Court Opinion

ID: 7803480
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-08-25 14:06:39.913438+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:29:39.061944
License: Public Domain

Bennett Frankel, et al. v. Casey Lou Deane, No. 43, September Term, 2021. Opinion by
Gould, J.

EXPERT TESTIMONY – MEDICAL MALPRACTICE

The trial court’s admission or exclusion of expert medical testimony is reviewed on an
abuse of discretion standard. When assessing the admissibility of such testimony, the court
may not resolve disputed material facts or witness credibility issues; such issues are for the
jury to decide. The court abuses its discretion when it excludes testimony based on the
court’s factual determinations on genuinely disputed issues.

EXPERT TESTIMONY – MEDICAL MALPRACTICE

Under Meda v. Brown, 318 Md. 418 (1990), in a medical malpractice case, if the expert
cannot ascertain the precise cause of the injury, inferential reasoning is permissible to
establish the elements of breach and causation so long as each inference is supported by
expert testimony.
Circuit Court for Calvert County
Case No.: C-04-CV-18-000396
Argued: March 7, 2022

                                                                                           IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                                                                                  OF MARYLAND

                                                                                                        No. 43

                                                                                             September Term, 2021
                                                                                   ______________________________________

                                                                                           BENNETT FRANKEL, ET AL.

                                                                                                          v.

                                                                                             CASEY LOU DEANE
                                                                                   ______________________________________

                                                                                         *Getty, C.J.
                                                                                         Watts
                                                                                         Hotten
                                                                                         Booth
                                                                                         Biran
                                                                                         Gould
                                                                                         McDonald, Robert N. (Senior Judge,
                                                                                         Specially Assigned),

                                                                                                     JJ.
                                                                                   ______________________________________

                                                                                              Opinion by Gould, J.
                                                                                               Watts, J., dissents.
                                                                                   ______________________________________

                                                                                         Filed: August 25, 2022

                                                                                   *Getty, C.J., now a Senior Judge, participated in
                                                                                   the hearing and conference of this case while
                                                                                   being an active member of this Court. After
 Pursuant to Maryland Uniform Electronic Legal
Materials Act
(§§ 10-1601 et seq. of the State Government Article) this document is authentic.
                                                                                   being recalled pursuant to Md. Const., Art. IV,
                            2022-08-25 09:54-04:00                                 § 3A, he also participated in the decision and
                                                                                   adoption of this opinion.

Suzanne C. Johnson, Clerk
                                      BACKGROUND

                                             A

       This is a medical malpractice case arising out of the removal of Casey Lou Deane’s

lower and upper wisdom teeth by Dr. Bennett Frankel. Dr. Frankel performed the surgery

on January 14, 2016.1         Ms. Deane signed consent forms and was, according to Dr.

Frankel’s medical notes, “told of possible complications, mainly pain, burning, paresthesia

lower lip, chin, tongue[.]”

       When Ms. Deane awoke after the surgery, she was in pain and couldn’t speak or

feel her tongue. She was told to go home and rest and was assured that her condition would

improve once the anesthesia wore off. But that did not happen.

       Ms. Deane had a follow-up appointment with Dr. Frankel several days after the

surgery. Dr. Frankel’s notes from the visit reflect that Ms. Deane complained of pain,

paresthesia, and tingling on the front third of both sides of her tongue. Ms. Deane recalled

being told “to give it more time to heal[,]” but denied reporting any improvement.

       Dr. Frankel’s notes also indicate that Ms. Deane had a follow-up appointment

scheduled for one week later, which Ms. Deane did not attend.              Regarding that

appointment, the notes state, “patient’s complaints getting better” and “not coming back.”

Ms. Deane recalled no conversation with anyone from Dr. Frankel’s office about the

follow-up appointment. She did recall, however, not wanting to go back to Dr. Frankel

       1
        Because this is an appeal from a summary judgment, we recite the facts in the light
most favorable to the non-moving party, Ms. Deane.
because she could not feel her tongue, and yet he told her that she was “okay” and assured

her that in time the problems would resolve. She testified, “[s]o I think I was just done.”

       Several months after the surgery, Ms. Deane’s symptoms continued to show no

improvement, so she called Dr. Frankel’s office and scheduled an appointment with a

different doctor, Dr. Clay Kim for April 18, 2016.

       What transpired at Ms. Deane’s appointment with Dr. Kim is in dispute. Dr. Kim’s

progress notes state that Ms. Deane complained that her tongue was numb but also stated

that she was “getting better and still tingling” and that her “whole tongue [was] not numb

anymore,” and that “. . . [n]ow only [the] right anterior tongue is numb.” The notes also

reflect that Dr. Kim examined her mouth and conducted some neurosensory tests, stating,

“right anterior 2/3 with mild pain perception, direction, and soft touch sensation intact[.]”

Dr. Kim diagnosed a “likely neuropraxia injury” and noted that referral to a “neurologis[t]”

might be necessary, but that he recommended “observation for now” and that the “[p]atient

will schedule for the above procedure[s].”2 The notes do not reflect that Dr. Kim tested

Ms. Deane’s sense of taste or her reaction to hot or cold stimuli.

       Ms. Deane maintains that, contrary to Dr. Kim’s notes, she told him that her tongue

was numb on both sides of the front of the tongue, that it was difficult to talk and eat, and

that she was experiencing pain, throbbing, and tingling. She recalled that Dr. Kim poked

her tongue with something, but did not recall him mentioning the possible need to see a

nerve specialist.

       2
           It’s not clear to which procedures Dr. Kim’s notes were referring.
                                               2
       Roughly six months after the surgery, Ms. Deane still could not feel her tongue,

which prompted her to do some research. She found information on bilateral lingual nerve

injuries which seemed to produce the same symptoms as those she had been experiencing.

Lacking dental insurance, Ms. Deane did not follow up with another oral surgeon. About

two years after her surgery, she decided to call a lawyer, who, in turn, referred her to Dr.

Richard Kramer, a dentist who was board-certified as an oral and maxillofacial surgeon.

       Dr. Kramer’s practice included third molar extractions and diagnosing nerve

injuries. After conducting a series of sensory tests on Ms. Deane, Dr. Kramer prepared and

sent a report with his findings to her attorney. His report said: “[t]he injury here is likely a

bilateral neurotmesis.”3 Dr. Kramer also opined that, due to the time between the date of

the surgery and his evaluation, the injury was permanent.

                                               B

       In August 2018, Ms. Deane filed a malpractice claim against Dr. Frankel and

Southern Maryland Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, P.A. (“Southern”), the practice that

employed Dr. Kim. Ms. Deane alleged that she suffered permanent loss of feeling in her

tongue because Dr. Frankel severed the lingual nerve while extracting her wisdom teeth,

       3
         “Neurotmesis is a complete transection of a peripheral nerve. The severity of
peripheral nerve injury can be classified as neurapraxia, axonotmesis, or neurotmesis.
Neurotmesis will produce complete sensory and motor deficits to the skin and muscles
innervated by the injured nerve.” See Alexjandro J. Matos & Orlando De Jesus,
Neurotmesis, NAT’L LIBR. OF MED. (last visited Aug. 12, 2022),
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559108/#:~:text=Neurotmesis%20is%20a%20
complete%20transection,innervated%20by%20the%20injured%20nerve.
                                               3
and because Dr. Kim failed to promptly refer her to a nerve specialist. Ms. Deane

subsequently amended her complaint to add Dr. Kim as a defendant.4

                                               C

       Ms. Deane designated two experts: (1) Dr. Kramer, to provide expert testimony on

the nature and extent of her alleged injury; and (2) Armond Kotikian, D.D.S., M.D., a

board-certified dentist in oral and maxillofacial surgery, to testify on standard of care and

causation.

Dr. Kramer

       Dr. Kramer testified at his deposition that the standard of care for diagnosing nerve

injuries was set forth in the “Nerve Evaluation Protocol 2014” from the California

Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (the “2014 Protocol”). The 2014 Protocol

recommends a four-part test for providing “a framework upon which evaluation and

treatment options could be based.” Dr. Kramer routinely used that test in his practice to

diagnose lingual nerve injuries, including with Ms. Deane.

       Dr. Kramer explained that he “performed pressure, two-point discrimination, taste,

and sensation of sharp” on Ms. Deane. He acknowledged that the test was partly based on

the subjective reporting of his patients but stated that he tries “to make it as objective . . .

as [he] can.”

       With Ms. Deane, he used the fluff of a wooden Q-Tip to determine if she could feel

a light touch, a broken end of the Q-Tip to test if she could feel a sharp touch, and a metric

       4
        Dr. Frankel, Dr. Kim, and Southern are collectively referred to herein as the
“doctors” or “petitioners.”
                                               4
gauge to measure the distance at which she could distinguish touching sensations in two

places. He observed that Ms. Deane had no feeling and no ability to discern feeling in two

places on the front two-thirds of both sides of her tongue. Dr. Kramer also conducted a

temperature test on Ms. Deane’s tongue, and again, “[t]here was no response.”

       In addition, Dr. Kramer performed a taste test with a local anesthetic, which is

known to be bitter. He put the anesthetic in several different places on Ms. Deane’s tongue,

including at the back. Ms. Dean reported no taste in the front bilateral parts of her tongue.

As to the subjective nature of the taste test, Dr. Kramer explained that, for most people,

“when you do that, if they can taste it, you can look right at them and know they’re tasting

it.”

