Court Opinion

ID: 9943174
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-02-22 20:01:12.98593+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:46:20.485210
License: Public Domain

RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                      Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                             File Name: 24a0034p.06

                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                         FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

                                                                   ┐
 BENNY LEE HODGE,
                                                                   │
                                      Petitioner - Appellant,      │
                                                                    >        No. 17-6032
                                                             │
          v.                                                 │
                                                             │
 SCOTT JORDAN, Warden,                                       │
                                     Respondent - Appellee. │
                                                             ┘
                                      On Petition for Panel Rehearing
               United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky at Pikeville.
                         No. 7:13-cv-00005—David L. Bunning, District Judge.

                                          Argued: October 20, 2020

                                  Decided and Filed: February 22, 2024

                          Before: SILER, CLAY, and WHITE, Circuit Judges.*
                                        _________________

                                                  COUNSEL

ARGUED: Dennis J. Burke, DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC ADVOCACY, LaGrange,
Kentucky, for Appellant. Brett R. Nolan, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF
KENTUCKY, Frankfort, Kentucky, for Appellee. ON APPELLANT BRIEF AND ON
PETITION FOR PANEL REHEARING: Dennis J. Burke, DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC
ADVOCACY, LaGrange, Kentucky, Dana C. Hansen Chavis, FEDERAL DEFENDER
SERVICES OF EASTERN TENNESSEE, INC., Knoxville, Tennessee, for Appellant. ON
APPELLEE BRIEF: Joseph A. Newberg, II, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF
KENTUCKY, Frankfort, Kentucky, for Appellee. ON RESPONSE TO PETITION FOR
PANEL REHEARING: Matthew F. Kuhn, Brett R. Nolan, OFFICE OF THE KENTUCKY
ATTORNEY GENERAL, Frankfort, Kentucky, for Appellee.

        *This case was the subject of a prior opinion, Hodge v. Jordan, 12 F.4th 640 (6th Cir. 2021), in which we
affirmed the district court’s denial of Hodge’s petition for habeas corpus. After we filed that opinion, Judge Cook
took inactive senior status, and Hodge filed a petition for rehearing. Judge Clay was assigned to replace Judge Cook
on the panel, and rehearing was granted.
 No. 17-6032                                  Hodge v. Jordan                                           Page 2

      WHITE, J., delivered the superseding opinion of the court in which CLAY, J., joined.
SILER, J. (pp. 13–14), delivered a separate dissenting opinion.
                                      __________________________

                                       SUPERSEDING OPINION
                                      __________________________

        HELENE N. WHITE, Circuit Judge. Benny Lee Hodge, a Kentucky death-row inmate,
appeals the denial of his petition for habeas corpus. Hodge’s petition primarily concerns the
ineffective assistance of his trial counsel at the sentencing phase.                  Because the Kentucky
Supreme Court applied a standard of prejudice that is contrary to established Supreme Court
precedent, counsel’s failure to present mitigation evidence was constitutionally deficient, and
there is a reasonable probability that counsel’s failure affected the outcome of Hodge’s
sentencing, we reverse the district court and remand with instructions to grant conditional habeas
relief as to the penalty phase of Hodge’s trial. Hodge also raises jury-tampering and jury-bias
claims, which we conclude are without merit.1

                                                        I.

        In August 1985, Hodge and two codefendants posed as FBI agents to enter the home of
Dr. Roscoe Acker. Hodge v. Commonwealth, No. 2009-SC-000791-MR, 2011 WL 3805960, at
*4 (Ky. Aug. 25, 2011). Once inside, they covered the heads of Dr. Acker and his college-aged
daughter, Tammy, and forced Dr. Acker to open his safe. Id. A co-defendant then strangled Dr.
Acker with an electrical cord until he lost consciousness, and Hodge stabbed Tammy at least ten
times. Id. Hodge and his co-defendants stole about two million dollars from the safe. Id. at *1.

