Court Opinion

ID: 4448096
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-10-18 17:10:05.431169+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:45:05.934855
License: Public Domain

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    AMRO ELANSARI, ON BEHALF OF                :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
    HIMSELF AND ALL OTHERS                     :        PENNSYLVANIA
    SIMILARLY SITUATED                         :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :   No. 627 EDA 2019
    BEST BUY, LP; DELL, INC.                   :

                 Appeal from the Order Entered, January 9, 2019,
              in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County,
                       Civil Division at No(s): 180702492.

BEFORE:      OTT, J., KUNSELMAN, J., and COLINS, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY KUNSELMAN, J.:                            FILED OCTOBER 18, 2019

                                  I.     Introduction

        Pennsylvania’s Unfair Trade Practices and Consumer Protection Law1

(UTPCPL) gives consumers the right to sue anyone who tricks them into buying

or leasing goods or services . . . with one BIG caveat. A consumer must use

the good or service for mainly personal, family, or household purposes. Thus,

the statute does not cover business-to-business transactions.

        The Plaintiff, Buyer, and Class-Representative, Amro Elansari, appeals

pro se from the order sustaining the preliminary objections of the Seller (Best

____________________________________________

*   Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1   73 P.S. §§ 201-1 – 201-9.3.
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Buy, LP) and the Manufacturer (Dell, Inc.) of a computer Buyer purchased.2

He alleges they deceptively marketed that computer and thereby violated the

UTPCPL. Buyer’s amended complaint indicates he used the computer for a

personal purpose, but the trial court, in sustaining the preliminary objections,

exceeded its scope of review by relying upon facts outside Buyer’s amended

complaint and overlooked the UTPCPL precedents of this Court. We therefore

modify the order and remand for further proceedings.

               II.    Facts Alleged in the Amended Complaint

       According to the amended complaint,3 in February of 2018, Buyer was

in the market for a new, “powerful, desktop computer, [and] found a deal for

such a computer for $380 — in store only — at Best Buy.” Amended Complaint

at 6. Buyer intended to use the new computer for streaming on Twitch.tv,4 a
____________________________________________

2 We amended the caption to reflect the case’s status as a class action and to
identify Defendant/Seller as “Best Buy, LP” (instead of “Best Buy, Inc.”). See
Piehl v. City of Philadelphia, 987 A.2d 146 (Pa. 2009) (holding that the
caption may be amended, even after the expiration of the statue of limitations,
to identify the defendant correctly). For ease of discussion, we hereafter refer
collectively to Buyer and the Class as simply “Buyer.”

3 Under our scope of review, which we discuss in detail below, we must accept
the facts alleged in the amended complaint as true when reviewing an order
dismissing a case on preliminary objections.

4   Wikipedia describes the website Twitch.tv as follows:

          Twitch (stylized as twitch) is a live streaming video
          platform owned by Twitch Interactive, a subsidiary of
          Amazon. Introduced in June 2011 as a spin-off of the
          general-interest streaming platform, Justin.tv, the site
          primarily focuses on video game live streaming, including

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purpose he alleges was “personal in nature [that did] not rise to the level of

. . . commercial use.” Id. at 1. Buyer compared his purpose “to Skyp[ing]

regularly with people — a very consumer-like use . . . .” Id.

       Purchasing an identical computer directly from Manufacturer would have

cost at least $500. Id. So Buyer went to Seller’s brick-and-mortar store to

take advantage of the lower, in-store-only price. Thus, he claims that Seller

“lured [him] into [its] store with an advertisement for [Manufacturer’s]

computer on sale for $380.” Id. at 1.

       Once Buyer entered the store, Seller’s employee said the advertised,

$380 computer was unavailable. The employee offered Buyer another one of

Manufacturer’s computers for $500 instead. Id. Buyer purchased the higher-

priced computer from Seller. Id.

____________________________________________

          broadcasts of eSports competitions, in addition to music
          broadcasts, creative content, and more recently, “in real
          life” streams. Content on the site can be viewed either live
          or via video on demand.

                         *      *      *       *   *

                By 2015, Twitch had more than 1.5 million
          broadcasters and 100 million viewers per month. As of Q3
          2017, Twitch remained the leading, live-streaming video
          service for video games in the US, and had an advantage
          over YouTube Gaming. As of May 2018, it had 2.2-million
          broadcasters monthly and 15-million daily active users, with
          around a million average concurrent users.

WIKIPEDIA: THE FREE ENCYCLOPEDIA, entry of “Twitch.tv”,           available   at
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch.tv (last visited 9/16/19).

