Court Opinion

ID: 6303176
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-02-18 17:51:27.444759+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:00:27.935022
License: Public Domain

HESTER, Judge:
The defendant-appellant was indicted for Murder, Robbery, Conspiracy and Weapons Offenses. The jury trial was delayed while the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania heard his pre-trial appeal on the issue of whether Rule 1100 of the Pa. Rules of Criminal Procedure was violated. The defendant-appellant lost on the pre-trial appeal and the case was remanded for trial on May 13, 1977.
The trial convened on May 25, 1977; however, a mistrial resulted. The defendant-appellant then appealed from an order denying his motion for a dismissal on double jeopardy grounds. This appeal was eventually rejected by the Supreme Court and a jury trial was finally commenced and completed.
On September 10, 1980, a jury found the defendant-appellant guilty of Murder of the Second Degree, Robbery and *37Possession of an Instrument of Crime. Post-trial motions were filed.
Both the Commonwealth and defendant-appellant, Widmark Mitchell, have appealed Orders filed by the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County in response to the defendant’s post-trial motions. The Commonwealth has appealed the granting of the defendant-appellant’s motion for a new trial; the defendant has appealed the denial of his petition in arrest of judgment.
On July 6, 1975, the defendant-appellant and his co-felon, Donald Griffin, entered a house at 3135 Arizona Street, Philadelphia. The defendant, while armed with a handgun, demanded cash from Shirley McClennan. Also present in the house during the armed robbery were James Field, Jeffrey Hayes, William Curtis, Mrs. McClennan’s husband, L. C. McClennan and the victim, James Fulton. Blows were inflicted by the co-felons on Fields, Curtis and the victim; and, Fields and the victim were robbed as well. Without provocation, the defendant-appellant shoved the victim into a chair and fired a fatal shot into his chest. Before fleeing the scene, the co-felon forced Mrs. McClennan, Fields and Hayes to the basement.
In an effort to gain affirmance of the lower court’s granting of a new trial, the defendant raises several arguments, a few of which warrant our response. All are without merit; therefore, we reverse the order granting the new trial. We defer to that portion of the lower court’s opinion denying the motion in arrest of judgment. Consequently, we reverse in part and affirm in part.
Defendant-appellant argues first that a new trial is mandated by trial counsel’s failure to locate, interview and subpoena a witness, William Curtis. Curtis was present at the time the robberies, assaults and killing occurred and actually witnessed most of the criminal acts. After the criminal incidents, yet on the same day, Curtis issued two separate statements to the Philadelphia Police. In one statement, he stated that he had been cracked on the knees by a shotgun wielded by a tall, light-skinned black man. He *38further said that a small black man stood by the front door while the tall, light-skinned man fatally shot James Fulton in the chest, discarded the shot-gun onto the kitchen floor and shortly thereafter retrieved it. Both men, according to Curtis, then fled from the scene. The defendant-appellant fits the “small black man” description.
Later in that same day, Curtis issued his second statement to the police wherein he admitted to not actually seeing anyone fire at the victim. He did say, however, that the tall light-skinned man held a shot-gun while the short dark man carried no gun.
Defendant-appellant believes that both statements were exculpatory in regard to his case. He argues that the written statements were inadmissible as hearsay evidence; therefore, it was incumbent upon his trial counsel to secure Curtis’ presence as a witness at trial.
It is axomatic that the actions of criminal counsel cannot be deemed ineffective as long as such actions had some reasonable basis to effectuate the accused’s interest. Commonwealth v. Dancer, 460 Pa. 95, 103, 331 A.2d 435 (1975); Commonwealth ex rel. Washington v. Maroney, 427 Pa. 599, 235 A.2d 349 (1967). It is not significant or determinative that the course chosen by counsel was, upon hindsight, less effective than other available trial tactics. Nor is it determinative that counsel himself admitted at the PCHA hearing that he neglected to secure Curtis’ presence because he relied on the Commonwealth’s assurances that it would produce Curtis for trial. Commonwealth v. Smith, 490 Pa. 380, 416 A.2d 986 (1980). Commonwealth v. Smith, 442 Pa. 265, 275 A.2d 98 (1971); Commonwealth v. Barren, 273 Pa.Super. 492, 417 A.2d 1156 (1979).
