Court Opinion

ID: 9373179
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-02-22 16:03:14.639175+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:40.007878
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
                   MERIT SYSTEMS PROTECTION BOARD

TREVOR MCCARDLE, 1                               DOCKET NUMBER
            Appellant,                           SF-0752-16-0689-I-3

             v.

EQUAL EMPLOYMENT                                 DATE: December 7, 2022
  OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION,
            Agency.

        THIS FINAL ORDER IS NONPRECEDENTIAL 2

      Michal B. Shinnar, Esquire and Renn C. Fowler, Esquire, Silver Spring,
        Maryland, for the appellant.

1
  After the petition for review submissions were filed, the appellant’s attorney filed a
motion for substitution, explaining that Mr. McCardle died on August 4, 2019, and
requesting that Yolanda Acuna, Mr. McCardle’s sole heir, be substituted in his place.
Petition for Review File, Tab 9. The motion includes a letter of instruction from
Ms. Acuna, a California death record from Lexis-Nexis, and a declaration made under
penalty of perjury from Ms. Acuna. Id. at 5-7. If an appellant dies, the processing of
an appeal will only be completed upon substitution of a proper party. 5 C.F.R.
§ 1201.35(a). Motions to substitute must be filed with the Board within 90 days after
the death of a party except for good cause shown. 5 C.F.R. § 1201.35(b). The
appellant’s attorney filed the motion to substitute on March 3, 2022, which was more
than 90 days after Mr. McCardle’s death. However, in the absence of a timely
substitution of a party, the processing of an appeal may continue if the interests of the
proper party will not be prejudiced. 5 C.F.R. § 1201.35(c). No such prejudice exists
here, and the agency has not opposed the motion; thus, we find it appropriate to
continue with the processing of this appeal. Both Ms. Acuna and Mr. McCardle will be
referred to as “the appellant.”
2
   A nonprecedential order is one that the Board has determined does not add
significantly to the body of MSPB case law. Parties may cite nonprecedential orders,
but such orders have no precedential value; the Board and administrative judges are not
required to follow or distinguish them in any future decisions. In contrast, a
precedential decision issued as an Opinion and Order has been identified by the Board
as significantly contributing to the Board’s case law. See 5 C.F.R. § 1201.117(c).
                                                                                      2

           Anabia Hasan, Washington, D.C., for the agency.

           Leroy T. Jenkins, Jr, Washington, Delaware, for the agency.

           Maneesh Varma, Birmingham, Alabama, for the agency.

           Michael J. O’Brien, New York, New York, for the agency.

                                          BEFORE

                               Cathy A. Harris, Vice Chairman
                                Raymond A. Limon, Member
                                 Tristan L. Leavitt, Member

                                      FINAL ORDER

¶1        The appellant has filed a petition for review of the initial decision, which
     sustained his removal from the agency for various acts of misconduct and found
     that he did not prove any of his affirmative defenses.          Generally, we grant
     petitions such as this one only in the following circumstances: the initial decision
     contains erroneous findings of material fact; the initial decision is based on an
     erroneous interpretation of statute or regulation or the erroneous application of
     the law to the facts of the case; the administrative judge’s rulings during either
     the course of the appeal or the initial decision were not consistent with required
     procedures or involved an abuse of discretion, and the resulting error affected the
     outcome of the case; or new and material evidence or legal argument is available
     that, despite the petitioner’s due diligence, was not available when the record
     closed. Title 5 of the Code of Federal Regulations, section 1201.115 (5 C.F.R.
     § 1201.115). After fully considering the filings in this appeal, we conclude that
     the petitioner has not established any basis under section 1201.115 for granting
     the petition for review. Therefore, we DENY the petition for review. However,
     we   REVERSE      those   portions   of   the   initial   decision   which   sustained
     specification 2 of the misuse of Government resources charge and which found
     that the appellant did not make a whistleblowing disclosure. We MODIFY the
                                                                                 3

     initial decision (1) to hold that the agency did not prove specification 2 of the
     misuse of Government resources charge, (2) to find that the appellant proved that
     his whistleblowing disclosure was a contributing factor to his removal, but the
     agency proved by clear and convincing evidence that it would have removed him
     in the absence of such disclosure, and (3) to reanalyze the appellant’s equal
     employment opportunity (EEO) retaliation and disability discrimination claims in
     light of more recent case law. Notwithstanding these modifications, we sustain
     the misuse of Government resources charge, and we find that the appellant did not
     prove his reprisal affirmative defenses. Except as expressly MODIFIED by this
     Order, we AFFIRM the initial decision.

                                     BACKGROUND
¶2        The following facts, as recited in the initial decision, are generally
     undisputed.     McCardle v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, MSPB
     Docket No. SF-0752-16-0689-I-3, Appeal File, Tab 11, Initial Decision (ID).
     Effective October 16, 2015, the agency removed the appellant from his Paralegal
     Specialist position under 5 U.S.C. chapter 75 based on charges of improper
     conduct, misuse of the agency’s email system, and misuse of Government
     resources.     McCardle v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, MSPB
     Docket No. SF-0752-16-0689-I-1, Initial Appeal File (IAF), Tab 5 at 44-56,
     146-53.     The appellant filed an EEO complaint with the agency, in which he
     alleged that his removal was based on discrimination and retaliation. IAF, Tab 1
     at 21-24.     Because the agency did not issue a final agency decision on the
     appellant’s EEO complaint within 120 days, he filed a Board appeal contesting
     his removal and raising various affirmative defenses . IAF, Tab 1; ID at 2; see
     5 C.F.R. § 1201.154(b)(2).
¶3        A multi-day hearing was held. McCardle v. Equal Employment Opportunity
     Commission, MSPB Docket No. SF-0752-16-0689-I-2, Appeal File (I-2 AF)
     Hearing Transcripts (HTs); ID at 2. The administrative judge issued a 75-page
                                                                                        4

     initial decision, in which he found that the agency proved all three charges of
     misconduct, and the appellant failed to prove his affirmative defenses of sex
     discrimination, disability discrimination (based on a perceived disability),
     retaliation for EEO activity, reprisal for whistleblowing disclosures and/or
     protected activity, and due process violations. ID at 8-63. The administrative
     judge further found that there was a nexus between the appellant’s misconduct
     and the efficiency of the service and that the removal penalty was reasonable
     under the circumstances. ID at 63-68. Following, the appellant filed a petition
     for review, to which the agency filed a response, and the appellant filed a reply.
     Petition for Review (PFR) File, Tabs 3, 7-8.

                      DISCUSSION OF ARGUMENTS ON REVIEW 3
¶4         In an appeal before the Board of a removal taken under 5 U.S.C. chapter 75,
     an agency bears the burden to prove by preponderant evidence the charged
     misconduct, a sufficient nexus between the charge and the efficiency of the
     service, and the reasonableness of the imposed penalty.           Pope v. U.S. Postal
     Service, 114 F.3d 1144, 1147 (Fed. Cir. 1997); see 5 U.S.C. §§ 7513(a),
     7701(c)(1)(B).

