Court Opinion

ID: 4554591
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-08-11 16:01:47.086961+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:26:18.301037
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                            No. 15-1016V
                                    Filed Under Seal: July 27, 2020
                                     Reissued: August 11, 2020 *
                                      NOT FOR PUBLICATION

 MARYELLEN KOTTENSTETTE and
 NICHOLAS KOTTENSTETTE, as best
 friends of their daughter (CK),

                     Petitioners,                          Keywords: Vaccine; Motion
                                                           for Review; Althen Test;
 v.                                                        Infantile Spasms; DTaP
                                                           Vaccine; DPT Vaccine
 SECRETARY OF HEALTH AND
 HUMAN SERVICES,

                     Respondent.

John F. McHugh, Law Office of John McHugh, New York, New York, for the petitioners.

Camille Michelle Collett with Voris Edward Johnson, Torts Branch, Civil Division, U.S.
Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for the defendant.

                         MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

HERTLING, Judge

        For vaccine injuries not already recognized in the Department of Health and Human
Service’s Vaccine Injury Table, a petitioner must prove that the vaccine (1) “can” cause and (2)
“did” cause the injury. See Pafford v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 451 F.3d at 1352, 1355-
56 (Fed. Cir. 2006). The petitioners’ daughter, C.K., suffers from severe psychomotor regression
attributed to a seizure disorder called “infantile spasms.” The petitioners observed C.K.’s first
seizure ten hours after C.K. had received the combined vaccine for diphtheria, tetanus and
pertussis (the “DTaP” vaccine) at her four-month wellness exam. The petitioners argue that the

      *
     Pursuant to Vaccine Rule 18(b), this opinion was initially filed under seal, and the parties
were afforded 14 days after the filing of this opinion within which to notify the court of any
information that should be redacted from this decision for reasons of privilege or confidentiality.
The parties did not propose any redactions. Accordingly, this opinion is reissued in its original
form for posting on the Court’s website.
DTaP vaccine “can” cause infantile spasms by lowering the threshold for a seizure to occur, and
that it “did” trigger the early onset of C.K.’s infantile spasms at an age when the seizures would
be most damaging to C.K.’s brain.

        The most recent decision on the petitioners’ claim, issued by Special Master Horner
following remand by this Court, denied the petitioners compensation, finding insufficient
evidence that the DTaP vaccine caused the onset of C.K.’s infantile spasms. 1 Kottenstette v.
HHS, No. 15-1016 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. June 2, 2020) [hereinafter Decision on Remand],
https://ecf.cofc.uscourts.gov/cgi-bin/show_public_doc?2015vv1016-142-0. The petitioners
move for review of that decision. The Court denies the motion for review and sustains the
Special Master’s decision.

I.       BACKGROUND

         The Court reviews first the details of C.K.’s injury and then the history of this case.

         A.     DTaP Vaccination and Seizure Disorder

         C.K. received the DTaP vaccine, along with other vaccines, at her four-month wellness
visit in October 2012. That same day, and again four days later, C.K.’s parents observed her
moving her arms, legs, and shoulders in a manner that a treating neurologist consulted by the
petitioners determined was consistent with the “infantile spasms” seizure disorder. The
neurologist treated C.K. with a standard treatment for the disorder, adrenocorticotropic hormone
(“ACTH”).

        At a follow-up visit three weeks later, the petitioners reported some improvement while
C.K. was treated with ACTH, reporting that the seizures were more frequent (three to five per
day) but of shorter duration (one to two minutes). (ECF 9-1 at 10-11.) They reported no
regression in C.K.’s development since the onset of the seizures. (Id. at 11.) During another
follow-up visit, two weeks later, they noted less frequent and less severe seizures, along with
normal development.

        Three-and-a-half months after C.K.’s vaccination and first observed seizure, C.K.
appeared to be suffering progressive brain damage with “less movements and arrested
development with some elements concerning for regression, particularly her head control and
level of interaction.” (ECF 9-2 at 4.) C.K.’s ACTH treatment lasted through early December.
Ms. Kottenstette later testified at the entitlement hearing that C.K. declined rapidly after the
ACTH treatment was stopped. (Id. at 10.) C.K. started and continued having approximately 30
seizures per day lasting between 10 and30 seconds. These seizures did not respond to
medication. (ECF 86-1 at 15.)

     1
    The Court vacated and remanded an earlier decision in this case reached by another special
master, holding that it had applied the wrong legal standard. See Kottenstette v. HHS, No. 15-
1016, 2020 WL 953484 (Fed. Cl. Feb. 12, 2020).

                                                   2
        As of June 2017, C.K. had “physical disabilities that impact her functional mobility,
postural stability, eye-hand coordination, fine motor control, pre-writing skills, and self-care
skills” and “a visual impairment that affects her performance on visually-based activities.”
Decision on Remand at 4 (summarizing medical records). Further, C.K. “can differentiate
sounds and turn her head toward unfamiliar sounds, but she does not yet respond to her name.”
Id. C.K. “does not yet understand any words and does not yet use gestures to communicate.” Id.

