Court Opinion

ID: 9841349
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-22 05:05:36.189564+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:50:07.867485
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
               revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                        STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS

THE CADLE COMPANY,                                              UNPUBLISHED
                                                                September 21, 2023
             Plaintiff-Appellant/Cross-Appellee,

v                                                               No. 362697
                                                                Oakland Circuit Court
LAVAN HAWKINS, individually and as trustee of                   LC No. 2018-167406-CK
the LAVAN HAWKINS-PHI TRUST,

             Defendants,
and

LYNN M. HAWKINS, also known as LYNN M.
SMITH,

             Garnishee-Defendant-Appellee/Cross-
             Appellant,
and

TREMENDOUS BRANDS GROUP, LLC,

             Garnishee-Defendant-Appellee.

THE CADLE COMPANY,

             Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                               No. 363491
                                                                Oakland Circuit Court
LAVAN HAWKINS, individually and as trustee of                   LC No. 2018-167406-CK
the LAVAN HAWKINS-PHI TRUST,

             Defendants,
and

                                             -1-
LYNN M. HAWKINS, also known as LYNN M.
SMITH,

               Garnishee-Defendant-Appellant,
and

TREMENDOUS BRANDS GROUP, LLC,

               Garnishee-Defendant-Appellee.

Before: SHAPIRO, P.J., and M. J. KELLY and CAMERON, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        In these consolidated1 appeals, in Docket No. 352697, plaintiff, The Cadle Company
(“Cadle”), appeals as of right the trial court’s opinion and order denying the garnishment claims
against garnishee-defendants, Lynn M. Hawkins (“Lynn”) and Tremendous Brands Group, LLC
(“Tremendous”). On cross-appeal, Lynn argues the trial court erred in denying her motion for
attorney fees and costs under MCR 2.625. In Docket No. 363491, Lynn challenges the trial court’s
order denying Lynn’s motion to review the Clerk of Court’s (the “court clerk’s”) decision rejecting
Lynn’s bill of costs. We affirm.

                 I. BACKGROUND FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

    This case arises from a 2013 judgment entered against defendant LaVan Hawkins in Cook
County, Illinois (the “Illinois judgment”). LaVan was a successful restaurateur who owned many
restaurants in the Detroit-metro area and beyond. LaVan was Lynn’s husband. LaVan apparently
never paid his obligations under the Illinois judgment. As such, Cadle noticed the trial court of
the Illinois judgment and petitioned for entry of the Illinois judgment, which the trial court
accepted.

        To collect on the Illinois judgment, Cadle then filed writs of nonperiodic garnishment
against a number of businesses associated with LaVan, including one against Tremendous.2 Cadle
also filed periodic and nonperiodic writs of garnishment against Lynn in her personal capacity.
LaVan died at about the same time as these writs were filed.

1
 The Cadle Co v Hawkins, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered November 2, 2022
(Docket Nos. 362697 and 363491).
2
 Tremendous has not appeared in this action. It was not represented by counsel in the proceedings
below or in these appeals.

                                               -2-
        Tremendous filed a disclosure denying any liability toward LaVan. Lynn failed to respond
to the writs of garnishment and Cadle moved for a default judgment against Lynn. The trial court
granted a default judgment of the nonperiodic garnishment, but denied it as to the periodic
garnishment. Shortly thereafter, Lynn submitted two garnishee disclosures related to the periodic
and nonperiodic writs of garnishment, respectively. Her disclosures denied any liability toward
LaVan. Lynn also moved to set aside the default judgment, which the trial court granted.

        The case proceeded to a bench trial. Ahead of trial, Lynn moved for attorney fees and costs
because the garnishment action against her was frivolous. The arguments at trial largely centered
on assets held by Nathanial Jones, LaVan’s Maryland-based attorney, in an interest on lawyer trust
account (“IOLTA”). Cadle argued Lynn controlled these assets, which Lynn denied. The trial
court found Lynn was not liable in the garnishment action because she did not control LaVan’s
assets. It denied Lynn’s motion for attorney fees. Regarding Tremendous’s liability, the trial court
found that Cadle failed to initiate discovery. Therefore, the court was required to accept as true
Tremendous’s denial that it was indebted to LaVan.

        Lynn moved for clarification as to whether the trial court intended to award costs, despite
its denial of attorney fees. The trial court entered an order stating “that an award of attorney fees
is not warranted.” Lynn later filed a bill of costs. The court clerk rejected the bill of costs because
it was untimely. Lynn moved for review of this decision. The trial court denied the motion for
review.

                                       II. GARNISHMENTS

      Cadle generally argues the trial court erred in rejecting its writs of garnishment against
Tremendous and Lynn. We disagree.

