Court Opinion

ID: 219507
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2011-06-23 14:18:30+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:28:40.729941
License: Public Domain

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

                      IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                                   FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                    ________________________                FILED
                                                                   U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                       Nos. 10-11984 & 10-14523      ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                        Non-Argument Calendar            JUNE 23, 2011
                                      ________________________            JOHN LEY
                                                                           CLERK
                                D.C. Docket No. 1:08-cv-20472-MGC

IVONNE E. GALDAMES,
JACQUELINE GALDAMES,
GUILLERMO OSORIO,
on their own behalf and others similarly situated,

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll                          Plaintiffs - Appellees,

                                              versus

N & D INVESTMENT CORP.,
a Florida Corporation,
d.b.a. Mr. Clean Commercial Laundry,
OFER MANOR, individually,

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll                          Defendants - Appellants.

                                     ________________________

                          Appeals from the United States District Court
                              for the Southern District of Florida
                                 ________________________

                                           (June 23, 2011)

Before WILSON, MARTIN and BLACK, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:

      N & D Investment Corporation and Ofer Manor (“Defendants”) appeal an

adverse jury verdict and award of attorneys’ fees. Ivonne Galdames, Jacqueline

Galdames, and Guillermo Osorio (“Plaintiffs”) sued Defendants under the Fair

Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”), alleging that they were not compensated for

overtime work completed between 2005 and 2007. They sought just under

$22,000. The district court granted Plaintiffs’ partial summary judgment and then

conducted a jury trial on the remaining issues. The jury awarded Plaintiffs

approximately $14,000 in damages and found that Defendants either knowingly

violated the FLSA or showed reckless indifference to the law. Based on the jury’s

latter finding, the district court awarded liquidated damages, resulting in an award

of more than $28,000 for Plaintiffs. The district court also awarded Plaintiffs

more than $100,000 in attorneys’ fees as prevailing plaintiffs. After review of the

extensive record and Defendants’ brief, we affirm.1

                                                 I.

      The FLSA requires covered “employers” to pay overtime wages once

“employees” exceed forty hours of work in a given week. 29 U.S.C. § 207(a).

Except for the explicit exceptions within the statute, “the term ‘employee’ means

      1
          Plaintiffs’ motion to participate in oral argument is denied as moot.

                                                 2
any individual employed by an employer.” § 203(e)(1). Either individual

coverage or enterprise coverage can trigger the FLSA, but here we are only

concerned with enterprise coverage. Polycarpe v. E & S Landscaping Serv., Inc.,

616 F.3d 1217, 1220 (11th Cir. 2010) (per curiam). Enterprise coverage is

triggered if an employer (1) “has employees engaged in commerce or in the

production of goods for commerce, or [] has employees handling, selling, or

otherwise working on goods or materials that have been moved in or produced for

commerce by any person” and (2) has at least $500,000 of “annual gross volume

of sales made or business done.” § 203(s)(1)(A). The FLSA defines “commerce”

as “trade, commerce, transportation, transmission, or communication among the

several States or between any State and any place outside thereof.” § 203(b).

                                         A.

      Defendants first contend that the district court committed reversible error in

failing to grant their post-trial motion for judgment as a matter of law pursuant to

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 50. They believe that Plaintiffs are not

“employees” under the FLSA because they are illegal aliens. Defendants argue,

inter alia, that we should ignore binding, on-point precedent, Patel v. Quality Inn

                                          3
South, 846 F.2d 700 (11th Cir. 1988).2 They believe this is appropriate because

(1) Patel conflicts with Hoffman Plastic Compounds, Inc. v. NLRB, 535 U.S. 137,

122 S. Ct. 1275 (2002), and (2) it was decided “more than twenty (20) years ago,

where [sic] the problems with illegal immigration and employment of illegal

immigrant workers had not reached the exceptional proportions that they are at

now in 2011 . . . .”

