Court Opinion

ID: 4700155
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-06-30 20:06:22.105976+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:06:08.285428
License: Public Domain

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                                                              Electronically Filed
                                                              Supreme Court
                                                              SCWC-XX-XXXXXXX
                                                              30-JUN-2021
                                                              09:09 AM
                                                              Dkt. 79 OP

           IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF HAWAIʻI

                            ---o0o---
________________________________________________________________

                          STATE OF HAWAIʻI,
                   Respondent/Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                    vs.

                      MATTHEW K. WILLIAMS,
                Petitioner/Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

                            SCWC-XX-XXXXXXX

         CERTIORARI TO THE INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS
                 (CAAP-XX-XXXXXXX; 1PC141000589)

                              JUNE 30, 2021

     RECKTENWALD, C.J., NAKAYAMA, McKENNA, AND WILSON, JJ.
       AND CIRCUIT JUDGE CHANG, FOR POLLACK, J., RECUSED

                 OPINION OF THE COURT BY WILSON, J.

          Petitioner/Defendant-Appellant Matthew Williams

(“Williams”) was convicted of four counts of sexual assault

following a jury trial.     At trial, the prosecutor introduced to

the jury incriminating statements, allegedly made by Williams,

without previously disclosing them to the defense during
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discovery as required by Hawai‘i Rules of Penal Procedure

(“HRPP”) Rule 16(b)(1) (2016).1       The prosecutor also introduced

statements, incriminating to the defendant, allegedly made by

the complaining witness despite the court’s motion in limine

ruling barring their introduction.        Finally, the prosecutor

engaged in improper, unnecessarily lurid questioning of defense

witnesses to inflame the passions of the jury.          The cumulative

impact of the prosecutor’s misconduct deprived Williams of a

fair trial and was, therefore, not harmless beyond a reasonable

doubt.

     1    HRPP Rule 16(b)(1) provides, in relevant part:

          (b) Disclosure by the Prosecution.

                (1) Disclosure of Matters Within Prosecution's
          Possession. The prosecutor shall disclose to the defendant
          or the defendant's attorney the following material and
          information within the prosecutor's possession or control:

                      . . . .

                      (ii) any written or recorded statements and the
                      substance of any oral statements made by the
                      defendant, or made by a co-defendant if intended to
                      be used in a joint trial, together with the names and
                      last known addresses of persons who witnessed the
                      making of such statements;

                      (iii) any reports or statements of experts, which
                      were made in connection with the particular case or
                      which the prosecutor intends to introduce, or which
                      are material to the preparation of the defense and
                      are specifically designated in writing by defense
                      counsel, including results of physical or mental
                      examinations and of scientific tests, experiments, or
                      comparisons[.]

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                               I.   BACKGROUND

A.    Indictment and Pretrial Proceedings

            Williams was indicted on April 9, 2014, on one count

of sexual assault against a minor in the first degree, in

violation of Hawai‘i Revised Statutes (“HRS”) § 707-730(1)(c)

(2014),2 and three counts of sexual assault against a minor in

      2     HRS § 707-730(1) provides, in relevant part:

            (1) A person commits the offense of sexual assault in the
            first degree if:

                  . . . .

                  (c) The person knowingly engages in sexual
                  penetration with a person who is at least fourteen
                  years old but less than sixteen years old; provided
                  that:

                        (i) The person is not less than five years
                        older than the minor; and

                        (ii) The person is not legally married to the
                        minor[.]

            HRS § 702-206(2) (2014) provides, in relevant part:

                  (a) A person acts knowingly with respect to his
                  conduct when he is aware that his conduct is of that
                  nature.

                  (b) A person acts knowingly with respect to
                  attendant circumstances when he is aware that such
                  circumstances exist.

            HRS § 707-700 (2014) (modified 2016), then extant, provided in
            relevant part:

            “Sexual penetration” means:

                  (1) Vaginal intercourse, anal intercourse, fellatio,
                  deviate sexual intercourse, or any intrusion of any
                  part of a person’s body or of any object into the
                  genital or anal opening of another person’s body; it
                  occurs upon any penetration, however slight, but
                  emission is not required. As used in this
                                                             (continued . . .)

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the third degree, in violation of HRS § 707-732(1)(c) (2014) in

the Circuit Court of the First Circuit (“circuit court”).3                   Prior

to trial, the government notified the defense in writing of its

intention to call Alexander J. Bivens, Ph.D. (“Dr. Bivens”) as

an “expert witness on the dynamics of sexual abuse to the

incident for which [Williams was] charged.”               By letter dated

October 20, 2014, the defense requested, pursuant to HRPP Rule

(continued . . .)
                    definition, “genital opening” includes the anterior
                    surface of the vulva or labia majora; or

            (2) Cunnilingus or anilingus, whether or not the actual
            penetration has occurred.

            For purposes of this chapter, each act of sexual
            penetration shall constitute a separate offense.

      3     HRS § 707-732(1), provides in relevant part:

            (1) A person commits the offense of sexual assault in the
            third degree if:

                    . . . .

                    (c)    The person knowingly engages in sexual contact
                    with   a person who is at least fourteen years old but
                    less   than sixteen years old or causes the minor to
                    have   sexual contact with the person; provided that:

                            (i) The person is not less than five years
                            older than the minor; and

                            (ii) The person is not legally married to the
                            minor[.]

            HRS § 707-700 (2014) (modified 2016), then extant, provides in
relevant part:

            “Sexual contact” means any touching, other than acts of
            “sexual penetration”, of the sexual or other intimate parts
            of another, or of the sexual or other intimate parts of the
            actor by another, whether directly or through the clothing
            or other material intended to cover the sexual or other
            intimate parts.

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16(b)(1)(iii),4 that the prosecutor provide the defense with a

report containing Dr. Bivens’ conclusions and opinions, notes

and/or records of what he had reviewed and done in this case,

and pleadings and orders in other cases in which Dr. Bivens had

testified or served as an expert witness.          In response, the

prosecutor provided the defense with over 500 pages of articles

consisting of the studies and literature Dr. Bivens would be

relying upon for his expert testimony.          The defense filed a

motion to compel discovery or, in the alternative, to exclude

testimony of Dr. Bivens, on the basis that the prosecutor failed

to provide the defense with a written report from Dr. Bivens in

accordance with Rule 16(b)(1).5

           Williams filed two motions in limine on January 20,

2016 to exclude the testimony of Dr. Bivens and to exclude

testimony from the complaining witness, T.Y., consisting of out-

of-court statements that Williams sexually assaulted him.

     4      Although defense counsel did not cite HRPP Rule 16(b)(1)(iii) in
his October 20, 2014 letter, defense counsel’s Opening Brief suggests that he
was requesting an expert report pursuant to HRPP Rule 16.

      5     While it is true that the prosecutor did not provide the defense
with a report of Dr. Bivens’ anticipated expert testimony, there is no
evidence that such a report existed to disclose in the first place.
Therefore, it is not clear that the State violated HRPP Rule 16(b)(1)(iii).
We note that the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure Rule 16(a)(1)(G), unlike
HRPP Rule 16(b)(1)(iii), provides: “At the defendant’s request, the
government must give to the defendant a written summary of any testimony that
the government intends to use under Rules 702, 703, or 705 of the Federal
Rules of Evidence during its case-in-chief at trial.” The Hawai‘i Penal Rules
Committee should consider whether a similar amendment would be appropriate to
address situations like the one in this case.

