Court Opinion

ID: 4442914
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-09-30 20:01:53.928286+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:50:55.124060
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                           No. 15-488L
                                   (Filed: September 30, 2019)

*************************************
TECHNICAL COLLEGE OF THE LOW *
COUNTRY,                            *
                                                     Rails-to-Trails; Trial; Liability; Valid
                                    *
                                                     Property Interest; Standing; Waiver; Scope
                  Plaintiff,        *
                                                     of Easement; Just Compensation; Larger
                                    *
                                                     Parcel Determination; Contiguity; Highest
      v.                            *
                                                     and Best Use; Unit Rule; Deed Restriction;
                                    *
                                                     Access; Comparable Sales; Adjustments;
THE UNITED STATES,                  *
                                                     Delay Damages; Attorney Fees and Costs
                                    *
                  Defendant.        *
*************************************

Thomas S. Stewart and Elizabeth McCulley, Stewart Wald & McCulley LLC, Kansas City, MO,
for plaintiff.

Jessica M. Held and Davene D. Walker, United States Department of Justice, Washington, DC,
for defendant.

                                    OPINION AND ORDER

SWEENEY, Chief Judge

       In this Rails-to-Trails action, plaintiff Technical College of the Lowcountry (“Technical
College”) asserts that it owns real property adjacent to a former rail corridor in Beaufort County,
South Carolina. 1 Technical College asserts that until 2009, the South Carolina State Ports
Authority (“Ports Authority”) and its predecessors held easements for railroad purposes that
abutted its land. According to Technical College, defendant United States then authorized the
conversion of the railroad rights-of-way into recreational trails pursuant to the National Trail
Systems Act (“Trails Act”), conduct that resulted in a taking in violation of the Just
Compensation Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. As explained
below, the court concludes that defendant is liable for a taking and thus Technical College is
owed just compensation of $755,165 in principal plus delay damages and attorney fees and costs
in amounts yet to be determined.

       1
          The case caption depicts Technical College’s name as “Technical College of the Low
Country” based on the complaint and cover sheet that Technical College filed upon initiating this
lawsuit. However, Technical College’s name is actually “Technical College of the Lowcountry”
pursuant to its enabling legislation. See S.C. Code Ann. § 59-53-910 (2002).
I. BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................ 3
      A. Statutory and Regulatory Context .................................................................................... 3
      B. Formation of Technical College....................................................................................... 4
      C. Initial Acquisition of the Land in Question...................................................................... 6
           1. The Rail Corridor ..................................................................................................... 6
           2. The Technical College Campus ............................................................................... 6
      D. Size of the Rail Corridor ................................................................................................ 11
      E. Proceedings Before the Surface Transportation Board .................................................. 12
      F. Procedural History .......................................................................................................... 13
II. LIABILITY ............................................................................................................................. 13
      A. Legal Standards .............................................................................................................. 13
      B. Ownership of Adjoining Land........................................................................................ 15
           1. Technical College Owned Adjacent Land as of the NITU’s Issuance .................. 15
           2. Defendant Waived Its Argument Regarding the Ports Authority .......................... 17
      C. Scope of Easement ......................................................................................................... 20
      D. A Taking Occurred Upon Issuance of the NITU ........................................................... 21
III. JUST COMPENSATION ...................................................................................................... 21
      A. Standards for Decision ................................................................................................... 21
           1. Legal Standards...................................................................................................... 21
           2. Appraisal Standards ............................................................................................... 22
      B. The Larger Parcel ........................................................................................................... 24
           1. Contiguity .............................................................................................................. 24
           2. Unity of Ownership................................................................................................ 25
           3. Highest and Best Use ............................................................................................. 25
                  a. Physically Possible ........................................................................................ 27
                  b. Legally Permissible....................................................................................... 27
                  c. Financially Feasible ...................................................................................... 27
                  d. Profitability ................................................................................................... 28
           4. Analysis.................................................................................................................. 28
      C. The Deed Restriction...................................................................................................... 30
      D. Access to the Island Parcel............................................................................................. 33
           1. Pedestrian Access................................................................................................... 33
           2. Vehicular Access ................................................................................................... 34
      E. Comparable Sales Analysis ............................................................................................ 36
           1. Description of the Sales Comparison Approach .................................................... 37
           2. Mr. Batson’s Comparable Sales............................................................................. 38
           3. Mr. Matthews’s Comparable Sales ........................................................................ 39
      F. Principal Amount of Just Compensation ........................................................................ 41
      G. Delay Damages .............................................................................................................. 42
      H. Attorney Fees and Costs ................................................................................................ 43
IV. CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................... 44

                                                                    -2-
                                       I. BACKGROUND

                             A. Statutory and Regulatory Context

        During the last century, the United States began to experience a sharp reduction in rail
trackage. 2 Preseault v. Interstate Commerce Comm’n, 494 U.S. 1, 5 (1990) (“Preseault I”).
Congress was thus “[c]onfronted with the Hobson’s choice of forfeiting a national rail system
through piecemeal abandonment of lines, or forcing railroads to maintain tracks on which they
[could not] turn a profit . . . .” Birt v. Surface Transp. Bd., 90 F.3d 580, 582 (D.C. Cir. 1996).
To remedy this problem, Congress enacted several statutes, including the Trails Act. See
generally Pub. L. No. 90-543, 82 Stat. 919 (1968) (codified as amended at 16 U.S.C.
§§ 1241-1251 (2018)). The Trails Act, as amended, provides for the preservation of “established
railroad rights-of-way for future reactivation of rail service” by authorizing the interim use of
such rights-of-way as recreational and historic trails. 16 U.S.C. § 1247(d). This process is
referred to as railbanking, and is overseen by the United States Surface Transportation Board
(“Surface Transportation Board”), id., the federal agency with exclusive jurisdiction to regulate
the “construction, acquisition, operation, abandonment, or discontinuance” of most railroad lines
in the United States, 49 U.S.C. § 10501(b) (2012).

        Before railbanking can occur, the railroad company must seek to abandon its line, either
by initiating abandonment proceedings with the Surface Transportation Board pursuant to 49
U.S.C. § 10903, or by requesting that the Surface Transportation Board exempt it from such
proceedings pursuant to 49 U.S.C. § 10502. 3 When considering the railroad company’s
abandonment application or exemption request, the Surface Transportation Board will entertain
protests and comments from interested third parties. 49 C.F.R. §§ 1152.25(a), 1152.29(a)
(2009). These third parties may submit requests for the interim use of the rail line as a
recreational trail pursuant to 16 U.S.C. § 1247(d) and make offers of financial assistance
pursuant to 49 U.S.C. § 10904. Id.

       2
          Part I of this Opinion and Order contains the court’s findings of fact as required by
Rule 52(a)(1) of the Rules of the United States Court of Federal Claims (“RCFC”). The court
derives these facts from the parties’ Joint Stipulations (“Stip.”); the transcript of testimony
elicited during trial (“Tr.”); the exhibits admitted into evidence during trial (“JX,” “PX,” or
“DX”); relevant statutes, regulations, and prior decisions; and matters of which the court may
take judicial notice pursuant to Rule 201 of the Federal Rules of Evidence. Citations to the trial
transcript will be to the page number of the transcript and the last name of the testifying witness.
Three witnesses testified during trial: Hayes Wiser, Technical College’s Vice President for
Administrative Services, Tr. 21 (Wiser); David Matthews, who was qualified as an expert
appraiser on behalf of Technical College, id. at 82 (Matthews); and Keith Batson, who was
qualified as an expert appraiser on behalf of defendant, id. at 211 (Batson).
       3
         A railroad company cannot abandon its rail line without permission from the Surface
Transportation Board. 49 U.S.C. § 10903(a)(1).

                                                 -3-
        If an interested third party submits a trail use request to the Surface Transportation Board
that satisfies the requirements of 16 U.S.C. § 1247(d), the Surface Transportation Board must
then make the necessary findings pursuant to 49 U.S.C. § 10502(a) or 49 U.S.C. § 10903(d), as
applicable. Once the railroad company agrees to negotiate a trail use agreement with a potential
trail operator, the Surface Transportation Board will issue one of two documents: if the railroad
company initiated abandonment proceedings, the Surface Transportation Board will issue a
Certificate of Interim Trail Use or Abandonment (“CITU”); if the railroad company sought an
exemption, the Surface Transportation Board will issue a Notice of Interim Trail Use or
Abandonment (“NITU”). Id. § 1152.29(b)-(d). The effect of both documents is the same—to
“[p]ermit the railroad to discontinue service, cancel any applicable tariffs, and salvage track and
materials, consistent with interim trail use and rail banking . . . ; and permit the railroad to fully
abandon the line if no agreement is reached 180 days after the [CITU or NITU] is issued, subject
to appropriate conditions . . . .” Id. § 1152.29(d)(1); accord id. § 1152.29(c)(1). When
necessary, the Surface Transportation Board will entertain requests to extend the 180-day
deadline to enable further negotiations. Caldwell v. United States, 391 F.3d 1226, 1230 (Fed.
Cir. 2004).

        If the railroad company and the potential trail operator execute a trail use agreement, then
abandonment of the rail line is stayed for the duration of the agreement. 16 U.S.C. § 1247(d); 49
C.F.R. § 1152.29(c)-(d). Such railbanking “shall not be treated, for purposes of any law or rule
of law, as an abandonment of the use of such rights-of-way for railroad purposes.” 16 U.S.C.
§ 1247(d). “Thus, under the Trails Act, a conversion is treated as a mere discontinuance, and not
as an abandonment.” Eldridge v. City of Greenwood, 503 S.E.2d 191, 200 (S.C. Ct. App. 1998)
(“Eldridge I”).

         If no trail use agreement is executed, the railroad company is permitted to fully abandon
the line. 49 C.F.R. § 1152.29(c)-(d). To exercise its abandonment authority, the railroad
company must “file a notice of consummation with the [Surface Transportation Board] to signify
that it has . . . fully abandoned the line” within one year of “the service date of the decision
permitting the abandonment.” Id. § 1152.29(e)(2). Once the railroad company officially
abandons the rail line, the Surface Transportation Board is divested of jurisdiction over the
former rail line and “state law reversionary property interests, if any, take effect.” Caldwell, 391
F.3d at 1228-29 (citing Preseault I, 494 U.S. at 6-8); accord Birt, 90 F.3d at 582 (explaining that
“the railroad’s rights-of-way generally revert back to the adjoining landowners across whose
property the tracks run” upon abandonment). In the absence of a timely filed notice of
consummation, however, the railroad company’s authority to abandon the rail line automatically
expires. 49 C.F.R. § 1152.29(e)(2).

                               B. Formation of Technical College

       The South Carolina General Assembly (“General Assembly”) created the State Board for
Technical and Comprehensive Education (“State Board”) in 1962 “as a continuing body and
agency and instrumentality of the State” with members appointed by the governor. S.C. Code
Ann. § 59-53-10. The State Board has “within its jurisdiction . . . all state-supported technical

                                                 -4-
institutions and their programs.” 4 Id. § 59-53-20. To that end, the State Board is “responsible
for the state-level development, implementation, coordination, and operation of an adequate and
high quality post-high school vocational, technical, and occupational [education] financed in
whole or in part by state funds.” Id. § 59-53-50(1). In carrying out these responsibilities, the
State Board “participate[s] in the various programs of federal aid to public, post-secondary, two-
year institutions, and to the students therein.” Id. § 59-53-50(3) (emphasis added).

         Although the State Board “establish[es] statewide policies and procedures necessary to
insure educational and financial accountability for operation of the technical education
institutions and their programs,” it generally acts through area commissions. Id. § 59-53-51.
The General Assembly formed the first set of area commissions in 1976. 1976 S.C. Acts 1723,
1727-30 (codified as amended at S.C. Code Ann. § 59-53-51). Area commissions “are delegated
primary responsibility for local governance and supervision of the individual institutions in
compliance with all state laws by adoption of appropriate local policies and procedures which are
consistent with state-level policies and procedures.” S.C. Code Ann. § 59-53-51. The General
Assembly set forth various powers and duties of the area commissions, including the acquisition
of real property by gift, purchase, or otherwise (including eminent domain), and the construction
of educational facilities thereon. Id. § 59-53-52.

        Prior to the establishment of area commissions, the Beaufort Area Trade School became
known as the Beaufort Regional Training Center in 1970; the General Assembly then changed its
name to Beaufort Technical College in 1979. Mission/History, Tech. Coll. of the Lowcountry,
https://www.tcl.edu/about-tcl/mission-history/
[http://web.archive.org/web/20190930192240/https://www.tcl.edu/about-tcl/mission-history/].
In 1986, the General Assembly formed the Beaufort Technical College Area Commission to
“serve as the governing body of Beaufort Technical College,” and designated the area
commission as “a body politic and corporate” consisting of seven members recommended by the
General Assembly and appointed by the governor, four of whom must reside in Beaufort County.
1986 S.C. Acts 3425, 3425-26 (codified as amended at S.C. Code Ann. § 59-53-910). The
General Assembly gave the Beaufort Technical College Area Commission the same powers and
duties of area commissions as set forth in sections 59-53-10 through -100 of the South Carolina
Code, and declared that Beaufort Technical College must be funded in the same manner as other
state-supported technical colleges. Id. at 3427 (codified at S.C. Code Ann. § 59-53-930). In
2002, the General Assembly formally changed the name of Beaufort Technical College to
“Technical College of the Lowcountry” and amended the name of its area commission
accordingly. 2002 S.C. Acts 3260, 3263-64 (codified at S.C. Code Ann. § 59-53-910).

       In its present form, Technical College is a “public, two-year institution of the State of
South Carolina” that provides transfer education and technical and vocational training for
approximately 2,500 students, Tr. 21-22 (Wiser), and is one of the twenty largest employers in
Beaufort County, DX 3 at 22-23. Its main campus is situated in the southwest portion of the city
of Beaufort. PX 1.A at 19. The town of Port Royal is located adjacent to Beaufort along the

       4
         The State Board oversees sixteen state-supported technical colleges, including
Technical College. Tr. 23-24 (Wiser).

                                               -5-
latter’s southern border. Id. Beaufort County is part of the Lowcountry region of South
Carolina; along with Jasper County, it is one of the two southernmost coastal counties in the
state. Id. at 13.

