Court Opinion

ID: 7802045
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-08-19 15:05:49.672904+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:29:23.127001
License: Public Domain

NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

                                              No. 124,304

              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

                                        JERRY L. PENNER SR.,
                                             Appellant,

                                                     v.

                                           CITY OF TOPEKA,
                                              Appellee.

                                   MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Appeal from Shawnee District Court; TERESA L. WATSON, judge. Opinion filed August 19, 2022.
Affirmed.

       Eric Kjorlie, of Topeka, for appellant.

       Shelly Starr, chief of litigation, City of Topeka, for appellee.

Before ARNOLD-BURGER, C.J., MALONE and COBLE, JJ.

       PER CURIAM: Jerry L. Penner Sr. owned a vacant house in Topeka that caught fire
and partially burned. After an inspection by the City of Topeka's property maintenance
unit (City) revealed property damage from not only the fire but apparent disrepair, the
City filed an unsafe structure complaint. Over the next few years, multiple administrative
hearings were held to address Penner's planned rehabilitation of the home, including
several hearings that were rescheduled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Ultimately, the
administrative hearing officer ordered Penner to demolish the house at a hearing where
Penner failed to appear. On appeal, Penner argues the administrative hearing officer's
decision was not supported by substantial evidence and violated his due process rights

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because he was not given an opportunity to be heard on the progress he made on
rehabilitating the home. Penner ignores the applicable standard of review and provides no
authority to support his conclusory arguments of a due process violation. We find the
administrative hearing officer's decision was supported by substantial evidence and did
not violate Penner's due process rights because Penner was afforded many opportunities
to be heard prior to the demolition order.

                        FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       In March 2018, a vacant residential property in Topeka owned by Penner caught
fire. Although the fire was extinguished, the back area of the house, including the
kitchen, was destroyed by the fire. A City inspector visited the property a day after the
fire and noted the rest of the home revealed "dilapidated conditions unrelated to the fire,
with a gutted interior, holes in the roof, and a missing window in the front." A few
months later, the City code official filed a complaint alleging the property did not meet
the minimum standards under the 2012 International Property Maintenance Code (the
Code), which was adopted by the City. The City scheduled a hearing with an
administrative hearing officer. The complaint contained eight specific improvements
necessary for Penner to bring the property into compliance with the Code. The complaint
also included a list of items Penner was to bring to the hearing to demonstrate his intent
to repair the structure, including proof of his financial capabilities, a timetable for
completion of repairs, and any other information that might be helpful, such as contacts
with other inspectors, entities, or contractors.

       Penner appeared at the first administrative hearing on August 1, 2018. After
considering the evidence of the parties, the administrative hearing officer found the home
was unfit for human use or habitation and did not meet the minimum code standards
adopted by the City. The hearing officer granted Penner's request for continuance because
Penner said he intended to rehabilitate the home but provided no plans or timeline. The

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hearing officer ordered Penner to provide a timeline at the next hearing. The order stated:
"Failure of the owner(s) to appear will result in the [hearing officer] finding the owner(s)
in default and issuing an order requiring the owner(s) to demolish and remove the
structure within thirty (30) days of the date on the certification of service."

       Following the first hearing, Penner appeared before the administrative hearing
officer 9 times during 10 hearings held from August 2018 to February 2020. Before each
hearing date, a City inspector would visit the property to take photos to show any work
done on the home, and the code official would present the photos to the hearing officer at
the next hearing.

       The hearing officer continued the hearings held in September 2018 and October
2018 to permit Penner time to receive bids and create his rehabilitation timeline. Photos
taken by the City inspector showed that by December 17, 2018, Penner had begun
removing the fire-damaged former kitchen addition on the rear of the home. At the
hearing in February 2019, Penner said he was making repairs to the home to comply with
the Code and the hearing officer continued the hearing. But photos taken by the City
inspector showed that, by February and April 2019, Penner had not made any additional
progress.

