Court Opinion

ID: 6218039
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-02-10 16:06:30.117018+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:57:15.333770
License: Public Domain

MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT                                          Reporter of Decisions
Decision: 2022 ME 12
Docket:   Fed-20-306
Argued:   September 8, 2021
Decided:  February 10, 2022

Panel:       STANFILL, C.J., and MEAD, JABAR, HUMPHREY, HORTON, and CONNORS, JJ., and HJELM,
             A.R.J.
Majority:    STANFILL, C.J., and MEAD, JABAR, HUMPHREY, HORTON, and CONNORS, JJ.
Dissent:     HJELM, A.R.J.

                                 THOMAS FRANCHINI

                                            v.

                      INVESTOR’S BUSINESS DAILY, INC., et al.

JABAR, J.

         [¶1] In this case, we address the First Circuit Court of Appeals’ order

certifying a question of law to us: “Should [Investor Business Daily’s] special

motion to dismiss be granted under Me. Rev. Stat. tit. 14, § 556 (Maine’s

anti-SLAPP law)?” Because there is clear controlling precedent, we decline to

consider the question.

                                   I. BACKGROUND

A.       Facts

         [¶2] The facts, as recited here, are taken from the First Circuit order.

Franchini v. Inv.’s Bus. Daily, 981 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2020.) In the 1990s, Investor’s

Business Daily (IBD) launched a National Issues feature with the set goal of “not
2

merely criticizing policies and programs, but also, where possible, putting

forward reasonable solutions or policy responses” on “political, regulatory,

economic and health care issues” to influence public policy reform at the federal

government. This feature started as an editorial page where IBD invited

“a well-regarded core of writers, thinkers and policy makers to take part in

[the] ‘IBD Brain Trust’” and later “expand[ed] to include op-eds submitted from

outside contributors.”

        [¶3] Sally Pipes has written “regularly for IBD on health care since the

late 1990s,” and is the president and chief executive officer of the Pacific

Research Institute, “whose mission is to advance free market-policy solutions

to current governmental public policy issues.” Pipes is not an employee of IBD.1

On December 22, 2017, IBD published an op-ed entitled “Sally C. Pipes: VA

Negligence Is Killing Veterans”; the byline named Pipes as the op-ed’s author.

The op-ed is a general critique of the Department of Veterans Affairs.2

    1 It is not clear from the record whether Sally Pipes was a member of the “IBD Brain Trust” or if
she was an outside contributor who submitted op-eds. The December 22, 2017, op-ed states that she
is a columnist. The First Circuit stated that the district court did not “make any adverse finding of
fact relating to IBD’s uncontested declaration that the Sally Pipes Op-Ed was part of an editorial effort
to ‘favorably affect[] public policy.’”
    2It is not clear how to categorize this piece. The district court referred to it as an article. However,
the First Circuit and the declarations refer to it as an op-ed. The published piece stated only that Sally
Pipes is a columnist. This opinion will follow the language of the First Circuit and will refer to the
piece as an op-ed.
                                                                               3

      [¶4] The only direct reference to Thomas Franchini was midway through

the op-ed:

      Consider the case of Thomas Franchini, a podiatrist at a Maine VA
      hospital. Franchini botched 88 procedures. He severed a patient’s
      tendon during one surgery and failed to successfully fuse one
      woman’s ankle in another. The latter’s leg had to be amputated as
      a result. Franchini wasn’t fired for any of these errors. Instead, the
      VA allowed him to resign and return to private practice.

The op-ed ended, “The VA is in shambles. Absent reform that allows vets to

seek care in the private sector, our veterans will continue to be subjected to

subpar care.” Pipes stated that she intended this op-ed to be a “call to action

. . . to enlist public participation in the health care policy issues under

consideration by national and local governmental bodies.”

      [¶5] The op-ed also included an embedded banner reading, “No Hidden

Agenda: Get News From a Pro-Free Market, Pro-Growth Perspective.” The end

of the op-ed included a biography of Pipes and a hyperlink that stated, “Click

here for more Commentary and Opinion from Investor’s Business Daily.”

B.    Procedure

      [¶6] On February 5, 2018, Franchini filed a complaint in the United States

District Court for the District of Maine against multiple defendants, including

Pipes and IBD. Franchini brought multiple counts against the parties, including

defamation and negligent infliction of emotional distress against IBD, and
4

requested a jury trial. IBD and the other defendants, except for Pipes, moved to

dismiss for failure to state a claim.3

        [¶7] IBD separately filed a special motion to dismiss arguing that either

Maine’s or California’s anti-SLAPP statute applied.4 It included declarations of

Pipes and Chris Gessel, the chief content officer of IBD.5 Pipes’s declaration

included two exhibits: the op-ed as published and the op-ed with footnotes to

sources of the facts.

        [¶8] On March 28, 2019, the district court (Singal, J.) denied the special

motion to dismiss pursuant to the Maine anti-SLAPP statute and declined to

determine whether the California anti-SLAPP statute applied.

