Court Opinion

ID: 5087
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-25 05:02:18+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:41:41.875427
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FIFTH CIRCUIT

                          ______________

                            No. 91-4387
                          ______________

           MARILYN WELLBORN, Individually and
           as Administratrix of the Estate of
           Bobby Wellborn, deceased,

                                     Plaintiff-Appellee
                                     Cross-Appellant,

                              VERSUS

           SEARS, ROEBUCK & CO.,

                                     Defendant-Appellant,

                               and

           THE CHAMBERLAIN GROUP, INC.,

                                     Defendant-Appellant
                                     Cross-Appellee.

       __________________________________________________

          Appeal from the United States District Court
                for the Eastern District of Texas
       __________________________________________________
                         (August 21, 1992)

Before BROWN, GARWOOD and EMILIO M. GARZA, Circuit Judges.

EMILIO M. GARZA, Circuit Judge:

     This diversity case is a products liability action involving

an automatic garage door opener manufactured by the Chamberlain

Group, Inc. (Chamberlain) and distributed by Sears, Roebuck & Co.

(Sears).   Marilyn Wellborn (Wellborn) brought this action against

Sears and Chamberlain after her son was killed as a result of the

garage door opener malfunctioning.     We affirm in part and certify

the question))Does a decedent's cause of action under the Texas
Deceptive Trade Practices-Consumer Protection Act survive under the

Texas Survival Statute))to the Texas Supreme Court.

                                   I

      In late 1986, Wellborn bought a Chamberlain automatic garage

door opener from Sears.     Wellborn's friend, Jerome Smith (Smith),

installed it in Wellborn's garage in April or May of 1987.             While

installing the opener, Wellborn and Smith studied the owners'

manual,1 and then they performed the test outlined in that manual.

Testing the garage door opener, however, Wellborn and Smith used a

"two by four" instead of the one-inch obstacle described in the

owners' manual.2     Moreover, subsequent to installing the opener in

1987, Wellborn did not perform the annual test to determine whether

any further adjustments to the opener were necessary.

      Wellborn often worked the night shift and, on those evenings,

she   left   her   fourteen-year-old    son,   Bobby,   at    home   without

supervision.       During the evening of November 2, 1988, Wellborn

telephoned Bobby at home but he did not answer.              She then tele-

      1
          The manual contained the following rule in bold-faced
print:
     The Safety Reverse System Test is important. . . . The garage
     door must reverse on contact with a one inch obstacle placed
     on the floor.    Failure to properly adjust the opener may
     result in serious personal injury from a closing garage door.
     Repeat the test at least once a year and make any needed
     adjustments.
Record Excerpts, tab 7, at 3, Wellborn v. Sears, Roebuck & Co.,
No. 91-4387 (5th Cir. filed August 15, 1991) ["Record Excerpts"].
     Another rule advised:     "Do not use force adjustments to
compensate for a binding or sticking garage door. Excessive force
will interfere with the proper operation of the safety reverse
system or damage the garage door." Id.
      2
             See supra note 1.

                                  -2-
phoned Smith and, at her request, Smith went to the Wellborns'

home.       There, Smith found Bobby pinned underneath the garage door

with       his   skateboard   next   to    his   feet.     Smith   activated   the

automatic garage door opener, and the garage door rose.

       Investigating officers subsequently arrived at the Wellborns'

and tested the garage door and the opener:               They placed their hands

under the door about two feet from the ground, and found that the

garage door worked properly.              When the officers tested the garage

door in the same manner from about eight inches, however, the

garage door did not reverse.              An expert later determined that the

garage door did not reverse because of faulty installation.                    The

force adjustments had been set to maximum and the length of the

door arm was too short.