       B.      Initial Decision Granting Compensation

        The petitioners filed a petition for compensation in 2015. (ECF 1.) Special Master
Millman held a hearing on entitlement to compensation. At that hearing, petitioner Ms.
Kottenstette, the petitioners’ expert, and the respondent’s expert testified. (See Transcript, ECF
66 [hereinafter cited as “Tr.”] Special Master Millman granted compensation, finding that the
DTaP vaccine was a “substantial cause” of C.K.’s developmental disabilities because the vaccine
hastened the onset of the brain-damaging infantile spasms that C.K. otherwise might only have
experienced later in her development. Kottenstette v. HHS, No. 15-1016, 2017 WL 6601878
(Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Dec. 12, 2017). Special Master Millman thereafter awarded damages on
the basis of her earlier finding of entitlement. Kottenstette v. HHS, 2019 WL 2587395 (Fed. Cl.
Spec. Mstr. May 29, 2019).

       After these decisions, Special Master Millman retired and the case was reassigned to
Special Master Horner.

        The respondent, the United States Department of Health and Human Services, moved for
review of Special Master Millman’s entitlement decision. (ECF 107.) This Court found the
legal standard and evidentiary basis of Special Master Millman’s decision unclear, vacated the
decision, and remanded the case for further consideration of causation under the three-prong test
established by Althen v. Secretary of HHS, 418 F.3d 1274 (Fed. Cir. 2005). 2 See Kottenstette v.
HHS, No. 15-1016, 2020 WL 953484 (Fed. Cl. Feb. 12, 2020).

       This Court summarized the Althen test as follows:

   2
      Special Master Millman’s decision was ambiguous as to whether she had applied the Althen
causation standard or dispensed with Althen on account of a correlation between C.K.’s facts and
an immunological study together with the short, 10-hour delay between vaccination and the onset
of CK’s first seizure. Special Master Millman relied on Knudsen ex. rel. Knudsen v. Secretary of
the Department of HHS, 35 F.3d 543, 548-49 (Fed. Cir. 1994), and another special master’s
decision, see H.J. v. Sec’y of HHS, No. 11-301V, 2015 WL 6848357 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Nov.
6, 2015), to conclude that “when a [vaccine recipient] would fit within an epidemiological study,
that alone is sufficient proof of vaccine causation.” Kottenstette, 2017 WL 6601878 at *13, *14.
Special Master Millman then concluded that “because CK would have qualified to have been in
the Bellman and Melchior studies [discussed below], the undersigned finds that her four-month
vaccinations triggered the onset of her cryptogenic seizures.” Id. at *14.

                                                3
               The Vaccine Act requires preponderant evidence of causation. 42
               U.S.C. § 300aa-13(a)(1)(A). A petitioner must show the harm was
               more likely than not caused by the vaccine. Althen’s three prongs,
               together, enumerate the facts that are relevant and essential to prove
               causation in cases such as this one, in which the possibility of injury
               is not already recognized in the Vaccine Table. Althen requires “(1)
               a medical theory causally connecting the vaccination and the injury;
               (2) a logical sequence of cause and effect showing that the
               vaccination was the reason for the injury; and (3) a showing of a
               proximate temporal relationship between vaccination and injury.”
418 F.3d at 1278.
Id. at *3.

        C.     Decision on Remand Denying Compensation

        On remand, Special Master Horner reviewed the record, concluded that both parties had
had a full and fair opportunity to present their cases, found no new, unaddressed issues, and
issued a decision denying compensation. (ECF 131, withdrawn by ECF 134.) The petitioners
moved to reopen the record and for reconsideration. (ECF 133.) They argued that this Court’s
decision remanding the case had heightened their burden of proof after the record had been
closed. Special Master Horner withdrew his earlier decision in order to consider the petitioners’
arguments. (ECF 134.) Special Master Horner ultimately denied the motion to reopen the
record (ECF 141) and issued a superseding decision denying compensation. See Decision on
Remand at 4.

         In the decision on remand, Special Master Horner applied the Althen test to the two
studies that Special Master Millman had found were dispositive in proving causation. Id. at 10-
13 (discussing M.H. Bellman, E.M. Ross & D.L. Miller, Infantile Spasms and Pertussis
Immunisation, 1 Lancet 1031 (1983) (ECF 54-1); J.C. Melchior, Infantile Spasms and Early
Immunization Against Whooping Cough, 52 Archives of Disease in Childhood 134 (1977) (ECF
54-2). Special Master Horner found that these studies were insufficient as evidence that the
DTaP vaccine could cause the onset of infantile spasms. Id. at 13. He then applied the Althen
test to the specifics of the petitioners’ theory of causation, which Special Master Millman’s
earlier decision had not addressed. See id. at 6, 14-20. Special Master Horner found that the
petitioners had failed to establish by a preponderance of the evidence that vaccination, as
opposed to infection, could start a seizure-triggering immune response. Id. at 20. Special Master
Horner accepted that a vaccine can contribute to a seizure-triggering fever or other inflammation
but nevertheless found insufficient evidence that C.K. had suffered from a fever or other
inflammation when her first seizure occurred. Id. at 21-25. In Special Master Horner’s view, the
petitioners narrowly satisfied Althen’s first prong but failed to satisfy Althen’s second prong
because they had failed to show that the facts of C.K.’s injury fit the only theory of causation that
they had established.

