Court Opinion

ID: 4389309
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-04-22 09:34:59.233785+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:42:05.160325
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS
                                       EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                            EL PASO, TEXAS

    EVER MENDEZ,                                            §
                                                                                No. 08-17-00076-CR
                         Appellant,                         §
                                                                                   Appeal from the
    v.                                                      §
                                                                                205th District Court
    THE STATE OF TEXAS,                                     §
                                                                             of El Paso County, Texas
                         Appellee.                          §
                                                                                (TC# 20160D04905)
                                                            §

                                                  OPINION

         Appellant Ever Mendez appeals his conviction for the capital murder of I.V.,1 the two-

year-old child of his girlfriend, Dora Villanueva. Following a jury trial, Mendez received a

mandatory sentence of life imprisonment. 2                On appeal, Mendez asserts several evidentiary

challenges which primarily concern the admission of testimony from I.V.’s sister, K.V., who was

four years old at the time of the incident and nine years old at the time of trial. In addition, Mendez

also challenges the trial court’s admission of complained-of extraneous offense evidence. Finding

no error, we affirm as reformed.

1
  To protect the anonymity of the children in this case, we will use initials to refer to them. See TEX. R. APP. P.
9.10(a)(3); McClendon v. State, 643 S.W.2d 936, 936 n.1 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1982).
2
  The judgment of conviction erroneously recites that Appellant waived his right to a jury trial. We will reform the
judgment to reflect Appellant was tried by a jury.
                                               BACKGROUND3

                                                 Pretrial Events

                                                  The Apartment

         At trial, Villanueva testified she met Mendez in January of 2012, and soon they were

dating. At the time, Villanueva and her three young children, J.R., K.V., and I.V.—who were

then seven, four, and two, respectively—were living with her mother. Wanting a relationship,

Villanueva invited Mendez to her mother’s house to have dinner on an everyday basis. As their

relationship grew, Mendez expressed an interest in wanting to be a father figure to her children to

include having a role as a disciplinarian. Villanueva soon allowed him to use forms of discipline

with her childing including placing them in time-out, spanking, and hitting with a belt.

         On March 17, Villanueva described that Mendez came to her saying that her mother and

sister had confronted him at his work about hitting her kids. He denied their accusation and

invited her that day to move in with him where he lived with his mother Cecilia (Ceci). Not

having seen anything concerning, Villanueva accepted his invitation and quickly moved her

children and herself to live with him. During the day, while Villanueva worked, J.R. went to

school, K.V. went to daycare, and Mendez helped care for two-year old I.V., who expressed a

desire not to go to daycare. After two weeks, they all moved out of his mother’s home and went

to live temporarily with his brother Joe and his family. By late April, Mendez began taking care

of both K.V. and I.V. as Villanueva no longer relied on daycare for either one of her two younger

children. On May 1, Joe’s wife moved out of the apartment with their children. Villanueva and

3
 In the interest of brevity, we discuss the basic underlying facts of the case here. Facts more pertinent to each issue
will be discussed in greater detail where needed within each issue on appeal.

                                                          2
Mendez planned on moving the afternoon of May 11, 2012, as they had found a place of their own.

       Early in the morning of their moving day, Mendez arrived home about 4 a.m. from a night

out. Villanueva woke up and helped I.V. use the restroom with a “potty chair,” then they all went

back to sleep. About 7 a.m., Villanueva got ready for work and soon left to take J.R. to school,

while Mendez, K.V., and I.V. continued sleeping. After dropping off J.R., Villanueva returned

to the apartment to grab the breakfast she had forgotten, then quickly left for work. While there,

she saw that all three were still asleep in the same position as when she had left earlier.

       At about 11 a.m., Villanueva received a call from Mendez, who told her that he had just

woken up. After Mendez asked what time she would be home from work, she told him she would

be out at noon and they could start moving afterwards. About twenty minutes later, Mendez

called again, and she confirmed she would be leaving at noon. When she asked if anything was

wrong, he said, “No.” During their second call, Villanueva noticed that Mendez seemed “a little

anxious.” Twenty minutes later, Mendez called a third time, but this time he was “hysterically

crying.” Having difficulty understanding, Villanueva thought she heard Mendez say that he

needed her to come home because his brother Joe would not wake up. Villanueva left work

immediately. While she drove, Mendez called her again, crying, and urging her to come quickly.

Villanueva told Mendez to go ahead and call an ambulance. After Mendez hung up, Villanueva

called Mendez’s mother to tell her about Joe. To her relief, she learned that Joe was then out with

her and he was fine.

       On arriving, Villanueva entered their apartment and first saw her four-year-old daughter

K.V. sitting on a sofa “staring, zombie like” at the television. She then found Mendez crying and

kneeling next to I.V., who lay motionless on the floor. When Villanueva asked him what

                                                  3
happened, he responded that he did not know but he needed her help. Villanueva got on her knees

and started performing CPR. She noticed I.V. felt very cold and made “a snoring noise” as she

worked on him. When her efforts failed to produce a response, she picked him up and took him

to the bathroom. Although she ran water over him, it had no effect. She then returned to his

room and checked his airway by putting her finger in his throat, but it too had no effect. She then

decided to call Mendez’s mother to tell her what was going on, and explained it was I.V. who

Mendez had called about, and he needed help. After her call, Villanueva told Mendez she needed

to call 911 to get help. Mendez responded, “Don’t call the cops because they’re going to take me

to jail.” Villanueva called anyway and spoke with a 911 operator. Soon, Mendez’s mother

arrived and began hitting Mendez on his head while saying, “You killed him. You killed him

already. You already killed him.”

       Once EMS arrived they ordered everybody out of the room. While waiting, Mendez

pulled her aside and commented, “Right now when they ask you if you went to work, go ahead

and tell them you did not go to work, that you went—that you were actually here all day.” When

she asked why, he replied, “Because you’re going to get in trouble.” Villanueva asked, “for

what?” Mendez replied, “for leaving the kids with me.” Once she realized she had scanned her

badge at work, Villanueva knew that police would easily discover she worked that morning.

Police officers who later arrived ordered her not to leave as the ambulance left with I.V. While

they waited to speak to officers, Mendez said to her, “All this time I’ve been getting you ready and

I need you now to be that strong person I’ve tried to make you all this time because I am going

to—I’m going to go away for quite a while.” Villanueva described that police later arrested

Mendez at the scene on a warrant against him for owing child support.

                                                 4
           Later that afternoon, four-year-old K.V. was interviewed at the Child Advocacy Center

(CAC) by Max Zimmerly, an interviewer of the center. During the interview, K.V. told Zimmerly

that when the incident occurred, Mendez was present, but her mother was at work and her brother

J.R. had gone to school. When asked, K.V. told Zimmerly that I.V. was “with the police . . . [and]

him died.” K.V. said that “[she] saw him died,” and that “[Mendez] kicked him right here

[gesturing to her torso] and him died.” Afterwards, she said that Mendez was saying, “Wake up,

[I.V.]!”

                                    Law Enforcement Investigation

           Sergeant Lawrence Lujan of the El Paso Police Department testified that he heard a call on

the radio reporting that CPR was being performed on a two year old, so he responded. On arrival,

he found Mendez crying, distraught, animated, and walking around while putting his hands on the

top of his head. Although Villanueva appeared calmer, she also looked as if she had been crying.

When he looked inside the ambulance where paramedics worked on I.V., Sergeant Lujan noticed

that I.V.’s stomach was “extremely distended . . . swollen out[,] and [he] could also see a dark-

colored bruise under his chin.” When Lujan asked what happened, Mendez responded that he had

last seen I.V. awake about 7 a.m. that morning when he had awaken to use the restroom. Mendez

described that he and I.V. fell back to sleep, and when he awoke later, he found him unresponsive.

Mendez then described the unsuccessful attempts by Villanueva to revive I.V. Sergeant Lujan

asked Mendez to show him where he had found I.V., and Mendez showed him a room with no bed

but several blankets on the floor. Sergeant Lujan testified he smelled an odor, then noticed a

blanket and a sock full of feces laying on the floor. Mendez explained to him that he had used

the sock to clean I.V. earlier.

                                                   5
       Once he learned that I.V. had been pronounced deceased on arrival at a nearby hospital,

Sergeant Lujan testified he left the apartment to go see him. At the hospital, Sergeant Lujan saw

that I.V. was covered in bruises of different shapes, sizes, and colors, on the front part of his chest,

on his facial area, on his back, and on his shoulder. He also appeared to have a bite mark on his

left leg. Photographs were later taken of I.V.’s body which showed a multitude of bruises,

scratches and bumps on his head, torso, legs, and feet.

                                     Events at the Police Station

       At trial, Detective David Samaniego of the El Paso Police Department testified to a

conversation he had with Mendez at the police station. As Samaniego passed by a holding cell,

Mendez called out to him asking whether I.V. had died. Detective Samaniego testified that he

responded, “Yes.” Mendez next asked whether he and Villanueva were considered suspects.

Samaniego responded, “Yes.” Later, Mendez asked whether Villanueva’s other children would

be taken away from her.        After Detective Samaniego responded that removal remained a

possibility, Mendez told him he would tell him what had happened if they first allowed him to

speak to Villanueva. When Detective Samaniego asked Mendez what he had to say, Mendez

replied that “he went overboard,” but would not provide any further details until after he spoke

with Villanueva. Although Villanueva expressed reluctance, eventually she agreed to speaking

with Mendez.

       In their ensuing conversation held in an interview room equipped with a recorder, Mendez

told her to “take care of your two other kids . . . I got to pay for what I did.” Also, he said, “I

admit it. I went too far. Whatever. And now I got to pay for it babe.” When Villanueva asked

him whether he kicked I.V. in the stomach, he denied doing so but said that he “just punished

                                                   6
him,” and that he “hit [I.V.] the same way [he] always hit him” and that “maybe it went . . .

overboard.” Mendez explained that he thought I.V. did not want to get up, and that was why he

had called for Villanueva to come home. Mendez also stated that he was “not capable of this,”

and lamented the fact that his mother accused him of hitting I.V. with a stick. He later admitted

he needed to “calm [his] temper down.”

