Court Opinion

ID: 6587739
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-20 19:50:41.306277+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:57:33.001136
License: Public Domain

Van Orsdel, Justice.
This is a proceeding instituted in the District Court of Laramie County by defendant in error, plaintiff below, under the provisions of Section 2326, Revised Statutes U. S., in support of an adverse claim filed by defendant in error *503in the United States Rand Office at Cheyenne, Wyoming, against the issuance of a patent to the plaintiffs in error, defendants below, for the Jehosephat lode mining claim, located within the corporate limits of the town of Hart-ville. It appears that on the 19th day of April, 1902, a patent was issued by the United States to Joseph J. Hop-hauff, Mayor of said town, in trust for the use and benefit of the occupants of the townsite of Hartville. About the 20th of March, 1899', the plaintiffs in error located a lode mining claim within the boundaries of said townsite, which location was known to exist at the time of the townsite entry. On the 21st day of June, 1902, plaintiffs in error applied in the land office of the United States at Cheyenne for a patent to their mining claim, and caused notice of said application to be published according to law. On the 21st of August, following, the defendant in error filed in said land office an adverse claim against the application of the plaintiffs in error, and thereafter, on the 13th day of September, in the District Court of Laramie County instituted this action in support of said adverse claim. The cause was tried to the court and judgment was entered for the plaintiff. From this judgment defendants prosecute error to this court.
An examination of the pleadings upon which the case was tried and judgment entered in the trial court, discloses that the action is one solely in support of the adverse claim filed by the defendant in error in the land office. The petition contains, among other things, a prayer for a decree quieting title in the plaintiff, but the petition itself is not sufficient to support such a decree. In fact the petition, after setting forth the allegations relating to the filing of an adverse claim in the land office, states, “This suit is brought in support of said adverse claim.”
Without enumerating or discussing the errors assigned by plaintiffs in error, we are confronted at the outset with the question of the jurisdiction of the trial court to hear and determine this case. This question seems to have been *504overlooked by counsel for both parties, and was not suggested in the briefs filed herein, or presented to the trial court, except b)^ a demurrer to the petition. The demurrer seems to have been abandoned by defendants below, for the record fails to disclose any ruling upon it by the trial court. A question of jurisdiction, however, is too important to be ignored or considered as waived by this court. The action was brought and sought to be maintained under the provisions of Section 2326, Revised Statutes U. S., which, among other things, provides: “Where an adverse claim is filed during the period of publication ... it shall be the duty of the adverse claimant, within thirty days after filing his claim, to commence proceedings in a court of competent jurisdiction, to determine the question of the right of possession, and prosecute the same with reasonable diligence to final judgment; and a failure so to do shall be a waiver of his adverse claim.” It will be observed that this statute provides a method by which a court of competent jurisdiction is to determine the right of possession between two or more mining claimants, and not to determine the character of the lands involved as to whether they are mineral or non-mineral. This statute only gives the court jurisdiction of suits when the parties are all mining claimants and when the land embraced in the claim is unpatented government land. It follows, therefore, that the court would not have jurisdiction in a suit in support of an adverse claim, where the parties were all mining claimants and a patent had already been issued to one of the claimants ;. or where one of the parties is a mining claimant and the other a townsite claimant, whether patent had been issued or not; or, stating the proposition more generally, where one of the parties is an applicant for a patent to mineral land and the other party claims the same, or any part of the land embraced in the mining claim, under any of the laws providing for the disposal of non-mineral lands. In other words, the court has jurisdiction only where the suit is between adverse mining' claimants to the same un-*505patented mineral land. The reason for this distinction is apparent. The entire disposal of the public lands of the United States, under the laws enacted by Congress, is placed in the Land Department of the government. This department is the court of last resort in determining questions of fact, between contesting claimants, with respect to their rights in acquiring any of the public lands.
The rule is universal that when the question of the character of the land is in issue, it is one for the Land Department to decide, and not for the courts. We cannot conceive of a court determining the right of possession, as in the case at bar, between a townsite patentee and a mining claimant, without first arriving at a decision as to the character of the land involved. This is what the trial court did in this case. Quoting from the decree, the court made the following finding of fact: “And the court further finds that the lands embraced within the limits of said so-called Jehosephat claim, being the same described by.the answer of the defendants herein, are more valuable for townsite purposes than for mining or any other purpose, and that the plaintiff is entitled to a decree as prayed for in its petition to quiet its title to said lands against said defendants, and each of them, and all persons claiming or to claim the same, or any part thereof, under or through the said defendants, or either of them.” It appears that the judgment of the District Court was based entirely upon a finding of fact as to the character of the land. As before stated, in a proceeding such as we are now considering, this is a question for the Land Department and not for the courts.
