Court Opinion

ID: 3142684
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-22 17:56:58.41692+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:54:52.956091
License: Public Domain

ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
                                          Appellate Court

                           In re Bobby F., 2012 IL App (5th) 110214

Appellate Court            In re BOBBY F., Alleged to Be a Person Subject to Involuntary
Caption                    Treatment With Psychotropic Medication (The People of the State of
                           Illinois, Petitioner-Appellee, v. Bobby F., Respondent-Appellant).

District & No.             Fifth District
                           Docket No. 5-11-0214

Rule 23 Order filed        April 16, 2012
Motion to publish
granted                    June 1, 2012

Held                       The trial court’s order for the involuntary administration of psychotropic
(Note: This syllabus       medication to respondent was reversed on the ground that the order
constitutes no part of     lacked the specificity required by the statute with regard to the
the opinion of the court   medications and dosages, notwithstanding the designation of a
but has been prepared      “therapeutic dose,” since the involuntary administration of medication for
by the Reporter of         mental health purposes involves fundamental liberty interests and 2-
Decisions for the          107.1(a-5)(6) of the Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities Code
convenience of the         requires a specification of the medications and the anticipated range of
reader.)
                           the dosages authorized.

Decision Under             Appeal from the Circuit Court of Randolph County, No. 11-MH-39; the
Review                     Hon. Richard A. Brown, Judge, presiding.

Judgment                   Reversed.
Counsel on                 Barbara A. Goeben and Veronique Baker, both of Guardianship and
Appeal                     Advocacy Commission, of Alton, for appellant.

                           Randall Rodewald, State’s Attorney, of Chester (Patrick Delfino, Stephen
                           E. Norris, and Neha Sharma, all of State’s Attorneys Appellate
                           Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.

Panel                      JUSTICE WEXSTTEN delivered the judgment of the court, with
                           opinion.
                           Presiding Justice Donovan and Justice Goldenhersh concurred in the
                           judgment and opinion.

                                              OPINION

¶1          The respondent, Bobby F., appeals from an order of the circuit court of Randolph County
        granting the State’s petition to involuntarily administer psychotropic medication to him. On
        appeal, the respondent argues that the court’s decision should be reversed because, inter alia,
        the circuit court’s order violated the respondent’s due process rights and failed to specify the
        dosage for all the medications authorized. We reverse.

¶2                                              FACTS
¶3          The respondent is a 31-year-old male who was admitted to Chester Mental Health Center
        on January 8, 2011, after transferring from Singer Mental Health Center. The respondent has
        12 times been admitted to the Department of Human Services, including 6 admissions to
        Chester Mental Health Center.
¶4          On April 4, 2011, Dr. Terrence Casey, a Chester Mental Health Center psychiatrist, filed
        a petition alleging that the respondent was a person subject to the involuntary administration
        of psychotropic medication pursuant to section 2-107.1 of the Mental Health and
        Developmental Disabilities Code (the Code) (405 ILCS 5/2-107.1 (West 2010)). In the form
        petition, Dr. Casey alleged, inter alia, that the respondent was given a written list of side
        effects. Dr. Casey added the following information to the petition:
                 “Antipsychotic medications are used to decrease and remit psychotic symptoms such
            as delusions as well as alleviate disorganized and confused thought process. They also
            reduce the possibility of hostile behaviors and control[ ] his aggressive and violent acting
            out behaviors. They can cause shakes and muscle spasms, sedation, and occasionally they
            can cause serious complications such as Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome and Tardive
            Dyskinesia[;] however these can be detected and monitored to prevent serious

