Court Opinion

ID: 5133411
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-09 17:14:55.875009+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:23:37.055219
License: Public Domain

135 Nev., Advance Opinion 561
                       IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEVADA

                JACKY ROSEN, AN INDIVIDUAL; AND                       No. 73274
                ROSEN FOR NEVADA, A 527
                ORGANIZATION,
                Appellants,                                          FILE
                vs.
                DANNY TARKANIAN,                                      DEC 1 2 2019
                Respondent.

                           Appeal from a district court order denying an anti-SLAPP
                special motion to dismiss in a tort action. Eighth Judicial District Court,
                Clark County; Jerry A. Wiese, Judge.
                           Reversed and remanded with instructions.

                Perkins Coie LLP and Marc E. Elias, Elisabeth C. Frost, and Amanda R.
                Callais, Washington, D.C.; Wolf, Rifkin, Shapiro, Schulman & Rabkin, LLP,
                and Bradley Schrager and Daniel Bravo, Las Vegas,
                for Appellants.

                Randazza Legal Group, PLLC, and Marc J. Randazza and Alex J. Shepard,
                Las Vegas,
                for Respondent.

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                                                                              IGI-   9-041)-b
                BEFORE THE COURT EN BANC.'

                                                 OPINION

                By the Court, HARDESTY, J.:
                             In this appeal, we consider the appropriate test for determining
                if protected communications are made in "good faith" under Nevada's anti-
                SLAPP statutes. At issue in this case are allegedly defamatory statements
                made by appellant Jacky Rosen during her political campaign against
                respondent Danny Tarkanian. After being sued for defamation by
                Tarkanian, Rosen filed a special motion to dismiss the action under the anti-
                SLAPP statutes, which require her to demonstrate that the protected
                statements were made in good faith—that is, that they were true or made
                without knowledge of any falsehood. We hold that, in determining whether
                the communications were made in good faith, the court must consider the
                "gist or stine of the communications as a whole, rather than parsing
                individual words in the communications. We further conclude that Rosen
                showed by a preponderance of the evidence that she made the statements
                in good faith under the first prong of the anti-SLAPP analysis, and
                Tarkanian cannot demonstrate with prima facie evidence a probability of
                prevailing on this claim under the second prong. Therefore, we conclude

                      1The  Honorable Elissa F. Cadish, Justice, and the Honorable Abbi
                Silver, Justice, did not participate in the decision of this matter. The
                Honorable Barry Breslow, Judge of the Second Judicial District Court, was
                designated by the Governor to sit in place of the Honorable Elissa F. Cadish,
                Justice, and the Honorable Thomas L. Stockard, Judge of the Tenth Judicial
                District Court, was designated by the Governor to sit in place of the
                Honorable Abbi Silver, Justice. Nev. Const. art. 6, § 4.
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                that the district court erred in denying Rosen's special motion to dismiss
                and remand to the district court to grant the motion.
                                                FACTS
                            Danny Tarkanian ran against Jacky Rosen to represent Nevada
                in the United States House of Representatives in 2016. During the race,
                Rosen uploaded an ad entitled "Integrity" to YouTube and other social
                media platforms. This ad makes up the crux of the dispute before us. In
                the ad, Rosen and Rosen for Nevada (collectively, Rosen) make three
                statements. First, Rosen claims that "Danny Tarkanian set up 13 fake
                charities that preyed on vulnerable seniors." Second, Rosen states that
                "seniors lost millions from the scams Danny Tarkanian helped set up."
                Third, Rosen states that the charities Tarkanian set up were "fronts for
                telemarketing schemes." The first two statements cite to articles published
                in the Las Vegas Review-Journal, and the third directly quotes from a Las
                Vegas Sun article.
                           After Rosen began running this ad, Danny Tarkanian sent her
                a cease and desist letter, in which he explained that the statements in the
                ad were found to be defamatory in a prior court case. The case Tarkanian
                referenced arose out of Tarkanian's earlier race against State Senator Mike
                Schneider for a seat in the Nevada State Senate. During that race,
                Schneider said on a television show that Tarkanian "set up 19 fraudulent
                corporations for telemarketers." Later, Schneider sent out mailers that
                asked: (1) "Why [d] id Danny Tarkanian betray the most vulnerable among
                the elderly?" and (2) "Why did [Tarkanian] set up an organization to cheat
                us out [of] over $2 million of our hard-earned retirement money?"
                Tarkanian filed suit against Schneider, which culminated in a jury verdict
                finding that the statements constituted slander and libel per se. Schneider