       As noted above, Dr. Kramer opined that “[t]he injury here is likely bilateral

neurotmesis,” or, as described in his deposition, a “complete transection of the lingual

nerve bilaterally[.]” His report also stated that Ms. Deane “will experience no further

improvement in her condition[,]” and that the injury was permanent. Dr. Kramer gave two

reasons for his opinions: (1) the neurosensory tests showed that Ms. Deane had no feeling

in the area of her tongue in front of the wisdom teeth; and (2) the fact that Ms. Deane had

no sensation in her tongue two years after the injury meant that the lingual nerve had been

severed because otherwise, he would have expected to see some improvement due to nerve

regeneration.

       Dr. Kramer did not review either Dr. Frankel’s or Dr. Kim’s notes prior to his

examination. When asked if a neurosensory exam three months after surgery would have

been pertinent to his opinions on nerve injury in this case, Dr. Kramer said “[p]ending the

                                             5
outcome of that exam. Yes.” He then explained that “[b]y example, . . . if someone did an

exam of her at three months and she had a normal sensation, that would be quite pertinent

to the outcome . . . [b]ecause she didn’t have normal sensation when I saw her nearly two

years after the injury.” He testified that seeing improvement three months after surgery, as

reported by Dr. Kim, was inconsistent with the conclusions he reached from his

examination two years after surgery because if the symptoms had been improving at three

months, Ms. Deane’s condition would not have subsequently deteriorated. Dr. Kramer

opined that the only diagnosis consistent with Ms. Deane’s persistent loss of taste sensation

or feeling in her tongue for two years was a complete severance of the lingual nerve.

Dr. Kotikian

       Dr. Kotikian was designated to testify that “Ms. Deane has developed full anesthesia

of her tongue, bilaterally and a likely severance of her lingual nerves, bilaterally, following

the extraction of [the lower wisdom teeth] by Dr. Bennett F. Frankel[.]” In addition, he

would testify that: (1) the injury “likely occurred while the third molar in question was

being sectioned and the bur traversed the lingual plate causing the lingual nerve to be

severed”; (2) the injury could have been avoided by placing “a retractor or a periosteal

elevator . . . between the lingual plate and periosteum during the time of sections and/or

adequate buccal and distal troughs . . . around the teeth”; and (3) the failure to take either

precautionary step deviated from the standard of care in oral surgery practice and caused

Ms. Deane’s injuries. Further, Dr. Kotikian would testify that “if the teeth [had not been]

transected, then the surgeon cut the flap too widely and outside the intended surgical field.”

According to Dr. Kotikian, “each is a deviation from the standard of care.”

                                              6
       Dr. Kotikian was also designated to testify that Dr. Kim should have recommended

that Ms. Deane take steroids and should have referred her to a neurosurgeon “or nerve

repair specialist[,]” as such “treatment . . . is most effective when performed within the first

1-3 months post injury.”

       At his deposition, Dr. Kotikian testified that he based his opinion on the totality of

Dr. Kramer’s diagnosis, Ms. Deane’s testimony concerning her symptoms, relevant

scientific literature, and his own experience avoiding permanent lingual nerve injuries by

using a retractor/elevator or drilling adequately around the buccal side of the teeth.

       Dr. Kotikian explained that he was skeptical about the notes from Drs. Frankel and

Kim because it was not possible that Ms. Deane had an improvement in sensation, given

that Dr. Kramer’s tests found that she exhibited symptoms of total nerve severance, and

that nerves do not degenerate over time; if anything, they improve. As to whether Ms.

Deane could have been lying to Dr. Kramer in response to the tests he performed, Dr.

Kotikian expressed doubt, stating: “when we do these examinations, we’re actually poking

and prodding, so if they’re not feeling anything, it’s very obvious because if we stick a

needle in there, they’ll jump if they have sensation.”

       Dr. Kotikian further explained that although a lingual nerve injury is a known risk

of wisdom teeth extraction, such injuries are usually temporary, whereas a complete

severance of the nerve is permanent. And, he explained, an oral surgeon could do

everything correctly and still cause a temporary nerve injury, but could not completely

sever the nerve without deviating from the standard of care. According to Dr. Kotikian,

that’s because lingual nerve severance means that the lingual plate must have been crossed

                                               7
in the performance of the extraction, or a retractor was not used to protect the nerve from

improper drilling.

                                             D

       Dr. Frankel and Southern both moved for summary judgment, which was, for all

intents and purposes, later adopted by Dr. Kim after he was added as a defendant.5

Petitioners argued that there was “no direct or physical evidence of injury or medical

circumstances sufficient to allow an expert opinion ‘inference’ that surgical negligence

occurred in this matter[.]” Relying on this Court’s opinion in Meda v. Brown, 318 Md. 418

(1990), they contended that inferences of negligence and causation require “sufficient

direct and physical evidence[,]” and that “Ms. Deane’s self-serving statements made during

litigation and accusing both Dr. Kim and Dr. Frankel of fabricating her reports of improved

sensation do not create a dispute of fact sufficient to overcome summary judgment in this

matter.”

       Dr. Frankel further argued that under Meda, the “evidence must show the injury is

not something that happens in the absence of surgical negligence[,]” and that the risk of

“[t]emporary and/or permanent lingual nerve injury during the extraction of wisdom teeth

is well known . . . and . . . does happen when appropriate and reasonable surgical techniques

are used.” Dr. Frankel contended that “Dr. Kotikian also testified that lingual nerve injury

is a recognized and material risk” of the surgery performed on Ms. Deane. Dr. Frankel

argued that “[t]here is absolutely no direct or physical evidence of any injury or abnormal

       5
        The parties treated Dr. Kim as a party defendant during the summary judgment
proceedings, even though Ms. Deane did not add him as a defendant until after the hearing.
                                             8
trauma to [Ms. Deane’s] anatomy” and that the “entire alleged ‘inference’ that negligence

occurred is itself based on an invalid and/or speculative ‘inference’ that a specific injury

happened.”

       Putting it less charitably, Dr. Frankel averred that “the entire factual basis of [Ms.

Deane’s] case depends on [her] experts’ rewriting the medical history pursuant to the self-

serving statements of [Ms. Deane] made for purposes of litigation.” Thus, he contended

that the expert testimonies of Drs. Kramer and Kotikian were inadmissible under Meda,

the Frye-Reed standard, and Rule 5-702, and that without expert testimony, Ms. Deane

could not present a prima facie case of negligence.

       In response, Ms. Deane argued, among other things, that genuine disputes of

material facts precluded summary judgment, particularly regarding the reliability of Dr.

Kim’s and Dr. Kramer’s assessments.

Summary Judgment Hearing

       The court held a hearing on the summary judgment motions on August 7, 2019. As

the arguments progressed, the court determined that a Frye-Reed hearing was necessary to

consider the admissibility of the testimony of Ms. Deane’s experts. Although the court

made a tentative decision to grant summary judgment in favor of Southern and Dr. Kim on

the claim that Dr. Kim negligently failed to refer Ms. Deane to a neurosurgeon, the court

deferred ruling on the remaining issues pending the Frye-Reed hearing.

The Frye-Reed Hearing

       In advance of the Frye-Reed hearing, petitioners submitted a bench memorandum,

contending that the court should exclude Ms. Deane’s expert witnesses based on Frye-Reed

                                             9
principles. Petitioners argued that: (1) Ms. Deane’s theory of liability was inadmissible

because the injuries she incurred were known risks of her procedure that could occur

without negligence; (2) Dr. Kotikian’s testimony that she suffered “bilateral severed

lingual nerve” damage was inadmissible because it was based on subjective complaints

and not on exploratory surgery; and (3) Ms. Deane’s experts’ assertion that the standard of

care required a lingual tissue retraction technique was inadmissible because that technique

was not generally accepted as being beneficial. Petitioners supported their memorandum

with Ms. Deane’s consent form as well as scholarly articles on trigeminal nerve injuries

following third molar removal, lingual nerve injuries and nerve damage, and micro

neurosurgery of the lingual nerve.

       Petitioners did not dispute that the sensory tests conducted by Dr. Kramer were

generally accepted methodologies in the medical community, but instead argued that the

diagnosis Dr. Kramer made from the test results was not a generally accepted conclusion.

In other words, petitioners argued that there was an “analytical gap” between the tests

administered by Dr. Kramer and the conclusions that he and Dr. Kotikian drew from them.6

       Ms. Deane likewise filed a memorandum, which she supported with party and

witness depositions, excerpts from the 2014 Protocol, scholarly articles on trigeminal nerve

       6
        The phrase “analytical gap” refers to the concept discussed by the United States
Supreme Court in General Electric Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136, 146 (1997), and adopted
by this Court in Blackwell v. Wyeth, 408 Md. 575, 606-07 (2009). As explained in
Rochkind v. Stevenson, 471 Md. 1 (2020), the analytical gap issue in Blackwell “was
whether the Frye-Reed test applied ‘to the analysis undertaken by an expert where the
underlying data and methods for gathering this data are generally accepted in the scientific
community but applied to support a novel theory’ of medical causation.” Id. at 17 (quoting
Blackwell, 408 Md. at 596).
                                            10
injuries and the accuracy of clinical neurosensory testing for nerve injuries, and a chapter

from a textbook, Clinical Evaluation of Nerve Injuries.

