Court Opinion

ID: 4543396
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-06-23 18:12:12.93812+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:46:47.922780
License: Public Domain

J-A09033-20
                            2020 PA Super 147

 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA,            : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                          :        PENNSYLVANIA
                Appellee                  :
                                          :
                   v.                     :
                                          :
 EDMUND STARR,                            :
                                          :
                Appellant                 : No. 748 WDA 2019

    Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered November 28, 2016
             in the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County
           Criminal Division at No(s): CP-02-CR-0012082-2013

BEFORE:    SHOGAN, J., MURRAY, J. and STRASSBURGER, J.*

OPINION BY STRASSBURGER, J.:                         FILED JUNE 23, 2020

     Edmund Starr (Appellant), appeals nunc pro tunc from his November

28, 2016 judgment of sentence, which the trial court imposed after revoking

Appellant’s probation. We affirm.

     In a prior memorandum, we provided an overview of the relevant facts

and procedural history.

            On February 20, 2014, Appellant entered a negotiated
     guilty plea to unlawful contact with a minor, statutory sexual
     assault, corruption of minors, indecent assault with a person less
     than 16 years old, and selling or furnishing alcohol to a minor, in
     connection with Appellant's inappropriate conduct with his wife’s
     15-year-old sister. The court sentenced him on March 3, 2014,
     to the negotiated aggregate term of 8 to 16 months’
     imprisonment, plus 10 years’ probation. The terms of Appellant’s
     probation included special conditions, including a condition
     restricting his internet access. [As part of his plea, Appellant
     signed a form specifically acknowledging that he would be bound

*Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
J-A09033-20

       by the special conditions while on probation. He also verbally
       acknowledged the special conditions on the record1].

              While on probation, Appellant committed numerous
       technical violations, including repeated violations of the internet
       restriction. On November 28, 2016, the court held a revocation
       hearing, revoked Appellant’s probation, and resentenced him to
       an aggregate term of 2 to 6 years’ imprisonment, plus 6 years’
       probation, with the same [] internet access restriction.

____________________________________________

1 Appellant was sentenced through Allegheny County’s Sex Offender Court
(“SOC”), a specialty court

       to which all cases with charges subject to the Sex Offender
       Registration Notification Act, 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9799.10-9799.41
       (“SORNA”) are assigned. Defendants sentenced in SOC [] are
       supervised by a specialized unit of probation officers, participate
       in a mental health treatment protocol designed for sex offenders
       and are subject to regular review hearings. Review hearings are
       held before the sentencing judge and supervision conditions may
       be reconsidered as appropriate at those hearings.

Trial Court Opinion, 7/19/2019, at 1 n.1.

       The probation condition at issue in this case states that Appellant
“shall not possess or use a computer with access to any ‘online computer
service,’ or any other electronic device that allows internet connections
and/or access at any location (including employment) without the prior
written approval of the probation/parole officer. This includes any internet
services provided, bulletin board system[,] or any other public or private
computer network.” Appellant’s Brief at Ex. B (Charge Specific Special
Conditions, undated). We note that although Appellant’s two sentencing
orders and original guilty plea colloquy reference charge specific conditions,
the charge specific conditions themselves do not appear in the certified
record. Although we ordinarily do not consider documents outside of the
record, because none of the parties dispute that the conditions attached to
Appellant’s brief are the ones that he signed, and because this appeal asks
us to decide whether the condition should have been imposed, not whether
it existed, we assume for the purposes of this memorandum that Exhibit B is
a true and correct copy of the conditions Appellant signed before pleading
guilty and the conditions re-imposed after his probation was revoked.

                                           -2-
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              Appellant initially filed a timely direct appeal on December
        27, 2016[, but later discontinued it voluntarily].. On December
        12, 2017, Appellant filed a counseled petition pursuant to the
        Post Conviction Relief Act (“PCRA”) at 42 Pa.C.S.[] §§ 9541-
        9546, seeking to reinstate his post-sentence motion rights nunc
        pro tunc. [] In the PCRA petition, Appellant claimed he wanted to
        challenge the condition of his probation restricting his internet
        access. The Commonwealth did not oppose Appellant’s request.
        Thus, the court entered an order on January 16, 2018, restoring
        Appellant’s post-sentence motion and attendant rights nunc pro
        tunc.

