Court Opinion

ID: 6247130
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-02-17 21:02:55.520994+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:59:19.419394
License: Public Domain

2022 IL App (1st) 200634-U
                                             No. 1-20-0634
                                     Order filed February 17, 2022
                                                                                      Fourth Division

 NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the
 limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).
 ______________________________________________________________________________
                                                IN THE
                             APPELLATE TRIAL COURT OF ILLINOIS
                                 FIRST DISTRICT
 ______________________________________________________________________________

 THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,                      )    Appeal from the
                                                           )    Circuit Court of
           Plaintiff-Appellee,                             )    Cook County.
                                                           )
     v.                                                    )    No. 14 CR 4185
                                                           )
 MARTIN MIRANDA,                                           )    Honorable
                                                           )    James Michael Obbish,
           Defendant-Appellant.                            )    Judge, presiding.

           JUSTICE LAMPKIN delivered the judgment of the court.
           Justices Rochford and Martin concurred in the judgment.

                                               ORDER

¶1        Held: Defendant’s convictions and sentence are affirmed where: (1) defendant was not
                denied the effective assistance of counsel at trial and his forfeited claims of error
                are not excused by the plain error doctrine; and (2) defendant was not denied the
                effective assistance of counsel at sentencing.

¶2        Defendant Martin Miranda and codefendant Andres Guerra were charged with multiple

counts of first-degree murder based on the shooting death of 15-year-old Miguel Navarrete on

January 26, 2014. The cases were later severed. A jury convicted defendant of first-degree murder
No. 1-20-0634

and found that he personally discharged the weapon that killed the victim. The trial court sentenced

defendant to a total of 75 years’ imprisonment in the Illinois Department of Corrections.

¶3      On appeal, defendant alleges that he was denied the effective assistance of counsel at trial

and sentencing. Alternatively, he alleges that forfeited errors that occurred at trial are subject to

review under the plain error doctrine.

¶4      For the reasons that follow, we reject defendant’s claims and affirm his conviction and

sentence. 1

¶5                                        I. BACKGROUND

¶6                                      A. Pretrial Proceedings

¶7      The State filed a pretrial motion to admit gang evidence. Specifically, the State alleged that

Miguel Angel Navarette, a member of the Two-Six street gang, was killed in retaliation for the

earlier murder of defendant’s friend, Johnny Vargas, a member of the rival Latin Kings street gang.

The State moved to admit gang evidence based on its belief that such evidence was relevant to

show defendant’s motive for shooting the victim.

¶8      Defense counsel opposed the State’s motion. At a hearing before the trial court, the parties

argued their respective positions. After considering the parties’ countervailing interests, the trial

court made a lengthy and detailed oral finding granting the State’s motion. The trial court found

that defendant’s gang membership was extremely probative to show his motive for committing

what would otherwise be an inexplicable act.

        1
         In adherence with the requirements of Illinois Supreme Court Rule 352(a) (eff. July 1, 2018), this
appeal has been resolved without oral argument upon the entry of a separate written order.

                                                   -2-
No. 1-20-0634

¶9     Defense counsel successfully opposed the State’s motion to admit the testimony of jail

house informant Nicolas Diaz.

¶ 10   The trial court denied codefendant’s motion to quash the search warrant that resulted in the

recovery of his phone and the extraction of its contents. The State then moved to admit three video

clips extracted from codefendant’s phone. The video clips were all dated December 5, 2013, and

recorded at 3:44 a.m., 4 a.m., and 4:02 a.m., respectively.

¶ 11   The State characterized the contents of what it believed each clip showed and then played

the clip to the trial court. The State described the first clip as showing the area of 25th Street and

Trumbull Avenue, which it alleged was the territory of the Latin Kings street gang. The State

alleged that the first clip showed defendant displaying an upside-down bunny tattoo on his arm,

identifying codefendant by his nickname, “Baby K,” and making references to “Karlov, killer

bitch.” The State noted that the victim was murdered in the area of Kedvale Avenue and Karlov

Avenue a little more than a month after the making of this recording.

¶ 12   The State then discussed the contents of the second clip. The State alleged that the second

clip showed the area of 30th Street and Kedvale Avenue, the precise area where the victim was

killed the following month. The State alleged that the video clip contained numerous gang-related

remarks.

¶ 13   The State described the third clip as showing codefendant standing on the steps outside a

house on Karlov Avenue. The State maintained that the contents of the third clip suggested that

defendant was recording codefendant and that codefendant then resumed recording defendant. The

State also described the third clip as showing codefendant’s black truck parked in front of the

house with its lights on. The State alleged that the audio from the third clip contained multiple

gang-related statements, including “we’re out here, come and get us, come get your body bag” and

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No. 1-20-0634

made repeated references to “Karlov killer.” The State alleged that the third clip showed

codefendant displaying a gang sign and defendant displaying the symbol for an upside-down

bunny, the symbol of the Two-Six street gang. The State described defendant saying, “[b]ody,

count me up. Body count me up” at the end of the third clip.

¶ 14   In finding the three clips admissible as co-conspirator evidence, the trial court ruled that

Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123 (1968), did not bar the video clips from being admitted at

either defendant or codefendant’s trial:

                “THE COURT: This is not a Bruton[-]type situation. They are recovered

       from a phone taken from Guerra. The films depict primarily Defendant Miranda as

       the principal performer in the videos who is making, you know, the majority of all

       statements, but they go to both defendants.

                It is Defendant Guerra’s phone that he kept. He clearly is the individual that

       is choosing to videotape what primarily Miranda is stating. Although I think

       especially in this last video, I think it’s pretty clear Miranda was holding the phone

       with his own hand for a good portion of it while he is going through his rant, you

       know, describing, you know, apparently what demonstrates is a motive to, you

       know, kill a Two[-]Sixer.

                The defendants both prepared these videos jointly. The fact they’re all on

       the one phone that was recovered when Guerra is arrested doesn’t mean it is not

       evidence against Miranda because Miranda is the principal actor in these things.

       They refer to each other. You know, they flash their signs together. They thought

       these movies were a great idea, and now they’re stuck with them.

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No. 1-20-0634

                I think they’re – it’s competent. It’s material. And it’s relevant to the

       charges. And it’s relevant to motive. It’s relevant to where the homicide took place.

       It’s relevant to who had possession of a truck that’s allegedly used in the

       commission of the homicide.

                These will be all admitted at both defendant’s trials over objection of both

       defendants.”

¶ 15   The State then sought a pretrial ruling regarding the admissibility of still images taken from

codefendant’s phone. The State moved to admit two images dated November 30, 2013, that

displayed defendant and a second person flashing a gang sign and defendant and codefendant

flashing gang signs. The State offered to redact from both photos a handgun held by defendant in

the first photograph and by codefendant in the second photograph. Defendant’s counsel agreed to

the admission of the photographs subject to the redactions. The State also sought to admit a

photograph taken on December 11, 2013, at 12:46 a.m., that depicted the area of Karlov Avenue

and West 30th Street. The trial court granted the State’s motion to admit these three photographs.

¶ 16   Defendant’s counsel and codefendant objected to the admission of a series of photographs

that depicted three individuals, one of whom was codefendant. The individuals displayed gang

signs, and one individual (not codefendant) held a shotgun. The State maintained that the

photographs, taken six days before the murder, were relevant and that the shotgun depicted in them

appeared to be the shotgun used to murder the victim. The trial court found two of the three

photographs admissible. It disallowed the first photograph, which only partially revealed

codefendant’s face. The trial court also disallowed a photograph that depicted codefendant at

Trumbull Avenue and 25th Street to be admitted against defendant.

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No. 1-20-0634

¶ 17   Over defense counsel’s objection, the trial court also granted the State’s motion to admit

as co-conspirator evidence, statements made by individuals from the “lead” SUV, and by

codefendant at the scene of the crime in which they yelled “Two-Six” and flashed the “Two-Six”

gang sign.

¶ 18   The State also sought a pretrial ruling on the admissibility of defendant’s electronically

recorded interview to the police while in custody. Defense counsel stated that he had no objection

to the admissibility of such evidence but believed that the first 48 hours of the interview, in which

defendant denied committing this offense more than 19 times, should also be admitted at trial. The

trial court disagreed, finding such evidence, if offered by defendant, to be inadmissible hearsay

and finding the doctrine of completeness inapplicable.

¶ 19                                    B. Trial Testimony

¶ 20   Erica Navarette Valdez testified she last spoke with her son Miguel on January 25, 2014.

Miguel, who was 15 years old, arranged to visit her and his siblings at her home the following day.

Ms. Valdez resided in the area near 30th Street and South Kedvale Avenue.

¶ 21   Ms. Valdez testified that Miguel said he wanted to see his family and missed them a lot.

He wanted to see his brothers and give her a letter to deliver to one of his older brothers. He asked

for the numbers of his aunts and uncles, whom he wanted to call to “know that they were okay.”

¶ 22   Miguel never made it to his mother’s house. On January 26, 2014, a boy who resided on

the second floor of Ms. Valdez’s apartment building told Ms. Valdez that Miguel had been shot.

When Ms. Valdez ran outside to see Miguel, the police informed her that she could not see him

because he was dead.

¶ 23   On cross-examination, defense counsel asked Ms. Valdez why Miguel did not live with

her. Ms. Valdez testified that Miguel was afraid to reside with her because the gang that controlled

                                                -6-
No. 1-20-0634

her street wanted him to join and beat him up whenever they saw him. Miguel was living with a

woman who was a family friend, and he helped care for her children. Miguel would visit her and

his brothers about once a week.

¶ 24   Amanda Pavon testified that she met Miguel while living near 30th Street and South

Kedvale Avenue. Ms. Pavon, who grew up in that neighborhood, testified that the Two-Six street

gang occupied it. The specific faction of the Two-Six street gang that occupied this area was called

“K-Town.” Ms. Pavon testified that the Two-Six gang sign was a bunny and demonstrated the

symbol with her right hand.

¶ 25   Ms. Pavon, her husband, Jorge, and their three children moved out of the neighborhood in

2013. Miguel took up residence with her family and helped care for her children. On January 26,

2014, Ms. Pavon drove Miguel to Chicago to visit his family. It was snowing outside. Mr. Pavon

was seated in the front passenger seat of their car, seven-year-old Aliyah was seated behind Ms.

Pavon, three-year-old Julian was in a car seat in the middle of the rear seat, and Miguel was sitting

behind Mr. Pavon.

¶ 26   At 4:45 p.m., Ms. Pavon stopped her car at the corner of 30th Street and South Kedvale

Avenue so that Miguel could go into a store at the location and purchase some chips for Julian.

Miguel exited the car and reached into the trunk to get change from Ms. Pavon’s purse. Julian

started to get out of the car seat because he wanted to go inside with Miguel.

¶ 27   Ms. Pavon saw a blue Suburban SUV turn onto 30th Street from South Kedvale Avenue.

The occupants of the Suburban displayed the bunny gang sign, but the sign was not as “curled” as

it should be. The irregularity of the sign led Ms. Pavon to know that the occupants of the Suburban

were not from the neighborhood and were not Two-Sixers.

