Court Opinion

ID: 4151492
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-03-09 16:17:58.107051+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:01:32.310611
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT, STATE OF WYOMING

                                             2017 WY 30

                                                                  OCTOBER TERM, A.D. 2016

                                                                             March 9, 2017

DHARMINDER VIR SEN,

Appellant
(Defendant),

v.                                                                             S-15-0267

THE STATE OF WYOMING,

Appellee
(Plaintiff).

                      Appeal from the District Court of Sheridan County
                            The Honorable John G. Fenn, Judge
Representing Appellant:
      Thomas Fleener, Faculty Director, and Hannah Toland, Student Intern, U.W. Defender
      Aid Program. Argument by Ms. Toland.

Representing Appellee:
      Peter K. Michael, Attorney General; David L. Delicath, Deputy Attorney General;
      Christyne M. Martens, Senior Assistant Attorney General. Argument by Ms. Martens.

Before BURKE, C.J., and HILL, DAVIS, FOX, and KAUTZ, JJ.

BURKE, C.J., delivers the opinion of the Court; KAUTZ, J., files a specially concurring
opinion.

NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in Pacific Reporter Third. Readers
are requested to notify the Clerk of the Supreme Court, Supreme Court Building, Cheyenne, Wyoming
82002, of any typographical or other formal errors so that correction may be made before final publication in
the permanent volume.
BURKE, Chief Justice.

[¶1] Appellant, Dharminder Sen, was convicted of first-degree felony murder,
aggravated burglary, and conspiracy to commit aggravated burglary for his participation
in the killing of Robert Ernst after breaking into Mr. Ernst’s home with Wyatt Bear Cloud
and Dennis Poitra, Jr. Sen appealed and, following the United States Supreme Court’s
decision in Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 132 S. Ct. 2455, 183 L. Ed. 2d 407 (2012)
and our decision in Bear Cloud v. State, 2013 WY 18, 294 P.3d 36 (Wyo. 2013) (Bear
Cloud II), we vacated his sentences and remanded for resentencing on all counts. Sen v.
State, 2013 WY 47, ¶¶ 48-52, 301 P.3d 106, 124-28 (Wyo. 2013).

[¶2] Sen was resentenced to life imprisonment according to law for the first-degree
murder conviction, 20 to 25 years for the conspiracy conviction, and 10 to 25 years for
the aggravated burglary conviction. The court ordered the sentences for first-degree
murder and conspiracy to run concurrently, and the sentence for aggravated burglary to
run consecutively to them. Sen contends his aggregate sentence, which will require him
to serve at least 35 years before he becomes parole eligible, violates constitutional
protections against cruel and unusual punishment. We affirm.

                                         ISSUES

[¶3]   Sen presents the following issues:

              I.     Is Sen’s aggregate sentence a de facto sentence of life
                     without the possibility of parole, and therefore
                     unconstitutional under the 8th Amendment of the
                     United States Constitution and in violation of Article
                     1, Section 14 of the Wyoming Constitution?

              II.    Is Sen’s aggravated burglary sentence           grossly
                     disproportionate and unconstitutional?

                                            FACTS

[¶4] In August 2009, when he was fifteen years old, Sen, along with Wyatt Bear Cloud
and Dennis Poitra, Jr., burglarized the home of Robert and Linda Ernst. During the
burglary, Sen shot and killed Mr. Ernst. A more complete recitation of the facts is set
forth in Sen, ¶ 3, 301 P.3d at 111, and will not be repeated here.

[¶5] After a jury trial, Sen was found guilty of first-degree felony murder, in violation
of Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 6-2-101(a) (LexisNexis 2009), conspiracy to commit aggravated
burglary, in violation of Wyo. Stat. Ann. §§ 6-1-303(a) and 6-3-301(a) and (c)(i), and
aggravated burglary, in violation of Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 6-3-301(a) and (c)(i). Sen, ¶¶ 4, 8,

                                              1
301 P.3d at 111-12. Initially, he was sentenced to life imprisonment without the
possibility of parole for the first-degree felony murder conviction, 20 to 25 years
imprisonment for the aggravated burglary conviction, to be served consecutively to the
life sentence, and 20 to 25 years imprisonment for the conspiracy to commit aggravated
burglary conviction, to be served consecutively to the other two sentences. Id., ¶ 8, 301
P.3d at 112. Sen appealed his convictions and sentence. While the appeal was pending,
the United States Supreme Court issued its decision in Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460,
132 S. Ct. 2455, 183 L. Ed. 2d 407 (2012), and we issued our decision in Bear Cloud II,
294 P.3d 36. In Miller, the Supreme Court held that sentencing schemes imposing
mandatory life without the possibility of parole for those under the age of eighteen at the
time of their crimes violate the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition against cruel and
unusual punishment.

