Court Opinion

ID: 4435530
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-09-03 16:10:40.936864+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:58:50.734797
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Remillard, 2019-Ohio-3545.]

                                        COURT OF APPEALS
                                       KNOX COUNTY, OHIO
                                    FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

STATE OF OHIO                                   :    JUDGES:
                                                :    Hon. William B. Hoffman, P.J.
        Plaintiff - Appellee                    :    Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J.
                                                :    Hon. Earle E. Wise, J.
-vs-                                            :
                                                :
KEVIN REMILLARD                                 :    Case No. 18CA16
                                                :
        Defendant - Appellant                   :    OPINION

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING:                             Appeal from the Knox County Court
                                                     of Common Pleas, Case No. 17 CR
                                                     06-0122

JUDGMENT:                                            Affirmed

DATE OF JUDGMENT:                                    August 30, 2019

APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellee                               For Defendant-Appellant

CHARLES T. MCCONVILLE                                JOHN P. PARKER
Knox County Prosecutor                               988 E. 185th Street
117 E. High Street, Suite 234                        Cleveland, Ohio 44119
Mt. Vernon, Ohio 43050
Knox County, Case No. 18CA16                                                        2

Baldwin, J.

       {¶1}   Kevin Remillard appeals his conviction of one count of Murder in violation

of R.C. 2903.02(A), an unclassified felony with a firearm specification in violation of R.C.

2941.145 and one count of tampering with evidence in violation of R.C. 2921.12(A)(1), a

felony of the third degree.

                       STATEMENT OF FACTS AND THE CASE

       {¶2}   On June 10, 2017, a revolver in the possession of Appellant discharged

twice and one bullet struck Nick Remillard and caused his death. The parties presented

the case to the jury arguing that the only disputed issue was whether Appellant had acted

with the purpose to kill Nick Remillard. Appellant contended that the firing of the weapon

was reckless or accidental and that he had no purpose to kill Nick. Appellee presented a

note drafted by Appellant after the shooting contending that the admissions contained

within it, combined with the concealment of the body in the pool and disposal of the gun,

supported a conclusion that Appellant acted purposely. The jury found that Appellant

acted purposely and convicted Appellant of murder with a firearm specification and

tampering with evidence.

       {¶3}   In April 2015, Appellant was evicted from his home in Columbus and called

his aunt, Melanie Remillard for help. Ms. Remillard’s mother had been admitted to an

extended care facility, so Melanie Remillard invited Appellant to live in her vacant home.

Soon Nick Remillard, the victim and Melanie Remillard’s son, moved into the home and

started a dog sitting business. Nick occupied the ground floor and Appellant primarily

stayed in the upper levels of the home. Nick was an avid video game player and
Knox County, Case No. 18CA16                                                       3

participated in multi-player games over the internet and according to his Mother his

games could become quite loud and chaotic.

      {¶4}    Appellant befriended a neighbor, Roy Daubenspeck, and spent some time

at his home. Daubenspeck hired Appellant on some construction projects and asked for

his help to resolve computer issues. While they were not close friends, they did spend

time together and discussed mutual interests, and Daubenspeck often provided Appellant

with transportation as Appellant had no vehicle of his own.

      {¶5}    Daubenspeck owned a Taurus .357 caliber revolver and Appellant and he

often handled the weapon when Appellant visited.            Daubenspeck and Appellant

discussed a lose screw in the weapon, and Appellant suggested a possible repair. The

revolver was operable, but had misfired on one occasion when Daubenspeck had

attempted to fire it rapidly. Appellant had never fired the weapon prior to June 10, 2017,

but he did know where the weapon and ammunition was stored in Daubenspeck’s home.

       {¶6}   On June 11, 2017, Roy Daubenspeck discovered a stack of items in his

driveway that he identified as the property of Appellant. With it he discovered a note from

Appellant that stated: “Nothing in world makes sense. Lack of sleep, constant pain, who

knows, but I snapped. These things are yours, Kevin.” The text of the note worried

Daubenspeck, especially after discovering that his revolver and ammunition were

missing. Daubenspeck knocked on Appellant’s door, but there was no answer. He called

Melanie Remillard but was unable to reach her. He then called 911 and the Knox County

Sheriff’s Office responded.

       {¶7}   Deputy Scott Baker responded to the call and Daubenspeck relayed that he

had found the note and Appellant’s property in the driveway. After reviewing the note,
Knox County, Case No. 18CA16                                                       4

Deputy Baker became concerned that Appellant may be suicidal, so he knocked on

Appellant’s door. No one responded, but the deputy noticed several dogs in the house.

He knew that the home was owned by Melanie Remillard, so he contacted her for

assistance with the dogs so he could search for Appellant inside the home.

       {¶8}   Melanie Remillard arrived and confined the dogs in the back yard. Deputy

Baker and Deputy Wolfe entered the home with caution, having been advised that

Appellant may be carrying Daubenspeck’s revolver. They entered the home with the goal

of locating Appellant and insuring that he and anyone else in the home was safe. They

found the first floor in disarray but did not find any person or body. Deputy Wolfe found

a note on the second floor on a table in plain view. He read the first few lines, concluded

it was a suicide note and picked up the note with the hope that its contents would lead to

finding Appellant.

       {¶9}   Deputy Baker noticed that the writing in the note was similar to the writing

in the note discovered by Daubenspeck. After reading the complete note his assessment

of the situation changed as the author of the note mentioned several times that he had

shot Nick Remillard. Deputy Baker concluded that he may now be investigating a potential

murder and suicide and reported his findings to Detective Light.

       {¶10} Detective David Light responded to Detective Baker’s report regarding the

note and some blood stains in the home. Because the note suggested that a homicide

and perhaps a suicide had occurred, the officers conducted a limited search for injured

or fatally wounded persons. While no victims were found, the officers did discover blood

stains and bloody footprints in the home and, at that time, Detective Light sought and

received a warrant to expand his search to the home and surrounding area.
Knox County, Case No. 18CA16                                                       5

       {¶11} During a later search, the body of Nick Remillard was discovered in the

murky water of the swimming pool behind the home. The officers found a pool pump and

cord wrapped around the body, and surmised that this was done to keep the body

submerged below the surface. They also discovered a blanket in the pool and concluded

that the relatively clean condition of the blanket suggested that it had been in the dirty

pool water for only a short period of time. The knot in the end of the blanket, and what

appeared to be blood and dog hair on the blanket lead the officers to conclude that it had

been used to drag Nick’s body from the home to the pool.

