Court Opinion

ID: 3162398
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-12-14 23:03:45.525733+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:01:19.667169
License: Public Domain

Filed 12/14/15 Nous, S.r.l. v. Gori CA2/7

                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION SEVEN

NOUS, S.r.l.,                                                       B256996

         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                   (Los Angeles County
                                                                     Super. Ct. BC466028)
         v.

VITTORIO CECCHI GORI, et al.

         Defendants and Appellants.

                   APPEALS from orders of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County,
Holly E. Kendig, Judge. Affirmed.
                   Blakely Law Group, Brent H. Blakely and Michael Marchand for
Defendant and Appellant Vittorio Cecchi Gori.
                   Wolf, Rifkin, Shapiro, Schulman & Rabkin, Mark J. Rosenbaum and
Stephen M. Levine for Defendants and Appellants Cecchi Gori Pictures and Cecchi Gori
USA, Inc.
                   Alston & Bird, Peter E. Masaitis and Evan W. Woolley for Plaintiff and
Respondent.

                               ____________________________________
                                    INTRODUCTION

       This is an action by an Italian corporation to domesticate an Italian judgment and
to recover the proceeds of a California judgment. The background of the underlying
controversy is complex, involving the relationship of several foreign corporations and
their subsidiaries, allegations of fraudulent transfers of millions of dollars, and one of the
largest corporate bankruptcies in Italian history. The issues in this appeal, however, are
relatively straightforward. Each the three defendants appeals a discovery order that
imposed monetary sanctions in the amount of $5,460. After determining that the orders
are appealable, we conclude the trial court acted well within its discretion in imposing
monetary sanctions, and affirm.

                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       A.     The Allegations in the Complaint
       This action is one of a series of lawsuits in the United States and Italy, all arising
out of the collapse of the financial empire of Vittorio Cecchi Gori, an Italian businessman
and film producer. According to the allegations in the complaint in this action, Cecchi
Gori fraudulently transferred millions of dollars from the bankruptcy estate of his limited
liability company, Fin.Ma. Vi S.p.A (Finmavi), in an effort to put assets out of the reach
of creditors. Cecchi Gori was the sole shareholder, president, and chairman of the board
of directors of Finmavi. “At its peak, [Finmavi] operated more than 40 companies in the
business of film production, distribution, exhibition, television multimedia, real estate,
and professional soccer.”
       Nous S.r.l. (Nous) is an Italian limited liability company in the real estate business
that Cecchi Gori used to own. Nous is now undergoing liquidation under the jurisdiction
of the Court of Rome, which appointed Davide Franco and Sergio Torri as co-liquidators
of Nous to satisfy the debts of Nous’s creditors. Nous owns 100 percent of a
Luxembourg company called Promint Holdings S.A., which in turn owns 100 percent of

