Court Opinion

ID: 2726930
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-09-08 21:10:03.035473+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:50:26.620868
License: Public Domain

Jul 17 2013, 5:56 am

 Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D),
 this Memorandum Decision shall not be
 regarded as precedent or cited before any
 court except for the purpose of
 establishing the defense of res judicata,
 collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                                   ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:

YVETTE M. LAPLANTE                                        GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Keating & LaPlante, LLP                                   Attorney General of Indiana
Evansville, Indiana
                                                          BRIAN REITZ
                                                          Deputy Attorney General
                                                          Indianapolis, Indiana

                                IN THE
                      COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

DEMARCO JOHNSON,                                          )
                                                          )
       Appellant-Defendant,                               )
                                                          )
                vs.                                       )      No. 82A05-1303-CR-128
                                                          )
STATE OF INDIANA,                                         )
                                                          )
       Appellee-Plaintiff.                                )

                 APPEAL FROM THE VANDERBURGH SUPERIOR COURT
                         The Honorable Robert J. Pigman, Judge
                            Cause No. 82D02-1209-FC-1101

                                                July 17, 2013

                 MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION

FRIEDLANDER, Judge
       Following a jury trial, Demarco Johnson was convicted of class C felony Attempted

Disarming a Law Enforcement Officer 1 and class D felony Theft 2 and was adjudicated a

Habitual Offender. 3 He received an aggregate sentence of twelve years in prison. On appeal,

Johnson presents the following restated issues for review:

       1. Did the State present sufficient evidence to support the conviction for
          attempted disarming of a law enforcement officer?

       2. Did the State present sufficient evidence to support the theft conviction?

       3. Is Johnson’s twelve-year sentence inappropriate in light of the nature of his
          offense and his character?

       We affirm.

       The facts favorable to the conviction are that in the early morning hours of September

12, 2012, Johnson and Andre Parson entered a Walgreens in Evansville, Indiana. The two

men immediately took one cart and began walking the aisles “all over the store”, taking

things off the shelves and placing them in the child seat of the cart. Transcript at 12. This

caught the attention of Craig Hasenfang, a store employee. Hasenfang eventually approached

Johnson 4 in the dental aisle and asked if he was finding everything okay. When Johnson

responded affirmatively, Hasenfang went to the front of the store to wait and give them an

opportunity to make a purchase.

1
  Ind. Code Ann. § 35-44.1-3-2 (West, Westlaw through June 29, 2013, excluding P.L. 205-2013).
2
  Ind. Code Ann. § 35-43-4-2 (West, Westlaw through June 29, 2013, excluding P.L. 205-2013).
3
  Ind. Code Ann. § 35-50-2-8 (West, Westlaw through June 29, 2013, excluding P.L. 205-2013).
4
   In his appellate brief, Johnson claims that the men split up upon entering the store and Hasenfang
approached only Parson. The record does not support this version of the facts.

                                                 2
       At some point, Hasenfang noticed that Johnson was no longer in the store, so he

approached Parson to inquire. Parson appeared to be on his way out of the store, and

Hasenfang observed that only one item remained in the cart that the men had been using.

Hasenfang questioned Parson and informed him to wait. Parson fled as Hasenfang called

911 and provided dispatch with a description of the men.

       Shortly thereafter, Officer Kareem Neighbors observed two men on a scooter

matching the description put out on dispatch. When Officer Neighbors activated his lights,

the passenger, Parson, began throwing objects from the scooter as Johnson continued driving.

Johnson eventually stopped, and as Parson got off the scooter, more items fell to the ground.

These items were later identified as having been taken from the Walgreens store. Parson and

Johnson were separated and then both placed under arrest.