       Ms. Deane argued that Frye-Reed did not apply because the neurosensory testing

technique that her expert utilized was not novel. Further, she contended that under

Maryland Rule 5-702, her experts had sufficient factual support for their opinions,

including deposition testimony, medical literature, applicable guidelines, medical records,

clinical exercises, training, and education.

The Trial Court’s Ruling

       On April 20, 2020, the circuit court issued a 97-page Memorandum Opinion and

Order (the “memorandum order”), granting the summary judgment motions and dismissing

Ms. Deane’s complaint with prejudice as to all defendants. Rather than provide our own

summary of the court’s ruling, we shall refer to the court’s summary set forth at the outset

of its opinion:

       [T]his Court found herein, applying Maryland’s Frye-Reed Standards, Meda
       v. Brown, 318 Md. 418, 428 (1990), and Maryland Rule 5-702 principles of
       law, that Dr. Kramer’s 2018 opined conclusion as to the possible severance
       in 2016 is based primarily on his examination of Plaintiff almost two years
       after the fact, and on the Plaintiff’s shaky, uncertain self-reporting to him
       then in 2018 without him having reviewed the professionally detailed notes
       and records of Dr. Frankel’s and Dr. Kim’s treatments and examination of
       Plaintiff, which this Court found met Maryland’s Frye-Reed Standards of
       scientific, clinical, and analytical reliability as well as to be based on such
       requisite methodology as required therein. Thus, the Court further found
       herein that Dr. Kramer’s opined conclusions at the time of his April 2018
       examination of Plaintiff, which serve as the lynchpin for Dr. Kotikian’s
       expert opinions of violations of standard of ordinary care by Dr. Frankel, Dr.
       Kim, and the Practice, fail to meet, directly or inferentially, the Maryland
       Frye-Reed, Meda, and Maryland Rule 5-702 standards of scientific, clinical,
       and analytical reliability as well as to be based on such requisite methodology
       as required therein. That is so since Dr. Kramer’s opinion failed to have

                                               11
       reviewed the professional and detailed notes and records of Dr. Frankel’s and
       Dr. Kim’s treatment and examination of Plaintiff and to have weighed and
       compared them against her uncertain versions of her treatment history with
       all of the Defendants, which failure he admits in his deposition may have
       changed his opined conclusion as to the acts and omissions of Dr. Frankel,
       Dr. Kim, and the Practice being professionally negligent. Nor was his
       opinion as to the lack of timely referral by Dr. Kim and the Practice
       constituting professional malpractice adequately supported by the medical
       authorities and studies relied upon by him. Thus, Dr. Kotikian’s opinions of
       violations of the standard of ordinary care by Dr. Frankel, Dr. Kim, and the
       Practice, having been found to have been significantly based on Dr. Kramer’s
       faulty opined findings and conclusions and unsupported by the medical
       authorities and studies relied upon by Dr. Kotikian are found on the record
       herein not to comply with Maryland Frye-Reed, Meda, and Maryland Rule
       5-702 standards of scientific, clinical, and analytical reliability as well as not
       to be supported by such requisite methodology. Accordingly, Dr. Kotikian’s
       opinions as to violations of the ordinary standard of dental care as to all
       Defendants are not admissible in this matter, and therefore, inter alia, there
       is not found ultimately to exist a genuine dispute of material facts, such that
       Plaintiff’s claims do not survive Summary Judgment with respect to all
       Defendants.
               Having found as key facts that the Plaintiff’s failure to attend follow-
       up appointments as recommended and instructed prevented a timely referral
       to a nerve repair specialist for microneuroexploratory surgery within the
       purported one to three month window for Dr. Frankel or the outer limit of the
       purported three to six month window for Dr. Kim or the Practice to do so,
       the Court determined affirmatively that there was no genuine dispute of
       material fact that none of the three Defendants committed negligence as
       alleged for such a failure to so refer. Alternatively, it found that the Plaintiff
       committed contributory negligence by unjustifiably failing to attend follow-
       up appointments with all three Defendants as recommended, and that none
       of the Defendants committed negligence by failing to follow-up with a letter
       or communication for her to seek such a referral. Thus, the Plaintiff cannot
       succeed on her claims at trial and is barred from recovery as matter of law,
       and, accordingly, the Court grants Summary Judgment in favor of the
       Defendants.

                                               E

       Ms. Deane noted a timely appeal. In an unreported opinion, the Court of Special

Appeals reversed, finding that the trial court erred as a matter of law. Deane v. S. Md. Oral

                                              12
& Maxillofacial Surgery, P.A., No. 0218, Sept. Term 2020, 2021 WL 3523939 (Aug. 11,

2021). The Court disagreed with the trial court that Dr. Kramer’s failure to review the

notes of Drs. Frankel and Kim rendered his opinions unreliable. Id. at *7. According to

the Court, such failure would go to the weight of his testimony, not to its admissibility. Id.

       The Court also disagreed with the trial court’s interpretation that, pursuant to Meda,

Dr. Kotikian’s opinions were inadmissible because they failed to meet the standard for

inferences of negligence. Id. at *9.

       Finally, the Court ruled that the court erred in determining that Ms. Deane was

contributorily negligent. Id. at *10.

       The doctors petitioned this Court for a writ of certiorari, which we granted. Frankel

v. Deane, 476 Md. 416 (2021). They present three questions for our review, which we

consolidated and re-phrased as follows:7

       7
           The questions as presented by petitioners were:

       1.     Did the CSA err by neither (1) applying the Rochkind [v. Stevenson,
       471 Md. 1 (2020)] factors when reversing the trial court’s preclusion of
       expert testimony or (2) remanding the case to the circuit court to apply the
       Rochkind factors?
       2.     Did the CSA erroneously hold that the trial court abused its discretion
       by precluding expert testimony under Meda v. Brown, if the opinions and
       inferences were speculative unless the expert could reliably opine that the
       injury ordinarily would not occur without negligence?
       3.     Did the CSA erroneously hold that the trial court abused its discretion
       by precluding expert testimony after finding that Respondent’s experts had
       applied unsound reasoning and methodology to conclude that bilateral nerve
       severing injuries occurred?
                                             13
       1.     Did the Court of Special Appeals erroneously hold that the trial court
              abused its discretion by precluding the expert testimony of
              Respondents’ experts?

       2.     Did the Court of Special Appeals err by neither (1) applying the
              Rochkind factors when reversing the trial court’s preclusion of expert
              testimony or (2) remanding the case to the circuit court to apply the
              Rochkind factors?

                                      DISCUSSION

       To prevail in a medical malpractice negligence action, a plaintiff must prove four

elements: “(1) the defendant’s duty based on an applicable standard of care, (2) a breach

of that duty, (3) that the breach caused the injury claimed, and (4) damages.” Am.

Radiology Servs., LLC v. Reiss, 470 Md. 555, 579 (2020). “Because of the complex nature

of medical malpractice cases, . . . [plaintiffs must present expert testimony] to establish

breach of the standard of care and causation.” Stickley v. Chisholm, 136 Md. App. 305,

313 (2001) (citation omitted).

       Maryland Rule 2-501(f) provides that “[t]he court shall enter judgment in favor of

or against the moving party if the motion and response show that there is no genuine dispute

as to any material fact and that the party in whose favor judgment is entered is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law.” Thus, summary judgment is appropriate if the plaintiff fails

to come forward with admissible expert testimony on standard of care, breach, and

causation.   See Rodriguez v. Clarke, 400 Md. 39, 72 (2007); Puppolo v. Adventist

Healthcare, Inc., 215 Md. App. 517, 534 (2013). We review the trial court’s grant of

summary judgment de novo. Webb v. Giant of Md., LLC, 477 Md. 121, 347 (2021).

                                             A

                                            14
      To be admissible, expert testimony must satisfy the requirements of Maryland Rule

5-702, which provides:

      Expert testimony may be admitted, in the form of an opinion or otherwise, if
      the court determines that the testimony will assist the trier of fact to
      understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue. In making that
      determination, the court shall determine

             (1) whether the witness is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill,
             experience, training, or education,
             (2) the appropriateness of the expert testimony on the particular
             subject, and
             (3) whether a sufficient factual basis exists to support the expert
             testimony.

      Medical negligence may be proven with both direct and circumstantial evidence.

Meda, 318 Md. at 428. In Meda, this Court held that a prima facie case of medical

negligence may be proven by “proof of circumstances from which its existence may be

inferred[,]” provided that the inferences from such circumstances were drawn by experts

“armed with their fund of knowledge[.]” Id. at 428 (citation omitted).

      The factual basis for an expert’s opinion can come from “facts obtained from the

expert’s first-hand knowledge, facts obtained from the testimony of others, and facts

related to an expert through the use of hypothetical questions.” Sippio v. State, 350 Md.

633, 653 (1998). In addition, experts are permitted to “express an opinion based upon facts

assumed but not in evidence when the question is asked, if such facts are later proved in

the case.” Mangione v. Snead, 173 Md. 33, 42 (1937). This applies to disputed facts as

well. As this Court explained,

      Under such circumstances, the proper way to submit a hypothetical question
      is to ask the witness to presume the truth of certain facts as if they were not
      the subject of dispute. These may still be contested in actuality but the

                                            15
       inquiry is proper as long as there is evidentiary support for the facts which
       the expert is told to assume the veracity of and evaluate in rendering his
       opinion. Of course, any assumption made must be grounded on a fair
       summation of the material facts in evidence and those material facts must be
       sufficient in scope for the witness to formulate a rational opinion. In such a
       situation the jury is aware of the premise upon which the opinion is based
       and can determine whether that assumption was valid. If it is not, the opinion
       of the expert is disregarded.

