Court Opinion

ID: 2653831
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-02-19 22:38:43.005798+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:11:30.052055
License: Public Domain

Filed 2/19/14
                           CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

             IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                        SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                               DIVISION THREE

CROWN IMPORTS, LLC,                          B248624

        Petitioner,                          (Los Angeles County
                                             Super. Ct. No. BC460055)
        v.

THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
LOS ANGELES COUNTY,

        Respondent;

CLASSIC DISTRIBUTING &
BEVERAGE GROUP, INC.,

        Real Party in Interest.

STANLEY ROWLEY,                              B248627

        Petitioner,

        v.

THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
LOS ANGELES COUNTY,

        Respondent;

CLASSIC DISTRIBUTING &
BEVERAGE GROUP, INC.,

        Real Party in Interest.
      ORIGINAL PROCEEDINGS in mandate. Mel Recana, Judge. Petition granted

and remanded.

      McDermott, Will & Emery, Robert A. Weiner, Derek J. Meyer and

Kristen C. Klanow; Ropers, Majeski, Kohn & Bentley, Susan H. Handelman and

Terry Anastassiou for Petitioners.

      No appearance for Respondent.

      Bingham McCutchen, Michael A. Sherman, Nicolette L. Young and

Christopher M. O’Connor for Real Party in Interest.

                    _______________________________________

                                          2
       Crown Imports, LLC (Crown) is the national importer of Corona beer and other

beer brands. Two of its local distributors are Haralambos Beverage Company (HBC)

and Classic Distributing & Beverage Group (Classic). Classic and HBC allegedly

entered into an oral agreement for HBC to sell its Crown distributorship to Classic.

Crown, which had the contractual right to do so, disapproved the sale to Classic. HBC

ultimately sold the distributorship to another entity, and has no dispute with Crown.

Classic, however, as the disappointed buyer of HBC’s Crown distributorship, brought

the instant action against Crown for intentional and negligent interference with

prospective economic advantage. Crown moved for summary judgment. Its motion

was denied and Crown now seeks relief by petition for writ of mandate.1 We issued an

order to show cause and now grant the petition.

                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       1.     Allegations of the Complaint

       The operative complaint is the second amended complaint.2 Although the

complaint is concerned with a failure to approve Classic’s purchase of the HBC Crown

1
       Crown’s employee, Stanley Rowley, who was also sued by Classic, brought an
identical petition. As their arguments are the same, references to Crown include
Rowley, unless the context requires otherwise.
2
       The second amended complaint was filed, by stipulation, after Crown’s motion
for summary judgment had been filed. It appears to have been drafted prior to that date.

                                             3
distributorship in 2010, Classic’s allegations date back to Classic’s attempt to purchase

the HBC Crown distributorship in 2008. In August 2008, Classic and HBC had reached

an agreement for Classic to purchase HBC’s Crown distributorship. At that time,

Crown denied approval, stating as reasons Classic’s own performance as a Crown

distributor. Classic alleges that, at this time, Crown secretly preferred another buyer for

HBC’s Crown distributorship, and therefore began “orchestrating the sale” from HBC to

its preferred distributor.

       By 2010, Classic’s performance had improved by any objective measure,3 and it

again sought to purchase HBC’s Crown distributorship. It is not entirely clear whether

(1) HBC agreed to sell its Crown distributorship to Classic, on specific terms,

conditioned on Crown’s approval; or (2) whether HBC agreed to enter into a contract to

sell its Crown distributorship to Classic, under the same terms as the 2008 agreement,

conditioned on Crown’s approval. Classic alleged both of these circumstances in the

alternative.4

       In any event, Rowley, who was responsible for Crown’s Southern California

division, met with Classic’s representatives in June 2010, in order to discuss Classic’s

3
       The parties repeatedly refer to the “Kahuna Cup,” an award for top
distributorships, which Classic won for its performance in 2008 and 2009.
4
        The evidence would subsequently reveal a third possibility, which was that HBC
told Classic that it was not even interested in discussing an agreement with Classic
unless and until Classic obtained preapproval from Crown, given Crown’s prior
disapproval of Classic. Crown, obviously, prefers this version of the facts, because, if it
is true, then Classic would not be able to show a sufficient probability of future
economic benefit from the possible HBC sale in order to pursue a cause of action for
interference with prospective economic advantage. There appears to be a triable issue
of fact on this issue.

