Court Opinion

ID: 2981419
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 19:35:02.372299+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:03:40.700862
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 12a0954n.06

                                           Nos. 10-5272                                   FILED
                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                             Aug 29, 2012
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                           LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
ARMANDO RAMIREZ ALBO,                                     )
                                                          )
       Petitioner-Appellant,                              )       ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                          )       UNITED STATES DISTRICT
               v.                                         )       COURT FOR THE EASTERN
                                                          )       DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                 )
                                                          )
       Respondent-Appellee.                               )
                                                          )

BEFORE: SILER, ROGERS, and WHITE, Circuit Judges.

       ROGERS, Circuit Judge. Over fourteen years ago, Armando Albo pled guilty in federal court

to possessing cocaine with the intent to distribute it, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). While

a violation of § 841(a)(1) typically carries a mandatory minimum of 10 years’ imprisonment, the

district court sentenced Albo to 20 years’ imprisonment, pursuant to § 841(b)(1)(A), because he had

a prior drug conviction. Albo did not appeal his sentence. Instead, he filed a pro se 28 U.S.C. §

2255 motion and argued, among other things, that his prior drug conviction should not have been

used to enhance his sentence. The district court rejected that argument, denied Albo’s § 2255

motion, and denied Albo a certificate of appealability. This court also denied Albo a certificate of

appealability. Years later, Albo filed a pro se Rule 60(b) motion, asking the district court to

reconsider its denial of his § 2255 motion and arguing, once again, that his prior drug conviction

should not have been used to enhance his sentence. Without holding a hearing, the district court

denied that motion on its merits. Albo now appeals and argues that the district court erred by
No. 10-5272
Armando Ramirez Albo v. United States
denying his Rule 60(b) motion without first holding a hearing to determine whether his sentence was

properly enhanced.

       Albo’s appeal lacks merit. First, because Albo’s Rule 60(b) motion attacks the district

court’s resolution of his previous § 2255 motion, it is a second or successive § 2255 motion and the

district court should have transferred the case to this court. Treating his appeal as a motion for

permission to file a second or successive § 2255 motion, we deny it because it does not meet the

statutory criteria for granting such a motion. Second, even if Albo’s Rule 60(b) motion was not an

impermissible second or successive § 2255 motion, his appeal is still patently without merit. The

district court was not required to hold a hearing in order to rule on Albo’s motion to reconsider.

Moreover, such a hearing would not have been helpful in this case because it is clear that Albo’s

prior drug conviction was properly used to enhance his sentence.

                                                 I.

       In September 1997, Lexington police officers stopped Albo for speeding on Interstate 75.

The officers asked Albo if they could search his car and Albo consented. The officers found

approximately 7,000 grams of cocaine in a suitcase in the trunk and arrested Albo.

       In October 1997, a federal grand jury indicted Albo, charging him with possessing over 5,000

grams of cocaine with the intent to distribute it, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). App’x 1 at

12. Pursuant to § 841(b)(1)(A), this crime carries a mandatory minimum of 10 years’ imprisonment.

However, § 841(b)(1)(A) increases the mandatory minimum to 20 years’ imprisonment if the

defendant was previously convicted of one “felony drug offense,” and life imprisonment if the

defendant was previously convicted of two or more “felony drug offense[s].” A “felony drug

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offense” is defined as “an offense that is punishable by imprisonment for more than one year under

any law of the United States or of a State or foreign country that prohibits or restricts conduct

relating to narcotic drugs, marihuana, anabolic steroids, or depressant or stimulant substances.” 21

U.S.C. § 802(44).

       In November 1997, the Government filed a “Notice of Information Pursuant to 21 U.S.C. §

851,” notifying Albo that, in the event of a conviction, the Government intended to seek an enhanced

sentence based on Albo’s two prior convictions in Florida. App’x 1 at 16. According to the

Government’s filing, Albo was convicted on May 20, 1992 of possessing cocaine in violation of FLA.

STAT . § 893.13(1)(f) and selling, purchasing, or delivering cocaine in violation of FLA . STAT . §

893.13(1)(a) and was sentenced to four and one-half years’ imprisonment. Id. The Government also

stated that Albo was convicted on March 16, 1995 of possessing cocaine in violation of FLA . STAT .

§ 893.13(6)(a) and was sentenced to seven days’ imprisonment. Id. Albo did not file a written

response to the Government’s Notice of Information.

