Court Opinion

ID: 2647181
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-12-21 01:03:59.186233+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:54:36.882906
License: Public Domain

Filed 12/20/13 In re Devin H. CA1/2
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

               IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION TWO

In re DEVIN H., a Person Coming Under
the Juvenile Court Law.
THE PEOPLE,
         Plaintiff and Respondent,
v.
DEVIN H.,                                                            A137854
         Defendant and Appellant.                                    (Contra Costa County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. J1201281)

         Appellant minor Devin H. was originally declared a ward of the court under
Welfare and Institutions Code section 602 at age 13 in Napa County on January 21, 2009,
for threatening a teacher and using obscenity at school. (Pen. Code, §§ 71, 415.5, subd.
(a).) He has had numerous sustained petitions for delinquent behavior amounting to a
probation violation since then. (§ 777.)1 A second section 602 petition was sustained in
Contra Costa County on September 7, 2012, based on Devin’s plea of no contest to
receiving stolen property (Pen. Code, § 496, subd. (a)) and resisting arrest (Pen. Code,
§ 148, subd. (a)). After several more probation violations, on January 23, 2013, he was
sent to the Youthful Offender Treatment Program (YOTP), a locked facility in Contra
Costa County Juvenile Hall. The sole issue on appeal is whether the maximum term of

         1
             Undesignated statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.

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confinement was properly calculated at 53 months, or whether instead it should have
been set at 49 months. We conclude there was an error in the calculation and modify the
dispositional order accordingly.
                                       BACKGROUND
       Devin H. has been involved in the juvenile justice system since shortly before his
14th birthday. His first section 602 petition in Napa County stemmed from threatening a
fellow student and making offensive sexual suggestions, shouting profanities at the
principal, breaking school rules by riding his skateboard in the school bus area, and
threatening to hit a female teacher.
       He was declared a ward and released to the custody of his mother, but he
thereafter demonstrated persistent problems adjusting to school rules, eventually being
suspended from a middle school and two high schools. He used profanities toward a
teacher and violated the dress code within days after being placed on probation. In May
2009, he made threatening remarks with gang overtones to other students and was
suspended from middle school. In February 2010 he was suspended from high school
three times for possession of marijuana, harassing another student, and defiance of school
rules, including using profanity and racial slurs in class. He violated probation again on
August 19, 2011, by being involved in a campus disruption, with a resulting suspension.
       On June 24, 2012, at age 17, Devin was detained in San Francisco for
skateboarding on a crowded street during the Gay Pride Parade. He shouted profanities
at the officer who detained him and refused to identify himself or his parents.
       On August 30, 2012, Devin was arrested in Hercules with two other minors near a
residence that had just been burglarized. Devin had the victim’s credit card in his pocket
but claimed he had found it on the ground.
       A section 602 petition was filed in Contra Costa County on September 4, 2012,
alleging first degree residential burglary, a felony (Pen. Code, §§ 459, 460), receiving
stolen property as a felony (Pen. Code, § 496, subd. (a)), resisting arrest during the June
24 incident (Pen. Code, § 148, subd. (a)(1)), and giving false information to a peace
officer in June (Pen. Code, § 148.9, subd. (a)).

