Court Opinion

ID: 4692806
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-06-04 09:08:05.260259+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:05:18.275491
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS

PANDEMONIUM, INC., and ASTRAL SPACE,                                UNPUBLISHED
LLC,                                                                June 3, 2021

               Plaintiffs-Appellants/Cross-Appellees,

v                                                                   No. 350526
                                                                    Wayne Circuit Court
NORTHCREST DEVELOPMENT, LLC, and                                    LC No. 18-012741-CB
CHAD T. MCCORMICK,

               Defendants-Appellees/Cross-
               Appellants,

and

KEHRIG STEEL, INC., CHIMNEY CRICKET,
INC., GREGORY A. SARKISIAN, doing business
as SARK & ASSOCIATES, FORESTA
ARCHITECTS, LLC, and BRIAN FORESTA,

               Defendants-Appellees.

Before: RONAYNE KRAUSE, P.J., and RIORDAN and O’BRIEN, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Plaintiffs, Pandemonium, Inc. and Astral Space, LLC. appeal by right from the trial court’s
dismissal of their claims under MCR 2.116(C)(7), finding them barred by res judicata. Defendants
Northcrest Development, LLC. (Northcrest) and Chad T. McCormick1 cross-appeal the trial
court’s denial of their motion for offer-of-judgment sanctions under MCR 2.405. We affirm.

1
 McCormick is the owner of Northcrest. For purposes of this appeal, we will refer to Northcrest
and McCormick jointly as “Northcrest” except where specifically necessary to distinguish them.

                                                -1-
                                       I. BACKGROUND

        Plaintiff Astral is the owner, and plaintiff Pandemonium is the operator, of a commercial
building. In 2014, plaintiffs retained Northcrest as the general contractor for a remodeling project
of that building. The remaining defendants, Kehrig Steel, Inc. (Kehrig); Chimney Cricket, Inc.
(Chimney Cricket); Gregory A. Sarkisian doing business as Sark & Associates (Sarkasian); and
Foresta Architects, which is owned by Brian Foresta (collectively Foresta), were all subcontractors
hired by Northcrest to work on the project. The project was completed in 2015. That same year,
Northcrest brought an action against plaintiffs arising out of a dispute over Northcrest’s payment
and lien. Plaintiffs counterclaimed against Northcrest, alleging various construction and design
defects in the remodeling work. That action was settled in 2016 pursuant to a stipulation and
release, and all claims were dismissed with prejudice.

        On February 23, 2018, part of the roof of plaintiffs’ building collapsed. Plaintiffs retained
forensic engineers, who completed a report (the “Nederveld Report”) on March 30, 2018.
According to the Nederveld Report, which plaintiffs attached to their complaint,2 the roof collapse
was due to negligent design and construction during the remodeling. The Nederveld report also
noted multiple other design deficiencies. The report noted, inter alia, that a considerable number
of structural problems were revealed when drywall and concrete were cut open. However, it also
noted that “[b]eginning in December 2017, drywall deformation and tearing of paint was observed
on soffit framing located at one of the newly added steel support beams.” Furthermore, the
“original engineer,” apparently Sarkisian, returned to the site and observed several problems,
including an improperly long beam span, no grouting on masonry pillars, and no footing below a
masonry pillar, upon “a visual inspection.” The Nederveld Report concluded that one of the four
“independent[] or collective[]” causes of the collapse was an improperly long beam span, although
an excess beam span was also cited as an additional deficiency unrelated to the collapse.

       Plaintiff commenced this action on September 27, 2018. Plaintiff alleged that the roof
collapse was caused by, among other things, construction and design defects related to the 2014-
2015 remodeling project, including improper architectural design, improper engineering design,
improper demolition of the prior roof support system, and improper construction of the roof.

        Northcrest moved for summary disposition, arguing that all of plaintiffs’ claims should be
dismissed on the basis of res judicata because they involved alleged construction and design
defects that should have been brought in the 2015 case, in which all claims were dismissed with
prejudice. The trial court agreed and granted Northcrest’s motion for summary disposition under
MCR 2.116(C)(7). The other defendant-subcontractors also later moved for summary disposition

2
 Northcrest contends that the Nederveld Report is inadmissible hearsay that should not have been
considered pursuant to MCR 2.116(G)(6). However, evidence may properly be considered for
summary disposition purposes if it could be “plausibly admissible” in substance, or if a proper
foundation were to be laid. 1300 LaFayette East Coop, Inc v Savoy, 284 Mich App 522, 526; 773
NW2d 57 (2009). We are unpersuaded that Northcrest’s bald and unsupported assertion that the
Nederveld Report is hearsay warrants further consideration of the issue. Mitcham v City of Detroit,
355 Mich 182, 203; 94 NW2d 388 (1959).