                                                 4
               1.      The Melchior and Bellman Studies

        In the decision on remand, Special Master Horner first analyzed what weight, if any, he
should give to the Melchior and Bellman studies that Special Master Millman had found
dispositive. Decision on Remand at 10-13 (discussing Melchior and Bellman, supra). The
Melchior study examined whether giving children the then-dominant DPT formulation of the
pertussis vaccine at an earlier age would affect the typical onset-age of infantile spasms. Id. at
10-11.

        Special Master Horner gave no weight to the Melchior study. Id. at 13. The study’s
author rejected a causal connection between the pertussis vaccine and infantile spasms and, more
significantly, the study’s statistical observations of the safety of the DPT vaccine could not be
reasonably applied to the DTaP vaccine, which had specifically been developed to be safer than
the DPT vaccine. Id. at 12. Special Master Horner noted that previous vaccine-compensation
decisions had persuasively concluded that the DPT vaccine’s safety statistics could not
reasonably be applied to the DTaP vaccine. 3 Id. at 11.

         The petitioners’ expert on neurology, Dr. Marcel Kinsbourne, M.D., opined that DPT’s
safety findings were applicable to the DTaP vaccine, but with a lower incidence of infantile
spasms arising from the DTaP formulation. Id. at 12 (citing Tr. at 57, 92-93). The DTaP
vaccine, Dr. Kinsbourne explained, contains less of the pertussis toxin present in the DPT
vaccine (another pertussis vaccine formulation) but enough residual toxin to have the same
effects with lower frequency. Special Master Horner rejected this opinion as speculation. Id.
Special Master Horner explained that the Melchior study’s conclusions were based solely on
statistical observations, and that a difference in formulation between DPT and DTaP that
implicates vaccine safety makes it unreasonable to apply statistical observations from the DPT
vaccine to the DTaP vaccine. Id.

        Special Master Horner gave minimal weight to the Bellman study as evidence that the
onset-age of infantile spasms may respond to vaccines for diphtheria and tetanus, including
DTaP, and not only DPT. Id. at 13. Unlike the Melchior study, the Bellman study tested a
stand-alone diphtheria and tetanus (“DT”) vaccine in addition to testing DPT. Id. The study
compared recipients of the DT and DPT vaccine to control subjects of the same age and found a
“small excess” in the number of cases of infantile spasms first observed within the seven days
after vaccination, and a corresponding deficit in the cases observed within the next three weeks.
Id. According to the Bellman study, “this suggests that, in some cases, immunization may

   3
     As examples, Special Master Horner cited Sharpe v. Secretary of HHS, No. 14-65V, 2018
WL 7625360, at *31-32 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Nov. 5, 2018); Taylor v. Secretary of HHS, No.
05-1133V, 2012 WL 4829293, at *30 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Sept. 20, 2012); Holmes v. Secretary
of HHS, No. 08-185V, 2011 WL 2600612, at *20 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Apr. 26, 2011); Simon v.
Secretary of HHS, No. 05-941V, 2007 WL 1772062, at *7 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. June 1, 2007);
and Grace v. Secretary of HHS, No. 04-[redacted], 2006 WL 3499511, at *9 (Fed. Cl. Spec.
Mstr. Nov. 30, 2006).

                                                 5
trigger the onset of spasms or attract attention to symptoms in children destined to show the
condition overtly within a short time.” Bellman, supra, at 1031. The fact that these results
applied to the DT vaccine which, like DTaP and unlike DPT, did not contain whole-cell
pertussis, meant that these results could not be dismissed for the same reason that Special Master
Horner found the Melchior study’s observations inapplicable. Decision on Remand at 13.

        This finding of the Bellman study, Special Master Horner noted, was limited. Most of
the study’s “small excess” of post-DT-vaccine cases were the kind of infantile spasms caused by
a known, pre-existing brain injury (“symptomatic”), unlike C.K.’s unexplained (“cryptogenic”)
infantile spasms. Id. (citing Bellman, supra, at 1033 tbl.III). Further, as the Bellman study’s
authors and the respondent’s expert both suggested, some of the study’s “small excess” of post-
DT cases may be attributable to recall bias. Id. (citing Tr. at 161-62).

       Because of these limitations, Special Master Horner found that the Bellman study,
without more, was insufficient to establish by a preponderance of the evidence that the DTaP
vaccine “can” cause infantile spasms under the first prong of the Althen test. Id.

               2.     Petitioners’ Two-Hit Model of Infantile Spasms

         Finding the evidence on which Special Master Millman had relied to be insufficient to
satisfy the Althen test’s preponderant-evidence standard, Special Master Horner then applied the
Althen test to the petitioners’ theory of causation that Special Master Millman had not reached in
her earlier decision. See Decision on Remand at 6, 14-20.