       In December 1997, Albo agreed to plead guilty to violating § 841(a)(1). At Albo’s

rearraignment, the district court brought up the issue of his two prior state court convictions and

Albo appeared to take some exception to these convictions being used to enhance his sentence.

App’x 3 at 270-88. With respect to Albo’s 1995 conviction, his attorney said that “we checked and

believe that to be a misdemeanor, which would not count in the enhancement.” Id. at 277. And with

respect to Albo’s 1992 conviction, his attorney stated vaguely that

       [Albo] did not have the benefit of what he’s gotten here, and he has asked me to
       attempt to challenge that between today’s guilty plea and the sentencing. It is not in
       any way a denial of guilt here, but because a prior offense may enhance his penalty,

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Armando Ramirez Albo v. United States
       he has directed me to bring it to your attention and perhaps improper procedures have
       been applied to him and may be improper in the application. So it’s not a denial of
       guilt.

Id. at 280. Nevertheless, Albo acknowledged that if he had previously been convicted of one prior

felony drug offense, he was facing a mandatory minimum of 20 years’ imprisonment, and if he had

previously been convicted of two or more prior felony drug offenses, he was facing a mandatory

minimum of life imprisonment. Id. at 281. Albo then pled guilty and provided a factual basis to

support his plea. Id. at 282-85. The district court accepted Albo’s guilty plea. Id. at 285.

       In February 1998, the Government amended its “Notice of Information Pursuant to 21 U.S.C.

§ 851” and stated that it would no longer rely on Albo’s 1995 Florida conviction as a basis for

enhancing his sentence. App’x 1 at 58. The Government, however, maintained its reliance on

Albo’s 1992 Florida conviction, stating that “any mandatory minimum sentence [should] be

enhanced on the basis of one prior felony drug conviction instead of two prior felony drug

convictions.” Id. Albo did not object or otherwise respond to the Government’s amended Notice

of Information.

       The probation office prepared a Presentence Report (PSR). The PSR discussed Albo’s

offense conduct and stated that Albo was facing a mandatory minimum of 20 years’ imprisonment,

pursuant to § 841(b)(1)(A), because of his 1992 Florida conviction for a felony drug offense.

       In March 1998, the district court held a sentencing hearing. App’x 3 at 289. Albo’s attorney

stated that he and Albo had an opportunity to review the PSR, which was translated into Spanish for

Albo, and they had no objections, corrections, or amendments to the PSR. Id. at 290-91. The district

court then discussed the applicable sentence, noting that “here we have a mandatory sentence of not

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Armando Ramirez Albo v. United States
less than 20 years, nor more than life, because of the prior conviction.” Id. at 291. Albo’s attorney

agreed that the sentence calculations were correct. Id. at 291-92. The district court then sentenced

Albo to 20 years’ imprisonment and asked the parties if there was any legal objection to the sentence

as stated. Id. at 296. Albo’s attorney said that there was not. Id. The district court clerk then

advised Albo of his right to appeal. Id. at 297. Albo, however, did not appeal.

        Instead, in March 1999, Albo filed a pro se motion, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255, to vacate,

set aside, or correct his sentence or, alternatively, for leave to file an untimely appeal. App’x 1 at

74. While briefing the various issues raised in his § 2255 motion, Albo argued that his 1992 Florida

conviction should not have been used to enhance his sentence because he was only convicted at that

time of possessing cocaine and was not also convicted of selling, purchasing, or delivering cocaine,

as was initially stated in the state court’s judgment. Id. at 108-09. Albo noted that, since his federal

sentencing hearing, the Florida state court corrected its judgment to reflect the fact that Albo only

pled guilty in 1992 to one count of possessing cocaine. App’x 2 at 187-92 (citing Exh. A at 194).

Albo argued that this conviction for possession was a misdemeanor and not a felony and, therefore,

could not be used to enhance his federal sentence. Id. at 187-92.

        The district court referred Albo’s § 2255 motion to a magistrate judge who recommended

that the district court deny the motion. App’x 1 at 134-44. With respect to the sentence

enhancement issue, the magistrate judge found that Albo was properly sentenced to 20 years’

imprisonment under § 841(b)(1)(A) because his 1992 conviction for possessing cocaine was itself

a prior felony drug offense. Id. at 138, 140. The district court adopted the magistrate judge’s

findings and denied Albo’s § 2255 motion. App’x 2 at 206-08. The district court refused to issue

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Armando Ramirez Albo v. United States
Albo a certificate of appealability, finding that he failed to make a substantial showing that he was

denied a constitutional right. Id. at 204. In April 2002, this court also denied Albo a certificate of

appealability. Id. at 214.