                                  A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        “The circuit court’s findings of fact, if any, following a bench trial are reviewed for clear
error, while its conclusions of law are reviewed de novo.” Ladd v Motor City Plastics Co, 303
Mich App 83, 92; 842 NW2d 388 (2013). To the extent this case requires the interpretation of
statutes or court rules, this Court’s review is de novo. Id. at 96; PNC Nat’l Bank Ass’n v Dep’t of
Treasury, 285 Mich App 504, 505; 778 NW2d 282 (2009). “Our goal when interpreting and
applying statutes or court rules is to give effect to the plain meaning of the text. If the text is
unambiguous, we apply the language as written without construction or interpretation.” Ligons v
Crittenton Hosp, 490 Mich 61, 70; 803 NW2d 271 (2011).

                                   B. FOUNDATIONAL LAW

        The prevailing party in a lawsuit may utilize a garnishment to satisfy the claim. Premiere
Prop Servs, Inc v Crater, 333 Mich App 623, 632; 963 NW2d 430 (2020), quoting Ward v Detroit
Auto Inter-Ins Exch, 115 Mich App 30, 35; 320 NW2d 280 (1982). “The design of a garnishment
proceeding is to preserve a principal defendant’s assets in the control of the garnishee, i.e., one
who has property or money in his possession belonging to the defendant, so that the assets may
later be accessible to satisfy a judgment against the principal defendant.” Id.

                                                 -3-
        Garnishment actions in Michigan are authorized by statute. Nationsbanc Mtg Corp of
Georgia v Luptak, 243 Mich App 560, 564; 625 NW2d 385 (2000). And, “[t]he court may exercise
its garnishment power only in accordance with the Michigan Court Rules.” Id. MCR 3.101
governs postjudgment garnishment actions. Id. There are two types of postjudgment garnishment
actions—periodic and nonperiodic. MCR 3.101(B)(1) and (2).

        “Periodic garnishments are garnishments of periodic payments . . . .” MCR 3.101(B)(1).
This “includes but is not limited to, wages, salary, commissions, bonuses, and other income paid
to the defendant during the period of the writ; land contract payments; rent; and other periodic debt
or contract payments.” MCR 3.101(A)(4). “Nonperiodic garnishments are garnishments of
property or obligations other than periodic payments.” MCR 3.101(B)(2).

       Relevant here, a garnishee is liable to pay a plaintiff for:

              (a) all tangible or intangible property belonging to the defendant in the
       garnishee’s possession or control when the writ is served on the garnishee, unless
       the property is represented by a negotiable document of title held by a bona fide
       purchaser for value other than the defendant;

                                              * * *

              (d) all debts, whether or not due, owing by the garnishee to the defendant
       when the writ is served on the garnishee, except for debts evidenced by negotiable
       instruments or representing the earnings of the defendant;

                                              * * *

              (f) the portion of the defendant’s earnings that are not protected from
       garnishment by law (see, e.g., 15 USC 1673) as provided in subrule (B);

                                              * * *

               (h) all tangible or intangible property of the defendant that, when the writ is
       served on the garnishee, the garnishee holds by conveyance, transfer, or title that is
       void as to creditors of the defendant, whether or not the defendant could maintain
       an action against the garnishee to recover the property; and

              (i) the value of all tangible or intangible property of the defendant that,
       before the writ is served on the garnishee, the garnishee received or held by
       conveyance, transfer, or title that was void as to creditors of the defendant, but that
       the garnishee no longer held at the time the writ was served, whether or not the
       defendant could maintain an action against the garnishee for the value of the
       property. [MCR 3.101(G).]

                                                 -4-
       Further,

                Any person summoned as a garnishee or any officer, agent, or other person
       who appears and answers for a corporation summoned as a garnishee, who
       knowingly and wilfully answers falsely upon his disclosure or examination on oath
       is liable to the plaintiff in garnishment . . . to pay out of his own goods and estate
       the full amount due on the judgment recovered with interest, to be recovered in a
       civil action. [MCL 600.4051.]

        Under MCR 3.101(M), “[i]f there is a dispute regarding the garnishee’s liability . . . the
issue shall be tried in the same manner as other civil actions.”

               (2) The verified statement acts as the plaintiff’s complaint against the
       garnishee, and the disclosure serves as the answer. The facts stated in the disclosure
       must be accepted as true unless the plaintiff has served interrogatories or noticed a
       deposition within the time allowed by subrule (L)(1)[3] or another party has filed a
       pleading or motion denying the accuracy of the disclosure. Except as the facts
       stated in the verified statement are admitted by the disclosure, they are denied.
       Admissions have the effect of admissions in responsive pleadings. The defendant
       and other claimants added under subrule (L)(2) may plead their claims and defenses
       as in other civil actions. The garnishee’s liability to the plaintiff shall be tried on
       the issues thus framed.