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            The circuit court held a hearing on Williams’ motions

in limine on April 11, 2016.6       The court denied the defense’s

motion as to Dr. Bivens’ testimony, but granted the motion as to

the alleged out-of-court statements T.Y. made to S.S. and C.O.,

T.Y.’s friends from school.       The court stated that T.Y.’s

alleged statements would be excluded and “[u]nless the

government can come up with a hearsay exception, we litigate the

matter outside the presence of the jury” and the court would

“generally” not allow the statements.         In seeking clarification,

the prosecutor asked the court, “[w]ith respect to the actual

statements made, will the court permit these witnesses to

testify to any changes in behavior that these witnesses observed

in their friend?”     The trial judge responded, “I think that they

can testify to what is relevant in terms of what they saw and --

what they saw and heard, not meaning statements.”

            The prosecution filed its witness list and amended

witness list, which did not identify the subject matter to which

the prosecution’s witnesses would be testifying; at no time

prior to trial did the prosecutor disclose to the defense

Williams’ out-of-court oral statements to T.Y.’s father

(“C.Y.”).

            Williams identified eleven witnesses in his filed

witness list that included himself, his wife, his two children,
     6      The Honorable Karen S.S. Ahn presided.

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six non-family character witnesses to testify as to Williams’

“nonviolent and non-aggressive character, honesty and integrity”

and “the absence of any indications of sexual deviancy or

behaviors that are consistent with the allegations against him,”

and one non-family witness to testify as to her observations of

T.Y.   Of the eleven witnesses listed by the defense in its

witness list, in addition to the defendant, the court permitted

six witnesses to testify.        Of those six witnesses, three were

the defendant’s family members and three were non-family

members, including two non-family character witnesses.              The four

excluded witnesses were all male non-family character witnesses.

B.     Trial Proceedings

       1.   Opening Statements

            Several times during her opening statement, the

prosecutor referenced out-of-court communications T.Y. allegedly

had with his friends.       The defense initially objected on the

grounds of hearsay and that the statements were precluded by the

defense’s motion in limine:

            [DEFENSE]: Judge, these are the alleged statements to two
            of his friends which you said is [sic] not coming in.

            [PROSECUTOR]: I’m not going into the contents of the
            statement, your Honor. I’m just going to say that he
            talked to two of his friends. That’s it.

            THE COURT:   Okay.

            [DEFENSE]: Well, talked about what? I mean, it’s
            irrelevant if he talked to his friends. And tell them
            what? It’s basically suggesting something that she can’t
            go into and we can’t go into.

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          [PROSECUTOR]: I’m not bringing in -- even with the
          witnesses, when they testify on the stand, they’re very
          aware that they’re not to go into what [T.Y.] told them,
          the exact statement. I’m just going to say that he
          disclosed to two friends.

          [DEFENSE]:   Disclosed what?

          [PROSECUTOR]:   What this man did to him.

          [DEFENSE]:   Judge, that’s absolutely forbidden.

          THE COURT:   How are you going to say it, he talked to two
          friends?

          [PROSECUTOR]:   That he told two close friends what this man
          did to him.

          THE COURT:   Okay.   Hearsay involves actual statements.

          . . . .

          THE COURT: But their argument is that it comes very close
          to suggesting to the jury that he told them exactly what
          happened. I think you can -- I think you can put forth, if
          you’re going to bring it out, that he talked to two friends
          --

          [PROSECUTOR]:   Okay.   About the incident.

          THE COURT:   -- but that’s about it.

          [DEFENSE]: Judge, I object. It still creates an inference
          that he talked to them about this event, and we can’t
          examine him without opening the door. And she should not
          be allowed to. Talked to them about what?

          THE COURT:   Your objection is preserved.     Let’s move on.

          Several minutes later, the prosecutor again referenced

out-of-court communications T.Y. allegedly had with his friend,

S.S., via a disappearing message on a computer application:

          One of [T.Y.’s] friends will tell you about how she and
          [T.Y.] sat in [T.Y.’s] room the night she learned about
          what happened. She will tell you how [T.Y.] could not look
          at her, how [T.Y.] could not say what happened. He could
          only write it, and write it he did. Using his computer, he
          sent her a message.

          The defense objected, this time alleging that the

prosecutor had not previously disclosed the statements to the

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defense during discovery, as required by HRPP Rule 16(b)(1).7

During a bench conference, the prosecutor stated, “we don’t have

[the message] either.         It’s one of those messages that

disappears.      It’s like through social media but I guess it just

disappears after you log off, so we don’t have it either.                 I

don’t know the contents of the message.”8                 The court sustained

the objection in the presence of the jury and instructed,

“Ladies and gentlemen, the last assertion by the State about an

alleged computer message is stricken from the record.                 You will

disregard it.”

              The defense denied that any sexual contact occurred

between T.Y. and Williams.           The defense contended that the

charges were based on fabrications T.Y. made up in retaliation

against Williams’ minor daughter, J.W., for rejecting his

      7       The record reflects the following exchange during a bench
conference:

              [DEFENSE]: Judge, we’re hearing about this message for the
              first time. It’s never been disclosed to us.

              THE COURT:   The computer message?

              [DEFENSE]:   Yes.   Never been disclosed.

      8     Given that the prosecution did not have a written or recorded
copy of the computer message, it is not clear that the State violated HRPP
Rule 16(b)(1)(i), which requires disclosure of “the names . . . of persons
whom the prosecutor intends to call as witnesses in the presentation of the
evidence in chief, together with any relevant written or recorded
statements[.]” (Emphasis added.)
            Regardless, the court sustained the defense’s objection on the
grounds of nondisclosure, stating, “Okay. If it wasn’t -- if the fact that a
computer message was created was not divulged, I think it’s fair for the
defense to object. I’m going to sustain that objection. I’ll strike that last
statement referring to the computer message.” (emphasis added).

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romantic interest in her.      The defense stated that J.W., who was

two years older than T.Y., “had moved on” and that T.Y.’s and

J.W.’s friendship had ended.      According to the defense, because

there was no physical evidence or other witnesses, the case

boiled down to credibility:      whether the jury believed Williams

or T.Y.

     2.   Dr. Bivens’ Expert Witness Testimony

          The State’s expert witness, Dr. Bivens, is a licensed

clinical psychologist with a private practice on Kauaʻi.            Before

testifying, Dr. Bivens was informed that T.Y. was male and in

his early teenage years, but attested that “[o]ther than that

. . . I don’t know anything else about anything that’s been

alleged or anything about this particular case.”           Dr. Bivens

testified that victims of sexual abuse who are under the age of

sixteen typically do not disclose the abuse “for a very long

time,” a concept known as “delayed reporting.”          Dr. Bivens

explained that many of these victims do not want to disclose

abuse due to “embarrassment and shame,” “fear of harming the

people around them” such as upsetting their parents or getting

the abuser in trouble, fear of being blamed, or fear of losing

the relationship with the abuser.        Dr. Bivens testified that

male children in particular may delay reporting out of “concern

that they might be accused of being gay or be teased for being

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gay[,]” and often have “the most difficult time disclosing

[sexual abuse].”

