Court Opinion

ID: 4571280
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-09-30 18:01:46.516961+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:47:03.897298
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                       FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
_______________________________________
                                        )
ELECTRONIC PRIVACY INFORMATION )
CENTER,                                 )
                                        )
                  Plaintiff,            )
                                        )
      v.                               )     Civil Action No. 19-810 (RBW)
                                       )
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF            )
JUSTICE,                               )
                                       )
                  Defendant.           )
_______________________________________)
                                       )
JASON LEOPOLD &                        )
BUZZFEED, INC.,                        )
                                       )
                  Plaintiffs,          )
                                       )
      v.                               )     Civil Action No. 19-957 (RBW)
                                       )
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF            )
JUSTICE, et al.,                        )
                                        )
                  Defendants.          )
_______________________________________)

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

       The plaintiffs in the above-captioned matters, Jason Leopold and Buzzfeed, Inc. (the

“Leopold plaintiffs”) and the Electronic Privacy Information Center (“EPIC”), pursuant to the

Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552, seek, inter alia, the release of an

unredacted version of the report prepared by Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller III (“Special

Counsel Mueller”) regarding his investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States

presidential election (the “Mueller Report”). See Complaint (“Compl.”) ¶¶ 2, 43, Elec. Privacy

Info. Ctr. v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Civ. Action No. 19-810 (“EPIC Compl.”); Compl. ¶ 1,
Leopold v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Civ. Action No. 19-957 (“Leopold Pls.’ Compl.”). On June 3,

2019, the United States Department of Justice (the “Department”) filed its motion for summary

judgment. See Department of Justice’s Motion for Summary Judgment in Leopold v.

Department of Justice and Partial Summary Judgment in Electronic Privacy Information Center

v. Department of Justice (“Def.’s Mot.”). Thereafter, the plaintiffs filed their cross-motions for

summary judgment. See Plaintiff’s Combined Opposition to Defendant’s Motion for Partial

Summary Judgment, Cross-Motion for Partial Summary Judgment, and Motion for In Camera

Review of the “Mueller Report” (“EPIC’s Mot.”); Plaintiffs Jason Leopold’s and Buzzfeed Inc.’s

Motion for Summary Judgment (“Leopold Pls.’ Mot.”).

       On March 5, 2020, the Court issued a Memorandum Opinion, in which it concluded that

“the actions of Attorney General [William] Barr and his representations about the Mueller

Report preclude the Court’s acceptance of the validity of the Department’s redactions without its

independent verification” and ordered the Department to submit the unredacted version of the

Mueller Report to the Court for in camera review. Elec. Privacy Info. Ctr. v. U.S. Dep’t of

Justice, 442 F. Supp. 3d 37, 52 (D.D.C. 2020); see also Order at 2 (Mar. 5, 2020), ECF No. 112.

       On March 30, 2020, the Department submitted to the Court the unredacted version of the

Mueller Report. See Defendant’s Notice of Submission of Documents for In Camera Review at

1–2. After reviewing the unredacted version of the Mueller Report, the Court ordered the

Department to “appear before the Court for an ex parte hearing to address the Court’s questions

regarding certain redactions of the Mueller Report.” Order at 2 (June 8, 2020), ECF No. 120.

And, “[t]o accord the Department knowledge of the questions that the Court ha[d] regarding

some of the redactions prior to the ex parte hearing, the Court [ ] prepared an Excel spreadsheet

that catalogues these questions,” and “[t]o the extent that the Department is able to respond to the

                                                2
Court’s questions in writing,” the Court ordered the Department to file “under seal its responses

to the Court’s questions.” Order at 2 (July 6, 2020), ECF No. 123. On July 21, 2020, the

Department timely submitted its responses to the Court’s questions as well as a declaration from

Vanessa Brinkmann, Senior Counsel in the Office of Information Policy at the Department. See

Defendant’s Notice of Sealed Submission of Responses to Court Order at 1–2; id., Exhibit

(“Ex.”) 1 (Sealed Third Declaration of Vanessa R. Brinkmann (redacted)) (“Redacted

Brinkmann 3d Decl.”). Thereafter, on September 15, 2020, the Court held an ex parte hearing

regarding the Department’s claimed exemptions, after which the Department submitted an

additional declaration from Brinkmann that addresses questions posed by the Court during the

hearing. See Defendant’s Notice of Filing Public Version of Declaration in Response to Court’s

Questions During Ex Parte Hearing, Ex. 1 (Fourth Declaration of Vanessa R. Brinkmann

(redacted)) (“Redacted Brinkmann 4th Decl.”).

        Having completed its in camera review of the unredacted version of the Mueller Report,

and upon careful consideration of the parties’ submissions, 1 the Court now concludes for the

following reasons that it must grant in part and deny in part the Department’s motion for

1
 In addition to the filings already identified, the Court considered the following submissions in rendering its
decision: (1) the Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Support of the Department of Justice’s Motion for
Summary Judgment in Leopold v. Department of Justice and Partial Summary Judgment in Electronic Privacy
Information Center v. Department of Justice (“Def.’s Mem.”); (2) Def.’s Mot., Exhibit (“Ex.”) 1 (Declaration of
Vanessa R. Brinkmann) (“Brinkmann 1st Decl.”); (3) the Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Support of
Plaintiff’s Combined Opposition and Cross-Motion for Partial Summary Judgment and Motion for In Camera
Review of the “Mueller Report” (“EPIC’s Mem.”); (4) Plaintiffs Jason Leopold’s and Buzzfeed Inc.’s Combined
Memorandum in Support of Their Motion for Summary Judgment and in Opposition to Defendants’ Motion for
Summary Judgment (“Leopold Pls.’ Mem.”); (5) the Brief of Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington
as Amicus Curiae in Support of Plaintiffs’ Motions for Summary Judgment (“CREW Br.”); (6) the Department of
Justice’s Reply in Support of its Motion for Summary Judgment With Respect to the “Mueller Report” and
Opposition to Plaintiffs’ Cross-Motions for Summary Judgment (“Def.’s Reply”); (7) Def.’s Reply, Ex. 1 (Second
Declaration of Vanessa R. Brinkmann) (“Brinkmann 2d Decl.”); (8) the Plaintiffs’ Consolidated Reply in Support of
Their Cross-Motions for Summary Judgment and Motions for In Camera Review of the “Mueller Report” (“Pls.’
Reply”); (9) the Sealed Third Declaration of Vanessa R. Brinkmann (“Sealed Brinkmann 3d Decl.”); and (10) the In
Camera Ex Parte Sealed Fourth Declaration of Vanessa R. Brinkmann (“Sealed Brinkmann 4th Decl.”).

                                                       3
summary judgment and grant in part and deny the balance of the plaintiffs’ cross-motions for

summary judgment. 2

                                     I.       STANDARD OF REVIEW

         “FOIA cases typically are resolved on a motion for summary judgment.” Ortiz v. U.S.

Dep’t of Justice, 67 F. Supp. 3d 109, 116 (D.D.C. 2014) (citation omitted). The “FOIA requires

federal agencies to disclose, upon request, broad classes of agency records unless the records are

covered by the statute’s exemptions.” Students Against Genocide v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 257
F.3d 828, 833 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (citing 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(3)(A), (b)); see also Wash. Post Co. v.

U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 863 F.2d 96, 101 (D.C. Cir. 1988) (citation omitted) (“[The] FOIA is to be

interpreted with a presumption favoring disclosure and exemptions are to be construed

narrowly.”). In a FOIA action, the defendant agency has “[the] burden of demonstrating that the

withheld documents are exempt from disclosure.” Boyd v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 475 F.3d 381,

385 (D.C. Cir. 2007). This burden “cannot be met by mere conclusory statements.” Wash. Post

Co., 863 F.2d at 101 (citation omitted). “The agency may meet this burden by filing affidavits

describing the material withheld and the manner in which it falls within the exemption claimed,”

King v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 830 F.2d 210, 217 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (citations omitted), and by

“show[ing] how release of the particular material would have the adverse consequence that the

[FOIA] seeks to guard against,” Wash. Post Co., 863 F.2d at 101 (citation omitted).

2
  In response to the Court’s inquiries, the Department filed two declarations ex parte and under seal—redacted
versions of which were also filed on the public docket. Although a district “court should not use in camera
affidavits unless necessary,” the “use of such affidavits is at the discretion of the [district] court.” Lykins v. U.S.
Dep’t of Justice, 725 F.2d 1455, 1465 (D.C. Cir. 1984). However, “if such affidavits are used, it should be certain to
make the public record as complete as possible.” Id. Pursuant to Lykins, the Court concludes that the Department’s
submission of Brinkmann’s third and fourth declarations ex parte and under seal was appropriate in this case
because the declarations were “absolutely necessary to determine whether the [Department] properly claimed FOIA
[e]xemptions[s] for its withholdings.” Elec. Privacy Info. Ctr. v. U.S. Drug Enf’t Agency, 401 F. Supp. 3d 37, 45
(D.D.C. 2019).

                                                         4
       Moreover, courts will grant summary judgment to the government in a FOIA case only if

the agency can prove “that it has fully discharged its obligations under the FOIA, after the

underlying facts and the inferences to be drawn from them are construed in the light most

favorable to the FOIA requester.” Friends of Blackwater v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior, 391 F. Supp.
2d 115, 119 (D.D.C. 2005) (quoting Greenberg v. U.S. Dep’t of Treasury, 10 F. Supp. 2d 3, 11

(D.D.C. 1998)). Thus, in a lawsuit brought to compel the production of documents under the

FOIA, “an agency is entitled to summary judgment if no material facts are in dispute and if it

demonstrates ‘that each document that falls within the class requested either has been produced

. . . or is wholly[, or partially,] exempt [from disclosure].’” Students Against Genocide, 257 F.3d

at 833 (omission in original) (quoting Goland v. Cent. Intelligence Agency, 607 F.2d 339, 352

(D.C. Cir. 1978)). However, “[t]he burden upon the requester is merely ‘to establish the absence

of material factual issues before a summary disposition of the case could permissibly occur.’”

