Court Opinion

ID: 9915453
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-01-05 16:02:07.629545+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:14:10.363857
License: Public Domain

Rel: January 5, 2024

Notice: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the advance sheets of Southern Reporter.
Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions, Alabama Appellate Courts, 300 Dexter Avenue,
Montgomery, Alabama 36104-3741 ((334) 229-0650), of any typographical or other errors, in order that corrections
may be made before the opinion is published in Southern Reporter.

 ALABAMA COURT OF CIVIL APPEALS
                               OCTOBER TERM, 2023-2024
                                _________________________

                                         CL-2022-1232
                                   _________________________

                                      David Emory Gilbert

                                                       v.

                                    Katherine Yates Gilbert

                          Appeal from Morgan Circuit Court
                                  (DR-20-900394.01)

PER CURIAM.

        David Emory Gilbert ("the former husband") appeals from a

judgment entered by the Morgan Circuit Court ("the trial court") finding

him in criminal contempt.
CL-2022-1232

     On April 22, 2021, the trial court entered a judgment divorcing the

former husband and Katherine Yates Gilbert ("the former wife"). The

divorce judgment provided in pertinent part:

           "This cause was called for trial on April 12, 2021. The
     parties appeared with their attorneys and announced a
     settlement agreement concerning the pending issues. The
     terms of the agreement were announced in open court and
     each party acknowledged the terms announced were, in fact,
     their agreement.

          "Upon consideration thereof, the court finds that the
     agreement of the parties is due to be and hereby is approved
     and due to be entered as an order of the court. …

          "….

          "4. The parties shall share the true joint legal and
     physical custody of the parties' minor child. …

          "….

           "[The former husband] shall directly pay [the former
     wife] child support in the amount of $300.00 per month on or
     before the first day of each month beginning June 12, 2021.

          "….

          "The parties currently reside in the same home.
     Therefore, the parties are not required to follow the
     custody/exchange schedule until June 12, 2021."

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CL-2022-1232

     On May 27, 2021, the former wife filed a petition for an order

finding the former husband in contempt of court.1 In her petition, the

former wife alleged in pertinent part that she and the former husband

had agreed that she could reside at the former marital residence until

June 12, 2021. She further alleged that the husband had changed the

locks and that she could no longer access her personal possessions. She

maintained that because of the former husband's conduct she had been

forced to reside with her parents and to expend funds to replace items of

necessity for her and the child. She asked the trial court to find the

former husband in contempt, to order him to pay for child support for

May 2021 and for the unexpected expenses that she had incurred because

of his actions, and award her an attorney fee.

     On June 25, 2021, the former husband filed an answer in which he

admitted that on May 17, 2021, he had changed the locks on the former

marital residence "due to [former wife's] destructive and inappropriate

behavior in [the former marital residence.]"

     1The former wife also asked the trial court to modify the divorce

judgment. The former husband's appeal, however, does not challenge the
trial court's judgment insofar as it modified the divorce judgment.
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CL-2022-1232

     The hearing was conducted on September 28, 2021, and October 22,

2021. The following evidence was adduced regarding the former wife's

claim of contempt. The former wife testified that she and the former

husband had agreed in open court at the settlement hearing that she

could reside at the former marital residence until June 12, 2021, and that

because she and the child would be residing with the former husband at

the former marital residence his child-support obligation would not begin

until June 12, 2021. She admitted that the trial court had not included

the agreed-upon provision that allowed her to reside at the former

marital residence until June 12, 2021, in the divorce judgment.

     The former wife testified that on Thursday, May 13, 2021, she "filed

a warrant" containing allegations of harassment against the former

husband. According to the former wife, after filing the warrant, she

stayed at her mother's house for the weekend. When she returned to the

former marital residence on Tuesday, May 18, 2021, her key would not

unlock the door. She stated that she had sent the former husband a text

message asking for access to the former marital residence so that she

could get ready for work.    According to the former wife, the former

husband responded that she could no longer reside at or have access to

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the former marital residence. He also informed her that if she wanted

any property from the marital residence, she needed to make a list of the

property and send the list to him, after which he would leave the

requested property on the porch of the former marital residence. The

former wife testified that she had repeatedly informed the former

husband that she had not moved from the former marital residence and

had repeatedly asked him for access to her personal property. The former

wife admitted that on the evening of May 18, 2021, she retrieved a trash

bag containing her personal possessions that the former husband had

placed on the porch and that the former husband had allowed her that

evening, accompanied by a law-enforcement officer, to enter the former

marital residence and retrieve a few items.

     According to the former wife, because the former husband had

denied her access to the former marital residence and had refused to

allow her to retrieve her personal possessions, she had had to purchase

over $3,000 worth of personal items, including clothes, a hair dryer,

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CL-2022-1232

makeup, and toys for the children. 2 She further testified that she had

incurred an attorney fee pursuing this litigation.

