Court Opinion

ID: 49780
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-26 00:36:15+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:42.775551
License: Public Domain

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT            FILED
                      ________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                         ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                            No. 06-10896                    JULY 21, 2006
                        Non-Argument Calendar             THOMAS K. KAHN
                                                               CLERK
                      ________________________

                 D. C. Docket No. 05-00087-CR-3-RV-001

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                   Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                  versus

RODRIGO ULLO MARTINEZ,
a.k.a. Chino,
a.k.a. Rodrigo Martinez-Ulloa,
JUAN LUIS NIEVES-VILLAREAL,

                                                   Defendants-Appellants.

                      ________________________

               Appeals from the United States District Court
                   for the Northern District of Florida
                     _________________________

                            (July 21, 2006)

Before BLACK, BARKETT and PRYOR, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:

      Rodrigo Ullo Martinez and Juan Luis Nieves-Villareal appeal their

convictions for drug trafficking and unlawful possession of firearms. Martinez

argues that the evidence was insufficient to sustain one of his firearms convictions.

Martinez and Villareal both argue that the district court erred when it declined to

suppress evidence seized in a search of Martinez’s residence and the government

engaged in prosecutorial misconduct during closing argument. We affirm.

                                I. BACKGROUND

      Agents of the Drug Enforcement Agency and the Sheriff of Escambia

County, Florida, used a confidential informant to make several controlled

purchases of narcotics from Jimmy Foley who bragged to the informant that he

sold a large amount of narcotics supplied by Martinez. The agents then used Foley

to set up a controlled purchase from Martinez at a motel. Martinez informed Foley

that the delivery would be made by a friend of Martinez.

      At the arranged time and place, Villareal arrived in a vehicle registered to

Martinez and completed the sale to Foley. The entire transaction was monitored by

video by agents who then arrested Villareal. The agents took Villareal’s cell phone

and called Martinez, hoping that Martinez would believe he was speaking to

Villareal. Martinez was not fooled and fled from his location. Five to ten minutes

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later, agents who had been monitoring Martinez arrested him.

      Shortly afterwards, the agents entered Martinez’s residence without a

warrant to secure the premises to prevent the destruction of evidence. The agents

did not search the premises for evidence until after the warrant was issued a few

hours later. The warrant did not issue on the basis of anything observed by the

agents who entered the residence.

      The search by the agents based on the warrant uncovered evidence of a drug

trafficking conspiracy. The agents discovered electronic scales and 810 grams of

cocaine in a common area of the residence. In the bedroom belonging to Martinez,

the agents discovered an unloaded revolver, five rounds of ammunition, and

approximately $15,000 in cash under the mattress. In the bedroom occupied by

Villareal, the agents found two kilograms of cocaine, paperwork, $5000, and two

submachine guns. One of the guns was in a briefcase in a closed closet.

      Martinez and Villareal were charged with one count each of conspiracy to

distribute narcotics, possession with intent to distribute narcotics, possession of

firearms in relation to a drug trafficking offense, and possession of machine guns.

Martinez also was charged with being a felon in possession of a firearm. Villareal

was charged with being an illegal alien in possession of a firearm.

      Martinez and Villareal first learned during trial that the agents had secured

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the residence before the issuance of the warrant. Martinez and Villareal then

moved to suppress this evidence, but their motions were denied. During closing

argument, the government noted that defense counsel had not given the jury the

definition of some legal terms and stated that defense counsel had “beat on Mr.

Foley . . . and beat on his testimony.” In requesting more time for closing

argument, the prosecutor referred to defense counsel’s objections as

“interruptions.” Defense counsel objected but the objections were overruled. The

government also referred to popular television crime dramas, but defense counsel

did not object to that comment. The jury returned a verdict of guilty on all counts

and Martinez and Villareal were sentenced to total terms of imprisonment of 530

and 529 months, respectively.

