Court Opinion

ID: 9803919
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-31 16:10:51.271887+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:03:56.533656
License: Public Domain

J-S11009-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT OP 65.37

 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA            :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                         :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                         :
              v.                         :
                                         :
                                         :
 HAKEEM LATEEF RAK SMITH                 :
                                         :
                   Appellant             :   No. 1282 EDA 2022

        Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered April 12, 2022
    In the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County Criminal Division at
                      No(s): CP-15-CR-0003637-2018

BEFORE: OLSON, J., McLAUGHLIN, J., and KING, J.

MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.:                          FILED AUGUST 31, 2023

      Appellant, Hakeem Lateef Rak Smith, appeals from the judgment of

sentence entered on April 12, 2022 in the Criminal Division of the Court of

Common Pleas in Chester County, as made final by the denial of Appellant’s

post-sentence judgment on May 12, 2022. We affirm.

      The trial court has aptly summarized the historical and procedural facts

as follows.

      On September 13, 2018, [] Samuel Algarin went to work, took his
      children to martial arts class, and then went for pizza with his
      mother and children. After that, at approximately 9:30 [p.m.] to
      9:40 p.m., his mother dropped him off at Starbucks, where his
      vehicle, a GMC Terrain, was parked. [] Algarin’s body was
      subsequently discovered near the side of the road close to the
      Starbucks with a single gunshot wound. His [mobile telephone]
      was found in a field approximately two miles from where his body
      was found.

      Video from an unrelated event shows [Appellant near] Starbucks
      [on the evening of September 13, 2018]. [Appellant ] was walking
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       northbound on Route 10, the same direction [] Algarin was
       driving. Surveillance video from a Turkey Hill [convenience] store
       near the Starbucks also shows [Appellant] driving [] Algarin’s
       vehicle at 9:49 p.m. that night. He pulled up to the gas pumps,
       but did not know [on which side of the vehicle the gas tank was
       located]. He had to get back into the vehicle and reposition it so
       that the gas tank was on the correct side closest to the gas pump.
       The vehicle was found in Westtown Township, and [Appellant’s]
       palm print was discovered on the vehicle.              In addition,
       [Appellant’s] fingerprint was found on [] Algarin’s [mobile
       telephone], and [] Algarin’s [genetic material] was found on
       [Appellant’s] pants. There was also video of [Appellant] wiping
       down [Algarin’s] vehicle, which tends to show [] consciousness of
       guilt. Moreover, [Appellant] sent photograph’s of [] Algarin’s
       vehicle to a friend, Kassemah Chapman, and also confessed to her
       that he killed someone to [obtain] money. [Appellant also
       conducted] Google searches of [] Algarin’s murder.

       [Based upon the foregoing evidence, Appellant] was charged with
       first-degree murder [(18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2502(a))], second-degree
       murder [(18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2502(b))], robbery – inflict[s] serious
       bodily injury [(18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3701(a)(1)(iv))], robbery of a motor
       vehicle [(18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3702(a))], and theft by unlawful taking
       [(18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3921(a))]. [On December 9, 2021, a jury found
       Appellant not guilty of first-degree murder, but convicted him] of
       all other charges. On April 12, 2022, [Appellant received a
       sentence of life imprisonment], which is the mandatory []
       sentence for second-degree murder.

       Appellant thereafter filed a notice of appeal on May 5, 2022. On
       May 12, 2022, [the trial court ordered Appellant to file a concise
       statement of errors] complained of on appeal, which was received
       on August 4, 2022. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). The trial court issued
       its Rule 1925(a) opinion on November 16, 2022. This appeal
       followed.1]
____________________________________________

1 Counsel for Appellant filed a timely post-sentence motion on April 13, 2022.

While that motion remained pending, counsel - on May 5, 2022 – filed a notice
of appeal stating that the appeal challenged Appellant’s December 9th, 2021
conviction together with the sentence imposed on April 12, 2022. Although
counsel filed a notice of appeal before resolution of a timely post-sentence
motion, we shall treat the notice as timely filed.
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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Trial Court Opinion, 11/16/22, at 1-2.

       Appellant’s brief raises the following questions for our review.