Kruszewski v. Holz, 265 Md. 434, 445 (1972).

       Admissibility rulings under Maryland Rule 5-702 are reviewed under an abuse of

discretion standard. A ruling under Rule 5-702

       may be reversed on appeal if it is founded on an error of law or some serious
       mistake, or if the trial court clearly abused its discretion. Additionally, we
       will not affirm a decision within the discretion of the trial court if the judge
       acts in an arbitrary or capricious manner or beyond the letter or reason of the
       law.

Rochkind , 471 Md. at 11 (cleaned up).

       Until this Court’s decision in Rochkind, Maryland adhered to the Frye-Reed

standard for the admissibility of expert testimony based on scientific principles. 8 Id. at 4-

5. Under Frye-Reed, “prior to the admission of expert testimony based on the application

of novel scientific techniques, the party seeking to use the expert testimony must establish

that the particular methodology is valid and reliable.” Clemons v. State, 392 Md. 339, 363

(2006).    Over time, however, as Judge Adkins observed, the scope of the “general

acceptance” standard, in practice although not expressly, has been expanded to include

“testimony based on any scientific principle—new or old.” Savage v. State, 455 Md. 138,

       8
          Frye-Reed refers to the seminal case of Frye v. State, 293 F. 1013 (D.C. 1923),
which articulated a standard for admissibility of novel scientific expert testimony, and Reed
v. State, 283 Md. 374 (1978), which adopted the Frye standard in Maryland.
                                             16
180 (2017) (Adkins, J., concurring). In addition, Maryland Frye-Reed jurisprudence

expanded the general acceptance test to “not only to evaluate scientific methods, but also

to assess scientific conclusions.” Id. at 181 (Adkins, J., concurring). The standard of

appellate review for Frye-Reed determinations is de novo. Wilson v. State, 370 Md. 191,

201 n.5 (2002).

                                                B

         Ms. Deane built her case on the inextricably linked testimony of two experts. The

opinions of both experts rested on the assumption of certain disputed facts. For example,

Dr. Kramer assumed the truth of the following facts: (1) Dr. Kim’s notes inaccurately

reflected what Ms. Deane had reported to him; (2) Ms. Deane told Dr. Kim that she had

experienced no improvement in her symptoms; and (3) Ms. Deane genuinely and truthfully

answered Dr. Kramer’s questions and responded to his sensory tests to the best of her

ability. As set forth above, the record included testimony that supported each of these

assumed facts.

         The circuit court, however, found fault with Dr. Kramer’s opinion, concluding that

it was

         based primarily on his examination of Plaintiff almost two years after the
         fact, and on the Plaintiff’s shaky, uncertain self-reporting to him then in 2018
         without him having reviewed the professionally detailed notes and records
         of Dr. Frankel’s and Dr. Kim’s treatments and examination of Plaintiff,
         which this Court found met Maryland’s Frye-Reed Standards of scientific,
         clinical, and analytical reliability as well as to be based on such requisite
         methodology as required therein.

Because of his failure to review the notes and records of Drs. Frankel and Kim, the court

found that Dr. Kramer’s conclusions “fail[ed] to meet, directly or inferentially, the

                                               17
Maryland Frye-Reed, Meda, and Maryland Rule 5-702 standards of scientific, clinical, and

analytical reliability as well as to be based on such requisite methodology as required

therein.”

       The court did not explain, however, why it subjected the notes of Ms. Deane’s

treating physicians to a Frye-Reed analysis. The court also did not explain the basis on

which it determined that those notes passed the Frye-Reed test or why Dr. Kim’s sensory

examination passed the Frye-Reed test but Dr. Kramer’s sensory examination did not.

       The circuit court improperly took sides in a credibility contest between Drs. Frankel

and Kim on one hand and Ms. Deane on the other hand. Dr. Frankel’s records indicate that

Ms. Deane reported improvement of her symptoms—Ms. Deane denied reporting any

improvement. Dr. Frankel’s records regarding her missed follow-up appointment stated,

“patient’s complaints getting better” and that she was “not coming back[.]” Ms. Deane,

however, testified that during that time, she was having the “same issues” and that her

“tongue . . . never restored any feeling.”9

       9
        The circuit court described Ms. Deane’s recollection of her post-op visits with Dr.
Frankel as “sketchy.” When first asked about the follow-up visit with Dr. Frankel, Ms.
Deane initially didn’t remember that visit or what was said during it. After further
questioning, however, Ms. Deane’s memory was refreshed somewhat, and although she
did not recall details of what either she or Dr. Frankel said during that visit, she was
adamant that she did not report any improvement, as reflected in her testimony:

       Q:     And you would not—that would include you do not have any
       recollection of whether or not you reported any improving to your numbness
       on the 19th?

       A:     No. But I didn’t.

                                              18
       Dr. Kim’s notes from Ms. Deane’s appointment three months later likewise

reflected that Ms. Deane had reported improvement in her symptoms, stating that she was

getting better, still feeling some tingling and that only the right anterior portion of her

tongue was numb. In contrast, Ms. Deane testified that she told Dr. Kim that both sides of

her tongue were numb and that she reported pain, throbbing, and tingling.

       Thus, the circuit court was confronted with medical records from Drs. Frankel and

Kim that were disputed in multiple material respects by their patient. The conflicting

evidence on these issues teed up a classic credibility contest for the jury—not the court—

to resolve. By taking those factual issues away from the jury, the circuit court erred.

       The circuit court also impermissibly gave petitioners the benefit of favorable

inferences drawn from evidence susceptible to more than one interpretation. For example,

the court stated that Dr. Kramer “admits in his deposition [that he] may have changed his

opined conclusion as to the acts and omissions of Dr. Frankel, Dr. Kim, and the Practice

                                           ****

       Q:     And now, --and then you said—you also specifically said you denied
       reporting any improvement to the symptoms?

       A:     I did not report any improvement.

       Q:    Sounds like now you have a pretty okay memory of that visit; is that
       fair?

       A:     I just know that I didn’t report any because there wasn’t any.

         Although Ms. Deane’s credibility will have to be determined by the factfinder at
trial, for summary judgment purposes, the circuit court should have credited Ms. Deane
with the benefit of the doubt, not the other way around.
                                             19
being professionally negligent” if he had been provided with their notes. The “admission”

by Dr. Kramer to which the court referred came in this exchange:

      Q:     Okay. You have not reviewed any medical records of providers other
      than yourself in this matter?

      A:     No, I have not.

      Q:    Have you reviewed the medical records of Casey Deane, specifically,
      Clay Kim’s neurosensory exam at three months postop?

      A:     No.

      Q:     Were you aware that such an exam exists?

      A:     No.

      Q:     Would that have been relevant to your opinions in this matter?

      A:     I don't know.

      Q:     Okay.

      A:     I suppose it depends on what was in there.

      Q:    Would a neurosensory exam at three months generally be pertinent to
      your opinions on nerve injury in this matter?

      A:     Pending the outcome of that exam. Yes.

      Q:      The results of that neurosensory exam at three months would be
      pertinent to the basis or concluding that Miss Deane does have a nerve injury;
      is that right?

      A:     I’m not sure if I follow the way you’re phrasing the question.

      Q:     Sure.

      A:    By example, however, if someone did an exam of her at three months
      and she had normal sensation, that would be quite pertinent to the outcome.

      Q:     And why would that be quite pertinent?

                                           20
       A:     Because she didn’t have normal sensation when I saw her nearly two
       years after the injury.

       Q:      When you say she didn’t have normal sensation, what you’re saying
       is she didn’t report feeling your test, so she did not report --

       A:     That is correct.

       Q:     Okay. She did not report normal sensation to you?

       A:     That is correct.

       It seems clear that although Dr. Kramer said that his opinions may have changed

had he been provided with Dr. Frankel’s notes and Dr. Kim’s notes, he qualified that

statement by saying that it depended on what the notes said. When pressed, Dr. Kramer

gave an example of how the notes could have made a difference in his opinion—if the notes

reflected that the patient reported normal sensation at three months. But that was just an

example untethered to reality—the notes didn’t say Ms. Deane reported normal sensation

after three months. Dr. Kramer’s testimony on that issue was, at best from petitioners’

standpoint, susceptible to more than one interpretation. In ruling on a summary judgment

motion, the court improperly adopted the interpretation least favorable to Ms. Deane. See

RDC Melanie Drive, LLC v. Eppard, 474 Md. 547, 564 (2021) (citation omitted) (“Upon

review, this Court must consider the facts in a light most favorable to the non-moving

parties, and ‘if those facts are susceptible to inferences supporting the position of the party

opposing summary judgment, then a grant summary judgment is improper.’”).

       The circuit court also erred in finding that the only reliable way for diagnosing the

nature and extent of Ms. Deane’s injury was through exploratory surgery, which she did

                                              21
not have. Dr. Kramer testified that when the lingual nerve is injured, a patient with the

same symptoms as Ms. Deane may very well experience improvement over the ensuing

months. He further testified that his diagnosis of a severed lingual nerve was made possible

in Ms. Deane’s case only because he examined her more than two years after the surgery:

       Q: So how do you determine what injury she has?

