Court Opinion

ID: 2824062
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-08-11 04:26:41.268285+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:31:12.260784
License: Public Domain

2015 IL App (1st) 122265
                                              No. 1-12-2265
                                        Opinion filed August 5, 2015
                                                                                            Third Division

                                                    IN THE

                                    APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                              FIRST DISTRICT

                                                             )
                                                             )      Appeal from the Circuit Court
     THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,
                                                             )      of Cook County.
                                                             )
            Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                                             )
                                                             )      No. 11-CR-1001
     v.
                                                             )
                                                             )      The Honorable
     ANDREW THOMPSON,
                                                             )      William G. Lacy,
                                                             )      and Thaddeus L. Wilson
            Defendant-Appellant.
                                                             )      Judges, presiding.
                                                             )

            JUSTICE HYMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
            Justices Lavin and Mason concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                                    OPINION

¶1          Following a jury trial, defendant Andrew Thompson was convicted of burglary (720

     ILCS 5/19-1(a) (West 2010)) and theft (720 ILCS 5/16-1(a)(1) (West 2010)). The trial court

     merged the two convictions and sentenced Thompson to 18 years' incarceration on the burglary

     conviction. Thompson asks for reversal of his conviction and remand for new trial, arguing that

     the State, during its rebuttal argument, improperly minimized the burden of proof and attacked

     his exercise of his constitutional right to a jury trial. Alternatively, Thompson argues that the trial
     1-12-2265

     court ignored his allegations that his attorney had a conflict of interest, and requests that this

     court remand this cause for a hearing as provided in People v. Krankel, 102 Ill. 2d 181 (1984).

¶2          We affirm. The State's closing argument did not result in substantial prejudice or

     constitute a material factor in Thompson's conviction. While neither the trial court nor the parties

     should define "reasonable doubt" for a jury, no error occurred regarding the prosecutor's remarks

     in closing argument about the reasonable doubt standard. Moreover, the arguments in closing

     made by Thompson's counsel invited the State's response. In a similar fashion, while the State's

     closing argument that Thompson was trying to "evade his responsibility" was improper, the

     evidence was not close and no prejudice resulted from the remarks. Finally, Thompson's pretrial

     Krankel motion did not allege sufficient grounds to justify appointment of new defense counsel.

¶3                                           BACKGROUND

¶4          On October 19, 2010, someone stole two bags containing laptops and other school related

     items from outside a meeting room on the University of Chicago campus. Surveillance cameras

     inside the building recorded the perpetrator entering the building, walking in the hallway, taking

     the two bags, and, then, leaving immediately. Cameras outside the building recorded the

     perpetrator taking a bicycle from a bike rack and making his get-a-way through a parking lot.

¶5          Two months later, University police detained Thompson for questioning and, after

     viewing the videos and three still photographs of the perpetrator, contacted the Chicago police

     department. Thompson was arrested and charged with burglary and theft of the bag which

     belonged to student Deepak Gaur.

¶6                                         Pre-trial Proceedings

¶7          At a status hearing on September 30, 2011, Thompson's assistant public defender asked

     for a final status date, stating that she had followed up on information Thompson had given her

                                                     -2-
1-12-2265

since his last status. Thompson then attempted to present a document to the trial court. The

following exchange occurred:

            "THE COURT: Why is your hand up?

            THE DEFENDANT: I want to present something to you about the case.

            THE COURT: Talk to your attorney.

            THE DEFENDANT: I can't give you this paper?

            THE COURT: You can give it to the lawyer.

            [ASSISTANT PUBLIC DEFENDER]: I already have this. This is the arrest report.

            THE DEFENDANT: That's not the arrest report. This is about a warrant.

            [ASSISTANT PUBLIC DEFENDER]: I have a copy of the warrant in the file. There

       is a copy—

            THE DEFENDANT: Could you give it to the Judge for me?

            THE COURT: I'm not allowed to see that. When we go to trial, we go to trial.

            THE DEFENDANT: Mr. Lacy, can I mail this to you?

            THE COURT: No, you can't. I can't see police reports.

            THE DEFENDANT: No, this is a warrant from Dorothy Brown, that the police lied

       and said I had a warrant on me for my arrest.

            [ASSISTANT PUBLIC DEFENDER]: Judge—

            THE DEFENDANT: There was no investigative alert.

            THE SHERIFF: Quiet.