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a Dutch company called Cecchi Gori Group Europe B.V., which in turns owns 100
percent of the two United States companies involved in this action, Cecchi Gori Pictures
and Cecchi Gori USA, Inc. Based on these allegations, Nous claimed that it “is the
ultimate parent” of Cecchi Gori Pictures and Cecchi Gori USA.
       Nous alleged that for many years Cecchi Gori “systematically transferred funds
from one entity to another entity within his control for his own personal benefit and to the
detriment of creditors. For example, Cecchi Gori authorized [Finmavi] to finance multi-
million dollar loans that were both interest-free and unsecured to other entities controlled
by Cecchi Gori, hid assets from [Finmavi] and other entities within Cecchi Gori’s control
for his own personal benefit at the detriment of the company’s creditors and utilized
[Finmavi’s] funds for his own personal expenses.” Nous alleged that Cecchi Gori
transferred over $8.5 million to Nous, over $2 million to Cecchi Gori Pictures, and over
$45 million to Cecchi Gori USA.
       Nous alleged that in 2005 Finmavi filed in the Ordinary Court of Rome the Italian
equivalent of a Chapter 11 bankruptcy petition, with “more than $927 million in debt.”
Nous alleged that in October 2006 the Bankruptcy Division of the Ordinary Court of
Rome rejected Cecchi Gori’s proposed reorganization plan. The Court of Rome
subsequently confirmed Franco and Torri as co-liquidators of Nous. According to Nous,
Nous owed Finmavi almost $9 million, and Cecchi Gori Pictures and Cecchi Gori USA
collectively owed Finmavi “approximately $47 million as a result of funds Cecchi Gori
caused [Finmavi] to transfer to [these two] entities.”
       In 2008 Cecchi Gori Pictures and Cecchi Gori USA became involved initially as
defendants in a lawsuit in Los Angeles County Superior Court filed by a former officer of
Cecchi Gori Pictures and Cecchi Gori USA named Gianni Nunnari, which the parties
refer to as the Nunnari action. Cecchi Gori Pictures and Cecchi Gori USA filed and
ultimately prevailed on a cross-complaint in the Nunnari action, and in March 2011 they
obtained a judgment in the amount of $13,786,465. In April 2011 the Ordinary Court of
Rome, 6th Criminal Division, “issued an order granting Nous recovery of” the
$13,786,465 judgment Cecchi Gori Pictures and Cecchi Gori USA had obtained in the

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Nunnari action. According to Nous, the Italian court, “[i]n order to prevent Cecchi Gori
from obtaining, spending or removing the money from the legitimate expectation of
creditors,” issued an order stating that Nous is entitled to the proceeds of the Nunnari
judgment. Nous refers to this order as the “Italian Judgment.”
       Thus, Nous alleged that the $13,786,465 judgment Cecchi Gori Pictures and
Cecchi Gori USA obtained in the Nunnari action “is one of the assets controlled by Nous
that is subject to liquidation.” Noting that Cecchi Gori Pictures and Cecchi Gori USA
were attempting to collect on the Nunnari judgment, Nous alleged that Cecchi Gori was
seeking to violate Italian court orders and judgments and “to engage in continued
bankruptcy fraud to loot the assets of [Finmavi] and other entities he controls or
controlled to put them beyond the reach of creditors.”    Nous sought a declaration that it
is the “ultimate parent company” of Cecchi Gori Pictures and Cecchi Gori USA and is
entitled to the proceeds of the $13,786,465 judgment in the Nunnari action, recognition of
the Italian Judgment under the Uniform Foreign-Country Money Judgments Recognition
Act (Code Civ. Proc., §§ 1713-1724), and the appointment of a receiver for Cecchi Gori
Pictures and Cecchi Gori USA.

       B.     The Written Discovery
       Nous propounded sets of written discovery to all three defendants, Cecchi Gori
Pictures, Cecchi Gori USA, and Vittorio Cecchi Gori: requests for production of
documents, special interrogatories, form interrogatories, and requests for admission. The
three defendants responded primarily with objections.
       The discovery served by Nous fell into several general categories (four according
to Nous in the trial court, five according to Cecchi Gori Pictures and Cecchi Gori USA on
appeal). The discovery requests generally sought documents and information relating to
ownership and control of Cecchi Gori Pictures and Cecchi Gori USA, recognition of the
Italian Judgment, and enforcement of the Nunnari judgment. The discovery also sought
financial and other documents and information about the relationship between Vittorio
Cecchi Gori and the two entities, Cecchi Gori Pictures and Cecchi Gori USA. Nous

