Court Opinion

ID: 4332170
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-11-14 00:34:02.067718+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:47:49.769414
License: Public Domain

112 T.C. No. 11

                      UNITED STATES TAX COURT

      DENNIS L. HAYDEN AND SHARON E. HAYDEN, Petitioners v.
          COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

     Docket No. 590-98.                     Filed March 19, 1999.

          Ps are the sole partners in L. During 1994, L expended
     $26,650 on sec. 179 property and elected to expense $17,500
     of that amount. Without regard to this deduction, L had no
     taxable income for the 1994 taxable year. The deduction
     under sec. 179 flowed through to Ps' 1994 return. Sec.
     1.179-2(c)(2), Income Tax Regs., provides that a
     "partnership may not allocate to its partners as a sec. 179
     expense deduction for any taxable year more than the
     partnership's taxable income limitation for that taxable
     year". Ps contend that the regulation is invalid. Held:
     Sec. 1.179-2(c)(2), Income Tax Regs., is valid and
     respondent's disallowance of the deduction is sustained.

     Dennis L. Hayden and Sharon E. Hayden, pro se.

     Brian M. Harrington, for respondent.

                              OPINION

     DAWSON, Judge:   This case was assigned to Special Trial

Judge Carleton D. Powell pursuant to section 7443A(b)(3) and
                                 - 2 -

Rules 180, 181, and 182.1   The Court agrees with and adopts the

opinion of the Special Trial Judge that is set forth below.

                OPINION OF THE SPECIAL TRIAL JUDGE

     POWELL, Special Trial Judge:     Respondent determined a

deficiency in petitioners' 1994 Federal income tax and an

accuracy-related penalty under section 6662(a) in the respective

amounts of $3,784 and $292.60.

     The issues are whether petitioners are entitled to a

deduction in the amount of $17,500 under section 179 and whether

petitioners are liable for the accuracy-related penalty under

section 6662(a).   At the time the petition was filed in this

case, petitioners resided in Frankfort, Indiana.

     The facts may be summarized as follows.    Petitioners are the

sole partners in a partnership known as Leddos Frozen Yogurt, LLC

(Leddos) that commenced operations on September 1, 1994.    During

1994, Leddos purchased equipment for $26,650.    On the partnership

return (Form 1065), Leddos reported the following:

                Gross Receipts             $20,105
                Cost of Goods Sold          22,529
                Total Income (loss)         (2,424)

The partnership reported total deductions in the amount of

$13,294, and showed a loss in the amount of $15,718.    These

figures did not include any deduction for the expense of section

179 property.   On Form 4652 (Depreciation and Amortization),

     1
        Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to
the Internal Revenue Code in effect for the year at issue, and
all Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and
Procedure.
                               - 3 -

attached to the partnership return, Leddos elected under section

179 to expense $17,500 of the $26,650 invested in equipment.

This deduction flowed through to petitioners' 1994 Federal income

tax return on Schedule E.2

     Petitioner Dennis L. Hayden (petitioner) is a certified

public accountant whose practice includes a substantial amount of

tax work.   Petitioner operated and practiced an accounting

business as a sole proprietorship.     The proprietorship has

employees and maintains an account for "payroll" taxes that

includes employment taxes paid to the Federal Government.       During

the 1994 taxable year, petitioner paid petitioners' 1993 Federal

income tax liability in the amount of $9,284 from the bank

account of the proprietorship, and that amount was charged to the

sole proprietorship's account for "payroll" taxes.     On the

proprietorship's Schedule C attached to petitioners' joint 1994

Federal income tax return, petitioner deducted $17,630 as

"payroll" taxes, which amount included petitioners' 1993 Federal

income tax liability of $9,284.   The correct amount of the

"payroll" taxes paid by the accounting practice for 1994 was

$8,346.

     Upon examination, respondent disallowed the $17,500 section

179 deduction and the portion of the deduction claimed on

Schedule C that was expended for Federal income taxes.

Respondent further determined an accuracy-related penalty was due

     2
        Leddos qualifies as a so-called small partnership under
sec. 6231(a)(1)(B), and the partnership provisions of secs. 6221
through 6233 do not apply.
                                 - 4 -

on the underpayment resulting from disallowance of the portion of

the Schedule C deduction expended for Federal income taxes.

