Court Opinion

ID: 4361095
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-01-23 18:00:04.49961+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:20:37.485994
License: Public Domain

ARMED SERVICES BOARD OF CONTRACT APPEALS

Appeal of --                                    )
                                                )
Fluor Federal Solutions, LLC                    )      ASBCA No. 61353
                                                )
Under Contract No. N69450-12-D-7582             )

APPEARANCES FOR THE APPELLANT:                         John S. Pachter, Esq.
                                                       Jennifer A. Mahar, Esq.
                                                       Kathryn T. Muldoon Griffin, Esq.
                                                        Smith Pachter Mc Whorter PLC
                                                        Tysons Comer, VA

APPEARANCES FOR THE GOVERNMENT:                        Craig D. Jensen, Esq.
                                                        Navy Chief Trial Attorney
                                                       Russell A. Shultis, Esq.
                                                        Trial Attorney

                 OPINION BY ADMINISTRATIVE JUDGE CLARKE
              ON APPELLANT'S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

        Fluor Federal Solutions, LLC (Fluor), moves for summary judgment contending
that the Navy had no right to unilaterally change the above-captioned contract's (the
contract's) Award-Option Plan and unilaterally exercise Award Option 3 thereby
imposing a total fixed price of $40,581,639. Fluor's certified claim seeks $14,814,503
which is the difference between the $40,581,639 and Fluor's estimated price for
performance. We have jurisdiction pursuant to the Contract Disputes Act of 1978
(CDA), 41 U.S.C. §§ 7101-7109. We grant summary judgment and sustain the appeal.

          STATEMENT OF FACTS (SOF) FOR PURPOSES OF THE MOTION

       1. On December 13, 2011, the Navy awarded the contract for base operation
services at four Navy installations in the Jacksonville, Florida, area (R4, tab 1.3). The
contract included a base year, four option years and three award option years (id. at 3-10 1).
Each year of the contract included firm-fixed-price (FFP) and indefinite-delivery,
indefinite-quantity (IDIQ) line items. Award Option 3 included contract line item number
(CLIN) 0015, an FFP line item priced at $31,374,431, and CLIN 0016, an IDIQ line item
priced at $9,207,208, for a total of$40,581,639. (Id. at 10)

1
    The Rule 4 files are in electronic PDF format and all page numbers in cites are to the
         PDF page numbers.
        2. The contract incorporated by reference the Federal Acquisition Regulation
(FAR) 52.243-1, CHANGES-FIXED-PRICE (AUG 1987) (R4, tab 1.3 at 29). FAR 52.243-1
provides five alternatives for subparagraph (a). The preamble to Alternate I reads in part,
"If the requirement is for services, other than architect-engineer or other professional
services, and no supplies are to be furnished, substitute the following paragraph (a) for
paragraph (a) of the basic clause." The Alternate I, subparagraph (a), reads:

                 (a) The Contracting Officer may at any time, by
              written order, and without notice to the sureties, if any,
              make changes within the general scope of this contract in
              any one or more of the following:

                  ( 1) Description of services to be performed.

                  (2) Time of performance (i.e., hours of the day, days of
              the week, etc.).

                  (3) Place of performance of the services.

FAR 52.243.1. Alternate I was not listed next to FAR 52.243-1 in the list of clauses
incorporated by reference in the contract (R4, tab 1.3 at 29). However, because this is
a contract for services, we consider Alternate I to apply.

      3. The contract included FAR 52.217-8, OPTION TO EXTEND SERVICES (Nov 1999),
which read:

              The Government may require continued performance of
              any services within the limits and at the rates specified in
              the contract. These rates may be adjusted only as a result
              of revisions to prevailing labor rates provided by the
              Secretary of Labor. The option provision may be
              exercised more than once, but the total extension of
              performance hereunder shall not exceed 6 months. The
              Contracting Officer may exercise the option by written
              notice to the Contractor within 30 Calendar days.

