Court Opinion

ID: 4593579
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-20 19:11:07.102913+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:51:05.479539
License: Public Domain

INSPIRATION CONSOLIDATED COPPER CO., PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT.Inspiration Consol. Copper Co. v. CommissionerDocket Nos. 8990, 20866.United States Board of Tax Appeals11 B.T.A. 1425; 1928 BTA LEXIS 3626; May 16, 1928, Promulgated *3626  1.  INVESTED CAPITAL. - The respondent erred in reducing the amount of current earnings available for payment of dividends by a tentative tax.  Appeal of L. S. Aycrs & Co.,1 B.T.A. 1135">1 B.T.A. 1135., 2.  ID. - The petitioner is not entitled to include as a part of its invested capital its depletion reserve.  3.  INVENTORIES. - The respondent erred in increasing the petitioner's closing inventory from cost to market where the alleged market was higher than cost.  4.  DEPLETION. - Depletion should be computed on the number of pounds of copper sold during the year rather than on the number of pounds produced.  Lyle T. Alverson, Esq., for the petitioner.  A. George Bouchard, Esq., for the respondent.  GREEN *1425  In this proceeding the petitioner seeks a redetermination of its income and profits-tax liability for the year 1918, for which the respondent in his deficiency letter dated September 4, 1926, determined a deficiency of $992,032.79.  The petition appealing from this deficiency was given docket number 20866.  The respondent had previously, to wit, on September 14, 1925, issued a deficiency letter to this petitioner for the same*3627  identical year notifying it of a smaller deficiency, from which an appeal was taken to this Board and docketed as No. 8990.  At the hearing it was stipulated and agreed between all proper parties that Docket No. 8990 would be placed on the reserve calendar pending the decision in the latter docket.  It was further stipulated and agreed that the decision in Docket No. 20866 should be the decision in the earlier appeal and that the deficiency for 1918 as finally redetermined by the Board would dispose of both proceedings.  The issues are: 1.  Whether the respondent erred in computing invested capital by reducing earnings available for dividends by a so-called "tentative tax"; 2.  Whether the respondent erred in computing invested capital by failing to include as a part of earned surplus a reserve for depletion in the amount of $5,856,644.21; 3.  Whether the respondent erred in computing net income by increasing the petitioner's inventory of copper on hand at December 31, 1918, from $3,199,555.94 to $5,569,143.40; 4.  Whether the respondent erred in computing net income by allowing depletion only on the number of pounds (70,694,324) of *1426  copper sold during the year*3628  rather than on the number of pounds (98,540,041) produced during the year; and 5.  Whether the respondent erred in computing invested capital by using an incorrect tax liability for the two preceding years 1917 and 1916.  FINDINGS OF FACT.  The petitioner is a Maine corporation with its principal office at 25 Broadway, New York.  On each of the following dates, to wit, January 28, April 29, July 29, and October 28, 1918, the petitioner paid to its stockholders a dividend in the amount of $2,363,934, or total dividends during the year of $9,455,736.  The respondent in determining invested capital reduced current earnings available for the payment of such dividends by a so-called "tentative tax" in the amount of $1,642,314.75.  At the beginning of January 1, 1918, the petitioner's "Reserve for Depletion" of depletable properties computed on the basis of cost was $5,856,644.21.  No part of such reserve for depletion was included in invested capital as computed by the respondent.  The petitioner is the owner of copper mines located in the State of Arizona.  During 1918, it produced copper ore from its mines, concentrated it and then shipped it east to be smelted and refined. *3629  It kept an account of all operating costs, the principal ones being actual mining, development, transportation to the mill, milling cost, freight east to the smelter and refinery, treatment in the smelter, refining charges, a portion of administrative expense and depreciation, At the close of 1918, the petitioner had on hand and unsold 27,845,717 pounds of copper, the inventory cost of which was $3,199,555.94.  It arrived at such inventory cost by dividing the total operating costs during the year as recorded in its books by the total number of pounds produced during the year and multiplying the quotient by the number of pounds of copper on hand at the close of the year.  Since the beginning of commercial operations on July 1, 1915, it was always the consistent practice of the petitioner in keeping its books and records, in rendering reports to its directors, stockholders and to the public, and in making its income-tax returns, to value the copper on hand and owned at the end of any year at the actual expenditure for the same, excluding depletion.  