Court Opinion

ID: 2824383
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-08-11 04:44:55.029387+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:13:27.744689
License: Public Domain

131 Nev., Advance Opinion 1
                            IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEVADA

                 HAREL ZAHAVI,                                           No. 59815
                 Appellant,
                 vs.
                 THE STATE OF NEVADA,                                          FLED
                 Respondent.
                                                                                FEB 26 2015
                                                                                 .ACIE K. LINDEMAN
                                                                               Ibl
                                                                           CL'EOF
                                                                               "    StiBlifeME
                                                                          BY
                                                                               CHIEF -DEMSTY CLERK

                                  Appeal from an amended judgment of conviction, plirsuant to
                  a jury verdict, of four counts of drawing and passing a check without
                  sufficient funds in drawee bank with intent to defraud, presumptions of
                 intent to defraud (felony), in violation of NRS 205.130 and NRS 205.132.
                  Eighth Judicial District Court, Clark County; Valerie Adair, Judge.
                                  Affirmed.

                  Nguyen & Lay and D. Matthew Lay, Las Vegas,
                  for Appellant.

                 Adam Paul Laxalt, Attorney General, Carson City; Steven B. Wolfson,
                 District Attorney, Steven S. Owens, Chief Deputy District Attorney, and
                 Bernard B. Zadrowski, Deputy District Attorney, Clark County,
                 for Respondent.

                  BEFORE THE COURT EN BANC.

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                                                   OPINION

                By the Court, HARDESTY, C.J.:
                               Appellant Harel Zahavi was convicted of violations of NRS
                205.130, Nevada's so-called bad-check statute, when $384,000 in casino
                markers, payable to four Las Vegas casinos, were returned for insufficient
                funds.
                               In this appeal, we must determine whether the district court
                erred when it refused to instruct the jury that a casino's knowledge of
                insufficient funds negates the intent-to-defraud element under NRS
                205.130 or, alternatively, constitutes an affirmative defense. If not, we
                must consider whether NRS 205.130 violates the Nevada Constitution.
                               While we conclude that a casino's knowledge of insufficient
                funds may negate the intent to defraud, we find no basis for a separate
                jury instruction, or alternatively, an affirmative defense. Furthermore, we
                conclude that the district court did not commit any additional errors, and
                that NRS 205.130 is constitutional. As such, we affirm Zahavi's
                convictions.
                                    FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
                               Beginning in the late 1990s, Zahavi began gambling, obtaining
                lines of credit, and executing markers at various Las Vegas casinos. In
                order to obtain credit and receive markers at a casino, the casino requires
                the patron to complete a credit application. The casino then obtains a
                credit report which shows a past history of the player and his play at other
                casinos, including any amounts owed in markers to other casinos. The
                credit application also requires the patron to provide bank account
                information and the casino often checks directly with the bank to
                determine the balances in those accounts. If the casino determines the
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                patron to be crediOvorthy, it grants a line of credit and the patron may
                obtain markers that can be exchanged on the casino floor for gaming
                chips. Each marker contains language that informs the patron that the
                marker is like a personal check and may be withdrawn at any time from
                the patron's bank account, and it must be signed by the patron before use.
                However, it appears that casinos generally do not immediately deposit the
                markers and often agree, as a courtesy to their customers, to hold gaming
                markers until a designated disposition date, or longer if the patron is
                working with the casino to pay off any remaining balance on the marker.
                            Over the years, Zahavi would regularly accumulate large
                amounts of debt to various Las Vegas casinos and then slowly pay back
                the money owed on the markers. Prior to the events that led to Zahavi's
                conviction in this case, no casino had ever deposited one of Zahavi's
                markers and had it returned for insufficient funds. In September 2008,
                Zahavi liquidated many of his available assets and paid approximately
                $700,000 worth of outstanding debt owed on various casino markers.
                            At issue in this matter is the execution of 14 casino markers,
                totaling $384,000, that were obtained on existing and new lines of credit
                by Zahavi between October and December 2008 at four Las Vegas casinos.
                In October 2008, Zahavi increased his existing line of credit at the
                Venetian Resort and Casino, and executed nine different markers at the
                Venetian and the Palazzo Hotel and Casino, 1 ranging from $2,000 to
                $50,000 each, totaling $184,000. When he signed each marker, Zahavi
                represented that he understood that the credit instrument was identical to

                      'The Palazzo and the Venetian are owned by the same corporation,
                and a customer may use the same line of credit at either casino.

