Court Opinion

ID: 6318089
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-02-28 20:02:14.395325+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:00:47.202558
License: Public Domain

Filed 2/28/22 Schrack v. Dwyar CA4/1
                 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION ONE

                                         STATE OF CALIFORNIA

 ANGELA SCHRACK,                                                      D078257

           Plaintiff and Appellant,

           v.
                                                                      (Super. Ct. No. 37-2015-
 EDWARD DWYER, as Successor in                                        00016808-CU-BC-NC)
 Interest, etc.,

           Defendant and Respondent.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County,
Christine K. Goldsmith, Judge, retired. Affirmed.
         Iredale and Yoo and Eugene Iredale for Plaintiff and Appellant.
         Daniel R. Salas for Defendant and Respondent.

         Plaintiff Angela Schrack appeals from the judgment for defendant
Edward Dwyer, the successor-in-interest to the Estate of Lee O’Denat,
following the grant of summary judgment under Code of Civil Procedure
section 437c.1 The trial court 2 found Schrack failed to carry her burden to
establish a triable issue of material fact in support of her claims against
O’Denat (now his estate) for breach of oral or implied contract, based on the

seminal case of Marvin v. Marvin (1976) 18 Cal.3d 660 (Marvin).3
      Schrack and O’Denat met in the 1990’s while living on the east coast.
They dated, but lived separately until 2001, when O’Denat moved in with
Schrack and their son, born in 1999. They had a second son in 2006; and
lived in Pennsylvania until 2007, when they moved to Arizona. After their
move, O’Denat’s business WorldStar Hip Hop (WSHH) took off, becoming
tremendously popular and lucrative. They had a third child, a daughter, in
2009, and moved to San Diego in early 2014.
      Their relationship, which had been “rocky” for years, ended in May
2014. Within months of their breakup, O’Denat filed an action to establish
paternity of the three children, and Schrack filed a separate action to dissolve
their Pennsylvania common law marriage and divide what she claimed were

1    All further undesignated statutory references are to the Code of Civil
Procedure.

2    On February, 9, 2015, Schrack and O’Denat entered into a stipulation,
approved by the presiding judge of the Family Law Court of the San Diego
County Superior Court, that retired superior court judge Christine Goldsmith
would “be the judge for all purposes” and act “as a privately compensated
temporary judge.” For ease of reference, we sometimes will refer to Judge
Goldsmith, Ret., as the court or trial court.

3    The court separately found summary judgment was proper based on
Schrack’s failure to follow the procedural requirements in section 437c,
subdivision (b)(3). Because, as we explain, the court properly granted
summary judgment based on its finding there were no triable issues of
material fact, we find it unnecessary to decide whether summary judgment
was also properly granted on this procedural ground.

                                       2
community assets, as they had never married. Both of those cases, as well as
the instant case Schrack filed in May 2015, were heard by Judge Goldsmith,
Ret.
       In her Marvin complaint, Schrack alleged she and O’Denat agreed in
“January 2000” to “pool their earnings, income and assets” in return for her
providing household services (2000 Pooling Agreement). Schrack claimed she
was a beneficial owner in WSHH, O’Denat’s primary asset that, with one
exception not relevant to the issues on appeal, was titled in his name only.
       In January 2017, O’Denat passed away at the age of 43. Dwyer, as
successor-in-interest of O’Denat’s estate, substituted into this case. In
September 2017, Schrack submitted a verified creditor’s claim for $30 million
in the Estate of O’Denat probate proceeding initiated by Dwyer. Schrack’s
creditor’s claim was entirely based on the existence of the alleged 2000

Pooling Agreement.4
       In February 2020, Dwyer moved for summary judgment/adjudication
(Motion), claiming as a matter of law there was no agreement between
O’Denat and Schrack to pool their assets. In April 2020, with trial scheduled
to begin the following month, Schrack was deposed and for the first time
asserted that in 2009 or 2010 she and O’Denat orally modified their original
2000 Pooling Agreement and stated that she was no longer claiming a
beneficial ownership interest in WSHH and his estate’s other assets. Schrack
maintained her Marvin claims were now based on a promise by O’Denat to
provide her with lifetime support and, upon his death, for her to receive 25
percent of his estate (2010 Agreement).

4     As part of her 2017 Creditor’s Claim, Schrack also sought $11.52
million in child support, or $80,000 per month for 12 years.