The respondent increased the petitioner's 1918 closing inventory of copper on hand from $3,199,555.94 to $5,569,143.40 and in his deficiency*3630  letter gave the following explanation therefor: The Unit has held in numerous other mining and smelting cases that the market value of virgin copper as at December 31, 1918, was $.20 per pound.  This market value was created by a sale of over 2,000,000 pounds of copper on January 2, 1919, at $.20 per pound.  *1427  In the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin #269, published in 1920, is quoted the wholesale price of copper at December 31, 1918, to be slightly in excess at $.20 per pound.  From the above quotations it appears that your 1918 inventory should be increased $2,369,587.46.  Inventory, 27,845,717 pounds at $.20$5,569,143.40Inventory as reported 27,845,717 pounds at $.11493,199,55.94Difference2,369,587.46All of the copper on hand and owned by the petitioner on December 31, 1918, was sold during the year 1919 for a price as follows: Gross sales$4,699,321.11Less selling expenses65,792.69Net sales (cash received)4,633,528.42The petitioner produced 98,540,041 pounds of copper during 1918, As previously stated, the number of pounds on hand and owned by the petitioner on December 31, 1918, was 27,845,717. *3631  The respondent did not allow as a deduction from gross income any depletion with respect to the copper on hand and owned by the petitioner at the close of the year but only allowed depletion on the difference between the pounds produced and the pounds on hand, or 70,694,324 pounds.  The books of the petitioner were kept on the accrual basis.  The fair market value at March 1, 1913, of the petitioner's depletable properties was $88,218,000.  The number of pounds of recoverable copper in such depletable property at that date was 2,352,232,320.  The depletion unit is 3.75039 cents per pound, computed by dividing the fair market value at March 1, 1913, of the depletable property by the number of pounds of recoverable copper in such depletable property at that date.  OPINION.  GREEN: We will discuss the issues in the order previously stated.  The first issue is decided adversely to the respondent.  Appeal of L. S. Ayers & Co.,1 B.T.A. 1135">1 B.T.A. 1135. In connection with the second issue the petitioner objects to the respondent's refusal to include as a part of its invested capital a reserve for depletion in the sum of $5,856,644.21.  This reserve represents the amount*3632  by which the petitioner's depletable properties had been depleted up to the beginning of the taxable year 1918 on the basis of cost.  The petitioner argues that, "Depletion is in fact and in law not a return of capital but is merely true income part of which Congress in its wisdom has declined to tax" and cites in support thereof the cases of Stratton's Independence v. Howbert,231 U.S. 399">231 U.S. 399; Stanton v. Baltic Mining Co.,240 U.S. 103">240 U.S. 103; Goldfield Cons. Mines Co. v. Scott,247 U.S. 126">247 U.S. 126; Commonwealth v. Ocean Oil Co.,59 Pa.St. 61; *1428 Commonwealth v. Penn. Gas & Oil Co.,62 Pa. 241">62 Pa. 241; and Ludey v. United States,61 Ct.Cls. 126. It then cites Bowers v. Kerbaugh Empire Co.,271 U.S. 518">271 U.S. 518, for the proposition that, "Income means the same thing under all of the Revenue Acts and under the 16th Amendment." From these premises the petitioner concludes that if depletion is income rather than a return of capital it must follow that it is a part of earned surplus and hence a part of invested capital.  In the computation of invested capital the*3633  maximum amount to be included by reason of the ore body is its cost.  In computing invested capital the asset may be carried at cost, in which event no consideration is given to the depletion reserve, or the asset account less depletion may be included, in which event the depletion reserve is also included.  The result is the same.  The question of the inclusion in surplus of the difference between the book depletion based on cost and the depletion deduction based on the March 1, 1913, value is not involved here as that difference has already been included in surplus.  See Entress Brick Co. v. Commissioner,9 B.T.A. 588">9 B.T.A. 588. It is not lightly to be assumed that Congress intended that the value of mineral ore should remain a part of invested capital after it has been mined and sold.  The thing that had actually occurred is a substitution of assets, namely, cash or its equivalent for ore.  This appears to be the view of the United States Supreme Court as expressed in United States v. Ludey,274 U.S. 295">274 U.S. 295, wherein the court said: The proviso limiting the amount of the deduction for depletion to the amount of the capital invested shows that the*3634  deduction is to be regarded as a return of capital, not as a special bonus for exterprise and willingness to assume risks.  