                                           -3-
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      Buyer began using Manufacturer’s computer but found it “unfit for

regular use as it would freeze and overheat regularly . . . The computer froze

and overheated over 30+ times in the month of April 2018 . . . .” Id. at 8.

Buyer was stuck with the defective computer, because neither Seller nor

Manufacturer would replace the computer or refund Buyer’s purchase price,

even though it came with a one-year warranty. See Id. at 2.

      Buyer decided to file a small-claims action against the Defendants in the

Philadelphia Municipal Court. He then discovered Seller was still advertising

the same, $380 computer in July of 2018, five months after he filed suit in the

municipal court. Id. Buyer saved the July advertisement and went to Seller’s

store with a third party. That person entered the store and asked about the

$380 computer from the advertisement. Again, an employee said the $380

computer was not available and attempted to sell the third party a more

expensive computer. Id.

      Realizing that he was not the only potential victim of this deceptive sales

tactic, Buyer sought recourse on behalf of all similarly situated consumers. In

his amended complaint, Buyer averred that Seller “not only knew, but has

been intentionally running deceptive advertisements to trick consumers into

coming to [its] store to purchase items at a higher price, which is a very-well-

established tort known as bait and switch . . . .” Id. (emphasis in original).

He alleged that Seller “knowingly and willfully misrepresented to [Buyer] and

the Class that [Seller’s] rates would be lower than standard market conditions

on various occasions, particularly in-store-only as well, when, in fact, its rates

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are not what are advertised and in fact may be higher or non-existent at all.”

Id. at 11. This “deception caused [Buyer] and the Class to pay substantially

higher rates than those otherwise available in the market and also acquire

products that were inferior in quality.” Id.

      Buyer seeks damages and an injunction against Seller “from continuing

to misrepresent its rates to Pennsylvania consumers . . . .” Id. Buyer also

seeks legal fees and costs under the UTPCPL.

                          III. Procedural History

      As mentioned, Buyer initiated this lawsuit in the Philadelphia Municipal

Court. That court ruled in favor of the Defendants, and Buyer sought a trial

de novo in the court of common pleas. Defendants filed preliminary objections

to the original complaint, which a trial judge sustained.

      Next, Buyer filed an amended complaint listing four counts (UTPCPL,

breach of contract, breach of implied covenants, and unjust enrichment) and

instituting a class action.   Id. at 8-10.     The Defendants renewed their

preliminary objections in the nature of a demurrer to all four counts. Because

the case had become a class action, the parties agreed to transfer it from the

trial court’s arbitration division to its commerce program.

      Thereafter, a commerce-program judge issued an order sustaining the

second set of preliminary objections as to both Defendants and dismissing the

amended complaint with prejudice. The trial court ruled that Buyer purchased

the computer for a business purpose, exempting the transaction from UTPCPL

protection.   The court also determined that Buyer and Defendants never

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entered a contract, and that Buyer did not plead sufficient facts to

demonstrate unjust enrichment.

        Buyer timely appealed.5

                                    IV.        Analysis

        Buyer raises one issue on appeal. He asks whether:

           “Twitch streaming” – the act of broadcasting [oneself over
           the Internet] – a trend that is common and popular among
           many today as a hobby, a business, and a sport –
           constitutes a “business”, per se, to prohibit a person
           purchasing a single computer for [Twitch streaming from
           asserting] protection under the Consumer Protection and
           Bait-and-Switch Laws?

Buyer’s Brief at 8 (some capitalization removed).6

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5   The trial court did not order Buyer to file a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement.

6 We note that Manufacturer asks us to quash this appeal under Pennsylvania
Rule of Appellate Procedure 2101, because, according to Manufacturer, Buyer
cited no authority and does not reference the record in his brief. Rule 2101
provides:

           Briefs . . . shall conform in all material respects with the
           requirements of these rules as nearly as the circumstances
           of the particular case will admit, otherwise they may be
           suppressed, and, if the defects are in the brief or reproduced
           record of the appellant and are substantial, the appeal or
           other matter may be quashed or dismissed.

Pa.R.A.P. 2101 (emphasis added). Thus, when an “Appellant’s violation does
not substantially impede appellate review, we decline to quash the appeal.”
Thompson v. Thompson, 187 A.3d 259, 263 n.1 (Pa. Super. 2018), appeal
granted on other grounds, 195 A.3d 168 (Pa. 2018).

