the record contains affirmative evidence of innocence or lack of a criminal offense.” Holt, 66

Va. App. at 210 (quoting Flanagan v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 681, 695 (2011)).

        5
         Given Edmonds’ invocation of the “ends of justice” exception to Rule 5A:18 in his
assignment of error, we assume he actually means that the Rule is “applicable” rather than
“inapplicable.”
                                             -7-
       Second, we examine whether there was error as contended by Edmonds. He correctly notes

that the Commonwealth failed to admit the videotaped interview with Lieutenant Kincer into

evidence at trial and the recording is not a part of the record on appeal6; however, Edmonds did not

object in the circuit court when the Commonwealth sought to “play [the interview] for the court”

during Lieutenant Kincer’s testimony. Further, he never raised an objection to the circuit court’s

stated reliance on the videotaped interview when it denied his motion to strike. Neither did he raise

an objection when the circuit court referenced the videotaped interview as it adjudicated Edmonds

guilty. As things are, the circuit court was never advised of the claim Edmonds now makes on

appeal and had no opportunity to address or resolve that issue and we decline to address it on

appeal. Our “[c]ase law makes clear that ‘formal introduction [of documentary evidence] is

waived where the court and parties treat an instrument as in evidence . . . or where it is read

without objection.’” Mueller v. Commonwealth, 15 Va. App. 649, 652 (1993) (alterations in

original) (quoting Martin v. Winston, 181 Va. 94, 105 (1943)). Here, the recording of the

interview was played for the factfinder without objection, and it was treated by the circuit court

and the parties as if it had been admitted into evidence, even though it had not been so admitted.

Edmonds’ counsel referenced the videotaped interview as it had been played both during

Lieutenant Kincer’s testimony and during Edmonds’ own testimony. The circuit court also

emphasized that Edmonds had made some of the same admissions “from the witness stand” as he

did in the videotaped interview. Furthermore, the circuit court found that the videotaped

“interview was shown in [c]ourt today without objection.” (Emphasis added.) Because the

videotaped interview was treated at trial as if it had been moved into evidence without objection,

and on appeal Edmonds does not raise the issue of whether the evidence, sans interview, was

       6
         Edmonds’ assignment of error regarding the Commonwealth’s failure to move the
interview into evidence does not raise the issue of whether the evidence was sufficient to convict
him.
                                                -8-
sufficient for conviction, we hold that the circuit court did not err. Because the circuit court did

not err, the “ends of justice exception” is inapplicable here.

       Moreover, by asserting that “there was no opportunity to object” to the circuit court’s

reliance, in part, on the recorded interview, we assume Edmonds is unartfully suggesting that the

“good cause” exception to Rule 5A:18 may be applicable. “The Court may only invoke the

‘good cause’ exception where an appellant did not have the opportunity to object to a ruling in

the trial court; however, when an appellant ‘had the opportunity to object but elected not to do

so,’ the exception does not apply.” Perry v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 655, 667 (2011)

(quoting Luck v. Commonwealth, 32 Va. App. 827, 834 (2000)).

       Here, the record is clear that Edmonds had the opportunity to object to the circuit court’s

reliance on information from the interview in finding Edmonds guilty. When pronouncing

Edmonds guilty, the circuit court specifically stated for the record “that in an interview given

with [Lieutenant] Kincer . . . [Edmonds] indicated that he, throughout his life, has had a problem

dealing with pornography.” Edmonds provides no explanation for why he could not have

objected to the circuit court’s statement regarding the information from the videotaped interview.

Edmonds also failed to raise the issue when he made a motion to strike the evidence. Therefore,

because Edmonds had the opportunity to argue his claims but elected not to raise them, we

decline to apply the good cause exception to Rule 5A:18. See id.

       Accordingly, we decline to apply either exception to Rule 5A:18 to his argument, and

consider the merits of the issue waived by his failure to object below.

     II. STANDARD OF REVIEW FOR THE REMAINING ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

       Edmonds’ last two assignments of error contend that the circuit court erred in finding him

guilty of possessing child pornography because the evidence was insufficient to convict him. He

argues that the images he was convicted of possessing had either been deleted or were temporary

                                                -9-
internet files that “could have been created without [Edmonds’] knowledge and without any

affirmative action on [Edmonds’] part.” Edmonds contends there was no evidence that his

computer contained the specialized software necessary to view the deleted images and that there

was no evidence that he accessed the temporary internet files after their creation.

        “When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, ‘[t]he judgment of the trial court is

presumed correct and will not be disturbed unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to support

it.’” Smith v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 450, 460 (2018) (alteration in original) (quoting

Commonwealth v. Perkins, 295 Va. 323, 327 (2018)). “In such cases, ‘[t]he Court does not ask

itself whether it believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.’”

Secret v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 204, 228 (2018) (alteration in original) (quoting Pijor v.

Commonwealth, 294 Va. 502, 512 (2017)). “Rather, the relevant question is, upon review of the

evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, whether any rational trier of fact could have

found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. (quoting Pijor, 294 Va. at

512). “If there is evidentiary support for the conviction, ‘the reviewing court is not permitted to

substitute its own judgment, even if its opinion might differ from the conclusions reached by the

finder of fact at the trial.’” Chavez v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 149, 161 (2018) (quoting Banks

v. Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 273, 288 (2017)).

