Court Opinion

ID: 6348781
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-06-10 16:28:00.629092+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:42:29.600650
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Palmer, 2022-Ohio-1968.]

                                          COURT OF APPEALS
                                     TUSCARAWAS COUNTY, OHIO
                                      FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

    STATE OF OHIO                                :   JUDGES:
                                                 :
                                                 :   Hon. Earle E. Wise, Jr., P.J.
           Plaintiff-Appellee                    :   Hon. John W. Wise, J.
                                                 :   Hon. Patricia A. Delaney, J.
    -vs-                                         :
                                                 :   Case No. 2021 AP 08 0019
                                                 :
    DAVID W. PALMER                              :
                                                 :
                                                 :
           Defendant-Appellant                   :   OPINION

  CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING:                           Appeal from the Tuscarawas County
                                                     Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 2020
                                                     CR 12 0447

  JUDGMENT:                                          AFFIRMED

  DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY:                            June 10, 2022

  APPEARANCES:

    For Plaintiff-Appellee:                          For Defendant-Appellant:

    RYAN STYER                                       DONOVAN R. HILL
    TUSCARAWAS COUNTY PROSECUTOR                     122 Market Ave. N.
                                                     Suite 101
    KRISTINE W. BEARD                                Canton, OH 44702
    125 E. High Ave.
    New Philadelphia, OH 44663
[Cite as State v. Palmer, 2022-Ohio-1968.]

 Delaney, J.

          {¶1} Defendant-Appellant David W. Palmer appeals his conviction and sentence

 by the Tuscarawas County Court of Common Pleas.

                               FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

                                              Indictment

          {¶2} On December 7, 2020, the Tuscarawas County Grand Jury indicted

 Defendant-Appellant David W. Palmer on two counts: (1) operating a vehicle under the

 influence of alcohol, a drug of abuse, or a combination of them – OVI, a third-degree

 felony in violation of R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a)(G)(1)(e), and (2) operating a vehicle under the

 influence of alcohol, a drug of abuse, or a combination of them – OVI, a fourth-degree

 felony in violation of R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a)(G)(1)(d). Palmer was arraigned and entered

 a not guilty plea to the charges. The matter went forward for jury trial on May 19, 2021.

 The following facts were adduced at trial.

                                         Speedway Gas Station

          {¶3} Deborah Sieg is employed as a cashier by Speedway Gas Station, located at

 264 West High Street, New Philadelphia, Ohio. From her location as a cashier at the gas

 station, she can see the interior of the store and all eight gas pumps outside. While the

 Speedway Gas Station sells alcoholic beverages in the store, it prohibits her from

 selling alcohol to a visibly inebriated person. In her experience as a cashier at Speedway,

 she has occasionally encountered customers under the influence of alcohol. She does

 not have any specialized training to recognize someone under the influence of alcohol.

 Sieg described an inebriated person as someone who could not stand still or straight,

 slurred their words, smelled of alcohol, or could not function at the cash register.
[Cite as State v. Palmer, 2022-Ohio-1968.]

          {¶4}    On September 20, 2020, Deborah Sieg was working her 2:00 p.m. to 10:00

 p.m. shift at the Speedway Gas Station. At approximately 8:50 p.m., while she was

 working on the store floor, she saw a man in the store’s “beer cave.” The man was

 standing there with the zipper to his pants down. He was stumbling and swaying, while

 fumbling with change. When she saw the man leave the store with an alcoholic beverage

 in his back pocket, Sieg chased after him because he had not paid for the beverage. She

 told him to give it back to her, which he did. From what she observed of the man and his

 actions, she felt the man was under the influence of alcohol.

          {¶5} Twenty to thirty minutes later, Sieg was working at the cash register when

 the same man came to the counter to purchase an alcoholic beverage. Sieg refused the

 sale because she observed that the man continued to show signs of inebriation. She

 smelled alcohol on his breath, he was swaying, his speech was slurred, and his fly was

 down. The man then asked her if she would sell him three dollars of gas, which she sold

 to him. The man left the store and Sieg watched him go to a vehicle parked at pump eight,

 the farthest gas pump from the store.

          {¶6} Sieg watched the man at the gas pump because she wanted to see if he

 was going to get in the passenger or driver’s seat of the car. She also wanted to make

 sure he did not fall while he was pumping gas. She observed him pump the gas and then

 she saw the man get into the driver’s seat of the car. When the man got into the car, at

 9:20 p.m., she called the New Philadelphia Police Department because she was

 concerned that the man was driving while impaired. She gave the police a description of

 the car and the driver, and the license plate number. While she was on the phone with
[Cite as State v. Palmer, 2022-Ohio-1968.]

 the police, a customer came into the store and stated that a male customer at pump eight

 had urinated at the pump.

