Court Opinion

ID: 2562959
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-30 10:26:32.071805+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:17:49.994719
License: Public Domain

450 F. Supp. 2d 765 (2006)
AMERICAN SEATING COMPANY, Plaintiff,
v.
FREEDMAN SEATING COMPANY, Defendant.
No. 1:05-CV-130.
United States District Court, W.D. Michigan, Southern Division.
July 27, 2006.
*766 Todd R. Dickinson, Fisher & Dickinson, Ada, MI, Conrad J. Clark, Clark & Brody, Washington, DC, for Plaintiff.
Richard D. Harris, Herbert H. Finn, Greenberg Traurig LLP, Chicago, IL, John A. Smietanka, Grandville, MI, for Defendant.

MARKMAN[1]DECISION

COHN, District Judge.

I. INTRODUCTION
This is a patent case. Plaintiff, American Seating Company (ASC) is the owner by assignment of United States Patent No. *767 5,152,582 (the '582 patent), issued October 6, 1992, Self-Aligning Fastener System Having Stud-Engaging Resilient Legs. ASC is suing defendant, Freedman Seating Company (Freedman) for infringement. Particularly, ASC asserts that the '582 patent is directed to a seat insert fastening system and that Freedman is selling seats including a model known as the Angel Seat which utilizes the '582 patent's seat insert fastening system.
Now ripe for decision after extensive briefing and oral argument is the proper construction of the ambiguous words and phrases of Claim 6, the designated paradigm claim of the '582 patent.
Attached as Exhibit A is a chart displaying in columnar form the language of Claim 6, in which the ambiguous words and phrases are underlined, ASC's proposed construction, Freedman's proposed construction and the Court's construction. The Court's construction governs further proceedings in the case. This is a tentative decision; future proceedings may reveal aspects of the '582 patent which are not fully appreciated. This is particularly so since while the Court has been made aware of the characteristics of a fastener's use in the Angel Seat assembly, this construction exercise excludes consideration of these characteristics.

II. THE '582 PATENT: CLAIM 6

A.
The Abstract reads:
A self-aligning fastener system incorporates a stud member fastened to a first member and a female member attached to a second panel member for fastening the first member to the panel member. The female member includes a head portion which spans an aperture of the panel and has an aperture therethrough, the head portion includes leg portions which depend from the head portion which extend through the panel aperture and are engaged by a clip on the opposite side of the panel for retaining the female fastener in the aperture. The panel aperture and leg spacing are dimensioned such that the female fastener is adapted to move along a first axis of said aperture thereby allowing the female fastener to accommodate any alignment errors between itself and the stud fastener along the first axis. The leg portions of the female fastener have a pair of linear engagement surfaces arranged perpendicular to the first axis whereby the leg portions can engage and retain the stud member anywhere along their length. This feature allows the fastener to accommodate alignment errors along a second axis perpendicular to the first axis. The fastening system is also disclosed for use in a seat shell and seat insert assembly. [Emphasis added].

B.
Claim 6 (parsed alphanumerically) with the ambiguous phrases underlined reads:
1. 6. A seat insert fastening system, for fastening an insert to a seating portion of a seat shell, said system comprising:
2. a) a seat shell for supporting a user, said shell having an engaging surface and an inner portion defined by an inner surface, said surfaces connected by way of an aperture extending therebetween,
3. b) a seat insert adapted to generally conform to a contour of said engaging surface of said seat shell,
4. c) a stud fastener attached to said seat insert and having an elongated body portion extending from a surface of said seat insert,
5. d) a female fastener

6. i) having a head portion

*768 7. ii) adapted to span said seat shell aperture, thereby preventing said fastener from passing through said seat shell aperture and into said inner portion of said seat shell,
8. iii) said head portion having an aperture therethrough and
9. iv) two spaced apart, resilient leg portions extending therefrom in a common direction and encircling a longitudinal axis of said aperture of said head portion,
10. v) said resilient legs adapted to engage said stud body and resiliently retain said body,
11. vi) said head portion of said female fastener adapted to engage said seat shell in the vicinity of said seat shell aperture such that said head portion engages said engaging surface of said seat shell and spans said seat shell aperture,
12. vii) wherein said leg portions extend through said seat shell aperture and into said inner portion of said seat shell, said leg portions spaced apart relative to said seat shell aperture such that said female fastener is permitted to move within said seat shell aperture along a first axis parallel to said engaging surface of said seat shell,