              On January 22, 2018, Appellant timely filed a post-
        sentence motion nunc pro tunc, which the court denied that day.
        Appellant filed a counseled notice of appeal []on February 20,
        2018.

Commonwealth v. Starr, 209 A.3d 541 (Pa. Super. 2019) (unpublished

memorandum at 1). On January 30, 2019, this Court dismissed Appellant’s

appeal because it had been untimely filed. Id.

        On February 14, 2019, Appellant filed a second PCRA petition and

sought to restore his appellate rights based upon counsel’s ineffectiveness in

filing a late notice of appeal. The trial court granted his petition on April 24,

2019, and appointed new counsel to represent Appellant.               Appellant filed

timely a notice of appeal, and Appellant’s appeal is now properly before us.2

        In this appeal, Appellant raises the following four issues.

        I. Whether the trial court abused its discretion when it imposed
        an internet restriction as a special condition of Appellant’s
        probation revocation sentence when there exists no nexus
        between the crimes charged and access to the internet.

____________________________________________

2   Both Appellant and the trial court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

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      II. Whether the underlying record is sufficient to support the
      imposition of an internet restriction as a special condition of
      Appellant’s revocation sentence when there was no showing by
      the Commonwealth that the special condition was reasonably
      tailored to Appellant's unique rehabilitation needs and no
      consideration was given to principles of individualized
      sentencing.

      III. Whether the special condition of Appellant’s probation[,]
      which requires that “[Appellant] shall not possess or use a
      computer with access to any” online computer service,” or any
      other electronic device that allows internet connections and/or
      access at any location (including employment) without the prior
      written approval of the probation/parole officer…[,]” is effectively
      a blanket internet ban, which is constitutionally overbroad and in
      violation of [Appellant’s] rights under the First Amendment of
      the United States Constitution and Article 1, Section 7 of the
      Pennsylvania Constitution.

      IV. Whether the sentence imposed for a violation of a special
      condition of probation should be vacated when the special
      condition found to be violated was an internet restriction[,]
      which was improperly imposed.

Appellant’s Brief at 6-7 (answers omitted).

      “[I]n reviewing an appeal from a judgment of sentence imposed after

the revocation of probation, this Court’s scope of review includes the validity

of the hearing, the legality of the final sentence, and if properly raised, the

discretionary aspects of the appellant’s sentence.” Commonwealth v.

Kuykendall, 2 A.3d 559, 563 (Pa. Super. 2010).

Challenge to Discretionary Aspects of Sentence

      We begin by reviewing Appellant’s challenges to the discretionary

aspects of his sentence presented in issues one and two.         “An appellant

wishing to appeal the discretionary aspects of a probation-revocation

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sentence has no absolute right to do so but, rather, must petition this Court

for permission to do so.” Commonwealth v. Kalichak, 943 A.2d 285, 289

(Pa. Super. 2008).       Before this Court can address such a discretionary

challenge, an appellant must invoke this Court’s jurisdiction by establishing

that (1) the appeal was timely filed; (2) the challenge was properly

preserved by objecting during the revocation sentencing or in a post-

sentence motion; (3) his or her brief includes a concise statement of the

reasons relied upon for allowance of appeal of the discretionary aspects of

the sentence pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f); and (4) the concise statement

raises a substantial question that the sentence is inappropriate under the

Sentencing Code.       Commonwealth v. Swope, 123 A.3d 333, 338 (Pa.

Super. 2015).

         Instantly, Appellant has satisfied the first three requirements by timely

filing    a   post-sentence    motion   challenging   the   restrictiveness   and

reasonableness of the sentence nunc pro tunc, timely filing a notice of

appeal nunc pro tunc, and including a Rule 2119(f) concise statement in his

brief.    Thus, we examine whether Appellant has presented a substantial

question for our review.

         In his Rule 2119(f) statement, Appellant asserts that the imposition of

a broad internet restriction as a condition of his probation violates 42 Pa.C.S.