Pub. Citizen Health Research Grp. v. Food & Drug Admin., 185 F.3d 898, 904–05 (D.C. Cir.

1999) (quoting Nat’l Ass’n of Gov’t Emps. v. Campbell, 593 F.2d 1023, 1027 (D.C. Cir. 1978)).

                                       II.     ANALYSIS

       As an initial matter, the Court notes that since the issuance of its March 5, 2020

Memorandum Opinion, the Department has released a substantial amount of information that

was previously withheld from public disclosure. Compare Brinkmann 1st Decl., Ex. D (Report

On The Investigation Into Russian Interference In The 2016 Presidential Election), with

Defendant’s Notice of Reprocessed Report, Ex. 1 (Report On The Investigation Into Russian

Interference In The 2016 Presidential Election, Volume I of II), and id., Ex. 2 (Report On The

Investigation Into Russian Interference In The 2016 Presidential Election, Volume II of II); see

                                                5
also Defendant’s Notice of Filing Unsealed Submission of Certain Responses to Court Order,

Ex. A (Redacted Version of the Spreadsheet). 3

         However, the Department continues to withhold information in the Mueller Report

pursuant to Exemptions 3, 5, 6, 7(A), 7(C), and 7(E) of the FOIA. See Def.’s Mem. at 2. The

Department contends that

         the disclosure of the withheld information would reveal: (1) grand jury
         information protected by Rule 6(e) of the Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure and
         Exemption 3; (2) intelligence sources and methods protected by the National
         Security Act and Exemption 3; (3) privacy information protected by Exemptions
         6 and 7(C); (4) deliberative information regarding charging decisions protected by
         Exemption 5; and (5) law enforcement information protected by Exemptions 7(A)
         [ ] and 7(E).
Id. The Court will address each of the exemptions asserted by the Department in turn.

A.       Exemption 3

         Exemption 3 of the FOIA excludes from compelled disclosure matters that are

“specifically exempted from disclosure by statute.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(3). Under this exemption,

the Department need only show that the statute claimed qualifies as a withholding statute and

“that the withheld material falls within the statute.” Larson v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 565 F.3d 857,

865 (D.C. Cir. 2009). A statute falls under the purview of Exemption 3 only if it “requires that

the matters be withheld from the public in such a manner as to leave no discretion on the issue,”

3
  The Department previously withheld (1) information pursuant to Exemption 5 concerning “deliberations about
applications of law to specific factual scenarios, in which the Special Counsel [Mueller] explains . . . the basis for
his charging decisions,” Brinkmann 1st Decl. ¶ 28; (2) “information pertaining to Roger Stone” pursuant to
Exemption 7(B), id. ¶ 53; and (3) “information pertaining to an individual who was a subject of the investigation by
[ ] [Special Counsel Mueller]” pursuant to Exemptions 6 and 7(C), id. ¶ 72. However, the Department has since
released the information withheld on these bases. Compare Brinkmann 1st Decl., Ex. D (Report On The
Investigation Into Russian Interference In The 2016 Presidential Election), with Defendant’s Notice of Reprocessed
Report, Ex. 1 (Report On The Investigation Into Russian Interference In The 2016 Presidential Election, Volume I
of II); see also Defendant’s Notice of Filing Unsealed Submission of Certain Responses to Court Order, Ex. A
(Redacted Version of the Spreadsheet). Therefore, the Court need not address the parties’ arguments as to these
prior withholdings.

                                                         6
or “establishes particular criteria for withholding or refers to particular types of matters to be

withheld.” Morley v. Cent. Intelligence Agency, 508 F.3d 1108, 1125 (D.C. Cir. 2007).

        Here, the Department claims that the information withheld pursuant to Exemption 3 is

either “federal grand jury information, prohibited from disclosure by Federal Rule of Criminal

Procedure 6(e) . . . [or] information pertaining to intelligence sources and methods, prohibited

from disclosure by the National Security Act of 1947 [(“National Security Act”)], 50 U.S.C.

§ 3024(i)(1).” Def.’s Mem. at 11. Because both Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6(e) and

the National Security Act qualify as separate withholding statutes for purposes of Exemption 3,

see Cent. Intelligence Agency v. Sims, 471 U.S. 159, 167 (1985) (“Section 102(d)(3) of the

National Security Act . . . qualifies as a withholding statute under Exemption 3.”); Fund for

Const. Gov’t v. Nat’l Archives & Records Serv., 656 F.2d 856, 867–68 (D.C. Cir. 1981) (finding

that Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6(e) “is a relevant statute within the meaning of FOIA

Exemption 3”), the Court will address in turn whether the withheld material falls within Rule

6(e) or the National Security Act.

    1. Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6(e)

        Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6(e) prohibits disclosure of “matters occurring before

[a] grand jury.” Senate of P.R. ex rel. Judiciary Comm. v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 823 F.2d 574,

582 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (quoting Fed. R. Crim. P. 6(e)). Recognizing that “the proper functioning

of our grand jury system depends upon the secrecy of grand jury proceedings,” the Supreme

Court observed that “safeguarding the confidentiality of grand jury proceedings” serves several

distinct interests:

        First, if preindictment proceedings were made public, many prospective witnesses
        would be hesitant to come forward voluntarily, knowing that those against whom
        they testify would be aware of that testimony. Moreover, witnesses who appeared
        before the grand jury would be less likely to testify fully and frankly, as they
        would be open to retribution as well as to inducements. There also would be the

                                                  7
       risk that those about to be indicted would flee, or would try to influence
       individual grand jurors to vote against indictment. Finally, by preserving the
       secrecy of the proceedings, we assure that persons who are accused but
       exonerated by the grand jury will not be held up to public ridicule.

Douglas Oil Co. of Cal. v. Petrol Stops Nw., 441 U.S. 211, 218–19 (1979). And, “[i]n order to

effectuate these objectives, the scope of the secrecy is necessarily broad.” Fund for Const.

Gov’t, 656 F.2d at 869. Therefore, Rule 6(e) protects “not only the direct revelation of grand

jury transcripts but also the disclosure of information which would reveal ‘the identities of

witnesses or jurors, the substance of testimony, the strategy or direction of the investigation, the

deliberations or questions of the jurors, and the like.’” Id. (quoting Secs. & Exchange Comm’n

v. Dresser Indus., Inc., 628 F.2d 1368, 1382 (D.C. Cir. 1980) (en banc)); see also Senate of P.R.,
823 F.2d at 584 (“[I]t is incumbent upon us to require some affirmative demonstration of a nexus

between disclosure and revelation of a protected aspect of the grand jury’s investigation.”).

However, Rule 6(e) should not be construed in a manner that creates “a veil of secrecy . . . over

all matters occurring in the world that happen to be investigated by a grand jury,” Senate of P.R.,
823 F.2d at 582 (quoting Dresser Indus., 628 F.2d at 1382), and “there is no per se rule against

disclosure of any and all information which has reached the grand jury chambers[,]” id. When

determining whether the withheld material constitutes “grand jury” material, it is appropriate to

rely on statements by the government’s declarant. See Davis v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 970 F.

Supp. 2d 10, 17 (D.D.C. 2013) (Walton, J.) (allowing the withholding of documents based on

declarant’s statements that revealing the documents would impermissibly reveal grand jury

information).

       Here, the Department represents that it has redacted grand jury information from the

Mueller Report pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6(e). See Def.’s Mem. at 11.

Specifically, the Department has withheld information that was obtained as a result of grand jury

                                                 8
subpoenas, as well as “names and/or identifying information of individuals who were

subpoenaed or actually testified before a federal grand jury (or information that might reveal that

the witness was subpoenaed or testified before the grand jury) and information provided by these

individuals in their grand jury testimony.” Brinkmann 1st Decl. ¶ 18; see also Redacted

Brinkmann 4th Decl. ¶ 6 (representing that “information [ ] was withheld because it would reveal

that the information was obtained in response to a grand jury subpoena” and that “[r]eleasing that

information would show what information was sought by the grand jury and would thus reveal

the inner workings of the grand jury”). According to the Department,

       [it] withheld grand jury material that is contained within the [Mueller] Report,
       protecting both the substance of what was said to the grand jury and any
       references to the fact that a witness was called to testify (including the citation to
       the grand jury transcript) pursuant to Exemption 3 of the FOIA, in conjunction
       with Rule 6(e) . . . . However, where the witness provided the same information
       both to the grand jury and in an investigative interview, [the Department] did not
       redact the substance of what was said because the investigative interview is an
       alternative source for the substantive information which does not implicate Rule
       6(e). In those instances, only the reference to the fact that a witness was called to
       testify is protected because the Department has not disclosed which witnesses
       appeared before the grand jury. It is important to note that [the Department]
       always redacted direct quotations from the grand jury transcript contained in the
       [Mueller] Report, even if that same information was also shared in an
       investigative interview, because the source of the direct quotation is the transcript,
       implicating Rule 6(e).

Redacted Brinkmann 3d Decl. ¶ 8. The Court finds that the information redacted by the

Department pursuant to Rule 6(e) is precisely the type of information Rule 6(e) is intended to

protect—information that “would reveal ‘the identities of witnesses . . . , the substance of

testimony, [and] the strategy or direction of the investigation.” Fund for Const. Gov’t, 656 F.2d

at 869 (quoting Dresser Indus., 628 F.2d at 1382); see also Lopez v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 393
F.3d 1345, 1350 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (“Because the evidence . . . subpoenaed is that which is

intended to be used by the grand jury, the subpoenas . . . tend to reveal the direction of the

                                                 9
relevant investigation. All grand jury subpoenas . . . fall within [the] FOIA’s third exemption.”);

Fund for Const. Gov’t, 656 F.2d at 869–70 (“Witness names are clearly covered . . . . Potential

witnesses and potential documentary exhibits, while less clearly within [ ] [R]ule [6(e)], if

disclosed would reveal the direction and strategy of the investigation.”); Labow v. U.S. Dep’t of

Justice, 278 F. Supp. 3d 431, 444 (D.D.C. 2017) (stating that “[g]rand jury subpoenas

themselves, on their face, reveal something critical about the grand jury’s investigation—its

targets and/or the direction of the investigation”); Boehm v. Fed. Bureau of Investigation, 983 F.