13. e) a retaining member adapted to reside in said inner portion of said seat shell
i) and engage said legs of said female fastener thereby preventing said female fastener from being pulled out of said seat shell aperture,
14. ii) said retaining member allowing said female fastener to move along said first axis,

15. f) whereby when said seat insert is placed adjacent said seat shell and said elongated body portion of said stud fastener is passed through said female fastener aperture and between said resilient legs,
16. g) any substantial imbalance along said first axis between said resilient forces of said legs against said stud body will cause said female fastener to move along said first axis in a direction which substantially balances the resilient forces exerted by said legs on said stud body, thereby aligning said female fastener with said stud member, and
17. h) whereby said engagement of said legs and said stud body acts to fasten to (sic) said seat insert to said seat shell.

C.
Figure 4 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a bottom seat insert in relation to a seat shell.
*769 
*770 
*771 
*772 Figure 6 the washer 50 is a free-standing structure. The principle disagreement between the parties relates to the structure of element 13e, "a retaining member."

III. THE RULES

A.
The rules regarding claim interpretation have previously been described by the Court in its decision in Honeywell International, Inc. v. ITT Industries, 330 F. Supp. 2d 865, 875-77 (2004), and will not be repeated here. Since the decision in Honeywell, the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit issued Phillips v. AWH Corp., 415 F.3d 1303, 1313 (Fed.Cir.2005) (en banc), in which it reaffirmed many of the principals of claim construction in determining what the claims mean. A recent publication from the Federal Circuit Bar Association best describes the teaching from Phillips:
Four principal sources of evidence are available to the trial court in construing claims: the language of the claims; the specification; the prosecution history; and extrinsic evidence. Phillips clarified the role and relative important of each type of evidence. In general, the ordinary meaning of the terms used in the claims to one of ordinary skill in the art is determined in the context of the specification. The prosecution history, if in evidence, is evaluated to determine whether the inventor disclaimed or disavowed any scope that may otherwise be considered within the claims. Yet, because the prosecution history reflects an ongoing negotiation between the applicant and the Patent Office, rather than the outcome of that negotiation, it often lacks the clarity of the specification and, thus, is less useful than the specification for claim construction purposes. Finally, extrinsic evidence may be useful but is generally less reliable than the patent and its prosecution history in construing the claims.
Guidelines for Patent Claim Construction Post-Phillips: The Basics of a "Markman" Hearing, Federal Circuit Bar Association Patent Litigation Committee Markman Project (May 2006). Phillips reaffirmed the importance of internal sources, i.e. the patent, the specification, and the prosecution history over external sources, i.e. dictionaries, treatises, encyclopedias and the like in construing claim terms.

B.
In this construction exercise, with the exception of the phrase "retaining member" and "aperture" there is no need to go outside the claim language and specification for assistance in interpreting the ambiguous words and phrases of Claim 6. As to "retaining member," there is no need to go outside the file history and two pieces of prior art. In short, the Court need generally to resort to internal sources to construe the ambiguous words and phrases.[2]

C.
The Court as noted above is aware of the accused device and, indeed, Freedman has brought it into play in its argument. Also as noted above, the Court has not taken it into consideration in the construction exercise. Perhaps it should have. In a recent case the Federal Circuit suggested that the court should take a "glimpse of the accused product," Wilson Sporting Goods Corp. v. Hillerich & Bradsby Co., 442 F.3d 1322, 1331 (Fed.Cir.2006). See also Lava Trading, Inc. v. Sonic Trading Management, LLC, 445 F.3d 1348, 1350 (Fed.Cir.2006) to the same effect.
*773 In any event, there will be ample opportunity to reexamine claim construction as the case proceeds further. To consider the accused product now would only complicate what is a difficult task at best, particularly where there is the display of excessive tendentiousness in the arguments of the parties.

