Court Opinion

ID: 4150481
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-03-06 23:05:44.995431+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:49:52.686419
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

SARA HILDEGARD ENSING,                        :
                                              :
                   Plaintiff,                 :
                                              :
             v.                               :     C.A. No. 12591- VCS
                                              :
HANS ENSING and                               :
OIGGOL HOLDING, LLC,                          :
                                              :
                   Defendants,                :
                                              :
INTERNATIONAL WINE CAPITAL                    :
PARTNERS, LLC;                                :
LOGGIO FINANCE, LLC,                          :
                                              :
                   Nominal Defendants.        :

                            MEMORANDUM OPINION

                          Date Submitted: January 30, 2017
                           Date Decided: March 6, 2017

David J. Teklits, Esquire and D. McKinley Measley, Esquire of Morris, Nichols, Arsht &
Tunnell LLP, Wilmington, Delaware, and Michael H. Johnson, Esquire and William G.
Somerville, Esquire of Baker, Donelson, Bearman, Caldwell & Berkowitz, P.C. of
Birmingham, Alabama, Attorneys for Plaintiffs.

Daniel K. Astin, Esquire, John D. McLaughlin, Jr., Esquire, and Joseph J. McMahon, Jr,
Esquire of Ciardi & Astin, Wilmington, Delaware, Attorneys for Defendants.

SLIGHTS, Vice Chancellor
         A husband and wife, Dr. Hans Ensing (“Hans”) and Sara Ensing (“Sara”),1

made the dream of many a reality: they acquired a picturesque vineyard in Italy and

moved there with their two children to operate a winery and boutique hotel on the

property. The businesses operate indirectly through two Delaware limited liability

companies. Prior to the events that precipitated this litigation, Sara was a manager

and member of one of the entities and, through that entity, was manager of the other.

Hans was neither a member nor manager of either entity.

         Sadly, the marriage has ended bitterly. When Hans purported to remove Sara

and appoint himself as manager of one of the entities, and then engage in a series of

transactions intended to divest Sara of her interests in the winery and hotel, Sara

initiated this action pursuant to 6 Del. C. §§ 18-110 and 18-111 to obtain declarations

regarding the rightful owners and managers of the entities.

         The matter was litigated as a summary proceeding and tried over two days.

During the litigation, Hans ignored his discovery obligations, violated court orders,

submitted evidence of suspect (at best) authenticity and generally engaged in bad

faith litigation conduct.         In contrast, Sara presented a straightforward case.

According to Sara, the controlling operating agreements of the entities in question

afford no rights to Hans, either as member, manager or otherwise. Thus, he had no

1
    I use first names for the sake of clarity. I intend no disrespect to either party.

                                                 1
authority to engage in any conduct with respect to the entities without her consent.

And because she did not give consent for Hans to seize control of either entity, or to

effect any changes at the winery or the hotel, Sara maintains that she is entitled to

declaratory judgments that Hans’ actions are null and void as a matter of law.

      After carefully reviewing the evidence, I conclude that Sara has carried her

burden of proving that Hans had no authority to remove her as manager of the

entities, to appoint himself as manager of the entities or to transfer membership units

of one of the entities to an entity under his control. Accordingly, I will enter each of

the declaratory judgments Sara has requested in her Verified Complaint. I also

conclude that Hans has engaged in blatant violations of court orders and bad faith

litigation conduct that justify serious sanctions. My reasons follow.

                                 I. BACKGROUND

      I have drawn the facts from the testimony and exhibits presented during trial

and from reasonable inferences that flow from that evidence. I have also relied upon

the stipulations of fact the parties entered in advance of the trial.

                                            2
      A. The Parties and Related Entities

          Sara and Hans married in Amsterdam in 2002. They are now legally separated

and engaged in bitter divorce proceedings in Italy. Two sons were born of the

marriage, ages nine and thirteen years old (together, the “Minor Children”).2

          During happier times, in 2012, Hans and Sara moved to Italy to operate a

vineyard and winery named Villa Loggio.3            The winery sells wine throughout

Europe.4 They opened a boutique hotel co-located with the winery in 2014. By all

accounts, the hotel is quite successful, attracting guests from approximately 50

different nationalities.5

          International Wine Capital Partners, LLC (“IWCP”) was formed in April

2012.6 It is a manager-managed Delaware limited liability company with three

members—Sara and the two Minor Children (collectively, the “Members”).7 Each

2
    Trial Tr. (“Tr.”) 12–13.
3
    Id. 40.
4
    Id. 16–17, 20.
5
    Id. 15, 18.
6
    Pre-Trial Stip. and Order (“PTO”) at 4; JX 6.
7
    Id.

                                              3
member holds 50 units of IWCP.8 At the time of its formation, Sara’s brother,

Fidelis Rainer Süttman, was designated as manager of IWCP.9

          IWCP’s stated purpose was to serve “as an investment holding company.”10

When it was formed, it owned 100% of the shares of Società Agricola Villa Loggio

srl (“S.A. Villa Loggio”), an Italian entity which owns the winery, vineyard and

other related assets.11 As of the spring of 2016, S.A. Villa Loggio had three board

members: Hans, as managing director, his father, Geert Ensing, as president, and

Sara as consigliere.12

          Loggio Finance LLC (“Loggio”) was formed in May 2012 with IWCP as its

sole member.13 In July 2012, IWCP pledged 70% of its interest in S.A. Villa Loggio

to Loggio, leaving IWCP with a 30% interest in S.A. Villa Loggio.14

8
    Id.
9
    Tr. 30.
10
     JX 7 at § 2.04.
11
     JX 10.
12
     Tr. 43.
13
     PTO at 5.
14
     Id.; Tr. 21.

                                          4
           In December 2013, the members of IWCP appointed Sara as Manager of

IWCP.15 In accordance with Loggio’s Operating Agreement, on December 9, 2013,

IWCP appointed Sara as manager of Loggio.16 Thus, as of the end of 2013, Sara

served as manager of both IWCP and Loggio. Hans was neither manager nor

member of either entity.