    The case against Pipes was ultimately dismissed because Franchini failed to timely serve process
    3

on her.
    4 SLAPP stands for Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation, which are lawsuits that are
filed with the goal of “stop[ping] citizens from exercising their political rights or to punish them for
having done so.” George W. Pring, SLAPPs: Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation, 7 Pace
Env’t L. Rev. 3, 4-6 (1989). To prevent this infringement on the defendants’ constitutional rights,
states have passed anti-SLAPP statutes primarily to address citizen objections to matters of public
concern. See Morse Brothers., Inc. v. Webster, 2001 ME 70, ¶ 10, 772 A.2d 842.
    5    Under Maine’s anti-SLAPP statute, 14 M.R.S. § 556, courts are to “consider the pleading and
supporting and opposing affidavits stating the facts upon which the liability or defense is based.”
14 M.R.S. § 556 (2021). Although the motion was not accompanied by any “affidavits,” both
declarations that the district court considered were made pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1746, which allows
for “any matter required or permitted to be supported, evidenced, established or proved by
. . . affidavit” to be made in writing under penalty of perjury. 28 U.S.C.S. § 1746 (LEXIS through
Pub. L. 117-80, approved Dec. 27, 2021). Thus, the declarations filed with the federal court are
equivalent to affidavits filed in Maine courts.
                                                                               5

      [¶9] IBD timely appealed the denial of the special motion to dismiss. On

November 13, 2020, the First Circuit issued a written order certifying an

underlying question of law to us. In the order, the First Circuit stated that the

district court did not address IBD’s argument that it was engaged in petitioning

activity on its own behalf, which is an issue that “the Gaudette footnote

expressly reserved.” See Gaudette v. Mainely Media, LLC (Gaudette II), 2017 ME

87, ¶ 18 n.3, 160 A.3d 539.

      [¶10] The First Circuit certified one question to us: “Should IBD’s special

motion to dismiss be granted under Me. Rev. Stat. tit. 14, § 556 (Maine’s

anti-SLAPP law)?” The First Circuit also “welcome[d] any further comments

the Law Court may have on relevant Maine Law.”

                                II. DISCUSSION

      [¶11] Before answering the question certified to us by the First Circuit,

we must first decide whether to consider the certified question.

      [¶12] Although authorized by 4 M.R.S. § 57 (2021), our consideration of

certified questions of law is discretionary. See M.R. App. P. 25; Scamman v.

Shaw’s Supermarkets, Inc., 2017 ME 41, ¶¶ 7-8, 157 A.3d 223; Doherty v. Merck

& Co., 2017 ME 19, ¶ 8, 154 A.3d 1202; Fortin v. Titcomb, 2013 ME 14, ¶ 3,

60 A.3d 765. We have said that we
6

      may consider the merits of a certified question when three criteria
      are met: (1) there is no dispute as to the material facts at issue;
      (2) there is no clear controlling precedent; and (3) our answer, in
      at least one alternative, would be determinative of the case.

Scamman, 2017 ME 41, ¶ 7, 157 A.3d 223 (quotation marks omitted).

      [¶13] Although the certified question is framed in terms of whether a

pending motion should be granted rather than in terms of a question of law

(and we could decline to answer on that ground), we infer that the question of

law presented is the one that the First Circuit described as being left open in

the district court decision—whether a publication must show that it was

petitioning on its own behalf to invoke the protection of Maine’s anti-SLAPP

statute. The statute, 14 M.R.S. § 556 (2021), allows for a party to bring a special

motion to dismiss only if the claim against it is based on petitioning activity. We

have adopted a burden-shifting framework to determine if a special motion to

dismiss should be granted. Thurlow v. Nelson, 2021 ME 58, ¶¶ 12, 19, 263 A.3d

494. The legal issue in this case involves the first step of our anti-SLAPP

analysis. Under this first step, we have stated, “the defendant must file a special

motion to dismiss and establish, based on the pleadings and affidavits, that ‘the

claims against [him] are based on [his] exercise of the right to petition pursuant
                                                                                                     7

to the federal or state constitutions.’”6 Gaudette v. Davis (Gaudette I), 2017 ME

86, ¶ 16, 160 A.3d 1190 (quoting Morse Brothers, Inc. v. Webster, 2001 ME 70,

¶ 19, 772 A.2d 842). When applied to newspapers, we have explained that

“[u]nless a newspaper is petitioning on its own behalf, the newspaper is not

exercising its own right of petition.” Gaudette II, 2017 ME 87, ¶ 15, 160 A.3d

539 (emphasis added).

         [¶14] In certifying this question of law for our review, the First Circuit

stated that “the district court did not address [IBD’s argument that it was

petitioning on its own behalf] and the Gaudette [II] footnote expressly reserved

[this argument].”7

   6   “A party’s exercise of its right of petition” is defined in Maine’s anti-SLAPP statute as

         any written or oral statement made before or submitted to a legislative, executive or
         judicial body, or any other governmental proceeding; any written or oral statement
         made in connection with an issue under consideration or review by a legislative,
         executive or judicial body, or any other governmental proceeding; any statement
         reasonably likely to encourage consideration or review of an issue by a legislative,
         executive or judicial body, or any other governmental proceeding; any statement
         reasonably likely to enlist public participation in an effort to effect such
         consideration; or any other statement falling within constitutional protection of the
         right to petition government.

   14 M.R.S.A. § 556.
   7  The footnote states in full: “Because the news reports at issue in this appeal do not constitute
petitioning activity, we need not speculate on when news reporting or editorializing might constitute
petitioning activity.” See Gaudette v. Mainely Media, LLC (Gaudette II), 2017 ME 87, ¶ 18 n.3, 160 A.3d
539.
8

      [¶15] We have already decided that a party making a special motion to

dismiss pursuant to the anti-SLAPP statute must show that the claim against it

arises out of its exercise of its own right of petition. In Gaudette II, we affirmed

the trial court’s dismissal of the special motion to dismiss because the

anti-SLAPP statute did not apply to the publication of the articles at issue

because “the newspaper was documenting current events, which included

documenting others’ exercise of their right to petition. [The newspaper] itself

may have had views on the alleged abuse and how government should respond

to the alleged abuse, but those views were not communicated in the articles.”

Id. ¶¶ 15, 18.

