Court Opinion

ID: 9931593
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-02-09 15:05:56.203028+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:24:26.012053
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: FEBRUARY 2, 2024; 10:00 A.M.
                           NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

                    Commonwealth of Kentucky
                           Court of Appeals
                              NO. 2023-CA-0429-MR

DAVID STONE AND STELLA
NATURAL RESOURCES, INC.                                             APPELLANTS

                     APPEAL FROM FLOYD CIRCUIT COURT
v.                  HONORABLE JOHNNY RAY HARRIS, JUDGE
                           ACTION NO. 22-CI-00055

VOLVO FINANCIAL SERVICES, A
DIVISION OF VFS US LLC                                                  APPELLEE

                                    OPINION
                                   AFFIRMING

                                   ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: THOMPSON, CHIEF JUDGE; KAREM AND MCNEILL, JUDGES.

THOMPSON, CHIEF JUDGE: David Stone and Stella Natural Resources, Inc.

appeal from orders of the Floyd Circuit Court which denied Stone’s motion to

dismiss and granted Volvo Financial Services’ motion for summary judgment.

Appellants argue that the circuit court did not have personal jurisdiction over Stone

and that the court erred when it held that North Carolina law applied. Finding no

error, we affirm.
                        FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

                 In 2019, SNR RailOps bought over $400,000 worth of coal mining

equipment from Volvo to use at its Ivel, Kentucky location.1 It made this purchase

via a secured promissory note. Appellants also executed a guaranty to Volvo

guaranteeing that the note would be paid and making themselves liable if it was

not. Stone is in a leadership position at SNR RailOps and is CEO of Stella Natural

Resources. Stone signed the guaranty in his individual capacity and as CEO of

Stella Natural Resources. We should note at this point that the guaranty contained

a clause that it was to be interpreted according to North Carolina laws.

                 On February 7, 2022, Volvo filed the underlying cause of action

against Appellants and SNR RailOps, LLC.2 Volvo included two counts in its

complaint: (1) a breach of contract claim against SNR RailOps for a balance owed

on the note and (2) a breach of guaranty claim against Appellants. It sought a

judgment against all three defendants in the amount of $205,158.60, plus interest

and attorney fees.

                 Volvo properly served a summons and complaint upon SNR RailOps

and Stella Natural Resources. In order to serve Stone, Volvo used the long-arm

method set forth in Kentucky Revised Statute (KRS) 454.210. A copy of the

1
    The purchase was made through a dealer called Rudd Equipment Company.
2
    SNR RailOps, LLC is not a party to this appeal.

                                                -2-
complaint and summons was delivered to the Kentucky Secretary of State and then

mailed to Stone at an address in Colorado. This Colorado address was provided by

Stone to Volvo in 2019 and was listed on the guaranty document. The record

before us indicates that the Secretary of State sent the complaint and summons to

the Colorado address as instructed. The record also indicates that the complaint

and summons were later returned to the Secretary of State as being “unclaimed.”

             On March 18, 2022, SNR RailOps and Stella Natural Resources filed

a joint answer to the complaint. In the answer, they alleged that the guaranty at

issue was unenforceable because it did not conform to Kentucky’s guaranty

requirements set forth in KRS 371.065. SNR RailOps also admitted that it had not

made the required payments on the equipment.

             On May 5, 2022, Volvo filed a motion for default judgment against

Stone because Stone had not timely filed an answer to the complaint. Volvo also

sought summary judgment against SNR RailOps and Stella Natural Resources. On

May 26, 2022, Stone filed a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction and

a response to the motion for default judgment. The motions indicated that Stone

was a citizen of Australia and currently residing there. Stone also alleged that he

had not lived at the Colorado address since 2020 and did not receive the complaint

and summons. He also argued that Kentucky’s long-arm statute did not confer

Kentucky personal jurisdiction over him. SNR RailOps and Stella Natural

                                         -3-
Resources responded to the motion for summary judgment requesting that they be

allowed the opportunity to conduct discovery as to the accuracy of Volvo’s debt

deficiency calculation. They also again raised the issue of the guaranty not being

enforceable in Kentucky.