        Dr. Kinsbourne had proposed a “two-hit” model of causation in which a stressful event
triggers infantile spasms in an already-susceptible individual. See id. at 15-16 (summarizing Dr.
Kinsbourne’s premises and scientific authorities). The model relies on various studies linking a
release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (“CRH”), a stress hormone, to infantile spasms and
identifying an immune response as a cause of CRH release. Id.

       Based on this evidence, Special Master Horner found that infection could trigger an
immune response that could contribute to the onset of infantile spasms. Id. at 20. He found no
evidence, other than Dr. Kinsbourne’s ipse dixit, that vaccination—as opposed to infection—
could cause such a seizure-triggering immune response. Id. The cited studies, Special Master
Horner found, implicated infection, not vaccination, as a second “hit” in the “two-hit” model that
explained the onset of infantile spasms. See id. at 19-20.

       The evidentiary gap between vaccination and a seizure-triggering immune response,
Special Master Horner found, had been raised at the entitlement hearing before Special Master
Millman. Id. at 17-18 (citing Tr. at 78). During the hearing, Special Master Millman asked Dr.
Kinsbourne directly if any of the submitted studies on which he relied specifically implicated
vaccination as the second “hit,” and Dr. Kinsbourne responded that he did not recall. Id.

        Dr. Kinsbourne had tried to close the gap in the petitioners’ theory, explaining in his
expert report how the body’s immune response to vaccination could be the second (CRH-
producing and ultimately seizure-triggering) “hit.” Id. at 17 & n.34 (summarizing ECF 6 at 7).

                                                6
Dr. Kinsbourne cited studies by Spinelli and Schmidt showing that an innate immune response
could trigger CRH production and release inflammation-causing cytokines. Id. Dr. Kinsbourne,
however, did not attribute discussion of vaccination as the cause of such an immune response to
either study. Rather, Dr. Kinsbourne maintained that vaccination necessarily causes an innate
immune response and thus could cause the same increase in CRH production that Spinelli and
Schmidt attribute in their study to an innate immune response caused by infection. See id. at 18
n.35.

        Special Master Horner found that Dr. Kinsbourne’s attempt to implicate vaccination as a
possible second “hit” lacked support. “[Dr. Kinsbourne’s] insertion of vaccination as the ‘in
turn’ vehicle for activation of proinflammatory cytokines, which he intimates are sufficient to
bring about the cited findings by Spinelli and Schmidt, are his words alone.” Id.

        Special Master Horner rejected Dr. Kinsbourne’s opinion that the findings in the Spinelli
and Schmidt study of increased CRH production were necessarily applicable to the immune
reaction caused by vaccination. Id. at 17 n.34. It was, Special Master Horner found, an
“untested opinion deep-seated in advanced immunology.” He noted that Dr. Kinsbourne was a
practicing neurologist, not an immunologist. Id. at 19. Moreover, Special Master Horner
provided multiple examples in which special masters had rejected similar reasoning. 4 Id. at 18

   4
      Special Master Horner quoted Inamdar v. Secretary of Health and Human Services, which
rejected reasoning similar to Dr. Kinsbourne’s when applied sensorineural hearing loss following
influenza vaccination:

               the argument that cytokine upregulation can be a pathogenic
               mechanism unsuccessfully attempts to leverage what is known
               about how vaccines generally affect the immune system into proof
               that these anticipated processes can also be pathogenic. To be sure,
               components of this theory are based on reliable science. Petitioner
               has referenced reliable literature establishing that certain
               proinflammatory cytokines (including IL-6 and TNFalpha) have
               been shown to be elevated following vaccine administration (see,
               e.g., Christian at 1, 5), or that these same cytokines may play a role
               in the process of hearing loss (Kuemmerle-Deschner, Pathak). But
               the theory lacks similar support for its connecting proposition –
               that the cytokine upregulation leads to or causes hearing loss – as
               well as the concept that vaccination can instigate the entire disease
               process. It is not enough to note that increased numbers of
               inflammatory-associated cytokines have been measured in the
               context of certain injuries or illnesses (or are involved in the body's
               reaction to those illnesses). Dr. Axelrod does not personally have
               demonstrated expertise studying these unsupported elements of the

                                                 7
n.35. Special Master Horner explained, “[I]t cannot be enough for Dr. Kinsbourne to merely
highlight cytokine production by innate immunity as a process that does occur and thereby claim
it to be necessarily injurious.” Id. Although Dr. Kinsbourne’s report otherwise made use of
scientifically reasonable propositions, the part of Dr. Kinsbourne’s report implicating the body’s
immune response to vaccination as the CRH-related “second hit” that could cause an earlier

               theory, and no persuasive or reliable literature was offered on such
               points.

