Court Opinion

ID: 9897240
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-14 19:09:07.296061+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:13:58.286994
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                      Oct 30 2023, 9:17 am

                                                                          CLERK
                                                                      Indiana Supreme Court
                                                                         Court of Appeals
                                                                           and Tax Court

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS                                   ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE
Matthew R. Land                                            Pamela G. Schneeman
Brandon E. Tate                                            Knight Hoppe Kurnik & Knight,
Waldron Tate Bowen Spandau LLC                             Ltd.
Indianapolis, Indiana                                      Carmel, Indiana

                                            IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Jerry Bewley and Deborah                                   October 30, 2023
Bewley,
                                                           Court of Appeals Case No.
Appellants-Plaintiffs,                                     23A-CT-451

        v.                                                 Appeal from the
                                                           Marion Superior Court
Town of Speedway,
                                                           The Honorable
Appellee-Defendant.                                        James A. Joven, Judge

                                                           Trial Court Cause No.
                                                           49D13-2001-CT-2983

                             Opinion by Senior Judge Robb
                        Judges Weissmann and Kenworthy concur.

Robb, Senior Judge.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-451 | October 30, 2023                           Page 1 of 12
      Statement of the Case
[1]   Jerry and Deborah Bewley appeal the trial court’s grant of summary judgment

      to the Town of Speedway. The Bewleys sued the Town after the Town’s police

      K9 bit Jerry while the K9’s handler was pursuing a suspected felon.

      Concluding the Town is entitled to immunity under the Indiana Tort Claims

      Act, we affirm.

      Facts and Procedural History
[2]   On March 1, 2019, at 7:30 p.m. Officer Matthew Turpin of the Speedway

      Police Department (“SPD”) was dispatched to investigate a potential burglary.

      Officer Turpin is a trained K9 handler, and his K9 unit, Tom, was with him

      that night.

[3]   Officer Turpin spotted a “suspicious vehicle[,]” Appellants’ App. Vol. II, p. 89,

      which fled from him. He pursued, with lights and sirens activated. During the

      chase, a dispatcher advised Officer Turpin the vehicle had been reported as

      stolen.

[4]   Meanwhile, Jerry Bewley (“Jerry”) had a part-time job delivering food for a

      restaurant. He arrived at a customer’s house in Speedway around 7:30 p.m. It

      was dark, but a streetlight illuminated the road in front of the customer’s house.

      Jerry was wearing navy blue pants and a jacket.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-451 | October 30, 2023      Page 2 of 12
[5]   As Jerry and the customer conducted their transaction on the customer’s front

      porch, they heard police sirens and saw red and blue lights flashing in the

      distance. Next, Jerry saw a vehicle being chased by a SPD vehicle. The fleeing

      vehicle crashed into a parked car down the street, and two people “jumped

      out.” Id. at 51.

[6]   The customer asked Jerry if he wanted to step inside her home, but Jerry

      declined. Instead, he went to the customer’s driveway and crouched next to her

      vehicle, positioning himself so he could look through its windows. Jerry

      watched as one of the men who had jumped out of the fleeing vehicle ran

      between the customer’s house and a neighbor’s house.

[7]   Officer Turpin, who was driving the SPD vehicle, also saw a suspect run

      between two houses and out of sight. He stopped in front of the customer’s

      house and got out. Jerry did not hear Officer Turpin say anything. Jerry

      thought Officer Turpin should have seen him upon exiting the police vehicle,

      because “there was nothing between me and his car to obstruct any kind of

      view of me.” Id. at 55.

[8]   Officer Turpin opened up the back door of his car and released the K9. The K9

      ran directly to Jerry, who attempted to get away by climbing onto the hood of

      the customer’s vehicle. The K9 bit Jerry’s right leg and held on until Officer

      Turpin forced it to let go.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-451 | October 30, 2023     Page 3 of 12
[9]    Jerry was eventually taken to a hospital for treatment. Meanwhile, another

       officer pursued the suspects and captured one of them. That suspect was

       charged with two Level 6 felonies and three misdemeanors.