(R4, tab 1.3 at 33)

       4. The contract included a clause entitled "Period of Performance":

              The contract term shall be for a base period of one year, four
              one-year option periods, and three one-year award option
              periods, not to exceed a total of 96 months. Please note, the

                                            2
                term of the contract and CLINs may be adjusted to align the
                period of performance(s) with the fiscal year due to funding
                constraints. The Government may extend the term of the
                contract in accordance with FAC 5252.217-9301,[ 2] Option
                to Extend the Term of the Contract-Services and the Award
                Option Plan incorporated in this solicitation and resulting
                contract.

(R4, tab 1.3 at 20, see also at 11, ·'CONTRACT TERM")

      5. The contract included FAC 5252.217-9301, OPTION TO EXTEND THE TERM
OF THE CONTRACT- SERVICES (JUN 1994), that reads:

                    (a) The Government may extend the term of this
                contract for a term of one (1) to twelve (12) months by
                written notice to the Contractor within the performance
                period specified in the Schedule; provided that the
                Government shall give the Contractor a preliminary written
                notice of its intent to extend before the contract expires.
                The preliminary notice does not commit the Government
                to an extension.

                   (b) If the Government exercises this option, the
                extended contract shall be considered to include this option
                provision.

                   (c) The total duration of this contract, including the
                exercise of any options under this clause, shall not exceed
                96 months.

(R4, tab 1.3 at 46)

Award-Option Plan

       6. The contract included an Award-Option Plan that established award-option
provisions (app. supp. R4, tab 201). The introduction to the plan included section 1.0:

                1.0     INTRODUCTION

                  b.   This plan describes the method for assessing the
                       Contractor's performance that will be considered

2   FAC stands for Federal Acquisition Circular.

                                             3
                     prior to determining eligibility in earning any
                     award-option extensions to the contract. The
                     award-option incentive is intended to motivate and
                     reward high-level performance in executing the
                     provisions of the contract. For purposes of this Plan,
                     high-level performance is defined as "Very Good" or
                     "Exceptional". As such, the Contractor must receive
                     a "Very Good" or "Exceptional" end-of-period
                     performance rating (as well as at least "Satisfactory"
                     on each individual assessment criteria) to earn an
                     award-option period under this contract. The
                     Award-Option Determining Official (ODO) will
                     make the award-option determinations based upon
                     the criteria outlined in paragraph 4. 0, Award-Option
                     Assessment Criteria.

(Id. at 3) (Emphasis added) Section 2.0, Organization, defines the award-option team.
"The Award-Option team consists of the ODO an Award-Option Board (AOB), and
Performance Assessment Representatives (P ARs )" (id.). The administrative
contracting officer (ACO) actually exercises the options (id. at 5), but it is important to
note that even if Fluor earned an award option by virtue of its high level performance,
the ACO was not actually required to exercise the option (id.).

       7. Section 4.0, Award-Option Assessment Criteria, reads:

              Assessment criteria listed in Section 10.0, Award-Option
              Assessment Criteria, will be used to assess performances.
              Each element is assigned a relative weight. As contract
              work progresses from one performance period to the next.
              the relative importance of specific assessment criteria may
              change.

(App. supp. R4, tab 201 at 4) The assessment criteria at section 10.0 are presented in a
two-page table listing criteria for Unsatisfactory, Marginal, Satisfactory, Very Good
and Exceptional assessments (id. at 7-8).

       8. The AOB prepares its end-of-period assessment that it forwards to the ODO
(app. supp. R4, tab 201 at 5). Section 5.0, Performance Assessments, subparagraph e
reads:

              e. ODO End-of-Period Assessment: The ODO makes a
                 final assessment of the end-of-period evaluation rating
                 within fifteen (15) days of receipt of the AOB

                                            4
                     assessment report. Accordingly, the ODO has the
                     flexibility to change the recommended rating as a result
                     of:

                     ( 1) extraordinary input from the activity or other
                          sources;

                     (2) trends in performance in all functions or any
                         general economic or business trends which may
                         affect performance capability; or

                     (3) any other information the ODO determines is
                         applicable to the Contractor's performance
                         assessment.

                     The ODO documents the rationale for any changes to
                     the recommended rating.
                     The ODO forwards the final rating determination to the
                     ACO.

