Court Opinion

ID: 9781063
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-30 16:06:13.35504+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:11:16.209072
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                 No. 22-0569
                            Filed August 30, 2023

STATE OF IOWA,
     Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

JOSEPH ALLEN VANDERFLUGHT,
     Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Decatur County, Thomas P. Murphy,

Judge.

      Joseph Vanderflught appeals two convictions for attempt to commit murder.

AFFIRMED.

      Karmen R. Anderson, Des Moines, for appellant.

      Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Thomas J. Ogden, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee.

      Considered by Ahlers, P.J., Badding, J., and Doyle, S.J.*

      *Senior judge assigned by order under Iowa Code section 602.9206 (2023).
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DOYLE, Senior Judge.

       On direct appeal, Joseph Vanderflught challenges two convictions for

attempt to commit murder for firing a rifle into a passing car and striking the people

inside. He challenges his attorney’s representation, several district court rulings,

and the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his convictions. Because we cannot

consider claims of ineffective assistance of counsel on direct appeal and we find

no merit in his claims of individual and cumulative error, we affirm.

       I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

       The State charged Vanderflught with two counts of attempt to commit

murder after he fired his rifle into a passing car, injuring the two people inside. At

the time, Vanderflught mistakenly believed that he was firing at a car driven by

Chance Newton, with whom he had been involved in an escalating feud. Just

before the shooting, a friend warned Vanderflught that Newton was driving to his

house with a gun “to deal with” Vanderflught. In response, Vanderflught retrieved

a rifle outfitted with a scope and waited in the yard.

       At trial, Vanderflught testified he saw headlights and heard excessive

acceleration coming in his direction. He believed he saw police lights coming from

behind the car.    Startled from hearing a gunshot and his daughter scream,

Vanderflught fired his rifle into the air. The car started to hit its brakes “and acted

like it was going to turn around and come back.” Vanderflught fired at the roof of

the car, and its back window exploded.

       A jury found Vanderflught guilty as charged. The district court sentenced

Vanderflught to two twenty-five-year sentences, ordering the sentences to run

concurrently. Vanderflught appeals.
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       II. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel.

       Vanderflught first contends his trial counsel’s representation was

unconstitutionally deficient, identifying objections that his attorney failed to make

during trial. He claims that these failures resulted in structural error, which affected

the framework of trial. But Iowa Code section 814.7 (2021) prohibits us from

deciding claims of ineffective assistance of counsel on direct appeal. See State v.

Tucker, 959 N.W.2d 140, 159 (Iowa 2021). Thus, we do not address the individual

claims of ineffective assistance or the structural error claim that stems from them.

       In the alternative, Vanderflught asks us to adopt a plain-error review, which

would allow us to consider the validity of those objections, even though they were

not brought to the court’s attention.       We cannot.      Our supreme court has

“repeatedly rejected plain error review,” State v. Treptow, 960 N.W.2d 98, 109

(Iowa 2021), and we cannot overrule that precedent, see State v. Beck, 854

N.W.2d 56, 64 (Iowa 2014).

       III. Evidentiary Rulings.

       Vanderflught next contends the court erred by determining two exhibits

containing text messages he exchanged with others are relevant and admissible.

Although Vanderflught objected to the admission of both exhibits on relevance

grounds at trial, the nature of his evidentiary challenge is different on appeal.1 For

this reason, the State alleges that error is not preserved. But even assuming error

1 At trial, Vanderflught objected that the exhibits were not relevant because the

State had not yet elicited evidence that he was the person who fired the shots in
question. On appeal, he argues that “the majority of text messages . . . were wholly
irrelevant to the facts of this case” and the exhibits “contained a significant amount
of inflammatory texts that would have colored the juries opinion of [him].”
                                          4

was preserved, the exhibits are relevant to explain the dispute that led to the

shooting and show Vanderflught’s intent to kill. The district court did not abuse its

discretion in admitting the exhibits into evidence. See State v. Lacey, 968 N.W.2d

792, 805 (Iowa 2021).

       IV. Lead Detective’s Presence During Voir Dire.

       Vanderflught also contends that he was denied a fair trial when the district

court allowed the lead detective to sit at counsel’s table during voir dire. He claims

that the detective sitting with the prosecutor during jury selection was like the

prosecutor vouching for him, bolstering his credibility as a witness. We review his

claim for an abuse of discretion. See State v. Sharkey, 311 N.W.2d 68, 70 (Iowa

1981) (reviewing a denial of the defendant’s motion to exclude the State’s

witnesses from the courtroom under an abuse-of-discretion standard); State v.

Frommelt, 159 N.W.2d 532, 537 (Iowa 1968) (stating that the trial court has

considerable discretion in conducting the trial). We reverse only if the court’s ruling

prejudiced Vanderflught. See Sharkey, 311 N.W.2d at 70.

       Before trial, Vanderflught’s attorney noted that the detective was seated at

counsel table. He argued that it was not appropriate for any law enforcement

officer to sit with counsel during trial and asked the court to sequester all the

witnesses, including the detective. The prosecutor responded that the detective

was seated there to assist him during the trial, “starting with jury selection.” The

court allowed the detective to remain in the courtroom at counsel table during voir

dire but not while other witnesses testified.
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       Iowa Rule of Evidence 5.615 authorizes the court to exclude witnesses from

the courtroom:

              At a party’s request, the court may order witnesses excluded
       so that they cannot hear other witnesses’ testimony. Or the court
       may do so on its own. But this rule does not authorize excluding:
              a. A party who is a natural person.
              b. An officer or employee of a party that is not a natural
       person, after being designated as the party’s representative by its
       attorney.
              c. A person whose presence a party shows to be essential to
       presenting the party’s claim or defense.
              d. A person authorized by statute to be present.

