Court Opinion

ID: 3534930
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-05 22:47:43.975982+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:06:03.647766
License: Public Domain

* Headnotes 1. Evidence, 22 C.J., Sections 517, 518, 519, 520, 522, 523; 2. Evidence, 22 C.J., Section 519; 3. Evidence, 22 C.J., Sections 530, 531; 4. Evidence, 22 C.J., Sections 527, 529, 530, 532; 5. Evidence, 22 C.J., Sections 519, 530 (Anno); 6. Evidence 22 C.J., Section 519; 7. Appeal and Error, 4 C.J., Section 2557; 8. Appeal and Error, 4 C.J., Section 2986.
This is an action for damages for personal injuries alleged to have been sustained by plaintiff as the result of being struck by defendant's automobile. The verdict and judgment were for plaintiff in the sum of $3415.55, from which defendant has appealed.
The negligence pleaded and submitted to the jury was first, failure of defendant to keep a vigilant watch; and second, operation of his automobile at a negligent rate of speed in violation of an ordinance of the city of St. Louis.
The answer was a general denial.
This accident occurred at the intersection of Prairie, Cass and Easton avenues, in the city of St. Louis, on January 20, 1921, between 8:30 and 9 o'clock p.m. Easton avenue runs northwestwardly and Cass avenue westwardly, while Prairie runs north and south. Easton and Cass avenues intersect, forming a wedge, the point of which is about 150 feet east of Prairie.
Plaintiff's evidence tended to show that she and Mrs. Edith Fontana were waiting to board a westbound Wellston car. They were standing at the usual stopping place for westbound cars, such point being in the middle of Easton avenue and opposite a yellow post which was *Page 422 
on the south side of the street and twenty-five feet east of Prairie avenue. Having observed a westbound car approaching, Mrs. Fontana stepped to one side and motioned for it to stop, at which time plaintiff was struck and did not regain consciousness until after she was removed to the hospital. Plaintiff herself had been looking continually toward the east and did not know what struck her, but her witnesses disclosed that an eastbound automobile (which later proved to be that of defendant) coming from the west on Easton on the eastbound car track and running at a speed of thirty-five or forty miles an hour turned to the left towards Cass avenue as it crossed Prairie and struck the plaintiff. This machine was stopped at a point twenty-five feet north of the westbound car track and twenty-five to forty feet west of the point of the wedge made by the intersection of Cass and Easton avenues. Shortly thereafter the westbound street car came up to the corner and was also stopped. A crowd of people gathered around the automobile, and six or eight men lifted the rear end so that plaintiff, who was lying under the rear axle, might be extricated. There was considerable difficulty in getting her out because her hair was twisted around the gearings.
Plaintiff and her companion were standing in such position that the light from a soft drink parlor on the northwest corner of Easton and Prairie avenues shone upon them. Because of the curve in the track the headlight of the approaching Wellston car did not strike them. The lights of defendant's automobile were burning.
Defendant's evidence to the contrary disclosed that he was coming from the west on Easton avenue enroute to a political meeting which was to be held that night on North Market street, and that his intention was to go eastward on Cass avenue to Grand and thence to his destination. There were two ladies in the car with him, a Mrs. Caulfield, who was seated in the front seat, and a Mrs. Ware, who was in the rear seat. When defendant arrived near Prairie he stopped his automobile approximately *Page 423 
five feet behind an eastbound street car which was standing west of Prairie in front of the car sheds. This car had stopped to allow some passengers to alight, and meanwhile one of the crew had gone into the car barns for supplies. There were several automobiles in the rear of defendant's auto, two of which passed to the north of the street car while it was standing still and proceeded on down Easton avenue or into Cass avenue at not less than forty miles an hour. Another automobile came from the south on Prairie, turned the corner into Easton, and then crossed over the car tracks into Cass avenue at about twenty-five miles an hour.
