Court Opinion

ID: 4020584
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-08-01 22:04:54.694843+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:04:29.307411
License: Public Domain

2016 IL App (3d) 140163

                                Opinion filed August 1, 2016
     ______________________________________________________________________________

                                                  IN THE

                                  APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                            THIRD DISTRICT

     In re ESTATE OF THOMAS F. SHELTON,     ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
     Deceased, (Ruth Ann Alford, Executor,  ) of the 13th Judicial Circuit
     Petitioner-Appellant, v. Rodney I. Shelton,
                                            ) Grundy County, Illinois
     Respondent-Appellee).                  )
                                            ) Appeal No. 3-14-0163
                                            ) Circuit No. 13-P-17
                                            )
                                            ) Honorable
                                            ) Lance R. Peterson
                                            ) Judge, Presiding
     ______________________________________________________________________________

     RUTH ANN ALFORD, as executor of the    ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
     ESTATE OF DORIS E. SHELTON,            ) of the 13th Judicial Circuit
                                            ) Grundy County, Illinois
           Plaintiff-Appellant              )
                                            ) Appeal No. 3-14-0685
           v.                               ) Circuit No. 14-L-13
                                            )
     RODNEY I. SHELTON,                     ) Honorable
                                            ) Lance R. Peterson
           Defendant-Appellee.              ) Judge, Presiding
     ______________________________________________________________________________

           JUSTICE HOLDRIDGE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
           Justice Carter concurred in part and dissented in part, with opinion.
           Justice Schmidt concurred in part and dissented in part, with opinion.
     _____________________________________________________________________________

                                                OPINION

¶1          In these consolidated cases, Ruth Ann Alford, as the executor of the estates of her late

     parents, Thomas and Doris Shelton, sued her brother, Rodney Shelton, to recover real estate that
     she alleged Rodney had wrongly received from both estates and for damages resulting from

     Rodney's alleged violation of his legal duties as successor power of attorney for Doris. In case

     No. 3-14-0144, Ruth Ann, as executor of Thomas's estate, filed an amended estate citation

     seeking the return to Thomas's estate of a farm that Thomas had conveyed to Rodney in

     December 2011. Ruth Ann alleged that the conveyance was presumptively fraudulent because it

     occurred while Rodney was named as the successor power of attorney under Thomas's Illinois

     Statutory Short Form Power of Attorney for Property (POA), and while Doris, Thomas's primary

     power of attorney under the POA, was incompetent. Rodney moved to dismiss the complaint

     under sections 2-615 and 2-619 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-615, 2-619

     (West 2010)). The trial court granted Rodney's motion to dismiss under section 2-619 because it

     found that Ruth Ann had failed to establish that Doris was incompetent at the time of the

     conveyance and that Rodney owed Thomas a fiduciary duty at that time.

¶2          In case No. 3-14-0685, Ruth Ann, as executor of Doris's estate, sued Rodney for damages

     allegedly caused by Rodney's breach of a duty to Doris as a successor power of attorney. Ruth

     Ann alleged that, while Rodney was named as a successor power of attorney for Doris, and while

     Doris was incompetent to manage her own affairs, Rodney colluded with Thomas, Doris's

     primary power of attorney, to transfer Doris's interest in certain real estate to Rodney in violation

     of section 2-10.3(b) of the Illinois Power of Attorney Act (Act) (755 ILCS 45/2-10.3(b) (West

     2010). Rodney moved to dismiss the complaint under section 2-615 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2-

     615 (West 2010)). The trial court granted Rodney's motion and found as a matter of law that, at

     the time of the transaction at issue, Rodney had no duty to Doris. This appeal followed.

¶3                                                 FACTS

                                                       2
¶4          On January 18, 2005, Thomas Shelton executed an Illinois Statutory Short Form Power

     of Attorney for Property (POA) appointing his wife, Doris Shelton, as his "attorney-in-fact" or

     "agent." The POA form states that Doris has the power to act for Thomas and in his name in any

     way Thomas could act in person with respect to several enumerated powers, including: (1) the

     power to "pledge, sell, and otherwise dispose of any real or personal property without advance

     notice" to Thomas; (2) the power to make Estate transactions, gifts, and "all other property

     powers and transactions"; (3) the power to name or change beneficiaries or joint tenants; and (4)

     the power to exercise trust powers. It was a "durable" power of attorney in that it provided that

     Thomas's appointed agent "may exercise the powers given here throughout [Thomas's] lifetime,

     after [he] become[s] disabled" (unless Thomas or a court otherwise limited or terminated the

     agent's power, which did not occur).

¶5   In paragraph 8, Thomas's POA provided:

                    "If any agent named by me shall die, become incompetent, resign or refuse

            to accept the office of agent, I name the following (each to act alone and

            successively, in the order named) as successor(s) to such agent: my son Rodney I.

            Shelton -- my daughter Ruth Ann Alford.

                    For purposes of this paragraph 8, a person shall be considered to be

            incompetent if and while the person is a minor or an adjudicated incompetent or

            disabled person or the person is unable to give prompt and intelligent

            consideration to business matters, as certified by a licensed physician."