                         C. Initial Acquisition of the Land in Question

                                      1. The Rail Corridor

       The General Assembly created the Port Royal Railroad Company by charter on
December 21, 1857. McCrea v. Port Royal R.R. Co., 3 S.C. 381, 381 (1872). Over time, the
Port Royal Railroad Company “acquir[ed] easements for portions of the rail line . . . through
condemnation [and] also acquired easements from certain landowners by written conveyances.”
Ingram v. United States, 105 Fed. Cl. 518, 520 (2012). Of the twenty-one total conveyances, ten
were executed in 1870, five were executed between 1873 and 1881, and the remaining six were
executed between 1929 and 1959. Beaufort County, SC, Deed Book (“Deed Book”) 433:723. 5
As relevant here, the parties stipulated that “the applicable original source conveyances to the
[Port Royal Railroad Company] adjacent to the parcels owned by the Technical College
conveyed an easement to the railroad and the scope of the easement was limited to railroad
purposes.” Stip. ¶ 1.

        After the Port Royal Railroad Company merged into Seaboard System Railroad, Inc.
(“Seaboard”), the railroad rights-of-way were eventually transferred to the Ports Authority.
Ingram, 105 Fed. Cl. at 521. That transfer took place via quitclaim deed on August 15, 1985.
Deed Book 433:722. The quitclaim deed’s expressed purpose was “to enable the [Ports
Authority] or its assigns to operate and maintain the Railroad spur line between the rail yard at
Yemassee and the marine terminal at Port Royal, South Carolina.” Id. at 724. The spur line
stretched for approximately twenty-five miles from milepost AMJ-443.37 in Yemassee to
milepost AMJ-468.31 in Port Royal. Id. at 722.

                               2. The Technical College Campus

       Although hundreds of individuals and entities owned land abutting the rail corridor, the
claim of only one landowner—Technical College—is at issue in the instant case. See Tr. 281
(Batson) (agreeing that there were “hundreds of appraisals . . . done on this exact trail in prior
cases”).

        On August 12, 1968, the State of South Carolina (“State”) purchased 27.046 acres of land
“to be used as an area trade school” from the Woman’s American Baptist Home Mission
Society—now known as the American Baptist Home Mission Society (“Baptist Society”)—for

       5
          See Official Public Records Search, Beaufort Cty. Register of Deeds,
http://rodweb.bcgov.net/BrowserViewDMP/
[http://web.archive.org/web/20190930192423/http://rodweb.bcgov.net/BrowserViewDMP/]
(click on “Search,” then “Book/Page,” select “OR” from the drop-down menu, and enter
“433/723”).

                                                -6-
$502,122. JX 1 at 1, 3, 5; DX 3 at 2. The August 12, 1968 deed from the Baptist Society to the
State contained the following recitations:

                        [The Baptist Society] has granted, bargained, sold and
                released, and by these presents does grant, bargain, sell and
                release, unto the [State]:

                      All that certain piece, parcel, or tract of land with all
                improvements thereon situate . . . .

                        ....

                        TOGETHER with all and singular the rights, privileges,
                hereditaments and appurtenances to the said premises belonging,
                or in anywise incident or appertaining;

                        ON CONDITION, NEVERTHELESS, THAT this deed
                and conveyance shall be effective only so long as said premises are
                used for educational purposes without discrimination on the basis
                of race, color, creed or national origin, and for no other purposes,
                and whenever said premises hereby conveyed shall cease to be
                used for such educational purposes . . . , this deed and the estate
                conveyed thereby to the [State] shall cease, determine and be void
                and said premises, with all the rights, privileges and appurtenances
                appertaining to said premises shall automatically revert to the
                [Baptist Society] . . . .

                       TO HAVE AND TO HOLD, all and singular said premises
                unto the [State], its successors and assigns forever, SUBJECT to
                the possibility of reverter hereinabove reserved by the [Baptist
                Society].

JX 1 at 1-2 (Deed Book 165:221-22).

       Seven tracts of land comprised the August 12, 1968 conveyance. They are listed below,
along with their respective acreage, as identified by their Beaufort County tax map serial
numbers:

                •   R120 005 000 0101 0000 (“101”) 6
                •   R120 005 000 0102 0000 (“102”) = 16.735 acres (101 through 104)
                •   R120 005 000 0103 0000 (“103”)
                •   R120 005 000 0104 0000 (“104”)
                •   R120 005 000 0128 0000 (“128”) = 0.603 acres

       6
           In other words, district 120, map 5, parcel 101.

                                                 -7-
               •   R120 005 000 0163 0000 (“163”) = 2.736 acres
               •   R120 005 000 0190 0000 (“190”) = 6.972 acres

Id. at 7-8 (Deed Book 3374:1964-65) (referencing Beaufort County, SC, Plat Book (“Plat Book”)
140:30-34). Parcels 101 through 104, as well as a portion of parcel 163, are combined into
parcel 102 because the property lines separating those parcels were “abandoned.” PX 1.B at 47
(Plat Book 140:33). 7 The acreage for parcel 163 is exclusive of the portion of parcel 163 that
was subsumed into parcel 102. Id. The acreages listed above are based on boundary surveys
prepared in 2014, include the “critical coastal area” up to the location of the mean high tide (for
parcels that have waterfront or abut marshland), and do not include any portion of the rail
corridor. Id. at 47-49 (Plat Book 140:32-34) (surveys); JX 1 at 7-8 (Deed Book 3374:1964-65)
(referencing Plat Book 140:30-34). The 2014 surveys are the most recent surveys referenced in
the record. Compare, e.g., JX 1 at 7-8 (referencing the 2014 surveys of parcels 102, 128, 163,
and 190), with DX 3 at 10 (referencing a 2008 survey of the entire rail corridor). The State later
transferred parcels 102, 128, 163, and 190 to the Technical College of the Lowcountry Area
Commission (“Area Commission”) via quitclaim deed on January 14, 2015, JX 1 at 5-8 (Deed
Book 3374:1962-65), for administrative convenience and to facilitate grant applications, Tr. 33
(Wiser).

         In the meantime, on October 30, 1991, the Beaufort Technical College Area Commission
purchased 3.46 acres from two private landowners for $400,000. Deed Book 585:2610-11; DX 3
at 10. 8 The acreage is based on a 2008 survey rather than the acreage recited in the deed (which
is based on a 1990 survey). See id. Five parcels comprised the October 30, 1991 conveyance:

               •   R120 005 000 0163A 0000
               •   R120 005 000 0164 0000
               •   R120 005 000 0164A 0000
               •   R120 005 000 0165 0000
               •   R120 005 000 0165A 0000

Deed Book 585:2610. These parcels are collectively referred to as parcel 163A. Id.; DX 3 at 10.

       Over the ensuing years, Technical College also acquired the following tracts:

       7
          See Official Public Records Search, supra n.5 (click on “Search,” then “Book/Page,”
select “PLAT” from the drop-down menu, and enter “140/33”).
       8
         Mr. Batson incorrectly indicates that the October 30, 1991 conveyance is recorded in
Beaufort County Deed Book 585 at page 610. DX 3 at 10. The deed is recorded in Deed Book
585 at page 2610.

                                                -8-
                                                         Size     Deed
           Date 9                 Parcel ID                                            Paid
                                                       (Acres)  Book:Page
      October 8, 1999     R120 005 000 0129 0000        1.840  1255:1206-09          $585,000
     December 5, 2000     R120 005 000 132 0000         0.289  1361:2346-49           $79,000
       June 3, 2002       R120 005 000 133 0000          0.51  1589:2254-57          $205,000
     October 25, 2002     R120 005 000 132A 0000        0.329 1656:1617-18A          $228,000
       July 22, 2010      R120 005 000 127 0000         0.433  2976:2480-83          $159,400
     February 27, 2015    R120 005 000 105 0000          0.54   3383:48-50           $240,000

See DX 3 at 10. The court refers to the above parcels as 129, 132, 133, 132A, 127, and 105,
respectively, for ease of reference.

        Parcels 102, 105, 127, 128, 129, 132, 132A, 133, and 163A constitute the western portion
of the Technical College campus (“West Campus”), while parcel 190 is the eastern portion of the
campus (“East Campus”). Tr. 93-94 (Matthews); PX 1.A at 12; PX 7. The parties refer to parcel
163 as the Island Parcel. See, e.g., PX 1.A at 13; DX 3 at 10. Except for the Island Parcel, the
parcels constituting the Technical College campus are contiguous. PX 7. Ribaut Road lies
between West Campus and East Campus (collectively, “Main Campus”), but an underground
pedestrian tunnel connects the two and allows students, staff, and visitors to move freely across
the entire campus. Tr. 25 (Wiser); see also PX 1.A at 8-9 (photographs 11-13). A “signaled
intersection” along Ribaut Road also “provides access to both sides of the campus.” DX 3 at 13.
West Campus is bordered by the rail corridor, now known as the Spanish Moss Trail, see infra
Section I.E, on its western boundary; approximately 1,400 linear feet of marshland on its
southern boundary; and residential areas on its northern boundary. Tr. 26, 30 (Wiser); PX 1.B at
14-15; PX 7; DX 1; DX 3 at 13. East Campus lies between Ribaut Road and the Beaufort River,
which provides approximately 1,000 linear feet of deep water access along East Campus’s
eastern boundary. Tr. 25-26, 30 (Wiser); PX 1.B at 14; PX 7; DX 1; DX 3 at 13. The Island
Parcel lies south of West Campus, separated by marshland; it is an undeveloped tract with the
Spanish Moss Trail on its western boundary. Tr. 37 (Wiser); PX 1.A at 38; PX 7; DX 3 at 14. A
condominium complex—Rising Tide Condominiums—is located on the other side of the
Spanish Moss Trail from the Island Parcel. Tr. 39 (Wiser); PX 7; DX 3 at 14. The complex is
accessible via a private road known as Rising Tide Drive, which extends from its southernmost
point (where Allison Road becomes Cottage Farm Drive) in a northerly fashion until it stops at
the Spanish Moss Trail on the opposite side of the trail from the northwest corner of the Island
Parcel. Tr. 39-41 (Wiser), 95, 102 (Matthews); JX 4.A at 1; JX 4.B; PX 1.B at 3; PX 7; DX 3 at
34, 79. The relevant portion of the Spanish Moss Trail is accessible via three locations: the
northwest corner of West Campus, the terminus of Rising Tide Drive, and Allison Road. Tr. 37
(Wiser); DX 2 at 22; DX 3 at 34, 37; PX 1.A at 8-9 (photograph 31).

       9
          The dates referenced in the table are the dates the deeds were executed, rather than the
dates of recordation.

                                                -9-
Id. at 30. Typical permitted uses include “[s]ingle-family detached, two-family & three-family
dwellings, townhouse dwelling, multifamily dwelling, home occupation, parks & open spaces,
[and] minor utility.” Id. Technical College’s use of Main Campus is legally conforming under a
conditional use permit. Id.

       Meanwhile, land that is zoned “R2—Residential”

               is intended to be developed and reserved for medium-density
               single-family residential purposes. The regulations which apply
               within this district are designed to encourage the formation and
               continuance of a stable, healthy environment for single-family
               dwellings situated on lots of 9,000 square feet or more; and to
               discourage any encroachment by commercial, industrial or other
               use capable of adversely affecting the residential character of the
               district.

Id. Typical permitted uses include “[s]ingle-family detached, home occupation, parks & open
spaces, [and] minor utility.” Technical College’s current use of the Island Parcel is legally
conforming. Id.

                                  D. Size of the Rail Corridor

        The rail corridor ran along the entire western boundaries of parcels 102 (the westernmost
portion of West Campus) and 163 (the Island Parcel); it did not traverse or abut any other parcels
at issue in this case. PX 1.A at 35; PX 7; DX 3 at 10-11. The rail corridor was 60.05 feet wide
along the western boundary of West Campus, i.e., the center line of the corridor was 30.025 feet
from the boundary. DX 3 at 10, 59-62. Along the western boundary of the Island Parcel, the rail
corridor was 100.025 feet wide in each direction from the center line. Id. at 11, 59-62. The
parties do not dispute the width of the rail corridor along either West Campus or the Island
Parcel. Tr. 189 (Matthews).

       According to Mr. Batson, the western boundary of West Campus is 800.06 feet long, and
the western boundary of the Island Parcel is 394.66 feet long. DX 3 at 10-11. The court credits
these measurements because they are based on figures reflected in recorded plats of professional
surveys. 10 Id.; see also id. at 59-62 (excerpts of plats); PX 1.B at 47-49 (Plat Book 140:32-34).
Mr. Matthews, on the other hand, simply utilized figures provided to him by counsel. E.g., Tr.
191-92 (Matthews). During trial, Mr. Matthews measured the property lines himself using
Google Earth and the Beaufort County Geographical Information System (“GIS”), and found
both lengths to be slightly greater than those provided to him by counsel (1,170 feet versus 1,160

       10
          In his addenda, Mr. Matthews included a copy of a recorded plat of West Campus that
supports Mr. Batson’s 800.06-foot measurement. See PX 1.B at 47 (Plat Book 140:33).

                                               -11-
feet and 450 feet versus 440 feet, respectively). 11 Tr. 185-86, 387-90 (Matthews).
Measurements taken by professional engineers for a land survey are more reliable than those
taken by an appraiser using Google Earth and GIS. See DX 6 at 2 (Google Maps/Google Earth
Additional Terms of Service) (“[Y]ou may find that actual conditions differ from the map results
and Content, so exercise your independent judgment and use Google Maps/Google Earth at your
own risk.”).

       In short, the portion of the rail corridor abutting West Campus is 800.06 feet long and
30.025 feet wide (i.e., 0.55 acres), and the portion of the rail corridor abutting the Island Parcel is
394.66 feet long and 100.025 feet wide (i.e., 0.91 acres). 12

                   E. Proceedings Before the Surface Transportation Board

         In 1984, the Interstate Commerce Commission (the predecessor to the Surface
Transportation Board) granted Seaboard permission to abandon the 25-mile rail line at issue in
the instant case. Beaufort R.R. Co.—Modified Rail Certificate, No. 34943, 2009 WL 1416460,
at *1 (S.T.B. May 20, 2009). However, Seaboard did not exercise its authority to abandon the
rail line. Id. As described above, Seaboard instead transferred its interest in the rail line to the
Ports Authority. Id. The Ports Authority leased the line to another state agency, which operated
the rail line through various subsidiaries—Tangent Transportation Company, Inc. from 1985
through 2003 and Beaufort Railway Company, Inc. (“Beaufort Railway”) beginning in 2006. Id.
at *1-2. In March 2008, after various parties contested the authority of Beaufort Railway to
operate the rail line, the Surface Transportation Board specified that the rail line was not
abandoned in 2003 and reiterated Beaufort Railway’s authority to operate the rail line. Id. at *2.

