Court Opinion

ID: 9654979
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-23 18:56:45.857766+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:13:14.996679
License: Public Domain

TOMLIN, Presiding Judge, Western Section.
Defendants, Frank M. Orwige and wife (hereafter “defendants”), appeal from an order of the Greene County Chancery Court enjoining them from maintaining a “mobile home” on their property in violation of a restrictive covenant applicable to the subdivision in which their property was located and at the same time ordering the structure to be removed. The determinative issue in this case is whether the chancellor was in error in finding that the defendants’ structure was a “mobile home” as defined in T.C.A. § 55-1-105. We hold that he was not and affirm.
By stipulation of the parties it was agreed that plaintiffs and defendants own property in a subdivision called “Riverview Subdivision” and that the subdivision is subject to restrictive covenants prohibiting the use of trailers or mobile homes on the premises. Defendants purchased a 1985 model Spring Hill “structure” from Don Bryant Mobile Homes. The structure was built by Fleetwood Enterprises. At the time of the purchase defendants were aware that the property was restricted insofar as mobile homes were concerned. They discussed these restrictions with the owner of the sales lot, who advised them that the structure was not a mobile home, but rather was. a manufactured or factory-built home.
The structure consisted of two units, each fifty-two feet long and approximately thirteen feet wide. Each unit was pulled by a tractor-truck over the public highways to defendants’ lot in Riverview Subdivision. Concrete footers were poured at the site for the foundation. Anchors were imbedded in the footers on which were built pillars of concrete blocks. The two units were bolted together and secured to the anchors by means of metal straps. The assembled structure was constructed on four I-beams running the length of the units. The space between the foundation or footing and the structure was subsequently enclosed on three sides by an additional concrete block foundation.
Following installation the wheels, axles and tongues were removed from each of the units and returned to the manufacturer. These could be reattached to the units, which could then be separated and towed away from defendants’ lot by a short-bed tractor-truck in the same manner in which they had been brought to defendants’ property. A certificate of title had been issued for the structure and each unit of the structure had been given a vehicle identification number.
At the time the units were delivered to defendants’ property two of the plaintiffs expressed their concern to defendants that the structure was in violation of the restrictive covenant. Defendants contended at that time that the structure was not a mobile home but a “factory-built” home to which the restrictive covenant did not apply-
“Mobile home” is defined in T.C.A. § 55-l-105(d) as follows:
(d) The words “mobile home or house trailer” mean any vehicle or conveyance, not self propelled, designed for travel upon the public highways, and designed for use as a residence, office, apartment, storehouse, warehouse, or any other similar purpose.
In addition to hearing testimony of the parties and representatives of the dealership that sold the structure to defendants, the chancellor had before him photographs of the structure in various stages of installation as well as in a completed state. Finding the structure in violation of the restrictive covenant, the chancellor stated:
Defendants’ dwelling is no less a trailer or mobile home merely because the wheels were removed after installation. It is obviously a “double-wide” mobile home, erected on concrete blocks and capable of movement upon re-attachment of the wheels and removal of the con*65Crete blocks. TCA 55-1-105, which define [sic] “trailer” and “mobile home” does not apply beyond its context. It does not serve to convert this mobile home to a “modular home.”
In support of their contention that the structure is a “modular home” rather than a “mobile home,” defendants rely heavily on the manner in which their structure was constructed, when compared to a conventional mobile home. It was pointed out that defendants’ structure was made with wooden studs and roof trusses, an asphalt shingle roof, and a plywood subfloor with exterior masonite siding. As we shall see from the following authorities, this is a distinction without a difference.
In our opinion the evidence does not preponderate against the finding of the chancellor that the structure erected on defendants’ lot was a “mobile home.” The specific question of what is a mobile home when considered in relation to zoning laws or restrictive covenants has not been decided in this state. Defendants rely heavily upon Associates Capital Corp. v. Cookeville Production Credit Ass’n, 569 S.W.2d 474 (Tenn.App.1978). The Court held in that case that a structure strikingly similar to the one in the case under consideration was not a “trailer” or a “mobile home” as defined by T.C.A. § 55-1-105.
Associates Capital, however, was limited substantially in scope by the opinion written by Judge Drowota, now Justice Drowo-ta, and has no real application to the issue before us. Associates Capital begins by stating: “The issue in this case is whether a 12' x 65' “mobile home” that has had its wheels removed and has been affixed to realty is subject to the certificate of title provisions for motor vehicles under chapters 1 and 3 of Title 59 of Tennessee Code Annotated.” Id. at 475. In Associates Capital there was a contest over collateral by two lenders, the collateral being a mobile home that had been affixed to realty. The first recorded instrument was a deed of trust executed in favor of a lender. The second recorded instrument was a security agreement and note by which the defendants therein warranted the collateral — the mobile home — to be free of liens and encumbrances. The lender had its name entered as “first lien holder” on the motor vehicle certificate of title issued by the Department of Revenue.