                                             The Stop

          {¶7} Patrolman Wayne Clark, with the New Philadelphia Police Department, was

 on duty when he received the call from dispatch regarding an alleged intoxicated male

 driver leaving the Speedway Gas Station. Dispatch gave Officer Clark a description of the

 vehicle and the license plate number as reported by Sieg. When Officer Clark received

 the call from dispatch, he was driving past the Speedway Gas Station, and he immediately

 encountered the described vehicle in front of him. The vehicle matched Sieg’s description

 and the license plate number given by Sieg was off by one letter.

          {¶8} Officer Clark followed behind the vehicle until it turned into the parking lot

 of a closed business. Officer Clark did not observe any traffic or equipment violations

 while he was driving behind the vehicle. When the vehicle turned into the parking lot,

 Officer Clark activated a traffic stop based on the information he had received from Sieg’s

 call to dispatch.

          {¶9} Patrolman Kurt Olson of the New Philadelphia Police Department received

 the same call from dispatch regarding the alleged intoxicated driver reported by Sieg.

 Officer Olson was familiar with Sieg and had dealt with her many times. He pulled behind

 Officer Clark as he made the traffic stop. He got out of his cruiser and approached the

 vehicle with Officer Clark. There was no dash cam video of the traffic stop presented at

 trial because the video from that stop, and other dash cam videos, were accidentally

 deleted by another New Philadelphia police officer.
[Cite as State v. Palmer, 2022-Ohio-1968.]

          {¶10} Officer Clark approached the driver’s side of the vehicle and asked the

 driver for his license. Officer Clark did not recognize the driver of the vehicle. Officer Olson

 recognized the driver from interacting with him on previous occasions and knew the driver

 was David W. Palmer. Officer Olson, however, was not the investigating officer. The driver

 of the vehicle said he did not have a license on him. Officer Clark asked the driver for his

 Social Security number to verify his identity, and the driver quickly rambled off a number.

 Officer Clark asked him to slow down and repeat the number, at which time the driver

 became agitated.

          {¶11} As he was speaking with the driver, Officer Clark observed the driver had

 slurred speech, bloodshot eyes, and an odor of alcohol coming from him. When asked,

 the driver admitted to drinking alcohol. He did not specify how much he drank or what he

 had drank. Officer Clark asked the driver to exit the vehicle so he could conduct field

 sobriety tests. Officer Olson noticed the driver was slow getting out of the vehicle and

 appeared to be off-balance.

          {¶12} Officer Olson described the driver as confrontational when he was asked

 to exit the vehicle. Officer Clark asked the driver for his Social Security number again,

 and the driver quickly rambled a number off. The driver became more agitated and made

 a threat towards Officer Olson, saying “he would end him.” Based on the threat, Officer

 Clark handcuffed the driver for the police officer’s safety. Officer Clark and Officer Olson

 determined they could not safely conduct field sobriety tests on the driver due to his

 confrontational behavior and threat towards Officer Olson. Officer Clark arrested the

 driver for OVI based on his observations of the driver.
[Cite as State v. Palmer, 2022-Ohio-1968.]

          {¶13} Officer Clark took the driver to the New Philadelphia Police Department,

 where the jail was located. The driver was agitated and swearing in the cruiser as he was

 transported during the short drive to the jail.

          {¶14} At the police station, the driver of the vehicle continued to act agitated.

 Sergeant Morris, Clark’s direct supervisor with the New Philadelphia Police Department,

 was at the jail when Officer Clark arrived with the driver. Sgt. Morris recognized the driver

 as David W. Palmer and identified him to Officer Clark. After doing a search post-arrest

 in the jail cell area, the officers asked Palmer to remove his piercing. Palmer was

 uncooperative and made an aggressive move towards Sgt. Morris. Officer Olson, who

 had stayed at the scene with Palmer’s vehicle, received a call from dispatch that there

 was a fight at the jail. He left the scene and arrived at the jail where he saw Officer Clark

 and Sgt. Morris struggling to detain Palmer in an “intox cell.” Officer Olson went into the

 intox cell to assist, and the three officers were able to detain Palmer. A video of the

 incident was shown to the jury. Officer Olson could smell the odor of alcohol coming from

 Palmer as they struggled to detain him in the cell.

          {¶15} Because of Palmer’s physical aggression, Sgt. Morris determined they

 could not safely conduct field sobriety tests on Palmer. There was a mandate prohibiting

 the use of breath tests to determine intoxication levels because of the COVID pandemic.

 The New Philadelphia Police Department did not do blood draws to determine blood

 alcohol levels due to the requirement of a search warrant and only conducted urine tests

 for suspected drug usage.

