Court Opinion

ID: 4017458
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-20 16:01:02.709649+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:52:42.135517
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                            United States Court of Appeals
                                                                    Tenth Circuit

                                                                    July 20, 2016
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                  TENTH CIRCUIT                     Clerk of Court

 LEONA FELDT,

                Plaintiff - Appellant,                   No. 15-3109
          v.                                   (D.C. No. 6:12-CV-01064-MLB)
 HERITAGE HOMES OF                                         (D. Kan.)
 NEBRASKA, INC.,

                Defendant - Appellee,

          and

 KAN-DU CONSTRUCTION CORP.;
 MARTY FALCONBURG,

                Defendants.

                              ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before HOLMES, MURPHY, and BACHARACH, Circuit Judges.

      *
        This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
I.    INTRODUCTION

      This diversity action was brought by Plaintiff-Appellant Leona Feldt

against Defendant Kan-Du Construction Corp. 1 (“Kan-Du”) and Defendant-

Appellee Heritage Homes of Nebraska, Inc. (“Heritage Homes”). The district

court granted summary judgment in favor of Heritage Homes on some of Feldt’s

claims, granted judgment as a matter of law (“JMOL”) in favor of Heritage

Homes on Feldt’s Kansas Consumer Protection Act (“KCPA”) claim, and

submitted the remaining claims to the jury. After the jury awarded Feldt

$185,000 in damages against Heritage Homes on her negligent misrepresentation

claim and her fraud-by-omission claim, Heritage Homes moved to vacate the

judgment. The district court granted the motion.

      Feldt appeals from the multiple rulings of the district court in favor of

Heritage Homes. Exercising jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, this court

affirms the grant of summary judgment in favor of Heritage Homes, affirms the

grant of JMOL in favor of Heritage Homes, and affirms the grant of Heritage

Homes’s motion to vacate the judgment. Heritage Homes’s motion to strike

arguments raised in Feldt’s reply brief is denied.

      1
       Kan-Du’s owner, Marty Falconburg, was also named as a defendant. Any
reference herein to Kan-Du, collectively includes Falconburg.

                                        -2-
II.   FACTUAL BACKGROUND

      Heritage Homes is a Nebraska corporation that builds pre-manufactured

modular homes. It sells the homes to independent distributors who then resell

them to individual purchasers. Heritage Homes delivers the completed structure

to the homeowner’s building site where the home is installed on the owner’s

foundation. Distributors are responsible for all construction matters other than

the construction and delivery of the home itself. These additional construction

matters are referred to by the parties as “site work” and they include the

installation of foundations, porches, plumbing, and utilities. Distributors perform

the site work themselves or retain subcontractors. Kan-Du is a Heritage Homes

distributor.

      In May 2011, Feldt entered into a contract with Kan-Du for the purchase of

a modular home to be constructed by Heritage Homes. Feldt paid $317,700

directly to Kan-Du pursuant to the terms of a purchase agreement. Although

Feldt previously met with a salesperson from Heritage Homes to review options

and pricing for her modular home, the only parties to the purchase agreement

were Feldt and Kan-Du. On April 4, 2011, Kan-Du ordered Feldt’s modular home

from Heritage Homes, agreeing to pay a total of $183,222 pursuant to the terms of

a sales order. Feldt was not a party to the contract between Kan-Du and Heritage

Homes.

                                        -3-
      Heritage Homes completed the construction of Feldt’s modular home and

delivered it to the building site in Hoxie, Kansas. Kan-Du, however, failed to

fully complete the site work pursuant to the terms of its contract with Feldt. Feldt

filed a civil lawsuit in federal district court alleging claims against Kan-Du that

included breach of contract, negligent performance, and violation of the KCPA.

The claims raised against Heritage Homes included breach of contract, negligent

misrepresentation, affirmative fraud, fraud by silence, and violation of the KCPA.

Feldt sought both actual and punitive damages.

      Heritage Homes moved for summary judgment on all claims asserted

against it. As to Feldt’s breach of contract claim, Heritage Homes argued there

was no meeting of the minds to create the oral contract Feldt alleged and, even

assuming the existence of an oral contract, there was no bargained-for

consideration. Feldt’s negligent misrepresentation claim was premised on her

assertion Justin Lockhart, who was employed by Heritage Homes,

mischaracterized Kan-Du’s qualifications to perform the site work for her

modular home. As to this claim, Heritage Homes asserted it should be dismissed

because Feldt’s own testimony showed the lack of any actionable representation.