     The improper conduct charge is sustained. 4
¶5         The improper conduct charge contained a single narrative specification
     alleging that the appellant made statements that disrupted the workplace. IAF,

     3
       On review, the appellant does not challenge the administrative judge’s finding that he
     failed to prove his disparate treatment sex discrimination claim. ID at 43; PFR File,
     Tabs 3, 8. We find no reason to disturb this finding and therefore affirm it.
     4
       The agency is not required to affix a label to a charge of misconduct; it may simply
     describe actions that constitute misbehavior in narrative form in its charge letter.
     Otero v. U.S. Postal Service, 73 M.S.P.R. 198, 202 (1997). However, if the agency
     chooses to label an action of alleged misconduct, then it must prove the elements that
     make up the legal definition of the charge, if any. Id. Accordingly, because the agency
     generically labeled each of the charges in the appellant’s removal and provided a
     narrative account of the specifications, it was appropriate for the administrative judge
     to assess whether the agency met its burden of proving that the appellant engaged in the
     conduct for which he was charged. IAF, Tab 5 at 146-50; ID at 8, 26, 28.
                                                                                  5

     Tab 5 at 146-48.   The narrative describing the charge included the following
     allegations: (1) the appellant said to a coworker that he felt like he was “gonna
     fucking kill someone”; (2) he said to the same coworker that, if he could, he
     would “take . . . out” his first- and second-level supervisors; (3) he sent an
     agency-wide email on September 19, 2014, which caused several female
     coworkers to “express[ ] fear for their personal safety around [him]” and they
     were sent home; and (4) on September 23, 2014, Federal Protective Service (FPS)
     searched his possessions while he was at work and found a “folding razor
     blade/box cutter” in his backpack, an item that was prohibited in the Federal
     facility where he worked. Id. at 147-48.
¶6        In the initial decision, the administrative judge considered the evidence of
     record, made demeanor-based credibility determinations from the hearing
     testimony, and concluded that the agency proved by preponderant evidence each
     allegation of misconduct raised in the narrative and the overall charge .        ID
     at 8-25. The appellant’s conduct discussed in the narrative was clearly improper
     and caused a disruption in the workplace. The administrative judge’s findings
     and analysis on this charge was detailed, precise, and corroborated throughout the
     record.   Id.   The Board must give deference to an administrative judge’s
     credibility determinations when they are based, explicitly or implicitly, on the
     observation of the demeanor of witnesses testifying at a hearing; the Board may
     overturn such determinations only when it has “sufficiently sound” reasons for
     doing so. Haebe v. Department of Justice, 288 F.3d 1288, 1301 (Fed. Cir. 2002).
     The appellant has not presented such sufficiently sound reasons.       PFR File,
     Tabs 3, 8. Therefore, we affirm the administrative judge’s conclusion sustaining
     this charge. ID at 8-25; see Clay v. Department of the Army, 123 M.S.P.R. 245,
     ¶ 6 (2016) (finding no reason to disturb the administrative judge’s findings where
     she considered the evidence as a whole, drew appropriate inferences, and made
     reasoned conclusions); Broughton v. Department of Health & Human Services,
     33 M.S.P.R. 357, 359 (1987) (same).
                                                                                      6

¶7        We find unpersuasive the appellant’s assertion on review that the agency
     did not identify any “misconduct or disruption” through its description of this
     charge in the proposal. PFR File, Tab 3 at 7. Indeed, the narrative portion of this
     charge within the proposal describes in detail the appellant’s statements that he
     felt like he was “gonna fucking kill someone” and that he would “take . . . out”
     his first- and second-level supervisors, his agency-wide email (which alarmed
     several female coworkers), and the discovery of a prohibited box cutter in his
     backpack in the workplace.        IAF, Tab 5 at 146-48.       The proposal, which
     contained dates and accompanying circumstances, adequately put the appellant on
     notice of the specific allegations of misconduct and disruption. Id.; see Otero v.
     U.S. Postal Service, 73 M.S.P.R. 198, 202-03 (1997) (holding that the agency’s
     two-page narrative description of the appellant’s misconduct , which contained
     dates, times, names of participants, and exact quotes of offense language used,
     met the requirements of notice and fairness).       Unquestionably, the appellant’s
     conduct, as set forth in the proposal and proven by the agency, taken individually
     or together, is improper.    See Wiley v. U.S. Postal Service, 102 M.S.P.R. 535,
     ¶¶ 2, 12 (2006) (upholding, inter alia, a charge of improper conduct because the
     agency proved that the appellant said that he was going to “get [ ] [his] gun and
     shoot[ ] up the place,” among other things, which violated agency policy), aff’d,
     218 F. App’x 1001 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (per curiam).
¶8        The appellant also asserts on review that the administrative judge erred by
     finding that he violated the Items Prohibited From Federal Facilities list by
     bringing a box cutter or knife to work. 5 PFR File, Tab 3 at 17-19. The appellant
     focuses on 18 U.S.C. § 930(d)(3), which outlines exceptions when an individual
     may be permitted to carry a firearm or dangerous weapon in a Federal facility,
     and it includes the “lawful carrying of firearms or other dangerous weapons in a

     5
      Although the appellant framed this argument as a claim of a due process violation, it
     appears that he is challenging the administrative judge’s factual findings and
     conclusions concerning this portion of the charge. PFR File, Tab 3 at 17-19.
                                                                                      7

     Federal facility incident to hunting or other lawful purposes .” Id. However, this
     cited exception does not apply in the appellant’s situation. As the administrative
     judge found, when looking to the applicable policy in place at the Federal
     building where the appellant worked on the day in question , “[r]azor-type blades
     such as box cutters” and “utility knives” were on the list of prohibited items
     unless they met the exemption described in 18 U.S.C. § 930(d)(3). IAF, Tab 7
     at 17; ID at 24-25.    The evidence demonstrates that the item found in the
     appellant’s backpack while at work on September 23, 2014, as outlined in this
     charge in the proposal, was a prohibited box cutter or utility knife.         I-2 AF,
     Tab 41 at 5 (picture of the prohibited box cutter). 6 Therefore, the administrative
     judge correctly found in the initial decision that the agency proved this portion of
     the improper conduct charge. ID at 24-25.

     The misuse of the agency’s email system charge is sustained.
¶9        In this charge and single specification, the agency alleged that the appellant
     used his agency email address and sent an email to the entire agency on
     September 19, 2014, without obtaining supervisory approval, which disrupted the
     workplace. IAF, Tab 5 at 148. The appellant, who began working for the agency
     in December 2010, claims that at the time he sent this agency-wide email, he
     was not aware of any policy requiring permission before sending. HT 2 at 116
     (testimony of the appellant); ID at 26. Yet, the agency-wide policy, dated July 5,
     2011, which was distributed to all agency employees, stated, in relevant part, that
     “[a]ny e-mail message which is to be sent to all [agency] employees . . . must be
     approved by the sender’s Office Director before it can be distributed.” 7 IAF,

     6
       We are not persuaded by the appellant’s assertion that the item satisfied one of the
     exemptions in 18 U.S.C. § 930(d)(3) or otherwise constituted a pocket knife. PFR File,
     Tab 3 at 18-19.
     7
       The appellant’s claim on review that the applicable policy in place when he sent his
     September 19, 2014 email contains no requirement for supervisory approval befo re
     sending an agency-wide email, PFR File, Tab 8 at 9, is contradicted by the evidence of
     record, IAF, Tab 7 at 26.
                                                                                    8

      Tab 7 at 26.        The administrative judge found that the agency proved by
      preponderant evidence that the policy in place at t he time that the appellant sent
      the September 19, 2014 email required managerial approval before sending
      agency-wide, he did not obtain such approval before sending, and doing so
      constituted a misuse of the agency’s email system and caused a workplace
      disruption. ID at 26-28. In reaching this finding, the administrative judge relied
      on the evidentiary record, to include credibility determinations based on the
      hearing testimony of several agency witnesses.      Id.; Haebe, 288 F.3d at 1301.
      Upon our review, we find that the administrative judge appropriately found that
      the agency proved this charge by preponderant evidence .       These findings are
      substantiated, reasoned, and appropriate. ID at 26-28; Clay, 123 M.S.P.R. 245,
      ¶ 6; Broughton, 33 M.S.P.R. at 359. Thus, we affirm this conclusion from the
      initial decision.
¶10         To the extent that the appellant asserts on review that the agency issued an
      email policy after he sent the September 19, 2014 email, and it held him to that
      subsequent standard in the removal proceedings, we are not persuaded by such an
      assertion. PFR File, Tab 3 at 12-14. The decision letter noted that the agency
      issued a revised policy regarding use of the agency’s email system on
      December 19, 2014.       IAF, Tab 5 at 48.   However, the deciding official noted
      therein that the appellant was only being held to the standard indicated in the
      policy that was in effect at the time he sent the September 19, 2014 email. Id.
      Similarly, the proposal letter cited the policy in effect at the time the appellant
      engaged in the alleged misconduct and not the subsequent policy.        Id. at 148.
      Furthermore, the appellant’s contention that he tried to meet with his Office
      Director prior to sending the email, PFR File, Tab 3 at 13, tends to show that he
      was aware of the requirement for supervisory approval in place at the time. In
      any event, the agency’s evidence proved that the appellant never had the proper
      permission to send the September 19, 2014 email.
                                                                                         9