      [¶16] Although we reserved commentary in Gaudette II “on when news

reporting or editorializing might constitute petitioning activity,” id. ¶ 18 n.3, we

also made it clear that the protection of the anti-SLAPP statute applies to

newspaper publishers or other parties only when they are petitioning on their

own behalf:

      Maine’s anti-SLAPP statute is not applicable to newspaper articles
      unless [1] those articles constitute the newspaper petitioning on its
      own behalf or [2] the party seeking to invoke the anti-SLAPP
      statute is a party that used the newspaper to broadcast the party’s
      own petitioning activities.

Id. ¶ 17.
                                                                                9

      [¶17] The determination of whether and on whose behalf a publication

or other party has engaged in petitioning activity is a case-specific, fact-driven

inquiry. Gaudette I, 2017 ME 86, ¶ 16, 160 A.3d 1190; Nader v. Me. Democratic

Party, 2013 ME 51, ¶ 12 n.9, 66 A.3d 571.

      [¶18] After reviewing the facts, the district court specifically referenced

Gaudette II in concluding that IBD was not engaged in petitioning activities “on

its own behalf.” The dissent recognizes that “the [district court] and [the First

Circuit] may be seen to view the parties’ submissions filed in connection with

the special motion to dismiss in ways that are not entirely consistent.”

Dissenting Opinion ¶ 29 n.12. We agree with the dissent that it is not our role

to second-guess either court’s construction. The point is that there are clear

principles that a court can follow, laid out in Gaudette II, to conclude whether,

depending on the interpretation of the facts, a publication is engaging in

petitioning activity on its own behalf. Whether the facts in this case constitute

petitioning activity will not answer how the next case will be decided.

      [¶19]   The dissent states that “if we were to conclude that IBD’s

publication of the Pipes column constituted petitioning activity by IBD, then

IBD would be entitled to a favorable disposition of its motion, meaning that the

claim itself would be dismissed in federal court.” Dissenting Opinion ¶ 42.
10

      [¶20] We should not make this determination. The conclusion as to the

fact-driven analysis surrounding petitioning activity must be left to the

fact-finder. Its conclusion will depend upon inferences that it draws from the

stated facts. It is up to the First Circuit, acting in an appellate capacity, to

determine whether the inferences drawn by the district court that lead to its

legal conclusion regarding petitioning activity are supported by the evidence.

It is not our function to make that determination in response to a certified

question presented to us.

                              III. CONCLUSION

      [¶21] Because there is clear precedent that applies to the dispute, we

decline to answer the certified question of law submitted to us by the First

Circuit.

      The entry is:

                  Certified question of law returned to the First
                  Circuit Court of Appeals without answer for the
                  reasons stated in this opinion.
                                                                                 11

HJELM, A.R.J., dissenting.

      [¶22] I respectfully dissent. Pursuant to well-established principles

governing our treatment of certified questions, we should reach and address

the merits of the state-law issue on which our colleagues on the Court of

Appeals for the First Circuit seek our authoritative guidance. As the First Circuit

has framed the issue, each of the predicate conditions establishing our

authority to accept the case is satisfied here: there is no dispute of fact material

to the legal issue presented; one of the answers we can provide will be

determinative of the federal claim between the parties before us; and—

contrary to the Court’s conclusion—there is no clear controlling precedent in

our jurisprudence that disposes of the issue. With those conditions being

satisfied, we should exercise our discretion favorably and accept the question.

      [¶23] I will first discuss the salient principles underlying the certification

process generally and then address the specific jurisdictional element on which

the Court erroneously rejects the First Circuit’s tender of the case for our

consideration.

A.    Certification

      [¶24] The availability of the process by which a federal court may refer—

or certify—an unsettled question of state law to that state’s highest court is
12

born of principles of federalism, comity, and efficiency. The notion of a federal

court’s certification of state-law questions, even when those questions arise in

nonconstitutional diversity cases, has been articulated since at least the 1940s.

See Meredith v. Winter Haven, 320 U.S. 228, 236 (1943). In 1965, the Maine

Legislature codified the Supreme Judicial Court’s jurisdiction to adjudicate

questions certified by a federal court by amending the statute that defines, in

part, the scope of our authority generally. P.L. 1965, ch. 158. Title 4 M.R.S. § 57

(2021) now states in pertinent respect,

             When it appears to the Supreme Court of the United States,
      or to any court of appeals or district court of the United States, that
      there is involved in any proceeding before it one or more questions
      of law of this State, which may be determinative of the cause, and
      there are no clear controlling precedents in the decisions of the
      Supreme Judicial Court, such federal court may certify any such
      questions of law of this State to the Supreme Judicial Court for
      instructions concerning such questions of state law, which
      certificate the Supreme Judicial Court sitting as the Law Court may,
      by written opinion, answer.

Then, in order to implement that statutory authority, we promulgated a series

of procedural rules—former Maine Rule of Civil Procedure 76B (West 2000)

and its successor, Maine Rule of Appellate Procedure 25, which is currently in

effect—that prescribe the state court procedure when a federal court certifies

a question of law to us.
                                                                                                       13

        [¶25] The jurisdictional predicate establishing our authority to answer

federally certified questions includes the three elements prescribed explicitly

in section 57: the issue is one of law; our answer will be determinative of the

federal action;8 and there is an absence of “clear controlling precedents”

already on the books. To these statutory requirements, we have added a fourth

condition—that there be no dispute of material fact affecting the certified

question.9 See, e.g., Bankr. Est. of Everest v. Bank of Am., N.A., 2015 ME 19, ¶¶ 13,

15, 111 A.3d 655; Dinan v. Alpha Networks, Inc., 2013 ME 22, ¶ 11, 60 A.3d 792.

