Court Opinion

ID: 9513059
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-06 22:30:02.164133+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:05:42.631790
License: Public Domain

Chief Justice JEFFERSON
delivered the opinion of the Court,
joined by Justice HECHT, Justice O’NEILL, Justice WAINWRIGHT, Justice GREEN, Justice JOHNSON, and Justice WILLETT.
The Civil Practice and Remedies Code requires a health care liability claimant to serve expert reports on providers within 120 days after filing suit. If a claimant does not do so, the trial court “must grant” the provider’s motion to dismiss the claim, and the provider may appeal from the court’s failure to do so. If the claimant’s report is timely but deficient, the trial court may grant a single thirty day extension to cure the deficiency, and the order granting that extension may not be appealed. We decide today whether a provider may immediately appeal when a trial court both denies a motion to dismiss and grants the claimant a thirty day extension, even though no expert report was timely served. We conclude that the statute permits such an appeal.
I
Factual and Procedural Background
Maricruz Lopez filed a health care liability claim against S. Murthy Badiga, M.D. on October 24, 2003, alleging that Doctor Badiga committed medical malpractice by perforating Lopez’s colon during a colonoscopy. Lopez was required to serve an expert report on Dr. Badiga by February 23, 2004 — the 120th day after she filed suit. Tex Civ. Piiac. & Rem.Code § 74.351(a). Because Lopez did not serve a report by February 23, Dr. Badiga moved to dismiss the case. On March 31, Lopez moved for an extension of time to serve the report and filed a second such motion on April 1. On May 18, the trial court extended the deadline to June 18, but did not rule on Dr. Badiga’s motion to dismiss. Lopez served the expert report of Dr. Rodolfo Guerrero on June 8. Dr. Badiga then filed a second motion to dismiss, incorporating his first motion and also challenging the adequacy of Dr. Guerrero’s report. On August 10, the trial court denied Dr. Badiga’s motion to dismiss, and he subsequently filed this interlocutory appeal. The court of appeals dismissed the appeal for want of jurisdiction, concluding that “the substance of the appeal is directed at the legality of the 30-day extension,” for which there is no interlocutory appeal. 274 S.W.3d 685. We granted the petition for review.1 51 Tex. Sup.Ct. J. 770-71 (Apr. 18, 2008).
*683II
Discussion
Section 74.351(a) of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code provides that, within 120 days of suit, a claimant must serve expert reports for each physician or health care provider against whom a liability claim is asserted. Tex. Civ. PRAC. & Rem.Code § 74.351(a). If an expert report has not been served within the 120 day period:
the court, on the motion of the affected physician or health care provider, shall, subject to [an extension of time for a deficient report], enter an order that:
(1) awards to the affected physician or health care provider reasonable attorney’s fees and costs of court incurred by the physician or health care provider; and
(2) dismisses the claim with respect to the physician or health care provider, with prejudice to the refiling of the claim.
tex Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code § 74.351(b). If a report “has not been served within [120 days] because elements of the report are found deficient, the court may grant one 30-day extension to the claimant in order to cure the deficiency.” Id. § 74.351(c). The defendant has the right to an interlocutory appeal from an order that “denies all or part of the relief sought by a motion under Section 74.351(b), except that an appeal may not be taken from an order granting an extension under Section 74.351.” Id. § 51.014(a)(9). So, under the Civil Practice and Remedies Code, an interlocutory appeal is permitted for the denial of a motion to dismiss but not for the grant of an extension to cure a deficient report.
We have never addressed whether interlocutory appeal of the denial of a motion to dismiss under section 74.351(b) is permitted when an extension has been granted even though the claimant served no expert report within the 120 day period. In Ogle-tree v. Matthews, we held that the denial of a motion to dismiss, coupled with the grant of an extension of time to cure a timely but deficient expert report, are inseparable for purposes of an appeal. Ogle-tree, 262 S.W.3d 316, 321 (Tex.2007).. In such cases, the Legislature’s prohibition on appealing extension orders precludes an interlocutory appeal. Id.
We noted that, in contrast to the predecessor statute, which allowed a thirty day extension for good cause and a mandatory thirty day “grace period” upon a showing that the failure to file a conforming report was due to accident or mistake and was not intentional or due to conscious indifference, the 2003 statutory amendments created a statute-of-limitations-type deadline within which expert reports must be served. Id. at 319. Accordingly, “[i]f no report is served within the 120 day deadline provided by 74.351(a), the Legislature denied trial courts the discretion to deny motions to dismiss or grant extensions, and a trial court’s refusal to dismiss may be immediately appealed.” Id. at 319-20 (citing Tex Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code § 74.351(b) (stating that a trial court “shall” dismiss a claim when expert reports are not served within 120 days)); Tex. Crv. Prac. & Rem.Code § 51.014(a)(9) (authorizing interlocutory appeal of the denial of a motion to dismiss filed under 74.351(b)).
