Court Opinion

ID: 9929702
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-02-03 18:11:29.461002+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:44:24.362981
License: Public Domain

NUMBER 13-22-00358-CV

                   COURT OF APPEALS

            THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

             CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG

SAVERGV, SIERRA CLUB,
AND CARRIZO/COMECRUDO
NATION OF TEXAS, INC.,                                Appellants,

                              v.

TEXAS GENERAL LAND OFFICE
AND DAWN BUCKINHAM, M.D., IN
HER OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS THE
TEXAS LAND COMMISSIONER,                               Appellees.

            On appeal from the 445th District Court
                 of Cameron County, Texas.
                NUMBER 13-22-00359-CV

                  COURT OF APPEALS

           THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

            CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG

SAVERGV, SIERRA CLUB,
AND CARRIZO/COMECRUDO
NATION OF TEXAS, INC.,                               Appellants,

                             v.

CAMERON COUNTY,                                       Appellee.

           On appeal from the 445th District Court
                of Cameron County, Texas.

                              2
                  NUMBER 13-22-00360-CV

                     COURT OF APPEALS

             THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

               CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG

SAVERGV, SIERRA CLUB,
AND CARRIZO/COMECRUDO
NATION OF TEXAS, INC.,                                 Appellants,

                                v.

TEXAS ATTORNEY GENERAL,                                 Appellee.

             On appeal from the 445th District Court
                  of Cameron County, Texas.

                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

  Before Chief Justice Contreras and Justices Longoria and Silva
              Memorandum Opinion by Justice Silva

                                3
        Appellants SaveRGV, Sierra Club, and Carrizo/Comecrudo Nation of Texas, Inc.

(the Tribe), filed a suit seeking a declaratory judgment that Texas Natural Resources

Code §§ 61.011(d)(11), and 61.132, which permit the closure of beaches for space flight

activities, violates the Texas Constitution’s Open Beaches Amendment. See TEX. CONST.

art. I, § 33(c). Appellants also sought a declaratory judgment that § 15.32(d) of Title 31 of

the Texas Administrative Code, which provides for the closure of the beach and

associated access points for space flight activities, violates the Open Beaches

Amendment. See id. Appellees Cameron County, the Texas General Land Office (GLO),

Dawn Buckingham, M.D. in her official capacity as the Texas Land Commissioner

(Commissioner), 1 and the Texas Attorney General each filed a plea to the jurisdiction,

arguing, among other things, that appellants lacked standing. The trial court granted each

appellee’s plea to the jurisdiction, dismissing appellants’ claims.

        By three issues, which we reorder and construe as two, appellants argue that the

trial court erred by granting the pleas to the jurisdiction because (1) appellants

demonstrated that they had standing; and (2) governmental immunity is waived in cases

challenging the constitutionality of a statute, such as here. We reverse and remand.

                                          I.      BACKGROUND

        The Texas Constitution provides that “[t]he public, individually and collectively, has

an unrestricted right to use and a right of ingress to and egress from a public beach. The

right granted by this subsection is dedicated as a permanent easement in favor of the

         1 When this suit originated, George P. Bush was the Texas Land Commissioner. However, Dawn

Buckingham, M.D., was elected as the Texas General Land Office Commissioner on November 8, 2022,
and took office on January 10, 2023. See TEX. R. APP. P. 7.2(a) (automatically substituting public officers if
the office holder changes before final disposition).

                                                      4
public.” Id. art. I, § 33(b). This provision, commonly referred to as the Open Beaches

Amendment, permits the legislature to “enact laws to protect the right of the public to

access and use a public beach and to protect the public beach easement from

interference and encroachments” but “does not create a private right of enforcement.” Id.

art. I, § 33(c), (d). In 2013, the legislature enacted Texas Natural Resources Code

§ 61.132, which permits the commissioners in a county bordering the Gulf of Mexico or

its tidewater to temporarily close a beach in reasonable proximity to a space flight launch

site or access points to the beach in the county on launch dates. TEX. NAT. RES. CODE

ANN. § 61.132.

