Court Opinion

ID: 4707478
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-07-29 16:01:23.657821+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:06:44.283373
License: Public Domain

USCA11 Case: 21-10174     Date Filed: 07/29/2021   Page: 1 of 12

                                                          [DO NOT PUBLISH]

            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                      ________________________

                            No. 21-10174
                        Non-Argument Calendar
                      ________________________

               D.C. Docket No. 8:20-cv-02158-MSS-TGW

JAMES NATHANIEL DOUSE,

                                                            Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                   versus

CANOE CREEK HOMEOWNER'S
ASSOCIATION, INC.,
c/o Access Management,

                                                           Defendant-Appellee.

                      ________________________

               Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Middle District of Florida
                     ________________________

                               (July 29, 2021)

Before WILSON, ROSENBAUM, and BRANCH, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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      James Douse, proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s order dismissing

his complaint against Canoe Creek Homeowner’s Association, Inc. (“Canoe

Creek”) for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. Douse challenges only the district

court’s ruling that the parties lacked diversity of citizenship. Because Douse

alleged in his complaint that both parties were Florida citizens, we affirm the

district court. Additionally, Canoe Creek appeals the district court’s denial of its

motion for attorney’s fees. Because it did not file a timely cross-appeal, that the

issue is not properly before us, and we will not consider it.

                                  I.      Background

      James Douse is a resident in Canoe Creek. Proceeding pro se, he sued

Canoe Creek in September 2020, alleging violations of three Florida statutes, a 42

U.S.C. § 1983 claim premised on a Fourth Amendment violation, breach of a sales

contract, and intentional infliction of emotional distress (“IIED”). Douse sought a

stay of all liens on his property, answers to various questions regarding Canoe

Creek’s board of directors, quarterly and annual financial statements, and open

votes on all rules. He also requested money damages for attorney’s fees, court

costs, reimbursement for taxes paid, punitive damages, and compensatory damages

for the alleged Fourth Amendment violation and his IIED claim.

      In his complaint, Douse claimed to be a resident of Florida as of September

8, 2020, and stated that Canoe Creek’s principal place of business was in Florida.

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Douse alleged diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(1). In the civil

cover sheet he attached to his complaint, Douse indicated that the district court had

both federal question and diversity jurisdiction.

       Canoe Creek moved to dismiss the complaint for lack of subject-matter

jurisdiction under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1), and for failure to state a claim under

Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). Relevant here, it argued that the district court lacked

subject-matter jurisdiction based on diversity of citizenship because the complaint

alleged that Douse and Canoe Creek were both citizens of Florida. It also argued

that the district court lacked subject matter-jurisdiction based on a federal question

because, although Douse had raised a § 1983 claim premised on a Fourth

Amendment violation, it was a private party that did not act under the color of

federal law. Canoe Creek also argued that it was entitled to attorney’s fees

because, as a homeowner’s association, its residents funded its litigation, and

Douse’s proclivity for bringing lawsuits created an unreasonable expense for its

homeowners. 1 According to Canoe Creek, the homeowners’ Declaration of

       1
          Canoe Creek noted in its motion that Douse was a frequent pro se litigant who initiated
lawsuits over garden-variety disputes and cited to seven cases litigated by Douse from 2016 to
2020. In his response to Canoe Creek’s motion to dismiss, Douse moved to amend his punitive
damages claim because Canoe Creek’s counsel had allegedly improperly listed his personal
health information by citing to the other cases that he was a party to, as the health information
was contained in some of those cases. Douse also moved for sanctions based on the same
conduct. In an attachment to his notice of appeal, Douse indicated that he was bringing a lawsuit
against Canoe Creek’s counsel for violations of the Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”).

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Covenants, Conditions and Restrictions for Canoe Creek stated that, if any lot

owner initiated an action against Canoe Creek, “the party prevailing in such action

shall be entitled to” attorney’s fees and costs.

       In response, Douse argued that the district court had jurisdiction to hear this

case. He asserted that the district court had jurisdiction to hear diversity cases and

that he had previously indicated his grounds for filing in federal court. As for

Canoe Creek’s request for attorney’s fees, Douse argued that the request was

baseless, as it clearly violated his home’s sales contract as well as state and federal

law.

