Court Opinion

ID: 4680746
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-04-23 22:03:41.583279+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:03:57.170100
License: Public Domain

2021 IL App (1st) 191858

                                                                                       SIXTH DIVISION
                                                                               Filing Date April 23, 2021

                                                 No. 1-19-1858
     ______________________________________________________________________________
                                         IN THE
                             APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
                                FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
     ______________________________________________________________________________

     MICHELLE WOLFF, as Executor of the ESTATE OF                    )      Appeal from the
     MARJORIE HAMILTON, individually and as the                      )      Circuit Court of
     representative of a class of similarly situated persons,        )      Cook County.
                                                                     )
                              Plaintiff-Appellant,                   )      No. 14 CH 003433
                                                                     )
         v.                                                          )      The Honorable
                                                                     )      Michael T. Mullen,
     BETHANY NORTH SUBURBAN GROUP, d/b/a                             )      Judge, Presiding.
     CHESTNUT SQUARE AT THE GLEN ASSOCIATION,                        )
                                                                     )
                              Defendant-Appellee.                    )

                  JUSTICE ODEN JOHNSON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                  Presiding Justice Mikva & Justice Harris concurred in the judgment,
                  and opinion.

                                                     OPINION

¶1            Plaintiff Michelle Wolff, as Executor of the Estate of Marjorie Hamilton, individually and

       as the representative of a class of similarly situated persons, appeals from an order of the circuit

       court of Cook County that granted summary judgment in favor of defendant, Bethany North

       Suburban Group d/b/a Chestnut Square at The Glen Association (Bethany) and denied
     No. 1-19-1858

        plaintiff’s partial motion for summary judgment. Plaintiff, as representative of a class of

        similarly situated persons, sought damages from Bethany for violations of the Security Deposit

        Interest Act (Interest Act) (765 ILCS 710/1 et seq. (West 2014)) and the Security Deposit

        Return Act (Deposit Return Act) (765 ILCS 715/1 et seq. (West 2014)). Plaintiff also sought

        individual damages for consumer fraud under the Consumer Fraud Act (815 ILCS 505/1 et

        seq. (West 2014)) and breach of contract.

¶2         Plaintiff raises the following issues on appeal: (1) whether the circuit court erred in granting

        Bethany’s motion for summary judgment on both the class claims and her individual claims,

        and (2) whether the circuit court erred in denying her motion for partial summary judgment on

        the class claims. For the following reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.

¶3                                            BACKGROUND

¶4                                         A. Factual Background

¶5         Marjorie Hamilton (Hamilton) entered into a contract titled “Residency and Services

        Agreement” (Agreement) Chestnut Square at The Glen Association (Chestnut Square) for

        Apartment 1309A on December 1, 2004. In the definitions section of the Agreement, Chestnut

        Square was defined as an Illinois not for profit corporation that operates an independent living

        senior housing community for persons 55 years and older 1 in Glenview, Illinois, and is

        affiliated with Bethany Methodist Corporation. The Agreement provided for an initial deposit

        that was to be paid by Hamilton to reserve a residence in Chestnut Square that would only be

        refunded as expressly provided in the Agreement. The Agreement further stated that Chestnut

        Square would pay interest on the initial deposit at the passbook savings rate established by

           1
               Bethany describes Chestnut Square as a “continuing care retirement community.”

                                                      -2-
     No. 1-19-1858

        Bank One. The entrance fee, which is the fee at issue, was defined as “the fee charged by

        Chestnut Square Association upon your taking possession of your residence (“the

        Apartment”).”

¶6         The Agreement was divided into several sections; those that are relevant to the controversy

        at hand are as follows. Section II, Admission & Occupancy, contained the following key

        provisions: (1) the Agreement was conditioned on Chestnut Square securing all necessary

        financing, permits, licenses and government approvals required for the construction of the

        property within five years; (2) if such financing, permits, licenses and government approvals

        were not received within five years and upon notice from Chestnut of same, either party could

        elect to terminate the Agreement within 90 days after the expiration of the five-year period or

        the notice is sent, and the initial deposit would be refunded with the interest earned; (3)

        Hamilton could elect to terminate the Agreement at any time prior to occupancy of the

        apartment and receive a refund of her initial deposit without interest, when another Agreement

        for the apartment had been signed and the initial deposit received; (4) failure to take occupancy

        within 60 days of the occupancy date could result in the apartment being reassigned and the

        Agreement terminated; the initial deposit would be refunded without interest, at the time the

        apartment became occupied by another resident and a new entrance fee received; and (5)

        Hamilton had the right to reside at Chestnut Square under the terms of the Agreement and to

        receive services during the balance of her lifetime or until the Agreement was terminated as

        provided in Section VIII.