        According to SaveRGV’s first amended petition, following the passage of § 61.132,

appellees have allowed the closure of Boca Chica Beach in Cameron County for up to

450 hours per year to allow Space Exploration Technologies Corporation (SpaceX) to

conduct activities related to space flight launches. Such closures prompted SaveRGV to

file a suit seeking declaratory judgment that § 61.132 violates the Open Beaches

Amendment and is thus unconstitutional. Moreover, SaveRGV asserted that Texas

Natural Resources Code § 61.011(d)(11), which allows the Commissioner to promulgate

rules for the closure of beaches for space flight launches, violated the Open Beaches

Amendment. 2 See id. § 61.011(d)(11). Consistent with its challenge to §§ 61.011(d)(11)

and 61.132, SaveRGV also challenged § 15.32(d) of Title 31 of the Texas Administrative

Code, which “provide[s] for the closure of a beach and associated access points during

        2 Appellants asserted facial and as-applied constitutional challenges to both statutes. See Tenet

Hosps. Ltd. v. Rivera, 445 S.W.3d 698, 702 (Tex. 2014) (explaining the distinction between facial and as-
applied challenges to the constitutionality of a statute).

                                                   5
space flight activities as consistent with state law.” 31 TEX. ADMIN. CODE § 15.32(d) (2023)

(Tex. Gen. Land Off., Certification Status of Cameron County Dune Protection and Beach

Access Plan). Lastly, SaveRGV challenged the constitutionality of a memorandum of

agreement between the GLO and Cameron County, as well as a Cameron County

Commissioner’s Court order permitting the closure of Boca Chica Beach and State

Highway 4 for space flight launches.

       SaveRGV describes itself as

       a Texas non-profit corporation that advocates for environmental justice and
       sustainability and the health and well-being of the Rio Grande Valley
       community. SaveRGV also promotes the conservation and protection of
       wildlife habitat and the natural areas of the Rio Grande Valley, including by
       defending the public’s right to access Boca Chica Beach. . . . SaveRGV is
       not a membership organization, but it is led, guided, and funded by persons
       who recreate in, reside near, and otherwise regularly use the Boca Chica
       Beach; these individuals bear the indicia of membership.

SaveRGV alleged that its “members reside, recreate, use, and otherwise regularly access

Boca Chica Beach” and they “have all been impacted by the frequent closure of the

[b]each and of the [s]tate [h]ighway that provides the only access to the [b]each.”

SaveRGV described how the closures have impacted four specific members; it went on

to allege that “[o]n several occasions, members of SaveRGV have attempted to visit the

[b]each, only to be turned away by local law enforcement enforcing the County’s closure

of the [b]each or of State Highway 4.”

       Sierra Club and the Tribe filed a petition in intervention, joining SaveRGV’s request

for declaratory relief. Sierra Club alleged that its “members include residents of Cameron

County who regularly recreate and otherwise rely on Boca Chica Beach for a variety of

activities.” The Tribe alleged that it is a Texas non-profit membership organization whose

                                             6
purposes include serving “the cultural, social, educational, spiritual, linguistic, economic,

health, and traditional needs of its members and descendants of the Carrizo/Comecrudo

Nation of Texas and other indigenous or Native American groups.”

       According to Sierra Club,

       its corporate purposes are to explore, enjoy, and protect the wild places of
       the earth, to practice and promote the responsible use of the earth’s
       ecosystems and resources, to educate and enlist humanity to protect and
       restore the quality of the natural and human environment, and to use all
       lawful means to carry out these objectives.

Sierra Club described how the beach closures have affected one member in particular

who attempted to visit Boca Chica Beach on her birthday but was turned back due to

beach closure.

       Appellees each filed pleas to the jurisdiction, seeking to have appellees’ suit

dismissed. The Attorney General argued that (1) appellants lacked standing;

(2) sovereign immunity forecloses appellees’ facial constitutional challenge; and

(3) appellants could not allege a viable constitutional challenge. Cameron County argued

in its plea that (1) the Open Beaches Amendment does not create a private right of

enforcement by its own terms, see TEX. CONST. art. I, § 33(d); and (2) appellants lacked

standing. The GLO and Commissioner argued in their plea that (1) appellants lacked

standing; (2) appellants could not demonstrate an injury-in-fact; (3) any alleged injury was

not traceable to acts or omissions by the GLO or Commissioner; (4) the Open Beaches

Amendment does not create a private right of enforcement by its own terms, see id.;

(5) claims against the GLO and Commissioner were redundant and thus only the GLO

should remain, if any; and (6) sovereign immunity protects the GLO and Commissioner

from suits seeking declaratory relief.
                                             7
       The trial court granted each plea to the jurisdiction without explaining its basis for

doing so. These appeals followed.

