Court Opinion

ID: 9897277
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-14 19:09:35.279956+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:16:54.373771
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                         Sep 27 2023, 9:09 am

                                                                             CLERK
                                                                         Indiana Supreme Court
                                                                            Court of Appeals
                                                                              and Tax Court

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                     ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Christopher Kunz                                           Theodore E. Rokita
Marion County Public Defender                              Attorney General of Indiana
Indianapolis, Indiana
                                                           Steven J. Hosler
                                                           Deputy Attorney General
                                                           Indianapolis, Indiana

                                            IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Ricky L. Wilson,                                           September 27, 2023
Appellant-Defendant,                                       Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                           22A-CR-2837
        v.                                                 Appeal from the Marion Superior
                                                           Court
State of Indiana,                                          The Honorable Angela Dow
Appellee-Plaintiff.                                        Davis, Judge
                                                           Trial Court Cause No.
                                                           49D27-2105-F4-16332

                                 Opinion by Judge Tavitas
                            Judges Bailey and Kenworthy concur.

Tavitas, Judge.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2837 | September 27, 2023                           Page 1 of 21
      Case Summary
[1]   Ricky Wilson was convicted of criminal recklessness, a Level 5 felony; escape,

      a Level 6 felony; and possession of cocaine, a Level 6 felony. The trial court

      sentenced Wilson to four years executed and one year suspended to probation.

      Wilson appeals and claims that the State failed to present sufficient evidence to

      support his convictions and that his sentence is inappropriate. We disagree

      and, accordingly, affirm.

      Issues
[2]   Wilson presents three issues, which we restate as:

              I.       Whether the State presented evidence that Wilson was
                       subject to a home detention order and knowingly violated
                       the terms of that order sufficient to support a conviction
                       for escape.

              II.      Whether the State presented evidence that Wilson
                       constructively possessed cocaine found in Wilson’s home
                       sufficient to support his conviction for possession of
                       cocaine.

              III.     Whether Wilson’s sentence of four years executed and one
                       year suspended to probation is inappropriate in light of the
                       nature of Wilson’s offenses and Wilson’s character.

      Facts
[3]   On the evening of May 23, 2021, Neurin Barraza had a cookout in the backyard

      of her home in Indianapolis. After the cookout, at around 10:00 p.m., Barraza

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2837 | September 27, 2023        Page 2 of 21
      went back outside and saw a man, later identified as her next-door neighbor,

      Wilson, lying on the ground. Barraza asked Wilson who he was, but Wilson

      was unresponsive. When Wilson stood up, she called for her sister to bring a

      gun. Several members of Barraza’s family came outside, armed with guns.

      Wilson stated, “Don’t shoot,” and identified himself to Barraza as her

      “neighbor, Ricky.” Tr. Vol. II p. 46. Wilson held a firearm in one hand and

      his phone in the other.

[4]   Wilson claimed that he had followed someone from Wilson’s yard, through

      Barraza’s yard, and into the yard of Barraza’s neighbor on the other side.

      Barraza and her family spent several minutes attempting to find this person but

      were unsuccessful. Barraza noticed that Wilson appeared to be under the

      influence of an illicit substance and was “twe[a]king.” 1 Id. at 48. Barraza’s

      daughter observed that Wilson was wearing an ankle monitor. Barraza and her

      family then went back inside Barraza’s house, and Barraza went to sleep.

      Wilson, however, continued to search for the man he claimed had been in their

      yards.

[5]   At around 2:30 a.m., Barraza received a telephone call from Wilson, who

      informed her that people were outside both of their homes. Barraza looked

      outside and saw no one, so she went back to bed. Wilson called her again and

      said that there were twenty-five people surrounding their homes. Barraza again

      1
        “Tweak” means “[t]o behave in an agitated or compulsive manner, especially when under the influence of a
      stimulant drug.” American Heritage Dictionary, Tweak (5th ed. 2022).

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2837 | September 27, 2023                        Page 3 of 21
      looked outside and saw no one. She told Wilson that no one was outside and

      went back to bed. Later, Barraza heard what she thought was someone setting

      off fireworks outside.