                                             4
possible acquisition of HBC’s Crown distributorship. Rowley, on behalf of Crown,

denied approval. According to the allegations of the complaint, Crown denied approval

based on pretextual factors, and simply refused to consent because Classic was not

Crown’s preferred distributor.5

       Ultimately, HBC sold its distributorship to Anheuser-Busch Sales Pomona

(AB Pomona) in December 2010. Classic alleged that this sale was orchestrated by

Crown. Classic does not allege, and concedes that it had no evidence, that the sale from

HBC to AB Pomona was for less than the fair market value of HBC’s Crown

distributorship.

       Classic alleged causes of action for intentional interference with prospective

economic advantage and negligent interference with prospective economic advantage.

As the torts of interference with prospective economic advantage require the act of

interference to have been “independently wrongful,” Classic specifically identified two

statutes which it contends Crown violated, Business and Professions Code

sections 25000.96 and 23300.7 In connection with its cause of action for intentional

interference, Classic sought punitive damages.

5
       Crown allegedly preferred a distributor affiliated with Anheuser-Busch, on the
basis that Anheuser-Busch was a parent company of Crown’s 50% owner. In the
alternative, Classic alleged that Crown preferred a different distributor because Crown
had a secret plan to consolidate its distributorships.
6
        Business and Professions Code section 25000.9 provides, “(a) Any beer
manufacturer who unreasonably withholds consent or unreasonably denies approval of
a sale, transfer, or assignment of any ownership interest in a beer wholesaler’s business
with respect to that manufacturer’s brand or brands, shall be liable in damages to the
beer wholesaler. Recoverable damages under this section shall not exceed the

                                            5
       2.     Motion for Summary Judgment

       Crown sought summary judgment on several bases, including that Classic could

not prove that its alleged interference constituted an “independently wrongful act.”

Crown argued that Classic could not allege a wrongful act based on Business and

Professions Code section 25000.9, as that statute was meant to protect disappointed

sellers, not disappointed buyers. Crown also argued that Classic could not allege

a wrongful act based on Business and Professions Code section 23300 because Crown

did not perform any unauthorized act.8

compensatory damages sustained by the wholesaler and the wholesaler’s costs of suit.
The fair market value of the beer wholesaler’s business shall include, but is not limited
to, its goodwill, if any. [¶] (b) If a beer wholesaler has been paid a consideration by
a successor wholesaler for the sale, transfer, or assignment of the beer wholesaler’s
interest in the sale or distribution of the affected brand or brands, the beer manufacturer
shall be liable only for compensatory damages in an amount reflecting the difference in
the amount already paid to the beer wholesaler, and the fair market value of the beer
wholesaler’s business with respect to the affected brand or brands. [¶] (c) For purposes
of this section, ‘beer manufacturer’ includes any holder of a beer manufacturer’s
license, any holder of an out-of-state beer manufacturer’s certificate, or any holder of
a beer and wine importer’s general license.” There is no dispute that, as a national
importer, Crown is a “beer manufacturer” within the meaning of this statute.
7
       Business and Professions Code section 23300 provides that “[n]o person shall
exercise the privilege or perform any act which a licensee may exercise or perform
under the authority of a license unless the person is authorized to do so by a license
issued pursuant to this division.” Classic alleges that Crown violated this section’s
“prohibition on the attempted and actual exercise of control over an independently
licensed wholesaler’s right to divest ownership interests with respect to its brands
without the unreasonable withholding of consent, control or other unlawful interference
by a supplier . . . that does not own or is not named on the wholesaler’s license.”
8
       Crown’s motion also challenged the factual allegations of Classic’s complaint.
Crown submitted evidence supporting its position that HBC had not agreed to sell to
Classic in 2010 (so there was nothing for Crown to disapprove) and, in any event,
Crown did not reject Classic as a possible purchaser of HBC’s Crown distributorship in

                                             6
       3.     Classic’s Opposition

       In opposition to Crown’s summary judgment motion, Classic disputed most of

Crown’s purportedly undisputed facts, and attempted to establish the existence of

a secret plan to prevent Classic from acquiring HBC’s Crown distributorship dating

back to 2008 – even though Classic’s complaint relates only to Crown’s denial of

approval in 2010.