                                             4
refers to this discovery as “facts related to the Finmavi bankruptcy that led to the
appointment of [Franco] and [Torri] as liquidators of Nous charged with taking control of
[Cecchi Gori Pictures and Cecchi Gori USA’s] assets.” The three defendants refer to this
discovery as “any and all financial information related to [Cecchi Gori Pictures and
Cecchi Gori USA] and Vittorio Cecchi Gori.”
       The defendants asserted various and numerous objections to Nous’s written
discovery, including that the discovery was not relevant or reasonably calculated to lead
to the discovery of admissible evidence, was overbroad, burdensome and oppressive,
called for production of documents and information protected by the attorney-client
privilege and the work product doctrine, violated Cecchi Gori’s privacy rights, sought
documents that were public records, and demanded information that was not discoverable
under Civil Code section 3295. The defendants also asserted that they had previously
produced the documents that Nous was seeking in discovery.
       Nous moved to compel further responses to its written discovery, for production of
documents, and for monetary sanctions under the discovery statutes. The defendants
opposed the motions, arguing that they had produced all documents relating to the
ownership and control of Cecchi Gori Pictures and Cecchi Gori USA, which the
defendants claimed were the only relevant issues in the case, and that Nous was not
entitled in this action to take discovery on any other issues.

       C.      The Trial Court’s Orders
       The trial court heard Nous’s discovery motions against Vittorio Cecchi Gori on
June 12, 2014, Nous’s discovery motions against Cecchi Gori Pictures on June 17, 2014,
and Nous’s discovery motions against Cecchi Gori USA on June 19, 2014. The court
issued minute orders, of 20, 21, and 5 pages, respectively, granting the motions to compel
almost in their entirety and imposing monetary sanctions against the responding party and
his or its attorneys.
       In its June 12, 2014 order the court noted that Cecchi Gori’s “opposition fails to
address the motions regarding the [requests for production of documents], form

                                              5
interrogatories, and special interrogatories,” and “offers no specific arguments regarding
why he should not be compelled to provide further responses to these requests.” The
court also noted that Cecchi Gori “essentially failed to produce any responsive documents
whatsoever. While he indicated that he would produce all non-privileged documents
with regards to certain requests, he has not done so.” The court overruled Cecchi Gori’s
objections based on relevancy (because relevancy is not the standard for discovery),
privacy (finding, after “a careful balancing,” that Nous’s right to a fair trial outweighed
Cecchi Gori’s privacy interests), foreign prosecution (concluding the Fifth Amendment
did not apply to “potential foreign prosecution”), and other objections, and ordered
Cecchi Gori to provide a log of any privileged documents. On the issue of monetary
sanctions, the trial court believed Cecchi Gori’s discovery responses were “totally
inadequate and shocking” and that it was “a clear-cut issue.” The court stated: “The
court finds that sanctions are appropriate under [Code of Civil Procedure sections]
2030.300[, subdivision] (d), 2031.310[, subdivision] (h), and 2033.290[, subdivision] (d).
The imposition of sanctions would not be unjust given the refusal to produce documents
or to supplement the responses to the form interrogatories, special interrogatories, and the
requests for admission. Defendant [Vittorio Cecchi] Gori and his counsel are ordered to
pay sanctions of $5,460 to Plaintiffs within 20 days.” Cecchi Gori filed a notice of
appeal on June 16, 2014.
       The court made similar rulings in its June 17, 2014 and June 19, 2014 orders with
respect to Cecchi Gori Pictures and Cecchi Gori USA. After explaining in detail the
inadequacies of the responses to Form Interrogatory No. 17.1 with respect to Nous’s
requests for admission, the court overruled objections similar to those asserted by Cecchi
Gori. On the issue of monetary sanctions, the court found: “Sanctions are required
against a party who unsuccessfully opposes a motion to compel further responses to
interrogatories, [requests for production of documents], and [requests for admissions],
unless the court finds that the one subject to the sanction acted with substantial
justification or that other circumstances make the imposition of the sanction unjust.
[Code Civ. Proc.,] §§ 2030.300, 2031.310, 2033.290. [¶] [Counsel for Nous] states that

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Nous incurred $5,460 on these four motion[s] for 7 hours at $405 ($2,835) plus one hour
at $605 ($605) on the motion, another 2 hours at $405 ($810) on reply, and another 2
hours at $605 for the hearing ($1,210). . . . The court finds the sanctions request
appropriate under the circumstances as a total for these four motions.” The court ordered
Cecchi Gori Pictures and Cecchi Gori USA each “to pay sanctions of $5,460 to plaintiffs’
counsel in 20 days.” Cecchi Gori Pictures and Cecchi Gori USA filed notices of appeal
on July 7, 2014.

