Court Opinion

ID: 9962143
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-22 20:07:29.861199+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:19:55.628061
License: Public Domain

David L. Peacock v. William C. Debley, et al., Case No. 410, Sept. Term, 2023. Opinion
filed on April 22, 2024, by Berger, J.

MARYLAND TORT CLAIMS ACT - THREE-YEAR FILING DEADLINE - LIMITED
WAIVER OF SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY - COVID-19 TOLLING ORDERS

The Maryland Tort Claims Act’s three-year filing requirement, Md. Code (1984, 2021 Repl.
Vol., 2022 Supp.) § 12-104(a)(1) of the State Gov’t Article (“SG”), is both a statute of
limitations and a condition precedent to the waiver of sovereign immunity. Because only
the Legislature, and not the Judiciary, can waive sovereign immunity, the Chief Judge’s
COVID Tolling Orders cannot be read as extending the MTCA’s three-year filing
requirement.

GENUINE DISPUTE OF MATERIAL FACT - STATE PERSONNEL - IMMUNITY

There was no genuine dispute of fact as to a deputy sheriff’s status as a State personnel
under the Maryland Tort Claims Act when both the County and the State affirmed under
oath in their answers to interrogatories that a deputy sheriff was acting as a State employee
at the time of the motor vehicle accident giving rise to the claim and the definition section
of the MTCA expressly includes “a sheriff or deputy sheriff of a county or Baltimore City”
in the category of “State personnel.” SG § 12-101(a)(6).

COURTS AND JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS § 5-524 - CAUSE OF ACTION AGAINST
A GOVERNMENT ENTITY

Md. Code (2006, 2020 Repl. Vol.), § 5-524 of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article
(“CJP”), does not create an independent cause of action against a government entity but
instead provides that the jurisdiction may not assert the defense of governmental immunity
as to the mandatory minimum insurance. The aim of CJP § 5-524 is to place a local
government in the same position as any other owner of a vehicle who is sued on account of
the negligence of the owner’s agent or employee.
Circuit Court for Montgomery County
Case No. 487297V

                                                         REPORTED

                                              IN THE APPELLATE COURT

                                                     OF MARYLAND

                                                          No. 410

                                                September Term, 2023
                                      ______________________________________

                                                   DAVID L. PEACOCK

                                                              v.

                                            WILLIAM C. DEBLEY, ET AL.
                                      ______________________________________

                                             Graeff,
                                             Berger,
                                             Albright,

                                                        JJ.
                                      ______________________________________

                                                Opinion by Berger, J.
                                      ______________________________________

                                             Filed: April 22, 2024

                                      * Tang, J., did not participate in the Court’s
                                      decision to designate this opinion for publication
                                      pursuant to Md. Rule 8-605.1.
       This case is before us on appeal from an order of the Circuit Court for Montgomery

County entering summary judgment in favor of defendants Montgomery Deputy Sheriff

William C. Debley, Montgomery County, and the State of Maryland. The lawsuit arose

from a motor vehicle accident involving Deputy Debley and appellant David Peacock.

       On appeal, Peacock presents three questions for our review, which we have

rephrased as follows:

              I.     Whether the circuit court erred in ruling that the time for
                     filing the action was not extended by the Supreme Court
                     of Maryland’s COVID Tolling Orders.

              II.    Whether the circuit court erred when it determined that
                     there was no genuine dispute of fact as to whether
                     Deputy Debley was “State personnel” under the
                     Maryland Tort Claims Act and therefore entitled to
                     immunity.

              III.   Whether the circuit court erred when it determined that
                     Md. Code (2006, 2020 Repl. Vol.), § 5-524 of the
                     Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article (“CJP”) did not
                     authorize direct recovery against the County for
                     Peacock’s claim of respondeat superior liability.

For the reasons explained herein, we shall affirm.

                             FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS

       The facts underlying this appeal are not disputed by the parties. On the morning of

October 29, 2018, Deputy Debley was operating a motor vehicle southbound on Woodfield

Road towards Welsh Road when Debley struck the rear of a vehicle operated by Peacock.