       After his talk with Villanueva, Mendez agreed to an interview with Detective Samaniego.

During this interview, Mendez claimed that he had seen J.R. getting ready for school when he and

Villanueva first awoke around 7 a.m.          He described that I.V. awoke and asked to use the

bathroom. Afterward, Mendez told him to go back to sleep because he felt hungover and wanted

to continue sleeping. When Mendez woke up, he noticed that I.V. did not want to get up and put

him in time-out because he was not getting out of bed. Mendez described that he made I.V. “face

the wall” due to him not behaving. When I.V. complained about being the only one facing the

wall, Mendez spanked him then went back to making breakfast. Mendez described that he went

back and forth between the kitchen and I.V.’s bedroom. As I.V. stood in time-out, Mendez

continuously spanked and hit him. After hitting I.V., Mendez described that he fell, became

unresponsive, and did not get up any further. Mendez described that he tried to revive him by

pouring water on him, but it had no effect.

       When Detective Samaniego asked Mendez about bruises, cuts, and bumps he had seen on

I.V.’s body, he claimed that I.V. had scraped himself playing in a park, that a dog had scratched

his face, and that he had fallen off a chair. Although Mendez admitted he had struck I.V., he

claimed he did not do so with enough force to cause his death. Mendez expressed disbelief that

I.V. had died because of the force he had used when he had struck him. When Detective

                                                   7
Samaniego asked Mendez about K.V. saying he had kicked I.V., initially he replied, “[i]f that’s

what she says,” but later he denied doing so.

                                           Trial Issues

        At trial, much of the State’s theory of guilt centered around testimony from Villanueva,

from law enforcement, from admission of recorded statements from Mendez, and as explained in

more detail below, from K.V., who was four years old at the time of I.V.’s death and nine years

old at the time of trial. K.V. testified that she was present in the apartment when I.V. died. K.V.

described that I.V. had “poop[ed] and pee[d] in his pants,” so Mendez grabbed him, spanked him,

and punched him in the stomach. K.V. described I.V. as remaining “on the floor,” and he did not

move or get up. K.V. then described that her mother returned from work and tried “to give [I.V.]

CPR.” Asked to describe Mendez’s general treatment of her, K.V. testified he was mean and

would hit her with a belt all over her body. She also described that he would make her brothers

do “like a push-up but putting stuff on their back.” The State also presented testimony from J.R.,

I.V.’s and K.V.’s older brother, who testified that Mendez had physically abused him and his

siblings.

        Other key issues at trial included the timing and cause of I.V.’s death. The State called

Dr. Juan Contin, an El Paso County Deputy Medical Examiner. Dr. Contin testified that he

conducted an autopsy a few days after I.V.’s death. Based on his examination, Dr. Contin

concluded that I.V. died as a result of “intra-abdominal bleeding due to blunt force injury to the

abdomen,” with the force of the impact being of “such magnitude that it caused a splitting of the

liver.” Additionally, Dr. Contin noted there were “no less than 50 contusions . . . throughout the

body.” He concluded that I.V.’s death resulted from physical abuse and deemed the manner of

                                                8
his death a homicide. Dr. Contin added that I.V.’s injuries were consistent with being kicked in

the abdomen with a foot or being struck by some unknown object. Dr. Contin further stated that

while the amount of free blood (70cc) collected from I.V.’s abdomen was not enough to cause

death by itself, his blood loss from hemorrhaging in the retroperitoneal area, mesocolon,

diaphragm, and lungs was sufficient to cause his death. Dr. Contin stated these injuries were

caused by multiple blows, and that he could not have survived more than “a couple of hours,

maybe.”

       During its case-in-chief, the defense called its own medical expert, Dr. Harry Wilson, to

present his own findings regarding I.V.’s death. Dr. Wilson testified he was employed as a

pediatric pathologist. While he did not dispute that I.V.’s liver had been torn in two due to blunt-

force trauma, or that I.V. had sustained countless other injuries as described by Dr. Contin, Dr.

Wilson disagreed that rapid blood loss had been an immediate cause of I.V.’s death. As such,

Mendez’s defensive theory rested on the premise that the timeline of I.V.’s death was inconsistent

with the State’s theory that Mendez struck I.V. and he died shortly afterward. Asserting that both

Villanueva and Mendez’s brother Joe, or somebody else, had been present in the apartment from

four to eight hours before I.V.’s death, he claimed others could have struck the blows to I.V. which

eventually proved fatal.

       The defense also announced its intent to call Dr. James Wood, a clinical psychologist, to

testify regarding K.V.’s competency as a witness. From Dr. Wood, the defense sought to elicit

testimony about young children’s susceptibility to suggestive interview practices, and that he

observed such practices in K.V.’s interview with Max Zimmerly at the CAC. If called, Dr. Wood

would also testify about the tendency for children younger than five years of age to have poor

                                                 9
memory generally (known as “infantile amnesia”), and that he would expect to find this in a nine-

year-old child who was testifying about events which occurred before she had reached the age of

five. The trial court excluded Dr. Wood’s testimony, reasoning that not only would it have

amounted to an improper opinion that K.V. was not credible, but it would also likely cause

confusion for the jury. Finally, the defense sought to admit portions of the recording of the

interview with K.V.—which was conducted in a CAC room painted with a rainbow and pot of

gold on its wall—to impeach K.V. at trial with prior inconsistent statements made during her

interview. The defense did not, however, specify which portions of the recording it wanted the

trial court to admit. After finding no inconsistent statement on review of the recording, the trial

court refused to admit what the defense had tendered for admission.

       After deliberating, the jury convicted Mendez of capital murder of a person under six years

of age, and he received a mandatory sentence of life imprisonment. This appeal follows.

                                                 I.

                                          DISCUSSION

       Mendez challenges his conviction in seven issues. He argues his conviction should be

reversed and a new trial granted on the basis that: (1) the trial court erred in excluding Dr. James

Wood’s expert testimony on the subject of K.V.’s competency to testify at trial; (2) the trial court

should have admitted Dr. Wood’s testimony to impugn the reliability of K.V.’s testimony; (3) the

trial court erred in excluding a recording of K.V.’s interview because the defense should have been

allowed to impeach K.V. with prior inconsistent statements from her prior interview; (4) the trial

court erred by excluding the CAC interview, which he argues would have shown that K.V. did not

remember or was mistaken about the matters discussed during her interview; (5) the trial court

                                                10
erred by admitting hearsay statements made by K.V. which implicated Mendez in the death of

I.V.; (6) the trial court erred in admitting extraneous offense evidence regarding Mendez’s alleged

abuse against children other than I.V.; and (7) the trial court erred in admitting extraneous offense

evidence regarding Mendez’s prior conviction for aggravated assault with a deadly weapon.

Since several of Mendez’s complaints implicate similar inquiries, we will address related issues

together where possible for brevity.

           Trial Court’s Competency Examination and Exclusion of Expert Testimony

           In Issues One and Two, Mendez argues that the trial court erred by excluding expert

testimony of Dr. James Wood on the question of K.V.’s competency and reliability to testify as a

witness. While Mendez frames these issues under the same general complaint about exclusion of

expert testimony, we construe his brief to raise two separate inquiries: first, whether the trial court

erred in how it conducted a competency examination, or otherwise in refusing to allow defense

counsel to participate in the examination; and second, whether the trial court erred by excluding

Dr. Wood’s proffered expert testimony related to K.V’s competency and reliability. While we

acknowledge that each issue impacts the other, we address each matter separately for the sake of

clarity.

                               Trial Court’s Competency Examination

                            K.V.’s Competency Examination and Testimony

           The State called K.V. to testify during its case-in-chief. Prior to hearing K.V.’s testimony,

defense counsel requested that the trial court not only inquire as to whether K.V. could tell the

difference between a truth and a lie, but also whether she was able to recall and accurately report

events occurring at a time when she was younger than five years of age. After administering an

                                                    11
oath to tell the truth, the trial court asked her how old she was, whether she knew where she was,

and whether she knew the court’s role in the proceeding. K.V. responded that she was nine years

old, she knew she was in a courthouse, and she knew he was a judge. Responding to other

questions, K.V. described that she had been earning high marks while attending third grade at

Marian Manor school. She assured the court that she paid attention in class and did not get into

trouble. When asked, she testified she knew the difference between a truth and a lie. Asked to

elaborate, she said, “[t]he truth is when you say it’s an ice cream. ‘It’s an ice cream.’ But if you

say—it’s a hamburger and you say ‘ice cream’ and it’s not, it’s a lie.” When the court asked her

to explain her understanding of the meaning of raising her hand and taking an oath, she replied it

meant “[t]o tell the truth.” She then confirmed she felt ready to tell the truth.

       Following this examination, the trial court announced it was satisfied that K.V. qualified

as being competent to testify. Defense counsel then requested an opportunity to ask a few

questions of K.V. about her competency, but the trial court denied the request. The trial court

also noted that issues being raised by defense counsel were related to K.V.’s credibility and

reliability, but not her competence. Defense counsel asserted that a witness’s competency also

involved an inquiry into an ability to recall past events and report them intelligibly.

Consequently, defense counsel asserted the court’s inquiry had been insufficient to satisfy those

aspects of the necessary inquiry. Responding, the court noted the objection and asked for the jury

to be brought back into the courtroom.

       On direct examination, K.V. testified she was nine years old and attending the third grade.

K.V. testified that when she lived with Mendez he was “mean,” that he used to hit her with a belt

“[a]ll over [her] body,” and that he would force her and her brothers to “sit on the wall.” When

                                                 12
asked if she remembered the day that I.V. had died, she responded “Yes.” When asked what had

happened, K.V. answered “[Mendez] saw [I.V.] poop and pee in his pants so he grabbed him. He

didn’t realize it, [I.V.], and he started to spank him and do stuff to him.” Asked to explain, she

added, “He – he punched him in the stomach.” K.V. further described I.V. as being “on the floor,”

and she did not see him get up.

