Court Opinion

ID: 4298661
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-07-27 19:00:18.647936+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:41:33.683095
License: Public Domain

PUBLISHED

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

                                         No. 17-2399

SIERRA CLUB, INC.; APPALACHIAN VOICES; WILD VIRGINIA, INC.,

                        Petitioners,

                v.

UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE; UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE,

                        Respondents,

MOUNTAIN VALLEY PIPELINE, LLC,

                        Intervenor.

------------------------------

CHEROKEE FOREST VOICES; THE CLINCH COALITION; GEORGIA
FORESTWATCH; MOUNTAINTRUE,

                        Amici Supporting Petitioner.

On Petition for Review of a Decision of the United States Forest Service.

                                         No. 18-1012

THE WILDERNESS SOCIETY; PRESERVE CRAIG, INC.; SAVE MONROE,
INC.,

                        Petitioners,
                v.

UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE; UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE,

                         Respondents,

MOUNTAIN VALLEY PIPELINE, LLC,

                          Intervenor.

On Petition for Review of a Decision of the United States Forest Service.

                                                No. 18-1019

SIERRA CLUB, INC.; APPALACHIAN VOICES; WILD VIRGINIA, INC.,

                                 Petitioners,

                v.

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR; UNITED STATES
BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT; UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE;
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

                         Respondents,

MOUNTAIN VALLEY PIPELINE, LLC,

                          Intervenor.

------------------------------

CHEROKEE FOREST VOICES; THE CLINCH COALITION; GEORGIA
FORESTWATCH; MOUNTAINTRUE,

                         Amici Supporting Petitioner.

                                                    2
On Petition for Review of a Decision of the Bureau of Land Management. (VA-
ES-058143; WV-ES-058142)

                                    No. 18-1036

THE WILDERNESS SOCIETY; PRESERVE CRAIG, INC.; SAVE MONROE,
INC.,

                   Petitioners,

             v.

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR; UNITED STATES
BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT; UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE;
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

                    Respondents,

MOUNTAIN VALLEY PIPELINE, LLC,

                    Intervenor.

On Petition for Review of a Decision of the Bureau of Land Management. (VA-ES-
058143; WV-ES-058142)

Argued: May 8, 2018                                           Decided: July 27, 2018

Before GREGORY, Chief Judge, and TRAXLER, and THACKER, Circuit Judges.

Petitions granted, vacated and remanded by published opinion. Judge Thacker wrote the
opinion, in which Chief Judge Gregory and Judge Traxler joined.

ARGUED: Nathan Matthews, SIERRA CLUB ENVIRONMENTAL LAW PROGRAM,
Oakland, California, for Petitioners. Kevin William McArdle, UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Respondents. George Peter
Sibley, III, HUNTON ANDREWS KURTH LLP, Richmond, Virginia, for Intervenor.

                                         3
ON BRIEF: Elizabeth Fay Benson, SIERRA CLUB ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
PROGRAM, Oakland, California, for Petitioners Sierra Club, Wild Virginia, and
Appalachian Voices. Tammy L. Belinsky, Copper Hill, Virginia, for Petitioners The
Wilderness Society, Preserve Craig, and Save Monroe. Jeffrey H. Wood, Acting
Assistant Attorney General, Eric Grant, Deputy Assistant Attorney General, J. David
Gunter II, Emily A. Polachek, Environment & Natural Resources Division, UNITED
STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C.; John Henson, Haninah
Levine, Office of the Solicitor, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE
INTERIOR, Washington, D.C.; Jay McWhirter, Sarah Kathmann, Office of the General
Counsel, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Washington, D.C.,
for Respondents. Kevin S. Elliker, HUNTON ANDREWS KURTH LLP, Richmond,
Virginia; Thomas C. Jensen, Washington, D.C., Murray D. Feldman, Boise, Idaho,
Sandra A. Snodgrass, HOLLAND & HART LLP, Denver, Colorado, for Intervenor. J.
Patrick Hunter, Austin D. Gerken, Jr., Amelia Y. Burnette, Asheville, North Carolina;
Gregory Buppert, SOUTHERN ENVIRONMENTAL LAW CENTER, Charlottesville,
Virginia, for Amici Curiae.

                                         4
THACKER, Circuit Judge:

       In this case, we address petitions seeking review of two federal agency decisions.

The first is the Bureau of Land Management (“BLM”)’s decision granting a right of way

through federal land for construction and operation of a pipeline proposed by Mountain

Valley Pipeline, LLC (“MVP”). The second is the United States Forest Service (“Forest

Service”)’s decision to amend the Jefferson National Forest Land Resource Management

Plan to accommodate the right of way and pipeline construction. Sierra Club, Inc.;

Appalachian Voices; Wild Virginia, Inc.; the Wilderness Society; Preserve Craig, Inc.;

and Save Monroe, Inc. (collectively, “Petitioners”) claim that by these decisions, the

federal agencies violated the National Environmental Policy Act (“NEPA”), the Mineral

Leasing Act (“MLA”), and the National Forest Management Act (“NFMA”).

       After careful review, we conclude that aspects of the Forest Service’s decision fail

to comply with NEPA and the NFMA. As more fully explained below, we grant the

petition challenging the Forest Service’s decision and vacate that decision. We also

conclude that the BLM failed to acknowledge its obligations under the MLA, and

therefore, we also grant the petition challenging the BLM decision and vacate that

decision. We remand to the respective agencies for further proceedings consistent with

this opinion.

                                            5
                                            I.

                                           A.

                             The Pipeline Project and FERC

      MVP plans to construct, operate, and maintain approximately 303.5 miles of new

underground, 42-inch diameter pipeline extending from Wetzel County, West Virginia, to

Pittsylvania County, Virginia. The trench for the pipeline will be at least 54 inches wide

and 5.5 to 9 feet deep. Construction will involve “remov[ing] trees, shrubs, brush, roots,

and large rocks” and will initially require a 75-foot to 125-foot right of way for

construction purposes, and a subsequent 50-foot right of way for at least 30 years to

accommodate the pipeline’s operation. J.A. 102–03, 107. 1

      On October 13, 2017, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (“FERC”)

issued a Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity for MVP’s pipeline project

(“Certificate”). Pursuant to the Natural Gas Act (“NGA”), a natural gas company is not

permitted to undertake construction of a pipeline unless FERC first issues a Certificate

authorizing such construction. See 15 U.S.C. § 717f(c)(1)(A). Before doing so, in most

cases FERC “shall set the matter for hearing and shall give such reasonable notice of the

hearing thereon to all interested persons as in its judgment may be necessary under

[FERC’s] rules and regulations.” Id. § 717f(c)(1)(B). FERC also “shall have the power

to attach to the issuance of the certificate and to the exercise of the rights granted

      1
         Citations to the “J.A.” refer to the Corrected Deferred Joint Appendix filed by
the parties in this appeal.

                                            6
thereunder such reasonable terms and conditions as the public convenience and necessity

may require.” Id. § 717f(e). Petitioners do not challenge FERC’s issuance of the

Certificate in this case.

       FERC was also required to issue an Environmental Impact Statement (“EIS”). 2

Pursuant to NEPA, when a federal agency proposes to take a “major Federal action[]

significantly affecting the quality of the human environment,” the agency must prepare a

detailed EIS describing the likely environmental effects, “adverse environmental effects

which cannot be avoided,” and potential alternatives to the proposal.             42 U.S.C.

§ 4332(C). Multiple agencies may cooperate to issue an EIS, but a “lead agency” is

usually designated. 7 C.F.R. § 3407.11(a). 3 Where an interstate gas pipeline is involved,

FERC acts as the lead NEPA agency. See 15 U.S.C. § 717n(b)(1); see also EarthReports,

Inc. v. FERC, 828 F.3d 949, 953 (D.C. Cir. 2016). Here, the BLM and the Forest Service

served as cooperating agencies and ultimately adopted the EIS.

       2
        The issues in this case concern both the draft EIS and the final EIS. Unless
otherwise noted, the acronym “EIS” in this opinion refers to the final Environmental
Impact Statement issue by FERC.
       3
          This regulation provides, “If more than one Federal agency participates in a
program activity, a lead agency shall be selected . . . . The lead agency, in full
cooperation with all participating agencies, shall assume responsibility for involving the
public . . . and shall prepare the EIS or shall cause the EIS to be prepared . . . .” 7 C.F.R.
§ 3407.11(a).

                                              7
                                              B.

                              The Pipeline Project and the BLM

       It is not enough, however, that FERC issued a Certificate and an EIS. Because

portions of the proposed pipeline route cross federally owned lands, MVP was also

required to obtain rights of way and temporary use permits from the federal government

to construct and operate the pipeline on those lands. The proposed right of way will cross

land managed by two different agencies -- the Forest Service (3.6 miles or approximately

83 acres of the Jefferson National Forest in West Virginia and Virginia) and the Army

Corps of Engineers (60 feet of the Weston and Gauley Bridge Turnpike Trail in Braxton

County, West Virginia) -- which means the Department of the Interior is responsible for

issuing rights of way and attendant permits. See 30 U.S.C. § 185(c)(2) (“Where the

surface of the Federal lands involved is administered by . . . two or more Federal

agencies, the Secretary [of the Interior] is authorized, after consultation with the agencies

involved, to grant or renew rights-of-way or permits through the Federal lands

involved.”). In situations involving oil and gas pipeline rights of way, the Department of

the Interior has delegated that authority to the BLM. See 36 C.F.R. § 251.54(b)(3).

Importantly, the BLM must have the concurrence of the Forest Service and the Army

Corps of Engineers in order to grant the necessary rights of way or permits. See 30

U.S.C. § 185(c)(2); 43 C.F.R. § 2884.26. 4

       4
           The Army Corps of Engineers is not a party to this case.

                                              8
      On December 20, 2017 -- upon review of the pertinent regulations, FERC’s EIS,

and public comments, and with the concurrence of the Forest Service and the Corps of

Engineers -- the BLM issued a Rule of Decision (“ROD”) granting a 30 year, 50-foot

operational right of way and associated temporary use permits across 3.6 miles of the

Jefferson National Forest. The BLM explicitly adopted the EIS and “prepared th[e] ROD

based on information contained” therein. J.A. 574.

                                           C.

                       The Pipeline Project and the Forest Service

      In addition to the Certificate, EIS, and right of way, MVP was also required to

ensure compliance with a Land Resource Management Plan governing the Jefferson

National Forest (the “Jefferson Forest Plan”). Pursuant to the NFMA, any plans, permits,

or contracts for use of the Jefferson National Forest “shall be consistent with” the

Jefferson Forest Plan. 16 U.S.C. § 1604(i). Here, it is undisputed that the pipeline

project, as proposed, is not consistent with certain aspects of that plan. See J.A. 1280

(Forest Service ROD: “[A]mendment [to the Jefferson Forest Plan] is needed because the

MVP Project cannot achieve several Forest Plan standards . . . .”). In such a case, the

Forest Service has four options:

             (1) modify the proposed project to make it consistent with the
             Forest Plan; (2) reject the proposal; (3) amend the Forest Plan
             so that the project would be consistent with the plan as
             amended; or (4) amend the Forest Plan simultaneously with
             the approval of the project so the project would be consistent
             with the plan as amended[.] [Such amendments] may be
             limited to apply only to the project.

                                           9
J.A. 1271 (citing 36 C.F.R. § 219.15(c) (offering these four options if “a proposed project

. . . would not be consistent with the application plan components”)). In its ROD filed on

December 1, 2017, the Forest Service decided it would select option four above and

amend the Jefferson Forest Plan such that the MVP project would be consistent with that

plan, but those amendments would only apply to the MVP project.

                                              D.

                    The Pipeline Project and Review of Agency Decisions

       Petitioners seek review of the BLM and Forest Service RODs, and we possess

jurisdiction to review them pursuant to the Administrative Procedure Act, see 5 U.S.C.

§§ 701–06, and the NGA, see 15 U.S.C. § 717r(d)(1) (“The United States Court of

Appeals for the circuit in which a [natural gas] facility . . . is proposed to be constructed,

expanded, or operated shall have original and exclusive jurisdiction over any civil action

for the review of an order or action of a Federal agency . . . to issue, condition, or deny

any permit, license, concurrence, or approval . . . required under Federal law . . . .”).

                                              II.

       We may “‘hold unlawful and set aside [a federal] agency action’ for certain

specified reasons, including whenever the challenged act is ‘arbitrary, capricious, an

abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with the law.’” Friends of Back Bay

v. U.S. Army Corps of Eng’rs, 681 F.3d 581, 586–87 (4th Cir. 2012) (quoting 5 U.S.C.

§ 706(2)(A)).

                An agency’s decision is arbitrary and capricious if the agency
                relied on factors which Congress has not intended it to
                consider, entirely failed to consider an important aspect of the

                                              10
             problem, offered an explanation for its decision that runs
             counter to the evidence before the agency, or is so
             implausible that it could not be ascribed to a difference in
             view or the product of agency expertise.

Defs. of Wildlife v. N.C. Dep’t of Transp., 762 F.3d 374, 396 (4th Cir. 2014) (quoting

Motor Vehicle Mnfs. Ass’n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983)).

                                           III.

      Petitioners raise a host of alleged violations of NEPA, the NFMA, and the MLA.

We address each of these Acts and alleged violations in turn.

                                           A.

                         The National Environmental Policy Act

      Congress enacted NEPA, in part, “to reduce or eliminate environmental damage.”

Dep’t of Transp. v. Pub. Citizen, 541 U.S. 752, 756 (2004). “NEPA itself does not

mandate particular results in order to accomplish these ends,” but rather, “imposes only

procedural requirements on federal agencies with a particular focus on requiring agencies

to undertake analyses of the environmental impact of their proposals and actions.” Id. at

756–57 (internal quotation marks omitted). NEPA’s procedures require that agencies

“take a hard look at environmental consequences” and “provide for broad dissemination

of relevant environmental information.” Robertson v. Methow Valley Citizens Council,

490 U.S. 332, 350 (1989) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       As explained above, FERC, as lead agency for natural gas pipeline projects,

issued the EIS. Nonetheless, the Forest Service and the BLM may adopt FERC’s EIS,

but only if the EIS “meets the standards for an adequate statement” under pertinent

                                           11
regulations, 40 C.F.R. § 1506.3(a), and only if the agencies undertake “an independent

review of the statement” and determine that their “comments and suggestions have been

satisfied,” id. § 1506.3(c); see also Hughes River Watershed Conservancy v. Glickman,

81 F.3d 437, 445 & n.6 (4th Cir. 1996).

                                             1.

                                Erosion and Sedimentation 5

       We begin with Petitioners’ argument that the Forest Service violated NEPA by

adopting and relying upon the EIS’s analysis of erosion and sedimentation effects in the

Jefferson National Forest. See, e.g., J.A. 1269 (Forest Service ROD “adopt[ing] the

environmental analysis prepared by FERC”); id. at 1274 (“All design features and

mitigation measures described in the []EIS that are applicable to N[ational] F[orest]

S[ervice] land are incorporated by reference into [the ROD].”). Specifically, Petitioners

contend that the “EIS is invalid[.] [It] fails to take the required hard look at impacts

within Jefferson National Forest.” Pet’rs’ Br. 2. 6

       5
         Erosion is defined as the “removal of surface material from the Earth’s crust,
primarily soil and rock debris, and the transportation of the . . . materials by natural
agencies (such as water or wind) from the point of removal.” Erosion, Encyclopaedia
Brittanica: Geology, https://www.britannica.com/science/erosion-geology (enclosed as
PDF attachment). Sedimentation is defined as the “process of deposition of a solid
material,” or sediment, “from a state of suspension or solution in a fluid,” here, the
waters in the vicinity of the Jefferson National Forest. Sedimentation, Encyclopaedia
Brittanica:     Geology,      https://www.britannica.com/science/sedimentation-geology
(enclosed as PDF attachment).
       6
         We decline to address any arguments by Petitioners that seek to challenge
FERC’s actions in composing the EIS. FERC is not a party to this case, and such
challenges are being made elsewhere, via the FERC rehearing process, see FERC-CP 16-
(Continued)
                                             12
                                            a.