        Over seven years later, in May 2009, Albo filed a pro se Rule 60(b) motion, asking the

district court to reconsider its denial of his § 2255 motion. App’x 2 at 218-21. Albo acknowledged

that he filed his Rule 60(b) motion in order to challenge the district court’s “determination and ruling

on his § 2255” motion. App’x 3 at 308. Albo repeatedly referred to his 1992 Florida conviction as

an “illegal ruling” and argued that it should not have been used to enhance his sentence because it

was only a conviction for possessing cocaine. App’x 2 at 218-21; App’x 3 at 307-09. While Albo

conceded that the conviction was a third-degree felony, he attached his correspondence with the

Florida state court and asked the district court to “be just and proper in this matter.” App’x 2 at 220-

21.

        Without determining whether Albo’s Rule 60(b) motion was even permissible, and without

holding a hearing, the district court denied the motion on its merits. R. 91. The district court held

that Albo’s 1992 “conviction for possession was a proper basis for an enhancement even without the

sale conviction because possession is classified as a Class 3 felony. Thus the ‘correction’ to the

Dade County conviction does not affect Albo’s sentence in this case.” Id. at 2-3. The district court

then denied Albo a certificate of appealability. R. 93.

        Albo appealed the district court’s order denying his Rule 60(b) motion. R. 92. In his notice

of appeal, Albo again argued that his 1992 Florida conviction should not have been used to enhance

his sentence because that conviction was only for “simple possession.” Id. This court construed

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Albo’s notice of appeal as an application for a certificate of appealability and granted that

application. R. 94.

                                                 II.

       Because Albo’s Rule 60(b) motion attacks the district court’s resolution of his previous §

2255 motion, it is a second or successive § 2255 motion. While briefing his original § 2255 motion,

Albo argued, among other things, that his 1992 Florida conviction should not have been used to

enhance his sentence because he was only convicted at that time of possessing cocaine. The district

court rejected that argument and denied Albo’s § 2255 motion. Nevertheless, years later, Albo filed

a Rule 60(b) motion, asking the district court to reconsider its denial of his § 2255 motion. Albo

acknowledged that he filed his Rule 60(b) motion in order to challenge the district court’s ruling on

his § 2255 motion and argued, once again, that his 1992 Florida conviction should not have been

used to enhance his sentence because it was only a conviction for possessing cocaine. Simply put,

Albo’s Rule 60(b) motion was nothing more than an attack on the district court’s earlier resolution

of the enhancement issue. And where a Rule 60(b) motion presents an attack on an earlier decision

on the merits, it is properly considered a second or successive habeas motion. Gonzalez v. Crosby,

545 U.S. 524, 532 (2005).

       Albo maintains that his Rule 60(b) motion does not seek a reevaluation of the district court’s

decision on the enhancement issue. Instead, Albo asserts that the motion attacks the integrity of the

proceedings below because the district court did not hold a hearing before determining that his

sentence was properly enhanced. Albo relies on the Supreme Court’s decision in Gonzalez, where

the Court said that a motion pursuant to Rule 60(b) is an appropriate avenue for relief and is not a

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No. 10-5272
Armando Ramirez Albo v. United States

second or successive habeas petition if it “attacks, not the substance of the federal court’s resolution

of a claim on the merits, but some defect in the integrity of the federal habeas proceedings.”1

Gonzales, 545 U.S. at 532. But Albo’s Rule 60(b) motion did not simply request a hearing or merely

object to the procedures used by the district court. Rather, Albo’s motion directly challenged the

merits of the district court’s ruling on the enhancement issue. Indeed, Albo acknowledged this fact

in his reply to the Government’s response to his Rule 60(b) motion, saying:

                Petitioner now files a Rule 60(b) challenging the determination made by the
        Honorable Court in his § 2255. By clear indication of the evidence supporting his
        Rule 60(b) motion, the Dade County Court of Florida ruled the prior conviction as
        a simple possession charge, which is not a qualifying prior conviction for 21 U.S.C.
        § 851 notice of enhancement.
                Therefore, the Petitioner challenges this Honorable Court’s determination and
        ruling on his § 2255, not as the Government’s position asserts, i.e. that Petitioner is
        attacking his Criminal Conviction and not a Civil matter determination. Petitioner
        disagrees with the Government’s position.