       When asked details about what she was doing while this was happening, K.V. testified, “I

forgot.” When her mother arrived home, K.V. described that her mother tried to give I.V. CPR.

The State showed K.V. photographs of her taken at the CAC which showed a bruise on her chin.

K.V. testified that Mendez caused the bruise, but she could not remember what had happened.

K.V. said she remembered talking to a person in a room with a rainbow and a pot of gold.

       On cross-examination, K.V. testified she had spoken to prosecutors twice before she gave

her testimony. When asked to recount who she had talked with about “what happened back then,”

she mentioned her brother J.R. and her grandmother. K.V. stated that it had been about six years

since I.V. died. K.V. recalled the day she was interviewed at the CAC, but she did not remember

the answers she gave during the interview. Defense counsel then asked, “You don’t remember

that you told the person that you were talking to, that your—that [Mendez] kicked your little

brother?” K.V. responded, “Yes.” Counsel then asked, “Did [Mendez] kick your little brother?”

K.V. answered, “No.” When asked why she told the interviewer that had happened, she replied

that she did not know. Defense counsel asked whether she remembered being asked at the CAC

whether she “saw it with her own eyes,” and K.V. responded that she remembered being asked

that question and she said she had seen it happen. She did not remember responding “no” to that

question. She remembered she was wearing “a black sleeve with black pants and then boots” the

                                               13
day I.V. died. K.V. stated that she had seen Mendez get angry at I.V. when he “pooped in his

pants,” and that he would spank him for doing so. On redirect examination, K.V. stated that

Mendez would “spank” I.V. on his buttocks with a belt, but not anywhere else on his body. She

also identified Mendez in the courtroom and described that “he’s wearing a white suit with a tie.”

                                   Applicable Law and Analysis

       A trial court’s determination of a witness’s competency to testify is reviewed for abuse of

discretion. Broussard v. State, 910 S.W.2d 952, 960 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). A trial court

abuses its discretion when its ruling falls outside the zone of reasonable disagreement, or if its

decision was unreasonable or arbitrary. Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 391 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1990) (op. on reh’g).

       Texas Rule of Evidence 601 governs the issue of whether a child is competent to testify.

It states that while every witness is presumed competent to testify, “[a] child . . . whom the court

examines and finds lacks sufficient intellect to testify concerning the matters in issue” is

incompetent to testify. TEX. R. EVID. 601(a)(2). Competency to testify is a preliminary question

for the trial court to determine under Rule 104(a), and the trial court is not bound by the rules of

evidence in making a competency determination. TEX. R. EVID. 104(a); Gilley v. State, 418
S.W.3d 114, 121 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014). As the State points out, the trial court may allow parties

to participate in a competency determination, but it is not required to do so if it makes an

independent decision based on all the evidence before it. Gilley, 418 S.W.3d at 121.

       The party raising competence as an issue bears the burden of proving a witness is not

competent to testify. Id. at 120. When a party challenges the competency of a child witness, the

trial court must consider three elements: (1) the competence of the child to observe intelligently

                                                14
the events in question at the time of the occurrence; (2) the capacity of the witness to recollect the

events; and (3) the capacity of the witness to narrate the facts (that is, the ability to understand the

questions asked, to be able to frame intelligent answers to those questions, and to be able to

understand the moral responsibility to tell the truth). Ortiz v. State, No. 08-02-00203-CR, 2003
WL 22413644, at *2 (Tex. App.—El Paso Oct. 23, 2003, no pet.) (not designated for publication)

(citing Watson v. State, 596 S.W.2d 867, 870 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980)).

        We consider the child witness’s responses to qualification questions and the child’s entire

testimony in reviewing the trial court’s ruling. Baldit v. State, 522 S.W.3d 753, 761 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, no pet.) (citing Davis v. State, 268 S.W.3d 683, 699 (Tex. App.—Fort

Worth 2008, pet. ref’d)). Absent a lack of any of these three abilities, a child witness is presumed

competent to testify. See TEX. R. EVID. 601(a)(2). On the other hand, competency is not

determined by the existence of inconsistencies and conflicts in the child’s testimony; rather, they

are simply factors affecting the weight of a child’s credibility. A.R.S. v. State, No. 14-00-00237-

CV, 2001 WL 930806, at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Aug. 16, 2001, no pet.) (not

designated for publication) (citing Woods v. State, 14 S.W.3d 445, 450 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

2000, no pet.)).

        On appeal, Mendez argues that the trial court erred when it did not permit an inquiry by

defense counsel into K.V.’s competency during her testimony before the jury. He also argues that

the trial court erred by failing to make an inquiry into K.V.’s ability to reliably recall and report

past events from memory. In sum, Mendez asserts the trial court erred by not permitting defense

counsel to examine K.V. on the issue of her competency to testify, or to present Dr. Wood’s

testimony on that question, and these errors, in combination, resulted in harm.

                                                  15
       The State counters that the trial court is not required to consider expert testimony, nor

required to permit personal participation in a competency examination, before the court decides

that a child witness is competent to testify. The State contends that the trial court is given

discretion to allow the parties to participate in such examination, but is not required to do so, citing

Gilley v. State, 418 S.W.3d 114, 121 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014) for that proposition. It further argues

that Mendez has failed to demonstrate that the trial court’s chosen procedure in conducting K.V.’s

competency evaluation resulted in the presentation of an incompetent witness’s testimony at trial,

and that the error, if any, by the trial court was harmless because there is no evidence in the record

suggesting that K.V. was incompetent.

       Here, the trial court refused to allow defense counsel to directly participate in K.V.’s

competency examination, and it instead undertook the task of conducting the examination itself.

Yet, as the State points out, the trial court has the discretion to allow parties to participate in a

competency examination, but the trial court is not required to do so if it makes an independent

ruling on competency based on its own questioning. See Gilley, 418 S.W.3d at 121 (citing TEX.

R. EVID. 601(a)(2)). Mendez directs us to no authority requiring a trial court to consider proffered

expert testimony before determining the competency of a witness, and we find none standing for

that proposition. Instead, he concedes that a trial court may permit the parties to participate in a

competency examination but is not required to do so. Since the record shows that the trial court

determined K.V. to be competent based on its own inquiries, and because the trial court is not

required to allow parties to participate in a competency examination, we find that no abuse of

discretion occurred when the trial court denied defense counsel’s request to directly participate in

K.V.’s competency examination or to consider Dr. Wood’s proffered testimony on the matter

                                                  16
before making its decision. See id.

       Next, we must consider whether the trial court erred by declining to inquire into K.V.’s

ability to recall and report past events about which she was asked to testify, i.e., the events taking

place at the apartment on the day of I.V.’s death. See Ortiz, 2003 WL 22413644, at *2. As

previously stated, the trial court asked questions regarding K.V.’s ability to appreciate the

difference between the truth and a lie, and she properly responded to the court’s inquiry. The

court also asked for her to explain what it meant for her to raise her hand and take an oath. K.V.

not only responded that she knew it meant for her to tell the truth, she also stated she felt ready to

do so. The trial court, however, did not make a direct inquiry into whether K.V. could recall the

relevant events before declaring her competent to testify. On review, however, we consider the

trial court’s competency evaluation and K.V.’s testimony at trial in determining whether the trial

court abused its discretion in finding her competent. See Baldit, 522 S.W.3d at 761; see also

Davis, 268 S.W.3d at 699–700 (we consider the witness’s answers to the trial court’s qualification

questions and her testimony as a whole when determining whether the trial court abused its

discretion in finding the witness competent to testify), accord Hernandez v. State, No. 02-14-

00262-CR, 2016 WL 4903206, at *6 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Sept. 15, 2016, pet. ref’d) (mem.

op., not designated for publication).

       Upon review of the trial court’s competency evaluation and K.V.’s testimony, we find that

the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding her competent to testify. K.V.’s testimony

aptly showed that she possessed the ability to observe the events in question at the time of the

occurrence and was capable of recollecting the events. For example, K.V. testified that she

remembered Mendez hitting her with a belt and making her and her brothers “sit on the wall.”

                                                 17
She further testified that she remembered the day that I.V. died. She described that Mendez saw

that I.V. had “poop” and “pee” in his pants, so Mendez grabbed him and started to spank him.

She also said that Mendez punched I.V. in the stomach.

       On review, the record shows that K.V. freely admitted that she did not remember certain

events or details about events, suggesting that she understood the difference between a truth and a

lie and the importance of telling the truth. Although her testimony somewhat contradicted

statements she had made prior during her interview at the CAC, this fact alone is not enough to

render a child witness incompetent to testify; rather, these inconsistencies merely had bearing on

her credibility, or the weight given her testimony. See Hogan v. State, 440 S.W.3d 211, 216 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. ref’d); Watson, 596 S.W.2d at 870; Allen v. State, 479
S.W.2d 278, 280 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972).

       The record further shows on review that K.V. responded intelligibly to questions from the

trial court, the State, and defense counsel. As such, she demonstrated that she had the ability to

observe, recollect, and intelligibly report the events at the time I.V. died. See Hogan, 440 S.W.3d

at 216-17 (witness with moderate mental retardation sufficiently demonstrated the ability to recall

and report relevant events where she testified that the defendant tied her to his bed with sheets,

that she told him to get off her, and that he penetrated her and caused her pain); Baldit, 522 S.W.3d

at 763–64. Likewise, K.V. articulated a response to the trial court’s inquiry regarding whether

she knew the difference between the truth and a lie, and when asked she gave an acceptable

example of the distinction.    When asked whether she was prepared to tell the truth in her

testimony, she responded affirmatively.       Further, any implication that her testimony was

influenced by suggestive interview techniques or by other means is a matter related to her

                                                 18
credibility as a witness, not her competency to testify. See Baldit, 522 S.W.3d at 763. Finally,

K.V.’s young age does not raise a presumption of incompetence, and there is no precise age under

which children are deemed incompetent to testify. Id. at 763–64.