                                 The Hydrologic Report

       In assessing the impacts of erosion and sedimentation that would occur as a result

of pipeline construction and operation in the Jefferson National Forest, FERC relied on a

report entitled “Hydrologic Analysis of Sedimentation,” see J.A. 234–36, which was

prepared by MVP and attached to the EIS, see id. at 297–327 (Appendix O–3) (the

“Hydrologic Report”).

      There were three drafts of the Hydrologic Report. The first was completed on

June 7, 2016, and released to the public on July 25, 2016. See J.A. 1311–26. Although

that report observed that pipeline construction in the Jefferson National Forest “has

potential to introduce temporary excess sediment into waterways . . . which may result in

changes to water quality and potentially temporarily impact aquatic biota,” id. at 1313, it

also noted that the results in the analysis “represent[ed] a worst case scenario” because

the first draft did not address erosion and sediment control measures or best management

practices (“BMP”s) that would reduce sedimentation effects, id. at 1324. The Forest

Service promptly filed comments to the first draft on August 16, 2016. One of its main

concerns was that the draft “treats the [sedimentation] disturbance as a single-year

10-000, and in the D.C. Circuit, see Appalachian Voices v. FERC, No. 17-1271 (D.C. Cir.
filed Dec. 22, 2017). In this matter, we address only the arguments that the Forest
Service and the BLM failed to comply with applicable regulations in adopting and
relying upon the EIS.

                                            13
occurrence.” Id. at 1330. It asked MVP to “estimate when (if ever) sediment yields

return to pre-disturbance levels.” Id.

       MVP then submitted a second draft of the Hydrologic Report on March 3, 2017.

See J.A. 297–327. It addressed the Forest Service’s concern and explained that sediment

yields would reach a “new sediment equilibrium” within approximately four to five years

from the start of the project, which for “the majority of streams” would represent one

percent or less increase in sedimentation load over baseline conditions. Id. at 323. But it

also predicted a new sediment equilibrium in excess of 10 percent over baseline for

“several streams within the New River drainage.” Id.

       The second draft also considered BMPs and containment measures such as

sediment basins, traps, and barriers, 7 and it attempted to determine a proper estimate of

reduction in sediment load expected from those measures. It explained that “performance

estimates vary widely among studies with some estimates as low as 55 percent . . . [and

some] as high as 99 percent.” J.A. 310. The second draft of the report also cited to a

2007 study from the Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”), which concluded that

with the use of sediment basins, “annual average sediment reductions ranged from 77 to

93 percent.” Id. The second draft cited still another study, a 2014 Master’s thesis

       7
          Sediment basins and traps “are designed to promote settling of sediment by
reducing flow velocities.” J.A. 310. Sediment barriers, such as silt fences, “are installed
to intercept and detain sediment from disturbed areas and to decrease the velocity of sheet
flows.” Id. at 311. Sheet flow is when water “flow[s] overland as a sheet instead of in
definite channels or rills.”      Sheet erosion, Encyclopaedia Britannica: Geology,
https://www.britannica.com/science/sheet-erosion (enclosed as PDF attachment).

                                            14
examining sediment barriers “evaluated containment at a variety of slopes and rainfall

events and found that overall average projected performance efficiency ranged from 48 to

87 percent with a mean and median of 79 and 86 percent, respectively.” Id. at 311. In

light of this data, the second draft concluded that 79% containment would be a proper

figure to use “to model the benefits of erosion and sediment control practices” expected

for the pipeline project. Id.

       The second draft also grappled with setting a proper exceedance threshold for

impact of sedimentation on waterbodies. Ultimately, it decided to utilize a “commonly

used impact threshold” of 10% “to assess potential changes associated with

sedimentation.” J.A. 314–15. It then delineated streams and downstream waterbodies

within the vicinity of the pipeline route with expected sediment loads or sediment

increases of “10 percent or greater.” Id. at 319, 322. Initially, the Forest Service

expressed concern with this analysis, especially with regard to Threatened and

Endangered Species (“TES”).      At an April 6, 2017 meeting with consultants who

composed the report, Forest Service officials expressed concern that “organisms respond

differently to increases in sedimentation, and a 10% impact threshold to determine when

impacts would occur is likely not relevant.” Id. at 1357–58.

       The Forest Service filed comments to the second draft on April 25, 2017, and

conveyed apprehension with both the 79% and 10% figures. It explained:

            • “Since many of the literature citations [offered in the second
              draft] are laboratory based and proper installation is widely
              understood in the industry to be a limiting factor for
              effectiveness in the field, [79%] is a vast overestimate of
              containment. It is more appropriate to err on the side of the
                                           15
                worst case scenario, rather than the best case. Update the
                analysis to reflect a . . . factor, equal to or less than 48%
                containment.” J.A. 1361.

            • “The commonly used threshold of 10% may be a valid
              assumption for [areas that] meet[] water quality standards or
              do not contain sensitive aquatic biota. However, in
              downstream areas where TES aquatic species are present, it
              is important to further evaluate cumulative impacts less than
              10% increase in sediment load, particularly if construction
              may coincide with low flow conditions. . . . Update the
              analysis to include cumulative effects delineation for Stony
              Creek and Craig Creek [both of which contain TES], and
              track updates (where appropriate) in the tables and figures.”
              J.A. 1362. The Forest Service also explained, “If there are
              impacts to sensitive species the F[orest] S[ervice] must
              analyze the significance of adverse effects on the
              populations, its habitat, and on the viability of the species as
              a whole.” Id.

       After the Forest Service filed these comments, representatives of the Forest

Service and MVP met on May 9, 2017, to discuss the Forest Service’s concerns. During

that meeting, MVP representatives expressed “concern[] that lowering the containment

value from 79% to 48% . . . would have ramifications for the entire project analysis and

would not accurately reflect the work that MVP has already done.” J.A. 1363 (emphasis

supplied). A representative from Environmental Solutions & Innovations, the company

that completed the Hydrologic Report, explained that “the 79% containment figure was

based on a field test thesis paper study,” and thus, was not strictly laboratory based. Id.

       In turn, the Forest Service urged MVP to provide “additional supporting

documentation for how MVP came up with their model assumptions, in particular

containment efficiency.” J.A. 1363. One of the Forest Service officials “stressed” that

                                             16
“good plans aren’t enough and must be bolstered by consistent monitoring and accurate

implementation.” Id. at 1364.

      On June 21, 2017, MVP responded to the Forest Service’s concerns with the

second draft of the Hydrologic Report, and submitted a third and final Hydrologic

Report. See J.A. 1374–81 (response to comments), 1384–1420 (final draft), 1422–37

(appendix with methods used in final analysis). As to the Forest Service’s sedimentation

concerns, MVP sent the Forest Service copies of the following studies: The Performance

Evaluation of Two Silt Fence Geosynthetic Fabrics During and After Rainfall Event, the

2014 Master’s thesis mentioned above by Gregg Steven Dubinski; a turbidity monitoring

study completed by the United States Geological Survey; details regarding site specific

erosion control measures along Craig Creek; and “additional details supporting various

aspects of the analysis.” J.A. 1377–78. It also responded to the Forest Service comments

as follows:

              • The 79% containment value: The studies provided to the
                Forest Service “use both field and laboratory investigations
                . . . to provide a range of efficiencies that are reasonably
                attainable. The 79% containment is not the best-case
                scenario, but rather the mean reported value for both silt
                fences and compost filter socks, two predominant controls
                proposed to be used on the [pipeline right of way].” J.A.
                1378.

              • The 10% sedimentation threshold value: The Hydrologic
                Report “explains that no nationally accepted sedimentation
                standard or exceedance threshold for sediment is available.
                The level of 10 percent was chosen because it was a
                commonly used impact threshold for sediment metrics in a
                review conducted by the [EPA]. Additional detail is
                provided in Section 2.6 of the [Hydrologic Report].” J.A.
                1381. Section 2.6 of the third Hydrologic Report, in turn,
                                            17
                contains a soil loss and sediment delivery analysis, and
                explains that “[f]rom a sensitive-species perspective, a 10
                percent increase over background would likely be within
                the normal variance experienced in a stream system” and
                “natural variation in streams is relatively high”; thus,
                “detecting sediment increases in streams is fairly difficult.”
                Id. at 1405.