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No. 1-20-0634

¶ 28     Ms. Pavon saw a black SUV, either a Yukon or an Envoy pull up right behind the Suburban.

Ms. Pavon saw the individuals in the black SUV throwing up gang signs and “yelling stuff.” Ms.

Pavon observed the driver of the black SUV also display an incorrect bunny sign and yell out,

“Two-Six.” Ms. Pavon knew that the driver of the black SUV was also not a Two-Six gang

member.

¶ 29     The back door of the black SUV opened, and an individual, later identified by Ms. Pavon

as defendant, jumped out, said “Two-Six,” and grabbed a shotgun that he was sitting on. Miguel

was not paying any attention to defendant because he was preventing Julian from falling out of the

car. Defendant pointed the shotgun at Miguel and fired the first shot. Ms. Pavon testified that

defendant was about four or five feet from Miguel when he fired the first shot. Miguel’s body first

struck the back of the car door, and he then fell to the ground.

¶ 30     Defendant then pointed the gun at Ms. Pavon and Julian, who had moved towards his mom.

Miguel screamed to draw defendant’s attention away from them and told defendant, “f*** you.”

Defendant then moved the gun away from Ms. Pavon and Julian’s faces and shot Miguel two more

times.

¶ 31     Ms. Pavon saw defendant get back inside the black SUV, after which the car followed the

Suburban eastbound on 30th Street. Ms. Pavon then went to check on Miguel, whom Julian was

holding. Miguel was trying to breathe, and Ms. Pavon attempted to keep him awake. Neighbors

attempted to give Miguel CPR. Police officers and an ambulance arrived. Miguel was pronounced

dead at the scene.

¶ 32     Ms. Pavon testified that no one in her car had a gun or any weapons on them that day. Ms.

Pavon also testified that on January 26, 2014, defendant did not have any tattoos on his face.

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No. 1-20-0634

¶ 33   Ms. Pavon described defendant to the police as a male Hispanic, 15 to 20 years old, with a

thin light mustache and goatee, short hair, and a dark hoodie. On February 1, 2014, Ms. Pavon

identified defendant as the driver from a photo array.

¶ 34   On February 4, 2014, Ms. Pavon viewed a lineup and realized that she had erroneously

identified defendant as the driver when he was actually the shooter. She immediately informed the

detectives of her mistake. The same day, Ms. Pavon viewed a second lineup and identified

codefendant as the driver of the black SUV. Ms. Pavon testified that codefendant was the

individual who was throwing up the bunny gang sign as he drove past her car. Ms. Pavon testified

that she gave a videotaped statement to an assistant state’s attorney and later testified before a

grand jury and identified defendant as the shooter and explained her earlier mistaken identification

of defendant as the driver.

¶ 35   On cross-examination, Ms. Pavon testified that her husband was a former member of the

Two-Six street gang. He was no longer a gang member on January 26, 2014. Miguel was also a

former member of the Two-Six street gang.

¶ 36   Jorge Pavon provided similar testimony to that given by Ms. Pavon regarding January 26,

2014. Mr. Pavon admitted being a former member of the Two-Six street gang and receiving a two-

year sentence in the Illinois Department of Corrections for a felony gun charge. Mr. Pavon testified

that the area around 30th Street and South Kedvale Avenue was Two-Six street gang territory. The

area around 25th Street and South Trumbull Avenue was the territory of the Latin Kings street

gang. Mr. Pavon testified that when the bunny hand gesture is “thrown down,” it means that the

person making the gesture is saying “Two-Six killer.” “Two-Six killer” indicates that a rival gang

is seeking to kill a member of the Two-Six street gang.

                                               -9-
No. 1-20-0634

¶ 37   On January 26, 2014, Mr. Pavon was no longer a member of the Two-Six street gang. At

that time, Mr. Pavon was on parole for his gun conviction. Mr. Pavon testified that how the

individual in the blue Chevy Suburban “threw up” the gang sign “just wasn’t the way we threw it

up.” Mr. Pavon testified that such misuse of a gang sign is called “false flagging.” The purpose of

false flagging is to catch gang members associated with a particular geographical area off-guard.

Mr. Pavon testified that it is common for gang members to enter rival territory and that when they

do so, “[t]hey’re up to no good.”

¶ 38   When Mr. Pavon saw the person in the blue Suburban false flagging, he thought something

would happen. Mr. Pavon told Miguel to be careful because he did not recognize these people. Mr.

Pavon described the driver of the Suburban as a male Hispanic with a stocky build. Mr. Pavon

heard an exchange of words between Miguel and someone inside the black SUV. Mr. Pavon

testified that the individual who shot Miguel fired three times and then pointed the shotgun at him,

his wife, and their children.

¶ 39   Mr. Pavon dialed 911. The three-minute and 37-second 911 call was played for the jury.

In it, Mr. Pavon can be heard asking for an ambulance to come to the corner of 30th Street and

South Kedvale Avenue to assist the 15-year-old victim, who had been shot. Mr. Pavon described

two SUVs and possibly a third vehicle involved in this incident. He described the SUVs as a big

Suburban and a smaller black SUV, possibly a Bravado. Mr. Pavon said that the guy in the back

of the second SUV had the shotgun. He described the group as male Hispanics and said they drove

eastbound on 30th Street towards Pulaski Avenue after the victim was shot.

¶ 40   In the background of the 911 call, a woman (Ms. Pavon) can be heard crying, and Mr.

Pavon is heard telling her, “[h]e’s gone baby, he’s gone baby, he’s gone.” Both Mr. and Ms. Pavon

implore the victim to “wake up, wake up.”

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No. 1-20-0634

¶ 41    Mr. Pavon testified that he spoke with police officers, detectives, and an assistant state’s

attorney, to whom he provided a videotaped statement. On February 4, 2014, Mr. Pavon viewed

two lineups but did not identify anyone. When asked whether it was “possible” that the shooter

was in the lineup, Mr. Pavon replied, “I don’t know.” Mr. Pavon also stated that he later testified

before the grand jury.

¶ 42    Mr. Pavon testified that neither he nor Miguel had any weapons that evening.

¶ 43    On cross-examination, Mr. Pavon testified that displaying an upside-down rival gang sign

indicates disrespect of the rival gang and that such signs of disrespect are common within the gang

culture.

¶ 44    Taghfried Shalabi testified that on January 26, 2014, at 4:45 p.m., she was walking towards

the convenience store at 30th Street and South Kedvale Avenue. As she walked, Ms. Shalabi heard

three gunshots and turned into an alley to hide behind some garbage cans. Ms. Shalabi saw a black

SUV turn into the alley where she was standing. Ms. Shalabi saw the driver, whom she later

identified as codefendant, stop the car, look at her, and hit the gas. The vehicle, which she estimated

was moving at about five miles per hour, drove straight at her, striking her wrist and stomach and

causing her to fall into the garbage cans. The car driver acknowledged striking Ms. Shalabi by

putting his hands up.

¶ 45    Ms. Shalabi remained pinned between the car and the garbage cans for about three minutes

while the driver attempted to resume driving. The snow caused the tires to skid and the car’s back

end to fishtail. Eventually, the car pulled off.

¶ 46    A bystander called 911 for assistance. Ms. Shalabi was transported to Mount Sinai

Hospital, where she was treated for her injuries and released. Her stomach and hands were bruised,

and her left wrist was sprained. Photographs of Ms. Shalabi’s injuries were admitted into evidence.

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No. 1-20-0634

¶ 47    On February 4, 2014, Ms. Shalabi went to Area Central to view two lineups. She identified

codefendant as the driver of the black SUV and defendant as the front seat passenger. She also

identified defendant when she spoke with an assistant state’s attorney and when she testified before

the grand jury.

¶ 48    On cross-examination, Ms. Shalabi testified that she did not recall providing a statement in

which she said that she saw a third person in the vehicle’s rear seat.

¶ 49    On January 26, 2014, Detective James Adams and his partner, Detective Patrick Thelan,

were assigned to investigate the victim’s shooting. When Detective Adams arrived at 4124 West

30th Street, the victim had been pronounced dead, but his body had not yet been moved. Detective

Adams testified that the victim sustained two shots to his chest and one to the midline area of his

body. Detective Adams found three spent .410 shotgun casings and one live .410 shotgun shell on

the street, just east of the victim’s body.

¶ 50    After interviewing Mr. and Ms. Pavon, Detective Adams had a description of the shooter.

He also knew that Ms. Shalabi was taken to Mt. Sinai Hospital to treat her injuries. Detective

Adams investigated the alley where codefendant struck Ms. Shalabi with his car and observed

knocked-over garbage cans and a tire track that ran alongside the cans.

¶ 51    On January 31, 2014, based on an interview conducted with Oscar Diaz, Detective Adams

retrieved a picture of defendant from a computer system. He noticed that defendant fit the

description of the shooter and generated a photo array that contained defendant’s image.

¶ 52    On February 1, 2014, Ms. Pavon identified defendant from the photo array as the driver of

the black SUV. That same day, Detective Adams obtained a search warrant for defendant’s house

at 2500 South Trumbull Avenue. Detective Adams testified that 2500 South Trumbull Avenue is

Latin Kings gang territory, and defendant was a member of that gang.

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No. 1-20-0634

¶ 53    The search warrant was executed on February 3, 2014. Nothing of evidentiary value was

found in defendant’s home. Defendant was arrested at his home and taken to Area Central

Headquarters at 51st Street and Wentworth Avenue. On February 3, 2014, defendant did not have

any facial tattoos.

¶ 54    That same day, Detective Roger Sandoval, accompanied by Detectives Joel Keller and

Carlos Cortez, interviewed an individual named Maicont Bustos at 2939 West 25th Place. After

speaking with Mr. Bustos, the detectives went to 2719 South Lombard Avenue to attempt to locate

and arrest codefendant. The detectives had information that codefendant was known to drive a

black GMC SUV that fit the description of the vehicle used in the murder.

¶ 55    Upon arriving at 2719 South Lombard Avenue, Detective Sandoval saw codefendant

driving a black GMC Envoy SUV, which he parked in the garage. Certified vehicle records

establishing that the vehicle was registered to codefendant at 2719 South Lombard Avenue in

Cicero, Illinois, were later admitted into evidence.

¶ 56    Codefendant was arrested shortly after parking his car. A blue and black Apple iPhone was

recovered from him. Detective Keller obtained a search warrant for the iPhone, and it was sent to

the Regional Computer Forensic Laboratory.

¶ 57    Codefendant was placed in a separate interview room from defendant. Both rooms were

equipped with working video cameras, and everything that transpired was recorded.

¶ 58    On February 4, 2014, Ms. Pavon viewed two separate lineups and identified defendant as

the shooter and codefendant as the driver of the SUV that defendant exited from to kill the victim.

¶ 59    That same day, Ms. Shalabi also viewed the lineups and identified codefendant as the driver

who struck her with his car and defendant as his passenger.

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No. 1-20-0634

¶ 60   Defendant was fingerprinted and photographed at the 2nd District lockup at 10:50 p.m. on

February 4, 2014.

