Court Opinion

ID: 3157459
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-11-24 16:01:24.21739+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:00:06.418480
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

_________________________________________
                                          )
Seabern Hill,                             )
                                          )
      Plaintiff,                          )
                                          )
               v.                         )                  Civil No. 14-cv-01809 (APM)
                                          )
Board of Trustees of the                  )
University of the District of Columbia,   )
                                          )
      Defendant.                          )
_________________________________________ )

                         MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

I.     INTRODUCTION

       Plaintiff Seabern Hill worked in various capacities for the University of the District of

Columbia (“UDC”) for 38 years, including 25 years as Acting Director of UDC Records

Management. Beginning in 2010, however, Plaintiff’s tenure at UDC took a turn for the worse.

First, Plaintiff was demoted to a less significant, department-specific position within UDC’s Office

of Recruitment and Admissions. Two years later, Plaintiff discovered that student interns working

in the Office of Recruitment and Admissions were allowed to access student records in violation

of District of Columbia privacy laws. Hill reported the problem to the Acting Director of

Recruitment and Admissions, but she ignored his concerns. He then elevated the issue to “the

District of Columbia Records Officer”—apparently a government official outside the University.

Shortly thereafter, Plaintiff was stripped of his duties and subsequently terminated from his job.

       After obtaining a right to sue letter from the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity

Commission, Plaintiff filed his Complaint against Defendant UDC, alleging gender

discrimination, age discrimination, and violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for retaliating against his
exercise of free speech under the First Amendment. ECF No. 1. Defendant has filed a Motion to

Dismiss for failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). ECF No. 3

[hereinafter “Mot. to Dismiss”].

         For the reasons stated below, the court grants in part and denies in part Defendant’s Motion

to Dismiss. Plaintiff is permitted to proceed with his claims of age discrimination and violation of

his right to free speech, but his claim of gender discrimination is hereby dismissed.

II.      BACKGROUND

         A.       Factual Background

         Plaintiff Seabern Hill is a 68 year old former employee of the University of the District of

Columbia (“UDC”). Compl. ¶¶ 4, 36-37; Mot. to Dismiss, Ex. A.1 Plaintiff began his employment

with UDC in the early to mid-1970s and held several positions in his 38 years there, including

more than 25 years as the Acting Director of UDC Records Management. Id. ¶¶ 4, 6, 8-12.

Throughout this time, Plaintiff’s “work performance was always evaluated as exceptional.” Id.

¶ 18. Yet despite these reviews, Plaintiff was demoted in 2010 from his position as Acting Director

and reassigned to serve in “a line position as the Records Officer in the UDC Office of Recruitment

and Admissions.” Id. ¶ 19. Plaintiff alleges that he was not given any notice of his right to appeal

the demotion. Id. ¶ 20. He further contends that the Director position he formerly held in an

“Acting” capacity remained vacant for three years following his demotion, in violation of District

of Columbia law. Id. ¶¶ 22-23.

1
  Plaintiff does not specify his age in the Complaint, although he states that he worked for UDC for 38 years, starting
after he earned his Master’s Degree. Compl. ¶¶ 7-8. Assuming that he obtained his Master’s Degree at age 23 at the
earliest, Plaintiff would have been 61 years old at the time of his termination. The EEOC Charge attached to
Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss confirms this rough estimation. Mot. to Dismiss, Ex. A. It lists Plaintiff’s date of
birth as December 6, 1947, which means that Plaintiff would have been 65 years old in February 2013 when he was
terminated. Id.

                                                          2
 
         After his transfer to the UDC Office of Recruitment and Admissions, Plaintiff was asked

to “establish[ ] the electronic records storage and retrieval system” for that office. Id. ¶ 24. This

assignment entailed scanning and transferring student record files into the office’s electronic

records management system. Id. ¶¶ 25-28. Plaintiff personally scanned over 22,000 such files.