    3.      Previously Barred and Undisclosed Testimony

            At trial, T.Y. testified that Williams sexually abused

him on two occasions:      the first incident occurring on or about

March 9, 2012 to and including March 26, 2012; and the second

incident occurring on or about May 1, 2012 to and including June

11, 2012.    T.Y. testified that he told two friends, C.O. and

S.S., about the two incidents of abuse.

            During S.S.’s testimony, the prosecutor asked S.S. to

describe the “sudden change in [T.Y.]’s relationship with

[J.W.]”   S.S. responded that she asked T.Y. why he and J.W. were

not “hanging out anymore” when they “used to be together all the

time.”    The defense objected on hearsay grounds.          During a bench

conference, the prosecutor claimed that S.S.’s testimony bore on

T.Y.’s credibility.      The prosecutor argued:

            [PROSECUTOR]: Right. And so [T.Y.] -- [T.Y.] wasn’t able
            to verbalize what happened to him, so instead he just typed
            it on the computer. And these instant messages, we don’t
            have them because it disappeared, but I can have [S.S.]
            explain the nature of the program that they were using at
            the time that -- so I’ve never seen these messages. No one
            has them, the disclosure, so I’m not going to go into
            specifically what [S.S.] wrote but that she did -- this is
            the way in which she learned about what happened to him,
            which also goes to explain the changes that she observed in
            [T.Y.].

            Although the court had previously sustained--during

the prosecutor’s opening statement--the defense’s objection to

the prosecutor’s reference to the computer messages, stricken

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the reference from the record, and instructed the jury to

disregard the reference, the court now allowed S.S. to respond

to the prosecutor’s question about why T.Y. was no longer

friends with J.W., without describing what T.Y. said in the

messages:

            [PROSECUTOR]: But [S.S.] can explain the computer, the
            program that they were using to communicate. I won’t have
            her go into specifically what she read but just that this
            was the method in which she learned about what happened to
            [T.Y.].

            THE COURT:   All right.

            [DEFENSE]: I think what you previously said is the limit
            to which they can go. We had no idea about any of this.
            It was never disclosed to use. If the prosecutor knew
            about it, she had a duty to tell us. It certainly does get
            into contents, and I think that they were obligated to
            produce them.

            THE COURT: Well, the objection -- I think what the defense
            is saying, they continue to object. So I’ll let you ask
            her, I asked him about it, and he didn’t answer me and he
            typed something. That’s it. Okay?

            The prosecutor asked S.S., “Without telling us exactly

what he wrote, if you can describe at that time [T.Y.]’s

emotional state when you first asked him this question.”             S.S.

then told the jury:

            I specifically remember him having this sort of distant
            stare and just recalling it, and immediately when he
            started thinking about it, he turned around, and he didn’t
            want me to see it. But he didn't want to tell me at first,
            so I kept pestering him.

            And eventually he told me to go on this messenger app
            called Recall. It doesn’t work anymore because they closed
            down the program, but basically he had to type to me
            through this messenger app when I’m standing right behind
            him and receiving the messages through my own computer
            because he couldn’t physically talk to me about it. And he
            would tell me the story through that, and I could just feel
            the atmosphere around us. It was so heavy and dark, and he

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          didn’t say a word for at least ten minutes after he wrote
          everything out.

          The prosecutor then asked, “After that night when you

and [T.Y.] were both sitting at your computers, did you have an

idea of who was involved and what had happened to [T.Y.]?”              S.S.

responded:

          Yes. Well, he specifically told me what happened, so I was
          just -- I couldn’t really take in all the information
          because it just didn’t seem like it happened. Like, I
          couldn’t believe it, but I -- I know that he wasn’t lying,
          obviously. He would tell me the truth. And it was just
          bizarre that he wouldn’t like talk to [J.W.], and that made
          a lot of sense after that.

(Emphases added.)

             The prosecutor also elicited previously undisclosed

testimony from C.Y., T.Y.’s father, about Williams.           When asked

by the prosecutor about his interactions with the Williams

family, C.Y. recalled a “kind of an odd incident” during which

Williams kept asking C.Y. about T.Y.:

          [Williams] insisted on me going down to their house in Laie
          to look at a roofing problem because I’m a roofing
          contractor. And I said, “I’ll meet you down there.” And
          he goes, “No, no, I’m going to ride with you.” And this is
          from Kaneohe. And I said, “Well, I have other estimates to
          do down in Kahuku. Why don’t you just meet me down there.”
          And he goes, “No, I need to ride with you.” I said, “All
          right.” And in 40 years of roofing, I’ve never taken a
          potential customer on that kind of a jaunt. So we got down
          to the house, and all the way down all he could talk about
          was [T.Y.].

(Emphasis added.)

          The defense objected, and argued that the prosecution

had violated HRPP Rule 16(b)(1)(ii) by failing to disclose the

substance of Williams’ oral statements prior to trial:

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          [DEFENSE]: Judge, if there are any statements of my client
          that are being attributed to him now, it’s certainly the
          first time we’re hearing about them. We made a request for
          discovery of any statements which were made by my client.
          We have no idea what these statements are.

          The prosecutor argued that she did not know

specifically what Williams said to C.Y. beyond generally talking

about T.Y.   The court rejected the prosecutor’s justification

and noted that Williams’ statement to C.Y. was encompassed by

HRPP Rule 16(b)(1)(ii)’s language requiring disclosure of “any

written or recorded statements and the substance of any oral

statements made by the defendant.”         Citing HRPP Rule 16, the

court ultimately sustained the objection as to anything Williams

said during the car ride with C.Y.:

          [PROSECUTOR]: Judge, I don’t have any statements either
          other than [C.Y.] is just telling us about the last
          incident that he had with Mr. Williams and going for a ride
          and him talking about [T.Y.]. I don’t know specifically
          anything that pertains to this case other than that he
          wanted to talk about [T.Y.].

          [DEFENSE]:   Then it’s irrelevant.

          THE COURT: Well, I don’t know.       It’s an admission, but
          Rule 16 does require that --

          [PROSECUTOR]:   If it’s any written or recorded statements,
          your Honor.

          THE COURT: -- and the substance of any oral statements
          made by the defendant together with the names and last
          known addresses. So if there’s an objection, under Rule 16
          I'm going to have to --

          [PROSECUTOR]: He has an opportunity to cross-examine the
          witness, your Honor.

          THE COURT: Well, we’re talking about a Rule 16 problem,
          and if there’s an objection, I don’t think I have much
          choice but to at this point bar it.

          [PROSECUTOR]: Even if it’s not exculpatory, your Honor,
          the State didn’t violate --

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          THE COURT: The current Supreme Court is going to come down
          very hard on these. We just got a murder conviction
          overturned on a very complicated murder for one statement
          that the prosecutor asked about. That was it. Actually,
          that was the ICA, but it’s because they are being very
          strict.
                So I’m going to -- there’s been an objection, so you
          can’t go into these statements unless you’ve disclosed at
          least the substance of them.

          [PROSECUTOR]: So I can’t go into the statement, but I can
          go into the car ride without whatever he had to talk about?