                               II.          STANDARD OF REVIEW

       “A plea to the jurisdiction is a dilatory plea, the purpose of which is to defeat a

cause of action without regard to whether the claims asserted have merit.” Bland Indep.

Sch. Dist. v. Blue, 34 S.W.3d 547, 554 (Tex. 2000). The plea challenges the trial court’s

subject matter jurisdiction over a pleaded cause of action. Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife

v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 226 (Tex. 2004). Subject matter jurisdiction is a question of

law; therefore, when the determinative facts are undisputed, we review the trial court’s

ruling on a plea to the jurisdiction de novo. Id. A plaintiff has the burden to affirmatively

demonstrate the trial court’s jurisdiction. Town of Shady Shores v. Swanson, 590 S.W.3d

544, 550 (Tex. 2019).

                                     III.    APPLICABLE LAW

A.     Standing

       1.     Generally

       Standing, as a component of subject matter jurisdiction, is never presumed and

cannot be waived. Tex. Ass’n of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 443–44

(Tex. 1993). When determining whether a party has standing, we may look to analogous

federal jurisprudence. See Heckman v. Williamson County, 369 S.W.3d 137, 151–52

(Tex. 2012). To have standing, (1) a plaintiff must have suffered an injury in fact, (2) the

injury must be fairly traceable to the defendant, and (3) the injury must likely be

redressable by a favorable decision from the court. Id. at 154–55 (citing Lujan v.

Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560–61, (1992)).
                                                 8
       To constitute an injury in fact, there must be “an invasion of a legally protected

interest which is (a) concrete and particularized, and (b) actual or imminent, not

conjectural or hypothetical.” Id. at 154 (cleaned up). The plaintiff themself must have

personally suffered the injury rather than the public at large. Id. at 155. “Constitutional

harms—whether actual or imminent—are sufficient.” Id. Moreover, the plaintiff’s injury

must be fairly traceable to the challenged action of the defendants, not an “injury that

results from the independent action of some third party not before the court.” Id. Finally

“[t]o satisfy redressability, the plaintiff need not prove to a mathematical certainty that the

requested relief will remedy his injury—he must simply establish a ‘substantial likelihood

that the requested relief will remedy the alleged injury in fact.’” 3 Id. at 155–56 (quoting Vt.

Agency of Nat. Res. v. U.S. ex rel. Stevens, 529 U.S. 765, 771 (2000)).

       “To challenge a statute, a plaintiff must both suffer some actual or threatened

restriction under the statute and contend that the statute unconstitutionally restricts the

plaintiff’s rights.” Patel v. Tex. Dep’t of Lic. & Regul., 469 S.W.3d 69, 77 (Tex. 2015)

(cleaned up). “Where there are multiple plaintiffs in a case, who seek injunctive or

declaratory relief (or both), who sue individually, and who all seek the same relief, the

court need not analyze the standing of more than one plaintiff—so long as that plaintiff

has standing to pursue as much or more relief than any of the other plaintiffs.” Patel, 469

S.W.3d at 77 (cleaned up).

       2.      Associational Standing

       An association has standing to sue on behalf of its members when “‘(a) its

       3 Appellees did not challenge redressability as an element of standing.

                                                   9
members would otherwise have standing to sue in their own right; (b) the interests it seeks

to protect are germane to the organization’s purpose; and (c) neither the claim asserted

nor the relief requested requires the participation of individual members in the lawsuit.’”

Tex. Ass’n of Bus., 852 S.W.2d at 447 (quoting Hunt v. Wash. State Apple Advert.