Id. During his time scanning records in the Office of Recruitment and Admissions, Plaintiff did

not receive any performance evaluations. Id. ¶ 38.

         In September 2012, a new Acting Director of Recruitment and Admissions, Sandra Carter,

replaced the outgoing Director, David Sanchez. Id. ¶¶ 29-30. Around this time, Plaintiff

discovered that student interns within the Office were allowed to access student records as part of

their work. Id. ¶ 31. Believing this to be a violation of District of Columbia privacy laws, Plaintiff

shared his concerns with the new Acting Director. Id. ¶ 32. She, however, ignored his complaints.

Plaintiff then sent an email to “the District of Columbia Records Officer,” id. ¶ 33—evidently a

District official outside the University2—to report that student interns were inappropriately

“processing and handling confidential student records,” id.

         Soon thereafter, in November 2012, Plaintiff was “stripped of all his duties as Records

Officer.” Id. ¶ 34. In January 2013, Plaintiff received further “notice from UDC that his position

as Records Officer in the Office of Recruitment and Admissions had been abolished, and that he

was being terminated,” effective one month later. Id. ¶¶ 36-37. UDC did not give Plaintiff the

opportunity to apply for any vacant positions for which he might qualify. Id. ¶ 40. In addition,

UDC refused to grant Plaintiff severance pay until he signed “a statement waiving all of his rights

to contest his termination.” Id. ¶ 39.

2
  Plaintiff does not specify in his Complaint whether the “District of Columbia Records Officer” is a university official
or an official within the District of Columbia government. However, in his Opposition, Plaintiff says that after “Carter
ignored Mr. Hill’s complaints, [ ] Mr. Hill complained to individuals outside the University.” Mem. of P.&A. in Supp.
of Pl.’s Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. 8, at 3 (emphasis added).

                                                           3
 
       Plaintiff alleges that sixty-nine people were terminated by UDC in the January 2013

“reduction in force” that cost him his job. Id. ¶ 43. More than 50 percent of those terminated

employees, he claims, were older than 40 years of age. Id. In addition, Plaintiff notes that “[i]n

the year preceding [his] termination, the Department of Recruitment and Admissions hired several

persons younger than the age of thirty into full-time positions.” Id. ¶ 41. Further, “at least four

women” in Plaintiff’s office with “less seniority” were retained when he was terminated. Id. ¶ 42.

       B.      Procedural Background

       In April 2013, Plaintiff filed a Charge of Discrimination with the U.S. Equal Employment

Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”).           Id. ¶ 46; Mot. to Dismiss, Ex. A.        Plaintiff alleged

employment discrimination on the grounds of age, disability, and retaliation. Compl. ¶ 46; Mot.

to Dismiss, Ex. A. More than a year later, in August 2014, Plaintiff received a “right-to-sue” letter

from the EEOC. Mot. to Dismiss, Ex. C. Thereafter, on October 29, 2014, he filed the Complaint

presently before this court.

       In his Complaint, Plaintiff asserts that UDC (1) discriminated against him based on his

gender—a basis not raised in his Charge of Discrimination—and age, and (2) violated 42 U.S.C.

§ 1983 by retaliating against him for exercising his First Amendment right to free speech. On

December 15, 2014, Defendant filed a Motion to Dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), claiming that

Plaintiff had failed to state any viable causes of action.

III.   LEGAL STANDARD

       In evaluating a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the court must accept a plaintiff’s

factual allegations as true and “construe the complaint ‘in favor of the plaintiff, who must be

granted the benefit of all inferences that can be derived from the facts alleged.’” Hettinga v. United

States, 677 F.3d 471, 476 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (quoting Schuler v. United States, 617 F.2d 605, 608

                                                   4
 
(D.C. Cir. 1979)). The court need not accept as true “a legal conclusion couched as a factual

allegation,” Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986), or “inferences . . . unsupported by the

facts set out in the complaint,” Kowal v. MCI Commc’ns Corp., 16 F.3d 1271, 1276 (D.C. Cir.