       In November of 1989, Wellborn brought this suit against Sears

and Chamberlain.3       At trial, the parties offered evidence as to how

the accident occurred.         Wellborn testified that Bobby was aware of

the dangers of getting beneath garage doors and that Bobby knew

that the garage door opener was a piece of machinery designed to

raise and lower the garage door.                 One of the Wellborns' older

neighbors testified that she had observed Bobby playing a "game"

where he raced under the closing garage door.                 The investigating

officer and another expert agreed that the accident's probable

       3
          Wellborn asserted causes of action pursuant to the Texas
Deceptive Trade Practices-Consumer Protection Act, Tex. Bus. & Com.
Code Ann. § 17.41, et seq. (DTPA), strict liability, negligence,
the Texas Wrongful Death Statute, Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Ann. §
71.002 (West 1986), and the Texas Survival Statute, Tex. Civ. Prac.
& Rem. Code Ann. § 71.021 (West 1986).

                                           -3-
cause was Bobby's attempt to race the closing door on his skate-

board.4    The defendants' experts testified that the blunt trauma to

Bobby's forehead probably meant that Bobby hit his forehead on the

concrete driveway and was knocked unconscious and that the garage

door then struck Bobby's back, which restricted his ability to

breathe.    According to Wellborn's experts, Bobby struggled to free

himself, and remained conscious for a minimum of three to five

minutes))possibly as long as several hours.    Bobby eventually lost

consciousness and died.

     Following trial, the jury, finding that Wellborn and Bobby

were not contributorily negligent, returned a verdict in favor of

Wellborn.     The district court accepted the verdict and rendered

judgment.    Sears and Chamberlain then moved for judgment notwith-

standing the verdict, for a new trial, for remittitur, and to alter

or amend the judgment.     The district court denied the motion for

judgment n.o.v., for a new trial, and to alter or amend the

judgment.    However, because Wellborn did not provide Chamberlain

with proper statutory notice, the district court granted the

defendants' motion for remittitur in part, thereby deleting the

additional DTPA additional damages awarded against Chamberlain.

                                  II

     This appeal raises the following issues:

     4
          They testified that       Bobby, who was wearing cleats,
probably lost his balance while     skateboarding at the lip of the
garage door where there is a seam   and a slight drop as the pavement
changes from a rough to a smooth    surface.

                                  -4-
     (a) whether the evidence supports the jury's finding
     that Bobby and Wellborn were not contributorily ngiet
                                                      elgn;

     (b) whether the district court correctly applied the
     statute of limitations;

     (c)     whether Bobby is a consumer under the DTPA;

     (d)     whether a cause of action under the DTPA survives
             to the consumer's estate;

     (e)     whether the jury's awards were excessive; and

     (f) whether the DTPA's notice            requirement requires
     actual notice to the defendant.

                                    A

     Sears    and   Chamberlain   challenge   the   sufficiency   of   the

evidence to support the jury's finding that neither Bobby nor

Wellborn was contributorily negligent.        They contend that Bobby's

and Wellborn's negligence caused the accident and that they were

therefore contributorily negligent.      Wellborn, on the other hand,

contends that the jury's findings that she and Bobby were not

contributorily negligent are supported by the evidence.

     Because the defendants failed to move for a directed verdict

on this issue, we are foreclosed from reviewing the sufficiency of

the evidence supporting the jury's findings that neither Bobby nor

Wellborn was contributorily negligent.        See Wells v. Hico Indep.

Sch. Dist., 736 F.2d 243, 249 (5th Cir. 1984), cert. dismissed, 473
U.S. 901, 106 S. Ct. 11 (1985) ("This Court has held repeatedly

that the sufficiency of the evidence supporting jury findings is

normally not reviewable on appeal unless the party seeking review

has made a motion for a directed verdict in the district court."),

citing Little v. Bankers Life & Casualty Co., 426 F.2d 509, 510

                                   -5-
(5th Cir. 1970) ("In this Circuit it is well established that the

sufficiency of the evidence supporting . . . the jury's findings is

not reviewable on appeal unless the party seeking review has made

a motion for a directed verdict in the trial court."); Quinn v.

Southwest Wood Products, Inc., 597 F.2d 1018, 1024 (5th Cir. 1979).