While he was stopped behind the eastbound car at the car sheds, defendant found that it was too late to attend the political meeting and accordingly decided to cross Prairie and turn his auto around in the open space made by the intersection of Cass and Easton. As soon, therefore, as the street car started eastward, defendant followed behind it and, as it crossed Prairie, turned his car to the left into Cass avenue. He stopped his automobile at a point approximately twenty-five feet west of the point of the wedge and about even with the curb of the south side of Cass avenue, waiting for the other automobiles to pass so that he would have a clear space in which to turn.
While defendant's automobile was standing in front of the car barns as well as while he was crossing Prairie, he and the ladies with him saw a woman standing in Easton avenue about thirty or forty-feet east of Prairie. They observed that she was continually moving around, stepping into the center of the street car track and out again as though she were in an excited condition. Defendant was able to see her from the light that came from the soft drink parlor on the northwest corner of Easton and Prairie. As he turned into Cass avenue, he passed to her left at a speed of five or six miles per hour. This woman was still standing in the street when defendant's automobile was brought to a stop. *Page 424 
Shortly after defendant brought his automobile to a standstill, a street car coming from the east came to a stop with a very sudden jolt, a crashing of brakes and a grinding noise. The front end of the street car was about even with the rear of defendant's auto and thirty feet away. Upon hearing the street car come to a sudden, grinding stop, defendant recalled the woman he had seen in the track, and feared that the street car had struck her. Accordingly he and the ladies with him got out of the auto and defendant went over to the front of the street car where a crowd of people had gathered, and where there was some one with a flashlight looking around the front of the street car. While here he heard Mrs. Caulfield call out, "Oh, here is somebody." Defendant and the others then went back towards his automobile, where he found Mrs. Caulfield attempting to assist a woman to arise. This woman was sitting in the street at a point about five or six feet west and two or three feet south of plaintiff's automobile. Defendant and his witnesses emphatically denied that he struck the plaintiff; that she was ever underneath his automobile or in contact with it; that his automobile was lifted off of her body, or that her hair was wrapped around the rear axle.
The sufficiency of the evidence to make a case for the jury is not questioned, but defendant relies chiefly for reversal upon the alleged error in the action of the trial court in excluding the official stenographer's notes, verified by his sworn testimony, of the evidence given at a former trial of this same case by two witnesses for defendant, Mrs. Ella Ware and Mrs. Aimee Lancaster.
It will be recalled that Mrs. Ware was one of the occupants of defendant's automobile at the time the alleged accident occurred. Mrs. Lancaster, a trained nurse by profession, had been a passenger on the eastbound street car, but had alighted from it while it was standing in front of the car barns west of Prairie.
The evidence showed that subpoenas for both Mrs. Ware and Mrs. Lancaster had been issued; that two weeks before the trial defendant personally had gone to Mrs. *Page 425 
Ware's home on Newberry Terrace to serve her with the subpoena, but at that time was informed that she was in Chicago, Illinois, and would not return to St. Louis prior to the trial of the case; that three or four weeks before the trial defendant personally had gone to Mrs. Lancaster's home on Delmar avenue to serve a subpoena upon her, and had learned that she was in Louisville, Kentucky, and that it was not known when she would return to St. Louis; that the subpoena for Mrs. Ware was placed in the hands of the sheriff and a return made thereon that she could not be found in the city of St. Louis.
Mr. H.A. Buck, official court reporter in Division No. 2 of the circuit court of the city of St. Louis, in which division the former trial of this case was had, was called as a witness for defendant and asked to read the testimony of these two witnesses as preserved in his stenographic notes taken during the first trial. Such testimony was objected to by counsel for plaintiff for the reasons that there was insufficient evidence to establish the fact that such witnesses were not within the jurisdiction of the court, that there was no showing of due diligence in attempting to secure the attendance of such witnesses by compulsory process, and that such evidence had not been preserved in a bill of exceptions. Plaintiff's objection to the introduction of this evidence was sustained by the court on the ground that it was not proper to admit the testimony of a witness given at a former trial not preserved in a deposition and not preserved in a bill of exceptions, the witness still being alive. Offer of proof was duly made by defendant, and the question for our determination here is the correctness of the trial court's ruling in excluding such testimony.