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         dysfunction or discomfort, with the administration of medications to alleviate side
         effects, as well as using the least [sic] effective doses of the medication.
              Mood stabilizers are used to stabilize mood, alleviate impulsivity as well as control[ ]
         aggressive behaviors. They also augment the effects of antipsychotic medications. Side
         effects include sedation, dizziness, upset stomach, blood cell suppression, effects on liver
         function and thyroid function but this can be offset by observation, regular laboratory
         work-up including blood levels to guide the best dose and to discontinue them if
         necessary.
              Anxiolytic medications are used to alleviate anxiety, tension, restlessness, and
         agitation. They could cause sedation, incoordination, memory difficulties and
         dependence but this can be assessed by ongoing monitoring, and alleviated by using the
         minimum effective doses and discontinuing if side effects are intolerable.”
¶5       On April 13, 2011, at the hearing on the petition, Dr. Casey testified that the respondent
     suffered from “bipolar one disorder, most recent episode manic, severe with psychotic
     features.” Dr. Casey testified that the respondent exhibited severe mania, grandiose
     delusions, very rapid pressured speech, and tangential flight of ideas. Dr. Casey testified that
     since being admitted to the hospital, the respondent had deteriorated, had verbally threatened
     staff or peers, and had caused the staff to impose seclusion and restraints.
¶6       Dr. Casey testified that he had recommended the medications Zyprexa and Depakote to
     the respondent, but the respondent had refused to sign a consent for Zyprexa, stating that he
     preferred Abilify. Dr. Casey testified, however, that he had previously prescribed the
     maximum dose of Abilify, and the respondent continued to deteriorate. Dr. Casey testified
     that the respondent had, in the past, made significant improvement when prescribed Zyprexa
     and, while on a Zyprexa regimen, had twice been discharged. Dr. Casey testified that most
     recently he had administered Zyprexa as an emergency-enforced medication for the
     respondent and had noticed that the respondent’s speech became less pressured and less
     rapid, and the staff had reported his improvement.
¶7       Dr. Casey testified that the respondent lacked the mental capability to understand his
     need for medication. Dr. Casey testified that he had given the respondent a written list of any
     side effects. Dr. Casey testified that the benefits of the respondent taking his medication
     outweighed the possible side effects. Dr. Casey testified that less restrictive services were
     provided to the respondent but were determined to be inappropriate because of his aggressive
     behavior.
¶8       When asked the exact medications he was seeking the court to enforce, Dr. Casey replied:
         “Well, his current medications, he’s on valproic acid, the Depakote. He gets 1500
         milligrams in the morning–I’m sorry–2,000 milligrams in the morning and 1500
         milligrams at night. His blood level is therapeutic. It’s 93.6 on that medication. He’s on
         Clonazepam 2 milligrams t.i.d., three times a day. We have his p.r.n. of Haldol and
         Ativan, five Haldol, two Ativan. And he’s on Zyprexa. And right now that’s being
         titrated up. He’s–right now he gets ten in the morning, five at night, and ten at–ten in the
         morning, five in the afternoon, and ten at night.”
     Dr. Casey testified that although the respondent complained of photophobia, an extreme

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       aversion to light, as a side effect of Zyprexa, Dr. Casey did not witness any evidence of
       photophobia in the respondent.
¶9         The respondent testified that he was “agreeable to taking Depakote [and] Clonazepam.”
       The respondent testified that he was experiencing side effects, i.e., lethargy, low blood sugar,
       and weight loss, as a result of taking Zyprexa. The respondent testified that he was willing
       to take Abilify.
¶ 10       At the end of the hearing, the circuit court found that the respondent was a person who
       suffered from a mental illness, diagnosed as bipolar disorder, and exhibited a deterioration
       in his ability to function; that the benefits of administering medication outweighed the harm;
       that the respondent lacked the capacity to make a reasoned decision about his treatment; that
       the physicians had attempted less restrictive services that were found to be inappropriate; and
       that testing was necessary for safe administration of the treatment. The court found that the
       respondent understood the benefits and side effects of treatment. The circuit court concluded
       that the respondent was a person subject to the involuntary administration of psychotropic
       medication.
¶ 11       Accordingly, on April 13, 2011, the circuit court entered its written order for the
       involuntary administration of psychotropic medication. The circuit court ordered that the
       respondent receive the following psychotropic medication:
                “Olanzapine [Zyprexa]                            up to 30 mg per day
                VPA [valproic acid, or Depakote]                 up to therapeutic dose
                Clonazepam                                       up to 10 mg per day
                Haldol                                           up to 100 mg per day
                Ativan                                           up to 10 mg per day.”
       On May 11, 2011, the respondent filed a timely notice of appeal.

¶ 12                                         ANALYSIS
¶ 13       Initially, we recognize that this case is moot. Section 2-107.1(a-5)(5) of the Code
       provides that in no event shall an order for the involuntary administration of psychotropic
       medication be valid for more than 90 days. 405 ILCS 5/2-107.1(a-5)(5) (West 2010). Here,
       the circuit court’s order was entered on April 13, 2011. Because 90 days have passed since
       the entry of that order, it no longer has any force or effect, and this court cannot grant
       effectual relief to either party. However, because involuntary medication procedures involve
       matters of “substantial public concern,” the period for involuntary administration of
       medication is of short duration, similar litigation will likely reoccur, and an authoritative
       determination is desirable, a review of the circuit court’s order is appropriate under the
       public-interest exception to the mootness doctrine. In re Robert S., 213 Ill. 2d 30, 45-46
       (2004). We therefore address this appeal on the merits.
¶ 14       Pursuant to the fourteenth amendment’s due process clause, persons who suffer from
       mental illness have constitutionally protected liberty interests that permit them to refuse the
       involuntary administration of psychotropic medications. In re C.E., 161 Ill. 2d 200, 213
       (1994); In re Williams, 305 Ill. App. 3d 506, 509 (1999). Because involuntary mental health

