Court Opinion

ID: 3121998
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-16 14:17:25.882191+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:47:03.606490
License: Public Domain

Opinion issued August 30, 2012

                                   In The

                            Court of Appeals
                                  For The

                        First District of Texas
                         ————————————
                            NO. 01-11-00459-CV
                         ———————————
           SONERRA RESOURCES CORPORATION, Appellant

                                     V.
  HELMERICH & PAYNE INTERNATIONAL DRILLING CO., Appellee

                   On Appeal from the 61st District Court
                           Harris County, Texas
                    Trial Court Cause No. 2007-75537-A

                        MEMORANDUM OPINION

     Appellant, Sonerra Resources Corporation (“Sonerra”), challenges the trial

court’s rendition of summary judgment in favor of appellee, Helmerich & Payne
International Drilling Co. (“H&P), in Sonerra’s suit against H&P for breach of

contract. In two issues, Sonerra contends that the trial court erred in granting

H&P’s summary-judgment motion, denying its summary-judgment motion, and

not awarding it attorney’s fees.

      We affirm.

                                    Background

      Sonerra entered into an International Association of Drilling Contractors

Drilling Bid Proposal and Daywork Drilling Contract (the “drilling contract”) with

H&P. Sonerra, an oil-well operator, retained H&P, a drilling contractor, to drill

and work on an oil well in Nacogdoches County, Texas. During H&P’s work at

the well, H&P employee Billy Jack McDaniel was injured when hot gas was

released from the well after a stripper rubber inside a rotating-control device

(“RCD”) failed. McDaniel sued Sonerra, who had furnished the RCD and the

stripper rubber to H&P for use in drilling operations. Sonerra demanded that H&P,

pursuant to an indemnity provision in article 14.8 of the drilling contract, defend

and indemnify it from the claims made against it by McDaniel. H&P refused,

contending that an indemnity provision in article 14.7 of the drilling contract

required that Sonerra indemnify it and release it from any such liability.

      The indemnity provisions relied upon by the parties are contained in Section

14 of the drilling contract, entitled “Responsibility for Loss or Damage, Indemnity,

                                          2
Release of Liability and Allocation of Risk.” Section 14 provides, in pertinent

part,

        14.7 Inspection of Materials Furnished by Operator: Contractor
             agrees to visually inspect all materials furnished by Operator
             before using same and to notify Operator of any apparent
             defects therein. Contractor shall not be liable for any loss or
             damage resulting from the use of materials furnished by
             Operator, and Operator shall release Contractor from, and
             shall protect, defend and indemnify Contractor from and
             against, any such liability.

        14.8 Contractor’s Indemnification of Operator: Contractor shall
             release Operator of any liability for and shall protect, defend
             and indemnify Operator from and against all claims, demands,
             and causes of action of every kind and character, without limit
             and without regard to the cause or causes thereof or the
             negligence of any party or parties, arising in connection
             herewith in favor of Contractor’s employees or Contractor’s
             subcontractors of any tier (inclusive of any agent or consultant
             engaged by Contractor) or their employees, or Contractor’s
             invitees, on account of bodily injury, death, or damage to
             property. Contractor’s indemnity under this Paragraph shall be
             without regard to and without any right to contribution from
             any insurance maintained by Operator pursuant to Paragraph
             13. If it is judicially determined that the monetary limits of
             insurance required hereunder or of the indemnities voluntarily
             assumed under Subparagraph 14.8 (which Contractor and
             Operator hereby agree will be supported either by available
             liability insurance, under which the insurer has no right of
             subrogation against the indemnities, or voluntarily self insured,
             in part or whole) exceed the maximum limits permitted under
             applicable law, it is agreed that said insurance requirements or
             indemnities shall automatically be amended to conform to the
             maximum monetary limits permitted under such law.

