Court Opinion

ID: 5175971
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-04 20:02:39.13074+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:26:18.692329
License: Public Domain

Filed 1/4/22 Tessitore v. Macy’s West Stores CA4/1
                 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). Thi s opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION ONE

                                         STATE OF CALIFORNIA

CRAIG TESSITORE,                                                     D078292

         Plaintiff and Appellant,

         v.                                                          (Super. Ct. No. 37-2018-
                                                                      00044691-CU-OE-CTL)
MACY’S WEST STORES, INC.,

         Defendant and Respondent.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County,
Ronald L. Styn, Judge. Affirmed.
         Law Offices of Kirk D. Hanson, Kirk D. Hanson; Esner, Chang &
Boyer, and Stuart B. Esner, for Plaintiff and Appellant.
         Jackson Lewis, Christine M. Fitzgerald, Lara P. Besser; Macy’s Law
Department, and David E. Martin, for Defendant and Respondent.
         Craig Tessitore appeals a judgment in favor of his employer, Macy’s
West Stores, Inc. (MWS), on Tessitore’s causes of action under the Labor

Code Private Attorneys General Act (PAGA; Lab. Code, § 2698 et seq.).1

1    Subsequent statutory references are to the Labor Code unless
otherwise stated.
Tessitore primarily claimed that MWS’s commission-based compensation
program for sales employees violates the Labor Code’s prohibitions on
improper wage deductions (§ 221) and secret underpayment of wages (§ 223)
by effectively reducing an employee’s compensation when a customer later
exchanges an item for essentially the same item (an “even exchange”) or
when a customer requests and receives a credit because an item has gone on
sale after purchase (a “price adjustment”). Tessitore and MWS filed cross-
motions for summary judgment on these issues. The trial court found that
MWS’s compensation program did not violate the Labor Code, granted
MWS’s motion, denied Tessitore’s motion, and entered judgment accordingly.
      On appeal, Tessitore contends MWS’s compensation program is
unlawful for the same reasons as in the trial court. We disagree. MWS’s
compensation program pays commissions based on an employee’s net sales in
a given work week. The net sales figure is calculated by taking an employee’s
gross sales and subtracting returns, exchanges, and price adjustments. MWS
promises to pay commissions based on this calculation, and it is undisputed
that it does so. Because MWS pays its employees according to the terms of
its compensation program, its employees do not suffer any wage deduction
under section 221 or secret underpayment under section 223. And, while an
employer may not impose unlawful wage deductions under the guise of a
calculation or formula, MWS’s even exchange and price adjustment policies
do not run afoul of California’s wage protection statutes. We therefore affirm
the judgment in favor of MWS and against Tessitore.
             FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
      Tessitore has worked for MWS or its predecessors for over 30 years.
For the past decade, he has been employed as a “draw versus commission”
sales associate at an MWS store in San Diego. In 2017, MWS instituted a

                                      2
new compensation program for commissioned sales employees. The program
is described in an MWS publication entitled, “Understanding Commission:
An Associate’s Guide to Macy’s Commission Pay Plans.” The program’s
stated purpose is “to provide associates with an incentive to increase their
overall Sales Productivity with respect to the sale of commission-eligible
merchandise.”
      A key component of the compensation program is “ ‘Commission Sales
Productivity,’ ” which the “Understanding Commission” publication describes
as “that amount equal to [the employee’s] total Net Sales of commission-
eligible merchandise in a particular work week.” The publication explains,
“The calculation and payment of Commission Pay are not made on the basis
of [the employee’s] sales of individual items of merchandise. Rather
commission pay is based on your Commission Sales Productivity, or overall
Net Sales of commission-eligible merchandise, for a particular work week.”
      The program defines “ ‘Gross Sales’ ” as essentially the purchase price
and other amounts paid by the customer for all merchandise sold in a
particular week. The program defines “ ‘Net Sales’ ” as “that amount equal to
the Gross Sales minus discounts (such as employee discounts and back office
discounts), taxes, Price Adjustments, and Eligible Returns made in that work
week.” For example, if a sales associate sells two pairs of $200 shoes, plus a
$20 delivery fee and $35.70 in taxes, the associate’s gross sales for that week
would be $455.70 and his net sales would be $400. His commission sales
productivity would likewise be $400, which would be used to calculate the
associate’s commission pay for the week.
      MWS has an eligible return period of 180 days. Under the program,
“[r]eturns within the Eligible Return Period are attributed to the Original
Associate.” Continuing the example above, if a few weeks later the associate

                                       3
makes $10,300 in gross sales, but a customer returns one previously-
purchased $200 pair of shoes, the amount of the return would be subtracted
from the associate’s gross sales for the week, resulting in $10,100 in net sales.
      Merchandise returned as part of an exchange is treated as a return for
purposes of MWS’s compensation program. The “Understanding
Commission” publication states, “Sometimes a customer returns merchandise
and makes another purchase. In fact, you should treat all returns as an
opportunity to increase your Commission Sales Productivity.” It goes on to
explain, “An ‘Even Exchange’ occurs when the customer returns merchandise
and replaces it with essentially the same item. For example, she returns a
shirt in Medium and replaces it with the same item in Large. Even
Exchanges within the Eligible Return Period are treated as a return
attributed to the Original Associate and a sale attributed to the associate
processing the exchange.” Similarly, “[a]n ‘Uneven Exchange’ occurs when
the customer returns merchandise and then purchases something
different. . . . Uneven Exchanges within the Eligible Return Period are
treated as a return attributed to the Original Associate and a sale attributed
to the associate processing the exchange.”
      A related transaction is a price adjustment. “A ‘Price Adjustment’
occurs when, in accordance with [MWS’s] return policies, a customer requests
and receives a credit due to merchandise going on sale after the original date
of purchase. . . . Because a Price Adjustment happens within the Eligible
Return Period, the amount of the Price Adjustment is considered a Return
and is applied against the Original Associate’s Net Sales for the work week
that the Price Adjustment is made.”
      A sales associate’s commission pay is calculated each week and earned
when paid. As the “Understanding Commission” publication explains,