(Id.)

        9. Section 6.0 of the plan reads as follows:

               6.0     AWARD-OPTION DETERMINATION

                     The primary intent of the award-option incentive is to
                     motivate the Contractor to perform the required services
                     in such a manner as to warrant the highest possible
                     rating during each performance period. All unearned
                     award options will be deleted by unilateral modification
                     to the contract. Once all award-option periods have
                     been earned or deleted by modification, evaluations for
                     the remaining performance periods will be conducted in
                     accordance with CP ARS/ACASS/CCASS, as applicable.
                     A Contractor must receive at least a "Satisfactory" rating
                     on each individual assessment criteria and a "Very
                     Good" or "Exceptional" end-of-period performance
                     rating to be eligible for an award-option for the
                     associated performance period. "Exceptional" ratings
                     earn twelve (12) months and "Very Good" ratings earn
                     six (6) months.

                                                5
(App. supp. R4, tab 201 at 5) The final "end-of-period assessment" is made by the
ODO after consideration of the AOB's assessment (id.).

          10. Award-Option Plan, section 8.0, reads:

                8.0     AW ARD-OPTION PLAN CHANGES

                      The ODO may unilaterally change the assessment
                      criteria covered in this plan, provided the Contractor
                      receives notice of any changes at least fifteen (15)
                      calendar days prior to the performance period to which
                      the changes apply. Changes to this plan that are
                      applicable to a current performance period will be
                      incorporated by a bilateral modification under the
                      appropriate contract clause.

(App. supp. R4, tab 201 at 5)

        11. Performance of the contract began on July 1, 2012, and the Navy exercised
all four of its non-award plan options (APMF ,i 2). 3 After the conclusion of option
year 2, the Navy found Fluor's performance only "Marginal" and deleted award option
year 1 from the contract, in accordance with the Award-Option Plan. After the
conclusion of option year 3, the Navy found Fluor's performance to be only
"Satisfactory" and deleted award option year 2 from the contract. (APMF ,i, 11-12)
Option year 4 ran from July 1, 2016 to June 30, 2017 (APMF ,i 2).

        12. On August 25, 2016, during performance of the fourth and final option year
of the contract, the Navy issued a solicitation for a follow-on contract to perform many
of the services contained within the contract (GPMF ,i 2). 4 Fluor filed a pre-award bid
protest which ultimately led to the Navy's withdrawing the solicitation on May 9, 2017
(GPMF ,J,J 4-9).

AOB 's Interim Assessment

        13. On March 28, 2017, the AOB issued an interim assessment for the "period
of 1 July 2016 to 31 December 2016." Fluor received an overall rating of Satisfactory.
(R4, tab 3 at 12) The interim assessment included the following:

                      This is an interim assessment with a rating of
               "Satisfactory". As a reminder, a minimum rating of

3
    "APMF" refers to Fluor's Proposed Material Facts to which the Navy has agreed.
4
    "GPMF" refers to the Navy's Proposed Material Facts.

                                              6
              "Satisfactory" is required on each individual assessment
              criteria and "Very Good" or "Exceptional" end-of-period
              assessment rating is required to earn an award option. A
              "Very Good" rating earns 6 months and an "Exceptional"
              rating earns 12 months. Fluor is urged to take action to
              improve performance that results in ratings eligible to earn
              an award option. In the absence of an "Exceptional" or
              "Very Good" rating being earned, the Option Determining
              Official reserves the right to unilaterally determine the
              award of an award option if the determination is in the
              best interest of the United States Government.

(Id. at 13) (Emphasis added)

Unilateral Modification Nos. P00187 and POOJ93

      14. Unilateral Modification No. POO 187, dated April 4, 2017, changed
Award-Option Plan, section 6.0, as follows:

              The purpose of this modification is to incorporate the
              revised Award Option Plan for available Award Option 3,
              a future performance period. Paragraph 6.0 is revised to
              state "The ODO may make a final assessment to issue a
              unilateral modification awarding a future performance
              period award-option of up to twelve (12) months for the
              convenience of the Agency, when the contractor has
              obtained a rating of "Satisfactory. " The revised A ward
              Option Plan is hereby incorporated into this modification.