                                             2
       On September 7, 2012, Devin pled no contest to receiving stolen property and
resisting arrest, and the other allegations were dismissed. On September 17, Contra
Costa County accepted Napa County’s transfer in request. Devin was sent to Orin Allen
Youth Rehabilitation Facility (OAYRF) for six months on September 21, 2012, where he
continued having difficulty making a satisfactory adjustment. Between his initial
placement at OAYRF on September 24, 2012, and November 30, 2012, Devin
accumulated over 30 special incident reports, 15 behavioral progress reports, and over
307 negative write ups. His misbehavior resulted in the court adding 130 days to his
OAYRF commitment.
       Between October 4 and December 5, 2012, Devin admitted four section 777
petitions alleging probation violations mostly relating to failure to adjust to the program
and failure to follow the rules, including throwing salt in another ward’s face, fighting,
inciting the group, and engaging in disruptive, disrespectful and threatening behavior.
       On December 21, 2012, a fifth section 777 petition was filed based on allegations
that Devin had failed to adjust to the program in that, among other things, he cheated in
school, talked back to a teacher, verbally abused staff, disrupted class, pushed another
ward, was in a near fight, and used profanity. On January 2, 2013, Devin admitted the
fifth probation violation.
       As a result of his probation violations, Devin was committed to YOTP on
January 23, 2013. At disposition the court indicated the maximum term of confinement
was 53 months, or until Devin turned 21, whichever occurred first. This is the order from
which he appeals.
                                      DISCUSSION
       On September 7, 2012, when Devin entered his no contest pleas to receiving
stolen property and resisting arrest, he was informed that his maximum term of
confinement was three years, four months. This calculation took account of the
allegations to which he pled no contest in the 2012 petition alone. The maximum term of
confinement was first calculated at 53 months in the probation report prepared in
connection with the disposition of Devin’s section 602 petition in September 2012 and

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again in the disposition report prepared for the probation violation disposition on
January 23, 2013. The probation reports do not explain the basis for that calculation.
Yet, on December 5, 2012, after Devin admitted his fourth probation violation, the
district attorney indicated the maximum term of confinement was four years, one month,
or 49 months, and the court so advised Devin. Then, once again, in its disposition order
of January 23, 2013, the court adopted the calculation of 53 months contained in the
probation report without explaining how the maximum term was computed.2
       Devin now claims the 53-month maximum term of confinement was
miscalculated, and the district attorney was correct in computing the maximum term as
49 months. Although the defense attorney did not object to the 53-month calculation on
the record, Devin points out that an unauthorized sentence may be corrected at any time.
(People v. Scott (1994) 9 Cal.4th 331, 354.)
       The juvenile court may aggregate multiple counts and previously sustained
section 602 petitions in calculating the maximum term of confinement.3 “When

       2
         To the extent Devin argues that the 53-month maximum term of confinement
represented an additional increment based on the probation violation, the record strongly
suggests otherwise. We agree with the Attorney General that the 53-month calculation
originated with the September 2012 probation report and was simply carried forward to
the January 2013 calculations without careful scrutiny by either the probation officer or
the juvenile court.
       3
        Section 726, subdivision (d), provides as follows: “If the minor is removed from
the physical custody of his or her parent or guardian as the result of an order of wardship
made pursuant to Section 602, the order shall specify that the minor may not be held in
physical confinement for a period in excess of the maximum term of imprisonment which
could be imposed upon an adult convicted of the offense or offenses which brought or
continued the minor under the jurisdiction of the juvenile court.
        “As used in this section and in Section 731, ‘maximum term of imprisonment’
means the longest of the three time periods set forth in paragraph (2) of subdivision (a) of
Section 1170 of the Penal Code, but without the need to follow the provisions of
subdivision (b) of Section 1170 of the Penal Code or to consider time for good behavior
or participation pursuant to Sections 2930, 2931, and 2932 of the Penal Code, plus
enhancements which must be proven if pled.
       “If the court elects to aggregate the period of physical confinement on multiple
counts or multiple petitions, including previously sustained petitions adjudging the minor