        Hodge was charged with and convicted of murder, robbery, and burglary. During the
sentencing phase of Hodge’s trial, his counsel presented only a two-sentence stipulation, which
was read to the jury: “Benny Lee Hodge has a loving and supportive family-a wife and three
children. He has a public job work record and he lives and resides permanently in Tennessee.”
Id. at *2. The jury recommended that Hodge be sentenced to death and the trial court imposed a

        1Although Hodge’s brief argues that the prosecution withheld material impeachment evidence and failed to
correct false or misleading testimony at his trial, we do not consider that claim because it was not certified for
appellate review. See Abdur’Rahman v. Colson, 649 F.3d 468, 473 (6th Cir. 2011).
 No. 17-6032                             Hodge v. Jordan                                   Page 3

death sentence the same day. Hodge and his codefendant filed a combined direct appeal, which
the Supreme Court of Kentucky denied. See Epperson v. Commonwealth, 809 S.W.2d 835 (Ky.
1990).

         Over the last three decades, Hodge has pursued several postconviction challenges. In
1992, Hodge filed an unsuccessful state-court motion to vacate his conviction, alleging, among
other things, ineffective assistance of counsel (IAC) and jury tampering. Hodge, 2011 WL
3805960, at *1. On appeal, the Kentucky Supreme Court ordered the trial court to hold an
evidentiary hearing. Hodge v. Commonwealth, 68 S.W.3d 338, 345 (Ky. 2001). The trial court
did so and denied relief. The Kentucky Supreme Court affirmed. Hodge, 2011 WL 3805960.
Hodge petitioned the Supreme Court of the United States for a writ of certiorari, which was
denied. Hodge v. Kentucky, 568 U.S. 1056 (2012) (mem.). In 2013, Hodge sought a writ of
habeas corpus in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee. Hodge v.
White, No. CV 13-5-DLB-EBA, 2016 WL 4425094 (E.D. Ky. Aug. 17, 2016). The district court
denied Hodge’s petition, and this appeal followed.

                                                 II.

         As described by the Kentucky Supreme Court, postconviction counsel provided
considerable mitigation evidence that trial counsel failed to present to the jury at the sentencing
phase:

         [W]e turn to a review of the mitigation evidence that was available at the time of
         Hodge’s trial. His mitigation case would have been based on his childhood,
         which was marked by extreme poverty, sustained physical violence, and constant
         emotional abuse. The trial court’s characterization of Hodge’s childhood as
         “difficult” is not inaccurate, but certainly inadequate.
         The evidence established that Hodge’s mother, Kate, was married to six different
         men, all of whom were substance abusers and some of whom were physically
         abusive to Kate. She married Billy Joe when Hodge was eight years old. The
         majority of Hodge’s evidence concerned the extreme violence he suffered at the
         hands of his stepfather. Again, the trial court’s description of Billy Joe as
         “particularly abusive” is insufficient.
         Billy Joe was described by at least four witnesses as a “monster.” His rage was
         explosive and violent, often triggered by Kate’s shows of affection towards her
         children. At other times, he was incited for no apparent reason and the household
         lived in constant fear as a result. He would regularly rape Kate, threaten her with
No. 17-6032                           Hodge v. Jordan                                    Page 4

     a gun, and beat her. On one occasion, Billy Joe assaulted Hodge’s mother so
     violently that she suffered a miscarriage. Hodge’s sisters testified that, more than
     once, they thought Kate had been beaten to death.
     Hodge’s mother and sisters agreed that Billy Joe was more violent and abusive
     towards [Hodge] than any other person in the house. This is perhaps because
     Hodge, being the only male child in the home, often tried to defend his mother
     and sisters from physical attacks. He was regularly beaten with a belt and metal
     buckle, which left bruises and welts on his body that were observed by family
     members and neighbors alike. At other times, he was kicked, thrown against
     walls, and punched. Hodge’s half-sister specifically recalled an occasion when
     Billy Joe rubbed Hodge’s face in his own feces. His sisters testified that Billy Joe
     made [Hodge] watch while he brutally killed [Hodge’s] dog. Because his mother,
     who was evidently paralyzed by fear and substance abuse, refused to protect
     Hodge, he often ran away from home.
     School records indicate that Hodge was of normal intelligence and received
     average grades through elementary school. After Billy Joe entered the home, his
     grades declined, he became withdrawn, and he was often truant. He began
     stealing at the age of twelve and was sentenced to a juvenile detention facility
     when he was fifteen.
     There was testimony that, at the Tennessee residential facility, Hodge was
     subjected to regular beatings. He escaped from the facility twice and once refused
     to return after a furlough. After finally being released at the age of sixteen,
     Hodge assaulted his stepfather, which resulted in his return to the juvenile facility
     until he was eighteen years old.
     At the age of twenty, Hodge pled guilty to his first felonies: burglary and grand
     larceny. He escaped from custody four days later. Following his capture and
     eventual parole, he was convicted of a separate armed robbery. Again, he escaped
     and was recaptured. After serving nearly eight years in prison for that felony,
     Hodge was again paroled. He was thirty-four years old at the time he killed
     Tammy Acker. He had been married three times and had fathered three children.
     At the evidentiary hearing, Hodge presented the expert opinions of two
     psychologists, both of whom had assessed him in 2009. Both agreed that the
     violence in Hodge’s childhood home was ruinous to his development and
     compounded by the physical abuse occurring at the Tennessee residential facility.
     One of the psychologists diagnosed Hodge with post traumatic stress disorder
     (PTSD) and opined that it was present at the time of Hodge’s crimes and trial.
     This expert further testified that PTSD can render a person violent, hypervigilant,
     aggressive, and erratic. Both psychologists found it particularly interesting to
     note that Hodge did not inflict any abuse on his own children and was described
     by all as a loving father.
 No. 17-6032                               Hodge v. Jordan                                       Page 5