[¶6] In Bear Cloud II, we held that, under Wyoming law, a sentence of “life according
to law” is in effect a life sentence without the possibility of parole, and that such a
sentence violates the Eighth Amendment when it is imposed on a juvenile without the
benefit of an individualized sentencing hearing. Id., ¶¶ 34, 42, 294 P.3d at 45, 47. We
also stated that “because the current statutory scheme provides no other method by which
to determine parole eligibility, we hold that when a trial court imposes a sentence of life
imprisonment according to law upon a juvenile homicide offender, the trial court must
also pronounce a specific period of time which must pass before the juvenile becomes
parole eligible.” Id., ¶ 47, 294 P.3d at 47-48. We vacated Sen’s sentences and remanded
for resentencing on all counts. We instructed the district court to conduct a hearing
consistent with the requirements of Miller and to consider the sentences for all counts
together “because Sen’s sentence of life without the possibility of parole may have
impacted the sentencing decisions with respect to his conspiracy and aggravated burglary
convictions, which resulted in an additional 40 to 50 years imprisonment beyond his life
term.” Sen, ¶ 51, 301 P.3d at 127.

[¶7] In accord with our decision, the district court held another sentencing hearing.
During that hearing, the court heard testimony from Sen’s mother, grandmother, aunt,
and several expert witnesses who evaluated Sen. At the conclusion of the hearing, the
district court, applying Miller, announced: “[T]he Court finds that life without the
possibility of parole, . . . is not an appropriate sentence in this matter and the Court must
sentence him in the manner in which he has a possibility of parole.” The court sentenced
Sen to life imprisonment according to law for the first-degree murder conviction and
ordered that Sen would become parole eligible under that sentence after 35 years. Sen
was also sentenced to 20 to 25 years for conspiracy to commit aggravated burglary, to run
concurrently with the life sentence, and to 20 to 25 years for aggravated burglary, to run
consecutively to the first two sentences. The aggregate sentence required Sen to serve at
least 55 years in prison before becoming parole eligible.

[¶8]   Sen appealed a second time. Before the appeal could be decided, however, we

                                             2
issued our decisions in Bear Cloud v. State, 2014 WY 113, 334 P.3d 132 (Wyo. 2014)
(Bear Cloud III) and State v. Mares, 2014 WY 126, ¶ 25, 335 P.3d 487, 497-98 (Wyo.
2014). In Bear Cloud III, we held that an aggregate sentencing scheme imposing a 45-
year period of parole ineligibility constituted a de facto life sentence with no meaningful
opportunity for release. In State v. Mares, we addressed the applicability of statutory
amendments pertaining to parole eligibility for juveniles convicted of murder to crimes
that were committed prior to the statutory change. The amended statutes were enacted in
2013 and provide that persons convicted of first-degree murder who were under 18 at the
time of the offense “shall be punished by life imprisonment” and that they shall be
eligible for parole after having served 25 years of their sentence. 2013 Wyo. Sess. Laws,
ch. 18, § 1 (amending Wyo. Stat. Ann. §§ 6-2-101(b) and 6-10-301(c)).1 We held that the
amended statutes govern parole eligibility for juveniles already serving life sentences
when the amendments became effective. We concluded that

                  Any juvenile offender sentenced to life imprisonment under
                  the former law is now, by operation of the amended parole
                  statutes, serving a sentence of life imprisonment with
                  eligibility for parole in twenty-five years, and a juvenile
                  offender serving such a sentence is not required to file a Rule
                  35 motion to implement that revised sentence.

Mares, ¶ 26, 335 P.3d at 498.               Accordingly, the amended statutes apply to Sen’s
sentence.

[¶9]      In light of those decisions, the parties filed a stipulated motion seeking a second

1
    Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 6-10-301(c) was modified as follows:

                  (c) Any sentence other than a sentence specifically designated as a
                  sentence of life imprisonment without parole is subject to commutation
                  by the governor. A person sentenced to life imprisonment for an offense
                  committed after the person reached the age of eighteen (18) years is not
                  eligible for parole unless the governor has commuted the person’s
                  sentence to a term of years. A person sentenced to life imprisonment for
                  an offense committed before the person reached the age of eighteen (18)
                  years shall be eligible for parole after commutation of his sentence to a
                  term of years or after having served twenty-five (25) years of
                  incarceration, except that if the person committed any of the acts
                  specified in W.S. 7-13-402(b) after having reached the age of eighteen
                  (18) years the person shall not be eligible for parole.