Given this set of circumstances that must be present for us to answer a certified

question, our answer will be, in effect, a declaratory judgment that has “the

force of decided case law” because the answer becomes “determinative of the

[federal] cause.” See In re Richards, 223 A.2d 827, 832-33 (Me. 1966) (quotation

marks omitted).

   8  In construing this statute, 4 M.R.S. § 57 (2021), we have interpreted it to mean that our answer
to a certified question must be, in at least one alternative, dispositive of the federal claim. See, e.g.,
Bankr. Est. of Everest v. Bank of Am., N.A., 2015 ME 19, ¶ 13, 111 A.3d 655; White v. Edgar, 320 A.2d
668, 675 (Me. 1974).
   9 This common law requirement allows us to steer clear of the general prohibition against issuing

advisory opinions, because if there were material factual disputes, any answer we might provide
would less likely be determinative. See In re Richards, 223 A.2d 827, 833 (Me. 1966); see also N. River
Ins. Co. v. Snyder, 2002 ME 146, ¶ 7, 804 A.2d 399. For the reasons I explain below, see infra ¶¶ 28-29
& n.12, the facts presented here are not in dispute.
14

          [¶26] Beyond our discussions of the specific jurisdictional elements

attendant to a certified question, we have commended the salutary principles

and objectives underlying certification because it advances “a most

fundamental principle of ‘our federalism’”—that a state’s highest court is the

ultimate authority in interpreting that state’s laws. White v. Edgar, 320 A.2d

668, 675 (Me. 1974). As we have written, our willingness to address issues

certified by the federal courts works to the “mutual benefit” of the two judicial

systems and furthers our “harmonious relationships.” Id. at 674. Accordingly,

          in the situation in which a decision of a question of State law is
          necessary to a decision of the federal merits of a cause pending in
          the federal [c]ourt, it is, and will continue, a strong policy of this
          Court, as conducive to a sound federalism and the promotion of
          harmonious relations between federal and State [c]ourts, to
          implement the certification process afforded by 4 M.R.S.[] § 57 in
          the fullest scope consistent with this Court’s proper functioning.

Id. at 675-76 (emphases added); see also Bankr. Est. of Everest, 2015 ME 19,

¶ 14, 111 A.3d 655; Dinan, 2013 ME 22, ¶ 22, 60 A.3d 792 (stating that “it is our

policy to promote comity between the federal and state courts” by answering

proper certified questions); 3A Harvey & Merritt, Maine Civil Practice § A25:1

at 244 (3d, 2021-2022 ed. 2021) (characterizing our opinions as expressing a

“warm sympathy” toward accepting certified questions).10 As is maintained in

     Federal jurisprudence also shines a favorable light on certification. The Supreme Court of the
     10

United States has observed that if a claim pursued in federal court may turn on an unresolved issue
                                                                                                          15

the leading treatise on Maine’s civil practice, “For the sake of good federal-state

relations, it may be expected that the federal courts will reserve certification

for the unusual, hard case of general importance, and at the same time the Law

Court will answer all questions certified to it except only ones plainly not in

proper posture for its consideration.” 3A Harvey & Merritt, Maine Civil Practice

§ A25:1 at 248-49 (alteration, footnotes, and quotation marks omitted).

          [¶27] Against this backdrop that demonstrates the generous view we

take toward acceptance of certified questions, I turn to the question at issue

here.

B.        Factual Background, Gaudette II, and the Certified Question

          [¶28] The certification process binds us to the facts as determined by the

certifying court, here, the First Circuit.11 See Johnson v. Allstate Ins. Co., 687 A.2d

of state law, resort to that state’s court of last resort “does, of course, in the long run save time, energy,
and resources and helps build a cooperative judicial federalism.” Lehman Brothers v. Schein, 416 U.S.
386, 391 (1974); see also Arizonans for Official English v. Arizona, 520 U.S. 43, 76 (1997) (stating that
certification “allows a federal court faced with a novel state-law question to put the question directly
to the State’s highest court, reducing the delay, cutting the cost, and increasing the assurance of
gaining an authoritative response”). The Court has also stated that “where . . . there is an efficient
method for obtaining a ruling from the highest court of a State we do not hesitate to avail ourselves
of it.” Elkins v. Moreno, 435 U.S. 647, 662 n.16, 668 (1978).

      This principle is made even more clear by the procedure that is to be used if facts beyond those
     11

provided by the certifying court are needed to illuminate the certified question of law. In that
situation, we are required to take certain affirmative steps in order to expand the record before us
so that it may include additional parts of the record that had already been created before the federal
court. M.R. App. P. 25(c); see also 3A Harvey & Merritt, Maine Civil Practice § A25:2 at 249
(3d, 2021-2022 ed. 2021).
16

642, 643 (Me. 1997) (describing the facts “as certified to this Court”); Hiram

Ricker & Sons v. Students Int’l Meditation Soc’y, 342 A.2d 262, 263 (Me. 1975)

(describing the facts “set out in the certificate”); M.R. App. P. 25(b) (providing

that the federal court’s certification shall contain, among other things, “a

statement of facts showing the nature of the case and the circumstances out of

which the question of law arises”).

      [¶29] The First Circuit has presented the following facts to us. Defendant

Investor’s Business Daily (IBD) is a subscription news service that pursues a

mission both to criticize existing public policies and to propose solutions and

policy responses. Franchini v. Inv.’s Bus. Daily, Inc., 981 F.3d 1, 3 (1st Cir. 2020).