          {¶16} Based on Sgt. Morris’s identification of Palmer, Officer Clark checked the

 Bureau of Motor Vehicles database and LEADS to review Palmer’s driving records. The
[Cite as State v. Palmer, 2022-Ohio-1968.]

 LEADS records contained Palmer’s date of birth, Social Security number, and physical

 description. From the records, Officer Clark determined Sgt. Morris had correctly

 identified Palmer as the driver of the vehicle. The records showed that Palmer’s driver’s

 license had been suspended and he had prior OVI convictions from 2009 in the Carroll

 County Municipal Court, 2013 in the Alliance Municipal Court, 2013 in the Carroll County

 Municipal Court, 2014 in the Stark County Court of Common Pleas, and 2014 in the

 Carroll County Court of Common Pleas. Based on the records and investigation by Officer

 Clark, he sent a report to the prosecutor’s office for its review.

                                              Verdict

         {¶17} At the close of the State’s case, Palmer moved for a dismissal of the

 charges pursuant to Crim.R. 29. The trial court denied the motion.

         {¶18} The jury returned a verdict of guilty on the charges of (1) operating a vehicle

 under the influence of alcohol, a drug of abuse, or a combination of them – OVI, a third-

 degree felony in violation of R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a)(G)(1)(e), and (2) operating a vehicle

 under the influence of alcohol, a drug of abuse, or a combination of them – OVI, a fourth-

 degree felony in violation of R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a)(G)(1)(d). Sentencing was scheduled

 for July 16, 2021.

                                             Sentencing

         {¶19} The parties appeared for the sentencing hearing on July 16, 2021. The

 State argued the charges were allied offenses and the State elected Count One, a felony

 of the third degree, for purposes of sentencing.
[Cite as State v. Palmer, 2022-Ohio-1968.]

          {¶20} The trial court sentenced Palmer to serve 30 months in prison on Count

 One and receive a 10-year license suspension. He was assessed six points on his driving

 record and assessed a $1,500 fine.

          {¶21} It is from this conviction and sentence that Palmer now appeals.

                                      ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

          {¶22} Palmer raises four Assignments of Error:

          {¶23} “I. THE APPELLEE FAILED TO PRESENT SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE TO

 SUSTAIN A CONVICTION AGAINST APPELLANT, AND THE CONVICTION MUST BE

 REVERSED.

          {¶24} “II. THE APPELLANT’S CONVICTION IS AGAINST THE MANIFEST

 WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE PRESENTED, AND MUST BE REVERSED.

          {¶25} “III. THE APPELLANT WAS DENIED A FAIR TRIAL DUE TO

 PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT.

          {¶26} “IV. THE APPELLANT WAS DENIED EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF

 COUNSEL IN VIOLATION OF HIS RIGHTS UNDER THE 6TH AND 14TH

 AMENDMENTS TO THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION AND ARTICLE I, SECTION

 10 OF THE OHIO CONSTITUTION.”

                                             ANALYSIS

                                              I. and II.

          {¶27} In his first and second Assignments of Error, Palmer contends his

 convictions for violations of R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a) were against the sufficiency and

 manifest weight of the evidence. We consider the two Assignments of Error together

 because they are interrelated.
[Cite as State v. Palmer, 2022-Ohio-1968.]

          {¶28} The legal concepts of sufficiency of the evidence and weight of the evidence

 are both quantitatively and qualitatively different. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380,

 1997-Ohio-52, 678 N.E.2d 541, paragraph two of the syllabus. The standard of review for

 a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence is set forth in State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d

 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991) at paragraph two of the syllabus, in which the Ohio Supreme

 Court held, “An appellate court's function when reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence

 to support a criminal conviction is to examine the evidence admitted at trial to determine

 whether such evidence, if believed, would convince the average mind of the defendant's

 guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the

 evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have

 found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.”

          {¶29} In determining whether a conviction is against the manifest weight of the

 evidence, the court of appeals functions as the “thirteenth juror,” and after “reviewing the

 entire record, weighs the evidence and all reasonable inferences, considers the credibility

 of witnesses and determines whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the jury clearly

 lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must

 be overturned and a new trial ordered.” State v. Thompkins, supra, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387,

 678 N.E.2d 541. Reversing a conviction as being against the manifest weight of the

 evidence and ordering a new trial should be reserved for only the “exceptional case in

 which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.” Id.

          {¶30} In his appeal, Palmer raises two arguments that his convictions were

 against the sufficiency and manifest weight of the evidence. He first contends there was

 insufficient evidence to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he was under the influence
[Cite as State v. Palmer, 2022-Ohio-1968.]

 of alcohol. Second, he argues the State failed to provide any reliable evidence at trial to

 identify Palmer as the man who was arrested on September 20, 2020 for OVI.