          THE COURT:   Yeah.

          [PROSECUTOR]:   Okay.

(Emphases added.)

          Despite the court’s ruling sustaining the defense’s

objection to C.Y.’s testimony about his conversation with

Williams, the prosecutor continued questioning C.Y. about the

conversation, the defense objected two more times, and the court

sustained both objections.        However, the court did not instruct

the jury to disregard the answers given by Williams, or

otherwise provide the jury with a curative instruction.

    4.    Cross-examination of Defense Witnesses

          The defense called three female non-family character

witnesses to the stand:        two--Malia Kaʻai-Barrett and Laura

Morgan--to testify as to Williams’ “nonviolent and non-

aggressive character, honesty and integrity” and “the absence of

any indications of sexual deviancy or behaviors that are

consistent with the allegations against him;” and one--Autumn

Butler--to testify as to T.Y.’s relationship with J.W. and

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T.Y.’s motive to fabricate his allegations against Williams.

During cross-examination of Kaʻai-Barrett, Butler, and Morgan,

the prosecutor asked all three witnesses their opinion about

Williams’ alleged conduct: “sucking a child’s penis is not

something you would expect to see in public; right?”           The

defense objected in only one instance, and the court sustained

the objection as being beyond the scope of direct examination.

     5.    Jury Instructions

           At the close of all evidence, the circuit court

instructed the jury that “[t]rial procedures are governed by

rules.    When a lawyer believes that the rules require it, it is

his or her duty to raise an objection.         It is my responsibility

to rule on such objections.      You must not consider objections

made by lawyers in your deliberations.”         The circuit court also

instructed the jury that it “must disregard entirely any matter

which the Court has ordered stricken.”

     6.    Closing Arguments

           During her closing argument, the prosecutor accused

the defense witnesses, who were mostly family members, of

collaborating to create false testimony.         The prosecutor claimed

that the defense witnesses had two years to collaborate and

figure out what they were going to say in court.

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      7.    Motion for Judgement of Acquittal or New Trial

            The jury found Williams guilty on all counts.

Williams moved for a judgment of acquittal or a new trial on the

basis of prosecutorial misconduct and insufficiency of the

evidence.     The circuit court9 denied Williams’ motion.          On

September 14, 2016, the circuit court sentenced Williams to a

mandatory twenty-year term of incarceration and denied Williams’

motion for bail pending appeal.

C.    Appellate Proceedings

      1.    ICA Appeal

            Williams appealed his conviction to the ICA,

contending that:      the prosecutor committed misconduct before and

during trial that violated Williams’ constitutional right to a

fair trial; the circuit court erred by permitting testimony of

out-of-court statements; the circuit court erred by permitting

Dr. Bivens to testify; the circuit court erred by denying

Williams’ Motion for Judgment of Acquittal and Motion for a New

Trial on the grounds of insufficient evidence of the dates of

the offenses; and the circuit court erred by limiting the number

of character witnesses permitted to testify in Williams’

defense.    The ICA affirmed Williams’ conviction, holding that

the only instance of prosecutorial misconduct occurred when the

      9     The Honorable Glenn J. Kim presided at the hearing on the Motion
for Judgement of Acquittal or New Trial and at sentencing.

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prosecutor failed to disclose Williams’ alleged statements to

C.Y. to the defense prior to trial.          State v. Williams, 146

Hawai‘i 116, 117, 456 P.3d 189, 190 (App. 2020).            However, the

ICA held the misconduct to be harmless error.            Id.

      2.    Certiorari Application

            Williams filed an application for writ of certiorari

with this court on May 1, 2020.         In his application, Williams

alleged that the ICA erred by concluding that the prosecutor’s

misconduct did not deprive him of a fair trial.            Williams

contended the ICA also erred by affirming circuit court rulings

that: permitted improper and previously undisclosed evidence--

including out-of-court statements made by the complaining

witness and the substance of out-of-court statements made by

Williams--to be presented at trial; limited the number and type

of witnesses who could testify on Williams’ behalf; and

concluded there was sufficient evidence upon which to sustain

Williams’ conviction.       Williams’ application for writ of

certiorari was granted.

                        II.    STANDARDS OF REVIEW

A.    Motion for A New Trial

            The granting or denial of a motion for new trial is within
            the sound discretion of the trial court and will not be
            disturbed absent a clear abuse of discretion. It is well-
            established that an abuse of discretion occurs if the trial
            court has clearly exceeded the bounds of reason or
            disregards rules or principles of law or practice to the
            substantial detriment of a party litigant.

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State v. Austin, 143 Hawaiʻi 18, 29, 422 P.3d 18, 29 (2018)

(internal quotation marks, brackets, and citations omitted).

            “As a general matter, the granting or denial of a

motion for new trial is within the sound discretion of the trial

court and will not be disturbed absent a clear abuse of

discretion.”     State v. Kim, 103 Hawai‘i 285, 290, 81 P.3d 1200,

1205 (2003).     “The trial court abuses its discretion when it

clearly exceeds the bounds of reason or disregards rules or

principles of law or practice to the substantial detriment of a

party litigant.”      Id. (citing State v. Furutani, 76 Hawai‘i 172,

178–79, 873 P.2d 51, 57–58 (1994)).

B.    Admissibility of Evidence

            Different standards of review must be applied to trial
            court decisions regarding the admissibility of evidence
            depending on the requirements of the particular rule of
            evidence at issue. When application of a particular
            evidentiary rule can yield only one correct result, the
            proper standard for appellate review is the right/wrong
            standard. However, the traditional abuse of discretion
            standard should be applied in the case of those rules of
            evidence that require a “judgment call” on the part of the
            trial court.

Kealoha v. Cty. of Haw., 74 Haw. 308, 319-20, 844 P.2d 670, 676

(1993).

C.    Prosecutorial Misconduct

            “Allegations of prosecutorial misconduct are reviewed

under the harmless beyond a reasonable doubt standard, which

requires an examination of the record and a determination of

whether there is a reasonable possibility that the error

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complained of might have contributed to the conviction.”              State

v. Pacheco, 96 Hawai‘i 83, 93, 26 P.3d 572, 582 (2001) (internal

quotation marks and citation omitted).

            If there is a reasonable possibility that the

prosecutorial misconduct might have contributed to the

conviction, the misconduct is not harmless beyond a reasonable

doubt and the defendant is entitled to a new trial.             Pacheco, 96

Hawai‘i at 93, 26 P.3d at 582.        “In order to determine whether

the alleged prosecutorial misconduct reached the level of

reversible error, the appellate court considers the nature of

the alleged misconduct, the promptness or lack of a curative

instruction, and the strength or weakness of the evidence

against defendant.”       State v. Conroy, 148 Hawai‘i 194, 201, 468

P.3d 208, 215 (2020) (internal brackets omitted) (quoting State

v. Agrabante, 73 Haw. 179, 198, 830 P.2d 492, 502 (1992)).