       Whether the trial court erroneously instructed the jury that
       whether [Appellant] killed [Algarin], “was not an issue in this
       case,” where there was no evidence presented that [Appellant]
       had conceded, admitted to, or presented evidence suggesting that
       he had killed [Algarin]?

       Whether the trial court erroneously permitted color photographs
       of the autopsy, and of the victim’s body at the crime scene, to be
       displayed to the jury?

       Whether the evidence was insufficient to prove beyond a
       reasonable doubt that [Appellant] was guilty as charged, as there
       was no direct evidence that [Appellant] had committed a robbery,
       and insufficient evidence of the requisite intent to second-degree
       murder?

____________________________________________

If a timely post-sentence motion has been filed in a criminal case, the notice
of appeal should be filed within 30 days of the entry of an order that disposes
of the motion. See Pa.R.Crim.P. 720(A)(2)(a); see also Pa.R.A.P. 903(a)
(notice of appeal must be filed within 30 days of entry of order from which
appeal is taken). Our Supreme Court has held that a premature appeal, or
one that is filed before the resolution of a timely post-sentence motion, does
not divest the trial court of jurisdiction to act upon the timely post-sentence
motion and should be treated as if it were filed after the denial of the pending
motion in accordance with Pa.R.A.P. 905(a)(5). See Commonwealth v.
Cooper, 27 A.3d 994, 1008 (Pa. 2011); Pa.R.A.P. 905(a)(5) (“A notice of
appeal filed after the announcement of a determination but before the entry
of an appealable order shall be treated as filed after such entry and on the
day thereof.”).

Here, counsel filed a notice of appeal while a timely post-sentence motion was
pending. Hence, counsel’s notice was premature. Nevertheless, the trial court
denied the post-sentence motion on May 12, 2022, and we may consider the
notice timely filed on that date in accordance with Pa.R.A.P. 905(a)(5).

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      Whether the trial court erroneously declined to instruct the jury
      on [Appellant’s] requested instruction regarding “a witness
      subject to special scrutiny”?

      Whether the sentence of life imprisonment, a for a second-degree
      murder conviction, is unconstitutional, on these particular facts,
      with no direct evidence of a robbery?

Appellant’s Brief at 8.

      In his first issue, Appellant asserts that the trial court improperly

instructed the jury regarding the elements of second-degree murder.          To

support this claim, Appellant cites the following portion of the court’s

instructions:

      [THE COURT]: To find [Appellant] guilty of [second-degree
      murder], you must find the following three elements to be proven
      [] beyond a reasonable doubt. First, [Appellant] killed Samuel
      Algarin. That’s not an issue in this case.

N.T. 12/9/21, at 221-222 (emphasis added). Citing the bolded text, Appellant

claims that in advising the jury that Appellant’s killing of Algarin was “not an

issue in the case,” the trial court usurped the function of the factfinder and

essentially directed it to find that the first element of second-degree murder

had been proven. See Appellant’s Brief at 14. Appellant failed to preserve

this claim for appellate review.

      Claim preservation is central to appellate review. “Issues not raised in

the [trial] court are waived and cannot be raised for the first time on appeal.”

Pa.R.A.P. 302(a); see also Pa.R.A.P. 302(b) (requiring specific exception to

preserve challenges to jury instructions). Moreover, timely submission of a

court-ordered Rule 1925(b) statement is required to preserve merits review

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on appeal; hence, when a concise statement under Rule 1925(b) is ordered,

appellants must comply or accept default on omitted claims.                   See

Commonwealth v. Lane, 81 A.3d 974, 979-980 (Pa. Super. 2013), appeal

denied, 92 A.3d 811 (Pa. 2014). Appellant did not object to the trial court’s

instruction concerning the first element of the offense of second-degree

murder and Appellant omitted this claim from his concise statement. In view

of these circumstances, Appellant waived appellate review of his opening

claim.

      In his second claim, Appellant asserts that the trial court abused its

discretion by permitting color photographs of the murder victim to be

published to the jury, when black and white photographs were available. One

photograph was taken of the victim’s body at the crime scene and a second

photograph, which focused on the victim’s gunshot wound, was captured at

the autopsy. Appellant concedes the relevance of the challenged photographs,

but suggests, without elaboration, that the risk of inflaming the passions of

the jury outweighed the evidentiary value of the pictures. See Appellant’s

Brief at 17.