                                               * * *

              (5) On the trial of the garnishee’s liability, the plaintiff may offer the record
       of the garnishment proceeding and other evidence. The garnishee may offer
       evidence not controverting the disclosure, or in the discretion of the court, may
       show error or mistakes in the disclosure. [MCR 3.101(M) (footnote added).]

       If a court finds that a garnishee is liable to a defendant,

               Judgment may be entered against the garnishee for the payment of money
       or the delivery of specific property as the facts warrant. A money judgment against
       the garnishee may not be entered in an amount greater than the amount of the unpaid
       judgment, interest, and costs as stated in the verified statement requesting the writ
       of garnishment. Judgment for specific property may be enforced only to the extent
       necessary to satisfy the judgment against the defendant. [MCR 3.101(O)(1).]

        In the analysis below, we explain why the trial court did not err in rejecting the claims
against Tremendous and Lynn.

3
  MCR 3.101(L)(1) states: “Within 14 days after service of the disclosure, the plaintiff may serve
the garnishee with written interrogatories or notice the deposition of the garnishee. The answers
to the interrogatories or the deposition testimony becomes part of the disclosure.”

                                                 -5-
                                C. TREMENDOUS’S LIABILITY

        The trial court determined Tremendous was not liable because Cadle failed to timely serve
interrogatories or notices of deposition within 14 days. Under the court rules, the trial court was
required to accept as true Tremendous’s denial of liability. On appeal, Cadle challenges this
determination, pointing to Tremendous’s failure to timely file its disclosure. Cadle believes that
Tremendous’s failure to timely file its disclosure is dispositive to the question of whether the trial
court was required to accept as true Tremendous’s denial of liability.

        Under MCR 3.101(H), “[t]he garnishee shall file with the court and deliver to the plaintiff
and defendant, a verified disclosure within 14 days after being served with the writ.” Tremendous
received the writ of garnishment on March 21, 2019, and it filed the disclosure on April 9, 2019.
By filing the disclosure on April 9, 2019, Tremendous’s disclosure was untimely.

        Under MCR 3.101(S)(1)(a), “[i]f the garnishee fails to disclose or do a required act within
the time limit imposed, a default may be taken as in other civil actions.” In other words, Cadle’s
remedy to Tremendous’s failure to timely file its disclosure was to seek a default judgment against
Tremendous. Cadle never sought a default judgment against Tremendous. As a result, the fact
that the disclosure was filed late was a nonissue, and the trial court was required to accept it as if
it were timely.

        The court rules require that the facts asserted in a disclosure must be accepted as true
“unless the plaintiff has served interrogatories or noticed a deposition” within 14 days from the
filing of the disclosure. MCR 3.101(M)(2). Cadle never served Tremendous interrogatories, or
noticed a deposition to Tremendous. Thus, the trial court was required to accept as true
Tremendous’s assertion it was not indebted to LaVan. MCR 3.101(M)(2). Because Tremendous
was not indebted to LaVan, there was no basis for the writ of garnishment. The trial court,
therefore, correctly denied the garnishment against Tremendous.

        On appeal, Cadle notes its initiation of discovery against Lynn in the garnishments against
her personally. Cadle argues that because Lynn signed Tremendous’s disclosure statement, that
the discovery initiated in the garnishments against Lynn is somehow relevant to garnishment
against Tremendous. But, Tremendous was a limited liability company (“LLC”), and its identity
was distinct from that of its corporate representatives. See Hills & Dales Gen Hosp v Pantig, 295
Mich App 14, 20; 812 NW2d 793 (2011) (“A corporation is its own ‘person’ under Michigan law,
an entity distinct and separate from its owners . . . .”). To conform with the court rule, Cadle
needed to initiate discovery against Tremendous, LLC, not against Tremendous’s corporate
representatives. Thus, the initiation of discovery against Lynn in her personal capacity is not
relevant to the issue of discovery against Tremendous.

                            D. LYNN – PERIODIC GARNISHMENT

       Cadle next challenges the denial of the periodic garnishment against Lynn. Lynn’s
disclosure regarding the periodic garnishment denied liability because LaVan was “not employed”
and there was “no money owed to [LaVan].” The trial court agreed and denied Cadle’s periodic
garnishment because “LaVan was not an employee of [Lynn] and there is no evidence that [Lynn]

                                                 -6-
made periodic payments to LaVan such that liability could be found on the basis of the periodic
garnishment disclosure.”

       Again, “[p]eriodic garnishments are garnishments of periodic payments . . . .” MCR
3.101(B)(1). There is nothing in the record showing Lynn made periodic payments to LaVan that
would entitle Cadle to a periodic garnishment. Thus, the trial court did not err in denying Cadle’s
demand for a periodic garnishment.