2013 Wyo. Sess. Laws, ch. 18, § 1, at 76.

                                                     3
remand for resentencing. Sen v. State, 2014 WY 148, 337 P.3d 1156 (Wyo. 2014). In
support of the motion, the State conceded that Sen’s life sentence was subject to the 25-
year parole ineligibility requirement in the amended statutes. Id., ¶ 3, 337 P.3d at 1156-
57. We granted the motion and remanded for resentencing on all counts for a second
time. Id., ¶ 4, 337 P.3d at 1157. In doing so, we noted that in light of the amendments to
Wyo. Stat. Ann. §§ 6-2-101(b) and 6-10-301(c), “at the resentencing required by this
order, the district court is neither required nor authorized to specify a period of parole
ineligibility.” Id., ¶ 2, 337 P.3d at 1156.

[¶10] Following another hearing, Sen was resentenced to life imprisonment according to
law for first-degree murder; 20 to 25 years for conspiracy to commit aggravated burglary;
and 10 to 25 years for aggravated burglary. The court ordered the sentences for first-
degree murder and conspiracy to run concurrently to each other, and the sentence for
aggravated burglary to run consecutively to them. The aggregate sentence will require
Sen to serve at least 35 years in prison, excluding any credit for good time, before he
becomes eligible for parole. This appeal followed.

                                          DISCUSSION

    I. De Facto Life Without Parole

[¶11] In his first issue, Sen contends his sentence is cruel and unusual punishment under
the Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and Article 1, Section 14 of the
Wyoming Constitution.2 Sen, however, does not present a separate analysis under the
Wyoming Constitution. Because he does not provide a reasoned argument under Article
1, Section 14, we do not consider a state constitutional claim. Bear Cloud III, ¶ 14, 334
P.3d at 137. Our analysis, therefore, is limited to the Eighth Amendment claim. We
review de novo the issue of whether a sentence violates the Eighth Amendment’s
prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. Sen, ¶ 43, 301 P.3d at 122.

[¶12] Sen concedes that he was appropriately sentenced to life imprisonment as a result
of his first-degree murder conviction. He claims, however, that because he will not be
parole eligible for 35 years, the district court imposed a de facto life sentence. According
to Sen, his “aggregate sentence is functionally equivalent to an LWOP sentence and,
therefore, unconstitutional under Miller and Bear Cloud III.”

2
 The Eighth Amendment provides “Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor
cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.” U.S. Const. amend. VIII. The Wyoming Constitution, in turn,
provides “Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor shall cruel or unusual
punishment be inflicted.” Wyo. Const. art. 1, § 14.

                                                  4
[¶13] Our analysis of Sen’s claim requires a brief review of the recent precedent
applying the Eighth Amendment to juveniles. As set forth in Bear Cloud III, the United
States Supreme Court, in a series of cases culminating in Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S.
460, 132 S.Ct. at 2464, established “that children are constitutionally different from
adults for purposes of sentencing [b]ecause juveniles have diminished culpability and
greater prospects for reform.” Bear Cloud III, ¶ 15, 334 P.3d at 137. That series began
with Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551, 567-68, 125 S. Ct. 1183, 1194, 161 L. Ed. 2d 1
(2005), in which the Court found that our society views juveniles as “categorically less
culpable than the average criminal” and held that the Eighth Amendment prohibits the
death penalty for persons under the age of eighteen at the time of the crime.
Subsequently, in Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48, 130 S. Ct. 2011, 176 L. Ed. 2d 825
(2010), the Court adopted a categorical rule against life without parole for juvenile non-
homicide offenders. In that case, the Court determined that the Eighth Amendment does
not require that all juvenile non-homicide offenders be guaranteed eventual freedom, but
that the juvenile offenders must have “some meaningful opportunity to obtain release
based on demonstrated maturity and rehabilitation.” Graham, 560 U.S. at 75, 130 S.Ct.
at 2030.

[¶14] In Miller, the Court addressed the constitutionality of penalty schemes in which
juveniles who commit murder face a mandatory sentence of life without the possibility of
parole. As we noted in Bear Cloud III,

                    The Miller Court began its analysis with a review of
             Eighth Amendment jurisprudence, saying that “[t]he Eighth
             Amendment’s prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment
             ‘guarantees individuals the right not to be subjected to
             excessive sanctions.’” Id. at , 132 S.Ct. at 2463 (quoting
             Roper, 543 U.S. at 560, 125 S.Ct. at 1190). An “excessive
             sanction” is determined by applying the concept of
             proportionality — “‘punishment for crime should be
             graduated and proportioned’ to both the offender and the
             offense.” Id. at , 132 S.Ct. at 2463 (quoting Roper, 543 U.S.
             at 560, 125 S.Ct. at [1190]). “Proportionality” is a concept
             that also evolves, with “‘the evolving standards of decency
             that mark the progress of a maturing society.’” Miller, 567
             U.S. at , 132 S.Ct. at 2463 (quoting Estelle v. Gamble, 429
U.S. 97, 102, 97 S. Ct. 285, 290, 50 L. Ed. 2d 251 (1976)).

