Court Opinion

ID: 9410617
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-22 06:08:58.00374+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:58.861885
License: Public Domain

Opinion filed July 20, 2023

                                       In The

        Eleventh Court of Appeals
                                    __________

                              No. 11-22-00072-CV
                                  __________

BRIAN GAGE; JASON COGBURN; EPIC ENERGY SERVICES,
       L.P.; AND EPIC HOLDINGS, LLC, Appellants
                                          V.
 BOBBY SIMMONS; CATHERINE SIMMONS; JODY FINLEY,
  INDIVIDUALLY AND D/B/A J&W SERVICES; AND ORBIT
PLASTIC PIPE, INC. D/B/A ORBIT CONSTRUCTION, Appellees

                     On Appeal from the 385th District Court
                            Midland County, Texas
                        Trial Court Cause No. CV54421

                      MEMORANDUM OPINION
       After a bench trial, the trial court rendered judgment against Appellants, Brian
Gage, Jason Cogburn, Epic Energy Services, L.P., and Epic Holdings, LLC, for
common-law fraud and awarded benefit-of-the-bargain damages to Appellees,
Bobby Simmons, Catherine Simmons, and Jody Finley.1
        Appellants assert three issues on appeal: (1) the evidence is legally and
factually insufficient to support the trial court’s finding of fraud and rendition of
judgment in favor of Appellees based on that finding; (2) the trial court erred when
it awarded Appellees benefit-of-the-bargain damages because Appellees did not
plead, request, or provide evidence to support such an award; and (3) many of the
trial court’s findings of fact constitute inappropriate statements of opinion or are not
supported by the evidence. We affirm.
                                        I. Factual Background
        This is a business deal gone awry. Appellants owned a company, Epic Energy
Services, LLC (Epic), that offered an environmentally friendly process of
repurposing drill cuttings retrieved from oilfield operations into road-building
materials. The idea for the process originated with Jody, who had previously
operated a company that offered a similar process in another state. Jody approached
Jason with the idea of beginning a business in Texas that specialized in the
repurposing process; they later obtained a permit from the Texas Railroad
Commission. Because Jason and Jody knew each other well—they had grown up in
the same town and attended the same high school—they did not discuss the need for
a formal partnership agreement. Jody testified that he had been involved in many
deals with Jason in the past and that they had always conducted their business affairs
in an informal, and fair, manner.
        Unbeknownst to Jody, Jason had formed Epic without including Jody as a
member. The permit was issued to Epic by the Railroad Commission. Later, Jason

        1
         As the trial court did in its findings of fact and conclusions of law, we refer to the parties by their
first names, or collectively as “Appellants” and “Appellees.”

                                                       2
amended the company’s formation documents to include his accountant, Brian Gage,
as a partner. Brian had initially only advised Jason regarding the venture, but he
ultimately contributed $100,000 of capital and became a partner with Jason. Jason
and Brian thereafter added two more partners, Rick Weatherl and Jon Bruner, who
also contributed capital to Epic. Jody testified that he was not aware of any of this
at the time.
      For the first several years of Epic’s existence, it struggled to obtain customers.
Jody continued to work in furtherance of the company, supplying equipment and
labor. Eventually, Jody suggested to Jason that they approach Bobby and Catherine
Simmons, friends of Jody’s who had a successful oilfield construction business
(Orbit) with many clients of the type that Epic was pursuing.
      Bobby and Catherine’s large customer base, their contacts, and their existing
relationships with oilfield companies presented an extremely valuable asset for
Epic—access. Bobby testified that: “Orbit was the crutch to help Epic get off the
ground. And obviously they weren’t off the ground or they would have never called
us to begin with.” Orbit had approximately fifty master service agreements (MSAs)
in effect with various oilfield-related companies. These MSAs are essential to the
success of an oilfield service company, like Epic, because they are a prerequisite to
obtaining any service job for oilfield-related companies.
      On the other hand, Epic’s business idea offered potentially substantial profits
for its partners. Bobby testified that, in his estimation, Epic could generate $32,000
per day in revenue for a single client, and that they likely would be able to work
twenty-two days per month for this client. That projected revenue alone would have
exceeded $700,000, all from a single client. And indeed, after the events that led to
this litigation, Epic was able to obtain a client for which they were able to perform
the repurposing process for over a year. Jason and Brian testified that, in 2018 and