Generally speaking, this character of evidence is admissible in cases, first, where the witness is dead; second, where he is out of the jurisdiction of the court or as termed in certain cases "beyond seas;" third, is insane, sick or unable to testify; fourth, where he has been kept away by the connivance, collusion or consent of the other *Page 426 
party; and fifth, where he cannot be found after due diligence has been exercised to secure his attendance by compulsory process. [State v. Riddle, 179 Mo. 287, 78 S.W. 606; Scoville v. Hannibal  St. Joseph R. Co., 94 Mo. 84, 6 S.W. 654; Showen, Admr. v. Met. St. Ry., 164 Mo. App. 41, 148 S.W. 135.]
There is no dispute but that both of these witnesses were alive; that subpoenas for them had been regularly issued and attempts made to serve them, and that at such time both of the witnesses were outside of the State of Missouri. It is defendant's contention, therefore, that, inasmuch as these witnesses were out of the State, the transcript of their evidence, given at a former trial, was properly admissible. Plaintiff, on the other hand, argues that the mere fact that these witnesses may have been out of the jurisdiction of the court did not entitle defendant to introduce transcripts of their evidence given at a former trial, and that, before such evidence could have been competent, it would have been necessary for defendant to have proved that these witnesses were "beyond seas," that is, outside of the United States.
The case chiefly relied upon by counsel for plaintiff in support of this contention (incidentally the only one of the eight Missouri cases cited by him using the expression "beyond seas"), is that of Showen, Admr. v. Met. St. Ry., supra. The Kansas City Court of Appeals in that opinion states the rule governing the admissibility of such evidence in much the same way as it appears herein, except for the fact that the phrase "beyond seas" is used without definition, and nowhere in the opinion is it expressly stated that such evidence is admissible when the absent witness is merely out of the jurisdiction of the court. The court contented itself with merely stating the rule, but on page 52 said:
"We find a most exhaustive discussion of this subject in Robertson v. State, 142 S.W. (Tex.) 533, and refer to that case and especially to the authorities reviewed in the opinion for a more comprehensive expression of our own views." *Page 427 
It is apparent, however, that the Showen case does not support plaintiff's argument for, in an examination of the Robertson case, we find that it contains the following language:
"And the law in this State is declared to be that when the testimony of a witness has been taken in the course of a judicial proceeding, . . . and the witness . . . moves beyond the jurisdiction of the courts of this State, . . . the testimony of such a witness can be introduced in evidence."
Proceeding upon the theory that the rule requires the absent witness actually to be "beyond seas" before a transcript of his evidence is admissible, for a definition of the expression, learned counsel for plaintiff relies chiefly upon the case of Marvin, Admr., v. Bates, 13 Mo. 217, wherein the supreme court in construing the first section of the Statute of Limitations of 1825, in which appeared the phrase "beyond seas," held the same to mean "without the United States," but the court in putting such construction upon the expression as used in that statute did so far the reason that the third section of the same statute used, as a counterpart to the phrase "beyond seas," the words "by coming into the United States," and the learned judge held that, inasmuch as the Legislature itself had so interpreted the expression, he saw no way in which the same interpretation could be avoided by the court. But nowhere in that opinion or in the cases of Fackler v. Fackler, Admr., 14 Mo. 431, and Keeton's Heirs v. Keeton's Admr., 20 Mo. 530, which follow it, does the court intimate that its definition of the term is to be regarded as more than an interpretation of the words "beyond seas" as used in that particular statute. To the contrary, there is an abundance of authority to the effect that the transcript of evidence given at a former trial is admissible, provided the witness is out of the jurisdiction of the court although within the United States. Cases expressive of this view are: State v. Riddle, supra; State v. Butler, 247 Mo. 685, 153 *Page 428
428 S.W. 1042; Scoville v. Hannibal  St. Joseph R. Co., supra; State v. Rose, 92 Mo. 204, 4 S.W. 733; Augusta Wine Company v. Weippert, 14 Mo. App. 483; Scott v. American Ins. Co., 222 S.W. 1047. Accordingly we hold that the fact that these witnesses were within the United States, though so far as disclosed by the evidence out of the jurisdiction of the court, did not render the transcript of their evidence given at a former trial of the same case inadmissible.