             On July 21, 2022, the trial court entered an order denying Stone’s

motion to dismiss and held that Kentucky had personal jurisdiction over him. The

order also gave Stone ten days to file an answer to Volvo’s complaint. Finally, the

order continued the motion for summary judgment for ninety days, allowing

discovery to take place.

             On July 18, 2022, Stone filed his answer, but indicated he was

preserving his right to appeal the jurisdiction and service of process issues.

Stone’s answer also argued that the guaranty could not be enforced in Kentucky.

On November 18, 2022, Volvo filed a motion for summary judgment against

Stone.

             During discovery, Volvo admitted that the guaranty does not comply

with the laws of Kentucky, but that it is valid pursuant to the laws of North

Carolina. Volvo also indicated that Stone executed the guaranty while he was

physically present in Prestonsburg, Kentucky; however, Stone alleged he executed

the document while he was either in Colorado or Australia.

                                          -4-
             On March 30, 2023, the circuit court entered an order granting

summary judgment in favor of Volvo. The court found that all defendants had

been properly served and that Stone was served via Kentucky’s long-arm statute.

The court also found that SNR RailOps and Appellants owe Volvo $205,158.60,

plus interest and attorney fees. This appeal followed.

                            STANDARD OF REVIEW

                     The standard of review on appeal of a summary
             judgment is whether the trial court correctly found that
             there were no genuine issues as to any material fact and
             that the moving party was entitled to judgment as a
             matter of law. . . . “The record must be viewed in a light
             most favorable to the party opposing the motion for
             summary judgment and all doubts are to be resolved in
             his favor.” Summary “judgment is only proper where the
             movant shows that the adverse party could not prevail
             under any circumstances.” Consequently, summary
             judgment must be granted “[o]nly when it appears
             impossible for the nonmoving party to produce evidence
             at trial warranting a judgment in his favor[.]”

Scifres v. Kraft, 916 S.W.2d 779, 781 (Ky. App. 1996) (citations omitted).

“Because summary judgment involves only legal questions and the existence of

any disputed material issues of fact, an appellate court need not defer to the trial

court’s decision and will review the issue de novo.” Lewis v. B & R Corporation,

56 S.W.3d 432, 436 (Ky. App. 2001). Additionally, we review the issue of

personal jurisdiction de novo. Hinners v. Robey, 336 S.W.3d 891, 895 (Ky. 2011).

                                          -5-
                                    ANALYSIS

             The first issue we will address on appeal is whether the trial court had

personal jurisdiction over Stone. KRS 454.210, Kentucky’s long-arm statute, sets

forth the requirements to bring a nonresident before Kentucky courts. KRS

454.210 states in relevant part:

             (1) As used in this section, “person” includes an
             individual, his executor, administrator, or other personal
             representative, or a corporation, partnership, association,
             or any other legal or commercial entity, who is a
             nonresident of this Commonwealth.

             (2) (a) A court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a
             person who acts directly or by an agent, as to a claim
             arising from the person’s:

                    1. Transacting any business in this
                    Commonwealth;

                    ...

             (3) (a) When personal jurisdiction is authorized by this
             section, service of process may be made:

                    1. In any manner authorized by the Kentucky
                    Rules of Civil Procedure;

                    2. On such person, or any agent of such person, in
                    any county in this Commonwealth, where he may
                    be found; or

                    3. On the Secretary of State who, for this purpose,
                    shall be deemed to be the statutory agent of such
                    person.

                                         -6-
                (b) The clerk of the court in which the action is
                brought shall issue a summons against the defendant
                named in the complaint. The clerk shall execute the
                summons either by:

                   1. Sending by certified mail two (2) true copies to
                   the Secretary of State and shall also mail with the
                   summons two (2) attested copies of plaintiff’s
                   complaint; or

                   2. Transmitting an electronically attested copy of
                   the complaint and summons to the Secretary of
                   State via the Kentucky Court of Justice electronic
                   filing system.

