Court Opinion

ID: 9959042
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-10 16:06:16.629102+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:18:23.990512
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                  No. 23-0596
                              Filed April 10, 2024

CHAD RUBY,
    Plaintiff-Appellant,

vs.

JUSTINA SHEEHAN,
     Defendant-Appellee.
________________________________________________________________

      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Webster County, Angela L. Doyle,

Judge.

      A plaintiff appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment dismissing

his premises-liability and negligence-per-se claims and its denial of his cross-

motion for partial summary judgment on his negligence-per-se claim. AFFIRMED.

      Gary Dickey and Matthew Sahag of Dickey, Campbell, & Sahag Law Firm,

PLC, Des Moines, for appellant.

      Jon A. Vasey of Spencer Vasey Dirth, Des Moines, for appellee.

      Considered by Bower, C.J., and Buller and Langholz, JJ.
                                        2

LANGHOLZ, Judge.

      While attending a New Year’s Eve party at Justina Sheehan’s rented home,

Chad Ruby was stabbed eleven times by another guest using a kitchen knife she

found there. Ruby sued the stabber—Alyssa Slusser—and a jury awarded him

$20 million in damages. But he also seeks to hold Sheehan—the party host and

possessor of the premises—liable for negligently failing to control Slusser to

prevent the stabbing.    And Ruby asserts a negligence-per-se claim against

Sheehan for allegedly violating a city ordinance prohibiting residents from

permitting “fighting” in their homes “in such manner as to disturb the

neighborhood.” The district court agreed with Sheehan that Ruby’s negligence

claims fail as a matter of law, granted her summary judgment, and denied Ruby’s

cross-motion for partial summary judgment that Sheehan was negligent per se.

Ruby now appeals.

      We agree that Ruby’s claims both fail. On the premises-liability claim, we

reach that result on a different ground than the district court: Sheehan—as a

possessor of a private residence and social host—had no duty to prevent another

guest from stabbing Ruby during the party. And Ruby’s negligence-per-se claim

fails because the city ordinance is not specific enough to establish a negligence-

per-se standard. We thus affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment to

Sheehan and its denial of Ruby’s cross-motion.

      I.     Background Facts and Proceedings

      Justina Sheehan and her sister hosted a party on December 31, 2017, to

celebrate the new year and remember Sheehan’s recently deceased fiancé. A

dozen people attended. Among them were Ruby and Slusser, who engaged in
                                        3

“friendly” and “flirting conversation” with each other while “hanging out with

everybody” early on. Ruby testified that he knew nothing about Slusser and

agreed that he had no reason to believe Slusser was violent or would harm him.

      The party was held at Sheehan’s house, which she rented. She provided

alcohol that many—including Ruby, Slusser, and Sheehan herself—imbibed in

high quantities as the night wore on. Some guests also brought their own alcohol.

Precise accounts of the night differ between the intoxicated partyers.        But

according to Ruby’s testimony, “everybody was having a good time,” and “the

whole party was fun” with “no issues” for most of the night. Eventually, Ruby and

some of his friends engaged in “grappling” and “play fighting,” as they apparently

often did when hanging out and drinking.

      Then, at some point after midnight, things escalated.        Another guest

“sucker-punched” Ruby in the kitchen, and a more serious fight ensued. While

Sheehan and other guests were in the front yard getting the guest who punched

Ruby to leave, Slusser stabbed Ruby eleven times with a knife from a set on the

kitchen counter.

      Sheehan and others returned to find Ruby bloodied in the dining room.

Police—who had been called by a neighbor—were right behind.            The party

disbanded. And paramedics took Ruby for emergency medical treatment.

      As a result of her conduct stabbing Ruby, Slusser pleaded guilty to assault

with a violent weapon in violation of Iowa Code sections 708.1(2)(c) and 708.2(3)

(2017) in August 2018.

      About a year later, Ruby brought this lawsuit seeking damages for his

stabbing. He claimed assault and battery against Slusser. And he eventually
                                             4

asserted what he titled “premises liability” negligence claims against Sheehan and

the owner of her rented home.1 In his second amended petition, Ruby asserted

only two specifications of negligence against Sheehan:

           •   “Sheehan [was] negligent in failing to protect Ruby from being

               harmed on [her] premises,” and

           •   “Sheehan [was] negligent per se in permitting fighting on the property

               on or about January 1, 2018.”