           The opening recital of the IWCP Operating Agreement designates Sara as

guardian of the Minor Children for purposes of representing their interests in

IWCP.17 In this capacity, Sara executed the IWCP Operating Agreement on behalf

of the Minor Children and thereafter executed every other entity-related instrument

on their behalf as well, including the First Amendment to the Operating Agreement

and a December 2013 unanimous consent document.18 Hans expressly consented to

Sara’s actions as guardian for the Minor Children in February 2014, as reflected in

a written consent executed before a Notary in Germany.19

15
     PTO at 4–5.
16
     Id.
17
     JX 7.
18
     Id.; JX 24; PTO at 4.

 Id. (“I agree with all declarations of Sara . . . which she has made as guardian of [the
19

Minor Children] on behalf of International Wine Capital Partners.”).

                                           5
      B. Sara and Hans Separate and Hans Attempts to Seize Control of the
         Winery and Hotel
           Sara and Hans separated in April 2015 and Hans soon after moved out of the

family residence at Villa Loggio.20 The split of the marriage marked the end of Sara

and Hans’ collaboration with respect to the operations of Villa Loggio.21 Sara was

in residence and was handling the day-to-day operations of the winery and hotel.22

From her perspective, Hans had begun to undermine her efforts by refusing to

oversee operations in the vineyards and by interfering with the hotel’s on-line

booking platforms.23 This often left the hotel staff guessing about when guests

would arrive, how long they would stay and the rate they had committed to pay on

the booking platform they utilized to book their stay.24

           Believing she was acting “for the well being of [S.A. Villa Loggio]” as

consigliere, Sara asked Geert Ensing to convene a special board meeting of S.A.

Villa Loggio on May 6, 2016, where she would propose changes to the composition

20
     Tr. 40–41.
21
     Id. 42.
22
     Id. 42–44.
23
     Id.
24
     Id.

                                            6
of its board of directors.25 Geert took no action.26 Fearing that her inaction would

be deemed acquiescence, on the advice of counsel, Sara advised Geert by formal

notices that, as manager of both entities, she would convene a special meeting S.A.

Villa Loggio’s shareholders (IWCP and Loggio) on June 9, 2016, for the purpose of

changing the composition of S.A. Villa Loggio’s board of directors.27

           These notices sparked a flurry of activity by Hans.28 First, on May 30, 2016,

Hans emailed Sara to advise her that he was activating a “Pledge of Shares and

Voting Agreement” (the “Pledge Agreement”) between an entity called Villa Loggio

Finance BV and Loggio which purported to allow Villa Loggio Finance BV to

appoint Loggio’s management.29 The Pledge Agreement purports to be executed by

Hans on behalf of Loggio Finance BV and Sara on behalf of Loggio.30 Second, also

on May 30, Hans executed a document entitled “INTERNATIONAL WINE

CAPITAL PARTNERS (IWCP) LLC: Action by Consent in Writing of the

25
     Id. 44–46; JX 61.
26
     Id.
27
     Id.; Tr. 203.
28
     Tr. 295 (“At that time, I [Hans] realized what she [Sara] was trying to do”).
29
     JX 73 (Hans’ email); JX 22 (Pledge Agreement); Tr. 295–96.
30
     JX 22.

                                               7
Members,” pursuant to which he was elected as manager of IWCP.31 He signed the

document as Manager and as guardian of the Minor Children.32

           Sara convened the special shareholders meeting of S.A. Villa Loggio on

June 9, 2016 as noticed.33 Neither Hans nor Geert attended.34 Acting on behalf of

IWCP and Loggio, Sara removed Hans and Geert as directors and elected herself as

managing director.35

           On June 15, 2016, Sara received an email from a Thomas Hunt who purported

to be an accountant acting on behalf of Hans.36 Mr. Hunt’s email attached a “Trust

Agreement” and a “Share Purchase Agreement” that he claimed to have received

from Hans’ lawyer in 2012.37 The Trust Agreement, purportedly executed by Hans

and Sara, allows Hans to appoint the management of IWCP.38

31
     JX 75.
32
     Id.
33
     Tr. 64, 203.
34
     Tr. 203–04.
35
     Id.; Tr. 64.
36
     Tr. 66–67; JX 102.
37
     Id.
38
     JX 4.

                                           8
         Seven days later, Hans, ostensibly acting as manager of IWCP and Loggio,

executed a Board Resolution for Loggio in which Loggio agreed to “sell all or

substantially all” of its 70% interest in S.A. Villa Loggio to a Delaware limited

liability company, Oiggol Holdings, LLC (“Oiggol”), of which he is the manager

and his girlfriend, Jelena Reinhardt, is the sole member.39 Two days later, Loggio

and Oiggol entered into an Agreement of Sale pursuant to which Loggio sold its

70% interest in S.A. Villa Loggio to Oiggol for €420,000.40 In order to complete

the transaction and file papers reflecting the transfer of interest, Hans was required

to submit proof of payment to an Italian notary. He did so by supplying a receipt

from Commerzbank which purported to evidence a transfer of the €420,000 to a joint

account in his and Sara’s name.41 At trial, Hans acknowledged that the transfer never

actually happened.42

         Hans then turned his focus back to IWCP. On June 25, 2016, purportedly

acting as guardian of the Minor Children, Hans sent a notice to IWCP of a “special

meeting of the members of [IWCP]” to be convened on July 8, 2016. 43 He sent the

39
     JX 116; PTO at 5; Tr. 41.
40
     Id.; JX 136.
41
     Tr. 99–101; JX 134.
42
     Tr. 362.
43
     JX 124.

                                          9
notice of the meeting to IWCP’s registered agent in Delaware; he did not send notice

to Sara.44 Having not received notice of the July 8 meeting, Sara did not attend.45

The minutes of the meeting, which Hans sent to Sara on July 14, reveal that Hans,

acting as guardian of the Minor Children, removed Sara as manager of IWCP and

Loggio and appointed himself as manager of both entities.46 He then directed that

350 newly-issued IWCP units be “granted” to Oiggol and that Loggio be

“disinvest[ed]” to Oiggol, thereby making Oiggol the majority member of IWCP. 47

           Hans was not finished. On July 19, 2016, he emailed the members of the

board of directors of S.A. Villa Loggio and advised them that Oiggol now owned

70% of S.A. Villa Loggio and would exercise its “voting rights” to undo whatever

Sara had purported to do during the June 9 meeting of the S.A. Villa Loggio

shareholders, including the removal and replacement of its board of directors.48

44
     Id.; Tr. 300–303.
45
     Tr. 82, 115; JX 153.
46
     JX 156.
47
     Id.
48
     JX 158.

                                          10
      C. Sara Initiates This Litigation

         Sara filed her Verified Complaint in this Court on July 22, 2016, along with a

motion to expedite and a motion for a status quo order. The Court granted both

motions and the parties began expedited discovery.