App’x 3 at 308. Accordingly, Albo’s argument that his Rule 60(b) motion is not a second or

successive habeas petition is unavailing.

        Since Albo’s Rule 60(b) motion is a second or successive § 2255 motion, the district court

should have transferred the case to this court for certification. In re Sims, 111 F.3d 45, 47 (6th Cir.

1997). Treating the appeal as a request for certification, we deny it. This court cannot grant

permission to file a second § 2255 motion absent a prima facie showing that (1) there is newly

discovered evidence which clearly and convincingly exonerates the movant; or (2) the claim relies

       1
          Although the Court in Gonzalez limited its holding to petitions under 28 U.S.C. § 2254, this
court in In re Nailor, 487 F.3d 1018, 1022-23 (6th Cir. 2007), held that the Court’s rationale applied
to motions made pursuant to § 2255.

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Armando Ramirez Albo v. United States
on a new and previously unavailable rule of constitutional law made retroactive to cases on collateral

review by the Supreme Court. See 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Because Albo meets neither of these

requirements, he is not entitled to file a second § 2255 motion.

       Moreover, even if Albo’s Rule 60(b) motion was not an impermissible second or successive

§ 2255 motion, his appeal is still patently without merit. Albo’s only argument is that the district

court erred by denying his motion to reconsider without first holding a hearing to determine whether

his sentence was properly enhanced. The district court, however, was not required to hold such a

hearing in order to rule on Albo’s motion to reconsider. Although Albo claims that 21 U.S.C. § 851

required the district court to hold such a hearing, that statute sets forth the proceedings which must

occur before sentencing in order to establish a prior conviction for enhancement purposes. See 21

U.S.C. § 851. Section 851 does not require a district court to hold a hearing when ruling on either

a § 2255 motion or a motion to reconsider simply because the motion challenges the status of a prior

conviction as a felony drug offense. In short, Albo’s argument that he was entitled to a hearing is

without merit.

       Also, a hearing would not have been helpful in this case because it is clear that Albo’s 1992

Florida conviction for possessing cocaine was properly used to enhance his sentence. Once again,

while a violation of § 841(a)(1) typically carries a mandatory minimum of 10 years’ imprisonment,

§ 841(b)(1)(A) increases the mandatory minimum to 20 years’ imprisonment if the defendant was

previously convicted of one “felony drug offense.” A “felony drug offense” is defined as “an offense

that is punishable by imprisonment for more than one year under any law of the United States or of

a State or foreign country that prohibits or restricts conduct relating to narcotic drugs, marihuana,

                                                -9-
No. 10-5272
Armando Ramirez Albo v. United States
anabolic steroids, or depressant or stimulant substances.” 21 U.S.C. § 802(44) (emphasis added).

Here, Albo concedes that he was convicted of possessing cocaine and that this crime is a felony of

the third degree. See FLA . STAT . § 893.13(6)(a).2 Under Florida law, felonies of the third degree are

punishable “by a term of imprisonment not exceeding 5 years.” FLA . STAT . § 775.082(3)(d). Thus,

Albo’s conviction for possessing cocaine clearly qualifies as a prior felony drug offense for

enhancement purposes. Understandably, the district court saw no need to hold a hearing in order to

find that Albo’s Rule 60(b) motion lacked merit.

       Albo argues that it is not clear that his 1992 Florida conviction for possessing cocaine was

punishable by more than one year in prison. Albo claims that in order to make such a finding, the

district court would need to evaluate Florida’s sentencing guidelines. But the mere possibility that

Albo might have been sentenced to less than one year in prison under Florida’ sentencing guidelines

is irrelevant. Albo’s conviction for possessing cocaine was clearly punishable by more than one year

in prison and that is what matters when determining whether a conviction qualifies as a prior felony

drug offense for enhancement purposes. See United States v. Lockett, 359 F. App’x 598, 602 (6th

Cir. 2009); United States v. Jemison, 310 F. App’x 866, 880 (6th Cir. 2009).

