Court Opinion

ID: 9383240
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-29 21:00:36.810383+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:44.564024
License: Public Domain

RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                       File Name: 23a0057p.06

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

                                                             ┐
 BNA ASSOCIATES LLC,
                                                             │
                                   Plaintiff-Appellant,      │
                                                              >        No. 22-5491
                                                             │
        v.                                                   │
                                                             │
 GOLDMAN SACHS SPECIALTY LENDING GROUP, L.P.,                │
                             Defendant-Appellee.             │
                                                             ┘

 Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee at Nashville.
                No. 3:21-cv-00481—Waverly D. Crenshaw, Jr., District Judge.

                                   Argued: December 6, 2022

                              Decided and Filed: March 29, 2023

                 Before: READLER, MURPHY, and MATHIS, Circuit Judges.
                                 _________________

                                            COUNSEL

ARGUED: Paul J. Krog, BULSO PLC, Brentwood, Tennessee, for Appellant. David R. Fine,
K&L GATES LLP, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Paul J. Krog, Eric W.
Smith, BULSO PLC, Brentwood, Tennessee, for Appellant. David R. Fine, K&L GATES LLP,
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Jason W. Callen, Charles I. Malone, K&L GATES LLP, Nashville,
Tennessee, for Appellee.
                                      _________________

                                             OPINION
                                      _________________

       CHAD A. READLER, Circuit Judge. Ruby Tuesday, a restaurant proprietor, leased
property in Maryville, Tennessee to support its corporate operations. The company thought it
had said goodbye to the property when it agreed to transfer its interest to BNA Associates, a real
estate developer. But a new day brought a new development. As a debtor to Goldman Sachs,
 No. 22-5491                       BNA Assocs. LLC v. Goldman                              Page 2
                                   Sachs Specialty Lending Grp.

Ruby Tuesday, per the parties’ credit agreement, was required to get Goldman’s consent before
transferring any property subject to the agreement. And when Goldman refused to consent,
Ruby Tuesday and BNA missed out on closing their deal. Unable to put its name on the
property, BNA sued Goldman, alleging intentional interference with business relations under
Tennessee law. The district court dismissed BNA’s complaint. We affirm.

                                                 I.

       Maryville, Tennessee is home to Ruby Tuesday, a casual dining chain with restaurants
around the country.     Maryville is also home to Maryville College, a liberal arts school.
Maryville College owns a storied mansion nestled in the campus woods. The school leased the
home to Ruby Tuesday, which used it for corporate retreats. When the company ran into
financial headwinds years later, Ruby Tuesday decided to sell its interest in the lease. BNA
Associates, a real estate developer known for projects involving distinct properties, took interest.
Before long, BNA and Ruby Tuesday signed a purchase and sale agreement, which, if the deal
came to fruition, would give BNA a right to the leased property.

       But the parties could not consummate the deal on their own. By way of background,
Ruby Tuesday had secured a loan from Goldman Sachs three years earlier. The loan’s terms,
according to BNA’s complaint, prevented Ruby Tuesday from selling its interest in the Maryville
College lease without Goldman’s consent.        This provision in the credit agreement was no
secret—BNA’s purchase and sale agreement with Ruby Tuesday stated (in all-caps and bold
font) that Ruby Tuesday “must obtain approval from [Goldman] for the transaction.” To BNA’s
dismay, Goldman refused to approve. Adding salt to the wound, the lease later ended up in
Goldman’s hands after Ruby Tuesday’s eventual bankruptcy.

       BNA viewed Goldman’s lack of cooperation as tortious. So it sued Goldman. At issue
here is BNA’s claim under Tennessee law for intentional interference with business relations
(IIBR). To put forth a viable IIBR claim, BNA had to adequately plead (1) an existing business
relationship with Ruby Tuesday, (2) Goldman’s knowledge of that relationship, (3) Goldman’s
intent to cause a breach or termination of the relationship, (4) Goldman’s improper motive or
 No. 22-5491                        BNA Assocs. LLC v. Goldman                               Page 3
                                    Sachs Specialty Lending Grp.

improper means, and (5) damages from the tortious interference. Trau-Med of Am., Inc. v.
Allstate Ins. Co., 71 S.W.3d 691, 701 (Tenn. 2002).

       Goldman moved to dismiss the complaint under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
12(b)(6).   According to Goldman, BNA’s pleading did not satisfy the tort’s fourth prong:
improper motive or means. To that end, BNA conceded that it did not plead an improper motive
theory. And as to an improper means theory, Goldman contended its conduct could not be
deemed improper when the company simply invoked its contractual right to refuse consent.
Goldman also argued that the IIBR claim failed the first prong because the tort does not apply to
instances where the relationship at issue was committed to contract, as was BNA’s relationship
with Ruby Tuesday. The district court dismissed the claim on the improper means ground. BNA
appealed.

                                                 II.