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                                 Upon receiving the cease and desist letter, Rosen continued
                     publishing the ad online. After the election was over, Tarkanian filed a
                     complaint in district court against Rosen, alleging libel per se, slander per
                     se, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Shortly thereafter,
                     Rosen filed an anti-SLAPP special motion to dismiss in accordance with
                     NRS 41.660. In her anti-SLAPP motion, Rosen asserted that she believed
                     that the statements were true based on multiple public accounts and
                     Tarkanian's own admissions about his involvement with the corporations.
                     The district court denied the motion, determining that Rosen did not meet
                     her burden under the first prong of the anti-SLAPP analysis, as she did not
                     show that the statements in the ad were made in good faith. The court
                     noted that some of Rosen's statements were similar to those made by
                     Schneider, which were adjudicated as defamatory, but also found that
                     Rosen's statements relied upon statements made by Steven Horsford and
                     Ross Miller in their campaigns subsequent to the Schneider defamation
                     action, and that those statements by Horsford and Miller were never
                     addressed in a court proceeding. Thus, the district court found that it could
                     not ascertain whether the statements at issue were true at this preliminary
                     stage. The district court also determined that, in any event, Tarkanian met
                     his burden under the second prong by showing prima facie evidence of a
                     probability of success on his defamation case and that it should be up to the
                     jury to determine whether the challenged statements were truthful and
                     whether they were made with actual malice. Rosen now appeals, claiming
                     that the district court erred in its analysis.

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                                               DISCUSSION
                The district court erred in finding that the communications were not made
                in good faith
                            We review the denial of an anti-SLAPP motion de novo. Coker
                v. Sassone, 135 Nev., Adv. Op. 2, 432 P.3d 746, 748-49 (2019). The anti-
                SLAPP statute immunizes from liability "[a] person who engages in a good
                faith communication in furtherance of the right to petition or the right to
                free speech in direct connection with an issue of public concern." NRS
                41.650 (emphasis added). Under the first prong of the anti-SLAPP statute,
                we evaluate "whether the moving party has established, by a preponderance
                of the evidence," that he or she made the protected communication in good
                faith. NRS 41.660(3)(a); see also Coker, 135 Nev., Adv. Op. 2, 432 P.3d at
                749. Only after the movant has shown that he or she made the protected
                statement in good faith do we move to prong two and evaluate "whether the
                plaintiff has demonstrated with prima facie evidence a probability of
                prevailing on the claim." See NRS 41.660(3)(b).
                            Here, the parties agree that the statements were "aimed at
                procuring any.. . . electoral action, result or outcome," which is political
                speech covered by the anti-SLAPP statute. NRS 41.637(1); see also, e.g.,
                Collier v Harris, 192 Cal. Rptr. 3d 31, 39-40 (Ct. App. 2015) ("The character
                and qualifications of a candidate for public office constitutes a public issue
                or public interest for purposes or the anti-SLAPP statute; therefore, the
                statute "applies to suits involving statements made during political
                campaigns." (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted)).
                Since the parties agree that the communications in the ad were protected
                speech, the dispute in this case centers on whether the communications
                were made in good faith. A communication is made in good faith when it