Supp. 2d 154, 159 (D.D.C. 2013) (finding that “the [agency] . . . satisfied [its] burden to establish

that . . . information that would otherwise reveal the names or identities of individuals

subpoenaed to testify before the federal grand jury was properly withheld”). Therefore, the

Court concludes that the Department’s withholdings pursuant to Rule 6(e) and Exemption 3 are

appropriate.

       The plaintiffs’ counterarguments are unavailing. They maintain that the Department’s

“withholding of alleged grand jury material fails as a matter of law because the agency cannot

identify a particular ‘nexus between disclosure [of each redacted passage] and revelation of a

protected aspect of the grand jury’s investigation.’” EPIC’s Mem. at 35 (alteration in original)

(quoting Judicial Watch, Inc. v. Nat’l Archives & Records Admin., 214 F. Supp. 3d 43, 53

(D.D.C. 2016) (Walton, J.)); see Leopold Pls.’ Mem. at 25 (“Nor has [the Department] explained

how this information would somehow reveal some unknown strategy or direction of the

investigation, or how disclosure of the information on its own would reveal that the information

was even presented to the grand jury.”); id. (arguing that the Department has withheld

“identifying information” other than names, but “has not explained what ‘identifying

information’ means or how this non-name information could actually be used to identify any

                                                 10
individuals as grand jury witnesses”); id. at 29 (claiming that “none of the withheld information

seems likely to reveal anything meaningful about the strategy or direction of the grand jury or the

investigation, and thus, Rule 6(e) does not apply”). However, the plaintiffs do not cite, nor has

the Court been able to locate, any decision in which a court required an agency withholding the

type of information that has been withheld here to identify the nexus between disclosure and

revelation of a protected aspect of the grand jury’s investigation. This is unsurprising given this

Circuit’s position that, with respect to redactions of information “naming or identifying grand

jury witnesses[] [and] quoting or summarizing grand jury testimony,” “this information falls

within the broad reach of grand jury secrecy” because “[d]isclosure of this information would

reveal matters occurring before the grand jury and is, therefore, properly exempt from disclosure

pursuant to FOIA Exemption 3 and [Rule] 6(e).” Fund for Const. Gov’t, 656 F.2d at 869.

       The Leopold plaintiffs also “dispute[] the continued validity of any Rule 6(e) case law to

the extent it applies to all grand jury material with no further showing required.” Leopold Pls.’

Mem. at 29. Specifically, they claim that “Rule 6(e) should not be interpreted to apply in the

first instance unless at least one of the[] interests [articulated by the Supreme Court in Douglas

Oil of California v. Petrol Stops Northwest, 441 U.S. 211 (1979)] is actually served by the Rule’s

secrecy provisions as to the specific information at issue,” id. at 30, and that the “information

[redacted by the Department pursuant to Rule 6(e)] is outside the scope of Rule 6(e)’s secrecy

provisions” because the “information is sought for its own intrinsic value” and not the activities

of the grand jury, id. at 28–29. However, the Court disagrees with the Leopold plaintiffs’

argument in light of the long-standing precedent by this Circuit that Rule 6(e) prevents from

disclosure information that “would reveal ‘the identities of witnesses . . . , the substance of

testimony, [and] the strategy or direction of the investigation,” Fund for Const. Gov’t, 656 F.2d
11
at 869 (quoting Dresser Indus., 628 F.2d at 1382); see also Senate of P.R., 823 F.2d at 582,

which is the type of information redacted by the Department pursuant to Rule 6(e) that is at issue

in this case.

        The Leopold plaintiffs further argue that the Department, pursuant to Rule 6(e), has

inappropriately withheld grand jury information that has already been disclosed to the public.

See Leopold Pls.’ Mem. at 22 (claiming that the Department “has failed to distinguish between

the identity of grand jury witnesses already known to have testified (and thus by [the

Department’s] own admission [are] beyond the scope of Rule 6(e)) and those who are allegedly

secret”); id. at 25 (“A tremendous amount of information has already been disclosed about the

investigation, including throughout the [Mueller] Report. [The Department] has failed to

establish that any of this Rule 6(e)-withheld information is actually secret.”). In support of their

position that “[t]here are many people who have already been identified as grand jury witnesses,

through self-identification, government court filings, or otherwise,” Leopold Pls.’ Mem. at 22,

the Leopold plaintiffs cite public sources that identify a number of individuals, namely, Paul

Manafort, George Nader, Carter Page, Andrew Miller, James Comey, David Lugo, Tyler Nixon,

Ronn Torossian, Steve Bannon, Jerome Corsi, Jason Fishbein, Jason Maloni, Wayne Holland,

and Sam Nunberg, as grand jury witnesses, see id. at 22–24. However, “a plaintiff asserting a

claim of prior disclosure must bear the initial burden of pointing to specific information in the

public domain that appears to duplicate that being withheld,” Afshar v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 702
F.2d 1125, 1130 (D.C. Cir. 1983), and such information “must already have been made public

through an official and documented disclosure,” Fitzgibbon v. Cent. Intelligence Agency, 911
F.2d 755, 765 (D.C. Cir. 1990). And, the only individual identified by the Leopold plaintiffs

whose identity as a grand jury witness is already in the public domain by official disclosure is

                                                 12
Manafort, 4 see Government’s Submission in Support of [I]ts Breach Determination at 2, United

States v. Manafort, Crim. Action No. 17-201 (D.D.C. Dec. 7, 2018), ECF No. 460 (the

Department acknowledging that Manafort “was called to testify before the grand jury on two

occasions”), and as the Department correctly notes, the filing identified by the Leopold plaintiffs

“does not provide any details regarding the substance of his testimony,” Def.’s Reply at 8.

Although the Court acknowledges that the Department “cannot rely on an otherwise valid

exemption claim to justify withholding information that has been ‘officially acknowledged’ or is

in the ‘public domain[,]’” Davis v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 968 F.2d 1276, 1279 (D.C. Cir. 1992),

“the fact that information exists in some form in the public domain does not necessarily mean

that official disclosure will not cause harm cognizable under a FOIA exemption,” Wolf v. Cent.

Intelligence Agency, 473 F.3d 370, 378 (D.C. Cir. 2007). Therefore, although the identity of

Manafort as a grand jury witness may have been previously disclosed, “[c]itations to grand jury

testimony would necessarily divulge the substance of the testimony,” id., and the disclosure of

any additional information would reveal more than what is publicly available, see id. (stating that

“revealing any additional information would reveal a secret aspect of the grand jury’s

investigation”). Therefore, the Court finds that there has been no waiver of information by the

government through official acknowledgment as to any of the individuals identified by the

Leopold plaintiffs. See Cottone v. Reno, 193 F.3d 550, 555 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (“[W]e must be

4
  Although the Leopold plaintiffs cite to a filing in a matter pending before another member of this court in support
of their claim that the identity of James Comey, the former Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”),
as a grand jury witness is in the public domain, see Notice in Response to the Court’s Order of April 1, 2019, Ex. B
(In Camera, Ex Parte Declaration of the FBI) ¶ 5, Cable News Network, Inc. v. Fed. Bureau of Investigation, Civ.
Action No. 17-1167 (D.D.C. Apr. 8, 2019), ECF No. 79 (representation by the FBI that “Comey is a witness in the
pending investigation”), the Department is correct that that filing does not state that Comey “provided testimony
before a grand jury,” Def.’s Reply at 7. Therefore, the Court finds that the Leopold plaintiffs have “not met [their]
burden of demonstrating that the exact material [they] want[] . . . is in the public domain.” Cf. Roble v. U.S. Dep’t
of Justice, No. 18-5189, 2019 WL 286458, at *1 (D.C. Cir. Jan. 3, 2019) (citing Davis, 968 F.2d at 1279).

                                                         13
confident that the information sought is truly public and that the requester receive no more than

what is publicly available before we find a waiver.”).

       In sum, the Court concludes that the Department appropriately withheld information

pursuant to Rule 6(e) and must therefore grant the Department’s motion for summary judgment

and deny the plaintiffs’ cross-motions as to the Department’s withholding of information

pursuant to Exemption 3 and Rule 6(e).

   2. The National Security Act

       Section 102A(i)(1) of the National Security Act requires the Director of National

Intelligence to “protect intelligence sources and methods from unauthorized disclosure,” 50

U.S.C. § 3024(i)(1), and bars disclosure of information that either relates to “intelligence sources

and methods,” Larson, 565 F.3d at 865, or “can reasonably be expected to lead to unauthorized

disclosure” of such material, Wolf, 473 F.3d at 377 (quoting Gardels v. Cent. Intelligence

Agency, 689 F.2d 1100, 1103 (D.C. Cir. 1982)). The Supreme Court has stated that “Congress

gave [the intelligence agencies] broad power to control the disclosure of intelligence sources.”

Sims, 471 U.S. at 173. Because of this “‘sweeping power,’ courts are required to give ‘great

deference’ to the [agency’s] assertion that a particular disclosure could reveal intelligence

sources or methods.” Whitaker v. Cent. Intelligence Agency, 64 F. Supp. 3d 55, 63–64 (D.D.C.

2014) (quoting Berman v. Cent. Intelligence Agency, 501 F.3d 1136, 1140 (9th Cir. 2007)).

Accordingly, in the national security context, an agency may withhold information that may be

“superficially innocuous [ ] on the ground that it might enable an observer to discover the

identity of an intelligence source [or method]” because “bits and pieces of data ‘may aid in

piecing together bits of other information even when the individual piece is not of obvious

importance in itself.’” Sims, 471 U.S. at 178 (quoting Halperin v. Cent. Intelligence Agency,

629 F.2d 144, 150 (D.C. Cir. 1980)); see also Larson, 565 F.3d at 864 (“Minor details of

                                                 14
intelligence information may reveal more information than their apparent insignificance suggests

because, much like a piece of jigsaw puzzle, [each detail] may aid in piecing together other bits

of information even when the individual piece is not of obvious importance in itself.” (internal

quotation marks omitted) (alteration in original)). Therefore,

       summary judgment may be granted on the basis of agency affidavits if they
       contain reasonable specificity of detail . . . , and if they are not called into
       question by contradictory evidence in the record or by evidence of agency bad
       faith. If the agency’s statements meet this standard, the court is not to conduct a
       detailed inquiry to decide whether it agrees with the agency’s opinions; to do so
       would violate the principle of affording substantial weight to the expert opinion of
       the agency. Judges, moreover, lack the expertise necessary to second-guess such
       agency opinions in the typical national security FOIA case.