No. 15-1173V, 2019 WL 1160341, at *17 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Feb. 8, 2019). Special Master
Horner further cited three other decisions rejecting this reasoning:

               Bender v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 141 Fed. Cl. 262, 266
               (2019) (denying a motion for review where “[t]he Special Master
               found that Dr. Byers cited no evidence to explain how the mere
               presence of cytokines could instigate an autoimmune process that
               results in a demyelinating condition in the central nervous system
               (“CNS”), particularly when the vaccines were injected in the
               periphery.”); McKown v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 15-
               1451V, 2019 WL 4072113, at *50 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. July 15,
               2019) (finding with regard to eczema that “[t]he fact that cytokine
               upregulation is promoted by vaccination – a medically reliable
               assertion standing alone – does not mean that this cytokine increase
               is definitionally harmful, especially given (as observed by Dr.
               MacGinnitie) that it is difficult to establish whether certain
               proinflammatory cytokines are instigators or merely mediators of a
               disease process begun in some other way.”); Palattao v. Sec’y of
               Health Human Servs., No. 13-591V, 2019 WL 989380, *36 (Fed.
               Cl. Spec. Mstr. Feb. 4, 2019) (explaining that “[p]etitioners argued
               that the immunologic stimulation that vaccinations generally
               provide (which inherently encourage cytokine production) could
               result in a demyelinating condition like TM. Petitioners’ theory was
               rooted in the general proposition that virtually any vaccine could be
               pathogenic and result in TM. See Tr. at 160. But they have offered
               insufficient reliable scientific or medical evidence that addresses the
               specific pathogenicity of the vaccines in dispute herein, nor anything
               connecting vaccines to TM based merely on their recognized pro-
               inflammatory capacities.”).

Decision on Remand at 18 n.35.

                                                 8
onset of infantile spasms was an “attempt[ ] to stitch together disparate areas of investigation in
the field of immunology based only on his own say-so.” Id. at 17 n.34.

       Based on this record, Special Master Horner found that the only support in the record for
the proposition that the DTaP vaccine could be the beginning of a second “hit,” or an
“inflammation and stress response leading to seizure,” was the Bellman study. Id. at 18.

        The respondent’s expert argued that fever, not vaccination itself, lowers the seizure
threshold. See id. at 16. Accordingly, Special Master Horner accepted the theory that “vaccines
can in some contexts contribute to seizures as part of a larger immune/inflammatory process,
namely where . . . the vaccine causes a seizure threshold-reducing fever and thereby results in
febrile seizures.” Id. at 20. Special Master Horner did “not find preponderant evidence on this
record that the DTaP vaccine itself can cause seizures.” Id.

                3.         Althen’s Second Prong

        Next, Special Master Horner applied this narrow theory of how the DTaP vaccine “can”
cause infantile spasms to the facts of C.K.’s case in order to determine whether C.K.’s
vaccination “did” cause her first observed seizure. 5 See Decision on Remand at 21-25.

       Special Master Horner noted that Dr. Kinsbourne’s application of his theory to the facts
of C.K.’s case was based “exclusively” on the short amount of time—ten hours—between C.K.’s
vaccination and the first-observed seizure. Id. at 21. Dr. Kinsbourne testified:

                It is reasonable to suppose that when the onset of the seizure disorder
                is within hours of a vaccination that the – and when the vaccination
                is known to produce proinflammatory cytokines, which are known
                to have an excitatory or even repligenic property that the–that
                property of the cytokines was involved in the onset of the seizure
                disorder.

Id. (quoting Tr. at 73).

        Relying on Federal Circuit precedent, Special Master Horner rejected this “mere
suspicion of a temporal relationship” as insufficient to establish causation for C.K.’s off-table
injury. Decision on Remand at 22. He explained that “‘[w]hen a petitioner relies upon proof of
causation in fact rather than proof of a Table Injury, a proximate temporal association alone does
not suffice to show a causal link between the vaccination and the injury . . . A reputable medical

    5
     Special Master Horner explained that infantile spasms, as a condition, consist of two
elements: epilepsy (the condition of having seizures) and an encephalopathy (brain injury or
infection). Finding that the petitioners had not argued that the DTaP vaccine somehow caused
the encephalopathic element of C.K.’s infantile spasms, Special Master Horner narrowed the
issue to whether DTaP caused both C.K.’s first seizure and thus the early onset of C.K.’s
infantile spasms condition. See Decision on Remand at 14.

                                                   9
or scientific explanation must support this logical sequence of cause and effect.’” Id. (citing
Grant v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 956 F.2d 1144, 1148 (Fed. Cir. 1992) (ellipsis in
original).

         Special Master Horner rejected the effectiveness of ACTH in treating C.K.’s seizures as
having case-dispositive evidentiary value. See id. at 22. He explained that even if he had
accepted the effectiveness of C.K.’s ACTH treatments “as some limited evidence that C.K.’s
initial seizures were triggered or mediated by a stress hormone,” that conclusion “relates only to
the broadest aspect of Dr. Kinsbourne’s theory and, without more, does not implicate C.K.’s
vaccination(s) as a relevant stress event.” Id.