Before either security instrument was signed by the defendants, the mobile home had been delivered to the property, its wheels and axles removed, the metal underpinning running from the bottom of the unit to the ground had been installed, concrete steps had been built up to the front door, and the unit had been connected to electricity. Adjacent to the unit a concrete block building housed the water well, pump and central air conditioning system. The unit had also been connected to a water supply in a septic tank.
The court held that at the time the deed of trust was both executed and recorded and the security agreement was executed and the encumbrance noted on the certificate of title, the unit did not qualify as a “mobile home” under the definition found in the statute, stating:
The quoted phrase necessarily implies that a “mobile home” under the statute is either one that is in a condition to act as a conveyance over the public highways or one that may, with a relatively reasonable amount of effort, be reconverted into such a condition. The ... home in the instant case does not meet that description.
Id. at 477.
Having so held, the court then specifically acknowledged that what might be called a “mobile home” under one set of circumstances might not be called a “mobile home” under another, and that it intended to restrict and limit its holding, stating:
We recognize that the concept of a “mobile home” is broad and variable. It is capable of embracing everything from the small, car-drawn trailer to today’s large prefabricated or modular house. It can encompass anything that can be fairly included in that range of items that partake of some of the attributes of both a vehicle and a building. The definition of a “mobile home” for legal purposes will vary according to the circumstances, *66that is, not only according to the nature and surroundings of the vehicle or building itself but also according to the purpose and context of the legal definition. For example, since real estate tax law and zoning law have different purposes and rationales behind them, the group of items included as “mobile homes” under the definition of one might differ from those included under the other. We wish it to be clear that, in the instant case, we have simply held on the facts before us that a particular home was not “designed for travel upon the public highways” under T.C.A. § 59-105(d) and consequently not subject to the certificate of title provisions of chapters 1 and 3 of Title 59, which deals with the certification and registration of motor vehicles.
Id. at 479.
Clearly, the issue in Associates Capital is not the same issue now before this Court. Fortunately, this issue has been litigated in many jurisdictions. While the decisions have not been uniform there distinctly is a majority view and a minority view. In our opinion the case best expressing the majority view, which we now adopt, is that of Brownfield Subdivision, Inc. v. McKee, 61 Ill.2d 168, 334 N.E.2d 131 (1975). The facts are strikingly similar to the case at bar. The defendants purchased a structure and lot in a subdivision that had this restrictive covenant. The trial court found that the structure in question was a mobile home of a type that was prohibited by a restrictive covenant in a subdivision. The restrictive covenant stated in part that “[n]o structure of a temporary character, trailer, ... or garage shall be used on any lot at any time, as a residence, either temporarily or permanently....” Id., 334 N.E.2d at 133.
The structure purchased by defendants was twenty-four feet wide and fifty-two feet long and defendants received a certificate of title to the structure. It was manufactured in two separate units, each built upon detachable undercarriages consisting of springs, axles, wheels and hitches, which were designed to be removed at the location where the structure was to be installed. The structure was placed on stacks of concrete blocks on top of a concrete foundation on defendants’ lot. Steel I-beams were placed on top of the stacks. When the two units were delivered to the lot they were lowered onto the I-beams. The detachable running gears were removed after the two units had been connected together. The ends of the I-beams and the stacks of concrete blocks were cemented together. A perimeter wall of concrete blocks was also cemented to the foundation.
There was testimony from mobile home distributors that the structure was a sectional home and not a double-wide mobile home. They offered testimony that the defendants’ structure was a permanent single house and not a mobile home. One distinction sought to be drawn by defendants’ testimony was that the running gear of a mobile home was designed to be a permanent part of the unit, while the running gear of a sectional home was designed to be detached — removed from the unit when it was placed on a foundation. Defendants also contended that if the structure was a mobile home then it became a permanent structure when it was placed on the foundation.