                                             Conclusion

       Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

finding K.V. competent to testify, such that its decision fell outside the zone of reasonable

disagreement. As such, we decline to disturb its ruling on the matter. See id. at 762-64 (six-

year-old witness was competent to testify where she was able to (1) state her name, age, her grade,

the school she attended; (2) recall the events related to the commission of the offense and articulate

her recollection of the events; (3) respond intelligibly to questions from the trial court and the

parties; and (4) articulate the difference between a truth and a lie, and appreciate the importance

of telling the truth); Woods, 14 S.W.3d at 451 (trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding a

child witness competent where the child appreciated the difference between a truth and a lie, where

the prosecutor asked the child questions to determine whether he was able to accurately perceive

the events of the alleged crime, and where the child was able to articulate his perceptions in a

reliable manner); Davis, 268 S.W.3d at 699–700 (trial court did not abuse its discretion in failing

to ask child witness about the punishment for not telling the truth where the child’s testimony

established her ability to intelligently observe the events associated with the charged offense and

recollect and narrate them, as well as her stated appreciation of the difference between a truth and

a lie and that she was going to tell the truth in her testimony).

                               Exclusion of Dr. Wood’s Testimony

                                  Dr. Wood’s Proffered Testimony

                                                  19
        We now address whether the trial court abused its discretion by excluding testimony from

Dr. James Wood, a clinical psychologist proffered by Mendez. During the State’s case-in-chief,

defense counsel raised the issue of K.V.’s competency,4 arguing that the trial court had a duty to

make an inquiry into her competency prior to allowing her to testify. In a bench conference

outside the presence of the jury, defense counsel expressed his desire to call Dr. Wood to testify

as an expert on the matter of K.V.’s competency, although defense counsel admitted that the “Rules

of Evidence don’t describe how that inquiry specifically should be made[.]” Defense counsel

stated that he intended on calling Dr. Wood to explain that children are generally unable to reliably

testify from memory about events they observed or might have observed prior to the age of five.

Defense counsel further stated that this inquiry did not implicate K.V.’s credibility or veracity, but

rather, only implicated her capacity to tell the truth, and his testimony would be helpful to the jury

in determining whether K.V. was capable of reliably remembering the events about which she had

testified. Defense counsel also expressed his desire to present Dr. Wood’s testimony to establish

the susceptibility of young children to suggestive questioning, to show that the CAC interview was

not conducted according to the proper standards that research demonstrated were necessary to

obtain reliable information from children, and to establish whether any techniques used in the

interview proved suggestible in a way that might have affected the reliability of K.V.’s testimony

in court.

        The State responded that defense counsel had an opportunity to cross-examine K.V. to

bring out issues about her memory and the jury could judge her credibility from that examination.

4
  Mendez filed a pretrial motion seeking a ruling from the court that K.V. was not competent to testify at trial. The
trial court did not rule on the motion prior to trial.

                                                        20
The State also argued that the forensic interview was not introduced into evidence so any expert

testimony about alleged suggestibility in the interview would not be relevant. The State also

argued that Dr. Wood had not interviewed K.V. recently and it would be improper for him to

comment on her testimony in court. Thus, the State contended that the issue before the trial court

was not whether K.V. was competent to testify when she was interviewed at the CAC, but rather

whether she was competent at the time of trial. The State also argued that Dr. Wood’s testimony

would be irrelevant because his opinion would not afford the jury with expertise that it did not

already possess, and that his opinion regarding the CAC interview would be irrelevant because the

interview was not in evidence.

       The trial court ultimately excluded Dr. Wood’s testimony reasoning that an expert was not

needed to determine K.V.’s competency. Rather, the court asserted it would make the

determination itself by exercising its discretion. The trial court also expressed concern that

allowing Dr. Wood to opine on K.V.’s credibility would be improper, and that a witness’s capacity

for memory was “inextricably intertwined” with the witness’s veracity and credibility. The trial

court further noted that K.V. testified that she remembered some things, but not others, and that it

was the jury’s responsibility to assign weight to her credibility.

       Defense counsel subsequently argued that Dr. Wood would have testified that “among

other things, that a person, including an older child, is incapable of reliably testifying about any

matters that the child witnessed before the child was—reached the age of 5. And that—that

opinion is uncontroversial in the field.” During the proffer outside the presence of the jury, Dr.

Wood testified that research in the field of psychology established that adults and older children

are unable to reliably remember events occurring prior to age five. Dr. Wood also stated that this

                                                 21
“infantile amnesia” could be expected in a child nine years of age who was asked to recall events

occurring before she reached the age of five.        Dr. Wood further testified that children are

susceptible to the creation of false memories through suggestive questioning or other inadequate

interview methods, citing several accepted psychological studies for that proposition.

       Finally, outside the presence of the jury, Dr. Wood testified that he noticed several

instances of suggestive and inadequate interview techniques which occurred when K.V. was

interviewed at the CAC. Particularly, he noted that K.V.’s interviewer asked her seven questions

that assumed that she had seen Mendez kick I.V., even though she had said otherwise. Dr. Wood

also noted that the interviewer introduced the words “killed” and “mean” and connected those

words with Mendez, even though K.V. had used the word “died” when she had described what

had happened to I.V. and denied that anyone was mean to her or her brothers. Finally, Dr. Wood

noted that the interviewer did not attempt to clarify the difference between “kicked” and “died,”

and concluded that this questioning had the potential to create false memories for K.V., especially

if those memories were reinforced in the intervening years.

       Following Dr. Wood’s proffer, the trial court reiterated its decision to exclude Dr. Wood’s

testimony. The trial court reasoned that (1) the substance of K.V.’s testimony was consistent with

what she told the interviewer during the CAC interview, and that the scope of her questioning at

trial was narrow and covered only a few issues, and (2) while appreciating the risks associated

with accusations made by individuals with false memories, Dr. Wood’s testimony would not be

helpful to the jury and would have the opposite effect of “entering into a world of confusion . . .

[which was not] warranted in this case.” The trial court also noted that there were no prior

inconsistent statements which were elicited during K.V.’s cross-examination testimony.

                                                22
                                           Applicable Law

       A trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence, including proffered expert testimony,

is reviewed under the same abuse of discretion standard set forth above. Weatherred v. State, 15
S.W.3d 540, 542 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). In determining whether the trial court abused its

discretion in making evidentiary decisions, including the exclusion of evidence, we do not

substitute our judgment for that of the trial court because the trial court is in a superior position to

evaluate the impact of the evidence. Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 379. If the record supports the

trial court’s decision on the admission or exclusion of evidence, there is no abuse of discretion and

the trial court’s decision should be upheld. Osbourn v. State, 92 S.W.3d 531, 537 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2002). If the trial court’s ruling on an evidentiary issue is correct under any theory of law

applicable to the case, we must uphold its decision even if the trial court articulates a different,

and/or incorrect, basis for its ruling. Ukwuachu v. State, No. PD-0366-17, 2018 WL 2711167, at

*7 (Tex. Crim. App. June 6, 2018) (not designated for publication) (citing Romero v. State, 800
S.W.2d 539, 543 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990)).

       The Texas Rules of Evidence govern the admissibility of expert witness testimony. First,

Texas Rule of Evidence 104(a) requires the court to decide any preliminary question about whether

a witness is qualified. TEX. R. EVID. 104(a). Expert testimony must also meet the requirements

laid out in Rule 702. See TEX. R. EVID. 702. Rule 702 requires a trial court to consider at least

three inquiries before admitting expert testimony: (1) whether a witness is qualified as an expert

by reason of knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education; (2) whether the subject matter of

the testimony is an appropriate one for expert testimony; and (3) whether the expert testimony

actually assists the fact finder in deciding the case. See id.; Vela v. State, 209 S.W.3d 128, 131

                                                  23
(Tex. Crim. App. 2006). “These conditions are commonly referred to as (1) qualification, (2)

reliability, and (3) relevance.” Vela, 209 S.W.3d at 131.

       Assuming expert testimony regarding the memory of certain classes of witnesses satisfies

Rule 702, there is another hurdle such testimony must overcome to be admissible. In Schutz v.

State, the Court of Criminal Appeals recognized that some witnesses are viewed by society as

“impaired” due to a condition or disability embodied by all persons who belong to their class.

Schutz v. State, 957 S.W.2d 52, 70 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). Examples of this phenomenon

includes young children and persons who are mentally challenged. Id. Shutz provides that

“[w]hen an ‘impaired’ witness or declarant is expected to testify, expert testimony should be

permitted in the offering party’s case-in-chief concerning the ability of the class of persons

suffering the ‘impairment’ to distinguish reality from fantasy and to perceive, remember, and relate

the kinds of events at issue in the case.” Id. (emphasis in original). Such “impaired class”

testimony is admissible, provided that: (1) the testimony is limited to a discussion of the class,

rather than an individual witness; and (2) “should focus on the ability of the class to accurately

perceive, remember, etc. rather than any tendency to do so.” Id. at 70 (emphasis in original).

Expert testimony which does not satisfy these two requirements is inadmissible. Id.

       Likewise, the Court also reiterated the rule that an expert’s testimony that an individual

witness’s testimony is the product of manipulation or suggestive interview techniques is an

impermissible comment on that witness’s credibility; such testimony is also inadmissible. Id.

(citing Yount v. State, 872 S.W.2d 706, 711–12 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993)). The Court stated that

such testimony does not aid a jury in its decision making, but rather, it results in an inappropriate

replacement of the jury’s decision regarding a witness’s credibility. Id. at 59 (citing Duckett v.

                                                 24
State, 797 S.W.2d 906, 914 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990)). As such, expert testimony does not assist

the jury and is inadmissible if it constitutes a “direct opinion on the truthfulness” of a witness’s

testimony. Id. (citing Yount, 872 S.W.2d at 708).