                                      DISCUSSION

       A.     The Orders Are Appealable
       “The existence of an appealable judgment is a jurisdictional prerequisite to an
appeal.” (Jennings v. Marralle (1994) 8 Cal. 4th 121, 126; accord, Harrington-Wisely v.
State (2007) 156 Cal. App. 4th 1488, 1494.) “‘Generally, no order or judgment in a civil
action is appealable unless it is embraced within the list of appealable orders provided by
statute.’ [Citation.] With certain exceptions . . . appealable judgments and orders are
listed in Code of Civil Procedure section 904.1.” (Walker v. Los Angeles County
Metropolitan Transp. Authority (2005) 35 Cal. 4th 15, 19; see Montano v. The Wet Seal
Retail, Inc. (2015) 232 Cal. App. 4th 1214, 1225 [“[a] trial court order is appealable only
when made so by statute”].)
       Code of Civil Procedure section 904.1, subdivision (a)(12), states that “an order
directing payment of monetary sanctions by a party or an attorney for a party” is
appealable “if the amount exceeds” $5,000. (See Hopkins & Carley v. Gens (2011) 200
Cal. App. 4th 1401, 1409, fn. 3 [order imposing $9,000 in monetary sanctions is
appealable]; Ellerbee v. County of Los Angeles (2010) 187 Cal. App. 4th 1206, 1213 [“[a]n
order directing the payment of monetary sanctions by a party or its attorney is
immediately appealable if the amount of sanctions exceeds $5,000”].) This rule applies
to discovery sanctions orders. (See Tucker v. Pacific Bell Mobile Services (2010) 186
Cal. App. 4th 1548, 1559 [order imposing $7,500 in monetary sanctions for deposition

                                             7
misconduct was appealable]; Rail-Transport Employees Assn. v. Union Pacific Motor
Freight (1996) 46 Cal. App. 4th 469, 475 [“cases involving misuse of the discovery
process which result in sanctions exceeding $5,000 are reviewable by direct appeal”].)
Orders imposing monetary sanctions of $5,000 or less are reviewable by writ petition or
on appeal after final judgment. (Code Civ. Proc., § 904.1, subd. (b); see Calhoun v.
Vallejo City Unified School Dist. (1993) 20 Cal. App. 4th 39, 44 (Calhoun) [review of
orders imposing monetary sanctions less than the statutory minimum may “‘“be upon the
granting of a petition for an extraordinary writ”’”].)
       Each of the three orders in these appeals imposes monetary sanctions in excess of
$5,000. Therefore, they are appealable.
       Nous acknowledges that “[t]he sum total of the sanctions imposed on four separate
motions was $5,460.00 per defendant.” Nous argues, however, that the orders are not
appealable because “the monetary sanctions cover four separate motions, which in turn
address four separate sets of discovery, and expressly notes that the authority for the
monetary sanctions flows from three distinct statutory provisions dealing with requests
for production, requests for admission, and interrogatories.” Nous asserts that, although
the figure “$1,365” does not appear in any of the three orders, the trial court effectively
sanctioned each defendant “$1,365.00 on each of the four discovery motions.” Nous
contends that the three defendants are “attempt[ing] to improperly aggregate the
sanctions related to four separate motions to meet the $5,000 statutory threshold for
appealability under [Code of Civil Procedure section] 904.1[, subdivision] (a)(12).”
       Contrary to Nous’s assertion, the defendants are not improperly aggregating
separate monetary sanctions awards of less than $5,000. To the contrary, it is Nous that
is improperly disaggregating a monetary sanctions award of greater than $5,000 into
separate monetary sanctions awards of less than $5,000. As Vittorio Cecchi Gori points
out, the order “imposes a single monetary sanction against [him] in the amount of
$5,460.00,” does not “mention the amount of ‘$1,365,’” “nor in any way indicate[s] that
the $5,460 sanction award was to be divided or apportioned in any manner.” As Cecchi
Gori Pictures and Cecchi Gori USA argue, “[b]ecause the sanctions award was a single