¶6          On the same day Thomas executed his POA, Doris executed a substantively identical

     durable POA for property appointing Thomas as her agent (or attorney-in-fact) and Rodney and

     Ruth Ann, successively, as successor agents.

                                                     3
¶7          Thomas and Doris owned a farm together as joint tenants. On December 1, 2011,

     Thomas executed quitclaim deeds conveying his and Doris's interest in the farm to Rodney and

     Rodney's wife. Thomas conveyed his own interest in the farm on his own behalf, and he

     conveyed Doris's interest in the farm as attorney-in-fact under Doris's power of attorney. On the

     same day, Thomas executed another quitclaim deed conveying to Rodney and Rodney's wife

     another farm that was titled in Thomas alone.

¶8          On December 2, 2013, Thomas's estate (by its executor, Ruth Ann), filed an amended

     citation under section 16-1 of the Probate Act of 1975 (Probate Act) (755 ILCS 5/16-1 (West

     2012)) against Rodney and his wife to recover the farm originally owned by Thomas. The

     citation alleged that, at the time Thomas conveyed the farm to Rodney, Rodney was Thomas's

     agent under Thomas' POA because: (1) Thomas's POA designated Rodney as successor POA;

     and (2) at the time of the conveyance, the predecessor POA (Doris) was incompetent. In support

     of the latter assertion, the estate alleged that: (a) "[f]rom March 2011 Doris *** was observed to

     have confusion and lack of short term memorization [sic]"; (b) "[m]edical treatment records

     through, and beyond, December 1, 2011 reflect Doris's *** continued confusion and cognitive

     impairment"; (c) "[a]bnormal EEG of 9-15-2011 found 'features that would be consistent with

     diffuse cerebral dysfunction' "; (d) "[o]n or about October 4, 2011, Doris *** was diagnosed with

     dementia"; (e) "[r]ecords for Doris *** thereafter reflect progressive decline in cognitive level,

     disorientation and hallucinations." The complaint alleged that, based on "the progressive effects

     of [Doris's] diagnosed Dementia as set forth above," Doris "was unable to manage her affairs due

     to said mental deficiency and was incompetent at the time of the execution of the foregoing

     deeds." The complaint did not attach a physician's report certifying that Doris was unable to

     conduct her business affairs or otherwise incompetent.

                                                      4
¶9             The complaint further alleged that, due to Doris's incompetence at the time the deeds at

       issue were executed, "Rodney *** had succeeded to and was the POA under the power of

       attorney which created a fiduciary relationship between Thomas *** and Rodney." Therefore,

       the complaint maintained, the conveyances from Thomas to Rodney were "presumptively

       fraudulent" and Rodney was required show by clear and convincing evidence that the

       "transaction was fair and equitable." Absent such showing, the complaint asked that the deeds be

       set aside.

¶ 10           On December 11, 2013, Rodney filed motions to dismiss the estate's amended petition for

       citation under sections 2-615 and 2-619(a)(9) of the Code. The latter motion noted that Doris had

       not been adjudicated incompetent or declared incompetent by a physician's certification, as

       required by paragraph 8 of Thomas's POA. Therefore, Rodney argued, Rodney never assumed a

       fiduciary duty to Thomas under the POA. Moreover, Rodney contended that "[t]he power of

       attorney at issue and applicable principles of Illinois law do not permit a retroactive adjudication

       of incompetence or the creation of a fiduciary relationship nunc pro tunc." The estate filed a

       response to Rodney's motions to dismiss and Rodney filed a reply.

¶ 11           On January 30, 2014, the estate filed the "Physician's Report" of Dr. Daniel M. Jurak,

       Doris's former treating physician, as a supplemental exhibit to its response to Rodney's motions

       to dismiss. In his report, Dr. Jurak stated under oath that Doris had suffered from "[d]ementia,

       diagnosed on or before October 4, 2011, associated with Parkinson's Disease with a start of care

       date of October 13, 2011." Dr. Jurak further stated that Doris had an "onset of confusion in

       March 2011" and had "exhibited continuing diminishment of mental and cognitive ability with

       progressive worsening through the date of her death in 2012." Dr. Jurak opined that "[a]s of, and

       including, December 1, 2011, *** Doris Shelton was incompetent, unable to manage her

                                                        5
       personal affairs, unable to give prompt and intelligent consideration [to] her personal affairs and

       unable to give prompt and intelligent consideration to business matters." Dr. Jurak stated that he

       based these observations on: (1) "[his] own examinations(s), continuing care and observations(s),

       of Doris Shelton from 2008 through the date of her death"; and (2) "[r]eview and examination of

       treatment records kept in the ordinary course of business, created by persons with independent

       knowledge of their personal observations and assessments, made at or near their personal

       observations and assessments[,] *** records of which [Dr. Jurak had] found to be accurate and

       reliable."