          {¶31} Palmer was charged and convicted of (1) operating a vehicle under the

 influence of alcohol, a drug of abuse, or a combination of them – OVI, a third-degree

 felony in violation of R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a)(G)(1)(e), and (2) operating a vehicle under the

 influence of alcohol, a drug of abuse, or a combination of them – OVI, a fourth-degree

 felony in violation of R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a)(G)(1)(d). Pursuant to R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a),

 “[n]o person shall operate any vehicle, * * * within this state, if, at the time of the operation,

 * * * [t]he person is under the influence of alcohol, a drug of abuse, or a combination of

 them.”

                                   Violation of R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a)

          {¶32} Palmer first argues there was no evidence that he was under the influence

 of alcohol beyond the witnesses’ observations. The officers did not conduct field sobriety

 tests or chemical tests to determine if he was under the influence of alcohol. When Officer

 Clark initiated the traffic stop, he admittedly did not observe Palmer commit any traffic

 violations and did not observe any equipment violations on Palmer’s motor vehicle. We

 note that Palmer did not file a motion to suppress the traffic stop.

          {¶33} Officer Clark initiated the traffic stop based on Sieg’s call to dispatch that

 she observed Palmer’s behavior at the Speedway Gas Station, and he appeared to be

 under the influence of alcohol. “It is generally accepted that virtually any lay witness,

 including a police officer, may testify as to whether an individual appears intoxicated.”

 State v. Scott, 5th Dist. Fairfield No. 2020 CA 00015, 2021-Ohio-156, 2021 WL 223811,

 ¶ 30 quoting Columbus v. Mullins, 162 St 419, 123 N.E.2d 422 (1954); State v. Schmidt,
[Cite as State v. Palmer, 2022-Ohio-1968.]

 101 Ohio St.3d 79, 2004-Ohio-37, 801 N.E.2d 446 (even when the final results of a field

 sobriety test are excluded because they were not administered in substantial compliance,

 an officer may testify as a lay witness about the officer's observation of the defendant's

 performance); State v. Ricer, 5th Dist. Ashland No. 17-COA-023, 2018-Ohio-426.

         {¶34} Sieg had two separate interactions with Palmer. In the first instance, she

 observed him walking out of the store with an alcoholic beverage in his back pocket for

 which he had not paid. She saw that his zipper to his pants was down. He was stumbling

 and swaying. In the second instance, Palmer came to the store counter and attempted to

 purchase another alcoholic beverage. Sieg refused the sale because she observed that

 Palmer showed signs of inebriation. She smelled alcohol on his breath, he was swaying,

 his speech was slurred, and his zipper was still down. As she called the police to report

 that she believed that Palmer was driving under the influence of alcohol, a customer

 reported to her that Palmer had urinated on a gas station pump.

         {¶35} Officer Clark did not observe Palmer commit a traffic violation, but traffic

 stops may be permissible when another person supplies information to an officer who has

 not personally observed a violation. State v. Myers, 5th Dist. No. 21CA060027, 2021-

 Ohio-4087, 180 N.E.3d 98, 2021 WL 5368016, ¶ 25. The United States Supreme Court

 has “firmly rejected the argument ‘that reasonable cause for a[n investigative stop] can

 only be based on the officer's personal observation, rather than on information supplied

 by another person.’ ” (Brackets sic.) State v. Tidwell, 165 Ohio St.3d 57, 2021-Ohio-2072,

 175 N.E.3d 527, citing Navarette v. California, 572 U.S. 393, 397, 134 S.Ct. 1683, 188

 L.Ed.2d 680 (2014), internal citation omitted.
[Cite as State v. Palmer, 2022-Ohio-1968.]

          {¶36} The courts have recognized three categories of informants: (1) citizen

 informants; (2) known informants, i.e., those from the criminal world who have previously

 provided reliable tips; and (3) anonymous informants, who are comparatively unreliable.

 State v. Myers, 5th Dist. No. 21CA060027, 2021-Ohio-4087, 180 N.E.3d 98, 2021 WL

 5368016, ¶ 27 citing Maumee v. Weisner, 87 Ohio St.3d 295, 300, 720 N.E.2d 507 (1999).

 In Weisner, the Ohio Supreme Court discussed the credibility to be given to an identified

 citizen tipster:

          The [United States Supreme Court] has further suggested that an identified

          citizen informant may be highly reliable and, therefore, a strong showing as

          to the other indicia of reliability may be unnecessary: ‘[l]f an unquestionably

          honest citizen comes forward with a report of criminal activity-which if

          fabricated would subject him to criminal liability-we have found rigorous

          scrutiny of the basis of his knowledge unnecessary.’ Illinois v. Gates, 462

          U.S. at 233–234, 103 S.Ct. at 2329–2330, 76 L.Ed.2d at 545.

