Court Opinion

ID: 9881023
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-29 15:00:47.456242+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:58:52.592945
License: Public Domain

22-2771-cv
    Holyoke v. Mohawk Valley Health System

                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                   SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY
ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF
APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY
ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL
APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY
CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY
COUNSEL.

               At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the
    Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40
    Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 29th day of September, two
    thousand twenty-three.

    PRESENT:
               GUIDO CALABRESI,
               STEVEN J. MENASHI,
               BETH ROBINSON,
                     Circuit Judges.
    _____________________________________

    Gary Arthur Holyoke,

                            Plaintiff-Appellant,

                    v.                                           22-2771

    Mohawk Valley Health System, Mohawk
    Valley Community Services,

                     Defendants-Appellees.
    _____________________________________
FOR PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT:                                    Gary Arthur Holyoke,
                                                            pro se, Utica, NY.

FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLEE MOHAWK
VALLEY HEALTH SYSTEM:                                       Patrick V. Melfi, Hannah
                                                            K. Redmond, Bond,
                                                            Schoeneck & King,
                                                            PLLC, Syracuse, NY.

      Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Northern

District of New York (Mae A. D’Agostino, Judge; Andrew T. Baxter, Magistrate

Judge).

      UPON      DUE     CONSIDERATION,           IT    IS   HEREBY       ORDERED,

ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is

AFFIRMED.

      Appellant Gary Arthur Holyoke, proceeding pro se, appeals the dismissal

of his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 complaint. Holyoke sued Mohawk Valley Health System

and Mohawk Valley Community Services for violating his rights in connection

with his treatment at their facilities. The district court adopted a report and

recommendation and dismissed Holyoke’s complaint under 28 U.S.C.

§ 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) for failure to allege that either defendant was acting under color

of state law, denying leave to amend as futile. Holyoke v. Mohawk Valley Health Sys.,
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No. 22-CV-316, 2022 WL 1102414 (N.D.N.Y. Apr. 13, 2022), report and

recommendation adopted, 2022 WL 16570433 (N.D.N.Y. Nov. 1, 2022). We assume the

parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case,

and the issues on appeal.

      Our review is de novo. See Hardaway v. Hartford Pub. Works Dep’t, 879 F.3d

486, 489 (2d Cir. 2018). In conducting this review, we assume all well-pleaded

allegations in the operative complaint are true and draw every reasonable

inference in the plaintiff’s favor. Jacobs v. Ramirez, 400 F.3d 105, 106 (2d Cir. 2005).

While pro se filings “must be construed liberally and interpreted to raise the

strongest arguments that they suggest,” Meadows v. United Servs., Inc., 963 F.3d 240,

243 (2d Cir. 2020) (quoting Triestman v. Fed. Bureau of Prisons, 470 F.3d 471, 474 (2d

Cir. 2006)), a pro se complaint must still state a “plausible claim for relief” to

survive dismissal, id. (quoting Hogan v. Fischer, 738 F.3d 509, 515 (2d Cir. 2013)).

 I.   State Action

      We agree with the district court that Holyoke’s complaint failed to

demonstrate that the defendants were acting under color of state law. See 42 U.S.C.

§ 1983; Meadows, 963 F.3d at 243. Holyoke did not allege that the defendants were

                                           3
state actors and does not press any meaningful argument to that end on appeal. A

private entity acts under color of state law for purposes of § 1983 only when its

actions are “fairly attributable to the state,” including when there are questions of

compelled conduct, joint action, or private adoption of public functions. McGugan

v. Aldana-Bernier, 752 F.3d 224, 229 (2d Cir. 2014) (internal quotation marks

omitted) (quoting Fabrikant v. French, 691 F.3d 193, 207 (2d Cir. 2012)). Holyoke has

not pleaded facts suggesting that any of these exceptions apply. Accordingly,

Holyoke has not sufficiently alleged state action and the district court correctly

decided that his § 1983 claims should be dismissed. 1

    II.   Leave to Amend

          The district court also permissibly denied leave to amend. Holyoke had the

opportunity to address the state action deficiencies following the magistrate

judge’s recommendation to dismiss the case but did not do so before the district

1 There is some ambiguity about the identity of defendant Mohawk Valley Community
Services. Even if that defendant were a state actor, however, we agree with the magistrate
judge that Holyoke failed to plead a valid § 1983 claim against Mohawk Valley
Community Services. Cf. Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106 (1976) (“Medical malpractice
does not become a constitutional violation merely because the victim is a prisoner. In
order to state a cognizable claim, a prisoner must allege acts or omissions sufficiently
harmful to evidence deliberate indifference to serious medical needs.”).
                                              4
court and has not done so now. Exercising de novo review, we conclude that the

district court did not err in deciding that amendment would be futile. See Freidus

v. Barclays Bank PLC, 734 F.3d 132, 138 (2d Cir. 2013); Cuoco v. Moritsugu, 222 F.3d

99, 112 (2d Cir. 2000).

                                   *     *      *

      We have considered Holyoke’s remaining arguments, which we conclude

are without merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

                                       FOR THE COURT:
                                       Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court

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