Court Opinion

ID: 9889518
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-10-10 16:11:12.903472+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:44:44.508781
License: Public Domain

J-S34043-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

  COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                 :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
  WILLIAM VICTOR                               :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 190 WDA 2023

       Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered February 6, 2020
     In the Court of Common Pleas of Fayette County Criminal Division at
                       No(s): CP-26-CR-0002764-2018

BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., STABILE, J., and MURRAY, J.

MEMORANDUM BY MURRAY, J.:                          FILED: October 10, 2023

       William Victor (Appellant) appeals the judgment of sentence entered

following his non-jury conviction of one count of simple assault, and two

counts each of disorderly conduct and harassment.1 We affirm.

       On April 28, 2017, Appellant physically assaulted a corrections officer

while incarcerated at the State Correctional Institution at Fayette.        N.T.,

1/7/20, at 35, 38-39. At trial, Corrections Officer Joseph Burns testified that

Appellant had requested assistance inside of his cell for an overflowing toilet.

Id. at 37. As Officer Burns entered the cell, Appellant struck the officer behind

his left ear. Id. at 39. Officer Burns explained,

       after I was struck[,] I lifted my head and I looked at [Appellant]
       and he drew back another punch and I brought my arms up and I
____________________________________________

1 See 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2701(a)(1), 5503(a)(1), and 2709(a)(1).
J-S34043-23

       tucked my head to the left and he struck me in the right side of
       the neck. At that point I realized that I was being assaulted.
       That’s when I realized [Appellant] was actually throwing punches
       at me.

Id. at 38. Officer Burns defended himself by striking Appellant in the face

with a closed fist:

       My blow … staggered both of us and I fell forward into the cell to
       my hands and knees. [Appellant] hit his back up against the
       bunks and then fell forward onto my back. When he fell onto my
       back[,] he reached his arm around attempting to get to my neck
       and I tucked my chin down to my chest so he couldn’t. Luckily,
       Sergeant [Richard] Lilley had followed me out onto my pod….

Id. A scuffle ensued during which Appellant struck, scratched, and bit Officer

Burns and other assisting corrections officers. Id. at 40. Appellant refused

to comply with the officers’ directives. Id. The officers ultimately restrained

Appellant. Id. at 41.

       On January 15, 2019,

       the Commonwealth filed a Criminal Information            charging
       Appellant with [the above-described charges].

       Appellant’s six-day, non-jury trial commenced on January 7,
       2020. Prior to the second day of trial, on January 8, 2020,
       Appellant filed a Motion to Dismiss pursuant to Pa.R.Crim.P. 600
       and a Motion for a Grazier[2] hearing that included a request that
       his appointed counsel, James V. Natale, Esquire, serve as “of
       counsel.” The court considered Appellant’s motion to dismiss and
       denied it. It also conducted a Grazier hearing, after which it
       permitted Appellant to represent himself, and appointed Attorney
       Natale [as] standby counsel….

____________________________________________

2 Commonwealth v. Grazier, 713 A.2d 81 (Pa. 1998) (requiring an on-the-

record colloquy to determine whether a defendant’s waiver of counsel is
knowing, intelligent, and voluntary).

                                           -2-
J-S34043-23

     On February 6, 2020, the court convicted Appellant of all charges
     and imposed an aggregate sentence of 18 to 36 months’
     imprisonment. [The trial court imposed the new sentences
     consecutive to his previously-imposed sentences.]

     On February 7, 2020, the trial court reappointed Attorney Natale
     to represent Appellant in his direct appeal.

Commonwealth v. Victor, 264 A.3d 339 (Pa. Super. 2021) (unpublished

memorandum at 1-2) (one footnote omitted, one footnote added).

     On February 18, 2020, Appellant motioned for an extension of time to

file his post-sentence motion. The trial court granted Appellant’s motion and

extended Appellant’s filing deadline to March 10, 2020.      Trial Court Order,

2/19/20.