[6]   Meanwhile, starting shortly before midnight, Wilson had been repeatedly

      calling 911. Ultimately, he called 911 a total of fourteen times. At first, no

      officers were dispatched due to the frequency of the calls. At 3:00 a.m. that

      morning, Wilson called 911 and stated that twenty-five people were outside his

      home attempting to set it on fire and that he had fired a shot at one of the

      people. The record does not reflect how many times the police went to

      Wilson’s home that night in response to his many calls.

[7]   Then, at around 10:00 a.m., Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department

      (“IMPD”) Officer Ryan Duell responded to yet another 911 call from Wilson,

      this time for a burglary in progress. When Officer Duell arrived at Wilson’s

      home, Wilson told him that someone was inside the garage. Officer Duell

      checked the garage but found no one there. Noting that Wilson had made

      repeated calls to 911 and made apparently unfounded claims, Officer Duell

      requested someone from IMPD’s mobile crisis team, known as “MCAT,” come

      and talk with Wilson. Tr. Vol. II p. 27. MCAT officers “respond to in-crisis

      runs where someone may be in some type of psychiatric duress and attempt to

      engage these people and get them involved in services.” Id. MCAT Detective

      Robert Robinson came to Wilson’s home to speak with him. Detective

      Robinson noted that Wilson’s speech was “rapid and pressured,” which

      indicated to him that Wilson was experiencing a type of mania caused by

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2837 | September 27, 2023   Page 4 of 21
      mental illness or drug use. Id. at 30. Detective Robinson offered to refer

      Wilson to mental health services, but Wilson declined.

[8]   While the police were still speaking with Wilson, Barraza was awakened by her

      sister yelling that someone had fired a bullet into the house. Barraza’s sister

      found a 9mm bullet lodged in a box in the laundry room. Upon further

      investigation, Barraza and her sister found a bullet hole in the wall of the

      bathroom next to the laundry room and a bullet hole in the bathroom door.

      Barraza went outside and saw a bullet hole in the exterior wall of her house on

      the side that faced Wilson’s house. Barraza approached Detective Robinson

      and informed him of the bullet hole in her wall. When Detective Robinson

      inspected the hole in Barraza’s wall, he noticed a hole in one of the windows of

      Wilson’s home on the side facing Barraza’s house.

[9]   Detective Robinson called for additional officers. When they arrived, Wilson

      permitted the police to search his house. One of the officers, Detective Romeo

      Joson, saw that Wilson was wearing an ankle monitor. Inside, the police saw a

      bullet hole in the window facing Barraza’s home. There was also a bullet

      lodged in the wall. The police also observed smoking pipes with steel wool

      filters connected to the pipes. Under the couch cushions, the police found a

      clear plastic bag containing a white crystalline substance that was later

      determined to contain cocaine. No one else was found in the home. The police

      did not locate a firearm, but when the police patted Wilson down, they found a

      spent 9mm shell casing in his pocket. The police learned that Wilson was

      serving a sentence on home detention.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2837 | September 27, 2023      Page 5 of 21
[10]   On May 27, 2021, the State charged Wilson with: Count I, possession of a

       firearm by a serious violent felon, a Level 4 felony; Count II, criminal

       recklessness, a Level 5 felony; Count III, escape, a Level 6 felony; Count IV,

       possession of cocaine, a Level 6 felony; Count V, unlawful possession of a

       firearm by a domestic batterer, a Class A misdemeanor; and Count VI,

       possession of paraphernalia, a Class C misdemeanor.

[11]   A jury trial was held on August 2, 2022. The jury found Wilson guilty of

       escape and possession of cocaine but acquitted him of possession of

       paraphernalia. The jury was unable to reach a verdict on the remaining counts.

       On October 18, 2022, Wilson entered into a plea agreement with the State in

       which he agreed to plead guilty to criminal recklessness; in exchange, the State

       dismissed the counts of unlawful possession of a firearm by a serious violent

       felon and unlawful possession of a firearm by a domestic batterer.

[12]   On October 31, 2022, the trial court sentenced Wilson on the criminal

       recklessness conviction to five years, with one year suspended to probation.

       The trial court also sentenced Wilson to concurrent one-year sentences on the

       escape and possession of cocaine convictions, both of which were suspended to

       probation. Wilson now appeals.

