Court Opinion

ID: 9384232
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-04-01 17:10:54.362989+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:51.604857
License: Public Domain

NUMBER 13-22-00137-CV

                             COURT OF APPEALS

                   THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                      CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG

ADAM J. VILLANUEVA,                                                             Appellant,

                                            v.

LAZARUS ENERGY HOLDINGS, LLC,                                                   Appellee.

                 On appeal from the 2nd 25th District Court
                       of Gonzales County, Texas.

                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

      Before Chief Justice Contreras and Justices Silva and Peña
          Memorandum Opinion by Chief Justice Contreras

      Appellant Adam J. Villanueva sued appellee Lazarus Energy Holdings, LLC

(Lazarus) for damages arising out of a workplace accident. The trial court granted

summary judgment in favor of Lazarus and dismissed all of Villanueva’s claims. On

appeal, Villanueva asserts by a single issue that the court erred. We affirm.
                                   I.     BACKGROUND

       Villanueva is a truck driver who was an independent contractor for Sunline Energy

Services, Inc. (Sunline). The accident at issue occurred on or about August 20, 2019,

when Villanueva was dispatched to Lazarus’s refinery in Nixon in order to load vacuum

gas oil into his trailer, a task he had done on several prior occasions. According to

Villanueva, standard procedure called for a loader-operator employed by Lazarus to load

the truck by opening a dome hatch located on top of his trailer, loading the product, and

then closing the hatch. On this occasion, the loader-operator opened the hatch and

loaded the gas oil, but then instructed Villanueva to close the hatch. In the dark,

Villanueva climbed the ladder on the driver’s side of the trailer and successfully closed

the hatch. However, when climbing down the ladder, he missed a step and fell to the

ground, suffering injuries to his back.

       Villanueva sued Lazarus for negligence on January 30, 2020, arguing that his fall

and injuries were caused by “various acts and omissions” of Lazarus’s employees which

were taken within the course and scope of their employment. In a third amended petition

filed on July 28, 2021, Villanueva specified that his claim was for negligent undertaking,

and he provided the following details:

       [Villanueva] alleges that [Lazarus] undertook to render services to
       [Villanueva] by closing the dome hatch, which [Lazarus] should recognize
       as necessary for the protection of [Villanueva] and is subject to liability to
       [Villanueva] for physical harm resulting from its failure to exercise ordinary
       care to perform this undertaking. This failure to exercise such care
       increased the risk of harm or, the harm was suffered because of
       [Villanueva]’s reliance upon the undertaking.

              In the present case, [Villanueva] alleges that [Lazarus] undertook to
       close the dome hatch for the protection of [Villanueva] and, on August 20,
       2019, [Lazarus’s] failure to exercise reasonable care increased the risk of
       harm to [Villanueva] and the harm [Villanueva] suffered was because of his
       reliance upon [Lazarus’s] undertaking.

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Villanueva alleged that, as a result of his fall, he was diagnosed with a herniated disk for

which surgery was recommended.

        On October 28, 2021, Lazarus filed a motion for summary judgment arguing: (1) it

owed Villanueva no duty on the day of the accident; (2) even if it did owe a duty to

Villanueva, it did not breach that duty; and (3) “[t]here is no evidence that [Lazarus]’s acts

or omissions caused [Villanueva]’s injuries and damages.” To support its motion, Lazarus

attached the following evidence: (1) excerpts from Villanueva’s deposition; (2) a lease

agreement between Lazarus and Sunline; (3) unsworn declarations by two employees of

Lazarus at the Nixon plant; (4) a copy of Villanueva’s third amended petition; and (5) an

excerpt from a 2019 “Texas Commercial Motor Vehicle Drivers Handbook.”