Id., ¶ 25, 334 P.3d at 140. Ultimately, the Miller Court held that the mandatory penalty
schemes at issue prevented a judge from taking into account the distinctive attributes of
youth and their effect on the penological justifications before imposing the harshest
sentences on juvenile offenders:

                                            5
              By removing youth from the balance – by subjecting a
              juvenile to the same life-without-parole sentence applicable to
              an adult – these laws prohibit a sentencing authority from
              assessing whether the law’s harshest term of
              imprisonment proportionately punishes a juvenile offender.
              That contravenes Graham’s (and also Roper’s) foundational
              principle: that imposition of a State’s most severe penalties on
              juvenile offenders cannot proceed as though they were not
              children.

Miller, 567 U.S. at ___, 132 S.Ct. at 2466. Accordingly, Miller required an
individualized sentencing hearing that takes into account “how children are different, and
how those differences counsel against irrevocably sentencing them to a lifetime in
prison.” Id., 567 U.S. at ___, 132 S.Ct. at 2469.

[¶15] Most recently, in Montgomery v. Louisiana, 577 U.S. ___, 136 S. Ct. 718, 725, 193
L. Ed. 2d 599 (2016), the Court addressed the issue of whether Miller applied retroactively
to cases on collateral review. The Court determined that its holding in Miller should be
given retroactive effect because it announced a substantive rule of constitutional law. Id.
at ___, 136 S.Ct. at 736. The Court emphasized that Miller barred life in prison without
the possibility of parole for “all but the rarest of juvenile offenders, those whose crimes
reflect permanent incorrigibility.” Id. at ___, 136 S.Ct. at 734. Further, the Court stated
that “Miller . . . did more than require a sentencer to consider a juvenile offender’s youth
before imposing life without parole; it established that the penological justifications for
life without parole collapse in light of ‘the distinctive attributes of youth.’” Id. The
Court concluded that, in light of what it had said in Roper, Graham, and Miller about
how children are constitutionally different from adults in their level of culpability, “hope
for some years of life outside prison walls must be restored” to those prisoners whose
crimes did not reflect irreparable corruption. Id. at ___, 136 S.Ct. at 736-37.

[¶16] As indicated above, we first applied the teachings of Miller in a series of cases
involving Sen’s co-defendant, Wyatt Bear Cloud. Bear Cloud was originally sentenced
to 20 to 25 years in prison for aggravated burglary; life in prison “according to law” for
first-degree murder, to be served consecutively to the aggravated burglary sentence; and
20 to 25 years in prison for conspiracy to commit aggravated burglary, to be served
concurrently with the first-degree murder sentence. Bear Cloud v. State, 2012 WY 16, ¶
15, 275 P.3d 377, 384 (Wyo. 2012) (Bear Cloud I). We affirmed those convictions and
sentences in Bear Cloud I. In Bear Cloud II, however, following the Supreme Court’s
decision in Miller, we held that Bear Cloud’s sentence of “life according to law” was in
effect a life sentence without the possibility of parole, and that such a sentence violates
the Eighth Amendment when it is imposed on a juvenile without the benefit of an
individualized sentencing hearing. Bear Cloud II, ¶¶ 34, 42, 294 P.3d at 45, 47.
Accordingly, we remanded the case to the district court for a new hearing on Bear

                                             6
Cloud’s sentence for his first-degree murder conviction. Id., ¶¶ 42, 49, 294 P.3d at 47,
48. We also held that “[o]nly the life sentence for first-degree murder is at issue in this
appeal.” Id., ¶ 9, 294 P.3d at 40. As noted above, the Wyoming legislature subsequently
amended the laws governing juvenile parole eligibility by providing that persons
convicted of first-degree murder who were under 18 at the time of the offense “shall be
punished by life imprisonment,” and that they shall be eligible for parole after having
served 25 years of their sentence. 2013 Wyo. Sess. Laws, ch. 18, § 1 (amending Wyo.
Stat. Ann. §§ 6-2-101(b) and 6-10-301(c)).

[¶17] Upon remand, the district court held an individualized sentencing hearing in
conformance with the requirements of Miller. Bear Cloud III, ¶ 9, 334 P.3d at 136.
Following the hearing, the court sentenced Bear Cloud to life in prison with the
possibility of parole after serving 25 years on the felony murder charge, to run
consecutive to the previously imposed sentence of 20 to 25 years for aggravated burglary,
and concurrent to the sentence of 20 to 25 years for conspiracy. Id., ¶ 11, 334 P.3d at
136. The effect of this sentencing structure was that the earliest possible meaningful
opportunity for Bear Cloud’s release would have been in 45 years, when he reached the
age of 61. Id. In accordance with our decision in Bear Cloud II, the district court
concluded that Bear Cloud’s sentences for aggravated burglary and conspiracy were not
before the court. Id., ¶ 10, 334 P.3d at 136. Consequently, the court did not consider the
entire sentencing package when it held the resentencing hearing.