        Special Master Horner found no other evidence in the record, including in the findings of
C.K.’s treating physicians, that a vaccine caused C.K.’s infantile spasms. Id. at 22-23. Dr.
Kinsbourne “suggested that evidence of inflammation, such as MRI findings or fever, would be
expected if excessive or abnormal cytokine inflammation were the cause of C.K.’s condition.”
Id. at 22 (citing Tr. at 173-75). Dr. Kinsbourne also testified that fever is “‘by far the most
powerful component of the immune response that’s related to a decrease in seizure threshold.”
Id. (quoting Tr. at 140.) Dr. Kinsbourne confirmed that there is no such evidence in C.K.’s
records, explaining that it is “‘not a routine investigation that’s usually done.’” Id. (quoting Tr.
at 99-100). Special Master Horner further noted that the petitioners had reported to C.K.’s
treating physician that she did not have a fever during her first seizure, and there was no other
evidence of seizure-triggering fever or other inflammation in the relevant records. Id.

       Special Master Horner rejected Dr. Kinsbourne’s opinion that the cytokine reaction he
proposed would not necessarily manifest beyond the seizures themselves. Id. (citing Tr. at 99-
100). Special Master Horner noted that fever was present in the case in which Dr. Kinsbourne’s
theory had been accepted. Id. at 23 (citing Fuller v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 15-
1470V, 2019 WL 7576382 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Dec. 17, 2019). Additionally, Special Master
Horner explained that accepting the seizures—the effect—as the only evidence of underlying
inflammation that caused the seizures was circular logic. Id.

        Special Master Horner rejected Dr. Kinsbourne’s further contention that without the
vaccines, C.K. might have safely exited the age-related window for the onset of infantile spasms,
and that it was “speculation” to conclude otherwise. See id. at 24. Special Master Horner noted
that Dr. Kinsbourne’s own report concluded that the question of whether C.K. could have exited
the age-window without an onset of infantile spasms was unanswerable. Id. (citing Ex. 6 at 6,
filed on compact disc as ECF 19). Yet Dr. Kinsbourne purported to shift the burden by
answering the question and labeling the other side’s answer “speculation.” See id. The
petitioners, Special Master Horner reminded, had the burden to show a logical sequence of cause
and effect demonstrating that the vaccine caused C.K.’s infantile spasms. Id. He concluded that
the petitioners had failed to do so under Althen’s second prong, and accordingly had failed to
prove causation. Id. at 24-25.

       The petitioners moved for review of Special Master Horner’s decision, (ECF 140), and
the motion is fully briefed. (ECF 140, 143.) The Court decides the motion without hearing oral
argument, which, the Court finds, would not aid in resolving the motion.
                                                 10
II.    ANALYSIS

        Under the Vaccine Act, this Court reviews a special master’s vaccine compensation
decision to determine if it is “‘arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in
accordance with law.’” Althen, 418 F.3d at 1277 (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 300aa–12(e)(2)(B)).
More specifically, the Court considers a special master’s interpretation of statutes and other legal
rules anew, without deference to the special master. Hines on Behalf of Sevier v. Sec’y of Dep’t
of HHS, 940 F.2d 1518, 1528 (Fed. Cir. 1991). The Court defers, however, to the special
master’s factual findings so long as the special master has (1) “considered the relevant evidence
of record,” (2) “drawn plausible inferences,” and (3) “articulated a rational basis for the
decision.” Id.

       Under the arbitrary and capricious standard, the Court does not “reweigh” or re-evaluate
the probative value of the evidence or a witness’s credibility. Porter v. Sec’y of HHS, 663 F.3d
1242, 1249 (Fed. Cir. 2011). The Federal Circuit has explained:

               Congress assigned to a group of specialists, the Special Masters
               within the Court of Federal Claims, the unenviable job of sorting
               through these painful cases and, based upon their accumulated
               expertise in the field, judging the merits of the individual claims.
               The statute makes clear that, on review, the Court of Federal Claims
               is not to second guess the Special Masters [sic] fact-intensive
               conclusions; the standard of review is uniquely deferential for what
               is essentially a judicial process. Our cases make clear that, on our
               review . . . we remain equally deferential. That level of deference is
               especially apt in a case in which the medical evidence of causation
               is in dispute.
Deribeaux ex rel. Deribeaux v. Sec’y of HHS, 717 F.3d at 1366-67 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (quoting
Hodges v. Sec’y of HHS, 9 F.3d 958, 961 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (modification in original).

        The petitioners argue that the special master erred by dismissing key “facts.” (ECF 140
at 1.) The petitioners conclude that their explanation and evidence are well-established, and that
the respondent’s rejection of their theory amounts to the assertion of an idiopathic cause,
grounded completely in speculation, for C.K.’s infantile spasms. The special master’s decision
to credit the respondents’ arguments, the petitioners argue, is therefore arbitrary and capricious.

        The Court finds that the petitioners’ arguments were either waived or fail to address the
dispositive parts of Special Master Horner’s reasoning. Accordingly, the petitioners fail to show
that Special Master Horner’s decision on remand is arbitrary or capricious.