       Discussion and Decision
       I. Sufficient Evidence

[13]   Wilson claims that the State failed to present sufficient evidence to support his

       convictions for escape and possession of cocaine. “Claims of insufficient

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2837 | September 27, 2023     Page 6 of 21
       evidence ‘warrant a deferential standard, in which we neither reweigh the

       evidence nor judge witness credibility.’” Stubbers v. State, 190 N.E.3d 424, 429

       (Ind. Ct. App. 2022) (quoting Powell v. State, 151 N.E.3d 256, 262 (Ind. 2020)),

       trans. denied. On appeal, “[w]e consider only the evidence supporting the

       judgment and any reasonable inferences drawn from that evidence.” Id. (citing

       Powell, 151 N.E.3d at 262). “‘We will affirm a conviction if there is substantial

       evidence of probative value that would lead a reasonable trier of fact to

       conclude that the defendant was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt,’” and we

       will affirm a conviction “‘unless no reasonable fact-finder could find the

       elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. (citing Powell,

       151 N.E.3d at 262). Thus, it is not necessary that the evidence overcome every

       reasonable hypothesis of innocence; instead, the evidence is sufficient if an

       inference may reasonably be drawn from it to support the verdict. Id. (citing

       Drane v. State, 867 N.E.2d 144, 146-47 (Ind. 2007); Sutton v. State, 167 N.E.3d

       800, 801 (Ind. Ct. App. 2021)

       A. Escape

[14]   Wilson first argues that the State failed to present sufficient evidence to support

       his conviction for escape. To convict Wilson of escape as charged, the State

       was required to prove that Wilson: “knowingly or intentionally violate[d] a

       home detention order, to-wit: by possessing a firearm and/or cocaine.”

       Appellant’s App. Vol. II pp. 28-29; see also Ind. Code § 35-44.1-3-4(b) (2014)

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2837 | September 27, 2023      Page 7 of 21
       (“A person who knowingly or intentionally violates a home detention order . . .

       commits escape, a Level 6 felony.”). 2

[15]   Wilson argues that the State failed to prove that he violated a home detention

       order because “the State presented no evidence that a valid home detention

       order was ever issued against Wilson.” Appellant’s Br. p. 15. We disagree.

       Detective Joson testified that Wilson was on home detention at the time of the

       shooting and that Wilson was serving a “home detention sentence.” Tr. Vol. II

       p. 138. Detective Joson also saw that Wilson was wearing an ankle monitor.

       From this, the jury could reasonably conclude that Wilson was subject to a

       home detention order. Wilson argues, however, that this was insufficient to

       show that the home detention order was a valid home detention order.

[16]   Wilson cites Russell v. State, 189 N.E.3d 1160 (Ind. Ct. App. 2022), in support of

       his argument that the State must provide proof of a valid home detention order

       before a defendant may be convicted of escape. In Russell, the defendant had

       been convicted of theft, a Class A misdemeanor. The trial court sentenced

       Russell to one year of incarceration but allowed her to serve the sentence on

       home detention through community corrections. The State subsequently

       charged Russell with escape, a Level 6 felony, for failure to charge the battery

       on her GPS ankle bracelet. Russell moved to dismiss the charges, but the trial

       court denied her motion.

       2
           This statute has since been amended. We apply the version in effect at the time of the instant offense.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2837 | September 27, 2023                               Page 8 of 21
[17]   On appeal, another panel of this Court noted that the trial court did not

       sentence Russell to home detention as a condition of probation. Id. at 1162.

       Thus, the only way in which the trial court could have imposed home detention

       was as a direct commitment to community corrections. Id. at 1163. The

       statutes authorizing direct placement in community corrections, however, apply

       only to certain non-suspendible felony convictions. See id. (citing Ind. Code §

       35-38-2.6-1). The panel then concluded:

               Although the propriety of Russell’s underlying sentence to home
               detention is not before us, this background informs our analysis
               of the issue on appeal: whether the trial court properly refused to
               dismiss the escape charge. Because the trial court did not enter
               home detention as a condition of probation—the only means
               available for a misdemeanant like Russell—it did not issue any
               “home detention order.” Because no “home detention order”
               exists, the State had no grounds for charging Russell with Level 6
               felony escape based on her alleged violation of a “home
               detention order.” Russell therefore is entitled to dismissal of that
               charge.

       Russell, 189 N.E.3d at 1163 (footnote omitted). From this, Wilson contends

       that the State was required to prove that he was subject to a valid home

       detention order and the mere fact that he was serving a sentence on home

       detention is insufficient to prove that the order was valid. We find Russell to be

       distinguishable.