      Although inartful, Buyer’s brief relies upon the regulations of the
Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) to differentiate between a hobby and a

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       In its responsive brief, Manufacturer argues that we should affirm the

order dismissing it with prejudice on alternative grounds. See Manufacturer’s

Brief at 6-8.

       We address both issues in turn.

A.     Buyer’s Purpose for the Computer

       Buyer asks whether the trial court erred by deeming his live streaming

on Twitch a business purpose, as a matter of law. Buyer contends buying a

computer for that activity “is no more a business [purchase] than a person

buying some paint for an art project or cleats for soccer.” Buyer’s Brief at 26.

Just as the purchasers of those goods might become professional artists or

soccer players, Buyer accepts that a Twitch streamer may, one day, become

a professional, Internet sensation. See id. However, Buyer says, it is absurd

to hold that his purpose for the computer was per se a business purpose, just

as it would be absurd to hold that amateur artists and youth-soccer players

buy their supplies and equipment for business purposes.

____________________________________________

business activity. Buyer asserts those regulations demonstrate that the trial
court erred when it found his use to be a business purpose. Therefore, we
cannot say Buyer cited no authority in violation of Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a)
(requiring “citation of authorities as are deemed pertinent.”). Moreover, the
only relevant document is Buyer’s amended complaint, which this Court easily
located in the minuscule record. Like the brief in Thompson, Buyer’s brief
has not impeded our appellate review. We therefore reach the merits.

      Manufacturer also asks whether Buyer waived his claims of error on the
dismissal of counts two, three, and four of the amended complaint by failing
to address those issues on appeal. See Manufacturer’s Brief at 14. Because
Buyer has claimed no error by the trial court regarding those counts, we
express no opinion regarding the dismissal of those counts.

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      To highlight the error of the trial court’s decision, Buyer directs us to the

IRS’s regulations. He claims that the IRS draws the line between a business

and a hobby at a threshold of $10,000 of income.          See id. at 8, 20, 26.

Because Buyer’s purpose produces income below that line, he suggests it was

error for the trial court to conclude that he engaged in a business, as a matter

of law. “In short, absent a continuous stream of $10,000+ in revenue, there

are absolutely no grounds to consider [Buyer’s] purchase a business purchase,

even if [Buyer], a non-lawyer, believed this to be a business . . . .” Id. at 26-

27.   In other words, Buyer argues that this is an objective test, not a

subjective one. Hence, his initial, subjective view of the purpose is irrelevant.

      In response, Seller quotes a few random, unconnected allegations from

Buyer’s amended complaint.        It then adopts the trial court’s analysis that

Buyer made a purchase for business purposes that fell outside the protections

of the UTPCPL.     To support that contention, Seller cites to Buyer’s original

complaint. Seller also notes that “during the Municipal Court hearing, [Buyer]

confirmed on the record that the computer was used solely for business

purposes.” Seller’s Brief at 7.

      Manufacturer similarly relies upon the trial court’s reasoning that Buyer

purchased the computer for business purposes. It also argues Buyer levied

no factual allegations that, if proven at trial, would render Manufacturer liable

for damages under law.      It cites the amended complaint’s allegations that

Manufacturer did not take affirmative steps to prevent Seller’s allegedly

                                       -8-
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unlawful conduct.     Manufacturer therefore asks us to affirm the order

dismissing it from this case on alternative grounds.

      “When an appellate court rules on whether preliminary objections in the

nature of a demurrer were properly sustained, the standard of review is de

novo, and the scope of review is plenary.” Mazur v. Trinity Area School

Dist., 961 A.2d 96, 101 (Pa. 2008).       We may affirm an order sustaining

“preliminary objections only when, based on the facts pleaded, it is clear and

free from doubt that the complainant will be unable to prove facts legally

sufficient to establish a right to relief.” Id. In other words, we must resolve

any doubt in favor of reversal.

      “For the purpose of evaluating the legal sufficiency of the challenged

pleading, the court must accept as true all well-pleaded, material, and relevant

facts alleged in the complaint and every inference that is fairly deducible from

those facts.” Id. When, as here, there is an amended complaint of record,

“[w]e take these facts from [the] amended complaint . . . .”          Grose v.

Procter & Gamble Paper Prod., 866 A.2d 437, 439 n.1 (Pa. Super. 2005)

(emphasis added). Thus, our scope of review only includes that document.