Comm’n, 432 U.S. 333, 343 (1977)). However, an association does not need to have

formal membership to have associational standing, so long as the individuals associated

therewith bear “all the indicia of membership.” Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Chevron Chem.

Co., 129 F.3d 826, 828 (5th Cir. 1997) (citing Hunt, 432 U.S. at 344–45). “Under the

indicia-of-membership test, we consider whether an organization’s purported ‘members’

(1) elect the organization’s leaders, (2) serve in the organization’s leadership, (3) finance

the organization’s activities, (4) associate voluntarily with the organization, and (5) provide

sworn testimony of membership.” Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. Univ. of Tex. at

Austin, 37 F.4th 1078, 1084 n.7 (5th Cir. 2022) (citing Hunt, 432 U.S. at 344–45).

B.     Sovereign Immunity

       Sovereign immunity protects the State of Texas and its political subdivisions from

liability for negligence. Univ. of Tex. Med. Branch at Galveston v. York, 871 S.W.2d 175,

177 (Tex. 1994). However, immunity may be waived by constitutional or statutory

provisions. Id. If a political subdivision of the State enjoys sovereign immunity, the trial

court does not have subject matter jurisdiction. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 225–26. Whether

a court has subject matter jurisdiction is a question of law, which we review de novo. Id.

at 226. A waiver of immunity must be clear and unambiguous. Oncor Elec. Delivery Co.

LLC v. Dall. Area Rapid Transit, 369 S.W.3d 845, 849 (Tex. 2012).

       Under the UDJA, “[a] person . . . whose rights, status, or other legal relations are
                                              10
affected by a statute . . . may have determined any question of construction or validity

arising under the . . . statute . . . and obtain a declaration of rights, status, or other legal

relations thereunder.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 37.004(a). If a statute,

ordinance, or franchise is alleged to be unconstitutional, “the attorney general of the state

must . . . be served with a copy of the proceeding and is entitled to be heard.” Id.

§ 37.006(b). This provision of the UDJA waives sovereign immunity for suits challenging

the constitutionality of a statute. See City of El Paso v. Heinrich, 284 S.W.3d 366, 373 n.6

(Tex. 2009) (first citing TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 37.006(b); then citing Wichita

Falls State Hosp. v. Taylor, 106 S.W.3d 692, 697–98 (Tex. 2003) (“[I]f the Legislature

requires that the State be joined in a lawsuit for which immunity would otherwise attach,

the Legislature has intentionally waived the State’s sovereign immunity.”); and then citing

Tex. Educ. Agency v. Leeper, 893 S.W.2d 432, 446 (Tex. 1994)); see also Swanson, 590

S.W.3d at 552 (noting that the UDJA provides “a limited waiver [of immunity] for

challenges to the validity of an ordinance or statute”).

       Under the APA, “[t]he validity or applicability of a rule . . . may be determined in an

action for declaratory judgment if it is alleged that the rule or its threatened application

interferes with or impairs, or threatens to interfere with or impair, a legal right or privilege

of the plaintiff.” TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 2001.038(a). “The state agency must be made a

party to the action.” Id. § 2001.038(c).

                                       IV.    ANALYSIS

A.     Standing

       By their first issue, appellants argue that they possessed standing to pursue their

claim. In contrast, appellees contend, through a multifaceted argument, that appellants
                                              11
lack standing to bring their suit. Specifically, appellees argue that appellants lack standing

because: (1) their members did not suffer an injury-in-fact; 4 (2) their challenge to Texas

Natural Resource Code §§ 61.011(d)(11) and 61.132 and the Cameron County

Commissioners’ Court order fails because the alleged injury is not traceable to any action

by the appellees; (3) Texas Constitution Article I, § 33 does not create a private right of

enforcement; and (4) the UDJA does not provide a separate basis for standing.