                         E. LYNN – NONPERIODIC GARNISHMENT

       The next issue is whether the trial court erred in denying the nonperiodic writ of
garnishment. Again, garnishees are liable for “all tangible or intangible property belonging to the
defendant in the garnishee’s possession or control when the writ is served on the garnishee . . . .”
MCR 3.101(G)(1)(a). Whether Lynn had possession or control of LaVan’s assets in the IOLTA
was the central issue regarding the nonperiodic writ. To that end, the trial court found “that [the]
IOLTA account [sic] contained LaVan’s money, but also contained money that did not belong to
LaVan.” It further found,

       [T]hat [Lynn] did not have “on-demand” access to the funds as Cadle contends.
       Here, the Court finds [Lynn’s] testimony credible and she testified that she had to
       ask [attorney] Jones for the funds. [Attorney] Jones then decided whether to
       provide [Lynn] with the funds or not. Therefore, the Court finds that [Lynn] did
       not have control of LaVan’s property. [Attorney] Jones appeared to have control
       over the property. The Court further finds [Lynn’s] testimony that she did not know
       that the IOLTA account [sic] contained LaVan’s property to be believable.
       Accordingly, the Court hereby finds that [Lynn] did not “knowingly and willingly”
       answer the disclosure statement falsely for the non-periodic writ when [Lynn]
       stated she did not possess or control LaVan’s property. Thus, under MCL
       600.4051, [Lynn] is not liable to Cadle for the amount due on Plaintiff’s judgment
       against LaVan.

       On appeal, Cadle attacks these factual findings. We find Cadle’s arguments unpersuasive.

                                1. FINANCIAL CONNECTION

        Cadle first challenges the trial court’s conclusion that Lynn did not answer falsely the
disclosure statements. Lynn’s disclosure statement in the nonperiodic garnishment checked the
box indicating: “The garnishee is not indebted to the defendant for any amount and does not
possess or control the defendant’s property.” This statement did not falsely disclaim any financial
connection to the defendant. There was clearly some financial connection between Lynn and
LaVan because Lynn testified that LaVan “set up” monetary transfers from attorney Jones’s
IOLTA to her personal account. But, these transfers do not indicate Lynn was indebted to LaVan.
If that were the case, then the monetary transfers would have been made from Lynn’s account to
LaVan’s, not the other way around. Similarly, the transfers do not show Lynn necessarily
possessed or controlled the funds held in attorney Jones’s IOLTA. As Lynn testified, she contacted
attorney Jones when she needed disbursements from the IOLTA. Cadle views this testimony as
indicating Lynn’s “control” over the IOLTA funds, but this testimony could also indicate it was

                                                -7-
attorney Jones who controlled the IOLTA funds. The latter conclusion is entirely reasonable
considering it is undisputed the IOLTA belonged to attorney Jones, not Lynn. As such, there is
no clear error in the trial court’s finding that Lynn did not falsely claim she did not possess or
control LaVan’s property.

                                  2. FUNDS HELD IN IOLTA

        Cadle next argues that the trial court erroneously found the funds held in attorney Jones’s
IOLTA belonged to LaVan and others. According to Cadle, “[t]here simply was no basis for the
Trial Court to conclude that the subject IOLTA contained money belonging to anyone other than
[LaVan].” Contrary to this assertion, there was evidence admitted at trial showing significant
deposits into attorney Jones’s IOLTA, but the source of those deposits was, at best, unclear. For
example, a representative from Cadle testified that LaVan deposited $600,000 in attorney Jones’s
IOLTA after selling a portion of his interest in Tremendous, suggesting the funds in the IOLTA
belonged to LaVan. However, Lynn said that Tremendous’s investors became angry when they
learned “they were the only ones who put any money” into Tremendous, which suggests the money
deposited into the IOLTA belonged to these investors. Further, the Cadle representative reported
that over the course of several months, from April 2019 to October 2019, the IOLTA funds were
dispersed to various persons associated with Tremendous. The funds were almost completely
depleted, but in October 2019, “there was $50 coming from somewhere. It’s from account 2696,
which is another one of [attorney] Jones’s accounts.” The Cadle representative never clarified the
source of the $50.

        As noted, we review the trial court’s factual findings for clear error. Ladd, 303 Mich App
at 92. Although there was evidence showing significant deposits into attorney Jones’s IOLTA, the
evidence did not conclusively establish the source, i.e. owner, of the funds. As such, there is no
clear error in the trial court’s determination the IOLTA funds belonged to LaVan and others.

                                   3. LYNN’S CREDIBILITY

         Cadle contends that the trial court erred in finding Lynn’s testimony credible. It argues ad
nauseum that Lynn’s testimony was inconsistent. “When reviewing the trial court’s findings of
fact, this Court defers to the trial court on issues of credibility.” Mogle v Scriver, 241 Mich App
192, 201; 614 NW2d 696 (2000). Although Cadle points to numerous alleged irregularities in
Lynn’s testimony, Cadle provides no legal argument why this Court should not defer to the trial
court’s determination that Lynn’s testimony was credible. As such, Cadle’s challenge to Lynn’s
credibility is meritless.