       The hearing officer granted Penner a "last continuance" at the April 2019 hearing
but continued the matter again when the parties appeared at the July 2019 hearing. By
July 2019, although the original part of the home was still boarded up, it appeared some
repairs were occurring.

       At the October 2019 hearing, the City code official submitted more documents and
photographs into evidence, but it appears Penner presented no evidence. Photos showed
that Penner had replaced the fire-damaged kitchen area as well as some new windows and
roof repair. This led the City inspector to conclude that the exterior remodel was "pretty

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much completed" although boarded windows remained on the front of the house, and
what would be a rear entrance in the new addition also remained boarded. The October
2019 hearing order specified Penner needed to "[b]ring evidence of any progress" to the
next hearing.

       The hearing order for the January 2020 hearing stated Penner failed to appear, and
the hearing officer again continued the case and required Penner to "[b]ring photos" to
the next hearing. Penner appeared at the next hearing in February 2020, apparently
without photos, and suggested he was still making repairs to the home. The hearing
officer ordered Penner to "call [the] Code Inspector if interior work makes any progress
or bring photos . . . of [his] progress" to the next hearing. The City code official
submitted photos in January and February 2020 that showed "no additional work had
been done on the rear of the house as time went on" and on the front side of the house
"there were still boarded windows."

       The City rescheduled Penner's next hearing to May 13, 2020, because of an
emergency public health order that closed all City buildings. The hearing notice stated:
"If for any reason you must miss your hearing, please call immediately. Missed hearings
due to extenuating circumstances may be rescheduled at the discretion of the
Administrative Hearing Officer. If you have any questions or concerns, please call our
office." The notice also included a phone number for contacting the property maintenance
code division, the agency handling the complaint against Penner's property. The City
rescheduled the hearing three more times based on the Emergency Public Health Order,
and each order similarly specified to "call immediately" if Penner needed to reschedule
the hearing.

       The City ultimately scheduled the hearing for September 9, 2020. During a later
evidentiary hearing at the district court, Larry Johnson, a City of Topeka certified
property maintenance inspector and the code official for Penner's property, testified the

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City gave Penner notice of the administrative hearing by first class mail before the
hearing at the same address where he received previous notices. Johnson also testified
that he called Penner the day before the hearing, as he customarily does before any
hearing, "to make sure [individuals are] aware of the hearing and hadn't forgotten it."
Johnson left Penner a voice message reminding him about the hearing. Penner called him
back the next day—the day of the hearing—and told Johnson that he would not attend
because "he was afraid of the exposure of Coronavirus." Penner did not request a
continuance.

       Penner failed to appear at the hearing. Photographs taken by the City inspector in
September 2020 showed no other progress on the property. The house "did not have a
kitchen, or a bathroom, cooking facilities, or heating facilities, or hot water facilities."
Based on the documents and photographs admitted into evidence by the City code
official, the hearing officer found the home was "so deteriorated or dilapidated or has
become so out of repair as to be dangerous, unsafe, unsanitary or otherwise unfit for
human habitation or occupancy." Under the Code adopted by the City, a structure is
"unreasonable to repair" if the repair costs exceed 30 percent of the replacement value.
And because the code official estimated the cost of the rehabilitation of Penner's home at
$55,951.48—well over 30 percent of the replacement cost of $112,510—the hearing
officer ordered Penner to "remove or demolish the [h]ouse" within 30 days.

       Penner timely appealed the administrative hearing officer's decision to the
Shawnee County District Court under K.S.A. 60-2101(d). He argued "it would be just
and equitable to permit him to file additional pleadings and to file pertinent additional
evidence in support of his pray[er] for relief of requiring the City of Topeka to allow him
additional time for him to complete his property renovations" by staying the hearing
officer's demolition order.

