Court Opinion

ID: 4431055
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-08-20 19:51:28.38828+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:51:47.129591
License: Public Domain

RECORD IMPOUNDED

                        NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                      APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
     This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court."
      Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the
        parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                       SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                       APPELLATE DIVISION
                                       DOCKET NO. A-1711-16T1

STATE OF NEW JERSEY,

        Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

WUKEEM W. LEWIS, a/k/a
WALLACE W. LEWIS, and
WAKEEM LEWIS,

     Defendant-Appellant.
_____________________________________

              Argued May 30, 2018 – Submitted June 26, 2018

              Before Judges Hoffman, Gilson, and Mayer.

              On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey,
              Law Division, Criminal Part, Union County,
              Indictment No. 14-04-0259.

              Joshua D. Sanders argued the cause for
              appellant (Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender,
              attorney; Joshua D. Sanders, Assistant Deputy
              Public Defender, of counsel and on the brief).

              Sarah D. Brigham argued the cause for
              respondent  (Gurbir   S.  Grewal,  Attorney
              General, attorney; Sarah D. Brigham, Deputy
              Attorney General, of counsel and on the
              brief).

PER CURIAM
     A jury convicted defendant Wukeem W. Lewis of first-degree

kidnapping,    N.J.S.A.    2C:13-1(b)(1)         and   (2);    third-degree

aggravated criminal sexual contact, N.J.S.A. 2C:14-3(a) and 2C:14-

2(a)(3);   second-degree      attempted    aggravated    sexual    assault,

N.J.S.A. 2C:5-1 and 2C:14-2(a)(3); and second-degree attempted

sexual   assault,   N.J.S.A.    2C:5-1    and   2C:14-2(c)(1).      On   the

conviction for kidnapping, defendant was sentenced to twenty-eight

years in prison subject to the No Early Release Act (NERA),

N.J.S.A. 2C:43-7.2.    On his conviction for attempted aggravated

sexual assault, defendant was sentenced to a consecutive nine

years in prison subject to NERA, parole supervision for life,

Megan's Law registration, and a restraining order preventing him

from having contact with the victim.            The two other convictions

were merged with the conviction for attempted aggravated sexual

assault.      Consequently,     defendant's      aggregate    sentence   was

thirty-seven years in prison, with eighty-five percent of that

time ineligible for parole.

     Defendant appeals from his convictions and sentences.                 He

challenges his convictions by arguing that the jury instructions

on flight and out-of-court identification were flawed.             He also

contends that his sentences were excessive and he should not have

received consecutive sentences.         We affirm because we discern no

                                    2                               A-1711-16T1
error in the jury instructions, and the trial court did not abuse

its discretion in sentencing defendant.

                                      I.

      Defendant's convictions arose out of an assault of a woman

as she was walking home during the morning of September 15, 2013.

The victim was walking from the train station towards her apartment

when she passed a man, later identified as defendant.              Defendant

tried to get the victim's attention, but the victim kept walking.

When defendant followed her, the victim pulled out her cell phone

and   told   defendant   that   she   was   going   to   call   the   police.

Believing that defendant had turned in the other direction, the

victim continued walking.       Shortly thereafter, however, defendant

grabbed her from behind and dragged her towards an abandoned

building.    He threw the victim to the ground, attempted to remove

her clothing, and groped her.

      The victim screamed and called for help.           A woman who lived

in a neighboring building heard her screams and came out to

investigate.    When the neighbor observed defendant on top of the

victim, she ran over and pulled defendant off.                  The neighbor

immediately recognized defendant because she was a prostitute and

defendant was one of her "regular" clients.         The neighbor also had

used drugs with defendant.      The neighbor pushed defendant away and

                                      3                               A-1711-16T1
told him to leave.     Later she testified that defendant then walked

away "really fast."

     Thereafter, the victim called 911 and the neighbor spoke with

the 911 operator. The neighbor explained that she had just stopped

a rape in progress and described the assailant as a black male,

wearing glasses, a black cap, a red jacket, blue jeans, and brown

boots.     She also gave the 911 operator defendant's alias, "Wu,"

and explained that she knew him personally.

     The    police   responded    and,       later,      they   interviewed    the

neighbor and the victim.         The neighbor explained that she knew

defendant because she was a prostitute and defendant was a frequent

customer.     She    also   explained       that   she   had    used   drugs   with

defendant and had sold drugs to defendant.                She then provided the

police with defendant's phone number.

     Thereafter, the police arrested defendant.                  As part of the

investigation, the police showed both the victim and the neighbor

photo arrays.    The neighbor identified defendant as the assailant

from the photo array.       The victim was unable to identify defendant

from the photo array.       At trial, however, the victim did identify

defendant as her assailant.