Where the moving party has failed "to preserve the issue of

sufficiency of the evidence for appellate review, our inquiry is

limited to whether there was any evidence to support the jury's

verdict, irrespective of its sufficiency, or whether plain error

was committed . . . ."    Hall v. Crown Zellerbach Corp., 715 F.2d
983, 986 (5th Cir. 1983) (citations and quotations omitted); see

also Little, 426 F.2d at 511 ("Our consideration is limited to

whether plain error has been committed which, if not noticed, would

result in a manifest miscarriage of justice.") (citations omitted).

We determine, therefore, whether there was any evidence to support

the   jury's   findings   that   neither     Bobby   nor   Wellborn   was

contributorily negligent.

      The record does contain evidence that Bobby and Wellborn were

not contributorily negligent.     First, Wellborn and Smith read the

owners' manual, Smith installed it according to the directions, and

they both tested the reversal mechanism with a "two by four" to

ensure it was functioning properly.        Second, Wellborn always used

the garage door opener according to the directions in the owners'

manual. Third, Wellborn testified that she had specifically warned

Bobby not to leave any bicycles or other items under the garage

                                  -6-
door.5 Fourth, Bobby's and Wellborn's conduct was not inconsistent

with their knowledge of the risks posed by the garage door opener.6

The garage door opener was expressly represented and designed by

the   defendants   to   reverse   "if   anything   interferes   with   door

travel".7   The owners' manual did not state or could anyone have

inferred from it that the garage door was less likely to reverse

after striking a playing child than it would after striking a one-

inch obstacle.     Bobby and Wellborn had no knowledge of the risks

actually posed by the garage door.        We find, therefore, that there

      5
          Specifically, Wellborn testified as follows:
     Q [Y]ou warned Bobby not to leave any bicycles or other
     items under that door?
     A Yes . . . .
                              * * *
     Q And you believe Bobby was mature enough to understand
     not to get under the door?
     A That's right.
     Q And you, I believe, believed Bobby was bright enough
     not to play games with the door or do things around the
     door that would entail getting under it while it was
     closing?
     A Yes, I thought he was.
Record on Appeal, vol. 5, at 80, Wellborn v. Sears, Roebuck & Co.,
No. 91-4387 (5th Cir. filed June 12, 1991) ["Record on Appeal"].
      6
          For example, in a 1985 letter to Chamberlain, the
Consumer Product Safety Commission warned: "The risk to youngsters
from automatic garage door openers may be even more treacherous
because so many parents are themselves wholly unaware that they can
prove to be fatal `playthings.'" Supplemental Record Excerpts, tab
2, Wellborn v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., No. 91-4387 (5th Cir. filed
Sept. 30, 1991) ["Supplemental Record Excerpts"]. Wellborn also
testified that she believed the garage door would reverse when
something obstructed its path, and that she was unaware of the
possibility that the garage door could kill someone.
      7
          Supplemental Record Excerpts, tab 1, at 19. The note
states:
     Door STOPS in UP direction if anything interferes with
     door travel. Door REVERSES in DOWN direction if anything
     interferes with door travel (including binding or
     unbalanced doors).

                                    -7-
is evidence to support the jury's findings that neither Bobby nor

Wellborn was contributorily negligent.

                                    B

       Defendants contend that Wellborn's DTPA action is barred by

the statute of limitations and, accordingly, there is no basis for

awarding DTPA additional damages and attorney fees.             Defendants

reason that, after they plead the statute of limitations as a

defense, Wellborn    failed   to   meet   her   burden   of   pleading   the

discovery rule.     Wellborn argues that she properly plead the

discovery rule8 before the district court.