¶ 12           The trial court held a hearing on Rodney's motions to dismiss on February 4, 2014. After

       reading the parties' briefs and hearing oral arguments, the trial court denied Rodney's motion to

       dismiss under Rule 2-615 but granted his motion to dismiss under rule 2-619(a)(9). The court

       reasoned that, at the time of the conveyance on December 1, 2011, no doctor had certified that

       Doris was unable to manage her financial affairs, and the doctor's certification that "would

       trigger that POA" occurred two years after the event. The court concluded that "I don’t think

       you can retroactively a year or two years later submit a certification *** that is specifically

       referred to in the POA and have retroactive effect."

¶ 13           On March 24, 2014, Ruth Ann, as executor of Doris's estate, filed a complaint against

       Rodney seeking damages for Rodney's alleged breach of fiduciary duty to Doris. The complaint

       alleged that, on December 1, 2011, Thomas violated his duty as Doris's agent under Doris's POA

       by transferring all of Doris's interest in the farm to Rodney and Rodney's wife without reserving

       a life estate in Doris at a time when Doris was incompetent and in need of income from the

       property. The complaint further alleged that Rodney "participated in such breach of fiduciary

       duty" by Thomas in violation of section 2-10.3 of the Act (755 ILCS 45/2-10.3 (West 2010)) by

                                                         6
       failing to notify Doris of such breach and by failing to take action to safeguard Doris's best

       interests. The complaint sought damages "in an amount not less than $50,000" plus attorney's

       fees and court costs.

¶ 14          Rodney filed a motion for judgment on the pleading pursuant to section 2-615(e) of the

       Code or, in the alternative, a motion to dismiss the complaint under section 2-615(a) of the Code.

       In both motions, Rodney argued that he was not an "agent" as alleged in the complaint under

       either Doris's POA or section 2-10.3 of the Act. Rodney maintained that he had no fiduciary

       duty to act as alleged in the complaint, and that the complaint thereby failed to state a cause of

       action for breach of fiduciary duty. In its response to Rodney's motions, Ruth Ann argued that,

       as a designated successor agent under Doris's POA, Rodney was a fiduciary as a matter of law

       and therefore had a duty to Doris on the date the deeds were executed. During oral argument,

       Ruth Ann argued that section 2-10.3 of the Act and Illinois case law stand for the proposition

       that a "secondary agent could be liable" if he "sees the primary agent violate his duty to the

       principal," and that a successor POA has a duty to take action under such circumstances to

       protect the principal from harm.

¶ 15          After oral argument, the trial court took the matter under advisement. On August 29,

       2014, the trial court issued a ruling from the bench finding as a matter of law that Rodney never

       became an agent of Doris's under Doris's POA, and therefore no fiduciary duty ever arose. The

       court found that, at the time of the conveyance at issue, Thomas was Doris's agent with all of the

       discretion that Doris chose to give him. Accordingly, the trial court granted Rodney's motion to

       dismiss Ruth Ann's complaint with prejudice under section 2-615(a).

¶ 16          Thomas's estate appealed the trial court's dismissal of its amended petition for citation to

       recover property from Rodney under section 16-1 (appeal No. 3-14-0163), and Doris's estate

                                                        7
       appealed the trial court's dismissal of its complaint for damages against Rodney (appeal No. 3-

       14-0685). We consolidated the appeals.

¶ 17                                              ANALYSIS

¶ 18               1. The Dismissal of the Amended Estate Citation filed by Thomas's Estate

¶ 19          In appeal No. 3-14-0163, Ruth Ann, as executor of Thomas's estate, argues that the trial

       court erred in granting Rodney's motion to dismiss the amended estate citation under section 2-

       619(a)(9) because Rodney was Thomas's fiduciary at the time Thomas conveyed his farm to

       Rodney, thereby rendering the conveyance presumptively fraudulent. A motion for involuntary

       dismissal under section 2-619(a)(9) of the Code admits the legal sufficiency of the complaint,

       admits all well-pleaded facts and all reasonable inferences therefrom, and asserts an affirmative

       matter outside the complaint bars or defeats the cause of action. Reynolds v. Jimmy John's

       Enterprises, LLC, 2013 IL App (4th) 120139, ¶ 31. When ruling on a section 2-619(a)(9)

       motion, the court construes the pleadings "in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party"

       (Sandholm v. Kuecker, 2012 IL 111443, ¶ 55), and should only grant the motion "if the plaintiff

       can prove no set of facts that would support a cause of action" (Snyder v. Heidelberger, 2011 IL
111052, ¶ 8). We review a trial court's dismissal of a complaint under section 2-619(a)(9) de

       novo. Reynolds, 2013 IL App (4th) 120139, ¶ 31.

¶ 20          Ruth Ann argues that Rodney had a fiduciary relationship with Thomas at the time of the

       conveyance in December 2011 because Thomas had designated Rodney as a successor agent in

       his POA. She also maintains that, because Doris was incompetent at the time Thomas conveyed

       his farm to Rodney in December 2011 (as certified by Doris's treating physician in 2014),

       Rodney had succeeded Doris as Thomas's attorney-in-fact at the time of the conveyance, which

       made him Thomas's fiduciary. Ruth Ann argues that, because Rodney was Thomas's fiduciary,

                                                       8
       Thomas’s conveyance of his farm to Rodney was presumptively fraudulent, and the trial court

       erred in dismissing the amended estate citation.