 Maumee v. Weisner, 87 Ohio St.3d 295, 300, 720 N.E.2d 507.

          {¶37} Officer Olson testified he had previous interactions with Sieg and was

 familiar with her. Her call to the police “was not about a past crime but rather was about

 alleged criminal activity that was then afoot.” Tidwell, supra at ¶ 44. Finally, a very brief

 time period elapsed between Sieg’s call to dispatch and Officer Clark’s traffic stop of

 Palmer. When Officer Clark received the call from dispatch, Palmer’s car was directly in

 front of his police cruiser. Again, as the Ohio Supreme Court discussed in Tidwell:

          It is undisputed that [the officer] stopped the vehicle because he believed

          there was a public-safety concern. Given the information then available to
[Cite as State v. Palmer, 2022-Ohio-1968.]

         [the officer], it was reasonable under the totality of the circumstances for

         him to approach the vehicle in this public area and briefly detain its driver in

         order to make a most basic inquiry as to whether an immediate danger to

         public safety existed.

 State v. Tidwell, 165 Ohio St.3d 57, 2021-Ohio-2072, 175 N.E.3d 527.

         {¶38} When Officer Clark and Officer Olson made contact with Palmer, it

 confirmed to the officers that Palmer was impaired “based on what he personally smelled,

 saw, and heard.” Id., at ¶ 50. Palmer admitted to Officer Clark that he had been drinking

 alcohol that evening. The officers testified that Palmer had bloodshot eyes, slurred

 speech, and the odor of alcohol on his breath. He was slow to exit the vehicle and

 appeared to be off-balance.

         {¶39} Officer Clark, Officer Olson, and Sgt. Morris testified they could not safely

 conduct field sobriety tests on Palmer due to Palmer’s behavior. At the traffic stop, he

 was agitated and made a threat towards Officer Olson. At the jail, when asked to remove

 a piercing, Palmer became aggressive and threatened Sgt. Morris, requiring three officers

 to detain Palmer in the intox cell. A video was shown to the jury of the incident in the jail.

         {¶40} While no field sobriety tests were conducted on Palmer, four witnesses

 testified as to their observations of Palmer’s demeanor and behavior on September 20,

 2020 that led them to conclude that Palmer was under the influence of alcohol. Palmer

 was not charged with violating R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(b), the “per se” section, which would

 have required the State to prove that he drove with a prohibited blood or breath alcohol

 content.
[Cite as State v. Palmer, 2022-Ohio-1968.]

          {¶41} The phrase “under the influence of intoxicating liquor” has been defined as

 “[t]he condition in which a person finds himself after having consumed some intoxicating

 beverage in such quantity that its effect on him adversely affects his actions, reactions,

 conduct, movement or mental processes or impairs his reactions to an appreciable

 degree, thereby lessening his ability to operate a motor vehicle.” State v. Wise, 5th Dist.

 Guernsey No. 2008-CA-9, 2008-Ohio-7003, 2008 WL 5427978, ¶ 77 quoting Toledo v.

 Starks, 25 Ohio App.2d 162, 166, 267 N.E.2d 824 (6th Dist.1971). See, also, State v.

 Steele, 95 Ohio App. 107, 111, 117 N.E.2d 617 (3rd Dist.1952) (“[B]eing ‘under the

 influence of alcohol or intoxicating liquor’ means that the accused must have consumed

 some intoxicating beverage, whether mild or potent, and in such quantity, whether small

 or great, that the effect thereof on him was to adversely affect his actions, reactions,

 conduct, movements or mental processes, or to impair his reactions, under the

 circumstances then existing so as to deprive him of that clearness of the intellect and

 control of himself which he would otherwise possess”). See, State v. Henderson, 5th Dist.

 Stark No. 2004-CA-00215, 2005-Ohio-1644 at ¶ 32. [Citing State v. Barrett (Feb. 26,

 2001), Licking App. No. 00CA 47].

          {¶42} Circumstantial evidence will sustain a conviction for driving under the

 influence. State v. Neff, 104 Ohio App. 289, 148 N.E.2d 236 (1957); State v. Starks, 25

 Ohio App.2d at 163, 267 N.E.2d at 827. “Proof of factual circumstance concerning the

 defendant's conduct and activities preceding and following the driving of the vehicle [one]

 is charged to have driven while under the influence of intoxicating liquor is relevant to the

 ultimate issue of whether [a] defendant was driving a vehicle while under the influence of

 intoxicating liquor.” Starks, 25 Ohio App.2d at 163, 267 N.E.2d at 827.
[Cite as State v. Palmer, 2022-Ohio-1968.]