Halperin, 629 F.2d at 148 (footnotes omitted).

       Here, the Department claims that the information redacted from the Mueller Report

pursuant to Exemption 3 and the National Security Act “relat[es] to investigative and

information gathering techniques used” in national security investigations, and “reflects material

identified by the intelligence and law enforcement communities as potentially compromising

sensitive sources, methods, or techniques.” Brinkmann 1st Decl. ¶ 23. Specifically, the

Department represents that “[s]ome information about and derived from investigative activities

of [Federal Bureau of Investigation (‘FBI’)] personnel assigned to [ ] Special Counsel [Mueller]

are contained in the [ ] [Mueller] Report.” Id. ¶ 20; see also Redacted Brinkmann 3d Decl. ¶ 9

(stating that the withheld information “reflects historical and/or current sources and methods of

foreign intelligence information that should be protected from disclosure” and that “[t]he

information pertains to specific sources of information as well as to capabilities and techniques

that are used by the United States to obtain critical foreign intelligence information”). Based on

the Department’s public and ex parte representations to the Court as well as the Court’s review

of the unredacted version of the Mueller Report, the Court concludes that the Department

                                                 15
appropriately redacted information from the Mueller Report that relates to intelligence sources

and methods and therefore is protected from disclosure by Exemption 3 and the National

Security Act. The Court must therefore grant the Department’s motion for summary judgment

and deny the Leopold plaintiffs’ cross-motion as to these non-disclosures.

B.      Exemption 7

        Under the FOIA, agencies are authorized to withhold

        records or information compiled for law enforcement purposes, but only to the
        extent that the production of such law enforcement records or information
        (A) could reasonably be expected to interfere with enforcement proceedings, . . .
        (C) could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of
        personal privacy, . . . [and] (E) would disclose techniques and procedures for law
        enforcement investigations or prosecutions, or would disclose guidelines for law
        enforcement investigations or prosecutions if such disclosure could reasonably be
        expected to risk circumvention of the law[.]

5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7). Thus, Exemption 7 protects from disclosure “records or information

compiled for law enforcement purposes,” but only to the extent that disclosure of such records

would cause an enumerated harm. Id.; see Fed. Bureau of Investigation v. Abramson, 456 U.S.
615, 622 (1982). Here, the Department has “withheld information under Exemptions 7(A), . . .

7(E), as well as 7(C) (together with Exemption 6),” Def.’s Mem. at 16, each of which the Court

will address in turn. 5

     1. Exemption 7(C)/Exemption 6

        Exemption 7(C) protects “records or information compiled for law enforcement purposes,

but only to the extent that the production of such law enforcement records or information . . .

could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.”

5
 Neither EPIC nor the Leopold plaintiffs challenge the threshold requirement under Exemption 7—that the Mueller
Report “must have been ‘compiled for law enforcement purposes.’” Pub. Emps. for Envtl. Responsibility v. U.S.
Section, Int’l Boundary & Water Comm’n, U.S.-Mex., 740 F.3d 195, 202 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (quoting 5 U.S.C. §
552(b)(7)). Therefore, the Court need not address this factor in assessing whether the Department has appropriately
withheld information under Exemption 7.

                                                        16
5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(C). Similarly, Exemption 6 permits agencies to withhold “personnel and

medical files and similar files the disclosure of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted

invasion of personal privacy.” Id. § 552(b)(6). “Both exemptions require agencies and

reviewing courts to ‘balance the privacy interests that would be compromised by disclosure

against the public interest in the release of the requested information.’” 100Reporters LLC v.

U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 248 F. Supp. 3d 115, 158 (D.D.C. 2017) (quoting Beck v. U.S. Dep’t of

Justice, 997 F.2d 1489, 1491 (D.C. Cir. 1993)). However, there are two important differences

between the exemptions. First, “Exemption 7 in general applies only to information compiled

for ‘law enforcement purposes.’” Stonehill v. Internal Revenue Serv., 534 F. Supp. 2d 1, 11

(D.D.C. 2008). Second, “Exemption 7(C) . . . establishes a lower bar for withholding material,”

Prison Legal News v. Samuels, 787 F.3d 1142, 1146 n.5 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (quoting Am. Civil

Liberties Union v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 655 F.3d 1, 6 (D.C. Cir. 2011)), because, “while

Exemption 6 requires a ‘clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy’ to qualify for

withholding, Exemption 7(C) requires only that disclosure ‘could reasonably be expected to

constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy,’” Stonehill, 534 F. Supp. 2d at 11

(quoting 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6)–(7)). Accordingly, “the Court need only address whether the

[Department] has properly withheld these documents under Exemption 7(C)[,] [and i]f so, there

is no need to consider the higher bar of Exemption 6.” Braga v. Fed. Bureau of Investigation,

910 F. Supp. 2d 258, 267 (D.D.C. 2012); see also Archibald v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 950 F.

Supp. 2d 80, 86 (D.D.C. 2013) (Walton, J.) (“[I]t is sufficient to consider only Exemption 7(C),

because if the defendants are not excused from disclosure under the heightened privacy

protection of Exemption 7(C), then neither will they be excused under Exemption 6.”), aff’d, No.

13-5190, 2014 WL 590894 (D.C. Cir. Jan. 28, 2014).

                                               17
        In order to justify its withholdings under Exemption 7(C), the agency must show that

(1) the disclosure of the records must “reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted

invasion of personal privacy,” and (2) the “personal privacy interest” must not be “outweighed

by the public interest in disclosure” of the records. Nat’l Archives & Records Admin. v. Favish,

541 U.S. 157, 160 (2004). However,

        [i]n order to trigger the balancing of public interests against private interests, a
        [plaintiff] [ ] must (1) “show that the public interest sought to be advanced is a
        significant one, an interest more specific than having the information for its own
        sake,” and (2) “ show the information is likely to advance that interest.” If the
        public interest is government wrongdoing, then the [plaintiff] must “produce
        evidence that would warrant a belief by a reasonable person that the alleged
        [g]overnment impropriety might have occurred.”

Boyd, 475 F.3d at 387 (quoting Favish, 541 U.S. at 172, 174).

        Here, the Department represents that it “withheld information that would unduly infringe

upon individuals’ personal privacy interests.” Def.’s Mem. at 31. Specifically, the Department

has withheld (1) the “names, social media account information, and other contact information of

unwitting third parties” (the “unwitting third parties”); (2) the “names and personally-identifiable

information about individuals not charged [with having allegedly violated the law] by the

[Special Counsel’s Office]” (the “individuals not charged with having committed crimes by the

Special Counsel’s Office”); and (3) the “names, social media account information, contact

information, and other personally-identifiable information of individuals merely mentioned in

the [Mueller] Report” (the “individuals merely mentioned in the Mueller Report”). Brinkmann

1st Decl. ¶ 62. 6 According to the Department, the unwitting third parties “were unknowingly

involved in election interference efforts carried out by Russian nationals.” Id. ¶ 63; see also id.

6
  The Court notes that “EPIC does not challenge the withholdings of personal information of unwitting third parties
in the [Mueller] Report . . . , as the required balancing analysis weighs against disclosure for such individuals.”
EPIC’s Mem. at 26.

                                                        18
(“[T]he [Mueller] Report identifies numerous authentic social media users, reporters, and

individuals associated with the Trump campaign who – apparently not knowing that the [Internet

Research Agency (‘IRA’)]-controlled accounts and personas were fake – were contacted by, or

interacted or engaged with the IRA’s social media activities.”); id. (“[T]he [Mueller] Report

[also] identifies reporters who – again, apparently not knowing that the [Main Intelligence

Directive of the General Staff (‘GRU’)]-controlled personas were fake – were contacted by

DCLeaks and Guccifer 2.0 as a part of GRU’s efforts to promote release of the hacked

materials.”); id. ¶ 64 (indicating that “[i]n limited instances, [the Department] has withheld the

names of Facebook groups in order to protect the individuals who can be identified through their

online interactions with the Facebook groups”); id. (“[T]he Facebook groups can be tied to the

individuals who are members of and interact within each group. The Facebook group names

have been withheld in order to protect these individuals.”). The Department also represents that

the individuals merely mentioned in the Mueller Report “were neither subjects of the [Special

Counsel’s Office’s] investigation nor charged [with having committed crimes] by the [Special

Counsel’s Office] . . . and [ ] were also not unwitting third parties[.]” Id. ¶ 76 (stating that the

last category of withheld information includes “third parties who are mentioned only in

association with individuals of interest to the investigation (but who are not themselves subjects

or targets of the investigation); individuals who were mentioned in relation to or were victims of

GRU hacking and dumping operations; assorted contact information, including social media

account information, for these and other individuals mentioned throughout the [Mueller] Report;

and names and related personally-identifiable information of individuals for whom evidence of

potential criminal activity was referred by [ ] Special Counsel [Mueller] to appropriate law

enforcement authorities”).