       Citing Woods v. William F. Mercer, Inc., 769 S.W.2d 515, 518

(Tex. 1988), the defendants argue that, pursuant to Texas law,

Wellborn))as the party seeking to avail herself of the discovery

rule))must plead that rule in federal court.9       While Texas law does

supply the applicable statute of limitations in this diversity

case, "federal law governs the pleading requirements of a case in

   8
          A two-year statute of limitations governs actions brought
under the Texas DTPA. Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 17.565 (West
1987) ("All actions . . . must be commenced within two years after
the date on which the false, misleading, or deceptive act or
practice occurred . . . ."). The discovery rule under the DTPA
provides, however, that suit may be brought "within two years after
the consumer discovered or in the exercise of reasonable diligence
should have discovered the occurrence of the false, misleading, or
deceptive act or practice." Id.
       9
          The Texas Supreme Court has held that the plaintiff has
the burden in a DTPA case both to plead and to secure favorable
findings on her discovery rule theory: "A plaintiff seeking to
avail itself of the discovery rule must . . . plead the rule . . .
[and] must also bear the burden of proving and securing favorable
findings thereon." Woods v. William F. Mercer, Inc., 769 S.W.2d
515, 518 (Tex. 1988); see also Dick Poe Motors v. Dickey, 802
S.W.2d 739 (Tex. App.))El Paso 1990, writ denied).

                                   -8-
federal court."        Simpson v. James, 903 F.2d 372, 375 (5th Cir.

1990), citing J.M. Blythe Motor Lines Corp. v. Blalock, 310 F.2d 77

(5th Cir. 1962).         "Under Rule 8 of the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure, it is enough that the plaintiff plead sufficient facts

to put the defense on notice of the theories on which the complaint

is based."      Id.; see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 8.

     We find that Wellborn plead and produced sufficient facts to

put the defendants on notice of her reliance on the discovery rule.

The facts alleged in her complaint and the evidence at trial

indicates that Wellborn bought the garage door opener in late 1986

and, after reading the owners' manual, installed it in April or May

of 1987.   Nothing that Wellborn saw or did during the installation

indicated to her that the door was not capable of reversing after

encountering      an   obstruction.      Bobby      was   injured   and     died    on

November     2,    1988.      Wellborn      filed    suit    on     November       30,

1989))approximately        thirteen   months     following        Bobby's    death.

Throughout the trial, there was testimony regarding the fact that,

prior to Bobby's accident, neither Wellborn nor Bobby was aware of

the possibility that the garage door could restrict an individual

and cause fatal injuries.10      Accordingly, we hold that the district

court properly found that Wellborn's claims were not barred by the

statute    of     limitations   because      neither      Wellborn     nor     Bobby

discovered, or should have discovered, that the garage door opener

would not function properly until November 2, 1988.

     10
          Wellborn testified that it was Bobby's death that made
her realize that the garage door would not necessarily reverse.

                                      -9-
                                       C

       The defendants contend that, because Bobby neither sought nor

acquired the garage door opener for purchase or lease, Bobby does

not meet the DTPA's definition of "consumer".11             Instead, the

defendants argue, Bobby was a "mere incidental user of the garage

door opener))he was not even licensed to drive [and therefore] he

could not use the garage door opener for its primary purpose."

Appellants' Brief at 26, Wellborn v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., No. 91-

4387     (5th   Cir.   filed   Aug.     15,   1991)   (citation   omitted)

["Appellants' Brief"].     We disagree.

       The DTPA provides that a consumer is entitled to recover both

actual and additional damages plus attorney fees.         See Tex. Bus. &

Com. Code Ann. § 17.50 (West 1987 and Supp. 1992).        A "consumer" is

defined as one "who seeks or acquires by purchase or lease . . .

any goods or services . . . ."         Id. § 17.45(4) (West 1987).     The

Texas Supreme Court has liberally construed terms of the DTPA in

order to effectuate the Act's comprehensive application.              See,

e.g., Kennedy v. Sale, 689 S.W.2d 890, 892 (Tex. 1985), quoting

Cameron v. Terrell & Garrett, Inc., 618 S.W.2d 535, 541 (Tex. 1981)

("The Act is designed to protect consumers from any deceptive trade

practice made in connection with the purchase or lease of any goods

or services.     To this end, we must give the Act, under the rule of

liberal construction, its most comprehensive application possible

without doing any violence to its terms.") (citation omitted).

    11
          The defendants concede that Wellborn is a consumer and is
entitled to maintain a DTPA action.

                                      -10-
     Direct contractual privity between an individual and the

defendant is not a consideration in determining an individual's

status as a consumer under the DTPA.                     See Kennedy, 689 S.W.2d at

892-93 (citation omitted).             Standing as a consumer is established

in terms of the individual's "relationship to the transaction, not

by a contractual relationship with the defendant."                        Birchfield v.