     Before trial, defendant moved to introduce evidence that the

neighbor was a prostitute and that she had sold drugs to him.                   The

court granted that motion.

                                        4                                 A-1711-16T1
      At trial, the State presented testimony from the victim, the

neighbor, three police officers, and several other witnesses.

Defendant elected not to testify and did not call any witnesses.

      Before closing arguments, the trial court conducted a jury

charge conference with counsel and defendant.                The court and

counsel discussed a charge on flight and defense counsel asked the

court to include language informing the jury that defendant denied

that he was the assailant and, therefore, denied he was the

individual that fled.          The court agreed to include that language

following the flight charge.          The court also reviewed with counsel

the charge on out-of-court identifications.

      Following the charge conference, the court instructed the

jury on the law, including a charge on flight and the out-of-court

identification of defendant.          The instructions on flight and out-

of-court identification included the language requested by defense

counsel.      In giving the out-of-court identification instruction,

the   court     did   not   include   the   "Disguises/Changed   Appearance"

portion    of   the    Model   Jury   Charge.    Defense   counsel   made   no

objection to that omission.

      After being charged, and after considering the evidence, the

jury convicted defendant of all charges.

                                        5                            A-1711-16T1
                                   II.

     On   appeal,     defendant    challenges         his     convictions    and

sentences.      Specifically, he makes three arguments, which he

articulates as follows:

           POINT I – THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED REVERSIBLE
           ERROR BY FIRST INSTRUCTING THE JURY AS TO
           FLIGHT    BEING    POSSIBLY    INDICATIVE   OF
           CONSCIOUSNESS OF GUILT AND THEN COMPOUNDED
           THAT    INITIAL    ERROR    BY    ISSUING   AN
           UNCONSTITUTIONAL INSTRUCTION ON FLIGHT AS
           CONSCIOUSNESS OF GUILT.

           POINT   II   –   THE   JURY   INSTRUCTION   ON
           IDENTIFICATION, WHICH OMITTED THE ESTIMATOR
           VARIABLE     REGARDING      "DISGUISES/CHANGED
           APPEARANCE," FAILED TO ADEQUATELY EXPLAIN A
           RELEVANT FACTOR FOR ASSESSING THE RELIABILITY
           OF THE OUT-OF-COURT IDENTIFICATION.

           POINT III – MR. LEWIS'S SENTENCE IS EXCESSIVE
           AND MUST BE REDUCED.

     We   are   not   persuaded   by       any   of   these    arguments    and,

accordingly, we affirm both the convictions and the sentences.                We

will first address the jury instructions and defendant's arguments

on flight and out-of-court identification.             We will then discuss

the sentences.

  A. The Jury Instructions

     "An essential ingredient of a fair trial is that a jury

receive   adequate    and   understandable       instructions."      State    v.

McKinney, 223 N.J. 475, 495 (2015) (quoting State v. Afanador, 151

N.J. 41, 54 (1997)).        Accordingly, the trial court must give "a

                                       6                               A-1711-16T1
comprehensive explanation of the questions that the jury must

determine, including the law of the case applicable to the facts

that the jury may find."        Ibid.    (quoting State v. Green, 86 N.J.

281, 287-88 (1981)).

      We review the jury charge "as a whole" to determine whether

there was any error.        State v. Torres, 183 N.J. 554, 564 (2005);

see   also   State   v.    Marshall,    123   N.J.   1,   145   (1991)   ("[T]he

prejudicial effect of an omitted instruction must be evaluated 'in

light of the totality of the circumstances – including all the

instructions to the jury, [and] the arguments of counsel.'").

      When counsel does not object to the jury charge at trial, we

apply a plain error standard of review.              R. 2:10-2.     Under that

standard, a defendant must demonstrate "legal impropriety in the

charge prejudicially affecting [his] substantial rights . . . and

[that] . . . the error possessed a clear capacity to bring about

an unjust result."        State v. Young, 448 N.J. Super. 206, 224 (App.

Div. 2017).     Moreover, when there was no objection to the charge,

we "presum[e] that the charge was not error and was unlikely to

prejudice the defendant's case[.]"              Ibid.      (quoting State v.

Singleton, 211 N.J. 157, 182 (2012)).

          1. The Flight Charge

      Defendant raises two issues concerning the jury charge on

flight.      First, he argues that the evidence was insufficient to

                                        7                                A-1711-16T1
establish that he fled in an attempt to avoid apprehension, which

is required to infer a consciousness of guilt.            Second, he argues

that the jury charge was unconstitutional because it failed to

articulate the State's burden of proof on the flight issue.

     "Flight   from     the    scene   of   a    crime,   depending    on   the

circumstances,    may   be    evidential    of    consciousness   of    guilt,

provided the flight pertains to the crime charged."                   State v.