Prominent among the topics addressed by IBD is health care. Id. On that issue,

Sally Pipes is one of IBD’s regular contributors. Id. In December of 2017, IBD

published one of her submissions, which is central to this action. Id. The

column criticized the medical care being provided to veterans by the

Department of Veterans Affairs—an agency that Pipes described as being

“infamous for administering low-quality care.” Id. at 5. The column singled out

plaintiff Thomas Franchini as having “botched” nearly ninety podiatric

procedures at a VA hospital in Maine. Id. Pipes wrote the piece, which

advocates for specific reforms, “to enlist public participation in order to
                                                                                                        17

influence national health care policy.” Id. at 4, 6, 9-10. IBD chose to publish the

column because Pipes’s views were “aligned with its own”—an alignment

apparent in the piece itself—and as “part of an editorial effort to ‘favorably

affect public policy.’”12 Id. at 6, 10 (alteration omitted).

          [¶30] After IBD published the article, Franchini filed a defamation action

in federal court against IBD and others. Id. at 6. In response, IBD moved for the

court to dismiss the action pursuant to Maine’s anti-SLAPP statute, 14 M.R.S.

§ 556 (2021).13 Franchini, 981 F.3d at 6. The court denied IBD’s motion based

   12  I recognize that, regarding this aspect of the record, the federal district and appellate courts
may be seen to view the parties’ submissions filed in connection with the special motion to dismiss
in ways that are not entirely consistent. In particular, the district court’s order stated that the column
written by Pipes constituted “essentially a news report recounting recent failings at the VA and does
not articulate any of IBD’s views”—in other words, that neither the content of the column nor IBD’s
decision to publish it constituted IBD’s own advocacy. Franchini v. Bangor Publ’g Co., 383 F. Supp. 3d
50, 65 (D. Me. 2019). In contrast, as noted in the text, the First Circuit stated that IBD decided to
publish Pipes’s article, which contained advocacy, because her view “aligned with its own” and did
so in an effort to influence public policy. Franchini v. Inv.’s Bus. Daily, Inc., 981 F.3d 1, 9-10 (1st Cir.
2020). To the extent the two courts expressed disparate views of the facts, it is not our role to
second-guess either construction. Rather, for the reasons set out above, see supra ¶ 28, we must
accept the facts as articulated by the certifying court—the First Circuit. This eliminates any
intercourt dispute of material fact, thereby satisfying that statutory aspect of our jurisdiction over
the certified question. See supra ¶ 25.
   13   Title 14 M.R.S. § 556 (2021) states in pertinent part:

             When a moving party asserts that the civil claims, counterclaims or cross claims
          against the moving party are based on the moving party’s exercise of the moving
          party’s right of petition under the Constitution of the United States or the Constitution
          of Maine, the moving party may bring a special motion to dismiss. The special motion
          may be advanced on the docket and receive priority over other cases when the court
          determines that the interests of justice so require. The court shall grant the special
          motion, unless the party against whom the special motion is made shows that the
          moving party’s exercise of its right of petition was devoid of any reasonable factual
          support or any arguable basis in law and that the moving party’s acts caused actual
          injury to the responding party. In making its determination, the court shall consider
18

on its reading of our decision in Gaudette v. Mainely Media, LLC (Gaudette II),

2017 ME 87, 160 A.3d 539. Franchini v. Bangor Publ’g Co., 383 F. Supp. 3d 50,

64-65 (D. Me. 2019).

      [¶31] The issue in Gaudette II was the applicability of section 556 to a

defamation claim asserted against a newspaper based on its publication of a

series of articles about allegations of criminal conduct committed by Gaudette

and grand jury proceedings that did not produce criminal charges against him.

2017 ME 87, ¶¶ 1, 3-7, 160 A.3d 539. In response to the complaint for

defamation, the newspaper’s owner, Mainely Media, filed a special motion to

dismiss based on section 556. Id. ¶¶ 7-8. The question generated by Mainely

Media’s motion was whether the published articles constituted the “exercise of

the moving party’s right of petition” within the meaning of the anti-SLAPP

      the pleading and supporting and opposing affidavits stating the facts upon which the
      liability or defense is based.

         ....

         As used in this section, “a party’s exercise of its right of petition” means any written
      or oral statement made before or submitted to a legislative, executive or judicial body,
      or any other governmental proceeding; any written or oral statement made in
      connection with an issue under consideration or review by a legislative, executive or
      judicial body, or any other governmental proceeding; any statement reasonably likely
      to encourage consideration or review of an issue by a legislative, executive or judicial
      body, or any other governmental proceeding; any statement reasonably likely to
      enlist public participation in an effort to effect such consideration; or any other
      statement falling within constitutional protection of the right to petition government.
                                                                                19

statute. Id. ¶ 17 (quotation marks omitted). The trial court denied the motion.

Id. ¶ 8.

       [¶32] On the resulting appeal, we held that publication of the articles in

question did not amount to the exercise of the newspaper’s right to petition

because “the newspaper was documenting current events, which included

documenting others’ exercise of their right to petition,” and because the articles

did not convey any views the newspaper may have had on the reported matters.

Id. ¶ 15. We also stated that “[u]nless a newspaper is petitioning on its own

behalf, the newspaper is not exercising its own right of petition.” Id. But in a

footnote that later played a prominent part in the First Circuit’s decision to

certify the issue in this case to us, we expressed a limitation on the scope of our

holding that Mainely Media had not exercised its right to petition when it

published the “news report.” In the footnote, we stated, “Because the news

reports at issue in this appeal do not constitute petitioning activity, we need not

speculate on when news reporting or editorializing might constitute

petitioning activity.” Id. ¶ 18 n.3.

       [¶33] In Franchini’s federal action, given the district court’s reading of

the record that the Pipes column contained mere news reporting, but see

supra n.12, the court determined that IBD had not engaged in petitioning
20

activity when it published the column written by Pipes, just as we had

concluded in Gaudette II that the nonadvocacy reporting of current events was

not petitioning activity, see 2017 ME 87, ¶ 15, 160 A.3d 539. Franchini, 383

F. Supp. 3d at 64-65. On that basis, the court denied IBD’s special motion to

dismiss. Id. at 64-66.