        14.9 Operator’s Indemnification of Contractor: Operator shall
             release contractor of any liability for, and shall protect, defend
             and indemnify Contractor from and against all claims,
                                          3
       demands, and causes of action of every kind and character,
       without limit and without regard to the cause or causes thereof
       or the negligence of any party or parties, arising in connection
       herewith in favor of Operator’s employees or Operator’s
       contractors of any tier (inclusive of any agent, consultant or
       subcontractor engaged by Operator) or their employees, or
       Operator’s invitees, other than those parties identified in
       Subparagraph 14.8 on account of bodily injury, death or
       damage to property. Operator’s indemnity under this paragraph
       shall be without regard to and without any right to contribution
       from any insurance maintained by Contractor pursuant to
       Paragraph 13. If it is judicially determined that the monetary
       limits of insurance required hereunder or of the indemnities
       voluntarily assumed under Subparagraph 14.9 (which
       Contractor and Operator hereby agree will be supported either
       by available liability insurance, under which the insurer has no
       right of subrogation against the indemnities, or voluntarily self-
       insured, in part or whole) exceed the maximum limits permitted
       under applicable law, it is agreed that said insurance
       requirements or indemnities shall automatically be amended to
       conform to the maximum monetary limits permitted under such
       law.

....

14.13 Indemnity Obligation: Except as otherwise expressly limited in
      this Contract, it is the intent of parties hereto that all releases,
      indemnity obligations and/or liabilities assumed by such parties
      under terms of this Contract, including, without limitation,
      Subparagraph 4.9 and 6.3(c), Paragraph 10 and 12, and
      Subparagraph 14.1 through 14.12 hereof, be without limit and
      without regard to the cause or causes thereof, including but not
      limited to, pre-existing conditions, defect or ruin of premises or
      equipment, strict liability, regulatory or statutory liability,
      products liability, breach of representation or warranty (express
      or implied), breach of duty (whether statutory, contractual or
      otherwise) any theory of tort, breach of contract, fault,
      negligence of any degree or character (regardless of whether
      such negligence is sole, joint or concurrent, active, passive or
      gross) of any party or parties, including the party seeking the
                                    4
             benefit of the release, indemnity or assumption of liability, or
             any other theory of legal liability. The Indemnities, and
             releases and assumptions of liability extended by the parties
             hereto under the provisions of Subparagraphs 4.9 and 6.3 and
             Paragraphs 10, 12 and 14 shall inure to the benefit of such
             parties, their coventurers, co-lessees, joint owners, their parent,
             holding and affiliated companies and the officers, directors,
             stockholders, partners, managers, representatives, employees,
             consultants, agents, servants and insurers of each. Except as
             otherwise provided herein, such indemnification and
             assumptions of liability shall not be deemed to create any right
             to indemnification in any person or entity not a party to this
             Contract, either as a third beneficiary or by reason of any
             agreement of indemnity between one of the parties hereto and
             another person or entity not a party to this Contract.

      Sonerra filed a third-party petition against H&P for breach of contract,

alleging that H&P had breached the drilling contract by refusing to defend and

indemnify it from the claims made against it by McDaniel. Sonerra sought to

recover its defense costs as well as the amounts for which it was ultimately held

liable.1 Sonerra also sought its attorney’s fees.2 H&P generally denied Sonerra’s

claims, asserted various affirmative defenses, and filed a counterclaim for breach

of the drilling contract. H&P also sought its attorney’s fees.
1
      Sonerra’s third-party suit against H&P was severed into a separate action. After
      the trial court granted summary judgment in favor of H&P and dismissed
      Sonerra’s indemnity claims, Sonerra’s insurer settled the claims made by
      McDaniel against Sonerra (the “McDaniel Settlement”). Sonerra, H&P, and their
      respective insurers then entered into a funding agreement whereby H&P agreed to
      pay one-half of the McDaniel Settlement. The parties also acknowledged that
      Sonerra intended to appeal the trial court’s judgment, and the parties reserved their
      rights to pursue reimbursement from each other for the amounts they respectively
      paid in McDaniel Settlement.
2
      See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 38.001 (Vernon Supp. 2011).
                                            5
      H&P then filed its summary-judgment motion, arguing that the drilling

contract, and specifically article 14.7, unambiguously required that Sonerra defend

and indemnify it for the claims made by McDaniel for his injuries that arose from

the use of the defective RCD, which was provided by Sonerra. Sonerra filed its

competing summary-judgment motion and response, arguing that the drilling

contract, and specifically article 14.8, unambiguously required that H&P defend

and indemnify it for the claims made by McDaniel for his injuries.

      The trial court granted H&P’s summary-judgment motion, denied Sonerra’s

summary-judgment motion, and ordered that Sonerra take nothing on its claims

against H&P. The trial court subsequently entered final judgment in favor of H&P,

and it awarded H&P its attorney’s fees for its defense of the indemnity suit and for

appeal.