                                       4
“Commission Pay is earned when the audit and verification of your
Commission Sales Productivity, or overall Net Sales of commission-eligible
merchandise for the work week, are completed. The auditing and verification
of your Commission Sales Productivity for a work week is completed when
you receive your Commission Pay for that work week.” In addition to
commission pay, “draw versus commission” sales employees like Tessitore
receive standard hourly wages equal to the minimum wage in the locality

where they work.2
      Tessitore’s operative PAGA complaint challenged the even exchange
and price adjustment aspects of MWS’s compensation program. His first
cause of action alleged that the program violates section 221 because it
subjects him to “unlawful deductions from his earned commission wages
under [MWS’s] illegal commission chargeback schemes.” Specifically,
Tessitore alleged the even exchange and price adjustment policies deducted
wages from the earned commissions of the employee who originally made the
sale. In Tessitore’s view, under the even exchange policy, the commission
previously paid is “taken back by [MWS] through a deduction from the Sales
Employee’s wages, and the commission is then paid to the Sales employee
who made the exchange, despite the fact that the Sales Employee who made
the exchange performed no work to generate the sale.” Under the price
adjustment policy, MWS receives the difference in commissions, thereby

2       As the name suggests, in addition to commission pay and standard
hourly wages, “draw versus commission” employees can also receive “draws”
(i.e., advances) on future commission pay. This aspect of MWS’s
compensation program is not at issue in this appeal. Other employees, called
“Base +” associates, receive commission pay and a standard hourly wage that
may be higher than minimum wage. MWS uses the same calculation for
commission pay for both “draw versus commission” and “Base +” employees,
and Tessitore’s PAGA claims cover both types of employees.

                                      5
“illegally shift[ing] [MWS’s] cost of doing business to the Sales Employees by
forcing these employees to subsidize the reduction in price of [MWS’s]
merchandise by giving back the commissions they earned on the original sale
through illegal deductions from their commission wages.” Tessitore’s second
cause of action alleged that the even exchange and price adjustment policies
violated section 223 because they resulted in underpayment of wages that
was kept secret from California’s enforcement agencies. His third cause of
action alleged violations of sections 201, 202, and 203 because MWS’s
underpayment of wages resulted in a failure to pay wages in full when an
employee resigns or is discharged. Tessitore sought civil penalties and
attorney fees under PAGA.
      MWS moved for summary judgment on Tessitore’s claims. It contended
that its compensation program did not result in any deductions, illegal or
otherwise, from Tessitore’s earned commissions. It paid him according to the
program’s terms and did not withhold any amounts. Moreover, because the
even exchange and price adjustment policies were tied to specific sales
Tessitore made, MWS did not shift its cost of doing business to him.
      MWS relied on deposition testimony from its executive in charge of the
commission-based compensation program. For even exchanges, the executive
explained that the original associate “didn’t complete the sale” because, for
example, “the size wasn’t correct and the [associate] didn’t . . . have the
person try on the product; the color wasn’t correct, and they told them they
looked great in it and they didn’t. So there are . . . many different reasons
why that sale wasn’t completed, but what’s most important is it wasn’t
completed.” For price adjustments, the executive explained that MWS has
sales promotions “to help drive traffic into the stores to drive sales and,
ultimately, help the sales colleagues generate commission[.] Get the foot

                                        6
traffic in the door.” A customer can request a price adjustment within
10 days of purchase. The price adjustment policy “help[s] save the sale” for
the original associate, because otherwise the customer would simply return
or exchange the merchandise, thereby reducing the original employee’s net
sales for the period by the full amount of the returned or exchanged
merchandise.
      In his deposition testimony, Tessitore agreed that sales promotions are
a tool to help him generate more sales. He explained that his department
has regular sales and it is “rare” when nothing is on sale. It can be a
“challenge” when there are no active sales. When customers see sale items
“it brings them in. . . . That’s usually a good thing.” Tessitore also agreed
that MWS’s price adjustment policy is a tool to help him sell merchandise,
because he can tell customers they can come back and get a credit if the
merchandise later goes on sale. The compensation program’s treatment of
price adjustments preserves a part of the benefit for the original associate
who made the sale.
      Tessitore moved for summary judgment as well. He contended that
MWS’s even exchange policy violated California’s “procuring cause” rule, and
sections 221 and 223, because it took away the earned commission wages
from the employee who procured the sale and gave them to another employee.
He contended that the price adjustment policy violated sections 221 and 223
because “it forces the employee to share [MWS’s] business costs associated
with [MWS’s] decision to put merchandise on sale after it has been sold by
the employee at the original price.”
      Based on the “Understanding Commission” publication and the
testimony of the MWS executive, Tessitore emphasized that commission
wages are earned when paid by MWS to the employee. They are not mere

                                       7
advances on future wages. In Tessitore’s view, the deductions used to
calculate net sales, based on even exchanges and price reductions, took back
wages earned in prior weeks. MWS could not defend the practice by claiming
that these deductions were simply steps in calculating the commissions due
to the employee.
      After hearing argument, the trial court issued a written order granting
MWS’s motion for summary judgment and denying Tessitore’s motion. It
found, “Based on the terms of the [‘Understanding Commission’ publication],
[Tessitore] agreed that his Commission Pay would be based on his
Commission Sales Productivity; [Tessitore] agreed that his Commission Sales
Productivity would be based on his Net Sales; and [he] agreed that his Net
Sales would be calculated by subtracting, inter alia, Price Adjustments and
Eligible Returns made in the work week from [his] Gross Sales in the same
work week. Since the [‘Understanding Commission’ publication] defines the
‘Eligible Return Period’ as 180-days, [Tessitore] agreed to a chargeback
procedure whereby newly earned commissions are subject to reduction via a
chargeback of previously earned commissions for 180-days after the
commission is earned.” Relying on Steinhebel v. Los Angeles Times
Communications, LLC (2005) 126 Cal.App.4th 696 (Steinhebel), the court
found that MWS’s policies did not violate the Labor Code. The court did not
find Tessitore’s emphasis on “earned” wages persuasive. It explained,
“Irrespective of use of the term ‘earned,’ [Tessitore] agreed that his
Commission Pay is earned based on calculation of his Commission Sales
Productivity and his Commission Sales Productivity for any week is
calculated based on a reduction for Price Adjustments and Eligible Returns
made on sales from previous weeks.” It reasoned that Tessitore’s
commissions “are not actually ‘earned’ until all of the legal conditions