Randolph, 228 N.J. 566, 594 (2017) (citing State v. Mann, 132 N.J.

410, 418-19 (1993)).         A jury instruction on flight requires the

jury to first find that there was a departure and then to find

that the motive for the departure was an attempt to avoid arrest

or prosecution.    Mann, 132 N.J. at 421 (citing State v. Wilson,

57 N.J. 39, 49 (1970)).        Accordingly, a jury must be able to draw

reasonable inferences from the evidence that defendant's motive

was to avoid apprehension on the charged offense.             Randolph, 228

N.J. at 594-95.

     Here, the neighbor testified that when she pulled defendant

off of the victim, she recognized defendant, told him to leave,

he apologized to her, and he walked away quickly from the scene.

The jury also heard testimony from the victim that when defendant

was following her, she pulled out her cell phone and told defendant

that she would call the police.        Accordingly, there was sufficient

evidence from which the jury could infer that defendant left the

                                       8                               A-1711-16T1
scene to avoid apprehension in connection with his assault of the

victim.       We, therefore, find no plain error in the trial court

instructing the jury on flight.

       Nor do we find any error in the flight charge actually given.

The trial court's charge on flight largely tracked the Model Jury

Charge.   Indeed, the only deviation from the Model Jury Charge was

made at the request of defense counsel.         In that regard, the court

did not include the second sentence of the Model Jury Charge which

reads: "The defendant denies any flight, (or, the defendant denies

that    the    acts   constituted   flight)."      Instead,   immediately

following the flight charge, the trial court gave the jury the

following instructions:

              Now, the defendant as part of his general
              denial of guilt, contends that the State has
              not presented sufficient, reliable evidence to
              establish beyond a reasonable doubt that he
              is the person who committed the alleged
              offenses.   And, indeed, was the person who
              left the scene of the alleged offenses.

       Defendant contends that the jury charge on flight itself did

not instruct the jury on the State's burden of proof.          Defendant

then argues that the appropriate burden is a preponderance of

evidence, since flight is not an element of the charged crime.           In

response, the State asserts that the charge does not need to

address the burden. We need not resolve this issue on this appeal.

                                     9                            A-1711-16T1
     Here, defendant's request to modify the charge made it clear

to the jury that defendant was denying he was the person who left

the scene of the offenses.     Indeed, the instruction given reminded

the jury that the State had to prove "beyond a reasonable doubt

that [defendant] is the person who committed the alleged offenses.

And, indeed, was the person who left the scene of the alleged

offenses."     Consequently, considering the flight charge in the

context of the entire jury charge, there was no error, much less

plain error "clearly capable of producing an unjust result."         R.

2:10-2; see also Mogull v. CB Commercial Real Estate Grp., 162

N.J. 449, 466 (2000) (noting that "it is difficult to find that a

charge that follows the Model Charge so closely constitutes plain

error").   In short, the jury was properly instructed on flight and

immediately thereafter reminded that the State had the burden to

prove that defendant was the person who left the scene of the

alleged offenses.

       2. The Out-of-Court Identification Charge

     Defendant also contends that the trial court's omission of

the "Disguises/Changed Appearance" factor in the overall out-of-

court identification charge constituted plain error and requires

a new trial.    We disagree.

     In State v. Henderson, 208 N.J. 208 (2011), our Supreme Court

identified a number of factors to be considered in assessing the

                                  10                          A-1711-16T1
reliability      of    eyewitness    identifications.       The     Court   also

directed that new Model Jury Charges on eyewitness identifications

were to be developed, taking into account all of the "variables"

addressed in its decision.          Id. at 298-99.

     As a result of the Henderson Court's decision, the Model Jury

Charge on out-of-court identification now includes various factors

a jury should consider in deciding what weight, if any, it should

give to eyewitness identification testimony.                 There are five

factors that include: (1) opportunity to view and the degree of

attention;       (2)   prior     description    of   the   perpetrator;      (3)

confidence and accuracy; (4) time elapsed; and (5) cross-racial

effects.     The Model Jury Charge instructs that the court should

select     and   choose    the    appropriate    factors    based    upon    the

identification evidence elicited at trial.

     Further, the Model Jury Charge instructs that on the first

factor – the witness' opportunity to view and degree of attention

– the court should choose from seven sub-factors that can affect

a witness' view and degree of attention.                   Those sub-factors

include: (a) stress; (b) duration; (c) focus; (d) distance; (e)

lighting; (f) intoxication; and (g) disguises/changed appearance.

