Court Opinion

ID: 6336964
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-05-02 16:02:30.030767+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:21:59.034938
License: Public Domain

FIFTH DIVISION
                         RICKMAN, C. J.,
      MCFADDEN, P. J., and SENIOR APPELLATE JUDGE PHIPPS

                    NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                    physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                    days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                               https://www.gaappeals.us/rules

                                                                        May 2, 2022

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A21A1444. RAFAC v. JIANGSU LINHAI POWER MACHINERY
     GROUP CORPORATION.

      MCFADDEN, Presiding Judge.

       This appeal concerns whether James A. Rafac properly served his tort action

upon Jiangsu Linhai Power Machinery Group Corporation. Jiangsu is a Chinese entity

that does not operate in the United States, is not incorporated or domesticated in

Georgia, is not authorized to transact business in Georgia, and has no registered agent

in Georgia. Rafac personally served the complaint upon Ronald Ho, the registered

agent in Georgia of a corporation that imported and distributed Jiangsu’s products.

There are factual disputes regarding whether Jiangsu had appointed that corporation

to accept service of process on its behalf, but the trial court did not address those

factual disputes. Instead, the trial court found that service was improper because Ho
was not Jiangsu’s registered agent. That was a misapplication of the law. So we

vacate the order dismissing Rafac’s action for lack of service and remand the case for

further consideration. But we find no merit in Rafac’s argument that the trial court

erred in considering an affidavit presented by Jiangsu.

      1. Procedural history.

      This is the second appearance of this case before us. In Rafac v. Jiangsu Linhai

Power Machinery Group Corp., 357 Ga. App. 551 (851 SE2d 185) (2020) (Rafac I),

we reviewed an earlier order dismissing Rafac’s action against Jiangsu. As we

explained in Rafac I,

      [t]he record shows that in April 2014, Rafac was allegedly involved in
      an all-terrain vehicle accident in Panama. On June 14, 2017, Rafac filed
      suit against Jiangsu[, the manufacturer of the all-terrain vehicle,] and
      numerous other parties in connection with the accident. Rafac indicated
      that his civil suit was a renewal action, as his previous lawsuit was
      voluntarily dismissed. The record contains a sheriff’s return of service,
      filed on June 21, 2017, indicating that a sergeant served Jiangsu by
      leaving a copy of the action and summons with “Robert Ho, Agent,” at
      1715 Lakes Parkway in Lawrenceville, Georgia.

Rafac I, 257 Ga. App. at 552. We noted that “[b]oth parties appear to acknowledge

that Robert Ho is the same person as Ronald Ho.” Id. at 552 n. 1.

                                          2
      Jiangsu moved to dismiss the action, arguing that it had not been properly

served. Rafac I, 257 Ga. App. at 552. Rafac argued, among other things, that service

on Ho was sufficient because

      Jiangsu had designated Sunright International of America, Inc., through
      its principal Ronald Ho, as the agent for accepting service of process. .
      . . Rafac filed [with the trial court] a document entitled “Appointment of
      Agent for Service of Process on a Foreign Manufacturer,” which stated
      that, pursuant to the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act,
      Jiangsu had appointed Sunright International as its agent for service of
      process.

Id. The trial court rejected this argument. As we explained in Rafac I,

      [a]t the hearing on Jiangsu’s motion to dismiss, the trial court found that
      the “Appointment of Agent for Service of Process on a Foreign
      Manufacturer” form which Rafac had filed was not reliable because it
      was not dated or signed. The trial court also ruled that Rafac’s affidavit
      did not provide “sufficient evidence.” In its written order granting
      Jiangsu’s motion to dismiss, the trial court found that service on
      Sunright International was not sufficient to constitute service on
      Jiangsu.

Id. at 553.

      We vacated the dismissal order in Rafac I, concluding that the trial court, in

ruling on Jiangsu’s motion, had “applied an incorrect legal standard because it found

                                          3
Rafac’s evidence to be insufficient to demonstrate that Jiangsu had been served and

never otherwise explained in any order or ruling that Jiangsu had carried its burden

of proof.” Rafac I, 357 Ga. App. at 555-556. We held that, “[b]ecause it appear[ed]

that the trial court incorrectly shifted the burden of proof from Jiangsu to Rafac, we

[were] compelled to vacate its orders granting Jiangsu’s motion to dismiss and

denying Rafac’s motion to vacate and set aside [the order dismissing the complaint].”

Id. at 556. We remanded the case for the trial court “to reconsider Jiangsu’s motion

to dismiss under the proper legal standard.” Id.