      The following principles govern the admission of photographs depicting

homicide victims.

      The admission of evidence is solely within the discretion of the
      trial court, and a trial court's evidentiary rulings will be reversed
      on appeal only upon an abuse of that discretion. Commonwealth
      v. Reid, 99 A.3d 470, 493 (Pa. 2014). An abuse of discretion will
      not be found based on a mere error of judgment, but rather occurs
      where the court has reached a conclusion that overrides or

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      misapplies the law, or where the judgment exercised is manifestly
      unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill-will.
      Commonwealth v. Davido, 106 A.3d 611, 645 (Pa. 2014).

      When the Commonwealth seeks to introduce photographs of a
      homicide victim into evidence, the trial court must engage in a
      two-part analysis. First, the trial court must examine whether the
      particular photograph is inflammatory.         Commonwealth v.
      Murray, 83 A.3d 137, 156 (Pa. 2013). If the photograph is not
      inflammatory, it may be admitted if it is relevant and can serve to
      assist the jury in understanding the facts of the case. Id. If the
      photograph is inflammatory, the trial court must determine
      whether the photograph is of such essential evidentiary value that
      its need clearly outweighs the likelihood of inflaming the minds
      and passions of the jurors. Id.

Commonwealth v. Woodard, 129 A.3d 480, 494 (Pa. 2015).

      The trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the challenged

photographs. The court accepted the Commonwealth’s explanation that the

pictures were needed to visually demonstrate for the jury several features of

the corpse that would be addressed in the testimony of the Commonwealth’s

witnesses, including the position of the victim’s body, the state of his clothing,

and the lack of blood. The court allowed a color photograph of the victim’s

bullet wound to be published to the jury because its probative value

outweighed its prejudicial effect. See Trial Court Opinion, 11/16/22, at 7,

citing N.T., 12/2/21, at 7.      The court instructed the Commonwealth to

substitute a black and white version for the second photograph and to block

out the victim’s face to reduce the inflammatory nature of the submission.

Also, the trial court gave the jury a cautionary instruction addressing how the

photographic evidence should be viewed, and we presume that a jury follows

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instructions of the court. See Commonwealth v. Spotz, 896 A.2d 1191,

1224 (Pa. 1999). Appellant is entitled to no relief on this claim.

      In his third claim, Appellant maintains that the evidence was insufficient

to sustain a conviction for second-degree murder since there was no direct

evidence that Appellant committed a robbery and since there was no direct

evidence that Appellant fatally shot the victim. Appellant stresses that the

evidence was equally consistent with a scenario in which Appellant elected to

take the victim’s vehicle and mobile telephone only after coming upon an

individual who received mortal wounds at the hands of another attacker. See

Appellant’s Brief at 19.

      In reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, our standard

of review is as follows:

      As a general matter, our standard of review of sufficiency claims
      requires that we evaluate the record in the light most favorable to
      the verdict winner giving the prosecution the benefit of all
      reasonable inferences to be drawn from the evidence. Evidence
      will be deemed sufficient to support the verdict when it establishes
      each material element of the crime charged and the commission
      thereof by the accused, beyond a reasonable doubt.
      Nevertheless, the Commonwealth need not establish guilt to a
      mathematical certainty. Any doubt about the defendant's guilt is
      to be resolved by the fact finder unless the evidence is so weak
      and inconclusive that, as a matter of law, no probability of fact
      can be drawn from the combined circumstances.

      The Commonwealth may sustain its burden by means of wholly
      circumstantial evidence. Accordingly, [t]he fact that the evidence
      establishing a defendant's participation in a crime is circumstantial
      does not preclude a conviction where the evidence coupled with
      the reasonable inferences drawn therefrom overcomes the
      presumption of innocence. Significantly, we may not substitute
      our judgment for that of the fact finder; thus, so long as the

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      evidence adduced, accepted in the light most favorable to the
      Commonwealth, demonstrates the respective elements of a
      defendant's crimes beyond a reasonable doubt, the appellant's
      convictions will be upheld.