      The very next day, June 22, 2017, FERC released the EIS, which incorporated and

relied upon the second draft of the Hydrologic Report. 8 Specifically, the EIS stated the

following:

             • In the commentary process, the Forest Service expressed
               concern “regarding the potential for increased
               sedimentation caused by erosion of exposed soil . . . to
               affect the waterbodies crossed by the [pipeline] within the
               Jefferson National Forest and impact downstream
               resources.” J.A. 234.

             • To address these concerns, MVP “commissioned a
               sedimentation model to assess the extent of sedimentation
               that could occur during construction within [certain]
               subwatersheds that intersect the Jefferson National Forest
               boundaries and the project area.” J.A. 234–35.

             • This “model” resulted in the conclusion that catchments in
               certain subwatersheds “would likely experience increases
               in sediment yield over baseline conditions during
               construction, restoration, and operation.” J.A. 235. Such
               sedimentation “would likely be transported into
               downstream waterbodies.” Id.

             • The model also indicated that “construction could increase
               sedimentation, when accounting for [MVP’s] erosion and
               sediment control methods, by more than 10 percent along
               sections of Craig Creek and [certain other headwater

      8
        The third and final draft of the Hydrologic Report became available on FERC’s
docket on June 30, 2017.

                                            18
                  streams and tributaries, and subwatersheds].” J.A. 235.
                  Impacts on the streams would be “greatest during the
                  active construction phase of the project.” Id.

              • Although the Hydrologic Report suggested that sediment
                loads would reach a “new sediment equilibrium” of one
                percent or less increase in sediment load within
                approximately four to five years, it also predicted “a new
                sediment equilibrium in excess of 10 percent over baseline
                for streams within [two certain] subwatersheds.” J.A.
                235.

       Nearly six months later, the Forest Service issued its ROD, adopting the EIS, and

presumably relying on the third and final Hydrologic Report. Of note, the Forest Service

did not provide any discussion as to how its concerns with regard to the second draft had

been alleviated, and did not explain how the EIS was an adequate statement even though

it relied on the second draft, not the third. The ROD states merely, “Forest Service

hydrology and aquatic biology specialists reviewed the [Hydrologic Report] and . . .

enlisted expertise from local, certified consultants to validate results.” J.A. 1279.

                                              b.

                      Forest Service’s Adoption of the EIS’s Analysis

       The Forest Service may adopt FERC’s EIS only if it undertakes “an independent

review of the [EIS]” and “concludes that its comments and suggestions have been

satisfied.” 40 C.F.R. § 1506.3(c). It must also ensure that the EIS is “adequate” under

NEPA regulations. Id. § 1506.3(a); see also Hughes River Watershed, 81 F.3d at 445 &

n.6. Our responsibility is to “determine whether the [agency] has considered the relevant

factors and articulated a rational connection between the facts found and the choice

made.” Balt. Gas & Elec. Co. v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 462 U.S. 87, 105 (1983).
                                             19
The agency’s decision is arbitrary and capricious if it “entirely failed to consider an

important aspect of the problem” or “offered an explanation for its decision that runs

counter to the evidence before the agency.” Defs. of Wildlife, 762 F.3d at 396 (internal

quotation marks omitted).

                                            i.

                     Independent Review and Comments Satisfied?

      First, we discern no evidence that the Forest Service undertook the required

independent review of the EIS’s sedimentation analysis. Nor can we ascertain how the

Forest Service concluded that its comments had been satisfied, especially after having

expressed such grave concerns about the sedimentation impact and containment figures

presented in the second draft of the Hydrologic Report. The Forest Service suggests the

written comments from MVP after the second draft, and the Forest Service’s ROD

months later, demonstrate that the concerns had been alleviated. See Resp’ts’ Br. 38.

MVP counsel likewise explained at oral argument, “[T]he court can certainly discern the

rationale” for the Forest Service’s ultimate acquiescence to the 79% figure. Oral

Argument at 39:37–40, Sierra Club v. Forest Service, No. 17-2399 (May 8, 2018)

(hereinafter “Oral Argument”); see also Intervenor’s Br. 19.

      But we certainly cannot discern the Forest Service’s rationale because, as MVP

counsel admitted at argument, “[The Forest Service] doesn’t say in the record specifically

that [its proposed 48% figure] is incorrect.” Oral Argument at 39:33–36. Indeed, the

Forest Service expressed nothing but skepticism of the 79% figure for more than three

months. In fact, the Forest Service proposed the 48% figure as a ceiling, rather than a

                                           20
floor or even a desired target, for sediment containment. See J.A. 1361 (proposing a

figure “equal to or less than 48% containment”). Given the circumstances, we simply

cannot conclude that the Forest Service undertook an independent review and determined

that its comments and concerns were satisfied when it shifted from a 48% ceiling to 79%

with absolutely no explanation. See 40 C.F.R. § 1506.3(c). This shift is particularly

concerning in light of MVP’s commentary at the May 9 meeting that using the 48%

figure would have “ramifications for the entire project analysis.” Id. at 1363. MVP’s

counsel attempted to curb this statement at argument. See Oral Argument at 35:55–36:01

(The “ramifications . . . would be to challenge basic practice for dealing with construction

related impacts.”). But a more logical way to interpret the statement is that MVP was

troubled that using the 48% figure would undercut other studies and numbers supporting

the project, causing the entire project to fail or be delayed.

       Moreover, MVP’s June 21, 2017 comments do not support the Forest Service’s

change in position. For example, in response to concerns about the 79% containment

figure, MVP states that the figure “is not the best-case scenario, but rather the mean

reported value for both silt fences and compost filter socks, two predominant controls

proposed to be used on the [pipeline right of way].” J.A. 1384. Significantly, the Forest

Service already knew this. See id. at 311 (second draft of Hydrologic Report: “Th[e]

[79%] value is chosen because it is the mean reported value for both silt fences and

compost filter socks.”). In response to both the 79% figure and the 10% sedimentation

impact threshold, MVP’s June 21 comments list the Dubinski thesis, one government

turbidity study, “details” about erosion control on Craig Creek, and “additional support”

                                              21
that MVP provided to the Forest Service to further explain its rationale. Id. at 1368–69,

1372. But critically, the Forest Service ROD does not explain how these materials

support the metrics used in the Hydrologic Report, or how they assuage the Forest

Service’s earlier concerns about TES in the above-threshold subwatersheds.

       As to the 10% figure for sediment increase above baseline measures, the EIS

explains that even when “accounting for [MVP’s] erosion and sediment control

methods,” construction could increase sedimentation “by more than 10 percent along

sections of Craig Creek and [other certain headwater streams, tributaries, and

subwatersheds].” J.A. 235 (emphasis supplied). The EIS also explains that “a new

sediment equilibrium in excess of 10 percent over baseline for streams within [two

certain] subwatersheds” would occur as a result of the project. Id. (emphasis supplied).

Yet the Forest Service does not address these points in adopting the EIS, even though it

earlier explained that (1) “organisms respond differently to increases in sedimentation,

and a 10% impact threshold to determine when impacts would occur is likely not

relevant,” id. at 1357–58; and (2) if increase in sediment load leads to “impacts to

sensitive species,” the Forest Service “must analyze the significance of adverse effects on

the populations, its habitat, and on the viability of the species as a whole,” id. at 1362.

Indeed, the Forest Service asked MVP to further evaluate the impacts on TES of less than

10% over the sedimentation baseline, but in response, MVP simply stated that a 10%

increase “would likely be within the normal variance experienced in a stream system,”

and “detecting sediment increases in streams is fairly difficult.” J.A. 1405.

                                            22
                                            ii.

                              Remand to the Forest Service

      Pursuant to NEPA, we conclude the Forest Service acted arbitrarily and

capriciously in adopting the sedimentation analysis in the EIS. It did not “articulate[] a

rational connection between the facts found and the choice made.” Balt. Gas & Elec.,

462 U.S. at 105. By MVP counsel’s own admission, there is no statement in the ROD

explaining the Forest Service’s abandonment of its earlier concerns. See Oral Argument

at 39:33–36 (“[The Forest Service] doesn’t say in the record specifically that [its

proposed 48% figure] is incorrect.”). Its decision also “runs counter to the evidence

before the agency.” Defs. of Wildlife, 762 F.3d at 396 (internal quotation marks omitted).