¶7         Section III, Obligations of Chestnut Square, contained the following key provisions

        regarding the services provided by Chestnut Square to Hamilton as part of her monthly service

        fee: (1) water, heat and air conditioning; (2) necessary repairs, painting, maintenance and

                                                    -3-
     No. 1-19-1858

         replacement of property and equipment of Chestnut Square; (3) weekly basic interior

         housekeeping; (4) one meal per day was included but additional meals could be available for

         additional charges; (5) local transportation; (6) a 24-hour Emergency Response System; (7)

         access to a beauty/barber shop with additional fees for services used; (8) use of common areas

         and participation in social activities; (9) reservation of guest rooms at an additional fee; (10)

         outdoor parking; (11) limited on-site storage; (12) the ability to modify her apartment with

         prior written consent; and (13) healthcare services- limited home health care services through

         a third party; priority access to Bethany Terrace Nursing Centre; and assistance in medical

         emergencies. 2

¶8           Section IV, Fees, covered the entrance fee, which was $123,600; the monthly service fee

         of $1600; underground parking space entrance fee and monthly service fee, which Hamilton

         did not pay; tax and special assessment obligations; and the guarantee of continued residency.

         Hamilton did not have a separate tax obligation; her portion of real estate taxes was included

         in her monthly service fee. The guarantee of continued residency provision provided that

         Hamilton would not be removed from residency solely based on her financial inability to pay

         the monthly service fee or other charges and could continue to reside at Chestnut Square if

         facts were established that justified deferment of charges without impairing the operation of

         Chestnut Square. Any deferred charges under this provision would be deducted from the

         entrance fee refund that may become due to Hamilton.

¶9           Sections V-VII governed Hamilton’s transfer from her apartment. Section V, Transfers,

         allowed Hamilton to request a transfer from one apartment to another as well as provided for

             2
                  Bethany employs approximately 50 employees at Chestnut Square to provide the services to the
     residents.

                                                         -4-
       No. 1-19-1858

          Chestnut Square’s assistance in arranging a transfer to Bethany Terrace Nursing Centre or the

          health facility of her choice if special medical or nursing care was needed. Section VI, Release

          of Apartment, provided for the release of the apartment if Hamilton’s condition required more

          than a temporary transfer from the apartment. Section VII, Cost Factors Involved in Transfers,

          contained provisions regarding calculating the cost of various types of transfers, including

          transfers to an apartment with a higher or lower entrance fee.

¶ 10         Section VIII, Termination and Refund After Occupancy, contained the following key

          provisions: (1) Termination by Resident- the Agreement could be terminated by Hamilton at

          any time with written notice that specified the effective date of the termination, not less than

          120 days after service of the notice; under such termination the Agreement remained in effect

          until the later of expiration of the 120 days or until the apartment was vacated; the monthly

          service fee remained in effect until the termination of the Agreement, at which time all financial

          obligations to Chestnut Square would cease; (2) Death of Resident- Hamilton’s legal

          representative could terminate the Agreement upon 30 days’ written notice to Chestnut Square

          and the estate would remain liable for the monthly services fee during that 30-day period; (3)

          Termination by Chestnut Square- the Agreement could be terminated by Chestnut Square for

          good and sufficient cause on notice, at which time possession to the apartment would be

          “promptly” surrendered; (4) Refund of Entrance Fee- upon termination of the Agreement, after

          occupancy, Chestnut Square refunds 100% of the amount of the entrance fee paid; the refund

          will be paid to the resident or their estate upon re-occupancy of the apartment minus any

          expenses necessary to return the apartment to like-new condition; (5) Termination of Monthly

          Service Fee- the monthly service fee remained due and payable until the termination date or

          removal of the resident’s personal property, whichever was last.

                                                      -5-
       No. 1-19-1858

¶ 11         Section IX, Limitation of Rights, limited Hamilton’s rights to those expressly granted in

          the Agreement. Specifically, the Agreement granted no proprietary interest in Chestnut Square,

          Chestnut Square Association, or any other assets, real or personal property of Chestnut Square

          or Bethany. Additionally, the Agreement noted that residency conveyed no title, legal or

          equitable, to the real property or improvements of Chestnut Square or Chestnut Square

          Association.

¶ 12         Section X, Limitations on Chestnut Square Association’s Obligations, concerned Chestnut

          Square’s property and liability insurance and stated further that its obligations were subject to

          fire or other casualty, war, riot, strikes, lockouts, delays, inability to obtain labor, material or

          supplies or other causes beyond its control.

¶ 13         Section XI contained general provisions including a subsection M on Professional Advice

          which stated that Hamilton’s signature acknowledged that the Agreement involved significant

          financial, legal and tax considerations and that Chestnut Square recommended that she obtain

          independent tax advice concerning those matters.