       Johnson was upset and agitated during the arrest. Officer Jarid Harris, who knew

Johnson, tried to calm him down. Another officer, Jonathan Oakley, arrived and was asked

to transport Johnson to jail. Officer Oakley placed the already handcuffed Johnson in the

back of his squad car, which did not have a cage separating the front and back seats. As

Officer Oakley began to drive away, Johnson declared that he was not going to jail and

lunged toward the front part of the vehicle. Officer Oakley stopped the vehicle and went to

the back passenger side door. Upon opening the door, Johnson lunged at the officer. Officer

Oakley administered a drive stun, a localized surge of electricity, to Johnson’s leg as Johnson

attempted to kick him. The two ended up tussling in the back seat, so Officer Oakley

administered another drive stun closer to Johnson’s chest. Johnson then turned to his side

                                              3
and attempted to grab the taser. Despite being handcuffed, Johnson managed to grab hold

with one hand. Officer Oakley continued to struggle with Johnson and yelled for him to let

go. By this point Officer Harris had become aware of the struggle and ran to Oakley’s aid.

When Officer Oakley tased Johnson a third time and placed his body weight on him, Johnson

finally said, “I’m done.” Transcript at 71. The officers called for a police wagon to take

Johnson to jail.

       On September 13, 2012, the State charged Johnson with class C felony disarming a

law enforcement officer (Count 1), class D felony resisting law enforcement (Count 2),5 and

class D felony theft (Count 3). The State also alleged that Johnson was a habitual offender.

The jury trial took place on February 4, 2013, with the jury finding Johnson guilty of an

included offense – attempt – of Count 1, not guilty of Count 2, and guilty of Count 3.

Johnson subsequently admitted the propriety of the habitual offender enhancement. At the

sentencing hearing on March 6, the trial court sentenced Johnson to six years on Count 1,

enhanced by six years for being a habitual offender. Johnson also received, on Count 3, a

two-year, concurrent sentence. Johnson now appeals.

                                                  1.

       Johnson challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his conviction for

attempted disarming of a law enforcement officer. In this regard, Johnson contends that

Officer Oakley’s testimony should be disregarded as incredibly dubious.

5
   Count 2 alleged that Johnson resisted Officer Harris, who injured himself while attempting to come to
Officer Oakley’s aid.

                                                   4
       Our standard of review for challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence is well settled.

       When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence needed to support a criminal
       conviction, we neither reweigh evidence nor judge witness credibility. Henley
       v. State, 881 N.E.2d 639, 652 (Ind. 2008). “We consider only the evidence
       supporting the judgment and any reasonable inferences that can be drawn from
       such evidence.” Id. We will affirm if there is substantial evidence of
       probative value such that a reasonable trier of fact could have concluded the
       defendant was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Id.

Bailey v. State, 907 N.E.2d 1003, 1005 (Ind. 2009). Johnson attempts to avoid this stringent

standard of review by alleging incredible dubiosity of the officer’s testimony.

       The incredible dubiosity rule allows appellate courts to impinge upon a jury’s function

to judge the credibility of a witness. Fajardo v. State, 859 N.E.2d 1201 (Ind. 2007).

Pursuant to this rule, “[i]f a sole witness presents incredibly dubious or inherently improbable

evidence such that no reasonable person could believe it and there is a complete lack of

circumstantial evidence, a defendant’s conviction may be reversed.” Holeton v. State, 853

N.E.2d 539, 541 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006). Application of this rule, however, is rare. Fajardo v.

State, 859 N.E.2d 1201.

       The incredible dubiosity rule does not apply in this case because Officer Oakley was

not the sole witness with respect to the attempted disarmament charge. Officer Harris

testified that he observed a struggle going on between Oakley and Johnson in the back of

Oakley’s police vehicle. As Harris ran to assist, he heard Oakley urgently say “something to

the effect of let go” as Oakley tussled with Johnson. Transcript at 47. This evidence at least

partially corroborates Officer Oakley’s testimony. We reject Johnson’s invitation to judge

Officer Oakley’s credibility and to reweigh the evidence. Sufficient evidence supports this

                                               5
conviction.

                                              2.

       Johnson also argues that his theft conviction was not supported by sufficient evidence.

He contends that the State presented no evidence that he personally took any merchandise

from Walgreens or that he knew Parson was taking said items.

       In order to convict Johnson of theft, the State was required to prove that he

“knowingly or intentionally exert[ed] unauthorized control over property of another person,

with intent to deprive the other person of any part of its value or use”. I.C. § 35-43-4-2. To

convict Johnson as an accomplice, the State was required to prove that he knowingly or

intentionally aided, induced, or caused Parson to commit theft. See Ind. Code Ann. § 35-41-

2-4 (West, Westlaw through June 29, 2013, excluding P.L. 205-2013).