[¶18] In Bear Cloud III, Bear Cloud challenged the district court’s failure to consider his
sentences for aggravated burglary and conspiracy at his resentencing hearing. The issue
we addressed was whether a juvenile offender sentenced to a lengthy aggregate sentence
– mandating 45 years of parole ineligibility – is also afforded the protections of the
individualized sentencing scheme mandated in Miller. Bear Cloud III, ¶ 32, 334 P.3d at
141. We answered that question in the affirmative: a “lengthy aggregate sentence for
closely-related crimes whose practical effect is that the juvenile offender will spend his
lifetime in prison triggers the Eighth Amendment protections set forth by the United
States Supreme Court in Miller.” Bear Cloud III, ¶¶ 32-33, 334 P.3d at 141-42. In doing
so, we held that an aggregate sentence mandating 45 years of parole ineligibility
constitutes a de facto life sentence. Id.3 We stated that “On remand, the district court

3
 The State asks us to overrule our conclusion, in Bear Cloud III, that Miller applies to lengthy aggregate
sentences. We decline to do so. In Bear Cloud III, ¶¶ 35-36, 334 P.3d at 142-44, we recognized a split of
authority on the question and determined that those decisions finding Miller applicable to aggregate
sentences were better reasoned. The State has not presented any authority which causes us to revisit that
decision. We note that several of the cases cited by the State in support of its position that Miller does not
apply to aggregate sentences involved habeas corpus proceedings. In those cases, the standard for
determining error is whether the state court’s adjudication of the defendant’s Eighth Amendment claim is
“contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law.” See, e.g.,

                                                      7
should weigh the entire sentencing package, and in doing so it must consider the practical
result of lengthy consecutive sentences.” Id., ¶ 36, 334 P.3d at 143 (footnote omitted).

[¶19] With this precedent in mind, we turn to our analysis of Sen’s claim. Unlike Bear
Cloud, Sen does not claim he did not receive an individualized sentencing hearing in
compliance with the requirements of Miller and Bear Cloud III. Rather, he contends his
sentence is unconstitutional because it is “functionally equivalent” to a sentence of life
without the possibility of parole. We disagree.

[¶20] Sen claims, broadly, that any aggregate sentencing structure imposed on a juvenile
offender which results in a period of parole ineligibility beyond 25 years is
unconstitutional. Sen relies upon the statutory amendments providing for parole
eligibility for juveniles to support that contention. His reliance is misplaced.

[¶21] There is no indication that our legislature intended for the 25-year period of parole
ineligibility set forth in Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 6-10-301(c) to apply to aggregate sentences
imposed for multiple crimes. The statute provides “A person sentenced to life
imprisonment for an offense committed before the person reached the age of eighteen
(18) years shall be eligible for parole after commutation of his sentence to a term of years
or after having served twenty-five (25) years of incarceration . . . .” (Emphasis added.)
In Bear Cloud III, we determined that the aggregate sentence resulting in parole
ineligibility for 45 years was a de facto life sentence and unconstitutional. However, we
did not indicate that any aggregate sentence exceeding 25 years of parole ineligibility was
unconstitutional. Rather, we implicitly acknowledged the sentencing court’s authority to
impose consecutive sentences upon a juvenile convicted of first-degree murder. We
remanded to the district court to consider “the practical result of lengthy consecutive
sentences.” Bear Cloud III, ¶ 36, 334 P.3d at 143. Sen has not provided any precedent
from any jurisdiction supporting his contention, and we have found none. Accordingly,
we reject his claim that any sentence resulting in parole ineligibility in excess of 25 years
is unconstitutional.

[¶22] Sen also claims that his aggregate sentence, resulting in 35 years of parole
ineligibility, is unconstitutional because, according to Sen, it is “functionally equivalent”
to a life without parole sentence. With respect to this claim, Sen has again failed to
provide us with any precedent from any jurisdiction supporting his assertion.4 As we

Bunch v. Smith, 685 F.3d 546, 549 (6th Cir. 2012); Moore v. Biter, 742 F.3d 917 (9th Cir. 2014). That,
however, is not the appropriate standard for this Court to use in a direct appeal of a sentencing
determination.
4
  Indeed, Sen has cited no decision other than Bear Cloud III in which a court has determined that a
sentence carrying less than 45 years of parole ineligibility constitutes a de facto life sentence or fails to

                                                     8
noted in Bear Cloud III, ¶ 35 n.10, 334 P.3d at 143 n.10, however, at least one other court
has found that a 35-year period of parole ineligibility does provide a meaningful
opportunity for release. State v. Sanders, No. 2012AP1517, 2014 WI App 97, 356 Wis.
2d 829, 855 N.W.2d 720, 2014 Wisc. App. LEXIS 646, ¶¶ 14-15, 2014 WL 3819456, ¶¶
14-15 (Wis. Ct. App. August 5, 2014) (unpublished disposition). Sen also relies upon the
same life expectancy data that we rejected in Bear Cloud III to support his claim that his
aggregate sentence fails to provide him any meaningful opportunity for release.5 As in
Bear Cloud III, we decline to make any projections of Sen’s life expectancy.