He also asserted a corresponding duty for each specification—that Sheehan had

“a duty to exercise reasonable care so to control the conduct of those on the

Premises as to prevent them from harming others” and “a duty not to permit fighting

on the property.” While it was not identified in the petition, Ruby later confirmed

that he based his negligence-per-se claim on a Fort Dodge city ordinance that

makes it “unlawful for any person, within the city limits to permit . . . any . . . fighting

. . . in any house, or upon any premises . . . occupied, possessed or controlled by

him, in such manner as to disturb the neighborhood or persons passing along the

street.” Fort Dodge Mun. Code § 9.04.30.

       In October 2020, Sheehan moved for summary judgment seeking to dismiss

the claims against her. In her briefing, she argued that “she did not have a duty to

protect [Ruby] from Defendant Slusser or otherwise control Defendant Slusser’s

conduct and therefore, she is not liable as a matter of law.” Alternatively, she

argued that even if she owed a duty, “there is not sufficient evidence to create a

1 For a time, the case also included counterclaims by Slusser against Ruby for

assault and battery and intentional infliction of emotional distress. These claims
were dismissed by the court as barred by the statute of limitations and are not at
issue in this appeal.
                                          5

jury question on whether she breached that duty, because the stabbing of [Ruby]

by Defendant Slusser was not foreseeable.” Finally, Sheehan argued that the

negligence-per-se claim failed because the city ordinance “lacks the requisite

specificity to establish a standard of care.”

       Ruby resisted Sheehan’s motion and filed his own partial summary

judgment motion on the negligence-per-se claim. He contended that because

there was no dispute that “Sheehan permitted Slusser to stab Ruby on her

premises,” the court could rule as a matter of law that Sheehan was negligent per

se based on the ordinance, leaving only damages as a fact dispute for trial.

       In a January 2021 order, the district court granted Sheehan summary

judgment, denied Ruby’s cross-motion for partial summary judgment, and

dismissed all of Ruby’s claims against Sheehan. The court did not decide whether

Sheehan owed Ruby a duty—and instead assumed that she did—because it

considered “the issue of breach to be [the] crux of the matter.”         And while

acknowledging that “[q]uestions of knowledge or reasonableness are generally left

for juries to decide,” the court held Ruby had failed to come forward with any

evidence creating a material fact dispute that “Sheehan had knowledge of the

immediate circumstances or the general character of Slusser to foresee Slusser

stabbing Ruby.” And so, the court concluded that Sheehan’s conduct was not

negligent as a matter of law.

       The court also held that Ruby’s negligence-per-se claim failed for three

reasons. First, the court held that the ordinance Ruby relied on lacked sufficient

specificity because it only applied to fighting that “disturb[s] the neighborhood or

persons passing along the street.” Second, the court reasoned that because the
                                          6

ordinance “is aimed at preserving peace for the public,” it is not intended to protect

“[t]he harm claimed by Ruby, getting stabbed at a house party.” And finally, the

court concluded that “Ruby is not within the class of persons the ordinance is

intended to protect” because it “expressly applies to the neighborhood or persons

passing along the street” and “Ruby is neither.”

       Ruby then voluntarily dismissed his claims against the owner of Sheehan’s

home. And the case proceeded to trial only on Ruby’s claim against Slusser. The

jury found Slusser liable for battery and awarded Ruby $20 million in compensatory

and punitive damages. Now that the case has reached final judgment,2 Ruby

appeals the district court’s summary judgment rulings dismissing his claims against

Sheehan and denying his cross-motion for partial summary judgment on his

negligence-per-se claim.

       II.    Ruby’s Premises Liability Claim

       We review the district court’s rulings on the cross-motions for summary

judgment for correction of errors at law. Morris v. Legends Fieldhouse Bar & Grill,

LLC, 958 N.W.2d 817, 821 (Iowa 2021). Summary judgment is appropriate when

“there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled

to judgment as a matter of law.” Id. (cleaned up); see also Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.981(3).