(R4, tab 2.187 at 2) (Emphasis added) Modification No. P00187 listed "FAR 52.243-1
ALT I Changes Fixed-Price" as the authority for the modification (id. at 1).

        15. By letter dated May 4, 2017, Fluor objected to unilateral Modification
No. P00187 arguing that the Navy had no right to unilaterally modify the Award-Option
Plan to give itself the right to exercise Award Option 3 based on a "satisfactory'·
performance rating for the Navy's "convenience" (app. supp. R4, tab 207 at 2). Fluor
stated it was willing to negotiate a bilateral agreement to perform for another year. or, if
the Navy would not negotiate a bilateral agreement, Fluor would file a claim for its
allowable costs and reasonable profit for its continued performance (id. at 3).

        16. By letter dated May 5, 2017, the Navy citing Modification No. P00187,
notified Fluor that the ODO "has determined it to be in the best interest of the United

                                            7
States Government to begin the process of exercising Award Option 3 CLINs 0011 and
0012 due to be effective July 01, 2017 through June 30, 2018" (app. supp. R4, tab 208).

        17. By letter dated May 9, 2017, the Navy acknowledged Fluor's May 4, 2017
letter and stated:

                      In accordance with Contract No.: N69450-12-D-7582.
              Section I - Contract Clauses, 52.243-1 -- Changes -- Fixed
              Price (Aug 1987)(e) - Failure to agree to any adjustment shall
              be a dispute under the Disputes clause. However, nothing in
              this clause shall excuse the Contractor from proceeding with
              the contract as changed.

(App. supp. R4, tab 209)

       18. By letter dated May 17, 2017, the Navy notified Fluor that it "is considering
issuing a modification to exercise Award Option Three on the subject contract" (app. supp.
R4, tab 210).

       19. By unilateral Modification No. POO 193, dated June 28, 2017, the Navy
exercised Award Option 3 with a 12-month period of performance from July 1, 2017
through June 30, 2018 (R4, tab 2.193 at 1). The modification included the following:

               1. In accordance with NAVFAC Clause 5252.217-9301
               award option three for the period O1 July 2017 through
               30 June 2018 is exercised.

                  Total firm-fixed-price (CLIN 0011) $38,998,932.58
                  Total indefinite quantity (CLIN 0012)$ 9,144,271.00
                  Total estimated award option 3 price $48,143,203.58

(R4, tab 2.193 at 2) 5

5   We do not know why CLINs 0011 and 0012 were listed rather than 0015 and 0016
        and we do not know why CLIN prices were also changed. However, we need
        not sort this out for the purposes of this decision.

                                           8
Fluor 's Claim

       20. Fluor objected to Modification Nos. P00187 and P00193 and on July 25,
2017, submitted a certified claim to contracting officer (CO) Eric Binderim in the
amount of $14,814,503 (R4, tab 3). The claim included the following:

             This is a certified claim and request for Contracting
             Officer's Final Decision under the Contract Disputes Act
             (41 USC §§ 7101-09) and the contract's Disputes clause
             (FAR 52.233-1 Disputes (July 2002)). Fluor asserts
             entitlement to its allowable costs of performing A ward
             Option 3, plus a reasonable profit. Appendix A provides an
             estimate of the costs to be incurred for the period July 1,
             2017 through June 30, 2018, plus a reasonable profit. The
             total estimated costs, plus profit, for recurring (firm-fixed
             price Contract Exhibit Line Items ("ELINs")) and
             non-recurring (Indefinite Delivery/Indefinite Quantity
             ("IDIQ") ELINs) work is $62,957,707. This represents an
             estimated increase over the Mod 193 values of $11,480,750
             for recurring work and $3,333,753 for non-recurring
             work-a total estimated increase of $14,814,503.