¶ 21          A fiduciary relationship is one where a person is under a duty to act for the benefit of

       another. In re Estate of Baumgarten, 2012 IL App (1st) 112155, ¶ 16. A fiduciary relationship

       can arise as a matter of law or fact. In re Estate of DeJarnette, 286 Ill. App. 3d 1082, 1088

       (1997). One way in which a fiduciary relationship can exist as a matter of law is through the

       appointment of a power of attorney. Id.; see also Clark v. Clark, 398 Ill. 592, 600 (1947); In re

       Estate of Elias, 408 Ill. App. 3d 301, 319 (2011) ("A power of attorney gives rise to a general

       fiduciary relationship between the grantor of the power and the grantee as a matter of law.");

       Spring Valley Nursing Center, L.P. v. Allen, 2012 IL App (3d) 110915, ¶ 12 ("When a person is

       designated as an agent under a power of attorney, he has a fiduciary duty to the person who made

       the designation.").

¶ 22         "The mere existence of a fiduciary relationship prohibits the agent from seeking or

       obtaining any selfish benefit for himself, and if the agent does so, the transaction is presumed to

       be fraudulent." Spring Valley Nursing Center, 2012 IL App (3d) 110915, ¶ 12; see also Clark,
398 Ill. at 601-02. "Thus, any conveyance of the principal's property that either materially

       benefits the agent or is for the agent's own use is presumed to be fraudulent." Spring Valley

       Nursing Center, 2012 IL App (3d) 110915, ¶ 12; see also Clark, 398 Ill. at 601; In re Estate of

       Rybolt, 258 Ill. App. 3d 886, 889 (1994). 1 This rule applies to conveyances of the principal's

              1
                  The presumption of fraud is not conclusive and may be rebutted by clear and convincing

       evidence to the contrary. Spring Valley Nursing Center, 2012 IL App (3d) 110915, ¶ 13. The

       burden is on the agent to rebut the presumption by showing that he acted in good faith and that

       he did not betray the confidence placed in him. Id. If the agent satisfies this burden, the

                                                          9
       property by the agent to a third party on behalf of the principal and also to conveyances made by

       the principal directly to the agent. See, e.g., Clark, 398 Ill. at 601; Estate of Rybolt, 258 Ill. App.
3d at 889. "[T]he burden of pleading and proving the existence of a fiduciary relationship lies

       with the party seeking relief." Lemp v. Hauptmann, 170 Ill. App. 3d 753, 756 (1988). The trial

       court's determination whether a POA gives rise to a fiduciary relationship as a matter of law is a

       legal conclusion that we review de novo.

¶ 23           In determining whether Rodney was Thomas's fiduciary at the time of the conveyance at

       issue, we must first answer a threshold legal question. Specifically, we must decide whether a

       successor agent under a POA has a fiduciary duty to the principal before he becomes the acting

       agent (or the "attorney in-fact") merely by virtue of being named a successor agent in the POA.

       This is an issue of first impression. Illinois courts have held repeatedly that an appointed agent

       under a POA (i.e., an agent designated as the principal's attorney-in-fact) has a fiduciary duty to

       the principal as a matter of law from the time the POA is executed, regardless of whether or

       when he exercises his powers under the POA. See, e.g., Estate of Elias, 408 Ill. App. 3d at 320;

       see generally In re Estate of Miller, 334 Ill. App. 3d 692, 697, 700 (2002). However, no

       transaction in question will be upheld. See 755 ILCS 45/2-7(a) (West 2010); Clark, 398 Ill. at

       602. However, if the agent fails to rebut the presumption, the transaction will be set aside. See

       755 ILCS 45/2-7(a), (f) (West 2010); Clark, 398 Ill. at 601. Some of the significant factors to be

       considered in determining if the presumption of fraud has been rebutted include whether the

       fiduciary made a frank disclosure to the principal of the information he had, whether the

       fiduciary paid adequate consideration, and whether the principal had competent and independent

       advice. Spring Valley Nursing Center, 2012 IL App (3d) 110915, ¶ 12; Estate of DeJarnette, 286
Ill. App. 3d at 1088.

                                                         10
       published Illinois decision holds that a party named a successor agent under a POA has such a

       duty before he becomes the principal's attorney-in-fact. That is not surprising, because a

       fiduciary relation is created by the "appointment," "granting," or "designation" of a power of

       attorney (see, e.g., Estate of DeJarnette, 286 Ill. App. 3d at 1088; Estate of Elias, 408 Ill. App.
3d at 319; Spring Valley Nursing Center, 2012 IL App (3d) 110915, ¶ 12), and a successor agent

       under a POA is appointed, granted, or designated a power of attorney only contingently, i.e.,

       only if the person designated attorney-in-fact under the instrument is unwilling or unable to act

       on the principal’s behalf. In this case, Thomas’s POA provided: "If any agent named by me

       shall die, become incompetent, resign or refuse to accept the office of agent, I name the

       following (each to act alone and successively, in the order named) as successor(s) to such agent:

       my son Rodney I. Shelton -- my daughter Ruth Ann Alford." (Emphasis added.) Thus,

       Rodney’s designation as Thomas's agent under the POA, and the attendant powers to act on

       Thomas’s behalf, would be triggered if, and only if, the designated attorney-in-fact (Doris) died,

       became incompetent, or refused to accept the agency. Until any of those events occurred,

       Rodney had no power of attorney under the document, and therefore no common-law fiduciary

       duty to exercise such power according to Thomas’s interests. In sum, it is the power to act as a

       principal's attorney-in-fact that creates a fiduciary duty as a matter of law. Until that power is

       actually conferred, there can be no corresponding fiduciary duty to use that power for the

       principal's benefit.