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       services, including the involuntary administration of psychotropic drugs, involve a massive
       curtailment of liberty (In re Robert S., 213 Ill. 2d at 46), Illinois courts have repeatedly
       recognized the importance of “the procedures enacted by our legislature to ensure that Illinois
       citizens are not subjected to such services improperly.” In re Barbara H., 183 Ill. 2d 482, 496
       (1998). “Courts must scrutinize legislation that permits the involuntary administration of
       psychotropic medications to persons afflicted with mental illness, because of concerns about
       the substantially invasive nature of psychotropic substances, the significant side effects
       associated with those medications, and the recognition that psychotropic substances may be
       misused by medical personnel as a means of patient control rather than treatment.” In re
       Williams, 305 Ill. App. 3d at 509. Strict compliance with the Code’s procedural safeguards
       is required to ensure that the mental health system does not become a tool to oppress rather
       than to serve society. In re John R., 339 Ill. App. 3d 778, 785 (2003) (“The Code’s
       procedural safeguards are not mere technicalities but essential tools to safeguard these liberty
       interests.”).
¶ 15        “The petitioner bears a substantial burden of proof that the trial judge should force the
       petitioner to meet with real, clear, and convincing evidence before the court enters an order
       infringing on the respondent’s important liberty interests.” Id. “Clear and convincing
       evidence has been defined as that quantum of proof that leaves no reasonable doubt in the
       mind of the fact finder about the truth of the proposition in question.” Id. at 781. “A
       reviewing court will not reverse an order allowing the involuntary administration of
       psychotropic medication unless the trial court’s findings are against the manifest weight of
       the evidence.” Id. “A judgment is considered against the manifest weight of the evidence
       only when an opposite conclusion is apparent or when the findings appear to be
       unreasonable, arbitrary, or not based on evidence.” Id.
¶ 16        Pursuant to the Code, psychotropic medications may not be administered to an adult
       recipient of mental health services against his will unless the State proves the following by
       clear and convincing evidence:
                “(A) That the recipient has a serious mental illness or developmental disability.
                (B) That because of said mental illness or developmental disability, the recipient
            currently exhibits any one of the following: (i) deterioration of his or her ability to
            function, as compared to the recipient’s ability to function prior to the current onset of
            symptoms of the mental illness or disability for which treatment is presently sought, (ii)
            suffering, or (iii) threatening behavior.
                (C) That the illness or disability has existed for a period marked by the continuing
            presence of the symptoms set forth in item (B) of this subdivision (4) or the repeated
            episodic occurrence of these symptoms.
                (D) That the benefits of the treatment outweigh the harm.
                (E) That the recipient lacks the capacity to make a reasoned decision about the
            treatment.
                (F) That other less restrictive services have been explored and found inappropriate.
                (G) If the petition seeks authorization for testing and other procedures, that such
            testing and procedures are essential for the safe and effective administration of the

