Court Opinion

ID: 2718314
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-15 17:00:37.773611+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:02:22.225847
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 14a0637n.06

                                            No. 13-1926

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                           FILED
                                                                                    Aug 15, 2014
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk

MARK M. ZANECKI, Personal                         )
Representative of the Estate of Richard           )
M. Zanecki, deceased,                             )
                                                  )
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                       )
                                                  )
v.                                                )        ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                  )        STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
HEALTH ALLIANCE PLAN OF                           )        EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
OF DETROIT, d/b/a HAP Senior Plus,                )
and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                     )
                                                  )                    OPINION
       Defendants-Appellees.                      )

                                              /

BEFORE: MOORE and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges; and STAFFORD, District Judge.*

       STAFFORD, District Judge. Mark M. Zanecki (“Plaintiff”), as personal representative of

the estate of his father, Richard M. Zanecki (“Zanecki”), appeals the district court’s dismissal of his

complaint under the Federal Tort Claims Act (“FTCA”), 28 U.S.C. §§ 2671–2680. We have

jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we AFFIRM.

                                                      I.

       In 2007, 82-year-old Zanecki died three days after doctors implanted a wingspan stent in a

cerebral artery following a transient ischemic attack. At the time of his surgery, Zanecki was an

       *
         The Honorable William H. Stafford, Jr., Senior United States District Judge for the Northern
District of Florida, sitting by designation.
enrollee in Health Alliance Plan of Detroit (“HAP”), a health maintenance organization that

contracts with the United States of America to serve as a Medicare Advantage (“MA”) organization

under Medicare Part C.

       In 2012, almost five years after his father’s death, Plaintiff filed suit against HAP and the

United States under the FTCA, seeking to recover damages arising out of his father’s medical

treatment.1 In a 201-page pro se amended complaint, Plaintiff alleged that HAP acted negligently

in authorizing payment for the wingspan stent procedure and for failing to warn Zanecki about the

risks, dangers, and lack of medical effectiveness of that procedure. Plaintiff also alleged, in

conclusory fashion, that HAP “is an officer or employee of the United States for FTCA purposes,”

but his amended complaint otherwise contained no allegations about what, if anything, the United

States did that would cause the government to be either vicariously or directly responsible for

Zanecki’s death.

       After HAP and the United States filed motions to dismiss asserting, among other things, lack

of subject matter jurisdiction under the FTCA, a hearing was held before the magistrate judge.

Through newly-hired counsel, Plaintiff suggested to the magistrate judge that “[t]he Federal Tort

Claims Act comes into play because of the relationship [that HAP] has with the Federal

government.” When asked where in his amended complaint he alleged facts showing that HAP

acted as the agent or instrumentality of the United States for purposes of FTCA liability, counsel

conceded that his client’s 201-page pro se complaint made virtually “no mention of the United States

per se [and] [t]hat’s because the actions were undertaken by their employee or agent, HAP.”

Counsel did not seek leave to file a second amended complaint on Plaintiff’s behalf.

       1
         In 2009, Plaintiff filed a negligence action in state court against Zanecki’s doctors and the
hospital where the surgery took place. The state-court lawsuit was settled in 2011.
                                                 -2-
       Soon after the hearing, the magistrate judge issued a report recommending that Plaintiff’s

amended complaint be dismissed. The magistrate judge recommended dismissal of Plaintiff’s claims

against HAP because the FTCA does not authorize suits against any entity other than the United

States. The magistrate judge recommended dismissal of Plaintiff’s claims against the United States

because Plaintiff failed to sufficiently plead that HAP was an agency or instrumentality of the

government such that the United States would be subject to vicarious liability for HAP’s actions

under the FTCA.       While acknowledging that Plaintiff did allege that HAP acted as an

instrumentality or agent of the United States and not as an independent contractor, the magistrate

judge noted that Plaintiff did “not allege how [the government] controls, or has the authority to

control, the ‘detailed physical performance’ or the ‘day-to-day’ operations of HAP.” Zanecki v.

Health Alliance Plan of Detroit, No. 12–13234, 2013 WL 2626717, at *13 (E.D. Mich. June 11,

2013). Absent allegations that the government exercises such control over HAP, and given the

relationship between MA organizations and the government “as gleaned from statutes, regulations,

and case law describing this relationship,” id. at *12, the magistrate judge recommended that

Plaintiff’s amended complaint be dismissed. Without elaboration, the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Michigan adopted the magistrate judge’s report and recommendation and

dismissed the case against HAP and the United States. On appeal, Plaintiff challenges only the

dismissal of the United States.2

       2
         Plaintiff does not challenge the determination that HAP itself is not a proper party in a
FTCA case. Mars v. Hanberry, 752 F.2d 254, 255 (6th Cir. 1985) (explaining that “[t]he United
States is the only proper party in an action pursuant to the Federal Tort Claims Act”).
                                               -3-
                                                  II.