            [ASSISTANT PUBLIC DEFENDER]: Judge, I have a copy of the warrant in his file.

       There was a warrant.

            THE DEFENDANT: There wasn't a warrant.

                                               -3-
     1-12-2265

                  THE COURT: By-agreement, 10-24.

                  THE DEFENDANT: Dorothy Brown—

                  THE COURT: By agreement, 10-24.

                  THE DEFENDANT: Tell that lie, telling it was a warrant. It wasn't no warrant [sic]. I

             got the papers for you."

     At this point, the trial court continued the case.

¶8           On October 24, Thompson again raised his hand, and the trial court told him to talk to his

     lawyer. Thompson responded, "She ain't talking to me." The trial court said, "She is talking to

     you" and Thompson responded, "no she ain't." The trial court then told Thompson, "We set the

     case for trial sir."

¶9           On January 17, 2012, Thompson filed a pro se motion for a "Krankel" hearing, alleging a

     "major conflict of interest and lack of communication" with the assistant public defender

     assigned to defend him. His motion stated:

                  "In support of these contentions the petitioner hereby submits that said counsel is

             possibly incompetent and utter disregard in preparing the petitioner with a viable defense

             [sic]; (2) the petitioner has made repeated efforts to make said attorney aware of Andrew

             Thompson wrote the Warrant Clerk, Room 901, Richard J. Daley Center in which

             Dorothy Brown Clerk of the Circuit Court of Cook County hereby certified the Statement

             of Disposition that there was never a warrant of any kind in this case against Andrew

             Thompson ***. When Andrew Thompson gave copies to his court appointed attorney

             ***, she refused to accept and submit document to court. Andrew Thompson made an

             attempt to submit to Judge himself the documents. Judge Lacy stated you have to give

             documents to your attorney to submit. Andrew Thompson stated to Judge on record

                                                          -4-
       1-12-2265

              attorney refused to accept documents in bullpen. Andrew Thompson's complaint is his

              court appointed attorney [name] is not trying to get to the bottom of this, but is

              continually holding her client illegally incarcerated for the state. Andrew Thompson

              would like to no longer be represented by ***."

¶ 10          The next day the assistant public defender filed the answer raising an alibi defense.

¶ 11          The record also contains a "Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus" filed pro se on February

       3, 2012, asserting a violation of Thompson's fourth, sixth, and fourteenth amendment rights.

       Thompson further asserted that "there was never a warrant of any kind in this case" and that his

       attorney perjured herself when she stated there was an active warrant. Attached to the petition

       was a "CERTIFIED STATEMENT OF CONVICTION / DISPOSITION" from the Clerk of the

       Circuit Court of Cook County with a reference number "11CR0100101" (the CR number

       assigned to this case in the trial court) with a handwritten notation stating "[t]here is no warrant

       on this case." Also attached to the written motion was a scheduling form indicating the motion

       would be heard on March 20, 2012.

¶ 12          On March 21, the following exchange occurred:

                      "[Assistant Public Defender]: We are asking that the matter be reset for trial [from

              March]. I understand that Mr. Thompson had filed a motion regarding—

                   THE COURT: Well you talk to him about it. We will deal with it next time."

       The matter was then scheduled by agreement for trial on May 8. On that date, Judge Lacy sent

       the matter for reassignment because he was unable to preside over the trial for the next few days.

¶ 13                                                 Trial

¶ 14          Judge Thaddeus Wilson heard argument on motions in limine, ruling that neither party

       could mention that the charges had been filed after Thompson was detained under an outstanding

                                                       -5-
       1-12-2265

       warrant for a prior misdemeanor criminal trespass to property charge (in late December 2010

       Thompson pleaded guilty to that charge and received a sentence of conditional discharge).

¶ 15           Deepak Gaur, a graduate student in the University’s business school, testified that on

       October 19, 2010, he attended a recruiting event on the campus. Gaur had a bag with him

       containing a laptop and other belongings worth over $1,000 that he left on the hallway floor near

       a coat rack. When Gaur returned after about one hour later, the bag was missing. He alerted the

       security officer at the front desk.

¶ 16           John Taplett, also a graduate student in the University business school, testified that he

       attended the October 19 recruitment event. He left his bag containing a laptop and other items on

       top of the luggage rack in the hallway outside the meeting room. His bag was also missing when

       he returned. Taplett spoke to the security guard, Demarquez Alexander, who pulled the security

       camera feed that was recording in the hallway. Taplett viewed the video from the surveillance

       camera. On the video Taplett saw an individual whom he did not recognize take two bags from

       the hallway.

