Court Opinion

ID: 9716395
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-26 06:37:50.24173+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:59:29.886460
License: Public Domain

OPINION OF THE COURT
Graffeo, J.
In this case we are asked whether the installation of private antennae on two state-owned telecommunications towers is exempt from local zoning regulation. Under the particular facts and circumstances of this case, we conclude that the commercial telecommunications providers involved in this state project are not required to make applications for special permits.
In 1997, the New York State Police, on behalf of itself and participating state agencies including the Department of Transportation (DOT or collectively the State), entered into a Telecommunications Site Manager Service Agreement with Castle Tower Holding Corporation to provide Castle with an exclusive license to construct and operate telecommunications towers on state-owned lands and rights-of-way. Castle subsequently assigned the agreement to Crown Communication New York, Inc. Under the terms of the state contract, Crown was permitted to license space on the towers to localities and commercial wireless providers, and the State retained the right to co-locate its own communications equipment on the towers.
After Crown identified two potential locations for towers on state-owned property within the City of New Rochelle (the City), the State granted Crown conceptual approval to commence a preliminary site evaluation for the construction of both towers. One proposed tower, consisting of a 120-foot monopole, would replace an existing 110-foot lattice communications tower located on a DOT right-of-way. The other planned tower—a lattice-type structure—would be erected at a DOT maintenance yard. Both sites are situated along the Hutchinson River Parkway.
In May 2000, the State informed the City of Crown’s telecommunications plans. The following month, Crown and the State *164gave a public presentation to the Mayor and City Council regarding the purpose and intended use of the two proposed towers. At this meeting, the City voiced no objection to the siting or construction of the towers and Crown offered space on the facilities to the municipality for use by its public safety agencies. This invitation was reiterated in correspondence sent to the City. Thereafter, DOT, as lead agency, performed an environmental review of both sites pursuant to the State Environmental Quality Review Act (SEQRA). DOT issued a negative declaration for each location, finding that neither the replacement tower nor the maintenance yard tower would result in any significant adverse environmental or aesthetic impact based on the nature and location of the sites.
Crown proceeded with the construction of the towers and entered into license agreements with a number of commercial wireless telecommunications providers to lease space on the towers for their equipment.1 After the maintenance yard tower was completed, and during construction of the replacement tower, the City issued a stop work order, contending that the towers were subject to the City’s zoning laws and that Crown must therefore apply for a special permit from the City’s Planning Board.
In 2001, Crown commenced separate hybrid declaratory judgment and CPLR article 78 proceedings seeking a judgment prohibiting the City from enforcing its zoning regulations to halt construction of the towers and a declaration that the towers were exempt from the local zoning regulations. The two proceedings were later consolidated. Although DOT was a named defendant, it joined in the relief sought by Crown. The Supervisor of the Town of Eastchester later intervened as an additional defendant.
Supreme Court initially declared the towers immune from local zoning regulations and enjoined the City from interfering with their construction and operation. The court applied the “balancing of public interests” test adopted by this Court in Matter of County of Monroe (72 NY2d 338 [1988]) and determined that the State’s interests outweighed the City’s interests. After reargument, Supreme Court modified its prior order to the extent that it found that the private telecommunications *165providers licensed to install their equipment on the towers were subject to local zoning regulation, concluding that there was no basis to exempt them from such laws. The court, however, adhered to its original determination that Crown need not comply with local zoning requirements regarding the construction of the towers.2
The Appellate Division modified by declaring that the wireless telecommunications providers are not subject to local zoning regulation and otherwise affirmed (309 AD2d 863 [2003]). The Court held that the telecommunications companies “are not precluded from enjoying the State’s immunity simply because they are private entities or because colocating on the DOT’s towers will advance their financial interests” (id. at 866, citing County of Monroe, 72 NY2d 338 [1988]; Murphy v Erie County, 28 NY2d 80 [1971]). Thus, the Court determined, “it is not the private status of the Wireless Telephone Providers but, rather, the public nature of the activity sought to be regulated by the local zoning authority that is determinative in this case” (id.). We granted the City leave to appeal and now affirm.
The City argues that, although the towers themselves are exempt from regulation, no justification exists to extend such immunity to the installation of commercial equipment on the towers. Specifically, the City asserts that it has the right pursuant to its zoning authority to evaluate whether private antennae are necessary to close cellular telecommunications coverage gaps or should be placed elsewhere, and to require some form of aesthetic camouflaging of equipment. In response, Crown and the State contend that the private carriers are entitled to share in the immunity already enjoyed by the state-owned towers. They claim that the State’s plan envisions a public-private partnership and that the joint use of its towers facilitates the State’s public safety and environmental goals.
In County of Monroe, we addressed the applicability of local zoning laws where a conflict arises between two governmental entities. There, the issue was whether the expansion and accessory uses of a county-owned airport located within the City of Rochester were subject to the City’s zoning regulations. Abandoning the traditional governmental-proprietary classification standard used to resolve competing land use claims be*166tween governmental units, we articulated a “balancing of public interests” test (County of Monroe, 72 NY2d at 341). Balancing a number of factors, including “the nature and scope of the instrumentality seeking immunity, the kind of function or land use involved, the extent of the public interest to be served thereby, the effect local land use regulation would have upon the enterprise concerned and the impact upon legitimate local interests,” we held that they weighed in favor of granting the County immunity for the airport’s expansion (id. at 343 [internal quotation marks and citation omitted]). We also concluded that such immunity extended to additional structures, including an airport terminal, an air freight facility and parking lots, and that such exemption was appropriate despite the fact that portions of the new structures were to be leased for use by commercial entities (see id. at 344-345).