     The former husband testified that although he had agreed to allow

the former wife to reside at the former marital residence until June 12,

2021, the former wife had damaged the former marital residence. He

explained that he had changed the locks of the former marital residence

on May 17, 2021, to prevent her from accessing the house and damaging

it further.   According to the former husband, when the former wife

arrived at the former marital residence on the evening of May 18, 2021,

she was "free to take whatever," and he did not prevent her from going

through the house with a law-enforcement officer and removing her

personal property. He, admitted however, that most of the former wife's

possessions remained at the former marital residence. He further

insisted that the former wife had always had access to her personal

property because he had stored her property in the garage of the former

martial residence and she had a garage opener. The former wife disputed

this testimony.

     2The record indicates that the former wife had a child from a former

marriage.
                                    6
CL-2022-1232

     The former husband conceded that the divorce judgment provided

that he did not have to pay child support until June 12, 2021, because he

had agreed to allow the former wife to reside in the former marital

residence until then. He admitted that because he had prevented the

former wife from residing at and accessing the former marital residence,

he owed the former wife child support for May 2021 and that she had

incurred unanticipated expenses for her and the children the past few

months.

     The trial court, with the consent of the parties, reviewed the record

of the April 12, 2021, settlement hearing and stated on the record:

     "I listened to [a recording of the settlement hearing], and the
     first thing on the recording stated that [the former wife] had
     60 days [or until June 12, 2021,] to move from the [former
     marital residence], although I will note that was not included
     in [the divorce judgment] based on the agreement read
     allowed in court. So, everything else from that oral agreement
     made at the trial date of the divorce action, if I remember
     right, all of the rest of that appeared to be in [the divorce
     judgment.] Nonetheless, for purposes of the record in this
     case, I do find that that was part of the oral agreement of the
     parties."

     On July 12, 2021, the trial court entered its final order. The trial

court found, in pertinent part, that at the April 12, 2021, settlement

hearing,

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CL-2022-1232

     "[t]he parties agreed on the record that [the former wife]
     would have sixty (60) days from the date of that hearing to
     move from the [former] marital residence. That 60-day time
     period was representative of the time it would take for [the
     former wife's] oldest child to finish the school year. It is
     undisputed that [the divorce judgment] did not contain the
     provision and the same appears to be an oversight by the court
     in drafting [the divorce judgment]. Nonetheless, it is clear
     that the parties in fact agreed that [the former wife] would
     have sixty days to move from the former marital [residence]
     and the court orally affirmed the parties' agreement on the
     record. There was a clear meeting of the minds in this regard
     and the remainder of [the divorce judgment] supports the
     [former] wife's position."

The trial court found the former husband in criminal contempt for

preventing the former wife access to the former marital residence and

sentenced the former husband to 5 days in jail for each of the 26 separate

acts of contempt that it found the former husband had committed. The

trial court, however, suspended the sentence pending faithful compliance

with the July 12, 2021, final order. The trial court also awarded the

former wife $5,831.32, which consisted of her attorney fee for the

prosecution of the case, funds for May 2021 child support, reimbursement

for her unexpected expenses incurred due to the former husband's

contemptuous conduct, and court costs.

     On August 10, 2022, the former husband filed a postjudgment

motion. In his motion, the former husband argued in pertinent part that

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CL-2022-1232

the trial court had acted outside its discretion by finding him in contempt.

The husband maintained that because the divorce judgment did not

include a provision allowing the former wife to reside at the former

marital residence for 60 days from the date of the settlement hearing or

until June 12, 2021, the evidence did not support the trial court's

conclusion finding him in criminal contempt for violating the divorce

judgment. He further argued that the imposed sanctions were excessive.

     On November 8, 2022, the trial court conducted a hearing on the

former husband's postjudgment motion. A copy of the transcript of that

hearing is included in the record. That same day, after considering the

parties' arguments, the trial court entered a detailed order. In its order,

the trial court stated:

     " '[A]greements between parties to divorce actions are
     generally binding, and such agreements will not be set aside,
     "except for fraud, collusion, accident, surprise or some other
     ground of this nature." ' Grantham v. Grantham, 656 So. 2d
     900, 901 (Ala. Civ. App. 1995)(quoting Brocato v. Brocato, 332
     So. 2d 722, 724 (Ala. 1976)). '[A]n agreement reached in
     settlement of litigation is as binding upon the parties as any
     other contract. … Furthermore, there is a strong policy of law
     favoring compromises and settlements of litigation, especially
     in cases involving families.' Tidwell v. Tidwell, 505 So. 2d
     1236, 1237 (Ala. Civ. App. 1987). … Here, the parties reached
     an agreement in open court and recited on the record."