¶ 17           University security guard Alexander monitored the security cameras from the front desk.

       When Alexander learned of the laptop disappearance, he viewed videos from the security

       cameras located inside and outside the building. Alexander saw a black male take two laptops

       from the area and leave. Alexander stated that the video from outside the building showed an

       individual stealing a bicycle before coming into the school. Defense counsel objected to the

       testimony about the bicycle and moved for a mistrial, which was denied. The trial court struck

       the statement and instructed the jury to disregard. On cross-examination, Alexander testified that

       he did not see anything happening.

                                                      -6-
       1-12-2265

¶ 18          University police officer Arthur Gillespie testified that in August 2010, he learned that

       Thompson had no affiliation with the University. On August 2, Gillespie told Thompson that he

       could not "return to" the University property, including the campus as well as the buildings. On

       December 16, two months after the October theft of the laptop, Gillespie saw Thompson on

       campus. Gillespie detained him for questioning and gave him Miranda warnings. Gillespie

       "viewed the video" from the burglary and recognized Thompson from a "prior interaction" with

       him. Gillespie then made three still photographs from the video that depicted a black male with a

       white baseball cap riding a bicycle away from the building where the burglary occurred. The

       photographs were admitted into evidence and published to the jury. Gillespie showed the

       photographs to Thompson and asked Thompson "if that was him." Thompson said, "yeah that's

       me." Gillespie summarized Thompson's statement in his report. Thompson did not give or sign a

       written statement, and no video was made of the oral statement. The City of Chicago police

       arrived and took over the investigation.

¶ 19          Chicago police department officer Livius Tomescu and his partner responded to the call

       on the University campus where Thompson was in custody. Tomescu spoke with the University

       police officers and viewed the video and the three photographs. Tomescu and his partner brought

       Thompson to a police station. After reading the Miranda rights, they asked Thompson if he

       wanted to speak. Thompson responded, "Yeah, what do you want to know?" Tomescu asked

       Thompson if he could return the laptops, but Thompson told him "I don't have them, I sold

       them." Tomescu included Thompson's statements in his case report. Thompson did not write or

       sign a written statement.

¶ 20          Detective Mark Cunningham testified that on December 16 he was assigned to

       investigate a theft on October 19 at the University business school. The next day, Cunningham

                                                      -7-
       1-12-2265

       interviewed Thompson at Area 1. Cunningham advised Thompson of his Miranda rights, and

       Thompson answered "yes" to each question, indicating he understood. Cunningham then asked

       Thompson about the burglary. Thompson told Cunningham that he had been in Wisconsin during

       the previous six weeks. Cunningham asked him "if there was any chance" the laptops could be

       returned; Thompson said that he sold them to someone "on the street" for $40. Cunningham

       wrote down the conversation on a progress report and in his "closing supplementary report."

       Cunningham did not obtain a written statement from Thompson nor did he video or audio tape

       Thompson's statement.

¶ 21           Thompson presented an alibi defense. Thompson's fiancée, Erin Johnson, testified that on

       October 19, her birthday, she and Thompson were in Wisconsin. Johnson knew Thompson for 27

       years, and they sporadically dated. Thompson arrived in Wisconsin on August 29, left for a short

       time, and returned on October 1. He again left around November 1 and returned on November 3

       or 4. Johnson stated that Thompson remained in Wisconsin until returning to Chicago on

       December 6.

¶ 22           At the conclusion of the State's case, Thompson moved for a directed verdict, which the

       trial court denied.

¶ 23                                     CLOSING ARGUMENTS

¶ 24           Defense counsel argued to the jury regarding the burden of proof: "The State has a

       burden to prove that it was indeed Mr. Thompson who stole those laptops. Not that it could have

       been him, it might have been him, probably could have been him. No, that is not enough. They

       have to prove it beyond a reasonable doubt." Regarding Gillespie's testimony that Thompson

       said the photograph looked like him, she argued, "To say that it looks like me, you could look at

       it and say it could be him, it may not be him, it looks like him, that is not proof beyond a

                                                      -8-
       1-12-2265

       reasonable doubt." She also suggested that had the police taken fingerprints from the door of the

       building, "[the jury] wouldn't have to assume anything because the law requires that the State

       prove their case beyond a reasonable doubt, not for you to guess and think that what the

       possibilities could have been [sic]." Regarding the lack of a signed Miranda waiver and written

       statement, she argued: we do not have anything in writing, we do not have anything on video,

       and we do not have any signatures. Basically you are left here to guess. That is not proof beyond

       a reasonable doubt."