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aggregating multiple counts and previously sustained petitions, the maximum
confinement term is calculated by adding the upper term for the principal offense, plus
one-third of the middle term for each of the remaining subordinate felonies . . . .” (In re
David H. (2003) 106 Cal.App.4th 1131, 1133-1134.) When aggregating a subordinate
term for a misdemeanor under section 726, a juvenile court should add one-third of the
maximum term for the misdemeanor. (Id. at p. 1134, fn. 2; In re Eric J. (1979) 25 Cal.3d
522, 536-538.)
       We deal with only two section 602 petitions: one in January 2009 and the second
in September 2012. Devin claims the correct calculation, if the court elected to aggregate
all four sustained counts in the two petitions,4 would be as follows: the upper term of
three years (36 months) for receiving stolen property would be included in the
calculation, since that offense is subject to a 16-month/two year/three year sentencing
triad under Pen. Code section 1170, subdivision (h)(1) (Pen. Code, § 496). Eight months
would be added for threatening a teacher in the 2009 section 602 petition as one-third of
the middle term for this felony. (Pen. Code, §§ 71, subd. (a)(1), 1170, subd. (h)(1).)
Misdemeanor resisting arrest during the June 24, 2012 incident would add four months to
the calculation (one-third the maximum term of one year). (Pen. Code, § 148,
subd. (a)(1).) Thirty days would be added for misdemeanor disrupting school by using
profanity in the 2009 petition (one-third the maximum term of 90 days), for a total of
49 months. (Pen. Code, § 415.5,subd. (a).) The Attorney General does not dispute this

a ward within Section 602, the ‘maximum term of imprisonment’ shall be the aggregate
term of imprisonment specified in subdivision (a) of Section 1170.1 of the Penal Code,
which includes any additional term imposed pursuant to Section 667, 667.5, 667.6, or
12022.1 of the Penal Code, and Section 11370.2 of the Health and Safety Code.
       “If the charged offense is a misdemeanor or a felony not included within the scope
of Section 1170 of the Penal Code, the ‘maximum term of imprisonment’ is the longest
term of imprisonment prescribed by law.”
       4
         Devin notes that aggregation is not mandatory, but discretionary with the
juvenile court. (In re Adrian R. (2000) 85 Cal.App.4th 448, 454; In re Richard W. (1979)
91 Cal.App.3d 960, 982.) Although the court did not expressly state it was aggregating
the petitions and offenses, that exercise of discretion was implicit in its disposition.

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calculation, nor can she explain how the court arrived at a 53-month maximum. Neither
can we. The calculation proposed by Devin appears to be correct.
       Instead of proposing an alternative calculation, the Attorney General relies on the
presumption of duty regularly performed. (Evid. Code, § 664.) She claims we must
presume the juvenile court computed the term in accordance with the law, even though
by computing the term ourselves we come up with a different answer. We decline to
carry the presumption of regularity so far. We cannot presume the court correctly
calculated the maximum term of confinement when a calculation that appears to be
incorrect has been brought to our attention and the Attorney General has been unable to
explain how it was computed.
       The Attorney General cites In re Julian R. (2009) 47 Cal.4th 487, 498, and
People v. Coddington (2000) 23 Cal.4th 529, 644, overruled on other grounds in Price v.
Superior Court (2001) 25 Cal.4th 1046 (Coddington). We find those cases
distinguishable and unhelpful.
       In re Julian R. dealt with a minor who claimed that, because the record was silent,
the juvenile court must have failed to consider the “facts and circumstances” of his
crimes which could have resulted in setting a lower maximum term of confinement. (In
re Julian R., 47 Cal.4th at p. 498.) The court, of course, cited the presumption of duty
regularly performed, rather than speculating about possible error not appearing on the
face of the record. In that case the minor sought to premise error on a silent record.
(Ibid.) Here the record affirmatively reflects the error. (Cf. In re C.W. (2012)
208 Cal.App.4th 654, 660-661.)
       Coddington discussed the presumption of duty regularly performed where a judge
reviewed the probation report before ruling on an automatic motion for reduction of the
death penalty under Penal Code section 190.4. (23 Cal.4th at pp. 643-644.) The judge
was supposed to consider only evidence that came before the jury in ruling on that
motion. (Id. at pp. 644-645.) “Absent evidence to the contrary,” the Supreme Court said,
the presumption of judicial duty properly performed could be relied upon to support the
conclusion that the trial court correctly distinguished between information in the