Heritage Homes made the same argument as to Feldt’s fraud-in-the-inducement

and KCPA claims, all of which were based on the same alleged misrepresentation.

Finally, Heritage Homes argued Feldt could not prove her negligence claim

because she could not establish she was owed a duty by Heritage Homes.

                                          -4-
Heritage Homes also argued, generally, that Feldt’s claims involved alleged

defects with site work and Heritage Homes had no responsibility for that work.

      The district court granted summary judgment in favor of Heritage Homes

on the breach of contract and negligence claims. The court denied summary

judgment on the fraud, negligent misrepresentation, and KCPA claims. Those

claims were tried to a jury in January 2015. Prior to submission to the jury, the

district court granted Heritage Homes JMOL on Feldt’s KCPA claim. The jury

found in favor of Feldt and against Heritage Homes on Feldt’s fraud-by-omission

and negligent misrepresentation claims and awarded her the sum of $185,000. It

found in favor of Feldt and against Kan-Du on Feldt’s breach of contract and

negligence claims, awarding her $31,000 on the breach of contract claim and

$78,000 on the negligence claim.

      Heritage Homes moved to vacate the judgment. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(a).

According to Heritage Homes, Feldt’s evidence on damages related only to the

costs incurred by Feldt in finishing site work that Kan-Du failed to complete,

payments Feldt made to unpaid subcontractors for work they completed, and the

cost to repair defective site work. Heritage Homes argued the jury, consistent

with the evidence, monetized the totality of those damages at $109,000 and

awarded Feldt that amount in full against Kan-Du. Thus, Heritage Homes argued,

any damages awarded against it were duplicative.

                                         -5-
       The district court granted the motion, concluding Feldt was made whole by

the $109,00 awarded against Kan-Du because she elected to affirm the contract

and sue for damages rather than sue for rescission. See K-B Trucking Co. v. Riss

Int’l Corp., 763 F.2d 1148, 1159 (10th Cir. 1985) (discussing the “benefit of the

bargain” rule followed by Kansas); Nolan v. Auto Transporters, 597 P.2d 614,

621 (Kan. 1979) (describing the measure of damages in Kansas tort actions). The

district court concluded the judgment against Heritage Homes was based on an

improper measure of damages not allowed under Kansas law because it

effectively permitted Feldt to recover twice for the same damages.

III.   DISCUSSION

       A.    Damages

       This court reviews the grant of a motion for JMOL de novo. 2 McInnis v.

Fairfield Communities, Inc., 458 F.3d 1129, 1136 (10th Cir. 2006). JMOL is

appropriate “[i]f a party has been fully heard on an issue during a jury trial and

the court finds that a reasonable jury would not have a legally sufficient

evidentiary basis to find for the party on that issue.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(a)(1).

       2
       There is no merit to Feldt’s argument that Heritage Homes’s motion to
vacate the judgment was barred by waiver. The motion was based on Heritage
Homes’s assertion that Feldt failed to produce any evidence to support the jury’s
damage award against Heritage Homes. Contrary to Feldt’s appellate argument,
neither the motion, nor the district court’s ruling, was based on the theory the
verdicts against Kan-Du and Heritage Homes were inconsistent.

                                         -6-
      In her opening brief, Feldt argues the district court erred in granting

judgment in favor of Heritage Homes because there was “substantial evidence of

damages resulting from Heritage’s fraud at trial.” 3 According to Feldt, there was

testimony from her expert, Frank Comer, that it would be necessary to rebuild her

entire house and, thus, she was damaged in the amount of $185,000 which was the

cost of the home. Having read the entirety of Mr. Comer’s trial testimony, we

can definitively state that this assertion is simply not true. At trial, Mr. Comer

discussed all the problems with the site work on Feldt’s home and testified it

would cost $3972 to repair the roof; $39,000 to repair the foundation; $24,000 to

repair the grading and drainage; $11,540 to repair the siding; $3750 to repair the

structural framing; and $19,500 to repair the flatwork. He never testified “the

whole house would have to be dug up” or “rebuilt” as Feldt argues. 4 Thus, the

evidence Feldt references does not support her assertion that the damages she

suffered were equal to the price she paid for the home.