       We review a dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) de novo. Ammex, Inc. v. McDowell, 24 F.4th
1072, 1079 (6th Cir. 2022). Viewing the complaint in the light most favorable to BNA and
accepting well-pleaded factual allegations as true, we ask whether the complaint states a claim
that is plausible on its face. Id. Although the district court dismissed the complaint on the
improper means prong, we can affirm on any basis supported by the record. EA Mgmt. v. JP
Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., 655 F.3d 573, 575 (6th Cir. 2011).

       Tennessee’s intentional interference with business relations tort has a confined scope.
Consistent with the tort’s first prong, the law applies in settings such as “prospective contractual
relations” or “customary relationship[s] not amounting to a formal contract.” Trau-Med, 71
S.W.3d at 701 n.4 (citing Restatement (Second) of Torts § 766B cmt. c (Am. L. Inst. 1979))
(emphasis omitted). It does not reach relationships that have been reduced to a contract, “current
or prior.” Clear Water Partners, LLC v. Benson, No. E2016-00442-COA-R3-CV, 2017 WL
376391, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 26, 2017). The gist of an IIBR claim is that the plaintiff’s
non-contractual business relationship with another was intentionally interfered with by a third
party, the purported tortfeasor. Trau-Med, 71 S.W.3d at 698–701. If the third party tortiously
interfered with that relationship, it can be liable for the resulting damages. Id. at 701.
 No. 22-5491                        BNA Assocs. LLC v. Goldman                               Page 4
                                    Sachs Specialty Lending Grp.

         BNA pleaded that Goldman interfered with BNA and Ruby Tuesday’s purchase and sale
agreement. But as IIBR does not apply to “contractual relationship[s],” it is inapplicable to
Goldman’s purported interference with the contract between BNA and Ruby Tuesday. Crouch v.
Pepperidge Farm, Inc., 424 F. App’x 456, 461 (6th Cir. 2011) (citing Trau-Med, 71 S.W.3d at
698–701 & n.4).       BNA also makes no claim that Goldman interfered with any potential
relationship between BNA and Maryville College, the property owner, so we need not consider
this forfeited theory. Cf. Clear Water, 2017 WL 376391, at *6–7; Radvansky v. City of Olmsted
Falls, 395 F.3d 291, 311 (6th Cir. 2005) (“[F]ailure to raise an argument . . . [forfeits] the
argument on appeal.”).

         BNA has a different view. To its mind, there is “no sensible reason” for distinguishing
between tortious conduct aimed at terminable at will, as opposed to prospective, contracts. But
BNA did not have a terminable at will contract with Ruby Tuesday. And meritorious or not, that
is a complaint best made to Tennessee legislators and legal tribunals, not us. Then again, the
Volunteer State may have already answered the call. After all, parties who suffer contractual
interference are not wholly without relief under Tennessee law. They might state a claim for a
different tort: inducement of breach of contract. See Watson’s Carpet & Floor Coverings, Inc.
v. McCormick, 247 S.W.3d 169, 174 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007); Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-50-109.

         Equally unavailing is the case law put forward by BNA. Most of those decisions are not
from Tennessee courts. Beyond that threshold hurdle, BNA’s cases are not persuasive. One,
Reeves v. Hanlon, addressed an at-will employment relationship, something not at issue here. 95
P.3d 513, 519 (Cal. 2004); see also Forrester v. Stockstill, 869 S.W.2d 328, 330–31 (Tenn.
1994). Another, Maximus Inc. v. Lockheed Info. Mgmt. Sys. Co., involved an allegation that the
plaintiff’s attempt to win a state contract was improperly thwarted by a third party, giving rise to
an IIBR-type claim. 493 S.E.2d 375, 377–78 (Va. 1997). But here, BNA successfully signed the
contract with Ruby Tuesday.

         Even if we agreed with BNA that IIBR applies in this contractual setting, it is difficult to
see how BNA adequately pleaded the tort’s fourth prong—that Goldman acted through improper
means.     Tennessee courts define “improper means” to include “methods that violate an
 No. 22-5491                         BNA Assocs. LLC v. Goldman                           Page 5
                                     Sachs Specialty Lending Grp.

established standard of a trade or profession” and “sharp dealing, overreaching, or unfair
competition.” Trau-Med, 71 S.W.3d at 701 n.5. At the same time, “the tort should not be
interpreted in such a way as to prohibit or undermine the ability to contract freely and engage in
competition.” Watson’s Carpet, 247 S.W.3d at 178. Yet that seems to be just what BNA is
asking us to do—undermine free competition by holding Goldman liable for simply invoking its
contractual right to block Ruby Tuesday from transferring its assets. Goldman was perhaps
playing hardball. Any rational actor would likely have done the same, were it in their perceived
best interest. See, e.g., Donald J. Kochan, Corporate Social Responsibility in a Remedy-Seeking
Society: A Public Choice Perspective, 17 Chapman L. Rev. 413, 424 (2014). But this and
similar negotiating tactics are ubiquitous in the business world. And Goldman’s tack was
especially unobjectionable considering the veto power afforded it by the credit agreement. Far
more, it seems, is needed to plead tortious conduct. See, e.g., Clear Water Partners, 2017 WL
376391, at *5, 7.

                                 *        *      *      *      *

       We affirm the judgment of the district court.