                                           3
2019 combined (after Appellees were no longer involved in Epic), the company
collected millions in revenue.
        Jody, Jason, Bobby, and Catherine met in February of 2017 to discuss
business opportunities. Jody, Bobby, and Catherine testified that, at that meeting,
they discussed dividing the ownership of Epic: 50% ownership for Bobby and
Catherine and 50% ownership between Jody and Jason. Jason denied discussing
ownership percentages at this meeting.
        The four met again on March 3, 2017; this time Brian also attended. Brian
testified that, at this meeting, he explained that Epic Energy Services, LLC was a
“partnership,” but that they could convert Epic into a limited partnership as part of
a deal to include Bobby and Catherine. Brian illustrated this proposal by sketching
an example diagram which showed how a potential division of interests would
function in a limited partnership. Jason testified that the parties discussed many
ways that their partnership could be structured, and that Brian’s diagram was simply
one example of many. Brian testified that, after he sketched the diagram, Jody
quickly printed a non-compete agreement and either Bobby and Catherine or Jody
requested that everyone sign both the diagram and the non-compete agreement.
        Bobby, Catherine, and Jody each testified that, at the March 3 meeting, Jason
and Brian agreed that each of them would own 20% of the partnership. Brian
sketched a rough diagram to illustrate the structure of the partnership. According to
that diagram, each of the five individuals would own 19.8% of the limited
partnership, and the remaining 1% of the company would be held in a general partner
LLC, for tax purposes. 2 All five of them signed this diagram at the meeting. They

        2
         Although the diagram did not specifically designate a 1% ownership interest in the general partner,
each of the Appellees testified that the agreement was that they would each own a 20% interest. The
diagram illustrates a five-way partnership in which each partner owns 19.8% in the limited partnership and
the general partner owns 0.2%.

                                                     4
also signed a non-compete and confidentiality agreement. According to Bobby and
Catherine, in addition to the diagram, the parties discussed and agreed at the meeting
that no partner would withdraw any money from the company until it was profitable,
each would take 20% of the company profits, and all would share equally in the
expenses and losses.
      Brian testified that the diagram was only an illustration, and that Appellees
had no reason to believe it was anything more. He further testified that Jody was
included in the diagram only to reconcile the math because they had discussed that
Bobby and Catherine would each receive a 20% interest. He stated: “[A]s it turned
out, there were five people in the room, and so I was drawing the illustration to try
to be complete about if we had five people, that is what it would look like.”
      Brian did not tell Appellees about the other partners in Epic because, he
claimed, it was only the first meeting and they had only known each other for about
two hours; he wanted to simply “get a feel” for whether there was a mutual interest
in going into business together. Jody testified that he was unaware that Jason had
other partners in the business, including Brian.
      Brian and Jason did not tell Appellees that they were required to sign a formal
partnership agreement in order to become partners or owners in Epic. Brian never
explained that the ownership interest each of them may receive was dependent on
the forthcoming partnership agreement, not the diagram. Nor did Brian and Jason
tell Appellees that they intended to control Epic themselves, that they would be the
sole general partners in the holding company, or that they did not intend to include
Jody in Epic at all.
      Appellees testified that at no point during the March 3 meeting did Brian or
Jason represent that the diagram was simply an illustration and not an agreement.
Appellees also testified that they each understood that they were partners and part-

                                          5
owners in Epic after March 3, based on the signed diagram and their discussions at
the meeting. Appellees further testified that, if Brian and Jason had represented that
Appellees were not partners in the venture, they would not have agreed to anything
or have performed any work in furtherance of Epic.
      Brian conceded that the diagram that he sketched on March 3 was false. He
also stated that, after the meeting, he expected Appellees to work in furtherance of
Epic from that day forward. He testified that the diagram was “a piece of paper with
Bobby and Catherine’s percentage [so] that they could feel confident that we were
going to include [them] in our partnership agreement.” Jason testified that he and
Brian signed the diagram because they wanted to use Bobby and Catherine’s MSAs
for Epic’s venture. According to Brian, “[Bobby and Catherine] could rely on the
fact that . . . the interest that was on that paper would be in the partnership
agreement.”
      However, Brian denied that the same was true for Jody. He claimed that the
March 3 meeting was not about Jody joining Epic; rather, it was only about Bobby
and Catherine. Brian testified that, although he did not state this to anyone, Jody
could not rely on the diagram, but Bobby and Catherine could. Brian also agreed
that the diagram showed that Bobby, Catherine, and Jody each would own 20% of
the general partner-holding company, Epic Holdings, LLC.
      Control of Epic was essential to Bobby and Catherine. Bobby and Catherine
offered a valuable asset to Epic because of their existing clientele and business
relationships, and they expressed concern about harming those relationships or
allowing (in their estimation) unproven or poor businessmen like Brian and Jason to
have a controlling influence over their reputations.
      Bobby testified that he would not have done any work for Epic’s benefit if he
had known that Jason and Brian were going to control the business. He testified

