Court Opinion

ID: 9657319
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-23 20:20:37.955479+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:13:43.454162
License: Public Domain

OPINION
PETERSON, Judge
This appeal is from a district court order that modified a child-support magistrate’s order for child support. We affirm.
FACTS
The marriage of appellant-mother Bonnie Jo Blonigen and respondent-father Michael Blonigen was dissolved in 1999 pursuant to a marital-termination agreement that was adopted by the district court. Under the agreement, the parties received joint legal and joint physical custody of their two children, and the issue of child support was reserved. Mother was granted physical custody of the children from Sunday evening through Friday evening during the school year and during the months of June and July. Father was granted physical custody of the children every weekend from Friday evening through Sunday evening and during the month of August.
In February 2000, a hearing was held before a child-support magistrate to determine child support. Following the hearing, the child-support magistrate concluded:
Although the present arrangement of the parties constitutes more than what is typically described as reasonable visitation, [mother] nevertheless maintains primary custody of the children. It is appropriate to calculate [father’s] support obligation utilizing the Minnesota statutory guidelines, but deviating downward to recognize the one month during which [father] has custody of the children.
The magistrate determined that father’s support obligation under the guidelines in Minn.Stat. § 518.551, subd. 5(b) (1998), *279was $513 per month. The magistrate made a downward deviation from the guideline amount to account for father’s custody of the children during August and ordered father to pay $449 per month in child support.
Father moved for review of the child-support magistrate’s order by the district court. Father requested that the district court adjust his support obligation to reflect the amount of time he had custody of the children. Neither party submitted a transcript of the hearing before the child-support magistrate.
The district court determined that because the parties agreed to joint physical custody in their marital-termination agreement, father was entitled to a child-support offset under the Hortis/Valento formula for determining child support in joint-physical-custody cases. The court found that father has physical custody of the children 33% of the year and mother has physical custody of the children 67% of the year. The court determined the child-support obligations of both parties under section 518.551, subdivision 5(b), applied an offset for each party according to the amount of time each has custody of the children, and ordered father to pay mother $208.79 per month in child support.
Mother moved to have the district court reconsider its findings of fact, conclusions of law, and order. The district court denied mother’s motion to reconsider and stated that under Minn. R. Gen. Pract. 372.05, subd. 5,1 it was authorized to modify the child-support magistrate’s order upon motion by a party.
ISSUES
I.Did the district court owe any deference to . the child-support magistrate when reviewing the magistrate’s order under Minn.R.Gen.Pract. 372.05, subd. 2?
II. Did the district court err when it determined that the parties have joint physical custody of their children, and therefore, that father’s child support obligation should be determined using the Hortis/Valento formula?
III. Was the district court required to review a transcript of the hearing before the child-support magistrate when reviewing the magistrate’s order?
IV. Did the district court correctly apply the Hortis/Valento formula?
ANALYSIS
I.
Mother argues that the district court’s reduction of child support was improper because the district court did not address the magistrate’s conclusion that mother maintains primary custody of the children. Mother characterizes the magistrate’s conclusion as a determination that the custody arrangement is, in essence, a sole-physical-custody arrangement. She contends that the district court should not have rejected this determination without addressing the magistrate’s findings regarding where the children live and who has physical custody during the relevant times.
Under Minn.R.Gen.Pract. 372.01,
[a]ny party may bring a motion for review of the decision and order or judgment of the child support magistrate. ⅜ * * At the request of either party, the motion for review may be brought before either the child support magistrate who issued the order or a district court judge.
On review,
*280[t]he child support magistrate or district court judge must make an independent review of any findings or other provisions of the child support magistrate’s decision and order for which specific changes are requested in the motion. The child support magistrate or district court judge may approve or modify the decision and order of the child support magistrate, or may remand the matter to the child support magistrate with instructions. If any findings or other provisions of the child support magistrate’s decision and order are approved without change, the child support magistrate or district court judge must specifically state in the order that those findings and other provisions are affirmed but need not make specific findings or conclusions as to each point raised in the motion. If any findings or other provisions of the child support magistrate’s decision and order are modified, the child support magistrate or district court judge need only make specific findings or conclusions with respect to the provisions that are modified.
Minn.R.Gen.Pract. 372.05, subd. 2 (emphasis added).