       {¶12} During a search of the home, the deputies discovered a bullet hole in the

wall and, at the end of the bullet’s trajectory, bullet fragments.

       {¶13} On June 13, 2017, Detective Minot conducted a search for Appellant. He

recruited cadaver dogs because he was still concerned that Appellant had committed

suicide and that he was looking for a body. The search was unsuccessful because

Appellant had not committed suicide, but had been wandering the streets pondering his

fate. He had kept the revolver, disassembled it and disposed of it in three different

locations. He then contacted an attorney and surrendered himself to the Mt. Vernon

Police Department where he was arrested, then charged with murder and tampering with

evidence.

       {¶14} The state presented testimony from several experts to connect the evidence

found at the scene to Appellant and the victim.         Jeff Lee, Licking County Coroner,

completed an autopsy and concluded that that the cause of death was a gunshot wound

to the head. The death occurred 24 to 36 hours prior to the autopsy and the weapon was

two to three feet from the victim when the shot was fired. Heather Williams, an expert
Knox County, Case No. 18CA16                                                      6

from the Ohio Bureau of Criminal Investigation, examined the bullet fragments recovered

from the scene and the bullet removed from Nick and concluded that they were .38 caliber

and that they could be fired from a Taurus revolver, the same type of weapon owned by

Roy Daubenspeck and discharged while in Appellant’s possession. Samuel Troyer, DNA

analyst, concluded that the blood stains in the home were comprised of the blood of Nick

Remillard.   Rebecca Barrett of the Bureau of Criminal Investigation compared the

handwriting on the note found by Daubenspeck (Exhibit 5) and the note found by

Detective Baker (Exhibit 7) to the handwriting samples submitted by Appellant and

concluded that both were written by Appellant.

      {¶15} Appellant testified to the events leading to the shooting. He acknowledged

that he learned that his neighbor, Daubenspeck, had a revolver and that he had discussed

the weapon with Daubenspeck and handled it when he visited Daubenspeck.               He

described chronic physical ailments, his depression, persistent suicidal thoughts and

described his mood on the weekend of the shooting as particularly bleak. The drive to

commit suicide was very strong that day, so he went into Daubenspeck’s home and took

the revolver and the ammunition, with the intent of committing suicide. He did not follow

through, but walked to the local market, purchased beer and returned home.

      {¶16} He drank some of the beer and was talking with Nick while Nick was playing

video games. He told Nick that he had almost committed suicide earlier that day and, in

response to Nick’s question, stated he would have used “his” revolver. He brought Roy

Daubenspeck’s gun down from his room to show Nick and they purportedly handled the

weapon and discussed how it looked similar to a weapon used by a fictional television

character. Appellant decided to return the gun to Daubenspeck’s house and as he left,
Knox County, Case No. 18CA16                                                                        7

he inexplicably decided to “dry fire” the weapon into the wall.1 The gun discharged into

the wall and Appellant stated he was shocked by the report. He fumbled with the weapon

and though he does not deny that it discharged a second time, his testimony does not

provide a clear explanation of the second shot. During his testimony he did not expressly

state that he was aware that the gun fired a second time:

                I immediately jumped, because I wasn't expecting it to go off. I went

        and just started fumbling with it to get the cylinder out. When it sticks we

        usually put our hand across the release and signal(sic) the hammer back

        which kind of advances it inside. The only thing I can assume is that the

        hammer slapped back and hit a shell, but it it would be around this

        (indicating) distance, maybe a little further this (indicating) way. But I was

        trying to get the gun after it fired back to my neighbor and put it away and

        pretend that I never even took it from him. I immediately went out to the

        porch. I had no idea Nick got hit.

        {¶17} Appellant described how he left the home, unloaded the weapon and

returned the bullets to the jar on the shelf in Daubenspeck’s home. He kept the empty

shells and the weapon and, until he returned to the house, he claims that he did not know

that Nick had been shot. When he returned home, he found Nick bleeding profusely and

responded to Nick’s request for water, but claims to recall little more after Nick fell silent.

He does recall living in the streets and the details of his disposal of the gun. He separated

the bullets, the cylinder and the body of the pistol and put the pistol in a potato chip bag

and tossed it into the Kokosing River. He put the cylinder in a black sock and “whipped

1 “Dry firing” is not defined in the record, but the context of this comment suggests that Appellant was
referring to pulling the trigger while the gun is not loaded.
Knox County, Case No. 18CA16                                                            8

it into the first pond at Foundation Park” and threw the bullets in the river. He had no

recollection of writing the eight page note, Exhibit 7, which provided a much different

version of the story.

       {¶18} Exhibit 7 is the note allegedly drafted by Appellant after the shooting. The

entire note was read to the jury without objection. Some significant statements include:

       As for yesterday, I woke in such pain and hate that all that my head was

       thinking was to kill everybody that was harmed -- that has harmed me my

       whole life.

       ***

       So I was just going to ride my bike somewhere and shoot myself, but I have

       no idea how Nick got in the way. I know I fired a round into the wall to maybe

       let him know to leave me alone or something, but all I remember is him keep

       doing or saying whatever he was saying or doing, and I shoot him. At that

       point my mind just wanted to kill my family in mass.

       ***

       Other than me shooting Nick, my mind is blank and tormented.

       ***

       My mind is in so many places with no real me inside that I just couldn't keep

       going anymore. I'm a fucked up mess, and I killed Nick, fuck.

       ***

       I was just going to ride my bike somewhere and shoot myself. I was relieved

       with my own demise and end, the end of my constant pain and misery but

       something took me elsewhere, something inside that I just can't keep away.
Knox County, Case No. 18CA16                                                        9

       ***

       He never deserved this. There is anything he could have done, I was just

       going to shoot myself. I kept going downstairs hoping it didn't really happen,

       that it was just a nightmare, but it wasn't. I killed Nick.