        “The sole responsibility to determine the credibility of witnesses, the weight to be given

their testimony, and the inferences to be drawn from proven facts lies with the fact finder.” Ragland

v. Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 519, 529-30 (2017). “That responsibility lies with the fact finder

because ‘[t]his [C]ourt[,] sitting as an appellate court, and knowing nothing of the evidence or of the

witness, except as it appears on the paper, . . . [is] incompetent to decide on the credibility of the

testimony.’” Commonwealth v. McNeal, 282 Va. 16, 22 (2011) (alteration in original) (quoting

Brown v. Commonwealth, 29 Va. (2 Leigh) 832, 841 (1830)). Further, it is within the province of

                                                  - 10 -
the factfinder to draw inferences from the proven evidence, and its inferences are binding so long as

they are reasonable and justified. See Hudson, 265 Va. at 514.

       “Circumstantial evidence, if sufficiently convincing, is as competent and entitled to the same

weight as direct testimony.” McCain v. Commonwealth, 261 Va. 483, 493 (2001). This Court does

not view circumstantial evidence in isolation. See Kelly, 41 Va. App. at 259. Rather, the

“combined force of many concurrent and related circumstances, each insufficient in itself, may lead

a reasonable mind irresistibly to a conclusion.” Dowden v. Commonwealth, 260 Va. 459, 470

(2000) (quoting Stamper v. Commonwealth, 220 Va. 260, 273 (1979)).

       When assessing whether the circumstantial evidence excludes a reasonable hypothesis of

innocence, the Commonwealth “need only exclude reasonable hypotheses of innocence that flow

from the evidence, not those that spring from the imagination of the defendant.” Simon v.

Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 194, 206 (2011) (quoting Hamilton v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App.

751, 755 (1993)). “The reasonable-hypothesis principle . . . is ‘simply another way of stating that

the Commonwealth has the burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Commonwealth v.

Moseley, 293 Va. 455, 464 (2017) (quoting Hudson, 265 Va. at 513). “[T]he factfinder determines

which reasonable inferences should be drawn from the evidence, [sic] and whether to reject as

unreasonable the hypotheses of innocence advanced by a defendant.” Id. “Whether an alternate

hypothesis of innocence is reasonable is a question of fact and, therefore, is binding on appeal

unless plainly wrong.” Holloway v. Commonwealth, 57 Va. App. 658, 665 (2011) (en banc)

(quoting Archer v. Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 1, 12-13 (1997)).

                     III. SUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE FOR POSSESSION

       The Code of Virginia mandates that knowing possession of child pornography is a Class 6

felony offense and any second or subsequent offense is a Class 5 felony. See Code

§ 18.2-374.1:1(A) and (B). “‘[C]hild pornography’ means sexually explicit visual material which

                                                - 11 -
utilizes or has as a subject an identifiable minor.” Code § 18.2-374.1(A). “[T]he term ‘sexually

explicit visual material’ means a picture, photograph, drawing, sculpture, motion picture film,

digital image, including such material stored in a computer’s temporary Internet cache when

three or more images or streaming videos are present . . . .” Id. Code § 18.2-374.1(A) thus

explicitly criminalizes storing pornographic images in one’s computer’s temporary Internet file

cache. 7

           The Commonwealth was required to prove that Edmonds knowingly possessed the child

pornography on the Dell 2400 computer found in his basement and that the contraband was

subject to his dominion and control; accordingly, we examine this case under the principles of

constructive possession of contraband. See Kromer v. Commonwealth, 45 Va. App. 812, 818

(2005). “We do not need to determine whether appellant was the person” who saved the child

pornography files to the Dell 2400 computer but, “rather, we determine whether appellant knew

the images existed and, if so, did he exercise dominion and control over them” after they were

placed on the computer. Id.

           To convict a defendant for constructive possession, “the Commonwealth must point to

evidence of acts, statements, or conduct of the accused or other facts or circumstances which tend to

show that the defendant was aware of both the presence and character of the [contraband] and that it

was subject to his dominion and control.” Terlecki v. Commonwealth, 65 Va. App. 13, 24 (2015)

(alteration in original) (quoting Drew v. Commonwealth, 230 Va. 471, 473 (1986)). “Ownership or

occupancy of the premises on which the contraband was found is a circumstance probative of

possession.” Id. (quoting Kromer, 45 Va. App. at 819).

           7
         The statute only criminalizes images stored in a computer’s temporary Internet cache if
three or more prohibited images or streaming videos are present. As noted, twenty-one
prohibited images were found in Edmonds’ temporary Internet cache.
                                              - 12 -
        Edmonds relies heavily upon Kobman v. Commonwealth, 65 Va. App. 304, 308 (2015), to

support his argument that the circuit court erred in convicting him of possessing five images that

were marked as deleted. In Kobman, the Commonwealth charged the appellant with possessing

deleted images of child pornography on or about May 19, 2013. See id. at 307. This Court held

that the evidence was insufficient to prove Kobman had constructively possessed images found

in the unallocated space of computers seized from his home because

               [N]o evidence showed other indicia of knowledge, dominion, or
               control of the forty-five photographs found in the unallocated
               space on the specific date of the indictments. While the evidence
               may suggest appellant at one time possessed the photographs in the
               unallocated space, there was no evidence that he had dominion or
               control of them on or about May 19, 2013, as the indictments
               charged.