       Earlier holdings by panels of this Court are binding “unless and until they

are clearly overruled by this court en banc or by the Supreme Court. While an

intervening decision of the Supreme Court can overrule the decision of a prior

panel of our court, the Supreme Court decision must be clearly on point.” Randall

v. Scott, 610 F.3d 701, 707 (11th Cir. 2010) (citations and internal quotation marks

omitted). A panel of this Court has previously determined that illegal aliens are

covered “employees” under the FLSA. Patel, 846 F.2d at 706 (“In short, we hold

       2
           Defendants present a number of other arguments under this heading as well. First, they
believe a number of so-called “practical and policy-based” reasons justify the conclusion that
illegal aliens are not covered by the FLSA. For example, coverage is not warranted because
“[t]he Plaintiffs, quite simply, are fugitives from justice, and should be dealt with the Court [sic]
in that manner . . . .” Second, Defendants argue that the doctrine of in pari delicto applies and
bars recovery since Plaintiffs, as illegal aliens, have entered the country in violation of the law
and “will tend to lie because they have no fear.” Third, Defendants allege (1) that Plaintiffs’
counsel committed a “serious felony” by representing illegal aliens and (2) that allowing illegal
immigrants to bring suit “makes everyone in the courtroom (if the appropriate action is not taken)
complicit with assisting a known illegal immigrant because two lawyers, the Judge, and the
Marshall’s service will all know that Plaintiffs are fugitives from justice . . . .” As none of these
arguments matter in light of Patel, we decline to discuss them.

                                                 4
that undocumented workers are ‘employees’ within the meaning of the FLSA . . .

.”). Specifically, we concluded, after passage of the Immigration Reform and

Control Act of 1986 (“IRCA”), that illegal aliens were covered “employees” under

the FLSA and could sue for unpaid wages. Id. The Supreme Court’s opinion in

Hoffman Plastic ruled that the National Labor Relations Board could not award

backpay—for work never performed—to an illegal alien under the National Labor

Relations Act (“NLRA”) after Congress passed the IRCA. 535 U.S. at 147–49.

      Hoffman Plastic is not “clearly on point” with Patel. First, Patel ruled on

the FLSA and Hoffman Plastic ruled on the NLRA. Furthermore, in Patel, the

illegal alien was “not attempting to recover back pay for being unlawfully

deprived of a job. Rather, he simply [sought] to recover unpaid minimum wages

and overtime for work already performed.” 846 F.2d at 705. Conversely, the

illegal alien in Hoffman Plastic sought backpay for being unlawfully deprived of

his job after engaging in union organizing activities. 535 U.S. 140–41. Based on

these distinctions, Hoffman Plastic did not clearly overrule Patel. Accordingly,

we reiterate that illegal aliens are “employees” covered by the FLSA.

                                        B.

      Defendants next argue that the district court committed error when it

granted Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment as to “enterprise coverage.”

                                         5
First, Defendants contend that the court mistakenly concluded that Defendants’

annual sales exceeded the $500,000 threshold established by § 203(s)(1)(A)(ii).

Second, Defendants argue that the district court incorrectly decided that they met

§ 203(s)(1)(A)(i)’s interstate commerce requirement. We review grants of

summary judgment de novo, applying the same legal standard as the district court.

Fogade v. ENB Revocable Trust, 263 F.3d 1274, 1287 (11th Cir. 2001).

      We conclude that the district court properly granted summary judgment.

First, as to annual gross revenue, Plaintiffs’ complaint alleged “10. Based upon

information and belief, at all times material to this complaint Defendants had an

annual gross volume of sales or business done of not less than $500,000.00,

exclusive of excise taxes at the retail which are separately stated, and at least two

employees engaged in interstate commerce.” Defendants’ answer stated “10.

Defendants admit that the annual gross revenue exceeds $500,000 per year; all

other allegations contained in paragraph nine [sic] are denied.” We hold

Defendants to that admission. Cooper v. Meridian Yachts, Ltd., 575 F.3d 1151,

1177–78 (11th Cir. 2009) (“[T]he general rule [is] that a party is bound by the

admissions in his pleadings. Indeed, facts judicially admitted are facts established

not only beyond the need of evidence to prove them, but beyond the power of

evidence to controvert them.” (citations and internal quotation marks omitted)).