       It is well established that a person who aids another in committing a crime is
       just as guilty as the actual perpetrator. To be convicted as an accomplice, it is
       not necessary for a defendant to have participated in every element of the
       crime. While mere presence at the scene of the crime is insufficient to
       establish accomplice liability, presence may be considered along with the
       defendant’s relation to the one engaged in the crime and the defendant’s
       actions before, during, and after the commission of the crime.

Green v. State, 937 N.E.2d 923, 927 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) (citations omitted), trans. denied.

       Here, the evidence establishes that in the early morning hours on a weekday, Johnson

and Parson entered the store together and began walking throughout the aisles placing

various items in a shopping cart. Based on his experience, the store employee felt their

behavior was suspicious and he approached the men before returning to the front of the store.

Johnson eventually left the store without making a purchase, and Parson followed suit

                                              6
shortly thereafter. The employee noticed that most of the items the men had placed in the

cart were now gone, and he unsuccessfully attempted to stop Parson on his way out of the

store. Johnson then drove Parson away from the store on a scooter. Thereafter, when Officer

Neighbors attempted to initiate a traffic stop, Johnson continued to drive for some time while

Parson threw stolen objects from the scooter.

         The totality of the evidence supports a reasonable inference that Johnson and Parson

were acting in concert and that Johnson knowingly or intentionally aided Parson in

committing the theft. We refuse to reconsider the jury’s reasonable determination in this

regard.

                                               3.

         Finally, Johnson challenges the twelve-year sentence imposed for attempted disarming

of a law enforcement officer. He claims that his sentence is inappropriate in light of his

character and the nature of the offense.

         Article 7, section 4 of the Indiana Constitution grants our Supreme Court the power to

review and revise criminal sentences. Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 7, the Supreme Court

authorized this court to perform the same task. Cardwell v. State, 895 N.E.2d 1219 (Ind.

2008).     Per Indiana Appellate Rule 7(B), we may revise a sentence “if, after due

consideration of the trial court’s decision, the Court finds that the sentence is inappropriate in

light of the nature of the offense and the character of the offender.” Wilkes v. State, 917

N.E.2d 675, 693 (Ind. 2009), cert. denied. “[S]entencing is principally a discretionary

function in which the trial court’s judgment should receive considerable deference.”

                                                7
Cardwell v. State, 895 N.E.2d at 1223. Johnson bears the burden on appeal of persuading us

that his sentence is inappropriate. Childress v. State, 848 N.E.2d 1073 (Ind. 2006).

       A class C felony is punishable by a term of imprisonment between two and eight

years, with the advisory sentence being four years. I.C. § 35-50-2-6 (West, Westlaw through

June 29, 2013, excluding P.L. 205-2013). The trial court imposed six years, which is two

more than the advisory, based upon Johnson’s extensive criminal history. The court then

enhanced the sentence by six years based upon the habitual offender finding. For being a

habitual offender, the trial court could have enhanced the sentence anywhere from four to

twelve years. See I.C. § 35-50-2-8(h). In sum, Johnson faced a sentencing range of six to

twenty years. The twelve year sentence is just below the midpoint of this range.

       We agree with Johnson that the nature of his offense was not particularly egregious

for its kind. Were we to consider this alone, the sentence imposed might be inappropriate.

App. R. 7(B), however, requires that we also consider the character of the offender.

       Johnson’s character is that of a repeat offender. Disregarding the two felony

convictions used to support the habitual offender finding, he has at least seven other prior

felony convictions (resisting law enforcement, burglary, and theft) and ten misdemeanor

convictions. At only twenty-eight years of age, Johnson has been incarcerated much of his

adult life and has remained undeterred from his criminal behavior. In fact, the record

indicates that Johnson had been released from prison in Kentucky within three months of the

instant offense. Further, he had four other felony cases pending at the time of the instant

sentencing hearing. The twelve-year sentence imposed by the trial court is not inappropriate

                                             8
when both the offense and Johnson’s character are considered.

      Judgment affirmed.

ROBB, C.J., and CRONE, J., concur.

                                           9