       We review de novo a district court’s decision to grant a motion to dismiss for lack of

jurisdiction based on a facial attack.3 Chase Bank USA, N.A. v. City of Cleveland, 695 F.3d 548, 553

(6th Cir. 2012). We likewise review de novo a dismissal for failure to state a claim. Id. Although

we accept all well-pleaded factual allegations of the complaint as true and construe the complaint

in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, the complaint must contain more than mere “labels and

conclusions.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). A complaint will survive a

motion to dismiss only if it “allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is

liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009).

                                                  III.

                                                   A.

       Plaintiff contends that the district court erred in finding that Plaintiff failed to plead that HAP

is a government agency or instrumentality such that the United States may be vicariously liable for

HAP’s actions under the FTCA. We find no such error.

       The United States is immune from suit unless it expressly waives its sovereign immunity and

consents to be sued. Stocker v. United States, 705 F.3d 225, 230 (6th Cir. 2013). The FTCA waives

the United States’s sovereign immunity for claims alleging “the negligent or wrongful act or

omission of any employee of the Government while acting within the scope of his office or

employment.” 28 U.S.C.A. § 1346(b)(1) (emphasis added). The FTCA defines “employee of the

Government” to include “officers or employees of any federal agency . . . and persons acting on

       3
         The magistrate judge made clear that she treated the motions to dismiss as presenting facial
attacks, stating: “[T]he Court need not, and does not, examine materials that would be improper
when resolving a facial attack.” Zanecki, 2013 WL 2626717 at *6.
                                                   -4-
behalf of a federal agency in an official capacity, temporarily or permanently in the service of the

United States, whether with or without compensation.” Id. at § 2671. The term “federal agency”

includes “corporations primarily acting as instrumentalities or agencies of the United States, but

does not include any contractor with the United States.” Id. (emphasis added).

         A “critical element” in determining whether an entity is a federal agency or instrumentality,

as opposed to an independent contractor, is the existence of federal authority “to control the detailed

physical performance” of the entity. United States v. Orleans, 425 U.S. 807, 814 (1976) (internal

quotation marks omitted). As explained in Orleans, “the question . . . is not whether the [entity]

receives federal money and must comply with federal standards and regulations, but whether its

day-to-day operations are supervised by the Federal Government.” Id. at 815. As explained by the

Court:

         Federal funding reaches myriad areas of activity of local and state governments and
         activities in the private sector as well. It is inconceivable that Congress intended to
         have waiver of sovereign immunity follow congressional largesse and cover
         countless unidentifiable classes of “beneficiaries.” The Federal Government in no
         sense controls “the detailed physical performance” of all the programs and projects
         it finances by gifts, grants, contracts, or loans.

Id. at 816.

         Here, Plaintiff altogether failed to allege in his amended complaint how the United States

controls the “detailed physical performance” or the “day-to-day operations” of HAP. Moreover,

there is nothing in the Medicare statute, regulations, or legislative history to suggest that the United

States, through the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (“CMS”), has the authority to

manage the “detailed physical performance” or control the “day-to-day operations” of an MA

                                                   -5-
organization such as HAP.4 Indeed, the legislative history reveals that, when enacting Medicare Part

C, Congress deliberately created a mechanism by which CMS may contract with private entities to

shift the risk and operation of a portion of the Medicare program from the government to such

private entities, thus enabling “beneficiaries to have access to a wide array of private health plan

choices in addition to traditional fee-for-service Medicare” while also enabling “the Medicare

program to utilize innovations that have helped the private market contain costs and expand health

care delivery options.” See H.R. Rep. No. 105–149, at 1251 (1997).5

       Plaintiff has not cited, nor have we found, any statutory or regulatory provision or case

authority providing that an MA organization acts on behalf of the United States when that

organization provides Medicare Part C benefits to beneficiaries pursuant to a contract with CMS.