                                        8
precedent have been met, i.e., until all reductions for Price Adjustments and
Eligible Returns are taken, as calculated by the Commission Sales
Productivity.” The court entered judgment in favor of MWS, and Tessitore
appeals.
                                 DISCUSSION
                                         I
                        Summary Judgment Standards
      “ ‘On review of an order granting or denying summary judgment, we
examine the facts presented to the trial court and determine their effect as a
matter of law.’ [Citation.] We review the entire record, ‘considering all the
evidence set forth in the moving and opposition papers except that to which
objections have been made and sustained.’ [Citation.] Evidence presented in
opposition to summary judgment is liberally construed, with any doubts
about the evidence resolved in favor of the party opposing the motion.”
(Regents of the University of California v. Superior Court (2018) 4 Cal.5th
607, 618 (Regents).)
      “Summary judgment is appropriate only ‘where no triable issue of
material fact exists and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter
of law.’ ” (Regents, supra, 4 Cal.5th at p. 618.) “A plaintiff or cross-
complainant has met his or her burden of showing that there is no defense to
a cause of action if that party has proved each element of the cause of action
entitling the party to judgment on the cause of action. Once the plaintiff or
cross-complainant has met that burden, the burden shifts to the defendant or
cross-defendant to show that a triable issue of one or more material facts
exists as to the cause of action or a defense thereto.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c,
subd. (p)(1).) “A defendant or cross-defendant has met his or her burden of
showing that a cause of action has no merit if the party has shown that one

                                        9
or more elements of the cause of action, even if not separately pleaded,
cannot be established, or that there is a complete defense to the cause of
action. Once the defendant or cross-defendant has met that burden, the
burden shifts to the plaintiff or cross-complainant to show that a triable issue
of one or more material facts exists as to the cause of action or a defense
thereto.” (Id., subd. (p)(2).)
      “We review the record and the determination of the trial court de novo.”
(Kahn v. East Side Union High School Dist. (2003) 31 Cal.4th 990, 1003.)
“Furthermore, ‘[i]t is axiomatic that we review the trial court’s rulings and
not its reasoning.’ [Citation.] Thus, a reviewing court may affirm a trial
court’s decision granting summary judgment for an erroneous reason.”
(Coral Construction, Inc. v. City & County of San Francisco (2010) 50 Cal.4th
315, 336 (Coral Construction).) We are not bound by the trial court’s stated
reasons for granting summary judgment. (Canales v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.
(2018) 23 Cal.App.5th 1262, 1268 (Canales).)
                                       II
                           Unlawful Wage Deductions
      This appeal concerns the wages earned by MWS sales employees, in the
form of commission pay. “ ‘Wages’ includes all amounts for labor performed
by employees of every description, whether the amount is fixed or ascertained
by the standard of time, task, piece, commission basis, or other method of
calculation.” (§ 200, subd. (a).) “Wages of workers in California have long
been accorded a special status generally beyond the reach of claims by
creditors including those of an employer. This public policy has been
expressed in the numerous statutes regulating the payment, assignment,
exemption and priority of wages.” (Kerr’s Catering Service v. Department of
Industrial Relations (1962) 57 Cal.2d 319, 325 (Kerr’s Catering).) “Because

                                       10
the laws authorizing the regulation of wages, hours, and working conditions
are remedial in nature, courts construe these provisions liberally, with an eye
to promoting the worker protections they were intended to provide.”
(Prachasaisoradej v. Ralphs Grocery Co., Inc. (2007) 42 Cal.4th 217, 227
(Prachasaisoradej).)
      In general, California law prohibits an employer from taking
deductions from earned wages: “It shall be unlawful for any employer to
collect or receive from an employee any part of wages theretofore paid by said
employer to said employee.” (§ 221.) This statute, in combination with other
related statutes, “establish[es] a public policy against any deductions, setoffs,
or recoupments by an employer from employee wages or earnings, except
those deductions specifically authorized by statute.” (Prachasaisoradej,
supra, 42 Cal.4th at p. 241.)
      Drawing on common definitions, our Supreme Court has explained that
an employer “takes a ‘deduction’ or ‘contribution’ from an employee’s ‘wages’
or ‘earnings’ when it subtracts, withholds, sets off, or requires the employee
to return, a portion of the compensation offered, promised, or paid as offered
or promised, so that the employee, having performed the labor, actually
receives or retains less than the paid, offered, or promised compensation, and
effectively makes a forced ‘contribution’ of the difference.” (Prachasaisoradej,
supra, 42 Cal.4th at p. 228.)
      “The use of the device of deductions creates the danger that the
employer, because of his superior position, may defraud or coerce the
employee by deducting improper amounts. . . . [I]t was the utilization of
secret deductions or ‘kick-backs’ to make it appear that an employer paid the
wage provided by a collective bargaining contract or by a statute, although in
fact he paid less, that led to the enactment of . . . sections 221-223 in 1937.