¶11         The appellant also asserts that the agency should have merged the portion of
      the improper conduct charge pertaining to the September 19, 2014 agency-wide
      email that he sent, which caused a disruption in the workplace, and the misuse of
      the agency’s email system charge, which the agency asserts also caused a
      disruption in the workplace. PFR File, Tab 3 at 12-13, 13 n.3. The merger of
      charges is appropriate when they are based on the same misconduct and proof of
      one charge automatically constitutes proof of the other charge.              Shiflett v.
      Department of Justice, 98 M.S.P.R. 289, ¶ 5 (2005). The appellant’s assertion in
      this regard is unpersuasive. The fact that the agency proved the improper conduct
      charge did not mean that it automatically proved the misuse of agency email
      system charge. The crux of the relevant portion of the improper conduct charge
      involved the disruption to the workplace that the content of the appellant’s email
      (and other statements) caused and did not address the supervisory approval
      requirement.      IAF, Tab 5 at 146-48.   The root of the misuse of agency email
      system charge centered on the appellant not having the proper approval from
      management to send an agency-wide email. Id. at 148. Because the allegations
      are   distinct,    the   administrative   judge   was    correct    to   assess   these
      charges separately.

      We modify the initial decision to find that the agenc y failed to prove
      specification 2 of the misuse of Government resources charge, but we conclude
      that the agency proved this charge based on our decision to sustain
      specification 1.
¶12         This charge contained the following two specifications: (1) the appellant’s
      misuse of his Accurint, 8 Lexis, and Westlaw accounts; and (2) the appellant’s
      violation of the agency’s Network/Desktop Rules of Behavior.               IAF, Tab 5

      8
        According to the testimony of the deciding official, Accurint is a “service t hat the
      [agency] uses to find witnesses and to obtain corporate and other entity information
      about respondents in charges of discrimination.” HT 1 at 41 (testimony of the deciding
      official). He further described Accurint as “a personal identifiable infor mation tool.”
      Id. at 42 (testimony of the deciding official).
                                                                                       10

      at 148-50. In the first specification, the agency alleged that the appellant u sed
      these electronic resources, paid for by the agency, to further his personal pursuits,
      to include searches related to individuals and corpor ations not relevant to his
      work, and such use was prohibited. Id. Through the second specification, the
      agency alleged that the appellant violated its Network/Desktop Rules of Behavior
      because he kept a personal “journal” on the agency shared drive, accessible by
      other employees, that contained material involving violence, bizarre and
      disturbing material, including rape, “light bulb sodomy,” violence towards
      women and children, and contained derogatory terms like “faggot,” among other
      things.   Id. at 150.     This specification separately charged that, despite being
      counseled otherwise, the appellant “continued to behave inappropriately
      toward[s] female legal interns.”      Id.   The specification stated that the agency
      found “what appears to be a multi-page letter or e-mail from [the appellant] to
      another female legal intern” who had written to him about the upcoming bar
      examination, and he responded by telling her, among other things, “that she
      should not worry about the bar exam and that if she went to [his] Facebook p age
      she could see a picture of [him] wearing nothing but sour cream and a Band -aid.”
      Id.; IAF, Tab 7 at 126.
¶13         The applicable Network/Desktop Rules of Behavior allowed “limited use of
      [G]overnment office equipment for personal, noncommercial needs . . . during the
      employee’s    non-work       time”   and    specifically   prohibited   “discriminatory
      remarks[ ] or other text or communication that degrades individuals or groups.”
      IAF, Tab 7 at 9-10. Upon review, we affirm the administrative judge’s decision
      to sustain the first specification of this charge.             Such decision by the
      administrative judge is reasoned and supported by the evidentiary record, to
      include his credibility findings from the hearing. ID at 28-34; Haebe, 288 F.3d
      at 1301; Clay, 123 M.S.P.R. 245, ¶ 6; Broughton, 33 M.S.P.R. at 359.
¶14         The appellant contends that the agency erred when it determined in his
      removal decision letter that he changed his email address on his Westlaw account
                                                                                    11

      with the “intent to circumvent” the agency’s ability to con trol his Westlaw use.
      PFR File, Tab 3 at 15-17; IAF, Tab 5 at 50. This contention is irrelevant. The
      root of this specification concerned the appellant’s personal use of these systems,
      which for the reasons thoroughly outlined in the initial decision, the agency met
      its burden of proving. IAF, Tab 5 at 48-50, 148-50; ID at 28-34. Specifically,
      the appellant admitted that he used these services in furtherance of his personal
      lawsuit against a non-Government entity. See, e.g., HT 2 at 173-75 (admitting
      that he used Accurint and Lexis for a private lawsuit against Citibank) (testimony
      of the appellant). Whether the appellant intended to circumvent the agency when
      he changed his Westlaw email address is an incidental detail that has no bearing
      on our decision to affirm the administrative judge’s decision to sustain
      this specification.
¶15         Although a close call, we do, however, reverse the administrative judge’s
      decision to sustain specification 2 of this charge.        ID at 34-38.     In this
      specification, the agency alleged that the appellant placed his journal containing
      inappropriate content on the agency’s network “share[d] drive.”         IAF, Tab 5
      at 150.    The agency’s network shared drive allowed coworkers to share
      documents with other employees in that office.      Id.   The agency alleged that,
      because of its location on the shared drive, the document was available to all
      employees in his office. Id.
¶16         We disagree with the administrative judge’s assessment of this part of
      specification 2. We find instead that the agency failed to prove by preponderant
      evidence that the appellant’s journal was ever maintained on the shared drive.
      Indeed, the record reflects, and the appellant admitted, that he kept his journal on
      his work computer.      HT 2 at 184 (testimony of the appellant).         While the
      placement of these materials on his work computer could be a misuse of
      Government resources, the agency did not specifically charge the appellant with
      such misconduct in the proposal. IAF, Tab 5 at 150; see Minor v. U.S. Postal
      Service, 115 M.S.P.R. 307, ¶ 10 (2010) (stating that the Board is required to
                                                                                       12

      review the agency’s decision on an adverse action solely on the g rounds invoked
      by the agency; the Board is not to substitute what it considers to be a more proper
      basis).   We recognize that the appellant’s work computer could be remotely
      accessed by other employees with administrative rights, as it was connected to the
      agency’s network. ID at 34 (citing the appellant’s testimony). However, contrary
      to the agency’s assertion, a file on his work computer —and not on the shared
      drive—was not available to all employees in the office.         Because we disagree
      with the administrative judge’s analysis of this portion of specification 2, we
      reverse his analysis herein. 9    The administrative judge did not make specific
      findings in the initial decision regarding the other portion of specification 2,
      involving the appellant’s alleged correspondence with a former female intern. ID
      at 37-38. We need not resolve this portion of specification 2 because, for the
      above reasons, we find that the agency did not prove the other portion of the
      specification 2 involving the journal.
¶17         Even though the agency only proved one of the two specifications, we still
      find it appropriate to affirm the administrative judge’s conclusion that the agency
      proved the overall misuse of Government resources charge.           See Burroughs v.
      Department of the Army, 918 F.2d 170, 172 (Fed. Cir. 1990) (holding that where
      more than one event or factual specification support a single charge, proof of one
      or more, but not all, of the supporting specifications is sufficient to sustain
      the charge).