The situation is quite different for Medicare Parts A and B, which are typically administered by

Medicare Administrative Contractors (“MACs”) (formerly known as “fiscal intermediaries” for Part

       4
        In a section entitled entitled “Noninterference,” MA regulations provide that CMS “may not
require any MA organization to contract with a particular hospital, physician, or other entity or
individual to furnish items and services,” and “may not require a particular price structure for
payment under such a contract.” 42 C.F.R. § 422.256(a)(2).
       5
         In RenCare, Ltd. v. Humana Health Plan of Texas, Inc., 395 F.3d 555 (5th Cir. 2004), the
Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals described Part C as follows:
        Under Part C . . . CMS pays [MA] organizations fixed monthly payments in advance,
        regardless of the value of the services actually provided to the [Part C] beneficiaries.
        In return, the [MA] organization assumes responsibility and full financial risk for
        providing and arranging healthcare services for [Part C] beneficiaries, sometimes
        contracting health care providers to furnish medical services to those beneficiaries.
        Such contracts between [MA] organizations and providers are subject to very few
        restrictions; generally, the parties may negotiate their own terms. Thus, under Part
        C, the government transfers the risk of providing care for [Part C] enrollees to the
        [MA] organization.
Id. at 558–59 (emphasis added).
                                                -6-
A and “carriers” for Part B) pursuant to contracts with CMS.6 United States ex rel. Sikkenga v.

Regence Bluecross Blueshield of Utah, 472 F.3d 702, 706 n.2 (10th Cir. 2006). The Medicare

regulations for Parts A and B specifically provide that MACs “act on behalf of CMS in carrying out

certain administrative responsibilities that the law imposes.” 42 C.F.R. § 421.5(b). Courts,

moreover, have long recognized that MACs act as the government’s agents. See, e.g., Schweiker

v. McClure, 456 U.S. 188, 190 (1982) (noting that “carriers act as the Secretary’s agents”);

Edgewater Hosp., Inc. v. Bowen, 857 F.2d 1123, 1125 (7th Cir. 1988) (noting that intermediaries

function as the Secretary’s agents). Under Medicare Part C, however, there is no counterpart to

§ 421.5(b), and there is no similar case law authority.

       In his brief on appeal, Plaintiff does not cite to specific allegations in his amended complaint

that might bolster his argument that the district court erred in dismissing his FTCA claims against

the United States. He, instead, contends that Medicare’s “extraordinarily detailed statutory and

regulatory requirements,” combined with CMS’s broad oversight of “nearly every aspect of HAP’s

performance,” are enough to qualify HAP as an agency or instrumentality of the United States.

Courts, however, have consistently rejected similar contentions. See, e.g., Orleans, 425 U.S. at

816–18 (holding that a community action agency did not act as a federal agent or instrumentality

for purposes of the FTCA even though the agency was organized under federal regulations and was

heavily funded by the federal government); Kuntz v. Lamar Corp., 385 F.3d 1177, 1184 (9th Cir.

2004) (noting that “[n]either federal regulation nor federal funding, even extensive or exclusive

federal funding, is sufficient to make an entity a federal agency”); Leone v. United States, 910 F.2d
6
       MACs may determine the amount of payments to be made to providers, make those
payments using government funds, communicate with providers, provide consultative services, and
perform other functions “necessary to carry out the purposes” of the Medicare program. 42 U.S.C.
§ 1395kk–1(a)(4).
                                                 -7-
46, 49–51 (2d Cir. 1990) (holding that physicians designated by the Federal Aviation Administration

as aviation medical examiners were not government agents for FTCA purposes even though the

physicians were subject to the Federal Air Surgeon’s general supervision and were required to

comply with detailed federal regulations and apply federal standards). Here, consistent with Orleans

and its progeny, we are unpersuaded that HAP is, ipso facto, an instrumentality of the United States

by virtue of Medicare’s detailed statutory and regulatory provisions.

       In sum, we conclude that the district court correctly found that Plaintiff failed to sufficiently

plead that HAP is an agency or instrumentality of the government such that the government may be

subjected to vicarious liability under the FTCA for HAP’s actions.

                                                  B.

       Plaintiff also contends—for the first time on appeal—that the United States remains liable

under the FTCA for its own negligence, regardless of whether HAP is deemed an agent or

instrumentality of the government. The United States maintains that Plaintiff has waived this direct-

negligence claim.

       Generally, “an argument not raised before the district court is waived on appeal to this

Court.” Scottsdale Ins. Co. v. Flowers, 513 F.3d 546, 552 (6th Cir. 2008). Here, Plaintiff is

asserting on appeal a direct-negligence claim against the United States that was not included in his

amended complaint, that was not presented to the magistrate judge in response to motions to dismiss,

that was not addressed in Plaintiff’s objections to the magistrate judge’s report and recommendation,

and that was not before the district court when the case was dismissed. We accordingly find that

Plaintiff has waived the direct-negligence claim that he raises on appeal.

                                                  -8-
                                              IV.

       For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the dismissal of Plaintiff’s FTCA claims against the

United States.

                                              -9-