Court Opinion

ID: 4514116
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-03-09 22:16:11.215413+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:48:36.335837
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

STATE OF WASHINGTON,                                                             )
                                                                                         No. 79357-8-I
                                         Respondent,
                                                                                 )       DIVISION ONE
                           v.                                                    )
                                                                                 )
TANAR McKENZIE,                                                                  )       UNPUBLISHED OPINION

                                         Appellant.                              )       FILED: March 9, 2020
__________________________________________________________________________________)

             SMITH, J. —The State charged Tanar McKenzie with second degree assault with

a deadly weapon after he struck his mother with a cane and allegedly threatened her

with the 13-inch knife that was sheathed inside its handle. At trial, the State introduced

testimony by two officers who arrested McKenzie. The testimony included improper

ER 404(b) evidence of past criminal conduct. McKenzie moved for a mistrial, which the

trial court denied. Because the irregularities regarding the testimony were not serious,

there was not a substantial likelihood that the irregularities affected the jury’s verdict.

Thus, we affirm the conviction. However, because McKenzie previously had a DNA

(deoxyribonucleic acid) sample collected, the trial court erred in imposing the $100 DNA

fee. Therefore, we remand for the trial court to strike the fee.

                                                                                 FACTS

             McKenzie suffered a compound fracture of his leg in 2017, which required him to

use a walker and then a cane. His mother, Laura Cooper, with whom he lived, took off

a month of work to ‘help take care of him.” Cooper testified that at the time, McKenzie

“became difficult” to care for and “became abusive.” Cooper explained that on one
 No. 79357-8-1/2

occasion, Mckenzie “kind of hit [her] on [her] legs” with his walker. Further, she

recounted another experience where McKenzie “grabbed a knife off the counter [and]

    was going to swing it at [her].”

       Cooper testified that on October 27, 2017, Mckenzie was sleeping on the couch

and ‘yell[ed]” at her to come into their living room. When she told Mckenzie to “give

[her] a moment,” Mckenzie came “storming in” using his cane and asked, “[B]itch, didn’t

you hear me calling you[?]” She testified that when she again told Mckenzie to give her

a moment,

       [Mckenzie] hit me on my leg. And then he started in an upward motion,
       and so I turned over on my side and put my arm up, and he hit me in the
       back of the head and then—with his cane. And then I went—kind of
       ducked down more, and he hit me a couple of times on my back.

                 [H]e pulled the knife out of the cane   .   .   .   and had it up in the air.
       He was threatening   .  me with that knife.[1~
                                .

McKenzie took Cooper’s cell phone as he left the room, and Cooper testified that she

“was scared for [her] life.” As such, she drove to her daughter’s home and waited for

her to return. After waiting for around 30 minutes, Cooper drove to a nearby hospital

and borrowed someone’s phone to call 911. During the 911 phone call, which was

played at trial, Cooper alleged that Mckenzie had been “abusing [her]” and “hitting [her]

with his cane and stuff.”

       Mckenzie testified that he “had been drinking” that night. And originally, he

testified that he could not “remember what [the argument] was about” but later

explained that he was asking Cooper to take the trash out. Mckenzie admitted that he

       At McKenzie’s home, Officer Zachary Rockseth confiscated a cane with a knife
measuring “[a]bout 13 inches.”
                                            2
No. 79357-8-1/3

“took the cane and hit her on the top of the leg” and “tapped her twice” on the shoulder.2

He also admitted to taking Cooper’s cell phone “because she had kind of gotten into the

habit of calling the police whenever [they] got into an argument.” Additionally, he

admitted that they had previously got into “a little scuffle” when he was using his walker.

He denied, however, wielding a knife or threatening her with one on the night of the

incident or prior to.

       The State charged McKenzie with second degree assault with a deadly weapon

against a family or household member, a crime of domestic violence. Before trial,

McKenzie moved to exclude prior bad act evidence against him. The court granted the

motion with respect to McKenzie’s prior convictions. However, the court allowed the

State to put forth potential prior bad act evidence of McKenzie’s “behavior leading up to

th[e] incident.”

       At trial, Federal Way Police Officers Zachary Rockseth and Robert Bracco

testified that on October 27, 2017, they were dispatched to St. Francis Hospital in

Federal Way, Washington, where they met Cooper. Officer Rockseth took Cooper’s

statements, and he testified that he observed “some red markings” on Cooper’s back

that were “noticeable to the eye.” But the marks are not clearly visible in the pictures

that Officer Rockseth took at the scene and that the State entered into evidence at trial.