       As to the legal issues, Classic argued that even though it could not independently

bring a cause of action against Crown for violating Business and Professions Code

section 25000.9, it could rely on the statutory violation as an independently wrongful

act to establish a basis for its causes of action for interference with prospective

economic advantage. As to Business and Professions Code section 23300, Classic

relied on a February 2010 Attorney General (AG) “Advisory to CA Beer Manufacturers

and Importers” which identified certain provisions in distributorship agreements which

the AG believed to constitute unlawful exercises of control by manufacturers over

independently licensed wholesalers. Those provisions included, “Manufacturers having

the right to control or approve a wholesaler’s acquisitions or divestitures of businesses

or product lines, or a change in control of a wholesaler or a wholesaler’s business, in

either case including, but not limited to, a manufacturer’s right of first refusal to

purchase or right to appoint a designee purchaser.” Additionally, for the first time,

Classic also argued that Crown’s interference was independently wrongful as the

2010. These contentions would be disputed by Classic. Our disposition of the instant
writ petition does not require resolution of the factual issues. We assume Classic can
establish the allegations in its complaint.

                                              7
culmination of an act of fraudulent concealment, specifically, Crown’s concealment of

the real reasons why Classic had not been approved to purchase HBC’s Crown

distributorship in 2008.9

       4.     Hearing and Ruling

       The trial court, after a hearing, denied the motion for summary judgment. The

court concluded that Classic could pursue its argument that the interference with its

proposed agreement with Crown was independently wrongful under Business and

Professions Code section 25000.9 even though that statute gives a remedy only to

a disappointed seller. The trial court relied on authority holding that the fact that the

plaintiff is an indirect victim of the wrongful act does not preclude a cause of action for

interference with the plaintiff’s prospective economic advantage. The court also

concluded that triable issues of fact existed as to whether, among other things, there was

actually an agreement between Classic and HBC in 2010, and Crown unreasonably

denied approval.

       5.     Writ Petitions

       Both Crown and Rowley filed petitions for writ of mandate. We consolidated the

petitions and issued an order to show cause.

                            CONTENTIONS OF THE PARTIES

       Crown argues that it was entitled to summary judgment on the ground that

Classic cannot establish that Crown’s alleged interference with the 2010 alleged

9
       Classic argued that the fraudulent concealment was “first committed” when
Crown told it, in 2008, that Crown would “leave the door open” for Classic to be
reconsidered if its performance improved.

                                             8
agreement between HBC and Classic was “independently wrongful” on any of the

grounds relied upon by Classic: (1) application of Business and Professions Code

section 25000.9; application of Business and Professions Code section 23300; and

(3) Crown’s alleged fraudulent concealment. Classic disagrees.

                                      DISCUSSION

       1.     Standard of Review

       “ ‘A defendant is entitled to summary judgment if the record establishes as

a matter of law that none of the plaintiff’s asserted causes of action can prevail.’

(Molko v. Holy Spirit Assn. (1988) 46 Cal.3d 1092, 1107.) The pleadings define the

issues to be considered on a motion for summary judgment. (Sadlier v. Superior Court

(1986) 184 Cal.App.3d 1050, 1055.) As to each claim as framed by the complaint, the

defendant must present facts to negate an essential element or to establish a defense.

Only then will the burden shift to the plaintiff to demonstrate the existence of a triable,

material issue of fact. (AARTS Productions, Inc. v. Crocker National Bank (1986)

179 Cal.App.3d 1061, 1064-1065.)” (Ferrari v. Grand Canyon Dories (1995)

32 Cal.App.4th 248, 252.) “There is a triable issue of material fact if, and only if, the

evidence would allow a reasonable trier of fact to find the underlying fact in favor of the

party opposing the motion in accordance with the applicable standard of proof.”