(Id. at 2-3) The $14,814,503 was calculated by subtracting the $48,143,203.58 for
Award Option 3 (R4, tab 2.193 at 2) from the estimated cost for performance of Award
Option 3 of $62,957,707. Claim Appendix A presents the calculation of the
$62,957,707 estimate and is based on Fluor's costs during Award Option 4, July 4,
2016 to July 2, 2017. (R4, tab 3 at 47) Fluor contends that the Navy had no authority
to issue unilateral Modification No. POOl 87 changing Award-Option Plan section 6.0
and unilateral Modification No. POOl 93 exercising Award Option 3 and consequently
Fluor is entitled to the allowable costs and profit for performing during that year.

       21. By letter dated August 10, 2017, the Navy asserted that the claim "will
require an audit from the Defense Contract Audit Agency [DCAA] along with other
independent analyses" (R4, tab 4 ).

        22. By letter dated August 17, 2017, Fluor responded to the Navy's August 10.
2017, letter stating that its claim was "complete as submitted," that the claim's quantum
was based on an estimate and a DCAA audit was not necessary for the Navy to issue a final
decision within the statutory 60 days (app. supp. R4, tab 211). On September 14, 2017, the
Navy sent Fluor another letter again stating that the claim required a DCAA audit and that
a final decision was expected to be issued by December 29, 2017 (app. supp. R4, tab 212).
Fluor responded by letter dated September 15, 2017, again objecting to the delay in issuing

                                          9
the final decision and indicated it would treat the claim as deemed denied (app. supp. R4,
tab213).

       23. On September 28, 2017, Fluor appealed to the Board based on a deemed
denial of its claim. On October 2, 2017, the Board docketed Fluor' s appeal as ASBCA
No. 61353.

                                       DECISION

Legal Standard for Summary Judgment

       We evaluate Fluor's motion for summary judgment under the ,vell-scttlcd
standard:

              Summary judgment is properly granted only where there is
              no genuine issue of material fact and the movant is entitled
              to judgment as a matter of law. The moving party bears
              the burden of establishing the absence of any genuine issue
              of material fact and all significant doubt over factual issues
              must be resolved in favor of the party opposing summary
              judgment.

Mingus Constructors, Inc. v. United States, 812 F.2d 1387, 1390 (Fed. Cir. 1987)
 (citations omitted). In the course of the Board's evaluation of a motion for summary
judgment, our role is not '"to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the matter.·
 but rather to ascertain whether material facts are disputed and ,vhethcr there exists an:,
genuine issue for trial." Holmes & Narver Constructors, Inc., ASBCA Nos. 52429,
 52551, 02-1 BCA ,i 31,849 at 157,393 (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S.
242, 249 (1986)). A material fact is one which may make a difference in the outcome or
the case. Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 249. The opposing party must assert facts sufficient
to show a dispute as to a material fact of an element of the argument for reformation or
breach. New Iraq Ahd Co., ASBCA No. 59304, 15-1 BCA i! 35,849 at 175,291-92
(citing Mingus, 812 F.2d at 1390-91) ("To ward off summary judgment, the non-moving
party must do more than make mere allegations; it must assert facts sutlicient to show a
dispute of material fact."); see Lee's Ford Dock. Inc .. ASBCA No. 59041. 16-1 HCA
,-i 36.298 at 177,010.

Positions of the Parties

       The Navy originally took the position that Modification No. POO 187 was
authorized by the Changes clause, FAR 52.243-1. However, in its Rule 11 brief the
Navy admits that "Fluor is correct that the Navy could not issue a unilateral modification
to amend the Award Option Plan pursuant to the changes clause" (gov't resp. br. at 16).

                                            10
Now, the Navy argues, "It [Modification No. POO 187] was issued in accordance with the
discretion afforded by Award Option Plan" (id.). The Navy points to Award-Option
Plan, section 5.0, subparagraph (e), that authorizes the ODO to change the AOB's final
assessment as the source of the discretion it invokes (id. at 15 ). The Navy also cites
FAR 43 .103, Types of contract modifications, paragraph (b ), that reads:

                      (b) Unilateral. A unilateral modification is a
              contract modification that is signed only by the contracting
              officer. Unilateral modifications are used, for example, to -

                     ( 1) Make administrative changes;

                     (2) Issue change orders;

                     (3) Make changes authorized by clauses other
              than a changes clause (e.g., Property clause, Options
              clause, or Suspension of Work clause); and

                     (4) Issue termination notices.