Leading up to the filing of the EIS, the Forest Service expressed steadfast concerns about

the figures proposed by the Hydrologic Report. But it is not clear whether and how

MVP’s comments and the studies and reports it provided to the Forest Service alleviated

those concerns. Finally, FERC incorporated the second draft of the Hydrologic Report in

the EIS, even though the third and final draft was issued the previous day. There is also

no indication FERC considered the third draft at all, yet the Forest Service adopted the

EIS anyway.

      Upon remand, the Forest Service should explain its assent to the 79% and 10%

figures, and also explain how the EIS took a “hard look” at the sedimentation issues

discussed here considering its reliance on a superseded report with which the Forest

Service had grave concerns. If supplemental analysis is needed, i.e., regarding the effect

of aquatic TES, the agency should perform that analysis as well.

                                           23
                                             2.

                                      Forest Effects

       Petitioners also contend that the BLM and Forest Service violated NEPA because,

in adopting the EIS, they did not consider the impact on the forests in considering

alternative routes and plans. For example, they argue the BLM and the Forest Service

did not consider whether the core forests through which the right of way passes would

still be part of a contiguous forest patch, or whether alternative routes “would reduce

visual or scenic impacts.” Pet’rs’ Br. 40. They claim “[m]ore nuanced analyses could

have addressed other elements of forest quality, such as the shape or ‘depth’ of forest

patches.” Id. at 36. Thus, Petitioners contend the BLM and Forest Service did not

recognize that the EIS “fails to justify its conclusion” that none of the alternative routes

offers a significant environmental advantage. Id. at 43.

       We conclude that Petitioners have not met their “demanding burden” on this issue.

Almy v. Sebelius, 679 F.3d 297, 307 (4th Cir. 2012). NEPA requires that agencies

reasonably evaluate a right of way’s impacts on forests and “candidly acknowledge[] its

risks.” Webster v. U.S. Dep’t of Agric., 685 F.3d 411, 429 (4th Cir. 2012). “It is of

course always possible to explore a subject more deeply and to discuss it more

thoroughly.” Coal. on Sensible Transp., Inc. v. Dole, 826 F.2d 60, 66 (D.C. Cir. 1987).

The BLM and the Forest Service, through their respective RODs, sufficiently explained

their methodology and identified the competing factors they weighed in reaching their

conclusion. They also considered viable alternatives and explained why they are not

appropriate.

                                            24
       The agencies likewise did not “entirely fail[] to consider an important aspect of the

problem.” Defs. of Wildlife, 762 F.3d at 396. The EIS indicated that the proposed right

of way would transform approximately 336 acres of adjacent “interior forest” habitat into

“forest edge” habitat. 9 J.A. 210. The EIS noted that interior forest “has a higher habitat

value for some wildlife species, and is generally considered rarer than forest edges which

have lower habitat value for many species and can be created immediately with

disturbance.” Id. at 195. It also discussed the pipeline’s potential to fragment interior

forests. See id. at 224–26. A diagram in the EIS also demonstrates that the proposed

right of way would transect three core forests that Virginia has rated as having

“outstanding” or “very high” ecological value. Id. at 199.

       The EIS and the BLM’s ROD also discuss four alternatives to the proposed

pipeline route, and they specifically address the impact on forest fragmentation. For

example, Alternative 1, which would be collocated with existing electrical transmission

lines for around 70 more miles than the proposed route, also “crosses 1.9 fewer miles of

[National Forest Service] lands, . . . and would impact less interior forest” compared to

the proposed route. J.A. 604. However, it would also be 20 miles longer, “potentially

disturbing 336 more acres, and 90 more parcels.” Id. Hybrid Alternative 1A, which

would cross the forest in a different location, would “be substantially collocated with

various overhead electric transmission lines,” and would cross 1.8 fewer miles of the

       9
        “Interior forest” is defined in the EIS as “forested areas greater than 300 feet
from the influence of forest edges or open habitat.” J.A. 195.

                                            25
Jefferson National Forest and five fewer miles with landslide potential. But it would also

increase the length of the pipeline by six miles, affect 28 more landowners, and cross 22

more perennial streams and two more major waterbodies. Id. Hybrid Alternative 1B

would reduce impacts on interior forests, but would increase the length of the pipeline by

almost 15 miles and increase the “overall project disturbance.” Id. at 605. And the

Atlantic Coast Pipeline Collocation Alternative, which would involve the installation of

the MVP pipeline adjacent to the proposed pipeline route for the Atlantic Coast pipeline

project, would affect less interior and old growth forest compared to the proposed route.

But that option would cross 15.6 more miles of Forest Service land, and in many areas,

there is insufficient space to run the pipelines beside each other, so construction would

require side slope construction techniques and additional acres of disturbance. The EIS

also discussed how collocation is desirable because it reduces forest fragmentation. See

id. at 225 (explaining that collocating the pipeline with an existing right of way “reduces

the amount of fragmentation and new edges by shifting the existing forest edge as

opposed to creating a completely new corridor”).

       As for visual impact, the agencies considered this as well, including “potential

visual impacts . . . both at the [Appalachian Trail] crossing location and from more

distant viewpoints.”   J.A. 152. The EIS acknowledged, however, that a “buffer of

undisturbed forest on either side of the trail . . . would substantially reduce visual

impacts.” Id. at 153. The EIS also recognized “[o]ther visual effects could result from

the removal of large individual trees that have intrinsic aesthetic value.” Id. at 259. But

                                            26
it also explained measures for ‘minimizing visual effects” and “reducing long-term

impacts of the permanent right-of-way.” Id. at 271.

       In sum, perhaps the agencies’ analysis could have been more “nuanced,” but the

agencies did not “entirely fail[] to consider an important aspect of the problem,” and their

decision was not “implausible.” Defs. of Wildlife., 762 F.3d at 396. We thus defer to the

agencies’ conclusions on the issue of forest effects.

                                             3.

                                   Meaningful Analysis

       As explained above, an agency may only adopt an EIS if it “meets the standards

for an adequate [EIS]” under NEPA regulations. 40 C.F.R. § 1506.3(a). One applicable

regulation applies to Draft Environmental Impact Statements (“DEIS”) and provides:

              If a [DEIS] is so inadequate as to preclude meaningful
              analysis, the agency shall prepare and circulate a revised draft
              of the appropriate portion. The agency shall make every
              effort to disclose and discuss at appropriate points in the
              [DEIS] all major points of view on the environmental impacts
              of the alternatives, including the proposed action.

40 C.F.R. § 1502.9(a) (emphasis supplied).          In addition, “[n]o material may be

incorporated by reference unless it is reasonably available for inspection by potentially

interested persons within the time allowed for comment.” Id. § 1502.21. Petitioners

contend that the DEIS precluded meaningful comment because (1) it failed to address the

efficacy of MVP’s Erosion and Sediment Control Plan (the “Control Plan”); (2) its

description of the project’s purpose and need precluded meaningful analysis; (3) it did

not adequately analyze or weigh impacts on forests. See Pet’rs’ Br. 25–29. Therefore,

                                             27
Petitioners’ claim, the agencies should not have adopted the EIS. We reject each of these

arguments.

                                             a.

                                    Time for Comment

       First, a DEIS must not be “so inadequate as to preclude meaningful analysis,” and

any referenced material should be made available “within the time allowed for

comment.” 40 C.F.R. §§ 1502.9(a), 1502.21. The Control Plan was publicly available on

the FERC docket during the DEIS comment period. Indeed, Petitioners filed six pages of

comments on sedimentation issues at the DEIS stage, including a critique of the Control

Plan itself. Petitioners have not demonstrated that “omissions in the DEIS left the public

unable to make known its environmental concerns about the project’s impact.” Nat’l

Comm. for the New River v. FERC, 373 F.3d 1323, 1329 (D.C. Cir. 2004).

                                             b.