                                          6
that, with Catherine and Jody, the three of them would have likely controlled Epic.
Bobby further stated that if he had known that Jason and Brian had no intention of
including Jody in Epic, he would not have agreed to the deal. In other words, Bobby
and Catherine knew that Jody was essential to their ability to control Epic because
he was a friend and, with him, they would control the majority that was needed of
the group of five partners as represented in the diagram.
         Bobby testified that control of the company was extremely important to he
and Catherine because they and Jody had a successful business track record. On the
other hand, he did not know Brian Gage but in Bobby’s estimation, Brian, as an
accountant, did not know anything about oilfield services. With respect to Jason,
Bobby and Jody knew that Jason had not been successful in business in the past. But
because Jason had secured the permit for the repurposing process, he had to be
included in the venture.
         Despite this, Jason and Brian had no intention of permitting anyone to control
Epic, other than themselves. They both testified that they found it unacceptable to
cede control to Bobby and Catherine. This is the crux of the parties’ dispute. Brian
sketched the diagram that showed that Bobby, Catherine, and Jody would control
60% of Epic in exchange for joining the venture. Bobby and Catherine had business
relationships, clients, and MSAs authorizing them to work with those clients, all of
which Epic desperately needed and could not develop on its own. Jody contributed
the idea for Epic’s product in the first place and brought Bobby and Catherine to the
table.
         Appellees testified that, based on the diagram that showed they would each
own 20% of the company, in both its limited partnership and general partner-holding
company, they worked in furtherance of Epic’s venture and to Epic’s benefit. They
testified that they would not have done any work if they had known that the diagram

                                            7
was false and that they were not partners in the venture. All along, they believed
that a deal had been struck, that they were partners in the venture, and that the
execution of a formal partnership agreement was simply a formality. Jason agreed
that neither Bobby, Catherine, nor Jody would work for a venture unless they
believed that they had some sort of an agreement in place.
        Nevertheless, Jason and Brian were operating on a very different set of beliefs
about their relationship with Appellees. Although they had represented to Appellees
at the March 3 meeting that Appellees would collectively own 60% of Epic, Jason
and Brian candidly admitted that they had no intention of either including Jody in
the partnership or ceding control of Epic to Bobby, Catherine, and Jody. This was
all contrary to the diagram and, according to Appellees’ testimony, the parties’
discussions at the March 3 meeting.
        Jason and Brian also admitted that, though they did not view Appellees as
partners in the venture yet (or at all, in Jody’s case), from March 3 onward they
expected Jody, Bobby, and Catherine to work in furtherance of Epic’s venture by
developing business, obtaining clients, and providing labor and equipment to
complete the all-important field test for their newly redesigned chemical formula.3
        And Appellees did so. Through their company, Orbit, Bobby and Catherine
contacted existing clients with whom they had MSAs in effect and, with some
difficulty, secured permission to conduct a field test for Epic’s new chemical
formula at Diamondback’s job site. Leading up to the field test, Jody continued to
provide equipment and warehouse and office space on his property, while Epic

        3
         Although Jody had brought and provided to Jason the original formula that he used from his
previous out-of-state business, supply issues and the different geologic conditions of West Texas
necessitated a redesign of the chemical formula that was to be used to convert the drill cuttings into road
base material. The Railroad Commission’s permit had initially been granted for Jody’s original formula;
therefore, Epic needed to demonstrate the viability of their new formula to potential clients before they
could hope to be retained by any of them.

                                                    8
redesigned its chemical formula for the repurposing process. The field test was
conducted using Orbit employees and equipment, as well as Jody’s labor.
        While Appellees were doing all of this, Brian was also busy. First, he filed
formation documents to convert Epic into a limited partnership. In this conversion,
Brian did not alter the original membership of Epic. That is, the limited partnership’s
formation reflected the membership of Jason, Brian, Weatherl, and Bruner only.
Brian testified that he planned to add Bobby and Catherine later, after a formal
partnership agreement had been executed. Brian also filed formation documents for
the general partner-holding company, Epic Holdings, LLC. Here, he included only
himself and Jason as members of that entity, again, contrary to the diagram that was
discussed at the March 3 meeting.
        Brian did not send these formation documents, or any information about the
formation of these entities, to Appellees for months. In fact, Appellees were
unaware that those documents even existed. He did send, on April 5, a proposed
agreement for the limited partnership to Bobby and Catherine, in which Jody’s
ownership percentage was significantly reduced to 11.875%. Jody reassured Bobby
and Catherine that he agreed to the reduction; according to Jody, Jason had assured
him that he, Jason, would “take care of” Jody out of Jason’s ownership percentage. 4
With their concerns dispelled by Jody’s explanation, Bobby and Catherine did not
protest this change.

        4
          Brian explained that although, initially, Jody would not be included in the partnership at all, soon
after the March 3 meeting, Jason and Jody discussed that Jody would contribute $100,000 to Epic and join
as a partner. This was the basis, according to Brian, for Jody’s 11.875% in the proposed partnership
agreement. When Jody did not make this capital contribution, Brian excluded him from later partnership
proposals that were exchanged with Bobby and Catherine. Jody testified that, although he discussed
contributing money to Epic, Jason never stated that Jody’s membership in the partnership was dependent
on any contribution, and Jody believed he was already a partner based on the March 3 meeting.