         [¶34] After the district court issued its order, IBD filed an interlocutory

appeal to the First Circuit. Franchini, 981 F.3d at 6. In the resulting opinion, the

First Circuit made clear its own reading of the record, which was that IBD chose

to publish Pipes’s column—which she herself described as a “call to action”—

to advance its own “editorial effort” to affect public policy. Id. at 3, 6; see

supra n.12. The First Circuit also construed the record to establish that “IBD

selected a columnist [Pipes] with a particular viewpoint that aligned with its

own. Both the columnist’s and IBD’s views are discernible from the Op-Ed.” Id.

at 10.

         [¶35] The court then summarized the parties’ competing assertions

about whether our holding in Gaudette II was determinative of the applicability

of section 556 to Franchini’s defamation claim. That synopsis recited IBD’s

contentions that the statute applied directly to protect its own publishing

activity and also that IBD should benefit vicariously from the protections
                                                                                                     21

created by section 556 because the statute would have resulted in the dismissal

of a claim against Pipes if she were a party to the action.14 Id. In the end,

however, the court focused on Gaudette II’s footnote 3, observing that we had

reserved the issue that would be dispositive of IBD’s special motion to dismiss

and concluding that the determination of that issue “is appropriately resolved

by the Maine Law Court.” Id. Accordingly, retaining jurisdiction, the First

Circuit certified the following question to us: “Should IBD’s special motion to

dismiss be granted under [14 M.R.S. § 556]?” Id. at 10-11. The court also stated

that it would “welcome any further comments the Law Court may have on

relevant Maine law.” Id.

C.        Propriety of Certification

          [¶36] Despite the absence of advocacy from the parties about whether it

would be proper for us to accept the certified question, the Court today declines

to answer it, primarily on one ground—that governing legal principles already

exist in “clear precedent that applies to the dispute.”15 Court’s Opinion ¶ 21.

      Franchini failed to properly include Pipes as a party due to both the lack of proper service and
     14

the absence of personal jurisdiction. Franchini, 981 F.3d at 6 n.3.
   15 The Court also states that “we could decline to answer” the question because it is not one of

law, although the Court goes on to infer a question of law. Court’s Opinion ¶ 13. For the reasons I
offer in the text, rejecting the certified question at issue, as the Court insinuated it could do, would
have constituted a departure from both our established practice of reframing a certified question
22

I agree that if this were true and such precedent existed, we would be without

statutory authority to accept the question. See 4 M.R.S. § 57. But I respectfully

submit that this rationale for the Court’s rejection of the question is wrong.

There is no precedential authority on the issue generated in this case; rather,

Maine’s law on the question is unsettled.

       [¶37] The nature of the First Circuit’s inquiry must first be determined

in order to consider whether precedent exists in Maine law. The First Circuit

has framed the certified question in terms that would call for us to determine

simply whether IBD’s special motion should be granted. This is an ultimate

adjudicatory determination, however, which remains with the federal judiciary

alone because the action remains pending in federal court. Nonetheless, the

court’s opinion provides us with a clear understanding of the substantive legal

issue it has referred for our consideration. Particularly when the First Circuit

has presented the case to us by also inviting us in an open-ended way to

comment on the issue as we see fit, I agree with the Court that we can—as we

should—reformulate the question to illuminate the question of law, see Court’s

when that can be done to meet the jurisdictional requirements, see infra ¶ 37, and our overall
receptiveness toward responding to certified questions, see supra ¶ 26.
                                                                                                       23

Opinion ¶ 13, just as we have done in the past, see Dinan, 2013 ME 22, ¶ 22,

60 A.3d 792.16

        [¶38] The issue embodied in the First Circuit’s question to us is evident:

whether a subscription news service that is in the business of both criticizing

and promoting various policy positions is engaged in petitioning activity within

the meaning of Maine’s anti-SLAPP statute when that entity publishes an

editorial piece written by a third party about a public policy matter; the news

service specifically selects that piece for publication because the column

expresses a viewpoint that mirrors its own partisan views on the issue; and the

publisher’s partisan position is evident from the article.

        [¶39] The essential question certified to us, when viewed this way, meets

the four jurisdictional elements.

   16  We are not alone in having reframed a certified question. See, e.g., W. Helicopter Servs., Inc. v.
Rogerson Aircraft Corp., 811 P.2d 627, 633 (Or. 1991) (stating the “majority rule” that the state court
“has the discretion to reframe questions and is not bound to answer the question as certified”);
Kincaid v. Mangum, 432 S.E.2d 74, 83 (W. Va. 1993) (stating that the court “retains the power to
reformulate questions certified to it”); Beard v. Viene, 826 P.2d 990, 993 n.4 (Okla. 1992) (noting the
“generally prevailing rule” that the state court is authorized to restate the certified question); see also
Meckert v. Transamerica Ins. Co., 742 F.2d 505, 507 (9th Cir. 1984) (“We do not intend this
formulation [of the certified question] to be exclusive. The [state court] is free to frame the basic
issues in any appropriate manner.”); Barnes v. Atl. & Pac. Life Ins. Co., 530 F.2d 98, 99 (5th Cir. 1976)
(stating that, “following our usual practice, we left it to the [state court] to formulate the issues. As
was their prerogative, the [state court] did just that and considered the basic issues rather than
replying categorically to the certified questions.”); John B. Corr & Ira P. Robbins, Interjurisdictional
Certification and Choice of Law, 41 Vand. L. Rev. 411, 426 (1988) (“[T]he answering court must have
the power to reformulate the questions posed. . . . The answering court may be best situated to frame
the question for precedential value and to control the development of its laws.”).
24

          [¶40] First, as I discuss above, see supra ¶¶ 28-29 & n.12, the question is

unencumbered by any dispute of material fact.