Hodge, 2011 WL 3805960, at *3-4. Hodge’s history of being abused, as well as his mental-
illness diagnosis, went unheard by the jury, who instead heard only the two-sentence stipulation
provided by counsel.

                                                   III.

        To prevail on a habeas claim premised on IAC, Hodge must satisfy the two-part test of
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). He must show both “that [his] lawyers
performed well below the norm of competence in the profession and that this failing prejudiced
[his] case.” Caudill v. Conover, 881 F.3d 454, 460 (6th Cir. 2018) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at
687). And because the Kentucky Supreme Court has already rejected Hodge’s IAC claim, the
Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA) also requires that he demonstrate that
the Kentucky Supreme Court’s decision “was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable
application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the
United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 2554(d)(1). In sum, we must give double deference to the state
court’s determination. See Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 105 (2011). A district court’s
denial of a habeas petition is reviewed de novo. Mitchell v. MacLaren, 933 F.3d 526, 531 (6th
Cir. 2019). “The district court’s findings of fact are reviewed for clear error, and its legal
conclusions on mixed questions of law and fact are reviewed de novo.” Id.

                                                   A.

        Counsel had a duty to reasonably investigate and present the mitigating evidence set out
above; but the jury heard no mitigation evidence beyond the two-sentence stipulation. See
Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 521-22 (2003) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691). Because
counsel failed to investigate, it is undisputed that his performance fell below the constitutional bar, as
the Kentucky Supreme Court found. Hodge, 2011 WL 3805960 at *3; see Williams v. Taylor, 529
U.S. 362, 371 (2000) (“Counsel’s failure to discover and present . . . significant mitigating
evidence was below the range expected of reasonable, professional competent assistance of
counsel.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).
 No. 17-6032                            Hodge v. Jordan                                    Page 6

       Strickland’s second prong requires Hodge to show that counsel’s constitutionally
deficient representation “prejudiced [his] case.” Caudill, 881 F.3d at 460 (citing Strickland, 466
U.S. at 687). “In the capital sentencing context, the prejudice inquiry asks ‘whether there is a
reasonable probability that, absent the errors, the sentencer . . . would have concluded the
balance of aggravating and mitigating circumstances did not warrant death.’” Shinn v. Kayer,
592 U.S. 111, 117–18 (2020) (quoting Strickland, 446 U.S. at 695).           Where, as here, the
unanimous jury submitted a recommendation for the death penalty, this means that Hodge must
demonstrate “a reasonable probability that at least one juror would have struck a different
balance.” Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 537. The chance one juror would have voted against death “must
be substantial, not just conceivable,” Richter, 562 U.S. at 112, and must be demonstrated with
“evidence that ‘differ[s] in a substantial way—in strength and subject matter—from the evidence
actually presented at sentencing,’” Caudill, 881 F.3d at 464 (alteration in original) (quoting Hill
v. Mitchell, 400 F.3d 308, 319 (6th Cir. 2005)).