1.   Section 179

      Section 179(a) provides:

      A taxpayer may elect to treat the cost of any section 179
      property as an expense which is not chargeable to capital
      account. Any cost so treated shall be allowed as a
      deduction for the taxable year in which the section 179
      property is placed in service.

Under section 179(b)(1), the deduction is limited, inter alia, to

$17,500 and "shall not exceed the aggregate amount of taxable

income of the taxpayer for such taxable year which is derived

from the active conduct by the taxpayer of any trade or business

during such taxable year."    Sec. 179(b)(3)(A).   For purposes of

section 179(b)(3)(A), taxable income is computed without regard

to the section 179 deduction.    See sec. 179(b)(3)(C).   Section

179(d)(8) further provides:    "In the case of a partnership, the

limitations of subsection (b) shall apply with respect to the

partnership and with respect to each partner."     The regulations

amplify:

      The taxable income limitation * * * applies to the
      partnership as well as to each partner. Thus, the
      partnership may not allocate to its partners as a section
      179 expense deduction for any taxable year more than the
      partnership's taxable income limitation for that taxable
      year, and a partner may not deduct as a section 179 expense
      deduction for any taxable year more than the partner's
      taxable income limitation for that taxable year. [Sec.
      1.179-2(c)(2), Income Tax Regs.]

Petitioners acknowledge that under section 1.179-2(c)(2), Income

Tax Regs., the section 179 deduction claimed here is not

allowable.   They argue, however, that the regulation is invalid.
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     A Treasury regulation must be sustained if it "[implements]

the congressional mandate in some reasonable manner."      United

States v. Vogel Fertilizer Co., 455 U.S. 16, 24 (1982) (quoting

United States v. Correll, 389 U.S. 299, 307 (1967)).      The "issue

is not how the Court itself might construe the statute [to which

the regulation relates] in the first instance, 'but whether there

is any reasonable basis for the resolution embodied in the

Commissioner's Regulation.'"     Schaefer v. Commissioner, 105 T.C.
227, 230 (1995) (quoting Fulman v. United States, 434 U.S. 528,

536 (1978)).    Normally, "Treasury regulations must be sustained

unless unreasonable and plainly inconsistent with the revenue

statutes".     Commissioner v. South Texas Lumber Co., 333 U.S. 496,

501 (1948).

      The Code section primarily involved here is section

179(b)(3)(A) and (d)(8), which is directed to the limitations in

the case of partnerships.    For purposes here, these limitations

have two sources.

     The genesis of section 179 is section 204(a), The Small

Business Tax Revision Act of 1958, Pub. L. 85-866, 72 Stat. 1606,

1676, that provided a deduction for an additional first-year

depreciation.    There was a $10,000 ($20,000 for joint returns)

limitation on the cost of the property subject to the additional

depreciation.    That statute did not provide any limitation on

partners.    Section 179(d)(8), relating to partnership

limitations, first appeared in the Tax Reform Act of 1976, Pub.

L. 94-455, sec. 213(a), 90 Stat. 1525, 1547.    The legislative
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history provides that "with respect to a partnership, the cost of

the property on which additional first-year depreciation is

calculated for the partnership as a whole is not to exceed

$10,000."   S. Rept. 94-938, at 92 (1976), 1976-3 C.B. (Vol. 3)

49, 130.    Section 179 was amended again by the Economic Recovery

Tax Act of 1981, Pub. L. 97-34, sec. 202(a), 95 Stat. 172, to

provide for an election to expense the cost of property rather

than taking additional depreciation), and that provision did not

amend section 179(d)(8).   The committee report states:

          Similarly, the same type of dollar limitations will
     apply in the case of partnerships as currently apply under
     section 179(d)(8). Under the committee bill, as under
     section 179, both the partnership and each partner are
     subject to the annual dollar limitation. [S. Rept. 97-144,
     at 61 (1981), 1981-2 C.B. 412, 431.]

     The taxable income limitation contained in current section

179(b)(3)(A) was added by the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99-

514, sec. 202(a), 100 Stat. 2085, 2143.     While the Senate version

of the taxable income limitation of section 202(a) was limited to

taxable income of the business in which property was used, see S.