1994).

         “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter,

accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556

U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). A claim

is facially plausible when “the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the

reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. (citing Twombly,

550 U.S. at 556). The factual allegations in the complaint need not be “detailed”; however, the

Federal Rules demand more than “an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me

accusation.” Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). “Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause

of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S.

at 555). If the facts as alleged fail to establish that a plaintiff has stated a claim upon which relief

can be granted, a court must grant defendant’s Rule 12(b)(6) motion. See Am. Chemistry Council,

Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 922 F. Supp. 2d 56, 61 (D.D.C. 2013).

         A court reviewing a motion to dismiss may consider “only the facts alleged in the

complaint, any documents attached to or incorporated by reference in the complaint and matters

of which [the court] may take judicial notice.” EEOC v. St. Francis Xavier Parochial Sch., 117

F.3d 621, 624 (D.C. Cir. 1997). The court here, therefore, may consider Plaintiff’s EEOC Charge

of Discrimination because it is incorporated by reference in his Complaint, Compl. ¶ 46. See, e.g.,

Fennell v. AARP, 770 F. Supp. 2d. 118, 124 n.3 (D.D.C. 2011).

                                                   5
 
IV.      ANALYSIS

         A.       Plaintiff’s Age Discrimination Claim

         The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (“the ADEA”) makes it illegal for an

employer to “discriminate against any individual . . . because of such individual’s age.” 29 U.S.C.

§ 623. Aggrieved individuals must be at least 40 years old for the protections established under

the ADEA to apply. Id. § 631(a).

         At the motion-to-dismiss stage of litigation, a plaintiff asserting a violation of the ADEA

does not need to prove a prima facie case of discrimination. Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534

U.S. 506, 510-12 (2002); see also Twombly, 550 U.S. at 569-70 (affirming that Swierkiewicz

remains good law).          Instead, a plaintiff need only allege that he “(1) suffered an adverse

employment action (2) because of his . . . age[.]” Wu v. Special Counsel, Inc., 54 F. Supp. 3d 48,

52 (D.D.C. 2014) (citing Baloch v. Kempthorne, 550 F.3d 1191, 1196 (D.C. Cir. 2008)); Fennell,

770 F. Supp. 2d at 127 (noting that the law on this issue in this circuit “is clear”).3

         Although a plaintiff asserting an age discrimination claim is not required to plead a prima

facie case, he still must plead sufficient facts to show a plausible entitlement to relief. Spaeth v.

Georgetown Univ., 839 F. Supp. 2d 57, 63 (D.D.C. 2012). Courts in this Circuit, however, “have

consistently recognized the ease with which a plaintiff claiming employment discrimination can

survive . . . a motion to dismiss.” Fennell, 770 F. Supp. 2d at 127. Although the plaintiff must

3
  Although Defendant asserts otherwise, a plaintiff need not “show[ ] that (1) he was similarly situated to an employee
who was not a member of the protected class, and he was treated differently from this similarly situated employee; or
(2) his dismissal was not due to the two most common legitimate reasons an employer could have for discharging an
employee . . . .” Mot. to Dismiss at 8 (citations omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). See Swierkiewicz, 534
U.S. at 510-12 (holding that a plaintiff does not need to prove a prima facie case of discrimination to adequately allege
a violation of the ADEA). These factors can be relevant at later stages of litigation if a plaintiff attempts to prove his
claim by establishing a prima facie case of discrimination. See, e.g., Hopkins v. Whipple, 630 F. Supp. 2d 33, 37-38
(D.D.C. 2009) (nothing that a plaintiff may establish his prima facie case under the ADEA, in part, by showing that
he was treated differently from a similarly situated employee or demonstrating that his dismissal was not due to one
of the two most common legitimate reasons an employer could have for terminating an employee).
 