      3
       Although Feldt’s appellate argument focuses on her fraud-by-omission
claim, the jury also found in her favor on the negligent misrepresentation claim.
The award of $185,000 in damages was premised on both claims.
      4
        Mr. Comer testified that one possible way to solve the problems with the
foundation was to “excavate the entire perimeter of the house” by “dig[ging] it all
up to [the] bottom of [the] footing.” He also specifically testified that the
problems with the foundation were, “more probably than not, related to the
negligence of whoever was responsible for the site-work at the time the house was
being dug.”

                                         -7-
       Mr. Comer estimated the faulty site work on Feldt’s house could be

repaired for approximately $101,762. The jury awarded Feldt $109,000 from

Kan-Du. Under Kansas law and the jury instructions given in this matter, any

damages against Heritage Homes could not duplicate those awarded against Kan-

Du. 5 See State ex rel. Stephan v. GAF Corp., 747 P.2d 1326, 1332 (Kan. 1987).

Feldt recovered from Kan-Du the full amount of the estimated costs of repairing

her home and offered no evidence of additional damages beyond those costs.

Thus, the award against Heritage Homes was duplicative and properly vacated by

the district court.

       Further, the purchase price of the home manufactured by Heritage Homes is

not the proper measure of damages. As the district court noted, Kansas law

provides alternative remedies to a plaintiff “fraudulently induced to buy and pay

for property delivered to him.” Waggener v. Seever Sys., Inc., 664 P.2d 813, 819

(Kan. 1983). The plaintiff “may affirm the contract and sue for damages or he

may disaffirm the contract and sue for rescission. . . . Because the remedy by

way of damages rests on affirmance, and the remedy by way of rescission rests on

disaffirmance, the two are inconsistent and incompatible. Resort to one excludes

       5
       The jury was instructed as follows: “Damages, if any, you find in
connection with plaintiff’s claims against Heritage Homes may not duplicate any
damages you may award in connection with plaintiff’s claims against Falconburg
and Kan-Du.” Feldt’s attorney conceded that damages could not be duplicated.
During a hearing on the jury instructions, he stated, “I understand that we don’t
want to duplicate the damages. I recognize that.”

                                        -8-
a party from resorting to the other . . . .” Id. (citation omitted). Mr. Comer,

Feldt’s own expert, testified as to the reasonable costs to repair, not replace,

Feldt’s home. Consistent with Kansas law and the evidence presented by Feldt,

the jury was instructed as follows:

            [Feldt] seeks recovery for damages to her house. When
      damage to real estate is temporary and of such a character that the
      property can be restored to its original condition, the measure of
      damages is the reasonable cost of repair necessary to restore it to its
      original condition, but not to exceed its fair and reasonable market
      value at the time it was purchased.

In her opening brief, Feldt herself states that “this case involves a claim for

money damages at law, and not for rescission in equity.” Appellant’s Opening

Br. at 51. Further, Feldt makes no allegation and points to no evidence indicating

the home cannot be repaired or she is unable to occupy the home. Because Feldt

sought—and received—the amount required to repair her home, she is not entitled

to also recover from Heritage Homes the price she paid for the home.

      Feldt attempts to circumvent this inevitable conclusion by asserting

Kansas’s so-called “benefit of the bargain rule” permits her to recover $185,000

from Heritage Homes on her fraud-by-omission claim. See Sippy v. Cristich, 609

P.2d 204, 210 (Kan. App. 1980) (“Kansas has followed the benefit of the bargain

rule in determining damages for fraud.”). This argument has three fatal flaws.

First, there is no indication Feldt presented it to the district court and her

assertion she raised it in a proposed jury instruction is not supported by any

                                           -9-
citations to the record. Second, the argument was presented to this court for the

first time in Feldt’s reply brief and, thus, it is waived. 6 Banker v. Gold Res. Corp.