       A: Based on her exam at that moment and the time frame. And I may have
       referred a moment ago to the dependability with which lingual nerves heal,
       for various reasons; but after two-plus years, the likelihood goes down so that
       had there been an axonotmesis or a neurotmesis, I may have anticipated
       greater improvement at two years, when I saw her.

       Q: Um-hum. Right.
          So I guess what you’re saying is that while reduced sensation can be a
       symptom of neuropraxia, if it doesn't improve, it supports a diagnosis of
       neurotmesis?

       A: For the sake of discussion in terms of defining the terms, axonotmesis and
       neurotmesis and neuropraxia indicate different levels of injury to the nerve.

       Q: Um-hum.

       A: When a nerve’s transected, the two ends are separated. The likelihood of
       them finding each other is limited. The other two injuries, the nerve itself is
       still relatively in contact, and so the likelihood of some amount of
       improvement is way greater.

       Q: Um-hum.

       A: Based on the time frame was why I said that I thought there was a
       neurotmesis.

       Petitioners did not counter Dr. Kramer’s testimony with any testimony, expert or

otherwise. Thus, when the court found that exploratory surgery was the only reliable way

to determine the nature and extent of Ms. Deane’s injury, it relied solely on excerpts from

the medical literature provided by the parties.

                                             22
       There are two problems with the court’s approach. First, expert testimony is

required to establish the standard of care, breach, and causation elements of a medical

negligence claim. Learned treatises, however, are admissible only “when there is an expert

witness on the stand.” JOSEPH F. MURPHY, JR., MARYLAND EVIDENCE HANDBOOK § 813, at 420

(4th ed. 2010); see also Md. Rule 5-803(b)(18). Yet here, the court was interpreting the

medical literature without the assistance of expert testimony.

       Second, and related to the first, the medical literature does not appear to be

inconsistent with Dr. Kramer’s testimony that the passage of two years since the surgery

was the factor that enabled him to diagnose the severed lingual nerve utilizing the sensory

examination. As Dr. Kramer testified, and as the medical literature relied upon by the court

seems to reflect, a patient with the same symptoms reported by Ms. Deane may experience

improvement in the months following the procedure.

       So, although the sensory tests may reliably assess the patient’s symptoms, if the

patient is still within the window of time in which improvement is possible, it’s too early

to tell the precise nature and extent of the injury without exploratory surgery. But that’s

not the case after two years, according to Dr. Kramer. The medical literature cited by the

court does not appear to contradict Dr. Kramer on this point. Although the jury might,

depending on the evidence, have a basis to conclude that exploratory surgery is necessary

to diagnose the injury even after two years, the circuit court did not have the discretion to

so find on summary judgment.

       Finally, as Dr. Kramer explained, his examination of Ms. Deane assessed her

condition at a specific snapshot in time—the day he examined her. But so did Dr. Kim’s

                                             23
examination at three months post-surgery, and he used some, but not all, of the same

sensory tests performed by Dr. Kramer. While we recognize that the results of the testing

from these different points in time were inconsistent and contradictory, we have not been

directed to any caselaw or evidence in this record that mandates the conclusion reached by

the circuit court that the latter test performed by Dr. Kramer was suspect and the earlier

one by Dr. Kim was reliable. Again, any tension between the two tests should have been

left for the jury to sort out.

The Admissibility of Dr. Kotikian’s Opinion

       The circuit court excluded Dr. Kotikian’s opinions on three grounds: (1) because

they were based on Dr. Kramer’s opinion, which the court had deemed unreliable and

inadmissible; (2) because Dr. Kotikian discounted Dr. Kim’s findings, as reflected in his

notes, that three months after surgery, Ms. Deane was reporting improvement of her

symptoms; and (3) under Meda v. Brown, 318 Md. 418 (1990). We conclude that the

circuit court erred in its analysis of each ground, and we, therefore, hold that the court erred

in its ruling on Dr. Kotikian’s testimony.

       Dr. Kotikian testified at his deposition that, based on his review of Ms. Deane’s

description of her symptoms and the clinical findings of Dr. Kramer, he intended to opine

at trial, to a reasonable degree of medical certainty, that Ms. Deane suffered a permanent

lingual nerve injury. In addition, he was prepared to opine at trial that

       [t]he injury to each lingual nerve likely occurred while the third molar in
       question was being sectioned and the bur traversed the lingual plate causing
       the lingual nerve to be severed, or appropriate and known steps were not
       taken to avoid transecting the nerve while cutting the gum tissues to expose
       and elevate the tooth. These injuries could have been prevented if a retractor

                                              24
       or a periosteal elevator (#9) had been placed between the lingual plate and
       the periosteum during the time of sectioning and/or adequate buccal and
       distal troughs were done around the teeth. Either of these actions would be
       considered deviations from the applicable standard of care and caused injury
       and harm to the patient.

       Having determined that the circuit court erred in its analysis of Dr. Kramer’s

proffered testimony, we also conclude that the Court erred in excluding Dr. Kotikian’s

testimony on the ground that it relied on Dr. Kramer’s testimony.

       Similarly, Dr. Kotikian’s failure to rely on Dr. Kim’s notes about Ms. Deane’s

improving condition should not have disqualified his testimony. The court acknowledged

that Ms. Deane disputed that she had reported any improvement to Dr. Kim, but

nevertheless granted summary judgment “principally due to her unjustified[10] failure” to

follow-up with Dr. Kim. The court did not explain the connection of Ms. Deane’s failure

to return for the follow-up appointment with the factual dispute over what Ms. Deane

reported to Dr. Kim about her symptoms. As an expert, Dr. Kim was entitled to assume

that Dr. Kramer’s examination and diagnosis were reliable. The court simply found Dr.

Kim to be more credible than Dr. Kramer, even though as an expert, Dr. Kim was entitled

to assume the reliability of Dr Kramer’s examination and diagnosis.              Making that

credibility determination put the Court in the position of factfinder. Thus, it was clear error

to exclude Dr. Kotikian’s testimony on that ground.

       10
          This is another example of impermissible fact-finding. The jury, not the court,
should decide whether Ms. Deane’s failure to keep a follow-up appointment was
“unjustified.”
                                              25
       Finally, the circuit court erred in finding that Dr. Kotikian’s testimony was

inadmissible under Meda v. Brown, 318 Md. 418 (1990). The court interpreted Meda as

standing for the proposition that “[i]f the subject injury is a well-known complication or

risk of medical or dental procedure and could occur in the absence of any medical or dental

negligence on behalf of the surgeon, then an expert opinion upon an ‘inference of

negligence theory’ is not viable or admissible[.]” Citing Ms. Deane’s signature on the

informed consent form from the day of the oral surgery as well as certain medical

authorities, the circuit found “that the conditions that Plaintiff complains of are well known

complications of the procedure Plaintiff underwent and do occur in the absence of

negligence by the surgeon.” Because the court concluded that the injuries allegedly

suffered by Ms. Deane were known risks that could be realized without negligence on the

surgeon’s part, it determined that Dr. Kotikian’s “inference of negligence” was

inadmissible under Meda.

       Although the literature cited by the court says that if the lingual nerve is situated in

certain positions, “it is at risk of damage when the associated tooth is removed regardless

of the care employed during surgery[,]” there does not appear to be any indication that

the specific injury alleged here—the bilateral severance of the lingual nerve—is one such

injury that can occur without regard to the care employed by the surgeon.

       Dr. Kotikian addressed that very point at his deposition when questioned by Ms.

Deane’s counsel:

       Q:    The literature that [petitioners’ counsel] cited indicates that you can
       have an injury to the lingual nerve when everything is done within the

                                              26
       standard of care. Does that hold true for a severance of the lingual nerve as
       well?

       A:     No. No. So injury is broad, so it can be --repeat your question again.

       Q:      [Petitioners’ counsel] said and you agreed that you can do -- that a
       surgeon can do everything within the standard of care and still have injury to
       the lingual nerve.
               My question is: Does that hold true when you have a severance of the
       lingual nerve as well? Can you do everything -- can a surgeon do everything
       within the standard of care and still severe the nerve?

       A:     Not if the appropriate measures are taken.

       Q:     And is severing of the nerve -- In the literature that you’ve reviewed,
       is severing of the lingual nerve distinguished from the data on injury to the
       lingual nerve?

       A:     So injury can be the bruising, partial tear, so general; whereas, full
       tear would be no sensation.

       Q:     Right. And can you have a severance of the nerve and still be doing
       things within the standard -- everything within the standard of care?
              Or does it have to be a breach in the standard of care to have a
       severance of the nerve?

       A:     Breach in the standard.

       Q:      And in Ms. Deane’s case do you believe that she suffered a severance
       of the lingual nerve bilaterally?

       A:     Yes.
       The circuit court pointed to no evidence in the record that refuted this testimony,

and the only expert testimony in the summary judgment record on this issue came from Dr.

Kotikian. For the court to have nonetheless “found” that Ms. Deane’s alleged injuries

could have occurred without negligence, it had to discount Dr. Kotikian’s testimony on

that issue and impose its own interpretation of the medical literature, without the aid of any

                                             27
expert testimony to explain the text. Here again, Dr. Kotikian’s credibility was a matter

for the jury to decide.

