Court Opinion

ID: 8185572
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-09 23:08:00.578902+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:40:24.195740
License: Public Domain

MaRSiiall, J.
Counsel for the appellant claim that the learned circuit judge erred in not nonsuiting the plaintiff, because the contract of insurance prohibits any suit other than to enforce payment of an award of arbitrators, except upon the refusal of the association to arbitrate. The contract was clearly so worded as to require all questions between the association and the assured to be, at its option, settled by arbitration, and to thereby wholly oust the court of jurisdiction over every part of the subject of liability and the amount thereof as well. On grounds of public policy, all agreements between parties to submit the whole subject *395matter of their differences to arbitration, wholly stipulating away the rights of each or either party to resort to the tribunals created by the law of the land for- a determination of such differences, are void, and have been uniformly so held. Hamilton v. Liverpool, L. & G. Ins. Co. 136 U. S. 242; May, Ins. § 492; Leach v. Republic F. Ins. Co. 58 N. H. 245. Agreements to arbitrate special matters, such as, under an insurance policy, the amount of the loss, something that does not go to the whole groundwork of the controversy, have been as universally sustained. Viney v. Bignold, 20 Q. B. Div. 172; Scott v. Avery, 5 H. L. Cas. 811; Delaware & H. H. Canal Co. v. Pennsylvania Coal Co. 50 N. Y. 250; Reed v. Washington F. & M. Ins. Co. 138 Mass. 572; Wolff v. Liverpool & L. & G. Ins. Co. 50 N. J. Law, 453; Hall v. Norwalk F. Ins. Co. 57 Conn. 105. It is not here contended, as we understand it, that the contract in question belongs to the first class, or that a general provision requiring the whole subject of a controversy to be submitted to arbitration can ordinarily be sustained, but it is contended that such contract is of a class which forms an exception to the general rule, because, as said by counsel for appellant, the association is purely a mutual company; that its contracts are between certificate holders; and that any inexpensive method they may see fit to adopt to settle their differences should be upheld. No authority is brought to our attention to support such contention, and we may safely say that none exists, and that there is no reasonable theory upon which it can rest. There is no exception to the rule that parties cannot wholly deprive themselves, by contract, of the right to resort to the courts of the country to settle controversies between them; hence it necessarily follows that the ruling of the trial court that the arbitration clause in the certificate under consideration was void at the election of either of the parties must be sustained.
Error is assigned on the refusal of the trial court to set *396• aside the answers to questions 4, 5, 6, and 7, as contrary to the evidence. The idea of appellant’s counsel is that, from the location of the mill and the general nature of the business, the assured was a lumberman in the woods, and that the fact should have been so found. The questions were peculiarly for the jury, and we see no reasons to disturb' their findings. To be sure, the mill the deceased was overseeing was in the woods, and was a small, portable affair, located temporarily some distance from the main business in which the deceased was engaged, for use in cutting into lumber logs taken from a small tract of land there situate, for transportation to the Waupaca factory. But the question is not, necessarily, whether the sawmill enterprise was essentially a part of the Waupaca business, but is rather, What was the occupation deceased was engaged in when he was injured, and, if different from that named in the certificate, was it one classified by the association as more hazardous than the one so named? Certainly there is evidence to sustain the finding that the deceased was a mill owner, superintending only. It will serve-no valuable purpose to recite the evidence in that regard. Suffice it to say that it is ample to support the verdict. A sawmill is such, whether great or small. Neither its size, nor the place of its location, determines its character. A mill in a settled community obviously does not change its character because located in the timber at a distance from town, city, or village.
Error is assigned on the instruction given to the jury to the effect that, if they determined the occupation the deceased was engaged in when injured by an affirmative answer to one of the questions, they must necessarily answer the other questions on that subject in the negative, as he could have had but one occupation in that place at that time. Such instruction appears to be free from error. The deceased had been overseeing the business of operat*397ing the mill in the woods, and the work incident to it, exclusively for about three months. Therefore, when the jury determined what that occupation was from the evidence, they could not consistently say it was any other. A finding in the affirmative as to one question in effect operated to negative all the rest on the same subject.