                               Standard of Review

      To prevail on a summary-judgment motion, a movant has the burden of

proving that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law and there is no genuine

issue of material fact. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Cathey v. Booth, 900 S.W.2d 339,

341 (Tex. 1995). When deciding whether there is a disputed, material fact issue

precluding summary judgment, evidence favorable to the non-movant will be taken

as true. Nixon v. Mr. Prop. Mgmt. Co., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548–49 (Tex. 1985).

                                         6
Every reasonable inference must be indulged in favor of the non-movant and any

doubts must be resolved in its favor. Id. at 549.

      When both parties move for summary judgment and the trial court grants

one motion and denies the other, the reviewing court should review the summary-

judgment evidence presented by both sides, determine all questions presented, and

render the judgment that the trial court should have rendered. Tex. Workers’

Comp. Comm’n v. Patient Advocates of Tex., 136 S.W.3d 643, 648 (Tex. 2004).

                                     Indemnity

      In its first issue, Sonerra argues that the trial court erred in granting H&P’s

summary-judgment motion and denying its summary-judgment motion because the

RCD and the component stripper rubbers are “clearly equipment” rather than

“materials,” as referred to in the indemnity provision in article 14.7. Sonerra

asserts that article 14.7 “requires indemnity [only] for property damage and

economic loss” rather than for claims for bodily injury like those brought against it

by McDaniel. Sonerra further asserts that the “more specific” article 14.8, which

requires H&P to indemnify it for McDaniel’s bodily injury claims, “should control

over general” article 14.7 and, when harmonized, articles 14.7 through 14.9

establish its entitlement to indemnity from H&P as a matter of law. In response,

H&P asserts that the term “materials” as used in article 14.7 includes the defective

stripper rubbers in the RCD, the phrase “any loss or damage” used in article 14.7

                                          7
includes the damages that Sonerra sought to recover after being sued by McDaniel

for bodily injury, and the “specific release” in article 14.7 “controls over the

general indemnity provision” in article 14.8.

      Indemnity agreements are construed under normal rules of contract

construction. Gulf Ins. Co. v. Burns Motors, Inc., 22 S.W.3d 417, 423 (Tex. 2000).

In construing a contract, a court must ascertain and give effect to the true intentions

of the parties as expressed in the writing itself. Italian Cowboy Partners, Ltd. v.

Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 341 S.W.3d 323, 333 (Tex. 2011); J.M. Davidson, Inc.

v. Webster, 128 S.W.3d 223, 229 (Tex. 2003). We examine and consider the entire

writing in an effort to harmonize and give effect to all the provisions of the

contract so that none will be rendered meaningless. Italian Cowboy Partners, Ltd.,
341 S.W.3d at 333. We begin our analysis with the contract’s express language.

See id. And we analyze the provisions of a contract “with reference to the whole

agreement.” Frost Nat’l Bank v. L & F Dists., Ltd., 165 S.W.3d 310, 312 (Tex.

2005); see also Seagull Energy E & P, Inc. v. Eland Energy, Inc., 207 S.W.3d 342,

345 (Tex. 2006) (“No single provision taken alone will be given controlling effect;

rather, all the provisions must be considered with reference to the whole

instrument.”). Contract terms will be given their plain, ordinary, and generally

accepted meanings unless the contract itself shows them to be used in a technical

or different sense. Valence Operating Co. v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 662 (Tex.

                                          8
2005).   If the contract can be given a certain or definite legal meaning or

interpretation after applying the pertinent contract construction rules, then it is not

ambiguous, and we will construe the contract as a matter of law. Frost Nat’l Bank,
165 S.W.3d at 312. “We construe contracts ‘from a utilitarian standpoint bearing in

mind the particular business activity sought to be served’ and ‘will avoid when

possible and proper a construction which is unreasonable, inequitable, and

oppressive.’” Frost Nat’l Bank, 165 S.W.3d at 312 (quoting Reilly v. Rangers

Mgmt., Inc., 727 S.W.2d 527, 530 (Tex. 1987)).

      If a contract “is subject to two or more reasonable interpretations after

applying the pertinent rules of construction, the contract is ambiguous, creating a

fact issue on the parties’ intent.” J.M. Davidson, 128 S.W.3d at 229. However, a

contract is not ambiguous merely because the parties disagree on its meaning.