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probation report that could properly be considered and that which was extraneous to the
motion. (Id. at pp. 644-645.) However, because the trial court did mention matters from
the probation report that were not before the jury, the Supreme Court went on to
“examine the record ‘to determine whether the court may have been improperly
influenced by material in the report.’ ” (Id. at p. 645.) Thus, the court did not rely solely
on the presumption of regularity. Although it noted it could employ such a presumption
due to trial judges’ ability to separate admissible from inadmissible evidence and their
presumed knowledge of the law, because there was some “evidence to the contrary” (id.
at pp. 644-645), the court went on for several pages discussing the court’s actual remarks
(id. at pp. 645-650) before concluding that no error occurred.
       But here the state has had an opportunity to explain the court’s calculation and has
been unable to do so. We think the difference in calculation was clearly an error on the
court’s part, apparently due to reliance on a faulty calculation by the probation
department. The error appears to have resulted from a miscalculation rather than a
judicial officer’s misapplication of the law, more in the nature of ministerial error than
judicial error. The judge’s intention to impose a maximum term of confinement based on
aggregated petitions and offenses is clear from the record. Once that exercise of
discretion took place, the mathematical calculation of the maximum term of confinement
may properly be regarded as ministerial in nature and subject to correction on appeal.
(See People v. Jack (1989) 213 Cal.App.4th 913, 917.)
       In an analogous situation, when presentence credits have been calculated
incorrectly, we have not hesitated to correct the calculation and order the abstract
amended accordingly. (People v. Williams (1992) 10 Cal.App.4th 827, 835, see also,
e.g., People v. Jack, supra, 213 Cal.App.4th at p. 917.) We have the inherent power to
correct clerical errors in the record at any time to make the record reflect the true facts.
(People v. Mitchell (2001) 26 Cal.4th 181, 185; Greenwich S.F. v. Wong (2010)
190 Cal.App.4th 739, 750, fn. 8 .) We consider a mathematical miscalculation of the
maximum term of confinement to fall within the realm of clerical or ministerial error
subject to correction on appeal.

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       In fact, it seems to us the parties do not really disagree about the correct
calculation, but simply quarrel about whether the calculation should be corrected at all.
The Attorney General suggests that, because the miscalculation originally occurred in a
September 2012 probation report, we must not “reach back in time” to correct an error
from an earlier disposition. But Devin points out that the miscalculation in the
September 2012 probation report was not reflected in the September 21, 2012 order.
That order did not include a calculation of the maximum term of confinement. On the
other hand, the error clearly appears in the disposition order of January 23, 2013, and we
do not believe we would violate any rule of finality by correcting it in the current appeal.
       The Attorney General further notes the maximum term imposed was the earlier of
53 months or when Devin turns 21. He will turn 21 in February 2016, long before either
49 months or 53 months expire. Therefore, the Attorney General implies, it really does
not matter which calculation is used.    When a minor is not prejudiced by the presence of
a term in the dispositional order, there is authority for the proposition that there is no
need for reversal or remand. (In re Ali A. (2006) 139 Cal.App.4th 569, 573-574
[maximum term of confinement specified where minor not removed from parents’
custody; no appellate action taken]; but see In re Matthew A. (2008) 165 Cal.App.4th
537, 541 [same, but maximum term of confinement stricken].) But we think the minor is
entitled to an accurate dispositional order.
       The Attorney General, still clinging to the presumption of regularity, further
suggests that if we find the calculation of 53 months was in error we should remand the
matter to allow the court to explain and document its method of calculating the maximum
term. At the same time she argues it would be a waste of judicial resources to remand the
matter for further judicial action, and with that much we agree.
       We find the matter much simpler to resolve than to avoid. Judicial action is
unnecessary on remand. We will remand only for clerical compliance with our order that
the dispositional order should be modified to reflect a maximum term of confinement of
49 months.

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                                    DISPOSITION
      The cause is remanded to the superior court, where the dispositional order shall be
amended to reflect a maximum term of confinement of 49 months, or until age 21 years,
whichever occurs first. A copy of the amended dispositional order shall be forwarded to
Contra Costa County Juvenile Hall, YOTP. In all other respects the judgment is
affirmed.

                                               _________________________
                                               Richman, J.

We concur:

_________________________
Haerle, Acting P.J.

_________________________
Brick, J.*

*
 Judge of the Alameda County Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.

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