Court Opinion

ID: 6351843
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-06-21 21:00:59.176056+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:34:56.241825
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

SMARTMATIC USA CORP., et al.,

              Plaintiffs,

      v.                                               Civil Action No. 1:21-cv-02900 (CJN)

HERRING NETWORKS, INC.,

              Defendant.

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Smartmatic USA Corp. and other related corporate entities allege that Herring Networks,

Inc., doing business as One American News Network (OAN for short), defamed them in

connection with the 2020 election. See generally Compl. (“Compl.”), ECF No. 1. OAN has moved

to dismiss the Complaint, arguing that the Court lacks personal jurisdiction over it or, alternatively,

that the Court should transfer the case to the Southern District of California because proper venue

does not lie here. See OAN’s Motion to Dismiss (“OAN’s Mot.”), ECF No. 21 at 11, 18.

Smartmatic opposes OAN’s motion.            See Smartmatic’s Opp’n to the Motion to Dismiss

(“Smartmatic’s Opp’n”), ECF No. 22. The Court denies the motion to dismiss for the reasons

discussed below.

                                           I.     The Parties

       Smartmatic USA Corp., Smartmatic International Holding B.V., and SGO Corporation

Limited are related corporate entities involved in the sale of electronic voting machines and

software. See Compl. ¶¶ 10–12. 1 Since 2003, Smartmatic, incorporated in Delaware and based

1
 The Court, of course, accepts as true all well-pleaded allegations in the Complaint. See US
Dominion, Inc. v. MyPillow, Inc., No. 1:21-CV-0445 (CJN), 2022 WL 1597420, at *2 (D.D.C.

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out of Florida, “has processed more than 5 billion secure votes worldwide without a single security

breach.” Id. ¶ 24. During the 2020 U.S. election, however, Smartmatic played a limited role. It

“provided election technology and software for Los Angeles County.” Id. ¶ 10; see also id. ¶ 48

(“In June 2018, Los Angeles County selected Smartmatic to help election authorities manufacture

and implement a new election system for the county.”). No other county or state used Smartmatic’s

election technology and software during that election. Id. ¶ 10. And even in Los Angeles County,

Smartmatic “played no part in the counting or tabulation of votes.” Id.

       Herring Networks, Inc., which does business as One American News Network, operates a

cable news network. Id. ¶ 14; see also id. (noting that the company used to be known as Herring

Broadcasting Company before February 2014). Robert Herring Sr. founded OAN in 2013. See

id. ¶ 77. Charles Herring, Robert Herring Sr.’s son, serves as the president of the network. Id.

OAN is incorporated in California and based out of California, but Smartmatic alleges it maintains

operations in the District, including a news bureau and a broadcast team. Id. OAN also operates

a website, social media accounts, and streams its content. Id. Viewers may purchase OAN’s cable

content thorough “multiple national providers, including AT&T U-verse, DirecTV, and Verizon

FiOS.” Id. ¶ 16.

                              II.     Factual & Procedural Background

       This case centers around statements made about the American election held on November

3, 2020. See generally Compl. States and localities employed a myriad of procedures to handle

early, same-day, and mail-in votes throughout the election cycle. The different procedures resulted

May 19, 2022) (“The court accepts all well-pleaded facts in the complaint as true.”). The Court
also “afford[s] the plaintiff the benefit of all inferences that can be derived from the facts alleged.”
Atlas Brew Works, LLC v. Barr, 391 F. Supp. 3d 6, 11 (D.D.C. 2019) (quotation omitted).

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in no clear winner emerging from the presidential election on Tuesday, November 3, 2020. Days

later, several news outlets declared Joseph Biden victorious. Those declarations did not end

matters. Private citizens and public officials challenged, and local officials audited, election results

throughout the country.

        In November 2021, Smartmatic filed this lawsuit, claiming that OAN made numerous

statements actionable as defamation about Smartmatic and the company’s role or lack thereof in

the election. See id. ¶¶ 440–468; see also Smartmatic’s Opp’n at 8 (“OAN made dozens of other

defamatory statements about Smartmatic in nationwide broadcasts and publications that reached

D.C. residents.”); see id. (“OAN made and recorded many of [] false statements in its television

studio in Washington, D.C., where its employees researched, edited, and produced the programs

on which the statements appeared.”). The heart of Smartmatic’s Complaint features five key

headers, which outline a variety of the allegedly defamatory and false statements OAN, or at least

people appearing on network broadcasts, made about Smartmatic. See Compl. ¶¶ 181–237 (“A.

OAN falsely stated and implied that Smartmatic’s election technology and software were widely

used in the 2020 U.S. election;” “B. OAN falsely stated and implied that Smartmatic fixed, rigged,

and stole the 2020 U.S. election for Joe Biden and Kamala Harris and the Democratic Party;” “C.

OAN falsely stated and implied that Smartmatic’s election technology and software were

compromised or hacked during the 2020 U.S. election and sent votes to foreign countries to be

compromised or hacked;” “D. OAN falsely stated and implied that Smartmatic was founded and

funded by corrupt dictators from socialist and communist countries;” “E. OAN falsely stated and

implied that Smartmatic’s election technology and software were designed to and have fixed,

rigged, and stolen elections before”).

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       The statements undergirding the five headers vary in length, scope, and content. See id.

Nonetheless, the Complaint’s overarching theme is that OAN defamed Smartmatic by stating that

Smartmatic designed its election technology to rig and steal the 2020 election. Id. The speakers

of the statements vary, too. See id. (identifying Alex Salvi, Elma Aksalic, John Hines, Sidney

Powell, Rudolph Giuliani, and others as those who made allegedly defamatory statements on

OAN). Smartmatic further alleges that OAN researched, edited, produced, and broadcasted

multiple allegedly defamatory television segments out of the District. Id. ¶¶ 87, 110, 127, 135.

Smartmatic claims that, as a result of OAN’s allegedly defamatory statements, it has suffered

injury to its reputation, including its reputation in the District. See generally id. In particular,

Smartmatic asserts that the allegedly false and defamatory statements may have caused

government officials to lash out at the company and to seek alternative voting systems to use in

future elections. Id. ¶¶ 434–438. Based on the allegedly defamatory statements, Smartmatic seeks

compensatory damages, special damages, punitive damages, attorneys’ fees, incurred expenses,

and pre- and post-judgment interest. See id. Prayer for Relief.

       OAN has moved to dismiss the Complaint. See generally OAN’s Mot. OAN does not

argue that the Complaint requires dismissal because it fails “to state a claim upon which relief can

be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). Instead, OAN argues that the Court lacks personal

jurisdiction over the network. See id. In the alternative, OAN argues that the Court should transfer

the case to the federal court in Southern District of California on venue grounds. See OAN’s Mot.

at 18; see also 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a); 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b)(1)–(2).

                                       III.   Legal Standards

       Civil Rule 12(b)(2). Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2) requires dismissal of a

complaint if the Court “lack[s] personal jurisdiction” over the defendant. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(2).

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The plaintiff “bears the burden of establishing a factual basis for the court’s exercise of personal

jurisdiction over the defendant.” Capital Bank Int’l Ltd. v. Citigroup, Inc., 276 F. Supp. 2d 72, 74

(D.D.C. 2003); see also Williams v. Romarm, SA, 756 F.3d 777, 785 (D.C. Cir. 2014). A plaintiff

must allege specific facts connecting the defendant to the forum. Capital Bank, 276 F. Supp. 2d

at 74. Bare allegations and conclusory statements will not suffice. Id.

        Civil Rule 12(b)(3). Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(3) requires dismissal of a

complaint if the plaintiff filed it in the improper venue. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(3). When a

plaintiff brings suit in an improper venue, the district court “shall dismiss [the case], or if it be in

the interest of justice, transfer such case to any district or division in which it could have been

brought.” 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a). In deciding whether venue is proper, courts “accept all well-

pleaded factual allegations as true and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff.”

Herbert v. Sebelius, 925 F. Supp. 2d 13, 17 (D.D.C. 2013). The Court need not, however, accept

the plaintiff’s legal conclusions as true, and it may consider material outside of the pleadings. Id.