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                a personal check and that it was payable upon demand. The evidence
                introduced during trial shows that at the time the Venetian and Palazzo
                extended Zahavi's line of credit and issued him the $184,000 worth of
                markers, they had Zahavi's credit report from August 2008 on file. The
                evidence showed he had an average of $25,000 to $50,000 in one bank
                account and an average of $50,000 to $75,000 in another. The evidence
                also showed actual amounts in the two accounts ranging from $7,500 to
                $10,000, and $100,000 to $250,000. 2 When Zahavi failed to timely pay the
                markers, they were presented for payment from Zahavi's bank accounts
                and returned for insufficient funds.
                            Also in October 2008, after completing a credit application and
                establishing a $100,000 credit line at the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino,
                Zahavi executed two $50,000 markers at the Hard Rock. Again, upon
                signing the markers, Zahavi represented that he understood the credit
                instrument was identical to a personal check and that the marker was
                payable upon demand. The Hard Rock obtained information concerning
                Zahavi's bank accounts from the Wynn Hotel and Casino, which reported
                that as of August, he had an average balance of between $40,000 and
                $60,000 in one account, and an actual balance of $7,000 to $9,000. The
                other account had an average balance of between $40,000 to $60,000, and
                an actual balance of $100,000 to $300,000. The Hard Rock also knew he
                had roughly $487,500 in outstanding markers but had no knowledge of his
                recent payments. Two days after issuing him the markers, the Hard Rock

                      2 When  providing information to casinos, the banks often will not
                give specific dollar amounts in the accounts, but rather state the balance
                in more general terms, such as "medium five" or "low six." A Hard Rock
                employee testified that a "medium five" would be $40,000 to $60,000.

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                obtained actual bank statements from Zahavi, indicating a total balance of
                roughly $27,000 between the two accounts. Zahavi failed to timely repay
                his outstanding marker balance, and the Hard Rock presented the two
                markers for payment from Zahavi's bank accounts, both of which were
                returned for insufficient funds.
                            In December 2008, Zahavi then drew three additional
                markers, based on an existing line of credit established at Caesars Palace
                Hotel and Casino. In signing the markers, Zahavi made similar
                representations that the markers were payable on demand and he had
                sufficient funds. There was no evidence introduced during the trial that
                Caesars Palace had any knowledge of the present state of Zahavi's
                accounts and that the credit report they had on file for Zahavi dated back
                to 2005. After multiple collection efforts were made, Caesars presented
                the three markers, totaling $100,000, for payment from Zahavi's bank
                accounts, all of which were returned due to insufficient funds.
                            Upon receipt of the returned markers, all four casinos sent
                Zahavi a required ten-day demand letter requesting payment. Zahavi
                again failed to pay. Subsequently, all 14 unpaid markers were sent to the
                Clark County District Attorney's Office for criminal prosecution under the
                bad-check statute. The State filed an indictment against Zahavi for
                writing checks with insufficient bank funds with intent to defraud. The
                indictment included four counts, one for each casino from which Zahavi
                had executed the 14 markers: the Venetian, Palazzo, Hard Rock, and
                Caesars.
                            At trial, the district court gave jury instruction 18, over
                Zahavi's objection, which stated that "[w]hether a payee chooses to cash a
                check immediately or at a later date does not alter the character of the

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                instrument. The mere fact that a marker is held for a period of time prior
                to deposit does not convert the instrument into a post dated contract."
                Zahavi proposed, and the district court rejected, jury instructions stating
                that a casino's knowledge of insufficient funds negated Zahavi's intent to
                defraud or, alternatively, served as an affirmative defense. The jury found
                Zahavi guilty on all four counts. Zahavi now appeals.
                                                DISCUSSION
                            On appeal, Zahavi argues that: (1) the district court erred in
                instructing the jury that a casino's choice to hold a marker does not alter
                the marker into a post-dated contract; (2) the district court erred in
                refusing to give Zahavi's proposed jury instruction that a casino's
                knowledge of insufficient funds negates the intent-to-defraud element
                under NRS 205.130 or, alternatively, constitutes an affirmative defense;
                and (3) NRS 205.130 violates the Nevada Constitution.
                The district court did not err in instructing the jury that a casino's choice to
                hold markers does not alter the marker into a short-term loan or post-dated
                check
                            "[W]hether the jury instruction was an accurate statement of
                the law is a legal question subject to de novo review." Berry v. State, 125
Nev. 265, 273, 212 P.3d 1085, 1091 (2009), abrogated on other grounds by
                State v. Castaneda, 126 Nev. , 245 P.3d 550 (2010). Zahavi argues that
                jury instruction 18 was a misstatement of the law because gaming
                markers are the equivalent of short-term loans or post-dated checks, and
                thus, are outside the purview of NRS 205.130.
                            At the time of Zahavi's markers, NRS 205.130(1) (2007)
                provided:
                            Except as otherwise provided in this subsection
                            and subsections 2 and 3, a person who willfully,