At the time of the accident, Deputy Debley was traveling to the Sheriff’s Office and was

operating his assigned Sheriff’s Office vehicle, but he had not yet begun his shift.
       On January 23, 2019, Peacock, via counsel, filed notices of claims with

Montgomery County pursuant to the Local Government Tort Claims Act and with the

Maryland State Treasurer pursuant to the Maryland Tort Claims Act (“MTCA”). Within

one week, the County acknowledged receipt of Peacock’s claim. The County advised

Peacock that “a review of your letter also purports to be a notice of claim against the

Sheriff’s Department and/or the State of Maryland.” The County further advised that “[t]o

the extent your claim is against either of these entities, neither the County Executive,

County Attorney, nor Montgomery County is the proper party to receive statutory notice

for the State of Maryland, nor are they otherwise authorized by the State of Maryland to

accept notice.”

       The State acknowledged Peacock’s claim via a letter dated April 20, 2021 from the

Maryland State Treasurer’s office. The State Treasurer advised that a “preliminary review”

of the claim had led to the “determin[ation] that the claim alleges conduct by a sheriff or

deputy sheriff engaged in an activity that does not involve service of process, transportation

of prisoners, courthouse security, or personnel matters” and that “[w]here a claim involves

activities . . . other than those State functions, a county government may obtain insurance

coverage and defense of claims that fall under the Maryland Tort Claims Act.” The State

Treasurer further advised that the claim had been referred “to the Montgomery County

government for appropriate handling” and the State Treasurer was “administratively[]

closing this matter.”

       In September 2021, Peacock filed a complaint in the Circuit Court for Montgomery

County against Montgomery County and Debley alleging one count of negligence against

                                              2
each defendant. The County and Debley both moved to dismiss the complaint. The County

argued that Debley was not acting as an agent of the County at the time of the accident,

and, therefore, the County was not a proper defendant. Debley argued that he was entitled

to statutory immunity and dismissal under the MTCA because he was “State personnel” at

the time of the accident. On January 28, 2022, Peacock filed an amended complaint which

added the State as a party. Because an amended complaint had been filed, the circuit court

denied the motions to dismiss the original complaint as moot. The State subsequently

moved to dismiss, arguing that Peacock’s claim was time-barred because he failed to sue

the State within three years of the accident as required by the MTCA. Peacock filed an

opposition, and the circuit court denied the State’s motion.

       Following discovery, the State, the County, and Debley filed motions for summary

judgment. The State argued, inter alia, that Peacock’s claim was barred by the MTCA

because it was filed more than three years after the accident. 1 The State asserted that by

failing to sue the State within three years, Peacock had failed to satisfy a condition

precedent to the State’s waiver of sovereign immunity. Debley argued that he was entitled

to immunity under the MTCA, and the County argued that it was entitled to summary

judgment because it was not Debley’s employer. In his opposition, Peacock argued that

there was a dispute of material fact as to whether Debley was a State or County employee

at the time of the accident and that the Supreme Court’s COVID Tolling Orders extended

       1
         The State also argued that the workers’ compensation exclusivity rule barred
Peacock, an employee of the Maryland Automobile Insurance Fund, from recovering in
tort from the State. This issue is not before us on appeal.

                                             3
the filing deadline for his claim against the State. 2 Peacock further argued that he was

entitled to recover against the County pursuant to CJP § 5-524 because the County was the

owner of the vehicle.

         Following a hearing on April 10, 2023, the circuit court granted the motions and

entered judgment in favor of the County, the State, and Debley.            The circuit court

determined that there was no factual dispute regarding Debley’s status as “State personnel”

at the time of the accident, that Peacock was not entitled to recover against the County

pursuant to CJP § 5-524, that the MTCA’s filing deadline was not extended by the COVID

Tolling Orders, and that Debley was entitled to immunity under the MTCA. This timely

appeal followed.

                                  STANDARD OF REVIEW

         The entry of summary judgment is governed by Maryland Rule 2-501, which

provides:

                  The court shall enter judgment in favor of or against the
                  moving party if the motion and response show that there is no
                  genuine dispute as to any material fact and that the party in
                  whose favor judgment is entered is entitled to judgment as a
                  matter of law.

Md. Rule 2-501(f). A genuine dispute of material fact exists only when there is evidence

upon which a reasonable jury could base a verdict in favor of the non-moving party.

Beatty v. Trailmaster Prods., Inc., 330 Md. 726, 738-39 (1993).

