Court Opinion

ID: 8187910
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-09 23:10:40.64202+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:40:29.629755
License: Public Domain

WiNslow, J.
An objection to certain evidence will be first considered. The plaintiff was injured in January, 1901, and commenced this action in the following April. Dr. Gavin treated him regularly from the time of his injury until the following October. Dr. Baker was consulted by plaintiff August 13, 1901, and made an examination of the case at that time, and a further one on the 3d of September following, and treated the plaintiff as a physician regularly after the first examination. Dr. Baker was put on the stand by the plaintiff, and asked to state what the plaintiff said to him as to his injuries and feelings at the time of the first examination — 'in other words, to state subjective symptoms. Objection being made to this testimony as incompetent, irrelevant, and immaterial, and as self-serving statements made for the purpose of having the witness testify to them as an expert on the trial, the court allowed defendant’s counsel to examine the doctor preliminarily on the subject; and from this examination it appeared that some two weeks before August 13, 1901, one of the plaintiff’s attorneys met the witness on the street and said that he had a man whom he would like to have the doctor examine, and that he wanted to find out exactly what ailed him, but did not state for what purpose, nor give the proposed patient’s name; that when plaintiff came, and was first examined, he (Dr. Baker) did not know he was the man to whom the attorney referred; he knew he had been injured on defendant’s railroad, but was not certain whether he learned that there was litigation pending at that time or on September 3d; that he learned that he was to be called as an expert on the last-named date, and then made another examination, taking notes; that he commenced to treat the plaintiff in August. On this statement the witness was allowed, against objection and exception, to relate fully all the statements made to him by the plaintiff as to his condition at the time of the first examination, in August, on the ground that the witness was in good faith treating the *511plaintiff as a physician, and hence that statements made by the patient were admissible nnder the rule laid down in Keller v. Gilman, 93 Wis. 9, 66 N. W. 800. In that case there was an attempt made to formulate the rules governing the admission and rejection of evidence as to subjective symptoms of a patient in a way which should cover all cases. The present contention shows how futile the attempt was. It was there said that such statements may he given in evidence when made to a physician for the purpose of treatment, hut may not when made to an expert after action brought in order to enable him to testify as a witness on the trial. This seems clear enough until a case is presented like the present, where the statements are made both for the bona fide purpose of treatment and to enable the physician to testify as an expert on the trial. On principle, we think such testimony should not be admitted. It seems to us to be equally as objectionable as the evidence of subjective symptoms made to a physician for the sole purpose of enabling him to testify as an expert. Whenever such statements are merely narrative, and not part of the res gestee, their relation on the witness stand is purely hearsay testimony. The rule which admits them when made in good faith before action solely for the purpose of treatment is an exception to the general rule excluding hearsay testimony. The exception is evidently based upon the idea that there can be no reasonable probability that' such statements are made with any self-serving purpose; that there is every reason to believe that they are true, because it would he absurd, not to say stupid, for a patient to make false statements to a physician who is to treat the disease, and who must base his treatment in part on such statements. While there is not that strong probability of truth which is held to make admissible a statement made in the immediate view of death, there is some similarity in the two cases, in this: that the circumstances seem in each case to negative the idea that testimony would be manufactured, and, on the other *512band, to indicate that there would be every inducement to state the truth. It is evident that this condition only exists where the patient seeks a physician for the sole purpose of obtaining treatment before litigation is begun or threatened. If he joins with that purpose an intention to call the physician as an expert upon the trial of his case, whether then pending or to be commenced, then there is distinctly present the temptation to manufacture testimony when stating his symptoms and feelings to the physician. An easy way is thus opened to put any quantity of self-serving ex parte statements before the jury, by simply employing an expert to give a few days’ treatment to the patient, and then putting the expert on the stand in his dual capacity of expert and attending physician. The case of Cleveland,, C., C. & I. R. Co. v. Newell, 104 Ind. 264, 3 N. E. 836, is cited to us in support of the ruling of the court, and it is fair to say that it seems to do so; but the reasoning is not satisfactory to us, and we hold that evidence of declarations made by a patient to 'a physician after action is brought or threatened is inadmissible, where it is proposed to call the physician as an expert, notwithstanding that the patient may at the same time, in good faith, be seeking and receiving medical treatment.
A minor question arises upon the motion to strike out a part of the cross-examination of Dr. Minahan, a medical expert called by the plaintiff, who had made a recent physical examination of the plaintiff. Dr. Minahan had testified to the fact that he found atrophy or flattening of one of the spinal muscles, and that, in his opinion, the cause of the flattening was that the nerves supplying those muscles had been injured, but that the name of the nerve is not given in the authorities, and he did not know from his own experience what nerve it was; that he could not come to a conclusion as to the cause of the flattening of the muscle without the aid of some authority; that he was testifying from his knowledge of what the authorities state under those circumstances. Mo*513tion was made to strike it out. It does not clearly appear just Row muck testimony tke motion to strike out covered,- nor does it appear affirmatively tkat tke doctor never kad a ease of tkis kind or involving tkese questions. Tke rule is tkat an expert medical witness cannot state wkat ke leams entirely from medical works, unsupported by practical experience of kis own, but tke rule goes no further. Zoldoske v. State, 82 Wis. 580, 52 N. W. 118. We cannot say tkat it appears tkat suck was tke case kere, and, in tke uncertain state of tke record as to tke scope of tke motion to strike out, we are unable to say tkat tkere was prejudicial error in tke ruling.
Passing now to questions involving tke merits of tke controversy, we first meet tke question wketker tke defendant’s motion for a directed verdict should have been granted. Upon tkis question tke defendant’s argument is tkat tke only ground of negligence claimed was tke failure of tke men at tke burning bridge to give warning signals or station a man at tke end of tke bridge as tke engine approached tke second time, and tkat the rules requiring tke giving of signals when any break or obstruction in tke track is discovered do not apply where employees knowingly start out to repair or attend to tke very defect in question, and know its location. It is impossible for us to see kow tke logic of tkis argument can be successfully avoided. Tke plaintiff and kis colleague, tke engineer, knew tkat tke bridge was on fire and hence was necessarily a dangerous place. They kad been informed of tke fact, and, if tkat was not enough, they kad been to tke bridge and seen tke fire themselves. They were sent to kelp put out tke fire, and went without protest. They were experienced railroad men, and kad passed over tkis very bridge-numerous times, and knew its location. To say tkat they needed to be advised of danger when they approached tke bridge tke second time, by means of a lantern or other signal, seems well-nigh preposterous. Tke very mission they were sent on was an advertisement' of danger and a warning to *514approach with. care. They certainly assumed all the risks that might ordinarily he expected to be present because of the weakening of the bridge by fire. Employees who voluntarily engage in building or repairing operations assume the ordinary risks always present in such operations. The rule that an employer must furnish a safe place to work has no proper application to such a situation. The place to work is being changed constantly, and is necessarily incomplete and dangerous; and the employee knows it, and accepts such risks as are ordinarily present in such operations. Porter v. Silver Greek & M. C. Co. 84 Wis. 418, 54 N. W. 1019; Gulf, C. & S. F. R. Co. v. Jackson, 65 Fed. 48; Moon-Anchor C. G. Mines v. Hopkins, 111 Fed. 298; Armour v. Hahn, 111 U. S. 313, 4 Sup. Ct. 433. When a man is employed for the express purpose of putting an unsafe structure in safe condition, it is absurd to say that the employer must have it in safe condition when the man goes to work. If such were the rule, how could unsafe structures ever be repaired or their condition investigated ? Our conclusion upon this branch of the case is that as to the plaintiff and the engineer who were sent to co-operate in putting out the fire on the burning bridge, and knew its exact location, there was no duty to display warning signals. They knew all that warning signals could tell them, and more, and hence needed no signal.
If the failure to display warning signals were in fact the only ground of negligence claimed, the disposition of the case would be indeed easy, but such is not the fact. The complaint charges distinctly that it was the defendant’s duty, through its engineer, to stop the engine before reaching the burned portion of the bridge; that the plaintiff relied upon the discharge of that duty; that the engineer negligently failed, to discharge that duty, and because of such failure the engine fell through the bridge.' Here is a definite charge of negligence by a co-employee clearly within the provisions of the second subdivision of section 1816 of the Statutes of *5151898. Ear some reason not very clear to ns now, this distinct ground of negligence seems to have been ignored by the trial court. Neither party suggested any question specifically covering it, as a proper inquiry to be embodied in the special verdict. The court, in framing the verdict, submitted no question and gave no instruction which in any way referred to it. And now, upon appeal to this court, the appellant claims, in effect, that the issue was abandoned, while the respondent claims that the engineer’s negligence was proven by uncontradicted testimony, and that it was unnecessary to submit the question to the jury. As. to the claim that the issue was abandoned, we find no affirmative evidence in the record showing such abandonment, while, as to the claim that the issue was unmentioned in the special verdict because it was proven by uncontradicted testimony, it is to be observed that the form of the verdict itself indicates that the trial court was endeavoring to include every fact in the verdict necessary for a recovery, whether disputed or not; otherwise questions 1, 4, and 7, as to none of which was there any dispute, would not have been included. Again, while the court was careful to ash the jury, by the eleventh question, whether the failure to display warning signals was the proximate cause of the plaintiff’s injury, he utterly failed to submit any such question as to the alleged negligence of the engineer, •and also failed to mention the subject when instructing the jury upon the eleventh question.
So far as we can judge from the appearance of the record,, the question as to the alleged negligence of the engineer was lost sight of during the trial, and has in fact never been tried, though as matter of fact it is the only ground of negligence, since the claim of defective machinery has been abandoned, upon which the plaintiff can base any claim for a recovery. Even were it to be conceded, which it is not, that the evidence conclusively establishes the negligence of the engineer, istill there is no finding that such negligence was the prosi-*516mate cause of tbe injury, while, on tbe other band, there is a direct finding that tbe failure to give warning or signal was tbe proximate cause of the injury. This finding manifestly excludes another proximate cause. Tbe plaintiff stands upon it. He has made no motion to amend tbe verdict, and clearly is in no position to now shift bis ground and claim, in direct contradiction of tbe verdict, that there was another proximate cause, proven by uncontradicted evidence, upon which he can fall back and support his judgment. So there can be no affirmance on this latter theory. These questions should have gone to the jury, and the question as to the failure to give signals and whether that was the proximate cause of the injury should not have been asked.
Again, it is claimed by appellant that contributory negligence was conclusively proven, because the plaintiff did not sooner warn the engineer of their approach to the burned portion of the bridge. We cannot so hold. It appears by the rule introduced in evidence that the engineer is in exclusive charge and control of the engine, the fireman being subject to his orders. The testimony shows that it was expected that the engine would approach very close to the burned portion of the bridge, in order that the water in the tank might be used. It appeal’s that the plaintiff asked a warning question of the engineer shortly before they reached the bridge, and received an answer indicating that the engineer knew his whereabouts and wished no advice. If, after this question and answer, the plaintiff waited without further remark, anticipating that the engineer would stop the engine close to the burned portion, the court cannot say that such waiting is contributory negligence as a matter of law. It was clearly a question for the jury.
Appellant claims, however, that question No. 9, with its answer, by which the jury found that the plaintiff on his second trip knew or ought to have known that there was no signal displayed at the bridge, is in effect a finding of con-*517tributary negligence. It is evident that we cannot so bold. Tbe considerations wbicb we bave just stated on tbe general subject of contributory negligence are essentially applicable here. ■ '
Tbe appellant proposed a question for insertion in tbe special verdict, embodying tbe inquiry whether tbe fall of tbe engine was tbe result of a pure accident for wbicb neither party was to blame. This question was rejected by tbe court, and we think rightly We bave been unable to frame any reasonable hypothesis upon wbicb a verdict of pure accident could be sustained.
Tbe view we bave taken of tbe case necessitates a new trial, for tbe reason that tbe real issue in tbe case has never been tried, and obviates tbe necessity of discussing tbe contentions made by the appellant that tbe answers to questions 11%> 14, and 15 are not sustained by tbe evidence. While we bave not given specific treatment to each error claimed by tbe appellant, it is believed that we bave discussed in a general way all tbe questions of any importance raised upon the appeal. It is evident that upon a new trial tbe issues will be much simplified, and tbe special verdict, if one be rendered, should be reduced to a very few questions, in accordance with recent decisions of this court.
By the Court. — Judgment reversed, and action remanded for a new trial.