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                            with an intent to defraud, draws or passes a check
                            or draft to obtain:
                                   (a) Money;
                                   (b) Delivery of other valuable property;
                                   (c) Services;
                                   (d) The use of property; or
                                  (e) Credit extended by any licensed gaming
                            establishment,
                            drawn upon any real or fictitious person, bank,
                            firm, partnership, corporation or depositary, when
                            the person has insufficient money, property or
                            credit with the drawee of the instrument to pay it
                            in full upon its presentation, is guilty of a
                            misdemeanor. If that instrument, or a series of
                            instruments passed in the State during a period of
                            90 days, is in the amount of $250 or more, the
                            person is guilty of a category D felony and shall be
                            punished as provided in NRS 193.130. In addition
                            to any other penalty, the court shall order the
                            person to pay restitution. 3
                            Jury instruction 18 states: "Mlle mere fact that a marker is
                held for a period of time prior to deposit does not convert the instrument
                into a post dated contract."
                            In Nguyen v. State, this court considered whether a gaming
                marker was a "check or draft" under NRS 205.130(1) and rejected the
                appellant's contention that "the practice of delaying payment of a marker
                renders the instrument a loan document." 116 Nev. 1171, 1176, 14 P.3d
515, 518 (2000). Looking to the definitions of "check" and "draft" in the

                      3 NRS   205.130(1) was amended in 2011 and now states that an
                instrument's amount must be greater than $650, not $250. 2011 Nev.
                Stat., ch. 41, § 11, at 162-63. This change in law is irrelevant to our
                rulings here.

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                Uniform Commercial Code, this court determined that "NRS 205.130
                applies to instruments that are drawn upon a bank, payable on demand,
                signed by the payor, and which instruct the bank to pay a certain amount
                to the payee." Id. at 1175, 14 P.3d at 518. The gaming markers at issue in
                Nguyen satisfied that definition.     Id.   The court also reasoned that
                lw]hether an obligee chooses to cash a check immediately or at a later
                date does not alter the character of the instrument." Id. at 1176, 14 P.3d
                at 518. This court further "decline[d] to hold. . . that. . . markers [are]
                'pre-dated' checks, that is, checks held by the casinos pursuant to a
                contract of future deposit. . . . The mere fact that markers are held for a
                period of time prior to deposit does not evidence such a contract."    Id. at
                1176 n.6, 14 P.3d at 518 n.6.
                            Zahavi acknowledges our holding in Nguyen but argues that in
                Nguyen we left open the possibility that a marker may be deemed a short
                term loan if both parties mutually understood and agreed to such terms.
                He points to the following language in Nguyen to support that proposition:
                "[f]urther, there is no evidence that [appellant] and the casinos understood
                the marker to effect a contract for a loan." Id. at 1176, 14 P.3d at 518. We
                disagree with Zahavi's reading of Nguyen and take this opportunity to
                clarify our holding in that case.
                            First, we note that the language Zahavi refers to in Nguyen
                was dicta. This court was merely pointing to a flaw in the appellant's
                argument, which was the lack of any evidence to support his claim of an
                agreement to make a short term loan. However, to the extent Nguyen can
                be read as Zahavi urges, we clarify that Nguyen does not stand for the
                proposition that a casino marker bearing the phrase "payable upon
                demand" or similar language may be deemed a post-dated contract if both