         1. Hans Stakes His Litigation Position

         In her written discovery responses, and at her deposition, Sara denied ever

having seen or signed either the Pledge Agreement or the Trust Agreement and

thereby placed the authenticity of both documents squarely at issue.             In his

opposition to Sara’s motion for a status quo order, Hans maintained that he was

authorized to remove Sara as manager of IWCP and Loggio, and to transfer

ownership interests to Oiggol, in part based on the Trust Agreement and the Pledge

Agreement.49 At a hearing on August 1, 2016, counsel for Hans alleged that, based

on the disputed documents, Sara “actually stands in a fiduciary role to Hans,” that

she was “the nominee of Hans,” and that “the bottom line is [Sara is] acting as his

fiduciary, as his trustee, his nominee, and quite frankly, needs to do what he tells her

to, and if she doesn’t, he’s within his rights to remove her.”50 In response to Sara’s

claims that the documents were “forgeries,” Hans wrote to the Court on August 2,

49
     Prelim. Objection to Mot. for Status Quo Order ¶¶ 3–4.
50
     Teleconference Pl.’s Mot. for Status Quo Order at 12–14.

                                             11
2016, to advise that he intended to have “certified copies” of the documents

“prepared at the U. S. Embassy in Rome[.]”51 That never happened.

          During his deposition on October 6, 2016, Hans doubled-down. He explained

that a lawyer and an accountant, Remco Vermeer and Thomas Hunt, respectively,

had been instrumental in forming and structuring IWCP and Loggio. He confirmed

that Thomas Hunt had sent the email to Sara four months prior, on June 15, 2016,

along with the Trust Agreement. He also confirmed that the Trust Agreement was

a principal basis upon which he had removed Sara as manager of IWCP.52 Yet he

could not produce the originals of either of the disputed documents. When pressed

to provide more information about Mr. Hunt, Hans shut down. He was unable to

provide any contact information or even to provide Mr. Hunt’s nationality. 53 Hans

followed up after his deposition with a street address for Mr. Hunt and Mr. Vermeer

but an investigation of the address revealed that neither of them maintained offices

in the building that was located there.54

         Hans refused to provide any further contact information for Hunt or Vermeer

in response to supplemental discovery requests from Sara and also refused to turn

51
     Transmittal Letter for Copies of Documents (Transaction ID 59361461).
52
     Hans Dep. 235:14–19.
53
     Id. 57:2–3; 62:6–9.
54
     Tr. 123.

                                            12
over the devices on which he testified that he had created and stored the Pledge and

Trust Agreements. Sara moved to compel. The Court granted the motion on

November 29, 2016, and directed Hans to deliver certain computers, drives and other

electronic storage devices to a third-party vendor by December 6, 2016, so that a

search for information relating to Hunt and Vermeer, and the Trust Agreement and

Pledge Agreement, could be performed.55           Hans ignored the Court’s order.

Accordingly, Sara filed a motion asking the Court to draw an adverse inference

against Hans with respect to the Trust Agreement and the Pledge Agreement. The

Court granted that motion as well and entered the following order:

      At the trial of this matter, the Court will operate under the inference that
      the subject trust agreement and the pledge agreement (the
      “Agreements”) are not authentic. At trial, the burden will be on
      Dr. Ensing to prove that the Agreements are authentic.56

      With only two weeks left before trial, there appeared to be little time left for

Hans to further attempt to undermine the litigation process. Unfortunately, two

weeks provided ample time for more misbehavior.

55
   Order for Delivery and Analysis of Electronic Devices (Transaction ID 59886498)
(Nov. 29, 2016). The Court also granted a motion to compel a second deposition of Hans
since he produced a cache of documents for the first time at his first deposition. Id.
56
  Order Regarding Pl.’s Mot. for Adverse Inference (Transaction ID 59981863) (Dec. 21,
2016).

                                          13
          2. Hans Continues to Press the Trust and Pledge Agreements, Violates the
             Status Quo Order and Files a Misleading Motion to Continue the Trial

          The two weeks leading up to the trial, as would be expected, were quite busy

for the parties and the Court. The parties submitted pretrial briefs and a pretrial

stipulation as anticipated in the trial scheduling order.        Unfortunately, Hans

generated additional litigation by violating the status quo order and then seeking an

eleventh-hour continuance of the trial under false pretenses. Sara, of course, was

forced to respond.

              a. Hans Relies Upon the Trust and Pledge Agreements in His Pretrial
                 Brief
          The parties filed simultaneous pretrial briefs on December 9, 2016. For his

part, Hans continued to maintain that Sara’s interest in Villa Loggio was subject to

a suite of agreements between the parties that included the Operating Agreement,

Trust Agreement and Pledge Agreement. He argued that “Sara’s one-third interest

[in IWCP] was a naked legal interest and was held by her as a trustee for Hans

pursuant to the Trust Agreement.”57 He later argued that he maintained the right to

“direct [Sara’s] actions” in IWCP pursuant to the Trust Agreement and that the

Pledge Agreement allowed him (indirectly through Loggio Finance BV) “to select

the management” of Loggio.58 He “vehemently denie[d]” that the documents were

57
     Defs.’ Pre-Trial Opening Br. 3.
58
     Id. 7.

                                           14
not what they “purport[ed] to be on [their] face.”59 This, in part, prompted Sara to

include in the pretrial stipulation a prayer for attorney’s fees, costs and expenses for

bad faith litigation conduct.60

              b. Hans Violates the Status Quo Order

           As is typical in control contests, the Court entered a status quo order at the

outset of the litigation that prohibited both parties from taking extraordinary steps

that would fundamentally change or disrupt the business of Villa Loggio. In the

days leading up to trial, Sara discovered that Hans had been taking actions that

threatened to interfere with her operation of the hotel.61      Specifically, Hans made

unauthorized contact with several booking platforms that the hotel relied upon to

book guests and informed them that an entity controlled by him and his father

(Scorpius) would be in control of Villa Loggio on January 1, 2017. He advised these

booking platforms that they should no longer deal with Sara.62 As proof of his

alleged control of Villa Loggio, Hans forwarded copies of a power of attorney from