         2
             Peacock further argued that the workers’ compensation exclusivity rule did not
apply.
                                               4
       The Supreme Court has described the standard of review to be applied by appellate

courts reviewing summary judgment determinations as follows:

              On review of an order granting summary judgment, our
              analysis “begins with the determination [of] whether a genuine
              dispute of material fact exists; only in the absence of such a
              dispute will we review questions of law.” D’Aoust v.
              Diamond, 424 Md. 549, 574, 36 A.3d 941, 955 (2012) (quoting
              Appiah v. Hall, 416 Md. 533, 546, 7 A.3d 536, 544 (2010));
              O’Connor v. Balt. Cnty., 382 Md. 102, 110, 854 A.2d 1191,
              1196 (2004). If no genuine dispute of material fact exists, this
              Court determines “whether the Circuit Court correctly entered
              summary judgment as a matter of law.” Anderson v. Council
              of Unit Owners of the Gables on Tuckerman Condo., 404 Md.
              560, 571, 948 A.2d 11, 18 (2008) (citations omitted).

              Thus, “[t]he standard of review of a trial court’s grant of a
              motion for summary judgment on the law is de novo, that is,
              whether the trial court’s legal conclusions were legally
              correct.” D’Aoust, 424 Md. at 574, 36 A.3d at 955.

Koste v. Town of Oxford, 431 Md. 14, 24-25 (2013).

                                       DISCUSSION

                                              I.

       The first issue we shall address on appeal is Peacock’s assertion that the circuit court

erred in ruling that the time for filing the action against the State was not extended by the

COVID Tolling Orders. As we shall explain, we agree with the State that the MTCA’s

three-year filing requirement is a limited waiver of sovereign immunity that was not

extended by the COVID Tolling Orders.

A.     The Judiciary’s Response to the COVID-19 Public Health Emergency

       The Supreme Court issued several administrative orders addressing suspension of

deadlines as a result of the COVID-19 public health emergency, which we shall refer to

                                              5
collectively as the COVID Tolling Orders. The COVID Tolling Orders were issued “as

part of the State’s response to the COVID-19 emergency that began in early 2020.”

Murphy v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 478 Md. 333, 350 (2022). The COVID Tolling Orders

were “issued against the backdrop of the pandemic and various measures taken by the

Governor and Legislature in response to that emergency.” Id. The Supreme Court

summarized the government response to the COVID-19 emergency, including actions

undertaken by “[e]ach branch of State government . . . to limit access to public buildings

and reduce interactions among government personnel and members of the public.” Id. at

353. On March 12, 2020, former Chief Judge 3 Mary Ellen Barbera issued administrative

orders suspending jury trials and non-essential matters, and on March 13, 2020, the Chief

Judge issued an additional administrative order closing courthouses to the public for all but

certain emergency matters. Id. at 356.

       On March 13, 2020, the Rules Committee approved rules relating to the emergency

authority of the Chief Judge, and the Supreme Court adopted the proposed rules, which,

inter alia, delegated authority to the Chief Judge to extend court deadlines. Id. at 357. On

April 3, 2020, the Chief Judge issued the first administrative order tolling deadlines, which

ordered that:

                all statutory and rules deadlines related to the initiation of
                matters required to be filed in a Maryland state court, including

       3
         During the November 8, 2022 general election, the voters of Maryland ratified a
constitutional amendment changing the title of the “Chief Judge” to “Chief Justice” and
changing the name of Maryland’s highest court from “Court of Appeals” to “Supreme
Court.” The changes from “Chief Judge” to “Chief Justice” and from “Court of Appeals
of Maryland” to “Supreme Court of Maryland” had not occurred during all relevant times.
Accordingly, we shall use the former titles throughout this opinion where appropriate.
                                               6
              statutes of limitations, shall be tolled or suspended, as
              applicable, effective March 16, 2020, by the number of days
              that the courts are closed to the public due to the COVID-19
              emergency by the Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals[.]

Id. at 358-59. The Chief Judge issued subsequent orders addressing court closures, case

time standards, and judiciary operations. An order issued May 22, 2020 noted that “clerks’

offices would be reopened on July 20, 2020 - which would mark the end of the tolling

period established in the previous orders.” Id. at 362. The May 22 order further

              elaborated on the previous tolling orders by specifying that, for
              purposes of tolling the statutes and limitations and other
              deadlines related to the initiation of matters, the 126 days
              during which the clerks’ offices were closed (March 16, 2020
              until July 20, 2020) “do not count against the time remaining
              for the initiation of the matter.” The May 22 order further
              extended the filing deadlines for the initiation of matters by an
              additional 15 days past the date on which clerks’ offices
              reopened and provided an example as to how a new filing
              deadline would be computed.

Id.