IV. CLAIM CONSTRUCTION

A. Engaging Surface (2a)
The parties agree that this phrase is to be construed as follows:
the surface of the seat shell that comes into physical contact with the seat insert

B. A Female Fastener (5d)
The female fastener is clearly a structure with an opening which is designed to receive a second structure, in this case, the stud. The two in combination secure the insert with the seat shell. All of this is described in col. 5, ll 37-41 and col. 5, ll 45-48 as follows:
While sliding seat rearwardly studs are lowered and inserted through central aperture of their respective female fastener
* * * * * *
the cooperative arrangement between studs and their respective female fasteners acts to securely retain the forward portion of seat insert to seat shell
ASC's interpretation of the phrase includes the word "fastener" and is circular.
A straight forward construction of the phrase is as follows:
A structure, female in form, that receives a stud, male in form, which together along with other elements, secures the insert to the seat

C. A Head Portion (6i)
The head portion describes a feature of the female fastener. It is referred to in col. 3, ll 19-21 as follows:
head portion adapted to span the seat shell aperture thereby preventing the fastener from passing through the seat shell aperture
and col. 7, l 41
. . . such that head spans aperture.
This phrase is to be construed as follows:
The upper part of the female fastener fashioned in a manner to prevent it from passing through the seat shell.

D. Span Said Seat Shell Aperture (7ii)
The parties agree that this phrase is to be construed as follows:
The head portion extends entirely over or across the aperture in the seat shell for preventing the female fastener from falling through the aperture in the seat shell

E. Having An Aperture (8iii)
The word "aperture" is used in the '582 patent a number of times:
 col. 2, ll 17-18 ("a female member having a head portion having an aperture therethrough")
 col. 2, 11. 30-31 ("the legs of the female member are inserted into the retaining washer aperture")
 col. 3, ll 18-24 ("a head portion adapted to span the seat shell aperture thereby preventing the fastener from passing through the seat shell aperture into the inner portion of the seat shell, the head portion of the female fastener having an aperture therethrough and two spaced apart, resilient leg portions extending therefrom")

*774  col. 7, ll 7-9 ("the stud can be inserted through the aperture anywhere along its permissible length")
 col. 7, ll 43-45 ("head is sufficiently long to span aperture, female fastener cannot pass through aperture")
 col. 7, ll 57-58 ("female fastener will remain within shell aperture")
There are additional references to "an aperture" in the Summary of the Invention and in the Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment which describe a structure or portions of structure of the fastener system as an "aperture" in like fashion. Clearly "aperture" is used to describe an opening or hole in a structural element. This construction is consistent with the dictionary definition. For example, Funk & Wagnall's Standard College Dictionary (1973) (the one immediately at hand) defines aperture as "an opening, orifice, hole, cleft."
This word is to be construed as follows:
an opening or a hole

F. Extending Therefrom (9iv)
The phrase "extending therefrom" describes the direction of the two spaced apart and resilient leg portions of the head portion. The legs are displayed in Fig. 7 as 76 and 78. They are an integral part of the head portion of the female fastener 46 at one end, and extend downwardly from it through the seat shell aperture 38. The specification describes them in col. 7, ll 45-47 as follows:
Resilient legs 76, 78 pass through aperture 38 and extend into inner portion of seat shell 14.
There is no ambiguity in the phrase. It simply describes the direction in which the legs point, i.e., downwardly, from the head portion of the female fastener through the seat shell aperture into the inner portion of the seat shell.
The phrase is to be construed as follows:
The downward direction of the leg portion of the head portion.