Scorpius granting him authority to act on its behalf, a copy of the filed shareholder

composition of S.A. Villa Loggio showing Oiggol’s majority shareholder status and

59
     Id.
60
     PTO at §§ III.A.9, IV.A.2.
61
     Pl.’s Mot. to Enforce Status Quo Order (Transaction ID 59928111) (Dec. 7, 2016).
62
     Tr. 142–146.

                                             15
a copy of the purported share transfer agreement between Loggio and Oiggol.63

Hans persisted in his interference until Sara moved to compel him to comply with

the Status Quo Order, which the Court ultimately granted.64

             c. Hans Seeks to Continue the Trial Under False Pretenses
           One week before trial, on December 12, 2016, Hans moved to continue the

trial and to postpone his second court-ordered deposition on the ground that he could

not travel to the United States because he did not have a valid passport.65 According

to Hans, he had applied to renew his Dutch passport but the passport had not yet

arrived as of the date of his motion (or it had been sent to a wrong address). In

response to the motion, Sara’s counsel contacted the Dutch Consulate to determine

the status of Hans’ passport application and learned that the passport was available

to be picked up by Hans as early as December 2 and had, in fact, been delivered to

an address in Cortona, Italy (where Hans resides) on December 12. It was signed

for by a “H. Ensing.”66 Of course, Hans did not provide this update to the Court

after filing his motion; the Court learned that he had actually received his passport

63
     Id.
64
  Tr. 517–20. The Court’s order apparently was not sufficient to get Hans’ attention as
Sara discovered that Hans was continuing to violate the Status Quo order after trial,
prompting a second motion to compel compliance. The Court granted this motion as well.
(Transaction ID 60162594).
65
     Defs.’ Mot. for Continuance.
66
     Response in Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot. for Continuance.

                                            16
when the motion for a continuance was presented to the Court on December 14.67

Remarkably, Hans still pressed for a trial continuance.68 The motion was denied.69

Hans was ordered to appear for trial and to sit for his second deposition on the eve

of trial.70

           3. Hans Seeks to Distance Himself From the Trust and Pledge
              Agreements on the Eve of Trial
           The first hint that Hans would abandon his reliance upon the Trust and Pledge

Agreements came in the Pretrial Order where Hans listed as the only issue to be

litigated at trial “[w]hether Dr. Hans Ensing as parent and natural guardian of [the

Minor Children] may vote his childrens’ membership interests in IWCP to remove

and replace the sole manager?”71 At the outset of the trial, counsel for Hans advised

the Court for the first time that Hans no longer would be relying upon the Trust

Agreement.72 Sara responded by arguing that the Court should receive evidence

67
     Teleconference Mot. for Continuance (Transaction ID 60194042) (Dec. 14, 2016).
68
     Id.
69
     Id.
70
   Id. Trial was held on December 20 and December 21, 2016, and Hans appeared as
directed.
71
     PTO at § III.B.1.
72
     Tr. 3, 5–8.

                                             17
regarding the Trust Agreement’s authenticity, nevertheless, in support of her claim

for attorney’s fees. The Court agreed.73

           For reasons that remain unclear, Hans did not profess to abandon his reliance

upon the Pledge Agreement at any time during the trial. Instead, Hans waited until

he filed his opening post-trial brief to advise the Court and Sara that he would no

longer rely upon the Pledge Agreement and instead would rest his defense of Sara’s

claims solely upon his right as guardian of the Minor Children to vote their interests

in IWCP.74

           4. Sara Presents Evidence Regarding the Unreliability of the Trust and
              Pledge Agreements
           Sara testified unequivocally at trial that she had never seen or signed the

Pledge Agreement or the Trust Agreement.75 And even though Hans had begun to

distance himself from these documents by the time of trial, they were relevant to

Sara’s allegations that Hans’ testimony was not credible and to her claim for

sanctions. Sara presented compelling evidence that the documents were not what

Hans represented them to be.

73
     Id.
74
     Defs.’ Post-Trial Opening Br. 7.
75
     Tr. 51–52, 67–68.

                                             18
             a. The Pledge Agreement
          Sara began her attack on the authenticity of the Pledge Agreement by

explaining that a company stamp that appeared over her purported signature on the

document was actually created in 2015, long after the 2012 date on which the

document was purportedly executed.76 Moreover, she explained that she was not

appointed manager of Loggio until December 2013 so she had no authority to

execute the Pledge Agreement on its behalf in 2012.77

         Sara then presented the testimony of a computer forensics expert, James

Broidy, who testified that metadata on the PDF version of the Pledge Agreement

that Hans had emailed to Sara showed that Hans had created it on May 27, 2016,

using a Mac operating system that was released by Apple in January 2015.78

According to Mr. Broidy, the metadata revealed that three versions of the document

should exist: the original from which the PDF was created, the digital copy of the

scanned original and a version that was saved in “Preview mode.”79 Of course, Hans

produced none of these versions despite being ordered to do so. And because Hans

refused to produce the devices on which the document was created and stored, no

76
     Tr. 53–55, 58–61; JX 44; JX 73
77
     Tr. 63; PTO at 4.
78
     Tr. 436–38; JX 198.
79
     Tr. 442–444, 506–08.