¶ 14         Section XII, Explanation of Your Rights, gave Hamilton 14 days from the (1) execution of

          the Agreement or (2) payment of any money as a deposit or application fee, whichever occurred

          last, to rescind the Agreement without penalty or obligation. That section further provided that

          Hamilton could not be required to move into Chestnut Square until after the expiration of the

          14-day rescission period.

¶ 15         In February 2013, Hamilton gave the required notice to terminate her residency, and

          vacated her apartment on April 26, 2013. Bethany did not refund her entrance fee until July

          2014. Hamilton did not receive any interest with her entrance fee refund. Subsequent to her

          leaving Chestnut Square, Hamilton suffered a decline in health and became a resident of a

                                                       -6-
       No. 1-19-1858

          skilled nursing facility with 24-hour care. Plaintiff’s daughter and guardian personally paid

          some of Hamilton’s medical expenses.

¶ 16                                     B. Procedural Background

¶ 17         On February 26, 2014, plaintiff filed a class action complaint against Bethany asserting

          claims of unconscionability, violation of the Consumer Fraud Act, violation of the Deposit

          Return Act, and violation of the Interest Act. On September 2, 2014, plaintiff was given leave

          to file an amended complaint by agreed order. Plaintiff filed her amended class action

          complaint, adding an additional named plaintiff, Ruth Ackerman, and an amended motion for

          class certification, on September 12, 2014.

¶ 18         Bethany subsequently filed a section 2-615 (735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2014)) motion to

          dismiss and strike plaintiff’s amended complaint because the amended complaint did not

          sufficiently plead a deceptive act under the Consumer Fraud Act. On February 2, 2015, the

          circuit court granted Bethany’s motion to dismiss the unconscionability claim with prejudice,

          dismissed the Consumer Fraud Act claim without prejudice and denied Bethany’s motion to

          dismiss the Deposit Return Act and Interest Act claims.

¶ 19         On February 20, 2015, plaintiff filed a six-count second amended class action complaint,

          alleging breach of contract (count I), violation of the Consumer Fraud Act (count II), violation

          of the Deposit Return Act (count III), violation of the Interest Act (count IV); and repleading

          claims of unconscionability (count V), and violation of the Consumer Fraud Act (count VI) for

          purposes of appeal that were previously dismissed. Bethany filed its answer to the second

          amended complaint on March 25, 2015. Bethany simultaneously filed another section 2-615

          (735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2014)) motion to dismiss the second amended complaint.

                                                        -7-
       No. 1-19-1858

¶ 20         On June 9, 2015, the circuit court denied Bethany’s motion to dismiss counts I and II, and

          granted Bethany’s motion to dismiss as to counts V and VI as set forth in the previous order

          dismissing those counts. Bethany’s amended answer to plaintiff’s second amended class action

          complaint was filed on July 15, 2015. On October 27, 2015, Bethany filed its affirmative

          defenses to plaintiff’s second amended complaint. Bethany raised the following affirmative

          defenses: (1) the entrance fee was not a security deposit within the meaning of the Deposit

          Return Act or the Interest Act because Bethany provided services beyond those of a landlord-

          tenant relationship, provided guaranteed residency, and used the entrance fee to fund its

          services; (2) the refund policy was fully disclosed in the Agreement which established that

          Bethany did not intend for plaintiff to rely on any deceptive acts; (3) plaintiffs’ claims under

          the Deposit Return Act were barred by the statute of limitations; (4) plaintiffs’ claims were

          barred by laches as Bethany acted in reliance of its legal right to possess the entrance fees; and

          (5) as both plaintiffs’ were refunded their entrance fees, the claims are moot because there was

          no controversy for the court to decide. Plaintiff filed a motion to strike and dismiss Bethany’s

          affirmative defenses on November 24, 2015, which the circuit court granted without prejudice

          on December 16, 2015. Bethany refiled its affirmative defenses on January 4, 2016.

¶ 21         Plaintiff filed a third amended motion for class certification on January 19, 2016. On

          April 27, 2016, the circuit court granted class certification for the Deposit Return Act and

          Interest Act claims but denied class certification for the Consumer Fraud Act and breach of

          contract claims. Hamilton was appointed as the class representative. The record indicates that

          on July 15, 2016, plaintiff moved to approve class notice. Bethany subsequently moved to

          decertify the classes, but the circuit court denied the motion on January 5, 2017. A second

                                                      -8-
       No. 1-19-1858

          motion to decertify the classes was filed on February 14, 2018, which the circuit court denied

          on August 14, 2018.

¶ 22         On September 17, 2018, plaintiff was substituted as the named plaintiff and class

          representative, and Ackerman was voluntarily dismissed. Notice of class certification was

          mailed to the certified classes, and seven class members opted to exclude themselves. On April

          3, 2019, Bethany filed a motion for summary judgment as to all claims and plaintiff filed a

          cross-motion for partial summary judgment on liability under the Interest Act and Deposit

          Return Act claims.