                                               Analysis

       On appeal, Mendez argues that the trial court erred by excluding Dr. Wood’s testimony

regarding psychological research on children’s susceptibility to suggestive or improper

interrogation techniques, such as the risk that false memories could be implanted, and that people

younger than five years of age do not have reliable memories of events in general. In particular,

Mendez argues that Dr. Wood’s testimony was not offered to prove that K.V. was not truthful or

had fantasized her testimony, or that she lacked the capacity to tell the truth; instead, he states that

Dr. Wood’s testimony was offered to inform the jury that “with few exceptions, people above the

age of five years do not have reliable memories of events that occurred prior to the age of five, and

that he would expect to find this ‘infantile amnesia’ [in] a child nine years of age who was asked

to testify about events that occurred before she reached the age of five.” Citing Schutz, he argues

that Dr. Wood’s testimony would have shown that a class of persons, rather than K.V. as an

individual witness, generally lack the ability to perceive, remember, and testify about events at

issue in the case. See Schutz, 957 S.W.2d at 70 (testimony related to an “impaired” witness theory

must be limited to a discussion of the impaired class rather than the individual witness, and should

focus on the ability, rather than the tendency, of the class to accurately perceive and remember

past events). He also argues that Dr. Wood’s testimony would have been helpful to the jury in

explaining whether suggestive interview techniques were used during the CAC interview, and that

the jury could have used his testimony along with their common sense in determining whether the

                                                  25
alleged suggestive interview practices had affected her memory of recent events. As such,

Mendez contends that Dr. Wood’s testimony would not have supplanted the jury’s responsibility

of determining K.V.’s credibility, but instead it would only have provided additional specialized

knowledge to assist the jury in its task.

       Responding to Mendez’s contentions regarding the exclusion of Dr. Wood’s testimony, the

State argues that the trial court could have properly excluded Dr. Wood’s testimony because it did

not meet the qualification, reliability, or relevance requirements for expert testimony under Rule

702. The State also argues that Dr. Wood’s testimony would have amounted to an impermissible

result-of-manipulation or impaired-class opinion regarding K.V.’s testimony because Dr. Wood

would have testified that the substance of K.V.’s testimony was implanted in her mind through

suggestive interview techniques, also relying on Schutz for that proposition. The State also argues

that even if the trial court erred by excluding Dr. Wood’s testimony, its action did not result in

harm because defense counsel was able to impeach K.V. with her inconsistent statements during

cross-examination.    Likewise, the State contends any error was harmless because the State

presented other strong evidence of Mendez’s guilt, such as (1) the medical evidence establishing

I.V.’s cause of death; (2) evidence of Mendez’s consciousness of guilt, such as his statements that

he “went . . . overboard” and had to “pay for what he did,” as established by recorded interviews;

and (3) testimony from Villanueva which showed that Mendez was the only adult present when

I.V. died, and from both Villanueva and J.R. that Mendez had a history of committing physical

abuse toward Villanueva’s children.

       The record shows that during the defense’s proffer, the trial court and Dr. Wood engaged

in the following colloquy:

                                                26
       The Court: . . . I guess the main issue is this: If [K.V.] testified here that she never
       saw [Mendez] kick [I.V.], and during that interview she never acquiesced to the
       suggestion that [Mendez] kicked [I.V.], doesn’t that to you suggest that in fact she
       was not suggestible?

       [Dr. Wood]: Within that—she was not suggestible when? Now or—

       The Court: Ever—then or now. I mean, she didn’t acquiesce then and with the
       passage of time, she has not acquiesced to the notion that that is what happened.

       [Dr. Wood]: Okay. So does that mean a general thing about her suggestibility or
       about that fact?

       The Court: Both.

       [Dr. Wood]: As far as the general, I would need to know more about what she’s
       saying about that event . . . a more general thing about her suggestibility. If she
       testified now that she—that [Mendez] did not kick [I.V.], she said that now, then I
       would say, yes, on that fact, Zimmerly’s suggestive questioning did not alter—seem
       to have altered her memory. Is [that] what you’re after?

       The Court: Yes.

       [Dr. Wood]: Yes. So that’s right. For that particular memory. Right. The
       main thing—maybe if I could give you the general principle, is that I think it’s
       highly unlikely that any child—whatever she is, like 9 years now or 8 years old—
       that she can remember what happened when she was 4; that she has a memory.
       That’s infantile amnesia. It’s possible, but it’s pretty remote. And my principle
       is generally to look at what they said right now. And . . . that gives you the best
       record of what she was doing. So I don’t—I would not say that even when she has
       a memory for the event now in the source—the real source of information, which I
       realize presents legal problems, but the real source of information is what she said
       to Max Zimmerly that afternoon.

       Following Dr. Wood’s proffer, the trial court reiterated its decision to exclude Dr. Wood’s

testimony. The trial court reasoned that (1) the substance of K.V.’s testimony was consistent with

her CAC interview, and that the scope of her questioning at trial was narrow and covered only a

few issues, and (2) while appreciating the risks associated with accusations made by individuals

with false memories, Dr. Wood’s testimony would not be helpful to the jury and would have the

                                                 27
opposite effect of “entering into a world of confusion . . . [which was not] warranted in this case[,]”

and was a comment on K.V.’s credibility.

        Citing Schutz, the State argues that these statements by Dr. Wood amount to an

inadmissible opinion on K.V.’s credibility, since Dr. Wood essentially opined that K.V.’s

testimony resulted from implantation of a false memory through suggestive interview techniques

used during the CAC interview. See Schutz, 957 S.W.2d at 59-60. It also argues that Dr. Wood’s

testimony amounted to an improper impaired-class opinion under Schutz because (1) his testimony

addressed an individual witness’s (K.V.’s) ability to perceive, remember, and relate the kind of

events at issue; (2) Dr. Wood’s testimony impermissibly focused on the tendency of a class of

persons to accurately perceive or remember events, as opposed to the class’s ability to do so.     See

id. at 70.

        We agree that the trial court’s exclusion of Dr. Wood’s testimony under the Schutz rule fell

within the zone of reasonable disagreement and did not amount to an abuse of discretion.

Regarding the first inquiry promulgated by Schutz, Dr. Wood testified that he thought it was

“highly unlikely” that any child, including a nine year old, can remember what occurred when she

was four years old, describing this phenomenon as “infantile amnesia.” Dr. Wood went on to

state that

        [His] principle is generally to look at what [the child witness] said right now. And
        that . . . gives you the best record of what she was doing. So I don’t—I would not
        say that even when she has a memory for the event now in the source—the real
        source of information, which I realize presents legal problems, but the real source
        of information is what she said to Max Zimmerly that afternoon.

We find this statement—particularly, Dr. Wood’s testimony that the “real source” of K.V.’s

testimony was “what she said to Max Zimmerly [during the CAC interview]”—to amount to an

                                                  28
impermissible comment that K.V.’s testimony that Mendez punched I.V. was the result of

implantation through suggestive interview techniques or manipulation used by Zimmerly during

the CAC interview. See id. at 60. Dr. Wood’s testimony was not a proper discussion regarding

a class of persons, such as young children; rather, it amounted to a discussion of an individual

witness’s (K.V.’s) ability to accurately perceive, remember, and recall past events. Under Schutz

and related cases, this type of opinion is unhelpful to the jury and amounts to an impermissible

replacement of the jury’s assessment of K.V.’s credibility with Dr. Wood’s own opinion regarding

her credibility. See id; Yount, 872 S.W.2d at 708. As such, the trial court did not abuse its

discretion in excluding Dr. Wood’s testimony on this ground. See Schutz, 957 S.W.2d at 70; see

also Contreras v. State, No. 08-06-00205-CR, 2009 WL 50601,at *3–4 (Tex. App.—El Paso Jan.

8, 2009) (not designated for publication), overruled on other grounds, 312 S.W.3d 566 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2010) (trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding expert witness’s proffered

testimony that interrogation techniques may have affected the defendant’s confession).

       We also find the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding Dr. Wood’s testimony

under the second inquiry promulgated in Schutz, i.e., that expert testimony should not comment on

the tendency of a class of people to accurately perceive, recall, and relate past events, but that such

testimony should only focus on the ability of the class to do so. See Schutz, 957 S.W.2d at 70

(emphasis added). Dr. Wood’s testimony contained several instances commenting on the general

tendency of children to fail to recall certain events, or to recall them inaccurately. For example,

Dr. Wood testified that while K.V. might have remembered what occurred on the day of I.V.’s

death, she would not remember those events a year or two later. Dr. Wood also stated that it was

“highly unlikely” that K.V. had any true memory of the events and that any source of her memory

                                                  29
would be from her CAC interview, and not her own memory. Further, Dr. Wood testified that

while people may believe that they remember events occurring before five years of age, these

individuals “turn[] out to be totally wrong or 90 percent wrong” about their memories of these

events; this amounts to an inadmissible comment on the tendency, rather than the ability, of the

impaired class to perceive, recall, and relate past events. See Schutz, 957 S.W.2d at 70; see also

Barshaw, 342 S.W.3d at 92, 94–95 (expert’s testimony that persons with mental retardation “could

be painfully honest” was inadmissible opinion on the general tendency of impaired class, rather

than their ability, to be honest).

                                                    Conclusion

         In sum, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding Dr. Wood’s

testimony based on it being an impermissible comment on K.V.’s credibility, as well as it being

an inadmissible opinion that K.V.’s testimony resulted from manipulation or suggestive interview

techniques. See Schutz, 957 S.W.2d at 70. Moreover, Dr. Wood’s testimony was inadmissible

because it focused on K.V.’s capacity to perceive, recall, and relate past events, individually, rather

than as a member of an impaired class. See id. Finally, the trial court did not abuse its discretion

in excluding Dr. Wood’s testimony based on concerns that it impermissibly commented on the

general tendency, as opposed to the ability, of children to perceive, recall, and relate past events

occurring before the age of five. We therefore find that the trial court’s decision to exclude Dr.

Wood’s testimony fell within the zone of reasonable disagreement, and we will not disturb it on

appeal.5 Issues One and Two are overruled.