       In addition, the circuit court misapplied Meda. In Meda, the plaintiff sustained

compression injuries to the ulnar nerve in her arm during a bilateral breast biopsy surgery.

318 Md. at 420-21. Her arm was restrained during the procedure. Id. at 426. The jury

found in favor of the plaintiff, but the judge granted judgment notwithstanding the verdict,

finding that “[t]he testimony of plaintiff’s two experts . . . rested upon inferences and thus

constituted the kind of res ipsa loquitur evidence [that is] barred . . . .” Id. at 420. The

Court of Special Appeals reversed, holding “that the concept of res ipsa loquitur was

applicable because laymen could properly infer negligence from the happening of an

unusual injury to a healthy part of the patient’s body[.]” Id.

       We affirmed, not based on res ipsa loquitur, which we found inapplicable, but rather

“because the testimony was sufficient to support the inferential conclusion of negligence

drawn by the plaintiff’s experts.” Id. Of particular note here, one of the plaintiff’s experts

in Meda testified that the injury suffered by the plaintiff—compression injury to the ulnar

nerve—was a well-known risk in the medical profession, but that “the standard of care

requires that the arm be positioned and secured in such a manner that nerve compression

will not occur.” Id. at 426. The plaintiff’s experts could not determine precisely how the

plaintiff’s nerve was compressed—as there were several possible ways it could have

happened—but both experts opined that the injury was caused by the defendants’ deviation

from the standard of care in failing to protect the ulnar nerve during the procedure. Id. at

427.

                                             28
       In affirming, we took note of the long-held principle that negligence “can be

established by the proof of circumstances from which its existence may be inferred.” Id.

at 427-28 (citation omitted). We held:

       In the case before us, however, the jurors were not asked to draw an inference
       unaided by any expert testimony. The plaintiff's experts, armed with their
       fund of knowledge, drew certain inferences from the circumstances. Having
       examined the testimony of the experts, we conclude that the trial judge did
       not err in permitting that testimony and allowing the doctors to base their
       opinions on a combination of direct and circumstantial evidence. The
       doctors recited in detail the physical facts they considered, and the medical
       facts they added to the equation to reach the conclusion they did. The facts
       had support in the record, and the reasoning employed was based upon logic
       rather than peculation or conjecture.

Id. at 428.

       Ms. Deane’s theory of negligence substantially tracks the analysis permitted under

Meda. In Meda, the plaintiff’s experts applied their medical expertise to infer from the

circumstantial evidence that medical negligence caused the plaintiff’s injury; here, Ms.

Deane’s expert, Dr. Kotikian, likewise applied his knowledge and experience to infer

negligence based on Ms. Deane’s testimony about her symptoms and Dr. Kramer’s

assessment that the lingual nerve was severed.

       Accordingly, we conclude that the circuit court mistakenly applied Meda in

excluding Ms. Deane’s experts.

                                             C

       We are remanding this case for further proceedings. In between the circuit court’s

dismissal of Ms. Deane’s case with prejudice and the Court of Special Appeals’ reversal

of the same, this Court issued its decision in Rochkind v. Stevenson. There, this court

                                            29
abandoned the Frye-Reed approach in favor of the approach articulated by the United

States Supreme Court in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579

(1993). In Daubert, the Supreme Court held that Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence

“superseded Frye’s general acceptance test.” Rochkind, 471 Md. at 5. In its place, the

Supreme Court “provided a list of flexible factors to help courts determine the reliability

of expert testimony.” Id.

       In Rochkind, we adopted Daubert with the hope that it would “streamline the

evaluation of scientific expert testimony under Rule 5-702.” Id. at 35. Thus, going

forward, “trial court[s] may apply some, all, or none of the [Daubert] factors depending on

the particular expert testimony at issue.” Id. at 37. Those factors include:

       (1) whether a theory or technique can be (and has been) tested;
       (2) whether a theory or technique has been subjected to peer review and
       publication;
       (3) whether a particular scientific technique has a known or potential rate of
       error;
       (4) the existence and maintenance of standards and controls; []
       (5) whether a theory or technique is generally accepted[;]

                                           ****

       (6) whether experts are proposing to testify about matters growing naturally
       and directly out of research they have conducted independent of the
       litigation, or whether they have developed their opinions expressly for
       purposes of testifying;
       (7) whether the expert has unjustifiably extrapolated from an accepted
       premise to an unfounded conclusion;
       (8) whether the expert has adequately accounted for obvious alternative
       explanations;
       (9) whether the expert is being as careful as he [or she] would be in his [or
       her] regular professional work outside his [or her] paid litigation consulting;
       and
       (10) whether the field of expertise claimed by the expert is known to reach
       reliable results for the type of opinion the expert would give.

                                             30
Id. at 35-36.

       On remand, the trial court will have the discretion to determine whether and to what

extent petitioners will be permitted to challenge the admissibility of Ms. Deane’s experts’

testimony under the standard adopted in Rochkind. Such discretion will include, but not

be limited to, determining whether the briefing will be re-opened to allow for different

arguments to be made and defining which Daubert factors and issues will be heard. In

light of the nature and extent of the factual and credibility findings made by the trial judge

that granted summary judgment and to avoid any appearance of partiality going forward,

this case should be assigned to a different judge for all further proceedings.

                                           JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF SPECIAL
                                           APPEALS VACATED. CASE REMANDED TO
                                           THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS WITH
                                           INSTRUCTIONS TO REVERSE THE JUDGMENT
                                           OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR CALVERT
                                           COUNTY AND REMAND WITH INSTRUCTIONS
                                           TO CONDUCT FURTHER PROCEEDINGS
                                           CONSISTENT WITH THIS OPINION. COSTS TO
                                           BE PAID BY PETITIONERS.

                                             31
Circuit Court for Calvert County
Case No. C-04-CV-18-000396
Argued: March 7, 2022
                                           IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                                  OF MARYLAND

                                                        No. 43

                                             September Term, 2021
                                   ______________________________________

                                           BENNETT FRANKEL, ET AL.

                                                          v.

                                             CASEY LOU DEANE
                                   ______________________________________

                                                 *Getty, C.J.
                                                 Watts
                                                 Hotten
                                                 Booth
                                                 Biran
                                                 Gould
                                                 McDonald, Robert N. (Senior
                                                 Judge, Specially Assigned),

                                                   JJ.
                                   ______________________________________

                                         Dissenting Opinion by Watts, J.
                                   ______________________________________

                                                 Filed: August 25, 2022

                                   *Getty, C.J., now a Senior Judge, participated in
                                   the hearing and conference of this case while an
                                   active member of this Court. After being
                                   recalled pursuant to Md. Const., Art. IV, § 3A,
                                   he also participated in the decision and adoption
                                   of this opinion.
       Respectfully, I dissent. Like the Majority, I would hold that the Circuit Court for

Calvert County abused its discretion in refusing to admit Casey Lou Deane’s expert

witnesses’ testimony and erred as a matter of law in granting summary judgment.

However, because the issues in this case do not implicate the factors set forth in Daubert

v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 593-94 (1993) and other factors

adopted by this Court in Rochkind v. Stevenson, 471 Md. 1, 4-5, 236 A.3d 630, 633

(2020), reconsideration denied (Sept. 25, 2020), I would not remand the case for

application of Rochkind. The main issues in this case are: whether the circuit court erred

in ruling that, under this Court’s holding in Meda v. Brown, 318 Md. 418, 428, 569 A.2d

202, 206-07 (1990), for expert testimony that a breach of the standard of care may be

inferred to be admissible in a medical malpractice case, the evidence must demonstrate that

the alleged injury is not something that would have happened in the absence of negligence;

whether contributory negligence can be determined at the summary judgment stage based

on facts found by the trial court; and whether in a medical malpractice case an expert is

required to review a treating physician’s notes for the expert’s testimony to be admissible.

I would affirm the judgment of the Court of Special Appeals reversing the circuit court’s

grant of summary judgment. And because the issues concerning the admissibility of Ms.

Deane’s experts’ testimony were resolved by the reversal and do not involve an issue

preserved under Frye-Reed or Maryland Rule 5-702, the case should be remanded for trial,

rather than for a hearing under Rochkind.

