Court Opinion

ID: 804579
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2012-07-18 14:05:29+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:00:12.778327
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                            File Name: 12a0773n.06

                                              No. 11-1579
                                                                                                FILED
                            UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                                 Jul 18, 2012
                                 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                    LEONARD GREEN, Clerk

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                   )
                                                            )         ON APPEAL FROM THE
        Plaintiff-Appellee,                                 )         UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                            )         COURT FOR THE EASTERN
v.                                                          )         DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
                                                            )
REAL PROPERTY LOCATED AT 4527-4535                          )                   OPINION
MICHIGAN AVENUE, DETROIT, MICHIGAN.                         )
                                                            )
        Defendant,                                          )
                                                            )
and                                                         )
                                                            )
DANIEL HILL, et al.,                                        )
                                                            )
        Claimants-Appellants.                               )

BEFORE: BOGGS, NORRIS, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.

        ALAN E. NORRIS, Circuit Judge. Claimants, members of a Detroit motorcycle club,

appeal from the district court’s grant of the government’s motion to strike their claims challenging

the civil forfeiture of the club’s real property. Specifically, the claimants argue that they have Article

III standing to challenge the forfeiture because they paid monthly dues to the club with the

understanding that they were acquiring a small ownership interest in its real property. In addition,

two of the club’s officers, both purporting to be its president, argue that they have standing to contest

the forfeiture on behalf of the club.
                                                                    United States v. Real Property Located at
                                                                 4527-4535 Michigan Ave., Detroit, Michigan
                                                                                                 No. 11-1579

                                                 I.

       The government, in connection with a criminal proceeding,1 filed an amended complaint for

the civil forfeiture of real property located at 4527-4535 Michigan Avenue, Detroit, Michigan. The

property, commonly known as “the clubhouse,” was owned by a Michigan not-for-profit corporation,

the Highwaymen Motorcycle Club (“HMC”), also known as Detroit Highwaymen Incorporated

(“DHI”). The government alleged that the clubhouse was forfeitable under 21 U.S.C. § 881(a)(7)

because HMC members had used the property in the commission of drug-trafficking offenses.

       Fifteen members of the HMC filed a joint claim challenging the forfeiture, alleging that they

were collectively “the owners” of the clubhouse.

       The government responded that the claimants lacked Article III standing because they had

failed to allege “a colorable ownership, possessory or security interest in at least a portion of the

defendant property.” Because the owner of record for the clubhouse was DHI (or HMC) as an entity,

not the individual claimants, the government contended that the claimants’ memberships in HMC

and their use of the clubhouse were insufficient to create a colorable interest in the property. In

support, the government attached a quitclaim deed and title search for the property, both listing DHI

as the owner. The government also attached the DHI constitution, which did not refer to the club’s

real property, beyond providing for a $500 fine and an “[a]ss kicking” for “[a]ny member that tears

up anything in the CLUBHOUSE.”

       1
           United States v. Aref Nagi, et al., No. 06-20465 (E.D. Mich. 2011).

                                                -2-
                                                                   United States v. Real Property Located at
                                                                4527-4535 Michigan Ave., Detroit, Michigan
                                                                                                No. 11-1579

       The claimants replied that they had constitutional standing because “there is evidence that

they made payments toward the property with the belief that they were acquiring an ownership

interest in the property.” Alternatively, the claimants, at least two of whom were officers of DHI,

argued that they had standing to challenge the forfeiture “as agents for and on behalf” of the

organization.

       In support, the claimants attached amended claims, in the form of affidavits, from eight of

the original signatories, each attesting that he was a member of the HMC and had paid monthly dues

of $50-$80 in the belief that he was obtaining a small individual interest in the clubhouse.2 Terry

Earls and Jarold Helter, neither of whom was a named party or signatory to the original claim, also

attached affidavits, both asserting an interest in the clubhouse “on behalf of the HMC as its

President.”

       Following a short hearing, the district court granted the government’s motion to dismiss or

strike these claims based on lack of Article III standing. The court explained that “a paying

membership and the holding of office in a motorcycle club were insufficient to demonstrate

ownership, that is a colorable interest in the clubhouse and parcel of land owned by and deeded to

the club.” The court noted that “[t]here’s nothing in the constitution which would suggest that the

members have any ownership interest, there is no deed, there’s nothing.”

       2
         Specifically, each claimant stated: “When I paid these dues I believed that I was obtaining
an individual interest, albeit a small one in the property now the subject of this case.”

                                               -3-
                                                                        United States v. Real Property Located at
                                                                     4527-4535 Michigan Ave., Detroit, Michigan
                                                                                                     No. 11-1579

                                                    II.