D.    Sufficiency of Evidence

            In reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the

evidence, “[e]vidence adduced in the trial court must be

considered in the strongest light for the prosecution[.]”               State

v. Kalaola, 124 Hawai‘i 43, 49, 237 P.3d 1109, 1115 (2010)

(quoting State v. Richie, 88 Hawai‘i 19, 33, 960 P.2d 1227, 1241

(1998)). “The test on appeal is not whether guilt is established

beyond a reasonable doubt, but whether there was substantial

evidence to support the conclusion of the trier of fact.”               Id.

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                             III.   DISCUSSION

A.    Prosecutorial Misconduct Was Not Harmless Beyond a
      Reasonable Doubt.

            The constitutions of the United States and the State

of Hawaiʻi guarantee every individual accused of a crime the

fundamental right to a fair trial.           See U.S. Const. amend. VI;

Haw. Const. art. I, § 14.        “Prosecutorial misconduct may provide

grounds for a new trial if the prosecutor’s actions denied the

defendant a fair trial.”        State v. Pasene, 144 Hawai‘i 339, 364,

439 P.3d 864, 889 (2019) (quoting Agrabante, 73 Haw. at 198, 830

P.2d at 502).     In reviewing whether prosecutorial misconduct

deprived the defendant of a fair trial, we consider three

factors:    “(1) the nature of the conduct; (2) the promptness of

a curative instruction; and (3) the strength or weakness of the

evidence against the defendant.”           Pasene, 144 Hawai‘i at 364, 439

P.3d at 889.     “Misconduct requires vacating a conviction when,

in light of these factors, ‘there is a reasonable possibility

that the error complained of might have contributed to the

conviction.’”     State v. Underwood, 142 Hawai‘i 317, 325, 418 P.3d

658, 666 (2018) (emphasis added) (quoting State v. Rogan,

91 Hawai‘i 405, 412, 984 P.2d 1231, 1238 (1999)).            When no single

error or prejudicial remark constitutes prosecutorial

misconduct, “the cumulative weight of such errors may create an

atmosphere of bias and prejudice which no remarks by the trial

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court could eradicate.”       Pasene, 144 Hawai‘i at 364, 439 P.3d at

889 (quoting State v. Kahalewai, 55 Haw. 127, 129, 516 P.2d 336,

338 (1973)).

           In the present case, the cumulative effect of the

prosecutor’s misconduct deprived Williams of a fair trial.

Applying the three factors to determine whether the violation of

Williams’ right to a fair trial is harmless, we conclude that it

was not.   See, e.g., State v. Conroy, 148 Hawai‘i 194, 204, 468

P.3d 208, 218 (2020).

     1.    Nature of the conduct

           Under the first factor--the nature of the prosecutor’s

misconduct--“we consider ‘the nature of the challenged conduct

in relation to our criminal justice system generally and the

special role of the prosecutor specifically.’”           Pasene, 144

Hawai‘i at 365, 439 P.3d at 890 (quoting Underwood, 142 Hawai‘i

at 325, 418 P.3d at 666).       In this case, the nature of the

misconduct committed by the prosecutor included her:

(1) failure to disclose out-of-court statements made by the

defendant; (2) introduction at trial of out-of-court statements

made by the complaining witness that had been barred pretrial by

the defense’s motion in limine; and (3) improper and lurid

questioning of witnesses at trial.10

     10     We also note that the prosecutor, during her closing argument,
accused defense witnesses of collaborating to create false testimony.
                                                             (continued . . .)

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            a.    The prosecutor’s failure to disclose statements
                  made by Williams violated HRPP Rule 16(b)(1) and
                  constituted prosecutorial misconduct.

            HRPP Rule 16(b)(1)(ii) requires disclosure of “any

written or recorded statements and the substance of any oral

statements made by the defendant” prior to trial.           We have

recognized the importance of the pretrial disclosure process,

stating, “An essential component of the basic tools is the

process of discovery, which promotes fairness in our adversary

system.”    State v. Pitts, 146 Hawai‘i 120, 136, 456 P.3d 484, 500

(2019) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

            In the present case, at trial, C.Y., the complaining

witness’ father, testified about an out-of-court conversation he

had with Williams during a long car ride where “all [Williams]

could talk about was [T.Y.]”        This constituted a violation of

HRPP 16(b)(1)(ii), which requires disclosure of “the substance

of any oral statements made by the defendant” prior to trial.

Despite the court sustaining the defense’s continued objections,

the prosecutor continued questioning C.Y. about the

conversation.     As the defense argued in its opening statement,

this case hinged on whether the jury believed T.Y. or Williams.

Williams’ interactions with T.Y. and the nature of their

relationship were critical to Williams’ claim that no sexual

(continued . . .)
Because this issue is not necessary to the resolution of this case, we
decline to consider whether it constitutes harmless error.

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contact occurred.11     Evidence that Williams had a fixation on or

an inappropriate level of interest in T.Y. might have prompted

the jury to believe that Williams harbored inappropriate

feelings toward T.Y. that he later acted upon, by committing the

offenses alleged by T.Y.       Thus, the prosecutor’s violation of

HRPP Rule 16(b)(1)(ii) and questioning of C.Y. that elicited

testimony about previously undisclosed statements by Williams

constituted misconduct.

           b.     The prosecutor’s introduction of out-of-court
                  statements that had previously been barred by the
                  defense’s motion in limine constituted
                  prosecutorial misconduct.

           This court has expressed concerns about prosecutorial

misconduct in cases where the defendant’s credibility is

particularly important.       In Underwood, this court stated that

“[t]he potential for prejudice is particularly evident

where . . . the improper comments specifically concerned the

credibility of the testimony on which the case turned.”             142

Hawai‘i at 329, 418 P.3d at 670; see also Conroy, 148 Hawai‘i at

204, 468 P.3d at 218 (“Prosecutorial misconduct affecting the

issue of defendant’s intent was not harmless beyond a reasonable

      11    Seven of the ten witnesses on Williams’ witness list (not
including Williams) were identified to testify about their “personal
observations of and interactions with [T.Y.],” T.Y.’s relationships with
various members of the Williams’ family, and T.Y.’s “motive to fabricate his
allegations” against Williams.

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doubt where the only witness to the altercation were the

defendant and the [complaining witness].”).

           Here, the prosecutor introduced out-of-court

statements made by T.Y. via computer message that had been

barred pretrial.12     Evidence of T.Y.’s messages explaining to

S.S. the alleged abuse was material to Williams’ guilt and/or

punishment.    T.Y.’s messages to S.S. allegedly revealed abuse

and thus greatly undermined Williams’ credibility and

corroborated the credibility of the only other witness who could

testify as to whether the acts did or did not occur: T.Y.              The

effect of its introduction may have imparted to the jury that

because T.Y. told S.S. about the alleged abuse, he was credible.

Thus, the prosecutor’s introduction of out-of-court statements

that were barred by the court’s motion in limine ruling

constituted misconduct.