G. Adapted to Engage (10v)
The parties agree that this phrase is to be construed as follows:
The resilient leg portions are positioned such that they come into physical contact with the stud body to retain it, when the stud is inserted within the head portion aperture

H. Engages Said Engaging Surface (11vi)
The parties agree that this phrase is to be construed as follows:
The head portion of the female fastener is in physical contact with the engaging surface of the seat shell

I. A First Axis Parallel to Said Engaging Surface of Said Seat Shell (12vii)
The "first axis" are the directions which the female fastener including its leg portion can move. The directions are shown on Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 as 92 and described in col. 6, ll 59-64 as follows:
Now referring to FIGS. 7 and 8, female fastener 46 is movable along a first axis 92 by virtue of the fact that the distance 94 between resilient legs 76, 78 is less than opening 96 of aperture 38 along first axis 92. This dimensional difference between aperture 38 and resilient leg spacing 94 gives rise to tolerance gaps 98, 100.
The movement is designed to accommodate any possible misalignment of the bottom insert and the shell. Each has an opening and the openings must line up. See col. 6, ll 64-68:
Gap 98, 100 define the permissible range in which female fastener 46 may float along axis 92 in order to accommodate *775 any misalignment between insert 20 and aperture 38 of shell 14.
While the phrase really needs no interpretation it can be rephrased as follows:
The axis which is perpendicular to the legs which extend from the head portion.

J. A Retaining Member (13e)

1. Overview
This phrase is the key element of claim 6 which divides the parties. Freedman Seating devotes eleven pages in its revised brief to its construction, while ASC in its response devotes nine pages in its brief.
The retaining member has as its function to keep the female fastener in place and to allow it, including its legs, to selfalign in attaching the seat insert to the seat shell. What divides the parties is whether Claim 6 calls for a one piece structure overall or for a two piece structure as displayed in Freedman's drawing of an embodiment of Claim 6 reduced to practice. See p. 8 supra.
Essentially Freedman argues the retaining member must be two pieces while ASC says that the retaining member need not be a separate structure, and can be part of the overall structure of the female fastener. As explained below, Freedman has the better of the argument when the teachings of the specification are examined together with the claim language and in light of the file history.

2. Evidence from the Patent

a.
The specification requires access to both sides of the seat shell in order to engage the legs of the female fastener, col. 9, 11 19-30:
Also, although reference has been made throughout the text to the "insert" being fastened to the "seat shell," it is to be understood that the fastener of the present invention is not limited to use in any one particular application, but rather is truly a general purpose type fastener and, accordingly can be used, for example, for fastening a decorative panel to a wall divider frame (as shown in FIG. 11), a seat cushion to seat a frame (as shown in FIG. 12) or in any other application where a first member must be fastened to a second member, wherein the second member is accessible from both sides.
The specification requires the fastener to accommodate varying thicknesses of a seat shell, col. 1, ll 48-52:
It is also desirable, in some applications, to have a fastener which possesses a plurality of locking positions. Such a fastener may be used in applications where the thickness of material located between the two fastener halves is uncertain or subject to wide variation.
The specification calls for separate fastening components to avoid the need to remove the entire fastener and discard it before a new one is installed, col. 1, ll 53-61:
[I]t is often desirable to have a fastener with replaceable parts, especially those parts which tend to wear quickly. In such a case, if the wear prone parts are field replaceable, they can be serviced in the field. In cases where the fastener is not constructed with serviceable parts, the entire fastener, or perhaps the fastener and associated members, must be removed and discarded and new ones installed.
In other words, the fastener must have field replaceable components, col. 2, ll 1-3:
It is yet an additional object of this invention to provide a fastener which has field replaceable components, especially those components which are prone to wear.
*776 The specification states that the retaining member gives the female fastener realignment capability, col. 3, ll 42-54:
the retaining member allowing the female fastener to move along the first axis, whereby when the seat insert is placed adjacent the seat shell and the stud fastener is passed through the female fastener aperture and between the resilient legs, and whereby any substantial imbalance along the first axis between the resilient forces of the legs against the stud body will cause the female fastener to move along the first axis in the direction which substantially balances the resilient forces exerted by the legs on the stud body, thereby aligning the female fastener with the male fastener, and whereby the engagement of the legs and the stud body acts to fasten the seat insert to the seat shell.
Claim 6 also states this, col. 11, ll 30-31:
said retaining member allowing said female fastener to move along said first axis.
Only a retaining structure separate from the structure of the female fastener including its legs can meet all of the above requirements.