         On May 30, 2008, the Ports Authority and the Beaufort-Jasper Water and Sewer
Authority (“BJWSA”) executed an interim trail use and railbanking agreement that was
contingent upon the Surface Transportation Board issuing a NITU. Id. at *7; Ingram, 105 Fed.
Cl. at 521-22. On July 16, 2008, Beaufort Railway notified the Surface Transportation Board of
its intent to terminate service “over the entire line.” Beaufort R.R. Co., 2009 WL 1416460, at
*7. That same day, the Ports Authority and the BJWSA filed a joint request for a NITU. Id. On
May 20, 2009, the Surface Transportation Board determined that the Ports Authority and the
BJWSA had satisfied the requirements for a NITU and granted their request. Id. at *7-8.

       11
          It appears that Mr. Matthews measured beyond the high water mark with respect to
both West Campus and the Island Parcel. Compare, e.g., PX 1.B at 14-15 (showing the West
Campus boundary to the high water mark), with id. at 25 (showing the West Campus boundary
as measured on the GIS system). Because “property ownership extends to [the] high water
mark” in South Carolina, property boundaries extend only to the “approximate location of [the]
mean high tide . . . per tidal benchmark.” Id. at 47 (Plat Book 140:33); accord Query v. Burgess,
639 S.E.2d 455, 456 (S.C. Ct. App. 2006).
       12
            One acre equals 43,560 square feet. Acre, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019).

                                                 -12-
         Shortly thereafter, on November 5, 2009, the Ports Authority quitclaimed its interest in
the rail corridor to the BJWSA. Ingram, 105 Fed. Cl. at 522. The deed contained a recitation
that the conveyance was “subject to and in conformance with” the provisions of both the Trails
Act, 16 U.S.C. § 1247(d), and the May 30, 2008 interim trail use and railbanking agreement
between the Ports Authority and the BJWSA. Id. Thus, the BJWSA became the trail sponsor,
and the railroad rights-of-way were converted to interim trail use with the possibility of
reactivation. Id. The BJWSA constructed the Spanish Moss Trail in 2012. Tr. 37 (Wiser).

                                      F. Procedural History

         Technical College filed suit in this court on May 12, 2015, to seek redress for the alleged
taking of its right to enjoy the land underlying the former rail corridor unburdened by a perpetual
trail use easement. See Compl. ¶¶ 8-9. After defendant answered Technical College’s
complaint, the parties requested and received a stay of proceedings to allow them to pursue
settlement. The parties did not reach settlement and scheduled the case for trial. The court
conducted a two-day valuation trial on October 4 and 5, 2016, in Washington, DC. During trial,
defendant moved for dismissal for lack of standing on the sole ground that Technical College did
not possess a valid property interest at the time of the NITU. The court denied that motion
without prejudice and ordered the parties to address the issue as part of their posttrial briefing.
Following the conclusion of posttrial briefing, on May 23, 2017, the court heard closing
arguments and argument pertaining to defendant’s motion to dismiss on May 23, 2017. The case
was reassigned to the undersigned for decision on July 22, 2019. The undersigned then ordered
supplemental posttrial briefing, which is now complete.

                                          II. LIABILITY

       Although the parties characterized the trial as a valuation trial, they did not stipulate to all
elements of liability. Therefore, the court must first determine whether defendant is liable for a
taking before it can consider the amount—if any—of just compensation owed to Technical
College. See Ultra-Precision Mfg. Ltd. v. Ford Motor Co., 338 F.3d 1353, 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2003)
(“[D]amages evidence is irrelevant if [the plaintiff] is unable to prove the merits . . . . Without a
determination of liability, there can be no damages . . . .”).

                                        A. Legal Standards

        As noted above, the sole claim for relief in Technical College’s complaint is a Fifth
Amendment taking. The Fifth Amendment prohibits the federal government from taking private
property for public use without paying just compensation. U.S. Const. amend. V. The United
States Court of Federal Claims (“Court of Federal Claims”) possesses subject-matter jurisdiction
to entertain Fifth Amendment takings claims against the United States, 28 U.S.C. 1491(a)(1)
(2018); Jan’s Helicopter Serv., Inc. v. FAA, 525 F.3d 1299, 1309 (Fed. Cir. 2008), such as
claims premised upon the conversion of a railroad right-of-way into a recreational trail pursuant
to the Trails Act, Preseault I, 494 U.S. at 12-13.

                                                 -13-
       To establish a taking, a plaintiff must first “identif[y] a cognizable Fifth Amendment
property interest that is asserted to be the subject of the taking.” Casitas Mun. Water Dist. v.
United States, 708 F.3d 1340, 1348 (Fed. Cir. 2013). In determining whether a plaintiff has
demonstrated the existence of a valid property interest in a Rails-to-Trails case, the court must
consider:

               (1) who owned the strips of land involved, specifically did the
               Railroad . . . acquire only easements, or did it obtain fee simple
               estates; (2) if the Railroad acquired only easements, were the terms
               of the easements limited to use for railroad purposes, or did they
               include future use as public recreational trails; and (3) even if the
               grants of the Railroad’s easements were broad enough to
               encompass recreational trails, had these easements terminated prior
               to the alleged taking so that the property owners at that time held
               fee simples unencumbered by the easements.

Preseault v. United States, 100 F.3d 1525, 1533 (Fed. Cir. 1996) (en banc) (“Preseault II”).
Then, “if the court concludes that a cognizable property interest exists, it determines whether the
government’s action amounted to a compensable taking of that interest.” Casitas, 708 F.3d at
1348. In Rails-to-Trails cases, a taking occurs “when government action destroys state-owned
property rights by converting a railway easement to a recreational trail, if trail use is outside the
scope of the original railway easement.” Ladd v. United States, 630 F.3d 1015, 1019 (Fed. Cir.
2010); accord Thomas v. United States, 106 Fed. Cl. 467, 474 (2012) (“If the railroad receives
only a railroad purpose easement and if the recreational trail use and railbanking authorized by
the NITU exceed the scope of that easement and thereby prevent expiration of the easement and
reversionary interests from vesting in the fee owners, then a Fifth Amendment taking has
occurred.”). It is well settled that the Surface Transportation Board’s issuance of “[t]he NITU is
the government action that prevents the landowners from possession of their property
unencumbered by the easement.” 13 Ladd, 630 F.3d at 1023; accord Barclay v. United States, 443
F.3d 1368, 1374 (Fed. Cir. 2006); Caldwell, 391 F.3d at 1233-34.

       13
           “[W]hen the NITU is issued the claim has accrued and the statute of limitations period
commences.” Ladd, 630 F.3d at 1023. To fall within this court’s subject-matter jurisdiction, a
complaint must be “filed within six years after such claim first accrues.” 28 U.S.C. § 2501. The
six-year limitations period is an “absolute” limit on the ability of the Court of Federal Claims to
exercise jurisdiction and reach the merits of a claim. John R. Sand & Gravel Co. v. United
States, 552 U.S. 130, 133-35 (2008). Because Technical College filed its complaint on May 12,
2015—less than six years after the Surface Transportation Board issued the NITU—its complaint
is timely.

                                                -14-
                                B. Ownership of Adjoining Land

        As a preliminary matter, the court must determine whether Technical College owned land
adjacent to the former rail corridor as of the NITU’s issue date. Under South Carolina law, when
a railroad company obtains an easement for railroad purposes, the rail corridor “revert[s] to
present adjoining landowners when no longer used as a railroad.” Goldman v. RBC, Inc., 632
S.E.2d 850, 852 (S.C. 2006). Further, it has long been recognized in South Carolina that when a
railroad company enjoys only an easement (rather than fee simple title) with respect to the rail
corridor, there is a “rebuttable presumption” that the adjoining property owners own to “the
center of the railroad track,” even when the rail corridor is listed as a boundary in a deed or plat.
Boney v. Cornwell, 109 S.E. 271, 274 (S.C. 1921). Defendant has not offered any evidence to
rebut the center-line presumption. Further, as described above (and as the parties agree), parcels
102 and the Island Parcel are adjacent to the former rail corridor. Thus, if Technical College is
considered to have owned parcel 102 and the Island Parcel as of May 20, 2009, then it has a
valid property interest that was potentially subject to a Fifth Amendment taking.

            1. Technical College Owned Adjacent Land as of the NITU’s Issuance

       It is undisputed that the State acquired parcel 102 and the Island Parcel from the Baptist
Society in 1968, and that those parcels were conveyed by quitclaim deed to the Area
Commission on January 14, 2015. Rather, the parties dispute the import of title being held in the
name of the State versus Technical College or the Area Commission. Defendant argues that
“Technical College offered no evidence establishing that it had any ownership interest in the
property on May 20, 2009 . . . [n]or did the Technical College establish that the [State]
authorized [Technical College] to bring suit on the State’s behalf,” and thus “Technical College
has no standing to pursue the claim asserted in this action.” Def.’s Mot. Dismiss 3. Technical
College avers that it “is a division of the State.” Pl.’s Resp. 11.

        Technical College is correct that, under the statutory scheme promulgated by the General
Assembly, it and the Area Commission are divisions of the State. First, the State Board that
ultimately oversees Technical College is indisputably a State agency. See S.C. Code Ann.
§ 59-53-10 (designating the State Board “as a continuing body and agency and instrumentality of
the State”). The State Board acts not as a mere regulator, but rather as the operator of “state-
supported” vocational, technical, and occupational postsecondary schools. Id.
§§ 59-53-20, -50(1). Second, the General Assembly specifically describes such schools—
including Technical College—as “public” institutions. 14 Id. § 59-53-50(3). In particular, the
General Assembly created the Area Commission as a “body politic.” Id. § 59-53-910. Third, the
General Assembly “delegated primary responsibility for local governance and supervision” of
Technical College to the Area Commission in a manner “consistent with state-level policies and
procedures.” Id. § 59-53-51 (emphasis added). In other words, the Area Commission acts as an

       14
           In the South Carolina Tort Claims Act, the General Assembly defines technical
colleges as State agencies, and defines “State” as including each of the technical colleges. S.C.
Code Ann. § 15-78-30(a), (e). The South Carolina State Employee Grievance Procedure also
defines technical colleges as State agencies. Id. § 8-17-320(1).

                                                -15-
extension of the State Board in operating a statewide program. See id. § 59-53-20 (“All courses,
programs, and institutions within the jurisdiction of the [State Board] must be identified and
administered as the South Carolina Technical Education System.”). To that end, the Area
Commission has the same powers and duties as other area commissions throughout South
Carolina and must be funded in the same manner as other public vocational, technical, and
occupational postsecondary schools in South Carolina. Id. § 59-53-930. Fourth, the Area
Commission has several powers, including the power of eminent domain—a quintessential state
power—within its geographic region. Id. § 59-53-52. The South Carolina Office of the Attorney
General, discussing the Area Commission specifically, has explained that “the exercise of these
powers by any area commission would be the exercise of a portion of the sovereign power of the
State.” Letter from Asst. Att’y Gen. Patricia D. Petway to Rep. Juanita N. White (Aug. 6, 1990),
1990 WL 599272 (S.C.A.G.). Fifth, the General Assembly considers all employees of Technical
College and the Area Commission to be state employees. S.C. Code Ann. § 59-53-20. In 1994,
for instance, the South Carolina Court of Appeals examined certain regulations and an
employment contract of a former Technical College employee that described him as a state
employee. Moshtaghi v. The Citadel, 443 S.E.2d 915, 917 (S.C. Ct. App. 1994) (per curiam).
Sixth, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit recognizes that “the enabling and
governing legislation” for technical colleges in South Carolina “make[] it clear” that each
technical college “is a governmental unit of the State.” Henry v. Denmark Tech. Coll., 869 F.2d
593 (4th Cir. 1989) (table) (unpublished per curiam decision). The South Carolina Court of
Appeals has also referred to Technical College itself as an “agency or institution of State
Government,” Moshtaghi, 443 S.E.2d at 917, as did Mr. Batson during trial, Tr. 223 (Batson)
(“They’re an agency of the State Government.”). Finally, the delineation between Technical
College and the Area Commission is a distinction without a difference. The General Assembly
designed the Area Commission to serve as Technical College’s governing body. S.C. Code Ann.
§ 59-53-910. For instance, real property and personal property belonging to the Technical
College are “the possession of the [A]rea [C]ommission,” id. § 59-53-52(3), and the Area
Commission must “[e]xercise responsibility for the operation, maintenance and improvement of
[Technical College’s] facilities,” id. § 59-53-52(7). In addition, the Area Commission must
“[e]mploy [Technical College’s] president” and “such other personnel as may be deemed
necessary.” Id. § 59-53-52(8)-(9).

        Because there is no meaningful difference between Technical College and its Area
Commission, it is of no moment that parcels 102 and the Island Parcel (as well as parcel 128 and
East Campus) were deeded to the Area Commission rather than Technical College. Indeed, the
Beaufort County Treasurer does not distinguish between the two. See PX 1.B at 26 (property tax
information for parcel 102 listing the owner as Technical College rather than the Area
Commission). Thus, the court will refer to all such parcels as being owned by Technical College
for the sake of simplicity.

        The court also observes that in 1976, the General Assembly specified that all real
property belonging to technical schools was to be held by their respective area commissions,
“except for those campuses currently owned by the State.” S.C. Code Ann. § 59-53-52(3). At
that time, Technical College was operating as the Beaufort Regional Training Center and the
State had already acquired the bulk of the land constituting the school’s campus (including parcel
102 and the Island Parcel). Thus, the General Assembly explicitly allowed the land to remain

                                              -16-
titled to the State. There was no need to retitle the land to the Beaufort Technical College Area
Commission when it was created in 1986, or to Technical College or the Area Commission
following the 2002 renaming. Moreover, the General Assembly could have, in conjunction with
either event, required retitling of the land, but chose not to do so. Thus, the General Assembly
approves of Technical College holding its land in the State’s name. The land was only retitled in
2015 for administrative convenience and to facilitate grant applications. Tr. 33 (Wiser). In other
words, as relevant here, Technical College is merely a more specific reference to, and an agent
of, the State.