                                                            6
 
present facts that “give rise[ ] to an inference of discrimination,” Wu, 54 F. Supp. 3d at 52 (internal

quotation marks omitted) (quoting Czekalski v. Peters, 475 F.3d 360, 364 (D.C. Cir. 2007)), the

factual detail required to survive a motion to dismiss can be quite limited, see, e.g., Bowe-Connor

v. Shinseki, 845 F. Supp. 2d 77, 89 (D.D.C. 2012) (finding that the plaintiff had stated an ADEA

claim where she alleged only that she had been called “one of the ‘GOLDEN GIRLS’”); Vaughan

v. Acheson, Civ. No. 10-2184 (ABJ), 2011 WL 1515733, at *2 (D.D.C. Apr. 20, 2011) (noting that

“the plaintiff’s obligation at the pleading stage is to put the defendant on notice of claims against

it,” which can be accomplished even in a “complaint [that] is short on detail”).

       In the face of these liberal pleading requirements, Defendant argues that Plaintiff has not

alleged sufficient facts to establish a claim of age discrimination. Mot. to Dismiss at 7-11. The

court disagrees. Plaintiff has asserted at least one “obvious” adverse employment action:

termination from his job. Compl. ¶¶ 36-37; see also Fennell, 770 F. Supp. 2d at 127. Defendant

has conceded this point. Mot. to Dismiss at 10. Thus, Plaintiff has satisfied the first pleading

requirement for an age discrimination claim. See Douglas v. Donovan, 559 F.3d 549, 552

(D.C. Cir. 2009) (observing that an adverse employment action may include “a significant change

in employment status, such as hiring, firing, failing to promote, reassignment with significantly

different responsibilities, or [a] decision causing significant change in benefits” (citation omitted)

(internal quotation marks omitted)).

       Additionally, Plaintiff has pled sufficient facts from which the court can infer that he was

terminated “because of” age discrimination. According to the Supreme Court, a description of

“the events leading to [an adverse employment action], provid[ing] relevant dates, and includ[ing]

the ages . . . of at least some of the persons involved” in the discrimination claim is sufficient to

satisfy a plaintiff’s obligation to state a claim for relief. Swierkiewicz, 534 U.S. at 514. Plaintiff

                                                  7
 
has pled such facts here. He has described the events (with dates) leading to the adverse action—

his demotion, the diminishment of his job responsibilities, his report of illegal activity, the lawsuit

waiver he was requested to sign, and finally, his actual termination. See generally Compl. He has

alleged facts about the ages of other people hired and fired around the time of these events.

See Compl. ¶ 41 (noting that the Office of Admissions and Recruitment hired several people who

were younger than 30 in the year before Plaintiff was terminated); see also id. ¶ 43 (stating that

more than 50 percent of the people terminated in the university-wide January 2013 reduction in

force were older than 40 years old). And, although Plaintiff did not plead his age in the Complaint,

it is readily apparent that Plaintiff was in his 60s during the events he described and that he

therefore falls within the class of people protected by the ADEA. 29 U.S.C. § 631; see n.1, supra.

       Such factual detail is far more than courts have required in other cases where the plaintiff’s

age discrimination claim survived a motion to dismiss. See, e.g., Montgomery v. Omnisec Intern.

Sec. Servs., Inc., 961 F. Supp 2d. 178, 184 (D.D.C. 2013) (finding that a plaintiff who “alleged in

one sentence that she was discriminated against, and in the next sentence, that she was terminated,”

adequately pled age discrimination); Bowe-Connor, 845 F. Supp. 2d at 89 (holding that the plaintiff

had adequately pled an age discrimination claim where she alleged only that she had been called

“one of the ‘GOLDEN GIRLS’”). Plaintiff therefore has adequately put Defendant on notice of

his potential claims and stated a claim under which relief could be granted under the ADEA.

See Swierciewicz, 534 U.S. at 514; Spaeth, 839 F. Supp. 2d at 63.