        Villanueva filed a fourth amended petition on December 13, 2021, adding Sunline

as a defendant and asserting additional causes of action against Lazarus for premises

liability and ordinary common-law negligence. The next day, Villanueva filed a response

to Lazarus’s summary judgment motion. The trial court granted Lazarus’s motion and

rendered a take-nothing judgment in its favor on March 9, 2022. 1 This appeal followed. 2

                                             II.      DISCUSSION

A.      Summary Judgment

        A summary judgment motion may be brought on traditional or no-evidence

        1 Villanueva’s claims against Sunline were severed into a different proceeding and are not at issue
in this appeal.
         2 Pursuant to this Court’s request, the trial court rendered a modified judgment on February 17,

2023, clarifying that the take-nothing judgment applies to “all of the claims Villanueva alleged against
[Lazarus] in this case: negligence, negligent undertaking, and premises liability.” Moreover, the modified
judgment explicitly states that it disposes of all claims against Lazarus and is final and appealable. See
Lehmann v. Har-Con Corp., 39 S.W.3d 191, 192–93 (Tex. 2001) (“[A] judgment issued without a
conventional trial is final for purposes of appeal if and only if either it actually disposes of all claims and
parties then before the court, regardless of its language, or it states with unmistakable clarity that it is a final
judgment as to all claims and all parties.”).

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grounds. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a. A movant for traditional summary judgment has the

burden to establish that no genuine issue of a material fact exists and that it is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Amedisys, Inc. v. Kingwood Home

Health Care, LLC, 437 S.W.3d 507, 511 (Tex. 2014). A movant for no-evidence summary

judgment must show that, after adequate time for discovery, there is no evidence of one

or more essential elements of a claim or defense on which the other party would have the

burden of proof at trial. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i).

       If, in response to a summary judgment motion, the non-movant produces more

than a scintilla of evidence to raise a fact issue on the challenged elements, then summary

judgment is improper. Amedisys, Inc., 437 S.W.3d at 511; King Ranch, Inc. v. Chapman,

118 S.W.3d 742, 751 (Tex. 2003). More than a scintilla of evidence exists when the

evidence “rises to a level that would enable reasonable and fair-minded people to differ

in their conclusions.” Merrell Dow Pharms. Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 711 (Tex.

1997). Less than a scintilla of evidence exists when the evidence is “so weak as to do no

more than create a mere surmise or suspicion” of a fact. Jelinek v. Casas, 328 S.W.3d

526, 532 (Tex. 2010).

       We review summary judgments de novo. Scripps NP Operating, LLC v. Carter,

573 S.W.3d 781, 790 (Tex. 2019). The evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to

the non-movant. Smith v. O’Donnell, 288 S.W.3d 417, 424 (Tex. 2009). “Issues not

expressly presented to the trial court by written motion, answer[,] or other response shall

not be considered on appeal as grounds for reversal.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c).

B.     Applicable Law

       The elements of an ordinary common-law negligence claim are (1) a legal duty

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owed by the defendant to the plaintiff, (2) a breach of that duty, and (3) damages

proximately caused by the breach. D. Hous., Inc. v. Love, 92 S.W.3d 450, 454 (Tex.

2002).

         Negligent undertaking is a variety of negligence claim based on the concept that

         [o]ne who undertakes, gratuitously or for consideration, to render services
         to another which he should recognize as necessary for the protection of the
         other’s person or things, is subject to liability to the other for physical harm
         resulting from his failure to exercise reasonable care to perform his
         undertaking, if

         (a)       his failure to exercise such care increases the risk of such harm, or

         (b)       the harm is suffered because of the other’s reliance upon the
                   undertaking.