                                                -2-
on the basis of res judicata.3 Although the subcontractors were not parties to the 2015 action, the
trial court agreed that they were in privity with Northcrest, and therefore, they too were entitled to
summary disposition on the basis of res judicata. Northcrest also filed a motion for sanctions under
the offer-of-judgment rule, MCR 2.405. Although the trial court agreed that Northcrest was
eligible for an award of actual costs under the rule, the trial court declined to award an attorney
fee in the interest of justice, MCR 2.405(D)(3). Plaintiffs now appeal the trial court’s grants of
summary disposition in favor of the various defendants, and Northcrest cross-appeals the trial
court’s denial of sanctions.

                                    II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       This Court reviews a trial court’s summary disposition decision de novo. Spiek v Dep’t of
Transp, 456 Mich 331, 337; 572 NW2d 201 (1998). Under MCR 2.116(C)(7), where the claim is
allegedly barred, the trial court must accept as true the contents of the complaint, unless they are
contradicted by documentary evidence submitted by the moving party. Maiden v Rozwood, 461
Mich 109, 119; 597 NW2d 817 (1999). “The applicability of res judicata is a legal question that
this Court reviews de novo.” Bergeron v Busch, 228 Mich App 618, 620; 579 NW2d 124 (1998).

                            III. RES JUDICATA AS TO NORTHCREST

         Plaintiffs argue that the trial court erred by ruling that res judicata applies to bar their claims
in this action. Plaintiffs contend that this action is not barred by res judicata because their claims
related to the 2018 partial roof collapse could not have been discovered through the exercise of
reasonable diligence at the time of the 2015 lawsuit, and therefore, the claims are not barred by res
judicata. We disagree.

                                      A. PRINCIPLES OF LAW

        The doctrine of res judicata “serves a two-fold purpose: to ensure the finality of judgments
and to prevent repetitive litigation.” Bergeron, 228 Mich App at 621. The doctrine serves to bar
a subsequent action if “(1) the first action was decided on the merits, (2) the matter contested in
the second action was or could have been resolved in the first, and (3) both actions involve the
same parties or their privies.” Dart v Dart, 460 Mich 573, 586; 597 NW2d 82 (1999). The doctrine
is broadly applied, and it therefore bars “not only claims already litigated, but every claim arising
from the same transaction that the parties, exercising reasonable diligence, could have raised but
did not.” Id. Although it may be relevant to consider whether the two cases depend on proving
the same evidence, Michigan employs a transactional test, so a differing constellation of evidence
is not dispositive. See Adair v Michigan, 470 Mich 105, 123-125; 680 NW2d 386 (2004). “The
‘transactional’ test provides that the assertion of different kinds or theories of relief still constitutes

3
  The professional defendants, Sarkisian and Foresta, also moved for summary disposition on the
independent ground that the claims against them were barred by the two-year statutory limitations
period for professional malpractice claims. The trial court entertained the parties’ arguments as to
that defense, but insofar as we can determine from the hearing transcript, did not clearly rule on
that defense, presumably because its res judicata ruling rendered the limitations period defense
moot.

                                                    -3-
a single cause of action if a single group of operative facts give rise to the assertion of relief.” Id.
at 124 (quotation omitted). The analysis is a pragmatic one, and it considers not only the
relationships among the facts, but whether they would “form a convenient trial unit.” Id. at 125
(quotation omitted).