        1.      Injury-in-Fact

        Appellants argue that they did in fact suffer an injury-in-fact, not just the public at

large. We agree. The Open Beaches Amendment provides the public, individually and

collectively, with the unrestricted right to use and a right of ingress to and egress from a

public beach in the form of a permanent easement. TEX. CONST., art. I, § 33(b) (emphasis

added). Sierra Club and the Tribe’s petition in intervention pleaded specific times their

members attempted to use their permanent easement to access the public beaches but

were denied due to closure for space flight launches. See Severance v. Patterson, 370

S.W.3d 705, 721 (Tex. 2012) (“Because the easement holder is the dominant estate

owner and the land burdened by the easement is the servient estate, the property owner

may not interfere with the easement holder’s right to use the servient estate for the

purposes of the easement.”). Thus, although the beach closures affected the public at

        4 The Attorney General’s plea to the jurisdiction also challenged SaveRGV’s associational standing

because it did not plead facts demonstrating that the individuals associated with the organization bore the
indicia of membership. See Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Chevron Chem. Co., 129 F.3d 826, 828 (5th Cir.
1997) (citing Hunt v. Wash. State Apple Advert. Comm’n, 432 U.S. 333, 344–45 (1977) (holding that an
association does not need to have formal membership to have associational standing, so long as the
individuals associated therewith bear “all the indicia of membership”)). Sierra Club, who does have a
traditional membership structure, intervened in the suit. As discussed infra, because at least Sierra Club
has standing, we do not review whether SaveRGV would have standing independently. See Patel v. Tex.
Dep’t of Lic. & Regul., 469 S.W.3d 69, 77 (Tex. 2015).

                                                   12
large, the individual members pleaded an injury-in-fact specific to them, not just the public

at large. See Heckman, 369 S.W.3d at 155.

       2.     Traceability

       Appellees next argued in their pleas that appellants’ alleged injury cannot be traced

to any acts or omissions of the GLO, the Commissioner, or Cameron County, but instead

to the Texas Legislature and the Cameron County Commissioner’s Court. Appellants in

turn argue that their injuries are directly traceable to the unconstitutional statutes and

actions taken thereunder. Again, we agree with appellants. Although the legislature

passed the statute that permits the closure of beaches for space flight launches, it is

Cameron County itself who has actually closed the beaches. The GLO and Commissioner

permitted the beach closure through the adoption of § 15.32(d) of Title 31 of the Texas

Administrative Code. See 31 TEX. ADMIN. CODE § 15.32(d). Appellees provide no authority

for their contention that Cameron County Commissioners Court is the proper defendant

as opposed to the County itself. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i); see also Tex. A & M Univ.

Sys. v. Koseoglu, 233 S.W.3d 835, 844 (Tex. 2007) (“[A] suit against a state official is

merely ‘another way of pleading an action against the entity of which [the official] is an

agent.’” (quoting Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 165 (1985)); see, e.g., Flores v.

Cameron County, Texas, 92 F.3d 258, 261 (5th Cir. 1996) (dismissing claims against

County Judge in his official capacity as redundant of claims against Cameron County).

Accordingly, we conclude that appellants’ alleged injury is fairly traceable to the conduct

of Cameron County and the GLO. See Heckman, 369 S.W.3d at 155.

       3.     Private Right of Enforcement

       As noted, the Open Beaches Amendment states that it “does not create a private
                                             13
right of enforcement.” TEX. CONST. art. I, § 33(d). Appellees argued in their pleas that this

provision necessarily prohibits appellants from challenging the constitutionality of the

statutes and rules permitting the closure of beaches for space flight launches. 5 However,

as appellants point out, they did not bring a private action to enforce their right to access

the beach. Such an action would most likely take the form of an injunction against a

private entity, such as SpaceX, to prohibit their space flight launches that lead to the

closure of Boca Chica Beach. Instead, appellants challenge the constitutionality of the

statutes, rule, memorandum of agreement, and order.

       Appellees rely on Texas Medicine Resources, LLP v. Molina Healthcare of Texas,

Inc., which held that an insurance code provision regarding the payment for emergency

care services performed by out-of-network physicians did not create a private cause of

action. 659 S.W.3d 424, 435 (Tex. 2023). However, Texas Medicine Resources involved

a group of physicians suing an insurance provider for payment under the insurance code

provision being considered. See id. In other words, the plaintiffs brought suit against a

private third-party rather than challenging the constitutionality of the statute. See id. at

428–30. Texas Medicine Resources is thus inapposite. Because appellants did not bring

a private cause of action to enforce their right to access the beach, but instead brought a

declaratory judgment action seeking to have the statutes and rule declared void,

appellants’ suit is not barred. See TEX. CONST. art. I, § 33(d); see also id. art. I, § 29 (“To

guard against transgressions of the high powers herein delegated, we declare that

every[]thing in this ‘Bill of Rights’ is excepted out of the general powers of government,

       5Although the Attorney General abandoned this argument at oral argument, the GLO and
Cameron County maintained it.