[18]   In Russell, the defendant moved to dismiss and affirmatively demonstrated that

       the home detention order she was accused of violating was improperly entered.

       On denial of her motion to dismiss, we disagreed and determined that under no

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2837 | September 27, 2023     Page 9 of 21
set of facts could Russell be guilty of violating a home detention order because

there was, in effect, no home detention order. In contrast, here Wilson did not

move to dismiss the escape charge on the basis that the home detention order

he is accused of violating was invalid or improperly entered. Instead, he

effectively admitted that he was on home detention at the time. During cross-

examination of Detective Joson, the following exchange occurred between

defense counsel and the detective:

        Q:   Okay. Additionally, you testified that Mr. Wilson was on
        home detention at the time this occurred, right?

        A.       Yes, sir.

        Q.    And, as [the prosecuting attorney] pointed out, he was
        serving a sentence, correct.

        A.       Yes, sir.

Tr. Vol. II p. 142. Defense counsel then asked questions suggesting that, if

Wilson was on home detention and monitored via GPS, then the State should

have been able to track where he had been and recovered the gun used to shoot

at Barraza’s home. Then, during Wilson’s closing argument, defense counsel

stated:

        But you have to ask yourselves, Mr. Wilson – and it’s a critical
        part of one of the counts that the State has brought against Ricky
        – and that is that he was on home detention, and he disobeyed an
        order of home detention. That is either he possessed a firearm,
        or he used -- or he had cocaine. Okay? So, we know he’s on
        home detention, right? The detective also told you what? You
        could find his whereabouts; they knew where he was. Where did

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2837 | September 27, 2023   Page 10 of 21
               he hide this gun? Why not look at his home detention data and
               say hey, did the man really leave the house? That information
               was available. You don’t have it.

       Id. at 154 (emphasis added).

[19]   Here, instead of reviewing the denial of a motion to dismiss where the

       underlying home detention order was demonstratively shown to have been

       improperly entered (as in Russell), we are reviewing the sufficiency of the

       evidence following a jury trial where the defense theory was to effectively admit

       that the defendant was on home detention as a result of a sentence.

[20]   The plain language of the escape statute requires the defendant to have

       knowingly or intentionally violated “a home detention order.” See I.C. § 35-

       44.1-3-4(b) (2014). And here, there was evidence that Wilson was on home

       detention, i.e., subject to a home detention order, at the time of the new

       offenses. Although it may have been preferable for the State to introduce the

       home detention order itself into evidence, we are unwilling to say that the

       failure to do so was fatal to the State’s case. Detective Joson’s testimony was

       sufficient to show that Wilson was on home detention, i.e., subject to a home

       detention order, at the time of the instant offenses. Wilson’s argument to the

       contrary is essentially a request that we reweigh the evidence and conclude that

       Detective Joson’s testimony was insufficient, which we will not do.

[21]   There was also sufficient evidence that Wilson violated the terms of his home

       detention order by committing a new crime. Pursuant to Indiana Code Section

       35-38-2.5-6(4), home detention orders must include “[a] requirement that the
       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2837 | September 27, 2023   Page 11 of 21
       offender is not to commit another crime during the period of home detention

       ordered by the court.”3 By committing a new crime, Wilson necessarily

       violated the terms of his home detention. The jury could reasonably infer that,

       by possessing a firearm and cocaine, Wilson knowingly violated the terms of his

       home detention.

[22]   In summary, the State presented evidence that Wilson was on home detention

       on the day in question and that Wilson committed new crimes by possessing

       cocaine and shooting at his neighbor’s home. From this, the jury could

       reasonably conclude that Wilson knowingly or intentionally violated a home

       detention order, thereby committing the crime of escape.

       B. Possession of Cocaine

[23]   Wilson also challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his conviction

       for possession of cocaine. Wilson claims that there was insufficient evidence

       that he constructively possessed the cocaine found in his house. We disagree.

[24]   Possession can be either actual or constructive. Woodward v. State, 187 N.E.3d

       311, 319 (Ind. Ct. App. 2022) (citing Gray v. State, 957 N.E.2d 171, 174 (Ind.