                                              8
amount, payable to a single entity, the $5,4[60] figure (as to each [entity]) cannot be
characterized as an aggregated amount.”
       Discussing the attempted aggregation of two orders imposing monetary sanctions,
each of which was below the then-statutory limit of $750, the court in Calhoun, supra, 20
Cal. App. 4th 39 held: “We conclude that because of the Legislature’s intent to reduce the
number of appeals from monetary sanction orders and the confusion that would result
from a rule permitting aggregation, multiple sub-$750 sanctions may not be aggregated
under any circumstances to meet the appealability threshold of [former] section 904.1,
subdivision (k). We endorse a bright line rule that a sanction order is nonappealable if it
does not impose any sanction exceeding $750, and thus an order requiring payment of
multiple sanctions, none of which exceed[s] $750, is nonappealable even if the total
aggregated sanctions exceed $750.” (Id. at p. 45.) The court explained: “The
Legislature intended to create a $750 ‘bright line’ threshold for appealability of monetary
sanction orders. [Citation.] A rule permitting aggregation of ‘same conduct’ or
‘nonseparate’ sanctions would blur that bright line. In close cases . . . the sanctioned
party would be unsure whether to proceed by appeal or by writ petition. The wrong
decision could prove to be procedurally fatal. Bright lines are often too arbitrary to be of
much use in the substantive law, but they are usually quite serviceable and even preferred
as procedural rules, which should serve as clearly marked guideposts rather than traps for
the unwary.” (Calhoun, supra, at p. 45.)
       We agree with the reasoning of Calhoun. Disaggregation of an order imposing
one monetary sanction, just as aggregation of an order or orders imposing multiple
monetary sanctions, would violate the bright line rule the Legislature has created for
appeals of monetary sanctions orders and would create uncertainty. (See Calhoun, supra,
20 Cal.App.4th at p. 45.) Just as a party subject to monetary sanctions may not aggregate
orders imposing sanctions of $5,000 or less in order to meet the appellate jurisdictional

                                              9
limit, a party that has been awarded monetary sanctions in excess of $5,000 may not
break down the order into component parts to defeat appellate jurisdiction.1
      It is true, as Nous argues, that Nous filed four separate discovery motions against
each defendant, and the court’s June 17, 2014 and June 19, 2014 orders imposing
monetary sanctions against Cecchi Gori Pictures and Cecchi Gori USA state that the
court was awarding $5,460 in monetary sanctions “as a total for these four motions.” The
court’s June 12, 2014 order imposing monetary sanctions against Vittorio Cecchi Gori
similarly states that the court was awarding $5,460 in monetary sanctions “given the
refusal to produce documents or to supplement the responses to the form interrogatories,
special interrogatories, and the requests for admission.” The court’s monetary sanctions
orders also cite separate statutes on which the sanctions were based: Code of Civil
Procedure sections 2030.300 (for the motions to compel further responses to Nous’s form
and special interrogatories), 2031.310 (for the motions to compel further responses to

1
        Calhoun criticized Champion/L.B.S. Associates Development Co. v. E-Z Serve
Petroleum Marketing, Inc. (1993) 15 Cal. App. 4th 56, where the court considered a
hypothetical similar to the facts of this case: “[W]e recognize that there may be
situations where ‘aggregating’ separate sanction awards in order to reach the [then-
applicable] $750 minimum may be appropriate. Let us assume that a defendant
simultaneously propounds a set of interrogatories, a set of requests for admission, and a
request for production of documents to a plaintiff, and defendant believes plaintiff’s
responses are inadequate. Defendant files a motion (or perhaps two or three motions) to
compel further discovery. Plaintiff then opposes the motion (or motions), asserting the
responses are complete. The trial court sides with defendant and issues three separate
sanction awards of $600 each. In such a case, it could well be that it is the same conduct
which is being sanctioned three times. If so, we think ‘aggregation’ would be proper.”
(Id. at pp. 59-60.) Calhoun explained that “the very example given in [Champion/L.B.S.]
– multiple sanctions after opposition to a motion to compel further discovery upon three
discovery requests – illustrates the difficulty involved in applying such a standard: is
there a single course of misconduct in opposing the motion to compel, or are there
multiple instances of misconduct in failing to satisfy the three discovery requests?”
(Calhoun, 20 Cal.App.4th at p. 44.) The court in Calhoun concluded that “the standards
for aggregation suggested by” Champion/L.B.S. were “too vague and unwieldy to be of
practical value.” (Id. at p. 44.) The same concerns about aggregation described by the
Calhoun court apply to the kind of disaggregation Nous argues for here.