[10]   In January 2020, the Bewleys sued the Town, the SPD, and Officer Turpin.

       The Bewleys raised several claims, including alleging: (1) Officer Turpin

       negligently handled the K9; and (2) the Town was responsible for the officer’s

       actions. The SPD and Officer Turpin were later dismissed from the case under

       circumstances not relevant to this appeal. In September 2022, the Town moved

       for summary judgment as to the Bewleys’ claims, arguing it was immune from

       liability under the Indiana Tort Claims Act (“ITCA”). The court granted the
                                                           1
       Town’s motion. This appeal followed.

       Issue
[11]   The Bewleys raise one issue, which we restate as: whether the trial court erred

       in determining the Town was entitled to summary judgment on grounds of

       immunity.

       1
         We held oral argument on October 10, 2023, at Rossville Middle/High School. We thank the parties for
       their presentations, and we thank the students and staff for their hospitality.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-451 | October 30, 2023                          Page 4 of 12
       Discussion and Decision

       1. Standard of Review

[12]   “We review summary judgment decisions de novo, applying the same standard

       of review as the trial court.” Johnson v. City of Michigan City, 172 N.E.3d 355,

       358 (Ind. Ct. App. 2021), trans. denied. A trial court shall grant a motion for

       summary judgment “if the designated evidentiary matter shows that there is no

       genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a

       judgment as a matter of law.” Ind. Trial Rule 56(C).

[13]   When the defendant is the moving party, the defendant must show the

       undisputed facts negate at least one element of the plaintiffs’ cause of action or

       that the defendant has a factually unchallenged affirmative defense that bars the

       plaintiffs’ claim. Leo Mach. & Tool, Inc. v. Poe Volunteer Fire Dep’t, Inc., 936

       N.E.2d 855, 859 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), aff’d on rehearing, 940 N.E.2d 384 (2011).

       “All facts and reasonable inferences from the designated evidence are construed

       in favor of the nonmovant.” Apuri v. Parkview Health Sys., Inc., 185 N.E.3d 383,

       386 (Ind. Ct. App. 2022), trans. denied.

[14]   The appellant bears the burden of proving the trial court erred in granting a

       motion for summary judgment. Crossno v. State, 726 N.E.2d 375, 378 (Ind. Ct.

       App. 2000). Even so, we “carefully assess the trial court’s decision” to ensure a

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-451 | October 30, 2023          Page 5 of 12
       nonmovant was not improperly denied a day in court. Wisniewski v. Bennett,

       716 N.E.2d 892, 894 (Ind. 1999).

[15]   In this appeal the parties ask the Court to consider the application of the ITCA

       and other statutes to the facts. A de novo standard of review applies to

       questions of statutory interpretation. Ladra v. State, 177 N.E.3d 412, 415 (Ind.

       2021). And the specific question of whether a “governmental entity is immune

       from liability under the [ITCA] is a question of law for the courts.” Gibson v.

       Evansville Vanderburgh Bldg. Comm’n, 725 N.E.2d 949, 952 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000),

       trans. denied.

       2. Immunity Under the ITCA

[16]   The ITCA “provides that governmental entities may be liable for torts

       committed by their agencies or employees.” Lee v. Bartholomew Consol. Sch.

       Corp., 75 N.E.3d 518, 525 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017). But “under certain

       circumstances, the governmental entity is entitled to immunity for those acts.”

       Id. “The purpose of immunity is to insure that public employees can exercise

       their independent judgment necessary to carry out their duties without threat of

       harassment by litigation or threats of litigation over decisions made within the

       scope of their employment.” Ind. Dep’t of Corr. v. Stagg, 556 N.E.2d 1338, 1343

       (Ind. Ct. App. 1990), trans. denied. Immunity under the ITCA “assumes

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-451 | October 30, 2023        Page 6 of 12
       negligence but denies liability.” Putnam Cnty. Sheriff v. Price, 954 N.E.2d 451,

       453 (Ind. 2011).

