Court Opinion

ID: 4375775
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-03-11 18:00:21.07627+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:49:18.998544
License: Public Domain

Case: 18-30652   Document: 00514866594       Page: 1   Date Filed: 03/11/2019

        IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

                                                             United States Court of Appeals

                                   No. 18-30652
                                                                      Fifth Circuit

                                                                    FILED
                                                              March 11, 2019

JAMES A. LATIOLAIS,                                            Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                    Clerk
            Plaintiff - Appellee

v.

HUNTINGTON INGALLS, INCORPORATED, formerly known as
Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding, Incorporated, formerly known as
Northrop Grumman Ship Systems, Incorporated, formerly known as
Avondale Industries, Incorporated,

            Defendant - Appellant

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Eastern District of Louisiana

Before JONES, HAYNES, and OLDHAM, Circuit Judges.
EDITH H. JONES, Circuit Judge:
      Like several actions before it, this case involves a Plaintiff who was
exposed to asbestos at the Avondale shipyard and eventually contracted
mesothelioma. The Defendant removed the case to federal court pursuant to
28 U.S.C. § 1442(a)(1), the “federal officer removal statute,” but the district
court remanded to state court.        Constrained by a welter of conflicting
precedent, we must affirm.
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                                       No. 18-30652
                                    BACKGROUND
       During the 1960s and 1970s, the United States Navy contracted with
the Defendant Avondale 1 to build and refurbish naval vessels. Most of the
contracts in the 1960s required asbestos for thermal insulation. According to
Avondale’s expert, a marine engineer and naval historian, the contracts
obligated Avondale “to comply with government plans and specifications, and
the federal government had the right to and did exercise supervision over the
process to ensure such compliance.”               Importantly, however, a Navy ship
inspector who worked at Avondale during the 1960s testified that he and his
colleagues “neither monitored nor enforced safety regulations” and “on the job
safety during the construction of vessels for the United States government was
the responsibility of Avondale Shipyards’ safety department.”
       The Plaintiff, James Latiolais, formerly a machinist aboard the USS
TAPPAHANNOCK, was exposed to asbestos while his ship underwent
refurbishing at Avondale for several months. During the refurbishing process,
Latiolais spent most of each day on the ship. In 2017, Latiolais was diagnosed
with mesothelioma. He died in October, 2017. 2
       Latiolais sued Avondale in Louisiana state court for causing him to
contract mesothelioma. He asserts, inter alia, that Avondale negligently failed
to warn him about asbestos hazards and failed to provide adequate safety
equipment. He did not allege strict liability claims against Avondale.
       Avondale removed the case to federal court under 28 U.S.C. § 1442(a)(1).
Latiolais sought remand, however, and the district court granted the motion.

       The Defendant Huntington Ingalls was formerly known by many names including
       1

Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding and Avondale Industries. Because the parties refer to the
Defendant as Avondale, the court does the same.
       2Although Latiolais died shortly after filing his petition in Louisiana state court, no
party argues that his death affects any issue in this appeal.
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It ruled in relevant part that because Avondale had not met the “causal nexus”
requirement for officer removal, i.e. had not shown that the United States or
any of its officials exercised any control over Avondale’s safety practices,
removal under this statute was improper. Avondale timely appealed.
                         STANDARD OF REVIEW
      Although an order remanding a case to state court is not generally
reviewable, “an order remanding a case to the State court from which it was
removed pursuant to section 1442 or 1443 of this title shall be reviewable by
appeal or otherwise.” 28 U.S.C. § 1447(d). “We review the district court’s
remand order de novo without a thumb on the remand side of the scale.”
Legendre v. Huntington Ingalls, Inc., 885 F.3d 398, 400 (5th Cir. 2018)
(quotation marks omitted).
                               DISCUSSION
      On appeal, Avondale makes three arguments as to why officer removal
is proper. First, as amended in 2011, the removal statute now requires only
that a federal directive “relates to”—but not necessarily has a causal
relationship to—the Plaintiffs’ injuries. Second, Avondale asserts that it has
satisfied the causal nexus requirement by showing “that its relationship with
Mr. Latiolais derived solely from its work for the federal government.” Third,
Avondale seeks to avoid precedents of this court contrary to the foregoing
propositions. Unfortunately, the failure of the third argument dooms the
others.