      Here, the trial court ignored Buyer’s amended complaint. Instead, it

cited the original complaint and a transcript from the municipal court hearing,

which Defendants attached to their preliminary objections.      The trial court

opined as follows:

         [Buyer] did not purchase the computer for reasons covered
         under the UTPCPL. Rather, [Buyer] stated in the Municipal
         Court hearing that he bought the computer for a business

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         and commercial purpose. In the original complaint, [Buyer]
         explicitly averred that he purchased the computer for a
         “very specific business/legal project.” In the amended
         complaint, [Buyer] contradicts his previous testimony and
         pleadings by alleging the computer was intended for
         “purposes personal in nature.” It appears to this court that
         [Buyer] is reforming his former testimony in the hopes to
         properly plead this cause of action. However, [Buyer] does
         not have standing to sue under UTPCPL, because he bought
         the computer for a business and commercial purpose. As
         such, [Buyer’s] UTPCPL claim against both Defendants is
         dismissed with prejudice.

Trial Court Order, 1/9/19, at 2 n.1

      The Unfair Trade Practices and Consumer Protection Law, as its name

implies, is a legislative enactment “to protect the public from fraud and unfair

or deceptive business practices.” Burke v. Yingling, 666 A.2d 288, 291 (Pa.

Super. 1995). This Court described the UTPCPL as legislative “enhancements

of pre-existing common law protections [that] included the codification of a

list of practices designated as ‘unfair or deceptive’ and therefore ‘unlawful’ . .

. .” Valley Forge Towers S. Condo. v. Ron-Ike Foam Insulators, Inc.,

574 A.2d 641, 644 (Pa. Super. 1990), affirmed per curiam, 605 A.2d 798 (Pa.

1992). The UTPCPL enhancements also included previously unknown methods

for victims of unfair-trade practices to seek judicial relief.

      One such method is “a private action to recover actual damages or one

hundred dollars ($100), whichever is greater.” 73 P.S § 201-9.2. The statute

also authorizes a trial court, “in its discretion, [to] award up to three times

the actual damages sustained, but not less than one hundred dollars ($100),

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and [to] provide such additional relief as it deems necessary or proper.” Id.

The court may also award “costs and reasonable attorney fees.” Id.

        That private cause of action only extends to persons who purchase or

lease a good or service “primarily for personal, family, or household purposes

. . . .” 73 P.S. § 201-9.2. This primary-purpose clause ties a plaintiff’s right

to bring a private, UTPCPL action to the purpose for which the good or service

is used.

        Pennsylvania’s leading case on the “primary-purpose” clause is Valley

Forge, 574 A.2d 641. There, a condominium association hired a contractor

to install a roofing membrane that Mameco International, Inc. manufactured.

After the contractor installed the good, Mameco “issued a 10-year warranty

directly to the condominium association.” 574 A.2d at 643. Two years later,

the roof leaked.

        The association asked the contractor and Mameco to honor the 10-year

warranty. The contractor made one repair attempt. It failed. After that, the

contractor and Mameco refused to return the condominium association’s

phone calls, so the association sued both companies for breach of an express

warranty, breach of the implied warranty of merchantability,7 breach of the

implied warranty of fitness for a particular purposed,8 and a UTPCPL claim.

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7   See Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code (“UCC”), 13 Pa.C.S.A. § 2314.

8   See Article 2 of the UCC, 13 Pa.C.S.A. § 2315.

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      Mameco filed a preliminary objection in the nature of a demurrer to the

UTPCPL count. The preliminary objection asserted that (1) the condominium

association had never contracted with Mameco for a warranty and (2) the

condominium association was using the good for business purposes. The trial

court agreed and dismissed the UTPCPL count with prejudice.

      On appeal, we reversed in both respects.

      First, this Court rejected the notion that the association could not sue

Mameco under the UTPCPL without a contract.          Given the absence of any

statutory language requiring privity of contract, the remedial goals of the

UTPCPL, and the common law’s development away from a privity-of-contract

requirement to prove fraud, this Court concluded “that strict technical privity

was not intended by our legislature to be required to sustain a cause of action

under 73 P.S. § 201-9.2.” Id. at 647.

      Second, the trial court reasoned, because the association’s business was

maintaining the condominium building, it had purchased the good for that

business purpose. We branded this logic “fundamental error.” Id. at 648.

Mameco also argued on appeal that the roofing membrane the Association had

purchased was a commercial product.          We declined to adopt such a rigid

interpretation of the primary-purpose clause.