(In re Gold Res. Corp. Sec. Litig.), 776 F.3d 1103, 1119 (10th Cir. 2015) (holding

this court does not review issues raised for the first time in a reply brief unless

the argument is a response to one raised in the appellee’s brief). Finally, her

argument is not persuasive. In Kansas, the benefit of the bargain rule permits a

purchaser to recover the difference between the actual value of property at the

time of the sale and the value of the property if the representations had been true.

Fox v. Wilson, 507 P.2d 252, 267 (Kan. 1973). This court was unable to locate a

single Kansas case in which a plaintiff prevailed on a fraud claim and recovered

the full price paid for real property under the benefit of the bargain rule and Feldt

has not identified any such case. Further, as we have already concluded, the

evidence Feldt presented at trial was limited to the cost of repairing her home—an

amount she recovered from Kan-Du. See Sippy, 609 P.2d at 211 (“[T]he rule of

damages in Kansas in fraud cases is the loss of bargain rule. However, where the

only competent evidence is the cost of repairs, this may be accepted by the trial

court as evidence of the difference between the value as represented and the

actual value.”). Thus, Feldt has no support for her claim to benefit of the bargain

damages in the amount of $185,000.

      6
      There is no merit to Feldt’s claim the argument is responsive to Heritage
Homes’s assertion in its response brief that the purchase price is not the proper
measure of damages.

                                         -10-
      Feldt also argues the district court erred when it refused to submit her claim

for punitive damages to the jury. After Feldt presented her case-in-chief, the

district court granted judgment as a matter of law to Heritage Homes on the

punitive damages claim, concluding Feldt failed to produce evidence that

Heritage Homes acted with intent to harm her. Under Kansas law, however,

punitive damages may be awarded if a party establishes fraud by clear and

convincing evidence. Kan. Stat. Ann. § 60-3701(c) (providing punitive damages

are available in a civil action if the plaintiff meets her burden of proving the

defendant acted toward her “with willful conduct, wanton conduct, fraud or

malice”); W-V Enters., Inc. v. Fed. Savs. & Loan Ins. Corp., 673 P.2d 1112, 1124

(Kan. 1983) (“Whenever fraud, malice or gross negligence are present in a case,

punitive damages are proper as a method of punishing the wrongdoer.”). Here,

the jury ruled in Feldt’s favor on her fraud-by-omission claim, finding she proved

by clear and convincing evidence that “Heritage Homes fraudulently concealed by

silence the fact that Kan-Du and Falconburg had never constructed a stick or

modular home.”

      Feldt raised the punitive damages issue again in a post-trial motion for a

new trial. The district court again denied relief, concluding Feldt was not entitled

to punitive damages because she failed to establish Heritage Homes’s fraud

caused her to suffer any damages.

                                         -11-
      Feldt is not entitled to punitive damages. She failed to present any

evidence that Heritage Homes’s fraud, which she alleges induced her to enter into

the contract with Kan-Du, caused her any damages above and beyond the contract

damages she recovered from Kan-Du. 7 See Guar. Abstract & Title Co., Inc. v

Interstate Fire & Cas. Co., 652 P.2d 665, 668 (Kan. 1982) (holding punitive

damages cannot be recovered in a breach-of-contract action unless the plaintiff

also proves an independent tort that “result[s] in additional injury” (emphasis

added)).

      B.     Breach of Contract and Negligence Claims

      In addition to her fraud claim, Feldt brought claims for breach of contract

and negligence against Heritage Homes. These claims were dismissed by the

district court on Heritage Homes’s motion for summary judgment. The court

concluded Feldt failed to identify any evidence establishing the existence of oral

agreement between herself and Heritage Homes nor did Heritage Homes have any

duty to Feldt on which a negligence claim could be based. Feldt appeals from

these pre-trial rulings.

      7
       We recognize the Kansas Supreme Court has ruled that punitive damages
were available to a plaintiff whose fraud claim involved damages that were
duplicative of the damages he recovered on his contract claim. Equitable Life
Leasing Corp. v. Abbick, 757 P.2d 304, 307 (Kan. 1988). Feldt does not discuss
either Equitable Life Leasing Corp., Guarantee Abstract & Title Co., or the
possible conflict between the two cases. Her appellate argument is confined to a
basic assertion, unsupported by any citation to authority, that she is entitled to
punitive damages because the jury awarded her actual damages on her fraud
claim.