       A.      Waiver

        The petitioners argue that it was arbitrary and capricious for Special Master Horner to
dismiss the stress effects of C.K. having received four vaccinations. Vaccine Rule 8(f)(1) of the
Rules of the Court of Federal Claims provides that “[a]ny fact or argument not raised specifically
in the record before the special master will be considered waived and cannot be raised by either
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party in proceedings on review of a special master’s decision.” The petitioners’ motion fails to
develop this argument further, and they offer no explanation or citation of when or how the
argument was raised before the special master. Accordingly, this argument is waived.

       B.      Implications of Rapid Onset

        The petitioners argue, in passing, that the onset, within 10 hours of the receipt of the
vaccination, of infantile spasms in the otherwise healthy, four-month-old C.K. distinguishes her
case from those involving idiopathic, genetically-caused infantile spasms that manifest over
several months. This rapid onset, the petitioners argue, means that C.K.’s infantile spasms must
have had some other cause.

         Special Master Horner addressed a similar argument regarding whether C.K. might have
still developed infantile spasms without vaccination. Decision on Remand at 24. The special
master did not reject the notion that C.K.’s infantile spasms might have had a non-genetic cause.
Indeed, in his analysis of the petitioners’ causal theory, Special Master Horner accepted that an
inflammatory immune response triggered by infection can cause infantile spasms. Id. at 20.
Special Master Horner rejected as insufficient the petitioners’ evidence that C.K.’s DTaP vaccine
caused a non-genetic, inflammatory immune response that the petitioners established could affect
the onset of infantile spasms. The petitioners provide no rationale grounded in the record to
support a conclusion that this finding of the special master is arbitrary or capricious.

       C.      Whether DTaP Causes Seizures

        The petitioners argue that their evidence satisfies the Althen test’s first prong because it is
“well-accepted” that the DTaP vaccine causes seizures, albeit to a lesser extent than the DPT
vaccine. It was arbitrary and capricious, they argue, for Special Master Horner to “hold that less
adverse effects is none.” (ECF 140 at 6.) The petitioners further argue that attenuated pertussis
is a neuro-toxin. They argue that medical professionals agree that DTaP can cause the same
neurological damage as DPT, but only about one-third as frequently. As a result, the DTaP
vaccine can cause seizure-like disorders. They urge the Court to take judicial notice of the DTaP
vaccine’s labeling and additional studies that they first raised in their motion to supplement the
record, which Special Master Horner denied. 6

        Special Master Horner held neither that the DTaP vaccine cannot cause seizures nor that
the DTaP vaccine has no adverse effects. Instead, Special Master Horner found that the
petitioners had failed to meet their burden with record evidence to establish that the DTaP
vaccine can cause the onset of infantile spasms. In reaching that conclusion, the special master
rejected the Melchior study as inapplicable because its findings on the effect of the DPT vaccine
were statistical observations. He refused to use statistical observations of one vaccine’s effects
to extrapolate data on the effects of another vaccine that was designed to have significantly

   6
     The petitioners make no argument that Special Master Horner’s legal conclusions in his
decision denying their motion to supplement the record were erroneous.

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different (and safer) effects. This conclusion is reasonable and supported by precedent, which
Special Master Horner cited.

        The petitioners argue that the precedents Special Master Horner cited support their
contention that the DTaP vaccine can cause seizures, albeit less often than the DPT vaccine does.
The petitioners’ argument quotes language from these precedents out of context and misses the
point. The opinions Special Master Horner cited uniformly refuse to extrapolate statistical,
immunological data from one context to a different context. Most of the cases cited dealt with
the DPT and DTaP vaccines. The one decision that the petitioners criticize as not related to DPT
and DTaP in fact calls out Dr. Kinsbourne for misapplying studies of children and infants to
adolescents. See Holmes v. Sec’y of HHS, No. 08-185V, 2011 WL 2600612, at *20 (Fed. Cl.
Spec. Mstr. Apr. 26, 2011) (“Doctor Kinsbourne has been criticized in the past for extrapolating
from studies of the DPT vaccine to the DTaP vaccine. Here, he extrapolated from studies of
infants and young children, whom he acknowledged have brains that are very different from
older children and adolescents, to apply their findings and conclusions to a seizure disorder in an
adolescent.”)

       The petitioners further argue that the DTaP vaccine’s ability to cause seizures is so well-
accepted that the Court should take judicial notice of this fact. The respondent’s failure to
provide evidence that DTaP “does no harm,” the petitioners argue, means that the respondent’s
defense, not the petitioners’ theory, is based on speculation and an expert’s ipse dixit.

         This argument asserts a presumption that findings as to the safety of the DPT vaccine
create a presumption that all pertussis-containing vaccines are injurious. From this premise, the
petitioners go on to argue that the respondent had a burden to prove that the DTaP vaccine is not
injurious. The Court is unaware of any authority to support such a presumption for an injury not
listed in HHS’s vaccine injury table. Indeed, as Special Master Horner noted, “[t]he burden is on
the petitioner to introduce evidence demonstrating that the vaccination actually caused the injury
in question.” Decision on Remand at 5 (citing Althen, 418 F.3d at 1278). The petitioners’ effort
to shift the burden of proof is inconsistent with the law, and the Court rejects it.