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                "is truthful or is made without knowledge of its falsehood." NRS 41.637; see
                also Delucchi v. Songer, 133 Nev. 290, 300, 396 P.3d 826, 833 (2017).
                            Rosen asserted in her anti-SLAPP motion that she made the
                statements in good faith, but she did not attach a sworn affidavit to her
                motion asserting as such. Thus, we must look to the evidence that Rosen
                provided to determine whether the statements were made in good faith. Cf.
                Coker, 135 Nev., Adv. Op. 2, 432 P.3d at 750 (explaining that when an
                attached affidavit does not address the issue of contention in the
                statements, courts look to the evidence the movant provides to show that
                statements were made in good faith). A determination of good faith requires
                consideration of all of the evidence submitted by the defendant in support
                of his or her anti-SLAPP motion.
                            In support of her special motion to dismiss, Rosen submitted at
                least nine newspaper articles that reported that Tarkanian incorporated
                and/or was the registered agent for at least 13 entities that were found to
                be fraudulent telemarketing schemes that solicited millions of dollars from
                seniors. Four of these articles included direct admissions from Tarkanian
                of these facts. Rosen also provided a letter from a former Assistant U.S.
                Attorney confirming the facts in the articles and two sets of pleadings from
                court cases demonstrating that individuals in charge of the companies in
                question were indicted or convicted of fraud.
                            In addition, Tarkanian admitted in his opposition to the anti-
                SLAPP motion that substantially identical statements made by his political
                opponents in two of his earlier campaigns for public office were
                substantively true. In one, Ross Miller stated that Tarkanian "served as
                the resident agent and attorney for many fraudulent telemarketing
                organizations who bilked senior citizens out of millions of dollars." In

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                     another campaign, Steven Horsford's political ads included two
                     statements—"Tarkanian worked for telemarketing scarnmers" and
                     Tarkanian "has been involved, as a businessman and lawyer, with at least
                     13 fraudulent charities."
                                 Rosen argues that while all the ads differ slightly, the gist of all
                     the ads are true and therefore the statements were made in good faith.
                     Tarkanian, on the other hand, contends that individual words in the
                     statements made by Horsford and Miller are sufficiently different from
                     words in Rosen's, such that she cannot rely on those statements as evidence
                     that she believed her own statements to be true. Primarily, Tarkanian
                     appears to take issue with the use of the words "set up" in Rosen's
                     statements to describe Tarkanian's role in the telemarketing organizations,
                     rather than the words "worked for," "served as the resident agent and
                     attorney for," or "has been involved . . . with," as used by Horsford and
                     Miller in their statements. Notably, Tarkanian admits that he served as a
                     resident agent, filed incorporation paperwork, and "provided routine legal
                     work for companies that ended up operating telemarketing scams." But he
                     contends that "set[tingl up" a corporation is different from "work[ing] for"
                     or "serv[ing] as the resident agent and attorney foe a corporation, as it
                     suggests that Tarkanian's role in the companies was more intimately
                     involved. This, however, is a distinction without a difference. It is equally
                     arguable that "work[ing] foe' fraudulent telemarketing companies implies
                     a higher degree of involvement than simply incorporating, or "set[ting] up,"
                     companies which later became fraudulent.

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                                   The fundamental problem in Tarkanian's argument is that it
                       ignores the gist of the statements and instead attempts to parse each
                       individual word in the statements to assess it for its truthfulness. But in a
                       defamation action, "it is not the literal truth of 'each word or detail used in
                       a statement which determines whether or not it is defamatory; rather, the
                       determinative question is whether the "gist or sting" of the statement is true
                       or false.'" Oracle USA, Inc. v. Rimini St., Inc., 6 F. Supp. 3d 1108, 1131 (D.
                       Nev. 2014) (quoting Ringler Assocs. Inc. v. Md. Cas. Co., 96 Cal. Rptr. 2d
                       136, 150 (Ct. App. 2000)), clarified, No. 2:10-CV-00106-LRH-PAL, 2014 WL
                       5285963 (D. Nev. Oct. 14, 2014); see also Desert Sun Pubrg Co. v. Superior
                       Court, 158 Cal. Rptr. 519, 521 (Ct. App. 1979) ("A political publication may
                       not be dissected and judged word for word or phrase by phrase. The entire
                       publication must be examined."). To meet her burden as the defendant in
                       prong one, Rosen must establish only "by a preponderance of the evidence"
                       that the statements were true or made without knowledge of their falsity.
                       NRS 41.660(3)(a). This is a far lower burden of proof than the plaintiff must
                       meet under prong two to prevail on his defamation claims, which require a
                       showing of "actual malice"—i.e., that Rosen made the statements with the
                       "knowledge that [they were] false or with reckless disregard of whether
                       [they were] false or not." Pegasus v. Reno Newspapers, Inc., 118 Nev. 706,
                       719, 57 P.3d 82, 90 (2002) (quoting N.Y. Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254,
                       279-80 (1964)). Consequently, the plaintiffs high burden of proof for actual
                       malice indicates a low burden of proof for the defendant to show he or she
                       did not have knowledge of falsity of his or her statements and made them
                       in good faith. And, because the standard for "actual malice" is essentially
                       the same as the test for "good faith" in prong one, only differing in the party
                       with whom the burden of proof lies, it is appropriate to use the inquiry in