¶ 61   The following day, February 5, 2014, at 9 p.m., Detective Adams was told that defendant

wished to speak with him. Detective Adams went downstairs to the lockup and asked defendant if

he wanted to talk to him. When the defendant said that he did, Detective Adams had defendant

return to an interview room to record the interview. People’s Exhibit No. 110, the video recording

of the interview, was admitted into evidence and played for the jury.

¶ 62   In the detailed interview that followed, defendant tearfully recounted his actions on January

26, 2014. Defendant told Detective Adams that he did not want the detective to think he was a

“cold-hearted killer” and wanted to repent.

¶ 63   Defendant told Detective Adams that his friend, Johnny Vargas, was shot and killed on

Latin Kings territory for “no reason” by the Two-Six street gang. Vargas died in defendant’s arms.

Defendant was also shot during this incident. Had Vargas not been killed, the following day,

January 27, 2014, would have been his birthday.

¶ 64   Defendant, codefendant, and others went to a cemetery where they drank and smoked

marijuana and PCP. Codefendant drove them to “Giggles” house on Christiana Avenue in the

“hood,” and they continued drinking and smoking for about an hour. Defendant explained that he

was “broken-hearted,” “hurting,” and in a “blind rage” thinking about Vargas. At one point, when

defendant told codefendant that they should go to Two-Six territory, codefendant disagreed, saying

that they were “high” and “drunk as hell.” Codefendant, who had recently joined the gang, asked

defendant, “what are we doing?” Defendant replied, “I don’t know, man, it’s my first time doing

this shit, you know I’m saying so let’s just do it for Johnny, he died in my arms man.” Defendant

told codefendant that they should “just go and see what happens.”

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No. 1-20-0634

¶ 65   Jose Orozco (Gizmo) asked defendant why he was upset. Defendant explained that it was

on account of Vargas’s death. The group ultimately agreed to go to Two-Six territory, and Gizmo

gave defendant a shotgun and instructed him how to use it. The group went in two vehicles. Gizmo,

Alan Torres (Reckless), and a third person rode in the first vehicle. Codefendant drove defendant,

who sat directly behind codefendant in the rear seat with the shotgun.

¶ 66   The two cars drove to the corner of South Kildare Avenue and 30th Street, where defendant

saw a “kid” standing outside of a vehicle. Defendant claimed that the kid flashed the Two-Six

bunny gang sign. Defendant denied that he or his cohort flashed any gang signs. Codefendant told

defendant, “Hey stupid ass, we could get the m*** f*** right here.” Gizmo kept yelling at

defendant to “do it” from the other vehicle.

¶ 67   Defendant opened the car door and “pressed the trigger and boom, boom.” Defendant said

that he fired the gun two times, striking the victim. Defendant said that he and codefendant were

“highly nervous,” and codefendant turned the car down an alley to drive away. Codefendant hit a

lady who was grabbing her hand after being struck. After they drove away, defendant threw the

shotgun over a fence around 21st Street and Pulaski Avenue in a “black” neighborhood.

¶ 68   Defendant denied pointing the gun at Ms. Pavon or her children. He told Detective Adams

that he was no longer able to sleep and attempted suicide the night before by trying to suffocate

himself with a wadded-up bunch of tissues, “but it didn’t work.” Defendant said, “What the f***

I did, it didn’t bring Johnny Vargas back, it didn’t solve nothing.” Defendant was “repenting”

because both his mother and the victim’s mother would now be grieving in addition to Johnny

Vargas’s mother.

¶ 69   In the videotaped statement, defendant also can be seen speaking to himself when no one

else was in the interview room. Among other things, defendant can be heard saying:

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No. 1-20-0634

                “DEFENDANT: My friend got killed, and I got shot in the middle of the

       f*** hood for no reason.”

                “I can’t live like this – alone I can’t live like this knowing this guilt is inside

       of me.”

                “This is not right what I did what they did to Johnny. It wasn’t right. It

       wasn’t right at all. Cost me my life and my daughter’s life.”

                “I f*** hate this s***. I swear to God I hate it with a passion. All this shit

       for what? For What? For nothing. For what? For nothing.”

                “I f*** hate myself. My mother hates me. His mother hates me. ***

       Because I made a stupid a** decision. For nothing.”

¶ 70   Officer Donald Frugoli, a forensic examiner with the Chicago Police Department, testified

regarding the video clips and still photographs taken from codefendant’s phone that were the

subject of the pretrial motions. In accordance with the trial court’s previous rulings, the video clips

and photographs were admitted into evidence.

¶ 71   Sergeant John Foster testified regarding the previous gang-related murder of Johnny

Vargas in March of 2012. Vargas, whose birthday was January 27, 1993, was a Latin Kings street

gang member. On March 15, 2012, Vargas was shot in Latin Kings territory at 3008 South Saint

Louis Avenue and died the following day. In conjunction with his investigation of the murder,

Sergeant Foster interviewed defendant, who had sustained a graze wound to his head in the same

incident. A Two-Six street gang member, Anthony Sodaro, was arrested for Vargas’s murder.

¶ 72   Detective Adams identified a recent photograph of defendant that showed a tattoo on his

face bearing the name “Maria,” a tattoo on his left temple that said, “RIP Johnny,” a tattoo bearing

the number “5” on his left cheek, two tattoos on his right cheek, and a tattoo that said “Jasmine”

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No. 1-20-0634

on his right jaw. Detective Adams also identified photographs that depicted tattoos on defendant’s

right arm and forearm.

¶ 73   On cross-examination, Detective Adams testified that defendant’s videotaped statement

was made 57 hours and 41 minutes after his arrest. Detective Adams spoke with defendant at least

10 times while he was held in the interview room. In response to being advised of his right to have

an attorney, defendant asked Detective Adams, “what’s an attorney?”

¶ 74   Inspector Franco Domma testified that the Cook County Sheriff’s Office employed him.

One of his responsibilities was to attempt to get information or intelligence within a facility to

minimize incidents with inmates and civilian staff. On February 5, 2014, Inspector Domma

received a call from Officer Ringler, another Cook County Sheriff’s police employee. Codefendant

had requested to speak to someone in internal affairs.

¶ 75   After Inspector Domma spoke with codefendant, he talked to Detective Adams. Detective

Adams then shared what he learned from Inspector Domma with Detective James DiCicco.

¶ 76   Detective DeCicco testified that on February 6, 2014, he was assigned to go to an outdoor

lot located at 1200 South Kilbourn Avenue to search for a shotgun used in a homicide. The lot

owner of commercial property at 1247 South Kilbourn used for trucks allowed Detective DeCicco

to search the property for the shotgun. That day, there was 1½ feet of snow on the ground, and it

was snowing outside. Detective DeCicco did not find anything that day and asked the lot owner to

inform him if he found anything when the trucks were moved.

¶ 77   On February 11, 2014, the lot owner called Detective DeCicco and informed him that a

shotgun had been found. Detective DeCicco returned to the lot, and the owner gave him the

shotgun, which was found at the west end of the lot.

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No. 1-20-0634

¶ 78   The shotgun was turned over to evidence technician Jamal Judeh who inventoried it.

Forensic testing revealed that the fired shotgun casings recovered from the scene of the murder

were fired from the recovered shotgun. The parties stipulated that the shotgun was operable and

that the fired shotshells in People’s Group Exhibit No. 58 were fired from the shotgun.

¶ 79   The parties also stipulated that primer gunshot residue (GSR) was found in codefendant’s

car above the driver’s side rear door. The presence of GSR indicated that this area was either in

contact with a residue-related item or was in the environment of a discharged firearm.

¶ 80   The parties further stipulated that assistant medical examiner James Filkins would opine

that the victim died due to multiple gunshot wounds that involved his heart, aorta, thoracic spine,

and liver. The manner of death was homicide.

¶ 81   The jury convicted defendant of the first-degree murder of Miguel Navarette and found

that defendant personally discharged the weapon that caused the death.

¶ 82                                      C. Sentencing

¶ 83   The trial court held a sentencing hearing. The trial court reviewed defendant’s presentence

investigation report (PSI). The PSI reflected that defendant was four months shy of turning

20 years old when he committed this offense. Defendant had numerous prior juvenile referrals for

battery, reckless conduct, criminal defacing of property, robbery, gang loitering, criminal trespass

to residence, and aggravated assault. Defendant received five years’ juvenile probation for robbery

on June 15, 2011. Defendant violated his probation and was sentenced to the Juvenile Department

of Corrections on November 8, 2012.

¶ 84   Defendant was an “average student” and was suspended several times for fighting.

Defendant, who was 25 years old at the time of sentencing, had a nine-year-old daughter with

whom he had no contact.

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No. 1-20-0634

¶ 85   Defendant reported that he had a good relationship with his parents until his father’s death

on January 1, 2019. Defendant had two sisters and one brother and got along well with his sister

but had a “rocky” relationship with his brother. Defendant reported being a member of the Latin

Kings street gang and having few good friends since his friends were all deceased.

¶ 86   Defendant was in good physical condition. Defendant was previously shot in the face but

stated that he made a full recovery after six months.

¶ 87   When he was younger, defendant was seen by a mental health professional who diagnosed

him with depression. Defendant denied having a problem with alcohol or illegal drugs. Defendant

stated that he never drank alcohol but had smoked marijuana in the past. Defendant stated that he

felt that he sometimes lacked control over events in his life because of influences around him

during his childhood. Defendant felt peer pressured as a “kid.”

¶ 88   The State presented the following evidence in aggravation.

¶ 89   Santo Phillips, an investigator with the Cook County Sheriff’s Office, testified that

defendant made a phone call on September 23, 2018, while detained in Division 9 of the Cook

County Jail. He told his girlfriend, Jazmin Galeno, that a lawyer visited him. Defendant related

that the lawyer stated that Detective Murphy was investigating a new case involving the murder

of a Two-Six gang member from the area of 26th Street and Kolin Avenue. Defendant told Galeno

that “Bart” got killed the day after Johnny Vargas was killed. Inspector Phillips testified that he

heard defendant say that his lawyer told him that the police wanted defendant to try on a glove that

the police found with seven bullets at 32nd Street and Harding Avenue. Defendant stated that “his

Capon’s,” known as Miguel Rudey and Allen Torres, had DNA on those bullets. When Galeno

asked defendant what she could tell the detectives, defendant provided several things that she could

say.

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No. 1-20-0634

¶ 90    Investigator Phillips also related a phone call that defendant had with his mother and his

sister on December 4, 2018. In this conversation, defendant learned that his nephew, Carlito, was

jumped at school by Latin Kings from 27th Street and South Drake Avenue. After learning this

information, defendant arranged for a three-way conversation with an individual named “Temper”

to get more information about this incident. Defendant told Temper about this incident and that he

“wants something done about it.”

¶ 91    In another conversation with his mother on December 4, 2018, defendant told her that she

should pick up Carlito at school and have him point out to the Trumbull Kings the people

responsible for Carlito being jumped. They would “smack the s*** out of those kids.”

¶ 92    Investigator Phillips also testified regarding a phone call made by Christian Garcia, a

member of the Two-Six street gang from the Cook County Jail, on December 3, 2018. Garcia

called defendant’s mother to tell her “that he is trying to stand on that business for him and get a

hold of Amanda.” Garcia reported that Amanda was the girl who had snitched on him. Investigator

Phillips understood the phone calls to indicate that Garcia was trying to influence witnesses by

helping defendant with the witnesses involved in his case. In turn, defendant was attempting to aid

Garcia with influencing the witnesses against Garcia.

¶ 93    The Assistant Executive Director of the Cook County Jail, Steven Wilensky, also testified

in aggravation. Mr. Wilensky testified that defendant had 53 recorded incident reports since his

arrival at Cook County Jail on February 6, 2014. Defendant was repeatedly disciplined for: fighting

with other inmates; exposing his penis to a female visitor; masturbating publicly; threatening

officers at the jail; threatening to kill a county officer; issuing verbal threats to a reporting officer;

refusing orders from officers; possessing contraband, including various metal objects and shanks;

urinating; setting fires in his cell; and damaging property.

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No. 1-20-0634

¶ 94   Defendant was also charged with public indecency based on an incident that occurred in

the lockup during the pendency of this case. Assistant Public Defender (APD) Samantha French

testified that she was assigned to the trial court’s trial courtroom on October 19, 2017. On that day,

APD French had a client who was being held in the court’s lockup area. Defendant was in the

holding cell with APD French’s client that day. While APD French spoke with her client about his

case, she observed defendant standing about three to four feet away from her with his pants around

his thighs. Defendant’s erect penis was exposed, and he was masturbating while glaring at APD

French. Misdemeanor charges were brought against defendant as a result of this incident.

¶ 95   Defendant presented no witnesses in mitigation. Defense counsel relied on the PSI to argue

mitigation. Defense counsel argued that to survive, defendant did not have a choice but to affiliate

with a gang and that for the past year defendant did not have any disciplinary infractions while

housed at the Cook County Jail. Defense counsel urged the court to impose a minimum sentence.

¶ 96   Defendant made a statement in allocution. He maintained his innocence and stated that

many mistakes were made at trial. Defendant stated that he made mistakes as a youth because he

was young and subject to a lot of peer pressure.

¶ 97   The trial court made lengthy factual findings before imposing a 50-year sentence on the

charge of first-degree murder and a 25-year consecutive sentence for the firearm sentencing

enhancement.

¶ 98                                       II. ANALYSIS

¶ 99   On appeal, defendant alleges that he was denied the effective assistance of counsel at trial

and sentencing. With respect to trial, defendant alleges that defense counsel failed to ask any

questions during voir dire and acquiesced to the admission of multiple instances of improper

testimony. Alternatively, he maintains that we should review his forfeited claims for plain error.

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No. 1-20-0634

Regarding sentencing, defendant maintains that trial counsel failed to present adequate mitigation

evidence and urge that the imposition of a de facto life sentence was unconstitutional as applied to

him.

¶ 100 On the other hand, the State maintains that defendant was not denied the effective

assistance of counsel at trial or sentencing. Additionally, the State argues that defendant’s claims

of trial error are forfeited and not subject to review under the plain error doctrine.

¶ 101 For the reasons that follow, we agree with the State.

¶ 102           A. Defendant Was Not Denied the Effective Assistance of Counsel at Trial

¶ 103 Claims of ineffective assistance of counsel are evaluated under the two-pronged test

announced in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), and adopted by our supreme court

in People v. Albanese, 104 Ill. 2d 504, 525 (1984). Under Strickland, a defendant must show that

his counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and that the

deficient performance prejudiced his defense. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687; Albanese, 104 Ill. 2d at

52.

¶ 104 Under the first prong of Strickland, defendant must prove that counsel made errors so

serious and that counsel’s performance was so deficient that counsel was not functioning as the

“counsel” guaranteed by the sixth amendment. People v. Griffin, 178 Ill. 2d 65, 73-74 (1997).

Counsel’s performance is measured using an objective standard of competence under prevailing

professional norms. The defendant must overcome the strong presumption that the challenged

action or lack of action might have been the product of sound trial strategy. People v. Sanchez,

169 Ill. 2d 472, 487 (1996); People v. Mahaffey, 165 Ill. 2d 445, 457-58 (1995); People v. Flores,

153 Ill. 2d 264, 283 (1992).

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No. 1-20-0634

¶ 105 Under the second prong of Strickland, the defendant must establish prejudice. The

defendant must prove that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional

errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. People v. Patterson, 2014 IL

115102, ¶ 81. A reasonable probability is one that is sufficient to undermine confidence in the

outcome. People v. Hale, 2013 IL 113140, ¶ 18.

¶ 106 A defendant’s failure to establish either proposition will be fatal to the claim. Strickland,

466 U.S. at 697. We can dispose of an ineffective assistance of counsel claim on either prong of

Strickland. People v. Janusz, 2020 IL App (2d) 190017, ¶ 69. The trial court need not go further

if defendant is unable to demonstrate prejudice. People v. White, 2011 IL 109689, ¶ 134.

¶ 107 In People v. Everhart, 405 Ill. App. 3d 687, 697 (2010), the defendant alleged that he was

denied the effective assistance of counsel where his attorney failed to fulfill the promise made in

opening statements that the defendant would testify and tell the jury what “really happened.” The

appellate court determined that it need not reach the question of whether trial counsel’s conduct

was deficient where the defendant failed to show resulting prejudice. Id.

¶ 108 The court found that the State’s evidence of his guilt was overwhelming. Id. Such evidence

included the defendant’s post-arrest admission that he attacked the victim, forced her to remove

her pants and bend down over the hood of her car, placed his penis inside her vagina against her

will, and took her purse and discarded its contents as he drove away. The court concluded that the

defendant failed to show how the outcome of his trial would have differed had he testified at trial

or had his attorney not promised the jury that he would testify. Id.

¶ 109 In People v. Thomas, 164 Ill. 2d 410, 417 (1995), the defendant alleged, inter alia, that he

was denied the effective assistance of counsel where his attorney failed to recognize the racial

implications of his case where the defendant, a Black male, was accused of killing a White female.

                                               - 23 -
No. 1-20-0634

The defendant alleged that counsel’s incompetence was demonstrated by counsel’s: (1) failure to

attempt to prevent an all-white jury from sitting in judgment of him; (2) failure to question four

jurors about their attitudes toward race; and (3) failure to formulate a defense strategy to minimize

potential racial bias against him. Id. at 417-18. In support of his allegations of incompetence, the

defendant relied on trial counsel’s deposition testimony in which she testified that she did not

believe racial implications are present in a case simply because a black man is accused of killing

a white woman. Id. at 419.

¶ 110 Our supreme court found the defendant’s claim lacked merit based on his failure to make

a substantial showing of prejudice. Id. at 419. The court’s rejection of the defendant’s claim was

based on its conclusion that the evidence of the defendant’s guilt was overwhelming. Id. Such

evidence included the defendant being placed at the crime scene, admitting to several persons that

he was previously in the victim’s garage, his oral and written confessions, and testimony that blood

taken from his vest was the same type as the victim’s and different from the defendant’s. Id. at

419-20.

¶ 111 We have set forth a detailed recitation of the evidence adduced at trial, including the

substance of defendant’s lengthy videotaped confession which is based on our review of

defendant’s videotaped statement. Defendant neither challenges the admissibility of this evidence

nor claims that its admission constituted ineffective assistance of counsel.

¶ 112 Defendant’s videotaped custodial statement recounted in a detailed and highly emotional

manner the murder itself as well as the events that preceded and followed its commission. While

defendant denied exiting codefendant’s car or threatening the Pavon family, the remaining details

related by defendant generally dovetailed with the testimony given by Ms. Pavon, Mr. Pavon, and

Ms. Shalabi.

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No. 1-20-0634

¶ 113 Defendant’s confession was corroborated by the three video clips and accompanying still

photographs taken from codefendant’s phone. Again, defendant does not allege that this evidence

was wrongly admitted at trial nor that their admission resulted from the ineffective assistance of

counsel. We have also reviewed these video clips and agree with the trial court’s conclusion as to

their probative value. As characterized by the trial court, the clips were:

                “THE COURT: [P]robably some of the most probative evidence I’ve ever

       seen to certain issues in this particular case as to motive and the plan you know as

       to what was going to take place. It wasn’t somebody’s interpretation of what

       somebody else said. It was the defendant’s own words, who was aware of where

       the defendant was when he was yelling out those threats and these challenges. Was

       it prejudicial? I[t] was extremely prejudicial to the defendant’s interest of whether

       or not he was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. All evidence which points to the

       guilt of an individual committing a horrific crime of murder is prejudicial to the

       Defense, to the defendant’s desire not to be convicted, but this was so

       extraodinar[ily] probative of what occurred in this particular case, and what the plan

       was, and as to why 15-year-old Miguel is not with us anymore. It’s all there.

                And so as [the prosecutor] points out, the video not only puts the two

       defendants together, the driver of the vehicle that the defendant jumped out of to

       take the life of Miguel, but it also shows the vehicle in question that was, again,

       described by the eyewitnesses to the actual execution of Mr. Navarette.”

¶ 114 The probative value of the video clips was enhanced by the gang evidence that was testified

to by Mr. and Ms. Pavon and by Sergeant Foster. Mr. Pavon’s explanation of the territorial

boundaries of the Latin Kings and Two-Sixers coincided with the images depicted in the video

                                                - 25 -
No. 1-20-0634

clips. Mr. Pavon explained what was meant by “false-flagging,” which was a gesture that

defendant made on the clips.

¶ 115 Sergeant Foster’s testimony corroborated defendant’s motive for shooting the victim; his

desire to avenge the murder of Vargas on the near anniversary of what would have been Vargas’

birthday. Again, defendant does not challenge the admissibility of this evidence or claim that its

admission was the result of ineffective assistance of counsel.

¶ 116 The State also established that Ms. Pavon and Ms. Shalabi made lineup identifications of

defendant and codefendant. While Ms. Pavon initially erroneously identified defendant as the

driver in the vehicle based on her viewing of a photo array, just three days later, upon viewing the

lineup, she immediately realized her mistake, which she then brought to the attention of the

detectives. That Ms. Pavon was initially mistaken in believing defendant to be the driver finds

direct support in defendant’s confession. Likewise, any question of whether defendant was seated

in the front passenger seat or the rear seat of the SUV when Ms. Shalabi was struck does not

undermine the strength of her identification where defendant admitted to being present in the

vehicle with codefendant when she was struck and did not indicate that a third individual was

present in the vehicle.

¶ 117 The witnesses’ accounts were corroborated by physical evidence. Gunshot residue was

found in the rear driver’s side of codefendant’s car, the very spot where defendant was placed by

the Pavons, and defendant himself in his videotaped confession. The State also established that the

recovered shotgun was the weapon used to kill the victim.

¶ 118 As in Everhart and Thomas, viewed in toto, the evidence of defendant’s guilt, in this case,

was overwhelming. Despite his many allegations of error, defendant is unable to satisfy the

                                               - 26 -
No. 1-20-0634

prejudice prong of Strickland. We conclude that defendant has failed to demonstrate that he was

denied his right to the effective assistance of counsel.

¶ 119                    B. Defendant’s Alternative Request That We Review His
                              Claimed Errors Under the Plain Error Doctrine

¶ 120 We next consider defendant’s alternative request that we review trial counsel’s alleged

failings under both prongs of the plain error doctrine.

¶ 121               1. Review of Forfeited Claims Under the Plain Error Doctrine

¶ 122 To preserve an error on appeal, the defendant must object at trial and raise the issue in a

written posttrial motion. People v. Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d 176, 186 (1988). Failure to set forth the trial

court’s alleged errors and specify the grounds for a new trial in a posttrial motion constitutes a

procedural default of the issue on review in the absence of plain error. People v. Naylor, 229 Ill.

2d 584, 592-93 (2008). Specifically, the plain error doctrine permits “a reviewing trial court to

consider an unpreserved error when: (1) a clear or obvious error occurred and the evidence is so

closely balanced that the error alone threatened to tip the scales of justice against the defendant,

regardless of the seriousness of the error, or (2) a clear or obvious error occurred, and that error is

so serious that it affected the fairness of the defendant’s trial and challenged the integrity of the

judicial process, regardless of the closeness of the evidence.” People v. Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d 551,

565 (2007), (citing People v. Herron, 215 Ill. 2d 167, 186-87 (2005)). Under either prong of the

plain error doctrine, the burden of persuasion remains on the defendant. People v. Bowman,

2012 IL App (1st) 102010, ¶ 29, (citing People v. Lewis, 234 Ill. 2d 32, 43 (2009)).

¶ 123 For reasons that follow, we find defendant has failed to establish plain error under both

prongs of the plain error doctrine.

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No. 1-20-0634

¶ 124                                 2. First-Prong Plain Error

¶ 125 Under the first prong of the plain-error doctrine, the defendant must show that “the

evidence was so closely balanced [that] the error alone severely threatened to tip the scales of

justice.” People v. Sebby, 2017 IL 119445, ¶ 51. In determining whether the evidence was closely

balanced, the reviewing trial court evaluates the totality of the evidence and conducts a qualitative,

commonsense assessment of it within the context of the case. Id. ¶ 53.

¶ 126 Defendant cannot establish first-prong plain error for the same reason that he cannot

establish ineffective assistance of counsel; he cannot demonstrate prejudice.

¶ 127 In People v. White, 2011 IL 109689, ¶ 130, the defendant alleged that after his right to

counsel had attached, he was displayed in a lineup without his attorney being present. The

defendant sought review of this claimed error under the closely balanced prong of the plain-error

rule. Id. ¶ 131.

¶ 128 In rejecting the defendant’s claim, the supreme court noted the similarity between the

court’s review of a forfeited claim under the closely-balanced-evidence prong of the plain-error

doctrine and review of an ineffective assistance of counsel claim under the prejudice prong:

                   “Plain error review under the closely-balanced-evidence prong of plain

        error is similar to an analysis for ineffective assistance of counsel based on

        evidentiary error insofar as a defendant, in either case, must show he was

        prejudiced: that the evidence is so closely balanced that the alleged error alone

        would tip the scales of justice against him, i.e., that the verdict ‘may have resulted

        from the error and not the evidence’ properly adduced at trial (see People v. Herron,

        215 Ill. 2d 167, 178 (2005) (plain error)); or that there was a ‘reasonable

                                                - 28 -
No. 1-20-0634

        probability’ of a different result had the evidence in question been excluded (see

        Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694).” White, 2011 IL 109689, ¶ 133.

¶ 129 Where the record demonstrated how heavily the evidence weighed in favor of the State,

the court determined that it need not resolve whether an error had occurred because the defendant

was unable to demonstrate resulting prejudice. Id. ¶ 134. The trial court found whether the issue

was reviewed as an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, or one based on the closely-balanced-

evidence prong of the plain error doctrine that:

                “[t]here is no reason to go further for purposes of either an ineffective

        assistance analysis or one founded upon the closely balanced prong of plain error.

        Both analyses are evidence-dependent and result-oriented. Even if we were to

        assume, arguendo, there was error in the admission of evidence concerning the

        lineup, the evidence against defendant is such that he cannot show prejudice for

        purposes of either analysis.” Id.

¶ 130 Based on White, we find that defendant’s failure to establish prejudice under the second

prong of Strickland necessarily means that he is unable to establish prejudice under the first prong

of the plain error doctrine. Therefore, to the extent that defendant seeks review of his claims under

the closely-balanced-evidence prong of the plain error doctrine, we deny his request.

¶ 131                               3. Second-Prong Plain Error

¶ 132 Defendant also requests review of his claims under the second prong of the plain error

doctrine, asserting that his alleged errors “created a pervasive pattern of unfair prejudice.” Under

the second prong of the doctrine, prejudice is presumed if the defendant can show that the claimed

error was so serious that it affected the fairness of the defendant’s trial and challenged the integrity

of the judicial process. People v. Sebby, 2017 IL 119445, ¶ 50. Prejudice to the defendant is

                                                 - 29 -
No. 1-20-0634

presumed because of the importance of the right involved, regardless of the strength of the

evidence. People v. Herron, 215 Ill. 2d 167, 178-79 (2005). “A reviewing trial court will grant

relief under the second prong of the plain error rule only if the error is so fundamental to the

integrity of the judicial process that the trial court could not cure the error by sustaining an

objection or instructing the jury to disregard the error.” People v. Vargas, 174 Ill. 2d 355, 363-64

(1996).

¶ 133 Very few trial errors meet the standard for second-prong plain error. Second-prong plain

error is generally equated with “structural error.” People v. Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d 598, 613-14

(2010), (citing People v. Glasper, 234 Ill. 2d 173, 197-98 (2009). Structural error is a “systematic

error which serves to ‘erode the integrity of the judicial process and undermine the fairness of the

defendant’s trial.’ ” Glasper, 234 Ill. 2d at 197-98 (quoting People v. Herron, 215 Ill. 2d 167, 186

(2005)).

¶ 134 In Thompson, our supreme court discussed the limited class of structural errors as

including: (1) a complete denial of counsel; (2) trial before a biased judge; (3) racial discrimination

in the selection of a grand jury; (4) denial of self-representation at trial; (5) denial of a public trial;

and (6) a defective reasonable doubt instruction. Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d at 609, (citing Washington

v. Recuenco, 548 U.S. 212, 218 n. 2 (2006)).

¶ 135 In People v. Blue, 189 Ill. 2d 99, 139 (2000), the court held that when the cumulative effect

of errors that cast doubt upon the reliability of the judicial process creates a “pervasive pattern of

unfair prejudice to defendant’s case” that they may be regarded as structural error under the second

prong of the plain error rule.

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No. 1-20-0634

¶ 136 In People v. Johnson, 208 Ill. 2d 53, 64 (2003), the trial court reiterated that “a pattern of

intentional prosecutorial misconduct may so seriously undermine the integrity of judicial

proceedings as to support reversal under the plain-error doctrine.”

¶ 137 We reject defendant’s attempt to bring himself under the umbrella of structural error as

described in Blue and Johnson, based on his charge that the magnitude of the alleged errors, in this

case, affected the integrity of the trial and “created a pervasive pattern of unfair prejudice.” This

case bears no factual resemblance to the facts of those cases.

¶ 138 In Blue, the defendant’s allegations of trial error included: (1) the State, over objection,

displaying a life-size mannequin clothed with the deceased officer’s uniform which was bloodied

and brain-splattered; (2) the State arguing that the deceased officer’s family and the police “needed

to hear” from the jury; and (3) the State “testifying” through thinly-veiled “objections,” to defense

counsel’s examination of a witness after having elicited hearsay testimony during direct

examination. Blue, 189 Ill. 2d at 120-21, 126-27, 135-36. Further, the defendant alleged as error

the trial court’s refusal to ask potential jurors if they would automatically sentence him to death

for killing a police officer. Id. at 119, 135.

¶ 139 With respect to the defendant’s first claim, which trial counsel preserved, the court found

that while display of the uniform was nominally probative of a material fact, its potential prejudice

outweighed its probative value where it was “the actual remnants of the scene itself, spattered with

the actual blood and brains of the victim.” Id. at 125-26. The error was exacerbated by the jury’s

extended exposure to the mannequin, which culminated in the trial court furnishing the jurors with

gloves that “appeared to encourage the jury to engage in a tactile interaction with the uniform.”

Id. at 126.

                                                 - 31 -
No. 1-20-0634

¶ 140 The court then considered the defendant’s unpreserved claims of prosecutorial misconduct

based on remarks made by the State during its rebuttal closing argument. First, the court

determined that the State improperly “appealed directly to the jurors’ passions and prejudices by

urging the jury to use its verdict to send a message to [the officer’s] family and to the police.”

Id. at 133. The error was compounded where a Commander of the Chicago Police Department

testified that he attended the deceased officer’s “star ceremony,” read aloud the oath of office that

the deceased officer took during the ceremony and testified that the deceased officer’s police badge

was retired and displayed in the “honored star case” at Chicago Police Department Headquarters.

Id.

¶ 141 The court found that the State improperly remarked on the pain endured by the victim’s

parents in the loss of their only child. Id. at 130. The inflammatory impact of this improper

argument was enhanced by the introduction of evidence designed to “highlight the poignancy of

the [deceased officer’s] family’s loss and to suggest to the jury that the family’s pain could be

alleviated by a guilty verdict.” Id. at 131.

¶ 142 Based on a thorough review of the record and controlling case law, the court found that the

defendant was denied his due process right to a fair trial and that a combination of errors may have

coerced the jury into returning a verdict grounded in sympathy, a possibility that called into doubt

the constitutionality of the defendant’s trial. Id. at 120.

¶ 143 In Johnson, the trial court found misconduct similar to that in Blue was engaged in in the

trial of Blue’s two codefendants. Johnson, 208 Ill. 2d at 74-75. In affirming the appellate court’s

reversal of the codefendant Parker’s convictions, the trial court held:

                “As in Blue, we see in this case cumulative error and a pervasive pattern of

        unfair prejudice that denied defendant a fair trial and cast doubt upon the reliability

                                                 - 32 -
No. 1-20-0634

       of the judicial process. [Citation.] We note that the prejudice in this case, as in Blue,

       was engendered in the main by prosecutorial misconduct. As in Blue, the

       coalescence of improper, emotion-laden evidence, and inflammatory argument

       obviously designed to exploit that evidence, created a synergism of parallel errors.

       [Citation.] As in Blue, a new trial is necessary in this case to preserve and protect

       the integrity of the judicial process, as “the trial court allowed the guilty verdict to

       rest on considerations other than the evidence alone.” [Citation.] Johnson, 208 Ill.

       2d at 84.

¶ 144 We note a factual distinction between this case and Blue and Johnson at the outset. Unlike

those cases, defendant makes no freestanding claim of prosecutorial misconduct based on improper

closing argument. Indeed, this is the common feature of Blue and Johnson and was integral to the

court’s determinations that structural error was established such that new trials were required.