5
  The trial court excluded Dr. Wood’s testimony because (1) the substance of K.V.’s interview statements was
consistent with her testimony, and (2) because Dr. Wood’s testimony would have confused the jury, and ran the risk
of supplanting its determination of K.V.’s credibility with Dr. Wood’s opinion on the matter. As such, the trial court

                                                         30
                                         Exclusion of CAC Interview

         In Issues Three and Four, Mendez argues that the trial court erred in excluding the video

recording of K.V.’s interview at the CAC. Particularly, he contends the recording was admissible

for two purposes: (1) as a prior-recollection-recorded exception to the hearsay rule; and (2) to

impeach parts of K.V.’s testimony with prior inconsistent statements.

                                             CAC Interview with K.V.

         On the afternoon of the day I.V. died, four-year-old K.V. was interviewed at the CAC by

Max Zimmerly. K.V. told Zimmerly that I.V. was “with the police . . . [and] him died.” K.V.

said that “[she] saw him died,” and that “[Mendez] kicked him right here [gesturing to her torso]

and him died.”         K.V. said that afterwards, Mendez was saying, “Wake up, [I.V.]!”                           K.V.

mentioned she was at Joe’s house. She said her mother was at work and her brother, J.R., was at

school. Asked whether she saw Mendez kick I.V. with her eyes, she said “no.” When Zimmerly

followed by asking, “how do you know [Mendez] kicked [I.V.],” she responded, “because I know

him.” Zimmerly said tell me everything. K.V. said “[Mendez] kicked him, him pooped in the

pants and him peed.” Next, she said, “[Mendez] put him sitting down on the wall.” Then she

said, “him died and the police got him.” When Zimmerly asked, “the police got who?” She

responded “[I.V.].”

         Later in the interview, K.V. repeated that Mendez “kicked [I.V. and] he died.” K.V. stated

that I.V. died in the “restroom.” She also stated that she saw Mendez carry I.V. into the restroom.

When asked what happened first, K.V. said “him died.” K.V. told Zimmerly that Mendez cleaned

did not rely on Schutz and related cases in excluding Dr. Wood’s testimony; nevertheless, we may uphold its ruling
under any theory of law applicable to the case, even if the trial court did not rely on that theory in making its ruling.
See Ukwuachu, 2018 WL 2711167, at *7.

                                                          31
up “poop” from the floor with a sock. When Zimmerly asked when I.V. was kicked, K.V. simply

shrugged. She also said that I.V. “got kicked when him peed.”

       At trial, K.V. testified on direct examination that Mendez “punched [I.V.] in the stomach.”

After the conclusion of the State’s case-in-chief, the defense announced its intent to introduce the

video recording of the CAC interview, and that it was admissible because it fell within the prior-

recollection-recorded exception to the hearsay rule. The defense also argued that the recording

was admissible for impeachment of K.V.’s testimony with prior inconsistent statements made

during the interview, i.e., that Mendez had kicked I.V. in the chest (as opposed to her testimony at

trial that Mendez punched I.V. in the stomach).

       Although the State objected to the admission of the recording, the State asserted that

defense counsel could use it to refresh K.V.’s recollection when needed. Responding, Mendez

requested the trial court admit the entire recording under the prior-recollection-recorded exception

but additionally conceded it would need to be redacted to contain only those statements which

were allegedly inconsistent with K.V.’s trial testimony for it to be admissible for impeachment

purposes.   Defense counsel admitted that it “may be the case that not the entire video is

admissible[,]” and with regard to which portions of the recording he wanted to be admitted, he

stated “[s]uch parts [from the recording] as—are admissible for either of the reasons I have

articulated[.]” The trial court reviewed the recording, and having found that no inconsistent

statements existed, it later refused to admit the recording.

                                   Applicable Law and Analysis

       The trial court’s exclusion of evidence is reviewed under the same abuse of discretion

standard set forth above.     Willover v. State, 70 S.W.3d 841, 847 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002);

                                                  32
Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 379. As a preliminary matter, we first address the State’s argument

that Mendez did not sufficiently identify which portions of the recording he wanted the trial court

to admit, and that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding the entirety of the

recording when Mendez failed to do so. The record shows that during a bench conference on the

issue of admitting the CAC interview, defense counsel stated, “[s]uch parts as—are admissible for

either of the reasons I have articulated, I would want to have it come in.” In his reply brief,

Mendez argues that the trial court took it upon itself to review the entirety of the recording, and

that his proffer was sufficient to identify the location of the inconsistent statements contained in

the video recording.

       To determine whether the trial court could have properly excluded the recording, we must

first determine whether the recording contains both admissible and inadmissible statements. See

Willover, 70 S.W.3d at 846–47 (considering whether a recording contained both admissible and

inadmissible statements as a predicate to determining whether the proponent of the recording

sufficiently identified which portions he wanted to be admitted). When a party intends to offer

hearsay evidence for the purposes of impeachment, but it fails to segregate or specify which

portions he wishes to offer, the entirety of the video recording must be admissible not only under

the relevant hearsay rules, but also under the other rules of evidence, such as the requirement that

the statements be relevant. Id. at 846 n.9. Our review of the recording shows that some

statements made by the interviewer and K.V. in the recording were admissible under the rules of

evidence, and some were not. As such, it was reasonable for the trial court to conclude that

Mendez was attempting to introduce a recording containing both admissible and inadmissible

evidence. See id. at 846–47.

                                                33
        Having determined that the CAC interview contained both admissible and inadmissible

statements, we find that Mendez did not sufficiently identify which portions of the recording he

wanted to be admitted. The burden to identify which portions of a recording are admissible and

which are not, falls upon Mendez, the proponent of the evidence, and not the trial court. See id.

at 847; Khoshayand v. State, 179 S.W.3d 779, 784 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2005, no pet.) (citing Jones

v. State, 843 S.W.2d 487, 492–93 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992), abrogated on other grounds by Maxwell

v. State, 48 S.W.3d 196 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001)). We find that defense counsel’s request that the

trial court admit “[s]uch parts [from the recording] as—are admissible for either of the reasons I

have articulated” was insufficient to satisfy the responsibility to segregate the portions of the

interview which were admissible.

        As such, because Mendez did not sufficiently segregate and offer the admissible portions

of the CAC interview, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding the entirety of the

recording.   See Willover, 70 S.W.3d at 847 (where the proponent did not identify specific

statements with which it intended to impeach a witness, trial court properly excluded video

recordings offered in their entirety because it could have reasonably concluded that video

recordings contained both admissible and inadmissible evidence); Jones, 843 S.W.2d at 492–93

(“If evidence is offered and challenged which contains [both admissible and inadmissible

evidence], the trial court may safely admit it all or exclude it all, and the losing party . . . will be

made to suffer on appeal the consequences of his insufficiently specific offer or objection.”);

Khoshayand, 179 S.W.3d at 784 (trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding entirety of

investigator’s notes where the notes contained both admissible and inadmissible statements, and

where the proponent failed to segregate and specifically offer the admissible statements).

                                                  34
       Even if the trial court erred by excluding the CAC video, we find that any error was

nonetheless harmless. See TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(b) (we must disregard errors not affecting a

defendant’s substantial rights); see also Potier v. State, 68 S.W.3d 657, 666 (Tex. Crim. App.

2002) (we apply harmless error analysis to trial court’s exclusion of evidence not amounting to an

arbitrary or unjustified limitation on an accused’s right to defend). Mendez was able to impeach

K.V. during cross-examination with her inconsistent statements made during the CAC interview,

and the substance of what she said in her interview was therefore presented to the jury. K.V.

admitted that she had told the interviewer that Mendez had kicked I.V., which was inconsistent

with her testimony that Mendez had punched I.V. and testified on cross-examination that she did

not know why she had said so. As such, K.V.’s statements in the CAC interview would have been

cumulative of her testimony at trial as she openly admitted that she testified in a manner

inconsistent with her prior statement. See In re E.A.G., 373 S.W.3d 129, 147 (Tex. App.—San

Antonio 2012, pet. denied) (trial court correctly excluded videotaped interview of child witness

where the witness had already been impeached and made a recantation of her outcry at trial,

reasoning that admission of the interview would not have added anything more to impeach her);

see also McGary v. State, 750 S.W.2d 782, 787 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988) (“[w]hen the

contradictions are confessed, evidently there is no use or purpose for the impeaching testimony

[since] for this work [the witness] performs upon himself,” and if the witness admits the

inconsistent remarks then the prior inconsistent statement is inadmissible). As such, even if the

trial court erred by excluding the CAC interview, we find that any error was harmless. See TEX.

R. APP. P. 44.2(b); In re E.A.G., 373 S.W.3d at 147; McGary, 750 S.W.2d at 787. Issues Three

and Four are overruled.

                                               35
                     Admission of K.V.’s Statement to Law Enforcement

       In Issue Five, Mendez argues that the trial court erred by admitting K.V.’s out-of-court

statement to law enforcement that Mendez had kicked I.V., specifically in regard to references

made to K.V.’s statement during both the recorded interview of Mendez and Villanueva, and the

recorded interview of Mendez when questioned by Detective Samaniego. Mendez asserts that

K.V.’s out-of-court statement amounted to hearsay and its probative value was outweighed by the

risk of unfair prejudice in violation of TEX. R. EVID. 403.

                                             Trial Events

       At trial, the State offered, and the trial court admitted the recorded conversation between

Mendez and Villanueva, during which Villanueva stated that “[t]hey told me that supposedly you

kicked [I.V.] in the stomach.” After the recording and the transcript of the recording was

published to the jury, defense counsel objected on the grounds of hearsay and unfair prejudice to

any further references to K.V.’s statement that Mendez had kicked I.V., including references to

the statement made in the recorded interview between Detective Samaniego and Mendez. The

State responded that K.V.’s statement to Detective Samaniego was not being offered to prove the

truth of the matter asserted in the statement, but rather, to put into context Mendez’s own

statements. The trial court overruled both objections, but it granted defense counsel’s request to

give a limiting instruction to the jury that K.V.’s statement was not being offered to prove that

Mendez kicked I.V. but only to give context to law enforcement’s investigation and interrogation.

       The State subsequently published the entirety of the recorded interview between Detective

Samaniego and Mendez, including a portion containing the following colloquy:

       Det. Samaniego: Where did you hit him?