                                          6
       Second, after review of the entire record, we conclude that Defendants’

satisfied § 203(s)(1)(A)(i)’s interstate commerce requirement. Defendants seem to

be attempting to resurrect the so-called “coming to rest” doctrine, which we have

explicitly rejected. Polycarpe, 616 F.3d at 1221. Therefore, we affirm the district

court’s grant of partial summary judgment on this issue.3

                                              II.

       As prevailing parties, Plaintiffs filed a motion seeking approximately

$120,000 in attorneys’ fees and costs. The district court eventually awarded

$112,495. Defendants appeal that award, alleging (1) Plaintiffs’ motion for

attorneys’ fees was untimely, (2) the fees awarded were grossly excessive, and (3)

any fee award should have been reduced because Plaintiffs only partially

succeeded in the litigation.

                                               A.

       The district court entered final judgment on July 31, 2009. Defendants filed

a number of timely post-trial motions, including, inter alia, a motion for a new

       3
           Defendants raise two additional arguments regarding the trial proceedings. First, they
argue that the district court erred in concluding that plaintiff Osorio did not qualify for the
“executive exemption” to the FLSA. 29 C.F.R. § 541.100. Second, Defendants contend that the
district court abused its discretion by declining to allow Defendants (1) to impeach Plaintiffs’
credibility by referencing their status as illegal aliens, and (2) to call a rebuttal witness to
impeach Plaintiffs. After review of Defendants’ brief and the record, we conclude these claims
have no merit and do not warrant further discussion.

                                                7
trial pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59. The district court did not rule

on these motions until March 2010.

      On October 8, 2009—68 days after the district court entered judgment but

before six months before it adjudicated post-trial motions—Plaintiffs moved for

attorneys’ fees. As prevailing parties, they requested more than $120,000 in fees

and costs. Three attorneys worked on the case—Mr. Marban, Mr. Valaquez, and

Mr. Diaz—and each submitted the number of hours worked and their requested

hourly fee: $350, $300, and $295, respectively. The magistrate judge

recommended that Plaintiffs be awarded $107,810 in attorneys’ fees and $4,685 in

costs. The district court adopted that recommendation and filed an order requiring

Defendants to pay $112,495.

                                          B.

      Defendants first argue that Plaintiffs’ motion for attorneys’ fees was

untimely. At the relevant time, the local rules of the Southern District of Florida

required that an attorneys’ fees motion “be filed and served within thirty days of

entry of a Final Judgment or other appealable order that gives rise to attorney’s

fees.” S.D. Fla. Rule 7.3(A)(vii). It is undisputed that Plaintiffs filed their motion

68 days after the district court entered judgment. Accordingly, Defendants insist

the motion is untimely and no fees should be awarded.

                                          8
      A litigant’s failure to file a motion for attorneys’ fees within the prescribed

period can result in denial of that motion. See Clark v. Hous. Auth. of Alma, 971

F.2d 723, 727 (11th Cir. 1992). Certain post-trial motions, however, “operate[] to

suspend the finality of the district court’s judgment ‘pending the court’s further

determination whether the judgment should be modified so as to alter its

adjudication of the rights of the parties.’” Members First Fed. Credit Union v.

Members First Credit Union of Fla., 244 F.3d 806, 807 (11th Cir. 2001) (per

curiam) (quoting Browder v. Dir., Dep’t of Corr., 434 U.S. 257, 267, 98 S. Ct. 556

(1978)) (holding that a Rule 59 motion to alter or amend judgment effectively tolls

the time requirement for filing a motion for attorneys’ fees). Therefore, judgments

do not actually become “final” for purposes of an attorneys’ fees motion until

certain post-trial motions are adjudicated. See id. (“[T]he finality of a judgment is

effectively postponed by the timely filing of a motion under Rule 59 . . . .”).

