Court Opinion

ID: 9917464
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-01-12 15:07:30.384981+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:03:05.138292
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                        SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                        APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                        DOCKET NO. A-0079-22

JOSHUA LEVINE, on behalf
of himself and others similarly
situated,

          Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

ACUATIVE CORPORATION
and VINCE SCIARRA,
individually,

     Defendants-Respondents.
_____________________________

                   Argued November 14, 2023 – Decided January 12, 2024

                   Before Judges Mayer, Enright and Paganelli.

                   On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                   Division, Passaic County, Docket No. L-2756-20.

                   William M. Goldberg argued the cause for appellant.

                   Phillip G. Ray argued the cause for respondents (Kluger
                   Healey, LLC, attorneys; William Henry Healey and
                   Phillip G. Ray, on the brief).

PER CURIAM
      Plaintiff Joshua Levine appeals from an August 5, 2022 order granting

defendants' Acuative Corp. (Acuative) and Vincent Sciarra (Sciarra) motion for

summary judgment and dismissing plaintiff's complaint against defendants with

prejudice. We affirm.

                                       I.

      We glean the facts from the motion record. On November 16, 2016,

plaintiff signed Acuative's Offer Letter (OL) for the position of "Senior V[ice]

P[resident] of Sales & Marketing." The OL provided: "[t]his letter sets forth

the terms and conditions of the employment offer, and your signature below will

signify your understanding of an agreement to the terms and conditions

contained herein." The OL contained an "additional benefits clause" providing:

            You will be considered a key employee, as such you
            will be entitled to additional benefits such as stock
            options and or other such equity programs. Currently
            Acuative does not have these program[s] however an
            agreement can be structured over the next [ninety] days
            that will give you upside on growing company value.
            The intent is to have you participate in personal gain
            based on the increase of company value. There may
            also be an opportunity to "buy in" if the company
            recapitalizes. In the event the company is sold and the
            sale was as a direct result of you securing the buyer you
            will be entitled to a transaction fee.

Moreover, the OL provided:

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            The terms and conditions of employment, including this
            and any subsequent agreement, may be modified only
            by written agreement signed by the CEO [of] Acuative.

      Plaintiff served as Acuative's Senior Vice President from December 2016

until his resignation in December 2018.

      On September 14, 2020, plaintiff filed a class action complaint 1 against

defendants for: (1) breach of contract; (2) breach of the implied covenant of

good faith and fair dealing; (3) an award of punitive damages; (4) violation of

the New Jersey Consumer Fraud Act (CFA), N.J.S.A. §§ 56:8-1 to -202; and (5)

common law fraud. Plaintiff alleged that defendants breached the "additional

benefits clause."

      At the close of discovery, defendants moved for summary judgment. The

motion judge heard the parties' arguments on August 5, 2022, and made the

following factual findings and legal determinations:

            [Here, the OL] says that something can be worked out
            in [ninety] days. The 2016 [OL] says that [plaintiff]
            will be considered a key employee and entitled to
            additional benefits such as stock options and/or other
            such equity plans.

1
  On January 4, 2022, the parties entered into a consent order dismissing with
prejudice "Count One of the Complaint (Class Action Allegations)."
2
  On January 8, 2021, plaintiff's CFA claim was dismissed for failure to state a
claim upon which relief can be granted. R. 4:6-2(e). The dismissal is not on
appeal.
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                                       3
            It's not even firm that it would be a stock option, and it
            is very clear that those programs don't exist.

            So I find that it is not an enforceable part of this
            agreement, the stock option part.

            Even if [the stock option provision] were enforceable,
            there's no basis to calculate whether or not there have
            been any damages and it's going to be the plaintiff's
            burden.

            The defendant has an expert, and the defendant's expert
            is going to say that [plaintiff] would have lost money
            on the stock option. But again, it is the plaintiff's
            burden, and the plaintiff needs an expert to be able to
            establish that there would have been a loss.

            And also, in the absence of the stock option, we don't
            even know what the terms of that would be.

                  ....

            So the plaintiff is not going to be entitled to, number
            one, an enforceable contract for the additional
            compensation or stock options because they are illusory
            and unenforceable, and even if they were not, [plaintiff]
            would never be able to establish damages without an
            expert.

The motion judge entered an order granting defendants' motion for summary

judgment.

                                       II.

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                                        4
      On appeal, plaintiff argues the motion judge erred in: (1) finding the

parties' contract, as to "stock options and/or other such equity plans," was

illusory and unenforceable; (2) denying him a trial on the issue of damages and

requiring him to have an expert to prove damages; and (3) dismissing his claim

for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing.

      We review the grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same

legal standards as the trial court. Green v. Monmouth University, 237 N.J. 516,

529 (2019).

              The judgment or order sought shall be rendered
              forthwith if the pleadings, depositions, answers to
              interrogatories and admissions on file, together with the
              affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as
              to any material fact challenged and that the moving
              party is entitled to a judgment or order as a matter of
              law. An issue of fact is genuine only if, considering the
              burden of persuasion at trial, the evidence submitted by
              the parties on the motion, together with all legitimate
              inferences therefrom favoring the non-moving party,
              would require submission of the issue to the trier of
              fact.

              [R. 4:46-2(c).]

      "If there is no genuine issue of material fact, we must then decide whether

the trial court correctly interpreted the law." DepoLink Ct. Reporting & Litig.

Support Servs. v. Rochman, 430 N.J. Super. 325, 333 (App. Div. 2013) (citations

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                                          5
omitted). We review issues of law de novo and accord no deference to the trial

judge's conclusions of law. Nicholas v. Mynster, 213 N.J. 463, 478 (2013).

      Here, plaintiff has not argued that summary judgment was erroneously

granted because there are material facts in dispute. Instead, he argues the judge

made the following errors of law: (1) incorrectly interpreting the OL; (2) finding

no basis to measure damages and requiring an expert to prove damages; and (3)

barring plaintiff's claim for the breach of the implied duty of good faith and fair

dealing.

      Having considered plaintiff's arguments applying the summary judgment

standard, we are convinced that defendants are entitled to a judgment as a matter

of law.

                                        A.

      Plaintiff contends the motion judge incorrectly deemed the parties'

"additional benefits" clause illusory because "[Acuative] did not have the right

to ignore its obligation . . ." to provide plaintiff a "plan of equity . . . within

[ninety] days after the commencement of [appellant's] employment."

      "Under general principles of contract law, an agreement[] . . . based only

upon an illusory promise is unenforceable." Jaworski v. Ernst & Young US

LLP, 441 N.J. Super. 464, 477 (App. Div. 2015). "An illusory promise has been

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defined as a 'promise which by its terms make performance entirely optional

with the promisor whatever may happen, or whatever course of conduct in other

respects he may pursue.'" Ibid. (citing Bryant v. City of Atlantic City, 309 N.J.

Super. 596, 620-21 (App. Div. 1998) (alterations in original omitted) (quoting

Restatement (Second) of Contracts, § 2, cmt. e (1979))). "Hence, an illusory

promise is one in which the 'promisor has committed himself not at all.'" Bryant,

309 N.J. Super. at 620 (quoting J.D. Calamari and Joseph M. Perillo, Contracts,

§ 4-17 at 159 (2d ed.1977)). Where "performance of an apparent promise is

entirely optional with a promisor, the promise is deemed illusory." Ibid. "In

general, our courts should seek to avoid interpreting a contract such that it is

deemed illusory." Id. at 621 (citing Russell v. Princeton Lab, Inc., 50 N.J. 30,

38 (1967); Nolan v. Control Data Corp., 243 N.J. Super. 420, 431 (App. Div.

1990)).

      Here, the "additional benefits clause" stated plaintiff:

            w[ould] be considered a key employee, as such [he]
            w[ould] be entitled to additional benefits such as stock
            options and or other such equity programs. Currently
            Acuative does not have these program[s] however an
            agreement can be structured over the next [ninety] days
            that w[ould] give you upside on growing company
            value.

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      Plaintiff focuses on the word "entitled," and argues "a plan of equity [was]

not optional, or even ambiguous. . . . [he] was 'entitled' to these benefits." He

argues defendant has no "right to ignore its obligations."

      Defendant argues "that a stock option plan did not exist[;] . . . . [t]here are

. . . no terms expressing what the stock option plan would entail[;] . . . . the

language does not state that the stock option plan would be structured, but that

it could be structured[;] . . . . [and] there was no promise of any express, essential

term that can ever be enforced."

      Despite our general charge, "to avoid interpreting a contract such that it is

deemed illusory," id. at 621, we are convinced the OL's reference to "stock

options or other such equity programs" is just that. The clause states "[c]urrently

Acuative does not have these program[s]." Therefore, plaintiff is not "entitled"

to the benefit of a current program.

      Rather, plaintiff seeks to be "entitled" to a future program. However, in

that respect, the OL provides that "an agreement can be structured."              The

language of the clause undermines plaintiff's position because it does not

provide a program will be structured, but merely that it "can be," in other

words—it is possible. Therefore, Acuative "has committed [it]self not at all."

Id. at 620.

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      Moreover, the lack of detail in the clause leads us to conclude it is illusory.

For instance, the clause vaguely provides "additional benefits such as stock

options and or other such equity programs." The clause does not define with

any particularity what "additional benefits" could be forthcoming, and, instead,

loosely provides examples of what Acuative may, at its discretion, structure.

See Jaworski, 441 N.J. Super. at 477.

      We are convinced the "additional benefits clause" is illusory and,

therefore, unenforceable.

                                         B.

      To prevail on claims for breach of contract, Globe Motor Co. v. Igdalev,

225 N.J. 469, 482 (2016); common law fraud, Banco Popular N. Am. v. Gandi,

184 N.J. 161, 260 (2005); and breach of the implied covenant of good faith and

fair dealing, Sons of Thunder v. Borden, Inc., 148 N.J. 396, 425-26 (1997);

plaintiff must establish damages. Plaintiff has failed to do so.

      First, the motion judge determined "even if [the stock option provision]

were enforceable, there [was] no basis to calculate whether or not there have

been any damages . . . ." We agree.

      The lack of a basis to measure damages goes to the illusory nature of the

clause. In other words, there is no basis to measure "additional benefits such as

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stock options and or other such equity programs" when they have not been

defined. Indeed, plaintiff acknowledges it "does not (and cannot) rely on the

components of a 'Plan' that he never received, (and does not exist)."

      Instead, plaintiff avers that he "intends to rely on the fair value of the

services he rendered to Acuative during the period of his employment, based on

his oral understanding with Sciarra, as to the dollar value of the 'equity' he would

receive by joining the [c]ompany." However, such an approach is unavailing.

Initially, any oral understanding prior to plaintiff "joining the [c]ompany"

preceded plaintiff's execution of the OL. The OL "set[] forth the terms and

conditions of the employment offer . . . ." The OL's "additional benefits" clause

was silent as to any actual valuation of the "additional benefits such as stock

options . . . or other such equity programs."

      Moreover, the OL permitted "[t]he terms and conditions of employment,

including this and any subsequent agreement, [to] be modified only by written

agreement . . . ." Therefore, to the extent plaintiff relies on conversations that

occurred after he executed the OL, they would be unavailing because plaintiff

has not produced any writing establishing an agreement as to valuation.

      Further, we note that the "additional benefits clause" refers to plaintiff's

ability to "participate in personal gain on the increase of company value." We

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                                        10
reject the argument that plaintiff's measure of his "fair value of . . . services"

equates to an "increase of company value." Even if plaintiff worked more than

seven hours per day five days per week, such efforts would not necessarily

translate into an increase in the value of the company.

      Second, the motion judge determined that "plaintiff needs an expert to be

able to establish that there would have been a loss." We find no abuse of

discretion in the motion judge's determination that plaintiff requires an expert to

establish damages. "The necessity for, or propriety of, the admission of expert

testimony, and the competence of such testimony, are judgments within the

discretion of the trial court." State v. Zola, 112 N.J. 384, 414 (1988).

      "[V]aluation disputes . . . frequently become battles between experts."

Balsamides v. Protemeen Chmes., 160 N.J. 352, 368 (1999). "It is fundamental

that a plaintiff must 'prove damages with such certainty as the nature of the case

may permit, laying a foundation which will enable the trier of facts to make a

fair and reasonable estimate.'" Kelly v. Berlin, 300 N.J. Super. 256, 258 (App.

Div. 1997) (quoting Lane v. Oil Delivery, Inc., 216 N.J. Super. 413, 420 (App.

Div. 1987)).    "Conjecture and speculation cannot be used as a basis for

damages." Brach Eichler, Rosenberg & Gladstone, P.C. v. Ezekwo, 345 N.J.

Super. 1, 11 (App. Div. 2001) (citing Lesniak v. Cnty. of Bergen, 117 N.J. 12,

                                                                             A-0079-22
                                       11
21 (1989)). "Thus, in general, '[a] jury should not be allowed to speculate

without the aid of expert testimony in an area where laypersons could not be

expected to have sufficient knowledge or experience.'" Kelly, 300 N.J. Super.

at 268.

      Therefore, we conclude plaintiff is unable to satisfy his burden that he has

sustained damages because any damages are immeasurable and would require

expert support. Thus, his claims for breach of contract; common law fraud; and

breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing all fail, allowing

for the grant of summary judgment.

                                        C.

      Plaintiff contends the motion judge erred by not permitting his claim for

the breach of the implied duty of good faith and fair dealing to proceed .3

      Plaintiff cites Sons of Thunder, 148 N.J. at 420, for the proposition "that

in every contract there is an implied covenant that neither party shall do anything

which will have the effect of destroying or injuring the right of the other to

receive the fruits of the contract . . . ." Moreover, he argues "damages for the

breach of the implied covenant of good faith performance and fair dealing may

3
  As discussed, we conclude that plaintiff's claim for this alleged breach fails
because he cannot establish damages. We address this additional argument for
completeness.
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                                       12
be recovered for the 'expectations' which a party 'anticipated under the

contract[,]'" citing Noye v. Hoffman-LaRoche, Inc., 238 N.J. Super. 430, 437

(App. Div. 1990).

      Plaintiff relies on the implied covenant claim to overcome the illusory

"additional benefits clause." Plaintiff's argument is misguided. The implied

covenant of good faith and fair dealing does not transform unenforceable

illusory promises into contract terms. Instead, the implied covenant ensures a

contracting party that the other contracting party will not "do anything which

will have the effect of destroying or injuring the[ir] right . . . to receive the fruits

of the contract." Id. at 420. Here, plaintiff has no right to receive the "additional

benefits" because they are illusory and unenforceable. The implied covenant,

therefore, is inapplicable to the "additional benefits" clause.

      To the extent we have not addressed plaintiff's other arguments, we deem

them without sufficient merit to warrant discussion in a written opinion. R.

2:11-3(e)(1)(E).

      Affirmed.

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