       Subsequent revised administrative tolling orders were amended eleven times

between June 2020 and March 2022. “The amendments included some minor changes to

the tolling order, but largely consisted of updated cross-references to other administrative

orders concerning the COVID-19 pandemic. On March 28, 2022, the Chief Judge issued

a ‘final’ administrative tolling order; it recognized the termination of emergency operations

in the Judiciary as of April 3, 2022.” Id. (footnotes omitted). Later, answering a question

certified by the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, the Supreme Court

of Maryland held that the Chief Judge had “acted within her authority and consistently with

the Maryland Constitution when she issued an administrative order temporarily tolling

                                             7
statutes of limitations under Maryland law with respect to civil actions during the COVID-

19 pandemic.” Id. at 385-86.

B.    The COVID Tolling Orders, the Maryland Tort Claims Act, and Sovereign
      Immunity

      In this case, the parties agree that if the COVID Tolling Orders -- which extended

deadlines by a total of 141 days -- apply to the MTCA’s three-year filing requirement,

Peacock’s claim against the State would be considered timely. The motor vehicle accident

underlying this appeal occurred on October 29, 2018, and the original filing deadline would

have expired on October 29, 2021. Peacock contends that the deadline for filing his

complaint against the State was March 22, 2022 -- 141 days after the original deadline.

Accordingly, Peacock asserts that because his amended complaint against the State was

filed on January 18, 2022, it was timely filed. The issue before us is whether the 141-day

extension applicable to statutes of limitations applies as well to the three-year filing

requirement in the MTCA. As we shall explain, in our view, the three-year deadline for

filing a claim against the State pursuant to the MTCA was not extended by the COVID

Tolling Orders.

       It is well established that the State of Maryland, as a sovereign, “is ‘infallible,’ and,

thus, immune from suit ‘absent the State’s consent.’” Williams v. Morgan State Univ., 484

Md. 534, 539 (2023) (quoting United States v. Nordic Vil., Inc., 503 U.S. 30, 42, 112 S.Ct.

1011 (1992) (Stevens, J., dissenting)). “The General Assembly provided such consent in

the Maryland Tort Claims Act (‘MTCA’), Md. Code . . . (1984, 2021 Repl. Vol., 2022

                                               8
Supp.) § 12-104(a)(1) [of the State Gov’t Article (“SG”)], which waives the State’s

immunity as to a ‘tort action in a court of the State[.]’” Williams, supra, 484 Md. at 539.

       The Supreme Court recently discussed the MTCA’s statutory framework in

Williams, supra, explaining as follows:

                     The MTCA is codified under the State Government
              Article as Subtitle 1 of Title 12. “The MTCA was enacted in
              1981 as a waiver of the State’s sovereign immunity for tortious
              acts or omissions committed within the scope of the public
              duties of ‘state personnel’ and committed without malice or
              gross negligence.” Barbre v. Pope, 402 Md. 157, 173, 935
              A.2d 699 (2007). Under the MTCA, a party injured by the
              negligent act or omission of a state officer or employee within
              the scope of the officer’s or employee’s public duties may
              obtain compensation for that injury from the State.

                     SG § 12-104 states in pertinent part:

                     (a)(1) Subject to the exclusions and limitations in
                     this subtitle and notwithstanding any other
                     provision of the law, the immunity of the State
                     and its units is waived as to a tort action, in a
                     court of the State, to the extent provided under
                     paragraph (2) of this subsection.

                     (2)(i) Except as provided in subparagraph (ii) of
                     this paragraph, the liability of the state and its
                     units may not exceed $400,000 to a single
                     claimant for injuries arising from a single
                     incident or occurrence.

                                           ***

                     (b) Immunity is not waived under this section as
                     described under § 5-522(a) of the Courts and
                     Judicial Proceedings Article.

              (Emphasis added). By its plain terms, SG § 12-104(b) provides
              that the scope of the State’s waiver of sovereign immunity is
              established by the interplay between subsection (a) and CJP
              § 5-522(a). That section provides that the State’s immunity is

                                             9
             not waived for, among other things, “[a]ny tortious act or
             omission of State personnel that: (i) [i]s not within the scope of
             the public duties of the State personnel; or (ii) [i]s made with
             malice or gross negligence[.]” CJP § 5-522(a)(4).