        To the extent that there is a meaningful distinction between the State, the Area
Commission, and Technical College, the State only nominally held the land constituting the
Technical College campus for the benefit of Technical College. Technical College was the
beneficial owner of the land since its inception, and thus the real party in interest, despite the
administrative paperwork to recognize its ownership not having been filed at that time.
Moreover, Technical College brought this lawsuit at the direction and with the approval of its
president, Richard Gough. Id. As Technical College’s president, Dr. Gough is both a State
employee and an Area Commission employee with the powers and duties to act within his sphere
of responsibility. Such powers certainly include initiating lawsuits to protect the interests of
Technical College and, by extension, the State. Cf., e.g., S.C. Code Ann. §§ 15-78-10(a)
(“[E]ach governmental entity has financial limitations within which it must exercise authorized
power and discretion in determining the extent and nature of its activities.”), -30(i) (defining
“[s]cope of official duty” and “scope of state employment” as “(1) acting in and about the
official business of a governmental entity and (2) performing official duties”), -40 (making
Technical College “liable for [its] torts in the same manner and to the same extent as a private
individual under like circumstances”). As Technical College observes, technical colleges in
South Carolina “often” participate in litigation in their own names—both offensively and
defensively—in a variety of civil matters. Pl.’s Resp. 14; see, e.g., Graves v. Horry-Georgetown
Tech. Coll., 704 S.E.2d 350, 352 (S.C. Ct. App. 2010) (employment) (defensive litigation);
Aiken Tech. Coll. v. Two State Constr. Co., No. 2005-UP-605, 2005 WL 7084869, at *1 (S.C.
Ct. App. Dec. 1, 2005) (negligence, breach of contract, and breach of implied and express
warranties) (offensive litigation); Greer v. Spartanburg Tech. Coll., 524 S.E.2d 856, 858 (S.C.
Ct. App. 1999) (per curiam) (constitutional violation) (defensive litigation).

      In short, Technical College owned West Campus, East Campus, and the Island Parcel as
of May 20, 2009 (except for parcels 105 and 127, which the Technical College acquired later).

             2. Defendant Waived Its Argument Regarding the Ports Authority

        Defendant also argues—for the first time on August 22, 2019, during supplemental
posttrial briefing—that if both the Ports Authority and Technical College are divisions of the
State, Technical College “does not have standing to bring this suit and cannot prevail.” Def.’s
Supp. Posttrial Resp. Br. 3. Defendant avers that under Technical College’s theory of the case,
the State “is responsible for an injury to itself.” Id. Defendant acknowledges that it raises this
argument for the first time in its supplemental posttrial brief, but avers that its timing is not
problematic because “[s]tanding is a jurisdictional issue” and the court may dismiss an action “at
any time” upon a determination “that it lacks subject-matter jurisdiction.” Id. at 4. Meanwhile,

                                               -17-
Technical College contends that “the fact that the Ports Authority may also be a part of the
[State] does not impact this litigation at all” because defendant “has waived and/or forfeited that
issue under [RCFC] 12(h)(2).” Pl.’s Supp. Posttrial Br. 12.

         Defendant is correct that it may raise a jurisdictional issue at any time. See RCFC
12(h)(3) (“If the court determines at any time that it lacks subject-matter jurisdiction, the court
must dismiss the action.”); Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp., 546 U.S. 500, 506 (2006) (“The objection
that a federal court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction may be raised by a party, or by a court on its
own initiative, at any stage of the litigation, even after trial and the entry of judgment.” (citation
omitted)); see also Jeun v. United States, 128 Fed. Cl. 203, 209-10 (2016) (collecting cases).
However, the court is not required to analyze defendant’s standing argument concerning the
Ports Authority under the guise of subject-matter jurisdiction simply because defendant labels it
as such. See, e.g., Blue & Gold Fleet, L.P. v. United States, 492 F.3d 1308, 1313 (Fed. Cir.
2007) (rejecting the plaintiff’s characterization of its argument as a challenge to the agency’s
evaluation of its proposal, and instead characterizing it as a challenge to the terms of a
solicitation). Whether the State “is responsible for an injury to itself” (as defendant argues) and
thus cannot prevail is actually a merits inquiry, not an issue of standing, because it concerns
whether Technical College can prevail and not whether Technical College may bring this suit in
the first instance. See Lexmark Int’l, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc., 572 U.S. 118, 128
n.4 (2014) (“[T]he absence of a valid (as opposed to arguable) cause of action does not implicate
subject-matter jurisdiction, i.e., the court’s statutory or constitutional power to adjudicate the
case.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

         Dismissal “for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted is appropriate
when the facts asserted by the claimant do not entitle [it] to a legal remedy.” Lindsay v. United
States, 295 F.3d 1252, 1257 (Fed. Cir. 2002). The defense of failure to state a claim upon which
relief can be granted can be raised in a pleading, in an RCFC 12(c) motion for judgment on the
pleadings, or at trial. RCFC 12(h)(2); see also RCFC 12(c) (providing that a motion for
judgment on the pleadings must be filed “early enough not to delay trial”). In other words, the
latest that such a defense can be raised is at trial. It cannot be raised for the first time after trial.
Defendant’s conclusory statement in its answer that Technical College’s complaint “should be
dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted,” Answer 3, does not
preserve its ability to supply the basis for that defense for the first time over four years later
during supplemental posttrial briefing. Cf. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (“A
pleading that offers labels and conclusions or a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of
action will not do. Nor does a complaint suffice if it tenders naked assertions devoid of further
factual enhancement.” (citations and internal quotation marks omitted)). Unlike its stance
regarding Technical College’s ownership of parcel 102 and the Island Parcel, defendant did not
raise the issue concerning the Ports Authority prior to trial, and introduced no evidence (or even
argument) in that regard during trial, despite knowing Technical College’s theory of the case
since the inception of the case. Therefore, defendant has waived the issue. 15

        15
          Under RCFC 15(b), a party may seek to amend its pleadings to conform to the
evidence presented at trial, although such amendment is not necessary for issues tried by consent.
Bowles v. United States, 144 Fed. Cl. 240, 249 (2019). Defendant does not attempt to invoke

                                                  -18-
        Defendant makes essentially the same argument that it did in Balagna v. United States, a
Rails-to-Trails action decided by another judge of this court. In Balagna, the trail operator and
two of the plaintiffs were municipal corporations of the same state. 16 135 Fed. Cl. 16, 20-21, 26
(2017). The federal government argued that it was not liable for a taking with respect to those
two plaintiffs because the trail operator “acted on behalf of the state when it invoked the Trails
Act.” Id. at 26. In doing so, the Department of Justice correctly recognized that whether those
two plaintiffs were entitled to compensation was a merits argument rather than a jurisdictional
inquiry, and moved for partial summary judgment. See Def.’s Mot. Partial Summ. J. 8, Balagna
v. United States, No. 14-21L (Fed. Cl. Aug. 5, 2016). The court determined that it “ha[d]
jurisdiction over th[e] action,” Balagna, 135 Fed. Cl. at 21, but the two municipal-corporation
plaintiffs were “not entitled to compensation” since the plaintiffs and the trail operator were all
state entities, id. at 27. The federal government’s argument was properly before the Balagna
court because it was raised in a pretrial motion for summary judgment. Id. at 21. Here,
however, defendant did not raise the issue of the Ports Authority being a state entity until nearly
three years after trial, and thus the issue is not properly before the court. Accordingly, Balagna is
not applicable to the instant case. 17

        In any event, Technical College has established that it has standing to bring the instant
lawsuit. Establishing standing under Article III’s case-or-controversy requirement requires an
injury in fact, causation, and redressability. Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560-61
(1992)). In stating its position, defendant acknowledges that Technical College has suffered an
injury (albeit purportedly self-inflicted). Further, the parties do not dispute that (1) to the extent
that Technical College has suffered an injury, it is traceable to the NITU; and (2) such injury
would be redressed by a favorable decision here.

       Accordingly, the court must deny defendant’s motion to dismiss for lack of standing.

this rule, nor could it, since the issue concerning the Ports Authority was not raised until nearly
three years after trial.
       16
           The Balagna court’s focus on the relationship between the plaintiff and the trail
sponsor—rather than, as here, the relationship between the plaintiff and the former railroad
company—is of no moment. As is typical in Rails-to-Trails cases, the Ports Authority (the
former railroad company) and the BJWSA (the trail sponsor) jointly requested the NITU.
       17
            Technical College also relies on Glosemeyer v. United States—another Rails-to-Trails
action discussed in Balagna—in support of its waiver argument. See Pl.’s Supp. Posttrial Reply
Br. 3. In Glosemeyer, one of the plaintiffs was a municipality, and the trail sponsor was a
nonprofit corporation. 45 Fed. Cl. 771, 774 (2000). Nevertheless, the court had “little difficulty
concluding that a taking [had] occurred,” id. at 781, recognizing that state entities can recover in
this court for takings by the federal government. Defendant does not contest that proposition.
Balagna and Glosemeyer, like the instant case, both involved plaintiffs that were state entities.
The Balagna court distinguished Glosemeyer on other grounds: the trail sponsor in Glosemeyer
was a nonprofit entity, not another state entity. Balagna, 135 Fed. Cl. at 27.

                                                 -19-
                                      C. Scope of Easement

        Having determined that Technical College owned land adjacent to the rail corridor as of
the NITU’s issue date, the court now turns to the nature of the Port Authority’s interest in that
corridor. Preseault II, 100 F.3d at 1533. As noted above, the parties stipulated that “the
applicable original source conveyances to the [Port Royal Railroad Company] adjacent to the
parcels owned by the Technical College conveyed an easement to the railroad and the scope of
the easement was limited to railroad purposes.” Stip. ¶ 1.

        The phrase “railroad purposes” has a narrow application under South Carolina law. For
example, in Eldridge I, the appellant relied on the “shifting public uses doctrine” in arguing that
“use of the old railway for public highway purposes is consistent with the railroad’s easement.”
503 S.E.2d at 201. The court rejected that theory in favor of a “strict but literal interpretation” of
railroad purposes, finding that a public highway was beyond the scope of the railroad easement.
Id. at 203. As part of its analysis, the court cited with approval several decisions from other
states—including one by another judge of this court analyzing Maryland law—where “change in
use of a right of way from a railway to a public recreational trail extinguished the easement.” Id.
at 202. More recently, in Palmetto Conservation Foundation v. Smith, a railroad company held
an easement for railroad purposes in an eleven-mile rail corridor in South Carolina. 642 F. Supp.
2d 518, 521 (D.S.C. 2009). Pursuant to the Trails Act, the railroad transferred its interest in that
easement to the plaintiff for conversion of the rail corridor into a public recreational trail subject
to railbanking. Id. The dispute centered on the defendant’s ability to occupy and make use of
the land underlying the former rail corridor. Id. at 522-23. The court agreed with the defendant
that the plaintiff’s “use of the subject property” as a public recreational trail subject to
railbanking exceeded the scope of the railroad easement, but concluded that the plaintiff was
“entitled to exclusive use of the subject property” as long as that use was “for purposes of the
trail” because the plaintiff’s remedy, if any, was “under the Tucker Act to possibly assert a Fifth
Amendment takings claim.” Id. at 531 (citing Toews v. United States, 376 F.3d 1371, 1376-77
(Fed. Cir. 2004)).

         Finally, in James v. United States, another judge of this court, analyzing South Carolina
law, described “recreational trail use and railbanking as beyond the scope of the railroad
purposes easements” held by the railroad. 130 Fed. Cl. 707, 731 (2017). The railroad company
in James had acquired an easement that, pursuant to state charter, it was entitled to “have, hold
and enjoy . . . as long as the [easement] may be used only for the purposes of the said [railroad],
and no longer . . . .” Id. at 730 (quoting 1846 S.C. Acts 388). Therefore, the court explained, a
railroad-purposes easement under South Carolina law “does not contemplate preservation of a
railroad corridor for other future uses, or railbanking.” Id. The court reasoned that when it
issued the NITU, the Surface Transportation Board “authoriz[ed] the railroad’s easements to be
used for recreational trail use, with attendant railbanking,” and therefore “the easements limited
for railroad purposes were exceeded.” Id. at 732; accord Toews, 376 F.3d at 1376 (“[I]t appears
beyond cavil that use of these easements for a recreational trail . . . is not the same use made by a
railroad . . . . The different uses create different burdens.”); Beres v. United States, 104 Fed. Cl.
408, 442 (2012) (“[E]ven the general outlines of the interest, railroad use, encompass far
different uses than use as a public recreational trail for walking, biking, and hiking. Even if all

                                                -20-
the activities were to take place within the same space of the rail corridor, it would not mean that
all the activities are covered by the original prescriptive easement.”).

         In sum, under South Carolina law, if the railroad company has only an easement limited
to railroad purposes, conversion of the railroad right-of-way to a public recreational trail—even
if subject to railbanking—is beyond the scope of the easement. Therefore, Technical College has
identified a cognizable Fifth Amendment property interest that it asserts was subjected to a
taking.

                      D. A Taking Occurred Upon Issuance of the NITU

        Technical College owned parcel 102 and the Island Parcel as of May 20, 2009, and
thus—based on the center-line presumption—to the center of the portion of the former rail
corridor that is adjacent to the western boundary of each of those parcels. Before transferring its
interest in the former rail corridor to the BJWSA on November 5, 2009, the Ports Authority held
only an easement limited to railroad purposes. Conversion to a public recreational trail, even
with the possibility of railbanking, is beyond the scope of a railroad easement under South
Carolina law. When the Surface Transportation Board issued the NITU on May 20, 2009, and
allowed the Ports Authority to execute a trail use agreement with the BJWSA, it prevented
Technical College from being able to enjoy the use of its land underlying the rail corridor
unencumbered. Moreover, the interim trail use and railbanking agreement between the Ports
Authority and the BJWSA that became effective upon the issuance of the NITU made Technical
College’s inability to enjoy the use of its property indefinite.

       Accordingly, under Ladd, Barclay, and Caldwell, the Surface Transportation Board’s
issuance of the subject NITU on May 20, 2009, effected a taking of Technical College’s
property, and the execution of a trail use agreement made that taking permanent.

                                 III. JUST COMPENSATION

         The court now turns to the matter of determining the amount of just compensation owed
to Technical College for the taking of its property. The experts’ testimony revealed four major
areas of dispute: (1) identifying the specific parcels to be analyzed; (2) the import of the
restriction in the Baptist Society deed; (3) whether Technical College lost access to the Island
Parcel as a result of the taking; and (4) the comparable sales analysis performed by each expert,
including the adjustments they made (or lack thereof).

                                   A. Standards for Decision

                                       1. Legal Standards

        As discussed above, the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the
federal government from taking private property for public use without paying just
compensation, and the Surface Transportation Board’s issuance of the May 20, 2009 NITU
effected a permanent taking of Technical College’s property.