                                        -5-
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§ 9754,3 insomuch as the trial court failed to consider the nature and

elements of the underlying crime, Appellant’s unique rehabilitative needs,

and whether the sentence helps facilitate his rehabilitation. Appellant’s Brief

at 20-21.      This presents a substantial question for our review.         See

Commonwealth v. Houtz, 982 A.2d 537, 539 (Pa. Super. 2009).

       Before we delve into Appellant’s arguments, we note what Appellant is

not challenging in this appeal. Appellant does not challenge the trial court’s

decision to sentence him to prison, or the length of his prison or probation

sentence. He solely challenges the trial court’s discretion in sentencing him

____________________________________________

3 Section 9754 was amended in 2019. However, the version in effect at the
time of Appellant’s sentencing provided as follows.

       (a) General rule. In imposing an order of probation the court
       shall specify at the time of sentencing the length of any term
       during which the defendant is to be supervised, which term may
       not exceed the maximum term for which the defendant could be
       confined, and the authority that shall conduct the supervision.

       (b) Conditions generally. The court shall attach such of the
       reasonable conditions authorized by subsection (c) of this section
       as it deems necessary to insure or assist the defendant in
       leading a law-abiding life.

42 Pa.C.S. § 9754(a), (b) (effective to December 17, 2019).

      Subsection 9754(c) set forth specific conditions the court may
order the defendant to follow, plus a catch-all general condition
permitting the court to order the defendant “[t]o satisfy any other
conditions reasonably related to the rehabilitation of the defendant and
not unduly restrictive of his liberty or incompatible with his freedom of
conscience.” Id. at § 9754(c).

                                           -6-
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to a probation sentence that includes a condition restricting his ability to use

the internet and computer devices that connect to the internet.

      Appellant’s argument is two-fold. First, he argues that the imposition

of a broad internet restriction was an abuse of the trial court’s discretion,

because there is no nexus between the internet and Appellant’s crimes for

which he was serving probation (unlawful contact with a minor and statutory

sexual assault). Appellant’s Brief at 21-22 (citing Houtz, 982 A.2d at 540

(holding that a broad internet restriction without a nexus to the crime is

punitive, unduly restrictive, and incompatible with freedom of conscience)).

Appellant contends the trial court abused its discretion in imposing an

internet ban that substantially impairs Appellant’s ability to function in

modern society without having any relation to his crimes. Appellant’s Brief

at 23-24.

      Appellant’s second related argument is that the internet restriction is

not tailored to meet Appellant’s particular rehabilitative needs, and asserts

that the Commonwealth did not introduce any evidence regarding the need

for an internet ban for Appellant.       Appellant’s Brief at 25-26.   Appellant

argues that the ban is a “one-size-fits-all” approach to sentencing individuals

who committed sex crimes, which is imposed upon individuals who

participate in SOC in contravention of section 9754 without regard to

individual rehabilitative needs.   Id.   He emphasizes that the ban restricts

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more activity than is necessary to protect society from misconduct on the

internet and prevents Appellant from engaging with the modern world. Id.

      We review Appellant’s challenge to the discretionary aspects of his

sentence following the revocation of his probation using the following

standard.

      The imposition of sentence following the revocation of probation
      is vested within the sound discretion of the trial court, which,
      absent an abuse of that discretion, will not be disturbed on
      appeal. An abuse of discretion is more than an error in judgment
      - a sentencing court has not abused its discretion unless the
      record discloses that the judgment exercised was manifestly
      unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill-will.

Commonwealth v. Simmons, 56 A.3d 1280, 1283-84 (Pa. Super. 2012).

      This Court has stated the following regarding a condition of probation.

            A probation order is unique and individualized. It is
      constructed as an alternative to imprisonment and is designed to
      rehabilitate a criminal defendant while still preserving the rights
      of law-abiding citizens to be secure in their persons and
      property. When conditions are placed on probation orders they
      are formulated to insure or assist a defendant in leading a law-
      abiding life. Moreover, as long as conditions placed on probation
      are reasonable, it is within a trial court’s discretion to order
      them.

Houtz, 982 A.2d at 539-40 (citations omitted). If a condition of probation is

not followed, subsection 9771(b) grants the court the authority to “revoke

an order of probation upon proof of the violation of specified conditions of

the probation.” 42 Pa.C.S. § 9771(b).        Upon revocation, “the sentencing

alternatives available to the court shall be the same as were available at the

time of initial sentencing,” id., although the court’s ability “to order total

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confinement following a violation of probation is statutorily circumscribed” by

subsection 9771(c).        Commonwealth v. Mazzetti, 44 A.3d 58, 64 (Pa.