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       Months earlier, our Supreme Court issued Kansas Supreme Court Administrative
Order 2020-PR-58, effective May 27, 2020, and then extended it by Kansas Supreme
Court Administrative Order 2021-PR-001, effective January 8, 2021. These
administrative orders suspended all "statutes of limitation and statutory time standards or
deadlines applying to the conduct or processing of judicial proceedings." Order 2020-PR-
58, at 2. Although the order suspended such deadlines, it also permitted district courts to
exempt cases from such suspensions. Order 2020-PR-58, at 2.

       The district court filed a journal entry indicating Penner's appeal was exempt from
the suspension of deadlines. The order stated:

                 "After consultation with the parties and review of the file, this Court enters an
       order of exemption to avoid further delay, and imposes a deadline of February 11, 2021,
       for Penner to file responses to discovery currently pending. Further, as of the date of this
       order, this matter is no longer subject to the suspension of time in the Supreme Court's
       order."

       The district court scheduled a videoconference evidentiary hearing on Penner's
appeal for March 2, 2021. Penner appeared for the hearing. During the hearing, Penner
testified he did not receive notice of the rescheduling of the administrative hearing for
September 9, 2020. The district court did not find his testimony to be credible,
particularly considering Johnson's testimony on his call to and from Penner.

       The district court ultimately affirmed the administrative hearing officer's
demolition order finding that Penner failed to make the necessary repairs to the home in
the three years since the fire, and his dispute simply centered on his "desire to have more
time to complete repairs." The district court found: "Based on the evidence
presented, . . . the hearing officer's order was within the scope of his authority, was
supported by substantial evidence, and was not fraudulent, arbitrary, or capricious."

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       Penner moved to alter or amend the district court's decision, arguing that the City
had violated his due process rights because, due to COVID-19 infection rates, he could
not attend the hearing where the administrative hearing officer ordered demolition and
there was no procedure in place to request a continuance of the administrative hearing.
The district court denied this motion under both K.S.A. 60-259 and K.S.A. 60-260.

       Penner appeals.

                                         ANALYSIS

       Penner's overarching request is for this court to grant a continuance or remand the
case for an administrative hearing so that he might get the chance to present evidence on
the amount of rehabilitation he had completed on the home. He claims that "both his
procedural and substantive due process rights" afford him a reasonable opportunity "to
present his evidence and be heard on the merits of the case and not by default." Much of
Penner's argument is difficult to comprehend, but it seems he presents two discernable
issues on appeal.

       Penner's first declared issue is his claim that there was no procedure available by
which a citizen could request a continuance of the administrative hearing—especially
considering the COVID-19 pandemic—which denied him due process. In his second
issue, Penner maintains the administrative hearing officer did not permit him the
opportunity to present evidence of his home rehabilitation. But he does not benefit this
court with a separate analysis for this issue. Rather, Penner simply "adopts and
incorporates his Memorandum of Issue I . . . in full." Given the lack of distinct analysis,
we will combine the issues for review.

       Penner limits our ability to address his claim because he does not properly frame
his claim within the scope of appellate review. Penner cites standards of review for a

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district court's denial of a continuance and references the trial court's ability to grant a
new trial—neither of which applies here. Penner briefly reviews due process standards,
but he does not apply these standards to explain how the City violated his due process
rights. Penner simply claims the City did not give him a chance to be heard.

Appropriate standard of review

       We must first address both this court's and the district court's task under K.S.A.
60-2101(d), which confers jurisdiction on a district court to review the action of a
political subdivision exercising "judicial or quasi-judicial functions." When a petitioner
appeals under this statute, as Penner did, the district court is limited to reviewing the
political subdivision's decision under a tripartite standard: whether the decision fell
within the scope of the subdivision's authority; whether the decision was supported by
substantial evidence; or whether it was fraudulent, arbitrary, or capricious. Robinson v.
City of Wichita Employees' Retirement Bd. of Trustees, 291 Kan. 266, 270, 241 P.3d 15
(2010). On appeal from the district court, this court reviews the decision as though
Penner filed his initial appeal directly with us. See 291 Kan. at 270; Butler v. U.S.D. No.
440, 244 Kan. 458, 464, 769 P.2d 651 (1989).