      Instead, this Court held that the various purposes of the unit owners

controlled the question of why the condominium assocation, as their legal

representative, purchased the good. To ascertain those varied purposes, we

examined the facts alleged in the operable complaint and opined as follows:

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          the condominium building upon which the roof was placed
          here, was primarily used for personal, family, or household
          residential use by the unit owners and/or their lessees.
          While the record reveals that some of the units in the
          building were used for business purposes, neither the
          number of such units, nor the square footage involved,
          would provide a basis to conclude at this nascent stage in
          the proceedings that business rather than residential use
          predominated. We note in this regard, that because a leak-
          proof roof is ultimately essential to the structural integrity
          of the whole condominium building, it is the primary
          (preponderate) purpose (use) of the whole building, and
          not the most directly affected units which would control.

                Hence, we conclude that, giving the Condominium
          Association the benefit of all facts pled and all favorable
          inferences reasonably derivable therefrom, the roof was
          purchased “primarily for personal, family, or household
          purposes” within the meaning of those words in the UTPCPL.

Id., 574 A.2d at 648 – 649 (1990) (some emphasis in original; some emphasis

added).

     We refused to hold that the condominium association’s primary purpose

– i.e., its preponderate use – for the good was business, even though the

association purchased the good in conjunction with its business operations.

The alleged facts indicated that the unit owners had mixed uses for the good,

and our exacting standard of review for orders that sustain preliminary

objections required us to resolve all discrepancies of fact in favor of the

plaintiff, the condominium association.        In other words, where the alleged

facts were unclear, it was an error of law to deem the association’s purpose

for the good a business purpose, per se. Based upon the facts as pleaded,

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the owners’ preponderate uses for the good were residential (i.e., personal or

household).9

       In the matter at bar, the trial court repeated the fundamental error that

our appellate courts rejected in Valley Forge. The trial court interpreted the

facts of record in the manner that was least favorable to Plaintiff/Buyer. In

fact, it compounded that error by basing its entire decision to dismiss on facts

not properly before it and credited those facts over the allegations in the

amended complaint. Now, the Defendants ask this Court to perpetuate that

error by also exceeding our scope of review and considering facts outside the

amended complaint. This we may not do. See Grose, 866 A.2d at 439 n.1.

Whatever Buyer testified to in the municipal court and whatever was in the

original complaint are irrelevant at this juncture of the case, because they are

beyond our scope of review.

       Moreover, even if we could review those pre-amended-complaint facts,

they would not sustain the order before us. The purported Class has alleged

a conflicting purpose for Buyer’s purchase, and Buyer has abandoned his prior

allegations and legal theories. He has a right to do this at the pleadings stage.

“A party, either by filed consent of the adverse party or by leave of court, may

at any time change the form of action . . . or otherwise amend the

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9 Also, we note Mameco petitioned the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania for an
allowance of appeal, which that Court granted. See Valley Forge Towers
S. Condo. v. Ron-Ike Foam Insulators, Inc., 605 A.2d 798 (Pa. 1992). It
summarily affirmed this Court’s Opinion per curiam.

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pleading.” Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 1033 (emphasis added); see

also Pa.R.Civ.P. 1028(c)(1) (granting automatic leave to amend a pleading in

response to preliminary objections within 20 days as a matter of right).

Indeed, allowing plaintiffs to amend their allegations after a trial court sustains

preliminary objections is the standard practice in Pennsylvania.           See 5

Standard Pa. Practice 2d §24:36 at 46, Illustration.

      “The rules shall be liberally construed to secure the just, speedy and

inexpensive determination of every action or proceeding to which they are

applicable.” Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 126; see also Delverme

v. Pavlinsky, 592 A.2d 746, 748 (Pa. Super. 1991). Our liberal construction

extends to the right to amend the pleadings within the statute of limitations,

to revise the allegations and legal theories, and to state an actionable claim:

         Amendments to a complaint which change the cause of
         action, if made before the statue of limitations has run, are
         freely authorized by the Rules of Civil Procedure, when the
         defendant is not prejudiced by such an amendment.

         Reminder: It is the duty of the court to allow a proposed
         amendment to the complaint, when the amendment sought
         will enable the plaintiff to secure a just disposition of the
         case on the merits, and does not introduce an additional
         cause of action barred by the statute of limitations, or
         otherwise prejudice the defendant in some substantial
         manner; prejudice to the other side will occur if the statute
         of limitations bars the cause of action set out in the
         amendment and amendment cannot be allowed in those
         circumstances.

5 Standard Pa. Practice 2d §24:39 at 49 (emphasis added).

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       Here, the original complaint omitted the UTPCPL and pleaded facts that

precluded that statute’s coverage. After reading the first set of preliminary

objections, Buyer apparently reconsidered his legal theories, amended the

complaint’s allegations, and thereby changed the cause of action within the

statute of limitations.      Because this suit’s underlying events occurred in

February of 2018 and Buyer filed the amended complaint that same year, it is

clear that he filed the UTPCPL count of the amended complaint within the six-

year statute of limitations.10       Therefore, the Defendants have suffered no

prejudice by the amendment, and the trial court should have accepted the

allegations of the amended complaint as true to decide the preliminary

objections.

       Having explained the trial court’s procedural misstep, we turn to the

operable pleading – the amended complaint. That pleading alleges Buyer used

the computer for a single purpose, “personal in nature [that did] not rise to

the level of . . . commercial use.” Amended Complaint at 6. To support that

contention, Buyer relies upon hypothetical analogies and the regulations of

the IRS distinguishing between businesses and hobbies. We begin with the

regulations and then consider Buyer’s analogies.

____________________________________________

10“Since section 201-9.2 of the UTPCPL provides for a civil action which is not
subject to a limitations period, the Unfair Trade Practices and Consumer
Protection Law is subject to the six-year ‘catchall’ statute of limitations.”
Gabriel v. O'Hara, 534 A.2d 488, 495 (Pa. Super. 1987).

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        In administering the Internal Revenue Code of the United States,11 the

IRS must regularly classify taxpayers’ activities as businesses or hobbies,

because the tax consequences for each differ. To guide those determinations,

the agency promulgated regulations indicating, much like Valley Forge,

supra, that the question is fact sensitive, with case-specific nuances that may

not lend themselves to one-size-fits-all pronouncements. Instead, the IRS

has implemented a nine-factor test, in which “[n]o one factor alone is

decisive.”12 IRS, “How Do You Distinguish between a Business and a Hobby?”
____________________________________________

11See 26 U.S.C. §§ 1 – 1400Z-2. The Internal Revenue Service administers
that statute in the name and under the authority of the Secretary of the
Treasury of the United States. 26 U.S.C. § 7801.

12   The pertinent IRS regulation is as follows:

           (b) Relevant factors. In determining whether an activity
           is engaged in for profit, all facts and circumstances with
           respect to the activity are to be taken into account. No one
           factor is determinative in making this determination. In
           addition, it is not intended that only the factors described in
           this paragraph are to be taken into account in making the
           determination, or that a determination is to be made on the
           basis that the number of factors (whether or not listed in
           this paragraph) indicating a lack of profit objective exceeds
           the number of factors indicating a profit objective, or vice
           versa. Among the factors which should normally be taken
           into account are the following:

              (1) Manner in which the taxpayer carries on the
              activity . . .

              (2) The expertise of the taxpayer or his advisors . . .

              (3) The time and effort expended by the taxpayer in
              carrying on the activity . . .

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available at https://www.irs.gov/faqs/small-business-self-employed-other-

business/income-expenses/income-expenses (last visited 9/16/19).

       Nothing in the IRS regulations sets a financial line of demarcation at

$10,000 to render an activity a business, as Buyer suggests. Thus, Buyer

does not persuade us to establish $10,000 of income as the threshold between

a personal use and a business use under the primary-purpose clause of the

UTPCPL. Moreover, Valley Forge rejects such rigidity.

       Still, we find the regulations helpful. They reflect the wisdom of the

agency’s experience in wrestling with cases like the one we now face. The

nine-factor test, in which “[n]o one factor is determinative,” 26 C.F.R. § 1.183-

2(b), places in sharp relief what the Valley Forge Court’s analysis implied.

Whether a person acquired a good for a personal or business purpose presents

a mixed question of fact and law, where issues of fact predominate. Cases

like this rise or fall based on how the factfinder views the evidence, what

____________________________________________

              (4) Expectation that assets used in activity may
              appreciate in value . . .

              (5) The success of the taxpayer in carrying on other
              similar or dissimilar activities . . .

              (6) The taxpayer’s history of income or losses with
              respect to the activity . . .

              (7) The amount of occasional profits, if any, which are
              earned . . .

              (8) The financial status of the taxpayer . . .

              (9) Elements of personal pleasure or recreation . . .

26 C.F.R. § 1.183-2.

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evidence and testimony the factfinder accepts as true, and how much weight

he or she affords to those facts.              These decisions turn on the specific

circumstances of the purchaser’s use(s) for the good or service. Thus, any

genuine issue of material fact on the question must await trial for resolution.