       ***

       Though I really did try, I was on my way to kill myself when for whatever

       reason they wouldn't let me without shooting Nick.

       ***

       How could I just shoot Nick?

       ***

       I just knew when I woke up that I wouldn't make it, but Nick was not part of

       the plan. So much shouldn't have happened, just so much somehow went

       way wrong with this. I just was going to disappear, no one knowing what

       become of me, but instead I hurt Nick. He wasn't supposed to be involved

       in this. What the fuck happened? I am so sorry I shoot him, so fucking not

       what I was going to do. It was just going to be me that died, not him.

       ***

       It really should have not happened with Nick. I was just going to kill myself.

       {¶19} Appellant conceded that the handwriting in Exhibit 7 appeared to be his, but

he offered no reconciliation between his testimony and the version of the facts in his note.

       {¶20} Appellant’s trial counsel submitted jury instructions and after review by the

trial court and discussion regarding the terms and timing of the instructions, they were

approved with the exception of Appellant’s request for an instruction on the issue of
Knox County, Case No. 18CA16                                                          10

“accident.” The trial court declined to include it, stating that it found no evidence of an

accident in the record. Appellant’s trial counsel stated: “Just could the record reflect that

we did ask for an instruction on accident and the Court declined to give that instruction?”

The trial court responded “so noted” and no further discussion regarding that instruction

occurred.

       {¶21} The jury returned a verdict of guilty of murder and tampering with evidence

and Appellant was sentenced to a prison term of fifteen years to life on count one, three

years on the firearm specification as to Count one, to be served consecutive and prior to

the indefinite term on count one, and thirty-six months on count two, to be served

consecutive to the sentence imposed in count one.

       {¶22} Appellant filed a timely appeal and submitted nine assignments of error:

       {¶23} “I.    COUNSEL      WAS     INEFFECTIVE       UNDER      THE     SIXTH    AND

FOURTEENTH AMENDMENTS OF THE U.S.CONSTITUTION IN FAILING TO FILE A

MOTION TO SUPPRESS DOCUMENTS SEIZED DURING A WARRANTLESS SEARCH

OF APPELLANT'S BEDROOM.”

       {¶24} “II.   COUNSEL      WAS     INEFFECTIVE       UNDER      THE     SIXTH    AND

FOURTEENTH AMENDMENTS OF THE U.S. CONSTITUTION WHEN HE FAILED TO

OBJECT TO ERRONEOUS JURY INSTRUCTIONS THAT DENIED MR. REMILLARD A

FAIR TRIAL.”

       {¶25} “III. THE TRIAL COURT SHOULD HAVE GIVEN THE REQUESTED

INSTRUCTION ON ACCIDENT AND DENIED THE APPELLANT HIS RIGHT TO A FAIR

TRIAL UNDER THE SIXTH AND FOURTEENTH AMENDMENTS OF THE U.S.

CONSTITUTION.”
Knox County, Case No. 18CA16                                                     11

      {¶26} “IV. THE JURY SHOULD HAVE BEEN INSTRUCTED CONCERNING ORC

2901.21(A)(1) AND (F)(2) AND COUNSEL'S FAILURE TO REQUEST SUCH

INSTRUCTION IN LIGHT OF EXHIBIT 7 AND STATE'S RELIANCE ON IT WAS

INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE UNDER STRICKLAND.”

      {¶27} “V. IT WAS PLAIN ERROR TO INSTRUCT THE JURY OR OMIT

INSTRUCTIONS AS DETAILED IN ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR 2-4.

      {¶28} “VI.    THE     RECORD       DOES     NOT     SUPPORT          CONSECUTIVE

SENTENCES.”

      {¶29} “VII. THE CONVICTION FOR MURDER VIOLATES THE FOURTEENTH

AMENDMENT OF THE U.S. CONSTITUTION.”

      {¶30} “VIII. EXHIBIT 7 SHOULD HAVE BEEN EXCLUDED UNDER THE OHIO

RULES OF EVIDENCE AND DETERMINED TO BE INHERENTLY UNRELIABLE

UNDER THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT OF THE U.S. CONSTITUTION. ITS

ADMISSION IS PLAIN ERROR AND THE PRODUCT OF INEFFECTIVE COUNSEL

UNDER STRICKLAND.”

      {¶31} “IX. THE CUMULATIVE ERRORS IN THE TRIAL DENIED APPELLANT

DUE PROCESS UNDER THE OHIO AND FEDERAL CONSTITUTIONS.”

                                      ANALYSIS

      {¶32} Appellant asserts that his trial counsel was ineffective in assignments one,

two, four and eight, so we will consider those assignments out of order.

      {¶33} A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel requires a two-prong analysis.

The first inquiry is whether counsel's performance fell below an objective standard of

reasonable representation involving a substantial violation of any of defense counsel's
Knox County, Case No. 18CA16                                                         12

essential duties to appellant. The second prong is whether the appellant was prejudiced

by counsel's ineffectiveness. Lockhart v. Fretwell, 506 U.S. 364, 113 S.Ct. 838, 122

L.Ed.2d 180 (1993); Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d

674 (1984); State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 538 N.E.2d 373 (1989).

      {¶34} In order to warrant a finding that trial counsel was ineffective, the petitioner

must meet both the deficient performance and prejudice prongs of Strickland and Bradley.

Knowles v. Mirzayance, 556 U.S. 111, 129 S.Ct. 1411, 1419, 173 L.Ed.2d 251 (2009).