       In denying Hodge’s IAC claim, the Kentucky Supreme Court engaged in a
comprehensive review of Hodge’s traumatic childhood and weighed that history against
“damaging evidence of [Hodge’s] long and increasingly violent criminal history” as well as the
“heinous nature” of the crime. Hodge, 2011 WL 3805960, at *4-5. The court concluded that:

       There is no doubt that Hodge, as a child, suffered a most severe and unimaginable
       level of physical and mental abuse. Perhaps this information may have offered
       insight for the jury, providing some explanation for the career criminal he later
       became. If it had been admitted, the PTSD diagnosis offered in mitigation might
       have explained Hodge’s substance abuse, or perhaps even a crime committed in a
       fit of rage as a compulsive reaction. But it offers virtually no rationale for the
       premeditated, cold-blooded murder and attempted murder of two innocent victims
       who were complete strangers to Hodge. Many, if not most, malefactors
       committing terribly violent and cruel murders are the subjects of terrible
       childhoods.

Id. at *5. Based on that assessment, the Kentucky Supreme Court determined that there was no
reasonable probability that the jury would not have imposed the death penalty if presented with
Hodge’s mitigation evidence and Hodge was not prejudiced by counsel’s deficient representation.
Id.
 No. 17-6032                            Hodge v. Jordan                                     Page 7

       In considering the Kentucky Supreme Court’s resolution of the IAC claim, the district court
found that although “reasonable jurists could certainly disagree with the Kentucky Supreme Court’s
analysis, its ruling is not ‘so lacking in justification that there was an error well understood and
comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility for fairminded disagreement.’” Hodge, 2016
WL 4425094, at *29 (quoting Richter, 562 U.S. at 103).

                                                B.

                                                 1.

       A federal court may grant habeas relief if the state-court decision was “contrary to . . .
clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States.”
28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1). A state-court decision is “contrary to clearly established federal law if
‘the state court arrives at a conclusion opposite to that reached by [the Supreme Court] on a
question of law,’ or ‘confronts facts that are materially indistinguishable from a relevant
Supreme Court precedent and arrives at’ an opposite result.” Carter v. Mitchell, 829 F.3d 455,
468 (6th Cir. 2016) (alteration in original) (quoting Williams, 529 U.S. at 405). The Kentucky
Supreme Court’s requirement that there be a causal connection between mitigation evidence and
the underlying crime is contrary to established Supreme Court precedent.             Although the
Kentucky Supreme Court was entitled to reweigh the mitigating and aggravating evidence, the
court appears to have determined that in instances of particularly brutal or premeditated murder,
evidence of the defendant’s difficult upbringing can only be weighty enough to sway the jury to
the extent it offers a “rationale” for the murder. This reasoning is contrary to the Supreme
Court’s cases applying Strickland’s prejudice prong.

       In Wiggins, the Supreme Court held that a Maryland death-row inmate, who was found
guilty of drowning a seventy-seven-year-old woman in her bathtub, was prejudiced by counsel’s
failure to produce evidence of a childhood characterized by extreme neglect and physical and
sexual abuse. 539 U.S. at 538. Although the crime was deeply disturbing, the Court explained
that evidence of the defendant’s extremely difficult childhood, taken with other mitigating
evidence, “‘might well have influenced the jury’s appraisal’ of Wiggins’ moral culpability.” Id.
 No. 17-6032                             Hodge v. Jordan                                     Page 8

(quoting Williams, 529 U.S. at 398). The question whether mitigation evidence provided an
explanation or a rationale for the crime had no role in the Court’s analysis.