Id. at 308.

        The present case is distinguishable from Kobman because the record contains a

significant amount of evidence indicating that Edmonds had at one time possessed the deleted

images found on his computer “on or about” the date noted in the indictment. The issue of

constructive possession of contraband is “largely a factual one.” Raspberry v. Commonwealth,

71 Va. App. 19, 30 (2019) (quoting Ritter v. Commonwealth, 210 Va. 732, 743 (1970)). As

noted above, our standard of review grants “full play” to the trier of fact to fairly resolve

conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic

facts to ultimate facts. See Kelly, 41 Va. App. at 257-58. Further, Code § 8.01-680 mandates

that the judgment of the circuit court, when sitting as factfinder, shall not be set aside unless it

appears from the evidence that the judgment was plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.

        Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, we hold that a

rational trier of fact could have found there was sufficient indicia that Edmonds had knowledge

of and dominion and control over all the images on the computer. Edmonds willingly showed

                                                - 13 -
Lieutenant Kincer the Dell 2400 computer and voluntarily consented to forensic analysis of it.

Edmonds admitted to Lieutenant Kincer and testified on the witness stand that he had had a

problem with pornography throughout his life. At trial, Edmonds testified that upon being

arrested, he told the police that he took full responsibility for what was on the computer. The

evidence also shows that the computer on which all the relevant pornographic images were found

had been kept in a locked room that the minors in the home could not access. At the bench trial,

Investigator Bensinger testified that her forensic analysis revealed that there were only two

computer users—Edmonds and his wife. Edmonds’ wife had last logged on in 2009. Edmonds

last logged on in 2015. In the most recently used or open files catalog there were file folders

named “11YONOTAVIRGIN3.BPM,” “13 year (YO).friend.bpm,” and “!!!!14openpussy.jpe.”

Cookies found on Edmonds’ computer illustrated that he visited websites indicative of child

pornography. Additionally, several child pornographic images were found in the cache of a

JASC Software program, a photo application that allows a user to view images. Forensic

analysis indicated that the JASC program had recently been accessed. The Commonwealth’s

expert stated that caches and temporary internet files are accessible to the user without need for

any specialized software.

       Consequently, we do not disturb the circuit court’s finding that Edmonds constructively

possessed the deleted images. Additionally, we find no evidence in the record to support

Edmonds’ claim that pop-up advertisements on adult pornographic websites were the source of

the child pornographic images found in the JASC Software program cache, and we do not disturb

the circuit court’s finding of fact that Edmonds’ hypothesis of innocence in this regard was

unreasonable.

                                               - 14 -
                                IV. DATES OF THE OFFENSES

       Finally, we address Edmonds’ contention that the “Commonwealth cites no evidence in

the relevant timeframe that the indicia of dominion and control were present as to images

actually charged in the indictments.”

       The Commonwealth was not required to prove the exact date Edmonds was in possession

of each image to convict him of possession of child pornography. “No indictment . . . shall be

quashed or deemed invalid . . . [f]or omitting to state, or stating imperfectly, the time at which

the offense was committed when time is not the essence of the offense.” Code § 19.2-226(6).

“When time is not an element of the crime charged, the . . . verdict will stand” so long as the

evidence proves that “a crime occurred and that the defendant committed the crime, even though

the evidence is such that there may be a reasonable doubt as to the day on which the offense

occurred.” Marlowe v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 619, 623-24 (1986). Further, “[t]ime is not a

material element of a criminal offense unless made so by the statute creating the offense.”

Farhoumand v. Commonwealth, 288 Va. 338, 351 (2014) (alteration in original) (quoting United

States v. Stuckey, 220 F.3d 976, 982 (8th Cir. 2000)). Thus, where there is no such statutory

provision, “[i]n a felony case the Commonwealth may prove the commission of a crime charged

on a date different from that alleged in the indictment.” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting

Harris v. Commonwealth, 185 Va. 26, 34 (1946)).

       Under the plain language of Code § 18.2-374.1:1, time is not a material element of the

crime of possession of child pornography. Consequently, Edmonds’ convictions will stand so

long as the evidence was sufficient to prove he possessed child pornography as charged in the

indictments. As discussed above, the record reveals the evidence was so sufficient.

                                                - 15 -
                                          CONCLUSION

       Edmonds’ failure to timely object to the videotaped interview at trial waived his right to

challenge the circuit court’s consideration of it on appeal. The direct and circumstantial evidence

in the record supports the factfinder’s conclusions that Edmonds constructively possessed the

illegal images found on the computer. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court

on all three assignments of error.

                                                                                           Affirmed.

                                               - 16 -