[17]   “Because the [ITCA] is a statute in derogation of the common law, it must be

       strictly construed against limitations on the claimant’s right to bring suit.”

       Hinshaw v. Bd. of Comm’rs of Jay Cnty., 611 N.E.2d 637, 639 (Ind. 1993). “The

       party seeking immunity bears the burden of proving that its conduct falls within

       the [ITCA] and is, thus, shielded from liability.” Gibson, 725 N.E.2d at 953.

[18]   The Town’s claim of immunity is based on Indiana Code section 34-13-3-

       3(a)(8) (2016), which provides in relevant part:

               A governmental entity or an employee acting within the scope of
               the employee’s employment is not liable if a loss results from . . .
               [t]he adoption and enforcement of or failure to adopt or enforce
               . . . a law (including rules and regulations) . . . unless the act of
               enforcement constitutes false arrest or false imprisonment.

       This Court has explained, “the ‘enforcement’ spoken of in what is now Section

       3[a](8) of the ITCA means compelling or attempting to compel the obedience of

       another to laws, rules, or regulations, and the sanctioning or attempt to sanction

       a violation thereof.” St. Joseph Cnty. Police Dep’t v. Shumaker, 812 N.E.2d 1143,

       1150 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied.

[19]   In this case, Officer Turpin was chasing suspected felons when he released the

       K9, resulting in the K9 biting Jerry. The officer’s conduct, although presumed

       negligent according to precedent, falls within the immunity granted under

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-451 | October 30, 2023         Page 7 of 12
       Section 3(a)(8) for enforcing the law. See Miller v. City of Anderson, 777 N.E.2d

       1100, 1104 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002) (officers immune from suit under the ITCA;

       they were enforcing law when they arrested Miller based on erroneous belief

       she was violating a protective order), trans. denied.

       3. Potential Conflict Between the ITCA and Another Statute
[20]   The Bewleys claim Indiana Code section 34-13-3-3(a)(8) does not immunize

       Officer Turpin’s conduct because he violated a different statutory duty to
                            2
       restrain his K9. The Indiana Supreme Court has addressed whether an

       officer’s immunity under the ITCA could be rendered inapplicable by the

       officer’s breach of a different statutory duty. In Patrick v. Miresso, 848 N.E.2d

       1083 (Ind. 2006), a police officer pursued a burglary suspect by vehicle and

       collided with a vehicle driven by Miresso. Miresso sued, and the trial court

       denied the officer’s motion for summary judgment. On appeal, the officer

       argued he was immune from liability because he was enforcing the law at the

       time of the accident. The Indiana Supreme Court disagreed, concluding the

       officer was not entitled to immunity under the ITCA. The Court noted a

       different statute requires persons operating emergency vehicles to drive with

       2
        The Town argues the Bewleys waived this claim because they did not present it to the trial court. We
       disagree. A party generally waives appellate review of an issue or argument if it is not presented to the trial
       court. Dedelow v. Pucalik, 801 N.E.2d 178, 183 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003). The Bewleys raised this claim during a
       hearing on the Town’s motion for summary judgment, preserving the issue for our review.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-451 | October 30, 2023                                 Page 8 of 12
       due regard for the safety of others. See id. at 1085 (citing Ind. Code § 9-21-1-8

       (2009)). The two statutes were in conflict, because one immunized the officer

       from liability and the other subjected the officer to liability. Keeping in mind

       that courts must “limit or narrow common law governmental immunity, not

       expand it[,]” the Court resolved the conflict by concluding the ITCA’s

       immunity for enforcing the law did not apply to Miresso’s claim that the officer

       recklessly operated an emergency vehicle. Id. at 1086-87.