Seagull Energy E & P, Inc., 207 S.W.3d at 345.            Only where a contract is

ambiguous may we consider the parties’ interpretation and admit extraneous

evidence to determine the true meaning of the contract. Italian Cowboy Partners,

Ltd., 341 S.W.3d at 333–34; see also Fiess v. State Farm Lloyds, 202 S.W.3d 744,

747 (Tex. 2006) (stating that court may not consider extrinsic evidence to create

ambiguity).

      We first address the parties’ dispute over the term “materials,” as used in

article 14.7.   Sonerra contends that the stripper rubber cannot qualify as a

                                          9
“material” and that, for this reason, the indemnity provision in article 14.7 does not

apply in favor of H&P to defeat Sonerra’s breach-of-contract claim. We begin our

analysis3 by consulting the express language of the disputed provisions in the

drilling contract and consider those in light of the entire contract. Italian Cowboy

Partners, Ltd., 341 S.W.3d at 333.

      Article 14.7 expressly provides that H&P is not liable “for any loss or

damage resulting from the use of materials furnished” by Sonerra. The article

further provides that Sonerra releases and must indemnify H&P from and against

“any such liability.”   Although the term “materials” is not expressly defined in the

drilling contract, it is a term that is used throughout the contract in conjunction

with other similar terms, including “equipment.” For example, in article 4.9 of the

contract, Sonerra agreed to reimburse H&P for certain costs of “material” and

“equipment.”    In article 14.12, the parties set forth indemnity obligations for

consequential damages related to “equipment” and “materials.”

3
      In their briefing, the parties discuss case law from other jurisdictions that have
      construed the meaning of the word “materials” as used in unrelated contracts. The
      parties also ask us to consider provisions from the Texas Business and Commerce
      Code that discuss the terms “equipment,” “materials,” and “inventory.” See TEX.
      BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. § 9.102 (Vernon Supp. 2011). However, we decline the
      parties’ invitation to seek guidance from either case law addressing the meaning of
      words “material” or “materials” as used in distinguishable contracts or statutory
      provisions that have no direct application to the construction of the contract in the
      instant case.
                                           10
      Moreover, in section 4 of Exhibit A to the drilling contract, which is entitled

“Equipment, Materials and Services to be Furnished by Contractor,” the parties set

forth the “machinery, equipment, tools, materials, supplies, instruments, services,

and labor” to be provided by H&P at the well. The parties identified multiple

items, including a drilling rig, rigging material, storage for mud and chemicals, and

drill pipe. They also attached a document to Exhibit A that further described these

items. The parties made no effort to indicate whether each of the items constituted

“machinery,” “equipment,” “tools,” “materials,” or “supplies.”         Similarly, in

section 5 of Exhibit A, which is entitled “Equipment, Materials and Services to be

Furnished by Operator,” the parties set forth the “machinery, equipment, tools,

materials, supplies, instruments, services, and labor” to be provided by Sonerra at

the well. Under this section, the parties identified multiple items, including mud

storage tanks, drilling bits, special tools, and casing and tubing. As with section 4

of Exhibit A, the parties made no effort to identify whether each of the items

constitutes “machinery,” “equipment,” “tools,” “materials,” or “supplies.” Finally,

in section 6 of Exhibit A, which is entitled “Equipment, Materials and Services to

be Furnished by Designated Party,” the parties set forth another extensive list of

“machinery, equipment, tools, materials, supplies, instruments, services, and

labor.” The parties identified in a chart whether Sonerra or H&P was responsible

for furnishing the listed items. Included among these items are the “Rotating

                                         11
Head” and “Rotating Head Rubbers.” In this section, like the others before it, the

parties made no distinction between the items that were considered “materials,”

“equipment,” “supplies,” and the like. There is simply no indication in section 6

that any of the items listed, including the RCD and stripper rubbers, were only to

be considered “materials,” “equipment,” or “tools” and that such items could only

be considered as falling within the scope of one of these particular terms. Rather,

the parties identified the RCD and stripper rubbers after generally referring to

“machinery, equipment, tools, materials, supplies, [and] instruments.” In sum,

there is simply no indication in the written contract that these terms, as used

throughout the contract, are mutually exclusive and refer to a distinct set of items.