2012).

       In the instant case, the trial court explained that the originally-

imposed condition4

       was known to and agreed upon by Appellant before [he entered
       into a guilty] plea [in 2014], was based on expert advice for
       rehabilitation and supervision of sex offenders in the
       community[,] and was subject to revision at regular review
       hearings based on individual needs and progress. The
       subsequent imposition of that condition at his resentencing [in
       2016] was more than justified based upon Appellant’s conduct
       during supervision.

Trial Court Opinion, 7/19/2019, at 6.

       Specifically, in 2014, within 48 hours of his release from prison on

parole, Appellant obtained a “smartphone and used it to access the internet

in order to solicit women on Craigslist, exchange nude photos of himself[,]

and view various pornographic websites.”           Id. at 4.      Probation was
____________________________________________

4 The trial court contended that through this appeal, because the conditions
are identical, Appellant really is challenging the original condition set forth in
the 2014 sentencing order, and therefore he has waived his issues by failing
to challenge that order in a timely fashion. Trial Court Opinion, 7/19/2019,
at 5.

      We disagree. When a court revokes probation, it does not reinstate
the old sentence. Instead, it imposes a new sentence, and the defendant
may challenge the discretionary aspects of the new sentence. Kalichak,
943 A.2d at 289. Appellant’s arguments center around his contention that
the trial court abused its discretion in imposing the condition through the
2016 re-sentencing order, not the original order. See Appellant’s Brief at 23
n.12; Appellant’s Reply Brief at 3.

                                           -9-
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concerned with the speed in which Appellant violated his probation condition.

N.T., 12/1/2014, at 6-7. As the trial court put it, “[why] in the world would

[Appellant] stand before [this court] under oath, plead guilty to those

offenses[,] and two days after [Appellant was] paroled be online trolling for

underage girls?”      Id. at 8.    Appellant admitted that he was on Craigslist,

Facebook, Tinder, and FetLife, but denied that he was searching for an

underage female.        Id. at 8, 13.          He also claimed he did not know the

internet restriction applied to him, despite acknowledging in writing that it

did before entering into his guilty plea.            Id. at 3, 5, 10-11.   Appellant

promised to abide by his probation conditions in the future. Id. at The trial

court set a review for 30 days, and told Appellant to come up with a home

plan and find employment.

       In 2015, Appellant was detained after being caught with a smartphone

and computer tablet in violation of his probation conditions. Appellant gave

his probation officer an invalid password for the phone, but the probation

office was able to examine the tablet and saw that pornographic websites

had been accessed through the internet web browser. At the April 4, 2016

Gagnon II5 hearing, Appellant complained about the cell phone restriction,

____________________________________________

5  See Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 411 U.S. 778 (1973); see also
Commonwealth v. Ferguson, 761 A.2d 613 (Pa. Super. 2000) (explaining
when probationer is detained based on an alleged probation violation, due
process requires a Gagnon I hearing to determine whether there is
probable cause that probationer committed violation, followed by a second
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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but eventually stated that he understood why he could not have the device.

N.T., 4/4/2016, at 6. He acknowledged it was his second violation with an

internet device and that “a cell phone has been a problem for [him].” Id. at

6, 8. The trial court permitted Appellant to reside at the Remnant House on

the condition that he attend outpatient sex offender and mental health

treatment and not possess a cell phone with internet access. See generally

id.

      In 2016, Appellant was detained again. This time, his probation officer

alleged that while Appellant was residing at the Remnant House, Appellant

hid a smartphone at the pizza shop where he worked.            When he was

confronted by Remnant House staff, he tried to break the phone and erase

its data, then grabbed the wrist of a staff member who tried to take the

phone from him.       During the Gagnon II hearing on November 28, 2016,

Appellant did not deny this conduct, but instead stated, through his counsel,

that he did not abide by the internet-restriction condition because “he felt

that [it] did not apply to him because his charges did not include use of the

internet or a phone.” N.T., 11/28/2016, at 2-3.