     On February 25, 2020, Attorney Natale filed a motion to withdraw from

his representation of Appellant.   The trial court granted Attorney Natale’s

motion and, on February 27, 2020, the court appointed Bernadette Tummons,

Esquire, to represent Appellant.    Attorney Tummons did not file a post-

sentence motion or a notice of appeal.

     Nearly nine months later, on November 9, 2020, Attorney
     Tummons filed on Appellant’s behalf [another] Motion for
     Extension of Time to File Post-Sentence Motions and for a
     [h]earing to determine whether the Commonwealth violated
     [Appellant’s speedy trial rights under Pa.R.Crim.P.] 600.
     Relevantly, Appellant asserted that … he hired private counsel to
     file post[-]trial motions but that he did not receive copies of same.
     He did not say who he had hired to file post-trial motions. No
     such filing appears on the docket of this case. He also asserted
     that, despite receiving an extension of time, his court-appointed
     attorney did not file post-trial motions. On November 16, 2020,
     the [trial] court denied Appellant’s Motion.

                                     -3-
J-S34043-23

Id. (unpublished memorandum at 3-4) (citations, quotation marks and

footnote omitted).

       Appellant appealed the trial court’s order denying his motion for an

extension of time to file post-sentence motions, and the denial of his

Pa.R.Crim.P. 600 motion to dismiss. This Court concluded the trial court had

erred in not treating Appellant’s motion for an extension of time as a timely

Post Conviction Relief Act3 (PCRA) petition. Id. (unpublished memorandum

at 1, 7). We further concluded the trial court lacked jurisdiction to consider

Appellant’s Rule 600 motion.            Id. (unpublished memorandum at 7-8).

Consequently, we vacated the trial court’s order and remanded for further

PCRA proceedings. Id. (unpublished memorandum at 7).

       On remand, the PCRA court appointed counsel for Appellant. Appellant

pursued and ultimately was granted PCRA relief. The PCRA court reinstated

Appellant’s post-sentence motion and direct appeal rights, nunc pro tunc.

PCRA Court Order, 9/14/22.

       On September 23, 2022, Appellant filed his nunc pro tunc post-sentence

motion. The trial court denied the motion on December 21, 2022. Trial Court

Order, 12/21/22. The trial court’s order, however, did not advise Appellant of

his appeal rights and the applicable time limits for filing an appeal.   See

Pa.R.Crim.P. 720(b)(4)(a) (requiring that an order denying a post-sentence

____________________________________________

3 See 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9541-9546.

                                           -4-
J-S34043-23

motion include notice to the defendant of his right to appeal and the applicable

time limits).

      On January 27, 2023, Appellant filed a motion requesting permission to

file a nunc pro tunc notice of appeal.      The trial court granted Appellant’s

motion. Appellant filed the instant appeal on February 15, 2023.

      Appellant’s notice of appeal, filed more than thirty days after the

December 21, 2022, order denying his post-sentence motion, is facially

untimely. Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure 105 provides that

      [a]n appellate court for good cause shown may upon application
      enlarge the time prescribed by these rules or by its order for doing
      any act, or may permit an act to be done after the expiration of
      such time, but the court may not enlarge the time for filing
      a notice of appeal ….

Pa.R.A.P. 105(b) (emphasis added). The official note to Rule 105 recognizes

an exception to this rule: “Subdivision (b) of this rule is not intended to affect

the power of a court to grant relief in the case of fraud or breakdown in the

processes of a court.” Id., note (emphasis added).

      This Court has found a breakdown in the court’s processes when the

sentencing court “either failed to advise [the] Appellant of his post-sentence

and appellate rights or misadvised him.” Commonwealth v. Patterson, 940

A.2d 493, 498 (Pa. Super. 2007) (citations omitted); see also Pa.R.Crim.P.

