Court Opinion

ID: 8405280
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-10-25 20:00:27.348155+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:46:50.519036
License: Public Domain

Appellate Case: 22-6121     Document: 010110758041       Date Filed: 10/25/2022    Page: 1
                                                                                  FILED
                                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                         Tenth Circuit

                              FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                         October 25, 2022
                          _________________________________
                                                                          Christopher M. Wolpert
                                                                              Clerk of Court
  DEMETRIOUS SCOTT NERO,

        Plaintiff - Appellant,

  v.                                                          No. 22-6121
                                                    (D.C. No. 5:22-CV-00370-PRW)
  STATE OF OKLAHOMA,                                         (W.D. Okla.)

        Defendant - Appellee.
                       _________________________________

                              ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                          _________________________________

 Before MORITZ, BRISCOE, and CARSON, Circuit Judges.
                    _________________________________

       Demetrious Nero, an Oklahoma state prisoner proceeding pro se,1 appeals the

 district court’s order dismissing his civil-rights complaint without prejudice. For the

 reasons explained below, we affirm.

       *
          After examining the appellant’s brief and the appellate record, this panel has
 determined unanimously to honor the appellant’s request for a decision on the brief
 without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
 therefore submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
 precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
 estoppel. But it may be cited for its persuasive value. See Fed. R. App. P. 32.1(a);
 10th Cir. R. 32.1(A).
        1
          We liberally construe Nero’s pro se filings, but we will not act as his
 advocate. James v. Wadas, 724 F.3d 1312, 1315 (10th Cir. 2013).
Appellate Case: 22-6121    Document: 010110758041         Date Filed: 10/25/2022      Page: 2

                                       Background

       Earlier this year, Nero sued the State of Oklahoma in federal court, alleging

 that an Oklahoma statute suspending state prisoners’ civil rights, Okla. Stat. tit. 21,

 § 65, violates the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. As relief,

 Nero asked the district court to declare that his “civil rights [were] retained even as a

 state prisoner” and to award him $35,000 in damages “for the [allegedly

 unconstitutional] suspension of [his] civil rights” under the Oklahoma statute. R. 11

 (capitalization standardized). He asserted that jurisdiction was proper under the

 Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2201.

       Before service on the State, a magistrate judge granted Nero leave to proceed

 in forma pauperis (IFP) under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a) and screened his complaint under

 § 1915(e)(2)(B) and 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a). The magistrate judge construed the

 complaint as advancing claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for constitutional violations

 and recommended dismissal on sovereign-immunity grounds. Nero objected to this

 recommendation, asserting that he brought claims under § 2201, not § 1983, and that

 the Eleventh Amendment does not bar claims for declaratory relief.

       The district court reviewed the recommendation de novo and adopted it in part.

 The district court agreed with the magistrate judge that if it construed Nero’s

 complaint as asserting claims under § 1983, the State would be entitled to Eleventh

 Amendment immunity. But the district court observed that Nero “specifically

 declined” to rely on § 1983. R. 31. Nevertheless, the district court dismissed the

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Appellate Case: 22-6121    Document: 010110758041        Date Filed: 10/25/2022     Page: 3

 complaint without prejudice because the Declaratory Judgment Act—the only statute

 Nero invoked—does not provide an independent federal cause of action.

       Nero now appeals. Our review is de novo. See Kay v. Bemis, 500 F.3d 1214,

 1217 (10th Cir. 2007) (reviewing § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) dismissal for failure to state a

 claim de novo).2

                                         Analysis

       On appeal, Nero concedes that his request for money damages is barred by the

 Eleventh Amendment. But he believes that, despite this “hiccup,” his complaint

 asserts a valid claim under the Declaratory Judgment Act because declaratory relief is

 prospective in nature. Aplt. Br. at 2 (capitalization standardized). As a result, Nero

 says, the district court should not have dismissed his complaint; it should have

 simply “struck or ignored” the complaint’s request for damages. Id. at 3

 (capitalization standardized).

       But disregarding Nero’s request for money damages does not save his

 complaint. As the district court explained, the Declaratory Judgment Act does not

 provide an independent federal cause of action. See Skelly Oil Co. v. Phillips Petrol.

 Co., 339 U.S. 667, 671–74 (1950) (describing “limited procedural purpose of the

 Declaratory Judgment Act”). It merely empowers a court “[i]n a case of actual

       2
         It is somewhat unclear whether the district court dismissed for failure to state
 a claim, given that it also mentioned lack of subject-matter jurisdiction and Eleventh
 Amendment immunity. But this lack of clarity makes no difference to our standard of
 review, which is de novo for each of these issues. See Lindstrom v. United States,
 510 F.3d 1191, 1193 (10th Cir. 2007) (lack of subject-matter jurisdiction); Colby v.
 Herrick, 849 F.3d 1273, 1276 (10th Cir. 2017) (Eleventh Amendment immunity).
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 controversy within its jurisdiction” to “declare the rights and other legal relations of

 any interested party seeking such declaration, whether or not further relief is or could

 be sought.” § 2201(a). In other words, the Act “enlarge[s] the range of remedies

 available in the federal courts,” Skelly Oil Co., 339 U.S. at 671, but it leaves

 “substantive rights unchanged,” Beacon Theatres, Inc. v. Westover, 359 U.S. 500,

 509 (1959).

       To maintain an action for a declaratory judgment, then, Nero must assert a

 valid federal cause of action—one that exists independent of any request for

 declaratory relief. But Nero identifies none. In the district court, he invoked § 2201

 only and expressly disavowed an intent to rely on § 1983. And on appeal, he

 continues to rely solely on § 2201.

       Even if, despite this disavowal, we liberally construed Nero’s complaint as one

 brought under § 1983, we agree with the district court that § 1983 would not supply

 the requisite federal cause of action. Section 1983 provides a private right of action

 against “any person who, under color of state law, deprives another of rights

 protected by the Constitution.” Ellis ex rel. Ellis Est. v. Ogden City, 589 F.3d 1099,

 1101 (10th Cir. 2009). But the State—the only defendant named in the complaint—is

 not a “person” subject to suit under § 1983. Will v. Mich. Dep’t of State Police, 491

 U.S. 58, 64 (1989). Moreover, the Eleventh Amendment bars suit against the State

 “regardless of the nature of the relief sought.” Pennhurst State Sch. & Hosp. v.

 Halderman, 465 U.S. 89, 100–01 (1984); see also Higganbotham v. Oklahoma ex rel.

 Okla. Transp. Comm’n, 328 F.3d 638, 644 (10th Cir. 2003) (explaining that

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Appellate Case: 22-6121    Document: 010110758041        Date Filed: 10/25/2022    Page: 5

 “Eleventh Amendment immunity squarely applies” when plaintiff sues “state and its

 agencies seeking declaratory and injunctive relief”). Accordingly, the district court

 properly dismissed Nero’s complaint.

                                      Conclusion

       Because the district court did not err in dismissing Nero’s complaint, we

 affirm. As a final matter, we deny Nero’s motion to proceed IFP on appeal because

 he has not asserted “a reasoned, nonfrivolous argument” in support of his position.

 Lister v. Dep’t of Treasury, 408 F.3d 1309, 1312 (10th Cir. 2005).

                                             Entered for the Court

                                             Nancy L. Moritz
                                             Circuit Judge

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