“Independent” means, “Free from the influence, guidance, or control of another or others; self-reliant.” The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 917 (3rd ed.1992). Thus, the requirement that the district court make an independent review of findings and provisions in the magistrate’s decision means that the district court was to make its review free from the influence, guidance, or control of the magistrate. The district court was not required to act with deference to the magistrate and was free to reach its own conclusion with respect to the proper characterization of the parties’ custody arrangement. In short, the district court was to review the magistrate’s decision de novo. See Tri-State Land Co. v. City of Shoreview, 290 N.W.2d 775, 776 (Minn.1980) (holding that trial court erred in not affording appellant “a de novo or independent review of its claim”). Mother’s contention that the district court improperly rejected the magistrate’s characterization of the custody arrangement without addressing the magistrate’s findings incorrectly assumes that the district court was to act with deference to the magistrate.
Under Minn.R.Gen.Pract. 372.05, subd. 2, the district court was required to address individual findings or provisions of the child support magistrate’s decision only if the court approved or modified a finding or provision. This simply means that findings of the magistrate that are not approved or modified by the district court do not become part of the district court’s decision.
The district court specifically stated in its order that it affirmed the child support magistrate’s findings regarding the income of each of the parties and the finding that father’s child support obligation under Minn.Stat. § 518.551, subd. 5(b), is $513.00 per month.2 The court made independent findings regarding the amount of time each of the parties has physical custody of the children when it found that father has physical custody 33% of the time and mother has physical custody 67% of the time. The court also found:
The parties’ Marital Termination Agreement, adopted by this Court, provided for joint legal and joint physical custody of the parties’ two minor children. As Such, [father] is entitled to child support offset under the Hor-tis/Valento formula for determining child support in joint physical custody cases.
Based on these findings, the district court calculated father’s child support obligation using the Hortis/Valento formula.
*281II.
Mother argues that when viewed as a whole, the terms of the dissolution judgment do not support the district court’s conclusion that the parties share joint physical custody of their children. We disagree.
The rules of contract construction apply when construing a stipulated provision in a dissolution judgment. In re Estate of Rock, 612 N.W.2d 891, 894 (Minn.App.2000). Under those rules, the court must consider the stipulation as a whole to determine whether an ambiguity exists. In re Complaint of Info Tel Communications, LLC v. U.S. West Communications, Inc., 592 N.W.2d 880, 884 (Minn.App.1999), review denied (Minn. July 28, 1999). If no ambiguity exists, interpretation is a question of law subject to de novo review. Stowell v. Cloquet Co-op Credit Union, 557 N.W.2d 567, 571 (Minn.1997).
Parties will be bound by a stipulated custody arrangement:
Custody provisions contained in a stipulated decree must be accorded a good deal of deference, in that they represent the terms specifically agreed to by the parties and adopted by the court. Where * * ⅜ the parties have agreed, by stipulated decree, to joint legal custody and joint physical custody, and the court has accepted that denomination, the parties will be bound by it.
Ayers v. Ayers, 508 N.W.2d 515, 520 (Minn.1993).
The dissolution judgment, which was based on the parties’ marital-termination agreement, states:
The parties are hereby granted joint physical custody of the children according to the following schedule:
a)During the school year and the summer months of June and July, the children shall reside primarily with [mother]. The children shall be with [mother] from Sunday evening through Friday evening during the school year. The children shall reside with [father] every weekend from Friday evenings until Sunday evening.
b) During the summer month of August the children shall reside with [father],
c) The parties shall alternate legal holidays and birthdays of the minor children. For those holidays which fall on a Friday, Monday, or a weekend, the parent with the care of the children for the holiday shall also have the children on that weekend, but if this disrupts the regular non-holiday weekend rotation, then the parent whose weekend is disrupted shall have the next weekend with the children.
“ ‘Joint physical custody’ means that the routine daily care and control and the residence of the child is structured between the parties.” Minn.Stat. § 518.003, subd. 3(d) (1998).
Joint physical custody does not require an absolutely equal division of time; rather, it is only necessary that physical custody of the child be the shared responsibility of the parties.
Hegerle v. Hegerle, 355 N.W.2d 726, 731-32 (Minn.App.1984).