          {¶43} Upon this record, there was sufficient evidence to demonstrate that Palmer

 had operated his vehicle while under the influence of alcohol. The jury considered the

 credibility of the witnesses and weighed the evidence to determine that Palmer was under

 the influence of alcohol when he operated his vehicle on September 20, 2020.

                                             Identification

          {¶44} Palmer next contends that the in-court identification of Palmer was

 inherently suggestive and unreliable and therefore insufficient to identify Palmer as the

 offender. Palmer argues the State used leading questions to elicit the witnesses’

 identification of Palmer, rendering their identification as unreliable.

          {¶45} The State has the burden to prove every element of the crime charged

 beyond a reasonable doubt, including the identity of the person who committed the crime.

 State v. Smith, 4th Dist. Pickaway No. 19CA33, 2021-Ohio-2866, 2021 WL 3708056, ¶

 90 citing State v. Bailey, 2nd Dist. Montgomery No. 27177, 2017-Ohio-2679, at ¶ 18; State

 v. Tate, 140 Ohio St.3d 442, 2014-Ohio-3667, 19 N.E.3d 888, ¶ 15 (Internal citations

 omitted). However, there is no general requirement that the defendant must be visually

 identified in court by a witness. State v. Smith, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2019CA00156, 2020-

 Ohio-3618, ¶ 13; State v. Lawwill, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2007-01-014, 2008-Ohio-3592,

 2008 WL 2789278, ¶ 11, appeal not allowed, 120 Ohio St.3d 1456, 2008-Ohio-6813, 898

 N.E.2d 969; State v. Collins, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98350, 2013-Ohio-488, ¶ 19;

 Cleveland v. Williams, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101588, 2015-Ohio-1739, ¶ 25. Direct or

 circumstantial evidence is sufficient to establish the identity of the accused as the person

 who committed the crime. State v. Smith, 2020-Ohio-3618, ¶ 13; State v. Irby, Mahoning

 App. No. 03 MA 54, 2004–Ohio–5929, ¶ 16–21.
[Cite as State v. Palmer, 2022-Ohio-1968.]

         {¶46} Sieg was asked if she recognized Palmer as the customer in question. She

 stated, “yes, I do.” (T. 190-191). The State asked Sieg again if she ultimately recognized

 the driver in the courtroom, to which she responded in the affirmative. (T. 219). The State

 followed up with asking if “he was to my far right seated at the table next to counsel,” and

 Sieg responded, “he is.” (T. 219).

         {¶47} Officer Clark initiated the traffic stop of Palmer’s vehicle based on Sieg’s

 description of the vehicle and the license plate number, which was one letter off. She had

 also given dispatch a description of the driver. The State asked Officer Olson about

 Palmer’s identity:

         A. I know when he asked him for his driver’s license, he said that he didn’t

         have one. Asked him for his social security number. Initially said he didn’t

         know it and then he just rattled off real fast several times making it difficult

         to get. I had already told, I believe Officer Clark also recognized him, but I

         had dealt with him on previous occasions, also had dealt with him from a

         dispatch standpoint, you know, having to help book him in, book him out,

         so I knew who he was.

         Q. Okay. So you heard, you recognize the Defendant in here as David W.

         Palmer?

         A. Yes.

         Q. Okay. And you had known him from previous interactions?

         A. Correct.

         Q. Okay. And he is the person that you and Patrolman Clark are dealing

         with that, at that location, who’s ultimately arrested and taken to the jail?
[Cite as State v. Palmer, 2022-Ohio-1968.]

          A. Correct.

          * * * Okay. Your honor, I’d like the record to reflect that the witness has

          identified the Defendant.

 (T. 282-283).

          {¶48} Sgt. Morris testified he recognized Palmer when Officer Clark brought him

 to the jail. (T. 321-322). Sgt. Morris identified Palmer to Officer Clark. (T. 226). Based on

 Sgt. Morris’ identification of Palmer, Officer Clark reviewed the BMV and LEADS records,

 which included a birth date and physical description of the person named David W.

 Palmer. (T. 231).

          {¶49} In this case, there was ample circumstantial evidence to allow the jury to

 conclude that Palmer was the individual who was operating a motor vehicle while under

 the influence of alcohol on September 20, 2020. Further, Sieg and Officer Olson provided

 in-court identification of Palmer.