                                       3
      In granting summary judgment for Dwyer, the trial court refused to
consider any evidence of the 2010 Agreement and found this purported
agreement gave rise to “new” unpled claims that Schrack “first articulated”
after the Motion had been filed, when the five-year limitations period for an

action to be brought to trial was about to expire. (See § 583.310.)5
      On appeal, Schrack does not contest the court’s finding there is
insufficient evidence to support the existence of a pooling agreement between
her and O’Denat. Instead, she relies exclusively on evidence of the unpled
2010 Agreement in arguing summary judgment was improper. Specifically,
she argues the purported 2010 Agreement was not a new claim or theory, but
instead was within the scope of her three Marvin claims she “generally and
broadly alleged” in her May 2015 “form complaint.” Schrack therefore argues
the court erred in excluding all evidence of the 2010 Agreement.
      As we explain, we agree the 2010 Agreement is a new, previously
unpled claim or theory offered by Schrack to defeat the Motion. Because
Schrack never moved to amend her complaint to allege this new claim or
theory, we also agree the court properly excluded all evidence of the 2010
Agreement in granting the Motion. In light of Schrack’s tactical decision to
rely exclusively on the existence of the 2010 Agreement in support of her
claims of error on appeal, we independently conclude summary judgment was
proper.

5     In its July 14, 2020 order granting the Motion, the court noted the five-
year statute to bring this action to trial would have expired on or about May
20, 2020, but was “administratively continued” due to the pandemic. As a
result, the Motion hearing was continued from April 21 to June 26, 2020, and
the trial from May 15 to August 3, 2020.

                                       4
                                 OVERVIEW
      Schrack and O’Denat met in the 1990’s while she was living in
Pennsylvania and he in Maryland. Neither Schrack nor O’Denat then made
or had a lot of money. Over the next three to four years, they dated, although
not exclusively. In December 1999, their oldest son Q. was born. At his
birth, Schrack and O’Denat were still living in different cities.
      In 2000, Schrack enrolled in college to become a licensed practical
nurse (LPN). In 2001, O’Denat moved in with Schrack and their son Q. “The
parties’ finances were stretched very thin,” as O’Denat then was receiving
unemployment benefits and Schrack public assistance. In summer 2002,
Schrack graduated with an LPN degree. The family lived in Pennsylvania
until 2007.
      While in Pennsylvania, O’Denat began selling mixtapes directly to the
public and working with various hip-hop music artists. In 2005, O’Denat
started the web site www.worldstarhiphop.com. In November 2006, their
second son L. was born.
      In October 2007, with little money, the family moved to Arizona and
ultimately settled in Scottsdale. After the birth of their third child A. in
November 2009, O’Denat began to earn enough money to hire a full-time
nanny to help Schrack with the care of the children. During this period,
Schrack stopped working as an LPN and O’Denat’s hip-hop business “took
off,” requiring him to travel an average of two weeks per month. In spring
2009, O’Denat suffered a heart attack.
      In 2011, O’Denat created the revocable Trust Agreement of Lee Q.
O’Denat Trust (2011 O’Denat Trust) to “hold title to [his] assets and
designate beneficiaries of [his] estate.” As relevant here, under the heading
“SPECIFIC GIFTS,” the 2011 O’Denat Trust provided:

                                        5
         “The Trustee shall distribute the following specific gifts to
         ANGELA SCHRACK only if she survives the Trustor and
         was residing with him at the time of his death:

         “1. The Trustor’s primary residence, currently located
         [in] . . . Scottsdale, Arizona; SUBJECT to all liens and
         encumbrances.

         “2. Any and all automobiles owned by the Trustor at the
         time of his death.” (Italics added.)

      Under the separate heading “FUND ANGELA SCHRACK TRUST,”
the 2011 O’Denat Trust further provided:
         “If ANGELA SCHRACK survives the Trustor and was
         residing with him at the time of his death, the Trustee shall
         allocate ONE-FOURTH (1/4) of the total Trust Estate, after
         administrative expenses, but before the gifts in paragraph
         B above, for the benefit of ANGELA SCHRACK, to be held
         as provided in Article V.” (Italics added.)

      In early January 2014, the family moved to San Diego County.
O’Denat moved first, and Schrack and the children followed shortly
thereafter. Prior to Schrack moving, she agreed to consult with a mental
health expert at the request of O’Denat. In the spring of 2014, Schrack was
diagnosed with bipolar disorder.
      The relationship of the parties, “which had been rocky for years,” hit a
breaking point on May 25, 2014. On that day Schrack experienced severe
mental health symptoms that led to her being placed on a 72-hour
involuntary hold. As a result of the May 25 episode and Schrack’s prior
mental health issues, O’Denat severed their “cohabitation/boyfriend-
girlfriend relationship.”
      O’Denat on April 8, 2015 amended the 2011 O’Denat Trust, naming
Dwyer as successor trustee and executor of his estate and, if he was unable to
serve, a bank as the alternate successor trustee (2015 O’Denat Amended