       B.       Plaintiff’s Gender Discrimination Claim

       Before initiating a Title VII action in federal court, a person must exhaust his administrative

remedies by filing an EEOC charge of discrimination. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f)(1); see also, e.g.,

Bayer v. U.S. Dep’t of Treasury, 956 F.2d 330, 332 (D.C. Cir. 1992). Once the EEOC has informed

                                                  8
 
the aggrieved individual of its “decision to dismiss [the charge] or its inability to bring a civil

action within the requisite time period”—providing “a notice of a right to sue”—the aggrieved

person has ninety days within which he may institute a civil action against his employer. Park v.

Howard Univ., 71 F.3d 904, 907 (D.C. Cir. 1995); see also 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f)(1). The scope

of any ensuing litigation is determined by the content of the original EEOC charge. Park, 71 F.3d

at 907. Litigation must be limited to “claims that are like or reasonably related to the allegations

of the charge and growing out of such allegations.” Id. (citation omitted) (internal quotation marks

omitted).

       Defendant UDC argues that Plaintiff has failed to exhaust his remedies with regard to his

claim of gender discrimination. Mot. to Dismiss at 5-7. Defendant is correct. Plaintiff’s EEOC

charge asserts age-based and disability-based discrimination, as well as retaliation, but makes no

reference to gender- or sex-based discrimination. Id., Ex. A.     Furthermore, Plaintiff expressly

concedes that he “failed to file a charge of sex discrimination with the [EEOC].” Mem. of P.&A.

in Supp. of Pl.’s Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. 8, at 2, 5. The court thus dismisses

Plaintiff’s gender discrimination claim for failure to exhaust administrative remedies.

       C.      Plaintiff’s Section 1983 Claim

       Section 1983 safeguards, among other rights, the First Amendment speech rights of public

employees. See, e.g., Lane v. Franks, 134 S. Ct. 2369, 2377-80 (2014) (holding that a public

employee who had given sworn testimony at a former co-worker’s trial was protected by the First

Amendment and Section 1983 from retaliatory action by his employer). The Supreme Court has

long recognized, however, that a public employee’s right of free expression on matters relating to

her employment is constrained. See Pickering v. Bd. of Educ. of Twp High Sch. Dist. 205, Will

Cty., 391 U.S. 563, 568 (1968); Lane, 134 S. Ct. at 2374, 2377-78. “[I]t cannot be gainsaid that

                                                 9
 
the State has interests as an employer in regulating the speech of its employees that differ

significantly from those it possesses in connection with regulation of the speech of the citizenry in

general.” Pickering, 391 U.S. at 568. Thus, in assessing a public employee’s free speech claim,

courts must balance “the interests of the [public employee], as a citizen, in commenting upon

matters of public concern and the interest of the State, as an employer, in promoting the efficiency

of the public services it performs through its employees.” Lane, 134 S. Ct. at 2377 (internal

quotation marks omitted) (citing Pickering, 391 U.S. at 568).

       The Court of Appeals has adopted a four-factor test for analyzing, as here, the validity of

a public employee’s First Amendment retaliation claim. Bowie v. Maddox, 642 F.3d 1122, 1133

(D.C. Cir. 2011); Williams v. Johnson, 537 F. Supp. 2d 141, 150 (D.D.C. 2008).

       First, the public employee must have spoken as a citizen on a matter of public
       concern. Second, the court must consider whether the governmental interest in
       promoting the efficiency of the public services it performs through its employees
       outweighs the employee’s interest, as a citizen, in commenting upon matters of
       public concern. Third, the employee must show that [his] speech was a substantial
       or motivating factor in prompting the retaliatory or punitive act. Finally, the
       employee must refute the government employer’s showing, if made, that it would
       have reached the same decision in the absence of the protected speech.

Bowie, 642 F.3d at 1133 (citation omitted). “The first two factors . . . are questions of law for the

court to resolve, while the latter are questions of fact ordinarily for the jury.” Tao v. Freeh, 27

F.3d 635, 639 (D.C. Cir. 1994).