                                     Project’s Purpose

       Second, a DEIS “shall briefly specify the underlying purpose and need to which

the agency is responding in proposing alternatives including the proposed action.” 40

C.F.R. § 1502.13. We have explained, “The statement of a project’s purpose and need is

left to the agency’s expertise and discretion, and we defer to the agency if the statement is

reasonable.” All. for Legal Action v. F.A.A., 69 F. App’x 617, 622 (4th Cir. 2003) (per

curiam) (citing Friends of Se.’s Future v. Morrison, 153 F.3d 1059, 1066–67 (9th Cir.

1998)). We further explained that we should consider “the nature of the proposed federal

action” informed by “the project sponsor’s goals,” as well as “the goals that Congress has

                                             28
set for the agency.” Id. On the flip side, “a purpose is unreasonable when the agency

defines it so narrowly as to allow only one alternative from among the environmentally

benign ones in the agency’s power, such that the EIS becomes essentially a foreordained

formality.” Webster, 685 F.3d at 422 (internal quotation marks omitted). It may also be

unreasonable “if the agency draws [the purpose] so broadly that an infinite number of

alternatives would accomplish” the project’s goals.         Id. (internal quotation marks

omitted).

       Here, the DEIS explained:

              In general, as described by the Applicants, the purpose of . . .
              the MVP . . . is to transport natural gas produced in the
              Appalachian Basin to markets in the Northeast, Mid-Atlantic,
              and Southeastern United States. Specifically, the MVP would
              deliver the identified gas volumes (2 Bcf/d) to five contracted
              shippers via a pooling point at Transco Station 165 in
              Pittsylvania County, Virginia . . . .

J.A. 4. It is not clear whether Petitioners are arguing that this statement is too narrow or

too broad.    Nonetheless, we conclude the statement allows for a wide range of

alternatives but is narrow enough (i.e., it explains where the gas must come from, where

it will go, how much it would deliver) that there are not an infinite number of

alternatives. It also reflects the goals Congress set forth in the Natural Gas Act, which

bestows upon FERC the “power to perform any and all acts . . . to carry out the

provisions of” the NGA in the transportation of natural gas in interstate commerce. 15

U.S.C. § 717o; see also id. § 717(b). Although Petitioners would like more detail,

specifically about the precise final destination of the gas transported through the pipeline,

                                             29
they have not sufficiently explained how the absence of that detail precluded meaningful

analysis of the DEIS.

                                            c.

                                Opportunity to Respond

       Third, Petitioners also believe the DEIS did not adequately analyze or weigh

impacts on forests, and they lacked a meaningful opportunity to respond to an impacts

analysis. However, the DEIS does discuss the project’s potential to convert interior

forest to edge forest and to fragment interior forests. See, e.g., J.A. 3, 38–44, 47–49.

Indeed, Petitioners and others submitted detailed comments on these edge effects and

fragmentation. See, e.g., id. at 471–75. Clearly, then, there was an opportunity for

meaningful comment and review, and Petitioners took advantage of it.

                                            4.

                                      Alternatives

       Petitioners’ next NEPA argument is that the Forest Service’s ROD is deficient

because it does not discuss all alternatives examined in FERC’s EIS.           Rather, it

“unlawfully limited its analysis to only two alternatives: MVP’s proposal and the ‘no

action’ alternative.” Pet’rs’ Br. 60 (citing J.A. 1291). Petitioners claim “[t]his cabined

analysis violates the Forest Service’s obligation to ‘rigorously explore and objectively

evaluate all reasonable alternatives.’” Id. at 60–61 (quoting 40 C.F.R. § 1502.14(a))

(emphasis in brief).

       NEPA regulations require that a ROD “[i]dentify all alternatives considered by the

agency in reaching its decision, specifying the alternative or alternatives which were

                                           30
considered to be environmentally preferable.” 40 C.F.R. § 1505.2(b).       The EIS shall

“[r]igorously explore and objectively evaluate all reasonable alternatives,” and “[d]evote

substantial treatment to each alternative considered in detail including the proposed

action so that reviewers may evaluate their comparative merits.” Id. § 1502.14(a), (b).

Here, while the Forest Service ROD does not have a separate section addressing

alternatives, it nonetheless adopts the EIS’s conclusion that the “proposed route

minimizes the totality of impacts across federal and non-federal lands,” J.A. 1288, and

“[t]he alternatives and variations considered were either not technically feasible or did

not result in significant environmental advantage over the corresponding proposed route,”

id. at 1289.

       NEPA regulations require the EIS -- not the ROD -- to “[r]igorously explore and

objectively evaluate all reasonable alternatives” to the proposed action.      40 C.F.R.

§ 1502.14(a). Therefore, the Forest Service did not act arbitrarily in failing to tick

through each alternative and the reasons for rejecting them. By adopting the EIS and

rendering its decision, it sufficiently “identified” all alternatives considered and

“specified” that the preferred route was environmentally preferable. Id.. § 1505.2(b). In

the end, the Forest Service was tasked with determining whether to amend its Forest Plan,

and whether to join in the BLM’s decision to grant a right of way. It was not tasked with

approving the project as a whole -- nor could it be under the Natural Gas Act. Therefore,

this argument fails.

       Petitioners also contend that the Forest Service and the BLM acted arbitrarily by

“conclud[ing] that the no action alternative would not offer environmental benefits.”

                                           31
Pet’rs’ Br. 63. But the premise underlying this argument is false. In fact, the EIS

acknowledges that “[c]ompared to the proposed action, the no action alternative would

offer a significant environmental advantage.” J.A. 116 (emphasis supplied). We reject

this argument as well.

                                           B.

                          The National Forest Management Act

       We turn next to Petitioners’ arguments under the NFMA. This Act “establishes a

two-step procedure for managing National Forest System lands.” Am. Wild Horse Pres.

Campaign v. Perdue, 873 F.3d 914, 919 (D.C. Cir. 2017). First, the Forest Service must

“develop, maintain, and, as appropriate, revise [Forest Plans],” which provide a

framework for where and how certain activities can occur in national forests. Id. (quoting

16 U.S.C. § 1604(a)); see also Sierra Club v. Robertson, 28 F.3d 753, 758 (8th Cir.

1994). Second, the Forest Service must “ensure that all ‘[r]esource plans and permits,

contracts, and other instruments for the use and occupancy of National Forest System

lands’ . . . are ‘consistent with the Forest Plans.’” Id. (quoting 16 U.S.C. § 1604(i))

(alteration omitted).

       The NFMA also provides a process for developing, revising, and amending Forest

Plans. It charges the Department of Agriculture with promulgating guidelines for Forest

Plans, which should, inter alia, “insure consideration of the economic and environmental

aspects of various systems of renewable resource management,” and “provide for

diversity of plant and animal communities based on the suitability and capability of the

specific land area.” 16 U.S.C. § 1604(g)(3)(A)–(B).

                                           32
                                             1.

                                  The 2012 Planning Rule

         Under the authority bestowed by the NFMA, the Forest Service has promulgated

regulations for all Forest Plans. See 36 C.F.R. § 200.3(b) (Secretary of Agriculture

delegating authority under the NFMA to the Forest Service). In 2012, the Forest Service

issued the regulations at the heart of this appeal. See Nat’l Forest Sys. Land Mgmt.

Planning, 77 Fed. Reg. 21162 (April 9, 2012) (the “2012 Planning Rule”). The 2012

Planning Rule allows forest plans to be amended “at any time.” 36 C.F.R. § 219.13(a).

When promulgated, the 2012 Planning Rule stated that amendments to forest plans

should occur “consistent with the Forest Service NEPA procedures.” Id. § 219.13(b)(3)

(2012). But it did not elaborate further, which led to “confusion about how responsible

officials should apply the substantive requirements for sustainability, diversity, multiple

use and timber set forth in [the 2012 Planning Rule] when amending [earlier] plans.”

Nat’l Forest Sys. Land Mgmt. Planning, 81 Fed. Reg. 70373-01, at 70374–75 (Oct. 12,

2016).