Commonwealth v. Sebolka, 205 A.3d 329, 336-337 (Pa. Super. 2019)

(internal quotations and citations omitted).    When the jury evaluates the

weight and credibility of the evidence and the testimony of each witness, the

jury is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence. See Commonwealth

v. Ramtahal, 33 A.3d 602, 607 (Pa. 2011). Evidence may be sufficient to

establish guilt even if it is not absolutely incompatible with innocence or it

does not prove guilt beyond a moral certainty. See In Interest of J.B., 189

A.3d 390, 409 (Pa. 2018) (citation and quotation omitted).

      Under these principles, it is evident that no relief is due. Neither the

circumstantial nature of the evidence offered by the Commonwealth, nor the

fact that innocent scenarios withstand the prosecution’s proof, compel

acquittal. Hence, we reject Appellant’s third claim.

      Appellant’s next issue asserts that the trial court erred or abused its

discretion in refusing his request to instruct the jury to receive the testimony

of his former girlfriend, Kassemah Chapman, with special care and scrutiny.

Appellant argues he was entitled to a “special scrutiny” charge because

Chapman’s testimony was analogous to perjury given that she “admitted to

testifying falsely in her direct testimony[.]” Appellant’s Brief at 20-21. This

claim merits no relief.

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      We employ the following principles in reviewing a challenge to the trial

court's refusal to give a specific jury instruction:

      [I]t is the function of this [C]ourt to determine whether the record
      supports the trial court's decision. In examining the propriety of
      the instructions a trial court presents to a jury, our scope of review
      is to determine whether the trial court committed a clear abuse of
      discretion or an error of law which controlled the outcome of the
      case. A jury charge will be deemed erroneous only if the charge
      as a whole is inadequate, [unclear] or has a tendency to mislead
      or confuse, rather than clarify, a material issue. A charge is
      considered adequate unless the jury was palpably misled by what
      the trial judge said or there is an omission which is tantamount to
      fundamental error.        Consequently, the trial court has wide
      discretion in fashioning jury instructions. The trial court is not
      required to give every charge that is requested by the parties and
      its refusal to give a requested charge does not require reversal
      unless the appellant was prejudiced by that refusal.

Commonwealth v. Brown, 911 A.2d 576, 582-583 (Pa. Super. 2006)

(quotation marks omitted).

      Generally, the trial court must give instructions that are both requested

and supported by the evidence. See Commonwealth v. Hairston, 84 A.3d

657, 668 (Pa. 2014). However, “[i]nstructions regarding matters which are

not before the court or which are not supported by the evidence serve no

purpose other than to confuse the jury.” Commonwealth v. Patton, 936

A.2d 1170, 1176 (Pa. Super. 2007).

      Prior to deliberation, counsel for Appellant asked the trial court to

instruct the jury to receive Chapman’s testimony with special care. During an

exchange, counsel pointed out that Chapman “basically admitted that she

gave one statement [during her] grand jury testimony and another statement

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[at Appellant’s jury trial].”      N.T., 12/9/21, at 76-80.   The Commonwealth

responded that the “special scrutiny” instruction didn’t apply since Chapman

had not admitted perjury and no perjury occurred at a related trial. The trial

court agreed with the Commonwealth, rejected counsel’s request, and noted

that it was prepared to instruct the jury about “false in one, false in all,” prior

inconsistent statements, and crimen falsi. See id. At the conclusion of the

exchange between the court and the attorneys, counsel for Appellant indicated

he was satisfied so long as the court included a charge covering prior

inconsistent statements. See id.