We anticipated the situation presented in this case, noting that several courts of appeals have allowed interlocutory appeals of denied motions to dismiss coupled with extension grants when there is an absence *684of a report, rather than a timely but deficient report. Id. at 320 n. 2. We cited the court of appeals’ opinion in this case as an example of a court that “has concluded that, notwithstanding the absence of a timely served report, it lacked jurisdiction over the provider’s interlocutory appeal.” Id. (citing 2005 WL 1572273). Because that situation was not presented in Ogle-tree, we expressed no opinion on the propriety of that holding; nevertheless, we made clear that “a deficient report differs from an absent report.” Id. at 320.
In this case, Dr. Badiga’s first motion to dismiss alleged that no expert report had been served within the 120 day deadline. At the hearing, Lopez’s counsel asserted that the failure to serve an expert report was “not a result of conscious indifference or an intentional act of not filing. It was a mistake_” He noted that before filing the lawsuit, he provided “a substantial portion of the medical records” to Badiga’s insurance carrier. Those medical records are not in the appellate record, but at the hearing, Lopez’s counsel said that the records include “the doctor’s name, information, treatment, everything was in those reports.... They may not have his resume, but they have everything else.” Lopez asserts that serving the medical records on the insurance carrier demonstrates that her failure to serve a report was not the result of conscious indifference and that Dr. Badiga could not have been prejudiced. These concerns are no longer relevant, however, in deciding a motion to dismiss when no expert report has been served. Compare Act of May 1,1995, 74th Leg., R. S., ch. 140, § 1, 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 985, 986, repealed by Act of June 2, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 204, § 10.01, 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 847, 875, with Tex. Civ. PRAC. & Rem.Code § 74.351(b).
Because no expert report was served within 120 days, this case differs from Ogletree, in which a deficient expert report was served within the 120 day period. In Ogletree, we held that “the actions denying the motion to dismiss and granting an extension are inseparable” because “if a defendant could separate an order granting an extension from an order denying the motion to dismiss when a report has been served, section 51.014(a)(9)’s ban on interlocutory appeals for extensions would be meaningless.” Id. at 321 (emphasis added). The purpose of the ban on interlocutory appeals for extensions is to allow plaintiffs the opportunity to cure defects in existing reports. If a defendant could immediately appeal the denial of his motion to dismiss, the court of appeals would be reviewing the report’s sufficiency while its deficiencies were presumably being cured in the trial court.
These policy concerns do not arise when, as here, no report has been served within the 120 day deadline. Allowing immediate appeal of the denial of such a motion to dismiss is appropriate even when the trial court has granted plaintiffs motion to extend time because there is no expert report for the claimant to cure. If an interlocutory appeal were not allowed, a claimant who ignores the 120 day deadline could obtain an unreviewable thirty day extension plus whatever amount of time it took the trial court to rule on the extension motion, which in this case totaled 116 days. This puts a claimant who has made no attempt to comply with the 120 day deadline in at least as good a position as one who attempts to serve a conforming expert report but refuses to meet the statutory guidelines.
The exception to section 51.014(a)(9) prohibiting appeal from an order granting an extension under section 74.351 does not apply when no expert report has been served. Except as noted below, in the absence of a timely report, *685the trial court cannot properly grant an extension under section 74.351. The trial court may grant an extension in only two circumstances: (1) by written agreement of the parties or (2) to allow a claimant to cure a report’s deficiencies. Tex. Civ. PRAC. & Rem.Code §§ 74.351(a), (c). This case involves neither circumstance; there was no agreed extension and no report for which a challenge to adequacy could be lodged. Contrary to the court of appeals’ conclusion that “the substance of the appeal is directed at the legality of the 30-day extension,” this appeal is not a challenge to the extension. 274 S.W.3d 682. Dr. Badiga properly appealed the denial of his motions to dismiss. He first sought dismissal because Lopez served no report within the 120 day deadline. Dr. Badiga’s second motion expressly incorporated the first and added that, in any event, the expert report Lopez subsequently served was deficient. Whether the trial court granted an extension or not, the issue here is whether a case must be dismissed when no expert report is timely served.
Ill
Conclusion
A provider may pursue an interlocutory appeal of the denial of a motion to dismiss when no expert report has been timely served, whether or not the trial court grants an extension of time. We reverse the court of appeals’ judgment dismissing the appeal for lack of jurisdiction and remand the case for that court to consider the merits of the trial court’s denial of Dr. Badiga’s motion to dismiss. Tex.R.App. P. 60.2(d).
Justice BRISTER delivered a dissenting opinion, in which Justice MEDINA joined.

. We have jurisdiction to determine the court of appeals' jurisdiction. Tex. Dep't of Crimi*683nal Justice v. Simons, 140 S.W.3d 338, 343 (Tex.2004).