      {¶35} Appellant first asserts that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to file “a

motion to suppress documents seized during a warrantless search of Appellant’s

bedroom. “[F]ailure to file a suppression motion does not constitute per se ineffective

assistance of counsel.” Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477 U.S. 365, 384, 106 S.Ct. 2574, 91

L.Ed.2d 305 (1986). “To demonstrate ineffective assistance for failing to file a motion

suppress, a defendant must show: (1) a basis for the motion to suppress; (2) that the

motion had a reasonable probability of success; and (3) a reasonable probability that

suppression of the challenged evidence would have changed the outcome at trial.” State

v. Clark, 6th Dist. Williams No. WM-09-009, 2010-Ohio-2383, ¶ 21. An ineffective

assistance of counsel claim will be rejected when counsel's failure to file a suppression

motion “was a tactical decision, there was no reasonable probability of success, or there

was no prejudice,” or where counsel could have reasonably decided that filing such a

motion would have been futile, even if there is evidence in the record to support such a

motion. State v. White, 4th Dist. Washington Nos. 17CA10& 17CA11, 2018-Ohio-18, ¶

39, citing State v. Nields, 93 Ohio St.3d 6, 2001-Ohio-1291, 752 N.E.2d 859. State v.

Phelps, 5th Dist. Delaware No. 18 CAA 02 0016, 2018-Ohio-4738, ¶ 13.
Knox County, Case No. 18CA16                                                           13

       {¶36} We first consider whether the officer’s entry in the home was permitted. The

Deputies reasonably suspected Appellant may have committed or would attempt to

commit suicide based upon the information provided by Mr. Daubenspeck, and relied

upon this concern to force entry into the home. “Breaking into a home by force is not

illegal if it is reasonable in the circumstances. The need to protect or preserve life or avoid

serious injury is justification for what would be otherwise illegal absent exigency or

emergency.” State v. Burgess (Nov. 4, 1999), 5th Dist. No. 99–CA–0035, quoting Wayne

v. United States, 318 F.2d 205, 212 (D.C.Cir.1963). “The question becomes whether the

State's interest in sweeping a residence upon responding to a dispatch for possible

suicide and possible weapons is sufficient to warrant this intrusion and whether the search

policy in question is “reasonably related in scope to the circumstances which justified the

interference in the first place.” Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 20, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d

889 (1968).

       {¶37} We find that the instant search was justified when tested by both criteria

from Terry. The government has a legitimate interest in conducting a search of a

residence when they are called to that residence as a result of the receiving reliable

evidence that the Appellant may be suicidal and has access to weapons, and that such

an interest is more than sufficient to justify this search. State v. Bethel, 5th Dist.

Tuscarawas No. 10-AP-35, 2011-Ohio-3020, ¶21. While suicide is not a crime, police

officers have a duty to prevent citizens from harming themselves and were performing

this duty when they entered appellant's home. Based on the deputies’ testimony, we

conclude that the exigent circumstances were sufficient to justify the entry into appellant's

home. State v. Neptune, 4th Dist. Athens No. 99CA25, 2000 WL 502830, *5.
Knox County, Case No. 18CA16                                                        14

       {¶38} While the warrantless entry into the home was justified, Appellant argues

that the warrantless seizure of Exhibit 7 impermissibly extended what should have been

a limited search for Appellant and that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to present

that argument. The deputies were looking for Appellant, Appellant’s body or any evidence

that could lead to discovering Appellant’s location. Deputy Baker saw the note, in plain

view, on a table in the upstairs bedroom. He read a few lines, concluded it was a suicide

note and took the note to Deputy Wolf. Deputy Wolf reviewed entire note for evidence

that might lead to the discovery of Appellant, his plans or whereabouts. Once they read

the entire note, the deputies realized that they may be investigating a homicide as well

as a suicide.

       {¶39} The deputies did not know in advance the location of incriminating evidence

and intend to seize it, relying on the plain view doctrine only as a pretense. Coolidge v.

New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 469–71, 91 S.Ct. 2022, 2040, 29 L.Ed.2d 564 (1971).

The discovery of the incriminating content of the note was the inadvertent result of

responding to the exigent circumstances, the threat that the Appellant had committed

suicide. Id. The plain view exception to the warrant requirement was satisfied in this case

because the initial intrusion and review of the content of Exhibit 7 was supported by

exigent circumstances, the incriminating evidence in Exhibit 7 was inadvertently

discovered, it was immediately apparent that Exhibit 7 was evidence of a crime and the

totality of the circumstances supported a conclusion that there was probable cause to

justify the seizure. State v. Mowbray, 72 Ohio App.3d 243, 247, 594 N.E.2d 626 (4th

Dist.1991).
Knox County, Case No. 18CA16                                                            15

       {¶40} We hold that the facts do not support Appellant’s contention that trial

counsel was ineffective for failing to file a motion to suppress documents removed from

the residence because it is not probable that such a motion would have succeeded and

it would have been reasonable for counsel to decide, as a matter of trial strategy, that

pursuing such a motion would have been futile.

       {¶41} Appellant’s first assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶42} Appellant argues in his second assignment of error that trial counsel was

ineffective for failing to object to an erroneous jury instructions and that failure ultimately

denied him a fair trial. Appellant contends that the errors involve the introduction to the

issue of lesser included offenses and an error in the definition of murder.

       {¶43} With regard to the issue of lesser included offenses, Appellant argues that

trial counsel was obligated to object to the use of the following instruction:

              However, if you find that the state has failed to prove beyond a

       reasonable doubt all the essential elements of murder, then your verdict

       must be not guilty of the murder charge, and in that event you will continue

       your deliberations to decide whether the state has proven beyond a

       reasonable doubt all the essential elements of one of the lesser included

       offenses which I'm going to define for you.

       {¶44} Appellant contends that the first clause of this instruction should read “If you

find that the state failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt any of the essential elements

of the offense of murder ***” (emphasis added.). The only difference between the two

instructions is the use of the word “all” in the instruction read by the trial court in place of

the word “any.” Appellant contends that the alteration of that one word misled the jury to
Knox County, Case No. 18CA16                                                                16

believe that if the state proved any element beyond a reasonable doubt, they could not

consider a lesser included offense.         We find that Appellant’s interpretation of the

instruction strained and untenable because there is no practical difference between the

state failing to prove any element and the state failing to prove all elements of murder.

While the terms are different, the instructions impose the same burden on the state and

convey the same message to the jury—if the state failed to convince the jury of each

element of the charge of murder beyond a reasonable doubt, the jury may consider a

lesser included offense.