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defamation cases for determining the truthfulness of a statement under
prong one.
             Thus, the relevant inquiry in prong one of the anti-SLAPP
analysis is whether a preponderance of the evidence demonstrates that "the
gist of the story, or the portion of the story that carries the sting of the
[statement], is true." Pegasus, 118 Nev. at 715 n.17, 57 P.3d at 88 n.17
(2002) (quoting Masson v. New Yorker Magazine, Inc., 501 U.S. 496, 517
(1991)). Under this standard, it is clear from the evidence in the record that
Rosen sufficiently demonstrated that the statements were made in "good
faith" under the anti-SLAPP statute because the "gist or stine of the
statements was substantively true. NRS 41.660(3)(a); Pegasus, 118 Nev. at
715 n.17, 57 P.3d at 88 n.17; see also Oracle USA, 6 F. Supp. 3d at 1131.
The gist of Rosen's statements, as well as the statements of Horsford and
Miller, is that Tarkanian was involved or associated with companies later
found to be telemarketing scams that targeted the elderly. And the evidence
in the record, particularly Tarkanian's own admissions affirming Horsford's
and Miller's statements, suggests that Rosen's statements were
substantively true.
             It is even clearer from the evidence that Rosen's statements
were not made with knowledge of their falsity.            See NRS 41.637.
Tarkanian's involvement with companies found to be fraudulent
telemarketing schemes is present throughout the public discourse, as
shown by the expansive number of articles Rosen submitted as evidence.
According to Tarkanian, however, because Rosen knew about the Schneider
statements and knew that those statements were found to be defamatory
by a jury based on two newspaper articles about the litigation, she therefore
could not make the statements without knowledge of their falsity. However,