         To resolve this confusion, the Forest Service further revised portions of the 2012

Planning Rule in 2016 (the “2016 Revisions”). 10        Specifically, the 2016 Revisions

provide that the Forest Service “shall . . . [d]etermine which specific substantive

requirement(s) within §§ 219.8 through 219.11 are directly related to the plan direction

         10
          The 2016 Revision took effect Jan. 17, 2017, after initiation of the proceedings
at issue here. The Forest Service agrees that its final decision was required to comply
with the revised rule. See J.A. 1272.

                                             33
being added, modified, or removed by the amendment,” and then “apply such

requirement(s) within the scope and scale of the amendment.” 36 C.F.R. § 219.13(b)(5)

(emphasis supplied). Conversely, “[t]he responsible official is not required to apply any

substantive requirements within §§ 219.8 through 219.11 that are not directly related to

the amendment.” Id. (emphasis supplied).

       Thus, the issue we consider here turns on whether the requirements in the 2012

Planning Rule are directly related to the instant Forest Service amendments to the

Jefferson Forest Plan.

                                                2.

                            The Jefferson Forest Plan Amendments

       In its ROD, the Forest Service explained that it decided to amend the Jefferson

Forest Plan standards, but only for the limited purpose of construction and operation of

the MVP pipeline. It made amendments in five categories to accommodate the project:

(1) utility corridors; (2) soil and riparian; (3) old growth management; (4) Appalachian

Trail area; (5) and scenic integrity. 11 See J.A. 1274–76. For example, following is an

amendment set forth in the Forest Service ROD, with the bold language applicable only

for purposes of the MVP pipeline project:

                Standard FW-5: On all soils dedicated to growing vegetation,
                the organic layers, topsoil and root mat will be left in place
                over at least 85% of the activity area and revegetation is
                accomplished within 5 years, with the exception of the
                operational right-of-way and the construction zone for the

       11
            Petitioners only challenge the soil and riparian category on this issue.

                                               34
               Mountain Valley Pipeline, for which the applicable [MVP
               proposed] mitigation measures . . . must be implemented.

Id. at 1274. There are similar Forest Plan standards from which the MVP project is

exempt, including: (1) no heavy equipment can be used on plastic soils when the water

table is within 12 inches of the surface or when soil moisture exceeds the plastic limit;12

(2) heavy equipment is operated so that soil indentations, ruts, or furrows are aligned on

the contour, and the slope of such indentations is 5% or less; (3) management activities

expose no more than 10% mineral soil in the channeled ephemeral zone; 13 (4)

management activities expose no more than 10% mineral soil within the project area

riparian corridor. 14

       12
          Plastic soils are soils that exhibit plastic properties and “will deform without
shearing (typically silts or clays).” Plastic Soil, Vocabulary Catalog, Environ. Prot.
Agency, https://iaspub.epa.gov/sor_internet/registry/termreg/searchandretrieve/glossaries
andkeywordlists/search.do?details=&vocabName=UST%20Technical%20Terms, Page 5
of 7 (enclosed as PDF attachment).
       13
          An ephemeral stream “has flowing water only during, and for a short duration
after, precipitation events in a typical year. Ephemeral stream beds are located above the
water table year-round. Groundwater is not a source of water for the stream. Runoff
from rainfall is the primary source of water for stream flow.” Ephemeral Stream,
Glossary, Environ. Prot. Agency, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-
02/documents/realestate_glossary.pdf (enclosed as PDF attachment).
       14
          Riparian areas are “lands adjacent to streams, lakes, and estuarine-marine
shorelines. Riparian areas are transitional between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems,
through which surface and subsurface hydrology connects water bodies with their
adjacent     uplands.”         Riparian,    Glossary,     Environ.     Prot.     Agency,
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-02/documents/realestate_glossary.pdf
(enclosed as PDF attachment). A riparian corridor, on the other hand, is a Forest Service
designated prescription area that includes the area in and around water, including the
highest water mark and around the perimeter of the water source. See Forest Service,
(Continued)
                                            35
                                           3.

                                  “Directly Related”

      Having set forth the amendments to the Jefferson Forest Plan, we must now look

to whether the 2012 Planning Rule substantive requirements are “directly related” to the

plan direction added or modified by those amendments. 36 C.F.R. § 219.13(b)(5).

                                           a.

                                    Proper Analysis

        In undertaking the “directly related” analysis, an agency’s “determination must

be based on the purpose for the amendment and the effects (beneficial or adverse) of the

amendment, and informed by the best available scientific information, scoping, effects

analysis, monitoring data or other rationale.” 36 C.F.R. § 219.13(b)(5)(ii) (emphasis

supplied). In the ROD, the Forest Service states that some 2012 Planning Rule soil and

riparian substantive requirements are “relevant to th[e] [Jefferson Forest Plan]

amendment”: for example, soil and soil productivity; water resources in the plan area;

ecological integrity of riparian areas. J.A. 1287 (emphasis supplied). But it nonetheless

concludes they were not “directly related” to the Planning Rule because, with proposed

mitigation measures in the plan of development and project design, which “will minimize

adverse environmental impacts to soils and water resources and riparian areas,” the

amendment will not cause “substantial adverse effects” or “a substantial lessening of

Definition of Riparian Corridor, https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/
stelprd3834599.pdf (enclosed as PDF attachment).

                                           36
protections” to soil and water. Id.

       With regard to the directly related analysis, the Department of Agriculture itself

has explained, “When a specific substantive requirement is associated with either the

purpose for the amendment or the effects (beneficial or adverse) of the amendment, the

responsible official must apply that requirement to the amendment.” Nat’l Forest Sys.

Land Mgmt. Planning, 81 Fed. Reg. 90723-01, 90731 (Dec. 15, 2016) (emphasis

supplied).    We conclude that the only way to read this statement, along with

§ 219.13(b)(5)(ii), is to require the agency to look to both the purpose and effect of the

amendment, and if the substantive requirement at issue (i.e., soil, water) is based upon or

associated with either one, it is directly related.

       In its ROD here, however, the Forest Service failed to analyze the purpose of the

amendment. Instead, it only analyzed the effects of the amendment. This is an improper

interpretation of a decidedly unambiguous regulation -- one that, as noted directly above,

the Department of Agriculture had already interpreted to the contrary -- and thus, the

Forest Service analysis here is entitled to no deference. See Auer v. Robbins, 519 U.S.

452, 461 (1997) (review of agency’s interpretation of its own regulation “controlling

unless plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the regulation” (internal quotation marks

omitted)); see also Ohio Valley Envtl. Coal. v. Aracoma Coal Co., 556 F.3d 177, 193 (4th

Cir. 2009) (“In applying . . . Auer deference . . . we must first determine whether the

regulation itself is unambiguous; if so, its plain language controls.” (internal quotation

marks omitted)).

                                               37
                                              b.

                                Purpose of the Amendment

       Thus, we look to the purpose of the amendment, which is determined by “the need

to change the plan.” 36 C.F.R. § 219.13(b)(1); see also 81 Fed. Reg. at 90,731. A

“responsible official” is required to identify that need, 36 C.F.R. § 219.13(b), and the

record is clear that the Forest Service has already done this.          The Forest Service

admittedly needed to change the Forest Plan because the MVP project could not meet its

requirements otherwise. See J.A. 1280 (“The amendment [to the Forest Plan] is needed

because the MVP Project cannot achieve several Forest Plan standards that are intended

to protect soil, water, [and] riparian . . . resources.” (emphasis supplied)). Of note,

elsewhere in the ROD, the Forest Service characterizes the purpose of the amendment as

“ensur[ing] consistency between provisions of the Forest Plan and the proposal to

construct, operate, and maintain [the pipeline] on National Forest System land.” J.A.

1284. But there would be no need to “ensure consistency” if the Forest Plan need not be

amended in the first place. Thus, the clear purpose of the amendment is to lessen

requirements protecting soil and riparian resources so that the pipeline project could meet

those requirements.

       Having determined the purpose of the amendment, it is clear the Planning Rule

sets forth substantive requirements directly related to that purpose: “soil and soil

productivity”   (36    C.F.R.    §   219.8(a)(2)(ii));   “water   resources”    (36    C.F.R.

§ 219.8(a)(2)(iv)); “the ecological integrity of riparian areas” (36 C.F.R. § 219.8(a)(3)(i)).