We conclude that the petitioner's contentions on this point should be denied.  See Cortez Oil Co. v. United States,64 Ct.Cls. 390. The third issue, as far as the record goes, is whether the respondent erred in increasing the petitioner's inventory of copper on hand at December 31, 1918, from cost per books of $3,199,555.94 to an alleged market value of $5,569,143.40.  In the computation set forth in the deficiency letter the respondent adds $2,369,587.46 to net income and captions the addition, "Increase in value of 1918 inventory," and then makes the explanation set out in the findings above.  Nothing was alleged in the pleadings by either party from which it could be inferred that the reason for the above increase in income was the fact that the respondent had treated all shipments of concentrated ore to the smelter as sales.  Notwithstanding the pleadings or the statements in the deficiency letter that such increase in income was due to an "Increase in value of 1918 inventory," the counsel for the *1429  respondent during the*3635  course of the hearing made the following statement: In view of the fact that you have the Commissioner's figures, I do not think Mr. Alverson's statement has clearly presented the issue, as I understand it to be, which is this: There is no doubt on the part of the Commissioner as to the cost of the copper ore, but as I understand the practice of the taxpayer, the taxpayer produced the copper ore, delivered the ore to the smelter, the smelter issued warrants or certificates, and there was returned to the taxpayer refined copper, and the Commissioner has treated that transaction as a sale, giving rise to taxable income.  Apparently, from the proof so far, I take it Mr. Alverson is relying upon the basis of cost in determining his inventory as of December 31, 1918.  We have computed income upon the theory that the transaction between the mining company and the smelter was the sale and gave rise to taxable income.  The respondent took no steps to amend the pleadings, and has filed no brief although two extensions of time were given him for that purpose.  No evidence was offered by either party to show that the respondent had treated the shipments of ore to the smelter as sales or that*3636  they should be so treated.  On the contrary all of the evidence is to the effect that the cost to the petitioner of producing the 27,845,717 pounds of copper on hand at December 31, 1918, was $3,199,555.94.  The books of the petitioner were introduced in evidence and testimony given to the effect that no such sales were recorded therein.  We do not say that the books would be conclusive as to a sale but we do say that the issue as to whether the petitioner has reported all of its sales is not before us and if it were there has been no evidence offered which would sustain such an allegation.  If the theory of the respondent was that copper shipped to the smelter resulted in sales affecting income, there is no explanation for his refusal to allow depletion on the full number of pounds of ore mined during the year, which action gives rise to the fourth issue involved in this proceeding.  If this view is taken, the elaborate statement in his deficiency letter quoted in the findings above concerning the fair market value of copper at December 31, 1918, is wholly irrelevant.  The admission in his answer that "The number of pounds of Copper produced during 1918 by this taxpayer*3637  was 98,540,041" is significant.  And if such were the respondent's theory, why was there no mention of it whatever in the deficiency letter or why was it not set up by way of answer?  Whatever may be the facts or the theory on which the respondent actually relied, this proceeding must be decided on the record before us.  The facts on this issue are few.  The petitioner valued its closing inventory at December 31, 1918, according to its usual and consistent custom at actual cost of the copper contained therein, to wit, $3,199,555.94.  The respondent increased such inventory to *1430  $5,569,143.40, stating that to be the fair market value of the copper at that time.  In Appeal of F. N. Johnson Co.,2 B.T.A. 256">2 B.T.A. 256, the taxpayer had taken its inventories at market which in that case was above cost.  In the course of the opinion we said: It is manifest that the written-up amount in the respective inventories at the close of the years 1917, 1918 and 1919 must be eliminated from those inventories for the purpose of correctly determining the net income of the taxpayer.  In *3638 Appeal of George C. Peterson Co.,1 B.T.A. 690">1 B.T.A. 690, we said, "Inventories must be taken upon a consistent basis from year to year.  Appeal of Thomas Shoe Co.,1 B.T.A. 124">1 B.T.A. 124." In United States v. Kemp (C.C.A.), 12 Fed.(2d) 7, the taxpayer sought to justify the valuation of merchandise inventories at market value when such value was higher than cost.  