                           II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

      We review de novo sufficiency of the evidence and “resolve all reasonable

inferences in favor of the jury’s verdict.” United States v. Pineiro, 389 F.3d 1359,

1367 (11th Cir. 2004). “The evidence is sufficient so long as a reasonable trier of

fact, choosing among reasonable interpretations of the evidence, could find guilt

beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. (internal citations omitted). On a motion to

suppress evidence, we review the findings of fact of the district court for clear error

and the application of law to the facts de novo. United States v. Bervaldi, 226 F.3d

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1256, 1262 (11th Cir. 2000). We review de novo determinations of the district

court regarding prosecutorial misconduct. United States v. Noriega, 117 F.3d

1206, 1218 (11th Cir. 1997). When an issue is raised for the first time on appeal,

we review for plain error. United States v. Rahim, 431 F.3d 753, 756 (11th Cir.

2005).

                                  III. DISCUSSION

         Martinez and Villareal raise several arguments on appeal. Martinez argues

that the evidence was insufficient to convict him of possession of the submachine

guns that were discovered in Villareal’s bedroom. Martinez and Villareal both

argue that the agents’ entry of Martinez’s residence to secure evidence was an

illegal search and statements made by the prosecutor during closing arguments

were prejudicial to the defendants. Each argument fails. We address each

argument in turn.

         First, Martinez erroneously argues that there was insufficient evidence to

convict him of possession of the submachine guns because they were found in

Villareal’s room, there was no evidence Martinez had control or dominion over

Villareal’s room or that he actually possessed the guns, and there was no evidence

Martinez knew the guns were in the house. To sustain the convictions for

possession of those firearms, the government had to establish that Martinez had, at

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least, constructive possession of the firearms. United States v. Miranda, 425 F.3d

953, 959 (11th Cir. 2005). Constructive possession can be established through

evidence that Martinez had “ownership, dominion, or control over the contraband

itself or the premises on which it [was] concealed.” United States v. Montes-

Cardenas, 746 F.2d 771, 778 (11th Cir. 1984).

      The evidence was sufficient for the jury to infer that Martinez exercised

dominion or control over the house. See, e.g., United States v. Harris, 20 F.3d 445,

454 (11th Cir. 1994) (finding that unrestricted access to a house is sufficient to

infer constructive possession of drugs in the basement). Martinez was listed as the

resident of the house, he paid the utility bills, two cars registered to his name were

parked in the driveway, and the agents discovered paperwork in Martinez’s name

in the house. There was no evidence to indicate that Villareal’s bedroom was

somehow excluded from Martinez’s dominion or control of the entire house.

      Second, Martinez and Villareal argue that the district court erred when it

found there were exigent circumstances to permit a warrant less entry into

Martinez’s home to prevent destruction of the evidence. This argument fails.

“Exigent circumstances arise when authorities have reason to believe that evidence

is in danger of being destroyed or removed.” United States v. Mikell, 102 F.3d

470, 475 (11th Cir. 1996). The agents had reason to believe that the evidence was

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in danger of being destroyed because after Martinez realized the drug deal had

failed he could have used his cell phone to call his residence and order the drugs

destroyed. The invocation of exigent circumstances “is ‘particularly compelling in

narcotics cases’ because narcotics can be quickly destroyed.” Id. (quoting United

States v. Young, 909 F.2d 442, 446 (11th Cir. 1990)).

      There is no evidence that the agents who secured the residence obtained any

evidence before the warrant arrived. The officers entered the residence, made sure

that no one was hiding who could have destroyed any evidence, and watched the

residents until the search warrant arrived. Seizure of a residence to prevent the

destruction of evidence while waiting for a warrant does not constitute an illegal

search under the Fourth Amendment. See United States v. Morales, 868 F.2d

1562, 1575-76 (11th Cir. 1989).

      Third, Martinez and Villareal argue that certain statements made by the

prosecutor were improper and prejudiced the trial. “Prosecutorial misconduct

requires a new trial only if we find the remarks (1) were improper and (2)

prejudiced the Defendant’s substantive rights.” United States v. Delgado, 56 F.3d

1357, 1368 (11th Cir. 1995). “A defendant’s substantial rights are prejudiced if

there is a reasonable probability that, but for the remarks, the outcome would be

different.” United States v. Adams, 74 F.3d 1093, 1097 (11th Cir. 1996).

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      The allegedly improper statements made by the government were all made

in response to specific statements made in closing arguments by defense counsel,

and none of the statements could be classified as misleading the jury or denigrating

the defense. There also is no reasonable probability that any of these statements by

the government altered the outcome of the trial.

                               IV. CONCLUSION

      The convictions of Martinez and Villareal are

      AFFIRMED.

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