       Defendant contends that Plaintiff has not satisfied the first factor, arguing that Plaintiff was

neither speaking as a public citizen, Mot. to Dismiss 14-15, nor speaking on a matter of public

concern, id. at 13-14, when he complained that intern access to student records violated District of

Columbia law. Defendant also argues that Plaintiff has not satisfied the third factor, asserting that

Plaintiff has failed to “link[ ] his ‘complaint’ to any particular adverse action.” Id. at 15.

                                                  10
 
               1.      Plaintiff Spoke “as a Citizen”

       The court first addresses whether Plaintiff spoke “as a citizen.” The Supreme Court held

in Garcetti v. Ceballos that “when public employees make statements pursuant to their official

duties, the employees are not speaking as citizens for First Amendment purposes.” 547 U.S. 410,

421 (1951). The Court clarified in Lane, however, that “the mere fact that a citizen’s speech

concerns information acquired by virtue of his public employment does not transform that speech

into employee—rather than citizen—speech.” Lane, 134 S. Ct. at 2379. Instead, the critical

question is “whether the speech at issue is itself ordinarily within the scope of an employee’s

duties, not whether it merely concerns those duties.” Id. Applying that standard, the Court held

that a public employee’s truthful sworn testimony about his co-worker, compelled by a subpoena,

was not within the ordinary scope of his duties and thus was protected speech. Id.

       Case law in this Circuit adds a layer of complexity to the application of Garcetti and Lane.

Before the Supreme Court’s decision in Lane, the Court of Appeals had interpreted the Garcetti

“pursuant to . . . official duties” standard to mean that “a public employee speaks without First

Amendment protection when he reports conduct that interferes with his job responsibilities, even

if the report is made outside his chain of command.” Winder v. Erste, 566 F.3d 209, 215 (D.C. Cir.

2009)). Applying that principle, the Court of Appeals in Winder held that a D.C. Public Schools

transportation manager’s testimony before the D.C. Council, his complaint to the D.C. Inspector

General, and his reports to a Special Master were not protected speech because they concerned

efforts to implement various court orders, which fell within the scope of the manager’s duties. 566

F.3d at 214-16. The Court of Appeals reiterated this understanding of Garcetti in Bowie, holding

that an affidavit drafted by an officer in the D.C. Inspector General’s office in connection with the

office’s defense of an EEOC complaint was unprotected speech because “[a]ll the speech . . .

                                                 11
 
occurred in his official capacity.” 642 F.3d at 1134. And, in Mpoy v. Rhee, the court held that an

elementary school teacher’s email to D.C. Public Schools Chancellor Michelle Rhee—which

primarily asserted complaints about the teacher’s job conditions—was unprotected speech. 758

F.3d 285, 292-93 (D.C. Cir. 2014). “[T]here is little doubt,” the court explained, “that Mpoy was

using the email to Rhee as an internal channel through which he could, in his capacity as a teacher,

report [ ] interference [with his job responsibilities].” Id. at 294.

        In Mpoy, however, the Court of Appeals recognized that there is tension between its post-

Garcetti cases and the Supreme Court’s holding in Lane. The court observed: “[I]t is possible

that Winder’s broad language, interpreting Garcetti as leaving an employee unprotected when he

reports conduct that ‘interferes with his job responsibilities,’ could be in tension with Lane’s

holding that an employee’s speech is unprotected only when it is within the scope of the

employee’s ‘ordinary job responsibilities,’” or ‘ordinary job duties’.” Mpoy, 758 F.3d at 294-95

(citations omitted). The court further observed that Lane’s “use of the adjective ‘ordinary’ . . .

could signal a narrowing of the realm of employee speech left unprotected by Garcetti.” Id. at

295. Nevertheless, the Court of Appeals concluded that, without more direction from the Supreme

Court regarding the appropriate test for determining when speech ordinarily is within the scope of

an employee’s duties, “Lane does not directly or necessarily contradict Winder’s application of

Garcetti.” Id. at 294. Therefore, the Winder line of cases continues to apply. See Martin v. District

of Columbia, 78 F. Supp. 3d 279, 323-26 (D.D.C. 2015) (recognizing Winder’s continued

applicability).