The court held: From time to time the Treasury Department has adopted rules relative to inventories, all of them of about the same purport, in which it is provided that a taxpayer, in valuing his inventory, may adopt the basis of cost, or cost or market price, whichever is lower.  See T.D. 2609, December 19, 1917; T.D. 2831, April 16, 1919; T.D. 2831, December 30, 1920.  There is the testimony of several witnesses in the record tending to show that it is the custom of broom manufacturers in Texas to value their inventories at market price, and it is shown that the corporation here in interest had always done so.  We think that what is the "best accounting practice," referred to in the statute, would have to be determined by a consideration of a much broader field*3639  than that covered by the witnesses for defendants, and, on the other hand, there is the testimony of a government accountant tending to show that the best accounting practice during the taxable years 1917, 1918, and 1920 was to value inventories at cost or market, whichever was lower.  Notwithstanding this testimony, and regardless of the practice in other lines of business, it would seem to us that the best method of determining the profits of a manufacturing business would be to value the raw material at the cost.  In view of the provision of the statute which requires that the method of inventorying must be calculated to most clearly reflect the income, we think that the regulations promulgated by the Commissioner are reasonable and fair, and within his authority to make.  The option given the taxpayer to value his inventory at cost or market price, whichever is lower, grants nothing to a manufacturer, but, as he has the right to value his inventory at cost, it takes nothing away from him.  He cannot, however, value his inventory at market price, if it is higher than cost.In the instant case the petitioner consistently took its inventory of copper on hand at the close of*3640  the year at actual cost.  The respondent erred in increasing inventories to an amount in excess of cost as determined by the petitioner.  It follows that the net income as determined by the respondent in his deficiency letter dated September 4, 1926, should be reduced by the amount of $2,369,587.46 representing "Increase in value of 1918 inventory." *1431  Regarding the fourth issue the petitioner contends it is entitled to deduct depletion on the 98,540,041 pounds of copper produced during the taxable year rather than on the 70,694,324 pounds sold during the same period.  The petitioner kept its books upon the accrual basis.  In Appeal of R. M. Waggoner,5 B.T.A. 1191">5 B.T.A. 1191, we said at page 1201: The tax is an annual tax and the deductions are annual deductions and it is the intent and purpose of the statute that income and deductions shll be treated consistently.  United States v. Anderson,269 U.S. 422">269 U.S. 422; United States v. Mitchell,271 U.S. 9">271 U.S. 9; Appeal of Consolidated Asphalt Co.,1 B.T.A. 79">1 B.T.A. 79; *3641 Appeal of Henry Reubel,1 B.T.A. 676">1 B.T.A. 676. In the Waggoner case and in National Oil & Gas Co. v. Commissioner,6 B.T.A. 399">6 B.T.A. 399, we held that where the petitioners were on the cash receipts and disbursements basis depletion could be taken only upon the basis of the oil sold during the year, the proceeds of which were included as income; or in other words, the depletion was to be taken upon the same basis as the income was returned.  In Appeal of Clearfield Lumber Co.,3 B.T.A. 1282">3 B.T.A. 1282, the taxpayer kept its books upon an accrual basis but contended that it was entitled to deduct depletion on production rather than on sales as contended by the Commissioner.  In sustaining the Commissioner's action we said, inter alia (p. 1290): The real purpose to be accomplished is so to adjust the accounting that the depletion allowance shall include a return of the cost of capital assets plus the excess of March 1, 1913, value over cost, and that that depletion allowance should be made available as a deduction only when the timber out or the mineral extracted is sold. This result is accomplished by the method pursued by the Commissioner*3642  in this case.  We believe it is a practicable method and a comparatively simple one for accomplishing the end desired and more clearly reflects the income of the taxpayer than would a method in which the depletion allowance would be deducted in the year of cutting or extraction without further adjustment.  (Italics supplied.) In view of the foregoing it is our opinion that the respondent's action in only allowing depletion on the 70,694,324 pounds of copper sold during the year was correct and should be sustained.  The petitioner offered no evidence in connection with the fifth issue.  The respondent's determination on that point will, therefore, remain undisturbed.  Issues 2, 4, and 5 are decided for the respondent; issues 1 and 3 for the petitioner.  The deficiency should be recomputed accordingly.  Reviewed by the Board.  Judgment will be entered on 15 days' notice, under Rule 50.