Court Opinion

ID: 8624967
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-24 12:51:56.276931+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:55:36.943267
License: Public Domain

SUMMARY ORDER
Defendants-appellants appeal from an order of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Victor Marrero, Judge), preliminarily enjoining them from applying their interpretation of 22 U.S.C. § 7631(f), a provision of the United States Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act of 2003 (the “Leadership Act”), to plaintiffs-appellees, who currently receive funding under the Act. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the facts and the record of prior proceedings.
Generally, a party seeking a preliminary injunction must establish (1) a likelihood of irreparable harm if the requested relief is denied, and (2) either (a) a likelihood of success on the merits or (b) “sufficiently serious questions going to the merits to make them a fair ground for litigation and a balance of hardships tipping decidedly in its favor.” Time Warner Cable, Inc. v. DIRECTV, Inc., 497 F.3d 144, 152-53 (2d Cir.2007). While “‘[t]he loss of First Amendment freedoms, for even minimal periods of time, unquestionably constitutes irreparable injury,’ ” Vincenty v. Bloomberg, 476 F.3d 74, 89 (2d Cir.2007) (quoting Elrod v. Burns, 427 U.S. 347, 373, 96 S.Ct. 2673, 49 L.Ed.2d 547 (1976)), when it is found that the preliminary injunctive relief sought would prohibit “government action taken in the public interest pursuant to a statutory or regulatory scheme,” the moving party must establish “a likelihood of success on the merits.” Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church v. City of New York, 293 F.3d 570, 573-74 (2d Cir.2002) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted); see also Time Warner Cable v. Bloomberg L.P., 118 F.3d 917, 923-24 (2d Cir.1997); Able v. United States, 44 F.3d 128, 131-32 (2d Cir.1995).
When the District Court issued its preliminary injunction on June 26, 2006, it relied in part on its conclusion that defendants’ interpretation of the Leadership Act’s “policy requirement” (providing that organizations that receive funding under the Act must have a “policy explicitly opposing prostitution and sex trafficking,” 22 U.S.C. § 7631(f)) likely violated the First Amendment’s free speech guarantees because the requirement did not leave open “adequate alternative channels for communication.” Alliance for Open Soc’y Int'l, Inc. v. U.S. Agency for Int’l Dev., 430 F.Supp.2d 222, 261-63, 265, 270, 272-73 (S.D.N.Y.2006). Defendants then filed this interlocutory appeal, and briefing was completed on January 16, 2007 based strictly on the facts and the state of the law that were before the District Court.
However, at oral argument on June 1, 2007, defendants’ counsel informed us for *846the first time that the two principal defendants in this action—the Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”) and the United States Agency for International Development (“USAID”)—were in the process of developing guidelines that would allow plaintiffs to establish or work with separate affiliates that would not be required to follow the Leadership Act’s policy requirement. Defendants’ counsel argued that with these new guidelines, the policy requirement would be constitutional under Brooklyn Legal Services Corp. v. Legal Services Corp., 462 F.3d 219 (2d Cir.2006), cert. denied — U.S.-, 128 S.Ct. 44, 169 L.Ed.2d 11 (2007), and Velazquez v. Legal Services Corp., 164 F.3d 757 (2d Cir.1999), aff'd, 531 U.S. 533, 121 S.Ct. 1043, 149 L.Ed.2d 63 (2001). On June 21, 2007, we issued an order that kept the preliminary injunction in place, and noted that defendants had represented to this Court that the new guidelines would be formally adopted within 45 days. A month later—on July 27, 2007—defen-dants filed a letter with the Court enclosing copies of the new guidelines and stating that “[wjithin the next few days” the HHS version of the guidelines would be published in the federal register and the USAID version would be “posted on the USAID website.”
On August 7, after defendants clarified that the new guidelines were currently in effect as to both HHS and USAID, we ordered the parties to file supplemental letter briefs addressing “the impact of these guidelines on the constitutional and statutory challenges currently pending before this Court.” That letter briefing is now complete.
It is evident from reviewing the parties’ briefs and the new guidelines themselves that the case that was before the District Court is substantively different than the case as it stands today and that new fact-finding may be required to resolve the dispute. Accordingly, we remand the case to the District Court to determine in the first instance whether the preliminary injunction should be granted in light of the new guidelines. See Brooklyn Legal Servs., 462 F.3d at 231 (remanding plaintiffs’ as-applied challenge to the district court because “[t]he district court is in a better position” to determine “in the first instance” whether “as a factual matter ... the regulations] ha[ve] not left [plaintiffs] adequate alternative channels for protected expression”) (emphasis added); Naturist Soc., Inc. v. Fillyaw, 958 F.2d 1515, 1524 (11th Cir.1992) (“Although the Society’s claims for declaratory and injunctive relief are justiciable, it would be inappropriate for this court to consider them in light of the amended regulations, without district court findings of fact and conclusions of law.”); see also Schonfeld v. Hilliard, 218 F.3d 164, 184 (2d Cir.2000).
We offer no opinion on the merits of these or any other arguments concerning the propriety of the guidelines or the constitutionality of the statutory regime, and the District Court on remand may consider any legal arguments it deems relevant and take any additional evidence that may be appropriate. The injunction is to remain in place pending the outcome of the proceedings before the District Court. We are sensitive to the goal of reaching a speedy resolution to this dispute, and nothing in this order should be construed to preclude the District Court from consolidating the preliminary injunction hearing with the trial on the merits under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65(a)(2).
For the reasons set forth above, the case is REMANDED to the District Court for proceedings consistent with this order. Under the procedure set forth in United States v. Jacobson, 15 F.3d 19, 21-22 (2d Cir.1994), we direct that the mandate shall issue forthwith and that jurisdiction shall *847be returned to this Court upon a letter request from any party. Upon such a restoration of jurisdiction, the matter is to be sent to this panel.