Court Opinion

ID: 3192721
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-04-09 00:00:52.699008+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:39:08.261515
License: Public Domain

Case: 15-20561      Document: 00513457559         Page: 1    Date Filed: 04/08/2016

           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                                   United States Court of Appeals
                                                                            Fifth Circuit

                                                                          FILED
                                    No. 15-20561                       April 8, 2016
                                  Summary Calendar
                                                                     Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                          Clerk
FELICIA CARTER; ANGELLIA DOZIER; NEVALYN FARLEY,

              Plaintiffs - Appellants

v.

WESTLEX CORPORATION; MCCALL-TL, INCORPORATED; PARK
PLACE LX OF TEXAS, LIMITED; TOYOTA MOTOR SALES USA,
INCORPORATED,

              Defendants - Appellees

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Southern District of Texas
                             USDC No. 4:14-CV-3644

Before KING, CLEMENT, and OWEN, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
       Plaintiffs–Appellants own vehicles that have suffered heat damage and
filed this action individually and on behalf of a putative class of all Texas
residents whose vehicles have suffered similar damage, alleging various
theories of recovery. Defendants–Appellees removed this case to federal court,

       * Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
    Case: 15-20561     Document: 00513457559     Page: 2   Date Filed: 04/08/2016

                                  No. 15-20561
asserting that federal jurisdiction existed under the Class Action Fairness Act.
Plaintiffs moved to remand the case to state court, but the district court denied
the motion. Plaintiffs appeal, arguing that Defendants failed to establish that
the amount in controversy exceeded the $5 million threshold as required by
the Class Action Fairness Act when Defendants introduced evidence of the
average costs of repairing class members’ vehicles and calculated a total
amount in controversy of over $5 million. Because the district court committed
no error in relying on the evidence and calculations of Defendants, we AFFIRM
the judgment of the district court.
           I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
      Plaintiffs–Appellants Felicia Carter, Angellia Dozier, and Nevalyn
Farley (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) filed suit against Toyota Motor Sales USA,
Inc., (“TMS”) and several dealerships (collectively, “Defendants”) in Texas
state court on November 6, 2014.       Plaintiffs asserted, inter alia, claims of
products liability, fraud, and breach of implied warranty based on alleged heat
damage to the dashboards and other interior components of their Lexus and
Toyota vehicles. Plaintiffs filed this action individually and on behalf of a
putative class of all Texas residents who own a Toyota or Lexus vehicle that
suffered from the alleged heat damage. Plaintiffs alleged that the putative
class consisted of more than one thousand members, and although they did not
specify a particular amount in controversy, Plaintiffs alleged that the collective
damages exceeded $100,000.
      Defendants timely removed the case on December 19, 2014, arguing in
their notice of removal that the district court had subject matter jurisdiction
under the Class Action Fairness Act (“CAFA”). Defendants contended that
CAFA jurisdiction existed because at least one member of the putative class
was a citizen of a different state than at least one defendant and that the
aggregate number of class members was at least 100. Defendants also argued
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                                     No. 15-20561
that the amount in controversy for all putative class members exceeded $5
million.
       Defendants based their argument that the amount in controversy
exceeded $5 million on the declaration of Mark Rhymer, who was the manager
of the Body B/C Group in Customer Quality Services at TMS.                     Based on
personal knowledge, he stated that the average cost to repair a heat-damaged
dashboard on a Toyota or Lexus vehicle was “approximately $1,215.45” and
that the cost to repair a heat-damaged door panel was “approximately
$1,663.42.” Noting that the average cost vehicle owners must pay was higher
(because of the cost of parts), Defendants calculated that the total economic
damages Plaintiffs placed in controversy were at least $2,881,737. 1 Noting
that Plaintiffs also requested exemplary damages, Defendants calculated that
at least $5,763,474 in exemplary damages were in controversy under Texas
law, which limits exemplary damages to twice the amount of economic
damages. Finally, Defendants noted that Plaintiffs requested attorney’s fees
and, using twenty percent of total damages as a conservative benchmark,
argued that attorney’s fees pushed the amount in controversy well beyond $5
million.
      On January 14, 2015, Plaintiffs moved to remand the case to state court,
challenging Defendants’ damages calculations and arguing that the amount of
potential damages was not in excess of $5 million. In doing so, Plaintiffs did
not challenge specific components of Defendants’ damages calculations or
submit any evidence of their own. The district court denied the motion to
remand on March 17, 2015.           After Plaintiffs filed an amended complaint,