¶ 24           Having found that Thomas’s designation of Rodney as a successor agent under the POA

       did not create a common-law fiduciary relationship, we proceed to the second question noted

       above: namely, whether the estate established that Doris was incompetent at the time of the

       conveyance in 2011 (and, therefore, that Rodney became Thomas's agent-in-fact at that time

                                                        11
       under the POA) through Dr. Jurak's physician's report, even though that report was prepared and

       signed approximately two years later. The trial court answered this question in the negative.

       The court concluded that a physician's certification of incompetency had to be rendered prior to

       the conveyance at issue in order to establish Doris's incompetency under Thomas's POA, and that

       a physician's certification prepared two years after the fact could not establish Doris's

       incompetency "retroactively." We agree.

¶ 25           As noted, Thomas’s POA names Rodney as a successor agent only if the designated

       attorney-in-fact (Doris) "shall *** become incompetent." The next sentence states that "[f]or

       purposes of this paragraph ***, a person shall be considered to be incompetent if and while the

       person is a minor or an adjudicated incompetent or disabled person or the person is unable to

       give prompt and intelligent consideration to business matters, as certified by a licensed

       physician." (Emphasis added.) Although the POA does not expressly state when the physician's

       certification must take place, when the paragraph is read as a whole, the clear implication is that

       the certification must occur before the successor power of attorney becomes the attorney-in-fact.

       Unless the originally designated attorney-in-fact is disabled or a minor, she does not “become

       incompetent” for purposes of the POA unless she is adjudicated incompetent or certified

       incompetent by a licensed physician. Moreover, the POA expressly states that the original agent

       will be considered incompetent “if and while” such certification and adjudication takes pace.

       (Emphasis added.) The most straightforward reading of these provisions is that the physician's

       certification, like an adjudication of incompetency, is meant to serve as a triggering event that

       nullifies the primary agent's authority at the time of the certification and in the future, until the

       certification is rescinded. Nothing in Thomas's POA suggests that a physician's certification

       prepared years after the fact may retroactively nullify the designated agent-in-fact's authority to

                                                         12
       act under the POA. Because written POAs must be strictly construed in Illinois (In re Estate of

       Romanowski, 329 Ill. App. 3d 769 (2002); Amcore Bank, N.A. v. Hahnaman-Albrecht, Inc., 326
Ill. App. 3d 126 (2001)), we will not read such intent into the instrument by implication where

       the text does not clearly support that interpretation.

¶ 26          Moreover, there are good policy reasons for reading a standard form POA in this manner.

       Allowing incompetency determinations to be made years after the fact could create uncertainty

       and lead to situations where an acting power of attorney makes financial decisions for a long

       period of time before he or she is declared incompetent and replaced with a successor POA.

       Principals, acting agents, successor agents, and third parties need to know with certainty who has

       the authority to act on the principal's behalf (and who has fiduciary duties to the principal) at a

       particular time. If an attorney-in-fact's authority can be nullified retroactively by a doctor's

       certification years after the fact, the designated successor agents would never be certain when

       their powers and duties under the POA were triggered. A successor agent under the POA might

       reasonably believe that the attorney-in-fact is competent, only to discover years later that she had

       been incompetent for years, and that the successor agent has been inadvertently shirking his duty

       throughout that entire period. This would create a regime of instability and uncertainty which

       could upset the settled expectations of principals, attorneys-in-fact, successor agents, and third

       parties who have transacted business with an attorney-in-fact. Moreover, allowing retroactive

       certification of an agent's incompetency would likely spawn litigation (complete with conflicting

       expert testimony) to establish when an attorney-in-fact became incompetent. A bright-line rule

                                                         13
       requiring a physician's certification of incompetency before the attorney-in-fact is replaced by a

       successor agent would avoid all of these problems. 2

¶ 27          Accordingly, we affirm the trial court's dismissal of the amended estate citation in appeal

       No. 3-14-0163.

¶ 28                     2. The Dismissal of Doris's Estate's Claim Against Rodney

¶ 29          In Case No. 3-14-0685, Ruth Ann, as executor of Doris's estate, argues that the trial court

       erred in dismissing Doris's estate's claim against Rodney for breach of fiduciary duty as a

       successor trustee under section 2-10.3(b) of the Act (755 ILCS 45/2-10.3(b) (West 2010)). The

       trial court dismissed Doris's estate's claim under section 2-615(a) of the Code. A section 2-

       615(a) motion to dismiss tests the legal sufficiency of the complaint on its face. Doe-3 v.