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I.    The “relating to” language
      The federal officer removal statute was amended in 2011 to broaden the
basis for removal to federal court of claims brought against officers or agents
of the federal government and those working under its direction. Thus, the
statute states that an action filed in state court may be removed to federal
court by: “[t]he United States or any agency thereof or any officer (or any
person acting under that officer) of the United States or of any agency thereof,
in an official or individual capacity, for or relating to any act under color of such
office.” 28 U.S.C. § 1442(a)(1) (emphasis added).
      The Supreme Court has observed more than once that when the term
“relating to” appears in a statute, it implies broad and comprehensive coverage.
See, e.g., Morales v. Grans World Airlines, Inc., 504 U.S. 374, 383,
112 S. Ct. 2031, 2037 (1992) (“The ordinary meaning of these words is a broad
one—‘to stand in some relation; to have bearing or concern; to pertain; refer;
to bring into association with or connection with.’”) (quoting BLACK’s LAW
DICT. 1158 (5th ed. 1979)); see also Shaw v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 463 U.S. 85,
96-98, 103 S. Ct. 2890, 2899-2900 (1983). From the text alone, enhanced by
the Supreme Court’s understanding of its language, Avondale’s argument has
considerable appeal. Avondale’s work, after all, clearly related to the federal
government’s directive to employ asbestos insulation. Under the “relating to”
test, Avondale would preserve a federal venue.
      In this court, however, what’s past is prologue. Before the amendment,
Section 1442 authorized removal of a suit against a federal officer, or person
acting under a federal officer, only when the suit was “for any act under color
of such office.” 28 U.S.C. § 1442(a)(1) (1996) (emphasis added). To successfully
remove a case under the earlier version, this court held, quite reasonably, that
a defendant must show that it is a person within the meaning of the statute,
that it has a colorable federal defense, that it acted pursuant to a federal
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officer’s directions and that a causal nexus exists between its actions under
color of federal office and the plaintiff’s claims. Winters v. Diamond Shamrock
Chem. Co., 149 F.3d 387, 398-400 (5th Cir. 1998). Further, under the causal
nexus test, “mere federal involvement does not satisfy the causal nexus
requirement; instead, the defendant must show that its actions taken pursuant
to the government’s direction or control caused the plaintiff’s specific injuries.”
Savoie v. Huntington Ingalls, Inc., 817 F.3d 457, 462 (5th Cir. 2016).
      This court applied to the post-2011 amended statute the “causal nexus”
test articulated for the prior statute.        Bartel v. Alcoa S.S. Co., Inc.,
805 F.3d 169, 172 (5th Cir. 2015). In Bartel, the court quoted the post-2011
statute but adopted the same causal nexus test that pre-dates the new statute.
Id. at 172, 174-75. Three years later, when Avondale raised the same textual
argument that it makes now, the court held that Bartel’s status as precedent
precluded one panel from overruling the former decision.             Legendre v.
Huntington Ingalls, Inc., 885 F.3d 398, 403 (5th Cir. 2018). Although this
court’s precedents on the interpretation of Section 1442(a)(1) have proliferated
since Bartel, the reasoning of Legendre continues to control our work.
      It is true that in Zeringue, a case decided after Bartel but before
Legendre, this court appeared to relax the causal nexus standard in light of the
post-2011 “relating to” language, but reliance on that case is not appropriate.
Zeringue v. Crane Company, 846 F.3d 785, 793 (5th Cir. 2017). Zeringue
explained that the addition of the phrase “relating to” in the removal statute
“broadens the scope of the statute as the ordinary meaning of [relating to] is a
broad one,” but “[i]t remains, however, that the causal nexus inquiry must . . .
be tailored to fit the facts of each case.”      Id. (quotation marks omitted).
Although these statements appear to give effect to the post-2011 “relating to”
language, Zeringue ruled only on the propriety of removing a strict liability
claim under this statute and specifically declined to consider a negligence-
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based failure to warn claim. Before Zeringue, however, in a case brought
against Avondale, this court had decided that claims for negligent exposure to
asbestos could not be removed pursuant to Bartel. Savoie, 817 F.3d at 463.
       In a case with similar facts to this one, the Savoie court relied on Bartel
and found no causal nexus between Avondale’s conduct and government
requirements. Even though the government contracts required Avondale to
build ships with asbestos, “the government had no control over the shipyard’s
safety procedures” and “the Navy neither imposed any special safety
requirements on the shipyard nor prevented the shipyard from imposing its
own safety procedures.” Id. Accordingly, “the government’s directions to the
shipyard via the contract specifications did not cause the alleged negligence,
and those claims do not support removal.” Id.
       In contrast, the Savoie plaintiff’s strict liability claims were held to
support removal, 3 and the court explained that, “[u]nlike claims based on
negligence, those based on strict liability do not turn on discretionary decisions
made by the shipyard.” Id. at 465. “Thus, it is the government’s detailed
specifications, which the shipyard was contractually obligated to follow, that
required the use of asbestos that allegedly caused [the Plaintiff’s] death. This
is enough to show a causal nexus between the . . . strict liability claims and the
shipyard’s actions under the color of federal authority.” Id. at 465-66. 4
       The dichotomy between Zeringue and Savoie was adhered to by
Legendre, where the plaintiffs sued Avondale for the plaintiff’s asbestos

       3The court concluded that removal was proper because “removal of the entire case is
appropriate so long as a single claim satisfies the federal officer removal statute.” Savoie,
817 F.3d at 463.

       4 Mere use of asbestos is a strict liability claim, whereas failure to warn is a negligence
claim. See Savoie, 817 F.3d at 465 (“The strict liability claims rest on the mere use of asbestos
. . . [u]nlike claims based on negligence, those based on strict liability do not turn on
discretionary decisions made by the shipyard.”).
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disease based on the theory of negligent failure to warn, not strict liability.
Legendre, 885 F.3d at 399.        Legendre explained that “in Zeringue, we
recognized that the 2011 amendment shifted the causal nexus calculus” but
“[i]mportantly, in Zeringue, we explicitly reaffirmed Bartel.” Id. at 401-02.
Legendre also relied on Savoie. Id. at 401.
         All of these cases post-date the 2011 amendment to Section 1442(a)(1),
and all continue to cite Bartel, while drawing a distinction for removal
purposes between claims for negligence (not removable) and strict liability
(removable) pursuant to the causal nexus test. We are bound by this series of
cases.
II.      The Causal Nexus Test
         Avondale attempts to demonstrate that even under the causal nexus test
used in our case law, removal may be sustained.             This contention is not
persuasive.
         Avondale’s evidence has not changed since Legendre.         Although the
government contractually required Avondale to use asbestos in refurbishing
the Navy vessels, Avondale once again “makes no showing that it was not free
to adopt the safety measures the plaintiffs now allege would have prevented
their injuries.” Legendre, 885 F.3d at 403 (quotation marks omitted). From all
appearances, Navy vessel inspectors at Avondale “neither monitored nor
enforced safety regulations” and “on the job safety during the construction of
vessels for the United States government was the responsibility of Avondale
Shipyards’ safety department.”      Avondale points to nothing to rebut this
evidence. As the district court concluded, “[b]ased on the evidence produced by
both parties, there is nothing to suggest that the Navy, in its official authority,
issued any orders, specifications, or directives relating to safety procedures.”
Accordingly, Avondale has not shown a causal nexus under analogous exposure
facts.
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      Avondale alleges instead that it has satisfied the causal nexus
requirement because “its relationship with Mr. Latiolais derived solely from
its work for the federal government.” Avondale contends that in the Bartel line
of cases, the plaintiffs were former employees (or their family members) who
sued the employer defendants, whereas Latiolais, a Navy man, was never
employed by Avondale, and Avondale’s contact with him occurred solely
because of its contracts with the federal government.            In other words,
Avondale’s contention is that because its contact with Latiolais was solely due
to its government work on the Navy ship on which Latiolais served, officer
removal is proper.
      This contention might have prevailed but for the discussions in our other
cases. Avondale relies on three pre-Bartel Supreme Court cases and Zeringue
for its proposition. See Maryland v. Soper, 270 U.S. 9, 46 S. Ct. 185 (1926);
Willingham v. Morgan, 395 U.S. 402, 89 S. Ct. 1813 (1969); Jefferson County
v. Acker, 527 U.S. 423, 119 S. Ct. 2069 (1999). To be sure, those cases contain
statements suggesting that removal is proper if the defendant’s relationship
with the plaintiff is derived solely from the defendant’s official federal duties.
For example, Willingham ruled:
      In a civil suit of this nature, we think it was sufficient for
      petitioners to have shown that their relationship to respondent
      derived solely from their official duties . . . In this case, once
      petitioners had shown that their only contact with respondent
      occurred inside the penitentiary, while they were performing their
      duties, we believe that they had demonstrated the required ‘causal
      connection.’

Willingham, 395 U.S. at 409; 89 S. Ct. at 1817 (footnote omitted). Further, in
Zeringue, this court quoted Willingham, noting that “‘it [is] sufficient’ for a
federal officer in a civil suit to establish the requisite causal connection by
showing that the officer’s ‘relationship to [the plaintiff] derived solely from [the

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                                    No. 18-30652
officer’s] official duties.’”   Zeringue, 846 F.3d at 793 (quoting Willingham,
395 U.S. at 409, 89 S. Ct. at 1817) (alterations and emphasis in Zeringue).
Indeed, the Zeringue court reasoned pursuant to this rule that the defendant
had met the causal nexus requirement because its “relationship with [the
plaintiff] derives solely from its official authority to provide parts to the Navy,
and that official authority relates to [the defendant’s] allegedly improper
actions, namely its use of asbestos.” Zeringue, 846 F.3d at 793-94 (emphasis
in original).
      Whatever force could be derived from these statements in Zeringue,
however, was weakened by its assurance that “[o]ur recent holding in Bartel .
. . is not to the contrary.” Id. at 794. Zeringue continued that in Bartel, the
charged conduct of failure to warn of the dangers of asbestos “was private
conduct that implicated no federal interest. Because the very purpose of the
causal nexus requirement is to ensure that removal only arises when a federal
interest in the matter exists, an extension of § 1442 to allow those defendants
to remove would have stretched the causal nexus requirement to the point of
irrelevance.” Id. at 794 (quotation marks omitted). One year later, Legendre
quoted Zeringue for these same propositions.         Legendre, 885 F.3d at 402.
Legendre added, “[i]mportantly, in Zeringue we explicitly reaffirmed Bartel.
We described the charged conduct in Bartel as failing to warn, train, and adopt
safety procedures regarding asbestos.        These actions we explained, were
private conduct that implicated no federal interests.” Id. at 402 (citations and
quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, the Bartel defendants did not meet the
causal nexus requirement. Id.
      Because Latiolais’s claims are the same failure to warn claims that both
Zeringue and Legendre held implicated no federal interests, we cannot hold
that this case meets the causal nexus requirement.

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                                   No. 18-30652
III.     The rule of orderliness and need to reconsider Bartel en banc
         Avondale argues that Legendre misapplied the rule of orderliness vis-a-
vis Bartel and that Bartel should not control this case “because it did not
meaningfully consider or address the effect of the 2011 amendment.” Legendre
explained that, “[t]his court adheres to a rule of orderliness, under which a
panel may not overturn a controlling precedent absent an intervening change
in law, such as by a statutory amendment, or the Supreme Court, or our en
banc court.” Legendre, 885 F.3d at 403 (quotation marks omitted). “The 2011
amendment was, of course, not ‘intervening’; Bartel was decided after the
change and quoted the new ‘relating to’ language. Bartel’s articulation of the
causal nexus standard, and its requirement that the claimed negligence
conflict with a federal directive, was integral to the result. We are therefore
bound by the Bartel standard.” Id. Avondale cites no case in which this court
bypassed the rule of orderliness because a later panel found unconvincing the
earlier panel’s statutory interpretation. This appeal is accordingly governed
by Bartel and Legendre.
         Nevertheless, Bartel should be reconsidered en banc in order to align our
precedent with the statute’s evolution. As discussed above, “[b]efore 2011,
§ 1442 allowed the removal of a state suit against a federal officer, or person
acting under a federal officer, only when the state suit was ‘for any act under
color of such office.’” Zeringue, 846 F.3d at 793. In 2011, however, Congress
amended the statute “to allow the removal of a state suit ‘for or relating to any
act under color of such office.’” Id. Thus, Congress specifically added the words
“relating to” into § 1442. Those words have meaning, and the meaning is
plainly broader than that of the predecessor provision.
         Bartel’s causal nexus standard simply does not give effect to the words
“relating to.” This case exemplifies the problem. Avondale refurbished vessels
using asbestos insulation as directed by the Navy. Because Avondale ran its
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                                      No. 18-30652
own safety department free of Navy directives, however, any alleged failure by
Avondale to warn its employees or others about asbestos is not an act under
color of federal office, so Avondale is not being sued “for” a federal act.
However, Avondale’s failure to warn about asbestos certainly “relates to” its
federal act of building the ships. Applying the post-2011 statutory language
would change the outcome of this appeal and would authorize removal of many
more cases than the causal nexus test permits.
       Finally, Legendre explained that “although we are bound by precedent,
we note that other circuits have read the 2011 amendments to eliminate the
old ‘causal nexus’ requirement.” Id. at 403. The Third and Fourth Circuits
shifted their jurisprudence away from the causal nexus test and now require
only a “connection” or “association.”          Specifically, the Third Circuit, after
discussing the addition of the phrase “relating to,” held “it is sufficient for there
to be a ‘connection’ or ‘association’ between the act in question and the federal
office.” In re Commonwealth’s Motion to Appoint Counsel Against or Directed
to Defender Association of Philadelphia, 790 F.3d 457, 471 (3d Cir. 2015). The
Fourth Circuit agreed that the addition of “relating to” “broaden[ed] the
universe of acts that enable federal removal such that there need only be a
connection or association between the act in question and the federal office.”
Sawyer v. Foster Wheeler LLC, 860 F.3d 249, 258 (4th Cir. 2017) (emphasis in
original) (quotation marks and internal citation omitted). 5 Federal courts
should be in harmony concerning the interpretation of statutes governing
essential procedures like removal. This court is out of step with Congress and
our sister circuits.