       While Penner did not make a clear argument to the district court or this court
under this threefold standard, he has not argued that the administrative hearing officer
acted outside his scope of authority. He has also not claimed the hearing officer's decision
was somehow fraudulent, arbitrary, or capricious. Because Penner provides no argument
on these points, any argument on the topics is abandoned. See In re Marriage of
Williams, 307 Kan. 960, 977, 417 P.3d 1033 (2018) (holding that an issue not adequately
briefed is waived or abandoned); Russell v. May, 306 Kan. 1058, 1089, 400 P.3d 647
(2017) (holding that a point raised incidentally in a brief and not argued is considered
waived or abandoned).

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       Penner's argument may be construed to challenge whether the City's demolition
order was supported by substantial evidence. He claims "the [r]ecord cannot substantiate
certain findings of the [t]rial [c]ourt concerning [his] rights to a continuance to have the
opportunity to present evidence to the City of Topeka's [hearing officer] in a meaningful
way" because of his "legitimate safety concerns" during the pandemic. Any such
evidentiary argument fails.

       There are no true disputes over the facts here. The City's property maintenance
code division produced photographs of the subject property taken on multiple dates, from
March 2018 through September 2020, which the code official submitted as evidence
without objection by Penner. These photos highlighted the dilapidated condition of the
property, the repairs Penner did complete, and how the property remained deficient under
the Code at the time of the September 2020 hearing. As noted by the City, despite making
some repairs, Penner does not challenge he did not make the necessary renovations to
bring the house into compliance within the time preceding the September 2020 hearing.
And though the home still lacked necessities required for occupancy under the Code,
such as a kitchen sink, Penner testified he was not seeking to rent the house at that time
and his planned repairs were complete. While he testified that he "replaced all the fire
damage," he did not seek to address the other deficiencies found in the home.

       Along with photos, the code division submitted its appraisal information and its
renovation cost estimator showing the costs of repair to the property which would bring it
into code compliance as an occupiable structure. This estimate explained the necessary
repair costs significantly exceeded 30 percent of the value of the structure—the threshold
permitted under the Code.

       But during the two and one-half years from the date of the fire to the final
administrative hearing, though the City gave Penner multiple opportunities to present
evidence of the progress he made toward rehabbing the property, he failed to do so. This

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fact undercuts both his argument regarding a lack of substantial evidence and his due
process argument. As early as the initial complaint in June 2018, the City directed Penner
to bring information to the hearing to prove up his rehabilitation plan. Despite the hearing
officer's repeated instructions to Penner to bring evidence of his progress on the property,
the record reflects he never produced any evidence to the hearing officer throughout the
administrative proceedings.

       Then, on his appeal, the district court set a date for an evidentiary hearing which
gave Penner almost two months to submit any exhibits in support of his position. Yet the
only exhibits admitted by Penner to the district court were copies of the Supreme Court's
Administrative Order 2021-PR-009, the hearing officer's final hearing order, and his
discovery responses. Although he sought to offer some photos into evidence during the
district court evidentiary hearing, Penner was not able to properly authenticate the photos.
As a result, they were not considered by the hearing officer. In addition, he did not
submit any financial information to rebut the City's appraisal or estimated renovation
costs. Penner even admitted in his testimony to the district court he did not find it
necessary to provide any evidence to the hearing officer about his costs of repair. And it
is worth noting Penner does not argue the City code division's photographs inaccurately
depicted the state of the structure.

       "'Substantial evidence is "evidence which possesses both relevance and substance,
and which furnishes a substantial basis of fact from which the issues can be reasonably
resolved."'" Davenport Pasture, LP v. Morris County Board of Comm'rs, 31 Kan. App.
2d 217, 223, 62 P.3d 699 (2003). Upon our independent review of the relevant evidence
in the record produced by the code enforcement division, we find the evidence presented
was more than adequate to support the hearing officer's decision.