                                        11
These sections . . . ‘are declarative of an underlying policy in the law which is
opposed to fraud and deceit.’ ” (Kerr’s Catering, supra, 57 Cal.2d at pp. 328-
329.)
        The statutes specifically authorize an employer to make deductions
from earned wages where, among other circumstances, “a deduction is
expressly authorized in writing by the employee to cover insurance
premiums, hospital or medical dues, or other deductions not amounting to a
rebate or deduction from the standard wage arrived at by collective
bargaining or pursuant to wage agreement or statute.” (§ 224.) But this
exception is subject to various limitations intended to protect the employee
from exploitation by his employer.
        For example, in one early case, cited with approval in Kerr’s Catering,
supra, 57 Cal.2d at page 329, an employer’s practice of deducting an amount
from its employee’s wages to cover lodging and transportation was found
unlawful. (Shalz v. Union School Dist. (1943) 58 Cal.App.2d 599, 604-605.)
The court held that an employer could enter into a written contract with its
employees to make such a deduction, but the deduction “must bear some
reasonable relation to the services furnished[.]” (Id. at p. 607.) The
challenged deductions were unlawful because “the charges made were
exorbitant and entirely out of proportion to the services rendered and were
used as a device to reduce the wage scale.” (Id. at p. 605.)
        Kerr’s Catering highlights another important limitation, that an
employee cannot be made the insurer of an employer’s business losses.
(Kerr’s Catering, supra, 57 Cal.2d at p. 328.) In Kerr’s Catering, the
employees earned a specified commission on sales over a certain minimum,
but the employer deducted “the amount of any ‘cash shortage’ attributable” to
the employee. (Id. at p. 322.) “[T]he parties stipulated that the deductions

                                        12
from the wages of plaintiff’s employees are taken for shortages ‘not caused by
a dishonest or wilful act or by the culpable negligence of the employee.’
Deductions may be made, therefore, for losses beyond the employees’ control,
as well as for losses due to simple negligence. The employees, through this
device, are in effect made insurers of the employer’s merchandise, and the
commissions earned by the employees which are subject to the deduction
serve the same purpose as an employee’s ‘bond’ exacted by the employer to
cover shortages.” (Id. at p. 327.) The Supreme Court explained that the
deductions “appear to be in contravention of the spirit, if not the letter, of the
Employee’s Bond Law,” which strictly limits the circumstances in which an
employer may demand a bond from an employee to cover its losses. (Id. at
p. 328; see § 400 et seq.)3
      Following Kerr’s Catering, a number of courts have disapproved of
compensation programs that shifted the risk of an employer’s general
business losses to its employees. In Quillian v. Lion Oil Co. (1979)
96 Cal.App.3d 156, 158 (Quillian), an employer paid its gas station managers
a base salary and a monthly bonus. The bonus was calculated in two steps:
first, a “ ‘tentative amount of bonus’ ” was computed based on a percentage of
the station’s sales; and second, the employer “ ‘deducted any cash or
merchandise stock shortage occurring during the period[.]’ ” (Id. at p. 159.)

3     The precise dispute in Kerr’s Catering involved the Industrial Welfare
Commission’s power to promulgate and enforce a regulation prohibiting an
employer from “ ‘mak[ing] any deduction from the wage of an employee for
any cash shortage, breakage, or loss of equipment, notwithstanding any
contract or arrangement to the contrary, unless it can be shown that the
shortage, breakage, or loss is caused by a dishonest or wilful act, or by the
culpable negligence of the employee.’ ” (Kerr’s Catering, supra, 57 Cal.2d at
p. 322.) The Supreme Court held that the Industrial Welfare Commission
had such power. (Id. at p. 330.) The regulation remains in force. (See Cal.
Code Regs., tit. 8, § 11070 (Regulation 11070).)

                                        13
The court found this program indistinguishable from Kerr’s Catering and
concluded “that the bonus herein is in contravention of the public policy
expressed in [the statutes] pertaining to cash bonds that may be required of
employees.” (Id. at p. 163.) The court rejected the employer’s argument that
its program was not unlawful because the deduction occurred as part of the
employer’s calculation of the bonus, rather than afterward. (Ibid.) The court
explained, “It appears to this court that this is merely a clever method of
circumventing the statutory definition of wages. The bonus herein described
is, in fact, a scheduled payment based on the number of gallons of motor fuel
sold plus a [one] percent commission on other sales. Rather than call this
incentive payment a commission and then deduct for shortages in
contravention to Kerr, appellant deducts shortages from the payment and
calls the final result a bonus. Appellant then self-righteously proclaims that
no deductions were made from the bonus. Unfortunately, the result is the
same. The manager carries the burden of losses from the station.” (Ibid.)
      Similarly, the court in Hudgins v. Neiman Marcus Group, Inc. (1995)
34 Cal.App.4th 1109, 1111-1112 (Hudgins), found unlawful a compensation
program for retail sales employees that deducted a pro rata share of
“ ‘unidentified returns’ ” from the employees’ commissions. The program
calculated the employees’ commissions “by multiplying the sales associate’s
net sales by a predetermined commission percentage, which varied depending
on the type of merchandise sold. Net sales equaled gross sales less returns,
taxes, gift wrap and alterations. ‘Returns’ consisted of all merchandise
originally sold by the sales associate and returned during the pay period with
adequate documentation to ascertain the identity of the original sales
associate. Once the sales associate’s net sales were multiplied by the
predetermined percentage for the items sold, the total commission income

                                      14
was known.” (Id. at p. 1113.) The employer then made the challenged
deduction, subtracting from the employee’s commission income “a prorated
share of the commissions deemed to have been paid on unidentified returns
received in the sales associate’s home base during the pay period[.]” (Ibid.)
      Unidentified returns were defined as returns “for which the original
sales associate could not be determined.” (Hudgins, supra, 34 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1113.) The causes of such unidentified returns included employee abuse,
such as concealing the identity of the original selling associate, and customer
neglect or abuse tolerated by the employer, such as returns without the
proper documentation or the “return” of stolen merchandise. (Id. at p. 1123
& fn. 11.)
      Hudgins held that the employer’s compensation program unlawfully
made the employee the insurer of the employer’s business losses, as in Kerr’s
Catering and Quillian. (Hudgins, supra, 34 Cal.App.4th at p. 1123.) “By its
terms, the unidentified returns policy calls for deductions from earned
commission wages of all sales associates a sum of money representing what
would otherwise be business losses occasioned by the misconduct or
negligence of some of its employees and customers. The deduction is
unpredictable, and is taken without regard to whether the losses were due to
factors beyond the employee’s control. [The employer] cannot avoid a finding
that its unidentified returns policy is unlawful simply by asserting that the
deduction is just a step in its calculation of commission income.” (Id. at
pp. 1123-1124.)
      Our Supreme Court examined these authorities in Prachasaisoradej,
supra, 42 Cal.4th 217. At issue in Prachasaisoradej was “a written incentive
compensation plan (ICP or Plan) whereby certain employees of each [Ralphs
grocery] store were eligible to receive, over and above their regular wages,

                                       15
supplementary sums based upon how the store’s actual Plan-defined profits,
if any, for specified periods compared with preset profitability targets. For
both target and actual purposes, profits were determined by subtracting store
operating expenses from store revenues.” (Id. at p. 222.)
      “Employees’ expectations with respect to these supplementary
payments—i.e., what Ralphs offered or promised to pay—derived exclusively
from the terms of the Plan itself.” (Prachasaisoradej, supra, 42 Cal.4th at
p. 229.) “By the Plan’s terms, it was only after the store had completed the
relevant period of operation, and the resulting profit or loss figure was then
derived, that it was possible to determine, by a further comparison to the
preset targets, whether Plan participants were entitled to a supplementary
incentive compensation payment, and if so, how much. This final figure, and
this figure only, once calculated, was the amount offered or promised as
compensation for labor performed by eligible employees, and it thus
represented their supplemental ‘wages’ or ‘earnings.’ ” (Ibid.)
      The plaintiff conceded that Ralphs properly calculated and paid the
amounts due under the plan, and it did not withhold or deduct “any
unauthorized amount from any employee’s supplementary incentive
compensation as finally computed and paid under the Plan.”
(Prachasaisoradej, supra, 42 Cal.4th at p. 229.) Instead, the plaintiff
contended that Ralphs violated the law “because, by subtracting workers’
compensation costs, and damage or loss expenses beyond individual
employees’ control, from the store’s revenues to determine the profit figure on
which supplementary incentive compensation payments were calculated, the
Plan reduced, to that extent, the ‘wages’ or ‘earnings’ otherwise due.
Accordingly, plaintiff asserts, Ralphs effectively shifted to employees, by

                                       16
virtue of deductions from their expected wages, costs the law requires the
employer to bear on its own.” (Id. at p. 230.)
      The Supreme Court disagreed. (Prachasaisoradej, supra, 42 Cal.4th at
p. 230.) After reviewing Kerr’s Catering, Quillian, and Hudgins, the court
held that “the Plan does not resemble in letter or spirit, the prohibited
deduction, setoff, or recapture of expected wages for the purpose of saddling
employees with prohibited employer costs, as was at issue in [those cases].”
(Id. at p. 236.) The court explained, “In each of those cases, the employee’s
compensation, whether regular or supplementary, was set, in essence, as a
sales commission, i.e., a specified and promised share of the revenues
attributable to that employee’s personal sales or managerial efforts. The set
commission was then directly reduced by the full dollar value of merchandise
and cash losses, as determined by the employer, and regardless of employee
fault. The employer thus defrayed its merchandise and cash losses by
charging them, dollar for dollar, against its liability for wages. Without
following the rules for cash bonds, the employer assessed individual
employees the entire unliquidated value of such losses, and did so by
withholding amounts from earned and promised commissions until those
commissions fell to zero. By this means, the employer reduced individual
employees’ wages to increase its own retained profits. This is the practice the
statutes, regulations, and cases have prohibited.” (Ibid.)
      By contrast, the incentive compensation plan offered by Ralphs
promised nothing other than a percentage of each store’s profits.
(Prachasaisoradej, supra, 42 Cal.4th at p. 236.) “Amounts calculated as a
percentage of the store’s Plan-defined profit were the only ‘wages’ or
‘earnings’ offered or promised to eligible employees under the Plan. Ralphs
took no unauthorized deductions or contributions, direct or indirect, from the

                                       17
wages so offered or promised. If there was uncertainty in the amount
ultimately due, it arose, not from employer charge-backs taken after the basic
Plan wage was determined, but inherently from the basis on which Plan
compensation was awarded.” (Id. at p. 237.)
      The Supreme Court rejected the plaintiff’s suggestion that Quillian and
Hudgins required a finding that the plan was unlawful. (Prachasaisoradej,
supra, 42 Cal.4th at p. 238, fn. 11.) The court explained, “In those cases,
employees were promised commissions set by a specific formula on the basis
of sales volume or revenues generated by their own individual efforts. Cash
and merchandise losses were then assessed against the employees to reduce
these expected wages. The order in which calculations were performed to
achieve that prohibited result was irrelevant. ICP’s such as Ralphs’s start
from the fundamentally different premise that the basic measure of the
compensation due is the overall profitability of the enterprise. By its
inherent nature, such a plan does not promise, or even create, incentive
compensation unless and until profitability occurs and is determined.” (Ibid.)
The court further distinguished the situation “whereby the employer
promised the employee compensation of ‘$15 per hour less $3 per hour for
each workers’ compensation claim filed by the employee.’ [Citation.] What is
promised in that case is a $15 per hour wage. Kerr’s Catering, Quillian, and
Hudgins indicate that the employer cannot then take a prohibited deduction
from the promised wage, even if it announces in advance that it will do so.”
(Ibid.)
      The Supreme Court noted that “it is difficult to see how plaintiff’s basic
premise would not entirely eliminate net earnings or profits as a legal basis
for calculating supplementary incentive compensation.” (Prachasaisoradej,
supra, 42 Cal.4th at p. 240.) Although “plaintiff’s complaint and arguments

                                       18
focus on particular categories of employer expenses, such as workers’
compensation costs (citing section 3751) and cash shortages and merchandise
losses (citing Kerr’s Catering, Quillian, Hudgins, and Regulation 11070),” the
statutes “establish a public policy against any deductions, setoffs, or
recoupments by an employer from employee wages or earnings, except those
deductions specifically authorized by statute.” (Prachasaisoradej, at pp. 240-
241.) Thus, under the plaintiff’s theory, an employer would not be allowed to
make any expense deductions for purposes of calculating the basis for a
profit-based compensation plan. (Id. at p. 241.) Plaintiff’s theory was
therefore unpersuasive. (Id. at pp. 241-242.)
      Three justices dissented from the majority’s conclusion. The dissenting
opinion focused on the inclusion of workers’ compensation costs in the plan’s
profit calculations, which it found expressly prohibited by section 3751.
(Prachasaisoradej, supra, 42 Cal.4th at p. 245 (dis. opn. of Werdegar, J.);
see § 3751 [“No employer shall exact or receive from any employee any
contribution, or make or take any deduction from the earnings of any
employee, either directly or indirectly, to cover the whole or any part of the
cost of compensation under this division.”].) The dissent noted that the same
argument could potentially be made based on the inclusion of costs for cash
and merchandise shortages, but it was unnecessary to explore that issue
further to resolve the appeal. (Prachasaisoradej, at p. 248, fn. 4 (dis. opn. of
Werdegar, J.).) The dissent did not consider deductions more broadly, except
to observe that “employers can still adopt incentive plans tied to a company’s
sales and revenue. They simply cannot also tie the plan to workers’
compensation costs.” (Id. at p. 252.)

                                        19
                                       III
                           MWS’s Commission Pay
      As noted, MWS pays commissions based on its sales employees’ weekly
net sales, i.e., their gross sales minus returns, exchanges, and price
reductions, among other things. Its “Understanding Commission” publication
explains, “The calculation and payment of Commission Pay are not made on
the basis of [the employee’s] sales of individual items of merchandise. Rather
commission pay is based on your Commission Sales Productivity, or overall
Net Sales of commission-eligible merchandise, for a particular work week.”
      As an initial matter, we conclude MWS’s compensation program does
not take deductions or contributions from its sales employees’ earned wages.
“[A]n employee’s ‘wages’ or ‘earnings’ are the amount the employer has
offered or promised to pay, or has paid pursuant to such an offer or promise,
as compensation for that employee’s labor. The employer takes a ‘deduction’
or ‘contribution’ from an employee’s ‘wages’ or ‘earnings’ when it subtracts,
withholds, sets off, or requires the employee to return, a portion of the
compensation offered, promised, or paid as offered or promised, so that the
employee, having performed the labor, actually receives or retains less than
the paid, offered, or promised compensation, and effectively makes a forced
‘contribution’ of the difference.” (Prachasaisoradej, supra, 42 Cal.4th at
p. 228.)
      Absent some other illegality, the compensation offered or promised to a
commission-based employee is governed by the contract between the
employer and the employee. “The compensation owed employees is a matter
determined primarily by contract.” (Oman v. Delta Air Lines, Inc. (2020)
9 Cal.5th 762, 781.) “The right of a salesperson or any other person to a
commission depends on the terms of the contract for compensation.” (Koehl v.

                                       20
Verio, Inc. (2006) 142 Cal.App.4th 1313, 1330 (Koehl).) “[C]ases have long
recognized, and enforced, commission plans agreed to between employer and
employee, applying fundamental contract principles to determine whether a
salesperson has, or has not, earned a commission.” (Id. at p. 1331.)
      Thus, as in Prachasaisoradej, the commissions that MWS sales
employees expected to receive, i.e., what MWS offered or promised to pay, are
“derived exclusively from the terms of the [compensation program] itself.”
(Prachasaisoradej, supra, 42 Cal.4th at p. 229.) The terms of MWS’s
compensation program are described in its “Understanding Commission”
publication. In that publication, MWS offered or promised to pay a
commission based on net sales, i.e., gross sales minus even exchanges and
price reductions, among other things. This commission pay constitutes the
wage MWS promised to pay and employees expected to receive based on their
sales. “This final figure, and this figure only, once calculated, was the
amount offered or promised as compensation for labor performed by eligible
employees, and it thus represented their supplemental ‘wages’ or ‘earnings.’ ”
(Ibid.)
      MWS did not deduct or take back any amount from the wage it
promised to pay its sales employees. As one federal appellate court
explained, in a similar context, “Because [the employer’s] accounting for
negative growth was not a deduction from earned commissions, but rather
the contracted-to means of calculating commissions in the first place, [the
employer] did not violate [section 221].” (Cohan v. Medline Industries, Inc.
(7th Cir. 2016) 843 F.3d 660, 667 (Cohan).) MWS’s treatment of even
exchanges and price adjustments do not constitute deductions under
section 221 because they do not take back any wages earned by MWS’s sales
employees. They are factors used to determine those wages.

                                       21
      Tessitore attempts to distinguish Prachasaisoradej on the ground that
its compensation plan was based on the collective effort of Ralphs store
employees, not their individual efforts, but the Supreme Court’s discussion
applies broadly to earned wages in this context as well.
(See Prachasaisoradej, supra, 42 Cal.4th at pp. 229, 237.) Moreover, as in
Prachasaisoradej, MWS’s commission pay was explicitly incentive-based, and
it was paid in addition to the standard hourly wages earned by MWS sales
employees. (See id. at p. 242.)
      Tessitore relies on two unpublished federal district court orders.
(See Nguyen v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (N.D.Cal., Sept. 26, 2016, No. 15-cv-
05239-JCS) 2016 WL 5390245; Mouchati v. Bonnie Plants, Inc. (C.D.Cal.,
Feb. 5, 2015, No. EDCV 14-00037-VAP (SPx)) 2015 WL 12681309.) But they
came to similar conclusions as we do here. In Nguyen, the court found that
an employer’s subtraction of various expenditures in calculating the
commission due an employee was not a deduction of earned wages under
section 221. (Nguyen, at *16.) In Mouchati, the court found that an
employer’s subtraction of labor costs in calculating a manager’s commission
could potentially be a deduction only if it affected the manager’s non-
commission base wage. (Mouchati, at *7.) Other unpublished federal district
court orders have likewise followed Prachasaisoradej and found that
subtractions applied in the calculation of commissions do not violate
section 221. (See Torres v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (C.D.Cal., Oct. 12. 2016,
No. EDCV 15-2225 PSG (KKx)) 2016 WL 7373856, at *4; see also Smith v.
Golden State Warriors, LLC (N.D.Cal., May 26, 2020, No. 18-cv-06794-SI)
2020 WL 2733978, at *6-7.) One court expressly found that reducing a retail
employee’s commissionable net sales based on customer returns did not
violate section 221 because the employer “is not taking back a wage for

                                      22
purposes of [section] 221; rather, [the employer] is simply not paying a
commission that has not been earned.” (Rahmani v. Neiman Marcus
Group, Inc. (N.D.Cal., Sept. 30, 2006, No. C-04-3313 VRW) 2006 WL 8459733,
at *11.) Tessitore’s contention that MWS’s treatment of even exchanges and
price adjustments constitute deductions under section 221, and thus are

allegedly per se unlawful, is therefore unpersuasive.4
      This conclusion does not end our inquiry, however. Tessitore correctly
points out that an employer cannot impose an unlawful deduction under the
guise of a calculation or formula, even if it announces the calculation or
formula in advance and an employee agrees to it. (Hudgins, supra,
34 Cal.App.4th at p. 1124; Quillian, supra, 96 Cal.App.3d at p. 163;
see Schachter v. Citigroup, Inc. (2009) 47 Cal.4th 610, 619; Prachasaisoradej,
supra, 42 Cal.4th at p. 237.) The issue therefore is whether MWS’s
treatment of even exchanges and price reductions is unlawful.
      As to even exchanges, Tessitore contends MWS’s policy is unlawful
because it violates California’s procuring cause doctrine. We disagree. The
procuring cause doctrine is dependent on the underlying contract governing a
sales employee’s commissions. “It is established that if the agency contract

4      In this context, we note that Tessitore has not challenged other,
arguably analogous aspects of MWS’s net sales calculation, such as its
treatment of uneven exchanges and outright returns. Tessitore’s position,
that reductions in commission pay based on MWS’s calculation of net sales
constitute deductions under section 221, would appear to apply to uneven
exchanges and outright returns as well. But courts have found that outright
returns, at least, constitute a valid basis for reducing commission pay.
(See Hudgins, supra, 34 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1113, 1122; see also
Prachasaisoradej, supra, 42 Cal.4th at p. 240 [citing Hudgins]; Koehl, supra,
142 Cal.App.4th at p. 1336 [same].) As one court stated, albeit in
circumstances where extensive analysis was unnecessary, “California
law . . . permits [a] policy of paying commissions based on net sales.”
(Nordstrom Commission Cases (2010) 186 Cal.App.4th 576, 587 (Nordstrom).)

                                       23
contemplates payment of commissions for sales of which the agent was the
procuring cause, the agent is entitled to commissions on all sales procured by
him although the sales are actually consummated by the principal after the
termination of the agency.” (Wise v. Reeve Electronics, Inc. (1960)
183 Cal.App.2d 4, 12, italics added.) MWS’s compensation program does not
award commission pay based on a sales employee’s status as the procuring
cause of any individual sale. Commission pay is determined by an employee’s
net sales in a given week. Where, as here, the compensation program does
not incorporate the procuring cause principle, and affirmatively contradicts
it, the procuring cause doctrine is not applicable. (See Zinn v. Ex-Cell-
O Corp. (1944) 24 Cal.2d 290, 296 [procuring cause doctrine dependent on
contract]; Wise, at p. 12 [same]; Schuman v. IKON Office Solutions, Inc.
(9th Cir. 2007) 232 Fed.Appx. 659, 662 [same].)
      Moreover, even if the procuring cause doctrine were relevant, the
undisputed facts show that the original sales associate is not the procuring
cause of the sale made in the even exchange. An even exchange does not
reflect a consummated sale by the original associate, but rather an ultimately
unconsummated one. The customer found the merchandise unacceptable and
sought to return it because, for example, it was the wrong size or color. The
sale made by the original associate was undone, and the second employee
sold a different item to the customer as a result of the transaction.
Tessitore’s claim that the original employee “made the sale” and the second
employee “merely makes the exchange” ignores the reality that the customer
no longer wanted the merchandise he or she purchased in the initial sale and
returned that merchandise to the store. The original sales associate is not
the procuring cause of the later sale, of a different item, in a transaction in
which the original sales associate had no involvement.

                                       24
      Tessitore’s claim likewise assumes that the customer always wanted to
make an even exchange, rather than return the item outright. But there is
no basis for such an assumption. Indeed, it is logical for MWS to structure its
compensation program based on the opposite assumption, to incentivize the
original sales associate to avoid later exchanges and to incentivize the second
sales associate to convert outright returns into even exchanges. In his
deposition testimony, Tessitore agreed that a return is a selling opportunity,
and he should get credit if he converts the return into an even exchange
because he spent time with the customer making the sale. The original sales
associate is not the procuring cause of the sale that resulted from the even
exchange.
      As to price adjustments, Tessitore contends MWS’s policy is unlawful
because it makes the employee the insurer of MWS’s business losses, i.e., the
cost of reimbursing the customer for the difference in price between the
initial purchase price and the sale price. Tessitore is incorrect. The
reduction in net sales based on price adjustments is tied directly to the
employee’s sales activity. It is not a general business loss incurred by MWS.
In economic terms, it is analogous to a policy of recovering the commissions
paid on returned merchandise, which courts have approved even if it
effectively subsidizes an employer’s decision to allow such returns.
(See Cohan, supra, 843 F.3d at pp. 669-670; see also Prachasaisoradej, supra,
42 Cal.4th at p. 240; Koehl, supra, 142 Cal.App.4th at p. 1336; Hudgins,
supra, 34 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1113, 1122.) “California law . . . permits [a]
policy of paying commissions based on net sales.” (Nordstrom, supra,
186 Cal.App.4th at p. 587.)
      Tessitore relies on Kerr’s Catering, Quillian, and Hudgins, but they are
distinguishable. In Kerr’s Catering and Quillian, the employer deducted the