                                      9
                neither newspaper article about the Schneider litigation contained the
                specific language of the statements that were the subject of the litigation,
                and it is not clear what part of the Schneider statements the jury found to
                be defamatory. For example, one of the articles mentioned that Schneider
                settled the case, rather than taking it to its final adjudication, and that
                Schneider believed the verdict would have been overturned on appeal.
                Additionally, these articles must be weighed against the numerous other
                articles connecting Tarkanian to telemarketing schemes.
                            Moreover, Horsford and Miller, who made attacks similar to the
                Schneider article's statements regarding Tarkanian's work for companies
                found to be fraudulent telemarketers, did not face lawsuits, as evidenced by
                further newspaper articles. While Tarkanian is not required to pursue
                lawsuits against anyone who potentially defamed him, the absence of a suit
                against Horsford and Miller for defamation supports Rosen's argument that
                her statements were not made with knowledge of their falsity. In addition,
                the evidence does not clearly define Tarkanian's role in each of the
                companies, and thus it is reasonable that Rosen would not have known that
                stating Tarkanian "set up" rather than "worked foe these companies might
                be false. When considered in conjunction with the entirety of the public
                discourse on this topic, the evidence provides a compelling case that Rosen
                believed her statements to be true.
                The district court erred in finding that Tarkanian met his burden in prong
                two of proving prima facie evidence of a probability of prevailing on his
                claims
                            Because Rosen satisfied prong one of the anti-SLAPP analysis,
                we must evaluate prong two to determine whether Tarkanian presented
                prima facie evidence of a probability of prevailing on the claims. He did not.
                To prevail on a defamation claim, the plaintiff must show: "(1) a false and
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defamatory statement by [a] defendant concerning the plaintiff; (2) an
unprivileged publication to a third person; (3) fault, amounting to at least
negligence; and (4) actual or presumed damages." Pegasus, 118 Nev. at 718,
57 P.3d at 90 (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Where, as here, the plaintiff is a public figure, the statements must be made
with "actual malice." Id. at 718-19, 57 P.3d at 90-91.2 The truth of the
statements and actual malice are determinative here.
              As discussed above, the gist of Rosen's statements is true, or at
the very least her statements were made without actual malice. Tarkanian
relies on the same newspaper articles about the• Schneider litigation as
Rosen did to show that Rosen knew her statements were• false or at least
acted with reckless disregard toward their truth. However, both articles
fail to include the specific language that is the subject of the Schneider
litigation. One of the articles refers to the statements as focusing on
Tarkanian's "contact with companies involved in telemarketing fraud,"
while the other states that "he did work for telemarketing firms accused of
scamming the elderly." Both of these statements were later admitted by
Tarkanian to be true after they were made by Horsford and Miller. The fact
that two newspaper articles described the Schneider statements in this way

      2This  added hurdle is intended "[t] o promote free criticism of public
officials, and avoid any chilling effect from the threat of a defamation
action." Id. at 718, 57 P.3d at 90. Where political campaign speech is made
without knowledge of falsity or actual malice, the First Amendment of the
United States Constitution requires dismissal of a defamation suit. This is
because the remedy for this type of factually incorrect criticism of a political
opponent is not a lawsuit, but competing speech. See Brown v. Hartlage,
456 U.S. 45, 61 (1982) ("In a political campaign, a candidates factual
blunder is unlikely to escape the notice of, and correction by, the erring
candidates political opponent.").

                                      11
shows that there is no material difference in the gist of Schneider's
statement and those of Horsford and Miller. Because there is no material
difference and Tarkanian later admitted to working for these companies,
Rosen's statements are also true.
            Even if there is a material difference between stating that
Tarkanian "set up" the fraudulent telemarketing corporations and stating
that he "worked foe those corporations, Tarkanian cannot prove that Rosen
made her statements with reckless disregard for their truth. Neither of the
newspaper articles Rosen referenced in the ad contain the specific "set up"
language from the Schneider litigation, so the evidence does not support
that Rosen knew that language formed the basis of the jury verdict in the
Schneider litigation. For these reasons, Tarkanian cannot show a
probability of proving actual malice in this case.
                              CONCLUSION
            We conclude that the district court erred in its analysis of
whether Rosen's statements were made in good faith. Because the evidence
shows that the "gist or sting' of the statements was substantially true or
made without knowledge of their falsehood, Rosen met her burden under
the first prong of the anti-SLAPP analysis. We further conclude that the
district court erred in finding that Tarkanian showed a probability of

                                     12
                prevailing on his claims, as the evidence demonstrates a lack of actual
                malice by Rosen. Therefore, we reverse and remand with instructions for
                the district court to grant the special motion to dismiss.3

                                                                                 J.
                                                      Hardesty

                We c ncur:

                                                J.
                Parraguirre

                     ,/e4p4.00                  J.
                Stiglich

                                             , D.J.
                Breslow

                                             , D.J.
                Stockard

                              the special motion to dismiss will result in the dismissal of
                      3Granting
                the entire complaint, including the claims of intentional infliction of
                emotional distress, as these were based on Rosen's good faith
                communications. See NRS 41.650.
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                   prevailing on his claims, as the evidence demonstrates a lack of actual
                   malice by Rosen. Therefore, we reverse and remand with instructions for
                   the district court to grant the special motion to dismiss.3

                                                                                      J.
                                                          Hardesty

                   We concur:

                                                   J.
                   Parraguirre

                                                   J.
                   Stiglich

                   Breslow

                                                 D .J •
                   Stockard

                         Granting the special motion to dismiss will result in the dismissal of
                         3

                   the entire complaint, including the claims of intentional infliction of
                   emotional distress, as these were based on Rosen's good faith
                   communications. See NRS 41.650.