b.
Additionally, the functioning of the retaining member calls for a separate structure. The retaining member when it engages (or comes into contact) with the legs keeps the female fastener in place, col. 2, ll 39-45, by preventing it from being pulled out:
the retaining washer engaging end of each leg passes completely through the retaining washer aperture thereby being released from their compressed position and causing the retaining washer engaging end of each leg to engage the second side of the retaining washer thereby retaining the female fastener in the aperture of the second member . . .
while at the same time allowing for some movement, col. 3, ll 34-42:
such that the female fastener is permitted to move within the seat shell aperture along a first axis parallel to the engaging surface of the seat shell, a retaining member adapted to reside in the inner portion of the seat shell and engage the legs of the female fastener thereby preventing the female fastener from being pulled out of the seat shell aperture . . .
and col. 7, ll 47-59:
While retaining female portion 46 in this position, aperture 51 of retaining clip 50 is placed around resilient legs 76, 78 and pushed thereon. This pushing force compresses legs 76, 78 towards one another until aperture 51 of retaining clips 50 passes over spurs 54 wherein the legs 76, 78 resiliently spring outwardly assuming their normal position and spurs 84 engage outer surface 90 of retaining clip 50 thereby preventing female fastener 46 from pulling out 88 of shell apertures 38. While washer 50 is retained by spurs 84, it can be seen that female fastener 46 will remain within shell aperture 38. The final step is to insert studs 26 over apertures 102 of their respective female fasteners 46.

c.
There are additional reasons from a reading of the specifications for construing a retaining member to call for a structure separate from the female fastener including the legs. This is made clear by the manner in which the '583 patent uses the phrases retaining member, retaining washer and retaining clip interchangeably.
The Abstract describes "a clip on the opposite side of the panel for retaining the female fastener in the aperture."
The Summary of the Invention describes "a stud engaging end and a retaining *777 washer engaging end", col. 2, II 21-22 and "a retaining washer having first and second sides, col. 2, II 25-26 and retaining washer", col. 2, II 23-36.
The Summary of the Invention describes the invention "provid[ing] a self-insert fastening system," col. 3, l 7-8. The phrase retaining member is described as the structure which allows movement of the female fastener in the aperture as well as prevents the female fastener from being pulled out of the shell aperture, see col. 3, II 38-41. This is clearly the same structure as the referenced washer earlier described.
In the Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment, we find the phrases "retaining clips (or washers) 48, 50," col. 5, II 11-12; "washer 50 (or retainer)," col. 6, I 29; "retaining clip 50," col. 7, II 48, 51, 54; "washer (or retainer) which has previously been described," col. 8, II 39-40, used interchangeably.
Clearly, this variable use calls for the washer as a separate structure; and therefore the retainer, which is a synonymous structure, must also be a separate structure.

d.
Lastly, it is clear from a reading of Claim 6 and in light of Claim 1 that a two piece structure is called:
Claim 1 which describes the invention of the '582 patent as a
self-aligning fastener system for attaching a first member to a second member
calls for a "retaining washer" throughout.
Claim 6 which describes the invention in a more limited way
a seat insert fastening system, for fastening an insert to a seating portion of a seat shell
calls for a "retaining member."
The two structures have identical functions. Claim 6 is more narrowly directed than Claim 1. The structure of the retaining member of Claim 6 is no broader or different than the retaining member of Claim 1.
Arguing claim differential is of no moment. Two claims with different terminologies can (and here do) define the same subject matter. Hormone Research Foundation v. Genentech, Inc., 904 F.2d 1558, 1567, n. 15 (Fed.Cir.1990).