                                                 36
       Mendez: Well, in the buttocks and then I hit him on. . . on the foot, you know. . .

       Det. Samaniego: Where else?

       Mendez: That’s it.

       Det. Samaniego: You didn’t hit him in the . . . the body?

       Mendez: She is telling me that, she was told that I kicked him, but why am I going
       to kick him?

       Det. Samaniego: I think [K.V.] said that.

       Mendez: Yeah, well . . .

       Det. Samaniego: [K.V.]. The four year old.

       Mendez: Um-hum.

       Det. Samaniego: She said you kicked him. So I don’t know if [K.V.] told her dad
       [sic] at the scene . . . I don’t know.

       Mendez: (Nods Yes)
                                               ...

       Mendez: No. What she told me the . . . the . . . you know, the detectives told her
       that . . . they . . . they . . . that I kicked him.

       Det. Samaniego: Yeah, but that’s where we got the information from.

       Mendez: Ok.

       Det. Samaniego: From [K.V.].

       Mendez: Well, the way I [unintelligible].

       Det. Samaniego: You kicked him?

       Mendez: No.

       Detective Samaniego then questioned Mendez on the source of I.V.’s bruises, cuts, and

bumps, and when he asked Mendez whether he had stomped on I.V. or hit him on the head, Mendez

                                               37
denied it and claimed that I.V. had sustained his injuries by falling off a bed mattress. Detective

Samaniego expressed his disbelief at Mendez’s explanation, noting that “[I.V. had] bruises all over

his body[.]”    Mendez replied, “Yeah.       He is a kid.”     When Detective Samaniego again

confronted Mendez with K.V.’s statement, Mendez replied, “Ok. If that’s what she says, then . .

. .” When Detective Samaniego asked Mendez if he kicked I.V., Mendez replied that he “already

told [Detective Samaniego] no” and expressed his frustration that investigators only “want to hear

it [their] way.” When Detective Samaniego confronted Mendez again with K.V.’s statement,

Mendez stated that he was telling the truth, expressed his frustration again, and terminated the

interview a short time later.

                                             Hearsay

       We review the trial court’s admission of evidence under the same abuse of discretion

standard set forth above. Knight v. State, 457 S.W.3d 192, 201 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2015, pet.

ref’d) (citing Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 391). Hearsay is a statement not made by the declarant

while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted in the

statement. TEX. R. EVID. 801(d). Statements not offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted

in the statement, but rather for some other purpose, are not hearsay and are admissible subject to

other rules of evidence. Jones, 843 S.W.2d at 499. Out-of-court statements made by police

officers during an interview with a witness are not hearsay “if they are offered only to give context

to the interviewee’s replies, even if the officers accuse the interviewee of lying and refer to the

statements of unnamed witnesses.” McNeil, 452 S.W.3d at 419 (quoting Hernandez v. State, No.

01-08-00306-CR, 2009 WL 1331649, at *6 –8 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] May 14, 2009,

pet. ref’d) (mem. op.) (not designated for publication). These kinds of statements offered to show

                                                 38
their effect on the listener are not hearsay. Id. (citing Hernandez, 2009 WL 1331649, at *6).

Thus, statements offered to show their effect on the listener or to give context to a police interview

are not hearsay. Id.

        On appeal, Mendez argues that K.V.’s statement to law enforcement that Mendez kicked

I.V. was offered by the State to prove the truth of the matter asserted within the statement, i.e., that

Mendez did in fact kick I.V. Further, Mendez asserts that the statement was not properly offered

to give context to the interview because the content and credibility of Mendez’s responses was not

changed by the knowledge that K.V. had accused him of kicking I.V. The State responds that the

inclusion of Detective Samaniego’s references to K.V.’s statement allowed the jury to fully gauge

Mendez’s responses to her statement, and to place his statements during the interview into context.

It cites McNeil v. State, 452 S.W.3d 408, 419 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, pet. ref’d),

for the proposition that the admission of interviewers’ references to out-of-court statements not

offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted, but rather to probe the interviewee into providing

more accurate information, does not violate the hearsay rule. We find that the trial court did not

abuse its discretion by admitting Detective Samaniego’s references to K.V.’s out-of-court

statement that Mendez kicked I.V. The statement was admissible to show the effect it had on

Mendez when he was confronted with the accusation, and was designed to probe Mendez into

providing more accurate information about what had happened to I.V., especially given the

disconnect between the severity of I.V.’s injuries and Mendez’s explanations for how they were

sustained. Likewise, had Detective Samaniego’s references to K.V.’s statement been redacted,

Mendez’s responses would have been rendered nonsensical and incoherent. As such, K.V.’s out-

of-court statement did not constitute hearsay because it was not offered to prove the truth of the

                                                  39
matter asserted, and the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting it. See id. (officers’

reference to out-of-court documents did not constitute hearsay because they were not offered for

the truth of the matter asserted, but rather to probe the defendant into providing more accurate

information explaining the inconsistencies between his version of events and the victim’s injuries,

and to show the statement’s effect on the defendant); Hernandez, 2009 WL 1331649, at *6–7

(redaction of references to out-of-court statement would have rendered defendant’s responses

during an interview incoherent, and were properly offered to provide context to the interview and

to show the out-of-court statement’s effect on the defendant); Kirk v. State, 199 S.W.3d 467, 479

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2006, pet. ref’d) (out-of-court statement offered to give context to

defendant’s replies during police interview was not hearsay, and redaction of statements would

have rendered interview incoherent); Calderon v. State, No. 08-09-00315-CR, 2011 WL 1734068,

at *1–3, 5 (Tex. App.—El Paso May 4, 2011, pet. ref’d) (not designated for publication) (officer’s

references to out-of-court statements were not offered to prove truth of the matter asserted, but

rather to give context to the defendant’s replies, and thus did not constitute hearsay).

                                           Unfair Prejudice

   Mendez also contends that K.V.’s out-of-court statement that Mendez kicked I.V. was unfairly

prejudicial, and its admission violated Rule 403.         Relevant evidence may nonetheless be

inadmissible where its probative value is outweighed by the risk of unfair prejudice. TEX. R.

EVID. 403. Rule 403 favors the admission of evidence and presumes that relevant evidence is

more probative than prejudicial. Shuffield v. State, 189 S.W.3d 782, 787 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).

In determining whether a trial court violated Rule 403 by the admission of evidence, we balance

the following factors: (1) the inherent probative value of the evidence and (2) the State’s need for

                                                 40
the evidence, against any tendency of the evidence to (3) suggest a decision on an improper basis,

(4) confuse or distract the jury from the main issues, (5) be given undue weight by a jury that has

not been equipped to evaluate the probative force of the evidence, and (6) the likelihood that

presentation of the evidence will consume an inordinate amount of time or be needlessly

cumulative. Gigliobianco v. State, 210 S.W.3d 637, 641–42 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).

       Here, the references to K.V.’s statement were probative because it showed his responses

to being confronted with her statement. The State had a need for the admission of references to

K.V.’s statement because they provided context to Mendez’s interview with Detective Samaniego;

without the references, Mendez’s responses to Detective Samaniego’s questions would have been

rendered incoherent. On the other hand, the references to K.V.’s statement was not overly long

and did not consume an inordinate amount of time to present, and the admission of the references

to the statement did not pose a risk of allowing the jury to make a decision on an improper basis,

of distracting the jury from the issues, or being given undue weight, especially in light of the trial

court’s limiting instruction to the jury prior to the publishing of the interview.         Given the

foregoing, and the presumption that relevant evidence is more probative than prejudicial, we

conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the references to K.V.’s

statement, such that its decision was outside the zone of reasonable disagreement. Issue Five is

overruled.

                          Admission of Extraneous Offense Evidence

       Finally, Mendez raises two issues involving admission of extraneous offense evidence. In

Issue Six, Mendez argues that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting evidence of

uncharged crimes, wrongs or bad acts, involving children other than I.V., the alleged victim.

                                                 41
Similarly, in Issue Seven, Mendez argues the trial court abused its discretion by admitting his prior

conviction for aggravated assault with a deadly weapon. Mendez contends that, contrary to the

State’s argument below and on appeal, the defense did not “open the door” to admission of either

complained-of extraneous offense evidence.

                                             Trial Events

       Before trial, the defense filed a written motion in limine to require the State to approach

the bench before offering any testimony or other evidence of extraneous offenses, including acts

of violence allegedly committed by Mendez against I.V.’s older siblings, J.R. and K.V. Mendez

asserts that soon after the State called Villanueva as a witness, the prosecutor elicited testimony

from her on direct examination that she “had never seen [Mendez] be physically violent with [her

children].” Villanueva’s response came after she was asked whether she had concerns about

Mendez’s treatment of her children at the time she moved out of her own mother’s house to move

in with him and his mother. Then, asking a series of questions, the State questioned Villanueva

about whether she ever saw Mendez hit or kick I.V., whether she saw him take food away from

I.V. as punishment, and whether I.V. was afraid of Mendez. To each question respectively,

Villanueva responded, “No[,]” “No, ma’am[,]” and “To my knowledge, no.”

       From this testimony, Mendez argues that the State tried to minimize Villanueva’s

responsibility for the death of I.V., and instead, suggested “that her love for Ever Mendez had

blinded her to his mistreatment of her children.” On appeal, Mendez argues that defense counsel

sought to expose the implausibility of the State’s inference while cross-examining Villanueva. In

this endeavor, defense counsel elicited testimony from Villanueva that she never saw any injuries

on her children or heard complaints from them about being hurt by Mendez. Defense counsel

                                                 42
asked, “And you didn’t observe on them, day-to-day, any injuries? They weren’t bleeding?”

Villanueva responded, “No.”