                                         B. APPLICATION

        In the 2015 action, Northcrest alone initially sued both plaintiffs, along with other parties,
and plaintiffs filed a counterclaim against both Northcrest and McCormick. The counterclaim,
which listed both plaintiffs as parties,4 alleged construction and design deficiencies in the same
remodeling work, as well as efforts by Northcrest to conceal its incomplete or defective work.
Among more specific allegations, plaintiffs contended that Northcrest failed to complete all of the
work specified in the parties’ contract, failed to perform work that conformed to the contract’s
specifications, fraudulently or otherwise misrepresented the completeness of their work,
affirmatively attempted to conceal defects in the work, and instructed subcontractors to perform
substandard work. Plaintiffs further alleged that “[a]s a result of Northcrest and McCormick’s
breach of contract, fraud and misrepresentation, Pandemonium has suffered damages resulting
from work [that] was not done, not done correctly or completed in a non-conforming or defective
manner.”

        There can be no serious dispute that the claims in this case and the counterclaim in the
2015 case arise out of the same transaction. Pragmatically, both cases allege that Northcrest
improperly, and either incompetently or maliciously or both, rendered an extensive array of
deficient and defective work in the same role as general contractor on the same remodeling project,
causing plaintiff to incur substantial costs to repair and remediate. We accept at face value, without
deciding, that plaintiffs did not actually know in 2015 or 2016 that the roof would later collapse
as a result of the same defective work. However, the question is whether the defective work that
caused the 2018 roof collapse could have been raised in the prior counterclaim by “exercising
reasonable diligence.” Dart, 460 Mich at 586.

        It is both established and logical that if new facts develop after a prior final judgment was
entered, those new facts could not have been discovered by any exercise of reasonable diligence.
See In re Bibi Guardianship, 315 Mich App 323, 333-335; 890 NW2d 387 (2016); In re Pardee,
190 Mich App 243, 247-250; 475 NW2d 870 (1991). Conversely, however, res judicata will bar
a subsequent action if facts already in existence could have been discovered through reasonable
diligence, which may include conducting a further investigation, irrespective of whether the
plaintiff had actual knowledge of those facts. Perry & Derrick Co v King, 24 Mich App 616, 619-
620; 180 NW2d 483 (1970). In other words, the facts themselves must be new to preclude
application of res judicata, not merely newly discovered unless their discovery was not reasonably
possible at the time. See South Macomb Disposal Auth v American Ins Co, 243 Mich App 647,
655-656; 625 NW2d 40 (2000).

4
  In their reply brief, plaintiffs contend that Astral was not a party to the design defect claims
brought in the counterclaim. On its face, the counterclaim itself disproves this argument.

                                                  -4-
        Clearly, the roof had not collapsed in 2015 and 2016. Equally clearly, the poor
workmanship that allegedly caused the roof to collapse had already occurred by 2016. Therefore,
the pertinent facts did exist at the time of the prior counterclaim. Even if plaintiff was unaware of
the specific defective workmanship, plaintiff unambiguously was aware that there was defective
workmanship. What constitutes reasonable diligence must be considered in light of that
circumstance. Plaintiffs contend that the specific defective workmanship at issue could not have
been discovered without cutting open drywall and drilling into the concrete floor, both of which
went beyond a reasonable degree of investigation or inspection, especially considering that the
building had passed a city official’s inspection. We disagree.

        As noted above, the Nederveld Report seemingly indicated that some of the problems that
contributed to the 2018 roof collapse were visibly apparent upon a cursory inspection. To the
extent the report is unclear whether the visibly apparent problems did themselves contribute to the
roof collapse, the report clearly indicates that the visual inspection induced the more invasive
inspection work. Considering the sheer extent of the defects in Northcrest’s work already known
to plaintiffs, and the alleged fact that Northcrest had actively covered up its shoddy workmanship,
in conjunction with the Nederveld Report, we agree with the trial court that a reasonable exercise
of diligence by plaintiffs in 2015 and 2016 would have revealed the additional defects that caused
the roof collapse in 2018.

        The trial court also correctly observed that the time damages are sustained is not necessarily
dispositive. We agree with plaintiffs that in 2015 and 2016, it may have been speculative whether
Northcrest’s defective work would have specifically resulted in a partial roof collapse, or indeed
any particular eventual consequence. However, this misses the point. If plaintiffs had diligently
conducted an investigation and pursued claims related to the then-existing structural defects, those
defects could have been remediated at the time, thereby preventing the roof from later collapsing.
In any event, the fact that repairs post-collapse are probably more expensive than preventative
remediation would have been pre-collapse does not alter whether the wrongful conduct by
Northcrest could or should have been discovered previously. There is no evidence that the roof
collapse was caused by any additional work performed after 2015.