          {¶50} Based on the foregoing and the entire record in this matter, we find Palmer’s

 conviction is not against the sufficiency or the manifest weight of the evidence. The jury

 heard the witnesses, evaluated the evidence, and was convinced of Palmer’s

 identification and guilt of driving under the influence.

          {¶51} Palmer’s first and second Assignments of Error are overruled.

                                               III.

          {¶52} In his third Assignment of Error, Palmer contends he was denied a fair trial

 due to prosecutorial misconduct. He argues three instances of prosecutorial misconduct

 by (1) asking leading questions when witnesses were asked to identify Palmer; (2)
[Cite as State v. Palmer, 2022-Ohio-1968.]

 improperly eliciting opinion testimony from Officer Clark as to Palmer’s alleged guilt; and

 (3) expressing his personal opinion as to Palmer’s guilt during closing argument.

          {¶53} We note that Palmer’s trial counsel failed to object and bring the alleged

 errors to the attention of the trial court, therefore Palmer has waived all but plain error

 review. Under the plain error rule, “[p]lain errors or defects affecting substantial rights may

 be noticed although they were not brought to the attention of the court.” Crim.R. 52(B).

 The rule places the following limitations on a reviewing court's determination to correct an

 error despite the absence of timely objections at trial: (1) “there must be an error, i.e. a

 deviation from a legal rule,” (2) “the error must be plain,” that is an error that constitutes

 “an ‘obvious’ defect in the trial proceedings,” and (3) the error must have affected

 “substantial rights” such that “the trial court's error must have affected the outcome of the

 trial.” State v. Wood, 5th Dist. Knox No. 20CA000010, 2020-Ohio-4251, 2020 WL

 5092841, ¶ 18 citing State v. Dunn, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2008-CA-00137, 2009-Ohio-1688,

 2009 WL 943968, ¶ 89, citing State v. Morales, 10th Dist. Franklin Nos. 03-AP-318, 2004-

 Ohio-3391, 2004 WL 1446117, ¶ 19.

          {¶54} The test for prosecutorial misconduct is whether the prosecutor's comments

 and remarks were improper and if so, whether those comments and remarks prejudicially

 affected the substantial rights of the accused. Sunbury v. Sullivan, 5th Dist. Delaware No.

 11CAC030025, 2012-Ohio-3699, 2012 WL 3525617, ¶ 30 citing State v. Lott, 51 Ohio

 St.3d 160, 555 N.E.2d 293 (1990). In reviewing allegations of prosecutorial misconduct,

 it is our duty to consider the complained of conduct in the context of the entire trial. Darden

 v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 168, 106 S.Ct. 2464, 91 L.Ed.2d 144 (1986). A trial is not unfair,

 if, in the context of the entire trial, it appears clear beyond a reasonable doubt the jury
[Cite as State v. Palmer, 2022-Ohio-1968.]

 would have found the defendant guilty even without the improper comments. State v.

 Treesh, 90 Ohio St.3d 460, 464, 2001–Ohio–4, 739 N.E.2d 749. Furthermore, both the

 prosecution and the defense have wide latitude during opening and closing arguments.

          {¶55} However, a prosecutor may not express his personal belief or opinion as to

 the credibility of a witness, the guilt of an accused or allude to matters that are not

 supported by admissible evidence. State v. Smith, 14 Ohio St.3d 13, 14, 470 N.E.2d 883

 (1984). The wide latitude given the prosecution during closing arguments “does not

 ‘encompass inviting the jury to reach its decision on matters outside the evidence

 adduced at trial.’ “ State v. Hart, 8th Dist. No. 79564, 2002–Ohio–1084, at 3, citing State

 v. Freeman, 138 Ohio App.3d 408, 419, 741 N.E.2d 566 (1st Dist. 2000).

          {¶56} Palmer first contends State improperly asked leading questions of the

 witnesses to elicit identification of Palmer as the perpetrator. Based on our determination

 of Palmer’s first and second Assignments of Error as they relate to Palmer’s identification,

 we find no plain error.

          {¶57} Palmer next contends the prosecutor engaged in prosecutorial misconduct

 when it solicitated the opinion of Officer Clark as to Palmer’s guilt of the crime. The State

 asked Officer Clark, “were you of the belief that the Defendant was guilty of felony OVI?”

 (T. 232). Palmer’s counsel did not object to the inquiry. Opinion testimony by police as to

 the guilt or innocence of a criminal defendant has been held inadmissible as a violation

 of due process. State v. Vance, 5th Dist. Ashland No. 2007-COA-035, 2008-Ohio-4763,

 2008 WL 4286633, ¶ 32. As the State notes in its appellate brief, the statement by Officer

 Clark must be considered in context. The State’s question was not about Palmer’s guilt
[Cite as State v. Palmer, 2022-Ohio-1968.]

 or innocence, rather it was about determining whether Palmer could be charged with

 felony OVI and submitting a report to the prosecutor’s office for its review.