                                        19
further forensic examination could be performed to pin down precisely when the

original document was created.80

         For his part, Hans was not able meaningfully to rebut Sara’s evidence

regarding the 2015 stamp that mysteriously appeared on a document she allegedly

signed in 2012.81 Nor was he able convincingly to account for the original, answer

Sara’s testimony that she never saw much less signed the document or respond to

the expert’s testimony regarding the timing of the creation of the PDF attached to

the email he sent to Sara (while still maintaining that he cannot produce the original

document). Even without the adverse inference, which was well-earned by Hans’

blatant refusal to comply with a Court order, the evidence overwhelmingly points to

the conclusion that Hans relied upon and introduced into this litigation a Pledge

Agreement that was not authentic.

                b. The Trust Agreement

         The trial evidence revealed that on June 15, 2016, a person claiming to be

Thomas Hunt, using the email address thomas.hunt@accountant.com, emailed Sara

a copy of the Trust Agreement, which purports to give Hans the authority to appoint

the manager of IWCP.82 According to Hans, he and his lawyers drafted the Trust

80
     Tr. 444.
81
     Tr. 331–336.
82
     JX 4; JX 103.

                                         20
Agreement in April 2012 prior to IWCP’s formation.83 As noted, Mr. Hunt has not

appeared as a witness in this litigation and, despite the fact that the man served as

his trusted advisor, Hans has no way of contacting him either.84 Sara, of course,

testified that she had never met or heard of Thomas Hunt and had no idea who he

was.85

         Mr. Broidy studied both the Hunt email and the Trust Agreement attached to

it. As for the email, Mr. Broidy explained that the “accountant.com” email address

utilized by Hunt was not nearly as impressive as it appeared. Such addresses are

available to anyone who signs up with “mail.com”—there is no need to verify one’s

status as an accountant and the process of securing the address takes all of “a few

minutes.”86 Utilizing forensic software that allows him to extract data from received

emails, Mr. Broidy was able to discover that emails sent to Sara from Hans and

Thomas Hunt came from the same IP address meaning that the emails were “either

being sent from different accounts that are in the same physical location, like under

one roof, or the same device.”87 This, in turn, caused Mr. Broidy to conclude either

83
     Tr. 349–50.
84
     Tr. 392.
85
     Tr. 48-50, 121–24.
86
     Tr. 420–22.
87
     Tr. 429–33; JX 198.

                                         21
that Hans and Hunt were together at the time the June 15, 2016 email (with the Trust

Agreement) was sent or that one user (presumably Hans) logged in and created an

accountant.com email address on behalf of Thomas Hunt and then sent the emails to

Sara.88 Given that Hans testified he had not seen Hunt since 2012 or 2013,89 it

appears more likely that Hans fabricated Hunt’s involvement as a ploy to convince

Sara that she was outgunned and should capitulate to Hans’ demand that she step

away from IWCP, Loggio and Villa Loggio.

         The metadata from the Trust Agreement revealed that, like the Pledge

Agreement, the Trust Agreement PDF was created on June 15, 2016, and then

emailed to Sara thirty minutes later.90 Mr. Broidy testified that it is most likely “that

these PDFs [the Pledge Agreement and the Trust Agreement] were created using a

single computer system,”91 and that, like the Pledge Agreement, the Trust

Agreement had been created using a Mac operating system that was released in

2015.92 And the Trust Agreement, like the Pledge Agreement, was created in

Preview (or Voorventoning, the Dutch word for Preview) which would require the

88
     Tr. 429.
89
     Tr. 392.
90
     Tr. 444; JX 198.
91
     JX 198 at 22.
92
     Id. at 20; Tr. 438–41.

                                           22
user to scan in the original document, save a digital copy and then save a Preview

version.93 According to Mr. Broidy, “[i]t doesn’t seem to make sense why someone

would do that” unless “the original has metadata that you don’t wish to pass on” or

the metadata has been altered on the document.94 Here again, if Hans had preserved

the devices on which the Trust Agreement was created and stored, then Mr. Broidy

would have been able to extract a “wealth more metadata about the original Word

file that was created.”95

         The Court need not employ an adverse inference to conclude that Sara

demonstrated by overwhelming evidence that the Trust Agreement relied upon by

Hans prior to and during most of this litigation was not authentic. The ramifications

of this conclusion will be addressed below.

                                    II. ANALYSIS

         Pursuant to 6 Del. C. § 18-110 (“Section 18-110”), “[u]pon application of any

member or manager, the Court of Chancery may hear and determine the validity of

any . . . removal . . . of a manager of a limited liability company, and the right of any

person to become or continue to be a manager of a limited liability company, and,

in case the right to serve as a manager is claimed by more than 1 person, may

93
     Tr. 441, 503.
94
     Tr. 506–08.
95
     Tr. 499, 502.

                                           23
determine the person or persons entitled to serve as managers; and to that end make

such order or decree in any such case as may be just and proper.” Sara seeks a

declaration under Section 18-110 that the following actions taken by Hans were void

as a matter of law: (A) his removal of Sara as manager of IWCP and his appointment

of himself as manager of IWCP and Loggio by written consent; (B) his transfer of

Loggio’s 70% interest in Villa Loggio to Oiggol; and (C) his transfer of voting

control of IWCP to Oiggol. I address each of Hans’ contested actions seriatim and

then address Sara’s request for counsel fees.

      A. Hans’ Attempt to Remove Sara as Manager of IWCP and Loggio Was
         Ineffective.

         On May 30, 2016, Hans purported to act by “unanimous” written consent on

behalf of IWCP and Loggio to remove Sara as manager of both entities.96 Although

he initially advised Sara in May 2016, and maintained through most of this litigation,

that his authority to remove Sara as manager flowed from the Trust Agreement and

the Pledge Agreement,97 by the post-trial argument, Hans had abandoned his reliance

upon both documents. Instead, he now relies solely upon his right to vote the Minor

Children’s interests in IWCP as their legal guardian under Italian law. Even if he

96
     JX 75.
97
     JX 4; JX 73; JX 102.

                                         24
had that right, which I conclude he did not, his execution of that right was highly

flawed and ineffective under Delaware law.

       1. Hans’ Attempt to Undo the Operating Agreement Fails.

       Hans has urged the Court from the outset of this litigation to take notice of the

fact that he was “the financial impetus behind the acquisition and operation of the

vineyard” and that he has always acted as the “de facto manager” of IWCP.98

According to Hans, the Court should interpret the Operating Agreement, and his

actions with respect to IWCP and Loggio, with these background facts in mind.