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                ralittrin
                prevailing on his claims, as the evidence demonstrates a lack of actual
                malice by Rosen. Therefore, we reverse and remand with instructions for
                the district court to grant the special motion to dismiss.3

                                                                                   J.
                                                      Hardesty

                We concur:

                                                J.
                Parraguirre

                                                J.
                Stiglich

                                             , D.J.
                Breslow

                                               D.J.
                Stockard

                      Granting the special motion to dismiss will result in the dismissal of
                      3
                the entire complaint, including the claims of intentional infliction of
                emotional distress, as these were based on Rosen's good faith
                communications. See NRS 41.650.
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                                                             miqaa
                  GIBBONS, C.J., with whom PICKERING, J., agrees, dissenting:
                              The anti-SLAPP statute affords a defendant who is sued for
                  allegedly defamatory political speech the opportunity to challenge the
                  complaint by a motion to dismiss at the outset of the case, despite there
                  being some dispute as to the underlying facts. See Batzel v. Smith, 333 F.3d
                  1018, 1024 (9th Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks omitted), superseded
                  by statute on other grounds as stated in Breazeale v. Victim Servs., Inc., 878
                  F.3d 759, 766 (9th Cir. 2017). In evaluating prong one of the anti-SLAPP
                  analysis, this court considers whether the party made the assertedly
                  protected communication in good faith. NRS 41.660(1). A communication
                  is made in good faith when it "is truthful or is made without knowledge of
                  its falsehood." NRS 41.637; see also Delucchi v. Songer, 133 Nev. 290, 300,
                  396 P.3d 826, 833 (2017). To prevail on prong one at this early stage of the
                  litigation, the moving party must establish by a preponderance of the
                  evidence that he or she made the communication in good faith. NRS
                  41.660(3)(a); see also Coker v. Sassone, 135 Nev., Adv, Op. 2, 432 P.3d 746,
                  749 (2019). Although the moving party is not required to file an affidavit in
                  support of an anti-SLAPP motion to dismiss under the anti-SLAPP statute,
                  it is necessary to do so when material facts are in dispute and to
                  authenticate exhibits.
                              Rosen's motion to dismiss did not meet the burden of showing,
                  by a preponderance of the evidence, that she made her statements in good
                  faith. While the majority is correct that Rosen contends she relied on

                         lIn addition to this consideration, this court must also determine
                  whether the speech is political speech covered by the anti-SLAPP statute.
                  NRS 41.637(1). We do not address this here because both parties concede
                  that the speech in question is covered by the anti-SLAPP statute.
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                articles containing the Horsford and Miller statements, those statements
                differ markedly from the statements Rosen made that are in issue in this
                case. Further, Rosen provided no affidavit for the district court to evaluate
                her reliance or to authenticate the newspaper articles. Even if we were to
                conclude, as the majority does, that Rosen relied on these articles, such
                reliance does not prove that Rosen made the statements underlying the
                complaint in this case in good faith. Consequently, Rosen cannot
                demonstrate good faith on the back of Tarkanian's failure to sue Horsford
                or Miller. Tarkanian did sue Schneider for statements about Tarkanian
                that more closely resemble those Rosen made. Although the case settled
                before final judgment, a jury found the Schneider statements to be
                defamatory.
                            Tarkanian admitted that he did not sue Horsford or Miller
                because he believed that their statements had some truth to them, despite
                having a negative slant. The majority emphasizes this acknowledgment.
                Putting aside the fact that the acknowledgment concerned different
                statements and was conditional,2 Tarkanian's acknowledgment only
                occurred after Rosen published her statements in the advertisement.
                Therefore, Rosen could not have relied on the acknowledgment when
                making her statements and cannot rely on this admission in establishing
                that she made the statements in good faith. Under the majority's reasoning,
                if a party does not sue for statements that are similar to a defamatory
                statement, then that party runs the risk of a court holding that the party
                admitted to a truthful gist of all similar statements. Thereby, the party