¶ 23         A hearing was held on the cross-motions for summary judgment on August 14, 2019. Prior

          to hearing the parties’ argument, the circuit court noted that the crux of the case was whether

          the Agreement was a lease or services agreement.

¶ 24         After hearing the arguments of both parties, the circuit court granted summary judgment

          in favor of Bethany on both the class claims and plaintiff’s individual claims. The court first

          held that the Agreement was not a lease and further that, based on various provisions in the

          agreement, the entrance fee could not be classified as a security deposit. Specifically, the court

          found that it was clear that the parties entered into this Agreement where a fee would be

          charged for labor and services, especially for professional services; it could be terminated by

          either party at any time; and it was not for a fixed period of time. The circuit court concluded

          that the overwhelming intent of the Agreement was that Bethany would provide services to the

          individual who would be provided exclusive rights to occupy a particular area of the property.

          The circuit court then granted summary judgment on the class claims for violation of the

          Deposit Return Act and the Interest Act, finding that the entrance fee could not be classified

          as a security deposit as it was not held for property damage.

                                                      -9-
       No. 1-19-1858

¶ 25         The circuit court then examined plaintiff’s individual claims of fraud and breach of

          contract, finding that there was no evidence that the entrance fee was in any way misleading

          and no evidence to support a claim under the Consumer Fraud Act. In short, the circuit court

          did not find any evidence that Bethany breached the Agreement. After concluding that there

          was no genuine issue of material fact on either claim, the circuit court granted summary

          judgment as to the individual claims as well. Plaintiff’s timely notice of appeal was filed on

          September 12, 2019.

¶ 26                                             ANALYSIS

¶ 27         On appeal, plaintiff contends that the circuit court erred in granting Bethany’s motion for

          summary judgment on all counts and denying her motion for partial summary judgment on the

          class claims.

¶ 28                                       A. Standard of Review

¶ 29         The purpose of summary judgment is not to try a question of fact, but rather to determine

          whether a genuine issue of material fact exists. Adams v. Northern Illinois Gas Co., 211 Ill.

          2d 32, 42-43 (2004). A motion for summary judgment should only be granted if the pleadings,

          depositions and affidavits on file demonstrate that no genuine issues of material fact exist, and

          the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Barnard v. City of Chicago Heights, 295

          Ill. App. 3d 514, 519 (1998). In determining whether a genuine issue as to any material fact

          exists, a reviewing court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving

          party. Barnard, 295 Ill. App. 3d at 519. A genuine issue of material fact precluding summary

          judgment exists where the material facts are disputed, or if the material facts are undisputed,

          reasonable persons might draw different inferences from the undisputed facts. Hilgard v. 210

          Mittel Drive Partnership, 2012 IL App (2d) 110943, ¶ 19.

                                                     - 10 -
       No. 1-19-1858

¶ 30         On a summary judgment motion, once the moving party has demonstrated the right to

          judgment, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to present evidence showing a genuine

          issue of material fact or that the moving party was not entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

          Mere argument is not enough to raise an issue of material fact. Triple R Development, LLC v.

          Golfview Apartments I, L.P., 2012 IL App (4th) 100956, ¶ 16. We review the circuit court’s

          decision to grant summary judgment de novo. Loncarevic & Associates, Inc. v. Stanley Foam

          Corp., 2017 IL App (1st) 150690, ¶¶ 23-24; Evans v. Brown, 399 Ill. App. 3d 238, 244 (2010).

¶ 31         Our review of the record reveals that there was no evidence of any genuine issue of material

          fact or showing that Bethany was not entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Nor has plaintiff

          raised any issue of material fact on appeal, as we discuss in more detail below.

¶ 32                    B. Cross-Motions for Summary Judgment on the Class Claims

¶ 33         Plaintiff first contends that the circuit court erred in granting Bethany’s motion for

          summary judgment and denying her motion for summary judgment on the class claims of

          violation of the Interest Act and the Deposit Return Act. Specifically, plaintiff maintains that:

          (1) it was error to conclude that Bethany’s entrance fee was not a security deposit; (2) it was

          error to conclude that the Agreement was primarily a service agreement and not a lease; (3)

          Chestnut Square was not a Life Care Facility and was therefore not exempt from the Interest

          Act or the Deposit Return Act; (4) it was error to conclude that the Agreement was not a lease

          because it was not for a fixed amount of time; and (5) Bethany’s affirmative defenses were

          unavailing.

¶ 34         Because the parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment, they conceded that no

          material questions of fact existed and the only issue that needed to be decided by the court was

          a question of law: which could be decided on the record. Pielet v. Pielet, 2012 IL 112064, ¶

                                                     - 11 -
       No. 1-19-1858

          28. Appellate review of the circuit court’s decision as to cross-motions for summary judgment

          is de novo. Id. at ¶ 30.