       {¶45} The paragraph that immediately follows the offending instruction reinforces

its meaning:

               Similarly, if all of you are unable to agree on a verdict of either guilty

       or not guilty of the murder charge, then you will continue your deliberations

       to decide whether the state has proven beyond a reasonable doubt all of

       the essential elements of the one of the lesser included offenses which I will

       now define for you.

       {¶46} We hold that this instruction was not erroneous and trial counsel was not

ineffective for not objecting to its use.

       {¶47} Appellant next contends that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object

to an erroneous definition of murder read into the record by the trial court when it

instructed the jury. The trial court did include a reference to “purpose to inflict bodily

harm” that is not a part of the definition of murder within jury instructions. This error

occurred only at one location in the record of the trial court’s reading of the instructions.

The record does not contain a copy of the instructions that were given to the jury to read
Knox County, Case No. 18CA16                                                           17

along with the judge’s narration or reveal whether the instructions were taken by the jury

into the jury room. The relevant charge as read to the jury states:

              If after considering all of the evidence you're convinced beyond a

       reasonable doubt that the defendant had a purpose to kill or inflict bodily

       harm on Nickolas Remillard, you must return a verdict of guilty on the

       murder charge. If after considering all of the evidence you are not convinced

       beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant acted either purposely,

       recklessly or negligently in causing the death of Nickolas Remillard, you

       must return a verdict of not guilty on the murder charge and both of the

       lesser included offenses as well as the firearm specification. (Emphasis

       added.)

       {¶48} The inclusion of a reference to “bodily harm” is incorrect as that phrase does

not appear in the definition of murder. We review this issue by considering whether this

single error prejudiced Appellant.

       {¶49} The general rule is that an erroneous instruction does not necessarily

mislead a jury. Cleveland Elec. Illum. Co. v. Astorhurst Land Co., 18 Ohio St.3d 268, 274–

275, 480 N.E.2d 794 (1985).

              {¶50} “Reversible error ordinarily cannot be predicated upon one

       paragraph, one sentence or one phrase of the general charge. As this court

       held, in paragraph six of the syllabus of Flynn v. Sharon Steel Corp. 142

       Ohio St. 145, 50 N.E.2d 319 (1943):

       ‘Where complaint is made as to a portion of the charge of the court, a

       reviewing court will consider all of the charge upon the particular subject
Knox County, Case No. 18CA16                                                         18

      complained of to determine whether prejudicial error has been committed

      against the party complaining.’

             {¶51} If the general charge, considered as a whole, is not prejudicial

      to the objecting party, no reversible error results from a misstatement or

      ambiguity in a portion thereof. In paragraph eight of the syllabus in Centrello

      v. Basky, 164 Ohio St. 41, 128 N.E.2d 80 (1955), this court said:

      ‘Even though a paragraph in a general charge taken by itself is improper

      and misleading, yet where considered in connection with the whole charge

      and the entire instruction of the court to the jury, it is apparent that no

      prejudicial error resulted, the judgment rendered on a verdict will not be

      reversed for such error.’

State v. Porter, 14 Ohio St.2d 10, 13, 235 N.E.2d 520 (1968) (Citations omitted.).

      {¶52} To conclude that a party's substantial rights were materially affected, an

appellate court must find that the jury charge was so misleading and prejudicial as to

result in an erroneous verdict. Cleveland Elec. Illum. Co. v. Astorhurst Land Co., supra.

Making such a determination requires a “thorough review of the entire transcript of

proceedings before the trial court.” Hampel v. Food Ingredients Specialties, Inc., 89 Ohio

St.3d 169,186, 2000-Ohio-128, 729 N.E.2d 726.

      {¶53} After a thorough review of the transcript in the case at bar, we find that focus

of both Appellee and Appellant in this case was the mens rea of Appellant. The records

contains uncontradicted evidence that Appellant was in physical possession of the

revolver that discharged twice, one bullet punctured the wall, one bullet entered the

victim’s head, lodged in his arm and caused his death. The victim’s body was dragged
Knox County, Case No. 18CA16                                                         19

from the home and concealed in the murky water of the swimming pool. During closing

argument defense counsel conceded that Appellant shot the victim and that he did “cause

Nick’s death.” Appellant’s trial counsel selected the strategy of attacking the only issue

that could be challenged:

       “And the only question becomes what was the intent. Was it intent to kill.

       Was it negligence. Was it recklessness. Those are the only questions at

       that point.”

       “And that is what we ask you to do, folks, to listen and analyze what Kevin

       said and the context of his state of mind of what he was doing, what was

       going through his head and his body on that Saturday.”

       {¶54} Our review of the potential prejudice caused by the instruction must be

considered in the context of the argument that the sole issue to be determined was the

mens rea of Appellant.

       {¶55} The reference to bodily harm appears only once in the record; otherwise the

definition of murder and the relevant burden of proof is described correctly in the

instructions and clearly stated that “purpose to cause death is an essential element of the

crime of murder.” The instructions for the lesser included offenses of reckless homicide

and negligent homicide referenced causing the death of Nickolas Remillard with the

pertinent distinction being the mental state of the Appellant. We are not convinced that

the inclusion of the reference to physical harm was so misleading and prejudicial as to

result in an erroneous verdict, but that is not the question we are addressing. We need

only consider whether trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the instruction.

Considering the weight of the evidence against Appellant, and trial counsel’s strategy to
Knox County, Case No. 18CA16                                                           20

attack the issue of mens rea, we find that trial counsel could reasonably conclude that

objecting to this instruction would distract from his argument. “The Ohio Supreme Court

has stated “[w]e will ordinarily refrain from second-guessing strategic decisions counsel

make at trial, even where counsel's trial strategy was questionable. State v. Clayton, 62

Ohio St.2d 45, 49, 402 N.E.2d 1189 (1980).” State v. Myers, 97 Ohio St.3d 335, 362,

2002-Ohio-6658, 780 N.E.2d 186 (2002) as quoted in State v. Elmore, 5th Dist. Licking

No. 2005-CA-32, 2005-Ohio-5940, ¶ 133.            We will not second-guess the strategic

decisions counsel made at trial even though appellate counsel now argue that they would

have defended differently.” State v. Post, 32 Ohio St.3d 380, 388, 513 N.E.2d 754 (1987)

as cited in State v. Mason, 82 Ohio St.3d 144, 169, 1998-Ohio-370, 694 N.E.2d 932.