720(B)(4)(a) (requiring that an order denying a post-sentence motion include

notice of the right to appeal and the applicable time limits).

                                      -5-
J-S34043-23

      Instantly, the trial court’s order denying Appellant’s post-sentence

motion failed to apprise Appellant of his appeal rights and the applicable time

limits for filing an appeal. See Trial Court Order, 12/21/22. Because of this

breakdown in the court’s processes, we decline to quash Appellant’s appeal.

See Patterson, 940 A.2d at 498.

      Instantly, Appellant presents the following issues:

      I.     Whether the trial court committed an error of law in denying
             [his] motion to dismiss based upon the Commonwealth’s
             violation of his [Pa.R.Crim.P.] 600 rights for failing to use
             due diligence to bring his case to trial within 365 days of the
             filing of the criminal complaint against him?

      II.    Whether the verdicts at all counts were against the weight
             of the evidence?

      III.   Whether the sentencing court abused its discretion in
             sentencing [Appellant] to an aggregate sentence of one and
             one-half (1½) years to a maximum sentence of three (3)
             years consecutively to the forty (40) to eighty (80) year
             sentence [Appellant] was already serving?

Appellant’s Brief at 5 (issues renumbered, capitalization modified).

      Appellant first challenges the trial court’s denial of his Pa.R.Crim.P. 600

motion to dismiss. Id. at 12. Appellant details the delays attributable to the

defense and the Commonwealth prior to his trial. Id. at 13-14. Appellant

admits, “it appears that trial commenced with the Commonwealth having an

additional 69 days to bring [Appellant] to trial for Rule 600 purposes[,]

which date would have been March 17, 2020.” Id. at 14 (emphasis added).

Nevertheless, Appellant claims that his requested continuances of the

preliminary hearing should not be counted against him under Rule 600:

                                      -6-
J-S34043-23

     [Appellant] never expressly waived his Rule 600 rights as he
     would have in the Court of Common Pleas either on the record or
     by signing his signature to the form motion for continuance to
     expressly waive said rights. There is no evidence that [Appellant]
     ever expressly waived his Rule 600 rights for the continuances of
     the preliminary hearing.

     Adding back in the time that ran against [Appellant,] as he never
     expressly waived his rights for the defense continuances from
     August 30, 2017 until March 14, 2018 (196 days) and the May 23,
     2018 continuance until [the] June 25, 2018 continuance by the
     [c]ourt (33 days) for a total of 229 days, [Appellant’s] trial should
     have commenced on or before August 1, 2019….

Id. at 14-15. We disagree.

     We generally review a court’s ruling on a Rule 600 motion to dismiss for

an abuse of discretion. Commonwealth v. Bradford, 46 A.3d 693, 700 (Pa.

2012). The interpretation of Rule 600, however, is an issue of law subject to

our plenary review. Commonwealth v. Mills, 162 A.3d 323, 325 (Pa. 2017).

     Our Supreme Court has explained that “Rule 600 has the dual purpose

of both protecting a defendant’s constitutional speedy trial rights and

protecting society’s right to effective prosecution of criminal cases.”

Bradford, 46 A.3d at 700.    Rule 600 provides, in part, as follows:

     (A) Commencement of Trial; Time for Trial

        (1) For the purpose of this rule, trial shall be deemed to
        commence on the date the trial judge calls the case to trial, or
        the defendant tenders a plea of guilty or nolo contendere.

        (2) Trial shall commence within the following time periods.

          (a) Trial in a court case in which a written complaint is filed
          against the defendant shall commence within 365 days from
          the date on which the complaint is filed.

                                     -7-
J-S34043-23

       ….

       (C) Computation of Time

            (1) For purposes of paragraph (A), periods of delay at any
            stage of the proceedings caused by the Commonwealth
            when the Commonwealth has failed to exercise due
            diligence[4] shall be included in the computation of the
            time within which trial must commence. Any other
            periods of delay shall be excluded from the computation.

       ….