                                III. ADMISSION OF EVIDENCE

      Cadle challenges the trial court’s admission of evidence, stating the evidence offered by
Lynn and admitted by the trial court contravened MCR 3.101(M)(5). We disagree.

                                  A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

      Evidentiary rulings are reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Szymanski v Brown, 221 Mich
App 423, 435; 562 NW2d 212 (1997). “[A]n abuse of discretion occurs only when the trial court’s

                                                -8-
decision is outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes.” Shawl v Spence Bros, Inc,
280 Mich App 213, 220-221; 760 NW2d 674 (2008).

                                    B. LAW AND ANALYSIS

        Again, “[o]n the trial of the garnishee’s liability, the plaintiff may offer the record of the
garnishment proceeding and other evidence. The garnishee may offer evidence not controverting
the disclosure, or in the discretion of the court, may show error or mistakes in the disclosure.”
MCR 3.101(M)(5). According to Cadle, the trial court admitted evidence from Lynn that
contravened this rule.

         Cadle’s argument in support of its challenge to the admission of evidence under this court
rule is extremely difficult to follow. Cadle cites to several items of evidence offered by Lynn and
admitted at trial. It then provides a long and tortured explanation of inconsistencies in certain
evidence. These asserted conflicts provide no explanation why the admission of the cited evidence
did not comport with MCR 3.101(M)(5) or why the trial court erred when it admitted the evidence.
“A party may not simply announce a position and leave it to this Court to make the party’s
arguments and search for authority to support the party’s position. Failure to adequately brief an
issue constitutes abandonment.” Seifeddine v Jaber, 327 Mich App 514, 519-520; 934 NW2d 64
(2019) (citations omitted). This issue is abandoned because Cadle fails to offer any substantive
explanation why the cited evidence was inadmissible under MCR 3.101(M)(5). Its explanation of
the conflicts in testimony is irrelevant to the issue of admissibility under MCR 3.101(M)(5) and
only confuses the issue.

        It is also notable that Cadle cites to LaVan’s earlier perjury conviction in the federal court
as evidence of an abuse of discretion. A defendant’s earlier conviction in a completely unrelated
case is irrelevant to the question of the admissibility of evidence in a garnishment action—in
particular where the issue in the garnishment action involves the garnishee, not the defendant.
Again, the issue here is whether the garnishee’s evidence controverted the disclosure, or showed
an error or mistake in the disclosure. MCR 3.101(M)(5). LaVan’s perjury conviction is simply
not relevant to that question.

                                   IV. DEFAULT JUDGMENT

      Cadle contends the trial court erred when it granted Lynn’s motion to set aside the default
judgment. We disagree.

                                  A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        This Court reviews for an abuse of discretion the trial court’s decision on a motion to set
aside a default judgment. Brooks Williamson & Assoc, Inc v Mayflower Constr Co, 308 Mich App
18, 24; 863 NW2d 333 (2014). Again, “an abuse of discretion occurs only when the trial court’s
decision is outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes.” Shawl, 280 Mich App at
220-221.

                                                 -9-
                                   B. LAW AND ANALYSIS

       MCL 600.4012(10)(b) states, in part:

              On motion of the garnishee filed within 21 days after entry of a default
       judgment under subsection (9), the court shall do 1 or more of the following, as
       applicable:

             (b) If any of the following circumstances exist, set aside the default
       judgment:

                                              * * *

               (ii) The garnishment, notice of failure, request for entry of a default, or
       request for default judgment was not properly served or sent as required by this
       section.

               Under MCR 2.105:

              (A) Individuals. Process may be served on a resident or nonresident
       individual by

              (1) delivering a summons and a copy of the complaint to the defendant
       personally; or

               (2) sending a summons and a copy of the complaint by registered or certified
       mail, return receipt requested, and delivery restricted to the addressee. Service is
       made when the defendant acknowledges receipt of the mail. A copy of the return
       receipt signed by the defendant must be attached to proof showing service under
       subrule (A)(2).

        Lynn attached an affidavit in support of the motion to set aside the default judgment. Her
affidavit stated:

       I never received personal service of the subject Writs of Garnishment to me as the
       Garnishee or service by certified mail as required by law. However, I do believe
       that I received the Writs of Garnishment by First Class Mail, via the US Postal
       Service, on or about April 5, 2019, which is the day before the date of my husband’s
       death.

Also attached to the motion to set aside the default judgment was documentation showing service
of the nonperiodic writ of garnishment via first-class mail. Another attachment included an earlier
order by the trial court regarding alternate service in the collection action against LaVan. The
order regarding alternate service pertained to “LaVan Hawkins, LaVan Hawkins, Trustee of the
LaVan Hawkins Trust – PHI.” There was no commensurate order allowing alternate service of
Lynn.