       {¶56} Appellant’s second assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶57} In Appellant’s fourth assignment of error, he contends his trial counsel was

ineffective for failing to request a jury instruction regarding R.C. 2901.21(A)(1) and (F)(2)

in light of the state’s reliance on Exhibit 7. Without clearly stating it, Appellant is arguing

that he was entitled to an instruction regarding his diminished capacity to act within the

law at the time of the shooting. For the reasons set out below, we must reject this

argument.

       {¶58} Exhibit 7 is the eight page note drafted by appellant and found by the

investigating officers in appellant’s bedroom. The text, described above, was presented

by the state as an admission of guilt. Appellant is now contending that the text of the note

demonstrates that mental illness may have diminished appellant’s capacity to act and that

therefore an instruction based upon the relevant portions of R.C. 2901.21 was necessary

and trial counsel was ineffective for failing to request it.
Knox County, Case No. 18CA16                                                         21

       {¶59} Revised Code Section 2901.21(A) states in relevant part that “(A) Except

as provided in division (B) of this section, a person is not guilty of an offense unless both

of the following apply *** The person's liability is based on conduct that includes either a

voluntary act, or an omission to perform an act or duty that the person is capable of

performing *** [and] [t]he person has the requisite degree of culpability for each element

as to which a culpable mental state is specified by the language defining the offense.”

Subsection     F(2)    states:   “Reflexes,   convulsions,    body    movements       during

unconsciousness or sleep, and body movements that are not otherwise a product of the

actor's volition, are involuntary acts.”

       {¶60} Appellant questions whether “the shooting was done by Remillard's own

volition? Or did the demons and those in his head overcome his own volition?” Appellant

is arguing that the facts support an argument that he was not in control of his actions

during the shooting, but as we found when a defendant claimed she “snapped in her

mind” and “lost it” when she shot her husband, “Ohio law does not recognize the defense

of “diminished capacity.” State v. Wilcox, 70 Ohio St.2d 182, 194, 436 N.E.2d 523 (1982)

as quoted in State v. Brown, 5th Dist. Tuscarawas No. 2013 AP 05 0021, 2014-Ohio-888,

¶ 32. As the defense of diminished capacity is not valid, trial counsel cannot be found

ineffective for failure to raise it. State v. Mitchell, 53 Ohio App.3d 117, 119, 559 N.E.2d

1370 (8th Dist.1988), cause dismissed, 38 Ohio St.3d 715, 533 N.E.2d 784 (1988) as

quoted in State v. Hanley, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 67235, 1995 WL 229106, *2.

       {¶61} Appellant’s fourth assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶62} In Appellant’s eighth assignment of error, Appellant claims Exhibit 7 should

have been excluded under the Ohio Rules of Evidence because it was inherently
Knox County, Case No. 18CA16                                                            22

unreliable and its admission was plain error and the product of ineffective assistance of

counsel. Appellant’s argument is based upon his counsel’s contention that he was

mentally ill, unstable and had demons controlling his actions.

       {¶63} Appellant is essentially repeating his diminished capacity argument and

suggesting that trial counsel was ineffective for not pursuing that defense with the goal of

excluding Exhibit 7. As noted above, the defense of diminished capacity is not recognized

in Ohio and we cannot fault for not pursuing a futile act. Further, the record contains no

evidence that the Appellant was unable to form the requisite mental state at the time of

the shooting or that he was incompetent in any way. Trial counsel may have reasonably

determined that pursuing an insanity defense in lieu of arguing the lack of appropriate

mens rea, was not in his client’s best interest and we will not interfere with counsel’s

reasonable approach.

       {¶64} Appellant’s eighth assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶65} In Appellant’s third assignment of error, he contends that the trial court erred

by failing to include an instruction for “accident” as requested. While Appellant did submit

an instruction for accident, it was rejected by the trial court as not supported by the record.

Appellant’s trial counsel stated: “Just could the record reflect that we did ask for an

instruction on accident and the Court declined to give that instruction?” The trial court

responded “so noted” and no further discussion regarding that instruction occurred.

       {¶66} Criminal Rule 30(A) states in relevant part that “On appeal, a party may not

assign as error the giving or the failure to give any instructions unless the party objects

before the jury retires to consider its verdict, stating specifically the matter objected to and

the grounds of the objection.” As we found in State v. Rohaley, 5th Dist. Stark No.
Knox County, Case No. 18CA16                                                        23

1998CA00092, 1999 WL 4505, *7, counsel did not fully comply with Crim.R. 30(A) by

stating the specificity of the nature of his request, or the grounds for the request.

Therefore, we must find plain error to reverse.”

       {¶67} We apply the doctrine of plain error cautiously and only under exceptional

circumstances to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice. Id. In that regard, “[T]he test

for plain error is stringent.” State v. Ellison, 4th Dist. No. 16CA16, 2017-Ohio-284, 81

N.E.3d 853, ¶27. “To prevail under this standard, the defendant must establish that an

error occurred, it was obvious, and it affected his or her substantial rights.” State v.

Spaulding, 151 Ohio St.3d 378, 2016-Ohio-8126, 89 N.E.3d 554, ¶ 64. An error affects

substantial rights only if it changes the outcome of the trial. Id. As noted we notice plain

error only to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice. State v. Fouts, 4th Dist.

Washington No. 15CA25, 2016-Ohio-1104, 2016 WL 1071457, ¶ 59, quoting State v.

Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 372 N.E.2d 804 (1978), paragraph three of the syllabus. The

defendant carries the burden to establish the existence of plain error, unlike the situation

in a claim of harmless error, where the burden lies with the state.

       {¶68} In the case at bar we cannot find plain error. The general instructions clearly

instructed jurors that the required mens rea was “purposeful” conduct that went beyond

conduct considered to be an accident. If the jury believed defendant's accident defense,

it would have been required to find him not guilty in accord with the instructions given.