Rept. 99-313, at 106 (1986), 1986-3 C.B. (Vol. 3) v, 106),

section 179(b)(3), as enacted, applied to taxable income from any

trade or business of the taxpayer.      See H. Conf. Rept. 99-841, at

II-49 (1986), 1986-3 C.B. (Vol. 4) 1, 49; see also Staff of Joint

Comm. on Taxation, General Explanation of the Tax Reform Act of

1986 (Jt. Comm. Print 1987), at 109.     Concurrently, section

179(d)(8), pertaining to partnerships, was amended to read as it

does now by the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L.     99-514, sec.

201(d)(3), 100 Stat. 2085, 2139.
                                - 7 -

     Petitioners contend that, since for purposes of the section

179(b)(3)(A) limitation they may aggregate taxable incomes from

their different trades or businesses, they should be able to

aggregate their taxable income with the income of the partnership

under section 179(d)(8) to determine the partnership's taxable

income.   In this regard, petitioners argue that section

179(b)(3)(A) applies only to the taxable income "of the taxpayer"

derived from the trade or business "by the taxpayer".

Petitioners contend that under section 701 a partnership is not a

taxpayer; therefore, that section cannot apply to a partnership.

The taxable income limitation in section 179(b)(3)(A) is,

therefore, meaningless when applied to a partnership, and section

1.179-2(c)(2), Income Tax Regs., is accordingly invalid.

     The gravamen of petitioners' argument is that a partnership

is not a taxpayer under the definition contained in section

7701(a)(14).   It should be noted initially that this is literally

incorrect.   A taxpayer is defined as "any person subject to any

internal revenue tax."    Sec. 7701(a)(14).   In turn, a person

"shall be construed to mean and include * * * [inter alia] a

* * * partnership".   Sec. 7701(a)(1).   Under section 701 a

partnership generally is not "subject to the income tax", rather

the partners are "liable for income tax only in their separate or

individual capacities."    But, a partnership may be subject to a

variety of internal revenue taxes, including, e.g., employment

taxes under section 3111(a) (United States v. Hays, 877 F.2d 843
                                - 8 -

(10th Cir. 1989)) or other excise taxes (Young v. Riddell, 283
F.2d 909 (9th Cir. 1960)).

     Equally important, the terms such as "taxpayer" and

"partnership" have certain elastic applications within the

Internal Revenue Code.   While a partnership generally is not

subject to income taxes, concepts such as taxable income are

fully applicable.   Section 703(a) provides that with exceptions

"The taxable income of a partnership shall be computed in the

same manner as in the case of an individual".     In United States

v. Basye, 410 U.S. 441, 448 (1973), the Supreme Court noted for

the purpose of computing taxable income that "the partnership is

regarded as an independently recognizable entity apart from the

aggregate of its partners."

     There are many examples of the term "partnership" being used

in place of the word "taxpayer" or other similar designations.

Section 446(a) provides:   "Taxable income shall be computed under

the method of accounting on the basis of which the taxpayer

regularly computes his income in keeping his books."    (Emphasis

added.)   For purposes of section 446, however, the "taxpayer" is

the partnership.    See Resnik v. Commissioner, 66 T.C. 74, 80

(1976), affd. per curiam 555 F.2d 634 (7th Cir. 1977).    Section

1033(a)(2)(A) provides that "at the election of the taxpayer" a

gain may not be recognized.   (Emphasis added.)   For section 1033

purposes, when a partnership is involved, the taxpayer is the

partnership.   See Demirjian v. Commissioner, 457 F.2d 1, 5 (3d

Cir. 1972), affg. 54 T.C. 1691 (1970).   Section 183(a) (regarding
                                   - 9 -

not for profit activities) speaks in terms of "an individual or

an S corporation", but, when a partnership is involved, the so-

called for profit analysis focuses on the partnership and not the

individual.    See Fox v. Commissioner, 80 T.C. 972, 1006 (1983),

affd. without published opinion 742 F.2d 1441 (2d Cir. 1984),

affd. sub nom. Barnard v. Commissioner, 731 F.2d 230 (4th Cir.

1984).    In this regard, it should be noted that the election in

section 179(a) is phrased in terms of a "taxpayer may elect".

Surely petitioners would not contend that an election may not be

made for property in a business conducted by a partnership.      For

purposes of section 179(b)(3)(A), a partnership is a taxpayer.