¶ 145 To be clear, we are not suggesting that structural error requires both prosecutorial

misconduct in closing argument and the State’s introduction of improper evidence. Indeed, in

People v. Ray, 126 Ill. App. 3d 656, 663 (1984), the appellate court determined that the State’s

closing argument, standing alone, constituted second prong plain error. However, we believe that

the exception announced in Blue should be construed narrowly and not applied simply based on

the sheer number of forfeited claims raised on appeal or because defendant alleges the forfeited

errors “created a pervasive pattern of unfair prejudice.” In Johnson, the court specified that “[t]he

common threads that bind these cases for purposes of appeal are alleged patterns of prosecutorial

misconduct and related trial error.” Johnson, 208 Ill. 2d at 62.

                                                - 33 -
No. 1-20-0634

¶ 146 With this understanding in mind, we find defendant’s claim of second-prong plain error

fails where his alleged errors do not display a pattern of prosecutorial misconduct. We now address

defendant’s claims of error to support our conclusion.

¶ 147           a. Defense Counsel’s Failure to Ask Questions During Voir Dire

¶ 148 First, defendant’s claim that defense counsel was ineffective for failing to ask any questions

during voir dire cannot support second-prong plain error review where it is not fairly attributed to

any action by the State. Defendant’s apparent reliance on the court’s pretrial rulings allowing gang

evidence to be admitted at trial and remarks made by the State concerning such evidence does not

make this claim subject to plain error review, where no error is alleged in either the court’s pretrial

rulings on the admissibility of gang evidence or remarks made by the State relating to this

evidence.

¶ 149 Thus, defendant’s claim remains one restricted to review under Strickland. As we have

previously noted, defendant is unable to satisfy the second prong of Strickland where the evidence

of his guilt was overwhelming.

¶ 150 Furthermore, this claimed error may not be characterized as “structural,” where the

decision to question a potential juror on a particular subject is a matter of trial strategy. People v.

Fudge, 332 Ill. App. 3d 1019, 1026 (2002). Such strategy decisions are virtually unchallengeable.

People v. Palmer, 162 Ill. 2d 465, 476 (1994). Reviewing court should be highly deferential to

jury selection decisions involving trial strategy. People v. Manning, 241 Ill. 2d 319, 333 (2011).

¶ 151 Defendant’s suggestion that defense counsel be presumed incompetent for failing to ask

gang bias questions in a gang-related offense inverts the presumption of competency that is a

centerpiece of Strickland. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. It is also irreconcilable with our supreme

court’s holding in Manning.

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¶ 152 In Manning, the court rejected the defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim

where defense counsel failed to remove a juror who stated that he believed that sex offenders

should be locked up for life. Manning, 241 Ill. 2d at 334-35. The court noted that:

                “[d]efendant’s attorney was faced with a difficult case, given the strong

        evidence against defendant, and his chosen strategy reflected that difficulty.

        Highlighting defendant’s sex offender status was a risky choice, given largely

        negative views of sex offenders by the general public. Based upon his decisions as

        to when to exercise peremptory challenges, it does not appear that counsel expected

        prospective jurors to be able to completely put those views aside.” Id. at 335.

¶ 153 People v. Strain, 194 Ill. 2d 467 (2000), does not support defendant’s claim. Strain does

not negate the fact that defense counsel retains the power to decide, as a matter of trial strategy,

how to approach voir dire. Strain does not affirmatively require that defense counsel inquire

whether potential jurors are prejudiced against street gangs because gang evidence will be admitted

at trial. Similarly, the trial court is not obligated to question prospective jurors, sua sponte, about

potential prejudice against gangs. People v. Campbell, 2012 IL App (1st) 101249, ¶ 28.

¶ 154 In conclusion, we reject defendant’s reliance on counsel’s failure to ask any questions

during voir dire as a basis for us to find resulting structural error in this case.

¶ 155                    b. Defendant’s Claim That Improper Life and Death
                                   Testimony Was Given at Trial

¶ 156 We next address defendant’s contention that the State elicited improper testimony from the

victim’s mother designed to garner sympathy for the victim. Defendant’s claim is premised on the

following question and response:

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No. 1-20-0634

                “THE STATE: When you last spoke to Miguel, how did you leave things

       with him on the phone?

                MS. NAVARETTE: The last time we spoke, he said he wanted to go see

       us. That he missed us a lot. That he wanted to see his brothers and he wanted to

       give me a letter for one of his other brothers. And he asked me for the phone

       numbers of all his aunts and uncles.”

¶ 157 We reject defendant’s claim that the State’s “question served no purpose other than to prey

on the sympathy of the jury.” We agree with the State that, placed in context, this question “was

better understood as a question asking whether Ms. Navarrete expected Miguel to follow through

with his plan to visit the family, and what time he was expecting to arrive.”

¶ 158 While admitting that the question was “open-ended,” defendant maintains that the “risk

was obvious that the State could seek the jury’s sympathy with irrelevant evidence.” We do not

ascribe prosecutorial overreaching to the State’s question.

¶ 159 While defense counsel did not object to this testimony at trial, defendant’s motion for new

trial claimed that Ms. Navarette’s testimony was elicited “only to incite sympathy [over] the loss

of her son.” The trial court rejected this claim, finding that the State’s direct examination “was

limited to the appropriate life and death nature of her testimony regarding her son and how she

learned of his passing.”

¶ 160 The admission of evidence is within the trial court’s sound discretion, whose ruling is

reviewed for an abuse of discretion. People v. Becker, 239 Ill. 2d 215, 234 (2010). An abuse of

discretion occurs when the trial court’s decision is arbitrary, fanciful, unreasonable, or when no

reasonable person would have taken the same view as the trial court. People v. Morris, 2013 IL

App (1st) 110413, ¶ 47.

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¶ 161 A distinction exists between cases where the jury is made aware of the family left behind

and cases where the prosecution dwells upon the deceased’s family to the point that the jury would

relate that evidence to the defendant’s guilt. People v. Sandifer, 2016 IL App (1st) 133397, ¶ 58,

(citing People v. Jones, 2011 IL App (1st) 092529, ¶ 33.))

¶ 162 In People v. Harris, 225 Ill. 2d 1 (2007), our supreme court considered the proper scope of

life and death witness testimony. The court noted that introductory, foundational questions

regarding the witness’s background are not improper. Id. at 32. Nor is the testimony of surviving

victims describing their own personal backgrounds. Id. at 31-32. However, testimony that a

deceased has left a family is prejudicial if presented in such a manner to cause the jury to believe

it is material. [Citation.] Id. at 31. Likewise, an argument that dwells upon a decedent’s family or

attempts to relate a defendant’s punishment to such family is improper. [Citation.] Id.

¶ 163 We find no basis for concluding that the trial court abused its discretion in determining that

Ms. Navarette’s testimony was not prohibited. The record does not support the conclusion that the

State’s open-ended question was designed to do more than establish that Ms. Navarette expected

to see Miguel the following day. Nor was the testimony highlighted during the State’s closing

argument. We find the testimony to have been incidental and not material to defendant’s guilt and

therefore not to support defendant’s claim of structural error.

¶ 164                           c. Admissibility of Lineup Photographs

¶ 165 Defendant alleges that the State improperly introduced into evidence a prejudicial lineup

photograph that displayed him wearing a shirt that read, “if you turn your head to read this, you

owe me a blow job.” While defendant admits that identity was at issue in this case and that Ms.

Pavon’s identification of him was a critical issue where she initially identified him as the car driver,

he maintains that this particular photograph was unnecessary or that it should have been redacted.

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¶ 166 In the absence of any objection to the introduction of this evidence and in light of its clear

relevance, we reject defendant’s claim that this “error” should be regarded as implicating structural

error.

¶ 167 Evidence will be deemed admissible when relevant to a disputed issue if its prejudicial

effect does not substantially outweigh its probative value. People v. Patterson, 192 Ill. 2d 93,

114-15 (2000). We agree with the State that the full-bodied picture of defendant assisted the jury

in determining his size, height, and build in a way that the other photographs did not. As such, the

lineup photographs were relevant evidence.

¶ 168 Insofar as the “prejudicial” nature of the photograph is concerned, we also agree with the

State that while the shirt worn by defendant can be characterized as “inflammatory” and “crude,”

we cannot say that this photograph resulted in prejudice to defendant. Nor does the record support

the conclusion that the State sought to put this evidence before the jury to engender prejudice

against defendant.

¶ 169                              d. Admission of the 911 Call

¶ 170 Defendant maintains that the State’s “only purpose” for seeking to admit the 911 call by

Mr. Pavon into evidence was “to prey on the jurors’ sympathy by giving them a real-time look at

the horror of the Pavons watching Miguel die.” We disagree with defendant’s assertion of

prosecutorial overreaching and reliance on People v. Smith, 2017 IL App (1st) 143728, to support

his contention.

¶ 171 Smith is distinguishable for two fundamental reasons. First, in stark contrast to this case, in

Smith, the trial court noted that “whether defendant committed the acts that resulted in [the

victim’s] death was not at issue ***.” Id. at 58. Second, in Smith, the defendant objected to the

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No. 1-20-0634

introduction of the 911 call as being unduly inflammatory and prejudicial. Id. at 64. The

defendant’s preserved allegation of error found support in the 5½ minute 911 call that was

introduced at trial where “crying and mostly unintelligible screaming is heard in the background.”

Id. at 65.

¶ 172 In contrast to Smith, identification was the issue to be resolved by the jury in this case. We

have listened to the 911 call and find it to have been probative of that contested issue. While Ms.

Pavon is heard crying in the background, Mr. Pavon is heard telling her, “[h]e’s gone baby, he’s

gone baby, he’s gone,” and both repeatedly implore the victim to “wake up,” the call was clearly

relevant. It described what Mr. Pavon witnessed while attempting to get an ambulance to attend to

the victim who was shot and dying. Mr. Pavon described: (1) the two cars involved in this incident,

(2) the ethnicity of the individuals, (3) the weapon that was used to shoot the victim, (4) the shooter

as being in the back of the black SUV, and (5) the direction that the SUV’s headed after the victim

was shot. The record affirmatively refutes defendant’s claim that this evidence’s primary purpose

was to inflame the jury.

¶ 173 Nor would this evidence be likely to improperly inflame the jury given the remaining

properly admitted evidence of defendant’s guilt. People v. Jurczak, 147 Ill. App. 3d 206, 214

(1986) (declining to find error based on the admission of a 911 tape “when the jury was also

confronted with the defendant’s own description of the stabbing, the testimony of the police

officers who found the body within minutes of the killing, and the photographs of the victim’s

body and the bloody scene.”)

¶ 174 As such, we reject defendant’s claim that the introduction of this unobjected-to evidence

shows prosecutorial overreaching that supports second-prong plain error review of his contentions

of error.

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¶ 175      e. Defendant’s Remaining Hearsay Claims Based on Allegedly Improper
               Prior Consistent Statements, Testimony That Exceeded the Course-
                      of-Investigation Exception, and Irrelevant Evidence

¶ 176 Based on our review of the record and applicable law, with one exception, which will be

considered shortly, we find that defendant’s remaining claims of error are run-of-the-mill hearsay

claims that do not fall under the umbrella for second-prong plain error because they are not

suggestive of pervasive prosecutorial misconduct.