       McLean County Unit District No. 5 Board of Directors, 2012 IL 112479, ¶ 15. A section 2-

       615(a) motion argues that the facts alleged in the complaint, viewed in the light most favorable

       to the plaintiff, and taking all well-pleaded facts and all reasonable inferences that may be drawn

       from those facts as true, are insufficient to state a cause of action upon which relief may be

              2
                  In his dissent in appeal No. 3-14-0163, Justice Schmidt suggests that most of these

       problems could be alleviated if we allowed retroactive certifications of incompetency by

       physicians but limited the effect of such certifications to transactions that benefit the successor

       agent. See infra ¶ 50. That may well be true. However, the language of Thomas’s POA does

       not support retroactive certifications of incompetency, much less the limitation of such

       certifications to transactions that benefit a successor agent. As noted above, written POAs must

       be strictly construed in Illinois. In re Estate of Romanowski, 329 Ill. App. 3d 769 (2002);

       Amcore Bank, 326 Ill. App. 3d 126. Accordingly, we cannot read provisions or limitations into a

       POA that are not clearly supported by its text.

                                                         14
       granted. Id., ¶ 25. "[A] cause of action should not be dismissed pursuant to section 2-615 unless

       it is clearly apparent that no set of facts can be proved that would entitle the plaintiff to

       recovery." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. We review a trial court's dismissal of a

       complaint under section 2-615(a) de novo. Id.

¶ 30           The complaint in this case alleged that, on December 1, 2011, Thomas violated his

       fiduciary duty as Doris's agent under Doris's POA by transferring all of Doris's interest in the

       farm to Rodney and Rodney's wife without reserving a life estate in Doris at a time when Doris

       was incompetent and in need of income from the property. The complaint alleged that Rodney

       "participated in such breach of fiduciary duty" by Thomas in violation of section 2-10.3 of the

       Act (755 ILCS 45/2-10.3 (West 2010)) by failing to notify Doris of such breach and by failing to

       take action to safeguard Doris's best interests.

¶ 31           Section 2-10.3 of the Act is entitled "Successor Agents." Subsection (b) of section 2-10.3

       provides that:

               "An agent is not liable for the actions of another agent, including a predecessor

               agent, unless the agent participates in or conceals a breach of fiduciary duty

               committed by the other agent. An agent who has knowledge of a breach or

               imminent breach of fiduciary duty by another agent must notify the principal and,

               if the principal is incapacitated, take whatever actions may be reasonably

               appropriate in the circumstances to safeguard the principal's best interest."

               (Emphasis added.) 755 ILCS 45/2-10.3(b) (West 2010)).

       Ruth Ann argues that, under section 2-10.3(b), Rodney is liable for any breach of

       fiduciary duty committed by Thomas when he conveyed Doris's interest in the farm to

       Rodney.

                                                          15
¶ 32          In dismissing the complaint, the trial court held that, because Rodney was only a

       successor agent who never became an actual agent of Doris's under the POA, no fiduciary duty

       ever arose as a matter of law. However, although we agree that Rodney did not have a fiduciary

       duty to Doris under the POA or under the common law, that does not resolve the matter. The

       complaint in this case was based upon section 2-10.3(b) of the Act. That section provides that

       successor agents may be liable for breaches of fiduciary duty committed by their predecessor

       agents if they participate in or conceal such breaches. 755 ILCS 45/2-10.3(b) (West 2010).

       Successor agents are liable for such conduct under section 2-10.3(b) regardless of whether they

       have independent fiduciary obligations to the principal. Section 2-10.3(b) does not state that

       successor agents may be liable for breaches committed by predecessor agents only if they

       themselves become acting agents.

¶ 33          Moreover, section 2-10.3(b) imposes certain affirmative obligations upon successor

       agents. Specifically, section 2-10.3(b) provides that a successor agent "who has knowledge of a

       breach or imminent breach of fiduciary duty by another agent" "must notify the principal and, if

       the principal is incapacitated, take whatever actions may be reasonably appropriate in the

       circumstances to safeguard the principal's best interest." Id. The statute suggests that successor

       agents who fail to discharge these obligations are liable for any breach of fiduciary duty

       committed against a principal by a predecessor agent. 3

              3
                  It should be emphasized, however, that the statute only imposes affirmative duties on a

       successor agent in the event that the successor agent "has knowledge of a breach or imminent

       breach of fiduciary duty by another agent." Id. In that event, and only in that event, the

       successor agent must notify the principal and, if the principal is incapacitated, take reasonable

       steps safeguard the principal's best interest. Id.