2. Evidence from the File History
Up to now in construing the phrase retaining element, the Court has considered only the language from the patent, with particular emphasis on the specification. Consideration of the file history of the '582 patent is in order because it was the applicant's response to the examiner's rejection which conclusively establishes a finding that the applicant expressly disclaimed coverage of the retaining member being an integral part of the female fastener.
In the Office Action of January 7, 1992, Claim 6 in its present form was rejected with the examiner stating in part:
It would have been obvious at the time the invention was made to a person having ordinary skill in the art to have substituted a resilient retaining washer for the work piece b of Tinnerman '148 as taught by Carr to allow some flexing between the attached members a and c.
The applicant responded in part as follows:
. . . The Examiner further states that it would have been obvious at the time the invention was made to a person having ordinary skill in the art to have substituted a resilient retaining washer for the work piece b of Tinnerman '148 as taught by Carr to allow some flexing between the attachment members a and c.
Two purposes are served by use of washer 9 in the Carr reference. First, it is used to hold nut member 3 in assembly *778 with Metzel part 1 (page 1, lines 23-66) and secondly it is used to grip the walls surrounding the aperture 2 within supporting part 1 (lines 79-83). However, both of the above-referenced functions of washer 9 are served by retaining elements 16 in Tinnerman. Retaining elements 16 function to maintain work pieces a, b in proper assembled relation while also locking the clip in its position prior to attachment (see page 2, lines 7-17). Thus, there would be no motivation to add the washer of Carr '367 to the fastener of Tinnerman '148 in that it merely duplicates a function which is already present in the fastener. In the present invention, washer 90 serves the purpose of allowing female fastener portion 46 to float within aperture 38 thereby giving the fastener of the present invention its self aligning attributes. Accordingly, there is no motivation to combine the washer as taught by Carr with the fastener as taught by Tinnerman. Carr does not teach the use of a washer in a way which allows the fastener to float within an aperture. There is no motivation to combine the washer of Carr to the fastener of Tinnerman to produce a selfaligning fastener inasmuch as neither Carr nor Tinnerman teaches the advantages of a self-aligning fastener.
Tinnerman, U.S. Patent No. 2,303,148, describes a nut fastened installation. It calls for a unitary restraining structure integral with a female fastener. All of this is described in col. 2, II 34-57 which need not be recited here because all this is shown in Fig. 1 and particularly Fig. 4 of Tinnerman.
Carr, U.S. Patent No. 1,646,367, covers a nut and screw fastener and shows a dishshaped washer 9 which is "snapped over the head of the nut to hold it in the assembly," col. 2, II 56-58.
To combine Tinnerman with Carr as suggested by the examiner would result in non-integrated two pieces functioning to retain the fastener and integrated legs in place.
The applicant argued against the two pieces retainer resulting from a combination of Tinnerman and Carr because these were all really the two pieces called for by Claim 6. This is what was meant by the statement in the response:
Thus, there would be no motivation to add the washer of Carr '367 to the fastener of Tinnerman '148 in that it merely duplicates a function which is already present in the fastener.
ASC cannot reclaim subject matter which was disclaimed. See Rhodia Chimie v. PPG Ind., Inc., 402 F.3d 1371, 1384 (Fed.Cir.2005). As stated in Freedman Seating's Revised Responsive Claim Construction Brief at p. 25:
Clearly, ASC argued during prosecution that the structure taught by the prior art Tinnerman patentnamely, a onepiece female fastener having an integral structure which first "locks" the fastener into position within an aperture from one, not two sides of access, by "gripping" the walls surrounding the aperture, and which secondly carried its own, integrated, stud-receiver (a threaded nut)was patentably distinct fro the two-piece structure claimed by ASC, including claim 6, which requires a separate "retaining washer" to maintain the fastener in position within the aperture. Simply put, ASC argued that its invention did not encompass a female fastener that was maintained within an aperture without the use of a separate "retaining member."

3. Construction
The phrase "retaining member" is construed as follows:

*779 A structural element separate and distinct from the female fastener adapted to come into physical contact with the legs of the female fastener to restrain the position of the head portion on the outer portion of the seat shell

K Engage (13i)
In the context of Claim 6, engage means come in contact with or attach to, to the extent there is any ambiguity in the word.
The phrase is to be construed as follows:
come in contact with or attach to

L. Said Retaining Member Allowing Said Female Fastener to Move Along Said First Axis (14ii)
It is not clear why Freedman identified this phrase as ambiguous and why ASC did not say the phrase needs no construction and that its meaning is self-evident. This phrase states the purpose of the retaining member, previously described, and its function, previously described, and the manner in which the functions perform. Obviously the female fastener must be held in place to assure fastening and because of possible misalignment some play is possible and that play is kept to a perpendicular movement, previously described. There is no need to construe this phrase.