       To succeed on his premises liability negligence claim, Ruby must prove:

(1) “a duty to conform to a standard of conduct to protect others”; (2) “a failure to

conform to that standard”; (3) “factual cause and scope of liability”; and

2 Ruby originally filed a notice of appeal within thirty days of the district court’s

summary judgment order. But the supreme court found that the order was
interlocutory, treated his notice of appeal as an application for interlocutory appeal,
and denied it. See Ruby v. Sheehan, No. 21-0142 (May 5, 2021).
                                         7

(4) “damages.” Thompson v. Kaczinski, 774 N.W.2d 829, 834, 837 (Iowa 2009);

see also Hill v. Damm, 804 N.W.2d 95, 99 (Iowa Ct. App. 2011).             The first

element—“whether a duty is owed under particular circumstances”—“is a matter

of law for the court’s determination.” Morris, 958 N.W.2d at 821. But the remaining

elements “are factual questions,” generally entrusted to the factfinder for decision.

Hill, 804 N.W.2d at 99; see also Iowa R. App. P. 6.904(3)(j) (requiring no citation

to the “well established” proposition that “[g]enerally questions of negligence . . .

are for the jury” and only to “be decided as matters of law” “in exceptional cases”).

       In her summary judgment motion, Sheehan argued that she had no duty to

control her guests to prevent Ruby’s stabbing and that, even if such a duty existed,

Ruby had presented no evidence that she failed to conform to the duty. The district

court declined to decide whether Sheehan had a duty but agreed with Sheehan

that even assuming a duty existed, she was “entitled to summary judgment

because there is no evidence she breached a duty to Ruby.” On appeal, Sheehan

again makes both arguments as grounds for affirming.

       Ruby contends that we cannot consider Sheehan’s no-duty argument

because the district court did not decide that issue.       But Sheehan was the

successful party—the district court granted her summary judgment motion on

another ground. And so, she can defend that judgment on appeal based on her

no-duty argument—even though the district court did not reach it—because she

raised it in her summary judgment motion.         See Iowa Tel. Ass’n v. City of

Hawarden, 589 N.W.2d 245, 252 (Iowa 1999) (considering alternative ground for

summary judgment that the prevailing party urged before—but was not decided

by—the district court). She “was not required to cross-appeal or to request the
                                           8

district court to rule on the issue after the district court dismissed the case on other

grounds.” Jasper v. H. Nizam, Inc., 764 N.W.2d 751, 774 (Iowa 2009).3

       It makes particular sense for us to consider whether Sheehan owed a duty

here because that is a legal question for the court to decide.            See Morris,

958 N.W.2d at 821.      Such a question is thus properly resolved by summary

judgment. And doing so here avoids the need to confront whether this is the rare

negligence case in which the evidence is so lacking that the factual question of the

reasonableness of Sheehan’s conduct can be decided as a matter of law. What’s

more, both parties have thoroughly briefed the duty question for us.4 We thus turn

to consider whether Ruby’s claim is based on any legal duty owed by Sheehan.

3 Ruby points to a recent case in which the supreme court “decline[d] to consider”

an appellee’s argument on the constitutionality of statute because “[t]he district
court never ruled on the” question. Nahas v. Polk County, 991 N.W.2d 770, 784
(Iowa 2023). But the supreme court did not hold that appellate courts can no longer
affirm a judgment “based on grounds urged in the district court but not considered
by that court.” Moyer v. City of Des Moines, 505 N.W.2d 191, 193 (Iowa 1993).
Nor do we think that the court would silently overrule that well-established rule
without any reasoning. See DeVoss v. State, 648 N.W.2d 56, 61–63 (Iowa 2002)
(collecting cases and clarifying that error-preservation requirement of urging issue
in the district court applied equally to appellees except for evidentiary rulings). Of
course, an appellate court need not consider such alternative arguments for
affirming. And it makes sense that the supreme court would decline to do so on a
constitutional issue that would not have changed the result—given that the court
also held that the challenged part of the statute did not apply retroactively to the
case. See Nahas, 991 N.W.2d at 779; Appellee’s Final Br., 2022 WL 17509392,
at *74–76; cf. Moyer, 505 N.W.2d at 193 (declining invitation to affirm on alternate
grounds not decided by district court because the issue was moot).
4 Sheehan gained “additional ammunition for” her no-duty argument, JBS Swift &