Hans ignores that the Operating Agreement is clear and unambiguous (he does not

argue otherwise) and that it is a fully integrated document. There is nothing in that

agreement that even remotely suggests that the parties intended that Hans’

sponsorship of the entity should be accounted-for or that the Operating Agreement

should be construed together with or modified by any other agreement. Hans has

failed to offer any basis in law whereby the Court could afford him more rights in

98
  Defs.’ Post-Trial Opening Br. at 4, 11 (pointing to provisions of a prenuptial agreement
that was not listed as an exhibit in the pretrial stipulation or offered as an exhibit at trial);
Tr. 286. See also Answer of All Defs. and Nominal Defs. to the Verified Compl. ¶ 18
(“[D]efendants believe and therefore aver that Plaintiff’s role was limited to an advising
board member and that actual management of the enterprise was conducted by Defendant,
Hans Ensing.”); Teleconference Pl.’s Mot. for Status Quo Order at 12–14 (“Doctor Ensing
and his parents put up the money for the thing through a Dutch BV . . . . We question
whether or not she has the technical skill. Doctor Ensing is the one who has the degree in
viniculture and who is the financial guy behind the transactions. So we do challenge her
competence.”).

                                               25
the management or operation of IWCP or Loggio than are provided in the

unambiguous provisions of the Operating Agreement.99

         2. Hans’ Untimely and Ineffective Attempt to Invoke Italian Law Fails.

         In the midst of trial, Hans filed a “Request for Judicial Notice of Foreign Law”

(the “Notice”) in which he invoked Rule 202(e) of the Delaware Rules of Evidence

and requested that the Court take judicial notice of certain provisions of the “Italian

Civil Code” and a ruling of the “Italian Supreme Court” relating to his rights as

guardian of the Minor Children. This was his first notice to the Court and to Sara

that he intended to rely upon these statements of Italian law to support his defense.

Sara immediately objected on the ground that the notice was untimely and otherwise

ineffective since Hans simply attached the code provisions and a copy of the Italian

Supreme Court decision without any explanation of what they meant or how they

might apply under the facts of this case.100

         Sara’s objection was well founded. Springing his Rule 202(e) notice on Sara

and the Court on the night before the second day of trial ensured that Sara would not

have an opportunity to consult with an expert in Italian law prior to trial or to present

99
  6 Del. C. §§ 18-101(7), 111, 1101; Eagle Indus., Inc. v. DeVilbiss Health Care, Inc., 702
A.2d 1228, 1232 (Del. 1997) (“If a contract is unambiguous, extrinsic evidence may not
be used to interpret the intent of the parties, to vary the terms of the contract or to create an
ambiguity.”).
100
      Tr. 258–262.

                                               26
counter-evidence regarding Italian law during trial. Rule 202(e) contemplates that

notice of an intent to rely upon foreign law will be given in a party’s “pleadings or

other reasonable time.”101 Hans’ delivery of his notice during trial strayed far from

that mark. Moreover, Hans offered no context in which either the Court or Sara

could interpret the Italian law or apply it to these facts.102 The Court will not venture

a guess at how, if at all, the Italian law Hans has belatedly proffered might (or might

not) apply here.103 Hans has improperly invoked Rule 202(e) and his Notice is

stricken.104

101
      See Ct. Ch. R. 44.1 (same).
102
   Cf. Republic of Panama v. Am. Tobacco Co., 2006 WL 1933740, at *4 (Del. Super. Ct.
June 23, 2006) (holding that the party relying on foreign law failed to meet its “burden of
adequately proving the substance of the foreign law” when it presented affidavits from
non-legal experts purporting to establish the foreign law).
103
   Nor will the Court accept Hans’ eleventh hour invitation to apply Delaware law
regarding parental rights to validate his attempt to vote the Minor Children’s interests in
IWCP to remove Sara. Hans has raised the issue too late and, in any event, has not
demonstrated that Delaware domestic relations law would apply here.
104
    See Kortum v. Webasto Sunroofs, Inc., 769 A.2d 113, 122 (Del. Ch. 2000) (excluding
evidence of foreign law because the party relying on that evidence “failed to give notice of
its intent to rely on proof of foreign law as required by” Rule 202); Block Fin. Corp. v.
Inisoft Corp., 2009 WL 930482, at *1 (Del. Super. Ct. Apr. 2, 2009) (same). Federal law
is in accord. See 9 James Wm. Moore et al., Moore’s Federal Practice, § 44.1.04[1] (3d
ed. 2006) (stating that “the party that wishes to rely on foreign law has the responsibility
of demonstrating its content”); Jeffery F. Ghent, Annotation, Pleading and Proof of Law
of Foreign Country, 75 A.L.R. 3d 177, 2a (2004) (stating that “the courts appear to be in
agreement on the general rule that the burden of proving the law of a foreign country is on
the party relying on it”); Bel-Ray Co. v. Chemrite Ltd., 181 F.3d 435, 440–41 (3d Cir.1999)
(stating that “the parties . . . generally carry both the burden of raising the issue that foreign
                                               27
            3. The Minor Children’s Rights in IWCP Are Governed by the
               Operating Agreement.

            The very first paragraph of the Operating Agreement provides that Sara is to

act as the guardian of the Minor Children with respect to IWCP:

            This Agreement is made as of April 25, 2012, among SARA HILDEGARD
            ENSING, SARA HILDEGARD ENSING AS GUARDIAN OF [the Minor
            Children].105

In keeping with this arrangement, Sara signed the Operating Agreement on their

behalf.106 Thereafter, from its formation in the spring of 2012 until the summer of

2016, Sara acted pursuant to the Operating Agreement as guardian of the Minor

Children concerning their rights in IWCP with no complaints from Hans.107 For

instance, Sara executed the First Amendment to the Operating Agreement on their

behalf and then executed a unanimous consent in writing on their behalf in December

2013 when she replaced her brother as manager of IWCP.108 Hans never challenged

any of Sara’s actions on behalf of the Minor Children with respect to IWCP. To the

contrary, in February 2014, Hans executed a consent before a notary in Germany

law may apply in an action, and the burden of adequately proving foreign law to enable the
court to apply it in a particular case”).
105
      JX 7 (emphasis supplied).
106
      Id.
107
      Tr. 72–74.
108
      Id.

