Court Opinion

ID: 9637325
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-22 15:03:37.943078+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:09:55.425225
License: Public Domain

McLAUGHLIN, Circuit Judge.
The nine appellants in this matter, including two corporations, were convicted under an indictment for conspiracy1 to violate the Foreign Agents Registration Act of June 8, 1938 (McCormack Act), effective September 8, 1938, 52 Stat. 631, as amended by the Act of August 7, 1939, 53 Stat. 12442 and to defraud the United States. The conspiracy charged was to conceal the fact that the German-American Vocational League, Inc., hereafter called D.A.B., was a propaganda agency of the German Reich both directly and through other named German principals, by representing it as a social and fraternal organization to the end that it should not register as a foreign agency. The indictment was in two counts. The first was dismissed by the Court at the conclusion of the testimony. The case went to the jury on the second count.
The first point made by the appellants is that the Court erred in refusing to quash the indictment. The indictment is long and it is prolix but 'it does present an adequate picture of the essential elements of the crime charged and a conviction upon it would bar a second prosecution. United States v. Monjar, 3 Cir., 147 F.2d 916, certiorari denied 324 U.S. 859, 65 S.Ct. 1191. It is more specifically urged under the same argument that the alleged overt acts committed in the State of New Jersey were not to effect the object of the conspiracy and that therefore the District Court of the District of New Jersey had no jurisdiction. Among the New Jersey overt acts charged were:
“5. That on or about June 22, 1941, at said ‘Bergwald,’ in the State and District of New Jersey, and within the jurisdiction of this Court, the defendants Fritz Schroeder, Theodore Koehn, Joseph Lieb-lein and Albert Kiesler, and the co-conspirators Alfred Schuchmann, Kurt Frae-bel and Heinz Schnoedewind, attended a meeting of the Board of Directors of said defendant. Vocational League and decided upon the abandonment of certain outward and notorious activities and manifestations of said Vocational League, at the same time deciding and agreeing together to continue in secrecy and in disguised form its newspaper, said ‘In Retrospect’ and its other propaganda activities in behalf of the foreign principals aforesaid.
“6. That on or about June 22, 1941, at said ‘Bergwald,’ in the State and District of New Jersey and within the jurisdiction of this Court, the defendants Fritz Schroeder, Theodore Koehn, Joseph Lieblein and Albert Kiesler, and the co-conspirators Alfred Schuchmann, Kurt Fraebel and Heinz Schnoedewind agreed together and with each other that said Vocational League would send a certain letter to its members.”
 Overt act No. 5 on its face shows a furthering of the conspiracy. The letter decided upon in overt act No. 6 is in evidence as are letters following it and testimony regarding it. A deliberate attempt to represent the D.A.B. as a loyal American organization and so avoid registering it as an agency of foreign principals *863could be inferred from those items. As was said in Rumely v. United States, 2 Cir., 293 F. 532 at page 550, certiorari denied 263 U.S. 713, 44 S.Ct. 38, 68 L.Ed. 520: “An overt act is one which manifests the intention of the doer to commit the offense.” In Kaplan v. United States, 7 F.2d 594, also a Second Circuit decision, the defendants were charged with a conspiracy to violate the Bankruptcy Act, 11 U.S. C. A. § 1 et seq., by concealing assets. The overt act in that case sustained as sufficient was a conference at the office of a lawyer preceding the incorporation of the fraudulent company. The vicinage situation presented on this appeal is quite the reverse of that which appeared in United States v. New York Great A. & P. Tea Co., 5 Cir., 137 F.2d 459. Here, the two corporate appellants were organized under the laws of the State of New York. D.A.B. had its national headquarters in New York City. D. A.B. Recreational Resort, Inc. was the owner of Camp Bergwald in New Jersey which figured largely in the indictment and trial proofs. The trial was had at Newark, N. J., within ten miles of New York City. Not only does the indictment allege facts from which it affirmatively appears that the District Court had jurisdiction, but the entire record bespeaks the reasonableness from the standpoint of the defendants, of the trial being held in the New Jersey-New York area which undoubtedly had been the focal center of the questioned activity.
It is then urged that the Government failed to prove that a contract of employment existed between the German principals, or any of them, and D.A.B. which required the latter to file a registration statement. The theory of the appellants seems to be that there was an express contract in evidence3 which was the only agreement proven; that it was not the type of contract which required the agency to register under the McCormack Act; that there had to be an express contract between *864the agency and the foreign principal under the McCormack Act ;4 that the said contract, on advice of counsel, was cancelled on June 24, 1938, prior to the effective date of the McCormack Act with counsel advising that because of 'the cancellation there was no need for the D.A.B. to register.
We find nothing in the McCormack Act as applicable to the present facts, warranting the contention that it contemplated only agencies created by an express contract. Section (2) (c) does provide that a copy of the contract, if written, or a statement of its terms and conditions, if oral, be attached to the agent’s statement, but we fail to see that such language restricted the necessity of filing a statement to propaganda agents who were admittedly such and who had express oral or written agreements containing that fact. The McCormack Act is a national safety measure adopted at the time when the United States was being forced into the then existent war. The authorities wanted to know who were the agents of foreign powers disseminating propaganda in this country. That knowledge was vitally important at the time to assist in preventing receipt by our people of unlabeled special pleading on behalf of alien governments. A fair reading of Section 612 of the Act'indicates that the persons who were required to register were any agents of a foreign principal as defined by Section 611(d) of the Act which reads: “(d) The term ‘agent of a foreign principal’ means any person who acts or engages or agrees to act as a public-relations counsel, publicity agent, or as agent, servant, representative, or attorney for a foreign principal, and shall include any person who receives compensation from or is under the direction of a foreign principal. * * * ”