       (D) Remedies

            (1) When a defendant has not been brought to trial within the
            time periods set forth in paragraph (A), at any time before trial,
            the defendant’s attorney, or the defendant if unrepresented,
            may file a written motion requesting that the charges be
            dismissed with prejudice on the ground that this rule has been
            violated….

Pa.R.Crim.P. 600 (emphasis and footnote added).

       In a Rule 600 analysis,

       the “mechanical run date” is 365 days after the complaint was
       filed. The “adjusted run date” is then calculated by adding any
       time that is “excluded from the computation” under Rule
       600(C)(1).    If a defendant is not brought to trial by the
       adjusted run date, the case is dismissed.

Commonwealth v. Malone, 294 A.3d 1247, 1249 (Pa. Super. 2023)

(citations omitted).      “If the delay occurred as the result of circumstances

____________________________________________

4
 “Due diligence is fact-specific, to be determined case-by-case; it does not
require perfect vigilance and punctilious care, but merely a showing the
Commonwealth has put forth a reasonable effort.” Commonwealth v.
Selenski, 994 A.2d 1083, 1089 (Pa. 2010).

                                           -8-
J-S34043-23

beyond the Commonwealth’s control and despite its due diligence, the time is

excluded.”   Commonwealth v. Harth, 252 A.3d 600, 617 (Pa. 2021)

(quoting Pa.R.Crim.P. 600, cmt.).

      Instantly, Appellant admits his own counsel requested continuances of

the preliminary hearing. See Appellant’s Brief at 13-14 (acknowledging that

prior to the preliminary hearing, the defense requested continuances totaling

196 days). These delays were not “caused by the Commonwealth when the

Commonwealth has failed to exercise due diligence[,]” and were “beyond the

Commonwealth’s control[.]” Pa.R.Crim.P. 600(C)(1), cmt. Applying the plain

language of Rule      600, the delays caused        by Appellant’s requested

continuances must be added to the adjusted run date for Rule 600 purposes.

Malone, 294 A.3d at 1249; see also 1 Pa.C.S.A. § 1921(b) (“When the words

of a statute are clear and free from all ambiguity, the letter of it is not to be

disregarded under the pretext of pursuing its spirit.”); Pa.R.Crim.P. 101(C)

(“To the extent practicable, [the Rules of Criminal Procedure] shall be

construed in consonance with the rules of statutory construction.”).

      Appellant concedes in his brief, with these delays added, the

Commonwealth brought Appellant to trial within 365 days, as required by Rule

600. Appellant’s Brief at 14. Consequently, we discern no error by the trial

court in denying Appellant’s Rule 600 motion to dismiss. Appellant’s first claim

merits no relief.

                                      -9-
J-S34043-23

      In his second issue, Appellant argues the verdicts are against the weight

of the evidence. Appellant’s Brief at 11. Appellant contends the trial court

did not give appropriate weight to the following evidence:

      a) [T]he testimony offered by [inmate] Michael Marks that it was
         the corrections officers that were the aggressors and not
         [Appellant], See Notes of Testimony, Part Two, at 291-297;

      b) the weight given to the minimal injuries sustained by the
         corrections officers did not [support] a finding of “bodily
         injury”; and

      c) the lack of any video evidence showing the alleged incident as
         it occurred.

Id. at 12. Appellant asserts that this evidence “clearly supported a finding of

not guilty[,]” or at the very least,

      a finding of mitigation due to mutual combat to lower the grading
      of the simple assault and as this was one incident happening at
      one time which should have resulted in the dismissal of at least
      one count of disorderly conduct.

Id. (some capitalization modified).

      “A motion for a new trial based on a claim that the verdict is against the

weight of the evidence is addressed to the discretion of the trial court.”

Commonwealth v. Landis, 277 A.3d 1172, 1183 (Pa. Super. 2023)

(citations omitted).