         Accordingly, the trial court did not err by ruling that res judicata barred plaintiffs’ claims
in this action. Further, because the counterclaim against Northcrest and McCormick in the 2015
litigation was filed by both plaintiffs, there is no merit to plaintiffs’ argument that the trial court’s
res judicata ruling should not apply to Astral.

         Plaintiffs also argue that the trial court erred by dismissing their claims in this case because
the settlement agreement and release that the parties executed in the 2015 action did not explicitly
state that it applied to future claims. However, the scope of the 2015 release has no bearing on the
application of res judicata. As explained, res judicata applies to claims that could have been raised
in a prior action, but were not. This broad application of res judicata does not depend on whether
the parties to a prior action executed a release of any claims. Although res judicata requires that
the prior action be decided on the merits, there is no requirement that a release of claims must exist
in the first action and that it must address any claims that could have been raised but were not.
Accordingly, it is unnecessary to determine the scope of the release in the 2015 action because that
release has no impact on the application of res judicata in this case.

                                                  -5-
                        IV. RES JUDICATA AS TO SUBCONTRACTORS

        Plaintiffs also argue that even if res judicata applies to bar their claims against Northcrest,
it should not apply to bar their claims against the subcontractors because they were not parties to
the 2015 action. We disagree.

        Although it is undisputed that that the subcontractors were not parties to the 2015 action,
res judicata applies when both of the “actions involve the same parties or their privies.” Dart, 460
Mich at 586 (emphasis added). “To be in privity is to be so identified in interest with another party
that the first litigant represents the same legal right that the later litigant is trying to assert.” Adair,
470 Mich at 122. “The outer limit of the doctrine traditionally requires both a ‘substantial identity
of interests’ and a ‘working functional relationship’ in which the interests of the nonparty are
presented and protected by the party in the litigation.” Id. (quotations omitted).

        Because all of the subcontractors were hired by Northcrest and plaintiffs sued Northcrest
for alleged construction defects in the 2015 action, we agree with the trial court that Northcrest
and its subcontractors were in privity in that case. The subcontractors, having been hired by
Northcrest to perform work related to the remodeling project, had a working functional
relationship with Northcrest. Further, Northcrest was in a position to protect both its interests and
the subcontractors’ interests in defending against plaintiffs’ counterclaims for construction and
design defects.

         Plaintiffs contend that privity was lacking because the subcontractors had been paid for
their work on this project by Northcrest before the 2015 action was filed, which plaintiffs appear
to claim severed any interests the subcontractors may have with regard to plaintiffs’ claims in the
2015 case. We disagree. Whether the subcontractors had been paid had no bearing on whether
their work was done properly or improperly. Furthermore, the payments made to the
subcontractors had no impact on the alignment of their interests with Northcrest’s interest in
defending against plaintiffs’ counterclaims alleging construction and design defects. Therefore,
the trial court did not err by holding that the subcontractors were in privity with Northcrest in the
2015 action, and accordingly, res judicata applied to also bar plaintiffs’ claims against the
subcontractors.

        Plaintiffs also complain that defendants did not separately address plaintiffs’ claims for
gross negligence, wanton misconduct, and ordinary negligence. We disagree. As explained, res
judicata is broadly applied to include not only claims already litigated, but every claim arising
from the same transaction that the parties, exercising reasonable diligence, could have raised but
did not. Dart, 460 Mich at 586. Because plaintiffs’ claims for ordinary negligence, gross
negligence, and wanton misconduct arose from the same transaction at issue in the 2015 litigation,
and plaintiffs could have raised those claims in that action, res judicata applies to bar them in this
action, and defendants were not required to address those claims individually. We affirm the trial
court’s orders dismissing plaintiffs’ claims against defendants on the basis of res judicata.

            V. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS AS TO SARKISIAN AND FORESTA

      Plaintiffs argue that the trial court erred by ruling that plaintiffs’ claims against Sarkisian
and Foresta Architects were subject to a two-year limitations period applicable to professional

                                                    -6-
malpractice claims, MCL 600.5805(8) and (13), rather than the six-year limitations period in MCL
600.5839(1)(a); or, alternatively, that the claims were preserved by application of the six-month
discovery rule under MCL 600.838(2). However, because all claims against Sarkisian and Foresta
Architects were subject to the trial court’s ruling on res judicata, which we have affirmed, it is not
necessary to address this issue.