      Sonerra’s efforts to restrict the construction of the term “materials” to

exclude the stripper rubbers inside the RCD conflicts with the plain, ordinary, and

generally accepted meanings of the words used in the drilling contract.            See

Valence Operating Co., 164 S.W.3d at 662. The terms “material” or “materials”

are defined as “the matter from which a thing is or can be made” or “things needed

for an activity,”4 “the substance or substances of which a thing is made or

composed” or “any constituent element,”5 “the equipment necessary for a

4
      THE NEW OXFORD AMERICAN DICTIONARY 1054 (2001).
5
      RANDOM HOUSE WEBSTER’S UNABRIDGED DICTIONARY 1185 (2d. ed. 2003).

                                          12
particular activity,”6 and “the elements, constituents,[7] or substances of which

something is composed or can be made” or an “apparatus necessary for doing or

making something.”8

      Sonerra admits in its briefing that it furnished the stripper rubber and the

stripper rubber is a “component” of the RCD. The plain language of article 14.7,

when considered in the context of the drilling contract, indicates that the parties

used the term “materials” to generally refer to the physical items that were to be

provided by Sonerra at the well.           Sonerra’s argument that article 14.7 is

inapplicable because the defective stripper rubber and the RCD can only be

considered a piece of “equipment” and not “materials” necessarily fails.9

6
      COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY - COMPLETE & UNABRIDGED (10th ed. 2009).
7
      Sonerra even cites in its briefing the definition of “material” that refers to an
      “element” or “constituent.” The term “element” is defined to be a “constituent
      part” and a “distinct part of a composite device.” MERRIAM WEBSTER’S
      COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY 402 (11th ed. 2003). And constituent is defined to be
      “an essential part” and a “component element,” WEBSTER’S DICTIONARY 248
      (10th ed. 1999); “a constituent element, material, etc.; component,” RANDOM
      HOUSE WEBSTER’S UNABRIDGED DICTIONARY 436 (2d. ed. 2003); and a
      “component part of something.” THE NEW OXFORD AMERICAN DICTIONARY 368
      (2001).
8
      MERRIAM WEBSTER’S COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY 765 (11th ed. 2003).
9
      Sonerra also argues that the parties’ use of the term “equipment” in other
      indemnity provisions in the drilling contract reveals that the parties’ used the terms
      “equipment” and “materials” to mean different things. For example, in article
      14.1 H&P assumed liability for damage to its surface equipment, in article 14.2
      Sonerra assumed liability for H&P’s in-hole equipment, in article 14.3 Sonerra
      assumed liability for damage to H&P’s equipment resulting from hydrogen sulfide
                                            13
      We next address the parties’ dispute concerning the phrase “any loss or

damage” as used in article 14.7. Sonerra asserts that, by the use of this phrase, the

parties only required indemnity for property damage and economic loss, but not

bodily injury claims.       In support of its interpretation, Sonerra cites other

provisions in the drilling contract where the terms “damage” or “loss” were used

by the parties to refer to property damage and economic loss, rather than bodily

injury. For example, in articles 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, and 14.4, all of which concern

indemnity obligations for damage to “equipment,” the terms “damage[s]” or

“loss[es]” refer to property damage to the parties’ equipment. However, the fact

that the terms “damage[s]” or “loss[es]” were used in a more limited nature in

these provisions is unremarkable given the subject matter of the provisions. The

use of “damage” or “loss” to refer to property damage in these contractual

provisions does not require that the terms be construed throughout the drilling

contract to refer only to such losses. The terms “damage” and “loss” are not

similarly limited by the subject matter of article 14.7. Rather, article 14.7 provides

      or other corrosive elements, and in article 14.4 Sonerra assumed liability for its
      own equipment. We need not address whether the parties’ use of the term
      equipment in these other indemnity provisions pertains to a subset of items
      described in the drilling contract, including items described in Exhibit A. Rather,
      we confine our analysis to determining the meaning of the term “materials” as that
      term was used by the parties in article 14.7 and in light of the entire drilling
      contract.

      Sonerra also asserts that H&P waived certain arguments concerning the proper
      construction of the term “materials,” but the parties squarely presented this
      definitional dispute to the trial court in their summary-judgment briefing.
                                          14
indemnity for “any loss or damage resulting from the use of materials” furnished

by Sonerra.10

      Damage is generally defined as “[l]oss or injury to a person or property.”

BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 445 (9th ed. 2009). Damages include “physical harm

caused to something in such a way as to impair its value, usefulness, or normal

function” and “a sum of money claimed or awarded in compensation for a loss or

an injury.” THE NEW OXFORD AMERICAN DICTIONARY 429 (2001). Article 14.7,

by its express terms, applies to any “loss” or “damage” resulting from materials

furnished by Sonerra, and there is no indication that article 14.7 applies only to

economic losses or property damage. In other places in the drilling contract, the

parties necessarily used the terms “loss” or “damage” with specific reference to a

type of loss or damage. But because the parties themselves failed to express in

their written contract that the release and indemnity provided for in article 14.7

applied only to economic or property losses, we will not impose such a limitation.

Thus, Sonerra’s argument that article 14.7 is inapplicable because it applies only to

economic losses and property damages necessarily fails.

10
      In its briefing, H&P argues that because Sonerra, in response to requests for
      admission, admitted that the “damages” it sought to recover incurred as the result
      of the use of the RCD. However, the responses to the requests for admission do
      not resolve the case. The requests themselves did not address or ask Sonerra to
      admit or deny a particular construction of the drilling contract.
                                          15
      We next consider whether, when construing the drilling contract as a whole

and when seeking to harmonize all of the contractual provisions, Sonerra is

entitled, pursuant to article 14.8, to be indemnified for the bodily injury claims

brought against it by McDaniel, an employee of H&P, and the McDaniel

Settlement.   Article 14.8 provides that H&P shall release Sonerra from “any

liability” for and shall indemnify Sonerra “from and against all claims . . . without

limit and without regard to the cause or causes thereof or the negligence of any

party or parties, arising in connection herewith in favor of [H&P’s] employees”

and other prescribed parties “on account of bodily injury, death or damage to

property.” Article 14.9 provides a reciprocal obligation by Sonerra to indemnify

H&P “from and against all claims . . . without limit and without regard to the cause

or causes thereof or the negligence of any party or parties, arising in connection

herewith in favor of [Sonerra’s] employees” and other prescribed parties “on

account of bodily injury, death or damage to property.” Under these indemnity

provisions H&P and Sonerra agreed to indemnify the other for claims brought by

their respective employees and other prescribed parties, including their respective

contractor’s and subcontractor’s employees and invitees.

      These reciprocal indemnity obligations must be considered with reference to

the other provisions of the drilling contract, including article 14.7. As noted above,

article 14.7 granted H&P indemnity for “any loss or damage” resulting from

                                         16
Sonerra’s materials, not simply economic or property damage. Also, as noted

above, article 14.7 is not limited, in the manner suggested by Sonerra, by the use of

the term “materials.” Rather, by the express terms of article 14.7, Sonerra agreed

to indemnify H&P for any loss or damage resulting from the use of the materials

furnished by Sonerra.     When all of the articles of the drilling contract are

harmonized, it is evident that the indemnity obligation and release in article 14.7

carve out a set of claims that might otherwise be covered by the indemnity

provision in article 14.8. See Clark v. Cotten Schmidt, L.L.P., 327 S.W.3d 765,

773 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2010, no pet.); (“A specific contractual provision

controls over a general provision”); Ayres Welding Co., Inc. v. Conoco, Inc., 243
S.W.3d 177, 181 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, pet. denied) (providing

that more specific provisions of contract will control over general).

      Sonerra’s contention that article 14.8 is the more specific provision is

premised upon its implied argument that article 14.8 is narrowly limited to

employee bodily injury claims. But article 14.8, by its plain terms, is not so

limited. Article 14.8 requires the contractor, H&P, to indemnify the operator,

Sonerra, for all claims of every kind and character, without regard to cause, that are

“in favor” of H&P’s employees, subcontractors (of any tier), agents, consultants,

their employees, and invitees for bodily injury, death, and property damage. Thus,

article 14.8 applies to a broad class of persons and a broad class of losses and, as

                                         17
such, is the more general indemnity obligation when compared to article 14.7.

Article 14.9 provides a similar, general reciprocal indemnity obligation flowing

from Sonerra to H&P. In contrast to article 14.8, article 14.7 addresses a particular

kind of claim—loss or damage resulting from the use of Sonerra’s materials. The

only reasonable interpretation of the drilling contract is that article 14.7 grants a

more specific indemnity that controls in the circumstances before us.