                                                  19
       Based on the Court’s review of the unredacted version of the Mueller Report and the

Department’s public and ex parte representations to the Court, the Court concludes that, pursuant

to Exemption 7(C), the Department has appropriately withheld information relating to the

unwitting third parties, the individuals not charged with having committed crimes by the Special

Counsel’s Office, and the individuals merely mentioned in the Mueller Report. The Department

has adequately explained the harms associated with releasing this information “[g]iven the

intense public interest surrounding the [Special Counsel’s Office’s] work as well as the public

and media scrutiny, and partisan attacks, that occur when any new fact is made public.” Id. ¶ 65;

see also id. (indicating that “disclosure of the identities and associated social media/contact

information of [the] [unwitting third parties], who are merely victims of interference operations

emanating from Russia, would certainly subject these individuals to unwarranted attention,

harassment and potential harm, that gives rise to a significant privacy interest”); id. ¶ 69

(“[D]isclosure of the identities of these individuals, who were ultimately not charged with any

crime, would certainly subject these individuals to unwarranted harassment and potential

harm. . . . [C]onsider[ing] the stigmatizing effect that being associated with a criminal

investigation carries[,] [ ] having it publicly revealed that criminal charges against these

individuals were contemplated (particularly in this context), notwithstanding that no charges

were ultimately filed, would very likely subject them to significant embarrassment, reputational

harm, reprisal, or even physical harm should their connection to the [Special Counsel’s Office’s]

investigation be publicized.”); id. ¶ 77 (stating that in light of “the stigmatizing effect that being

associated with a criminal investigation carries, disclosure of the identities or social

media/contact information of these individuals, who are merely mentioned in the [Mueller]

Report, but who were not subjects of the investigation, nor pursued or considered for criminal

                                                  20
charges by the [Special Counsel’s Office] in any way, would certainly subject these individuals

to unwarranted harassment and potential harm”).

       And, the Department’s decision to withhold information relating to the unwitting third

parties, the individuals not charged with having committed crimes by the Special Counsel’s

Office, and the individuals merely mentioned in the Mueller Report pursuant to Exemption 7(C)

is fully consistent with caselaw in this Circuit. See, e.g., Am. Civil Liberties Union v. U.S. Dep’t

of Justice, 750 F.3d 927, 933 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (“Although the fact that such defendants were

accused of criminal conduct may remain a matter of public record, they are entitled to move on

with their lives without having the public reminded of their alleged but never proven

transgressions.”); Schrecker v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 349 F.3d 657, 666 (D.C. Cir. 2003)

(recognizing that “the mention of an individual’s name in a law enforcement file will engender

comment and speculation and carries a stigmatizing connotation”); Nation Magazine, Wash.

Bureau v. U.S. Customs Serv., 71 F.3d 885, 894 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (stating that “third parties who

may be mentioned in investigatory files” have “an obvious privacy interest cognizable under

Exemption 7(C)”); Senate of P.R., 823 F.2d at 588 (“There is little question that disclosing the

identity of targets of law-enforcement investigations can subject those identified to

embarrassment and potentially more serious reputational harm.”); Stern v. Fed. Bureau of

Investigation, 737 F.2d 84, 91–92 (D.C. Cir. 1984) (“[I]ndividuals have a strong interest in not

being associated unwarrantedly with alleged criminal activity.”); Fund for Const. Gov’t, 656
F.2d at 863 (“[I]nformation in an investigatory file tending to indicate that a named individual

has been investigated for suspected criminal activity is, at least as a threshold matter, an

appropriate subject for exemption under 7(C).”); Bast v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 665 F.2d 1251,

1254 (D.C. Cir. 1981) (concluding that Exemption 7(C) “recognizes the stigma potentially

                                                 21
associated with law enforcement investigations and affords broader privacy rights to suspects,

witnesses, and investigators”); Giovanetti v. Fed. Bureau of Investigation, 174 F. Supp. 3d 453,

462 (D.D.C. 2016) (finding that the FBI appropriately withheld the names of “individuals merely

mentioned”); Lazaridis v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 934 F. Supp. 2d 21, 38 (D.D.C. 2013) (“As a

general rule, third-party identifying information contained in [law enforcement] records is

‘categorically exempt’ from disclosure.” (quoting Nation Magazine, 71 F.3d at 896)); Negley v.

Fed. Bureau of Investigation, 825 F. Supp. 2d 63, 70–73 (D.D.C. 2011) (withholding names

and/or identifying information of third parties merely mentioned in the records, individuals

interviewed by the FBI, and third parties of investigative interest); McGehee v. U.S. Dep’t of

Justice, 800 F. Supp. 2d 220, 233–34 (D.D.C. 2011) (upholding non-disclosure of third parties

merely mentioned and third parties of investigative interest).

       Additionally, the Court disagrees with the plaintiffs’ claims that the Department “failed

to justify the withholding of information about public figures, including the President’s family,

associates, and government officials,” including individuals “who have actively solicited

publicity and media attention for their connection with the administration,” and that “[t]he

categorical rule under Exemption 7(C) does not apply to public figures or to individuals who

have been ‘charged, convicted, or otherwise implicated in connection with [a] public corruption

investigation.’” EPIC’s Mem. at 27 (alteration in original); see also EPIC’s Mem. at 28 (stating

that “[s]ome of these individuals include prominent public figures that have released information

about themselves in connection to the Special Counsel’s investigation,” including Donald Trump

Jr.). The Department is “not at liberty to disclose the name of or identifying information about

an individual referenced in law enforcement records, even if the requester already knows, or is

able to guess, the individual’s identity,” Petrucelli v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 153 F. Supp. 3d 355,

                                                 22
362 (D.D.C. 2016), aff’d, No. 16-5042, 2016 WL 5349349 (D.C. Cir. Aug. 22, 2016), and the

individuals identified by the plaintiffs as public figures—“the President, the President’s

associates, members of the President’s family (including those who serve in the administration),

current and former members of the administration, and other public officials,” EPIC’s Mem. at

26—nevertheless maintain an interest that is protectable under Exemption 7(C), see Quinon v.

Fed. Bureau of Investigation, 86 F.3d 1222, 1230 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (stating that “while it is true

that [g]overnment officials may have a somewhat diminished privacy interest, [they] do not

surrender all rights to personal privacy when they accept a public appointment” (second

alteration in original) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)); Judicial Watch, Inc. v.

Nat’l Archives & Records Admin., 214 F. Supp. 3d at 59–60 (concluding that Former Secretary

of State Hillary Clinton did not “surrender all rights to personal privacy” and nevertheless

“maintain[ed] an interest in the contents of the drafts of the proposed indictment, despite the fact

that it is widely known that she was one of the subjects of an independent counsel

investigation”).

       Moreover, contrary to EPIC’s suggestion, see EPIC’s Mem. at 31 (“Some of the redacted

material in the Mueller Report is in fact within the public domain, and the [Department] cannot

rely on Exemption 7(C) to withhold such information.”), “the fact that information about

[Special Counsel Mueller’s] investigation . . . of [these individuals] is readily available to the

public does not extinguish [their] privacy interest,” Judicial Watch, Inc. v. Nat’l Archives &

Records Admin., 214 F. Supp. 3d at 60. Although an individual’s “interests in privacy fade

when the information involved already appears on the public record,” Am. Civil Liberties Union,
655 F.3d at 9 (quoting Cox Broad. Corp. v. Cohn, 420 U.S. 469, 494–95 (1975)), “the fact that

an event is not wholly private does not mean that an individual has no interest in limiting

                                                 23
disclosure or dissemination of [the requested] information,” People for the Ethical Treatment of

Animals v. Nat’l Insts. of Health, 745 F.3d 535, 542 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (quoting U.S. Dep’t of

Justice v. Reporters Comm. for Freedom of the Press, 489 U.S. 749, 770 (1989)).

       Furthermore, although the Court acknowledges that the public interest in the Special

Counsel’s investigation is substantial, the Court finds that the plaintiffs have failed to identify a

public interest that would outweigh the individuals’ privacy interest from having their names

disclosed. To demonstrate a public interest sufficient to override a privacy intrusion, the

plaintiffs were required to show that the information sought is likely to advance the public

interest in disclosure. See Boyd, 475 F.3d at 387. But, the plaintiffs have failed to show how the

disclosure of individuals’ names would “contribut[e] significantly to public understanding of the

operations or activities of the government,” Consumers’ Checkbook, Ctr. for the Study of Servs.

v. U.S. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 554 F.3d 1046, 1051 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (quoting U.S.

Dep’t of Def. v. Fed. Labor Relations Auth., 510 U.S. 487, 495 (1994)); see also Davis, 968 F.2d

at 1282 (“It is well established that the only public interest relevant for purposes of Exemption

7(C) is one that focuses on the citizens right to be informed about what their government is up

to.” (internal quotation marks omitted)), or how the disclosure of individuals’ names “would be

probative of the [government’s] alleged misconduct,” Cooper v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 169 F.

Supp. 3d 20, 36–38 (D.D.C. 2016); see also SafeCard Servs., Inc. v. Sec. & Exchange Comm’n,

926 F.2d 1197, 1205 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (stating that a FOIA requester also must seek information

that is “probative of an agency’s behavior or performance”). Because the plaintiffs have failed to

satisfy their obligation to show that the requested information advances the public interest in the

disclosure of such information, the Court therefore concludes that the Department properly

redacted the information pursuant to Exemption 7(C). Cf. Consumers’ Checkbook, Ctr., 554
24
F.3d at 1051 (“[I]information about private citizens . . . that reveals little or nothing about an

agency’s own conduct does not serve a relevant public interest under [the] FOIA.” (alteration in

original)). Accordingly, the Court must grant the Department’s motion for summary judgment

and deny the plaintiffs’ cross-motions as to the Department’s withholding of information in the

Mueller Report pursuant to Exemption 7(C).

   2. Exemption 7(E)

       Exemption 7(E) protects from disclosure “records or information compiled for law

enforcement purposes, but only to the extent that the production of such law enforcement records

or information . . . would disclose techniques and procedures for law enforcement investigations

or prosecutions . . . if such disclosure could reasonably be expected to risk circumvention of the

law.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(E). To justify its withholdings pursuant to this exemption, the

government must show (1) “that the documents were in fact ‘compiled for law enforcement

purposes’ and not for some other reason,” (2) “that the records contain law-enforcement

techniques and procedures that are ‘generally unknown to the public,’” and (3) “that disclosure

‘could reasonably be expected to risk circumvention of the law.’” Am. Immigration Council v.

U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 950 F. Supp. 2d 221, 245 (D.D.C. 2013) (citations omitted). To

warrant non-disclosure, “the agency must at least provide some explanation of what procedures

are involved and how they would be disclosed,” Citizens for Responsibility & Ethics in Wash. v.