         {¶58} Prior to the question regarding Palmer’s alleged guilt, the State asked if

 after Sgt. Morris identified Palmer, were the officers able to get any more information

 regarding Palmer. (T. 226). Officer Clark responded that he was able to review Palmer’s

 driving record, which was standard practice and procedure after an arrest, and

 determined he had prior OVI convictions and his license was suspended. (T. 226). The

 State then asked, “And specifically with OVI’s, I’m assuming for this very reason that’s

 one of the reasons that you are checking.” Officer Clark answered, “Correct. Because

 OVI’s can escalate to felonies, so we do a check on that.” (T. 227). The State reviewed

 with Officer Clark the collected certified judgment entries of Palmer’s prior OVI

 convictions. (T. 229-232). The line of questioning then goes on:

         Q. So those correlate with the information that you had at the time

         concerning Mr. Palmer’s convictions?

         A. Yes.

         Q. All right. So based on that, were you of the belief that the Defendant was

         guilty of felony OVI?

         A. That’s correct.

         Q. And would have submitted your report to our office?

         A. That is correct.

 (T. 232). We find no prosecutorial misconduct when the State’s question to Officer Clark,

 while inartful, is considered in context.
[Cite as State v. Palmer, 2022-Ohio-1968.]

         {¶59} Palmer finally argues the prosecutor improperly interjected his opinion

 during his closing arguments. He made the following statements:

         I don’t think that there can be any reasonable doubt, of any kind, really any

         doubt in your mind that this Defendant, David Palmer, on that date operated

         a motor vehicle and that it was in the venue, jurisdiction of this Court. I don’t

         think that there can be any dispute about that. * * * I don’t think there can

         be any doubt in your mind that David W. Palmer consumed alcohol. * * * So

         I don’t think that there can be any reasonable doubt that David W. Palmer

         consumed alcohol and operated the vehicle.

 (T. 357-358).

         {¶60} In reviewing the prosecutor’s four “I” statements in the context of his closing

 statement within the entire trial, we find only harmless error. It appears clear beyond a

 reasonable doubt the jury would have found the Palmer guilty even without the comments.

         {¶61} Palmer’s third Assignment of Error is overruled.

                                               IV.

         {¶62} In Palmer’s fourth Assignment of Error, he contends he did not receive the

 effective assistance of counsel. Palmer claims his trial counsel was ineffective for his

 failure to object to the prosecutor’s leading questions during direct examination, to the

 prosecutor’s question to Officer Clark regarding Palmer’s alleged guilt, and to the

 prosecutor’s opinion statements during closing argument.

         {¶63} A claim for ineffective assistance of counsel requires a two-prong analysis.

 The first inquiry is whether counsel's performance fell below an objective standard of

 reasonable representation involving a substantial violation of any of defense counsel's
[Cite as State v. Palmer, 2022-Ohio-1968.]

 essential duties to appellant. The second prong is whether the appellant was prejudiced

 by counsel's ineffectiveness. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80

 L.Ed.2d 674(1984); State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 538 N.E.2d 373(1989).

         {¶64} To warrant a reversal, the appellant must additionally show he was

 prejudiced by counsel's ineffectiveness. “Prejudice from defective representation

 sufficient to justify reversal of a conviction exists only where the result of the trial was

 unreliable or the proceeding fundamentally unfair because of the performance of trial

 counsel. Lockhart v. Fretwell, 506 U.S. 364, 370, 113 S.Ct. 838, 122 L.Ed.2d 180 (1993).

         {¶65} The United States Supreme Court and the Ohio Supreme Court have held

 a reviewing court “* * * need not determine whether counsel's performance was deficient

 before examining the prejudice suffered by the defendant as a result of the alleged

 deficiencies.” Bradley at 143, 538 N.E.2d 373, quoting Strickland at 697.

         {¶66} We have thoroughly examined the issues raised by Palmer in his first,

 second, and third Assignments of Error that he uses to support his claim that he was

 denied effective assistance of counsel. We find Palmer was not prejudiced by defense

 counsel's representation of him. The result of the trial was not unreliable nor were the

 proceedings fundamentally unfair because of the performance of defense counsel.

         {¶67} Palmer’s fourth Assignment of Error is overruled.
[Cite as State v. Palmer, 2022-Ohio-1968.]

                                             CONCLUSION

         {¶68} The judgment of the Tuscarawas County Court of Common Pleas is

 affirmed.

 By: Delaney, J.,

 Wise, Earle, P.J. and

 Wise, John, J., concur.