M. Engagement Of (17h)
While Exhibit A states a slight difference between ASC's construction of the phrase "engagement of" and Freedman's construction, ASC in its Reply to Freedman Seating's Revised Responsive Claim Construction Brief says it agrees with Freedman's construction. Therefore the phrase is to be construed as follows:
The resilient legs of the head portion comes into physical contact with the position of the stud body

V. CONCLUSION
The 13 words and phrases identified by Freedman have been construed as above. These constructions will govern the further course of the case. Should either a motion for summary judgment or the evidence at trial call for reconsideration, after the structure of the fastening system of the Angel Seat assembly is fully explored, a different construction might obtain.
It has taken some time for this decision to be completed, largely because of the number of words and phrases identified as ambiguous, and because the order of argument in the parties' briefs were not coordinated.
The deputy clerk will schedule a conference to discuss the future course of the case.
SO ORDERED.

                                                                Exhibit A
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      CLAIM LANGUAGE                         AMERICAN                       FREEDMAN
      (Ambiguous                             SEATING'S                      SEATING'S
      language is                            PROPOSED                       PROPOSED                         COURT'S CLAIM
      underscored/bolded)                    CONSTRUCTION                   CONSTRUCTION                     CONSTRUCTION
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      1. 6. A seat insert fastening
         system, for fastening an
         insert to a seating portion
         of a seat shell, said system
         comprising:
      2. a) a seat shell for supporting      American Seating agrees        The surface of the seat          The surface of the seat
         a user, said shell having           with Freedman Seating's        shell that comes into            shell that comes into
         an engaging surface                 construction.                  physical contact with the        physical contact with the
         and an inner portion defined                                       seat insert.                     seat insert
*780
         by an inner surface,
         said surfaces connected by
         way of an aperture extending
         therebetween,
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      3. b) a seat insert adapted
         to generally conform to a
         contour of said engaging
         surface of said seat shell,
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      4. c) a stud fastener attached
         to said seat insert and
         having an elongated body
         portion extending from a
         surface of said seat insert,
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      5. d) a female fastener                A fastener with a recess       A structure that restrainably    A structure, female in
                                             that receives a male           receives the                     form, that receive a
                                             counterpart.                   stud fastener to secure          stud, male in form, which
                                                                            the insert in engagement         together along with other
                                                                                                             elements, secures the
                                                                                                             insert to the seat
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  i)  6. i) having a head portion            The upper part of the          An uninterrupted flange          The upper part of the female
                                             female fastener.               positioned on the engaging       fastener fashioned
                                                                            surface of the seat              in a manner to prevent it
                                                                            shell.                           seat shell
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 ii)  7. adapted to span said seat           The head portion extends       Freedman Seating accepts         The head portion extends
         shell aperture, thereby             entirely over or               American Seating's               entirely over or
         preventing said fastener            across the aperture in         proposed construction.           across the aperture in
         from passing through said           the seat shell for preventing                                   the seat shell for preventing
         seat shell aperture and             the female                                                      the female
         into said inner portion of          fastener from falling                                           fastener from falling
         said seat shell,                    through the aperture in                                         through the aperture in
                                             the seat shell.                                                 the seat shell
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iii)  8. said head portion having            The head portion of the        The uninterrupted flange         An opening or a hole
         an aperture therethrough            female fastener has an         defines an encircled aperture
         and                                 aperture, which is any         therethrough.
                                             hole, slit, crack, or gap.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      9. iv) two spaced apart, resilient     Two head portion of the        The leg portions emanate         The downward direction
         leg portions extending              arranged to lie in a common    from, and are                    of the leg portion of the
         therefrom in a common               direction away from            intergral with, the head         head portion
         direction and encircling a          the head portion and to        portion of the female fastener
         longitudinal axis of said           encircle a longitudinal        at one end, and extend                                                                       the head portion and to
                                             axis of the aperture in        downwardly therefrom
                                             the head portion.              through the seat
                                                                            shell aperture, into the
                                                                            inner portion of the seat
                                                                            shell.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 v)  10. said resilient legs adapted         American Seating agrees        The resilient leg portions       The resilient leg portions
         to engage said stud body            with Freedman Seating's        are positioned such that         are positioned such that