However, in making his ruling on the admission of this evidence, the trial judge himself was not concerned with this distinction, but was governed only by his interpretation of section 5401, Revised Statutes 1919, as construed in connection with section 5467, Revised Statutes 1919. Section 5401 follows:
"Whenever any competent evidence shall have been preserved in any bill of exceptions in a cause, the same may be thereafter used in the same manner and with like effect as if such testimony had been preserved in a deposition in said cause, but the party against whom such testimony of any witness may be used shall be permitted to prove any matters contradictory thereof as though such witness were present and testifying in person."
Section 5467, Revised Statutes 1919, provides, among other things, that depositions may be read and used as evidence in the cause in which they have been taken as if the witnesses were present and examined in open court when the witnesses have gone out of the State. The court held that these two statutes exhausted the subject as far as statutory regulation was concerned and were exclusive of any other method of procedure; that if the testimony, sought to be introduced, had been preserved in a bill of exceptions, it would have been admissible because the witnesses were out of the State, but that, inasmuch as there was nothing in either of those sections which permitted reading of testimony given at a former trial without the same had been preserved in a bill of *Page 429 
exceptions, this evidence, concededly not having been so preserved, was consequently inadmissible.
But we do not think that section 5401, Revised Statutes 1919, is exclusive of any other method of procedure as was held by the trial court. There can be no dispute but that by the general rules of evidence (unless changed by statute) testimony of a witness given at a former trial of the same case may be proved other than by a bill of exceptions. It may be proved by the court stenographer's notes (Woerheide v. Kelley, 243 S.W. 158; Vessels v. K.C. Light  Power Co., 219 S.W. 80; Showen, Admr. v. Met. St. Ry., 164 Mo. App. 41, 148 S.W. 135; Estes v. Mo. Pac. R. Co.,111 Mo. App. 1, 85 S.W. 909; Bradley v. City of Spickardsville,90 Mo. App. 416; Turner v. Southwest Mo. R. Co., 138 Mo. App. 143, 120 S.W. 128); by the judge's notes (Miller v. Geeser,193 Mo. App. 1, 180 S.W. 3); by notes taken by any person who will swear to their accuracy (State v. Barnes, 274 Mo. 625, 204 S.W. 267; Woerheide v. Kelley and Miller v. Geeser, supra); or by the testimony of any person who will swear from his memory that such testimony was given (Davis v. Kline, 96 Mo. 401, 9 S.W. 724; State v. Able, 65 Mo. 357; Breeden's Administrator v. Feurt,70 Mo. 624; State v. Barnes, supra; Byrd v. Hartman, 70 Mo. App. 57; Showen, Admr., v. Met. St. Ry., and Miller v. Geeser, supra.)
The present statute, section 5401, Revised Statutes 1919, was enacted by the Legislature in 1891. Prior to its enactment, the only method provided by statute for proving the testimony of an absent witness was by deposition. Testimony preserved even in a bill of exceptions was admissible in evidence only upon proof that the report of it in the bill was correct in substance. [Jaccard v. Anderson, 37 Mo. 91; Davis v. Kline, and Scoville v. Hannibal  St. Joseph R. Co., supra.] Shortly before the passage of this Act, this court in the case of Lesser v. Beckhoff,38 Mo. App. 445, said: *Page 430 
"There is quite a difference between the evidence of a party as preserved in a deposition and that contained in a bill of exceptions. The deposition is signed by the party and duly authenticated by an officer, and from it can be ascertained with certainty the extent and character of any declaration or admission; but this cannot be said of a bill of exceptions."
The Act of 1891, following closely on the heels of the Lesser case, did no more than provide that whenever any competent evidence was preserved in a bill of exceptions in a cause, the same might thereafter be used in the same manner and with like effect as if such testimony had been preserved in a deposition. Hence it is evident that the Legislature by the Act of 1891 did not attempt to provide the sole method of proving testimony given at a former trial, but had for their purpose the elimination of the distinction theretofore existing between the testimony of a witness preserved in a bill of exceptions and that preserved in the form of a deposition. [Padley v. Catterlin, 64 Mo. App. 629.] The following additional cases bear out this conclusion: O'Brien v. St. Louis Transit Co., 212 Mo. 59, 110 S.W. 705; Gaty v. United Rys. Co., 251 S.W. 61; Ratliff Bros. v. Quincy, O. 
