Court Opinion

ID: 805128
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2012-07-24 20:22:59+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:00:14.628085
License: Public Domain

FILED
                            NOT FOR PUBLICATION                             JUL 24 2012

                                                                        MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       U .S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS

                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

GEORGE MUNYAGA NYAMU,                            No. 08-75169

              Petitioner,                        Agency No. A099-358-798

  v.
                                                 MEMORANDUM *
ERIC H. HOLDER, Jr., Attorney General,

              Respondent.

                     On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals

                        Argued and Submitted July 10, 2012
                               Seattle, Washington

Before: SCHROEDER, REINHARDT, and M. SMITH, Circuit Judges.

       Petitioner George Nyamu, a native and citizen of Kenya, petitions for review

of those portions of the final order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA)

denying his application for asylum and withholding of removal. Specifically,

Nyamu challenges three of the BIA’s holdings: (1) that the past harms that Nyamu

suffered did not constitute “persecution” within the meaning of 8 U.S.C.

        *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
§ 1101(a)(42)(A); (2) that, even if he had suffered persecution, it was not “on

account of” his political opinion; and (3) that he was capable of safely relocating

within Kenya. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252, and we grant the

petition for review and remand to the BIA for further proceedings.1

      The BIA assumed, without deciding, that Nyamu was credible. On this

appeal, we likewise assume, but do not determine, Nyamu’s credibility. Navas v.

INS, 217 F.3d 646, 657 (9th Cir. 2000).

      We address first the BIA’s holding regarding the existence of persecution.

The BIA fails to take into account the multiple death threats that Nyamu received.

This itself warrants reversal. Yeghiazarian v. Gonzales, 439 F.3d 994, 1000 (9th

Cir. 2006) (due process requires that the BIA “review all relevant evidence

submitted on appeal”). Taking these threats into account, in addition to the other

harms Nyamu suffered, we conclude that the BIA’s finding regarding persecution

is unsupported by substantial evidence. The harms Nyamu suffered, including

death threats, being held up at gunpoint, having his hands tied, and being rendered

unconscious, were sufficiently serious to constitute persecution. See Quan v.

      1
        Nyamu’s briefs raise no arguments regarding the BIA’s denial of his
application for relief under the Convention Against Torture (CAT). We therefore
deny his petition for review of the BIA’s order denying his CAT claims. See
Martinez-Serrano v. INS, 94 F.3d 1256, 1259-60 (9th Cir. 1996) .

                                          2
Gonzales, 428 F.3d 883, 888 (9th Cir. 2005); Ventura v. INS, 264 F.3d 1150, 1154

(9th Cir. 2001), rev’d on other grounds, 537 U.S. 12 (2002).

      The BIA also erred in finding that Nyamu had not established that the

persecution he suffered was “on account of” his political opinion. Nyamu’s

preaching and advocacy regarding the pollution caused by businesses in his region

of Kenya clearly constituted a political opinion. See Ahmed v. Keisler, 504 F.3d

1183, 1192 (9th Cir. 2007) (political opinion “encompasses more than electoral

politics or formal political ideology or action”). The BIA contends that Nyamu

cannot establish a nexus to his political opinion because his persecutors may not

have been motivated by their own political opinions. It suggests that Nyamu’s

persecutors perceived his political opinions as threatening to their financial

interests. This misapprehends the showing required to establish a nexus to a

protected ground. The nexus requirement focuses on the actual or imputed

characteristic of the victim that came to the persecutor’s attention. It does not

examine why the persecutor has chosen to target individuals with that particular

characteristic. See INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 482 (1992) (“The ordinary

meaning of the phrase ‘persecution on account of . . . political opinion’ in

§ 101(a)(42) is persecution on account of the victim’s political opinion, not the

persecutor’s.”); Pitcherskaia v. INS, 118 F.3d 641, 647 (9th Cir. 1997). The “one

                                           3
central reason” standard set forth in the Real ID Act does not change this

conclusion. See, e.g., Parussimova v. Mukasey, 555 F.3d 734, 740 (9th Cir. 2009)

(using the “central reason” standard to discern among multiple characteristics of a

victim that might have come to a persecutor’s attention). Further, since the BIA

credited Nyamu’s account of who targeted him and why, its holding that he was

not persecuted “on account of” his political opinion is unsupported by substantial

evidence.

      Finally, we reverse the BIA’s finding that Nyamu is capable of safely and

reasonably relocating within Kenya. The government bears the substantial burden

of rebutting the presumption of a well-founded fear of future persecution. 8 C.F.R.

§ 1208.13(b)(1)(i)(B); see Hasan v. Ashcroft, 380 F.3d 1114, 1122 (9th Cir. 2004).

The government’s only evidence that Nyamu may safely relocate is that his family

members reside in Kenya unharmed. The government fails to cite any evidence to

suggest that Nyamu’s family members were similarly situated to him or that they

had any views whatsoever concerning pollution or the environment. See Rios v.

Ashcroft, 287 F.3d 895, 902 (9th Cir. 2002) (“We have found that a petitioner’s

family’s continued safety does not rebut the petitioner’s well-founded fear of

future persecution when there is no evidence that the family is ‘similarly situated

or subject to similar risk, and nothing in the record supports an inference that their

                                           4
safety ensures that [petitioner] will be safe.’”) (citation omitted). The government

therefore has not met its burden of proving that he may safely and reasonably

relocate within Kenya.

      Accordingly, we grant Nyamu’s petition for review of his application for

asylum. Further, because the BIA based its denial of Nyamu’s application for

withholding of removal on its conclusions regarding his asylum application, we

grant Nyamu’s petition for review of his application for withholding of removal.

We remand to the BIA for further proceedings consistent with this memorandum

disposition. See INS v. Ventura, 537 U.S. 12, 16-18 (2002) (per curiam).

      Costs are awarded to petitioner.

      PETITION FOR REVIEW GRANTED in part and REMANDED;

      DENIED in part.

                                          5