¶ 25          In rebuttal, the State argued:

                   "And with respect to reasonable doubt, that's a burden that's met in courtrooms across

              the country every day. It's not proof beyond all doubt, it's not prove any doubt [sic], it's

              proof beyond a reasonable doubt. And you are the ones that determine what a reasonable

              doubt is."

       The State also argued: "The defendant is trying to evade his responsibility for the actions that he

       committed ***. He is trying to evade his responsibility even after he admitted what happened on

       December 16 and 17, of 2010." She continued, "[h]e has decided that he doesn't want to face

       responsibility, he's decided that he wants to shrug any facing up or owning up to any of his

       actions on that day, just like he did in the video"; and "[h]e thinks he's going to slickly convince

       you that he wasn't the person [in the video]." Defense counsel did not object to any of these

       remarks.

¶ 26          The trial court instructed the jury:

                   "The defendant is presumed to be innocent of the charges against him. This

              presumption remains with him throughout every stage of the trial and during your

                                                       -9-
       1-12-2265

              deliberations on the verdict and is not overcome unless from all the evidence in this case

              you are convinced beyond a reasonable doubt the he is guilty.

                   The State has the burden of proving the guilt of the defendant beyond a reasonable

              doubt, and this burden remains on the State throughout the case. The defendant is not

              required to prove his innocence."

       The court further instructed the jury:

                   "Closing arguments are made by the attorneys to discuss the facts and circumstances

              in the case and should be confined to the evidence and to reasonable inferences to be

              drawn from the evidence. Neither opening statements nor closing arguments are

              evidence, and any statement or argument made by the attorneys which is not based on the

              evidence should be disregarded."

       In addition, "The fact that the defendant did not testify must not be considered by you in any way

       in arriving at your verdict."

¶ 27          During deliberations, the jury sent a note asking: "Is it possible to see the written

       notes/reports from the officers?" Without objection, the court responded: "You have all of the

       evidence in this case. Please continue to deliberate."

¶ 28          The jury convicted Thompson of both burglary and theft.

¶ 29          In the motion for a new trial, the defense argued that Thompson was never identified as

       the perpetrator in the video and his verbal statements to the police were not recorded by either

       video or audio or reduced to writing,

¶ 30          In sentencing, the trial court merged the two counts into one burglary count, and imposed

       a sentence of 18 years' imprisonment as a mandatory Class X offender.

¶ 31                                              ANALYSIS

                                                       -10-
       1-12-2265

¶ 32                                            Closing Arguments

¶ 33          Thompson argues he was denied a fair trial because the State's improper rebuttal

       argument attacked him for exercising constitutional rights by going to trial, confronting the

       State's witnesses, and putting the State to the burden of proof. Additionally, Thompson argues

       that the State minimized its burden and improperly urged the jury to invent its own definition of

       "beyond a reasonable doubt." Thompson did not include this issue in his supplemental motion

       for a new trial. Acknowledging that his trial counsel failed to object to the State's argument,

       Thompson asserts that we should review this issue under the plain error doctrine, both because

       the evidence was closely balanced and because the cumulative effect of the prosecution's

       remarks prejudiced him in the eyes of the jury. The State responds that Thompson forfeited these

       claims and, forfeiture aside, the remarks properly respond to Thompson's closing argument and

       properly challenge the defense theory.

       ¶ 34   A defendant must object contemporaneously as well as in a posttrial motion to preserve

       issues for our review. People v. Lewis, 234 Ill. 2d 32, 40 (2009). Failure to take both steps results

       in procedural default, or forfeiture, of the issue. Id. Under the plain error doctrine, however, this

       court may excuse a procedural default and consider unpreserved error where: (1) the evidence is

       closely balanced so as to preclude argument that an innocent person was wrongfully convicted;

       or (2) the alleged error affected the fairness of the defendant's trial and challenged the integrity of

       the judicial process. People v. Naylor, 229 Ill. 2d 584, 602 (2008). Our analysis initially

       considers whether error occurred, because in the absence of error, there can be no plain error.