        Special Master Horner considered whether there was evidence that the DTaP vaccine,
specifically, could cause infantile spasms and found nothing other than the Bellman study, which
he found insufficient because the majority of the cases of infantile spasms it identified were
symptomatic, unlike the cases at issue here, and the study’s own authors suggested that the
finding may have been attributable to recall bias. These are rational reasons for assigning little
probative weight to the Bellman study, and this Court lacks authority otherwise to reweigh this
evidence. Porter, 663 F.3d at 1249.

        The petitioners’ argument that the Court should take judicial notice of a seizure warning
on the DTaP vaccine’s packaging and judicial notice of a “Federal Circuit” decision that, itself,
took judicial notice of the DTaP packaging warning is flawed. First, judicial notice cannot serve
as “a remedy for a party's failure to introduce readily available evidence of crucial facts” before
the special master. Rodriguez v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 91 Fed. Cl. 453, 461 (2010),
aff’d, 632 F.3d 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2011). The petitioners do not assert that the DTaP packaging was
unavailable when they litigated their theory of causation before the special master.
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        Further, the “Federal Circuit” decision that the petitioners refer to is in fact a decision of
this court. (See ECF 140 at 10 (“The Federal Circuit in Loving v. Secretary, 86 Fed. Cl. 135,
146-147 (Fed. Cl. [sic.] 2009) cited to several manufacturers’ DTaP package inserts.”) (italics in
original).)

        The Loving decision’s use of judicial notice is distinguishable. In Loving, Judge Lettow
of this court took notice of the “two to three days” timeframe listed on the DTaP vaccine’s
packaging to support the proposition that “adverse reaction to the vaccination typically will
occur within three days of receiving the vaccine.” Id. This part of the Loving decision was not
evaluating whether the petitioners in that case established preponderant evidence of a causal
theory under Althen’s first prong. Rather, the Loving decision was analyzing the temporal
proximity between vaccination and injury under Althen’s third prong. See id. at 145 (“Here, the
special master failed to examine the record in its entirety when he determined that the petitioners
could not satisfy the temporal-relationship prong of Althen.”). Further, Judge Lettow in Loving
did not rely on judicial notice alone to support his conclusion that the petitioners satisfied
Althen’s third prong. After taking judicial notice of the packaging, the decision proceeded to
describe evidence submitted by the respondents that supported the same proposition. Id. at 148.

       In this case, the Court will not take judicial notice of the DTaP packaging or other
materials that could have been, but were not, submitted to the special master in the first instance.

       D.      Rejection of the Double-Hit Theory

        The petitioners’ motion argues that the effectiveness of ACTH in controlling C.K.’s
seizures was sufficient evidence that C.K.’s seizures were caused by the stress hormone CRH.
The petitioners further argue that the rapid onset of the seizures implicates an innate immune
reaction as the CRH-producing cause.

        These arguments fail to address Special Master Horner’s reasoned explanation as to why
he did not find the effectiveness of ACTH in treating C.K.’s seizures dispositive. ACTH’s
effectiveness in C.K.’s case, at most, suggests that her seizures were triggered by CRH. It does
not implicate vaccination as the cause of a seizure-triggering CRH release.

       Similarly, identifying C.K.’s seizure with the rapidity of an innate immune response, at
most, suggests that an immune response caused an increase in C.K.’s levels of CRH. Neither it
nor any other evidence in the record show by preponderant evidence that vaccination can cause
such an innate immune response.

       The petitioners claim that the Iwasaki and Medzhitov article submitted with Dr.
Kinsbourne’s report “directly implicate[s] vaccinations as starting the seizure response in issue.”
(ECF 140 at 5.) The petitioners’ motion fails, however, to provide a quote or any explanation of
how the cited article implicates vaccinations in the manner proffered by the petitioners. The
sentence in the petitioners’ brief is followed by an unidentified block quote of Dr. Kinsbourne’s
own words in his report, not the Iwasaki and Medzhitov article. (Compare ECF 140 at 5 with
Ex. 6-1 at 7, filed on compact disc as ECF 19.) The petitioners also fail to identify where and in
what manner Iwasaki and Medzhitov’s “direct[ ] implic[ation]” of vaccination was raised before

                                                  14
Special Master Horner. (See Ex. 6-1 at 7.) The Court finds no substance to this unelaborated
assertion of authority. To the degree there might be any substance, the Court finds that the
petitioners waived the argument.

III.   CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the Court DENIES the petitioners’ motion for review and
SUSTAINS the special master’s decision on remand. The clerk shall enter judgment
accordingly.

       It is so ORDERED.

                                                                  s/ Richard A. Hertling
                                                                  Richard A. Hertling
                                                                  Judge

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