Court Opinion

ID: 6597607
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-20 20:04:32.597174+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:57:54.065227
License: Public Domain

By the Court,

Cole, J.
A majority of the court are of the opinion that the judgment of the circuit court in this ease must be affirmed. The several objections taken to the ruling of the circuit court as to the admission or rejection of certain testimony offered upon the trial, can bo conveniently considered in the order in which they are presented to us on the brief of the counsel for the plaintiff in error.
The plaintiff in error was indicted at the April term of the circuit court for Racine county, 1855, for committing the crime of adultery with one Caroline White. The indictment contains two counts, each charging the offense to have been committed at the city of Racine, on the first day of Aug., 1858. Upon the trial, Caroline White was introduced as a witness ; who testified to the plaintiff in error having sexual intercourse with her at the house oí Thomas Fuller. The district attorney offered to prove by her another distinct act of adultery, at a time and place different from the first sworn to. This testimony was objected to, but the objection was overruled, and the evidence admitted. It is now contended that the court erred in permitting the counsel for the prosecution to give evidence of two distinct acts of adultery under this indictment.
Archbald, in his work upon criminal pleading, in speaking of the joinder of several offenses in different combs in one indictment, page 59, says: “A defendant ought not tolo *428“charged with different felonies in different counts of an “indictment; as, for instance, a murder in one count, and a “ burglary in another; or a burglary in the house of B., in one “ count,' and a distinct burglary in the house of A. in another; “ or a larceny of the goods of A. in one count, and a distinct “larceny of the goods of B. at a different time in another. If “ the objection in such a case be made before the defendant “has pleaded, or the jury are charged, the judge in his discretion may quash the indictment; or if it be not discovered “ until after the jury are charged the judge may put the pros- “ ecutor to his election on which charge he will proceed ; but “it is no objection in arrest of judgment.” In the case of R. vs. Young et al., 3 T. R. 106, cited by him, four defendants were charged jointly in four several counts in the indictment, of obtaining money under false pretences, with intent to defraud. And although that defense was a misdemeanor under the statute of 30 Geo. 3 Chap. 24, au objection was taken to the indictment, that it contained separate offenses in different counts.
Justice Bailer, in considering the objection, made thefollow-ing observations: “In misdemeanors, the case in Bnrrow shows that it is no objection to an indictment that it contains several chargas. The case of felonies admits of a different consideration ; but even in such cases it is no objection in this stage of the prosecution. On the face of an indictment, every count imports to be for a different offense, and is charged at different times. And it does not appear on the record whether the offenses aro, or are not, distinct. But if it appear before the defendant has pleaded, or the jury are charged, that he is to be tried for separate offenses, it has been the practice of the judges to quash the indictment, lest it should confound the prisoner in his defense, orprejudice him in his challenge of the jury; for ho might object to a juryman’s trying one of the offenses, though he might have no reason to do so in the other. But these are only matters of prudence and discretion. If the judge who tries the prisoner does not discover it in time, I think he may put the prosecutor to make his election on which *429charge he will proceed. I did it at the last sessions at the Old Bailey, and I hope that in exercising that discretion, I did not infringe on any rule of law or justice. But if the case has gone to the length of a verdict, it is no objection in arrest of judgment. If it were, it would overturn every indictment which contains several counts.” See The People vs. Austin, 1 Parker, C. R., 154. Rex vs. Dunn, 1 Mood., C. C , 146. Reg. vs. Hinley, 2 M. & Rob., 524. The above authorities show that an indictment which charges a defendant with distinct felonies in different counts, is not subject to objection upou that ground, after verdict, but will sustain a conviction. This being the case, it would seem to follow necessarily, that evidence of distinct acts of adultery might be given under the different counts of this indictment. The court in this case did not deem it advisable, or was not asked by the defendant, to put the district attorney upon an election on which charge he would proceed. The case of the State vs. Bates, 10 Conn. R., 372, to which we were referred by the counsel for the plaintiff in error, is obviously distinguishable from the one now under review. In that case the information charged but one offense, and that in a single count; while evidence of a different act of adultery at different times and places was admitted under objection. The court held that the testimony was improperly admitted, and granted a new trial. But in this case at bar the prosecution did not attempt to prove more than they had charged in the indictment. Thomas Fuller, who testified on his examination in chief to seeing the defendant and Mrs. "White together, that he found them alone once at his house; on his cross-examination, stated that they had not been there over two minutes when he came in; that the defendant was writing and Mrs. White stood against the door, twenty feet apart, and defendant said he was writing a prescription for Mrs. White’s child. Upon the examination in chief being resumed he was asked whether he made any remark that called out the sta'ement from the defendant as to what he was writing? This question was objected to, and we think was properly overruled. We do not see that this conversation could bo very material *430but since a part of it liad been called out by the defendant, it was competent to reexamine the witness as to all the conversation connected witli tlie remark. 