       People v. Sargent, 239 Ill. 2d 166, 189-90 (2010). If we find error, then we proceed to consider

       whether either of the two prongs of the plain-error doctrine has been satisfied. The burden of

                                                        -11-
       1-12-2265

       persuasion rests with the defendant under either plain error alternative. People v. McLaurin, 235
Ill. 2d 478, 495 (2009).

¶ 35          We first address Thompson's argument regarding the prosecutor's comments on the

       definition of reasonable doubt. Generally, a prosecutor has wide latitude in the content of a

       closing argument. People v. Wheeler, 226 Ill. 2d 92, (2007). The Illinois Supreme Court in

       People v. Downs, 2015 IL 117934, ¶ 24, stated, "In decisions dating back more than 100 years,

       this court has consistently held that the term 'reasonable doubt' should not be defined for the jury,

       that the term, in fact, needs no definition because the words themselves sufficiently convey its

       meaning." This restriction applies to both the trial court and counsel. People v. Speight, 153 Ill.
2d 365, 374 (1992). See United States v. Glass, 846 F.2d 386, 387 (7th Cir. 1988)

       (" 'Reasonable doubt’ must speak for itself. Jurors know what is ‘reasonable’ and are quite

       familiar with the meaning of 'doubt.' "). A trial court's instruction that the meaning of

       “reasonable doubt” is for jurors to determine is a correct statement of Illinois law.

¶ 36          Nevertheless, even where a prosecutor's comment exceeded the bounds of proper

       argument, the jury's verdict will not be disturbed "unless the remark caused substantial prejudice

       to the defendant, taking into account the content and context of the comment, its relationship to

       the evidence, and its effect on the defendant's right to a fair and impartial trial. [Citation.]"

       People v. Johnson, 208 Ill. 2d 53, 115 (2003). In Johnson the supreme court found that the

       prosecutor's remark did not result in substantial prejudice to defendant or constitute a material

       factor in his conviction. Id. See also People v. Carroll, 278 Ill. App. 3d 464, 468 (1996) (finding

       no error where prosecutor stated, “[i]t's not beyond all doubt or any doubt, but beyond a

       reasonable doubt, a doubt that has reason behind it. That's not some mythical, unattainable

       standard that can't be met. That standard is met every day in courtrooms ***.” (Internal quotation

                                                       -12-
       1-12-2265

       marks omitted.)); People v. Trass, 136 Ill. App. 3d 455, 467 (1985) (finding no error where

       prosecutor stated that standard is not “an insurmountable burden, some mystical thing” (Internal

       quotation marks omitted.)).

¶ 37          Thompson cites People v. Mena, 345 Ill. App. 3d 418, 426-27 (2003), where the

       prosecutor attempted to define beyond a reasonable doubt, arguing that the prosecution need not

       prove guilt beyond all doubt, and that juries across the country find evidence in other cases

       sufficient to meet the burden. But, Johnson, 208 Ill. 2d 53, is controlling even though the

       appellate court has held similar arguments improper (see People v. Jones, 241 Ill. App. 3d 228,

       234 (1993); People v. Frazier, 107 Ill. App. 3d 1096, 1102 (1982); People v. Martinez, 76 Ill.

       App. 3d 280, 285 (1979)).

¶ 38          Therefore, we find no error. But, were we considering this issue under the plain error

       standard, no prejudice resulted where defense counsel's argument invited the prosecutor's

       remarks. During her closing, defense counsel mentioned "reasonable doubt" in several contexts.

       She argued: "The State has a burden to prove that it was indeed Mr. Thompson who stole those

       laptops. Not that it could have been him, it might have been him, probably could have been him."

       She went on: "No, that is not enough. They have to prove it beyond a reasonable doubt." She

       also suggested that had the police taken fingerprints from the door of the building, the jury

       "wouldn't have to assume anything because the law requires that the State prove their case

       beyond a reasonable doubt, not for you to guess and think that what the possibilities could have

       been [sic]." Regarding the lack of a signed Miranda waiver and written statement, she argued

       further: "we don't have anything in writing, we don't have anything on video, we don't have any

       signatures. Basically you are left here to guess. That is not proof beyond a reasonable doubt."