                                                -21-
        It is well settled that just compensation is measured by the fair market value of the
property taken. Bauman v. Ross, 167 U.S. 548, 574 (1897). “Under this standard, the owner is
entitled to receive what a willing buyer would pay in cash to a willing seller at the time of the
taking.” Kirby Forest Indus., Inc. v. United States, 467 U.S. 1, 10 (1984) (internal quotation
marks omitted).

        In Rails-to-Trails cases, the “measure of damages for just compensation must be the
difference between the value of plaintiffs’ land unencumbered by a railroad easement and the
value of plaintiffs’ land encumbered by a perpetual trail use easement subject to possible
reactivation as a railroad.” Raulerson v. United States, 99 Fed. Cl. 9, 12 (2011). However,
courts have consistently found that railbanking is not a “relevant consideration of analysis” in
Rails-to-Trails cases because the possibility is so remote. Ingram, 105 Fed. Cl. at 540-41
(collecting cases describing railbanking as “hypothetical,” a “vague notion,” “unlikely,”
“speculative,” and “unrealistic”); accord Howard v. United States, 106 Fed. Cl. 343, 367 (2012)
(“[T]here is no real prospect that the property owners will ever again have unencumbered use of
their property.”).

                                     2. Appraisal Standards

        In determining the value of the property interests taken in a Rails-to-Trails case, courts
generally examine evidence provided by expert appraisers. The approach that government
appraisers must follow in opining on the value of land taken by the federal government is found
in the Uniform Appraisal Standards for Federal Land Acquisitions (“Yellow Book”), which is
published by the Interagency Land Acquisition Conference. 18 Yellow Book 1.

                      Appraisers must exercise sound judgment based on known
               pertinent facts and circumstances, and it is their responsibility to
               obtain knowledge of all pertinent facts and circumstances that can
               be acquired with diligent inquiry and search. They must then
               weigh and consider the relevant facts with good judgment and
               make their decision, entirely on their own, in a sound professional
               manner, completely unbiased by any consideration favoring either
               the owner or the government.

Id. at 111. Appraisers not employed by the government are not bound by the Yellow Book,
Hardy v. United States, 141 Fed. Cl. 1, 32 (2018), but the appraisal standards described in the
Yellow Book are consistent with appraisal industry standards, Yellow Book 7.

        Acquisitions in Rails-to-Trails cases are “partial acquisitions”—i.e., those in which the
federal government “acquires only part of a unitary holding . . . commonly referred to as the
larger parcel.” Id. at 47. In partial acquisitions, compensation is measured by the difference

       18
          Joint Exhibit 5 is a complete copy of the 2000 version of the Yellow Book, which was
the most recent version as of the May 20, 2009 NITU. The Yellow Book was not updated again
until 2016, after both experts had submitted their reports and testified during trial.

                                               -22-
between “the market value of the whole property before the government’s acquisition and the
market value of the remainder property after the government’s acquisition.” Id. at 50. This
approach is known as the “before and after rule,” id., and is the “conventional method of
valuation” used in Rails-to-Trails cases, 19 Rasmuson v. United States, 807 F.3d 1343, 1345 (Fed.
Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks omitted). See also Yellow Book 51 (“[T]he before and after
method of valuation in partial acquisitions is preferred.”). In the “after” condition, appraisers are
to assume that the recreational trail is in place and has been fully constructed. PX 1.A at 9; DX 3
at 13. All claimed damages to the remainder property in the “after” condition must be supported
by “strict proof of the loss of market value”—in other words, “severance damage should never
be assumed merely because there has been a partial acquisition, but must always be fully
supported” and “must not be based on speculation.” Yellow Book 49 (internal quotation marks
omitted). “[E]vidence in this respect must not be ‘vague and speculative in character,’ nor may
testimony dealing with ‘possibilities more or less remote’ be considered.” Id. However,
“[w]hen the cost to cure is less than the severance damages if the cure were not undertaken, the
cost to cure is the proper measure of damage.” Id. at 51. Appraisals properly utilizing the
before-and-after method of valuation “automatically include[] the value of the land actually
acquired as well as any severance damages and/or special benefits to the remainder property.”
Id. at 51.

       The Yellow Book standards for “[a]ppraisal preparation, documentation and reporting”
are “compatible with standards and practices of both the appraisal industry and the Uniform
Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP).” 20 Id. at 7. To that end, the Yellow
Book contains a checklist of the required report content and documentation, a discussion of each
item therein, and a recommended format for appraisal reports. Id. at 8; see also id. at 113-16
(checklist). The recommended format is to divide the report into seven parts (each with several
subparts): introduction, factual data regarding the “before” condition, data analysis and
conclusions regarding the “before” condition, factual data regarding the “after” condition, data
analysis and conclusions regarding the “after” condition, acquisition analysis, and exhibits and
addenda. 21 Id. at 117-18.

         19
              The “before and after rule” is also known as the “federal rule.” Yellow Book 50
n.227.
         20
           The Yellow Book standards recognize that appraisers “may sometimes encounter
unique appraisal problems that require modification of the appraisal process and the appraisal
report to ensure that the specific appraisal problem is adequately addressed and that the
appraiser’s final conclusion of value is accurate, and has been developed in accordance with
controlling federal law.” Yellow Book 7.
         21
           When multiple properties are acquired simultaneously, a “project appraisal report”
may be used to satisfy USPAP requirements. Yellow Book 103. A project appraisal report
“include[s] the appraisal of more than one parcel in a single report.” Id. Such reports “are not
appraisal shortcuts; they are clerical shortcuts.” Id. Project appraisal reports are commonplace
in Rails-to-Trails cases. However, due to Technical College being the sole plaintiff in this case,
neither Mr. Matthews nor Mr. Batson utilized a project appraisal report.

                                                 -23-
        Regardless of the specific format of the appraisal report, an appraiser’s task is ultimately
to “estimate the value of the land for its highest and best use, as if vacant and available for such
use.” Id. at 19; accord id. at 25. An appraiser may form such an estimate using the cost
approach, sales comparison approach, or income capitalization approach. Id. at 19-23. The sales
comparison approach is “the most reliable approach to value” and thus “is normally the best
evidence.” Id. at 37.

                                      B. The Larger Parcel

       The first major area of dispute between the experts concerns the specific parcels to be
analyzed. In other words, the experts used different properties as the larger parcel. Mr.
Matthews performed two separate appraisals: (1) Main Campus, excluding parcels 105, 127, and
163A; and (2) the Island Parcel. PX 1.A at 23-26, 30. Meanwhile, Mr. Batson treated parcel 102
and the Island Parcel combined as the larger parcel, and appraised only that property. DX 3 at
15.

       Appraisers “must make a larger parcel determination in every appraisal conducted under
[Yellow Book] Standards.” Yellow Book 17. The Yellow Book defines “larger parcel” as
follows:

               The larger parcel, for purposes of these Standards, is defined as
               that tract, or those tracts, of land which possess a unity of
               ownership and have the same, or an integrated, highest and best
               use. Elements of consideration by the appraiser in making a
               determination in this regard are contiguity, or proximity, as it bears
               on the highest and best use of the property, unity of ownership, and
               unity of highest and best use.

Id.

                                          1. Contiguity

          The first element of consideration in determining the larger parcel is contiguity. Two or
more parcels of land are contiguous if they are “[t]ouching at a point or along a boundary”—such
parcels are also said to be “adjoining.” Contiguous, Black’s Law Dictionary, supra n.12; see also
Adjoining, id. (“Touching; sharing a common boundary; contiguous.”). Literal contiguity of
multiple parcels “is not essential,” but appraisers must nevertheless consider “physical proximity
. . . to the extent that it bears on the physical and economic practicalities of a single unitary
highest and best use.” Yellow Book 48; accord id. at 47 n.203; see also id. at 18 (“[I]t is possible
that two physically separate tracts may constitute a single larger parcel, or conversely, a single
physical tract may constitute multiple larger parcels.”).

        All parcels constituting Main Campus are literally contiguous to one another. The fact
that Ribaut Road lies between West Campus and East Campus is of no moment because the same
portion of the road is a “common boundary” of West Campus and East Campus. See, e.g., Brace
v. United States, 72 Fed. Cl. 337, 339, 340 (2006) (showing one larger parcel separated into three

                                               -24-
contiguous sub-parcels by two roads). Further, there is an underground tunnel connecting West
Campus and East Campus. Meanwhile, the Island Parcel is not literally contiguous to West
Campus because it is separated by marshland, but it is proximate since it is only a short distance
away.

        In South Carolina, it is irrelevant whether two or more parcels are contiguous versus
proximate because “the term ‘contiguous’ has been broadly interpreted” by its courts. Eldridge
v. S.C. Dep’t of Transp., 683 S.E.2d 483, 485 (S.C. 2009) (“Eldridge II”).

                Contiguity is not established by a road, waterway, right-of-way,
                easement, railroad track, marshland, or utility line which connects
                one property to another; however, if the connecting road,
                waterway, easement, railroad track, marshland, or utility line
                intervenes between two properties, which but for the intervening
                connector would be adjacent and share a continuous border, the
                intervening connector does not destroy contiguity.

Id. (quoting S.C. Code Ann. § 5-3-305). Here, the approaches espoused by the Yellow Book and
the South Carolina Supreme Court yield the same result. There is no conflict between the two.
West Campus, East Campus, and the Island Parcel all satisfy the “contiguity or proximity” prong
of the larger-parcel analysis to the extent that they have the same highest and best use.

                                       2. Unity of Ownership

        The second element of consideration in determining the larger parcel is unity of
ownership. In analyzing unity of ownership, “it is allowable to consider all lands that are under
the beneficial control of a single individual or entity, even though title is not identical in all areas
of the tract(s).” Yellow Book 18. Indeed, “some courts have found a single larger parcel even
though the quality of the title was not identical.” Id. at 48. In such instances, “legal control over
the ownership and future of the lands in question was required to meet the unity of title test.” Id.

        As stated above, Technical College owned West Campus, East Campus, and the Island
Parcel as of May 20, 2009 (with the exception of parcels 105 and 127, which it acquired later).
Thus, these properties satisfy the “unity of ownership” prong of the larger-parcel analysis. 22

                                      3. Highest and Best Use

        The final element of consideration in determining the larger parcel is unity of highest and
best use. “[T]o meet this test the lands in question merely have to have the same, or an
integrated, highest and best use” when considering the “physical and economic practicalities.”

        22
              Mr. Matthews excluded parcel 163A from his designation of the larger parcel because
it is titled to Beaufort Technical College, which he incorrectly describes as a “different owner,”
PX 1.A at 12, rather than Technical College’s prior name. However, because parcel 163A is
properly excluded on another basis, see infra Section III.B.3.b, such error is harmless.

                                                  -25-
Id. The Yellow Book defines a parcel’s highest and best use as “[t]he highest and most
profitable use for which the property is adaptable and needed or likely to be needed in the
reasonably near future.” Id. at 34 (quoting Olson v. United States, 292 U.S. 246, 255 (1934)). In
federal land acquisitions, there is a presumption that “the existing use of land is its highest and
best use.” Id. That presumption can be overcome by showing a “reasonable probability that the
land is both physically adaptable for such [proposed alternative] use and that there is a need or
demand for such use in the reasonably near future.” Id. at 34-35. In other words, “each potential
use must be analyzed in terms of its physical possibility, legal permissibility, financial feasibility,
and its degree of profitability. That use which meets the first three tests and is the most
profitable use (i.e., results in the highest value) is the property’s highest and best use.” Id. at 36.
If “[v]arious parts of a single property . . . have different highest and best uses,” those differences
factor into determining the larger parcel. 23 Id. at 35.

         Mr. Batson avers that the “entire campus” is a singular “contiguous property” with “an
integrated highest and best use” that is “under common ownership.” DX 3 at 15. However, he
only appraised parcel 102 and the Island Parcel because (1) “there are no enhancements or
damages issues” to the remaining portions of campus and (2) “valuation of the entire
development would be very complicated, involves multiple valuation methods, and includes a
large number of variables without necessarily improving the quality of the appraisal or the
reliability of the valuation.” Id. According to Mr. Batson, focusing solely on parcels 102 and
the Island Parcel “actually makes the [appraisal] clearer and more supportable without affecting
the reliability of the results.” Id. He reasons that “single-family development uses are the
maximally productive use of the property,” and further reasons that because single-family
development is also legally permissible, physically possible, and financially feasible, it is the
highest and best use. Id. at 43.

        Mr. Matthews posits that “[t]he highest and best use of the property as vacant land would
be for either a college or an alternative use such as mixed use development including single
family homes, multi-family apartments, condominiums, and recreational facilities required for
the successful development of these uses.” PX 1.A at 29. He explains that such use for Main
Campus is permissible either under existing zoning or “under a rezone” for a planned unit
development. Id. He also explains that the Island Parcel is only zoned for single-family
residential development, but “considering that the adjacent property is a successful condominium
project, it is only reasonable that this east half of the island could also be rezoned to allow for a
similar residential condo project or a use in connection with the college for classrooms or student
housing.” Id. In addition, Mr. Matthews observes that, aside from federal land, Main Campus
“may be the largest single contiguous land ownership” in Beaufort County and, as such, “would
be attractive, from a physical point of view, for a large residential development” of various types.
Id. at 27.

       23
           A piece of property could, for example, have a highest and best use of “residential or
commercial along road or highway frontage and agricultural use for rear land.” Yellow Book 35.
In such a scenario, the entire property would typically not be included in the “larger parcel”
determination. See id.

                                                 -26-
                                      a. Physically Possible

         The experts do not disagree concerning the physical characteristics of any portion of
Main Campus or the Island Parcel as of May 20, 2009. Mr. Batson acknowledges that both
Main Campus and the Island Parcel have “potential for subdivision into small lots,” “[a]ll
utilities are available,” and “a combination of single-family and multifamily uses is physically
permissible.” DX 3 at 42. Mr. Matthews maintains that Main Campus “is adequate in location,
access, utilities and topography for multiple uses of apartments, condominiums, houses, a
college, park, etc.,” PX 1.A at 27, and that the Island Parcel is similarly “adequate in size, shape,
access, topography and water frontage for single family residential, multi-family residential,
residential condominiums, college campus expansion, city park, etc.,” id. at 28.

                                      b. Legally Permissible

       The experts agree that Main Campus is zoned for both single- and multi-family
development and that the Island Parcel is zoned only for single-family development. However,
Mr. Matthews believes that rezoning of the Island Parcel is reasonably likely, id. at 29, whereas
Mr. Batson states that such rezoning is “Not Likely,” DX 3 at 30.