A key consideration courts keep in mind when resolving a motion to dismiss for improper venue

is “whether the district the plaintiff chose had a substantial connection to the claim, whether or not

other forums had greater contacts.” Exelon Generation Co., LLC v. Grumbles, 380 F. Supp. 3d 1,

13 n.3 (D.D.C. 2019) (quotation omitted).

                   IV.     The Court Possesses Personal Jurisdiction over OAN

       Civil Rule 4(k) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides that federal courts should

in certain circumstances (like diversity cases) follow a state’s long-arm statute to determine

whether it may exercise personal jurisdiction over a defendant. Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(k)(1)(A)

(“Serving a summons or filing a waiver of service establishes personal jurisdiction over a

defendant: (A) who is subject to the jurisdiction of a court of general jurisdiction in the state where

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the district court is located.”); see Canaday v. Anthem Companies, Inc., 9 F.4th 392, 396 (6th Cir.

2021). The Parties agree that this case presents one of those circumstances. See OAN’s Mot. at

10; Smartmatic’s Opp’n at 22.

        A court may assert “general,” or “all-purpose,” jurisdiction over a defendant in its home

state (the home state includes the place where defendant is incorporated or headquartered). BNSF

Ry. Co. v. Tyrrell, 137 S. Ct. 1549, 1558 (2017). Or a court may exercise “specific,” or case-based,

jurisdiction over a defendant if the plaintiff’s claims “arise[ ] out of or relate[ ] to” the defendant’s

forum state contacts. Daimler AG v. Bauman, 571 U.S. 117, 127 (2014) (quotation omitted). All

agree that this case implicates only specific rather than general personal jurisdiction.             See

Smartmatic’s Opp’n 16 n.1 (clarifying that Smartmatic has never argued that the Court possesses

general jurisdiction over OAN).

        The District’s long-arm statute provides that a court has personal jurisdiction “over a

person, who acts directly or by an agent, as to a claim for relief arising from the” person:

        “(1) transacting any business in the District of Columbia;

        (2) contracting to supply services in the District of Columbia;

        (3) causing tortious injury in the District of Columbia by an act or omission in the District
        of Columbia;

        (4) causing tortious injury in the District of Columbia by an act or omission outside the
        District of Columbia if he regularly does or solicits business, engages in any other
        persistent course of conduct, or derives substantial revenue from goods used or consumed,
        or services rendered, in the District of Columbia.” D.C. Code § 13-423(a)(1)–(4).

        The District’s first prong has “been given an expansive interpretation” that coextends with

the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause. See Helmer v. Doletskaya, 393 F.3d 201, 205

(D.C. Cir. 2004) (quotation omitted). The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

constrains a state court’s “power to exercise jurisdiction” over a defendant. Ford Motor Co. v.

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Mont. Eighth Jud. Dist. Ct., 141 S. Ct. 1017, 1024 (2021). Under the operative framework,

whether a state may hail a defendant into one of its courts depends on the defendant’s minimum

contacts with the state in which the plaintiff filed the lawsuit. Int’l Shoe Co. v. State of Wash., Off.

of Unemployment Comp. & Placement, 326 U.S. 310, 320 (1945).

        The Court possesses personal jurisdiction over OAN under § 13-423(a)(1) of the District’s

long-arm statute. Recall that § 13-423(a)(1) has been “interpreted to be coextensive with the

Constitution’s due process requirements.” US Dominion, Inc. v. Powell, 554 F. Supp. 3d 42, 66

n.14 (D.D.C. 2021) (quotation omitted). That subsection covers “business transactions” in the

everyday sense of commercial deal-making activities like advertising, operating office space, and

performing contracts. Id. (quotation omitted); see also Quality Air Servs., L.L.C. v. Milwaukee

Valve Co., 567 F. Supp. 2d 96, 100 (D.D.C. 2008) (quotation omitted) (noting that “a single act

may be sufficient to constitute transacting business, so long as that contact is voluntary and

deliberate, rather than fortuitous”). According to Smartmatic’s Complaint: OAN launched its

network through a partnership with The Washington Times; leases office and studio space in the

District; built a broadcast studio in the District; broadcasts television programs from the District;

issues press releases from the District; advertises in the District to promotes its network; and

produces and disseminates content (including allegedly false and defamatory statements about