                                                      -13-
       1-12-2265

¶ 39           During rebuttal, the State may respond to statements made by defense counsel in closing

       argument that invite a response. People v. Kliner, 185 Ill. 2d 81, 154 (1998); People v. Munson,

       206 Ill. 2d 104, 145 (2002). We consider comments in the proper context by examining the entire

       closing argument of both sides. Kliner, 185 Ill. 2d at 154; see People v. Mendez, 318 Ill. App. 3d
1145, 1152 (2001). Our review of the record reveals that defense counsel's argument invited the

       prosecutor's comments.

¶ 40           Moreover, the trial court instructed the jury on the presumption of innocence, that

       throughout the case the State has the burden of proving defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable

       doubt, and that the fact that defendant did not testify must not be considered by the jurors in any

       way in arriving at a verdict. See People v. Burman, 2013 IL App (2d) 110807, ¶ 47 (improper

       comment plain error only when either so inflammatory that defendant could not have received

       fair trial or so flagrant as to threaten deterioration of judicial process). A trial court's instruction

       that closing arguments are not evidence and that arguments not based on the evidence are to be

       disregarded have been found to ameliorate any prejudice resulting from these types of comments.

       See People v. Walker, 230 Ill. App. 3d 377 (1992).

¶ 41           Thompson next argues that the prosecutor's rebuttal prejudiced him by arguing "The

       defendant is trying to evade his responsibility for the actions that he committed ***. He is trying

       to evade his responsibility even after he admitted what happened on December 16 and 17, of

       2010." The prosecutor argued further: "[h]e has decided that he doesn't want to face

       responsibility, he's decided that he wants to shrug any facing up or owning up to any of his

       actions on that day, just like he did in the video"; and "[h]e thinks he's going to slickly convince

       you that he wasn't the person [in the video]."

                                                        -14-
       1-12-2265

¶ 42          This court in People v. Herrero, 324 Ill. App. 3d 876, 887-88 (2001) examined the

       prosecutor's statements during closing argument that the defendant was trying to "sucker in" the

       jury. For the prosecutor to comment on the defendant's decision to exercise his constitutional

       right to a jury was "outrageous, casting a shadow over the proceedings that simply cannot be

       ignored. Courts cannot countenance prosecutors invading the substantive rights of the accused by

       making comments that would penalize a defendant for the use of his constitutional rights.

       [Citation]." Id. Additionally, the suggestion that alleged criminals like the defendant in Herrero

       are attempting to “sucker in” or dupe the jurors would have the tendency to improperly shift the

       focus of attention away from the actual evidence in the case. See People v. Fluker, 318 Ill. App.
3d 193, 202, 204 (2000) (without "pervasive misconduct of the prosecutor in rebuttal argument,"

       the jury may have reached different result, therefore remarks constituted material factor in

       conviction).

¶ 43          We do not believe the comments deprived defendant of a fair trial despite suggesting that

       Thompson was "trying to evade his responsibility" after December 16 and 17, when he was

       arrested and gave statements to the police, and that he was "slickly" defending himself. The

       evidence here cannot be considered a "close case." Gillespie testified that in August 2010, two

       months before the burglary, he told Thompson to stay off campus and out of the buildings. In

       December 2010, he again encountered Thompson and detained him. Gillespie recognized

       Thompson from the surveillance videos. Thompson made incriminating statements to all three

       police officers who testified. Thompson was willing to speak to Tomescu after receiving his

       Miranda warnings. Tomescu asked Thompson if he could return the laptops, but Thompson told

       him "I don't have them, I sold them." The jury requested the "written notes/reports" from the

                                                     -15-
       1-12-2265

       police officers but this fact alone does not support the conclusion that the jury would have found

       differently absent the State's remarks.

¶ 44          Thompson urges us to consider the cumulative effect of the prosecutor's arguments, citing

       People v. Scaggs, 111 Ill. App. 3d 633, 636-37 (1982), where, due to the cumulative impact of

       the instances of prosecutorial misconduct, this court granted the defendant a new trial. Scaggs

       provides concrete examples of actions that constitute error. The question, however, of whether a

       defendant has been denied a fair trial, remains sui generis; with the result in each case decided on

       its own distinct set of facts and circumstances. The prosecutor's misconduct in Scaggs included:

       questioning the defendant regarding his living with a woman other than his wife; questioning the

       defendant regarding the frequency with which he carried a gun; questioning the defendant about

       his failure to call a witness coupled with the statement during closing argument that the witness

       did not "show" because he would not "lie" for the defendant; misstating the law relating to self-

       defense; and leading the jury to believe that “reasonable doubt” was a "mere pro forma detail."