       A person’s preponderate use for a purchase governs under the primary-

purpose clause. See Valley Forge, supra. Where the facts are in dispute,

a plaintiff must prove that his main (not exclusive) use for the good or service

was personal, familial, or household in nature, by a preponderance of the

evidence. Buyer argues the use will vary from person to person, based upon

the needs and goals of individual purchasers. We agree.

       A person who buys paints for her daughter’s first-grade arts and crafts

is quite different from, say, Michelangelo buying paints for the Sistine Chapel.

Between those black-and-white extremes, the paints quickly blend into shades

of gray. Say the school student went to a store and bought the paints herself.

Was her purchase personal or educational, or is that a distinction without a

difference? Would it matter if her public-school teacher bought the paints?13

In that scenario, do we examine the teacher’s educational use, or should we

____________________________________________

13See Cumberland Valley School Dist. v. Hall-Kimbrell Environmental
Services, Inc., 639 A.2d 1199 (Pa. Super. 1994) (concluding that a public
school’s use for asbestos-abatement services was a governmental purpose not
amenable to a private action under the UTPCPL.)

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consider the student’s personal use, given that she was the end user?14 Does

the result change if the student is in college earning an M.F.A., instead of

elementary school? If she sells a painting for a profit at a summer arts festival,

do the paints she used to create it during the previous school year become a

business purchase? The hypotheticals seem endless.

       The same conundrum exists for Twitch streaming. At what point does

the non-business purpose of streaming live over the Internet to interact with

friends cross the threshold into a business venture? While casual streaming

from one’s home with friends is certainly not commercial, a person streaming

full-time and earning thousands of dollars annually is obviously in business.

Between those two polar opposites, though, this Court has no idea where the

line of demarcation falls, and we are unequipped to make a definitive

pronouncement on the paltry record before us.

       What we can say is that the amended complaint alleges Buyer’s Twitch

streaming was a personal use.            In fact, unlike Valley Forge, where the

complaint alleged mixed uses by the various condominium-unit owners, the

amended complaint at bar avers that Buyer’s use was only personal. Thus, it

was error for the trial court to make a contrary finding of fact at this stage of

____________________________________________

14 See Balderston v. Medtronic Sofamor Danek, Inc., 285 F.3d 238 (3rd
Cir. 2002) (holding that a doctor’s purchase of bone screws was for business
purposes, even though under FDA regulations only he, and not the end user
– his patients – could purchase them).

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the proceedings and hold, as a matter of law, that Buyer used the computer

for business purposes.

B.     Trial Court’s Dismissal of Manufacturer with Prejudice

       Our review cannot end there, however, because Manufacturer asks us

to affirm its dismissal from Buyer’s suit on alternative grounds.15

       Indeed, this Court is “not bound by the rationale of the trial court and

may affirm on any basis.” Sw. Energy Prod. Co. v. Forest Res., LLC, 83

A.3d 177, 184 (Pa. Super. 2013) (quotations and citations omitted). If Buyer

has not alleged sufficient facts in the amended complaint to sustain a UTPCPL

cause of action against Manufacturer, we may still affirm the trial court’s order

dismissing it with prejudice.

       Manufacturer argues the amended complaint has established no basis

from which Buyer may recover against it.           Manufacturer notes Buyer “is a

remote purchaser of [its] computer purchased at [Seller’s] store located in

King of Prussia.” Manufacturer’s Brief at 6. It further asserts the amended

complaint “is devoid of any actual allegations of improper conduct on

[Manufacturer’s] behalf, nor does it cite to any specific statue, law, or

regulation that [Manufacturer] is alleged to have violated.” Id.

       Appellate courts in this Commonwealth have long chastised trial courts

for dismissing a complaint with prejudice without granting plaintiffs leave to

amend the deficient pleading. Indeed, “If it is possible that the pleading can
____________________________________________

15 Our scope and standard of review are unchanged from the previous section
of this Memorandum; we incorporate them here by reference.

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be cured by amendment, a court ‘must give the pleader an opportunity to file

an amended complaint . . . This is not a matter of discretion with the court

but rather a positive duty.’” Jones v. City of Philadelphia, 893 A.2d 837,

846 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2006) (quoting Framlau Corporation v. County of

Delaware, 299 A.2d 335 (Pa. Super. 1972). Thus, only when “it is clear and

free from doubt” that a plaintiff has no path by which to amend a complaint

to conform to law, may we affirm the dismissal of a defendant with prejudice

on preliminary objections in the nature of a demurrer. Mazur, 961 A.2d at

101.