       At that point, the State asked to approach the bench, and during a conference outside the

presence of the jury, the prosecutor argued that the defense had opened the door to Mendez’s

extraneous offenses and bad acts committed against J.R. and K.V. by eliciting testimony that

Villanueva had never seen any of her children hurt or bleeding. The prosecutor argued that the

defense had “opened the door to the priors of all children” and misled the jury by “painting a

picture that the defendant has not abused all the children.” Ruling in favor of the prosecution, the

trial court agreed that the question, “And you didn’t observe on them, day-to-day, any injuries?

They weren’t bleeding?” and Villanueva’s response that she had not, qualified as opening the door

to the admission of extraneous evidence involving abusive treatment of J.R. and K.V.

       Shortly thereafter, defense counsel also elicited testimony from Villanueva that she did not

believe Mendez had been capable of hitting her children. Defense counsel further asked, “[w]hen

you say a person like [Mendez] is not capable of hitting the kids, what exactly do you mean by

that?” Villanueva responded that she had questioned Mendez about his discipline asking “did we

really have to go that far? Did we have to still keep on doing discipline?” She then explained

he told her that he knew what he was doing, and he was not going to hurt “one of [her] kids.”

Defense counsel further asked whether she understood Mendez to mean that “it’s not in [his] nature

to hurt a child badly,” to which Villanueva responded that that was what she thought was true of

Mendez because she had not seen evidence to the contrary to that point.

       The State then asked to approach the bench again and announced its intent to introduce

evidence regarding Mendez’s prior conviction for aggravated assault with a deadly weapon to

                                                43
correct the impression left on the jury by Villanueva’s statement that “it’s not in [Mendez’s] nature

to be a violent person[.]” Defense counsel responded that he was solely inquiring about her own

belief but not suggesting otherwise about Mendez. Ruling for the State, the trial court agreed it

would allow the State to ask Villanueva whether she had personal knowledge of Mendez having

been previously convicted of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon.

       Later, on redirect, when the State asked Villanueva whether she was aware of Mendez’s

conviction of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, Villanueva responded, “No, ma’am.”

Villanueva also admitted that, on one occasion, J.R. had sustained a cut to his forehead after

Mendez had disciplined him. J.R.’s cut remained visible in a photograph taken of him on the day

that I.V. died. Villanueva testified that when she asked Mendez whether she should take J.R. to

the hospital for treatment of the injury, Mendez replied that she was “trying to baby [her] kids”

and that she would look “ridiculous” for taking her child in for a cut.

       The State subsequently called Villanueva’s children, J.R. and K.V., to describe treatment

they received from Mendez. J.R., who was then twelve years old, described several incidents of

physical and emotional abuse by Mendez that he experienced himself or witnessed against others.

J.R. stated that the scar on his forehead resulted from an incident in which Mendez had put him in

a time out, and when he fell to the floor, Mendez pulled him up from the floor then slammed a

door on him. In total, J.R. testified that Mendez had previously hit him with a belt, with his fist,

and one time, even pointed a firearm at him. Additionally, as to I.V., J.R. testified he saw Mendez

hit and kick him on multiple occasions and touched his “private parts.” In addition to J.R.’s

testimony, the State also elicited testimony from K.V. about abusive treatment by Mendez against

her and her brothers. When asked whether Mendez was “nice, mean, or something else to you,”

                                                 44
K.V. described him as mean. Elaborating, she testified he had hit her “[a]ll over [her] body” with

a belt, “made us all night sit on the wall,” and left her with a bruise visible on her neck the day she

gave her interview at the CAC.

                                    Applicable Law and Analysis

       Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is inadmissible to prove that a defendant acted

in accordance with his character on a particular occasion.               TEX. R. EVID. 404(b)(1).

Nevertheless, evidence of extraneous offenses or bad acts may be admissible to prove, inter alia,

motive, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident, or to rebut a defensive theory. Id.

404(b)(2). Character evidence, even if inadmissible, may nevertheless be admissible if a party

“opens the door” to such evidence by bringing forth matters via his questioning of a witness in a

manner inviting the opposing party to respond. See Daggett v. State, 187 S.W.3d 444, 452 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2005). For instance, if the defense elicits testimony regarding a blanket statement of

good conduct or character—e.g., that the defendant would never engage in a particular criminal

act—he may open the door to the admission of otherwise inadmissible evidence to rebut the false

impression left on the jury regarding a relevant act or character trait.          Id.   Admission of

extraneous offense evidence is reviewed under the same abuse of discretion standard set forth

above. Knight, 457 S.W.3d at 201–02 (citing De La Paz v. State, 279 S.W.3d 336, 343-44 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2009)).

       On appeal, Mendez argues that he did not open the door to the admission of the

complained-of extraneous offenses through his cross-examination of Villanueva because he was

responding to an impression created by the State that Villanueva remained blameless in the death

of her son by testifying she was unaware of any abuses committed by Mendez against her children.

                                                  45
He argues that he did not attempt to imply that Mendez had never abused the children himself or

commit criminal acts against others in the past, but rather to establish that Villanueva was abusing

the children and that she was responsible for I.V.’s death. The State counters that J.R.’s and

K.V.’s testimony regarding Mendez’s abuse toward them was admissible to rebut the impression

left by Mendez’s cross-examination of Villanueva that Mendez had not abused the children, that

she did not believe he had been capable of hitting her children, and that he did not have an

opportunity to abuse the children. The State also argues that J.R.’s and K.V.’s testimony was

admissible to rebut the defensive theory that Mendez’s disciplinary methods posed no risk of harm

to the children and could not have possibly resulted in I.V.’s death.

       On review, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting J.R.’s and

K.V.’s testimony regarding Mendez’s acts of abuse committed against them and I.V. Defense

counsel’s cross-examination of Villanueva elicited responses from her that Mendez “was not

capable of hitting [her children]” and that it was “not in [his] nature to hurt a child badly,” which

created impressions that Mendez never struck or harmed her children, that he did not have an

opportunity to abuse them, and that his character rendered him incapable of doing so. These

impressions bolstered his defensive theories that he did not cause I.V.’s death because his character

rendered him incapable of doing so, or he did not have the opportunity to commit the charged

offense. Given these assertions, the State was therefore entitled to use J.R.’s and K.V.’s testimony

to rebut these defensive theories by showing that Mendez did have an opportunity to commit the

offense since he was often left alone with the children, he had abused them before, and his

character did not prevent him from committing violent acts against children. See TEX. R. EVID.

404(b)(2); see also Abshire v, State, 62 S.W.3d 857, 861–62 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2001, pet.

                                                 46
ref’d) (trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting extraneous offense evidence offered to

establish defendant’s opportunity to commit the offense); Patterson v. State, No. 08-13-00111-

CR, 2015 WL 181715, at *5 (Tex. App.—El Paso Jan. 14, 2015, pet. ref’d) (not designated for

publication) (trial court properly admitted extraneous offense evidence which rebutted a defensive

theory). Further, Mendez’s contention that he “did not intend” to open the door to the admission

of extraneous offense evidence does not shield him from the admission of such evidence. See

Harrison v. State, 241 S.W.3d 23, 25 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (defense’s unintentional elicitation

of character testimony from defense witness nonetheless opened the door to the admission of

defendant’s prior assault convictions).

       Likewise, the State was entitled to rebut Villanueva’s opinion testimony regarding

Mendez’s character by use of his prior conviction for aggravated assault with a deadly weapon.

The trial court did not err in finding that the defense opened the door to the admission of testimony

regarding Mendez’s prior conviction when it elicited testimony from Villanueva that “it’s not in

[Mendez’s] nature to hurt a child badly.” As such, the State’s question on redirect examination

regarding whether Villanueva was aware of Mendez’s prior conviction was proper, and the

testimony was admissible to rebut the false impression left by the defense’s cross-examination of

Villanueva. See TEX. R. EVID. 404(a)(2)(A) (in a criminal case, a defendant may offer evidence

of his pertinent trait, and the State may offer evidence to rebut it); Harrison, 241 S.W.3d at 25

(under TEX. R. EVID. 405(a)(1), the State may rebut a defendant’s character-opinion evidence with

“were you aware” questions about conduct inconsistent with the character trait brought into issue

by the defendant).

       In sum, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting testimony from J.R. and

                                                 47
K.V. to rebut a false impression left on the jury about his character based on Mendez’s cross-

examination of Villanueva. The State offered the complained-of evidence to refute Mendez’s

defensive theories and to establish Mendez’s opportunity to commit the offense. Likewise, the

trial court did not err by allowing the State to ask Villanueva whether she was aware of Mendez’s

prior conviction for aggravated assault with a deadly weapon because the defense had opened the

door to the admission of this testimony by leaving an impression with the jury that Mendez had

been incapable of harming children by his nature. As such, the trial court’s decision to admit the

complained-of evidence did not fall outside the zone of reasonable disagreement. See Bass v.

State, 270 S.W.3d 557, 563 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (trial court did not abuse its discretion in

admitting extraneous offense evidence given the evidence made defensive theories less probable

and was subject to reasonable disagreement); Harrison, 241 S.W.3d at 25. Issues Six and Seven

are overruled.

                                                 II.

       Finally, although we note that the trial court certified Mendez’s right to appeal in this case,

the certification on record does not bear his signature indicating he was informed of his rights to

appeal and to file a pro se petition for discretionary review with the Texas Court of Criminal

Appeals. See TEX. R. APP. P. 25.2(d). We find the certification is defective and has yet to be

corrected by Mendez’s attorney or the trial court. To remedy this defect, this Court ORDERS

Mendez’s attorney, pursuant to TEX. R. APP. P. 48.4, to send Mendez a copy of this opinion and

this Court’s judgment, to notify Mendez of his right to file a pro se petition for discretionary

review, and to inform Mendez of applicable deadlines. See TEX. R. APP. P. 48.4, 68. Mendez’s

attorney is further ORDERED to comply with all requirements of TEX. R. APP. P. 48.4.

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                                         CONCLUSION

       The trial court’s judgment is affirmed as reformed.

                                             GINA M. PALAFOX, Justice
April 17, 2019

Before Rodriguez, J., Palafox, J., and Larsen, J. (Senior Judge)
Larsen, J. (Senior Judge), sitting by assignment

(Do Not Publish)

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