Co. v. Ochoa, 888 N.W.2d 887, 893 (Iowa 2016), because in the two years
between the district court ruling and her appellate briefing, we and the supreme
court decided two cases clarifying Iowa law on the duty to protect from third-party
harm after the adoption of the Third Restatement. See Kindig v. Newman, 966
N.W.2d 310, 323–26 (Iowa Ct. App. 2021); Morris, 958 N.W.2d at 828.
                                          9

       Iowa follows the Third Restatement of Torts in analyzing whether a duty

exists to support a negligence claim. See Thompson, 774 N.W.2d at 835; Hoyt v.

Gutterz Bowl & Lounge L.L.C., 829 N.W.2d 772, 776–77 (Iowa 2013). “An actor

ordinarily has a duty to exercise reasonable care when the actor’s conduct creates

a risk of physical harm.” Thompson, 774 N.W.2d at 834 (quoting Restatement

(Third) of Torts: Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm § 7(a) (Am. L. Inst. 2010)

[hereinafter Restatement (Third)]). This ordinary duty is imposed only when the

actor engages in conduct. In other words, it does not impose an affirmative duty

to act. See Kindig, 966 N.W.2d at 324 (“[A]n actor whose conduct has not created

a risk of physical harm to another has no duty of care to the other unless a court

determines that one of the affirmative duties is applicable.” (cleaned up) (quoting

Restatement (Third) § 37)).

       Instead, the Third Restatement recognizes affirmative duties only in limited

circumstances, generally based on a special relationship or other policy principles.

See id.; see also Restatement (Third) §§ 38–44. For example, “a business or other

possessor of land that holds its premises open to the public” owes “those who are

lawfully on the premises” an affirmative “duty of reasonable care with regard to the

risks that arise within the scope of the relationship.” Restatement (Third) § 40(a),

(b)(3). Thus, a tavern owes a duty of reasonable care to protect its patrons—even

from harm caused by a third party. See Hoyt, 829 N.W.2d at 776–77. But again,

outside such a specific affirmative duty to act, “there is no duty of care when

another is at risk for reasons other than the conduct of the actor, even though the

actor may be in a position to help.” Restatement (Third) § 37 cmt. b; see also Hoyt,

829 N.W.2d at 776 n.4.
                                         10

       Whether considering the ordinary duty or an affirmative duty, courts may

decide that no duty exists in a class of cases “if either the relationship between the

parties or public considerations warrants such a conclusion.” Morris, 958 N.W.2d

at 822 (cleaned up); see also Restatement (Third) § 7(b) (“In exceptional cases,

when an articulated countervailing principle or policy warrants denying or limiting

liability in a particular class of cases, a court may decide that the defendant has no

duty or that the ordinary duty of reasonable care requires modification.”); id. § 37

cmt. g (explaining no-duty decisions “are equally applicable to the affirmative

duties provided in this Chapter as they are the ordinary duty”). We no longer

consider foreseeability in our duty analysis. See Thompson, 774 N.W.2d at 834–

35. Nor do we consider the actor’s potentially negligent conduct—“[i]n the absence

of a duty, the actor cannot be held liable.” Restatement (Third) § 37 cmt. b.

       Aside from his negligence-per-se claim, which we will analyze separately

below, Ruby asserts only one specification of negligence against Sheehan in his

petition—that she was “negligent in failing to protect Ruby from being harmed on

[her] premises.” And he alleged this breach was based on Sheehan’s “duty to

exercise reasonable care so to control the conduct of those on the premises as to

prevent them from harming others.” On appeal, Ruby continues to frame his duty

argument in the same way, contending that there are “numerous examples of

situations in which Iowa courts have imposed on defendants a duty of reasonable

care to prevent wrongful acts of third parties.” And he contends that no “principle

or strong policy consideration justifies exempting Sheehan” from such a duty.