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                parties mutually understood and agreed that the marker would be held for
                a period of time prior to deposit.
                            The casino markers signed by the appellant in Nguyen, as well
                as the markers in Zahavi's case, all included some form of language
                indicating the marker was "payable upon demand," or was "identical to a
                personal check." Thus, Zahavi's argument—that the course of dealing
                between him and the casinos somehow demonstrates a mitual
                understanding that the markers would not be immediately deposite ails
                in the face of the clear and unambiguous language of the markers.          See
                Davis v. Beling, 128 Nev. „ 278 P.3d 501, 515 (2012) (stating that
                language that is "clear and unambiguous . . . will be enforced as written").
                The result would be different only if the language of the marker somehow
                expressed that the casino would hold the marker for a period of time prior
                to deposit, thus removing it from the category of "check or draft" as
                defined in Nguyen. 116 Nev. at 1175, 14 P.3d at 517-18. Therefore, we
                conclude that jury instruction 18 is an accurate statement of the law, and
                the district court did not err in giving that instruction.
                The district court did not err in refusing to give Zahavi's proposed jury
                instruction that a casino's knowledge of insufficient funds negates the
                intent-to-defraud element or, alternatively, is an affirmative defense
                             "The district court has broad discretion to settle jury
                instructions, and this court reviews the district court's decision for an
                abuse of that discretion or judicial error." Crawford v. State, 121 Nev. 744,
                748, 121 P.3d 582, 585 (2005). "An abuse of discretion occurs if the district
                court's decision is arbitrary or capricious or if it exceeds the bounds of law
                or reason." Jackson v. State, 117 Nev. 116, 120, 17 P.3d 998, 1000 (2001).
                "It is well established that a defendant is entitled to a jury instruction on
                his theory of the case, so long as there is evidence to support it," Hoagland

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v. State, 126 Nev.     „ 240 P.3d 1043, 1047 (2010), and it correctly
states the law, see Crawford, 121 Nev. at 748, 121 P.3d at 585. This rule,
however, "does not give the defendant the absolute right to have his own
instruction given, particularly when the law encompassed in that
instruction is fully covered by another instruction."    Milton v. State, 111
Nev. 1487, 1492, 908 P.2d 684, 687 (1995) (internal quotations omitted).
            Zahavi contends that the casinos had knowledge of his
insufficient funds and inability to pay back the 14 gaming markers he
obtained. Nevada's bad check statute, NRS 205.130(1), prohibits a person
"with an intent to defraud," from drawing or passing a check or draft to
obtain credit extended by a licensed gaming establishment (commonly in
the form of a casino marker). Here, the relevant inquiry is whether the
district court should have instructed the jury that a casino's knowledge of
insufficient funds in a casino patron's bank accounts at the time of the
issuance of a marker negates the intent-to-defraud element of NRS
205.130(1)(e) or, alternatively, constitutes an affirmative defense.
            Interpreting NRS 205.130 requires this court to first look to
the "statute's plain meaning." State v. Lucero, 127 Nev. , 249 P.3d
1226, 1228 (2011). "[W]hen a statute 'is clear on its face, a court can not
go beyond the statute in determining legislative intent."         Id. (quoting
Robert E. v. Justice Court of Reno Twp., 99 Nev. 443, 445, 664 P.2d 957,
959 (1983)). When construing various statutory provisions, which are part
of a "scheme," this court must interpret them "harmoniously" and "in
accordance with [their] general purpose."     Washington v. State, 117 Nev.
735, 739, 30 P.3d 1134, 1136 (2001).
            NRS 205.130 is silent as to whether a licensed gaming
establishment's knowledge that a patron had insufficient funds at the time

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                he or she executed markers will negate the element of intent to defraud or
                may constitute an affirmative defense. The statutory provisions under
                NRS 205.132 explicitly provide three instances when the element of intent
                to defraud may be presumed under Nevada law: if the check is drawn on
                an account that does not exist; payment is refused by the drawee upon
                presentment of the check; and notice of refusal of payment that is mailed
                to the drawer by registered or certified mail is returned because of
                nondelivery. NRS 205.132(1). However, the statutory provisions under
                NRS 205.130 make no reference to negating the element of intent to
                defraud.
                            Zahavi asserts that other jurisdictions have held that bad
                check statutes similar to NRS 205.130 provide that an element of intent to
                defraud may be negated by a payee's knowledge of insufficient funds.    See
                State v. Zent, 376 P.2d 861, 863 (Ariz. 1962) (explaining that a person's
                disclosure to a payee that he or she does not have sufficient funds to
                satisfy an executed check fails to constitute criminal intent to defraud);
                People v. Poyet, 492 P.2d 1150, 1152 (Cal. 1972) (finding that "with
                disclosure there can be no deception of a present insufficiency of funds"
                (emphasis omitted)). The West Virginia Supreme Court went further,
                holding that where a business has reason to believe there are insufficient
                funds, such belief negates the fraudulent intent. State v. Orth, 359 S.E.2d
136, 139-40 (W. Va. 1987) (after several checks executed to a dog racing
                track were returned due to insufficient funds, and the track continued to
                accept checks from the patron, the court held that the track "had reason to
                believe the appellant did not have sufficient funds on deposit"), overruled
                on other grounds by State v. Phillips, 520 S.E.2d 670, 678 (W. Va. 1999).

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                            The State argues that these cases are not applicable because
                Nevada's law regarding gaming markers is unique, and the cases from
                other states, aside from West Virginia, all involve an affirmative
                disclosure of insufficient funds by the defendant in the context of a
                personal check. Interestingly, the State also highlights the difference
                between personal checks and gaming markers—the payee on a personal
                check has no ability to verify the defendant's credit history with the
                company or verifying funds in the defendant's bank account, whereas
                casinos uniquely rely on other sources to determine these factors. Thus, in
                the case of a personal check, knowledge of insufficient funds can generally
                only be gained if the payee affirmatively discloses it. However, in the
                unique situation of casino gaming markers, the casino may gain this
                knowledge through other means.
                            As such, we determine that the element of "intent to defraud"
                under NRS 205.130 may be negated by a showing that the casino had
                knowledge that the person obtaining the marker did not have sufficient
                funds to cover the marker at the time it was executed. The factors in
                determining whether intent may be negated include what the payor
                represented and what information was available to the payee. We decline
                to go as far as the Orth court, which stated the intent to defraud element
                may be negated if the payee had "reason to believe." Merely because the
                casinos have the ability to research a patron's financial status, they are
                under no obligation to do so, and under the Orth standard, the statute
                would be rendered useless as every gambler who failed to pay his markers
                would simply argue that the casino had "reason to believe" he could not
                pay his markers by virtue of information potentially available to the
                casinos.

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                            Because we determine that the "intent to defraud" element
                may be negated by a disclosure of insufficient funds to the payee, Zahavi
                was entitled to have the jury so instructed if there was proof in the record
                supporting the instruction, see Hoagland, 126 Nev. at , 240 P.3d at
                1047, and it was not adequately covered in other instructions, Milton, 111
Nev. at 1492, 908 P.2d at 687.
                            Under the first factor, Zahavi did not affirmatively represent
                he had insufficient funds. With the exception of Orth, unlike the cases
                cited above from other jurisdictions where the defendant personally
                informed the payee that he had insufficient funds and would not be able to
                cover the check at that time, here Zahavi failed to affirmatively disclose to
                the casinos that he lacked sufficient funds in either of his accounts.    See
                Zent, 376 P.2d at 863; Poyet, 492 P.2d at 1152; see also People v. Jacobson,
                227 N.W. 781, 782 (Mich. 1929) (holding that plaintiffs knowledge that
                defendant did not have funds in the bank negated any fraudulent intent).
                In fact, at the time Zahavi signed the markers, he guaranteed to the
                casinos that there were sufficient funds available, such that the markers
                were payable upon demand and could be executed at any time.
                            The second factor (information available to the payee) does not
                weigh in Zahavi's favor. Contrary to Zahavi's argument that the casinos
                had knowledge of his insufficient funds, the evidence indicates that at the
                time the casinos extended the line of credit, their records supported
                Zahavi's affirmative representation that he had sufficient funds. At trial,
                the executive director of cage and credit operations for the Hard Rock
                testified that prior to granting Zahavi credit and allowing him to take out
                $100,000 in markers, the Hard Rock obtained a credit report, as well as
                information from other casinos revealing that Zahavi had a total of