                                               -10-
         To properly serve Lynn the garnishment documents, Cadle should have either served them
personally, or by registered or certified mail. MCR 2.105(A). Because Cadle failed to do this,
Lynn was improperly served the writs of garnishment. Again, MCL 600.4012(10)(b) states that a
court “shall” set aside a default judgment if it is shown a party was improperly served. “The term
‘shall’ is mandatory.” Ellison v Dep’t of State, 320 Mich App 169, 180; 906 NW2d 221 (2017)
(citation omitted). Thus, the trial court had no discretion and was required to set aside the default
judgment.

                                         V. SANCTIONS

        On cross-appeal in Docket No. 362697, Lynn raises three challenges to the trial court’s
denial of her pursuit of sanctions, which included attorney fees and costs. In Docket No. 363491,
Lynn argues that the trial court erred in upholding the court clerk’s denial of her bill of costs. We
disagree with each of these arguments.

                                  A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       This Court reviews for an abuse of discretion a trial court’s decision on an award of
sanctions. Windemere Commons I Ass’n v O’Brien, 269 Mich App 681, 682; 713 NW2d 814
(2006). “[A]n abuse of discretion occurs only when the trial court’s decision is outside the range
of reasonable and principled outcomes.” Shawl, 280 Mich App at 220-221. “An error of law
necessarily constitutes an abuse of discretion.” Denton v Dep’t Of Treasury, 317 Mich App 303,
314; 894 NW2d 694 (2016). The trial court’s factual findings are reviewed for clear error. Shahid
v Dep’t of Health & Human Servs, 333 Mich App 267, 272; 963 NW2d 638 (2020).

        This issue also involves the interpretation of statutes and court rules. As noted above, this
Court conducts a de novo review of these issues. Ladd, 303 Mich App at 92. “Our goal when
interpreting and applying statutes or court rules is to give effect to the plain meaning of the text.
If the text is unambiguous, we apply the language as written without construction or
interpretation.” Ligons, 490 Mich at 70.

                  B. SANCTIONS UNDER MCR 2.625(A)(2), MCL 600.2591

       Lynn first contends the trial court abused its discretion when it denied attorney fees and
costs on the basis of its conclusion that Cadle’s garnishment action was not frivolous under MCR
2.625(A)(2) and MCL 600.2591. MCR 2.625(A)(2) states: “In an action filed on or after October
1, 1986, if the court finds on motion of a party that an action or defense was frivolous, costs shall
be awarded as provided by MCL 600.2591.” And, MCL 600.2591 provides, in part:

                (1) Upon motion of any party, if a court finds that a civil action or defense
       to a civil action was frivolous, the court that conducts the civil action shall award
       to the prevailing party the costs and fees incurred by that party in connection with
       the civil action by assessing the costs and fees against the nonprevailing party and
       their attorney.

                                              * * *

                                                -11-
                  (3) As used in this section:

                  (a) “Frivolous” means that at least 1 of the following conditions is met:

                  (i) The party’s primary purpose in initiating the action or asserting the
           defense was to harass, embarrass, or injure the prevailing party.

                   (ii) The party had no reasonable basis to believe that the facts underlying
           that party’s legal position were in fact true.

                  (iii) The party’s legal position was devoid of arguable legal merit.

         These authorities “not only authorize but require a court to sanction an attorney or party
that files a frivolous action or defense.” Meisner Law Group PC v Weston Downs Condo Ass’n,
321 Mich App 702, 731; 909 NW2d 890 (2017). “The purpose of imposing sanctions for asserting
frivolous claims is to deter parties and attorneys from filing documents or asserting claims and
defenses that have not been sufficiently investigated and researched or that are intended to serve
an improper purpose.” BJ’s & Sons Constr Co, Inc v Van Sickle, 266 Mich App 400, 405; 700
NW2d 432 (2005) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

        “To determine whether sanctions are appropriate under MCL 600.2591, it is necessary to
evaluate the claims or defenses at issue at the time they were made, and the factual determination
by the trial court depends on the particular facts and circumstances of the claim involved.” DC
Mex Holdings LLC v Affordable Land LLC, 320 Mich App 528, 548; 907 NW2d 611 (2017)
(quotation marks, alterations, and citation omitted). “Not every error in legal analysis constitutes
a frivolous position.” Kitchen v Kitchen, 465 Mich 654, 663; 641 NW2d 245 (2002). Simply
because “a legal position asserted by a party should be rejected does not mean that the party was
acting frivolously in advocating its position.” Id.

           The trial court found no grounds under MCL 600.2591(3)(a) in which to impose sanctions,
stating:

           Cadle had evidence sufficient to justify taking the claim to trial. Finally, although
           the Court has ultimately ruled against Cadle, the evidence does not compel a finding
           that the primary purpose of the action was harassment or injury, that Cadle lacked
           a reasonable basis for believing its claim, or that is [sic] position was devoid of
           arguable legal merit. Accordingly, [Lynn’s] request for attorney fees is DENIED.