                (c) The Secretary of State shall, within seven (7) days
                of receipt thereof in his office, mail a copy of the
                summons and complaint to the defendant at the
                address given in the complaint. The letter shall be
                posted by certified mail, return receipt requested, and
                shall bear the return address of the Secretary of State.
                The clerk shall make the usual return to the court, and
                in addition the Secretary of State shall make a return
                to the court showing that the acts contemplated by this
                statute have been performed, and shall attach to his
                return the registry receipt, if any. Summons shall be
                deemed to be served on the return of the Secretary of
                State and the action shall proceed as provided in the
                Rules of Civil Procedure.

Here, Volvo alleged Stone transacted business in Kentucky, KRS 454.210(2)(a)1.,

by entering into the guaranty.

             “The purpose of Kentucky’s long-arm statute, KRS 454.210, is to

permit Kentucky courts to exercise personal jurisdiction over nonresident

defendants while complying with federal constitutional due process.” Caesars

                                        -7-
Riverboat Casino, LLC v. Beach, 336 S.W.3d 51, 54 (Ky. 2011) (internal quotation

marks and citation omitted).

            [T]he proper analysis of long-arm jurisdiction over a
            nonresident defendant consists of a two-step process.
            First, review must proceed under KRS 454.210 to
            determine if the cause of action arises from conduct or
            activity of the defendant that fits into one of the statute’s
            enumerated categories. If not, then in personam
            jurisdiction may not be exercised. When that initial step
            results in a determination that the statute is applicable, a
            second step of analysis must be taken to determine if
            exercising personal jurisdiction over the non-resident
            defendant offends his federal due process rights.

Caesars Riverboat Casino, 336 S.W.3d at 57. As it pertains to federal due process

rights,

            in order to subject a defendant to a judgment in
            personam, if he be not present within the territory of the
            forum, he [must] have certain minimum contacts with it
            such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend
            traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice. As
            such, due process protects an individual’s liberty interest
            in not being subject to the binding judgments of a forum
            with which he has established no meaningful contacts,
            ties, or relations. By requiring that individuals have fair
            warning that a particular activity may subject [them] to
            the jurisdiction of a foreign sovereign, the Due Process
            Clause gives a degree of predictability to the legal system
            that allows potential defendants to structure their primary
            conduct with some minimum assurance as to where that
            conduct will and will not render them liable to suit[.]

                   Where a forum seeks to assert specific jurisdiction
            over an out-of-state defendant who has not consented to
            suit there, this “fair warning” requirement is satisfied if
            the defendant has “purposefully directed” his activities at

                                         -8-
               residents of the forum, and the litigation results from
               alleged injuries that “arise out of or relate to” those
               activities.

Hinners v. Robey, 336 S.W.3d 891, 897 (Ky. 2011) (internal quotation marks and

citations omitted).

               We believe that the Floyd Circuit Court had personal jurisdiction over

Stone. Stone entered into the guaranty with Volvo in his individual capacity. The

guaranty specifically stated that Volvo would not have entered into the contract

with SNR RailOps without the guaranty. The guaranty also stated that SNR

RailOps’ obligation to Volvo was a “substantial benefit” to Stone. In effect, the

guaranty allowed SNR RailOps to purchase equipment in Kentucky and use said

equipment at its coal mine in Kentucky and this transaction benefitted Stone. We

consider this the transacting of business in Kentucky.

               We also believe federal due process was satisfied in this case. Stone

and Volvo entered into a business transaction that allowed SNR RailOps to

purchase, use, and pay a debt on coal mining equipment. This equipment was

purchased and used in Kentucky. The guaranty and equipment purchase gave

Stone “fair warning” that he could be subject to Kentucky’s jurisdiction.3 We find

3
  Volvo alleges that Stone was physically in Kentucky when he executed the guaranty. Stone
alleges he was not. This issue is ultimately inconsequential in this case. “[E]xercising personal
jurisdiction does not turn on whether the defendant at any point physically entered the forum
state.” Hinners, 336 S.W.3d at 898.