¶ 35         In order to determine whether summary judgment was proper, we must determine if the

          Agreement constituted a lease and further whether the entrance fee was a security deposit. This

          requires us to construe the Agreement.

¶ 36         The construction of a contract is an issue of law to be determined by the court (Intersport,

          Inc. v. National Collegiate Athletic Association, 381 Ill. App. 3d 312, 318-19 (2008)) and is

          reviewed de novo (K’s Merchandise Mart, Inc. v. Northgate Ltd. Partnership, 359 Ill. App. 3d

          1137, 1142 (2005)). Contract construction and interpretation are generally well suited to

          disposition by summary judgment. William Blair and Co., LLC v. FI Liquidation Corp., 358

          Ill. App. 3d 324, 334 (2005).

¶ 37         The principal objective in construing a contract is to determine and give effect to the

          intention of the parties at the time they entered into the contract. Bright Horizons Children’s

          Centers, LLC v. Riverway Midwest II, LLC, 403 Ill. App. 3d 234, 247 (2010). To determine

          the intent of the parties, the court must look to the instrument itself, its purpose and the

          surrounding circumstances of its execution and performance. Id. When a dispute exists

          between the parties as to the meaning of a contract provision, the threshold issue is whether

          the contract is ambiguous. Id. Contract language is ambiguous when it is susceptible to more

          than one meaning or is obscure in meaning. William Blair, 358 Ill. App. 3d at 334. An

          ambiguity is not created by the mere fact, that, as here, the parties disagree on an interpretation.

          See Fleet Business Credit, LLC v. Enterasys Networks, Inc., 352 Ill. App.3 d 456,469 (2004).

¶ 38          The question here is whether the Agreement was simply a lease or something more. For

          a lease to be valid in Illinois, “there must be agreement as to the extent and bounds of the

                                                       - 12 -
       No. 1-19-1858

          property, the rental price and time and manner of payment, and the term of the lease.” Ceres

          Illinois, Inc. v. Illinois Scrap Processing, Inc., 114 Ill. 2d 133, 145 (1986). Additionally, this

          court has held that the essence of a lease was the transfer of possession, while a license merely

          entitles one party to use property subject to the management and control of the other party.

          Cook v. University Plaza, 100 Ill. App. 3d 753, 754 (1981) (citing In re Application of

          Rosewell, 69 Ill. App. 3d 996, 1000-01 (1979)).

¶ 39         As noted above, Hamilton entered into a contract titled “Residency and Services

          Agreement” with Chestnut Square for Apartment 1309A on December 1, 2004. The

          Agreement provided for an initial deposit of $12,300 that was paid by Hamilton to reserve a

          residence in Chestnut Square and would only be refunded as expressly provided in the

          Agreement. The total entrance fee was $123,600, and the balance was payable within 60 days

          of the established occupancy date or possession of the apartment. The Agreement also

          contained provisions related to various services that would be provided by Chestnut Square,

          including meals, housekeeping, resident social activities, and local transportation. The

          Agreement also had no expiration date; presumably, a resident could live there for their natural

          life barring any major medical condition that prevented them from living independently.

          Further, the Agreement could be terminated at any time by either party.

¶ 40         While the Agreement contained certain aspects normally associated with leases such as the

          reference to a specific apartment, we note that it also allowed a resident to change units on

          request. As noted above, there was no rental price specified; the agreement provided for an

          initial deposit, an entrance fee and a monthly services fee. The monthly services fee covered

          personal care and some assisted living services. The term was indefinite; a resident could stay

          for the reminder of their life, could terminate the Agreement on notice to Chestnut Square or

                                                      - 13 -
       No. 1-19-1858

          could relocate to another Bethany-operated facility or be assisted in moving to a health facility

          of their choice. Bethany expected its residents to live independently but offered added

          conveniences for its aging residents. We find that the Agreement went beyond the terms of a

          simple lease contract.

¶ 41         Additionally, in instances where Bethany was unable to meet a resident’s care

          requirements, the Agreement provided that arrangements were made with other facilities to

          ensure that the care was ultimately made available to the resident, similar to arrangements at a

          life care facility. See Antler v. Classic Residence Management Ltd. Partnership, 315 Ill. App.

          3d 259, 267-69 (2000). The record does not indicate that Chestnut Square was a licensed life

          care facility under the Act, as noted by plaintiff. A life care facility is defined by the Life Care

          Facilities Act (Act) as “a place or places in which a provider undertakes to provide a resident

          with nursing services, medical services or personal care services, in addition to maintenance

          services for a term in excess of one year or for life pursuant to a life care contract. The term

          also means a place or places in which a provider undertakes to provide such services to a non-

          resident.” 210 ILCS 40/2(f) (West 2018). However, despite Chestnut Square’s not providing

          comprehensive medical care, and contrary to plaintiff’s assertion, we find that the Agreement

          and the residency at Chestnut Square was a continuing care residency agreement and more

          closely resembled a life care facility based on the many services it did provide to residents.