       Officer Rockseth testified that after speaking with Cooper, he and Officer Bracco

accompanied other officers to McKenzie’s residence. Upon arrival, Officer Bracco

observed a man with a leg cast and crutches come out of the woods near the residence.

       2 McKenzie also confirmed that he “testified   .   .   .   that [he] hit her on the leg and
then hit her on the shoulder at least twice.”
                                             3
No. 79357-8-1/4

When asked whether “other elements      .   .   .   of the description that was provided   .

match[ed McKenzie’s description],” Officer Rockseth answered that McKenzie also

matched the description for “an Ingress booking photo, so it’s the booking photo that’s

used for King County.” McKenzie objected outside the presence of the jury and moved

for a mistrial. The State recommended that the court provide a curative instruction to

the jury. But Mckenzie’s counsel determined that an instruction to disregard the

statement would only serve to highlight it. The trial court reserved its ruling on the

motion for a mistrial. After, in the presence of the jury, the State further questioned

Officer Rockseth on the issue, and Officer Rockseth elaborated that he also verified

Mckenzie’s identity through a Department of Licensing photo.

      Officer Bracco testified that while apprehending Mckenzie—but before he told

McKenzie he was being arrested for assault—McKenzie “was saying how his mother

[wa]s making up the story about the assault.” Officer Bracco testified that Mckenzie

stated, “He was glad he was going to jail before he killed someone.” Officer Bracco

then testified regarding the exchange between himself and Mckenzie:

      Q. And what did he specifically say that he did not care about?

      A. Can I refer from my report?

      Q. Absolutely. And I would just make sure that we’re being very specific
         about what the response—or what he says in response to saying he
         didn’t care about.

      A. He was ranting about how he kidnapped some—

      Q. Oh. So again I want to be very specific.

      A. Uh-huh.

      Q. What specifically did he say he didn’t care about?

                                                    4
No. 79357-8-1/5

       A. About going to jail.

Mckenzie again moved for a mistrial based on Officer Bracco’s reference to his prior

kidnapping conviction. McKenzie argued that the cumulative effect of both officers’

statements could not “be remedied by a limiting instruction.” The following day, the trial

court entered an oral ruling denying Mckenzie’s motion for mistrial. Specifically, it found

that the booking photo testimony was “not so overly prejudicial as to trigger a mistrial”

and that the kidnapping testimony was not “manifestly prejudicial.”

       A jury convicted McKenzie as charged. The court sentenced McKenzie and

ordered the payment of a $500 victim penalty assessment and a $100 DNA collection

fee. McKenzie appeals.

                                         ANALYSIS

                                           Mistrial

       McKenzie contends that the trial court erred when it denied his motion for a

mistrial. We disagree.

       The State acknowledges that the testimony was improper evidence under

ER 404(b). We review a court’s denial of a motion for mistrial for abuse of discretion.

State v. Rodriguez, 146 Wash. 2d 260, 269, 45 P.3d 541 (2002). “The trial court should

grant a mistrial only when the defendant has been so prejudiced that nothing short of a

new trial can insure that the defendant will be tried fairly.” State v. Johnson, 124 Wn.2d~

57, 76, 873 P.2d 514 (1994) (quoting Statev. Hopson, 113 Wash. 2d 273, 284, 778 P.2d
1014 (1989)). To this end, we recognize that “[t]he trial court is in the best position to

determine if a trial irregularity caused prejudice.” State v. Wade, 186 Wash. App. 749,

773, 346 P.3d 838 (2015). And we overturn “[a] trial court’s denial of a motion for

                                              5
 No. 79357-8-1/6

 mistrial   .       .    .   only when there is a ‘substantial likelihood’ that the error prompting the

 request for a mistrial affected the jury’s verdict.” Rodriguez, 146 Wash. 2d at 269-70

 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting State v. Russell, 125 Wash. 2d 24, 85, 882
P.2d 747 (1994)). To determine whether the improper testimony “may have influenced

the jury,” we consider “(1) the seriousness of the irregularity, (2) whether the statement

 in question was cumulative of other evidence properly admitted, and (3) whether the

irregularity could be cured by an instruction to disregard the remark, an instruction

which a jury is presumed to follow.” State v. Escalona, 49 Wash. App. 251, 254, 742 P.2d
190 (1987) (citing State v. Weber, 99 Wash. 2d 158, 165-66, 659 P.2d 1102 (1983)).