                      2Tarkanian admits that the statements are true only insofar as he
                "served as a resident agent and did some minor legal work for some
                companies."
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                      may be foreclosed from any defamation suit for any similar statements
                      under the anti-SLAPP statute.
                                  Contrary to the majority's assessment, Rosen's and Schneider's
                      statements differ from the Miller and Horsford statements, on which Rosen
                      relied. The majority attempts to bypass these differences by stating that
                      the "gist" of these statements is the same. Specifically, the majority says
                      that the gist of all these statements "is that Tarkanian was involved or
                      associated with companies later found to be telemarketing scams that
                      targeted the elderly." Majority, supra, at 9. This method of putting all
                      related statements together and referring to their "gist" may misdirect a
                      court to consider the truthfulness of similar statements instead of
                      considering the statements actually made.
                                  Rosen stated that "Tarkanian set up 13 fake charities that
                      preyed on vulnerable seniors." This language most closely resembles the
                      Schneider advertisements, which stated that "[Tarkanian] set up 19
                      fraudulent corporations for telemarketers." Horsford and Miller, on the
                      other hand, said only that Tarkanian "worked for" and "served as the
                      resident agent and an attorney for'' these corporations. Providing legal
                      work or working as a resident agent for a corporation that is engaged in
                      illicit activity is different than setting up the illicit activity oneself. An
                      attorney who does legal work or serves as the resident agent of a corporation
                      is not necessarily implicated in the corporation's crimes. For example, an
                      attorney may form a corporation for a client by filing the articles of
                      incorporation. The hypothesis that an attorney who filed articles of
                      incorporation for a corporation that later engages in illicit activity is guilty
                      of such activity is incorrect and unfair. While the majority contends that
                      this distinction is "arguable," I disagree.

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             Rosen was on notice that Schneider's statements, which are
indisputably more similar to those at issue here than Horsford's or Miller's
statements, were found to be defamatory by eight citizens serving on jury
duty. Rosen also received a cease and desist letter from Tarkanian,
explaining that similar statements were found to be defamatory. Given
these facts, and with no affidavit from Rosen, the district court did not err
in concluding that Rosen had not met her statutory burden of showing, by
a preponderance of the evidence, that she made the statements in good
faith.
             Because Rosen did not meet her burden as to prong one, the
analysis should end there. But, even assuming Rosen met her burden under
prong one, Tarkanian met his burden under prong two of the anti-SLAPP
analysis. Under prong two, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to demonstrate
"with prima facie evidence a probability of prevailing on the claim." NRS
41.660(3)(b). To determine whether the prima facie evidence standard is
met, we may look to California's anti-SLAPP jurisprudence. NRS 41.665(2).
In California, the prima facie evidence standard is a low burden. See
Soukup v. Law Offices of Herbert Hafif, 139 P.3d 30, 51 (Cal. 2006). To meet
this standard, the plaintiff must show that his claims meet "a minimum
level of legal sufficiency and triability." Linder v. Thrifty Oil Co. , 2 P.3d 27,
33 n.5 (Cal. 2000). In essence, the plaintiff "must demonstrate that his
claim is legally sufficient." Hecimovich v. Encinal Sch. Parent Teacher Org.,
137 Cal. Rptr. 3d 455, 470 (Ct. App. 2012). California courts, therefore,
treat this prong as they do a motion for summary judgment: the courts
accept as true all evidence that is favorable to the nonmoving party and
evaluate the moving party's evidence only to determine if it defeats the
defamation claim "as a matter of law." Id. at 469-70; cf. Wood v. Safeway,