       2011)), reh’g denied. To prove constructive possession, the State must prove that

       3
         Indiana Code Section 35-38-2.5-6 states that its provisions apply to “[a]n order for home detention of an
       offender under section 5 of this chapter,” which governs home detention ordered as a condition of probation.
       Ind. Code § 35-38-2.5-5(a). Trial courts may also order a person to serve a sentence on home detention as a
       direct commitment to community corrections. See Ind. Code Ch. 35-38-2.6. If a trial court orders home
       detention as a direct commitment, however, such placement “must comply with all applicable provisions in .
       . . IC 35-38-2.5 [dealing with home detention].” Ind. Code § 35-38-2.6-4.5. Thus, home detention orders,
       whether entered as a condition of probation or as a direct commitment in community corrections, must
       include a requirement that the offender not commit another crime during the period of home detention.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2837 | September 27, 2023                         Page 12 of 21
       the defendant had both the intent and the capability to maintain dominion and

       control over the contraband. Id. (citing Parks v. State, 113 N.E.3d 269, 273 (Ind.

       Ct. App. 2018)). Wilson does not contest that he had the capability to maintain

       dominion and control over the cocaine. 4 Instead, he argues that the State failed

       to prove that he had the intent to maintain dominion and control over the

       cocaine.

[25]   A jury may infer that a defendant had the intent to maintain dominion and

       control over contraband from the defendant’s possessory interest in the

       premises, even when that possessory interest is not exclusive. Id. (citing Gee,

       810 N.E.2d at 341). If the defendant’s possessory interest is not exclusive,

       however, the State must support this inference with additional circumstances

       pointing to the defendant’s knowledge of the presence and the nature of the

       item. 5 Id. at 174-75.

[26]   Here, we need not consider such additional circumstances because there is no

       indication that Wilson’s possessory interest in the home was not exclusive. On

       the morning in question, Wilson was the only person in the home. The police

       4
         Rightly so. “A trier of fact may infer that a defendant had the capability to maintain dominion and control
       over contraband from the simple fact that the defendant had a possessory interest in the premises on which
       an officer found the item.” Gray v. State, 957 N.E.2d 171, 174 (Ind. 2011) (citing Gee v. State, 810 N.E.2d 338,
       340 (Ind. 2004)). This inference is allowed even if the possessory interest is not exclusive. Id. (citing Gee, 810
       N.E.2d at 341). Here, Wilson does not deny that the cocaine was found in his home.
       5
        Such circumstances include, but are not limited to: “(1) a defendant’s incriminating statements; (2) a
       defendant’s attempt to leave or making furtive gestures; (3) the location of contraband like drugs in settings
       suggesting manufacturing; (4) the item’s proximity to the defendant; (5) the location of contraband within the
       defendant’s plain view; and (6) the mingling of contraband with other items the defendant owns.” Gray, 957
       N.E.2d at 175 (citing Gee, 810 N.E.2d at 341).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2837 | September 27, 2023                              Page 13 of 21
       searched the house for other people but found no one. Wilson notes that his

       home had two bedrooms and argues from this that the State did not prove that

       his possession of the home was exclusive. The mere fact that a home has two

       bedrooms, however, does not indicate that more than one person lives in the

       home. Furthermore, there was no evidence that the other bedroom was

       occupied.

[27]   Accordingly, the State showed that Wilson was in exclusive possession of the

       home at the time the cocaine was found in his couch. This is sufficient to

       establish that Wilson had both the capability and intent to maintain dominion

       and control over the cocaine. See id.; see also Goliday v. State, 708 N.E.2d 4, 6

       (Ind. 1999) (holding that defendant’s intent to maintain dominion and control

       over illicit drugs found in a car could be inferred from his exclusive possession

       of the car in which the drugs were found even though defendant borrowed the

       car, because “the issue . . . is not ownership but possession”).

       II. Appellate Rule 7(B)

       A. State’s Argument

[28]   Before we address the merits of Wilson’s sentencing argument, we address the

       State’s claim that Wilson waived his right to challenge his sentence in his plea

       agreement.

[29]   The State correctly notes that, in Creech v. State, 887 N.E.2d 73, 75 (Ind. 2008),

       our Supreme Court held that “a defendant may waive the right to appellate

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2837 | September 27, 2023    Page 14 of 21
       review of his sentence as part of a written plea agreement.” In Creech, the

       defendant’s plea agreement included the following provision:

                I understand that I have a right to appeal my sentence if there is
                an open plea. An open plea is an agreement which leaves my
                sentence to the Judge's discretion. I hereby waive my right to
                appeal my sentence so long as the Judge sentences me within
                the terms of my plea agreement.