(Bold added) The Navy quotes FAR 43.103(b)(3) in support of its argument that
unilateral Modification No. POO 187 was authorized (gov't resp. br. at 16). The Navy
also argues that Fluor's pre-award protest and stay request and the Navy's market
research caused it to cancel the solicitation. As a result "there was no other contractor
available to provide those services" and Fluor "was well aware that the Navy may
need to exercise Award Option 3." (Gov't resp. br. at 16-17) The Navy asks the
Board to "issue a declaratory judgment in its favor" (gov't mot. at 13).

        In response to the Navy's acknowledgement that the Changes clause does not
authorize Modification No. P00187, Fluor argues that FAR 43.103 "does not give the
Navy authority to make unilateral modifications" (app. reply br. at 14). Fluor argues that
the Award-Option Plan limits "unilateral modifications to two circumstances: (1)
deleting unearned options from the Contract; and (2) modifying the award option
assessment criteria" (id.). Fluor argues that Modification No. POO 193 was a constructive
change because the option exercise was not in accord with the original Award-Option
Plan (id. at 12-14) ( citing Alliant Techsystems v. United Stat(!s, 178 F .3d 1260, 1275
(Fed. Cir. 1999)) (any attempt to exercise an option outside its terms does not constitute a
valid exercise of the option).

                                           11
There are No Material Disputed Facts

        Resolution of this motion is mainly a matter of contract interpretation. a question
of law·. States Roofing Corp. v. Winter, 587 F.3d 1364, 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2009). All or
the material facts needed to resolve this appeal are either hascd on documents or arc
undisputed. Essentially the documents are: FAR 52.243-1. Changes Fixed-Price
(SOF ii 2); FAR 43.103, Types of contract modifications; FAR 52.217-8. Option to
Extend Services (SOF ir 3); Period of Performance (SOF i! 4); FAC 5252.217-930L
Option to Extend the Term of the Contract- Services (Jun 1994) (SOF ~ 5): the
Award-Option Plan (SOF ,,r 6-10): Modification No. P00187 (SOF ,r 14): and
Modification No. POO 193 (SOF ,r 19). The parties dispute the interpretation of these
documents. Fluor's appeal, ASBCA No. 61353. is therefore susceptible to resolution
by summary judgment.

FAR 43.103, Types of Contract Modifications

        First we will deal with FAR 43. l 03 cited by the Navy in its brief (gov·t resp. br.
at 16). We agree with Fluor that FAR 43 .103 does not bestow any authority to issue
unilateral modifications under Contract No. N69450-12-D-7582; it is included in FAR
Part 43, Contract Modifications, is not a FAR Part 52 contract clause, and simply
defines bilateral and unilateral modifications. FAR 43 .103(b )(3) parenthetically
provides three examples of contract clauses that provide authority to make changes
independent of the Changes clause. The Navy fails to identify an option clause in the
contract that provides authority for it to issue unilateral Modification No. POO 187. The
fact that one of the examples is "Options clause" adds nothing to the purpose of
FAR 43.103. The Navy's reliance on FAR 43.103 is misplaced.

FAR 52.217-8, FAR 52.243-1 & Award-Option Plan Section 8.0

       We now deal with three provisions that are relevant but ultimately play no role in
this decision. The Navy abandoned its reliance on FAR 52.243-1, Changes - Fixed-Price
(SOF ,i 2; gov't resp. br. at 16). Although FAR 52.217-8, Option to Extend Services, provides
authority to unilaterally extend the contract, it is limited to a total of 6 months. Modification
No. P00193 extended the period of performance by 12 months. (SOF ,i,i 3, 19) Therefore,
FAR 52.217-8 could not authorize Modification No. POOl 93. Award-Option Plan section 8.0,
Award-Option Plan Changes, authorizes unilateral changes in the assessment criteria for future
performance periods (SOF ,i 10). Modification Nos. P00187 and P00193 did not change the
assessment criteria and are not authorized by section 8.0.