       Although the trial court was alerted to Appellant’s request for a jury

instruction concerning “special scrutiny” of a witness’s testimony,2 nowhere

does Appellant assert that counsel lodged a specific objection or exception to

the instruction that was, in fact, given. This failure to object to the court’s

instruction is fatal to Appellant’s claim that the trial court erred in its charge

to the jury. Under our Rules of Criminal Procedure, the mere submission and

subsequent rejection of proposed points for charge do not preserve an issue

for appellate review; a specific objection or exception to the charge or the trial

court's ruling is needed. Commonwealth v. Pressley, 887 A.2d 220, 225

(Pa. 2005); Pa.R.Crim.P. 603, 647(B), and 647(C) (“No portions of the charge

nor omissions from the charge may be assigned as error, unless specific

____________________________________________

2 Appellant does not cite to the location within the record that contains his
request for a particular instruction.

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objections are made thereto before the jury retires to deliberate.”); Pa.R.A.P.

302(b) (“A general exception to the charge to the jury will not preserve an

issue for appeal. Specific exception shall be taken to the language or omission

complained of.”). Hence, this claim is waived.

      Even if a specific objection were lodged, this claim still fails.      The

requested instruction reads as follows:

      4.06 CERTAIN TESTIMONY SUBJECT TO SPECIAL SCRUTINY

      You should examine closely and carefully and receive with caution
      the testimony of [name of witness] [any witness] if you find that
      he or she [was previously hypnotized] [admitted that he or she
      committed perjury at another trial] [give specific situation].

Pa.SSJI (Crim) § 4.06. “This instruction may be appropriate when the court

wishes to caution the jury about testimony that falls into a category subject

to special scrutiny, [e.g., previously hypnotized witness; admitted perjurer at

another trial, paid informer, child witness, and accomplice]. It should not be

used with a category for which this manual gives a more specific instruction[.]

Id. at Subcommittee Note.

      The record supports the trial court’s conclusion that the “special

scrutiny” instruction was unwarranted.        Chapman did not admit to perjury

during her testimony and Appellant forwards no argument that she fell within

any other category listed under Section 4.06. Our review of the record shows

that the jury instruction, viewed as a whole, was sufficient to instruct the jury

as to how to assess the credibility of the witnesses in this case. Consequently,

Appellant’s fourth claim merits no relief.

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      In his final claim, Appellant asserts that his sentence of life

imprisonment without parole for second-degree murder violates due process.

Appellant explains that “if his conviction for felony-murder cannot stand, due

to insufficient evidence of a robbery, or a lack of proof that felonious intent

was formed before the alleged shooting by [A]ppellant, then the mandatory

sentence of life imprisonment cannot stand, either.”        Appellant’s Brief at

21-22.

      Because the precise focus of Appellant’s laconic, half-page argument is

difficult to grasp, we view the instant claim as analogous to those raised

recently in Commonwealth v. Rivera, 238 A.3d 482 (Pa. Super. 2020),

appeal denied, 250 A.3d 1158 (Pa. 2021), and Commonwealth v. Lee, 2023

WL 3961802 (Pa. Super. 2023), where Rivera and Lee challenged their

mandatory life sentences under the Eighth Amendment to the United States

Constitution, arguing that the penalties imposed upon them inflicted cruel and

unusual punishments since the felony-murder rule did not account for

diminished culpability or the blameworthiness and mental state of a defendant

who allegedly had caused the death of another person. We rejected the claims

raised in those cases and, as we remain bound by those decisions, we reject

the claims raised by Appellant. See Rivera, 238 A.3d at 501-503 (rejecting

appellant's claims that his sentence of life in prison without the possibility of

parole for second-degree murder “constitutes cruel and unusual punishment

because under the felony-murder rule, no regard is given to the culpability or

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the mental state of a defendant who causes the death of another person, and

thus the rule dictates a punishment that is without proportionality between

the crime and has little legitimate deterrent or retributive rationale”)

(quotation marks, citations, and corrections omitted); see also Lee, 2023

WL 3961802 at *3 (Pennsylvania's mandatory scheme of punishment for

second-degree murder does not run afoul of the Constitution simply because

it differs from that of other States; there is no authority which raises doubts

about the constitutional validity of any specific feature of the challenged

scheme; and, no case has ever concluded that an individual, charged with

homicide and who has attained the age of majority, may be viewed as having

categorically-diminished culpability for purposes of considering whether the

Eighth Amendment proscribes the imposition of a life-without-parole

sentence). Accordingly, we conclude Appellant is not entitled to relief on his

final claim.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 8/31/2023

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