                                       6
Trust). O’Denat designated himself as the primary beneficiary of the
amended trust. Upon his death, the 2015 O’Denat Amended Trust allocated
specific gifts to O’Denat’s mother and his siblings, with the remaining
proceeds to “be divided into three (3) equal shares, based upon the date of
death values, and allocate[d] one (1) equal share to a separate trust for the
benefit of each of Trustor’s children,” Q., L., and A.
      In another section titled “DISINHERITANCE,” the 2015 O’Denat
Amended Trust provided:
         “I have consciously not named issue of my father other than
         my siblings in Article Two, Section A of this Trust, or
         ANGELA SCHRACK under the terms of this document.” 6

                          LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
                               Paternity Action
      Within a month following their breakup, O’Denat filed a petition to
confirm his paternity of the children and determine custody, support, and
visitation (San Diego County Superior Court case No. DN179371) (Paternity
Action). In his petition, O’Denat also requested the court award him sole
legal custody of the children, with Schrack to have “reasonable supervised
visitation.” O’Denat based this request on what he claimed were Schrack’s
longstanding mental health issues.
      As noted, the parties stipulated that Judge Goldsmith, Ret., would hear
and decide the issues in the Paternity Action, which culminated in the court’s
June 30, 2016 “Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law.” The June 30 order

6     In his 2016 Last Will and Testament, O’Denat similarly provided that
he “consciously” had “not named” Schrack as a beneficiary under his will. On
January 8, 2016, O’Denat executed a First Amendment to the 2015 O’Denat
Amended Trust in which he reaffirmed that Schrack was not a beneficiary of
his trust.

                                        7
covered such subject matters as child and spousal support, payment of
attorney fees, and taxes.
                             Dissolution Action
      Shortly after O’Denat filed the Paternity Action, Schrack on July 14,
2014 filed a petition for dissolution of common law marriage (San Diego
County Superior Court case No. DN179531) (Dissolution Action). Regarding
the date of marriage, Schrack’s petition provided “TBD,” and used June 1,
2014 as the date of their separation. Schrack listed as community assets
“funds in bank accounts under the control of Respondent/Husband” and
“[b]usiness entities in the control of Respondent/Husband” among other
property. She also sought physical custody of the children and child support.
      In early November 2014, Schrack amended her petition to provide that
she and O’Denat were married in Pennsylvania on October 27, 2002 under
the state’s common law.
      The Dissolution Action was tried over 17 days on the “bifurcated issue
of the existence or non-existence of a common law marriage and whether or
not [Schrack] should receive pendent lite spousal support and an attorney’s
fees award. . . .” In a 13-page Statement of Decision and Order dated August
16, 2015, the court dismissed the Dissolution Action with prejudice, finding
that Schrack’s testimony she and O’Denat “exchange[d]” “words in the
present tense that would have established [under Pennsylvania law] a
common law marriage between her and [O’Denat]” not credible; that Schrack
“failed to carry her burden of proof by clear and convincing evidence that the
parties entered into a common law marriage at any time”; and therefore, that
Schrack had “no good faith belief that she is a ‘putative spouse’ ” under
California law.

                                       8
                               Probate Action
      O’Denat died on January 23, 2017. In April 2017, Dwyer initiated a
probate proceeding for O’Denat’s estate. (Estate of O’Denat, San Diego
County Superior Court case No. 37-2017-0012101-PR-PW-CTL) (Probate
Action). Letters testamentary appointing Dwyer executor were issued on
May 3, 2017. Dwyer as successor trustee assumed control of the assets of the
2015 Amended O’Denat Trust, “which include[d] all of [O’Denat’s] assets,
including his ownership interest in the Internet website,
‘worldstarhiphop.com’ and the business entities under which the business
known as [WSHH] is conducted. Those are (a) Qworldstar, Inc., a Delaware
corporation, incorporated May 8, 2013, which operated, and now operates the
business of (b) [WSHH], and (c) LO 337 IP Holdings, LLC, a Delaware limited
liability company, formerly known as LO 337, LLC, formed May 30, 2013,
which holds title to the Internet websites and all of the tradenames used by
the WSHH business.”
      On September 22, 2017, Schrack filed a verified creditor’s claim in the
Probate Action (2017 Creditor’s Claim). As noted, she sought $30 million
based on the parties’ 2000 Pooling Agreement. In support of her Claim,
Schrack under penalty of perjury stated: “Lee O’Denat (‘O’Denat’) entered
into an agreement with claimant Angela Schrack in January 2000 to pool
their earnings, income, and assets. In June 2014, O’Denat breached that
agreement by refusing to share the earnings, income, and assets they jointly
owned. The primary asset is ownership of the [WSHH] brand, trademark,
and related intellectual property. The Worldstar companies are currently
controlled by Ed Dwyer. Schrack is entitled to fifty percent ownership of the
Worldstar companies and half of the assets of the estate and trust. A copy of

                                       9
the pending complaint is attached and incorporated by reference (the ‘Marvin’
Claim).” (Italics added.)
      On September 28, 2017, Dwyer gave notice of his rejection of the 2017
Creditor’s Claim. In this notice, Dwyer estimated the value of O’Denat’s
estate at $26,729.18. From the record, it appears Schrack never moved to
amend her 2017 Creditor’s Claim or seek any other relief in the Probate
Action.
                                Marvin Action
      On May 20, 2015, Schrack filed the instant case (after the Dissolution
Action had been filed but before the court dismissed it with prejudice). As
noted, she asserted causes of action for breach of oral or implied contract, and
quantum meruit, based on her contention that O’Denat breached the parties’
2000 Pooling Agreement on June 1, 2014 by refusing to share “earnings,
income and assets.” Schrack never amended her complaint and thus the May
2015 complaint is the operative pleading in this case.
      In October 2015, Schrack and O’Denat stipulated to have Judge
Goldsmith, Ret., also decide the instant case. In October 2018, Dwyer, as
successor-in-interest to the estate of O’Denat, substituted into this case.
      On January 16, 2020, the parties attended a case management
conference. The court set the hearing on Dwyer’s Motion for April 21, 2020,
and if necessary, trial for May 15, 2020. In setting the trial date, the court
recognized the mandatory 5-year dismissal statute (§ 583.310) was then set
to expire on or about May 20, 2020.
                Summary Judgment/Adjudication Motion
      On February 6, 2020, Dwyer filed his voluminous Motion. As relevant
to the issues on appeal, Dwyer argued there was no evidence O’Denat and
Schrack in 2000, or at any other time, agreed to pool their “earnings, income

                                       10
and assets” such that Schrack was a beneficial owner in any asset owned by
O’Denat’s estate, including WSHH. Relying on Evidence Code section 662
(discussed post), he further argued Schrack needed to meet the heightened
clear and convincing evidentiary standard to show O’Denat’s intent to pool
their assets titled in O’Denat’s name.
        In opposition, Schrack did not offer evidence to support her assertion of
the existence of a pooling agreement created in 2000. Instead she offered
evidence based on oral promises she maintained O’Denat made in 2009 and
2010.
                             Schrack’s Deposition
        Due to the pandemic, the dates for the summary judgment hearing and
trial were extended by administrative order. In mid-April 2020, Schrack
appeared for her deposition. She testified that after O’Denat’s heart attack in
2009, she pressed him “about getting something written up, getting
something done” to ensure she and the children would not “be left hanging if
he passed away.” Schrack stated O’Denat in response told her he would
remain the “primary income earner” while she took care of the household and
the children, and helped him manage his medical issues; and that he in
return “would make sure that [she] and the children were taken care of
forever.”
        Schrack explained that in 2011 “when we had the trust drawn up,”
upon O’Denat’s passing the WSHH business would be sold, and that “taking
care of [her] always translated into [her receiving] 25 percent” of O’Denat’s
estate, in addition to a “monthly allowance”; that O’Denat’s mother also
would receive 25 percent of his estate; and that the balance of his estate
would be “distributed evenly” among their three children.

                                         11
     On follow-up questioning, Schrack was asked if she still took the
position that she was “entitled to 50 percent of the value of [WSHH].” The
following colloquy ensued in response:
        “A [Schrack] No, I didn’t say 50 percent.

        “Q [Dwyer’s Attorney Mr. Salas] It says 50 percent share
        here [in Schrack’s responses to form interrogatories
        (discussed post)]. So that’s not your position today; right?

        “A It—the way I understood it was it had [. . . . ] [¶] Yes.

        “Q And on what do you base that claim? Is that the
        agreement you talked about before between you and
        [O’Denat] in or about 2010?

        “[¶] . . . [¶]

        “A It was what was drawn up in the trust. The way
        everything was explained was the company—basically, the
        company would be sold, and that’s how the money would
        filter out. If the company wasn’t sold, I mean, to me, it’s 25
        percent.

        “[Schrack’s Attorney Mr. Iredale] Mr. Salas, just since
        we’re going back and forth between the witness’s
        understanding and the legal positions being asserted, we
        assert that she has a right to what is provided in the trust
        of April 15, 2011. No more, no less.

        “Q Is that correct, Ms. Schrack?

        “[Schrack’s Attorney] Do you agree with my statement that
        I just put on [the record]?

        “[Schrack] Oh, yes.”