                     The other central component of the MTCA, in addition
             to its waiver of the State’s sovereign immunity for tortious acts
             or omissions by State personnel, is a corresponding immunity
             from suit and from liability in tort for State personnel. See SG
             § 12-105 (“State personnel shall have the immunity from
             liability described under § 5-522(b) of the Courts and Judicial
             Proceedings Article.”); CJP § 5-522(b) (providing that State
             Personnel as defined under the MTCA are “immune from suit
             in courts of the State and from liability in tort for a tortious act
             or omission that is within the scope of the public duties of the
             State personnel and is made without malice or gross
             negligence, and for which the State or its units have waived
             immunity” under SG § 12-104, “even if the damages exceed
             the limits of that waiver.”).

                     The Legislature has created a comprehensive statutory
             scheme, where the waiver of the State’s sovereign immunity
             for tort actions corresponds precisely with immunity from suit
             and liability for State personnel. In lieu of recovery from the
             negligent State personnel, the party may obtain compensation
             for that injury from the State. Barbre, 402 Md. at 173–74, 935
             A.2d 699. “In other words, liability of the State and liability of
             individual State personnel are mutually exclusive. If the State
             is liable, the individual is immune; if the individual is liable,
             the State is immune.” Newell v. Runnels, 407 Md. 578, 635,
             967 A.2d 729 (2009). “In effect, the MTCA substitutes the
             State for the State personnel as the appropriate defendant in
             such an action.” Rodriguez v. Cooper, 458 Md. 425, 451–52,
             182 A.3d 853 (2018).

484 Md. at 542-44.

      The MTCA contains two timing requirements. First, a claimant generally must

submit written notice to the State Treasurer within one year of the injury to person or

property that is the basis of the claim. SG § 12-106(b)(1). Second, “a claimant may not

                                             10
institute an action under [the MTCA] unless . . . the action is filed within 3 years after the

cause of action arises.” SG § 12-106(b)(3). A court may find good cause to excuse

compliance with the notice requirement and entertain an action under the MTCA “unless

the State can affirmatively show that its defense has been prejudiced by the claimant's

failure to submit the claim.” SG § 12-106(c)(1). There is no such provision allowing for

a court to find good cause to excuse the filing of a claim within three years.

       Peacock contends that the MTCA’s three-year filing requirement is a statute of

limitations that was extended by the COVID Tolling Orders. The Supreme Court has

explained, however, that the MCTA’s three-year filing requirement is “both a statute of

limitations and -- along with SG § 12-106(b)(1) -- a condition precedent to the waiver of

sovereign immunity.” Higginbotham v. Pub. Serv. Comm’n of Maryland, 412 Md. 112,

128 (2009). “If the condition is not fulfilled because a claimant fails to bring his or her

action within the specified period of time, the State’s sovereign immunity is not waived

and the plaintiff loses his or her right to maintain a claim against the State.” Id. at 136-37

(Harrell, J., concurring and dissenting).

       Peacock asserts that the legislative history confirms that the MTCA’s three-year

filing requirement was intended to operate as a traditional statute of limitations. Regardless

of whether the General Assembly intended the requirement to operate in a manner

consistent with other statutes of limitations, the fact remains that the three-year filing

requirement serves as both a statute of limitations and a condition precedent to a waiver of

sovereign immunity. Although the Supreme Court held in Murphy that the Chief Judge

had the authority to issue administrative orders tolling statutes of limitations in light of the

                                              11
COVID-19 public health emergency, 478 Md. at 385-86, Murphy did not address

conditions precedent to the State’s waiver of sovereign immunity.

       In his concurring and dissenting opinion in Higginbotham, Judge Harrell described

the significant difference between a conditional precedent and a statute of limitations:

              A condition precedent is a “condition attached to the right to
              sue at all” and “operates as a limitation of the liability itself as
              created, and not of the remedy alone.” Rios v. Montgomery
              County, 386 Md. 104, 127, 872 A.2d 1, 14 (2005). “[W]here a
              limitation period is stipulated in a statute creating a cause of
              action, it is not to be considered as an ordinary statute of
              limitations, but is to be considered as a limitation upon the right
              as well as the remedy.” Waddell v. Kirkpatrick, 331 Md. 52,
              60, 626 A.2d 353, 357 (1993); [State v.] Sharafeldin, 382 Md.
              [129,] 148, 854 A.2d [1208,] 1219 [(2004)]. Unlike a statute
              of limitations, a “condition precedent cannot be waived under
              the common law and a failure to satisfy it can be raised at any
              time because the action itself is fatally flawed if the condition
              is not satisfied.” Rios, 386 Md. at 127, 872 A.2d at 14.