                                                      9
       Bobby and Catherine did not, however, agree to the proposal, nor did they
seriously review it through their attorney for several months. Both Bobby and
Catherine explained that they believed an agreement was already in place based on
the March 3 meeting.5 In fact, Jason had sent Catherine a text message about three
weeks after the meeting in which he stated that Appellees were part owners of Epic,
which only confirmed and bolstered their belief. When Bobby and Catherine sent
the proposal to their attorney for review, the attorney expressed concern and
requested that they also send him the general partnership agreement for him to
review. Bobby and Catherine had not received or requested the general partnership
agreement before this. Bobby testified that they became concerned about the
vagueness and reduction in Jody’s share because it could affect their ability to
control the company.
       Upon receiving the general partnership agreement, Bobby and Catherine,
through their attorney, submitted changes that they requested be made to the
proposed limited partnership agreement and returned it to Appellants. They also
requested that Appellants amend the general partner agreement to include Bobby
and Catherine. 6 The most significant edits that they made to the limited partnership
agreement was the addition of a supermajority requirement for operational decisions
in the company. The consequence of this revision would be to effectively give
Bobby and Catherine control, or at least the ability to block any company decision
that they did not approve. Bobby and Catherine informed Appellants that they were

       5
        Bobby and Jody testified that, throughout their careers, they primarily worked according to
“handshake” agreements.
       6
         In later-exchanged drafts of the proposed general partner agreement, when Appellants added
Bobby and Catherine, they also added Weatherl. The effect of this was that Appellants would maintain
majority control of the general partner, as Weatherl was unknown to Bobby and Catherine and apparently
was another client of Brian’s. Brian testified that the membership of the general partner was important
information for anyone who wanted to be a limited partner.

                                                  10
prepared to sign the version of the agreement they had sent, which included the
supermajority requirement, although it excluded Jody entirely from the partnership.7
Throughout the negotiations, Bobby and Catherine’s paramount concern remained
maintaining control of Epic, in light of their mistrust of Jason and Brian’s business
acumen.
        Shortly after Bobby and Catherine sent their proposed revisions to Appellants,
Jason informed them by letter that they were not going to be partners in Epic at all.
In the letter, Appellants offered Bobby and Catherine a cut of 40% of the net profit
that Epic had or would realize. Catherine testified that this offer did not interest
them because they did not trust Brian to provide a true accounting of Epic’s profits.
        After this, Bobby, Catherine, and Jody no longer worked to further Epic’s
venture. Bobby testified that Orbit’s relationship with Diamondback was essentially
destroyed when he and Catherine were ousted from Epic, because Epic attempted to
invoice Diamondback directly even though it did not have an MSA in effect with
Diamondback. Ultimately, Epic did not succeed in obtaining Diamondback as a
client. However, because the field test (conducted at Diamondback, a client of
Orbit’s, and using Orbit’s equipment and employees) successfully met the Railroad
Commission’s criteria for its permit, Epic was able to obtain a different oilfield
client. For this client, Epic operated its repurposing process for over a year. Jason
and Brian testified that, in 2018 and 2019 combined, after Appellees were no longer
involved in Epic, the company collected millions in revenue. Jason claimed,
however, that none of this revenue was net profit.

        7
          Bobby and Catherine’s redlined drafts also showed a change that excluded Jody entirely from the
partnership. Bobby, Catherine, Brian, and Jason testified that this change, though made by Bobby and
Catherine’s attorney, was only an update made to align the draft with Appellants’ earlier draft agreements
that had excluded Jody. Bobby and Catherine did not remove Jody from the partnership of their own accord.
Further, Jody had told them that Jason was intending to take care of him through Jason’s ownership share.

                                                   11
      In short, Jason and Brian achieved what they needed the most from Bobby
and Catherine: access to clientele and relationships in the oilfield to oilfield-related
companies. In exchange, Bobby, Catherine, and Jody were ousted from Epic, and
Bobby and Catherine were left with a damaged relationship with one of their pre-
existing clients and no share of Epic’s business.
      The trial court granted judgment in favor of Appellees on their common-law
fraud claim and awarded them benefit-of-the-bargain damages. Appellees presented
evidence of the tax return documents for Epic Holdings, LLC in the years 2018 and
2019, which showed distributions to Jason in the amounts of approximately
$556,000 and $656,000, respectively. Brian testified that he prepared those tax
documents. He also testified that the distributions were actually reimbursements to
Jason for expenses on behalf of Epic, and therefore were not profits in which
Appellees could share under their theory of liability. But Brian also admitted that,
although a reimbursement is not the same as a distribution, the tax returns he
prepared reported the funds as being paid to Jason as distributions. Those funds
were paid to the holding company by the limited partnership as “management fees.”
The tax returns did not show any large business expenses. Based on that evidence,
the trial court calculated that each of Appellees’ benefit-of-the-bargain damages
amounted to 20% of the combined distributions made to Jason, or $242,617.80 each.
      After the trial court signed its judgment, Appellants requested findings of fact
and conclusions of law; they also filed a motion to correct the judgment. In their
motion, Appellants contended that the trial court’s award of benefit-of-the-bargain
damages failed to conform to Appellees’ pleadings, in violation of Rule 301 of the
Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, because Appellees did not plead or present evidence
of benefit-of-the-bargain damages. Appellees filed a response and, after a hearing,