                           The Motion Hearing
     At the June 26, 2020 hearing on the Motion, Dwyer argued Schrack’s
Marvin claims were limited to the purported 2000 Pooling Agreement, in
which she alleged being an owner in all “earnings, income and assets” she

                                      12
and O’Denat acquired during their 13-year relationship, including being a
beneficial owner in WSHH, his estate’s most valuable asset. Dwyer asserted
Schrack confirmed the source of her Marvin claims in her 2017 Creditor’s
Claim in the Probate Action, and in discovery responses.
      Dwyer further maintained that, at Schrack’s April 2020 deposition, she
presented materially different, unpled Marvin claims. According to Dwyer
these new claims were not based on Schrack being an alleged owner of the
“pooled assets” she and O’Denat had accumulated. Instead, Schrack
admitted O’Denat was the sole owner of all of the assets, including WSHH,
and she now maintained that O’Denat “promise[d]” to support her “forever”
and leave her 25 percent of his estate under terms similar to those provided
in the 2011 O’Denat Trust. Dwyer emphasized Schrack’s opposition to the
Motion was based entirely on the unpled claims arising from the purported
2010 Agreement, and not on the pleaded 2000 Pooling Agreement.
      In response, Schrack maintained that her May 2015 complaint was a
“basic form complaint” in which the “allegations are made rather broadly and
generally.” She asserted her claims arising from the purported 2010
Agreement were not new, but instead were based on Marvin and O’Denat’s
breach of an oral or implied contract. She argued that only her “measure of
damages” had changed but not her underlying “injury.”
      Schrack confirmed she opposed the Motion solely on the basis that “she
is entitled to . . . care and maintenance for the rest of her life, consistent with
the parties’ agreement, and a value—certain value of [WSHH]” based on the
2011 O’Denat Trust; and not that she was “entitled to any type of ownership
claim in [WSHH].” Schrack acknowledged the 2017 Creditor’s Claim she
asserted in the Probate Action was based on her being an owner of assets she

                                        13
and O’Denat accumulated, but argued that was a separate proceeding and “is
not what is being advanced by [her] in this case.”
                 The Court Grants Summary Judgment
      In its 10-page July 14, 2020 order granting the Motion, the court
reviewed the procedural history of the parties’ litigation, including the
Paternity and Dissolution Actions it also had decided. The court observed
that, had it determined in the Dissolution Action O’Denat and Schrack were
legally married under Pennsylvania common law, it would have evenly
divided the assets they accumulated during their relationship, including
WSHH, and likely would have made a spousal support order from O’Denat to
Schrack.
      The court acknowledged that in her 2017 Creditor’s Claim, Schrack
alleged she “owned 50 [percent] of all Worldstar ‘companies’ and half of the
estate and the trust”; and the court found that at her April 2020 deposition
Schrack asserted new, unpled Marvin claims based on a different agreement
allegedly made in 2009 or 2010 while the family was living in Arizona.
Under this new or “modified” agreement, O’Denat promised to take care of
her “for life” and, upon his death, she would receive 25 percent of the value of
his estate.
      In determining whether to grant the Motion, the court ruled the only
claims alleged in the complaint were those arising from the parties’
purported 2000 Pooling Agreement as pled by Schrack, and not the “new,”
unpled Marvin claims that she testified about at her April 2020 deposition.
Because Schrack had not amended her May 2015 complaint to include these
new claims against O’Denat’s estate, the court ruled any evidence of such was
outside the scope of the pleadings and therefore irrelevant.

                                       14
      In its order the court also concluded Schrack proffered insufficient
evidence of an oral or implied agreement to pool their “earnings, income and
assets”; and proffered no evidence to support the value of her services for
purposes of her quantum meruit count. In ruling there was no pooling
agreement between O’Denat and Schrack, the court also found Schrack failed
to proffer clear and convincing evidence of O’Denat’s intent to convey to her a
beneficial interest in the assets he owned, including WSHH. (See Evid. Code,

§ 662, discussed post.)7
                                 DISCUSSION
              Summary Judgment and Standard of Review
      On appeal from an order granting summary judgment, we apply an
independent or de novo standard of review to determine whether triable
issues of material fact exist and whether the moving party is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law. (Aguilar v. Atlantic Richfield Co. (2001)
25 Cal.4th 826, 860 (Aguilar); Wiener v. Southcoast Childcare Centers, Inc.
(2004) 32 Cal.4th 1138, 1142 (Wiener).) “In ruling on the motion, the court
must ‘consider all of the evidence’ and ‘all’ of the ‘inferences’ reasonably
drawn therefrom [citation], and must view such evidence [citations] and such
inferences [citations] in the light most favorable to the opposing party.”
(Aguilar, at p. 843.) As such, the court will “liberally construe plaintiffs’
evidentiary submissions and strictly scrutinize defendants’ own evidence, in

7      As noted ante, as a separate basis for summary judgment the court
found Schrack failed to include a separate statement responding to each of
Dwyer’s material facts in support of his Motion. (See § 437c(b)(3) [providing
the “opposition papers shall include a separate statement that responds to
each of the material facts contended by the moving party to be undisputed”
and the “[f]ailure to comply with this requirement . . . may constitute a
sufficient ground, in the court’s discretion, for granting the motion”].)