       Id. at 74 (emphasis added). This, the Court held, was sufficient to waive the

       defendant’s right to appeal his sentence. Id. at 76-77.

[30]   Similarly, in Davis v. State, 207 N.E.3d 1183 (Ind. 2023), reh’g pending, the

       defendant’s plea agreement stated, “The Defendant hereby waives the right to

       appeal any sentence imposed by the Court, including the right to seek

       appellate review of the sentence pursuant to Indiana Appellate Rule 7(B), so

       long as the Court sentences the defendant within the terms of this plea

       agreement.” Id. at 1185 (emphasis added). 6 The Court held that this waiver

       6
         In other cases in which we held that a plea agreement contained a valid waiver of the right to appeal, the
       waiver provision was unambiguous and explicit. See, e.g., Starcher v. State, 66 N.E.3d 621, 621 (Ind. Ct. App.
       2016) (where plea agreement provided, “[a]s a condition of entering this plea agreement, defendant
       knowingly and voluntarily agrees to waive the right to appeal the sentence on the basis that it is erroneous or
       for any other reason so long as the Judge sentences him/her within the terms of this agreement”), trans.
       denied; Westlake v. State, 987 N.E.2d 170, 174 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013) (where plea agreement stated, “you waive
       your right to have any Court review the reasonableness of the sentence, including but not limited to appeals
       under Indiana Rule of Appellate Procedure 7( [B] ), and you agree and stipulate that the sentence of the
       Court is reasonable and appropriate in light of your nature and character, and the nature and character of the
       offense”); Brown v. State, 970 N.E.2d 791, 791-92 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012) (where plea agreement provided,
       “[t]he Defendant hereby waives his right to appeal his sentence so long as the Judge sentences him within the
       terms of the plea agreement. The Defendant further agrees that any sentence within the range provided in
       the plea agreement is reasonable and appropriate, including the maximum sentence, based upon aggravating
       circumstances which are hereby stipulated”); Bowling v. State, 960 N.E.2d 837, 838 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012)
       (where the plea agreement provided, “[b]y pleading guilty you have agreed to waive your right to appeal your

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2837 | September 27, 2023                           Page 15 of 21
       was unambiguous and acted to waive the defendant’s right to appeal his

       sentence. Id. at 1186. 7

[31]   Contrariwise, in Johnson v. State, 145 N.E.3d 785, 786 (Ind. 2020), the

       defendant’s plea agreement broadly stated that “defendant waives right to

       appeal and post conviction relief.” 8 Noting that the waiver of post-conviction

       rights is unenforceable and that the waiver of the right to appeal was not

       specific regarding the right to appeal a sentence, our Supreme Court held that

       this waiver was invalid. Id. at 787. See also Williams v. State, 164 N.E.3d 724

       (per curiam) (citing Johnson and holding that provision of plea agreement

       stating that “defendant waives right to appeal” was not a valid waiver of the

       defendant’s right to appeal his sentence).

[32]   Here, Wilson’s plea agreement included a provision that stated: “It is further

       agreed that the sentence recommended and/or imposed is the appropriate

       sentence to be served pursuant to this agreement.” Appellant’s App. Vol. II p.

       sentence so long as the Judge sentences you within the terms of your plea agreement”), trans. denied; Brattain
       v. State, 891 N.E.2d 1055, 1057 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008) (where plea agreement provided, “[d]efendant further
       waives the right (under Indiana Appellate Rule 7 and I.C. 35-38-1-15 or otherwise) to review of the sentence
       imposed”).
       7
         The Davis Court also held that, if the defendant wished to challenge the validity of his guilty plea, he had to
       do so in a petition for post-conviction relief, not on direct appeal. Davis, 207 N.E.3d at 1188. Justice Goff, in
       a dissent in which the Chief Justice joined, disagreed and believed that the trial court’s later mis-advisement
       that Davis still had the right to appeal his sentence rendered the waiver of the right to appeal the sentence
       ineffective. Id. at 1190 (Goff, J., dissenting).
       8
         The text of the plea agreement in Johnson was in all capital letters. We have changed the text to lower-case
       letters to aid in legibility.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2837 | September 27, 2023                             Page 16 of 21
       173. This, the State argues, means that Wilson waived his right to appeal his

       sentence. We disagree.