                                          12
the trial court denied Appellants’ motion. The trial court later signed findings of fact
and conclusions of law. This appeal followed.
                                II. Standard of Review
      When a party challenges both the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence,
we decide the legal sufficiency issues first and proceed with a factual sufficiency
review only if the evidence is found to be legally sufficient. Windrum v. Kareh, 581
S.W.3d 761, 781 (Tex. 2019).
      The standard of legal sufficiency is whether the evidence in support of the
challenged finding rises to a level that would enable reasonable and fair-minded
people to arrive at the verdict under review. W & T Offshore, Inc. v. Fredieu, 610
S.W.3d 884, 897–98 (Tex. 2020); City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 807,
827 (Tex. 2005). We will sustain a challenge to the legal sufficiency of the evidence
if (1) evidence of a vital fact is absent, (2) rules of law or evidence bar the court from
giving weight to the only evidence offered to prove a vital fact, (3) the evidence
offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a mere scintilla, or (4) the evidence
conclusively establishes the opposite of the vital fact. Pike v. Tex. EMC Mgmt., LLC,
610 S.W.3d 763, 782–83 (Tex. 2020) (citing Volkswagen of Am., Inc. v. Ramirez,
159 S.W.3d 897, 903 (Tex. 2004)); City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 810.
      When reviewing a factual sufficiency challenge, we “must consider and weigh
all of the evidence,” not just the evidence that supports the trial court’s finding. Mar.
Overseas Corp. v. Ellis, 971 S.W.2d 402, 406–07 (Tex. 1998). We must review the
evidence in a neutral light. Dow Chem. Co. v. Francis, 46 S.W.3d 237, 242 (Tex.
2001). If we set aside a judgment on the basis that a vital finding is not supported
by factually sufficient evidence, we must detail the evidence that is relevant to the
issue and specify how the contrary evidence greatly outweighs the evidence that
supports the finding. Pool v. Ford Motor Co., 715 S.W.2d 629, 635 (Tex. 1986).

                                           13
      When a party attacks the factual sufficiency of an adverse finding on an issue
for which it had the burden of proof at trial, it must demonstrate on appeal “that the
adverse finding is against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence.” Dow
Chem., 46 S.W.3d at 242 (citing Croucher v. Croucher, 660 S.W.2d 55, 58 (Tex.
1983)). When a party challenges the factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting
a trial court’s finding on an issue for which it did not have the burden of proof at
trial, we will set aside the finding only if the evidence in support of the finding is so
weak or the finding is so contrary to the great weight and preponderance of the
evidence as to be clearly wrong and manifestly unjust. Cowan v. Worrell, 638
S.W.3d 244, 253 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2022, no pet.); see Pool, 715 S.W.2d at 635.
                                     III. Analysis
      A. Sufficiency of the Evidence: Common-Law Fraud
      In their first issue, Appellants challenge the legal and factual sufficiency of
the evidence to support the trial court’s finding of common-law fraud. We hold that
the evidence is sufficient in both respects.
      To prevail on a common-law fraud claim, a plaintiff must prove that “(1) the
defendant made a false, material representation; (2) the defendant knew the
representation was false or made it recklessly as a positive assertion without any
knowledge of its truth; (3) the defendant intended to induce the plaintiff to act upon
the representation; and (4) the plaintiff justifiably relied on the representation, which
caused the plaintiff injury.” Nelson v. McCall Motors, Inc., 630 S.W.3d 141, 146–
47 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2020, no pet.) (quoting Barrow-Shaver Res. Co. v. Carrizo
Oil & Gas, Inc., 590 S.W.3d 471, 496 (Tex. 2019)).
      Here, Appellees presented sufficient evidence of the elements that are
necessary to establish a claim for common-law fraud. Appellees provided extensive
and consistent testimony that Appellants represented to them that they would be

                                           14
equal partners with majority control of Epic, both at the March 3 meeting and
afterwards. Jason texted Bobby and Catherine weeks after the meeting and stated
that they were part owners of Epic. Appellees testified that they all believed the
diagram and the discussions at the meeting were meant to represent a deal between
the parties to work together in furtherance of Epic’s business venture. Bobby and
Catherine repeatedly testified that majority control was essential to them, and that
therefore Jody’s inclusion in the partnership was a key reason why they agreed to
join the venture.
      Appellants testified and conceded that the complained-of representation was
false and that they knew it to be false when they made it. Though Appellants contend
that the diagram was a mere example, not a representation, they readily admitted that
the diagram was impossible to implement as presented. They further testified that
ceding control of Epic was unacceptable to them.
      Jason testified that he and Brian signed the diagram because they wanted
access to clients that Bobby and Catherine could provide. Jason also testified that
Appellees would not work for Epic unless they believed an agreement was in place.
As soon as Epic obtained a successful field test through the use of Appellees’ pre-
existing client, their equipment, and their labor, Jason sent a letter to Appellees
informing them they were no longer associated with Epic. Here, the evidence
supports the trial court’s finding that Appellants represented to Appellees that they
were partners in Epic as an inducement for them to provide the access and other
benefits that Appellees could make available to Appellants.
      Finally, Appellees testified at length concerning the work they all did in
furtherance of Epic’s venture, all of which was precipitated by and based on the false
representations that Appellants had made to them.          But for Appellants false