        Mr. Batson provides no support for his statement that rezoning of the Island Parcel is not
likely, but none is required since he is not suggesting an alternative use from that already
provided for under the applicable zoning laws. Meanwhile, Mr. Matthews provides at least
minimal support for his assertions concerning rezoning. His explanation that the Island Parcel is
reasonably likely to be rezoned to allow for multi-family development based on the adjoining
use—which adjoining use is undisputed—satisfies the Yellow Book requirement of showing a
“reasonable probability” that the Island Parcel is both physically adaptable for the alternative use
and that there is a need or demand for such use. In any event, Mr. Batson’s acknowledgement
that the Main Campus and the Island Parcel are located in “complementary [zoning] districts that
could be developed with similar or integrated uses,” id. at 14 (emphasis added), renders the
difference in their zoning designations immaterial.

      The experts agree that parcel 163A is zoned for medical use. Thus, as Mr. Batson
remarks, it is “not compatible with an integrated use” with the rest of the Technical College
campus. Id. As such, it cannot be included in the larger parcel.

                                      c. Financially Feasible

       The experts purport to disagree with respect to the financial feasibility of hypothetical
developments of Technical College’s land. Mr. Batson asserts:

               Based on the limited development activity in 2009-2010, it appears
               that single-family development or subdivision of a larger scale
               would not be financially feasible. It is also important to note that
               financing for such projects in 2009 would have been nearly
               impossible to obtain even for a qualified developer/investor . . . .

                                                -27-
Id. at 42 (emphasis added). However, he qualifies his assertion:

               [T]he unique location and size of the tract would imply some
               marketability and appeal even in a down market cycle.

                      . . . [T]racts may have been attractive for a “land bank”
               scenario involving a purchase for later development once recovery
               was well established in the end uses.

                       The most likely purchaser as of mid-2009 would have been
               a local builder/investor. There is a limited inventory of larger
               residential tracts, a mitigating factor to the weak demand and
               market preference of small number of lots.

Id. at 42-43; accord id. at 35 (“As configured as of the date of valuation, the larger parcel has
good functional utility and development potential.”). Meanwhile, Mr. Matthews contends that
“[t]he market began to slow in 2008 but homes and land continued to sell at an adequate pace
into 2009 up to the approximate date of valuation.” PX 1.A at 28. He also remarks that
“[d]emand for the Island Parcel for residential development would be good based on the
successful adjacent residential condos and lack of development land in this area.” Id. at 29.

        Based on Mr. Batson’s qualification of his assertions regarding financial feasibility, the
experts appear to ultimately agree that the financial feasibility of both single- and multi-family
development would be challenging but not impossible. Indeed, Mr. Batson suggests that single-
family development is financially feasible, DX 3 at 43, and draws no significant distinction
between the financial feasibility of single- and multi-family development, see id. at 42. Thus,
the financial feasibility test supports either use.

                                         d. Profitability

        Neither expert provided more than a cursory analysis of the profitability of any potential
use of Technical College’s land. Mr. Batson simply states that “no use of the site would be as
profitable as single-family development uses” based on “all reasonably probable development
scenarios and potential values that could be created versus the cost of development for each.” Id.
at 43. Meanwhile, in addition to his arguments concerning demand, Mr. Matthews discusses a
“common problem” that “[u]rban developments” often face: the lack of vacant land available for
expansion. PX 1.A at 28. He implicitly considers profitability in concluding that the highest and
best use for both Main Campus and the Island Parcel is a mix of single- and multi-family
development. See id. at 29. Thus, because neither expert adequately supported his profitability
reasoning, this aspect does not tilt in either direction.

                                           4. Analysis

        The court concludes that the highest and best use of Technical College’s land—both for
Main Campus and the Island Parcel—if vacant and available for such use, is a combination of
single- and multi-family development, rather than single-family development alone. Both uses

                                               -28-
are physically possible, legally permissible, and approximately equally financially feasible.
Further, all else being equal, the definitions of the various zoning designations demonstrate that a
combination of single- and multi-family development (i.e., “GR—General Residential”) has a
greater profit potential than single-family development alone (i.e., “R2—Residential”).
However, parcel 163A is excepted because its highest and best use is medical, which is an
incompatible use.

         Because the entire Main Campus is contiguous, has unity of ownership as of the date of
the NITU, and has the same highest and best use, it should all be analyzed as one larger parcel.
Mr. Batson’s reticence to analyze it as such despite his acknowledgement that “the entire campus
is clearly an integrated highest and best use and is under common ownership,” 24 DX 3 at 15, and
his internal inconsistency with respect to financial feasibility, 25 undermine the persuasiveness of
his opinion.

        The Island Parcel also has unity of ownership and the same (or at a minimum, an
integrated) highest and best use vis-à-vis Main Campus. In addition, it meets the contiguity-or-
proximity test because it is physically proximate to Main Campus and has the same (or an
integrated) highest and best use. However, because of the need for rezoning to have the same
(rather than integrated) highest and best use, its physical location (both in terms of adjoining

       24
           Mr. Batson surmises that the Island Parcel “would be combined with uses to the north
that are under the same ownership” and thus he combined it with parcel 102 to form his larger
parcel. Tr. 219 (Batson); accord id. at 317. However, Mr. Batson does not apply the same
standards—contiguity or proximity, unity of ownership, and unity of highest and best use—to
the remainder of Main Campus beyond parcel 102. In addition, although Mr. Batson agreed with
Technical College’s counsel’s statement that the Island Parcel “does not meet the test of larger
parcel under the Yellow Book because it is not contiguous,” id. at 316, he explains that the Island
Parcel “certainly needed to be included in the larger parcel” because “[p]art of the railroad
adjoined it,” id. at 219. Indeed, Mr. Batson stated that whether a parcel “had the abandoned rail
line adjoining its western portion” was a “test [he] developed as to determining whether or not a
parcel should be included as part of the larger parcel.” Id. at 317. Thus, he appears to conflate
the contiguity standard with adjacency to the railroad. Although those concepts can sometimes
overlap, they are not the same.
       25
           Mr. Batson also improperly applies certain valuation standards to his highest-and-best-
use analysis. For example, he incorrectly asserts that “other considerations in determining the
larger parcel are the benefits (enhancements) and damages to the larger parcel.” DX 3 at 14.
While benefits and damages to the remainder are important considerations in reaching an opinion
regarding valuation, they are not relevant to determining the larger parcel except to the extent
that they impact physical possibility, legal permissibility, financial feasibility, or profitability.
Because Mr. Batson does not make that distinction, it is unclear whether he has a flawed
understanding of the standards pertaining to the larger-parcel determination or simply did not
effectively articulate a correct understanding. However, because he concludes that “there are no
damages or enhancements” to parcel 102 or the Island Parcel, id. at 15, his assertion that benefits
and damages are relevant to determining the larger parcel is ultimately immaterial.

                                                -29-
development and separation from Main Campus via marshland), and the uncertainty regarding
access, see infra Section III.D, the more prudent course is to appraise the Island Parcel separately
from Main Campus.

         As of the May 20, 2009 NITU, Main Campus consisted of the following parcels: 102,
128, 129, 132, 132A, 133, 163A, and 190; the larger parcel includes each of these parcels except
parcel 163A, which is zoned for medical use. The size of the Main Campus larger parcel as of
that date was 27.28 acres exclusive of the rail corridor, plus 0.55 acres for the portion underlying
the rail corridor, for a total of 27.83 acres. 26 The Island Parcel was 2.74 acres exclusive of the
rail corridor, plus 0.91 acres for the portion underlying the rail corridor, for a total of 3.65 acres.

                                     C. The Deed Restriction

         The second major area of dispute between the parties concerns the import of the
restriction in the 1968 Baptist Society deed limiting the use of Technical College’s land to
educational purposes. According to that restriction, parcels 102 and 128 in West Campus, parcel
190 (i.e., East Campus), and the Island Parcel automatically revert to the Baptist Society if they
cease to be used for “educational purposes without discrimination on the basis of race, color,
creed or national origin and for no other purpose.” 27 JX 1 at 2.

         Mr. Batson frames the deed restriction as a “marketability” issue. Tr. 222 (Batson). He
avers that Technical College “can’t sell the property . . . without it reverting to the [Baptist
Society].” Id. at 223. Thus, according to Mr. Batson, Technical College “does not have a
marketable interest because they can’t sell unless they go away. If they go away, it reverts to the
church.” Id. at 224. Therefore, the land value to Technical College “is zero because it’s not
marketable.” Id. Nevertheless, he appraised the property as if unencumbered by the deed
restriction because the land could theoretically be sold and then the proceeds later divided up.
Id. at 226.

                       As encumbered by the deed restriction and reverter clause,
               the marketability of the larger parcel is essentially unchanged. The
               only difference is by whom the property would be marketed. . . .
               The reverter clause will not prevent the larger parcel from
               achieving its highest and best use “as vacant[.”] It simply adds a
               step to the marketing process in the conveyance from [Technical
               College] to [the Baptist Society].

       26
          The total acreage is rounded only to the nearest hundredth (i.e., two decimal places)
because some of the lot sizes available lack further precision.
       27
            The Baptist Society’s reversionary interest is subordinate to any mortgage or deed of
trust to the extent that the proceeds thereof are used to improve the premises. JX 1 at 2. To that
end, by the express terms of the 1968 deed, a judicial foreclosure or other sale to satisfy such a
lien extinguishes the Baptist Society’s interest. Id. Neither party addressed this possibility.
Accordingly, the court considers this possibility sufficiently remote to be immaterial.

                                                 -30-
DX 3 at 40. In other words, in Mr. Batson’s view, the deed restriction does not impact the
market value of the property; it only impacts entitlement to the proceeds. See Tr. 266 (Batson)
(“It’s not a question [regarding] what the value is; it’s more a question of who gets just
compensation or the value of the property.”), 367 (“[T]he only way to value this property is to
assume that it has no restriction, that the entire bundle of rights exists and that it can be
developed to its highest and best use.”).

        Mr. Matthews agrees, albeit for different reasons, that a proper appraisal must “in effect
ignor[e] the deed restriction.” Id. at 119 (Matthews). According to Mr. Matthews, he “cannot
consider the deed restriction because it separates out multiple interests in the property” and he
must “appraise the whole.” Id. at 120. He explains that in any event, “the value is the same”
whether he appraises Main Campus and the Island Parcel “as a university or college, technical
school or appraise[s] it for alternative, single-family, multi-family residential uses.” Id. at
120-21. He reasons that an entity purchasing land for educational purposes would pay the same
price as an entity purchasing land for its highest and best use—here, residential development. Id.
at 117-18, 121.

         The deed restriction creates two interests in the relevant parcels: (1) a present possessory
estate, i.e., the fee simple determinable held by Technical College; and (2) a future interest, i.e.,
the possibility of reverter held by the Baptist Society. This separation of interests invokes what
is described in the Yellow Book as the “unit rule.” See Yellow Book 53-55. “The market value
concept adopted by the courts to be applied in federal acquisitions generally requires” its
application. Id. at 53.

               [T]he unit rule requires that property be valued as a whole rather
               than by the sum of the values of the various interests into which it
               may have been carved . . . . [I]f there are several interests or
               estates in the property, the property should be valued as a whole,
               embracing all of the rights, estates, and interests of all who may
               claim, and as if in one ownership. The market value of the whole
               property is later apportioned among those who hold various
               interests in the property, but this apportionment generally falls
               outside the scope of the government appraiser’s assignment.

Id.

        Proper application of the unit rule thus requires Main Campus and the Island Parcel to be
valued according to their highest and best uses without regard to the deed restriction; on this
point, the experts agree. However, the experts disagree with respect to whether Technical
College or the Baptist Society is entitled to the proceeds.

        Mr. Batson contends that the Baptist Society is entitled to the entire proceeds of a
hypothetical sale and therefore the Baptist Society “gets the award of whatever [just
compensation] may be under the reverter clause.” Tr. 266 (Batson). This assertion reflects a
fundamental misunderstanding of the deed restriction itself. The deed restriction prevents the
land in question from being used for other than educational purposes; it does not prevent

                                                -31-
Technical College or its successor from transferring the land. Indeed, the Baptist Society
conveyed the land not only to the State but also to the State’s “successors and assigns forever,”
subject to the deed restriction. JX 1 at 2. In other words, it is the use—not the transfer—of the
land that is the determinable event. Technical College could, for example, transfer a portion of
the land to the Beaufort County School District or a private entity to be used as an elementary
school without running afoul of the deed restriction. Its successor would then be responsible
using the property for educational purposes to prevent the Baptist Society from realizing its
future interest.

        The division of the proceeds between Technical College and the Baptist Society is,
according to the unit rule, not a factor in determining the value of the land taken. Further, it is
well settled that the Court of Federal Claims “does not have subject matter jurisdiction to
entertain controversies between private parties.” Hufford v. United States, 85 Fed. Cl. 607, 608
(2009). However, the Baptist Society has not appeared in this case, and Technical College has
not demonstrated that it is entitled to recover damages representing compensation for the Baptist
Society’s interest that was taken. Thus, the court must consider the hypothetical division of
proceeds not to resolve a dispute between Technical College and the Baptist Society, but as an
aspect of determining the amount of just compensation to which Technical College is entitled.

        Mr. Matthews argues that “the value of [the Baptist Society’s] reverter clause is probably
1 or 2 percent of the value of the property if you discount it properly.” Tr. 167 (Matthews);
accord id. at 119-20. Mr. Batson “agree[s] with Mr. Matthews” on this point, describes the
Baptist Society’s future interest as a “minor reversionary right that . . . they can’t exercise,” and
explains that the value of that interest “is negligible because it’s essentially . . . at some point
very distant in the future.” Id. at 367 (Batson).

         Accordingly, the court concludes that the proper approach is to (1) value both the Main
Campus and the Island Parcel according to their highest and best uses without regard to the deed
restriction, and (2) adjust both the “before” and “after” values to reflect a 2% discount with
respect to the land that Technical College acquired from the Baptist Society. 28 The areas of
Main Campus and the Island Parcel in the “before” and “after” conditions are as follows:

               Main Campus
                  • Before: 27.83 acres (24.86 acres subject to deed
                     restriction)
                  • After: 27.28 acres (24.31 acres subject to deed restriction)
                  • Take: 0.55 acres (all subject to deed restriction)

       28
           Since the former rail corridor is adjacent to parcels 102 and the Island Parcel, both of
which are subject to the deed restriction, the land underlying the former rail corridor must
similarly be treated as if it is subject to the deed restriction based on the center-line presumption.