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                $487,500 in outstanding markers. The Hard Rock did not know, however,
                whether Zahavi had made payments on this outstanding balance. Further
                testimony revealed that one month prior to issuance of the markers, the
                Hard Rock also knew that the balances in the two bank accounts provided
                by Zahavi had respective average balances of roughly $7,000 to $9,000,
                and $100,000 to $300,000. 4 It was not until two days after Zahavi signed
                the markers representing that he had sufficient funds that the Hard Rock
                learned he only had approximately $27,000 between the two accounts.
                             Additionally, the executive director of casino credit and
                director of collections at the Venetian and Palazzo testified that they had
                records dating from August 2008 that indicated Zahavi had actual
                balances in his accounts of $7,500 to $10,000 and $100,000 to $300,000.
                They further testified that the balances in Zahavi's accounts would have
                been enough to cover the $184,000 in markers that they extended to him.
                             Further, employees of Caesars Palace testified that they had
                no knowledge of his present accounts, with the most recent credit report in
                their possession dating back to 2005. Because Zahavi failed to make an
                affirmative disclosure to the casinos and the casinos had no present
                knowledge of his insufficiency of funds at the time the markers were
                executed, we conclude that there was no evidence to negate the intent-to-
                defraud element, and therefore the district court did not abuse its
                discretion by refusing the instruction.
                             Additionally, the district court did not abuse its discretion in
                rejecting Zahavi's proposed supplemental instruction on the intent to

                      4TheHard Rock obtained Zahavi's bank information from the Wynn
                Las Vegas. The Wynn informed the Hard Rock that the bank account
                amounts had last been verified in August 2008.

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                defraud because it was adequately addressed by the other instructions. In
                pertinent part, jury instruction 17 informed the jury:
                               To act with the "intent to defraud" means to act
                               knowingly and with the specific intent to deceive
                               or cheat someone, ordinarily for the purpose of
                               causing some financial loss to another or bringing
                               about some financial gain to oneself or another to
                               the detriment of a third party.
                Zahavi was permitted to argue his theory regarding the casino's
                knowledge of his insufficient funds and the jury instructions given
                adequately addressed this theory.
                               We further decline to hold that Zahavi was entitled to an
                instruction on an affirmative defense. None of the cases cited by Zahavi
                characterize the payee's knowledge of insufficient funds as establishing an
                affirmative defense, and therefore, we reject this argument as an
                inaccurate statement of the law.      See Zent, 376 P.2d at 863; Poyet, 492
P.2d at 1152; Jacobson, 227 N.W. at 782. Thus, we conclude that the
                district court did not abuse its discretion in failing to instruct the jury on
                negating the intent-to-defraud element or, alternatively, in refusing to
                instruct the jury that it was an affirmative defense.
                NRS 205.130 is constitutional
                               A de novo standard of review is applied to issues of
                constitutionality. State v. Colosimo, 122 Nev. 950, 954, 142 P.3d 352, 355
                (2006). This court presumes "that statutes are constitutional," and "the
                party challenging a statute has the burden of making a clear showing of
                invalidity."    State v. Castaneda, 126 Nev. , 245 P.3d 550, 552
                (2010) (internal quotations omitted).              Zahavi challenges the
                constitutionality of NRS 205.130, arguing that it violates the provision in
                the Nevada Constitution that prohibits imprisonment for failing to pay a

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                debt, except in cases of fraud. He bases his argument on the fact that
                NRS 205.130 only requires the "intent to defraud" and not the other
                elements of common law fraud, such as reliance. The State, however,
                argues that the statute is constitutional because it punishes a fraudulent
                act as encapsulated in the first element, not the mere accumulation of
                debt, and that this court has already determined that "intent to defraud"
                is sufficient to pass constitutional muster. We agree.
                            The Nevada Constitution states that "there shall be no
                imprisonment for debt, except in cases of fraud." Nev. Const. art. 1, § 14.
                NRS 205.130(1)(e) provides that "a person who willfully, with an intent to
                defraud, draws or passes a check or draft to obtain . . . [c]redit extended by
                any licensed gaming establishment" above a certain amount "is guilty of
                a. . . felony." 5 "The elements of the crime of issuing a check against

                      5 Records  of the 1863 Constitutional Convention suggest this section
                of the Nevada Constitution has its origins in article 1, section 22 of the
                Indiana Constitution. The language referring to imprisonment for debt is
                identical, compare Nev. Const. art. 1, § 14, with Ind. Const. art. 1, § 22,
                and was proposed at the convention by James Corey, an individual with
                roots in Indiana. See Andrew J. Marsh, Samuel L. Clemen4I Amos
                Bowman, Reports of the 1863 Constitutional Convention of the Territory of
                Nevada, 171, 470 n.36 (William C. Miller et al. eds., 1972). As such, we
                find cases interpreting this section of the Indiana Constitution
                informative. Although Indiana's backcheck statute is distinct from that of
                Nevada, the Indiana Supreme Court has interpreted statutes containing
                the "intent to defraud" language present in NRS 205.130 as constitutional.
                See Clark v. State, 84 N.E. 984, 985 (Ind. 1908) (finding that a statute
                prohibiting an individual from obtaining food or lodging with the intent to
                defraud an innkeeper did not violate the state constitution.); Lower v.
                Wallick, 25 Ind. 68, 73 (1865) ("If it had been the intention of the
                convention to abolish imprisonment for every moneyed liability, in
                criminal as well as civil cases, other terms and phrases would have been
                used.").