       Similarly, in Rompilla v. Beard, 545 U.S. 374 (2005), the Court considered whether a
Pennsylvania death-row inmate was prejudiced by his counsel’s failure to investigate and present
mitigation evidence that the defendant had grown up in a dysfunctional home similar to Hodge’s,
had endured extreme abuse as a child, and had significant mental-health problems likely
resulting from the abuse. Id. at 391-93. Rompilla’s crime was also brutal: he was found guilty
of murdering a bar owner during a burglary by stabbing him and setting him on fire, and the jury
specifically found that Rompilla committed the murder by means of torture. Rompilla v. Horn,
355 F.3d 233, 236-38 (3d Cir. 2004). Rompilla also had a history of violent felonies, including a
conviction for a factually similar crime in which he had burglarized a bar after closing, raped the
bar owner, and slashed her with a knife. Id. at 237. Nonetheless, the Supreme Court found that
although it is “possible that a jury could have heard [the mitigating evidence] and still have
decided on the death penalty,” the “mitigating evidence, taken as a whole, might well have
influenced the jury’s appraisal of Rompilla’s culpability, and the likelihood of a different result if
the evidence had gone in [was] sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome actually
reached at sentencing.” Rompilla, 545 U.S. at 393 (internal quotation marks and citations
omitted). Although there are factual differences between this case and Rompilla that go to the
weight of the mitigation evidence, Rompilla neither held nor implied that mitigating evidence
can only sway a jury in brutal murder cases if it offers a rationale for the crime. The facts of
Rompilla’s conviction were undeniably brutal, and his mitigation evidence did nothing to explain
the crime.

       Based on these cases, which were decided well before the Kentucky Supreme Court’s
denial of Hodge’s post-conviction appeal, we conclude that the Kentucky Supreme Court’s
reasoning was contrary to established Supreme Court precedent.            Although a state court’s
weighing of aggravating and mitigating factors is entitled to deference and may not be disturbed
unless unreasonable “beyond any possibility for fairminded disagreement,” Richter, 562 U.S. at
103, we are not concerned here with the weighing of the factors but, rather, the standard the
Kentucky Supreme Court applied in conducting its analysis. The Kentucky Supreme Court’s
 No. 17-6032                                   Hodge v. Jordan                                            Page 9

rationale that evidence regarding a defendant’s horrific upbringing can only outweigh the
aggravating factor of a particularly violent and cold-blooded crime where the defendant’s
background provides a “rationale” for the crime is an incorrect statement of Supreme Court
precedent. And as Justice Sotomayor observed in her dissent from the denial of certiorari in this
case, “[t]he Kentucky Supreme Court’s brief discussion of the weight and impact of Hodge’s
mitigation evidence reasonably suggests that its prejudice determination flowed from its legal
errors.” Hodge, 133 S. Ct. at 510 (Sotomayor, J., dissenting from denial of certiorari). That
error, rather than the weight the Kentucky Supreme Court accorded to aggravating and
mitigating evidence, is what makes the court’s decision contrary to established Supreme Court
precedent.

                                                        2.

        Without any requirement to prove a causal “nexus” between the mitigation evidence and
Hodge’s crime, we return to the prejudice analysis. Hodge has made the requisite showing of
prejudice. At the sentencing phase, “[t]he judge and jury . . . heard almost nothing that would
humanize [Hodge] or allow them to accurately gauge his moral culpability.”                              Porter v.
McCollum, 558 U.S. 30, 41 (2009); see also Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 537 (“Wiggins’ sentencing
jury heard only one significant mitigating factor-that Wiggins had no prior convictions. Had the
jury been able to place petitioner’s excruciating life history on the mitigating side of the scale,
there is a reasonable probability that at least one juror would have struck a different balance.”).
And the likelihood that the state would have provided additional damaging information about
Hodge’s criminal history and use of drugs in response to any mitigation evidence does not render
counsel’s failure harmless.         Foust v. Houk, 655 F.3d 524, 546 (6th Cir. 2011) (“Powerful
aggravating circumstances, however, do not preclude a finding of prejudice. . . . The new
evidence about Foust’s family history is overwhelming, and it undermines reasonable confidence
in the reliability of Foust’s death sentence.”).2

        2The dissent focuses on Hodge v. Haeberlin, 579 F.3d 627 (6th Cir. 2009), involving Hodge’s conviction
and sentence for a separate murder, to show that in a different case, counsel’s presentation of mitigating evidence—
which opened the door for the prosecution to present aggravating evidence—did not sway the jury, which still
recommended a death sentence. But “the Strickland test ‘of necessity requires a case-by-case examination of the
evidence.’” Williams, 529 U.S. at 391 (citation omitted). The dissent does not, and cannot, say that the mitigation
 No. 17-6032                                    Hodge v. Jordan                                            Page 10

         The unheard mitigation evidence here was substantial and significant. Hodge suffered
from “a most severe and unimaginable level of physical and mental abuse” during his childhood
and adolescent years. Hodge, 2011 WL 3805960, at *5. “Had the jury been able to place
[Hodge’s] excruciating life history on the mitigating side of the scale, there is a reasonable
probability that at least one juror would have struck a different balance.” Wiggins, 539 U.S. at
537. Accordingly, we reverse the district court’s denial of habeas on Hodge’s IAC claim.