      Probation reviewed Appellant’s two-year history of noncompliance with

the terms of his probation, including multiple violations of the internet-

restriction condition, as well as a failure to remain in-state and reside with
(Footnote Continued) _______________________

more comprehensive Gagnon II hearing wherein trial court determines
whether to revoke probationer’s probation).

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his mother, and two failed programs.         Id. at 5-11.   As the trial court

explained in its Rule 1925(a) opinion, the “continued lack of compliance on

the part of Appellant made it clear to [the trial] court that Appellant had not

benefited from sex offender supervision, including but not limited to

specialized mental health treatment, and was either unable or unwilling to

act in a manner that would not place the community in danger.” Trial Court

Opinion, 7/19/2019, at 5.

      Essentially, what Appellant is asking this Court to do is to override the

discretion of the trial court to re-impose a sentence with a condition of

probation that mirrors the one he originally agreed to abide by in exchange

for a guilty plea. Because his original sentence was negotiated through his

guilty plea, Appellant could not have challenged the discretionary aspects of

his sentence at the outset. Commonwealth v. Dalberto, 648 A.2d 16, 21

(Pa. Super. 1994). Now, after failing to abide by it repeatedly, Appellant is

challenging the trial court’s discretion to impose it.   Like a defendant who

seeks to challenge an agreed-upon sentence as part of the original direct

appeal, challenging the discretion of the trial court to re-impose the same

condition as part of a probation revocation proceeding would permit a

defendant another bite at the proverbial apple after the defendant failed to

hold up his or her end of the bargain. Accord id. (“[I]n a ‘negotiated’ plea

agreement, where a sentence of specific duration has been made part of a

plea bargain, it would clearly make a sham of the negotiated plea process

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for courts to allow defendants to [] challenge their sentence [later]; this

would, in effect, give defendants a second bite at the sentencing process.”).

      In arguing that the internet restriction does not have a nexus to his

crimes and was imposed without regard to his individual rehabilitative

needs, Appellant relies heavily upon Houtz. In that case, Houtz engaged in

oral intercourse with a fifteen-year-old child, and was convicted of corruption

of a minor and indecent assault. 982 A.2d at 537-38. Despite the lack of

evidence that the sexual offense “was facilitated by or incorporated the use

of a computer/[i]nternet,” as a condition of her probation, Houtz was not

permitted to possess or have access to a computer, or “use or have access

to use of the internet.” Id. at 538, 540.

      The restrictions on internet use in this case, while broad, are less so

than the restrictions in Houtz. Houtz was not permitted to own or access a

computer or use the internet at all.        Appellant, on the other hand, was

permitted to use a computer as long as it did not allow a connection to the

internet.   Unlike the complete ban in Houtz, Appellant was permitted to

access a computer or the internet, provided that he first obtained the written

approval of his probation officer.

      Moreover, at this juncture, Appellant’s situation is different from

Houtz.      Houtz appealed directly from her original sentence, with no

evidence in the record that a complete ban on accessing a computer or using

the internet would serve her particular rehabilitative needs.    Appellant, on

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the other hand, is appealing from his sentence imposed after his probation

for sex crimes was revoked for, inter alia, using the internet for a sexual

purpose.   While Appellant contends that his original crimes standing alone

did not have a connection to internet use and the Commonwealth did not

introduce evidence to support an internet ban, he did not challenge the

restriction on his internet use at that time.      In fact, he entered into a

negotiated guilty plea whereupon he agreed to serve 10 years’ probation

with terms that included the specific internet-restriction condition at issue.

      That sentence has long since been final, and the question of whether

the trial court abused its discretion by imposing an internet restriction as a

condition of probation solely based on the crimes of unlawful contact and

statutory sexual assault is not before us. What is before us is whether the

trial court abused its discretion by imposing an internet restriction as a

condition of probation after Appellant violated his probation.         In other

words, unlike Houtz, the trial court did not impose the internet restriction

on the trial record alone.

      The record reveals that while Appellant was on probation for sex-

related crimes, Appellant repeatedly obtained smartphones and other

internet-accessing devices, used them to pursue his sexual interests, and

then tried to hide or made excuses for his actions.       Appellant’s probation

was revoked by the Honorable Jill Rangos, the same trial judge who imposed

Appellant’s original sentence, and who reviewed Appellant’s case periodically

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over the course of the two years following his release from incarceration.