                                                 -32-
               Island Parcel
                   • Before: 3.65 acres (all subject to deed restriction)
                   • After: 2.74 acres (all subject to deed restriction)
                   • Take: 0.91 acres (all subject to deed restriction)

                                 D. Access to the Island Parcel

        The third major area of disagreement between the experts concerns severance damages—
specifically, damages pertaining to access to the Island Parcel. The experts agree that there were
no special benefits to the Island Parcel, and no special benefits or severance damages to Main
Campus, resulting from imposition of the perpetual trail use easement. PX 1.A at 45; DX 3 at
63.

        Mr. Batson surmises that access to the Island Parcel “is limited and somewhat speculative
both before and after” construction of the Spanish Moss Trail and thus the Island Parcel was
neither damaged nor enhanced. DX 3 at 63; accord DX 2 at 22 (describing the Island Parcel as
having “essentially the same access before and after the acquisition”). Meanwhile, Mr.
Matthews did not determine whether such access was lost as a result of the trail, PX 1.A at 38,
and provided alternative opinions of value to account for either possibility, id. at 45.

        It is well understood that the “accessibility of one’s property may in some instances
constitute a great part of its value, and to permit a material impairment of [the owner’s] access
would result in the destruction of a great part of the value of [the owner’s] property.” Brown v.
Hendricks, 45 S.E.2d 603, 606 (S.C. 1947). As Mr. Matthews notes, access—or lack thereof—
bears upon the highest and best use of land. PX 1.A at 38-39. There are two types of access to
the Island Parcel that were potentially impacted by the imposed perpetual trail use easement:
pedestrian access and vehicular access. (Access via marshland was not impacted.)

                                      1. Pedestrian Access

        In the hypothetical “before” condition without a public recreational trail, Technical
College would have had pedestrian access to the Island Parcel via the former rail corridor
because it would have owned that land in fee simple (the same interest it holds in abutting land,
pursuant to the center-line presumption).

         In the “after” condition where the trail has been fully constructed, Technical College has
pedestrian access to the Island Parcel via the Spanish Moss Trail—i.e., the same land underlying
the former rail corridor—because the trail is open to the public and is accessible both via public
roads and the Technical College campus. This conclusion is supported by aerial photographs,
e.g., JX 4.B; DX 2 at 20; photographs on the ground showing access to the Island Parcel via the
trail from Main Campus, Allison Road near Cottage Farm Drive, and Rising Tide Drive, e.g., PX
1.A at 8-9; DX 2 at 22; DX 3 at 37; Mr. Matthews’s descriptions of photographs, including his
ability to access the trail and the Island Parcel via foot, Tr. 100-01 (Matthews); Mr. Wiser’s
observation that students can use the trail, id. at 37 (Wiser); and Mr. Matthews’s statement that
“[a]dditional access is from the trail,” PX 1.A at 38. In addition, Mr. Wiser acknowledged that

                                               -33-
Technical College has not lost its ability to build pedestrian-only walkways or bridges across the
marshland from West Campus to the Island Parcel pursuant to its master plan. Tr. 42-44
(Wiser).

       Therefore, the Island Parcel suffered no loss of pedestrian access as a result of the
imposition of the trail.

                                       2. Vehicular Access

        Unlike the issue of pedestrian access to the Island Parcel, the issue of vehicular access is
more nuanced. As explained above, Rising Tide Drive extends to the northwest corner of the
Island Parcel on the opposite side of the Spanish Moss Trail. The nature of Technical College’s
access to the Island Parcel depends upon (1) the import of Rising Tide Drive’s status as a private
road and (2) whether the Technical College has crossing rights over the Spanish Moss Trail.

        During trial, Mr. Matthews explained that Rising Tide Drive existed prior to the Rising
Tide Condominiums complex and that “[t]he condo development improved the road.” Id. at 150
(Matthews). He noted that the road improvement took place before the May 20, 2009 NITU. Id.
at 184. He further explained that Rising Tide Drive’s status as a private road concerns
“primarily who maintains it” and thus “there’s really no restriction getting to the [Island Parcel]
using that road.” Id. Mr. Matthews’s photographs demonstrate that he was able to drive along
Rising Tide Drive without constraint. Id. at 100-01; PX 1.A at 8-9. Further, he answered in the
affirmative when asked if Technical College “had access by and through Rising Tide [Drive] to
the island parcel” prior to May 20, 2009. Id. at 184. Mr. Wiser agreed that Technical College
“had vehicular access to the island” (i.e., the entire island, which contains both the Rising Tide
Condominiums and the Island Parcel) prior to the development of the Rising Tide
Condominiums. Id. at 40 (Wiser). He noted, however, that Rising Tide Drive “did not extend all
the way to” the Island Parcel. Id. at 40-41.

         In South Carolina, “publicly maintained” roads include streets and highways, and are
“open to the use of the public for purposes of vehicular travel.” S.C. Code Ann. § 56-5-430.
Meanwhile, the General Assembly defines a “private road” as “[e]very way or place in private
ownership and used for vehicular travel by the owner and those having express or implied
permission from the owner but not by other persons.” Id. § 56-5-450. In other words, a private
road is “restricted from public use.” Karen Gantt, Natural Disasters and Private Road Residents:
When “And I’m a Taxpayer” Isn’t Enough, 42 Real Est. L.J. 434, 435 (2014) (citing S.C. Code
Ann. § 56-5-450). By definition, the use of a private road by those without express or implied
permission of the owner (e.g., a trespasser) does not transform the road into a public road.
Owners of private roads in South Carolina have considerable discretion over their roads, such as
determining whether the Uniform Act Regulating Traffic on Highways applies only partially or
in its entirety, see State v. Allen, 431 S.E.2d 563, 564 (S.C. 1993) (citing S.C. Code Ann.
§§ 56-5-6310, -6330), and setting speed limits, S.C. Code Ann. § 56-5-6310. 29

       29
          The Uniform Act on Regulating Traffic on Highways is located at title 56, chapter 5 of
the South Carolina Code.

                                                -34-
        Since Rising Tide Drive is a private road, its owner—perhaps the Rising Tide
Condominiums—has the right to prevent anyone from using the road without its “express or
implied permission.” For example, the General Assembly has specified that certain filings do
not “constitute permission by the owner for the public to use [private] roads.” Id.; accord
McAllister v. Smiley, 389 S.E.2d 857, 861 (S.C. 1990) (Toal, J., dissenting) (“Dedication of a
private road for public use is evidenced by an intent by the landowner to dedicate the land and an
express or implied acceptance.”). Based on the statements of both Mr. Matthews and Mr. Wiser,
it appears that Technical College has such permission, in some form or another, to use Rising
Tide Drive. 30 In any event, Technical College has not provided any evidence to suggest that the
nature of its ability to use Rising Tide Drive has changed (if at all) as a result of the NITU, rather
than by other forces.

        Because Rising Tide Drive terminates on the other side of the Spanish Moss Trail from
the northwest corner of the Island Parcel, the pertinent issue thus becomes the nature of
Technical College’s crossing rights, if any. The Surface Transportation Board “has recognized
that not all state law claims are pre-empted by the Trails Act.” Dana R. Hodges Tr. v. United
States, 111 Fed. Cl. 452, 457 (2013). Specifically, “[r]outine non-conflicting uses, such as non-
exclusive easements for at-grade crossings, are not preempted.” Id. (internal quotation marks
omitted). The Hodges decision thus stands for the proposition that landowners “are not impeded
from exercising whatever rights of access they held that pre-existed the conversion of the
railroad corridor to recreational usage.” James, 130 Fed. Cl. at 734. In other words,

               [t]here is no support in South Carolina case law or in the Trails Act
               for [Technical College’s] argument that, by operation of the Trails
               Act, [Technical College] lost [its] crossing rights when the NITU
               was issued. [Technical College’s] crossing rights have not
               changed. Instead, [Technical College] hold[s] the same crossing
               rights over the trail use and railbanking easements imposed by the
               NITU . . . that [Technical College] held when [the Port Royal
               Railroad Company] received the easements for railroad purposes
               over [Technical College’s] land.

Id.

        Therefore, the court concludes that the Island Parcel suffered no loss of vehicular access
as a result of the trail. Technical College still has whatever access rights (if any) to the Island
Parcel that it held prior to the NITU. Accordingly, severance damages for loss of access are
inappropriate, and the court need not address the sufficiency of Mr. Matthews’s cost-to-cure

       30
           If Technical College had no such permission, the issue of access would be moot
because its access to the Island Parcel would have been cut off (if at all) when the road was
developed, which was before the Surface Transportation Board issued the NITU. In that
scenario, although the highest-and-best use analysis as of May 20, 2009, with respect to the
Island Parcel would change, Technical College’s remedy (if any) for loss of access would be in a
state court action against the owner of the road.

                                                -35-
calculations. Nevertheless, because access impacts the highest and best use determination, the
court must still consider whether Technical College had any such rights.

        In South Carolina, vehicular access to a railroad right-of-way is generally not allowed;
the exceptions relevant here are “authority from the railroad which owns the right of way” and
“using a public or private roadway which crosses over the railroad at an established grade
crossing.” S.C. Code Ann. § 58-17-4095. There is no evidence to suggest that Rising Tide
Drive has ever extended across the former rail corridor into the Island Parcel. Nor is there any
evidence in the record of “actual crossing easements or agreements” constituting authority to
cross the rail line when the line was operational. Tr. 227 (Batson).

        However, South Carolina law allows local authorities to “lay out a [public road] across a
railroad in such manner as not to injure or obstruct the railroad” if the “governing body of the
county adjude[s] that the public convenience and necessity require” such a crossing. S.C. Code
Ann. § 58-17-1360. In other words, Technical College could have petitioned the Beaufort
County Council to authorize a public road across the rail corridor to extend Rising Tide Drive to
the Island Parcel. 31 Indeed, Mr. Wiser previously contacted local authorities regarding the
possibility of extending Rising Tide Drive to the Island Parcel; he was informed that other than
the “normal permitting and application process” there were no “major impediments” to doing so.
Tr. 27-28 (Wiser). Presumably, Technical College could still petition for a crossing under
section 58-17-1360 of the South Carolina Code—there is no evidence to suggest otherwise. 32
Technical College could also potentially use the power of eminent domain to acquire an
easement to cross the Spanish Moss Trail where it meets Rising Tide Drive. Therefore,
Technical College was not meaningfully prevented from accessing the Island Parcel prior to the
NITU, and the highest and best use of the Island Parcel is not impacted by any access issues.

                                  E. Comparable Sales Analysis

        The final major area of dispute between the experts concerns the valuation approach used
by the experts. Of the three approaches available for appraisers to use in estimating property
values, both experts utilized the sales comparison approach. PX 1.A at 29-30; DX 3 at 2.

       31
          Since Technical College is a public entity, a matter of “convenience” or “necessity”
with respect to Technical College would be a matter of “public convenience” or “public
necessity” for purposes of section 58-17-1360 of the South Carolina Code.
       32
           As noted above, the Trails Act specifically provides that interim use of a former rail
corridor as a public recreational trail “shall not be treated, for purposes of any law or rule of law,
as an abandonment of the use of such rights-of-way for railroad purposes.” 16 U.S.C. § 1247(d).
Accordingly, the Spanish Moss Trail is still considered a railroad right-of-way for purposes of
South Carolina law.

                                                 -36-
                      1. Description of the Sales Comparison Approach

       The Yellow Book contains a description of the sales comparison approach and its
applicable standards:

                       Arms length transactions in lands in the vicinity of and
               comparable to the land under appraisement, reasonably near the
               time of the acquisition in question, are the best evidence of market
               value, but not to the extent of exclusion of other relevant evidence
               of value. Such transactions are commonly referred to as
               comparable sales, and the process of forming an opinion of the
               property’s market value through comparison of such sales
               transactions with the subject property is known as the sales
               comparison approach to value. . . .

                      Comparison of sales transactions to the subject property
               being appraised is the essence of the sales comparison approach to
               value. The basic elements of comparison to be considered are
               recognized as:

               •   Property rights conveyed
               •   Financing terms
               •   Conditions of sale
               •   Market conditions (historically referred to as a time or date of
                   sale adjustment)
               •   Location
               •   Physical characteristics
               •   Economic characteristics
               •   Use and zoning
               •   Non-realty components of value included in the sale property

Yellow Book 37 (first and second emphases added) (footnotes omitted). With respect to the
timing of comparable sales,

               [s]ales transacted on or before the date of acquisition are the
               preferred support for an appraisal and if such sales are available
               and adequate, there is little justification for using post-acquisition
               sales. Use of post-acquisition sales should be avoided where they
               reflect artificially inflated or depressed values resulting from the
               acquisition itself or from the government’s project, or if they
               significantly post-date the acquisition date.

Id. at 39 (footnote omitted). Further guidance with respect to selecting comparable sales
provides that “[t]he consideration and weight accorded to sales of other lands is determined by
the reliability of the data collected and verified and by the application of the three tests of
proximity (in time, in location, and in physical and economic similarity).” Id. at 40. In addition,

                                                -37-
                       [t]he preferred method of adjusting comparable sales is
               through the use of quantitative adjustments whenever adequate
               market data exists to support them . . . . Each item of adjustment
               must carefully be analyzed to determine whether a percentage or
               dollar adjustment is appropriate.

                      ....

                      In developing a final value estimate by the sales
               comparison approach, the appraiser shall explain the comparative
               weight given to each comparable sale, no matter whether
               quantitative or qualitative adjustments, or a combination thereof,
               are used. A comparative adjustment chart, or graph, is
               recommended and may assist the appraiser in explaining his or her
               analysis in this regard.

Id. at 21. In developing a final value estimate, “no consideration whatever should be given to
matters not affecting market value.” Id. at 30.

                              2. Mr. Batson’s Comparable Sales

        The court is compelled to reject Mr. Batson’s comparable sales analysis and market value
conclusions in their entirety based on his fundamentally flawed construction of the larger parcel.
For instance, he acknowledges that East Campus has direct deep-water access, deep-water access
is a significant amenity in Beaufort County, and land with deep-water access will generally sell
for higher values (all else being equal), but he did not include East Campus as part of the larger
parcel because it was supposedly “not affected” by the imposition of the trail easement. Tr.
310-11 (Batson); see, e.g., PX 1.B at 12 (aerial photograph of the entire Technical College
campus showing the deep-water access of East Campus and the marshland access of both West
Campus and the Island Parcel). As Mr. Matthews explains,

               having the tunnel and [East Campus] contiguous across the street
               from [West Campus], if you were to build a campus or build
               housing and it was a community where you could allow people on
               the west side to go [through] the tunnel or walk across the road and
               go out on the pier, so you can put your boat out there and have
               deep water access, that enhances the value of the west side.