       Id. The prosecutor's statement about reasonable doubt was:

              "Every defendant that has ever been convicted in this building in this country has been

              convicted beyond a reasonable doubt whether it is stealing a bicycle or committing a

              murder. It does not put this man on a pedestal. It is not some impossible thing floating up

              there in the air. It is a burden that is met every day." (Internal quotation marks omitted.)

       Id.

       Nevertheless, this court made "no finding as to whether, individually, the [five] instances of

       prosecutorial misconduct cited above warrant a reversal." Id.

¶ 45          In his reply brief, Thompson cites People v. Buckley, 282 Ill. App. 3d 81, 90 (1996),

       where the court found the evidence to be closely balanced, but could not say with a reasonable

                                                      -16-
       1-12-2265

       degree of certainty that the prosecutor's improper equating of recklessness and carelessness in the

       minds of the jury did not contribute to the defendant's guilty verdict, and, therefore, reversed the

       conviction and remanded for a new trial. There, if the defendant was found responsible for the

       victim's death, "whether [the defendant's] responsibility was based upon carelessness or

       recklessness was crucially important to a finding of criminal liability," and the prosecutor's

       statements improperly equating the two concepts only served to confuse that important

       distinction. Id. This case presents a much less serious scenario, and we cannot say that the guilty

       verdict resulted from prosecutor's remarks, even if improper.

¶ 46          Thompson quotes People v. Richmond, 341 Ill. App. 3d 39, 47 (2003), which stated that a

       prosecutor's words carry the authority of the State and admonished prosecutors to choose their

       words carefully. In that case, the prosecutor assumed the identity of the eight-year-old victim in

       opening statement, an unusual situation found improper under the circumstances, but not

       sufficient to constitute plain error. The remarks here hardly rise to the level of impropriety in

       Richmond. That said, while we consider defense counsel's conduct during closing argument as

       inviting a response, we also believe the State should have responded in "more measured" terms.

       See Johnson, 208 Ill. 2d at 113. The court's admonition in People v. Herrero, 324 Ill. App. 3d
876, 888 (2001) is well taken: "This is not to say that conduct such as that described here would

       be harmless in all situations." In Herrero, the court affirmed the defendant's conviction because

       it was not a close case on the evidence of guilt, finding that, even with the problems created by

       the prosecutorial misconduct, the strong evidence rendered the prosecutor's comments harmless.

¶ 47          Thus, we either find the statements of which Thompson complains on appeal a proper

       response to his closing argument or otherwise do not qualify as reversible error, and the cases

       cited by defendant do not compel a different result.

                                                      -17-
       1-12-2265

¶ 48                               Pretrial Request for "Krankel" Hearing

¶ 49          In People v. Krankel, 102 Ill. 2d 181, the supreme court held that the defendant should

       have had counsel, other than his originally appointed counsel, appointed to represent him at the

       posttrial hearing regarding his allegation that he had received ineffective assistance of counsel.

       Id. at 189. At the September 2011 status hearing, Thompson attempted to hand a document to the

       trial court. When the trial court advised that he should give the document to his attorney,

       Thompson's attorney stated the document was the arrest report she already had, and promptly

       explained that there was a warrant.

¶ 50          Thompson continued to insist that there was no warrant for his arrest. In October 2011,

       Thompson again raised his hand, and the trial court told him to talk to his lawyer. Thompson

       responded that she wasn't talking to him, but the trial court disagreed and told him the case was

       set for trial. In January 2012, Thompson filed pro se a written request for a "Krankel" hearing,

       and in February a written petition for a writ of habeas corpus. After having been filed, the trial

       court never considered the motions.