                                        15
order to resolve any evidentiary doubts or ambiguities in plaintiffs’ favor.”
(Wiener, at p. 1142.) Further, the court must consider “all the evidence set
forth in the moving and opposition papers except that to which objections
have been made and sustained.” (Guz v. Bechtel National, Inc. (2000) 24
Cal.4th 317, 334.)
      Ultimately, the purpose of summary judgment is to “provide courts
with a mechanism to cut through the parties’ pleadings in order to determine
whether, despite their allegations, trial is in fact necessary to resolve their
dispute.” (Aguilar, supra, 25 Cal.4th at p. 843.) A defendant moving for
summary judgment has the initial burden of showing that a cause of action
lacks merit because one or more elements of the cause of action cannot be
established or there is an affirmative defense to that cause of action. (§ 437c,
subd. (o)(1), (2); Aguilar, at p. 850.) If the defendant meets that threshold
burden, then the burden shifts to the plaintiff to make a prima facie showing
that a triable issue of fact exists as to the cause of action set forth. (Aguilar,
at p. 849.) “There is a genuine issue of material fact if, and only if, the
evidence would allow a reasonable trier of fact to find the underlying fact in
favor of the party opposing the motion in accordance with the applicable
standard of proof.” (Id. at p. 845.)
       The Complaint Frames the Issues on Summary Judgment
      It is axiomatic that the “complaint serves to delimit the scope of the
issues before the court on a motion for summary judgment [citation], and a
party cannot successfully resist summary judgment on a theory not pleaded.”
(Whelihan v. Espinoza (2003) 110 Cal.App.4th 1566, 1576 [failure to plead
reckless conduct precluded use of that theory to escape summary judgment
on appeal]; see Castillo v. Barrera (2007) 146 Cal.App.4th 1317, 1324 [the
defendants moving for summary judgment are entitled to rely on allegations

                                        16
in the complaint, which are judicial admissions and conclusive concessions
and which frame the disputed issues]; Emerald Bay Community Assn. v.
Golden Eagle Ins. Corp. (2005) 130 Cal.App.4th 1078, 1091 [affirming the
long-standing principle that the “pleadings establish the scope of an action
and, absent an amendment to the pleadings, parties cannot introduce
evidence about issues outside the pleadings”].)
      In order to assert a new theory, a plaintiff must amend the complaint
before summary judgment is filed, or, at the latest, before the hearing on the
motion. (See Sweat v. Hollister (1995) 37 Cal.App.4th 603, 607; 580 Folsom
Associates v. Prometheus Development Co. (1990) 223 Cal.App.3d 1, 18
[rejecting evidence by cross-complainant in opposition to summary
adjudication that offered a “different factual assertion from that alleged in
the cross-complaint,” when the cross-complainant did not “move to amend the
cross-complaint prior to the hearing on the summary adjudication motion”].)
      The reason for this rule is obvious: “The point of the summary
[judgment/]adjudication procedure is to test whether a full trial is necessary.
The complaint is supposed to set forth the plaintiff’s proposed case, which the
defendant’s summary adjudication motion then aims to test as a matter of
law. But if the plaintiff’s opposition moves the factual target after the
defendant has fired off its motion, this unfair tactic defeats the utility of the
procedure.” (Cohen v. Kabbalah Centre International, Inc. (2019) 35
Cal.App.5th 13, 18 (Cohen).)
      In Cohen, the plaintiff sued the defendant for myriad causes of action
including breach of oral agreement. Plaintiff stated she and the defendant
orally agreed that it would return her donations of $452,000 if it did not use
the money to purchase a building to house a spiritual center in San Diego;
and that the defendant breached this agreement by failing to return her

                                        17
donations when it decided against buying such a building. The Cohen court
found the trial court properly granted summary adjudication on this cause of
action because the plaintiff “had no valid evidence of this contract.” (Cohen,
supra, 35 Cal.App.5th at p. 17, italics added.)
      The Cohen court disapproved of the plaintiff’s “tactic” of submitting a
declaration in support of her opposition to the defendant’s summary
judgment/adjudication motion regarding the date of the oral building contract
between her and the defendant that conflicted with the date of this contract
set forth in her fifth amended complaint, which amendment she based on her
deposition testimony. (Cohen, supra, 35 Cal.App.5th at p. 17.) By coming up
with a “new story” in opposition to the defendant’s motion, the Court of
Appeal noted plaintiff “evidently hoped to avoid her past deposition
admission that in 2004 she had not asked [the defendant] to restrict its use of
her donations to building construction.” (Id. at p. 18, italics added.) Because
the trial court “correctly disregarded [the plaintiff’s] new and contradictory
version of events” in her declaration (id. at p. 19), the Court of Appeal held
she was left “with no evidence to support her claim about an oral contract
about her building fund donations, which rightly failed in the trial court and
now fails on appeal” (ibid.).
                                   Analysis
      We conclude the trial court properly refused to consider Schrack’s
evidence in opposition to summary judgment based on O’Denat’s alleged
promise, while they were living in Arizona in 2009/2010, that he would take
care of her “for life” and, upon his death, she would receive 25 percent of his
estate (i.e., the 2010 Agreement) in return for her taking care of the children,
the household, and his medical needs. As the trial court correctly noted,
Schrack’s April 2020 deposition testimony regarding the existence of this