                      ....

                      . . . I looked at those sales and compared the sales of deep
               water and saltwater marsh and found that deep water is worth a lot
               more, but saltwater marsh is worth a lot more than just inland
               without the view. . . .

                                               -38-
                       So the marsh view adds value; the deep water adds more
               value. And because you have the access to the deep water, does
               that enhance the west side? A little.

Tr. 197-98 (Matthews). Because West Campus, standing alone, is less valuable than West
Campus when combined with East Campus, an approach (like Mr. Batson’s) that summarily
dismisses that enhancement for the sake of convenience and simplicity is unreliable. Further
analysis of the reliability of Mr. Batson’s methodology is unnecessary. See Ultimo v. Sec’y of
HHS, 28 Fed. Cl. 148, 152 (1993) (“Simply because a witness is found qualified to testify as an
expert does not mean that the trier of fact must accept [the witness’s] testimony.”); see also
Okerlund v. United States, 53 Fed. Cl. 341, 345 (2002) (“The Court may either accept the expert
opinion in its entirety, accept portions of the expert’s opinion, or reject the opinion altogether
. . . .”).

                             3. Mr. Matthews’s Comparable Sales

         Of course, simply because the court rejects the defendant’s expert’s opinion in a
particular area does not mean that it must accept the plaintiff’s expert’s opinion. Indeed, the
plaintiff bears the burden of proof in establishing both liability and the amount of compensation
that it is owed. 33 Therefore, the court addresses the reliability and persuasiveness of Mr.
Matthews’s comparable sales analysis. As explained herein, the court finds his comparable sales
analysis to be both reliable and persuasive.

        Mr. Matthews opines that, in the “before” condition, Main Campus is worth $9.00 per
square foot and the Island Parcel is worth $14.00 per square foot. PX 1.A at 34. Those values
are unchanged in the “after” condition. Id. at 44. With respect to Main Campus, Mr. Matthews
uses eight comparable sales. PX 1.A at 31, 40. He uses nine comparable sales to opine on the
value of the Island Parcel; some of these sales are the same comparable sales that he uses for
Main Campus. Id. at 31-32 (“before”), 40-41 (“after”). All of the comparable sales that he
uses—whether for Main Campus, the Island Parcel, or both—occurred between June 21, 2006,
and August 27, 2008. Id. After identifying the comparable sales, Mr. Matthews adjusted each
sale to reflect the date of sale, location, size, waterfront access (deep water, marsh, or both),
shape and topography, and availability of utilities. Id. He explains the purpose of each type of
adjustment as follows:

                       Adjustments were required to these sales to reflect the
               differences between the appraised property and the sale property.

                      ....

       33
            Once a plaintiff meets its burden, the burden of persuasion shifts to the defendant.
Here, however, defendant fails to persuade the court that the federal government was not liable
for a Fifth Amendment taking or convince the court that its appraiser’s damages analysis was
entitled to more weight.

                                               -39-
                       Time adjustments reflect the change in prices over time,
               due to appreciation, depreciation or inflationary factors. . . .
               Adjustments are made to the sales based on the appropriate pattern
               of change from the date of sale to the date of appraisal. . . .

                       Location adjustments reflect the quality of the location of
               the sale compared to the subject property. Reputation, traffic,
               convenience, access, surrounding properties, etc., all affect the
               desirability of a site with the more desirable locations receiving
               greater demand resulting in higher prices.

                       Size adjustments reflect the trend that parcels tend to sell
               for less per square foot or per acre as the parcel size increases.

                       Shape and topography adjustments reflect the desirability
               of the physical characteristics of the land. . . .

                       No conditions of sale adjustments were required since all
               these sales were arms length . . . . Unless noted otherwise, no
               financing adjustments were required since all sales were for cash to
               the seller or at conventional financing terms.

Id. at 33.

        Mr. Matthews emphasizes that “[t]he size of the property explains over 40% of the
variance in total price for the campus sales indicating that [dollars per square foot] should be
used. After adjustments, the range of [value per square foot] narrows and the standard deviation
reduces substantially.” Id. Mr. Matthews notes that “[t]he largest adjustment is for size since
price/acre declines with a substantial increase in size,” id., and remarks that the “standard trend”
he has observed in “analyzing literally thousands of properties” regarding the “relationship
between price per acre . . . and size of that parcel” essentially “flattens out” at approximately ten
to twelve acres, Tr. 141 (Matthews). He included his analysis in the addenda attached to his
expert report. PX 1.A at 33; see, e.g., PX 1.B at 62.

       In addition to the size adjustments, Mr. Matthews adjusted for “deep water versus salt
marsh,” PX 1.A at 34, and he quantified those adjustments accordingly, see id. at 31-32
(“before”), 40-41 (“after”). He made smaller adjustments for neighborhood and time. Id. at
31-32, 34, 40-41. In his addenda, Mr. Matthews indicates:

                        For appraisal purposes, the positive time adjustment for the
               earlier sales prior to 2008 is applied at 0.5% per month or 6.0%
               annually. As the effect of time was impacting the sales in the
               earlier time spanning 2006-8, the market conditions from August
               2008 through May 2009 are observed to have leveled off. The
               negative time factor for post 2009 sales activity does not factor

                                                -40-
               into the analysis because there are no post dated sales to
               consider. 34

PX 1.B at 50 (footnote added). He bases the 6.0% figure on “sales turnover where properties in
the area have sold and resold since 1999,” the changes in trends over the years, and two
individual case studies of paired sales of the same properties in Beaufort. Id.

        The court concludes that Mr. Matthews adequately supported his adjustments to the
comparable sales, the selection of which appears reasonable in the first instance (based, in part,
on the highest-and-best-use analysis discussed above). In addition, despite some deficiencies in
organization and clarity within his expert report and addenda, Mr. Matthews performed his
analysis in accordance with Yellow Book standards. Therefore, the court finds Mr. Matthews’s
analysis reliable and persuasive, and adopts his market value conclusions.

                          F. Principal Amount of Just Compensation

        Having made its findings and conclusions outlined above, the court must now calculate
the amount of just compensation owed to Technical College by comparing the “before” and
“after” values of both Main Campus and the Island Parcel.

       In the “before” condition, Main Campus comprised 27.83 acres. Of these, 24.86 acres
were subject to the deed restriction (and its concomitant 2% discount) and the remaining 2.97
acres were unrestricted. Thus, Main Campus was worth $10,715,551 in the “before” condition:

               •   Restricted: 24.86 acres × 43,560 square feet per acre × $9.00
                   per square foot × 98% = $9,551,192 (rounded to the nearest
                   whole dollar)

               •   Unrestricted: 2.97 acres × 43,560 square feet per acre × $9.00
                   per square foot × 100% = $1,164,359 (rounded to the nearest
                   whole dollar)

               •   Total: $9,551,192 + $1,164,359 = $10,715,551

        In the “before” condition, the Island Parcel comprised 3.65 acres, all of which was
subject to the deed restriction. Thus, the Island Parcel was worth $2,181,398 in the “before”
condition:

       34
           In his expert report, Mr. Matthews referred to the “effective appraisal date” as both
March 20, 2009, and May 20, 2009. Compare, e.g., PX 1.A at 40, with id. at 41. The parties
stipulated that “any reference to the date of March 20, 2009 . . . is incorrect,” the result of “an
oversight and/or a typo,” and “has no material impact on the case.” Stip. ¶ 2. Mr. Matthews’s
calculations appear in line with this stipulation. Accordingly, the court treats any reference to
March 20, 2009, by Mr. Matthews in his expert report as a reference to May 20, 2009.

                                                -41-
               •   Restricted: 3.65 × 43,560 square feet per acre × $14.00 per
                   square foot × 98% = $2,181,398 (rounded to the nearest whole
                   dollar)

               •   Unrestricted: None

               •   Total: $2,181,398 + $0 = $2,181,398

       In the “after” condition, Main Campus comprised 27.28 acres. Of these, 24.31 acres
were subject to the deed restriction and the remaining 2.97 acres were unrestricted. Thus, Main
Campus was worth $10,504,242 in the “after” condition:

               •   Restricted: 24.31 acres × 43,560 square feet per acre × $9.00
                   per square foot × 98% = $9,339,883 (rounded to the nearest
                   whole dollar)

               •   Unrestricted: 2.97 acres × 43,560 square feet per acre × $9.00
                   per square foot × 100% = $1,164,359 (rounded to the nearest
                   whole dollar)

               •   Total: $9,339,883 + $1,164,359 = $10,504,242

        In the “after” condition, the Island Parcel comprised 2.74 acres, all of which was subject
to the deed restriction. Thus, the Island Parcel was worth $1,637,542 in the “after” condition:

               •   Restricted: 2.74 × 43,560 square feet per acre × $14.00 per
                   square foot × 98% = $1,637,542 (rounded to the nearest whole
                   dollar)

               •   Unrestricted: None

               •   Total: $1,637,542 + $0 = $1,637,542

       When the values for Main Campus and the Island Parcel are added together, Technical
College’s land was worth $12,896,949 in the “before” condition and $12,141,784 in the “after”
condition. Therefore, the total diminution in value is $755,165. This is the principal amount of
just compensation owed to Technical College. The entire amount is allocable to the market
value of the land taken; none is allocable to severance damages.

                                        G. Delay Damages

        In addition to the principal amount of just compensation, “[i]t is now axiomatic that the
Fifth Amendment’s reference to ‘just compensation’ entitles the property owner to receive
interest from the date of the taking to the date of payment as a part of [its] just compensation.”
Otay Mesa Prop., L.P. v. United States, 779 F.3d 1315, 1328 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (internal quotation
marks omitted). In other words, a prevailing plaintiff is entitled to delay damages in addition to

                                               -42-
the principal value of the property taken. The undersigned has previously observed, in an
unrelated case, that “the consensus that has emerged since 2009 in the Court of Federal Claims
[is] that the [Moody’s Composite Index of Yields on Aaa Long Term Corporate Bonds
(“Moody’s”)] rate is the appropriate benchmark by which to award delay damages in the Rails-
to-Trails context.” 35 Hardy v. United States, 138 Fed. Cl. 344, 356 (2018). Further, the court
observes that the plaintiffs in four cases concerning the same NITU at issue here reached a
stipulation with the federal government regarding the proper interest rate to be applied and the
frequency at which interest is to be compounded. 36

        In the instant case, however, the parties have neither reached a stipulation regarding delay
damages nor briefed the issue. The court will not direct an entry of judgment for Technical
College until that issue is resolved. Pursuant to RCFC 42, separate proceedings, including trials,
may be held for separate issues. The court finds that determining delay damages (i.e., the
appropriate interest rate and compounding frequency) is a separate issue from those decided
above (i.e., liability and principal value). Once the court resolves the delay damages issue, it will
direct the entry of an RCFC 54(b) judgment for both the principal amount of just compensation
owed to Technical College and delay damages.

                                   H. Attorney Fees and Costs

       The third and final component of just compensation is attorney fees and costs. Section
304(c) of the Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act
(“URA”) provides:

                        The court rendering a judgment for the plaintiff in a
               proceeding brought under [28 U.S.C. §§ 1346(a)(2) or 1491]
               awarding compensation for the taking of property by a Federal
               agency . . . shall determine and award or allow to such plaintiff, as
               a part of such judgment . . . , such sum as will in the opinion of the
               court . . . reimburse such plaintiff for [its] reasonable costs,
               disbursements, and expenses, including reasonable attorney,
               appraisal, and engineering fees, actually incurred because of such
               proceeding.

       35
            The Moody’s rate for May 20, 2009, was 5.48%. Federal Reserve Economic Data,
Moody’s Seasoned Aaa Corporate Bond Yield, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis,
https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/DAAA/
[http://web.archive.org/web/20190729190249/https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/DAAA/].
       36
           Pickle Factory Condos, LLC v. United States, No. 13-42L (Fed. Cl. filed Jan. 17,
2013); Welcker v. United States, No.12-369L (Fed. Cl. filed June 8, 2012); Ingram v. United
States, No. 10-463L (Fed. Cl. filed July 19, 2010); Raulerson v. United States, No. 10-193L
(Fed. Cl. filed Mar. 31, 2010).

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42 U.S.C. § 4654(c) (2012). Therefore, as a prevailing plaintiff in this action, Technical College
is automatically entitled to reimbursement of its reasonable attorney fees and costs pursuant to
the URA. Gregory v. United States, 110 Fed. Cl. 400, 403 (2013) (citing Bywaters v. United
States, 670 F.3d 1221, 1228 (Fed. Cir. 2012)).

       The issue of attorney fees and costs is a separate issue from those decided above. In
addition, it is a wholly separate issue from delay damages. Other judges of this court have
followed a similar approach, i.e., deciding attorney fees and costs after resolving liability and
damages. E.g., Bratcher v. United States, 136 Fed. Cl. 786, 791 (2018).

        Under RCFC 54(d)(2)(B)(i), a motion for attorney fees must normally be filed within
thirty days after the entry of final judgment; however, that rule allows the court to specify
otherwise. Accordingly, the court will entertain a motion for attorney fees and costs within thirty
days of its judgment on liability and damages becoming nonappealable.

                                       IV. CONCLUSION

        The court has considered all of the parties’ arguments. To the extent not discussed
herein, they are unpersuasive, meritless, or unnecessary for resolving the issues currently before
the court.

       Defendant is liable for effecting a taking of a portion of Technical College’s property—
land underlying a railroad easement held by the Ports Authority. Technical College’s claim
accrued on May 20, 2009, the date that the Surface Transportation Board issued the NITU.
Absent the NITU, Technical College would have owned the land underlying the rail corridor
unencumbered by any easement. Accordingly, Technical College is entitled to $755,165 as the
principal portion of just compensation for the taking of its property rights.

        However, the court is not directing the entry of judgment at this time. The issues of delay
damages and attorney fees and costs are yet to be determined. The parties shall confer and then,
no later than Tuesday, October 15, 2019, file a joint status report suggesting a schedule for
proceedings to determine delay damages. The court will enter judgment under RCFC 54(b) after
it resolves that issue. The court will entertain a motion for attorney fees and costs after the
RCFC 54(b) judgment becomes nonappealable.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                  s/ Margaret M. Sweeney
                                                  MARGARET M. SWEENEY
                                                  Chief Judge

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