      An appellate court by its nature stands on a different plane than
      that of a trial court. Whereas a trial court’s decision to grant or
      deny a new trial is aided by an on-the-scene evaluation of the
      evidence, an appellate court’s review rests solely upon a cold
      record. Because of this disparity in vantage points an appellate
      court is not empowered to merely substitute its opinion concerning
      the weight of the evidence for that of the trial judge. Rather our
      court has consistently held that appellate review of the trial court’s

                                       - 10 -
J-S34043-23

      grant [or denial] of a new trial is to focus on whether the trial
      judge has palpably abused his discretion, as opposed to whether
      the appellate court can find support in the record for the jury’s
      verdict....

Commonwealth v. Brown, 648 A.2d 1177, 1190 (Pa. 1994) (citation

omitted).

      One of the least assailable reasons for granting or denying a new trial is

the lower court’s conviction that the verdict was or was not against the weight

of the evidence. Landis, at 1183-84.

      A new trial should not be granted because of a mere conflict in the
      testimony or because the judge on the same facts would have
      arrived at a different conclusion. Rather, the role of the trial judge
      is to determine that notwithstanding all the facts, certain facts are
      so clearly of greater weight that to ignore them or to give them
      equal weight with all the facts is to deny justice. … [A] new trial
      should be awarded when the jury’s verdict is so contrary to the
      evidence as to shock one’s sense of justice and the award of a new
      trial is imperative so that right may be given another opportunity
      to prevail.

Id. (citations and quotation marks omitted).

      In other words, [a] weight of the evidence claim concedes that the
      evidence is sufficient to sustain the verdict, but seeks a new trial
      on the ground that the evidence was so one-sided or so weighted
      in favor of acquittal that a guilty verdict shocks one’s sense of
      justice.

Id. (citation and quotation marks omitted).

      In its Opinion, the trial court rejected Appellant’s challenge to the weight

of the evidence:

      Michael Marks testified during the final day of trial. N.T., Vol. 2,
      at 291-97. He stated that he heard officers “braggin” and
      “tormenting” Appellant like “[i]t was a big show that they hurt
      somebody.” Id. at 294-95. [Marks] did not, however, testify that

                                     - 11 -
J-S34043-23

      the officers were the aggressors or that they initiated the incident;
      in fact, he said more than once that he did not actually see what
      happened. Id. The argument that the verdicts are against the
      weight of this testimony is therefore without merit.

            … [Appellant] was convicted of simple assault on Count 1,
      at which Corrections Officer Burns was listed as the victim. Officer
      Burns testified at trial that Appellant struck him behind his left
      ear, then the right side of his neck, that he experienced swelling
      and redness, and that he did not seek medical treatment.
      Appellant was charged under 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2701(a)(1), which
      only requires that “bodily injury” be attempted or caused for the
      crime to have occurred. Here, there is evidence that bodily injury
      indeed was caused to Officer Burns as a result of Appellant’s
      actions. The charge of simple assault as against Sergeant Lilley
      (Count 2) was dismissed sua sponte, and the elements of the
      remaining charges did not require the Commonwealth to establish
      there was any bodily injury. The argument that the verdicts are
      against the weight of the evidence because of “minimal injury”
      has no merit.

Trial Court Opinion, 3/27/23, at 6.

      The trial court further rejected Appellant’s challenge to the lack of video

of the altercation in Appellant’s cell:

      [T]he recorded footage as presented at trial on January 9, 2020[,]
      captured the time period after the incident in Appellant’s cell,
      starting around 1:01 p.m. N.T., Vol. 1, at 193. The trial court did
      observe that it would be “nice to see what was going on at 12:58,
      12:59.” Id. at 198. However, the court clearly did not consider
      the lack of this particular footage sufficient to outweigh the
      evidence supporting convictions. The argument that the verdicts
      are against the weight of the evidence because video evidence is
      lacking has no merit….

Id. at 6-7.