        Defendant argues that neither Plaintiff’s complaint to Carter nor Plaintiff’s email to the

“District of Columbia Records Officer” were protected speech because both “w[ere] made in the

course of Plaintiff’s employment for UDC.” Mot. to Dismiss at 14. But viewed in the light most

                                                  12
 
favorable to Plaintiff, the Complaint does not support such a firm conclusion. Although Plaintiff

asserts that he was assigned “the major responsibility of establishing the records storage and

retrieval system in the UDC Office of Recruitment and Admissions,” Compl. ¶ 24, his main duty

appears to have been the largely mechanical task of scanning student records, id. ¶¶ 25, 28 (alleging

that, during his time in the Recruitment and Admissions Office, Plaintiff personally scanned more

than 22,000 student files). See Sanders v. District of Columbia, 85 F. Supp. 3d 523, 533-34

(D.D.C. 2015) (using the plaintiff’s characterization of his duties at work to determine whether his

speech fell outside the ordinary course of his duties). There is nothing before the court that would

indicate that Plaintiff’s responsibilities included, for example, supervising the interns or ensuring

that department employees were acting in compliance with District of Columbia law or University

policy.

          Moreover, although Defendant argues that “Plaintiff’s familiarity with the applicable rules

and regulations stemmed from his official duties,” Mot. to Dismiss at 14, it is far from clear at this

juncture that he gained such knowledge while employed in the Recruitment and Admissions

Office. It is equally plausible that Plaintiff derived his knowledge of relevant District of Columbia

law from his prior position as Acting Director of UDC Records Management, a position he held

for 25 years. Compl. ¶¶ 12, 19. That Plaintiff may have carried forward such knowledge to his

new, lesser position within the Recruitment and Admissions Office does not necessarily mean that

his complaints about improper records access fell within the scope of his official duties for that

position.

          Based strictly on the facts alleged in the Complaint, the court cannot conclude that

Plaintiff’s complaints about improper student access to records, made both within UDC and

outside the University, fell within his “ordinary” duties or responsibilities under Lane.

                                                  13
 
Cf. Sanders, 85 F. Supp. 3d at 533-34 (holding that a police officer who described his duties, in

part, as “ensuring that his subordinates accurately reported their time,” and who reported time and

attendance abuses by his subordinates, had not alleged protected speech). Nor can the court

conclude that those complaints “interfere[d] with his job responsibilities” under Winder.

Cf. Mpoy, 783 F.3d at 291-94 (finding that a teacher’s complaints about problems within his

classroom that were affecting his ability to teach students did not constitute protected speech).

Discovery is likely to shed light on the full scope of Plaintiff’s duties. But at the motion to dismiss

stage, when the court must draw all inferences in the Plaintiff’s favor, the court concludes that

Plaintiff’s complaints were made as a citizen and thus were subject to First Amendment protection.

               2.      Plaintiff’s Speech Involves a Matter of Public Concern

       Even if Plaintiff expressed his speech as a citizen, Defendant contends, Plaintiff’s speech

does not involve a matter of public concern and therefore is not protected by the First Amendment.

Mot. to Dismiss at 13-14. Speech is considered a matter of public concern when it pertains to

“issues about which information is needed or appropriate to enable members of society to make

informed decisions about the operation of their government.” LeFande v. District of Columbia,

613 F.3d 1155, 1159 (citations omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). Waste, fraud, and

corruption within governmental agencies “clearly are [such matters] in which the public might be

interested and that relate to the public’s evaluation of the performance of governmental agencies.”

Sanders, 85 F. Supp. 3d at 534 (citations omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). In contrast,

personnel disputes are not usually considered matters of public concern. Id. Succinctly put:

“Speech relates to a matter of public concern if it is of political, social, or other concern to the

community.” LeFande, 613 F.3d at 1159 (citations omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted).