(Aguilar v. Atlantic Richfield Co. (2001) 25 Cal.4th 826, 850.) We review orders

granting or denying a summary judgment motion de novo. (FSR Brokerage, Inc. v.

Superior Court (1995) 35 Cal.App.4th 69, 72; Union Bank v. Superior Court (1995)

31 Cal.App.4th 573, 579.) We exercise “an independent assessment of the correctness

                                             9
of the trial court’s ruling, applying the same legal standard as the trial court in

determining whether there are any genuine issues of material fact or whether the

moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” (Iverson v. Muroc Unified

School Dist. (1995) 32 Cal.App.4th 218, 222.)

       In this case, we are concerned largely with legal issues. As such, we assume the

disputed factual issues are resolved in favor of Classic.

       2.     Interference with Prospective Economic Advantage10

       “The elements of a claim of interference with economic advantage and

prospective economic advantage are: ‘ “ ‘(1) an economic relationship between the

plaintiff and some third party, with the probability of future economic benefit to the

plaintiff; (2) the defendant’s knowledge of the relationship; (3) intentional [or negligent]

acts on the part of the defendant designed to disrupt the relationship; (4) actual

disruption of the relationship; and (5) economic harm to the plaintiff proximately caused

by the acts of the defendant.’ [Citations.]” [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (Winchester

Mystery House, LLC v. Global Asylum, Inc. (2012) 210 Cal.App.4th 579, 596.)

       An additional element is required. “The tort of intentional interference with

prospective economic advantage is not intended to punish individuals or commercial

entities for their choice of commercial relationships or their pursuit of commercial

10
       The difference between intentional interference and negligent interference with
prospective economic advantage relates to the defendant’s intent. In the instant writ
proceeding, Crown’s intent is not relevant to our analysis of the dispositive issues;
Crown’s summary judgment motion was directed to other elements of Classic’s
interference with prospective economic advantage causes of action. As such, we
consider those causes of action together.

                                             10
objectives, unless their interference amounts to independently actionable conduct.

[Citation.]” (Korea Supply Co. v. Lockheed Martin Corp. (2003) 29 Cal.4th 1134,

1158-1159.) As such, courts require an additional element, that the alleged interference

must have been wrongful by some measure beyond the fact of the interference itself.

(Della Penna v. Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc. (1995) 11 Cal.4th 376, 392-393.) For

an act to be sufficiently independently wrongful, it must be “unlawful, that is, if it is

proscribed by some constitutional, statutory, regulatory, common law, or other

determinable legal standard.” (Korea Supply Co. v. Lockheed Martin Corp., supra,

29 Cal.4th at p. 1159.)

       The independently wrongful act must be the act of interference itself, but such

act must itself be independently wrongful. That is, “[a] plaintiff need not allege the

interference and a second act independent of the interference. Instead, a plaintiff must

plead and prove that the conduct alleged to constitute the interference was

independently wrongful, i.e., unlawful for reasons other than that it interfered with

a prospective economic advantage. [Citations.]” (Stevenson Real Estate Services, Inc.

v. CB Richard Ellis Real Estate Services, Inc. (2006) 138 Cal.App.4th 1215, 1224.)

       It is the plaintiff’s burden to plead and prove that the defendant’s conduct is

independently wrongful in order to recover. The fact that the defendant’s conduct was

independently wrongful is an element of the cause of action itself. (Bed, Bath &

Beyond of La Jolla, Inc. v. La Jolla Village Square Venture Partners (1997)

52 Cal.App.4th 867, 881.)

                                             11
       The question has arisen as to whether, in order to be actionable as interference

with prospective economic advantage, the interfering act must be independently

wrongful as to the plaintiff. It need not be. There is “no sound reason for requiring that

a defendant’s wrongful actions must be directed towards the plaintiff seeking to recover

for this tort. The interfering party is liable to the interfered-with party [even] ‘when the

independently tortious means the interfering party uses are independently tortious only

as to a third party.’ ”11 (Korea Supply Co. v. Lockheed Martin Corp., supra, 29 Cal.4th

at p. 1163.)