       In 2018, Ms. Deane filed a malpractice claim against Dr. Bennett Frankel and his

practice, Southern Maryland Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, P.A., alleging that Dr.
Frankel breached the standard of care in extracting her wisdom teeth and in treating a nerve

injury after the surgery.1 Ms. Deane alleged that she suffered permanent loss of feeling in

her tongue as a result of Dr. Frankel having cut the lingual nerves in her jaw in the process

of extracting her wisdom teeth.2 In support of the claim, Ms. Deane designated two experts:

Dr. Richard Kramer and Dr. Armond Kotikian. According to Ms. Deane’s expert witness

designations and the experts’ depositions, the first expert, Dr. Kramer, a dentist, would

have testified that based on neurosensory testing, Ms. Deane suffered from a bilateral

transection (severing) of the lingual nerves and that the injury was permanent. The second

expert, Dr. Kotikian, also a dentist, was to testify that Dr. Frankel breached the standard of

       1
          On September 13, 2019, Ms. Deane filed an amended complaint naming Dr. Clay
Kim, a member of Dr. Frankel’s practice, as a defendant in the matter and alleging that,
after the tooth extraction, Dr. Kim was negligent in failing to conduct proper testing and in
failing to refer her to an appropriate specialist.
        2
          On January 14, 2016, Dr. Frankel surgically removed Ms. Deane’s wisdom teeth
at Southern Maryland Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, P.A. (“the practice”). Following the
surgery, Ms. Deane complained to the practice of a lack of sensation in, or numbness
affecting, her tongue and her mouth. A representative of the practice encouraged Ms.
Deane to rest and wait for the effects of the anesthesia to fade. A few days after the surgery,
Ms. Deane returned to see Dr. Frankel for a follow-up appointment and reported the
numbness in her tongue. Ms. Deane did not attend an additional scheduled appointment
for the following week and notified Dr. Frankel that she would not be returning. Ms. Deane
felt that Dr. Frankel was not taking her condition seriously. A few months later, in April
2016, Ms. Deane returned to the practice and saw a different dentist, Dr. Clay Kim, because
Dr. Frankel had retired. At the appointment, Dr. Kim performed neurosensory testing, a
“clinically useful method to diagnose” injuries to the lingual nerve, whereby the patient
reports whether or not he or she can feel, taste, and sense in response to stimuli such as
sharp objects, hot or cold substances, and bitter substances. Dr. Kim’s notes contain the
following diagnostic assessment: “right lingual nerve paresthesia, improving[,]” a mild
injury, and reported that Ms. Deane described some improvement in her condition. Ms.
Deane disputes ever reporting improvement in her condition to Dr. Frankel or Dr. Kim.
        Two years later, Ms. Deane continued to experience a lack of sensation in her
tongue. Ms. Deane saw Dr. Richard E. Kramer and was eventually diagnosed with a
bilateral transection of the lingual nerve, a permanent condition.

                                             -2-
care in performing Ms. Deane’s surgery and that she had “anesthesia” of the tongue likely

caused by severance of the bilingual nerves by Dr. Frankel. Dr. Kotikian was also to testify

that Dr. Clay Kim, a member of Dr. Frankel’s practice, was negligent in failing to refer

Ms. Deane to an appropriate specialist to repair the nerve damage.

       The defendants moved for summary judgment, contending that the proposed expert

testimony was inadmissible because Dr. Kramer’s review of the medical record was

allegedly not complete. Specifically, the defendants alleged that Dr. Kramer did not review

the notes of Dr. Frankel or Dr. Kim—reporting that Ms. Deane had improvement

inconsistent with a bilateral severance—and thus, according to the defendants, Dr.

Kramer’s testimony was inadmissible. According to the defendants, because Dr. Kotikian

relied on Dr. Kramer’s allegedly faulty conclusions, which were not based on facts in Dr.

Frankel’s and Dr. Kim’s notes, Dr. Kotikian’s opinion was also inadmissible. In addition,

according to the defendants, under Meda, in the absence of physical evidence of injury, Dr.

Kotikian was not permitted to render an opinion that negligence could be inferred based on

the circumstances of the case. The defendants argued that this was the case because nerve

damage is a known risk of wisdom tooth extractions, as opposed to the type of injury that

does not ordinarily occur in the absence of negligence.

       The circuit court granted summary judgment, finding that Dr. Kramer’s opinion was

inadmissible because Dr. Kramer had not reviewed the notes of Dr. Frankel and Dr. Kim.

The circuit court explained that Dr. Kramer’s opinion was grounded mainly on Ms.

Deane’s subjective self-reporting and his own diagnostic tests. The circuit court found that

Dr. Kotikian’s testimony was inadmissible because it was based largely on conclusions

                                           -3-
drawn by Dr. Kramer, who had not reviewed the treating physicians’ notes. In granting

summary judgment, the circuit court stated that Dr. Kotikian’s testimony was inadmissible

under Meda, Frye-Reed, and Maryland Rule 5-702, and that Ms. Deane was contributorily

negligent in failing to attend follow-up appointments.         In explaining its ruling on

contributory negligence, the circuit court stated that it found “as key facts that the

Plaintiff’s failure to attend follow-up appointments as recommended and instructed

prevented a timely referral to a nerve repair specialist for microneuroexploratory

surgery[.]”

       The Court of Special Appeals, in an unreported opinion, reversed the decision of the

circuit court. See Casey Lou Deane v. S. Md. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, P.A. et al.,

No. 0218, Sept. Term, 2020, 2021 WL 3523939, at *7-9 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. Aug. 11,

2021). The Court of Special Appeals held that a failure to review records of treating

physicians goes to the weight of expert testimony rather than to its admissibility, that the

circuit court misinterpreted this Court’s holding in Meda,3 and that the finding of

contributory negligence was inappropriate at the summary judgment stage. See Deane,

       3
         In Meda, 318 Md. at 422, 426-29, 569 A.2d at 204, 206-08, this Court held that, in
a medical malpractice case, an expert may render an opinion based on inferences drawn
from the facts and circumstances of the case. This Court concluded that, although the two
experts at issue offered an inference “based upon [their] knowledge of the facts and upon
[their] expertise” and although they could not “testify as to the precise act of negligence
that caused injury[,]” the evidence was legally sufficient to support the verdict because the
experts reached permissible conclusions. Id. at 427-28, 569 A.2d at 206. This Court
determined that an expert may rely upon circumstantial evidence in rendering an opinion,
reaffirmed the principle that in complex cases a plaintiff must offer expert testimony to
assist the jury in determining negligence and causation, and held that the trial court did not
err in allowing the experts “to base their opinions on a combination of direct and
circumstantial evidence.” Id. at 427-28, 569 A.2d at 206-07.

                                            -4-
2021 WL 3523939, at *7-9.

       Against this backdrop, the Majority vacates the decision of the Court of Special

Appeals and directs the Court of Special Appeals to reverse and remand the case for the

circuit court to apply Rochkind, i.e., the Daubert factors and additional ones adopted in

Rochkind. See Maj. Slip. Op. at 31. In doing so, the Majority states:

             On remand, the trial court will have the discretion to determine
       whether and to what extent petitioners will be permitted to challenge the
       admissibility of Ms. Deane’s experts’ testimony under the standard adopted
       in Rochkind. Such discretion will include, but not be limited to, determining
       whether the briefing will be re-opened to allow for different arguments to be
       made and defining which Daubert factors and issues will be heard.

Maj. Slip Op. at 31. I would not remand the case to the circuit court to apply the Daubert

factors and additional ones adopted in Rochkind and give the court the discretion to

determine whether briefing will be reopened to allow different arguments to be made.

Instead, I would affirm the Court of Special Appeals’s decision and remand the case for

trial. In Rochkind, 471 Md. at 38, 236 A.3d at 652, this Court stated that:

       Since Daubert is a new interpretation of Rule 5-702, our decision today
       “applies to this case and any other cases that are pending on direct appeal
       when this opinion is filed, where the relevant question has been preserved
       for appellate review.” Kazadi[ v. State], 467 Md. [1,] 47, 223 A.3d 554[, 581
       (2020]; Hackney v. State, 459 Md. 108, 119, 184 A.3d 414[, 421] (2018);
       State v. Daughtry, 419 Md. 35, 77 n.26, 18 A.3d 60[, 85 n.26] (2011). In this
       context, the “relevant question” is whether a trial court erred in admitting or
       excluding expert testimony under Maryland Rule 5-702 or Frye-Reed.

This statement did not mean that the holding in Rochkind would apply to the admission of

expert testimony in cases in which the relevant question preserved for review had nothing

to do with the admission of expert testimony under Frye-Reed and only nominally

pertained to Maryland Rule 5-702. The intent of the language could not have been to

                                            -5-
essentially give a do-over to any case pending on appeal involving an objection to the

admission of expert testimony for any reason.

       Rather, in Rochkind, this Court stated that its new interpretation of Maryland Rule

5-702 (adopting the Daubert standard) would apply to Rochkind and any other cases

pending on appeal where the relevant question had been preserved for appellate review.

The Court defined the relevant question as whether the trial court erred in admitting or

excluding expert testimony under Maryland Rule 5-702 or Frye-Reed. In this case, the

circuit court made no substantive ruling with respect to Frye-Reed or Maryland Rule 5-

702. In order for the language concerning the relevant question having been preserved for

appellate review to have any meaning with respect to the application of Rochkind, there

would need to have been an argument made and a ruling by the trial court pertaining to the

admissibility of evidence under Frye-Reed or some aspect of Maryland Rule 5-702.

       Neither occurred in this case. In its opinion, the Court of Special Appeals observed:

       Before the trial court, Dr. Frankel and Southern Maryland allegedly
       challenged the admissibility of the opinions of Drs. Kramer and Kotikian, in
       part, based on Frye-Reed, which provides that when expert testimony was
       based on a novel scientific principle or discovery its admissibility was
       predicated on its general acceptance “in the particular field in which it
       belongs.”

Deane, 2021 WL 3523939, at *6 n.4. The Court of Special Appeals, however, summarized

the defendants’ contentions as alleging that “there is no physical or objective evidence of

the claimed bilateral severing injury” and that, because Dr. Kramer failed to review the

treating physicians’ notes, he did not consider evidence that may have led him to reach a

different conclusion about Ms. Deane’s injury. Id. at *6 (cleaned up). In the end, the Court

                                           -6-
of Special Appeals stated: “The bases for the trial court’s rulings on admissibility, although

referring to Frye-Reed, did not implicate the ‘general acceptance’ standard nor did they

invoke the analytical factors put forth in Daubert.” Id. at *6 n.4. I agree.