      Moreover, that the indemnity and release provisions in article 14.7 apply in

these circumstances in favor of H&P makes sense when we consider the specific

purpose of article 14.7 and the general obligations in the entire drilling contract. In

the first sentence of article 14.7, H&P agreed to both “visually inspect” the

“materials” that Sonerra furnished and “notify” Sonerra of any “apparent defects.”

The plain purpose of this provision was to require H&P to alert Sonerra of any

patent defects in the materials so that Sonerra could replace them or repair any

defects discovered through the visual inspection.           This provision afforded

substantial protections to Sonerra in that, if complied with, it operated to prevent

H&P’s use of patently defective materials in drilling operations. Such protection

was important to Sonerra since Sonerra bore significant indemnity obligations in

the rest of the drilling contract, and H&P’s use of patently defective materials

could potentially give rise to significant liability for Sonerra. For example, Sonerra

owed an indemnity obligation for H&P’s in-hole equipment in article 14.2,

                                          18
underground damage in article 14.6, and loss or damage to the hole. The second

sentence of article 14.7, which released H&P from loss or damage resulting from

the use of materials furnished by Sonerra and which required Sonerra to indemnify

H&P for such loss or damage, immediately follows the language requiring H&P’s

inspection of materials and notification of defects. When read in its entirety,

article 14.7 protects H&P from loss or damage caused by Sonerra’s materials, but

it also requires H&P to fulfill its inspection and notification duties with regard to

apparent defects.11

      If we were to interpret article 14.8 to grant Sonerra indemnity to apply to

any claims brought by H&P employees, like McDaniel, or any other covered

subcontractors, consultants, employees, or invitees, for bodily injury, death, or

property damage resulting from the use of materials furnished by Sonerra, we

would be defeating the obvious purpose of article 14.7. Sonerra’s interpretation of

the drilling contract would, in spite of the plain language of article 14.7, impose

liability upon H&P for a broad class of losses, including bodily injury, death, or

property damage, brought by a broad class of persons, including H&P’s

11
      Sonerra also argues that article 14.13 supports its interpretation because it provides
      that all releases and indemnity obligations in the drilling contract are “without
      limit and without regard to the cause or causes thereof,” including “defect or ruin
      of premises or equipment,” “strict liability,” “products liability,” breach of
      warranty, breach of contract, and negligence of any degree. However, article
      14.13 states that it applies “[e]xcept as otherwise expressly limited” in the drilling
      contract, and the language in this article does not modify the language in article
      14.7.
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employees, subcontractors (of any tier), agents, consultants, and invitees, even

when such claims resulted from the use of materials furnished by Sonerra.

Accepting Sonerra’s arguments would remove at least some of the incentive for

H&P to fulfill its inspection and notification duties because the scope of indemnity

afforded to H&P under article 14.7 would be greatly diminished.         Additionally,

accepting Sonerra’s interpretation would also remove at least some of the incentive

for Sonerra, once notified of apparent defects, to repair or replace such defective

materials because, despite the plain language of article 14.7, H&P would remain

liable for a broad class of claims (bodily injury, death, property) brought by a

broad class of parties, even when such losses result from the use of its materials.

      In sum, to limit article 14.7 so as not to include within it an indemnity by

Sonerra in favor of H&P for any claims brought by H&P employees for bodily

injury caused by materials furnished by Sonerra, we would have to insert

additional language into the drilling contract. Article 14.8 does not modify the

indemnity and release language of article 14.7. If the parties had intended for the

indemnity provision in article 14.7 to be so limited, the parties could have included

language limiting the class of losses or damages to which it applied or excepting

employee claims for losses or damages that would otherwise fall within article

14.8. When properly harmonized, and when considered in light of the entire

agreement, article 14.7 of the drilling contract unambiguously precludes Sonerra’s

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indemnity claims against H&P. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not

err in granting H&P’s summary-judgment motion and denying Sonerra’s

summary-judgment motion.

      We overrule Sonerra’s first issue.

                                    Conclusion

      Having overruled Sonerra’s first issue, we further hold that the trial court did

not err in not awarding Sonerra its attorney’s fees. Thus, we overrule Sonerra’s

second issue. We affirm the order of the trial court.

                                                Terry Jennings
                                                Justice

Panel consists of Justices Jennings, Massengale, and Huddle.

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