     12     As discussed above, see supra note 7 and accompanying text, when
the prosecutor first referenced the computer messages in her opening
statement, the defense objected on the grounds that the messages had not been
previously disclosed. The court sustained the objection, citing the
prosecution’s failure to disclose the messages to the defense, though it is
not clear that the prosecution’s nondisclosure of the computer messages
violated HRPP Rule 16(b)(1)(i). See supra note 8. However, the court later
permitted the prosecutor to question S.S. about the computer messages during
direct examination, over the defense’s objections.
            Regardless, the defense’s lack of knowledge about the computer
messages did not preclude the messages from being covered by the scope of the
pretrial motion in limine: the content of the computer messages clearly fell
within those statements covered by the motion, which sought to bar all out-
of-court statements made by T.Y. alleging that Williams sexually assaulted
him. In granting the defense’s motion, the court stated that T.Y.’s alleged
statements would be excluded, that “[u]nless the government can come up with
a hearsay exception, we litigate the matter outside the presence of the
jury,” and that the court would “generally” not allow the statements. Thus,
the prosecutor’s introduction of the evidence of the computer messages
constituted a violation of the motion in limine.

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          c.    The prosecutor’s lurid and inflammatory cross-
                examination of defense witnesses constituted
                prosecutorial misconduct.

          “We have recognized that prosecutors ‘should not use

arguments calculated to inflame the passions or prejudices of

the jury[,]’ as ‘[a]rguments that rely on . . . prejudices of

the jurors introduce into the trial elements of irrelevance and

irrationality that cannot be tolerated.’”         Pasene, 144 Hawai‘i at

370, 439 P.3d at 895 (alterations in original) (quoting Rogan,

91 Hawai‘i at 413, 984 P.2d at 1239).        Even when the statements

are not calculated to inflame the passions or prejudices of the

jury, when the likely result is that the jury will be inflamed,

the statements are prejudicial.       Id. (holding that the

prosecutor’s reference to Charles Manson “may lead the jury to

react based on emotion, rather than in an objective way, and

threatens to introduce an atmosphere of bias and prejudice as

the jury enters deliberation” (internal quotation marks and

citation omitted)).

          Here, the prosecutor’s questioning of defense

witnesses--asking whether sucking a child’s penis was something

they expected to see in public--was improper.          The prosecutor’s

questioning emphasized the lurid nature of the accusations and

was likely to elicit an emotional response from the jury.             The

questions were rhetorical and called for immaterial information.

Because the prosecutor’s questioning of defense witnesses was

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calculated to inflame the passions or prejudices of the jury it

constituted misconduct.

     2.   The promptness or lack of a curative instruction

          With regard to the second factor--the promptness of

the court’s curative instructions--we consider:

          [T]he extent to which a trial court’s instruction to the
          jury minimized or eliminated the prejudicial effect of
          misconduct. When a court promptly addresses the
          impropriety, a prosecutor’s improper remarks are generally
          considered cured by the court’s instructions to the jury,
          because it is presumed that the jury abided by the court’s
          admonition to disregard the statement.

Pasene, 144 Hawai‘i at 365, 439 P.3d at 890 (internal citations,

quotation marks, and brackets omitted) (quoting Underwood, 142

Hawai‘i at 327, 418 P.3d at 668).

          To determine whether the circuit court’s instructions

to the jury cured the risk of prejudice to the defendant, we

evaluate “whether the cumulative effect of prejudicial conduct

going to the issue of guilt is so strong that it overcomes the

presumption that the curative remarks of the court have rendered

the prejudicial remarks harmless.”        State v. Pemberton, 71 Haw.

466, 476, 796 P.2d 80, 85 (1990).        The Pemberton court held that

although a prosecutor’s improper statements and questioning of a

witness are typically cured by instructions to the jury to

disregard them in reaching a verdict, sometimes the improper

conduct can create an atmosphere of bias and prejudice that “no

remarks by the trial court could erase.”         Id. (internal

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quotation marks and citation omitted).         The Pemberton court held

that the cumulative effect of the prejudicial conduct in that

case was so pervasive that it overcame the presumption that

limiting instructions by the circuit court could render the

prejudicial remarks harmless.       Id.   (“[T]he fact that defense

counsel was repeatedly forced to object and the court repeatedly

forced to sustain those objections and to issue cautionary

instructions is likely to have had the reverse effect of

focusing the jury’s attention on that evidence and the fact that

it was being suppressed.”).

          Similarly, in State v. Underwood, where the prosecutor

told the jury that “defense counsel tried to get the complaining

witness to make up some story,” we held that a jury instruction

failed to cure the prejudicial effect of the prosecutor’s

statement because: (1) “the instruction did not address the

problematic nature of the prosecutor’s statements”; and (2) “the

instruction was general in nature and was delivered to the jury

along with a large number of other standard instructions before

closing arguments began.”      142 Hawai‘i at 328, 418 P.3d at 669.

          In the instant case, the circuit court’s general

limiting instruction delivered at the close of evidence failed

to cure the prejudicial effect of the prosecutor’s introduction

of out-of-court statements not produced to the defense prior to

trial.   See Pemberton, 71 Haw. at 475-76, 796 P.2d at 84-85.

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The jury heard the prosecutor elicit testimony from C.Y.

describing Williams’ unusual interest in T.Y.          Although defense

counsel objected and the court advised the prosecutor during a

bench conference that the objection would be sustained, the

court did not sustain the objection in front of the jury.

Thereafter, the prosecutor immediately returned to questioning

C.Y. about the same subject in front of the jury.           Defense

counsel objected again and the court sustained the objection,

but the court neither struck the testimony, nor gave a curative

instruction to the jury.

          Two days later, the circuit court provided the jury

with a general instruction, stating,

          Trial procedures are governed by rules. When a
          lawyer believes that the rules require it, it is
          his or her duty to raise an objection. It is my
          responsibility to rule on such objections. You
          must not consider objections made by lawyers in
          your deliberations. . . . You must disregard
          entirely any matter which the court has ordered
          stricken.

          As in Underwood, where a general instruction given

much later amidst various other instructions was not curative,

142 Hawai‘i at 328, 418 P.3d at 669, here also, the circuit

court’s general instruction was not curative.          Also, because the

instruction was not promptly given when the prejudice occurred,

and was instead provided at the close of evidence with a barrage

of other instructions, the jury would not have known the

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evidence or objections to which the court was referring.

Additionally, the prejudicial effect of C.Y.’s testimony and the

prosecutor’s continued questioning on subject matter the court

had sustained an objection to may have imparted to the jury that

T.Y.’s testimony was corroborated by C.Y., and, therefore, that

T.Y. was more credible than Williams.        Thus, we cannot conclude

that the court’s general instruction cured the risk of prejudice

to Williams.

          The circuit court’s specific instructions to the jury

regarding T.Y.’s computer messages to S.S. also failed to cure

the prejudicial effect of the prosecutor’s improper use of those

statements.    The circuit court had ruled at the pretrial hearing

on the defense’s motion in limine that the State could not

introduce out-of-court statements made by T.Y.          Yet, the

prosecutor referred to T.Y.’s computer messages during her

opening statement, even though the statements contained in those

messages were barred by the defense’s motion in limine.13            The

court struck from the record and instructed the jury to

disregard the prosecutor’s reference to the computer messages.

But despite the court’s ruling during the prosecutor’s opening

statement and the defense’s continued objections, the prosecutor

later introduced the same evidence of T.Y.’s computer messages

during her direct examination of S.S.
     13   See supra note 12 and accompanying text.