[33]   The language in Wilson’s plea agreement does not state that he waived the right

       to appeal at all. It merely indicates that Wilson agreed that any sentence

       imposed would be appropriate. Furthermore, Wilson’s plea agreement

       delineated the rights Wilson was giving up by pleading guilty, including (1) the

       right to speedy and public jury trial; (2) the right to confront witnesses; (3) the

       right to compulsory process to obtain witnesses in his favor; (4) the right to

       require the State to prove his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt; (5) the right not

       to testify against himself; (6) the right to present evidence on his own behalf; (7)

       the right to be presumed innocent; and (8) “the right to appeal the

       conviction(s).” Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 173 (emphasis added). Notably

       absent from this list is the waiver of the right to appeal the sentence.

[34]   Under these circumstances, we conclude that Wilson did not waive the right to

       appeal his sentence when he pleaded guilty to criminal recklessness. At most,

       he severely undercut any argument he has on appeal that his sentence is

       inappropriate. Cf. Childress v. State, 848 N.E.2d 1073, 1078 (Ind. 2006) (holding

       that a defendant who agrees to a sentencing range or a sentencing cap in a plea

       agreement does not waive the right to challenge the appropriateness of his or

       her sentence on appeal). Because Wilson did not explicitly waive his right to

       appeal his sentence, we opt to address Wilson’s sentencing argument on its

       merits.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2837 | September 27, 2023     Page 17 of 21
       B. Wilson’s Sentence is Not Inappropriate

[35]   Wilson lastly argues that his sentence of four years executed and one year

       suspended to probation is inappropriate. The Indiana Constitution authorizes

       independent appellate review and revision of a trial court’s sentencing decision.

       Jackson v. State, 145 N.E.3d 783, 784 (Ind. 2020) (citing Ind. Const. art. 7, §§ 4,

       6; McCain v. State, 88 N.E.3d 1066, 1067 (Ind. 2018)). Our Supreme Court has

       implemented this authority through Indiana Appellate Rule 7(B), which allows

       this Court to revise a sentence when it is “inappropriate in light of the nature of

       the offense and the character of the offender.” 9 Our review of a sentence under

       Appellate Rule 7(B) is not an act of second guessing the trial court’s sentence;

       rather, “[o]ur posture on appeal is [ ] deferential” to the trial court. Bowman v.

       State, 51 N.E.3d 1174, 1181 (Ind. 2016) (citing Rice v. State, 6 N.E.3d 940, 946

       (Ind. 2014)). We exercise our authority under Appellate Rule 7(B) only in

       “exceptional cases, and its exercise ‘boils down to our collective sense of what

       is appropriate.’” Mullins v. State, 148 N.E.3d 986, 987 (Ind. 2020) (per curiam)

       (quoting Faith v. State, 131 N.E.3d 158, 160 (Ind. 2019)).

[36]   “‘The principal role of appellate review is to attempt to leaven the outliers.’”

       McCain, 148 N.E.3d at 985 (quoting Cardwell v. State, 895 N.E.2d 1219, 1225

       (Ind. 2008)). The point is “not to achieve a perceived correct sentence.” Id. (

       9
        Though we must consider both the nature of the offense and the character of the offender, an appellant need
       not prove that each prong independently renders a sentence inappropriate. See, e.g., State v. Stidham, 157
       N.E.3d 1185, 1195 (Ind. 2020); Connor v. State, 58 N.E.3d 215, 219 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016); see also Davis v. State,
       173 N.E.3d 700, 707-09 (Ind. Ct. App. 2021) (Tavitas, J., concurring in result) (disagreeing with majority’s
       assertion that Appellate Rule 7(B) requires a criminal defendant to prove that his sentence is inappropriate
       under both prongs of Appellate Rule 7(B).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2837 | September 27, 2023                             Page 18 of 21
       (citing Knapp v. State, 9 N.E.3d 1274, 1292 (Ind. 2014)). “Whether a sentence

       should be deemed inappropriate ‘turns on our sense of the culpability of the

       defendant, the severity of the crime, the damage done to others, and myriad

       other factors that come to light in a given case.’” Id. (quoting Cardwell, 895

       N.E.2d at 1224). Deference to the trial court’s sentence “should prevail unless

       overcome by compelling evidence portraying in a positive light the nature of the

       offense (such as accompanied by restraint, regard, and lack of brutality) and the

       defendant’s character (such as substantial virtuous traits or persistent examples

       of good character).” Stephenson v. State, 29 N.E.3d 111, 122 (Ind. 2015). When

       determining whether a sentence is inappropriate, the advisory sentence is the

       starting point the legislature has selected as an appropriate sentence for the

       crime committed. Fuller v. State, 9 N.E.3d 653, 657 (Ind. 2014).