       The district court dismissed Douse’s complaint without prejudice for lack of

jurisdiction. First, the district court noted that the complaint attempted to invoke

diversity jurisdiction but, because Douse had alleged that both parties were Florida

citizens, it lacked diversity jurisdiction. Next, the district court explained that it

also lacked federal question jurisdiction because despite Douse’s alleged Fourth

Amendment violation, Canoe Creek was not a state actor for purposes of 42 U.S.C.

§ 1983, and all of Douse’s other claims were state law claims.

       Next, the district court denied Canoe Creek’s request for attorney’s fees

without prejudice because the homeowners’ declaration was not attached to the

motion to dismiss and had not been filed with the court. The district court also

explained that it would have declined to award attorney’s fees had the

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homeowners’ declaration been properly attached because its dismissal for lack of

subject-matter jurisdiction did not reach the merits of Douse’s claims and had no

prejudicial effect on Douse’s ability to bring his claims in state court. It noted that

Canoe Creek could reassert its demand should it prevail in state court. Douse

timely appealed.2

                                         II.     Discussion

       A. The district court properly found that it lacked subject-matter
          jurisdiction over Douse’s claims.
       On appeal, Douse argues that the district court had diversity jurisdiction over

this action.3 He asserts that his statement in his complaint that both parties were

Florida residents was an honest mistake because “in [his mind, he] was

       2
          Douse alleges for the first time on appeal that Canoe Creek violated HIPAA. In
general, this Court “will not consider an issue raised for the first time on appeal.” Finnegan v.
Comm’r of Internal Revenue, 926 F.3d 1261, 1271 (11th Cir. 2019). And, although we construe
pro se pleadings liberally, see, e.g., Campbell v. Air Jamaica Ltd., 760 F.3d 1165, 1168 (11th
Cir. 2014), “this leniency does not give a court license to serve as de facto counsel for a party, or
to rewrite an otherwise deficient pleading in order to sustain an action.” Id. at 1168–69
(quotation marks omitted). Thus, Douse improperly asserts a HIPAA violation for the first time
on appeal. Although it is true that Douse asserted below that Canoe Creek’s counsel exposed his
health information, he did so in his response to Canoe Creek’s motion to dismiss, which does not
properly preserve the issue for appeal.
        Douse also asserts violations of the Fair Housing Act and the Civil Rights Act for the first
time in his reply brief. Douse did not raise these claims below, nor did he brief them in his initial
brief before this Court. Thus, the claims are not properly before us, and we do not consider
them. Timson v. Sampson, 518 F.3d 870, 874 (11th Cir. 2008) (explaining that “issues not
briefed on appeal by a pro se litigant are deemed abandoned,” and that we do not “address
arguments raised for the first time in a pro se litigant’s reply brief”).
        3
           Douse does not challenge the district court’s holding that there is no federal question
jurisdiction in this case. Regardless of whether he concedes the point, Douse does not brief
federal question jurisdiction and “issues not briefed on appeal by a pro se litigant are deemed
abandoned.” Timson v. Sampson, 518 F.3d 870, 874 (11th Cir. 2008).

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[t]echnically a resident of Tennessee on September 14, 2020.”4 He explains that

he owned property in Florida and visited, but he was physically residing in

Tennessee at the time. To back this argument up, Douse says that he also owned

property in Georgia but was not a Georgia resident.

       Canoe Creek asserts that the district court’s order dismissing Douse’s

complaint was not a final order for purposes of 28 U.S.C. § 1291 because it

contemplated an opportunity for Douse to refile his complaint and did not reach the

litigation on the merits. Alternatively, it argues, the district court properly found

that it lacked subject-matter jurisdiction over Douse’s complaint.

       “The district court’s subject[-]matter jurisdiction is a question of law that we

review de novo.” Patel v. Hamilton Med. Ctr., Inc., 967 F.3d 1190, 1193 (11th

Cir. 2020) (quotation omitted). A district court’s factual findings regarding the

parties’ citizenships are reviewed for clear error, which occurs when “the record

lacks substantial evidence to support it.” Travaglio v. Am. Express Co., 735 F.3d

1266, 1269 (11th Cir. 2013).