                                     9
CL-2022-1232

The trial court rejected the former husband's argument that it had acted

outside its discretion by finding the former husband in criminal contempt

for refusing to allow the former wife to reside at the former marital

residence. The trial court, in evaluating the evidence and the contentions

of the parties, specifically noted

     "that it was undisputed by [the former husband] that the
     pertinent part of the oral agreement was omitted by the
     court's [divorce judgment.] He affirmed the oral agreement in
     open court and he didn't deny that he knew his obligation
     thereunder. … Further, [the former husband] did not contend
     that he had any belief that he had a right to exclude [the
     former wife] from the [former marital residence.] Rather, he,
     in bad faith, rested on the fact that the pertinent part of the
     oral agreement had been omitted from the court's written
     order and excluded [the former wife] from the [former marital
     residence,] despite his agreement and the court's ratification
     and acceptance of the same."

Because it concluded that an attorney-fee award and reimbursement of

the former wife's expenses that were incurred due to the former

husband's conduct were not authorized as sanctions for criminal

contempt, the trial court vacated that portion of the July 12, 2021,

judgment. The trial court modified its criminal-contempt sanction by

ordering the former husband to serve two days in jail for each of the 26

separate acts of contempt (for a total of 52 days) and to pay a fine in the

amount of $1,300 ($50 for each of the 26 counts of contempt). The trial

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CL-2022-1232

court suspended the sentence for one year, provided that the former

husband remained compliant with the trial court's orders. On December

9, 2022, the former husband filed a notice of appeal.

     The former husband contends on appeal that the trial court acted

outside its discretion by finding him in criminal contempt for violating

the April 22, 2021, divorce judgment because that judgment did not

expressly order him to permit the former wife to reside at the former

marital residence until June 12, 2021.

     In Mullins v. Sellers, 80 So. 3d 935, 942-43 (Ala. Civ. App. 2011),

this court set forth the standard of review for a finding of criminal

contempt:

            " ' "In order to establish that a party is in criminal
            contempt of a court order, a contempt petitioner
            must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the
            party against whom they are seeking a finding of
            contempt was subject to a ' "lawful order of
            reasonable specificity," ' that the party violated
            that order, and that the party's violation of the
            order was willful. Ex parte Ferguson, 819 So. 2d
            626, 629 (Ala. 2001)(quoting United States v.
            Turner, 812 F.2d 1552, 1563 (11th Cir. 1987))." '

     "Gladden [v. Gladden], 942 So. 2d [362] at 371 [(Ala. Civ. App.
     2005)](quoting L.A. v. R.H., 929 So. 2d 1018, 1019 (Ala. Civ.
     App. 2005)). 'Furthermore, we have held that, "[a]bsent an
     abuse of discretion, or unless the judgment of the trial court
     is unsupported by the evidence so as to be plainly or palpably

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CL-2022-1232

     wrong, the determination of whether a party is in contempt is
     within the sound discretion of the trial court." ' Preston v.
     Saab, 43 So. 3d 595, 599 (Ala. Civ. App. 2010)(quoting
     Shonkwiler v. Kriska, 780 So. 2d [703] at 706 [(Ala. Civ. App.
     2000)])."

     Additionally,

           " 'whether a contempt in a civil case … is classified
           as criminal or civil, the purpose of a contempt
           proceeding is to provide a court with a method for
           compelling compliance with its orders or the
           orders of another judge and to punish those who
           willfully disobey or resist any such orders.'

     "AltaPointe Health Sys., Inc. v. Davis, 90 So. 3d 139, 155 (Ala.
     2012). A person cannot be held in contempt for failure to do
     something the court has not ordered. See Price v. McAllister,
     537 So. 2d 43, 44 (Ala. Civ. App. 1988)."

Meadwestvaco Corp. v. Mitchell, 195 So. 3d 290, 294 (Ala. Civ. App.

2015).

     "Unless the trial court enters a written order setting forth its

approval of the settlement agreement, the settlement agreement is not

part of a judgment rendered by the trial court." Ex parte Williams, [Ms.

CL-2022-1055, Dec. 9, 2022] ___ So. 3d ___ (Ala. Civ. App. 2022). Here,

the record indicates that although the trial court in open court approved

the parties' settlement agreement which included a provision allowing

the former wife to reside at the former marital residence until June 12,

                                    12
CL-2022-1232

2021, and the trial court stated in the April 12, 2021, divorce judgment

that it approved the settlement agreement, the trial court did not include

that provision in the divorce judgment. Because that provision was not

expressly included in the divorce judgment, we cannot agree that the

evidence supported the trial court's finding that the former husband

violated a court order by refusing to allow the former wife to reside at the

former marital residence until June 12, 2021. Therefore, the trial court

acted outside its discretion by finding the former husband in criminal

contempt and that portion of the trial court's judgment is reversed. See

Preston v. Saab, 43 So. 3d 595 (Ala. Civ. App. 2010) (holding that mother

could not be found guilty of criminal contempt for failing to allow

telephone visitation between father and child because she had not been

ordered to do so in divorce judgment); Powell v. Powell, 628 So. 2d 832

(Ala. Civ. App. 1993) (holding that former husband could not be held in

contempt for failure to make payments set forth in special master's report

because said payments were not ordered by the trial court); Lyman v.