Texarkana Mem. Hosp., 747 S.W.2d 361, 368 (Tex. 1987).                        Thus, one

may acquire goods or services that have been purchased by another

for the plaintiff's benefit.

     In Kennedy, the Texas Supreme Court expressly held that one

need not have been a purchaser in order to qualify for consumer

status under the DTPA.          See Kennedy, 689 S.W.2d at 892-93.                 Kennedy

held that an employee covered by group insurance purchased by his

employer was a consumer in that he acquired the benefits of the

services   of      the    policy      due    to    the    coverage      of   the   policy

provisions, irrespective of the fact that he did not actually

purchase     the    policy      benefits          from    the    agent.        See    id.

Subsequently, the Texas Supreme Court extended consumer status to

a minor who, through the efforts of her parents, acquired goods and

services from the defendants.               See Birchfield, 747 S.W.2d at 368.

Birchfield    held       that   the    minor       acquired     goods   and   services,

"regardless of the fact that she obviously did not contract for

them."   Id. at 368 (Citing Flenniken v. Longview Bank & Trust Co.,

661 S.W.2d 705, 707 (Tex. 1983) for the proposition that "A

plaintiff establishes her standing as a consumer in terms of her

                                            -11-
relationship to a transaction, not by a contractual relationship

with the defendant.").

      Although Bobby did not enter into a contractual relationship

with the defendants, he acquired the garage door opener and the

benefits it provided.           Wellborn did not purchase the garage door

opener specifically for Bobby's benefit; nevertheless, Bobby lived

with Wellborn and regularly used the garage door opener until the

time of his death.          Wellborn testified that one of the reasons that

she bought      the    garage    door     opener   was   to   provide    additional

security for Bobby on the nights that Bobby was home by himself.

Indeed, Wellborn had instructed Bobby to lock the house up at

night.   Because Bobby acquired the garage door opener when it was

purchased for his benefit, installed in his home, and used by him,

we hold that, under the facts of this case, Bobby is a consumer.

                                           D

      Having determined that Bobby is a consumer under the DTPA, we

now examine the question whether a cause of action under the DTPA

survives a consumer's death.

      Three Texas courts of appeals have addressed the question

whether a cause of action under the DTPA survives to the estate of

a   consumer.         One    court   of    appeals     has    ruled    against    the

survivability of a cause of action under the DTPA.                   See First Nat'l

Bank v. Hackworth, 673 S.W.2d 218, 220-21 (Tex. App.--San Antonio

1984, no writ) (en banc) (ruling that a cause of action under the

DTPA to recover treble damages and attorney fees does not survive

a   consumer's    death).         However,       two   courts   of    appeals    have

                                          -12-
determined that a cause of action under the DTPA survives a

consumer's death.      See Thomes v. Porter, 761 S.W.2d 592, 594-45

(Tex. App.--Fort Worth 1988, no writ) (holding that cause of action

under the DTPA, exemplary damages based on the DTPA, and attorney

fees under the DTPA all survive consumer's death and may be

recovered by the estate of deceased consumer); Mahan Volkswagen,

Inc. v. Hall, 648 S.W.2d 324, 333 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.]

1982, writ ref'd n.r.e.) ("We hold that the decedent occupied the

status of a `consumer' within the meaning of the Act, . . . and

that her cause of action under the Act survived to her heirs and

the legal representatives of her estate."), aff'd on reh'g, 648
S.W.2d 334 (Texas App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1982) (reaffirming this

holding).    Hall, 648 S.W.2d at 334 reaffirming this holding).          The

Texas Supreme Court, however, has yet to rule on this issue.

Indeed, in 1984, in Shell Oil Co. v. Chapman, 682 S.W.2d 257 (Tex.

1984), the Texas Supreme Court expressly "reserve[d] to another day

discussion of survival of DTPA damages."        Id. at 259.

      The question of the survivability of a cause of action under

the   DTPA   is   an   important   question   of   Texas   law   which    is

determinative of an issue in this appeal.           Because there is no

controlling precedent, we certify this question to the Supreme

Court of Texas.