       On cross-appeal, Lynn argues the trial court abused its discretion in denying the motion for
sanctions because Cadle’s pursuit of the garnishment action was indeed frivolous. She cites to
numerous examples in the record which she believes demonstrate the factors under MCL
600.2591(3)(a).

                                                   -12-
        Again, this Court is required to look at claims at the time they were made. DC Mex
Holdings LLC, 320 Mich App at 548. Many of Lynn’s record cites are from facts learned after the
claim was filed. Because some of these facts were learned after Cadle filed the case, they are
irrelevant to the question of whether the claim was frivolous under MCL 600.2591(3).

       At any rate, there is no error in the trial court’s findings. For instance, there was not
conclusive evidence that Cadle’s primary purpose was harassment, embarrassment, or injury under
MCL 600.2591(3)(a)(i). While there was a suggestion in the lower court that Cadle had considered
pursuing a case against Lynn under the Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Organization (RICO)
Act, 18 USC 1961 et seq., that does not mean Cadle’s actions were solely for that purpose.

         There is also no merit to Lynn’s belief that Cadle lacked a reasonable basis for its
garnishment actions against her. At the time these garnishment actions were initiated, LaVan was
still alive, the Illinois judgment was valid, and it was unclear Lynn’s involvement in LaVan’s
finances such that Lynn would be liable as a garnishee to LaVan. Thus, there is no clear error in
the finding that Cadle did not lack a reasonable basis for pursuing the garnishment action against
Lynn.

        Finally, Cadle’s position, although ultimately rejected by the trial court, was not necessarily
devoid of legal merit. Publicly-available information suggested that LaVan had become extremely
wealthy through his business dealings. Lynn, as LaVan’s wife, may have had access to this wealth.
There was also some evidence Lynn was involved in LaVan’s business dealings—for example,
she was the registered agent for Tremendous. Again, “[t]he design of a garnishment proceeding
is to preserve a principal defendant’s assets in the control of the garnishee . . . .” Premiere Prop
Servs, Inc, 333 Mich App at 632. Because Lynn appeared to have some access to LaVan’s assets,
it stands to reason that Lynn might have some control over the assets. Accordingly, there is no
clear error in the trial court’s finding Cadle’s pursuit of the garnishment was devoid of legal merit.

                  C. ATTORNEY FEES AND COSTS UNDER MCR 2.625(E)

        Lynn’s other argument on cross-appeal is that the trial court erred in failing to address her
request for attorney fees and costs under MCR 2.625(E). Lynn takes issue with the fact that the
trial court did not explicitly address her request for attorney fees and costs under MCR 2.625(E).
She apparently believes the trial court was required under this court rule to set forth its reasoning
and the failure to do so constituted an abuse of discretion. Lynn misunderstands MCR 2.625.

       To resolve this issue, we must consider MCR 2.625(A) and MCR 2.625(E) together. MCR
2.625(A) states:

       (1) In General. Costs will be allowed to the prevailing party in an action, unless
       prohibited by statute or by these rules or unless the court directs otherwise, for
       reasons stated in writing and filed in the action.

                                                 -13-
       (2) Frivolous Claims and Defenses. In an action filed on or after October 1, 1986,
       if the court finds on motion of a party that an action or defense was frivolous, costs
       shall be awarded as provided by MCL 600.2591.

       And, MCR 2.625(E) states in relevant part:

       Costs in garnishment proceedings to resolve the dispute between a plaintiff and a
       garnishee regarding the garnishee’s liability are allowed as in civil actions. Costs
       may be awarded to the garnishee defendant as follows:

                                              * * *

               (2) The court may award the garnishee defendant, against the plaintiff, the
       total costs of the garnishee defendant’s defense, including all necessary expenses
       and reasonable attorney fees, if the issue of the garnishee defendant’s liability to
       the principal defendant is tried and

              (a) the garnishee defendant is held liable in a sum no greater than that
       admitted in disclosure, or

            (b) the plaintiff fails to recover judgment against the principal defendant.
       [MCR 2.625(E)(2).]

        MCR 2.625(A) operates as a “permission slip” which allows a prevailing party in a civil
action to tax costs, and sometimes attorney fees. Indeed, this “court rule presumes that the
prevailing party may tax its costs unless a statute, other court rule, or the presiding judge has
ordered otherwise.” Patel v Patel, 324 Mich App 631, 640; 922 NW2d 647 (2018). But, if the
court finds the opposing party’s action frivolous, the court must award attorney fees and costs.
MCL 600.2591(1). By contrast, MCR 2.625(E) instructs the amount of attorney fees and costs
compensable to the prevailing party in a garnishment action. In other words, MCR 2.625(E) does
not determine whether attorney fees and costs were permissible. Rather, it serves as a means to
calculate the amount of attorney fees and costs.