      We are not persuaded that the agency committed any due process violations.
¶18         Nearly all of the appellant’s arguments on review are styled as due process
      violations, PFR File, Tab 3 at 5-26, Tab 8 at 4-16, but we have largely addressed
      them in this Final Order as challenges to the administrative judge’s analysis of

      9
        Because we are not sustaining specification 2 of this charge, we need not address the
      appellant’s contention on review that the agency failed to provide him with a copy of
      the applicable Network/Desktop Rules of Behavior prior to his replies to the proposal.
      PFR File, Tab 3 at 10-11.
                                                                                     13

      the specific charges of misconduct. However, the appellant raised four specific
      due process violation claims below that the administrative judge addressed.
      I-2 AF, Tab 39 at 5.    For example, he asserted that (1) the agency’s general
      charge construction was impermissibly vague, (2) the agency specified the
      appellant’s misconduct throughout the proposal by using conclusory assertions
      without setting forth supporting facts, (3) the deciding official concluded that the
      appellant engaged in conduct that was not set forth in the proposal notice and
      then relied upon that determination in rendering his decision, and (4) the deciding
      official relied upon information in rendering his removal decision that was not
      provided to the appellant before any of his replies. Id. In the initial decision, the
      administrative judge determined that the appellant failed to prove each of these
      claims. ID at 38-40, 66-68.
¶19         A public employee has a property interest in his continued employment,
      meaning the Federal Government, as an employer, cannot deprive an employee of
      such interest without due process. Wilson v. Department of Homeland Security,
      120 M.S.P.R.    686,   ¶7   (2014) (citing    Cleveland    Board of     Education v.
      Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 538 (1985)), aff’d, 595 F. App’x 995 (Fed. Cir. 2015).
      As outlined by the Supreme Court, the essentials of due process in this context
      are notice of the reasons for discipline and an opportunity to respond.
      Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 546.
¶20         Additionally, procedural due process guarantees are not met if the employee
      has notice of only certain charges or portions of the evidence and the deciding
      official considers new and material information; therefore, it is constitutionally
      impermissible to allow a deciding official to receive additional material
      information that may undermine the objectivity required to protect the fairness of
      the process.   Stone v. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, 179 F.3d 1368,
      1376 (Fed. Cir. 1999). Not every ex parte communication is a procedural defect
      so substantial and so likely to cause prejudice that it undermines the due process
      guarantee and entitles the claimant to an entirely new administrative proceeding;
                                                                                      14

      rather, only ex parte communications that introduce new and material information
      to the deciding official will violate the due process guarantee of notice.           Id.
      at 1376-77.   The Board will consider the following factors, among others, to
      determine whether an ex parte contact is constitutionally impermissible:
      (1) whether the ex parte communication merely introduces “cumulative”
      information or new information; (2) whether the employee knew of the error and
      had a chance to respond to it; and (3) whether the ex parte communications were
      of the type likely to result in undue pressure upon the deciding official to rule in a
      particular manner.   Id. at 1377.   When a procedural due process violation has
      occurred because of ex parte communications, such a violation is not subject to
      the harmless error test, and the appellant is entitled to a new constitutionally
      correct administrative proceeding. Id.
¶21         We agree with the administrative judge’s conclusions outlined in the initial
      decision finding that the appellant failed to meet his burden of proving a due
      process violation. ID at 38-40, 66-68. While the agency could have been more
      precise in the way that it labeled and described the charges of misconduct in the
      proposal notice, the appellant still knew of the allegations of misconduct against
      him prior to delivering his replies. IAF, Tab 5 at 57-63, 91-129, 146-53.
¶22         On review, the appellant asserts that the deciding official considered a new
      and unnoticed “threats” charge and improperly considered the appellant’s
      threatening conduct as an aggravating factor in his penalty determination. PFR
      File, Tab 3 at 20-23. The mere fact that the appellant’s statements that he felt
      like he was “gonna fucking kill someone” and that he would “take . . . out” his
      first- and second-level supervisors were described as “threatening” does not mean
      that the agency charged him with making threats or improperly described his
      behavior as threatening. IAF, Tab 5 at 46-47, 53; see Pinegar v. Federal Election
      Commission, 105 M.S.P.R. 677, ¶ 28 (2007) (noting that the agency charged the
      appellant with inappropriate remarks, not with making a threat, and therefore, it
      was not required to prove whether the conduct constituted a threat) . The agency
                                                                                    15

      charged the appellant with improper conduct, and within the proposal, included a
      description of the appellant’s behavior that constituted the misconduct.          IAF,
      Tab 5 at 146-48. Indisputably, the appellant had notice of these allegations of
      misconduct prior to his replies. As a result, we find no due process violation.
¶23         The appellant further claims on review that the agency violated his due
      process rights as it relates to the improper conduct charge because the deciding
      official referenced in the decision letter the September 12 and September 16,
      2014 emails that the appellant sent to his coworkers. Id. at 46; PFR File, Tab 3
      at 6-10.     The appellant claims that he never received these emails prior to
      submitting his replies to the proposal nor did he have notice that the deciding
      official was considering them. PFR File, Tab 3 at 7-10. It is true that the emails
      are mentioned in the decision letter but not in the proposal notice, IAF, Tab 5
      at 46, 146-53, but the administrative judge found that these emails were
      “cumulative and/or known to the appellant,” 10 ID at 68. The evidence of record
      supports the administrative judge’s finding in this regard. The deciding official
      testified that he knew of these emails only because they were mentioned in
      statements provided by agency employees and a deposition provided by the
      appellant.     IAF, Tab 6 at 52, 65; HT 1 at 88-89 (testimony of the deciding
      official). The appellant does not claim that he never received a copy of these
      statements prior to his submitting his replies to the proposal.      The deciding
      official further testified that he never saw the September 12 and September 16
      emails, HT 1 at 88 (testimony of the deciding official), meaning there is no way
      that he could have relied upon the substance of these emails when making his
      decision. See Villareal v. Bureau of Prisons, 901 F.3d 1361, 1365-66 (Fed. Cir.
      2018) (finding no due process violation, in part, because the deciding official

      10
         The agency asserts in its response to the petition for review that the appellant
      provided this documentation to the deciding official. PFR File, Tab 7 at 13, 17-19.
      However, the statements of a party’s representative in a pleading do not constitute
      evidence, Hendricks v. Department of the Navy, 69 M.S.P.R. 163, 168 (1995), and we
      cannot independently corroborate the agency’s assertion in this regard.
                                                                                   16

      did not rely on the ex parte information when making his decision on the
      removal). Moreover, it appears that the deciding official cited these emails only
      to give context for understanding why the appellant’s coworker “became
      increasingly concerned about [the appellant’s] erratic behavi or” and informed the
      supervisor that the appellant “reached [his] breaking point.” IAF, Tab 5 at 46.
      Additionally, there is no indication that these emails themselves disrupted the
      workplace.    As a result, there is nothing to suggest that the appellant’s due
      process rights were violated when the deciding official mentioned these emails.
¶24         Similarly, the appellant argues on review that the agency never provided
      him with a copy of the 2011 email policy relevant to the misuse of the agency’s
      email system charge. PFR File, Tab 3 at 13-14. However, the record shows that
      the agency provided the appellant with the name of the policy, and then properly
      cited the relevant portion of the policy in the proposal notice, meaning the
      appellant had knowledge of what the deciding official was relying on before he
      submitted his replies to the proposal. IAF, Tab 5 at 148, Tab 7 at 26; see, e.g.,
      Gill v. Department of the Navy, 34 M.S.P.R. 308, 311 (1987) (outlining that a
      proposal notice that sets forth the charges in great factual detail, in conjunction
      with other evidence, may be considered as part of the agency’s valid proof of the
      charge). Therefore, we find no due process violation.