      After reviewing the record, we discern no abuse of the trial court’s

discretion. Although Appellant invites us to reweigh the evidence, that is not

                                      - 12 -
J-S34043-23

our role as an appellate court. See Brown, 648 A.2d at 1190. Appellant’s

second issue merits no relief.

      In his final issue, Appellant challenges the discretionary aspects of his

sentence. Appellant’s Brief at 8. To invoke this Court’s jurisdiction, Appellant

must satisfy a four-part test:

      (1) whether appellant has filed a timely notice of appeal, see
      Pa.R.A.P. 902 and 903; (2) whether the issue was properly
      preserved at sentencing or in a motion to reconsider and modify
      sentence, see Pa.R.Crim.P. [720]; (3) whether [A]ppellant’s brief
      has a fatal defect, Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f); and (4) whether there is a
      substantial question that the sentence appealed from is not
      appropriate under the Sentencing Code, 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9781(b).

Commonwealth v. Moury, 992 A.2d 162, 170 (Pa. Super. 2010) (brackets

in original).

      Here, Appellant preserved his issues in his nunc pro tunc post-sentence

motion and, as discussed above, his appeal is properly before us. Appellant

includes in his brief the required Rule 2119(f) statement. Appellant’s Brief at

8.   Accordingly, we next review Appellant’s Rule 2119(f) statement to

determine if he presents a substantial question regarding his sentence.

      A substantial question exists when an appellant raises a colorable

argument that the sentence imposed is either “inconsistent with a specific

provision of the Sentencing Code” or is “contrary to the fundamental norms

which underlie the sentencing process.” Commonwealth v. Andrews, 213

A.3d 1004, 1017 (Pa. Super. 2019). “[W]e cannot look beyond the

statement       of   questions   presented    and   the   prefatory    2119(f)

                                     - 13 -
J-S34043-23

statement      to      determine    whether      a   substantial      question

exists.” Commonwealth v. Provenzano, 50 A.3d 148, 154 (Pa. Super.

2012).

      In his statement of questions, Appellant claims the trial court abused its

discretion in sentencing Appellant to consecutive sentences. See Appellant’s

Brief at 5, ¶ I. In his separate Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f) statement, Appellant provides

the standard by which we review sentencing claims.        Id. at 8.   Appellant

additionally states:

      [] Appellant must meet two requirements before a challenge to
      the judgment of sentence will be heard. First, [] Appellant must
      set forth a concise statement of the reasons relied upon for
      allowance of appeal. Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f). Second, he must show
      that there is a substantial question that the sentence is not
      appropriate under the sentencing guidelines. 42 Pa.C.S.A. §
      9781(b); Commonwealth v. Rosetti, 863 A.2d 1185, 1194 (Pa.
      Super. 2004).      A substantial question is raised when the
      [a]ppellant articulates plausible reasons his sentence is either
      inconsistent with a particular provision of the Sentencing Code or
      is contrary to the fundamental norms underlying the sentencing
      process. Commonwealth v. Mouzon, 812 A.2d 617, 622 (Pa.
      2002). Here, [] Appellant satisfies these requirements.

Id.   Appellant’s Rule 2119(f) statement offers no further reasons why his

sentence is inappropriate under the Sentencing Code, or why his sentence

violated the fundamental norms underlying the sentencing process. See id.

As such, Appellant’s Rule 2119(f) statement fails to present a substantial

question. See Provenzano, 50 A.3d at 154.

      Even if Appellant’s Rule 2119(f) statement presented a substantial

question, we would conclude Appellant’s sentencing claim merits no relief. In

                                     - 14 -
J-S34043-23

his argument section, Appellant claims the trial court improperly imposed

consecutive sentences, which resulted in an excessive aggregate sentence.