       4
          Douse further explains that the case before us is the second action between him and
Canoe Creek, and the first suit, which was before the Sixth Circuit, was transferred to Florida
from Tennessee and remains pending. He asserts that he appealed this transfer because he was a
resident of Tennessee at that time. In his reply brief, Douse asserts he became a Florida resident
on September 18, 2020, under the Sixth Circuit’s decision referenced in his initial brief. Douse
does not point to any authority stating that a court’s decision confers residence in a state.
Therefore, this argument is irrelevant and does not affect our determination of residency for
purposes of diversity jurisdiction. See McCormick v. Aderholt, 293 F.3d 1254, 1257–58 (11th
Cir. 2002) (explaining tests for domicile and determination of residence for jurisdictional
purposes).

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          USCA11 Case: 21-10174        Date Filed: 07/29/2021    Page: 7 of 12

      Before addressing the district court’s jurisdictional ruling, we first address

the threshold issue raised by Canoe Creek. We lack appellate jurisdiction over

non-final, non-appealable orders. Grayson v. K Mart Corp., 79 F.3d 1086, 1090–

91 (11th Cir. 1996). Dismissals without prejudice are appealable if they are final

orders. Id. at 1094 & n.7. But a dismissal without prejudice is not a final,

appealable order if it is entered without prejudice to refile or if it operates as a de

facto transfer order. Grayson, 79 F.3d at 1094–95 & n.7. We have cited with

approval the proposition that “[t]he critical determination is whether [the] plaintiff

has been effectively excluded from federal court under the present circumstances.”

Id. at 1095 (quoting Facteau v. Sullivan, 843 F.2d 1318 (10th Cir. 1988)).

      Canoe Creek’s argument that the underlying order in the instant case is non-

appealable is unpersuasive. Although the district court did opine about a potential

state court case involving the parties, it did not, at the time of dismissal, provide

Douse with leave to amend his complaint, nor did it encourage the parties to

transfer venues. See Grayson, 79 F.3d at 1094–95 & n.7. Rather, the district court

dismissed the case for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction—a ruling that effectively

excludes Douse from refiling his complaint in federal court. Id. at 1095.

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       Having found that the district court’s order dismissing Douse’s complaint

was appealable, we now turn to subject-matter jurisdiction. 5 District courts have

subject-matter jurisdiction over civil actions between citizens of different states

when the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000. 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(1). This

diversity must be complete, which means “that no defendant in a diversity action

[is] a citizen of the same state as any plaintiff.” MacGinnitie v. Hobbs Grp., LLC,

420 F.3d 1234, 1239 (11th Cir. 2005). Citizenship, for jurisdictional purposes, is

determined at the time the suit is filed. Id. Citizenship is the equivalent of one’s

domicile for purposes of diversity jurisdiction. McCormick v. Aderholt, 293 F.3d

1254, 1257 (11th Cir. 2002). “A person’s domicile is the place of his true, fixed,

and permanent home and principal establishment, and to which he has the intention

of returning whenever he is absent therefrom.” Id. at 1257–58 (quotation omitted).

When a district court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction, “it has no power to enter a

judgment on the merits and must dismiss the action.” Nat’l Parks Conservation

Ass’n v. Norton, 324 F.3d 1229, 1240 (11th Cir. 2003) (quotation marks omitted).

       5
           Douse argues in his reply brief that we should reverse the district court because it had
personal jurisdiction over his case. As an initial matter, we note that Douse raises this argument
for the first time in his reply brief. As explained, “issues not briefed on appeal by a pro se
litigant are deemed abandoned,” and we do not “address arguments raised for the first time in a
pro se litigant’s reply brief.” Timson 518 F.3d at 874. Thus, we need not consider Douse’s
argument. However, we also note that personal jurisdiction is not at issue in this case, as the
district court dismissed for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.
        For the same reason, we need not consider Douse’s argument raised for the first time in
his reply brief that the district court had not yet administratively closed his case. Timson, 518
F.3d at 874.

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      The district court correctly dismissed Douse’s complaint for lack of subject-

matter jurisdiction, because both parties were Florida residents at the time of filing.