[37]   Here, Wilson was convicted of criminal recklessness, a Level 5 felony by his

       guilty plea, and was convicted of escape and possession of cocaine, both Level

       6 felonies, by jury trial. The sentencing range for a Level 5 felony is one to six

       years, with an advisory sentence of three years. Ind. Code § 35-50-2-6(b). The

       sentencing range for a Level 6 felony is six months to two and one-half years,

       with an advisory sentence of one year. Ind. Code § 35-50-2-7(b). Wilson faced

       a maximum possible sentence of seven years. See Ind. Code § 35-50-1-2(d)

       (providing that, except for “crimes of violence,” the total consecutive terms of

       imprisonment cannot exceed seven years if the most serious crime for which the

       defendant is sentenced is a Level 5 felony). Here, the trial court sentenced

       Wilson to five years with one year suspended to probation.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2837 | September 27, 2023   Page 19 of 21
[38]   Our analysis of the nature of the offense requires us to look at the nature,

       extent, heinousness, and brutality of the offense. Brown, 10 N.E.3d at 5. Here,

       nothing about the nature of Wilson’s crimes warrants a revision of his sentence.

       While inside a house containing cocaine and drug paraphernalia, and under the

       apparent influence of drugs, Wilson shot a firearm through his window and into

       his neighbor’s home—a home that he knew several people occupied. Although

       only one bullet pierced Barraza’s home, Wilson fired at least three shots. We

       see no compelling evidence that portrays Wilson’s offenses in a positive light. It

       is true that no one was injured by Wilson’s actions, but this appears to have

       been sheer luck.

[39]   Our analysis of the character of the offender involves a broad consideration of a

       defendant’s qualities, including: the defendant’s age, criminal history,

       background, past rehabilitative efforts, and remorse. Harris v. State, 165 N.E.3d

       91, 100 (Ind. 2021); McCain v. State, 148 N.E.3d 977, 985 (Ind. 2020). The

       significance of a criminal history in assessing a defendant’s character and an

       appropriate sentence varies based on the gravity, nature, proximity, and number

       of prior offenses in relation to the current offense. Sandleben v. State, 29 N.E.3d

       126, 137 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015) (citing Bryant v. State, 841 N.E.2d 1154, 1156

       (Ind. 2006)), trans. denied. “Even a minor criminal history is a poor reflection of

       a defendant’s character.” Prince v. State, 148 N.E.3d 1171, 1174 (Ind. Ct. App.

       2020) (citing Moss v. State, 13 N.E.3d 440, 448 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014), trans.

       denied).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2837 | September 27, 2023     Page 20 of 21
[40]   Wilson’s poor character is evidenced by his extensive criminal history.

       Wilson’s criminal history extends to the 1970s and includes thirteen

       convictions, eight of which were felonies. His history includes convictions for

       robbery, criminal confinement, domestic battery, and auto theft. Prior attempts

       at rehabilitation and showings of leniency have failed—Wilson has violated the

       terms of his probation or parole eight times in the past. He was also on

       probation at the time he committed the instant offenses. Even when

       incarcerated, Wilson committed many conduct violations. We discern no

       compelling evidence portraying Wilson’s character in a positive light.

[41]   Wilson has not met his appellate burden of showing that his aggregate sentence

       of five years, with four years executed and one year suspended to probation, is

       inappropriate in light of the serious nature of his offenses and his poor

       character.

       Conclusion
[42]   The State presented evidence sufficient to support Wilson’s convictions for

       escape and possession of cocaine. Further, Wilson’s aggregate sentence of five

       years, with four years executed and one year suspended to probation, is not

       inappropriate. We, therefore, affirm the judgment of the trial court.

[43]   Affirmed.

       Bailey, J., and Kenworthy, J., concur.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2837 | September 27, 2023      Page 21 of 21