                                                            16
¶ 34          Thus, by its plain terms, section 2-10.3(b) could support a cause of action against a

       successor agent if the successor agent participated in or concealed a breach of duty by a

       predecessor agent, or if the successor agent was aware of an imminent breach of fiduciary duty

       by a predecessor agent but failed to notify the principal or take reasonable steps to safeguard an

       incompetent principal's interest. In this case, the complaint alleged that: (1) Thomas violated his

       fiduciary duty as Doris's agent under Doris's POA by transferring all of Doris's interest in the

       farm to Rodney and Rodney's wife without reserving a life estate in Doris at a time when Doris

       was incompetent and in need of income from the property; (2) Rodney was aware that Thomas

       was going to execute a deed accomplishing this wrongful transfer of Doris's property interest;

       and (3) Rodney "participated in such breach of fiduciary duty" by Thomas in violation of section

       2-10.3(b) by failing to notify Doris of such breach and by failing to take action to safeguard

       Doris's best interests. Thus, the complaint alleged facts sufficient to state a cause of action. We

       therefore hold that the trial court erred in dismissing the complaint under section 2-615(a).

¶ 35          Rodney argues that, when the Act is read as a whole, it is clear that section 2-10.3(b) does

       not apply to successor agents. Section 2-10.3(b) states that "[a]n agent" may be liable for the

       actions of another agent under certain specified circumstances; it does not state that a "successor

       agent" may be liable for such actions. Similarly, section 2-10.3(b) imposes certain duties on an

       "agent," not a "successor agent." The Act defines "agent" as "the attorney-in-fact or other person

       designated to act for the principal in the agency." 755 ILCS 45/2-3 (West 2010). 4 By contrast,

       section 2-10.3 suggests that a "successor agent" is designated to act only "if an initial or

       predecessor agent resigns, dies, becomes incapacitated, is not qualified to serve, or declines to

       serve." 755 ILCS 45/2-10.3(a) (West 2010). Thus, Rodney contends that, by using the term

              4
                  The "agency" is the written power of attorney. See 755 ILCS 45/2-3 (West 2010).

                                                        17
       "agent" instead of "successor agent" throughout section 2-10.3(b), the legislature expressed its

       intent that the duties and potential liability prescribed by that section should apply only to

       attorneys-in fact, not to successor agents.

¶ 36          We disagree. Section 2-10.3(b) is a subsection within section 2-10.3, which is entitled

       "Successor agents." The other two subsections within that section both clearly apply to successor

       agents. See 755 ILCS 45/2-10.3(a), (c) (West 2010). Thus, it stands to reason that section 2-

       10.3(b) applies to successor agents as well.

¶ 37          Moreover, section 2-10.3(b) imposes certain duties on an agent "who has knowledge of a

       breach or imminent breach of fiduciary duty by another agent." (Emphasis added.) 755 ILCS

       45/2-10.3(b) (West 2010). As Rodney acknowledges, only attorneys-in-fact have fiduciary

       obligations to the principal under a POA, and only attorneys-in-fact are authorized to act for the

       principal. Accordingly, only an attorney-in-fact could commit an "immanent breach of fiduciary

       duty." This means that section 2-10.3(b) must intend to impose duties on an agent when certain

       unlawful acts are performed or about to be performed by an acting attorney-in-fact under a POA.

       As noted, however, Rodney argues that section 2-10.3(b) imposes duties only on an attorney-in-

       fact. If that were true, then the statute could apply only in a situation where there are co-agents

       (i.e., two simultaneously acting attorneys-in-fact) under the POA. However, a careful reading of

       the Act as a whole establishes that section 2-10.3(b) was not intended to apply to co-agents.

       First, as noted, section 2-10.3(b) appears in a section of the Act entitled "Successor agents," not

       "co-agents." More importantly, there is a separate section of the Act entitled "Co-agents" (755

       ILCS 45/2-10.5 (West 2010)), and that section contains a subsection that is identical to section 2-

       10.3(b) (see 755 ILCS 45/2-10.5(c) (West 2010)). If section 2-10.3(b) applied to co-agents, as

       Rodney maintains, then section 2-10.5(c) would be rendered superfluous. "It is a general rule of

                                                        18
       construction that where a statute can be reasonably interpreted so as to give effect to all its

       provisions, a court will not adopt a strained reading which renders one part superfluous." Bass v.

       Cook County Hospital, 2015 IL App (1st) 142665, ¶ 25. For this additional reason, we reject

       Rodney's interpretation.

¶ 38          In his partial dissent in case No. 3-14-0685, Justice Carter maintains that our decisions in

       these two consolidated appeals are inconsistent. See infra, ¶ 47. We disagree. In the first appeal

       (No. 3-14-0163), we hold that a successor agent under a POA has no fiduciary duty to the

       principal under the common law until he becomes the acting agent (or attorney-in-fact). In the

       second appeal (No. 3-14-0685), Justice Schmidt and I hold that a successor agent has a limited

       statutory duty under section 2-10.3(b). That statutory duty is an exception to (i.e., in derogation

       of) the common law rule that successor agents have no duties to the principal. However, it is a

       very limited duty. As noted above, the statute imposes a duty on a successor agent to: (1) refrain

       from participating in or concealing a breach of fiduciary duty committed by another agent; (2)

       notify the principal of any immanent breach of fiduciary duty by another agent and, if the

       principal is incapacitated, take whatever actions may be reasonably appropriate under the

       circumstances to safeguard the principal's best interest. The latter duty is imposed only if the

       successor agent has knowledge of a breach or imminent breach of fiduciary duty by another

       agent. Thus, it will apply only in very limited circumstances.