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                      Inc., 121 Nev. 724, 729, 121 P.3d 1026, 1029 (2005) ("This court has noted
                      that when reviewing a motion for summary judgment, the evidence, and
                      any reasonable inferences drawn from it, must be viewed in a light most
                      favorable to the nonmoving party.").
                                  Without considering this standard, the majority skips directly
                      to its own defamation analysis and determines whether Tarkanian's claim
                      is factually sufficient instead of legally sufficient. The majority holds that
                      Tarkanian cannot show actual malice because the gist of Rosen's
                      statements is true and Tarkanian acknowledged that the Horsford/Miller
                      statements had some truth to them. Tarkanian maintained throughout the
                      case in district court and before this court that the statements Rosen made
                      in the advertisement, like the Schneider statements, were false, and he has
                      provided support for his assertion.
                                  "Actual malice (or more appropriately, constitutional malice) is
                      defined as knowledge of the falsity of the statement or a reckless disregard
                      for the truth." Nev. Indep. Broad. Corp. v. Allen, 99 Nev. 404, 414, 664 P.2d
                      337, 344 (1983) (emphasis omitted). A person shows "[r] eckless disregard
                      for the truth" when the person has "a high degree of awareness of [the]
                      probable falsity [of the statement]." Id. (second and third alteration in
                      original) (internal quotation marks omitted) (citing Garrison v. Louisiana,
                      379 U.S. 64, 74 (1964)). Looking to the evidence that Tarkanian presented
                      to show actual malice, it is clear that he made the prima facie showing of a
                      legally sufficient, triable claim. Tarkanian presented evidence that
                      substantially similar Schneider statements were submitted by another
                      district court to a jury of eight citizens and found to be defamatory. The
                      cease and desist letter Tarkanian sent Rosen advised her of these facts.
                      Thus, Rosen had actual notice of the likelihood that her statements were

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                        actionably false. Moreover, Tarkanian explained that Rosen inaccurately
                        cited to articles to bolster her advertisement even though those articles did
                        not state the propositions she included in her advertisement.
                                    The majority contends that Tarkanian cannot show actual
                        malice because of evidence Rosen presented: the evidence of his admission
                        to the Horsford and Miller statements, and the articles that Rosen claimed
                        she relied on. But consideration of this evidence in prong two of the anti-
                        SLAPP analysis is inappropriate. Rather, we must consider the moving
                        party's evidence only if it defeats the nonmoving party's claims as a matter
                        of law. Rosen's alleged reliance on other articles was not supported by an
                        affidavit. The fact that Tarkanian did not sue Horsford and Miller for their
                        similar statements may make actual malice less probable. However, it does
                        not defeat Tarkanian's claim as a matter of law. NRS 41.660(4) states that
                        "the court shall allow limited discovery" when a party needs to access
                        information held by the opposing party for the purpose of either meeting or
                        opposing the burden under the second prong of the anti-SLAPP statute.
                        Neither Rosen nor Tarkanian requested such discovery in this case. Absent
                        an affidavit from Rosen, the district court correctly determined that
                        Tarkanian's evidence, when taken as true and viewed in a light most
                        favorable to his case, resulted in Tarkanian meeting the burden of the prima
                        facie evidence standard under prong two of the anti-SLAPP analysis.
                                    We believe that the remedy for "factually incorrect criticism
                        [during a campaign] is not a lawsuit, but competing speech." Majority,
                        supra, at 11 n.2. As Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., wrote, "the best
                        test of truth is the power of the thought to get itself accepted in the
                        competition of the market." Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616, 630
                        (1919) (Holmes, J., dissenting). Yet the anti-SLAPP statute fits a specific

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                purpose—to bar frivolous litigation designed to thwart free speech at the
                courthouse doors. Without a supporting affidavit, Rosen failed to
                demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that she made the
                statements in good faith. Even if she had met her burden, considering
                Tarkanian's evidence in a light most favorable to him, he made a prima facie
                showing of his claims. The district court underwent the appropriate
                consideration of Rosen's anti-SLAPP motion and properly denied it based
                upon the disputed material issues of fact and the limited record.

                                                                                    C.J.

                I concur:

                                               J.

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