412 Md. at 136 (Harrell, J., concurring and dissenting).

       The COVID Tolling Orders addressed “statutory and rules deadlines related to the

initiation of matters required to be filed in a Maryland state court, including statutes of

limitations,” but the COVID Tolling Orders did not address conditions precedent to

waivers of sovereign immunity. Indeed, only the General Assembly -- and not the

Judiciary -- can waive sovereign immunity. See Sharafeldin, supra, 382 Md. at 140

(explaining that the Supreme Court has “held, consistently, that immunity from suit is ‘one

of the highest attributes of sovereignty,’ and that any waiver of that immunity must come

from the Legislature.”) (quoting Katz v. Washington Sub. San. Com’n, 284 Md. 503, 512–

13 (1979)). Courts “must read and ‘construe legislative dilution of governmental immunity

                                              12
narrowly in order to avoid weakening the doctrine of sovereign immunity by judicial fiat.’”

Magnetti v. Univ. of Md., 402 Md. 548, 565 (2007) (quoting Stern v. Bd. of Regents, 380

Md. 691, 720 (2004)). Because only the Legislature, and not the Judiciary, can waive

sovereign immunity, the Chief Judge’s COVID Tolling Orders cannot be read as extending

the MTCA’s three-year filing requirement. Accordingly, we reject Peacock’s assertion

that the circuit court erred in ruling that the time for filing the action was not extended by

the Maryland Supreme Court’s COVID Tolling Orders.

                                             II.

       The second issue before us on appeal is whether the circuit court erred in

determining that there was no genuine dispute of fact as to whether Deputy Debley was

“State personnel” under the Maryland Tort Claims Act and thus entitled to immunity. As

we shall explain, we agree with the circuit court that there was no genuine dispute of fact

as to Debley’s status as a State employee.

       Pursuant to Md. Rule 2-501(f), the “court shall enter judgment in favor of or against

the moving party if the motion and response show that there is no genuine dispute as to any

material fact and that the party in whose favor judgment is entered is entitled to judgment

as a matter of law.” A genuine dispute of material fact exists only when there is evidence

upon which a reasonable jury could base a verdict in favor of the non-moving party. Beatty,

supra, 330 Md. at 738-39.

       Under Maryland law, “Sheriff[s] and Deputy Sheriffs . . . are officials and/or

employees of the State of Maryland rather than of [a local jurisdiction].” Rucker v. Harford

Cnty., 316 Md. 275, 281 (1989). Indeed, this is confirmed by statute. SG § 12-101(a)(6)

                                             13
(expressly including “a sheriff or deputy sheriff of a county or Baltimore City” in the

category of “State personnel”). As we explained supra in Part I of this opinion, State

personnel are entitled to immunity under the MTCA. See SG § 12-105 (“State personnel

shall have the immunity from liability described under § 5-522(b) of the Courts and Judicial

Proceedings Article.”); CJP § 5-522(b) (“State personnel, as defined in § 12-101 of the

State Government Article, are immune from suit in courts of the State and from liability in

tort for a tortious act or omission that is within the scope of the public duties of the State

personnel and is made without malice or gross negligence, and for which the State or its

units have waived immunity under Title 12, Subtitle 1 of the State Government Article,

even if the damages exceed the limits of that waiver.”). Peacock’s complaint alleged that

Debley acted tortiously but did not allege malice or gross negligence. Accordingly, Debley

falls within the MTCA’s grant of immunity.

       Peacock is incorrect that the determination of whether a deputy sheriff is a State or

county employee is a question for the trier of fact to resolve. Although in certain

circumstances the financial responsibility for paying judgments or settlements involving a

deputy sheriff may fall on the local jurisdiction, Md. Code (1985, 2021 Repl. Vol.), § 9-108

of the State Finance and Procurement Article (“SFP”), Maryland law is clear that the

deputy sheriff is entitled to immunity under the MCTA. Moreover, SFP assigns financial

liability to the local jurisdiction when a sheriff or deputy sheriff is performing law

enforcement functions or detention center functions, and there is no evidence that Debley

was performing either of these functions. Furthermore, SFP § 9-108 addresses the potential

                                             14
financial liability of the local jurisdiction as the insurer and is not a basis to maintain a

direct suit against the local jurisdictions.