                                     E

                                   -13-
     The jury awarded Wellborn $1,002,836 as administratrix of

Bobby's estate12 and $1,275,000 for her pecuniary loss, loss of

companionship and society, and mental anguish.13     Following the

jury's verdict, the defendants moved to remit the actual damages

awarded, and the district court denied that motion. The defendants

contend on appeal that the jury's awards to Wellborn are excessive

and that this court should remit the jury awards or, in the

alternative, remand for a new trial.

     This court will not reverse a jury verdict as excessive

"except on the strongest of showings."       Caldarera v. Eastern

Airlines, Inc., 705 F.2d 778, 784 (5th Cir. 1983) (citation and

quotation omitted).   Indeed, we will not disturb the jury's award

unless we find it to be "entirely disproportionate to the injury

sustained." Id.; see also Wakefield v. United States, 765 F.2d 55,

59 (5th Cir. 1985).    A jury's award is disproportionate to the

injury sustained if it is so large that it shocks the judicial

conscience or it indicates passion, prejudice, corruption, bias, or

another improper motive.   See Caldarera, 705 F.2d at 784; see also

Pope v. Rollins Protective Servs. Co., 703 F.2d 197, 207 (5th Cir.

1983) (This court "will not reverse the jury's verdict unless the

award is so large that it shows passion or prejudice or shocks the

judicial conscience.").    If we determine that a remittitur is

     12
          This award consists of $2,836 in funeral and burial
expenses and $1,000,000 for Bobby's conscious mental anguish and
pain and suffering.
     13
          The jury awarded Wellborn $50,000 for pecuniary loss,
$612,500 for loss of companionship and society and $612,500 for
mental anguish.

                               -14-
appropriate, we decide the amount of the remittitur in accordance

with the "maximum recovery rule"))which mandates that the jury's

verdict be "reduced to the maximum amount the jury could properly

have awarded."   Caldarera, 705 F.2d at 784.

                                   (1)

     Challenging the jury's $1,000,000 award for conscious pain and

suffering   experienced   prior   to     Bobby's   death,   the    defendants

contend that the evidence establishes that Bobby was not conscious

after he fell from his skateboard.          Wellborn, however, contends

that the record shows that Bobby was conscious before he died and,

therefore, recovery for Bobby's pain and suffering should be

allowed.

     Texas law provides that damages for pain and suffering are

recoverable only if the person was aware or conscious after the

accident.   See Southern Pac. Transp. Co. v. Luna, 730 S.W.2d 36, 38

(Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1987, no writ) ("In Texas, only pain

consciously suffered and experienced is compensable."), citing

Burrous v. Knotts, 482 S.W.2d 358 (Tex. Civ. App.--Tyler 1972, no

writ); Sharpe v. Munoz, 256 S.W.2d 890 (Tex. Civ. App.--San Antonio

1953, writ ref'd n.r.e.). Cf. Levinge Corp. v. Ledezma, 752 S.W.2d
641, 645 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1988, no writ) ("Damages

for pain and suffering during unconsciousness are not allowable."),

citing Canales v. Bank of Cal., 316 S.W.2d 314, 318 (Tex. Civ.

App.--Eastland   1958,    writ   ref'd    n.r.e.);   see    also   Guzman   v.

Guajardo, 761 S.W.2d 506, 512 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1988, writ

denied) ($600,000 award upheld where decedent "consciously felt

                                   -15-
severe pain for at least fifteen minutes after being struck");

Missouri Pac. R.R. v. Lane, 720 S.W.2d 830, 833 (Tex. App.--

Texarkana   1986,   no   writ)   ($19,500    award   upheld   for    pain   and

suffering due to terror and anguish decedent suffered for six to

eight seconds); Gulf State Util. Co. v. Reed, 659 S.W.2d 849, 855

(Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1983, writ ref'd n.r.e.).