U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 746 F.3d 1082, 1102 (D.C. Cir. 2014), and

       courts in this District have found that the government carried its evidentiary
       burden where it provided [(1)] a description of the technique or procedure at issue
       in each document, [(2)] a reasonably detailed explanation of the context in which
       the technique is used, [(3)] an exploration of why the technique or procedure is
       not generally known to the public, and [(4)] an assessment of the way(s) in which
       individuals could possibly circumvent the law if the information were disclosed[,]

                                                  25
Am. Immigration Council, 950 F. Supp. 2d at 247. Exemption 7(E) “sets a relatively low bar for

the agency to justify withholding” and “only requires that the [agency] demonstrate logically

how the release of the requested information might create a risk of circumvention of the law.”

Blackwell v. Fed. Bureau of Investigation, 646 F.3d 37, 42 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (alteration in

original) (quoting Mayer Brown LLP v. Internal Revenue Serv., 562 F.3d 1190, 1193 (D.C. Cir.

2009)). Exemption 7(E)

         looks not just for circumvention of the law, but for a risk of circumvention; not
         just for an actual or certain risk of circumvention, but for an expected risk; not
         just for an undeniably or universally expected risk, but for a reasonably expected
         risk; and not just for certitude of a reasonably expected risk, but for the chance of
         a reasonably expected risk.

Mayer Brown, 562 F.3d at 1193.

         Here, the Department claims that, pursuant to Exemption 7(E), it has withheld “details

about the use of a variety of sensitive techniques and procedures utilized by the FBI agents and

prosecutors investigating Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election and in other

cases.” Brinkmann 1st Decl. ¶ 87. 7 Specifically, the Department represents that

         release of the information withheld in this category would reveal specific non-
         public details about the use of techniques and procedures regarding investigative
         focus; information about the gathering and/or analysis of information; information
         directly implicating investigative targets, dates, and scope of investigatory
         operations; and information that would reveal investigative strategies for utilizing
         particular information gathered. As a whole, this detailed information concerning
         how, when, where, and why specific investigative techniques and procedures
         were utilized in the [Special Counsel’s Office’s] investigation is not publicly
         known. Release of this information would disclose the methods employed by
         investigators and prosecutors in the collection and analysis of information,

7
  The Department also represents that pursuant to Exemption 7(E), it has “withheld information that would reveal
techniques and procedures authorized for and used in national security investigations.” Def.’s Mem. at 27.
However, because the Department further represents that such information “is also protected by Exemption 3” and
the National Security Act, see id. at 28 n.17, which the Court finds persuasive, infra Part III.A.2, the Court need not
address the Department’s withholdings of this information pursuant to Exemption 7(E), see Larson, 565 F.3d at
862–63 (“[C]ourts may uphold agency action under one exemption without considering the applicability of
the other.” (citing Gardels, 689 F.2d at 1106–07)).

                                                          26
       including how and from which sources they collected particular types of
       information and the methodologies employed to analyze it once collected.

Id.; see also id. ¶ 88 (stating that “the exact details of how given techniques are implemented

(investigatively and/or technically) are not public” and that the information was withheld

because “it would disclose the exact circumstances under which the techniques were utilized; the

methods of investigative or information gathering employed, including the specific dates and

times and targets of information gathering techniques; and the actual fruits of the investigative

operations relied upon by the [Special Counsel’s Office]”). According to the government, the

disclosure of the information withheld

       would enable the subjects of other investigations to identify the precise timing and
       circumstances when these or similar currently-used techniques and procedures are
       being employed, evaluate the capabilities of these techniques and procedures, and
       take evasive actions or countermeasures to circumvent their effectiveness. This
       would provide valuable information to investigative targets concerning the
       circumstances in which specific techniques were used, thereby diminishing the
       relative utility of these techniques and undermining the usefulness of the
       information collected.
Id. ¶ 87; see also id. ¶ 88 (“Any release of the circumstances under which these techniques and

procedures were implemented would undermine the FBI’s and prosecutors’ effectiveness, as well

as those of intelligence community partners, in ongoing investigations and prosecutions and its

future use.”). Although EPIC argues that the Department “has improperly withheld information

about the ‘investigative focus and scope’ and the ‘fruits of investigatory operations’ that is not

properly subject to Exemption 7(E),” EPIC’s Mem. at 14, the Court finds that the disclosure of

the withheld information “necessarily discloses a technique or procedure used by [the Special

Counsel’s Office],” and that although the redacted information itself may not be “a technique,

procedure[,] or guideline,” with the disclosure of such information “comes the knowledge of

how the agency employs its procedures or techniques,” Elec. Privacy Info. Ctr. v. U.S. Drug

                                                 27
Enf’t Agency, 401 F. Supp. 3d 37, 46 (D.D.C. 2019). “In other words, to reveal the [redacted

information] would necessarily reveal information about the techniques and procedures for those

particular law enforcement agency investigations.” Id. at 46–47. Therefore, based on the

Court’s review of not only the unredacted version of the Mueller Report but also the

Department’s ex parte representations, which support the Department’s assertion that the

redacted information reveals investigative techniques or procedures, the disclosure of which

would result in a reasonably expected risk of circumvention of the law, the Court concludes that

the Department has properly withheld information pursuant to Exemption 7(E). Accordingly, the

Court will grant the Department’s motion for summary judgment and deny the plaintiffs’ cross-

motions as to the Department’s reliance on Exemption 7(E).

   3. Exemption 7(A)

       To justify the withholding of information pursuant to Exemption 7(A), an agency must

show that “disclosure (1) could reasonably be expected to interfere with (2) enforcement

proceedings that are (3) pending or reasonably anticipated.” Citizens for Responsibility & Ethics

in Wash. v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 746 F.3d at 1096 (quoting Mapother v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 3
F.3d 1533, 1540 (D.C. Cir. 1993)). In crafting this exemption, “Congress recognized that law

enforcement agencies ha[ve] legitimate needs to keep certain records confidential, lest the

agencies be hindered in their investigations or placed at a disadvantage when it came time to

present their cases.” Alyeska Pipeline Serv. Co. v. Envtl. Prot. Agency, 856 F.2d 309, 313 (D.C.

Cir. 1988) (quoting Nat’l Labor Relations Bd. v. Robbins Tire & Rubber Co., 437 U.S. 214, 224

(1978)); see also Maydak v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 218 F.3d 760, 762 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (“The

principal purpose of Exemption 7(A) is to prevent disclosures [that] might prematurely reveal the

government’s cases in court, its evidence and strategies, or the nature, scope, direction, and focus

of its investigations, and thereby enable suspects to establish defenses or fraudulent alibis or to

                                                 28
destroy or alter evidence.”). Nevertheless, this exemption is not intended to be a “blanket

exemption” for any files or records that are relevant to an investigation—their disclosure must be

reasonably expected to interfere in a “palpable, particular way” with the investigation. North v.

Walsh, 881 F.2d 1088, 1100 (D.C. Cir. 1989).

           Here, the Department, pursuant to Exemption 7(A), 8 has withheld FBI “file names and

serial numbers.” Redacted Brinkmann 4th Decl. ¶ 9. 9 The Department represents that there are

a number of pending and ongoing law enforcement proceedings, including United States v.

Netyksho, Crim. Case No. 18-215 (D.D.C.) and United States v. Morenets, Crim. Case No. 18-

263 (W.D. Pa.), see Redacted Brinkmann 3d Decl. ¶ 15, and that it has withheld “FBI file

numbers” that “are not known to the general public because the release of a file numbering

convention identifies the investigative interest or priority given to such matters[,]” the disclosure

of which “could result in the acknowledgment of the existence of unknown investigations or

proceedings and divulge the scope/volume of the FBI’s investigative efforts,” Redacted

Brinkmann 4th Decl. ¶ 9. According to the Department, the release of the information withheld

8
 The Court notes that the Department has withheld approximately twenty percent of the redacted information in the
Mueller Report pursuant to Exemption 7(A). However, because, with the exception of three redactions, the
Department has also invoked either Exemption 3, 7(C), or 7(E), which the Court has already concluded have been
appropriately asserted, see infra Parts III.A.2., III.B.1. III.B.2., the Court need only address whether the Department
has appropriately withheld the information pursuant to Exemption 7(A) in relation to the three instances where only
Exemption 7(A) has been asserted, see Larson, 565 F.3d at 862–63 (“[C]ourts may uphold agency action under one
exemption without considering the applicability of the other.”).
9
    The Department explains that

           The FBI file numbers contain three separate portions. One portion of these file numbers consist of
           FBI file classification numbers that indicate the types of investigative/intelligence gathering
           programs to which these files pertain. Here, the case classification numbers associated with the
           [Special Counsel’s Office’s] investigation were released. The protected investigative file numbers
           also contain office-of-origin codes, indicating which FBI field office or overseas FBI legal attaché
           office originated the investigations at issue. The office-of-origin code for the Special Counsel’s
           Office was released, but certain office-of-origin codes of other FBI offices were redacted. . . . The
           third portion of the FBI’s investigative files consists of the numbers given to the unique
           investigative initiatives these files were created to memorialize.

Redacted Brinkmann 4th Decl. ¶ 10.

                                                           29
pursuant to Exemption 7(A) would “reveal unknown details concerning pending investigations

and enforcement procedures, thus jeopardiz[ing] the investigations themselves.” Id.

Specifically, the Department represents that

       [r]elease of such information would provide alleged criminals and foreign
       adversaries with information about the government’s investigation/enforcement
       strategies in ongoing matters . . . , allow them to predict and potentially thwart
       these strategies, and/or allow them to discover/tamper with witnesses and/or
       destroy evidence. As such, revealing this information could reasonably be
       expected to interfere with pending enforcement proceedings and risks
       circumvention of the law. . . .