                                        -12-
      This court reviews a grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the

same legal standard as the district court. Birch v. Polaris Indus., Inc., 812 F.3d

1238, 1251 (10th Cir. 2015). Summary judgment is appropriate if the non-

moving party “fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an

element essential to that party’s case.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317,

322 (1986).

      As to her breach of contract claim, Feldt alleged in the pretrial order that

Heritage Homes breached its oral agreement 8 to select an “experienced and well-

qualified home builder or construction contractor” to build her home. Under

Kansas law, a plaintiff must present evidence of bargained-for consideration to

prevail on a breach of contract claim. City of Andover v. Sw. Bell Tel., 153 P.3d

561, 565 (Kan. App. 2007) (listing “sufficient consideration” as an essential

element of an action based on a contract). In her deposition, however, Feldt

conceded she did not agree to pay any amount other than the sum set out in the

purchase agreement between herself and Kan-Du. Heritage Homes was not a

party to that purchase agreement. Nevertheless, Feldt argues her detrimental

reliance on Heritage Homes’s “superior expertise in dealing with contractors” is

sufficient consideration. Feldt provides no authority to support this assertion and

we were unable to locate any.

      8
       Because Feldt alleged an oral contract, her extensive appellate briefing of
the parol evidence rule, which is applicable to written contracts, is both curious
and irrelevant.

                                         -13-
      Because Feldt failed to produce any evidence that the alleged oral contract

with Heritage Homes was supported by sufficient consideration, the district court

properly granted summary judgment to Heritage Homes on Feldt’s breach of

contract claim.

      Feldt’s negligence claim against Heritage Homes was premised on her

allegation Heritage Homes undertook to select, train, and supervise a local

contractor to assemble and construct her home. The district court granted

summary judgment to Heritage Homes on the claim, concluding Feldt could not

establish that Heritage Homes owed a duty to her. See P.W. ex rel. A.W. v. Kan.

Dep’t of Soc. & Rehab. Servs., 877 P.2d 430, 434 (Kan. 1994) (identifying “a

duty owed to the plaintiff” as one of the elements of a Kansas negligence claim).

On appeal, Feldt has failed to identify any evidence from which a reasonable jury

could conclude that such a duty arose from the circumstances surrounding her

interactions with Heritage Homes, David v. Hett, 270 P.3d 1102, 1114-15 (Kan.

2011), and has failed to establish a duty was created by law. 9 Accordingly, there

was no error in the district court’s grant of summary judgment to Heritage Homes

on Feldt’s negligence claim.

      9
       The word “duty” does not even appear in the portion of Feldt’s opening
brief addressing the grant of summary judgment to Heritage Homes on her
negligence claim.

                                        -14-
      C.     Kansas Consumer Protection Act

      At the close of Feldt’s case, the district court granted JMOL to Heritage

Homes on Feldt’s KCPA claim. That claim was premised on Feldt’s assertions in

the pretrial order that Heritage Homes willfully represented that it had selected an

experienced and well-qualified contractor to build her home. See Kan. Stat. Ann.

§ 50-626(b)(2) (forbidding the “willful use, in any oral or written representation,

of exaggeration, falsehood, innuendo or ambiguity as to a material fact”). To

prevail on this claim, Feldt was required to establish, inter alia, that Heritage

Homes made a willful representation of falsehood as to a material fact. To prove

the willfulness element of § 50-626(b)(2), Feldt was required to produce evidence

that Heritage Homes “performed with a designed purpose or intent . . . to do

wrong or to cause injury to” her. Unruh v. Purina Mills, LLC, 221 P.3d 1130,

1139 (Kan. 2009) (citing Kan. Pattern Instr.4d, Civ., No. 103.04). The district

court concluded there was “absolutely no evidence or any inference of evidence”

on which the jury could make a determination that Heritage Homes acted with the

intent required by the KCPA.

      In her opening brief, Feldt fails to support her conclusory allegation that

the district court erred when it concluded she failed to present evidence necessary

to prove the willfulness element of her KCPA claim. Accordingly, we deem the

issue waived.

                                         -15-
IV.   CONCLUSION

      The rulings of the district court are affirmed.

                                          ENTERED FOR THE COURT

                                          Michael R. Murphy
                                          Circuit Judge

                                       -16-