       To determine if the facts in Buyer’s amended complaint might give rise

to a UTPCPL claim against Manufacturer, we examine the statute in issue. It

dictates, “Unfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts or

practices in the conduct of any trade or commerce as defined by subclauses

(i) through (xxi) of clause (4) of section 21 of this act . . . are hereby declared

unlawful.” 73 P.S. § 201-3. “‘Unfair methods of competition’ and ‘unfair or

deceptive acts or practices’ means any one or more of the following . . .

         (xiv) Failing to comply with the terms of any written
               guarantee or warranty given to the buyer at, prior to
               or after a contract for the purchase of goods or
               services is made;

73 P.S. § 201-2(4).

       Thus, the General Assembly has barred persons from failing to honor

any written guarantee or warranty made to consumers, regardless of whether

they make such promises before or after the sale or lease. 73 P.S. § 201-

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1(4)(xiv). To prove such a violation, “strict technical privity was not intended

by our legislature . . . under 73 P.S. § 201-9.2.” Valley Forge, 574 A.2d at

647. Thus, the Valley Forge Court held that the warranty Mameco delivered

to the condominium association after the contractor installed the roofing

membrane was enforceable under 73 P.S. § 201-1(4)(xiv), even though the

association never directly contracted with Mameco.

      In subclause (xiv), the legislature curtailed the “offering” of warranties

to the public (most of whom are not attorneys) during retail sale, only to later

disclaim those promises under the niceties of contract law. Indeed, it appears

Manufacturer is attempting that escape route from this lawsuit, by reminding

us that Buyer “is a remote purchaser of [its] computer purchased at [Seller’s]

store . . . .”   Manufacturer’s Brief at 6.   However, if Manufacturer offered

Buyer a written warranty, it may not shirk its promise to repair, to replace,

or to refund the purchase price so easily.

      Buyer alleged that the defective computer had a warranty for one year.

See Amended Complaint at 2. However, he did not specify which Defendant

gave him that warranty or whether it was in writing. Even so, it is a reasonable

inference to draw from the facts alleged that at least one, if not both, of the

Defendants gave that one-year warranty to Buyer.

      Because Buyer has not fully developed this potential UTPCPL violation in

his amended complaint and failed to attach a written warranty as an exhibit,

Buyer has not pleaded sufficient facts in his amended complaint that either

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Manufacturer or Seller violated 73 P.S. § 201-1(4)(xiv). However, Buyer’s

claim of a one-year warranty impliedly implicates one or both Defendants.

       Therefore, it is too early to dismiss Manufacturer from this lawsuit with

prejudice. Buyer may file a second amended complaint to flesh out his UTPCPL

theory under 73 P.S. § 201-1(4)(xiv), if he can produce a written warranty

from Manufacturer.

       Accordingly, we decline Manufacturer’s invitation to affirm the order of

dismissal with prejudice on alternative grounds.

                                   V.     Conclusion

       The trial court erred by granting judgment as a matter of law to the

Defendants, because the amended complaint does not allege that Buyer used

the computer for business purposes. On the contrary, it undoubtedly alleges

he used the good for a personal purpose. Also, our de novo review of the

amended complaint and the UTPCPL reveals Buyer alleged facts hinting at a

possible basis for recovery against Manufacturer for an unfulfilled warranty

under Section 201-1(4). A second amended complaint may be appropriate.

       Accordingly, we now modify16 the appealed from order as follows:

             AND NOW, this 9th Day of January, 2019, upon
          consideration of the preliminary objections of Defendants
          Best Buy, LP and Dell, Inc. to Plaintiff Elansari’s amended
          complaint it is hereby ORDERED that preliminary objections
          of both Defendants are SUSTAINED as to Counts II, III,
          and VI. It is further ORDERED that preliminary objections
          of Dell, Inc. are SUSTAINED as to Count I of the amended
____________________________________________

16“An appellate court may . . . modify . . . any order brought before it on
appeal . . . .” 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 706.

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        complaint, and that leave is GRANTED to Mr. Elansari to file
        a second amended complaint against Dell, Inc. It is further
        ORDERED that the preliminary objections of Best Buy, LP
        are OVERRULED as to Count I.

     Order affirmed as modified. Case remanded for proceedings consistent

with this Memorandum. Jurisdiction relinquished.

     Judge Colins joins in this memorandum.

     Judge Ott concurs in the result.
Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 10/18/19

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