      While it is uncontested that Plaintiffs moved for attorneys’ fees 68 days

after the district court entered judgment, Defendants fail to appreciate that their

timely Rule 59 motion extended Plaintiffs’ deadline for requesting attorneys’ fees.

In other words, Plaintiffs could have filed a timely motion for attorneys’ fees up to

30 days after the district court ruled on Defendants’ new trial motion. As

Plaintiffs filed their motion before the court’s March 2010 denial of defendant’s

                                          9
post-trial motion, it was necessarily timely. Accordingly, we reject Defendants’

procedural challenge to the attorneys’ fees award and address their substantive

attacks.

                                                C.

      Defendants next argue that the district court’s attorneys’ fees award was

grossly excessive. They allege that (1) the number of hours billed was excessive

because it was double that of defense counsel, (2) the hourly rates sought are

excessive, (3) the district court stated on the record—before trial—that it would

never award $100,000 in fees for Plaintiffs’ counsels’ work to that point, and (4)

Plaintiffs’ counsel should have been estopped from receiving fees because they

have taken inconsistent positions in unrelated FLSA litigation.4

      We review the district court’s award of attorneys’ fees for an abuse of

discretion, closely analyzing any legal conclusions reached during the fee

determination. Gray v. Lockheed Aeronautical Sys. Co., 125 F.3d 1387, 1389

(11th Cir. 1997). “An abuse of discretion occurs if the judge fails to apply the

proper legal standard or to follow proper procedures in making the determination,

or bases an award upon findings of fact that are clearly erroneous.” In re Red

Carpet Corp. of Panama City Beach, 902 F.2d 883, 890 (11th Cir. 1990).

      4
           The last two arguments have no merit, and we decline to discuss them.

                                                10
“Although a district court has wide discretion in performing these calculations, the

court’s order on attorney fees must allow meaningful review—the district court

must articulate the decisions it made, give principled reasons for those decisions,

and show its calculation.” Am. Civil Liberties Union of Ga. v. Barnes, 168 F.3d

423, 427 (11th Cir. 1999) (alterations omitted) (citations and internal quotation

marks omitted).

      Generally, a prevailing plaintiff in a FLSA case is entitled to a reasonable

award of attorneys’ fees and costs. 29 U.S.C. § 216(b); Sahyers v. Prugh,

Holliday & Karatinos, P.L., 560 F.3d 1241, 1244 (11th Cir. 2009). Calculation of

attorneys’ fees involves multiplying the number of hours reasonably expended in

litigating the claim and the customary fee charged for similar legal services in the

relevant community (“lodestar amount”). See Hensley v. Eckherhart, 461 U.S.

424, 433, 103 S. Ct. 1993 (1983). A properly calculated lodestar amount “is itself

strongly presumed to be reasonable.” Resolution Trust Corp. v. Hallmark

Builders, Inc., 996 F.2d 1144, 1150 (11th Cir. 1993) (per curiam) (“Consequently,

the courts have severely limited the instances in which a lawfully found lodestar

amount may be adjusted to a higher or lower level.”).

      The first step in determining the proper lodestar amount is calculating the

number of hours reasonably expended on the litigation. Prevailing plaintiff’s

                                         11
attorneys “must exercise their own billing judgment to exclude any hours that are

‘excessive, redundant, or otherwise unnecessary.’” Id. at 1149 (quoting Hensley,

461 U.S. at 434). Attorneys may bill adversaries for only the same hours they

would bill a client. Id. Similarly, “a court may reduce excessive, redundant or

otherwise unnecessary hours in the exercise of billing judgment.” Perkins v.

Mobile Hous. Bd., 847 F.2d 735, 738 (11th Cir. 1988) (emphasis added). If the

court concludes that the number of claimed hours is excessive, it may engage in

“an across-the-board cut,” so long as it provides adequate explanation for the

decrease. Bivins v. Wrap it Up, Inc., 548 F.3d 1348, 1350 (11th Cir. 2008) (per

curiam).