¶ 39          We also disagree with Justice Carter’s conclusion that “the references to the ‘agent’ in

       section 2-10.3(b) are limited solely to the acting agent or attorney in-in-fact.” Infra ¶ 47. As

       explained above, when section 2-10.3(b) is read in conjunction with other relevant provisions of

       the Act, the only reasonable conclusion is that section 2-10.3(b) was intended to apply to

       successor agents, not to co-agents or other attorneys-in-fact.

                                                        19
¶ 40            Moreover, contrary to Justice Carter’s conclusion (infra ¶ 47), our reading of section 2-

       10.3(b) does not conflict with section 2-7, which provides that an agent has no duty to "assume

       control of or responsibility for any of the principal's property, care or affairs, regardless of the

       principal's physical or mental condition." 755 ILCS 45/2-7 (West 2010). Section 2-10.3(b)

       merely imposes a limited duty under certain narrow and specified circumstances, as discussed

       above. In any event, even if there were some tension between these two provisions, the specific

       duties imposed in section 2-10.3(b) would control over the general principle announced in

       section 2-7. See Sierra Club v. Kenney, 88 Ill. 2d 110, 126 (1981); Calibraro v. Board of

       Trustees of the Buffalo Grove Firefighters' Pension Fund, 367 Ill. App. 3d 259, 262 (2006).

¶ 41            For the reasons set forth above, we reverse the trial court's dismissal of Doris's estate's

       claim.

¶ 42                                              CONCLUSION

¶ 43            The judgment of the circuit court of Grundy County in appeal No. 3-14-0163 is affirmed.

       The judgment of the circuit court of Grundy County in appeal No. 3-14-0685 is reversed and

       remanded for further proceedings.

¶ 44            No. 3-14-0163, Affirmed.
                No. 3-14-0685, Reversed and remanded.

¶ 45            JUSTICE CARTER, concurring in part and dissenting in part.

¶ 46            I concur with the majority's decision affirming the trial court's dismissal of the amended

       estate citation in appeal No. 3-14-0163. Specifically, I agree with the analysis in paragraphs 18

       through 27.

¶ 47            However, for the reasons that follow, I also respectfully dissent from the majority's

       decision reversing the trial court's dismissal of the estate's claim in appeal No. 3-14-0685.

                                                          20
       Specifically, I dissent from paragraphs 28 through 41. First, in my opinion, the majority's

       decisions in the two consolidated appeals are inconsistent with one another as the majority finds

       in the first appeal (No. 3-14-0163) that a successor agent under a POA has no fiduciary duty to

       the principal until he becomes the acting agent but reaches the exact opposite conclusion in the

       second appeal (No. 3-14-0685). Second, I believe that the majority's analysis in the latter appeal

       is based upon a strained reading of section 2-10.3(b) of the Act, a reading with which I do not

       agree. In my opinion, the references to the "agent" in section 2-10.3(b) are limited solely to the

       acting agent or attorney-in-fact and do not include, or apply to, a successor agent. See 755 ILCS

       45/2-3(b) (West 2010) (" '[a]gent' means the attorney-in-fact or other person designated to act for

       the principal in the agency"). The more-limited reading of section 2-10.3(b) that I have

       suggested here is more in keeping with section 2-7 of the Act, which limits the duties,

       obligations, and liabilities of an agent acting under a POA and provides, in part, that an agent has

       no duty to "assume control of or responsibility for any of the principal's property, care or affairs,

       regardless of the principal's physical or mental condition." 755 ILCS 45/2-7 (West 2010). For

       the reasons stated, unlike the majority, I would affirm the trial court's dismissal of Doris's estate's

       claim in appeal No. 3-14-0685.

¶ 48          JUSTICE SCHMIDT, concurring in part and dissenting in part.

¶ 49          Because I would reverse the trial court's dismissal of the amended estate citation in

       appeal No. 3-14-0163, I respectively dissent from that portion of the majority opinion which

       affirms it. Supra ¶¶ 18-27.

¶ 50          In paragraph 26, supra, the majority explains that the sky will fall if we were to read a

       standard form POA to allow a retroactive declaration of incompetency. I suggest that the

       majority's view allows a successor agent under a POA, who knows full well that the designated

                                                         21
       attorney-in-fact is incompetent, to engage in self-dealing before either seeking a physician's

       declaration of incompetency, or a court order to the same effect. In a case such as this, we have

       the opinion and medical records of Doris's former treating physician, not simply a hired expert.

       If the estate can show that Doris was indeed incompetent at the relevant times, I see no reason,

       not to allow the estate to challenge the transactions that benefitted Rodney. If a retroactive

       declaration of incompetency only affects transactions that benefit the successor agent directly, or

       even indirectly, then that should alleviate most of the majority's concerns. Supra ¶ 26.

¶ 51          I concur with Justice Holdridge's analysis and reversal of the trial court with respect to

       appeal No. 3-14-0685. Supra ¶¶ 29-41.

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