¶ 177 Our conclusion finds direct support in People v. Temple, 2014 IL App (1st) 111653, ¶¶ 26,

49, 52. As in this case, in Temple, the defendant argued alternatively that his claimed errors resulted

from ineffective assistance of counsel or constituted plain error under both prongs of the plain-

error doctrine. The appellate court found that the defendant’s claims of error based on the

admission of prior consistent statements and police testimony that exceeded the course-of-

investigation exception did not fall under the “umbrella of structural error” and declined to

consider them further. Id. ¶ 51.

¶ 178 As in Temple, we find that defendant’s claims relating to the unobjected-to admission of

(1) allegedly prior consistent statements by Mr. and Ms. Pavon and Ms. Shalabi; (2) irrelevant

evidence; (3) improper leading questions; and (4) police testimony that allegedly exceeded the

course-of-investigation exception are not properly regarded as structural error.

¶ 179 Our conclusion is not altered by People v. Wheeler, 186 Ill. App. 3d 422 (1989), which we

find to be distinguishable. In Wheeler, the appellate court considered the defendant’s forfeited

interrelated claims of structural error arising from the State’s introduction of evidence of prior

consistent statements and remarks during closing argument that highlighted such evidence. Id. at

426. At trial, the victim, who was impeached with his prior convictions, was permitted to testify

                                                - 40 -
No. 1-20-0634

that he made a prior consistent statement to the police. Id. The prosecutor bolstered the witness’s

testimony by referencing the prior consistent statement during closing argument, actually

interjecting his personal belief that such testimony was accurate and asking the jury to return a

guilty verdict based thereon. Id. The court found that the combination of the improper testimony

and improper commentary bolstering it was plain error where the proof of the defendant’s guilt

depended almost entirely on such testimony. Id. 427-28.

¶ 180 Here, as we have previously noted, defendant makes no freestanding claim of prosecutorial

error based on the State’s closing argument. As previously discussed, defendant’s guilt did not

hinge on the credibility of Ms. Pavon, Mr. Pavon, or Ms. Shalabi. Thus, Wheeler does not support

defendant’s claim that the introduction of allegedly hearsay testimony should be regarded as

supporting his claim of structural error.

¶ 181                            f. Inspector Domma’s Testimony

¶ 182 We choose to address the merits of one alleged error in the admission of hearsay evidence

because defendant claims that this error was exacerbated by a remark made during the State’s

closing argument. Specifically, defendant contends that the course-of-investigation exception was

exceeded by Inspector Domma’s testimony about how he came into possession of the shotgun used

to kill the victim. Defendant alleges that “[t]he State violated [defendant’s] constitutional right to

a fair trial when it elicited from Investigator Domma that [defendant’s] non-testifying

co-defendant, Andres Guerra, confessed to the location of the gun.” Defendant further alleges that

the State then “highlighted the most damaging aspect of it in closing argument” when it remarked:

“How did we get the gun? Well, they went looking for it after Investigator Domma had a

conversation with Andres Guerra.”

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No. 1-20-0634

¶ 183 We disagree with defendant’s characterization of Inspector Domma’s testimony and his

suggestion that the State heightened the alleged error in closing argument.

¶ 184 A police officer’s testimony regarding another’s statements, or nonverbal conduct is not

hearsay if offered to explain the steps in his investigation of a crime. People v. Simms, 143 Ill. 2d

154, 174 (1991). Even if it suggests that a nontestifying witness implicated the defendant, such

testimony is admissible. Id. The exception allows the introduction of such evidence even if the

information is derived from a co-offender. People v. Williams, 52 Ill. App. 3d 81, 87-88 (1977).

Where the officer does not testify to the confession or statement of a codefendant which implicates

the defendant in a crime, Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123 (1968), is not violated. People v.

Dixon, 133 Ill. App. 3d 1073, 1083 (1985).

¶ 185 Inspector Domma did not testify that codefendant “confessed to the location of the gun.”

In point of fact, Inspector Domma did not testify as to anything that codefendant said. To the extent

that the jury could infer that codefendant provided the location of the shotgun, such inference was

permissible. Simms, 143 Ill. 2d at 174.

¶ 186 Our conclusion finds support in In re E.H., 299 Ill. App. 3d 42 (1998). In E.H., the

respondent was adjudged delinquent of first-degree murder. On appeal, he alleged that hearsay

testimony was improperly admitted at trial, where an officer testified that after he spoke with the

respondent’s mother, she accompanied him to a park. Id. at 50-51. Upon exiting the police vehicle,

she pointed to an area where he found a pistol. Id. The court rejected the respondent’s claim of

error, finding the evidence admissible to show the course of the officer’s investigation. Id at 51.

¶ 187 However, the court found that the State’s closing argument exceeded that legitimate

purpose where it drew an improper hearsay inference from the testimony. Id. at 52. Nevertheless,

the court affirmed the respondent’s conviction based on its conclusion that the trial court did not

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No. 1-20-0634

rely on any hearsay inferences to find the respondent guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. As

such, the prosecutor’s closing argument did not prejudice the respondent. Id.

¶ 188 Turning to the single and fleeting remark that defendant relies on to support his claim of

error, the remark did not address the substance of what codefendant said. The inference raised in

the State’s remark is the same inference that the testimony itself permitted.

¶ 189 Even if the remark highlighted the inference, the State’s remark did not rise to the level of

second-prong plain error where defendant’s custodial statement established that defendant tossed

the gun out of codefendant’s car while the two were driving away from the scene of the crime.

Moreover, during the statement, defendant was specifically confronted with his codefendant’s

statement wherein he informed the police that the gun was disposed of in the area of 22nd Street

and Cicero Avenue. Defendant did not disagree with codefendant’s assessment of the location

where the gun was thrown away. Therefore, at most, the alleged inference drawn by the State

during closing argument was cumulative to what was already before the jury.

¶ 190 The facts of this case bear no resemblance to those in People v. Ochoa, 2017 IL App 1st

140204. In Ochoa, after the appellate court remanded the matter for a second retrial of the

defendant based on a Bruton violation, the State committed the same error by introducing an array

of evidence that went beyond the course-of-investigation exception. Id. ¶ 36. Defense counsel

interjected objections to some of the evidence, which included police testimony regarding learning

the defendant’s gender, ethnicity, nickname, build, and home address after speaking with his three

codefendants. Id. ¶ 54. The court noted that, as in the prior trial, such testimony strongly inferred

that the defendant’s three codefendants implicated him to the police. Id. ¶¶ 52-53.

¶ 191 The court also found that the State’s objected-to closing argument reinforced the repeated

error where it linked the defendant’s confession to the fact that his codefendants were arrested and

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No. 1-20-0634

were in custody upon his arrival at the police station and gave the jury reason to infer that the

description testified to by the police that included the defendant’s gender, ethnicity, nickname,

build, and home address, was provided to them by the three codefendants. Id.

¶ 192 The evidence and argument in Ochoa are clearly distinguishable from the testimony given

by Inspector Domma and the State’s closing argument based on that testimony. For the reasons

previously discussed, we reject the notion that this alleged error is properly regarded as one that

could conceivably render defendant’s trial fundamentally unfair or unreliable or challenge the

integrity of the judicial process. Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d at 565.

¶ 193       4. Defendant Was Not Denied the Effective Assistance of Counsel at Sentencing

¶ 194 Next, we consider defendant’s claim that he was deprived of the effective assistance of

counsel at sentencing. Defendant maintains that counsel was deficient for failing to present “any

mitigating evidence” and that prejudice resulted where he received a 75-year de facto life sentence.

¶ 195 The State maintains that defendant has failed to establish either that trial counsel was

deficient during the sentencing hearing or that the trial court would have imposed a different

sentence had trial counsel not performed deficiently. We agree with the State.

¶ 196 The test established in Strickland also applies to the sentencing phase of a defendant’s trial.

People v. Franklin, 167 Ill. 2d 1, 25 (1995); People v. Rebecca, 2012 IL App (2d) 091259, ¶ 107.

The defendant must demonstrate a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional

errors, his sentence would have been different. Laflin v. Cooper, 566 U.S. 156, 165 (2012). Even

when counsel’s performance is deficient based on his failure to investigate mitigating evidence

and present it at sentencing, the defendant must demonstrate resulting prejudice. People v. Pulliam,

206 Ill. 2d 218, 239 (2002).

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¶ 197                  a. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel / De Facto Life Sentence

¶ 198 We first address defendant’s claim that trial counsel should have made an argument that “a

de facto life sentence for [defendant], just one year over the age of adulthood, would violate the

Illinois Constitution’s proportionate penalties clause.”

¶ 199 In Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 471-80 (2012), the United States Supreme Court held

that mandatory life sentences imposed on juvenile offenders (those under the age of 18 at the time

of the offense) violate the eighth amendment in the absence of consideration of the mitigating

aspects of youth, i.e., immaturity, impulsivity, and increased vulnerability to negative influences.

¶ 200   In People v. Reyes, 2016 IL 119271, ¶ 8, the court held that the Miller rationale applies to

de facto life sentences.

¶ 201 In People v. Holman, 2017 IL 120655, ¶ 40, our supreme court held that Miller also applies

to discretionary life sentences.

¶ 202 In People v. Buffer, 2019 IL 122327, ¶¶ 27, 40-41, our supreme court defined a de facto

life sentence for a juvenile as a sentence in excess of 40 years’ imprisonment.

¶ 203 The foregoing principles were relied on in People v. Thompson, 2015 IL 118151, ¶¶ 38,

44, and People v. Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶¶ 44, 48, as a basis for alleging that a de facto life

sentence imposed on a young adult offender may be unconstitutional as applied under the

proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution.

¶ 204 The proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution provides that “[a]ll penalties

shall be determined both according to the seriousness of the offense and with the objective of

restoring the offender to useful citizenship.” Ill. Const. 1970, art. 1, § 11. A sentence violates the

proportionate penalties clause if “the punishment for the offense is cruel, degrading, or so wholly

                                                - 45 -
No. 1-20-0634

disproportionate to the offense as to shock the moral sense of the community.” People v. Miller,

202 Ill. 2d 328, 338 (2002). The proportionate penalties clause provides broader protections than

those provided in the eighth amendment. People v. Gipson, 2015 IL App (1st) 122451, ¶¶ 69-78.

People v. Clemons, 2012 IL 107821, ¶ 36.

¶ 205 Based on the court’s holding in Thompson and Harris, a young adult offender may rely on

the evolving neuroscience and societal standards underlying the rule in Miller as a basis for

bringing an as-applied challenge to the constitutionality of a de facto life sentence under the

proportionate penalties clause. Thompson, 2015 IL 118151, ¶¶ 38, 44; Harris, 2018 IL 121932,

¶¶ 44, 48. As the court noted in People v. Evans, 2021 IL App (1st) 172809, ¶ 16, these rulings

“opened the door for young adult offenders to demonstrate that their own specific characteristics

at the time of their offense were so like those of a juvenile that the imposition of a life sentence,

absent the safeguards established in Miller, violates the proportionate penalties clause.”