Smartmatic) from the District. See Smarmatic’s Opp’n at 18–19, 25–26. As Smartmatic sees it,

OAN’s allegedly false and defamatory statements arose out of OAN’s ties to and business

transactions with the District. Id. at 19 (“It was through these transactions—all of them in the

District of Columbia—that OAN established a television network and a production studio whereby

it published defamatory statements about Smartmatic that aired nationally on DirecTV.”). The

Court agrees that OAN’s past and present business transactions with the District permit the Court

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to exercise personal jurisdiction over the network with respect to the allegedly false and

defamatory statements. Indeed, but for OAN leasing television production studio and office space,

advertising its programming, and promoting its network with guests, OAN’s allegedly false and

defamatory statements would not have made it on the airwaves.

       The Court also has personal jurisdiction over OAN under § 13-423(a)(3) of the District’s

long-arm statute because OAN “caus[ed] tortious injury in the District of Columbia by an act or

omission in the District of Columbia.” D.C. Code § 13-423(a)(3). Smartmatic has alleged that

OAN made numerous allegedly false and defamatory statements in the District. See Compl. ¶ 87

(“Reporter Elma Aksalic,” broadcasting out of OAN’s “Washington, D.C. news bureau,”

discussed Sidney “Powell’s claims that ‘overwhelming evidence of voter fraud is coming to

light’”); id. ¶ 110 (asserting that broadcast reporter John Hines peddled allegedly false and

defamatory statements while broadcasting out of OAN’s Washington, D.C. news bureau).

Smartmatic has also alleged that OAN in its Washington, D.C. studio researched, edited, produced,

and broadcasted interviews with guests who touted allegedly false and defamatory statements. Id.

¶¶ 87, 110, 127, 135. And Smartmatic alleges that OAN published its allegedly false and

defamatory statements nationwide, including in the District. Id. ¶¶ 16, 18, 441, 445, 456, 460.

       Though OAN admits that it transacts business in the District, see OAN’s Mot. at 13, it

contends that Smartmatic has not established that any of its claims arise from OAN’s business

activities in the District, id. Put differently, OAN argues that it “broadcasts its news segments

nationwide via a satellite dish in San Diego and does not have contacts with D.C. other than its

newsgathering ties to the District.” OAN’s Reply in Supp. of Mot. (“OAN’s Reply”), ECF No. 23

at 13. Smartmatic, however, alleges that not only does OAN advertise in and broadcast from the

District, but also that the network disseminated some of the allegedly false and defamatory

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statements in the District.    Those allegations cut against OAN’s claim that it just gathers

information in the District and sends it back to home base in California.

       OAN advances a fallback argument, arguing that the so-called “newsgathering exception”

prohibits the exercise of personal jurisdiction here. OAN’s Mot. at 14. 2 To be sure, the District

has recognized an exception from long-arm jurisdiction for newsgathering activities in the District.

See Akhmetshin v. Browder, No. 21-SP-238, 2022 WL 1670987, at *7 n.26 (D.C. May 26, 2022).

Under this exception, the mere collection of news material here and the subsequent publication of

the material elsewhere does not count as doing business in the District for purposes of the long-

arm statute. Id. (quotation omitted). The exception serves to “protect a newspaper whose only

persistent course of conduct in the District is the maintenance of an office there for gathering news

from being subject to the jurisdiction of the District’s courts.” See Moncrief v. Lexington Herald–

Leader Co., 807 F.2d 217, 222 (D.C. Cir. 1986); Lewy v. S. Poverty L. Ctr., Inc., 723 F. Supp. 2d

116, 127 (D.D.C. 2010) (noting that the “exception is intended to protect news organizations who

cover national news for a local audience outside the District”). But the exception does not apply

here for two different but related reasons. First, OAN did not merely gather news here and

broadcast it back in its home state of California; instead, Smartmatic alleges that it aimed its

allegedly defamatory and false statements to at least some residents of the District. See Lewy, 723

F. Supp. 2d at 127 (“SPLC’s newsgathering efforts . . . are aimed at a national audience that

2
  The Court assumes without deciding that the newsgathering exception applies to D.C. Code §
13-423(a)(1) and (a)(3). The D.C. Court of Appeals has without question applied the exception to
D.C. Code § 13-423(a)(4). See Akhmetshin, 2022 WL 1670987 at *7 n.26. But it is less clear
whether the exception applies to other prongs of the long-arm statute. See Shirlington Limousine
& Transp., Inc. v. San Diego Union-Trib., 566 F. Supp. 2d 1, 4 (D.D.C. 2008) (“The newsgathering
exception has been expressly applied to Section 13–423 in subsequent cases.”).