                            VI. SANCTIONS UNDER MCR 2.405(D)

        In their cross-appeal, Northcrest argues that the trial court erred by applying the interest-
of-justice exception to deny its motion for sanctions under the offer-of-judgment rule, MCR
2.405(D). We disagree.

                                    A. PRINCIPLES OF LAW

        “Under MCR 2.405, the offer of judgment rule, a party may serve on his or her opponent
a written offer to stipulate the entry of a judgment.” Marilyn Froling Revocable Living Trust v
Bloomfield Hills Country Club, 283 Mich App 264, 297; 769 NW2d 234 (2009). In general, if the
opposing party rejects or fails to accept the offer, and the offering party receives a verdict or
judgment more favorable than the average of any offers made, the offering party is entitled to
recover actual costs from the offeree. Id. However, pursuant to MCR 2.405(D)(3), the trial court
“may, in the interest of justice, refuse to award an attorney fee under this rule.” We review de
novo the trial court’s interpretation and application of the court rule as a matter of law, and we
review for an abuse of discretion the trial court’s decision to invoke the interest of justice
exception. Simcor Constr, Inc v Trupp, 322 Mich App 508, 514; 912 NW2d 216 (2018). “An
abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court’s decision is outside the range of reasonable and
principled outcomes.” Smith v Khouri, 481 Mich 519, 526; 751 NW2d 472 (2008).

                                        B. APPLICATION

        In November 2018, Northcrest and McCormick made offers of judgment to plaintiffs.
McCormick offered $2,000 to Pandemonium and Northcrest offered $7,000 to Pandemonium, and
McCormick and Northcrest each offered $500 to Astral.5 Plaintiffs did not accept the offers. After
the trial court granted McCormick and Northcrest’s motion for summary disposition, the two
defendants filed a motion for sanctions under MCR 2.405(A)(6) and (B)(3), and requested attorney
fees of $18,664.50. The trial court agreed that defendants were eligible for an award of attorney
fees under the rule, but after requesting supplemental briefing by the parties, it declined to award
attorney fees in the interest of justice. On appeal, Northcrest and McCormick expressly decline to
challenge the trial court’s ruling that a reasonable hourly rate would be less than the rate originally
requested. Similarly, although plaintiffs maintain that summary disposition should not have been
granted in defendants’ favor in the first place, they concede that under the present procedural
posture of this matter, they “rely solely on the ‘interest of justice’ exception in MCR 2.405(D)(3)

5
  In its combined brief on appeal, Northcrest contends that it offered $7,000 each to Pandemonium
and Astral, and McCormick offered $500 each to Pandemonium and Astral. This does not match
the offers we found filed in the lower court record.

                                                 -7-
to avoid the imposition of attorney fees following their rejection of the offer to stipulate to entry
of judgment.”

        The purpose of the rule is to encourage parties to settle before trial and to discourage
protracted litigation. See Sanders v Monical Machinery Co, 163 Mich App 689, 691-693; 415
NW2d 276 (1987). Although the trial court has the discretion to deny an award in the “interest of
justice,” doing so is generally only proper under exceptional circumstances where the purpose of
the rule has been frustrated. Hamilton v Becker Orthopedic Appliance Co, 214 Mich App 593,
596-597; 543 NW2d 60 (1995). Alternatively, the “interest of justice” exception might properly
apply where there is some overriding “public interest in having an issue judicially decided rather
than merely settled by the parties.” See Luidens v 63rd Dist Court, 219 Mich App 24, 35-36; 555
NW2d 709 (1996). The “interest of justice” exception does not apply merely because a party’s
rejection of an offer was reasonable, but may apply if the offer was de minimus or made for a
purpose other than a good-faith effort to negotiate. Id. at 34-35.