[¶23] The issue of how long a juvenile may be sentenced to prison before he becomes
parole eligible has been the subject of considerable judicial attention in the wake of
Graham and Miller. Some jurisdictions have chosen to treat the juvenile’s life
expectancy as a key factual issue to be determined by the sentencing court. In these
jurisdictions, however, it is unclear how much life expectancy must remain at the time of
parole eligibility in order to constitute a “meaningful opportunity for release.”

                “[L]ife expectancy projections derived on appeal [have
                varied] widely in recent juvenile LWOP cases,” from as high
                as 80 years for an 18-year-old defendant to as low as 64.6
                years for a 17-year-old defendant. (People v. Gonzalez (2014)
                225 Cal. App. 4th 1296, 1307 [170 Cal. Rptr. 3d 883], review
                granted July 23, 2014, S219167; see People v. Mendez (2010)
                188 Cal. App. 4th 47, 63 [114 Cal. Rptr. 3d 870] [life
                expectancy for an 18-year-old male is 76 years, citing
                National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease
                Control, National Vital Statistics Reps. (June 28, 2010) table
                2, vol. 58, No. 21 and People v. Romero (2002) 99
Cal. App. 4th 1418, 1427–1428 [122 Cal. Rptr. 2d 399]];
                People v. Solis, supra, 224 Cal.App.4th at p. 734, fn. 2 [life
                expectancy for a 17 year old is 72 years based on actuarial
                tables].)

provide a meaningful opportunity for release. The State contends we should overrule Bear Cloud III and
hold that a 45-year period of parole ineligibility does not constitute a de facto life sentence. We decline to
do so, and note that it is not necessary to address the State’s claim in order to resolve the issues presented
in this appeal.
5
  While we stated that the study “seems to demonstrate that the life expectancy of incarcerated youthful
offenders is significantly reduced compared to that of the general population,” we note that the data
collected was based on juveniles sentenced to natural life sentences, which provide no opportunity for
release, rather than lengthy term-of-years sentences. Bear Cloud III, ¶ 33, 334 P.3d at 142;
http://fairsentencingofyouth.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Michigan-Life-Expectancy-Data-Youth-
Serving-Life.pdf.

                                                      9
People v. Turner, 200 Cal. Rptr. 3d 739, 754 (Cal. App. 1st 2016). In People v.
Caballero, 55 Cal. 4th 262, 145 Cal. Rptr. 3d 286, 282 P.3d 291, 294 n.3 (2012), which
held that Miller and Graham apply to lengthy or aggregate sentences, the California
Supreme Court determined that “life expectancy” means the normal life expectancy of a
healthy person of the defendant’s age and gender living in the United States. In contrast,
other courts have recognized the argument that long-term incarceration presents health
and safety risks that tend to decrease life expectancy as compared to the general
population. See, e.g., People v. J.I.A., No. G040625, 2013 Cal. App. Unpub. LEXIS 706,
at *15-18, 2013 WL 342653, at *5 (Cal. Ct. App. Jan. 30, 2013) (unpublished opinion);
People v. Lucero,       P.3d       ,      , 2013 Colo. App. LEXIS 510, at *10, 2013 WL
1459477, at *4 (Colo. App. 2013).

[¶24] Other authority, however, rejects specific projections of the defendant’s life
expectancy as a factor to be used in reviewing a juvenile’s sentence. As we noted in Bear
Cloud III, ¶ 33, 334 P.3d at 142, the Iowa Supreme Court, in State v. Null, 836 N.W.2d
41, 71 (Iowa 2013) concluded that it does “not believe the determination of whether the
principles of Miller or Graham apply in a given case should turn on the niceties of
epidemiology, genetic analysis, or actuarial sciences in determining precise mortality
dates.” We agreed with Null in Bear Cloud III, and we declined to make any projections
of Bear Cloud’s life expectancy based on the data he presented to the district court.
There is no reason for us to depart from that determination in this case.

[¶25] Sen will be eligible for parole when he is approximately 50 years old. He has
failed to establish that this sentence does not provide him a meaningful opportunity for
release. It is not a de facto life sentence and does not violate the Eighth Amendment.