In his complaint, Douse alleged that he was a Florida resident. Moreover, the

record reflects that Douse’s residence was in Florida. For example, the record

contains correspondence from Douse regarding the Florida property that predates

the filing of the complaint. Additionally, Douse lists his county of residence as

Manatee County, Florida, on his civil cover sheet and applied for a homestead

exemption for his house in Canoe Creek. In Florida, homestead exemptions are for

property owners who maintain permanent residence at the property in question.

See Fla. Const. art. VII, § 6(a) (“Every person who has the legal or equitable title

to real estate and maintains thereon the permanent residence of the owner, or

another legally or naturally dependent upon the owner, shall be exempt from

taxation thereon . . . .”). On appeal, Douse does not argue that he was a Tennessee

resident, but rather that he mistakenly believed he was a Tennessee resident.

Unsurprisingly, he cites to no authority for the quite unusual proposition that his

mistaken belief that there was diversity of citizenship cures any jurisdictional

defect. And because there is record evidence that Douse resided in Florida, the

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district court did not clearly err in its factual determination that he was a Florida

citizen. Travaglio, 735 F.3d at 1269. 6

       Because there is not complete diversity of citizenship and Douse did not

allege federal question jurisdiction, the district court properly dismissed Douse’s

complaint for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.

       B. Canoe Creek’s attorney’s fees arguments are not properly before
          this Court.

      Canoe Creek argues that the district court erroneously denied its request for

attorney’s fees. It asserts that the award of attorney’s fees is a collateral issue that

remains within the district court’s jurisdiction even if it lacks subject-matter

jurisdiction over the underlying action and that the district court’s failure to

consider attorney’s fees was an abuse of discretion.

      A cross-appeal is required for an appellee to “attack [a] decree with a view

either to enlarging his own rights thereunder or of lessening the rights of his

adversary.” United States v. Am. Ry. Express Co., 265 U.S. 425, 435 (1924); see

also Jackson v. Humphrey, 776 F.3d 1232, 1239 (11th Cir. 2015) (“Importantly,

for a claim to fall within our pendent appellate jurisdiction, a party must file

a cross-appeal of its own.”). In civil cases, a cross-appeal must be filed within 14

       6
         Douse has abandoned on appeal any argument that Canoe Creek is not a Florida citizen
because he failed to brief the issue. See Timson, 518 F.3d at 874. Regardless, Douse’s
complaint alleged that both he and Canoe Creek were Florida citizens.

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days after the filing of the notice of appeal, or within 30 days of the entry of

judgment or order appealed from, whichever ends later. Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(3).

We have dismissed a claim made by an appellee for lack of jurisdiction when the

appellee did not file a cross-appeal within either timeframe specified by Fed. R.

App. P. 4(a)(3). See Sizzler Fam. Steak Houses v. W. Sizzlin Steak House, Inc.,

793 F.2d 1529, 1541 (11th Cir. 1986) (“We lack jurisdiction to consider this

contention because the cross-appeal was not timely filed . . . . Sizzler’s cross-

appeal was not timely under either of the standards set forth in Rule 4(a)(3).”).

      Here, we lack jurisdiction to consider Canoe Creek’s arguments that we

should reverse the district court’s denial of its request for attorney’s fees because it

did not timely cross-appeal the issue. Because Canoe Creek attempts to enlarge its

own rights on appeal by collecting attorney’s fees, it must have timely appealed

from the district court’s order. See Am. Ry. Express Co., 265 U.S. at 435. Douse

filed his notice of appeal on January 14, 2021. Canoe Creek did not file a cross-

appeal, meaning it has not satisfied either of Rule 4(a)(3)’s cross-appeal filing

timelines. Thus, its arguments regarding the district court’s denial of attorney’s

fees are not properly before us because we lack the pendent appellate jurisdiction

to consider the issue. 7

       7
          Because Canoe Creek’s arguments that the district court erroneously denied its request for
attorney’s fees are not properly before us, we need not address Canoe Creek’s request to supplement

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       For these reasons, we affirm.

       AFFIRMED.

the record with the homeowners’ declaration or Douse’s request to compel Canoe Creek to produce
the homeowners’ declaration.

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