In this case, although we are faced not with a dispute between two municipalities but between a state project and a locality, County of Monroe informs the result. Here, the State submitted evidence of numerous benefits the government’s use of the towers would afford the public, which Supreme Court took into account in finding the towers immune from local regulation under the balancing test. For example, the State is currently in the process of developing its telecommunications infrastructure in anticipation of establishing a Statewide Wireless Network (SWN), which will replace outdated systems with a state-of-the-art digital land mobile radio network designed to permit interagency and intergovernmental communications across the state in emergency situations. According to the affidavit of the State Police’s Administrative Officer and Program Manager of the Telecommunications Site Manager Service Agreement, the SWN will operate in the 700-800 megahertz frequency range, while the State Police’s current communications system uses a 150 megahertz range. Consultants retained by the State Police have indicated that in order to operate in the higher frequency range, it will be necessary to construct three to four times the approximately 150 existing state-maintained radio sites. The State has therefore reserved space on the replacement and maintenance yard towers for anticipated SWN use when the network becomes operational.
Additionally, DOT has developed an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), which monitors traffic flow, weather and road conditions. DOT’s Director of Traffic Engineering and Safety stated that the collection of such data aids DOT and pub-*167lie safety entities in being able to “respond to emergency situations, manage and divert traffic, and provide real-time traffic information to motorists,” thereby improving the safety of the traveling public and reducing travel times. DOT explained that the maintenance yard tower utilizes equipment that supports the ITS, and indicated its intention to co-locate additional equipment on the replacement tower. DOT has also placed a radio antenna on the maintenance yard tower to improve the communications range for its maintenance crews and installed video surveillance cameras for improved security at its maintenance yard.
Finally, the State has followed a policy of offering space on its towers to local public safety authorities and offered such space on the two towers to the City in this case. Currently, Westchester County has placed antennae on the replacement tower for use by its Department of Public Safety.
Although Supreme Court determined on reargument that no basis existed to exempt the wireless providers from local zoning regulations, we agree with the Appellate Division that the installation of licensed commercial antennae on the towers should also be accorded immunity because co-location serves a number of significant public interests that are advanced by the State’s overall telecommunications plan. At this time, there are apparently more private than public antennae on the towers, but the presence of commercial equipment does not exclusively serve private interests. The private antennae will improve the availability of 911 emergency cellular calls made by the public, thereby promoting the public safety interest central to construction of the State’s towers. The Highway Emergency Local Patrol (HELP), consisting of a fleet of trucks which patrol highways— including the Hutchinson River Parkway—relies on wireless services provided by one of the carriers currently co-located on the towers. Numerous state agencies, including the Thruway Authority, Dormitory Authority, Department of Environmental Conservation and Department of Health utilize cellular phone services supported by the carriers in this case. Significantly, the co-location of public and private equipment also ehminates the need for the proliferation of telecommunications towers, an important environmental and aesthetic public concern. Furthermore, profits derived from licensing space to wireless providers will ultimately aid in financing the construction of the State’s telecommunications infrastructure plan.
The fact that the wireless providers will also realize profit from their services does not undermine the public interests *168served by co-location. Such shared use and benefit is analogous to the airport development project in County of Monroe, which likewise served both public and private interests. Subjecting the private carriers to local regulation in this case “could otherwise foil the fulfillment of the greater public purpose of promoting” the State’s public safety and environmental goals associated with its telecommunications infrastructure development plan (County of Monroe, 72 NY2d at 344). In sum, the public and private uses of the towers are sufficiently intertwined to justify exemption of the wireless providers from local zoning regulations.3
Little Joseph Realty, Inc. v Town of Babylon (41 NY2d 738 [1977]), relied upon by the City, is distinguishable. In that case, the issue was whether a town’s zoning regulations applied to an asphalt plant operated for private profit but located on town-owned land which had been leased to a private entity. Applying the now-abandoned governmental-proprietary function test, we held that the local zoning laws were applicable, reasoning that because the plant “was operated solely by and for the commercial benefit of ... a private entrepreneur,” the lease arrangement “could not serve to clothe [the entrepreneur] with immunity from the zoning laws” (id. at 742 [emphasis added]). This casé, by contrast, does not merely involve the lease of government-owned space to a private firm for the exclusive purpose of making a profit. Rather, the licensing of space to commercial wireless providers is an integral component of the State’s plan of promoting public safety and reducing the proliferation of cellular towers, clearly salient public purposes.
Nor does the extension of immunity to the private providers in this case conflict with the Telecommunications Act of 1996 (TCA) (47 USC § 151 et seq.). Section 332 of the TCA provides that, subject to enumerated exceptions, “nothing in this chapter shall limit or affect the authority of a State or local *169government or instrumentality thereof over decisions regarding the placement, construction, and modification of personal wireless service facilities” (47 USC § 332 [c] [7] [A]). While the TCA may not limit a government’s zoning ability, it does not dictate that a locality’s regulations trump state interests where competing interests exist. Rather, consistent with County of Monroe, we conclude that any income the wireless providers derive from the antennae placed on the two towers does not subvert the underlying public interests served by the enhancement of wireless telecommunication, and such equipment is therefore embraced within the immunity already afforded to the state-owned towers pursuant to the balancing test.4
Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed, with costs.