      We modify the initial decision to find that the appellant’s September 19, 2014
      email contained a whistleblowing disclosure that was a contributing factor in the
      agency’s decision to remove him, but the agency proved by clear and convincing
      evidence that it would have taken the same action in the absence of
      the disclosure.
¶25         The appellant alleged in this appeal that the agency’s decision to remove
      him was in reprisal for a whistleblowing disclosure that he made. I-2 AF, Tab 39
      at 9-12. Specifically, the appellant described his whistleblowing disclosure as his
      September 19, 2014 email, which stated, among other things, that someone
      “doctored” his Official Personnel File (OPF) “to make [his] 7 -month enforcement
      stint [ ] look like a 90-day detail.” Id. at 9.
                                                                                     17

¶26        An adverse action appealable to the Board, such as a removal, may not be
      sustained if it is shown “that the decision was based on any prohibited personnel
      practice described in [5 U.S.C. §] 2302(b).” 5 U.S.C. § 7701(c)(2)(B). In order
      to prevail on the merits of this claim, an appellant must prove by preponderant
      evidence that he made a whistleblowing disclosure as described under 5 U.S.C.
      § 2302(b)(8) or engaged in protected activity as described under 5 U.S.C.
      § 2302(b)(9)(A)(i), (B), (C), or (D), and the disclosure or protected activity was a
      contributing factor in the agency’s decision to take or fail to take a personnel
      action outlined in 5 U.S.C. § 2302(a)(2)(A). 11      5 U.S.C. § 1221(e); Ayers v.
      Department of the Army, 123 M.S.P.R. 11, ¶ 12 (2015). If an appellant meets his
      burden, then the Board shall order corrective action unless the agency shows by
      clear and convincing evidence that it would have taken the same personnel action
      in the absence of the whistleblowing disclosure and/or protected activity.
      5 U.S.C § 1221(e)(2); see Ayers, 123 M.S.P.R. 11, ¶¶ 12, 27.
¶27        The administrative judge concluded in the initial decision that the appellant
      failed to establish that he made a whistleblowing disclosure. 12       ID at 49-61.
      Significantly, the administrative judge relied on a July 29, 2013 performance plan
      certification, in which the appellant acknowledged that his detail to the
      Enforcement Unit began in July 2013, to find that the appellant did not have a
      reasonable belief that his detail lasted 7 months. ID at 58. The administrative
      judge noted that the agency had a practice of exercising its discretion to have
      employees perform tasks in other office sections without a formal detail. Id. The
      administrative judge discussed the appellant’s contention that the agency issued
      two Standard Form (SF) 50s within 2 days which evidenced wrongdoing, but he
      found that the agency was correcting an earlier mistake.        ID at 58-59.    The

      11
         The appellant’s removal, which the agency took under chapter 75, is a personnel
      action under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(a)(2)(A)(iii).
      12
         The appellant did not claim that he engaged in activity protected under 5 U.S.C.
      § 2302(b)(9)(A)(i), (B), (C), or (D).
                                                                                       18

      administrative judge stated alternatively that, even if the appellant satisfied his
      burden to prove that he made a whistleblowing disclosure in the email that was a
      contributing factor in the agency’s decision to remove him, he found that the
      agency proved by clear and convincing evidence that it would have removed him
      absent such disclosure. ID at 61-63.
¶28         In his petition for review, the appellant argues that his September 19, 2014
      email constituted a whistleblowing disclosure. PFR File, Tab 3 at 14. We agree.
      Protected whistleblowing takes place when an appellant makes a disclosure that
      he reasonably believes evidences any violation of any law, rule, or regulation,
      gross mismanagement, a gross waste of funds, an abuse of authority, or a
      substantial and specific danger        to   public health    or   safety.     5 U.S.C.
      § 2302(b)(8)(A); DeLeonardo v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission,
      103 M.S.P.R. 301, ¶ 6 (2006).       An appellant need not show that the matter
      disclosed actually established a violation or other situation as described in
      5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8)(A).      DeLeonardo, 103 M.S.P.R. 301, ¶ 6.           Instead, an
      appellant must prove that the matter disclosed was one which a reasonable person
      in his position would believe evidenced any of the situations set forth in 5 U.S.C.
      § 2302(b)(8). Id. The proper test for determining whether an appellant had a
      reasonable belief that his disclosures revealed one of the categories of misconduct
      described in the whistleblower protection statutes is whether a disinterested
      observer, with knowledge of the essential facts known to and readily
      ascertainable by an appellant, could reasonably conclude that the disclosure
      evidences one of the categories of wrongdoing listed in 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8).
      Id. (citing Lachance v. White, 174 F.3d 1378, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 1999)). 13

      13
        Historically, the Board has been bound by the precedent of the U.S. Court of Appeals
      for the Federal Circuit on this issue. However, as a result of changes initiated by the
      Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act of 2012, Pub. L. No. 112-199, 126 Stat.
      1465, extended for 3 years in the All Circuit Review Extension Act, Pub. L.
      No. 113-170, 128 Stat. 1894, and eventually made permanent in the All Circuit Review
      Act, Pub. L. No. 115-195, 132 Stat. 1510, appellants may file petitions for judicial
                                                                                        19

¶29         We find that there is sufficient evidence from which to conclude that the
      appellant’s detail lasted longer than the July 28 to November 15, 2013 time frame
      identified in his SF-50s created by the agency.         IAF, Tab 6 at 94, 101, 103.
      Contrary to the administrative judge’s finding that the appellant knew that the
      detail began in July 2013, both the appellant and the Enforcement Unit supervisor
      stated in their respective narrative portions of the performance appraisal record
      that the appellant’s detail to the Enforcement Unit began in or around June 2013.
      I-2 AF, Tab 40 at 30, 38; ID at 58. Thus, we find that a disinterested person with
      knowledge of the essential facts would construe from these admissions that the
      appellant began performing work in the Enforcement Unit in or around
      June 2013. 14 Similarly, a disinterested person with knowledge of the essential
      facts would conclude that the appellant continued to perform work as part of his
      detail in the Enforcement Unit until around December 4, 2013. 15 I-2 AF, Tab 40
      at 39 (the appellant’s performance appraisal record for the period immediately
      following his detail was dated from December 4, 2013, to September 30, 2014).
      This nearly 6-month time frame, from June to December 2013, far exceeds the
      July 28 to November 15, 2013 time frame memorialized in the appellant’s OPF.
      Under these circumstances, we find that a disinterested observer with knowledge
      of the essential facts known to and readily ascertainable by the appellant could
      reasonably conclude that his OPF did not correctly identify the start and end dates

      review of Board decisions in whistleblower reprisal cases with any circuit court of
      appeals of competent jurisdiction. See 5 U.S.C. § 7703(b)(1)(B).
      14
         Even if we assumed for the purposes of our analysis that the July 14, 2013 start date
      of the appraisal period coincided with the start date of his detail, I -2 AF, Tab 40
      at 27-34, a different outcome is not warranted because a July 14, 2013 start date is
      2 weeks earlier than the start of the detail as reflected in the appellant’s OPF, IAF,
      Tab 6 at 101.
      15
         The agency’s decision to issue multiple SF-50s in mid-December 2013 to correct its
      own mistake in originally extending the appellant’s detail does not warrant a different
      outcome because the record reflects that he continued to work in the Enforcement Unit
      for almost 3 weeks after the November 15, 2013 end date of the detail identified in his
      OPF. IAF, Tab 6 at 103; I-2 AF, Tab 40 at 39.
                                                                                        20