       5 The Eleventh Circuit has also considered the “relating to” language, but the court’s
position is less clear. See Caver v. Central Alabama Electric Coop., 845 F.3d 1135, 1144-45 &
n.8 (11th Cir. 2017) (citing the Third Circuit’s “connection or association” language but
applying a “causal connection” test).

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                             CONCLUSION
      For the foregoing reasons, but in hopes that our precedents will be
reordered, the remand order of the district court must be AFFIRMED.

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                                        No. 18-30652
HAYNES, Circuit Judge, dissenting:
         I respectfully dissent from the court’s decision to extend Bartel v. Alcoa
Steamship Co., 805 F.3d 169 (5th Cir. 2015), to the facts of this case. I agree
that we are bound by the legal standard that Bartel and progeny established.
But even under that standard, Avondale should prevail on the jurisdictional
issue.
         The core fact that distinguishes this case from Bartel is that Latiolais
was a member of the Navy. He was subject to Avondale’s actions exclusively
because the Navy assigned him to the USS TAPPAHANNOCK. The Navy
alone, not Avondale, could control Latiolais’s actions.
         Our case law, including Bartel, has never addressed such a situation. 1
Though we are bound to apply the standard that Bartel uses—the causal nexus
test—the result is not predetermined.
         Latiolais’s status as a Navy man and Avondale’s status as a contractor
for the Navy satisfies the causal nexus test. The Supreme Court has held that
the causal nexus test is satisfied when defendants “have shown that their
relationship to [a plaintiff] derived solely from their official duties.”
Willingham v. Morgan, 395 U.S. 402, 409 (1969). Latiolais had no relationship
with Avondale other than through its contract to refurbish the USS
TAPPAHANNOCK.              Their relationship is therefore “derived solely” from
Avondale’s official duties.
         The majority opinion seems to agree with this point, noting that
Willingham “suggest[s] that removal is proper” based on that test, but it
reasons that our decision in Zeringue v. Crane Co., 846 F.3d 785 (5th Cir. 2017),
forbids it.    Zeringue does not prohibit removal.                Zeringue does say that

         1Because this case differs significantly from the Bartel line of cases, it is not a good
vehicle to take the underlying issue en banc even assuming arguendo that the Bartel line of
cases are wrong.
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negligence claims like those in Bartel involve “private conduct that implicated
no federal interest.” Zeringue, 846 F.3d at 794. But that statement must be
read in light of the facts of Bartel, which involved an employee of a private,
federal contractor suing the contractor.      There, the relationship involves
private conduct because it centers on a private contractor directing the work of
its private employees—a relationship that would exist independent of federal
involvement. But here, the relationship is not wholly private. Both Avondale
and Latiolais were at the ship at the direction of the federal government and
neither could control the other’s behavior. The treatment of federal workers
by a contractor for the federal government implicates a “federal interest.” Id.
      Other circuits have reached the same result based on nearly identical
facts. See Ruppel v. CBS Corp., 701 F.3d 1176, 1179, 1181 (7th Cir. 2012)
(concluding that a Navy man satisfied the causal nexus test against for his
negligence claim against contractor that “manufactured, sold, distributed, or
installed” turbines with asbestos under the direction of the navy); Bennett v.
MIS Corp., 607 F.3d 1076, 1088, 1091 (6th Cir. 2010) (concluding the causal
nexus test was satisfied for FAA employees against a company that remediated
mold at their work site). I would follow these cases and conclude that the
district court had jurisdiction; therefore, I respectfully dissent.

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