State v. Smiley, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 03853, 2010-Ohio-4349. We also note that

Appellant’s trial counsel freely referred to the shooting as accidental or an accident. We

do not find that the outcome of the trial would have been different or that there has been

a manifest miscarriage of justice by the omission of the accident instruction.
Knox County, Case No. 18CA16                                                        24

       {¶69} Appellant’s third assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶70} Appellant argues, in his fifth assignment of error that it was plain error to

instruct the jury or omit instructions referenced in assignments of error two and four.

While our analysis of those assignments focused upon whether trial counsel was

ineffective, the analysis is used to determine whether the trial court committed plain error

by including or failing to include the respective jury instructions. The Supreme Court of

Ohio, addressing review of plain error “clarified in State v. Rogers, 143 Ohio St.3d 385,

2015-Ohio-2459, 38 N.E.3d 860, that the accused is “required to demonstrate a

reasonable probability that the error resulted in prejudice – the same deferential standard

for reviewing ineffective assistance of counsel claims.” (Emphasis sic.) Id. At ¶ 22, citing

United States v. Dominguez Benitez, 542 U.S. 74, 81-83, 124 S.Ct. 2333, 159 L.Ed.2d

157 (2004) as quoted in State v. Helfrich, 5th Dist. Licking No. 18-CA-45, 2019-Ohio-

1785, ¶ 88. The Appellant must demonstrate prejudicial error by the trial court that

affected the outcome of the trial. Even “If the accused shows that the trial court committed

plain error affecting the outcome of the proceeding, an appellate court is not required to

correct it; we have “admonish[ed] courts to notice plain error ‘with the utmost caution,

under exceptional circumstances and only to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice.’ ”

(Emphasis added.) State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 27 2002-Ohio-68, 759 N.E.2d

1240, quoting State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 372 N.E.2d 804 (1978), paragraph three

of the syllabus. State v. Thomas, 152 Ohio St.3d 15, 2017-Ohio-8011, 92 N.E.3d 821,

reconsideration denied, 151 Ohio St.3d 1445, 2017-Ohio-8730, 87 N.E.3d 215.

       {¶71} Because the Appellant is “required to demonstrate a reasonable probability

that the error resulted in prejudice – the same deferential standard for reviewing
Knox County, Case No. 18CA16                                                          25

ineffective assistance of counsel claims” (Emphasis sic.) State v. Rogers, 143 Ohio St.3d

385, 2015-Ohio-2459, 38 N.E.3d 860, ¶ 22 quoting United States v. Dominguez Benitez,

supra at 81-83 and because we have overruled the argument that trial counsel was

ineffective, we are constrained by precedent and our analysis to arrive at the same

conclusion when the assignment is recast as a plain error. We find that there was no

manifest miscarriage of justice and insufficient evidence that the outcome of the trial was

affected by the issues described in assignments of error two and four.

       {¶72} Appellant’s fifth assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶73} Appellant’s sixth assignment of error attacks the imposition of consecutive

sentences arguing that the sentence imposed for murder, with the weapon specification,

undermined the rational for consecutive sentencing.           Appellant also argues the

Appellant’s criminal history is a factor that supports concurrent rather than consecutive

sentencing.

       {¶74} Revised Code Section 2929.14(C)(4) controls the trial court’s discretion to

impose consecutive sentences:

              (4) If multiple prison terms are imposed on an offender for convictions

       of multiple offenses, the court may require the offender to serve the prison

       terms consecutively if the court finds that the consecutive service is

       necessary to protect the public from future crime or to punish the offender

       and that consecutive sentences are not disproportionate to the seriousness

       of the offender's conduct and to the danger the offender poses to the public,

       and if the court also finds any of the following:
Knox County, Case No. 18CA16                                                       26

       (a) The offender committed one or more of the multiple offenses while the

       offender was awaiting trial or sentencing, was under a sanction imposed

       pursuant to section 2929.16, 2929.17, or 2929.18 of the Revised Code, or

       was under post-release control for a prior offense.

       (b) At least two of the multiple offenses were committed as part of one or

       more courses of conduct, and the harm caused by two or more of the

       multiple offenses so committed was so great or unusual that no single

       prison term for any of the offenses committed as part of any of the courses

       of conduct adequately reflects the seriousness of the offender's conduct.

       (c) The offender's history of criminal conduct demonstrates that consecutive

       sentences are necessary to protect the public from future crime by the

       offender.

       {¶75} During sentencing the trial court expressly considered the terms of R.C.

2929.14(C)(4) and first determined that consecutive sentences were necessary to protect

the public from future crime, specifically referencing the families expressed concern for

their safety.   Several family members were present and offered statements at the

sentencing. The trial court received their concerns about safety, took them seriously, and

considered them legitimate.

       {¶76} The trial court also determined that consecutive sentences were warranted

as punishment and were not disproportionate to the offender’s conduct. The trial court

concluded by finding that “that at least two of the multiple offenses were committed as

part of one or more courses of conduct and the harm caused by two or more of the multiple

offenses so committed was so great or unusual that no single prison term for any of the
Knox County, Case No. 18CA16                                                        27

offenses committed as part of any of the courses of conduct adequately reflects the

seriousness of the offender's conduct.”

       {¶77} The transcript of the sentencing hearing and judgment entry clearly indicate

the trial court engaged in the appropriate analysis and made the required findings under

R.C. 2929.14(C)(4). Rather than establishing error, the record supports the trial court's

findings for imposing consecutive sentences.

       {¶78} Appellant’s sixth assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶79} Appellant contends in his seventh assignment of error that the conviction

for murder violates the Fourteenth Amendment of the U. S. Constitution, and repeats his

argument regarding diminished capacity in support of an argument that the trial court

inappropriately allowed the jury to consider Exhibit 7 because Appellant was mentally ill

making that document inherently unreliable.

       {¶80} This argument was not presented to the trial court and we will not consider

it on appeal, since failure to object at trial generally waives any alleged error on appeal.

State v. Watson, 61 Ohio St.3d 1, 6, 572 N.E.2d 97 (1991). While we have the discretion

to consider this assignment as plain error, (Crim.R.52), Appellant does not present a plain

error argument and we are not inclined to create one, particularly because we have

addressed the admission of Exhibit 7 under prior assignments and no novel argument is

contained within this assignment. State v. Hairston, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 05CA008768,

2006-Ohio-4925, ¶ 11.