The above conclusions are supported by the highest authority. In a leading case, the Supreme Court of the United States, interpreting Sections 2325 and 2326, Revised Statutes U. S., said: “Another reason, which we think more satisfactory, is, that a careful examination of this statute concerning adverse claims leads us to the conviction that it was not intended to affect a part3 who, before the publication first required, had himself gone through all the *506regular proceedings required to obtain a patent for mineral land from the United States; had established his right to the land claimed by him, and received his patent; and was reposing quietly upon its sufficiency and validity. It is true that there are no very distinctive words declaring what kind of adverse claim is required to be set up as a defense against the party making- publication; but throughout the whole of these sections and the original statute from which they are transferred to the Revised Statutes, the words 'claim' and ‘claimant’ are used. This word is, in all legislation of Congress on.the subject, used in regard to a claim not yet perfected by a title from the government by way of a patent. And the purpose of the statute seems to be that, where there are two claimants to the same mine, neither of whom has yet acquired the title from the government, they shall bring their respective claims to the same property, in the manner- prescribed in the statute, before some judicial tribunal located in the neighborhood where the property is, and that the result of this judicial investigation shall govern the action of the officers of the Land Department in determining which of these claimants shall have the patent, the final evidence of title, from the government. This view is consistent with the entire statute on the subject, and some of its language is inconsistent with the idea that any contest to be thus decided is between a party who already has the legal title to the property which he claims and some other party who is onty setting up a claim to the same property.” (Iron Silver Mining Co. v. Campbell, 135 U. S., 286.)
That courts have not jurisdiction to entertain actions in support of adverse claims between- a townsite claimant and a mining claimant, is conclusively disposed of by Lindley in his work on mines, where the author announces the following rule: “A townsite occupant could have ho legal right of possession to lands whose mineral character ■ was known or discovered prior to the townsite entry; consequently he could have no adverse claim in contemplation of the law, to the title of the mineral applicant. The relative *507position of the parties is parallel to the case of a known lode embraced within a placer, which is unclaimed by the placer owner — a subject discussed in a previous section. If an adverse claim were filed and prosecuted by a townsite claimant, ordinarily the crucial question would necessarily be the character of the land ; and this is the question the determination of which is confided to the Land Department, and not to the courts.” (Lindley on Mines, Sec. 723.) We have been unable to find any conflict of authority on this question. It has been affirmed in numerous decisions. (Powell v. Ferguson, 23 L. D., 173; Snyder v. Waller, 25 L. D., 7; North Star Lode, 28 L. D., 41; Iron Silver Mining Co. v. Campbell, supra; Le Fevre et al. v. Amonson et al. (Idaho), 81 Pac., 71; Richmond Mining Co. v. Rose, 114 U. S., 576.)
The latest expression of opinion by the Land Department which we have been able to find is in Ryan v. Granite Hill Mining and Development Co., 29 L. D., 522. In this case a townsite patentee instituted a suit in support of an adverse claim against a mineral claimant. The facts are very similar to the case here under consideration. The opinion was by Van Devanter, Assistant Attorney General, and clearly states the law governing cases of this character in the following language: “The mining laws do not authorize or provide for adverse proceedings against an applicant for patent to mineral land by one claiming the same, or any part thereof, under laws providing for the disposal of non-mineral lands. The provisions of Sections 2325 and 2326 relative to adverse cláims contemplate proceedings to determine only the right of possession as between claimants of the same unpatented mineral lands; and not to decide controversies respecting the character of public lands, that is, whether they áre mineral or non-mineral lands. The townsite entry and patent under Section 2387 of the Revised Statutes, under which Ryan claims, could only embrace lands not known to be mineral at the time of entry, and hence he has no standing as an adverse claimant against *508the company’s application for patent to the Granite Hill mining claim. The fact that Ryan claims under a patent is only an additional reason for denying him the status of an adverse claimant. (North Star Lode, supra, and Iron Silver Mining Co. v. Campbell, supra.) So much of the said decision of your office as holds that the said papers filed by Ryan do not constitute an adverse claim within the meaning of the mining laws, and in effect rejects the same, is accordingly affirmed. It follows from what has been said that the suit to quiet title, begun by Ryan against the company, is not such a suit as is contemplated by said Section 2326, and that no sta)' of the company’s proceedings for patent to await the result of that suit is authorized. It is plain that the controlling question in that suit is the character of the land; whether or not at the date of the townsite entry the said town lots contained known valuable