                                             28
expressly stating, “I agree with all declarations of Sara Hildegard Ensing which she

has made as guardian of [the Minor Children].”109

            Based on the plain language of the IWCP Operating Agreement, Sara alone

was authorized to act on behalf of the Minor Children with respect to IWCP.110

Thus, when Hans purported to act on their behalf to call a special members meeting

to remove Sara as manager, to appoint himself as manager and to transfer IWCP

interests without consideration, he did so without authority under the Operating

Agreement. The actions, therefore, are void as a matter of law.

            4. Hans’ Failed to Give Proper Notice of the July 8 Meeting.

            The Operating Agreement, at Section 5.02(d), provides that “[t]he Manager

may be removed at any time, with or without cause, but only by the written consent

of a Majority-in–Interest of the Members.”111             It further provides that the

replacement of the removed Manager must occur “at the same meeting” where the

Manager was removed or “at a special meeting of the Members called for that

purpose.”112 Hans attempted to call that meeting on July 8, 2016. Rather than send

109
      Id.
110
   Showell v. Pusey, 2011 WL 3860419, at *2 (Del. Ch. Sept. 1, 2011) (“The relationship
between members of the LLC, and their rights and duties, are as set forth in the [operating
agreement].”).
111
      JX 7.
112
      Id.

                                            29
notice of the meeting to Sara at the address indicated in the Operating Agreement at

Section 11.06 and Schedule 110.06, or at the address where he knew she was residing

and where he had sent other papers he wanted her to see,113 Hans elected to send

Sara’s notice of the special meeting to IWCP’s registered agent in Delaware.114 Sara,

of course, did not receive the notice prior to the meeting.115 Thus, even if Hans had

authority to vote the Minor Children’s interests in IWCP, which he did not, the

actions he took at the July 8 meeting—including the removal of Sara as Manager of

IWCP and the appointment of himself as Manager116—would still be void as a matter

of law because he failed to give proper notice of the meeting to the IWCP

members.117

113
    See e.g. JX 73 (Hans’ letter dated May 30, 2016, mailed to Sara at her residence and
attaching the Pledge Agreement); JX 121–122 (Hans’ letter to Sara, mailed to her
residence, demanding information regarding the winery).
114
      JX 24; Tr. 300–303.
115
      Tr. 85–86.
116
      JX 140.
117
   See TravelCenters of Am. LLC v. Brog, 2008 WL 5272861, at *1 (Del. Ch. Dec. 5, 2008)
(holding that a notice that failed to comply with the LLC’s operating agreement was
“invalid and insufficient . . . and therefore [of] no force or effect”); Adlerstein v.
Wertheimer, 2002 WL 205684, at *12 (Del. Ch. Jan. 25, 2002) (concluding that “actions
taken at the July 9, 2001 meeting must be undone” because one shareholder did not receive
adequate notice of the agenda of the meeting); Lippman v. Kehoe Stenograph Co., 95 A.
895 (Del. Ch. 1915) (“It is, of course, fundamental that a special meeting held without due
notice to all the directors is not lawful, and all acts done at such meeting are void.”).

                                            30
         B. Hans’ Attempt to Transfer Loggio’s Interests in the Winery to Oiggol
            Was Ineffective.
         As noted, Hans purported to authorize a sale of Loggio’s 70% interest in Villa

Loggio to Oiggol on June 22, 2016, in his capacity as Board member of Loggio.118

Two days later, Loggio and Oiggol entered into an agreement of sale whereby

Loggio and Oiggol purported to complete the sale for €420,000.119 The deed of

transfer was prepared and filed with Italian authorities but the payment was never

made.120 Hans lacked any authority to act on behalf of IWCP or Loggio and certainly

lacked authority to transfer Loggio’s interest in Villa Loggio to any entity, much less

an entity controlled by himself and his girlfriend.121 The transfer is all the more

troubling since Hans purported to authorize a self-interested transaction whereby the

Minor Children’s interests in Villa Loggio would be transferred for no

consideration.122

118
      JX 116.
119
      JX 123.
120
      Id.; JX 136; JX 158; JX 161; JX 189; Tr. 99, 109, 362.
121
      PTO at 4–5.
122
      Tr. 362.

                                              31
          C. Hans’ Attempt to Transfer Voting Control from IWCP to Oiggol Was
             Ineffective.

          In addition to attempting to seize management control of IWCP and Loggio,

Hans also purported to authorize, issue and then transfer 350 new membership units

in IWCP to Oiggol during the July 8 meeting.123 Under the Operating Agreement,

however, “[a]ny purported transfer of Units by a Member that is not in accordance

with the provisions of this Agreement shall be null and void and shall not operate to

transfer any right, title or interest in such Units to the purported transferee.” 124 At

Section 8.08, the Operating Agreement requires any new member to enter “into a

written instrument in form and content satisfactory to the Members whereby such

Person joins in and becomes a party to this Agreement and thereby a ‘Member’

hereunder.”125 The record contains no evidence that Oiggol ever executed any such

“written instrument.” Even worse, nothing in the Operating Agreement allowed the

Manager of IWCP, even the legitimate Manager, to authorize and then issue 350

new units of IWCP in the first place. Even setting aside the fact that Hans had no

right to remove Sara as Manager, his attempt to authorize, issue and then transfer the

new IWCP units was void as a matter of law.

123
      JX 140.
124
      JX 7 at § 8.01.
125
      Id. at § 8.08.

                                          32
         D. A Partial Shifting of Fees Is Warranted.

         Most typically, under the American Rule, each party must bear its own

litigation expenses, including counsel fees.126             This court has the discretion,

however, to shift litigation expenses, in whole or part, when a party to the litigation

has engaged in bad faith litigation conduct.127 This discretion is not exercised

“lightly”;128 the court will invoke the bad faith exception to the American Rule only

when the party seeking fee shifting has demonstrated by “clear evidence” that the

party against whom the sanction is sought has acted in subjective bad faith.129 In

this case, I am satisfied that Sara has presented “clear evidence” that Hans engaged

in subjective bad faith conduct prior to and during the litigation. She is entitled to

litigation expense-shifting.

