Court Opinion

ID: 4567682
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-09-22 17:00:19.013427+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:24:41.428526
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                         No. 19-3308
                                         ___________

                                    ZHAOJIN DAVID KE,
                                                 Appellant

                                               v.

 MICHAEL DIPASQUALE; MARY RICHMOND; ROBERT J. CATALDE, in official
and individual capacities; JAMES J. FITZGERALD, in official and individual capacities;
                JOSEPH M. WALSH, in official and individual capacities
                      ____________________________________

                       On Appeal from the United States District Court
                           for the Western District of Pennsylvania
                          (W.D. Pa. Civil Action No. 1-18-cv-00125)
                       District Judge: Honorable Susan Paradise Baxter
                         ____________________________________

                     Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                  September 18, 2020
            Before: AMBRO, GREENAWAY, JR. and PORTER, Circuit Judges

                              (Opinion filed: September 22, 2020)
                                         ___________

                                          OPINION *
                                         ___________

PER CURIAM

         Zhaojin David Ke, proceeding pro se, appeals an order of the United States

District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania dismissing his civil rights action.

*
    This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
For the reasons that follow, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.

       Ke filed a complaint against Mary Richmond, an attorney appointed by the Erie

County Court of Common Please to serve as Master in his divorce proceedings, Michael

DiPasquale, former Executive Administrator of the Pennsylvania Superior Court, Robert

Catalde, Court Administrator of the Erie County Court of Common Pleas, Judge James

Fitzgerald, specially assigned to the Pennsylvania Superior Court, and Erie County Court

of Common Pleas Judge Joseph Walsh. 1 Ke’s claims stem from a divorce action that his

ex-wife, Jiang Li Zhu, filed in 2013.

       Ke alleged that Richmond, who was appointed to determine the date of his

separation from Zhu, held unnecessary hearings and tried to prolong the proceedings to

justify being paid. He averred that she issued a report beyond the time required by the

court’s rules and that she retaliated against him for criticizing her in emails. Ke alleged

that, despite evidence showing that he and Zhu had separated in 2008, Richmond

determined that they separated in 2013. Ke also alleged that he and Zhu had signed an

agreement to divorce in 2004, but that Richmond would not accept the agreement as

evidence after the hearings. Ke filed exceptions to Richmond’s report, which were

dismissed by the Erie County Court of Common Pleas in 2015.

       Richmond also issued a report addressing the distribution of the parties’ assets.

constitute binding precedent.
1
  The operative complaint is the second amended complaint, titled “Plaintiff’s Corrected
First Amended Complaint,” filed December 12, 2018.

                                              2
Ke stated that Richmond, among other things, improperly allotted fifty percent of his

disability benefit to Zhu. He filed exceptions without success. Defendant Judge Walsh

adopted the report after a hearing and later issued a divorce decree. Ke alleged that Judge

Walsh refused to hold a de novo hearing as required by the court’s rules. The

Pennsylvania Superior Court, in an opinion issued by defendant Judge Fitzgerald,

affirmed on appeal. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court denied allowance of appeal.

       In his federal complaint, Ke claims that Judge Fitzgerald, Judge Walsh, and the

court administrators violated his procedural and substantive due process rights under the

Fourteenth Amendment. He also asserts state law claims for intentional infliction of

emotional distress. Ke seeks declaratory and injunctive relief. Ke asserts claims against

Richmond for retaliation in violation of Pennsylvania law and under 42 U.S.C. § 1983,

violations of his substantive due process rights, and intentional infliction of emotional

distress. He seeks damages and declaratory and injunctive relief as to those claims.

       The District Court granted motions by Richmond and the judicial defendants to

dismiss the second amended complaint. The District Court ruled that, to the extent Ke

seeks money damages against Richmond, his § 1983 claims are barred by quasi-judicial

immunity. The District Court dismissed Ke’s remaining claims for lack of subject matter

jurisdiction. It found one of Ke’s prayers for relief barred by the Rooker-Feldman 2

doctrine and ruled that he lacked standing to pursue his remaining claims for declaratory

2
 See Rooker v. Fid. Trust Co., 263 U.S. 413 (1923); Dist. of Columbia Court of Appeals
v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462 (1983).
                                           3
and injunctive relief. The District Court declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction

over Ke’s state law claims. This appeal followed. 3

         We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We exercise plenary review

over the District Court’s dismissal pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6)

and for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. In re Schering Plough Corp. Intron/Temodar

Consumer Class Action, 678 F.3d 235, 243 (3d Cir. 2012).

         Quasi-judicial immunity protects a range of judicial actors, including “those who

make discretionary judgments ‘functional[ly] comparab[le]’ to judges.” Russell v.

Richardson, 905 F.3d 239, 247 (3d Cir. 2018) (citation omitted). The doctrine provides

absolute immunity from liability for damages. See id. We agree with the District Court

that Richmond is entitled to quasi-judicial immunity because her adjudicative tasks as a

divorce master are functionally comparable to those performed by a judge. Cf. Nystedt v.

Nigro, 700 F.3d 25, 30-31 (1st Cir. 2012) (discovery master entitled to absolute quasi-

judicial immunity). Ke’s claims against Richmond stem from the proceedings in which

she determined the distribution of assets in his divorce case. He does not complain about

conduct that was not taken in a judicial capacity or that was taken in the complete

absence of jurisdiction. See Mireles v. Waco, 502 U.S. 9, 11-12 (1991) (stating limited

exceptions to doctrine of judicial immunity).