                                                         IV

         Hodge also alleges jury tampering. The Kentucky Supreme Court rejected this claim on
the basis that Hodge failed to provide credible evidence of jury tampering.

         Hodge’s star witness at his postconviction evidentiary hearing was Gary Rogers, the man
“responsible for overseeing the sequestered jury.” Hodge, 2011 WL 3805960, at *1. But Rogers
had significant credibility issues. To be sure, he testified that: (1) “he saw the jury foreman
talking to [the Commonwealth’s Attorney] at the courthouse, though he did not overhear the
conversation”; (2) “he saw [the Commonwealth’s Attorney] in the parking lot of the hotel where
the jury was sequestered”; and (3) he “remembered that one of the jurors was provided three
bottles of vodka and others with televisions and newspapers.” Id. But Rogers contradicted those
statements moments later. Id. Indeed, he “emphatically testified that no one approached any
juror and that no juror had access to television or newspapers.” Id.

         Moreover, Rogers was a convicted felon. He claimed the conviction was connected to
“his attempts to assist Hodge and Epperson,” but it was not. Id. Rogers also denied ever

evidence presented in Hodge’s other case was identical to the mitigation evidence Hodge points to here. The
available description suggests the jury in that case heard a less devasting version of Hodge’s life and heard no
assessment of the impact of his childhood on his mental state. See Hodge v. Haeberlin, No. CIV A. 04-CV-185-
KKC, 2006 WL 1895526, at *5 (E.D. Ky. July 10, 2006), aff’d, 579 F.3d 627 (6th Cir. 2009) (noting that Hodge’s
family members “testified to his rough treatment by a series of stepfathers when he was growing up”); id. at *83
(“[C]ounsel . . . failed to obtain the services of a mental health expert to testify as to how certain hardships in
Hodge’s childhood would have impacted him.”). And notably, Hodge was sentenced in this case in 1986, but was
not sentenced in his other case until 1996. So, although the prosecution in this case could not present any evidence
of a conviction for another murder, in Hodge’s other case relied on by the dissent, the jury heard about Hodge’s
conviction in the present case. See Hodge, 2006 WL 1895526, at *5 (describing prosecution’s witness at the penalty
phase “testifying about the petitioner’s prior convictions and presenting certified records thereof,” including “1986[]
convictions for robbery in the first degree, burglary in the first degree, criminal attempt to commit murder, and
capital murder, for which he was sentenced to . . . death for the murder”).
 No. 17-6032                           Hodge v. Jordan                                 Page 11

speaking to or giving statements to the Department of Public Advocacy attorneys and
investigators about the allegations. Although that is certainly untrue, even his statements to
those individuals were inconsistent.

       Any residual belief in Rogers’s claims was further undermined by the testimony of an
alternate juror, Marsha Hogg Thursty, who disputed all of Rogers’s allegations. “She testified
that no jurors were allowed visitors during sequestration and that no one communicated with the
jury.” Id. at *2. She also “testified that the jury did not discuss the case and that she had no
knowledge of anyone watching television or listening to the radio.” Id. Although she suffered
from PTSD and bipolar disease, the trial court (and the Kentucky Supreme Court) credited her
testimony. Id.

       After review of the trial court’s findings, the Kentucky Supreme Court found there was
“no credible evidence presented to support a conclusion that any jury tampering or misconduct
occurred.” Id. The Kentucky Supreme Court’s decision is both reasonable and consistent with
Supreme Court precedent. Therefore, Hodge has not met his burden under AEDPA.

                                               V.

       Hodge did not raise his juror-bias claim in state court. Instead, he asserted that counsel
was ineffective for failing to inquire or learn about the relationship between the
Commonwealth’s attorney and the jury foreperson. But raising an ineffective assistance claim
does not preserve the merits of the underlying substantive claim. Davie v. Mitchell, 547 F.3d
297, 312 (6th Cir. 2008). And Kentucky state procedural rules would now bar consideration of
this claim. See Hodge, 579 F.3d at 637-38. Therefore, Hodge must excuse his procedural
default by showing cause and prejudice. Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 750 (1991). He
has not done so. Accordingly, his juror-bias claim was defaulted.