          [¶41] Second, it presents a question of law. The issue focuses directly

and entirely on the first step of the analytical framework attendant to an

anti-SLAPP special motion to dismiss—specifically, whether at the time of the

allegedly actionable conduct, given the circumstances described by the First

Circuit, IBD was engaging in petitioning activity, which is the gateway inquiry

that determines whether the anti-SLAPP statute applies at all.17 Franchini, 981

F.3d at 10 n.8; see, e.g., Desjardins v. Reynolds, 2017 ME 99, ¶ 8, 162 A.3d 228.

We have stated several times that this first step in the anti-SLAPP inquiry is

“purely a question of law for the court’s decision.”                             Gaudette v. Davis

(Gaudette I), 2017 ME 86, ¶ 16, 160 A.3d 1190, abrogated in part by Thurlow v.

Nelson, 2021 ME 58, ¶ 19, 263 A.3d 494; see also Desjardins, 2017 ME 99, ¶ 8,

162 A.3d 228. Consequently, the question of whether IBD’s publication of the

     17Pursuant to our case law at the time the First Circuit certified the question to us, the disposition
of a special motion to dismiss a SLAPP suit could have triggered as many as three analytical steps.
See, e.g., Desjardins v. Reynolds, 2017 ME 99, ¶¶ 8-10, 162 A.3d 228. But see Thurlow v. Nelson, 2021
ME 58, ¶ 19, 263 A.3d 494 (modifying our application of section 556 by holding that there now can
be up to only two such steps). Because the First Circuit determined that the remaining elements of
IBD’s anti-SLAPP special motion to dismiss were satisfied, the sole remaining issue is the one
presented to us here—whether IBD engaged in petitioning activity by publishing Pipes’s column. See
Franchini, 981 F.3d at 10 n.8.
                                                                                25

Pipes article constituted petitioning activity is a question of law, thereby

satisfying that jurisdictional requirement created in section 57.

      [¶42] Third, one possible answer to this question is dispositive of

Franchini’s defamation claim against IBD because, given the First Circuit’s

determination that the remaining aspects of an anti-SLAPP special motion to

dismiss were satisfied here, see supra n.17, if we were to conclude that IBD’s

publication of the Pipes column constituted petitioning activity by IBD, then

IBD would be entitled to a favorable disposition of its motion, meaning that the

claim itself would be dismissed in federal court, which retains jurisdiction. See

Bankr. Est. of Everest, 2015 ME 19, ¶ 13, 111 A.3d 655.

      [¶43] This leads to the fourth and final elemental issue—the one where

I part ways with the Court—which is whether there exists “clear controlling

precedent[]” that already provides an answer to the certified question. 4 M.R.S.

§ 57; see also Jackson Brook Inst., Inc. v. Me. Ins. Guar. Ass’n, 2004 ME 140, ¶ 1,

861 A.2d 652.     Here, the Court points to our opinion in Gaudette II as

establishing precedential authority on the issue raised in the question.

I respectfully submit that the Court is incorrect.

      [¶44]   Gaudette II answers a very different question than the one

presented here and therefore does not provide precedent for this action. The
26

holding in Gaudette II establishes only that when a newspaper publishes a

factual account of current events, the publisher is not engaged in petitioning

activity for purposes of the anti-SLAPP statute. Gaudette II, 2017 ME 87, ¶¶ 15,

17, 160 A.3d 539. The federal case at issue here presents just the opposite

situation—it centers on the publication of the publisher’s own partisan views,

where the publisher decided to publish the advocacy piece because the

publisher agreed with the viewpoint expressed in the column and that

alignment is apparent from the published piece. Gaudette II therefore does not

have precedential bearing on the legal issue presented here.

      [¶45] In extending Gaudette II’s purported reach, the Court relies on

statements we made in that opinion that a publisher is not petitioning “[u]nless

a newspaper is petitioning on its own behalf” and that “Maine’s anti-SLAPP

statute is not applicable to newspaper articles unless those articles constitute

the newspaper petitioning on its own behalf or the party seeking to invoke the

anti-SLAPP statute is a party that used the newspaper to broadcast the party’s

own petitioning activities.” Id.; see Court’s Opinion ¶¶ 16, 18. For two reasons,

those statements are not precedentially responsive to the First Circuit’s

inquiry.
                                                                                  27

      [¶46] First, the statements in Gaudette II quoted above are dicta and

therefore do not rise to the level of “clear controlling precedent[],” 4 M.R.S. § 57.

A dictum is “an opinion by a court on a question that is directly involved,

briefed, and argued by counsel, and even passed on by the court, but that is not

essential to the decision.” Est. of Dresser v. Me. Med. Ctr., 2008 ME 183, ¶ 15 n.8,

960 A.2d 1205 (Mead, J., dissenting) (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 485

(8th ed. 2004)). As the First Circuit itself has stated, dicta are “observations

relevant, but not essential, to the determination of the legal questions then

before the court. Dictum constitutes neither the law of the case nor the stuff of

binding precedent. In short, dictum contained in an appellate court’s opinion

has no preclusive effect in subsequent proceedings in the same, or any other,

case.” Dedham Water Co., Inc. v. Cumberland Farms Dairy, Inc., 972 F.2d 453,

459 (1st Cir. 1992) (citations omitted). In short, a dictum is not precedential—

it is neither authoritative nor binding.