       With this background in the law, we now turn to the three bases on which Classic

argues that Crown’s refusal to approve it as a buyer of HBC’s Crown distributorship

constituted an independently wrongful act sufficient to support its claim for interference

with prospective economic advantage: (1) Business and Professions Code

section 25000.9; (2) Business and Professions Code section 23300; and (3) fraudulent

concealment.

       3.      Business and Professions Code Section 25000.9

       As discussed above (see footnote 6, ante), Business and Professions Code

section 25000.9 provides, “Any beer manufacturer who unreasonably withholds consent

or unreasonably denies approval of a sale, transfer, or assignment of any ownership

11
       The reason for this rule is best illustrated by a hypothetical discussed in
San Francisco Design Center Associates v. Portman Companies (1995) 41 Cal.App.4th
29, 43, fn. 9. The court noted that if companies A and B are competing for a piece of
lucrative business and A uses violence against the employees of B to prevail, B could
sue A for intentional interference with prospective economic advantage, based on the
battery committed against its employees.

                                             12
interest in a beer wholesaler’s business with respect to that manufacturer’s brand or

brands, shall be liable in damages to the beer wholesaler.” It then limits the

disappointed seller’s damages to compensatory damages, but provides that if

a successor purchaser acquires the distributorship, the manufacturer is liable only for the

difference in the amount paid by the successor purchaser and the fair market value of

the disappointed seller’s distributorship.

       As this provision provides only for damages to the disappointed seller, rather

than the disappointed buyer, Crown argues that it cannot provide a legal basis for

Crown’s denial of approval to constitute an independently wrongful act as to Classic.

We disagree. As discussed above, an act may be wrongful as to a third party only and

still support a cause of action by a plaintiff for interference with prospective economic

advantage.

       However, we conclude that the statute does not provide a basis for Crown’s

denial of approval, even if unreasonable, to constitute an independently wrongful act.

This statute, which provides a limited and conditional remedy for the disappointed seller

does not render the unreasonable denial of approval wrongful. (Cf. Vehicle Code

section 11713.3, which provides that “[i]t is unlawful” for a vehicle manufacturer to

perform any act identified in its subdivisions, one of which provides, “There shall not be

a transfer or assignment of the dealer’s franchise without the consent of the

manufacturer . . . which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld . . . . ”) Here, far

from rendering the unreasonable denial of approval unlawful, Business and Professions

Code section 25000.9 can be read to permit a beer manufacturer to unreasonably deny

                                             13
approval for a transfer as long as the manufacturer compensates the disappointed seller

for the compensatory damages lost.12

       That Business and Professions Code section 25000.9 is so limited can be seen

when we consider the facts of the instant case. Classic alleges that the denial of

approval was independently wrongful because it violated this statute’s “prohibition

against a beer manufacturer . . . unreasonably withholding its consent or unreasonably

denying approval of a sale, transfer, or assignment of any ownership interest in

a licensed beer wholesaler’s business with respect to that manufacturer’s brand or

brands.” But Business and Professions Code section 25000.9 contains no such

“prohibition.” As long as the seller receives adequate compensation, either from

a successor purchaser or the manufacturer itself, there is no violation of the statute.

Indeed, Classic does not claim or assert that it could prove that HBC did not receive

adequate compensation.

       Solid policy reasons exist for a legislative choice that a beer manufacturer may

decline to approve a transfer of a beer distributorship for an “unreasonable” reason, as

long as it makes the disappointed seller whole. The sale of beer is a highly regulated

12
        The legislative history of Business and Professions Code section 25000.9
indicates that it was enacted in order to guarantee that wholesalers “be able to recover
the fair market value of their business assets in the event a sale is unreasonably
disapproved.” (Assem. Com. on Governmental Organization, Rep. on Sen. Bill
No. 1957 (1999-2000 Reg. Sess.) as amended Aug. 18, 2000, p. 2.) At no point does
the legislative history indicate it was intended to prevent the manufacturer from denying
approval, even on unreasonable grounds. (See also Mussetter Distributing, Inc. v.
DBI Beverage Inc. (N.D. Cal. 2010) 685 F.Supp.2d 1028, 1033 [describing Business
and Professions Code section 25000.9 as a provision “that regulate[s] the beer
manufacturer/distributer’s contractual relationship”].)