K.C.R. Co., 131 Mo. App. 118, 110 S.W. 606. In fact it has been expressly held that testimony taken down in shorthand by the official court reporter and admittedly correctly transcribed is admissible, even if not embodied in a bill of exceptions. [Vessels v. K.C. Light  Power Co., Woerheide v. Kelley and Miller v. Geeser, supra.]
There is yet another reason urged by counsel for plaintiff in support of his contention that this evidence was inadmissible, namely, that due diligence towards procuring the attendance of these witnesses at court by compulsory process was not shown. We concede the rule that due diligence must be exercised to find a witness before the transcript of his former testimony can be admitted. [State v. Riddle, State v. Butler, and Augusta Wine Company v. Weippert, supra; Franklin v. Gumersell, *Page 431 11 Mo. App. 306.] It is manifest that no definite rule can be laid down as to what would constitute a showing of due diligence in all cases. The authorities seem to hold that the issuance of subpoenas, the delivery of same to the sheriff or to any other person authorized by law to serve the same, search for the witnesses and return of the subpoenas "not found" (all of which the evidence discloses was done here) would satisfy the requirements. [State v. Riddle, supra; Bender v. Bender, 193 S.W. 294.] The Riddle case holds, and properly so, that the question of the sufficiency of the proof as to the showing of due diligence is confided generally to the discretion of the trial judge. Inasmuch as the defendant showed what steps he actually took towards procuring the attendance of these witnesses and the trial court excluded the transcript of their testimony, not for the reason that due diligence had not been shown, although that objection was made, but for the reason that the testimony had not been preserved in a bill of exceptions, we are constrained to hold that plaintiff's contention in this respect is not well taken.
Plaintiff makes the additional point that it was not reversible error to exclude this testimony, even though otherwise admissible, for the reason that the evidence sought to be introduced was merely cumulative, that is identical on all material points to that of defendant's other witnesses, and that a judgment will not be reversed because of the exclusion of evidence, though competent, which is merely cumulative. Plaintiff's statement of the rule, however, is too broad. The just application of the rule depends upon the peculiar circumstances of each case and the nature of the issue as to which the evidence is adduced. [Cabanne v. Walker, 31 Mo. 274; Grath v. Mound City Roofing Tile Co., 121 Mo. App. 245, 98 S.W. 812; Epstein v. Pennsylvania R. Co., 143 Mo. App. 135, 122 S.W. 366; Nelson v. Wallace, 57 Mo. App. 397.] In the instant case we think the testimony sought to be introduced was very material to the issues involved *Page 432 
and strongly corroborative of defendant's other evidence. A casual reading of the statement of facts in this case will indicate that it is unique, in that not only does defendant deny negligence in the case, but he denies that he even hit plaintiff. Only two witnesses beside defendant himself had testified for him as to the actual facts pertaining to the alleged accident, while plaintiff in her case had been corroborated by at least five witnesses upon the same question. The situation presented here, therefore, is very unlike that in the case of Jackman v. St. Louis  H.R. Co., 231 S.W. 978, cited by plaintiff, wherein the Supreme Court approved the action of the trial court in excluding the testimony of certain witnesses, alleged to have been merely cumulative, it appearing in that case that "more than a dozen witnesses testified in behalf of defendant to substantially the same facts set out as the testimony of said absent witnesses." Conceding that the excluded evidence of Mrs. Ware and Mrs. Lancaster was to a great extent identical on all material points to that of the three other witnesses referred to above and was therefore in a sense cumulative, the exigencies of the particular case made it extremely necessary, and, being admissible, as we have held, though not preserved in a bill of exceptions, its exclusion was an error materially affecting defendant's rights, necessitating a reversal of the judgment.
Other alleged errors urged by defendant and not decided herein may not arise upon a retrial of the case. Accordingly, for the error above noted, the Commissioner recommends that the judgment of the circuit court be reversed and the cause remanded.