Appellant’s Brief at 9.   Appellant argues the sentencing court improperly

focused on the serious nature of the crimes, rather than the considerations

mandated by the Sentencing Code. Id. According to Appellant,

      [i]mposing a consecutive sentence to an already minimum
      sentence of forty (40) years discounts the possibility of
      rehabilitation and almost guarantees [that Appellant] is removed
      from society for pretty much the entirety of his working and adult
      life, precluding the possibility of him ever becoming a contributing
      member of society….

Id. at 11. Appellate claims the imposition of a consecutive sentence to his

aggregate 40-year minimum sentence is manifestly excessive. Id.

      Our standard of review of a discretionary sentencing claim is well-

established:

      Sentencing is a matter vested in the sound discretion of the
      sentencing judge, and a sentence will not be disturbed on appeal
      absent a manifest abuse of discretion. In this context, an abuse
      of discretion is not shown merely by an error in judgment. Rather,
      the appellant must establish, by reference to the record, that the
      sentencing court ignored or misapplied the law, exercised its
      judgment for reasons of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill will, or
      arrived at a manifestly unreasonable decision.

Commonwealth v. Bankes, 286 A.3d 1302, 1307 (Pa. Super. 2022) (citation

omitted).   “[W]hen imposing sentence, the trial court is granted broad

discretion, as it is in the best position to determine the proper penalty for a

particular offense based upon an evaluation of the individual circumstances

before it.” Commonwealth v. Mulkin, 228 A.3d 913, 917 (Pa. Super. 2020).

                                     - 15 -
J-S34043-23

      The Pennsylvania Supreme Court has explained the reason for our

deferential review:

      [T]he sentencing court is in the best position to measure various
      factors and determine the proper penalty for a particular offense
      based upon an evaluation of the individual circumstances before
      it. Simply stated, the sentencing court sentences flesh-and-blood
      defendants and the nuances of sentencing decisions are difficult
      to gauge from the cold transcript used upon appellate review.
      Moreover, the sentencing court enjoys an institutional advantage
      to appellate review, bringing to its decisions an expertise,
      experience, and judgment that should not be lightly disturbed.

Commonwealth v. Pasture, 107 A.3d 21, 27 (Pa. 2014) (citations omitted).

      “Pennsylvania law affords the [trial] court discretion to impose its

sentence concurrently or consecutively to other sentences being imposed at

the same time or to sentences already imposed.” Commonwealth v. Austin,

66 A.3d 798, 808 (Pa. Super. 2013).         “[An a]ppellant is not entitled to a

‘volume   discount’   on   his   multiple   convictions   by   the   imposition   of

concurrent sentences.”     Commonwealth v. Brown, 249 A.3d 1206, 1216

(Pa. Super. 2021) (citations omitted and formatting altered).

      Our review discloses the trial court’s consecutive aggregate sentence of

18 to 36 months, added to his previously imposed 40- to 80-year aggregate

sentence for burglary, robbery, and rape, is not excessive under the

circumstances. As the trial court explained:

      The record shows that Appellant was sentenced at Count 1 for a
      misdemeanor of the second degree[,] and at Count 4 for a
      misdemeanor of the third degree. Under 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 1104, the
      maximum sentence for a misdemeanor of the second degree is
      two (2) years, and the maximum sentence for a misdemeanor of
      the third degree is one (1) year. Appellant’s sentence therefore

                                      - 16 -
J-S34043-23

      was within the statutory range. The decision to set the sentence
      as consecutive to Appellant’s existing sentence was well within the
      court’s discretion and does not misapply the law, demonstrate
      partiality, nor is it manifestly unreasonable….

Trial Court Opinion, 3/27/23, at 5. We discern no abuse of the trial court’s

discretion. See Commonwealth v. Zirkle, 107 A.3d 127, 133 (Pa. Super.

2013) (recognizing the “imposition of consecutive rather than concurrent

sentences lies within the sound discretion of the sentencing court.” (citation

omitted)). Even if Appellant had preserved this claim, it merits no relief.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

 10/10/2023

                                    - 17 -