                                             14
industry. All manufacturers, importers, and wholesalers shall file with the state

a schedule of their prices. (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 25000.) No beer wholesaler may sell

beer in the state unless it has first entered into a written agreement with the

manufacturer, which sets forth the territorial limits in which the wholesaler may

distribute the beer, and the agreement must be on file with the state. (Bus. & Prof.

Code, § 25000.5, subd. (b).) In other words, when a beer distributor sells its right to

distribute to another distributor, the new distributor cannot sell the beer in California

without first entering into a contract with the manufacturer. If the manufacturer is not

permitted to withhold its consent for any reason, it would be forced, by its distributor’s

choice of buyer, to enter into a new contract with the new distributor, even if it does not

wish to do business with the new distributor. This is problematic. Barring law to the

contrary, a manufacturer has the “right to select with whom to do business and on what

terms.” (Chavez v. Whirlpool Corp. (2001) 93 Cal.App.4th 363, 370; see also Drum v.

San Fernando Valley Bar Assn. (2010) 182 Cal.App.4th 247, 254.) In drafting Business

and Professions Code section 25000.9 to provide only a limited remedy to disappointed

sellers, the Legislature was protecting the beer manufacturers’ right to select the

distributors with whom they choose to do business.13

       In short, we conclude that Business and Professions Code section 25000.9 does

not render the unreasonable denial of approval of a sale of a beer distributorship

13
       We further note that if Classic’s argument were adopted, the disappointed seller,
with whom the manufacturer had a contract, would be limited to compensatory
damages, while the disappointed buyer, who is a stranger to the manufacturer,
conceivably would be entitled to tort and punitive damages. This cannot be what the
Legislature intended.

                                             15
unlawful; it simply sets forth the price the manufacturer must pay its disappointed seller

in the event of such a denial.14 As a result, this statutory provision cannot be read to

convert an unreasonable denial of approval by Crown into an independently wrongful

act. Thus, Classic cannot rely on this statute as a legal basis for its causes of action for

interference with prospective economic advantage.

       4.     Business and Professions Code Section 23300

       Classic next relies on Business and Professions Code section 23300 as the basis

for which it argues Crown’s denial of approval was independently wrongful. That

statute, however, simply provides that no person shall exercise any act of a licensee

unless that person possesses the necessary license. Classic argues that this statute

provides that a manufacturer (or importer) cannot exercise the rights of a distributor,

and, further, that the rights of a distributor include selecting any seller to whom to

transfer the distributorship.

14
        Looking at it another way, Crown’s distributorship contract with HBC included
a term that if any provisions of the contract conflicted with state law, the state law
governed. Thus, we can read Business and Professions Code section 25000.9 as reading
into the distributorship contract a provision that if Crown unreasonably denied approval
of a transfer, Crown would compensate HBC according to the terms of the statute. An
unreasonable denial of approval would grant a contractual remedy to HBC, but nothing
to Classic. In this regard, Business and Professions Code section 25000.9 is simply
a manifestation of the doctrine of efficient breach of contract. “Generally, the right of
a contracting party to breach a contract and pay damages (nominally referred to as
‘expectation damages’), instead of being required by law to perform, has driven legal
economists to extol the principle of efficient breach of contract as ‘ “[o]ne of the most
enlightening insights of law and economics.” ’ [Citation.] Essentially, where it is worth
more to the promisor to breach rather than to perform a contract, it is more efficient for
the law to allow the promisor to breach the contract and to pay the promisee damages
based on the benefit the promisee expected to gain by the completed contract.
[Citation.]” (Huynh v. Vu (2003) 111 Cal.App.4th 1183, 1198-1199.)