The Illinois Supreme Court rejected defendants’ contention. Considering the thoroughness of that court’s analysis we quote at length from Brownfield:
There is authority that modular and sectional homes are considered to be in the mobile-home category. B. Hodes and G. Roberson, The Law of Mobile Homes 4 (3d ed. 1974) states:
“The mobile home is fully equipped and furnished by the manufacturer, and at the time of purchase is ready for immediate occupancy. The manufacturers of the modern mobile home have efficiently utilized between 720 and 1,440 square feet of living space, into which they have comfortably fitted every type of modern convenience, equipment, and facility found in a city apartment or ranch-style suburban home. Units which are expandable after location by means of a specially manufactured extension may increase *67the width of the living room and/or bedroom areas to 20 or 24 feet.
Definitions used by manufacturers of the various types of housing units and most state and federal agencies in the mobile home category are:

******

4. A Modular Unit is a factory fabricated transportable building unit designed to be used by itself or to be incorporated with similar units at a building site into a modular structure to be used for residential, commercial, educational or industrial purposes.
5. A Sectional Home is a dwelling made of two or more modular units factory fabricated and transported to the home site where they are put on a foundation and joined to make a single house.”
We consider the structure here must be deemed to be within the prohibitory language of the covenant, “no structure of a temporary character, trailer * *
It was advertised as a double-wide mobile home in the installment contract under which it was purchased. Photographs in evidence show it to have the superstructure and appearance of a mobile home. In Hodes and Roberson, The Law of Mobile Homes, which we have cited, it is said that sectional homes are regarded as within the mobile-homes category. There was a concrete foundation here but the structure was in no way attached to it or to the three I-beams on which the structure simply rested. The structure can be transported to another location after the two sections have been separated and the removable undercarriages reattached to the bottoms of the sections. One of the exhibits (an article from a trade journal) attached to the defendants’ brief in this court refers to a modular unit’s portability as a difference from and an advantage over the conventional home.
The majority of courts considering the question have held that removing the wheels or running gear of a mobile home and placing it on a permanent foundation does not convert the home into a permanent structure. In addition to Timmerman v. Gabriel [(1970), 155 Mont. 294, 470 P.2d 528] and Town of Manchester v. Phillips [(1962), 343 Mass. 591, 180 N.E.2d 333], which we described above, such holdings include: Town of Brewster v. Sherman (1962), 343 Mass. 598, 180 N.E.2d 338; Town of Greenland v. Hussey (1970), 110 N.H. 269, 266 A.2d 122; Bullock, v. Kattner (Tex.Civ.App.1973), 502 S.W.2d 828; Jones v. Beiber (1960) 251 Iowa 969, 103 N.W.2d 364. See also City of Astoria v. Nothwang (1960), 221 Or. 452, 351 P.2d 688.
There is some contrary authority: Anstine v. Zoning Board of Adjustment (1963), 411 Pa. 33, 190 A.2d 712; Lescault v. Zoning Board of Review (1960), 91 R.I. 277, 162 A.2d 807; In re Willey (1958), 120 Vt. 359, 140 A.2d 11. However, we consider the position taken in the majority of holdings is to be preferred.
Id. at 134-35.
The contention that the structure had taken on a character of permanency and was not a mobile home was considered and disposed of in another restrictive covenant case styled Farnam v. Evans, 306 N.W.2d 228, 230 (S.D.1981), wherein the Supreme Court stated:
Appellants’ [sic] allege that the removal of the apparatus needed for movement, such as the wheels and towing hitch, and the placing of the dwelling upon concrete blocks and pads changes the classification of a mobile home. We conclude that it does not.
This argument has been advanced in many other jurisdictions. The substantial weight of authority has held that merely removing the means of ready mobility does not change the dwelling from being classified as a mobile home. DeLaurentis v. Vainio, 169 Mont. 520, 549 P.2d 461 (1976); Timmerman v. Gabriel, 155 Mont. 294, 470 P.2d 528 (1970); Bullock v. Kattner, 502 S.W.2d 828 (Tex.Civ.App.1973); Smith v. Bowers, 463 S.W.2d 222 (Tex.Civ.App.1970).
See also Billings v. Shrewsbury, 294 S.E.2d 267 (W.Va.1982).
*68In light of the above authorities, we have no difficulty in holding that the defendants’ structure is a “mobile home,” notwithstanding that it might be a “double-wide” mobile home and notwithstanding the fact that it may be constructed of different materials than many mobile homes. It has no more of an air of permanency than the mobile homes in the cases cited above. It is just as capable of being separated and transported to and reassembled at another lot as those units in the cases cited above.
For the foregoing reasons, the decree of the chancellor holding the defendants’ structure to be a mobile home and ordering its removal is affirmed. Costs in this cause are taxed to defendants for which execution may issue, if necessary.
FARMER, J., concurs.
CRAWFORD, J., dissents with separate opinion.