      Here, the magistrate judge began his hours-expended analysis by noting:

            [f]ollowing careful review of the submitted time records,
            the undersigned finds that most, but not all, of counsels’
            time entries are detailed, well documented and reflect a
            reasonable amount of time devoted to each listed task. In
            so finding, the undersigned has closely scrutinized the time
            entries specifically challenged by defendants.

The magistrate judge spent the next three pages reviewing the reasonableness of

the hours presented. Notably, he reduced the fees for Mr. Marban by 20% because

“he describe[d] the work performed on numerous tasks with only one

corresponding time entry.” Then, in considering Mr. Marban’s hours, the

magistrate judge considered the same arguments raised here—such as taking

                                        12
excessive time to calculate damages, draft jury instructions, and generally

familiarize himself with the case. Ultimately, the magistrate judge concluded that,

after the 20% reduction, the number of hours Mr. Marban charged was reasonable

under the circumstances. As to the other two attorneys, the magistrate judge

concluded that their hours were reasonable because they clearly reflected the

services performed and a reasonable number of hours in completing each. In

conclusion, he stated that “[w]hile [the attorneys’ fees award] exceeds plaintiffs’

cumulative award, the undersigned notes that excessive hours were expended by

plaintiffs’ counsel due to defendants’ unnecessary litigation techniques which

prolonged this litigation . . . .” (emphasis added). After review, we cannot

conclude that the magistrate’s recommendation, as adopted by the district court,

demonstrated any abuse of discretion in determining reasonable hours expended.

      Reasonable hourly rates are determined by comparing attorneys’ requested

rate with the “prevailing market rates in the relevant community.” Blum v.

Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 895, 104 S. Ct. 1541 (1984). The party applying for fees

bears the burden of establishing the reasonableness of the proffered rate.

Duckworth v. Whisenant, 97 F.3d 1393, 1396 (11th Cir. 1996) (per curiam).

While previous hourly rate awards are not given controlling weight, they do

                                         13
provide some insight. See Dillard v. City of Greensboro, 213 F.3d 1347, 1354–55

(11th Cir. 2000) (per curiam). They do not, however, trump the attorney’s actual

billing rate to other paying clients. Id. at 1355.

      Here, Plaintiffs’ attorneys submitted an affidavit from a board certified labor

and employment law attorney, who concluded that the hourly rate for each of the

attorneys was reasonable. Furthermore, Plaintiffs cited other district court cases

awarding two of Plaintiffs’ attorneys the exact fees sought in this case. The

magistrate judge cited these facts and noted that his “familiarity with such

litigation and attorney’s fees in general” supported the hourly rates requested by

Plaintiffs’ attorneys. Defendants complain that Plaintiffs’ attorneys provided no

evidence of their ordinary hourly rate, and they instead suggest that $100 per hour

would be appropriate. However, Defendants provide no evidence for that hourly

rate and only attack the credibility of Plaintiffs’ expert by noting that he litigates

similar cases. Nothing in Defendants’ brief points to any error that could be

considered an abuse of discretion in determining the appropriate hourly rate for

Plaintiffs’ attorneys.

      As we have determined that the number of hours expended and the hourly

rates are appropriate, a strong presumption of reasonableness applies. See

Resolution Trust Corp., 996 F.2d at 1150. After review, we do not believe

                                           14
Defendants have demonstrated the district court abused its discretion in reaching

the ultimate fee award.

                                            D.

      Finally, Defendants argue that Plaintiffs “did not achieve total success, as

they received only 63.88% of the monies that they sought. Accordingly, the

lodestar should have been reduced by at least that amount.”

      Plaintiffs’ success, or lack thereof, is an important consideration and can

result in a conclusion that the lodestar amount must be reduced. See Dillard, 213

F.3d at 1354–55. Here, however, Plaintiffs were successful on their sole claim

and received a significant portion of the damages sought. After liquidated

damages were accessed, Plaintiffs received more than the overtime salary they

originally requested. As such, we do not think the district court abused its

discretion in its ultimate determination.

                                            III.

      Based on the foregoing discussion, we affirm the district court’s rulings.

      AFFIRMED.

                                            15