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                  insufficient funds are (1) intent to defraud, (2) the making or passing of a
                  check for the payment of money, and (3) without sufficient funds in the
                  drawee institution to cover said check in full upon its presentation."
                  Garnick v. First Judicial Dist. Court, 81 Nev. 531, 536, 407 P.2d 163, 165
                  (1965).
                              This court has previously held that a criminal statute allowing
                  a defendant to be arrested for removing or disposing of his property with
                  the intent to defraud his creditors did not conflict with Nevada
                  Constitution airticle 1, section 14's provision against imprisonment for
                                            --
                  debt, except in cases of fraud. Ex parte Bergman, 18 Nev. 331, 341-42, 4 P.
209, 216 (1884). 6 Further, the court expressed that "the immunity
                  contemplated by the second clause would be confined to debts or liabilities
                  growing out of contracts, and not to liabilities resulting from crimes or
            &er
                  torts." Id. at 342, 4 P. at 216 (quoting McCoo/ v. State, 23 Ind. 127, 131
                  (1864) (referencing its own state constitution's prohibition against
                  "imprisonment for debt, except in case of fraud")).
                              Other jurisdictions have also reviewed the constitutionality of
                  convicting a defendant under a bad-check statute under state
                  constitutions that maintain similar language to Nevada Constitution
                  „article 1, section 14, and have held that including only the intent-to-
                  defraud element of fraud in a criminal statute did not violate a
                  constitutional prohibition against imprisonment for debt.       See State v.
                  Meeks, 247 P. 1099, 1101 (Ariz. 1926) ("Because one who gives a check

                        6 Similar to NRS 205.130, the statute at issue in Bergman included
                  only "intent to defraud," and did not reference reliance or other common
                  law elements. See I Nev. Compiled Laws, § 73 (1873) (current version
                  codified as NRS 31.480).

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                   with the intent to defraud, knowing he has no funds to meet it when
                   presented, may be punished, does not mean that he may be imprisoned for
                   debt, but rather for committing an offense based upon fraud."); Ennis v.
                   State, 95 So. 2d 20, 23-25 (Fla. 1957) (holding that a state statute
                   criminalizing the act of drawing a check from a bank account when
                   insufficient funds exist and requiring the element of intent to defraud did
                   not violate state constitutional provision against imprisonment for debt);
                   State v. Laude, 654 P.2d 1223, 1228 (Wyo. 1982) (holding that "criminal
                   intent to deceitfully issue an insufficient funds check [was] an essential
                   element of the crime" of committing fraud by check and that a statute
                   prohibiting such offense was not a violation of the state's constitutional
                   ban "against imprisonment for debt"). Based on our prior decisions, and
                   persuasive authority from other jurisdictions with similar constitutional
                   prohibitions, we conclude that NRS 205.130 does not violate article 1,
             03-
                   section 14 of the Nevada Constitution because Zahavi's conviction is based
                   on committing a fraudulent act and not on incurring a debt. 7

                         7 Zahavi also argues that NRS 205.130 violates the United States
                   Constitution. U.S. Const. amend. XIII, § 1 ("Neither slavery nor
                   involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party
                   shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or
                   any place subject to their jurisdiction."). However, he offers no further
                   analysis or authority for this argument, instead focusing on the argument
                   under the Nevada Constitution. We thus decline to address this
                   argument. See Edwards v. Emperor's Garden Rest., 122 Nev. 317, 330
                   n.38, 130 P.3d 1280, 1288 n.38 (2006) (declining to consider arguments not
                   supported by relevant authority and cogent argument).

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                              Accordingly, we affirm Zahavi's judgment of conviction.

                                                                                 ,   C.J.
                                                      Hardesty
                We concur:

                Parraguirre

                                                 J.

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