          See Jackim v. CC-Lake, Inc., 363 Ill. App. 3d 759, 761-64 (2005). While there is no current

          statutory enactment related to continuing care facilities, this court has previously recognized

          such facilities that provide less care than a life care facility, including those that required the

          transfer of a resident’s assets to the facility. See e.g., Franciscan Communities, Inc. v. Hamer,

          2012 IL app (2d) 110431; Sears Bank and Trust Co. v. Holmstad, Inc., 132 Ill. App. 3d 229

                                                       - 14 -
       No. 1-19-1858

          (1985); Piel v. Norwegian Old People’s Home Society of Chicago, 127 Ill. App. 3d 593 (1984).

          Accordingly, we find that the Agreement created much more than a simple landlord-tenant

          relationship between the parties and therefore the Agreement was not a lease.

¶ 42          It follows then, that the Interest Act and Deposit Return Act do not apply to the entrance

          fee. Parties are only covered by the statutes if the agreement between the residents and Chestnut

          Square can be considered a lease. See Cook, 100 Ill. App. 3d at 755. We have previously

          described a security deposit as money a tenant deposits with a landlord as security for the

          tenants full and faithful performance of the lease terms. Steens v. MAC Property Management,

          LLC, 2014 IL App (1st) 120719, ¶ 21. Under the terms of a lease agreement, a security deposit

          remains the tenant’s property which the landlord holds in trust for the tenant’s benefit subject

          to the tenant fulfilling its obligations under the lease. Id.

¶ 43          Section 1 of the Interest Act provides in relevant part that a lessor of residential real

          property containing 25 or more units in a single building or complex who receives a security

          deposit from a lessee to secure the payment of rent or compensation for damage to property

          shall pay interest to the lessee on any deposit held by the lessor for more than six months. 765

          ILCS 715/1 (West 2014). Similarly, Section 1(a) of the Deposit Return Act provides that a

          lessor of residential real property containing five or more units who has received a security

          deposit from a lessee to secure the payment of rent or to compensate for damage to the leased

          premises shall return the security deposit in full within 45 days of the date that the lessee

          vacated the premises. 765 ILCS 710/1(a) (West 2014).

¶ 44          In this case, our review of the record reveals no evidence that would support classification

          of the entrance fee as a security deposit. The entrance fee was not held to secure the payment

          of rent or as compensation for damage to property; instead, per the Agreement, it was held to

                                                       - 15 -
       No. 1-19-1858

          cover the resident’s continued residency and the various services provided by Bethany during

          such occupancy, regardless of whether the resident was able to pay the monthly services fee.

¶ 45         Moreover, the Agreement expressly stated that Chestnut Square would pay interest on the

          initial deposit at the passbook savings rate established by Bank One. The initial deposit, along

          with interest that accrued on it, was applied to the entrance fee. Deposition testimony of one

          of Bethany’s employees, Vera, indicated that Hamilton was allowed to “spend down” part of

          her entrance fee on medical expenses. We conclude, as a matter of law, that the entrance fee

          was not a security deposit, and that summary judgment was properly granted in Bethany’s

          favor on those class claims.

¶ 46                             C. Summary Judgment – Individual Claims

¶ 47         Plaintiff also contends that the circuit court erred in granting Bethany’s motion for

          summary judgment as to her individual claims of fraud under the Consumer Fraud Act (815

          ILCS 505/1 et seq. (West 2014)) and breach of contract.

¶ 48         As stated previously, when reviewing a circuit court's ruling on a motion for summary

          judgment, the appellate court examines the record anew to determine whether a material

          question of fact exists. CE Design, Ltd. v. Speedway Crane, LLC, 2015 IL App (1st) 132572,

          ¶¶ 20; Coole v. Central Area Recycling, 384 Ill. App. 3d 390, 396 (2008). We review the circuit

          court’s decision to grant summary judgment de novo. Loncarevic & Associates, 2017 IL App

          (1st) 150690, ¶¶ 23-24. We examine each of plaintiff’s individual claims in turn.

¶ 49                                           1. Fraud Claims

¶ 50         With respect to her fraud claims, plaintiff contends that the circuit court erred in finding

          that there was no evidence that the entrance fee was in any way misleading under the Consumer

          Fraud Act (815 ILCS 505/1 et seq. (West 2014)). Plaintiff claims the court erred because the

                                                     - 16 -
       No. 1-19-1858

          Agreement is both deceptive and unfair; while it states that the entrance fee will be refunded

          only when the apartment is re-occupied by a new tenant, it fails to disclose that the time for re-

          occupancy is generally a year or more. Plaintiff contends that the length of time for re-

          occupancy, longer than for ordinary apartments, is material and its omission is deceptive.