1 Greenl. Ev., § 467.
The witness, Caroline White, was asked by the counsel for the defendant, if she had ever had intercourse with any other person except her husband and defendant. This question was objected to, and the objection sustained. It appears however that the witness, of her own accord, answered the question in the negative ; when the district attorney withdrew his objection. We did not understand the counsel for the plaintiff in error as seriously contending that his client could have possibly been prejudiced by the rulingi of the court in sustaining an objection which was subsequently withdrawn. The witness was again asked if she had ever had connection with the defendant, at any other place than at her house, and at Mr. Fuller’s house. This question was likewise objected to, and the objection sustained by the court. But still it appears from the bill of exceptions that the witness testified that she did not know how many times she had intercourse with the defendant, did not remember how many times she had done so at Fuller’s, or how many times before the time stated when Fuller came in ; that she had but once before the time stated at her house ; could not say how many times after at her house before the return of her husband ; or how many times after the return of her husband. It is very evident that very great latitude was given the defendant to examine the witness as to acts of adultery between himself and her, and it is most disgustingly manifest that she was accustomed frequently to offer her person to the lewd embraces of the defendant. What object there could have been in showing that these scenes of pollution were enacted elsewhere than at the house of Fuller, or that of the witness, we do not perceive, but certainly the fact was established beyond all doubt or controversy, that the witness was the concubine of the defendant, and that, there was more than one instance of crimina] connection between them. She was also asked whether the defendant or any other pci son had ever produced an abortion upon her. This question was irrelevant, *431and was therefore properly overruled. It had no reference to the fact of adultery, which was the matter in issue. Evidence to impeach the character of a witness is commonly confined to his general character for veracity. Commonwealth vs Moore, 3 Pick., 194. Jackson vs. Lewis, 13 J. R., 503. Bakman vs. Rose, 14 Wend., 105; S. C. in 18 Wend., 146; Rex vs. Hodgson., Russ. & Ry. Cr. Cas., 211; Rex vs. Stark, R., 241, 1 Green. Ev, § 458; 2 Id. § 577; 3 Id. § 213, 214; Rex vs. Bispham, 4 Car. & Payne, 392. In some cases the inquiry has been further extended. Commonwealth vs. Murphy, 14 Mass., 387. The People vs. Abbot, 19 Wend., 193. The State vs. Jefferson, 6 Ir.. C. L. R., 305. Rex vs. Barker, 3 Car., & P. 589 Rex vs. Martin et al., 6 Id. 562. But we do not think public justice requires so great relaxation of the rule as to permit such a question as was put to the witness in reference to an abortion having been produced upon her to be answered. As already remarked, her character for chastity was sufficiently impeached by her own confession.
There is but one other point upon which wo deem it necessary to make any observations. For the purpose of impeaching the testimony of Caroline White, the witness, Fuller, was asked if she did not tell him before the arrest, that the defendant never had connection with her. Before this testimony could be admitted it was necessary to lay a foundation for it, by asking Mrs. White specifically the same question. Mrs. White was asked with great particularity whether she did not tell Fuller at the foot of the hill near Underhills that the defendant never had anything to do with her. The rule upon this point is clearly stated in 1 Greenl. Ev., § 462. For the same reason the question put to Fuller as to whether Mrs. ■White, after the arrest, had not told him that she was compelled by her husband to make the complaint against the defendant, and that her husband wanted her to enter a complaint against Fuller, the witness, and that defendant had nothing to do with her, was improper. Mrs. White was asked whether she had not told Fuller all this at a particular time and place. If it was proposed to contradict her by the wit*432ness, Fuller, he should have been asked whether she had not told him so and so, at. the same time and place he might have answered this general question in the affirmative, and it would not in any manner have implicated or contradicted the evidence of Mrs. White. These observations we believe dispose of all the questions necessary to be noticed.
Judgment oí the circidt court affirmed.