. Both towers have been fully operational since March 2002. At oral argument, the State indicated that five commercial wireless telecommunications companies have installed equipment at the replacement tower site and four companies have placed antennae on the maintenance yard tower.

. Because the City failed to challenge the immunity of the towers themselves on appeal, their exemption from local zoning regulation is not at issue in this case.

. The dissent focuses on whether the State has preempted the telecommunications field with regard to the construction of facilities. It is true that where the State preempts a particular area and indicates an intention to preclude local regulation, any inconsistent local law is rendered inapplicable (see Incorporated Vil. of Nyack v Daytop Vil., Inc., 78 NY2d 500, 505 [1991]). We agree with the dissent that the State has not preempted this area of the law. Nevertheless, preemption is not the only means for determining whether a particular activity is exempt from local zoning regulation. We find the principles outlined in County of Monroe applicable to this case, such that the immunity afforded the towers should extend to the wireless providers’ antennae.

. We emphasize that our determination that immunity is warranted in this case should not be taken as blanket authority for the placement of state-owned towers at any location the State desires. Here, after performing SE-QRA review, DOT concluded that the towers would not have any adverse aesthetic or environmental impact based on their nature and location: one merely replaced an existing tower while the other was placed in a DOT maintenance yard. Moreover, Supreme Court, in applying the County of Monroe balancing test, found that the nature of the towers’ locations did not weigh in the City’s favor.