         and resiliently retain said         construction.                  they come into physical          they come into physical
         body,                                                              contact with the stud            contact with the stud
                                                                            body to retian it, when          body to retain it, when
                                                                            the stud is inserted             the stud is inserted
                                                                            within the head portion          within the head portion
                                                                            aperture.                        aperture
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     11. vi) said head portion of            American Seating agrees        The head portion of the          The head portion of the
         said female fastener adapted        with Freedman's                female fastener is in            feamel fastener is in
         to engage said seat                 Seating's construction.        physical contact with the        physical contract with the
         shell in the vicinity of said                                      engaging surface of the          engaging surface of the
         seat shell aperture such                                           seat shell.                      seat shell
         that said head portion
         engages said engaging
         surface of said seat shell
         and spans said seat shell
         aperture,
*781
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vii) 12. wherein said leg portions           The direction defined by       The axis which is                The axis which is
         extend through said seat            any imbalance in the           perpendicular to the             perpendicular to the legs
         shell aperture and into said        forces applied to the legs     resilient legs.                  which extend from the
         inner portion of said seat          by the stud, which aligns                                       head portion
         shell, said leg portions            the fastener with the
         spaced apart relative to            stud.
         said seat shell aperture
         such that said female fastener
         is permitted to move
         within said seat shell aperture
         along a first axis parallel
         to said engaging
         surface of said seat shall,
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     13. e) a retaining member               An element located in          A structural element             A structural element
         adapted to reside in said           the inner portion of the       which is separate and            separate and distinct
         inner portion of said seat          seat                           distinct from the                from the female fastener
         shell.
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         -                                   shell and attached             female fastener, and             adopted to come into
                                             to the legs of the female      which is located in the          physical contact with the
                                             fastener to                    inner portion of the             legs of the female
         -                                   prevent the female             seat shell.                      fastener to restrain the
                                             fastener                                                        position of
         -                                   from being pulled out                                           the head portion on the
                                             of the                                                          outer
         -                                   aperture in the seat                                            portion of the seat shell
                                             shell.
         i) and engage said legs of                                         The retaining member is          Come in contact with or
         said female fastener thereby                                       adapted to come into             attach to
         preventing said female                                             physical contact with the
         fastener from being pulled                                         legs of the female fastener
         out of said seat shell                                             to restrain the position
         aperture,                                                          of the head portion
                                                                            on the outer portion of
                                                                            the seat shell.
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ii)  14. said retaining member               The retaining member           The retaining member             This element speaks for
         allowing said female                permits the female fastener    holds the female fastener        itself
         fastener to move along              to move in the direction       in place while permitting
         said first axis.                    of any imbalance               the female fastener to
                                             in the forces applied to       move along the first axis.
                                             the legs by the stud.
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     15. f) whereby when said seat
         insert is placed adjacent
         said seat shell and said
         elongated body portion of
         said stud fastener is
         passed through said female
         fastener aperture and between
         said resilient legs,
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     16. g) any substantial imbalance
         along said first axis
         between said resilient
         forces of said legs against
         said stud body will cause
         said female fastener to
         move along said first axis
         in a direction which substantially
         balances the resilient
         forces exerted by
         said legs on said stud
         body, thereby aligning said
         female fastener with said
         stud member, and
*782
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     17. h) whereby said engagement          The resilient legs of the      The resilient legs of the        The resilient legs of the
         of said legs and said               head portion come into         head portion come into           head portion comes into
         stud body acts to fasten to         physical contact with the      physical contact with the        physical contact with the
         (sic) said seat insert to           stud body to fasten the        stud body to restrain the        position of the stud body
         said seat shell.                    insert to the seat shell.      position of the stud body.
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NOTES
[1]  Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc., 517 U.S. 370, 116 S. Ct. 1384, 134 L. Ed. 2d 577 (1996).
[2]  As to "aperature," as will be seen, the dictionary was helpful.