Jackson, 600 So. 2d 334, 336 (Ala. Civ. App. 1992) (recognizing that

findings of contempt are based on refusal to comply with court orders);

and Ex parte Moreland, 465 So. 2d 1163, 1165 (Ala. Civ. App. 1985)

                                    13
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("[T]he husband could not be held in contempt of court … for his failure

to make pendente lite alimony payments because he was under no order

of the trial court to pay them."). See also Williams v. Williams, 323 So.

3d 675, 680 (Ala. Civ. App. 2020) (Moore, J., concurring specially)

(quoting 17 Am. Jur. 2d Contempt § 140 (2014) (" 'A court's order

sufficient to support the sanction of contempt for a violation should

inform the person in certain, clear, and definite terms as to the duties

thereby imposed or the actions required or forbidden. The mandate

alleged to be violated must be clearly expressed rather than implied.' ").

     Accordingly, we reverse the trial court's judgment finding the

former husband in criminal contempt because the April 22, 2021, divorce

judgment did not expressly order him to permit the former wife to reside

at the former marital residence until June 12, 2021.         The cause is

remanded for the entry of a judgment consistent with this opinion.

     REVERSED AND REMANDED.

     Thompson, P.J., and Edwards and Fridy, JJ., concur.

     Hanson, J., concurs specially, with opinion.

     Moore, J., concurs in the result, without opinion.

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HANSON, Judge, concurring specially.

     I concur in the main opinion. I write specially to note that although

this court determined that the Morgan Circuit Court ("the trial court")

acted outside its discretion by finding David Emory Gilbert ("the former

husband") in criminal contempt, I believe that the trial court did not err

by concluding that the former husband breached the parties' settlement

agreement -- an issue that was tried by implied consent. See Rule 15(b),

Ala. R. Civ. P. (providing that "[w]hen issues not raised by the pleadings

are tried by express or implied consent of the parties, they shall be

treated in all respects as if they had been raised in the pleadings").

     Section 34-3-21, Ala. Code 1975, states: "An attorney has authority

to bind his or her client, in any action or proceeding, by any agreement

in relation to such case, made in writing, or by an entry to be made on

the minutes of the court." Section 34-3-21 "provide[s] that an oral

settlement agreement is enforceable in Alabama only if it is made in open

court or during a pretrial conference." Contractor Success Grp. v. Service

Thrust Org. Inc., 681 So. 2d 212, 215 (Ala. Civ. App. 1996). A settlement

agreement is a contract. Lem Harris Rainwater Fam. Tr. v. Rainwater,

[Ms. 1210106, Sept. 30, 2022] ___ So. 3d ___ (Ala. 2022).

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     "The elements that must be proven in a breach-of-contract
     action include the existence of a contract, a material breach of
     that contract by one party, and damage to the other party as
     a result of the breach. Sokol v. Bruno's, Inc., 527 So. 2d 1245,
     1247-48 (Ala. 1988). 'A material breach [of a contract] is one
     that touches the fundamental purposes of the contract and
     defeats the object of the parties in making the contract.' Id.
     at 1248."

Stockton v. CKPD Dev. Co., 936 So. 2d 1065, 1078 (Ala. Civ. App. 2005).

     Here, I believe that ample evidence was presented to support the

trial court's conclusion that the former husband breached the parties'

settlement agreement. The parties entered into a settlement agreement

in open court at the settlement hearing that included a provision that

Katherine Yates Gilbert ("the former wife") could reside at the former

marital residence until June 12, 2021. At that point, the agreement

became as enforceable as any written agreement. See Ezell v. Childs,

497 So. 2d 496, 498 (Ala. Civ. App. 1985) ("In Alabama oral agreements

entered in open court are as binding as written ones.).       The former

husband admitted that although he had agreed to permit the former wife

to reside at the former marital residence until June 12, 2021, he had

changed the locks on the doors on May 17, 2021, and had denied the

former wife access to the residence from that day forward. The former

wife testified that because she had been denied access to the former

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marital residence, she had incurred unexpected expenses for necessities

and an attorney fee. Therefore, in my opinion, the evidence supports the

trial court's conclusion that the former husband breached the settlement

agreement.

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