      The parties have presented conflicting evidence as to whether

Bobby was conscious after he was struck by the garage door.                 The

defendants argue that the evidence establishes that Bobby lost his

balance while on his skateboard, which caused him to fall face

down, suffer a contusion on his forehead, and lose consciousness

before the garage door descended on his back.14         Wellborn points to

evidence which shows that Bobby was conscious after he fell from

his skateboard and was struck by the garage door.                   Wellborn's

expert testified that he thought that Bobby was conscious for

approximately three to five minutes after the fall.15          The coroner,

who arrived at the Wellborns' and pronounced Bobby dead, recorded

on   Bobby's   death   certificate    that   Bobby   had   been     alive   for

approximately thirty minutes following the accident.16               Even the

      14
            See Record on Appeal, vol. 8, at 206-07, 232-33.
      15
            See Record on Appeal, vol. 8, at 76, 103-04.
      16
           The coroner testified:
      I put down on the death certificate that he had been
      alive about 30 minutes. How long he was alive, I don't
      know, but he had))he had apparently vomited and he had
      apparently))I remember))I have some notes, and it has
      `mucous on his face.'     I got the impression that he
      had))stuff had run out of his nose and mouth. And there
      was a, for want of a better word, there was a wallowing
      where he had lain, or laid, . . . That indicated to me

                                     -16-
defendants' pathologist conceded that, if Bobby was conscious under

the garage door, it could have possibly taken several hours for

Bobby to die.17   We find that the evidence is sufficient to support

the jury's $1,000,000 award for the conscious pain and suffering

Bobby experienced prior to his death.

                                 (2)

     Next, the defendants make a global challenge to the jury award

for Wellborn's pecuniary loss, loss of companionship and society,

and mental anguish, contending that the jury's awards can only be

explained by passion or prejudice.

     In wrongful death cases, Texas law provides for the recovery

of damages for mental anguish and loss of society and companionship

and, in awarding such damages, the jury "may consider (1) the

relationship between husband and wife, or a parent and child; (2)

the living arrangements of the parties; (3) any absence of the

deceased from the beneficiary for extended periods; (4) the harmony

of family relations; and (5) common interests and activities."

Moore v. Lillebo, 722 S.W.2d 683, 688 (Tex. 1986); see also Guzman,
761 S.W.2d at 510, citing Moore, supra.   Awards for mental anguish

should compensate for the "emotional pain, torment, and suffering"

     that he had gotten caught, had perhaps gotten excited, he
     had thrown up, exuded something from his nose, and in the
     process of being stuck, and I would presume it))I
     don't))I don't know what to assign it to, but he got so
     excited by the fact perhaps that he couldn't get out,
     that's some speculation to that, is that he wallowed back
     and forth and made this big wallow of wet material that
     came out of his mouth and nose on the ground.
Record on Appeal, vol. 9, at 93-94.
     17
          See Record on Appeal, vol. 8, at 244.

                                -17-
experienced due to the death of a family member.           See Moore, 772
S.W.2d at 688; Lane, 720 at 833 (Texas allows for "a recovery for

termination of the parent-child relationship and the resulting

mental anguish . . . .") (citations omitted).

     The evidence is sufficient to support the jury's award for

Wellborn's    loss   of   companionship   and   society   and   for   mental

anguish.    Since her divorce in 1979, Wellborn has acted as Bobby's

sole caretaker. Bobby and his mother had a very close relationship

and took part in many activities: the evidence indicates that they

fished, rode horses and shot firearms together. At trial, Wellborn

described Bobby as a thoughtful child and she introduced many cards

and letters Bobby had written to show his thoughtfulness.

     The record establishes that Bobby's death had a profound

impact on Wellborn.       Following Bobby's death, Wellborn initially

missed some time from work, and when she was at work she had a hard

time.      At first, she couldn't sleep at all, and her doctor

prescribed medication for her. The record also shows that Wellborn

attended group therapy sessions following Bobby's death.                 The

evidence also reveals that Wellborn was still affected by Bobby's

death more than two years after the accident.         For example, at the

time of trial, Wellborn periodically missed time from work.             And,

Wellborn keeps Bobby's room virtually the same as it was before his

death. Wellborn visits Bobby's grave almost daily and places paper

flowers on his grave that she made.       The record reflects that Bobby

and Wellborn had a very close relationship and that Bobby's death

was especially difficult for Wellborn.          We find that the evidence

                                   -18-
is sufficient to support the jury's $1,225,000 award to Wellborn

for her mental anguish and loss of society and companionship.