Notwithstanding the fact that the conditions are imposed as part of special

conditions applicable to all defendants sentenced to probation in SOC, after

reviewing the record, we conclude that Judge Rangos imposed the condition

as part of an individualized assessment that it would best serve the aims of

rehabilitation and deterring criminal activity in Appellant’s specific case for

the restriction to be in effect following another stint of incarceration. Thus,

we discern no abuse of discretion.

Challenge to Constitutionality of Sentence

      In his third issue, Appellant argues that the internet-restriction

probation condition is a constitutionally overbroad blanket internet ban in

violation of Appellant’s rights under the First Amendment of the United

States Constitution and Article 1, Section 7 of the Pennsylvania Constitution.

Appellant’s Brief at 15-20. He relies upon Packingham v. North Carolina,

___ U.S. ___, 137 S.Ct. 1730 (2017), which declared unconstitutional a

North Carolina statute that banned registered sex offenders from accessing

commercial    social    networking    websites   because    it   imposed    an

unprecedented and overly broad burden on free speech, and states may not

enact a complete bar to the exercise of First Amendment rights.            Id.

Appellant argues that based upon Packingham, the probation condition is

unconstitutional. Id.

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      Appellant raises this claim for the first time on appeal.    Therefore,

before we may examine the substance of Appellant’s claim, we must

determine whether his claim that the condition of probation infringes upon

his free speech rights is a challenge to the legality of the sentence, or the

discretionary aspects of his sentence.   This distinction matters because a

challenge to the legality of the sentence cannot be waived, but a challenge

to the discretionary aspects can.    Commonwealth v. Archer, 722 A.2d

203, 209 (Pa. Super. 1998) (en banc).        The Commonwealth argues that

Appellant’s third issue involves the discretionary aspects of a sentence, and

Appellant waived such a challenge by failing to preserve the issue in his

post-sentence motion or at sentencing. Commonwealth Brief, at 4-6. In his

reply brief, Appellant responds that his challenge was preserved in spirit by

Appellant’s post-sentence motion, and even if it were not, it constitutes a

non-waivable legality of sentence issue. Appellant’s Reply Brief at 1-3.

      We agree with the Commonwealth that the argument presented in the

post-sentence motion did not invoke a constitutional challenge; there was no

reference to the United States or Pennsylvania constitutions, or freedom of

speech even in a general way.        See generally Post-Sentence Motion,

1/22/2018. Therefore, for us to be able to address it here, Appellant’s claim

has to go to the legality of the sentence, as any discretionary-aspects-of-

sentencing claim was waived by not presenting it in the post-sentence

motion or at sentencing.   Pa.R.Crim.P. 720; Pa.R.A.P. 302(a) (“Issues not

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raised in the lower court are waived and cannot be raised for the first time

on appeal.”).

      A sentence is illegal for issue preservation purposes if the trial court

exceeds its statutory authority in imposing it.    Archer, 722 A.2d at 209.

Without the requisite authority, the trial court does not have jurisdiction to

impose the sentence, resulting in an illegal sentence. Id. The legality of a

sentence is distinct from a legal question about a sentence or a statute;

whether a trial court erred poses a legal question, but not every error

renders a sentence illegal. Id.

            There is no bright line rule establishing whether a
      challenge to a sentence, constitutional or otherwise, implicates
      the legal or discretionary aspects of that sentence. See
      Commonwealth v. Spruill, [] 80 A.3d 453, 460-461 ([Pa.]
      2013) (noting the Supreme Court’s “experience with claims
      allegedly implicating sentence legality has not always been
      smooth” and noting the complexities involved in the issue).
      However, this Court has stated that “the term ‘illegal sentence’ is
      a term of art that our courts apply narrowly, to a relatively small
      class of cases.” Commonwealth v. Robinson, 931 A.2d 15, 21
      (Pa. Super. 2007) [(en banc)].