   II. Proportionality

[¶26] In his second issue, Sen contends his sentence of 10 to 25 years for aggravated
burglary, viewed in isolation, violates the Eighth Amendment and Article 1, Section 14 of
the Wyoming Constitution. Again, however, he does not present an independent analysis
under the Wyoming Constitution. As a result, our analysis is limited to his Eighth
Amendment claim. We apply a de novo review to Sen’s constitutional challenge. Sen, ¶
43, 301 P.3d at 122.

[¶27] Sen claims his sentence for aggravated burglary is grossly disproportionate to his
crime. He characterizes his crime as “car-hopping,” and asserts there is substantial
disparity between his sentence and sentences for similar crimes in Wyoming. He also
suggests the district court should not have considered the fact that he subsequently used
the gun obtained in the burglary to shoot and kill his victim. Further, he contends the
district court did not consider his age when sentencing him for aggravated burglary, as
required under Miller.

                                           10
[¶28] In Wyoming, aggravated burglary is a felony punishable by not less than 5 nor
more than 25 years in prison. Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 6-3-301(c). Sen does not suggest an
appropriate length for his aggravated burglary sentence. Rather, echoing the argument in
his first issue, he suggests that any sentence for aggravated burglary should have been
ordered to run concurrently to his life sentence for first-degree murder. We do not agree.

[¶29] We have repeatedly stated that “A court is given broad discretion in sentencing
and may consider a wide variety of factors about the defendant and his crimes.”
Frederick v. State, 2007 WY 27, ¶ 26, 151 P.3d 1136, 1144 (Wyo. 2007) (citing Manes v.
State, 2004 WY 70, ¶ 9, 92 P.3d 289, 292 (Wyo. 2004)). In Noel v. State, 2014 WY 30, ¶
42, 319 P.3d 134, 148 (Wyo. 2014), we noted that “a sentencing court may consider
evidence that supports a charge greater than the conviction for which the defendant is
being sentenced as well as evidence of other crimes committed by the defendant.”
Further, in Frederick, ¶ 26, 151 P.3d at 1145, we stated that “Victim impact information
about other crimes or convictions unrelated to the particular crime for which sentence is
about to be imposed is permissible.” Accordingly, the district court could properly
consider Sen’s conduct before and after the aggravated burglary in fashioning an
appropriate sentence.

[¶30] Sen points to several cases from Wyoming and elsewhere to support his claim that
his sentence for aggravated burglary is disproportionate to the crime. He relies on Solem
v. Helm, 463 U.S. 277, 292, 103 S. Ct. 3001, 3011, 77 L. Ed. 2d 637 (1983), which held
that

             a court’s proportionality analysis under the Eighth
             Amendment should be guided by objective criteria, including
             (i) the gravity of the offense and the harshness of the penalty;
             (ii) the sentences imposed on other criminals in the same
             jurisdiction; and (iii) the sentences imposed for commission
             of the same crime in other jurisdictions.

Since Solem, however, we have held that a comparison to sentences in other cases is
appropriate only in exceptional circumstances. In Oakley v. State, 715 P.2d 1374, 1379
(Wyo. 1986), we stated that

             We will not engage in a lengthy analysis under all three of the
             Solem criteria, including a consideration of the sentences
             imposed on similarly situated defendants in this and other
             jurisdictions, except in cases where the mode of punishment
             is unusual or where the relative length of sentence to
             imprisonment is extreme when compared to the gravity of the
             offense (the first of the Solem criteria).

                                           11
Similarly, in Dodge v. State, 951 P.2d 383, 385 (Wyo. 1997), we stated that

                [T]his court has adhered to the rule that we will not undertake
                a lengthy analysis under all three of the Solem criteria “except
                in cases where the mode of punishment is unusual or where
                the relative length of sentence to imprisonment is extreme
                when compared to the gravity of the offense.” . . . Our rule is
                in accord with the approach taken by the United States
                Supreme Court in Harmelin v. Michigan, where the court
                concluded that the Solem proportionality analysis is
                appropriate only “in the rare case in which a threshold
                comparison of the crime committed and the sentence imposed
                leads to an inference of gross disproportionality.” [Harmelin,]
                501 U.S. 957, 1005, 111 S. Ct. 2680, 2707, 115 L. Ed. 2d 836
                (1991) (Kennedy, J., concurring).

See also Sampsell v. State, 2001 WY 12, ¶ 10, 17 P.3d 724, 728 (Wyo. 2001); Suval v.
State, 6 P.3d 1272, 1274 (Wyo. 2000).