                                              14
and shall forever remain inviolate, and all laws contrary thereto, or to the following

provisions, shall be void.”).

       4.      UDJA Standing

       Lastly, appellees now argue on appeal that “the UDJA does not provide any

separate basis for standing.” Because we conclude that appellants satisfied injury-in-fact

and traceability, they have standing, and we need not address appellees’ argument that

“the UDJA does not provide any separate basis for standing.” Accordingly, we sustain

appellants’ first issue.

B.     The Commissioner

       The GLO and the Commissioner next argued in their plea that the trial court

properly dismissed appellants’ suit against the Commissioner because claims against the

Commissioner are redundant to those against the GLO. “Under Texas law, a suit against

a government employee in his official capacity is a suit against his government employer

with one exception: an action alleging that the employee acted ultra vires.” Franka v.

Velasquez, 332 S.W.3d 367, 382 (Tex. 2011) (internal citations omitted). Appellants’ suit

against the Commissioner is, in essence, an ultra vires suit: appellants allege that the

Commissioner adopted the rule in question in contravention of the Texas Constitution and

seek a declaration of such. See Heinrich, 284 S.W.3d at 372–73 (“[I]t is clear that suits to

require state officials to comply with statutory or constitutional provisions are not

prohibited by sovereign immunity . . . . To fall within this ultra vires exception, a suit must

not complain of a government officer’s exercise of discretion, but rather must allege, and

ultimately prove, that the officer acted without legal authority or failed to perform a purely

ministerial act.”); see also Hall v. McRaven, 508 S.W.3d 232, 240 (Tex. 2017) (“[A]n ultra
                                              15
vires suit must lie against the ‘allegedly responsible government actor in his official

capacity.’” (quoting Patel, 469 S.W.3d at 76)). Accordingly, appellants’ suit against the

Commissioner is not prohibited.

C.      Immunity

        Appellants argue that the UDJA expressly waives sovereign immunity in suits

challenging the constitutionality of a statute. See Heinrich, 284 S.W.3d at 373 n.6. We

agree. Longstanding case law holds that the UDJA, which requires the inclusion of the

relevant governmental unit as a party, waives immunity for suits seeking to have a statute

declared unconstitutional. See id.

        Appellees argue for the first time on appeal that “[s]ince [a]ppellants challenged

the [a]ppellees’ actions under the aforementioned provisions of the Texas Natural

Resources Code, the UDJA does not waive sovereign immunity vis-à-vis [a]ppellants’

claims against the [a]ppellees.”6 However, appellees misstate appellants’ suit. Appellants

are not challenging appellees’ actions, but instead seek a declaratory judgment that the

statutes and rule in question are invalid and violative of Texas Constitution, article I, § 33.

In other words, appellants are challenging the validity of a statute, which is expressly

permitted by the UDJA and under long-standing precedent. See Heinrich, 284 S.W.3d at

373 n.6; see also Swanson, 590 S.W.3d at 552 (“[T]he UDJA does not contain a general

waiver of sovereign immunity, providing only a limited waiver for challenges to the validity

of an ordinance or statute.”); Tex. Dep’t of Transp. v. Sefzik, 355 S.W.3d 618, 622 (Tex.

2011) (per curiam) (“[T]he state may be a proper party to a declaratory judgment action

        6 Appellees do not elaborate on how appellants’ pleadings challenge their actions rather than the

statutes.

                                                  16
that challenges the validity of a statute.”). Moreover, the APA provides that a party may

challenge the validity or applicability of a rule and that the state agency must be made a

party to the action. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 2001.038(a), (c). Accordingly, Cameron

County and the GLO’s immunity is waived. Appellants’ second issue is sustained.