      On remand, the parties presented competing affidavits regarding Ho’s authority

to accept service of process for Jiangsu. Rafac presented the affidavit of Ho, in which

he stated that he was Sunright’s CEO, president, and registered agent; that Sunright

was at the time of the complaint the importer and distributor of all-terrain vehicles

manufactured by Jiangsu; and that he has accepted service of process for Jiangsu as

part of the regular business practice between Sunright and Jiangsu. As evidence of

his authority to accept service, Ho attached to his affidavit a signed and dated copy

of the “Appointment of Agent for Service of Process on a Foreign Manufacturer”

form, which provided:

                                          4
Pursuant to section 100(E) of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle
Safety Act, 15 U.S.C. 1399(E) the manufacturer listed below hereby
designates in writing an Agent upon whom Service of all Administrative
and Judicial Processes, Notices, Orders, Decisions, and Requirements
may be made on behalf of said Manufacturer. The appointment of an
Agent for Service only [sic]; it is for no other purpose whatever[.]

In accordance with the implementing regulation of the DOT/National
Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 49 CFR 551.45 (1989), the
Manufacturer Listed below Hereby Appoints: Sunright International of
America, Inc. [and listing Sunright’s mailing address in Georgia.]

As it’s [sic] Agent for the purpose of Service of Process and hereby
Certifies as follows:

1. This designation is in Legal Form Required to make it Binding on the
Manufacturer Under the Laws, Corporate Bylaws, or other
Requirements Governing the making of the Designation by the
Manufacturer at the place and time where it is made.

2. The full and Legal Name, Principal Place of Business and Mailing
Address of the Manufacturer is as follows: Jiangsu Linhai Power
Machinery Group, Corp. [and listing Jiangsu’s mailing address in
China.]

                                   5
Ho averred that he was “a person responsible for the keeping of business records for

Sunright” and that the form attached to his affidavit was a “true and correct cop[y] of

Sunright business records and information.”

      By way of rebuttal Jiangsu presented the affidavit of its director and general

manager, Lu Ying. Therein, Lu testified that Ho was not Jiangsu’s registered agent;

that Jiangsu “has never intended for . . . Ho to accept service of process for litigation

summons and complaints on behalf of Jiangsu”; that the appointment form discussed

above “does not authorize . . . Ho to accept service of process for litigation summons

and complaints on behalf of Jiangsu”; and that Lu was “not aware of any litigation

summons or complaint that have been accepted by [Ho] on behalf of Jiangsu[.]”

      After considering this evidence, the trial court again dismissed Rafac’s

complaint in the order now on appeal. The trial court struck the entry of service from

the record and held that the statute of limitation barred Rafac’s action. In support of

that ruling, the trial court found that Jiangsu had met its burden of showing improper

service by clear and convincing evidence, pointing to Lu’s affidavit and to documents

from the office of Georgia’s Secretary of State showing that Ho was not Jiangsu’s

registered agent in Georgia. In the order, the trial court acknowledged Ho’s testimony

“that he was the appointed agent for service of process on a foreign manufacturer, for

                                           6
the purposes of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act.” But the trial

court held that, “[a]lthough [Ho] testified that he accepted service on behalf of

[Jiangsu], he did not show that he was its registered agent, for the purposes of OCGA

§ 9-11-4.” (Emphasis supplied.)

      Rafac appeals, arguing that the trial court erred by finding that Rafac failed to

perfect service without determining whether Ho was Jiangsu’s appointed agent under

OCGA § 9-11-4 (e) (7). As detailed below, we find that the trial court misapplied the

law by focusing on the fact that Ho was not Jiangsu’s registered agent in Georgia

rather than determining whether Ho was Jiangsu’s appointed agent. So we vacate the

trial court’s order and remand for further proceedings not inconsistent with this

opinion.

      Rafac also argues that the trial court erred in considering the Lu affidavit

because the affidavit does not establish that Lu’s testimony was based on personal

knowledge. As detailed below, we are not persuaded by this argument.

      2. The order must be vacated and the case remanded because the trial court

failed to determine whether Ho was Jiangsu’s appointed agent and so misapplied the

law in the ruling.

                                          7
      “This [c]ourt will uphold a trial court’s ruling on a motion to dismiss a

complaint for insufficient service of process absent a showing of an abuse of

discretion. Factual disputes regarding service are to be resolved by the trial court, and

the court’s findings will be upheld if there is any evidence to support them.”