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Penner was not denied due process.

       Penner's primary challenge to the administrative hearing officer's order and district
court findings is his due process argument. He seems to be arguing that without a
mechanism to request a continuance, the code violates due process standards. In his brief
on appeal, Penner argues: "The question to be posited is if discretionary on the part of
the Administrative Hearing Officer, as whether or not to grant a continuance, where is the
due process protection for a citizen?"

       Penner neither specifies to which code he refers, nor makes a proper argument on
why the lack of such method within the "Agency's Code" violates due process standards.
Although we could assume from the context of the issue that he references the 2012
International Property Maintenance Code adopted by the City, it is not incumbent on this
court to supply his arguments or connections. The lack of clarity in Penner's argument,
and his failure to properly support and address the argument, is fatal to a claim of
whether the Code itself violates due process standards. See Russell, 306 Kan. at 1089
(holding that a point raised incidentally in a brief and not argued therein is inadequately
briefed and thus waived and abandoned); see also In re Adoption of T.M.M.H., 307 Kan.
902, Syl. ¶ 6, 416 P.3d 999 (2018) (holding that a point raised without pertinent authority
or without analysis explaining why it is sound despite a lack of supporting authority is
inadequately briefed and thus waived or abandoned).

       Having disposed of Penner's due process challenge to the "Agency's Code,"
Penner's remaining argument, interpreted broadly, contends that the City violated his due
process rights when the hearing officer did not give him a chance to present evidence of
the home's rehabilitation. Although Penner claims the City violated his procedural and
substantive due process rights, his argument focuses only on the procedural rights.

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       The basic elements of procedural due process are notice and an opportunity to be
heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner. Winston v. Kansas Dept. of SRS,
274 Kan. 396, 409, 49 P.3d 1274 (2002). The first determination a court must make when
reviewing a procedural due process claim is whether a protected liberty or property
interest is involved. It is only when a court finds a protected interest is implicated that it
must then determine the nature and extent of the process that is due. 274 Kan. at 409.

       Penner does not benefit this court with an argument contending a protected liberty
or property interest is involved, but Kansas courts have found due process claims to be
within the scope of an appeal under K.S.A. 60-2101(d). See Unruh v. U.S.D. No. 300,
245 Kan. 35, 43, 775 P.2d 171 (1989) (upholding district court's conclusion the Board of
Education acted arbitrarily and capriciously, resulting in denial of due process); see also
Haddock v. U.S.D. No. 460, 233 Kan. 66, 69, 77-78, 661 P.2d 368 (1983) (affirming
district court's conclusion the Board of Education's decision was not supported by
substantial competent evidence and the board had denied teacher's right to due process).
But even assuming a protected interest is involved, Penner's claim is unpersuasive
because the City gave him notice and it provided many opportunities for him to be heard
in a meaningful time and manner.

       Penner's argument is unpersuasive, primarily, because the City gave him at least
10 opportunities to appear before the hearing officer and present evidence of the
rehabilitation of the home before the order of demolition. In fact, the hearing officer
ordered him to present such evidence on at least three occasions. At the October 23, 2019
hearing—which occurred 19 months after the home caught fire—the hearing officer
ordered Penner to "[b]ring evidence of any progress" at the next scheduled hearing. At
the next hearing on January 22, 2020, the hearing officer ordered Penner to "[b]ring
photos" to the next scheduled hearing. At that hearing on February 19, 2020, the hearing
officer ordered Penner to "call [the] code inspector if interior work makes any progress or
bring photos . . . of progress." Penner complied with none of these orders.