      of his detail to the Enforcement Unit and the agency’s apparent manipulation of
      his SF-50s evidenced some kind of wrongdoing. 16 See, e.g., Stiles v. Department
      of Homeland Security, 116 M.S.P.R. 263, ¶ 17 (2011) (finding that an employee
      need not prove an actual violation to establish that he had a reasonable belief that
      his disclosure met the statutory criteria).     For these reasons, we find that the
      appellant’s September 19, 2014 email constituted a whistleblowing disclosure,
      and we modify the initial decision in this regard.
¶30         We further find that the appellant’s whistleblowing disclosure was a
      contributing factor in the agency’s decision to remove him on October 16, 2015.
      To prove that a disclosure was a contributing factor in a personnel action, the
      appellant need only demonstrate that the fact of, or the content of, the disclosure
      was one of the factors that tended to affect the personnel action in any way.
      Carey v. Department of Veterans Affairs, 93 M.S.P.R. 676, ¶ 10 (2003).             The
      knowledge/timing test allows an appellant to demonstrate that the disclosure was
      a contributing factor in a personnel action through circumstantial evidence, such
      as evidence that the official taking the personnel action knew of the disclosure
      and that the personnel action occurred within a period of time such that a
      reasonable person could conclude that the disclosure was a contributing factor in
      the personnel action. Id., ¶ 11; see 5 U.S.C. § 1221(e)(1).
¶31         The knowledge element is satisfied because the appellant sent the
      September 19, 2014 email to the entire agency, thus imputing knowledge to the
      agency officials involved in his removal. IAF, Tab 5 at 47-48, 148. The timing
      element is satisfied because the agency removed him approximately 13 months
      after he sent the email. Id. at 44; see Gonzalez v. Department of Transportation,

      16
        On review, the appellant cites 18 U.S.C. § 1001 and 5 C.F.R. § 293.103(b) to support
      his contention that he disclosed an agency violation of a law or regulation. PFR File,
      Tab 3 at 14. We find that the appellant’s allegations that the agency doctored his OPF
      so obviously implicate a violation of a law, rule, or regulation that it was unnecessary
      for him to identify any specific law or regulation that he believed was violated.
      DiGiorgio v. Department of the Navy, 84 M.S.P.R. 6, ¶ 14 (1999).
                                                                                   21

      109 M.S.P.R. 250, ¶ 20 (2008) (finding that the appellant’s disclosures were a
      contributing factor in his removal when they were made over 1-year before the
      removal); Redschlag v. Department of the Army, 89 M.S.P.R. 589, ¶ 87 (2001)
      (finding that the appellant’s disclosures were a contributing factor in her removal
      when they were made approximately 21 months and then slightly over a year
      before the agency removed her). Accordingly, we conclude that the appellant has
      shown that his September 19, 2014 email was a contributing factor in the
      agency’s decision to remove him in October 2015.
¶32         Because the appellant met his burden of proving that he made a
      whistleblowing disclosure that was a contributing factor in the agency’s decision
      to remove him, the analysis shifts to whether the agency proved by clear and
      convincing evidence that it would have taken the removal action despite the
      whistleblowing disclosure.     Ayers, 123 M.S.P.R. 11, ¶ 12.       In determining
      whether an agency meets its burden, the Board considers the following (“Carr
      factors”):   (1) the strength of the agency’s evidence in support of its action,
      (2) the existence and strength of any motive to retaliate on the part of agency
      officials involved in the decision, and (3) any evidence that the agency takes
      similar actions against employees who are not whistleblowers but who are
      otherwise similarly situated. Soto v. Department of Veterans Affairs, 2022 MSPB
      6, ¶ 11; see also Carr v. Social Security Administration, 185 F.3d 1318, 1323
      (Fed. Cir. 1999). The Board does not view the Carr factors as discrete elements;
      rather, they are weighed together to determine if the evidence is clear and
      convincing as a whole. Elder v. Department of the Air Force, 124 M.S.P.R. 12,
      ¶ 42 (2016).     The Carr factors are nonexclusive, meaning the Board also
      considers other relevant facts.   See Miller v. Department of Justice, 842 F.3d
      1252, 1257 (Fed. Cir. 2016).
¶33         The agency’s evidence to remove the appellant on three charges of
      misconduct     is strong, notwithstanding the fact that       we do not     sustain
      specification 2 of the misuse of Government resources charge.        As described
                                                                                        22

      herein, the appellant engaged in a pattern of misconduct that is not acceptable in
      the workplace, including saying that he felt like he was going to kill someone and
      that he would take out his supervisors, FPS discovering a prohibited box cutter in
      his backpack while at work, and misusing the agency’s email system and certain
      Government resources. IAF, Tab 5 at 45-54, 146-153. The second Carr factor,
      describing the existence and strength of the agency’s motive to retaliate , favors
      the appellant because the September 19, 2014 email identified by name the
      agency official who proposed his removal, and he made several disparaging
      comments about other senior agency officials and the agency’s handling of his
      EEO matter. IAF, Tab 5 at 146, Tab 6 at 94-98; see Smith v. Department of the
      Army, 2022 MSPB 4, ¶¶ 28-29 (considering under the second Carr factor whether
      a “professional retaliatory motive” existed because the disclosures reflected
      poorly on the agency and its officials). Neither party has identified on review,
      nor are we aware of, any evidence regarding the third Carr factor. 17 When the
      agency fails to introduce relevant comparator evidence, the third Carr factor
      cannot weigh in favor of the agency. Soto, 2022 MSPB 6, ¶ 18.
¶34         Under the circumstances of this case, we conclude that the strength of the
      agency’s evidence outweighs the other two Carr factors. Indeed, the agency’s
      decision to remove the appellant was based on his disruptive behavior, including
      stating that he was going to kill someone, carrying a prohibited box cutter, and
      misusing Government resources.          The serious nature of the substantiated
      misconduct justifies the agency’s concern about the appellant’s continued
      presence in the workplace. HT 1 at 69-77 (testimony of the deciding official).

      17
        The deciding official stated in the decision letter that he had “never been confronted
      with this level and type of misconduct” and was “unaware of any similar situations to
      which [the appellant’s] misconduct could be compared.” IAF, Tab 5 at 54.
                                                                                           23

      We are left with a firm belief that the agency would have removed the appellant
      absent his September 19, 2014 email. 18

      We modify the initial decision to supplement the administrative judge’s analysis
      of the appellant’s affirmative defense of retaliation for pro tected EEO activity.
¶35         The     appellant’s     prior     EEO     complaints     involved   allegations     of
      discrimination based on race, sex, color, disability, and reprisal for prior EEO
      activity. I-2 AF, Tab 40 at 50-53. Our analysis of his reprisal claims depends, in
      part, on the nature of these underlying allegations. Therefore, we will discuss the
      legal standards first then proceed to an examination of his claims.

            Legal standard for evaluation a claim of reprisal for EEO activity

¶36         Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended, requires that such
      actions “shall be made free from any discrimination based on race, color, religion,
      sex, or national origin.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16(a). An appellant may prove an
      affirmative    defense      under     this   subsection   by   showing    that   prohibited
      discrimination or reprisal was a motivating factor in the contested personnel
      action, i.e. that discrimination or reprisal played “any part” in the agency’s action
      or decision. Pridgen v. Office of Management & Budget, 2022 MSPB 31, ¶¶ 21,
      30. Nevertheless, while an appellant who proves motivating factor and nothing
      more may be entitled to injunctive or other forward-looking relief, in order to
      obtain the full measure of relief available under the statute, including status quo
      ante relief, compensatory damages, or other forms of relief related to the end
      result of an employment decision, he must show that discrimination or reprisal
      was a but-for cause of the employment outcome. Id., ¶ 22.
¶37         By contrast, the appellant’s claim of reprisal for EEO activity based on his
      complaint of disability discrimination is protected by the Americans with
      Disabilities Act (ADA), as amended by the Americans with Disabilities Act

      18
         We have reviewed the relevant legislation enacted since the filing of this appeal and
      find that it does not impact the outcome.
                                                                                      24

      Amendments Act, the standards of which have been incorporated by reference
      into the Rehabilitation Act. 29 U.S.C. § 791(f); 42 U.S.C. § 12203(a); Pridgen,
      2022 MSPB 31, ¶¶ 35, 44. To prove a claim of retaliation in violation of the
      ADA, an appellant must prove “but-for” causation. 19 Pridgen, 2022 MSPB 31,
      ¶¶ 45-48.