                                         15
representations, Appellees testified that they would not otherwise have performed
any work on Epic’s behalf.
       Appellees’ evidence establishes that Appellants made material, false
representations to them regarding the partnership and its structure.       It further
establishes that Appellants intended to induce Appellees to act based on these false
representations, and that Appellees did so to their detriment. Although Appellants
presented conflicting evidence, the evidence supporting the elements of common-
law fraud certainly is enough to reach a level that would enable reasonable and fair-
minded people to arrive at the verdict under review. Therefore, we conclude that the
evidence is legally sufficient to support the trial court’s finding and judgment of
common-law fraud.
       Similarly, we have considered all of the evidence and conclude that the
evidence in support of the trial court’s common-law fraud finding is not so weak or
so contrary to the great weight and preponderance of the evidence as to be clearly
wrong and manifestly unjust. See Cowan, 638 S.W.3d at 253. Appellants’ testimony
that the diagram was merely an illustration is belied by all of the parties’ conduct
following the March 3 meeting, as well as by Appellants’ own testimony. Further,
Appellants admitted that their representation was false and untruthful. Appellants
admitted that, although Appellees would not work if they did not believe that they
had an agreement in place, Appellants expected Appellees to work for Epic from
that point forward. According to Appellants, they signed the diagram because they
wanted to use and take advantage of Bobby and Catherine’s MSAs and their access
to clients.
       Although Appellants assert that they did not make any representation to
Appellees and that, even if made, any such representation was not intended to induce
Appellees to act, Appellants’ conduct suggests otherwise. For example, as soon as

                                         16
Epic obtained a successful field test through the use of Appellees’ pre-existing client,
their equipment, and their labor, Jason sent a letter to Appellees informing them they
were no longer associated with Epic. Epic thereafter quickly obtained another
client—something they had been unable to do for years before working with
Appellees—and generated significant revenue over the next year or more.
Therefore, we conclude that the evidence supporting the trial court’s finding of
common-law fraud is not so weak or contrary to the great weight and preponderance
of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and manifestly unjust. See Cowan, 638
S.W.3d at 253.
      We have carefully and thoroughly reviewed the record consistent with the
applicable standards of review and conclude that the evidence is legally and factually
sufficient to support the trial court’s finding of common-law fraud. Accordingly,
we overrule Appellants’ first issue.
      B. Benefit-of-the-Bargain Damages
      In their second issue, Appellants assert that the trial court erred when it
awarded benefit-of-the-bargain damages to Appellees because Appellees did not
plead, request, or present sufficient evidence to support an award for such damages.
We disagree.
      “Texas recognizes two measures of direct damages for common-law fraud:
the out-of-pocket measure and the benefit-of-the-bargain measure.” Zorilla v. Aypco
Constr. II, LLC, 469 S.W.3d 143, 153 (Tex. 2015) (quoting Formosa Plastics Corp.
USA v. Presidio Eng’rs & Contractors, Inc., 960 S.W.2d 41, 47 (Tex. 1998)).
“Benefit-of-the-bargain damages are measured by the difference between the value
as represented and the value received, allowing the injured party to recover profits
that would have been made had the bargain been performed as promised.” Id. (citing
Formosa Plastics, 960 S.W.2d at 49–50).

                                          17
        First, Appellants argue that because Appellees did not plead for benefit-of-
the-bargain damages, the trial court’s award fails to conform to the pleadings, in
violation of Rule 301. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 301. Second, Appellants argue that the
evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the trial court’s damages
award.
        Appellants cite no authority to support their assertion that, to be available,
benefit-of-the-bargain damages must be specially pleaded. “General damages need
not be pleaded because they ‘are so usually an accompaniment of the kind of breach
alleged that the mere allegation of the breach gives sufficient notice’ that such
damages were sustained.” Archer v. DDK Holdings LLC, 463 S.W.3d 597, 609
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2015, no pet.) (quoting Hess Die Mold, Inc. v.
Am. Plasti-Plate Corp., 653 S.W.2d 927, 929 (Tex. App.—Tyler 1983, no writ)).
Benefit-of-the-bargain damages are direct general damages, rather than special
damages, therefore they need not be specially pleaded to be requested and awarded.
See Myers v. Walker, 61 S.W.3d 722, 730 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2001, pet. denied)
(citing Green v. Allied Ints., Inc., 963 S.W.2d 205, 208 (Tex. App.—Austin 1998,
pet. denied)); see also Leyendecker & Assocs., Inc. v. Wechter, 683 S.W.2d 369, 373
(Tex. 1984) (holding that benefit-of-the-bargain damages is a form of general
recovery).
        Even so, Appellants point out that Appellees expressly stated in a post-
submission letter to the trial court that they were “electing to seek out of pocket
expenses.”8 Appellants do not raise an argument on appeal that Appellees waived
their claim for benefit-of-the-bargain damages; rather, they couch their complaint in

        8
          After the trial court signed its judgment in which it awarded benefit-of-the bargain damages to
Appellees, Appellants filed a motion to correct the judgment and argued that the trial court’s judgment did
not conform to the pleadings. In their response to Appellants’ motion, Appellees explained that, of the two
alternative measures of damages available to them—out-of-pocket damages and benefit-of-the-bargain
damages—they elected the latter.