                                            10
Nous’s requests for production of documents), and 2033.290 (for the motion to compel
further responses to Nous’s requests for admission). But Code of Civil Procedure section
901.4, subdivision (a)(12), authorizes appeals from orders, like the orders in this case,
that impose monetary sanctions in excess of $5,000. Case law may not allow a party or
attorney subject to an order imposing monetary sanctions to aggregate separate sanctions
awards in order to reach $5,000 (see Calhoun, 20 Cal.App.4th at pp. 43-45), but there is
no prohibition on a trial court combining monetary sanctions on separate motions into an
aggregate amount in one order. And when a trial court does so, the resulting order is
appealable. Therefore, the trial court’s three orders here imposing monetary sanctions
against each defendant in the amount of $5,460 are appealable.

       B.     Standard of Review
       “We review the order imposing the sanctions for an abuse of discretion, and we
resolve any evidentiary conflicts most favorably to the trial court’s ruling, reversing ‘only
if the trial court’s action was “‘“arbitrary, capricious, or whimsical.”’” [Citation.]’
[Citation.]” (Ellis v. Toshiba America Information Systems, Inc. (2013) 218 Cal. App. 4th
853, 878 (Ellis); see Vidrio v. Hernandez (2009) 172 Cal. App. 4th 1443, 1452 [“[w]e
generally review orders for monetary sanctions under the deferential abuse of discretion
standard”].) The party or attorney subject to the sanction “has the burden to demonstrate
that the trial court erred, and where the evidence is in conflict we will not disturb the trial
court’s factual findings.” (Ellis, at p. 878.) The intent of the sanctioned party “is not
relevant to the propriety of the monetary sanctions. ‘“There is no requirement that
misuse of the discovery process must be willful for a monetary sanction to be imposed.”
[Citations.]’ [Citation.] ‘“Whenever one party’s improper actions – even if not ‘willful’
– in seeking or resisting discovery necessitate the court’s intervention in a dispute, the
losing party presumptively should pay a sanction to the prevailing party.”’” (Ibid.; see
Parker v. Wolters Kluwer U.S., Inc. (2007) 149 Cal. App. 4th 285, 294 [lack of substantial
justification “is implied in the order awarding sanctions”].) Our review is limited, and

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“issues unrelated to the propriety of the monetary sanction are not cognizable.” (Doe v.
United States Swimming, Inc. (2011) 200 Cal. App. 4th 1424, 1433.)

       C.     The Trial Court’s Orders Imposing Monetary Sanctions Were Not an
              Abuse of Discretion
       The three defendants do not argue that the trial court abused its discretion in
imposing monetary sanctions because, although the court may have properly overruled
their objections and granted the motions to compel, they acted with substantial
justification in making the objections and opposing Nous’s motion to compel. Nor do the
defendants argue that there are other circumstances that make the imposition of the
sanction unjust. (See Code Civ. Proc., §§ 2030.300, subd. (d), 2031.310, subd. (h),
2033.290, subd. (d).) Instead, the three defendants argue that the trial court abused its
discretion in imposing monetary sanctions because their objections were valid and the
trial court should not have granted Nous’s motions to compel (and therefore, presumably,
they acted with substantial justification).
       The defendants argue first that in January 2013, eight months before Nous served
its written discovery in September 2013, they gave Nous “and its accountants unfettered
access to [Cecchi Gori Pictures and Cecchi Gori USA’s] corporate records.” The trial
court, however, found that Cecchi Gori had not produced all responsive documents, and
substantial evidence, primarily the several declarations of counsel for Nous, supports that
finding.2 Indeed, the court’s ruling took into account that Cecchi Gori Pictures and
Cecchi Gori USA may have produced some of the documents Nous was asking for in
discovery by ruling that, “[t]o the extent the documents have already been produced as
required in conformity with [Code of Civil Procedure sections] 2031.210-2031.250, the