       But Ruby’s negligence claim relies on an affirmative duty. He seeks to hold

Sheehan liable for “failing to protect Ruby from being harmed” (stabbed) and failing
                                        11

“to control the conduct” of third parties (Slusser). So before we even get to

considering whether the case should fall into a no-duty carve-out based on public

policy considerations, we must decide whether one of the limited affirmative duties

recognized by the Restatement or Iowa precedent applies here. In other words,

we must ask: Does Iowa law impose an affirmative duty on Sheehan to protect

Ruby from a stabbing by another guest at Sheehan’s home? Because if our law

does not, Sheehan owes no duty to act. See Hoyt, 829 N.W.2d at 776 n.4; Kindig,

966 N.W.2d at 324; Restatement (Third) § 37 cmt. b. We conclude that the answer

is no. A social host and possessor of a private residence does not owe an

affirmative duty to protect a guest from harm caused by another guest on the

premises.

      We start with the Third Restatement.       Ruby does not direct us to any

affirmative duty in the Third Restatement that might apply. And we do not see one

he overlooked. See Restatement (Third) §§ 38–44; see also Kindig, 966 N.W.2d

at 325 (analyzing the Third Restatement and holding that sober driver of a party

bus did not have an affirmative duty to protect the other intoxicated riders on the

bus from harm caused by fellow partyers).

      Still, Ruby contends that there are “numerous examples” where “Iowa

courts have imposed on defendants a duty of reasonable care to prevent wrongful

acts of third parties.” But the cases he cites for this proposition cannot bear the

weight Ruby places on them. In two cases, the court did not decide whether the

defendant owed a duty. See Mitchell v. Cedar Rapids Cmty. Sch. Dist., 832

N.W.2d 689, 694–98 (Iowa 2013) (holding no-duty argument was not preserved

for consideration on appeal from jury verdict against school district); Hill, 804
                                         12

N.W.2d at 99 (considering “scope of liability” and “definition of negligence” on

plaintiffs’ appeal from directed verdict motion).5

       In the third case, our supreme court followed the Third Restatement to

recognize an affirmative duty on a tavern to protect its patrons from harm caused

by a third party because it was “a business or other possessor of land that holds

its premises open to the public.” Restatement (Third) § 40(b)(3); see Hoyt, 829

N.W.2d at 776–77. But that affirmative duty applies only to premises held “open

to the public” by the possessor. Restatement (Third) § 40(b)(3); see also Kindig,

966 N.W.2d at 324–25 (analyzing section 40(b)(3) and holding that a tavern did

not hold its bus open to public when it lent it to a friend for a party as a favor and

may have once provided it for another party eighteen months earlier). Ruby has

presented no evidence suggesting that Sheehan held her home open to the

public—a private New Year’s Eve party attended by twelve people does not suffice.

So the affirmative duty recognized by section 40(b)(3) does not apply here either.

       In his reply brief, Ruby also points to Morgan v. Perlowski, 508 N.W.2d 724

(Iowa 1993)—a case decided under the Second Restatement—as another source

for Sheehan’s duty to protect him.       But we are bound to follow more recent

precedent applying the duty principles of the Third Restatement. See Hoyt, 829

N.W.2d at 776–77 (“[W]e emphasize again our adoption of the duty analysis of the

Restatement (Third).”); Thompson, 774 N.W.2d at 835.            And that precedent

5 In Hill, we briefly discussed the special affirmative duty that Iowa law imposes on

common carriers and the even higher duty imposed on school districts and their
bus drivers to protect children in their care. See 804 N.W.2d at 104; see also
Restatement (Third) § 40(a), (b)(1) (imposing affirmative duty on “a common
carrier” to “its passengers”); id. § 40(a), (b)(5) (doing the same for “a school with
its students”). Sheehan is neither a common carrier nor a school district.
                                           13

conflicts with Morgan in two ways that make it impossible to also follow Morgan’s

duty analysis to impose a duty to protect on Sheehan as Ruby urges.