                                             16
       The sole authority on which Classic relies for this proposition is the AG’s

advisory letter on the topic, which sets forth the AG’s position that certain provisions in

beer distributorship contracts grant the manufacturers excessive control over the

business decisions of their distributors. The advisory stated that the AG found

problematic, “Manufacturers having the right to control or approve a wholesaler’s

acquisitions or divestitures of businesses or product lines, or a change in control of

a wholesaler or a wholesaler’s business, in either case including, but not limited to,

a manufacturer’s right of first refusal to purchase or right to appoint a designee

purchaser.”

       Apart from whether the AG’s advisory can be interpreted, as Classic would read

it, to indicate AG disapproval of provisions allowing the manufacturer to unreasonably

withhold consent to a sale of the distributorship, we conclude that, even if it did, it

would provide no assistance to Classic. As we have discussed above, Business and

Professions Code section 25000.9 specifically allows manufacturers to unreasonably

withhold consent to a distributorship sale as long as they adequately compensate the

selling distributors. Such a specific statute controls over the general statute (Fujifilm

Corp. v. Yang (2014) 223 Cal.App.4th 326, ___.), which simply sets forth the necessity

of licensure. Thus, Business and Professions Code section 23300 cannot be read to

prevent what Business and Professions Code section 25000.9 permits, and it therefore

provides no basis for finding the denial of approval to be independently wrongful.15

15
       Moreover, Classic’s interpretation of Business and Professions Code
section 23300 would run afoul of the proposition discussed above that, as a general

                                             17
      5.     Fraudulent Concealment

      Finally, Classic argues that Crown’s denial of approval was independently

wrongful as it was the culmination of Crown’s act of fraudulent concealment;

specifically, Crown fraudulently concealed in 2008 that it had other plans for HBC’s

distributorship and would never approve Classic, no matter how much Classic’s

performance improved.

      Preliminarily, Classic raised this argument for the first time in opposition to the

motion for summary judgment. The independently wrongful act is an element which

must be pleaded and proved by a plaintiff. Classic failed to plead fraudulent

concealment as an independently wrongful act, even when filing its second amended

complaint after Crown had moved for summary judgment. Classic cannot raise

fraudulent concealment as a new basis for the independent wrongfulness of Crown’s act

after Crown had moved for summary judgment arguing against the two bases actually

pleaded in Classic’s complaint.

      Even if, however, we overlook this procedural default, Classic cannot prevail

with this argument. Classic takes the position that the denial of approval in 2010 was

part of an act of fraudulent concealment that began in 2008. Specifically, Classic argues

that it was told in 2008 that if it improved its performance, Crown would “leave the

door open” to it being considered to purchase HBC’s Crown distributorship later.

Classic argues that this was fraudulent, in that Crown always intended that HBC’s

matter, a manufacturer has the right to select with whom to do business. (Chavez v.
Whirlpool Corp., supra, 93 Cal.App.4th at p. 370.)

                                           18
distributorship be conveyed to a distributor related to Anheuser-Busch, and that Crown

concealed those plans from it. But any such fraudulent concealment would have

necessarily occurred in 2008. There is no claim of a fraudulent concealment in 2010;

Crown openly denied approval to Classic at that time. Classic is attempting to argue

that the fraudulent concealment in 2008 rendered the denial of approval in 2010

independently wrongful. This is incorrect; the denial of approval in 2010 itself must be

independently wrongful. Classic’s argument regarding fraudulent concealment is

insufficient.16

       6.         Conclusion

       As none of the three bases on which Classic purports to base its assertion that the

denial of approval constituted an independently wrongful act apply, Classic cannot

establish a cause of action for interference with prospective economic advantage. As

such, Crown’s summary judgment motion should have been granted.

16
       Even if Classic took the position that the reasons for Crown’s 2010 denial of
approval were fraudulently concealed in 2010, that does not render the denial itself
fraudulent.

                                           19
                                    DISPOSITION

       The petition for writ of mandate is granted. Let a writ of mandate issue directing

the trial court to vacate its order denying Crown’s motion for summary judgment and

enter a new and different order granting the motion. The parties shall bear their own

costs in connection with this writ proceeding.

       CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

                                                                      CROSKEY, J.

WE CONCUR:

       KLEIN, P. J.

       KITCHING, J.

                                           20