It was also assigned for error that the trial court overruled defendant’s motion for the direction of a verdict in plaintiff’s ‘favor for $1,000. That has been, in effect, disposed of by what has preceded, unless the fact be that the assured was injured through an exposure outside of the occupation mentioned in the contract as found by the jui’y, and that such mere u exposure” affects the degree of liability. The contract says: “If the assured is injured in any •occupation or exposure classified by the association as more hazardous than that here given, his insurance and weekly indemnity shall only be so much as the premiums paid by him will purchase at the rates fixed for such increased hazard.” By the scheme of insurance under which the contract in question was made, acts and exposures were not classified; ■occupations were. The term “ exposure ” does not appear, on that account, to have any particular legal significance, if ■any. The classification was solely of occupations. The question here presented has been repeatedly before the courts, .and it has been uniformly held that a particular exposure under such a contract of insurance, though not in pursuit of, aud as a part of, the business or occupation mentioned in the certificate, is not material to affect the liability of the assurer. In Miller v. Travelers’ Ins. Co. 39 Minn. 548, the assured was named in the certificate as a banker, which was •one of the least hazardous of occupations. He was injured when carelessly endeavoring to board a railroad train. The policy contained a provision to the effect that, in case of an injury to the insured from any occupation or exposure clas.sified by the company as more hazardous than that stated *398in the policy, the indemnity rating should be correspondingly reduced. The court held that the words “ occupation ” or “ exposure ” referred exclusively to classified occupations, and that the mere act of the assured in exposing himself to an increased hazard, not in an occupation or business, did not affect the liability of the company. To the same effect are Hall v. Am. M. Acc. Asso. 86 Wis. 518; North Am. L. & Ago. Ins. Co. v. Burroughs, 69 Pa. St. 43; Stone's Adm'r v. U. S. Casualty Co. 34 N. J. Law, 375; Union Mut. Acc. Asso. v. Frohard, 134 Ill. 228; Niblack, Ben. Soc. & Acc. Ins. § 413. Such cases are distinguishable from those where the assured was temporarily actually engaged in a more hazardous business than the one designated in his certificate, as in Aldrich v. Mercantile M. Acc. Asso. 149 Mass. 457; also from those where the contract, in effect, provided that the doing of an act pertaining to an oooupation more hazardous should reduce the liability of the assurer to the indemnity corresponding to such more hazardous occupation. Eggenberger v. Guarantee M. Acg. Asso. 41 Fed. Rep. 172.
The most serious question in this case is whether, upon the verdict and the undisputed evidence, the plaintiff was entitled to a judgment of $3,000. To determine such question we must necessarily look to the contract, and see what that was at the time the deceased was injured. That seems to have been lost sight of in the court below, or, otherwise, that the contract was construed to provide that the indemnity should be determined by the occupation of the assured at the time of the injury, whether classified as more or less hazardous than that named in the certificate. It is quite clear that the appellant’s scheme of insurance contemplated, as to each certificate holder, a contract locating such certificate holder in a particular class, and specifying, as nearly as practicable, his actual occupation; not necessai’ily an occupation corresponding exactly to a classified risk. In the absence of any change of occupation to one classified as *399more hazardous than the one classified by the certificate, the class named therein, not the occupation, governs the indemnity rating. The occupation becomes significant only in case of a change to one classified as more hazardous than that named in the certificate, or classified thereby. The happening of such an event, without any other act on the part of the assured, or modification of the written contract, changes his location from the higher to the lower class. Whether' the occupation named in the contract, and therein placed in a particular class, corresponds substantially with an occupation classified by the rules of the company or not, any change to one not so classified, and as more hazardous, does not affect the liability of the assurer. The clause of the contract in that regard is self-acting in respect to the assurer in one direction only. It may locate the assured, by reason of his conduct alone, in a lower class than the one named in. the certificate, but not in a higher. So the important question is, In what class was the assured, by his contract, at the time of his injury? To determine that, reference must be had to what passed between the association and the deceased, after the certificate was changed from class 1 to class 2.
It is our opinion that the letter of the assured of April 30, 1892, notifying the company that he had changed his occupation from that of mill owner, overseeing only, to mill owner, etc., occupation salesman and supervisor of yard and mill, with occasional duties to operate machines in the factory for an hour or two at a time, and the reply to such communication, sent by the association to the assured May 9, 1892, that he had been changed from class 2 to class 3, occupation salesman and general supervisor of lumber mill and yard, not working, as effectually modified, the contract as if the change had been actually written into the certificate. The notification given to the association, and the reply thereto, together with the certificate, became the con*400tract, and so continued down to the time of the accident, and was binding between the parties to fix the amount of indemnity in the absence of proof of a change of occupation so as to reduce the assured to a lower class than class 3. Therefore, notwithstanding the verdict, and taking all the facts as found by the jury to be verities in the case, they did not change the written contract, which indisputably entitled plaintiff to $2,000 only. The fact that by the contract the deceased was in class 3 being established by undisputed evidence, for the purposes of this appeal such fact must be treated as if actually incorporated in the special verdict. Murphey v. Weil, 89 Wis. 146. So the verdict stands, in effect, thus: The deceased, when injured, was insured by the terms of the writteh contract in class 8; death indemnity, $2,000. Ilis actual occupation, when injured, was that of mill owner, overseeing only. It was not an occupation classified as more hazardous than that named in the certificate.
It follows from what has preceded that the verdict of the jury is not sufficient to sustain the judgment rendered. Hence such judgment must be reversed, and the cause remanded for a'new trial, unless the plaintiff elects to take judgment for $2,000, with interest and costs.
By the Court.— So ordered.