       Albo’s citation of United States v. Pruitt, 545 F.3d 416 (6th Cir. 2008), does not advance his

argument. In Pruitt, the defendant pled guilty to being a felon in possession of a firearm and

manufacturing marijuana. Pruitt, 545 at 417. The district court sentenced the defendant as a career

offender under the federal sentencing guidelines because he had two prior drug convictions in North

       2
        Albo was convicted in 1992 of violating FLA . STAT . § 893.13(1)(f), but this statute has since
been renumbered as § 893.13(6)(a).
                                                - 10 -
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Armando Ramirez Albo v. United States
Carolina. Id. Although the defendant was sentenced to less than one year in prison for each of these

prior convictions, the district court found that these convictions still qualified as predicate offenses

under the career offender guideline because the relevant North Carolina sentencing statute authorized

a sentence of up to 15 months’ imprisonment for each conviction. Id. at 418. This court vacated the

defendant’s sentence, however, because under North Carolina’s unique structured sentencing

scheme, the maximum sentence that the defendant could have received for each of his prior

convictions was not simply 15 months’ imprisonment, but instead depended on his prior record

level—a factor that the district court found to be irrelevant. Id. at 419.

        This case is easily distinguished from Pruitt because it does not involve a statute similar to

the North Carolina statute at issue in that case. Here, Albo was previously convicted of possessing

cocaine, a felony of the third degree punishable “by a term of imprisonment not exceeding 5 years.”

FLA . STAT . §§ 893.13(6)(a); 775.082(3)(d). The maximum sentence Albo was facing for that crime

did not depend on his prior record or any other factor. Therefore, Albo’s reliance on Pruitt is

misplaced and his suggestion that his sentence may have been wrongfully enhanced is without merit.

                                                  III.

        For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court.

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No. 10-5272
Armando Ramirez Albo v. United States
       HELENE N. WHITE, Circuit Judge, dissenting. I respectfully dissent. I do not agree that

Albo’s Rule 60(b) motion was a second or successive § 2255 motion. The Government did not so

argue below3 and, in any event, reconsideration of a § 2255 motion is proper where, as here, the

factual predicate of the Rule 60(b) motion “deals primarily with some irregularity or procedural

defect in the procurement of the judgment denying habeas relief.” Smith v. Anderson, 402 F.3d 718,

723 (6th Cir. 2005) (emphasis added).

       Nor can I agree with the majority’s alternative holding that Albo’s appeal is patently without

merit, as it rests largely on the determination that Albo’s 1992 Florida conviction for simple

possession of cocaine was properly used to enhance his sentence. That determination cannot and

should not be made on the record before us. Under the circumstance that the district court never

accorded Albo the mandatory process set forth in 21 U.S.C. § 8514, I would remand for a hearing

thereunder and a determination whether his sentence was properly subject to enhancement under 21

U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A).

       3
           The Government acknowledged that fact at argument.
       4
           Section 851 provides in pertinent part:

       (b) Affirmation or denial of previous conviction

       If the United States attorney files an information under this section, the court shall
       after conviction but before pronouncement of sentence inquire of the person with
       respect to whom the information was filed whether he affirms or denies that he has
       been previously convicted as alleged in the information, and shall inform him that
       any challenge to a prior conviction which is not made before sentence is imposed
       may not thereafter be raised to attack the sentence.
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Armando Ramirez Albo v. United States
                                                   I

        Based on a record of 1992 Florida state convictions that later proved inaccurate, the district

court enhanced Albo’s sentence to twenty years for having one prior “felony drug offense,” 21

U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A).

        Despite his limited english-language skills and that he was proceeding pro se from prison,

Albo filed a motion in the Florida court requesting correction of its judgment to reflect that he had

not pleaded guilty to sale, purchase, or delivery of cocaine but instead had pleaded guilty to simple

possession. The Florida circuit court denied his motion, but the district court of appeal granted it.

Albo’s motion in that appeal stated that his state PSR revealed that he received a 7-day sentence for

the 1995 possession-of-cocaine conviction, that both the 1992 and 1995 possession convictions

involved a $10 rock of cocaine, and that “under Florida law this is recognized as a misdemeanor.”

He stated that the plea he had actually entered in 1992 was one of no contest to misdemeanor

possession of cocaine alone, with the sentence to run concurrent with the time imposed from the

revocation of probation in an unrelated case. App’x at 196-97. The copy of the corrected judgment

Albo submitted evidences that the Florida court treated his motion as one “to correct the judgment,”

that the motion was granted and the judgment corrected to reflect that Albo pleaded only to “Count

I possession. He did not plead to sale.” App’x at 223. The state court’s order correcting the

sentence stated: “further the state nolle pros count 2 [sale of cocaine].” App’x at 224. Albo

subsequently filed a motion to correct his 1992 sentence, i.e., for a recalculation of the Florida state

guidelines, to which the state court replied that it had earlier granted that motion. App’x at 225.