The district court did not err when it determined that the parties share joint physical custody of their children. The parties chose to describe the custody arrangement in their marital-termination agreement as joint physical custody, and under the agreement, the routine daily care and control and residence of the children is structured between the parties. The fact that the children spend two thirds of their time at mother’s home and one third of their time at father’s home and, therefore, that mother’s home can be considered to be their primary residence, is not a sufficient basis for us to conclude that the custody arrangement is not joint physical custody. See Ayers, 508 N.W.2d at 519-20 (appellate court bound by joint-physical-custody label even though stipula*282tion structured so that children resided primarily with one parent).
III.
Mother argues that the district court improperly modified the child support magistrate’s decision without reviewing the transcript of the hearing before the child support magistrate. Minn. Rule Gen. Pract. 372.05, subd. 5, provides:
A transcript of the hearing in dispute is not required, but may be ordered by a party. If the party chooses to submit a transcript, it must be ordered according to the procedure in Rule 373. If a party orders a transcript, the motion must state the date the transcript was ordered.
Although either party could have chosen to submit a transcript of the hearing before the magistrate, neither party chose to do so. Because neither party chose to submit a transcript, the district court did nothing improper when it reached its decision without reviewing a transcript.
IV.
Mother argues that the district court incorrectly applied the Hortis/Valen-tó formula to determine father’s support obligation because it incorrectly calculated the amount of time she and father have custody of the children. We disagree. Child support matters are within the district court’s discretion, and its decision will not be reversed absent a clear showing of an abuse of discretion. Reck v. Reck, 346 N.W.2d 675, 677 (Minn.App.1984).
Application of the Hortis/Va-lento formula “should be used in all joint physical [custody] cases.” Tweeton v. Tweeton, 560 N.W.2d 746, 748 (Minn.App.1997) (quotation omitted), review denied (Minn. May 28, 1997). The formula requires a parent to pay the child support amount indicated by the guidelines only during the periods of time that the other parent has custody of the children. Id. at 747; Valento v. Valento, 385 N.W.2d 860, 862 (Minn.App.1986), review denied (Minn. June 30,1986). “The court then applies an offset so that the net paid by the parent with the higher earnings is the difference between the reduced guidelines amounts.” Tweeton, 560 N.W.2d at 748 (citing Hortis v. Hortis, 367 N.W.2d 633, 636 (Minn.App.1985) (offsetting the smaller obligation of one parent against larger obligation of other parent)).
Father’s child-support obligation was determined based on the district court’s finding that he has custody of the children 33% of the time, which is 120 days per year. Mother argues that father does not have custody 33% of the time. The district court did not explain how it determined that father has custody 33% of the time. But the dissolution judgment grants father custody of the children “[d]uring the school year and the summer months of June and July * * * every weekend from Friday evenings until Sunday evening.” This means that father has the children every weekend during 11 out of 12 months each year. There are generally 104 weekend days in a year or, on average, eight and two-thirds weekend days per month. This means that father has the children for slightly more than 95 weekend days per year. In addition, father has the children during the month of August. The dissolution judgment does not indicate that mother has the children on the weekends in August, but even if we assume that she does, father has the children for at least 22 days in August. This means that father has the children for at least 117 days each year on weekends and during August. Father also has the children on alternating holidays and birthdays, and although the number of days this entails will vary from year to year, it will add to the total number of days father has the children each year. Consequently, the children will reside with father for more than 117 days each year. We, therefore, conclude that the district court did not err when it calculated father’s child support obligation based on its conclusion that father has custody of the children 33% of the time.
*283DECISION
When reviewing the child-support magistrate’s order, the district court did not owe any deference to the child-support magistrate. The district court was not required to review a transcript of the hearing before the child-support magistrate. The district court did not abuse its discretion when it determined that the child-custody arrangement the parties agreed to is joint physical custody. The district court did not incorrectly determine the amount of time that father has custody of the children.
Affirmed.

. The Interim Expedited Child Support Process Rules, which were adopted by order of the Minnesota Supreme Court on June 23, 1999, applied to this proceeding when it was before the district court. By court order on December 17, 1999, those rules were codified as rules 351 to 375 of the General Rules of Practice for the District Courts. The June 23, 1999, order that adopted the Interim Expedited Child Support Process Rules, provides that the interim rules remained in effect through June 30, 2000.

. The court also made a finding that corrected an error in the caption of the magistrate’s order.