Vibratech, Inc. v. Frost, 291 Ga. App. 133, 140 (1) (b) (661 SE2d 185) (2008)

(citations, punctuation, and emphasis omitted), disapproved in part on other grounds

by Bowen v. Savoy, 308 Ga. 204, 209 n. 7 (839 SE2d 546) (2020). But “we review de

novo the trial court’s rulings on questions of law.” Turfstore.com v. Hall, 348 Ga.

App. 398, 400 (2) (823 SE2d 81) (2019). Moreover, “an abuse [of discretion] occurs

where the trial court’s ruling . . . misstates or misapplies the relevant law.” Parsons

v. Mertz, 320 Ga. App. 786, 788 (1) (740 SE2d 743) (2013) (citation and punctuation

omitted).

      An abuse of discretion occurred here because the trial court misapplied the

relevant law when he held that service upon Ho was not proper because Ho was not

Jiangsu’s registered agent. But the fact that Ho was not Jiangsu’s registered agent is

not dispositive of this case.

      The Code section governing personal service, OCGA § 9-11-4 (e), provides for

service upon a registered agent in three instances, none of which are implicated here.

                                           8
Personal service may be made upon a registered agent if “the action is against a

corporation incorporated or domesticated under the laws of this state[.]” OCGA § 9-

11-4 (e) (1) (A). Personal service may be made upon a registered agent if “the action

is against . . . a foreign corporation authorized to transact business in this state[.]” Id.

And personal service may be made upon a registered agent if “the action is against

a foreign corporation doing business in this state without authorization to transact

business in this state” and that foreign corporation has “a registered agent designated

for service of process.” OCGA § 9-11-4 (e) (2) (A). By Jiangsu’s own admission, it

does not fall into any of these categories. As Jiangsu asserts in its appellate brief, it

is “a Chinese state-owned entity [that] has no registered agent for service of process

and does not operate within the United States[.]”1

       None of the other statutory provisions pertaining to personal service of process

provide for such service upon a registered agent, and most of those provisions also

have no bearing on this case. See OCGA § 9-11-4 (e) (3) (pertaining to an action

       1
        The parties do not discuss whether, under these circumstances, the trial court
would have personal jurisdiction over Jiangsu under Georgia’s long-arm statute,
OCGA § 9-10-90 et seq. Jiangsu asserted lack of personal jurisdiction as an
affirmative defense in its special appearance answer, and this issue presumably will
be litigated if, on remand, the trial court determines that Rafac properly served
Jiangsu.

                                             9
against a minor); OCGA § 9-11-4 (e) (4) (pertaining to an action against a Georgia

resident “who has been judicially declared to be of unsound mind or incapable of

conducting his or her own affairs”); OCGA § 9-11-4 (e) (5) (pertaining to an action

against a county, municipality, city, town, or any other public body or organization);

and OCGA § 9-11-4 (e) (6) (pertaining to an action for a principal sum of less than

$200).

      The only statutory provision allowing for personal service of process that could

apply to the circumstances of this case is OCGA § 9-11-4 (e) (7), which by its terms

pertains to “all other cases,” meaning all cases other than those covered by OCGA §

9-11-4 (e) (1) through (6), the provisions discussed above. OCGA § 9-11-4 (e) (7)

(emphasis supplied). See Kitchen Intl. v. Evans Cabinet Corp., 310 Ga. App. 648,

651-653 (1) (714 SE2d 139) (2011) (holding that OCGA § 9-11-4 (e) (7) provided

a proper manner of personal service in Georgia upon a foreign corporation that cannot

be served under OCGA § 9-11-4 (e) (1) or (2), the two other methods of effecting

personal service upon a corporation). Despite that plain statutory language, Jiangsu

argues that Rafac cannot serve it under OCGA § 9-11-4 (e) (7) but must instead serve

it under OCGA § 9-11-4 (f) (3), which provides a method for service of process

outside of the United States. We disagree. The method set out in OCGA § 9-11-4 (f)

                                         10
(3) is not mandatory; it simply provides an alternative means by which service “may

be effected in a place not within the United States[.]” OCGA § 9-11-4 (f) (3)

(emphasis supplied).

      Rafac argues that he properly served Jiangsu under OCGA § 9-11-4 (e) (7)’s

catchall provision, which permits personal service on “an agent authorized by

appointment or by law to receive service of process” when the other methods of

effecting personal service under OCGA § 9-11-4 (e) do not apply. The parties dispute

whether Ho was such an agent, and the record contains conflicting evidence on that

point. Ho averred that he was the CEO, president, and registered agent of Sunright,

the corporation that Jiangsu appointed in writing to receive, on its behalf, service of

process pursuant to the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act. Even if, as

Jiangsu argues, the written appointment covered only service of proceedings related

to that Act, the form is still evidence that Jiangsu and Sunright had a business

relationship in which Sunright sometimes would receive service of process for

Jiangsu.