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Armando Ramirez Albo v. United States
       Albo then timely filed for § 2255 relief, submitting documentation he had obtained to date

of his corrected conviction to the district court. The district court denied his § 2255 motion, but

Albo persisted. From prison, he obtained the Florida-sentencing-guidelines worksheet prepared in

1992, and submitted it and other documentation with his pro se Rule 60(b) motion for

reconsideration. App’x at 226. Albo’s motion argued, inter alia, that if Florida authorities had not

used the erroneous 1992 sale-of-cocaine conviction to calculate the sentencing guidelines, he would

have received a misdemeanor sentence for simple possession of cocaine (one $10 rock).

                                                II

       The district court knew before sentencing Albo that the Government had withdrawn its

reliance on the 1995 simple-possession-of-cocaine conviction, which was under the same statute as

the 1992 possession conviction, because it had been amended to a misdemeanor sentence.

Notwithstanding, there is no indication the district court considered Albo’s arguments or the

documents he submitted in support of his Rule 60(b) motion – the district court’s opinion denying

that motion states simply that Albo’s 1992 possession conviction “was a proper basis for an

enhancement even without the sale conviction because possession is classified as a Class 3 felony.

Thus, the ‘correction’ to the Dade County conviction does not affect Albo’s sentence in this case.”

R. 91 at 2-3. This was error because a state’s classification of an offense as a felony is immaterial

– the question is whether the state crime was punishable by imprisonment of more than one year.

Burgess v. United States, 553 U.S. 124, 129-32 (2008)5; United States v. Graham, 622 F.3d 445,

       5
        Burgess held that the term “felony drug offense” contained in § 841(b)(1)(A)’s provision
for a 20-year minimum sentence is defined exclusively by § 802(44) and does not incorporate §
802(13)’s definition of “felony.”
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Armando Ramirez Albo v. United States
457-58 (6th Cir. 2010) (quoting Burgess, 553 U.S. at 127, “the definition of ‘felony drug offense’

in 21 U.S.C. § 802(44) controls as the ‘exclusive []’ definition for purposes of § 841(b)(1)(A)”.)

       As corrected by the Florida court in August 2000, Albo’s 1992 conviction was for possession

of a $10 rock of cocaine alone, not sale and possession of cocaine.6 Once Albo submitted evidence

to the district court of the corrected judgment that established that his state sentence had been

calculated erroneously on the basis of a sale-of-cocaine conviction, which through Albo’s efforts the

state court had vacated, the district court should have gone through the procedure required under 21

U.S.C. § 851, particularly in light of the Government’s withdrawal of its reliance on the 1995

possession-of-cocaine conviction as a basis for enhancement. The correction of Albo’s 1992 Florida

conviction created a conflict with respect to the § 841(b)(1)(A) enhancement in that the 1995

conviction was not a felony drug conviction for enhancement purposes while the 1992 conviction

was considered a felony drug conviction warranting enhancement.

       In addition to being based on sentencing-guidelines calculated based on the wrong crime,

Albo’s 4 1/2 year state sentence ran concurrent to the sentence he received in an unrelated burglary

and grand theft case for which he was sentenced several days earlier. Thus, it is not clear that the

       6
           Effective October 1, 1990, Fla. Stat. § 893.13(1)(f) provided:

       (f) [] It is unlawful for any person to be in actual or constructive possession of a
       controlled substance unless such controlled substance was lawfully obtained from a
       practitioner or pursuant to a valid prescription . . . or to be in actual or constructive
       possession of a controlled substance except as otherwise authorized by this chapter.
       Any person who violates this provision is guilty of a felony of the third degree,
       punishable as provided in s. 775.082 . . .

The maximum statutory penalty for third-degree offenses in 1992 was 5 years. Fla. Stat. § 775.082.
                                                 - 15 -
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4 1/2 years for the 1992 convictions was actually for the drug offenses as opposed to a tag-along for

the burglary and grand-theft conviction.

       The district court did not follow the mandatory procedure of 21 U.S.C. § 851 before

imposing sentence7 or at any time thereafter. Albo’s principal argument is that he was never afforded

that procedure. Under these circumstances, I would remand for the district court to afford Albo, for

the first time, the process to which he is entitled under § 851 and for a determination whether his

1992 conviction for possession of a $10 rock of cocaine alone was a proper basis to apply the §

841(b)(1)(A) enhancement mandating a 20-year sentence.

       7
           The Government so concedes.
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