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          Prejudice caused by a prosecutor’s willful violation

of a court’s ruling on a motion in limine is not necessarily

overcome by a later limiting instruction.         Pacheco, 96 Hawai‘i at

98, 26 P.3d at 587.     In Pacheco, the defense filed a motion in

limine that sought to exclude at trial any evidence of the

defendant’s prior convictions.       Id. at 88, 26 P.3d at 577.

Although the court granted the motion, the prosecutor referenced

defendant’s prior convictions during cross-examination and in

closing arguments.    Id. at 98, 26 P.3d at 587.        We held that the

prosecutor’s “willful violation of the circuit court’s in

limine ruling constituted prosecutorial misconduct,” and because

the circuit court failed to give a curative instruction during

cross-examination or closing arguments when the statements were

made, the prejudicial effect could not be overcome.           Id.

          In Pacheco, the prejudice caused by the prosecutor’s

improper presentation of evidence in willful violation of the

court’s motion in limine ruling was not overcome because the

court failed to provide a prompt curative instruction.              Id. at

98, 26 P.3d at 587.     We face a similar situation here.           As in

Pacheco, despite the court’s pretrial motion in limine ruling,

the prosecutor twice presented prejudicial evidence about T.Y.’s

computer messages to the jury: first, when she referenced the

messages in her opening statement, and again, when she

questioned S.S. about the messages during direct examination.

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Because the jury heard that T.Y. told S.S. about the alleged

abuse from both the prosecutor and S.S., and the court’s only

curative instruction to the jury was that the message was

“stricken” the first time it was introduced, after which it was

again introduced and remained introduced as evidence, we cannot

conclude that the prejudicial effect was overcome by a curative

jury instruction.    See Pasene, 144 Hawai‘i at 371, 439 P.3d at

896 (“Attempts to refer to evidence that has been specifically

excluded by the circuit court . . . undermine[s] the integrity

of the criminal justice system.”).

          With T.Y.’s and Williams’ credibility a central issue,

the improper introduction of previously barred evidence of

T.Y.’s computer messages might have left the jury with the

impression that T.Y. was more credible than Williams.            If the

jury believed that T.Y. had previously told others about the

alleged abuse, testimony on T.Y.’s computer messages

corroborated and bolstered T.Y.’s testimony.          And with Williams’

relationship with T.Y. another important issue, the improper

introduction of undisclosed statements by Williams evincing his

interest in T.Y. might have led the jury to disbelieve his claim

that no sexual contact occurred.         Finally, there was no curative

instruction delivered by the court to address the prosecutor’s

blatantly lewd question--“sucking a child's penis is not

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something you would expect to see in public, would you?”--posed

to three defense witnesses on cross-examination.

          We therefore conclude that the circuit court’s

limiting instructions, and lack thereof, did not cure the

prejudicial effect of the prosecutor’s misconduct.

     3.   Strength or weakness of the evidence against Williams

          “In considering the final factor, reviewing courts

weigh the evidence supporting the defendant’s conviction.”

Underwood, 142 Hawai‘i at 328, 418 P.3d at 669.          “When evidence

is so overwhelming as to outweigh the inflammatory effect of the

improper comments, reviewing courts will regard the impropriety

as ultimately harmless.”      Id. (internal quotation marks and

citation omitted).    But “[w]hen it cannot be said beyond a

reasonable doubt that the same result would have been reached

absent the improper conduct . . . the defendant’s conviction

must be vacated.”    Id.   Critically, we noted that “[w]hen a

conviction is largely dependent on a jury’s determination as to

the credibility of a complainant’s testimony, [] the evidence of

the offense is not so overwhelming that it renders the

prosecutor’s improper statements harmless beyond a reasonable

doubt.”   Id. at 325, 418 P.3d at 670 (internal quotation marks

and citation omitted).     Where the complaining witness’ account

of the events is countered only by the defendant, the potential

for prejudice is especially heightened when prosecutorial

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conduct affects the defendant’s credibility.          Id. (noting that

the defendant’s conviction was “ultimately dependent on the

jury’s assessment of [the complaining witness’] credibility”

because “only the statements of [the complaining witness]

herself directly described the actual acts constituting the two

offenses”).

          In this case, it cannot be said that the prosecutor’s

use of undisclosed and previously barred evidence and

inflammatory questioning of witnesses “did not contribute to the

jury’s determination of guilt.”       Pasene, 144 Hawai‘i at 371, 439

P.3d at 896.   As in Underwood, here, T.Y., the complaining

witness, was the only witness other than the defendant who could

describe the actual acts constituting the offenses.           Thus,

T.Y.’s testimony constituted the most significant evidence

against Williams.    The evidence against Williams was not so

overwhelming that it rendered the prosecutor’s misconduct--

improperly referencing and introducing evidence that had been

excluded by the defense’s pretrial motion in limine, improperly

introducing statements by Williams that had not been previously

disclosed to the defense, and improperly subjecting defense

witnesses to inflammatory questioning--harmless.           Because there

is a reasonable possibility that the prosecutor’s misconduct

might have contributed to Williams’ conviction, the misconduct

was not harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

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            After considering the inflammatory nature of the

prosecutor’s misconduct, the lack of prompt curative

instructions from the circuit court, and the relative weight of

the evidence supporting Williams’ conviction, we find that the

cumulative effect of the prosecutor’s misconduct created an

“atmosphere of bias and prejudice” that deprived Williams of a

fair trial.     Pasene, 144 Hawai‘i at 364, 439 P.3d at 889.           The

circuit court erred in denying Williams’ motion for a new trial

based on prosecutorial misconduct, and the ICA erred in

concluding that the prosecutor’s misconduct was harmless.

B.    The Circuit Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion When It
      Limited the Number of Witnesses Who Could Testify on
      Williams’ Behalf.

            Williams alleges the circuit court abused its

discretion by limiting the number of witnesses permitted to

testify on Williams’ behalf.        When a decision to allow a witness

to testify is based on Hawai‘i Rules of Evidence (“HRE”) Rule 403

(2016),14 it “require[s] a ‘judgment call’ on the part of the

trial court, [and is] reviewed for an abuse of discretion.”

Richie, 88 Hawai‘i at 37, 960 P.2d at 1245 (quoting State v.

Arceo, 84 Hawai‘i 1, 11, 928 P.2d 843, 853 (1996)).             “An abuse of

14    HRE Rule 403 states, “Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if
its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair
prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by
considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of
cumulative evidence.”

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discretion occurs when the decisionmaker exceeds the bounds of

reason or disregards rules of principles of law or practice to

the detriment of a party.”       State v. Vliet, 95 Hawai‘i 94, 107,

19 P.3d 42, 55 (2001) (quoting In re Water Use Permit

Applications, 94 Hawai‘i 97, 183, 9 P.3d 409, 495 (2000)).

           In the present case, the circuit court did not abuse

its discretion in limiting the number of defense witnesses.              The

defense sought to call ten witnesses other than the defendant,

seven of whom were non-family members.          Of the six witnesses

permitted to testify, three were the defendant’s family members

and three were non-family members.         Of the three non-family

witnesses, two testified as to Williams’ good character,15 and

all were women.     All four witnesses excluded by the court were

male non-family character witnesses.