          Plaintiff asserts that the omission of a material fact can be the basis for a claim of fraudulent

          concealment.

¶ 51         It appears that plaintiff conflates fraud claims under the Consumer Fraud Act with common

          law claims of fraudulent concealment. “To prove fraudulent concealment, a plaintiff must

          establish that: (1) the defendant concealed a material fact under circumstances that created a

          duty to speak; (2) plaintiff could not have discovered the truth through reasonable inquiry or

          inspection, or was prevented from making a reasonable inquiry or inspection, and justifiably

          relied upon the defendant’s silence as a representation that the fact did not exist; (4) the

          concealed information was such that the plaintiff would have acted differently had he or she

          been aware of it; and (5) the plaintiff’s reliance resulted in damages.” Phillips v. DePaul

          University, 2014 IL App (1st) 122817, ¶ 82, (quoting Bauer v. Giannis, 359 Ill. App. 3d 897,

          902-03 (2005)). To assert a claim for fraudulent concealment, plaintiff must establish the

          existence of a special or fiduciary relationship, which in turn gives rise to a duty to speak.

          Phillips, 2014 IL App (1st) 122817, ¶ 83.

¶ 52         Plaintiff has made no such showings here. First, the record does not indicate that the refund

          policy was concealed; the policy was clearly stated in the Agreement. Although the Agreement

          did not contain a specific timeline for when the refund would occur, it did state “upon re-

          occupancy of the apartment.” There is nothing in the record that suggests Hamilton was

          prevented from making a reasonable inquiry as to the average or usual timeline of such refund

                                                      - 17 -
       No. 1-19-1858

          if she decided to end her residency, nor was there any suggestion that Hamilton was prevented

          from having the Agreement inspected by a family member or legal counsel before signing it.

          In short, plaintiff’s only argument to support her claim of fraudulent concealment is the delay

          of the refund itself. This argument does not satisfy the requirement of a genuine issue of

          material fact that is necessary to avoid summary judgment, as mere argument is not enough to

          raise an issue of material fact. Triple R Development, LLC, 2012 IL App (4th) 100956, ¶ 16.

¶ 53         Plaintiff further contends that Bethany’s practice was unfair under the Consumer Fraud

          Act because Hamilton had no way of knowing the typical re-occupancy timeline, nor did she

          have any meaningful control over re-occupancy of the apartment. Plaintiff maintains that the

          Agreement is a nonnegotiable adhesion contract, the tenants are senior citizens, and the

          entrance fee provision is buried in the contract without full disclosure of the likely waiting

          period of a year or more. Plaintiff further argues that Bethany’s residents would reasonably,

          but wrongly, assume that Bethany uses the four-month termination period to begin remarketing

          the unit and prepare the refund. Plaintiff concludes that the deprivation of Hamilton’s entrance

          fee for more than a year is the kind of unreasonable burden the Consumer Fraud Act is designed

          to prevent. We disagree.

¶ 54         “The Consumer Fraud Act is a regulatory and remedial statute intended to protect

          consumers against fraud, unfair methods of competition, and other unfair and deceptive

          business practices.” Cripe v. Leiter, 184 Ill. 2d 185, 190-91 (1998). It is to be liberally

          construed to effectuate its purpose. Id. at 191. Section 10a(c) of the Consumer Fraud Act

          authorizes a private right of action for “[a]ny person who suffers actual damages as a result of

          a violation of [the] Act.” 815 ILCS 505/10a(a) (West 2018); Krautsack v. Anderson, 223 Ill.

          2d 541, 553 (2006).

                                                     - 18 -
       No. 1-19-1858

¶ 55         Section 2 of the Consumer Fraud Act describes unfair or deceptive practices as:

                       “including but not limited to the use or employment of any deception, fraud, false

             pretense, false promise, misrepresentation or the concealment, suppression or admission of

             any material fact, with intent that others rely upon the concealment, suppression or

             omission of such material fact * * * in the conduct of any trade or commerce * * *.” 815

             ILCS 505/2 (West 2014).

¶ 56             Consequently, to sustain a deceptive practice claim under the Consumer Fraud Act, the

          pleader must allege “(1) a deceptive act or practice by the defendant; (2) the defendant’s intent

          that the plaintiff rely on the deception; and (3) that the deception occurred in the course of

          conduct involving trade and commerce.” Evitts v. Daimler-Chrysler Mot. Corp., 359 Ill. App.

          3d 504, 508 (2005) (citing Weatherman v. Gary-Wheaton Bank of Fox Valley, N.A., 186 Ill. 2d

          472, 492 (1999)). Additionally, a valid claim must show that the fraud proximately caused an

          injury to the plaintiff. Kelly v. Sears Roebuck and Co., 308 Ill. App. 3d 633, 641 (1999).