          In order to contest a governmental forfeiture action, as in any action brought in federal court,

a claimant must have Article III standing. United States v. $515,060.42 in U.S. Currency, 152 F.3d

491, 497 (6th Cir. 1998). We review de novo the district court’s determination of a claimant’s

standing to contest a federal forfeiture action. United States v. Salti, 579 F.3d 656, 667 (6th Cir.

2009) (discussing criminal forfeiture). In so doing, we accept as true all material allegations

contained in the claim and liberally construe them in favor of the claimants. Am. Canoe Ass’n, Inc.

v. City of Louisa Water & Sewer Comm’n, 389 F.3d 536, 540 (6th Cir. 2004).

          To satisfy the Article III standing requirement, the claimant must allege a colorable

ownership, possessory, or security interest in at least a portion of the defendant property.

$515,060.42, 152 F.3d at 497. We have declined “to adopt any type of hard-and-fast requirement for

the initial evidentiary showing necessary for standing.” Id. at 498. Generally, we look to “the law

of the jurisdiction that created the property right to determine the petitioner’s legal interest.” Salti,

579 F.3d at 668 (quoting United States v. Speed Joyeros, S.A., 410 F. Supp. 2d 121, 125 (E.D.N.Y.

2006)).

          Here, the claimants failed to allege a colorable interest in the clubhouse and their claim was

therefore subject to dismissal for lack of Article III standing. In the affidavits of the original eight

signatories, which we assume without deciding were properly construed below as amended claims,

each claimant stated only that he paid monthly dues to DHI in the belief that he was obtaining a small

ownership interest in the clubhouse. This allegation, even when taken as true, is insufficient to

                                                   -4-
                                                                     United States v. Real Property Located at
                                                                  4527-4535 Michigan Ave., Detroit, Michigan
                                                                                                  No. 11-1579

support the existence of a colorable property interest. Michigan law determines the property interests

of these claimants and, under that state’s statute of frauds, an interest in real property can only be

created “by act or operation of law, or by a deed or conveyance in writing.” Mich. Comp. Laws

§ 566.106. Here, as noted by the district court, no such writing exists. The deed to the clubhouse

lists only DHI as the owner and the claimants do not allege that any other writing exists as a basis

for their claim of a property interest. In sum, the claimants cannot allege a colorable interest in the

real property based merely upon their belief that they have one.

                                                 III.

       Terry Earls and Jarold Helter, the self-described Presidents of the HMC, also challenge the

forfeiture of the clubhouse “on behalf of the HMC as its President.” While the district court did not

separately address these claims, and thus dismissed them based solely on Article III standing, we

may affirm the district court’s decision on any grounds supported by the record. Dixon v. Clem, 492

F.3d 665, 673 (6th Cir. 2007).

       First, Earls’s and Helter’s claims fail because they were untimely. The government first

published notice of the forfeiture action on the official government website on October, 27, 2010,

triggering Federal Rule of Civil Procedure Supplemental Rule G(5)(a)(ii)(B)’s sixty-day filing

period.3 This period expired on December 26, 2010, and Earls’s and Helter’s claims were not filed

until January 18, 2011.

       3
       The Rules of Civil Procedure applicable to civil forfeiture actions are codified in the
Supplemental Rules for Admiralty or Maritime Claims and Asset Forfeiture Actions, primarily in
Supplemental Rule G.

                                                 -5-
                                                                      United States v. Real Property Located at
                                                                   4527-4535 Michigan Ave., Detroit, Michigan
                                                                                                   No. 11-1579

        Generally, under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(c)(1), an amended pleading relates back

to the date of the original pleading where “it asserts a claim or defense that arose out of the conduct,

transaction, or occurrence set out–or attempted to be set out–in the original pleading.” Fed. R. Civ.

P. 15(c)(1)(B). The claims of Earls and Helter, however, cannot be considered “amendments”

entitled to relation back because neither Earls nor Helter was a party to the original claim.

        In addition, Earls and Helter lacked statutory standing to bring these claims, because they did

not comply with Supplemental Rule G. See $515,060.42, 152 F.3d at 497 (noting that compliance

with the Supplemental Rules is necessary to establish statutory standing). While Supplemental Rule

G does not itself require an agent to state his authority to act on behalf of another, it incorporates

such a requirement through reference to Supplemental Rule C.4 Under Supplemental Rule

C(6)(a)(iii), “an agent, bailee, or attorney must state the authority to file a statement of right or

interest on behalf of another.” (emphasis added). Here, Earls and Helter failed to identify any such

authority.

                                                  IV.

        The judgment is affirmed.

       4
       Supplemental Rule G explains that, “[t]o the extent that this rule does not address an issue,
Supplemental Rules C and E and the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure also apply.” Supp. R. G(1).

                                                 -6-