Torrington Co. v. Stutzman, 46 S.W.3d 829, 838 (Tex. 2000) (quoting RESTATEMENT

(SECOND) OF TORTS § 323 (1965)). The “critical inquiry” concerning the duty element of

such a claim is “whether a defendant acted in a way that requires the imposition of a duty

where one otherwise would not exist.” Nall v. Plunkett, 404 S.W.3d 552, 555 (Tex. 2013)

(per curiam); Osuna v. S. Pac. R.R., 641 S.W.2d 229, 230 (Tex. 1982) (“Having

undertaken to place a flashing light at the crossing for the purpose of warning travelers,

the railroad was under a duty to keep the signal in good repair, even though the signal

was not legally required.”). A plaintiff asserting a claim for negligent undertaking must

prove that the defendant’s breach proximately caused the plaintiff’s injuries. Torrington

Co., 46 S.W.3d at 838; Doe v. Messina, 349 S.W.3d 797, 800 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

Dist.] 2011, pet. denied).

         Premises liability is also a negligence-based claim. Generally, premises owners

have “a duty to protect invitees[ 3] from, or warn them of, conditions posing unreasonable

         3   It is undisputed that Villanueva was an invitee on Lazarus’s premises.

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risks of harm if the owners knew of the conditions or, in the exercise of reasonable care,

should have known of them.” Henkel v. Norman, 441 S.W.3d 249, 251 (Tex. 2014) (per

curiam). To prevail on a premises liability claim against a property owner, an injured

invitee must establish four elements:

       (1) the owner had actual or constructive knowledge of the condition at issue;
       (2) the condition was unreasonably dangerous; (3) the owner did not
       exercise reasonable care to reduce or eliminate the unreasonable risk of
       harm; and (4) the owner’s failure to reduce or eliminate the unreasonable
       risk of harm proximately caused the plaintiff’s injuries.

United Supermarkets, LLC v. McIntire, 646 S.W.3d 800, 802 n.4 (Tex. 2022) (per curiam).

       Proximate cause has two components: (1) foreseeability and (2) cause-in-fact.

Rodriguez-Escobar v. Goss, 392 S.W.3d 109, 113 (Tex. 2013) (per curiam); Del Lago

Partners, Inc. v. Smith, 307 S.W.3d 762, 774 (Tex. 2010). For a negligent act or omission

to have been a cause-in-fact of the harm, the act or omission must have been a

“substantial factor” in bringing about the harm, and absent the act or omission—i.e., “but

for” the act or omission—the harm would not have occurred. Rodriguez-Escobar, 392

S.W.3d at 113. “There may be more than one proximate cause of an event.” Del Lago

Partners, 307 S.W.3d at 774.

C.     Analysis

       The parties disagree on the proper standard of review to apply in this case.

Villanueva argues that we should employ the standard applicable to traditional summary

judgment motions only because Lazarus’s summary judgment motion “did not discuss

either the traditional or the no-evidence standard of review, nor did it specifically identify

the elements of a premises-liability claim and which elements it claims lack evidence.”

See Verner v. Nat’l Oilwell Varco, Inc., 346 S.W.3d 78, 82 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2011, pet.

denied) (limiting review to traditional summary judgment grounds where motion did not

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identify whether it was traditional or no-evidence, but recited traditional summary

judgment standard and included evidence in support of summary judgment arguments);

Waite v. Woodard, Hall & Primm, P.C., 137 S.W.3d 277, 281 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2004, no pet.) (noting that a summary judgment motion “must give fair notice to the

non-movant of the basis on which the summary judgment is sought”). For purposes of

this opinion, we assume but do not decide that only traditional summary judgment

grounds were properly raised by Lazarus’s motion. See Richard v. Reynolds Metal Co.,

108 S.W.3d 908, 911 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2003, no pet.) (“When it is

not readily apparent to the trial court that summary judgment is sought under [R]ule

166(a)(i), the court should presume that it is filed under the traditional summary judgment

rule and analyze it according to those well-recognized standards.”).

       Villanueva next contends that summary judgment was improper on his premises

liability and ordinary negligence claims because, having been first raised only after

Lazarus’s summary judgment motion was filed, those claims were not explicitly addressed

in the motion.