126
      Tandycrafts, Inc. v. Initio P’rs, 562 A.2d 1162, 1164 (Del. 1989).
127
      Barrows v. Bowen, 1994 WL 514868, at 81 (Del. Ch. Sept. 7, 1994).
128
      Nagy v. Bistricer, 770 A.2d 43, 64 (Del. Ch. 2000).
129
    Arbitrium (Cayman Is.) Handels AG v. Johnston, 705 A.2d 225, 232 (Del. Ch. 1997),
aff’d, 720 A.2d 542 (Del. 1998) (noting that “[a]lthough there is no single definition of bad
faith conduct, courts have found bad faith where parties have unnecessarily prolonged or
delayed litigation, falsified records or knowingly asserted frivolous claims”). See also
Shawe v. Elting, 2017 WL 563180, at *5 (Del. Feb. 13, 2017) (“Courts have also found
bad faith where a party misled the court, altered testimony, or changed his position on an
issue”); Reagan v. Randell, 2002 WL 1402233, at *3 (Del. Ch. June 21, 2002) (holding
that the Court can shift such fees where “the underlying (pre-litigation) conduct of the
losing party was so egregious as to justify an award of attorneys’ fees as an element of
damages” and where “a party’s bad faith conduct increased the costs of litigation.”).

                                              33
            Raegan is particularly instructive.   There, the defendant relied on a

shareholders agreement to argue that plaintiff had failed properly to remove him as

a director and officer of a company in which he and the plaintiff were stockholders.

This shareholders agreement “was the foundation for [the defendant]’s position,”

much like the Trust and Pledge Agreements had been the foundation of Hans’

position both before and throughout most of this litigation.130 The plaintiff (like

Sara) testified that “she had never signed the Shareholders Agreement.”131 Because

the defendant continued to press the shareholders agreement as a defense, the

plaintiff (again like Sara) was forced to engage an expert to testify that the

shareholders agreement “was a fraudulent document.”132 After forcing the plaintiff

to jump through this and other hoops, on the eve of trial, the defendant (much like

Hans did with the Trust Agreement) advised the plaintiff and the court that he would

no longer rely upon the shareholders agreement. The court was not amused. It held

that the plaintiff’s unrebutted expert, along with other evidence, clearly

demonstrated that the shareholders agreement was not what the defendant

represented it to be. The defendant, nevertheless, had relied upon the document to

130
      Reagan, 2002 WL 1402233, at *2.
131
      Id.
132
      Id.

                                            34
support his defense and had offered it to the court as evidence. This, the court

concluded, was sufficient evidence of subjective bad faith to justify fee-shifting.133

          Hans began his unlawful seizure of IWCP and Loggio by forwarding the sham

Trust and Pledge Agreements to Sara, once on his own and once through the

enigmatical Mr. Hunt. He then attempted to bully Sara into believing that these

documents somehow empowered him to do what he could not do otherwise under

the unambiguous terms of the Operating Agreement. When Sara was undeterred,

and initiated this action, Hans presented and relied upon the Trust and Pledge

Agreements in his first filing with this Court (his opposition to Sara’s Motion for a

Status Quo Order), throughout the hearing on that motion on August 1, 2016, in a

letter to the Court on August 2, 2016 (in which his counsel advised that “certified

copies” of the documents were being prepared), and again in his pre-trial brief. In

order to secure evidence about these documents, and to advance her position that she

never signed them, Sara was forced to file and present a motion to compel discovery

on October 21, 2016, engage an expert witness to address the authenticity of the

documents, file and present a motion for an adverse inference when Hans refused to

comply with discovery orders relating to the documents, prepare and file portions of

a pretrial brief that addressed the authenticity of the documents, prepare and present

133
      Id. at *5.

                                          35
evidence at trial regarding the authenticity of the documents (including expert

testimony), and prepare and file a post-trial brief (and present closing arguments)

that addressed the authenticity of the documents.

         Hans’ bad faith did not end with the presentation of sham documents. He

violated the Court’s status quo order, forced Sara to depose him twice because he

dumped a cache of documents on her at his first deposition (after the document

production deadline in the trial scheduling order), intentionally ignored a court order

to produce discovery relating to the sham documents and then made up a reason why

he couldn’t attend the trial as scheduled.

         But for Hans’ bad faith and meritless reliance on the sham documents, and his

other subjective bad faith litigation conduct, Sara would have avoided substantial

litigation expenses. He submitted false evidence, delayed proceedings by taking

frivolous and inconsistent litigation positions and then awkwardly tried to “wash his

hands” of the bad faith by attempting to withdraw the offensive evidence at the zero

hour when it was far too late. This court has “broad discretion in fixing the amount

of attorneys’ fees to be awarded.”134 In this case, Hans will pay two-thirds of Sara’s

counsel’s fees and expenses.135 He will pay all of Mr. Broidy’s fees and expenses.

134
      Shawe, 2017 WL 563180, at *7.
135
    I arrive at this allocation after taking into account that Hans based his defense on three
positions: (1) the Trust Agreement; (2) the Pledge Agreement; and (3) his status as guardian
of the Minor Children. Two of the three positions rested upon false evidence. Thus, a shift
                                             36
Plaintiff will submit an affidavit setting forth these amounts within five days of this

decision, along with an implementing order.136

                                   III. CONCLUSION

       For the reasons stated above, I find for the Plaintiff and will enter final

declaratory judgments in her favor as requested in the Complaint. Plaintiff shall

submit a conforming final judgment, upon notice as to form, within twenty days.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.

of two-thirds of Sara’s fees is a “reasonable approximation.” In re Shawe v. Elting LLC,
2016 WL 3981339, at *19 (Del. Ch. July 20, 2016).
136
    “Unless [defense] counsel [] produces their own billing records in full in support of an
argument the [Plaintiff’s] bills are too high, I shall consider the [Plaintiff’s] amount sought
to be reasonable. In objecting to the fee, [Hans] and his counsel should remember that it
is more time-consuming to clean up the pizza thrown at a wall than it is to throw it.” Auriga
Capital Corp. v. Gatz Props., LLC, 40 A.3d 839, 882 (Del. Ch. 2012).

                                              37