       Put simply, there is no need to remand the case for consideration of the ten factors

adopted by this Court in Rochkind. In Rochkind, 471 Md. at 4-5, 236 A.3d at 632-33, this

Court abandoned the standard for admissibility of expert testimony set forth in Frye v.

United States, 293 F. 1013, 1014 (D.C. Cir. 1923) and adopted by this Court in Reed v.

State, 283 Md. 374, 382, 391 A.2d 364, 368 (1978). Replacing the Frye-Reed approach,

this Court adopted factors4 set forth in Daubert, 509 U.S. at 593-94, as well as additional

factors5 contained in the Advisory Committee Note to Federal Rule of Evidence 702.

       4
       In Rochkind, 471 Md. at 35, 236 A.3d at 650, this Court adopted the following
Daubert factors:

       (1) whether a theory or technique can be (and has been) tested;

       (2) whether a theory or technique has been subjected to peer review and
       publication;

       (3) whether a particular scientific technique has a known or potential rate of
       error;

       (4) the existence and maintenance of standards and controls; and

       (5) whether a theory or technique is generally accepted.

(Quoting Daubert, 509 U.S. at 593-94; Fed. R. Evid. 702 Advisory Committee Note).
       5
         In Rochkind, 471 Md. at 35-36, 236 A.3d at 650, this Court adopted the following
additional factors:

       (6) whether experts are proposing to testify about matters growing naturally
       and directly out of research they have conducted independent of the

                                            -7-
Rochkind, 471 Md. at 35-36, 236 A.3d at 650. In so doing, as discussed above, this Court

stated that its decision would apply to any case pending on appeal where the relevant

question had been preserved for appellate review.6

      litigation, or whether they have developed their opinions expressly for
      purposes of testifying;

      (7) whether the expert has unjustifiably extrapolated from an accepted
      premise to an unfounded conclusion;

      (8) whether the expert has adequately accounted for obvious alternative
      explanations;

      (9) whether the expert is being as careful as he [or she] would be in his [or
      her] regular professional work outside his [or her] paid litigation consulting;
      and

      (10) whether the field of expertise claimed by the expert is known to reach
      reliable results for the type of opinion the expert would give.

(Quoting Fed. R. Evid. 702 Advisory Committee Note) (alterations in original).
      6
        As previously explained, though:

      In Griffith v. Kentucky, 479 U.S. 314, 322[] (1987), the Supreme Court held
      that not applying a newly announced constitutional rule to criminal cases
      pending on direct appeal is not consistent with basic principles of
      constitutional adjudication. In light of the Supreme Court’s holding in
      Griffith, in some instances, this Court has given the application of new
      holdings to cases that were pending on appeal, where the new holding
      involved an issue of constitutional significance in criminal law. See, e.g.,
      Hackney v. State, 459 Md. 108, 119, 184 A.3d 414, 421 (2018); State v.
      Daughtry, 419 Md. 35, 77 n.26, 18 A.3d 60, 85 n.26 (2011). Neither the
      holding in Griffith concerning the application of a newly announced
      constitutional rule nor the application of Griffith in Kazadi v. State, 467 Md.
      1, 47, 223 A.3d 554, 581 (2020), and Daughtry would apply to a change of
      the evidentiary standard for use under Maryland Rule 5-702. Here, the
      Majority’s holding should apply to this case and future trials; the Majority’s
      opinion should not be construed as giving rise to any grounds for relief in
      cases in which the trial occurred before the issuance of this opinion.

                                           -8-
       In this case, despite the circuit court’s ruling having mentioned Frye-Reed, there

was no meaningful challenge to the admissibility of the proposed experts’ testimony under

Frye-Reed and no real finding by the circuit court concerning Frye-Reed. In describing

Dr. Frankel’s contention as to the admissibility of Dr. Kramer’s and Dr. Kotikian’s

testimony, the Majority states:

              Putting it less charitably, Dr. Frankel averred that “the entire factual
       basis of [Ms. Deane’s] case depends on [her] experts’ rewriting the medical
       history pursuant to the self-serving statements of [Ms. Deane] made for
       purposes of litigation.” Thus, he contended that the expert testimony of Drs.
       Kramer and Kotikian were inadmissible under Meda, the Frye-Reed
       standard, and Rule 5-702, and that without expert testimony, Ms. Deane
       could not present a prima facie case of negligence.

Maj. Slip Op. at 9 (alterations in original). The circuit court’s decision to exclude Ms.

Deane’s experts’ testimony was based on the misconception that an expert is required to

review a treating physician’s notes for the expert’s testimony to be admissible, a

misapplication of this Court’s holding in Meda, and a determination of contributory

negligence based on fact finding by the court.

       Conceivably, requiring an expert witness to have reviewed a treating physician’s

notes could be cast as a finding that there was an insufficient factual basis for the expert’s

testimony under Maryland Rule 5-702, but the circuit court’s sole ground for finding Dr.

Kramer’s testimony inadmissible was his alleged failure to have reviewed Dr. Frankel’s

and Dr. Kim’s notes. Clearly, in a medical malpractice case, the finding of an alleged

Rochkind, 471 Md. at 67 n.6, 236 A.3d at 669 n.6 (Watts, J., dissenting).

                                            -9-
analytical gap7 in an expert’s data and conclusions, under Maryland Rule 5-702 prior to

Rochkind or after the adoption of the Daubert factors and additional factors in Rochkind,

would not hinge solely on whether an expert reviewed a treating physician’s notes.8

       7
          In 2009, in Blackwell v. Wyeth, 408 Md. 575, 591, 605, 971 A.2d 235, 245, 253
(2009), in discussing Frye-Reed jurisprudence, this Court noted that various federal courts
had “had occasion to scrutinize the reliability of the analytical framework utilized by an
expert in formulating a novel theory of science[.]” (Cleaned up). We noted that the concept
of the “analytical gap” had developed and that the concept had been used by federal courts
applying Daubert and by some State courts applying Frye. See Blackwell, 408 Md. at 604-
07, 971 A.2d at 253-54. We stated that “[g]enerally accepted methodology[ ] must be
coupled with generally accepted analysis in order to avoid the pitfalls of an ‘analytical
gap[,]’” id. at 608, 971 A.2d at 255, and incorporated the concept of the “analytical gap”
into Maryland’s Frye-Reed analysis.
        Later, in Rochkind v. Stevenson, 454 Md. 277, 295-96, 164 A.3d 254, 265 (2017),
when the case first came to the Court, we applied the “analytical gap” concept under
Maryland Rule 5-702(3) and held that the expert testimony at issue lacked a sufficient
factual basis, as required by the Rule, and that the trial court abused its discretion in
allowing the expert to render an opinion that lead exposure can cause ADHD generally and
that lead caused the plaintiff’s ADHD specifically. We explained that the trial court had
“failed to determine whether [the] proffered sources logically supported [the expert’s]
opinion that lead exposure can cause ADHD.” Id. at 295, 164 A.3d at 264. In applying
the “analytical gap” concept, this Court concluded that the trial court erred by “fail[ing] to
check for an ‘analytical gap’ between the expert’s data and her conclusion.” Id. at 295,
164 A.3d at 264.
        8
          By way of analogy, this Court has held that in order to render an expert opinion in
medical contexts, an expert witness need not conduct a physical examination of the subject.
In Levitas v. Christian, 454 Md. 233, 254, 164 A.3d 228, 240 (2017), we explained that
“[a]n expert’s factual basis ‘may arise from a number of sources, such as facts obtained
from the expert’s first-hand knowledge, facts obtained from the testimony of others, and
facts related to an expert through the use of hypothetical questions[]’” and affirmed the
Court of Special Appeals’s reversal of the trial court’s decision to exclude an expert’s
testimony as to lead-source causation and medical causation. (Citations omitted). We held
that the expert in Levitas should have been permitted to testify as to lead-source causation
because the expert relied upon lead readings found on the interior of the dwelling, because
the plaintiff experienced elevated blood-lead levels when he lived there, and because the
expert acknowledged other sources existed. See id. at 249, 164 A.3d at 237. As for
medical causation, although the expert did not perform cognitive tests himself, he was
qualified as an expert by virtue of his familiarity with the testing and literature and

                                            - 10 -
       To remand the case for an application of the Daubert factors and additional ones

adopted by this Court in Rochkind and give the circuit court unguided discretion to allow

additional briefing of new arguments is in essence to provide the defendants a second bite

at the apple in challenging the admissibility of Ms. Deane’s expert witnesses’ testimony—

this time under Rochkind as opposed to the grounds previously relied upon and rejected by

the Court of Special Appeals and this Court.

       For the above reasons, respectfully, I dissent.

possessed a sufficient factual basis to offer an opinion based on the reports of others as
well as medical studies. See id. at 253-54, 164 A.3d at 240. In so holding, we specifically
rejected a rule that in order to render such an opinion, an expert must meet personally with
the plaintiff. See id. at 253-54, 164 A.3d at 240.
       Given our holding that a physical examination is not a predicate for offering expert
opinion, it stands to reason that not reviewing the notes of a treating physician would also
not bar the admission of expert testimony and would instead go to the weight to be accorded
the expert’s opinion.

                                           - 11 -