                                               -9-
no error in the trial court’s holding that the court had personal jurisdiction over

Stone.

             We now move on to Stone’s argument that he was not properly served

the summons and complaint in this case. Stone argues that the Colorado address

used by Volvo was not valid and that the record shows the mailing was returned to

the Secretary of State as “unclaimed.” Volvo argues that service was proper in this

case because Volvo comported with the long-arm statute.

             In Kentucky, actual delivery of the summons and complaint is not

required to perfect service pursuant to the long-arm statute. Davis v. Wilson, 619

S.W.2d 709, 711 (Ky. App. 1980); Cox v. Rueff Lighting Co., 589 S.W.2d 606, 607

(Ky. App. 1979). We believe the trial court was correct in finding a valid service

of process. Here, it is undisputed that Volvo and the Secretary of State carried out

all the requirements of KRS 454.210. The Secretary of State, acting as Stone’s

agent, KRS 454.210(3)(a)3., sent the complaint and summons to Stone at his last

known address in Colorado. This address was provided to Volvo by Stone in

2019; therefore, at one point, it was a valid address. In addition, Stone was an

executive at SNR RailOps and Stella Natural Resources, which were also his

codefendants, and they informed him of the underlying suit. Furthermore, Stone

and the other defendants are all being represented by the same attorney. Finally,

                                         -10-
no default judgment was entered against Stone and he was able to participate on

the merits of the case.

                 We conclude that, pursuant to Davis, Cox, and KRS 454.210, Stone’s

service of process was sufficient. Alternatively, because Stone was able to fully

participate in the case and the trial court had personal jurisdiction over him, any

error regarding service of process would be harmless error. Kentucky Rules of

Civil Procedure (CR) 61.01.

                 Appellant’s final argument on appeal is that the trial court erred in

concluding that North Carolina law applies to the guaranty.4 For a guaranty to be

valid under Kentucky law, certain requirements must be met as set forth in KRS

371.065. Volvo admitted during discovery that the guaranty at issue did not

comply with KRS 371.065; however, there is a choice of law provision in the

guaranty that requires North Carolina law be applied.5 While the trial court did not

make a specific finding in its summary judgment order that North Carolina law

applied, we believe it is implied.

                 We find no error here and conclude the guaranty is valid. The parties

entered into an agreement that stated the guaranty would be enforced pursuant to

4
    Volvo’s principal business office is located in North Carolina.
5
 Appellants do not make an argument that the guaranty was not enforceable pursuant to North
Carolina law.

                                                 -11-
North Carolina laws. Both parties cite to Wallace Hardware Co., Inc. v. Abrams,

223 F.3d 382 (6th Cir. 2000). Wallace also revolves around a guaranty with a

choice-of-law provision. In Wallace, the guaranty required that Tennessee law be

applied. The Court in that case held that there is no evidence the parties did not

freely enter into the guaranty or have an opportunity to consider the choice-of-law

ramifications. Id. at 394. There was also no evidence of a disparity of bargaining

power. Id. The Court ultimately upheld the guaranty’s choice-of-law provision.

             We find Wallace persuasive. This case concerns a simple breach of

contract that was fairly negotiated. Appellants knew what obligation they were

guaranteeing and agreed to the choice-of-law provision. We do not believe that

Kentucky has such a fundamental interest in this agreement that the choice-of-law

provision should be ignored.

                                  CONCLUSION

             Based on the foregoing, we affirm the judgment of the Floyd Circuit

Court.

             ALL CONCUR.

BRIEFS FOR APPELLANTS:                     BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:

Matthew R. Lindblom                        Susan M. Argo
Louisville, Kentucky                       Cincinnati, Ohio

                                        -12-