¶ 206 Here, defendant’s claim fails where the record reflects the fact that the trial court

acknowledged that defendant fell within the class of young offenders and considered the potential

applicability of Miller to his circumstances:

                “THE COURT: And so another thing that I felt appropriate was to review

       the statutory law that is now in effect, which speaks of sentencing individuals under

       the age of 18 at the time of the commission of the offense. I know the defendant is

       not under 18, he was over 19-and-a-half years, I believe, by my calculations at the

       time of the offense, but still there is language there given the fact that the defendant

       was only a year and a half removed from that having the benefit of that particular

       law. So he’s still a young person. And I think youth is always something to be taken

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No. 1-20-0634

       into consideration. So that’s why I wanted to also look at that particular statute

       which is now in effect.”

¶ 207 After expressing its intent to consider defendant’s youth in fashioning a sentence, the trial

court made factual observations that negated the notion that defendant should be regarded as akin

to a juvenile: (1) defendant was the shooter; (2) defendant’s actions were entirely unprovoked by

the victim; and (3) defendant had an extensive history of delinquency which included a failed

probationary term that resulted in a sentence in the Juvenile Department of Corrections. The court

further relied on: (1) the video clips; (2) defendant’s violations at the Cook County Jail after being

placed in pretrial detention in Cook County Jail; (3) defendant’s act of masturbating in the presence

of an assistant public defender in the lockup behind the courtroom; and (4) phone calls made by

defendant and Christian Garcia to defendant’s mother during defendant’s pretrial detention in

imposing sentence.

¶ 208 The trial court again referenced the sentencing parameters for juveniles in imposing

sentence:

                “THE COURT: As I said, I’ve reviewed the sentencing considerations for

       someone who’s younger than Mr. Miranda under 18, I have considered his age, I

       mean he was 19-and-a-half. What were his ability to consider the risk and the

       consequences of his behavior.”

¶ 209 The trial court went on to make the following factual findings. Defendant’s actions were

premeditated where the video clips showed him to be the primary actor who went to Two-Six

territory at 3:30 a.m. “asserting his dominance.” While defendant’s videotaped statement and

exchange between defendant and codefendant while the two were in nearby holding cells revealed

an expression of remorse, and the videotape was “compelling and moving,” any “semblance of

                                                - 47 -
No. 1-20-0634

hope” “went out the window” at the Cook County Jail. The trial court described defendant’s actions

there as a four-year “rampage” that demonstrated defendant’s unwillingness to change or leave

gang life. Defendant was not “succumbing to peer pressure” but “exerting peer pressure.”

Defendant was the “killer” of the gang. The circumstances leading up to and surrounding this crime

showed that defendant planned this crime and was the individual armed with the shotgun used to

kill the victim.

¶ 210 The trial court again returned to the question of whether the sentencing considerations for

juveniles applied in this case:

                   “THE COURT: So many of the juvenile cases which come back before this

        trial court for resentencing because individuals who were 15, 16 years of age got

        involved in criminal behavior that caused them to be sentenced to natural life in

        prison, when they were lookouts. That’s a consideration, but his specific role is that

        he was the offender. He was the guy that planned it. He was the main actor. He’s

        the gunman. He’s the shooter. Nobody else got out of the car with a gun. They got

        out of the car with their fingers and did their little gang signs by waving their hands

        in the air, but he was empowered because he had that firearm.”

¶ 211 The trial court also considered whether anything about defendant’s childhood supported

treating defendant as a juvenile:

                   “THE COURT: There’s no history of parental neglect. There’s no history

        of physical abuse. No history of childhood trauma. I know he lost his father, but he

        lost his father a year ago. His father was alive and well and providing support for

        him and the other members of the family, I assume at the time when this offense

                                                - 48 -
No. 1-20-0634

       occurred. I see the family members come to court. They’re here. Gang bangers

       aren’t here. His family is here. The Kings have better things to do.

                The circumstances of the offense that they need not be restated again, his

       participation of his role in the offense is clear. We’ve covered that. Was he able to

       participate in his defense, yes, he was. Clearly he was. He hasn’t been prevented in

       any way. He does have a prior juvenile history. So none of these things [inure] to

       the favor of the defendant as it turns out to make the court try to impose the most

       minimal of sentences.”

¶ 212 The trial court also noted that under the new sentencing laws, that defendant could possibly

be released after serving 20 years in the Illinois Department of Corrections. The trial court stated

that while it was “not necessarily a big fan of a lot of the mandatory sentencing enhancements”

based on the use of a firearm in the commission of an offense, in this case, imposition of the

enhancement was “entirely appropriate.”

¶ 213 Later, in reconsidering the sentence based on defendant’s motion in which he alleged that

his sentence was an unconstitutional de facto life sentence under the eighth amendment, the trial

court observed:

                “THE COURT: This was an individual, Mr. Miranda, that was over the age

       of 18 but under the age of 21 at the time of the offense, as I recall. And I did spend

       a great deal of time considering what an appropriate sentence would be considering

       it, trying to review as much as I could even before to the sentencing hearing, per

       se, by going over the relevant testimony that showed what the facts were which led

       to this conviction for first degree murder.”

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No. 1-20-0634

¶ 214 The trial court reiterated that the offense was premeditated, that the victim was “baited” by

the Latin Kings, that defendant shot the victim in “cold-blood execution” style, “and he finished

off when [the victim] was already on the ground suffering [an] earlier shotgun wound. It was close

range, it was face to face, it’s a[s] cold-blooded [a] murder as one could ever imagine.”

¶ 215 The trial court again referenced the requirement that it “consider the ability of the defendant

to consider risks and the consequences of his behavior.” The trial court found that defendant:

                “THE COURT: considered the risks and put himself in a position where he

       would not only be able to murder a young man but that he would be in a good

       position to get away with it. This was not some sort of rash act by an 18-year-old

       youth who didn’t understand the consequences of his actions. This was someone

       who took the consequences of his actions and considered them in order to make

       sure that he could get away with the behavior that he engaged in.”

¶ 216 The trial court also addressed defendant’s statement in allocution where he said that he was

subject to peer pressure. The court noted that defendant had a good family, and there was no

evidence that someone in his family “indoctrinated him into this sort of life.” Rather, defendant

“chose to reject his own good family upbringing and join the Two[-]Sixers.[2] He embraced the

Two[-]Sixers. He covered himself with gang tattoos, committed crimes.”

¶ 217 The trial court again considered defendant’s rehabilitative potential:

                “THE COURT: I said there was nothing brought to the court’s attention that

       showed his family or his home environment that there was any type of history of

       any parental neglect, there was no physical abuse, any other childhood drama

       2
        The trial court misspoke where the evidence conclusively established that defendant was a
member of the Latin Kings street gang.

                                               - 50 -
No. 1-20-0634

       brought to the court’s attention other than the fact that he claimed that he had been

       diagnosed as suffering from depression, I believe, at one point. And that as I pointed

       out earlier he had in fact been shot himself and the motivation for that would have

       been gang related as well.

                His potential for rehabilitation and the evidence of his rehabilitation was,

       quite frankly, the evidence of it was nonexistent as best – or at best. As [defense

       counsel] had tried to point out, he had gone a good number of months at the end of

       his custodial period at Cook County Jail without picking up any new violations; but

       his history taken in total demonstrated a complete lack of potential for

       rehabilitation, at least at this stage.”

¶ 218 The trial court reiterated that there was a 24-hour period “where the defendant showed

some signs of potential for rehabilitation” after his arrest, but that such potential immediately

dissipated.

¶ 219 Again, the trial court acknowledged that defendant “is actually going to have the

opportunity to make a demonstration to the Department of Corrections that he can be rehabilitated”

where he would be potentially eligible for release after serving 20 years of his sentence.

¶ 220 The trial court’s extensive and detailed findings in imposing sentence establish that it

considered and rejected the possibility that defendant should be sentenced as if he were a juvenile.

The trial court’s findings evince its full understanding of current law, including a youthful

offender’s ability to claim that a sentence in excess of 40 years could potentially be

unconstitutional as applied to him under the proportionate penalties clause. After engaging in a

detailed consideration of everything before it that could potentially bear on this question, the trial

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No. 1-20-0634

court basically determined that defendant, while 19 years of age when this offense was committed,

was not akin to a juvenile.

¶ 221 We conclude that defendant cannot establish that he was denied the effective assistance of

counsel at sentencing under Strickland based on counsel’s failure to claim that a de facto sentence

would be unconstitutional as applied to him under the proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois

Constitution.

¶ 222           b. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel / Failure to Present Mitigation Evidence

¶ 223 We next address defendant’s claim that trial counsel should have “marshaled mitigation

evidence.” Put simply, we are unaware of any mitigation evidence that defense counsel could have

“marshaled” to obtain a different outcome. Defendant’s claim lacks factual support.

¶ 224 Defense counsel faced an uphill battle and did what he could to mitigate the substantial

evidence presented in aggravation. Defense counsel relied on the PSI to argue that defendant’s

actions resulted from growing up in a gang-infested neighborhood and being subject to peer

pressure. Defense counsel argued,

                “DEFENSE COUNSEL: you can raise them, you can do your best, you can

        guide them you can give them the information. They step outside those walls the

        gangs take over ***. It doesn’t matter how strong your family is, you don’t have a

        choice. If you’re going to survive from here to school, you don’t have a choice.”

¶ 225 Defense counsel argued that defendant had rehabilitative potential and had not committed

any disciplinary violations in the year before being sentenced. Defense counsel noted the support

of his family and asked the court to impose a minimum sentence.

¶ 226 The only “facts” relied on by defendant to support his contention are counsel’s failure to

call his mother to testify and failure to rely on the physical and emotional trauma suffered by

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No. 1-20-0634

defendant due to being shot and witnessing the death of Vargas. Such alleged failings do not

establish either deficient performance by counsel or resulting prejudice to defendant. In other

words, they do not satisfy Strickland.

¶ 227 With respect to defense counsel’s failure to call defendant’s mother to testify as a

mitigation witness, we find ample basis for concluding that this was a matter of strategy. If called

as a mitigation witness, defendant’s mother would surely have been questioned about the phone

calls placed to her by defendant and Christian Garcia from Cook County Jail.

¶ 228 Defendant’s claim that trial counsel should have relied on his prior injury and trauma both

from being shot and witnessing his best friend’s death also does not support his claim of ineffective

assistance of counsel. As previously mentioned, the trial court considered these “facts” but did not

regard them as mitigating. Additionally, the PSI rebuts the notion that defendant suffered lasting

effects from being shot, where he reported having fully recovered six months later.

¶ 229 Furthermore, in imposing sentence, the trial court considered that defendant was diagnosed

with depression. The PSI does not indicate whether the “depression” was related to the earlier gang

shooting. However, the facts of this case support the trial court’s conclusion that defendant’s

response to the prior incident was precisely what he indicated in his videotaped statement: the

basis for him formulating a plan to exact revenge from a Two-Sixer.

¶ 230 In conclusion, the record in this matter fully supports the sentence imposed by the trial

court and undermines any claim that defendant was denied the effective assistance of counsel under

Strickland.

¶ 231                                    III. CONCLUSION

¶ 232 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

¶ 233 Affirmed.

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