2
       Counsel for Nous stated in his declarations that at one point Cecchi Gori Pictures
and Cecchi Gori USA produced 49 pages of documents, but they did not produce most of
the documents requested by Nous. Two months after Nous filed its motions to compel,
Cecchi Gori Pictures and Cecchi Gori USA “made a supplemental production of 166
pages of documents.”
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responses should so state and identify which documents already produced are responsive
to the particular demand.” More generally, the defendants’ position that they did not
have to respond to formal written discovery and produce documents because they had
previously made their books and records available was flawed. Even if a party has
voluntarily produced documents earlier in or before the commencement of the litigation,
that party must still respond to written discovery and (again) make available for
inspection and copying documents responsive to specific requests. The trial court did not
abuse its discretion in sanctioning the defendants for unsuccessfully opposing the
motions on the ground that they had previously produced documents to Nous.
       The defendants argue next that much of the information sought and many of the
documents requested by Nous were not discoverable because they were outside the issues
framed by the complaint. Specifically, Cecchi Gori Pictures and Cecchi Gori USA argue
that discovery related to their ownership and control and to the Italian Judgment Nous
seeks to domesticate was legitimate, but discovery relating to the Nunnari action and the
financial relationship among the three defendants was not. As the trial court correctly
explained in its orders, however, the Nunnari action and its proceeds are at the “heart” of
this action, and Nous’s discovery requests sought information that would locate and trace
“what happened to those funds.” Nous’s financial discovery properly sought documents
and information that was relevant and reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of
admissible evidence regarding several of the main issues in the case, including the
ownership and control Cecchi Gori Pictures and Cecchi Gori USA and the whereabouts
of the proceeds of the judgment in the Nunnari action. Indeed, financial documents and
information often prove ownership and control among related business entities. (See,
e.g., Doak v. Superior Court for Los Angeles County (1968) 257 Cal. App. 2d 825, 835, fn.
8 [“information as to the financial condition of a corporate defendant is admissible and
discoverable before trial in an action involving an alter ego issue”]; Iantosca v. Benistar
Admin Services, Inc. (S.D. Ind. 2012) 2012 WL 392994, p. *3 [“bank records may show
undercapitalization [and] corporate control”]; Del Campo v. American Corrective
Counseling Services, Inc. (N.D. Cal. 2008) 2008 WL 4858502, p. *4 [granting motion to