            The appellant did not prove his EEO reprisal claims.

¶38        In the initial decision, the administrative judge concluded that the appellant
      “offers little to support his assertion that his removal was mo tivated by unlawful
      EEO retaliation” other than the fact that he filed various EEO complaints. ID
      at 42. The administrative judge thus found that the appellant failed to prove by
      preponderant evidence that his EEO complaints served as a motivating factor in
      the agency’s decision to remove him. ID at 42-43. We discern no error with the
      administrative judge’s analysis regarding his claims involving race, sex, or color
      discrimination. We have considered the appellant’s argument on review that the
      animus of two agency officials toward him because of his EEO complaint s could
      be imputed to the proposing or deciding officials through the cat’s paw t heory.
      PFR File, Tab 3 at 25; see, e.g., Staub v. Proctor Hospital, 562 U.S. 411, 415-16
      (2011) (describing the term “cat’s paw” to describe a case in which a particular
      management official, acting because of improper animus, influences an agency
      official who is unaware of the improper animus when implementing a personnel
      action). Even if we assumed for the purposes of our analysis that these agency
      officials harbored some animus against him, the appellant offers no evidence that
      these officials improperly influenced the proposing or deciding officials .
      Accordingly, we are not persuaded that the appellant’s EEO complaints involving

      19
        The administrative judge and the parties did not have the benefit of our analysis in
      Pridgen. However, we need not remand this claim because the record is fully
      developed on this issue, and a different outcome is not warranted.
                                                                                     25

      allegations of race, sex, or color discrimination were a motivating factor in the
      agency’s decision to remove him.
¶39         Even if we evaluated the appellant’s claim of reprisal based on his prior
      complaint of discrimination (perceived disability), IAF, Tab 1 at 21-23, a
      different outcome is not warranted.       For the reasons described herein, the
      appellant cannot meet his burden to prove “but-for” causation.
¶40         On review, the appellant contends that his September 19, 2014 email also
      constituted protected EEO activity and it served as a motivating factor in
      agency’s decision to remove him. PFR File, Tab 3 at 23-26. The administrative
      judge did not explicitly consider this email as protected EEO activity in the initial
      decision, even though the appellant raised this argument before him.         I-2 AF,
      Tab 39 at 5-6; ID at 42-43. We modify the initial decision to consider whether
      the appellant proved that the agency retaliated against him for his protected EEO
      activity of sending the September 19, 2014 email.
¶41         We find that the email in question was clearly a motivating factor in the
      appellant’s removal; it formed part of the basis of charge 1 and the sole basis of
      charge 2, both of which charges the deciding official sustained.         IAF, Tab 5
      at 46-48, 147-48.   We further find that the email was at least partly directed
      towards opposing discrimination in the workplace.         I-2 AF, Tab 57 at 10-11.
      However, in his decision letter, the deciding official acknowledged that the
      appellant’s email concerned an opposition to discrimination, but he explained that
      the appellant was being disciplined for the manner of the opposition rather than
      for the opposition per se. IAF, Tab 5 at 48. We agree.
¶42         The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and the Federal Courts
      balance the right to oppose employment discrimination against the employer’s
      need to have a stable and productive work environment.         For this reason, the
      protection of the opposition clause of 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a) only applies where
      the manner of opposition is reasonable.      Gerry W. v. Department of Defense,
      EEOC Appeal No. 0120171168, 2018 WL 5386075, at *12 (Oct. 11, 2018); EEOC
                                                                               26

Enforcement Guidance on Retaliation and Related Issues, No. 915.004 § II.A.2.b
(Aug. 25, 2016); see Hochstadt v. Worcester Foundation for Experimental
Biology, 545 F.2d 222, 231-33 (1st Cir. 1976); Matima v. Celli, 228 F.3d 68, 79
(2nd Cir. 2000) (explaining the broad consensus among the circuits that
“disruptive or unreasonable protests against discrimination are not protected
activity under Title VII and therefore cannot support a retaliation claim”). The
examination of whether an employee opposed discrimination in a reasonable
manner is a context- and fact-specific inquiry, in which the right to oppose
employment discrimination against the employer’s need to have a stable and
productive work environment must be balanced.           Gerry W., EEOC Appeal
No. 0120171168, 2018 WL 5386075, at *12. In this case, we find that, not only
did the appellant violate agency policy by sending his email agency-wide to more
than 2,000 recipients, but that the content of the email was highly disrespectful;
among other things, the appellant directly impugned his supervisor’s integrity,
accused her of exercising her authority in a frivolous manner, and stated that she
was part of a “little girls’ club.” IAF, Tab 5 at 147; I-2 AF, Tab 57 at 7. We
acknowledge that it may be appropriate to grant some leeway to an employee
whose passionate opposition to discrimination deviates somewhat from the
bounds of perfect propriety. However, in this case, we find that the disrespectful
language in the appellant’s September 19, 2014 email, coupled with its
dissemination throughout the entire agency, was not a reasonable course of action
and that this activity therefore falls outside the protections of Title VII.        See
Gerry W., EEOC Appeal No. 0120171168, 2018 WL 5386075, at *12 (holding
that the appellant’s “inflammatory accusations” “that were needlessly copied to
several senior management officials or the media” in an effort to “intimidate,
taunt, and humiliate” their subjects was not activity protected under Title VII).
                                                                                   27

      We modify the initial decision to clarify the proper standard for analyzing the
      appellant’s disparate treatment disability discrimination claim, still finding that
      he did not prove this affirmative defense.
¶43        In the initial decision, the administrative judge addressed the appellant’s
      claim that the agency perceived him as disabled because an agency doctor
      concluded that he posed a meaningful risk of workplace violence. ID at 43-49.
      The administrative judge determined that there was little in the record to suggest
      that he had a record of a disability that substantially limited one or more major
      life activities or that the agency misclassified him as having an impairment that
      substantially limited one or more major life activities, and the removal decision
      was based on misconduct and not the agency’s perception that he had a disability.
      ID at 48-49.   Therefore, the administrative judge concluded that the appellant
      failed to meet his burden to prove disability discrimination. ID at 49.
¶44        The appellant does not challenge the administrative judge’s analysis of his
      disability discrimination claim on review. PFR File, Tabs 3, 8. Notwithstanding,
      in Pridgen, 2022 MSPB 31, ¶¶ 40, 42, the Board held that claims of disparate
      treatment disability discrimination are subject to the motivating factor/“but-for”
      cause analytical framework discussed above. The parties and the administrative
      judge did not have the benefit of the Board’s analysis in Pridgen when
      adjudicating this appeal, but it is unnecessary to remand the appeal because the
      record is fully developed on this matter.    Even when applying the motivating
      factor/“but-for” cause framework to this claim, a different outcome is not
      warranted because the appellant failed to prove that his perceived disability was a
      motivating factor in the agency’s removal decision.
                                                                                     28

      We affirm the removal penalty. 20
¶45         When, as here, all of the agency’s charges are sustained, but some of the
      underlying specifications are not, the agency’s penalty is entitled to deference and
      only should be reviewed to determine whether it is within the parameters of
      reasonableness.    Payne v. U.S. Postal Service, 72 M.S.P.R. 646, 650 (1996).
      This is because the agency has primary discretion in maintaining employee
      discipline and efficiency. Thomas v. U.S. Postal Service, 96 M.S.P.R. 179, ¶ 4
      (2004). The Board will not displace agency’s responsibility in this respect, but
      will instead ensure that managerial judgment has been properly exercised. Id.
¶46         On review, the appellant includes his arguments regarding the removal
      penalty within his due process violation claims, which we have addressed above.
      PFR File, Tab 3 at 20-23. Upon our review of the initial decision, we find that
      the administrative judge correctly determined that the deciding official considered
      the relevant factors under Douglas v. Veterans Administration, 5 M.S.P.R. 280,
      306 (1981), and that removal was a reasonable penalty in this instance .            ID
      at 64-68; IAF, Tab 5 at 52-54.      Particularly, the nature and seriousness of the
      appellant’s misconduct, coupled with his lack of rehabilitative potential and
      remorse strongly outweigh the mitigating factors of his satisfactory work
      performance and lack of a prior disciplinary history, warrant a severe penalty.
      The penalty of removal is still reasonable in light of the fact that w e did not
      sustain specification 2 of the misuse of Government resources charge. We affirm
      the initial decision’s conclusion pertaining to the penalty.