       Providing the FBI office-of-origin codes, in many instances, would provide
       critical information about where and how the FBI detected particular criminal
       behaviors or national security threats, and reveal key pieces about the FBI’s non-
       public investigations or intelligence/evidence gathering sources and methods. . . .
       Releasing these singular file numbers would provide alleged criminals and foreign
       adversaries with a tracking mechanism by which they can place particular
       files/investigations within the context of larger FBI investigative efforts.
Id. ¶¶ 9–10; Brinkmann 1st Decl. ¶¶ 45–46, 48–49 (articulating in detail the risks involved with

the disclosure of the information redacted pursuant to Exemption 7(A)). Furthermore, the

Department claims that

       [c]ontinued release of sensitive investigative file numbers would provide alleged
       criminals and foreign adversaries with an understanding of how FBI
       investigations may be interrelated and when, why, and how the FBI pursued
       different investigative strategies. This would provide alleged criminals and
       foreign adversaries with a means of judging where the FBI allocates its limited
       investigative resources, how the FBI responds to different investigative
       circumstances, what the FBI knows and when/how they obtained the knowledge,
       and if there are knowledge-gaps in the FBI’s gathered intelligence. . . . Applying
       a mosaic analysis, suspects and foreign adversaries could use these numbers
       (indicative of investigative priority), in conjunction with other information known
       about other individuals and/or techniques, to formulate an exceptional
       understanding of the body of investigative intelligence available to the FBI; and
       where, who, what, and how it is investigating certain detected activities. Release
       of this information would enable these alleged criminals and foreign adversaries
       to predict FBI investigations and structure their behavior to avoid detection and
       disruption by the FBI, thereby harming the government’s efforts to bring them to
       justice and enabling them to circumvent the law.

                                               30
Redacted Brinkmann 4th Decl. ¶ 10. Based on the Court’s review of the unredacted version of

the Mueller Report as well as the public and ex parte representations made by the Department,

the Court concludes that the Department has appropriately withheld information pursuant to

Exemption 7(A). Cf. Poitras v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 303 F. Supp. 3d 136, 157 (D.D.C.

2018) (holding that the agency “properly invoked Exemption 7(A) to withhold [ ] file numbers”

of pending FBI investigations). Therefore, the Court must grant the Department’s motion for

summary judgment and deny the plaintiffs’ cross-motion as to the Department’s withholding of

information pursuant to Exemption 7(A).

C.     Exemption 5

       The Department represents that, pursuant to Exemption 5, it has withheld information

that is protected by the deliberative process privilege because the information pertains to

“deliberations about charging decisions not to prosecute, which would reveal criminal charges

considered but not pursued against certain named individuals under investigation.” Brinkmann

1st Decl. ¶ 28. Based on the Court’s review of the unredacted version of the Mueller Report, the

Court concludes that the Department has failed to satisfy its burden to demonstrate that the

withheld material is protected by the deliberative process privilege.

       Exemption 5 protects “inter-agency or intra-agency memorandums or letters that would

not be available by law to a party other than an agency in litigation with the agency.” 5 U.S.C. §

552(b)(5). To be covered by Exemption 5, a document’s “source must be a [g]overnment

agency, and it must fall within the ambit of a privilege against discovery under judicial standards

that would govern litigation against the agency that holds it.” Dep’t of the Interior v. Klamath

Water Users Protective Ass’n, 532 U.S. 1, 8 (2001). “[T]he parameters of Exemption 5 are

determined by reference to the protections available to litigants in civil discovery; if material is

                                                 31
not ‘available’ in discovery, it may be withheld from FOIA requesters.” Burka v. U.S. Dep’t of

Health & Human Servs., 87 F.3d 508, 516 (D.C. Cir. 1996). Thus, Exemption 5 covers “those

documents, and only those documents, normally privileged in the civil discovery context,” which

includes the deliberative process privilege. Citizens for Responsibility & Ethics in Wash. v.

Nat’l Archives & Records Admin., 715 F. Supp. 2d 134, 138 (D.D.C. 2010) (quoting Nat’l Labor

Relations Bd. v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 421 U.S. 132, 148–49 (1975)).

        “To justify its application of the deliberative process privilege, an agency must address

the following areas: ‘(1) the nature of the specific deliberative process involved, (2) the function

and significance of the document in that process, and (3) the nature of the decisionmaking

authority vested in the document’s author and recipient.’” Hunton & Williams LLP v. Envtl.

Prot. Agency, 248 F. Supp. 3d 220, 241 (D.D.C. 2017) (quoting Nat’l Sec. Counselors v. Cent.

Intelligence Agency, 960 F. Supp. 2d 101, 189 (D.D.C. 2013)); see also Senate of P.R., 823 F.2d

at 585–86 (“The agency must establish ‘what deliberative process is involved, and the role

played by the documents in issue in the course of that process.’” (quoting Coastal States Gas

Corp. v. U.S. Dep’t of Energy, 617 F.2d 854, 868 (D.C. Cir. 1980))); see Arthur Andersen & Co.

v. Internal Revenue Serv., 679 F.2d 254, 258 (D.C. Cir. 1982). “To be exempt from disclosure

under the deliberative process privilege, the agency must show that the information is both (1)

‘predecisional’ and (2) ‘deliberative.’” Cleveland v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 128 F. Supp. 3d 284,

298 (D.D.C. 2015) (Walton, J.) (quoting Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders v. Norton, 309 F.3d 26,

39 (D.C. Cir. 2002)). The deliberative process privilege protects “documents reflecting advisory

opinions, recommendations and deliberations comprising part of a process by which

governmental decisions and policies are formulated.” Sears, 421 U.S. at 150 (internal quotation

marks omitted).

                                                 32
       The Department’s Exemption 5 withholdings fail because the Department has failed to

show that the information is predecisional. According to the Department, “the charging

decisions not to prosecute[,] . . . [the elements of the contemplated offenses], and the identities of

the individuals against whom those criminal charges were considered but not pursued, are [ ]

protected pursuant to the deliberative process privilege” because “information regarding the

application of law to specific facts leading up to charging decisions is pre-decisional and

deliberative.” Brinkmann 1st Decl. ¶¶ 34–35 (footnote omitted). Specifically, the Department

claims that “[i]nasmuch as this information recounts the thinking and considerations of [ ]

Special Counsel [Mueller] prior to reaching decisions on these matters, it is predecisional,” and

that “[t]his information is also deliberative, because it reflects contemplated charges against

individuals that were considered, but not pursued, as [ ] Special Counsel [Mueller] formulated

his conclusions on these matters.” Id. ¶ 35.

       As an initial matter, the Court disagrees with the Department that “the identities of the

individuals against whom those criminal charges were considered but not pursued[] are [ ]

protected pursuant to the deliberative process privilege.” Id. ¶ 34 (footnote omitted). Although

the Department also initially claimed Exemptions 6 and 7(C) in conjunction with Exemption 5

to, in certain instances, withhold the identities of the individuals not charged with having

committed crimes by the Special Counsel’s Office, see id. ¶ 34 n.9, the Department without

explanation later withdrew its reliance on Exemptions 6 and 7(C) with respect to these

withholdings and now only claims Exemption 5 as its basis for the nondisclosures, compare id.,

Ex. D (Report On The Investigation Into Russian Interference In The 2016 Presidential

Election), with Defendant’s Notice of Reprocessed Report, Ex. 1 (Report On The Investigation

Into Russian Interference In The 2016 Presidential Election, Volume I of II), and id., Ex. 2

                                                 33
(Report On The Investigation Into Russian Interference In The 2016 Presidential Election,

Volume II of II). 10 However, unlike Exemptions 6 and 7(C), which presumably may have more

appropriately protected the identities of the individuals not charged with having committed

crimes by the Special Counsel’s Office, see Senate of P.R., 823 F.2d at 588 (“There is little

question that disclosing the identity of targets of law-enforcement investigations can subject

those identified to embarrassment and potentially more serious reputational harm.” (citations

omitted)), Exemption 5 only protects information that is “both (1) ‘predecisional’ and (2)

‘deliberative,” Cleveland, 128 F. Supp. 3d at 298 (quoting Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders, 309
F.3d at 39). And, mere identities of individuals not charged with having committed crimes in

this context are neither predecisional nor deliberative. Moreover, although purely factual

material may be withheld if “the material is so inextricably intertwined with the deliberative

sections of documents that its disclosure would inevitably reveal the government’s

deliberations,” In re Sealed Case, 121 F.3d 729, 737 (D.C. Cir. 1997), the Department has failed

to show in certain instances—and the Court’s review of the unredacted version of the Mueller

Report confirms—that the identities of the individuals not charged with having committed

crimes is so inextricably intertwined with information that the disclosure of which would reveal

Special Counsel Mueller’s deliberations. Therefore, the Court concludes that the Department has

failed to satisfy its burden to demonstrate that the withholdings of the identities of the individuals

not charged with having committed crimes by the Special Counsel’s Office are protected by the

deliberative process privilege.

10
   The Court notes that the Department’s withdrawal of its reliance on Exemptions 6 and 7(C) is inconsistent with
their position that the names of individuals not charged with having committed crimes by the Special Counsel’s
Office are protected from disclosure pursuant to Exemption 7(C). See Part III.B.1. Although this inconsistency is
puzzling, it is not the prerogative of a judge to second-guess litigation decisions made by attorneys. The Department
is represented by highly competent attorneys who have extensive experience in the field of FOIA law. Accordingly,
the inconsistency can have no bearing on the Court’s analysis as to Exemptions 6 and 7(C).

                                                        34
       With respect to the remaining information that has been withheld pursuant to Exemption

5, the Court also concludes that the Department has failed to satisfy its burden to demonstrate

that the withheld material is protected by the deliberative process privilege. Although the

Department correctly notes that “the process leading to a decision to initiate, or to forego,

prosecution is squarely within the scope of th[e] [deliberative process] privilege,” Def.’s Reply at

44 (alteration in original) (quoting Senate of P.R., 823 F.2d at 585 n.38), and that “[E]xemption

[5] is tailor-made for the situation in which the Special Prosecutor’s Office was assessing the

evidence it was compiling,” id. at 45 (quoting Fund for Const. Gov’t v. Nat’l Archives &

Records Serv., 485 F. Supp 1, 13 (D.D.C. 1978)), aff’d in part and remanded, 656 F.2d 856

(D.C. Cir. 1981), this is not the case here. The information withheld by the Department is not

predecisional because, as the plaintiffs correctly note, see Leopold Pls.’ Mem. at 46, it is the

decision of Special Counsel Mueller, see 28 CFR § 600.8 (2018) (stating that “[a]t the

conclusion of the Special Counsel’s work, he . . . shall provide the Attorney General with a

confidential report explaining the prosecution or declination decisions reached by the Special

Counsel”), and such information is not protected by the deliberative process privilege. Cf. Sears,
421 U.S. at 148 (concluding that a document “explain[ing] decisions by the General Counsel not

to file a complaint are ‘final opinions’ made in the adjudication of a case and fall outside the

scope of Exemption 5; but that those [documents] [ ] explain[ing] decisions by the General

Counsel to file a complaint and commence litigation before the Board are not ‘final opinions’

made in the adjudication of a case and do fall within the scope of Exemption 5”); Petrol. Info.