      1  Defendants calculated this total cost based on 1,001 class members, as Plaintiffs
alleged that the putative class exceeded 1,000 members. Defendants calculated a total of at
least $2,881,737, but we note that: 1,001(1,215.45 + 1,663.42) = 2,881,748.87.
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Defendants moved to dismiss the amended complaint. 2 The district court
granted Defendants’ motion to dismiss, dismissing all of Plaintiffs’ claims with
prejudice on August 26, 2015. Plaintiffs timely appealed. On appeal, Plaintiffs
challenge only the district court’s denial of their motion to remand.
                           II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
      “CAFA gives federal courts jurisdiction over certain class actions . . . .”
Dart Cherokee Basin Operating Co., LLC v. Owens, 135 S. Ct. 547, 552, (2014).
This court reviews a district court’s denial of a motion to remand for lack of
jurisdiction under CAFA de novo. Preston v. Tenet Healthsystem Mem’l Med.
Ctr., Inc., 485 F.3d 793, 796 (5th Cir. 2007); see also Rainbow Gun Club, Inc.
v. Denbury Onshore, L.L.C., 760 F.3d 405, 408 (5th Cir. 2014). Although
federal courts often apply what the Supreme Court has called a presumption
against removal, see, e.g., Acuna v. Brown & Root Inc., 200 F.3d 335, 339 (5th
Cir. 2000) (“[D]oubts regarding whether removal jurisdiction is proper should
be resolved against federal jurisdiction.”), the Court has clarified that “no
antiremoval presumption attends cases invoking CAFA, which Congress
enacted to facilitate adjudication of certain class actions in federal court.”
Dart, 135 S. Ct. at 554.
                  III. CAFA JURISDICTION WAS PROPER
      Because Plaintiffs have only challenged the district court’s conclusion
that Defendants established jurisdiction under CAFA on appeal, we only
address whether the district court erred by not remanding this case to state
court. Relevant to the instant case, CAFA grants subject matter jurisdiction
to federal courts over a case where “the matter in controversy exceeds the sum
or value of $5,000,000, . . . any member of a class of plaintiffs is a citizen of a

      2 As part of their motion to dismiss, Defendants noted that TMS had voluntarily
agreed to extend the warranties of the affected vehicles to offer repairs for heat-damaged
components, thereby mooting Plaintiffs’ claims.
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                                       No. 15-20561
State different from any defendant,” and “the number of members of all
proposed plaintiff classes in the aggregate is [not] less than 100.” 28 U.S.C.
§ 1332(d)(2), (5)(B). Plaintiffs challenge only the district court’s conclusion
that the amount in controversy exceeded $5 million, arguing that Defendants’
amount-in-controversy estimates, on which the district court relied, were
grossly inflated. 3     We disagree and find no error in the district court’s
conclusion that jurisdiction under CAFA was appropriate in this case. Remand
to state court was, therefore, not required.
       In Dart, the Supreme Court outlined the procedures and standards for
asserting, challenging, and evaluating allegations concerning the amount in
controversy for putative class actions removed under CAFA.                          First, “a
defendant’s notice of removal need include only a plausible allegation that the
amount in controversy exceeds the jurisdictional threshold,” Dart, 135 S. Ct.
at 554, and this “allegation should be accepted when not contested by the
plaintiff or questioned by the court,” id. at 553; see also 28 U.S.C. § 1446(a).
Next, “[i]f the plaintiff contests the defendant’s allegation,” then “both sides
submit proof and the court decides, by a preponderance of the evidence,
whether the amount-in-controversy requirement has been satisfied.” Dart, 135
S. Ct. at 553–54; see also 28 U.S.C. § 1446(c)(2)(B) (“[R]emoval . . . is proper on
the basis of an amount in controversy asserted [by the defendant] if the district