¶ 57         Here, plaintiff has not provided any written or verbal statement by any Bethany employee

          or agent at any point during Hamilton’s residency indicating that the entrance fee would be

          either returned immediately upon notice of moving or within 120 days. Additionally, the

          timeliness of returning the entrance fee only became deceptive to plaintiff because she assumed

          a promise that was never made. Under plaintiff’s theory, any resident’s unprompted

          assumption could become the basis for a deceptive practice claim. This would be an overly

          broad interpretation of the Consumer Fraud Act, and this court has determined that the

          Consumer Fraud Act is not intended to be used as a vehicle for transforming nondeceptive,

          nonfraudulent conduct into actionable conduct. See Kellerman v. Mar–Rue Realty & Builders

                                                     - 19 -
       No. 1-19-1858

          Inc., 132 Ill. App. 3d 300, 306 (1985). Thus, we find that Hamilton’s assumption does not

          transform the refund policy into an unfair or deceptive practice.

¶ 58         Similarly, plaintiff has been unable to demonstrate that the delay in refunding the entrance

          fee proximately caused an injury to Hamilton. Our supreme court has held that a plaintiff must

          establish that he was actually deceived by the defendant’s representations or omissions in order

          to establish proximate causation. Avery v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co., 216

          Ill. 2d 100, 200 (2005). Plaintiff has made no such showing here. Although the record certainly

          indicates that the delay resulted in certain difficulties for Hamilton because she subsequently

          became ill after moving out of Chestnut Square and later suffered a financial hardship by not

          having the use of the entrance fee refund, such difficulties did not ipso facto result from

          deception.

¶ 59         Based on the record before us, it is clear that there was no genuine issue of material fact as

          to whether Bethany’s refund policy violated the Consumer Fraud Act, but only a dispute as to

          the interpretation of the facts. See Borgenson v. Fairhaven Christian Home, 1 Ill. App. 3d

          323, 326 (1971). That is, it is undisputed that the parties signed the Agreement which contained

          certain provisions, but the parties disagree as to how the agreement should be interpreted:

          fraudulent or not. Thus, we conclude that the circuit court properly granted summary judgment

          on plaintiff’s consumer fraud claim.

¶ 60                                    2. Breach of Contract Claim

¶ 61         Lastly, plaintiff contends that the circuit court erred in granting Bethany’s motion for

          summary judgment on her breach of contract claim. Specifically, she argues that Bethany’s

          delay in marketing the apartment and the lengthy re-occupancy period which led to Hamilton’s

                                                     - 20 -
       No. 1-19-1858

          financial hardship frustrated Hamilton’s objectives under the Agreement and violated the

          Agreement’s implied duty of good faith and fair dealing.

¶ 62         The essential elements of a breach of contract claim are: (1) the existence of a valid and

          enforceable contract; (2) performance by the plaintiff; (3) breach by the defendant; and (4)

          resulting injury to the plaintiff. Pepper Construction Co. v. Palmolive Tower Condominiums,

          LLC, 2016 IL App (1st) 142754, ¶ 85. The duty of good faith and fair dealing is implied in

          every contract and requires a party vested with contractual discretion to exercise it reasonably,

          and not arbitrarily, capriciously, or in a manner inconsistent with the reasonable expectations

          of parties. Seip v. Rogers Raw Materials Fund, L.P., 408 Ill. App. 3d 434, 443 (2011). The

          duty, however, is not an independent source of duties for the parties to a contract, and is “used

          as a construction aid in determining the intent of the parties where an instrument is susceptible

          of two conflicting constructions.” Id., (quoting Fox v. Heimann, 375 Ill. App. 3d 35, 42

          (2007)).

¶ 63         Here, plaintiff does not allege that Bethany breached any parts of the Agreement as written.

          There is also no issue regarding construction of the contract where we must determine the

          intent of the parties. Nor does plaintiff allege any issue of material fact regarding her claim for

          breach of contract; only the dispute concerning her interpretation of the facts in the case. Such

          argument is insufficient to establish that an issue of material fact exists or that plaintiff is

          entitled to judgment as a matter of law to overcome summary judgment. Accordingly,

          summary judgment was properly granted in favor of Bethany on plaintiff’s breach of contract

          claim.

¶ 64         In summary, we conclude that the circuit court properly granted summary judgment in

          favor of Bethany on the class claims as a matter of law where the Agreement was not a lease

                                                      - 21 -
       No. 1-19-1858

          subject to the provisions of the Interest Act or Deposit Return Act. Additionally, where the

          record fails to disclose any disputed issues of material fact in this case, and plaintiff has not

          established that Bethany was not entitled to judgment as a matter of law on her individual

          claims, summary judgment was proper.

¶ 65                                           CONCLUSION

¶ 66         For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed.

¶ 67         Affirmed.

                                                     - 22 -