       {¶81} Appellant’s seventh assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶82} Appellant contends that cumulative errors in the trial denied appellant Due

Process under the Ohio and U.S. Constitutions in his ninth assignment of error and argues
Knox County, Case No. 18CA16                                                        28

that “[i]n this case, there were numerous errors especially as it concerns the jury

instructions and State's Exhibit 7. The cumulative effect of the errors discussed in detail

above require a new trial.” appellant cites the doctrine of cumulative error, references the

previous assignments of error, but gives no analysis or explanation as to why or how the

errors have had a prejudicial cumulative effect. It is simply not enough to intone the

phrase “cumulative error.” State v. Sapp, 105 Ohio St.3d 104, 822 N.E.2d 1239, 2004-

Ohio-7008, ¶ 103 as quoted in State v. Allen, 5th Dist. Delaware No. 2009-CA-13, 2010-

Ohio-4644, ¶ 254.

       {¶83} Where we have found that the trial court did not err, cumulative error is

simply inapplicable. State v. Carter, Stark App. No.2002CA00125, 2003-Ohio-1313 at ¶

37. To the extent that we have found in this case that claimed error did not rise to the

level of plain error, we conclude that the cumulative effect of such claimed errors is also

harmless because taken together, they did not materially affect the verdict. State v.

Leonard, 104 Ohio St.3d 54, 818 N.E.2d 229, 2004-Ohio-6235 at ¶ 185.

       {¶84} In addition, a cumulative-error analysis aggregates only actual errors to

determine their cumulative effect. Individual rulings frequently will have an adverse effect

on a party, but unless that party can demonstrate that the ruling was an error, reversal

would not be warranted. Impact alone, not traceable to error, cannot form the basis for

reversal. The same principles apply to a cumulative-error analysis, and we therefore hold

that a cumulative-error analysis should evaluate only the effect of matters determined to

be error, not the cumulative effect of non-errors. State v. Allen, 5th Dist. Delaware No.

2009-CA-13, 2010-Ohio-4644, ¶ 257. As we have not found multiple instances of error,
Knox County, Case No. 18CA16                                                29

and because Appellant has failed to provide any analysis in his claim, his ninth

assignment of error is overruled.

      {¶85} The decision of the Knox County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.

By: Baldwin, J.

Hoffman, P.J. concurs separately.

Wise, Earle, J. concurs separately.
Knox County, Case No. 18CA16                                                             30

Hoffman, P.J., concurring

       {¶86} I concur in the majority’s analysis and disposition of Appellant’s first

assignment of error and that portion of Appellant’s second assignment of error relating to

the issue concerning lesser included offenses.

       {¶87} I further concur in the majority’s disposition of Appellant’s second

assignment of error regarding the incorrect instruction referencing “bodily harm” in the

murder instruction. However, I would not find it was a strategic trial strategy, but would

overrule it as not prejudicial under prong two of the Strickland test.

       {¶88} I also concur in the majority’s analysis and disposition of Appellant’s fourth,

fifth (with the qualifications noted in my concurrence to the majority’s analysis of

Appellant’s third assignment of error, infra), sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth assignments

of error.

       {¶89} In reviewing Appellant’s third assignment of error challenging the trial

court’s failure to include a jury instruction on “accident”, the majority applies a “plain error”

analysis. I disagree. As noted in the majority opinion, Appellant submitted an instruction

for accident which was rejected by the trial court. The trial court noted on the record

Appellant’s trial counsel’s request for an accident instruction was declined. As such, I

find analysis under a “plain error” standard of review inappropriate.
Knox County, Case No. 18CA16                                                        31

         {¶90} I find the Appellant’s explanation of the shooting of the gun set forth in

paragraph no. 16 of the majority opinion, when considered in a light most favorable to

him, sufficient to warrant giving an accident instruction. I find it was error not to do so.

However, I find considering the weight of the evidence taken as a whole renders the error

harmless. Accordingly, I concur in the majority’s decision to overrule this assignment of

error.
Knox County, Case No. 18CA16                                                             32

Wise, Earle, J., concurring

       {¶91} I concur in the opinion of Judge Baldwin with the exception of assignment

of error number three. While I agree in overruling the assignment, I get there by a slightly

different path.

       {¶92} As to assignment of error number three, I first note that I concur with Judge

Hoffman and find the request for and the denial of an instruction on accident was

preserved in the record. Therefore, the consideration of this assignment is not one based

upon plain error.

       {¶93} I find no error by the trial court in refusing to instruct on accident. The record

contains acts of volition by appellant that do not support accident. As indicated in

paragraphs eleven, seventeen and eighteen of the opinion, the body was dragged from

the place of the fatal shot to a swimming pool. It was weighted down and hidden in the

murky opaque water. The weapon was disassembled and the pieces thrown separately

into three locations including a pond and a river.

       {¶94} In the note Appellant wrote the day after the shooting, Exhibit 7, he gave no

indication that the shooting was an accident. To the contrary, throughout the note he

claimed that voices in his head overrode his ability to resist shooting Nick. These voices

continued to speak to him and he was afraid that he would give into their demands to kill

others. The following passage is one example:

       My head is full of other people, always has been and they all think their (sic)

       the actual owner of me. Yesturday (sic) they or one of them took over and

       all I could do was watch. I tried very hard to not let them but something
Knox County, Case No. 18CA16                                                          33

       finnaly (sic) snapped inside and poor Nick was victimized by it. I have to

       destroy myself because they still want to kill more people.

While this may support some other type of defense, it clearly shows the shooting was not

accidental.

       {¶95} Appellant testified during the trial as set out in paragraph sixteen of the

opinion. He claimed he was surprised the gun fired when he pulled the trigger and then

fumbled with the gun and was unaware it fired a second time. He said he did not

immediately know that the victim had been shot.

       {¶96} Based upon the state of the evidence before the trial judge, I do not find an

abuse of discretion in the refusal to instruct on accident and find no error. I would overrule

assignment of error number three on that basis.