¶ 51          Thompson filed pro se a pretrial motion for a "Krankel" hearing, asserting that a conflict

       existed between himself and his assistant public defender and asking the trial court appoint a new

       attorney to represent him. As the State points out, Illinois recognizes two types of conflicts of

       interest: per se and actual conflicts. People v. Austin M., 2012 IL 111194, ¶ 80; People v. Taylor,

       237 Ill. 2d 356, 374 (2010) (discusses difference between per se conflicts and actual conflicts of

       interest). A per se conflict will be found to exist where certain facts about a defense attorney's

       status engender, by themselves, a disabling conflict where: (1) defense counsel had a prior or

       contemporaneous association with the victim, the prosecution, or an entity assisting the

       prosecution; (2) defense counsel contemporaneously represented a prosecution witness; and (3)

                                                      -18-
       1-12-2265

       defense counsel was a former prosecutor who had been personally involved in the prosecution of

       defendant. Taylor, 237 Ill. 2d at 374. An actual conflict generally, if not exclusively, involves

       joint or multiple representation. Taylor, 237 Ill. 2d at 375; People v. Spreitzer, 123 Ill. 2d 1, 17

       (1988). In actual conflict situations, the accused need not prove prejudice in that the conflict

       contributed to the conviction, but it is necessary to establish that an actual conflict of interest

       adversely affected the lawyer's performance; in other words, a specific defect in his counsel's

       strategy, tactics, or decision making attributable to the alleged conflict of interest. Taylor, 237 Ill.
2d at 375-76. Nothing in the record establishes either type of conflict between Thompson and his

       counsel that would require new counsel.

¶ 52           At this juncture, we note that before trial Thompson also filed a habeas corpus petition

       asserting that the assistant public defender perjured herself by telling the trial court that there was

       an active warrant on this case. Habeas corpus relief depends on the seven grounds specified by

       the Code of Civil Procedure. 735 ILCS 5/10-124 (West 2012). These grounds fall into two

       general categories: (1) the prisoner was incarcerated by a court that lacked personal or subject

       matter jurisdiction; or (2) some occurrence subsequent to the prisoner's conviction entitled the

       prisoner to immediate release. Hennings v. Chandler, 229 Ill. 2d 18, 30 (2008). “A complaint for

       order of habeas corpus may not be used to review proceedings that do not exhibit one of these

       defects, even though the alleged error involves a denial of constitutional rights.” Beacham v.

       Walker, 231 Ill. 2d 51, 58 (2008). Thompson's petition did not allege a legitimate ground for

       relief, and, further, nothing in the record indicates that Thompson pursued his motion.

¶ 53           Yet, Thompson asserts that the record does not rebut his claim when, in fact, the

       "putative document" on which he relies states "CERTIFIED STATEMENT OF CONVICTION/

       DISPOSITION." The reference number on the certified statement is "11CR0100101," referring

                                                        -19-
       1-12-2265

       to this case. A handwritten note recites: "There is no warrant on this case." In the petition,

       Thompson asserted that he "[felt] like they [were] holding me because of my criminal

       background! And this case is a clear conspiracy." While creative, Thompson's attempt to obtain a

       release from pretrial incarceration fails on the facts. The trial court ruled on Thompson's motion

       that the jury would not hear about Thompson's initial detention as under an outstanding warrant

       issued in another matter for his criminal trespass to University property. The jury did hear that

       Gillespie detained Thompson, knew him from previous interactions, recognized him on the

       surveillance video, and arrested him. The record demonstrates that both of Thompson's

       complaints—wrongful arrest and his counsel wrongfully allowed him to be incarcerated—were

       baseless.

¶ 54          Thompson was first picked up on a warrant relating to a misdemeanor charge of criminal

       trespass to property at the University. He plead guilty to the charge a few weeks later. Before

       presenting evidence to the jury, the trial court ruled on motions in limine filed by both parties.

       The trial court excluded any testimony about the criminal trespass matter; i.e., notifications he

       may have received, postings on campus, or any outstanding warrant that was served would be

       allowed at trial. The trial court also ruled that should Thompson testify, evidence of his

       convictions for burglary and attempted burglary in the University area would then be admissible.

¶ 55          Finally,   Thompson's     ineffectiveness   argument     fails   as   premature.   Strickland

       ineffectiveness claims cannot be resolved before trial and a Krankel hearing has been held

       inapposite in the context of pretrial complaints of ineffectiveness. People v. Jocko, 239 Ill. 2d 87,

       92 (2010). In Moore and Jocko, the supreme court "explicitly applied Krankel only to posttrial

       motions." People v. Washington, 2012 IL App (2d) 101287, ¶ 19.

                                                       -20-
       1-12-2265

¶ 56          Thompson's attempts to establish a conflict fail, and the record shows that Thompson's

       attorney represented him diligently and vigorously both before and at trial, presenting his defense

       and arguing strongly on his behalf. As in Jocko, the record rebuts the Krankel complaint.

¶ 57          We affirm.

                                                      -21-