       “Granting a summary judgment on a claim not addressed in the summary judgment

motion . . . is, as a general rule, reversible error.” G & H Towing Co. v. Magee, 347 S.W.3d

293, 297 (Tex. 2011) (per curiam) (citing Chessher v. Sw. Bell Tel. Co., 658 S.W.2d 563,

564 (Tex. 1983) (per curiam)); see TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c) (“Issues not expressly

presented to the trial court by written motion, answer or other response shall not be

considered on appeal as grounds for reversal.”). But as noted by the Texas Supreme

Court, courts recognize an exception to this general rule which applies when “the

defendant has conclusively disproved an ultimate fact or element which is common to all

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causes of action alleged.” G & H Towing Co., 347 S.W.3d at 297 (first citing Zarzosa v.

Flynn, 266 S.W.3d 614, 621 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2008, no pet.); then citing Withrow v.

State Farm Lloyds, 990 S.W.2d 432, 437–38 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1999, pet. denied);

then citing Vogel v. Travelers Indem. Co., 966 S.W.2d 748, 754–55 (Tex. App.—San

Antonio 1998, no pet.); and then citing Cissne v. Robertson, 782 S.W.2d 912, 918 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 1989, writ denied)). For the exception to apply, there must be “a very tight

fit between what was proved or disproved in the motion and what elements the

unaddressed claim, as it was alleged, required[;] otherwise, the exception could swallow

the rule.” Id. (citing Wilson v. Davis, 305 S.W.3d 57, 73 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

2009, no pet.)). Reframing the issue as one of harmless error, the G & H Towing Court

held that “[a]lthough a trial court errs in granting a summary judgment on a cause of action

not expressly presented by written motion, . . . the error is harmless when the omitted

cause of action is precluded as a matter of law by other grounds raised in the case.” Id.

at 297–98 (applying TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1(a)); see AEP Tex. Cent. Co. v. Arredondo, 612

S.W.3d 289, 298–99 (Tex. 2020) (concluding that, even though defendant’s summary

judgment motion did not address negligence per se claim, summary judgment on that

claim was proper because the motion asserted there was no evidence of duty or breach

with respect to ordinary negligence claim).

       Here, Lazarus’s summary judgment motion alleged in part that it owed Villanueva

no duty, that it did not breach any duty, and that “[t]here is no evidence that [its] acts or

omissions caused [Villanueva]’s injuries and damages.” Although the motion specifically

addressed these elements only in the context of Villanueva’s negligent undertaking

claim—the only claim pending at the time the motion was filed—these elements are

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essential to all of the torts alleged against Lazarus in Villanueva’s fourth amended

petition. See United Supermarkets, 646 S.W.3d at 802 n.4 (premises liability); D. Hous.,

Inc., 92 S.W.3d at 454 (ordinary negligence); Doe, 349 S.W.3d at 800 (negligent

undertaking). We therefore conclude that Lazarus’s summary judgment motion, to the

extent it challenged elements of the later-filed claims, applied to all of those claims. See

AEP Tex. Cent. Co., 612 S.W.3d at 298–99; G & H Towing Co., 347 S.W.3d at 297. We

proceed to consider the merits of the motion.

       Under the traditional summary judgment standard of review, Lazarus had the initial

burden to establish its entitlement to judgment as a matter of law. See TEX. R. CIV. P.

166a(c). In the excerpt of Villanueva’s deposition attached to the summary judgment

motion, Villanueva acknowledged that his “missing a step” while climbing down the

ladder—and “nothing else”—was what caused him to fall. Villanueva stated that, in the

past, Lazarus employees used a catwalk to access the area over the tanker in order to

close the hatch. He testified that, when instructing Villanueva to close the hatch himself

on August 20, 2019, the Lazarus loader-operator did not tell him that he could or could

not use the catwalk to close the hatch, but rather just said “you got a ladder” and “walked

off.” Villanueva conceded that he did not ask to use the catwalk and did not “consider any

other way . . . to close the hatch other than climbing the ladder.”