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terms of the requirements of Rule 301. Rule 301 requires that the trial court’s
judgment must conform to the pleadings and the nature of the case proved, and states
that the judgment “shall be so framed as to give the part[ies] all the relief to which
[they] may be entitled.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 301; see Tony Gullo Motors I, L.P. v. Chapa,
212 S.W.3d 299, 304 (Tex. 2006) (“[As the prevailing party, Plaintiff was] entitled
to judgment on the most favorable theory supported by the pleadings, evidence, and
verdict.”) (citing Gulf States Utils. Co. v. Low, 79 S.W.3d 561, 566 (Tex. 2002)).
       According to Appellees, they were seeking either out-of-pocket expenses or a
share of the profits of Epic, that is 20% of the monies distributed to Jason according
to Epic’s 2018 and 2019 tax returns. Appellees’ trial counsel also stated in his
closing argument that they were entitled to elect whichever measure of damages—
out-of-pocket or benefit-of-the-bargain—that would give them the greatest amount
of relief.
       Appellees testified that they would each own 20% of Epic, both in the limited
partnership and the general partner.      Appellees also presented the tax return
documents for Epic Holdings, LLC for the years 2018 and 2019, which showed that
distributions were made to Jason in the amounts of approximately $556,000 and
$656,000, respectively. Brian testified that he prepared those tax documents. He
also testified that these distributions were actually reimbursements to Jason for
expenses incurred on behalf of Epic, and therefore were not profits in which
Appellees could share under their theory of liability. Brian admitted that, although
a reimbursement is not the equivalent of a distribution, the tax returns he prepared
reported that the funds paid to Jason were distributions, and were his personal,
taxable income. Those funds were paid to the holding company by the limited
partnership as “management fees.”

                                         19
      Brian testified that the funds paid to Jason would show as a distribution on the
company’s tax returns, but that those funds would not necessarily be taxable against
Jason if he were to offset the expenses he personally paid for Epic against that
income on his personal tax return. In other words, Brian averred that Epic’s tax
returns are only half of the puzzle, and that Jason’s personal tax returns, which were
not admitted at trial, are the missing pieces that explain how the approximately $1.2
million he received as income from Epic were not company profits. Regardless, the
evidence in the record shows that Jason was paid those funds as taxable personal
income from Epic Holdings, LLC, which had charged the same amounts from Epic
Energy Services, L.P. in “management fees,” and which the limited partnership had
paid in full. The evidence supports that these funds were profits from the venture.
Conversely, nothing in the record supports that Jason personally paid expenses on
behalf of Epic in any amount, or that these funds were paid to him as reimbursements
for any such expenses.
      Benefit-of-the-bargain damages may include lost profits. Formosa Plastics,
960 S.W.2d at 50. Evidence of lost profits must be proved with reasonable certainty
by objective data. Helena Chem. Co. v. Wilkins, 47 S.W.3d 486, 504 (Tex. 2001)
(citing Szczepanik v. First S. Trust Co., 883 S.W.2d 648, 649 (Tex. 1994)). Here,
the tax returns alone provide objective data that reasonably determine Epic’s profits
after Appellees were ousted from the company.
      Appellants argue that Appellees’ fraud claim alleged only that Appellees
owned part of the limited partnership and that the tax returns pertain to the holding
company only. Appellants’ assertion is incorrect. Appellees each testified, and the
diagram illustrates, that they would all own 20% of the venture, with 19.8% in the
limited partnership and 0.2% each in the general partner. The later negotiations
regarding the proposed general partner agreement do not alter the earlier agreement.

                                         20
        We have reviewed the evidence and conclude that the evidence is both legally
and factually sufficient to support the trial court’s calculation and award of benefit-
of-bargain-damages in favor of Appellees. As such, the trial court did not err when
it awarded these damages to Appellees. Accordingly, we overrule Appellants’
second issue.
        C. Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law
        In their third issue, Appellants challenge thirty-one of the trial court’s one
hundred and eighty-three listed findings of fact as being “inappropriate statements
of opinion” or “unsupported by the evidence in the record.” 9
        In an appeal from a judgment rendered after a bench trial, the trial court’s
findings of fact have the same weight as a jury’s verdict. Villa v. Villa, 664 S.W.3d
415, 417 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2023, no pet.) (citing Catalina v. Blasdel, 881
S.W.2d 295, 297 (Tex. 1994)). Thus, we review the trial court’s findings of fact for
legal and factual sufficiency by the same standard that we apply when we review
jury findings. AvenueOne Props., Inc. v. KP5 Ltd. P’ship, 540 S.W.3d 643, 646
(Tex. App.—Amarillo 2018, no pet.) (citing Ortiz v. Jones, 917 S.W.2d 770, 772
(Tex. 1996)). Further, we review the trial court’s conclusions of law de novo to
determine their correctness and we will uphold the conclusions if the trial court’s
judgment can be sustained on any legal theory supported by the evidence. BMC
Software Belg., N.V. v. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 794 (Tex. 2002).
        Appellants’ challenges here are premised on the same sufficiency challenges
discussed above; however, these challenges are directed at certain findings of fact

        9
         Specifically, Appellants challenge findings of fact numbers 10, 25, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 39, 41, 42,
43, 44, 45, 57, 58, 59, 65, 66, 81, 86, 117, 120, 132, 150, 151, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, and 164.