                                       25
full amount of the cash or merchandise shortage from the commissions due
the employee. (Kerr’s Catering, supra, 57 Cal.2d at p. 322; Quillian, supra,
96 Cal.App.3d at p. 159.) The employee was therefore truly the insurer of
these losses, having made the employer whole. In Hudgins, the employer
deducted the full amount of the commissions deemed to have been paid on
unidentified returns from the commissions of the employees in that
department. (Hudgins, supra, 34 Cal.App.4th at p. 1113.) Again, the
employees were the insurers of these losses, having made the employer
whole. Here, MWS does not recover the full amount refunded to the
customer; it effectively recovers only the amount of the commission paid on
the price difference. MWS still loses money on the price adjustment
transaction. It does not implicate the same policy against employee bonds
cited in Kerr’s Catering, Quillian, and Hudgins. Nor does Tessitore argue
that it violates Regulation 11070.
      In addition, the undisputed facts show that MWS’s practice of placing
merchandise on sale benefits its commission-based employees by drawing in
customers and encouraging purchases. And those employees benefit from the
price adjustment policy itself because customers have protection if the
merchandise they purchase later goes on sale, encouraging sales and
preventing future returns. Tessitore testified that he uses the price
adjustment policy as a “selling tool” to induce the customer to make a
purchase from him. MWS’s compensation program, which effectively shares
the cost of the policy with sales employees, who also benefit, does not
resemble a prohibited employee bond, which does not benefit employees at
all. (See Prachasaisoradej, supra, 42 Cal.4th at p. 240.)
      Tessitore also argues that the price adjustment policy is unlawful
because it leads to variability and unpredictability in an employee’s wages.

                                      26
(See Kerr’s Catering, supra, 57 Cal.2d at p. 329 [“To subject [an employee’s]
compensation to unanticipated or undetermined deductions is to impose a
special hardship on the employee.”].) We note that MWS’s sales employees
earn a regular hourly wage, regardless of their commission pay. And the
record does not reflect any significant variability or unpredictability in an
employee’s commission pay based on the price adjustment policy.
      In any event, some uncertainty as a result of the price adjustment
policy does not render MWS’s compensation plan unlawful. As our Supreme
Court has explained, “[T]his uncertainty alone cannot cause the plan to
violate the wage-protection policies of the Labor Code and Regulation 11070.
To hold otherwise would make every kind of achievement-based
supplementary incentive compensation system, whether based on individual
or overall business performance, illegal. [¶] The wage-protection statutes
and rules do not demand that employee compensation be absolutely certain
or stable from pay period to pay period, regardless of the employees’ contrary
understanding. Nor do they forbid a system in which, even though services
have already been performed, the final amount of wages cannot be
determined until after specified contingencies have come to pass.”
(Prachasaisoradej, supra, 42 Cal.4th at p. 239.)
      In sum, because MWS offered or promised to pay commissions based on
net sales, and did in fact pay such commissions, MWS did not deduct or take
back any earned wages from its sales employees. Moreover, MWS’s net sales
calculation was not mere subterfuge designed to impose otherwise-unlawful
deductions. Its even exchange policy does not violate California’s procuring
cause doctrine, and its price adjustment policy does not make MWS’s sales
employees the insurers of its general business losses. Unlike Kerr’s Catering,
Quillian, and Hudgins, there is no effort by MWS to unfairly impose on its

                                       27
sales employees the costs of doing business. MWS’s compensation program is
transparent and reasonable. It does not impose “secret deductions or ‘kick-
backs’ to make it appear that an employer paid the wage provided by a
collective bargaining contract or by a statute, although in fact he paid less[.]”
(Kerr’s Catering, supra, 57 Cal.2d at p. 328.) Nor is it a device to defraud or
coerce MWS’s employees into accepting less than their promised wages. (Id.
at pp. 328-329.) It is not unlawful under section 221.
      Because MWS did not take any unlawful deductions under section 221,
it also did not violate section 223’s prohibition on secretly paying a lower
wage than required by contract. Indeed, even if it had done so, “that error
would not amount to ‘secretly pay[ing] a lower wage while purporting to pay
the wage designated by statute’ ([] § 223), because there was nothing hidden
or deceptive about defendants’ payment practice.” (Stoetzl v. Department of
Human Resources (2019) 7 Cal.5th 718, 752.) For the same reasons, MWS
has not violated sections 201, 202, or 203, which require an employer to pay
earned wages in full when an employee resigns or is discharged.
(See Steinhebel, supra, 126 Cal.App.4th at pp. 711-712.) The trial court did

                                       28
not err by granting MWS’s motion for summary judgment and denying

Tessitore’s motion.5

5      Tessitore spends a large portion of his briefing attacking the reasoning
of the trial court in its summary judgment order, particularly its reliance on a
line of cases considering commission advances. (See, e.g., Steinhebel, supra,
126 Cal.App.4th at p. 704.) But, as noted, we are not bound by the trial
court’s reasoning and need not consider whether it was correct. (Coral
Construction, supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 336; Canales, supra, 23 Cal.App.5th at
p. 1268.) We agree with Tessitore that MWS does not pay advances on
commission. Its commission pay is earned when paid. This circumstance is
not dispositive for reasons we have already discussed. The fact that other
courts have approved various methods for charging back advance
commissions does not mean that MWS’s method for calculating earned
commissions based on net sales (and not charging back previously-paid
commissions) is unlawful. In light of our conclusion, we need not consider the
extent to which an employee may authorize deductions from earned wages
under section 224. (Compare Koehl, supra, 142 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1337-1338
with City of Oakland v. Hassey (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 1477, 1500-1501.) We
also need not consider the parties’ contentions regarding judicial estoppel
based on prior litigation against MWS.

                                      29
                              DISPOSITION
     The judgment is affirmed. MWS is entitled to its costs on appeal.

                                                            GUERRERO, J.

WE CONCUR:

McCONNELL, P. J.

DO, J.

                                    30