                                             13
compel production of “financial records that may show payment of non-corporate
expenses by a corporation, siphoning of funds from the corporation by the dominant
stockholder, commingling of funds and other assets, failure to segregate funds of the
separate entities, the misuse by an individual of the assets of the corporation, the absence
of corporate assets, and undercapitalization or the manipulation of assets and liabilities
between entities so as to concentrate the assets in one and the liabilities in another”].)
       More fundamentally, the defendants’ theory that discovery was limited to what
they contend Nous needed in order to prove its specific causes of action is inconsistent
with California law. Documents and information are discoverable if they are
unprivileged and either relevant or reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of
admissible evidence. (Code Civ. Proc., § 2017.010.) Contrary to the defendants’
assertion, “[d]iscovery . . . is not confined to the actual issues framed by the pleadings.”
(Anti-Defamation League of B’nai B’rith v. Superior Court (1998) 67 Cal. App. 4th 1072,
1095; see State Farm Mutual Automobile Ins. Co. v. Lee (2011) 193 Cal. App. 4th 34, 40
[California law “allow[s] a broad scope of discovery,” including “inquir[y] concerning
extraneous issues”]; Puerto v. Superior Court (2008) 158 Cal. App. 4th 1242, 1249
[“discovery statutes are to be construed broadly in favor of disclosure, so as to uphold the
right to discovery whenever possible”]; Mercury Interactive Corp. v. Klein (2007) 158
Cal. App. 4th 60, 98 [“[a]ny doubts regarding relevance are generally resolved in favor of
allowing the discovery,” and “[b]ecause of the breadth of the standard of discovery
relevance, ‘[m]uch of the information that surfaces during pretrial discovery may be
unrelated, or only tangentially related, to the underlying cause of action’”]; Jessen v.
Hartford Casualty Ins. Co. (2003) 111 Cal. App. 4th 698, 711 [the scope of discovery “is
‘broader than the issues’ and is not limited to admissible evidence”].) Indeed, “the
Discovery Act, by its very terms, authorizes inquiry into even irrelevant matters so long
as their revelation may lead to the discovery of admissible evidence.” (Dodge, Warren &
Peters Ins. Services, Inc. v. Riley (2003) 105 Cal. App. 4th 1414, 1420; see Children’s
Hospital Central California v. Blue Cross of California (2014) 226 Cal. App. 4th 1260,
1276 [“[f]or discovery purposes, information is relevant if it might reasonably assist a

                                              14
party in evaluating the case, preparing for trial, or facilitating settlement”].) The trial
court did not abuse its discretion in sanctioning the defendants for unsuccessfully
opposing the motions on the ground that Nous’s discovery was irrelevant.
       The defendants also argue that the discovery requests seeking communications
among the defendants and financial information asked for information that is protected by
Cecchi Gori’s right of privacy. As the trial court recognized, however, privacy protection
is not absolute. In Puerto v. Superior Court, supra, 158 Cal. App. 4th 1242, this court
summarized the framework for evaluating such privacy objections. “First, a claimant
must possess a ‘legally protected privacy interest.’ [Citation.] Second, the claimant must
have a reasonable expectation of privacy under the particular circumstances, including
the customs, practices, and physical settings surrounding particular activities. [Citation.]
Third, the invasion of privacy must be serious in nature, scope, and actual or potential
impact. . . . If there is a reasonable expectation of privacy and the invasion of privacy is
serious, then the court must balance the privacy interest at stake against other competing
or countervailing interests, which include the interest of the requesting party, fairness to
the litigants in conducting the litigation, and the consequences of granting or restricting
access to the information.” (Id. at pp. 1250-1251.) The trial court properly applied this
analysis. Citing In re Ins. Installment Fee Cases (2012) 211 Cal. App. 4th 1395, 1428, the
court noted that “[i]n civil cases courts must ‘indulge in a careful balancing of the right of
civil litigants to discover relevant facts, on the one hand, with the right of [individuals] to
maintain reasonable privacy regarding their financial affairs, on the other.’” The court
found that “[t]he documents in question are highly relevant to [Nous’s] claims” and that,
to the extent any privacy interests were implicated, they “are outweighed by [Nous’s]
right to a fair trial.” No abuse of discretion here.
       Finally, the defendants argue Nous’s discovery was overbroad and unduly
burdensome. None of the defendants, however, submitted any evidence showing the
nature and extent of the burden, as required. (See West Pico Furniture Co. v. Superior
Court (1961) 56 Cal. 2d 407, 417; Mead Reinsurance Co. v. Superior Court (1986) 188
Cal. App. 3d 313, 321.) And the trial court actually sustained the overbreadth objections

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and limited production of documents to the time period after 2001. Again, the defendants
have not shown an abuse of discretion.

                                    DISPOSITION

      The orders are affirmed. Nous is to recover its costs on appeal.

             SEGAL, J.

We concur:

             PERLUSS, P. J.

             BECKLOFF, J.*

*
 Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.

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