Corp. v. U.S. Dep’t of the Interior, 976 F.2d 1429, 1434 (D.C. Cir. 1992) (“A document

is predecisional if it was ‘prepared in order to assist an agency decisionmaker in arriving at his

decision,’ rather than to support a decision already made.” (quoting Renegotiation Bd. v.

                                                 35
Grumman Aircraft Eng’g Corp., 421 U.S. 168, 184 (1975))); see Senate of P.R., 823 F.2d at 585

(“A document is ‘predecisional’ if it precedes, in temporal sequence, the ‘decision’ to which it

relates.”).

        The Department argues that “post-decisional documents may still be covered under the

deliberative-process privilege to the extent they recount or reflect predecisional deliberations,”

Def.’s Reply at 45 (internal quotation marks omitted). Although the Court agrees with the

Department’s recitation of the state of the law, it nonetheless finds that this case does not fall

within the scope of those circumstances where courts have concluded that the agency’s

withholdings under Exemption 5 were appropriate. In support of its argument that is

withholdings under Exemption 5 were appropriate, the Department cites a 2011 opinion issued

by this Court, see Def.’s Reply at 45 (quoting Judicial Watch, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 800
F. Supp. 2d 202, 218 (D.D.C. 2011)); however, the basis for the Court’s conclusion in that case

is distinguishable from the case currently before the Court. In Judicial Watch, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t

of Justice, the plaintiff was seeking the disclosure of documents that “were generally created in

the course of recounting specific factual and legal aspects of the New Black Panther Party

litigation for the preparation of public statements, responding to an internal investigation about

the handling of the case, or briefing officials within the [Department] about the decisionmaking

process.” 800 F. Supp. 2d at 215. In that context, the Court concluded that these post-decisional

documents “were appropriately withheld under the deliberative-process privilege” because “[i]t

would exalt form over substance to exempt documents in which staff recommend certain action

or offer their opinions on given issues but require disclosure of documents which only ‘report’

on what those recommendations and opinions are,” id. at 218 (alteration in original) (quoting

Mead Data Cent. Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of the Air Force, 566 F.2d 242, 257 (D.C. Cir. 1977)), and

                                                 36
that “the future quality of an agency’s decisions could be affected if ‘the ingredients of the

decisionmaking process are . . . disclosed,’” id. (alteration in original) (quoting Sears, 421 U.S. at

151). Here, as opposed to the recommended actions and options withheld by the agency in

Judicial Watch, Inc., the Department has withheld information regarding decisions that were

already final, rendering the withheld information as information that was “made after the

decision and designed to explain it,” which the Supreme Court has held is not privileged, see

Sears, 421 U.S. at 152. In fact, the Supreme Court, in National Labor Relations Board v. Sears,

Roebuck & Co., stated that the “distinction between predecisional communications, which are

privileged, and communications made after the decision and designed to explain it, which are

not,” id. at 151–52 (citations omitted),

       is supported not only by the lesser injury to the decisionmaking process flowing
       from disclosure of postdecisional communications, but also, in the case of those
       communications which explain the decision, by the increased public interest in
       knowing the basis for agency policy already adopted. The public is only
       marginally concerned with reasons supporting a policy which an agency has
       rejected, or with reasons which might have supplied, but did not supply, the basis
       for a policy which was actually adopted on a different ground. In contrast, the
       public is vitally concerned with the reasons which did supply the basis for an
       agency policy actually adopted. These reasons, if expressed within the agency,
       constitute the working law of the agency and have been held by the lower courts
       to be outside the protection of Exemption 5. Exemption 5, properly construed,
       calls for disclosure of all opinions and interpretations which embody the agency’s
       effective law and policy, and the withholding of all papers which reflect the
       agency’s group thinking in the process of working out its policy and determining
       what its law shall be[,]
id. at 152–53 (internal quotation marks omitted). As the Department candidly indicates, see

Brinkmann 1st Decl. ¶ 28, the information withheld reflects Special Counsel Mueller’s

deliberations about decisions not to prosecute—information that falls within the latter category

that the Supreme Court has held is not privileged. Accordingly, the Court denies the

Department’s motion for summary judgment as to this information and grants the plaintiffs’

                                                 37
motions for summary judgment for its production, and concludes that the Department must

disclose the information redacted pursuant to Exemption 5, unless such information has been

properly withheld pursuant to another exemption.

D.     Segregability

       The FOIA provides that, if a record contains information that is exempt from disclosure,

“[a]ny reasonably segregable portion of a record shall be provided to any person requesting such

record after deletion of the portions which are exempt.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b). “[I]f a requested

record contains information that is exempt from disclosure . . . , ‘any reasonably segregable

portion,’” Trans-Pac. Policing Agreement v. U.S. Customs Serv., 177 F.3d 1022, 1026–27 (D.C.

Cir. 1999) (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)), must be released after deleting the exempt portions,

“unless [the non-exempt portions] are inextricably intertwined with exempt portions,” id. at 1027

(quoting Mead, 566 F.2d at 260). And, it is the government’s burden to show with “reasonable

specificity why the documents cannot be further segregated.” Armstrong v. Exec. Office of the

President, 97 F.3d 575, 578 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (internal quotation marks omitted). Agencies must

review the withheld documents and determine whether, absent the exempted material, the

resulting document would still be comprehensible, or whether “the result would be an essentially

meaningless set of words and phrases.” See Mead, 566 F.2d at 261 (stating result of meaningless

set of words may be sufficient to claim that the information is not segregable). A “document-by-

document” review and a declaration that each piece of information that is withheld is not

reasonably segregable is sufficient to satisfy the requirement. See Juarez v. U.S. Dep’t of

Justice, 518 F.3d 54, 61 (D.C. Cir. 2008); Beltranena v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 821 F. Supp. 2d 167,

178–79 (D.D.C. 2011).

                                                38
       Here, according to the Department, it conducted a segregability assessment as to each of

its claimed exemptions. See Brinkmann 1st Decl. ¶¶ 24, 51, 80, 89. The Department represents

that “[i]n each instance where information was withheld pursuant to [ ] Exemption 3, only the

precise information which would be prohibited from disclosure by Rule 6(e) or the [National

Security Act] has been withheld.” Id. ¶ 24. Specifically, it claims that “[f]or the portions

protected pursuant to [Rule 6(e)], only information with a clear nexus to federal grand jury

proceedings was withheld,” and that “if any information could be released without violating

grand jury secrecy rules, that information was released.” Id. Furthermore, “[f]or the portions

protected pursuant to [the National Security Act], only the specific information that reveals

intelligence sources and methods . . . was withheld pursuant to Exemption 3,” and that “the

withholdings made on this basis were so precise that only limited portions . . . , where the

[]protected information appears, are withheld.” Id. With respect to Exemption 7(A), the

Department represents that “[a] substantial amount of information pertaining to ongoing and

current enforcement proceedings has been disclosed within the [Mueller] Report, in public

statements made by Attorney General Barr, and in public indictments,” and that “releasing any

further information could reasonably be expected to interfere with enforcement proceedings.”
Id. ¶ 51. As to Exemptions 6 and 7(C), the Department represents that

       [i]n each instance where privacy-based information was withheld . . . , only the
       precise information that would reveal the identities, social media/contact
       information, or other information identifiable to the individuals was withheld
       pursuant to Exemptions 6 and 7(C). When no other FOIA exemptions were
       applicable, only the specific information that, if released, would result in an
       unwarranted invasion in the privacy of individual was redacted within sentences
       in order to segregate and release as much non-exempt information as possible to
       [the] [p]laintiffs and the public.
Id. ¶ 80. Lastly, regarding Exemption 7(E), the Department represents that “[o]nly the precise

information which would reveal non-public details about the Department’s law enforcement

                                                39
techniques and procedures, the disclosure of which would risk circumvention of the law by

criminal actors and hostile foreign powers, was protected on the basis of Exemption 7(E).” Id. ¶

89. “This shows that [the Department] made the required effort to segregate and disclose those

portions that could be released,” and that “[t]he non-exempt portions of these documents that

have been redacted are thus ‘inextricably intertwined with exempt portions’ and need not be

further segregated.” Am. Immigration Council v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 30 F. Supp. 3d
67, 80 (D.D.C. 2014) (quoting Mead, 566 F.2d at 260). And, based on the Court’s own in

camera review of the unredacted version of the Mueller Report, the Court concludes that “there

are no segregability problems in this case,” id., and that “all reasonably segregable information

within has been released,” Am. Immigration Council v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 21 F.

Supp. 3d 60, 83 (D.D.C. 2014).

                                           III.     CONCLUSION

           For the foregoing reasons, the Court concludes that the Department has appropriately

withheld information from the Mueller Report pursuant to Exemptions 3, 7(A), 7(C), and 7(E) of

the FOIA. The Court further concludes that the Department has failed to show that it

appropriately withheld information pursuant to Exemption 5. In addition, the Court concludes

that the Department has satisfied its segregability obligations under the FOIA. Accordingly, the

Court will grant in part and deny in part the Department’s motion for summary judgment and

grant in part and deny the balance of the plaintiffs’ cross-motions for summary judgment.

           SO ORDERED this 30th day of September, 2020. 11

                                                                      REGGIE B. WALTON
                                                                      United States District Judge

11
     The Court will contemporaneously issue an Order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion.

                                                        40