D.     Merits Challenge

       Appellees also argued in their pleas that appellants’ suit fails on its face because

the challenged statutes are “plainly rational” and “do[] not violate the right to public beach

access.” Appellants, in turn, contend that this argument goes to the merits of their case

rather than to whether the trial court possessed jurisdiction. Appellees assert that the

statutes and rule provide “for the protection of the public health, safety, and welfare on

dates when an FAA-approved launch is to take place.” Senate Comm. On Admin., Bill

Analysis, Tex. H.B. 2623, 83 Leg., RS. at 1 (2013). During oral argument, the Attorney

General cited Klumb v. Houston Municipal Employees Pension System, wherein the

Texas Supreme Court held that the plaintiffs “failed to plead a viable equal-protection

claim because the board’s actions are rationally related to at least two legitimate

government objectives which are promoted by the challenged classification.” 458 S.W.3d

1, 13–14 (Tex. 2015). There, the Texas Supreme Court reviewed the trial court’s order

granting the Houston Municipal Employees Pension System’s (HMEPS) plea to the

jurisdiction as to the plaintiff’s equal protection and due process claims. See id. at 3–4.

Ultimately, the court upheld the dismissal because the plaintiffs failed to plead “viable”

constitutional claims; specifically, the court concluded that HMEPS had a rational basis

for treating employees and former employees of the City of Houston differently. See id.

However, Klumb did not involve a challenge to the constitutionality of a statute, but rather
                                             17
involved a challenge to HMEPS’s actions (its classification of employees) under the Texas

Constitution equal protection clause. See id. 3–4 (applying TEX. CONST. art. I, § 3). Thus,

to the extent appellees argue that Klumb stands for the proposition that we must

determine the merits of appellants’ constitutional arguments at this stage of the

proceeding, we are unpersuaded. 7 Accordingly, Klumb does not compel us to uphold the

dismissal of appellants’ suit.

E.      Redundant Remedies

        Lastly, appellees argue for this first time on appeal that appellants’ UDJA claims

are barred by the redundant remedies doctrine because they challenged the GLO’s

amended rule under the APA. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 2001.038 (permitting a

declaratory judgment regarding the validity or applicability of an administrative rule).

“Under the redundant remedies doctrine, courts will not entertain an action brought under

the UDJA when the same claim could be pursued through different channels.” Patel, 469

S.W.3d 79. “When a plaintiff files a proceeding that only challenges the validity of an

administrative rule, the parties are bound by the APA and may not seek relief under the

UDJA because such relief would be redundant.” Id. However, similar to Patel, the

appellants here challenge more than just the validity of an administrative rule—they

challenge the constitutionality of statutes and the commissioner’s court order as well. See

        7 We recognize that statutes are not always reviewed for constitutionality under a means-end test,

such as rational basis, intermediate scrutiny, or strict scrutiny. For example, the United States Supreme
Court rejected the application of such tests to determine the constitutionality of statutes under the Second
Amendment. See N.Y. State Rifle & Pistol Ass’n, Inc. v. Bruen, 597 U.S. 1, 19 (2022) (“[T]the government
must affirmatively prove that its firearms regulation is part of the historical tradition that delimits the outer
bounds of the right to keep and bear arms.”). However, we do not decide today what test should be applied
to determine the constitutionality of the challenged provisions.

                                                      18
id. at 80. Accordingly, the redundant remedies doctrine does not bar appellants’ UDJA

claims. See id. (“Here the Threaders challenge both rules as defined by the APA and

statutes. Because the Threaders cannot attack the constitutionality of the statutes

pursuant to [§] 2001.038 of the APA, their UDJA claims are not barred by the redundant

remedies doctrine.”).

                                   V.    CONCLUSION

      Having concluded that the appellants possessed standing and that immunity was

waived for each appellee, and having rejected the appellees’ additional arguments

supporting dismissal, we sustain appellants’ sole issue. We reverse the trial court’s

judgment and remand this case to the trial court for further proceedings.

                                                              CLARISSA SILVA
                                                              Justice

Delivered and filed on the
1st day of February, 2024.

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