                                            12
FAC 5252.217-9301, Option to Extend the Term of the Contract-Services

       We start with some fundamentals of contract interpretation:

              When interpreting the contract, the document must be
              considered as a whole and interpreted so as to harmonize
              and give reasonable meaning to all of its parts. McAbee
              Constr., Inc. v. United States, 97 F.3d 1431, 1434-35
              (Fed. Cir. 1996). An interpretation that gives meaning to
              all parts of the contract is to be preferred over one that
              leaves a portion of the contract useless, inexplicable, void,
              or superfluous. Gould, Inc. v. United States, 935 F.2d
              1271, 1274 (Fed. Cir. 1991).

NVT Technologies, Inc. v. United States, 370 F.3d 1153, 1159 (Fed. Cir. 2004).
Therefore, we must interpret the relevant contract provisions to give meaning to all
when read together.

        The Period of Performance clause provides that the government may extend the
term of the contract in accordance with FAC 5252.217-9301, Option to Extend the
Term of the Contract - Services and the Award-Option Plan so long as the contract
term does not exceed 96 months (SOF ,r 4 ). As seen below the use of "and" is critical
to our interpretation.

       FAC 5252.217-9301, Option to Extend the Term of the Contract-Services, is an
interesting clause. Standing alone it authorizes up to a 12-month extension with no
conditions other than proper notice. Not only that, but it rolls over into the extended
contract making it available to be used again limited only by a total period of performance
of 96 months. Standing alone, it seems that this clause would have authorized the
government to extend the contract for 12 months without regard to the A ward-Option Plan.
(SOF ,r 5) This would authorize Modification No. POO 193 without Modification
No. POO 187. However, we must harmonize this clause with the Period of Performance
clause (SOF ,r 4). The Period of Performance clause, through use of the word ·'and" links
FAC 5252.217-9301, Option to Extend the Term of the Contract- Services, with the
Award-Option Plan. We see only one reasonable interpretation of the Period of
Performance clause and that is that FAC 5252.217-9301, Option to Extend the Term of the
Contract - Services, is not intended to be used standing alone in this contract. To hold
otherwise would leave the Period of Performance clause "useless, inexplicable, void, or
superfluous" which is not the preferred interpretation. NVT Technologies, 370 F.3d at 1159.

                                           13
Therefore, the authority granted by FAC 5252.217-9301, Option to Extend the Term of the
Contract - Services, must be used in support of the Award-Option Plan. 6

The Award-Option Plan

        The Navy now argues that the Award-Option Plan provides ample authority for
the Navy to do what it did. The Navy's Award-Option Plan argument deserves more
attention than Fluor gives it credit. The relevant Plan provisions that we must interpret
are: Award-Option Plan section 1.0, Introduction; section 4.0, Award-Option
Assessment Criteria; section 5.0, Performance Assessments; and section 6.0,
Award-Option Determination. (SOF ,i,i 6-9)

        Plan section 1.0, Introduction, requires that the contractor receive a "Very Good'"
or "Exceptional" end-of-period performance rating to be eligible for an award-option
period. It requires the ODO to make the award-option determination based on the
assessment criteria in section 4.0. (SOF ,i 6) Section 4.0, requires use of the criteria
listed in a two-page table in section 10.0 (SOF ,i 7). Section 6.0, Award-Option
Determination, reiterates that the contractor must receive a "Very Good" or
"Exceptional" rating to earn either 6 or 12 months award-option periods respectively
(SOF ,i 9).

       Probably the most interesting clause in the Award-Option Plan is section 5.0,
Performance Assessments, subparagraph e. Section 5.0 gives the ODO the discretion
to change the AOB's end-of-period rating as a result of:

                    ( 1) extraordinary input from the activity or other
                    sources;

                    (2) trends in performance in all functions or any
                    general economic or business trends which may affect
                    performance capability; or

                    (3) any other information the ODO determines is
                    applicable to the Contractor's performance
                    assessment.