mines, or were known to be valuable for minerals, or were embraced in a valid mining claim or possession held under the mining laws; for if they were known then to be valuable for their mines' or minerals, or were embraced in a valid mining claim or possession, title to them did not pass out of the United States under the said patent, but still remains in the United States subject to the jurisdiction of the Land Department and to disposal under the mining laws. (Pacific Slope Lode v. Butte Townsite, 25 L. D., 518; Gregory Lode, 26 L. D., 144; and Brady’s Mortgagee v. Harris et al., 29 L. D., 426.) In. view of the townsite entry and patent, such a question is raised as to all the conflict between the townsite and the said Granite Hill mining claim by the company’s proceedings for patent thereto; and this question must be decided, in those proceedings, by the Land Department. No authority of law exists for transferring-the proceedings from the Land Department to the courts for the decision of that question, and hence the decision of the court thereon cannot bind or conclude the Land Department, nor relieve it from the duty of making its own decision in the premises.” In the same decision, the As*509sistant Attorney General, defining the procedure that should-he followed by the Land Department when a townsite pat-entee files in the local land office a protest against a mining-claimant, said: “You (the Commissioner of the General Land Office) will order a hearing upon notice to the parties herein and to the South Grass Valley town-site authorities, to determine whether, at the date of the townsite entry, the land embraced in the conflict between the same and the Granite Hill mining claim, or any part thereof, contained-known valuable mines, or was known to be valuable for minerals, or was embraced in a valid mining claim or possession held under then existing laws.”
The reason for confining jurisdiction of the courts to suits in support of adverse claims between mining claimants to unpatented mineral lands, is apparent. There is no issue as to the character of the land in such case. The only issue for the court to determine is the right of possession, and' this is the only question, the statute gives the court jurisdiction to consider. It is likewise important that this question should be decided before the issuance of patent. In fact the statute makes the determination of the right of possession a condition precedent to the issuance of a patent, and also makes such decision hy the court binding and conclusive upon the department. In discussing the scope of this statute, the Supreme Court of the United States, in Richmond Mining Company v. Rose, supra, said: “Looking at the scheme which this statute presents, and which relates solely to securing patents for mining claims, it is apparent that the law intended, in every instance where there was a possibility that one of these claims conflicted with another, to give opportunity to have the conflict decided by a judicial tribunal before the rights of the parties were foreclosed or embarrassed by the issue of a patent to either'claimant. The wisdom of this is apparent when we consider its effect upon the value of the patent, which is thereby rendered conclusive as to all rights which could have been asserted in this proceeding, and that it enabled *510this to be done in the form of an action in a court of the vicinage, where the witnesses could be produced, and a jury, largely of miners, could pass upon the rights of the parties under instruction as to the law from the court. It is in full accord with this purpose that the law should declare, as it does, that when this contest is inaugurated the land officers shall proceed no further until the court has decided, and that they shall then be governed by that decision; to which end a copy of the record is to be filed in their office. They have no further act of judgment to exercise. If the court decides for one party or the other the Land Department is bound by the decision. If it decides that neither party has established a right to the mine or any part of it, this is equally binding as the case then stands. With all this these officers have no right to interfere. After the decision, they are governed by it. Before the decision, once the proceeding is initiated, their function is suspended.”
For the reasons stated in this opinion we are forced to the conclusion that the District, Court had no jurisdiction to hear and determine this action. While the petition contains a prayer for the quieting of the title of the defendant in error and the court in its decree attempts to so quiet the title, we are of the opinion that the petition is not sufficient to sustain even this portion of the decree. The suit is clearly an action in support of an adverse claim, and it is so stated in the petition. Under the conditions as they now exist, the court would undoubtedly have jurisdiction, under the statute of this state, to entertain an action to quiet title between the parties to this action, but such a result cannot be reached in the present case. How the Land Department, in the ultimate determination of the rights of the parties, might be influenced by such a decision, if at all, it -is unnecessary for us to decide. Since, therefore, an order must be entered directing the dismissal of this action, it is unnecessary for us to consider the errors assigned.
*511The judgment of the District Court is reversed and the cause remanded with directions to enter an order vacating said judgment and dismissing- the case without prejudice.

Reversed.

Potter, C. J., and Beard, J., concur.