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       Penner's next and final hearing occurred seven months later, but Penner neither
appeared nor provided the required evidence that the hearing officer ordered. It was at
this hearing that the administrative officer ordered demolition of the home. While his
argument remains unclear, a broad interpretation of Penner's contention suggests that he
believes he should have been granted another continuance to present evidence at this
hearing due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

       In any event, Penner's argument is unpersuasive because the notices of
administrative hearing that Penner received conveyed Penner could request a
continuance. Although the City rescheduled Penner's final hearing four times, each notice
included language informing him that hearings "may be rescheduled at the discretion of
the Administrative Hearing Officer" and to call the office with questions or concerns. The
notice also included a phone number for contacting the Property Maintenance Code
Division.

       Despite the language of the notices, Penner did not call to request a continuance of
the September 9, 2020 hearing. At the evidentiary hearing before the district court, the
maintenance inspector and code official for Penner's property, Johnson, testified the City
gave Penner notice of the administrative hearing by first class mail before the hearing.
Johnson also testified that he called Penner the day before the hearing, as he customarily
does, to ensure Penner remembered. Penner called him back the next day—the day of the
hearing—and simply told Johnson that he would not attend the hearing because "he was
afraid of the exposure of Coronavirus."

       Penner, conversely, testified before the district court that he could not present the
evidence of home rehabilitation because he "didn't even know there was a hearing
scheduled for that . . . time." But in its order affirming the administrative order, the
district court explicitly stated it did not believe Penner's testimony was credible. The
court found:

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               "Penner testified that he was not aware of the September 9, 2020, hearing. The
       Court does not credit his testimony. The notice of hearing was sent to the same post
       office box as all prior correspondence, including multiple notices of other hearings where
       he later personally appeared. Further, he returned a call from Johnson the day before
       reminding him of the hearing. Penner told Johnson he would not attend because of
       COVID-19, but he did not contact the hearing officer to obtain a continuance or make
       other arrangements. There is no due process violation here."

       A review of the record supports the district court's conclusion. While Penner
claims he did not know about the hearing, other evidence supports the district court's
conclusion that Penner was aware but failed to appear. The evidence similarly supports
the conclusion that Penner did not request a continuance before failing to appear.

       The City notified Penner of the date of the hearing, and it notified him of his
ability to call for a continuance of the hearing. Even so, Penner did not seek a
continuance and he merely informed the code inspector—the day of the hearing—that he
did not intend to appear. Put simply, Penner is arguing the hearing officer violated his
due process rights because the officer failed to provide him a continuance that he did not
request. This is not persuasive.

       And given the facts, the district court did not err in finding that the City did not
violate Penner's due process rights because it gave him multiple opportunities to be
heard. Penner had a chance to present evidence of the home's rehabilitation at the final
administrative hearing in September 2020, but he also had multiple occasions to be heard
at the many prior hearings that the hearing officer continued because Penner did not
present the evidence requested by the hearing officer.

       We consider any remaining arguments outside his claim of due process as waived
or abandoned by Penner because they were either raised incidentally or not properly
briefed. See In re Williams, 307 Kan. at 977; Russell, 306 Kan. at 1089. For example, in

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his brief Penner argues this court should find the administrative code requires a "good
cause standard for review to provide a minimal standard to permit an opportunity [Show
Cause Protection] for a citizen to request a continuance . . . ." Yet Penner provides no
explanation or authority to support his statement that a "good cause standard" should be
required.

       In sum, Penner has not presented this court with a claim that shows his due
process rights were violated when he failed to appear before the hearing officer after the
City provided him with notice of the hearing. Penner had many chances to be heard, yet
he presented no evidence. The City gave him instructions on how to seek a continuance
under the notices it provided him, but he did not request any continuances. An agency
need not continue a matter into perpetuity to accommodate a party's own lack of
performance, and there must be finality to litigation. See J.E. Akers Co. v. Advertising
Unlimited, Inc., 274 Kan. 359, 362, 49 P.3d 506 (2002) (noting that "while the law favors
determinations of disputed claims on the merits of the claims, the law also recognizes the
necessity of achieving finality in litigation").

       Affirmed.

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