       3 We note that the district court committed no error in concluding that CAFA’s other
jurisdictional requirements were satisfied in this case. Plaintiffs are citizens of Texas while
TMS is a citizen of California, so minimal diversity exists here. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(2)(A).
The proposed plaintiff class exceeds 100, as Plaintiffs propose a class of over 1,000
individuals. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(5)(B). We further note that the “local controversy”
exception to jurisdiction under CAFA does not defeat jurisdiction here. See 28 U.S.C. §
1332(d)(4)(A). Because a “class action has been filed asserting the same or similar factual
allegations against any of the defendants,” the district court was not required to decline
CAFA jurisdiction in this case. 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(4)(A)(ii); see Perez v. G.F.B. Enters.,
L.L.C., No. 15-cv-21172-KING (S.D. Fla. filed Mar. 25, 2015) (involving a class action in
which the plaintiffs assert similar allegations against some of the defendants in the instant
case).
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                                 No. 15-20561
court finds, by the preponderance of the evidence, that the amount in
controversy exceeds [the jurisdictional threshold].”).
      Here, Plaintiffs contested Defendants’ allegations as to the amount in
controversy. But in doing so, Plaintiffs introduced no evidence of the amount
in controversy themselves, and on appeal they only criticize Defendants’
evidence and the way in which the district court interpreted that evidence.
Defendants’ primary evidence was the declaration of Mark Rhymer. Rhymer
stated, based on personal knowledge, that the average costs to repair a heat-
damaged dashboard and door panel were approximately “$1,215.45” and
“$1,663.42,” respectively.   Based on there being 1,001 class members and
assuming each member required both repairs, Defendants calculated a total of
at least $2,881,737 in economic damages and, based on Texas law limiting
exemplary damages to twice the amount of economic damages, a total of at
least $5,763,474 in exemplary damages. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann.
§ 41.008(b) (allowing up to “two times the amount of economic damages” in
exemplary damages). We see no error in the district court’s conclusion that
Defendants established, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the amount-
in-controversy requirement was satisfied.
      Plaintiffs first criticize Defendants’ amount-in-controversy calculations
as based solely on the unsupported, general, and conclusory declaration of
Rhymer. However, Rhymer stated that he had personal knowledge of matters
related to the repair of heat-damaged vehicle interiors, and Plaintiffs have
introduced no evidence of any kind to suggest that Rhymer’s estimates were
inaccurate. Accordingly, the district court committed no error in relying on
these estimates. Plaintiffs further criticize Defendants’ estimates as based on
the assumption that each class member would require both dashboard and
other interior component repairs when Plaintiffs never alleged that all class
members would require both types of repairs. However, in their state court
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                                  No. 15-20561
complaint, Plaintiffs clearly alleged that class members “suffered damage to
the dashboard and various interior components” and that members “required
repairs to the dashboard and interior” components. Given these allegations,
we find no error in the district court’s reliance on Defendants’ calculations
based on all class members requiring both types of repairs. See Robertson v.
Exxon Mobil Corp., No. 15-30920, 2015 WL 9592499, at *2 (5th Cir. Dec. 31,
2015) (noting that the required demonstration of the amount in controversy
concerns “everything [the plaintiff] seeks,” not only what “the plaintiff is likely
to win” (quoting Berniard v. Dow Chem. Co., 481 F. App’x 859, 862 (5th Cir.
2010) (per curiam) (unpublished)).
      Plaintiffs also fault Defendants for including the maximum amount of
exemplary damages in their amount-in-controversy calculations. As the court
in Robertson explained, it is “what the plaintiff is claiming” and not what “the
plaintiff is likely to . . . be awarded” that determines whether CAFA’s
jurisdictional amount requirement is satisfied. Id. at *2 (quoting Berniard,
481 F. App’x at 862); see also Allen v. R & H Oil & Gas Co., 63 F.3d 1326, 1337
(5th Cir. 1995) (including punitive damages in the amount-in-controversy
calculation). We find no error in including exemplary damages in the amount-
in-controversy calculation.    Because we agree with Defendants that the
combined economic and exemplary damages sought by Plaintiffs exceeded
CAFA’s jurisdictional threshold, we need not and do not consider what amount
of attorney’s fees, if any, should be included in the amount-in-controversy
calculation.
      Plaintiffs also argue that Defendants’ decision to voluntarily extend the
warranties of vehicles affected by heat damage reduces the amount in
controversy.   This argument is unpersuasive because the existence of the
“warranty enhancement program” did not affect what Plaintiffs sought in this
case—the plaintiffs continued to seek economic and exemplary damages after
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                                       No. 15-20561
the establishment of this program. See Robertson, 2015 WL 9592499, at *2
(noting that the amount in controversy is based on what the plaintiff seeks).
Even if we were to accept Plaintiffs’ argument that the existence of this
program affects the amount-in-controversy calculation, repairs under this
program did not become available until after this case was removed. As the
Supreme Court has explained “[e]vents occurring subsequent to the institution
of suit which reduce the amount recoverable below the statutory limit do not
oust jurisdiction.” St. Paul Mercury Indem. Co. v. Red Cab Co., 303 U.S. 283,
289–90 (1938); see also Marcel v. Pool Co., 5 F.3d 81, 84 (5th Cir. 1993) (“[W]e
evaluate jurisdictional amount as of the moment of removal”). 4
       Overall, Plaintiffs failed to introduce any evidence suggesting that
Defendants’ evidence presented an inaccurate picture of the amount in
controversy, and Plaintiffs have not demonstrated that the district court
incorrectly interpreted Defendants’ evidence or calculations. Accordingly, we
hold that the district court committed no error in concluding that jurisdiction
under CAFA was proper or in denying Plaintiffs’ motion to remand.
                                  IV. CONCLUSION
       For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is
AFFIRMED.

       4  Finally, Plaintiffs contend that Defendants’ admission in a separate but related
litigation that it was unclear whether the amount in controversy exceeded $5 million in that
case demonstrates that the jurisdictional amount requirement was not satisfied here. We do
not address this argument because it was not properly raised in the district court. FDIC v.
Mijalis, 15 F.3d 1314, 1327 (5th Cir. 1994) (“If an argument is not raised to such a degree
that the district court has an opportunity to rule on it, we will not address it on appeal.”).
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