       Both the County and the State affirmed under oath in their answers to interrogatories

that Debley was acting as a State employee at the time of the motor vehicle accident. The

only evidence Peacock points to in support of his assertion that Debley’s employment

status should be a jury question is the letter sent by the State Treasurer in April 2020, in

which the State Treasurer informed Peacock that the “preliminary review” of the claim had

led to the “determin[ation] that the claim alleges conduct by a sheriff or deputy sheriff

engaged in an activity that does not involve service of process, transportation of prisoners,

courthouse security, or personnel matters” and that “[w]here a claim involves activities . . .

other than those State functions, a county government may obtain insurance coverage and

defense of claims that fall under the Maryland Tort Claims Act.” This letter did not

establish that Debley was not State personnel, nor did the letter suggest that Debley was

not entitled to immunity under the MCTA, nor could the letter change Debley’s legal status

as State personnel under the MTCA. Accordingly, we reject Debley’s assertion that the

circuit court erred when it determined that there was no genuine dispute of fact as to

whether Deputy Debley was “State personnel” under the Maryland Tort Claims Act and

thus entitled to immunity.

                                               III.

       Peacock’s final appellate argument is that the circuit court erred when it determined

that CJP § 5-524 did not authorize direct recovery against the County for Peacock’s claim

of respondeat superior liability. Peacock contends that CJP § 5-524 provides the basis for

                                               15
him to sue Montgomery County directly for negligence on a vicarious liability theory and

recover up to the minimum mandatory limits of insurance. As we shall explain, Peacock’s

argument is premised upon a faulty understanding of CJP § 5-524, and the circuit court

appropriately granted summary judgment on this basis.

      CJP § 5-524 provides as follows:

             An owner or lessee of any motor vehicle registered under Title
             13 of the Transportation Article may not raise the defense of
             sovereign or governmental immunity, to the extent of benefits
             provided by the security accepted by the Motor Vehicle
             Administration under § 17-103 of the Transportation Article,
             in any judicial proceeding in which the plaintiff claims that
             personal injury, property damage, or death was caused by the
             negligent use of the motor vehicle while in government service
             or performing a task of benefit to the government.

Md. Code (1977, 2020 Repl. Vol.) § 17-103 of the Transportation Article imposes vehicle

liability insurance requirements, including a requirement of $30,000 for an accident

involving one person.

      Peacock points to no authority in support of his assertion that CJP § 5-524 creates

an independent cause of action against a government entity. Indeed, CJP § 5-524 cannot

reasonably be read as establishing such an action. Rather, CJP § 5-524 provides that the

County may not assert the defense of governmental immunity as to the mandatory

minimum insurance. We agree with the County that the aim of CJP § 5-524 is to place a

local government in the same position as any other owner of a vehicle who is sued on

account of the negligence of the owner’s agent or employee.

      Peacock relies upon Linz v. Montgomery Cnty., 256 Md. App. 73, 78 (2022), a case

in which a Montgomery County police officer was involved in an accident while operating

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a vehicle owned by the County and while in the scope of his employment. We explained

that

             [t]hese statutes have been interpreted to allow a suit against a
             government entity for negligent use of its vehicle, while in
             service or for its benefit, up to the applicable mandatory
             minimum limit. [Williams v. Maynard, 359 Md. 379,] 382-83,
             754 A.2d 379 [(2000)] (stating that CJP § 5-524 and TA § 17-
             107(c) “authorized” the plaintiff’s tort action against
             Montgomery County for damages for injuries sustained in an
             automobile accident with a county-owned vehicle driven by a
             county employee). Thus, in the case at bar, Mr. Linz could sue
             (and did sue) the County directly for negligence, on a vicarious
             liability theory based on the actions of Officer Chindblom as
             its employee, but the County could not be liable for more than
             $30,000 in damages.

Linz, supra, 256 Md. App. at 79. Linz involved a cause of action brought against a county

on respondeat superior liability for the negligent driving of its employee. Linz did not

involve a circumstance in which a party sought to bring a claim against a county for the

alleged negligent driving of a non-employee solely because the county was the owner and

insurer of the vehicle. CJP § 5-524 does not permit a party to maintain a direct action

against a county prior to the entry of any judgment on the issue of underlying liability.

Accordingly, we hold that the circuit court appropriately granted Montgomery County’s

motion for summary judgment.

                                         JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT
                                         FOR    MONTGOMERY      COUNTY
                                         AFFIRMED. COSTS TO BE PAID BY
                                         APPELLANT.

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