         Here, the trial court found attorney fees were not compensable. Thus, there was no need
for it to explain its reasoning as the amount of attorney fees under MCR 2.625(E) because Lynn
lacked the “permission slip” to seek attorney fees under MCR 2.625(A). Similarly, the trial court
did not need to explain that costs were allowable because it is presumed Lynn, as the prevailing
party, may tax costs. Patel, 324 Mich App at 640. Thus, the trial court was not required to explain
its decision.

                                       D. BILL OF COSTS

        In Docket No. 363491, Lynn argues the trial court misapplied the relevant court rules. She
also claims that the trial court erred in finding the bill of costs was not verified. For the reasons
discussed below, we affirm the trial court’s denial of Lynn’s motion to review the decision by the
court clerk.

                                                -14-
                                          1. TIMELINESS

        The trial court’s August 4, 2022 order which denied Lynn’s motion for attorney fees did
not specifically address whether Lynn was entitled to costs. Lynn moved for clarification, noting
that the trial court did not address whether attorney fees were compensable under MCR 2.625(E).
The trial court denied the motion for clarification, stating attorney fees were not compensable.
Lynn filed a bill of costs on September 8, 2022. The court clerk denied Lynn’s bill of costs because
“[t]he costs were not presented to the clerk within 28 days after the judgment was signed as
required by MCR 2.625(F)(2).” Lynn sought review of this decision to the trial court and the trial
court upheld the court clerk’s decision stating in part: “The Costs were not presented to the Clerk
of the Court within 28 [sic] after the judgment was signed as required by MCR 2.625(F)(4) . . . .”

         Lynn now asks this Court to review the trial court’s decision to uphold the court clerk’s
findings of timeliness under MCR 2.625(F). The trial court plainly erred as to its conclusion that
“[t]he Costs were not presented to the Clerk of the Court within 28 [sic] after the judgment was
signed as required by MCR 2.625(F)(4) . . . .” MCR 2.625(F)(4) concerns the date on which an
affected party challenges the clerk’s decision. In stating that Lynn failed to present the bill of costs
within “28” after the judgment was signed it seems the trial court conflated the requirements of
subsection (F)(2) with subsection (F)(4). Normally, this error would require this Court to remand
this issue to the trial court for a determination as to whether Lynn complied with the requirements
of MCR 2.625(F)(2) and (4). But, as discussed in the next section, Lynn’s bill of costs was
nevertheless deficient and the trial court did not err in rejecting it.

                                        2. VERIFICATION

        Lynn next challenges the trial court’s finding that: “[T]he bill of costs was not verified as
required by MCR 2.625(F)(2(a) [sic] and MCR 2.625(G)(2).” Lynn’s bill of costs provided, in
part: “The items charged in this bill are correct and were necessarily incurred in this action. The
services for which fees are charged were actually performed.” The bill of costs was signed by
Lynn’s attorney.

         However, Lynn’s bill of costs failed to include a verification. Lynn acknowledges this
issue, stating the lack of verification is a “relatively minor procedural defect,” and the trial court
nevertheless erred in failing to affirm her bill of costs. She cites to this Court’s decision in
Kostreva v Kostreva, 337 Mich App 648; 976 NW2d 889 (2021), for this proposition. At issue in
Kostreva was a plaintiff’s emergency motion to travel with the parties’ minor child to Poland. Id.
at 659-660. The trial court granted the motion even though the plaintiff failed to attach a
verification as required by the relevant court rule. Id. at 660. We affirmed the trial court’s order
stating that sometimes courts are presented with “a bona fide emergency compelling the court to
issue an order without waiting for normal adversarial processes to play themselves out . . . .” Id.
at 665. Thus, “sound procedure often requires discretion to exact or excuse compliance with strict
rules . . . .” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted).

        Lynn now asks this Court to take the same path as Kostreva and conclude that the lack of
a verification was relatively minor, and the requirement that the bill of costs include a verification
may be overlooked in this instance. However, this case is distinguishable from Kostreva. Kostreva
involved a “bona fide emergency”—something not found in this case. As noted, this Court’s “goal

                                                 -15-
when interpreting and applying statutes or court rules is to give effect to the plain meaning of the
text. If the text is unambiguous, we apply the language as written without construction or
interpretation.” Ligons, 490 Mich at 70. In this instance, the plain language of the court rules
requires a party to attach a verification to the bill of costs. Thus, the trial court did not err in
concluding Lynn’s bill of costs was not actionable for failure to include a verification.

       Affirmed.

                                                             /s/ Douglas B. Shapiro
                                                             /s/ Michael J. Kelly
                                                             /s/ Thomas C. Cameron

                                               -16-