[¶31] Sen claims we should compare his sentence to Bear Cloud’s, asserting that Bear
Cloud’s case provides an “exact factual scenario available for analysis.”6 The record is
clear, however, that Bear Cloud’s case does not provide an exact factual scenario for
comparison. Sen had a more extensive juvenile history than Bear Cloud. Sen also had a
number of infractions during his incarceration that distinguish him from Bear Cloud.
Most significantly, Sen used the gun acquired during the burglary to shoot and kill
Mr. Ernst. The court properly considered these factors in fashioning an appropriate
sentence.

[¶32] This is not the rare case in which a threshold comparison of the crime committed
and the sentence imposed leads to an inference of gross disproportionality. This is not, as
Sen would suggest, simply a “car-hopping” case. There is no question that Sen stole the
gun. He practiced with it. He then broke into a house in the middle of the night and used
that gun to shoot and kill Mr. Ernst in his bed, in front of his wife. The sentence is within
the range of 5 to 25 years specified in Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 6-3-301(c).7 We are unable to

6
  Sen requests that we take judicial notice of the fact that, upon remand in Bear Cloud III, Bear Cloud’s
sentences have been ordered to be served concurrently, resulting in a 25-year period of parole
ineligibility. We take notice of this fact only for purposes of our discussion in this case.
7
  “[W]e do not set aside a sentence if it is within the legislatively mandated minimum and maximum
terms in the absence of a clear abuse of discretion.” Kenyon v. State, 2004 WY 100, ¶ 11, 96 P.3d 1016,

                                                   12
conclude the sentence of 10 to 25 years is extreme under these circumstances.
Accordingly, we need not consider the sentences imposed on other criminals in this or
other jurisdictions.

[¶33] Finally, we find no merit in the claim that the district court did not consider Sen’s
status as a juvenile in determining an appropriate sentence. The district court evaluated
evidence relating to Sen’s criminal history as a juvenile, his family and home
environment, his mental and emotional development, and his potential for rehabilitation.
This evidence included four psychological evaluations, as well as testimony from his
family members and several expert witnesses. After considering that evidence, the court
concluded that a life sentence without the possibility of parole was “inappropriate.”
There is no indication in the record that the district court did not consider the evidence
relating to Sen’s youth in issuing the sentence for aggravated burglary or in imposing the
entire sentencing package.

[¶34] Ultimately, the district court had broad discretion to sentence within the minimum
and maximum sentence mandated. Kenyon, ¶ 12, 96 P.3d at 1022. The record reveals
the sentencing court took account of Sen’s age in deciding to impose the 10- to 25-year
sentence and set forth detailed reasons for its decision, none of which were arbitrary or
unreasonable. We find no Eighth Amendment violation with respect to the aggravated
burglary sentence.

[¶35] Affirmed.

1021 (Wyo. 2004) (quoting Young v. State, 904 P.2d 359, 362 (Wyo. 1995)).

                                                 13
KAUTZ, Justice, specially concurring.

[¶36] While I agree that Mr. Sen’s sentence is constitutional, I have concerns with the
Court’s holding in Bear Cloud v. State, 2014 WY 113, ¶ 38, 334 P.3d 132, 145 (Wyo.
2014) (Bear Cloud III) and would revisit that decision. Contrary to the position of the
majority, I agree with the State that Bear Cloud III goes too far. I do not find the
constitutional principles from Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48, 130 S. Ct. 2011, 176 L.
Ed. 2d 825 (2010) and Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 132 S. Ct. 2455, 183 L. Ed. 2d
407 (2012) apply to aggregate sentences for multiple convictions including a murder. In
that circumstance it is not necessary or appropriate for this Court to determine whether
the aggregate sentence constitutes a “de facto life sentence.” Further, even if this court
attempts to define a “de facto” life sentence, I disagree with the analysis and the specific
conclusion in Bear Cloud III. Continued reliance on Bear Cloud III as the framework for
analyzing this case perpetuates the problems with that decision.

[¶37] Although I would revisit Bear Cloud III and do not believe it should be necessary
to decide whether Mr. Sen’s sentence was de facto life without parole, I concur with the
majority’s rejection of Mr. Sen’s argument that any sentence that requires that he serve
more than twenty-five years before becoming parole eligible is the functional equivalent
of a life sentence. While Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 6-10-301(c) (LexisNexis 2015) mandates that
a juvenile offender become parole eligible after twenty-five years into serving a life
sentence for first-degree murder, that statute does not prohibit the courts from sentencing
juveniles to aggregate sentences for multiple crimes that result in parole eligibility more
than twenty-five years after the date of sentencing. I also concur with the majority’s
conclusion that Mr. Sen’s sentence does not constitute a de facto life without parole
sentence. Whatever a sentence of de facto life without parole might be, the sentences
imposed on Mr. Sen most certainly are not that. Furthermore, his sentences are not
grossly disproportionate to the crimes he committed.

                                            14