6
    This construction makes more sense when we consider the details of the contract" s
         Award-Option Plan. Importantly, this plan, which is meant to incentivize the
         contractor to do good work, does not guarantee the award of an option. Rather, it
         merely removes an impediment to the government to award the options for
         performance years 6, 7, and 8. If through operation ofFAC 5252.217-9301, that
         impediment did not exist, there would be no point in the Award-Option Plan.

                                             14
(SOF ,r 8) The clause requires the ODO to document the rationale for any changes to
the AOB's recommended rating (id.). The only reasonable interpretation of this
provision is that the ODO had the right to increase the AOB' s recommended rating if
the ODO satisfied one or more of the three criteria of section 5.0(e) and documented
the reasoning behind the change. The ODO could have raised the rating from
satisfactory to exceptional and justified the 12-month extension in Modification
No. POOl 93 without resort to FAC 5252.217-9301 or Modification No. POOl 87.
Stated another way, the Navy had a way to do what it did, and now we must see if
what actually happened complies with what the contract requires to raise the rating to
exceptional.

        Unilateral Modification No. POO 187 changed Award-Option Plan, section 6.0.
Award-Option Determination, to allow awarding an extension of 12 months based on
an end-of-period rating of satisfactory "for the convenience of the Agency'" (SOF ,i 14 ).
Modification No. POOl 87 documents that "for the convenience of the Agency" was the
only criteria cited by the Navy. With an exceptional rating, the Navy had the right to
extend the contract for 12 months pursuant to Award-Option Plan section 6.0,
Award-Option Determination (SOF ,r 9). However, section 5.0, does not grant the
ODO unlimited discretion. The ODO must base the decision to increase the rating on
the three criteria listed in section 5.0. The Navy's criteria of "for the convenience of
the Agency" clearly does not satisfy the first two criteria listed in section 5.0. The third
criteria for the exercise of that discretion is "any other information the ODO determines
is applicable to the Contractor's performance assessment." This is indeed broad
authority as the Navy argues, but does "for the convenience of the Agency" satisfy the
criteria "any other information the ODO determines is applicable to the Contractor's
performance assessment." We think not. We interpret the third criteria to require some
relationship to a contractor's performance. We do not interpret "for the convenience of
the Agency" to have anything to do with Fluor's performance. Since the ODO failed to
document the rationale for the change as required by section 5.0, the Navy provides no
explanation for its criteria.

       We conclude that although the Navy is correct about the broad scope of the
Award-Option Plan, it failed to properly exercise its authority under section 5.0. 7 The
Navy had no authority to issue unilateral Modification No. POO 187 changing the
award-option exercise criteria in section 6.0 to satisfactory. There being no other way
to authorize the unilateral change to section 6.0, Modification No. P00187 is
unenforceable. The authority to issue unilateral Modification No. POO 193 was based on
Modification No. POO 187 and therefore, Modification No. POO 193 is likewise

7
    Based on the record as it stands today, even if the Navy had followed the criteria in
        section 5.0, we doubt the Navy's increasing the AOB's rating to exceptional would
        survive a challenge, if the criteria remains "for the convenience of the Agency."

                                            15
unenforceable. There being no genuine issue of material fact we find Fluor is entitled
to judgment as a matter of law.

                                   CONCLUSION

       For the reasons stated above, we grant summary judgment and Fluor's appeal is
sustained. The case is remanded to the parties to determine quantum.

       Dated: January 10, 2019

                                                    ~- {!/JM~
                                                 CRAIG       ¥CLARKE
                                                 Administrative Judge
                                                 Armed Services Board
                                                 of Contract Appeals

 I concur                                         I concur

 RJCHARDSHACKLEFORD                                J. REID PROUTY
 Administrative Judge                              Administrative Judge
 Acting Chairman                                   Vice Chairman
 Armed Services Board                            · Armed Services Board
 of Contract Appeals                               of Contract Appeals

      I certify that the foregoing is a true copy of the Opinion and Decision of the
Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals in ASBCA No. 61353, Appeal of Fluor
Federal Solutions, LLC, rendered in conformance with the Board's Charter.

       Dated:

                                                  JEFFREY D. GARDIN
                                                  Recorder, Armed Services
                                                  Board of Contract Appeals

                                           16