             “Legality of sentence issues occur generally either: (1)
      when a trial court’s traditional authority to use discretion in the
      act of sentencing is somehow affected and/or (2) when the
      sentence imposed is patently inconsistent with the sentencing
      parameter      set    forth    by    the    General     Assembly.”
      [Commonwealth v.] Schutzues, 54 A.3d [86,] 92 [(Pa. Super.
      2012)] (quoting Commonwealth v. Foster, [] 17 A.3d 332,
      342 ([Pa.] 2011)). Most other challenges implicate the
      discretionary aspects of a sentence, “even though the claim may
      involve a legal question, a patently obvious mathematical error,
      or an issue of constitutional dimension.” Robinson, 931 A.2d at
      21 [].

Commonwealth v. Succi, 173 A.3d 269, 284-85 (Pa. Super. 2017).

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      Generally, this Court has held that a challenge to the way that a trial

court fashions a condition of probation involves a matter under the trial

court’s jurisdiction under the Sentencing Code, 42 Pa.C.S. § 9754(b), and

generally constitutes a challenge to the discretionary aspects of a sentence

rather than to its legality.   See Houtz, 982 A.2d at 538 (stating issue

regarding court’s imposition of internet restriction as condition of probation

“challenges the discretionary aspects of sentencing, not the legality of the

sentence imposed”); Commonwealth v. Yockey, 158 A.3d 1246 (Pa.

Super. 2017) (holding Yockey’s claim that imposition of probation condition

prohibiting him from accessing the internet did not relate to his rehabilitation

was a challenge to the discretionary aspects of his sentence, not the legality

of the sentence).   Conversely, where the challenge involves a question of

whether a trial court exceeded its legal authority under a statute to order a

probation condition, our Supreme Court has classified the challenge as a

legality of sentence issue. Commonwealth v. Wilson, 11 A.3d 519, 524-

25 (en banc) (OAJC) (holding claim that trial court did not have legal

authority to order probation condition subjecting probationer to random

warrantless residence searches because 61 P.S. § 331.27(b)(7) requires

probation officers to have reasonable suspicion is a non-waivable legality of

sentence issue), vacated in part on other grounds, 67 A.3d 736, 743 n.8

(Pa. 2013) (declining to offer a view on legality of sentence versus

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discretionary aspects issue because Commonwealth did not renew argument

before the Supreme Court).

       Here, Appellant is arguing that the trial court, in ordering a probation

condition pursuant to section 9754, fashioned a condition that infringes upon

his constitutional right to free speech.           While this issue involves a legal

question of whether the trial court abused its discretion in fashioning an

overbroad condition that runs afoul of constitutional rights, it does not

present a legality-of-sentence issue involving the trial court’s imposition of a

sentence that exceeds its statutory authority.              It was not mandatorily

imposed pursuant to a statute; instead, it was imposed at the trial court’s

discretion.     Therefore, this issue          involves a discretionary-aspects-of-

sentencing issue that has been waived by Appellant’s failure to preserve it.6

       We recognize that the restriction imposed in this case significantly

affects Appellant’s ability to participate in modern society. However, for the

reasons discussed supra, we discern no abuse of discretion in the trial

____________________________________________

6  Even if Appellant were to have preserved the claim, his sole reliance on
Packingham would not necessarily warrant him relief. The statute at issue
in Packingham constituted an automatic and effectively complete
restriction of internet access that applied to all convicted sex offenders, even
if they had completed serving their sentence. This differs from Appellant’s
situation, insomuch as he is subject to probation supervision that is reviewed
regularly in the SOC, and he could obtain the permission of his probation
officer to access the internet. See Commonwealth v. Sperber, 177 A.3d
212, 220-21 (Pa. Super. 2017) (Bowes, J., concurring) (suggesting that
Packingham may not apply to a condition of probation restricting internet
access).

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J-A09033-20

court’s imposition of the condition upon Appellant’s probation revocation,

and Appellant has failed to preserve a constitutional challenge to the

condition.7 Accordingly, we affirm his judgment of sentence.

       Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 6/23/2020

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7 In his fourth issue, Appellant argues that because the trial court erred by
imposing a sentence containing the internet restriction that was illegal and
an abuse of discretion, his entire sentence should be vacated. Appellant’s
Brief at 17. As Appellant’s fourth issue is derivative of his other issues,
based on our disposition, we do not reach this issue.

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