        The evidence is also sufficient to support the jury's $50,000

award for Wellborn's pecuniary loss.         Wellborn offered evidence

that Bobby regularly worked around the house, fed and cared for the

farm animals.18    See General Motors v. Grizzle, 642 S.W.2d 837, 843

(Tex. App.--Waco 1982, writ dismissed) (In the wrongful death

action of a minor child, "[d]amages awarded surviving parent . . .

must be based on the pecuniary value of the minor child's services

until he reaches majority and such sums as might reasonably be

expected as contributions after the child reaches majority, minus

the cost and expense of the child's care, support, education, and

maintenance.") (citation omitted).         We find that the evidence is

also sufficient to allow Wellborn's recovery for her pecuniary

loss.

                                     F

        In her cross-appeal, Wellborn challenges the district court's

conclusion that she is not entitled to the additional damages the

jury     awarded   against   Chamberlain   because   she    did   not   give

Chamberlain proper pre-suit notice.

        The DTPA requires that a plaintiff serve the defendant with a

demand letter as a prerequisite to filing suit.            See Tex. Bus. &

   18
          For example, Wellborn produced evidence that Bobby helped
with washing the dishes and he left little messages for Wellborn
explaining that he had done the chores that Wellborn had asked him
to do.   See Record on Appeal, vol. 5, at 61.     Responding to a
question as to the type of chores Bobby would do, Wellborn
testified that Bobby would "take out the trash or, you know, feed
the horse and the dogs and stuff like that." Id. at 50.

                                   -19-
Com. Code Ann. § 17.505(a) (West 1987 and Supp. 1992); see also

Automobile Ins. Co. of Hartford v. Davila, 805 S.W.2d 897, 901-02

(Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1991, writ denied).                 "This notice must

advise the person of the consumer's specific complaint and the

amount of actual damages and expenses, including attorney's fees,

if any, reasonably incurred by the consumer in asserting the claim

against the defendant."          Davila, 805 S.W.2d at 901-02, citing Tex.

Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 17.505(a).                It was therefore Wellborn's

burden to provide Chamberlain with proper written notice as a

prerequisite to recovering additional damages against Chamberlain.

     On August 2, 1989, Wellborn forwarded a notice letter to

Sears.    Approximately two weeks later, Wellborn's counsel received

a copy of a Sears' letter to Chamberlain.                  In this letter, Sears

forwarded      Wellborn's      claim   to    Chamberlain    and     requested    that

Chamberlain advise Wellborn of its position regarding the claim.

Counsel    for    both    defendants        subsequently    informed       Wellborn's

counsel that he was representing both defendants on Wellborn's

claim    and     that    all   correspondence      should     be    sent    to   him.

Wellborn's notice letter to Sears did not inform Chamberlain of any

complaint that Wellborn had against Chamberlain.                   It was addressed

to and made complaints against "Sears Roebuck & Co."                         Wellborn

complained of alleged "false, misleading and deceptive acts and a

course of conduct by Sears in violation of the DTPA." Supplemental

Record Excerpts, tab 3. Wellborn complained that Sears represented

and warranted that the garage door opener was safe and efficient,

and that Sears was aware of the defect but failed to correct or

                                        -20-
warn consumers about the product. Wellborn's DTPA notice letter to

Sears did not mention Chamberlain or any conduct by Chamberlain.

We find that Wellborn failed to provide Chamberlain the statutorily

prescribed written notice.     See Davila, 805 S.W.2d at 901-02.

Therefore, we affirm the district court's deletion of additional

damages against Chamberlain.

                                III

     For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court's

judgment in its entirety except we CERTIFY the following question

to the Texas Supreme Court))Does a decedent's cause of action under

the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices-Consumer Protection Act survive

under the Texas Survival Statute?

                               -21-