       In his response to the summary judgment motion, Villanueva contended that

Lazarus knew that using the catwalk to close the hatch was safer than using a ladder,

because it required its own employees to use the catwalk for that purpose. He further

suggested that there was conflicting evidence about whether he would have been allowed

to use the catwalk had he asked to do so. But to the extent Villanueva’s response

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addressed the proximate causation element, it focused entirely on whether Lazarus’s acts

or omissions were a “but-for” cause of his injuries. For example, Villanueva noted that

there would have been no need for him to climb the ladder if Lazarus did not abruptly

change its policy regarding drivers closing their own hatches. He also noted that he would

not have been injured if Lazarus had instructed him to use the catwalk, as it did for its

own employees. But Villanueva’s response did not address whether Lazarus’s directing

him to close the hatch was a “substantial factor” in bringing about his injuries, nor did it

address whether Villanueva’s injuries were a foreseeable result of Lazarus’s actions. See

Rodriguez-Escobar, 392 S.W.3d at 113; see also TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c).

         “If the defendant’s negligence merely furnished a condition that made the injuries

possible, there can be no cause in fact.” W. Invs., Inc. v. Urena, 162 S.W.3d 547, 551

(Tex. 2005). In some cases, “the conduct of the defendant may be too attenuated from

the resulting injuries to the plaintiff to be a substantial factor in bringing about the harm.”

IHS Cedars Treatment Ctr. of DeSoto, Tex., Inc. v. Mason, 143 S.W.3d 794, 799 (Tex.

2004).

         The word “substantial” is used to denote the fact that the defendant’s
         conduct has such an effect in producing the harm as to lead reasonable
         men to regard it as a cause, using that word in the popular sense, in which
         there always lurks the idea of responsibility, rather than in the so-called
         “philosophic sense,” which includes every one of the great number of events
         without which any happening would not have occurred. Each of these
         events is a cause in the so-called “philosophic sense,” yet the effect of many
         of them is so insignificant that no ordinary mind would think of them as
         causes.

Lear Siegler, Inc. v. Perez, 819 S.W.2d 470, 472 (Tex. 1991) (quoting RESTATEMENT

(SECOND) OF TORTS § 431 (1965)).

         Here, although climbing a ladder may generally be described as a moderately risky

activity, there is no suggestion or evidence that the particular ladder on Villanueva’s trailer

                                              10
was defective or unusually dangerous, nor was there any indication that Lazarus owned

or had any control over the ladder. And despite the fact that Lazarus required its own

employees to use the catwalk to close the hatch, we cannot say that Lazarus should have

reasonably foreseen that a driver would suffer injuries as a result of climbing down a

ladder after closing the hatch. Lazarus’s actions may or may not have made it necessary

for Villanueva to use the ladder, but in any event, Lazarus did not do anything to cause

him to miss a step on the ladder. Indeed, the evidence established that Villanueva had

already successfully completed closing the hatch, as directed by Lazarus, at the time he

fell.

        Under these circumstances, we conclude that Lazarus’s instructions to Villanueva

to close the hatch himself did nothing more than furnish the conditions which made his

injuries possible. See W. Invs., Inc., 162 S.W.3d at 551; Lear Siegler, 819 S.W.2d at 472.

Accordingly, Lazarus established its entitlement to judgment as a matter of law on all

claims which require a showing of proximate causation. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); G &

H Towing Co., 347 S.W.3d at 297. Because Villanueva did not produce evidence creating

a fact issue on the element of proximate cause, the trial court did not err in granting

traditional summary judgment on all of Villanueva’s claims. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c). 4

We overrule his issue on appeal.

       4 In light of our conclusion, we need not address whether a fact issue was raised on the duty or

breach elements of Villanueva’s claims. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.

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                                   III.   CONCLUSION

      The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.

                                                       DORI CONTRERAS
                                                       Chief Justice

Delivered and filed on the
30th day of March, 2023.

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