        Our opinion in Wade is instructive. A jury convicted Gary Wade of the second

degree murder of Michelle Thornton. Wade, 186 Wash. App. at 754. Wade’s DNA

matched the DNA profile found on Thornton’s body, there was substantial surveillance

video evidence of him entering Thornton’s apartment building near the time of her

death, and Wade admitted that he “plac[ed] Thornton in the closet after she had a heart

attack.” Wade, 186 Wash. App. at 759. In contrast to Wade’s testimony, medical expert

testimony found that Thornton “died of asphyxia from strangulation.” Wade, 186 Wn.

App. at 760.

       At trial, Detective Moore testified that a fellow detective “notified [him] that.              .

Wade.   .       .       had been booked into King County Jail recently prior to that.” Wade, 186
Wash. App. at 774. And “[w]hen asked if he had a photograph to aid him in identifying

Wade, Detective Moore replied, ‘Yes[,] we had a recent booking photo.” Wade, 186
Wash. App. at 774 (second alteration in original). The jury was instructed that Detective

Moore’s reference was to a misdemeanor drug violation that “was unrelated to the

                                                             6
No. 79357-8-1/7

investigation of this case.” Wade, 186 Wash. App. at 774. Wade moved for a mistrial,

which the trial court denied. Wade, 186 Wash. App. at 773. On appeal, we concluded

that the trial court did not abuse its discretion because “the testimony referring to a

booking photograph did not indicate that Wade had a propensity to commit murder or

that he had even been previously convicted of a crime,” and the reference was cured by

the stipulation. Wade, 186 Wash. App. at 775; see also State v. Gilcrist, 91 Wash. 2d 603,

612, 590 P.2d 809 (1979) (‘A mistrial should be granted only when ‘nothing the trial

court could have said or done would have remedied the harm done to the defendant.”

(quoting State v. Swenson, 62 Wash. 2d 259, 280, 382 P.2d 614 (1963), overruled on

other grounds j~y State v. Land, 121 Wash. 2d 494, 851 P.2d 678 (1993))).

       Here, the irregularities at trial are less serious than those in Wade. Officer

Rockseth’s testimony gave less detail, and he mentioned a booking photo but did not

refer to McKenzie’s time in jail. And the “mere fact that someone has been to jail does

not indicate a propensity to commit” the charged crime. State v. Condon, 72 Wash. App.
638, 649, 865 P.2d 521 (1993). Officer Bracco only mentioned that Mckenzie “was

ranting about how he kidnapped some—.” And like in Wade, the testimony did not

indicate that Mckenzie had the propensity to commit assault or that “he had even been

previously convicted of a crime.” Wade, 186 Wash. App. at 775. In fact, the testimony

does not make clear any of the context. Both officers provided no details of McKenzie’s

convictions during their ambiguous testimony. And while the testimony was not

cumulative of any other testimony or evidence, as McKenzie’s counsel below

recognized, a curative instruction would have served only to highlight the improper

testimony. But without knowing that Mckenzie was previously convicted of kidnapping

                                             7
No. 79357-8-1/8

and in the context of both McKenzie’s erratic behavior as testified to by both officers and

his drinking the night of the incident, the testimony was not “of such a nature as to likely

impress itself upon the minds of the jurors.” But ~f, Escalona, 49 Wash. App. at 255

(holding that the statement that the defendant “already has a record and had stabbed

someone” could not be cured by an instruction to the jury in a trial for second degree

assault with a deadly weapon) (quoting State v. Miles, 73 Wash. 2d 67, 71, 436 P.2d 198

(1968)). Finally, the testimony was insignificant given McKenzie’s admission that he hit

Cooper with his cane. Because it is clear that there is not a substantial likelihood that

the irregularities, even cumulatively, affected the jury’s determination of McKenzie’s

credibility or of his guilt, the trial court did not abuse its discretion.

                                             DNA Fee

       McKenzie asserts that because he has already provided his DNA sample due to

a prior felony conviction in King County, the $100 DNA collection fee should be stricken.

The State concedes. We accept the State’s concession.

       We affirm the conviction and sentence but remand for the trial court to strike the

$100 DNA collection fee.

                                                         A~JA d       ‘I

WE CONCUR: