Court Opinion

ID: 3190591
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-03-31 20:04:15.722588+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:36:06.607599
License: Public Domain

REPORTED

  IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

             OF MARYLAND

                 No. 1121

          September Term, 2015

______________________________________

       JOSHUA PAUL BOWLING

                     v.

         STATE OF MARYLAND

______________________________________

     Graeff,
     Friedman,
     Thieme, Raymond G., Jr.
        (Retired, Specially Assigned),

                  JJ.
______________________________________

           Opinion by Graeff, J.
______________________________________

     Filed: March 31, 2016
       On February 20, 2015, Joshua Paul Bowling, appellant, was charged by criminal

information in the Circuit Court for Wicomico County with possession of marijuana with

the intent to distribute, as well as other drug related offenses and several traffic offenses.1

Appellant subsequently filed a motion to suppress, which the circuit court denied. On June

17, 2015, appellant entered a conditional plea of guilty on the charge of possession of

marijuana with the intent to distribute, and the State entered a nolle prosequi on each of the

remaining counts.2

       On appeal, appellant raises the following issue for this Court’s review:

              Did the positive alert of a drug dog that is certified to detect marijuana,
       along with other controlled dangerous substances, furnish probable cause to
       search appellant’s motor vehicle, given the decriminalization of small
       amounts of marijuana and the drug dog’s inability to distinguish between the
       odor of less than 10 grams of marijuana and 10 or more grams of marijuana?

       For the reasons set forth below, we answer that question in the affirmative, and

accordingly, we shall affirm the judgment of the circuit court.

       1
         Appellant was charged with the following six counts: Possession of a controlled
dangerous substance (“CDS”) with intent to distribute–marijuana (Count 1); Possession of
CDS–not marijuana (Count 2); Possession of CDS–Marijuana (Count 3); Driving with a
suspended license (Count 4); Failing to signal before a stop or turn (Count 5); and Failing
to display license on demand (Count 6).
       2
         Pursuant to Maryland Rule 4-242(d)(2), a “defendant may enter a conditional plea
of guilty” and “reserve the right to appeal one or more issues specified in the plea that (A)
were raised by and determined adversely to the defendant, and, (B) if determined in the
defendant’s favor would have been dispositive of the case.” Appellant reserved the right
to appeal the issue presented here, i.e., whether the dog alert provided probable cause to
search the vehicle, as well as the issue whether the police had reasonable suspicion to
suspect that his license was suspended. In his brief, however, he states that he waives
consideration of the latter issue.
                   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       On January 2, 2015, at approximately noon, Officer Brian Barr, a member of the

Salisbury Police Department, was patrolling in his vehicle in Salisbury, Maryland.

Officer Barr saw appellant driving, and due to prior dealings with appellant, including a

stop for driving under the influence (“DUI”), to which appellant had pleaded guilty,

Officer Barr believed that appellant’s driver’s license was suspended.3

       Officer Barr decided to follow appellant’s vehicle, and he observed appellant fail to

signal during two turns. After appellant made the second illegal turn, Officer Barr activated

his lights and initiated a traffic stop.

       When Officer Barr approached appellant’s vehicle, he noticed that appellant’s hands

were shaking, appellant was avoiding eye contact, and he “appeared very nervous.”

Appellant provided Officer Barr with a “Maryland ID card” and the vehicle’s registration,

and Officer Barr returned to his vehicle to continue the traffic stop.4

       At that point, given appellant’s suspicious behavior, and Officer Barr’s knowledge

that appellant had an “extensive history with controlled dangerous substances,”

       3
       Officer Barr also testified that, one day earlier, he had overheard police dispatch
inform another Salisbury officer on the radio that appellant’s driver’s license was
suspended.
       4
         It appears that the card appellant provided to Officer Barr was not a Maryland
driver’s license, which grants the general privilege to drive a vehicle on public roads, but
rather, a Maryland identification card, which is issued by the Maryland Vehicle
Administration “solely for the purpose of identification” and “does not convey or provide
any driving privilege in this or any other state.” See Gwin v. Motor Vehicle Admin., 385
Md. 440, 447 n.2, cert. denied, 385 Md. 440 (2005).

                                             -2-
Officer Barr called for a K-9 unit. As Officer Barr was getting into his vehicle, appellant

got out of his vehicle. For safety reasons, Officer Barr told appellant to get back into his

vehicle. He explained: “It’s very dangerous for an officer to have his or her head down

doing any paperwork that is needed to be done to continue a traffic stop while a subject

that has been stopped is out of the car wandering around.” Officer Barr’s concern was

increased in this case because he knew that appellant had a prior “weapons charge.”

       Appellant responded that he could not get back in his car because he had locked the

keys inside and could not open the door. At that point, for safety reasons, Officer Barr

called for an additional officer to stand by appellant while Officer Barr completed the

traffic stop. Officer Barr waited with appellant until backup arrived.

       At 12:20 p.m., Deputy J.C. Richardson, a member of the Wicomico County

Sheriff’s Office, arrived on the scene with his drug dog, Diablo. Deputy Richardson

testified that Diablo was certified and licensed to detect the odors of marijuana, cocaine,

heroin, methamphetamines, and MDMA (ecstasy). Diablo’s behavioral signals that alert

that he has detected the presence of CDS were the same for all five drugs. The dog’s sense

of smell was sensitive enough to pick up minute amounts of a substance, and Diablo could

not communicate the amount of a substance detected.

       Deputy Richardson had Diablo sniff the exterior of appellant’s vehicle. Diablo

alerted when passing the rear driver’s side door.

                                            -3-
       After the K-9 alert, another officer arrived to watch appellant, and Officer Barr

continued with the traffic stop. He confirmed that appellant’s driver’s license was, in fact,

suspended. He arrested appellant for driving with a suspended license.

       Because appellant’s vehicle was locked with the keys inside, Officer Barr intended

to tow the vehicle to the police station, where he would conduct an inventory search. When

the tow truck arrived, however, the tow truck driver stated that it was company policy to

open a vehicle and retrieve the keys if they could observe them inside.

       After the tow truck driver opened appellant’s vehicle, Officer Barr decided to search

the vehicle at the scene, as opposed to the police station. The search revealed 198.2 grams

of marijuana, a “smoking device,” a scale, a large sum of cash, and a single OxyContin

tablet (5 milligrams) inside a cigarette carton.

       Prior to the date of trial, appellant filed a motion to suppress the evidence found in

his car, raising two grounds. First, he argued that the initial traffic stop was unlawful. This

argument was rejected and is not challenged on appeal.

       Second, appellant argued, as he does on appeal, that Officer Barr lacked the legal

authority to conduct a warrantless search of his vehicle, relying on the law passed by the

Maryland General Assembly in 2014, which decriminalized possession of less than 10

grams of marijuana. Appellant asserted that, because Diablo could not distinguish between

the quantity of marijuana that constituted a criminal offense and the quantity that

constituted a civil offense, the dog’s alert did not provide probable cause to believe a crime

                                             -4-
had occurred, and therefore, the warrantless search of the vehicle violated his Fourth

Amendment rights.

       The State argued that, because Diablo could detect heroin, cocaine,

methamphetamines, or MDMA, there was a fair probability that Diablo was alerting to the

presence of these other drugs, and therefore, the alert provided Officer Barr with probable

cause to search appellant’s vehicle pursuant to the Carroll doctrine.5 The State also argued

that marijuana is still considered “contraband,” even though the possession of small

amounts of it results only in a civil infraction, and therefore, an officer properly could

search for it if he or she had probable cause to believe that it was present in the vehicle.

       On June 10, 2015, the circuit court denied appellant’s motion. The court stated:

       [T]he dog in this case is trained to alert to the presence of marijuana, heroin,
       cocaine, methamphetamines, and MDMA. Diablo’s alert was not limited to
       the presence of marijuana, where possession of a specified amount is not a
       criminal infraction. Based upon the alert in this case, the substance found
       could have been any number of illegal substances. This fact alone gave the
       officers sufficient probable cause to search the vehicle.

                                       DISCUSSION

       Appellant contends that the circuit court “erred by ruling that an alert from a drug

dog that can detect and alert to marijuana along with other substances provides probable

cause to search a vehicle.” He notes that, in 2014, the Maryland General Assembly

decriminalized the possession of less than ten grams of marijuana, and therefore, he argues,

at the time of his offense, possession of less than ten grams of marijuana was a civil offense,

       5
           See Carroll v. United States, 267 U.S. 132 (1925).

                                             -5-
which did not warrant searches and arrests. Appellant asserts that, because Diablo did not

have the ability “to distinguish between a criminal quantity of marijuana and a noncriminal

quantity,” the alert did not provide probable cause to believe that evidence of a crime was

present in the vehicle, as opposed to items associated with a civil infraction.6

       The State contends that the circuit court properly denied appellant’s motion to

suppress. It asserts that a K-9 alert to the odor of marijuana, by itself, provides probable

cause to believe that the vehicle contains contraband, and therefore, it permits a Carroll

doctrine search of a vehicle, notwithstanding the recent decriminalization of possession of

less than 10 grams of marijuana.          Alternatively, it argues that the totality of the

circumstances, including the K-9 alert, Officer Barr’s knowledge of appellant’s prior

“weapons charge” and “extensive history of controlled dangerous substances,” and

appellant’s nervousness during the traffic stop, provided the requisite probable cause to

search appellant’s vehicle.

       6
           At the conclusion of his brief, appellant additionally argues that the dog sniff in
this case was an unlawful search, stating that, because the dog was trained to alert to
noncriminal items, i.e., less than 10 grams of marijuana, the rationale for holding that a
canine sniff does not constitute a search does not apply. See Illinois v. Caballes, 543 U.S.
405, 408-09 (2005) (“[T]he use of a well-trained narcotics-detection dog—one that “does
not expose noncontraband items that otherwise would remain hidden from public view”
. . . during a lawful traffic stop, generally does not implicate legitimate privacy interests.”).
Appellant, however, did not argue below, or reserve in his conditional plea, the issue that
the dog sniff itself was unlawful. Accordingly, we will not address this argument. See
Sutton v. FedFirst Fin. Corp., 226 Md. App. 46, 80 n.18 (2015), cert. denied, ___ Md. ___
(Feb. 22, 2016) (declining to address an argument that was not made below); Md. Rule 8-
131(a) (Ordinarily, an appellate court will not decide an issue “unless it plainly appears by
the record to have been raised in or decided by the trial court.”); Md. Rule 4-242 (right to
appeal pursuant to a conditional plea of guilty is “limited to those pretrial issues litigated
in the circuit court and set forth in writing in the plea”).

                                              -6-
       We have explained the applicable standard of review in addressing a ruling on a

suppression motion as follows:

               We review a denial of a motion to suppress evidence seized pursuant
       to a warrantless search based on the record of the suppression hearing, not
       the subsequent trial. State v. Nieves, 383 Md. 573, 581, 861 A.2d 62 (2004).
       We consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the prevailing party,
       here, the State. Gorman v. State, 168 Md. App. 412, 421, 897 A.2d 242
       (2006) (Quotation omitted). We also “accept the suppression court’s
       first-level factual findings unless clearly erroneous, and give due regard to
       the court’s opportunity to assess the credibility of witnesses.” Id. “We
       exercise plenary review of the suppression court’s conclusions of law,” and
       “make our own constitutional appraisal as to whether an action taken was
       proper, by reviewing the law and applying it to the facts of the case.” Id.
       “Although the underlying command of the Fourth Amendment is always that
       searches and seizures be reasonable, what is reasonable depends on the
       context within which a search takes place.” State v. Alexander, 124 Md.
       App. 258, 265, 721 A.2d 275 (1998) (Emphasis added in Alexander) (quoting
       New Jersey v. T.L.O., 469 U.S. 325, 337, 105 S. Ct. 733, 83 L.Ed.2d 720
       (1985)). On that issue, “the ultimate questions of reasonable suspicion and
       probable cause to make a warrantless search should be reviewed de novo.”
       Ferris v. State, 355 Md. 356, 385, 735 A.2d 491 (1999) (quoting Ornelas v.
       United States, 517 U.S. 690, 691, 116 S. Ct. 1657, 134 L.Ed.2d 911 (1996)).

Taylor v. State, 224 Md. App. 476, 486-87, cert. granted, 445 Md. 487 (2015). With that

standard of review in mind, we address whether the search here violated appellant’s Fourth

Amendment rights.

       The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects against

“unreasonable searches and seizures.”     U.S. CONST. amend. IV.        Subject to certain

exceptions, “‘[w]here a search is undertaken by law enforcement officials to discover

evidence of criminal wrongdoing, . . . reasonableness generally requires the obtaining of a

judicial warrant.’” Riley v. California, 134 S. Ct. 2473, 2482 (2014) (quoting Vernonia

School Dist. 47J v. Acton, 515 U.S. 646, 653 (1995)). One exception to the warrant

                                            -7-
requirement is the “automobile exception” or “Carroll doctrine,” named after Carroll v.

United States, 267 U.S. 132 (1925), in which the United States Supreme Court held that an

officer may search an automobile, without a warrant, if he or she has probable cause to

believe it contains evidence of a crime or contraband goods. Wyoming v. Houghton, 526

U.S. 295, 300 (1999).

       The issue presented in this case is whether the police had sufficient probable cause

to search appellant’s car pursuant to the Carroll doctrine. In other words, was there a “fair

probability that contraband or evidence of a crime [would] be found in” the car. Illinois v.

Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 238 (1983).

       Before addressing the specific facts here, we note that the probable cause standard

is a “‘practical, nontechnical conception’ that deals with ‘the factual and practical

considerations of everyday life on which reasonable and prudent men, not legal

technicians, act.’” Maryland v. Pringle, 540 U.S. 366, 370 (2003) (quoting Gates, 462

U.S. at 231). As the United States Supreme Court has explained:

       The test for probable cause is not reducible to precise definition or
       quantification. Finely tuned standards such as proof beyond a reasonable
       doubt or by a preponderance of the evidence . . . have no place in the
       [probable-cause] decision. . . . All we have required is the kind of fair
       probability on which reasonable and prudent [people,] not legal technicians,
       act. . . .

              In evaluating whether the State has met this practical and
       common-sensical standard, we have consistently looked to the totality of the
       circumstances. . . . We have rejected rigid rules, bright-line tests, and
       mechanistic inquiries in favor of a more flexible, all-things-considered
       approach. . . . Probable cause, we emphasized, is a fluid concept—turning
       on the assessment of probabilities in particular factual contexts—not readily,
       or even usefully, reduced to a neat set of legal rules.

                                             -8-
Florida v. Harris, 133 S. Ct. 1050, 1055-56 (2013) (quotations omitted).

       With respect to the odor of marijuana, the Maryland appellate courts consistently

have held that the detection of the odor of marijuana by a trained drug dog establishes

probable cause to conduct a warrantless Carroll doctrine search of a vehicle. Wilkes v.

State, 364 Md. 554, 586-87 (2001); Pyon v. State, 222 Md. App. 412, 439 (2015). The

question presented here is whether the recent Maryland law, which decriminalized the

possession of less than 10 grams of marijuana and made it a civil offense, changes this

analysis.

       In addressing this issue, it is important to make clear the scope of the new law.

Maryland Code (2015 Supp.) § 5-601 of the Criminal Law Article (“CR”) states, in

pertinent part, as follows:

          (a) In general. — Except as otherwise provided in this title, a person may
       not:
              (1) possess or administer to another a controlled dangerous substance,
       unless obtained directly or by prescription or order from an authorized
       provider acting in the course of professional practice;[7]

                                           ***
           (c) Penalty; mitigating factors; substance abuse programs. — (1) Except
       as provided in paragraphs (2) and (3) of this subsection, a person who violates
       this section is guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction is subject to
       imprisonment not exceeding 4 years or a fine not exceeding $25,000 or both.
               (2)(i) Except as provided in subparagraph (ii) of this paragraph, a
       person whose violation of this section involves the use or possession of
       marijuana is subject to imprisonment not exceeding 1 year or a fine not
       exceeding $1,000 or both.

       7
       Pursuant to Maryland Code (2015 Supp.) §§ 5-401(a) and 5-402(d)(1)(vii) of the
Criminal Law Article (“CR”) marijuana is a Schedule I controlled dangerous substance.

                                            -9-
                  (ii) 1. A first violation of this section involving the use or
       possession of less than 10 grams of marijuana is a civil offense punishable
       by a fine not exceeding $100.
                      2. A second violation of this section involving the use or
       possession of less than 10 grams of marijuana is a civil offense punishable
       by a fine not exceeding $250.
                      3. A third or subsequent violation of this section involving the
       use or possession of less than 10 grams of marijuana is a civil offense
       punishable by a fine not exceeding $500.

       This statutory language makes clear that, although the legislation enacted in 2014

decriminalized the possession of less than 10 grams of marijuana, it remains a civil offense,

and therefore, it still is illegal. “[D]ecriminalization is not synonymous with legalization.”

Com. v. Cruz, 945 N.E.2d 899, 911 (Mass. 2011).

       Thus, cases such as State v. Crocker, 97 P.3d 93 (Alaska Ct. App. 2004), upon which

appellant relies, are inapposite. In Crocker, the Court of Appeals of Alaska held that the

“strong odor of growing marijuana” did not constitute probable cause to support a search

warrant for Crocker’s house because, in Alaska, it is legal to possess less than four ounces

of marijuana for personal use in the home. Id. at 95, 97. The court held that the warrant

application needed to establish probable cause that the possession of marijuana was illegal.

Id. at 94. That case is inapposite because, as explained, possession of marijuana in any

amount remains illegal in Maryland.8

       8
         We note that the General Assembly also recently enacted “medical marijuana”
laws, providing that there is an affirmative defense to a prosecution in certain
circumstances when possession of marijuana is for medical use, CR § 5-601(c)(3)(ii), and
a licensed dispensary of products containing cannabis may not be penalized or arrested
under State law for possessing or distributing these products. Maryland Code (2015 Repl.
Vol.) §§ 13-3301 to 3316 of the Health-General Article. The impact of these laws was not
addressed below, and therefore, this issue is not properly before us.

                                            -10-
       Keeping in mind the important fact that possession of marijuana, in any amount,

remains illegal in Maryland, we address whether this new law, decriminalizing possession

of limited amounts of marijuana, changes the established jurisprudence that the smell of

marijuana provides probable cause to search a vehicle. Although this issue is one of first

impression in Maryland, it has been considered by other states, with conflicting results.

       At least one jurisdiction has held that legislation making possession of a small

quantity of marijuana a civil, rather than a criminal, violation results in the conclusion that

the odor of marijuana does not, standing alone, provide probable cause to conduct a search.

In Commonwealth v. Overmyer, 11 N.E.3d 1054, 1058 (Mass. 2014), the Supreme Judicial

Court of Massachusetts noted that, since legislation enacted in 2008 reclassified possession

of one ounce or less of marijuana as a civil, not a criminal, violation, the Massachusetts

appellate courts had held that the smell of marijuana “points only to the presence of some

marijuana, not necessarily a criminal amount,” and therefore, such an odor, by itself, does

not give rise to probable cause to conduct a search of a car pursuant to the automobile

exception to the warrant requirement. In Massachusetts, the courts have held that the odor

of marijuana does not give the police probable cause to search a car “without some

additional fact or facts that establish a reasonable basis for the belief that more than one

ounce of marijuana is in a person’s possession or in the location from which the odor

emanates.” Commonwealth v. Fontaine, 3 N.E.3d 82, 88 (Mass. App. Ct. 2014).

       Other jurisdictions, however, have reached the opposite conclusion. In State v.

Smalley, 225 P.3d 844, 848 (Or. Ct. App. 2010), the Court of Appeals of Oregon rejected

                                             -11-
the argument that, because possession of less than one ounce of marijuana was not a

criminal offense, the odor of marijuana did not give the officer probable cause to search a

vehicle. The court noted that, pursuant to the automobile exception, probable cause to

believe that the automobile contains “contraband or crime evidence justifies an immediate

warrantless search of the entire automobile.” Id. (quoting State v. Brown, 721 P.2d 1357,

1362 (Or. 1986)). It explained:

              Defendant does not argue that marijuana becomes contraband only in
       quantities of more than an ounce, and we know of no authority for that
       proposition. Indeed, both the legal and common definitions of “contraband”
       indicate that the term encompasses anything that the law prohibits
       possessing. Black’s Law Dictionary defines “contraband” as “[g]oods that
       are unlawful to import, export, produce, or possess.” Id. at 365 (9th ed.
       2009); see also Webster’s Third New Int’l Dictionary 494 (unabridged ed.
       2002) (“goods or merchandise the importation, exportation, or sometimes
       possession of which is forbidden”).

Id. at 271. Because marijuana constituted contraband, regardless of its quantity, the court

held that the officer’s detection of the odor of marijuana in the vehicle gave him the

requisite probable cause to search it.

       Similarly, in State v. Barclay, 398 A.2d 794, 798 (Me. 1979), the Supreme Judicial

Court of Maine noted that, although possession of a small amount of marijuana is a civil,

as opposed to a criminal, offense, marijuana remained illegal to possess and constituted

contraband. Accordingly, the court held that, when the officer approached a car stopped

for a faulty exhaust system and smelled marijuana, the officer had probable cause to believe

defendant’s vehicle contained contraband and was justified in conducting a warrantless

search of the vehicle. Id.

                                           -12-
       We agree with the reasoning of the latter cases. We note that neither the Supreme

Court nor the Maryland appellate courts have limited the automobile exception to situations

where there is probable cause to believe there is evidence of a crime in the vehicle. Rather,

a search is permitted when there is probable cause to believe that the car contains evidence

of a crime or contraband. See Maryland v. Dyson, 527 U.S. 465, 467 (1999) (“If a car is

readily mobile and probable cause exists to believe it contains contraband, the Fourth

Amendment . . . permits police to search the vehicle without more.”) (quoting Pennsylvania

v. Labron, 518 U.S. 938, 940 (1996) (per curiam)); California v. Acevedo, 500 U.S. 565,

580 (1991) (“The police may search an automobile and the containers within it where they

have probable cause to believe contraband or evidence is contained.”); Nathan v. State, 370

Md. 648, 665-66 (2002) (“Police officers who have probable cause to believe that there is

contraband or other evidence of criminal activity inside an automobile that has been

stopped on the road may search it without obtaining a warrant.”).            Thus, although

possession of less than ten grams of marijuana is no longer a crime, a search of a vehicle

still would be reasonable under the Fourth Amendment if marijuana constitutes contraband.

       In determining whether marijuana is contraband pursuant to CR § 5-601, we rely on

well-settled principles of statutory interpretation:

              “The cardinal rule of statutory interpretation is to ascertain and
       effectuate the real and actual intent of the Legislature. A court’s primary goal
       in interpreting statutory language is to discern the legislative purpose, the
       ends to be accomplished, or the evils to be remedied by the statutory
       provision under scrutiny.

             To ascertain the intent of the General Assembly, we begin with the
       normal, plain meaning of the statute. If the language of the statute is

                                             -13-
       unambiguous and clearly consistent with the statute’s apparent purpose, our
       inquiry as to the legislative intent ends ordinarily and we apply the statute as
       written without resort to other rules of construction. . . .

               We, however, do not read statutory language in a vacuum, nor do we
       confine strictly our interpretation of a statute's plain language to the isolated
       section alone. Rather, the plain language must be viewed within the context
       of the statutory scheme to which it belongs, considering the purpose, aim, or
       policy of the Legislature in enacting the statute.”

State v. Weems, 429 Md. 329, 338 (2012) (quoting Gardner v. State, 420 Md. 1, 8-9

(2011)).

       With this standard in mind, we note that the plain language of CR § 5-601(c)(2)(ii)

provides that possession of less than 10 grams of marijuana is a civil offense subject to a

fine, i.e., it is illegal to possess. “Contraband” is defined as “[g]oods that are unlawful to

import, export, produce, or possess. BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (10th ed. 2014). Accord

In re Calvin S., 175 Md. App. 516, 530 (2007).

       In Calvin S., a police officer searched a minor after observing him smoking a

cigarette, a civil violation pursuant to CR § 10-108.9 Id. at 527-28. The minor argued that

       9
           CR § 10-108 provides, in pertinent part, as follows:

             (c) Prohibited. — A minor may not:
                 (1) use or possess a tobacco product or cigarette rolling paper;
                                          ***
             (d) Penalty. — (1) A violation of this section is a civil offense.
                                         ***
           (e) Citation. — A law enforcement officer authorized to make arrests
       shall issue a citation to a minor if the law enforcement officer has probable
       cause to believe that the minor is committing or has committed a violation of
       this section.

                                               -14-
probable cause to believe that he was committing a civil violation did not provide a

constitutional basis for a warrantless search of his person, and the State argued that the

search was proper because possession of cigarettes by a minor was unlawful, and therefore,

the cigarettes in the possession of the minor were “contraband.” Id. at 527. This Court

disagreed, noting that the statute did not classify tobacco products as “contraband,” and it

did not contain authority for their seizure. Id. at 530-31.

       Here, by contrast, the legislative history of what is now CR § 5-601(c)(2)(ii) makes

clear that the Maryland General Assembly intended that, although possession of a small

amount of marijuana would no longer be a criminal offense, it would continue to be

considered contraband, regardless of the quantity. Indeed, the exact scenario presented

here was contemplated. On April 1, 2014, at the hearing to discuss Senate Bill 364,

members of the House Judiciary Committee questioned whether this bill, as initially

drafted, would cause a change in the existing law authorizing police officers to search a car

based on a K-9 alert. Senator Robert Zirkin, one of the sponsors of the bill, testified that

this was not a problem in most states that had decriminalized small amounts of marijuana,

but he stated that, if the General Assembly wanted to make that clear, it could amend the

bill. Testimony of Sen. Robert “Bobby” Zirkin regarding S.B. 364 before the House

Judiciary Committee, April 1, 2014.10

       10
         Recording of April 1, 2014, House Judiciary Committee hearing available at:
http://mgahouse.maryland.gov/mga/play/1f0ace2b889b4079bcfb85b6ba52d452/?catalog/
03e481c7-8a42-4438-a7da-93ff74bdaa4c&playfrom=2926752.

                                            -15-
      On April 5, 2014, the House Judiciary Committee adopted an amendment to address

this issue. Amendments to Senate Bill No. 364 (Third Reading File Bill), Judiciary

Committee (Apr. 5, 2014), at 2, available at http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2014RS/amds/bi

l_0004/sb034_35261102.pdf [https://perma.cc/WDN5-YX66]. This amendment added the

following language regarding seizure and forfeiture, which ultimately was codified as CR

§ 5-601(d):

          (d) Effect of (c)(2)(ii) on other laws. — The provisions of subsection
      (c)(2)(ii) of this section making the possession of marijuana a civil offense
      may not be construed to affect the laws relating to:
              (1) operating a vehicle or vessel while under the influence of or while
      impaired by a controlled dangerous substance; or
              (2) seizure and forfeiture.[11]

In light of the foregoing, it is clear that the Maryland General Assembly intended that

marijuana remain classified as “contraband,” and that the decriminalization of small

amounts of marijuana would not affect existing case law allowing officers to search a

vehicle based upon a K-9 alert to the smell of marijuana.

      Given this legislative history, we conclude that, although the Maryland General

Assembly made possession of less than 10 grams of marijuana a civil, as opposed to a

criminal, offense, it is still illegal to possess any quantity of marijuana, and marijuana

      11
         Maryland Code (2008 Repl. Vol.) § 12-201 of the Criminal Procedure Article
(“CP”) states, in pertinent part:

          (a) Schedule I substances — Possession, transference, and sale. — A
      Schedule I substance listed in § 5-402 of the Criminal Law Article shall be
      seized and summarily forfeited to the State if the substance is:
              (1) possessed, transferred, sold, or offered for sale in violation of the
              Controlled Dangerous Substances law.

                                            -16-
retains its status as contraband. Accordingly, we hold that this legislation does not change

the established precedent that a drug dog’s alert to the odor of marijuana, without more,

provides the police with probable cause to authorize a search of a vehicle pursuant to the

Carroll doctrine. Here, Diablo’s alert provided a sufficient basis to believe that contraband

would be found in the vehicle, and therefore, it provided probable cause to search the

vehicle. The circuit court properly denied the motion to suppress.

                                                      JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT
                                                      COURT    FOR    WICOMICO
                                                      COUNTY AFFIRMED. COSTS
                                                      TO BE PAID BY APPELLANT.

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