Defendant-appellant failed to demonstrate how his counsel’s choice to introduce Curtis’ statement as evidence had no reasonable basis whatsoever in effectuating his interest. At the hearing on the PCHA petition, counsel testified that he believed the statement would qualify as either an excited utterance or res gestae exception to the hearsay *39rule. It was not unreasonable for counsel to attempt to have the written statements admitted as hearsay exceptions in light of the fact that other witnesses and acquaintances knew nothing of Curtis’ whereabouts.
Defendant-appellant argues further that his trial counsel was ineffective because he neglected to object to the trial judge’s cross examination of defense witness and co-felon, Donald Griffin. The defendant-appellant believes that the interrogation by the court suggested to the jury the court’s own disbelief of defense testimony; therefore, a new trial was appropriately ordered. Commonwealth v. Seabrook, 475 Pa. 38, 379 A.2d 564 (1977); Commonwealth v. Watts, 358 Pa. 92, 56 A.2d 81 (1948). The trial judge’s interrogation may well have suggested his perception of Mr. Griffin’s veracity and sincerity; however, any such suggestion was negated by judge’s charge that the jury is the exclusive and final determining body of a witness’s credibility. Commonwealth v. Myma, 278 Pa. 505, 123 A. 486 (1924). Furthermore, we are not troubled by the possibility that the court’s interrogation strengthened the Commonwealth’s case. The primary purpose of all criminal proceedings is to ascertain the truth and the court’s obligation is to assist in pursuing that purpose. Commonwealth v. Patskin, 372 Pa. 402, 93 A.2d 704 (1953).
The defendant-appellant’s next argument is that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the court’s instruction with respect to causation. Specifically, the defendant-appellant argues that the court’s use of the “but for” test directed the jury’s attention to his actions only and not the acts of the victim or third party that may well have caused the death. In Commonwealth v. Kingsley, 480 Pa. 560, 391 A.2d 1027 (1978), the court instructed the jury on two occasions that the accused could be held guilty of either murder in the third degree or voluntary manslaughter only if they found that death would not have occurred but for the accused’s actions. The Kingsley court acknowledged that such a charge was incorrect since the accused’s actions need not be the only cause of death in *40order to arrive at a guilty verdict. Nevertheless, the Kingsley court read the entire charge as a whole, found it to be reasonable and concluded that no prejudice resulted from the use of the “but for” test. We look to the charge as a whole as well and conclude that the jury here was properly instructed on all other matters of law. Moreover, the “but for” charge could actually help the defendant-appellant if the jurors concluded that he could be found guilty only if he alone committed criminal acts causing Fulton’s death. The evidence revealed that Griffen committed criminal acts as well.
The final argument raised by the appellant-defendant that merits our response is that trial counsel was once again ineffective for failing to request a jury instruction on involuntary manslaughter. In Commonwealth v. White, 490 Pa. 179, 415 A.2d 399 (1980), the Court held that an involuntary manslaughter charge shall be given in a murder prosecution only when requested, where the offense was made an issue in the case and where the trial evidence would reasonably support such a verdict. Since the appellant in White, supra, was undeniably engaged in a robbery, the act constituted nothing less than murder in the second degree; therefore, an involuntary murder charge was inappropriate. The trial evidence here does not reasonably support a verdict of involuntary manslaughter; the defendant-appellant engaged in armed robbery as well. Upon review of the statutory definitions of murder of the first and second degree and involuntary manslaughter, we cannot foresee a conviction of anything less than murder of the second degree. 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2502, 2503 and 2504.
Reversed in part, affirmed in part.
The Order of the court below granting appellant a new trial be and the same is hereby reversed and we remand for the imposition of the appropriate sentence.
The Order of the court below denying appellant’s Motion in Arrest of Judgment is affirmed.
*41McEWEN, J., files a concurring opinion.
SHERTZ, J., did not participate in the consideration or decision of this case.