       First, in Morgan the supreme court recognized an affirmative duty—based

on section 318 of the Second Restatement—on “a possessor of land, who is

present on the land, to control the conduct of social guests” based on the

foreseeability of the need to exercise control to prevent the harm. Morgan, 508

N.W.2d at 728; see also Restatement (Second) of Torts § 318 (1965) (“If the actor

permits a third person to use land . . . in his possession . . . he is, if present, under

a duty to exercise reasonable care so to control the conduct of the third person as

to prevent him from intentionally harming others . . . if the actor (a) knows or has

reason to know that he has the ability to control the third person, and (b) knows or

should know of the necessity and opportunity for exercising such control.”).

Foreseeability was the guiding principle of that “narrow[]” affirmative duty.

Brenneman v. Stuelke, 654 N.W.2d 507, 509 (Iowa 2002). But foreseeability has

now been “excised from the duty analysis” in Iowa. Morris, 958 N.W.2d at 822.

The supreme court has made abundantly clear that courts must not consider

foreseeability of harm in deciding the question of duty. And we will not do so here.

       Second, the affirmative duty to control guests recognized in Morgan has

vanished in the Third Restatement. Ruby notes that “section 318 of the Second

Restatement has been replaced by section 51 of the Restatement (Third) of Torts.”

(Cleaned up); see also Restatement (Third) § 41 cmt. a. And true, our supreme

court has adopted the new duty analysis of section 51 of the Third Restatement.

See Ludman v. Davenport Assumption High Sch., 895 N.W.2d 902, 910 (Iowa

2017). But Ruby ignores that section 51 no longer imposes the duty to control third
                                         14

parties relied on in Morgan.       See Restatement (Third) § 51.         The Third

Restatement instead imposes a unitary duty of “reasonable care to entrants on the

land” for the land possessor’s own “conduct” and “artificial” or “natural conditions

on the land that pose risks to entrants.” Id. § 51(a)–(c). And it does not impose

any unique affirmative duties—like the former duty to control other social guests.

Rather, a land possessor only owes a duty for those “other risks . . . when any of

the affirmative duties provided in Chapter 7”—the general sections on limited

affirmative duties based on a special relationship or other policy principles—“is

applicable.” Id. § 51(d); see also id. § 51 cmt. r (“Whether a land possessor owes

entrants on the land an affirmative duty to protect them from risks unrelated to the

possessor’s conduct or to conditions on the property is addressed in Chapter 7,

not this Chapter.”). As we have already discussed, none of those affirmative duties

applies to impose an affirmative duty on a social host to protect against harm

caused by other guests. See id. §§ 38–44. And section 51 makes clear that the

social host’s status as possessor of the property no longer results in some added

affirmative duty.

       This change in the Third Restatement reflects the reality that without the

foreseeability limitation on the old affirmative duty to control guests, imposing the

duty no longer makes sense.        Unlike the reformulation of the tavern-owner

affirmative duty—which can rely on presence on the premises to replace

foreseeability, see Morris, 958 at 822–28—little would remain to define the

affirmative duty to control guests without foreseeability.     Indeed, without the

foreseeability guardrail, the duty would essentially merge with and expand the

affirmative duty to protect under section 40(b)(3)—making that duty apply not only
                                        15

to possessors who open their premises to the public, but also to all land possessors

whenever they are present on their premises.

       So after our supreme court’s elimination of foreseeability from the duty

analysis and the adoption of section 51 as the new duty analysis for land

possessors, the duty to “control the conduct of social guests” recognized in Morgan

cannot support Ruby’s negligence claim. Morgan, 508 N.W.2d at 728.

       Again, we must remember that Ruby claimed only that Sheehan had an

affirmative “duty to exercise reasonable care so to control the conduct of those on

the premises as to prevent them from harming others” and was “negligent in failing

to protect Ruby from being harmed on [her] premises.” His petition does not claim

that Sheehan engaged in any negligent conduct herself.6 In fact, he disclaims any

assertion of negligence for the most obvious possible conduct—providing alcohol

to her guests—and highlights the absence of any such specification in his petition

to avoid our statutory immunity for social hosts. See Iowa Code § 123.49(1);

Brenneman, 654 N.W.2d at 509–10.             Similarly, the absence of any other

specifications of Sheehan’s own conduct reinforces that Ruby’s “premises liability”

negligence claim relies on an affirmative duty for social hosts and land possessors

to protect from third-party harm. And Iowa law does not recognize that duty. His

claim thus fails as a matter of law.