      And there is additional evidence that Jiangsu’s arrangement with Sunright

extended beyond proceedings under the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety

Act. In his affidavit, Ho expressly stated that, pursuant to the business relationship

                                          11
between Jiangsu and Sunright, he received service of complaints on Jiangsu’s behalf

in civil actions including actions for product liability, such as this case. Ho’s affidavit

testimony could support a finding that he “was a designated agent for service of

process[.]” Southwest Community Hosp. & Med. Center v. Thompson, 165 Ga. App.

442, 444 (4) (301 SE2d 501) (1983).

       Jiangsu argues that Ho’s testimony is insufficient as a matter of law to show

that Jiangsu appointed Sunright as its agent for receiving service in civil actions. But

in support of this argument, Jiangsu cites cases that did not involve a regular business

practice wherein the purported agent received service of process on the defendant’s

behalf. See Commercial Union Ins. Co. v. Gibson, 210 Ga. App. 823 (1) (437 SE2d

808) (1993) (involving the authority of an independent insurance agent “who merely

orders or sells [an insurance company’s] policies” to receive service on behalf of the

insurance company); Headrick v. Fordham, 154 Ga. App. 415, 416-417 (1) (268

SE2d 753) (1980) (involving the authority of a secretary to receive service on behalf

of her employer where there was no dispute that the employer had not formally

designated the secretary to do so).

       Certainly, Rafac’s evidence does not compel the conclusion that Jiangsu

appointed either Sunright or Ho to receive service of process of complaints in a civil

                                            12
action such as this. Jiangsu’s director and general manager, Lu, averred that Jiangsu

had not given Ho such authority. But the factual dispute created by the competing

affidavits in this case must “be resolved by the factfinder, the trial court.” Webb v.

Tatum, 202 Ga. App. 89, 91 (413 SE2d 263) (1991) (citation and punctuation

omitted). The trial court did not make a finding one way or the other on the issue, and

“[w]e do not know . . . exactly why the trial court said nothing about [this issue]. But

we do know that the trial court could have assigned no weight at all to the testimony

of the witnesses about [the issue] to the extent that it found that their testimony was

not credible.” Mathenia v. Brumbelow, 308 Ga. 714, 715-716 (1) (843 SE2d 582)

(2020) (citations and punctuation omitted; emphasis in original).

       It is for the trial court, in the first instance, to weigh the competing evidence

concerning Ho’s authority to accept service on Jiangsu’s behalf and assess the

witnesses’ credibility on that issue. See Coombs v. Koblasz, 246 Ga. App. 67, 68 (539

SE2d 562) (2000). So we vacate the trial court’s dismissal order and remand this case

for the trial court to do so.

       3. Trial court’s consideration of the Lu affidavit.

       Rafac argues that the trial court erred in considering the Lu affidavit because

the affidavit did not establish that Lu’s testimony was based on personal knowledge.

                                          13
See OCGA § 9-11-56 (e) (“affidavits shall be made on personal knowledge, shall set

forth such facts as would be admissible in the evidence, and shall show affirmatively

that the affiant is competent to testify to the matters stated therein”). See also Baxley

v. Baldwin, 279 Ga. App. 480, 481 (1) n. 2 (631 SE2d 506) (2006) (requirements of

OCGA § 9-11-56 (e) also “apply to affidavits offered in connection with a motion to

dismiss”). But in his affidavit, Lu states that he was a director and general manager

of Jiangsu and that the affidavit was given based on his personal knowledge.

“Generally, the mere statement of the affiant that the testimony given comes from

personal knowledge is sufficient.” Formaro v. SunTrust Bank, 306 Ga. App. 398, 400

(1) (702 SE2d 443) (2010) (citation and punctuation omitted). More fundamentally,

Rafac did not make this objection to the trial court; instead, he argued in his brief to

the trial court that the affidavit “indicate[d] that [Lu] had personal knowledge of the

facts in question[.]” (Emphasis supplied.) “Objections to affidavits such as an

objection to the affiants’ lacking personal knowledge will not be entertained for the

first time on appeal where such affidavits were considered by the trial judge, without

objection, in ruling on motions [below].” Id. at 399-400 (1) (citations and punctuation

omitted).

                                           14
      Judgment vacated and case remanded with direction. Rickman, C. J., and

Senior Appellate Judge Herbert E. Phipps concur in the judgment only.

                                      15