      20
         The appellant does not challenge the administrative judge’s finding in the initial
      decision that the agency proved a nexus between the charges of misconduct and the
      efficiency of the service. ID at 63-34; PFR File, Tabs 3, 8. Upon review, we find no
      reason to disturb this finding and hereby affirm it.
                                                                                  29

                         NOTICE OF APPEAL RIGHTS 21
      The initial decision, as supplemented by this Final Order, constitutes the
Board’s final decision in this matter.      5 C.F.R. § 1201.113.      You may obtain
review of this final decision. 5 U.S.C. § 7703(a)(1). By statute, the nature of
your claims determines the time limit for seeking such review and the appropriate
forum with which to file. 5 U.S.C. § 7703(b). Although we offer the following
summary of available appeal rights, the Merit Systems Protection Board does not
provide legal advice on which option is most appropriat e for your situation and
the rights described below do not represent a statement of how courts will rule
regarding which cases fall within their jurisdiction. If you wish to seek review of
this final decision, you should immediately review the law applica ble to your
claims and carefully follow all filing time limits and requirements. Failure to file
within the applicable time limit may result in the dismissal of your case by your
chosen forum.
      Please read carefully each of the three main possible choice s of review
below to decide which one applies to your particular case. If you have questions
about whether a particular forum is the appropriate one to review your case, you
should contact that forum for more information.

      (1) Judicial review in general. As a general rule, an appellant seeking
judicial review of a final Board order must file a petition for review with the U.S.
Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which must be received by the court
within 60 calendar days of the date of issuance of this decision.             5 U.S.C.
§ 7703(b)(1)(A).

21
  Since the issuance of the initial decision in this matter, the Board may have updated
the notice of review rights included in final decisions. As indicated in the notice, the
Board cannot advise which option is most appropriate in any matter.
                                                                                   30

      If you submit a petition for review to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the
Federal   Circuit,   you   must   submit    your   petition    to   the   court   at    the
following address:
                              U.S. Court of Appeals
                              for the Federal Circuit
                             717 Madison Place, N.W.
                             Washington, D.C. 20439

      Additional information about the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit is available at the court’s website, www.cafc.uscourts.gov. Of particu lar
relevance is the court’s “Guide for Pro Se Petitioners and Appellants,” which is
contained within the court’s Rules of Practice, and Forms 5, 6, 10, and 11.
      If you are interested in securing pro bono representation for an appeal to
the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, you may visit our website at
http://www.mspb.gov/probono for information regarding pro bono representation
for Merit Systems Protection Board appellants before the Federal Circuit. The
Board neither endorses the services provided by any attorney nor warrants that
any attorney will accept representation in a given case.

      (2) Judicial   or    EEOC    review     of   cases      involving    a   claim     of
discrimination. This option applies to you only if you have claimed that you
were affected by an action that is appealable to the Board and that such action
was based, in whole or in part, on unlawful discrimination. If so, you may obtain
judicial review of this decision—including a disposition of your discrimination
claims—by filing a civil action with an appropriate U.S. district court (not the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit), within 30 calendar days after you
receive this decision.      5 U.S.C. § 7703(b)(2); see Perry v. Merit Systems
Protection Board, 582 U.S. ____ , 137 S. Ct. 1975 (2017).                 If you have a
representative in this case, and your representative receives this decision before
you do, then you must file with the district court no later than 30 calendar days
after your representative receives this decision. If the action involves a claim of
                                                                              31

discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin, or a disabling
condition, you may be entitled to representation by a court-appointed lawyer and
to waiver of any requirement of prepayment of fees, costs, or other security. See
42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f) and 29 U.S.C. § 794a.
      Contact information for U.S. district courts can be found at the ir respective
websites, which can be accessed through the link below:
      http://www.uscourts.gov/Court_Locator/CourtWebsites.aspx.
      Alternatively, you may request review by the Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission (EEOC) of your discrimination claims only, excluding
all other issues. 5 U.S.C. § 7702(b)(1). You must file any such request with the
EEOC’s Office of Federal Operations within 30 calendar days after you receive
this decision. 5 U.S.C. § 7702(b)(1). If you have a representative in this case,
and your representative receives this decision before you do, then you must file
with the EEOC no later than 30 calendar days after your representative receives
this decision.
      If you submit a request for review to the EEOC by regular U.S. mail, the
address of the EEOC is:
                            Office of Federal Operations
                     Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
                                  P.O. Box 77960
                             Washington, D.C. 20013

      If you submit a request for review to the EEOC via commercial delivery or
by a method requiring a signature, it must be addressed to:
                            Office of Federal Operations
                     Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
                                 131 M Street, N.E.
                                   Suite 5SW12G
                             Washington, D.C. 20507

      (3) Judicial     review   pursuant   to   the   Whistleblower     Protection
Enhancement Act of 2012. This option applies to you only if you have raised
claims of reprisal for whistleblowing disclosures under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8) or
                                                                                  32

other protected activities listed in 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(9)(A)(i), (B), (C), or (D).
If so, and your judicial petition for review “raises no challenge to the Board’s
disposition of allegations of a prohibited personnel practice describe d in
section 2302(b)    other   than   practices   described   in   section 2302(b)(8),     or
2302(b)(9)(A)(i), (B), (C), or (D),” then you may file a petition for judicial
review either with the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit or any court
of appeals of competent jurisdiction. 22 The court of appeals must receive your
petition for review within 60 days of the date of issuance of this decision.
5 U.S.C. § 7703(b)(1)(B).
      If you submit a petition for judicial review to the U.S. Court of Appeals for
the Federal Circuit, you must submit your petition to the court at the
following address:
                               U.S. Court of Appeals
                               for the Federal Circuit
                              717 Madison Place, N.W.
                              Washington, D.C. 20439

      Additional information about the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit is available at the court’s website, www.cafc.uscourts.gov. Of particular
relevance is the court’s “Guide for Pro Se Petitioners and Appellants,” which is
contained within the court’s Rules of Practice, and Forms 5, 6, 10, and 11.
      If you are interested in securing pro bono representation for an appeal to
the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, you may visit our website at
http://www.mspb.gov/probono for information regarding pro bono representation
for Merit Systems Protection Board appellants before the Federal Circuit. The

22
   The original statutory provision that provided for judicial review of certain
whistleblower claims by any court of appeals of competent jurisdiction expired on
December 27, 2017. The All Circuit Review Act, signed into law by the President on
July 7, 2018, permanently allows appellants to file petitions for judicial review of
MSPB decisions in certain whistleblower reprisal cases with the U.S. Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit or any other circuit court of appeals of competent jurisdiction.
The All Circuit Review Act is retroactive to November 26, 2017. Pub. L. No. 115-195,
132 Stat. 1510.
                                                                        33

Board neither endorses the services provided by any attorney nor warrants that
any attorney will accept representation in a given case.
      Contact information for the courts of appeals can be found at their
respective websites, which can be accessed through the link below:
      http://www.uscourts.gov/Court_Locator/CourtWebsites.aspx.

FOR THE BOARD:                                    /s/ for
                                          Jennifer Everling
                                          Acting Clerk of the Board
Washington, D.C.