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            treatment.” 405 ILCS 5/2-107.1(a-5)(4)(A) to (a-5)(4)(G) (West 2010).
       “The trial court must find evidence of each of the elements to authorize the forced
       administration of psychotropic medication.” In re Louis S., 361 Ill. App. 3d 774, 779 (2005).
¶ 17        The respondent argues that the State failed to provide clear and convincing evidence that
       the respondent lacked the decisional capacity to make a reasoned decision about the proposed
       treatment (405 ILCS 5/2-107.1(a-5)(4)(E) (West 2010)) because the State failed to prove that
       it had complied with section 2-102(a-5) of the Code (405 ILCS 5/2-102(a-5) (West 2010)).
¶ 18        Section 2-102(a-5) of the Code requires a treating physician seeking to administer
       psychotropic medication to “advise the recipient, in writing, of the side effects, risks, and
       benefits of the treatment, as well as alternatives to the proposed treatment, to the extent such
       advice is consistent with the recipient’s ability to understand the information
       communicated.” 405 ILCS 5/2-102(a-5) (West 2010). The recipient has the capacity to make
       treatment decisions for himself when, based upon the conveyed information concerning the
       side effects, risks, benefits, and reasonable alternatives to the proposed treatment, he makes
       a reasoned choice to either accept or refuse the treatment. In re John R., 339 Ill. App. 3d at
       782-83 (“where an individual has the capacity to make the treatment decision for himself,
       psychotropic medication may not be forced upon him even if it is clearly in that individual’s
       best interest”). If, however, “the patient is not informed of the risks and benefits of the
       proposed medication, an order for the involuntary administration of medication must be
       reversed because the respondent has not been provided with the necessary information from
       which he could make a reasoned decision.” Id. at 783.
¶ 19        “Even where the physician has verbally advised the patient of the benefits and side
       effects of the medication and the patient has informed the physician that he chooses not to
       take the medication, the patient is still entitled to receive the written notification required by
       section 2-102 of the Code.” Id. “Verbal notification is not enough to ensure a respondent’s
       due process rights.” Id. Written notice takes on great importance because it provides the
       respondent with the opportunity to review the information at a time and in a manner of his
       choosing. In re Louis S., 361 Ill. App. 3d at 780-81.
¶ 20       “Nor is harmless error analysis appropriate to this question.” In re John R., 339 Ill. App.
3d at 783. “The procedural safeguards of the Code must be strictly construed in favor of the
       respondent, and strict compliance therewith is compelling, because liberty interests are
       involved.” Id. at 783-84. “The failure to comply with the procedural rules requires the
       reversal of court orders authorizing involuntary treatment.” Id. at 784. “The rights provided
       in the statute were not placed in the Code to ensure that a respondent understands a
       medication’s side effects but to ensure that a respondent’s due process rights are met and
       protected.” Id.
¶ 21        In this case, Dr. Casey testified that he discussed with the respondent the need to take
       medication and that he gave him a written list of side effects. Not only does section 2-102(a-
       5) of the Code require written notification of the proposed treatment’s side effects, it also
       requires written notifications of the risks, benefits, and alternatives to the proposed treatment.
       See In re Laura H., 404 Ill. App. 3d 286, 290-91 (2010) (even though the physician testified
       that the respondent received a written list of side effects, the involuntary-treatment order was

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       reversed because no evidence at trial showed the respondent received written notice of the
       risks, benefits, and alternatives to the proposed treatment). The State did not present evidence
       that the respondent received written information about the risks, benefits, and alternatives
       to the proposed treatment. Without evidence that the respondent received the required written
       notification, the circuit court erred by ordering him to be subjected to the involuntary
       administration of medication. See In re A.W., 381 Ill. App. 3d 950, 957 (2008) (involuntary-
       treatment order reversed where the physician did not testify that she had advised the
       respondent in writing of the risks, benefits, or alternatives to the proposed treatment); In re
       Louis S., 361 Ill. App. 3d at 780 (involuntary-treatment order reversed where the testifying
       physician did not state that he attempted to give the respondent a written statement regarding
       benefits of proposed medications or possible side effects); In re John R., 339 Ill. App. 3d at
       784 (involuntary-treatment order reversed where the respondent was given written notice
       with respect to only one of the medications for which an order was sought).
¶ 22        The State counters that the written petition itself lists the benefits and side effects of the
       medications, and because the respondent received a copy of the petition, the petition itself
       can fulfill the requirement that the respondent receive a written copy of the risks and benefits
       of the proffered medications.
¶ 23        The respondent’s receipt of this information, which did not specify the risks, benefits,
       side effects, and alternatives to the proposed medications to be prescribed, was nevertheless
       not admitted into evidence at the involuntary-treatment hearing. “A reviewing court must
       determine sufficiency of the evidence at the hearing based upon the evidence presented to
       the trial court.” In re Laura H., 404 Ill. App. 3d at 291 (because a stack of papers in the
       common-law record regarding the medications was not admitted into evidence at the hearing,
       those papers could not support the involuntary-treatment order). Because the State failed to
       present evidence that the respondent was informed in writing of the risks and benefits of the
       proposed treatment, as well as alternatives to the proposed treatment, the circuit court’s
       involuntary-treatment order was against the manifest weight of the evidence. See In re A.W.,
381 Ill. App. 3d at 957 (involuntary-treatment order reversed even though the petition
       seeking to involuntarily treat the respondent indicated that the physician had advised the
       respondent, in writing, of the risks and benefits of the proposed treatment); In re Louis S.,
361 Ill. App. 3d at 780 (involuntary-treatment order reversed even though the petition stated
       that the physician advised the respondent, in writing, of the risks and benefits of the proposed
       treatment).
¶ 24        The respondent argues that the circuit court’s order also violated the Code by failing to
       specify the range of dosages for all of the medications ordered. The State counters that the
       respondent has waived this issue for failing to object in the trial court, and if not waived, the
       circuit court’s failure to specify a numerical range of dosages does not require reversal.
¶ 25        The State is correct that the respondent failed to raise this issue in the trial court. An issue
       is waived on review if it is not raised both at trial and in a posttrial motion. People v. Enoch,
       122 Ill. 2d 176, 186 (1988). However, pursuant to the plain error doctrine, this court may
       address a waived issue if the evidence is closely balanced or the error affects substantial
       rights. Ill. S. Ct. R. 615(a). The involuntary administration of medication for mental health
       purposes involves fundamental liberty interests. In re Frances K., 322 Ill. App. 3d 203, 208