The purpose is to prevent witnesses from shaping their testimony to conform with

the testimony of other witnesses. See Sharkey, 311 N.W.2d at 70. But a party

may not exclude a witness from the courtroom as a matter for right. See id.

       We note that only one word differs between the Iowa rule and its federal

counterpart, Federal Rule of Evidence 615. Compare Iowa R. Evid. 5.615 (stating

that “the court may order witnesses excluded” (emphasis added)), with Fed. R.

Evid. 615 (stating that “the court must order witnesses excluded” (emphasis

added)).     Federal courts interpreting rule 615(b) have held it “allows the

investigative officer in a case to be the government’s designated representative to

assist the prosecutor at trial, notwithstanding that this officer will also testify at trial

as a government witness.”2 See, e.g., United States v. Robles-Pantoja, 887 F.2d

2 The advisory committee notes on the 1972 proposal of Federal Rule of
Evidence 615 notes that exception (b) adopts the federal court practice of “allowing
a police officer who has been in charge of an investigation to remain in court
despite the fact that he will be a witness.” In recommending adopting the rule, the
Senate Committee on the Judiciary expanded on the reasons for the practice,
which reflect the prosecutor’s statements at trial:
       The investigative agent’s presence may be extremely important to
       government counsel, especially when the case is complex or
       involves some specialized subject matter. The agent, too, having
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1250, 1257 (5th Cir. 1989). Because the rules are identical except to allow Iowa

courts greater discretion in excluding witnesses, we see no reason to interpret it

differently.

       The district court did not abuse its discretion. Rule 5.615 allows the court

to exclude witnesses to prevent them from hearing the testimony of other

witnesses. Despite the exception set out in paragraph (b), the court did not allow

the detective to remain in the courtroom during the testimony of other witnesses.

       V. Sufficiency of the Evidence.

       Vanderflught challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his

conviction. He argues that the shooting was justified because he reasonably

believed that he was being fired upon.

       We review a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence for correction of

legal errors. See State v. Heard, 636 N.W.2d 227, 229 (Iowa 2001). In doing so,

we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the State. See id. If substantial

evidence supports the verdict, we affirm. See id. Evidence is substantial if it would

        lived with the case for a long time, may be able to assist in meeting
        trial surprises where the best-prepared counsel would otherwise
        have difficulty.
S. Rep. 93-1277 (1974), 1974 U.S.C.C.A.N. 7051, 7072.
        Although no Iowa cases have interpreted rule 5.615(b), Kansas prohibited
the practice of allowing a testifying law enforcement officer from sitting at counsel
table during the trial for the reasons identified by Vanderflught. See State v.
Sampson, 301 P.3d 276, 282–83 (Kan. 2013) (holding that the officer’s presence
at the table “created too great an impression that he was ‘clothed with public
authority,’ thereby improperly enhancing his credibility with the jury”).
        [B]ecause of the likelihood of this practice enhancing a testifying law
        enforcement officer's credibility with the jury in any given case, we
        hold that from today forward, a trial court has no discretion to permit
        a testifying law enforcement officer to sit at the prosecution table,
        regardless of the practical benefits of that practice to the prosecution.
Id. at 283.
                                          7

convince a rational fact finder that the defendant is guilty beyond reasonable doubt.

See id.

       Vanderflught argues that even if he were mistaken about the danger

presented that night, his belief in that danger justified his actions. He notes the

information that he received from a friend that Newton was headed to his home

with a gun. The vehicle he shot at was the same color as Newton’s vehicle.

Vanderflught was also told that Newton was being chased by law enforcement,

and the vehicle he shot at was traveling at a high rate of speed and followed by a

law enforcement vehicle with its emergency lights engaged. Vanderflught testified

that he first fired after he heard a gunshot, and his daughter testified that a piggy

bank exploded in the kitchen when it was struck by a shot.

       Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, a reasonable

person could reject Vanderflught’s claim that he believed his family was in danger

on the night of the shooting. Although he claims he heard a shot, he did not tell

investigators about it until after the State charged him with attempted murder.

Vanderflught also claimed that he found the bullet that shattered the piggy bank,3

but he did not inform law enforcement when he found it. And he did not have the

bullet at the time of trial, claiming it was misplaced. Vanderflught also exchanged

messages with his friend that show he planned to shoot Newton, contradicting his

claim that he shot at the vehicle only after believing its occupants shot first. 4

Substantial evidence supports Vanderflught’s convictions.

3 Another person inside the house that night told investigators that the piggy bank

broke when it fell.
4 In his brief, Vanderflught notes that he “did not have any beef with” the two people

shot and “absolutely no motive to harm them.” But under the doctrine of transferred
                                          8

       VI. Cumulative Error.

       Finally, Vanderflught claims that he is entitled to a new trial based on the

cumulative effect of the errors alleged. See State v. Carey, 165 N.W.2d 27, 36

(Iowa 1969) (concluding that no individual error alone required a new trial, but

reversing the defendant’s convictions and remanding for new trial because the

cumulative effect of those errors deprived the defendant of a fair trial). But we

cannot decide Vanderflught’s ineffective-assistance claims on direct appeal, and

we find none of his other claims have merit. Without finding individual error, there

is no basis for reversing for cumulative error.

       We affirm Vanderflught’s convictions.

       AFFIRMED.

intent, any motive he had to harm Newton transferred to the vehicle’s occupants.
See State v. Mong, 988 N.W.2d 305, 313 (Iowa 2023) (“Iowa’s courts have
repeatedly applied the doctrine of transferred intent to impose liability where a
criminal defendant acts with intent to kill or harm one person but inadvertently kills
or harms an unintended person.”).