        It is apparent that Northcrest and McCormick realized, before ever filing an answer, that
regardless of their role in the cause of the roof collapse, they had grounds for dismissal of all of
plaintiffs’ claims on the basis of res judicata. Northcrest and McCormick filed their motion for
summary disposition in lieu of filing an answer on November 21, 2018. They made their offers of
judgment just five days later on November 26, 2018. The trial court granted summary disposition
for Northcrest and McCormick in March 2019. The trial court’s bench ruling regarding the offer
of judgment motion is somewhat difficult to follow. The trial court indicated that it did not believe
Northcrest and McCormick were engaging in “gamesmanship in its purest sense.” However, fair
reading of the trial court’s commentary as a whole suggests that it was unimpressed by their
relatively paltry offers in the face of plaintiffs’ enormous losses that were blatantly caused by
defendants’ misconduct.

        The “interest of justice” exception must be considered pursuant to the public policy
favoring settlement of claims, rather than more abstract notions of what constitutes a “just”
outcome. Hamilton, 214 Mich App at 96-597. Likewise, the frivolousness or non-frivolousness
of a party’s position “are too common to fit within the ‘interest of justice’ exception.” Luidens,
219 Mich App at 34-35. Therefore, Northcrest’s actual fault for the 2018 roof collapse is not a
direct justification for invocation of the “interest of justice” exception. This Court has held that it
is inappropriate for a trial court to consider the substantive merits of a party’s claim when deciding
whether to refuse offer-of-judgment sanctions in the interest of justice. Nostrant v Chez Ami, Inc,
207 Mich App 334, 337, 341; 525 NW2d 470 (1994). However, although the exception may not
be invoked merely because a party’s rejection of an offer was “reasonable under the
circumstances,” this Court has implied that an “excessive financial hardship” upon the rejecting
party may have some small amount of relevance. See Haliw v City of Sterling Heights, 256 Mich
App 444, 450; 702 NW2d 637 (2005). We do not think it was improper for the trial court to
consider the substance of the matter, without necessarily reaching a conclusion as to its merits, to
help guide the court’s assessment of whether an offer was sincere or a good-faith effort at
negotiation.

        On balance, we conclude that the trial court’s invocation of the “interest of justice”
exception did not fall outside the range of principled outcomes, especially considering the trial
court’s superior ability to observe the demeanor and conduct of the attorneys. See McGonegal v

                                                 -8-
McGonegal, 46 Mich 66, 67; 8 NW 724 (1881). The trial court could have reasonably concluded
that Northcrest and McCormick’s combined offer of $10,000, when the estimated cost to repair
the damaged roof exceeded several hundred thousand dollars, was not a sincere effort to settle the
case. Additionally, given the strength of Northcrest’s position regarding res judicata and the
timing of the offers of judgment, we do not think it unwarranted to conclude that Northcrest had
simply “tacked on” a paltry offer of judgment for the sole purpose of eventually recovering
attorney fees rather than out of a sincere interest in settling the matter. We would not find the
excessive financial hardship to plaintiffs to be justification for invocation of the “interest of
justice” exception standing alone. However, we are not persuaded that it was an unreasonable
supplemental consideration by the trial court to help it assess whether the offers of judgment were
intended in good faith or to effectively convert a grant of summary disposition into a financial
recovery.

        Considering all the circumstances of this case and context of the history between the
parties,6 the trial court did not abuse its discretion by determining that this was an unusual case
that justified application of the interest-of-justice exception to refuse to award attorney fees under
MCR 2.405(D). As our dissenting colleague’s thoughtful analysis reflects, the trial court would
not have abused its discretion by refusing to invoke the “interest of justice” exception. However,
we think this issue depends in part on the trial court’s ability to assess the credibilities and
demeanors of the attorneys, which is entitled to deference even where this Court’s standard of
review would otherwise be de novo. In re Loyd, 424 Mich 514, 535; 384 NW2d 9 (1986). The
abuse of discretion standard expects that there may be a “range of reasonable and principled
outcomes,” Smith, 481 Mich at 526 (emphasis added), necessarily implying that there may not be
a single correct outcome. We are not persuaded that there is a single correct outcome here. The
question is whether these offers of judgment were made in good faith, which, under the
circumstances and on the available record, we conclude is too close a question to find an abuse of
discretion.

       Affirmed. We direct that plaintiffs, Northcrest, and McCormick shall bear their own costs;
the remaining defendants may tax costs. MCR 7.219(A).

                                                              /s/ Amy Ronayne Krause
                                                              /s/ Colleen A. O’Brien

6
 We note that the same trial judge presided over the 2015 action, although Northcrest appears to
have been represented by different counsel at that time.

                                                 -9-