[21]   In Wilson v. Isaacs, 929 N.E.2d 200 (Ind. 2010), the Indiana Supreme Court

       addressed a claim of excessive force rather than negligence, but the Court’s

       reasoning in that case is useful here. Wilson alleged police officers wrongfully

       used a taser on him three times, even after he was on the ground and immobile.

       The defendants prevailed on summary judgment, claiming they were enforcing

       the law under Indiana Code section 34-13-3-3(a)(8). On appeal, Wilson argued

       the officers were not entitled to immunity under the ITCA. The Court

       determined the ITCA’s grant of immunity conflicted with a separate statutory

       duty imposed on officers to avoid using unreasonable force on suspects. The

       Court, following the holding in Miresso, concluded the officers’ alleged breach

       of the unreasonable force statute “restrains the statutory immunity from

       erecting a shield to liability for conduct contrary to the statute.” Id. at 203-04.

[22]   In this case, the Bewleys claim the ITCA’s protections conflict with Indiana

       Code section 15-20-1-4 (2014), which provides in relevant part:

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-451 | October 30, 2023        Page 9 of 12
               (a) Except as provided in subsection (b), the owner of a dog

               commits a Class C misdemeanor if:

               (1) the owner recklessly, knowingly, or intentionally fails to take

               reasonable steps to restrain the dog;

               (2) the dog enters property other than the property of the dog’s

               owner; and

               (3) as the result of the owner’s failure to restrain the dog, the dog

               bites or attacks another person without provocation, resulting in

               bodily injury to the other person.

[23]   In response, the Town argues Indiana Code section 15-20-1-4 is inapplicable to

       the Bewleys’ case due to an exception set forth in Indiana Code section 15-20-1-

       6 (2008):

               An owner of a dog is exempt under section 4 of this chapter if the

               dog commits an act described in section 4 of this chapter during

               the period that the dog is owned by:

               (1) the United States;

               (2) an agency of the United States; or

               (3) a governmental entity (as defined in IC 34-6-2-49);

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-451 | October 30, 2023        Page 10 of 12
               and the dog is engaged in assisting the owner or the owner’s

               agent in the performance of law enforcement or military duties.

[24]   The parties have not directed us to a statutory definition of “law enforcement or

       military duties.” In general, we take words and phrases in their “plain,

       ordinary, and usual meaning unless a different purpose is manifested by

       statute.” JKB Sr. v. Armour Pharm. Co., 660 N.E.2d 602, 605 (Ind. Ct. App.

       1996), trans. denied. Officer Turpin deployed the K9 to help him apprehend

       suspected felons, which may reasonably be understood as a law enforcement

       duty based on a plain, ordinary, and usual understanding of that phrase.

[25]   The Bewleys argue the exception set forth in Indiana Code section 15-20-1-6 is

       inapplicable because Officer Turpin’s actions were so “unreasonable and

       excessive” as to fall outside the definition of a law enforcement duty. Reply

       Brief, p. 9. We disagree. The Bewleys alleged negligence, not excessive force,

       in their complaint. Further, if immunity exists, the degree of a governmental

       defendant’s culpability and the nature of its tortious conduct are not relevant

       considerations. State, Dep’t of Nat. Res. v. Taylor, 419 N.E.2d 819, 823 (Ind. Ct.

       App. 1981).

[26]   In sum, Indiana Code section 15-20-1-4, the dog bite statute, does not apply

       here because Officer Turpin’s conduct falls under the law enforcement duty

       exception set forth in Indiana Code section 15-20-1-6. Absent any statutory

       conflict between Indiana Code section 15-20-1-4 and Indiana Code section 34-

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-451 | October 30, 2023       Page 11 of 12
       13-3-3(a)(8), the ITCA immunizes Officer Turpin’s conduct because he was

       enforcing a law when he released the K9. The trial court did not err in granting

       summary judgment for the Town.

       Conclusion
[27]   For the reasons stated above, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

[28]   Affirmed.

       Weissmann, J., and Kenworthy, J., concur.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-451 | October 30, 2023    Page 12 of 12