         Relying on Russell, Ke argues that quasi-judicial immunity extends only to claims

3
    The District Court also denied Ke’s motion for reconsideration. Ke does not appeal that
                                              4
based on acts authorized by a court order and not to claims based on the manner in which

the acts are executed. He contends that Richmond was appointed to act as divorce

master, not to retaliate against him and to deprive him of substantive due process.

Russell addressed the quasi-judicial immunity of officers performing ministerial tasks at

the court’s direction and held that such immunity did not extend to claims against a

deputy court marshal for using excessive force while enforcing a court order. 905 F.3d at

247-51. Unlike Russell, this case involves an actor whose role is functionally

comparable to that of a judge and, as discussed above, quasi-judicial immunity applies to

acts taken in a judicial capacity as alleged here.

          Ke also disputes the District Court’s ruling that the relief he seeks in his second

prayer for relief is barred by the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, which prohibits suits inviting

district courts to review and reject state-court judgments. See Allen v. DeBello, 861 F.3d

433, 438 (3d Cir. 2017). Ke sought an order declaring that “under the Pennsylvania

Divorce Act and in light of the equal protection of the laws under the Fourteenth

Amendment the asset distribution should be equitably distributed and the valuation dates

should be equally applied to both husband and wife.” Second Am. Compl. at 37. Ke

contends that his complaint does not seek review of a state court judgment and that in this

prayer for relief he seeks a legal determination independent of the state court’s factual

findings. Appellees contend that Ke is in fact seeking review of the state court’s

decision. We find it unnecessary to resolve this question because, as discussed below,

ruling.                                          5
Ke’s request for declaratory relief is not cognizable for the same reason that the District

Court found his remaining claims not cognizable – lack of standing.

       “A declaratory judgment or injunction can issue only when the constitutional

standing requirements of a ‘case’ or ‘controversy’ are met.” St. Thomas-St. John Hotel

& Tourism Ass’n, Inc. v. Gov’t of U.S. Virgin Islands, 218 F.3d 232, 240 (3d Cir. 2000).

Standing to seek a declaratory judgment exists when “‘there is a substantial controversy,

between parties having adverse legal interests, of sufficient immediacy and reality to

warrant the issuance of a declaratory judgment.’” Id. (citations omitted). Issuance of a

declaratory judgment or an injunction requires a threat of future harm. City of Los

Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 105-07 (1983) (injunction); Waller v. Hanlon, 922 F.3d

590, 603 (5th Cir. 2019) (declaratory judgment).

       In addition to seeking a declaratory judgment as to how assets should be

distributed in a divorce case, Ke seeks an order declaring that the judicial defendants

violated his constitutional rights by not allowing him to argue his exceptions at his

hearing, by failing to consider his case de novo, by applying the wrong standard on

appellate review, and by taking away half of his disability benefit. He also seeks an order

declaring that Richmond violated his rights and retaliated against him. Similarly, he

seeks to enjoin the judicial defendants from disregarding his constitutional rights in

handling the issue of asset distribution and in appellate review, and to enjoin Richmond

from violating his rights and retaliating against him when he criticizes her.

       All of the relief Ke seeks as to these claims implicates the prior handling of his
                                              6
divorce case. He does not present a justiciable controversy as the asset distribution has

been determined and appellate review of that determination is complete. Ke argues that

he seeks relief to address the ongoing deprivation of half of his disability benefit each

month. However, not only has the defendants’ conduct that is the subject of the

complaint ended, but he also does not seek relief against parties who have legal interests

adverse to his own. Simply put, Ke does not seek declaratory relief for the purpose it is

intended – to declare the rights and other legal relations of a party before an injury is

established. See 28 U.S.C. § 2201; Step-Saver Data Sys., Inc. v. Wyse Tech., 912 F.2d

643, 647 (3d Cir. 1990). See also Shell Gulf of Mexico Inc. v. Ctr. for Biological

Diversity, Inc., 771 F.3d 632, 635 (9th Cir. 2014) (Declaratory Judgment Act provides a

remedy to determine whether a party has a legal obligation to his potential adversaries).

Ke’s claim for injunctive relief is similarly not cognizable.

       Ke also appeals the District Court’s denial of his motion for a default judgment

against the judicial defendants, who failed to timely respond to his amended complaint

adding them as defendants. Ke has not shown that the District Court abused its discretion

and we agree that a default judgment was not warranted for the reasons stated in the

District Court’s decision. See Chamberlain v. Giampapa, 210 F.3d 154, 164 (3d Cir.

2000) (stating applicable factors and standard of review).

       Ke also argues that the District Court erred in striking his third amended complaint

and that he had a right to file his pleading as a matter of course under Federal Rule of

Civil Procedure 15(a)(1). We need not decide this question because, having reviewed
                                              7
that pleading, we conclude it would not have survived dismissal for the reasons discussed

above.

         Accordingly, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court. 4

4
 Appellee Mary Richmond’s motion to file a supplemental appendix is denied. Because
Ke has been granted in forma pauperis status, his appeal is heard on the original record,
which includes the documents contained in the supplemental appendix. See 3d Cir.
L.A.R. 30.2.
                                           8