      [¶47] In Gaudette II we were not deciding the issue presented here,

which is whether publication of advocacy content amounts to petitioning

activity. The statements we made in Gaudette II that the Court now says dispose

of that issue were therefore extrinsic and far from essential to the issue actually

presented there, which was whether straight news reporting—rather than
28

advocacy or editorializing, as is the situation here—constitutes the exercise of

petitioning rights. Our statements in Gaudette II about the legal effect of facts

that were not before us in that case are dicta and thus not precedential.

      [¶48] Second, in the footnote that the First Circuit emphasized, we stated

explicitly, “Because the news reports at issue in this appeal do not constitute

petitioning activity, we need not speculate on when news reporting or

editorializing might constitute petitioning activity.” Gaudette II, 2017 ME 87,

¶ 18 n.3, 160 A.3d 539.       Footnote 3 therefore serves to properly limit

Gaudette II’s holding to the factual circumstances of that case and explicitly

leaves unresolved, for another day and some future case, the question

presented here—whether editorializing, which is what IBD was doing, or even

some forms of news reporting can be petitioning activity pursuant to Maine’s

anti-SLAPP statute. Thus, whatever force may be assigned to the dicta in the

text—and, for the reasons I offer above, any force it may have certainly falls

short of being binding authority—is undercut by the reservation in the

footnote. At the very least, the tension between the textual dicta and the

footnote leaves the effect of the former enigmatic and materially uncertain.

      [¶49] For these reasons, the language in Gaudette II invoked by the Court

falls short of generating “clear controlling precedent[],” see 4 M.R.S. § 57, on the
                                                                                               29

issue presented to us by the First Circuit. The effect of that language is not

“clear” given the limitation in the footnote, and it does not rise to the level of

“controlling precedent[]” because the language itself is merely dictum.18

       [¶50]      Paradoxically, by stating that, in Gaudette II, we already

definitively articulated the legal principles that bear on the certified question,

Court’s Opinion ¶¶ 16, 18, the Court may be seen to be now prescribing,

substantively, the law that the federal courts can apply to the undisputed facts

in this case. We have not, in fact, answered the question presented here. Any

substantive pronouncement of law that can be extracted from the Court’s

Opinion arises entirely from the Court’s erroneous view about the scope of our

holding in Gaudette II and not from a merits analysis of the applicable law itself.

It may be that, following an actual examination of the legal merits germane to

the issue the First Circuit has presented to us, we would conclude as a matter

of law that IBD had not engaged in petitioning activity, just as was the case with

Mainely Media. But that remains to be seen because, to date, we have not

   18 The Court states that any answer we might provide to the certified question “will not answer

how the next case will be decided.” Court’s Opinion ¶ 18. To the contrary, however, a substantive
response here would have jurisprudential effect by answering the legal question left open in
Gaudette II and creating precedent that can be invoked to adjudicate future cases involving facts
similar to those presented here.
30

embarked on that analytical journey—not in the past, and not, in any proper

way, today.

      [¶51] I point out finally and more generally that our jurisprudential

efforts to properly interpret and determine the proper use of section 556 and

the process governing it have been valiant, but the results have been nothing

short of fluid. This is best demonstrated by multiple significant changes in our

case law, over a relatively short period, relating to the procedure that we have

struggled to create when a court is called upon to adjudicate a section 556

anti-SLAPP special motion to dismiss—attempts to construe the statute in a

way that would be true to the Legislature’s intent while also protecting the

significant constitutional interests held by the litigants. In Nader v. Maine

Democratic Party, 2012 ME 57, ¶ 36, 41 A.3d 551, we changed the then-existing

procedural framework applicable to such motions, which had been in effect for

more than a decade, since our decision in Morse Brothers v. Webster, 2001 ME

70, ¶¶ 19-20, 772 A.2d 842. Then, in Gaudette I, 2017 ME 86, ¶ 18, 160 A.3d

1190, we changed the framework we had created in Nader. And most recently,

in Thurlow v. Nelson, 2021 ME 58, ¶ 19, 263 A.3d 494, we changed—yet again—

the process for adjudicating these motions by eliminating the modifications we

had made in Gaudette I. If anything, the problems inherent in section 556, and
                                                                              31

our continuing efforts to fashion a constitutionally sound and workable process

to implement the statute, make it difficult to conclude with assurance that there

is “clear controlling precedent[]” for much of anything related to that statute.

4 M.R.S. § 57.

D.    Conclusion

      [¶52] As a general principle, when a federal court seeks our guidance, we

do—and should—view certification of questions generously to promote the

important objectives of that process.      More particular to this case, the

jurisdictional predicate for the certified question is fully present, and the

reasons to address it are persuasive. The First Circuit determined that the

question presented here raises “an important issue of law” that “implicates

important societal interests in both First Amendment protections for media

outlets, and the substantive statutory rights created under Maine law.”

Franchini, 981 F.3d at 7. As a matter of federalism and comity, we should take

seriously both this assessment and the First Circuit’s choice to certify the

question so that we may provide material guidance on an open legal issue

arising from Maine’s own law. We should not leave the federal court to

hypothesize how we might resolve this unsettled and important question of

Maine law.
32

        [¶53] For these reasons, we should accept and answer the question

certified to us by the First Circuit. I respectfully dissent from the Court’s

decision to the contrary.

Russell B. Pierce, Jr., Esq. (orally), Norman, Hanson & DeTroy, LLC, for appellant
Investor’s Business Daily, Inc.

Jens-Peter W. Bergen, Esq., Kennebunk, and Raymond W. Belair, Esq. (orally),
Belair & Associates, P.C., New York, New York, for appellee Thomas Franchini

United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit docket number 19-1389
FOR CLERK REFERENCE ONLY