                                       18
purported 2010 Agreement presented a new, unpled theory that was not
based on the pleaded 2000 Pooling Agreement, which was the basis of her
Marvin claims in her May 2015 complaint.
      Moreover, if there was any doubt regarding the contract on which
Schrack based her pleaded Marvin claims, that was clarified by Schrack in
her verified 2017 Creditor’s Claim she filed in the Probate Action. In support
of her $30 million Claim (excluding child support), she unambiguously stated
that O’Denat “entered into an agreement with [her] . . . in January 2000 to
pool their earnings, income, and assets” (italics added); that the “primary
asset is ownership of the [WSHH] brand, trademark, and related intellectual
property” (italics added); and that she “is entitled to fifty percent ownership of
[WSHH] and half of the assets of the estate and trust.” (Italics added.) As
noted, Schrack supported her 2017 Creditor’s Claim by attaching and
incorporating by reference a copy of her May 2015 complaint, thus confirming
the purported contract she sought to enforce.
      Thus, when Dwyer filed his Motion in February 2020 seeking to
establish as a matter of law there was no oral or implied contract between
Schrack and O’Denat, it was based on their purported 2000 Pooling
Agreement. However, not unlike the plaintiff in Cohen, once summary
judgment was filed, Schrack pivoted and came up with a “new story”
regarding the existence of a purported separate, modified agreement that, if
credited, might have created a triable issue of material fact and allowed her
to avoid summary judgment.
      Under this new, unpled theory, Schrack asserted for the first time at
her April 2020 deposition that O’Denat in 2009/2010 had agreed to support
her for life and leave her a 25 percent interest in his estate, regardless of
whether she was an owner in the “earnings, income and assets” they had

                                       19
accumulated during their 13-year relationship. Schrack therefore no longer
claimed she was a beneficial owner in WSHH, O’Denat’s estate’s most
valuable asset.
      As noted, Schrack argues the purported 2010 Agreement merely
provides the “details” of their Marvin agreement that she “generally and
broadly alleged” in her May 2015 “form complaint.” Having filed a “general
form complaint,” she further argues the trial court “misconstrued the
evidentiary facts as raising new theories of liability that had never been
alleged.” We find these and her related arguments unavailing.
      First, Schrack cites no authority to support her argument the trial
court erred in failing to broadly construe her complaint to include the
purported 2010 Agreement merely because she used a “Judicial Council form
complaint” in pleading her Marvin action. Nor have we found any authority
to support such an argument. For this reason alone we reject this argument.
(See WFG National Title Ins. Co. v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (2020) 51
Cal.App.5th 881, 894 [a court of review “may disregard conclusory arguments
that are not supported by pertinent legal authority”]; Cahill v. San Diego Gas
& Electric Co. (2011) 194 Cal.App.4th 939, 956 [arguments on appeal not
supported by “ ‘ “citations to authority” ’ ” result in forfeiture].)
      Second, we reject this claim on the merits. We can discern of no reason
why a party’s use of a Judicial Council form complaint should lessen the
party’s burden to allege specific and sufficient facts to apprise a defendant of
the basis upon which the plaintiff seeks relief. (Pich v. Lightbourne (2013)
221 Cal.App.4th 480, 496; Doheny Park Terrace Homeowners Assn., Inc.
v. Truck Ins. Exchange (2005) 132 Cal.App.4th 1076, 1099 [“It has been
consistently held that ‘ “a plaintiff is required only to set forth the essential
facts of his case with reasonable precision and with particularity sufficient to

                                         20
acquaint a defendant with the nature, source and extent of his cause of
action” ’ ”]; § 425.10 [“(a) A complaint or cross-complaint shall contain . . .
(1) A statement of the facts constituting the cause of action, in ordinary and
concise language.”].)
      Third, we disagree with Schrack’s characterization that her unpled
Marvin claims arising from the purported 2010 Agreement merely effected
the amount she would receive from O’Denat’s estate, but had no bearing on
her pleaded injury, which, according to her, was still based on Marvin and
O’Denat’s breach of a purported oral or implied contract.
      Because Schrack was not a titled co-owner on any asset held by
O’Denat’s estate, including WSHH, the specifics of any purported agreement
between her and O’Denat regarding her alleged entitlement to an interest in
any assets owned by his estate has significant legal consequences. (See Evid.
Code, § 662 [“The owner of the legal title to property is presumed to be the
owner of the full beneficial title. This presumption may be rebutted only by
clear and convincing proof” (italics added)]; Basich v. Allstate Ins. Co. (2001)
87 Cal.App.4th 1112, 1118-1121 [in reviewing a defendant’s summary
judgment motion in which the plaintiff’s burden of proof at trial on a claim or
issue is “clear and convincing” evidence, the plaintiff can only defeat the
motion by offering evidence that meets this higher standard of proof].)
      Here, the court concluded that in opposition to the summary judgement
motion, Schrack failed to offer any evidence to support a finding O’Denat
intended she hold a beneficial interest in WSHH. Instead, the court found
the evidence “demonstrated no intention or plan on [O’Denat’s] part to ever
convey any sort of interest or title to [Schrack] in any of his businesses.”
Schrack has not challenged this finding on appeal. (See Christoff v. Union