     With regard to "Disguises/Changed Appearance," the Model Jury

Charge provides:

                                       11                               A-1711-16T1
             The perpetrator's use of a disguise can effect
             a witness' ability both to remember and
             identify the perpetrator.      Disguises like
             hats, sunglasses, or masks can reduce the
             accuracy of an identification. Similarly, if
             facial features are altered between the time
             of the event and a later identification
             procedure, the accuracy of the identification
             may decrease.

             [Model      Jury     Charges      (Criminal),
             "Identification: Out-of-Court Identification
             Only (Non-2C)" (rev. July 19, 2012).]

Here, the trial court did not include the "Disguises/Changed

Appearance" portion of the charge.         Critically, defendant did not

request that portion of the charge, and did not object to the

omission of that portion at the time the charge was given.

       The   testimony   at   trial    established    that   the   neighbor

recognized defendant based on her prior and frequent contacts with

him.    She identified defendant as the assailant twice: once in a

photo array and again at trial. While she testified that defendant

was wearing glasses at the time of the assault, there was no

evidence that defendant had attempted to disguise himself or change

his appearance.    Consequently, we find no plain error in the court

not giving the instruction on "Disguises/Changed Appearance."

  B. The Sentences

       Defendant   challenges   his    sentences     contending    that   the

sentencing court improperly ran his sentences consecutively and

imposed excessive sentences.      We disagree.

                                      12                             A-1711-16T1
    We review sentencing decisions for an abuse of discretion.

State v. Blackmon, 202 N.J. 283, 297 (2010).             In so doing, we

"must not substitute [our] judgment for that of the sentencing

court."   State v. Fuentes, 217 N.J. 57, 70 (2014) (citing State

v. O'Donnell, 117 N.J. 210, 215 (1989)).         Instead, we will affirm

a sentence unless

          (1) the sentencing guidelines were violated;

          (2) the aggravating and mitigating factors
          found by the sentencing court were not based
          upon competent and credible evidence in the
          record; or

          (3) "the application of the guidelines to the
          facts of [the] case makes the sentence clearly
          unreasonable so as to shock the judicial
          conscience."

          [Ibid. (quoting State v. Roth, 95 N.J. 334,
          364-65 (1984)).]

Whether a sentence violates sentencing guidelines is a question

of law that we review de novo.      State v. Robinson, 217 N.J. 594,

604 (2014).

    Where     a   defendant   receives   more    than   one   sentence    of

imprisonment "for more than one offense . . . such multiple

sentences shall run concurrently or consecutively as the court

determines at the time of sentence."            N.J.S.A. 2C:44-5(a).      In

deciding whether to impose consecutive or concurrent sentences,

trial courts must consider the factors set forth and explained in

                                   13                              A-1711-16T1
State v. Yarbough, 100 N.J. 627, 643-44 (1985), cert. denied, 475

U.S. 1014 (1986).   The Yarbough factors focus upon "the nature and

number of offenses for which the defendant is being sentenced,

whether the offenses occurred at different times or places, and

whether they involve numerous or separate victims."              State v.

Carey, 168 N.J. 413, 423 (2001). "When a sentencing court properly

evaluates the Yarbough factors in light of the record, the court's

decision will not normally be disturbed on appeal."              State v.

Miller, 205 N.J. 109, 129 (2011).

     Here, defendant was convicted of four crimes: first-degree

kidnapping,   third-degree   aggravated     criminal    sexual    contact,

second-degree attempted aggravated sexual assault, and second-

degree attempted sexual assault.        His convictions for aggravated

criminal sexual contact and attempted sexual assault were merged

with his conviction for attempted aggravated sexual assault.              As

already noted, defendant was then sentenced to twenty-eight years

in prison on the conviction for kidnapping and a consecutive nine

years in prison on the conviction for attempted aggravated sexual

assault.

     The   sentencing   court   found     aggravating   factors     three,

N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(a)(3) (likelihood of committing another offense),

six, N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(a)(6) (prior criminal record), and nine,

N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(a)(9) (need for deterrence).           The court also

                                 14                                A-1711-16T1
found that there were no mitigating factors.                    Those findings were

amply supported by the record.                In particular, the court relied

on   defendant's        criminal     record,        which     included    five     prior

indictable convictions, including prior convictions for sexual

offenses.

     The court then discussed Yarbrough and evaluated its factors.

The court made specific findings that the attempted aggravated

sexual assault and the kidnapping should not merge and should be

treated    as    two    separate     criminal       acts    because     they    involved

distinct actions and each crime had a distinct impact on the

victim.         See    State    v.   Cole,    120    N.J.     321,     332-35    (1990).

Consequently,          the     sentencing     court         provided     an     adequate

explanation in support of its decision to impose consecutive

sentences. We also discern no abuse of discretion in the sentences

imposed.

     Affirmed.

                                         15                                      A-1711-16T1