A court’s determination of whether speech addresses a matter of public concern is a fact-bound

                                                  14
 
inquiry that must take into account “‘the content, form, and context’ of the employee’s speech, ‘as

revealed by the whole record.’” Id. (citing Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138, 147-48 (1983)).

        Defendant asserts that Plaintiff’s speech is akin to an individual personnel dispute, or

“expressions of personal dissatisfaction by a discontented employee.” Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss at

13. The court disagrees with that characterization. A public university’s mismanagement of

student records and its possible encouragement or disregard of unlawful behavior that

compromises student privacy rights is the type of conduct that the tax-paying community would

want to know. Indeed, the Court of Appeals has found similar speech—in another case involving

UDC—to constitute a matter of public concern. In Hall v. Ford, the court concluded that the

plaintiff’s speech about violations of various NCAA and UDC rules addressed a matter of public

concern. 856 F.2d 255, 259-60 (D.C. Cir. 1988). The court explained that “[a] substantial segment

of the general public would be interested in violations of athletic rules, which would reveal whether

the current university administration is mismanaging the athletic program.” Id. at 259; see also

Pickering, 391 U.S. at 571-72 (finding the manner of operating the school system to be a matter

of public concern). The court, at this stage, sees little material distinction between Hall and this

case.

        The court notes that, just as in Hall, the complaint here does not specify the exact contents

of Plaintiff’s complaints. Actual evidence about the content and context of Plaintiff’s speech will

likely shed light on whether Plaintiff’s complaints, in fact, addressed a matter of public concern.

At this point, however, Plaintiff has pled facts sufficient to survive Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss.

See, e.g., Fennell, 770 F. Supp. 2d at 127.

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               3.       Plaintiff Has Alleged Facts Linking His Termination to His Speech

       Finally, Defendant argues that “Plaintiff has not linked his ‘complaint’ to any particular

adverse action.” Mot. to Dismiss at 15. The court disagrees. A plaintiff may establish causation

by showing “the employer had knowledge of the employee’s protected activity, and . . . the adverse

personnel action took place shortly after that activity.” Holcomb v. Powell, 433 F.3d 889, 903

(D.C. Cir. 2006) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted); Cochise v. Salazar, 601 F. Supp.

2d 196, 201-02 (D.D.C. 2009) (“[I]n many cases, a temporal relationship [between the protected

activity and the adverse actions] may be enough for a court to infer causation.”). Here, Plaintiff

has alleged that he first shared his concerns with the new Acting Director of Recruitment and

Admissions, Sandra Carter, shortly after she started in that position in September 2012.

Compl. ¶¶ 29-32. After Carter ignored his complaints, Plaintiff emailed his concerns to a District

government official. Id. ¶ 33. Thereafter, in November 2012, Carter stripped Plaintiff of his duties

and re-assigned his work to student interns. Id. ¶ 34. In January 2013, Plaintiff’s job was

terminated. Id. ¶ 36.

       At the motion to dismiss stage, the court of course must draw all reasonable inferences in

the plaintiff’s favor. Where, as here, the protected activity and the initial adverse employment

action appear to be separated only by a matter of weeks, the court can plausibly infer that Plaintiff’s

speech and termination were linked. Furthermore, whether a plaintiff’s speech was a substantially

motivating factor giving rise to the adverse employment action is ordinarily a question of fact for

the jury. See Tao, 27 F.3d at 639. Therefore, dismissal of Plaintiff’s Section 1983 claim at this

juncture would be inappropriate.

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V.     CONCLUSION AND ORDER

       For the reasons stated above, the court grants in part and denies in part Defendant’s Motion

to Dismiss. Plaintiff is permitted to proceed with his claims of age discrimination and violation of

the right to free speech, but his claim of gender discrimination is hereby dismissed.

Dated: November 24, 2015                             Amit P. Mehta
                                                     United States District Judge

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