                                        21
Pacific Railroad Co. (2005) 134 Cal.App.4th 118, 125 [“an appellant’s failure
to discuss an issue in its opening brief forfeits the issue on appeal”].)
      Fourth, we disagree with Schrack that her discovery responses put
O’Denat (now Dwyer) on notice of her theory of recovery against O’Denat’s
estate based on the purported 2010 Agreement. In her May 2016 responses
to form interrogatory No. 50.1, Schrack described the contract alleged in her
May 2015 complaint as being “created between the parties . . . through their
actions and conduct, during the formation of the business while in
Pennsylvania from 2000 to 2007, to pool their earnings, income and assets and
share in the fruits, assets and accumulations acquired during the course of
the relationship . . . .” (Italics added.) Schrack also stated that, after their
second child was born in November 2006, O’Denat told her “he would always
take care of [her] and the boys as [she] and the boys were his family”; and
that after his heart attack in 2009, O’Denat created the 2011 O’Denat Trust
and told her that “his attorney was going to provide [her] with money each
month, and that when the business sold, she was to receive the bulk of the
proceeds.”
      As is clear from her response to No. 50.1, Schrack principally relied on
the purported 2000 Pooling Agreement she and O’Denat allegedly negotiated
while living in Pennsylvania to support her breach of contract claims.
Schrack reaffirmed her reliance on the existence of a pooling agreement in
her response to form interrogatory No. 9.1. There she stated the damages
attributable to the “INCIDENT,” which she understood to mean the “breach
of contract giving rise to this action or proceeding,” were equal to a “fifty
percent share of the value of the business founded and developed during

                                        22
Plaintiff and Defendant’s relationship and fifty percent share of any other

assets accumulated during their relationship.” 8 (Italics added.)
      Schrack’s statement of damages in response to No. 9.1 stands in stark
contrast to her April 2020 deposition testimony in which she expressly stated
she was not claiming an ownership interest in WSHH, entitling her to a 50
percent “share of the value of the business.” Schrack’s responses to the form
interrogatories thus support the trial court’s conclusion that the purported
2010 Agreement was a new theory based on a modified or different oral or
implied contract between her and O’Denat that was not pled by Schrack in
her May 2015 complaint.
      Finally, we note that Schrack had years to amend her complaint to add
her new theory and/or claims based on the purported existence of the 2010
Agreement, which terms, as a party to this contract, ostensibly were always
known to her. Schrack, however, never sought to amend her complaint.
Instead, she waited until after Dwyer had filed his Motion to announce her
breach of contract claims were based on a theory other than the purported
2000 Pooling Agreement and her being a beneficial owner of WSHH and the
estate’s other assets, despite what she stated in her complaint, discovery
responses, and 2017 Creditor’s Claim. By moving the “factual target” tested
by Dwyer after he “fired off” his Motion, Schrack defeated the purpose of
summary judgment, which was to determine whether a trial was necessary
on the claims framed by her complaint. (See Cohen, supra, 35 Cal.App.5th at
p. 19.)

8     Schrack’s response to No. 9.1 also included an objection, claiming this
interrogatory called for an “expert opinion.”

                                      23
      Exercising our de novo review, for these reasons we conclude the trial
court properly granted summary judgment for Dwyer. (See Wiener, supra, 32

Cal.4th at p. 1142; Aguilar, supra, 25 Cal.4th at p. 860.)9
                               DISPOSITION
      The judgment for Dwyer, as successor-in-interest to the Estate of Lee
O’Denat, is affirmed. Dwyer to recover his costs of appeal.

                                                                    HALLER, J.

WE CONCUR:

HUFFMAN, Acting P. J.

DO, J.

9      In light of our decision, we deem it unnecessary to address the parties’
other arguments including Dwyer’s contention that Schrack was barred by
res judicata (i.e., claim preclusion) from litigating her Marvin claims after the
trial court dismissed the Dissolution Action with prejudice; and Schrack’s
contention that the court erred in making various evidentiary rulings
separate and apart from its exclusion on relevancy grounds of all evidence of
the new, unpled claims arising from the purported 2010 Agreement she and
O’Denat allegedly negotiated.

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