                                                    21
made by the trial court. We have already explained the legal and factual sufficiency
of the same evidence that concerns many of the challenged findings. 10
        Appellants insist that Appellees’ testimony at times conflicted, and that these
inconsistencies destroyed the trial court’s basis for many of its findings. However,
we reiterate that in a bench trial the trial court is the factfinder and the sole judge of
the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be afforded their testimony. See In
re Estate of Turner, 265 S.W.3d 709, 714–15 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2008, no pet.)
(citing Nat’l Freight, Inc. v. Snyder, 191 S.W.3d 416, 425 (Tex. App.—Eastland
2006, no pet.)). The trial court may also take into consideration all the facts and
surrounding circumstances in connection with the testimony of each witness and
may accept or reject all or any part of the testimony of any witness. See id. (citing
Nordstrom v. Nordstrom, 965 S.W.2d 575, 580–81 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
1997, pet. denied)).
        Appellants challenge the trial court’s finding numbers 33–35, 57–59, 65, 66,
81, and 120 that concern the trial court’s determination that the parties had entered
into a binding agreement at the March 3 meeting.                        The evidence, including
Appellants’ testimony, shows that Appellants created and signed the diagram that
illustrated the parties’ agreement for Appellants to gain access to Bobby and
Catherine’s existing clients and MSAs for Epic’s benefit. Appellants and Appellees
testified that the diagram showed the allocation of partnership interests for each of
them, that they discussed the contributions Appellees would make to Epic in the
form of access to their existing clientele, and that, after the meeting, they all expected
to work in furtherance of Epic’s venture, in accordance with their agreement.

       10
         For example, Appellants challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support finding number 30,
which states that, at the March 3 meeting, the parties agreed that each of them would own 20% of the
company; each would also own 19.8% of the limited partnership and 1/5 of the general partner. Similarly,
finding numbers 159–164 all concern the trial court’s determination that Appellants committed all the
elements of common-law fraud.

                                                  22
Appellants’ then-unexpressed intention not to honor this agreement in various
respects does not alter the nature of the agreement that they reached on March 3.
Thus, we conclude that the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support
these findings.
      Appellants challenge the trial court’s finding numbers 41–45 that concern the
trial court’s determination that Appellants did not intend to include Jody in the
partnership at all. In fact, Brian testified that, at the March 3 meeting, he did not
intend for Jody to be included in the partnership, despite his inclusion in the
partnership diagram and their discussions at that meeting. Brian further testified that
neither he nor Jason informed Bobby and Catherine of this fact. Bobby and
Catherine testified that they considered Jody’s inclusion to be essential to the deal
and that they would not have agreed to pursue the venture otherwise. Thus, we
conclude that the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support these
findings.
      As for the challenge to the trial court’s finding number 86—that Bobby and
Catherine were content to proceed without a formal agreement—Appellants argue
that Catherine insisted that the parties sign Bobby and Catherine’s revised versions
of the agreement, otherwise they would cease working to further the venture. To the
contrary, Bobby and Catherine repeatedly testified that they believed they had
already entered into a formal agreement on March 3 and that any subsequent
agreement submitted by Brian was more of a formality with which they were less
concerned. Catherine only made the complained-of assertion after Appellants
prepared and sent proposals that differed in terms from the March 3 agreement. As
above, the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support this finding.
      Appellants mischaracterize their challenge to trial court finding number 117.
This finding recites that “Epic” generated revenue of $2.1 million in 2018 and

                                          23
$1,692,000 in 2019. However, Appellants’ complaint avers that there is insufficient
evidence that “Epic Energy Service[s] LP” had such revenue. Appellants challenge
finding number 132, which states that the distributions to Jason were income, and
not the repayment of expenses. This finding is supported by the aforementioned tax
returns, which listed the funds that were paid to Jason as distributions, not
reimbursements. Finally, Appellants’ challenge to finding numbers 150–151—that
Brian and Jason were not credible witnesses—is without merit because all credibility
determinations rested with the trial court, as the sole finder of fact.
      We have thoroughly reviewed the record and have evaluated the evidence in
accordance with the applicable standards of review, as we must, and conclude that
the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support each of the trial court’s
challenged findings of fact. Accordingly, we overrule Appellants’ third issue.
                               IV. This Court’s Ruling
      We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                                W. STACY TROTTER
                                                JUSTICE

July 20, 2023
Panel consists of: Bailey, C.J.,
Trotter, J., and Williams, J.

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