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includes D.C. residents.”). What’s more, Smartmatic has alleged facts showing that OAN has

transacted business beyond classic newsgathering.

        OAN pivots, contending that even if the network’s contacts with the District “could support

a basis for specific personal jurisdiction under the longarm statute, . . . Smartmatic also must

establish that the exercise of personal jurisdiction would be consistent with traditional notions of

fair play and substantial justice.” OAN’s Mot. at 16. OAN also notes that Smartmatic appears to

be engaged in forum-shopping, striving to avoid a jurisdiction with an anti-SLAPP provision. See

OAN’s Reply at 8; see also Justin W. Aimonetti & M. Christian Talley, How Two Rights Made A

Wrong: Sullivan, Anti-SLAPP, and the Underenforcement of Public-Figure Defamation Torts, 130

YALE L.J. FORUM 708, 712 (2021) (discussing the advent and evolution of anti-SLAPP provisions).

The Court’s exercise of specific personal jurisdiction over OAN comports with the requirements

of the Due Process Clause. Indeed, if § 13-423(a)(1) has been satisfied then any added requirement

emanating from the Due Process Clause has been satisfied, too. See GTE New Media Servs. Inc.

v. BellSouth Corp., 199 F.3d 1343, 1347 (D.C. Cir. 2000). And although forum-shopping is not a

trivial concern, a plaintiff may pick the forum and venue so long as the law allows it.

                               V.      Proper Venue Lies in the District

        Recall that when a plaintiff brings a lawsuit in an improper venue, the district court “shall

dismiss [the case], or if it be in the interest of justice, transfer such case to any district or division

in which it could have been brought.” 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a). Recall also that a civil action may be

brought in “a judicial district in which a substantial part of the events or omissions giving rise to

the claim occurred, or a substantial part of property that is the subject of the action is situated.”

Here, venue is proper in the District under § 1391(b)(2) because, as Smartmatic alleges, “a

substantial part of the events giving rise to the claims in this Complaint occurred in this District.”

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See generally Compl. In particular, Smartmatic asserts that OAN disseminated allegedly false and

defamatory statements in the District. Id. ¶¶ 16, 18, 87, 110, 127, 135, 184, 196, 205, 218, 227,

441, 445, 456, 460. As a result, venue not only lies in the District, but the Court will not transfer

the case to the Southern District of California because § 1406(a) “is premised on an action being

brought in the ‘wrong’ district.” Fam v. Bank of Am. NA, 236 F. Supp. 3d 397, 407 (D.D.C. 2017)

(quotation omitted). But see 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a) (permitting district courts “[f]or the convenience

of parties and witnesses” and “in the interest of justice” to “transfer any civil action to any other

district or division where it might have been brought or to any district or division to which all

parties have consented”).

        OAN pushes back, contending that venue is improper in the District because the most

substantial parts of the claims did not occur here. OAN’s Reply at 30. Even if true, proper venue

requires just that “a substantial part” of the claims occurred in the District. 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b)(2);

see alsoJalloh v. Underwood, 300 F. Supp. 3d 151, 155 (D.D.C. 2018) (“Courts have repeatedly

explained that even if a substantial part of the events in a case took place in one district, a plaintiff

may still file suit in another district if a substantial part of the events also took place there.”). Based

on the allegations in the Complaint, a substantial part of the events giving rise to Smartmatic’s

claims took place in the District.

                                            VI.      Conclusion

        For the foregoing reasons, OAN’s motion to dismiss is DENIED. An Order will be entered

contemporaneously with this Memorandum Opinion.

DATE: June 21, 2022

                                                                 CARL J. NICHOLS
                                                                 United States District Judge

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