If conceded possession of an express contract with a foreign principal was the all controlling requirement for registering, then the McCormack Act was rendered meaningless. The true test, we think, was whether agency in fact existed, with the term agency defined substantially as in the Restatement of Agency, Section 1, which states it to be: “The relationship which results from the manifestation of consent by one person to another that the other shall act on his behal-f and subject to his control, and consent by the other so to act.”
The Government’s case was not founded on the letter contract. The latter was simply part of the chain of proof which assisted in showing the connection between the German Reich and its subsidiaries with the D.A.B. The Government affirmatively alleged and its evidence tended to show that the written contract which did not allude to propaganda was not the whole agreement between the parties; further that the cancellation of that contract was a subterfuge in line with the protective colorization adopted by the defendants for the D.A.B. in order to fit in with the rapidly developing situation in this country.
On the proposition that the written contract was cancelled on the advice of an attorney so that the D.A.B. would not be forced to register, it is true as asserted by the Government, that it does not appear that the attorney was fully informed of all of the activities of the organization and it is also true that though the attorney was in Court during the trial he was not called as a witness. The appellants urge that the testimony of two Government witnesses, Volbers and Johannsen, former officers and directors of D.H.V. and its successor, D.A.B., was to the effect that the letter contract was the only agreement between their group and the German Labor Front. The Government characterizes their testimony as vague. Volbers did say a 'written contract had been entered into, signed by himself, Johannsen and Euting, the latter representing the German Labor Front. Johannsen did not recall any written contract being signed or that he signed any such contract. That testimony and the credibility of those two witnesses were for the jury to pass oii along with the other evidence in the case. The decision in Viereck v. United States, 318 U.S. 236, 63 S.Ct. 561, 563, 87 L.Ed. 734, turned on a question not involved here and is not applicable. There the Trial Court charged a Government request, “ * * * if you find that the defendant engaged in the activities set forth in the indictment, it is not necessary that you find that he engaged in such activities on behalf of his foreign principal or principals. It is sufficient if you find that he engaged in the activities, *865whether on behalf of his foreign principal or principals or on his own behalf.” The Supreme Court held in reversing the District Court that the conviction could be sustained only if failure to disclose activities on the defendant’s own behalf is a criminal offense.
The next point involves the denial of the defense motion to strike out the evidence of the Government witness Davidson who testified as to the nature of the publications circulated by the appellants. Propaganda is a subject for expert testimony. United States v. Pelley, 7 Cir., 132 F.2d 170. The question of the expert’s competency was for the Trial Court, (2 Jones on Evidence, 4th Ed. 1938, § 389; 3 Wigmore, Evidence, 3d Ed. 1940, § 944) and there is no indication of any abuse of discretion. The District Judge properly left the weight of Davidson’s testimony to the jury, saying in his charge: “There was expert testimony given in the course of the trial which the court allowed and it was subject to cross-examination. Simply because that testimony was allowed does not mean that it is binding on you. It is evidence which you may consider and to which you will give that degree of importance and weight which you think it merits.”
It is contended by appellants that the limitation imposed by the District Court on the cross examination of the Government witness, Richards, an investigator, was error. Richards, for national security reasons, was permitted to testify under an assumed name. Cross examination as to part of his background which ante-dated by several years the period covered by his testimony, was not permitted. None of the data testified to by him at the trial was obtained by the witness during the period which was barred to cross examination. The witness was on the stand three days, two and a half of which apparently were given over to his cross examination. A study of his testimony shows that the defense very thoroughly developed the various avenues of the cross examination and that anything further would have been cumulative. We agree, of course, that cross examination is a matter of right but its proper bounds are within the sound discretion of the Trial Judge. The defendants were not unduly restricted in that regard. United States v. 3.544 Acres of Land, etc., 3 Cir., 147 F.2d 596. The situation is readily distinguishable from that in Alford v. United States, 282 U.S. 687, 51 S.Ct. 218, 75 L.Ed. 624 where the Trial Court had refused permission to cross examine into the present employment and residence of a Government witness.
The appellants also assert that a certain film shown to the Court and jury at the trial was not the same as the original film which it is claimed had been shown in 1936. They maintain that the first half of the film dealing with the period from 1918 to 1933 was entirely omitted and that an O.W.I. marking of 1942 on the film shows it to be of much later date. There was testimony on behalf of the Government that the film was the same as had been shown at D.A.B. meetings. This too was peculiarly a jury problem and therefore left to that body by the Trial Judge.
The balance of appellants’ points not included in the above discussion have been carefully examined and are without merit. No useful purpose would be served by detailing the evidence with respect to each appellant. It is enough to say that it involved all of them as active participants in the conspiracy charged to a greater or lesser degree. No errors appear which substantially prejudiced the appellants. Therefore the judgments appealed from must be affirmed. Section 269 of the Judicial Code as amended, 28 U.S. C. Sec. 391, 28 U.S.C.A. § 391. Berger v. United States, 1 Cir., 295 U.S. 78, 55 S.Ct. 629, 79 L.Ed. 1314; Jarvis v. United States, 1 Cir., 90 F.2d 243, certiorari denied 302 U.S. 705, 58 S.Ct. 25, 82 L.Ed. 544; Stokes v. United States, 5 Cir., 93 F.2d 744, certiorari denied 304 U.S. 558, 58 S.Ct. 945, 82 L.Ed. 1525.
Affirmed.