                                              VI.

       Because the Kentucky Supreme Court applied an incorrect legal standard of prejudice
that is contrary to Supreme Court precedent and Hodge’s unheard mitigation testimony
considered with the totality of the evidence creates “a reasonable probability that at least one
 No. 17-6032                            Hodge v. Jordan                             Page 12

juror would have struck a different balance,” Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 537, we REVERSE the
district court’s denial of habeas relief on Hodge’s IAC claim and REMAND with instructions to
grant conditional habeas relief as to the penalty phase.
 No. 17-6032                              Hodge v. Jordan                                 Page 13

                                        _________________

                                                DISSENT
                                        _________________

        SILER, Circuit Judge, dissenting. I respectfully dissent for the reasons set out in the
majority opinion filed on September 10, 2021, denied on a petition for an en banc rehearing, but
granted on the petition for a rehearing by the original panel. However, in the meantime, one of
the original panelists in the majority, Judge Cook, took inactive status, and was replaced by
another judge, who joined the original dissent to create a new majority contrary to the original
majority opinion in this matter. I recite this not to criticize the workings of this court, but to
demonstrate to the readers why the original decision of the majority has now become the dissent.

        My position can be found in the original majority opinion, Hodge v. Scott Jordan,
12 F.4th 640 (6th Cir. 2021), but I add certain other circumstances herein which support my
proposed affirmance of the Kentucky Supreme Court’s decision that there was insufficient
prejudice to grant the writ under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). The Kentucky
Supreme Court found that defense counsel, Dale Mitchell, was ineffective, because his only
evidence in the mitigation part of the trial was that Hodge had “a loving supportive family — a
wife and three children” and had “a public job work record.” The prosecution introduced no
evidence in the mitigation part of the trial.

        I bring to the attention of the court another case involving Hodge in Hodge v. Haeberlin,
579 F.3d 627 (6th Cir. 2009), which was decided before our case was argued, but involved part
of the crime spree in this case. In that companion case, in which Hodge was convicted of murder
and the jury returned a verdict of death, defense “counsel presented thirteen mitigation witnesses
who testified about Hodge’s troubled past, including the way family members and the penal
system unjustly harmed him.” Id at 647.            Moreover, that invited the Commonwealth’s
opportunity to present Hodge’s previous criminal convictions, including his conviction and death
sentence for capital murder, robbery in the first degree, burglary in the first degree, and criminal
attempt to commit murder, from this case, but also armed robbery, escape, and felonious assault
in Tennessee. Hodge v. Haeberlin, No. 04-cv-185-KKC, 2006 WL 1895526, at *5 (E.D. Ky. July
 No. 17-6032                            Hodge v. Jordan                                  Page 14

10, 2006). This is similar evidence which would have been presented in this case, had defense
counsel chosen to make a record. Hodge is totally wrong about the decision from the Kentucky
Supreme Court, as the district court below found. While the Kentucky Supreme Court balanced
all of the available evidence in mitigation and aggravation, Hodge relies upon one sentence from
the opinion for a reversal. Hodge ignores the remainder of the Kentucky Supreme Court’s
decision in which it repeatedly relied upon the Strickland standard in reviewing the evidence.
See Hodge v. Commonwealth, No. 2009-SC-0791, 2011 WL 3805960 (Ky. Aug. 25, 2011). It
stated that “the evidence of Hodge’s abusive childhood would have also included the damaging
evidence of his long and increasingly violent criminal history, his numerous escapes from
custody, and the obvious failure of several rehabilitative efforts.” Id. at *4. It went on to say:
“Even if the sentencing jury had this mitigation evidence before it, we do not believe, in light of
the particularly depraved and brutal nature of these crimes, that it would have spared Hodge the
death penalty.” Id. at *5.

       “[A] federal habeas court may not disturb the state court’s decision unless its error lies
‘beyond any possibility for fairminded disagreement.’” Shinn v. Cayer, 592 U.S. 111, 112
(2020) (quoting from Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 103 (2011)). The Kentucky Supreme
Court did not err in this case.

       I would affirm the decision of the district court.