Therefore, there is no question that the 2012 Planning Rule requirements for soil, water,

                                             38
and riparian resources are directly related to the purpose of the Forest Plan amendment.

The Forest Service acted arbitrarily and capriciously in concluding otherwise.

                                            c.

                              Remand to the Forest Service

      Because the soil and riparian Planning Rule requirements are directly related to

the amendments to the Jefferson Forest Plan, the agency is required to “apply [those]

requirement[s] within the scope and scale of the amendment.” 36 C.F.R. § 219.13(b)(5).

At base, this means that the Forest Service is required to ensure that amendments to the

soil and riparian standards in the Jefferson Forest Plan will comply with the NFMA and

attendant regulations. The Forest Service claims this would be an exercise in futility, as

the record already demonstrates that the mitigation measures proposed by MVP and

agreed upon by FERC and the other agencies will ensure that there will be no substantial

adverse effects to soil and water.     However, as explained in our analysis of the

Hydrologic Report, supra, the record does not support such a conclusion as a matter of

law. We therefore remand to the Forest Service for proper application of the Planning

Rule soil and riparian requirements to the Forest Plan amendment.

                                           C.

                                The Mineral Leasing Act

      Finally, we turn to Petitioners’ argument that the BLM violated the MLA in its

grant of the 3.6 mile right of way across federal land. The Natural Gas Act gives FERC

the authority over construction and operation of interstate gas pipelines, but it does not

limit or modify other agencies’ authority or obligations. The MLA regulates the location

                                           39
of interstate pipelines across most federal lands. See 30 U.S.C. § 185(a). This includes

approving rights of way and easements for the siting of those pipelines. The BLM

implements the right of way program to “[p]rotect[] the natural resources associated with

Federal lands”; “[p]revent[] unnecessary or undue degradation to public lands”; and

“[p]romote[] the use of rights-of-way in common.” 43 C.F.R. § 2881.2(a)–(c).

                                            1.

                                       Practicality

       The MLA provides, “In order to minimize adverse environmental impacts and the

proliferation of separate rights-of-way across Federal lands, the utilization of rights-of-

way in common shall be required to the extent practical.” 30 U.S.C. § 185(p) (emphasis

supplied). Petitioners contend the BLM violated its obligations because it “failed to

demonstrate that alternatives that would make greater use of existing rights-of-way were

impractical.” Pet’rs’ Br. 45 (emphasis supplied). We agree. Whereas the BLM’s ROD

adopted and incorporated the EIS’s NEPA alternatives analysis on this issue, it

nonetheless failed to recognize that the MLA imposes a higher and more specific bar.

      The EIS “evaluate[d] a range of reasonable alternatives, as required by NEPA,”

explaining, “The purpose of this evaluation is to determine whether an alternative would

be preferable to the proposed action.” J.A. 113–14 (emphasis supplied). The EIS used

the following criteria in considering whether an alternative was “preferable”: (1) whether

it met “the stated purpose of the project”; (2) whether it was “technically and

economically feasible and practical”; and (3) whether it “offer[ed] a significant

environmental advantage over [the] proposed action.” Id. at 114. Importantly, the EIS

                                            40
explained, “Ultimately, an alternative that results in equal or minor advantages in terms

of environmental impact would not compel [FERC] to shift the impacts from the [set of

landowners set to be affected by the proposed route] to a new set of landowners.” Id.

       Using this criteria, the EIS discussed alternative routes.       For example, the

Columbia Gas of Virginia (“CGV”) Peters Mountain Variation would “follow existing

rights-of-way . . . cross[ing] approximately 0.8 mile[s] of the Jefferson National Forest.”

J.A. 149. However, the EIS also explained that this route “would be about 9 miles longer

than the comparable portion of the proposed route, and would result in approximately 136

additional acres of construction disturbance.” Id. at 151. Thus, the EIS concluded that

the CGV alternative route “does not offer a significant environmental advantage when

compared to the corresponding proposed route.” Id. at 152 (emphasis supplied). The

BLM’s ROD, like the EIS, considered whether alternatives “offer[ed] a significant

environmental advantage over the proposed pipeline route.” Id. at 603; see also id. at

607.   Nowhere, however, does the BLM recognize the MLA’s direction that the

utilization of rights of way in common “shall be required to the extent practical.” 30

U.S.C. § 185(p).

       However, the BLM contends that its analysis is sufficient, explaining, “The

comparative analysis in the EIS showed that alternative National Forest crossings along

existing rights-of-way posed greater practical difficulties without yielding a significant

environmental advantage.” Resp’ts’ Br. 16. Thus, by incorporating and adopting the

EIS, the BLM fulfilled its statutory duty to utilize existing rights of way when practical.

The BLM also argues it has wide discretion to decide, on a case-by-case basis, which

                                            41
alternatives are practical. As support for its interpretation, it points to a BLM regulation

providing that the agency “may . . . restrict new grants to existing right of way corridors

where safety and other considerations allow.”        43 C.F.R. § 2882.10(b) (emphases

supplied).     And as set forth in the EIS, with regard to alternatives, other factors

outweighed the environmental benefits of utilizing existing rights of way.

       We disagree with the BLM’s analysis. The agency “entirely failed to consider an

important aspect of the problem.” Defs. of Wildlife, 762 F.3d at 396. It never decided

that the utilization of an existing right of way would be impractical. Indeed, it never

even purported to do so. Had the BLM done so, its analysis -- rather than favoring the

proposed route by rejecting alternatives unless they were substantially better -- would

have favored routes utilizing existing rights of way unless those alternatives were

impractical.

       Although the BLM did not make a practicability finding, we are not authorized to

step in and do so on behalf of the agency, nor may we predict how the agency might have

made such a finding. See Michigan v. EPA, 135 S. Ct. 2699, 2710 (2015) (“[A] court

may uphold agency action only on the grounds that the agency invoked when it took the

action.” (citing SEC v. Chenery Corp., 318 U.S. 80, 87 (1943))). We thus vacate the

BLM’s decision and remand for consideration of the MLA’s preference for utilizing

existing rights of way.

                                            42
                                               2.

                                          Feasibility

       The MLA also requires the BLM to ensure that “activities in connection with the

right-of-way or permit” comply with “facility siting standards established by or pursuant

to law.” 30 U.S.C. § 185(h)(2)(B). Petitioners state that one such facility siting standard

is set forth in the Jefferson Forest Plan and requires that “[w]hen feasible, expansion of

existing corridors and sites is preferable to designating new sites.” Standard FW-247,

J.A. 1238.

       Petitioners read this standard as creating an obligation upon the BLM to

demonstrate that collocation with existing rights of way is infeasible. But the siting

standard does not appear to apply to the ROD’s determination of the proper route for a

right of way. Rather, it dictates that the right of way grant would “ensure that activities

in connection with” the right of way abide by siting standards.                 See 43 C.F.R.

§ 2885.11(b)(9)(ii) (providing that applicants who receive a right of way grant from the

BLM must, “[d]uring construction, operation, maintenance, and termination of the

project,” “[e]nsure that activities in connection with the grant . . . comply with . . . facility

siting standards”); see also J.A. 572 (BLM ROD stating that approval of the right of way

is “subject to terms, conditions, stipulations, and environmental protection measures”

developed by the Forest Service, which would include the Jefferson Forest Plan).

Accordingly, the BLM is not required to show that siting alternatives are infeasible under

the MLA.

                                               43
                                           IV.

      MVP’s proposed project would be the largest pipeline of its kind to cross the

Jefferson National Forest. American citizens understandably place their trust in the

Forest Service to protect and preserve this country’s forests, and they deserve more than

silent acquiescence to a pipeline company’s justification for upending large swaths of

national forestlands. Citizens also trust in the Bureau of Land Management to prevent

undue degradation to public lands by following the dictates of the MLA.

      As a result, for the reasons set forth herein, we grant the petition for review of the

Forest Service Rule of Decision and vacate that decision. We also grant the petition for

review of the BLM’s Rule of Decision and vacate that decision. We remand to the

respective agencies for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                                  PETITIONS FOR REVIEW GRANTED,
                                                         VACATED AND REMANDED

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