 The general conspiracy section under which the defendants were indicted is found in Title 18, U.S.O.A., § 88 and provides:
“If two or more persons conspire either to commit any offense against the United States, or to defraud the United States in any manner or for any purpose, and one or more of such parties do any act to effect the object of the conspiracy, each of the parties to such conspiracy shall be fined not more than $10,000, or imprisoned not more than two years, or both.”

 Section 612 of the McCormack Act found in 22 U.S.C.A. reads:
“Every person who is now an agent of a foreign principal shall, within thirty days after this Act takes effect, and every person who shall hereafter become an agent of a foreign principal shall forthwith file with the Secretary a registration statement, under oath, on a form prescribed by the Secretary which shall set forth * *

 That contract read:
“The German Labor Front Foreign Organization The Regional Director
Berlin SO 16 Engelufer 24-25 January 12, 1937.
To the DAB, German American Vocational League 129 West 77th Street, New York City, USA My dear Sirs:
“In view of the fact that a large number of Germans of the Reich live in the United States of America, and have become members of the German Labor Front either by reason of former membership in a vocational association or have become members in the course of the past years, we have decided to request an American organization of similar formation to handle the affairs of these members.
“It is of great importance to us to know that our members in the United States are protected by an organization which has proved its reliability during its many years of existence, not only in its leadership and management, but also in its unobjectionable attitude toward the American State.
“We have decided to place the care and organizational unity of our members in your hands because we recognize in your Vocational League the best guarantee for their care and guidance in such a manner as is adequate, on the one hand, to their needs, and on the other hand, to the just provisions of the American government.
“We are happy that with this request, we can express confidence that the collaboration resulting from this relationship will work out for the benefit of the laboring classes who are citizens of the German Reich, and thereby will surely also be of advantage to the country in which they are at present guests.
“We shall reimburse you for the expenses incurred by you for potential employees through this relationship of our bank account in the United States, and reimburse you for your administrative work with 25% of the dues paid by our members. At the same time we undertake to pay for the social welfare of our citizens from our account there.
“At present we compute, for all your members of American citizenship, the sum total resulting from membership dues from May, 1933 to December 31, 1936. We shall shortly let you know the exact total of this amount for you to compare with your records. The amount itself will be deposited here with the German Labor Bank (Bank der Deutschen Arbeit) in accordance with the foreign exchange laws subject to your order at any time. At the same time, as of today, all citizens of American nationality are excluded from our organization, and are left to you for further care.
“With German greeting
(signature illegible)”

 Section 2(c) of the McCormack Act reads:
“A copy of all contracts of employment under which such person acts * * * as such agent, if written, or a full statement of the terms and conditions thereof, if oral.”