           Williams raises particular concern before this court

that no male non-family character witnesses were permitted to

testify.   However, defense counsel did not voice this specific

concern at trial when defense witnesses were being finalized.16

     15     The third female non-family witness was Autumn Butler, a friend
of J.W.’s (Williams’ daughter) who also knew T.Y., who was permitted to
testify that T.Y. was jealous of J.W.

      16    For example, the circuit court permitted one character witness to
testify as to Williams’ interaction with children. The defense selected
Malia Kaʻai-Barrett, a female non-family member who had observed Williams with
kids through his involvement with the Hawaiʻi Youth Opera Chorus. If the
defense wished to have a male non-family character witness, it could have
selected a potential witness who, according to the defense’s witness list,
had also observed Williams “regularly interacting with children” and who knew
                                                             (continued . . .)

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And the record does not evince a basis to conclude that gender

was a factor relevant to character testimony, or that the

court’s exclusion of these witnesses was based on their gender.17

In fact, at trial, defense counsel conceded, “We probably don’t

need the boy,” while referring to one of the male non-family

character witnesses18 that Williams now argues the circuit court

arbitrarily excluded.      Defense counsel also posited that the

testimony of a second male non-family witness19 would largely

mirror that of the first male non-family witness:

            [DEFENSE]: [ ] There are actually two [male non-family
            witnesses], but they’re basically going to testify that
            there were many opportunities for Mr. Williams to have
            molested them or engaged in inappropriate behaviors with
            them. And that didn’t happen, and they’ve basically
            received no information or no reports that that ever
            happened.

            Significantly, these concessions by defense counsel

occurred before the circuit ruled, on relevance grounds, that it

(continued . . .)
Williams through New Hope Church, in lieu of Kaʻai-Barrett.   However, the
defense did not propose this person as a witness.

      17    Defense counsel did argue that it was important to have “a couple
of” non-family witnesses to “corroborate” the testimony of the family
witnesses. The defense was concerned that the prosecutor would imply to the
jury that the family witnesses “ha[d] a motive to lie” simply because
“they’re related to Mr. Williams and they love him.” However, the defense
did not specify that they wanted male non-family witnesses to testify, and,
as noted above, several female non-family witnesses testified at trial.

      18    According to the defense’s witness list, this proposed witness
was the son of a family friend who had “been in and out of the [Williams]
house ever since he was a little boy.”

      19    According to the defense’s witness list, this proposed witness
was a friend of Williams’ son “who spent significant time in the Williams’
family home including time alone with [Williams] and occasions when [T.Y.]
was present.”

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would not permit the first male non-family witness to testify.

As defense counsel identified his list of proposed character

witnesses, the circuit court primarily expressed concern over

the growing number of witnesses and that the character evidence

was “becoming cumulative.”

          Under HRE Rule 403, it is within the court’s

discretion to exclude the “needless presentation of cumulative

evidence.”     “In order for evidence to be considered ‘cumulative’

for HRE [Rule] 403 purposes, it must be substantially the same

as other evidence that has already been received.”           State v.

Pulse, 83 Hawai‘i 229, 247, 925 P.2d 797, 815 (1996) (citing Aga

v. Hundahl, 78 Hawai‘i 230, 241, 891 P.2d 1022, 1032 (1995)).

Thus, it was within the court’s discretion to exclude cumulative

evidence by limiting the number of witnesses who were all

testifying as to the same character traits.          Aga, 78 Hawai‘i at

241, 891 P.2d at 1033 (finding it was not an abuse of discretion

to exclude the deposition testimony of a second doctor regarding

the decedent’s alleged hallucinations because such testimony did

not “offer a different opinion” than that already presented at

trial and “could be considered cumulative evidence”); see also

U.S. v. Dredd, 833 F. App’x 79, 81 (9th Cir. 2020) (noting that

the trial court “has latitude to exclude cumulative character

witnesses”).

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           Here, five of the six non-family character witnesses

the defense sought to call would have testified as to Williams’

“honesty and integrity.”       All six witnesses would have testified

as to Williams’ “nonviolent and non-aggressive character” and

“the absence of any indications of sexual deviancy or behaviors”

consistent with the allegations in this case.           Nothing in the

record indicates the four excluded witnesses would have offered

a “different opinion” on Williams’ character than that attested

to by the witnesses the court permitted to testify; they would

have testified as to the same character traits in different

interpersonal settings.20      The court’s exclusion of these

witnesses did not prevent the defense from supporting the

character of the defendant, nor did it prevent testimony that

would supply a fact not available from other witnesses.             Because

the testimony of the four excluded witnesses would have been

“substantially the same as other [character] evidence” offered

at trial, Pulse, 83 Hawai‘i at 247, 925 P.2d at 815, the circuit

court’s exclusion of these witnesses was not an abuse of

discretion.

     20     For example, two of the excluded male non-family character
witnesses, along with Laura Morgan, who was permitted to testify, were listed
as “long time family friend[s]” of the Williamses. Another excluded male
non-family character witness was Williams’ “professional colleague.” All of
these witnesses would have offered similar opinion testimony as to Williams’
character.

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C.    Sufficient Evidence Existed to Convict Williams.

            “This court will not overturn a conviction by a jury

if viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the

prosecution, there is substantial evidence to support the

conclusion of the trier of fact.”          Tetu, 139 Hawai‘i at 226, 386

P.3d at 863 (quotation marks and brackets omitted).

“Substantial evidence is credible evidence which is of

sufficient quality and probative value to enable [a person] of

reasonable caution to support a conclusion.”            State v. Matavale,

115 Hawai‘i 149, 158, 166 P.3d 322, 331 (2007).

              In the present case, there was substantial evidence

to convict Williams.       The jury heard testimony from T.Y. that

Williams sexually assaulted him while he was a minor.              State

witnesses S.S. and C.O. also testified as to their observations

of T.Y.’s emotional, nervous, and fidgety behavior when T.Y.

told them about the alleged assault.          C.Y. testified as to the

changes in T.Y.’s behavior, including the decline in his

academic performance, during and after the alleged time frame

that the abuse occurred.        Although Williams denied committing

the assault and several defense witnesses testified as to his

good reputation it is within the jury’s purview to believe one

witness over another.       See State v. Jhun, 83 Hawai‘i 472, 483,

927 P.2d 1355, 1366 (1996) (“In a jury trial, the jury is the

trier of fact and, thus, is the sole judge of the credibility of

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the witnesses and the weight of the evidence.”).            Thus, in

viewing the evidence in the light most favorable for the

prosecution, substantial evidence supported Williams’

conviction.

                             IV.   CONCLUSION

           For the foregoing reasons, the ICA’s March 3, 2020

judgment on appeal is vacated, the circuit court’s order denying

Williams’ motion for a new trial is vacated, and the case is

remanded to the circuit court for further proceedings consistent

with this opinion.

Eric A. Seitz,                            /s/ Mark E. Recktenwald
(Della Au Belatti,
Gina Szeto-Wong,                          /s/ Paula A. Nakayama
Jonathan M.F. Loo, and
                                          /s/ Sabrina S. McKenna
Kevin A. Yolken, with him
on the briefs) for                        /s/ Michael D. Wilson
petitioner/defendant-appellant
                                          /s/ Gary W.B. Chang
Sonja P. McCullen for
respondent/plaintiff-appellee

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