     It becomes apparent then that petitioners' dissatisfaction

is not with the regulation per se, but rather with the

incorporation of the section 179(b)(3)(A) limitation in section

179(d)(8).    Thus, if we were to hold for petitioners, we would

have to read the section 179(b)(3)(A) limitation out of section

179(d)(8).    This we cannot do.    Section 179(d)(8) specifically

states:    "In the case of a partnership, the limitations of

subsection (b)" apply to the partnership and the partners.      It

does not say that only subsection (b)(1) and (2) shall apply. See

Green v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1998-356 (applying section

179(b)(3)(A) to an "S" corporation).

     At trial petitioners also seemed to argue that the term

"taxable income" as used in section 179(b)(3)(A) should be

interpreted to mean gross receipts of the trade or business

carried on as a partnership.    This argument has no basis in law.
                                 - 10 -

"'[T]axable income' means gross income minus the deductions

allowed".   Sec. 63(a).   Gross income is derived from gross

receipts less cost of goods sold.      See Beatty v. Commissioner,

106 T.C. 268, 273 (1996); sec. 1.61-3(a), Income Tax Regs.

Furthermore, as pointed out above, the determination of the

taxable income of a partnership is essentially the same as with

an individual.    Sec. 703(a).    There is no indication that in

enacting the taxable income limitation in section 179(b)(3)(A)

Congress did not understand and intend these terms to have their

settled meaning.

      In short, section 1.179-2(c)(2), Income Tax Regs., flows

directly from the requirements of section 179(b)(3)(A) and

(d)(8), is consistent with the statutes and their legislative

histories, and is valid.      Therefore, respondent's determination

on this issue is sustained.

2.   Section 6662-Penalty

      Section 6662(a) imposes a penalty with respect "to any

portion of an underpayment of tax required to be shown on a

return" which is attributable to negligence or disregard of rules

or regulations.    Sec. 6662(b)(1).    The penalty is in an amount

"equal to 20 percent of the portion of the underpayment to which

this section applies."      Sec. 6662(a).

      Petitioners claimed on Schedule C a deduction in the amount

of $17,630 as "payroll taxes".      Of that amount, $9,284 was

payment made for petitioners' 1993 Federal income tax liability.

Section 275(a)(1) provides:      "No deduction shall be allowed for *
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* * Federal income taxes".   Petitioners do not dispute that the

deduction of $9,284 is not allowable.    The deduction is clearly

prohibited by statute, and petitioner was aware that Federal

income taxes cannot be deducted.

     "Negligence is a lack of due care or the failure to do what

a reasonable and ordinarily prudent person would do under the

circumstances."   Freytag v. Commissioner, 89 T.C. 849, 887 (1987)

(quoting Marcello v. Commissioner, 380 F.2d 499, 506 (5th Cir.

1967), affg. on this issue 43 T.C. 168 (1964) and T.C. Memo.

1964-299, cert. denied 389 U.S. 1004 (1968)), affd. 904 F.2d 1011

(5th Cir. 1990), affd. on other grounds 501 U.S. 868 (1991).      The

question then is whether petitioner has established that his

conduct meets the reasonable or prudent person standard.    See

Rule 142(a); see also Freytag v. Commissioner, 89 T.C. at 887.

     Petitioner argues that the deduction was the result of a

reasonable mistake caused by an employee who erroneously posted

the amount of the check(s) to pay Federal income taxes to the

"payroll" account.   We may agree that the posting mistake of the

employee was understandable, but we have difficulty with

petitioner's explanation.    Petitioner either prepared or directly

supervised the preparation of the 1994 tax return.   He is an

accountant, and a large part of his business related to tax

matters.   The $9,284 in income taxes deducted as "payroll" taxes

constitutes approximately 17 percent of the taxable income of the

accounting practice.   Moreover, it represents 53 percent of the

deduction claimed for "payroll" taxes.   These are not
                              - 12 -

insignificant figures, and we find it hard to believe that, when

preparing or supervising the preparation of the return,

petitioner would not have questioned the deduction of this size.

This is particularly true because petitioner was aware that his

Federal income taxes had been paid from the bank account used for

the accounting practice, a practice which in and of itself is

suspect.   Either he closed his eyes to the facts, or he simply

did not properly supervise the preparation of the return.

Petitioner has not established that he was not negligent.

Therefore, respondent's determination as to the accuracy-related

penalty under section 6662(a) is sustained.

                                         Decision will be entered

                                    for respondent.