                                                   -7-
       (2001). Further, the waiver rule is a limitation on parties and not on reviewing courts. See
       Welch v. Johnson, 147 Ill. 2d 40, 48 (1992) (reviewing court may, in furtherance of its
       responsibility to reach a just result, override considerations of waiver). Accordingly, we will
       consider this issue on the merits. See In re Len P., 302 Ill. App. 3d 281, 286 (1999)
       (reversing involuntary-treatment order despite waiver because the trial court failed to specify
       the type and dosage of medication).
¶ 26       As noted, in mental health cases, strict compliance with the Code is compelling because
       liberty interests are involved. In re Frances K., 322 Ill. App. 3d at 208. “Noncompliance with
       statutory provisions of the Code renders a judgment entered under such circumstances
       erroneous and of no effect.” Id. In narrowly tailoring the provisions of section 2-107.1 of the
       Code to specifically address the State’s concern for the well-being of those who are not able
       to make a rational choice regarding the administration of psychotropic medications, the
       legislature established the strict standards that must be satisfied before involuntary
       administration may be ordered. In re Williams, 305 Ill. App. 3d at 510. Section 2-107.1(a-
       5)(6) of the Code provides that an order authorizing the use of psychotropic medications on
       a nonemergency involuntary basis must “specify the medications and the anticipated range
       of dosages that have been authorized.” 405 ILCS 5/2-107.1(a-5)(6) (West 2010). In using the
       word “shall” in section 2-107.1(a-5)(6), the legislature mandates strict compliance, because
       this statutory provision was enacted to safeguard the liberty interests of those with mental
       illness and developmental disabilities. In re Williams, 305 Ill. App. 3d at 510. “Simply stated,
       the legislature has determined that an involuntary recipient is entitled to be notified of the
       specific medications and the range of dosages that are ordered.” Id. at 510-11. “Specific
       orders provide some assurance that medications are properly administered for therapeutic
       purposes and protect against the misuse of medications to discipline or control the recipient.”
       Id. at 511.
¶ 27       “[T]he absence of strict compliance with this provision of the Code is inherently
       prejudicial because it destroys the balance between the liberty interests of the individual and
       the demands of an organized society.” Id. “Further, the lack of an order specifying the
       medications and dosages precludes, as a practical matter, appellate review of a determination
       that the State has met its burden to prove that the benefits of particular medications outweigh
       the harm to respondent.” Id.
¶ 28       In its order, the circuit court authorized the involuntary administration of, inter alia,
       “VPA [valproic acid, also known as Depakote] up to therapeutic dose.” We find the circuit
       court’s designation of a “therapeutic dose” to lack the specificity required pursuant to section
       2-107.1(a-5)(6) of the Code (405 ILCS 5/2-107.1(a-5)(6) (West 2010)). Because the circuit
       court’s order does not properly specify the dosage to be administered, its order is deficient.
       Because the court failed to comply with the strict letter of the statute, the order must be
       reversed. See In re Williams, 305 Ill. App. 3d at 510 (trial court’s order found deficient
       because it did not specify the medications and the dosages to be administered).
¶ 29       Accordingly, we reverse the circuit court’s order for the involuntary administration of
       nonemergency psychotropic medication. Given our resolution of these issues, we need not
       address the remaining arguments raised by the respondent.

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¶ 30                                  CONCLUSION
¶ 31      For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the judgment of the circuit court of Randolph
       County.

¶ 32      Reversed.

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