6 In his briefing, Ruby has sometimes referred to other potentially negligent acts

by Sheehan—such as drinking to intoxication, inviting Slusser to the party, or
leaving her kitchen knives on her kitchen counter. But he never amended his
petition to expand beyond his premises liability claim based on Sheehan’s alleged
breach of an affirmative duty to protect. So we need not decide whether the
ordinary duty of reasonable care would exist to support a claim of negligence
based on similar assertions.
                                         16

      The district court did not err in granting Sheehan summary judgment and

dismissing Ruby’s claim that Sheehan negligently failed to protect him from being

harmed while on her premises.

      IV.    Ruby’s Negligence-Per-Se Claim

      Ruby alternatively claims that Sheehan was negligent per se because her

conduct hosting the New Year’s Eve party violated a Fort Dodge city ordinance.7

That ordinance provides:

             9.04.030 Disturbances on own premises.
             It is unlawful for any person, within the city limits to permit or
      suffer any quarreling, fighting, profane or obscene language or
      conduct or any affray in any house, or upon any premises owned,
      occupied, possessed or controlled by him, in such manner as to
      disturb the neighborhood or persons passing along the street.

Fort Dodge Mun. Code § 9.04.30. And Ruby argues that Sheehan violated it by

permitting fighting in her house “in such manner as to disturb the neighborhood.”

      The violation of a city ordinance “provid[ing] a rule of conduct specifically

designed for the safety and protection of a certain class of persons” that harms a

person may be negligence per se. Winger v. CM Holdings, L.L.C., 881 N.W.2d

433, 448 (Iowa 2016) (cleaned up). But the harm “must be of the kind which the

[ordinance] was intended to prevent” and the person “must be within the class

which [the ordinance] was intended to protect.”        Id. (cleaned up).     And the

ordinance “must have enough specificity to establish a standard of conduct.”

Struve v. Payvandi, 740 N.W.2d 436, 443 (Iowa Ct. App. 2007); see also Griglione

v. Martin, 525 N.W.2d 810, 812 (Iowa 1994) (requiring “precise” and “specific

7 Sheehan does not argue that our duty analysis affects Ruby’s ability to bring his

negligence-per-se claim. See Restatement (Third) § 14 cmt. i. So we assume that
our no-duty holding does not preclude the claim and consider it independently.
                                         17

standards” that can “be followed unwaveringly in all instances”), overruled on other

grounds by Winger, 881 N.W.2d at 446.

       Consistent with this last specificity requirement, we have held that a statute

requiring landlords to keep their furnaces “in good and safe working condition”

cannot be a basis for negligence per se because it “does not contain a specific

standard of conduct.” Struve, 740 N.W.2d at 443. Likewise, a city’s “workable

lock” requirement is too “vague” and “uncertain[]” to serve as a negligence-per-se

standard for the adequacy of a lock. Brichacek v. Hiskey, 401 N.W.2d 44, 47 (Iowa

1987). But an ordinance “requir[ing] forty-two-inch high guardrails on second-floor

or higher balconies . . . is sufficiently specific to prescribe a standard of care the

violation of which constitutes negligence per se.” Winger, 881 N.W.2d at 448.

       Like the district court, we agree with Sheehan that the ordinance here does

not satisfy this specificity requirement. The ordinance’s prohibition on fighting and

other conduct only when engaged “in such manner as to disturb the neighborhood

or persons passing along the street” provides only an uncertain and vague

standard that lacks the precise and specific requirements needed to establish a

negligence-per-se standard. See Struve, 740 N.W.2d at 443. Ruby offers no

contrary argument, focusing exclusively on the district court’s alternative reasoning

that the ordinance was not intended to protect against stabbings. But we need not

reach that question because—regardless—the ordinance is not specific enough.

The district court thus correctly dismissed Ruby’s negligence-per-se claim and

denied his cross-motion for partial summary judgment on the claim.

       AFFIRMED.